bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiences with peel strength
Authors: Wiechmann Rudolf 
Published: July 2006

PurposePeel strength numbers are part of a laminate's specifications and should characterize the specific bond performance (copper adhesion) under test conditions. Unfortunately, from both a theoretical and a practical point of view they are not able to do that. This study seeks to address this issue.Design/methodology/approachThis paper has been written to show the main impacts on the measured peel strength numbers in the IPC‐TM‐650 peeling test. From an extensive database regarding peel numbers for diverse foil types, foil thicknesses and treatment roughnesses it is possible to show the influence of prepreg type, foil thickness and roughness on the measure peel strength.FindingsCopper adhesion to laminating resin is insufficiently described by peel strength data because of the impacts of foil thickness, stiffness on bending (physical bending work, stress distribution underneath the peeling line) and the treatment roughness. The latter works reinforcing regarding the (low) resin strength and this influence is measured on resin strength instead of real bond. Fracture due to peeling is cohesive, mostly with a totally intact copper‐resin interface. This is especially true in high performance laminates that show low peel strengths not because of bad copper bonding but because of brittle resins (filled and unfilled).Originality/valueUsers have to understand the limited benefit of the IPC peel test in characterizing copper‐resin bonds. Peel increase on (low bond) high performance resins by increased foil roughness is not a practical way in the field because of no bond improvement (interface) and heavy disadvantages in dielectric thickness (HiPot tests at thin core laminates), respectively.
A framework for the governance of social enterprise
Authors: Low Chris 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper aims to assess the appropriateness of two contrasting models of governance to organisations within the social enterprise sector.Design/methodology/approachIn order to achieve this aim the paper draws on theories of for‐profit governance, particularly the stewardship model, and theories of non‐profit governance, particularly the democratic model. Theoretical insights from these literatures are then combined with the emerging literature on social enterprise.FindingsTwo propositions result from this which posit that social enterprise, despite being located within the non‐profit sector, may be more likely to exhibit for‐profit forms of governance.Practical implicationsPractitioners within social enterprises, and those operating in advisory roles to the sector, could benefit from the argument advanced in the paper in that it offers a potential governance solution to the distinctive management challenges being faced by social enterprises.Originality/valueThe paper contributes a framework for examining governance within social enterprises, and offers a guide for future research into social enterprise governance.
Social entrepreneurship: a different model?
Authors: Spear Roger 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper is concerned with developing a framework which allows both economic and social entrepreneurship to be analysed.Design/methodology/approachThe framework is developed to accommodate the often neglected collective or pluralistic dimension of entrepreneurship. It draws on the behavioural approach to adopt a straightforward definition of social entrepreneurship – focusing on the creation of a social enterprise (co‐operative, mutual or voluntary organisation). The paper is exploratory, developing a conceptual framework, based on some case studies of social enterprises in a range of business sectors, in the UK.FindingsThe findings from this small scale study provide interesting models of entrepreneurship that contrast with conventional models for SMEs.Research limitations/implicationsThe research has implications for research on conventional entrepreneurship, as well as creating a basis for developing the new field of social entrepreneurship.Practical implicationsThe paper provides policy implications for more effective support of social entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThe paper establishes the importance of some distinctive factors in social entrepreneurship for policy and further research.
Applying sustainability indicators to the social enterprise business model
Authors: Darby Lauren , Jenkins Heledd 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to briefly assess social accounting methods and tools to measure business and social enterprise (SE) contributions to sustainability in relation to their usefulness and applicability to SEs. Using a case study example, the paper aims to describe and evaluate the process of developing and applying indicators to measure contributions to sustainability.Design/methodology/approachThe researchers worked with three senior members of staff at Wastesavers to develop a set of sustainability indicators. First a literature review of existing sustainability indicator sets and sustainability tools was undertaken. Then a scoping exercise was undertaken to understand what the company wanted out of the process and to decide on which indicators to use. A list on eight key indicators was developed and data on each of these collected and collated and a report was written. Discussion is focussed on the requirements, difficulties, appropriateness and potential pitfalls of such an approach, including commentary on the integration of indicators into working practices, organisational change and strategic development.FindingsNo one method of social accounting has been universally accepted in the UK. This requires greater coordination by those developing such models and a common research agenda on this area for SEs in the UK.Originality/valueThe development of social accounting methods in SE is a relatively new field and undertaking a pilot study such as this is an excellent means of identifying the organisational capacity limits present and identifying the changes that need to take place if such tools are to be developed further.
Paul Craig Roberts on empirical measures of economic freedom: a rejoinder
Authors: Block Walter 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to counter the misunderstanding by Paul Craig Roberts of empirical measures of economic freedom.Design/methodology/approachThe objective is achieved by citing Roberts' criticisms of the Fraser and Cato studies of economic freedom and demonstrating the fallacies in his analysis.FindingsThe result of the present analysis is that Roberts misunderstands and misconstrues empirical measure of economic freedom. He conflates economic freedom with other desiderata, such as political freedom, personal liberties.Research limitations/implicationsTo the extent the widely publicized Roberts findings are believed by scholars, there will be less research conducted in this vitally important arena. To the extent that his errors are exposed, as, for example, by the present essay, there will be more research conducted in this vitally important arena.Practical implicationsThe practical implication of this research initiative is to improve economic freedom around the world. If citizens are not even aware that there is such a thing as economic freedom, this will lessen the chances of it being implemented. Roberts' creation of red herrings and muddying of the waters around this topic, thus, unintentionally, diminishes economic freedom. One of the implications of the present article is to counter Roberts' influence in this matter.Originality/valueWhat is new in the paper is that the fallacies in Roberts' critiques of empirical measures of economics are dissected.
Revitalizing the contribution non‐profit organizations can make to the provision of human services
Authors: Wallis Joe , Dollery Brian 
Published: July 2006

PurposeAt present no satisfactory economic theory of non‐profit organizational leadership exists. The purpose of this paper is to develop an economic theory of non‐profit leadership and apply this theory to the problem of non‐profit failure or “voluntary sector failure.”Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on the economic literature on the non‐profit sector to critically examine this approach to theorizing about non‐profit organizations (NPOs). It then considers the contribution that Lester Salamon has made to the understanding of NPOs. It is argued that the very sources of non‐profit “distinctiveness” identified by Salamon are also simultaneously associated with “voluntary sector failure.” An economic theory of non‐profit leadership is developed and it is held that appropriate leadership can reduce voluntary failure.FindingsThe major comparative advantages of NPOs make these agencies particularly prone to various forms of “voluntary failure” that present challenges not only to NPOs, but also public policy makers. This paper presents a theory of non‐profit leadership that seeks to demonstrate that appropriate forms of non‐profit leadership can overcome, or at least ameliorate, voluntary failure.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research could determine empirically whether leadership plays a decisive role in the performance of the non‐profit sector. This would assist in assessing the empirical validity of the presented in this paper.Originality/valueThe literature on non‐profit failure is incomplete without an adequate theory of non‐profit leadership. This paper develops a theory of non‐profit organizational leadership and argues that appropriate leadership can reduce the extent and severity of non‐profit failure.
A putative East Asian business model
Authors: Low Linda 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper aims to distill from both the Asian “miracle” and the “meltdown” since the Asian crisis, a generic East Asian business model which is changing in the context of globalisation, information communication technology, knowledge‐based economy, deregulation and emerging new competition.Design/methodology/approachThe generic business model considers the creative and innovative nature of intellectual capital in a qualitative macroeconomic development model rather than a quantitative or econometric micro‐level business modeling for the firm or industry. Diverse and heterogeneous both within the whole of East Asia and distinguished as Northeast and Southeast Asia, the putative generic business model is further differentiated in terms of customised idiosyncratic models in more mature Northeast developmental states in Japan, Korea and Taiwan contrasted with Southeast “captured” developmental states as in Indonesia and Malaysia entrapped by ethnic politics.FindingsCity‐states Hong Kong and Singapore are exceptional because of their size and resultant globalised states. To each its own may be the conclusion in terms of customised national systems and models, but East Asian ethical and moral dimensions of integrity may generally offer a version moral capitalism of which is suited to global capitalism not of the brute Darwinist kind. In the final analysis, East Asia is increasingly exposed to the global marketplace, competition and globalisation backlash, such that some common denominator comes from DFI and MNCs from multicultural political economy dimensions.Originality/valueThe paper presents a putative East Asian business models.
Stock prices response to real economic variables: the case of Germany
Authors: Merikas Andreas G. , Merika Anna A. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis is a research paper aiming to re‐examine Fama's proxy hypothesis which states that inflation is negatively related to real economic activity and the negative relationship between stock returns and inflation reflects the positive impact of real variables on stock returns.Design/methodology/approachTwo issues are addressed, first if there is a relationship between the real and financial sectors and once this is established the next step is to investigate the type of relationship present. The study uses annual data covering the years 1960‐2000, on the German economy, and builds a VAR model to test the hypothesis of the negative impact of real economic activity on stock returns.FindingsThe findings suggest that in Germany employment growth has a negative effect on stock returns and influences positively inflation. The rational lies in the fact that employment growth forecasts inflation which is expected to erode firm's profits. This is expressed through falling stock returns.Research limitations/implicationsGermany is the largest economy in the European Union, the findings suggest that over the period under examination, the economy operated close to its potential level of output and this has implications for policy formulation. It would have been of interest to use quarterly data, so that the unification factor could be tested. More case studies to this direction should be undertaken.Originality/valueIt adds to the understanding and knowledge on a debate that is as current as ever from the point of view of the macroeconomist as well as the politician.
The impact of foreign cross‐listings on the home Dutch equities
Authors: Koulakiotis Athanasios , Angelidis Dimitrios , Tolikas Konstantinos , Molyneux Phil 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper develops the approach suggested by Howe et al. to examine the impact of cross‐listings on stock price volatility in Europe.Design/methodology/approachA modified generalized autoregressive conditional hetero‐skedasticity (GARCH) modeling approach as suggested by Li and Engle is used taking into account different regulatory structures across the range of markets using LaPorta et al.'s stock market regulatory classification.FindingsIt is found that information spillover effects are important for the Dutch market for cross‐listed equities and that a different regulatory environment may have a noteworthy impact on symmetric information spillovers.Research limitations/implicationsThe focus is 11 cross‐listing equities and on an event window of 12 years. This implies that the results may be biased on the data sample and the length of the period that used.Practical implicationsThe findings are important for the shareholders of cross‐listed companies as the various impacts of regulatory differences between markets (as a result of low and high shareholder protection rules) from foreign markets to the Dutch home market are identified.Originality/valueA primary focus of this paper is to provide a different methodology than the one adopted by Howe et al. using a modified GARCH modeling approach as suggested by Li and Engle, to examine the impact of the cross‐listings of Dutch firms on symmetric volatility spillovers. The analysis also takes into account the influence of different regulatory structures across the range of markets where Dutch firms are cross‐listed. In particular, we use LaPorta et al.'s stock market regulatory classification is used to analyze the magnitude and persistence of symmetric volatility spillovers from the foreign listing to the home equity of cross‐listed companies in the Dutch stock exchange.
Sub‐Saharan Africa's debt crisis: analysis and forecast based on Nigeria
Authors: Omotoye Richard O. , Sharma Hari P. , Ngassam Christopher , Eseonu Maxwell 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe paper sets out to focus the attention of scholars and policy‐makers on the urgency of Nigeria's worsening debt crisis, with a view to suggesting initiatives which can be instrumental in preventing a further deterioration of the crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe recommendations suggested specifically addressed stated research objectives. The research framework attempted to evaluate the role played by Nigeria's past administrations in the evolvement of the crisis. It also appraised the crisis in the context of the new international environment surrounding it. The study suggested improvement to the methodological flaws inherent in modern‐day debt resolution framework, which, so far, has only undermined the implementation of past resolution initiatives at the practical level.FindingsAmong other findings, the study uncovered the following: without their modification to suit the peculiar needs and circumstances facing individual countries, modern‐day debt resolution initiatives will only continue to further impoverish Nigeria and sub‐Saharan Africa; over time, Nigeria's successive administrations‐through corruption and inconsistent administrative policies‐significantly contributed to the crisis; creditors establishments‐by knowingly favoring fraudulent administrations with huge, questionable loans (in their self‐serving interest to benefit from reverse resource transfer)‐in no small measure contributed to the crisis.Research limitations/implicationsThe projections into the future are only based on trends observed in the past. They do not include unexpected events which might dramatically affect the course of the crisis in the long or distant future.Practical implicationsIn order to ensure a successful implementation of resolution strategies suggested here and elsewhere, all the concerned parties will have to be actively involved‐both Nigeria and other indebted African countries, and all their external creditors.Originality/valueNigeria's external debt crisis was re‐appraised in the context of the new environment of the crisis. The findings and initiatives suggested for resolution here have a tremendous research value for scholars in the field. They also have an immense practical value for implementation by policy‐makers.
Sssh! The quiet revolution
Authors: Childs Paul 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper seeks to look at the influence of modern social behaviour on library provision, with specific reference to how interior display and complementary furniture play their part in fulfilling customer needs.Design/methodology/approachEvidence of library evolution and its impact on customer popularity is found through case studies taken from across the UK and from Point Eight's own experience as a manufacturer of products for this sector. Specific reference is made to Coventry's Arena Park Library. Location, architecture, infrastructure and services are highlighted and discussed as factors contributing to increased footfall and a general resurgence of library popularity. References are identified through domain links.FindingsFindings are based on information and figures published by library services and local authorities. Evidence suggests that many libraries are winning their fight against new and evolving competition through reinvention. Examples of embracing change positively, rather than seeking an alternative vision, are discussed.Practical implicationsThe article provides information on the effective use of library space, shelving solutions and furniture.Originality/valueThe paper identifies the power of consumer behaviour in the reshaping of public services. Readers are provided with examples of innovation in library service provision that will help those involved in future planning to challenge old concepts, and encourage new and original ideas.
The basis for evidence‐based practice: evaluating the research evidence
Authors: Anne Clyde Laurel 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis article is based on a paper presented at the 2005 IFLA World Library and Information Congress. It brings together the findings to date of the author's research project on research quality, to address issues related to research quality as a basis for the use of research evidence in evidence‐based practice.Design/methodology/approachThe methods used include a literature review, a review of existing models for evaluating research evidence, and a pilot project based on a qualitative, naturalistic research design that employed content analysis and statistical techniques.FindingsWhile a number of strategies have been developed for the evaluation of published research, all have their limitations. The same is true for the models that have been proposed for assisting practitioners to evaluate research evidence as a basis for evidence‐based practice. The literature review identified four different approaches to the assessment of quality in research reporting. The pilot study identified three different “value perceptions” held by experienced research evaluators that affected their research evaluations.Practical implicationsAlthough practitioners need to be able to evaluate research reports as a basis for evidence‐based practice, there is currently no one strategy that can be recommended as a fail‐safe tool to support this activity.Originality/valueThe article highlights the variety and limitations of existing strategies or models for evaluating research quality and suggests possible steps forward.
Library student shelvers at Waterford Institute of Technology
Authors: Hayden Helen , Blount Clare 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper traces the context of, and outlines the reasoning for, the use of student shelvers in an Irish higher education academic library (Waterford Institute of Technology).Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a case study report on use of student assistants to carry out the shelving function at Waterford Institute of Technology Library Service. It describes the rationale behind the employment of student assistants, the evolution of their incorporation into the library and the management of this now vital element of the library service, and also includes a short survey on the use of student shelvers at other academic libraries in Ireland.FindingsStudent shelvers are an important resource in the WIT Library Service, freeing up staff time to concentrate on other projects. In order to make an effective contribution to the library service, the management of this resource is quite time‐consuming.Research limitations/implicationsThe review of available literature revealed little about the situation in Ireland. The survey of other Irish academic libraries was on a small scale. There is scope for further research on both an Irish and an international scale.Practical implicationsThis account of one academic library's experience of using student shelvers to supplement regular library staff is of potential interest and help to other libraries embarking on or considering a similar initiative.Originality/valueThis paper is of potential value to other libraries considering embarking on a similar initiative, or indeed to libraries who already have such schemes in operation and who are interested in making comparisons with other institutions.
Legal incentives to economic growth – the case of the Israeli R&D Law
Authors: Porath Amiram 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose is to better understand the way legal mechanisms follow up and support or repress economic growthDesign/methodology/approachThe case of the Israeli R&D Law is presented, and the development of the law is compared to changes in the environmentFindingsThe findings show that the legal aspect of economic support laws is significant and that better adaptation to the environment is required.Practical implicationsAreas / countries seeking to enact laws regarding economic growth and R&D support should analyze this example and draw conclusions for their law formulation systems.Originality/valueThis paper is a case study article showing the example of a well documented impact of the legal system on economic growth, and how changes in the environment should be translated without delay, or with minimum delay into the legal framework. It could help policy makers and legal decision makers better understand the impact of such laws.