bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Slug Test Methodologies for Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity in Fine-Grained Sediments
Authors: Herzog BL , Morse WJ 
Published: March 2009

Slug tests were conducted on four lithologic units at a waste disposal site in southwestern Illinois. All tested units were fine-grained glacial tills that had laboratory-determined hydraulic conductivity values between 10-9 and 10-6 cm/s. A total of 37 field tests of hydraulic conductivity were run in 29 open-hole piezometers, with some tests lasting up to a year. The piezometers were oriented both vertically and at a 45° angle to test the effects of possible vertical fractures on hydraulic conductivity.
All slug test results were analyzed using three different methods. The methods selected were those of Cooper, Bredehoeft, and Papadopulos; Hvorslev; and Nguyen and Pinder. The geometric mean values for each geologic unit determined by all three methods were within an order of magnitude and well within one standard deviation.
All three methods could not be applied to all data with the same degree of reliance. This is to be expected since each method has different underlying assumptions. However, all data did fit at least one theoretical curve very well. The importance of these results is twofold: (1) any of the three methods can produce reliable results if properly applied, and (2) data that appear to be unusable by one method may be usable by changing to another method of analysis.
The Magic of Investigative Petrography: The Practical Basis for Resolving Concrete Problems
Authors: Erlin B 
Published: March 2009

Investigative petrography, based upon past and present applications, includes information developed using a broad variety of analytical methods. The analytical data needed to be obtained is initially identified using microscopical evaluations. That initial data, plus subsequently developed data, evaluated in the light of the nature of materials behavior, provides a better understanding of causes of materials performance.
Two case histories are presented which follow analytical investigative procedures used to identify the causes; in one case, of low concrete strengths, and in the other, of extensive cracks and curling of slabs-on-grade.
The low strengths were caused by exposure of the concrete to sub-freezing temperatures. The petrographic studies provided evidence of the early freezing, exonerated other factors, and subsequent studies for admixture contents provided evidence linking the admixture dosage to the freezing phenomenon. The cracks and curling resulted because of interference of a chemical component of an admixture to the timely hydration of the expansive component of Type K shrinkage-compensating cement. The petrographic procedures used to identify the causes of these problems are presented.
Brittle Fracture in Polyethylene Geomembranes
Authors: Peggs ID , Carlson DS 
Published: March 2009

The common concept of polyethylene in geomembrane form is that of a compliant ductile material that yields at 12% elongation but will actually break only after reaching 800% or more elongation. This is so, but over extended periods of time polyethylene will also fail by brittle cracking at essentially zero elongation.
Within two years of installation, brittle cracks have developed in geomembrane liners exposed on the side slopes of liquid impoundments. Such cracking has occurred at stresses well below the yield stress of the material.
The characteristics of brittle fractures with respect to the locations where they occur, how they are initiated, how they propagate, and what can be done to prevent them are discussed in this paper.
Mix Design Practices for Cold In-Place Recycled Pavements
Authors: Scholz T , Hicks RG , Allen D 
Published: March 2009

Since 1984, the Oregon State Highway Division has constructed 724 km (450 centerline miles) of cold in-place recycled pavements. During this period, an intensive study was undertaken by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and Oregon State University (OSU) with the following purposes: 1. To develop an improved mix design procedure for cold in-place recycled pavements. 2. To evaluate the structural contribution of cold in-place recycled pavements. 3. To develop improved guidelines and specifications for the construction of cold in-place recycled pavements.
This paper summarizes the development of a mix design process and describes the early procedures used and their limitations.
The first section of the paper describes the recycling process used during the 1984–1988 period. The second part of the paper describes the evolution of the mix design process used during this period. It describes the steps needed to estimate the emulsion content from properties such as RAP gradation, residual asphalt content, and asphalt properties (penetration and viscosity). Also described are the mix design criteria developed to date (stability, modulus, etc.). The third part describes the expected ranges in strength properties (stability, modulus, etc.) for cold recycled mixes.
The last part of the paper presents significant conclusions from the work performed to date as well as recommendations for further study.
Asphalt Emulsion Slurry Seal and Wheelpath Inlay
Authors: Baker RF 
Published: March 2009

This report documents the development of a slurry seal and wheelpath inlay study. The objective of this study is to develop quick inexpensive procedures to improve skid resistance, extend the useful life of a pavement, and to reduce wheelpath rutting on bituminous concrete pavements.
A two-course asphalt emulsion slurry seal was constructed on two sites to monitor the extension of useful pavement life and improved skid resistance. The slurry seal increased the useful pavement life for at least three years and improved the skid resistance by approximately 30%.
A wheelpath inlay was constructed on a severely rutted bituminous concrete pavement. Rut depth and skid resistance data were taken before and after construction. The inlay appears to offer an effective, alternate, less costly procedure for correcting wheelpath rutting.
Recommendations are presented for the use of the slurry seal and the wheelpath inlay.
Analysis and Interpretation of Aircraft Component Defects Using Quantitative Fractography
Authors: Goldsmith NT , Clark G 
Published: March 2009

Quantitative fractography techniques have been in use at the Aeronautical Research Laboratory (ARL), Melbourne, Australia, for more than 15 years, and they have been developed into a specialized facility for deriving crack growth histories from fracture surfaces. This capability has played a fundamental role in a number of pioneering life extension programs which have permitted the continued operation of several aircraft types in current service with the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The increasing RAAF demand for advanced fractography has required the development over a number of years of computer-based semiautomated data acquisition and data processing facilities for fractographic analysis; these developments have permitted a significant improvement in the speed with which fracture surfaces may be analyzed and are now used routinely in ARL's quantitative fractography.
This paper describes current ARL activities in the use and further development of quantitative fractographic techniques and the specialized facilities employed to derive and process data from fracture surfaces observed by both scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The results able to be obtained are illustrated by reference to case histories of defects in components from service aircraft, from full-scale component tests, and from laboratory test samples. Procedures for minimizing or overcoming some of the difficulties associated with interpretation of fracture surface markings are discussed. The paper also describes the way in which fracture mechanics concepts need to be used in conjunction with fracture surface analysis to achieve a correct understanding of the crack growth history. In particular, some empirically based approaches developed for interpolation and extrapolation of incomplete crack growth histories may now be understood by reference to fracture mechanics concepts. Finally, current and future developments in fracture surface analysis are discussed, with particular reference to the benefits to be gained by the introduction of modern image processing and image enhancement techniques.
Current and Future Neutron Radiologic NDT Standards
Authors: Brenizer JS 
Published: March 2009

Two groups are active in producing standards which are used in neutron radiology (NR) activities within the United States. On the national level, ASTM has three standards which address the neutron radiography method: ASTM Practices for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Materials (E 748), ASTM Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct Thermal Neutron radiographic Testing (E 545), and ASTM Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron Radiography Beams (E 803). The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has a working group which is developing three standards that also address the neutron radiography method. No ASTM or ISO standards exist for the neutron radioscopic NDT method.
Future ASTM standards will address the neutron radioscopic method, neutron radiographic dimensioning, and neutron radiologic system characterization. It is expected that similar efforts will be undertaken in ISO. Given the relatively small community providing neutron radiologic NDT services, international cooperation already in place will most likely continue to grow. This paper reviews current and future trends in NR standards and the impact of these standards on the world market.
Present and Future NDT Standards for Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
Authors: Fenton JD 
Published: March 2009

Consider four basic types of documents—guides, practices, references, and specifications. The documents written by ASTM E07.03 on Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods have traditionally been guides, practices, and references. This subcommittee will now include specifications. Guides and practices instruct or guide the user, define good industry practices, and always give the user every possible option from which to select. They supply detailed how-to information to the user on how to apply the process. The references are a collection of graded anomalies that furnish the engineer with a very useful tool by which he can define acceptance criteria. A specification is a control document that establishes the basic parameters within which the process must be controlled. They are thou shall documents and supply very little howto information.
In order to call out guides and practices on an engineering drawing, in a specification, or in a contract, many qualifying statements are required, making these documents undesirable for this purpose. Specifications supply a minimum amount of instructions or how-to information—they define the parameters within which the process is applied or controlled. There are, basically, three types of specifications: (1) those that control the process, (2) those that establish the acceptance criteria, and (3) those that do both.
NDT Standards from the Perspective of the Department of Defense
Authors: Strauss B 
Published: March 2009

This presentation illustrates the interaction of the DoD non-Government Society (NGS) bodies in the area of NDT. The adoption process for NGS will be outlined including the criteria for adoption, what adoption means, and the advantages of DoD/NGS interaction.
The tasks of the DoD's Standardization Program Plan for NDT will be described along with DoD's efforts on a Joint Army, Navy, Air Force (JANNAF) NDE Subcommittee and on an international standardization group (America, Britain, Canada, and Australia) called the Quadripartite Working Group on Proofing, Inspection, and Quality Assurance.
The Compatibility of Slurry Cutoff Wall Materials with Contaminated Groundwater
Authors: Day SR 
Published: March 2009

Slurry cutoff walls are frequently relied upon to block groundwater flows from toxic waste sites and landfills. The long-term effectiveness of slurry cutoff wall materials is critical to the successful containment of these facilities and the protection of groundwater resources. A variety of laboratory indicator tests have been attempted by engineers and academia to make compatibility determinations but at present there has been little published experience to show which tests produce meaningful results and how these tests can be used to demonstrate compatibility.
Hydraulic conductivity is a useful measure of chemica1/soil compatibility but permeability tests alone cannot assure the long-term stability of a slurry cutoff wall. A suite of indicator tests are used where the leachate and the proposed materials are combined and tested in immersion, desiccation, sedimentation, and other modes. Each indicator test attempts to model a different scenario of the slurry cutoff wall installation and operation.
This paper presents the experience of a specialty contractor from a number of projects, where an incompatibility was discovered and alternate materials were used to find a successful solution. Monitoring results from these sites has proven the effectiveness of the chosen solution. The laboratory test methods described are relatively simple and rely on worst-case scenarios, performed in a step-by-step process, that culminates with flexible wall permeability tests. Based on the methods described and the results from successful projects where these methods were used, engineers, owners and the public may better rely on long-term slurry cutoff wall performance with an increased level of confidence.
Swelling and Irradiation Creep of Neutron-Irradiated 316Ti and 15-15Ti Steels
Authors: Maillard A , Touron H , Séran J-L , Chalony A 
Published: March 2009

The swelling and irradiation creep behavior of cold-worked 316Ti and 15-15Ti, two variants of austenitic steels in use as core component materials of the French fast reactors, are compared.
The use of 15-15Ti leads to a significant improvement due to an increase in the incubation dose for swelling.
The same phenomena observed in 316Ti are found in 15-15Ti. All materials that had not contained fuel that are samples, wrappers, or empty clad swell and creep less than real fuel pin cladding irradiated under the same conditions. To explain the swelling difference, as for 316Ti, a thermal gradient effect is invoked, but the irradiation creep difference is not understood. To predict the behavior of clad, it is essential to study defueled clad and to use specific rules.
All results confirm the good behavior of 15-15Ti, the best behavior being obtained with the 1% silicon-doped version irradiated up to 115 dpa.
Procedural Considerations Relating to the Fatigue Testing of Steel Weldments
Authors: Booth GS , Wylde JG 
Published: March 2009

Although fatigue design rules for welded steel joints are well developed, many cyclically loaded structures and components contain details that are not covered by these rules. It is often necessary, therefore, to generate fatigue data so that service performance may be rigorously assessed. However, for fatigue data to be of value, it is essential to identify and control many factors associated with the fatigue test itself.
The present paper summarizes the main parameters to be controlled when performing weldment fatigue tests. Four distinct areas are discussed—specimen design and fabrication, specimen preparation, testing, and, finally, reporting. Based on experience, recommendations are given regarding suitable practices in each of these areas.
Thermomechanical and Bithermal Fatigue Behavior of Cast B1900 + Hf and Wrought Haynes 188
Authors: Halford GR , Verrilli MJ , Kalluri S , Ritzert FJ , Duckert RE , Holland FA 
Published: March 2009

The high-temperature, low-cycle, thermal and mechanical fatigue behavior has been investigated for two high-strength, oxidation-resistant, superalloys used in aerospace propulsion systems. Experimental results were generated to support development of an advanced thermal fatigue life prediction method. Strain-controlled thermomechanical and loadcontrolled, strain-limited, bithermal fatigue tests were used to determine the fatigue crack initiation and cyclic stress-strain response characteristics of two superalloys, cast nickel-base B1900 + Hf and wrought cobalt-base Haynes 188.
Both in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical and bithermal fatigue experiments were conducted using computer-controlled, servohydraulic uniaxial fatigue machines equipped with diametral extensometry. The thermomechanical tests were conducted with triangular-wave diametral strain versus time and temperature versus time histories, with cycle times of 3 or 4 min. Bithermal experiments utilized a trapezoidal-wave temperature versus time profile wherein mechanical straining was imposed only during the isothermal portions at the maximum and minimum temperatures. Temperature was changed while the specimen was held at zero load, thus excluding mechanical strain application during thermal expansion straining. This testing procedure permits significantly more accurate partitioning of the mechanical and thermal expansion components of strain compared to conventional thermomechanical straining experiments. This is especially important when it is desired to further separate the mechanical strain into its elastic and inelastic components, the latter of which may be further partitioned into time-dependent and time-independent (creep and plasticity) components.
Bithermal temperatures of 483 and 871°C were employed for the cast B1900 + Hf nickel-base alloy and 316 and 760°C for the wrought Haynes 188 cobalt-base alloy. Thermomechanical fatigue tests were also conducted using maximum and minimum temperatures corresponding to those for the bithermal experiments. Lives cover the range from about 10 to 3000 cycles to failure. Comparisons are made with isothermal fatigue results obtained previously.
A Life Prediction Model for Thermomechanical Fatigue Based on Microcrack Propagation
Authors: Miller MP , McDowell DL , Oehmke RLT , Antolovich SD 
Published: March 2009

A thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) life prediction model is developed based on the concept of microcrack propagation. The model is used to correlate high temperature fatigue lives of two nickel-base superalloys.
Due to its complexity, a well-accepted framework for correlation of TMF life has been elusive. Various approaches have been taken, ostensibly nonisothermal generalizations of isothermally derived models. The proposed model explicitly accounts for damage from all three high temperature fatigue (HTF) damage mechanisms prevalent in metals, i.e. fatigue, oxidation, and creep. The general form of the microcrack propagation equation is dadN=dadN|fatigue+dadN|creep+dadN|ox No crack growth is actually monitored in the present analysis; rather the equation is integrated between an appropriate initial and final crack size. The constants and exponents in this integrated form of the equation are then fit from test data. The fatigue and oxidation components are correlated using the ΔJ parameter with an additional time and temperature dependence included in the oxidation term. The ΔJ parameter has demonstrated excellent versatility in the correlation of fatigue macrocrack growth and also implicitly contains the elastic deformation information that is so important in the life of high-strength Ni-base superalloys. The creep component of microcrack propagation is correlated using C, which is similar to the creep crack growth parameter Ct. Isothermal as well as TMF test data for MAR-M247 are analyzed. The mechanical strain versus temperature relationships for the TMF tests include in-phase (IP), out of-phase (OP), and counterclockwise diamond history (DH). Lives of the isothermal, IP, and OP tests are correlated within a factor of ± 2 of the median life. Lives of the DH tests are predicted within a factor ± 2 as well. Isothermal, hold time, and bithermal test data for as-cast MAR-M246 are also correlated within ± 2 of the median life using the approach.
Unconfined and Confined Wide Width Tension Testing of Geosynthetics
Authors: Wilson-Fahmy RF , Koerner RM , Fleck JA 
Published: March 2009

The thrust of this paper stems from the classical confined wide width testing work of McGown, Andrawes and their co-workers in 1981 and 1982 on geotextiles and extends it into the following geosynthetics which are currently used in various waste containment applications: • Woven and nonwoven geotextiles • Geomembranes • Geosynthetic clay liners • Geonets
Confining (normal) pressures up to 138 kPa are utilized to note the effects and, in particular, the variation from the standard unconfined behavior. A range of commercially available materials is used in each of the above categories. The test device used is based on the design principles set by McGown, Andrawes and their co-workers with some modifications being made to simplify the testing technique. The test results substantiate the successful performance of the apparatus. With the exception of nonwoven geotextiles and in particular needle-punched nonwoven geotextiles, the influence of normal stress is shown to be insignificant. This is considered to be the major finding in this study.Confinement does, however, enhance greatly the load-extension modulus of needle-punched geotextiles while it has little effect on their tensile strength.
Surveillance of WWER-440Č Reactor Pressure Vessels
Authors: Brumovský M , áš Páv T 
Published: March 2009

In Czechoslovakia there are six units of Water-Water Power Reactor (WWER)-440Č type reactors (pressurized water reactor [PWR] type) incorporated with pressure vessel surveillance specimens. These sets of specimens are kept for carrying out static tensile testing, impact notch toughness testing, and static fracture toughness testing, and are supplemented by necessary sets of neutron flux monitors.
Results of mechanical testing of these specimens evaluated after one to five years of reactor operation are summarized and discussed with respect to the effect of individual heats and welding joints, radiation embrittlement laws, and lead factor and pressure vessel lifetime assessment.
Evaluation of Bearing Steels Produced by Powder Metallurgy Process
Authors: Tsubota K 
Published: March 2009

A variety of steel powders for bearing applications, such as high-speed tool steel, M50 and 440C steels, etc., prepared through vacuum induction melting (VIM) and inert gas atomizer were canned and consolidated by hot extrusion to bars for specimens used in this experiment.
The carbide sizes of the extruded materials through powder metallurgy (P/M) route were extremely fine as compared to ingot metallurgy (I/M) materials. Nonmetallic inclusions were finely dispersed and the materials were rated to have good cleanliness per ASTM E 45-85 (Method A), Practice for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel.
It is found that lower hardening temperature for P/M materials, with finer carbides that dissolve to the matrix rapidly, can produce hardness comparable to one of I/M materials quenched from a standard temperature. P/M materials, in addition, show significantly better impact values and bending fracture strength than I/M materials due to finer carbides and inclusions.
The rolling contact fatigue test results of M50 steel revealed that fatigue life of P/M materials is comparable to the highest class of life obtained in the same grade of I/M materials. Also, flaking leading to extremely short life, which is sometimes encountered in I/M materials, did not occur in P/M materials.