bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of ADHD with genetic variants in the 5′‐region of the dopamine transporter gene: Evidence for allelic heterogeneity
Authors: Brookes K.J. , Xu X. , Anney R. , Franke B. , Zhou K. , Chen Wai , Banaschewski T. , Buitelaar J. , Ebstein R. , Eisenberg J. , Gill M. , Miranda A. , Oades R.D. , Roeyers H. , Rothenberger A. , Sergeant J. , Sonuga‐Barke E. , Steinhausen H.‐C. , Taylor E. , Faraone S.V. , Asherson P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMultiple studies have reported an association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the 10‐repeat allele of a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the 3′‐untranslated region (3′UTR) of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1). Yet, recent meta‐analyses of available data find little or no evidence for this association; although there is strong evidence for heterogeneity between datasets. This pattern of findings could arise for several reasons including the presence of relatively rare risk alleles on common haplotype backgrounds or the functional interaction of two or more loci within the gene. We previously described the importance of a specific haplotype at the 3′ end of DAT1, as well as the identification of associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within or close to 5′ regulatory sequences. In this study we replicate the association of SNPs at the 5′ end of the gene and identify a specific risk haplotype spanning the 5′ and 3′ markers. These findings indicate the presence of at least two loci associated with ADHD within the DAT1 gene and suggest that either additive or interaction effects of these two loci on the risk for ADHD. Overall these data provide further evidence that genetic variants of the dopamine transporter gene confer an increased risk for ADHD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability of height, weight, and body mass index in a Swiss armed forces 2005 census
Authors: Rühli Frank , Henneberg Maciej , Woitek Ulrich 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe influence of the environment and genetics on individual biological characteristics, such as body mass and stature is well known. Many studies of these relationships have been based on conscript data. These studies often suffer from the fact that their data cover only a part of the population. Characterized by prosperity, democratic stability and enormous micro‐regional cultural diversity, Switzerland is in the unique situation of offering data covering more than 80% of annual male birth cohorts. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of socioeconomic success, cultural differences, month of birth, and altitude (among other factors) on individual anthropometric characteristics of conscripts (N ∼ 28,000) in the 2005 census. Our result highlights in such a large male sample the relationship between economic environment, regional cultural diversity, climate, and other factors, such as individual month of birth on stature and weight. Socioeconomic status, culture (as reflected by mother tongue), and month of birth were found to have significant effects on height and weight, while altitude did not show such effects. In general, weight is more affected by all these variables than height. Taking weight‐dependent mortality and morbidity into account, it is of foremost public interest to know more about paired effects of living conditions on stature and weight in a highly developed society. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frontotemporal dementia and related disorders: Deciphering the enigma
Authors: Josephs Keith A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn the past century, particularly the last decade, there has been enormous progress in our understanding of frontotemporal dementia, a non‐Alzheimer's type dementia. Large clinicopathological series have been published that have clearly demonstrated an overlap between the clinical syndromes subsumed under the term frontotemporal dementia and the progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome, corticobasal syndrome, and motor neuron disease. There have also been significant advancements in brain imaging, neuropathology, and molecular genetics that have led to different approaches to classification. Unfortunately, the field is complicated by a barrage of overlapping clinical syndromes and histopathological diagnoses that does not allow one to easily identify relations between individual clinical syndromic presentations and underlying neuropathology. This review deciphers this web of terminology and highlights consistent, and hence important, associations between individual clinical syndromes and neuropathology. These associations could ultimately allow the identification of appropriate patient phenotypes for future targeted treatments. Ann Neurol 2008;64:4–14
Rapidly progressive dementia
Authors: Geschwind Michael D. , Shu Huidy , Haman Aissa , Sejvar James J. , Miller Bruce L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn contrast with more common dementing conditions that typically develop over years, rapidly progressive dementias can develop subacutely over months, weeks, or even days and be quickly fatal. Because many rapidly progressive dementias are treatable, it is paramount to evaluate and diagnose these patients quickly. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the major categories of RPD and outlines efficient approaches to the diagnosis of the various neurodegenerative, toxic‐metabolic, infectious, autoimmune, neoplastic, and other conditions that may progress rapidly. Ann Neurol 2008;64:97–108
Leuchtdioden mit Halbleiternanokristallen
Authors: Rogach Andrey L. , Gaponik Nikolai , Lupton John M. , Bertoni Cristina , Gallardo Diego E. , Dunn Steve , Li Pira Nello , Paderi Marzia , Repetto Piermario , Romanov Sergei G. , O'Dwyer Colm , Sotomayor Torres Clivia M. , Eychmüller Alexander 
Published: July 2008

AbstractKolloidale Halbleiternanopartikel sind vielversprechende Luminophore für die Entwicklung einer neuen Generation von Elektrolumineszenzeinheiten. Bei Halbleiternanokristall‐LEDs wurden im Laufe eines Jahrzehnts enorme Fortschritte erzielt: So ließ sich die externe Quantenausbeute um mehr als zwei Größenordnungen verbessern, und Funktionseinheiten mit hoch gesättigten Farbemissionen sind heute Standard. Wenngleich die Geräteeffizienz immer noch eine Größenordnung kleiner ist als bei rein organischen LEDs, haben die Nanokristall‐LEDs eine ganze Reihe potenzieller Vorteile, z. B. spektralreine Emissionsfarben, was ein lohnender Forschungszweig für künftige Entwicklungen scheint. Weitere technische Verbesserungen von Nanokristall‐LEDs zielen auf höhere Materialstabilitäten, eine gezielte Steuerung chemischer und physikalischer Vorgänge an den Grenzflächen und die Optimierung der Ladungsinjektion und des Ladungstransports ab.
Light‐Emitting Diodes with Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Authors: Rogach Andrey L. , Gaponik Nikolai , Lupton John M. , Bertoni Cristina , Gallardo Diego E. , Dunn Steve , Li Pira Nello , Paderi Marzia , Repetto Piermario , Romanov Sergei G. , O'Dwyer Colm , Sotomayor Torres Clivia M. , Eychmüller Alexander 
Published: July 2008

AbstractColloidal semiconductor nanocrystals are promising luminophores for creating a new generation of electroluminescence devices. Research on semiconductor nanocrystal based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) has made remarkable advances in just one decade: the external quantum efficiency has improved by over two orders of magnitude and highly saturated color emission is now the norm. Although the device efficiencies are still more than an order of magnitude lower than those of the purely organic LEDs there are potential advantages associated with nanocrystal‐based devices, such as a spectrally pure emission color, which will certainly merit future research. Further developments of nanocrystal‐based LEDs will be improving material stability, understanding and controlling chemical and physical phenomena at the interfaces, and optimizing charge injection and charge transport.
Kinetic monitoring of trisubstituted organotins in soil after sewage sludge application
Authors: Dubascoux S. , Lespes G. , Denaix L. , Gautier M. Potin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOrganotin compounds (OTC) are widely used for their biocidal effects in various agricultural or industrial activities, leading to their environmental presence. Among the organotin species, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT) are the most used and are generally considered the most toxic. So it is important to understand their behaviour in soils and obtain data about their persistence and phytoavailability. Many works deal with OTC speciation in various matrices, but few are concerned with OTC degradation in soil. The present study focuses on kinetic monitoring of TBT and TPhT in an agricultural soil. These compounds were introduced into the soil by the way of spiked sewage sludge, simulating agricultural practice and diffuse contamination. The influence of time and initial OTC concentration on the species preservation was evaluated. TBT concentration was shown to have a positive effect on TBT preservation. Corresponding half‐lives were calculated. They were 6 ± 1 days and over 39 days for TPhT and TBT, respectively. Degradation compounds, mono‐ and dibutyltin, and mono‐ and diphenyltin, were produced by both direct and successive dealkyl and dearylation processes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, spectral characterization, electrochemical studies and catalytic properties in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of the mononuclear PdII, trinuclear PdII(BPh2)2 and RuIIPdIIRuII type complexes containing 4‐amino‐1‐benzyl piperidine and phenyl groups
Authors: Kilic Ahmet , Yilmaz Ismail , Ulusoy Mahmut , Tas Esref 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe ligand containing the 4‐amino‐1‐benzyl piperidine group, N, N′‐(4‐amino‐1‐benzyl piperidine)‐glyoxime, (LH2) (1) was prepared from 4‐amino‐1‐benzyl piperidine with anti‐dichloroglyoxime at − 15 °C in absolute Tetrahydrofuran (THF). In the trinuclear [Pd(L)2Ru2(phen)4](ClO4)2 (4) and [Pd(L)2Ru2(bpy)4](ClO4)2 (5) metal complexes, the PdII ion centered into the main oxime core by the coordination of the imino groups while the two RuII ions coordinated dianionic oxygen donors of the oxime groups and linked to the ligands of 1,10‐phenanthroline and 2,2′‐bipyridine. The mono and trinuclear metal complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, FT‐IR, UV–vis, 1H and 13C‐NMR spectra, magnetic susceptibility measurements, molar conductivity, cyclic voltammetry, mass spectra, X‐ray powder techniques and their morphology by SEM measurements. The cyclic voltammetric results show that the cathodic peak (Epc) potential of (3) shifts towards more positive values compared with that of (2) as a result of the BPh2+‐bridged complex formation. The Suzuki–Miyaura reaction was used to investigate their activity as catalyst either prepared in‐situ or from well‐defined complexes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of substituted vinylgermanes and germylsilylethenes via ruthenium complex catalyzed germylation of olefins
Authors: Marciniec Bogdan , Ławicka Hanna 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA series of substituted vinylgermanes and divinylgermanes have been synthesized in moderate or high yield via two reactions of olefins and dienes catalyzed by [RuHCl(CO) (PCy3)2], i.e. germylative coupling with vinylgermanes and dehydrogenative germylation with hydrogermanes. While the former reaction can be a versatile way of regioselective synthesis of products (particularly useful for the stereoselective synthesis of germylsilylethenes), the latter could be used as a complement, especially in synthesis of germylate dioxol ethene and vinyl ethers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tin dithiocarbamates: applications and structures
Authors: Tiekink Edward R. T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe uses and potential utility of tin/organotin dithiocarbamate,−S2CNR′2, compounds are reviewed. Various derivatives exhibit exciting potential as anti‐cancer agents, anti‐microbial agents and insecticides, e.g. against mosquito larvae. Tin dithiocarbamates have also proven useful as precursors for tin sulfide nanoparticles. There is a wealth of structural data available for such compounds and with the exception of the diorganotin bis(dithiocarbamate) compounds, R2Sn(S2CNR′2)2, compounds for which different structural motifs are evident, there is a certain degree of homogeneity in the molecular structures for each class of compound unless there are additional coordination sites on the R and/or R′ groups. Owing to the strong coordination potential of the dithiocarbamate ligand for tin, supramolecular aggregates involving secondary Sn…S interactions are the exception rather than the norm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide as an efficient and recoverable catalyst for rapid and selective trimethylsilyl protection of hydroxyl groups
Authors: Mojtahedi Mohammad M. , Abaee M. Saeed , Eghtedari Mohammad 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAt room temperature and under solvent‐free conditions, various types of alcohols and phenols were efficiently protected within a few minutes using hexamethyldisilazane and magnetically recoverable Fe3O4. Preferential protection of primary alcohols was observed when they competed with secondary or tertiary alcohols. Highly selective protection of phenols in the presence of aromatic amines or thiophenol was also observed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of solid lubricant reinforcement on wear behavior of Kevlar fabric composites
Authors: Guo Fang , Zhang Zhao‐Zhu , Liu Wei‐min , Su Feng‐hua , Zhang Hui‐juan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe friction and wear behavior of Kevlar fabric composites reinforced by PTFE or graphite powders was investigated using a Xuanwu‐III friction and wear tester at dry sliding condition, with the unfilled Kevlar fabric composite as a reference. The worn surfaces were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that PTFE or graphite as fillers could significantly improve the tribological behavior of the Kevlar fabric composites, and the Kevlar fabric composites filled with 20% PTFE exhibited the best antiwear and antifriction ability among all evaluated cases. The transfer films established with two lubricants in sliding wear of composites against metallic counterparts made contributions to reducing friction coefficient and wear rate of Kevlar fabric composites. In particular, FeF2 generated in the sliding of Kevlar fabric composites filled with PTFE against counterpart pin improved the bonding strength between the transfer film and counterpart surface, which accounted for the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate of the Kevlar fabric composites filled with PTFE measured in the testing. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008.
Kinetic study of the free‐radical polymerization of vinyl acetate in the presence of deuterated chloroform by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Semsarzadeh Mohammad Ali , Abdollahi Mahdi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe free‐radical polymerization of vinyl acetate was performed in the presence of deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) as a chain‐transfer agent (telogen) and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The effects of the initiator and solvent concentrations (or equivalent monomer concentration) and the reaction temperature on the reaction kinetics were studied by real‐time 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. Data obtained from analysis of the 1H‐NMR spectra were used to calculate some kinetic parameters, such as the initiator decomposition rate constant (kd), kp(f/kt)1/2 ratio (where kp is the average rate constant for propagation, f is the initiator efficiency, and kt is the average rate constant for termination), and transfer constant to CDCl3 (C). The results show that kd and kp(f/kt)1/2 changed significantly with the solvent concentration and reaction temperature, whereas they remained almost constant with the initiator concentration. C changed only with the reaction temperature. Attempts were made to explain the dependence of kp(f/kt)1/2 on the solvent concentration. We concluded from the solvent‐independent C values that the solvent did not have any significant effect on the kp values. As a result, changes in the kp(f/kt)1/2 values with solvent concentration were attributed to the solvent effect on the f and/or kt values. Individual values of f and kt were estimated, and we observed that both the f and kt values were dependent on the solvent (or equivalent monomer) concentration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and phase transition of cellulose‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers
Authors: Li Yanxiang , Liu Ruigang , Huang Yong 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCellulose‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers were synthesized, and the thermal properties of the copolymers were investigated. The cellulose‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers showed solid–solid phase‐transition behavior with a high thermal storage density and good thermal stability in the temperature region of 25–250°C. The phase‐transition temperature and enthalpy of the cellulose‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers could be adjusted through changes in the poly(ethylene glycol) content. The prepared copolymers could be used as thermal energy storage materials. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
PS/EPDM blends prepared by in situ polymerization of styrene
Authors: Lourenço Emerson , Felisberti Maria Isabel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPS/EPDM blends formed by in situ polymerization of styrene in the presence of EPDM were prepared. EPDM has excellent resistance to factors such as weather, ozone and oxidation and it could be a good alternative for substituting polybutadiene‐based rubbers in PS toughening. The PS/EPDM blends present two phases, an EPDM elastomeric phase dispersed into a rigid matrix. The blends show higher thermal stability than polystyrene homopolymer due to the stabilizing effect of EPDM incorporation. The mechanical properties of in situ polymerized PS/EPDM blends with different compositions were evaluated before and after accelerated photoaging and compared with the properties of HIPS submitted to the same aging conditions. The blend containing 17 wt % of EPDM presents an increase in the impact resistance of 210% in comparison with the value of PS. Although the initial mechanical properties of HIPS are superior, a pronounced drop was observed after an exposure time. For example, after the aging period, all PS/EPDM blends showed higher strain at break than HIPS. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
The swelling behaviors and network parameters of cationic starch‐g‐acrylic acid/poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks hydrogels
Authors: Li Xin , Xu Shimei , Pen Yang , Wang Jide 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAmphiphilic semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPN) hydrogels were prepared by a sequential‐IPN method by acrylic acid graft copolymerization into cationic starch in mild aqueous media of poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride). Some main factors were investigated to evaluate the swelling of hydrogels, and the network parameters Mc were given accordingly to elaborate the interaction between polymers. The chemical structure of the resulting hydrogel was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The cationic starch‐based semi‐IPN hydrogels achieved a high swelling capacity of 1070 g/g in deionized water and 94 g/g in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution, respectively) and high compressive stress in a high water content. Besides, a different pH‐dependent behavior was found for this semi‐IPN hydrogel. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Association and effective hydrodynamic thickness of hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide through porous media
Authors: Lu Hongsheng , Feng Yujun , Huang Zhiyu 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study was aimed at the association and effective hydrodynamic thickness of hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide (HAPAM) through porous media with coreflow experiment. It shows that there is strong hydrophobic association for HAPAM in porous media but not for polyacrylamide (PAM). The resistance factor and effective hydrodynamic thickness of HAPAM are obviously superior to those of PAM. HAPAM exhibits much stronger shear thinning behavior than PAM due to the ability to form transitional network structure. It also indicates that PAM can exhibit a transition from shear thinning behavior to shear thickening behavior at low polymer concentration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of adhesives on thermal conductivity of laminated veneer lumber
Authors: Kurt Şeref , Uysal Burhanettin , Özcan Cemal 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this study, it is aimed to describe the effect of adhesives (PVAc‐polyurethane and urea formaldehyde) on wooden materials (Scotch pine and oriental beech) cut tangentially and radially and layers in laminated veneer lumber (LVL; 3, 4, 5) on thermal conductivity. The lowest thermal conductivity of 0.105 kcal/(m h °C) was obtained in Scotch pine, cut tangentially, bonded with polyurethane, and three‐layer LVL. The highest thermal conductivity of 0.159 kcal/m h °C was obtained in oriental beech, cut radially, bonded with PVAc, and five‐layer LVL. Consequently, oriental beech wood cut radially and bonded with PVAc adhesive and five layers in LVL can be used as a material in construction where the thermal conductivity is required. Scotch pine wood cut tangentially and bonded with polyurethane adhesive and three layers in LVL can be used as a material in construction where the insulation is required. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polyamide 6/maleated ethylene–propylene–diene rubber/organoclay composites with or without glycidyl methacrylate as a compatibilizer
Authors: Zhang Lingyan , Wan Chaoying , Zhang Yong 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPolyamide 6 (PA6)/maleated ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM‐g‐MA)/organoclay (OMMT) composites were melt‐compounded through two blending sequences. Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was used as a compatibilizer for the ternary composites. The composite prepared through via the premixing of PA6 with OMMT and then further melt blending with EPDM‐g‐MA exhibited higher impact strength than the composite prepared through the simultaneous blending of all the components. However, satisfactorily balanced mechanical properties could be achieved by the addition of GMA through a one‐step blending sequence. The addition of GMA improved the compatibility between PA6 and EPDM‐g‐MA, and this was due to the reactions between PA6, EPDM‐g‐MA, and GMA, as proved by Fourier transform infrared analysis and solubility (Molau) testing. In addition, OMMT acted as a compatibilizer for PA6/EPDM‐g‐MA blends at low contents, but it weakened the interfacial interactions between PA6 and EPDM‐g‐MA at high contents. Both OMMT and GMA retarded the crystallization of PA6. The complex viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus of the composites were obviously affected by the addition of OMMT and GMA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008