bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Samuel ibn Tibbon
Authors: Eisen Robert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Despite the many difficulties presented by Ibn Tibbon’s discussion of the Book of Job in Ma’amar Yikkavu ha-Mayim, it is argued that with a close reading, his interpretation of Job can be deciphered. This will be the primary challenge of this chapter. Much of the chapter will be spent attempting to discern what Ibn Tibbon says about Job. Only when this is accomplished will it be possible to analyze his reading in accordance with the three interfaces that are the focus of this study. Ibn Tibbon has emerged here as an interpreter who sees himself primarily as a commentator on Maimonides, rather than as an independent thinker in his own right. It is also evident that despite his dependence on Maimonides, Ibn Tibbon sometimes comes up with insights that are very much his own. These include a host of ideas that supplement, but also at times overturn, Maimonides’ understanding of the biblical text. Most significant is Ibn Tibbon’s notion that the Book of Job is designed to teach that providence is to be equated with immortality and that there is no individual providence in this world that guards physical well-being.
Eternity
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter surveys the Greek background in Plato’s Timaeus, Aristotle’s Physics and De Caelo, and the dispute between late Greek thinkers, especially Proclus and Philoponus. Against this background, al-Kindī’s arguments that only God can be eternal and that creation must be finite in time as well as space are explored. It is suggested that al-Kindī’s interest in this topic can be explained in terms of the contemporary ’Abbāsid dogma that the Koran is not eternal, but created.
Entrepreneurship as Creative Construction
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents a synthesis of the discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that entrepreneurship makes a unique contribution to economic growth by permeating the knowledge filter and commercializing ideas that would otherwise remain uncommercialized. Entrepreneurial opportunities are not at all exogenous, or given, in the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship. Rather, they are endogenously generated by the extent of investments in new knowledge. Thus, a context rich in knowledge will generate more entrepreneurial opportunities than a context with impoverished knowledge.
The Politics of Religion and the Morality of Globalization
Authors: An‐Na'im Abdullahi A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay questions whether economic globalization and global civil society work against each other or in concert. Examining Islamic fundamentalism, Hindu nationalism, and Liberation Theology, it proposes that there are possibilities of synergy and mediation between the two: the exclusivity and intolerance of some religious communities can be moderated by the impact of economic globalization, while economic globalization’s inattentiveness to social justice can be redressed through the moral guidance of religion.
Globalizing Civil Religion and Public Theology
Authors: Tipton Steven M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay analyzes the intersections of civil religion and public theology with globalization. It explores two possibilities: the development of an international world-polity and the persistence of state-centric nationalism. It concludes with a call to recognize distinctive yet overlapping forms of civil religion emerging around the globe, and to acknowledge the ongoing argument among diverse public theologies about the proper shape of the world to come.
Intercultural Understanding in a Community School
Authors: Bounds Elizabeth M. , Patterson Bobbi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay examines the International Community School (ICS), a public charter school near Atlanta, Georgia, that brings refugee, immigrant, and local U.S. children together in one educational environment as a microcosmic global civic space in an emerging global civil society. It focuses on the local and particular instantiations of globalization, paying special attention to the role of religions.
Religious Transnationalism
Authors: Hoeber Rudolph Susanne 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay inquires into the implications of the “fading of the state” for religion and the prospects for a universal “ecumene” in the expanding transnational space. Assuming that forms of polity and forms of religiosity have an effect on each other, one should expect the thinning of state boundaries and the expansion of transnational political, social, and economic institutions and epistemes to affect forms of religiosity and the formulation of religious goals. Excluding the likelihood that the new transnationalism would favor resurrecting a universal church, this essay concludes by exploring the prospects and challenges posed by ecumenism or “universal religiosity” grounded in the principle that there is truth in all religions.
Tradable Permits in Principle and Practice
Authors: Tietenberg Tom 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay reviews data on tradable permit systems in various contexts, including air pollution regulation, water supply, fisheries management, grazing rights allocation, water quality, and wetlands preservation. These programs are evaluated against three criteria: implementation feasibility, environmental effectiveness, and economic effectiveness. The analysis makes clear that the particular characteristics of these different regimes affect the evaluation of their performance. Beyond reporting substantive results for each program, the essay offers insight into the methodological difficulties of ex post evaluations generally. For example, not all studies define economic efficiency or environmental effectiveness in the same way, and studies vary in their choice of comparative benchmark or counterfactual, which can significantly affect results. Ex post evaluations differ as well in terms of both scope (i.e., which outcomes are considered exogenous and which endogenous) and timing (i.e., the point in the life of the program when the evaluation is done). All of these choices can influence the resulting interpretations.
Cost Savings from Allowance Trading in the 1990 Clean Air Act: Estimates from a Choice‐Based Model
Authors: Keohane Nathaniel O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay offers a comprehensive assessment of the cost savings over the first five years of the allowance trading program. The current study has two methodological advantages over the previous ones. The first is the completeness of the data used. Like the two previous studies, this study estimates scrubber costs from costs reported in survey data, although the current study is able to use cost data from the full five years of Phase I. The data on coal prices used here are much more detailed than that in the other two studies, allowing for plant-level estimates of sulfur premia and counterfactual sulfur content. The second and more significant advantage of the current study is methodological. It employs an econometric model of the abatement choices actually made by utilities to simulate the decisions that would have been made under prescriptive regulation. Thus, abatement costs under counterfactual policies are estimated on the basis of observed behavior under actual policy regimes, rather than on the basis of engineering estimates or least-cost algorithms.
An Assessment of Legal Liability as a Market‐Based Instrument
Authors: Segerson Kathleen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay focuses on the deterrence effect of liability, recognizing that the motivation for imposition of liability (particularly retroactive imposition) may instead be victim compensation or corrective justice. It evaluates what is known about whether liability creates an effective market for environmental goods and services. It provides an overview of the issues regarding the impact of liability that have been addressed in the theoretical literature to identify key conditions or factors that can be expected to influence the effectiveness of liability as a policy tool. It then turns to a well-known and controversial example of the imposition of liability-liability under CERCLA, to demonstrate the role of some of these factors in a specific policy context. Finally, it looks more generally at the empirical literature that exists to see what, if anything, it suggests about the effectiveness of pricing environmental services through the use of liability.
“No Net Loss”: Instrument Choice in Wetlands Protection
Authors: Salzman James , Ruhl J. B. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay evaluates wetlands mitigation banking (WMB) as a tool for accomplishing the policy of no net loss of the nation's wetlands. The first part describes the legal and historical background to wetlands mitigation banking, identifying the expected advantages and highlighting the practical difficulties. The discussion then focuses on the three main limitations of WMB design: ensuring meaningful compliance monitoring, currency adequacy, and exchange adequacy. These theoretical concerns are tested by looking at experiences to date in the field. Finally, key lessons for market-based approaches to watershed protection are drawn out.
Woodrow Wilson
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
His contemporaries, subsequent historians and biographers, and Woodrow Wilson himself have all agreed that his religious convictions are crucial to understanding the Democrat’s political thought and actions. Wilson revered the Bible, wore out several of them during his life, quoted it frequently, and sought to use its principles to guide his work as president. He prayed every day on his knees and followed Presbyterian standards in his personal life. While concurring that Wilson’s faith is pivotal to understanding him, scholars disagree over whether it had a positive or negative impact on his performance as president and his policies. Wilson’s firmly rooted and fervently cherished Calvinist faith significantly influenced his thought and actions as president. Clearly America’s preeminent Presbyterian statesman, Wilson’s faith is evident in his philosophy of government, his view of America’s mission in the world, and many of his major domestic and foreign policies, especially his attempts to mediate among the combatants in World War I, his decision to involve the United States in the war, and his role in devising the Paris Peace treaties and the League of Nations.
Jimmy Carter
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Jimmy Carter’s faith played a major role in both the 1976 and 1980 presidential campaigns and his presidency. This is evident in his speeches, relationship with religious constituencies, approach to politics, and many of his domestic and foreign policies. Three major factors shaped Carter’s ideology: Southern evangelicalism, Baptists’ views of the separation of church and state, and the Christian realism of Reinhold Niebuhr. In most ways, Carter’s personal faith was typical of Southern Baptists and most other evangelicals. He believed in the need to be born again, the importance of evangelism, the sinfulness of human beings, and the authority of the Bible. Carter insisted that his faith should play an important role in his political decisions. He strongly stressed morality, virtue, justice, forgiveness, humility, peace, human rights, concern for the poor, and stewardship. Carter’s faith also helped to inspire his efforts to promote peace throughout the world. Motivated by Christ’s example, Carter strove as president to adopt the attitude and approach of a servant. His positions on several issues, most notably abortion, school prayer, and tuition tax credits, were at odds with those of many evangelicals and Catholics. Carter’s Christian commitment is especially evident in his efforts to strengthen families, reduce poverty, reform welfare, combat the nation’s energy crisis, and slow world population growth.
The Career of the Bodhisattva
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, focusing on the career of Bodhisattva. The story begins in the ancient land of Jambudvīpa (India; Sinhala: Dambadiva), wherein the ascetic Sumedha aspires to become a Buddha in the future, thereby setting in motion a series of lifetimes that culminate in the Awakening of Gautama Buddha. Many medieval Sri Lankan vasas typically begin with at least a brief recounting of the Buddha's life, starting with his bodhisattva career. Parākrama imitates this convention, but greatly elaborates upon the brief account in Vācissara's text. The vow Sumedha makes before the former Buddha Dīpakara is followed by a series of predictions whereby subsequent Buddhas encounter the Bodhisattva and confirm that he will one day become a Buddha named Gautama. The text's focus on relics is anticipated by remarks regarding the fate of the bodily relics of all the previous Buddhas.
The Victory of King Duṭugämuṇu
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, focusing on the victory of King Duṭugämuṇu. It describes his military victories, highlighting his acts of pious devotion to the Triple Gem, until he defeats the invaders once and for all. An important account regarding the moral crisis King Duṭugämuṇu experiences as a result of having killed so many people is resolved in a way that deviates from the Mahāvasa, as the king learns that the accumulation of his meritorious deeds will prevent the negative results of killing from coming to fruition.
The Relic Deposit
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, describing the deposit of the relics in the Relic Shrine of Golden Garlands. The fantastic miracles displayed by the relics and the large numbers of beings who venerated at the shrine and arrived at the higher attainments leading up to nirvana are also mentioned.
Religion as Communication: The Changing Shape of Catholicism in Europe
Authors: Pace Enzo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn many European countries, religion today seems to function as guardian of the collective identity and memory, even as those same societies are becoming more multi-religious. Focusing the analysis on European Catholicism and, particularly, on the new role played by the Catholic Church in the public sphere in two historically Catholic countries — Italy and Spain — the chapter develops the hypothesis that Catholic leaders are accepting the idea that religious power must work more and more as communication. They can longer impose norms, but they can reconstruct a romantic sense of being a society, a collective identity rooted in the Christian pattern of values, projecting unity where there is social, religious, and ideological difference.
Evangelicalism and Politics for Korean Americans
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines how Korean Americans view themselves vis-à-vis larger American evangelical attitudes towards politics. Korean Americans do not draw on particular congregational approaches to understand the relationship between religion and politics. Rather, they borrow from broader national Christian models for political action. It is shown that, surprisingly, some Korean Americans utilize political action models learned from black Christians.
Ethics Vindicated
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Can we regard ourselves as free originators of some of our behavior? What is the place of values in a world of facts? What grounds the authority of moral imperatives, and why should we care about them? Unless satisfactory answers are provided for these questions, ethics has no credible status and is likely to be swallowed by psychology, history, or rational decision theory: an outcome quite common in recent (post-Hegelian) times as well as one to be strongly regretted. Immanuel Kant's philosophy is a sustained, bold, and successful effort aiming at offering us the answers we need, and this book is a clear and thorough account of this effort that builds on the author's previous interpretation of transcendental philosophy (as articulated in his Kant'sCopernican Revolution) and draws on the entire Kantian corpus. Free choice is rational choice, hence, it is also what reason would consider a good choice; evil behavior is not free — when we behave irrationally, we lose all control on our conduct and become obtuse wheels in the hands of irresistible nature. Which does not mean, however, that we should not take responsibility for our evil actions. On the contrary, that is exactly the right thing to do, despite the absurdity of the stance it involves. This very absurdity teaches us an important Kantian lesson on how to negotiate the bounds of sense: how there is not a single line demarcating sense from nonsense, but rather a variety of shades of (non)sense, experienced in the wake of an ideal of perfect meaningfulness but forever falling short of that ideal. In pursuing this troubling suggestion, the author brings additional light on Kant's understanding of the human form of life. Specifically, on its irremediably conflictual, undecidable character, and on the primacy unrealizable norms have in it.
Augustine's Way into the Will
Authors: Harrison Simon 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Augustine is a pivotal figure in the history of the concept of will, but what is his ‘theory of will’? This book investigates Augustine’s use of ‘will’ in one particular context, his dialogue On Free Choice of the Will, taking seriously its historical and philosophical form. First, it finds that the dialogical nature of On Free Choice of the Will has been missed, as exemplified by the unhistorical and misleading modern attributions of names to the speakers. Secondly, the commonplace that Augustine changed his mind in the course of its composition is shown to be unfounded, and a case is made for its argumentative coherence. Thirdly, it is shown that it is the form and structure of On Free Choice of the Will that give philosophical content to Augustine’s theory of will. The dialogue constitutes a ‘way in to the will’ that itself instantiates a concept of will. At the heart of this structure is a particular argument that depends on an appeal to a first-person perspective, which ties the vocabulary of will to a concept of freedom and responsibility. This appeal is significantly similar to other arguments deployed by Augustine which are significantly similar to Descartes’ ‘cogito ergo sum’, ‘I think therefore I am’. The book goes on to investigate how Augustine’s ‘way in’ relates to these cogito-like arguments as they occur in Augustine’s major and most read works, the Confessions, the City of God, and On the Trinity. The relationship of Augustine’s to Descartes’ ‘cogito’ is also discussed. Augustine elucidates, within a particular Platonic theory of knowledge, a ‘theory of will’ that is grounded in a ‘way in’, which takes the conditions and limits of knowledge seriously.
Rents and Development in Multiethnic Malaysia
Authors: Jomo K. S. , Gomez Edmund Terence 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the trade-offs involved between two types of rents in the context of resource-rich, ethnically diverse Malaysia: one primarily generated for postcolonial industrial development and the other generated for redistributive goals, mainly along interethnic lines. How the two types of rents have interacted with each other, alternated in influence, and affected the efficiency of the development process is discussed. It is shown that while redistributive policy has enhanced human capital accumulation among Malays or Bumiputras and reduced political tension, redistributive rents have induced various unproductive renter behaviours.
4 The Zenith and Slow Decline of Hooker as the Icon of Restoration Anglicanism
Authors: Brydon Michael 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The Restoration cult of Hooker reached its climax under Charles I. It was challenged during the exclusion crisis, notably by Richard Baxter who claimed Hooker as a Reformed sympathizer and by Algernon Sidney who used the Polity to vest authority in the people, but the ultimate success of the royal party ensured they were swiftly marginalized. Instead, Hooker’s ecclesiastical image continued unchanged and works such as Pariarcha by Sir Robert Filmer ensured that Hooker’s royalist credentials were also bolstered.
Hooker's Reputation: A Conclusion
Authors: Brydon Michael 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In the debates of the Anglican church, Hooker continues to be appealed to by a remarkable spectrum of churchmanship regarding the central question of where the heart of their faith lies. Such differing emphases offer an index to the changing understandings of the Reformation, which were hammered out in the 17th century. Although Hooker ultimately became an abridged emblem for the values and identity of Anglicanism, this examination of the contingencies and argumentative structures involved shows that it was never a foregone conclusion.
The Eusebians
Authors: Gwynn David M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This monograph offers a historical and theological re-evaluation of the polemical writings of Bishop Athanasius of Alexandria (328-73) and their influence upon modern interpretations of the so-called ‘Arian Controversy’. It examines in detail the methodology of Athanasius’ polemic, and focuses on his representation of his opponents as a single ‘Arian party’, hoi peri Eusebion (‘the ones around Eusebius [of Nicomedia]’ or the ‘Eusebians’). After an initial chronological catalogue of Athanasius’ polemical works, it traces the evolution of his construction of the ‘Eusebians’ from his own condemnation at the Council of Tyre in 335 onwards, and assesses the actions and the ‘Arian’ theology that Athanasius attributes to his foes. This examination of Athanasius’ polemic and of what little external evidence survives against which the polemic can be compared reveals that the ‘Eusebians’ were neither a ‘party’ nor ‘Arian’. Athanasius’ image of a 4th century Church polarized between his own ‘orthodoxy’ and the ‘Arianism’ of the ‘Eusebians’ as a polemical construct. The distortions inherent within this construct must be recognized to fully understand the 4th century Church, the men whom Athanasius branded as ‘Eusebians’, and Athanasius himself.
6 The ‘Eusebians’ in Action
Authors: Gwynn David M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines Athanasius’ presentation of the ‘Eusebians’ in action, particularly in the Historia Arianorum and the other works of his third exile (356-62). Those actions include the writing of letters; the manipulation of ecclesiastical patronage (notably in the alleged purge of ‘orthodox’ bishops in the years after the Council of Nicaea); the dependence upon secular power through the support of local officials and the Emperor Constantius; and the violence and persecution that the ‘Arians’ are alleged to have caused in Alexandria and Egypt.