bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Tropical African Demography
Authors: Pool D. I. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn June 1968, in Calgary, a small meeting of Canadian Africanists discussed two papers related to the fields of demography, sociology, and anthropology. This brought together persons from a number of fields—history, anthropology, sociology, statistics, politics—forcing those of us who were demographers to review our objectives and to rephrase them in such a way that we could communicate them to our associates from other disciplines. I had this discussion still very much in mind when I was preparing a review of a book which, although fundamental to the entire understanding of African demographic trends, may be passed over as ‘too technical’ by non-demographers. And this is merely one book to appear in 1968, a fruitful year which has seen a number of major publications in African demography. Yet it seemed possible that our enthusiasm for progress had not been shared by our colleagues, either, as had appeared the case in Calgary, because our aims were not readily apparent to other Africanists, or because little is known among these others of advances in our field. Thus, in this review-article I intend to go beyond a discussion of the books themselves, and to outline some of the problems demographers are studying, our progress to date, and some of our research strategies. In a sense this may appear to be a reiteration of the excellent survey of the field by Lorimer, Brass, and van de Walle in Lystads encyclopaedic volume,The African World. However, such has been the development of demographic studies in the last few years that some sections of their essay are now out of date.
African Chiefs Today: The Lugard Memorial Lecture for 1958
Authors: Mair L. P. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIt is a familiar fact that European rule in Africa has set in motion a radical change in African society. In some fields this has not been the result of any deliberate intention. In that of economic development, interest has generally been centred in the immediate problems of production, and the effects upon African institutions of the solutions that have been found for these have been neither planned nor even foreseen. But in the field of politics, European governments have been obliged to define their intentions towards the authorities whom they found already in existence, and here, in theory, there was a clear-cut choice from the start. Either the holders of power in the indigenous societies should be recognized, and utilized as part of an administrative structure of larger scale, or they should be disregarded–their authority be perhaps deliberately destroyed–and replaced by what M. Albert Sarraut once called ‘new and rectilinear architectures’. The British chose the first course, and this policy has now become inseparably associated with the name of Lugard. I believe that the forthcoming work by Miss Margery Perham will show that what has been called ‘Lugardism’ in the derogatory sense–I mean the insistence on maintaining traditional authority almost for its own sake–was not Lugard's own philosophy, but that of the successors who were in command during the period when he was away from Nigeria.
Land Reform among the Mbeere of Central Kenya
Authors: Brokensha David , Glazier Jack 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Mbeere live in the area east of Mount Kenya and south-west of the Tana River. Numbering just under 50,000 they are ethnographically much less well known than their related neighbours the Kikuyu, Embu, Meru, and Kamba. In this paper we first outline the social organization, then the system of land rights, continuing to describe the government's programme of land reform, concluding by assessing the probable consequences of changes in land tenure.
Ethnicity and Fertility: Implications for Population Programs in Africa
Authors: Clignet Remi , Sween Joyce A. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphWhether public policies concerning family planning involve legislative or educational programs, their impact depends upon an analysis of patterns of family formation. But to merely identify the direction and the magnitude of overall aggregate trends in this regard is insufficient. While programs of family planning aim at satisfying the requirements of a national and hence uniform policy, their success depends upon a problematic lack of variability in the relevant behaviours across the various social and ethnic groups located within a particular nation. Accordingly the thrust of the present paper is not only to identify the determinants of child-bearing activities, but also to assess the variability of these determinants along ethnic lines.
Historical Inferences from the Linguistic Geography of the Nigerian Middle Belt
Authors: Ballard J. A. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis paper examines the distribution of languages in the Nigerian Middle Belt, draws certain historical inferences from the patterns of distribution, and assesses non-linguistic evidence tending to confirm or refute these inferences. The Middle Belt is taken as an area roughly inscribed by the Hausa-speaking area to the north, and the Yoruba, Edo, and Ibo-speaking areas to the south. Geographically it is an area which has a certain climatic coherence, falling between the sahel to the north and the forest to the south (Pullan, 1962; Buchanan, 1953). It is also an area of much more strikingly broken terrain than those to the north or south, with not only the complex relief of the Jos Plateau, but also many ranges of hills, particularly along its northern frontier and in its eastern half. This terrain appears to have militated against the establishment of large coherent political systems in the past and it is only in the plains of the Niger and Benue valleys that there is a record of extensive state systems in recent history, those of the Nupe and Jukun. On the other hand, archaeological evidence indicates that the Nok culture extended over a very large area of the Middle Belt, not by any means confined to the plains (Fagg, 1959, 1969), and there is evidence of a certain measure of cultural unity today (Murdock, 1959).
Small Urban Centres: Vanguards of Exploitation. Two Cases from Sudan
Authors: Ahmed Abdel Ghaffar M. , Rahman Mustafa Abdel 
Published: April 2006

Introduction: Against Dualism‘As theories of development, dualist interpretations have difficulty in accounting for the origin and the dynamic of a system which is, on the surface, dichotomous’. Our acceptance of a dividing line between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ sectorsin African societies and the sectoral approach to issues of development allows for the continuing dominance of dualist assumptions in all fields.With the introduction of a differentiation in scale between ‘urban centres’, ‘small urban centres’ and rural areas it appears that we are in a position where the introduction of the idea of continuity between rural and urban sectors may be accepted:Societies in transition are often a source of controversy, as they characteristically abound in ambiguities of both form and content. Historically they represent a dramatic juxtaposition of continuity and change.
The Problem of Drinking Water in Small Agglomerations and its Implications for Regional Development in Siliana, Tunisia
Authors: Trabelsi Mohsen 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphUrban planning cannot be conceived in isolation: rural development is also essential for solving urban problems (Trabelsi 1978). Nor can rural development be achieved without an accompanying urban development policy and both must be integrated into a framework of regional development planning, itself part of the national social development plan (Trabelsi 1979). The modern conception is of a region evolving in an organised space around at least a second order town as a pole of development.
Le status des forgerons et ses justifications symboliques: une hypothèse cognitive
Authors: Boyer Pascal 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphOn sait que beaucoup de sociétés africaines associent une position sociale originate à la pratique d'un art quelconque: musiciens ici, devins ou guérisseurs ailleurs, sont placés hors du commun. Dans ce domaine des rapports entre occupations et status le sort de la métallurgie est remarquable par l'élaboration symbolique qui partout s'y attache et par la place réservée à ceux qui travaillent le fer: parias ou aristocrates, les forgerons sont des êtres à part. Ces phénomenès attestés partout sur le continent prennent des formes très variables, et de nombreux auteurs se sont attachés à concilier ces deux aspects: l'extrême généralité de l'existence d'un symbolisme du fer et d'un status spécial des forgerons, d'une part, et l'extrême variété des configurations observées, d'autre part.
The ideology of ‘communal’ land tenure in Zimbabwe: Mythogenesis enacted?
Authors: Cheater Angela 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLand is widely regarded as central to the politics of both colonial and postcolonial Zimbabwe. Land was, ostensibly, the core issue over which the liberation struggle was waged. On the successful redistribution of land, in Shamuyarira's (1984: 8) view, will depend ‘the future reputation and credibility of the new socio-economic and political order among the Zimbabwean masses’. Land, then, is ‘vital’ (ibid.) to both leaders and led in Zimbabwe.
Sakanab: greetings and information among the Northern Beja
Authors: Morton John 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis article is an ethnographic account of the economic importance of information in a particular society, that of the Northern Beja of Red Sea Province, Sudan, and of one social institution, the greetings ritual, vital in the transmission of information. As such it is intended as a contribution to the anthropology of information and to economic anthropology, but also to the study of greetings rituals and ceremonies. It suggests that it may in many cases be useful to approach the study of greetings from the perspective of their connection with information.
Against many odds: the dilemmas of women's self-help groups in Mbeere, Kenya
Authors: Mwaniki Nyaga 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphOne of the major, and perhaps the most embarrassing, problems still facing African populations today is hunger. It is described by Lofchie and Commins (1982: 1) as ‘the most immediate, visible, and compelling symptom of a continent-wide agricultural breakdown in tropical Africa,’ thereby making ‘sub-Sahara Africa … the only region in the world where food production per capita has declined during the past two decades.’ This condition has been blamed on many factors, the most frequently mentioned being climate, environmental degradation, outmoded and inefficient traditional agricultural methods, customary land tenure systems which inhibit innovation by individual farmers, lack of incentives to farmers to increase food outputs, bad agricultural policies, high population growth rates and agrarian dualism. A growing body of literature focusing on women's contributions in the development process has revealed another very crucial, but often ignored, reason why hunger is still prevalent in Africa: the disregard of the role of women, who are the main food producers in Africa, in efforts to promote agricultural development (Baumann, 1928; Boserup, 1970; Bryson, 1981; Guyer, 1980; Robertson, 1983). A recent book by Odero-Ogwel (1983), which discusses the food problems in Africa, pays no attention to the fact that a major contributory factor to the food crisis in Africa is the disadvantaged position of women. This exemplifies the failure, even by African intellectuals, to realise the crucial role women can play in increasing food supplies if only certain constraints are removed. Claire Robertson (1983) warns that, unless women are fully included in the development process, the food problem in Africa will deteriorate even further.
Lugbara illness beliefs and social change
Authors: Barnes-Dean Virginia Lee 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphA considerable part of the anthropological literature on Africa is devoted to the description of African ideas about the causes of misfortune and illness and the steps which should be taken to remedy them. In the early days of African ethnography information on this aspect of culture was usually presented as part of a general ethnography or included in a more specific description of an African cosmological system. As the general ethnographic literature on Africa accumulated, and as the need for more focused information for application in health and development work arose, studies which investigated the more narrow domain of African therapeutics became more common. As Janzen has observed (1978: 121), the study of African therapeutic systems has now moved into a phase of exemplary field studies which gather data in a number of different areas: illness taxonomies, curative techniques, healing roles, health-care decision-making resource allocations, course of illnesses through distinct episodes, and the relationship between bioecological and sociocultural factors. No one would deny that an ideal study would gather data in all these areas. The study of Lugbara medicine reported on in this paper, however, was carried out under difficult conditions and was abruptly halted after one year because of the worsening political situation. No epidemiological or biomedical data were collected.
More on an undecidability result of Bateman, Jockusch and Woods
Authors: Boffa M. 
Published: April 2006

Let P be the set of prime numbers. Theorem 1 of [1] shows that the linear case of Schinzel's Hypothesis (H) implies that multiplication is definable in 〈ω,+,P〉 and therefore that the first-order theory of this structure is undecidable. Let m be any fixed natural number >2, let R be the set of natural numbers <m which are prime to m, and let r be any fixed element of R. The setis infinite (Dirichlet). Theorem 1 of [1] can be improved as follows:Proposition. The linear case of Schinzel's Hypothesis (H) implies that multiplication is definable in 〈ω,+,Pm,r〉 and therefore that the first-order theory of this structure is undecidable.Proof. We follow [1] with the following new ingredients. Let k be the number of elements of R, i.e. k = ϕ(m) where ϕ is Euler's totient function. Since k is even, the polynomial g(n) = nk + n satisfies g(0) = g(−1) = 0, so (by Lemma 1 of [1]) it follows from the linear case of (H) that there are natural numbers al (l ϵ ω) such that al+g(0), al+g(1),…, al+g(l) are consecutive primes. Since R is finite, we may assume that all the al's have the same residue t in R, so that al+g(i) ≡ t+1+i (mod m) for i ϵ R. This implies that the function t+1+i (reduced mod m) gives a permutation of R, so we can find s ϵ R such that al+g(s) ≡ r (mod m). Consider the polynomial h(n) = g(s + mn) and let bl = as+ml. Then bl + h(0), bl + h(1),…, bl + h(l) are elements of Pm,r. They are not necessarily consecutive elements of Pm,r, but they are separated by a fixed number of elements of Pm,r. This implies that {h(n) ∣ n ϵ ω} is definable in 〈ω,+,Pm,r〉(by adapting the proof of Theorem 1 of [1]), and the result follows.
Relativised quantification: Some canonical varieties of sequence-set algebras
Authors: Andréka Hajnal , Goldblatt Robert , Németi István 
Published: April 2006

This paper explores algebraic aspects of two modifications of the usual account of first-order quantifiers.Standard first-order quantificational logic is modelled algebraically by cylindric algebras. Prime examples of these are algebras whose members are sets of sequences: given a first-order model U for a language that is based on the set {υκ: κ < α} of variables, each formula φ is represented by the setof all those α-length sequences x = 〈xκ: κ < α〉 that satisfy φ in U. Such a sequence provides a value-assignment to the variables (υκ is assigned value xκ), but it may also be viewed geometrically as a point in the α-dimensional Cartesian spaceαU of all α-length sequences whose terms come from the underlying set U of U. Then existential quantification is represented by the operation of cylindrification. To explain this, define a binary relation Tκ on sequences by putting xTκy if and only if x and y differ at most at their κth coordinate, i.e.,Then for any set X ⊆ αU, the setis the “cylinder” generated by translation of X parallel to the κth coordinate axis in αU. Given the standard semantics for the existential quantifier ∃υκ asit is evident that
A Note on Extinct Fauna and Man
Authors: Smith Marian W. 
Published: April 2006

In the last issue of American Antiquity, Cressman and Laughlin describe probable artifacts in association with mammoths in the Williamette Valley, Oregon. This association reminded me of a queer detail picked up in Puget Sound, Washington.While giving incidental vocabulary, a Puyallup informant named one too many members of the local cat family: cougar, panther, mountain lion, and a fourth, lion. The Salish term for the latter, he explained, was currently used for the maned lion seen in zoos, etc., but had previously referred to a much larger animal with enormous teeth. In his boyhood, people had told of the ferocious attacks of this cat on children and adults, although actual encounters, he insisted, had ceased “long, long” before.
Evidences of Pre-Pottery Cultures in Louisiana
Authors: Webb C. H. 
Published: April 2006

Studies of Louisiana's prehistory have been devoted largely to the pottery-making and mound-building cultures. The topography of the state is primarily responsible for this fact, since the delta lands of southern Louisiana and the wide, fertile river valleys of the northern part were particularly suitable for the agricultural peoples whose numerous sites have attracted attention. Witness to this fact is the long sequence of pottery-containing cultures (Tchefuncte, Marksville, Troyville, Coles Creek, Plaquemine, historic Natchez) delineated by Ford, Willey, and Quimby in central and southern Louisiana, while the Red and Ouachita River valleys in the northern portion present another series of culture periods (Marksville, Coles Creek, Gahagan, Bossier, Belcher, Glendora) which culminate in the historic Caddo.Despite these facts, evidences of pre-pottery cultures are appearing in the state and these may be expected to increase as more careful investigations are pursued. This could be anticipated from the situation in surrounding states—the Edwards Plateau culture of central Texas, the Ozark Bluff Dweller culture of Arkansas and the several strata which underlie the pottery containing cultures in the Southeast, recently reviewed by Haag.
An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Northeastern Baja California and Southeastern California
Authors: Treganza Adan E. 
Published: April 2006

This paper deals with the. archaeology of the northeastern region of Lower California and the southeastern portion of California. Evidence derived from these aboriginal remains indicates two possible cultural horizons, late prehistoric Yuman pottery making groups and an earlier non-ceramic group.Most of the data have been derived from Baja California, because the area north of the International Boundary line has been so severely pot-hunted that sites fail to yield data in sufficient quantities for analysis. The area covered in this report comprises some nine hundred square miles, bounded by the Coast or Peninsular Ranges, the Superstition Mountains, and the Sierra de los Cocopas, and including the southwestern part of Imperial Valley and the northern half of Laguna Salada in Baja California.
Re Archaeology of the Galapagos Islands
Authors: Gifford E. W. 
Published: April 2006

I am indebted to my former Galapagos colleague, Mr. Joseph R. Slevin, Curator of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, for the following data which may have some pertinence in the moot problem of Amerindian archaeology in the Galapagos Islands. Mr. Slevin, recently in London, excerpted portions of the original logs and diaries of early voyagers to the Galapagos for his book on that group.From the log book of the Ship Rattler, Captain James Colnett, R. N., April 26, 1794, referring to James Island: “At several places he [the chief mate] stopped found numbers of jars, old iron, and a decayed dagger and several other articles decayed with time and which we still conjecture was left here by the buccaneers.” The whaling master of the Rattler also found broken pieces of jars.Apropos of buccaneers leaving supplies are the following quotations from the diaries of buccaneer Captains Davies and Ambrose Cowley.
Richard Johnson's ‘Musarum Plangores’
Authors: Bryant Jerry H. 
Published: April 2006

Although Richard Johnson (ca. 1573–1659) has received little critical or scholarly attention, his own output was quite large and various, and probably popular. He authored two chivalric romances; several volumes of poetry, including a collection of fast-moving ballads; some descriptive topographical verse; a satiric tract or two; a jest book; and several elegies.To this list can now be added one more piece. That is the recently recovered elegy of 234 lines entitled Musarum Plangores, a memorial on the death of Sir Christopher Hatton. What is probably the unique copy of this work now lies in the Folger Shakespeare Library. It lacks a title page and bears no colophon. The date of publication, however, was probably 1591, the year in which Hatton died, although there is no record of its being printed. The author is ‘R. Johnson’, for that name, followed by the letters Sa., occurs at the end of the poem.
Henry Shirley's ‘The Martyred Soldier’
Authors: Cutts John P. 
Published: April 2006

There is such a paucity of information about Henry Shirley and his one extant play that one hesitates to add anything to the present state of our knowledge lest one be accused of abusing Bullen's confession that ‘Henry Shirley's claim to attention is not a very pressing one’. Bullen's apologia for presenting Henry Shirley's work in that ‘yet there is a certain dignity of language in this old play’ must be my excuse, too, for this attempt to redeem something of the play from ‘utter oblivion’ and my more specific warrant hales from the last words of Bullen's introduction—‘the songs, too, are smoothly written’.The songs do in fact constitute the major part of the play's quite extensive use of thematic music connected with the supernatural ascent and descent of angels to comfort and exhort the much beleaguered Christians.
The Royal Funeral in Renaissance France
Authors: Giesey Ralph E. 
Published: April 2006

Ralph E. Giesey (Institute for Advanced Study) is at present revising for publication his doctoral dissertation entitled The Royal Funeral Ceremony in Renaissance France (University of California, 1954). Following is a summary of the study:The funeral ceremony of the French kings during the Renaissance was compared by contemporary writers to that of the ancient Roman emperors, and modern historians have believed that the French were copying the Roman customs described by ancient historians. However, the history of French royal funerals from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries shows that the elaborate ceremonial which developed had its own rationale. Of primary importance was the rise of the abbey of Saint-Denis as the royal necropolis. In the thirteenth century it became the custom to display the body of the dead king during the funerary ceremony, which lasted only a few days, because the crude methods of embalming would not allow a longer display of the deceased.