bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of rehabilitation on chest wall volume regulation during exercise in COPD patients
Authors: Georgiadou O. , Vogiatzis I. , Stratakos G. , Koutsoukou A. , Golemati S. , Aliverti A. , Roussos C. , Zakynthinos S. 
Published: November 2006

In order to investigate underlying mechanisms, the present authors studied the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on the regulation of total chest wall and compartmental (ribcage, abdominal) volumes during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.In total, 20 patients (forced expiratory volume in one second, mean±sem39±3% predicted) undertook high-intensity exercise 3 days·week-1for 12 weeks. Before and after rehabilitation, the changes in chest wall (cw) volumes at the end of expiration (EEV) and inspiration (EIV) were computed by optoelectronic plethysmography during incremental exercise to the limit of tolerance (Wpeak).Rehabilitation significantly improved Wpeak(57±7versus47±5 W). In the post-rehabilitation period and at identical work rates, significant reductions were observed in minute ventilation (35.1±2.7versus38.4±2.7 L·min-1), breathing frequency (26±1versus29±1 breaths·min-1) and EEVcwand EIVcw(by 182±79 and 136±37 mL, respectively). Inspiratory reserve volume was significantly increased (by 148±70 mL). Volume reductions were attributed to significant changes in abdominal EEV and EIV (by 163±59 and 125±27 mL, respectively). The improvement in Wpeakwas similar in patients who progressively hyperinflated during exercise and those who did not (24 and 26%, respectively).In conclusion, pulmonary rehabilitation lowers chest wall volumes during exercise by decreasing the abdominal volumes. The improvement in exercise capacity following rehabilitation is independent of the pattern of exercise-induced dynamic hyperinflation.
No association between polymorphisms in the BDNF gene and age at onset in Huntington disease
Authors: Mai Maren , Akkad Amer D , Wieczorek Stefan , Saft Carsten , Andrich Jürgen , Kraus Peter H , Epplen Jörg T , Arning Larissa 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Recent evidence suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an attractive candidate for modifying age at onset (AO) in Huntington disease (HD). In particular, the functional Val66Met polymorphism appeared to exert a significant effect. Here we evaluate BDNF variability with respect to AO of HD using markers that represent the entire locus.

Methods
Five selected tagging polymorphisms were genotyped across a 65 kb region comprising the BDNF gene in a well established cohort of 250 unrelated German HD patients.

Results
Addition of BDNF genotype variations or one of the marker haplotypes to the effect of CAG repeat lengths did not affect the variance of the AO.

Conclusion
We were unable to verify a recently reported association between the functional Val66Met polymorphism in the BDNF gene and AO in HD. From our findings, we conclude that neither sequence variations in nor near the gene contribute significantly to the variance of AO.
Metabolic network driven analysis of genome-wide transcription data from Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: David Helga , Hofmann Gerald , Oliveira Ana Paula , Jarmer Hanne , Nielsen Jens 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Background
Aspergillus nidulans (the asexual form of Emericella nidulans) is a model organism for aspergilli, which are an important group of filamentous fungi that encompasses human and plant pathogens as well as industrial cell factories. Aspergilli have a highly diversified metabolism and, because of their medical, agricultural and biotechnological importance, it would be valuable to have an understanding of how their metabolism is regulated. We therefore conducted a genome-wide transcription analysis of A. nidulans grown on three different carbon sources (glucose, glycerol, and ethanol) with the objective of identifying global regulatory structures. Furthermore, we reconstructed the complete metabolic network of this organism, which resulted in linking 666 genes to metabolic functions, as well as assigning metabolic roles to 472 genes that were previously uncharacterized.

Results
Through combination of the reconstructed metabolic network and the transcription data, we identified subnetwork structures that pointed to coordinated regulation of genes that are involved in many different parts of the metabolism. Thus, for a shift from glucose to ethanol, we identified coordinated regulation of the complete pathway for oxidation of ethanol, as well as upregulation of gluconeogenesis and downregulation of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Furthermore, on change in carbon source from glucose to ethanol, the cells shift from using the pentose phosphate pathway as the major source of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase, reduced form) for biosynthesis to use of the malic enzyme.

Conclusion
Our analysis indicates that some of the genes are regulated by common transcription factors, making it possible to establish new putative links between known transcription factors and genes through clustering.
Systematic screening of polyphosphate (poly P) levels in yeast mutant cells reveals strong interdependence with primary metabolism
Authors: Freimoser Florian M , Hürlimann Hans Caspar , Jakob Claude A , Werner Thomas P , Amrhein Nikolaus 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Background
Inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) occurs universally in all organisms from bacteria to man. It functions, for example, as a phosphate and energy store, and is involved in the activation and regulation of proteins. Despite its ubiquitous occurrence and important functions, it is unclear how poly P is synthesized or how poly P metabolism is regulated in higher eukaryotes. This work describes a systematic analysis of poly P levels in yeast knockout strains mutated in almost every non-essential gene.

Results
After three consecutive screens, 255 genes (almost 4% of the yeast genome) were found to be involved in the maintenance of normal poly P content. Many of these genes encoded proteins functioning in the cytoplasm, the vacuole or in transport and transcription. Besides reduced poly P content, many strains also exhibited reduced total phosphate content, showed altered ATP and glycogen levels and were disturbed in the secretion of acid phosphatase.

Conclusion
Cellular energy and phosphate homeostasis is suggested to result from the equilibrium between poly P, ATP and free phosphate within the cell. Poly P serves as a buffer for both ATP and free phosphate levels and is, therefore, the least essential and consequently most variable component in this network. However, strains with reduced poly P levels are not only affected in their ATP and phosphate content, but also in other components that depend on ATP or free phosphate content, such as glycogen or secreted phosphatase activity.
The human EGF-TM7 receptor EMR3 is a marker for mature granulocytes
Authors: Matmati Mourad , Pouwels Walter , van Bruggen Robin , Jansen Machiel , Hoek Robert M , Verhoeven Arthur J , Hamann Jörg 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEMR3 is a member of the epidermal growth factor-seven-transmembrane (EGF-TM7) family of adhesion class TM7 receptors. This family also comprises CD97, EMR1, EMR2, and EMR4. To characterize human EMR3 at the protein level, we generated Armenian hamster mAb. Using the mAb 3D7, we here demonstrate that EMR3, like other EGF-TM7 receptors, is expressed at the cell surface as a heterodimeric molecule consisting of a long extracellular α-chain, which possesses at its N-terminus EGF-like domains and a membrane-spanning β-chain. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that all types of myeloid cells express EMR3. In peripheral blood, the highest expression of EMR3 was found on granulocytes. More mature CD16+ monocytes express high levels of EMR3, and CD16– monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (DC) are EMR3dim/low. Lymphocytes and plasmacytoid DC are EMR3–. It is interesting that in contrast with CD97 and EMR2, CD34+CD33–/CD38– committed hematopoietic stem cells and CD34+CD33+/CD38+ progenitors in bone marrow do not express EMR3. In vitro differentiation of HL-60 cells and CD34+ progenitor cells revealed that EMR3 is only up-regulated during late granulopoiesis. These results demonstrate that the expression of EGF-TM7 receptors on myeloid cells is differentially regulated. EMR3 is the first family member found mainly on granulocytes.
Detection of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Variations by Partially Denaturing HPLC
Authors: Chin Tan Min , Anuar Diyanah , Soo Ross , Salto-Tellez Manuel , Li Wei Qi , Ahmad Baidah , Lee Soo Chin , Goh Boon Cher , Kawakami Kazuyuki , Segal Amanda , Iacopetta Barry , Soong Richie 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) variants may be useful markers for identifying responders to gefitinib and erlotinib, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors of EGFR; therefore, sensitive and cost-effective assays are needed to detect EGFR variants in routine clinical samples. We have developed a partially denaturing HPLC (pDHPLC) assay that is superior to direct sequencing with respect to detection limits, costs, and time requirements.
Methods: Primers, temperatures, and buffer conditions were optimized for PCR-pDHPLC analysis of EGFR exons 18–21. We evaluated the detection limits of pDHPLC and direct sequencing by analyzing mixtures of wild-type and variant EGFR DNA and screened 192 lung cancer samples to examine the diversity of pDHPLC-detectable variants. To assess amenability to routine analysis, we tested lung and pleural tissue specimens from 14 lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib.
Results: The detection limits for variant alleles were 1:100 for pDHPLC and 1:5 for direct sequencing. pDHPLC analysis detected 26 unique EGFR variants, including the common deletions in exon 19 and substitutions in codons 787 and 858. Direct sequencing could not identify 30% (18 of 60) of the variant amplicons identified by pDHPLC. We identified these 18 amplicons by fraction collection after pDHPLC analysis. Analysis of a limited series of lung biopsy samples detected EGFR variants more frequently in gefitinib responders than in nonresponders. pDHPLC analysis was 56% less expensive and 39% faster than direct sequencing.
Conclusions: pDHPLC-based analysis detects EGFR variations in routine clinical samples with a better detection limit and lower cost and time requirement than direct sequencing.
Investigation of Interaction Between Coolant Formulations and Flux Loading/Compositions in Controlled Atmosphere Brazed (CAB) Aluminum Surfaces in Heat Exchanger Applications
Authors: Jeffcoate C , Ranger M , Grajzl J , Yang B , Woyciesjes P , Gershun A 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
An investigation was made into the effects of flux formulation and after brazing residue on the pitting potential of the aluminum surface in various types of coolants during laboratory evaluations. Samples of CAB brazed radiator header alloy aluminum, with various flux loadings, were supplied by Behr and the Ford Motor Company. The flux is generally in the form of potassium fluoroaluminate, general formula K1–3AIF4–6.xH2O. The samples in the flux loading study were all passed through the brazing ovens with the following flux loadings: • No flux, • Half the regular amount of flux, • The regular amount of flux, • Double the regular amount of flux, • Regular amount of flux over half of the surface area. The individual coolants used in the flux loading study were 25 % volumes of the following, each with 100 ppm of chloride: • Conventional, • Hybrid (HOAT), • Organic Acid (OAT), • Modified Organic Acid (MOAT). In the flux composition study, different compositions of potassium fluoroaluminate from three different suppliers were evaluated with hybrid type coolant. All the aluminum samples were run according to a Ford Laboratory Test Method (FLTM) BL105-01 “A Rapid Method to Predict the Effectiveness of Inhibited Coolants in Aluminum Heat Exchangers” [1]. The samples were heated and boiled in coolant for 1 h. The temperature was lowered to 70°C and the samples were electrochemically tested by either potentiodynamic polarization or modified Ford FLTM BL105-01. Each coolant at the end of the test was submitted for chemical analysis of fluoride content. The electrochemical results of the flux loading study showed that the higher the flux loading on the aluminum header material, the easier it is to initiate corrosion. Chemical analysis showed the presence of significant quantities of fluoride in the end of test fluids. As the only fluoride-containing component of the system is the flux residue, it was concluded that fluoride leached from the flux residue. The second study showed that not all potassium fluoroaluminate brazing flux is alike. Samples of three fluxes from three different suppliers of the same loading on aluminum were tested with hybrid coolant. When subjected to heating and potentiodynamic polarization, significantly different results were obtained from the three different fluxes.
Evaluation of Techniques for the Marking of Mummichogs with Emphasis on Visible Implant Elastomer
Authors: Skinner Marc A. , Courtenay Simon C. , Parker W. Roy , Curry R. Allen 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We conducted two experiments to determine the most appropriate method for use in a mark–recapture study of movements of the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. In the first experiment, 315 mummichogs were marked with fin clips, fingerling tags, acrylic paint, or visible implant elastomer (VIE) and were held for 144 d. Percent tag retention (98.5%) and survival (100%) were highest for the VIE group, and no negative effect was observed on length growth. This led to a more detailed experiment (167 d) to assess potential negative effects of VIE on the growth and survival of 144 mummichogs marked on various body locations; we also assessed mark retention and readability in this experiment. No negative effects on growth were detected; mean daily length increases ranged from 0.04 to 0.12 mm, and specific growth rates for all groups ranged from 0.129% to 0.470%. Mean survival of all groups was 90.8% (range = 66.7–100%) and was higher in marked groups than controls. All marks were retained and visible without the aid of a light-emitting diode light at the end of the experiment, thus demonstrating that VIE is a suitable method for the marking of mummichogs.
Effect of Pelvic Fin Ray Removal on Survival and Growth of Bull Trout
Authors: Zymonas Nikolas D. , McMahon Thomas E. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Fin rays offer a viable alternative to scales and otoliths for determining ages of threatened salmonids, but information on potential side effects from their removal is limited. We conducted a laboratory study to assess the effects of removal of three pelvic fin rays on the survival and growth of two age-groups of bull trout Salvelinus confluentus (age 3: 209–298 mm standard length [SL]; age 4: 294–362 mm SL). Survival was similar between fin-ray-excised fish (≥73%) and control fish (≥69%) at each stage during the 169-d study (P &gt; 0.85). Survival was also similar within age-3 (fin ray excision: ≥39%; control: ≥30%; P &gt; 0.42) and age-4 bull trout (fin ray excision: ≥94%; control: ≥94%; P &gt; 0.86), although a bacterial coldwater infection disproportionately caused higher mortality in age-3 fish for both test groups. Growth also did not differ between treatment and control groups of either age-3 or age-4 fish (P &gt; 0.38). The fin excision wound was completely healed in 56% of treatment fish by day 33 and in 96% by day 126. Excised fin rays regenerated at the rate of 0.25% per day in 92% of treatment fish, attaining nearly one-half (42%) of the estimated total length by the end of the study; 90% regeneration was predicted to occur in about 13 months. Results suggest that removal of pelvic fin rays for aging is probably not deleterious to bull trout over the size range examined.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Cohen Seth M. , Petryk Magdalena , Varma Mala , Kozuch Peter S. , Ames Elizabeth D. , Grossbard Michael L. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Outline the definition and classification of MALT lymphoma.Summarize the current understanding of the pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma.Articulate treatment options for patients with MALT lymphoma.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
The concept of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas was introduced by Isaacson and Wright [Cancer 1983; 52:1410–1416] in 1983. After more than 20 years of clinical research MALT lymphomas are now recognized as a distinct subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with unique pathogenic, histological, and clinical features. Although this subtype of NHL occurs frequently, optimal management remains elusive. This manuscript reviews features of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathology, molecular characteristics, and management of both gastric and non-gastric MALT lymphoma.
Predisposing factors for small colon impaction in horses and outcome of medical and surgical treatment: 44 cases (1999–2004)
Authors: Frederico Lisa M. , Jones Samuel L. , Blikslager Anthony T. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To identify factors associated with development of small colon impaction in horses and with selection of medical versus surgical treatment and to determine the prognosis for affected horses following medical or surgical management.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—44 horses with primary impaction of the small colon.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for signalment, history, clinical findings, treatment (medical vs surgical), hospitalization time, and outcome. For comparison purposes, the same information was collected for 83 horses with primary impaction of the large colon.
Results—Diarrhea was the only factor found to be associated with development of small colon impaction. Horses with small colon impaction were 10.8 times as likely to have diarrhea at the time of initial examination as were horses with large colon impaction. Abdominal distension was the only factor associated with use of surgical versus medical treatment. Horses with small colon impaction that were treated surgically were 5.2 times as likely to have had abdominal distension at the time of admission as were horses with small colon impaction that were treated medically. Overall, 21 of 23 (91%) horses treated medically and 20 of 21 (95%) horses treated surgically survived to discharge.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that diarrhea may be a risk factor for development of small colon impaction and that horses with small colon impaction that have abdominal distension at the time of initial examination are more likely to require surgical than medical treatment.
Primary odorants of laundry soiled with sweat/sebum: Influence of lipase on the odor profile
Authors: Munk Signe , Münch Petra , Stahnke Louise , Adler‐Nissen Jens , Schieberle Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOdorants still attached to laundry soiled with human axillary sweat and sebum after a mild washing procedure [European full‐scale, short‐cycle wash (20 min wash, 15 min rinse) at 30°C, using color detergent, at 3.5 g/L] were extracted and analyzed by aroma extract dilution analysis. Esters (ethyl‐2‐methylpropanoate and ethylbutanoate), ketones (1‐hexen‐3‐one and 1‐octen‐3‐one) and, in particular, aldehydes [(Z)‐4‐heptenal, octanal, (E)‐2‐octenal, methional, (Z)‐2‐nonenal, (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal, (E,Z)‐2,4‐nonadienal, (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal, and 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde] were identified as primary odorants. Organic acids, which are dominant characteristic odorants in human axillary sweat, were, on the other hand, effectively removed during the washing process. The influence of lipase activity on the odor profile was investigated by analyzing selected sets of textile swatches, sampled from the right/left axillary of male runners, washed in the presence or absence of lipase. The swatches were examined by a sensory ranking analysis prior to the analytical odor analysis. Swatches selected for the subsequent odor analysis possessed greater odor intensity when washed in the presence of lipase than the corresponding swatches washed in the absence of lipase. The aroma extract dilution analysis revealed that aldehydes were present in slightly greater concentrations in swatches washed in the presence of lipase. The aldehydes are believed to be formed through oxidative degradation of triglycerides present in human sebum, which may be facilitated by lipase. Based on sensory panel results and dilution analysis of odorants, the impact of lipase on the odor impression was, however, minor and thus believed to be inadequate as explanation for malodor generation in laundry as experienced by the consumer.
Drag‐reducing surfactants
Authors: Hellsten Martin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough drag reduction by polymers has become common practice for the pipeline transport of crude oil, drag reduction by surfactants for district heating or cooling has so far been applied only in Japan. Resistance to the adoption of this approach by the rest of the world is based on environmental concerns and the reduced capacity of heat exchangers that are all designed for turbulent flow. Newly developed types of drag‐reducing surfactants with improved biodegradability and the ongoing activity to find more suitable exchanger designs will, it is to be hoped, lead to a widespread use of this promising technology.
Multiple linear regression modeling of the critical micelle concentration of alkyltrimethylammonium and alkylpyridinium salts
Authors: Jalali‐Heravi M. , Konouz E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe critical micelle concentration (CMC) of a set of 30 alkyltrimethylammonium [RN+(R′)3X−] and alkylpyridinium salts [RN+ΦX−] was related to topological, electronic, and molecular structure parameters using a stepwise regression method. Among different models obtained, two equations were selected as the best and their specifications are given. The statistics for these models together with the crossvalidation results indicate the capability of both models to predict the CMC of cationic surfactants. The results obtained for alkyltrimethylammonium salts indicate that geometric characteristics such as volume of the tail of the molecule, maximum distance between the atoms, and surface area play a major role in micelle formation. However, the simultaneous modeling of the CMC of both alkyltrimethylammonium and alkylpyridinium salts indicates that the topological descriptors of the Balaban and Randic indices and also the electronic parameter of total energy of the molecules are important.
Synthesis and characterization of glucosamide‐based trisiloxane gemini surfactants
Authors: Han Fu , Zhang Gaoyong 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new family of glucosamide‐based trisiloxane gemini surfactants of the general formula (CH2OCH2)n (Me3SiOSiMeR1OSiMe3)2 (where R1=(CH2)3NR2(CH2)2NHCO (CHOH)4CH2OH; R2=CH2CH(OH)CH2OCH2; and n=0, 1, or 2) was prepared and characterized, both structurally and as aqueous surfactants. The monomer was prepared by amidation of the precursor amine functional trisiloxane with d‐gluconic acid δ‐lactone. Gemini surfactants were then prepared by the alkylation of the precursor secondary amine with oligoethylene glycol diglycidyl ethers. They were structurally and elemental analysis. Members of this family reduced the surface tension of water to approximately 21 mN/m at concentration levels of 10−5 mol/L. These gemini compounds showed two critical aggregation concentration values. This behavior resulted from the formation of premicellar aggregates before true micelles were formed.