bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bonding energetics in clusters formed by cesium salts: a study by collision‐induced dissociation and density functional theory
Authors: Maria Pierre‐Charles , Massi Lionel , Box Natzaret Sindreu , Gal Jean‐François , Burk Peeter , Tammiku‐Taul Jaana , Kutsar Martin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn relation to the interaction between 137Cs and soil organic matter, electrospray mass spectrometry experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out on the dissociation of positively charged adducts formed by cesium nitrate and cesium organic salts attached to a cesium cation [Cs(CsNO3)(CsA)]+ (A = benzoate, salicylate, hydrogen phthalate, hydrogen maleate, hydrogen fumarate, hydrogen oxalate, and hydrogen malonate ion). These mixed clusters were generated by electrospray from methanol solutions containing cesium nitrate and an organic acid. Collision‐induced dissociation of [Cs(CsNO3)(CsA)]+ in a quadrupole ion trap gave [Cs(CsNO3)]+ and [Cs(CsA)]+ as major product ions. Loss of HNO3 was observed, and also CO2 loss in the case of A = hydrogen malonate. Branching ratios for the dissociation into [Cs(CsNO3)]+ and [Cs(CsA)]+ were treated by the Cooks' kinetic method to obtain a quantitative order of bonding energetics (enthalpies and Gibbs free energies) between Cs+ and the molecular salt (ion pair) CsA, and were correlated with the corresponding values calculated using DFT. The kinetic method leads to relative scales of Cs+ affinities and basicities that are consistent with the DFT‐calculated values. This study brings new data on the strong interaction between the cesium cation and molecular salts CsA. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometric investigation of phenylpropanoids and secoiridoids from solid olive residue
Authors: Innocenti Marzia , Marca Giancarlo la , Malvagia Sabrina , Giaccherini Catia , Vincieri Franco Francesco , Mulinacci Nadia 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis work is focused on the recovery and structural characterisation of bioactive compounds from SOR (solid olive residue), a low cost and widely available by‐product in the Mediterranean basin. In the light of the interesting biological activities attributed both to secoiridoid and phenylpropanoids, the aim of this work was to carry out a systematic tandem mass spectrometric study for the identification and characterisation of these two class of compounds extracted from SOR derived from Coratina, a cultivar widely diffused in the south of Italy. Five phenylpropanoids, in addition to verbascoside, and two new secoiridoids were identified. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitored natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents—Moving beyond reductive dechlorination
Authors: Vangelas Karen M. , Looney Brian B. , Early Tom O. , Gilmore Tyler , Chapelle Francis H. , Adams Karen M. , Sink Claire H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMonitored natural attenuation (MNA), while a remedy of choice for many sites, can be challenging when the contaminants are chlorinated solvents. Even with many high‐quality technical guidance references available, there continue to be challenges implementing MNA at some chlorinated solvent sites. The U.S. Department of Energy, as one organization facing such challenges, is leading a project that will incorporate developing concepts and tools into the existing toolbox for selecting and implementing MNA as a remediation option at sites with chlorinated solvent contamination. The structure and goals of this project were introduced in an article in the Winter 2004 issue of Remediation (Sink et al., 2004). This article is a summary of the three technical areas being developed through the project: mass balance, enhanced attenuation, and characterization and monitoring supporting the first two areas. These topics will be documented in separate reports available from the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information at www.osti.gov. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ex situ treatment of MTBE‐containing groundwater by a UV peroxide system
Authors: Jamall Ijaz S. , Lu Tex T. X. , Powers James C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article describes the design, implementation, and operating results for an ex situ ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UVP) system to treat methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) in extracted groundwater. The UVP modification was designed to reduce the operation and maintenance costs of an existing groundwater pump‐and‐treat treatment system that relied on air stripping and carbon adsorption. The UVP system is relatively inexpensive and can easily be scaled to cope with different groundwater extraction rates up to 80 gpm by adding UV lamps in series or in parallel at the higher groundwater extraction rates. The MTBE concentration in the effluent from the UVP system to the carbon vessels decreased from an average of 590 μg/L to approximately 2 μg/L on average over 33 months of operation of the UVP. Incorporation of this UVP modification as a second‐stage treatment to the groundwater pump‐and‐treat/soil vapor extraction system, after the air stripper and prior to the carbon vessels, significantly increased the usable life of the carbon (from two months previously to about two years after installation) and completely resolved the issue of frequent MTBE breakthroughs of the carbon that had plagued the remediation system since its inception. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Charakterisierung von Plasmapolymeren mittels Thermolumineszenzmessungen
Authors: Krüger S. , Schulze R.‐D. , Brademann‐Jock K. , Swaraj S. , Friedrich J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDünne, mit einem gepulsten Plasma hergestellte Polymerschichten wurden untersucht. Diese Plasmapolymere sollten eine chemisch besser definierte Struktur haben, weil der Anteil an rein chemisch polymerisiertem Produkt während der Plasma‐aus‐Zeit steigen sollte, während der Anteil an Schichtbildung, der innerhalb der kurzen Plasmapulse durch Monomerfragmentierung und statistische Polyrekombination erzeugt wird, zurückgedrängt wird. Der Monomerfragmentierungsprozeß ist im kontinuierlich brennenden Plasma (cw‐Mode) demgegenüber der Hauptprozeß. Neben der Anwendung der klassischen Element‐ und Bindungsanalysentechnik XPS (X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) wurden hier die Schichten auch mittels Thermolumineszenz untersucht. Defekte und Strukturanomalitäten in Polymeren sollten mit dieser Methode charakterisiert werden können. Untersuchungsobjekte waren funktionalgruppentragende Plasmapolymerschichten, die biosensorische oder biokompatible Funktionen besitzen oder als Haftvermittler in Metall‐Polymercompositen eingesetzt werden.
Plasmapolymerschichten als Basis für maßgeschneiderte funktionale Oberflächen
Authors: Prucker Oswald , Stöhr Torsten , Rühe Jürgen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDas Maßschneidern von Oberflächeneigenschaften mit Hilfe dünner Polymerschichten ist Gegenstand vieler aktueller Forschungsarbeiten auf verschiedenen Gebieten der Mikrosystemtechnik oder auch der Bioanalytik. Eine exakte Einstellung von Oberflächeneigenschaften gelingt aber nur über chemisch wohldefinierte Prozesse, die in der Regel reaktive Gruppen an Oberflächen für die Anbindung von Molekülen voraussetzen. In diesem Beitrag fassen wir Arbeiten zusammen, bei denen inerte Oberflächen mit chemisch definierten, kovalent gebundenen Polymerschichten modifiziert wurden, in dem zunächst aminogruppenhaltige Plasmapolymerschichten auf den Oberflächen der zu beschichtenden Substrate abgeschieden wurden. An die Aminogruppen wurden dann Initiatormoleküle angeknüpft, von denen aus Polymerschichten durch oberflächeninitiierte Polymerisation generiert wurden. Durch Variation der dafür eingesetzten Monomeren können so Oberflächenschichten mit sehr verschiedenen Eigenschaften erzeugt werden.
The impact of habitat fragmentation on genetic structure of the Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon) in southern Kantoh, revealed by mitochondrial D‐loop sequences
Authors: Yuasa T. , Nagata J. , Hamasaki S. , Tsuruga H. , Furubayashi K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn southern Kantoh, Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon) are distributed discontinuously due to large urban areas and developed road networks. To assess the impact of habitat fragmentation on sika deer subpopulations, we examined mitochondrial D‐loop sequences from 435 individuals throughout southern Kantoh. About 13 haplotypes were detected, and their distributions revealed spatial genetic structure. Significant genetic differentiation was observed among seven of eight subpopulations. We found no significant correlation between pairwise FST and geographical distance among subpopulations. Genetic diversity indices suggested that seven of eight subpopulations had probably experienced population bottlenecks in the recent past. Therefore, and in the light of the results of a nested clade analysis of these haplotypes, we conclude that recent fluctuations in population size and the interruption of gene flow due to past and present habitat fragmentation have played major roles influencing the spatial genetic structure of the sika deer population. This is the first evidence of spatial genetic population structure in the highly fragmented sika deer population in Honshu, Japan.
Long-term predictors of outcome in fatigued employees on sick leave: a 4-year follow-up study
Authors: LEONE STEPHANIE S. , HUIBERS MARCUS J. H. , KANT IJMERT , VAN SCHAYCK CONSTANT P. , BLEIJENBERG GIJS , ANDRÉ KNOTTNERUS J. 
Published: June 2006

Background. Persistent fatigue is strongly associated with functional status and can lead to absenteeism and work disability. Despite several prognostic studies on chronic fatigue, little attention has been paid to occupational outcomes.Method. A total of 127 fatigued employees on sick leave were followed-up after 4 years to determine long-term predictors of work disability, fatigue caseness and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)-like caseness. Measures included fatigue, physical functioning, illness attributions, psychological problems and emotional exhaustion.Results. Thirty-three participants (26%) were receiving work disability benefits at the 4-year follow-up. Older age and lower levels of physical functioning predicted work disability. Weaker psychological attributions and lower levels of physical functioning were predictors of fatigue caseness. CFS-like caseness was predicted by female gender and lower levels of physical functioning. Self-reported physical functioning remained a strong and statistically significant determinant of work disability [odds ratio (OR) 0·45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·24–0·87] and CFS-like caseness (OR 0·20, 95% CI 0·09–0·43) after controlling for confounders.Conclusions. This study suggests that physical functioning plays an important role in the persistence of fatigue complaints and work disability in employees on sick leave. The course of fatigue is a complex process, and exploring temporal relationships between fatigue, functional status and work status in future research could provide valuable information for the improvement of fatigue management.
Compensatory growth in Alaska yellowfin sole, Pleuronectes asper, following food deprivation
Authors: Paul A. J. , Paul J. M. , Smith R. L. 
Published: June 2006

During the early spring four groups of sub‐adult Pleuronectes asper were fasted for either 0, 2, 4 or 6 weeks at the beginning of a 12‐week experiment, then fed to satiation to examine their ability to compensate with faster growth after food deprivation. All fish increased their stored energy reserves markedly and at the end of the experiment all four groups had similar body energy content (J g−1), length gains and dry weight to wet weight ratios. The groups of yellowfin sole fed continuously or fasted for 2 weeks gained the most weight, 25 and 24% respectively. Fishes fasted either 4 or 6 weeks exhibited significantly lower weight gains of 16 and 15% respectively over the 12‐week experiment. Because of this disparity in weight gain the total body energy content of the continuously fed fish and those fasted for only 2 weeks increased by approximately 60 vs 46% or 35% for sole fasted for 4 or 6 weeks.The experiment showed P. asper had a limited capacity for compensatory growth. When food was scarce yellowfin sole allocated energy preferentially to growth in length instead of weight. These findings may account for some of the interannual differences in mean length and weight at age for yellowfin sole from the Bering Sea where variations in extent and duration of ice cover and the boreal bottom water delimit the growing season.
SEDIMENTATION AS A MEANS OF CLASSIFYING EXTREMELY FINE CLAY PARTICLES1
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method is described for determining the rate of sedimentation of clays by measuring the suspended weights of a glass plummet suspended in a clay slip at different intervals of time. The specific gravity of the slip remaining in suspension may be calculated as follows: S = Pd‐Ps/Pd‐Pw where S is specific gravity of slip, Pd is dry weight of a plummet in grams, Pw, is suspended weights of plummet in distilled water and Ps, is suspended weight of plummet in clay slip. The average weight of clay per cc. is calculated as follows: Cw= D(S‐d)/D‐d, where Cw, is average weight of clay per cc., D is the specific gravity of clip and D is the specific gravity of water.It is impractical to separate by elutriation, clay particles smaller than 0.003 mm. which constitute 50–100% of many clays. It is possible to classify particles as small as 0.0001 mm. by the plummet sedimentation method and the results are more uniform than those obtained by elutriation.
USE OF SPECIAL OXIDES IN PORCELAIN BODIES1
Authors: Geller R. F. , Woods B. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSubstitution of special oxides for flint.—The oxides of thorium, titanium and zirconium and the silicate of zirconium were used. Variations in composition were based on batch weights, the percentage of oxide (or silicate) increasing from 27 to 49% with a corresponding decrease in feldspar content. A similar series using flint was also made a basis for comparison.Effect of special oxides on drying and burning behavior, dielectric strength and resistance to spang.—(1) Rutile causes high drying and burning shrinkage. The burning range is long but softening in every case results above cone 12. Resistance to spalling is above normal. (2) Thoria produces a body with a long burning range and great refractoriness. Drying shrinkage is normal, burning shrinkage very high, resistance to spalling very low, and the bodies warp badly. (3) Zirconia bodies have a normal drying shrinkage and a high burning shrinkage, no warping, long firing range, and the highest resistance to spalling. (4) Zircon.—The zirconium silicate bodies soften at temperatures below cone 18 and the firing range is short. Drying and burning shrinkage are similar to flint bodies but resistance to spalling is above normal.Effect of oxides on dielectric resistance.—No effect on dielectric resistance is obtained through the use of the special oxides mentioned.
POROSITY: I. PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATION II. POROSITY AND THE MECHANISM OF ABSORPTION1
Authors: Waseburn Edward W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSignificance of porosity.—This is briefly outlined.Standard reference method.—The requirements of an engineering testing method are simplicity, rapidity and convenience with no more accuracy than practical considerations justify. There should, however, be also available a standard reference method, that is, a laboratory method where accuracy is the main requirement.Types of pores.—Six types of pores are described and the process of absorption under various conditions is analyzed.Defitions.—Definitions are proposed for the terms, permeability, penetrability, absorptivity, porosity. bulk density, closed‐pore space and “cracks” and “holes,” and methods of measurement are suggested.
DISCOLORATION OF WHITEWARE FIRED IN CARBORUNDUM Saggars1
Authors: Spurrier H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe author advances the hypothesis that iron carbonyl, formed by reaction between CO and iron present in the carborundum saggars, condenses in the central portion of the bung, trickles down over the ware and is later decomposed, giving iron and free carbon, which are absorbed and color the ware. Laboratory experiments completely confirmed this hypothesis.
A SIMPLE EXPANSIBILITY TEST FOR DETERMINING THE WELDING PROPERTIES OF GLASSES1
Authors: Sharp Donald E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSimple method of determining the relative expansibilities of two glasses.—Place two rods of glass side by side with the ends flush, heat these ends, weld together by pinching with forceps and then pull out a thread or thin strip with the two glasses forming opposite sides. When cool the thread will bend toward the glass having the higher total expansion up to the softening point of the softer glass. This test may be used for quantitative determination of coefficieots of expansion if a series of glasses of known expansibilities are available for comparison. The method is of particular value for investigating the welding properties of glasses, for whether or not two glasses can safely be welded together may be determined directly from the amount of curvature of the thread.
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF GLASS HOUSE FURNACES*
Authors: Denk F. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDesign and operation of glass house producer‐gas furnaces.—After discussing the proper design of checker chambers, two inefficient designs are criticised. The gases being cooled should move downward and the gases being heated should move upward, and the dimensions should be based on actual working data. The location of the ports is important and heat insulation should be carefully considered. The reversing valve should be efficient and operated regularly; and the performance of the furnace should be constantly watched with the help of instruments such as draft recorders and thermocouples, and the waste gases should be analyzed frequently. With care in design and operation it should be possible to approach the performance of a certain furnace which gave 3 lbs. of glass for each pound of coal burned.
THE MUTUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN ART AND TECHNÓLOGY1
Authors: Solon Leon V. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn analysis of the purpose of decoration and of the characteristics of bodies, colors and glazes which determine their acceptability for the purposes of the professional decorative artist. The author urges the establishment of an Annual Exhibition where American ceramic artists may exhibit their products along side those of the sculptors, mural painters and other artists.
AN ELECTRIC VITREOUS ENAMELING OVEN1
Authors: Mehling C. W. , Carpenter Jas. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTComparison with older types of furnaces.—In marked contrast with the oil, coal and gas furnaces the electric furnace eliminates damaged ware and makes possible the utilization of the entire heating space. Its initial cost and the fuel costs are double those of the older types but it admits 25 per cent increase in weight per charge and 30 per cent in charges per hour.Description and operation.—Details of construction are given. The electrical equipment is explained together with the methods of temperature record and control. Details of operation are given.Cost of operation.—With an initial cost of $8000, the cost of the electrical power has been $2.00 per hour for a 10‐hr. day which would be reduced to $1.56 per hr. for a 24‐hr. day.Production results.—With a production of 900 lbs. of ware per hr. the enamel finish is more satisfactory than with the older types of furnaces.Future improvements.—Preheating chambers and double end operation are suggested.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE FINENESS AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF CALCINED GYPSUM1
Authors: Emley W. E. , Welch F C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTExperimental methods.—The normal consistency was measured by the Southard viscosimeter. the time of set by the Vicat needle, and the plasticity by spreading upon a porous porcelain plate.Conclusions.—(1) Normal consistency is obtained with less water the coarser the calcined gypsum, (2) the finer the material the shorter the time of set, (3) the finer the calcined gypsum the stronger is the set material until the degree of fineness beyond that of size 6 (A. S. T. M. spec.) after which increase in fineness is accompanied by decrease in strength, (4) the finer the calcined gypsum the more sand it will carry.
SOME RELATIONS OF COMPOSITION TO SOLUBILITY OF ENAMELS IN ACIDES1
Authors: Staley Homer F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTReview of literature.—The literature on acid resisting enamels and glasses is reviewed.Acid resisting powers produced by different oxides.—When substituted one for another, in each case in equal percentage amounts, various oxides and minerals increased the resistance of various enamels to the action of boiling 20 per cent hydrochloric acid in the following order of effectiveness: Al2O3, cryolite, Na2O, PbO, BaO, Li2O, MgO, CaF2, ZnO, SrO, CaO, B2O3. The first five mentioned were especially effective. The remainder are undesirable materials from the standpoint of acid resistance.Effect of the enamel base.—The relative effects of the materials were the same for various base enamel compositions. Effect of ZrO2 and TiO2.—ZrO2 and TiO2, when substituted for small amounts of SiO2, increased the resistance of various enamels to attack by acids, ZrO2 being most effective in this respect. The favorable action of ZrO2, is offset by a tendency to produce excessive chipping. Rutile gives less chipping than either zirconia or silica and greater acid resistance than silica.Best compositions.—Enamels 2,17,19,26,27, and 33 of table 1 showed resistance to action of the acid equivalent to that of the original competitions based on the analysis of a French acid‐resisting enamel. By use of the data developed in this investigation other highly acid‐resisting compositions can readily be formulated.
HIGH TEMPERATURE TESTING FURNACE1
Authors: Hepburn W. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA surface combustion furnace lined with alundum and fed by seven burners supplied from a mixture box in which an explosive mix. Of gas and air is made by a special inspirator melts down cone 36 in one hour using 156 cu. Ft. of city gas. The max. temp., 3400°F, attained is within 200°F, of the theoretical max. Advantages claimed are: Simplicity, low fuel consumption, ease of observation and measuring temperatures and ability to produce either neutral, reducing or oxidizing atmosphere.
THE EFFECT OF GLAZE COMPOSITION ON THE CRAZING OF TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Hill E C. 
Published: June 2006

summaryComparing the effects of equal molecular additions of the various components of the glazes in this study, it was found that ZnO and feldspar overcome crazing, ZnO being the more effective. MgO, BaO and CaO tend to produce crazing, MgO having the greatest tendency and the effect of BaO being somewhat greater than that of CaO. SnO2 has no effect on the crazing.Increase of clay is more effective in overcoming crazing than any other changes that can be made in the glaze formula. Addition of small amounts of clay are more effective in overcoming crazing than much larger additions or substitutions of the other components.Increase of flint (per molecular equivalent) is less effective in overcoming crazing than increase of either clay, ZnO or feldspar, although, generally, considerable more flint than clay or ZnO can be added without appreciably changing the maturing point of the glaze. In many cases, increase of flint will not overcome crazing in a glaze.
NICKEL OXIDE IN GLAZES1
Authors: Whitmer J. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Colors produced from NiO.—The literature on this subject published in the Transactions of the Society is briefly reviewed. Effects of variations of RO in cone 6 glazes on colors from nickel oxide.—Red colors are produced when ZnO and BaO are used in certain proportions. Blues and purples of varied shades and hues are developed with varied combinations of ZnO, CaO and BaO. Grays are possible in presence of CaO and MgO.