bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary fatty acid composition induces comparable changes in cardiolipin fatty acid profile of heart and brain mitochondria
Authors: McGree Carl D. , Lieberman Pamela , Greenwood Carol E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid profile of cardiolipin (CL) from brain and cardiac mitochondria was measured to determine whether CL isolated from these two tissue sources responded similarly to alterations in dietary fat composition. Male Wistar rats were fed 20% (w/w) diets containing 2 to 12% (w/w) 18∶2n‐6 for four weeks. Despite higher baseline levels of CL 18∶2n‐6 in cardiac (54±1% of total fatty acids) compared to brain (13±1%) mitochondria, CL 18∶2n‐6 levels increased in proportion to dietary 18∶2 levels. The degree of change in 18∶2n‐6 was comparable with both tissues showing an approximate 1.5‐ to 2‐fold increase. The time course of changes in CL fatty acid profile was examined in a subsequent experiment in which animals were fed 20% (w/w) fat diets containing either 3 or 15% α‐linoleate. Changes in cardiac CL 18∶1, 18∶2n‐6, and 22∶6n‐3 levels were observed within one week of feeding. While statistically significant differences were not observed in brain CL until the second week of feeding, the time course did not differ substantively from that observed in heart. The results from this study suggest that while baseline fatty acid profile of cardiac and neural CL differ, mitochondria from both tissues show comparable sensitivity to changes in dietary fat composition. Furthermore, it would appear that the turnover rate of fatty acids in CL is similar in both tissues.
Unusually high levels of eicosatetraenoic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic fatty acids in palestinian freshwater sponges
Authors: Dembitsky Valery M. , Rezanka Tomas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of three freshwater sponges—Ephydatia syriaca, Nudospongilla sp., andCortispongilla barroisi—were studied. Twenty principal fatty acids, and unusually high levels of eicosatetraenoic (5,8,11,14–20:4 up to 10.1% of the total acid mixture), eicosapentaenoic (5,8,11,14,17–20:5 up to 11.6%), and docosahexaenoic acids (4,7,10,13,16,19–22:6 up to 11.8%) were detected. The only demospongic acid found was 5,9,17‐hexacosatrienoic acid (1.8–3.7%).
AOCS collaborative study on sensory and volatile compound analyses of vegetable oils
Authors: Warner K. , Nelsen T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn AOCS collaborative study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of sensory analysis and gas chromatographic analyses of volatile compounds in measuring vegetable oils for levels of oxidation that ranged from none to high. Sixteen laboratories from industry, government, and academia in Canada and the United States participated in the study to evaluate the flavor quality and oxidative stability of aged soybean, corn, sunflower, and canola (low‐erucic acid rapeseed) oils. Analytical methods included sensory analyses with both flavor intensity and flavor quality scales and gas‐chromatographic volatiles by direct injection, static headspace, and dynamic headspace (purge and trap) techniques. Sensory and volatile compound data were used to rank each of the oils at four levels of oxidation—none, low, moderate, and high. For soybean, canola, and sunflower oils, 85–90% of laboratories correctly ranked the oils by either analysis. For corn oil, only 60% of the laboratories ranked the samples according to the correct levels of oxidation by either analysis. Variance component estimates for flavor scores showed that the variation between sensory panelists within laboratories was lowest for the unaged oils. As storage time increased, the variance also increased, indicating that differences among panelists were greater for more highly oxidized oils. Between‐laboratory variance of sensory panel scores was significantly lower than within‐laboratory variance.
The antioxidant capacity of complex mixtures by kinetic analysis of crocin bleaching inhibition
Authors: Tubaro Franco , Micossi Elena , Ursini Fulvio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe capability of a compound or of a mixture of compounds to quench peroxyl radicals was measured by analyzing the kinetics of the competition of a parallel reaction where peroxyl radicals bleach the carotenoid crocin. This kinetic approach, originally described for the analysis of antioxidants reacting with hydroxyl radicals in water, was modified by both decreasing the polarity of the solvent, thus allowing the analysis of lipophilic compounds, and by substituting a source of peroxyl radicals for the hydroxyl radical generating system. Single compounds as well as complex mixtures were analyzed by kinetic data processing. Overall antioxidant capacity, relative to that of α‐tocopherol or of its soluble analog Trolox C, was calculated. As examples of the use of this test, the antioxidant capacities of a crude rosemary extract, Maillard reaction products, and virgin olive oils were measured.
Polymorphism of stabilized and nonstabilized tristearin, pure and in the presence of food emulsifiers
Authors: Elisabettini Paola , Desmedt Amélia , Durant François 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe polymorphism of tristearin (SSS) was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry and powder X‐ray diffraction. The influence of 5% in weight of different food emulsifiers—i.e., 1‐monostearin, sorbitan tristearate, and sugar monostearate—was also studied. Because polymorphism is sensitive to thermal treatment, two thermal conditionings were applied. According to the dynamic process (melting, quenching, and heating at 5°C/min), SSS showed three polymorphic forms: α, β′, and β1. The presence of the emulsifiers hindered the β′→β transformation, and a destructured β2 form was recorded. According to the stabilization process (stabilization at 57°C for various periods of time), SSS showed two β′ forms: β2′ and β1′. Three hours of stabilization were necessary to recover the whole triglyceride under the β form. The emulsifiers slowed down the polymorphic transition rates. Indeed, after six hours of stabilization, mixtures of β′ and β were observed. Sugar monostearate seemed to have the most powerful effect on the transition kinetics because large amounts of α form were detected.
Continuous supercritical carbon dioxide processing of palm oil
Authors: Ooi C. K. , Bhaskar A. , Yener M. S. , Tuan D. Q. , Hsu J. , Rizvi S. S. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCrude palm oil was processed by continuous supercritical carbon dioxide. The process reduces the contents of free fatty acids, monoglycerides and diglycerides, certain triglycerides, and some carotenes. The refined palm oil from the process has less than 0.1% free fatty acids, higher carotene content, and low diglycerides. Solubility of palm oil in supercritical carbon dioxide increased with pressure. A co‐solvent improves the refining process of palm oil.
Enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids: Transesterification of triolein and caprylic acid ethyl ester
Authors: Huang Kuan‐Hsiang , Akoh Casimir C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStructured lipids were successfully synthesized by lipase‐catalyzed transesterification (ester interchange) of caprylic acid ethyl ester and triolein. The transesterification reaction was carried out in organic solvent as reaction media. Eight commercially‐available lipases (10% w/w substrates) were screened for their ability to synthesize structured lipid by incubating with 100 mg triolein and 78.0 mg caprylic acid ethyl ester in 3 mL hexane at 45°C for 24 h. The products were analyzed by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light‐scattering detector. Immobilized lipase IM60 fromRhizomucor miehei converted most triolein into structured lipids (41.7% dicapryloolein, 46.0% monocapryloolein, and 12.3% unreacted triolein). However, lipase SP435 fromCandida antarctica had a higher activity at higher temperature. The reaction catalyzed by lipase SP435 yielded 62.0% dicapryloolein, 33.5% monocapryloolein, and 4.5% unreacted triolein at 55°C. Time course, incubation media, added water, and substrate concentration were also investigated in this study. The results suggest that lipase‐catalyzed transesterification of long‐chain triglycerides and medium‐chain fatty acid ethyl ester is feasible to synthesize structured lipids.
A detailed triglyceride analysis ofLesquerella fendleri oil: Column chromatographic fractionation followed by supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Hayes Douglas G. , Kleiman Robert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe triglyceride structure of oil fromLesquerella fendleri, a potential new U.S. crop, rich in C20 hydroxy fatty acids, was examined by silica gel column chromatographic fractionation followed by supercritical fluid chromatography. The analysis confirmed previous findings derived by our research group, but provided further detail. The analysis demonstrated the presence of trihydroxy triglyceride, which contained all of the oil’s C18 hydroxy acyl groups (present at less than 0.5% in the oil). Lipolysis indicated that these groups were located solely at the 2‐position. In addition, a strong correlation was detected between the presence of α‐linolenic (18:39,12,15) and auricolic (20:211,17 OH14) acids in triglycerides.
Identification of fatty acid methyl ester as naturally occurring transcriptional regulators of the members of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor family
Authors: Schmidt Azriel , Vogel Robert L. , Witherup Keith M. , Rutledge Su Jane , Pitzenberger Steven M. , Adam Mohammed , Rodan Gideon A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe nuclear hormone receptors NUC‐1 (PPARδ) and PPARα are members of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) family. The members of this receptor family are activated by agents that stimulate peroxisome proliferation, free fatty acids, prostaglandin J2 metabolites, and agents considered for the therapy of insulin‐independent diabetes mellitus. To identify putative physiological agents that activate NUC‐1, we tested the ability of acetone extracts of various rat tissues to activate the transcription of an MMTV‐luciferase reporter gene, via a GR/NUC‐1 hybrid receptor. GR/NUC‐1 contains the ligand binding region of the NUC‐1 receptor and the DNA binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor. Using this assay, we found stimulatory activity in the pancreas, which upon purification and characterization was identified as methylpalmitate, known to be enriched in pancreatic lipids. In addition, we determined that ethyl esters of palmitic and oleic acids are also potent activators of this receptor. thus, fatty acid ester formation may control the cellular concentrations of fatty acids, and acyl‐ester formation may play a role in the control of metabolic pathways and the activation of the PPAR.
Dietary docosahexaenoic acid has little effect on peroxisomes in healthy mice
Authors: De Craemer Dirk , Pauwels Marina , Van den Branden Christiane 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNMRI mice were fed diets supplemented with 0.05, 0.2, or 2% (w/w) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid present in fish oil, for 3 d, 3 wk, or 3 mon. The doses of DHA were chosen to supply the mice with concentrations of DHA which approximate those that have been reported to be beneficial to patients with peroxisomal disease. Diets containing 0.05 or 0.2% DHA did not change hepatic, myocardial, and renal catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity except for a slight but significant increase (to 120%) in myocardial catalase activity in mice treated with the 0.05% DHA diet for 3 mon. A diet with 2% DHA induced myocardial catalase activity to 150% after both 3 d and 3 wk of administration. In the liver of mice fed this diet for 3 wk, hepatic catalase activity was increased to 140% while no induction of palmitoyl‐CoA oxidase (EC 1.3.99.3), urate oxidase (EC 1.7.3.3), andl‐α‐hydroxyisovalerate oxidase (EC 1.1.3.a) was observed. With the light microscope, no changes in peroxisomal morphology were visually evaluated in catalase stained sections of liver, myocardium, and kidney of mice fed either diet. Our results show that in healthy mice a low dietary DHA dose (<0.2%; this corresponds to a dose prescribed to peroxisomal patients) has no effect on several hepatic peroxisomal H2O2‐producing enzymes, including the rate‐limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal fatty acid β‐oxidation. This may indicate that such a DHA dose will not add a strong load on the often disturbed fatty acid metabolism in the liver of patients with peroxisomal disorders.
Alk‐1‐enylacyl, alkylacyl, and diacyl subclasses of native ethanolamine and choline glycerophospholipids can be quantified directly by phosphorus‐31 NMR in solution
Authors: Malewicz Barbara , Baumann Wolfgang J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe show that phosphorus‐31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used to distinguish and to quantify the alk‐1‐enylacyl, alkylacyl, and diacyl glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) subclasses, and the respective glycerophosphocholine (GPC) subclasses, in their native form without prior degradation or derivatization, provided the phospholipids are observed in the nonaggregated state. Monomeric phospholipid distribution is ascertained by recording the spectra, after removal of metal ions, on CDCI3/CD3OD/D2O (50∶50∶15, by vol) solutions. The utility of this approach is exemplified for the ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EPL) from bovine brain and the choline glycerophospholipids (CPL) from bovine heart. Sharp and well‐resolved resonances are obtained for alkylacylGPE (+0.395 ppm; re 1% H3PO4), alkenylacylGPE (+0.353 ppm), and diacylGPE (+0.315 ppm), and for alkylacylGPC (−0.383 ppm), alkenylacylGPC (−0.436 ppm) and diacylGPC (−0.451 ppm). Integrated peak reas are shown to closely correlate with dose. Accurate quantitation of EPL and CPL subclasses at submicromolar levels can further be facilitated by use of synthetic dialkylGPE (+0.602 ppm) and dialkylGPC (−0.196 ppm) as internal standards. The method is simple, rapid, sensitive and reproducible, and permits the complete resolution and direct quantitation of all ethanolamine and choline glycerophospholipid subclasses quite independent of fatty chain length and degree of unsaturation.
Viscosity and its relationship to crystallization in a binary system of saturated triacylglycerides and sesame seed oil
Authors: Toro‐Vazquez Jorge F. , Gallegos‐Infante Alberto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the relationship of viscosity with the crystallization process in a binary system formed by sasame oil and different concentrations of tripalmitin (TP) and tristerian (TS) (0.0, 0.032, 0.098, 0.18, 0.26, 0.344 g/dL). The behavior of the reduced viscosity (ηred) indicated that TP and TS affected the native bilayer lamellar organization of sesame oil triacylglycerides. The behaviour of ηred at TP or TS concentrations ≤0.098 g/dL suggested that, as a result of intermolecular interactions between the saturated triacylglyceride and the unsaturated triacylglycerides of sesame oil, the oil solution developed lamellar structures with a smaller size than the native structures in sesame oil. At TP or TS concentrations >0.098 g/dL, the behavior of ηred indicated that TP or TS segregated out of the lamellar structure as the temperature was decreased. The kinetics of the segregation phenomenon was a function of the concentration of saturated triacylglyceride and the type of triacylglyceride (i.e., TP or TS), and was favored by an increase in the shear rate. In all situations, the temperature of nucleation was achieved when ηred=0, which may represent the point at which the interfacial energy between sesame oil and the developing nuclei achieved its maximum value. The higher the intermolecular interaction between the TP or TS and the triacylglyceride structure of the sesame oil, the lower the temperature at which ηred=0 in the oil solutions. As a result, the diffusion term (i.e., viscosity of the liquid phase) became a limiting factor for crystal growth rate, especially at TP and TS concentrations ≤0.18 g/dL.
Phase diagrams for oil/methanol/ether mixtures
Authors: Boocock David G. B. , Konar Samir K. , Sidi Hanif 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOne‐phase transmethylations of vegetable oils with methanol to form methyl esters occur considerably faster than conventional two‐phase reactions. Addition of simple ethers is an efficient method for producing a single phase. Ternary phase diagrams have been determined at 23°C for oil/methanol/ether mixtures; these are useful when applying the one‐phase method across a wide range of conditions. Soybean, canola, palm, and coconut oils were used in combination with five ethers, namely, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4‐dioxane (DO), diethyl ether (DE), diisopropyl ether (DI), andtert‐butyl methyl ether (TBM). All five ethers can produce miscibility for all methanol/oil compositions. The ether/methanol volumetric ratios required for miscibility at a methanol/soybean or canola oil volumetric ratio of 0.20 (5.4 molar ratio) at 23°C are: THF, 1.15; DO, 1.60; DE, 1.38 DI, 1.57; and TBM, 1.57. For THF, this results in one‐phase mixtures that contain 65 vol% oil. Soybean and canola oil form identical diagrams. Palm oil requires slightly less ether at the lower methanol concentrations, but coconut oil requires considerably less across the whole concentration range. Acid‐catalyzed reactions, when performed at the boiling point of the most volatile component, require less ether than predicted from the diagrams.
Low‐molecular weight organic composition of acid water from coconut oil soapstock
Authors: Sivasothy Arunthathi , Reilly Peter J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoapstock from alkaline refining of coconut oil was acidified, and the resulting acid water after neutralization was subjected to gas chromatography, electron‐ionization and chemical‐ionization mass spectroscopy, and high‐performance liquid chromatography. The chief low‐molecular weight organic components were C4−C18 fatty acids, hydroxylated acids, and sugar alcohols. The prevalence of acids and total absence of phosphate compounds make coconut acid water different in composition from the acid waters from other soapstocks.
Gas‐liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry of the 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives of Δ5‐unsaturated polymethylene‐interrupted fatty acids from conifer seed oils
Authors: Berdeaux Olivier , Wolff Robert L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acids from the seed oils of three Conifer species (one Pinaceae,Pinus pinaster, and two Cupressaceae,Chamaecyparis lawsoniana andBiota orientalis) have been analyzed as their 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivatives by gas‐liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The structures of six Δ5‐unsaturated polymethylene‐interrupted fatty acids (Δ5‐UPIFA) were established, confirming previous studies in which they were identified by their equivalent chainlengths (ECL) and by comparison with related authentic standards. These acids were:cis‐5,cis‐9 18∶2,cis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12 18∶3 (P. pinaster),cis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12,cis‐15 18∶4 (C.lawsoniana),cis‐5,cis‐11 20∶2,cis‐5,cis‐11,cis‐14 20∶3 (all species),cis‐5,cis‐11,cis‐14,cis‐17 20∶4 (B. orientalis) acids. In addition,cis‐9 18∶1,cis‐9,cis‐12 18∶2 (all species) andcis‐9,cis‐12,cis‐15 18∶3 (Cupressaceae) acids, together with their elongation products [cis‐11 20∶1,cis‐11,cis‐14 20∶2 (all species) andcis‐11,cis‐14,cis‐17 20∶3 (B. orientalis) acids] were also identified. In the mass spectra, DMOX derivatives of all Δ5‐UPIFA showed an intense peak atm/z 153, which is a diagnostic ion of fatty acid derivatives with a Δ5‐ethylenic bond. Other double bonds were localized by ion pairs that differed by 12 atomic mass units. The present study fully justifies the use of ECL to identify Δ5‐UPIFA in Conifer seed oils, in which they are ordinary components.
Quantitative extraction of hamster liver lipid and cholesterol with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Kahlon Talwinder S. , Chow Faye I. , Sayre Robert N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA quantitative method for liver lipid and cholesterol extraction with supercritical CO2 and ethanol entrainer (SCE) is reported and compared with the Folch (chloroform/methanol) procedure. Mean values for lipid and cholesterol in hamster livers (n=48) were similar between the SCE and Folch methods. Correlation coefficients between the two methods were 0.9866 for total lipid and 0.9546 for cholesterol. Similar mean values and high correlations between the two methods validate the SCE procedure as a precise alternative method for quantitative liver lipid extractions. The SCE method also reduces the use of hazardous solvents.
Effect of heterospecifics on foraging of endangered red‐crowned and white‐naped cranes in the Korean Demilitarized Zone
Authors: Lee Sang Don , Jabłoński Piotr G. , Higuchi Hiroyoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe determined how the presence of heterospecific individuals in the vicinity of a focal individual affects the behavior of two critically endangered species of cranes on their wintering grounds at Cheolwon in the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The red‐crowned crane, Grus japonensis, is larger than the white‐naped crane, Grus vipio, and it dominates the white‐naped crane in aggressive interactions. We showed that the dominant species increases foraging activity in the presence of the subordinate species presumably because of scrounging of food from the subordinate. Because interspecific interactions may affect avian endangerments these behavioral findings should be taken into account when managing winter refuges for the two endangered crane species.
Land warming as part of global warming
Authors: Huang Shaopeng 
Published: November 2006

The recent warming of Earth's surface is well documented in meteorological records. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the Earth's average surface air temperature (SAT) rose about 0.6°C in the twentieth century [Jones and Moberg,2003].Any global scale variation in SAT is accompanied by variation of the thermal state of all major climate system components including the continental landmasses. Based on worldwide meteorological and borehole temperature records, this study suggests that the twentieth century global warming has deposited a large amount of thermal energy into the continental landmasses, and has resulted in an intensified heating of rocks underground. The feedback to the global climate system and the long‐term environmental consequences of the on‐going subsurface warming of the land remain to be recognized.