bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rate-Dependent Response of Polymers to Tensile Impact
Authors: Pilsworth Malcolm N. , Hoge Harold J. 
Published: March 2007

A strain-rate-independent theory is shown to be inadequate to describe the response of polymers to tensile impact. A nylon yarn and a rubber strip were subjected to longi tudinal impact at velocities up to 100 m sec-1 and the resulting strains observed pho tographically. Rate-independent theory is used to calculate the expected results. Fundamental differences are noted between the observed and the calculated response. Particularly noted is the absence, in the observations, of shock waves that are predicted by the rate-independent theory. A technique is described for loading a sample at uniform intervals along its length, and thus increasing the strain level reached before the resulting strain wave is reflected, even though the impact velocity is limited. This technique is used to determine a critical velocity for nylon yarn. Critical velocities calculated by a method based on rate- independent theory do not agree with this determination.
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers
Authors: Weigmann H.-D. , Scott M.G. , Ribnick A.S. 
Published: March 2007

An investigation of the effects of prior heat treatments on the stabilization of the polyester structure towards subsequent treatments with dimethylformamide (DMF) has been carried out. The results indicate that a DMF treatment at 140°C can overcome changes in the polyester structure produced by prior heat treatment up to a temperature of about 180°C. Void formation and accompanying high dye uptake under atmospheric dyeing conditions are observed. Heat treatments around 200°C, however, stabilize the fiber structure, and subsequent solvent treatments do not produce irreversible swelling and void formation. A further increase in the heat-treatment temperature again permits void formation and high dye-uptake values to occur. A close correlation between dyeability and void volume calculated from density data is observed. A DMF treatment of a false-twist-set textured yarn leads to void formation and high dyeability, even though the heater temperatures used in the texturing process are near the critical temperature range at which stabilization to sub sequent solvent treatments has been observed. Evidence is presented suggesting that the yarns do not actually experience the temperature of the heaters but rather a significantly lower temperature.
Factors Influencing the Exact Replication of Double-Knit Fabrics Part II: Textured Polyester Fabrics
Authors: Little T.J. , Leaf G.A.V. , Knapton J.J.F. 
Published: March 2007

Changes in the dimensions of double-knit fabrics from textured-polyester fabric can be caused by altering knitting machine settings other than run-in and run-in-ratio. The machine settings studied which are responsible for the majority of the variation in dimensions are the take-down tension, stretcher-board width, and the yarn tension before the positive feed system. The effects of altering the machine settings remain statistically significant in unset fabric, even after a severe relaxation treatment and a heat-setting treatment under controlled conditions is required to further reduce their magnitude. Re laxation of the fabric before heat-setting reduces the magnitude of the effects more than a heat-setting treatment alone. Other important aspects of finishing textured-polyester fabric are the level of fabric extension during setting and the temperature of washing used to assess the dimensional stability.
Inter-library comparisons: a report on progress, with particular reference to public libraries
Authors: Harrington L. Talyor , Carruthers R.M.L. , Moffat M. 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes comparative studies, an aspect of library management in which there is growing interest. The paper is in three Parts. The first outlines in general terms the objectives of 'interfirm' or 'inter-organisation' comparisons for management. It refers to some important features of effective comparisons, and distinguishes between 'true' interfirm comparisons and general statistical surveys. Part 2 describes the programme of work so far undertaken in the development of inter-library comparisons as a man agement tool. The stages of this work (funded by the British Library R & D Department) are described, together with the findings which emerged as the work progressed. Part 2 ends with a brief assessment of the results of the public library 'pilot' comparison, which involved 27 library systems, and describes plans for further action in this field. Reference is also made to the substantial development work undertaken in 1980 relating to comparisons for academic libraries; and to the possibility of future development work relating to special libraries. The third Part describes the scope and con tent of the main ('pilot') comparison so far undertaken for public libraries; examples of the format of the results of that comparison are given in the Appendices.
How to win friends and influence people: definitions of user-friendliness in interactive computer systems
Authors: Trenner Lesley 
Published: March 2007

The arrival of 'user-friendly' (UF) computing has im portant implications, both for computer sales and for the accessibility of information online. Yet despite the growing trend towards UF systems and the increasing use of 'UF' in the literature, the term has not yet been adequately defined nor have criteria for UF been conclusively established. This paper stresses the importance of UF for the state-of-the-art and reviews the literature around this subject. The popular understanding of UF is outlined and some other definitions cited which suggest that the concept is more complex than it might appear. The author asserts that the idea of 'friendliness' is qualified by the word 'user' and that there fore UF systems must be able to recognize and accommodate the needs of different user groups. Published criteria for 'friendliness', 'ease of use', etc., are then discussed and a set of criteria for UF on which there is a consensus, is listed. The paper concludes by suggesting that a plausible definition of UF must take into account variations in the user population in terms of their individual characteristics and the tasks they wish to perform.
Subgraphs of reduced chemical graphs as screens for substructure searching of specific chemical structures
Authors: Cringean Janey K. , Lynch Michael F. 
Published: March 2007

Reduced chemical graphs are descriptions of chemical structures which summarize certain structural features, for instance, the ring or chain nature of components, and conserve certain topological relationships. They have proved valuable in representing and searching generic chemical structure informa tion. The generation of all subgraphs of one type of reduced chemical graph and their use as screens for substructure searching of databases of specific chemical structures are de scribed. The subgraphs have the potential to provide a single key for each substructure search query which comprises a single connected fragment, with possible advantages in an inverted file substructure search system. The methods and costs of generating the subgraphs, and their effectiveness in search, are assessed.
FIRST: Fuzzy Information Retrieval SysTem
Authors: Lucarella D. , Morara R. 
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses modelling, design and imple mentation issues for a knowledge-based information retrieval system Both the domain knowledge representation and the inference mechanism are based upon a fuzzy set theoretical framework The system manages natural language queries and returns a ranked set of relevant documents, computing for each of them a degree of support depending on multiple sources of evidence. In the following, after a brief remark about the need for modelling the inherent imprecision associated with the retrieval process, a model based on fuzzy reasoning is proposed. Then the architecture is presented of FIRST, a prototype system which is intended as an experimental test-bed for the applica tion of intelligent techniques in order to improve the effective ness of information retrieval systems Finally, we discuss im plementation details with reference to the retrieval component and related strategies that have been developed to reduce the impact of using imprecise knowledge upon the computational efficiency of the system.
Appraisal and evaluation of software products
Authors: Williams Fred 
Published: March 2007

Software product evaluation can be problematical as products from different backgrounds are likely to exhibit different strengths and weaknesses. A weakness in one area will not necessarily eliminate a product from consideration as project requirements are seldom absolute What therefore is needed is a systematic approach which helps to identity the product or products which best meet the needs of the project or organisation. A method will be described which has been designed to assess the suitability of software products against the total requirements of a project. The method consists of a weighted scoring technique based on a customisable criteria hierarchy Different scenarios in which the method can be used will be covered, together with a description of a hierarchy for the evaluation of text-based information management systems
Scientific and technical information (STI) towards technological and industrial development: the case of Portugal
Authors: Maria Ana , Correia Ramalho 
Published: March 2007

As a result of the rapid advance of science and technology during the last decades, there is a tremendous increase in the accumulation of scientific, technical informa tion (STI) and knowledge. The problem of collecting, cataloguing and accessing infor mation to transfer to those who need it, when they need it, is a challenge faced by all information professionals. The appli cation of information technologies to the management of STI represents an area where promising advances are taking place, but where user needs should provide the "push" In this paper an overview will be presented of the national scene in Portugal which will cover some aspects related to different areas of the management of scientific and technical information (STI), and the application of new technologies to it In particular, aspects related to the - modernisation of libraries: - access to foreign databases (online and CD-ROM); - advanced training in Information Management: - development of information systems: - development of advanced information products; - participation in NATO programmes in the field of STI; - research in Information Science, in Portugal will be addressed.
Are the Moral and Value Foundations of Multilateralism Changing?
Authors: Hüfner Klaus , Naumann Jens 
Published: March 2007

Referring to the national or regional level it is quite commonplace to acknowledge the existence of different types of social relations and structures, many traditional ones and some of more recent origin. The paper argues that with regard to the world-level, the concept of a modern world society has made some progress over the last few decades in contrast to and in competition with tradional state-centered and segmented world views. Only small minorities of the national populations hold internationalist values and convictions commensurate with a modern world society perspective. Results from the only (but somewhat dated) relevant world-wide survey of the various publics' attitudes towards the United Nations system illustrate the point. Evidence from various social-science disciplines substantiates the view that it is longer formal education that enhances an individual's capacity to accept highly abstract and encompassing values and handle corresponding cognitive information. The world-wide educational expansion of the last few decades is interpreted as having widened the value foundations of multilateralism.
The Private, the Public and Civil Society: Social Realms and Power Structures
Authors: Sales Arnaud 
Published: March 2007

This paper will attempt to show how, in contemporary societies, civil society is related to other social fields, in particular (a) the private and the public spheres; (b) the most organized areas of the social and those areas where the most informal relationships predominate; (c) the structural relations of civil society with the state and the major economic and socio- cultural systems of control and power. Various models of differentiation of social fields will be examined: (1) the dualistic model of state-civil society (which is unsatisfactory because it makes civil society the rag-bag for everything that does not belong to the state); (2) Freund's model opposing the public and the private spheres; (3) the concept of public space, and the thesis of mutual infiltration of public and private spheres; (4) the opposition of systemic regulation (automatisms resulting from the coordination of politics and administration) and self- regulation (natural automatisms); (5) Habermas's model of System- Lifeworld. This analysis should yield a better understanding of (1) the specificity of civil society as the interface between the public and the private and the locus of public opinion formation; (2) the expansion and contraction of public and private domains, and of civil society in a given historical period.
The Politics of Electoral Reform in Israel
Authors: Diskin Hanna , Diskin Abraham 
Published: March 2007

This article falls into three main sections. The first outlines the basic features of the Israeli electoral system established in 1949, with minor amendments in the allocation formula (in 1973) and the electoral threshold (in 1992). The second covers unsuccessful proposals to reform Knesset elections in the periods 1949-77, 1977-90, and 1990 to date. The last section explains the causes of the introduction in 1992 of direct elections for the prime minister, and evaluates their possible conse quences. Since its first Knesset (parliamentary) elections in 1949 Israel has employed an electoral system with a single nationwide district, a propor tional representation allocation formula, and a strict list ballot. The basic alternative considered by Israeli politicians was the employment of a mixed system. Although reform proposals have been raised since the establishment of the state of Israel, no major change of the system has taken place until the March 1992 reform of the Government Basic Law. Following Israel's only successful vote on no-confidence, the Knesset adopted a governmental reform according to which the prime minister will be elected directly by voters. The directly elected prime minister must gain, however, the Knesset's confidence in his or her government. The present nature of the reform is such that a possible conflict between the prime minister and the Knesset may lead to a political and constitutional catastrophe.
Tournament Earnings and Performance Differentials between the Sexes in Professional Golf and Tennis
Authors: Marple David 
Published: March 2007

While a number of issues have been investigated about the relationship of women to sport, little attention has been paid to the economic status of women in professional tennis and golf, both recognized as sports that have allowed women to gain a measure of prestige and mobility. This study attempts to examine recent trends in the earnings of women (compared to men) in professional tennis and golf and to relate earnings differentials to existing sociological literature on the relative position of women in the labor market. Also, the research attempts to uncover the relationship between earnings and player perfor mance between men and women on the respective sports. Data obtained from secondary sources indicate a convergence in earnings between men andwomen in tennisand golffrom the late 1960sto the late 1970s. Women who are in the lower earnings brackets in both sports lag behind their male counterparts, although a convergence is noted. Based on a comparison of performance, women professionals in tennis and golf earn less than men for comparable performance.
Teaching world music in the Netherlands: Towards a model for cultural diversity in music education
Authors: Schippers Huib 
Published: March 2007

In the Netherlands today almost one million out of the population of fifteen million are of non-Dutch origin. Large concentrations of people from Turkey, Morocco and Surinam in particular, live in and around the cities. In Amsterdam, more than half the children in primary schools are of non-Dutch background. Similar situations exist in most other European countries. European culture has become multicultural by definition, and music education has to find answers to deal with the situation. The system of music education in the Netherlands can basically be divided into three levels: the conservatories of music, where students are trained to become professional musicians; the music schools, for people who want to learn music but have no professional aspirations; and music teaching in schools, where children are introduced to the general principles of music and music-making. Over the last fifteen years, national and local governments have devoted a great deal of money and effort towards integrating ‘minority arts’ into these institutions to very little effect at first. But since 1990 a new wave of activity has led to encouraging results and possible sources of inspiration for efforts on a European scale.
Who makes Policy: Why and How?
Authors: Adam Sheena , Moss Les , Pleasance Geoff 
Published: March 2007

At a time when issues about the management and purpose of the Probation and After-Care Service are being debated, members of the Greater Manchester branch of NAPO draw attention to local develop ments which they have found disturbing, and relate them to issues of importance to the Service and NAPO nationally. In view of the article's critical stance towards the management of their area, the Editorial Advisory Board gave a limited right of reply to the CPO of Greater Manchester, for publication in this issue. That reply follows the main article.
From the IFLAS Secretariat
Authors: Tallim Paula , Hurley Gerry 
Published: March 2007

The news section of IFLA Journal contains information about IFLA and its activities, and other "international" news. National information is only dissemi nated if it has international relevance. Attention is drawn to the fact that members are free to translate andlor dupli cate any part of this news section, without copyright implications. IFLA, indeed, urges members to disseminate the IFLA news in their country and region. A statement of the source of information would be appreciated.
Cognitive Processes Involved in the Recognition of Chinese Characters
Authors: Jia Yuxin 
Published: March 2007

Long ago the Chinese people developed the habit of thinking in terms of images. They also formed the habit of writing and recognizing scriptforms in terms of images. In fact, these diverse cognitive processes - thinking, writing and decoding in terms of images - have been interacting and reinforcing one another for thousands of years, and, as a result, have played a significant role in shaping Chinese culture and the Chinese mind, and have become a part of the collective unconscious of the people.Although today the Chinese characters are highly abstract and symbolic, the language still preserves its pictographic and ideographic prototypes, the parent script which evolved almost six thousand years ago. In other words, although modern Chinese characters are no longer actual drawings of objects, ideas, and images, they still have a blood relationship to these primitive forms. Their graphemes, configurations, or grapho-semantic radicals still bear direct semantic relation to their referents, so much so that it would be fair to describe the development of Chinese writing as an overlapping process as well as a gradual one.
Political perspectives of opinion leaders in Uganda
Authors: Prewitt Kenneth 
Published: March 2007

This study was a cooperative venture of the Uganda Extra-Mural Depart ment, the East African Institute of Social Research and the International Center for Intergroup Relations of the École Pratique des Hautes Études and the International Social Science Council, Paris. Unesco provided financial support through a grant administered by the International Center for Inter group Relations. The author is indebted to many people who helped in collecting and processing the material. The Extra-Mural Resident Tutors, Thalma Awori, Steve Brazier, Chango Machyo, and Wyn Williams along with Kristen Timothy helped administer the questionnaires. Additional assis tance was provided by the Political Science Research Program of the East African Institute of Social Research, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Center for the Comparative Study of Political Development, of the Uni versity of Chicago. Thanks are also due to the author's wife for preparing the codebook, and to the staff of the International Center for Intergroup Relations, for the difficult work of coding the material. Computer time for processing the data was made available from a grant administered through the University of Chicago, Division of the Social Sciences. Portions of this report were previously made available to the Uganda extra-mural students who cooperated in our venture *.
Lecture et système du tableau
Authors: Schefer Jean-Louis 
Published: March 2007

La sémiologie générale étant avant tout une description ( une formali sation) des systèmes signifiants, le problème qu'elle soulève au lieu même de sa formation, est celui de la transcription dans un code linguistique ( logique, mathématique) de données extra-linguistiques ( extra-logiques, extra-mathé matiques). Ce problème se pose dans toutes les branches de la sémiologie. mais il est plus aisément inaperçu ou passé sous silence lorsqu'il s'agit d'une sémio logie formalisant ( transcrivant ) les systèmes signifiants élaborés dans les langues naturelles ( la littérature. les différents types de communication sociales, les phénomènes psychopathologiques, etc.) . Or, une fois touchés les systèmes signifiants représentatifs ( comme la peinture, l'image cinématographique, la photographie, etc.) qui s'orga nisent sans recours explicite au langage naturel, le problème de la lexicali sation de ces systèmes et de la formalisation de cette lexicalisation, surgit avec tout son poids épistémologique et sémiologique. C'est la question du " triptyque image-langue-discours" : c'est ici que nous trouvons la notion de lexie qu'élabore l'étude de Jean-Louis Schefer, " Lecture et système du tableau ". Traité par un spécialiste à propos d'un objet qui paraitra restreint, la peinture ( un tableau), le concept de lexie et la manière dont il est présenté jette, cependant, un pont entre le texte ( le discours, et notamment le discours sémiotique) et les pratiques sociales non textuelles (tout ce que la multipli cité de la vie sociale, le " monde ", " notre histoire ", représentent). En ce sens, cette étude pourra introduire, à nos yeux, à une réflexion générale sur l'expansion de la démarche sémiotique vers toutes les pratiques signifiantes non discursives de la société. D'autre part, la notion de lexie telle qu'elle est étudiée par Schefer, étend la problématique soulevée par l'article de Gérard Genette " Langage poé tique, poétique du langage" (Information sur les sciences sociales, 7, 2) concer nant l'aspect sémiotique des rapports norme-anomalie dans les systèmes signifiants irréductibles à la langue parlée. La lexie propose un point de vue qui dépasse une telle distinction dans la mesure où, traitant du texte ( diffé rencié de la langue), elle passe outre la ligne et la surface, et pense dans l'espace de la permutation signifiante ( dans l'intertextualité ) . Cette réflexion se situe de même, on le verra, dans le champ ouvert par la philosophie de J. Derrida exposée brièvement dans ce numéro.