bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeat Plateletpheresis: The Effects on the Donor and the Yield
Authors: Rock G. , Tittley P. , Sternbach M. , Buskard N. , Schroeder M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRequirements for HLA ot otherwise matched single‐donor platelets may sometimes require repeat plateletpheresis of an individual donor. AABB standards permit the repeat collection of platelets by plateletpheresis of a single donor at 48‐hour intervals, whereas recent recommendations from England state that a donor should not donate platelets more often than 12 times a year. To assess the effects of repeat plateletpheresis on the donor, we have studied the hematological indices and the product yields following every other day plateletpheresis of 13 normal donors who gave a total of 10 times during 22 days. The platelet count decreased in every case, with the lowest values reached at the third donation (day 5). The pre‐donation count averaged 225±53 × 109/1 decreasing to 174±27 × 109/1 at the time of the 3rd donation then increasing by the 6th donation to 198±46 × 109/1. The yield in the product decreased from 3.2±1.3 × 1011 on day 1 to 2.6±0.8 × 1011 for the third donation, returning thereafter to higher values. In spite of the expected and apparent stimulation of platelet production through feedback, the counts did not rebound above starting levels indicating a basic homeostatic mechanism. The donor WBC showed minimal changes during the study period, however there was a significant increase in the total number of lymphocytes by the 3rd procedure; this was corrected by the fifth procedure. The absolute number and ratio of T4 (helper) and T8 (suppressor) lymphocytes did not change. The results show the relative safety and efficacy of repeat plateletpheresis procedures when a single donor is committed to a maintenance regime for a designated patient.
A Semiautomated Method for Erythrocyte Antigen Typing on Microtitration Plates
Authors: Sallander S. , Pegert S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe describe a method for erythrocyte antigen typing on U‐bottom microtitration plates. This method permitted phenotyping of erythrocytes by an enzyme‐enhanced hemagglutination assay simultaneously with an indirect antihuman globulin assay within the same microtitration plate. A robotic sample processor identified the samples, prepared the red cell suspensions and distributed the suspension along with the diluted antisera onto the microtitration plates. The assay results were read and interpreted using a microtitration plate photometer controlled by software specially designed to interpret agglutination reactions. Sample identities and assay results were automatically connected by the computer system and transmitted to a minicomputer system.
11‐Oxycorticosteroid‐Dependent Antibody in the Serum of a Patient with Bladder Neoplasm
Authors: Pinto Vicente , Fernandez‐Fuertes Fernando , Cecchini Carlos , Soto Inmaculada , Barez Abelardo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn IgM 11‐oxycorticosteroid‐dependent antibody was identified in the serum of a patient with bladder malignancy, which at 4–37°C reacted with all the 11‐oxycorticosteroids tested but not with desoxycorticosterone, testosterone, nortestosterone and progesterone. The resulting drug‐antidrug antibody complex combines nonspecifically with red blood cells causing agglutination. This reactivity is enhanced both by acid pH and by high drug solution concentrations as well as by ficin test. The antibody is complement‐independent and has no blood group specificity. No in vivo or in vitro hemolysis was observed.
Quantitation of D Sites on Selected ‘Weak D’ and ‘Partial D’ Red Cells
Authors: Gorick B. , McDougall D. C. J. , Ouwehand W. H. , Overbeeke M. A. M. , Tippett P. , Hughes‐Jones N. C. , van Rhenen D. J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMeasurements have been made of the number of available sites on 10 examples of red cells in which the only abnormality appeared to be a quantitative reduction in the expression of D (weak D cells); these estimates were carried out using three monoclonal anti‐D antibodies, Fog‐1, Brad‐3 and Los‐2. The values varied with the monoclonal antibody that was used and fell within the range of 170–1,870 sites/cell. A further 3 examples of weak D cells which had brought about immunisation following transfusion were found to have between 390 and 1,470 sites per red cell. The implications of the D site density on the immunogenicity of weak D cells are discussed. The number of sites on red cells with structurally abnormal D (partial D cells) were also estimated, using the antibody Fog‐1. Four of the 5 examples of cells of category IVa (probable phenotype R0r) were found to have a high expression of D (range 29,300–41,300), but the available D sites of categories DVa, DVIa, and DVII were considerably reduced (<500, <500 and 2,400–7,500 sites/cell, respectively). As a working hypothesis, it is suggested that there are two types of genetic abnormality leading to an abnormal expression of D. First, a defect in genomic DNA leading only to a quantitative reduction in the number of available D sites; this genomic lesion should be termed ‘weak D’. Secondly, genomic defects leading to amino acid sequence abnormalities and structural change in the D polypeptide; these lesions should be collectively known as ‘partial D’.
Role of Lactate in Platelet Storage Lesion
Authors: Bertolini Francesco , Porretti Laura , Lauri Eleonora , Rebulla Paolo , Sirchia Girolamo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIt is known that lactate accumulation may cause a pH fall in platelet concentrates (PC) during storage, and this phenomenon causes platelet morphological lesions and loss of platelet in vivo viability. In this study, we added increasing amounts of lactate to identical PC in order to evaluate the role of hydrogen ion accumulation in determining platelet activation and lesion during storage. Six hours after PC preparation, lactate was added to PC1 and PC2 at 20 and 12 mM final concentrations, respectively, while PC3 served as control. In PC1, pH was lower than 6.3, and platelet function and discoid morphology were lost. PC2 were stored for 7 days at pH values ranging from 6.4 to 6.6, and most results of in vitro measurements reflecting platelet function such as osmotic reversal, ATP release and aggregation in response to different stimuli were not significantly inferior when compared to controls. The addition of lactate had no apparent effect on the rise of platelet activation markers P‐Selectin, lysosome‐like protein gp 53, platelet‐bound fibrinogen and granulophysin, while a reduction of borderline significance was observed in glycoprotein Ib expression after pH reduction to values lower than 6.6. It is concluded that the rise of platelet activation markers during storage reflects platelet lesions different from those determined by lactate per se.
Analysis of Pre‐ and Post‐Donation Haematological Values in Plateletpheresis Donors
Authors: Love E. , Pendry K. , Hunt L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPre‐ and post‐donation haematological values were measured in 112 donors undergoing plateletpheresis using Haemonetics PCS machines. We found significant differences between pre‐ and post‐donation means for males (M) and females (F) for haemoglobin (M: pre 14.73 g/dl, post 15.25 g/dl; F: pre 13.57 g/dl, post 13.94 g/dl), haematocrit (M: pre 0.418, post 0.431; F: pre 0.389, post 0.4), total protein (M: pre 73.1 g/1, post 66 g/1; F: pre 72.2 g/1, post 63.7 g/1) and albumin (M: pre 42.2 g/1, post 38.5 g/1; F: 41.4 g/1, post 37 g/1). Significant differences were also seen for platelet count (pre 258.6 times 109/1, post 229.2 times 109/1), total white cells (pre 5.3 times 109/1, post 5.55 times 109/1) and neutrophils (pre 3.15 times 109/1, post 3.33 times 109/1), but there were no differences between males and females. This information was of value in establishing post‐donation reference ranges which could be utilised when reviewing the suitability of donors for subsequent donations.
Influence of Chloroquine or Acid Treatment of Human Platelets on the Antigenicity of HLA and the ‘Thrombocyte‐Specific’ Glycoproteins Ia/IIa, IIb, and IIb/IIIa
Authors: Neumüller J. , Tohidast‐Akrad M. , Fischer M. , Mayr W. R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe influence of treatment of platelets with citrate buffer (pH 7.2), chloroquine, or citric acid at pH 3 on the expression of HLA class I antigens and ‘thrombocyte‐specific’ glycoproteins was investigated by means of flow cytometry. After treatment with citric acid at pH 3 and chloroquine, the expression of HLA class I was significantly reduced, while the density of the molecules GPIa/IIa, GPIIb, and GPIIb/IIIa (GP = glycoprotein) carrying ‘thrombocyte‐specific’ antigens was not or only weakly decreased on the surface of the platelets. The use of two monoclonal antibodies (HC‐10 and HC‐A2) against the native heavy chain of the HLA class I molecule revealed that ‘antigen stripping’ with chloroquine or citric acid does not affect the entire molecule: only the β2‐microglobulin is cleaved, or only some epitopes on the heavy chain are altered by this procedure. The treatment with citric acid yielded better results with respect to the removal of HLA class I activity and the preservation of ‘thrombocyte‐specific’ glycoproteins. The presence of the heavy chain of HLA class I molecules on the surface of platelets after treatment with citric acid and chloroquine confirms the hypothesis that platelets ‐ like nucleated cells ‐ bear HLA class I antigens inserted in the cell by a cytoplasmic and a transmembrane domain.
Detection of Established and Novel Alleles of the HLA‐DPB1 Locus by PCR‐SSO
Authors: Pickl Winfried F. , Faé Ingrid , Fischer Gottfried F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe polymorphism at the HLA‐DPB1 locus was investigated in 490 Austrian individuals. Exon 2 sequences of the HLA‐DPB1 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and probed with a panel of sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes. HLA‐DPB1 genotypes were deduced from the hybridization pattern of the probes. HLA‐DPB1 allele frequencies and Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium were calculated. Linkage disequilibria between HLA‐DPB1 and HLA‐DQA1 alleles were determined. Four novel hybridization patterns indicating new alleles were found.
Polymerase Chain Reaction and Transfusion Microbiology
Authors: Barbara John A.J. , Garson Jeremy A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) involves alternate denaturing and re‐annealing of DNA in test samples in the presence of appropriate oligonucleotide primers complementary to opposite strands of the target DNA together with a heat‐Stable DNA polymerase, Mg2+ and the four nucleotide triphosphates. DNA target segments can be ‘amplified’ ten‐millionfold by 25–35 such cycles. Even greater amplification (approximately 1012‐fold) with enhanced specificity can be obtained by a second set of amplification cycles using a further pair of ‘nested’ primers sited within the DNA sequence defined by the original primers. PCR can be applied to the study of the whole range of transfusion‐transmitted infections, both plasma and cell associated; RNA viruses can be analyzed if a DNA copy is made from the viral RNA by treatment with reverse transcriptase. In a transfusion context, the retroviruses (HIV‐I, HIV‐2, HTLV‐I, HTLV‐II). HCV and HBV have been the viruses most intensively subjected to PCR analysis. The advantages of PCR in this context include its ability to detect virus during the ‘window period’ or seronegative stages of infections and its value as a marker for viraemia and for the detection of viruses in products made from large pools of plasma. True immunity may also be differentiated from persistent infection in the presence of antibody. Similarly, PCR can overcome problems of diagnosis of acute infection caused by the presence of passively transferred antibody. Detailed strain differentiation is also possible by PCR, in conjunction with sequencing or with the aid of restriction endonucleases. However, PCR has its limitiations: The detection of nucleic acid does not necessarily equate with infectivity; (1) the timing of sample collection may be critical for detecting transient viraemia; (2) sample storage (especially with RNA viruses) must be optimal for nucleic acid integrity; (3) highly conserved primers must be chosen for detection of the widest range of strain variants and (4) the small volume of test sample does not compare with the volume of inoculum represented by transfused blood components. Furthermore, PCR has operational drawbacks. False positivity due to endogenous human DNA sequences may occur if primers are not carefully chosen, and cross‐contamination is an ever present threat. PCR is also labour intensive and relatively expensive. Nevertheless, there is considerable potential for the simplification of DNA extraction procedures and for the streamlining of amplification and DNA visualisation methods. In a pre‐transfusion screening context however, the potential problems of carry‐over and cross‐contamination remain formidable, and at present the greatest value of PCR lies in validation and research fields in which it promises to have an exciting and productive future.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of the ABO Blood Group System: 4. Another Type of O Allele
Authors: Yamamoto Fumi‐ichiro , McNeill Patricia D. , Yamamoto Miyako , Hakomori Sen‐itiroh , Bromilow Imelda M. , Duguid Jennifer K. M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe have encountered an allele which seems to be another type of O allele at the human histo‐blood group ABO locus. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of this allele over the coding region in the last two coding exons. This allele does not possess the single‐nucleotide deletion found common among all the O alleles previously analyzed. Compared with A1 allele, this allele has three nucleotide substitutions resulting in two amino acid substitutions. The introduction of these amino acid substitutions into the A1 transferase expression construct apparently abolished the enzymatic activity of A1 transferase.
Effect of Prestorage Leukocyte Removal on the Cytokine Levels in Stored Platelet Concentrates
Authors: Muylle L. , Peetermans M. E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe effect of the prestorage removal of leukocytes from platelet concentrates (PC) on the cytokine levels during its storage was studied. Two methods for leukocyte removal were examined: filtration and preparation of the PC by the buffy coat method. Cytokine levels were measured at various storage times. Highly increased levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α; 120±131 ng/l) and interleukin 6 (IL‐6; 988±494 ng/l) were found after a 5‐day storage in the control group, whereas no increased levels were found in filtered PC (TNF‐α 14±4 ng/1, IL‐6 <4 ng/l) or in buffy coat PC (TNF‐α 8±2 ng/l, IL‐6 <4 ng/l). Furthermore an effect of the pooling of buffy coats or PC on the cytokine levels was not found. Transfusion of PC containing high levels of IL‐6 and TNF‐α has been associated with febrile transfusion reactions in the recipient and therefore the prestorage leukocyte removal might prevent these febrile transfusion reactions. The preparation of buffy coat PC, through its simplicity, seems to be the method of choice.
Human Monoclonal Antibodies against the Rhesus D Antigen from Women with Severe Rh Immunization Submitted to High‐Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment
Authors: del Aguila C. , Guillén M.V. , de la Cámara C. , Llopis R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe pre‐ and postpartum maternal serum anti‐D concentrations of 28 women with severe Rh(D) immunization who received high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment has been determined. In all cases, including 1 in which the newborn was D negative, a sharp increment in the anti‐D titer was observed after delivery. The specific immunoglobulin concentration rose to levels ranging from 4.7 to 204.0 μg/ml and, in 20% of the patients, increments of fifty times or greater were observed. Human monoclonal antibodies (hmAb) have been produced from Epstein‐Barr virus‐transformed lymphoblastoid B cell lines derived from 1 of these naturally hyperimmunized patients whose serum contained an anti‐D‐category DVI antibody. Four anti‐D‐secreting cell lines (97.E3.39.214, 44.E4.R1.257, E7.R1.126.83.115 and E11V.117.63; hereafter referred to as 214, 257, 115 and 63) have been established and maintained in continuous culture for periods ranging from several months to 3 years, without loss of antibody production capacity. Antibodies 115 and 214 recognize all Du samples tested at the same level as the polyclonal positive control. Antibodies 63 and 257 show a significantly lower reaction strength with some of the Du samples. Studies with D category cells showed that the DVI category was recognized only by hmAb 214. The reactivity pattern of this antibody is that of an anti‐epD4, although the reaction strength varied greatly with different DIVa cell samples. Results obtained with hmAb 257 and 115 using papain‐treated D category cells suggest that booth react as anti‐epD6/7. Antibody 63 reacts as anti‐epD1, although it shows only weak reactivity with the single sample of DVII cells tested. A mixture of hmAb 214 and 115 should thus be capable of identifying most weak and partial D erythrocytes by an appropriate method.
Prospective Evaluation of the Chemiluminescence Test for the Detection of Granulocyte Antibodies: Comparison with the Granulocyte Immunofluorescence Test
Authors: Lucas G.F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of 213 neutropenic patients were tested for the presence of granulocyte antibodies using the granulocyte chemiluminescence test (GCLT) and the granulocyte immunofluorescence test (GIFT). Sera containing lymphocyte (HLA) antibodies were excluded from the study. A direct GIFT was performed on granulocytes from 56 patients. Samples were obtained from patients with a range of clinical conditions including primary adult autoimmune neutropenia, autoimmune neutropenia of infancy, autoimmune neutropenia secondary to Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, proliferative disorders, bone marrow transplantation and patients with documented febrile or pulmonary transfusion reactions. Overall, granulocyte antibodies were detected in 52.1% of patient sera. Results for the GCLT and GIFT (IgG) were strongly correlated (plt;0.001) for both primary and secondary immune neutropenias. The results confirm the applicability of the GCLT in the granulocyte serology laboratory.
Treatment of ABO Hemolytic Disease with Synthetic Blood Group Trisaccharides
Authors: Romano Egidio L. , Soyano Andres , Montaño Ramón F. , Ratcliffe Murray , Olson Marilyn , Suarez Guillermo , Martínez Nelly , Worstey Geoffrey 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThirteen infants, 10 with A‐O and 3 with B‐O hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO‐HDN), were treated with synthetic A or B blood group trisaccharides (ATS, BTS) which cause dissociation of maternal antibody bound to infant red cells. The clinical outcome was compared with that of a control group of 21 infants treated with phototherapy during the preceding year. Exchange transfusion was required in 2 out of 13 infants in the experimental group and in 7 in the control group. A randomized prospective controlled study is necessary to confirm these results.
An Antibody Screening Test Based on the Antiglobulin Gel Technique, Pooled Test Cells, and Plasma
Authors: Lillevang S. T. , Georgsen J. , Kristensen T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe recently introduced gel technique offers significant advances compared to traditional tube tests. The purpose of the present study was to design an antibody screening test based on the gel technique, pooled cells, and plasma and to evaluate this test by comparison with a conventional spin‐tube indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) combined with a two‐stage papain technique. Pilot studies were performed to establish optimal parameters during the design phase, and finally 5,446 consecutive samples were screened for irregular antibodies by the gel technique in parallel with routine techniques. Irregular erythrocyte antibodies were detected in 151 samples, and the gel technique proved equal or superior to the tube test in the detection of all antibodies except ‘enzyme‐only’ anti‐E and anti‐Lea. We conclude from this study that screening for unexpected antibodies using the gel IAT in our set‐up, which includes: (1) omission of enzyme technique; (2) the use of stabilized (EDTA) plasma instead of serum as test material in order to facilitate automation; and (3) pooling 2 by 2 of 4 test cells (to make the gel technique price competitive), is a fast, reliable and sensitive procedure that maintains transfusion safety and compares favourably with our previous routine of saline IAT combined with a two‐stage papain technique.
In vitro Characteristics of ‘Undercollected’ Units of Whole Blood in CP2D‐A
Authors: Joseph J. , Pink J. , Ribeiro A. , Stewart I.M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBlood donation volumes less than 350 ml are classified as ‘undercollected’ at the NSW Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service (BTS) and are discarded. This study evaluated the in vitro characteristics during storage of both undercollected units and units of acceptable volume. Thirty‐two units of whole blood were each collected into 63 ml of CP2D‐A, with blood volumes ranging from 180 to 456 ml. The units were stored between 4 and 6°C for 35 days and in vitro measurements were performed weekly. Biochemical parameters measured included ATP, extracellular pH, total haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell volume, plasma sodium and potassium, plasma haemoglobin, 2,3‐DPG and lactate levels. All parameters were within the BTS acceptable quality control limits for whole blood. Thus, it appears feasible to transfuse undercollected units with volumes between 180 and 350 ml. However, routine transfusion of undercollected homologous units is undesirable. In contrast, it may be preferable to transfuse an autologous unit, even if it was undercollected. The performance of in vivo survival studies would provide confirmatory data on this proposition.
Effect of Terminal (Dry) Heat Treatment on Non‐Enveloped Viruses in Coagulation Factor Concentrates
Authors: Hart H.F. , Hart W.G. , Crossley J. , Perrie A.‐M. , Wood D.J. , John A. , McOmish F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTerminal dry heat treatment effectively inactivated hepatitis A virus (HAV) and canine parvovirus added to high‐purity factor VIII. After 24 h at 80°C, HAV infectivity was reduced by ≥4.3 log10 TCID50, as measured in a newly developed infectivity assay. The same reduction in virus titer was achieved after 2 h and before 6 h at 90°C. Inactivation of hepatitis A virus was also seen in the freeze‐drying step prior to heat treatment with an approximately 2.0 log10 reduction in titer. Similar results were obtained with a high‐purity factor IX concentrate. Canine parvovirus was also inactivated at both temperatures, with residual infectivity being undetected after 48 h at 80°C or 10 h at 90°C. Canine parvovirus was not affected by lyophilisation. Canine parvovirus measurements by PCR did not reflect the levels of infectivity measured by the tissue‐culture‐based method. The addition of the terminal dry heat treatment to solvent/detergent could effectively eliminate the potential contamination of solvent/detergent‐treated coagulation factor concentrates by non‐lipid‐enveloped viruses. However, careful evaluation for any increased induction of non‐antigens for factor VIII, as a consequence of such treatment, is needed before use in patients can be recommended.