bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of osteogenic potential by recombinant human bone morphogenic protein‐2 in human periodontal ligament cells: effect of serum, culture medium, and osteoinductive medium
Authors: Hou L.‐T. , Li T.‐I. , Liu C.‐M. , Liu B.‐Y. , Liu C.‐L. , Mi H.‐W. 
Published: January 2007

Background and Objective:  Bone morphogenic proteins are known, in animal models, to promote many developmental processes, including osteogenesis. Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the potential of bone morphogenic proteins to promote bone and periodontal regeneration in humans. The aim of this study was to establish an optimal cell culture condition for using to study the biological effects of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein‐2 on periodontal ligament cells.Material and Methods:  The roles of serum concentration, types of culture medium (α‐modified essential medium or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium), the presence of osteoinductive medium (including dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and β‐glycerophosphate), and timing of addition of the osteoinductive medium and recombinant human bone morphogenic protein‐2, on the expression of alkaline phosphatase were investigated in cultured periodontal ligament cells. Cytochemical stainings and biological assay of alkaline phosphatase were also demonstrated.Results:  Our results suggested that an increased concentration of serum might mask the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein‐2 on the expression of alkaline phosphatase in periodontal ligament cells. α‐Modified essential medium was found to induce a stronger cytochemical staining of the alkaline phosphatase than Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium under similar culture conditions. Pre‐incubation of cells with osteoinductive medium before the addition of various concentrations of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein‐2 enhanced greater alkaline phosphatase expression than the simultaneous presence of both osteoinductive medium and recombinant human bone morphogenic protein‐2.Conclusion:  The findings of this study suggest that the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein‐2 on periodontal ligament cells could be efficiently investigated after the proper selection of culture variables and temporal sequence of adding bioactive factors. The optimal culture condition identified in this study might be useful in further studies to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of periodontal ligament cells in periodontal regeneration after stimulation with recombinant human bone morphogenic protein‐2.
COMBINING ANTIMICROBIALS AND HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE PROCESSING FOR CONTROL OFLISTERIA MONOCYTOGENESIN FRANKFURTERS*
Authors: PATEL J.R. , SANGLAY G.C. , SHARMA M. , SOLOMON M.B. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe safety of ready‐to‐eat meat products such as frankfurters can be enhanced by antimicrobials and postpackaging treatment to control the growth ofListeria monocytogenes.We evaluated the effectiveness of dipping frankfurters in sodium lactate (SL), sodium diacetate (SD) and nisin (N) solutions, followed by hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP), to controlL. monocytogenesduring storage at 4C for 28 days. Frankfurters were surface inoculated with a five‐strain mixture ofL. monocytogenesafter dipping in (1) control (sterile water), (2) 10% SL, (3) 5% SD, (4) SL + SD, (5) N (5000 IU/mL), (6) N + SL, (7) N + SD and (8) N + SL + SD for 5 min. The frankfurters were vacuum packed and were either treated with or without hydrodynamic pressure. The frankfurters were periodically analyzed for populations ofL. monocytogeneson modified Oxford agar, aerobic cell populations on tryptic soy agar with 0.6% yeast extract and pH on days 0, 7, 14 and 28. HDP treatment significantly reducedL. monocytogenespopulations in frankfurters. Dipping treatments containing N showed greaterL. monocytogenesreduction than that with SL and/or SD treatment; however, the difference was not significant. The combination of N and HDP treatment resulted in more than 2 log cfu/g reduction inL. monocytogenespopulations after 28‐days storage. A synergistic effect between N and HDP was observed for inhibition ofL. monocytogenes.The reduction in aerobic cell populations during storage of antimicrobials and HDP‐treated frankfurters was similar to that ofL. monocytogenes.These results indicate that using N as a dipping treatment followed by HDP treatment is more effective for inhibition of the pathogen during storage at 4C.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSHydrodynamic pressure processing, an innovative post‐harvest technology for meat tenderization, uses a high‐energy explosive to generate a supersonic shock wave in a liquid medium. HDP treatment, primarily studied for tenderness improvement in muscle food products, has been effective in reducing bacterial populations in meats. Nisin has greater antilisterial activity than sodium lactate or sodium diacetate. Dipping frankfurters in nisin followed by the hydrodynamic pressure treatment could be used to reduce 2 logL. monocytogenespopulations in frankfurters during storage at 4C.
EFFECTS OF HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE PROCESSING AND BLADE TENDERIZATION ON INTRAMUSCULAR COLLAGEN AND TENDERNESS‐RELATED PROTEIN CHARACTERISTICS OF TOP ROUNDS FROM BRAHMAN CATTLE*
Authors: BOWKER B.C. , LIU M.N. , SOLOMON M.B. , EASTRIDGE J.S. , FAHRENHOLZ T.M. , VINYARD B. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of blade tenderization (BT), hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP) and BT followed by HDP (BT + HDP) on collagen solubility and tenderness‐related protein characteristics in top rounds from Brahman cattle. Top rounds (n = 12) were divided in half and randomly assigned to HDP, BT or BT + HDP with each treatment sample having a paired control. HDP and BT + HDP increased (P < 0.0001) collagen solubility, but the correlation between percent soluble collagen and tenderness was low (r = –0.41). All three treatments increased (P < 0.01) fragmentation of myofibrils 35% compared with controls. HDP and BT + HDP treatments increased (P < 0.05) the content of a 100 to 110‐kDa protein observed in myofibrillar protein fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). Minimal treatment differences were observed in sarcoplasmic proteins using SDS‐PAGE. Results suggest BT physically disrupts the muscle structure to improve tenderness while HDP tenderization potentially results from both physical disruption of the muscle structure and some form of direct alterations to muscle proteins.
Schwann cell and olfactory ensheathing cell implantation for repair of the contused spinal cord
Authors: Oudega M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA contusion injury to the spinal cord results in impaired neurological functions due to neuronal death, and axonal damage and demyelination. In time, a fluid‐filled cyst forms at the site of the initial impact. There are no effective endogenous repair mechanisms and, consequently, injury‐induced functional deficits are permanent. One aspect of spinal cord repair is that severed descending and ascending axons need to regenerate beyond the site of injury towards the denervated spinal regions where they can become part of axonal circuits involved in motor and sensory function. Implantation of cells into the injured cord has been studied extensively as a means to promote axonal regeneration in the injured spinal cord. Depending on the overall damage, different cell types may be appropriate in different types of injury. To accomplish axonal regeneration in the contused spinal cord, the strengths and limitations of two glial cell types in particular will be discussed; Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells. It is known that with these implants, axonal regeneration is frustrated by the presence of a glial scar surrounding the contused area. I will review current approaches aimed at overcoming this axonal growth inhibitory scar. Future studies need to focus on identifying interventions that, in combination with cellular implants, will elicit substantial axonal growth beyond the contusion injury, which may then be the basis for biologically significant functional recovery.
Mandating Americanization: Japanese Language Schools and the Federal Survey of Education in Hawai'i, 1916–1920
Authors: Asato Noriko 
Published: January 2007

Under the policies of the United States, it will be very difficult to prohibit schools of this kind unless it were definitely proven that they were teaching treasonable things.—P. P. Claxton, U. S. Commissioner of EducationThis article critically examines how the 1919 Federal Survey of Education in Hawai'i, under the guise of a scientific study to guide educational reform, was used as the means to implement colonial policies over the territory's largest ethnic group, the Nikkei, people of Japanese ancestry. Furthermore, the survey was also used by various other political and religious parties and individuals to further their own objectives. Although there were many facets to the federal survey, this study focuses only on the debate surrounding Japanese language schools, the most sensational issue of the survey. The battle over the control of Japanese language schools among the white ruling class, educational authorities, and the Nikkei community in Hawai'i created the foundation for an anti-Japanese language school movement that spread to the West Coast of the United States. The survey was also a catalyst for Nikkei in redefining their Japanese language schools and a battleground concerning their future and identity. Despite numerous studies on Japanese Americans in Hawai'i, and studies of the Japanese language schools, neither the process, results, nor effects of the survey have been critically examined to date. This paper analyzes the process of how the federal survey evolved and how it arrived at its conclusions through an examination of the Education Bureau's files in order to illuminate the origins of the Japanese language school control movement and its chapter of ethnic American educational history.
Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Anaplasma marginale Strains in Cattle in South Africa
Authors: Mtshali M. S. , De La Fuente J. , Ruybal P. , Kocan K. M. , Vicente J. , Mbati P. A. , Shkap V. , Blouin E. F. , Mohale N. E. , Moloi T. P. , Spickett A. M. , Latif A. A. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryBovine anaplasmosis, caused by the tick‐borne rickettsia Anaplasma marginale, is endemic in South Africa and results in considerable economic loss to the cattle industry. This study was designed to characterize strains of A. marginale at the molecular level from cattle raised in communal and commercial farms in the north‐eastern and south‐western regions of the Free State Province, South Africa, that varied in rainfall and vegetation. Seroprevalence to A. marginale was determined in 755 cattle by an Anaplasma spp. competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and ranged from 44% to 98% and was similar in both regions. While Anaplasma centrale was not targeted in this study, A. marginale infections were identified by species‐specific msp1α polymerase chain reaction in 129 of 215 of the samples studied. Similar genetic diversity of A. marginale strains was found in both the north‐eastern and south‐western regions. The sequences of 29 A. marginalemsp1α amplicons from South African strains revealed considerable genetic diversity providing 14 new repeat sequences. However, 42% of MSP1a repeat sequences were not unique to this region. These results indicated the presence of common genotypes between South African, American and European strains of A. marginale. Cattle movement between different parts of South Africa was suggested by the presence of identical A. marginale MSP1a genotypes in north‐eastern and south‐western regions of the Free State Province. Control strategies for anaplasmosis in South Africa should therefore be designed to be protective against genetically heterogeneous strains of A. marginale.
Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Viruses by Duplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay
Authors: Farkas T. , Antal M. , Sámi L. , Germán P. , Kecskeméti S. , Kardos G. , Belák S. , Kiss I. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryA duplex reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (dRT‐PCR) assay has been developed for the simultaneous, rapid and specific detection/discrimination of avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Primers targeting the matrix protein gene (M) of AIV and the fusion protein gene (F) of NDV were evaluated experimentally with 13 AIV and 19 NDV strains. PCR products of the expected size of 144 bp and 316 bp were amplified from AIV/NDV samples, respectively, while no cross‐reaction was observed with negative controls or with 16 other avian pathogens. The endpoint of detection was defined as approximately 10+0.5 50% egg infectious dose (EID50)/0.2 ml for AIV and 10+2.2 EID50/0.2 ml for NDV. The assay was able to detect AIV/NDV with similar sensitivity in spiked stool samples and in specimens from vaccinated birds. The developed dRT‐PCR assay is a rapid, cost‐effective tool, which provides powerful novel means for the early diagnosis of avian influenza and Newcastle disease.
Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants QnrA, QnrB, and QnrS among Clinical Isolates of
Enterobacter cloacae
in a Taiwanese Hospital
Authors: Wu Jiunn-Jong , Ko Wen-Chien , Tsai Shu-Huei , Yan Jing-Jou 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of three plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants, QnrA, QnrB, and QnrS, among 526 nonreplicate clinical isolates of
Enterobacter cloacae
collected at a Taiwanese university hospital in 2004 was determined by PCR and colony hybridization, and the association of Qnr with the IMP-8 metallo-β-lactamase was investigated. Eighty-six (16.3%) of all isolates were
qnr
positive, and the
qnrA1
-like,
qnrB2
-like, and
qnrS1
-like genes were detected alone or in combination in 3 (0.6%), 53 (10.1%), and 34 (6.5%) isolates, respectively. Among 149 putative extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing isolates, 59 (39.6%) isolates, all of which were SHV-12 producers, harbored
qnrA
(0.7%; 1 isolate),
qnrB
(28.9%; 43 isolates), or
qnrS
(12.1%; 18 isolates). Forty-four (78.6%) of 56 IMP-8 producers carried
qnrB
(58.9%; 33 isolates),
qnrS
(25.0%; 14 isolates), or both. PCR and sequence analysis revealed that
qnrA1
was located in a complex
sul1
-type integron that contains
dhr15
,
aadA2
,
qacE
Δ
1
,
sul1
,
orf513
,
qnrA1
,
ampR
, and
qacE
Δ
1
. Conjugation experiments revealed the coexistence of
qnrB
and
bla
IMP-8
on the transferred plasmids and the absence of β-lactamase content on the transferred
qnrS
-positive plasmids. The transferred
bla
IMP-8
-positive plasmids with and without
qnrB
had very similar restriction patterns, suggesting the horizontal mobility of
qnrB
. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed six major patterns among the 44
qnr
-positive IMP-8-producing isolates. Thus, the extremely high prevalence of
qnr
among the metallo-β-lactamase-producing
E. cloacae
isolates in the hospital may be due mainly to the intrahospital spread of a few clones and the dissemination of plasmids containing both
qnrB
and
bla
IMP-8
.
Drug Therapy of Experimental Tuberculosis (TB): Improved Outcome by Combining SQ109, a New Diamine Antibiotic, with Existing TB Drugs
Authors: Nikonenko Boris V. , Protopopova Marina , Samala Rowena , Einck Leo , Nacy Carol A. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Substitution of the new diamine antibiotic SQ109 for ethambutol in a mouse model of chronic tuberculosis (TB) improved efficacy of combination drug therapy with first-line TB drugs rifampin and isoniazid, with or without pyrazinamide: at 8 weeks, lung bacteria were 1.5 log
10
lower in SQ109-containing regimens.
Chromosome painting in the manatee supports Afrotheria and Paenungulata
Authors: Kellogg Margaret E , Burkett Sandra , Dennis Thomas R , Stone Gary , Gray Brian A , McGuire Peter M , Zori Roberto T , Stanyon Roscoe 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Sirenia (manatees, dugongs and Stellar's sea cow) have no evolutionary relationship with other marine mammals, despite similarities in adaptations and body shape. Recent phylogenomic results place Sirenia in Afrotheria and with elephants and rock hyraxes in Paenungulata. Sirenia and Hyracoidea are the two afrotherian orders as yet unstudied by comparative molecular cytogenetics. Here we report on the chromosome painting of the Florida manatee.

Results
The human autosomal and X chromosome paints delimited a total of 44 homologous segments in the manatee genome. The synteny of nine of the 22 human autosomal chromosomes (4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 14, 17, 18 and 20) and the X chromosome were found intact in the manatee. The syntenies of other human chromosomes were disrupted in the manatee genome into two to five segments. The hybridization pattern revealed that 20 (15 unique) associations of human chromosome segments are found in the manatee genome: 1/15, 1/19, 2/3 (twice), 3/7 (twice), 3/13, 3/21, 5/21, 7/16, 8/22, 10/12 (twice), 11/20, 12/22 (three times), 14/15, 16/19 and 18/19.

Conclusion
There are five derived chromosome traits that strongly link elephants with manatees in Tethytheria and give implicit support to Paenungulata: the associations 2/3, 3/13, 8/22, 18/19 and the loss of the ancestral eutherian 4/8 association. It would be useful to test these conclusions with chromosome painting in hyraxes. The manatee chromosome painting data confirm that the associations 1/19 and 5/21 phylogenetically link afrotherian species and show that Afrotheria is a natural clade. The association 10/12/22 is also ubiquitous in Afrotheria (clade I), present in Laurasiatheria (clade IV), only partially present in Xenarthra (10/12, clade II) and absent in Euarchontoglires (clade III). If Afrotheria is basal to eutherians, this association could be part of the ancestral eutherian karyotype. If afrotherians are not at the root of the eutherian tree, then the 10/12/22 association could be one of a suite of derived associations linking afrotherian taxa.
Verruculogen associated with Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae and conidia modifies the electrophysiological properties of human nasal epithelial cells
Authors: Khoufache Khaled , Puel Olivier , Loiseau Nicolas , Delaforge Marcel , Rivollet Danièle , Coste André , Cordonnier Catherine , Escudier Estelle , Botterel Françoise , Bretagne Stéphane 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
The role of Aspergillus fumigatus mycotoxins in the colonization of the respiratory tract by conidia has not been studied extensively, even though patients at risk from invasive aspergillosis frequently exhibit respiratory epithelium damage. In a previous study, we found that filtrates of A. fumigatus cultures can specifically alter the electrophysiological properties of human nasal epithelial cells (HNEC) compared to those of non pathogenic moulds.

Results
We fractionated the organic phase of filtrate from 3-day old A. fumigatus cultures using high-performance liquid chromatography. The different fractions were tested for their ability to modify the electrophysiological properties of HNEC in an in vitro primary culture model.
The fraction collected between 20 and 30 min mimicked the effects of the whole filtrate, i.e. decrease of transepithelial resistance and increase of potential differences, and contained secondary metabolites such as helvolic acid, fumagillin, and verruculogen. Only verruculogen (10-8 M) had effects similar to the whole filtrate. We verified that verruculogen was produced by a collection of 67 human, animal, plant and environmental A. fumigatus isolates. Using MS-MS analysis, we found that verruculogen was associated with both mycelium and conidia extracts.

Conclusion
Verruculogen is a secondary metabolite that modifies the electrophysiological properties of HNEC. The role of these modifications in the colonization and invasion of the respiratory epithelium by A. fumigatus on first contact with the epithelium remains to be determined.
National study of United States emergency department visits for acute pancreatitis, 1993–2003
Authors: Fagenholz Peter J , Fernández-del Castillo Carlos , Harris N Stuart , Pelletier Andrea J , Camargo Carlos A 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
The epidemiology of acute pancreatitis in the United States is largely unknown, particularly episodes that lead to an emergency department (ED) visit. We sought to address this gap and describe ED practice patterns.

Methods
Data were collected from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey between 1993 and 2003. We examined demographic factors and ED management including medication administration, diagnostic imaging, and disposition.

Results
ED visits for acute pancreatitis increased over the study period from the 1994 low of 128,000 visits to a 2003 peak of 318,000 visits (p = 0.01). The corresponding ED visit rate per 10,000 U.S. population also increased from 4.9 visits (95%CI, 3.1–6.7) to 10.9 (95%CI, 7.6–14.3) (p = 0.01). The average age for patients making ED visits for acute pancreatitis during the study period was 49.7 years, 54% were male, and 27% were black. The ED visit rate was higher among blacks (14.7; 95%CI, 11.9–17.5) than whites (5.8; 95%CI, 5.0–6.6). At 42% of ED visits, patients did not receive analgesics. At 10% of ED visits patients underwent CT or MRI imaging, and at 13% of visits they underwent ultrasound testing. Two-thirds of ED visits resulted in hospitalization. Risk factors for hospitalization were older age (multivariate odds ratio for each increasing decade 1.5; 95%CI, 1.3–1.8) and white race (multivariate odds ratio 2.3; 95%CI, 1.2–4.6).

Conclusion
ED visits for acute pancreatitis are rising in the U.S., and ED visit rates are higher among blacks than whites. At many visits analgesics are not administered, and diagnostic imaging is rare. There was greater likelihood of admission among whites than blacks. The observed race disparities in ED visit and admission rates merit further study.