bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grain, pellet and wax block bait take by the house mouse (Mus musculus) and non‐target species: implications for mouse eradications on coral cay islands
Authors: CRUZ Jennyffer , LEUNG Luke K.‐P. , LISLE Allan , RIVERA Dario F. , STAPLES Linton , SMITH Michelle 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIntroduced rodents have been eradicated from large numbers of offshore islands using toxic baits; however, toxic baits have been linked with negative impacts on non‐target species. The present study assessed the bait take of target (house mouse, Mus musculus) and non‐target (buff banded rail, Rallus philippensis) animals on Northwest and Heron Islands in the Great Barrier Reef. Three non‐toxic bait formulations (wax block, pellet and grain) were tested and each was applied at 1 kg ha−1 in six treatment grids. The tracks of animals visiting the baits were identified using 30 tracking stations per treatment grid. A tracking station consisted of a track‐board placed in the centre of a sand‐pad. Mean bait take differed significantly between the formulations: birds took more grain bait than wax block bait; mice took more wax block than grain bait. Both mice and birds were equally selective of pellet bait. Thus, the findings indicate that wax blocks are the most suitable formulation for future baiting programs to eradicate mice on these and other islands.
Combined effects of gallic acid and propolis on beryllium‐induced hepatorenal toxicity
Authors: NIRALA Satendra K. , LI Peiqiang , BHADAURIA Monika , GUO Guangqin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe combined effect of gallic acid (3,4,5‐trihydroxy benzoic acid; GA; 50 mg kg−1i.p.) and propolis (200 mg kg−1p.o.) was evaluated against beryllium‐induced biochemical and morphological alterations in the liver and kidney. Female albino rats were exposed to beryllium nitrate (1 mg kg−1i.p.) daily for 28 days followed by treatment with the above mentioned therapeutic agents either individually or in combination for five consecutive days. Exposure to beryllium increased its concentration in the serum, liver and kidney and caused significant alterations in cytochrome P450 enzymes, microsomal lipid peroxidation and protein contents. Beryllium administration significantly altered the aspartate aminotransaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, γ‐grutamy1 transpeptidase, bilirubin, creatinine and urea in serum, and the activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, glucose‐6‐phophatase and succinic dehydrogenase, triglycerides, cholesterol, protein contents, glycogen contents, lipid peroxidation and glutathione level in the liver and kidney. Beryllium exposure induced severe alterations in hepatorenal morphology, revealing its toxic consequences at a cellular level. Individual administration of GA and propolis reduced the effects on the studied parameters to a degree. Interestingly, GA in conjunction with propolis reversed the alterations in all of the variables examined, highlighting the beneficial effects of combined therapy over monotherapy in the alleviation of beryllium‐induced systemic toxicity.
The evolution of aposematism is accompanied by increased diversification
Authors: PRZECZEK Kara , MUELLER Carla , VAMOSI Steven M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAlthough the use of distinct colors to indicate unprofitability to predators (i.e. aposematism) is commonly thought of as an adaptation, our knowledge of its macroevolutionary effects is limited. Because aposematism is expected to decrease attacks by predators, we hypothesized that aposematic lineages should be larger on average than their non‐aposematic sister groups because of the decreased probability of extinction and/or increased probability of speciation (i.e. increased diversification). The results of our sister‐group analysis are consistent with the hypothesis that the evolution of aposematism is accompanied by increased diversification of lineages, with the aposematic focal group having more species in 11 of 14 pairs of sister groups. Despite the apparent advantages of reduced predation risk on diversification rates, the evolution of aposematism is relatively rare and reversions to a cryptic state are not uncommon. In addition to the difficulties in evolving a trait that initially decreases the survivorship of prey among naive predators, we discuss other factors that may limit the apparent prevalence and success of aposematism. It is hoped that the results of our analysis will encourage further analyses of the phylogenetic relationships among aposematic groups and their relatives, and of the evolutionary time scales over which the benefits of aposematism are the greatest to lineages with this condition.
Genetic structure of the oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana): implications for a breeding colony in a non‐breeding area
Authors: ZAN Shuting , ZHOU Lizhi , JIANG Hao , ZHANG Baowei , WU Zhi'an , HOU Yinxu 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana) is a threatened species, and their numbers are still in decline due to habitat loss and poaching. China is a breeding and main wintering area for this animal and in recent years some individuals have been found breeding in wintering areas and at some stopover sites. These new breeding colonies are an exciting sign, however, little is understood of the genetic structure of this species. Based on the analysis of a 463‐bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, we investigated the genetic structure and genetic diversity of 66 wild oriental white storks from a Chinese population. We analyzed the sequences of 66 storks obtained in this study and the data of 17 storks from a Japanese population. Thirty‐seven different haplotypes were detected among the 83 samples. An analysis of molecular variance showed a significant population subdivision between the two populations (FST= 0.316, P < 0.05). However, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the samples from the different populations did not form separate clusters and that there were genetic exchanges between the two populations. Compared with the Japanese population, the Chinese population had a relatively higher genetic diversity with a haplotype diversity (hπ SD) of 0.953 ± 0.013 and a nucleotide diversity (π± SD) of 0.013 ± 0.007. The high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity indicate that this population might be in a rapidly increasing period from a small effective population. A neighbor‐joining tree analysis indicated that genetic exchange had occurred between the newly arisen southern breeding colony and the northern breeding colony wintering in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain. These results have important implications for the conservation of the oriental white stork population in China.
Genetic population structure of red snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coiodes) in Brunei and Sabah
Authors: SULAIMAN Zohrah H. , ABDUL RAHMAN Khadijah H. , YING Teo Y. , TAHA Hussein H. , MUHD TAHA NurQistina H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe genetic population structure of red snapper Lutjanus malabaricus and orange‐spotted grouper Epinephelus coiodes in Brunei and Sabah was investigated using allozyme electrophoresis. Samples were collected from three sites in Brunei for E. coiodes and from three sites in Brunei and Sabah for L. malabaricus. A total of 22 loci and 16 loci were scored, respectively. The index of fixation (FST) for the E. coiodes population was 0.176 but, in general, it lacked within‐population structuring. The FST was particularly high between Brunei Bay/Jerudong and Brunei Bay/ Kuala Belait, suggesting genetic subdivision on a small spatial scale. Isolation of Brunei Bay from the South China Sea may constrain the movement of adult fishes and larval dispersal, thereby reducing homogeneity among subpopulations. All variable loci for E. coiodes were in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium except for MDH* and GTDHP* (P < 0.01), in which two subpopulations showed an excess of heterozygotes (P < 0.01). The study on the L. malabaricus population showed a heterozygote deficit of approximately 60% in variable loci (FST genetic variation within population = 0.45; P < 0.05); however, the mean observed heterozygosity for the population far exceeded L. malabaricus populations in Australia and Indonesia. A FST value of 0.076 revealed moderate genetic differentiation among subpopulations of L. malabaricus. The genotypes were likely to be drawn from the same distribution in Jerudong and Kuala Belait. This study infers that sustainable management of snapper and grouper resources in Brunei waters must take into account the presence of a single stock and two stocks, respectively.
Sex ratio variation and sex determination in the mallee dragon Ctenophorus fordi
Authors: ULLER Tobias , ODIERNA Gaetano , OLSSON Mats 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRecent evidence suggests that many Australian agamids show temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) with variation in sex determining mechanisms among closely related taxa. However, as shown in other vertebrates, sex ratios can also be influenced by genetic or phenotypic differences among females in their propensity to produce sons or daughters, and these influences might confound any thermal effects of incubation per se. To address these issues, we investigated the determinants of sex ratios in the mallee dragon Ctenophorus fordi, together with a detailed analysis of karyotypes. There was no detectable variation in sex ratios arising from variation among females, clutches or incubation temperatures, which might indicate genetic sex determination for this species. However, there was no evidence of cytologically distinct sex chromosomes using standard banding techniques. The sex ratio pattern in C. fordi strongly contrasts with the results for the congener Ctenophorus pictus, where sex ratios show variation among females. Thus, Australian agamids offer promising opportunities to address fundamental issues in sex ratio biology.
Negotiating the Dependency/Nurturance Tightrope: Dilemmas of Motherhood and Disability*
Authors: MALACRIDA CLAUDIA 
Published: September 2008

La féminité normative place les mères dans une situation difficile, entre la dépendance et la tendance à se dévouer; d'un côté, les bonnes mères devraient être dépendantes dans une relation avec un mäle pourvoyeur. Inversement, elles devraient fournir de bons soins par un maternage actif, habile ainsi que par leur engagement. Cette condition pose des défis aux femmes ayant une incapacité et dont la dépendance à l'égard d'un partenaire masculin peut entrainer de la vulnérabilite par rapport à l'abus, alors que de la dépendance envers l'Etat peut découler de la pauvreté et de la surveillance. L'auteure explore les dilemmes que les mères handicapées rencontrent pour concilier leur position de dépendance par rapport aux besoins de leurs enfants d'etre maternés. Compliquant les conceptions négatives de la dépendance, plusieurs femmes ont décrit comment certaines relations de dépendance leur ont apporté, a elles et à leurs enfants, des réseaux positifs de soutien.Normative femininity offers mothers a tightrope of nurturance and dependency. On the one hand, good mothers should be dependent through a relationship with a male provider. Conversely, they should provide nurturance through active, involved and expert mothering. This tightrope poses challenges to women with disabilities whose dependency on male partners can bring vulnerability to abuse, while dependency on the state can result in poverty and surveillance. This article explores the dilemmas disabled mothers face, reconciling their position of dependency against their children's need for nurturance. Complicating negative conceptions of dependency, many women described how some relations of dependency provided them and their children with positive networks of support.
Acyclic Calabi–Yau categories
Authors: Keller Bernhard , Reiten Idun 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe prove a structure theorem for triangulated Calabi–Yau categories: an algebraic 2-Calabi–Yau triangulated category over an algebraically closed field is a cluster category if and only if it contains a cluster-tilting subcategory whose quiver has no oriented cycles. We prove a similar characterization for higher cluster categories. As an application to commutative algebra, we show that the stable category of maximal Cohen–Macaulay modules over a certain isolated singularity of dimension 3 is a cluster category. This implies the classification of the rigid Cohen–Macaulay modules first obtained by Iyama and Yoshino. As an application to the combinatorics of quiver mutation, we prove the non-acyclicity of the quivers of endomorphism algebras of cluster-tilting objects in the stable categories of representation-infinite preprojective algebras. No direct combinatorial proof is known as yet. In the appendix, Michel Van den Bergh gives an alternative proof of the main theorem by appealing to the universal property of the triangulated orbit category.
Hilbert’s 14th problem over finite fields and a conjecture on the cone of curves
Authors: Totaro Burt 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe give the first examples over finite fields of rings of invariants that are not finitely generated. (The examples work over arbitrary fields, for example the rational numbers.) The group involved can be as small as three copies of the additive group. The failure of finite generation comes from certain elliptic fibrations or abelian surface fibrations having positive Mordell–Weil rank. Our work suggests a generalization of the Morrison–Kawamata cone conjecture on Calabi–Yau fiber spaces to klt Calabi–Yau pairs. We prove the conjecture in dimension two under the assumption that the anticanonical bundle is semi-ample.
Natural Convection Heat Transfer Enhancements From a Cylinder Using Porous Carbon Foam: Experimental Study
Authors: Jamin Yorwearth L. , Mohamad A. A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe main objective of this experimental study is to quantify and compare the heat transfer enhancement of carbon foam and aluminum fins in natural convection. The study measures steady state heat transfer from a heated vertical pipe, with and without porous medium. The largest increase in Nusselt number was achieved by a solid carbon foam sleeve, which was about 2.5 times greater than a bare copper pipe.
Role of the N-Terminal Amino Acid of
Bacillus anthracis
Lethal Factor in Lethal Toxin Cytotoxicity and Its Effect on the Lethal Toxin Neutralization Assay
Authors: Verma Anita , Wagner Leslie , Stibitz Scott , Nguyen Nga , Guerengomba Flor , Burns Drusilla L. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
The cytotoxic activity of lethal factor (LF), a critical reagent used in the cell-based lethal toxin neutralization assay to assess anthrax vaccines, was shown to depend on the identity of its N-terminal amino acid, which plays a role in the targeting of LF to the proteasome for degradation. These results demonstrate that care must be taken to ensure that LF preparations used in standardized cell-based assays are not altered at their N-terminal ends.
Exposure of Cord Blood toMycobacterium bovisBCG Induces an Innate Response but Not a T-Cell Cytokine Response
Authors: Watkins M. L. V. , Semple P. L. , Abel B. , Hanekom W. A. , Kaplan G. , Ress S. R. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTDespite routine vaccination withMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) soon after birth, tuberculosis in babies and adults remains epidemic in South Africa. The immune responses of the naïve newborn child and how they are affected by vaccination with BCG are as yet not fully understood. Immunity during pregnancy and in healthy human newborns may be skewed toward type 2 cytokine production; however, it is type 1 cytokines that are required for protection againstM. tuberculosisinfection. To better understand neonatal cytokine responses prior to and following exposure to mycobacteria, we have collected cord blood and peripheral blood samples and evaluated the cytokine response following ex vivo incubation with BCG. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-12, and low levels of IL-13 and IL-5 but no IL-4 were secreted into the culture supernatant of cord blood mononuclear cells. Intracellular staining showed that IL-10 and IL-12 were produced by monocytes and that IFN-γ was produced by natural killer (NK) cells but not by CD4+or CD8+T cells. In contrast, in the peripheral blood samples collected from babies 13 weeks post-BCG vaccination, IFN-γ was detected within CD4+and CD8+cells. Taken together, the data suggest a central role for Th1 cytokines in naïve as well as BCG-vaccinated neonates in the protective immune response to tuberculosis. NK cell-derived IFN-γ produced in naïve neonates likely plays a key protective role via monocyte activation and the priming of a subsequent adaptive Th1 response.
Kinetics of Decline of Maternal Measles Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Sera of Infants in France in 2006
Authors: Gagneur Arnaud , Pinquier Didier , Aubert Marie , Balu Laurent , Brissaud Olivier , De Pontual Loïc , Gras Le Guen Christèle , Hau-Rainsard Isabelle , Mory Olivier , Picherot Georges , Stephan Jean-Louis , Cohen Bernard , Caulin Evelyne , Soubeyrand Benoît , Reinert Philippe 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
The optimal age for measles vaccination is an important health issue, since maternal antibodies may neutralize the vaccine antigen before a specific immune response develops, while delaying vaccination may increase the risk of complicated diseases in infants. However, measles vaccination impacts the duration of protection afforded by transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies: vaccination-induced maternal antibodies disappear faster than disease-induced antibodies. In order to maintain protection against measles in infants, it is important to monitor the dynamics of this phenomenon in vaccinated populations. To assess the current situation in France, a multicenter, prospective seroepidemiological study was conducted in seven French hospitals between October 2005 and January 2007. Maternal measles antibody concentrations from 348 infants 0 to 15 months old were measured using the plaque reduction neutralization assay. Geometric mean concentrations and the percentage of infants with maternal measles antibody concentrations above the protection threshold (≥120 mIU/ml) were assessed according to age. Results show that after more than 20 years of routine measles vaccination in France, maternal measles-neutralizing antibodies decrease dramatically in French infants by 6 months of age, from 1,740 mIU/ml for infants 0 to 1 month old to 223 mIU/ml for infants 5 to 6 months old, and that 90% of infants are not protected against measles after 6 months of age. Infant protection against measles could be optimized both by increasing herd immunity through an increased vaccine coverage and by lowering the age of routine vaccination from 12 to 9 months.
Potentially Exposed but Uninfected Individuals Produce Cytotoxic and Polyfunctional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CD8+T-Cell Responses Which Can Be Defined to the Epitope Level
Authors: Erickson A. L. , Willberg C. B. , McMahan V. , Liu A. , Buchbinder S. P. , Grohskopf L. A. , Grant R. M. , Nixon D. F. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTWe measured CD8+T-cell responses in 12 potentially exposed but uninfected men who have sex with men by using cytokine flow cytometry. Four of the individuals screened exhibited polyfunctional immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag or Vif. The minimum cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope was mapped in one Gag responder.
Chronic Intestinal Nematode Infection Exacerbates ExperimentalSchistosoma mansoniInfection
Authors: Bickle Quentin D. , Solum Julie , Helmby Helena 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTMixed-parasite infections are common in many parts of the world, but little is known of the effects of concomitant parasite infections on the immune response or on disease progression. We have investigated the in vivo effects of a chronic gastrointestinal nematode infection on the infectivity and development of the immune response against the common trematode helminthSchistosoma mansoni. The data show that mice carrying an established chronicTrichuris murisinfection and coinfected withS. mansoni, had significantly higherS. mansoniworm burdens than mice without coinfection. The increase inS. mansoniworm burden was accompanied by a higher egg burden in the liver. Kinetic analysis ofS. mansoniestablishment indicate reduced trapping ofS. mansonilarvae during skin-to-lung migration, withT. muris-induced alterations in lung cytokine expression and inflammatory foci surrounding lung-stage schistosomula, suggesting that the immunomodulatory effects of chronicT. murisinfection elicited at the gut mucosal surface extend to other organs and perhaps specifically to other mucosal surfaces. The data show that a preexisting chronic gastrointestinal nematode infection facilitates the survival and migration ofS. mansonischistosomula to the portal system, and as a result, increases the egg burden and associated pathology ofS. mansoniinfection.
Role of T Cells in Virus Control and Disease after Infection with Pneumonia Virus of Mice
Authors: Frey Stefanie , Krempl Christine D. , Schmitt-Gräff Annette , Ehl Stephan 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
Infection of mice with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is used as a natural host experimental model for studying the pathogenesis of infection with the closely related human respiratory syncytial virus. We analyzed the contribution of T cells to virus control and pathology after PVM infection. Control of a sublethal infection with PVM strain 15 in C57BL/6 mice was accompanied by a 100-fold increase in pulmonary cytotoxic T lymphocytes, 20% of which were specific for PVM. T-cell-deficient mice failed to eliminate PVM and became virus carriers in the absence of the clinical or histopathological signs of pneumonia that occurred after infection of control mice. Mice with limited T-cell numbers did not achieve virus control without weight loss, indicating that T-cell-mediated virus control was closely linked to immunopathology. Both CD4 and CD8 T cells independently contributed to virus elimination and disease. Virus control and disease were similar in the absence of perforin, gamma interferon, or tumor necrosis factor alpha. Interestingly, disease and mortality after lethal high-dose PVM infection were independent of T cells. These data illustrate a key role for T cells in control of PVM infection and demonstrate that both T-cell-dependent and -independent pathways contribute to disease in a viral dose-dependent fashion.
Equine Herpesvirus 1 Entry via Endocytosis Is Facilitated by αV Integrins and an RSD Motif in Glycoprotein D
Authors: Van de Walle Gerlinde R. , Peters Sarah T. , VanderVen Brian C. , O'Callaghan Dennis J. , Osterrieder Nikolaus 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a member of the
Alphaherpesvirinae
, and its broad tissue tropism suggests that EHV-1 may use multiple receptors to initiate virus entry. EHV-1 entry was thought to occur exclusively through fusion at the plasma membrane, but recently entry via the endocytic/phagocytic pathway was reported for Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1 cells). Here we show that cellular integrins, and more specifically those recognizing RGD motifs such as αVβ5, are important during the early steps of EHV-1 entry via endocytosis in CHO-K1 cells. Moreover, mutational analysis revealed that an RSD motif in the EHV-1 envelope glycoprotein D (gD) is critical for entry via endocytosis. In addition, we show that EHV-1 enters peripheral blood mononuclear cells predominantly via the endocytic pathway, whereas in equine endothelial cells entry occurs mainly via fusion at the plasma membrane. Taken together, the data in this study provide evidence that EHV-1 entry via endocytosis is triggered by the interaction between cellular integrins and the RSD motif present in gD and, moreover, that EHV-1 uses different cellular entry pathways to infect important target cell populations of its natural host.