bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of tin‐streaming channels on Dartmoor, UK
Authors: Bradley Stephen B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe remnants of former tin‐streaming channels on the North Teign River, Dartmoor have been investigated using techniques adopted from palaeohydrology, sedimentology, and environmental chemistry. the pattern of multiple streaming channels in the lower reaches, and a single channel in the upper reaches coincides with a reduction of potential stream power from 250 Wm−2 at a drainage area of 8.7 km2. the streaming sections were engineered to maximize the efficiency to separate cassiterite (SnO2) from its gravel matrix, and the palaeohydraulic properties of channels suggests that sorting was most efficient for the sand and fine gravel size ranges. This was confirmed when the residual tin content of streaming‐sediments was assessed. Residual levels of tin were found only in the silt fraction (<63 μm).
Chemical characterization and hydration rate development for New Mexican obsidian sources
Authors: Stevenson Christopher M. , McCurry Michael O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe obsidian hydration dating of prehistoric sites requires that each type of natural glass be identified on the basis of its elemental constituents in order that the appropriate hydration rate constants may be applied. In New Mexico, obsidian occurs in the form of in situ flows and as secondarily deposited detrital material in the sediments of ancestral watercourses. the chemical analysis of 153 geological and archaeological samples from both contexts has resulted in the identification of nine major obsidian sources. the hydration rates for New Mexican obsidians developed by different researchers are compared and evaluated in light of current knowledge on glass‐water interaction. It is argued that a hydration rate developed in silica saturated solution or at 100% relative humidity are the preferred conditions for laboratory hydration rate development.
Preliminary study of the microstructure and mineralogy of 12th and 13th century ceramics, Samsat, Southeastern Turkey
Authors: Sakarya N. , Kapur S. , Fitzpatrick E. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe mineralogy and microstructure of 12th and 13th century ceramics from Samsat, Turkey were examined with an X‐ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope. There is a highly vitrified interlayer between the glaze and body in these sherds that probably accounts for the high durability of these ceramics. the lower vitrification and uniformity of the body in these ceramics suggests that leftover glaze was not mixed with paste during manufacture. Finally, the presence of tabular forsterite in the pores of the body points to the use of magnesium rich raw materials.
Paleoenvironmental history of submerged ruins on the Northern Euboean gulf coastal plain, central Greece
Authors: Niemi Tina M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHewn blocks from submerged ruins associated with the name Thronion are exposed during low, low tide along the northeastern shoreline of the fan delta which separates the Gulf of Euboea from the Maliakos Gulf, central Greece. Although the date of these ruins is not known, their submergence indicates that they predate the most recent marine transgression. Late Holocene sediments of the coastal plain adjacent to the ruins were studied using 34 auger cores drilled along two 1.3 and 1.1 km shore‐normal sections. Cores were described in the field and sampled for sedimentologic and microfossil analyses. These analyses show that late Holocene transgressive marine and strandline units interfinger inland with deposits of a brackish water embayment. Subsequent progradation of the shoreline is marked by overlying slightly brackish to freshwater marsh sediments. A soil horizon developed on these marsh sediments defines a period of aerial exposure and land stability. Late Roman to Byzantine sherds (ca. 4th‐13th Century A.D.) within the buried soil and a high phosphate content suggest that this soil developed in association with human habitation. the buried soil may be the surface on which the now‐submerged ruins were built. the deposits below the buried soil indicate that prior to the period of soil formation, most of this area was under water and the paleoshoreline was landward of its present position. the ruins were later covered by lake or marsh deposits radiocarbon dated as 1400 A.D. the depth of the dated wood samples, 2.5–3.0 meters below the surface, indicates rapid sediment accumulation (ca. 40–55 cm/100 yrs) over the past 550 years. A small exposure of the ca. 1400 A.D. marsh silt and overlying post‐1950 land fill near the ruins is the result of post‐1400 A.D. erosion and recession of the shoreline. the lower pre‐occupational and post‐1400 A.D. transgressions were caused by a combination of eustatic sea level rise, tectonic subsidence, and fluctuations of sediment supply to this portion of the Kenourion fan delta.
Archaeology, geochemistry, and trade of Igneous Rock millstones in Cyprus during the late bronze age to Roman periods
Authors: Williams‐Thorpe Olwen , Thorpe R. S. , Elliott Carolyn , Xenophontos C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMillstones used in Cyprus between the Late Bronze Age and Roman periods (saddle querns, reciprocally operated hopper‐rubber mills, cylindrical rotary querns, and hour‐glass‐shaped Pompeian style mills) were frequently manufactured from igneous rocks including vesicular lavas clearly imported to the island. Potential sources include volcanics of mainland Greece, the Aegean, Anatolia, Egypt, and the Levant (Syria, Israel, and Jordan). Geochemical analysis using X‐ray fluorescence of thirty‐seven Cypriot millstones showed that sources were used as follows: Late Bronze Age saddle querns were made of Levant lavas and of local Troodos rocks, the later hopper‐rubbers were imported from the Aegean island of Nisyros, a rotary mill was of Santorini lava, and the Roman Pompeian style mills were manufactured from Levant lavas, including sources in north Syria and probably around Lake Tiberias. Millstones were probably exported from the Levant ports of Akko, Tell Abu Hawam, and Laodicea, and imported to the Cypriot towns of Salamis and Nea Paphos.
Stratigraphy, depositional environment, and cultural significance of holocene sediments in patterned wetlands of central Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Hebda Richard J. , Siemens Alfred H. , Robertson Alastair 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe coastal wetlands of Veracruz State, Mexico contain many areas of rectilinearly patterned ground. These are the remains of Prehispanic agricultural complexes. Reconnaissance‐level stratigraphic studies were carried out in one such wetland area, the “San Juan Basin,” in order to reconstruct the local environmental history. Basal, well‐sorted fine sand, which underlies the basin, was likely deposited in the intertidal and beach zones as marine waters gradually left the San Juan Basin. Progradation of the Rio La Antigua delta on the north and the development of coastal dunes on the east closed the embayment by the mid‐Holocene. Thereafter, large volumes of silt and clay were deposited in the basin, in large part during the annual floods of the La Antigua River and other streams. Prehispanic inhabitants dug drainage canals and cultivated the seasonally emergent surface leaving behind artifacts, charcoal, and microfossils of maize. The cultivation destroyed original sedimentary structures and converted the naturally deposited sediment to a massive dark gray silty clay. After the fields were abandoned, they were covered by brown silty peat, but the canals and platforms are still detectable on the surface.
Archaeogeophysical studies at cortaillod and St. Blaise, Lac De Neuchǎtel, Switzerland
Authors: Garrison Ervan G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA sub‐bottom profiler survey was conducted at offshore areas of Lac de Neuchǎtel in March, 1987. The objective was to characterize and understand the lacustrine geomorphology (sediments and geological features) at the archaeological sites of Cortaillod, Hauterive‐Champréveyres, and St. Blaise by means other than systematic coring such as was carried out at Cortaillod‐Est. Additionally, it allowed the optimum placement of subsequent cores. The high resolution acoustical profiling revealed several interesting geomorphological features such as relatively thick alluvial and colluvial sediments at the two sites of Cortaillod‐Est and Les Esserts overlying glacial/post‐glacial unconformities (formations). At St. Blaise‐Hauterive, the southward trend of the Marin reef structure was found to be covered along much of its length with Holocene sediments, as were several suspected nearby stream channels or distributaries. These channels are completely filled with stratified sediments, most probably of Holocene origin. These channels may have been sub‐aerially active in the early Post‐Glacial and hence provide clues to the development of Lake Neuchǎtel in the early Holocene. The results of this study are the basis for future, more detailed, studies of these sediments as to their origin and composition.
Paleoecological perspectives on human adaptation in central Panama. I. The Pleistocene
Authors: Piperno Dolores R. , Bush Mark B. , Colinvaux Paul A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPaleoecological data from two sites in central Pacific Panama have allowed the reconstruction of Late Pleistocene climate and vegetation in lowland areas, the timing of important environmental changes, and the generation of predictions concerning Paleoindian settlement and subsistence. The last 9000 years of the glacial period, from 20,000 B.P. until 11,050 B.P. were marked by climates cooler and drier than today's. The period from ca. 16,000 B.P. until 11,000 B.P. appears to have been the coolest and driest. We postulate that the major effects of these conditions were to have brought montane vegetation 900 m lower than its present range and to create tracts of open landscape along the Pacific coast. Forests, however, were widespread in extent and many lowland forest taxa apparently persisted, creating the basis for the rejection of refugial theory as an explanatory model for early human occupation. Neither the admittedly limited archaeological or paleoecological data indicated the presence of pre‐Clovis populations in Panama, and we chose to view Clovis as the first human expression on the Isthmus. Correlation of reconstructed environmental setting with Paleoindian site location suggests that Clovis adaptations were fluid and flexible, and utilized a wide variety of vegetation types. Occupation and modification of tropical forest appear to have been integral parts of Clovis subsistence and settlement strategies.
Late pleistocene/early holocene environments and climates, fauna, and human occupation in the argentine altiplano
Authors: Fernández Jorge , Markgraf Vera , Panarello Héctor O. , Albero Miguel , Angiolini Fernando E. , Valencio Susana , Arriaga Mirta 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Barro Negro site (23°S lat., 65°37′W long.) in the Altiplano (Puna) of northwestern Argentina contains a well stratified sequence of remains of Hippidion, the American extinct horse, camelids, and archaeological materials, which is the focus of this study. In addition to establishing a reliable chronology, paleoenvironmental information was obtained based on analyses of pollen and stable isotopes (oxygen and carbon) from bone and marl. The data indicate that Hippidion was present at the site between 12,000 and 10,000 yr B. P., at a time when Altoandean grasslands had expanded to lower elevations. By 10,000 yr B.P., when modern semi‐arid sub‐puna scrub had replaced the Altoandean grasslands, only camelids (Lama or Vicugna) were present, simultaneous with the first evidence of local human occupation. This suggests that a climatic shift from cool and moist (winter rain regime) to warm and dry (summer rain regime) conditions took place simultaneously with the disappearance of the American horse and the appearance of camelids and man.
Geoarchaeology of the Cerro La China locality (Buenos Aires, Argentina): Site 2 and site 3
Authors: Zárate Marcelo , Flegenheimer Nora 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCerro La China, within the Tandilia Range, has a long archaeological record in which three different human occupations were identified. The geoarchaeological approach allowed us to correlate the archaeosedimentary columns at Site 2 and Site 3 and place the local stratigraphy in a regional context.The archaeologically rich stratigraphic sequence is composed of three episodes of loess deposition. The first bears a 10,600 yr B.P. Paleoindian occupation with Fishtail or Fell's Cave Stemmed points. It is followed by a soil‐forming interval which ended about 5000 yr B.P. with an erosive episode. The second event of loess deposition continued through an unknown span of time until a new soil‐forming interval started; it includes triangular stemless medium size projectile points corresponding to a different human group. By the sixteenth century another erosive event interrupted the soil‐forming interval. After this, the third short‐term eolian episode occurred and bears the most recent archaeological occupation marked by small triangular stemless points.
Trace‐element variability of native copper within a large ore body: The Kingston mine, Michigan, USA
Authors: Allert James D. , Rapp George , Vitali Vanda , Henrickson Eiler 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study attempts both single‐site and regional trace‐element variability assessments focusing on the Kingston Mine, Keweenaw County, Michigan, USA, and other sources of native copper in the Lake Superior region of the United States and Canada. This information is of potential significance to all studies trying to characterize and distinguish between individual mineral sources. It is of particular importance to geoarchaeologists/archaeometrists who are attempting to assign geologic/geographic origin to prehistoric copper artifacts and to those interested in the trace‐element variability (vertically and horizontally) within large ore bodies.
Effects of pocket gopher burrowing on archaeological deposits: A simulation approach
Authors: Pierce Christopher 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe construction of burrows and movement of sediment by pocket gophers alter archaeological deposits by causing vertical size‐sorting of artifacts, destruction of fragile artifacts, disruption of sedimentary structures, and organic enrichment of the subsurface. To evaluate the long‐term effects of exposure to burrowing, a simulation was developed based on quantitative information on pocket gopher burrows and rates of sediment movement. Simulation results indicate the development of a distinct stone zone composed predominantly of particles greater than 6 cm after 4000–5000 years, and a logarithmic pattern to the rate of strata disruption. The patterns produced by the simulation compare well with patterns exhibited by actual archaeological deposits belonging to California's Milling Stone Horizon. These results suggest that current notions concerning the Milling Stone Horizon and other aspects of California prehistory may require revision, and that more emphasis must be placed on formation process research in such settings.
Chinese neolithic jade: A preliminary geoarchaeological study
Authors: Wen Guang , Jing Zhichun 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study deals with a geoarchaeological examination of the jade artifacts unearthed from the major sites of jade‐using cultures over Neolithic China. The earliest examples of true jade—tremolite‐actinolite nephrite—were jade artifacts from the Chahai site at Fuxin in Liaoning, dating back to the 6th millennium B.C., approximately contemporaneous with the beginning of the Neolithic age. The expansion of jade‐using culture during the Neolithic period was gradually from east through west China. The jade‐using culture thrived especially in both the lower Yangtze River and Liao River valleys, and came to a climax during the late Neolithic period when not only could nephrite be discerned from jadelike and other minerals and rocks, but also nephrite of various grades could apparently be deliberately used to make jades of different types according to their importance in social life. It may be suggested that the raw nephrite used to make jades during the Neolithic age was derived from unknown ancient deposits that might be within China proper rather than at Kunlun Mountain.
The upper Gila river gravels as an archaeological obsidian source region: Implications for models of exchange and interaction
Authors: Shackley M. Steven 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent geoarchaeological research in the Upper Gila River region of southeastern Arizona indicates the presence of two geochemically distinct archaeological obsidians occurring as small secondarily deposited nodules within the Quaternary gravels and alluvium. Approximately 32% of the nodules recovered in the sample are derived from the known and reported Mule Creek source upstream in western New Mexico. The remaining 68% of the nodules recovered are derived from another source somewhere in the area, probably in the Tertiary silicic volcanics along the San Francisco drainage or the Upper Gila proper. Additionally, analyses of the Mule Creek primary source data indicates significant geochemical variability not previously indicated by energy dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) studies. The presence of Mule Creek glass 50 or more kilometers from the primary source bears significantly on distance to source based studies where secondary deposition is not accounted for.
Mineralogy and micromorphology of chalcolithic and early bronze age Ikiztepe ceramics
Authors: Kapur S. , Sakarya N. , Fitzpatrick E. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe mineralogy and micromorphology of ceramics from the Ikiztepe site (Chalcolithic and Early Bronze) have firing characteristics that indicate low temperature levels and oxidizing conditions. Stress phenomena indicated by cracks most probably indicate a process of shrinkage. Illuviated clay suggests the occurrence of humid periods with vigorous precipitation, pluvials during the Holocene. Provenance of clays used for production of ceramics is determined to be of nearby surface soils.
Evolution of landscapes on the double mountain fork of the brazos river, West Texas: Implications for preservation and visibility of the archaeological record
Authors: Blum Michael D. , Abbott James T. , Valastro Salvatore 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River is an ephemeral stream that flows across the western Rolling Plains of West Texas. Intensive pedestrian archaeological survey, covering some 8700 acres of the drainage, produced a site inventory with a general paucity of identifiable Paleoindian and Early to Middle Archaic components, whereas Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric sites were widespread and found in a diversity of landscape positions. Geoarchaeological investigations were conducted in conjunction with this survey and later testing activities, and suggested that much of this temporally and spatially skewed archaeological record may be attributable to the evolution of landscapes during the late Pleistocene and Holocene time period, rather than original occupation intensities. Most of the landscape in the study area has been subject to erosional stripping, but in selected localities late Pleistocene and Holocene depositional landform‐sediment assemblages of fluvial, alluvial/colluvial fan, and eolian origin are preserved. With few exceptions, however, depositional contexts or stable geomorphic surfaces more than 3000 years old are erosionally truncated, completely absent, or deeply buried. As a result, a bias is imposed that renders older cultural records either poorly preserved or deeply buried and of low visibility to traditional survey techniques. Similar natural formation processes are likely at other locations on the western Rolling Plains, and should be considered during interpretation of prehistoric population dynamics in the area. The biases imposed by such natural formation processes on the western Rolling Plains are slightly different from other areas in the Southern Great Plains of the United States, but in most cases the known archaeological record corresponds with opportunities for preservation and visibility provided by geologic trajectories, and may reflect little on spatial and temporal discontinuities in prehistoric cultural activity.
On the definition of Geoarchaeology
Authors: Leach Elizabeth K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo variations of the integration of geology and archaeology have been proposed in the literature—archaeological geology and geoarchaeology. However, there is no agreement among practitioners as to the legitimacy of the distinctions that have been made. This disagreement suggests that the objectives and assumptions of this interdisciplinary field have not been adequately discussed among its practitioners. The published definitions of both of these subfields emphasize their geological and historical aspects rather than their anthropological and processual aspects. A comparison with zooarchaeology and paleoethnobotany suggests that the significance of geoarchaeology to anthropological archaeology has been slighted. This results from a failure to recognize the symbolic character of humans' interaction with their geologic environment. An attempt is made here to clarify the distinction between archaeological geology and geoarchaeology and to define objectives for the latter subfield that have anthropological significance.
Formation of copper—iron sulfide minerals during corrosion of artifacts and possible implications for pseudogilding
Authors: McNeil M. B. , Mohr D. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdherent films of the gold‐colored metal sulfides pyrite (FeS2), pyrrhotite (Fe1−xS), and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) are known to exist on metallic and nonmetallic artifacts of Classic times. Consideration of the action of bacterial consortia containing sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) during microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and analyses of appropriate trajectories on Eh‐pH stability diagrams indicate that these films can be understood either as a result of natural processes over archaeological times or of deliberate pseudogilding. Methods of discriminating natural sulfide deposition from pseudogilding are suggested. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gravel sources of knappable alibates silicified dolomite
Authors: Wyckoff Don G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlibates silicified dolomite is one of the principal knappable lithic materials indigenous to the Southern High Plains. Prehistorically, this material was extensively quarried along the Canadian River in Potter County, Texas. Some of these quarries are preserved in what is now the Alibates National Monument. Archaeologists working in Oklahoma traditionally interpret artifacts of Alibates silicified dolomite as evidence for long distance trade. However, a survey of three transects across the Canadian's valley in western Oklahoma reveals the persistent, but minor, presence of Alibates clasts in gravel deposits. Thirty‐nine gravel exposures yielded 1365 clasts of the dolomite. The abundance, size, shape, and knappability of this material is comparable to most flakes and implements found on western Oklahoma archaeological sites, especially those of prehistoric and protohistoric Plains Villagers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.