bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaerobes
Authors: Oren Aharon 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A diverse world of microorganisms still inhabits anaerobic environments on Earth, and these obtain their energy by fermentation or by anaerobic respiration, in which electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen drive the oxidation of organic compounds. We also know phototrophic and chemoautotrophic processes that function in the absence of oxygen. Collaboration of different groups of microorganisms can lead to degradation of complex organic matter also under anaerobic conditions, with carbon dioxide or a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane as the main products.
Clostridia
Authors: Dürre Peter 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Clostridia are strictly anaerobic or moderately aerotolerant bacteria, gaining ATP mostly by substrate‐level phosphorylation. A variety of compounds can be degraded and a number of different fermentation pathways are employed. Sophisticated methods for culturing and genetic manipulation are established. Several pathogenic species belong to the genus, however, some of the toxins are used in therapy, research and cosmetic industry. Biotechnologically important are clostridial enzymes, the clostridial solvent production and cancer therapy by recombinant clostridial endospores.
Mycobacteria: Biology
Authors: Sidders Ben , Stoker Neil G 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

The bacterial genus
Mycobacterium
contains more than 120 members, several of which are extremely successful pathogens of man and animals including the agents of tuberculosis and leprosy. All mycobacteria are aerobic, nonmotile, nonspore forming, Gram‐positive bacteria with a high genomic guanine + cytosine (GC) content. They possess a thick cell wall that contains unique lipids, called mycolic acids, which confer a characteristic acid‐fast staining property and make the genus hardy and resistant to antimicrobials and host defences.
Streptomycetaceae: Phylogeny, Ecology and Pathogenicity
Authors: Lodders Nicole , Kämpfer Peter 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

The family Streptomycetaceae contains three genera, with the genus
Streptomyces
being the best known and most diverse of these three genera. Members of this family are adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions and habitats, and they show a variety of colony – and cell morphological characteristics. Species of the family Streptomycetaceae produce a multitude of bioactive compounds and are able to degrade polymers and other materials used by humans, including rubber and plastics. Only few pathogenic species are known.
Histidine Triad (
HIT
) Superfamily
Authors: Brenner Charles 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Histidine triad (HIT) enzymes are an ancient superfamily of nucleotide hydrolases and transferases that catalyse mechanistically similar but biologically distinct reactions on nucleotide‐containing substrates in pathways important for cellular growth, apoptosis and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and carbohydrate metabolism. Four branches of HIT enzymes function as nucleotide hydrolases. These enzymes include homologues and paralogues of histidine triad nucleotide‐binding (Hint) protein, fragile histidine triad (Fhit) protein, Aprataxin and scavenger decapping protein (Dcps). One diverse branch of the HIT superfamily contains nucleotide transferases and phosphorylases related to galactose‐1‐phosphate uridylyltransferase (GalT), AppppA phosphorylase, adenylylsulfate:phosphate adenylyltransferase (APAT), adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‐glucose phosphorylase, and Vtc2, the guanosine diphosphate (GDP)‐
l
‐galactose phosphorylase. This review provides tools to discern the identities and the probable functions of new HIT enzymes from their sequences.
Radical
S
‐adenosylmethionine (
SAM
) Superfamily
Authors: Farrar Christine E , Jarrett Joseph T 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

A large superfamily of enzymes use
S
‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) to generate high‐energy carbon radicals as intermediates in a variety of metabolic and biosynthetic reactions. Despite the diverse reactions catalysed, members of the SAM radical superfamily share a similar structural topology that facilitates the mechanistically important interaction of SAM with an iron–sulfur cluster.
Genetics and Judaism
Authors: Leavitt Frank J 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Jewish Law (
Halacha
) rarely gives definitive answers nor is it the only source of Jewish thought. A Jewish philosophical–theological attitude may be more useful than
Halacha
when approaching new questions, such as problems in the ethics of genetics, which were not foreseen by the ancient Rabbis. Jewish mysticism (Kabala) is no less essential. An approach based on these three sources –
Halacha
, philosophical–theological thought and Kabala – in the context of specific debates, such as those over genetically modified organisms (GMOs), gene therapy, genetic screening, etc., can be valuable both in themselves and as illustrations of applications of a method.
Insurance Discrimination in the UK – Life Insurance and Genetic Risk
Authors: Needs Jacqueline 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Life Insurers in the UK have operated within a moratorium on the use of predictive genetic test results since 2001. Prior to this, controversy surrounded the use and interpretation of genetic tests by insurers and led to pressure for legislation to prevent discrimination. The original moratorium applied for five years until November 2006; in March 2005 an extension to the moratorium was announced for a further five years until November 2011. The article explains the events which led to the moratorium, the difficulties of underwriting genetic test results and monitoring the activities of insurers during the moratorium. Research of adverse selection and discrimination is discussed, with reference to the UK, Europe and United States.
Cover Picture: Micro/Nano Fabrication of Periodic Hierarchical Structures by Multi‐Pulsed Laser Interference Structuring (Adv. Eng. Mater. 10/2007)
Authors: Lasagni A. , Manzoni A. , Mücklich F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe figure shows periodic hierarchical structures resulting from the combination of interfering laser beams, and laser‐induced periodical surface structure (LIPSS) fabricated on an Al layer over Au‐substrate More details can be found in the paper by A. Lasagni, A. Monzoni, F. Mücklich on page 872.
Steady‐State and Transient Behavior of Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Bernards D. A. , Malliaras G. G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn recent years, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have emerged as attractive devices for a variety of applications, particularly in the area of sensing. While the electrical characteristics of OECTs are analogous to those of conventional organic field effect transistors, appropriate models for OECTs have not yet been developed. In particular, little is known about the transient characteristics of OECTs, which are determined by a complex interplay between ionic and electronic motion. In this paper a simple model is presented that reproduces the steady‐state and transient response of OECTs by considering these devices in terms of an ionic and an electronic circuit. A simple analytical expression is derived that can be used to fit steady‐state OECT characteristics. For the transient regime, comparison with experimental data allowed an estimation of the hole mobility in poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate). This work paves the way for rational optimization of OECTs.
Surfactant‐Assisted Preparation of Novel Layered Silver Bromide‐Based Inorganic/Organic Nanosheets by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Aqueous Media
Authors: He C. , Sasaki T. , Zhou Y. , Shimizu Y. , Masuda M. , Koshizaki N. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA novel layered AgBr‐based inorganic/organic nanocomposite was prepared by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) of Ag in aqueous media in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and the formation mechanism of two‐dimensional nanosheet was discussed. TEM observations indicate that the obtained AgBr‐based inorganic/organic nanocomposite possesses a well‐defined two‐dimensional shape and that the size of the nanosheet can be changed with the surfactant concentration in the solution. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was composed of a series of peaks that could be indexed to (00l) reflections of a layered structure, and the basal spacing of 20.0 Å indicated that the surfactant was included between the AgBr interlayers in an interdigitated bilayer arrangement. In contrast, a layered inorganic/organic nanocomposite cannot be formed at a CTAB concentration lower than the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Based on our detailed investigation, we proposed the nanocomposite formation process, that is, that negatively charged inorganic AgBr was produced by a strong reaction between the ablated Ag species and the bromide ions, which are concurrently assembling with cationic surfactant molecules controlled by the charge‐matching mechanism.
Direct Observation of Super‐Plasticity of Beta‐SiC Nanowires at Low Temperature
Authors: Zhang Y. , Han X. , Zheng K. , Zhang Z. , Zhang X. , Fu J. , Ji Y. , Hao Y. , Guo X. , Wang Z. L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSuper‐plasticity of single‐crystal beta‐SiC [111] nanowires for > 200 % elongation was observed by in situ axial‐tensile experiments in a scanning electron microscope. The SiC nanowires were characterized by a bamboo‐like structure appearing as the 3C structured segments intergrowth along the nanowire. The axial localized plasticity and super‐plasticity are suggested to result only from the 3C segments, through dislocation generation, propagation and amorphization in contrast to the highly defected structural segments that conduct elastic‐deformation only, owing to the lack of slip systems. These results provide key information for understanding the mechanical behavior of SiC nanowires.
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Ring Opening of Epoxides for the Preparation of Enantiopure Tertiary Alcohols
Authors: Elenkov Maja Majerić , Hoeffken H. Wolfgang , Tang Lixia , Hauer Bernhard , Janssen Dick B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe halohydrin dehalogenase from Agrobacterium radiobacter AD1 (HheC) catalyzes nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides with cyanide and azide. In the case of 2,2‐disubstituted epoxides, this reaction proceeds with excellent enantioselectivity (E values up to>200), which gives, by kinetic resolution, access to various enantiopure epoxides and β‐substituted tertiary alcohols (ee up to 99 %). Since the enzyme has a broad substrate range and because these tertiary alcohols are difficult to prepare in other ways, HheC is an attractive biocatalyst for the production of β‐cyano and β‐azido tertiary alcohols.
A Practical and Versatile Access to Dihydrosalen (Salalen) Ligands: Highly Enantioselective Titanium In Situ Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidation with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Berkessel Albrecht , Brandenburg Marc , Leitterstorf Eva , Frey Julia , Lex Johann , Schäfer Mathias 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA modular synthesis for chiral and non‐symmetrical salalen ligands (i.e., mono‐reduced salens), carrying an imine and an amine functionality has been developed. The ligands can be assembled in situ by Schiff base formation of an N‐(2‐hydroxybenzyl)diamine with a salicylic aldehyde, thus allowing rapid and easy variation/optimization of the ligand structure. Aiming at optimal activity and enantioselectivity in the titanium‐catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of non‐functionalized olefins, a positional scanning of the two ligand halves was carried out. High epoxide yields were achieved, and up to 98 % ee. The composition of the titanium complex catalysts was determined by high resolution mass spectrometry and X‐ray crystallography for one selected example.
Novel mixed conducting SrSc0.05Co0.95O3‐δ ceramic membrane for oxygen separation
Authors: Zeng Pingying , Ran Ran , Chen Zhihao , Gu Hongxia , Shao Zongping , Liu Shaomin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA novel perovskite‐type mixed‐conducting oxide of SrSc0.05Co0.95O3‐δ (SSC) was synthesized by a combined EDTA‐citrate complexing method. The 5 mol % of Sc3+ doping into the B‐site of SrCoO3‐δ (SC) through the sol–gel synthesis effectively stabilized the oxygen vacancy disordered cubic perovskite structure of the oxide, and simultaneously resulted in a substantial increase of the electrical conductivity. The oxide was fabricated into dense ceramic membrane for oxygen separation by pressing/sintering process. The oxygen permeation flux of the SSC membrane and the rate‐determination step of the permeation process were investigated between 750 and 900°C. The experimental results demonstrated that SSC is a promising membrane for oxygen separation with ultrahigh permeation fluxes, compared favorably with reported high oxygen semipermeable Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ and SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ membranes under air/helium gradient. At the condition of reduced temperature and low oxygen partial pressure at the sweep side atmosphere, the permeation process was found to be rate‐determined mainly by the slow oxygen surface exchange kinetics at the air (feed) side membrane surface based on the single cell oxygen permeation study. The activation energy for the oxygen surface exchange and oxygen bulk diffusion was found to be around 126 kJ mol−1 and ≤62.1 kJ mol−1, respectively. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Gasoline desulfurization using extraction with [C8mim][BF4] ionic liquid
Authors: Alonso Luisa , Arce Alberto , Francisco María , Rodríguez Oscar , Soto Ana 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIncreased reductions of statutory sulfur content on fossil fuels as gasoline or diesel have led to intense research into all possible methods of desulfurization. With the aim to study [C8mim][BF4] ionic liquid as extraction solvent for desulfurization, the phase equilibria of different ternary systems involving hydrocarbons present in gasoline formulations, thiophene, and [C8mim][BF4], were obtained experimentally. Potential interest of this ionic liquid for desulfurization was confirmed by the phase equilibria determined. As design of a multistage separation process requires knowledge of phase equilibria, simultaneous correlation of liquid–liquid equilibrium data was done using the nonrandom two liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model. A gasoline formulation was simulated as a mixture of n‐hexane, cyclohexane, iso‐octane, and toluene with thiophene and dibezothiophene as sulfur‐components, and its desulfurization was performed by multistage extraction using the ionic liquid in three successive stages. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Cultural consonance and adult body composition in urban Brazil
Authors: Dressler William W. , Oths Kathryn S. , Ribeiro Rosane P. , Balieiro Mauro C. , Dos Santos José Ernesto 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn previous research in Brazil, we found socioeconomic and gender differences in body mass and percent body fat, consistent with a model in which individuals in higher socioeconomic strata, especially women, could achieve a cultural ideal of body size and shape. In this article, using new data, we examine these processes more precisely using measures of cultural consonance. Cultural consonance refers to the degree to which individuals approximate, in their own beliefs and behaviors, the shared prototypes for belief and behavior encoded in cultural models. We have found higher cultural consonance in several domains to be associated with health outcomes. Furthermore, there tends to be a general consistency in cultural consonance across domains. Here we suggest that measures of body composition can be considered indicators of individuals' success in achieving cultural ideals of the body, and that cultural consonance in several domains will be associated with body composition. Using waist circumference as an outcome, smaller waist size was associated with higher cultural consonance in lifestyle (β = −0.311, P < 0.01) and higher cultural consonance in the consumption of high prestige foods (β = −0.260, P < 0.01) for women (n = 161), but not for men (n = 106), controlling for age, family income, tobacco use, and dietary intake of protein and carbohydrates. Similar results were obtained using the body mass index and weight as outcomes, while there were no associations with height. These results help to illuminate the cultural mediation of body composition. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Height of US‐born non‐Hispanic children and adolescents ages 2–19, born 1942–2002 in the NHANES samples
Authors: Komlos John , Breitfelder Ariane 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe examine the height of non‐Hispanic US‐born children born 1942–2002 on the basis of all NHES and NHANES data sets available. We use the CDC 2000 reference values to convert height into height‐for‐age z‐scores stratified by gender. We decompose deviations from the reference values into an age‐effect and a secular trend effect and find that after an initial increase in the 1940s, heights experienced a downward cycle to reach their early 1950s peak again only c. 2 decades later. After the early 1970s, heights increased almost continuously until the present. Girls born in 2002 are estimated to be 0.35σ and boys are 0.39σ above their 1971 values implying an increase of ∼2.5 cm between birth cohorts 1971 and 2002 as an average of all ages (Table 3). Age effects are also substantial‐pointing to faster tempo of growth. Girls are c. 0.23σ taller at age 11 and boys 0.15σ taller at age 13 than reference values (Fig. 3). This translates into an age effect of ∼1.7 and 1.3 cm, respectively. Hence, the combined estimated trend and age‐effects are substantially larger than those reported hitherto. The 2‐decade stagnation in heights and the upward trend beginning in the early 1970s confirm the upswing in adult heights born c. 1975–1983, and imply that adults are likely to continue to increase in height. We find the expected positive correlation between height and family income, but income does not affect the secular trend or the age effects markedly. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of rainfall during gestation and early childhood on adult height in a foraging and horticultural society of the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Godoy Ricardo , Tanner Susan , Reyes‐García Victoria , Leonard William R. , Mcdade Thomas W. , Vento Melanie , Broesch James , Fitzpatrick Ian C. , Giovannini Peter , Huanca Tomás , Jha Naveen 
Published: October 2007

AbstractRecent research documents the effects of adverse conditions during gestation and early childhood on growth responses and health throughout life. Most research linking adverse conditions in early life with adult health comes from industrial nations. We know little about the plasticity of growth responses to environmental perturbations early in life among foragers and horticulturalists. Using 2005 data from 211 women and 215 men 20+ years of age from a foraging–horticultural society of native Amazonians in Bolivia (Tsimane'), we estimate the association between (a) adult height and (b) rainfall amount and variability during three stages in the life cycle: gestation (year 0), birth year (year 1), and years 2–5. We control for confounders such as height of the same‐sex parent. Rainfall amount and variability during gestation and birth year bore weak associations with adult height, probably from the protective role of placental physiology and breastfeeding. However, rainfall variability during years 2–5 of life bore a negative association with adult female height. Among women, a 10% increase in the coefficient of variation of rainfall during years 2–5 was associated with 0.7–1.2% lower adult height (1.08–1.93 cm). Environmental perturbations that take place after the cessation of weaning seem to leave the strongest effect on adult height. We advance possible explanations for the absence of effects among males. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urorectal septum malformation sequence: Prenatal progression, clinical report, and embryology review
Authors: Escobar Luis F. , Heiman Meadow , Zimmer Dawn , Careskey Holly 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe urorectal septum malformation sequence (URSMS) is characterized by severe abnormalities of the urorectal septum (URS) and urogenital organs. The primary defect in this condition appears to be a deficiency in caudal mesoderm leading to the malformation of the URS and other structures in the pelvic region. Recent clinical reports discuss prental findings of URSMS [Lubusky et al. (2006); Prenatal Diagnosis 26: 345–349]. However, here we present a case of URSMS with prenatal findings not previously described, review the literature on URSMS, and summarize current embryological understanding of the pathology seen in hindgut development. The unique prenatal finding in the patient was an abdominally located cystic mass that was first seen at 18 weeks of gestation. Over the next 6 weeks, the mass decreased in size until it disappeared. Concurrent with reduction of the cyst, ascites developed. The patient displayed several traditional URSMS indicators including abnormal bladder and dysplastic kidneys. Our findings give additional insight into the embryology of urorectogenital development. Specifically, they suggest that the cystic mass may have been a persistent urachus prior to septation of the cloaca. Postnatal evaluation confirmed a URSMS diagnosis; the newborn had ambiguous genitalia, hypoplastic kidneys, absent uterus, imperforate anus, smooth perineum, and overall underdeveloped urogenital structures. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compound heterozygous mutations in fibulin‐4 causing neonatal lethal pulmonary artery occlusion, aortic aneurysm, arachnodactyly, and mild cutis laxa
Authors: Dasouki Majed , Markova Dessislava , Garola Robert , Sasaki Takako , Charbonneau Noe L. , Sakai Lynn Y. , Chu Mon‐Li 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMutations involving elastic tissue proteins result in a broad spectrum of phenotypes affecting skin, skeleton, ocular and vascular structures, including tortuous blood vessels and cutis laxa. Here we report on a female newborn with apparently long fingers, aortic aneurysm, tortuous pulmonary arteries and mild generalized lax skin. She died at 27 days of age due to severe respiratory distress and inoperable systemic vascular abnormalities. Skin biopsy showed marked paucity and fragmentation of elastic fibers and autopsy revealed occlusion of the pulmonary artery. DNA analysis identified compound heterozygous mutations ((c.835C > T (p.R279C)/c.1070_1073dupCCGC) in fibulin‐4, a recently recognized elastic fiber associated protein. Analyses of dermal fibroblasts from the patient indicated that fibulin‐4 mRNAs with the 4‐bp duplication transcribed from one allele are probably subject to nonsense‐mediated decay, whereas synthesis and secretion of the missense R279C fibulin‐4 protein from the other allele is severely impaired. Immunostaining demonstrated a total absence of fibulin‐4 fibers in the extracellular matrix deposited by the patient's fibroblasts. Our studies provide evidence that deficiency in fibulin‐4 leads to a perinatal lethal condition associated with elastic tissue abnormalities. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.