bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labor Exploitation
Authors: Long Roderick T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Drawing on the traditions of classical liberal class theory, individualist anarchism, and contemporary left-libertarianism, this chapter defends an account of exploitation that differs from the libertarian mainstream in two ways: recognizing problematic forms of exploitation that libertarians have reason to condemn even when they do not involve violations of libertarian rights, and identifying a thoroughly pervasive incidence of morally problematic private exploitation, and in particular labor exploitation, that is indirectly enabled by rights-violating state interventions on behalf of the more affluent. Yet it also differs from libertarianism’s critics in identifying most state action, including taxation, as exploitative, and maintaining that the incidence of nominally private exploitation, and in particular of the most egregious forms of labor exploitation, would be much lower in a fully freed market than in virtually any realistically achievable system of state intervention.
Great Expectations
Authors: Mueller Anna S. , Abrutyn Seth 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the culture of excellence that permeates Poplar Grove. It explains how Poplar Grove’s reputation was deeply tied to the local public schools. According to every interview in Poplar Grove, growing up in Poplar Grove involved experiencing intense pressure to fit into the narrow box of Poplar Grove’s great expectations. The chapter then elaborates on the interplay between the cultural expectations and youth suicides, demonstrating how hard it is for youth—even those who rebel against the local perfectionist culture. It then highlights the role of the school in generating pressure on the youth, such as its culture of achievements and social comparisons.
The Stigma of Help-Seeking
Authors: Mueller Anna S. , Abrutyn Seth 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the stigma of help-seeking. In Poplar Grove, mental health stigma is a real and stalwart barrier to help-seeking. Mental health challenges are frequently seen as shameful, used as fodder for local gossip, and taken as evidence of not meeting local expectations. The chapter then explains that the difficulty in seeking help contributed to the disproportionate rate of suicide in the idyllic community of Poplar Grove. Moreover, barriers to mental health help-seeking fundamentally disrupt the effectiveness of any efforts at suicide prevention in ways that leave local youth vulnerable to suicide. The chapter also discusses how social movements are trying to address the difficulty by encouraging the normalization of mental health help-seeking.
The School’s Postvention Response
Authors: Mueller Anna S. , Abrutyn Seth 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the postvention response of Poplar Grove High School. It explains that crisis responses focused on suicide losses are often referred to as suicide “postvention” and that schools are a key site of response when the losses are among youth. Poplar Grove High School did a lot of things right during their postvention responses, but the greatest issue kids cited with the school’s response was their generalized sense of apathy from the school. The chapter then discusses ways to improve kids’s experiences during postvention as well as the efficacy of different strategies that schools’ can use.
The Psalms
Authors: Bodner Keith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Few books were composed over a longer period of time and have exercised more cultural and religious influence than the Psalms, the longest and most complex collection in the Hebrew Bible and arguably one of the most illustrious and durable texts in history. This book is an introduction to the world of the Psalms that focuses on the content and the poetic forms that are encountered in the collection, guiding the reader toward an appreciation of the purposes of the Psalms and the contribution to the Scriptures of Israel. There is also some background discussion on the development of the Psalms and an overview of the variety and genres of these poetic texts.
The Psalms in the Ancient Near East
Authors: Bodner Keith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Various ideas about the origins of the Israelite psalms are probed in chapter 2. By comparing Hebrew compositions with the religious poetry of other nations, the reader can appreciate that the psalms did not arise in a vacuum but are part of a wider cultural network and in a number of ways draw on a common fund of images for relating the human and divine spheres even while moving in distinctive directions. The Hebrew title for the book, Tehillim (Praises), is associated with the idea of a musical instrument, and the Psalms have a long-standing connection to music and performance.
Winning the War on Terror?
Authors: English Richard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a systematic overall assessment of counter-terrorism during the War on Terror. Strategic victory, in the ambitiously expressed goals of destroying al-Qaida and also international terrorism more generally, was always likely to be elusive, and so it has proved. Nevertheless, al-Qaida, ISIS, and other anti-Western terrorist groups have repeatedly been harmed, degraded, and undermined, leading to a reduction in terrorist capacity and a substantial but not complete counter-terrorist success. There have also been some major Western counter-terrorist successes, preventing attacks which would have involved loss of life. The chapter then looks at the UK’s counter-terrorism strategy, CONTEST. It also considers weaknesses in counter-terrorist narratives; the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and the mistreatment of prisoners; and the efficacy of targeted killings.
War and Peace 1969–2005
Authors: English Richard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the Northern Ireland Troubles which arose in the 1960s and which persisted into the twenty-first century. Those Troubles involved the transition from a civil rights movement, through inter-communal polarization and somewhat heavy-handed state response, into a civil war which lasted for decades and which cost nearly 4,000 lives. Anti-state terrorists such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) sought to defend their communities from loyalist attack, and to resist, subvert, and destroy a Northern Ireland polity which they considered both illegitimate and systemically unfair. Pro-state terrorists such as the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) sought to bring pressure to bear, both on their Irish nationalist neighbours and on the UK state, to prevent the ending of UK sovereignty over Northern Ireland. There was also violence from state forces in efforts to contain, combat, and thwart non-state terrorisms. The decades-long conflict was largely brought to an end through a peace process which reached its apotheosis in the 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement, but which also involved important subsequent amendments and developments in attempts to sustain peace in Northern Ireland.
George Eliot
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The girl who would become George Eliot began her professional writing life with a poem bidding farewell to all books but the Bible. How did a young Christian poet become the great realist novelist whose commitment to religious freethinking made her so iconoclastic that she could not be buried in in Westminster Abbey? Memorialized there today by a stone laid in Poets’ Corner in 1980, George Eliot wrote herself and her fellow Victorians through turbulent decades of moral and historical doubt about religious orthodoxy, alongside the unrelenting need to articulate a compelling modern faith in its place. Unafraid to confront the most difficult existential questions of her time, George Eliot wrote immensely popular novels that wrestled with problems whose hold has barely lessened in the last 150 years: the pervasiveness of human suffering and the injustice of its measures; the tension between fulfilling our ethical obligations to others and pursuing our own well-being; the impetus to act virtuously in this world without any guarantee of reward; and the need to make some “religion” in life, something beyond our own immediate, fluctuating desires. In this new account of George Eliot’s spiritual life, Blumberg reveals to us a writer who did not simply lose her faith once and for all on her way to becoming an adult but devoted the full span of her career to imagining a wide religious sensibility that could inform personal and social life. As we range among Eliot’s letters, essays, translations, poetry, and novels, we encounter a writer whose extraordinary art and intellect offer us company, still today, in the search for modern meaning.
“Harvest Time,” 1858–1859
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Still writing under her incognito, George Eliot took on the larger canvas of the novel with Adam Bede, a work that embodied Marian’s troubled hope that suffering could yield to joy, just as she had found sustained joy with Lewes. Adam Bede gave her ground to wrestle with human suffering in a world she saw as ordered by natural law alone, without the guarantee of providential reward and punishment to give suffering its value. Scriptural seed time and harvest raised ethical problems that the Calvinist Mary Ann Evans had not found troubling: George Eliot, by contrast, reached for a model of simultaneous, eternal, and universal joy and suffering. Joy would never displace suffering, not even for the most faithful Christian, because it defined human existence. Mature joy could now be refigured as love that held sorrow at its heart. Adam Bede may have challenged orthodoxies in its questions, yet it pulled toward religious resolutions.
“With Measured Wing,” 1869–1872
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the period surrounding her stepson’s death, George Eliot wrote both the long, scripturally inspired poem “The Legend of Jubal” and Middlemarch, two texts that refused to sentimentalize or redeem death by imagining a moral afterlife of personal influence. In the poem, Eliot took human mortality to be a generative consciousness, and represented death as a human fate inescapable, intensely lonely, and individuating. In Middlemarch, marriage and its demands for a transformed orientation to interpersonal relations became the lens through which Eliot considered religious faith and its necessary transformations. Yet the consequence of this overlap between marriage and religious faith was finally a far more secularized version of religion.
Evolution of Cellular Complexity
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Natural selection is expected to favor simplicity over more complex features, provided their functionality is similar, owing to the increased energetic costs and mutational vulnerability of the latter. However, many aspects of eukaryotic cell biology are overdesigned, particularly in multicellular species. Such evolution can be explained by the operation of constructive neutral evolution in populations of sufficiently small size. Under this hypothesis, the fortuitous development of weakly deleterious gene–product interactions can secondarily mask the more deleterious effects of previously forbidden mutations, thereby leading to a ratchet-like increase in complexity. The substantial expansions of the number of subunits in ribosomes and ETC complexes in eukaryotes, with no obvious increase in performance relative to prokaryotes, are potential examples of this process. Gene duplication also provides a route to the origin of evolutionary novelties, with one copy being free to evolve a new function. However, the commoner outcome of gene duplication is the partitioning of ancestral-gene subfunctions among the offspring genes by complementary degenerative mutations. Along with the development of the modular gene structure upon which it depends, this process of subfunctionalization has an elevated probability of operation in populations with reduced effective sizes. Gene duplication also provides a powerful mechanism for speciation, as it results in reassignments of gene functions to different chromosomal locations. Thus, although superficially appearing adaptive in nature, the emergence of organismal complexity, as well as the creation of reproductively isolated lineages, is often a passive outcome of non-adaptive processes that prevail in populations of sufficiently small size.
Multimerization
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Rather than operating as monomers, proteins often assemble into multimeric structures. Homomers, constructed from proteins encoded by the same gene, are about twice as frequent as heteromers, with the frequencies of types declining with increasing numbers of subunits per multimer. Mutational bias towards adhesive amino-acid residues imposes an innate tendency towards multimerization, and the binding interfaces between subunits typically involve only a few residues. This leads to a common situation where proteins are only a few mutations removed from evolutionary transitions to alternative multimeric states. Monomers can transition to dimers or trimers, and vice versa, and tetramers typically arise as dimers evolve secondary interfaces. As a consequence, orthologous proteins in different phylogenetic lineages commonly experience neutral evolutionary wandering of multimeric structures in the absence of change in gene function. Monomers with internal binding domains can also make sudden transitions to dimeric states when a deletion in the linker necessitates domain swapping between monomeric partners. There are, however, population-genetic challenges to all such transitions in diploid species, as the initial stages must involve potentially harmful interactions between alternative allelic products. In terms of numbers of subunits, the distributions of multimeric types are similar across all phylogenetic groups, indicating a minimal gradient of molecular complexity with organismal complexity. However, transitions from homomeric to heteromeric forms are more commonly observed in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes, with the subunits typically being products of sister genes arising by gene duplication.
Protein Management
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Substantial fractions of proteins in all organisms require assistance from chaperones to achieve proper folding. Chaperones have diversified substantially among phylogenetic lineages, with the level of complexity becoming particularly extreme within eukaryotes. As the energetic cost of folding is relatively cheap, this may encourage the descent of client proteins down paths of chaperone dependence by effectively neutral processes. However, while providing protective environments for protein folding, chaperones are also open to exploitation by pathogens. While chaperones might enhance the evolvability of species by hiding the deleterious effects of mutations in benign environments but releasing novel phenotypes when overwhelmed in stressful environments, multiple lines of evidence are inconsistent with this idea. Nearly all organisms also have proteasome complexes for destroying damaged or superfluous proteins. Such structures generally act in consort with systems that selectively mark proteins for destruction with polyubiquitin chains attached to specific amino-acid sequence motifs. Although such degradation systems date back to the common ancestor of all of life, they too have become particularly elaborate in eukaryotes. Finally, the functions of many proteins are further influenced by various forms of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation of target residues. The specific locations of phosphosites on protein surfaces appear free to wander over evolutionary time, conditional on the maintenance of appropriate local densities. All of these forms of protein management introduce key questions about the coevolutionary features of languages underlying intermolecular crosstalk.
Lipids and Membranes
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
All cells, and organelles within eukaryotic cells, are surrounded by bilayers of tightly packed and bioenergetically expensive lipid molecules. The component parts of lipids exhibit substantial combinatorial diversity within and among species and can be modified in response to environmental change. All eukaryotes harbor membrane-bound organelles with specialized cell functions, and although most prokaryotes do not, it is not because of a lack of capacity to do so. There is no evidence that the presence of internal membranes is a mark of evolutionary superiority, and the maintenance of such systems comes at a considerable cost. The evolution of each aspect of internal membrane systems has involved the mass modification of duplicate-gene products. Vesicle-transport systems rely on an elaborate choreography of intermolecular interactions at multiple levels to ensure the delivery of specific cargoes to proper locations. As the guardian of the genome, the nuclear envelope harbors selective pores for the exit and entry of mRNAs and proteins, introducing still another evolutionary layer of intermolecular crosstalk. Despite the essential functional roles of the nuclear envelope, genomic sequestration also facilitates the proliferation of mobile-genetic elements and the colonization of introns unique to eukaryotes. Rapid rates of evolution of nuclear-pore proteins, likely resulting from coevolutionary arms races, contribute to the origins of species-isolating barriers.
Endosymbiosis
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
All eukaryotes harbor one or more remnants of ancient bacterial-derived endosymbionts, all of which have experienced considerable reduction in genome size. The colonization of an alphaproteobacterium in the stem eukaryote ultimately became the mitochondrion, to which membrane bioenergetics were relocated from the plasma membrane of the host cell. It has been argued that this reconfiguration increased the surface area available for energy production, thereby leading to a quantum increase in the bioenergetic and evolutionary capacity of eukaryotes relative to prokaryotes. However, multiple lines of evidence suggest otherwise. The transfer of large numbers of mitochondrial genes to the nuclear genome had numerous consequences for genome evolution. Owing to the lack of recombination, the few remaining genes within mitochondrial genomes experience alterations in the population-genetic environment that facilitate the fixation of deleterious mutations, driving the coevolutionary establishment of compensatory mutations in interacting nuclear encoded genes. The younger plastid, derived from a cyanobacterium, brought photosynthesis into the eukaryotic domain, which then spread to multiple lineages by horizontal transfer and secondary endosymbiosis. There are many additional examples of intracellular inhabitants gaining footholds within unicellular eukaryotes, although the advantages of such consortia to the host cell are generally unknown, and in many cases may not exist.
Two Explananda for a Theory of Multiples
Authors: Davies David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Two putative explananda for an ontology of multiple artworks are critically discussed—perceivability and creatability—and their bearing on the tenability of the type-token theory is assessed. Dodd claims that the type-token theory can unproblematically account for the audibility of musical works: the work itself, as type, is audible ‘indirectly’ or ‘derivatively’ when one hears its tokens. He claims that only the type-token theory can unproblematically explain work perceivability. This is disputed and it is argued that Dodd can only hold that audibility is predicable of musical works analogically, an explanation open to other ontological views. Predelli’s critique of the appeal to analogical predication in such contexts, and his alternative ‘generics’ account of ascriptions of audible properties to musical works, are also examined. Levinson argues that an ontology of performable musical works must account for their creatability and that ‘pure’ types of the sort proposed by Dodd are not creatable. He proposes that musical works be regarded as ‘initiated’ types partly constituted by the creative acts of a composer. Critics have responded that the ‘evidence’ for the creatability of musical works is inconclusive, and that such works are actually ‘creatively discovered’. Dodd further maintains that Levinson’s argument for the creatability of ‘initiated types’ rests on an incorrect account of the existence conditions for types. Once we correct this error, he claims, Levinson’s indicated structures are no more creatable than pure structures. These debates are critically assessed.
Two Further Explananda
Authors: Davies David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Two further purported explananda for an ontology of musical works proposed by Levinson are outlined and assessed: (a) ‘fine individuation’, whereby works are individuated partly by reference to the musico-historical contexts of their composition; and (b) ‘performance means’, whereby specific means of performance or sound production are integral to at least some musical works. The chapter first outlines arguments for contextualism more generally in the visual arts and in literature. It then presents Levinson’s thought experiments involving hypothetical pairs of works that are identical as pure structures but differ as initiated structures. It also sets out the arguments for ‘performance means’ and assesses some pure structuralist responses to both of Levinson’s claims. It then critically examines Dodd’s responses to Levinson’s arguments. He relies in part upon strategies used to counter contextualist arguments more generally. But he also tries to defuse the resource upon which contextualists usually rely in parrying such strategies. They appeal to the ways things are treated in our artistic and critical practices. Dodd rejects such appeals, given the constraints that mature philosophical theory imposes upon our ordinary ways of thinking. He appeals here both to arguments for the type-token theory and to arguments for a ‘moderate empiricist’ view of musical appreciation. He claims that musical works are norm-kinds individuated by reference to the timbral sonic properties required in their proper instances. This entails that contextualist and instrumentalist factors cannot play any role in the individuation of musical works. Dodd’s response to some difficult cases is considered.