bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Candida albicans serotype B strains synthesize a serotype‐specific phospholipomannan overexpressing a β‐1,2‐linked mannotriose
Authors: Trinel Pierre‐André , Delplace Florence , Maes Emmanuel , Zanetta Jean‐Pierre , Mille Céline , Coddeville Bernadette , Jouault Thierry , Strecker Gérard , Poulain Daniel 
Published: October 2005

SummaryCandida albicans strains consist of serotypes A and B depending on the presence of terminal β‐1,2‐linked mannose residues in the acid‐stable part of serotype A phosphopeptidomannan (PPM). The distribution of C. albicans serotypes varies according to country and human host genetic and infectious backgrounds. However, these epidemiological traits have not yet been related to a phenotypically stable molecule as cell surface expression of the serotype A epitope depends on the growth conditions. We have shown that C. albicans serotype A associates β‐mannose residues with another molecule, phospholipomannan (PLM), which is a member of the mannoseinositolphosphoceramide family. In this study, PLM from serotype B strains was analysed in order to provide structural bases for the differences in molecular mass and antigenicity observed between PLMs from both serotypes. Through these analyses, carbon 10 was shown to be the location of a second hydroxylation of fatty acids previously unknown in fungal sphingolipids. Minor differences observed in the ceramide moiety appeared to be strain‐dependent. More constant features of PLM from serotype B strains were the incorporation of greater amounts of phytosphingosine C20, a twofold reduced glycosylation of PLM and overexpression of a β‐1,2 mannotriose, the epitope of protective antibodies. This specific β‐mannosylation was observed even when growth conditions altered serotype A PPM‐specific epitopes, confirming the potential of PLM as a phenotypically stable molecule for serotyping. This study also suggests that the regulation of β‐mannosyltransferases, which define specific immunomodulatory adhesins whose activity depends on the mannosyl chain length, are part of the genetic background that differentiates serotypes.
Characterization of functional domains of the Vibrio cholerae virulence regulator ToxT
Authors: Prouty Michael G. , Osorio Carlos R. , Klose Karl E. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe toxT gene encodes an AraC family transcriptional activator that is responsible for regulating virulence gene expression in Vibrio cholerae. Analysis of ToxT by dominant/negative assays and a LexA‐based reporter system demonstrated that the N‐terminus of the protein contains dimerization determinants, indicating that ToxT likely functions as a dimer. Additionally, a natural variant of ToxT with only 60% identity in the N‐terminus, as well as a mutant form of ToxT with an altered amino acid in the N‐terminus (L107F), exhibited altered transcriptional responses to bile, suggesting that the N‐terminus is involved in environmental sensing. The C‐terminus of ToxT functions to bind DNA and requires dimerization for stable binding in vitro, as demonstrated by gel shift analysis. Interestingly, a dimerized form of the ToxT C‐terminus is able to bind DNA in vitro but is transcriptionally inactive in vivo, indicating that the N‐terminus contains determinants that are required for transcriptional activation. These results provide a model for a two‐domain structure for ToxT, with an N‐terminal dimerization and environmental sensing domain and a C‐terminal DNA‐binding domain; unlike other well‐studied AraC family proteins, both domains of ToxT appear to be required for transcriptional activation.
An Arabidopsis GRIP domain protein locates to the trans‐Golgi and binds the small GTPase ARL1
Authors: Latijnhouwers Maita , Hawes Chris , Carvalho Claudine , Oparka Karl , Gillingham Alison K. , Boevink Petra 
Published: October 2005

SummaryGRIP domain proteins are a class of golgins that have been described in yeast and animals. They locate to the trans‐Golgi network and are thought to play a role in endosome‐to‐Golgi trafficking. The Arabidopsis GRIP domain protein, AtGRIP, fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP), locates to Golgi stacks but does not exactly co‐locate with the Golgi marker sialyl transferase (ST)‐mRFP, nor with the t‐SNAREs Memb11, SYP31 and BS14a. We conclude that the location of AtGRIP is further to the trans side of the stack than STtmd–mRFP. The 185‐aa C‐terminus of AtGRIP containing the GRIP domain targeted GFP to the Golgi, although a proportion of the fusion protein was still found in the cytosol. Mutation of a conserved tyrosine (Y717) to alanine in the GRIP domain disrupted Golgi localization. ARL1 is a small GTPase required for Golgi targeting of GRIP domain proteins in other systems. An Arabidopsis ARL1 homologue was isolated and shown to target to Golgi stacks. The GDP‐restricted mutant of ARL1, AtARL1‐T31N, was observed to locate partially to the cytosol, whereas the GTP‐restricted mutant AtARL1‐Q71L labelled the Golgi and a population of small structures. Increasing the levels of AtARL1 in epidermal cells increased the proportion of GRIP–GFP fusion protein on Golgi stacks. We show, moreover, that AtARL1 interacted with the GRIP domain in a GTP‐dependent manner in vitro in affinity chromatography and in the yeast two‐hybrid system. This indicates that AtGRIP and AtARL1 interact directly. We conclude that the pathway involving ARL1 and GRIP domain golgins is conserved in plants.
DNA hypomethylation reduces homologous pairing of inserted tandem repeat arrays in somatic nuclei ofArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Watanabe Koichi , Pecinka Ales , Meister Armin , Schubert Ingo , Lam Eric 
Published: October 2005

SummaryFluorescent chromatin tagging makes possible tracking of specific lociin vivoandin situ. Loci tagged by thelacoperator (lacO)/GFP‐LacI/Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) system show rapid motility and constrained chromatin dynamics in somatic nuclei of a transgenic line, designated EL702C, inArabidopsis thaliana. The tagged loci associated with each other significantly more often than expected at random, due to homologous pairing of thelacOtandem repeat arrays. Furthermore, these arrays associated significantly more often than average euchromatic regions with heterochromatic chromocenters (CCs). We show now that the insertedlacOarray in this transgenic line became strongly methylated at CG sites in the T3 generation, which can be reversed upon transfer into the mutant backgrounds ofdecrease in DNA methylation 1(ddm1) andmethyltransferase 1(met1). Concomitantly, the tagged loci showed lower association frequencies as compared with the transgenics in wild‐type background, which is correlated with a significant decrease in allelic and ectopic pairing of thelacOrepeat arrays as visualized by fluorescencein situhybridization. In contrast, the preferential association of thelacOarrays with heterochromatin, locus mobility in somatic nuclei and transcription of neighboring transgenes were not altered by reduced DNA methylation inddm1andmet1backgrounds. Our results show that repeat arrays can activate hypermethylation of the inserted locus that correlates with high frequencies of homologous pairing in somatic cells. In contrast, the preferential association of these inserted arrays with CCs in plant cells occurs through another mechanism.
Response Entropy™ is not more sensitive than State Entropy™ in distinguishing the use of esmolol instead of remifentanil in patients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopy
Authors: Valjus M. , Ahonen J. , Jokela R. , Korttila K. 
Published: October 2005

Background:  Monitoring of analgesia remains a challenge during general anaesthesia. Activation of Response Entropy™ (RE) to painful stimuli has been suggested to be a sign of inadequate analgesia. We evaluated the ability of RE to be more sensitive than State Entropy™ (SE) in measuring nociception in patients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopy. Our hypothesis was that while keeping SE at a predetermined level, RE would be higher in patients receiving a beta‐blocking agent (esmolol) instead of an opioid (remifentanil) during a propofol/nitrous oxide anaesthesia.Methods:  Fifty‐one women aged between 22–53 years were randomly assigned to receive esmolol (n = 25) or remifentanil (n = 26). SE was kept at 50 ± 5. RE and SE were recorded at an interval of 30 s to 2 min and the areas under the RE and SE value‐time curves (AUCRE and AUCSE) were calculated during the time of intubation and start of surgery as well as during the entire anaesthesia. The difference between RE and SE recordings in both groups was determined by subtracting the AUCSE from the corresponding AUCRE. Movements of the patients were recorded.Results:  No significant differences were detected in any of the several AUC values between the groups. The difference between RE and SE recordings was similar in both groups. Every patient in the esmolol group moved some time during the procedure interfering with surgery while no one in the remifentanil group moved.Conclusion:  In patients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic day‐case surgery, RE seems not to be more sensitive than SE in guiding the use of opioids during general anaesthesia.
Myocardial glycerol release, arrhythmias and hemodynamic instability during regional ischemia‐reperfusion in an open chest pig model
Authors: Metzsch C. , Liao Q. , Steen S. , Algotsson L. 
Published: October 2005

Background:  To develop cardioprotection against peri‐operative myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury, we need animal models where the local metabolism and blood flow are studied concomitantly with the global circulatory consequences during regional coronary occlusion.Methods:  In six anesthetized domestic pigs, the largest branch of the circumflex artery was occluded for 30 min. Microdialysate was sampled from the ischemic and non‐ischemic myocardium along with continuous measurements of local coronary artery flow, global hemodynamics and registration of arrhythmias, from baseline through to 30 min of ischemia and 180 min of reperfusion.Results:  During ischemia, the microdialysate glucose concentration decreased, the glycerol concentration increased and the lactate/pyruvate ratio increased significantly. For glycerol, there was a further increase at reperfusion. During ischemia, cardiac output was unchanged; however, during reperfusion there was a significant drop lasting for several minutes, longer than the period in which an increased number of arrhythmias were registered.Conclusion:  The present study demonstrates deranged circulation and arrhythmias corresponding to ischemic metabolism after regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Reperfusion induced more pronounced circulatory changes than the actual ischemia. A substantial increase in myocardial glycerol release seems to be a marker of ischemic metabolism and may prove to be an indicator of reperfusion injury.
Differential expression of cell fate determinants in neurons and glial cells of adult mouse spinal cord after compression injury
Authors: Chen Jian , Leong Soo‐Yuen , Schachner Melitta 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCellular responses after spinal cord injury include activation of astrocytes, degeneration of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and reactions of the ependymal layer and meningeal cells. Because it has been suggested that tissue repair partially recapitulates morphogenesis, we have investigated the expression of several developmentally prominent molecules after spinal cord injury of adult mice where neurogenesis does not occur after injury. Cell fate determinants Numb, Notch‐1, Shh and BMPs are abundantly expressed during development but mostly decline in the adult. In the present study, we investigated whether these genes are triggered by spinal cord injury as a sign of attempted recapitulation of development. Expression of Numb, Notch, Shh, BMP2/4 and Msx1/2 was analysed in the adult mouse spinal cord after compression injury by in situ hybridization up to 1 month after injury. The mRNA expression levels of Notch‐1, Numb, Shh, BMP4 and Msx2 increased in the grey matter and/or white matter and in the ependyma rostral and caudal to the lesion site after injury. However, BMP2 and Msx1 were not up‐regulated. Combining immunohistochemistry of cell type‐specific markers with in situ hybridization we found that all the up‐regulated genes were expressed in neurons. Moreover, Numb, BMP4 and Msx2 were also expressed by GFAP‐positive astrocytes, while Shh was expressed by MBP‐positive oligodendrocytes. In conclusion, the cell fate determinants Notch‐1, Numb, Shh, BMP4 and Msx2 are expressed in neurons and/or glial cells after injury in a time‐dependent manner, suggesting that these genes reflect to some extent an endogenous self‐repair potential by recapitulating some features of development.
κ‐ and δ‐opioid receptor functional activities are increased in the caudate putamen of cannabinoid CB1receptor knockout mice
Authors: Urigüen Leyre , Berrendero Fernando , Ledent Catherine , Maldonado Rafael , Manzanares Jorge 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the functional interaction between endogenous opioid and cannabinoid receptor systems in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. We therefore examined by autoradiography the functional activity and density of µ‐, κ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors in both brain regions of cannabinoid CB1receptor knockout mice. Functional activity was estimated by measuring agonist‐stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding. Results showed that deletion of the CB1cannabinoid receptor markedly increased κ‐opioid (50%) and δ‐opioid (42%) receptor activities whereas no differences were found in µ‐opioid receptor in the caudate putamen. In contrast, binding autoradiography showed a similar density of µ‐, κ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors between mutant and wild‐type mice. No differences were found in densities or activities of µ‐, κ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors between mutant and wild‐type mice in the nucleus accumbens. Taken together, our results revealed that deletion of CB1cannabinoid receptors produced a pronounced increase in the activity of κ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors in the caudate putamen. This endogenous interaction between opioid and cannabinoid receptors may be relevant to further understand a variety of neuroadaptative processes involving the participation of opioid receptors, such as motor behaviour, emotional responses and drug dependence.
Root architecture and wind‐firmness of mature Pinus pinaster
Authors: Danjon Frédéric , Fourcaud Thierry , Bert Didier 
Published: October 2005

Summary
This study aims to link three‐dimensional coarse root architecture to tree stability in mature timber trees with an average of 1‐m rooting depth.
Undamaged and uprooted trees were sampled in a stand damaged by a storm. Root architecture was measured by three‐dimensional (3‐D) digitizing. The distribution of root volume by root type and in wind‐oriented sectors was analysed.
Mature Pinus pinaster root systems were organized in a rigid ‘cage’ composed of a taproot, the zone of rapid taper of horizontal surface roots and numerous sinkers and deep roots, imprisoning a large mass of soil and guyed by long horizontal surface roots. Key compartments for stability exhibited strong selective leeward or windward reinforcement. Uprooted trees showed a lower cage volume, a larger proportion of oblique and intermediate depth horizontal roots and less wind‐oriented root reinforcement.
Pinus pinaster stability on moderately deep soils is optimized through a typical rooting pattern and a considerable structural adaptation to the prevailing wind and soil profile.
Nickel hyperaccumulation as an elemental defense of Streptanthus polygaloides (Brassicaceae): influence of herbivore feeding mode
Authors: Jhee Edward M. , Boyd Robert S. , Eubanks Micky D. 
Published: October 2005

Summary
No study of a single nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulator species has investigated the impact of hyperaccumulation on herbivores representing a variety of feeding modes.
Streptanthus polygaloides plants were grown on high‐ or low‐Ni soils and a series of no‐choice and choice feeding experiments was conducted using eight arthropod herbivores. Herbivores used were two leaf‐chewing folivores (the grasshopper Melanoplus femurrubrum and the lepidopteran Evergestis rimosalis), a dipteran rhizovore (the cabbage maggot Delia radicum), a xylem‐feeder (the spittlebug Philaenus spumarius), two phloem‐feeders (the aphid, Lipaphis erysimi and the spidermite Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and two cell‐disruptors (the bug Lygus lineolaris and the whitefly Tetranychus urticae).
Hyperaccumulated Ni significantly decreased survival of the leaf‐chewers and rhizovore, and significantly reduced population growth of the whitefly cell‐disruptor. However, vascular tissue‐feeding insects were unaffected by hyperaccumulated Ni, as was the bug cell‐disruptor.
We conclude that Ni can defend against tissue‐chewing herbivores but is ineffective against vascular tissue‐feeding herbivores. The effects of Ni on cell‐disruptors varies, as a result of either variation of insect Ni sensitivity or the location of Ni in S. polygaloides cells and tissues.
Loci controlling partial resistance to rice blast do not show marked QTL × environment interaction when plant nitrogen status alters disease severity
Authors: Talukder Zahirul I. , McDonald A James S. , Price Adam H. 
Published: October 2005

Summary
Plant disease susceptibility is often increased by nitrogen (N) application. Therefore, it is important to know if resistance loci are effective in different plant N environments.
One‐hundred lines of the Bala × Azucena rice (Oryza sativa) mapping population were grown in two N treatments and tested for partial resistance to blast (Magnaporthe grisea) isolate CD100. Disease severity (DS), the number and size of lesions and plant N and C concentrations were measured and the results subject to quantitative trait loci (QTL) and QTL × environment analysis.
There was a 66% higher plant N concentration in the high N treatment and DS increased significantly, mostly as a result of increased numbers of lesions. Nine regions contained QTL for disease traits but only one showed evidence of statistically significant QTL × treatment interaction. This was a large effect quantitative trait locus at marker R1933 on chromosome 12 which was less effective at high N.
Apparently, blast disease is increased by higher plant N, but the efficacy of partial resistance genes is not greatly affected by N application.
Stratification by cyanobacteria in lakes: a dynamic buoyancy model indicates size limitations met by Planktothrix rubescens filaments
Authors: Walsby Anthony E. 
Published: October 2005

Summary
The ability of the Planktothrix rubescens to stratify in Lake Zürich is related to the size and shape of the cyanobacterial filaments.
Detailed measurements made in the lake are used in a dynamic computer model of buoyancy regulation to investigate the vertical movements of filaments tracking the depth at which the irradiance would support neutral buoyancy. The movement of the filament lags behind the constantly changing target depth owing to (a) the time taken for the filament to respond to the irradiance by changing its density and (b) the time it takes to move by sinking down or floating up through the water column.
The model simulates the stratification depth over a 5‐month period of the summer from the continuous measurements of irradiance and weekly measurements of light attenuation and temperature, without any further adjustment over the period. Models using filaments of the size observed in Lake Zürich explain several details of the observed depth changes: smaller planktonic cyanobacteria (e.g. Limnothrix sp.) are unable to migrate fast enough and larger ones (e.g. Anabaena spp.) will overshoot and become entrained in the epilimnion.
The model can be used to simulate recruitment of Planktothrix filaments from different depths after vernal stratification. Recruitment of filaments from depths down to 45 m will contribute to the metalimnetic population increase in early July.
Rhizosphere geometry and heterogeneity arising from root‐mediated physical and chemical processes
Authors: Hinsinger Philippe , Gobran George R. , Gregory Peter J. , Wenzel Walter W. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe rhizosphere differs from the bulk soil in a range of biochemical, chemical and physical processes that occur as a consequence of root growth, water and nutrient uptake, respiration and rhizodeposition. These processes also affect microbial ecology and plant physiology to a considerable extent. This review concentrates on two features of this unique environment: rhizosphere geometry and heterogeneity in both space and time. Although it is often depicted as a soil cylinder of a given radius around the root, drawing a boundary between the rhizosphere and bulk soil is an impossible task because rhizosphere processes result in gradients of different sizes. For instance, because of diffusional constraints, root uptake can result in a depletion zone extending <1 mm for phosphate to several centimetres for nitrate, while respiration may affect the bulk of the soil. Rhizosphere processes are responsible for spatial and temporal heterogeneities in the soil, although these are sometimes difficult to distinguish from intrinsic soil heterogeneity. A further complexity is that these processes are regulated by plants, microbial communities and soil constituents, and their many interactions. Novel in situ techniques and modelling will help in providing a holistic view of rhizosphere functioning, which is a prerequisite for its management and manipulation.
Chromosomal regions with quantitative trait loci controlling cadmium concentration in brown rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Ishikawa Satoru , Ae Noriharu , Yano Masahiro 
Published: October 2005

Summary
A novel mapping population consisting of 39 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) was used to locate the putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for cadmium (Cd) concentration in brown rice (Oryza sativa). The mapping population carried a single chromosome segment of ‘Kasalath’ (indica) in each line overlapping with neighbouring segments in a ‘Koshihikari’ (japonica) genetic background.
The parents and CSSLs were grown in pots filled with Cd‐polluted soil until grain filling. The brown rice of three of the 39 CSSLs had significantly lower Cd concentrations than that of Koshihikari, and the brown rice of a further three had significantly higher concentrations.
On the basis of graphical genotypes of CSSLs, putative QTLs controlling the Cd concentration in brown rice were detected on chromosomes 3, 6 and 8.
Each of the CSSLs was nearly isogenic to Koshihikari, which is the most popular rice cultivar in Japan: they carried > 90% of the Koshihikari genetic background. Therefore, the development of a new Koshihikari with less Cd concentration in brown rice would be feasible in the near future.