bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A NOVEL PCR ASSAY FOR LISTERIA WELSHIMERI TARGETING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR GENE LWE1801
Authors: LIU DONGYOU , LAWRENCE MARK L. , AINSWORTH A. JERALD 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT Transcriptional regulator genes encode a group of specialized molecules that play essential roles in microbial responses to changing external conditions. These genes have been shown to possess species or group specificity and are useful as detection targets for diagnostic application. The present study examined transcriptional regulator genes from a nonpathogenic species Listeria welshimeri that often causes difficulty in the laboratory diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes‐related foodborne disease. The comparison of transcriptional regulator gene sequences from L. welshimeri Special Listeria Culture Collection 5334 genome with other microbial genes at GenBank led to the identification of lwe1801. The application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers derived from lwe1801 enabled the amplification of a specific band of 510 bp from the DNA of L. welshimeri only and not from that of other Listeria and common bacterial species. Given its unique presence in L. welshimeri, the transcriptional regulator gene lwe1801 constitutes a novel molecular marker for species‐specific confirmation of this bacterium.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe Listeria species are closely related bacteria demonstrating significant morphologic, biochemical and ecologic resemblances. The ability to accurately distinguish nonpathogenic Listeria species, such as Listeria welshimeri, from pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes in a timely manner is critical for the control of human listeriosis. The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers from the transcriptional regulator gene lwe1801 offers a rapid, specific and sensitive means to identify L. welshimeri. Further analysis of the lwe1801 and its translated protein will reveal new insights on the molecular regulation of L. welshimeri survival and adaptation to its niche environment.
CONSUMER PERCEPTION OF WHEY AND SOY PROTEIN IN MEAL REPLACEMENT PRODUCTS
Authors: CHILDS JESSICA L. , THOMPSON JACOB L. , LILLARD JOHN S. , BERRY TRISTAN K. , DRAKE MARYANNE 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT Meal replacement products including protein bars, shakes and powdered drinks have increased in demand and sales. The objective of this study was to assess the consumer perception of protein content and type and product claims for meal replacement beverages and bars. The impact of exercise frequency on product perception was also investigated. Focus groups were conducted with exercisers and nonexercisers. An adaptive conjoint analysis survey was subsequently developed and conducted (n = 138 consumers, ages 18–35 years). Relative importance of product attributes was determined through a realistic trade‐off scenario. Utility scores were extracted and rescaled by the zero‐centered differences method, and two‐way analysis of variance was conducted to identify the differences between exercise frequency and product attributes. Both groups preferred bars to beverages, and no clear preferences were observed for protein type, which was consistent with focus group results of low knowledge/understanding of specific proteins. All respondents valued the products with low‐fat/fat‐free, calcium, all‐natural, protein, vitamin/mineral, heart health and muscle‐building claims. Exercisers viewed muscle‐building claims as more important than nonexercisers. Nonexercisers viewed heart health, calcium and vitamin/mineral claims as more important than exercisers. Three distinct consumer clusters were identified, and both exercise groups were found in all three clusters, although exercise frequency influenced membership in two of the three clusters (P < 0.05). These findings can be used to develop and market meal replacement products to specific consumer groups while leveraging their specific and unique needs.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConjoint analysis provides a useful model of how consumers think during the purchase process and an understanding of the motivation for purchase through the testing of possible claims or product attributes. By applying this method to the purchase process of meal replacement bars and beverages, those in the field of development of these products can benefit from this information by being able to understand the motivation for purchase by the targeted consumer.
SENSORY STABILITY OF CONCORD AND ISABEL CONCENTRATED GRAPE JUICES DURING STORAGE
Authors: GOLLÜCKE ANDRÉA PITTELLI BOIAGO , DE SOUZA JANE CRISTINA , DE QUEIROZ TAVARES DÉBORA 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT The study evaluated the sensory characteristics and phenolic contents of concentrated red grape juice of two cultivars (Concord and Isabel), over 8 months of storage. To approach the sensory aspects, modified descriptive analysis was used. Total phenols were quantified by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay and catechins ([+]‐catechin and [−]‐epicatechin) by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. The results showed fairly stable sensory behavior of both grape juices with a higher stability of Concord. Total phenols of Concord and Isabel juices depicted retention of 93 and 88%, respectively, and total catechins of 60 and 85%, respectively. Concord concentrated juice was more stable to storage with sensory characteristics of astringency, bitterness and higher color intensity, while Isabel juice was characterized by sweetness and juice flavor. Concentrated juices, under the investigated storage conditions were capable of maintaining sensory standards.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSensory aspects of phenolic‐rich beverages such as wine and grape juice are greatly impaired by storage conditions. Color, for instance, is an aspect of great importance to producers for it impacts perceived quality by consumers. This study demonstrates that proper storage of grape juice is capable of preserving sensory characteristics. Moreover, cultivar differences of the same fruit species affect the sensory stability of juices. In practical terms, the use of blends may be useful for commercial grape juice producers for an optimal product that combines high quality taste and stability.
Severn Barrage tidal power project: implications for carbon emissions
Authors: Woollcombe‐Adams Charlie , Watson Michael , Shaw Tom 
Published: June 2008

AbstractUK Government encouragement of the Severn Barrage project has regard for the fact that this is by far the largest single source of renewable energy available to the United Kingdom. A major concern for all forms of electricity generation is their effects of carbon emissions and, as a result which is now generally recognised, on global warming. The present paper makes use of published sources of carbon emissions data to estimate the carbon content of each of the operations required to produce, transport, construct, operate and decommission this barrage if it is located and designed as set out in 1989. The approach adopted here is based on estimating the ratio of the life‐cycle carbon emissions demand of the scheme (gCO2) relative to its energy output (kW) over an assumed lifetime, this to include expected plant replacements over that period.
Institutional Review Board Approaches to the Incidental Findings Problem
Authors: Keane Moira A. 
Published: June 2008

With rapidly expanding technological capacity, research has outpaced the existing infrastructure of ethical and regulatory guidance. In the area of incidental findings (IFs), this is particularly true.The regulations under which most Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) operate were established over 25 years ago and have not been substantially altered in the intervening years. The technology available today that creates the opportunity for IFs was not conceived of, or considered, in the crafting of those regulations. Therefore, little guidance can be derived directly from these regulations. Rather, aspects of existing ethical guidance and regulations can be adapted to assist IRBs and researchers in dealing with issues surrounding IFs.
Assessing Mandatory HPV Vaccination: Who Should Call the Shots?
Authors: Javitt Gail , Berkowitz Deena , Gostin Lawrence O. 
Published: June 2008

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. In the United States, more than six million people are infected each year. Although most HPV infections are benign, two strains of HPV cause 70 percent of cervical cancer cases. Two other strains of HPV are associated with 90 percent of genital warts cases.In June 2006, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against HPV. Sold as Gardasil, the quadrivalent vaccine is intended to prevent four strains of HPV associated with cervical cancer, precancerous genital lesions, and genital warts. Following FDA approval, the national Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine vaccination for girls ages 11-12 with three doses of quadrivalent HPV vaccine. Thereafter, state legislatures around the country engaged in an intense effort to pass laws mandating vaccination of young girls against HPV. This activity was spurred in part by an intense lobbying campaign by Merck, the manufacturer of the vaccine.
The 2007 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Nervous System: Controversies in Surgical Neuropathology
Authors: Scheithauer Bernd W. , Fuller Greg N. , VandenBerg Scott R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractControversy surrounds the recent 2007 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Nervous System. A number of nosologic issues remain to be resolved, some a reflection of conceptual disagreement, others the result of inadequate data to permit their definitive resolution. Among these and discussed herein are (i) the nosologic place of highly anaplastic oligoastrocytic tumors, (ii) the forms and significance of microvascular changes in high‐grade gliomas, (iii) the makeup of the glioneuronal tumors category, (iv) the subclassification of pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate type, and (v) the classification of principle forms of mesenchymal neoplasms, specifically hemangiopericytoma and solitary fibrous tumor. These issues and others are the substance of this and an upcoming companion article.
The Occurrence of Dental Pain and Extractions over a 3‐Year Period in a Cohort of Children Aged 3‐6 Years
Authors: Tickle M. , Blinkhorn A. S. , Milsom K. M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objectives: To describe the occurrence of dental pain and extractions in young children in relation to the caries and restoration history of their primary molar teeth. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 739 children aged 2.8 to 6.2 years attending 50 dental practices in the North West of England followed for 3 years. Incidence rates for pain and extraction in primary molar teeth were calculated for children with and without dental caries. Tooth years at risk of extraction or pain were calculated for each primary molar according to whether they were caries‐free, carious and unrestored, or restored. Results: A total of 119 (16.1 percent) children had caries at recruitment and 157 developed caries during follow‐up. Each year approximately one in five children with caries, but only one in 100, who was caries‐free, presented with dental pain. In the whole population, each year, approximately one in 40 children had a primary molar tooth extracted but in children with caries it was one in 10. In the total cohort, incidence of pain was higher in unrestored carious teeth than restored, but incidence of extraction was higher in restored than in unrestored teeth. Conclusion: The majority of children attending general dental practice remained caries‐free and did not experience pain or extraction over 3 years. Children with caries had a substantial risk of developing pain or having an extraction. The study was unable to demonstrate that restoring carious primary molar teeth prevents pain and extraction.
Time Absent from School due to Dental Conditions and Dental Care in Thai Schoolchildren
Authors: Pongpichit B. , Sheiham A. , Pikhart H. , Tsakos G. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objectives: To assess the number of school hours missed for dental reasons per 1,000 grade 5 primary school children in 1 school year and compare dentally related school absences with those related to medical and social reasons. Methods: A longitudinal study using a multistage sampling technique was carried out on a sample of 1,211 children attending schools in Lampang province, Thailand. Data on absence were collected from daily school attendance records for 1 year and from children and parents questionnaires and school dental clinic records. Clinical examinations were done using the World Health Organization criteria. Results: A total of 1,158 children (response rate: 95.7 percent) aged 9 to 13 years were examined and returned completed questionnaires. Their caries level was relatively low (DMFT 1.4 ± 1.7). The children (22.5 percent) reported school absence for any dental reason. The mean number of hours of school absence per year for dental care was 434 hours per 1,000 children (613 hours per 1,000 children when dental screening was included). Among those who actually missed school for dental reasons, the numbers of hours missed were 1,923 hours per 1,000 children. Conclusions: The level of school absence for dental‐related conditions and care was low per child but cumulatively was considerable. The time missed because of dental reasons was substantially less than the time missed because of other health and social reasons.
Pilot Study of Rapid Caries Treatment Needs Screening – A Brief Communication
Authors: Sgan‐Cohen Harold D. , Livny Alon , Yavnai Nirit , Fichtenholz Roberto 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate a newly developed screening method for caries‐related treatment needs. Methods: The Rapid Caries Treatment Needs Screening (RCTNS) Index includes five ordinal nominal scores. Comparisons with conventional examinations were conducted among 565 young Israeli adults (aged 23 ± 5.3 years) by the same dentist. Results: According to conventional examination, 79.5 percent demonstrated caries‐related treatment needs as compared to 54.9 percent according to RCTNS. The sensitivity of RCTNS was 68.1 percent; specificity was 96.5 percent; positive predictive value was 98.7 percent; and negative predictive value was 43.9 percent. The calculated percentage of explained variance (R2) of the conventional examination results according to RCTNS was 55.6 percent. Conclusions: The data reveal the relevance of a rapid visual screening method for caries‐related treatment needs. This is a pilot study that demands further methodological refinement. Preliminary results revealed a potential, which should be further investigated.
Children's School Performance: Impact of General and Oral Health
Authors: Blumenshine Stephanie L. , Vann William F. , Gizlice Ziya , Lee Jessica Y. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine: a) the sociodemographic and health factors associated with poor school performance among North Carolina children; and b) the impact of poor oral health status on school performance while controlling for other health and sociodemographic factors. Methods: We used data from the 2005 Child Health Assessment and Monitoring Program, a follow‐back telephone survey to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System involving parents/guardians of children 0 to 17. This project includes sections on oral health and school performance. Our principal outcome variable was school performance and our major explanatory variable was children's oral health status, based upon parental report. Results: Our sample consisted of 2,871 school children, weighted to reflect the North Carolina census. Bivariate analysis revealed that sex, race, parental education, low socioeconomic status, poor general health, poor oral health, and the interaction of poor oral health and general health were significantly related to school performance (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis demonstrates the effects of poor oral health and general health on school performance. Children with both poor oral health and general health were 2.3 times more likely to report poor school performance. Children with either poor oral health or general health were only 1.4 times more likely to report poor school performance. Conclusions: Our results show that children who have both poor oral health and general health are more likely to have poor school performance. Our findings suggest that the improvement of children's oral health may be a vehicle to improve their educational experience.
Evaluation of the ADVIA 120 for analysis of canine cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Ruotsalo Kristiina , Poma Roberto , Da Costa Ronaldo C. , Bienzle Dorothee 
Published: June 2008

Background: Conventional techniques for canine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis require large sample volumes and are labor intensive and subject to operator variability.Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ADVIA120 CSF assay for analysis of canine CSF samples.Methods: CSF samples collected from 36 healthy control dogs and 17 dogs with neurologic disease were processed in parallel using the automated assay and established manual methods using a hemocytometer and cytocentrifugation. Results for WBC (total nucleated cell) count, RBC count, and differential nucleated cell percentages were compared using Spearman rank correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman bias plots.Results: Correlation coefficients for WBC and RBC counts were 0.57 and 0.83 for controls, and 0.92 and 0.94 for ill dogs, respectively. Coefficients for the percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes were 0.53, 0.26, and 0.12 for controls and 0.77, 0.92, and 0.70 for dogs with neurologic disease. When data were combined (n=53), correlation coefficients were 0.86 and 0.91 for WBC and RBC counts, and 0.63, 0.43, and 0.30 for neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte percentages. A 9.5% positive bias and 7.0% negative bias were obtained for the ADVIA 120 CSF assay for lymphocytes and macrophages in dogs with neurologic disease with Bland‐Altman analysis. A 12.2% positive bias was found for lymphocyte percentage in dogs with neurologic disease.Conclusions: Manual and automated CSF assays had moderate to excellent correlation for WBC and RBC concentrations, but results were more variable for differential cell percentages. The ADVIA assay may be more useful for assessment of canine CSF with adjustment of cell differentiation algorithms.
A case‐controlled retrospective study of the causes and implications of moderate to severe leukocytosis in dogs in South Africa
Authors: Weltan Sandra M. , Leisewitz Andrew L. , Goddard Amelia 
Published: June 2008

Background:Previous studies showed that dogs with extreme leukocytosis had specific types of diseases, long hospitalization times, and high mortality rates.Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine whether dogs with moderate to severe leukocytosis are likely to have similar results compared with age‐matched control dogs.Methods:Records at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, were examined retrospectively from dogs with ≥35 × 109 WBC/L (Leukocytosis Group) and dogs with ≤30 × 109 WBC/L and ≤0.5 × 109band neutrophils/L (Control Group). Hematologic and serum protein data, final diagnosis, and effect of glucocorticoid treatment were compared between groups.Results:One hundred eighty‐two dogs were included in the Leukocytosis Group and 179 in the Control Group. Compared with dogs in the Control Group, significantly more dogs in the Leukocytosis Group had infections, babesiosis, immune‐mediated hematologic disease, and necrosis. Hospitalization time and neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts were significantly higher and HCT, eosinophil count, platelet count, and serum albumin concentration were lower in dogs in the Leukocytosis Group (P<.0001). There was no difference in leukocyte counts between glucocorticoid‐treated and non‐glucocorticoid‐treated dogs. Survival did not differ between Leukocytosis and Control Groups; however, a significant relationship was found between total neutrophil (mature+band) count and survival (P=.01).Conclusions:Dogs with leukocytosis of ≥35 × 109/L are more likely to have bacterial and fungal infections, complicated babesiosis, immune‐mediated hematologic disease, and necrosis. The total neutrophil count has a significant impact on outcome.
Evaluation of three methods for measurement of hemoglobin and calculated hemoglobin parameters with the ADVIA 2120 and ADVIA 120 in dogs, cats, and horses
Authors: Bauer Natali , Moritz Andreas 
Published: June 2008

Background: Besides flow cytometric detection of cellular hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, the ADVIA 2120 uses a novel cyanide‐free colorimetric method to determine extracellular total HGB concentration. In human samples, the results are equivalent to those of the cyanmethemoglobin method on the ADVIA 120. Cyanide‐free HGB measurement has not been evaluated in animal samples.Objectives: The aim of this prospective study was to compare the 3 methods of HGB analysis on the ADVIA 2120 and ADVIA 120 in blood samples from dogs, cats, and horses.Methods: Consecutive fresh K3EDTA blood samples from 119 dogs, 113 cats, and 151 horses submitted to the Central Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus‐Liebig University Giessen, were included. A CBC was performed on each sample using the ADVIA 2120 and ADVIA 120. Colorimetric and cellular HGB concentrations and all calculated variables based on HGB measurement were compared using linear regression, Passing Bablok regression, and Bland Altman plots, using the ADVIA 120 as the reference methodResults: In samples from all species, an excellent correlation was found for colorimetric HGB results (r=0.99). HGB measured with the cyanide‐free method was overestimated on the ADVIA 2120 compared with the cyanide‐based method on the ADVIA 120, with a mean proportional bias of −21.0% (dog), −22.0% (cat), and −19.4% (horse). The correlation of cellular HGB concentration between analyzers was excellent (r=0.99); however, imprecision was higher than for colorimetric methods. Excellent to fair agreement was found for all calculated variables.Conclusion: The cyanide‐free method of HGB determination is appropriate for use in blood samples from animals, provided the proportional bias is considered.