bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fairness and reputation effects in a provision point contributions process
Authors: Marks Melanie Beth , Schansberg D. Eric 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article reports on an investigation of how issues of fairness and reputation affect individual contributions in a group decision‐making setting. In the context of a threshold public goods provision experiment, treatments were performed to determine how individuals react to limited and unlimited information about the contributions of other group members. Experimental results show that revealing anonymous information about individual contribution behavior caused a concern about equity, which led to decreased average contributions and a higher variance in contributions. These effects were partially offset when individual‐specific contribution information was displayed. In their conclusion, the authors discuss how the results apply to different fundraising environments.
Is there an afterlife? How nonprofits move toward self‐sufficiency as foundation dollars end
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , Williams Frank G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNine demonstration projects were funded under the John A. Hartford Foundation's Generalist Physician Initiative. This article focuses on how these nonprofit grantees dealt with shortterm funding and the approaches they used to integrate program elements into parent health care systems. Continuation strategies included leveraging with foundation dollars, restructuring physician practices, enhancing community connections, modeling collaboration, and cross‐fertilizing projects. In order to succeed, project managers needed to be sensitive to project selection, transition planning and reporting, project organization and design, management and integration, cultural differences, and project dissemination and support.
Remissioning nonprofits: Two case studies of membership associations
Authors: Rugh Thomas E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mission of a mutual benefit association is so inexorably intertwined with its membership that a change in one cannot succeed without a corresponding change in the other. Two case studies of United Ways' state associations' “remissioning” initiatives give details on the dynamic interplay of mission and membership in mutual benefit associations, a fundamental characteristic that distinguishes them from public benefit nonprofits. To anticipate change, association managers must focus on the shifting demands from their members' stakeholders. They also must clearly understand the nature of their membership and who represent their members when members are organizations, and they must be ready to engage in intra‐association politics to effect a change in mission.
The relationship between formal planning and performance in nonprofit organizations
Authors: Siciliano Julie I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study of 240 YMCA organizations revealed that regardless of organization size, those organizations that used a formal approach to strategic planning had higher levels of financial and social performance than those with less formal processes. The better performers also assigned the responsibility for planning to a strategic planning subcommittee of the board rather than to the board's executive committee or to an outside consultant.
Society in motion: Russia's emerging voluntary sector
Authors: Leitch Duncan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring autumn 1993 and spring 1994, the author worked as a consultant and trainer for a group of independent social organizations in the city of Voronezh, central Russia. In this article he discusses the main features of voluntary sector development in that city and the characteristics of associations currently active there. The findings indicate a voluntary sector that is both extensive and diverse, in which self‐organizing mutual aid is the predominant organizational form. The findings are discussed against a historical background that traces the development of independent social activism in the former Soviet Union back to the pre‐Gorbachev period. It is this background that may help to explain the rapid growth and surprising complexity of the sector today.
Efficiency in religious organizations
Authors: Zaleski Peter A. , Zech Charles E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChurches must realize that the management of their human resources is critical. The U.S. Catholic Church in recent years has been this problem take on even more significance with the apparent shortage of priests. This article considers this problem in light of a relatively new methodology, data envelopment analysis, which compares organizations to comparable best‐practice units. The authors conclude that the Church would benefit from a better distribution of priests, both within and across dioceses. They also conclude that the use of deacons and priestless parishes can be effective in some circumstances.
Structures of multinational nonprofit organizations
Authors: Hudson Bryant A. , Bielefeld Wolfgang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInvestigations of the structures of multinational organizations have been primarily limited to the multinational for‐profit form, while examinations of alternative structural arrangements of nonprofit organizations have been focused on single‐nation organizations. This article draws on the extensive descriptive literature on nonprofits and the theoretical literature on the structural determinants of organizations to make predictions about the potential range of structures of multinational nonprofits. The authors show that local resource density and environmental variation are key factors in determining multinational nonprofit structures. They conclude that nonprofit organizations operating in multiple national settings are likely to be structured as umbrella organizations that act as an additional layer of hierarchy for multiple indigenous organizations, and that unitary, hierarchical corporate structures are not likely to be found in these organizations.
Government, funded nonprofits, and accountability
Authors: McDonald Catherine 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInternationally, nonprofit organizations are being held to account for how they spend public funds. This issue of accountability has emerged as a theme in nonprofit‐state relationships. Exploring the state side of that relationship in Australia, the author suggests that significant constraints hinder the ability of state funding bodies to manage accountability processes for grant funds. The interviews summarized and reported here were conducted before the full impact of a contract regime was felt. The issues identified permit reflection on the possible mediating impact of different political systems on accountability processes, and on the limitations of principal‐agent frameworks in building accountability processes and state‐nonprofit relations.
The 990 return: Beyond the internal revenue service
Authors: Froelich Karen A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe author recognizes the expanding role of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 990 Return in understanding the nonprofit sector and monitoring the strategies, operations, and performance of individual nonprofit organizations, operations, and performance of individual nonprofit organizations. She identifies major problems with the IRS 990 Return relative to its broadened use and provides suggestions for minimizing the problematic interpretation of IRS 990 data.
The molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses: a lesson from a highly epidemic season
Authors: D’Agaro P , Rossi T , Burgnich P , Molin G Dal , Coppola N , Rocco G , Campello C 
Published: July 2007

Aims:To analyse the epidemiological and molecular features of a long-lasting epidemic (12 weeks) of influenza in north-eastern Italy during the 2004–05 season.Methods:Morbidity rates were analysed by time and age. Influenza virus isolates (93 strains) were submitted to antigenic evaluation by haemagglutination inhibition test and to molecular assessment by sequencing.Results:The incidence peak (16.4 per thousand) was the highest recorded over the last six years in north-eastern Italy. The epidemic was sustained by two subsequent waves of circulating viruses: an H3N2 variant and two type B variants, respectively. In addition, scattered isolation of an H1N1 variant occurred. Antigenic and molecular characterisation showed the emergence of an H3N2 virus drifted with respect to vaccine strain, which also had a substantial impact on morbidity in vaccinated subjects. Moreover, a single K145N substitution in the HA1 site of H3N2 was the starting point of two evolutionary branches. No change was observed in H1N1 isolates. B-type virus was mainly represented by Victoria-lineage strains, though Yamagata-lineage viruses were also identified. The fluctuating circulation of these two clades has characterised B virus epidemics in recent years.Conclusions:The assessment of the H3N2 molecular change in this area was in line with results used for establishing the vaccine composition for the incoming season. The particular epidemiological features of two B virus clades, namely Yamagata-like and Victoria-like, may be considered for introduction into the influenza vaccine.
Evaluation of disc susceptibility tests performed directly from positive blood cultures
Authors: Tan T Y , Ng L S Y , Kwang L L 
Published: July 2007

Aims:To evaluate the accuracy of direct disc susceptibility testing performed from positive BACTEC blood culture vials, using a predetermined dilution protocol.Methods:Direct susceptibility testing was performed from 432 positive blood culture vials, generating 3829 antibiotic-organism results. Results were compared with those obtained by standard disc susceptibility testing according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) methods.Results:When results were compared with the reference method, no very major errors were detected. One (0.03%) major error and 89 (2.3%) minor errors were found. Error rates by organism group ranged from 1.3% forPseudomonas aeruginosato 8.2% for β-haemolytic streptococci.Conclusions:Direct susceptibility testing provided accurate susceptibility results for most organism–antibiotic combinations, with the exception of the β-haemolytic streptococci.
Crimes against International Peace and Security, Acts of Terrorism and Other Serious Crimes: A Theory on Distinction and Overlap
Authors: Kaikobad Kaiyan Homi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study attempts to provide guidance in understanding the difference between acts of terrorism on the one hand and war crimes and crimes against humanity, on the other, the latter two collectively referred to as crimes against international peace and security. A clear understanding of the distinction between these two broad categories is important. Not only is there is a need for forensic clarity in doctrinal thought, the fact is that different categories of crimes entail the application of two different sets of laws and precepts, namely domestic criminal systems and international law. The existence, nature, scope and extent of the culpability of the accused will be determined by applying the correct set of legal principles and rules. While it focuses on the major distinguishing features of these two categories of crimes, this study also highlights areas of overlap which cannot be ignored. Analytical conclusions are presented by setting out a number of paradigms with examples. Each paradigm consists of eight essential elements, and the presence or absence of these elements in different combinations in each paradigm can be used to determine not only the legal category of the impugned act but also the existence or otherwise of the culpability of the accused in law.
When Law and Reality Clash–The Imperative of Compromise in the Context of the Accumulated Evil of the Whole: Conditions for the Exercise of the International Criminal Court's Jurisdiction over the Crime of Aggression
Authors: McDougall Carrie 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article assesses the legal and policy arguments for and against determination by the Security Council of the occurrence of a State act of aggression for the purpose of the prosecution of a crime of aggression before the International Criminal Court, investigating several issues largely neglected by commentators and States Parties to date. It concludes that legal and policy arguments overwhelmingly favour independent determination by the ICC, but nonetheless recognises that the constraints of international politics mean it is unlikely the Assembly of States Parties will be able to reach agreement on provisions that allow for such independent determination. As such, the article assesses the merits of existing compromise proposals, before concluding by offering an alternative compromise provision for the conditions under which the ICC can exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression.
International Sentencing in the Context of Collective Violence
Authors: Henham Ralph 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article evaluates some of the theoretical and practical arguments which suggest that the potential for international trial justice to make a significant contribution towards reconciliation and peace following mass atrocity is limited. Conversely, it argues that it is possible to move beyond the current narrow conceptualisation of penality in international trials by re-thinking the ideological framework for punishment and sentencing and giving trial outcomes a greater sense of moral purpose and legitimacy in the eyes of victims and those communities seeking justice. The article argues why this is necessary and achievable through the adoption of more constructive strategies and interventions in international trial process.
Criminal Records in an Era of Globalization: Identifying Problems and Conceptualizing Solutions within the European Union
Authors: Plachta Michael 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe article discusses an idea of improvement of the quality of information exchanges between EU Member States, in particular on criminal convictions. The European Union has addressed this complex problem using a step-by-step method. Beginning with a relatively simple and uncontroversial measures–both in terms of their contents, proposed solutions, and legal format–the European Commission and the Council of the European Union have been moving forward by stepping up their efforts and adopting more sophisticated measures. The decisions, framework decisions, proposals and white papers are discussed against the background of international treaty instruments for the exchange of criminal records. The author presents the main solutions proposed in the study on the feasibility of the establishing of the European Criminal Record. The author concludes by stating that the prospects for establishing a genuine European criminal record, for a moment, are rather bleak.
One-year clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of Doberman Pinschers with cervical spondylomyelopathy treated medically or surgically
Authors: da Costa Ronaldo C. , Parent Joane M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate progression of clinical signs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy (wobbler syndrome) treated medically or surgically.
Design—Prospective cohort study.
Animals—12 Doberman Pinschers.
Procedures—Neurologic examinations and MRI were performed before medical (n = 9) or surgical treatment (ventral slot, 3) and a minimum of 12 months later.
Results—Mean follow-up time was 14.5 months. Clinically, 2 dogs improved after surgical treatment and 5 improved after medical treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging of surgically treated dogs revealed adequate spinal cord decompression. Spinal cord signal changes were seen in 2 dogs before surgery, both of which had new signal changes at the same and adjacent sites during follow-up examination. One dog treated surgically developed 3 new areas of spinal cord compression. In the medically treated dogs, the severity of spinal cord compression at the time of follow-up examination was unchanged in 4 dogs, worse in 2 dogs, and improved in 3 dogs, but spinal cord atrophy was observed on transverse images. Four medically treated dogs had changes in spinal cord signal initially, but none developed new signal changes or compressions.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Medical and surgical treatment improved or stabilized the clinical condition of most dogs. Surgical treatment appeared to hasten the development of additional areas of spinal cord compression and lesions in dogs with preoperative cord changes; however, the clinical importance of these changes was not determined. The progression of pathologic MRI abnormalities was notably less in medically treated dogs, compared with surgically treated dogs.
Comparison of three dorsal techniques for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses
Authors: Gandini Marco 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Objective—To compare 3 dorsal techniques for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses with regard to ease of performing the technique and to determine the role of operator experience in ease of performing these techniques.
Design—Observational study.
Sample Population—Forelimbs from 17 equine cadavers and 12 horses (16 joints) undergoing arthrocentesis for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.
Procedures—In both forelimbs from 7 of the equine cadavers, 3 arthrocentesis techniques (dorsal perpendicular, dorsolateral, and dorsal inclined) were performed in random order by a single experienced individual, and number of attempts needed to successfully insert the needle into the joint was recorded. For the forelimbs from the remaining 10 cadavers, veterinary students without experience in arthrocentesis performed each of the 3 arthrocentesis techniques (2 limbs/student) in random order, and number of attempts was recorded. In the clinical patients, arthrocentesis was performed by means of the dorsal inclined technique.
Results—For both the experienced individual and the veterinary students, number of attempts needed was significantly lower with the dorsal inclined technique than with the dorsal perpendicular or dorsolateral technique. Arthrocentesis was successful with the dorsal inclined technique in all 16 joints in the clinical patients; synovial fluid was recovered from 14 of the 16 joints. The procedure was well tolerated in all horses, except one that reacted to needle insertion.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that the dorsal inclined technique for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint was easier to perform than was the dorsal perpendicular or dorsolateral technique, regardless of experience level of the operator.
Traumatic brain injury in horses: 34 cases (1994–2004)
Authors: Feary Darien J. , Magdesian K. Gary , Aleman Monica A. , Rhodes Diane M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the clinical, clinicopathologic, and diagnostic characteristics; treatment; and outcome associated with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) in horses and assess risk factors for nonsurvival in TBI-affected horses.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—34 horses with TBI.
Procedures—Medical records of horses that had sustained trauma to the head and developed neurologic signs were reviewed. Data that included signalment, clinicopathologic findings, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome were analyzed. Clinicopathologic variables among horses in survivor and nonsurvivor groups were compared, and risk factors for nonsurvival were determined.
Results—Median age of affected horses was 12 months. Findings of conventional survey radiography of the head alone failed to identify all horses with fractures of the calvarium. Horses with basilar bone fractures were 7.5 times as likely not to survive as horses without this type of fracture. Depending on clinical signs, horses received supportive care, osmotic or diuretic treatments, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, or anticonvulsants. Twenty-one (62%) horses survived to discharge from the hospital. In the nonsurvivor group, mean PCV was significantly higher, compared with the value in the survivor group (40% vs 33%). Risk factors associated with nonsurvival included recumbency of more than 4 hours' duration after initial evaluation (odds ratio, 18) and fracture of the basilar bone (odds ratio, 7.5).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that prognosis for survival in horses with acute TBI may be more favorable than previously reported. Among horses with TBI, persistent recumbency and fractures involving the basilar bones were associated with a poor prognosis.
Enantioselective Carbonyl‐Ene Reactions of Arylglyoxals with a Chiral Palladium(II)‐BINAP Catalyst
Authors: Luo He‐Kuan , Khim Lim Bee , Schumann Herbert , Lim Christina , Jie Tan Xiang , Yang Hai‐Yan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe palladium(II)‐BINAP‐catalyzed enantioselective carbonyl‐ene reactions between ten arylglyoxals and five alkenes were systematically investigated and demonstrated good to excellent enantioselectivities with high ee values of up to 93.8 %. The results showed that both arylglyoxals and alkenes exert evident effects on the enantioselectivity. Particularly, the ortho‐methyl substituents of the substrates could increase the enantioselectivity. The achieved excellent enantioselectivities may be due to the corresponding substrate matches well fitting the chiral space created by the chiral palladium(II)‐BINAP catalyst. The ortho‐methyl substituents may improve the fitting of the substrate match to the chiral space created by the chiral catalyst, hence the enantioselectivity is improved. When using dienes (1,4‐diisopropenylbenzene and 1,3‐diisopropenylbenzene) as substrates in this reaction, only one of the two carbon‐carbon double bonds participated into the reaction affording tetrafunctional organic compounds with moderate enantioselectivities of up to 83.8 % ee. The chiral Lewis acid palladium(II) catalyst incorporating (R)‐BINAP, which is a conformationally restricted chiral ligand, is very stable in ionic liquids and could be recycled 21 times with retention of the high enantioselectivity.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to β‐Arylenones for Enantioselective Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐4H‐chromenes
Authors: Nishikata Takashi , Yamamoto Yasunori , Miyaura Norio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe enantioselective 1,4‐addition of arylboronic acids to β‐arylenones to give β‐diaryl ketones was carried out at 0–25 °C in the presence of a dicationic palladium(II) catalyst, [Pd(S,S‐chiraphos)(PhCN)2](SbF6)2. Addition of a silver salt such as silver tetrafluoroborate [AgBF4] or silver hexafluoroantimonate [AgSbF6] (5–10 mol %) was effective to achieve high enantioselectivities at low temperatures (92–99 % ee) and to reduce the catalyst loading to 0.05 mol %. The protocol provided a simple access to 4‐aryl‐4H‐chromenes. Optically active chromenes were synthesized with up to 99 % ee via dehydration of the 1,4‐adducts between arylboronic acids and β‐(2‐hydroxyaryl)‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones.
Josiphos Ligands with an Imidazolium Tag and their Application for the Enantioselective Hydrogenation in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Feng Xiangdong , Pugin Benoît , Küsters Ernst , Sedelmeier Gottfried , Blaser Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: July 2007

AbstractJosiphos ligands bearing an imidazolium moiety show high efficiency and reusability for the rhodium‐catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of methyl acetamidoacrylate (MAA) and dimethyl itaconate (DMI) in biphasic co‐solvent/ionic liquid combinations.
Borrowing Hydrogen in the Activation of Alcohols
Authors: Hamid Malai Haniti S. A. , Slatford Paul A. , Williams Jonathan M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlcohols can be temporarily converted into carbonyl compounds by the metal‐catalysed removal of hydrogen. The carbonyl compounds are reactive in a wider range of transformations than the precursor alcohols and can react in situ to give imines, alkenes, and α‐functionalised carbonyl compounds. The metal catalyst, which had borrowed the hydrogen, then returns it to the transformed carbonyl compound, leading to an overall process in which alcohols can be converted into amines, compounds containing CC bonds and β‐functionalised alcohols.