bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latent Heat Flux Profiles from Collocated Airborne Water Vapor and Wind Lidars during IHOP_2002
Authors: Kiemle C. , Ehret G. , Fix A. , Wirth M. , Poberaj G. , Brewer W. A. , Hardesty R. M. , Senff C. , LeMone M. A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Latent heat flux profiles in the convective boundary layer (CBL) are obtained for the first time with the combination of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) water vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL) and the NOAA high resolution Doppler wind lidar (HRDL). Both instruments were integrated nadir viewing on board the DLR Falcon research aircraft during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) over the U.S. Southern Great Plains. Flux profiles from 300 to 2500 m AGL are computed from high spatial resolution (150 m horizontal and vertical) two-dimensional water vapor and vertical velocity lidar cross sections using the eddy covariance technique. Three flight segments on 7 June 2002 between 1000 and 1300 LT over western Oklahoma and southwestern Kansas are analyzed. On two segments with strong convection, the latent heat flux peaks at (700 ± 200) W m−2 in the entrainment zone and decreases linearly to (200 ± 100) W m−2 in the lower CBL. A water vapor budget analysis reveals that this flux divergence [(0.9 ± 0.4) g kg−1 h−1] plus the advection (0.3 g kg−1 h−1) are nearly balanced by substantial CBL drying [(1.5 ± 0.2) g kg−1 h−1] observed by airborne and surface in situ instruments, within the limits of the overall budget rms error of 0.5 g kg−1 h−1. Entrainment of dry air from aloft and net upward humidity transport caused the CBL drying and finally inhibited the initiation of deep convection. All cospectra show significant contributions to the flux between 1- and 10-km wavelength, with peaks between 2 and 6 km, originating from large eddies. The main flux uncertainty is due to low sampling (55% rmse at mid-CBL), while instrument noise (15%) and systematic errors (7%) play a minor role. The combination of a water vapor and a wind lidar on an aircraft appears as an attractive new tool that allows measuring latent heat flux profiles from a single overflight of the investigated area.
Effects of Atmospheric Stability on Wave and Energy Propagation in the Troposphere
Authors: Alexander Simon P. , Tsuda Toshitaka , Furumoto Junichi 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The very high frequency (VHF) middle and upper atmosphere radar radio acoustic sounding system (MU-RASS) in Shigaraki, Japan, is able to provide tropospheric virtual temperature data with high temporal resolution on the order of a few minutes. The objective of this paper is to test the usefulness of MU-RASS as a tool for examining high-frequency changes in atmospheric stability and its effects on wave and energy propagation. For this study, temperature and wind data below 8-km altitude during a 2-day campaign period in October 2001 were used. A long-lasting inversion layer at 3.5-km altitude dominated the observation period. Large vertical wind perturbations with periods of less than 30 min were observed inside this inversion layer. Wavelet analysis was used to identify the dominant wave period for calculating the wind and temperature variances. The temperature variance characteristics exhibited a combination of the horizontal and vertical wind variance characteristics. In conclusion, the high temporal resolution of the MU-RASS enabled the study of short time-scale wind and temperature perturbations. These perturbations were related to the atmospheric stability, wave propagation, and energy in the troposphere, demonstrating the usefulness of the MU-RASS for this kind of study.
Perceptions of Mental Illness in Mexico: a Descriptive Study in the City of Chihuahua
Authors: Parra Fernando 
Published: April 2007

This work is a study of perceptions toward mental illness among respondents from the city of Chihuahua in Mexico. A non-probability sample of forty-seven respondents was taken during a two-week stay in the summer of 1985. To tap respondents' perceptions of mental illness, vignettes characterizing people normally thought to have symptoms of mental illness were employed. The study reveals that men and women perceive mental illness differently. In three out of four vignettes, women perceive less mental disorder than men. It is argued that the reson for the disparity in perceptions between the sexes is the result of the sexual differentiation that exists in Mexico. With regard to whom the respondents would refer the person for help, the majority of the respondents recommended that, whether or not the person in the vignette is characterized as mentally ill or simply "sick", the person should seek professional help.
A Comparison of Usa and New Zealand Patients' Requests and Clinicians Understanding of Patients' Requests
Authors: Deane Frank Patrick 
Published: April 2007

This study compares USA and New Zealand psychiatric patients' requests at the initial psychiatric interview and examines clinician's accuracy in estimating patients' treatment request preferences. Eighty-five of the 146 consecutive nonacute patients to the psychiatric unit of a public New Zealand hospital completed a 14-item Patient Request Form before their initial interview and their clinician completed an equivalent form at the end of the interview. Patients' treatment request preferences were similar in the USA and New Zealand samples as were clinician's tendency to underestimate the importance their patients placed on requests. The results are discussed in relation to effective treatment planning.
Appraisal of the Diabetic Patient
Authors: Schumann Delores 
Published: April 2007

Most nurses are now using the skills of physical assessment as an in tegral part of their practice. Delores Schumann, well known for her workshops and papers on diabetes assessment, has written this series of articles especially for THE DIA BETES EDUCATOR. Starting with general appearance, each system is addressed pointing out only the features that are peculiar to diabetes. The first article of the ser ies — general appearance, skin, eyes, mouth — is presented in this is sue. Ed.
Beveridge, women and the welfare state
Authors: Colwill Jeremy 
Published: April 2007

Fifty years after the publication of the Beveridge report women con tinue to confront the welfare state on terms that are discriminatory and oppressive - the enduring legacy of an ideology of womanhood articu lated by Beveridge in his plan for social security. This paper returns to an examination of the Beveridge Committee proceedings as an arena of political struggle in which gender issues were to the forefront in order to understand the manner in which that ideology was constructed and how it came to achieve such dominance. Historical records are examined identifying the involvement of the TUC, representing an overwhelmingly male organised labour move ment, and of a range of women's organisations. It is argued that Beveridge's ideological enterprise gained considerable legitimacy both from enthusiastic TUC support and from a disunited and incoherent form of politics from those women's organisations. It is suggested that much can be learned from that period in the development of a progressive and gender-neutral agenda of social welfare reform.
Facets of Societal and Organisational Cultures and Managers' Work Related Thoughts and Feelings
Authors: Sinha Jai B.P. , Sinha R.B.N. , Bhupatkar A.P. , Sukumaran Anand , Gupta Parvinder , Gupta Rajen , Panda Abinash , Singh Shailendra , Singh-Sengupta Sunita , Srinnas E.S. 
Published: April 2007

The study is part of the ongoing efforts to identify the dimensions of societal and organisational cultures, the impact of the former on the latter, and their combined influence on managers' work related thoughts and feelings. A sample of 674 middle level managers at seven locations in India responded to a questionnaire that was developed from the items that samples of managers had provided in the first phasr of the study. Four major societal dimensions—hypocrisy, corruption, inaction, and respect to power—were shared across locationr. Three additional dimensions—quick rich disposition, face keeping, and non-work orientation—were differently endorsed at different locations. Organisations were perceived to have eight dimensions: entrepreneurial, exploitative, familial, burtaucratic, growth-oriented, patronising, professional, and parochial. All managers were pasitive about their work, although locations had an impact on how managers rated their achieving brhaviours and job satisfaction. The seven locations varied in their infrastructural facilities that had a sweeping impact an societal, organisational, and managerial dimensions of beliefs, preferences, and practices. Societal factors had a significant impact on organisational factors, and both affected managers' achieving behaviour and job satisfaction, although some ofthe organisational factors also impactrd on societal factors.
Globalisation and Managing Organisational Culture Change: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Sinangil Handan Kepir 
Published: April 2007

Globalisation has led to acceleration and vast change not only in technology and work processes, but alro in organisational culture. Organisational culture is one of the few concepts that have been variously defined in social science literature. Schein (1997) focuses on the various subsystcms in organisations whose function is to deliver the products or services stemming from the organisations basic mission. He argues that each subsystem develops its own culture, and it is those cultures that often become the primary target of organisational transformation efforts. Organisational cultures seem to have a high impact on orgnisational development. Within such a basic framework, the objective of this study is to observe and manifest the dynamics of organisational culture and change in a midsize (n = 2056), family owned industrial organisation. Both quantitative and qualitative measurement approaches are used. The results reveal that the organisational culture changed during the organisation's 40-year lifespan.
Control of Position and Bending-Torsion-Coupled Vibration of Rotating Elastic Plate Using Double Tendon Mechanisms
Authors: Yoshida Kazuo , Imanaga Katsuhiro 
Published: April 2007

For a control method of position and bending-torsion-coupled vibration of a rotating plate, a control method using double trapezoid tendon mechanisms is presented in this study. The proposed trapezoid tendon mechanisms consist of two control sticks, two pairs of wires and two driving sticks individually driven by motors. First, the modeling of the proposed mechanism is carried out by applying the Lagrange's equation method and the modal expansion technique. Secondly, by formulating the crite rion function to take into account the square sum of the rotation angle, the bending, stress and the torsion angle of a thin plate, the optimal control law is derived. Finally, in order to investigate the usefulness of the mechanism, computer simulations and experiments were carried out. To summarize the results, it was demonstrated that the proposed control mechanism is useful for the controls of both the positioning and the vibrations.
Research and Demonstration Issues in Self-Care: Measuring the Decline of Medicocentrism
Authors: Green Lawrence W. , Werlin Stanley H. , Schauffler Helen H. , Avery Charles H. 
Published: April 2007

Emergence of consumer health self-care is a reflection of the increased commitment of health professionals to patient education, growing consumer awareness that they are capable of sophisticated self-help, and a variety of social, economic and technological currents. These currents are reviewed and a survey of existing medical self-care programs is summarized The attempts and potentials to evaluate these programs are critically examined A number of important research and demonstration issues are raised including the determination of behavioral outcomes, technical limits, and manpower implications. A federal program of replicative studies on such issues would provide substantive knowledge in the self-care field, generalizable to the larger field of health education, but the hazards of undermining the voluntaristic and non-establish ment character of the programs must be considered in designing evaluative studies.
Competitive advantage and management development in small hospitality firms: The need for an imaginative approach
Authors: Beaver Graham , Lashley Conrad 
Published: April 2007

The significance of small firms in delivering a substantial part of the total output of hospi tality goods and services is a long-established feature of the hospitality industry. Indeed the very origins of the industry in domestic settings — providing accommodation, food and drink — suggests that hospitality is a small scale, interpersonal activity. That said, the growth of a small number of hunge national and inter national organisations which control dispro portionately large sections of lodging, restaurant and public house markets, is a remarkable feature of the current hospitality industry. In theory, the small hospitality enterprise, located close to its market and in personal contact with its customers, has considerable advantage in being able to respond quickly to customer needs and demands. These firms, owned and managed by individuals intimately ittvolved in creating the hospitality experience with customers, should enjoy considerable competitive advantage over larger organisa tions, that perhaps as a consequence of their organisational formality, have more remote and less personal relationships with customers. There are many small hospitality firms which do successfully compete in their local market, yet small firms in general are losing market share to the bigger operators. Some commenta tors go so far as dismiss the future existence of the small firm in hospitality provision! While the economic might of large firms to establish brands and operate at lower costs because of scale advantages goes some way to explain the loss of market share to small firms, the level of skills and talents together with the limited aims and objectives of those who own and manage small hospitality firms are also signifi cant factors.
A Survey on the Thermal Conditions Experienced by a Surgical Team
Authors: Mazzacane Sante , Giaconia Carlo , Costanzo Silvia , Cusumano Alessia 
Published: April 2007

The complex environment of the operating theatre is shared by a group of people having highly different needs: on one side, there is a surgical team whose work may last many hours and, on the other, an anaesthetized patient often subject to liquid infusion. Up to now, little consideration has been given to the different needs of the surgical team who may be affected according to their positions with respect to the scialytic lamp and their particular task. Clothing influences the comfort of the surgical team to a considerable degree: in fact, in some surgery (orthopaedics, neurosurgery and so on), surgeons and assistants must wear paper overalls beneath non-breathable plastic overalls and protective masks and caps; then, if X-rays are needed during surgery, the second surgeon and the assistants must also wear lead overalls and lead thyroid collars and gloves while the anaesthetists and nurses will keep on wearing non-breathable paper overalls. In consequence, the thermal resistance of the clothing of the surgical staff involved in the same surgical operation could be very different. The purpose of the present work is to report investigations carried out at the SS. Annunziata Hospital in Cento (Ferrara, Italy) and present some of the data obtained. The article describes experimental and theoretical research activities, both ongoing and proposed, inherent to the thermo-hygrometric comfort problems of medical personnel. This study falls within a larger research programme, concerning the microbiological, chemical and physical pollution phenomena and the patient's hypothermia problems in an operating theatre.
Evaluation: Drawing comparisons or achieving consensus?
Authors: Redfern Sally 
Published: April 2007

This paper looks at evaluation: what it is, how it has developed, its status in research and the questions it is expected to answer. Evaluation has had an eventful history, with evaluators from different disciplines taking different approaches and arguing strongly from the standpoint of different epistemologies. The need for evaluation continues to grow given that allocation of scarce resources to the most worthwhile high utility health and social programmes is a priority. I draw from models described by scholars who argue from quite different positions on what the focus for evaluation should be, ranging from experimental through judgemental, pragmatic, responsive constructivist, pluralist to realistic evaluation approaches. At one extreme, responsive constructivist evaluation argues that an alternative form of disciplined inquiry to conventional experimental evaluation is needed. Others are also critical of the experimental approach but reject an exclusively naturalistic model in favour of evaluation which incorporates elements of other approaches and puts context and process as well as outcome high on the agenda. By way of illustration I apply the models to an evaluation project currently in progress in an attempt to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and to answer the question posed by the title. The models are interrogated with four questions in mind: whether, why, for whom and under what circumstances a pragramme/treatment/intervention works. The conclusion reached is that realistic evaluation has the greatest capacity to answer these questions when applied to complex health and social care organisations.
Synthesis of Wholly Aromatic Polymers Possessing Tetra-aryl-substituted Vinylene Units by Palladium-catalyzed Three-component Coupling Polymerization
Authors: Nakagawa Kojiro , Tomita Ikuyoshi 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The synthesis of novel wholly aromatic poly(arylenevinylene)s containing tetra-aryl-substituted olefin units in the main chain by the three-component coupling polymerization of aryl dihalides, aryl diboronic acids, and acetylene derivatives is described. For instance, a polymer (Mn = 2600, Mw/Mn = 1.6) was obtained in a 76% yield by the polymerization of 1,4-diiodobenzene, diphenylacetylene, and 1,4-phenylenediboronic acid in DMF/H2O at 100 °C for 24 h in the presence of PdCl2(PhCN)2 (1 mol %) and KHCO3. The obtained polymer is soluble in organic solvents such as CHCl3, THF, and toluene, although it does not have any soft lateral segments.
Facile Synthesis of (−)-Ascochlorin Using Palladium-catalyzed Three Component Coupling Reaction
Authors: Aoki Makoto , Kawashima Kenji , Fujihara Hirohisa , Shimizu Isao 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
(−)-Ascochlorin was synthesized using palladium-catalyzed three component coupling reaction. Reaction of the aryl iodide 3, isoprene, and sodium p-toluenesulfinate in the presence of Pd2(dba)3CHCl3 catalyst and NaHCO3 gave the 4-aryl-2-methyl-2-butenylsulfone 5 selectively in 68% yield. The allylic sulfone 5 was converted into the useful intermediate 2 in 5 steps, which was subjected to Julia olefination with the aldehyde 4 and deprotection gave (−)-ascochlorin.
Stereochemistry of Decarboxylation of Arylmalonate Catalyzed by Mutant Enzymes
Authors: Miyamoto Kenji , Tsutsumi Tomomi , Terao Yosuke , Ohta Hiromichi 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The enantiotopos differentiating selectivity of the mutant arylmalonate decarboxylase (S36N/G74C/C188S), which catalyzes asymmetric decarboxylation of arylmethylmalonates to give the corresponding arylpropionates, was revealed to be the same as that of the wild type enzyme, in spite of the fact that two enzymes gave the opposite enantiomer with each other.
Efficient Method for Dehydration Condensation Using Pyridine-3-carboxylic Anhydride (3-PCA): Synthesis of Carboxamides from Nearly Equimolar Amounts of Carboxylic Acids and Amines
Authors: Funasaka Setsuo , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
A highly useful method for the preparation of carboxamides from various carboxylic acids and amines is established by using pyridine-3-carboxylic anhydride (3-PCA) in the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP). This reaction proceeds smoothly under mild conditions by simple experimental procedure.
Adsorption of Manganese Porphyrin on Metal Oxides and Its Enhanced Catalytic Activity on Epoxidation Reaction
Authors: Hitomi Yutaka , Mukai Hidefumi , Ohyama Junya , Shinagawa Masashi , Shishido Tetsuya , Tanaka Tsunehiro 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Simple mixing of manganese(III) complex of α,α,α,α-tetrakis(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin (Mn-1) with metal oxides afforded monomeric adsorption of Mn-1 on the metal oxide, where the porphyrin plane faces parallel to the solid surface. The styrene conversion with iodosylbenzene catalyzed by Mn-1 was greatly improved by immobilization on basic metal oxides, not only due to high dispersion but also due to the interactions with the support.
Thia- and Selenasilaboriranes and 1,3,2,4-Dioxasilaboretane from a Stable Silaborene
Authors: Nakata Norio , Sekiguchi Akira 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Silaborene (1), R2Si=B(tmp) (R = SiMetBu2, tmp = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine), reacted with elemental sulfur and selenium in THF to give the novel three-membered ring products, thia- (2) and selenasilaborirane (3). In contrast, the oxidation of 1 under an O2 atmosphere produced the corresponding four-membered ring, 1,3,2,4-dioxasilaboretane (4).
An Axial Subphthalocyanine as Ratiometric Fluoride Ion Sensor
Authors: Li Yang , Xu Sheng , Li Xin , Chen Kongchang , Tian He 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
A subphthalocyanine derivative (SubPc 1) with a naphthalimide fluorophore at the axial position was designed and synthesized for fluoride ion selective and sensitive sensing. The obvious changes in UV–vis and fluorescence spectra could be observed by naked eyes.
Asymmetric Trifluoromethylation of Ketones with (Trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane Catalyzed by Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Phenoxides
Authors: Nagao Hitoshi , Yamane Yoshinobu , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Asymmetric trifluoromethylation of ketones with (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane catalyzed by cinchonidine-derived quaternary ammonium phenoxides proceeded smoothly to afford the trifluoromethylated compounds in high yields with moderate to high enantioselectivities.
Modelling change in adolescent smoking behaviour: Stability of predictors across analytic models
Authors: Mazanov J. , Byrne D. G. 
Published: April 2007

Objectives The current paper examined the variability of predictors of changes in adolescent smoking across linear and nonlinear analytic models.Design Three analytic models typically used to model adolescent smoking behaviour were tested: one linear model of change (standard linear), one static linear model (pre‐post linear) and one nonlinear model of change (cusp catastrophe). Variability in model composition was assessed by examining the pattern of variables achieving statistical significance and proportion of variance explained.Methods Model testing was conducted on data from Australian adolescents successfully tracked through a 12‐month longitudinal study of smoking (N = 779). The survey measured demographics, self‐reported smoking, smoking among friends and family, self‐esteem, neuroticism, coping, stress and risk taking.Results The results indicated that while predictors of change were invariant across analytic models explanatory power varied markedly. Models of change in smoking that included simple, interacted or polynomial forms of initial conditions (past behaviour) explained more than four times the variance of models without.Conclusions These results justified confidence in the predictors of change in adolescent smoking across analytic models. A secondary implication was that more research into past behaviour's role in the context of dynamical models of adolescent smoking and other health behaviour is needed.