bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrauterine Transmission of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus
Authors: Cutlip R. C. , Lehmkuhl H. D. , Jackson T. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ovine fetuses, newborn lambs, and ovine colostrum were examined for ovine progressive pneumonia virus. The lambs and colostrum were also examined for specific antibody. Virus was isolated from 1 fetus, from 2 newborn lambs, and from most samples of colostrum. The fetus was about 100 days old and was carried by a seronegative ewe in contact with seropositive sheep. Both newborn lambs were carried by seropositive ewes. One lamb was dead at birth; the other lamb was normal and had not nursed. Antibody specific for the virus was present in the colostrum of 12 of 14 seropositive ewes and in the serum of 8 of 11 lambs that had nursed seropositive ewes, but not in the serum of lambs that had not nursed.
Serum Lipid-Associated Sialic Acid Values in Horses with Neoplasms
Authors: Kloppel Thomas M. , Richardson Ralph C. , Traver Douglas S. , Morré D. James 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum concentrations of lipid-associated sialic acid (lasa) were determined in 53 horses (10 with neoplasms, 22 with other disorders, and 21 clinically normal controls). An increase in lasa > 2 sd above the average value in controls was found in 7 of 10 horses with neoplasms, compared with only 2 of 22 horses with other disorders. In 1 horse, lasa values decreased to within control values after surgical removal of a squamous cell carcinoma.
Serum Amylase and Lipase Activities in the Diagnosis of Pancreatitis in Dogs
Authors: Strombeck Donald R. , Farver Thomas , Kaneko J. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine the usefulness of information provided by measurement of serum amylase activity in the evaluation of dogs for pancreatitis, the relationship of amylase activity to lipase activity in 713 paired serum samples was investigated by statistical analysis. Little change in mean amylase concentration was found until lipase values exceeded 800 U/L. The ranges of amylase activity (mean ± 2 sd) were essentially the same for dogs with no pancreatitis (0 to 100 U of lipase activity/L) as for dogs with a high probability for the disease (700 to 799 U of lipase activity/L), 0 to 4,029 U/L and 857 to 4,869 U/L, respectively.
Pathologic findings from biopsy and necropsy reports from 92 dogs for which serum lipase determinations were done indicated that serum lipase increased not only with pancreatitis, but also with other medical problems, such as renal and hepatic disease.
It was concluded that determination of serum amylase activity without knowledge of serum lipase activity was of little value to diagnose pancreatitis. High amylase activity was not specific for pancreatitis and low amylase activity could not rule out the disease. The results of this study also showed that low serum lipase values almost always eliminated the possibility of pancreatitis and that high values were often, but not always, diagnostic for pancreatitis.
Antibody Kinetics in Response to Vaccination Against Babesia bovis
Authors: James Mark A. , Kuttler Kenneth L. , Levy Michael G. , Ristic Miodrag 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The kinetics of specific indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test titers and total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM values were determined in cattle vaccinated with culture-derived soluble Babesia organisms. Nineteen days after challenge exposure (postinoculation day 67), vaccinated cattle had a strong anamnestic response and mean ifa titers reached 1:48,710. Serum IgG and IgM concentrations were increased after vaccination and after challenge exposure. A nonspecific suppression of total IgG (controls) and IgM (vaccinated animals and controls) values also was observed, the depression coinciding with the period of peak parasitemia.
Use of Ducks as a Model To Study the Effect of Antibiotics in Feed on the Fecal Shedding of Salmonella
Authors: Latour L. B. , Barnum D. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An experimental and statistical model was developed to study the effect of antibiotics in feed on the fecal shedding of Salmonella. The model design consisted of 3 groups of 4 to 10 experimentally infected ducks each; group 1 was given no medication, group 2 was given a small dose of antibiotic, and group 3 was given a large dose of antibiotic as feed supplement for growth promotion. The test for the null hypothesis and Fisher's exact test were used for evaluating the significance of the results on each sampling day and for the experimental totals.
Experimental results of the model showed that, whereas oxytetracycline (otc) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the duration of shedding of otc-sensitive Salmonella, it significantly increased the duration of shedding of orc-resistant Salmonella. Evaluation of zinc bacitracin by this model indicated that zinc bacitracin either produced a moderate increase in the duration of fecal shedding or failed to alter the duration of fecal shedding of Salmonella. Seemingly, it is necessary to select a sensitive and a resistant Salmonella strain to evaluate the effects of antibiotics in feed.
Distribution of Oxytetracycline in the Genital Tract of Cows
Authors: Bretzlaff K. N. , Ott R. S. , Koritz G. D. , Lock T. F. , Bevill R. F. , Shawley R. V. , Gustafsson B. K. , Davis L. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetic parameters of the disposition of oxytetracycline (otc) were investigated in healthy cycling dairy cows after a single iv dose of 22 mg/kg of body weight. The biological half-life of otc was 6.5 hours.
These data were used to predict an iv priming dose and a rate of constant iv infusion of otc sufficient to approach steady-state equilibrium of the drug between a plasma concentration of approximately 5 μg/ml and a uterine tissue concentration. After 8 hours’ constant iv infusion, the mean plasma concentration of otc was 4.86 ± 0.68 μg/ml and the mean uterine tissue concentration of otc was 4.50 ± 0.45 μg/ml. The mean ratio of plasma-to-uterine tissue otc concentrations was 1.08.
Computer-simulated iv multiple doses of otc at 11 mg/kg every 12 hours and 11 mg/kg every 24 hours suggested that the former dosage regimen could provide uterine tissue concentrations > 5 μg/ml during the dosage interval, whereas the latter could provide such concentrations for only the first 12 hours of a 24-hour dosage interval.
Properties of Cell Wall Antigens of Virulent Brucella canis and a Less Mucoid Variant of Reduced Pathogenicity
Authors: Zoha Steven J. , Carmichael Leland E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Properties of cell wall antigenic extracts of 2 Brucella canis strains (wild type, M+; and a less mucoid variant, M−) were compared. Cell wall antigens of each strain were extracted by 2 different methods and compared with respect to their serologic, chromatographic, and surface properties. In addition, selected enzymes were used to compare antigen sensitivity to degradation.
Analysis of extracted antigens was done by gel immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Two cell wall antigens (2-R and 3-R) were present in extracts of wild type (M+) B canis that had been treated with hot (65 C) phosphate-buffered saline solution (pbss). Three cell wall antigens (2-S, 3A-S, 3B-S) were revealed in saline extracts of the M− variant. Hot (100 C) 1% sodium deoxycholate extracted an additional antigen (1-R or 1-S) from cells (M+ or M−, respectively) which had previously been treated with hot pbss.
Certain properties of the B canis antigen extracts were examined by ion exchange chromatography, agarose gel chromatography, affinity chromatography, and enzyme degradation. Hydrophobic properties of the cell wall antigens were examined by their behavior in divalent cation, polyethylene glycol, and acid solutions. The antigens of B canis (M+) cells extracted with hot pbss were smaller in size, had a lower net negative charge, and were more hydrophobic than those of the M− cells.
Efficacy of a nonviable culture-derived Babesia bovis vaccine
Authors: Kuttler K. L. , Levy M. G. , James M. A. , Ristic M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tissue culture-derived soluble Babesia bovis antigens were combined with a saponin adjuvant and used to vaccinate 3 adult cows and 8 yearling heifers. Each animal was vaccinated twice at a 3-week interval between vaccinations. Two adult cattle were premunized with an attenuated B bovis. All vaccinated cattle and premunized cattle along with 3 nonvaccinated adult cattle and 8 nonvaccinated yearling heifers were challenge exposed 4 weeks after the 2nd vaccine dose by the im inoculation of an estimated 1 × 108 virulent B bovis organisms. Both vaccinated and nonvaccinated controls responded to challenge exposure, whereas the premunized cattle were refractory to challenge exposure. Those cattle given the adjuvant-vaccine showed a significantly milder clinical response to infection. Death occurred in 2 of the 3 adult controls and 2 of the 8 yearling controls. Death losses or severe reactions were not seen among the vaccinated cattle.
Vaccinated animals, before challenge exposure, failed to respond serologically to the complement-fixation test even though specific antibodies to B bovis antigens were detected with the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The apparent absence of isoimmunizing antigens and the ability to serologically distinguish vaccinated animals from infected animals are additional attributes which contribute to the potential usefulness of this vaccine.
Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in equids: Reference physiologic values
Authors: Braun J. P. , Bardies J. , Thouvenot J. P. , Benard P. , Rico A. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
γ-Glutamyltransferase reference values in 277 clinically healthy equids indicated a log-gaussian distribution with an upper limit of physiologic values at 24 U/L. Reference values were about 2 U/L lower in males than in females and geldings, and values were slightly higher in horses used for racing than in horses used for riding, draft horses, and ponies. Age, pregnancy, and season of the year seemed to have no or minor effect on serum γ glutamyltransferase values.
Chemotaxis of radiolabeled equine neutrophils
Authors: Camp C. J. , Leid R. Wes 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method for the isolation of equine neutrophils was developed using metrizamide cushions. A purity of > 95% was routinely obtained with > 90% viability. These cells were radiolabeled and tested for their chemotactic response in Boyden chambers to zymosan-activated equine serum, the partially purified equine complement component C5a, and formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine. The time and ionic requirements for chemotaxis of radiolabeled equine neutrophils were investigated and maximal movement was observed at 2 hours’ incubation and 1.0 mM Ca and 0.5 mM Mg. Dinitrophenol in a concentration range of 10−2 to 10−6 M also inhibited cell movement. A Zigmond-Hirsch checkerboard assay demonstrated the pronounced chemotactic activity of zymosan-activated equine serum and the partially purified equine C5a. The equine neutrophil did not respond to formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine.
Ampicillin in mares: A comparison of intramuscular sodium ampicillin or sodium ampicillin-ampicillin trihydrate injection
Authors: Traver Douglas S. , Riviere J. Edmond 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A cross-over experiment was used to compare serum ampicillin concentrations in mares. Six mares and 2 dose regimens were used. Four of 6 mares were in midterm of gestation; the remaining 2 were not pregnant. Ampicillin was injected im and was administered every 12 hours for 3 doses. Dose regimens compared were sodium ampicillin (22 mg/kg) given alone, or sodium ampicillin (11 mg/kg) and ampicillin trihydrate (11 mg/kg) given concurrently. Blood samples were collected over 12 hours after the 1st and 3rd injections. Serum ampicillin concentrations were determined by bioassay. Peak mean serum ampicillin concentration occurred 0.5 hour after injection. Serum ampicillin concentrations after sodium ampicillin injection (22 mg/kg) were significantly higher than concentrations after the concurrent-dose regimen, for up to 4 hours (P < 0.05). Concentrations between 4 and 12 hours were not significantly different. Concentrations in both groups between 8 and 12 hours after injections were done were < 2 μg/mL The halflives of ampicillin in serum was 2.06 hours with the dosing with sodium ampicillin and 3.33 hours with the concurrent dosing of sodium ampicillin and ampicillin trihydrate.
Peak serum ampicillin concentrations following sodium ampicillin injection were between 5.53 and 26.59 μg/ml. Great variation was noted between animals; however, little variation was noted within the individual. Peak serum concentrations following repeated doses within a given mare were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The mean peak serum ampicillin concentration of the pregnant mares (8.75 μg/ml) was lower than that of nonpregnant mares (21.57 μg/ml).
Effects of dexamethasone on endotoxin shock in the anesthetized pony: Hematologic, blood gas, and coagulation changes
Authors: Frauenfelder H. C. , Fessler J. F. , Moore A. B. , Bottoms G. D. , Boon G. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of dexamethasone (1 mg/kg of body weight) on hematologic, blood gas, and blood coagulation values in anesthetized ponies during endotoxin-induced shock were evaluated. Fifteen ponies were assigned to 3 groups of 5 ponies each: group 1, anesthetized nontreated and dexamethasone-treated controls; group 2, endotoxin, nontreated; group 3, endotoxin, dexamethasone treated.
The hematologic changes in this endotoxin shock model included leukopenia and hemoconcentration. Significant hematologic effects were not seen in ponies after administration of dexamethasone. However, dexamethasone treatment resulted in an increased trend in total wbc counts and neutrophils. The blood gas changes reflected a respiratory component resulting from anesthesia and a greater metabolic component from the endotoxemia. The plasma lactate increase was significantly (P < 0.05) less in ponies treated with dexamethasone, compared with plasma lactate in nontreated ponies. During endotoxin shock, the changes observed in the blood coagulation values included a significant (P < 0.05) prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time and an insignificant prolongation of the prothrombin time. Dexamethasone treatment prevented prolongation of thrombin time and permitted only a mild prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time.
Seemingly, corticosteroids are useful in the treatment of clinical endotoxin shock in horses as indicated by their desirable effects on total wbc, neutrophils, cellular metabolism, and blood coagulation.
Role of the rat in the transmission of porcine parvovirus
Authors: Cutler R. , Molitor T. W. , Sauber T. E. , Leman A. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rats experimentally inoculated with porcine parvovirus (ppv) shed virus in excreta from 3 to 21 days. Rats inoculated subcutaneously with ppv responded serologically with hemagglutination-inhibition titers (512-1,024). The ppv antigen was readily detected in lung and spleen 2 and 3 days after rats were inoculated and in liver and intestine, 4 days. The rats remained clinically healthy. Rats given ppv orally or in drinking water either with ppv-infected cell culture fluid or swine fetal homogenate failed to respond serologically to ppv, the exception being 2 of 4 rats exposed to swine fetal homogenate over a 5-day span.
Pigs exposed to ppv-contaminated rat excreta, either by direct oral dosing or by contaminating the feed, failed to seroconvert. Pigs given (im) ppv which had been isolated on cell culture from rat excreta did seroconvert.
Results of these experiments indicated that rats became infected with ppv, but did so after systemic challenge exposure or prolonged oral exposure to highly infective swine fetal homogenate. Insufficient virus was shed by rats to cause susceptible pigs to seroconvert upon oral feeding— thus indicating that a minimal dose is necessary to ensure oral challenge.
In a preliminary experiment, seronegative pigs given different doses of ppv orally showed a gradient level of serologic response and different rates of shedding.
Rapid and accurate direct injection chromatographic method for measuring volatile anesthetics in whole blood of dogs
Authors: Fleming John T. , Pedersoli W. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A modified rapid, accurate, and relatively simple gas chromatographic procedure was used for the analysis of a single hydrocarbon volatile anesthetic agent in whole arterial blood of dogs. Lengthy extraction procedures and laborious chromatographic separations were avoided. The glassware required was inexpensive and readily available, as were rubber and rubber-laminated Teflon septa which were excellent for making air-tight seals.
Variations in blood pH, lipid content, protein concentration, hematocrit, and other components of whole blood will influence the solubility of the anesthetics. However, the procedure described in the present report was corrected for those factors by constructing standard curves with blood from each experimental dog.
The arterial concentration of methoxyflurane (mtf) in 25 dogs was determined at 60 and 120 minutes of surgical anesthesia. Arterial concentrations of mtf at 60 minutes of anesthesia ranged from 7.29 to 41.7 mg/dl of blood, and at 120 minutes, the range was from 9.02 to 55. There was no significant difference in arterial blood concentrations of mtf (P > 0.05) at 60 and 120 minutes of anesthesia.
Sensory nerve conduction velocity of cutaneous afferents of the radial, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves of the dog: Reference values
Authors: Redding R. W. , Ingram J. T. , Colter S. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The mean conduction velocities of the compound action potentials of sensory axons of the cutaneous branches of the radial, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves of the healthy dog were determined by cutaneous stimulation and recorded by averaged evoked response technique. Locations for both stimulation and recording electrodes were identified. Mean conduction velocities were: radial nerve = 65.1 ± 6.2; ulnar nerve = 69.4 ± 6.9; peroneal nerve = 64.4 ± 5.25; and tibial nerve = 63.4 ± 5.3 m/s ± sd.
Effect of human interferon on vesicular stomatitis virus released from bovine embryonic kidney cells
Authors: Harrell Sharon A. , Maheshwari R. K. , Mohanty S. B. , Friedman R. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Human lymphoblastoid interferon (ifn) had an antiviral activity in bovine embryonic kidney cells that resulted in the release of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) particles with decreased infectivity. The inhibition was dose dependent and the cells were highly sensitive to human ifn. Examination of the proteins of vsv released from bovine cells after ifn treatment showed a reduction in the glycoprotein. Electron microscopic studies revealed a large number of vsv particles with characteristic spike-like surface projections released from nontreated cells. There was a reduction in the number of mature virions produced in ifn-treated cells and the virions lacked the characteristic surface projections.
Antibody, immune complexes, and complement activity fluctuations in kittens with experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis
Authors: Jacobse-Geels Helen E. L. , Daha Mohamed R. , Horzinek Marian C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Humoral changes were studied in 6 specific-pathogen-free kittens during experimental infection with feline infectious peritonitis virus. Although the incubation period and the duration of the disease differed widely, a similar pattern of rectal temperatures, serum complement values, circulating immune complexes, and antibody titers was found for all kittens during the last 15 to 20 days of life. Antibody formation started 8 to 13 days before death and was accompanied by the appearance of circulating immune complexes with subsequent increased concentrations of complement followed by complement depletion. The data are discussed as evidence for an immune complex pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis.
Cardiodynamics in the rhesus macaque during dissociative anesthesia
Authors: Booker J. Lee , Erickson Howard H. , Fitzpatrick Edward L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of dissociative anesthesia on cardiovascular dynamics and respiration were investigated in rhesus macaques to determine its use in nonhuman primates for restraint and minor surgical procedures. Respiration was spontaneous, and premedicants or anesthetic adjuvants were not used. Two doses of the anesthetic were administered (im): 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg. Depressant effects were observed in all variables initially; some cardiovascular variables eventually exceeded preinjection values after the higher (3.0 mg/kg) dose level. At a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, significant depression in myocardial contractility persisted for 20 minutes, and at 3.0 mg/kg for 50 minutes. Stroke volume was minimally affected initially, although significant increases occurred at 40 and 50 minutes after the 3.0 mg/ kg injections. Heart rate was depressed by 5% and 7% in the animals given the small and large doses. Values were within control levels by 90 minutes after the anesthetic was injected, except respiratory rate and body temperature, We conclude that the dissociative anesthetic used produces neither marked nor prolonged cardiovascular effects. Since cardiovascular effects are absent by 90 minutes after the anesthetic was injected, dissociative anesthesia is a desirable technique for minor surgical procedures and restraint, especially before physiologic studies.
Number and distribution of IgM cells and IgA cells in colonic tissue of conditioned sex and breed-matched dogs
Authors: Willard M. D. , Williams J. F. , Stowe H. D. , Kutil C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colonic tissue from 3 male and 3 female Beagle dogs was stained for immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgM cells. The colonic mucosa was divided vertically into 3 zones with an ocular reticule. The mean numbers of IgA and IgM cells and the mean percentages of the total number of the IgA or IgM cells were determined for each zone. (A comparison of IgM cell counts obtained by 2 investigators gave evidence that the results were consistent between different counters.)
Comparison of the data from males with data from females showed that there was no difference for IgM cells, but that young, male dogs had more IgA cells that did old, female dogs in that portion of the colonic mucosa that was closest to the colonic lumen. The number and pattern of IgA cells were similar to those found in a previous study of IgA cells which used male, mixed-breed dogs, ie, there were fewer IgA cells in the lamina propria closest to the colonic lumen than in the deeper lamina propria. The distribution of IgM cells showed a similar nonunifonn trend. Finally, there were fewer IgM cells than IgA cells in the deeper lamina propria; however, the percentages of the total number of IgA and IgM cells found in each zone were equivalent.
Nephelometric determination of serum amylase and lipase in naturally occurring azotemia in the dog
Authors: Wagner A. E. , Macy D. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum amylase and lipase were measured in 32 healthy dogs and in 55 dogs with serum urea nitrogen values > 40 mg/dl, using a nephelometric analyzer (Coleman analyzer model 91). Mean serum amylase and lipase values in normal dogs were 1,085.48 units and 3.98 units, respectively. In dogs with azotemia, the mean serum amylase and lipase values were 1,822.79 units and 12.57 units, respectively. Serum urea nitrogen values could not be correlated with amylase or lipase values.