bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of oil in sunflowerseeds
Authors: Kochhar S. P. , Rossell J. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOil content measurement in sunflowerseeds on an “as is” basis by current official methods is often associated with poor reproducibility. This study shows that the main factor contributing to this poor agreement is the particle size to which seeds are ground. This invariably influences the homogeneity of the bulk ground sample from which subsequent subsamples are taken. It is therefore suggested that oil content determinations on sunflowerseeds should be carried out on seed samples that have been evenly and finely ground, to a particle size not greater than 2.0 mm, in a mechanical mill such as the Ultra‐Centrifugal mill. Other factors investigated were seed composition (free husk, empty husk, crude fiber and seed meats) and structural differences in the seeds by light microscopy.
Evaluation of physicochemical changes in cooking oil during heating
Authors: Yoon Suk Hoo , Kim Sun Ki , Kim Kil Hwan , Kwon Tai Wan , Teah Yau Kun 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRice bran oil and double fractionated palm olein (DF palm olein) were heated at 180 C for 50 hr to measure lipid deterioration in the oils. Free fatty acid content of both oils increased during heating; however, iodine value and smoke point decreased. Solid fat contents of both oils were unaffected by heating time. Cloud point of rice bran oil was much lower than that of palm olein. Color of oils changed gradually to dark brown from light yellow with increased heating time. Absolute content of polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as linoleic acid, reduced more than that of monounsaturated fatty acid, such as oleic acid, in both oils. In both oils, iodine value correlated very well with linoleic acid content, with correlation coefficient higher than 0.96.
A convenient method for preparation of monofluorocarboxylic acids
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Sakamoto M. , Endo H. , Kitazume T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMonofluoro esters were prepared by the reaction of hydroxy esters with N,N‐diethyl‐1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoro propylamine (PPDA). Saponification of these monofluoroesters with enzyme (lipase MY) was attempted to give their corresponding monofluorocarboxylic acids in moderate yields.
Autoxidation of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate
Authors: Cho Soon‐Yeong , Miyashita Kazuo , Miyazawa Teruo , Fujimoto Kenshiro , Kaneda Takashi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe extent of oxidation of ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) was compared quantitatively with that of ethyl linoleate (Lo) and ethyl linolenate (Ln) by oxygen uptake and formation of conjugated diene, hydroperoxide and secondary oxidation products. EPA and DHA esters were oxidized rapidly even at 5 C in the dark after an induction period of 3–4 days, while the induction periods of Ln and Lo esters were 20 days and more than 60 days, respectively. Oxygen uptake of EPA and DHA esters after the induction period was 5.2 and 8.5 times faster than that of ethyl Ln, respectively. Hydroperoxides of EPA and DHA esters are much less stable than those of ethyl Lo. The peroxide value is not necessarily a good indication of oxidation in these polyenoic acids because a considerable amount of secondary products is formed at the early stage of oxidation. Polymers were found to be major secondary products in these polyenoic esters.
A methyl docosahexaenoate: Its isolation and characterization
Authors: Hammond Earl G. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA methyl docosahexaenoate has been prepared from hog brain phosphatides and its purity established. From its physical and chemical characteristics as well as other considerations, the double bonds, all of which are in thecis configuration, have been tentatively assigned to positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19 in the carbon chain.
Catalysis of fat hydrolysis by an acid regenerated cation exchange resin
Authors: Sutton William J. L. , Moore Harold E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAn acid regenerated cation exchange resin (Dowex‐50, 200–400 mesh) is an effective catalyst for tallow splitting. The optimum level of catalyst was approximately 3% of the weight of fat. A two‐stage operation for 12 hr. at 100°C. gave fatty acid yields which ranged from 96% to 100% (calculated as % oleic acid).The Dowex‐50 catalyst was easily recovered after each operation, regenerated with 100 ml. of 4N. hydrochloric acid, and used again in the next operation with no appreciable decrease in catalytic activity.The original resin can be used in continued efficient tallow splitting operations if the residual resin is regenerated after each complete operation and additional fresh resin is added to make up mechanical loss.
Photoactivation and color formation in antioxidant treated lard
Authors: Dugan {jrJr.} L. R. , Marx Lotte 
Published: June 2007

Summary

A study has been made of factors causing blue colors in antioxidant treated lards.

The formation of blue‐colored lards or of blue‐black sludges in lard storage tanks is due to reaction of propyl gallate in the antioxidant with iron contamination in the lard.

The solubility of the antioxidant mixture in lard is not a factor in the formation of blue‐colored lard.

A new cause of blue‐colored lard has been discovered. This is a photoactivated blue color resulting from irradiation of antioxidant treated lard. The blue color was developed in lard treated with BHA, propyl gallate, and citric acid only when lecithin was present and the lard was contaminated with iron. The state of oxidation of the lard did not contribute to these colors.
Molecular mechanism of edema formation in nephrotic syndrome: therapeutic implications
Authors: Doucet Alain , Favre Guillaume , Deschênes Georges 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Sodium retention and edema are common features of nephrotic syndrome that are classically attributed to hypovolemia and activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. However, numbers of clinical and experimental findings argue against this underfill theory. In this review we analyze data from the literature in both nephrotic patients and experimental models of nephrotic syndrome that converge to demonstrate that sodium retention is not related to the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone status and that fluid leakage from capillary to the interstitium does not result from an imbalance of Starling forces, but from changes of the intrinsic properties of the capillary endothelial filtration barrier. We also discuss how most recent findings on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of sodium retention has allowed the development of an efficient treatment of edema in nephrotic patients.
Generation of ENU‐Induced Mouse Mutants with Hypocholesterolemia: Novel Tools for Dissecting Plasma Lipoprotein Homeostasis
Authors: Aigner Bernhard , Rathkolb Birgit , Mohr Manuela , Klempt Martina , Hrabé de Angelis Martin , Wolf Eckhard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPathologic plasma lipoprotein cholesterol levels play a key role in the development and pathogenesis of human atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Plasma cholesterol homeostasis is regulated by genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Animal models showing aberrant plasma cholesterol levels are used for the identification and analysis of novel causative genes. Here, we searched for inherited hypocholesterolemia phenotypes in randomly mutant mice which may contribute to the detection of disease protective alleles. In the Munich ENU mouse mutagenesis project, clinical chemistry blood analysis was carried out on more than 15,500 G1 offspring and 230 G3 pedigrees of chemically mutagenized inbred C3H mice to detect dominant and recessive mutations leading to a decreased plasma total cholesterol level. We identified 66 animals consistently showing hypocholesterolemia. Transmission of the altered phenotype to the subsequent generations led to the successful establishment of 14 independent hypocholesterolemic lines. Line‐specific differences were detected by clinical chemistry analysis of plasma HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Thus, we successfully established a novel panel of ENU‐derived mutant mouse lines for their use in the identification of alleles selectively influencing the plasma cholesterol homeostasis. Such findings may be subsequently used for humans and other species.
Tony Blair’s Vietnam: The Iraq War and the ‘special relationship’ in historical perspective
Authors: DANCHEV ALEX 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis article examines Tony Blair’s policy and posture on Iraq through the prism of the special relationship in which he was reared. At the same time, it examines his policy and posture on the special relationship through the prism of Iraq. In this context it proposes a Vietnam analogy of a kind, with reference to Blair’s white-hot predecessor Harold Wilson: a curious affinity of fate – disenchantment, disgrace, and moral ruination.
Reconstructing Iraq: merging discourses of security and development
Authors: SOVACOOL BENJAMIN , HALFON SAUL 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis article argues that reconstruction is an emerging discourse of international politics that merges security and development discourses in powerful and troubling ways. We focus on Iraq as a site for articulating and institutionalising a particular version of reconstruction, uncovering five narratives that constitute Iraqi reconstruction discourse. We conclude by suggesting that reconstruction repackages security and development into a singular, technical, and bureaucratic worldview. This view obscures working and reliable solutions to poverty and instability by treating development as a central justification for war, and war as a promising way to develop a state and society.
Beyond Strauss, lies, and the war in Iraq: Hannah Arendt’s critique of neoconservatism
Authors: OWENS PATRICIA 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWhat are we to make of the neoconservative challenge to traditional international thought? Should we content ourselves, as many have done, to return to classical realism in response? Rather than offer another realist assessment of neoconservative foreign policy this article turns to Hannah Arendt. In a very different language, Arendt articulated a critique of the dangers of moralism in the political realm that avoids realist cynicism. She is also better placed to challenge the neoconservative vision of international affairs, ideological conviction, and their relationship to democratic society. Reading Arendt against Leo Strauss suggests that the fundamental problem with neoconservative ideology concerns its understanding of the place of philosophy in the public realm, the relationship between political thought and practice, ideas and action. She suggests why neoconservatives may be experts at selling wars but seem less adept at winning them.
Towards a consequentialist evaluation of security: bringing together the Copenhagen and the Welsh Schools of security studies
Authors: FLOYD RITA 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis article constitutes an attempted bridge-building between the so-called ‘Copenhagen School’ and the so-called ‘Welsh School’ of security studies. The thesis of communality rests upon an evaluative bifurcation of the concept of securitisation into positive and negative securitisation. In tandem with this lies a bifurcation of the concept of desecuritisation into positive and negative desecuritisation. The two positive concepts are believed to be of equal value, with both trumping over the two negative concepts.This evaluative strategy of securitisation/desecuritisation, it is hoped will combine the optimistic perception of security by ‘Welsh School’ critical security theorists, with the more pessimistic perception of security associated with the Copenhagen School – particularly with that of Ole Wæver, the originator of securitisation theory. Such a strategy is seen as advantageous for three reasons. First, it is believed that the more unified these critical theories are, the stronger a challenge they can offer to the mainstream of security studies; second, the more united the academy the more adoptable are its theories for policymakers (EU or otherwise) and third the strategy proposed here paves the way for a more evaluative engagement with security on the part of the analyst, allowing for normative – but denying infinite – conceptualisations of security.In order to show that there are differences between the utility of securitisation and desecuritisation, this article demonstrates the distinctions by way of illustrative examples, all of which are taken from the environmental security sector. By means of this practical application, the article will show that neither securitisation nor desecuritisation are, in and of themselves positive or negative. It is rather the case that the outcome of a securitisation/desecuritisation is always issue dependent – something reflected here in the suggested two-tier structure of securitisation.
A global approach to identify differentially expressed genes in cDNA (two-color) microarray experiments
Authors: Zhou Yiyong , Cras-Méneur Corentin , Ohsugi Mitsuru , Stormo Gary D. , Permutt M. Alan. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Motivation: Currently most of the methods for identifying differentially expressed genes fall into the category of so called single-gene-analysis, performing hypothesis testing on a gene-by-gene basis. In a single-gene-analysis approach, estimating the variability of each gene is required to determine whether a gene is differentially expressed or not. Poor accuracy of variability estimation makes it difficult to identify genes with small fold-changes unless a very large number of replicate experiments are performed.
Results: We propose a method that can avoid the difficult task of estimating variability for each gene, while reliably identifying a group of differentially expressed genes with low false discovery rates, even when the fold-changes are very small. In this article, a new characterization of differentially expressed genes is established based on a theorem about the distribution of ranks of genes sorted by (log) ratios within each array. This characterization of differentially expressed genes based on rank is an example of all-gene-analysis instead of single gene analysis. We apply the method to a cDNA microarray dataset and many low fold-changed genes (as low as 1.3 fold-changes) are reliably identified without carrying out hypothesis testing on a gene-by-gene basis. The false discovery rate is estimated in two different ways reflecting the variability from all the genes without the complications related to multiple hypothesis testing. We also provide some comparisons between our approach and single-gene-analysis based methods.
Contact: yyzhou@netra.wustl.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Alvira: comparative genomics of viral strains
Authors: Enault François , Fremez Romain , Baranowski Eric , Faraut Thomas 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Motivation: The Alvira tool is a general purpose multiple sequence alignment viewer with a special emphasis on the comparative analysis of viral genomes. This new tool has been devised specifically to address the problem of the simultaneous analysis of a large number of viral strains. The multiple alignment is embedded in a graph that can be explored at different levels of resolution.
Availability: The Alvira software is available at: http://bioinfo.genopole-toulouse.prd.fr/Alvira
Contact: fenault@toulouse.inra.fr
Supplementary information: A tutorial is available at Alvira's homepage.
Resprouting enhances seedling persistence in a subtropical coastal dune forest
Authors: Nzunda Emmanuel F. , Griffiths Megan E. , Lawes Michael J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn theory, resprouting enables species with low reproductive output (i.e., few seedlings) to persist. The advantage conferred by seedling sprouts on tree species persistence was evaluated in a subtropical coastal dune forest in South Africa. Species with a higher frequency of seedling sprouts demonstrated greater persistence as evidenced by a larger proportion of seedlings >1 year old and a larger seedling bank than species with few seedling sprouts. Resprouted seedlings had a larger basal diameter than true seedlings. Although resprouting resulted in the maintenance of multiple stems in some seedlings, the proportion of multi‐stemmed seedlings was low. Multi‐stemming was not a favoured form of seedling growth except in one species that occupied relatively open sites. Despite the apparent difference among species in resprouting ability, we found that seedling resprouting was not phylogenetically constrained. These results demonstrate that seedling sprouts form an important component of seedling banks in coastal dune forest.
Morphologic variability of exposed mass‐transport deposits on the eastern slope of Gela Basin (Sicily channel)
Authors: Minisini Daniel , Trincardi Fabio , Asioli Alessandra , Canu Marcello , Foglini Federica 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe NE portion of Gela Basin in the Sicily Channel is affected by multiple slope failures originated during the late‐Quaternary. Basin sequences show evidence of stacked acoustically transparent and/or chaotic units, characterized by irregular upper surfaces, interpreted as mass‐transport deposits. The seafloor morphology also shows evidence of both old, partially buried, as well as recent slide products. Two recent slides exposed at seafloor, only 6 km apart (Twin Slides), are similar in geomorphological parameters, age and multistage evolution. Multistage failure of Twin Slides evolved from mud flows, derived from the extensive failure of less consolidated post‐glacial units, to localized slides (second stage of failure) affecting older and more consolidated materials. Although Twin Slides are very close to each other and have similar runout and fall height, they produced very dissimilar organization of the displaced masses, likely reflecting the distinct source units affected by failures. Integrating geophysical, sedimentological, structural and palaeontological data, a detailed investigation was conducted to determine the size and internal geometry of this mass‐transport complex, to explain the differentiated product and to shed light on its predisposing factors, triggers and timing.
What therapies have replaced rofecoxib in Ireland?
Authors: Teeling Mary , O'Connor Humphrey , Feely John , Bennett Kathleen 
Published: June 2007

What is already known about this subject • Prior to the worldwide withdrawal of rofecoxib in 2004, due to cardiovascular toxicity with its use, selective COX‐2 inhibitors had been shown to be preferentially prescribed to ‘at‐risk’ patients in Ireland, including older females or those receiving antiulcer medications or multiple concomitant medications. What this study adds • During the 12 months post rofecoxib withdrawal the majority of those previously receiving chronic rofecoxib therapy were prescribed either no further nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy or short‐term NSAID therapy only.• Prescriptions for analgesic agents were initiated in half of the study group.• These results suggest that the withdrawal of rofecoxib and the subsequent controversy may have led prescribers to question their use of NSAIDs in the first place and to adhere more closely to published guidelines on their use.AimsTo examine prescription patterns of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or analgesics in patients prescribed chronic rofecoxib treatment prior to withdrawal from the Irish market, and to determine the impact on proton pump inhibitor (PPI) co‐prescription.MethodsUsing a national prescribing database, adults (≥16 years) prescribed rofecoxib for ≥3 months, but not analgesics, from January to September 2004 were identified. A longitudinal prescribing history was used to determine switching patterns to other cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitors, NSAIDs or analgesics during 3 and 12 months after withdrawal. Concomitant PPI prescription was examined. Logistic regression was used to determine the likelihood of switching to a COX‐2 inhibitor vs. nonselective NSAID and factors influencing concomitant PPI prescription.ResultsAfter rofecoxib withdrawal, 30.2% (1558) and 17.9% (922) of the 5155 study subjects received no further NSAID prescription during 3 and 12 months, respectively. During the 12‐month period, approximately one‐third of NSAID prescriptions were for <3 months; 40.7% (2096) received sequential prescriptions for different NSAIDs. Co‐prescription of analgesics occurred in 49.3% (2539) of subjects. Neither age nor gender influenced the type of NSAID prescribed in the 12 months post rofecoxib withdrawal. PPI prescription increased by 5.5% during the study, associated with use of nonselective NSAIDs, prior use of PPIs and increasing age.ConclusionsThe majority of those receiving chronic rofecoxib therapy were prescribed either no further NSAID or short‐term NSAID therapy only during the 12 months post withdrawal, which suggests the subsequent controversy may have encouraged prescribers to adhere more closely to published guidelines.
Incorporation of fibrin molecules containing fibrinopeptide A alters clot ultrastructure and decreases permeability
Authors: Flood Veronica H. , Nagaswami Chandrasekaran , Chernysh Irina N. , Al‐Mondhiry Hamid A. , Weisel John W. , Farrell David H. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryPrevious studies have shown that a heterozygous mutation in the fibrinogen Aα chain gene, which results in an Aα R16C substitution, causes fibrinolytic resistance in the fibrin clot. This mutation prevents thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A from mutant Aα R16C chains, but not from wild‐type Aα chains. However, the mechanism underlying the fibrinolytic resistance is unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the biophysical properties of the mutant fibrin that contribute to fibrinolytic resistance. Fibrin clots made from the mutant fibrinogen incorporated molecules containing fibrinopeptide A into the polymerised clot, which resulted in a ‘spiky’ clot ultrastructure with barbed fibrin strands. The clots were less stiff than normal fibrin and were cross‐linked slower by activated FXIII, but had an increased average fiber diameter, were more dense, had smaller pores and were less permeable. Protein sequencing showed that unclottable fibrinogen remaining in the supernatant consisted entirely of homodimeric Aα R16C fibrinogen, whereas both cleaved wild‐type α chains and uncleaved Aα R16C chains were in the fibrin clot. Therefore, fibrinolytic resistance of the mutant clots is probably a result of altered clot ultrastructure caused by the incorporation of fibrin molecules containing fibrinopeptide A, resulting in larger diameter fibers and decreased permeability to fibrinolytic enzymes.