bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presenting Landscape-Scale Forest Information: What Is Sufficient and What Is Appropriate?
Authors: Wilson J.S. , McGaughey R.J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Computer visualization techniques that integrate detailed information can communicate general characteristics of a landscape to audiences from diverse backgrounds. But credibility with viewers may be lost if details—characteristics for which data are lacking—are generated to make visualizations more realistic. One solution is to present obvious ions for landscape attributes that have not been measured. In most cases, presenting a landscape via several complementary techniques conveys information most successfully. A sampling of presentation tools describing an actual forest landscape reveals their advantages, disadvantages, and suitability for lay audiences.
The Blodgett Plan: An Active-Management Approach to Developing Mature Forest Habitat
Authors: Sessions J. , Johnson D. , Ross J. , Sharer B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A nonreserve-based landscape plan for developing mature forest habitat has been developed for the Blodgett Forest, one of the research forest properties of Oregon State University. Intended to provide a study and demonstration site for an alternative to fixed reserves, the plan calls for efficiently achieving and maintaining both mature forest and income. The forest goals include a mature forest acreage target, a mature forest landscape connectivity goal, a conversion time goal, and a net income goal. Spatial issues required development of a new harvest scheduling algorithm.
The Impact of Logging on Wildlife: A Study in Northeastern Pennsylvania
Authors: Fredericksen Todd S. , Ross Brad D. , Hoffman Wayne , Ross Eric , Morrison Michael L. , Beyea Jan , Lester Michael B. , Johnson Bradley N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Seeing and conserving wildlife are among the most important management objectives for nonindustrial private landowners in the eastern United States. Landowners want profitable timber harvests but also want to know how harvesting will affect their wildlife. The study examined associations between stand characteristics and wildlife abundance on 40 stands receiving different logging intensities in northeastern Pennsylvania and found that landowners have some choices when harvesting their stands for retaining or attracting different types of wildlife.
Aerial Photography in the Next Decade
Authors: Caylor Jule 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Aerial photography for resource mapping and analysis remains an important tool in a geospatial toolkit that contains many kinds of imagery. Historical comparisons for tracking landscape changes are among today's uses, and there are many ways to extract information from aerial images by combining them with data from other sources. Until all the advantages shift to newer technologies, natural resource managers who continue to use aerial photography need to know how to keep the costs low and the quality high.
Intermediate Multispectral Satellite Sensors
Authors: Roller Norm 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Multispectral satellite data with medium spatial resolution--from the familiar Landsat and SPOT satellites, among other platforms--represent a valuable source of current and historical forest cover and condition information. These satellites have a large "footprint," and the data can be interpreted with reasonable accuracy. The result is low cost per unit area of forest attribute information. Utility and value are greatly enhanced, however, by integrating the information with other sources of data.
Selecting and Interpreting High-Resolution Images
Authors: Green Kass 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Over the next five years, several earth-observing satellites will be launched, greatly expanding the types of image data available for forest characterization and monitoring. The question is no longer whether to use satellite imagery but how to choose among the many types available. There remains the question of turning the data into information: Is automated classification of pixels by computer algorithms really an improvement over manual interpretation of aerial photos?
Forest Information from Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Dobson M. Craig 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Radar is often depicted as a promising technology not quite ready for prime time. Data are now becoming available on a routine basis from several existing satellites, but the satellites were not designed for this purpose and--with some exceptions--do not meet the needs of forest inventory and management. The next generation of spaceborne earth-imaging radar promises to change the situation, with multipolarized and high-resolution modes that are much more appropriate for forestry. The principal uses of radar will be to map forest structure and moisture; this information is largely complementary to that obtained by optical techniques.
Lidar Remote Sensing for Forestry
Authors: Dubayah Ralph O. , Drake Jason B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Lidar remote sensing, which directly measures vertical forest structure, is a breakthrough technology with many forestry applications. Using the laser light equivalent of radar, lidar instruments accurately estimate such important forest structural characteristics as canopy heights, stand volume, basal area, and above-ground biomass. And because subcanopy vegetation height is a function of species composition, climate, and site quality, the results can be used for land cover classification, habitat mapping, and forest wildlife management.
Image and Spatial Analysis Software Tools
Authors: Brown Daniel G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To make the most of remotely sensed images and apply them in natural resource management, foresters and other land managers need computer software systems. The ultimate goal is to extract meaningful information from raw images and communicate it to support effective decisionmaking. The following description of the state-of-the-art capabilities available in selected contemporary software systems is a starting point, but readers should compare all available systems that perform a particular function. In many cases there exist low-cost or free alternatives, some of which are mentioned here.
Integrating Data and Information for Effective Forest Management
Authors: Roller Norm , Bergen Kathleen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Effective and increased use of remote sensing data in forestry is likely to occur if appropriate procedures are developed to incorporate remote sensing data into operational systems. Central to this goal is the use of all available relevant information and resources: combining remote sensing with field measurements and ancillary information and, when appropriate, developing procedures that combine different types of remote sensing. When developing an integrated procedure, it is useful to combine data types so that their respective advantages and disadvantages complement one another and produce new information that is either unique or more cost-effective than the alternatives.
A Professional Code of Ethics for the 21st Century The Ethics Committee's Proposal
Authors: Radcliffe Samuel J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Five years in the making, a revision to the 50-year-old SAF Code of Ethics comes before the membership this fall for a vote. In drafting the revision, the Ethics Committee endeavored to correct ambiguities, clarify the profession's values, and improve the code's language and format. Among the more controversial elements of the current and proposed code is the land ethic canon, about which a vigorous debate is expected.
Ratting on Your Colleagues Should the Code Require It?
Authors: Vicary Bret P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The current SAF Code of Ethics requires members to report colleagues who violate the code, but the policy is not reflected in practice. A look at several other professional organizations reveals a similar disconnect between policy and practice. We need to acknowledge that our position differs from our practice, consider revising and relocating the reporting requirement, and encourage members to personally confront violators before reporting them.
Carbon Sequestration: A Working Example in Oregon
Authors: Cathcart James F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forestry carbon offsets offer an innovative mechanism to stimulate the forestation of thousands of acres of underproducing forest-land. In 1999, Oregon's Forest Resource Trust received $1.5 million from the Klamath Cogeneration Project, a natural gas—fired electricity and steam generation plant, for the forestation of 2,400 acres of underproducing nonindustrial private forests (NIPF). This forestation effort will accrue 1.16 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emission offsets over a 100-year period. To encourage landowners to turn their land into productive forests that sequester carbon, the trust pays the full costs of the forestation. Landowners can use their new forests for any purpose, including timber production, but give up any claim to the carbon offsets. The offsets are passed back to the Klamath project as part of its emission offset portfolio.
Carbon Sequestration and Paper: A Carbon Balance Assessment
Authors: Young R.J. , Row C. , Tonelli J.P. , Côté W.A. , Lenocker C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A carbon balance assessment estimates that growth of wood fiber and the production and use of paper from three integrated pulp and paper mills resulted in a net sequestration ratio of roughly 1.3 times as much carbon as is emitted to the atmosphere. The study shows the positive contribution of managed forests in mitigating emissions of carbon dioxide from paper manufacture, use, and disposal. The study treats emissions from biofuels and forest decay as equivalent to emissions from combustion of fossil fuels. Carbon emissions include those generated by sources of purchased electricity. As the analysis deliberately uses conservative assumptions, actual net sequestration rates for these mills using other carbon accounting rules may be higher.
Monitoring Compliance with BMPs: The Experience of State Forestry Agencies
Authors: Ellefson P.V. , Kilgore M.A. , Phillips M.J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Thirty-four states implement compliance monitoring programs to determine whether voluntary or mandatory forest practices are being applied by landowners and timber harvesters. In only 20 states does the lead forestry agency have sole responsibility for monitoring. Since the early 1990s, some states have completed five or more monitoring survey cycles, the most recent costing an average of $60,000. Effectiveness of compliance monitoring is enhanced by positive landowners' and harvesters' attitudes, assignment of monitoring responsibility to a single agency, credible monitoring processes, and sufficient resources.
International Forest Resources Agreements: A Primer
Authors: Wisdom H.W. , Brooks D.J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
International agreements have become a favored instrument for addressing large-scale, complex natural resource issues. Not only has the number increased, but recent agreements tend to be multilateral instead of bilateral, and the scope of agreements has broadened from protection of groups of species and boundary waters to encompass habitat protection and, more recently, protection of entire ecosystems. With the recent increase in state and local government participation in foreign affairs comes the risk that agreement provisions may not reflect the full scope of domestic interests, or that subsequent agreements are difficult to implement for technical or political reasons.
The Original US Public Land Survey Records: Their Use and Limitations in Reconstructing Presettlement Vegetation
Authors: Schulte L.A. , Mladenoff D.J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Studies of pre-European-settlement vegetation frequently use the original Public Land Survey (PLS) records from the US General Land Office. Like all other sources of data, this historical source poses both advantages and limitations. We review spatial and temporal issues concerning the quality of the PLS data for vegetation studies, including surveyor preference for witness tree characteristics and the duration of survey data collection. We present methods to capitalize on the advantages of the PLS data while minimizing their limitations.
Plantation Certification and Genetic Engineering: FSC's Ban on Research Is Counterproductive
Authors: Strauss S.H. , Campbell M.M. , Pryor S.N. , Coventry P. , Burley J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification (GM), is the isolation, recombinant modification, and asexual transfer of genes. It has been banned in forest plantations certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) regardless of the source of genes, traits imparted, or whether for research or commercial use. We review the methods and goals of tree genetic engineering research and argue that FSC's ban on research is counterproductive because it makes it difficult for certified companies to participate in the field research needed to assess the value and biosafety of GM trees. Genetic modification could be important for translating new discoveries about tree genomes into improved growth, quality, sustainability, and pest resistance.
Commentary: Ending the Cold War
Authors: Heissenbuttel J.F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
For those of you fortunate enough to attend the 2000 SAF National Convention, I'm sure you will all agree it was truly a monumental event. Overall attendance exceeded expectations, but it was the student participation that was really encouraging: More than 400 students attended. The energy and drive of these young professionals - our future - was something to behold...
Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Forest Stewardship Program in West Virginia
Authors: Egan A. , Gibson D. , Whipkey R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A mail survey was conducted of West Virginia forestland owners who had a written forest stewardship plan on file for a minimum of five years. Along with sociodemographic information for each respondent, the survey requested information on the types of forest management activities prescribed by the plan and any forest management activities implemented since the plan was filed. Respondents were also asked to describe their levels of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with various aspects of the forest stewardship planning process.
Supply Contract and Portfolio Insurance: Applying Financial Engineering to Institutional Timberland Investment
Authors: Yin R. , Izlar B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The long-term growth of institutional timberland investments depends on the ability of timberland investment management organizations (TIMO) to deal effectively with securitization, leveraging, arbitraging, supply contracting, portfolio insurance, tax efficiency enhancement, and other issues. Financial engineering holds great promise for many of these issues. This study applies financial engineering techniques to two cases–supply contract and portfolio insurance. We believe that the potential benefits of these and other applications can be great.
Managing Forests within a Watershed: The Importance of Stewardship
Authors: Tyson C.B. , Worthley T.E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Four years after its inception an outreach campaign promoting forest stewardship in south-central Connecticut was carefully evaluated. Results emphasize that efforts may be directed to promoting a simpler and more autonomous form of resource inventory and forest stewardship planning than many forestry specialists might originally envision. Evaluation methods used to measure the success of outreach efforts should recognize a continuum of possible outcomes, not simply the ideal.
Forestry Students, Employers, and the Implied Contract: Expectations and Obligations
Authors: Michael J.H. , Dasmohapatra S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recently graduated forestry majors will start their jobs with preexisting perceptions regarding the reciprocal obligations between themselves and their employers. These perceptions will form a type of implied contract between the two parties. To investigate the problems that can arise when a new employee perceives an employer to have broken that contract, we surveyed senior forestry majors (before and after they found jobs) and employers. Results indicate that agency and industry employers create significantly different expectations for their new employees. Moreover, negative outcomes related to turnover, performance, and satisfaction will result when new employees perceive that employers have not fulfilled their obligations.
The radius variations of accreting main-sequence stars and mass transfer instability
Authors: Zhao Zi-Qi , Li Zhen-Wei , Xiao Lin , Ge Hong-Wei , Han Zhan-Wen 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
Many previous works studied the dynamical time-scale mass transfer stability criteria based on the donor response with neglecting the stellar structure of the accretor. In this letter, we investigate the radial response of accretors with mass accumulation and its effect on the binary mass transfer stability. We perform a series of detailed stellar evolution simulations with different types of accretors and obtain the radial variations of stars accreting at different rates. Since the time within which the donor loses half of the original mass has a correlation with the donor mass, we approximately obtain the mean mass transfer rate as a function of mass ratio. Assuming that the common envelope (CE) phase occurs if the accretor radius exceeds the outer Roche lobe radius, we obtain the critical mass ratio of dynamically unstable mass transfer. We find the critical mass ratios for donors filling their Roche lobes at the Main Sequence (MS) and Hertzsprung Gap (HG) stages are smaller than that derived from the radial response of the donor in the traditional way. Our results may suggest that the binary is easier to enter into the CE phase for a donor star at the MS or HG stage than previously believed.
Geriatric cutaneous leishmaniasis: a retrospective analysis of 622 cases
Authors: Doni Nebiye Yentur , An İsa 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is most common in childhood because children are exposed to the parasite early and, unlike adults, do not have immunity to CL. Since CL is less common in geriatric patients, clinical and epidemiological data in this age group are limited. This study aims to compare the clinical and demographic characteristics of geriatric patients diagnosed with CL with young patients.

Methods
In this retrospective study, 622 patients aged 65 and over and 6350 patients aged 19–64, who applied to Şanlıurfa Oriental Boil Diagnosis and Treatment Center between January 2013 and February 2024 and were diagnosed with CL by parasitological examination, were included. Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with CL, such as age, gender, location of the lesion, lesion size, duration of the lesion, and treatments applied due to the diagnosis of CL, were recorded. Clinical and demographic characteristics of geriatric and young patients were compared.

Results
The mean age of elderly CL cases was 72.95 ± 6.54 years, and 65.2% were female. The most common clinical forms were ulcers (51.9%) and plaques (41%), respectively, in young and elderly patients. The most common locations of the lesions were upper limbs (54.8%) in all patients. The most preferred treatment method was intralesional (IL) meglumine antimoniate (MA) treatment (98.3%) in all patients. There were no difference between young and elderly CL cases in terms of mean number of lesions, average lesion duration, average lesion size, lesion location, clinical forms of lesions, and treatments options (P &gt; 0.05).

Conclusions
Based on the results of our study, it can be said that the clinical and demographic characteristics of CL are similar in young and old patients and systemic MA treatment shows similar clinical benefit in both age groups. In addition, it can be said that systemic MA therapy can be used safely in young patients and elderly patients without contraindications. IL MA therapy can be used in elderly patients where systemic MA therapy is contraindicated.
Comprehensively evaluating the relationships between marital status and other family factors with cardiovascular disease and long-term overall mortality in the elderly: a study of 48 510 Chinese individuals
Authors: Liao Guang-zhi , Huang Yan , Guan Jing-yuan , Luo Man-qing , Huang Li-yan , Feng Jia-yu , Zhang Yu-hui , Zhang Jian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Marital status is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and overall mortality, yet limited research on this topic in elderly individuals is available. Our aim was to comprehensively assess the impact of marital status and other family factors on CVD incidence and long-term mortality among elderly people.

Methods
Data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (2002/2005/2008–2018) for participants aged ≥60 years were analysed. A cross-sectional study initially examined the correlation between spouses, offspring, living arrangements, and CVD using logistic regression. Subsequently, a retrospective cohort study investigated the long-term associations of these factors with overall mortality via Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses.

Results
The study involved 48 510 subjects (average age: 87 years). The cross-sectional analysis revealed a correlation between living with a spouse and an increased incidence of heart disease (adjusted OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04–1.55) and cerebrovascular disease/stroke (adjusted OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.11–1.42). According to the retrospective cohort analysis, living with a spouse significantly reduced overall mortality (adjusted HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.80–0.87), irrespective of marital relationship quality. Conversely, living with offspring (adjusted HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.08–1.16), having more children (adjusted Pnonlinearity = 0.427) or cohabitants (adjusted Pnonlinearity &lt; 0.0001) were associated with increased overall mortality.

Conclusion
In the elderly population, being married and living with a spouse were not significantly associated with a decrease in CVD incidence but were associated with a reduction in long-term overall mortality. Living with offspring, having more children, or having a larger family size did not replicate the protective effect but indicated greater overall mortality.
The epigenetic landscape in intestinal stem cells and its deregulation in colorectal cancer
Authors: Larue Axelle E M , Atlasi Yaser 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in controlling gene expression and cellular plasticity in both normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions. These mechanisms are particularly important in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, both in embryonic development and within adult tissues. A prime example of this finely tuned epigenetic control is observed in the gastrointestinal lining, where the small intestine undergoes renewal approximately every 3-5 days. How various epigenetic mechanisms modulate chromatin functions in intestinal stem cells (ISCs) is currently an active area of research. In this review, we discuss the main epigenetic mechanisms that control ISC differentiation under normal homeostasis. Furthermore, we explore the dysregulation of these mechanisms in the context of colorectal cancer (CRC) development. By outlining the main epigenetic mechanisms contributing to CRC, we highlight the recent therapeutics development and future directions for colorectal cancer research.