bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re-constructing semantic maps: the comitative-instrumental area
Authors: Narrog Heiko , Ito Shinya 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Semantic maps are tools which represents cross-linguistic regularities in the mapping of meaning on form. Although they have become increasingly popular in semantic studies since the late 1990s, they have been associated with a number of methodological problems, including the reliance on the preferences and intuitions of the individual researcher. In this paper, we argue for the systematic use of large databases to improve the validity of semantic maps. We do so by presenting a study of instrumental and comitative markers based on a sample of 200 languages, and comparing the results with previous research in this area.
Natural Syntax: the grammatical person of personal pronouns
Authors: Orešnik Janez 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Natural Syntax is a developing deductive theory, a branch of Naturalness Theory. The naturalness judgements are couched in naturalness scales, which follow from the basic parameters (or “axioms”) listed at the beginning of the paper. The predictions of the theory are calculated in the deductions, whose chief components are a pair of naturalness scales and the rules governing the alignment of corresponding naturalness values. Parallel and chiastic alignments are distinguished, in complementary distribution. Chiastic alignment is mandatory in derivations limited to unnatural environments.
The paper deals with the grammatical person of personal pronouns. The basic naturalness scale is >nat (1st, 2nd, 3rd) / grammatical person. Parallel alignment is used, except when the language data are restricted to the 3rd person, which demarcates an extremely unnatural environment and thus requires chiastic alignment.
Primary Varicella and Herpes Zoster Among HIV-Infected Children From 1989 to 2006
Authors: Wood Sarah M. , Shah Samir S. , Steenhoff Andrew P. , Rutstein Richard M. 
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVES. The primary objective of this study was to determine the incidence of herpes zoster in perinatally HIV-infected children. Secondary objectives included assessing the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy and varicella zoster virus immunization on primary varicella and herpes zoster incidence and identifying risk factors for herpes zoster. We hypothesized that the incidence of herpes zoster has decreased in this population as a result of highly active antiretroviral therapy and routine varicella zoster virus immunization.PATIENTS AND METHODS. This retrospective cohort study included HIV-infected children at a pediatric HIV clinic from 1989 to 2006. Incidence rates for 3 intervals (1989–1996, 1997–1999, and 2000–2006) were compared on the basis of introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (1996) and varicella zoster virus vaccination (1999). A Cox proportional-hazards regression model was developed for the time to herpes zoster among the subset of patients with primary varicella infection.RESULTS. In 356 patients followed for 1721 person-years, the incidence of herpes zoster according to period was 30.0 per 1000 person-years in 1989–1996, 31.9 per 1000 person-years in 1997–1999, and 6.5 per 1000 person-years in 2000–2006. There was no difference in incidence-rate ratio between 1989–1996 and 1997–1999. However, there was a significant difference in herpes zoster incidence when comparing 1989–1999 with 2000–2006. The incidence of primary varicella zoster virus infection and herpes zoster in the 57 patients who received the varicella zoster virus vaccine was 22.3 per 1000 and 4.5 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Highly active antiretroviral therapy at the time of primary varicella zoster virus infection was protective against herpes zoster and increased herpes zoster-free survival.CONCLUSIONS. The incidence of herpes zoster has decreased since 1989. The decline occurred after 2000, likely representing the combined effect of immunization and highly active antiretroviral therapy. The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy at the time of primary varicella zoster virus infection decreased the risk of herpes zoster and increased herpes zoster-free survival. Varicella zoster virus immunization was effective in preventing both primary varicella zoster virus and herpes zoster in this cohort.
Evolution of ice crystal microstructure during creep experiments
Authors: Hamann Ilka , Weikusat Christian , Azuma Nobuhiko , Kipfstuhl Sepp 
Published: December 2007

AbstractResults of laboratory uniaxial compression tests over the stress range 0.18–0.52 MPa and the strain range 0.5–8.6% at approximately –5 and –20°C are presented. Grain-size analysis and comparisons with annealing tests confirm that grain-growth reducing processes are active during deformation. Microstructural observations reveal that subgrain-rotation recrystallization and grain-shape changes due to strain-induced grain-boundary migration are the causes of the grain-growth deceleration. Further results from microstructural observations show that obstacle formation by dislocation walls and subgrain boundaries is the reason for isotropic hardening during creep. Subgrainboundary types that are likely to be relevant for studies on the activity of different dislocation types are described.
Determination of firn density in ice cores using image analysis
Authors: Sjögren Björn , Brandt Ola , Nuth Chris , Isaksson Elisabeth , Pohjola Veijo , Kohler Jack , Van De Wal Roderik S.W. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis study presents a simple and inexpensive method for deriving a high-resolution density proxy record for the firn part of an ice core using digital images. The image data have better resolution and are less sensitive to core quality than is density derived through dielectric profiling (DEP). Simple image analysis is thus suitable to derive a density proxy record in the firn section of ice cores drilled in the percolation or wet snow zone, and to better interpret the results of a DEP record. The images may be used as a permanent record when evaluating other types of ice-core data. Suggestions are provided to improve data quality and decrease post-processing time of the image analysis in future studies.
Antarctic iceberg distribution and dissolution from ship-based observations
Authors: Jacka Tim H. , Giles A. Barry 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe Australian Antarctic Program’s iceberg dataset (from ship-based observations), including information from the austral summer seasons 1984/85 to 1999/2000, is examined and used to extend earlier studies. Using ‘snapshots’ of the iceberg population to provide an idea of the iceberg life cycle, the distribution of icebergs between 60 and 150° E is discussed in terms of calving regions and ocean currents. Temporal changes are also examined. The discussion leads us to the point where we can define an area, bounded to the north by the maximum sea-ice limit and to the south by the Antarctic Divergence, in which icebergs are confined as they drift eastward. This allows estimation of total dissolution, in terms of iceberg numbers and volume, within 10° longitudinal sectors and, with knowledge of drift speeds, iceberg movement rates and freshwater input across the sector. Iceberg dissolution rates are found to be ~0.03–0.05 m d–1 and the total mass contribution of fresh water to the ocean as the icebergs traverse our 30° of longitude study sector is ~32 Gt. This amounts to a contribution equivalent to precipitation of ~15.5 cm a–1, accounting for ~2% of the total iceberg discharge from the Antarctic ice sheet.
Structural and Superconducting Property Variations with Nominal Mg Non‐Stoichiometry in MgxB2 and Its Enhancement of Upper Critical Field
Authors: Chen S. K. , Serquis A. , Serrano G. , Yates K. A. , Blamire M. G. , Guthrie D. , Cooper J. , Wang H. , Margadonna S. , MacManus‐Driscoll J. L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBy applying a combination of characterisation tools, changes in structural and superconducting properties with nominal Mg non‐stoichiometry in MgxB2 are found. The non‐stoichiometry produces enhanced in‐field critical current densities (Jc's) and upper critical field / irreversibility field (Hc2/Hirr(T)) values. Upper critical fields of ∼ 21 T (4.2 K) were obtained in nominal Mg‐deficient samples compared to ∼ 17 T (4.2 K) for near‐stoichiometric samples.
Autonomic Healing of Epoxy Vinyl Esters via Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Wilson G. O. , Moore J. S. , White S. R. , Sottos N. R. , Andersson H. M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA materials system for autonomic healing of epoxy vinyl esters is demonstrated. The system is comprised of wax microspheres containing Grubbs' catalyst and microcapsules containing exo‐dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) embedded together in an epoxy vinyl ester matrix. Healing is triggered when damage in the form of a crack ruptures the microcapsules, causing DCPD to be released into the crack plane where it comes in contact and mixes with the catalyst microspheres initiating ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The chemical compatibility of the catalyst with the matrix is investigated and wax protection of the catalyst via microspheres of a sufficient size (34–98 μm) is shown to provide a suitable barrier for protecting the catalyst from free radicals generated in situ during the curing of the epoxy vinyl ester resin. Wax protection of the catalyst also allows uninhibited curing of the matrix to proceed at room temperature. Concentration of self‐healing components is varied with a view towards optimization of the recovery of virgin mechanical properties. Efficient self‐healing is observed with microspheres that are smaller than those used in previous polymer matrices. Significant recovery of virgin mechanical properties is observed within 2.5 min of healing time at room temperature and the mechanical properties of healed samples after 24 h of healing time match those of existing ROMP‐based self‐healing systems.
Inverted Solution Processable OLEDs Using a Metal Oxide as an Electron Injection Contact.
Authors: Bolink H. J. , Coronado E. , Repetto D. , Sessolo M. , Barea E. M. , Bisquert J. , Garcia‐Belmonte G. , Prochazka J. , Kavan L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA new type of bottom‐emission electroluminescent device is described in which a metal oxide is used as the electron‐injecting contact. The preparation of such a device is simple. It consists of the deposition of a thin layer of a metal oxide on top of an indium tin oxide covered glass substrate, followed by the solution processing of the light‐emitting layer and subsequently the deposition of a high‐workfunction (air‐stable) metal anode. This architecture allows for a low‐cost electroluminescent device because no rigorous encapsulation is required. Electroluminescence with a high brightness reaching 5700 cd m–2 is observed at voltages as low as 8 V, demonstrating the potential of this new approach to organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) devices. Unfortunately the device efficiency is rather low because of the high current density flowing through the device. We show that the device only operates after the insertion of an additional hole‐injection layer in between the light‐emitting polymer (LEP) and the metal anode. A simple model that explains the experimental results and provides avenues for further optimization of these devices is described. It is based on the idea that the barrier for electron injection is lowered by the formation of a space–charge field over the metal‐oxide–LEP interface due to the build up of holes in the LEP layer close to this interface.
Silica‐supported perchloric acid as a recyclable catalyst for efficient trimethylsilyl cyanide addition to aldehydes
Authors: Heydari Akbar , MáMani Laila 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHClO4SiO2 (0.6 mol%) acts as a highly effective catalyst for cyanation of various aldehydes to the corresponding O‐trimethylsilyl cyanohydrins, in high yields and short reaction times. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LibraryFind: System design and usability testing of academic metasearch system
Authors: Jung Seikyung , Herlocker Jonathan L. , Webster Janet , Mellinger Margaret , Frumkin Jeremy 
Published: December 2007

AbstractUsing off‐the‐shelf search technology provides a single point of access into library resources, but we found that such commercial systems are not entirely satisfactory for the academic library setting. In response to this, Oregon State University (OSU) Libraries designed and deployed LibraryFind, a metasearch system. We conducted a usability experiment comparing LibraryFind, the OSU Libraries Web site, and Google Scholar. Each participant used all three search systems in a controlled setting, and we recorded their behavior to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of each search system. In this article, we focus on understanding what factors are important to undergraduates in choosing their primary academic search system for class assignments. Based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results, we found that mimicking commercial Web search engines is an important factor to attract undergradu‐ates; however, when undergraduates use these kinds of search engines, they expect similar performance to Web search engines, including factors such as relevance, speed, and the availability of a spell checker. They also expected to be able to find out what kinds of content and materials are available in a system. Participants' prior experience using academic search systems also affected their expectations of a new system.
Effects of the opioid analgesic oxymorphone hydrochloride on reproductive function in male and female rats
Authors: Shuey Dana L. , Stump Donald G. , Carliss Richard D. , Gerson Ronald J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Endogenous opioids seem to regulate hypothalamic gonadotropin release in both males and females, as evidenced by the effects of opioid agonists and antagonists on LHRH release and reproductive hormone levels. The effects of long‐term oral administration of opioid analgesics on reproductive function have not been well characterized. METHODS: The reproductive effects of oxymorphone, a potent opioid agonist, were investigated in male and female Crl:CD(SD) IGS BR rats at oral doses of 0, 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg/day (25 animals/sex/group). Males were treated for approximately 9 weeks (mated after 4 weeks of dosing). Females were treated for 14 days before mating, and through Gestation Day (GD) 7. Estrous cycling was evaluated during the premating period. On GD15, pregnancy status and the numbers of corpora lutea, implantation sites, live and dead embryos were determined. Epididymal and testicular sperm counts and epididymal sperm motility and morphology were evaluated in males. RESULTS: Two males given 25 mg/kg/day died. Behavioral changes and deficits in body weight gain occurred at all doses. There were no effects of oxymorphone on reproductive function or sperm parameters in males. The estrous cycle was prolonged in females given 25 mg/kg/day (mean of 5.3 vs. 4.3 days in controls). A small, but consistent decrease in the numbers of corpora lutea (with associated decreases in implantation sites and embryos) occurred in females given ≥10 mg/kg/day. There were no effects on mating or fertility in females. CONCLUSIONS: Oxymorphone seems to partially inhibit ovulation in female rats, with no significant effects on male reproductive outcome. Birth Defects Res (Part B) © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applied anatomy of the superficial branch of the radial nerve
Authors: Robson A.J. , See M.S. , Ellis H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) is highly vulnerable to trauma and iatrogenic injury. This study aimed to map the course of the SBRN in the context of surgical approaches and identify a safe area of incision for de Quervain's tenosynovitis. Twenty‐five forearms were dissected. The SBRN emerged from under brachioradialis by a mean of 8.31 cm proximal to the radial styloid (RS), and remained radial to the dorsal tubercle of the radius by a mean of 1.49 cm. The nerve divided into a median of four branches. The first branch arose a mean of 4.92 cm proximal to the RS, traveling 0.49 cm radial to the first compartment of the extensor retinaculum, while the main nerve remained ulnar to it by 0.64 cm. All specimens had branches underlying the traditional transverse incision for de Quervain's release. A 2.5‐cm longitudinal incision proximal from the RS avoided the SBRN in 17/25 cases (68%). In 20/25 specimens (80%), the SBRN underlay the cephalic vein. In 18/25 (72%), the radial artery was closely associated with a sensory nerve branch near the level of the RS (SBRN 12/25, lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm (LCNF) 6/25.) A longitudinal incision in de Quervain's surgery may be preferable. Cannulation of the cephalic vein in the distal third of the forearm is best avoided. The close association between the radial artery and first branch of the SBRN or the LCNF may explain the pain often experienced during arterial puncture. Particular care should be taken during radial artery harvest to avoid nerve injury. Clin. Anat. 21:38–45, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Separation and aquatic toxicity of enantiomers of 1‐(substituted phenoxyacetoxy)alkylphosphonate herbicides
Authors: Li Ling , Zhou Shanshan , Zhao Meirong , Zhang Anping , Peng Hao , Tan Xiaosong , Lin Chunmian , He Hongwu 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA series of organophosphorous compounds (OPs), 1‐(substituted phenoxyacetoxy)alkylphosphonates containing a chiral carbon atom, show notable herbicidal activities. In this study, the enantioselective separation and biological toxicity of all these compounds were investigated. The enantioselective separation on the columns of Chiralpak AD, Chiralpak AS, Chiralcel OD, and Chiralcel OJ were compared under various chromatographic conditions. All the analytes investigated obtained baseline resolution (Rs > 1.5) on Chiralpak AD column, which showed best chiral separation capacity. Further investigation was carried out on Chiralpak AD to evaluate the influence of the mobile phase composition and column temperature. The effect of the structural features on discrimination was also examined. The resolved enantiomers were distinguished by their signs of circular dichroism. The acute aquatic toxicity of enantiomers and racemate to Daphnia magna (D. magna) were assessed. The in vivo assays showed that compound 3 was about 2‐148.5 times more toxic than the other four analogues to D. magna. The racemates of compounds 3 and 5 showed intermediate toxicity compare to their enantiomers, while those of compounds 1, 2, and 4 showed synergistic or antagonistic effect. These results suggest that the biological toxicity of chiral OPs to nontarget organisms is enantioselective and therefore should be evaluated with their pure enantiomers. Chirality, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Database Management System for Model Coefficients Used in Modeling the Fate of Nutrients in Surface Waters
Authors: Gurel Melike , Cilek Armagan Salabas , Gonenc I. Ethem 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSurface water quality models contain kinetic and stoichiometric coefficients, which vary upon aquatic ecosystems. Model coefficients may have a broad range of values and different model coefficients may be defined depending on the specific models. In order to establish a reliable model, the representative values of these coefficients must be determined. However, this is a time consuming and laborious work. Within the scope of this study, model coefficients used for analysis and prediction of the fate of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems are compiled. A generic model is created by taking into account the processes which were commonly and intensively used by modelers. This formed a basis during the development of the model coefficients database. This Information Technology (IT) based infrastructure has the ability to store model coefficients data and can transform the compiled data into information easily. Besides, the model coefficients data become available for statistical analyses. For efficient user interaction with the database, design of support software had also been made. This enables users to make queries either through selection of the ecosystem by its name or selection through aquatic ecosystem properties. Consequently, model coefficients systematically stored in the database will enable modelers a narrower distribution range of values and query options.
Evolution of migraine drugs
Authors: Diamond Seymour 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHeadache is an ancient malady that has affected every age and country. As such, the quest for relief has been recorded for more than 6,000 years. In modern times, new remedies as well as those based in ancient herbal remedies have been investigated and initiated into the regimen of headache therapies. During the past five decades, several breakthroughs, such as the approval of propranolol for the indication of migraine prophylaxis, have empowered headache research. The introduction of the triptans during the 1990 s spearheaded a resurgence of interest in headache by researchers and clinicians, and the pharmaceutical industry. It is hoped that this renewed quest for headache relief will flourish, benefiting the millions of sufferers throughout the world. Drug Dev Res 68:270–275, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine antagonists and migraine
Authors: McGeeney Brian E. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMigraine is common impairing disorder resulting from activation of the trigeminovascular system. Evidence suggests that dopaminergic mechanisms are important in migraine, including the premonitory phase. Dopamine antagonists have been used successfully as a primary therapy for migraine in urgent care settings and as adjuvant therapy on an outpatient basis. Experience and clinical studies have shaped the current use of dopamine antagonists, in particular prochlorperazine and metoclopromide. All commonly used dopamine antagonists have other receptor affinities that may also be important for efficacy and side effects. This review outlines the main dopamine antagonists used to treat migraine with supportive evidence and typical side effects. Drug Dev Res 68:341–345, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Triptans in children and adolescents
Authors: Gladstein Jack 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe advent of triptans in the 1990 s changed the approach to treating the migraine sufferer. Before triptan drugs, an acute attack of migraine was treated with drugs to put the patient to sleep until the migraine passed. This rendered the patient unable to resume activities such as school or work. Migraineurs had significant morbidity from treated as well as untreated attacks. With the use of this class of medications, headache could be treated quickly without the accompanied sedation from the medications. This has allowed people to get back to their busy lives, and migraine disability from medications has been lowered. Unfortunately, pediatric triptan trials have for the most part failed to demonstrate efficacy when compared to placebo. Nevertheless, these drugs are used for children and adolescents without FDA approval. Study design and consent adapted form adult studies may have made the placebo response rate higher than it needed to be. Drug Dev Res 68:346–349, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.