bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of dilution on the exposure in sediment toxicity tests—buffering of freely dissolved concentrations and changes in mixture composition
Authors: ter Laak Thomas L. , Mayer Philipp , Klamer Hans J. C. , Hermens Joop L. M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSome sediment toxicity tests, such as the Microtox® test, are conducted by diluting either contaminated sediment or an aqueous phase with clean water. The present study aims to clarify how the dilution procedure affects the exposure of organisms. It is shown that freely dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic compounds are buffered by desorption from the sediment matrix when sediment is diluted with water. The buffering depends on the properties of the sediment matrix and contaminant. Consequently, the composition of a contaminant mixture changes with dilution, and the exposure in a sediment dilution toxicity test is poorly defined. This questions the application and subsequent assessments of such tests. Additionally, the often-observed higher toxicity in sediment dilution tests relative to elutriate dilution tests is not sufficient to claim direct contact exposure, because the enhanced sensitivity in sediment dilution tests also can be explained by buffering from the sediment matrix. In applying these tests, one should be aware of the fundamental differences between the sediment dilution strategy and the dilution of an aqueous phase and of the consequences it has for the outcome of the test.
Effects of subchronic exposure to 2,6-dinitrotoluene in the northern bobwhite (Colinus Virginianus)
Authors: Quinn Michael J. , Bazar Matthew A. , McFarland Craig A. , Perkins Edward J. , Gust Kurt A. , Gogal Robert M. , Johnson Mark S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractExplosives and their breakdown products are commonly found in soils at U.S. military installations. Many areas where these compounds are found represent useful habitat for ground-foraging birds. Because these birds likely are exposed to such compounds, we evaluated the oral toxicity of 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in a representative ground-foraging species of management concern. Adult male and female northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) were exposed to either 0, 5, 10, 40, or 60 mg/kg/d via gavage for 60 d (subchronic) following determination of the median acute lethal dose (320 mg/kg). Circulating levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner; however, levels remained within normal ranges. Plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, and potassium, sodium, and chlorine ions were significantly decreased, and circulating levels of uric acid were significantly increased. Decreased body weight, enlarged gallbladders, edematous gastrointestinal tracts, pale kidneys, pale and fibrous livers, and loose stools were consistent observations. The effects found in the clinical chemistries taken together with histopathological abnormalities observed in sections of hepatic and renal tissue suggest that the liver and kidneys are major targets for 2,6-DNT. Oral exposures to 2,6-DNT appear to affect northern bobwhite in a manner similar to that of the other main DNT isomer, 2,4-DNT, but in more subtle ways, adversely affecting the gastrointestinal system and leading to diarrhea and, ultimately, emaciation. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level is 40 mg/kg/d based on hematological measures, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level is 10 mg/kg/d based on the absence of results indicative of adverse effects.
Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of cytostatic pharmaceuticals
Authors: Zounková Radka , Odráška Pavel , Doležalová Lenka , Hilscherová Klára , Maršálek Blahoslav , Bláha Luděk 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The fate and effects of cytostatic (anticancer or antineoplastic) pharmaceuticals in the environment are largely unknown, but they can contaminate wastewater treatment effluents and consequently aquatic ecosystems. In this paper, we have focused on five cytostatic compounds used in high amounts (cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and etoposide), and we have investigated their ecotoxicity in bacterial Pseudomonas putida growth-inhibition test, algal Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth-inhibition test, and Dapnia magna acute immobilization test. Genotoxicity also was assessed with Escherichia coli SOS-chromotest (with and without metabolic activation) and the GreenScreen Assay using yeast S. cerevisiae. All tested compounds showed significant effects in most of the assays with lowest-observed-effect concentrations and concentrations causing 50% effects (EC50s) values ranging within μg/L to mg/L. The most toxic compound was 5-fluorouracil in the assays with P. putida (EC50 = 0.027 mg/L) and P. subcapitata (EC50 = 0.11 mg/L), although cisplatin and doxorubicin were the most toxic to D. magna (EC50 = 0.64 and 2.0 mg/L, respectively). These two chemicals were also the most genotoxic in the SOS-chromotest (minimum genotoxic concentrations [MGC] = 0.07–0.2 mg/L), and 5-fluorouracil was the most genotoxic in the eukaryotic yeast assay (MGC = 0.02 mg/L). Our investigation seems to indicate generally lower risks of acute effects at concentrations expected in the environment. However, some effective concentrations were relatively low and chronic toxicity of cytostatics (and/or their transformation products), as well as specific sources of human pharmaceuticals such as hospital effluents, require research attention.
Effects of a fertilizer, an insecticide, and a pathogenic fungus on hatching and survival of bullfrog (Rana Catesbeiana) tadpoles
Authors: Puglis Holly J. , Boone Michelle D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe assessed the single and interactive effects of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, the insecticide carbaryl, and a widespread waterborne pathogen Saprolegnia ferax on the hatching and survival of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles in the laboratory. Carbaryl significantly reduced tadpole survival and hatching rate, but no interactive effects were found among stressors.
Biofunctionalization of Fluorescent Nanoparticles
Authors: Murcia Michael J. , Naumann Christoph A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fluorescent Nanoparticle Probes

Dye‐doped Nanoparticles

Quantum Dots (
QDs
)

Metal Nanoparticles

Hybrid Architectures Involving Fluorescent Nanoprobes

Metal–Dye

Dye‐doped Silica Shells

Quantum Dot‐containing Microspheres

Bioconjugation of Fluorescent Nanoparticles

General Considerations

Overview

Common Coupling Reactions

Bioconjugation of Polymeric Nanoparticles

Noncovalent Approaches

Covalent Approaches

Bioconjugation of Quantum Dots

Noncovalent Approaches

Covalent Approaches

Bioconjugation of Metallic Nanoprobes

Noncovalent Approaches

Covalent Approaches

Design of Biocompatible Coatings

General Considerations

Overview

Colloidal Stability

Biocompatible Surfaces

Cytotoxicity

Nanoparticle‐stabilizing Coatings

Low Cytotoxicity Coatings

Applications

Biosensing

Polymeric Sensors

Quantum Dot Sensors

Metallic Sensors

Fluorescent Nanoparticles as Labels in Biological Imaging

Dye‐doped Nanoparticles

Quantum Dots
Biofunctionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Bekyarova Elena , Haddon Robert C. , Parpura Vladimir 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Carbon Nanotubes – Types, Structures and Properties

Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

Approaches to Aqueous Solubilization of Carbon Nanotubes

Chemical Modifications

Use of Water‐compatible Surfactants

Functionalization with Water‐soluble Polymers

Interaction and Functionalization with Biological Molecules

Noncovalent Biofunctionalization

Covalent Biofunctionalization

Applications of Biofunctionalized Carbon Nanotubes

Assembly of Electronic Devices

Biosensing

Substrates for Neuronal Growth

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Biofunctionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Gao Yong 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionFunctionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles forIn VitroProtein/Cell SeparationFunctionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biochemical/Chemical Synthesis of Therapeutic Drugs and Their IntermediatesFunctionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles forIn VivoBio‐imaging, Drug Targeting and Tumor Hyperthermia TreatmentsMRImagingTargeted Drug DeliveryMagnetic HyperthermiaConclusionsAcknowledgments
Biofunctionalization of Phospholipid Polymer Nanoparticles
Authors: Watanabe Junji , Park Jongwon , Ito Tomomi , Takai Madoka , Ishihara Kazuhiko 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanofabrication for Biomedical Applications

Nano‐scaled Processing

Key Materials for Nanofabrication

Design of Bioconjugate Nanoparticles

Bioconjugate Phospholipid Polymer

Solution Properties by Fluorescence Probe

Bioconjugate Nanoparticles

Surface Elemental Analysis by
X
‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Surface ζ‐Potential on Nanoparticles

Particle Size by Dynamic Light Scattering and Morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope

Determination of Active Ester Groups on Nanoparticles

Biofunction on Nanoparticles

Design of Sequential Enzymatic Reaction

Amplified Signal on Nanoparticles

Application for Molecular Diagnosis

Example of
C
‐reactive Protein Detection Using Nanoparticles

High‐performance Diagnosis in Serum

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Biofunctionalization of Metallic Nanoparticles and Microarrays for Biomolecular Detection
Authors: Festag Grit , Klenz Uwe , Henkel Thomas , Csáki Andrea , Fritzsche Wolfgang 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Applications

Array Fabrication

Detection Methods

Optical Absorbance

SPR
Imaging

R
aman Scattering

Electrical Detection

Electrochemical Detection

Gravimetric

Nanoparticles and their Biofunctionalization

Types of Nanoparticles used for Biomolecular Detection

Metal Nanoparticles

Core/Shell Particles

Magnetic Nanoparticles

Quantum Dots

Synthesis of Gold (Silver) Nanoparticles

Biofunctionalization

Modification of Gold Nanoparticles with Oligonucleotides/
DNA

Modification of Gold Nanoparticles with Proteins

Biofunctionalization of other Metal Nanoparticles

Biological Applications of Gold Nanoparticles

Substrates and their Biofunctionalization

Molecular Thin Films

Self‐assembly Monolayers

Optimization of Gold Nanoparticle‐based Microarrays for
DNA
Detection

Nanoporous Gels

Outlook
Conjugation of Nanomaterials with Proteins
Authors: Meziani Mohammed J. , Lin Yi , Sun Ya‐Ping 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCoupling of Inorganic Nanoparticles with ProteinsChemical Functionalization MethodsProtein‐assisted Assemblies of Inorganic NanoparticlesCrosslinking Route through Protein RecognitionTemplate‐directed ApproachSupercritical Fluid MethodsBSA‐conjugated Silver NanoparticlesBSA‐conjugated Semiconductor NanoparticlesAssembly and Disassembly of Nanoparticles through Protein Isomeric ConversionCoupling of Carbon Nanotubes and ProteinsNon‐specific AdsorptionSpecific Conjugation and BiorecognitionConclusions and PerspectivesAcknowledgment
Gelatin Nanoparticles and Their Biofunctionalization
Authors: Kommareddy Sushma , Shenoy Dinesh B. , Amiji Mansoor M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionGelatin and Gelatin DerivativesGelatinChemical Modification of GelatinPEGylationThiolationOther Conjugates of GelatinNanoparticulate Carriers of Gelatin and Gelatin DerivativesDesolvationDesolvation Using EthanolTwo‐step DesolvationCoacervationNano‐encapsulation by Water‐in‐oil Emulsion MethodCharacterization of Gelatin and Modified Gelatin NanoparticlesLoading and Release of Payload from Gelatin NanoparticlesBiocompatibility StudiesApplications of Gelatin and Modified Gelatin NanoparticlesConclusions
Self‐assembledDNANanotubes
Authors: LaBean Thom , Park Sung Ha 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDNANanotubes Self‐assembled fromDXTilesDAE‐E DXTile NanotubesDAE‐O DXTile NanotubesTXTile Nanotubes4 × 4 Tile Nanotubes6HBTile NanotubesApplicationsSummary and Perspectives
Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles
Authors: Zuber Guy , Pons Bénédicte , Fraley Andrew W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Chemical and Physical Properties of Therapeutic
DNA

Preparation of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization

Rationale

Synthesis, Characterization and Optimization of Surfactants

Organization of the Surfactant–
DNA
Complexes

Quantification of the Stability of Surfactant–
DNA
Complexes

DNA
Functionalization for Cell Recognition and Internalization

Strategies for Functionalization

Intercalation

Triple Helix Formation with Oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Peptide Nucleic Acids (
PNAs
)

Interactions of
DNA
with Fusion Proteins

Agents that Bind to the Minor Groove

DNA
Nanoparticles: Sophistication for Cell Recognition and Internalization

Preparation of
DNA
Nanoparticles Enveloped with a Protective Coat and Cell Internalization Elements

Biomedical Application: Cell Targeting and Internalization Properties of Folate–
PEG
‐coated Nanoparticles

Concluding Remarks
Lipoplexes
Authors: Weisman Sarah 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

DNA
Lipoplexes

Composition

Nanostructure and Microstructure

Equilibrium Morphology

Nonequilibrium Morphology

Lipoplex Size

Lipofection Efficiency

In Vitro

In Vivo

ODN
Lipoplexes

si
RNA
Lipoplexes

Acknowledgments
DNA
–Chitosan Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy: Current Knowledge and Future Trends
Authors: Fernandes Julio C. , Tiera Marcio José , Winnik Françoise M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chitosan as a Carrier for Gene Therapy

Chitosan Chemistry

General Strategies for Chitosan Modification

Chitosan–
DNA
interactions: Transfection Efficacy of Unmodified Chitosan

Modified Chitosans: Strategies to Improve the Transfection Efficacy

The Effects of Charge Density/Solubility and Degree of Acetylation

Improving the Physicochemical Characteristics of the Nanoparticulate Systems: Solubility, Aggregation and
RES
Uptake

Targeting Mediated by Cell Surface Receptors

Hydrophobic Modification: Protecting the
DNA
and Improving the Internalization Process

Methods of Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles

Complex Coacervation

Crosslinking Methods

Chemical Crosslinking

Ionic Crosslinking or Ionic Gelation

Emulsion Crosslinking

Spray Drying

Other Methods

DNA
Loading into Nano‐ and Microparticles of Chitosan

DNA
Release and Release Kinetics

Preclinical Evidence of Chitosan–
DNA
Complex Efficacy

Potential Clinical Applications of Chitosan–
DNA
in Gene Therapy

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Peptide Nanoparticles
Authors: Langer Klaus 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionStarting Materials for the Preparation of NanoparticlesPreparation MethodsNanoparticle Preparation by Emulsion TechniquesEmulsion Technique for the Preparation of Albumin‐based Microspheres and NanoparticlesEmulsion Technique for the Preparation of Gelatin‐based Microspheres and NanoparticlesEmulsion Technique for the Preparation of Casein‐based Microspheres and NanoparticlesNanoparticle Preparation by CoacervationComplex Coacervation Techniques for the Preparation of NanoparticlesSimple Coacervation (Desolvation) Techniques for the Preparation of NanoparticlesBasic Characterization Techniques for Peptide NanoparticlesDrug Targeting with NanoparticlesPassive Drug Targeting with Particle SystemsActive Drug Targeting with Particle SystemsSurface Modifications of Protein‐based NanoparticlesSurface Modification by Different Hydrophilic CompoundsSurface Modification by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) DerivativesSurface Modification by Drug‐targeting LigandsDifferent Surface Modification StrategiesApplications as Drug Carriers and for Diagnostic PurposesProtein‐based Nanoparticles in Gene TherapyParenteral Application RoutePreclinical Studies with Protein‐based ParticlesClinical Studies with Protein‐based ParticlesTopical Application of Protein‐based ParticlesPeroral Application of Protein‐based ParticlesImmunological Reactions with Protein‐based MicrospheresConcluding Remarks
Nanoscale Patterning of
S
‐Layer Proteins as a Natural Self‐assembly System
Authors: Sára Margit , Pum D. , Huber C. , Ilk N. , Pleschberger M. , Sleytr U. B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Properties of
S
‐Layers

Structure, Isolation, Self‐Assembly and Recrystallization

Chemistry and Molecular Biology

S
‐Layers as Carbohydrate‐binding Proteins

Nanoscale Patterning of
S
‐Layer Proteins

Properties of
S
‐Layer Proteins Relevant for Nanoscale Patterning

Immobilization of Functionalities by Chemical Methods

Patterning by Genetic Approaches

The
S
‐Layer Proteins
Sbs
A
,
Sbs
B
and
Sbs
C

S
‐Layer Fusion Proteins

Spatial Control over
S
‐Layer Reassembly

S
‐Layers as Templates for the Formation of Regularly Arranged Nanoparticles

Binding of Molecules and Nanoparticles to Functional Domains

In Situ
Synthesis of Nanoparticles on
S
‐Layers

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Biocompatible Nanoparticulate Systems for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Sadoqi Mostafa , Kumar Sunil , Lau‐Cam Cesar , Saxena Vishal 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionNanoscale Particulate Systems and their Building Blocks/ComponentsDendrimersBuckyballs and BuckytubesQuantum DotsPolymeric MicellesLiposomesBiodegradable NanoparticlesPreparation of NanoparticlesBiodegradable Optical NanoparticlesOptical Nanoparticles as a Potential Technology for Tumor DiagnosisOptical Nanoparticles as a Potential Technology for Tumor TreatmentOptical Imaging andPDTOptical ImagingFluorescence‐based Optical ImagingNIRFluorescence ImagingNIRDyes for Fluorescence ImagingPDTBasis ofPDTPhotosensitizers forPDTICG: An Ideal Photoactive Agent for Tumor Diagnosis and TreatmentClinical Uses ofICGStructure and Physicochemical Properties ofICGBinding Properties ofICGMetabolism, Excretion and Pharmacokinetics ofICGToxicity ofICGTumor Imaging withICGPDTwithICGLimitations ofICGfor Tumor Diagnosis and TreatmentRecent Approaches for Improving the Blood Circulation Time and Uptake ofICGby TumorsRecent Approaches forICGStabilizationIn VitroPLGA‐based Nanoparticulate Delivery System forICGRationale of Using aPLGA‐based Nanoparticulate Delivery System forICGIn VivoPharmacokinetics ofICGSolutions and NanoparticlesConclusions and Future Work
Nanoparticles for Crossing Biological Membranes
Authors: Pawar R. , Avramoff A. , Domb A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCell MembranesFunctions of Biological MembranesKinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological MembranesProblems of Drugs Crossing through Biological MembranesThrough the SkinMechanical Irritation of SkinLow‐voltage Electroporation of the SkinThrough theBBBSmall DrugsPeptide Drug Delivery viaSynBVectorsGIBarrierIntestinal Translocation and DiseaseNanoparticulate Drug DeliverySkinSkin as Semipermeable Nanoporous BarrierHydrophilic Pathway through the Skin BarrierSolid‐Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) Skin DeliveryChemical Stability ofSLNIn VitroOcclusion ofSLNIn VivoSLN: Occlusion, Elasticity and WrinklesActive Compound Penetration into the SkinControlled Release of Cosmetic CompoundsNovelUVSunscreen System UsingSLNPolymer‐based Nanoparticulate Delivery to the SkinSubcutaneous Nanoparticulate Antiepileptic Drug DeliveryNanoparticulate Anticancer Drug DeliveryPaclitaxelDoxorubicin5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU)Antineoplastic AgentsGene DeliveryBreast CancerNanofibers Composed of Nonbiodegradable PolymerElectrostatic SpinningScanning Electron MicroscopyDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)Nanoparticulate Delivery to theBBBPeptide Delivery to theBBBPeptide Conjugation through a Disulfide BondBiodegradable Polymer Based Nanoparticulate Delivery toBBBNanoparticulate Gene Delivery to theBBBMechanism of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery to theBBBNanoparticulate Thiamine‐coated Delivery to theBBBNanoparticle Optics and Living Cell ImagingOral Nanoparticulate DeliveryLectin‐conjugated Nanoparticulate Oral DeliveryOral Peptide Nanoparticulate‐based DeliveryPolymer‐Based Oral Peptide Nanoparticulate DeliveryPolyacrylamide NanospheresPoly(alkyl cyanoacrylate)PACANanocapsulesDerivatized Amino Acid MicrospheresLymphatic Oral Nanoparticulate DeliveryOral Nanosuspension DeliveryMucoadhesion of Nanoparticles after Oral AdministrationProtein Nanoparticulate Oral Delivery
Fluorescence Imaging in Biology using Nanoprobes
Authors: Gerion Daniele 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction and Outlook

A New Era in Cell Biology

Nanotechnology and its Perspectives for Fluorescence Imaging in Cell Biology

Fundamentals of Fluorescence

Basic Principles

A Few Types of Fluorescent Probes

Small Luminescent Units and Autofluorescence of Living Organisms

A few Organic Dyes and their Limitation in Live Cell Labeling

Green Fluorescent Protein and its Cousin Mutants

Quantum Dots

Toxicity Issues of Nanomaterials

Sources and Detectors

Light Sources

Detectors

Microscope Configurations

Wide‐field Methods: Epi‐, and Total Internal Reflection (
TIR
)

Epifluorescence Illumination

Total Internal Reflection (
TIR
) Illumination

Scanning Methods for Microscopy

Laser‐scanning or Stage‐scanning Confocal Microscopy

Near‐field Scanning Optical Microscopy (
NSOM
)

Strategies for Image Acquisition

Intensity Imaging

Spectral Imaging

Lifetime and Time‐gated Imaging

Other Imaging Modalities: Polarization and
FRET
Imaging

Qdots in Biology: A Few Selected Examples

Ultra‐high Colocalization of Qdots for Genetic Mapping

Dynamics of Biomolecules in a Cellular Environment

Trafficking of Glycine Receptors in Neural Membranes of Live Cells

Dynamics of Labeled Nuclear Localization Sequences Inside Living Cells

In Vivo
and Non‐invasive Detection Using Qdot Reporters

Outlook: Is there a Role for Nanoscience in Cellular Biology and in Medicine?

Acknowledgments
NMR Characterization Techniques – Application to Nanoscaled Pharmaceutical Carriers
Authors: Mayer Christian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Structural Analysis of Nanoparticles

Phase Transitions of the Particle Matrix

Adsorption to the Particle Surface

Molecular Exchange through Nanocapsule Membranes

Particle Degradation and Release

Summary and Outlook
Characterization of Nano Features in Biopolymers using Small‐angle X‐ray Scattering, Electron Microscopy and Modeling
Authors: Krebs Angelika , Böttcher Bettina 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionSmall‐angleX‐ray ScatteringScattering TechniqueScattering PhenomenonScattering Curve and Pair Distance Distribution FunctionDetermination of Scattering ParametersExperimental SetupInterpretation of DataDirect MethodsIndirect MethodsElectron MicroscopyImage FormationInterference of Electrons with MatterContrast Transfer FunctionSample PreparationVitrification of Biological SpecimensTwo‐dimensional Merging of Electron Microscopic DataCross Correlation FunctionIdentification of the Different ViewsMerging ofEM‐data in Three DimensionsSinogram CorrelationReconstruction of the Three‐dimensional ModelMerging of MethodsComparison ofEMandSAXSDataSAXSModeling Approaches usingEMInformation
Characterization of Nanoscaled Drug Delivery Systems by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
Authors: Mäder Karsten 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

ESR
Basics and Requirements

Information from
ESR
Spectroscopy and Imaging

Nitroxide Concentration

Micropolarity and Microviscosity

Monitoring of Microacidity

ESR
Imaging

In Vivo

ESR

Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgment