bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecology, Complex Systems, and Sociology
Authors: Bliemel Martin , O’Connor Allan , Daniel Lisa , de Klerk Saskia , Scheepers Margarietha de Villiers , Miles Morgan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter aims to provide researchers and policymakers with a pragmatic understanding of three different approaches to entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) research. In particular, we aim to inform theoretical framework selection for researchers and policymakers who share an interest in the cultivation, enrichment, and evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems. To do so, we illuminate three perspectives of entrepreneurial ecosystems and provide guidance on the theoretical frameworks and methods in their research application. Each of the three frameworks encapsulates a particular ecosystem epistemology (biological ecologies, complex adaptive systems, and community capitals). These frameworks converge regarding their emphasis on diversity among ecosystem elements and their inter-relationships, and situatedness within multilevel contexts. A methodological commonality here is the use of qualitative grassroots approaches to assessing entrepreneurial ecosystems. To illustrate the similarities and differences in frameworks and their associated epistemologies and methods, we discuss how these vary in research application. Selecting a framework has implications for research methods and thus also what types of insights can be gained, such as on how EEs can be designed, shaped, or governed.
Conceptualizing Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Resilience
Authors: O’Connor Allan , Hallak Rob , Soosay Claudine , Mandrell Joe 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
An entrepreneurial ecosystem reflects a dynamic network of interdependent entities each interacting to create and exchange value for communities. In this context we adopt a regional view to group micro, small, and family-based enterprises working within a regionally defined geographic boundary. This we refer to as a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem (REE), and we propose a distinctive school of thought that considers ecosystems-as-regions. This chapter presents a synthesis of the themes in the academic literature to conceptualize the concept of REE resilience and governance by connecting as critical elements four broad factors: internal business factors, external relational factors, diversity, and government. Our aim is to examine how the process of regional governance can be conceived to influence REE resilience as enterprises recover, adapt, or transform their business, and consequently the region, as they confront crisis events. From this perspective, future research is proposed.
Behavioural Profiling and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Huggins Robert , Zhao Yuxi , Thompson Piers 
Published: March 2024

AbstractRecent surveys of research concentrating on entrepreneurial ecosystems have noted that while studies provide an insight into the conditions that have generated entrepreneurial activities in cities and regions, they have largely focused on high-tech start-ups. This is a reflection of the fact that many studies focus attention on the most successful global cities and regions. However, different contexts may alter the nature of not only how entrepreneurial ecosystems operate, but also the outputs they produce. This chapter concentrates on deprived areas in the UK and considers whether differences may be apparent in those that are drawn into entrepreneurship, in terms of their personalities, in these different areas. The chapter proposes that such differences may not just be apparent, but may be appropriate given the underlying conditions in such areas. An exploratory analysis identifies two types of entrepreneur: Networked Risk-Taking Entrepreneurs (NRT Entrepreneurs) and Self-Reliant Cautious Entrepreneurs (SRC Entrepreneurs). In areas with greater deprivation it is found that the proportion of entrepreneurs classed as SRC Entrepreneurs is greater, which fits with the argument that where material, social, and cultural attributes are less supportive of high-growth technology-based entrepreneurship, a more cautious form of entrepreneurship may be complementary. This suggests that policy looking to support entrepreneurship in these areas needs to consider to what extent copying and pasting from more successful entrepreneurial ecosystems’ approaches will not only be unsuccessful, but may be harmful when trying to impose interventions that are inconsistent with the overall entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem versus Regional Innovation System
Authors: Qian Haifeng , Fu Wenying 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the lack of direct comparisons between entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) and regional innovation systems (RISs) in the literature. Both of these systems approaches highlight a favourable regional environment for business growth but they have rarely been juxtaposed by EE scholars. We first review the EE and RIS conceptual frameworks through a comparative lens and summarize their distinguishable elements. As an application of the conceptual distinctions between EEs and RISs, we examine whether the top twenty-five most innovative Chinese cities are EE-driven or RIS-driven. Using the density and performance of high-tech start-up and incumbent firms as system outcomes, we identify four types of Chinese cities: (1) strong EE and strong RIS; (2) strong EE but weak RIS; (3) weak EE but strong RIS; and (4) weak EE and weak RIS. Lastly, we conduct an in-depth case study on three distinct Chinese cities: Shenzhen (an example of strong EE and strong RIS); Shanghai (an example of strong EE and weak RIS); and Dongguan (an example of weak EE and strong RIS). We analyse the EE/RIS input factors that may drive their distinct EE versus RIS outcome patterns.
Making Ecosystems Sticky
Authors: Lyons Thomas S. , Holmes Dustin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
One of the challenges of designing, building, and sustaining an entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) is how to do this in a way that is not so rigid and inflexible that it impedes the creativity and innovation it is meant to foster, yet not so loose and ill-defined that it is ultimately ineffective and short-lived. In this chapter, it is posited that this situation can be remedied by treating the ultimate market of an EE—its entrepreneurs—as one that is segmented by entrepreneurship skill level. This is made possible by a clinical assessment tool that permits the measurement of skill strengths and weaknesses and the categorization of entrepreneurs by level of skill. This, in turn, facilitates the creation of cohorts of entrepreneurs at the same skill level who can work with a coach to develop their skills. As the entrepreneurs carry out their skill development plans, the coach prepares them to take full advantage of the resources provided by the entrepreneurship support organizations (ESOs) in the EE support subsystem. In this way, entrepreneurs are connected to each other by skill level and across skill levels. Entrepreneurship support organizations are connected to each other as a team, each of which has a role to play that appropriately matches its capabilities and capacity to the skill level of the entrepreneurs it serves, which strategically links the entrepreneurs to the ESOs. The ecosystem becomes a cohesive and powerful infrastructure for developing entrepreneurs who are capable of successfully building their businesses.
Introduction
Authors: Rathgeb Philip 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter presents the puzzle of why radical right parties have had such a diverse impact on national models of capitalism and welfare in Europe and the USA. It then provides the argument in brief by focusing on the interplay of ideological and political-economic factors in shaping diverse policy choices. The next sections describe how the radical right’s policies create a set of economic ‘winners’ and ‘losers’. By pointing to the radical right’s agenda of selective status protection in favour of previously dominant social groups—i.e. threatened labour market insiders and male breadwinners—this section also discusses the role of socio-economic policies in manufacturing consent for democratic backsliding and authoritarian rule. The chapter then situates the book’s main contributions in the literatures of comparative politics, party politics, welfare state research, and comparative political economy. A final section provides an outline of the chapters guiding the reader through the book.
Policy Preferences and Impacts of Radical Right Parties in Diverse Welfare State Contexts
Authors: Rathgeb Philip 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The third chapter presents the theoretical framework. First, I argue that the radical right’s ideological core of nativism and authoritarianism translates into distinct deservingness conceptions that favour threatened labour market insiders, male breadwinners, and the elderly. Second, I argue that welfare state contexts shape the ways that radical right parties implement their deservingness conceptions in policy terms. In welfare states with conservative family relations, the radical right pushes for familialist policies (Continental and Eastern Europe). In welfare states with generous social insurance systems, the radical right defends the benefit entitlements of labour market insiders with long contribution records and excludes non-citizens from welfare entitlements (Continental and Northern Europe). The nativist mirror image of welfare chauvinism may be economic nationalism in welfare states dependent on foreign direct investment (Eastern Europe). In the absence of these welfare state features, trade protection becomes a functional equivalent of social protection (USA).
Familialist Protection and Economic Nationalism in the Visegrád Region
Authors: Rathgeb Philip 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how the Orbán cabinet has prioritized familialism in welfare state reform alongside selective economic nationalism in economic policy reform. Unlike in Western Europe, the Fidesz–KDNP government’s nativist ideology has not translated into welfare chauvinist legislation due to the absence of high immigration rates and generous welfare benefits for non-citizens, whereas fiscal strains put constraints on the expansion of early retirement arrangements for ‘deserving’ labour market insiders. It could, however, capitalize on culturally conservative attitudes and recast the ‘refugee crisis’ in a demographic light, which helped to generate widespread support for a pro-natalist and conservative family policy. Taken together, the Orbán cabinet aimed to restore domestic policymaking autonomy in Hungary’s foreign direct investment (FDI)-led growth model and cater to the one social unit deemed essential for the nationalist cause of resisting demographic decline and upholding traditional gender norms, which is the ‘productive Magyar family’, defined as white, fertile, hard-working, and heterosexual.
Sprezzatura
Authors: Ladkin Sam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Sprezzatura is a neologism from Baldesar Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier used to describe a style of effortlessness. Its genealogy, however, goes back to Quintilian and the question as to whether or not labour should be evident in artworks. This chapter asks, when does the rhetorical quality of ease become itself a laborious affectation? The genealogy of sprezzatura discloses familiar kindred terms as aspects of its contradictory identity, namely cool and camp. The chapter concludes with consideration of sprezzatura as a feature of 1950s alienation to be necessarily supplanted by more politically utopian and socially aggressive movements, as analysed by Amiri Baraka. The chapter includes readings of ‘Personism: A Manifesto’, ‘For Grace, After a Party’, ‘For James Dean’, and ‘Poem “Lana Turner Has Collapsed” amongst others.
Marvellous
Authors: Ladkin Sam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The final chapter hangs on the marvellous—meraviglia—in order to comprehend Frank O’Hara’s gift for embracing time. O’Hara’s poems are often about time whilst prosody’s persuasions change our subjective feelings for time. The first half offers an interdisciplinary reading of the ‘step’, ‘turn’, and ‘pulse’ from the collaborative poetics of George Balanchine and Igor Stravinsky as it illuminates O’Hara’s marvellous prosody. In the second half I conceptualize a mannerist sublime to account for O’Hara’s intertwining imagery of flight and falling and material changes of state. O’Hara maintains the risky indeterminacy between psychoanalytic sublimation and desublimation in his performance of selfhood and art-making, modulating a Paterian aesthetics as he embraces mortal time. Readings include ‘Ode to Joy’, ‘In Favor of One’s Time’, and ‘Having a Coke with You’, the last celebrated as exemplary of Horace’s motif, carpe diem.
Perfection and the Foundations of Wolff’s German Ethics
Authors: Rosenkoetter Timothy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Wolff’s ethics tells us to make us and our states “more perfect.” This chapter reconstructs how perfection figures in the foundations of this ethics. Contrary to a reader’s first impression, there are in fact many distinct perfection-properties, each of which is a relational property generated by substituting a “primary reason” into the schema: fitting together of the manifold with ϕ. Human-perfection is a different property from painting-perfection, a difference explained by their different primary reasons, not by the fact that humans and paintings offer different sites for the realization of properties of whatever kind. In order to know which property ought to be promoted, we need to know our primary reason. Wolff takes some primary reasons to be composed of multiple “particular reasons” that are weighted relative to one another, and there are reasons to think that our primary reason has this form. A method is presented for attaining increasingly accurate approximations of it.
Wolff, the Pursuit of Perfection, and What We Owe to Each Other
Authors: Bacin Stefano 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with an important part of how Wolff pursued the normative ambitions of his ethics in giving practical guidance with regard to specific moral issues. It first considers how Wolff’s ethics tackles duties to others, which traditionally represent a difficult issue for moral perfectionism. In this regard, the chapter argues that Wolff’s strategy combines two aspects: (a) he includes in perfection non-active aspects and (b) he operates with an agent-neutral notion of perfection, despite important passages that might suggest otherwise. It then focuses on Wolff’s treatment of duties concerning veracity and lying and shows how it follows that general strategy. Combining its two aspects, Wolff examines specific moral issues by adopting a non-welfarist notion of benefit and harm as the standard that can give guidance about practical cases.
Secunda et adversa fortuna
Authors: Rumore Paola 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter focuses on a central topic in eighteenth-century German philosophy, namely the meaning of fortune and misfortune within God’s government of the world. It also considers the role these concepts play in orienting moral actions. Since the debate is relatively wide, the chapter discusses a specific episode, namely the criticism raised by Georg Friedrich Meier in the early 1750s against a common view that goes back to Wolff’s statements in his ethical work. I will argue that their divergent opinions concerning the possibility of considering fortune and misfortune as proper means in God’s government of the world, that is, as rewards or punishments of human actions, reveal an underestimated divergence in the way they present the task and the role of philosophy. Put briefly, the chapter argues that Wolff and Meier have a different self-understanding of the Aufklärung.
Wolff and Crusius on the Duty to Love
Authors: Prunea-Bretonnet Tinca 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Crusius’s critical reception of Wolff’s German Ethics through his treatment of the duty to love in the Guide to Living Rationally. It argues that Crusius takes up central elements of the traditional doctrine of caritas ordinata and rearticulates them within a conception where not only Thomasius’s legacy but also Wolff’s views on perfection and the positive influence of the understanding on the will play a significant role. The distinction between duties of virtue and rules of prudence allows Crusius to advance a nuanced reception of Wolff’s theses on the duty to love and to reinterpret them in a prudential context. The chapter shows that, owing to the foundational and ordering function conferred to the love for God, Crusius elaborates an original theory of love in which moral love determines all duties and self-love acquires a positive meaning. Both a drive and a virtue, love thus proves to be an essential concept for Crusius’s ethical doctrine.
An Ethiopian Storyin Egypt
Authors: Cioffi Robert 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe protagonists of An Ethiopian Story spend virtually the entirety of the novel in Egypt, which in Heliodorus is under the control of the Persian Empire. The Persians affect virtually every aspect of the landscape. Throughout, the narrative emphasizes individuals’ and groups’ independence from and resistance to them. Over the course of the protagonists’ journey up the Nile, Heliodorus practices what the chapter terms an “ethnography of displacement.” On the one hand, An Ethiopian Story reflects the experiences of characters far from home, who struggle to make sense of the world they experience. On the other, Heliodorus’ displacement also works in relation to his readers’ expectations, as the journey to Ethiopia reimagines Achilles Tatius’ Egyptian landscape, systematically relocating the most amazing—and terrifying—elements of his Nile Delta to Ethiopia. Finally, the novel re-writes Egypt’s religious landscape to emphasize the role of Isis above all, an amplification of Xenophon’s own Isiac focus. The chapter thus shows how much richer our understanding of the novel becomes when read in dialogue with Egyptian sources.
The Ends of Ethiopia in Heliodorus’An Ethiopian Story
Authors: Cioffi Robert 
Published: March 2024

AbstractChapter 6 moves beyond the boundaries of the Roman and Persian Empires to Meroë, the capital of ancient Ethiopia. An Ethiopian Story concludes by looking to an Ethiopian future, based on Greek-Ethiopian cultural hybridity, a striking emphasis on maternity, and female kingship. The novel’s ending thus provides glimpses of a possible alternative to the dominant imperial powers of the eastern Mediterranean. The chapter centers on a close reading of Heliodorus’ tenth and final book, which transposes many elements of the ethnographic tradition about the Nile River Valley—human sacrifice, wondrous commodities from the East, and, perhaps most impressive of all to the novel’s internal audience of spectators, a giraffe—onto the Ethiopian capital. Strikingly, by the third and fourth centuries ce, Meroë had fallen far from the political peak it reached in the Hellenistic period, forced to send tribute to its neighbor Aksum. The juxtaposition of Meroë’s past glory with its present reality suggests the temporal contingency of empire: Meroë, like Alexandria, will also come to an end.
The Blair-Ashdown Project and Lib-Lab Politics, 1992–1999
Authors: Wager Alan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The negotiations conducted between Labour and the Liberal Democrats between 1994 and 1999—throughout New Labour’s period in opposition, and continuing into the early period of the Labour government—principally hung on the dynamic between the two party leaders, Tony Blair and Paddy Ashdown. Following Blair’s election to the Labour leadership, the possibility of Lib-Lab co-operation quickly formed a significant aspect of New Labour’s political strategy, and it is an overlooked aspect of the New Labour project. Ashdown had positioned his party closer to Labour before Blair was leader, and retained his support for an alliance long after Blair and his inner circle had stopped seeing it as a strategic priority. Ultimately, an effective informal pact achieved almost everything Blair had wanted from the co-operation, but it did little to achieve Ashdown’s hopes of a realignment of British politics.
The Formation and Continuation of the Coalition Government, 2007–2015
Authors: Wager Alan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The 2010 coalition was the first cross-party government of the post-war era. What came to be known as the ‘five days in May’ when the Cameron-Clegg government was formed have been thoroughly documented. Yet the inter-party manoeuvring in expectation of a possible hung parliament began years earlier, and the final days and weeks of the 2010 campaign became dominated by speculation around cross-party politics, leading eventually to a Conservative-Liberal-Democrat coalition. It was, though, in the five years subsequent to the formation of the Conservative coalition, with a hung parliament viewed as extremely likely next time too, that both the coalition parties had to grapple with how to frame their cross-party dealings while in electoral competition. In the end, Cameron’s slim majority—owed, in significant part, to gobbling up his coalition partners in a swathe of seats across the south of England—meant that Westminster, despite being braced for coalition politics as the ‘new normal’, saw a return to majority government.
Conclusion
Authors: Wager Alan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book demonstrates that, since 1945, politicians from Rab Butler to Tony Blair, Michael Foot to Nick Clegg, and Winston Churchill to Jeremy Corbyn have, at some stage, asked themselves the question of whether cooperation with another party is a worthwhile strategy to pursue in the British party system. Finally, we bring together the seven cases of mooted co-operation outlined in this book to draw out the key lessons and explain the institutional and strategic factors that make cross-party alliance so difficult in the Westminster system. There are two core lessons. The first is that politicians have long-term temporal horizons, and broadly speaking are driven by a desire to use cross-party politics to either defend or disrupt the institutional settlement of British politics, depending on whether their party benefits from the status quo. This second is that a nebulous, persistent, and permeating narrative about how power can and should operate in British politics determines what happens when cross-party politics is attempted.
The Draft US Federal Securities Code
Authors: Coulmas Azur 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter on the Draft US Federal Securities Code draws lessons from a US American codification project for the European discussion. This comparative analysis gives insights into challenges and points of interest for a discussion of regulating and codifying capital markets laws in the EU. It presents the historical and political background of the US codification project led by Louis Loss in the 1970s. The chapter discusses the different aspects of codification and draws conclusions for the desired effects of a code. It focuses on the regulatory tool of definitions, the relationship between public and private enforcement, and questions on legislative style.