bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical and microbiological surveys on the effects of dithiocarbamate fungicides on wine‐making
Authors: Cantarelli C. , Tafuri F. , Martini A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hygienic and technical problems which arise in production of wine from grapes treated with zineb have been examined in experiments carried out under conventional conditions and in small‐scale wine‐making processes.Yeast can develop and ferment even in the presence of relatively large amounts of zineb (up to 500 p.p.m.), the fungicide itself causing some increase in the rate of fermentation.Yeast appears to absorb zineb and to utilise it (as well as other forms of sulphur commonly used to treat wines) and to produce hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans, the fermentation balance being substantially unmodified.In practical conditions the treatment with zineb spray does not appear to influence the composition of natural yeast flora of grapes.The amount of residues recovered on treated grapes is very low (less than I p.p.m.). After the grapes have been crushed these residues are found in the must and at the end of fermentation the main part is collected in the lees after decantation of the wine, and they are recovered unmodified.Hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide and mercaptans are produced proportionally to the dose of zineb present in the must. The real influence of the traces of this fungicide on the composition and on the flavour of wine appears to be negligible.
Variations in the composition of apple leaves and the errors associated with sampling
Authors: Moon F. E. , Hymas Gillian K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntensive leaf sampling of two Cox apple trees was used to study factors affecting yield of leaf dry matter and the nitrogen and mineral contents of the dry matter. Significant differences were found between main branches of the same tree, between different heights of sampling and between non‐fruiting spur leaves on old wood and leaves on new extension growths. Leaf position on new extension growths also affected composition and there were some significant interactions between the main factors. The significance of the results in relation to routine sampling methods is discussed and the need for further sampling investigations emphasised.
Determination of organic acids in silage by silica gel chromatography
Authors: Wilson R. F. , Tilley J. M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the separation of butyric, propionic, acetic, formic, succinic and lactic acids from silage extracts by chromatography on columns of silica gel eluted with mixtures of benzene and n‐butanol. Separated acids were estimated by titration with barium hydroxide solution. The method has been applied to silages made from pure species of herbages at different stages of growth and receiving different treatments before ensilage.Lactic acid concentrations up to 11.5% of the dry matter were recorded, giving rise to low pH values. Butyric acid concentrations of up to 5% raised the pH and under these conditions only small amounts of lactic acid were present; propionic acid concentrations rose to 1–2% in some cases and trace amounts of formic acid could be detected. Acetic acid was present in all silages at concentrations of up to 7% of the dry matter, and appeared to fall off as the nitrogen content of the crop decreased. As the herbage matured, the total acid concentration of the silage decreased.
Physiological studies of the storage of green peas
Authors: Wager H. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGas storage of green peas was found to be effective only in certain seasons.Peas deteriorated more slowly when stored in pods than when stored shelled. This was not the result of the gas mixture round the peas, wilting, bruising or volatiles. Much material moved from the pods to the peas during storage. The respiration of the peas appeared to change little on shelling but the pods, after removal of the peas, showed a slow rise in rate followed by a slow fall. The movement of a hormone type of compound from the pod to the pea is postulated.
The penetration by and distribution of calcium and bisulphite ions during potato scalding and hot‐air dehydration
Authors: McWeeny D. J. , Moody J. P. , Burton H. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe manner in which sodium metabisulphite is taken up by potato tissue from boiling aqueous solution has been investigated in respect of depth of penetration, extent of uptake and scalding time: uptake relationships. The extent to which 45Ca and 35S migrate to the centre of potato strips during hot‐air drying after scalding in solutions of 45CaCl2 and NaH35SO3 has been examined autoradiographically. 45Ca is more uniformly distributed than 35S which shows a greater tendency to concentrate at the strip centres. Losses in measurable SO2 during hot‐air dehydration are predominantly chemical rather than physical.
Low caloric value of carobs as the possible cause of growth depression in chicks
Authors: Alumot Eugenia , Nachtomi Edna , Bornstein S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive trials were conducted to elucidate the cause of the growth‐inhibitory effect of carob meal in chick rations, with special emphasis on estimating its productive energy value. The growth‐depressing factor of carob meal could not be extracted with methanol, ethanol or ethyl acetate. Consecutive extractions with cold and hot water left a residue which did not affect growth. The cold‐water extract had a slight, and the hot water extract a distinct, inhibitory effect on feed consumption, without affecting feed utilisation. This reduced feed intake may be due to the presence of tannin‐like compounds, which seem to affect appetite.Supplementation of diets containing carob with fat resulted in growth similar to that of the control. The data presented indicate that carobs do not contain any toxic factors and that their low caloric value is the major factor responsible for growth depression. The energy value of carobs should be calculated on the basis of their sugar content as the only nutrient available to the chicks.
The disulphide group content of flour and dough
Authors: Axford D. W. E. , Elton G. A. H. , Tice B. B. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEarlier work reporting an inverse relationship between the disulphide group content of flour protein and the protein content of flour has been followed by measurements of the disulphide group content of the soluble protein in flour. These have been found to vary with the protein content of the flour in a way similar to that of the disulphide group contents of the total proteins, but over a smaller range. Further experimental work on changes in the titratable sulphur in flour doughs on severe mixing has led to the conclusion that these do not provide any conclusive evidence for the occurrence of mechanical scission of disulphide bonds, and attempts to demonstrate this by other means have also so far proved unsuccessful.
Studies on rumen metabolism. II.—in vivo hydrolysis and hydrogenation of lipid
Authors: Hawke J. C. , Robertson J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hydrolysis and hydrogenation of grass and clover lipids and linseed oil have been followed in fistulated twin cows. Mono‐ and di‐glycerides, in addition to fatty acids, were found in the rumen liquor after infusion of linseed oil into the rumen. The proportions of linoleic acid found in rumen liquor 6.5 h. after infusion of linseed oil were above normal, but the proportions of linolenic acid had returned to about the pre‐feeding level in this time. The free fatty acids were more saturated than the unhydrolysed triglycerides, but the proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in the partially hydrolysed glycerides were not greatly different to those of the triglycerides.
Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus). X.—histidine and free sugars in herring flesh
Authors: Hughes R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFree histidine was isolated from herring flesh and characterised. Its distribution in the musculature of the fish was measured, and the total content compared with that in the pilchard (Clupea pilchardus). The loss of the amino‐acid which occurs during heat‐processing was studied in relation to free sugars and sugar‐containing compounds. Measurements of the glucose content of fresh Scottish East Coast herring suggested that a maximum occurs in late June, coinciding with maximum oil content.
Biosynthesis of fat in ripening coconut: The in vivo ‘quantum’ synthesis of triglycerides
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFats from ripening coconut at oil development stages of 3–100% showed practically no acetyl value by a new sensitive gravimetric technique. It is suggested that biosynthesis of triglycerides in ripening coconut takes place by a ‘quantum’ mechanism, the unit of esterification consisting in the conversion of one glycerol to a triglyceride molecule.
Volatile bases in ryegrass silage
Authors: Jackson R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe steam‐volatile nitrogenous fraction of laboratory silages prepared from short‐rotation ryegrass (Lolium sp.) consisted of ammonia, ethylamine and trimethylamine. The proportions of ethylamine and trimethylamine increased during ensilage, but the ammonia‐nitrogen was never less than 97.8% of the total steam‐volatile nitrogen.Increased nitrogenous fertilisation of the herbage produced silages having higher levels of steam‐volatile nitrogen.Silages prepared from immature hertage had more steam‐volatile nitrogen than those prepared from more mature materials. Fertiliser level and maturity of the herbage had little effect on the composition of the steam‐volatile nitrogenous fraction.The compositions of the steam‐volatile nitrogenous fractions of a number of field silages (perennial ryegrass‐white clover mixtures) were similar to those of the laboratory silages.
Casein. VI.—determination of sialic acid in casein
Authors: Huang Flora Y. Y. , Baker B. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSialic acid isolated from submaxillary gland and also from casein, and synthetic sialic acid have been used as standards in the determination of sialic acid in casein by the thio‐barbituric acid method. Consistently higher results for the apparent sialic acid content of casein were obtained with the synthetic sialic acid than with the sialic acid obtained from biological materials.A study has been made of the effects of conditions of hydrolysis on the apparent concentration of sialic acid in whole casein.
Fat oxidation and storage life of iced trout. II.—the influence of sex and season
Authors: Hansen Poul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe storage life of gutted trout packed in ice varied considerably from as little as 6 days to more than II days. The limiting factor as estimated by peroxide determinations and tasting tests was the development of rancidity in the surface fats of the belly wall. In September, male and female trout kept equally well, while in March female trout could be kept about 3 days longer than male trout. The average storage life of trout in March did not show any consistent difference from that found in September.
Evaluation of Scotch whisky distiller's feeds in poultry rations
Authors: Boruff C. S. , Luthy P. W. , Van Lanen J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractScotch distiller's feeds, by chemical and vitamin analyses, are generally similar to the feeds recovered by the U.S. grain distilling industry. Both Scotch and bourbon distiller's feeds gave equal or better growth as replacements for brewer's yeast, dried skim milk and fish meal in a practical broiler diet. Evidence for the presence of one or more unidentified growth factors in distiller's dried grains, distiller's dried grains with solubles and distiller's dried solubles from both Scotch and bourbon production was obtained by use of a semipurified ration.
Supplementary value of precooked roller‐dried protein foods based on full‐fat soya flour and low‐fat groundnut flour to a poor Indian rice diet
Authors: Shurpalekar S. R. , Korula Soma , Joseph A. A. , Parthasarathy L. , Chandrasekhara M. R. , Swaminathan M. , Sreenivasan A. , Subrahmanyan V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe protein efficiency ratio (PER) and supplementary value to a poor Indian rice diet of precooked roller‐dried protein foods based on full‐fat soya flour and a I : I blend of full‐fat soya flour and low‐fat groundnut flour respectively and fortified with DL‐methionine and certain vitamins and minerals, have been studied using weanling albino rats. The PER of the foods were 2.25 and 1.92 respectively as compared with 3.09 for skim milk powder. Fortification of the foods with DL‐methionine (1.6 g. per 100 g. of protein) improved significantly the PER to 2.99 and 2.52 respectively. Supplementation of a poor rice diet with the above foods to provide about 2.5% extra protein in the diet resulted in a highly significant increase in the growth of rats. No significant differences were observed in the mean protein contents of the carcasses or livers of rats receiving the protein foods or skim milk powder. The livers of rats fed on diets containing the protein foods were quite normal, while those of rats fed on the rice diet showed mild parenchymal damage of protein deficiency type and mild fatty infiltration. Large‐scale production and use of fortified protein foods based on soya and groundnut flours will help effectively in overcoming the incidence of protein malnutrition among young children in developing countries.
Some nutritional aspects of cod liver oil. I.—its essential fatty acid and hypocholesterolaemic activity
Authors: Reed S. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of cod liver oil on rats fed on an unsaturated fatty acid‐deficient diet has been studied. Many of the symptoms of such rats, such as loss of weight, sterility and elevated triene to tetraene fatty acid ratio of the depot fat, are cured by cod liver oil despite the fact that its fatty acids are primarily of the linolenic type. Certain other conditions of the rats, such as dermal symptoms and viability of the young, were not cured by the level of cod liver oil being fed.The rats used in these experiments were also hypercholesterolaemic and the effectiveness of cod liver oil, its ethyl ester and a fraction with high iodine value from it were compared with maize oil in their effectiveness in reducing their serum cholesterol levels. The effectiveness of these oils appeared to be approximately proportional to the number of methylene‐interrupted double bonds of diene unsaturation and upwards present in the fatty acids irrespective of whether the fatty acids were of the linoleic or linolenic types.
Soil nitrogen. VIII.—some factors affectinga correlations between measurements of soil‐N status and crop performance
Authors: Gasser J. K. R. , Jephcott B. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn 1959, samples of 17 soils from sites of experiments testing N fertilisers with barley were used to measure their N status in the laboratory, and 14 of the soils were used to grow ryegrass in pots. In the fresh soils, nitrate‐N and mineral‐N (ammonium‐N + nitrate‐N) were measured and also the increases on incubating the Iresh or re‐wetted air‐dry soil (Δ nitrate‐Nfresh or air‐dry and Δ mineral‐Nfresh or air‐dry).These measurements and similar ones obtained in 1958 were correlated with yields of barley grown without fertiliser‐N and with the grain response to 0.5 cwt. of N/acre as fertiliser.The laboratory measurements showed that mineralisable‐N increased more by drying soils at 25° than at 15‐18°, and the values determined after storing for 32 weeks before incubating, correlated slightly less well with crop performance than values after 12 weeks of storage. Yields of ryegrass and its content of N were correlated better with nitrate‐N than with mineral‐N in fresh soils.Mineral‐Nfresh and Δ mineral‐Nair‐dry were correlated most consistently with the yield of barley grain from unfertilised soils or its response to fertiliser‐N. With measurements on fresh soils, nitrate‐N correlated better than mineral‐N with crop performance; with air‐dry soils, Δ mineral‐N correlated better than Δ nitrate‐N. The slopes of the lines for the regressions of responses of barley on soil‐N varied between years.
The natural skin coating of the apple and its influence on scald in storage. I.—fatty acids and hydrocarbons
Authors: Meigh D. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe way in which oiled wraps reduce the incidence of superficial scald in cold‐stored apples has been studied by determining the composition of the skin coating of the apple and that of the lipid material that is transferred to the wrap during storage. The skin coating of apples treated with diphenylamine, another scald inhibitor, was also analysed.In the fatty acid fraction from the apple, the C18 group of acids predominated, followed by C16 and C20. Other odd‐ and even‐numbered acids from C9 to C22 were found. The principal hydrocarbon was the normal C29, followed by the C27, C25 and C28 normal hydrocarbons. Other odd‐ and even‐numbered members of the series between C10 and C31 were also found.The fatty acid fraction absorbed by the wrap was about 10% of that of the unwrapped apple. Its composition approximated to that of the apple except that it was deficient in linoleic, linolenic, arachidic and behenic acids. The effect of diphenylamine was to reduce the total yield of carbon straight‐chain compounds but the acid and hydrocarbon composition was substantially unaltered. The results suggest that neither fatty acids nor hydrocarbons are involved in the protectant action of oiled wraps or of diphenylamine.
The aqueous transport of water‐soluble nematicides through soils. II.—the movement of phenol solutions at a constant percolation rate through a soil profile
Authors: Phillips F. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhenol is used as a test chemical to simulate a water‐soluble nematicide.The concentration‐time product (C.T.P.) of phenol solutions percolated through water‐saturated soil profiles remains approximately constant at all depths, the band width broadening gradually.When percolated through weakly sorptive soils (sands, silts) which have similar linear sorption isotherms, the rate of leaching of the phenol band is directly proportional to the percolation rate and the C.T.P. is inversely proportional to the percolation rate. For highly sorptive soils (peats) with linear sorption isotherms, other factors have to be introduced.Sufficient winter rainfall is experienced in this country to leach the phenol band through 1–1 1/2 ft. depth, depending on the soil type.
The aqueous transport of water‐soluble nematicides through soils. III.—natural factors modifying the chromatographic leaching of phenol through soil
Authors: Phillips F. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA band of phenol solution moves upwards through the soil layers under surface drying conditions.Surface impaction by raindrops and temperature changes affect the percolation rate and hence the leaching rate of phenol.Under certain conditions, soil bacteria may cause loss of phenol by degradation.
Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of fruit crops. IV.—scheme for the rapid determination of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in plant material
Authors: Bradfield E. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the rapid determination of copper, iron, manganese and zinc on separate aliquots of a single plant digest solution. The coefficients of variation for these elements should not exceed 5% for strawberry, blackcurrant, apple and plum leaves. More variable results may be obtained for zinc in raspberry leaves but the reason for this is not clear.
Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of fruit crops. V.—sand culture N, P, K, Mg experiments with strawberry (Fragaria spp.)
Authors: Bould C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made, by means of factorial sand culture pot experiments, of the relationship between N, P, K and Mg concentrations in the laminae of recently matured leaves of strawberry at flowering, at fruiting and after fruiting, and the yield and grade of fruit. Leaf‐N levels at flowering and at fruiting are higher in pot plants than in plants growing under field conditions. Thus the relation between leaf‐N and yield derived from pot experiments, in which the N‐supply is kept constant, differs from that in the field, where the N‐supply declines throughout the growing season. The agreement with field experience is good for phosphorus and potassium. Standard leaf values representing deficient, marginal and sufficient concentrations of N, P, K and Mg at flowering, at fruiting and after fruiting are suggested.
Treatment of meats with ionising radiations. XI.—changes in the texture of meat
Authors: Bailey A. J. , Rhodes D. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe treatment of pork or beef with ionising radiation resulted in a tenderisation, as judged by a taste panel after cooking, detectable at a dose of 2 Mrads and marked at 4 Mrads. Irradiation after a partial cooking produced less effect.The solubility of the collagen in intact beef muscle was increased by irradiation, as was that of rat tail tendon immersed in meat juice or enclosed in meat tissue. Both collagens became less soluble when irradiated in saline. The solubilisation of collagen was considered to be the result of an indirect action of radicals formed in water, prevented by the presence of the soluble constituents of the meat. These changes in collagen did not account for the whole of the effect of radiation on texture.
Estimation of nisin in foods
Authors: Tramer J. , Fowler G. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods for the estimation of nisin in solution and in foods are described and the nisin unit is redefined. The presence of interfering substances in certain food extracts has been demonstrated. In the foods examined compensation for the effect on the plate assay could be made by inactivating the nisin by an alkali treatment, and using these treated extracts as a basis for controls.For quantitative determination of suspensions of nisin alone and in food extracts, a large plate diffusion method requiring no prediffusion and using M. flavus as test organism is described. For semi‐quantitative estimations, or for sorting purposes, a simple reverse‐phase disk assay technique based on B. stearothermophilus spores, with overnight incubation at 55°, is proposed.
Griseofulvin spent broth as a liquid fertiliser
Authors: Ingram J. M. A. , Taylor H. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConcentrated griseofulvin spent broth was examined as to its value as a liquid fertiliser. When diluted, and the nitrogen level adjusted, the broth was shown to compare favourably with a proprietary liquid fertiliser. The material contained the natural plant hormone indol‐3‐ylacetic acid and the griseofulvin which remained in the broth conferred some protection against powdery mildew on wheat plants.
Commercial animal and yeast extracts in composite food products. I.—An examination of beef, whale, mutton, chicken and yeast extracts by paper chromatography
Authors: Crush K. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCommercial beef, mutton, whale and yeast extracts, and a chicken extract prepared in the laboratory, were examined by two‐dimensional paper chromatography for characteristic substances by which each extract might be recognized and possibly estimated.The animal extracts were all found to contain β‐alanylpeptides, creatine, creatinine, hypoxanthine (free and combined), small amounts of amino‐acids, and urea (except chicken extract), which distinguishes them from yeast extract and hydrolysed protein, both of which contain high concentrations of amino‐acids but none of these substances. Appreciable amounts of adenine were found in yeast extract but much less in the animal extracts.Apart from minor differences, whale extract was readily identified by the presence of β‐alanyl‐3‐methylhistidine and chicken extract by an unidentified substance, but beef and mutton extracts were difficult to distinguish from each other.