bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infant neurodevelopment following fetal growth restriction: relationship with antepartum surveillance parameters
Authors: Baschat A. A. , Viscardi R. M. , Hussey‐Gardner B. , Hashmi N. , Harman C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the relationship between fetal Doppler parameters, biophysical profile score (BPP) and neurodevelopmental delay at 2 years of corrected age in infants who had been growth‐restricted in utero.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study including 113 pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (abdominal circumference < 5th percentile and elevated umbilical artery (UA) pulsatility index). The relationships of UA, middle cerebral artery and ductus venosus (DV) Doppler features, BPP, birth acidemia (artery pH < 7.0 + /or base deficit > 12), gestational age at delivery, birth weight and neonatal morbidity (i.e. bronchopulmonary dysplasia, > Grade 2 intraventricular hemorrhage, or necrotizing enterocolitis) with a 2‐year neurodevelopmental delay were evaluated. Best Beginnings Developmental Screen, Bayley Scale of Infant Development II (BSID) and Clinical Adaptive/Clinical Linguistic Auditory Milestone Stage were used. BSID < 70, cerebral palsy, abnormal tone, hearing loss and/or blindness defined neurodevelopmental delay.ResultsSeventy‐two of the 113 pregnancies completed assessment; there were 10 stillbirths, 19 neonatal deaths, three infant deaths and nine pregnancies with no follow‐up. Twenty fetuses (27.8%) had UA reversed end‐diastolic velocity (REDV), 34 (47.2%) abnormal DV Doppler features and 31 (43.1%) an abnormal BPP. Median gestational age at delivery and birth weight were 30.4 weeks and 933 g, respectively. Twelve infants had acidemia and 28 neonatal morbidity. There were 38 (52.8%) infants with neurodevelopmental delay, including 37 (51.4%) with abnormal tone, 20 (27.8%) with speech delay, 23 (31.9%) with an abnormal neurological examination, eight (11.1%) with a hearing deficit and six (8.3%) with cerebral palsy. Gestational age at delivery was associated with cerebral palsy (r2 = 0.52, P < 0.0001; 92% sensitivity and 83% specificity for delivery at < 27 weeks). UA‐REDV was associated with global delay (r2 = 0.31, P = 0.006) and birth weight with neurodevelopmental delay (r2 = 0.54, P < 0.0001; 82% sensitivity and 64% specificity for BW < 922 g).ConclusionsAlthough UA‐REDV is an independent contributor to poor neurodevelopment in IUGR no such effect could be demonstrated for abnormal venous Doppler findings or BPP. Gestational age and birth weight remain the predominant factors for poor neurodevelopment in growth‐restricted infants. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluoride Containing Guest Species in Alumosilicates: Tetrafluoroborate in the Sodalite Na8Al6Si6O24(BF4)2
Authors: Lezhnina Marina M. , Jordan Edgar , Klimin Sergej A. , Löns Jürgen , Koller Hubert , Mavrin Boris N. , Kynast Ulrich 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the course of investigations on optical properties resulting from the interaction of fluorides with alumosilicate host materials and rare earth guests, a well defined BF4– ion wasfound to be incorporated within the sodalite of composition Na8Al6Si6O24(BF4)2. The resulting cubic molecular structure, which was determined by Rietveld methods (space group P4$\bar{3}$n, a = 906.91 pm, wRp = 0.045, Rp = 0.027), contains one anion in each sodalite cage and is, contrarily to expectations, thermally stable. NMR spectroscopic investigations indicated a fast rotatory motion of the BF4– tetrahedra at room temperature and agreed with the tetrahedral BF4– ions found in IR and Raman spectra. Preliminary attempts to obtain a luminescent material by incorporation of Eu3+ through aqueous ion exchange only yielded low rare earth concentrations, giving rise to characteristic red emission lines at 581 nm (5D0 → 7F1) and 615 nm (5D0 → 7F2) in a 1:2 intensity ratio. The material unexpectedly exhibited a strong broad band emission at 520 nm after calcination under Ar, which is attributed to the formation of an Eu2+ species. Further calcination under air partially reestablished the Eu3+ emission.
Spatial genetic structure and restricted gene flow in a functionally dioecious fig, Ficus pumila L. var. pumila (Moraceae)
Authors: Wang Rong , Ai Bin , Gao Bang‐Quan , Yu Shuo , Li Yuan‐Yuan , Chen Xiao‐Yong 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe mutualism between fig plants and fig wasps has been recognized as one of the most specialized systems of symbiosis. Figs are pollinated by their highly specific pollinating fig wasps, and the pollinating fig wasps are raised within the syconia of figs. Recent studies indicated a difference between monoecious and dioecious figs in the dispersal range of pollinating wasps, which has potential consequences for gene flow. In this study, we detected the gene‐flow pattern of the dioecious climbing fig, Ficus pumila L. var. pumila, at both local and regional scales. At the local scale, spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated strong genetic structure at short distances, a pattern of limited gene flow. This result was also supported by a high inbreeding coefficient (FIS = 0.287) and significant substructuring (FST = 0.060; P < 0.001). Further analysis indicated that the effective gene dispersal range was 1,211 m, and the relative contribution of seed dispersal was smaller than that of pollen dispersal. The inferred effective range of pollen dispersal ranged from 989 to 1,712 m, while the effective seed dispersal range was less than 989 m. Lack of long‐distance dispersal agents may explain the limited seed dispersal. The high density of receptive fig trees was the most likely explanation for limited pollen dispersal, and the position of syconia and relatively low wind speed beneath the canopy may contribute to this phenomenon. At the regional scale, significant negative correlations (kinship coefficient Fij ranging from −0.038 to −0.071) existed in all comparisons between the studied population and other populations, and the assignment test grouped almost all individuals of the studied population into a distinct cluster. Asynchronous flowering on the regional scale, which provides a barrier for the pollinating wasps to fly from the studied population to the other populations, is probably responsible for the limited gene flow on the regional scale.
Is Contralateral Testicular Biopsy Warranted at the Time of Orchidectomy?
Authors: Pillai Praveen L. , McCracken Stuart R.C. , Thomas David J. , Durkan Garrett C. , Thorpe Andrew C. 
Published: December 2008

Objective: Previous studies have suggested that biopsy of the contralateral testis at the time of radical inguinal orchidectomy for unilateral testicular cancer should be performed to exclude intra tubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN). This practice has become routine in many urology departments. We reviewed the histological outcome of contralateral testis biopsy in patients with testis cancer to determine if it was appropriate to routinely continue this practice. Methods: The medical records of all men presenting to our institution with testicular cancer between 1998 and 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. The histological diagnosis following inguinal orchidectomy and the outcome of contralateral testis biopsy (where this had been performed) were recorded. The median duration of follow-up was 56 months and the incidence of metachronous tumours during this period was noted. Results: There were 193 consecutive cases of testicular cancer (seminoma, n = 108; nonseminatous germ cell tumour [NSGCT], n =73; non-GCT, n =8; lymphoma, n = 4). Nine patients had a history of maldescent, 12 had microlithiasis and 9 had atrophic testes. One hundred and fifty-one men had contralateral testis biopsies, but there were no cases of ITGCN, regardless of original tumour type or stage. Four patients (all with initial seminomas) developed metachronous tumours, 3 were seminomas and 1 was a mixed GCT. In 3 of the 4 cases, the previous contralateral testis biopsy was normal while the fourth patient was not biopsied at the time of his initial surgery. There were 4 (3%) cases of haematoma following contralateral testis biopsy. Conclusion: Contralateral testis biopsy was unhelpful in predicting metachronous tumour occurrence, carries a small risk of morbidity and should not be routinely performed in men undergoing orchidectomy for testicular cancer.
Redox thiol status plays a central role in the mobilization and metabolism of nitric oxide in human red blood cells
Authors: de Almeida José Pedro , Carvalho Filomena Almeida , Silva‐Herdade Ana Santos , Santos‐Freitas Teresa , Saldanha Carlota 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe assessed the redox thiol status influence on nitric oxide (NO) metabolism and efflux in erythrocytes stimulated with acetylcholinesterase substrate (acetylcholine, ACh) and inhibitor (velnacrine maleate, VM). Erythrocyte suspensions from healthy donors were incubated with increasing concentrations of dithiothreitol (1–50 μM), in the presence and absence of acetylcholine/velnacrine (10 μM). Levels of NO, nitrite/nitrate, S‐nitrosohemoglobin, peroxynitrite and S‐nitrosoglutathione were determined by spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods.Dithiothreitol significantly mobilized NO toward nitrite/nitrate and S‐nitrosoglutathione, and decreased the amount of NO efflux. Both ACh/VM induce changes on the levels of erythrocyte nitrite/nitrate dependent on the DTT concentration. Higher levels of peroxynitrite and S‐nitrosoglutathione were seen with velnacrine in presence of DTT 1 and 50 μM.We concluded that dithiothreitol‐induced activation of erythrocyte thiol status decreases NO efflux and allows greater intracellular NO mobilization onto different derivative molecules, both in the absence and presence of acetylcholinesterase substrate and inhibitor.
Involvement of neuronal, inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthases in capsaicin‐induced muscle hypersensitivity
Authors: Lee Jong‐Seok , Zhang Youping , Ro Jin Y. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTNitric oxide, which has been implicated in the development of hyperalgesia in the spinal system, has not been systematically studied in the trigeminal system, especially in the context of inflammatory muscle pain condition. In this study, we investigated the functional role of centrally released nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of orofacial muscle pain. Specifically, we examined the contribution of neuronal, inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthases, nNOS, iNOS and eNOS, respectively, in mediating masseter hypersensitivity under acute inflammatory condition. Time‐dependent changes in nNOS, iNOS and eNOS protein expression in the subnucleus caudalis (Vc) were assessed following capsaicin injection in the masseter muscle of male Sprague Dawley rats. The expression of all three nitric oxide synthases was significantly up‐regulated 30–60min following capsaicin stimulation, which paralleled the time course of the development of capsaicin‐induced masseter hypersensitivity. Pretreatment with each NOS inhibitor significantly attenuated the masseter hypersensitivity. These data showed that all three NOS in the Vc are functionally important for the development of craniofacial muscle hyperalgesia and suggest that the three NOS are closely orchestrated to regulate the level of nitric oxide under normal and pathologic conditions.
EQUISYMMETRIC STRATA OF THE MODULI SPACE OF CYCLIC TRIGONAL RIEMANN SURFACES OF GENUS 4
Authors: IZQUIERDO MILAGROS , YING DANIEL 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA closed Riemann surface which can be realized as a three-sheeted covering of the Riemann sphere is called trigonal, and such a covering is called a trigonal morphism. If the trigonal morphism is a cyclic regular covering, the Riemann surface is called a cyclic trigonal Riemann surface. Using the characterization of cyclic trigonality by Fuchsian groups, we find the structure of the space of cyclic trigonal Riemann surfaces of genus 4.
ON SOLUBILITY OF GROUPS WITH BOUNDED CENTRALIZER CHAINS
Authors: KHUKHRO E. I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe c-dimension of a group is the maximum length of a chain of nested centralizers. It is proved that a periodic locally soluble group of finite c-dimension k is soluble of derived length bounded in terms of k, and the rank of its quotient by the Hirsch–Plotkin radical is bounded in terms of k. Corollary: a pseudo-(finite soluble) group of finite c-dimension k is soluble of derived length bounded in terms of k.
EXISTENCE AND BIFURCATION RESULTS FOR FOURTH-ORDER ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS INVOLVING TWO CRITICAL SOBOLEV EXPONENTS
Authors: KANDILAKIS D. A. , MAGIROPOULOS M. , ZOGRAPHOPOULOS N. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLet Ω be a smooth bounded domain inRN, withN≥ 5. We provide existence and bifurcation results for the elliptic fourth-order equation Δ2u− Δpu=f(λ,x,u) in Ω, under the Dirichlet boundary conditionsu= 0 and ∇u= 0. Here λ is a positive real number, 1 <p≤ 2#andf(.,.,u) has a subcritical or a critical growths, 1 <s≤ 2*, where$2^{\ast}:=\frac{2N}{N-4}$and$2^{\#}:=\frac{2N}{N-2}$. Our approach is variational, and it is based on the mountain-pass theorem, the Ekeland variational principle and the concentration-compactness principle.
‘Dealing with Difference: Religious Education and the Challenge of Democracy in Pakistan’
Authors: NELSON MATTHEW J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWhen is a modern religious education also a modern democratic education? Drawing on research conducted in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (2003–2005), this question is addressed with reference to the views of those who draw upon the resources of local maktabs and madrasas to provide their children with religious and, more specifically, Islamic instruction. Within this group—a group that, I argue, constitutes a clear majority in Pakistan—concerns about religious and sectarian diversity are given special attention. Most parents, stressing the importance of religious unity, conformity, and consensus, believe it's better to ignore these differences ‘for the sake of the nation.’ For those with an interest in combining the terms of Islam, Islamic education, and democracy, however, I argue that these differences cannot be ignored; instead, they must be acknowledged and engaged.
A role for antimicrobial peptides in intestinal microsporidiosis
Authors: LEITCH G. J. , CEBALLOS C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYClinical isolates from 3 microsporidia species,Encephalitozoon intestinalisandEncephalitozoon hellem, and the insect parasiteAnncaliia(Brachiola, Nosema) algerae, were used in spore germination and enterocyte-like (C2Bbe1) cell infection assays to determine the effect of a panel of antimicrobial peptides. Spores were incubated with lactoferrin (Lf), lysozyme (Lz), and human beta defensin 2 (HBD2), human alpha defensin 5 (HD5), and human alpha defensin 1 (HNP1), alone and in combination with Lz, prior to germination. Of theEncephalitozoonspecies onlyE. hellemspore germination was inhibited by HNP1, whileA. algeraespore germination was inhibited by Lf, HBD2, HD5 and HNP1, although HBD2 and HD5 inhibition required the presence of Lz. The effects of HBD2 and HD5 on microsporidia enterocyte infection paralleled their effects on spore germination. Lysozyme alone only inhibited infection withA. algerae, while Lf inhibited infection byE. intestinalisandA. algerae. HNP1 significantly reduced enterocyte infection by all 3 parasite species and a combination of Lf, Lz and HNP1 caused a further reduced infection withA. algerae. These data suggest that intestinal antimicrobial peptides contribute to the defence of the intestine against infection by luminal microsporidia spores and may partially determine which parasite species infects the intestine.
Creating possibilities for action in the presence of environmental barriers in the process of ‘ageing in place’
Authors: JOHANSSON KARIN , JOSEPHSSON STAFFAN , LILJA MARGARETA 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe need for an understanding of ‘ageing in place’ as a progressive process has emerged among researchers in the field of environmental gerontology. The aim of this study was to explore this process, in relation to home modification services. Four older adults who had applied for home modification services in one Swedish municipality were included. Data were collected by open interviews with the participants in their homes on subsequent occasions, from before the modification had been installed until recognised stability in the situation relating to the home modification. In the analysis, the concept of place integration was used as a tool to explore the active relations that connect people and context over time. The main findings show that the participants used creativity and initiative to direct future situations towards increased possibilities for action. This indicates that services aiming to support people ‘ageing in place’ should be directed towards increasing possibilities for action rather than only facilitating activity performance. Furthermore, it can be concluded that if the service-users' creativity and efforts are recognised as resources in design and provision of services, services that aim to support individuals who are ageing in place have the potential to be empowering.
‘This is where we buried our sons’: people of advanced old age coping with the impact of the AIDS epidemic in a resource-poor setting in rural Uganda
Authors: SEELEY JANET , WOLFF BRENT , KABUNGA ELIZABETH , TUMWEKWASE GRACE , GROSSKURTH HEINER 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTMuch research on the impact of HIV and AIDS on older people fails to differentiate between age groups, and treats those aged from 50 years to the highest ages as homogeneous. The ‘oldest old’ or those aged over 75 years may be particularly vulnerable through declining health and independence as a result of the AIDS epidemic, which has forced some to take on roles that younger relatives would have performed had they lived. In this paper we describe the past and current experience of eight people in advanced old age living in rural Uganda who were informants for an ethnographic study of the impact of HIV and AIDS on households during 1991–92 and again in 2006–07. The aim of the study was to understand how they had coped with the impacts of the epidemic. From the eight case studies, it is concluded that family size, socio-economic status and some measure of good fortune in sustained good health enabled these people to live to an advanced age. While we recommend that targeted social protection is important in helping the poorest among the oldest, we suggest that sustaining respect for age and experience, and ensuring that older people do not feel discarded by family and society are as important as meeting their practical needs.
The social capital of older people
Authors: GRAY ANNE 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTHow can the ‘social capital’ inherent in social networks provide contacts through which older people access practical and emotional support? What is the relative importance of kin and non-kin, and of participation in organisations and informal ties such as contacts with neighbours? Following a brief contextualisation that draws on previous literature, this paper addresses these questions through analysis ofBritish Household Panel Survey(BHPS) data. It examines the extent to which people feel they can count on emotional and practical support from friends and relatives. A dependent variable was created that measures the outcome of the ‘social capital’ residing in a respondent's social network. Relatively poor support was found amongst elders who were childless or had been continuously without a partner; relatively rich support was found amongst those who had frequent contact with other people, who interacted frequently with neighbours, and who regarded their neighbourhood as a positive social environment. Being active in organisations had less effect on social support than informal social contacts. Amongst many different forms of organisational activity, the only ones that had a positive association with social support were being in contact with others through religious activities, and engaging in sports clubs. The social support of working-class elders, even those ‘well networked’ in formal or informal ways, was strengthened less by their social capital than was that of the professional and managerial occupational groups.
Angular distribution and conversion of multi-keV L-shell X-ray sources produced from nanosecond laser irradiated thick-foil targets
Authors: Hu G.-Y. , Zhang J.-Y. , Zheng J. , Shen B.-F. , Liu S.-Y. , Yang J.-M. , Ding Y.-K. , Hu X. , Huang Y.-X. , Du H.-B. , Yi R.-Q. , Lei A.-L. , Xu Z.-Z. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn experimental study on the angular distribution and conversion of multi-keV X-ray sources produced from 2 ns-duration 527nm laser irradiated thick-foil targets on Shenguang II laser facility (SG-II) is reported. The angular distributions measured in front of the targets can be fitted with the function of f(θ) = α+ (1−α)cosβθ (θ is the viewing angle relative to the target normal), where α = 0.41 ± 0.014, β = 0.77 ± 0.04 for Ti K-shell X-ray sources (~4.75 keV for Ti K-shell), and α = 0.085 ± 0.06, β = 0.59 ± 0.07 for Ag/Pd/Mo L-shell X-ray sources (2–2.8 keV for Mo L-shell, 2.8–3.5 keV for Pd L-shell, and 3–3.8 keV for Ag L-shell). The isotropy of the angular distribution of L-shell emission is worse than that of the K-shell emission at larger viewing angle (>70°), due to its larger optical depth (stronger self-absorption) in the cold plasma side lobe surrounding the central emission region, and in the central hot plasma region (emission region). There is no observable difference in the angular distributions of the L-shell X-ray emission among Ag, Pd, and Mo. The conversion efficiency of Ag/Pd/Mo L-shell X-ray sources is higher than that of the Ti K-shell X-ray sources, but the gain relative to the K-shell emission is not as high as that by using short pulse lasers. The conversion efficiency of the L-shell X-ray sources decreases with increasing atomic numbers (or X-ray photon energy), similar to the behavior of the K-shell X-ray source.
Governing Body of the Church in Wales
Authors: Morris Philip 
Published: December 2008

In April, a Bill was considered to enable women to be consecrated as bishops. The most crucial amendment for consideration was that ‘the Bench of Bishops will provide pastoral care and support for those who in conscience cannot accept the ordination of women as priests and bishops through the ministry of an Assistant Bishop or Bishops’. The Archbishop resisted the amendment on the grounds that, if it were passed, the Church
would be appointing a male bishop who had doubts about the validity of the orders of a woman bishop. Such a bishop and his followers would have real doubts as to whether the sacraments presided over by her were real sacraments, and real doubts about whether anyone ordained by her, male or female, was actually ordained.