bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Down-regulation of histamine H1 receptors by β2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of H1 receptor gene transcription
Authors: Miyoshi Katsuhiro , Kawakami Nozomi , Umehara Hayato , Fujimoto Katsumi , Horio Shuhei , Fukui Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHistamine H1 receptor (H1R) levels vary under various pathological conditions, and these changes may be responsible for some pathogenesis such as in allergic rhinitis. Several stimulants, including histamine, muscarinic agonists and platelet-activating factor, have now been shown to regulate H1R levels and may have roles in regulating the H1R level in physiological and pathological conditions. Results for β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) stimulation are conflicting, however. β2AR up-regulated H1R in bovine tracheal smooth muscle, but down-regulated human H1R expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. It is possible that this discrepancy comes from the differences in the preparations used for each study: the former cell expressed bovine H1R and the latter cell expressed human H1R. Moreover, CHO cells have been shown to be inadequate for studying the effects on H1R gene expression, because the cells express non-endogenous stably transfected H1R under the control of the SV40 promoter. Therefore, in this study, we have investigated the role of β2AR stimulation in H1R gene regulation using human U373 astrocytoma cells that express endogenous H1R and transfected β2AR. Stimulation of β2AR significantly reduced H1R promoter activity and H1R mRNA levels. H1R mRNA stability was slightly reduced by β2AR stimulation, although this was not significant. The decrease of H1R mRNA by β2AR stimulation was blocked by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor KT5720, suggesting the involvement of PKA. These results indicate that the β2AR is involved in the down-regulation of human H1R by inhibiting H1R gene transcription through a PKA-dependent process.
Gastroprotective activity of the chloroform extract of the roots from Arctium lappa L.
Authors: dos Santos Ana C , Baggio Cristiane H , Freitas Cristina S , Lepieszynski Juliana , Mayer Bárbara , Twardowschy André , Missau Fabiana C , dos Santos Élide P , Pizzolatti Moacir G , Marques Maria C A 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Arctium lappa L. is used in folk medicine as a diuretic, depurative and digestive stimulant and in dermatological conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect and the possible mechanisms involved in the gastroprotective effects of a chloroform extract (CE) of the roots from A. lappa and its fractions. Oral pretreatment with CE (10, 30 and 100 mgkg−1) significantly reduced gastric lesions induced by ethanol by 61%, 70% and 76%, respectively. Oral administration of CE (100 mgkg−1 per day for 7 days) reduced the chronic gastric ulceration induced by acetic acid by 52%. Intraduodenal CE (100, 300 and 600 mgkg−1) reduced the total acidity of gastric secretion by 22%, 22% and 33%, respectively, while i.p. administration (10, 30 and 100 mgkg−1) inhibited total acidity by 50%, 60% and 67%, respectively. In-vitro, CE inhibited H+, K+-ATPase activity with an EC50 of 53 μgmL−1 and fraction A (30 and 100 μgmL−1) reduced this by 48% and 89%, respectively. CE had no effect on gastrointestinal motility. CE (250 μgmL−1) and fraction B (100 and 250 μgmL−1) had free-radical scavenging ability, inhibiting 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical activity by 50%, 20% and 55%, respectively. Collectively, the results show that the CE protects animals from gastric lesions by reducing gastric acid secretion via inhibition of gastric H+, K+-ATPase.
Inclusion of 2,4- and 2,5-Diphenyloxazole by γ-Cyclodextrin in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Hamai Sanyo 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In aqueous solution, the interactions of 2,4- and 2,5-diphenyloxazole (2,4- and 2,5-DPO) with β- and γ-cyclodextrin (β- and γ-CD) have been examined by means of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. γ-CD forms a 2:1 host–guest inclusion complex with 2,4-DPO, whereas β-CD forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with 2,4-DPO. Equilibrium constants for the formation of these inclusion complexes have been evaluated. Upon the addition of alcohol to 2,4-DPO solution containing γ-CD, the 2:1 γ-CD–2,4-DPO inclusion complex accommodates alcohol to form a 2:2:1 γ-CD–alcohol–2,4-DPO inclusion complex. The equilibrium constant for the formation of the 2:2:1 inclusion complex increases as the alkyl chain of the alcohol is lengthened from 1-pentanol to 1-heptanol. A similar trend in the magnitude of the equilibrium constant has been observed for diols (1,9-nonanediol and 1,10-decanediol). In contrast to 2,4-DPO, 2,5-DPO forms a 1:1 γ-CD–2,5-DPO inclusion complex at a low concentration of 2,5-DPO. At a high concentration of 2,5-DPO, excimer fluorescence of 2,5-DPO has been observed in the presence of γ-CD. From simulations of excimer fluorescence intensity as a function of γ-CD concentration, the excimer fluorescence is ascribed to both a 1:2 γ-CD–2,5-DPO inclusion complex and a 2:2 γ-CD–2,5-DPO inclusion complex.
Preparation of C-Glycoside Pendant β2- and β2,2-Amino Acids
Authors: Inaba Yoko , Yano Shigenobu , Mikata Yuji 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Facile preparations of C-glycosyl β2- and β2,2-amino acids are described. Selective formation of a β-C-glycoside linkage was achieved by the reaction of a 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-d-gluco/galactopyranosyl bromide (α-acetobromoglucose/galactose) with the carbanion of a cyanoacetate ester. Crystallization selectively afforded one of two diastereomers with respect to the chiral center at the α-carbon of the side chain (C-2), however, this compound was found to epimerize during the following nitrile reduction. Separation of the diastereomers was achieved via the Fmoc derivatives. Diastereomerically pure C-glycosyl β2,2-amino acids were prepared by diastereoselective alkylation of C-glycosylated enolate, followed by nitrile hydrogenation. The present procedure serves as an efficient route to C-glycosylated β-amino acids containing a non-biodegradable linkage.
Protein Digestion Using Immobilized Enzyme and a Microscale Vibration Unit for Structural Analysis of Phospholipase A2 by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sasakura Yukie , Inada Rumiko , Nogami Makoto , Watanabe Masaki , Ogino Tsuyoshi , Kanda Katsuhiro 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
For mass spectroscopy (MS)-based protein structural analyses, effective digestion by proteases is one of the key steps. In this study, we developed a protein digestion method using immobilized enzyme and a microscale vibration unit. Phospholipase A2 was applied as a model substrate to evaluate the new procedure due to its rigid structure and resistance to protease digestion. Digested substrates were analyzed by MS, and cleavage at all expected recognition sites was evaluated. In relation to conventional liquid-phase digestion, the number of matched peptides and sequence coverage improved significantly from 6 to 9, and 41% to 69%, respectively. These results support the efficacy of our novel method in proteomics applications, including protein structural and post-translational modification analyses.
Photo-Ring-Opening Efficiency of 2,2-Diphenyl-2H-1-benzopyran Evaluated from Addition Reactivity of Amines to Its Ring-Opened Isomers
Authors: Sakuragi Masako , Kawanishi Yuji , Suzuki Yasuzo , Sakuragi Hirochika 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Irradiation of 2,2-diphenyl-2H-1-benzopyran (DPBP) in the presence of a primary or a secondary amine gave an addition product. With a large excess of amine, the apparent quantum yield for product formation reached 0.5. This value corresponds to a minimal quantum yield for formation of DPBP colored ring-opened forms.
Photochromic Properties of Diarylethene Derivatives Having Benzofuran and Benzothiophene Rings Based on Regioisomers
Authors: Yamaguchi Tadatsugu , Uchida Kingo , Irie Masahiro 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Photochromic diarylethene regioisomers having benzothiophene and benzofuran rings were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The photochromic properties of these diarylethenes were examined in solution as well as in the single-crystalline phase. We found that a diarylethene having 3-methylbenzofuran (FR2) ring show photochromism upon irradiation with UV light. For bis(3-methylbenzofuran) (BFR2) derivatives, the absorption band of the closed-ring isomer was longer than that of the open-ring isomer. The closed-ring isomer of the diarylethene derivatives having one 2-methylbenzofuran (FR3) ring showed a high absorption coefficient (more than 104 dm3 mol−1 cm−1). Although the distance between two reactive carbon atoms was within 0.42 nm, some diarylethene derivatives showed no photochromic reactions in the single-crystalline phase. Diarylethene derivatives having one 2-methylbenzofuran (FR3) ring efficiently showed photochromism in the single-crystalline phase.
Influence of Residual Chloride Ions in Alumina-Supported Cobalt Catalysts on Catalytic Activity in Ketone and Aldehyde Hydrogenation
Authors: Otomo Akinori , Tukagoshi Yasuyuki , Ohshima Masa-aki , Kurokawa Hideki , Miura Hiroshi 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The influence of residual chloride ions on the catalytic activity of Co/Al2O3 was investigated for liquid-phase hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes using Cl−-free and Cl−-containing catalysts. The Cl−-free catalyst showed high activity for hydrogenation of both, whereas the Cl−-containing catalysts showed very low activity for ketone hydrogenation.
Decomposition of Waste Organic Solvents by Liquid-Phase Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Generated Using Carbon Felt Pieces Impregnated with NaCl
Authors: Kurihara Hideki , Yajima Tatsuhiko 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The decomposition of organic solvents was divided into three periods: LPSD, LPAPMP, and APMP. We found that the generation behaviors of LPAPMP were different due to the relative permittivity of the solvents, however, LPAPMP generation is effective for decomposing each of the organic solvents.
Practice Change in Community Pharmacy: Quantification of Facilitators
Authors: Roberts Alison S , Benrimoj Shalom I , Chen Timothy F , Williams Kylie A , Aslani Parisa 
Published: May 2008

Background: There has been an increasing international trend toward the delivery of cognitive pharmaceutical services (CPS) in community pharmacy. CPS have been developed and disseminated individually, without a framework underpinning their implementation and with limited knowledge of factors that might assist practice change. The implementation process is complex, involving a range of internal and external factors. Objective: To quantify facilitators of practice change in Australian community pharmacies. Methods: We employed a literature review and qualitative study to facilitate the design of a 43-item “facilitators of practice change” scale as part of a quantitative survey instrument, using a framework of organizational theory. The questionnaire was pilot-tested (n = 100), then mailed to a random sample of 2000 community pharmacies, with a copy each for the pharmacy owner, employed pharmacist, and pharmacy assistant. The construct validity and reliability of the scale were established using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's α, respectively. Results: A total of 735 (37%) pharmacies responded, with 1303 individual questionnaires. Factor analysis of the scale yielded 7 factors, explaining 48.8% of the total variance. The factors were: relationship with physicians (item loading range 0.59–0.85; Cronbach's α 0.90), remuneration (0.52–0.74; 0.82), pharmacy layout (0.52–0.79; 0.81), patient expectation (0.52–0.85; 0.82), manpower/staff (0.49–0.66; 0.80), communication and teamwork (0.37–0.65; 0.77), and external support/assistance (0.47–0.69; 0.74). Conclusions: All of the factors demonstrated good reliability and construct validity and explained approximately half of the variance. Implementing CPS requires support not only with the clinical aspects of service delivery, but also for the process of implementation itself, and remuneration models must reflect this. The identified facilitators should be used in a multilevel strategy to integrate professional services into the community pharmacy business, engaging pharmacists and their staff, policy makers, educators, and researchers. Further research is required to determine additional factors impacting the capacity of community pharmacies to implement change.
Formulary Management of Recombinant Factor VIIa at an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Owen Phillip S , Golightly Larry K , MacLaren Robert , Ferretti Kenneth A , Badesch David B 
Published: May 2008

Background: Recombinant human coagulation factor VIIa (rVIIa) is a procoagulant indicated for treatment of bleeding in patients with hemophilia. A large proportion of rVIIa utilization is for off-label administration in nonhemophiliac patients with acute hemorrhage. Concerns of potentially inappropriate use, safety, and cost of rVIIa led to efforts to standardize use of this agent. Objective: To comparatively describe the utilization of rVIIa upon implementation of an evidence-based guideline at a university hospital. Methods: With advisory direction from a multidisciplinary task force, an evidence-based guideline for use of rVIIa was developed, approved, and fully implemented. Assessment of appropriateness of use and retrospective review were required for all cases. Effects of these actions were evaluated by auditing and comparing rVIIa use in patients treated in two 6-month observation periods before and after guideline implementation. Outcomes assessed were proportions of patients deemed appropriate to receive rVIIa, compliance with dosing recommendations, and acquisition costs. Results: Twenty-two and 29 patients were treated in the periods before and after guideline implementation, respectively. Patient characteristics were similar, except more cardiothoracic surgeries were performed in patients treated before implementation of the guideline. Indications for rVIIa use were judged appropriate in 21 (95.5%) before-cases and in all (100%) after-cases. The dose was compliant in 1 (4.6%) before-case and 27 (93.1%) after-cases (p conclusions: A guideline based on currently available evidence can serve to sustain the clinical appropriateness of rVIIa therapy and substantially decrease costs.
State Power, Elite Relations, and the Politics of Privatization in China's Rural Industry: Different Approaches in Two Regions
Authors: Zhang Jianjun 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
By comparing “manipulated” privatization in Wuxi and relatively “transparent” privatization in Wenzhou, this paper analyzes the politics of privatization in Chinese rural industry. It argues that power relations between government and people, and elite relations between leaders and managers, determine who was included and who was excluded in the process.
Squaring the Welfare Circle in Hong Kong: Lessons for Governance in Social Policy
Authors: Wong Chack Kie 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This article examines how the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government squares the welfare circle. Because of the constrained institutional pathway of the established welfare system, the government is not successful in either reducing public expenditures or raising taxes. The article argues that it is important to look into the role of institutional design in the management of public expectations.
Nineteenth-Century Music? The Case of Rachmaninov
Authors: Fisk Charles 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In two of Rachmaninov's last works, the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini of 1934 and the first of the Symphonic Dances of 1940, a stylistic contrast between an opulently scored lyrical theme and the more angular, dissonant music that surrounds that theme throws into relief the extent that Rachmaninov's musical language had changed and developed since his first great successes thirty years earlier with the Second Piano Concerto and the Second Symphony. The words that motivate a similar stylistic contrast in the song Son (Sleep), composed in 1917, near the end of his most compositionally productive years, suggest an interpretive reading of such a stylistic contrast: the earlier, lusher style is associated here with dreams, and hence with memories; while the later, sparer, more tonally ambiguous style accompanies an evocation of something more impersonal, in the case of the song the stillness of a dreamless sleep. Some of the developing aspects of Rachmaninov's style revealed in these later examples are already evident even in the more traditional-sounding pieces of the last decade (1907–17) of his Russian period, which is shown in an analysis of the piano Prelude in G# Minor of 1910. Even this seemingly traditional Prelude, but more and more in his later music, Rachmaninov emerges as an indisputably twentieth-century composer.
Heusler films and multilayers: X-ray resonant magnetic scattering and polarized neutron reflectivity studies on the relation between structure and magnetism
Authors: Bergmann Andre , Grabis Johannes , Vadala Miriana , Nefedov Alexei , Westerholt Kurt , Zabel Hartmut 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
We have studied the structural properties and the magnetization density profiles in multilayers of the Heusler phase CoMnGe with three different spacer layers: V, Au, and AlO, using hard X-ray scattering, soft X-ray resonant magnetic scattering, and polarized neutron reflectivity. We have found that the spacer layer has a significant effect on the magnetization profile of the CoMnGe layer. In all cases the interlayers at the top and the bottom of the Heusler layer exhibit a reduced magnetic moment, the thickness of which depends on the spacer layer and increases from 0.5 nm for V, to 0.6 nm for Au and 1 nm for AlO.
A subnanoscale study of the nucleation, growth, and coarsening kinetics of Cu-rich precipitates in a multicomponent Fe – Cu based steel
Authors: Prakash Kolli R. , Wojes Ryan M. , Zaucha Stephanie , Seidman David N. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The nucleation, growth, and coarsening kinetics of Cu-rich precipitates in a multicomponent Fe – Cu based steel, containing 1.17 at.% Cu, aged at 500 °C for up to 1024 h are investigated. The temporal evolution of the precipitate, heterophase interface, matrix compositions and precipitate morphology are presented. Coarsening temporal exponents are determined for mean radius, number density, and supersaturations, and are compared to the Lifshitz – Slyzov – Wagner model for coarsening, modified for multicomponent alloys by Umantsev and Olson. The experimental results indicate that the alloy does not strictly follow Umantsev – Olson model behavior. Additionally, we compare the results to an investigation of a similar multicomponent steel containing 1.82 at.% Cu and to results in the literature. Furthermore, we present a Thermo-Calc determined phase diagram.
Formation of nickel nanoparticles in nickel – ceramic anodes during operation of solid-oxide fuel cells
Authors: Du Kui , Ernst Frank , Garrels Michael , Payer Joe 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The microstructure of solid-oxide fuel cell anodes, consisting of nickel particles embedded in either doped zirconia or ceria, was characterized in three different stages: (i) as sintered, (ii) after reduction, and (iii) after fuel cell operation for 500 h in an atmosphere of moist hydrogen. After 500 h of operation, we found that both types of anodes, those based on zirconia and those based on ceria, contained nanoparticles of elemental nickel. We propose that these nanoparticles form from nickel hydroxide, synthesized during fuel cell operation and precipitating elemental nickel where the partial pressure of water is low at the periphery of triple-phase boundaries or on cooling down from the operating temperature to room temperature.
Characterisation of complex hydrides synthesised or modified by ball milling
Authors: Llamas-Jansa Isabel , Rongeat Carine , Doppiu Stefania , Gutfleisch Oliver , Schultz Ludwig 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Ball milling is an effective method for the synthesis and modification of light complex hydrides by changing the milling conditions. Using specially designed vials, in-situ variations of the hydrogen pressure and vial temperature taking place during the milling of LiAlH4, with and without dopants, and of LiBH4 + MgCl2 were monitored. This provided information about the efficiency of the reactions before removing the powder from the vial. The thermodynamic properties of the milled hydrides were analysed by differential scanning calorimetry and intelligent gravimetric analysis. Additional structural characterisation was carried out by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the decomposition of LiAlH4 during milling is strongly affected by the use of TiCl3 as dopant. The partial formation of Mg(BH4)2 from LiBH4 + MgCl2 was demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy.
Homogeneity of mechanically alloyed nano-crystalline Fe – Cu-powders
Authors: Wille Catharina , Al-Kassab Taláat , Schmidt Malte , Choi Pyuck-Pa , Kwon Young-Soon 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In this contribution Atom Probe Tomography has been applied systematically to characterise the homogeneity of mechanically alloyed Fe – Cu powders for two different compositions (Fe-10 at.% Cu, and Cu-2.5 at.% Fe). Fe – Cu is among the most attractive systems for technical application since it exhibits the Invar effect. Additionally it serves as a binary model system and hence is representative for those immiscible systems characterised by a large positive heat of mixing. Results on the extension of the solubility limits up to 10 at.% and on the homogeneity of the alloy – depending on composition and milling time – are presented, discussed and compared to earlier works. Chemical homogeneity of the sample as measured by the atom probe was never fully reached on the nano-scale, even for the longest milling time and for those samples which appear to be homogeneous via X-ray analysis. Furthermore, impurities such as oxygen, stemming from the preparation procedure, were frequently detected and analysed for the different samples. In addition, structural characterisation was performed using transmission electron microscopy and diffraction measurements to confirm the transition of Fe from bcc to fcc. Thus, nano-scale information on the local concentration, segregation effects and the distribution of impurities for the different nominal compositions and processing parameters could be gained.
Hydrogen absorption in 3.1 nanometre sized palladium samples: does structure matter?
Authors: Suleiman Mohammed , Fritsch Detlev , Borchers Christine , Guerdane Mohamed , Pundt Astrid 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In this work the hydrogen absorption behaviour of two types of Pd-clusters, different in structure but similar in size (3.1 nm), will be presented. First, icosahedral Pd clusters stabilised in surfactants; second, cubic Pd clusters stabilised in a Teflon-AF matrix. The phase transition in these samples was monitored by in-situ X-ray diffraction. It will be shown that the hydrogen uptake ability depends strongly on the lattice structure, which is affected by the type of stabiliser. Teflon AF stabilised clusters (cubic clusters) show the phase transition which is common for bulk Pd, whereas the surfactant stabilised clusters (icosahedral clusters) show only weak lattice dilatation upon hydrogen absorption. Pressure – lattice parameter isotherms show that the cubic clusters absorb large amounts of hydrogen in comparison to the icosahedral clusters. The measured lattice expansion is 0.130 Å at 105 Pa and 300 K, which is about 320 % the amount measured for icosahedral clusters (0.04 Å). This suggests that surface sites are available for hydrogen in the Pd – Teflon-AF samples which are not accessible for Pd – surfactant-clusters, and that the icosahedral lattice absorbs less hydrogen for similar external pressures.