bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citizens
Authors: Tossutti Livianna 
Published: April 2008

Citizens, Elisabeth Gidengil, André Blais, Neil
Nevitte and Richard Nadeau, Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 2004, pp. vii,
214.Citizens is one volume in a series designed to evaluate the
democratic performance of the institutions and practices affecting public
decision-making in Canada. The Canadian Democratic Audit (CDA) is based on
the premise that declining levels of public confidence in those
institutions and anemic participation rates in political and community
life dictate the need for a performance review. In Citizens, the
state of democratic citizenship is evaluated according to levels of public
involvement in civic and political activities, the extent to which these
participatory opportunities represent social diversity, and the potential
for these activities to reflect the collective interests of all Canadians.
The volume also assesses reform proposals to improve public participation,
inclusiveness and responsiveness.
Building Democracy in Contemporary Russia: Western Support for
Grassroots Organizations
Authors: Johnson Juliet 
Published: April 2008

Building Democracy in Contemporary Russia: Western Support for
Grassroots Organizations, Sarah L. Henderson, Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 2003, pp. xii, 229.In this well-researched and provocative book, Sarah Henderson asks to
what extent Western aid can facilitate the emergence of civil society in
countries where civil society is domestically weak. Through an in-depth
study of Western aid to Russian women's organizations, she argues
that foreign assistance has dramatically affected NGO development in
Russia, but not always in expected or positive ways. On the one hand, she
finds that external funding “made a tremendous difference in
improving and increasing the short-term financial viability,
organizational capacity, and networking skills among recipient
groups” (9). On the other, she argues that foreign aid contributed
to at least four pathological developments within the NGO community.
First, funded groups tended to copy the aid agencies' top-heavy and
bureaucratic organizational structures. Second, funded groups lacked
grassroots constituencies because they shifted their policy agendas to
reflect aid agencies' preferences rather than objective domestic
needs. Third, foreign aid encouraged the development of a “civic
elite” among the domestic NGO community, exacerbating the
differences between those groups that received funding and those that did
not. Finally, the competition for foreign aid dollars encouraged
uncooperative behaviour among funded Russian NGOs rather than bridge
building and information sharing. She argues that these problematic
unintended consequences were the result of avoidable mistakes in the
foreign aid process, and states bluntly that “NGO development is not
synonymous with civil society development, and the development of one does
not necessarily imply the advancement of the other” (11).
Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics
of Governance in China
Authors: Meyer Peggy Falkenheim 
Published: April 2008

Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics
of Governance in China, Dali L. Yang, Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press, 2004, pp. xii, 414.In the literature on Chinese politics one finds quite disparate views
of state capacity in China. Is the Chinese regime now “in the midst
of a deep and perhaps overwhelming crisis of governance” as
Shaoguang Wang argued in a recent issue of the Journal of
Democracy (14 [2003]: 36–42)? Those who adopt this
perspective trumpet the growing challenge that unemployment, income
inequality, peasant and worker discontent, lawlessness, crime, corruption
and environmental degradation pose in China and the state's inability
to deal effectively with these problems. Or has the “central
state” in China become “more capable and effective
generally” over the past decade as Dali Yang, author of the book
under review, argued in the same journal (Journal of Democracy,
14 [2003]: 43–50)?
THE INTELLECTUAL LIVES OF MAU MAU DETAINEES
Authors: PETERSON DEREK R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis article illuminates the creative intellectual and social projects in which Mau Mau detainees were engaged. It draws on the private papers of Gakaara wa Wanjau, a Gikuyu writer who during his eight years of detention composed several plays, wrote ethnography and poetry, and carried on an extensive correspondence with his family. Gakaara and other detainees were doing more than defending a Mau Mau ideology. They were opening up new ways of doing Gikuyu culture, holding wives and children accountable, and representing themselves to a British public that could, they hoped, be brought round to their side.
Study of Detergent‐Mediated Liberation of Hepatitis B Virus‐like Particles from S. cerevisiae Homogenate: Identifying a Framework for the Design of Future‐Generation Lipoprotein Vaccine Processes
Authors: Kee Gaik Sui , Pujar Narahari S. , J. Titchener‐Hooker Nigel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVirus‐like particles (VLPs) are expressed intracellularly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the recovery process involves the use of a detergent, which facilitates the release of VLP from host cell components. The detergent‐mediated liberation of VLPs is a critical step in primary recovery and is responsible for setting the backdrop for subsequent purification in terms of product yield and characteristics of the process stream. In this paper the use of Triton X‐100 detergent for the recovery of lipid envelope VLPs, using the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as the VLP model, was investigated. To develop a framework that can be adopted in process design for future generation VLP vaccine candidates, the impact of Triton X‐100 was characterized via different response factors: (i) recovery and activity of the HBsAg; (ii) level of protein and lipid contamination from the host cell; and (iii) indirect impact on the performance of an ultrafiltration step following primary recovery. Our studies identified that an increase in detergent concentration favors recovery of HBsAg only to a specific threshold, 0.5% v/v Triton X‐100. Further increase in detergent results in delipidation of HBsAg leading to loss in antigenic activity. The level of contamination due to host protein and lipid co‐liberation is in proportion with the amount of detergent employed. Greater membrane resistance during ultrafiltration was observed for samples generated using higher concentrations of detergent due to the increase in membrane fouling by the contaminants. Based on this study, Triton X‐100 concentrations in the range of 0.2–0.5% v/v appears to be most suitable for recovery of native HBsAg. Choosing between 0.2–0.5% v/v would involve identifying a suitable tradeoff between desired product yield and the level of contamination that can be tolerated by downstream operations.
The Yellow Agouti Mutation Alters Some But Not All Responses to Diet and Exercise
Authors: Chiu Sally , Fisler Janis S. , Espinal Glenda M. , Havel Peter J. , Stern Judith S. , Warden Craig H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Effects of ectopic expression of the agouti signaling protein were studied on responses to diet restriction and exercise in C57BL/6J (B6) mice and obese B6 mice congenic for the yellow agouti mutation [B6.Cg‐Ay (Ay)].Research Methods and Procedures: Adult male Ay mice were either kept sedentary or exercised on a running wheel and fed ad libitum or diet restricted until weight matched to ad libitum‐fed B6 control mice. Body composition, plasma lipids, leptin, and adiponectin were measured. mRNA levels for leptin, adiponectin, lipoprotein lipase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 were measured in a visceral (epididymal) and a subcutaneous (femoral) fat depot by real‐time polymerase chain reaction.Results: Correlations among traits exhibited one of three patterns: similar lines for B6 and Ay mice, different slopes for B6 and Ay mice, and/or different intercepts for B6 and Ay mice. Correlations involving plasma leptin, mesenteric and epididymal adipose weights, or low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol were most likely to have different slopes and/or intercepts in B6 and Ay mice. mRNA levels for leptin, Acrp30, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, and lipoprotein lipase in epididymal adipose tissue were not correlated with corresponding levels in femoral adipose tissue.Discussion: The agouti protein interferes with leptin signaling at melanocortin receptors in the hypothalamus of Ay mice. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the melanocortin portion of the leptin‐signaling pathway mediates effects primarily on certain fat depots and on some, but not all, components of cholesterol homeostasis.
Ucp3 Expression during Weight Gain and Loss, Cold Exposure, and Fasting in the Collared Lemming
Authors: Blaylock Matthew L. , Wang Ruixue , Shan Dan , Nagy Tim R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the gene sequence and tissue distribution of uncoupling protein 3 (Ucp3) in the collared lemming, we quantified mRNA expression of Ucp3 under known states of altered energy expenditure (photoperiod‐induced weight gain and loss, cold exposure, and fasting) and measured mitochondrial oxygen consumption to assess possible functional changes in energy expenditure.Research Methods and Procedures: The Ucp3 gene sequence information was obtained using the reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends methods. Northern blots were used to determine mRNA expression levels. Respirometry was used to measure oxygen consumption rates in isolated mitochondria.Results: The lemming Ucp3 gene has a 97% sequence similarity with other published Ucp3 sequences at the amino acid level. Ucp3 mRNA is expressed in muscle, heart, and brown adipose tissue of collared lemmings. Long‐photoperiod lemmings have a higher expression of Ucp3 mRNA than short‐photoperiod lemmings (p < 0.001) in both muscle and brown adipose tissue. Transferring lemmings from long to short photoperiods (inducing weight gain) significantly decreased Ucp3 mRNA expression (p < 0.01), whereas transferring lemmings from short to long photoperiods (inducing weight loss) significantly increased Ucp3 expression (p < 0.001). Muscle Ucp3 mRNA expression was significantly decreased by 10 days of mild (10 °C) cold exposure (p < 0.001). Muscle Ucp3 mRNA expression was significantly increased by fasting (p < 0.01) and was correlated to plasma free fatty acid levels (r = 0.7). Photoperiod transfer did not alter mitochondrial coupling.Discussion: These data suggest that UCP3 may not be involved in energy expenditure in the collared lemming.
Appearance vs. Health Reasons for Seeking Treatment Among Obese Patients with Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Reas Deborah L. , Masheb Robin M. , Grilo Carlos M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: This study examined reasons for seeking treatment reported by obese patients diagnosed with binge eating disorder (BED).Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 248 adults (58 men and 190 women) who met DSM criteria for BED. Participants were recruited through advertisements for treatment studies looking for persons who wanted to “stop binge eating and lose weight.” Patients’ reasons for seeking treatment were examined with respect to demography (gender and age), obesity (BMI and age of onset), features of eating disorders, and associated psychological functioning (depression and self‐esteem).Results: Of the 248 participants, 64% reported health concerns and 36% reported appearance concerns as their primary reason for seeking treatment. Reasons for seeking treatment did not differ significantly by gender. Patients seeking treatment because of appearance‐related reasons had lower BMIs than those reporting health‐related reasons (34.8 vs. 38.5, respectively), but they reported greater body dissatisfaction, more features of eating disorders, and lower self‐esteem.Discussion: Reasons that prompt treatment seeking among obese individuals with BED reflect meaningful patient characteristics and, therefore, warrant assessment and consideration during treatment planning. Further research is needed to determine whether reasons for treatment seeking among different obese patient groups affect treatment outcomes.
Muscle Type‐Dependent Responses to Insulin in Intramyocellular Triglyceride Turnover in Obese Rats
Authors: Guo ZengKui , Zhou Lianzhen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To understand the role of hyperinsulinemia in intramyocellular (imc) triglyceride (TG) accumulation and in regulating imcTG turnover.Research Methods and Procedures: imcTG was first prelabeled by continuous infusion of [U‐14C]glycerol (pulse), and then the rate of label loss from the prelabeled imcTG pool (turnover) in gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and soleus muscle of awake, high‐fat‐fed obese rats during the subsequent hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp experiments (chase) was determined.Results: Post‐absorptive basal fractional imcTG turnover rate in soleus was 0.010 ± 0.001/min, significantly lower than that in gastrocnemius (0.026 ± 0.002/min, p < 0.001) or tibialis anterior (0.030 ± 0.002/min, p < 0.0001), a pattern reciprocal to their imcTG pool size. Insulin infusion at 25 pmol/kg per minute resulted in pathophysiological hyperinsulinemia (5‐fold increase over the baseline value). This caused an increase in imcTG turnover by 3‐fold in soleus (0.029 ± 0.006/min, p = 0.002) but a decrease in gastrocnemius (0.012 ± 0.003/min, p = 0.001) and in tibialis anterior (0.0064 ± 0.001/min, p < 0.0001). Pathophysiological hyperinsulinemia suppressed hormone‐sensitive lipase activity in heart (p = 0.01) and mesenteric fat (p = 0.05) but not in skeletal muscle (p > 0.05). The pool size of imcTG was not affected by hyperinsulinemia.Discussion: The results demonstrated muscle‐type dependence in the response of imcTG turnover to hyperinsulinemia in the obesity model. The reciprocal insulin effects on imcTG turnover in oxidative vs. oxidative‐glycolytic muscle indicated a possibility that oxidative muscle contributes more to insulin resistance under hyperinsulinemia if imcTG‐fatty acid oxidation is a function of turnover. imcTG turnover does not seem to regulate imcTG pool size acutely.
Correlates of Health‐Related Quality of Life in Overweight and Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Rejeski W. Jack , Lang Wei , Neiberg Rebecca H. , van Dorsten Brent , Foster Gary D. , Maciejewski Matthew L. , Rubin Richard , Williamson David F. ,   Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This paper describes and examines conceptually relevant correlates of health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in overweight or obese persons with type 2 diabetes.Research Design and Procedures: The investigation was a cross‐sectional study of 5145 overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes between the ages of 45 and 74 years. Analyses examined the relationship that demographic characteristics, disease burden, and cardiovascular fitness had with HRQL: the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) II.Results: Means for the SF‐36 physical component summary (PCS) scores, the mental component summary scores, and the BDI‐II were as follows: 47.0, 54.0, and 5.7. Less desirable PCS scores were related to several comorbidities, insulin use, physical complaints, a high BMI, low metabolic equivalent (MET) capacity, and lower education. Interactions between categories of obesity and MET capacity revealed that greater BMI was related to lower PCS scores when individuals had lower MET capacities yet was absent for those individuals who had higher MET capacities. In addition, although greater BMI was associated with more severe depressive symptomatology, this association was the most dramatic for those with class III obesity who had low MET capacity.Discussion: Although participants in Look AHEAD had a favorable profile on the SF‐36 and the BDI‐II at baseline, lower PCS scores were related to disease severity and the presence of other comorbidities. More important, although the temporal ordering of associations cannot be determined in a cross‐sectional design, the interactions between obesity class and MET capacity suggest that the adverse effect of BMI on PCS and BDI‐II scores may be buffered by higher MET capacities.
Modifiable Environmental and Behavioral Determinants of Overweight among Children and Adolescents: Report of a Workshop
Authors: Johnson‐Taylor Wendy L. , Everhart James E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe number of children at risk for overweight and the number of overweight children are increasing and have become a serious public health concern. Interventions that could be applied at the population level have not been proven effective. The development of effective strategies is thought to be hampered by the lack of understanding of which behavioral and environmental factors need to be modified. On June 14 and 15, 2004, the NIH held a meeting of experts to discuss the issue of modifiable determinants of obesity in children and adolescents. Included were presentations on interventions among children that have been proven effective, dietary and physical activity behavioral determinants, physical, social, and family environmental determinants, and the quality of measures of determinants and correlates of overweight.
Prevalence of Overweight among Baltimore City Schoolchildren and its Associations with Nutrition and Physical Activity
Authors: Jehn Megan L. , Gittelsohn Joel , Treuth Margarita S. , Caballero Benjamin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the prevalence of overweight and at‐risk‐for‐overweight in schoolchildren from Baltimore City.Research Methods and Procedures: Ten schools within city limits were randomly selected from each tertile of income, using eligibility for free school lunch as a proxy. A total of 209 third grade students from eight public schools in Baltimore City were surveyed in May 2000. Anthropometric data including height, weight, subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness, and percentage body weight from bioelectrical impedance were collected. Nutrition‐related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were assessed using a validated questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed by questionnaire.Results: Based on International Obesity Taskforce reference values for BMI‐for‐age, 20.7% of girls and 17.2% of boys were overweight (BMI > 95th percentile) and 15.3% of girls and 14.1% of boys were at‐risk‐for‐overweight (BMI between the 85th and 95th percentiles). The prevalence of overweight and at‐risk‐for‐overweight did not vary by self‐reported physical activity levels or by nutrition‐related knowledge and behaviors.Discussion: The high prevalence of overweight and at‐risk‐for‐overweight in this sample of inner‐city children from Baltimore City highlights a need for targeted preventive and treatment interventions.
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Hyperphagia in Prader‐Willi Syndrome
Authors: Holsen Laura M. , Zarcone Jennifer R. , Brooks William M. , Butler Merlin G. , Thompson Travis I. , Ahluwalia Jasjit S. , Nollen Nicole L. , Savage Cary R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder associated with developmental delay, obesity, and obsessive behavior related to food consumption. The most striking symptom of PWS is hyperphagia; as such, PWS may provide important insights into factors leading to overeating and obesity in the general population. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the neural mechanisms underlying responses to visual food stimuli, before and after eating, in individuals with PWS and a healthy weight control (HWC) group.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were scanned once before (pre‐meal) and once after (post‐meal) eating a standardized meal. Pictures of food, animals, and blurred control images were presented in a block design format during acquisition of functional magnetic resonance imaging data.Results: Statistical contrasts in the HWC group showed greater activation to food pictures in the pre‐meal condition compared with the post‐meal condition in the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex (medial PFC), and frontal operculum. In comparison, the PWS group exhibited greater activation to food pictures in the post‐meal condition compared with the pre‐meal condition in the orbitofrontal cortex, medial PFC, insula, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus. Between‐group contrasts in the pre‐ and post‐meal conditions confirmed group differences, with the PWS group showing greater activation than the HWC group after the meal in food motivation networks.Discussion: Results point to distinct neural mechanisms associated with hyperphagia in PWS. After eating a meal, the PWS group showed hyperfunction in limbic and paralimbic regions that drive eating behavior (e.g., the amygdala) and in regions that suppress food intake (e.g., the medial PFC).
Obese Subjects Respond to the Stimulatory Effect of the Ghrelin Agonist Growth Hormone‐Releasing Peptide‐2 on Food Intake
Authors: Laferrère Blandine , Hart Allison B. , Bowers Cyril Y. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The administration of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue GH‐releasing peptide (GHRP)‐2, like ghrelin, increases food intake (FI) in lean healthy men. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this effect occurs in obese subjects and whether it is dose‐dependent.Research Methods and Procedures: Nineteen subjects (10 lean and nine obese), all healthy and weight stable, received a double‐blind randomized subcutaneous infusion of GHRP‐2 at high dose (HD; 1 μg/kg per hour), low dose (0.1 μg/kg per hour), or placebo for 270 minutes over three study visits. Blood for hormone assays was collected through an intravenous forearm catheter. Hunger and fullness were rated on visual analog scales before and after a fixed breakfast (320 kcal at 120 minutes) and a buffet lunch at 240 minutes. Before lunch, subjects received taped instructions to eat as much as they wanted.Results: GHRP‐2 infusion significantly increased ad libitum FI in a dose‐dependent manner by 10.2 ± 3.9% at low dose (p = 0.011) and by 33.5 ± 5.8% at HD (p = 0.000) compared with placebo. Obesity status did not influence the effect of GHRP‐2 on FI. All subjects had greater ratings of appetite before but similar levels of fullness after the meal with the HD GHRP‐2. Serum GH levels increased dose dependently in all subjects.Discussion: The dual stimulatory effect of GHRP‐2 on FI and human GH is dose dependent. Obese individuals retain their ability to respond to GHRP‐2 both in terms of FI and human GH.