bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of speech‐pathology and audiology students concerning death and dying: a preliminary study
Authors: Rivers Kenyatta O. , Perkins Rosalie A. , Carson Cecyle P. 
Published: May 2008

Background: Formal training in dealing with death and dying issues is not a standard content area in communication sciences and disorders programmes' curricula. At the same time, it cannot be presumed that pre‐professional students' personal background equips them to deal with these issues.Aim: To investigate the perceptions of pre‐professional speech–language pathology and audiology students' need for formal training in death and dying issues.Methods & Procedures: Participants were 230 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in communication sciences and disorders courses in a southern, metropolitan university, in the USA. A questionnaire developed by the researchers was given. Post‐hoc analyses were conducted.Outcomes & Results: Results indicated that participants desired training in the area of death and dying before entering the professional world, even though they rated themselves to be fairly knowledgeable about the topic. Preferred methods for acquiring knowledge about death and dying were personal and professional experiences, followed by consulting professional resources, classroom instruction, and talking to professionals who are familiar with death and dying.Conclusions: Education in death and dying is needed by pre‐professional, speech–language pathology and audiology students who appear to be at risk for professional obstacles and emotional trauma from the death of their patients.
Higher immunoglobulin E antibody levels to recombinant Fel d 1 in cat‐allergic children with asthma compared with rhinoconjunctivitis
Authors: Grönlund H. , Adédoyin J. , Reininger R. , Varga E.‐M. , Zach M. , Fredriksson M. , Kronqvist M. , Szepfalusi Z. , Spitzauer S. , Grönneberg R. , Valenta R. , Hedlin G. , Van Hage M. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryBackground
Current diagnosis of allergy and asthma to cat is confirmed using cat dander extract (CDE). We have previously engineered a recombinant major cat allergen, rFel d 1, with properties identical to the natural molecule.Objective
The aim of the study was to evaluate IgE and IgG4 antibodies to rFel d 1 among sera from cat‐allergic children and adults suffering from asthma and/or rhinoconjunctivitis (RC) in populations from Sweden and Austria.Methods
Cat‐allergic children and adults from Sweden (n=27 and 31, respectively) and Austria (n=41 and 41) with RC and/or asthma were selected. Sera were tested for IgE and IgG4 antibodies to CDE and rFel d 1 by CAP, and IgE to rFel d 1 by ELISA. Healthy subjects and non‐cat‐allergic patients (n=75) were included as controls.Results
There was a high correlation between IgE responses to rFel d 1 and CDE among the 140 patients (rs=0.85, P<0.001); however, measured levels to rFel d 1 were on average 30% higher (P<0.0001). Ninety‐eight percent of patients and none of the controls showed IgE to rFel d 1 and there was a threefold increased risk of asthma for half of the children with the highest IgE levels [odds ratio 3.23; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–8.79] by ELISA. IgE responses to rFel d 1 among children with asthma were higher (median 19.4 kU/L) compared with children with RC (median 6.6 kU/L, P<0.05) and adults with asthma (median 3.0 kU/L, P<0.01). Furthermore, children with asthma displayed higher IgG4 levels than the asthmatic adults.Conclusion
A single recombinant molecule, rFel d 1, is at least as sensitive for in vitro diagnostics of cat allergy as the current extract‐based test. Elevated IgE antibody levels to Fel d 1 are suggested to be a risk factor for asthma in cat‐allergic children.
Decreased hepatic RBP4 secretion is correlated with reduced hepatic glucose production but is not associated with insulin resistance in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Bahr Matthias J. , Boeker Klaus H. W. , Manns Michael P. , Tietge Uwe J. F. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryObjective  Patients with liver cirrhosis have a high incidence of insulin resistance and diabetes. This study was designed to determine circulating levels and hepatic production of retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4) in relation to parameters of hepatic and systemic metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis.Design and method  Circulating RBP4 levels were measured in 19 patients with liver cirrhosis at different clinical stages of the disease and in 20 age‐, sex‐ and body mass index (BMI)‐matched controls. Hepatic production rates of RBP4 and glucose were assessed by measuring the arterial hepatic venous concentration difference together with hepatic blood flow. Insulin resistance was determined by the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).Results  Compared with controls, RBP4 levels in cirrhosis were decreased (8·1 ± 1·8 vs. 22·6 ± 2·4 mg/l, P < 0·001) due to decreased hepatic production (P < 0·05). RBP4 correlated with hepatic protein synthesis capacity (P < 0·01), but not with insulin resistance, energy expenditure, BMI or body fat mass. Plasma RBP4 correlated with hepatic glucose production (P < 0·05).Conclusions  These data demonstrate that RBP4 in cirrhosis (i) is decreased due to reduced hepatic production, (ii) is not associated with insulin resistance, and (iii) might have a beneficial role by decreasing hepatic glucose production and could thus also be regarded as a hepatokine.
Thyroglobulin measurement in fine‐needle aspirate washouts: the criteria for neck node dissection for patients with thyroid cancer
Authors: Kim Min Jung , Kim Eun‐Kyung , Kim Byung Moon , Kwak Jin Young , Lee Eun Jig , Park Cheong Soo , Cheong Woong Youn , Nam Ki Hyun 
Published: May 2008

SummaryBackground  Several studies report that detection of thyroglobulin (Tg) in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy washout fluid from lymph nodes identifies recurrences/metastases of differentiated papillary thyroid cancer (DPTC) in the neck with higher sensitivity and specificity than fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). However, the diagnostic FNA‐Tg cutoff values have not yet been established.Objective  To determine an appropriate diagnostic threshold value for Tg levels in FNA washout fluid in patients with neck node metastases or recurrences of DPTC.Design  We performed ultrasound (US)‐guided FNAC and measured Tg levels in FNA washout fluid (FNA‐Tg). Final diagnoses were confirmed by histological examination of excised specimens or by follow‐up examinations for at least 24 months.Patients  A total of 168 ultrasonographically detected lymph nodes from 168 patients with DPTC were included.Measurements  In comparison with FNAC, we evaluated diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of metastasis detection according to several predetermined threshold levels: 1, 10, 100 ng/ml, mean+2SD of node‐negative patients, and FNA‐Tg/serum‐Tg > 1.Results  The diagnostic sensitivity was lowest at 77·3% for FNAC alone. The lower FNA‐Tg threshold levels showed higher diagnostic sensitivity whereas the higher FNA‐Tg showed higher specificity. In addition to the FNAC results, FNA‐Tg levels showed 95·0% sensitivity, 81·6% specificity, 92·6% in positive predictive value (PPV) and 87·0% in negative predictive value (NPV) with the threshold of FNA‐Tg level at 10 ng/ml, serum‐Tg or mean+2SD of FNA‐Tg measured in node‐negative patients. The diagnostic accuracy of FNA‐Tg was higher in neck node recurrences after thyroid surgery than in the metastasis of patients waiting for surgery.Conclusion  FNA‐Tg measurement as well as FNAC should be performed either before or after surgery to evaluate neck node metastases or recurrences in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas. We recommend that the threshold values for FNA‐Tg levels should be > 10 ng/ml if the serum‐Tg level or the mean+2SD in node‐negative patients is not available for reference.
The effectiveness of mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium hydroxide and formocresol for pulpotomies in primary teeth
Authors: Moretti A. B. S. , Sakai V. T. , Oliveira T. M. , Fornetti A. P. C. , Santos C. F. , Machado M. A. A. M. , Abdo R. C. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim  To compare the effectiveness of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium hydroxide (CH) and formocresol (FC) as pulp dressing agents in carious primary teeth.Methodology  Forty‐five primary mandibular molars with dental caries in 23 children [AUTHOR QUERY: How many children?] between 5 and 9 years old were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique. The teeth were randomly assigned to the experimental (CH or MTA) or control (FC) groups. After coronal pulp removal and haemostasis, remaining pulp tissue was covered with MTA paste or CH powder in the experimental groups. In the control group, diluted FC was placed with a cotton pellet over the pulp tissue for 5 min and removed; the pulp tissue was then covered with zinc oxide–eugenol (ZOE) paste. All teeth were restored with reinforced ZOE base and resin modified glass–ionomer cement. Clinical and radiographic successes and failures were recorded at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 month follow‐up.Results  Forty‐three teeth were available for follow‐up. In the FC and MTA groups, 100% of the available teeth were clinically and radiographically successful at all follow‐up appointments; dentine bridge formation could be detected in 29% of the teeth treated with MTA. In the CH group, 64% of the teeth presented clinical and radiographic failures detected throughout the follow‐up period, and internal resorption was a frequent radiographic finding.Conclusions  Mineral trioxide aggregate was superior to CH and equally as effective as FC as a pulpotomy dressing in primary mandibular molars. Internal resorption was the most common radiographic finding up to 24 month after pulpotomies performed with CH.
Ten‐year outcome of root fillings in the General Dental Services in England and Wales
Authors: Lumley P. J. , Lucarotti P. S. K. , Burke F. J. T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim  To consider the survival of root canal treatment provided within the General Dental Services in England and Wales, with failure being defined as re‐treating of a root canal, apical surgery or extraction.Methods  A data set was established consisting of patients, 18 years or older, whose birthdays were included within a set of randomly selected dates and whose restoration records contained the placement of one or more direct restorations or crowns in courses of treatment between September 1990 and January 2002. The history of each root canal‐treated tooth was consulted, and the next date for an intervention on the root canal of the tooth, defined as a re‐treatment, apical surgery or extraction, was obtained. Thus, a data set was created of root canal‐treated teeth, with the dates of root canal filling placement and the dates, if any, of re‐intervention.Results  Data for over 80 000 different adult patients were analysed, and a total of 30 843 root canal‐treated teeth identified from the data over a period of 11 years. The proportion surviving without further treatment of the root canal was estimated at 74% within an observation time of up to 10 years, with survival being strongly correlated with the characteristics of the patient, including age and treatment history, with older patients having root canal treatment with earlier re‐intervention than those of younger patients.Conclusion  Within the data set analysed, an estimated 74% of root canal‐treated teeth pass through 10 years without re‐treatment, apical surgery or extraction.
Treatment of an avulsed maxillary permanent central incisor by autotransplantation of a primary canine tooth
Authors: Sönmez D. , Dalci K. , Şen Tunç E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim  To present a case in which an avulsed permanent maxillary central incisor was replaced by autotransplantation of a primary canine tooth.Summary  The present case describes transplantation of a primary canine tooth into the space left by an avulsed permanent maxillary central incisor after a delay of several days. After root canal treatment, the primary canine tooth was extracted and placed into the prepared socket. To provide better adaptation of the donor tooth, the recipient alveolar site was remodeled using surgical burs. Semi‐rigid splinting was maintained for 15 days. The crown of the primary canine was reshaped with composite resin and with an interim prosthesis, preventing movement of the lateral incisor tooth into the space of the transplanted canine. After 24‐month follow‐up the autotransplanted primary canine showed ankylosis but the tooth was in an acceptable state. The use of permanent tooth autotransplantation has been well documented. However a literature search revealed only one case report on the autotransplantation of primary teeth.Key learning points • Long term results of primary tooth autotransplantation are scarce but the procedure in this case report could be considered as a temporary space maintainer for the treatment of a patient with a lost permanent incisor under 10 years of age.• Success of primary tooth autotransplantation may be affected by several factors, such as case selection, extra oral time, surgical and endodontic procedures.
Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor induced reduction in pulpal necrosis
Authors: Yamasaki M. , Nakamura K. , Amano K. , Matsui H. , Nakamura H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim  To examine the effect of recombinant granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) on the number and function of neutrophils and on the histopathology of pulpal inflammation in normal and neutropenic rats.Methodology  The effect of G‐CSF on changes in pulpal tissue was investigated at 2, 4, 7, and 10 days after pulpal exposure of the mandibular first molar of normal rats and of those with methotrexate‐induced neutropenia. The area of pulpal necrosis was measured. The neutrophil count in peripheral blood was determined, and their phagocytosis and chemotactic reaction were also examined. Statistical significance was examined by use of the two way analysis of variance.Results  In untreated rats, G‐CSF significantly (P < 0.05) increased the number of peripheral neutrophils and their chemotactic reaction, but did not affect pulpal inflammation. In methotrexate‐induced neutropenic rats, the phagocytosis and migration of neutrophils reduced, and the area of pulpal necrosis enlarged. After the G‐CSF injection, the decreases in neutrophil count and their functions significantly (P < 0.05) reversed, and the enlargement of pulpal necrosis inhibited.Conclusions  These findings indicate that G‐CSF prevented the reduction in neutrophil function and reduced the pulpal necrosis observed in the neutropenic rats, and suggest that neutrophils defend against bacterial invasion in pulpal tissue.
Supporting breastfeeding mothers: qualitative synthesis
Authors: McInnes Rhona J. , Chambers Julie A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTitle.  Supporting breastfeeding mothers: qualitative synthesis. Aim.  This paper is a report of a synthesis of mothers’ and healthcare professionals’ experiences and perceptions of breastfeeding support.Background.  Despite increasing knowledge, breastfeeding rates remain relatively static and mothers continue to report dissatisfaction with their experiences of breastfeeding. Greater understanding of breastfeeding may be achieved through rigorous qualitative research, and there has been a recent increase in such studies.Data sources.  Electronic databases and citation lists of published papers were searched for articles listed between 1990 and 2005 and updated in May 2007. Studies were included if they used qualitative methods, were published in English, explored an aspect of breastfeeding and were based in a westernized country.Review methods.  Papers were included if they reported studies using qualitative methods to explore breastfeeding and were published in English and based in a westernized country. Each study was reviewed and assessed independently, key themes extracted and grouped, and secondary thematic analysis used to explore key concepts.Results.  From the 1990–2005 search, five themes emerged in health service support of breastfeeding: the mother‐health professional relationship, skilled help, pressures of time, medicalization of breastfeeding and the ward as a public place. Social support had two themes: compatible and incompatible support. One additional theme emerged from the update to 2007: health professional relationships.Conclusion.  Mothers tended to rate social support as more important than health service support. Health service support was described unfavourably with emphasis on time pressures, lack of availability of healthcare professionals or guidance, promotion of unhelpful practices and conflicting advice. Changes are required within the health services to address the needs of both mothers and staff.
Effects of intensive care unit noise on patients: a study on coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients
Authors: Akansel Neriman , Kaymakçi Şenay 
Published: May 2008

Aims and objectives. The aim of this study was to measure the noise levels in specific locations of an intensive care unit and determine the disturbance levels of patients owing to noise.Background. Studies have shown that hospital noise is a potential stressor for patients. Noise levels measured in the intensive care unit are mostly far beyond the recommended standards for hospitals, and generally measured around 60–70 dB (A). Although there are a few studies on noise levels in the intensive care unit, no study could be found that compares 24‐hour intensive care unit noise measurement data at several locations of intensive care unit.Methods. The study was conducted with 35 coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. The intensive care unit noise level was measured by using Bruel & Kjaer 2144 Model Frequency Analyzer next to the bed of each patient. A patient's disturbance owing to the intensive care unit noise was questioned.Results. Noise levels ranged between 49 and 89 dB (A) with a mean of 65 dB (A). Peak noise levels were measured as high as 89 dB (A). The noise levels measured at different locations in the intensive care unit did not differ significantly. Noises created by other patients, those who were admitted from emergency room and operating room into intensive care unit, monitor alarms, conversations among staff were the most disturbing noise sources for patients.Conclusion. The patients who were located in the bed which was closer to the nurses' station were more affected by the intensive care unit noise than other patients. Having a previous intensive care unit experience also affected the patients’ disturbance levels owing to noise.Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses are in key positions where they can identify physical, psychological and social stressors that affect patients during their hospital stay. Staff education, planned nursing activities and proper design of intensive care unit may help combat this overlooked problem.
Violence in nursing homes: perceptions of female caregivers
Authors: Isaksson Ulf , Åström Sture , Graneheim Ulla Hällgren 
Published: May 2008

Aim.  This study illuminates how female caregivers in nursing home perceive violence.Background.  Previous studies have focused on prevalence and types of violence and injuries in various settings and among various professionals. There are, however, few studies that examine how caregivers perceive violence.Methods.  Forty‐one female caregivers at nursing homes were asked to reflect on a vignette containing a situation where a female caregiver is exposed to violence from a male resident. The reflections were analysed by qualitative content analysis.Findings.  The main finding indicates that perceiving an action as violent is in the eye of the beholder. Caregivers perceive violence to be challenging, intentional, excusable, ordinary and contextual relative to their own experience and attitudes.Conclusion and relevance to clinical practice.  As the perception of violence is subjective, there is a risk that violent incidents will be under‐reported as well as over‐reported. To avoid this, it is important to construct a well‐defined operationalised definition of violence for research purposes. Our findings also indicate the need for individually structured and adjusted support for caregivers. To explore the complexity of violence, further research should focus on how caregivers and residents experience violence in a nursing home.
Development of intimal thickening of coronary arteries over the lifetime of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed different lipid sources
Authors: Seierstad S L , Svindland A , Larsen S , Rosenlund G , Torstensen B E , Evensen Ø 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to investigate the development of intimal changes of coronary arteries over the lifetime of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed either a 100% fish oil or a 100% vegetable oil blend. The study was performed as a randomized observer blinded controlled trial with parallel group design. At the start of the project, the fish were divided in two groups and sampled at five different time points throughout their life span. The total study sample consisted of 259 healthy fish. Serial sections were taken from the coronary artery lying on the bulbus arteriosus for histopathological evaluation and for area measurements using semi‐quantitative and quantitative methods. The earliest onset of vascular changes was detected in fish from both groups in the freshwater stage prior to smoltification. The mean range lesion (MRL), used to describe the severity of the lesions observed, increased significantly for both groups from sea transfer throughout the study period. Comparison of the two groups based on the overall material corrected for time of sampling did not show any difference (P = 0.20) between the two groups with regard to MRL. The percentage lumen loss (PLL) measured by a quantitative method and used as a measure to indicate lesion severity showed an incremental, non‐significant increase from week 72 to week 92 and further to week 115 in both diet groups during the seawater phase. Comparison of the groups corrected for time of sampling indicated a difference of PLL in favour of VO (P = 0.02). Heart weight, body weight and body length were all positively and significantly correlated to Log MRL. The partial correlation analysis indicated that heart weight was the most dominant variable in the set. Early vascular changes were found in the major bifurcation of the coronary artery at the apex and beyond the flow divider into the daughter branches. The latter represented the dominant changes and were found throughout the entire lifecycle of the fish. Increasing in size over time they formed pads or cushions that were regularly located close to the outer walls of the bifurcation. The origin of the cells forming the intimal thickening has not been conclusively determined, but immunohistochemical findings indicate a smooth muscle cell origin, possibly of a myointimal type. Our findings suggest there is no correlation between diet and intimal changes. The severity of the changes, MRL and PLL, of the coronary vessels correlate with heart weight and fish weight growth and growth rate and mechanical factors are implicated in intimal development, but rather than being induced by external injury due to the location of the coronaries, haemodynamic factors and low shear stress are proposed as the main mechanism behind these changes.