bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical averaged evoked potentials produced by pudendal nerve stimulation in dogs
Authors: Purinton P. T. , Oliver J. E. , Kornegay J. N. , Bradley W. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Averaged evoked potentials were recorded from the scalp of 22 dogs after repetitive stimulation of the pudendal nerve. Four experimental procedures were used: (1) percutaneous needle-stimulating electrodes with dogs tranquilized with xylazine; (2) percutaneous needle-stimulating electrodes with dogs tranquilized with acepromazine; (3) percutaneous needle-stimulating electrodes with dogs anesthetized with α-chloralose; and (4) Sherrington type stimulating electrodes applied directly to nerves with dogs anesthetized with α-chloralose. The average evoked potentials were similar with all treatments. Three peaks (N1 P1, and N2) with consistent latency and amplitude were generally present, followed by additional peaks with variable latencies and amplitudes. The mean latency for N1 after direct stimulation was significantly longer than the mean latency for N1 in the 3 other groups (95% confidence intervals). There were no other significant differences in mean latencies among groups for any of the peaks.
Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on vascular damage and myointimal proliferation in canine pulmonary arteries subjected to chronic injury by Dirofilaria immitis
Authors: Schaub Robert G. , Keith James C. , Rawlings Clarence A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of aspirin (asa) on pulmonary artery response to chronic injury induced by Dirofiliaria immitis was assessed in the dog. Eight dogs were studied for 30 days after adult heartworms were transplanted into the pulmonary arteries. Four dogs were treated with asa (325 mg/day given orally) starting 3 days before the transplantation was done. Evan's blue dye was used to locate areas of vascular damage. Vascular morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy.
According to results of the morphologic studies, nontreated dogs had extensive endothelial damage and significant adhesion of leukocytes and blood platelets. Blood vessels of asa-treated dogs had less endothelial damage. Platelet adhesion on areas of vascular damage was less than that observed in nontreated dogs. Myointimal proliferative lesions were observed in both nontreated and asa-treated dogs. However, the lesions in nontreated dogs were larger (x 68 ± 7 mm2) and more complex than those in asa-treated dogs (x 20 ± 1 mm2). The results indicated that aspirin may protect against development of myointimal proliferation resulting from chronic vascular injury. The mechanism of the asa protection may result from a combination of antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as a direct protective effect on vascular endothelium.
Comparative evaluation of commercial latex agglutination and coagglutination reagents for groups B, C, and D mastitis streptococci
Authors: Poutrel B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 144 strains of mastitis streptococci (groups B, C, and D) were grouped by conventional technique (Lancefield precipitin test) latex agglutination (la), and coagglutination (ca). The la correctly grouped 98% and the ca grouped 100% of strains on the test when the instructions of the manufacturers were followed. Sensitivity of both tests was improved for strains belonging to group D when extracts from colonies grown on sheep blood agar plates were used for grouping. Nonspecific reactions between groups C and B were observed only with one kit of la reagents, whereas cross-reactions were recorded with all groups when ca reagents were used.
Reliability of single-sample phosphorus fractional excretion determination as a measure of daily phosphorus renal clearance in equids
Authors: Lane V. M. , Merritt A. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 4 healthy horses and 1 Welsh pony, fractional renal excretions of phosphorus (FEp) determined from 9 hourly time collections taken over a 24-hour period were compared to assess whether a single-sample collection would be an accurate indicator of the daily FEp. The mean FEp for each animal varied from 0.115% to 0.302%; the 2 animals with the highest values were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the 3 with the lowest values. Individual variation within animals was not great, however, because it was calculated that the 24-hour FEp value could be found within ± 0.087% of the single sample value 95% of the time in a given animal.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: Response test in healthy horses, and effect of phenylbutazone on equine thyroid hormones
Authors: Morris Debra Deem , Garcia Marolo 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Adult horses showed a mild diurnal variation in equine plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations, but not triiodothyronine (T3). Plasma T4 concentrations tended to be higher between 5 pm and 8 pm than at 8 am. Increases in plasma T4 and T3 were similar in adult healthy horses given 5, 10, or 20 IU of thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh). The T4 peaked at approximately twice (2.0 ± 0.4 times) as high as the base line at 6 to 12 hours after the tsh was given. The greatest change from base line T3 occurred at 1 to 3 hours after the tsh was given, but the magnitude of increase was widely variable (4.36 ± 2.49 times as high as base line). The following method for doing the equine tsh-response test was suggested: (i) prepare plasma or serum sample for determining base line T4 and T3, (ii) inject 5 IU of tsh im, (iii) prepare plasma or serum samples at 3 and 6 hours after the tsh was injected, and (iv) freeze samples at -20 C until T4 and T3 determination by radioimmunoassay.
Treatment of horses with phenylbutazone for 5 days caused a significant decrease in base line T4 and T3 in horses (P < 0.05). However, phenylbutazone-treated horses responded to the injection of tsh, and the increase in T4 at 6 hours was greater than in the controls (not given phenylbutazone) (P < 0.02).
Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine in the horse: Serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine concentrations after single-dose intravenous administration
Authors: Brown Murray P. , Kelly Robin H. , Stover Susan M. , Gronwall Ronald 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six healthy adult mares were given a single iv injection of trimethoprim (tmp)-sulfadiazine (sdz) at a dosage rate of 2.5 mg of tmp/kg of body weight and 12.5 mg of sdz/kg. Serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine tmp-sdz concentrations were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The highest measured mean concentrations of tmp and sdz were found in the first (0.5 hour) sample of serum, synovial fluid, and peritoneal fluid. The mean peak concentrations of tmp and sdz averaged 4.37 μg/ml and 21.81 μg/ml for serum, 2.95 μg/ml and 15.31 μg/ml for synovial fluid, and 3.88 μg/ml and 19.52 μg/ml for peritoneal fluid, respectively. Urine concentrations of the drugs were relatively high and peaked early. The elimination rate for tmp and sdz averaged 0.41 and 0.26 hour-1, while the elimination half-life was 1.91 and 2.71 hours, respectively, and the volume of distribution averaged 0.59 and 0.52 L/kg, respectively.
Hematologic values in hypothermic and rewarmed young calves
Authors: Olson D. P. , South P. J. , Hendrix K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hematologic values were determined in cold-stressed and rewarmed 1- to 7-day-old Holstein bull calves. The animals were anesthetized and then cold-stressed by immersion in water until their core body temperature (colonic) had decreased by 10 C. They were kept at the hypothermic state for an additional 1 hour and then were rewarmed by 1 of 3 external rewarming methods or by natural (unassisted) recovery.
Changes observed in the hematologic values of the cold-stressed calves during cooling represented a trend, rather than a direct effect of cold exposure because the values did not differ (P > 0.05) from those obtained from the noncold-stressed animals. Nevertheless, a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in the total number of leukocytes was observed in the cold-stressed calves during cooling when compared with preimmersion values. The leukopenia resulted primarily from a neutropenia (P < 0.05) and secondarily from decreases in the number of other leukocytes. Minor increases were noticed in the total number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration, and pcv, whereas mean corpuscular values generally remained unchanged during cooling. A rapid and linear increase in the total number of leukocytes was noticed in all cold-stressed calves during recovery. The increase in total leukocytes occurred in all types of leukocytes and particularly in segmented and nonsegmented neutrophils.
Pharmacokinetics of [3H]levamisole in pigs after oral and intramuscular administration
Authors: Galtier P. , Escoula L. , Alvinerie M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A single oral (10 mg/kg of body weight) or im (7.5 mg/kg) dose of [3H]levamisole was administered to pigs. Liquid scintillation counting and high performance liquid chromatography were used to determine total radioactivity and drug levels in plasma, duodenal and cecal contents, bile, and urine for 24 and 72 hours after dosing. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a 1-compartment open model with higher plasma bioavailability of levamisole after im injection. Biological half-lives for elimination of the drug were 9.3 and 6.9 hours after oral and im administration, respectively.
Anthelmintic concentrations were higher in intestinal contents after oral gavage than after im injection. The drug appeared extensively metabolized in all body fluids and particularly in bile, regardless of the route of administration. Biliary excretion of radioactivity and unchanged levamisole represented only slight percentages of the administered dose (approx 0.4% and 4.2%, respectively, in 72 hours). In contrast, about 60% and 20% of the dose were eliminated via urine as tritiated materials and unchanged drug. The choice of the most efficacious route of administration is discussed in regard to localization of helminthic disease.
Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus): Hematologic, erythrocyte biochemical, and iron metabolic aspects
Authors: Anosa Victor O. , Kaneko J. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Trypanosoma brucei EATRO 110 infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) produced anemia in 15 of 42 mice between postinoculation days 14 and 70. The infected anemic (la) mice had significantly higher reticulocyte counts (P < 0.025), spleen (P < 0.001) and liver (P < 0.005) weights, and higher parasitemia than did infected nonanemic (ina) mice. γ-Globulin concentrations of infected mice were markedly increased, and values for ina mice were 10% higher than values for ia mice.
Erythrocyte hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and pyruvate kinase activities were increased in infected mice, whereas phosphofructokinase was only slightly decreased in infected mice. Seemingly, development of anemia was not related to defects in erythrocyte metabolism.
Serum iron values of infected mice were similar to those of controls. Storage iron (hemosiderin and ferritin) concentrations were increased in the spleen and to a lesser extent in the liver. The activity of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that favors conversion of easily mobilizable soluble ferritin to poorly mobilizable insoluble hemosiderin, was decreased per unit weight of the enlarged spleen, although total activity was increased. The superoxide dismutase activity per unit weight of liver was not altered in infected mice although total liver activities were increased. These findings, as well as the marked reticulocytosis, indicate that lack of iron supply does not have a part in precipitating the anemia of T brucei infection.
Leukocytosis was present in infected animals and was associated with lymphocytosis, eosinopenia, basophilia, and monocytosis; these changes were more marked in ia that in ina mice.
Changes of serum enzyme activities in cows with milk fat depression
Authors: van Dijk S. , Wensing Th. , van Beukelen P. , Breukink H. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase (sdh), lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase (γ-gt), and alkaline phosphatase (alp) were measured before, during, and after milk fat depression in 9 cows fed a high-concentrate ration during 2 experiments. In 7 of the 9 cows, increases in serum sdh and ldh activities were observed during milk fat depression. The γ-gt activity showed only moderate changes, whereas the alp activity remained unchanged. During recovery from milk fat depression, decreases of sdh, ldh, and γ-gt activities were found in nearly all cows. Association of this phenomenon with changes found in beef cattle, such as ruminal lesions and liver abscesses, are discussed.
Influence of the estrous cycle on selected biochemical and cytologic characteristics of milk of cows with subclinical mastitis
Authors: Anderson K. L. , Smith A. R. , Spahr S. L. , Gustafsson B. K. , Hixon J. E. , Weston P. G. , Jaster E. H. , Shanks R. D. , Whitmore H. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The purpose in this experiment was to determine the relationship between subclinical mastitis and the estrous cycle. Subclinical mastitis was defined as a quarter in which milk had a somatic cell concentration > 500,000/ml and was bacteriologic culture-positive on 2 consecutive examinations. Normal quarters were defined as quarters from which milk had a somatic cell concentration < 500,000/ml and was bacteriologic culture-negative on 2 consecutive examinations. Selected biochemical and cytologic characteristics of milk from 10 cows with subclinical mastitis were measured at 5-day intervals during the estrous cycle. Milk and blood progesterone concentrations were determined. Analysis of variance of dependent variables was performed, using a model with the following factors: cows, treatments, days of estrous cycle, and interaction of treatment with day of the estrous cycle. Treatment consisted of comparison of normal and subclinically mastitic quarters.
Clinical signs of mastitis tended to occur more often during estrus (days 0 and 20) than during diestrus (day 10). Day of the estrous cycle was a significant source of variation for bovine serum albumin concentrations in milk. Somatic cell concentrations, electrical conductivity, milk bacterial concentrations, and log10 milk bacterial concentrations did not vary significantly during days of the estrous cycle.
A significant treatment-by-day interaction occurred for milk progesterone concentrations; blood progesterone concentrations were not similarly affected. Milk progesterone concentrations for mastitic and normal quarters were similar at estrus (days 0 and 20) and metestrus (day 5). Milk progesterone concentrations for mastitic quarters were significantly decreased on day 15 of the estrous cycle, compared with values from normal quarters.
Measurement of caprine plasma β-mannosidase with a p-nitrophenyl substrate
Authors: Cavanagh Kevin , Dunstan Robert W. , Jones Margaret Z. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Experimental conditions for measuring caprine plasma β-d-mannosidase activity are described with p-nitrophenyl-β-d-mannopyranoside as a substrate. The plasma enzyme was stable for 3 months at -20 C or 1 week at 4 C. The optimal pH for activity was 5.0 in citrate-phosphate or acetate buffer. Enzyme activity was linear with time up to 24 hours at 37 C, but incubation of plasma at 56 C for 5 minutes resulted in loss of all activity. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for the plasma enzyme was 10.0 mM. Plasma β-mannosidase from clinically normal and β-mannosidosis carrier goats did not differ with respect to pH optimum, heat stability, or Km. The coefficient of variation for the assay, determined by assaying a plasma pool over a 3-month period, was 10.7% (mean: 115 nmole of p-nitrophenol formed/hour/ml of plasma). The assay described can be used to evaluate plasma β-mannosidase measurements as a test for detecting carriers of caprine β-mannosidosis, a newly described lysosomal storage disease.
Interaction between caprine macrophages and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: An electron microscopic study
Authors: Tashjian J. J. , Campbell S. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Caprine mammary gland macrophages were infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and the results were observed, using the electron microscope. Fusion of macrophage lysosomes occurred with phagosomes containing bacteria. Despite this, the C pseudotuberculosis survived within the phagolysosome and the macrophages did not survive. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the lipid coat of C pseudotuberculosis allows it to survive the killing and degradative mechanisms of caprine macrophages.
Effect of intravenous administration of T-2 toxin on blood coagulation in calves
Authors: Gentry P. A. , Cooper M. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The single iv administration of T-2 toxin to calves at a dosage of 0.25 mg/kg of body weight produced statistically significant decreases in plasma activity of factors VII, IX, X, and XI and in fibrinogen values (P < 0.05). Similar changes in the coagulation factors were observed after the single iv administration of T-2 toxin to calves which were given vitamin K (25 mg daily) for 5 days before and after dosing with T-2 toxin. The procoagulant activity of factor VIII was unaffected by T-2 toxin administration to calves.
Changes of complement values in calves during the first month of life
Authors: Mueller R. , Boothby J. T. , Carroll E. J. , Panico L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hemolytic complement activity and the 3rd component of complement (C3) concentrations were measured in the blood sera of 8 dams before, at, and after parturition, and in the sera of their calves before and after feeding colostrum and at fixed intervals up to 1 month of life. The mean hemolytic titer in the dams, as measured by incubating guinea pig rbc sensitized with bovine natural antibodies in serially diluted serum, was slightly < 200 and was not influenced by parturition and onset of lactation.
The titers in the sera of the calves immediately after birth ranged from 63 to 149 with a mean of 99. One day later, values in all calves had dropped markedly to a mean of 39. During the following month, the titers increased and reached the precolostral levels after about 4 weeks; however, these titers were still far below the titers measured in adult cows. A similar pattern was seen in the C3 concentration. The mean value at birth was 28% of the values measured in adult cows. Values decreased to 18% one day later and increased during the following month to 43% of the adult C3 concentration.
Distribution of oxytetracycline in the healthy and diseased postpartum genital tract of cows
Authors: Bretzlaff K. N. , Ott R. S. , Koritz G. D. , Bevill R. F. , Gustafsson B. K. , Davis L. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Previously determined pharmacokinetic parameters of the disposition of oxytetracycline (otc) in cows were used to predict an iv priming dose and a rate of constant iv infusion of otc sufficient to approach steady-state equilibrium of the drug between plasma and genital tissue concentrations in healthy postpartum cows and postpartum cows with endometritis. After 8 hours’ constant iv infusion at rates calculated to maintain a plasma concentration of approximately 5 μg/ml, the mean concentrations of otc in plasma (μg/ml) and tissues (μg/g) of healthy and infected postpartum cows, respectively, were: plasma, 4.95 and 5.23; uterine tissue, 3.65 and 4.18; and ovarian tissue, 4.57 and 4.53. The mean plasma to genital tissue ratios for healthy and infected postpartum cows, respectively, were 1.38 and 1.31 for uterine tissue and 1.09 and 1.16 for ovarian tissue. There were no significant differences (P > 0.28) between healthy and infected postpartum cows in any of the parameters investigated. However, plasma-to-genital tissue ratios of concentrations of otc in postpartum cows as a group were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.03) than those previously determined in cycling cows. Computer-simulated uterine tissue concentrations of otc, after twice daily iv doses of 11 mg of otc/kg of body weight, indicated that this dosage regimen would provide postpartum uterine tissue concentrations > 5 μg/g during most of the dosage interval.
Life span and tissue distribution of 111indium-labeled blood platelets in hypomagnesemic lambs
Authors: Schneider M. D. , Miller J. K. , White P. K. , Ramsey N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Circulating platelets may be activated by exposed triple-helical collagen in atherosclerotic lesions in Mg-deficient ruminants. Autologous platelets, labeled in vitro with 111In and determined to be active, were injected into 5 hypomagnesemic and 3 control lambs fed semipurified diets with 100 or 2,000 mg of Mg/kg of feed for 3 months. During the first 68 hours, 111In concentrations were 11 times higher in packed cells than in plasma. Packed-cell 111In increased 60% during the first 2 hours, probably due to initial tissue sequestration and later release of labeled platelets. Thereafter, platelet half-life span averaged 60 and 63 hours for hypomagnesemic and control lambs. After 68 hours, lambs were injected with native vascular collagen fibrils at 500 μg/kg of body weight to initiate reversible platelet aggregation. Within 1 minute, 83% of packed-cell 111In disappeared from circulation. Thirty minutes later, the lambs were euthanatized and necropsied and in the lungs, liver, and spleen, 111In averaged 24%, 19%, and 9%, respectively, of 111In injected 68 hours earlier. Organ deposits were not affected by Mg intake, but 111In in the lungs was somewhat lower in 2 lambs injected with inactivated collagen. Pathologic changes induced by reversible platelet aggregation were compatible with right ventricular failure complicated by pulmonary edema, similar to changes in hypomagnesemic lambs that died spontaneously. Platelets in blood exposed to vascular lesions in hypomagnesemic ruminants could be a major mortality risk factor in grass tetany disease.
Prevalence of mycoplasmas and immune responses to Mycoplasma bovis in feedlot calves
Authors: Boothby J. T. , Jasper D. E. , Zinkl J. G. , Thomas C. B. , Dellinger J. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Microbiological cultural, cytologic, and immunologic observations were made on 30 calves. The eyes, nares, and bronchioalveolar region were subjected to microbiological cultural examination for mycoplasmas. Four of the examinations of 30 eyes, 15 of those of 30 nasal tissues, and 25 of those of the 30 bronchioalveolar regions from the 30 calves were positive for mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma bovis and M bovirhinis were the most prevalent species. Cytologic examinations of peripheral blood and bronchioalveolar washes did not show pathologic changes. Results of indirect hemagglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lymphocyte-stimulation tests on peripheral blood cells, and skin testing demonstrated only a low prevalence of immune recognition of M bovis. Infection and immune response were studied in 3 calves for 10 weeks before, and for 4 weeks after, intratracheal administration of live M bovis.
Influence of a second Anaplasma exposure on the success of treatment to eliminate Anaplasma carrier infections in cattle
Authors: Kuttler K. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Treatment of adult Anaplasma carrier cows, with long-acting oxytetracycline at dosage levels generally successful in eliminating infection, was unsuccessful when the treatment was preceded or accompanied by a 2nd exposure to A marginale on days 0, 7, or 14 before treatment. Noninfected calves exposed to A marginale 7 days before a similar treatment developed anaplasmosis and became carriers of infection.