bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural infection with Eimeria leuckarti: Prevalence of oocysts in feces of horse foals on several farms in Kentucky during 1986
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
During 1986, fecal specimens were collected 1 or more times from each of 164 horse foals (158 Thoroughbred and 6 mixed light horse type), ranging in age from 0 to 252 days, on 13 farms in central Kentucky. To detect natural infection with Eimeria leuckarti, feces were examined for oocysts. Oocysts were found in 67 (41%) of the foals on 11 (85%) of the farms. The earliest age at which oocysts were first detected was 15 days (1 foal); the latest age was 123 days (1 foal). The mean age for the first appearance of oocysts in the feces of the 67 foals positive for E leuckarti was approximately 70 days. Age of the oldest foal that passed oocysts was 185 days. The longest oocyst shedding period was about 4 months, although oocyst-positive feces usually were found only sporadically during this period.
Differential extraction of antigens of Anaplasma marginale
Authors: Adams John H. , Smith Ronald D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Strain-, group-, and genus-specific antigens of the Florida isolate of Anaplasma marginale had different solubilities in zwitterionic, nonionic, and anionic detergents. On the basis of their solubility in nonionic detergent, antigens were grouped into 3 classes: (i) a 108-kilodalton (kD) group-specific antigen and a series of poorly defined antigens (70 to 100 kD) were completely soluble in nonionic detergent; (ii) 96 kD and 75 kD group-specific antigens, and a 91-kD strain-specific antigen were completely insoluble in nonionic detergent; and (iii) a 47-kD group-specific antigen and a 41-kD genus-specific antigen were partially soluble in nonionic detergent. A mercaptoethanol-sensitive antigen of 200 kD also was present in the insoluble fraction.
Differences in solubility of taxonomic antigens of Anaplasma may reflect differences in function. Antigens totally insoluble in nonionic detergent were possibly integral membrane proteins, and those completely soluble in nonionic detergent were more likely peripheral membrane proteins that were less tightly bound to hydrophobic components of the membrane. Seemingly, all antigens were associated with membranes. Bovine preimmune and immune sera used did not react with any proteins of noninfected rbc.
Effects of single-dose and three-day trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and amikacin treatment of induced Escherichia coli urinary tract infections in dogs
Authors: Rogers Kenita S. , Lees George E. , Simpson Russell B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Efficacy of single-dose and 3-day trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (tms) and amikacn treatment regimens for induced Escherichia coli urinary tract infections (uti) in dogs was evaluated. Using each regimen, effects of giving tms combination or amikacin were compared in males and females, and the response of treated dogs was compared with that of nontreated controls. Response to treatment was evaluated, using results of quantitative urine cultures and urinalyses obtained on 4 occasions. Abacteriuria was identified by finding a lack of bacterial organisms in specimens collected for the initial and final posttherapy evaluations.
Before treatments, magnitudes of bacteriuria were similar in all experimental groups, and uti persisted in all nontreated dogs. Single-dose treatment regimens did not reliably eradicate uti in males or females, whether amikacin or tms was administered. Magnitude of bacteriuria often diminished immediately after single-dose treatment, and such reductions of bacteriuria persisted in 2 of 8 dogs. However, no male dogs and only 1 of 4 females became abacteriuric after a single-dose treatment regimen. The single female in which uti was eradicated was treated with a single dose of amikacin.
The 3-day tms treatment regimen eradicated uti in each of 4 females, but the 3-day amikacin treatment regimen resulted in abacteriuria in only 1 of 4 females. Three-day treatment regimens were not effective in male dogs, regardless of the antimicrobial drug used. Of the short-course treatments for canine uti evaluated by this model, only 3-day tms treatment of females was consistently effective.
Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in cats
Authors: Jernigan Antoinette D. , Wilson Robert P. , Hatch Roger C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six mixed-breed adult cats were given 5 mg of amikacin sulfate/kg of body weight by rapid iv, im, and sc routes of administration. The serum concentration-vs-time data were analyzed, using a noncompartmental model. The harmonic mean ± pseudo-sd of the effective half-life of amikacin was 78.8 ± 19.3 minutes after iv administration, 118.7 ± 14.4 minutes after im administration, and 117.7 ± 12.8 minutes after sc administration. The arithmetic mean ± sd of mean residence time was 118.3 ± 21.7 minutes, 173.4 ± 19.9 minutes, and 171.7 ± 19.1 minutes after iv, im, and sc drug administration, respectively. The mean apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 0.17 ± 0.02 L/kg, and the mean total body clearance was 1.46 ± 0.26 ml/min/kg. Mean bioavailability was 95 ± 20% after im administration and 123 ± 33% after sc drug administration. A recommended dosage of 10 mg/kg, q 8 h can be expected to provide a therapeutic serum concentration of amikacin with a mean steady-state concentration of 14 μg/ml. The sc route of administration is preferred, because of rapid absorption, good bioavailability, and ease of administration.
Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of ketamine and its enantiomers in dogs
Authors: Muir William W. , Hubbell John A. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dogs were used to determine cardiopulmonary and chemical restraining effects of racemic ketamine and its enantiomers. Levorotatory ketamine induced the shortest duration of unconsciousness and recumbency when compared with effects of dextrorotatory and racemic ketamine. Administration of racemic ketamine or either of its enantiomers (30 mg/kg of body weight, iv) to dogs recovering from isoflurane anesthesia induced transient, but significant (P < 0.05), decreases in arterial blood pressure, left ventricular contractility, cardiac output, and total peripheral vascular resistance. Arterial blood pressure and left ventricular contractility significantly (P < 0.05) increased at later times after ketamine administration. Arterial pH and the Po2 values decreased after iv administration of racemic ketamine or its enantiomers. Significant differences in cardiopulmonary variables were not observed between groups given ketamine or its enantiomers.
Percutaneous endoscopic tube gastrostomy in dogs
Authors: Bright Ronald M. , Burrows Colin F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Percutaneous endoscopic tube gastrostomy was performed in 10 dogs, using mushroom-tip catheters (16 to 24 F) maintained in place for 5 to 32 days. Dogs were observed daily. Although placement of the catheter was simple and quick, 3 dogs destroyed their catheters. Patency of the catheter was maintained with or without regular flushings with saline solution. Pyrexia (≥ 39.4 C) developed in 3 dogs, but the rectal temperature returned to base line within 24 hours after catheter removal. After catheter removal, all wounds healed without complication. All dogs were euthanatized. Five were examined radiographically before euthanasia to determine the fate of the mushroom tip after transection of the catheter at skin level between days 5 and 21, and 5 dogs were evalated at postmortem examination between days 10 and 32. In all dogs, the tip was not present in the gastrointestinal tract by 96 hours after catheter transection. During postmortem examination of the 5 dogs, minimal inflammatory lesions were seen in the gastric tissue. A gastrocutaneous fistula had formed in each dog, resulting in an adhesion between the stomach and peritoneum.
A simple and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for pentobarbital and other barbiturates in serum
Authors: Alila A. , Heavner J. E. , Rosenberg P. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A single extraction technique for measuring pentobarbital and other barbiturates in serum involved high-pressure liquid chromatography and uv detection yielding a sensitivity for pentobarbital of about 1 μg/ml. We concluded that the assay provides a practical method for use in pharmacokinetic studies and in serum concentration monitoring in experimental animals.
Effect of d-glucose on in vitro short-circuit current in neonatal calf jejunum and rabbit ileum
Authors: Ferrante Pamela L. , Freeman David E. , Whitlock Robert H. , Kronfeld David S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thin sheets of mucosa from small intestine of neonatal calves were mounted in incubation chambers for in vitro studies. These mucosal sheets generated a potential difference (pd) of 2.05 ± 0.02 mV (mean ± sem), short-circuit current (scc) of 23.32 ± 3.81 μA × cm -2, and tissue resistance of 86.22 ± 4.41 ohms × cm2 (n = 6). Ouabain in the serosal bathing solution caused a sharp decrease in the ssc (P < 0.01) and pd (P < 0.005), a decrease in tissue K content (P < 0.05), and an increase in tissue Na content (P < 0.05). The mucosa responded to d-glucose by an increase in pd (P < 0.001) and scc (P < 0.001). In vitro methods used in the calf were validated in similar experiments on rabbit ileum.
Characterization of canine adenovirus type 1 isolated from American black bears
Authors: Whetstone Cecelia A. , Draayer H. , Collins J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Viruses recovered from tissues taken at necropsy from American black bears were examined by use of immunofluorescence with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, virus neutralization with monoclonal antibodies, and restriction endonuclease analyses of the viral genomes. With these techniques, viruses were determined to be canine adenovirus type 1. Seronegative dogs that were inoculated with the virus had clinical signs typical of infectious canine hepatitis, suggesting that the virus, which was virulent for bears, was not a vaccinal strain, but a wild strain of canine adenovirus type 1.
Ureterocolonic anastomosis in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Stone Elizabeth Arnold , Walter Mary C. , Goldschmidt Michael H. , Biery Darryl N. , Bovée Kenneth C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ureterocolonic anastomosis was evaluated in 13 clinically normal dogs. Urinary continence was maintained after surgery, and the procedure was completed without technique errors in all but 2 dogs.
Three dogs died within 5 weeks (2 of undetermined causes and 1 of aspiration pneumonia and neurologic disease), and 1 dog was euthanatized 4 months after surgery because of neurologic signs. Two healthy dogs were euthanatized 3 months after surgery for light microscopic evaluation of their kidneys. Five dogs were euthanatized 6 months after surgery for light microscopic evaluation of their kidneys. Gastrointestinal and neurologic disturbances developed in 4 dogs at various postoperative intervals. Plasma ammonia concentration measured in 2 dogs with neurologic signs was increased. Plasma ammonia concentration measured in 5 dogs without neurologic signs was within normal limits. All 5 dogs, in which metabolic acidosis was diagnosed, had high normal or above normal serum chloride concentration. Serum urea nitrogen values were increased after surgery because of colonic absorption of urea. Serum creatinine concentration was increased in 1 dog 6 months after surgery. Individual kidney glomerular filtration rate was reduced in 38% (3/8) of the kidneys from 4 other dogs at 6 months after surgery. Of 5 dogs euthanatized at 3 to 4 months after surgery, 4 had bilateral pyelitis, and 1 had unilateral pyelonephritis. Six months after surgery, pyelonephritis was diagnosed in 40% (4/10) of the kidneys from 5 dogs. The ureterocolonic anastomosis procedure is a salvage procedure that should allow complete cystectomy. However, variable degrees of metabolic acidosis, hyper-ammonemia, and neurologic disease may result.
Sources of variation introduced into a phagocytosis assay as a result of the isolation of neutrophils from bovine blood
Authors: Paape Max J. , Miller Robert H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to examine sources of variation introduced into a phagocytosis assay as a result of the isolation of neutrophils from bovine blood, including variation attributable to isolation of neutrophils from blood, variation between duplicate determinations of percentage phagocytosis, and the variation in the ability of neutrophils isolated from blood (over repeated collections from the jugular vein) to phagocytose.
For the phagocytosis assay, jugular venous blood from each of 4 cows was divided into 2 equal portions. The neutrophils were isolated by lysis of red blood cells with 0.2% sodium chloride. The neutrophils (2 × 107) were incubated in duplicate with 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus ([32P]SA; 2 × 108) in skimmed milk samples (2.5% final concentration) prepared from 4 cows. This process was repeated thrice on neutrophils isolated from 4 cows at 2-week intervals. The proportions of variation in percentage of 32P-labeled S aureus phagocytosed between duplicate neutrophil isolations and between duplicate assay determinations were 0 and 1%. Differences among skimmed milk sources and among runs, using blood neutrophils taken at different times from the same donor cow, accounted for 62 and 36% of the total variation. The results indicated that variation arising from blood neutrophil isolation introduced into a phagocytosis assay within a single-day trial is of no concern. The large variation among skimmed milk sample sources indicated differences among cows in the ability of their milk to support phagocytosis. The variation in neutrophil isolations over time for any cow was considered too large to allow for evaluation of physiologic and environmental effects on phagocytosis of neutrophils isolated from blood.
Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis: Evidence for prevention by maternal antibodies to the Ca blood group antigen
Authors: Bailey Ernest , Albright Darrilyn G. , Henney Pamela J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Foals with the Ca blood group antigen on their rbc were given colostrum with anti-Ca antibodies (6 foals) or colostrum without anti-Ca antibodies (6 foals). The pcv were determined at birth and 2, 4, and 6 days after birth for the foals in each group. Significant differences were not observed for the pcv between the 2 groups, indicating that foals were not adversely affected by ingesting colostrum with the anti-Ca antibody.
Standardbred mares without the Aa blood group antigen were evaluated to determine whether production of anti-Ca antibodies influenced production of anti-Aa antibodies. Of 266 mares without the Aa antigen, 3 of 61 (5%) mares without the Ca blood group antigen produced anti-Aa antibodies and 43 of 205 (21%) with the Ca blood group antigen produced anti-Aa antibodies. These 2 groups of mares were significantly (P = 0.006) different; Ca-negative mares were less likely to produce antibodies to Aa than were mares with the Ca blood group antigen. This observation was consistent with a hypothesis of antibody-mediated immunosuppression of immune response to the Aa blood group antigen by antibodies to the Ca blood group antigen, ie, when a mare is exposed to her foal's rbc and already has antibodies to the Ca blood group antigen on the foal's rbc, then she is less likely to initiate an immune response to the Aa blood group antigen also on the foal's rbc.
Effects of frequency and airway pressure on gas exchange during interrupted high-frequency, positive-pressure ventilation in ponies
Authors: Wilson D. V. , Suslak L. , Soma L. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cardiovascular effects and pulmonary gas exchange were compared during conventional mechanical ventilation (cmv) and interrupted high-frequency, positive-pressure ventilation (ihfppv) in 6 anesthetized ponies in dorsal recumbency.
When the peak airway pressure (Paw) was held constant at control values attained during cmv (18 to 20 cm of H2O), and the ventilator frequency of ihfppv was varied over the range, 2.5 to 12.5 Hz, significant (P < 0.05) changes from control values were observed only in the ratio of dead-space volume to tidal volume (VD/VT) and in the respiratory minute volume (

). The mean (± sem) carbon dioxide excretion (

) was 2.12 ± 0.1 ml/kg/min during ihfppv. Dead-space ventilation ranged from 40 to 73.7% of total ventilation and increased directly with increasing frequency. The

also increased, from 89 ml/kg/min at a ventilatory frequency of 2.5 Hz to 145 ml/kg/min at a frequency of 12.5 Hz.
Maintaining the frequency of ihfppv constant at 12.5Hz and increasing the Paw over the range of 5 to 30 cm of H2O caused significant (P < 0.05) changes in arterial partial pressure of O2 (Pao2),

, pulmonary shunt fraction (QS/QT),

, arterial-alveolar differences in oxygen tension (AaDo2), VD/VT, and cardiac output, compared with cmv. The Pao2 and the

increased linearly with increasing Paw. With increasing Paw, VD/VT decreased directly with increasing Paw from 98 to 69.3%. Gas exchange at a Paw of 15 cm of H2O during ihfppv was equivalent to conditions at Paw of 20 cm of H2O during cmv. At a higher Paw during ihfppv, improvements over control values were observed in gas exchange.
Prevalence of fimbrial antigens and enterotoxins in nonclassical serogroups of Escherichia coli isolated from newborn pigs with diarrhea
Authors: Fairbrother John M. , Larivière Serge , Johnson Wendy M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ninety-nine nonclassical serogroups isolated from newborn pigs with neonatal diarrhea were tested for fimbrial antigens F4(K88), F5(K99), F6(987P), F41, and F165, and for heat-labile enterotoxin, heat-stable enterotoxin a (STa), heat-stable enterotoxin b, verocytotoxin, and cytolethal-distending toxin. Thirty-two strains, belonging mostly to serogroups 064:K“V142,”, O9:K103, and O20:K101, were F5-positive and usually produced STa, although 5 strains produced only heat-stable enterotoxin b. Fifteen strains, belonging mostly to serogroups 064:K“V142” and O20:K101, were F41 positive and usually produced STa. Twenty-three stains, belonging mostly to serogroups 064:K“V142,” O9:K103, and O20:K101, were F6-positive and usually produced STa. Several strains produced more than one fimbrial antigen, either F5 and F41, F5 and F6, F6 and F41, F6 and F165, or F5, F6, F41, and F165. None of the strains produced heat-labile enterotoxin, verocytotoxin, or cytolethal-distending toxin. The indirect immunofluorescence test was much more sensitive than was the slide agglutination test for the detection of each of the fimbrial antigens F5, F6, F41, and F165 on strains grown in vitro. The production of F6 by certain strains for which only a low proportion of cells were F6-positive in vitro, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, was confirmed by experimental infection of newborn pigs.
Determination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the optimal dose of staphylococcal leukocidin for systemic immunization of dairy cows
Authors: Loeffler David A. , Norcross Neil L. , Opdebeeck Joan P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A dose-response study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of staphylococcal leukocidin toxin to use for systemic vaccination of lactating dairy cows. Each of 5 groups of cows (8 cows/group) were given 2 injections of crude leukocidin (dose range, 9 to 2,700 mg). Antileukocidin antibody concentration in milk samples collected before vaccination and at 4 and 10 weeks after vaccination was determined by use of an elisa. The highest antibody concentration at postvaccination sample collection dates was observed in cows of the group immunized with 900 mg of leukocidin. This appeared to be the optimal vaccination dose for production of antileukocidin antibodies in the mammary gland of lactating cows.
Virulence factors and markers in Escherichia coli from calves with bacteremia
Authors: Mohamed Ou Said Ahmed , Contrepois Michel G. , Der Vartanian Maurice , Girardeau Jean P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Relative pathogenicity of 151 Escherichia coli isolates from 36 calves with bacteremia after necropsy was studied by measurement of the ld50 after mice were inoculated ip with E coli isolates. Study of virulence factors and markers revealed that the pathogenicity of E coli was associated with the production of hydroxamate siderophores and with resistance to serum bactericidal effects. Production of colicins, including colicin V, and of surface antigen 31A was correlated with virulence. The close association between phenotypic expression of virulence factors and markers was consistent with a hypothesis of a localization of genes coding for virulence factors and markers on the same plasmid.
Efficacy of water vapor-saturated air in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Hall Jennifer , Fisher John R. S. , Leary Herbert J. , Soma Lawrence R. , Spencer Pamela A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of water vapor-saturated air as a treatment for horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (eiph) was studied. Horses selected for study (n = 14) had grade 1 or greater hemorrhage in the trachea after a minimum of 4 breezes between 0.8 and 1 km, as determined by endoscopy. Nine horses were treated with water vapor-saturated air; 5 horses were not treated.
When the mean and maximal eiph scores from the pre-treatment period were compared with the mean and maximal eiph scores from the treatment period in both treated and nontreated groups, there was no significant difference between groups. There was a suggestion of a linear relationship between exercise speed and the mean eiph score of the first 4 breezes in all 14 horses.
Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus antigen in equine brain tissue by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Scott Thomas W. , Olson James G. , All Benjamin P. , Gibbs E. Paul J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sensitivity and specificity of an antigen-capture elisa vs virus isolation in cell culture were evaluated for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in the brain tissue of naturally infected equids. Brain specimens from 16 equids with neurologic disease were examined by elisa and by inoculation onto baby hamster kidney cell cultures. Of 10 brain samples from which virus was isolated in the cell culture bioassay, all were correctly identified as containing eee virus antigen by elisa. None of the remaining 6 specimens, without detectable infectious eee virus, contained detectable antigen. Sensitivity and specificity of the elisa were 100% with no false-positive or false-negative results. The antigen-capture elisa was a rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple alternative to a traditional bioassay for the detection of eee virus.