bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Cloning Clinic
Authors: Haines Nicola 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHuman cloning is positioned at the edge of the real and the imaginary, proving the extreme scenario for the possible and the acceptable. Here, Nicola Haines' proposal for a human cloning clinic situated in the Arsenale in Venice goes beyond traditional modes of representation, suggesting new codes and thus a new drawing language that combines scientific with architectural data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bodies without Organs ‐ BwO
Authors: Roche François 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFrançois Roche of R&Sie(n) advocates a means in which biological effects in architecture can go ‘beyond the realm of physiological transfers’. Introducing new spatial relationships, they surpass being a mere ‘“green” alibi’ and have the potential to transform architectural and urban space. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Living Buildings
Authors: Watts Bill , Affleck Sean 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPlants and buildings may not naturally assimilate, but as Bill Watts of Max Fordham Consulting Engineers and Sean Affleck of Make Architects explain there are many benefits to their integration. Here they describe the two projects that they are collaborating on ‐ Algae Tower, and Thorpe Park in Leeds ‐ that harness the positives of vegetative growth. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design for Debate
Authors: Dunne Anthony 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAdvances in biotechnology shift not only the potential skill and knowledge set required of designers, but also, as Anthony Dunne explains, the thinking about applications to ethics, as the wider implications of working methods and products have a more far‐reaching impact on society. Dunne asked his students at the Royal College of Art in London to respond to this forthcoming challenge by coming up with some pertinent ‘what if’ scenarios. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethics, Architecture and Little Soft Machinery
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThrough his drawings and narrative, Neil Spiller evokes a cybernetic world of reflexive spaces and symbolism. Here he explains how the breaking down of the boundaries between landscape and architecture, and a focus on biotechnology and ethics, allows him to straddle the real and the possible. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kalmar Museum of Art
Authors: Hebb Timothy Tore 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTimothy Tore Hebb describes a new intervention by Tham & Videgård Hansson (TVH) in the medieval city of Kalmar in southeast Sweden. He describes how the ‘black box’ form of the museum is a metaphor for the contemporary situation while also responding innovatively to its historic setting. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new look at optimal control of a batch crystallizer
Authors: Corriou Jean‐Pierre , Rohani Sohrab 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe dynamic optimization of batch crystallizers has been widely studied. A simplified method of optimization inspired from nonlinear model predictive control with a receding horizon is introduced and tested on many different objective functions with various constraints. The proposed optimization method with a receding horizon gives excellent results with no noticeable difference from those obtained by rigorous dynamic optimization and is well adapted to online dynamic optimization. Two different crystallizer models are compared. It is shown that the dynamic optimization problem is constituted of several subproblems related to the constraints on the crystallizer temperature, on the concentration compared to the metastable concentration or on the final moments. Finally, the authors propose simple online control algorithms that result in quasi‐optimal temperature profiles provided that the type and sequence of arcs have been previously determined. This method is well adapted to industrial situations. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Batch‐to‐batch control of characteristic points on the PSD in experimental emulsion polymerization
Authors: Dokucu Mustafa T. , Doyle Francis J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAn integrated batch‐to‐batch and in‐batch control algorithm to regulate the endpoint particle size distribution (PSD) in an experimental semibatch emulsion copolymerization reactor is presented. Partial least squares (PLS) models of the process are utilized in a model predictive control (MPC) framework to regulate the PSD. The high dimensionality of the PSD is reduced through the use of a new approach, where the heights and positions of the characteristic points on the distribution are used to represent the whole distribution. This approach enables one to shift control priorities on the positions of the modes of a distribution with respect to the heights of the modes as well as efficiently reducing the dimensionality of the problem. The proposed algorithm is first tested on the simulation of the plant and showed success in regulating the PSD both in set point changes and against persistent disturbances. The experimental validation of the algorithm included two case studies where the controller was found to be effective. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Lack of association of the serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism,5‐HTTLPR, includingrs25531with cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption
Authors: Rasmussen Henrik , Bagger Yu , Tanko Laszlo B. , Christiansen Claus , Werge Thomas 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe addressed the question whether5‐HTTLPR, a variable number of tandem repeats located in the 5′ end of the serotonin transporter gene, is associated with smoking or alcohol consumption. Samples of DNA from 1,365 elderly women with a mean age of 69.2 years were genotyped for this polymorphism using a procedure, which allowed the simultaneous determination of variation in the number of repeat units and single nucleotide changes, including the A > G variation atrs25531for discrimination between the LAand LGalleles. Qualitative and quantitative information on the women's current and previous consumption of cigarettes and alcohol were obtained using a questionnaire. Genotypes were classified according to allele size, that is, S and L with 14 and 16 repeat units, respectively, and on a functional basis by amalgamation of the LGand S alleles. Data were subjected to regression analyses. These analyses revealedPvalues for associations between5‐HTTLPRgenotype and alcohol and cigarette consumption in the range from 0.15 to 0.92. On adjustment for age and educational level, significance for the associations of5‐HTTLPRwith the smoking and alcohol consumption measures was not reached. We conclude that5‐HTTLPRis not an important determinant of smoking behavior and alcohol consumption in elderly women. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contact in the Andes: Bioarchaeology of systemic stress in colonial Mórrope, Peru
Authors: Klaus Haagen D. , Tam Manuel E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe biocultural interchange between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres beginning in the late fifteenth century initiated an unprecedented adaptive transition for Native Americans. This article presents findings from the initial population biological study of contact in the Central Andes of Peru using human skeletal remains. We test the hypothesis that as a consequence of Spanish colonization, the indigenous Mochica population of Mórrope on the north coast of Peru experienced elevated systemic biological stress. Using multivariate statistical methods, we examine childhood stress reflected in the prevalence of linear enamel hypoplasias and porotic hyperostosis, femoral growth velocity, and terminal adult stature. Nonspecific periosteal infection prevalence and D30+/D5+ratio estimations of female fertility characterized adult systemic stress. Compared to the late pre‐Hispanic population, statistically significant patterns of increased porotic hyperostosis and periosteal inflammation, subadult growth faltering, and depressed female fertility indicate elevated postcontact stress among both children and adults in Mórrope. Terminal adult stature was unchanged. A significant decrease in linear enamel hypoplasia prevalence may not indicate improved health, but reflect effects of high‐mortality epidemic disease. Various lines of physiological, archaeological, and ethnohistoric evidence point to specific socioeconomic and microenvironmental factors that shaped these outcomes, but the effects of postcontact population aggregation in this colonial town likely played a fundamental role in increased morbidity. These results inform a model of postcontact coastal Andean health outcomes on local and regional scales and contribute to expanding understandings of the diversity of indigenous biological variation in the postcontact Western Hemisphere. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic admixture, self‐reported ethnicity, self‐estimated admixture, and skin pigmentation among Hispanics and Native Americans
Authors: Klimentidis Yann C. , Miller Geoffrey F. , Shriver Mark D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe relationship between ethnicity and biology is of interest to anthropologists, biomedical scientists, and historians in understanding how human groups are constructed. Ethnic self‐identification in recently admixed groups such as Hispanics, African Americans, and Native Americans (NA) is likely to be complex due to the heterogeneity in individual admixture proportions and social environments within these groups. This study examines the relationships between self‐identified ethnicity, self‐estimated admixture proportions, skin pigmentation, and genetic marker estimated admixture proportions. These measures were assessed using questionnaires, skin color measurements, and genotyping of a panel of 76 ancestry informative markers, among 170 Hispanics and NAs from New Mexico, a state known for its complex history of interactions between people of NA and European (EU) ancestry. Results reveal that NAs underestimate their degree of EU admixture, and that Hispanics underestimate their degree of NA admixture. Within Hispanics, genetic‐marker estimated admixture is better predicted by forehead skin pigmentation than by self‐estimated admixture. We also find that Hispanic individuals self‐identified as “half‐White, half Hispanic” and “Spanish” have lower levels of NA admixture than those self‐identified as “Mexican” and “Mexican American.” Such results highlight the interplay between culture and biology in how individuals identify and view themselves, and have implications for how ethnicity and disease risk are assessed in a medical setting. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method to assess the sensitivity of sedimentary communities to fishing activities
Authors: Tyler‐Walters Harvey , Rogers Stuart I. , Marshall Charlotte E. , Hiscock Keith 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Methods of sensitivity assessment to identify species and habitats in need of management or protection have been available since the 1970s.
The approach to sensitivity assessment adopted by the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) assumes that the sensitivity of a community or biotope is dependent on the species within it. However, the application of this approach to sedimentary communities, especially offshore, is complex because of a lack of knowledge of the structural or functional role of many sedimentary species.
This paper describes a method to assess the overall sensitivity of sedimentary communities, based on the intolerance and recoverability of component species to physical disturbance. A range of methods were applied to identify the best combinations of abundant, dominant or high biomass species for the assessment of sensitivity in the sedimentary communities examined.
Results showed that reporting the most frequent species' sensitivity assessment, irrespective of the four methods used to select species, consistently underestimated the total sensitivity of the community. In contrast, reporting the most sensitive assessment from those species selected resulted in a range of biotope sensitivities from very low to very high, that was better able to discriminate between the sensitivities of the communities examined.
The assumptions behind the methodology, its limitations and potential application are discussed.
© Crown copyright 2008. Reproduced with permission of Her majesty's stationery office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of fish assemblages on coral reefs subjected to different management regimes in the Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil
Authors: Francini‐Filho Ronaldo Bastos , de Moura Rodrigo Leão 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) range from multiple‐use areas (MUA) to absolute no‐take reserves (NTR). Despite their importance for fisheries management, there are few long‐term studies comparing benefits from different types of MPAs within the same region.
Fish assemblages were monitored for five years (2001–2005) in the largest coral reefs in the South Atlantic (Abrolhos Bank, Brazil). Monitoring included one community‐based MUA, two NTRs (one established in 1983 and another in 2001), and one unprotected area. Benthic assemblages at these areas, as well as fish assemblages on unprotected deeper reefs (25–35 m), were monitored from 2003 onwards.
Habitat characteristics strongly influenced fish assemblages' structure. This, together with the lack of data from before establishment of the MPAs, did not allow an unequivocal analysis of the effects of the MPAs.
Biomass of commercially important fish, particularly small carnivores, was higher in the older NTR. Biomass of black grouper Mycteroperca bonaci increased by 30‐fold inside NTRs during the study period, while remaining consistently low elsewhere.
A single herbivore species, the parrotfish Scarus trispinosus, dominated fish assemblages (28.3% of total biomass). Biomass of this species increased in 2002 on the younger NTR and on the MUA, soon after establishment of the former and banning of the parrotfish fishery in the latter. This increase was followed by a decline from 2003 onwards, after increased poaching and reopening of the parrotfish fishery.
Fish biomass increased in 2002 across the entire region. This increase was stronger in sites closer to deeper reefs, where fish biomass was up to 30‐times higher than shallow reefs: movement of fish from deeper to shallower areas may have played a role.
The effective use of MPAs in the Abrolhos Bank is still dependent on adequate enforcement and the protection of critical habitats such as deep reefs and mangroves.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Movements of fur seals following relocation from fish farms
Authors: Robinson S. , Gales R. , Terauds A. , Greenwood M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The movement patterns of Australian and New Zealand fur seals trapped on salmon farms in south‐east Tasmania and relocated hundreds of kilometres away, were monitored using satellite telemetry. Australian fur seals released 470 km away by sea returned to farms after an average of 8.5±4.4 days (n=9 trips) and those released at 140 km returned after 3.2±0.8 days (n=4 trips). New Zealand fur seals (n=5 trips) averaged a return time of 6.8±1.2 days from 300 km.
When in south‐east Tasmania, both seal species undertook short trips to sea (mean 2.6 days) from haul‐out sites (minimum distance from farms 21 km) with 33% (1.8 days) of this time spent within 5 km of farms. Mean haul‐out duration was 1.1 days.
In summer, Australian fur seals repeatedly travelled between northern Bass Strait islands and southern Tasmanian waters following the Tasmanian east coast. Seals did not visit farms during this time.
Southern Tasmanian waters are important foraging grounds for fur seals and potential exists for a substantial number of seals to visit nearby fish farms. Farms provide predictable food resources from penned and escaped salmon, and wild fish attracted to the area.
Australian fur seals trapped at Tasmanian salmon farms regularly visited breeding colonies on islands in Victoria.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The reproductive ecology of exotic Trachemys scripta elegans in an invaded area of southern Europe
Authors: Perez‐Santigosa Natividad , Díaz‐Paniagua Carmen , Hidalgo‐Vila Judith 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The main reproductive parameters of exotic Trachemys scripta elegans in established populations from two ponds in southern Spain are described.
Females were found to reproduce at 5 years of age, although sexually mature individuals of 4 and 3 years of age were also detected. Annual reproductive frequency was estimated to be 80–86% of reproductive females. Mean clutch size was 11.5 eggs and was not correlated with maternal body size.
The number of follicles of different size in ovaries suggested that four or more clutches could be laid per season. Eggs were laid from April to June (inclusive) mainly during morning hours, when females were easily detected during nesting trips. 79.5% of eggs were fertile.
Reproductive parameters of this species in southern Spain were of similar or even higher values than in native areas, thus placing them among chelonian species of earlier maturity.
Although chelonians might never be considered explosive breeders, the number of T. s. elegans individuals could surpass that of native aquatic chelonians in southern Spain, where T. s. elegans reach maturity earlier, are more fecund and their eggs are more fertile.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Foot and Ankle Immobilization on Leg and Thigh Muscles' Volume and Morphology: A Case Study Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Grosset Jean‐François , Onambele‐Pearson Gladys 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOur aim was to determine the time course of any changes in muscle volume and shape in the lower limbs following immobilization. A healthy young woman (29 years) had suffered a fracture of the fifth metatarsal of the right foot. MRI scanning of her right thigh and calf muscles had been performed 1 month before the injury (Pre) during a scan initially planned as a teaching tool, 2 days following a 4‐week immobilization period (Post), and after a 2‐month recovery period (Post+2). The results show muscle volume decrements in the triceps surae (TS), quadriceps (Quad), and hamstring (Ham) of 21.9%, 24.1%, and 6.5%, respectively, between the Pre and Post measurements. At Post+2, the Quad and TS muscle volumes were still 5.2% and 9.5% lower, compared with the Pre data. The Ham muscle volume, however, was 2.7% greater than at the Pre phase. Following recovery, the increase in individual TS muscles volume was limited to both proximal and medial (with respect to the knee joint) segments of the muscles. These results indicate very substantial and rapid losses in muscle volumes, both proximally and distally to the immobilization site. The results also show that recovery is far from complete up to 2 months post cast removal. The results have implications for the requirements for rehabilitation for orthopedic patients. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the Subcutaneous Lymph Vascular Network of the Human Leg in Relation to the Great Saphenous Vein
Authors: Schacht Vivien , Luedemann Wolf , Abels Christoph , Berens von Rautenfeld Dirk 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe anatomical relationship between lymphatic collectors and veins is of clinical importance for preventing lymphedema secondary to lymphatic collector injury during surgical procedures. To identify areas at risk during surgical interventions, we performed an anatomical study of human legs. The lymphatic collectors of 42 legs of human cadavers were injected with Berlin Blue solution or contrast medium. After fixation, the collectors were dissected and their distances from the great saphenous vein were determined. We found that the lymphatic collectors on the dorsum of the foot ran in close parallel with the corium, whereas in the groin a greater number of lymphatic collectors clustered around the great saphenous vein. The ventromedial bundle that drains into the superficial inguinal nodes included 5–20 lymphatic collectors. The average width of the ventromedial bundle varied between 116 mm at the middle of the lower leg and 32 mm at the groin. Our study cannot confirm the previous observation of a bottleneck of the ventromedial bundle occurring at the knee, but does support the finding of an elongated bottleneck at the thigh and groin draining into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. In addition, the idea of one sentinel lymph node for a specific region of the leg is not supported by these data. These observations will help surgeons to plan incisions and dissections with respect to lymphatic collectors, thereby minimizing damage to them and reducing complications resulting from unnecessary lymphatic excisions. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bimodal Oscillation Frequencies of Blood Flow in the Inflammatory Colon Microcirculation
Authors: Tsuda Akira , Turhan Aslihan , Konerding Moritz , Ravnic Dino , Hanidziar Dusan , Lin Miao , Mentzer Steven J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRhythmic changes in blood flow direction have been described in the mucosal plexus of mice with acute colitis. In this report, we studied mice with acute colitis induced either by dextran sodium sulfate or by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. Both forms of colitis were associated with blood flow oscillations as documented by fluorescence intravital videomicroscopy. The complex oscillation patterns suggested more than one mechanism for these changes in blood flow. By tracking fluorescent nanoparticles in the inflamed mucosal plexus, we identified two forms of blood flow oscillations within the inflammatory mouse colon. Stable oscillations were associated with a base frequency of approximately 2 cycles/sec. Velocity measurements in the upstream and downstream vessel segments indicated that stable oscillations were the result of regional flow occlusion within the mucosal plexus. In contrast, metastable oscillations demonstrated a lower frequency (0.2–0.4 cycles/sec) and appeared to be the result of flow dynamics in vessels linked by the bridging mucosal vessels. These blood flow oscillations were not directly associated with cardiopulmonary movement. We conclude that both the stable and metasable oscillating patterns reflect flow adaptations to inflammatory changes in the mucosal plexus. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of Islet Graft Survival Using a 3.0‐Tesla Magnetic Resonance Scanner
Authors: Jiao Yang , Peng Zhi‐Hai , Xing Tong‐Hai , Qin Jie , Zhong Cui‐Ping 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSome studies have recently described a magnetic resonance (MR) method for detection of iron‐labeled islets transplanted into the liver. The aim of this work was to assess the survival of islet graft using a clinical 3.0‐T scanner. Islets from Lewis rats were cultured in the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles. One thousand iron‐labeled islets were transplanted into the portal vein of diabetic rats. Blood glucose levels were measured daily through day 14 post‐transplantation. MR imaging of the same section of the liver was performed on 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days post‐transplantation. The labeled islets were visualized by MR as distinct hypointensive spots distributed in the liver. There was a linear correlation between the relative value of delta R relaxometry multiplied by the cubic diameter (relative value of the iron volume, Ir) and blood glucose level on 14 days post‐transplantation in allograft and isograft (P < 0.05). The relative value of delta R relaxometry, diameter, and number of hypointensive spots could be calculated to assess the survival of the iron‐labeled islet grafts. Assessment of iron‐labeled islet grafts using a clinical 3.0‐T magnetic resonance scanner represents a useful method that has potential for clinical use. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.