bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Universality and Historicity: On the Sources of Religion
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOne of the central questions of Jacques Derrida's later writings concerns the sources of religion. At times he gives explicit priority to the universal dimension of religion. In other places, however, he considers the primacy of faith in its concrete, historical context. This paper will clarify Derrida's relationship to universality and historicity by first comparing his notion of "messianicity without messianism" to that of Walter Benjamin's "weak Messianism." After drawing out these differences, I will focus on Derrida's later writings. I will show that much of the ambiguity of Derrida's thinking on religion can be resolved by turning to his work on khōra, the Greek word for "space" or "matter." The rhetoric of khōra can allow us to think through a twofold logic, one that includes the universal/historical distinction and exceeds its alternatives.
REEVALUATION OF THE HOLLANDER TEST
Authors: Bachrach William H. , Bachrach Lailee B. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryMore than twenty years have elapsed since Hollander introduced a procedure for testing vagal function, yet the technique, and particularly the interpretation, of the test is still being modified in an effort to establish its value for determining the completeness of vagotomy.There is no proof that continuous gastric aspiration with determination of total acid output has any advantage over Hollander's original method of intermittent aspiration and determination of acidity only. It is probable that a two‐hour basal period and a two‐hour post‐insulin collection or sampling of the gastric content will provide all the information necessary to make a decision regarding the presence or absence of vagal innervation to the stomach in the majority of cases. There remains a considerable number of post‐vagotomy patients in whom the interpretation of the test continues to present problems, and it is in this area that further refinements of the procedure are required.The possibility of recurrence of extra‐gastric peptic ulcer disease after complete vagotomy would seriously limit the value of the Hollander test. On the basis of the evidence to date, recurrent ulcer is either a rare development in a patient with a repeatedly negative Hollander test, or cases of this type are not being reported.Methods for evaluating the adequacy of vagotomy without the use of insulin have been advocated; whether these will prove superior to the Hollander test as now performed remains for further experience to determine.
EARLY CHANGES IN THE DEPTH OF BURNS
Authors: Hinshaw J. Raymond 
Published: December 2006

Summary1. Two hundred and eighty‐eight radiant energy burns were produced on anesthetized pigs and were studied at biopsy at 4, 24 and 48 hr. There is progressive destruction of epithelial cells in hair follicles and “sweat” glands during this interval.2. In radiant energy burns of the ears of anesthetized rabbits, peripheral nerve fibers are progressively destroyed for two days after injury.3. To compare the effects of superimposing two burns, 588 single or double exposures to radiant energy were made on anesthetized pigs. Intervals between double exposure were one min, one hr, five hr or six hr. The results show that some tissue, which will remain viable if left alone, will be destroyed by a second exposure, which would not, by itself, have caused detectable injury to that tissue.4. Many varieties of systemic fluid therapy can insure the early survival of severely burned patients. It is proposed that we would have good reason to prefer one over the others, if it could be shown to halt or decrease progressive tissue destruction during the early hours or days following a burn.
VOLUME‐REGULATORY AND ENDOCRINE RELATIONSHIPS AFTER BLOOD LOSS IN MAN*
Authors: Skillman John J. , Moore Francis D. 
Published: December 2006

Summary1. Transcapillary refilling after blood loss in man is a homeostatic adjustment which increases the blood volume. Although protein dilution occurs during this period, total plasma albumin rises, thus increasing the plasma oncotic pressure.2. The renal‐circulatory adjustment to hemorrhage in man is accompanied by an increased aldosterone secretion and excretion. The evidence suggests that the renin‐angiotensin system plays a major role in aldosterone stimulation after hemorrhage, but does not exclude the possibility that other systems may be operating in addition to achieve aldosterone hypersecretion.
DYNAMIC DISTRIBUTION OF BALANCED SALT AND MANNITOL INFUSION AFTER BLOOD LOSS IN MAN
Authors: Lyons John H. , Moore Francis D. 
Published: December 2006

Summary1. During post‐hemorrhagic transcapillary refilling, the distribution of extracellular fluid is biased toward the plasma. The ratio of plasma volume to interstitial fluid, normally about 0.23, remains elevated after blood volume restoration is complete at 24 to 36 hr following non‐shocking hemorrhage.2. The preferential filling of plasma volume is also evident after balanced salt and mannitol infusions. The incremental plasma volume to interstitial fluid ratio observed with the infusion of 2000 ml of lactated Ringer's solution was elevated to 0.43.3. The post‐hemorrhagic state retards the transfer of infused mannitol from the circulation into the interstitial fluid and delays the osmotic withdrawal of cellular water.4. During short term infusions of mannitol, hyponatremia is the predominant extracellular abnormality. This is in sharp contrast to the severe hypertonicity produced by renal losses of salt‐poor urine seen with chronic mannitol infusion.5. Transcapillary refilling after hemorrhage is accompanied by the movement of protein from extravascular sources into the circulation. In these experiments, about 26 gm of new albumin appeared in the vascular space by final equilibrium. The continued ingress of protein even during dispersal of an infusate from the circulation supports a “two channel” concept of the movement of fluid and solute across the vascular wall.
DISCUSSION PAPER: CHEMOTHERAPY OF PSEUDOMONAS SEPTICEMIA IN BURNED MICE
Authors: Rosenthal Sanford M. 
Published: December 2006

Several investigators1–4 have shown that burned animals are quite susceptible to systemic invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We have produced fatal septicemia in mice by immersion of the scalded tail (immersed in water at 70°C for five sec) in cultures of Pseudomonas strain 180. For purposes of local therapy the tails have been enclosed in rubber tubing held in place by stapling to the loose skin at the base of the tail (figure 1). Therapy consisted of suspending the drugs in a vanishing cream base and injecting the suspension into the tubes, which were then sealed with a cork. Treatment was given six hr after challenge. Details of the techniques employed may be found in recent publications.5,6In a comparative study of eleven chemotherapeutic agents, six were highly effective in preventing death. (See table 1). The mortality with 8.5% sulfamylon acetate was 8%; 0.25% chloramphenicol, 0.5% gentamycin, 0.4% neomycin, and 1% streptomycin all produced zero mortality; 0.5 sulfadiazine gave 10% mortality. Little effect on survival was observed from 0.2% polymyxin, 0.1% colimycin, 0.25% tetracycline, 0.25% penicillin G, or 0.5% silver nitrate. Ninetythree% of untreated animals died and 90% with the vanishing cream alone.5A similar study was carried out on mice treated systemically, and without local therapy. Treatment was begun six hr after the challenge and repeated once daily for four additional days. It was found that sulfadiazine given orally in doses of 100 to 500 mg/kg brought about complete survival, and streptomycin administered subcutaneously in doses of 100 mg/kg produced 90% survival (table 2). The drugs currently in use, polymyxin, colimycin, and gentamycin had little effect in the usual therapeutic doses.A comparison of in vivo activity with in vitro sensitivity revealed that test tube activity is not a reliable index of therapeutic action (table 3). Gentamycin, polymyxin, and colimycin were bacteriostatic at 1 μg per ml. Only gentamycin exhibited local activity, and colimycin was without effect systemically. Chloramphenicol, sulfadiazine, and streptomycin were equally active in vitro (25 μg/ml). All were effective locally, but systemically, chloramphenicol was inactive while sulfadiazine and streptomycin were most effective.
COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY OF LOCAL BURN WOUND THERAPY
Authors: Kaplan Michael F. , Berggren Ronald B. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA group of patients with burns covering a surface area under 30 percent was treated with either 0.5% silver nitrate or Sulfamylon. Both agents appeared to be equally effective in controlling bacterial growth. Eschar separation was often prolonged, particularly when bacterial growth was well controlled. It seems that early excision and grafting of the small burn wound may be a valuable way to decrease cost and morbidity. Since the average hospital stay for these patients was more than 40 days, more vigorous efforts must be made to heal these wounds. When comparing the two modes of therapy in the treatment of the small thermal injuries, Sulfamylon may be the better drug due to its ease of administration and good patient and personnel acceptance.
LIPID AND AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS IN AGGREGATING PLATELETS*
Authors: Steiner Manfred 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYLipid and amino acid synthesis was studied in aggregated and nonaggregated platelets by following the incorporation of glucose carbons or acetate into individual lipid classes and amino acids. Aggregation induced by polystyrene‐latex particles, collagen, or ADP increased the synthesis of both. This effect was thought to be due to the increased utilization of glucose known to occur during platelet aggregation. Thrombin was found to decrease overall synthesis of lipids and, in addition, could be shown to alter significantly the pattern of individual lipid synthesis, notably that of phosphatidylethanolamine, ceramide, and triglycerides. Aggregation by ADP did not change the normal pattern of lipid synthesis. Platelets were shown to be capable of synthesizing most of the nonessential amino acids. Glutamic and aspartic acid, serine, glycine, and alanine were the principal products of this synthesis in nonaggregated platelets. Aggregation which enhanced the overall incorporation of glucose carbons into amino acids stimulated primarily the synthesis of glutamic and aspartic acid, undoubtedly a consequence of the increased citric acid cycle activity in such platelets.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF PLATELET FUNCTION*
Authors: White James G. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYRelationships between abnormal ultrastructure and impaired function have been described in patients with inherited disorders of platelet function. Examination of these studies in the light of the present knowledge of platelet structure and function does not support the suggested associations. A concept of platelet structural physiology is described that can serve as a guide in the search for relationships between abnormal morphology and functional impairment. At the present time, only the Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome fulfills the criteria necessary to establish a definitive relationship between a defect in platelet ultrastructure and abnormal function in patients with congenital bleeding disorders.
PLASMA PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN PLATELET AGGREGATION
Authors: Bang N. U. , Heidenreich R. O. , Trygstad C. W. 
Published: December 2006

Summary1. Three cationic proteins–fibrinogen, Hageman factor, and gamma globulin‐are all capable of restoring aggregation capability of washed human platelets.2. The aggregation‐restoring effect of gamma globulin is inhibited by acetic proteins in subfractions of Cohn fraction IV and fractions V and VI.3. Artificial enhancement of the net negative charge of plasma proteins through acylation produces derivatives capable of inhibiting platelet aggregation in platelet‐rich plasma.4. It is proposed that the rate of platelet aggregation is regulated in part by the equilibrium between cationic and anionic proteins in plasma and on the platelet membrane surface. This concept finds support in the following clinical observations.5. Platelets of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia incapable of aggregation fail to adsorb cationic proteins to their surface.6. Purified myeloma proteins from patients with platelet dysfunction do not restore aggregation of normal washed platelets and inhibit the aggregation‐restoring effect of normal IgG.7. Enhanced platelet aggregation demonstrable in chronic, active glomerular disease may result from the loss in the urine of plasma proteins normally inhibiting platelet aggregation.
DISCONNECTING TESTS AND OXYGEN UPTAKE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TOTAL BRAIN DEATH
Authors: Milhaud A. , Riboulot M. , Gayet H. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe disconnecting test in pure oxygen using the apnea technique of Hirsch and Volhard (1905) and Holmdahl (1956) has been described in Amiens (1972).This test produces transient hypercapnia without hypoxia and may be prolonged for more than 20 minutes without danger of either circulatory arrest or additional cerebral damage.Preliminary artificial ventilation in pure oxygen has to be given for more than one hour (denitrogenation). O2 uptake is measured using the ventilation spirograph. Arterial blood is taken every three minutes for gas measurements. The ventricular frequency and arterial pressure are monitored at the same time. In ten adults of average size, all with total brain death, we found a mean oxygen uptake of 193 ml/ minute. Ventricular frequency and arterial blood pressure PaO2 was always higher than 100 mm Hg (even after 20 minutes). PaCO2 increased dramatically to more than 80 mm Hg, and the blood pH decreased to less than 7.05 units, but spontaneous ventilation was never present again. The fact that spontaneous ventilation is not present postdenitrogenation and after apnea in pure oxygen for more than 15 minutes seems to be one of the best criteria of total brain death, except in cases of acute intoxication or deep hypothermia.
MINTY COLORINGS AND ORIENTATIONS OF MATROIDS
Authors: Bland Robert G. , Vergnas Michel Las 
Published: December 2006

SummaryOriented matroids are known to have a Minty coloring property. We show here that this property characterizes oriented matroids. The proof is based upon another characterization of oriented matroids due to Bland and Las Vergnas [2]. The result indicates that oriented matroids provide the broadest possible abstraction of directed graphs and vector spaces over ordered fields as systems of signed sets.
GRAPH‐REALIZABILITY OF MATROIDS
Authors: Inukai Thomas , Weinberg Louis 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA graph‐realizability algorithm of a general matroid is presented in this paper. A matroid is first decomposed into maximal 3‐connected minors called atoms and the original matroid is graph‐realizable if and only if all the atoms are graph‐realizable. Each atom is reduced to a wheel or a whirl matroid by reduction and contraction operations. The graph‐realizability of an atom is tested at each step of the reconstruction process. Two examples are included to illustrate the algorithm.
A REVIEW OF RECENT WORK IN JAPAN ON PRINCIPAL PARTITIONS OF MATROIDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS1
Authors: Iri Masao 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe principal partitions of graphs and matroids have many useful applications in engineering systems analysis and information theory. The partitions are based on the nonuniform distribution of the ranks of the minors of a matroid. This paper outlines the research carried out in Japan during the last decade with motivations from various fields of engineering science.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF H+‐ATPase: WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED FROM Escherichia coli H+‐ATPase*
Authors: Kanazawa Hiroshi , Futai Masamitsu 
Published: December 2006

SummaryWe have identified a transducing phage λasn5 carrying a set of structure genes coding for F1FO. New transducing phages and plasmids carrying a part of the DNA fragment in λasn5 were isolated and assayed by genetic complementation with mutants of F1FO. After analysis of DNA from these phages and plasmids, we mapped the genes for F1FO within a physically defined segment of DNA of 4.5 megadaltons. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA segment was determined, and the primary amino acid sequences of all the subunits were determined. We discuss the homology of the sequence with those of other proteins capable of nucleotide binding. The secondary structures of the subunits were deduced, and a Rossman fold was found in the β‐subunit. The b‐ and δ‐subunits had unique secondary structures.The roles of the subunits of F1 were studied by analysis of isolated subunits and mutationally altered subunits. Conformational changes of the α‐ and β‐subunits and transmission of conformational change between the two subunits were observed. Intracistronic mapping of mutations was achieved.
STATIC AND TIME‐RESOLVED STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF THE Ca2+‐ATPase OF ISOLATED SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Authors: Blasie J. K. , Herbette L. , Pierce D. , Pascolini D. , Scarpa A. , Fleischer S. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryX‐ray and neutron diffraction studios of oriented multilayers of isolated light sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) have provided the separate profile structures of the lipid bilayer and the Ca2+‐ATPase molecule within the membrane profile to ˜10 Å resolution. These studies utilized biosynthetically deuterated SR phospholipids incorporated isomorphously into the isolated SR membranes via exchange proteins.Time‐resolved x‐ray diffraction studies of these oriented SR membrane multilayers have indicated that significant changes occur in the membrane profile structure within a single turnover of the Ca2+‐transport cycle. These studies utilized the flash photolysis of caged ATP to effectively synchronize the ensemble of Ca2+‐ATPase molecules in the multilayer, synchrotron x‐radiation to provide 100‐ to 500‐millisecond data collection times, and double‐beam spectrophotometry to monitor Ca2+ transport in the oriented SR membrane multilayer.
Early Hemopoietic Differentiation: The Action of Multi‐CSF Is Complemented by Lineage Specific Growth Factors
Authors: MIGLIACCIO GIOVANNI , MIGLIACCIO ANNA RITA 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYAlthough mechanisms controlling differentiation of hemopoietic stem and early progenitor cells are still poorly understood, it is generally conceded that a pivotal role is played by hemopoietic growth factors (HGFs).1,2 However, in‐vitro analysis of their action on early progenitors may be obscured by cell‐cell interaction, as well as by the presence of fetal bovine serutn (FBS). To overcome these limitations, we investigated the action of pure multipotent or lineage‐specific HGFs on purified progenitors grown in FBS‐free cultures.In the murine system, highly purified progenitors were cultured in the presence of multipotent colony‐stimulating factor (multi‐CSF, also termed interleukin‐3), erythropoietin (Ep) and macrophagic‐CSF (M‐CSF). Each HGF was unable by itself to induce significant colony growth. However, combined addition of multi‐CSF and either Ep or M‐CSF gave rise only to pure erythroid or macrophagic colonies, respectively.Partly purified human progenitors were challenged by human granulomonocytic‐CSF (GM‐CSF), pluripotent CSF (PPO, also termed granulocytic‐CSF, G‐CSF) and Ep. Here again, each HGF was unable per se to promote colony growth, but combined addition of GM‐CSF or PPO and Ep gave rise only to pure erythroid colonies.These results support a model of early hemopoietic differentiation according to which multi‐lineage HGFs represent “competence” GFs, the action of which is complemented by lineage‐specific “progression” HGFs.
Where Do Different Neurons Come From?
Authors: McKAY RON 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe ability to make functionally competent brain precursor cell lines may have important consequences for a number of outstanding questions in mammalian CNS development. The diversity of neurons is one of the most striking conclusions of recent molecular studies of the nervous system. In our work we provided some of the earliest data to support this conclusion.30‐32 Our preliminary data with precursor cell lines suggest that these cells give neurons with highly differentiated characteristics. If further work continues to support this conclusion, then immortal cell lines will be useful in analyzing the mechanisms that make neurons different. The methods that can be applied to these cell lines include manipulation in tissue culture, transplantation into the developing CNS, and application of the methods of mammalian cell genetics to link gene function to neuronal specificity.
The Moral Arguments against Military Research
Authors: ROTH BERNARD 
Published: December 2006

Insanity in individuals is something rare‐but in groups, parties, nations, and epochs, it is the rule.Friedrich NietzscheSUMMARYMilitary research has become part of the established order in scientific inquiry throughout the world. Because of the awesome power of the military arsenals and the potential for ending or altering many forms of life, the questions associated with military research cannot be regarded as purely scientific or political. More than in any previous period of history, the issues associated with military research have become a moral problem. It is argued that the moral responsibilities of scientists are not altered because a country has a more democratic form of government. In fact, scientists with the most personal freedom should be the ones pressing the moral arguments against military research. It is further argued that research tends to follow paths pointed out by authorities, and when that authority is the military the research will always have unwanted side effects that are immoral and counterproductive for the scientific enterprise and the well‐being of the citizenry of that country. The problems raised by military research bring to the fore basic issues associated with the appropriate size and funding of a country's scientific enterprise, and the question of how best to achieve the goals associated with that enterprise.
New Developments in the Synthesis of Natural and Unnatural Amino Acids
Authors: KAMPHUIS J. , MEIJER E. M. , BOESTEN W. H. J. , SONKE T. , van den TWEEL W. J. J. , SCHOEMAKER H. E. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYAmino acids play an important role in biochemistry and chemistry. They are the building blocks of proteins and play an essential role in the regulation of the metabolism of living organisms.In general, it can be stated that microbial processes (fermentation) are the industrial production methods of choice for large‐scale production of naturally occuring proteinogenic L‐α‐H‐amino acids, while for the production of synthetic D‐ and/or L‐α‐H‐amino acids, several other methods are highly competitive.At DSM, several routes, i.e., (chemoenzymatic) synthesis, towards L‐α‐H and D‐α‐H‐amino acids have been elaborated since the midseventies.A general process for the synthesis of natural as well as synthetic optically pure amino acids has been developed, using an enzymatic kinetic resolution step on racemic amino acid amides as the key step. In this case, both enantiomers of the α‐H‐amino acids are prepared in one single step. This process has been commercialized since 1988.More recent developments using L‐ or D‐amino peptidases in combination with amino acid amide racemases and an asymmetric transformation concept are discussed.