bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiglutamatergic Strategies for Ethanol Detoxification: Comparison With Placebo and Diazepam
Authors: Krupitsky Evgeny M. , Rudenko Anatoly A. , Burakov Andrey M. , Slavina Tatyana Y. , Grinenko Alexander A. , Pittman Brian , Gueorguieva Ralitza , Petrakis Ismene L. , Zvartau Edwin E. , Krystal John H. 
Published: February 2007

Background: Benzodiazepines are the standard pharmacotherapies for ethanol detoxification, but concerns about their abuse potential and negative effects upon the transition to alcohol abstinence drive the search for new treatments. Glutamatergic activation and glutamate receptor up‐regulation contribute to ethanol dependence and withdrawal. This study compared 3 antiglutamatergic strategies for ethanol detoxification with placebo and to the benzodiazepine, diazepam: the glutamate release inhibitor, lamotrigine; the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist, memantine; and the AMPA/kainite receptor inhibitor, topiramate.Methods: This placebo‐controlled randomized single‐blinded psychopharmacology trial studied male alcohol‐dependent inpatients (n=127) with clinically significant alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Subjects were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments for 7 days: placebo, diazepam 10 mg TID, lamotrigine 25 mg QID, memantine 10 mg TID, or topiramate 25 mg QID. Additional diazepam was administered when the assigned medication failed to suppress withdrawal symptoms adequately.Results: All active medications significantly reduced observer‐rated and self‐rated withdrawal severity, dysphoric mood, and supplementary diazepam administration compared with placebo. The active medications did not differ from diazepam.Conclusions: This study provides the first systematic clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of a number of antiglutamatergic approaches for treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms. These data support the hypothesis that glutamatergic activation contributes to human alcohol withdrawal. Definitive studies of each of these medications are now needed to further evaluate their effectiveness in treating alcohol withdrawal.
A Hierarchical Semiparametric Regression Model for Combining HIV‐1 Phylogenetic Analyses Using Iterative Reweighting Algorithms
Authors: Liang Li‐Jung , Weiss Robert E. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryPhylogenetic modeling is computationally challenging and most phylogeny models fit a single phylogeny to a single set of molecular sequences. Individual phylogenetic analyses are typically performed independently using publicly available software that fits a computationally intensive Bayesian model using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation.We develop a Bayesian hierarchical semiparametric regression model to combine multiple phylogenetic analyses of HIV‐1 nucleotide sequences and estimate parameters of interest within and across analyses. We use a mixture of Dirichlet processes as a prior for the parameters to relax inappropriate parametric assumptions and to ensure the prior distribution for the parameters is continuous. We use several reweighting algorithms for combining completed MCMC analyses to shrink parameter estimates while adjusting for data set‐specific covariates. This avoids constructing a large complex model involving all the original data, which would be computationally challenging and would require rewriting the existing stand‐alone software.
Comparative fitness of invasive and native populations of the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli)
Authors: Liu Deguang , Trumble John T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo genetically distinct potato psyllid populations [Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Homoptera: Psyllidae)] were identified in our previous study: native and invasive. The invasive population, ranging from Baja, Mexico to central California, was the result of a recent invasion, while the native population is endemic to Texas. The native (Texas) and invasive (California) populations were collected from tomato and pepper, respectively, and were examined on both hosts to test the comparative fitness of invasive populations. Our results indicated that on both plant hosts, psyllids from the native range demonstrated higher survivorship, a higher growth index, and shorter development times than the psyllids from invasive populations. The fecundity of the native‐range psyllids also was significantly higher than that of invasive psyllids on tomato, but not on pepper. For the native population, host plant differences for all fitness measurements were not significant. However, within the invasive population, psyllids feeding on tomatoes showed consistently better survivorship and a higher growth index than those feeding on pepper, despite the decreased developmental time required on peppers. The LC50 values (concentrations causing 50% mortality) of both populations were determined for three pesticides. Resistance to two of these pesticides was found in the invasive population. Thus, the invasive quality of the California populations may be related to increased pesticide resistance. However, it is impossible to determine if the California population was preadapted to pesticide resistance, or if the resistance developed after the range expansion and is simply a contributing factor to maintaining the expansion.
Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound measurements of extraocular muscles in thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy at different stages of the disease
Authors: Lennerstrand Gunnar , Tian Suna , Isberg Bengt , Landau Högbeck Irene , Bolzani Roberto , Tallstedt Leif , Schworm Hermann 
Published: February 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To assess extraocular muscle (EOM) involvement in thyroid‐associated orbitopathy (TAO) of different stages with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound techniques.Methods:  A total of 32 patients with TAO were divided into three groups according to whether they had mild active, pronounced active or longstanding inactive disease. Six patients with Graves' disease but no clinical signs of TAO and 10 healthy control subjects were also studied. Muscle volume and cross‐sectional area were measured with MRI. A‐scan ultrasound was used to measure muscle thickness.Results:  The average MRI volume and maximal cross‐sectional area of the EOM were significantly larger in patients with pronounced active and longstanding inactive TAO than in control subjects. Increased average muscle thickness measured by ultrasound was found mainly in patients with longstanding disease. Muscle enlargement was seen with MRI and ultrasound in individual patients in all patient groups, including those with Graves' disease but no TAO. Bilateral muscle enlargement was revealed by MRI in about two‐thirds of patients with mild active TAO and in all patients with pronounced active and longstanding inactive TAO. Bilateral involvement estimated with ultrasound was less common in all patient groups. The MRI and ultrasound findings were not well correlated in any patient group.Conclusions:  Extraocular muscle enlargement was seen in all patient groups with TAO of differing levels of severity. Measurements with MRI of muscle volume or maximal cross‐sectional area are considered good indicators of muscle enlargement in TAO.
Loss of maspin expression contributes to a more invasive potential in malignant melanoma
Authors: Denk Alexandra E. , Bettstetter Marcus , Wild Peter J. , Hoek Keith , Bataille Frauke , Dietmaier Wolfgang , Bosserhoff Anja K. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryDeregulation of protease expression and activity is known to play an important role in tumour progression of malignant melanoma. The serpin maspin, a tumour suppressor in breast and prostate cancer was described as an inhibitor of cell migration and inducer of cell adhesion between the basement membrane and extracellular matrix resulting in inhibition of tumour metastasis. In contrast, overexpression of maspin is correlated with poor prognosis in other cancers. However, little is known about expression, regulation and function of maspin in malignant melanoma. In this study, we found loss of maspin expression in malignant melanoma cells compared with normal human epidermal melanocytes, which was analysed by quantitative real‐time PCR, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and microarray. For functional studies, melanoma cell clones stably transfected with a maspin expression vector were tested for changes in proliferation, migration and invasion. Although we could not see differences in proliferation and migration, we detected strongly reduced invasive capacity in the melanoma cell clones in which maspin is re‐expressed compared with control. Reduced invasive potential was also detected in three different melanoma cell lines transiently transfected with a maspin expression vector. Furthermore, exogenously added maspin alone was sufficient to reduce invasion in MelIm significantly, indicating that maspin directly inhibits invasion on the cell surface. In summary, we believe that maspin is a tumour suppressor in malignant melanoma.
Oral health status of the elderly in a residential home in Turkey
Authors: Ünlüer Şengül , Gökalp Saadet , Doğan Bahar Güçiz 
Published: February 2007

Objectives:  To determine the oral health status and treatment needs of elderly residents of a residential home in Ankara, Turkey.Background:  Little is known about oral health problems of elderly living in the institutions.Methods:  Among 216 elderly, 193 of them were interviewed and were clinically examined according to WHO criteria. Age, gender, educational and occupational status, oral hygiene practices, dental insurance, access to dental care and systemic diseases were recorded using a structured questionnaire. Coronal and root caries, periodontal disease, dental status and related treatment needs were assessed by two calibrated dentists.Results:  The mean age of the subjects were 75.2 ± 8.3 in males, 79.1 ± 7.9 in females; 32.6% of subjects were dentate and the mean number of teeth was 3.7 ± 7.0 (median = 0). A functional dentition was present in 7.3% of subjects (≥20). The mean decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) was 29.3 ± 5.8 (median = 32) and mean root caries was 2.2 ± 3.1 (median = 1.0). The major reason for tooth extraction was dental caries. Of the subjects, 20.7% had at least one untreated coronal caries and 18.1% root caries. The assessment of periodontal status according to CPI revealed that only four persons had nine healthy sextants with the score of ‘0’. Edentulousness was 67.4% while 11.9% of them lacked denture in both jaws.Conclusion:  The results illustrated poor dental health and showed extremely high demand for the dental health services programmes for the elderly living in these institutions.
The dental awareness of nursing home staff in Singapore – a pilot study
Authors: Thean Hilary , Wong Mun Loke , Koh Holy 
Published: February 2007

Objective:  The aim of this pilot study was to assess the oral health knowledge among staff working in a local nursing home managed by a voluntary welfare organisation.Method:  A self‐administered questionnaire was completed by 53 nursing staff working in a home with 270 residents. The questionnaire was structured to assess the staff's knowledge of dental caries, periodontal disease and the care and use of dentures.Results:  99.6% of the respondents felt that oral health care of the elderly was very important. However, only 45.3% of them attributed the cause of dental caries to the frequent intake of sugar. Bacteria in dental plaque was identified by 88.7% of them as the main cause of periodontal disease while 96.2% of them indicated that dentures should be cleaned at least once a day and rinsed after every meal.Conclusion:  The staff of this nursing home demonstrated positive knowledge of periodontal disease and denture care. However, their knowledge of dental caries revealed substantial room for improvement. This could signal an area for future staff training and development. Such efforts would help establish a team of caregivers who can improve the oral health and quality of life for residents in the nursing home.
Oral health behaviour and socio‐demographic profile of subjects with Alzheimer's disease as reported by their family caregivers
Authors: Hugo Fernando Neves , Hilgert Juliana Balbinot , Bertuzzi Daniel , Padilha Dalva Maria Pereira , Marchi Renato José De 
Published: February 2007

Objective:  To evaluate the oral health care provided to subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) as reported by their family caregivers.Method:  Structured interviews were performed with 56 Alzheimer caregivers from the Group of relatives and friends of subjects with AD of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Spearman and Pearson correlations were performed.Results:  The mean age of the subjects with AD was 76.09 (±7.76) years, 53.6% were female and 58.9% were in the advanced stage of AD. The mean number of teeth present was 11.66 (±10.94), and oral hygiene was performed 2.21 (±1.04) times/day. The provision of oral health care to subjects with AD was carried out by caregivers in 85.7%. Oral hygiene was provided by the caregivers to the subjects with AD with the aid of a toothbrush and/or gauze embedded with non‐fluoridated mouthwash in the majority of the cases. Complete dental prostheses were cleaned with the aid of mouthwashes instead of denture brushes by 44% of the subjects/caregivers. There was a significant association between the number of teeth in the subjects with AD and the number of oral hygiene procedures performed per day and current smoking.Conclusion:  Oral health care planning for subjects with AD should take into account caregivers’ perceptions and knowledge about oral health and hygiene as caregivers represent the primary providers to these patients when the disease progresses from early to more advanced stages.
ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRGIN OLIVE OILS FROM TWO NEW VARIETIES OBTAINED BY CONTROLLED CROSSING ON MESKI VARIETY
Authors: BACCOURI BECHIR , TEMIME SONIA BEN , TAAMALLI WAEL , DAOUD DOUJA , M'SALLEM MONJI , ZARROUK MOKHTAR 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Characterization of virgin olive oils from two new olive cultivars obtained through controlled crossings on Meski variety was investigated. These two olive varieties have been selected among a progeny of 30 olive descendants after an evaluation of oil fatty acid composition and the content of their fruits. The study was achieved during the crop years 2001/2002 and 2002/2003. These two new cultivars (9D and 6H) had an improved oil composition compared to that of Chemlali, the dominant Tunisian olive oil variety; the latter is characterized by low rate of oleic acid and high rates of linoleic and palmitic acids. New cultivars are distinguished by: (1) good content of total phenols and oil yield; (2) a balanced fatty acid composition; and (3) a good content of OOO and a relatively low ΔECN42 as compared to that of Chemlali.
ACIDOLYSIS OF SEAL BLUBBER OIL WITH LAURIC ACID
Authors: SENANAYAKE S.P.J. NAMAL , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to modify the fatty acid composition of seal (Phoca groenlandica) blubber oil by incorporation of lauric acid (12:0; a medium chain fatty acid). Of the three enzymes that were employed in the initial screening, sn‐1,3‐regiospecific lipase from Mucor miehei (Lipozyme IM) exhibited the highest activity and was further studied for the acidolysis of seal blubber oil with 12:0. The fatty acid composition of modified seal blubber oil was different from that of the unaltered oil. The optimum substrate mole ratio of seal blubber oil to 12:0 for M. miehei lipase was 1:3. The time course of the reaction demonstrated that 29.7% lauric acid incorporation was obtained in 24 h. Stereospecific analyses by pancreatic lipase revealed that M. miehei lipase incorporated 12:0 predominantly at the sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions of the triacylglycerol molecules.
THE NORMAL OVARY OF CHILDHOOD
Authors: Valdes‐Dapena Marie A. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe growth of the ovary from the time of birth until the menarche is largely dependent upon an increase of its stroma, the reticular fibers of which undergo drastic changes in their orientation during this period of time. Simultaneously with the growth of the ovarian stroma there is a tremendous decrease in the number of oocytes; much of this latter change probably occurs during the first year of life.The development of graafian follicles in infancy and childhood is comparable to that seen in adults. This process is reviewed, as are the morphologic changes occurring with involution of the follicle.A few of the morphologic variants which may be encountered in the ovaries of infants and children are briefly reviewed.
VAGINAL CYTOLOGY OF FEMALE CHILDREN
Authors: Wied George L. , Keebler Catherine M. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryOn cytologic material of 212 normal newborn and female children in early childhood, 146 premenarche individuals whose actual onset of menstruation was ascertained by their available menstrual history, and of 922 adolescent patients with various disturbances of their menstrual cycles, the authors examined the cytologic patterns found. The study emphasizes the usefulness of cytologic examination of the young female individual for the evaluation of her endocrinologic condition.
THE ACUTE ABDOMEN IN FEMALE CHILDREN
Authors: Stephens Clinton A. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe findings based on a study of 734 girls between two and 15 years of age who were seen with a suspected acute surgical abdomen have been reviewed. Two hundred twenty‐seven (31 percent) were not thought to have a surgical lesion and were not operated upon. Five hundred seven were submitted to surgery, and in 120 (23 percent of those operated upon) either no definite diagnosis was made or a nonsurgical condition was found. The most significant nonsurgical lesions giving rise to the clinical features of an acute surgical abdomen were mesenteric lymphadenitis, acute gastroenteritis, the redundant sigmoid syndrome, acute pyelonephritis, and pneumonia. In most instances the diagnosis of these conditions was made on clinical grounds, but on some occasions exploration was necessary because the signs were so strongly suggestive of a localized inflammatory or obstructive lesion.Acute appendicitis was by far the most common surgical lesion causing abdominal pain. Two hundred ninety‐seven girls suffered from this disease. Under the age of six years, the incidence of perforation was 63 percent. The overall incidence was 24 percent.Next to acute appendicitis, gynecological lesions were the most common ones to present the features of an acute abdomen in girls between 11 and 15 years of age. They accounted for the clinical features of an acute abdomen in almost 10 percent of this age group. A ruptured graafian follicle was the most common lesion followed by torsion of the ovary, ruptured corpus luteal cyst, torsion of a parovarian cyst, tubovarian abscess, and reflux of menstrual blood. Intestinal obstruction was the cause of the acute abdomen in 30 girls. Between two and four years the commonest cause was an intussusception, but after four years of age it was a postoperative adhesion. A diagnosis of primary peritonitis was made in 23 girls. In only one was a positive bacterial culture obtained from the peritoneal fluid. It would appear that a virus may well be responsible for this clinical entity. Gall bladder disease and perforated peptic ulcers accounted together for 0.5 percent of the girls seen between two and 15 years. Trauma was a rare cause and accounted for the clinical features in only two cases.Under the age of two years the features of the acute abdomen were due to intestinal obstruction in over 90 percent of girls. In the neonatal period signs of obstruction, and not pain, predominated.
GENETIC COUNSELING IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY
Authors: Sites James G. , Jacobson Cecil B. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryIt is the increasing responsibility of the obstetrician and gynecologist to assume a role in genetic counseling. He is ideally suited for this by the very nature of his specialty, since his contact with patients covers the entire life span of womanhood. It is hoped that he will make an effort to supplement his treatment with counseling, early recognition and diagnosis of abnormal conditions and treatment of these deformities. It is suggested that by obtaining an adequate history and performing a thorough physical examination of mothers during prenatal care, and of the babies at the time of delivery, a great step may be taken in this direction.
PROTECTING PARTICIPANTS IN HUMAN STUDIES
Authors: Ladimer Irving 
Published: February 2007

SummaryDr. Roy Ritts has expressed his concept of this responsibility beautifully. It aptly serves to remind us of the self‐control that is the essence of the basic protection I have sought to outline:It is essential that while humanity and science are served, the individual's rights must be protected with vigor and vigilance. If this means that certain experiments cannot be conducted, it is appropriate that they are not…. Occasionally, the means and the end are blurred and may even be indistinguishable. In the clinical experiment with human subjects … the end can never justify means if human rights and dignity are violated. There is special meaning for the scientist in this cliché, for he above others exalts in his freedom … he is first a human, then a scientist.20
IONIC PROBES OF MEMBRANE STRUCTURES*
Authors: Szabo G. , Eisenman G. , McLaughlin S. G. A. , Krasne S. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYIn this paper we have examined the possibility of identifying those membrane structural variables (polar head groups and the nature of hydrocarbon tails) that modulate membrane ionic permeability. Altering the bilayer lipid composition produces variations in physical parameters (surface potential, partition coefficient, and mobility) governing the conductance mediated by neutral carriers of anions and cations. Specifically, the effects of the charged polar head groups are shown to be understandable in terms of the surface potential they produce through the formation of a diffuse double layer, whereas the effects of the viscosity may be demonstrated by “freezing” the membrane. The effects of membrane composition on membrane conductance are illustrated by a third, less well understood, example of how cholesterol alters bilayer conductances. The results indicate the possibility of using positive and negative permeant species as probes of membrane structures.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF MACROMOLECULES ON MEMBRANE SURFACES*
Authors: Nicolson Garth L. , Singer S. J. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryFerritin‐conjugated antibodies and ferritin‐conjugated plant agglutinins can be used as specific stains to localize macromolecular antigens and specific saccharide residues, respectively, on membranes. In conjunction with a new procedure for preparing membrane specimens by cytolysis at an air‐water interface, specific ferritin‐conjugated antibodies have been used to determine the distribution of the Rh0(D) antigen on human erythrocyte membranes, and of the H‐2 histocompatibility alloantigens on murine erythrocytes. Over a period of time these distributions are random, lending support to the lipid‐globular protein mosaic model of membrane structure. With ferritin‐conjugated plant agglutinins, it has been found, for several types of saccharide residues and several varieties of plasma membranes, that the membrane‐bound oligosaccharides are exclusively located on the outer surfaces of the membranes; none is found on the inner cytoplasmic surface. These results strongly suggest that the glycoproteins of membranes do not rotate from the outer to the inner surface at a significant rate under physiological conditions.