bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanding the genetic potential of the soybean
Authors: Camacho L. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe primary center of genetic dispersion of the soybean probably is in northeastern China. The soybean plant traveled from its area of origin to Korea and Japan in ancient times and to Europe and America more recently. Although soybeans were confined to the Far East for many centuries, the western world now produces more than 80% of the total, and the United States and Brazil are the main producers. The increased expansion of soybeans in Latin America is largely a result of the advances of genetic and agronomic technology, which have permitted the development of adapted cultivars and improved management systems for the subtropical and tropical areas of this region. The USDA soybean germplasm collection—particularly the gene bank maintained in Mississippi—has been the most important genetic resource for the developing commercial cultivars in Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador and Peru. Germplasm from other countries, e.g., Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, the Philippines and some African countries, also has contributed to the enrichment of the soybean gene pools in Latin America, mainly through the International Soybean Program (INTSOY). The International Soybean Variety Evaluation Experiment (ISVEX) of INTSOY has been planted in more than 1,200 locations and in more than 107 countries since 1973. In Latin America in 1978, this experiment was planted in 29 locations of 11 countries. The experiment was designed to (a) test the adaptation of cultivars, (b) compare local and introduced cultivars, (c) provide new germplasm for local breeding programs, (d) identify potential areas for soybean production, and (e) evaluate cultivar performance in different environments.
Techniques for flavor and odor evaluation of soy oil
Authors: Jackson H. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMeans of evaluating soybean oil for flavor on a “now” basis and on a “predictive” basis are presented. Emphasis is placed on more recent objective methodology for measuring oil volatiles and using their correlation with flavor. Applications of a modified volatile technique for use with soy isolates or soy proteins is shown. The importance of sensory analysis and a summary of methodology currently being used are discussed.
History of the development of soy oil for edible uses
Authors: Dutton H. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the early 1940s, soybean oil was considered neither a good industrial paint oil nor a good edible oil. The history of soybean oil is a story of progress from a minor, little‐known, problem oil to a major source of edible oil proudly labeled on premium products in the 1980s. It is also a story of cooperative government research and industrial implementation of research findings. After 3‐1/2 decades, soybean oil, “the number one problem of the soybean industry,” has become the source of choice for edible oil products in the U.S., moreover, increasing outlets appear to be assured in the world markets of the future.
Soya protein and athersclerosis
Authors: Carroll K. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCholesterol‐free, semipurified diets produce hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits when casein is used as dietary protein, but not when the casein is replaced by soya protein. In general, animal proteins produce higher levels of plasma cholesterol in rabbits than plant proteins. At least part of this difference appears to be related to differences in the amino acid composition of the proteins. Rabbits fed soya protein had a faster turnover of plasma cholesterol, absorbed cholesterol from the intestine less readily, and excreted more fecal neutral sterols and bile acids than rabbits fed casein. Differences in composition and turnover of plasma lipoproteins were also observed. Some, but not all, studies on humans with either normal or elevated levels of plasma cholesterol have shown that these levels can be lowered by replacing animal protein in the diet by soya protein. Epidemiological data have also provided evidence of an association between coronary heart disease and amount of animal protein in the diet. Relatively small changes in the diet can substantially decrease the ratio of animal to plant protein, and this may offer a means of lowering serum cholesterol levels and decreasing the high incidence of coronary heart disease in industrialized countries. The use of soya protein for this purpose minimizes the risk of essential amino acid deficiency, because its amino acid composition tends to complement that of cereal proteins, which are the major source of plant protein in most human diets.
Phytic acid in soybeans
Authors: Jaffe G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPhytic acid, the hexaphosphate of myo‐inositol, is the most important phosphate reserve compound in many plant seeds, but many of its salts are poorly digested by animals. It can form complexes with seed proteins, some of which sequester metal ions, making them unavailable for the animal organism. Soya protein isolates may be higher in phytate content than the soya flour from which they are obtained. Zinc is the mineral of most concern because its bioavailability from some soya products is quite low and because of its marginal levels in some human diets. The availability of iron from soya flour and soya isolates is higher than that from some other plant foods with lower phytate contents. Processes for removing the larger part of the tightly bound phytates from soya protein isolates are described.
Monte carlo technique to simulate aflatoxin testing programs for peanuts
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. , Wiser E. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA computer model that accounts for sampling, subsampling, and analytical variability was developed to simulate aflatoxin testing programs. Monte Carlo solution techniques were employed to account for conditional probabilities that arise from multiple samples, subsamples, and/or analyses being used in testing programs. The aflatoxin testing program to be used on the 1974 peanut crop was evaluated by use of the described model.
Effect of varying levels of dietary protein on tumor development and lipid metabolism in rats exposed to aflatoxin
Authors: Wells P. , Aftergood L. , Alfin‐Slater R. B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractReports in the literature concerning the relationship of protein nutrition to aflatoxicosis are contradictory. In an attempt to elucidate this relationship more clearly, we have examined the effects of low, normal, and high protein‐containing diets on tumor incidence and development, as well as on several biochemical indices, in rats which have been exposed to low levels of aflatoxin in a “chronic” rather than “acute” situation. In our study, male weanling rats were place for 3 months on otherwise adequate diets containing either 8, 22, or 30% casein with and without aflatoxin B1 at 1.7 ppm. Half of the animals in each group received diets which were further supplemented with the amino acid, cystine, at 0.6% of the diet. (Sulfur‐containing amino acids are the most limiting amino acids in casein, and the addition of cystine to the diet serves to improve the biological quality of the protein source.) After 3 months the animals were fed control diets without aflatoxin until they were killed at 1 year. Weight gain was markedly decreased and liver weights increased in response to aflatoxin in all groups except those on the low protein diets, where aflatoxin had no effect on these protein diets, where aflatoxin had no effect on these indices. No tumors were found in the livers of rats fed the low protein, aflatoxin‐supplemented diet. In the other groups, the severity of the liver involvement increased progressively with increased protein levels in the diet. When cystine was included in the diet, tumors were observed also in the animals fed the low protein diet; furthermore, the livers of those animals on “normal” and high protein diets were much more severely involved than were the livers of animals on non‐cystine supplemented diets. Plasma cholesterol levels were increased in response to aflatoxin when the diets containing 22 and 30% protein were fed and when cystine was included in the 8% protein diet. Liver cholesterol levels were increased in response to aflatoxin in all groups except in those receiving the low protein diets. Among these latter animals, aflatoxin administration had no effect on liver cholesterol values. Changes as a result of aflatoxin administration were also observed in the fatty acid composition of sterol esters, triglycerides, and phospholipids of liver and tumor tissue.
Aqueous solvents for extracting glanded cottonseed protein without gland rupture
Authors: Muller L. L. , Jacks T. J. , Hensarling T. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of pigment glands has thwarted attempts to extract edible cottonseed protein aqueously from glanded seeds or gland‐rich meals, probably because of the widely held belief that glands rupture on contact with aqueous media. We found several aqueous salt solutions in which glands did not rupture. Glands remained intact in saturated (2m) sodium sulfate, but not in saturated 2m or 4m solutions of sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates of other Group IA elements as well as sodium chloride and sodium nitrate. Glands also remained intact in saturated solutions of sulfates of aluminum, ammonium, cadmium, copper, magnesium, nickel, and zinc, and chlorides of calcium, iron, and magnesium. Some of these solutions were diluted to <50% saturation before glands started rupturing. Cottonseed protein in the liquid cyclone underflow fraction (gland‐rich fraction) was soluble in sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate, but not in calcium chloride or sodium phosphate. Its solubility in sodium sulfate was investigated further with the following results: Alkalinity of sodium sulfate solution had no effect on solubility; ratio of solid to solvent had no effect in the range of 1:3.5–1:60 (wt:vol); 80% saturated sodium sulfate was optimal for solubility without gland rupture; the period of contact of meal and solvent had no effect on protein solubility in the range of a few minutes to 2 hr. These results indicate that the extraction of cottonseed protein with aqueous solvents in the presence of pigment glands appears technically feasible.
Study of the seed oil ofSolanum platanifolium sims
Authors: Puri R. K. , Bhatnagar J. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeed oils from species ofSolanum such asS. ferox (1),S. indicum (2),S. nudiflorum (3), andS. chacoense (4,5) have been shown to contain mainly linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. The seed oil fromS. platanifolium contains palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and hexadecenoic acids, and a mixture of C20‐C31 alkanols and sterols.
Increasing dietary linoleic acid in young rats increases and then decreases docosahexaenoic acid in retina but not in brain
Authors: Su Hui‐Min , Keswick Lisa A. , Thomas Brenna J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe accumulation of fatty acids in retina, brain, liver, and plasma of 30‐day‐old rat pups consuming various levels of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n‐6) and constant α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) is reported. Dams were fed graded levels of LA during gestation and lactation, and the pups were maintained on the diet of their dams until the end of the brain growth spurt at 30 d of life. Milk, and pup brain, retina, liver, and plasma were analyzed quantitatively for fatty acid profile. The percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) in retina increased from an LA‐deficient dietary level, peaked at the 9:1 (LA/ALA) level, then fell for the 41:1 and 69:1 levels. In contrast, the brain DHA percentage was unaffected by dietary LA levels. Retinal unsaturated fatty acid levels paralleled liver and plasma levels. The milk fatty acid composition mirrored the diets. These data show that the retinal fatty acid composition responds sensitively to dietary fatty acid composition, similar to liver and plasma, while the brain unsaturate composition is nearly independent of dietary composition.
Spectrochemical determination of iron and copper in commercial oils
Authors: Melvin E. H. , Hawley J. E. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryApplication of the internal standard method to the spectrochemical analysis of oils in conjunction with the use of a modified ashing technique has been shown to permit quantitative determination of copper to 0.001 p.p.m. and of iron to 0.01 p.p.m.The procedure has been tested by the addition of known amounts of copper and iron to oils and recovery has been found satisfactory.Results on several commercial oils are given to illustrate the range over which the method is applicable.
The importance of time of spraying, desiccant type and harvest time on industrial fibre production from stand-retted fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum)
Authors: BENNETT S. J. , WRIGHT D. , EDWARDS-JONES G. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYEven and successful retting of flax through application of a desiccating herbicide and stand-retting is a major constraint to increasing its incorporation in industrial products. With the release of a new form of glyphosate based on the isopropylamine (IPA) salt with biactivator (Roundup Biactive, Monsanto Ltd), a field trial was planted using three flax varieties with differing levels of ease of desiccation at the Henfaes Research Centre, University of Wales Bangor in 2004. The crop was sprayed at four different times of maturity: mid-point of flowering plus 7 days (MPF+7), MPF+14, MPF+21 or MPF+28 using two different herbicide treatments; Roundup Biactive (Monsanto PLC) or Roundup Biactive+Restore (40% ammonium sulphate, AmegA Sciences PLC). Fibre quality was assessed following retting and the ease of decortication was measured. The highest fibre yields were obtained from the MPF+28 spray date, and from the Biactive herbicide treatment. Although lower yields were recorded with the Biactive+Restore treatment, the stems were easier to decorticate. It is suggested that an early sowing date and the use of the IPA salt-based glyphosate with biactivator, and careful monitoring of the crop during the retting process, contributed to the early and successful harvest from the MPF+28 plots, allowing mature seeds as well as fibre to be harvested from the flax plants.
Update on fruit antioxidant capacity: a key tool for Mediterranean diet
Authors: Battino Maurizio , Mezzetti Bruno 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo review and update the most relevant research dealing with the antioxidant properties of fruits which can be useful in Mediterranean and other healthy diets.DesignPersonal perspectives and late data.SettingInternationalResultsThe evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of fruits is of pivotal importance in assessing the nutritional attributes of these products. By means of specific breeding programmes, it is possible to select antioxidant-enriched fruit varieties. These features are susceptible to be improved through generations in order to release fruits with enhanced nutritional features.ConclusionsThe availability of high quality and nutritionally enriched fruit at competitive costs may be a useful tool in the planning of healthy diets.
Transmitting Mediterranean food culture through art: a creative interdisciplinary approach
Authors: Dernini Sandro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveAs a qualitative problem solving method, to manage the accelerating phenomenon of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents as well as to promote the Mediterranean Diet and the diversity of the Mediterranean Food Cultures heritage, it is presented a creative interdisciplinary approach through art.DesignTaking into account that young generations are becoming the highest majority of the consumer population in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries, it is reported the artist practice and the creative community-based interdisciplinary experience of Plexus International, a network of artists and scientists of various nationalities and disciplines.SettingMediterranean Region and International.SubjectYoung Populations.ResultsThrough the Ark of the Well Being project, artists and scientists have collaborate together, promoting The 2005 Rome Call for a Common Action in the Mediterranean and raising more attention on the erosion of the cognitive capacities of young generations by hunger and malnutrition.ConclusionsA creative interdisciplinary approach was developed to transmit through art Mediterranean food culture with the aim to achieve a broader nutritional well being.
AutoSCOP: automated prediction of SCOP classifications using unique pattern-class mappings
Authors: Gewehr Jan E. , Hintermair Volker , Zimmer Ralf 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMotivation: The sequence patterns contained in the available motif and hidden Markov model (HMM) databases are a valuable source of information for protein sequence annotation. For structure prediction and fold recognition purposes, we computed mappings from such pattern databases to the protein domain hierarchy given by the ASTRAL compendium and applied them to the prediction of SCOP classifications. Our aim is to make highly confident predictions also for non-trivial cases if possible and abstain from a prediction otherwise, and thus to provide a method that can be used as a first step in a pipeline of prediction methods. We describe two successful examples for such pipelines. With the AutoSCOP approach, it is possible to make predictions in a large-scale manner for many domains of the available sequences in the well-known protein sequence databases.Results: AutoSCOP computes unique sequence patterns and pattern combinations for SCOP classifications. For instance, we assign a SCOP superfamily to a pattern found in its members whenever the pattern does not occur in any other SCOP superfamily. Especially on the fold and superfamily level, our method achieves both high sensitivity (above 93%) and high specificity (above 98%) on the difference set between two ASTRAL versions, due to being able to abstain from unreliable predictions. Further, on a harder test set filtered at low sequence identity, the combination with profile–profile alignments improves accuracy and performs comparably even to structure alignment methods. Integrating our method with structure alignment, we are able to achieve an accuracy of 99% on SCOP fold classifications on this set. In an analysis of false assignments of domains from new folds/superfamilies/families to existing SCOP classifications, AutoSCOP correctly abstains for more than 70% of the domains belonging to new folds and superfamilies, and more than 80% of the domains belonging to new families. These findings show that our approach is a useful additional filter for SCOP classification prediction of protein domains in combination with well-known methods such as profile–profile alignment.Availability: A web server where users can input their domain sequences is available at http://www.bio.ifi.lmu.de/autoscopContact: jan.gewehr@ifi.lmu.de
In vitro cytotoxicity of nelarabine, clofarabine and flavopiridol in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Beesley Alex H. , Palmer Misty‐Lee , Ford Jette , Weller Renae E. , Cummings Aaron J. , Freitas Joseph R. , Firth Martin J. , Perera Kanchana U. , De Klerk Nicholas H. , Kees Ursula R. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe in vitro efficacies of three new drugs – clofarabine (CLOF), nelarabine (NEL) and flavopiridol (FP) – were assessed in a panel of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) cell lines. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for CLOF across all lines was 188‐fold lower than that of NEL. B‐lineage, but not T‐lineage lines, were >7‐fold more sensitive to CLOF than cytosine arabinoside (ARAC). NEL IC50 was 25‐fold and 113‐fold higher than ARAC in T‐ and B‐lineage, respectively. T‐ALL cells were eightfold more sensitive to NEL than B‐lineage but there was considerable overlap. FP was more potent in vitro than glucocorticoids and thiopurines and at doses that recent phase I experience predicts will translate into clinical efficacy. Potential cross‐resistance of CLOF, NEL and FP was observed with many front‐line ALL therapeutics but not methotrexate or thiopurines. Methotrexate sensitivity was inversely related to that of NEL and FP. Whilst NEL was particularly effective in T‐ALL, a subset of patients with B‐lineage ALL might also be sensitive. CLOF appeared to be marginally more effective in B‐lineage than T‐ALL and has a distinct resistance profile that may prove useful in combination with other compounds. FP should be widely effective in ALL if sufficient plasma levels can be achieved clinically.
Paediatric SpRs' experiences of breaking bad news
Authors: Horwitz N. , Ellis J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAims  To ascertain the level of support and training available to paediatric specialist registrars (SpRs) in breaking bad news and their self‐reported confidence in this task.Study design  A questionnaire‐based survey.Participants  Paediatric SpRs working in North Thames region.Methods  Specialist registrars (n = 206) were sent a questionnaire relating to the level of support and training available to them in breaking bad news and their attitudes to this task. A repeat questionnaire was sent out 2 weeks later.Results  The response rate was 54.9%. The study sample included 78 females and 34 males. The median year of qualification was 1995 [interquartile range (IQR) 1993–1997] and the median year of Calman training was Year 3 (IQR 2–4). Only 15.9% of participants had guidelines where they worked and 91.2% had received training in breaking bad news. Median self‐perceived confidence in breaking bad news was rated as 4 out of 5. Only 21.2% of all respondents had both disclosed a diagnosis of Down syndrome and received feedback on their performance from their seniors. Few SpRs were able to adhere to all evidence‐based recommendations for breaking bad news.Discussion  Most SpRs had received training in breaking bad news and self‐reported confidence in this skill was high, although their hands‐on experience was limited. Recent research shows, however, that parental dissatisfaction with the way in which bad news is broken remains high. The potential discrepancy between self‐reported confidence and actual competence casts doubt on the value of self‐evaluation.