bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commercial Potential for Titanium Off the Coast of Virginia
Authors: Hennigar H.F. , Siapno W.D. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The continental shelf of Virginia may have the potential for commercial quantities of titanium-bearing heavy minerals, however, data which have thus far been collected by various government entities are not sufficient to calculate in-situ resources. Government efforts should be focused on gathering additional data to delineate the extent of these deposits rather than on developing policies to regulate a nonexistent offshore mining industry.

INTRODUCTION
Production and consumption of titanium dioxide TiOZ) pigments reached record-high levels for the sixth consecutive year in 1988 (Lynd, 1989). Titanium is one of the few base metals that has consistently increased in value over the last decade. In the US, imports have risen continually and in recent years constitute three-quarters of TiOZ concentrates consumption. Major US producers include Associated Minerals Ltd., Inc. at Green Cove Springs, Florida. and E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. at Starke and Highland, Florida. Kerr-McGee, located in Mobile, Alabama, is the sole producer of synthetic rutile. P.W. Gill1brand Company separates and stockpiles heavy-mineral concentrates containing limonite in Soledad Canyon near Los Angeles. Subsidiaries of several of these companies also operate overseas. Major titanium companies around the world are planning to upgrade their facilities to meet increasing demand. Figure I, from the March 1989 Engineering & Mining Journal, summarizes titanium activity during 1987 and 1988.
These data show total concentrates grew at a rate of 5.18% between 1987-88. Demand growth is conservatively projected by the US Bureau of Mines at about 5% for the next few years. Increases in demand will be driven by hi-tech programs coupled with expansion in the chemical-processing industries. The market for titanium metal is closely tied to aircraft, spacecraft and jet and rocket engine developments where strength to weight ratio and resilience at high temperatures are important characteristics. The worldwide fleet of commercial airliners is suffering the effects of age and overuse, and many aircraft are long overdue for replacement. Construction of new aircraft will sustain demand for titanium at high levels for the near future.

RESOURCES
Titani um is the ninth moss t abundant element, following oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, which make up more than 98 percent of the earth's crust. Though widely disseminated, commercially valuable concentrations occur infrequently. Significant industrial demand began only within the last 100 years and titanium is consumed principally by advanced economies. The principal raw materials for titanium products are the minerals limonite (FeTi03), its alteration product 1eucoxene, and rutile (TiOZ)' Rutile is the preferred ore, however, limonite and leucoxene are more common. In 1986, DuPont ceased to use leucoxene of 71-90% Ti02 from ASARCO's New Jersey deposit. Limonite with 44-70% TiOZ is far more abundant and can be used to produces TiO concentrates as well as synthetic rutile.
A Bothnian Bay Manganese Nodule Deposit: A Case for Inference of Seabed Variability by Multimode Data Processing
Authors: Vikgren K.J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Field data from a manganese nodule deposit in the Bothnian Bay were used in this Case study for the application of image processing to sea floor imagery. A digital data-base was acquired from box core samples, bathymetric records, side-scan sonar records, and in-situ camera inspection. Multimode processing of the data-base in overlapping data planes was used with various analytical tools including texture-analysis. As a result of the study it was found feasible to infer knowledge about the seabed variability from this data-base.

Introduction
Underwater ferromanganese concretions were historically collected in shallow lakes in the southern part of Sweden - particularly in Small and. This ore was scraped together with hand-operated long rakes before it was moved over to a shallow sieve bucket in Which it was washed and lifted on to a raft or through holes in the ice. Investigations of slag mounds in this Province indicate that this form of mining went on for about 1000 years.
Present Swedish work related to manganese nodules is related to geological studies, underwater exploration, and development of hydrometallurgical leaching methods.
The manganese nodule deposits in the Gulf of Bothnia were described already in 1934. The first extensive study was made in 1962 and treated geological, mineralogical and genetically aspects of the nodules. This work has been confirmed to a great extent by Subsequent geochemical and mineralogical mapping of the sediments and nodule occurrences. The nodules lie either on the surface or in the top 1-5 cm layer of oxidized surface sediment which lies over the reduced sediments. various nodule constituents are remobilized when nodules are surrounded by reducing sediments. These remobilized elements have been precipitated to form the nodules. Some of the released manganese, barium and nickel also enter into suspended phases which eventually leave the Baltic Sea.
Present work on these deposits has been related to a target area (fig. 1) near Bjur6klubb in the Bay of Bothnia. 9 Field data from a cruise to the area was used in this case.

The Data-base
The data-base from the R/V ARGOS cruise to the Bjur6klubb field in June 1986 comprises the following items:Results of geological and chemical analyses of 134 seabed samples collected by a light (30x30x50 cm) box corer in a grid with a mesh-size of one nautical mile, plus a further 21 samples in a one nautical square mile area.855 topographical points which were digitized from bathymetry measurements made during the cruise with narrow beam echo sounders.
Current Offshore Hard Minerals Projects and Activities of the Minerals Management Service
Authors: Drucker B.S. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The Minerals Management Service' s (MMS) Office of Strategic and International Minerals (OSIM) provides policy and program direction for development of all minerals other than oil, gas, and sulphur on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). In order to develop the potential of the OCS as a domestic supply source for solid minerals and to encourage development of a viable ocean mining industry, OSIM has joined with several coastal States to form Federal/State task forces to assess potential economic mineral commodities off their respective coasts and to assure that environmental and other issues are identified and fully addressed. This paper describes and summarizes the projects and activities in which OSIM is currently involved relating to the development of an environmentally sound offshore hard minerals program.

INTRODUCTION
The OSIM was established by MMS in 1983 to focus Federal efforts in developing a no energy minerals program on the nation's outer continental shelf. Goals of the program are to develop the potential of the OCS as a source for solid no energy minerals and to encourage development of those minerals in a sound and environmentally safe manner. A'key objective of OSIM has been to provide a regulatory climate conducive to industry initiative while protective of the environment. Accordingly, final regulations governing prospecting for OCS hard minerals were published in July 1988, and rules governing leasing and operating activities were published in January 1989.
OSIM has focused attention on areas and resources where there is industry interest and where the coastal States would like to take part in coordinated efforts to identify and evaluate deposits of economically recoverable minerals and work together to resolve environmental concerns. This has resulted in the formation of several Federal/State task forces and cooperative agreements to address and resolve issues and potential controversies in an orderly and timely manner, and to involve the coastal States in discussions of programmatic concern. Currently, the MMS supports six Federal/State Task Forces (Fig. 1), the status of which is discussed in detail in the following section.

CURRENT STATUS OF ACTIVE FEDERAL/STATE TASK FORCES AND COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS
Hawaii Cobalt-Rich Manganese Crusts The Federal/State of Hawaii Task Force was established in 1984 to evaluate the possible development of cobalt-rich manganese crust deposits located adjacent to Hawaii and Johnston Island, in water depths from 800 to 2,400 meters. A final environmental impact statement (EIS), prepared with the oversight of the task force, was completed earlier this year The final EIS evaluates an area of 26,910 km2 (approximately 6.65 million acres).
Upheaval Buckling: A Practical Solution Using Hot Water Flushing Technique
Authors: Craig I.G. , Nash N.W. , Oldfield G.A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
In the development of the Glamis Field, a sub sea satellite to Balmoral, measures were required to avoid the expected problem of upheaval buckling of the long hot insulated flow lines.
Following review of various solutions, Sun opted for the novel technique of boosting the temperature of the Balmora 1 produced water and pumping it through the Glamis flow lines as a means of inducing a tensile pre stress.
The technique proved successful and could be considered to have a wider application in other satellite developments where similar water supplies are readily available.

INTRODUCTION
Sun are operators of the Glamis Field in UK North Sea Block 16/21a which has been developed as a Sub sea step out 8km South West of the Balmoral Field (Ref 1).
Glamis comprises three satellite wells - 2 production and 1 water injection - tied back to the Balmoral template by individual flow lines. The two production flow lines are insulated to maintain separator inlet temperatures above 25°C. Preliminary analysis indicated that upheaval buckling could occur.
Several methods of preventing or stabilizing buckling movements were considered before a decision was made to use the hot water flushing technique which is the subject of this paper.
The sequence of events from the evaluation of theupheaval buckling movements, through selection of the hot water flushing technique to the offshore operation are described in detail. The effectiveness of the method is assessed from the results of the post hot water flushing, post trenching and post first oil pipe movement surveys.

BACKGROUND
Flow lines buckle when the net compressive load in the pipe exceeds the bending stiffness and the frictional restraining force. Vertical movements occur if the pipe's preferential lateral mode of movement is restrained and the compressive load is able to overcome the weight of the pipe and cover weight/resistance. The compressive load is a combination of the internal pressure effects and the temperature induced expansion forces.
Experience with an existing Balmoral (l6/21b-12) flow line revealed upheaval buckling movements. The limited extent of the observed movements was at variance with theoretical analysis which indicated that the buckling should be much more widespread on this and other flow lines where no buckling has been observed.
The conclusion was that first order analytical techniques were too conservative. The Balmoral experience did however make it clear that some means of preventing or mitigating the effects of upheaval buckling was necessary for Glamis to avoid exposing the flow lines to the risk of trawl gear impacts, over stressing and, in the extreme, pipe crimping.
Efficient Wave-Theoretical Imaging Through Complex Water-Bottom Topography
Authors: Lynn W.S. , MacKay S.W. , Beasley C.J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
An efficient means for imaging structure beneath complex water-bottom topography can be obtained using conventional time-migration algorithms and a simple modification to the migration-velocity field. The process consists of two migration steps: one with the migration velocity set to zero below the water bottom and the other with the migration velocity set to zero above the water bottom. Between the two steps the data are time-shifted to account for the so called "thin-lens" term used in depth-migration algorithms. Efficiency is obtained by applying the thin-lens term only once and by using existing computationally optimized time migration algorithms. Results obtained from this technique are nearly identical to more costly layer-replacement and depth-migration techniques.

Introduction
Structures targeted for imaging by seismic surveys are often quite simple; yet their seismic response can be significantly distorted by more complex overlying water-bottom topography. This problem is well-recognized and several solutions have been proposed, such as wave-equation layer replacement (Berryhill, 1979, 1986; Yilmaz and Lucas, 1986) and depth migration (Judson et al., 1980). Although accurate, these solutions are usually impractical to use because of their large computational requirements-especially when applied to prestack data. A more common approach is to adjust the migration-velocity field to compensate for image mispositioning caused by water-bottom topography. This rather ad-hoc approach, however, can leave considerable uncertainty as to the actual target structure. In this paper, we propose an accurate and cost-effective wave equation technique that uses conventional time-migration algorithms and a simple well-defined modification to the velocity field.

Background
To review the problem and lay the groundwork for our solution, consider the model in Figure 1. This model has a deep water-bottom canyon (with relief of 750 m) underlain by flat horizons. The shallowest of these horizons has a normal fault positioned under the right flank of the water bottom canyon. For simplicity, the model has only two velocities, 1500 mls in the water layer and 2200 mls below the water bottom.
The zero-offset seismic response of the model recorded at the surface (Figure 2) shows a time sag in the flat horizons. This time distortion, caused by the change in water bottom depth, has made the fault in the shallow horizon less obvious; and, in fact, one might interpret both of the sub water-bottom horizons as continuous, or as faulted. Ordinary time migration, even with the exact velocity field, does not remove the uncertainty as to the true structure of these horizons. As the time-migrated section (converted to depth) in Figure 3 shows, the deep horizon has not been imaged properly and could easily be interpreted as being faulted. The reason, of course, for the improper imaging is that time migration is not appropriate when strong lateral velocity variations are present.
Use of an Electronic Imaging System on a Major Offshore Project
Authors: Liddell R.E. , H.B. Stone G.C.H.B. 
Published: October 2008

1. ABSTRACT
This paper highlights the experiences of introducing Electronic Imaging to a major offshore project in Norway, to store and distribute all drawing documentation. The paper describes the objectives and features of the system and ultimately practical experiences with the system. The paper concludes by recommending it as a powerful tool for future major projects.

2. INTRODUCTION
Gyda is a $1.3 billion project to develop an integrated oil platform in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. It has a production capacity of 60,000 BPSD and delivers oil to Teesside in the UK and gas to Emden in West Germany.
The purchase of an Electronic Imaging System arose as a result of a requirement for CAD facilities during the fabrication, installation and commissioning phases of the project. After a thorough investigation of possible alternatives it was considered that Electronic Imaging was the only method of accommodating all the dissimilar drawing media inherited from the Norwegian design contractor (Figure 1 shows a breakdown of the media received from the contractor).
Prior to "close-out" of the detailed design Contractor, 16,500 design and supplier drawings were scanned over a period of 4 weeks. As a temporary measure all scanned data was stored on magnetic tape prior to delivery of the system in April 1989.
One of the major justifications for making all drawings electronic on the project was the fast transmission of drawing documentation to the widely dispersed remote sites on the project (Figure 2 shows the geographical locations of the remote sites accessing the Electronic Imaging System).
There are two alternative methods of storing drawing data on an Imaging System known as "Raster" and "Vector". Raster data is received directly from a document scanner and is rather like an electronic version of a high resolution tealeaf image. The drawing, once scanned, is represented as a series of non-intelligent dots at a density of 200 Dots/inch. Vector data is more intelligent and is made up of geometric entities such as lines, arcs, circles, etc., the entities can be manipulated as self contained objects. CAD systems exclusively use Vector data, but Imaging Systems can use a combination of both to fit the purpose.
They also have the capability to convert Raster data into Vector known as "factorizations".
Raster drawing data requires a lot of storage space, therefore it is necessary to use data compression techniques to reduce storage demands. On Gyda all drawing data is held as highly compressed Raster data and no attempt has been made to convert this into Vector data. Since timescales were short and the compressed image file sizes were slightly less than Vector, it was decided to edit and store drawings solely in Raster.
Submerged Wellhead Platform System
Authors: Thory G.G. , Vora M.R. , Stockard D.M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Many hydrocarbon fields exist in water depths between 800 - 2000 ft which are not commercially viable using existing methods of production. It is clear that various types of Floating Production Systems (FPS) are viable alternatives to fixed platforms in deeper water depths, as shown by the Green Canyon Block 29 development.
The Submerged Wellhead Platform System (SWPS) concept (Figure 1) is based on the requirement to produce deep water fields at the lowest cost using proven technology.
This paper discusses the design of the submerged jacket, vessel selection, mooring systems, flexible riser configurations, installation, semi-submersible downtime criteria and overall concept economics.
Estimates indicate that significant cost savings can be realized using this concept, when compared to existing project developments. It is especially important in this era of fluctuating oil prices to provide a sufficient profit margin against possible market downturns in the future. This reduces the financial risk of developing and producing a discovery, especially one located in deeper water.
Due to the excessive motions of the production vessel, it has not been possible for rigid risers, with surface wellheads, to be incorporated in the floating production systems which have been installed to date. Instead, it has been necessary to rely on more complicated seabed wellheads which are connected to the production vessel via flexible risers. As deep water fields are evaluated it has been found that a combination of high seabed wellhead maintenance costs and inexperience with very long flexible risers (greater than 1500 ft) has resulted in uneconomic or unfeasible field developments.
To overcome these problems, the Submerged Wellhead Platform System (SWPS) has been developed as an economic solution. This system focuses on utilizing simpler diver accessible wellheads and shorter flexible risers, together with a cheaper converted drilling/production semi-submersible vessel and lightweight jacket.
Evaluation of wave forces on the submerged jacket indicate that the amount steel required is substantially less than for a conventional surface piercing jacket. If the wellheads are located at a relatively shallow water depth, saturation diving becomes unnecessary and diving costs are minimized. However, increasing the jacket submergence allows drilling operations, which are limited by the drilling riser ball joint angle to continue with a greater vessel offset. Locating the jacket top between 200 and 290 feet below the surface accomplishes both objectives by allowing diver access at minimal costs and also permitting a sufficiently large vessel excursion, and hence drilling weather window.
Currently, the jacket has been optimized to a uniform cross-section rectangular configuration, with 24 producing well slots and 4 reserve slots in case problems are encountered in the drilling operations. A minimum production rate of 25,000 BOPD has been assumed, with an increase possible depending on the reservoir and FPS capabilities.
Designing the TLWP
Authors: Hunter A.F. , Zimmer R.A. , Wang W.J. , Bozeman J.D. , Adams C.J. , Rager B.L. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The Tension Leg Well Platform (TIWP) provides an efficient method for production oil and gas from deep waters in the Gulf of Mexico. It utilizes buoyancy to provide support for production facilities, well systems and a tension leg mooring system for stability am station keeping. The principal advantages of the TIWP include topside well completion and work over in deep water, ease of installation over a predrilled well template and an enhanced development schedule. Designing the TIWP is described in the following paper. This design was an interactive process which involved considerable innovation and balancing of various requirements.

INTRODUCTION
The Jolliet Field Tension Leg Well Platform (TIWP) has recently been installed in the Gulf of Mexico at a site near the southeast corner of Green Canyon Block 184. '!he site is approximately 170 miles southwest of New Orleans, Louisiana and located in 1,760 feet of water. The TD1P is comprised of four main elements: Drilling Template, Foundation Template, Tension Leg (or Tension Leg Mooring System), and the TD1P (Deck/ Hull) itself, as shown in Figure 1.
'!he Jolliet TIWP was installed by Conoco Inc. as the operator for a group of three production companies. Conoco's partners are oxy USA, Inc., a subsidiary of occidental Petroleum corporation, and Four star oil and Gas company, a subsidiary of Texaco Inc. An 0ITera11 review of the Jolliet Project can be found in Reference 1. The details of the TIWP design are reviewed in this paper. Detailed descriptions on fabrication, installation, am in-situ inspection aspects of the TIWP are Covered in References 2, 3, am 4, respectively. However, areas controlled by fabrication schemes, dictated by installation loadings, and impacted by inspection requirements are discussed in this paper.
The conceptual design was developed by Conoco' s Marine Division of the Production Engineering Research Department. Preliminary engineering was performed in-house supplemented by experienceddesign contractors. Final design of the 0ITera11 TI.WP hull, deck, facilities, mooring system and installation procedure were developed by a general design contractor with the support by selected design specialists. Periodic reviews were made with appropriate certified Verification Agents (CVAs) and regulatory agencies.

TLWP GLOBAL PERFORMANCE
Global performance for this project was defined as the behavior of the complete TLWP for both the permanent in place conditions and the temporary free-floating conditions. TLWP responses to weight and environmental loads were developed for each in place design iteration. In addition to platform movement and accelerations, consistent design loads on the hull and deck structure, riser system, tension leg mooring system and foundation template were provided. Draft and stability of the complete TLWP for the various free-floating operations and associated deck weights were also developed for each design iteration. As the design iterations proceeded, the optimum TLWP design emerged.