bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic variations of the CDC2L2 gene are associated with type 2 diabetes in a Han Chinese cohort
Authors: Li Yi , Wu Guodong , Zuo Jin , Gao Jinming , Chang Yongsheng , Fang Fu‐de 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to study the potential association of CDC2L2 variations with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsSNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) were extensively screened across the CDC2L2 gene by the site‐specific PCR method ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation System). The identified novel polymorphisms were further evaluated in a Han Chinese cohort comprising of 467 patients with diabetes and 569 nondiabetic controls. In addition, 76 parent‐offspring trios were also included in this association study.The case‐control and TDT/sibTDT studies are applied for association analysis in this study.ResultsSeven loci (rs1059831, SNP33, rs7528782, SNP11, SNP36, rs11488590 and SNP30) were shown to be significantly associated with T2D in unrelated individuals (p < 0.05). When individuals were stratified by age, sex and body mass index (BMI), the SNP11 was shown to be strongly associated with female patients with T2D, patients whose age was over 45 years and individuals whose BMI was less than 23 (p = 0.018, 0.011 and 0.0089, respectively). However, it was not replicated in the family‐based TDT/sibTDT analysis (p = 0.085, OR = 0.63 (CI 95% 0.34–1.06)).ConclusionOur data suggested that the CDC2L2 gene may contribute to the susceptibility of type 2 diabetes in the northern Han Chinese population, but further studies are needed to replicate these findings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gangliogenesis in the enteric nervous system: Roles of the polysialylation of the neural cell adhesion molecule and its regulation by bone morphogenetic protein‐4
Authors: Faure Christophe , Chalazonitis Alcmène , Rhéaume Catherine , Bouchard Guylaine , Sampathkumar S.‐Gopalan , Yarema Kevin J. , Gershon Michael D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe neural crest–derived cells that colonize the fetal bowel become patterned into two ganglionated plexuses. The hypothesis that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) promote ganglionation by regulating neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) polysialylation was tested. Transcripts encoding the sialyltransferases, ST8Sia IV (PST) and ST8Sia II (STX), which polysialylate NCAM, were detectable in fetal rat gut by E12 but were downregulated postnatally. PSA‐NCAM‐immunoreactive neuron numbers, but not those of NCAM, were developmentally regulated similarly. Circular smooth muscle was transiently (E16–20) PSA‐NCAM‐immunoreactive when it is traversed by migrating precursors of submucosal neurons. Neurons developing in vitro from crest‐derived cells immunoselected at E12 with antibodies to p75NTR expressed NCAM and PSA‐NCAM. BMP‐4 promoted neuronal NCAM polysialylation and clustering. N‐butanoylmannosamine, which blocks NCAM polysialylation, but not N‐propanoylmannosamine, which does not, interfered with BMP‐4‐induced neuronal clustering. Observations suggest that BMP signaling enhances NCAM polysialylation, which allows precursors to migrate and form ganglionic aggregates during the remodeling of the developing ENS. Developmental Dynamics, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional analysis of light transmittance characteristics in many index ellipsoids connected in series
Authors: Yoshida Taro , Makishima Kazuhiro , Sone Mototaka , Murooka Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe three‐dimensional optical technique has been applied to analysis of the experimental results related to magnetic wave scattering phenomena. Recently, we have developed an ideal equation for analyzing the three‐dimensional transmittance character of light scattered due to many index ellipsoids. The index ellipsoids are arranged directly along the light axis in series. In this case, the index ellipsoid size and the gap distance between each index ellipsoid and neighbor one are considered as a calculation condition. By using an analysis equation devised by us, we have sought to determine the condition under which the light can be passed through many transparent mediums with high efficiency. From the numerical calculations, the condition for maximum transmittance of light 100% is obtained when a spherical and elliptic index ellipsoids are alternately arranged with respect to each other. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 12–18, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20311
Optimization of multiobjective system reliability design using FLC controlled GA
Authors: Mukuda Minoru , Tsujimura Yasuhiro , Gen Mitsuo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA practical optimal reliability design of a system requiring high system reliability could be formulated as an appropriate mathematical programming model; however, in the real world, we should be concerned with some kinds of decision criteria. In particular, system reliability and construction cost are basically in conflict with each other, so that when taking both of them into consideration, the system reliability design model can be formulated as a bi‐objective mathematical programming model. In this research, we consider a bi‐criteria redundant system reliability design problem which is optimized by selecting and assigning system components among different valuable candidates for constructing a series‐parallel redundant system. Such a problem is formulated as a bi‐criteria nonlinear integer programming (bi‐nIP) model. In the past decade, several researchers have developed many heuristic algorithms including genetic algorithms (GAs) for solving multi‐criteria system reliability optimization problems and obtained acceptable and satisfactory results. Unfortunately, the Pareto solutions obtained by solving a multi‐objective optimization problem using a GA cannot guarantee its quality, and the number of Pareto solutions obtained is sometimes small. In order to overcome such problems, we propose a hybrid genetic algorithm combined with a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and a local search technique to obtain as many Pareto solutions and as good as possible. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated through comparative numerical experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 72–80, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20319
Characteristics of creeping discharge along aerial insulated wire under impulse voltages with various wave front durations
Authors: Nishi Toshiyuki , Hanaoka Ryoichi , Takata Shinzo , Miyamoto Toshio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWhen lightning occurs in the neighborhood of outdoor high‐voltage distribution lines, creeping discharges propagate along the wire surface from the binding wire tip just after insulator flashover. These discharges give rise to various faults on distribution lines, for instance, disconnection and melting of wire, punch‐through breakdown, and so on. We must clarify the creeping discharge characteristics associated with various inductive lightning surges from the viewpoint of safety in high‐voltage distribution systems. In our previous paper, it was reported that the lengths and aspects of the negative creeping discharges were influenced by the wave front durations of impulse voltages applied to the central line with a grounded binding wire. The present study was performed to obtain more information on such creeping discharges.This paper describes the distinctive characteristics of a creeping discharge along the insulated wire surface when impulse voltages with various wave front durations are applied to the binding wire. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 29–37, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20430
Analysis of correlations among supercontinuum spectra using liquid crystal spatial light modulator
Authors: Matsuike Mitsumasa , Nishizawa Norihiko , Mori Masakazu , Goto Ryosuke , Goto Toshio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe generation of supercontinuum spectra from the injection of femtosecond pulses into microstructure or tapered fibers has now been achieved by several groups [1, 2]. In 2001, we generated a supercontinuum around 1.55 µm by injecting a 100‐fs‐duration fiber laser pulse with a 1‐nJ pulse energy into a 5‐m‐long highly nonlinear dispersion‐shifted fiber. The supercontinuum is a remarkable light source for applications in many fields due to its extreme spectral broadness and simple generation scheme. These unique properties should make the supercontinuum an ideal tool for important applications, including WDM telecommunications, optical coherence tomography, and optical‐frequency measurement. However, significant broadband noise on the supercontinuum has been observed, limiting its stability, so that the supercontinuum is too noisy for many applications.In this study, we experimentally analyze the correlation among supercontinuum spectra that contribute to increasing and decreasing this noise by spectral filtering using spatial light modulator. We observed the formation of correlations among supercontinuum spectra for two fibers which have different properties for chromatic dispersion. We also discuss how nonlinear effects act on the formation of correlations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 55–60, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20435
Wavelet‐based fast discrimination of transformer magnetizing inrush current
Authors: Kitayama Masashi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCustomers who need electricity of higher quality have recently been installing cogeneration facilities. They can avoid voltage sags and other distribution system‐related disturbances by supplying electricity to important loads from their generation equipment. As another example, the FRIENDS highly reliable distribution system using semiconductor switches or storage devices based on power electronics technology, has been proposed. These examples illustrate that the need for high reliability of power supply in distribution systems is increasing. Fast relaying algorithms are indispensable in order to realize these systems.The author proposes a new method of discriminating a magnetizing inrush current and a short‐circuit fault current by using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The DWT provides the function of detecting discontinuity of the current waveform. An inrush current occurs when a transformer core becomes saturated. The proposed method detects spikes of the DWT components derived from the discontinuity of the current waveform at both the beginning and end of the inrush current. Wavelet thresholding, a form of wavelet‐based statistical modeling, was used to detect the spikes of DWT components. The proposed method was verified by experimental data obtained from field tests using a single‐phase transformer and the proposed method was demonstrated to be effective. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 19–28, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20461
Ultrafast all‐optical switching using pulse trapping by ultrashort soliton pulse in birefringent optical fiber
Authors: Ukai Yosuke , Nishizawa Norihiko , Goto Toshio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUltrafast all‐optical switching by use of pulse trapping in birefringent optical fiber is demonstrated both experimentally and numerically. The wavelengths of the control soliton pulse and the trapped soliton pulse are shifted to satisfy the condition of group velocity matching. Furthermore, the energy of the trapped pulse is increased through Raman gain of the control pulse. Only a signal pulse in the pulse train with temporal separation of about 1.2 ps is successfully picked off. The repetition frequency corresponds to 0.83 THz. The spectrogram of the optical switching is directly observed using the X‐FROG technique. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 38–44, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20470
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Chiral Modular Ferrocene‐Based Peptides
Authors: Heinze Katja , Wild Ute , Beckmann Manuela 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFerrocene‐containing tripeptides with one to two ferrocene building blocks were prepared by solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using Fmoc‐protected 1′‐aminoferrocene‐1‐carboxylic acid (Fca). The conformations of the tripeptides were analysed by spectroscopic and theoretical methods. The immobilised ferrocene compounds can be reversibly oxidised on‐bead to positively charged peptides and were analysed for anion‐binding affinities by a solid‐phase binding assay. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Group 11 Metal Complexes of the Mesocyclic Thioether Aminophosphonites [‐OC10H6(μ‐S)C10H6O‐]PNC4H8E (E = O, NMe)
Authors: Punji Benudhar , Mague Joel T. , Balakrishna Maravanji S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGroup 11 metal complexes of the mesocyclic thioether aminophosphonites [‐OC10H6(μ‐S)C10H6O‐]PNC4H8E {2a: E = O; 2b: E = NMe; IUPAC names: 4‐(dinaphtho[2,1‐d:1′,2′‐g][1,3,6,2]dioxathiaphosphocin‐4‐yl)morpholine (2a), 1‐(dinaphtho[2,1‐d:1′,2′‐g][1,3,6,2]dioxathiaphosphocin‐4‐yl)‐4‐methylpiperazine (2b)} are reported. Thioether aminophosphonites 2a and 2b react with CuX (X = Cl, Br, and I) in a 1:1 molar ratio to give the tricoordinate, dimeric complexes [{[{‐OC10H6(μ‐S)C10H6O‐}PNC4H8E‐κP]Cu(μ‐X)}2] (4a: E = O, X = Cl; 4b: E = NMe, X = Cl; 5a: E = O, X = Br; 5b: E = NMe, X = Br; 6a: E = O, X = I; 6b: E = NMe, X = I), whereas with 2:1 molar ratios monomeric complexes of the type[{[‐OC10H6(μ‐S)C10H6O‐]PNC4H8O‐κP}2CuX] (7a: E = O, X = Cl; 7b: E = NMe, X = Cl; 8a: E = O, X = Br; 8b: E = NMe, X = Br; 9a: E = O, X = I; 9b: E = NMe, X = I) are obtained in excellent yield. The P,S‐chelated cationic complexes[{[‐OC10H6(μ‐S)C10H6O‐]PNC4H8E‐κP,κS}2Cu]BF4 (10a: E = O; 10b: E = NMe) are obtained when 2a and 2b are treated with half an equivalent of [(MeCN)4Cu]BF4. Similarly, thesilver complexes [{[{‐OC10H6(μ‐S)C10H6O‐}PNC4H8E‐κP,κS]AgCF3SO3}2] (11a: E = O: 11b: E = NMe) and [{[‐OC10H6(μ‐S)C10H6O‐]PNC4H8E‐κP,κS}Ag(PPh3)]CF3SO3 (12a: E = O; 12b: E = NMe) are synthesized by the treatment of thioether aminophosphonites 2a and 2b with AgOTf and [Ag(PPh3)][OTf], respectively. Reactions of 2a and 2b with [AuCl(SMe2)] produce the simple monomeric gold(I) complexes [{[‐OC10H6(μ‐S)C10H6O‐]PNC4H8E‐κP}AuCl] (13a: E = O; 13b: E = NMe). The iodo derivatives [{[‐OC10H6(μ‐S)C10H6O‐]PNC4H8E‐κP}AuI] (14a: E = O; 14b: E = NMe) are obtained by the halide‐exchange reaction of 13a and 13b with CuI at room temperature. The structures of complexes 5a, 7a, 8a, 13a, 13b, and 14a are confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. In all of these complexes, the sulfur atom in the mesocyclic ring shows coordinative interaction towards the phosphorus atom, and in 5a, 7a, 8a, and 14a towards the metal center as well. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Regio‐ and Stereoselectivity of Ene Reactions: The Dimerization of Bicyclic 1,3‐Fused 2‐(Trimethylsilyl)cycloprop‐1‐enes
Authors: Chen Ko Chou , Wang Wen Chieh , Chen Mei‐Yun , Chen Wei‐Cheng , Her Ming‐Chieh , Lee Gon‐Ann 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCycloalkenes proceed through bromination, dehydrobromination and dibromocarbene addition reactions to give tribromocyclopropanes 10 and 11. The treatment of tribromocyclopropanes 10 and 11 with 3 equiv. of methyllithium in diethyl ether at –78 °C followed by treatment with trimethylsilyl chloride produce 8‐(trimethylsilyl)bicyclo[5.1.0]oct‐1(8)‐ene (4) and 9‐(trimethylsilyl)bicyclo[6.1.0]non‐1(9)‐ene (5). Both 4 and 5 undergo ene dimerization via the same steric isomer and an endo transition state to generate the stable adducts 6 and 7, respectively, as the sole isomers. Compound 6, containing an unstable bicyclo[5.1.0]oct‐1(8)‐enyl group and produced in high yields, has been reported to be an unstable species. Both of the ene dimers, (trimethylsilyl)cyclopropenes 6 and 7, can be converted into cyclopropenes 8 and 9 by treatment with a fluoride salt followed by protonation.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Diastereoselective Diels–Alder Additions of Ethene to Substituted Homochiral 2(1H)‐Pyrazinones
Authors: Alen Jo , Smets Wim J. , Dobrzańska Liliana , De Borggraeve Wim M. , Compernolle Frans , Hoornaert Georges J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDiels–Alder reactions of ethene with 2(1H)‐pyrazinones bearing a homochiral auxiliary group are presented. The cycloaddition products form with diasteromeric excesses of up to 50 %. To the best of our knowledge, these are the firstDiels–Alder reactions with ethene showing some degree of diastereoselectivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Phenylphosphoric Acid as a New Additive to Inhibit Olefin Isomerisation in Ruthenium‐Catalysed Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Gimeno Nélida , Formentín Pilar , Steinke Joachim H. G. , Vilar Ramón 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA systematic study of the ruthenium‐catalysed metathesis of alkenes containing hydrogen‐bonding substituents (namely urea and thiourea groups) is presented. Under standard metathesis conditions, several of the substrates under study undergo alkene isomerisation instead of the targeted metathesis. However, in the course of these investigations it has been established that this unwanted isomerisation process can be suppressed by addition of phenylphosphoric acid to the reaction mixture. Some other potential isomerisation inhibitors (e.g. benzoic acid and salts of phosphoric acid) have been studied and their performance compared to that of phenylphosphoric acid. To extend the scope of phenylphosphoric acid, we also studied the metathesis of 1,3‐diallylurea. Interestingly, not only did we observe the complete suppression of the isomerisation process, but also that it is possible to obtain instead of the ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) product,ADMET oligomers resulting from the cross‐metathesis of diallylurea at higher concentrations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A proteomic analysis of Psychrobacter articus 273‐4 adaptation to low temperature and salinity using a 2‐D liquid mapping approach
Authors: Zheng Suping , Ponder Monica A. , Shih Janice Yang Jen , Tiedje James M. , Thomashow Michael F. , Lubman David M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPsychrobacter 273‐4 was isolated from a 20 000–40 000–year‐old Siberian permafrost core, which is characterized by low temperature, low water activity, and high salinity. To explore how 273‐4 survives in the permafrost environment, proteins in four 273‐4 samples cultured at 4 and 22°C in media with and without 5% sodium chloride were profiled and comparatively studied using 2‐D HPLC and MS. The method used herein involved fractionation via a pH gradient using chromatofocusing followed by nonporous silica (NPS) RP‐HPLC and on‐line electrospray mass mapping. It was observed that 33 proteins were involved in the adaptation to low temperature in the cells grown in the nonsaline media while there were only 14 proteins involved in the saline media. There were 45 proteins observed differentially expressed in response to salt at 22°C while there were 22 proteins at 4°C. In addition, 5% NaCl and 4°C showed a combination effect on protein expression. A total of 56 proteins involved in the adaptation to low temperature and salt were identified using MS and database searching. The differentially expressed proteins were classified into different functional categories where the response of the regulation system to stress appears to be very elaborate. The evidence shows that the adaptation of 273‐4 is based primarily on the control of translation and transcription, the synthesis of proteins (chaperones) to facilitate RNA and protein folding, and the regulation of metabolic pathways.
Application of Hadamard transformation to MEKC
Authors: Hata Kazuki , Kaneta Takashi , Imasaka Totaro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe Hadamard transform (HT) technique, which permits the S/N in CE to be improved, was applied to MEKC. Multiple sample injection of fluorescent analytes according to a Hadamard code sequence was performed using an optically gated sample injection technique, in which a sample plug was produced based on photodegradation by irradiation with an intense laser beam. The capillary and reservoirs were filled with a sample solution containing buffer components and SDS as a pseudostationary phase. A preliminary study confirmed that fluorescein ion could be photobleached in the presence of SDS. The optically gated sample injection technique was then applied to multiple sample injection, based on a Hadamard matrix. The S/N in the electropherogram obtained by HT‐MEKC was improved substantially compared to that obtained by a single injection method. When the technique was applied to the separation of several amino acids labeled with FITC, the S/N ratio for each amino acid was enhanced, without any evidence of degradation in separation resolution. Moreover, HT‐MEKC was applied to the analysis of amino acids contained in a Japanese beverage, resulting in improved S/Ns for the amino acids.
Employment‐contingent health insurance, illness, and labor supply of women: evidence from married women with breast cancer
Authors: Bradley Cathy J. , Neumark David , Luo Zhehui , Bednarek Heather L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe examine the effects of employment‐contingent health insurance (ECHI) on married women's labor supply following a health shock. First, we develop a theoretical framework that examines the effects of ECHI on the labor supply response to a health shock, which suggests that women with ECHI are less likely to reduce their labor supply in response to a health shock, relative to women with health insurance through their spouse's employer. Second, we empirically examine this relationship based on labor supply responses to breast cancer. We find that health shocks decrease labor supply to a greater extent among women insured by their spouse's policy than among women with health insurance through their own employer, suggesting that ECHI creates incentives to remain working when faced with a serious illness. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accounting for quality in the measurement of hospital performance: evidence from Costa Rica
Authors: Arocena Pablo , García‐Prado Ariadna 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper provides insights into how Costa Rican public hospitals responded to the pressure for increased efficiency and quality introduced by the reforms carried out over the period 1997–2001. To that purpose we compute a generalized output distance function by means of non‐parametric mathematical programming to construct a productivity index, which accounts for productivity changes while controlling for quality of care. Our results show an improvement in hospital performance mainly driven by quality increases. The adoption of management contracts seems to have contributed to such enhancement, more notably for small hospitals. Further, productivity growth is primarily due to technical and scale efficiency change rather than technological change. A number of policy implications are drawn from these results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.