bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ordered Mesoporous Thin Films of Rutile TiO2 Nanocrystals Mixed with Amorphous Ta2O5
Authors: Wu Jin‐Ming , Antonietti Markus , Gross Silvia , Bauer Matthias , Smarsly Bernd M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOrdered mesoporous thin films of composites of rutile TiO2 nanocrystals with amorphous Ta2O5 are fabricated by evaporation‐induced self‐assembly followed by subsequent heat treatment beyond 780 °C. Incorporation of selected amounts of Ta2O5 (20 mol %) in the mesoporous TiO2 film, together with the unique mesoporous structure itself, increased the onset of crystallization temperature which is high enough to ensure the crystallization of amorphous titania to rutile. The ordered mesoporous structure benefits from a block‐copolymer template, which stabilizes the mesostructure of the amorphous mixed oxides before crystallization. The surface and in‐depth composition analysis by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests a homogeneous intermixing of the two oxides in the thin film. A detailed X‐ray absorption fine structure measurement on the composite film containing 20 mol % Ta2O5 and heated to 800 °C confirms the amorphous nature of the Ta2O5 phase. Photocatalytic activity evaluation suggests that the rutile nanocrystals in the synthesized ordered mesoporous thin film possess good ability to assist the photodegradation of rhodamine B in water under illumination by UV light.
Probing Innovative Microfabricated Substrates for their Reproducible SERS Activity
Authors: Cialla Dana , Hübner Uwe , Schneidewind Henrik , Möller Robert , Popp Jürgen 
Published: March 2008

AbstractNew types of microfabricated surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active substrates produced by electron beam lithography and ion beam etching are introduced. In order to achieve large enhancement factors by using the lightning rod effect, we prepare arrays consisting of sharp‐edged nanostructures instead of the commonly used dots. Two experimental methods are used for fabrication: a one‐stage process, leading to gold nanostar arrays and a two‐stage process, leading to gold nanodiamond arrays. Our preparation process guarantees high reproducibility. The substrates contain a number of arrays for practical applications, each 200×200 μm2in size. To test the SERS activity of these nanostar and nanodiamond arrays, a monolayer of the dye crystal violet is used. Enhancement factors are estimated to be at least 130 for the nanodiamond and 310 for the nanostar arrays.
Organelle Tracking in a Living Cell with Microsecond Time Resolution and Nanometer Spatial Precision
Authors: Nan Xiaolin , Sims Peter A. , Xie X. Sunney 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe study of cellular processes such as organelle transport often demands particle tracking with microsecond time‐resolution and nanometer spatial precision, posing significant challenges to existing tracking methods. Here, we have developed a novel strategy for two‐dimensional tracking of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with 25 μs time resolution and ∼1.5 nm spatial precision, by using a quadrant photodiode to record the positions of GNPs in an objective‐type dark‐field microscope. In combination with a feedback loop, this technique records long, high time‐resolution and spatial precision trajectories of endocytosed GNPs transported by the molecular motors kinesin and dynein in a living cell. In the full range of organelle velocities (0–8 μm s−1), we clearly resolve the individual 8 nm steps of cargoes carried by kinesin, and the 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 nm steps of those carried by dynein. These experiments yield new information about molecular motor stepping in living cells.
Cytometric fingerprinting: Quantitative characterization of multivariate distributions
Authors: Rogers Wade T. , Moser Allan R. , Holyst Herbert A. , Bantly Andrew , Mohler Emile R. , Scangas George , Moore Jonni S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRecent technological advances in flow cytometry instrumentation provide the basis for high‐dimensionality and high‐throughput biological experimentation in a heterogeneous cellular context. Concomitant advances in scalable computational algorithms are necessary to better utilize the information that is contained in these high‐complexity experiments. The development of such tools has the potential to expand the utility of flow cytometric analysis from a predominantly hypothesis‐driven mode to one of discovery, or hypothesis‐generating research. A new method of analysis of flow cytometric data called Cytometric Fingerprinting (CF) has been developed. CF captures the set of multivariate probability distribution functions corresponding to list‐mode data and then “flattens” them into a computationally efficient fingerprint representation that facilitates quantitative comparisons of samples. An experimental and synthetic data were generated to act as reference sets for evaluating CF. Without the introduction of prior knowledge, CF was able to “discover” the location and concentration of spiked cells in ungated analyses over a concentration range covering four orders of magnitude, to a lower limit on the order of 10 spiked events in a background of 100,000 events. We describe a new method for quantitative analysis of list‐mode cytometric data. CF includes a novel algorithm for space subdivision that improves estimation of the probability density function by dividing space into nonrectangular polytopes. Additionally it renders a multidimensional distribution in the form of a one‐dimensional multiresolution hierarchical fingerprint that creates a computationally efficient representation of high dimensionality distribution functions. CF supports both the generation and testing of hypotheses, eliminates sources of operator bias, and provides an increased level of automation of data analysis. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A Phosphanyl‐Substituted Benzo‐1,3,2‐Dioxaborol as Ambiphilic Bifunctional Lewis Donor–Acceptor Unit
Authors: Chikkali Samir , Magens Silja , Gudat Dietrich , Nieger Martin , Hartenbach Ingo , Schleid Thomas 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCondensation of 3‐[(diphenylphosphanyl)methyl]benzene‐1,2‐diol (1) with phenyl boronic acid gave a phosphane‐functionalised benzo‐1,3,2‐dioxaborol 3. The ability of this species to act as a Lewis base through the P‐centered donor and as a Lewis acid through the B‐centered acceptor sites was demonstrated by the reactions with (cod)PdCl2 and some nitrogen donors (4‐dimethylaminopyridine, diaza‐[2.2.2]‐bicyclooctane, pyridine). These reactions yielded either palladium–phosphane complexes or amine–borane adducts that were characterised by spectroscopic data and, in some cases, by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. Reactions of a Pd complex of the phosphane‐functionalised benzo‐1,3,2‐dioxaborol 3 with dabco, or of the dmap adduct of 3 with (cod)PdCl2, gave materials that were characterised by analytical data and solid‐state NMR spectroscopic data as triple Lewis acid/base complexes and that contain both P→Pd and B←N dative bonds. Even though these adducts were unstable in solution, the results of these experiments demonstrate the ability of 3 to act as a bifunctional donor/acceptor ligand, which is of potential use as a building block for main chain organometallic polymers or multimetallic complexes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Oxazole Cyclopeptides for Chirality Transfer in C3‐Symmetric Octahedral Metal Complexes
Authors: Pintér Áron , Haberhauer Gebhard 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA straightforward synthesis of C3‐symmetric oxazole‐containing macrocyclic peptide scaffolds is presented. This type of macrocycles bears three functional groups on the oxazole rings, which allows fixing of various receptor arms on them in an easy manner. The chiral backbone of the macrocycle proved to be a powerful tool for chirality induction, thus predetermining the configuration of helically coordinated metal centres. The diastereoselective formation of CoII, NiII, CuII and ZnII complexes with tripodal bipyridyl ligand 4 was proved by UV‐ and CD‐absorption spectrophotometric titration experiments.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Considering safety issues in minimum losses reconfiguration for MV distribution networks
Authors: Campoccia Angelo , Sanseverino Eleonora Riva , Zizzo Gaetano 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper offers a new perspective over the traditional problem of the multiobjective optimal reconfiguration of electrical distribution systems in regular working state. The issue is indeed here formulated including also safety issues. Indeed, dimensioning the earth electrodes of their own secondary substations, distribution companies take into account the probable future configurations of the network due to transformations of overhead lines into cable lines or realization of new lines. On the contrary, they do not consider that, during normal working conditions, the structure of the network can be modified for long periods as a consequence of reconfiguration manoeuvres, with differences between the design current of the earthing systems and the fault current in certain substations significant. As a consequence, often distribution companies limit the implementation of the optimal reconfiguration layouts because they are unable to suitably evaluate the safety issue. In the paper, the problem is formulated including a further objective in order to account for the safety. A suitable constrained multiobjective formulation of the reconfiguration problem is therefore used aiming at: the minimal power losses operation, the verification of safety at distribution substations, the load balancing among the HV/MV transformers while keeping the voltage profile regular. The application carried out uses an NSGA‐II algorithm whose performance is compared to that of a fuzzy logic‐based multiobjective evolutionary algorithm. In the considered automated network, the remote control of tie‐switches is possible and their layout is the optimization variable. After a brief description of the optimal reconfiguration problem for automated distribution networks, the most recent papers on the topic are reported and commented. Then the problem formulation and the solution algorithm are described in detail. Finally, test results on a large MV distribution network are reported and discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The assessment of the impacts of the security management in a competitive environment
Authors: Bompard Ettore , Carpaneto Enrico , Ciwei Gao , Napoli Roberto , Demartini Giovanni , Vimercati Giuliano 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSecurity management is of the utmost importance in power system and many efforts have been made on this issue since a reliable supply of electricity is crucial to the modern societies. The traditional approach adopted in Europe is based on the “n − 1” steady‐state security that is efficient, although restrictive, and can continue to play an important role also in the new competitive context. In this paper, three alternative market‐based models for security consideration are introduced, according to preventive and corrective control approaches. The models are presented and analyzed in terms of their economic impacts on the market throughout a set of useful indexes that allows for a ranking of the advantages got from the re‐enforcement of the lines. Moreover, the positive impacts of the phase‐shifter (PS) installation for the security and congestion management are quantified and indexes are derived to assess their optimal location. The different models and the exploitation of the proposed indexes are illustrated with reference to a 34‐bus test system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐superconducting fault current limiters
Authors: Hagh M. Tarafdar , Abapour M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper proposes the use of non‐superconducting DC reactor type fault current limiter (NSFCL) instead of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) which has high cost and technology. Proposed FCL consists of three similar sets, each including a diode bridge and a single non‐superconducting DC reactor. The device is connected in series with distribution line and it has almost no effect on the normal system operation. It is not necessary to use a control circuit and it has a simple and cheap power circuit. Design characteristics, analytical analysis and overall transient and steady‐state performance of NSFCL in normal and fault conditions are presented in this paper. The comparison between experimental and simulation results indicate good agreements. The results confirm that the power loss of NSFCL is a very small percentage of distribution line power. Also, the system current and load voltage distortions due to using NSFCL is explained and simulated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomous power system for island or grid‐connected wind turbines in distributed generation
Authors: Iwanski Grzegorz , Koczara Wlodzimierz 
Published: March 2008

AbstractModern power generation systems for wind turbines are often based on the rotor fed slip‐ring machines. Power electronics converter provides the slip power, and also the reactive power for excitation of the generator during standalone operation. This way the isolated load can be supplied even if the grid has failed. Stator voltage in an autonomous operation is controlled using vectorial phase locked loop (PLL) structure; therefore the information about mechanical speed or angular position of the rotor is eliminated from the control method. The second PLL is also used for synchronization of the generated voltage with the grid voltage. Voltages synchronization is necessary for soft connection and protection of the supplied load from the rapid change of the supply voltage phase. The grid‐connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) can be useful after grid fault; however, the mains outage detection methods are necessary for fast disconnection after grid failures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reduced‐order simulated annealing approach for four‐dimensional variational data assimilation in meteorology and oceanography
Authors: Hoteit I. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFour‐dimensional variational data assimilation in meteorology and oceanography suffers from the presence of local minima in the cost function. These local minima arise when the system under study is strongly nonlinear. The number of local minima further dramatically increases with the length of the assimilation period and often renders the solution to the problem intractable. Global optimization methods are therefore needed to resolve this problem. However, the huge computational burden makes the application of these sophisticated techniques unfeasible for large variational data assimilation systems. In this study, a Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm, complemented with an order‐reduction of the control vector, is used to tackle this problem. SA is a very powerful tool of combinatorial minimization in the presence of several local minima at the cost of increasing the execution time. Order‐reduction is then used to reduce the dimension of the search space in order to speed up the convergence rate of the SA algorithm. This is achieved through a proper orthogonal decomposition. The new approach was implemented with a realistic eddy‐permitting configuration of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Numerical results indicate that the reduced‐order SA approach was able to efficiently reduce the cost function with a reasonable number of function evaluations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On CFL evolution strategies for implicit upwind methods in linearized Euler equations
Authors: Bücker H. M. , Pollul B. , Rasch A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn implicit upwind methods for the solution of linearized Euler equations, one of the key issues is to balance large time steps, leading to a fast convergence behavior, and small time steps, needed to sufficiently resolve relevant flow features. A time step is determined by choosing a Courant–Friedrichs–Levy (CFL) number in every iteration. A novel CFL evolution strategy is introduced and compared with two existing strategies. Numerical experiments using the adaptive multiscale finite volume solver QUADFLOW demonstrate that all three CFL evolution strategies have their advantages and disadvantages. A fourth strategy aiming at reducing the residual as much as possible in every time step is also examined. Using automatic differentiation, a sensitivity analysis investigating the influence of the CFL number on the residual is carried out confirming that, today, CFL control is still a difficult and open problem. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fettsäuren im Fokus
Authors: Steinhart Hans 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren kennt jeder – über Minorfettsäuren wissen Verbraucher und Forscher dagegen nur wenig. In aufwendiger Arbeit erkunden Lebensmittelchemiker jetzt ihr Vorkommen und ihre Bedeutung für die Ernährung
Further evidence for a crucial role of resident endoneurial macrophages in peripheral nerve disorders: Lessons from acrylamide‐induced neuropathy
Authors: Müller Marcus , Wacker Karin , Getts Daniel , Ringelstein Erich Bernd , Kiefer Reinhard 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEndoneurial macrophages are crucially involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathies. Historically, the macrophage response in neuropathies is believed to be of hematogenous origin. However, recent studies could demonstrate an intrinsic generation of the early macrophage response by resident endoneurial macrophages after traumatic nerve injury and in a model of hereditary neuropathy. We hypothesized that the local macrophage response might suffice to generate an appropriate macrophage response in mild neuropathies, supplemented by infiltrating macrophages only in severe nerve pathology. To clarify this assumption, we investigated the macrophage response in acrylamide‐induced neuropathy as a model of a slowly progressive neuropathy with a defined onset. We induced the neuropathy in bone marrow chimeric mice carrying green fluorescent protein transgenic bone marrow, allowing the differentiation of resident (GFP−) and invading hematogenous endoneurial (GFP+) macrophages. Quantification of GFP− and GFP+ endoneurial macrophages in the sciatic nerve revealed an increase only of resident macrophages in proximal parts, whereas in distal parts a minor additional influx of hematogenous macrophages was observed. The immunohistochemical profile of GFP− and GFP+ macrophages was similar but distal GFP− macrophages were differentially activated than their GFP+ counterparts. Characterization of CCR2‐deficient mice revealed a function for this chemokine system in attracting hematogenous macrophages but not in generating the intrinsic macrophage response. In conclusion, we provide evidence for a role of resident macrophages in acrylamide‐induced neuropathy. Resident endoneurial macrophages intrinsically generate the macrophage response in this slowly progressive neuropathy, which only becomes supplemented by hematogenous macrophages in distal areas of more pronounced damage. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coping strategies, anxiety and depression in caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Cooper Claudia , Katona Cornelius , Orrell Martin , Livingston Gill 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectivesThere have been few longitudinal studies investigating the impact of coping on psychological morbidity in caregivers of people with dementia. Findings have been inconsistent and little attention has been paid to anxiety in caregivers. We explored the hypothesis that the relationship between caregiver burden and anxiety and depression is mediated by coping style.MethodsAs part of the LASER‐AD study, 93 (73.8%) people with Alzheimer's disease and their family caregivers recruited at baseline were re‐interviewed 1 year later. Sampling aimed to ensure that the participants were representative of people living in the UK with Alzheimer's disease in terms of dementia severity, gender and care setting. We used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Zarit Burden scale and the Brief COPE to measure coping strategies.ResultsUsing fewer emotion‐focused strategies and more problem‐focused strategies (but not dysfunctional strategies) mediated the relationship between caregiver burden and anxiety a year later, after controlling for potential confounders, in a well‐fitting structural equation model (χ2 = 0.93, df = 3, p = 0.82; NFI = 1.0, RFI = 0.97, IFI = 1.0, TLI = 1.1, RMSEA = 0.0). Using fewer emotion focused strategies also predicted higher psychological morbidity in general. The hypothesised relationship was not proved for depression.ConclusionsUsing emotion‐focussed coping strategies in response to caregiver burden seemed to protect caregivers from developing higher anxiety levels a year later; however using problem‐focussed strategies did not. Our results suggest that a psychological intervention package to emphasise emotion‐focused coping may be a rational approach to reduce anxiety in dementia caregivers. Studies are needed to test such interventions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abuse by marriage: the exploitation of mentally ill older people
Authors: Peisah Carmelle , Brodaty Henry , Bridger Marie 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectives(i) To raise awareness about the vulnerability of mentally ill older persons to abuse by others seeking to gain by marriage; (ii) to outline key legal cases from common law countries; and (iii) to provide guidelines for health care professionals who encounter this issue in practice.MethodWe present two cases: the first case involved an 87‐year‐old widower who married his carer––50 years his junior––in a religious ceremony while hypomanic. The second case involved an 82‐year‐old widow with moderate dementia who married her boarder, the marriage subsequently being found void in the Family Court of Australia on the basis that her consent was not real because she was incapable of understanding the nature and effect of the marriage ceremony.ResultsAbuse by marriage may be of a psychological, sexual, social or financial nature.Older people with impaired judgement and inability to appraise others due to mental illness may be persuaded to execute legal documents such as marriage certificates.ConclusionHealth care professionals may have a role in the identification and management of this kind of abuse. There are legal means to address this problem ranging from guardianship and financial management to family law court applications to seek a decree of nullity/invalidity of the marriage. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute myeloid leukaemia after treatment with 90Y‐ibritumomab tiuxetan for follicular lymphoma
Authors: Focosi Daniele , Cecconi Nadia , Boni Giuseppe , Orciuolo Enrico , Galimberti Sara , Petrini Mario 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe report here a patient with relapsed follicular lymphoma who developed secondary acute myeloid leukaemia 15 months after radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with 90Y‐ibritumomab tiuxetan, the fifth described case to date. We review the literature for the potential causal relationship between RIT and secondary myelodysplastic syndromes/acute myeloid leukaemia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.