bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BOTULINUM TOXIN IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
Authors: DUNLOP D. , PITTAR G. , DUNLOP C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAlan B. Scott selected, researched and developed Type A Botulinum toxin for clinical use in ophthalmology. This unique drug has proved invaluable for treatment of a number of conditions which are difficult to treat in ophthalmology and in a variety of other disciplines. The indications, methods and problems of its use are described and the results of treatment of 133 patients are discussed. Up to December 1986 over 13 000 patients have been treated in a multicentre international trial without significant complications.
OCULAR ABNORMALITIES IN DEAF CHILDREN: A DISCUSSION OF DEAFNESS AND RETINAL PIGMENT CHANGES
Authors: NICOLL A. M. , HOUSE P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn a survey of 78 hearing impaired children, 33% were found to have ocular abnormalities. The abnormalities were relatively minor, the most frequent being altered retinal pigmentation. Although congenital rubella infection was the most common cause of this finding the cause in others was more obscure. Possible causes for hearing loss associated with retinal pigment and other tissue changes are abnormal cilia, abnormalities in cells with similar embryological origins and genetic defects affecting pigmentation.
AMAUROSIS FUGAX: THE IMPORTANCE OF CAROTID PLAQUE MORPHOLOGY
Authors: LANGSFELD MARK , LUSBY ROBERT J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAmaurosis fugax, or transient monocular blindness, was first associated with carotid bifurcation disease in 1951. Although amaurosis fugax is often considered by vascular surgeons to be premonitory for cerebral stroke, recent studies indicate that this disease process may be more benign than previously thought.A total of 97 patients presented with amaurosis fugax to our vascular laboratory from November 1983 to January 1988. There were 81 males and 16 females, mean age 67.2 years. The common, internal and external carotid arteries were imaged in standard longitudinal and cross‐sectional views. Repeat scans were performed at six months and 12 months after the first visit, then yearly thereafter.Out study confirms the correlation between heterogeneous, complex carotid plaques and the development of amaurosis fugax. Endarterectomy can safely be performed in this group of patients, preventing further symptoms or development of stroke. We advocate duplex scanning to assess the carotid bifurcation and allow non‐invasive follow‐up of disease progression.
SPONTANEOUS ONSET OF CILIARY BLOCK GLAUCOMA IN ACUTE HYDROPS IN DOWN'S SYNDROME
Authors: McCLELLAN KATHLEEN A. , BILLSON FRANK A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA flat anterior chamber and raised intraocular pressure are unusual complications of acute hydrops. We report a case in which a patient with Down's Syndrome developed a flat anterior chamber, together with raised intraocular pressure, several weeks after the onset of acute hydrops.
ARGON LASER TRABECULOPLASTY FIVE YEARS ON
Authors: BROOKS ANNE M. V. , WEST R. H. , GILLIES W. E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe results of argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) in a series of 252 patients are presented with follow‐up of up to five years. The procedure is effective in chronic open‐angle glaucoma (COAG), ocular hypertension and pseudoexfoliative (PXF) glaucoma. Most cases were treated initially over 180° of the angle and repeat treatment of the remaining 180° usually resulted in an additional fall in IOP which was maintained at two, three and four year follow‐up with only a small number of these retreated cases having no fall on later follow‐up. ALT was not very effective in further lowering IOP in eyes with IOP controlled to a low level before treatment or in low tension glaucoma. It was effective in most of a number of miscellaneous glaucomas including pigmentary glaucoma. Apart from the immediate high rise in IOP the main complication was a late high rise in IOP which was serious in degree and appeared mainly in PXF but also in two cases of ocular hypertension. The presence of a concomitant fall in IOP in the fellow untreated eye is important and probably due to better compliance with treatment. Almost all cases required medical treatment for glaucoma which could not be ceased after ALT. ALT should be seen as an adjunct to, but not a substitute for, medical treatment.
Ida Mann—her wartime career, 1939–1949
Authors: FRACO Dorothy Potter 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIda Mann's wartime accomplishments were most remarkable. Besides her Harley Street practice and her senior appointment at Moorfields (The Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital), she prevented its closure to ophthalmic patients and chaired the Hospital Management Committee; she investigated the pathology of mustard gas keratitis and formed a Chemical Defence Research Team to study ocular effects of warfare chemicals; she was appointed Margaret Ogilvie Reader in Ophthalmology and senior surgeon to the Oxford Eye Hospital; she established the Nuffield Research Laboratory and was awarded a personal professorship, the first in ophthalmology in Britain, the first professorship given to a woman and the only one in ophthalmology by the University of Oxford. Late in the war she married a cancer research pathologist in whose laboratory she cultured a malignant tumour of the lens. Furthermore, she produced a vast number of outstanding research papers, most notably the authoritative monograph on chemical injury to the anterior segment of the eye.
Management and visual acuity results of monocular congenital cataracts and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
Authors: Scott William E. , Drummond Garry T. , Keech Ronald V. , Karr Daniel J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSixty‐two patients, 48 with a diagnosis of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) and 14 with monocular congenital cataract (MCC) are reported. Nineteen patients with a diagnosis of PHPV and all patients with MCC received surgery with attempted visual rehabilitation.Early age of surgery, prompt optical correction with contact lens and aggressive patching therapy are required for successful visual rehabilitation. Glaucoma, retinal or optic nerve pathology, surgery later than three months of age or combinations of these factors were associated with poor prognosis. Isolated microphthalmos was not correlated with poor prognosis.Binocular fixation pattern was used to monitor patching therapy. Optokinetic nystagmus, visual evoked potentials or forced preferential looking were not employed.Of the 33 patients who underwent surgery, 10 (30%) achieved good (> 20/50) visual acuity, 8 (24%) achieved fair (20/60 to 20/100) and 15 (46%) achieved poor vision.In selected patients with the diagnosis of PHPV or MCC, visual rehabilitation can be achieved.
A new method for continuous intraocular drug delivery
Authors: Ben‐Nun Joshua , Cooper Richard L. , Cringle Stephen J. , Constable Ian J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA novel device for the continuous intraocular delivery of drugs is described. The active intraocular component of the device is made from hollow haemodialysis fibres. During operation, the drug to be administered diffuses from a small extraocular reservoir to the intraocular fibres, where it passes through the semipermeable walls and into the vitreous body. The delivery of gentamicin by the device into the vitreous body of the cat is compared with direct intraocular injection techniques. Characteristics of the process of drug delivery were influenced by the geometry and design of the device. A reservoir concentration of 10 g/L gentamicin sulphate in a device with four fibres, each 5 mm long, resulted in stable vitreal gentamicin levels of 104 to 128 mg/L at 10 hours. Intravitreal injection of 0.1 ml of a 10 g/L solution of gentamicin caused localised peaks of intravitreal gentamicin concentration in the range 1180 to 3296 mg/L, before falling to 356 to 665 mg/L at 10 hours. The device provides the opportunity of a more controlled and continuous drug delivery, thus avoiding the high localised concentrations that may occur with direct injection techniques in which the required dose is delivered as a bolus. Refinement of a device of this type may result in a clinically useful method of intraocular drug delivery for drugs which present a risk of localised retinal toxicity or require repetitive administration with conventional intraocular injection techniques.
Retinopathy of prematurity: Screening and optimal use of the ophthalmologist's time
Authors: Darlow B. A. , Clemett R. S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn recent years it has been standard practice to recommend that indirect ophthalmoscopy be carried out between six and nine weeks of age in very low birthweight infants to screen for the presence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Following this recommendation we examined 85 infants over a two‐year period. Acute ROP occurred in 29 (34%), and two (2.4%) developed cicatricial disease. One‐third of infants were initially examined slightly earlier or later than the strict six to nine week limits, but all except three infants were examined between 35 and 42 weeks gestation. One infant born at 26 weeks gestation, was examined ‘too late’ in that she had stage 4 disease when first seen at 11 weeks of age. Recent information on the natural history of ROP, and confirmation of the efficacy of treatment with cryotherapy, suggested that the timing of an initial screening examination for ROP needed reassessment. From our experience and a review of the literature we recommend that infants of less than 1000 g birthweight or less than 28 weeks gestation have an initial examination at six weeks of age; for infants of 1000 to 1250 g birthweight or 28 to 30 weeks gestation examination continue to be at six to nine weeks of age; and for infants of more than 1250 g birthweight or 31 weeks gestation screening at six to nine weeks of age is only necessary if the infant has had an unstable course or prolonged oxygen requirements. Such a protocol would not place too great a burden on ophthalmological services and would direct efforts towards the group of infants most at risk of severe visual handicap.
Single‐injection peribulbar local anaesthesia —A study of fifty consecutive cases
Authors: Apel Andrew , Woodward Robyn 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPeribulbar anaesthesia is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to retrobulbar anaesthesia for local anaesthesia in intraocular surgery.The results of 50 consecutive single‐injection peribulbar anaesthetics performed by the same surgeon are reported. A description of the procedure is included. The technique produced adequate conditions for surgery in all cases. Only 4% (two cases) were considered to have inadequate akinesia five minutes after the injection and required additional injections. None of the complications described with retrobulbar and other forms of peribulbar anaesthesia were observed.The procedure is relatively easy to master. It can be performed by surgeons or anaesthetists and can be used in the in‐patient or day surgery setting. The study shows it to be a safe and reliable alternative to previously described methods of local anaesthesia.
An unusual ciliary body tumour: a haemangioblastoma
Authors: Jefferies Peter , Clemett Richard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA 23‐year‐old woman who presented with blurred vision in her right eye from increasing astigmatism had a vascular ciliary body tumour. After slow growth was documented over a 15‐month period the tumour was excised with an iridocyclectomy. Microscopically the tumour consisted of sheets of large polygonal cells with round nuclei and foamy cytoplasm, separated by numerous capillaries, findings consistent with a diagnosis of a haemangioblastoma. Haemangioblastomas occur in the retina in von Hippel's disease and this occurrence in the ciliary body is a rare event. Investigation of the patient with a CT of the head and an abdominal ultrasound revealed no systemic lesions suggestive of systemic angiomatosis or von Hippel‐Lindau disease.
A quantitative scale for the Barrett keratoscope
Authors: Lindsay P A , Morlet N 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBy allowing the surgeon to measure and modify corneal curvature during wound closure, intraoperative keratometry can reduce postoperative astigmatic errors. A number of keratometric devices have been developed over the last 10 years, each offering a compromise between cost, accuracy and ease of use. The Barrett keratoscope is a simple, inexpensive hand‐held device which gives a qualitative indication of the degree of astigmatism. Addition of a transparent overlay, as described in this paper, sets the distance at which the keratoscope is held and allows the magnitude of the astigmatism to be determined, thereby enabling refined adjustment of the suture tension during wound closure. We describe the error in estimation of astigmatism due to the effect of the distance at which the keratoscope is held from the cornea.
Spontaneous visual improvement in the presence of posterior capsule opacification
Authors: Moshegov Con , McClellan Kathleen , Pettinger Douglas 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe report a case of a patient who had reduced visual acuity due to posterior capsular opacification after extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation. Capsulotomy was not performed. Over the subsequent two years visual acuity returned spontaneously to normal.
Haemangiopericytoma of the orbit
Authors: Sullivan Timothy J , Wright John E , Wulc Allan E , Garner Alec , Moseley Ivan , Sathananthan Nik 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOrbital haemangiopericytomas are ideally managed by complete surgical excision in the first instance. This is frequently not achieved, because difficulty in making the diagnosis preoperatively results in incisional biopsy and the highly vascular nature of the tumour makes complete excision difficult. A series of 12 patients with orbital haemangiopericytoma seen over a 23‐year period is presented. The following combination of clinical and radiological features is suggestive of haemangiopericytoma.1. Painless non‐axial proptosis with downward displacement of the globe.2. Intermittent upper lid swelling.3. A soft, superiorly located mass with poorly defined borders, especially with a blue hue.4. A superiorly located, rounded or elongated extraconal mass on CT, isodense with brain, with smooth, well‐defined borders and moderate to marked enhancement with the injection of intravenous contrast medium.5. Significant blush in all three phases of carotid angiography, without prominent arteriovenous shunting.Once haemangiopericytoma is suspected, complete surgical excision is recommended.
The development of fixing and focusing behaviour in normal human infants as observed with the Otago photoscreener
Authors: Molteno A C B , Hodgkinson I J , Hewitt C J , Sanderson G F 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Otago photoscreener is an optical instrument which gives a very sensitive indication of the accuracy with which a subject's eyes are fixing and focusing. Early experience suggested that this instrument could be used effectively to screen for the presence of amblyogenic factors in pre‐verbal infants. This communication describes the development of ocular fixation and focusing in 137 normal infants who were followed at regular intervals during the first year of life. Accurate fixation and focusing was found in 13% of three‐month‐old infants, in 68% of six‐month‐old infants and in 76% of one year olds. The levels of ‘focusing’ visual acuity obtained from the photoscreen data are considerably better than the levels of cortical acuity measured by the standard behavioural and electrophysiological methods. This suggests that human infants fix and focus accurately for a considerable period before they are able to perceive all the details obtained in their retinal images.
The results of combined cataract extraction and trabeculectomy using separate incisions
Authors: FRACO WE Gillies , MD Anne MV Brooks 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA method of combined cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens and trabeculectomy using separate incisions was tested in 44 operations on 38 patients. The mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) of 28.1 ± 11.7 (range 12 to 56) mmHg on maximum medication was lowered to 13.9 ± 3.4 (9 to 23) mmHg at one year, with half the eyes still requiring topical medication. The IOP was 40 mmHg or more preoperatively in eight eyes and 20 mmHg or more in only two patients at one year. There were no rises in IOP above 20 mmHg in the early postoperative period (days 1 and 2). Visual acuity was 6/9 or better in 27 and 6/12 in three eyes. There was an expulsive haemorrhage in one case, rupture of the posterior capsule in two eyes and a choroidal detachment in one eye, but no flat anterior chambers. The two‐incision method allowed placement of an intraocular lens with good postoperative pressure control.
Histopathologic, immunophenotypic and genotypic analyses in ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Gardiner Jane A , White Valerie A , Gascoyne Randall D , Rootman Jack 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study reports on fourteen biopsies from patients presenting to our orbital and oncology service with ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferations between November 1988 to September 1991. The biopsies were studied using histologic, immunophenotypic and genotypic analyses. By histologic criteria, there were two reactive, five indeterminate and seven lymphomatous lesions. On immunophenotypic analysis, there were two monoclonal and 10 polyclonal lesions in the 12 specimens analysed. Genotypic analysis confirmed the histopathologic diagnoses for the reactive lesions by showing them to be germline. It also confirmed that both the histopathologic lymphomas and immunophenotypically monoclonal lesions were clonally rearranged. Genotypic analysis was able to separate the histologically indeterminate group into two subsets: clonally rearranged, of which there was one, and germline, of which there were four. In addition, it demonstrated that immunophenotypic polyclonality cannot always be equated with genotypic polyclonality as was the situation in four out of 10 lesions in our series. The significance of clonal arrangements in the histologically indeterminate and immunophenotypically polyclonal groups can only be determined by prospective study.
Casemix – what is it and what does it mean to ophthalmology?
Authors: Goggin Michael , Michael Robin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Australian government is committed to the establishment of a prospective payment system based on casemix information for acute hospital care in the near future, because these systems are demonstrably socially equitable and more efficient than present ‘historical’ systems. Since ophthalmology is an outpatient‐based speciality, the establishment of a good ambulatory casemix system is essential to this speciality. Considerable input from clinicians will be required to establish a satisfactory system, and to maintain it in years to come.
Detection of functional vision loss using the Ishihara plates
Authors: Bourke Robert D , Gole Glen A 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMany techniques have been described for the detection of functional visual loss. We report four cases in which Ishihara pseudo‐isochromatic colour plates gave objective evidence of functional vision loss. In all cases the patients were able to read the first test pattern (No. 12), but could not distinguish any of the following pseudo‐isochromatic numbers (plates 2–17). However, they experienced no difficulty in tracing the winding lines (plates 18–24), demonstrating that they in fact had normal colour vision.
Corneal astigmatism induced by superior versus temporal corneal incisions for extracapsular cataract extraction
Authors: Wong Hong‐Chai , Davis Garry , Delia Neil 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Purpose
: We tested the hypothesis that superior corneal sections induce a shift to ‘against‐the‐rule’ astigmatism and temporal corneal sections lead to
Methods
: We conducted a prospective randomised trial of superior versus temporal corneal incisions in extracapsular cataract surgery in a hospital practice. Thirty nine eyes of 37 patients were included. The induced astigmatism was analysed by three methods.
Results
: When analysed by Cravy's method of induced astigmatic cylinders, the superior incision induced a greater degree of ‘with‐the‐rule’ astigmatic cylinder prior to sutures removal on day 77 (P<0.049). Long term, the temporal incision produced 1.44 dioptre of ‘with‐the‐rule’ astigmatism, while the superior section produced 0.08 dioptre of ‘against‐the‐rule’ astigmatism (P<0.001).
Conclusion
: The results of this small trial indicates that the superior corneal incision produces significantly less astigmatism than the temporal incision. The temporal incision induces a moderate degree of ‘with‐the‐rule’ astigmatism.
Efficacy and side effects of botulinum toxin treatment for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm
Authors: Price Jane , O'Day Justin 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Purpose
: To analyse the effectiveness and rate of side effects of botulinum toxin treatment for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm.
Methods
: In a prospective trial, 81 patients with blepharospasm and 70 with hemifacial spasm were treated with botulinum toxin A in the neuro‐ophthalmology clinic at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne. Some 989 treatments were given and the mean follow‐up time was 28.7 months.
Results
: The duration of action was longer for patients with hemifacial spasm than for those with blepharospasm (median 12.0 weeks compared with 7.0 weeks, P<0.0001). There was no change in the duration of effect over time with repeated treatments of the same dose (F = 0.4, P > 0.05). Once an effective dosage was reached, increasing the dose further did not prolong the duration of effect. There were no systemic side effects, but there were a number of local transient side effects. The most significant side effect was ptosis, which occurred in 12% of treatments given to those patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm.
Conclusion
: Botulinum toxin is an effective treatment for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm, but there are a number of side effects, the most significant being ptosis.
Edward J Curran and pupillary obstruction
Authors: Lowe Ronald F , Eliot. TS 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Purpose
: To present the importance of the concepts of Edward J Curran in relation to primary angle‐closure glaucoma, and include a biographical sketch.
Method
: An historical method is adopted.
Results
: Curran's propositions of pupillary obstruction and its relief by peripheral iridotomy were conceded only after 30 years, and had to await laser surgery for fulfilment.
Conclusions
: Edward J Curran's name should be enshrined in the history of ophthalmology.
The ocular pathology in Leber's congenital amaurosis
Authors: Sullivan Timothy J , Heathcote J Godfrey , Brazel Sheila M , Musarella Maria A 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Purpose:
To present the ocular pathology of a three‐year‐old child with Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) who died from an unrelated episode of presumed viral meningitis.
Methods:
Autopsy was performed, and in addition the globes were harvested for pathological examination. Before the child's death, known systemic disorders with infantile retinal dystrophy were excluded.
Results:
The outer nuclear layer and photoreceptor layers are the primary site of retinal pathology in LCA.
Conclusion:
This report of the pathological findings in LCA, early in the natural history of the disease, indicates that process appears to be a degeneration rather than an agenesis.