bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activity of closantel against experimentally induced Fascioloides magna infection in sheep
Authors: Stromberg B. E. , Schlotthauer J. C. , Seibert B. P. , Conboy G. A. , Newcomb K. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of closantel against experimentally induced Fascioloides magna infection in sheep was studied. In each of 3 experiments, closantel was administered 8 weeks after the sheep were given (oral inoculation) 100 metacercariae of F magna. In the 1st experiment, closantel was given orally to 5 groups of 6 sheep each at dosages of 0 (nontreated control), 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 mg/kg of body weight. In the 2nd and 3rd experiments, groups of 10 or 12 sheep were treated to confirm the efficacy of the previously determined optimal dosage of 15 mg/kg. An additional group of sheep (n = 10) was used in the 3rd experiment to evaluate the efficacy of closantel given im at a dosage of 7.5 mg/kg.
Closantel given orally at a dosage level of 15 mg/kg was highly effective (94.6% to 97.7%) in reducing F magna burdens. Also, pathologic scores associated with the F magna infection were reduced by 81.3% to 92.6% in sheep given this dosage of closantel. Efficacy of the im administered dosage of 7.5 mg of drug/kg was equivalent to that of the 15 mg/kg oral dosage. Other than mild, transient lameness of the limbs which were injected with the drug (group 10), side effects were not observed.
Anthelmintic efficacy of flubendazole paste against nematodes and cestodes in dogs and cats
Authors: Vanparijs O. , Hermans L. , Van der Flaes L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Small dogs and cats, naturally infected with nematodes and cestodes, were used in a critical test under laboratory conditions to determine the palatability and efficacy of flubendazole as a paste formulation. Subsequently, a control test in dogs was conducted under field conditions.
A 4.4% paste formulation was given at a dosage of 22 mg/kg of body weight once a day for 2 or 3 consecutive days.
In a critical test in dogs, the efficacy against Toxocara canis was 97.4% after a 2-day administration and 100% after 3 days. Toxascaris leonina seemed to be the most susceptible worm species, since either 2 or 3 treatments were 100% active. The efficacy against Uncinaria stenocephala was 97.5% after 2 treatments; the same dose level for 3 days improved the efficacy to 100%. The efficacy was 100% for the removal of Trichuris vulpis after a daily dosage for 2 days and 96.7% after 3 days. One of 2 dogs infected with Taenia pisiformis was cleared of the infection after a 2-day treatment, and 3 of 4 dogs were cleared after a 3-day regimen. All cats were cleared of Toxocara cati after 2 or 3 days of treatment. One of 2 cats infected with Hydatigera taeniaeformis was cleared of the infection after a 2-day treatment; a 3-day treatment in 7 cats was 100% effective.
The results in the laboratory test in dogs were confirmed under field conditions by a control test, based on the reduction of eggs per gram of feces count after treatment.
The paste formulation was well accepted by all dogs and cats without any side effects.
Bacterial isolates from tracheobronchial aspirates of healthy horses
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Beech Jill , Roby Kate A. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Of tracheobronchial aspirates from 50 clinically healthy Thoroughbred racehorses, 4 (8%) had aerobic bacteria with recognized pathogenicity, 12 (24%) contained transient bacterial isolates, and 37 (74%) had no bacterial growth.
Of tracheobronchial aspirates from 36 pastured, nonracing racehorses, 3 (8%) had bacteria with recognized pathogenicity, 23 (64%) contained transient bacteria, and 10 (28%) had no bacterial growth. Anaerobes were not isolated from 12 of 12 pastured horses. Transient bacteria were isolated more often in the pastured horses.
Preliminary studies on the measurement of conjunctival oxygen tension in the foal
Authors: Webb A. I. , Daniel R. T. , Miller H. S. , Kosch P. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The capability of a transconjunctival oxygen monitoring system to provide an accurate and reliable means of observing arterial oxygenation trends was evaluated in 12 horse and pony foals between 5 and 20 days of age. Ten of the foals were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and nitrous oxide, and 2 foals were conscious. Inspired oxygen concentration was manipulated by differing proportions of oxygen and nitrous oxide in the fresh gas supplied to the breathing circuit. With arterial oxygen tension values ranging from < 20 to > 400 mm of Hg, all foals had significant positive correlations between arterial and conjunctival oxygen tensions (P < 0.001). Although the system seemed accurate and reliable, monitoring oxygenation in awake and mobile foals may require a ring conformer made to fit the foal's eye.
Viral-like particles associated with naturally occurring transmissible venereal tumor in two dogs: Preliminary report
Authors: Amber E. I. , Isitor G. N. , Adeyanju J. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Naturally occurring canine transmissible venereal tumors in 2 dogs were examined ultrastructurally, using a transmission electron microscope. Typical nondegenerating cells of various shapes with normal cytoplasmic organellae were seen.
Degenerating and necrotic cells characterized by loss of normal organellae with vacuolations of the cytoplasm were in all sections studied. Icosahedral electron-dense particles (22 nm diameter) were in the degenerating and necrotic cells.
The uniqueness of this finding is not known. The shape and size of the particles indicate that there may be viral involvement.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in thymocytes of kittens
Authors: Richerson Joan T. , Coleman Mary Sue , Brunner Cindy J. , Mattingly Steele F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Activity of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was measured in the thymus of 8- to 14-week-old kittens. Microscopic evidence of involution or other morphologic changes were not observed in formalin-fixed hematoxylin and eosin-stained thymic tissue sections. Thymic tissue from young kittens (8 weeks old) had low TdT activity, as determined by enzymatic catalysis or immunoassay procedures. Markedly higher TdT activity was measured in thymic tissue of older kittens (13 to 14 weeks old). Feline TdT catalyzed the polymerization of deoxynucleotides at a higher rate in Mn2+ than in Mg2+. Results of protein immunoblotting experiments indicated that the major form of feline thymic TdT is a single, high molecular weight polypeptide in 13- to 14-week-old kittens. Detection of TdT activity in the feline thymus indicated that TdT may have the same diagnostic and therapeutic value in feline oncology as in human oncology.
Susceptibility of laboratory rats, hamsters, and mice to wound infection with Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Donnelly Thomas M. , Stark Dennis M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Response of rodents to experimentally induced subcutaneous infection was examined to determine whether laboratory rats used in invasive procedures have a superior ability to withstand wound infection than do hamsters and mice. Rats, hamsters, and mice were injected subcutane-ously with 109, 107, and 105 colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus. Quantitative counts of viable S aureus from the injection site, bactériologie cultures of heart blood, and histologic examinations of the subcutaneous tissues were performed.
Multiple linear regression of the quantitative data and equality of regression lines among groups were determined. Results indicated that the ability to eliminate bacteria varied between species and depended on the dose injected within each species. Compared with hamsters and mice at all doses, rats eliminated bacteria faster and had the mildest and most rapidly organized inflammatory response after inoculation. Experimental bacteremia developed in 3.7% of all animals evaluated, with no species-specific pattern. The rat was more resistant to localized wound infection with S aureus than were hamsters and mice.
Effect of antibodies to type 1 fimbriae on clearance of fimbriated Escherichia coli from the bloodstream of turkeys
Authors: Arp L. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Young turkeys (n = 20) were inoculated iv with fimbriated, virulent Escherichia coli EC1 (O78:K80: H9:F1). Blood samples were collected for bacterial quantitation at postinoculation minutes (pim) 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. Immediately after the pim 30 sampling, the turkeys were allotted into 4 groups (5 turkeys/group) and were injected iv with 1 of the following antisera: group 1, antibodies to F1 fimbriae (af); group 2, antibodies to E coli O78 antigen (ao); group 3, antibodies to live, fimbriated (F1+) homologous E coli (alec); or group 4, normal turkey serum (nts) collected from a healthy turkey. Compared with nts, alec and ao caused a significant reduction in blood-borne E coli, whereas ae did not reduce bacterial numbers. In addition, 2 groups of 10 turkeys were inoculated iv with live, F1+ or non-fimbriated (F1−) E coli EC1. Numbers of viable bacteria were determined in blood samples and liver specimens collected 2 minutes after inoculation. Compared with F1− bacteria, significantly more F1+ bacteria were found in liver specimens and significantly fewer F1+ bacteria were found in blood samples. Results indicated that antibodies to F1 fimbriae do not enhance clearance of F1+ E coli from the bloodstream of turkeys probably because F1+ bacteria are selectively cleared by the liver, even without antibody.
Efficacy of an albendazole feed formulation against bovine gastrointestinal nematodes including arrested larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi
Authors: Courtney C. H. , Greiner E. C. , Whitten R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of an albendazole feed premix formulation was compared with that of an albendazole drench suspension for control of gastrointestinal nematodes in 31 beef cattle. The premix (11 cattle) and drench suspension (9 cattle) were found to have similar efficacies at a dosage of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight. When compared with controls (11 cattle), both formulations caused significant (P < 0.05) reductions in worm counts with an efficacy of 98% or greater against adult Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia punctata, and C pectinata. There was no significant effect against arrested 4th-stage larvae of Ο ostertagi. Adverse effects of albendazole treatment were not observed, and the premix formulation was readily consumed by cattle.
N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and antitrypsin in subclinically infected quarter-milk samples: Effect of bacteria and hemolysins, lactation stage, and lactation number
Authors: Mattila T. , Syväjärvi J. , Jensen Ν. E. , Sandholm M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Interrelationships between N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (indicating cellular damage) and antitrypsin (indicating increased permeability between the blood and milk compartments) were evaluated in 1,411 quarter-milk samples collected during routine herd surveys. N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase was a more sensitive indicator of mild mastitis than was antitrypsin, whereas, in more severe mastitis, antitrypsin had a more constant deflection. The sensitivity of both determinants was associated with the virulence of bacteria. Production of bacterial hemolytic toxins was associated with a significant increase in both determinants. Penicillinase production by staphylococci was associated with selective increases of antitrypsin.
Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide on selected functions of bovine leukocytes
Authors: Confer A. W. , Simons K. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lipopolysaccharide (lps) was obtained from Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1, using phenol-water extraction, and was evaluated for its ability to modify the biological activity of bovine leukocytes. The lps was not toxic to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn). The lps preparation had little effect on random migration of pmn or mononuclear leukocytes (mnl), but caused a 2.5- to 3-fold increase in migration of cells within a whole peripheral blood leukocyte preparation. Phagocytosis of [125I]-labeled Staphylococcus aureus by pmn decreased with low (2.5 μg/106 cells) and high (65 μg/106 cells) concentrations of lps and increased with moderate concentrations of lps (5 to 25 μg/106 cells). The lps enhanced nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by pmn. Moderate lps concentrations (25 to 50 μg/106 cells) were mitogenic for mnl, whereas high lps concentrations (300 μg/106) inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation by mnl.
Blood magnesium values in healthy cattle and in cattle affected with anaplasmosis and eperythrozoonosis
Authors: Brown Jesse E. , Hidalgo Richard J. , Jones E. Wynn , Boyle Carolyn R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Magnesium (Mg) concentrations in plasma, serum, and erythrocytes (rbc) of calves subjected to splenectomy (sp), splenectomy-induced eperythrozoonosis (ep), and experimentally induced anaplasmosis (an) were determined and compared with pre-sp, pre-ep, and pre-an values. Mean serum and plasma Mg concentrations varied in parallel through most periods of the trial. Both were highest after sp, but neither value was significantly different from the pre-sp concentrations. Mean serum and plasma Mg values varied inversely with mean rbc values after sp and ep. Mean rbc Mg values increased significantly from previous periods during ep and an and after an, with the values after an being significantly higher than those at all other periods.
Mean plasma, serum, and rbc Mg concentrations were correlated to both mean percentage of parasitemia (%P) and packed-cell volume (pcv). The rbc Mg values increased significantly after mean %P reached 20 and the pcv began to decrease. There was evidence for a distinct lag variation in increasing rbc Mg concentrations with respect to both mean %P and pcv during an. A strong correlation was observed between the rbc Mg values and the %P occurring 5 days previously and the pcv occurring 3 days previously.
Effect of laryngeal hemiplegia and laryngoplasty on airway flow mechanics in exercising horses
Authors: Derksen F. J. , Stick J. A. , Scott E. A. , Robinson Ν. E. , Slocombe R. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of left laryngeal hemiplegia on airway flow mechanics in 5 exercising horses was examined, and the efficacy of surgical repair by prosthetic laryngoplasty was evaluated. Measurements of the upper airway flow mechanics were made with horses on a treadmill (incline 6.38°) while standing (period A); walking at 1.3 m/s (period B); trotting at 2.6 m/s (period C); trotting at 4.3 m/s (period D); and standing after exercise (period E). Experiments were done on healthy horses before any surgical manipulation (control), at 10 days after left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy, and at least 14 days after prosthetic larynogoplasty.
Increasing treadmill speed from period A to period D progressively increased heart rate, respiratory frequency, peak inspiratory flow, and peak expiratory flow, but inspiratory resistance and expiratory resistance remained unchanged. Neither left recurrent laryngeal neutrectomy nor prosthetic laryngoplasty affected heart rate, respiratory frequency, peak expiratory flow, or expiratory resistance when compared with those values at the control measurement periods. Left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy resulted in inspiratory flow limitation at peak inspiratory flow of approximately 25 L/s, and increased inspiratory resistance at periods D and E. Subsequent prosthetic laryngoplasty alleviated the flow limitation and reduced inspiratory resistance at measurement periods D and E.
Duration of pneumoperitoneum in the dog
Authors: Probst Curtis W. , Stickle Russ L. , Bartlett Paul C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The duration of pneumoperitoneum was examined in 12 adult and 4 immature dogs. Four dogs were given intra-abdominal injections of 110 ml of air/kg (group 1 ), 4 were given 55 ml of air/kg (group 2), and 4 were given 27.5 ml of air/kg (group 3). Also, 4 immature dogs were given 110 ml of air/kg (group 4). The number of days from creation of pneumoperitoneum until the radiographic absence of pneumoperitoneum averaged 25 days for group 1, 14 days for group 2, 9 days for group 3, and 17 days for group 4.
Influence of age and breed of equid on plasma copper and zinc concentrations
Authors: Cymbaluk Nadia F. , Bristol Frank M. , Christensen David A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma ceruloplasmin activities and plasma Cu and Zn concentrations were determined in 215 clinically normal equids of various ages and breeds. Newborn foals, regardless of breed, were hypocupremic, compared with adolescent and mature horses. The mean plasma Cu concentration of newborn Standardbred-Thoroughbred (std-tb) foals was 2.9 μmol/L, which was about one-sixth of plasma Cu concentrations of mature horses. Newborn draft-cross foals had higher (4.6 μmοl/L) plasma Cu concentrations than did newborn std-tb foals, but plasma Cu content was only one-fifth of the dams' concentrations. Draft-cross horses, regardless of age, had plasma Cu concentrations 15% to 40% higher than did std-tb horses. Plasma Cu concentrations of Quarter Horse yearlings were similar to those in draft-cross yearlings. Plasma ceruloplasmin activities revealed a curvilinear relationship to plasma Cu concentrations.
Plasma Zn concentrations of newborn and 1-week-old std-tb foals were 30% to 80% higher than those for yearling and mature std-tb horses. There were no differences between draft-cross neonates and their dams in plasma Zn concentration. Plasma Zn concentrations of neonatal and mature draft-cross horses were 22% higher than those obtained for all other equids. Age and breed of equid should be a consideration in interpretations of plasma Cu and Zn concentrations in equids.
Alveolar phospholipids of 17-day-old pigs exposed to microorganisms of nonpulmonic origin
Authors: Engen R. L. , Whipp S. , Hummel S. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Alveolar lining material was obtained from gnotobiotic pigs; gnotobiotic pigs exposed to aerobes, anaerobes, or mixtures of both microorganisms; and conventional farm-raised pigs. Alveolar lining material concentrations of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and lysolecithin were determined. Seventy-four pigs were allotted to the following groups: 1—gnotobiotes (n = 13), 2—gnotobiotes with aerobes (n = 6), 3—gnotobiotes with anaerobes (n = 31), 4— gnotobiotes with anaerobes and aerobes (n = 2), 5—gnotobiotes with facultative anaerobes (n = 9), and 6—conventionally farm-farrowed (n = 13). The conventionally raised pigs had lysolecithin, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylinositol concentrations that were significantly different from those of all other groups of pigs. Phosphatidylethanolamine was significantly decreased in group 6 pigs when compared with that in all other groups. There were also statistically significant differences between the gnotobiotic (group 1) and the exposed gnotobiotic (groups 2, 3, 4, 5) pigs, although the differences were less pronounced. Since intestinal microbes produce alveolar lining material phospholipid differences, studies need to be concerned with phospholipid changes that occur after exposure to lung-specific microorganisms and with physiologic changes in lung function associated with the phospholipid changes.
Factor VIII complex in canine plasma after submaximal treadmill exercise
Authors: Turrentine Mark A. , Hahn Allen W. , Johnson Gary S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Exercise-induced changes in the plasma concentrations of coagulation factor VIII and von Willebrand factor were evaluated, using 8 random-source adult dogs that exercised on a treadmill for 5 to 10 minutes (mean running time = 8.3 minutes). Maximum treadmill speeds attained by the dogs were 11 to 18 km/hr, and the mean of the maximum individual speeds was 14.3 km/hr. Maximum heart rates of individual dogs during exercise were 190 to 250 beats/min with a mean of 218 beats/min (a 2.4-fold increase over the mean preexercise rate). Exercise did not induce significant increases in plasma concentrations of factor VIII coagulant activity, coagglutinin cofactor activity, or factor VIII-related antigen. Results indicated that submaximal exercise does not induce increases in plasma concentrations of coagulation factor VIII or von Willebrand factor in the dog.
Spontaneous expression of an endogenous retrovirus by the equine sarcoid-derived MC-1 cell line
Authors: Cheevers W. P. , Fatemi-Nainie S. , Anderson L. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A retrovirus is spontaneously released into the culture medium of the equine sarcoid-derived MC-1 cell line. The MC-1 virus did not exhibit in vitro transforming activity or replication when tested on equine fibroblasts or a variety of other mammalian cell cultures. Complementary DNA, synthesized using detergent-activated MC-1 virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, detected homologous sequences in the DNA of an established equine dermal cell line and in the DNA of primary equine dermal fibroblasts. Iododeoxyuridine or azacytidine induced a replication-deficient endogenous retrovirus in the normal fibroblasts and amplified the production of MC-1 virus by the tumor cells. It was concluded that the endogenous virus, repressed in normal equine cells, is spontaneously expressed by the tumor cells.
Sequence relationships of United States prototype and wild-type bluetongue virus RNA genomes investigated by northern blot hybridization analysis
Authors: Squire K. R. E. , Chuang R. Y. , Chuang L. F. , Doi R. H. , Osburn Β. I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The 10 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome segments of various isolates of bluetongue virus (btv) were separated on a Polyacrylamide gel, denatured in NaOH, and blotted onto 2-aminophenylthioether paper. Blotted dsRNA segments were detected, using radioactive probes, a cloned copy of DNA 70% fragment of genome segment 7 of btv-17, whole genome btv-17 copy DNA, or whole genome btv-17 dsRNA. These probes detected sequence diversities in different isolates of btv and these diversities are discussed in relation to the serotype and the electrophoretic migration patterns of the isolates.
Reclassification of North American leptospiral isolates belonging to serogroups Mini and Sejroe by restriction endonuclease analysis
Authors: Thiermann Alex B. , Handsaker Annette L. , Foley John W. , White Frank H. , Kingscote Barbara F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The genomes of North American strains of leptospires belonging to serogroups Mini and Sejroe were analyzed and compared with those of reference strains by cleavage with restriction endonucleases.
The isolates selected for this study, when typed by the serologic method, were identified as serovars szwajizak, hardjo, and balcanica. However, the results of restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) indicated that a different classification existed. The 2 isolates typed as serovar szwajizak seem to be georgia by rea.
Isolates belonging to serovars balcanica and hardjo had rea patterns that differed from both reference strains. Differences were not observed in the rea patterns between balcanica and hardjo isolates. All hardjo and balcanica isolates examined are suggested to be classified into a previously described hardjo, rea subtype hardjo-bovis. Using the enzyme Hha1, these isolates were subdivided into 3 subgroups. When examining the rea pattern of the 17 reference strains in serogroup Sejroe, 3 identical pairs were observed: wolffi and roumanica; sejroe and polonica; and istrica and nyanza. The rea again indicated that it will be a valuable method for the classification of leptospires.