bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ein einfacher Zugang zu den tetracyclischen Vorläufern der Hetero‐ und Secoyohimbane, Strychnos‐ und Oxindolalkaloide
Authors: Rosenmund Peter , Hosseini‐Merescht M. , Bub Christoph 
Published: July 2007

A Simple Entry into the Series of Tetracyclic Hetero‐ and Secoyohimbanes, Strychnos and Oxindole AlkaloidsThe divinylogous urethane 4a reacts in diluted acetic acid to give the indolochinolizine 9 (yield 40%). The total amount grows up to 65%, if compound 14, prepared from 4a in nearly quantitative yield, is allowed to react with trifluoroacetic acid for a few minutes. Similarily, 4b and 4c give by treatment with SnCl2 and heat in an [4+2]‐cycloaddition reaction the spiroindolines 17 and 18. Oxytryptamine reacts with 2 moles of 2 to give immediately the spirooxindole 21. This compound can be rearranged to give 23 (after treatment with acid, reduction and catalytic hydrogenation). 23 has the cis‐configuration of rhyncophylline. magnified image
Synthesis and phosphorylating properties of 2‐chloro‐2,3‐dihydro‐3‐(methylsulfonyl)‐1,3,2‐benzoxazaphosphole 2‐oxide. Derivatives with chloro substituents on the benzene ring
Authors: Hünsch Sabine , Richter Wolfgang , Ugi Ivar , Chattopadhyaya Jyoti 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and the use of the five‐membered cyclic phosphorylating agents 1a–c are described. Their difunctional phosphorylating properties towards alkanols and hydroxylated amino acids and the cleavage reaction of the formed phosphoric acid triesters to diesters with oximate or platinum/hydrogen are investigated and compared to the “parent” compound 2‐chloro‐2,3‐dihydro‐3‐(methylsulfonyl)‐1,3,2‐benzoxazaphosphole 2‐oxide. Dichlorobenzoxazaphosphole 1b is the most reactive of these reagents with respect to phosphorylation with ring opening and oximate cleavage of the phosphoric acid triesters, followed by o‐chlorobenzoxazaphosphole 1a, the unsubstituted phosphole I, and p‐chlorobenzoxazaphosphole Ic. magnified image
Synthese und Eigenschaften von N4‐Hexadecyl‐2′‐desoxycytidylyl‐(3′‐5′)‐5‐ethyl‐2′‐desoxyuridin und 2′‐Desoxythymidylyl‐(3′‐5′)‐N4‐hexadecyl‐1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylcytosin, zwei Vertreter einer neuen Prodrug‐Gruppe
Authors: Schott Herbert , Häussler Markus P. , Schwendener Reto A. 
Published: July 2007

Synthesis and Properties of N4‐Hexadecyl‐2′‐deoxycytidylyl‐(3′‐5′)‐5‐ethyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine and 2′‐Deoxythymidylyl‐(3′‐5′)‐N4‐hexadecyl‐1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylcytosine, Two Representatives of a New Kind of ProdrugsThe gram‐scale condensation of N4‐hexadecyl‐2′‐deoxycytidine with the antiviral 5‐ethyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine and of 2′‐deoxythymidine with the antineoplastic N4‐hexadecyl‐1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylcytosine via a 3′‐5′‐phosphodiester linkage using the hydrogen phosphonate method is described. The purity and the structure of the synthetic products were determined chromatographically (TLC, HPLC) and spectroscopically (MS‐MS, 2D‐NMR). The resulting amphiphilic dinucleoside phosphates represent two examples of a new kind of prodrugs in which lipophilic or hydrophilic nucleoside residues are applied for the masking of 5′‐phosphorylated nucleoside analogues which are known as chemotherapeutics. The prodrugs are soluble in water and can also be incorporated together with matrix lipids into stable liposome dispersions. magnified image
Synthesis and X‐ray Analysis of a Sulfur Dioxide Analog of Triamterene
Authors: de la Cruz Angeles , Goya Pilar , Páez Juan Antonio , Martínez‐Ripoll Martín 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and X‐ray analysis of a sulfur dioxide analog of the diuretic agent triamterene, namely 4,7‐diamino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylpyrazino[2,3‐c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2‐dioxide (2b), is reported. The compound is devoid of the diuretic properties found in other related pyrazino[2,3‐c][1,2,6]thiadiazines. magnified image
Total Synthesis of Myxovirescins, 1 Strategy and Construction of the “Southeastern” Part [O(1)–C(14)]
Authors: Seebach Dieter , Maestro Miguel A. , Sefkow Michael , Adam Geo , Hintermann Samuel , Neidlein Axel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this and the following two papers the synthesis of myxovirescins A1, A2and M2, 28‐membered macrocyclic lactam‐lactones with antibiotic acitivity, is described. A retrosynthetic analysis of the myxovirescin family of ca. 30 target molecules leads to a strategy which could be applied to approximately half of them by slight variations of the building blocks used (Schemes 1–3 and following paper). The southeastern part of the molecule, containing the atoms O(1)–C(14) of myxovirescins A and M is described in this first paper (Scheme 3). The assembly is achieved by using the following appropriately protected units: (S)‐2‐hydroxy‐pentanoic acid, ([1,3]dithian‐2‐ylmethyl)‐amine (Scheme 4), the triflate of (S,R)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐5‐vinyl‐[1,3]dioxolan‐4‐ylmethanol, (E)‐3‐bromo‐2‐buten‐1‐ol, and (E)‐2‐bromo‐2‐buten‐1,4‐diol (Scheme 5), the starting materials for these being malic acid, aminoacetaldehyde, ribose, crotyl alcohol and butyne‐1,4‐diol. The building blocks are put together by using the following key steps: Kolbe electrolysis, amide formation, lithiodithiane alkylation, and Suzuki coupling (Schemes 6 and 8). The only newly created chirality center [C(6) of the target molecules] is generated stereoselectively by a Li‐selectride reduction/Mitsunobu inversion (Table 1, Scheme 7). Theterminiof the O(1)–C(14) fragment (2in Scheme 8) carry a (protected) hydroxy acid and an aldehyde group for the Julia coupling and lactonization, respectively, in the final steps of the synthesis. All intermediates are fully characterized. The X‐ray crystal structures of two compounds prepared for incorporation as N(4)–C(11) and as C(12)–C(14) of the target molecules are also described (Figures 1 and 2).magnified image
Studies on the Constituents of the Leaves of Tinospora tuberculata, II. Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Four New Furanoid Diterpenes, Tinotufolin C–F
Authors: Fukuda Naomichi , Yonemitsu Michiko , Kimura Takeatsu , Isobe Ryuichi , Komori Tetsuya 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFour new furanoid diterpenes, named tinotufolin C (1), D (2), E (3), and F (4), were isolated from the fresh leaves of Tinospora tuberculata Beumée (Menispermaceae). The structures of 1–5 were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. magnified image
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the Sex Pheromone of Nezara viridula (L.)
Authors: Baptistella Lúcia Helena Brito , Aleixo Adriana Mendes 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe main component of the green stink bug Nezara viridula (L.) sex pheromone, the (Z)‐(1S,2R,4S)‐(−)‐epoxybisabolene (1), has been synthesized by a convergent stereocontrolled sequence, using (S)‐(−)‐perillyl alcohol (2) as starting material.
TMS Triflate‐Promoted O‐Glycosylation of Amino Acids and Peptides by L‐Acosaminal and L‐Ristosaminal
Authors: Kessler Horst , Michael Katja , Kottenhahn Matthias 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCyclic and linear peptides are stereoselectively O‐glycosylated by 3‐(acylamino)glycals through activation with TMS triflate (trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate) without Ferrier rearrangement. The yields of the 2‐deoxy‐α‐O‐glycosides obtained range from 18 to 95%. magnified image
Chemie von Aziridincarbonsäuren, V. Asymmetrische Synthese enantiomerenreiner Aziridincarbonsäurederivate aus (R)‐ und (S)‐Glycerinaldehyd‐acetonid
Authors: Ambrosi Horst‐Dieter , Duczek Wolfram , Ramm Matthias , Gründemann Egon , Schulz Burkhard , Jähnisch Klaus 
Published: July 2007

Chemistry of Aziridine Carboxylic Acids, V. – Asymmetric Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Aziridine Carboxylic Acid Derivatives from (R)‐ and (S)‐Glyceraldehyde AcetonideThe α‐bromoacrylic acid derivatives 2 reacted with benzylamine by ring closure to cis‐aziridines 3 and trans‐aziridines 4 with ≥99% diastereomeric excess. The aziridines 3 and 4 were hydrogenated by LiAlH4 to give alcohols 5 and 6. Tosylations of 6 yielded the crystalline sulfonamides 7. The absolute configurations of (2R,3S,4R)‐3c, (2S,3R,4S)‐5and (1R,2R,4R)‐7 were determined by X‐ray analyses.
Aminosäuren, 18. Darstellung und Reaktionen von 2‐Isocyanato‐2‐alkensäureestern
Authors: Effenberger Franz , Kühlwein Jürgen , Baumgartner Christian 
Published: July 2007

Amino Acids, 18. – Preparation and Reactions of 2‐Isocyanato‐2‐alkenoates2‐Isocyanato‐2‐alkenoates 3 were obtained in good yields by the perrhenate‐catalyzed decomposition of 2‐azidoalkanoates 1 in the presence of diphosgene (2a) or phosgene (2b). Methyl 2‐azidopropionate (1h) reacts to give a mixture of methyl 2‐isocyanato‐2‐propenoate (3h) and methyl 2‐chloro‐2‐isocyanatopropionate (4). The addition product 4 could easily be converted into 3h by elimination of HCl with triethylamine at 0°C. With benzyl alcohol (5a) and tert‐butyl alcohol (5b) the isocyanates 3 react smoothly to give the corresponding Z‐ or Boc‐protected 2,3‐didehydroamino acid esters 6 and 7, respectively. The acrylic acid derivative 3h reacts as dienophile with various dienes to yield the Diels‐Alder adducts 8–10.
Synthesis of (2R,5R)‐5‐Chloropipecolic Acid via a Homochiral Acyliminium Ion Intermediate
Authors: Herdeis Claus , Held Walter A. , Kirfel Armin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of (2R,5R)‐5‐chloropipecolic acid hydrochloride (11) is described, starting from the readily available methyl (S)‐5‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)‐2‐oxopiperidine‐1‐carboxylate (3).
Synthesis of Pyrano[4,3‐b]Azepines by [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Photochemically Generated 3‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐1,2‐Didehydroazepines with Enol Ethers
Authors: Tückmantel Werner 
Published: July 2007

Abstract3‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐1,2‐didehydroazepines, generated by photolysis of alkyl 2‐azidobenzoates, undergo a hetero‐[4 + 2] cycloaddition (stepwise or concerted) with ketone‐derived enol ethers to form intensely colored, paratropic 6,8‐dialkoxy‐8,9‐dihydropyrano[4,3‐b]azepines 5–7 which contain the unusual 3‐azaheptafulvene partial structure. Other derivatives of 2‐azidobenzoic acid as well as aldehyde‐derived enol ethers, other classes of olefins, phenol ethers, and furans are unreactive although 2‐methoxynaphthalene undergoes demethylation to produce methyl 2‐(2‐naphthyloxy)‐3H‐azepine‐3‐carboxylate (8). Acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the title compounds produces 2‐(acylmethylene)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐azepine‐3‐carboxylates 9 and indoles 10, catalytic hydrogenation generates a tetrahydro derivative 11, and diastereomeric tricarbonyliron complexes 12 are formed with Fe2(CO)9 at the conjugated diene moiety. An intensely colored byproduct 13 of the photolysis reaction is identified as the first known derivative of 3,3′‐diazaheptafulvalene.
Boulton‐Katritzky Rearrangement of 5‐(cyanoimino)‐1,2,4‐Thiadiazolines
Authors: Sonnenschein Helmut , Schmitz Ernst , Gründemann Egon , Schröder Edith 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe products of the addition of nucleophiles (alcohols, amines) to the cyano group of 5‐(cyanoimino)thiadiazolines 1 undergo a Boulton‐Katritzky rearrangement. The thiadiazoles 4 are formed by subsequent nitrile elimination. In the case of bicyclic thiadiazoloazepine 5 an equilibrium mixture of unrearranged iminothiadiazoline 6 and rearranged thiadiazole 7 is obtained as an intermediate.
Does MRI predict pathologic tumor response in women with breast cancer undergoing preoperative chemotherapy?
Authors: Segara Davendra , Krop Ian E. , Garber Judy E. , Winer Eric , Harris Lyndsay , Bellon Jennifer R. , Birdwell Robyn , Lester Susan , Lipsitz Stuart , Iglehart J. Dirk , Golshan Mehra 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundNeoadjuvant chemotherapy precludes the accurate pre‐surgical pathologic measurement of tumor size. The purpose of this study is to review imaging studies performed in patients who received preoperative chemotherapy prior to surgery and determine whether MRI, ultrasound (US) or physical exam best predicted final pathologic tumor size.MethodsStage I, II, and III breast cancer patients were treated with neoadjuvant therapy on trial. As part of the trials, women underwent MRI, US, and physical exam prior to the start of therapy and 1 week after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.ResultsOf the 68 patients with MRI data, the correlation coefficient (r) of MRI to pathologic size of tumor was r = 0.749. Among the 52 patients who had an US assessment the correlation of US to pathology was r = 0.612. Sixty‐two patients had physical exam data, and the correlation of examination to pathology size was r = 0.439. MRI correctly predicted 8 of 11 complete responders and accurately evaluated the size of non‐responders to neoadjuvant therapy (r = 0.869)ConclusionsIn a select group of women undergoing neoadjuvant therapy for invasive breast cancer, MRI best predicted pathology response. The use of MRI in neoadjuvant therapy may allow for accurate prediction of patients eligible for breast conservation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:474–480. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An interactive procedure for learning about preferences: Case study of a portfolio manager
Authors: Jog Vijay , Michalowski Wojtek 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a new interactive procedure for learning and interpreting the choices available to a decision maker confronted with a discrete decision problem. The procedure guides a decision maker through the evaluation process, has an ability ‘to learn’ from previous choices and generates a set of rules that describe a decision maker's posterior preferences. The validity of the procedure was tested by creating an investment portfolio. The emphasis of the application is on assisting the portfolio manager to determine the decision consistency of a given portfolio selection process.
Multi‐objective combinatorial optimization problems: A survey
Authors: Ulungu E. L. , Teghem J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the last 20 years many multi‐objective linear programming (MOLP) methods with continuous variables have been developed. However, in many real‐world applications discrete variables must be introduced. It is well known that MOLP problems with discrete variables can have special difficulties and so cannot be solved by simply combining discrete programming methods and multi‐objective programming methods.The present paper is intended to review the existing literature on multi‐objective combinatorial optimization (MOCO) problems. Various classical combinatorial problems are examined in a multi‐criteria framework. Some conclusions are drawn and directions for future research are suggested.
An experimental investigation of the interaction between displays and models in multicriteria decision support
Authors: Hussain Hidayat Bin , Wallace William A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn experiment in multicriteria decision support was conducted that examined two types of information displays, two different multiattribute models and two levels of task complexity in a laboratory setting with students as subjects. The findings focused on the ‘process’ behaviour and the ‘design’ elements of the human‐machine interface. Findings concerning the process behaviour suggested that the subjects' actions on data acquisition were guided by their cognitive preference for the attributes, but that the subjects had no discernible search pattern for evaluation. Findings for design included a significant interaction between display and model in weight estimation and assessment. The practical implications for software design are also discussed.
An approach to and computational results on testing the form of a decision maker's utility function
Authors: Murat Köksalan M. , Sagala Paul N. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper we consider the problem of identifying the form of a decision maker's (DM) utility function. We consider a set of alternatives each defined by a number of criteria and we assume that the DM's preferences are consistent with some underlying utility function. We present some theory and develop approaches to test whether the DM's preferences are consistent with a linear, a quasi‐concave, a quasi‐convex or a general monotonic function. We present our computational experience showing that in almost all cases the approaches correctly identify the form of the underlying utility function and require very little preference information of the DM.
Machine maintenance with workload considerations
Authors: Kaufman David L. , Lewis Mark E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMachine maintenance is modeled in the setting of a single‐server queue. Machine deterioration corresponds to slower service rates and failure. This leads to higher congestion and an increase in customer holding costs. The decision‐maker decides when to perform maintenance, which may be done pre‐emptively; before catastrophic failures. Similar to classic maintenance control models, the information available to the decision‐maker includes the state of the server. Unlike classic models, the information also includes the number of customers in queue. Considered are both a repair model and a replacement model. In the repair model, with random replacement times, fixed costs are assumed to be constant in the server state. In the replacement model, both constant and variable fixed costs are considered. It is shown in general that the optimal maintenance policies have switching curve structure that is monotone in the server state. However, the switching curve policies for the repair model are not always monotone in the number of customers in the queue. Numerical examples and two heuristics are also presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Management implications of government funding of nonprofit organizations: Views from the United States and Canada
Authors: Krashinsky Michael 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMost American authors approach nonprofit institutions as an alternative to both for‐profit and public provision. This view suggests that the issues surrounding governance focus on the tension between the needs of individuals who finance or benefit from the activities of nonprofits and the goals of those who manage them. A different paradigm is more appropriate in much of the rest of the world. This article focuses on Canada, where the decision to use nonprofit organizations is made largely by governments. Examples from the Canadian experience with health care, higher education, day care, and television illustrate this difference and some of the implications for nonprofit management that follow from it.
The financial information that nonprofit trustees need and how they can get it
Authors: Anthony Robert N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith one exception, the accounting principles governing the information reported on the financial statements of nonprofit organizations should be the same as those for business organizations, and trustees should use this information to decide on budgets and analyze actual performance in essentially the same way as do business boards of directors. The exception is that nonprofit organizations receive capital contributions, which are rare in business corporations. In some nonprofit organizations, especially colleges, the information that trustees actually receive is confusing because of the unnecessary use of fund accounting and other peculiarities. Nevertheless, trustees can insist on businesslike financial statements.
Why nonprofit nursing homes pay higher nurses' salaries
Authors: Holtmann Alphonse , Idson Todd 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is generally agreed that nonprofit nursing homes pay higher wages to their employees, hire more staff per patient, and are thus more costly than for‐profit nursing homes. We attempt to show that higher costs in nonprofit nursing homes are related to higher quality of care in these homes. Using the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey, we show that nurses in nonprofit nursing homes have different characteristics than nurses in for‐profit homes and that these differences in characteristics account for the differences in wages, a finding consistent with our hypothesis concerning quality differences between types of homes.
Self‐assessment by nonprofit boards
Authors: Holland Thomas P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCan nonprofit boards conduct accurate and trustworthy evaluations of their own performance? Factors that limit trustee self‐assessments include problems with available instruments as well as with trustees' critical abilities. Drawing upon previous research that identified six dimensions of board competencies, the author developed and field‐tested a new instrument for use in board self‐assessments. Information on the reliability and validity of this approach is presented, and implications are drawn for board efforts to monitor and appraise their performance.
On a career in nonprofit management
Authors: Winnick Louis 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCareers for Dreamers and Doers: A Guide to Management Careers in the Nonprofit Sector, edited by Lilly Cohen and Dennis R. Young. New York: Foundation Center, 1989, $24.95 paper.Doing Well by Doing Good: The First Complete Guide to Careers in the Nonprofit Sector, by Terry W. McAdam. New York: Penguin Books, 1988. $6.95 paper.
The strategic restructuring of nonprofit associations: An exploratory study
Authors: Bailey Darlyne 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the past decade, many voluntary associations have reported experiencing tension and frustration in the relationships between central offices and local affiliates. The current challenge is how to maintain cohesion of the association and the utility of the central office while accommodating the desire of affiliates for autonomy. Based on an eighteen‐month exploratory study of the evolution of two associations, this article explores these tensions and offers five propositions for the effective restructuring of the leadership and governance of associations over time.
Power in and around nonprofit boards: A neglected dimension of governance
Authors: Murray Vic , Bradshaw Pat , Wolpin Jacob 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this article we propose five patterns of board governance based on the distribution of power in and around boards of nonprofit organizations. The typology proposed grew out of our findings in in‐depth case studies in which the dispersion of power became the critical variable for making sense of the patterns of governance observed. These governance patterns were then incorporated into a survey of boards in the voluntary sector. We present the results of this latter phase of the research by focusing on the associations between the five patterns and the background characteristics of board members, organizational and environmental variables, and board and organizational effectiveness. The results of the study suggest that power is an important while largely neglected aspect of board governance in the not‐for‐profit sector.
Culture and change in nonprofit boards
Authors: Holland Thomas P. , Leslie Donald , Holzhalb Carol 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe actions of boards, like all organizational behaviors, emerge from board culture, which is composed of members' customary practices, shared beliefs, and assumptions about reality. It is a board's culture that enables its participants to deal with ambiguity and complexity by providing familiar meanings and solutions to problems. Board development efforts that do not take these factors directly into account are likely to produce only superficial and short‐term changes. This article presents alternative approaches to board development, using two levels of learning drawn from examinations of board cultures.
The board‐executive relationship in nonprofit organizations: Partnership or power struggle?
Authors: Golensky Martha 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe interactional dynamics of the board‐executive relationship in the typical nonprofit agency are not well understood. This article first examines conflicting viewpoints in the literature and then describes an in‐depth study of the board‐executive dyad at four nonprofit organizations, using decision making as the focus. The data suggest that, in noncrisis situations, internal factors and the nature of the issue under consideration influence which pattern will be adopted and that the stability arising from this kind of leadership accommodation strongly contributes to organizational effectiveness.