bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Assessment of the Restricted Flow Consolidation Test
Authors: Sills GC , Hoare SDL , Baker N 
Published: December 2008

In the first part of the paper, the restricted flow consolidation test is described. It is simple, requires no consolidation theory for its interpretation, and is very quick, with a complete stress/strain curve obtainable in a matter of hours.
In the second part, the experimental requirements are detailed and an appropriate cell, the Oxford cell, is described.
Finally, some results are presented for reconstituted silty clay samples, to show that the restricted flow test is successful, producing repeatable and reliable results.
Controlled-Strain, Controlled-Gradient, and Standard Consolidation Testing of Sensitive Clays
Authors: Silvestri V , Yong RN , Soulié M , Gabriel F 
Published: December 2008

The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to compare the results obtained from constant rate of strain (CRS) and controlled-hydraulic gradient (CHG) consolidation tests with those obtained from incremental loading tests, (2) to compare the experimental data obtained in this study with the results of other investigators, and (3) to determine the possibility of using either CRS or CHG testing or both in geotechnical investigations dealing with soft clays of Eastern Canada.
The results of all the consolidation tests yield a unique relationship between preconsolidation pressure and strain rate. Both CRS and CHG tests performed following recommended procedures give values of the preconsolidation pressures which are higher than both those obtained in incremental load tests and those inferred from field studies. Both a simple creep law and a modified equation based on the rate process theory are found to adequately represent the observed soil response.
A Biaxial Consolidation Test for Anisotropic Soils
Authors: Peters JF , Leavell DA 
Published: December 2008

A biaxial flow consolidation test was developed to determine the axial and radical permeabilities, ka and kr, respectively, of a transversely isotropic specimen. The test enables the additional information needed to determine the ratio of permeabilities, ka/kr, to be obtained by independently measuring the flow from the specimen ends and circumference during consolidation. By comparing the ratio of flows from the specimen ends and circumference to the theoretical relationship, the ratio of permeabilities can be determined. The radial permeability, , to be obtained by independently measuring the flow from the specimen ends and circumference during consolidation. By comparing the ratio of flows from the specimen ends and circumference to the theoretical relationship, the ratio of permeabilities can be determined. The radial permeability, kr, is determined from the total time rate of consolidation.
Comparisons between various methods of permeability measurement and the proposed test are shown to be good. From the theoretical development, it was found that anisotropy in stiffness can have an important influence on test results. A method is presented for determining relevant stiffness parameters by combining the strain measured during consolidation and pore-pressure response.
Determination of Clay Suspension Concentration Profile in a Settling Column Using the Fall-Drop Technique
Authors: Sethi AJ , Sheeran DE , Skiadas N , Alammawi S 
Published: December 2008

The determination of clay suspension concentration can be done either by nondestructive or by destructive techniques. Non-destructive techniques such as transmission by radiation and total pressure measurement devices are either expensive or have a limited range of application, whereas destructive tests such as ovendrying require a large amount of sample, whch can limit both the number of sampling ports and the frequency of sampling.
An apparatus has been developed which permits us to draw small-size specimens (less than 0.5 mL volume) from the settling columns, simultaneously from various depths, while at the same time causing minimum disturbance to the sample in the sedimentation column.
The determination of solids concentration in the small size specimen drawn from the sedimentation column is by “fall-drop” technique, whereby a drop of known volume (20 μL) is allowed to fall through a column of immiscible organic liquid. From the velocity of the falling drop the concentration of the suspension can be computed using a calibration curve. Various organic liquids with different densities at room temperature have been tested. The requirements for the selection of these liquids include: reasonable price, low melting point, high boiling point, low vapor pressure, nontoxicity, Newtonian, and immiscible with water, and no chemical reaction with salt solutions. The variations in density and viscosity of these liquids with temperature are presented in this paper. Based on this information, the proper choice of the organic liquid required for measuring the anticipated concentration of the suspension can be made so that the time measured for the fall of a drop between two points (400 mm apart) is sufficiently large (&gt;30 s) and laminar flow prevails for the liquid through which the drop falls.
Large-Scale Self-Weight Consolidation Testing
Authors: Scott JD , Dusseault MB , Carrier WD 
Published: December 2008

Syncrude Canada Ltd. has developed self-weight consolidation tests with specimens 10 m high and 1 m in diameter. Used in a research and development program on oil sand waste slurry disposal, these large-scale tests determine whether or not the slurry material properties measured in large-strain slurry consolidation cells and in 2-m-high consolidation tests (when used in the finite-strain consolidation mathematical model) can predict the consolidation behavior of deep deposits of waste slurry such as those deposited in the field. The consolidation equipment and testing methods used in this research program are described, and typical test results are shown. Among the phenomena observed are the effective stress wave which travels up the cylinder during sedimentation, the development of thixotropic strength during the initial period of consolidation, the full pore pressure and total stress profile for the height of the cylinders at any time, and the consolidation with time and depth as shown by pore pressure dissipation and by the increase in solids content.
The rate of consolidation in the 10-m cylinders as shown by the settlement of the water-sludge interface is in good agreement with theory and indicates the validity of the test methods.
Determination of Coefficient of Consolidation (cv) for Large Strain and Variable cv Values
Authors: Mikasa M , Takada N 
Published: December 2008

Mikasa's advanced consolidation theory and Mikasa's method of determining cv from the oedometer test are discussed. The latter consists of a curve rule method and correction of cv by primary consolidation ratio, r. Theoretical time-consolidation relationships are shown for the cases of finite strain both with and without cv change as the relation between time factor, Tv, and degree of consolidation in terms of settlement, Us.
Examples on a clay and a peat show that the standard procedure of cv determination using the curve rule method and correction by r gives practically the same f-cv relationship as does the procedure based on the advanced consolidation theory, though a better curve fitting is always obtained by the latter.
Advanced consolidation theory, however, is necessary to interpret the physical meaning of consolidation test results and also to make a settlement prediction in the field.
Deformation Plasticity Failure Assessment Diagram
Authors: Bloom JM 
Published: December 2008

An engineering procedure for assessing the integrity of flawed structures is presented. The procedure uses results given in a plastic fracture handbook developed by General Electric in the format of the Central Electricity Generating Board of the United Kingdom R-6 failure assessment diagram.
The failure assessment diagram recognizes both brittle fracture and net section collapse of the flawed structure. It is a safety/failure plane defined by the stress-intensity factor/fracture toughness ratio (Kr) as the ordinate and the applied stress/net section plastic collapse stress ratio (Sr) as the abscissa. For a particular stress level and defect size, the coordinates (Sr, Kr) can be easily calculated. If the assessment point lies inside the failure assessment curve, the structure is safe. The distance of the assessment point from the curve is a direct measure of the margin of safety of the assessed structure.
The procedure can handle ductile tearing by redefining the failure assessment curve as the boundary between stable and unstable crack growth. Application of this approach to 2024-T351 aluminum center-cracked panels using plane-stress JR resistance curves developed from compact specimens has given predictions of maximum load to within 2% of experimental values.
An additional example problem of a cracked pressure vessel is included which demonstrates the applicability of this procedure to real structures. Lastly, limitations of the deformation plasticity failure assessment diagram are discussed.
Effect of Manufacturing Defects and Service-Induced Damage on the Strength of Aircraft Composite Structures
Authors: Garrett RA 
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the effects of manufacturing defects and service-induced damage on the static and fatigue strength of aircraft composite structures.
Seven manufacturing defects associated with mechanical fasteners were investigated; out-of-round holes, delaminations at the exit side of drilled holes, porosity, improper fastener seating depth, tilted countersinks, interference fit, and multiple fastener installation and removal cycles. Both static and fatigue test results are described, along with correlation with analysis techniques. The interaction of the effects of these defects on hole wear, measured in fatigue tests of structural joints, is described.
The effects of two types of service-induced damage are also described; low-energy impact damage and penetration damage. The relative sizes of visible and non-visible damage as determined by visual and nondestructive inspection techniques are compared. An evaluation of stitching and the inclusion of glass or Kevlar fiber buffer strips to improve the damage tolerance of carbon/epoxy structures is included. Results of tests of carbon/epoxy panel structures are discussed. Correlation of experimental results with predicted residual static strength is good.
Development of Test and Analysis Methods for Thick-Wall, Graphite/Epoxy Filament-Wound Composite Materials Fracture Toughness
Authors: Riddle RA , Beckwith SW 
Published: December 2008

Fracture control techniques for full-scale structural articles generally require laboratory test data, analysis of key parameters, and evaluation using fracture mechanics techniques. These parameters, usually fracture toughness or critical strain energy release rate, are often measured for metals and even thin-wall composite materials. However, data on thick-wall composites greater than 25 mm is virtually nonexistent.
The Space Shuttle solid rocket booster case is currently designed using D6AC steel. However, considerable weight savings are achieved by using conventional filament-wound composites to replace the steel case. The Filament Wound Case (FWC) program is aimed at developing graphite/epoxy composite segments for the Space Shuttle.
Each FWC segment is 5.9 to 8.2 m (19.5 to 27.0 ft) in length and 3.7 m (12 ft) in diameter. The thickness of the composite varies from 28 mm (1.12 in.) in the center, or membrane region, to 46 mm (1.8 in.) in the joint region. The layup in the membrane region consists of 11 layers of ±29° helical and 90° hoop fibers with the Hercules AS4-12K graphite and HBRF-55A resin system. In the joint region, 0° broadgoods are inserted to increase strength and stiffness. The joint helical and hoop layers are also Hercules AS4-12K graphite fiber with HBRF-55A resin, while the 0° broadgoods are AS4-12K graphite prepreg with 3501-5A resin.
As part of the fracture control program, emphasis was placed on the development of specific test methods to measure pertinent fracture parameters for the thick-wall, filament-wound graphite composite. This paper discusses several of the samples selected and analyzed to date as well as the experimental results derived from full-thickness samples removed from a dissected composite segment.
Test methods currently include both Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness measurements. Interlaminar fracture toughness and strain energy release rates were determined for both modes using a double cantilever beam and modified rail shear test, respectively. Mode I cross-ply fracture toughness was determined using a wide, double-edge notch specimen. Finite-element analyses were conducted on all of the specimens. A J-integral post processor was used to develop corresponding Mode I and Mode II strain energy release rates.
The values determined from the thick-wall, filament-wound composites were compared to other data from autoclaved systems reported in the open literature. Problems encountered in testing these thick-wall samples and existing analysis limitations are also discussed.
Effect of Stress Biaxiality on the Transverse Tensile Strain-to-Failure of Composites
Authors: Nicholls DJ 
Published: December 2008

Thermoplastic matrices are now available with neat resin strain-to-failure values of up to 100%. These high strain-to-failure values could be expected to result in dramatically higher transverse strain-to-failure values in thermoplastic composites than epoxy composites. However, measurements of the transverse strain-to-failure of some thermoplastic composites have revealed only a modest increase in transverse strain capability. The objective of this work was to show that the matrix is biaxially stressed in a transverse tension test and that this significantly reduced strain-to-failure values.
To accomplish this objective, a specimen configuration was designed to introduce biaxial stresses into the neat resin. Data was generated on polyetheretherketone and polycarbonate, both ductile thermoplastics. Test results showed that biaxial stresses reduced the strain-to-failure of these materials by well over an order of magnitude. Thus, this work shows that, while a thermoplastic matrix's ductility may translate into composite toughness and delamination resistance, it does not necessarily translate into dramatically increased composite transverse strain-to-failure values.
Mechanism of Hydration of Cement Blended with Fly Ashes
Authors: Tenoutasse N , Marion A-M 
Published: December 2008

Selective dissolution of different Belgian fly ashes (FAs) with water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and hydrofluoric acid (HF) solutions was investigated by chemical and microscopical techniques.
In regard to the use of fly ash for blended cement fabrication, the behavior of FAs was also studied in lime saturated solution.
The release of different oxides from FA in water, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution, gives useful data about the influence of Belgian FA in blended cement hydration. The chemical analysis of liquid phase (from 8 h to 28 days) confirms the pozzolanic activity of FAs in lime saturated solution. Chemical data and microscopical examination demonstrate that all the sulfate and most of the potassium oxide (K2O) content of the FAs particles are in the superficial layers, whereas sodium oxide (Na2O) is dispersed in all the amorphous phase.
The influence of FA substitution on the microstructure of hydrated normal portland cement (OPC) pastes was also studied. FA act to increase the total porosity. After 4 months of hydration, the pore size distribution of systems with low FA content is rather similar to that of the pure paste.
The pozzolanic activity of FAs was investigated by microscopical study and free lime determination of the mixtures. A significant pozzolanic activity of FAs was observed after 14 days.
Present Situation of Cement Standardization in Europe
Authors: Dutron P 
Published: December 2008

Since 1973 and at the request of the European Community which aims at removing trade barriers, the CEN (European Committee for Standardization) has undertaken to draft European standards (EN) for cements. Information is given on the progress of this work: 1. EN standards concerning test procedures and based on former International Organization for Standards (ISO) recommendations are for the major part ready for the final vote. 2. A draft nomenclature of cements, with particular emphasis being given to composite cements as a result of the energy crisis, has been drawn up while preliminary proposals for quality requirements are under consideration.
An analysis is also made of the contents of cement standards in European countries. Information is then given about the relative size of the current production of these four groups of cement—portland, portland composite (containing blast-furnace slag, natural pozzolana, fly ash, or even filler), blast-furnace, and pozzolanic—in Europe and in several other regions. Finally, possible developments in the types of cements to be produced between now and the end of the century are reviewed briefly.
Aspects of Lubricant Oxidation
Authors: Stadtmiller WH , Smith AN 
Published: December 2008

Description
The Symposium on Oxidation was sponsored by ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and its subcommittees D02.C on Turbine Oils and D02.09 on Oxidation. Four papers were presented, and all four appear in this publication entitled Aspects of Lubricant Oxidation.
Europa und der Nahe Osten. Der transkulturelle Vergleich in der Vormoderne und die Meistererzählungen über den IslamEurope and the Near East. Transcultural Comparison in Pre-Modern History and the Master Narratives on Islam
Authors: Höfert Almut 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung
In der komparativen Debatte der letzten Jahre waren Beiträge aus der Vormoderne verhältnismäßig wenig vertreten, obgleich Perspektiven aus der Zeit vor 1800 gewinnbringend mit einbezogen werden können. Als ein transkultureller Vergleich wird hier ein Vergleich verstanden, der über die historiographisch gesetzten Zivilisationsgrenzen hinausgeht. Diese Definition ergibt sich aus der herausragenden Rolle, die das Zivilisationsparadigma in der Forschung spielt. Das daraus resultierende historiographische Erbe stellt einem transkulturellen Vergleich, der die von den Zivilisationsgrenzen postulierten Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede durch seine Fallstudien kritisch überprüfen möchte, konzeptionelle Hindernisse entgegen. Im folgenden werden die Probleme thematisiert, die allgemeine Wissenskategorien betreffen, die in den Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften am europäischen Beispiel entwickelt wurden, inzwischen aber global angewandt werden, wobei hier zwischen einem konzeptionellen und einem institutionellen Eurozentrismus unterschieden wird. Der nächste Abschnitt befaßt sich mit den Meistererzählungen über den Islam, deren Kenntnis für einen europäisch-nahöstlichen Vergleich gleichfalls unabdingbar ist, und schlägt vor, als Oberbegriff nicht mehr von einer islamischen, sondern einer nahöstlichen Geschichte zu sprechen  genauso wie zwischen einer europäischen und einer christlichen Geschichte unterschieden wird. Aus diesen Darlegungen ergibt sich schließlich für den transkulturellen Vergleich, daß dessen Kategorien auf mögliche Präfigurationen des Zivilisationsparadigmas überprüft werden sollten, um einen ergebnisoffenen Vergleich zu ermöglichen.
Mission im 19. Jahrhundert. Globale Netze des ReligiösenMission in the 19th century. Global Networks of Religion
Authors: Habermas Rebekka 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung
Der Stellenwert von Missionen in der deutschen Gesellschaft des 19. Jahrhunderts wird  so das zentrale Argument des Beitrags  nach wie vor unterschätzt, und zwar gleich in zweierlei Hinsicht: Erstens entstanden neben den Missionsgesellschaften und -orden, die Missionare ausbildeten und ins Außereuropäische schickten, in allen Städten und vielen Dörfern hunderte, ja tausende von Missionsvereinen, die bei Vortragsveranstaltungen, Ausstellungen und schließlich auch Diavorträgen Berichte aus Afrika, Indien und Südamerika in jeden noch so kleinen Ort brachten. Gleichzeitig verknüpften sich diese lokalen Initiativen untereinander und schufen so nationale, aber auch transnationale Netze des Religiösen. So standen z. B. über Zeitschriften und auch persönliche Begegnungen rheinische Fabrikortschaften mit der London Missionary Society und Heidedörfer mit dem Transvaal in Verbindung. Zweitens entstanden nicht zuletzt über solche Netze Kommunikationszusammenhänge, die weit über die engen konfessionellen Grenzen hinaus die zentralen Debatten des 19. Jahrhunderts mitbestimmten. So strukturierten sie etwa Diskussionen über die soziale Frage so nachhaltig mit, daß selbst radikale Vordenker wie Friedrich Engels religiösen Argumentationslogiken und Bildern folgten, wie sie aus der zeitgenössischen äußeren und inneren Mission bekannt sind. Die über die katholischen und protestantischen Missionen geschaffenen Öffentlichkeiten bildeten nämlich keineswegs isolierte Sphären, sondern waren Teil einer Gesellschaft, die im 19. Jahrhundert noch weit religiöser und schon weit globaler war als lange angenommen.
Ideologische Fackeln im Sturm. Die Genoveses und die Diskurse der HerrenklasseIdeological North and South. The Genoveses and the Discourses of the Master Class
Authors: Finzsch Norbert 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung
Zugleich Besprechung von:

E. Fox-Genovese/ E. D. Genovese, The Mind of the Master Class. History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders′ Worldview
The Rise of Spanish and Latin American Criminal Theory
Authors: Chiesa Luis E. 
Published: December 2008

As the contributions to this two-part special issue demonstrate, Spanish and Latin American criminal theory has attained a remarkable degree of sophistication. Regrettably, Anglo-American scholars have had limited access to this rich body of literature. With this volume, the New Criminal Law Review has taken a very important first step toward rectifying this situation.
Although the articles written for this special issue cover a vast range of subjects, they can be divided into four main categories: (1) the legitimacy of the criminal sanction, (2) the punishability of omissions, (3) the challenges that international criminal law and the fight against terrorism pose to criminal theory, and (4) the theory of justification and excuse. The articles pertaining to the first two categories will appear in the first half of this special issue (Volume 11, Number 3) and the pieces belonging to the third and fourth categories will be published in the upcoming second half (Volume 11, Number 4). In accordance with this general structure, in the pages that follow I will provide a brief summary and critique of the pieces contained in both parts.