bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
p53 regulates Btk-dependent B cell proliferation but not differentiation
Authors: Schmidt Nathan W , Mayo Lindsey D , Donner David B , Kaplan Mark H 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Btk is critical for B cell development and proliferation. Mice lacking Btk have a defect in B cell development, resulting in a loss of mature B cells and decreased proliferative responses following B cell receptor cross-linking. In contrast, mice deficient in the tumor suppressor p53 display increases in developing B cell populations in the bone marrow. To investigate the potential role of p53 in Btk-dependent B cell development and function, we generated mice doubly-deficient in p53 and Btk. Btk/p53-deficient mice showed an increase in splenic B220+ cell numbers compared with Btk-deficient mice, although there was no recovery in B cell subset differentiation. In contrast to the lack of recovery of B cell development, there was a recovery in lipopolysaccharide and anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) plus interleukin-4-induced proliferation of Btk/p53-deficient B cells, although there was no recovery to anti-IgM stimulation alone. Thus, p53 promotes B cell expansion and proliferation, but p53 deficiency cannot compensate for Btk deficiency in the development of B cell subsets.
High-level expression of B7-H1 molecules by dendritic cells suppresses the function of activated T cells and desensitizes allergen-primed animals
Authors: Kim Hee Kyung , Guan Hongbing , Zu Guorui , Li Hui , Wu Lizhi , Feng Xu , Elmets Craig , Fu Yangxin , Xu Hui 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
A body of evidence indicates that expression of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor by activated T cells plays an important role in the down-regulation of immune responses; however, the functions of its known ligands, B7-H1 (PD-L1) and B7-dendritic cell (DC; PD-L2), at the effector phase of immune responses are less clear. In the current study, we investigated the roles of B7-H1 in DC-mediated regulation of hapten-activated T cells and the delayed-type contact hypersensitivity response in primed animals. We found that the expression of B7-H1 and B7-DC was induced on activation of DC by hapten stimulation. Blockade of B7-H1, but not B7-DC, enhanced the activity of hapten-specific T cells. Interaction with a DC line that expresses high cell-surface levels of B7-H1 (B7-H1/DC) suppressed the proliferation of, and cytokine production by, activated T cells. In vivo administration of hapten-carrying B7-H1/DC desensitized the response of sensitized animals to hapten challenge, and this desensitization was hapten-specific. These data indicate that B7-H1 expressed by DC mediates inhibitory signals for activated T cells and suppresses the elicitation of immune responses. The ability of B7-H1/DC to inhibit the function of preactivated T cells in vivo suggests novel strategies for the treatment of immune response-mediated disorders.
Impaired dendritic cell function in Crohn’s disease patients with NOD2 3020insC mutation
Authors: Kramer Matthijs , Netea Mihai G , de Jong Dirk J , Kullberg Bart Jan , Adema Gosse J 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) 3020insC (NOD2fs) mutation increases susceptibility to Crohn’s disease (CD), but the mechanism remains controversial. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function phenotypes have been described as a result of NOD2fs. Here, we show that dendritic cells (DC) derived from CD patients homozygous for this mutation respond normally to purified Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands but fail to up-regulate the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in response to the NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Moreover, they lack MDP-induced enhancement of TLR-mediated tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-10 production, which is observed in control DC with intact NOD2. These data indicate that the NOD2fs mutation results in a loss-of-function phenotype in human myeloid DC and imply decreased immune regulation by IL-10 as a possible mechanism for this mutation in CD.
L-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 regulate the development of Concanavalin A-induced liver injury
Authors: Kawasuji Ayako , Hasegawa Minoru , Horikawa Mayuka , Fujita Tomoyuki , Matsushita Yukiyo , Matsushita Takashi , Fujimoto Manabu , Steeber Douglas A , Tedder Thomas F , Takehara Kazuhiko , Sato Shinichi 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis is a model for human T cell-mediated hepatitis. We evaluated the role of L-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in this model by injecting Con A intravenously in mice lacking L-selectin (L-selectin−/−), ICAM-1 (ICAM-1−/−), or both (L-selectin/ICAM-1−/−). Blood and liver samples were collected 0, 8, 24, and 48 h after Con A treatment. Increases in plasma transaminase levels, which peaked 8 h after injection, were reduced significantly in L-selectin−/−, ICAM-1−/−, and L-selectin/ICAM-1−/− mice compared with wild-type mice. Liver necrosis was more strongly inhibited in ICAM-1−/− mice than in L-selectin−/− mice but was most prominently reduced in L-selectin/ICAM-1−/− mice, in parallel with decreased plasma transaminase levels. The reduced severity of hepatitis in the mutant mice correlated with decreases in numbers of liver CD4+ T cells but not numbers of CD8+ T cells or neutrophils. Following Con A treatment, L-selectin deficiency reduced liver mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, and ICAM-1 deficiency reduced expression of interleukin-4. By contrast, reductions in liver macrophage inhibitor protein-1α mRNA occurred in all mutant mice. These results indicate that L-selectin and ICAM-1 contribute cooperatively to the development of Con A-induced hepatitis by regulating leukocyte infiltration and subsequent cytokine production.
Sex-specific phenotypical and functional differences in peripheral human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells
Authors: Caccamo Nadia , Dieli Francesco , Wesch Daniela , Jomaa Hassan , Eberl Matthias 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells constitute a minor proportion of human peripheral blood T cells that can expand rapidly upon infection with microbial pathogens. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell numbers change characteristically with age, rising from birth to puberty and gradually decreasing again beyond 30 years of age. In adults, female blood donors have significantly higher levels than males, implying that circulating Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells in women remain elevated for a longer period in life and drop less strikingly than in men. This loss in men is accompanied by a substantial depletion of CD27−CD45RA− and CD27−CD45RA+ effector T cells and a parallel increase in CD27+CD45RA− central memory T cells while in women, the distribution of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell subsets remains virtually unchanged. The phenotypical conversion in men older than 30 years is mirrored by an increased proliferative response of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells and a reduced interferon-γ secretion upon stimulation with isopentenyl pyrophosphate in vitro.
Psychiatric genetic research at the National Institute of Mental Health
Authors: Berg Kate , Mullican Charlotte , Maestri Nancy , Shore David 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFor some time it has been known through the results of family, twin, and adoption studies that heredity appears to play a significant causal role in many mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mood disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, autism, dyslexia, and Tourette's Syndrome. The precise patterns of inheritance of these complex disorders have not been determined, nor have the relevant genes been localized or cloned. Because the genetics are complex and because there is also clearly an environmental contribution to behavior, we expect the analysis of the genetics of mental illness to be arduous, and not quickly resolved. There are several compelling reasons to continue to focus our attention on uncovering the genetic factors for severe mental illness. Prominent among these are the implications for better treatment of mental disorders. The National Institute of Mental Health supports a wide range of studies on psychiatric genetic research. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Report from the Maryland epidemiology schizophrenia linkage study: No evidence for linkage between schizophrenia and a number of candidate and other genomic regions using a complex dominant model
Authors: Karayiorgou Maria , Kasch Laura , Lasseter Virginia K. , Hwang Jennifer , Elango Ramu , Bernardini D. Jonathan , Kimberland Michelle , Babb Robert , Francomano Clair A. , Wolyniec Paula S. , Lamacz Malgorzata , Nestadt Gerald , Meyers Deborah , Ott Jurg , Childs Barton , Antonarakis Stylianos , Kazazian Haig H. , Housman David E. , Pulver Ann E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOur collaborative group has undertaken a linkage study of schizophrenia, using a systematic sample of patients admitted to Maryland hospitals. An initial sample of 39 families, each having two or more affecteds, was available for genotyping candidate genes, candidate regions, and highly polymorphic markers randomly distributed throughout the genome. We used a single complex dominant model (with a disease gene frequency of 0.005 and age‐dependent penetrance for affected phenotype: for under 35, penetrance = .45; for 35 and older, penetrance = .85). We report here 130 markers, which met the exclusion criteria of LOD score <−2.00 at theta >0.01 in at least 10 informative families, and no evidence for heterogeneity. We also report here markers that were tested as candidates for linkage to the schizophrenic phenotype. They were selected based on the following criteria: (a) proximity to reported chromosomal rearrangements (both 5q and 11q), (b) suggestions of linkage from other families (5q), or (c) presence of a candidate gene (5q, 11q, 3q: Dopamine receptors 1, 2, and 3, respectively). We also tested for mutations of codon 717 in exon 17 of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene and were unable to detect the C to T substitution in our schizophrenic group. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No allelic association between Parkinson's disease and dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptor gene polymorphisms
Authors: Nanko Shinichiro , Ueki Akira , Hattori Mineko , Dai Xiao Y. , Sasaki Tsukasa , Fukuda Rimmei , Ikeda Kazuhiko , Kazamatsuri Hajime 
Published: February 2006

AbstractParkinson's disease is thought to be caused by a combination of unknown environmental, genetic, and degenerative factors. Evidence from necropsy brain samples and pharmacokinetics suggests involvement of dopamine receptors in the pathogenesis or pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Genetic association studies between Parkinson's disease and dopamine D2, D3 and D4 receptor gene polymorphisms were conducted. The polymorphism was examined in 71 patients with Parkinson's disease and 90 controls. There were no significant differences between two groups in allele frequencies at the D2, D3, and D4 dopamine receptor loci. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that susceptibility to Parkinson's disease is associated with the dopamine receptor polymorphisms examined. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotypic definitions of psychotic illness for molecular genetic research
Authors: Farmer Anne E. , Williams Julie , Jones Irene 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNew approaches to establish the molecular genetic bases of psychotic illness have recently been suggested which make different demands on diagnosticians attempting to provide reliable and valid phenotypic definitions. The diagnostic problems that have arisen to date and some solutions to these are considered. In addition, future diagnostic requirements for linkage and association studies are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine D4 receptor variant, D4GLYCINE194, in Africans, but not in Caucasians: No association with Schizophrenia
Authors: Seeman Philip , Ulpian Carla , Chouinard Guy , Van Tol Hubert H. M. , Dwosh Hy , Lieberman Jeffrey A. , Siminovitch Katherine , Liu Ivy S. C. , Waye John , Voruganti P. , Hudson Craig , Serjeant Graham R. , Masibay Arni S. , Seeman Mary V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBecause antipsychotic drugs selectively block dopamine receptors and since dopamine D4 receptors are elevated sixfold in postmortem schizophrenia brain, we searched for possible abnormalities in the coding region of the genomic DNA sequence for the dopamine D4 receptor in control and schizophrenia tissues. The DNA sequence for the first 250 bases of exon 3 of this receptor was examined in the genomic DNA from 296 control individuals and 58 schizophrenics. Twenty‐three out of 183 control blacks (12.6%) and 3 out of 24 (12.5%) schizophrenic blacks revealed a replacement of T by G, predicting a substitution of valine by glycine at amino acid position 194. The identical prevalence of 12.5% indicates that the variant is not associated with schizophrenia. The amino acid replacement occurs one amino acid away from a serine amino acid which is critical for the attachment of dopamine. None of the 147 Caucasians (113 controls; 34 schizophrenics) revealed this variant, termed D4GLYCINE194. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood groups of apes and monkeys. VII. The human‐type A‐B‐H factors in gelada monkeys (Theropithecus gelada)
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Moor‐Jankowski J. , Gordon Eve B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA series of 21 gelada monkeys (Theropithecus gelada) all showed strong reactivity of their saliva for H substance, but no reactivity for either A or B. Tests on their sera in no case showed the simultaneous presence of both the agglutinins anti‐A and anti‐B; instead some animals had only anti‐A, others had only anti‐B, while the remainder had neither anti‐A nor anti‐B. These findings distinguish gelada monkeys from all other species of Old World monkeys tested to date. They also provide further evidence supporting the genetic independence of the H substance and the A‐B‐O blood groups.
Blood groups of Cakchiquel Indians from Sumpango, Guatemala
Authors: Walker Mary , Allen Fred H. , Newman Marshall T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractABO, MN, Rh, P, Lutheran, Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood group systems were studied in a sample of 135 Cakchiquel‐speaking Indians from Sumpango, Dpto. Sacatepequez, Guatemala. Sumpango represents an almost exclusively endogamous isolate in the western highlands some 42 km outside of Guatemala City. The bloods were collected by families, and tests on them are much more revealing than on unrelated individuals because the genotypes are so often evident, and genes that could not have been otherwise detected are revealed. What is lost in numbers of unrelated people is probably more than compensated for by the precision of gene identification.Some evidence of foreign genes in this Indian sample is afforded by gene B in a mother and three of her children, in a small frequency (0.01) of R−2,−3 (cde or cDe), and perhaps in gene MU or Mu in a mother and son. Gene frequencies for the Sumpango sample are very similar to those of Matson and Swanson's ('63) Cakchiquel from nearby Chimaltenango and Patzicia. The Sumpango sample shows lower P and Jka and higher R2,−3 (CDe), and of these the low P and high R2,−3 stand outside of the known Maya range.
Cranial capacity and neuron number: A critique and proposal
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSome recent studies correlating cranial capacity with behavioral development and more molecular parameters such as neuron number are critically examined. These studies are found lacking in terms of basic assumptions and empirical support from other studies. In general, it is shown that these studies have overlooked an important aspect of brain evolution in the Primate Order, i.e., reorganization, or the shifting quantitative relationships of subsystems and components of the nervous system. A distinction is made between two approaches to the problem of the evolution of brain and behavior: (1) the “quantitative‐specific” and (2) the “quantitative‐general.” Attempts to derive specificity in terms of estimates of the number of cortical neurons in different pongid and hominid brains are premature unless basic data regarding organizational shifts are known. A supporting argument for the priority of the “quantitative‐general” approach for all levels of the primate nervous system is made. Such a descriptive level is more amenable to synthesis with current neurophysiological knowledge and primate field and laboratory studies than the “quantitative‐specific” approach.
Monkey locomotion on inclined surfaces
Authors: Prost J. H. , Sussman R. W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMotion pictures were taken of a subadult, female squirrel monkey moving on level and inclined surfaces. The gaits for the various degrees of incline were compared. The noncontact periods were not affected by changes in inclination. The contact periods, which were inversely related to speed, were affected, by changes in slope and intersect constants. When the incline was steep the animal was forced to jump and zig‐zag to retain its progression. The affect of inclination was advantageous at 16° and disadvantageous at higher and lower inclines. At the 16° inclination the animal's short fore legs and long hind legs held the body horizontal, cancelling the effect of the incline. It is reasoned that limb proportions may be adaptive for progression on inclined surfaces and that the locomotor niches for the various arboreal primates may be usefully categorized in terms of the inclinations of their substrates.
Fingerprints of Whites and Negroes from Southern Brazil
Authors: de sá E Benevides Fº F. R. , Salzano F. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStudies on 1,115 individuals (451 Whites, 240 Light Mulattoes, 236 Dark Mulattoes and 188 Negroes) from Pôrto Alegre, Brazil are reported. The differences among those subgroups are not large and there is not a clear gradient when we consider samples with increasing Negro ancestry. The most marked difference between Whites and the total Negroid group occurred in the prevalence of radial loops. Comparison with Portuguese and African series indicates that no single factor can fully explain the observed distributions. But the values of Dankmeijer's index are exactly those expected on the assumption of 50% White admixture in the Pôrto Alegre Negro, in agreement with previous investigations.
Anthropometric changes associated with high altitude acclimatization in females
Authors: Hannon John P. , Shields J. L. , Harris Charles W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe anthropometric effects of prolonged high altitude exposure were studied in eight college women who lived on the summit of Pikes Peak (14,100 ft.) for 2.5 months. Acclimatization to altitude was associated with a decrease of skin‐fold thickness and a reduction in limb circumference, but little change in body weight. It was concluded that these changes reflected a loss of subcutaneous fat during the period of altitude exposure. Altitude exposure did not produce any alterations in trunk circumference at the umbilicus or buttocks, but it did cause an increase in the inspiratory chest circumference at the axillary level and a reduction in expiratory chest circumference at the subscapular level.
The skin of primates. XLIII. Further observations on the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta)
Authors: Arao T. , Perkins E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUnderneath the volar friction surfaces is a highly developed, anastomosing system of alkaline phosphatase‐reactive capillaries; numerous cholinesterase‐positive hederiform nerve end‐organs are present in the scalp, forehead, lower abdomen, back, and perianal region; sinus hair follicles occur on the flexor surface of the antebrachium; and a dense field of gigantic sebaceous and admixed apocrine glands constitutes the epigastric gland.
The basal area of posterior tooth crown components: The assessment of within tooth variations of premolars and molars
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the basic hypotheses and methods for describing the basal area, the projected relative plane surface areas of molar and premolar crown components. Basically these methods utilize definable anatomical landmarks which are projected from the occlusal surface of the posterior teeth to the occlusal plane. The relative plane surface area, a projection of the basal surface area, can be described by a series of vectors which outline each crown component as a polygon. The description of the dentition in this way is essential to a variety of experimental designs, i.e., the analysis of the range of variation of occulsion, the measuring and expression of shape and the description of the “within tooth” variations in size and position of each crown component.
ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn as a selection mechanism at the ABO locus
Authors: Sever Lowell E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData from the period 1951 to 1967 were collected from the records at the Milwaukee Blood Center on 380 cases of ABO hemolytic disease to determine if ABO incompatibility may be regarded as a selection mechanism at the ABO locus. In comparison with infants of ABO compatible parents the affected infants had significantly lower hemoglobin and hematocrit values and higher bilirubin concentrations. Forty‐eight percent of the affected showed a positive direct antiglobulin test, 81% showed increased numbers of reticulocytes and 92% had spherocytosis. Since affected infants are considered to be in grave danger when high concentrations of bilirubin are present it is significant that 169 individuals (44%) required exchange transfusions. Compared with the number of live births in Milwaukee for the same period this represents a frequency of one in every 1,654 live births so that ABO incompatibility may be regarded as an important mechanism of natural selection. Since it was found that 98.7% of the mothers of the affected infants are of blood group O, the affected infants are therefore heterozygous (AO or BO) and selection due to ABO incompatibility would have its greatest effect upon the lowest allele frequencies in a population.
Dentition of Bedouin in Israel. II. Morphology
Authors: Rosenzweig Kurt A. , Zilberman Yerucham 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPlaster casts of the dentition of 137 Bedouin, mostly members of the Abu Rabiya tribe in the Negev desert, were subjected to odontometric and morphologic analysis. They show a marked sexual dimorphism, very strongly developed maxillary and mandibular first molars and much reduced second molars. They exhibit the characteristics of middle‐eastern populations with a rather weak expression of the shovel trait, upper premolars with relatively short BL diameters, a high prevalence of Carabelli's complex on the first maxillary molar and virtually complete absence of the protostylid. In general, the Bedouin have larger teeth than three other ethnic groups living in Israel whose dentitions have been recently investigated. Further similarities and differences are discussed.
Color blindness among Aymara in Chile
Authors: Cruz‐Coke R. , Barrera R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNine color blind subjects were discovered in a survey of 140 Aymaras of Arica, Chile, using as screening test a portable Anomaloscope, Ishihara tables and Hardy‐Rand‐Ritter plates. Pseudosisochromatic test failed on detecting four anomalous trichromates. Seven color blind subjects revealed foreign ancestors. Also a different prevalence of defectives among subsamples was observed. Thus color blindness variability within the sample could be explained by gene flow. It is proposed to use anomaloscopes as a screening device in order to survey with accuracy color vision genes in human populations.