bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Appraisal of the Load-Deformation Properties of A325 High-Strength Bolts
Authors: Salih N , Smith J , Aktan HM , Usmen M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Current specifications and testing procedures of high-strength bolts are based on the results of early research performed in the late 1950s and the early 1960s using the testing technology available at that time. Within the past few decades, the development of new, advanced testing equipment and computerized data acquisition systems has brought about significantly improved capabilities for materials testing. In light of these advancements, conducting a new set of bolt tests was considered essential in appraising the load deformation properties of high-strength bolts using the new testing technology. In this study, samples of randomly obtained A325 high-strength bolts were tested in accordance with the ASTM standard test methods, utilizing a servo controlled universal testing machine and a computerized data acquisition system. This equipment differs from that used in the early research in the accuracy of the data collected and the existence of many available options for specimen loading. The new testing technology provides an easy determination of the yield point, the proof load, and ductility of the bolts. The study aimed at experimentally determining the load-deformation properties of high-strength bolts and comparing them with those generated by early research. The proof load, the yield strength, and the teasile strength obtained were much higher than the specified ASTM and AISC values. Additional studies were pursued to gain an improved understanding of the behavior of the bolts as affected by the exposed thread length in the grip. The tested bolts showed higher strength and lower ductility as the number of the thread exposed in the grip length decreased.
Superposition Theory Applied to Nail/Glue Joints in Wood: Part II—Stiffness Behavior
Authors: Pellicane PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A model based on concepts involving nonlinear superposition of nail and glue joint characteristics was examined to predict the load-slip (P-Δ) behavior of nail joints with elastomeric construction adhesives (nail/glue) in wood subjected to lateral loading. Four combinations of two wood species (lodgepole pine and hard maple) and two nail sizes (6d and 8d) were explored. One brand of commercially-available elastomeric construction adhesive was used. One-hundred-sixty-nine nail, glue, and nail/glue joints were tested to evaluate the P-Δ curve from the origin to 0.08125 in. (2.1 mm) slip. Theoretical predictions based on nail and glue joint stiffness were compared with experimental data from nail/glue joint tests. The results showed that the presence of glue used in conjunction with nails proved to substantially increase joint stiffness. Increases in joint stiffness from 25 to 100% per square inch (645 mm2) of bonded surface over the stiffness of joints without glue were realized. The superposition model proved to be a reasonable predictor of nail/glue joint stiffness at levels of slip not exceeding 0.03 in. (0.762 mm). For slip levels greater than 0.03 in., superposition consistently underpredicted (conservatively) joint stiffness for all four combinations of nail size and wood species studied. Therefore, superposition has been shown to be an accurate predictor of joint stiffness in the range of slip values from which allowable loads are determined in the allowable stress and draft reliability-based design codes.
Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Refractory Bricks by the Nonsteady State Hot-Wire Method Using Differential Platinum Resistance Thermometry
Authors: Sengupta K , Das R , Banerjee G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An apparatus for measuring thermal conductivity of refractory bricks has been designed using the parallel hot-wire technique and differential platinum thermometry. The equipment has been found to be simpler and less expensive than the thermocomple-based apparatus available commercially. It has shown better reproducibility and proved its applicability for both the low- and high-density refractory types and also for temperatures up to 1250°C.
Application of Electro-Optic Sensor and Force Transducer on Leak Detection
Authors: Manesh AAI , Swaney MH , Saunders R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The application of the Electro-Optic Sensor and Force transducer on leak detection began with reviewing various leak testing technologies and their associated problems. Specific applications of differential pressure sensors for leak testing are discussed and the specifications of the University of Arkansas Electro-Optic Sensor and Force Transducer are explained. A design for a new differential pressure transducer based on the University of Arkansas Electro-Optic is presented. A leak tester was assembled by using a prototype of a differential pressure transducer. The performance test and calibration of the unit was accomplished by using a standard calibrated leak. The calibration results were then used to estimate the leak rate of some unknown samples. In order to reduce the ambient effect, a balance volume was attached to the reference chamber. In conclusion, a discussion of the problems and limitations is presented.
Laboratory Wheel Tracking Apparatus for Bituminous Pavement Studies
Authors: Tan S-A , Fwa T-F , Low B-H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Rutting deformation is one of the most common forms of pavement distress found on bituminous pavements, especially in the hot, tropical climate of Singapore. These deformations are usually found in the wheel track on roads carrying heavy, slow moving, channeled traffic, such as in the city and industrial areas at traffic light junctions. To and our investigation into the nature of pavement rutting, a laboratory wheel-tracking apparatus was used to simulate channeled wheel traffic loading under controlled conditions. It was upgraded with automated temperature and rut profile measurement capability. This article describes the features of the apparatus, which include temperature control of test specimens from ambient (27°C) to 70°C via a water bath with an adjustable weir, speed control of 0 to 80 wheel passes per minute, and variable wheel loading from 18 to 54 kg giving approximate equivalent tire pressures of 175 to 530 kPa. The apparatus can be used to simultaneously test three standard specimens of dimensions 405 mm by 135 mm by 90 mm-thickness. Single tests of two other sizes, which are two or three times the width of the standard specimen, are permissible. The rut depths are monitored by means of three linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs), which measure the vertical displacements of each of the three wheel axles independently as rutting progresses. Due to errors induced by machine vibrations, accurate rut profile measurements can be made only under static conditions at selected intervals of wheel passes. With the use of a 200-ton-capacity static press, uniform dense asphaltic concrete beam specimens can be made, giving reasonably repeatable rutting test data on the apparatus, thus making it a valuable tool for evaluating the ratting potential of various mixes.
Jand CTOD Estimation Equations for Shallow Cracks in Single Edge Notch Bend Specimens
Authors: Kirk MT , Dodds RH 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFracture toughness values determined using shallow cracked single edge notch bend. SE(B), specimens of structural thickness are useful for structural integrity assessments. However, testing standards have not yet incorporated formulas that permit evaluation of J and CTOD for shallow cracks from experimentally measured quantities (i.e., load, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), and load line displacement (LLD)). Results from two-dimensional plane strain finite element analyses are used to develop J and CTOD estimation strategies appropriate for application to both shallow and deep crack SE(B) specimens. Crack depth to specimen width (a/W) ratios between 0.05 and 0.70 are modeled using Ramberg-Osgood strain hardening exponents (n) between 4 and 50. The estimation formulas divide J and CTOD into small scale yielding (SSY) and large scale yielding (LSY) components. For each case, the SSY component is determined by the linear elastic stress intensity factor. Kf. The formulas differ in evaluation of the LSY component. The techniques considered include: estimating J or CTOD from plastic work based on load line displacement (Apl∣CMOD), from the area under a load versus plastic crack mouth opening displacement diagram (Apl∣CMOD), and from the plastic component of crack mouth opening displacement (CMODpl). Apl∣CMOD provides the most accurate J estimation possible. The finite element results for all conditions investigated fall within 9% of the following formula. J=K2(1−v2)F+ηJ−CBbApl∣CMOD whereηJ−C=3.785−3.101aW+2.018(aW)2 The insensitivity of ηJ−C to strain hardening permits J estimation for any material with equal accuracy. Further, estimating J from CMOD rather than LLD eliminates the need to measure LLD, thus simphfying the test procedure. Alternate estimates of J and CTOD from measured plastic areas have equivalent accuracy to this formula; however, the η coefficients in these equations depend on the strain hardening coefficient. CTOD estimates based on scalar proportionality of CTODlsy, and CMODpl, such as that used in ASTM E 1290, Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement, are highly inaccurate especially for materials with considerable strain hardening.
Initiation and Stable Crack Growth Behavior of API X70 Steel at Low Temperatures (25°C ≥ T ≥ −95°C)
Authors: Romilly DP 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSmall-scale tests employing single edge notch bend (SENB) specimens of API X70 pipeline steel were conducted to assess the initiation and stable growth behavior of this material at test temperatures between 25°C and −95°C. Material resistance curves were generated based on various proposed J-integral and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) relationships and criteria for defining crack initiation and stable growth. DC potential drop crack growth monitoring was employed to provide crack propagation data for development of the resistance curves. The temperature dependence of crack initiation and stable growth properties of this material are quantified and presented. Verification of the temperature independence of the normalized J or CTOD tearing modulus is also provided.
Determining Paint Adhesion to Wood Using a Uniform Double-Cantilever Beam Technique
Authors: Knaebe M , Williams RS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Accurately predicting paint adhesion without the lengthy time required for typical exposure and evaluation is advantageous. Mechanical tests that use shear block, lap shear, or tensile specimens to measure paint adhesion result in large data variability, making it difficult to differentiate subtle changes in adhesive strength. The objective of this study was to decrease the variability of measured paint adhesion in fracture toughness tests. Preliminary and computer-aided experiments were conducted using uniform double-cantilever beam (UDCB) and shear block specimens. The coefficient of variation (COV) for the shear block tests was about 15%. The UDCB specimens cut from the same panels as the shear block specimens had a COV of 10%. Computer-aided tests of UDCB specimens gave a COV of less than 5%. Results show that using UDCB specimens with the aid of a computer is an excellent technique for determining paint adhesion to wood.
Compressibility Analysis of Wet Abraded Woven Fabrics
Authors: Ukponmwan JO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the effect of abrasion on the compressional properties of different woves textile fabrics. The abrasive wear was induced using an Accelerator under wet and damp conditions and measured via mass loss. The compressional properties, i.e., compression and compressibility, were determined under comparable experimental conditions on an Instron Tensile Tester. Changes in the compressional properties of the fabrics caused by increments of pressure in the Instron were noted. The relationship between the compressional properties and such physical properties as mass, thickness, density, and specific volume of the fabrics before abrasion is also reported. The damp-abraded fabrics showed higher percentage increase or decrease difference in fabric compressional properties at given incremeats of pressure than the wet-abraded fabrics when compared to the unabraded fabrics.
Accurate and Precise Fabrication of Iosipescu Shear Test Specimens
Authors: Blackketter DM , Odom EM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The experimental measurement of the shear modulus and shear strength has been of special interest to the materials and composites community for a number years. In recent years, the Iosipescu shear test method has become popular and widely used. The most widely used test fixture is the Modified Wyoming test fixture which requires a specific and accurately fabricated specimen. To date, the methodology to fabricate and inspect these specimens has been left to the discretion of the individual investigators. This technical note presents a suggested methodology for the accurate and precise fabrication of Iosipescu shear test specimens. Dimensional data and the associated error from specimens fabricated are presented as verification of the methodology.
Loss Energy of Composite Materials. Part II: Impact Loading
Authors: Bledzki AK , Gassan J , Kessler A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper deals with the influence of material structure parameters (fiber treatment and content of micropores) on the impact behavior of composite materials. Furthermore, an impact falling-weight testing device and the characteristic impact values are introduced.
The role of the fiber/matrix interphase was investigated by using glass and natural (jute) fibers with different treatments. To study the influence of the content of micropores, epoxy foam reinforced with glass fiber mats were prepared. All materials were impacted on an instrumented low-velocity non-penetration falling-weight impact tester. By integrating the measured force/deflection curves, all characteristic values were determined. Finally, the fatigue behavior of epoxy foam reinforced with pre-treated woven fabrics and the jute/PP laminates under repeated impact were investigated. In all impact experiments, the damping index responded more sensitively to changes in the material structure than did the loss energy. Furthermore, it was found that the damping index is an excellent measurement for characterizing the extent of damage.
Modeling Considerations in Wood-Related Research
Authors: Pellicane PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
It has been the author's experience that researchers will routinely use linear models to describe the relationships between correlated variables when that approach to modeling may not be the most rational. This article illustrates some of the circumstances when linear modeling is and is not the most viable alternative in characterizing the relationship between correlated variables.
In this study, several data sets are examined to illustrate how amenable they are to linear modeling. One data set selected shows a nearly ideal example of when linear least-squares regression is a realistic descriptor of the relationship between correlated variables. A second data set shows how material idiosyncrasies, such as species, size, or grade effects, can result in misleading models for parameter prediction. A third data set illustrates a more subtle inhomogeneity that is frequently found in experimental data involving tests of clear wood. When the relationship between correlated variables changes due to a shifting failure mechanism, a presumed linear relationship may misrepresent the relationship between variables in a large portion of the domain. It is the intent of this paper to remind or make researchers aware of the subtle characteristics of data sets that can influence modeling results.
One possible mechanism for modeling nonlinearly related variables (the univariate SB and the bivariate SBB distribution) is offered for consideration. This model has the unique feature of quantifying, in an analytic, closed-form fashion, the probability of a predicted variable for any value of the domain. In addition, when certain input values used to calculate SBB bivariate distribution parameters are defined correctly, convergence to the clear wood strength of a material or product is achieved.
Stress-Strain Behavior of a Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy During In-and Out-of-Phase Synchronized Thermal Cycling and Mechanical Cycling Tests
Authors: He Q , Bressers J , Fenske E , Decat R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The stress-strain behavior of a Fe-Ni-Cr alloy during in-phase and out-of-phase tests under conditions synchronizing thermal cycling with mechanical cycling has been studied by using a specially designed thermal cycling unit. The curves of cycling stress, strain, and temperature versus time indicate that the thermomechanical cycling softening phenomenon occurring in the higher-temperature region, close to the maximum thermal cycling temperature, is a common characteristic under thermomechanical cycling in-phase and out-of-phase superposition tests. However, a difference in behavior between in-phase and out-of-phase is evident. The tests show that the thermomechanical cycling softening occurred in the tensile strain range for in-phase testing and occurred in the compressive strain range for out-of-phase.
Repeatability and Reproducibility in Walkway-Safety Tribometry: Abrasive-Grit Size in Test-Foot Preparation
Authors: Fendley A , Marpet MI , Medoff H , Schutter D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
To reduce slips and falls there is a need for repeatable and reproducible measurement, under both field and laboratory conditions, of the slip resistance between pedestrian shoe bottoms and the surfaces involved in human locomotion. Improvement of repeatability (within laboratory) and reproducibility (between laboratories) of portable tribometer test results should be a goal of tribometer designers.
This paper reviews the background of advances in friction-related knowledge applicable to improving the repeatability and reproducibility in walkway-safety tribometry. It explores the use of the scanning electron microscope and the coherent-light profilometer to define morphological differences between Neolite® Test Liner and Standard Leather test feet sanded with two different abrasive-paper grits and worn shoe-bottom surfaces composed of the same materials. The experimental method and results are discussed, as is the significance of the findings. Also discussed is the issue of abrasive-paper grit size and its effect on tribometric test results. The paper suggests directions for further research.
Precision in the Extrapolation of Creep Rupture Data
Authors: Sandström R , Lindé L 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
To be able to determine the accuracy in the extrapolation of creep rupture data, expressions for estimating the error are presented. One expression is based on the statistical uncertainty in the least square fit to the data. This estimate can be considered as the minimum possible error that is present in extrapolated values. Expressions for the upper limit of the error based on linear as well as higher-order polynomials are derived. It is demonstrated that the expression based on linear extrapolation has a general applicability and covers most cases of technical interest. Comparison to previously performed extrapolation analyses shows that the actual variation between extrapolation methods lies in general between the least square error and the upper limit estimate. It is proposed that design values derived from extrapolated creep rupture data should be reduced, with an additional data factor if the estimated error in the extrapolation is larger than what is typical in the materials codes and standards. Values for these data factors are given.
Ability of a Viral Penetration Test (ASTM F1671-95) to Detect Small Holes
Authors: Lytle CD , Baker KH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A modified version of ASTM Test Method F167195, Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System, was characterized using as test material pieces of condom latex with laser-drilled holes of known size. The modified test included the initial 5-min, no-pressure period together with the 1-min, 2-psi period, but eliminated the final 54-min, no-pressure period. Virus penetration was detected for all holes with diameters above 1.0 µm. The quantitative results were in good agreement with calculated fluid flow through a cylinder (Poiseuille equation) for holes above 2 µm. A brief argument is presented suggesting that the final 54-min period at no pressure be eliminated from the test protocol.
Effect of Construction Adhesive and Joist Variability on the Deflection Behavior of Industrial Wood Floors
Authors: Pellicane PJ , Robinson G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A total of 19 440 structural floors of a geometry and material configuration consistent with those used in industrial construction in North America were numerically analyzed to determine their deflection characteristics under a constant uniformly distributed load of 145 lbf/ft2 (215 Pa). The intent of these analyses was to determine the effect of joist modulus of elasticity (MOE) (mean and variability) on the deflection behavior of industrial floors (made with glue-laminated (glulam) structural members covered by plywood sheathing) and to quantify the contribution of elastomeric construction adhesives (ECA) in reducing the deflection of such systems. The joist MOE was allowed to vary in a systematic fashion between 1250 (8.62) and 3250 (22.4) ksi (MPa) in increments of 250 ksi (1.72 MPa). In addition, the joist variability (at each MOE value) varied between coefficient of variation (COV) values of 0.025 to 0.150 in increments of 0.025. One hundred-eighty floors were evaluated at each mean MOE value and COV value for the joists. MOE values for each of the eleven joists in each floor were obtained via a statistical simulation process. All other sheathing and connector properties [nail slip modulus = 25 500 lbf/in. (4466 N/mm)] remained constant. After the 180 floors were analyzed using only nailed connections between joist and sheathing, new random numbers were simulated (with the same mean and standard deviation) to produce 180 new floors for analysis with increased connection stiffness to reflect the contribution of the ECA used with the nails to attach sheathing to joists.
The results indicated that ECA used with nails contributes positively to floor system stiffness. The magnitude of the contribution of ECA to reducing floor deflection under uniformly distributed loads was dependent in large part on the mean stiffness of the floor joists and to a much lesser extent on the COV of the joists. For joists of lower stiffness, the contribution of ECA had a more pronounced effect on mitigating the floor deflections. Reductions of nearly 6.3% were realized when the mean joist MOE was 1250 ksi. For floors made with stiffer joists (mean MOE = 3250 ksi), floor deflections were reduced by only about 3.3% when adhesive was used. The presence of ECA between joist and sheathing did not have much effect on reducing the variability of floor behavior. When components were connected only with nails, the COV of floor deflections varied between 0.01 and 0.09. When ECA were incorporated into the assembly, the COV of floor deflections had very much the same range.
It can be concluded that the presence of ECA can reduce the deflection of this particular industrial floor configuration by approximately 3.0 to 6.3% depending on joist stiffness.