bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explanatory Variables for EFL Students' Expository Writing
Authors: Sasaki Miyuki , Hirose Keiko 
Published: October 2006

This study investigated factors that might influence Japanese university students’ expository writing in English. We examined 70 students of low‐ to high‐intermediate English proficiency along a variety of dimensions, namely, second language (L2) proficiency, first language (L1) writing ability, writing strategies in L1 and L2, metaknowledge of L2 expository writing, past writing experiences, and instructional background. We considered these multiple factors as possible explanatory variables for L2 writing.Quantitative analysis revealed that (a) students’ L2 proficiency, L1 writing ability, and metaknowledge were all significant in explaining the L2 writing ability variance; (b) among these 3 independent variables, L2 proficiency explained the largest portion (52%) of the L2 writing ability variance, L1 writing ability the second largest (18%), and metaknowledge the smallest (11%); and (c) there were significant correlations among these independent variables. Qualitative analysis indicated that good writers were significantly different from weak writers in that good writers (a) paid more attention to overall organization while writing in L1 and L2; (b) wrote more fluently in L1 and L2; (c) exhibited greater confidence in L2 writing for academic purposes; and (d) had regularly written more than one English paragraph while in high school. There was no significant difference between good and weak writers for other writing strategies and experiences. On the basis of these results, we propose an explanatory model for EFL writing ability.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEORY OF NATURAL MONOPOLY
Authors: Waterson Michael 
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper examines two important recent developments in the theory of natural monopoly, or more generally the theory of market structure. The first is a series of papers, involving Baumol with various co‐authors, investigating the theory of industry structure, whilst the second is particularly associated with the names of Shaked and Sutton, and the relationship they develop between product differentiation and industry structure. The paper surveys and to some extent contrasts these two new approaches.Baumol et al.'s contribution is seen to be in the area of clarifying the concept of natural monopoly, refining the definitions of multiproduct costs, and developing a notion of social efficiency applicable to industries where economies of scale are important. Shaked and Sutton employ a new definition of natural monopoly unrelated to market size and utilize information about consumers’income distributions to develop their notion of vertical product differentiation and natural oligopoly.
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC CO‐OPERATION
Authors: Muscatelli Anton 
Published: October 2006

Books reviewed in this article:Ralph Bryant, Dale Henderson, Gerald Holtham, Peter Hooper, Steven Symansky (eds) (1988) Empirical Macroeconomics for Interdependent EconomiesMarcello De Cecco and Alberto Giovannini (eds) (1989) A European Central Bank?Ralph Bryant, David Currie, Jacob Frenkel, Paul Masson and Richard Portes (eds) (1989), Macroeconomic Policies in an Interdependent WorldRichard Cooper, Barry Eichengreen, Gerald Holtham, Robert Putnam and Randall Henning (1989) Can Nations Agree?
CHAOS AND COMPLEXITY IN ECONOMICS
Authors: George Donald A. R. 
Published: October 2006

Books reviewed in this article:William A. Barnett, John Geweke and Karl Shell (eds) (1989) Economic Complexity: Chaos, Sunspots, Bubbles and NonlinearityW. A. Brock and A. G. Malliaris (1989) Differential Equations, Stability and Chaos in Dynamic EconomicsCarl Chiarella (1990) The Elements of a Nonlinear Theory of Economic DynamicsTönu Puu (1989) Nonlinear Economics DynamicsKumaraswamy Velupillai (ed.) (1990) Nonlinear and Multisectoral Macrodynamics
THE ECONOMICS OF TAXPAYER COMPLIANCE
Authors: Pyle D. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract. There is a great deal of evidence to suggest that tax evasion is now fairly extensive throughout Western Europe and North America. Academic economists have shown considerable interest in various aspects of tax evasion. In this article we examine the literature on two particular issues. First, why do individuals evade their tax obligations and second, what policies should governments pursue in attempting to reduce or eliminate evasion?We concentrate on income tax evasion which has been the major preoccupation in the literature. We first show that the compliance costs of income tax evasion are quite substantial. We then examine theoretical attempts to model individual taxpayers behaviour. Here we find that it is extremely difficult to make unambiguous predictions concerning the effects of changes in important variables, such as income tax rates. Next, we review the empirical ‘evidence’ obtained from (i) attitudinal surveys, (ii) tax games, and (iii) econometric analysis of individuals’ tax returns. All of these studies are found to be flawed in certain major respects.Finally, we consider a number of policy options available to tax authorities. Given the difficulty of determining a socially optimal level of evasion, governments are likely to pursue suboptimal policies aimed at entirely eliminating tax evasion. However, even here there is considerable disagreement about the design of an efficient policy.
THE ECONOMICS OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Authors: Perman Roger 
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The recognition that economic activity is contributing to climatic change, with attendant costs that may be of large magnitudes, has set in motion a substantial research effort. This paper seeks to review the contribution of economics to analysis of the greenhouse effect and to the policies and instruments suggested as means of mitgiating its damage.A brief overview of the causes and consequences of global warming is given, and a number of energy‐economy forecasting models are examined. As the costs of global warming depend upon the extent to which preventative and adaptive measures are undertaken, the techniques available to evaluate these costs are surveyed.We examine extant targets for greenhouse gas emissions reduction, and explore the frameworks within which optimal policy targets can be designed. The paper also considers the narrower question of (minimized) abatement costs, and surveys the types of models used to estimate them.The merits of alternative policy instruments are examined, paying particular attention to the role that risk and uncertainty, and the costs of monitoring and implementation of policy under conditions of imperfect information, may play in the choice of instruments. Problems of international co‐operation in the development of abatement policy are examined, and we consider the compensations (across both nations and generations) that are likely to be necessary conditions for effective action.
LABOUR SUPPLY ESTIMATION AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Hum Derek , Simpson Wayne 
Published: October 2006

Abstract. Economists devote considerable energies towards refining their econometric techniques to overcome difficulties connected with conducting empirical research. Despite advances in technique. it is not clear whether further refinement in this direction is worthwhile for policy purposes. It may be that no further amount of statistical adjustment of inadequate data will increase understanding, and that better data is simply necessary to add to our knowledge. But rarely is sufficient credit paid to new forms of data. In short, econometric technique is emphasized to the neglect of data innovation, as if new data were merely lying about waiting for an ingenious suggestion for use. This paper surveys advances of the last twenty five years in estimating labour supply for policy purposes with a view towards appreciating the relative contribution of both improvements in econometric technique as well as developments of new data.After briefly detailing the key parameters which economists have sought to estimate, we describe the early ‘first generation’ research (circa 1970), which is plagued by problems of unobservable variables, measurement errors, truncation and selectivity bias, and non linear budget constraints. ‘Second generation’ research constitute attempts to resolve one or more of these difficulties, and the respective contribution of econometric technique and new data is acknowledged and assessed, including the contribution of data generated by large scale social experiments in which participants are randomly assigned to different guaranteed income plans and their labour supply behaviour measured.
Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State (1977)
Authors: ABRAMS PHILIP 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The state is not the reality which stands behind the mask of political practice. It is itself the mask which prevents our seeing political practice as it is. There is a state‐system: a palpable nexus of practice and institutional stucture centred in government and more or less extensive, unified and dominant in any given society. There is, too, a state‐idea, projected, purveyed and variously believed in in different societies at different times. We are only making difficulties for ourselves in supposing that we have also to study the state ‐ an entity, agent, function or relation over and above the state‐system and the state‐idea. The state comes into being as a stucturation within political practice; it starts its life as an implicit construct; it is then reified ‐ as the res publica, the public reification, no less ‐ and acquires an overt symbolic identity progressively divorced from practice as an illusory account of practice. The ideological function is extended to a point where conservatives and radicals alike believe that their practice is not directed at each other but at the state: the world of illusion prevails. The task of the sociologist is to demystify; and in this context that means attending to the senses in which the state does not exist rather than to those in which it does.‘When the state itself it is danger’, Lord Denning said in his judgment yesterday, “our cherished freedoms may have to take second place, and even natural justice itself may have to suffer a setback’.‘The flaw in Lord Denning's argument is that it is the government who decide what the interests of the state should be and which invokes ‘national security’ as the state chooses to define it’, Ms Pat Hewitt, director of the National Council for Civil Liberties, said yesterday’.
Humanism, Patronage and the Question of Women's Artistic Genius in the Italian Renaissance
Authors: SYDIE R.A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Women have generally been excluded from the ranks of artistic genius in western art. Several authors have pointed to the structural constraints that have prevented women from breaching the ranks of the Great. (Greer 1979; Sutherland Harris and Nochlin 1976; Broude and Garrard 1982; Peterson and Wilson 1976; Fine 1978; Nochlin 1973). To structural constraints, must be added the development, use and elaboration of the concept of genius itself as an important impediment for women. The initial formulation of the concept of artistic genius in fifteenth century Italy provided the foundation for the subsequent gendered conception of artistic genius. An investigation of the humanists’ development of the concept, and its use by the new men of power in fifteenth century Italy, provides an example of the manner in which the symbolic creation of everyday life was appropriated by a particular social strata in response to, and in the refinement of, changed power relations among men, that resulted in adverse consequences for women.The focus of this study is two‐fold; first an examination of the development of the concept of artistic genius as an important part of the symbolic legitimation of the power and status of a distinct social group. Secondly, an examination of the manner in which the formulation of the concept provided the basic framework for the later gendered approach to the practice and evaluation of art in western societies.
Britain's Colonial Emergencies and the Invisible Nationalists
Authors: FUREDI FRANK 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
From the perspective of imperial propaganda Britain's colonial emergencies of the forties and fifties have straightforward, even self‐evident explanations. In the case of Malaya the state of emergency declared in June 1948 was a response to an international communist plot designed to seize power. In Kenya, an underground conspiracy of tribal extremists necessitated the implementation of emergency powers in October 1952 and the intervention of the British military. In British Guiana, the October 1953 state of emergency was essential to prevent a communist‐inspired reign of terror and sabotage.1More objective researchers and journalists have questioned the familiar justification for Britain's colonial emergencies.2 However, controversy persists, not simply about the interpretation of these events but about the basic facts.3 This is not surprising, because a study of the available files in the Public Records Office shows that the relationship between the colonial emergencies and their purported causes is far from straightforward. While imperial propaganda projected a sense of single‐minded clarity, behind the scenes the leading experts of the Colonial Office were uncertain and deeply disturbed by events that they did not entirely comprehend. Nevertheless, despite their lack of a clear understanding of the situation in the affected colonies, the Colonial administration fully supported a military response. Indeed a study of the emergencies in Malaya, Kenya and British Guiana reveals a common pattern in the response of the British government and helps to place each of these conflicts in a wider perspective.
Michel Foucault, Body Politics and the Rise and Expansion of Modern Anatomy*
Authors: RUPP JAN C.C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The New Science and the arts flourished vigorously in the seventeenth century Netherlands. Of special importance were the anatomical theatres in Leiden. Delft and Amsterdam. These theatres were important cultural centres in the sense that they were centres of arts and sciences, meeting places for artists and scientists, and places with a public function.What role did anatomy played in the rise and expansion of modern science. Many scholars assume that religion, and more generally speaking, morality, was strongly opposed to anatomy, but then it is difficult to explain how anatomy and anatomical theatres could be of such central significance. It is Michel Foucault's thesis, however, that there was no hindrance by religion and morality, but an antagonism between two medical discourses, the clinical (life) and the anatomical (death). This thesis is tested by exploring anatomy practices and regulations in early‐modern Italy. Holland. England and France. The results indicate that, not only antagonism between medical discourses, but also conflicting opinions on teaching and the conditions for scientific progress, and. most of all, the interest taken by government in anatomy, played a part. The question as to whether moral standards were a hindrance to the advance of science, was primarily dependent on body politics.
Poverty and Polygyny as Political Protest: The Waldensians and Mormons.
Authors: EMIGH REBECCA JEAN 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper examines Waldensianism and Mormonism, two very different religious movements, separated by time, space, cultural, and economic conditions. The sources are a mixture of secondary and published primary sources, including church documents both in translation and the original language, and personal writings, such as diaries and letters. The treatment of these sources is not unusual, rather the contribution of this paper is a synthetic theoretical analysis of these movements in terms of the practical consequences of action.Both movements were coherent attempts to address contemporary social issues; neither was principally illogical nor irrational, nor comprised primarily of socially disconnected individuals. These movements were neither apolitical nor solely comprised of pure political action. Instead, both became political protest movements, in addition to being religious movements, because the symbolic content of the movement was interwoven with contemporary politics: the movements’ ideological critiques implicated the larger political structure which attempted to prevent ideological change. These religious struggles were processes, becoming political movements because ideological change implied political action.
MSc in Atomic Collisions in Solids—the Anatomy of an Inter‐University Modular Course
Authors: Carter G. , Grant W. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn account of the collaborative development of an MSc course in a multi‐disciplinary area of study (atomic collisions in solids) combining features of pure and applied physics and technology is given. The philosophy and aims of this course, which is operated jointly by the Universities of Salford and Sussex, the teaching and learning strategies adopted and the methodology of assessment are discussed, together with the problems and rewards of undertaking such a venture.
Computers in Military Training
Authors: Miles Roger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Armed Services have a wide range of computer applications to training, the largest single use being in computer based simulators. There are strong interests in CAL for advanced technical training and the testing and record‐keeping aspects of computer managed learning. National Programme funds have supported some new activities and facilitated progress with others. The extensive American applications suggest several interesting lines for future British development but there are important differences between the two countries. CAL in the Armed Services is firmly embedded in a systems approach to training development.
A Critical Appraisal of Modular Courses and Their Relevance to the British System of Higher Education
Authors: Quinn T F J 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA review is given of a typical North American modular course system of which the author has had personal experience, both at the undergraduate and the postgraduate level. Some of the advantages and limitations of the North American modular system are discussed, with special reference to the possibilities for modifying that system to suit British higher education. A brief review of the limited amount of modularization which has already taken place in British higher education is also given. It is shown that the modular system can provide both the flexibility and the breadth in the training of graduates required for the interdisciplinary situations in which they are typically required to function in the world outside of the educational environment. It is further shown that the system can only hope to be successful provided (i) it is introduced on a university‐wide (or possibly, even a nation‐wide) basis and (ii) that the principle of continuous assessment is universally accepted. Suggestions are made regarding the first steps which could be taken towards modularization of the present system.
Film Perception Under Ordinary Viewing Conditions
Authors: Hegarty Seamus F 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLittle work has been done on the cognitive processes involved in ordinary film‐viewing. There are both practical and theoretical obstacles in the way of such work. This study seeks to circumvent both kinds of obstacle in an investigation of some determinants of film perception.After viewing a film a sample of children completed questionnaires which gave information on their grasp of the film's content, on matching variables, and on design factors. In this way it was possible to examine patterns in the grasp of content and relate them to variables such as sex and experience of the cinema.
Discrimination Training and Micro teaching: Implications for Teaching Practice
Authors: Hargie Owen D W , Maidment Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTeaching practice has for a long time occupied a central role in teacher training. Yet questions remain as to the efficacy of this technique. This paper examines the practical training of teachers, taking into account recent research which has been conducted in microteaching. The conclusion made is that perhaps we should re‐examine some of the assumptions normally associated with regard to student practice, and focus more attention on the discrimination training elements involved.
The Mediation of Three‐Dimensional Visualization for Isolinal Graphics
Authors: Dutton R 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn order to understand many topics within subjects such as chemistry, geology, meteorology, biology and geography, students are required to read two‐dimensional graphics as three‐dimensional forms. In geography this is true for the whole range of isolinal graphics, including particularly contour maps. The most effective techniques to mediate the learner's visualization of the hidden quality of depth are possibly those which employ the isolinal code itself in some enhanced form. A school‐based experimental investigation concerned with contour maps is described. The results, together with those of some other related investigations point to the probable value of models, stereograms, anaglyphs and other stereoscopic presentations in the teaching of three‐dimensional subjects.
Extracting an Education from a Course of Instruction
Authors: Shaw M L G , Thomas L F 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInstruction is a valid and useful aspect of education, although for meaningful and valued learning to take place there must be some reorganization of the material by the learner. Psychological tools which have been offered to the learner in the past to bring into his awareness the structure of his models and his model‐building facilities have been on the whole unhelpful. The repertory grid is one such tool which with the new methods of computer analysis developed by the authors has been transformed into a sensitive instrument that allows an individual to form a model of any topic he wishes in terms of his personal constructs. The computer programs FOCUS, PEGASUS, MINUS, CORE, SOCIOGRIDS and ARGUS are briefly described.
Mathematical Attitudes of Some Polytechnic Students
Authors: Shannon A G , Clark B E 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis is an investigation in which semantic differentials are used to study differences in attitudes of some first‐year polytechnic students towards ways of learning mathematics according to the field of study or level of ability of the students. Of particular interest to educational technologists are the attitudes towards audio‐visual aids and individualized instruction. Irrespective of the generalizability of the results, the research is seen as suggesting a methodology for partial course evaluation with minimum interference in the instructional process.
The Influence of an In‐Service Course in Educational Technology on the Attitudes of Teachers
Authors: Moss G D 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA list of 57 aims was prepared relevant to a course on educational technology for in‐service teachers. This list was presented to 50 ex‐students, all of whom were in‐service teachers, and to colleagues of these ex‐students who had not taken an in‐service course in educational technology. All of the teachers were invited to rank the stated aims in terms of importance and the results from non‐students and ex‐students were compared and discussed. The results showed that while all teachers rated good design and teaching strategy as being more important than audio‐visual aids, ex‐students of an in‐service educational technology course were more positive in their assertions and rated additional aspects of educational technology above audio‐visual aids in importance.