bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection and Quantitation of Simian Virus 40 Genetic Material in Abortively Transformed BALB/3T3 Clones
Authors: Smith Helene S. , Gelb Lawrence D. , Martin Malcolm A. 
Published: May 2006

Infection with simian virus 40 is known to induce many cells to synthesize DNA and to divide in a medium lacking serum protein growth factor(s) that is essential for growth of uninfected cells (factor-free medium). Cells infected under these conditions then go through several rounds of division, since colonies containing more than 100 cells are formed. Many of these colonies are abortively transformed since, upon subsequent passage of the cells in standard medium, they can no longer grow in factor-free medium and show no other properties of viral transformation. We have examined these abortively transformed cells for the presence of simian virus 40 DNA sequences. Of the three clones tested, two were found to contain viral genetic material despite the fact that they were phenotypically normal.
The number of simian virus 40 genome equivalents present was determined by measurement of DNA reassociation kinetics on hydroxyapatite. Two of the abortively transformed lines contained approximately five viral genome equivalents per diploid cell, while the DNA from a third abortive transformant was indistinguishable from that of uninfected BALB/3T3 cells. A standard simian virus 40 transformant, isolated under similar conditions, contained two copies of the viral genome per cell. The abortive transformants also appear to contain the entire viral genome rather than multiple partial copies. Subclones of one abortively transformed line containing five copies per cell had 2.7-10 copies of viral genetic material per diploid cell.
Assembly of Rod-Shaped Virus
In Vitro:
Reconstitution with Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Protein and Tobacco Mosaic Virus RNA
Authors: Ohno Takeshi , Inoue Hideo , Okada Yoshimi 
Published: May 2006

In vitro
assembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) from its constituent RNA and protein occurs in two steps: formation of the initial complex by interaction of the 5′-end of TMV-RNA with 20S protein aggregate, and growth of the helical rod by sequential addition of protein subunits.

Such a process was also observed in the assembly of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, which is also a rodshaped virus. The 13S virus-protein aggregate, probably a single-ring structure, is needed for formation of the initial complex, instead of the 20S double-ring structure for TMV. The 13S aggregate cannot effect growth of the initial complex to a long infective rod. Rod elongation takes place by the sequential addition of protein subunits.
In general, the assembly of rod-shaped viruses occurs in two steps, and the protein aggregate is essential only for initiation of the reaction, not for rod elongation.
Specific Movement of Cell Membranes Fused with HVJ (Sendai Virus)
Authors: Okada Yoshio , Kim Jeman , Maeda Yumiko , Koseki Ignez 
Published: May 2006

When Ehrlich ascites tumor cells fused with UV-inactivated HVJ (Sendai virus) were cultured, the viral envelope antigens, which had been integrated at random into the cell membranes, accumulated at one site on the fused cell. The site showed a specific structure, namely, a projection of the cytoplasm from the spherical fused cell surface with clusters of many long microvillilike protrusions from it. When the fused cells were conjugated with antibody against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and cultured, the antigen-antibody complex also accumulated on the projection.
Associated with the development of the projection and accumulation of viral antigens, vacuoles developed at the base of the projection in the cytoplasm of the fused cells in culture. The development of the projection and vacuoles and the accumulation of viral antigens were all inhibited by glucose, mannose, galactose, sodium azide, and cycloheximide, and these inhibitions were reversible. All these structures were observed in multinucleated cells, but few in mononucleated cells after reaction with HVJ (Sendai virus). We consider that these three phenomena correlate with each other and may result from changes in cell-membrane systems caused by fusion of cells.
Intracellular distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in rat bone marrow and thymus
Authors: Gregoire Kathleen E. , Goldschneider Irving , Barton Randall W. , Bollum F. J. 
Published: May 2006

A subset of bone marrow cells that contains terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (DNA nucleotidylexotransferase; nucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidylexotransferase, EC 2.7.7.31) can be identified in adult rats by immunofluorescence using affinity-column-purified antibody to homogeneous calf transferase. The transferase-positive cells comprise approximately 1.8% of bone marrow cells. Correcting the specific activity of terminal transferase in total bone marrow cells (0.21 units per 10
8
cells) for the percentage of transferase-positive bone marrow cells (1.8%) gives 11.7 units per 10
8
cells, a value approximately half that found for transferase-positive thymocytes.

Fluorescence appears to be restricted to the nucleus of transferase-positive bone marrow cells, in contrast to the predominantly cytoplasmic fluorescence of small thymocytes from adult rats. Some large thymocytes contain intranuclear transferase fluorescence patterns similar to those seen in bone marrow. These thymocytes are especially numerous in neonatal rat thymus, where they are localized in the subcapsular region of the cortex. Thymocytes with combined patterns of nuclear and cytoplasmic transferase are also present. In addition, Thy-1.1 antigen, which is present on thymic and prethymic cells but not on the majority of post-thymic cells in the rat, is also present on transferase-positive bone marrow cells.
The results suggest that the transferase-positive subset of bone marrow cells may contain the immediate progenitors of cortical thymocytes in the rat. The nuclear location of fluorescence may indicate the site of physiological activity of terminal transferase in thymocytes and their precursors.
Achieving Effective Cross‐Sector R&D Collaboration: A Proposed Management Framework
Authors: Couchman Paul K. , Beckett Ron 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Cross‐sector R&D collaboration, as exemplified by the Australian Cooperative Research Centre Program, is increasing in incidence due to government policies and corporate practices. While the benefits of such collaborations are widely promoted, the resulting relationships (typically involving companies, universities and public sector research agencies) can be difficult to manage so as to achieve beneficial outcomes for all partners. A management framework for establishing these collaborations is proposed. This framework is based on four tensions in cross‐sector collaborations, and it takes the perspective that knowledge created for mutual benefit is the common focus of these ventures.
Broadband Technologies in Australia 1993–98: Developing the Social Shaping of Technology Approach
1
Authors: Andrews John 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The development and deployment of technologies for delivering broadband services to homes in Australia are investigated using the ‘social shaping of technology’ (SST) approach. The focus is on the period from 1993 to 1998 when there were five main technological options for delivering residential broadband services: ‘hybrid’ fibre coaxial (HFC) cable; direct broadcast satellite (DBS); multipoint microwave distribution systems (MDS); ‘Integrated Services Digital Network’ (ISDN); and ‘Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line’ (ADSL). The main broadband services planned for delivery to homes over this period were pay television and fast Internet access. A sequence of snapshots of sociotechnical relationships at critical times during the study period, termed ‘sociotechnological configurations’, is used to track the evolutionary pathway of the broadband technologies. The mapping technique assists in identifying key features and explaining the driving factors of the pathway, including why HFC cable emerged as the predominant technology, and two competing HFC cable networks were rolled out in capital cities at an additional cost of over $2 billion when a single network would have had ample capacity.
ICT and Australia’s Productivity Growth: Understanding the Relationship
1
Authors: Anderssen Harvey 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
This paper explores how information and communication technology has influenced Australia’s productivity performance in the 1990s, drawing on research undertaken by the Australian Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts. The research uses four different approaches to assess the robustness of earlier Australian research. All approaches point to the fact that the impact of ICT on Australian productivity is greater than previously thought. Of the approaches, the GPT modelling appears to offer the greatest potential to meet the further policy challenges in a transition to an information society.
Do health visitors advise mothers about vitamin supplementation for their infants in line with government recommendations to help prevent rickets?
Authors: Cleghorn S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground  Increasing numbers of children are presenting with nutritional rickets. Rickets affects mainly dark‐skinned infants being breastfed for prolonged periods without vitamin supplementation. The main aim of this study was to assess health visitors’ (HV) knowledge of the government guidelines for vitamin supplementation for infants and children and the advice given to mothers.Methods  Questionnaires were sent to all HV in Brent, Harrow and Westminster Primary Care Trusts (PCT). Information received was collated and used to assess HV knowledge.Results  A total of 98 (69%) questionnaires were returned from HV. Seventy‐nine HV (81%) recommend vitamins for the breastfed infant at 6 months or younger, 18 of which would recommend at 1 month of age. Fifty‐six HV (57%) recommend vitamins until 5 years of age. Seventy‐nine HV correctly identified Asians to be at risk of developing rickets. However, only 28 and 16 HV, respectively, identified Black Africans and Black Caribbeans to be at risk.Conclusion  Rickets has become a national public health issue. The majority of HVs is advising vitamin supplements according to government guidelines for breastfeeding infants and the age to which children should continue vitamin supplements. However, ethnic minority groups are at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency. Consequently, greater awareness needs to be raised about the government guidelines for vitamin D supplementation for ethnic minorities to ensure all HVs are imparting consistent, correct advice to these families.
(Mis)interpretation of body weight in adult women and men
Authors: Steenhuis I. H. M. , Bos A. E. R. , Mayer B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIntroduction  This study examined what methods people use to determine and interpret their body weight, and what factors are associated with either an underestimation of overweight or an overestimation of a healthy body weight.Method  The study used self‐reported data on weight and height. Data were collected by means of questionnaires (n = 722).Results  In comparison with unaware overweight individuals, aware overweight respondents had a significantly lower score on comparing their body to that of others and on listening to remarks from others as methods to determine and interpret their body weight. The same was true for respondents with a correct perception of their healthy body weight compared with respondents who overestimated their healthy body weight. Respondents with a correct perception also had a significantly lower score on using the need to change to a different clothing size to determine body weight. Underestimation of overweight was significantly associated with body mass index (BMI), intense physical activity, knowledge of a healthy weight range and body comparison; overestimation of healthy body weight was significantly associated with gender, BMI, weight loss history and media influences.Discussion  The study had a cross‐sectional design, and therefore no causal relations could be determined. Despite this, the study provided more insight into the way people estimate and judge their body weight.
Analysis of Antigen‐Specific and Naturally Occurring IgM and IgA Steady‐State Levels in J‐Chain Negative C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Källberg E. , Leandersson T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNaturally occurring IgM and IgA levels are remarkably stable between different individuals. In mice lacking joining chain (J‐chain), the steady‐state levels of IgM are reduced, while IgA levels are elevated. We have here analysed the IgM and IgA responses as well as the regulation of naturally occurring antibodies in mice that delete all J‐chain expressing B cells (JDTA mice) and have been back‐crossed to C57BL/6 mice. The IgM response to a T‐cell‐dependent antigen was reduced in JDTA mice but still easily detectable. In contrast, a very pronounced primary IgA response could be detected in JDTA mice while wild type controls showed no detectable primary IgA response. With regard to naturally occurring antibodies, bone marrow chimeras between JDTA and control C57BL/6 mice had a donor cell phenotype with regard to serum IgM and IgA. Mixed bone marrow chimeras had an intermediate phenotype, indicating that the naturally occurring antibody IgM and IgA levels are B‐cell autonomous and not subjected to feed‐back control. This was confirmed by transfer of the dominant naturally occurring IgM/IgA phenotype to the recipient by peritoneal exudate cells.
The Punjab foreland basin of Pakistan: a reinterpretation of zircon fission‐track data in the light of Miocene hinterland dynamics
Authors: Ruiz Geoffrey , Seward Diane 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSedimentary basins represent an archive of tectonic events of the hinterland source regions. By determining the variation in sediment lagtime over time, events can be distinguished which may no longer be available as the source has been eroded. In regions characterized by rapid exhumation this is most often the case but the erosion products form a record of these events. Detrital zircon fission‐track ages from sediments of the Siwalik basin, Pakistan, originally presented by Cerveny et al. (New Perspectives in Basin Analysis, Springer‐Verlag, New York, 1988, p. 43), have been reinvestigated and reinterpreted using a revised methodological approach. Detrital age populations were determined from different stratigraphic levels and were correlated through time in order to assess the change in lag time over the stratigraphic section. This information was combined with the many new ages from the hinterland to further interpret events in the source region. The new investigation suggests that steady‐state evolution has not always existed. An overall trend of exhumation increasing by 0.1 mm Myr−1 (from 0.9 to 2.65 mm yr−1) from 18 Ma to the present is evident with a major exception of a net pulse between 11.7 and 10.9 Ma associated with an increase in sedimentation increasingly rich in hornblende. Earlier studies suggested that at this time the source of the sediments was the presently outcropping Kohistan Arc. We are able to demonstrate that this cannot be so but was rather the rapidly exhuming Nanga‐Parbat Haramosh syntaxis (> 2 mm yr−1) coevally with transpressional displacement along the Main Karakorum Thrust, whereby the overlying Kohistan Arc sequences were removed. Furthermore, comparison of our detrital thermochronological data set with another one from the same basin and one from another foreland basin to the east, in NW India suggest that the Himalayan orogenesis was probably not synchronous for the late Early–Middle Miocene. Overall, regions that undergoes today's rapid uplift may be useless to reconstruct earlier phases of exhumation as the levels that may have yielded such info were eroded and deposited into the adjacent basin(s). Such scenario is reproducible in most orogens as in the Himalaya in NW Pakistan stressing the high potential of detrital thermochronological studies to trace hinterland dynamics.Terra Nova, 18, 248–256, 2006
Genome evolution in Arabidopsis/Brassica: conservation and divergence of ancient rearranged segments and their breakpoints
Authors: Ziolkowski Piotr A. , Kaczmarek Malgorzata , Babula Danuta , Sadowski Jan 
Published: May 2006

SummarySince the tetraploidization of the Arabidopsis thaliana ancestor 30–35 million years ago (Mya), a wave of chromosomal rearrangements have modified its genome architecture. The dynamics of this process is unknown, as it has so far been impossible to date individual rearrangement events. In this paper, we present evidence demonstrating that the majority of rearrangements occurred before the Arabidopsis–Brassica split 20–24 Mya, and that the segmental architecture of the A. thaliana genome is predominantly conserved in Brassica. This finding is based on the conservation of four rearrangement breakpoints analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and RFLP mapping of three A. thaliana chromosomal regions. For this purpose, 95 Arabidopsis bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) spanning a total of 8.25 Mb and 81 genetic loci for 36 marker genes were studied in the Brassica oleracea genome. All the regions under study were triplicated in the B. oleracea genome, confirming the hypothesis of Brassica ancestral genome triplication. However, whilst one of the breakpoints was conserved at one locus, it was not at the two others. Further comparison of their organization may indicate that the evolution of the hexaploid Brassica progenitor proceeded by several events, separated in time. Genetic mapping and reprobing with rDNA allowed assignment of the regions to particular Brassica chromosomes. Based on this study of regional organization and evolution, a new insight into polyploidization/diploidization cycles is proposed.
Oxidative stress modulates Sir2α in rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex
Authors: Wu Aiguo , Ying Zhe , Gomez‐Pinilla Fernando 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSilent information regulator 2 (Sir2) helps survival and longevity in lower organisms during challenging situations. We investigated the possibility that Sir2α could be involved with brain plasticity under challenging situations. A diet high in saturated fat and sucrose, which has been shown in rodents to reduce synaptic plasticity and cognition, decreased Sir2α levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, in proportion to an increase in protein oxidation. Vitamin E supplementation normalized, in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, Sir2α levels that had been reduced by the high‐fat diet. Neither the high‐fat diet nor vitamin E supplementation affected cerebellar Sir2α. Vitamin E reduced, in the hippocampus, the oxidized nucleic acids that were increased by the high‐fat diet. Western blot analysis showed higher contents of Sir2α in the hippocampus and cerebellum than in the cerebral cortex. Sir2α immunostaining was predominantly localized in the mossy fibre system and the dentate gyrus granule layer of the hippocampal formation. The high‐fat diet decreased Sir2α immunostaining while vitamin E supplementation reversed these effects. Given that oxidative stress is a subproduct of dysfunctional energy homeostasis, we measured AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) to have an indication of the energy status of cells. Hippocampal levels of total and phosphorylated AMPK were reduced after high fat consumption and levels were normalized by vitamin E treatment. The present results show that oxidative stress and energy homeostasis associated with the consumption of the high‐fat diet are critical for the regulation of Sir2α, with important implications for mechanisms of neural repair.
New Religious Movements in the 21st Century: Legal, Political and Social Challenges in Global perspective – Philip Charles Lucas and Thomas Robbins
Authors: Armson John 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: New Religious Movements in the 21st Century: Legal, Political and Social Challenges in Global perspective, Philip Charles Lucas and Thomas Robbins (eds), Routledge 2004 (0‐415‐96576‐4), 364 pp., pb £19.99
Understanding the Windsor Report. Two Leaders in the American Church Speak Across the Divide – Ian T. Douglas and Paul F.M. Zahl
Authors: Morris Jeremy 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: Understanding the Windsor Report. Two Leaders in the American Church Speak Across the Divide, Ian T. Douglas and Paul F.M. Zahl, Church Publishing 2005 (0‐89869‐487‐6), viii + 184 pp., pb $20.00
He Came down from Heaven: The Preexistence of Christ and the Christian Faith – Douglas McCready
Authors: Dunn Matthew W.I. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: He Came down from Heaven: The Preexistence of Christ and the Christian Faith, Douglas McCready, InterVarsity Press 2005 (0‐8308‐2774‐9), 348 pp., pb $26.00
The Ways of Judgment: The Bampton Lectures, 2003 – Oliver O’Donovan
Authors: Sleasman Michael J. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed: The Ways of Judgment: The Bampton Lectures, 2003, Oliver O’Donovan, Eerdmans 2005 (0‐8028‐2920‐1), xv + 330 pp., hb $35.00/£19.95
Lymphography of the Thoracic Duct by Percutaneous Injection of Iohexol into the Popliteal Lymph Node of Dogs: Experimental Study and Clinical Application
Authors: NAGANOBU KIYOKAZU , OHIGASHI YUSUKE , AKIYOSHI TOMOMI , HAGIO MITSUYOSHI , MIYAMOTO TORU , YAMAGUCHI RYOJI 
Published: May 2006

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous administration of iohexol into the popliteal lymph node as a non‐invasive technique for thoracic duct lymphangiography in dogs.Study Design—Experimental study and clinical report.Animals—Normal adult dogs (n=4) and 1 dog with recurrent chylothorax.Methods—For the experimental study, 4 dogs (weight, 8.4–12.3 kg) had 5–10 mL iohexol injected percutaneously into 1 popliteal lymph node and then thoracic radiographs were taken. Popliteal lymph nodes were examined by histopathology 8 days later. One 25‐kg dog with recurrent chylothorax had 25 mL iohexol injected into the right popliteal lymph node followed by thoracic radiography.Results—In experimental dogs, the thoracic duct was best visualized on thoracic radiographs after administration of 10 mL iohexol. Clinically, no abnormalities were identified in the injected limb and except for 1 dog that had large numbers of siderocytes and erythrophagocytic macrophages in the injected lymph node, the histopathologic findings in the other injected popliteal lymph nodes were not different from contralateral nodes. In the clinical case, the thoracic duct was visualized, but there was leakage of iohexol around the node.Conclusion—The thoracic duct in dogs can be visualized by lymphography after percutaneous injection of iohexol (1 mL/kg at 2 mL/min) into the popliteal lymph node.Clinical Relevance—Percutaneous popliteal lymph node administration of iohexol should be considered as an alternative to mesenteric lymph node injection for radiographic identification of the thoracic duct in dogs.