bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crop Rotation and Integrated Control of Animal Pests1
Authors: Schuette F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThat crop rotation may be a valuable means of reducing pest populations has been shown in field‐grown rape. On an isolated area of about 800 ha, preliminary observations showed the beneficial effects in containing Dasyneura brassicae Winn. populations by substituting spring rape by winter rape. It appeared to be more difficult to control Meligethes aeneus F. and Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis Payk. through crop rotation but, with an improved trapping system and surveying of populations, the prospects are encouraging. Possibilities of combining crop rotation with integrated control are also examined.
Biology of the Gaeumannomyces graminis Arx & Olivier/Phialophora radicicola Cain Complex on Roots of the Gramineae
Authors: Deacon J.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBiological characteristics of the varieties of Gaeumannomyces graminis Arx & Olivier and Phialophora radicicola Cain are reviewed. They include: 1) pathogenicity to roots of cereals; 2) growth on living stem tissues; 3) type of fungal growth‐cessation structure formed on or in the host. Together, these provide a simple means of characterizing isolates and standard methods for assessing them are presented.The role of pigmented cells and tissues (growth‐cessation structures) in host penetration is questioned, since they are seldom associated with a progressive infection by G. graminis or P. radicicola. However, they are a taxonomic aid, especially as they are now known to form on cellophane overlying agar.New evidence is presented on factors affecting conidiation by these fungi. Flooding colonies with distilled water induced formation of conidia by G. graminis var. tritici Walker, P. radicicola var. radicicola (British isolates but not the type) and P. radicicola var. graminicola Deacon, whereas none formed on corresponding unflooded agar plates. Conidia were usually much larger and germinated readily when they formed in response to flooding; many of these fungi therefore have 2 conidial types, distinct in both morphology and behaviour. Preliminary results suggest that biotin and the form of nitrogen also affect the type of conidium formed by P. radicicola var. radicicola.
Biochemical Testing Method for Determining Efficiency of Chemical Treatment on Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst.
Authors: Kolybine V.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEfficiency of chemical control of Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst. can be assessed, 3–5 days after treatment, by the use of a colour reaction relating to oxyreductase activity. The optimal conditions for this reaction are a 0.5‐1.5% solution of 2,3,5‐triphenyl‐tetrazolium chloride (pH 10.5) and time of 2–3 h. It is noted that use of a biochemical test for assessing mortality is possible for other insects, and is not dependent on the reasons causing their death.
Continuous Cereal Growing in Denmark; Experimental Results1
Authors: Jepsen H.M. , Jensen A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn Denmark, results from 3 long‐term trials showed that yields from barley monoculture were satisfactory on clay soil provided that sufficient nitrogen was supplied. Root diseases, in particular take‐all (Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx et Olivier), often stabilized at a rather low level after a period of decline. Mono‐culture of winter wheat gave poor yields compared with barley monoculture. Break crops of white mustard and oats in barley monoculture had a beneficial effect, especially on sandy soil.
Control of the Beet Weevil in Cyprus
Authors: Melifronides I.D. , Zyngas J.‐Ph. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDuring 1973, a severe attack by the Coleopteran Conorrhynchus brevirostris Gyll. was observed in a beet plantation near Morphou, on the north‐west coast of Cyprus (Melifronides, 1976). The larva of this pest penetrates the crown of the beet root and bores out galleries via which different root‐invading micro‐organisms find entry; such infested roots cannot be stored and have no commercial value.For control of this pest, several granular organophosphorous and organocarbamate insecticides were tested during 1975 and 1976, and effectively reduced infestation and damage by the beet weevil.
Influence de l'humidité sur le développement des populations d'acariens dans les stocks d'oléagineux et de céréales
Authors: Fleurat‐Lessard F. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireLes especes d'acariens Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank et Acarus siro L. se développent dans les stocks de colza du sud‐ouest de la France. Leurs populations sont réparties dans la partie supérieure des silos et décroissent rapidement avec la profondeur. La densité la plus forte est observée dans les zones où la teneur en eau est la plus élevée et où se développent les moisissures colonisées par ces acariens.L'humidité relative de l'air joue un rôle très important clans la prolifération de la mycoflore de ces zones particuliérement exposées aux modifications de milieu: la multiplication des acariens ne peut s'effectuer qu'à partir d'un seuil d'HR voisin de celui du développement des moisissures et elle est soumise aux variations de ce même facteur. Une étude réalisée sur blé avec les 2 espèces citées confirme ces observations et permet de généraliser les résultats. La détermination des conditions de stockage appropriées permet d'énoncer des principes simples de limitation des risques d'infestation par les acariens.
Essais de fumigation des stocks de pruneaux d'Agen au bromure de méthyle (CH3Br) et au phosphure d'hydrogene (PH3)
Authors: Fleurat‐Lessard H. Cangardel et F. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireEn dehors des mesures classiques de prophylaxie applicables à toute denrée stockée, la lutte chimique par fumigation à pression atmosphérique ou sous bâche constitue aux Etats‐Unis une technique courante pour la désinsectisation des pruneaux stockés. L'expérimentation dont il est fait état ici se réfère à l'étude de l'efficacité du bromure de méthyle et du phosphure d'hydrogène sur les principales espèces d'insectes et d'acariens des pruneaux. Elle a été entreprise par le laboratoire de l'INRA, à Bordeaux, et concerne la fumigation expérimentale en chambre à pression atmosphérique, et des essais entrepris sous bâche, réalisés dans les conditions de la pratique.Les normes de traitement sont calculées par référence au produit de la concentration du fumigant en mg/1 et du temps d'exposition en heures (CT). Afin d'écarter les risques inhérents aux résidus, les concentrations de fumigants ont été réduites au minimum, tout en prolongeant dans la mesure du possible le temps d'exposition.

) Fumigations expérimentalesPour le bromure de méthyle, un CT de 144 mgh/l donne une efficacité totale sur les principales espèces suivantes: Carpophilus ligneus Murr., Plodia interpunctella Hbn., Nemapogon granella L. et l'acarien Carpoglyphus lactis L. Ce CT, qui représente le cinquième de la norme préconisée par la FAO (768 mgh/l) a été réalisé par une exposition au gaz de 18 h (8 mg/l × 18 h).En ce qui concerne le phosphure d'hydrogène, le CT de 36 mgh/l (FAO: 180 mgh/l) assure une efficacité totale contre les principales espèces d'insectes. Une exposition de 72 h à la concentration de 0,5 mg/l s'est révélée satisfaisante. Contre les acariens, l'efficacité totale requiert un CT de 324 mgh/l (4,5 mg/l pendant 72 h). Cette dose est le double de celle recommendée par la FAO.
) Essais pratiquesLe bromure de méthyle émis sous bâche en plastique assure la mortalité de toutes les espèces d'insectes et d'acariens testés en 24 h, le CT étant de 384 mgh/l (16 mg/l × 24h).
) RésidusLes analyses révèlent que pour les CT avec une longue exposition, les résidus sont demeurés, tant pour le bromure de méthyle que pour le phosphure d'hydrogène, inférieurs aux limites admises (CH3 Br: 6 ppm; et PH3: 0,003 ppm).
Perspectives d'utilisation des régulateurs de croissance contre les insectes nuisibles: premiers essais de lutte curative sur un lépidoptère et un coléoptère des céréales entreposées
Authors: Stockel J. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireL'efficacité curative de 2 régulateurs de croissance ou analogues de l'hormone juvénile des insectes (Altosid et Altozar) a étéétudiée en laboratoire sur 2 ravageurs des céréales entreposées: Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. et Sitophilus granarius L. Les résultats ont été compareés à l'efficacité du malathion.Les 2 substances testées n'ont qu'un faible pouvoir de pénétration dans le grain. Elles prolongent la période de développement postembryonnaire chez Sitotroga cerealella. Si l'Altosid est totalement inefficace chez cette espèce, l'Altozar en revanche entraîn une mortalité postembryonnaire d'environ 30 % de la population par troubles de la métamorphose et induit, chez 20 % des mâles qui émergent normalement, une stérilité par bloquage de la spermatogenese, sans affecter leur comportement sexuel (recherche de la femelle, copulation). Sur Sitophilus granarius, l'Altozar prolonge également la période de développement larvaire et nymphal, mais n'entraîne pas de diminution significative de la population.
Connaissances récentes concernant la faune des pruneaux dans les stockages traditionnels
Authors: Cangardel H. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireL'étude faunistique des ravageurs des pruneaux stockés a permis de faire l'inventaire des différentes espèces présentes et d'établir une évaluation quantitative de leurs populations à partir de 2 méthodes de prélévement (piégeage, tri d'échantillons).Par ordre d'importance on peut citer: les acariens: Carpoglyphus lactis L. (Glycyphagidae), les coléopteres: Carpophilus ligneus Murr., C. hemipterus L. (Nitidulidae) et Henoticus californicus Mann. (Cryptophagidae) et les lépidopteres Nemapogon granella L. (Tineidae), Plodia interpunctella Hübn. (Pyralidae).Les ravageurs primaires s'attaquent aux pruneaux sains: ils sont responsables des principaux dégáts et comprennent Carpophilus ligneus, C. hemipterus et N. granella. L'autre groupe est formé des ravageurs secondaires, qui s'installent sur des pruneaux déjá attaqués par des insectes ou des micro‐organismes. On trouve dans cette catégorie Carpoglyphus lactis et H. calilornicus.Les conditions optimales au développement de ces insectes et de ces acariens sont réunies, lorsque la teneur en eau de la pulpe du pruneau est égale ou supérieure à 20 %, la température ambiante clans l'entrepôt supérieure à 15°C et l'hygrometrie relative variant suivant Ies espéces entre 50 et 85 %.
Species, Cultivars, Rootstocks and Environment
Authors: Paunovic S.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWorld apricot production by no means meets the total need of the international market (fresh and processed fruits) and is far below the potential in view of the existing favourable geographic, climatic and agrotechnical conditions. The cause for this insufficient world production of apricots, particularly in certain countries which have favourable conditions for apricot culture and its expansion, should be investigated using scientific and technical concepts concerning the apricot decline syndrome (apoplexy, sudden wilting, withering of apricots). After the mutual assistance of research workers from different disciplines in investigating this complex disease, the economic security of apricot growing can be improved and apricot decline reduced to an acceptable level. Special attention must be paid to selecting appropriate cultivars, rootstocks or interstocks, locations and cultivation techniques.
Prunus Stem Pitting
Authors: Mircetich S.M. , Moller W.J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Prunus stem pitting disease was first described and recognized as a specific, infectious disease in 1967 and is now known to affect a number of Prunus species. Apricot trees affected by stem pitting show stunted terminal growth and chlorotic, drooping leaves that curl upward and lengthwise. The lower trunk may become enlarged at ground level or below with very thick, spongy bark. Removal of the bark from the affected lower trunk reveals pits and grooves on the woody cylinder. Wood pitting begins below ground, then gradually spreads into the roots and the trunk above ground. Stem pitting is caused by certain strains of the tomato ringspot virus. The causal agent is soil‐borne and also graft transmissible but is not uniformly distributed through infected trees. Naturally infected apricot trees may show a slow decline, or rapid dieback of the terminal growth. The severity of symptoms is determined by the cultivar and the strain of tomato ringspot virus. Control measures for Prunus stem pitting should include: use of propagation material from healthy trees and rogueing of pitted trees in nurseries and orchards. Repeated use of infested nursery sites for stone fruit nurseries should be avoided
Apricot Chlorotic Leaf Roll
Authors: MORVAN G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractApricot chlorotic leaf roll is a graft‐transmissible disease, apparently a mycoplasm infection, which affects Japanese plum and sometimes peach. It is particularly important in Mediterranean areas.First symptoms are a rolling and a yellowing of the leaves, often localized on some twigs. Later, various disorders, often localized on a part of the tree, are observed: proliferation of branched and slender shoots, growth of buds in autumn and winter. Leaf buds break before flower buds.This growth in winter induces sensitivity to frost. Phloem tissues of affected branches are more or less damaged, taking on a brown discolouration. Some branches are destroyed, while on others, new shoots may develop. The presence of weak shoots with small leaves among normal shoots and irregularly distributed dried twigs on the branches is a characteristic aspect of the disease.Symptom expression and evolution of the disease vary much according to environmental conditions, age and rootstocks.
Bacterial Canker and Dieback Disease of Apricots (Pseudomonas syringae van Hall)
Authors: Klement Z. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBacterial canker and dieback (Pseudomonas syringae van Hall) of apricot is a widespread disease in Europe, except for the Mediterranean areas. Cankers usually develop at pruning wounds or other points of injury. Phloem and cambium become susceptible from just after leaf drop until budding. If the phloem necrosis does not girdle the branch or trunk, cankers develop by the middle or the end of summer. In early summer, the bacterium actually dies out in the infected tissue, and the tree remains resistant during the summer. During this period, the pathogen lives epiphytically on the surface of the leaves, without causing any symptoms. The extent of bacterial necrosis of the phloem depends on the severity of winter frost. Without winter frost, bacterial induced tissue necrosis does not occur. Necrosis is found only if P. syringae has enough time to proliferate before the onset of frost. The most effective method of control is to carry out spring rather than winter pruning.
Eutypa Canker and Dieback of Apricots
Authors: Carter M.V. , Moller W.J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Eutypa canker and dieback of apricot trees, caused by the ascomycetous fungus Eutypa armeniacae Hansf. et Carter, has been recorded in Europe, North America, Australia and South Africa. Samples of diseased sapwood yield the imperfect Cytosporina stage in culture, whereas perithecia of E. armeniacae, immersed in a stroma, develop 2 or more years after death of a branch in high‐rainfall areas. The fungus is a wound parasite. Air‐borne ascospores, disseminated during and after rain, infect xylem tissues which have been freshly exposed by pruning. Cankers develop around the infected wounds; leaves on that part of the branch distal to the canker subsequently wilt and die during summer. E. armeniacae has been detected on a diverse range of host species, hence elimination of inoculum is not feasible; both biological and chemical approaches to wound protection and ultimate disease control are under investigation.
Monilia Disease
Authors: M.‐Sagasta E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Monilia is a well‐known parasite of stone fruit trees. It normally attacks flowers, buds and fruits, producing the diseases known as “brown rot” and “mummified fruit”. In certain circumstances, however, Monilia can also attack older branches, producing chronic or acute symptoms. In the first case, the affected branches wilt after a certain time, while in the second, this wilting is extremely fast; these are the classical symptoms of dieback.The parasite penetrates through wounds in the branches and first damages the phloem. If it reaches the cambium and girdles it, the branch dies from the area of attack to the tip. If there is no, or only moderate damage to the cambium, the tree can recover, or the disease may become chronic. The speed of disease development depends, primarily, on environmental conditions.
Apricot Decline Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Morvan G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor many years, the causes of apricot decline have remained a matter of controversy. It may now be considered that this early destruction of trees is a result of the joint action of 6 different parasites, which particularly, if not exclusively, attack apricot: 4 fungi, 1 bacterium and 1 mycoplasm‐like organism. Each parasite, per se, is able to destroy trees in a good condition of growth. Some other fungi and some insects may also adversely affect apricot, as they do other fruit species. The development of each disease depends on particular agrotechnical and environmental conditions.As no curative methods are available, control consists of preventive methods. These must be formulated and applied so as to avoid favouring the development of one parasite when preventing that of another.International co‐operative research is required to cope with difficulties in acquiring the necessary data, particularly in the field of disease resistance.
The Role of Biological Efficacy Evaluation and Methodology in Registration
Authors: Mathys G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor both governmental agencies and industry, considerable advantages, especially from extrapolation of data within a country or between countries, can be derived from co‐ordinated action in the efficacy testing of new compounds. This has been recognized at an early stage in Europe, i.e. by France (1952) and the Federal Republic of Germany, where methods have been devised in a common agreement between official services and pesticide manufacturers.The European Weed Research Council started work for international alignment on herbicide testing, whereas EPPO, in 1971, initiated collaborative studies on rodents1) (5 methods), fungi (5 methods), insects and mites (10 methods). These guide‐lines, having been approved by the 35 EPPO Governments, are already published or will be published in the near future; a further 29 methods are presently under study.Since 197, contacts have been taken with the American Society for Testing and Materials in order to reach inter‐regional agreement on testing methods.
Le campagnol des champs (Microtus arvalis [Pallas]) en Europe1
Authors: Spitz F. 
Published: April 2008

SOMMAIRE Microtus arvalis (Pallas) a une histoire récente qui se rattache à celle des glaciations et de l'agriculture. Son écologie et son histoire sont liées et expliquent les particularités actuelles, entre autres le fait qu'il existe des zones presque dépourvues de campagnols et d'autres où ils pullulent régulièrement. Le présent travail résume nos connaissances sur la démographie de l'espèce. Après un rappel de quelques théories anciennes ou récentes, on évoque les principaux facteurs qui agissent sur les populations: la structure de l'environnement (les campagnols aiment les agrosystèmes peu intensifs et sont surtout affectés par l'importance des biotopes d'hiver disponibles), le climat et l'alimentation (qui déterminent leur rythme biologique saisonnier, et le modulent s'ils s'écartent de la normale), le comportement individuel et social (déplacements, compétition). Une synthèse est présentée de l'évolution de la situation des campagnols à diverses échelles (parcelle, région). Par référence à un exemple typique s'appuyant sur des éléments indiscutables, on estime qu'une pullulation «moyenne« (non aggravée par la sécheresse) amène des pertes largement supérieures à 120 FF/ha, ce qui justifie les investissements que l'on peut faire dans un système de prévision et dans une lutte préventive.
Outbreaks and Damage by the Field Vole, Microtus agrestis (L.), since World War II in Europe1
Authors: Myllymäki A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe field vole, Microtus agrestis (L.), is a major pest in horticulture and forestry in all Scandinavian countries, and an important forestry pest in certain regions in central Europe. The most common type of damage is girdling trunks of cultivated trees, usually under the snow cover. In horticulture, the apple tree is the commonest subject of injury, while, in forestry, several deciduous and conifer species are attacked. In Finland and Norway, the garden industry has suffered most, while, in Sweden, the problems are predominantly in forestry. In central Europe, M. agrestis is a forestry pest only. Summation of all losses due to the field vole since World War II amounted to somewhere between 50 and 100 million USPopulations of M. agrestis normally undergo cyclic fluctuations. However, comparison of the periodicity of outbreaks in different areas reveals variations, 3 to 4‐year intervals dominating in the Scandinavian countries, while the interval in central Europe is generally somewhat shorter. No overall synchrony exists over the geographical range of the species. Present knowledge concerning the demography and habitat dynamics of M. agrestis is briefly reviewed.Current possibilities for preventing damage by M. agrestis are much dependent on the individual value of the potential subjects of injury. High value stands, like apple gardens or seed orchards of forest trees, can be protected by means of mechanical guards. However, current means of combating damage in forest plantations are badly limited. Surface spraying with toxaphene and poison baits is practised in central Europe, while, in the Scandinavian countries (except Denmark), no chemical means are used today. Development of new compounds to be used as surface sprays, or specific baits for M. agrestis, is urgently needed. Research on bio‐control methods should also be intensified.
European Field Voles of the Genus Pitymys McMurtrie and their Damage in Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry1
Authors: Santini L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTResearch has been carried out to establish the actual incidence in European agriculture and forestry of damage by voles belonging to the genus Pitymys McMurtrie. Unfortunately, the great uncertainty remaining in the taxonomy of these voles and the practical difficulty of recognizing the species responsible for specific damage do not allow us to form, as yet, a complete picture of the situation.Nevertheless, it has been shown that, in Europe, Pitymys voles which are responsible for damage to agricultural crops (irregularly and with varying intensities) can, essentially, be placed in one of the following fundamental species groups:subterruneus (de Sélys Longcharnps), savii (de Séys Longchamps) or duodecimcostutus (de Sélys Longchamps). Without doubt, greatest damage appears to be done by voles of the species group savii which, in a decidedly more southern distribution area, brings about serious damage, particularly to horti‐floricultural crops in the Italian peninsula. In Italy, where the Pitymys problem is perhaps more noticeable than anywhere else, the control methods used tend to be inefficacious and do not answer the problem. We hope, therefore, besides conducting a comprehensive biological study of this species group, to carry out adequate experimentation towards developing methods for testing the latest rodenticides as to their efficacy against Pitymys and to develop an adequate application technique.