bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Closure of turbulent fluxes for the transport of momentum, energy, and mass
Authors: Alfradique Marcelo Ferreira , Telles Affonso Silva 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe methods of extended thermodynamics are employed to establish a set of closure equations for the turbulent fields. The main advantage of its use resides in the elimination of all arbitrariness in the selection of the constitutive variables and basic model for the average fields present in the various equations for the turbulent moments. In addition, the method provides a systematic way correcting observed improprieties. Starting with the equations for the fluctuations of the velocity and of passive scalar fields, it is possible to write successive equations for the moments of increasing orders in the form of balances in terms of a time derivative, a convective flux, and a source field. The unknown terms for each order are assumed to be determined by constitutive equations given as functions, exclusively, of the moments of lower order. The only free choice is on the level of description, as determined by the order of the highest moment considered. Equations required for the two first levels, pertaining to the moments of the fluctuations of velocity, and of temperature and concentrations are presented, discussed and compared to previous models and known results. Heat and mass‐transfer effects are considered, and it is shown the existence of interference between these processes in a form analogous to the Dufour and Soret effects, with a marked anisotropy following the Reynolds stress. © 2006 American Institute of Chemcial Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Autosomal dominant atretic cephalocele with phenotype variability: Report of a Brazilian family with six affected in four generations
Authors: Carvalho D.R. , Giuliani L.R. , Simão G.N. , Santos A.C. , Pina‐Neto J.M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAtretic cephalocele is a clinicopathological entity, which is different from the common form of cephalocele. Its etiopathogenesis has not been completely explained and there are only two previous reports of familial recurrence. We report a Brazilian family with autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The neglected sense–olfaction in primate behavior, ecology, and evolution
Authors: Heymann Eckhard W. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis special issue emerged from a symposium held during the 20th Congress of the International Primatological Society in Torino, Italy, in August 2004. The symposium brought together scientists studying several different aspects of olfaction in primates. The topics addressed ranged from the morphology and physiology of the sensory apparatus, the genetics and chemistry of olfactory signals and the use of such signals in primate communication, to a comparative analysis of the role of olfaction in neural evolution. The papers in this issue reflect a surge of interest in diverse aspects of olfaction–an interest that has been stimulated by the more rigorous theoretical approaches and new techniques that have recently become available. This introduction briefly reviews past research on primate olfaction, summarizes the scope of this special issue, and provides a somewhat speculative glimpse of the future. Am. J. Primatol. 68:519–524, 2006.© 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accessory chemosignaling mechanisms in primates
Authors: Evans C.S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAccessory olfaction is defined as the chemoreceptive system that employs the vomeronasal complex (VNC) and its distinct central projections to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) and limbic/cortical systems. Comparisons of the structural and functional features of primate accessory olfaction can now be made at many levels. Advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of odorant transfer and detection, physiological analyses of signal processing, and appreciation of ontogenetic timetables have clarified the contribution of accessory chemoreception to the sensory map. Two principal functions dominate: the decoding of social information through the uptake of signals (often fluid‐borne), and the provision of an essential pathway for the “migration” of presumptive neurocrine (GnRH) cells from the olfactory placode to the hypothalamus. VN “smelling” (vomerolfaction) is now seen to overlap with primary olfaction. Both systems detect signal compounds along the spectrum of volatility/molecular weight, and neither is an exclusive sensor. Both main and accessory chemoreception seem to require collaborative molecular devices to assist in odorant transfer (binding proteins) and (for the VNO) signal recognition (MHC1 proteins). Most adaptive‐selective features of primate chemocommunication variously resemble those of other terrestrial mammals. VN function, along with its genome, has been maintained within the Strepsirrhines and tarsiers, reduced in Platyrrhines, and nearly extinguished at the Catarrhine up to hominin levels. It persists as an intriguing ancient sense that retains key features of past evolutionary events. Am. J. Primatol. 68:525–544, 2006.© 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory evolution and behavioral ecology in primates
Authors: Barton Robert A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPrimates are usually thought of as “visual” mammals, and several comparative studies have emphasized the role of vision in primate neural and sociocognitive specialization. Here I explore the role of olfactory systems, using phylogenetic analysis of comparative volumetric data. The relative sizes of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) tend to show different evolutionary patterns in accordance with their different functions. Although there is some evidence of correlated evolution of the two systems, this is apparent in only one clade (the strepsirhines). As predicted, the MOBs correlate predominantly with ecological factors (activity period and diet), while the AOBs correlate with social and mating systems. Related olfactory structures (i.e., the piriform cortex and amygdala) exhibit correlated evolution with the AOBs but not with the MOBs, and the corticobasolateral part of the amygdala exhibits a correlation with social group size in platyrrhines similar to that observed for the AOB. These social system correlations support the idea that there is an olfactory dimension to the concept of the social brain. Am. J. Primatol. 68:545–558, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory signals and the MHC: a review and a case study in Lemur catta
Authors: Knapp Leslie A. , Robson Julie , Waterhouse John S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the most polymorphic genetic system known in vertebrates. Decades of research demonstrate that it plays a critical role in immune response and disease resistance. It has also been suggested that MHC genes influence social behavior and reproductive phenomena. Studies in laboratory mice and rats report that kin recognition and mate choice are influenced by olfactory cues determined at least in part by an individual's MHC genes. This issue has stimulated intense but controversial research. However, work in this field has only been carried out in rodents and humans. Thus far, no study has directly investigated the relationship between olfactory cues and MHC genotype in nonhuman primates. Furthermore, other genetic loci, including those linked to the MHC, have not been ruled out as the primary influence on odor profiles. To explore the relationship between individual odor profiles and MHC alleles, we are studying ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). These animals are an ideal model species because they are extremely scent‐oriented and their behaviors suggest that olfactory signals form an important part of their intra‐ and intergroup communication systems. Individual odor profiles from tail and scent gland samples were generated for six males using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). MHC genotypes were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The GC‐MS analyses demonstrated a difference between profiles obtained from tail and scent gland samples. Although our sample size is relatively small and statistical significance could not be obtained, our analyses suggest a relationship between MHC and concentrations of volatile compounds. While these results are preliminary, they support the need for further studies of the MHC and olfactory signals in lemurs and other primates. Am. J. Primatol. 68:568–584, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scent marking as resource defense by female Lemur catta
Authors: Mertl‐millhollen Anne S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBecause ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) are a female‐dominant, female‐philopatric species in which the females provide the majority of parental care and troop defense, resource defense is a possible function of female lemur scent marking. To test this hypothesis, I conducted three studies. First, I presented captive, individually housed females with a series of samples of female scent, each from a different female, to determine whether they would respond to those samples and discriminate between them. Second, I reanalyzed data from a focal animal study of four females in two adjacent troops in Berenty Reserve, Madagascar, to determine female marking rates before, during, and after the mating season, and to clarify the relationship among positions of feeding, intertroop defense, and scent marking. The third study was based on ad libitum observations of the sniffing and marking behavior of a troop in Berenty Reserve during a year when they traveled far out of their home range. The females in study 1 investigated female scent samples but provided no evidence that they discriminated between them. In study 2 the wild females marked throughout the study and did not limit their marking to the mating season. They deposited significantly more of their marks in a zone of confrontation with adjacent troops, where they also did the majority of their feeding, and they increased their rate of marking during agonistic intertroop confrontations. The females determined the positions of their scent marks and deposited the first mark in the majority of countermarking sequences. When the females traveled out of their defended range in study 3, they significantly decreased their rate of marking and increased their rate of sniffing spots but not marking them. All evidence gathered so far supports the hypothesis that one function of female ring‐tailed lemur scent marking is to provide intergroup information that is then used to reinforce the border of the defended resource. Am. J. Primatol. 68:605–621, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scent marking strategies of new world primates
Authors: Heymann Eckhard W. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews recent findings on scent‐marking behavior in wild New World primates. These findings are used to examine three functional hypotheses: territoriality, regulation of social and reproductive dominance, and mating competition/mate attraction. Available data provide little evidence for a territorial function of scent‐marking behavior in New World primates. Evidence for a function in the regulation of social and reproductive dominance is ambiguous. The patterns of scent marking found so far (i.e., rates of scent marking according to sex and social or reproductive status, and the spatial distribution of scent marks), and the sparse information on responses to scent marks are consistent with a hypothesized function in intrasexual competition and intersexual mate choice. Suggestions for future research are made. Am. J. Primatol. 68:650–661, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aerobic conditioning: An effective therapy in McArdle's disease
Authors: Haller Ronald G. , Wyrick Phil , Taivassalo Tanja , Vissing John 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveSusceptibility to exertional cramps and rhabdomyolysis in myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease [MD]) may lead patients to shun exercise. However, physical inactivity may worsen exercise intolerance by further reducing the limited oxidative capacity caused by blocked glycogenolysis. We investigated whether aerobic conditioning can safely improve exercise capacity in MD.MethodsEight MD patients (4 men and 4 women; age range, 33–61 years) pedaled a cycle ergometer for 30 to 40 minutes a day, 4 days a week, for 14 weeks, at an intensity corresponding to 60 to 70% of maximal heart rate. We monitored serum creatine kinase levels; changes in peak cycle work, oxygen uptake, and cardiac output; presence and magnitude of a spontaneous and glucose‐induced second wind; and citrate synthase and β‐hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase enzyme activities in quadriceps muscle.ResultsThe prescribed exercise program increased average work capacity (36%), oxygen uptake (14%), cardiac output (15%), and citrate synthase and β‐hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase enzyme levels (80 and 62%, respectively) without causing pain or cramping or increasing serum creatine kinase. A spontaneous and glucose‐induced second wind was present and was of similar magnitude in each patient before and after training.InterpretationModerate aerobic exercise is an effective means of improving exercise capacity in MD by increasing circulatory delivery and mitochondrial metabolism of bloodborne fuels. Ann Neurol 2006;59:922‐928
Real‐time measurement of cytosolic free calcium concentration in Jurkat cells during ELF magnetic field exposure and evaluation of the role of cell cycle
Authors: McCreary Cheryl R. , Dixon S. Jeffrey , Fraher Laurence J. , Carson Jeffrey J.L. , Prato Frank S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractExtremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF) have been reported to alter a number of cell signaling pathways, including those involved in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis where cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]c) plays an important role. To better understand the biological conditions under which ELF MF exposure might alter [Ca2+]c, we measured [Ca2+]c by ratiometric fluorescence spectrophotometry during exposure to ELF MF in Jurkat E6.1 cells synchronized to different phases of the cell cycle. Suspensions of cells were exposed either to a near zero MF (Null) or a 60 Hz, 100 µT sinusoidal MF superimposed upon a collinear 78.1 µT static MF (AC + DC). An initial series of experiments indicated that the maximum increase in [Ca2+]c above baseline after stimulation with anti‐CD3 was significantly higher in samples exposed to AC + DC (n = 30) compared to Null (n = 30) with the largest difference in G2‐M enriched samples. However, in a second study with G2‐M enriched cells, samples treated with AC + DC (n = 17) were not statistically different from Null‐treated samples (n = 27). Detailed analysis revealed that the dynamics in [Ca2+]c before and after stimulation with anti‐CD3 were dissimilar between Null samples from each study. From the results, we concluded (i) that the ELF MF increased [Ca2+]c during an antibody‐induced signaling event, (ii) that the ELF MF effect did not depend to a large degree on cell cycle, and (iii) that a field‐related change in [Ca2+]c signaling appeared to correlate with features in the [Ca2+]c dynamics. Future work could evaluate [Ca2+]c dynamics in relation to the phase of the cell cycle and inter‐study variation, which may reveal factors important for the observation of real‐time effects of ELF MF on [Ca2+]c. Bioelectromagnetics 27:354–364, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A perspective of synthetic biology: Assembling building blocks for novel functions
Authors: Fu Pengcheng 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSynthetic biology is a recently emerging field that applies engineering formalisms to design and construct new biological parts, devices, and systems for novel functions or life forms that do not exist in nature. Synthetic biology relies on and shares tools from genetic engineering, bioengineering, systems biology and many other engineering disciplines. It is also different from these subjects, in both insights and approach. Applications of synthetic biology have great potential for novel contributions to established fields and for offering opportunities to answer fundamentally new biological questions. This article does not aim at a thorough survey of the literature and detailing progress in all different directions. Instead, it is intended to communicate a way of thinking for synthetic biology in which basic functional elements are defined and assembled into living systems or biomaterials with new properties and behaviors. Four major application areas with a common theme are discussed and a procedure (or “protocol”) for a standard synthetic biology work is suggested.
Radiotracer measurements of protein mass transfer: Kinetics in ion exchange media
Authors: Ubiera Antonio R. , Carta Giorgio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe describe a method to measure protein mass transfer kinetics in ion exchange adsorbents for preparative chromatography based on the use of radioactively labeled protein. The method was developed and evaluated using lysozyme as a test protein with the three commercial strong‐acid cation exchangers SP‐Sepharose‐FF, SP‐Sepharose‐XL, and S‐HyperD. Iodination with125I was used to label the protein, which was added in trace amounts (∼ 0.1%) to an unlabeled protein solution. The solution was recirculated through a shallow bed of the adsorbent particles and the radioactivity accumulated in the bed measured with a gamma‐counter as a function of time. Radiotracer‐based kinetics measurements were found to be in good agreement with results obtained with a conventional shallow‐bed technique, provided that freshly labeled protein solutions were used. The method has advantages in terms of simplicity, ability to deal with adsorption from complex mixtures, and the potential for measurements under tracer diffusion conditions. Kinetics results obtained for the three different stationary phases were generally consistent with previous studies. Protein mass transfer can be described by a pore diffusion model with a nearly salt‐independent pore diffusivity for SP‐Sepharose‐FF and by a homogeneous diffusion model with a saltindependent adsorbed phase diffusivity for S‐HyperD. However, it appears that a more complex model, accounting for parallel pore and surface diffusion, is needed to describe protein mass transfer in SP‐Sepharose‐XL. The modeling results were found to be correlated with the apparent pore sizes determined by inverse SEC.
A rapid, high content,in vivomodel of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis
Authors: Barrett Ruth , Chappell Clare , Quick Marie , Fleming Angeleen 
Published: May 2006

AbstractGlucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a major clinical problem given the widespread use of steroids and limited efficacy of biphosphonates. Existing animal models of GIOP are both slow and expensive. Hence, there is a need both for adjunctive modelling systems, as well as more efficacious therapies for the treatment of GIOP. We have addressed this issue through the creation of a zebrafish model of GIOP, which can be used for 96‐well platein vivoscreening with an assay time of 5 days. The model demonstrates key similarities to human GIOP including a partial response to bisphosphonates. The ability to extract detailed pharmacological data, including concentration‐response analyses, enables the screening and ranking of candidate therapeutic compounds. In addition, the zebrafish model is highly relevant for pathway dissection through genetic knockdown and overexpression studies.
Systematic review of postoperative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunomodulators
Authors: Subramanian V , Pollok R C G , Kang J-Y , Kumar D 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
This systematic review examined the use of immunomodulators and the risk of postoperative complications after abdominal surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Methods
Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Ingenta, Zetoc and Ovid) were searched and the reference lists in all articles identified were hand-searched for further relevant papers. Studies were included if they evaluated postoperative complications and defined exposure to individual immunomodulators.

Results
All 11 studies that met the inclusion criteria were observational studies; two were reported only in abstract form. Five studies reported risks associated with azathioprine, five reported risks associated with cyclosporin and three reported risks associated with infliximab. None showed an increased risk of either total or infectious complications associated with immunomodulator use. However, subgroup analysis in one study, published as an abstract, suggested increased rates of anastomotic complications and reoperation associated with azathioprine.

Conclusion
Available evidence does not suggest an increased rate of postoperative complications associated with immunomodulator use.
Effect of Thermal Asymmetry on Laminar Forced Convection Heat Transfer in a Porous Annular Channel
Authors: Mitrovic J. , Maletic B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe effect of thermal asymmetry on laminar forced convection heat transfer in an annular porous channel with a Darcy dissipation of fluid kinetic energy was investigated numerically. The cylindrical surfaces making the channel boundaries were kept at constant but different temperatures. The thermal asymmetry thus imposed on the system results in an asymmetric temperature field and different heat fluxes across the channel boundaries. Depending on the Darcy, Péclet and Reynolds numbers, the thermal asymmetry may lead to a reversal of the heat flux along the channel at least at one of the channel walls. The corresponding Nusselt number becomes zero and subsequently experiences a discontinuity, thereby jumping from infinite negative to infinite positive, or vice versa. This feature is observed in the region of thermal development. In the fully developed heat transfer region, the Nusselt numbers can be positive or negative for the same inlet conditions, depending on the heat source strength. In the case of a plug flow, the analytical expressions for the Nusselt numbers have been obtained.
The Reaction of o‐Alkynylarene and Heteroarene Carboxaldehyde Derivatives with Iodonium Ions and Nucleophiles: A Versatile and Regioselective Synthesis of 1H‐Isochromene, Naphthalene, Indole, Benzofuran, and Benzothiophene Compounds
Authors: Barluenga José , Vázquez‐Villa Henar , Merino Isabel , Ballesteros Alfredo , González José M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe reaction of o‐alkynylbenzaldehydes 1 with different alcohols, silylated nucleophiles 5, electron‐rich arenes 10, and heteroarenes 12 in the presence of the reagent IPy2BF4, at room temperature, gave functionalized 4‐iodo‐1H‐isochromenes 2, 6, 11, and 13 in a regioselective manner. When alkynes 16 and alkenes 19 and 20 were used as nucleophiles, a regioselective benzannulation reaction took place to form 1‐iodonaphthalenes 17 and 1‐naphthyl ketones 18, respectively. Moreover, the latter process has been adapted to accomplish the synthesis of indole, benzofuran, and benzothiophene derivatives (23, 27, and 28, respectively). The three patterns of reactivity observed for the o‐alkynylbenzaldehyde derivatives with IPy2BF4 stem from a common iodinated isobenzopyrylium ion intermediate, A, that evolves in a different way depending on the nucleophile present in the reaction medium. A mechanism is proposed and the different reaction pathways observed as a function of the type of nucleophile are discussed. Furthermore, the reaction of the o‐hexynylbenzaldehyde 1 b with styrene was monitored by NMR spectroscopy. Compound III, a resting state for the common intermediate in the absence of acid, has been isolated. Its evolution in acid media has been also tested, thereby providing support to the proposed mechanism.