bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red Spruce Stand Dynamics, Simulations, and Restoration Opportunities in the Central Appalachians
Authors: Rentch James S. , Schuler Thomas M. , Ford W. Mark , Nowacki Gregory J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRed spruce (Picea rubens)–dominated forests occupied as much as 600,000 ha in West Virginia prior to exploitive logging era of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Subsequently, much of this forest type was converted to northern hardwoods. As an important habitat type for a number of rare or sensitive species, only about 12,000 ha of red spruce forests presently remain in the state. In order to assess the prospects for restoration, we examined six northern hardwood stands containing understory red spruce to (1) characterize stand dynamics and regeneration patterns and (2) simulate the effectiveness of restoration silviculture to enhance red spruce overstory recruitment. Stands originated in the late 1800s to early 1900s and are currently in the (late) stem exclusion or understory reinitiation stages. Five of the six stands had even‐aged overstories that originated after clear‐cutting. Tree‐ring chronologies show high initial growth rates consistent with stand initiation. One stand, partially harvested in 1915, was uneven aged with older, legacy residuals in the canopy. Most stands had two cohorts of understory red spruce, with more than 40% of these individuals showing prior release. Our 100‐year growth simulation suggested that a 50% basal area thinning from above could double red spruce basal area to support a mixed spruce–hardwood stand in approximately 20–40 years. These results indicate that restoration silviculture could be an effective tool for increasing the amount and quality of this reduced forest type in the central Appalachians.
Two Decades of River Restoration in California: What Can We Learn?
Authors: Kondolf G. M. , Anderson S. , Lave R. , Pagano L. , Merenlender A. , Bernhardt E. S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract As part of the National River Restoration Science Synthesis (NRRSS), we developed a summary database of 4,023 stream restoration projects built in California since 1980, from which we randomly selected 44 records for in‐depth interviews with project managers. Despite substantial difficulties in gathering the data, we were able to draw conclusions about current design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation practices used in California projects and compare them with national trends. Although more than half of the projects for which we conducted interviews were located in watersheds for which a management or assessment plan had been prepared, these plans had a limited impact on site selection. We also found that the state lacks a consistent framework for design, monitoring, and reporting restoration projects, and that although monitoring is far more widespread than the information in the NRRSS summary database would suggest, there are still problems with the type, duration, and reporting of monitoring. The general lack of systematic, objective assessment of completed projects hinders the advance of restoration science.
Postictal Breathing Pattern Distinguishes Epileptic from Nonepileptic Convulsive Seizures
Authors: Azar Nabil J. , Tayah Tania F. , Wang Lily , Song Yanna , Abou‐Khalil Bassel W. 
Published: July 2007

Summary
Purpose: To examine postictal breathing pattern in generalized convulsive nonepileptic seizures (GCNES) and generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCS) and evaluate this feature as a discriminating sign.
Methods: We reviewed the postictal breathing pattern seizures in 23 generalized tonic–clonic seizures in 15 consecutive patients with epilepsy and 24 convulsive nonepileptic seizures in 16 consecutive patients with pure psychogenic seizures. We also analyzed 21 frontal lobe hypermotor seizures (FLHS) in 9 patients with frontal lobe epilepsy.
Results: The breathing after GTCS was deep with prolonged inspiratory and expiratory phases, regular, and loud (except for two short seizures). The breathing after GCNES was characterized by increased respiratory rate or hyperpnea with short inspiratory and expiratory phases, as can be noted after exercise. The breathing was often irregular, with brief pauses. The altered breathing lasted longer after GTCS. The two groups differed significantly in loudness of postictal respiration, postictal snoring (only with GTCS), respiratory rate (faster for the GCNES group), and duration of altered breathing (longer after GTCS) (p < 0.00001 for all features). FLHS shared postictal breathing features of GCNES, but had other distinguishing features.
Conclusions: The postictal breathing pattern can help differentiate generalized tonic–clonic seizures from nonepileptic psychogenic seizures with generalized motor activity and may be helpful to the practitioner obtaining a seizure history in the clinic setting or witnessing a seizure.
Differential Rearing Conditions Alter Operant Responding for Ethanol in Outbred Rats
Authors: Deehan Gerald A. , Cain Mary E. , Kiefer Stephen W. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Differential rearing environments affect a number of behaviors displayed by rats in adulthood. For example, rats reared in an impoverished condition (IC; reared alone in hanging metal cages), social condition (SC; reared in standard shoebox cages, 2 per cage), or enriched condition (EC; reared in a large metal cage with bedding, 14 novel objects, and 10 cohorts) display clear differences in the amount of drug they consume and/or self‐administer through operant responding. Animals reared in an EC consume greater amounts of ethanol compared with rats reared in an IC when provided free access, but it is not known how differential rearing conditions affect operant responding for ethanol.Methods:  Twenty‐eight male Long‐Evans rats were reared in 1 of 3 environments (IC, SC, or EC) during postnatal days 21 to 111. At the conclusion of the rearing period, all rats underwent sucrose/ethanol fading and then were tested for lever press responding for 10% ethanol as well as ethanol preference.Results:  Rats reared in an IC responded for 10% ethanol at significantly higher rates than SC and EC rats. A greater percentage of IC rats were able to switch lever responding when the ethanol availability was changed to a second lever. Lastly, the IC group was the only one to display a clear preference for 10% ethanol when both this fluid and water were available.Conclusion:  Rats reared in an IC show greater proclivity to respond operantly for 10% ethanol compared with rats raised in either SC or EC (which did not differ from each other). These findings agree with a number of studies that have shown isolate reared animals to consume greater amounts of ethanol compared with their socially reared counterparts yet contrast some studies showing EC animals consume greater amounts of ethanol than IC rats. The current findings illustrate that rearing environment also plays an important role in an animal’s proclivity to respond for ethanol.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Baron David P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTMilton Friedman argued that the social responsibility of firms is to maximize profits. This paper examines this argument for the economic environment envisioned by Friedman in which citizens can personally give to social causes and can invest in profit‐maximizing firms and firms that give a portion of their profits to social causes. Citizens obtain social satisfaction from corporate social giving, but corporate giving may not be a perfect substitute for personal giving. The paper presents a theory of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and shows that CSR is costly when it is an imperfect substitute. When investors anticipate the CSR, shareholders do not bear its cost. Instead, the entrepreneurs who form the CSR firms bear the cost. Shareholders bear the cost of CSR only when it is a surprise, and it is to such surprises that Friedman objects. A social entrepreneur is willing to form a CSR firm at a financial loss because either doing so expands the opportunity sets of citizens in consumption‐social giving space or there is an entrepreneurial warm glow from forming the firm. Firms can also undertake strategic CSR activities that increase profits, and a social entrepreneur carries strategic CSR beyond profit maximization and market value maximization. The paper also examines the implications of taxes and the effect of the market for control for the sustainability of CSR.
Dental Health and Cognitive Impairment in an English National Survey Population
Authors: Stewart Robert , Hirani Vasant 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between dental health and cognitive impairment and to examine the extent to which dental status accounts for the association between cognitive impairment and low body mass index (BMI) in a national survey sample.DESIGN: A secondary analysis of data from the Health Survey for England 2000.SETTING: A nationally representative cross‐sectional population survey.PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand four hundred sixty‐three adults aged 65 and older living in private households and 1,569 adults aged 65 and older living in care homes.MEASUREMENTS: Data collected by interview (self‐reported or by proxy) included age, sex, level of education, disability, BMI, dental status, and cognitive function (Abbreviated Mental Test Score).RESULTS: Less than half of the community sample (40.4%) and 67.9% of the care home sample were edentulous; lack of teeth was significantly associated with cognitive impairment (odds ratio=3.59, 95% confidence interval=2.36–5.47). This association remained strong after adjustment for other covariates only in the community sample. Cognitive impairment was associated with lower BMI in both samples, but dental status did not explain this.CONCLUSION: Poor dentition is associated with cognitive impairment. Nutritional status in people with cognitive impairment is recognized to be at risk. Although dental health did not account for the association between cognitive impairment and low BMI in this sample, other possible nutritional consequences require further evaluation.
Oxidative Stress Is Associated with Greater Mortality in Older Women Living in the Community
Authors: Semba Richard D. , Ferrucci Luigi , Sun Kai , Walston Jeremy , Varadhan Ravi , Guralnik Jack M. , Fried Linda P. 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether oxidative stress, as implied by oxidative damage to proteins, is associated with greater mortality in older women living in the community.DESIGN: Longitudinal.SETTING: Women's Health and Aging Study I, Baltimore, Maryland.PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred forty‐six moderately to severely disabled women, aged 65 and older, with baseline measures of serum protein carbonyls.MEASUREMENTS: Serum protein carbonyls, which consist of chemically stable aldehyde and ketone groups produced on protein side chains when they are oxidized, were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders.RESULTS: During 5 years of follow‐up, 202 (27.1%) participants died. Geometric mean serum protein carbonyls were 0.091 nmol/mg in women who died and 0.083 nmol/mg in those who survived (P=.02). Loge protein carbonyls (nmol/mg) were associated with greater risk of mortality (hazards ratio=1.34, 95% confidence interval=1.01–1.79, P=.04) in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, current smoking, and body mass index.CONCLUSION: Greater oxidative stress, as indicated by elevated serum protein carbonyl concentrations, was associated with greater risk of death in older women living in the community who were moderately to severely disabled. Prevention of oxidative stress may reduce the risk of mortality.
Damage to sagebrush attracts predators but this does not reduce herbivory
Authors: Karban Richard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEmissions of volatiles increase following herbivory from many plant species and volatiles may serve multiple functions. Herbivore‐induced volatiles attract predators and parasitoids of herbivores and are often assumed to benefit plants by facilitating top‐down control of herbivores; this benefit of induced emissions has been tested only a few times. Volatile compounds released by experimentally clipped sagebrush shoots have been shown to reduce levels of chewing damage experienced by other shoots on the same plant and on neighboring sagebrush plants. In this study, I asked whether experimental clipping attracted predators of herbivorous insects to sagebrush shoots. I also evaluated aphid populations and chewing damage on clipped and unclipped shoots and whether predators were likely to have caused differences in aphids and chewing damage. Shoots that had been clipped recruited more generalist predators, particularly coccinellids andGeocorisspp. in visual surveys conducted during two seasons. Clipping also caused increased numbers of parasitized aphids in one season. Ants were common tending aphids but were not significantly affected by clipping. Despite the increase in generalist predators, clipped plants were more likely to support populations of aphids that increased during both seasons compared to aphids on unclipped control plants. Clipped shoots suffered less damage by chewing herbivores in the 1‐year in which this was measured. Chewing damage was not correlated with numbers of predators. These results suggest that predators and parasitoids were attracted to experimentally clipped sagebrush plants but that these predators were not effective at reducing net damage to the plant. This conclusion is not surprising as much of the herbivory is inflicted by grasshoppers and deer, herbivores that are not vulnerable to the predators attracted to sagebrush volatiles. More generally, it should not be assumed that predators that are attracted by herbivore‐induced volatiles necessarily benefit the plant without testing this hypothesis under field conditions.
Maternal size and age affect offspring sex ratio in the solitary egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens
Authors: Santolamazza‐Carbone Serena , Nieto Montserrat Pestaña , Rivera Adolfo Cordero 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this study, the effects of maternal age, diet, and size on offspring sex ratio were investigated for the solitary egg parasitoid, Anaphes nitens Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), both outdoors, during the winter, and inside a climatic chamber under favourable constant conditions. During the winter of 2005–2006, each of seven groups containing 40 1‐day‐old females was mated and randomly distributed among two treatments: (treatment 1) a droplet of undiluted honey ad libitum + one fresh egg capsule of the snout beetle Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as host; (treatment 2) drops of water + one fresh egg capsule of G. scutellatus. We recorded the lifetime fecundity, the daily sex allocation, and the lifetime offspring sex ratio to study the existence of a relationship with maternal characteristics. Moreover, we assessed the effect of location (outdoors vs. indoors) and group (groups are representative of early, mid, and late winter) on sex ratio. The most important factor that biased the sex ratio was maternal body size: larger females of both treatments produced more female offspring. As females of A. nitens could gain more advantage than males from body size, larger mothers have a higher fitness return if they produce more daughters. The effect of the treatment was significant: starved females produced more females. Location and group were not significant. Fecundity and sex ratio were age dependent. Old mothers that received honey (treatment 1) had fewer offspring and a more male‐biased offspring sex ratio, probably due to reproductive senescence and sperm depletion. Starved females (treatment 2) experienced reproductive decline earlier, perhaps because they invested more energy in maintenance rather than in reproduction.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction During Pregnancy
Authors: Erol Bulent , Sanli Oner , Korkmaz Duzgun , Seyhan Ayse , Akman Tolga , Kadioglu Ates 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Although women may undergo changes in sexual function during pregnancy, there are limited studies correlating possible sexual function changes to androgen blood levels during the pregnancy.

Aim
To search for a possible correlation, we performed a cross-sectional observational study to assess sexual function scores and androgen blood levels of women during pregnancy.

Materials and Methods
A total of 589 healthy pregnant women were recruited to the present cross-sectional study. Of these patients, 116 (19.6%), 220 (37.3%), and 253 (42.9%) were in their first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. They were evaluated with a detailed medical and sexual history, including IFSF questionnaire. In addition, maternal serum androgen levels (testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, free testosterone) were determined in each trimester during regular follow-ups.

Main Outcome Measures
Assessment of Index of Female Sexual Function (IFSF) domains and serum androgen levels in each trimester.

Results
The mean age of the three groups were similar (P  &gt; 0.05). Overall, total IFSF scores of women in the first and second trimesters were 21.4 ± 10.1 and 22.3 ± 10, respectively, while it was 15.9 ± 12.3 during the third trimester (P  &lt; 0.05). The most common sexual dysfunction symptom was diminished clitoral sensation, observed in 94.2% of the patients, followed by lack of libido in 92.6% and orgasmic disorder in 81%. No correlation was detected between total IFSF score and serum androgen levels.

Conclusions
In this cross-sectional study, we noted lower sexual function scores in women in the third trimester of their pregnancies compared with those in their first two trimesters of pregnancy. These lower sexual function scores in the third trimester were not associated with lower androgen levels. We plan to perform a future prospective study to better assess both the change in sexual function and also its possible relation to androgen levels in pregnant women.
HYGIENE FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMERS' CHOICE OF DINING‐OUT UNITS: FINDINGS FROM A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC STAFF
Authors: AKSOYDAN EMINE 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT This study investigates factors influencing customers' choice of dining‐out units after a test of validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The study was conducted at a private university with a 243‐member academic staff in Ankara, Turkey. Results show that the most important influences on this choice are hygienic factors, primarily of cleanliness, including cleanliness of the restaurant, food, china and cutlery, service personnel, toilet and lavatory and kitchen. Differences in dining out choice factors were found on the basis of gender, age groups and marital status. The second most important choice factor is cleanliness of china and cutlery for males, while this factor was not important for female respondents. Widowed and divorced groups' responses were found to differ from those of married and single respondents. Cleanliness of toilets and lavatory was found important among married and single groups, while this factor was unimportant for the widowed and divorced.
Water and Disease After Croydon: A Review of Water‐borne and Water‐associated Disease in the UK 1937–86
Authors: GALBRAITH N. S. , BARRETT NICOLA J. , STANWELL‐SMITH ROSALIND 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYThere Were 34 outbreaks of water‐borne disease recorded in the UK between 1937 and 1986, comprising over 11794 cases and at least six deaths. A total of 21 outbreaks were due to public water supplies, 11 of them contaminated at source; in eight of these 11 the water was unchlorinated or defectively chlorinated. None of the six reported deaths was due to contamination of public supplies at source. About 1000 cases of gastro‐intestinal illness were caused by consumption ofafoods, particularly milk and canned nicats, that had been contaminated by polluted water during processing. Shellfish harvested from pollutcd cstuarics gave rise to increasing numbers of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis A. The recreational use of water was associated with about 400 serious infections and probably many minor illnesses. Sonie hospital infections may have hecn derived from the potable water supply. A total of 14 outbreaks of legionnaires' disease and eight of humidifier fever were associated with water in buildings.The future control of water‐borne and waterassociated disease demands not only continued vigilance in the water industry but closer collaboration between public health doctors and water engineers and scientists.
Legionnaires' Disease and its Impact on Water Supply Management
Authors: BARROW G. I. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISThe Current State of knowledge about Legionnaires' disease and Legionella organisms is reviewed briefly. The implications for water supply management and responsibility are discussed.Legionella organisms are present naturally in the environment in water and soil and, as opportunist respiratory pathogens which could occur indirectly in potable supplies, albeit in small numbers, they are of concern to water undertakings. They are a relatively uncommon cause of pneumonia, affecting mainly but not exclusively middle aged and elderly men, especially those with a history of recent travel. The organisms do not spread from one person to another but are acquired by inhalation of infected aerosols from environmental or man‐made water reservoirs. There is no evidence for transmission by ingestion. I n potable water Legionella organisms are therefore highly unlikely to constitute a direct hazard to health, and their presence does not mean that the supply is non‐potable or indeed unsatisfactory in bacteriological quality.Warm temperatures, stagnation and the use of unsuitable fixtures and fittings can provide conditions suitable for growth and subsequent incorporation of the organisms in aerosols from taps, showers, and other outlets. Significant hazards, however, are more likely to occur from hot‐water services and from recirculating cooling towers and humidifiers associated with air conditioning installations in large and often recently constructed buildings.Legionella organisms presumably must occur in sewage, but it is unlikely that subsequent environmental conditions would favour significant growth though little is known about this or their possible role in animal diseases or in agricultural practice. Their occurrence in water and sewage treatment works is highly unlikely to present any real hazard to workers. The main impact of these organisms for the future is likely to be in the design and engineering aspects of large buildings and their water‐related services.
Radioactivity Monitoring of the Water Cycle following the Chernobyl Accident
Authors: JONES F. , CASTLE R. G. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISDetails are given of the radioactivity monitoring programme following the Chernobyl accident. Measurements of gross beta activity in samples of rainwater, raw water, treated water, waste products from water treatment plants, and sewage sludges, are tabulated.On a limited sampling regime fallout in the Longdendale water catchment, three months after the accident, was investigated and shown to be mainly absorbed onto grass and soil. Water treatment processes were found to be effective in removing radioactive fallout from raw water, and concentrating it into the waste treatment products. The disposal of these waste products is discussed.