bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Server placement and path selection for QoS‐enabled overlay networks
Authors: De Vleeschauwer Bart , De Turck Filip , Dhoedt Bart , Demeester Piet 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMultimedia services are in strong need of end‐to‐end Quality of Service (QoS) and multicasting support. This need cannot be fulfilled by the current Internet yet, due to difficulties associated with implementing these techniques ubiquitously across the numerous autonomous systems of this global network. Overlay Networks offer a means to implement these advanced network features in a logical overlay layer on top of the Internet. The problem of finding the locations of the overlay servers, coupled with the paths that are selected, has not yet been studied in sufficient detail. Therefore, we present a formal multilayer formulation of the server location and path selection problem for these overlay networks as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem. An algorithm based on standard ILP solution techniques and a number of heuristics were developed. These algorithms are compared with each other and with standard Internet routing in terms of acceptance rate, end‐to‐end delay and usage of the network bandwidth. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reciprocal and complementary sibling interactions, relationship quality and socio‐emotional problem solving
Authors: Karavasilis Karos Leigh , Howe Nina , Aquan‐Assee Jasmin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAssociations between reciprocal and complementary sibling interactions, sibling relationship quality, and children's socio‐emotional problem solving were examined in 40 grade 5–6 children (Mage = 11.5 years) from middle class, Caucasian, Canadian families using a multi‐method approach (i.e. interviews, self‐report questionnaires, daily diary checklist, narrative task). Findings demonstrated that reciprocal sibling interactions were positively associated with warmth, mutual esteem, happy daily exchanges, and negatively related to rivalry and dominance, whereas complementary interactions were positively related to upsetting daily exchanges. Further, reciprocal and complementary interactions differed significantly in relation to several relationship qualities, with reciprocal interactions emerging as a significantly stronger correlate of happy exchanges. Only reciprocal interactions were positively correlated with socio‐emotional problem solving. Finally, birth order moderated the negative association of reciprocal interactions with rivalry and dominance and the positive association with socio‐emotional problem solving. In each case, the effect was stronger for younger members of the sibling dyad. Findings are discussed in light of recent theory on the sibling relationship and children's development. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting school adjustment from motor abilities in kindergarten
Authors: Bart Orit , Hajami Dov , Bar‐Haim Yair 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe present study assessed the relations between basic motor abilities in kindergarten and scholastic, social, and emotional adaptation in the transition to formal schooling. Seventy‐one five‐year‐old kindergarten children were administered a battery of standard assessments of basic motor functions. A year later, children's adjustment to school was assessed via a series of questionnaires completed by the children and their class teachers. The results indicate that in addition to the already documented association between visual–motor integration and academic achievement, other motor functions show significant predictive value to both scholastic adaptation and social and emotional adjustment to school. The results further suggest a better prediction of scholastic adaptation and level of disruptive behaviour in school when using an aggregate measure of children's ability in various motor domains than when using assessments of singular motor functions. It is concluded that good motor ability may serve as a buffer to the normative challenges presented to children in the transition to school. In contrast, poor motor ability emerges as a vulnerability factor in the transition to formal schooling. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive organizational behavior: engaged employees in flourishing organizations
Authors: Bakker Arnold B. , Schaufeli Wilmar B. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis editorial introduces a special issue of the Journal of Organizational Behavior onpositive organizational behavior(POB). POB emphasizes the need for more focused theory building, research, and effective application of positive traits, states, and behaviors of employees in organizations. We argue that in order to make a substantive contribution to organizational science, POB will need to show the added value of the positive over and above the negative. In addition, the emerging concept of employee engagement is briefly introduced. The papers in the special issue describe exciting positive organizational behavior studies that each tap into an interesting direction in which POB research might go. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalized eigensolver based on smoothed aggregation (GES‐SA) for initializing smoothed aggregation (SA) multigrid
Authors: Brezina M. , Manteuffel T. , McCormick S. , Ruge J. , Sanders G. , Vassilevski P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractConsider the linear system Ax=b, where A is a large, sparse, real, symmetric, and positive‐definite matrix and b is a known vector. Solving this system for unknown vector x using a smoothed aggregation (SA) multigrid algorithm requires a characterization of the algebraically smooth error, meaning error that is poorly attenuated by the algorithm's relaxation process. For many common relaxation processes, algebraically smooth error corresponds to the near‐nullspace of A. Therefore, having a good approximation to a minimal eigenvector is useful to characterize the algebraically smooth error when forming a linear SA solver. We discuss the details of a generalized eigensolver based on smoothed aggregation (GES‐SA) that is designed to produce an approximation to a minimal eigenvector of A. GES‐SA may be applied as a stand‐alone eigensolver for applications that desire an approximate minimal eigenvector, but the primary purpose here is to apply an eigensolver to the specific application of forming robust, adaptive linear solvers. This paper reports the first stage in our study of incorporating eigensolvers into the existing adaptive SA framework. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromatographic Analysis of Kutajarista—an Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulation
Authors: Garg Shivali , Bhutani K. K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractKutajarista is a well known polyherbal preparation of which the main ingredient is the stem bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica. This Ayurvedic medicine is prescribed to treat amoebic dysentery and other disorders such as fever, indigestion and malabsorption syndrome. Herbal medicines are very important since, in common with conventional medicines, they contain biologically active substances that may produce non‐trivial side effects when taken in excessive amounts. Very low doses, on the other hand, may have no therapeutic value. In this paper we report the chemical standardisation of Kutajarista by HPLC analysis based upon the presence of the biomarker conessine in the formulation. The standardisation method is simple and reliable, and the precision of method has been tested for repeatability (n = 3) and reproducibility (n = 9). The response of a refractive index detector was linear in the concentration range of 0.1–1.0 mg/mL. Recovery studies were performed to check the method for accuracy. The recovery was found to be in range of 99–105%. The developed HPLC method can be used to quantify conessine for quality control of marketed Kutajarista samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of artemisinin in Artemisia annua extracts by 1H‐NMR
Authors: Castilho Paula C. , Gouveia Sandra C. , Rodrigues Ana I. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractArtemisinin is a polycyclic sesquiterpene lactone that is highly effective against multidrug‐resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the etiological agent of the most severe form of malaria. Determination of artemisinin in the source plant, Artemisia annua, is a challenging problem since the compound is present in very low concentrations, is thermolabile and unstable, and lacks chromophoric or fluorophoric groups. The ain of this study was to develop a simple protocol for the quantification of artemisinin in a plant extract using an 1H‐NMR method. Samples were prepared by extraction of leaf material with acetone, treatment with activated charcoal to remove chlorophylls and removal of solvent. 1H‐NMR spectra were measured on samples dissolved in deuterochloroform with tert‐butanol as internal standard. Quantification was carried out using the $\d{$\delta$}$ 5.864 signal of artemisinin and the δ 1.276 signal of tert‐butanol. The method was optimised and fully validated against a reference standard of artemisinin. The results were compared with those obtained from the same samples quantified using an HPLC‐refractive index (RI) method. The 1H‐NMR method gave a linear response for artemisinin within the range 9.85–97.99 mm (r2 = 0.9968). Using the described method, yields of artemisinin in the range 0.77–1.06% were obtained from leaves of the A. annua hybrid CPQBA × POP, and these values were in agreement with those obtained using an HPLC‐RI. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution conformational preferences of glutaric, 3‐hydroxyglutaric, 3‐methylglutaric acid, and their mono‐ and dianions
Authors: Gerken James B. , Badger Claire , Bisbee Christopher , Gardner Sasha , Qi Yan , Vilà Víctor Durà , Roberts John D. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractConformational preferences of glutaric, 3‐hydroxyglutaric and 3‐methylglutaric acid, and their mono‐ and dianions have been investigated with the aid of NMR spectroscopy. In contrast to succinic acid, glutaric acid displays essentially statistical conformational equilibria in polar and non‐polar solutions of high and low hydrogen‐bonding ability with no clear evidence for intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The acid ionization constant ratios, K
1/K2, in D2O and DMSO of glutaric, 3‐hydroxyglutaric, and 3‐methylglutaric acids also indicate that intramolecular interactions are much less important than, or indeed insignificant, for shorter‐chain acids. FTIR studies on 3‐methylglutaric acid indicate some preference for either association with solvent or dimerization, depending on the solvent, rather than intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A kinetic model for water reactivity (avoiding activities) for hydrolyses in aqueous mixtures – selectivities for solvolyses of 4‐substituted benzyl derivatives in alcohol–water mixtures
Authors: Bentley T. William , Koo In Sun , Choi Hojune , Llewellyn Gareth 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFor solvolyses of various benzyl substrates in ethanol–water (EW) and methanol–water (MW) mixtures, product selectivities (S) are reported for chlorides at 75 °C defined as follows using molar concentrations: S = ([ether product]/[alcohol product]) × ([water]/[alcohol solvent]). The results support earlier evidence that solvolyses of 4‐nitrobenzyl substrates are SN2 processes, which are not susceptible to mechanistic changes over the whole range of solvents from water to alcohol. S values at 25 and/or 45 °C in EW and MW, and additional kinetic data including kinetic solvent isotope effects (KSIE) are reported for solvolyses of 4‐nitrobenzyl mesylate and tosylate. A kinetic model, explaining both rates and product, is proposed; a general medium effect due to solvent polarity is combined in one parameter with solvent effects on the nucleophilicity of the water and alcohol molecules acting as nucleophiles in SN2 reactions. According to this model, as alcohol is added to water the rate of reaction decreases due to a decrease in solvent polarity, but the nucleophilicity of water increases relative to alcohol. The availability of experimental rate and product data over the whole range of solvent compositions from alcohol to water, reveals limitations of alternative approaches using activities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Top‐down proteomic analysis by MALDI‐TOF profiling: Concentration‐independent biomarkers
Authors: Nelsestuen Gary L. , Harvey Stephen B. , Zhang Yan , Kasthuri Raj S. , Sinaiko Alan R. , Ely E. Wesley , Bernard Gordon R. , Homoncik Monika , Jilma Bernd 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAlthough numerous protein biomarkers have been correlated with advanced disease states, no new clinical assays have been developed. Goals often anticipate disease‐specific protein changes that exceed values among healthy individuals, a property common to acute phase reactants. This review considers somewhat different approaches. It focuses on intact protein isoform ratios that present a biomarker without change in the total concentration of the protein. These will seldom be detected by peptide level analysis or by most antibody‐based assays. For example, application of an inexpensive method to large sample groups resulted in observation of several polymorphisms, including the first structural polymorphism of apolipoprotein C1. Isoform distribution of this protein was altered and was eventually linked to increased obesity. Numerous other protein isoforms included C‐ and N‐terminal proteolysis, changes of glycoisoform ratios and certain types of sulfhydryl oxidation. While many of these gave excellent statistical correlation with advanced disease, clinical utility was not apparent. More important may be that protein isoform ratios were very stable in each individual. Diagnosis by longitudinal analysis of the same individual might increase sensitivity of protein biomarkers by 20‐fold or more. Protein changes that exceed the range of values found among healthy individuals may be uncommon.
Learning about seasons in a technologically enhanced environment: The impact of teacher‐guided and student‐centered instructional approaches on the process of students' conceptual change
Authors: Hsu Ying‐Shao 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTo explore the ways in which teacher‐guided and student‐centered instructional approaches influence students' conceptual understanding of seasonal change, we designed a technology‐enhanced learning (TEL) course to compare, by means of concept maps, the learning outcome of students in two groups: a teacher‐guided (TG) class (with whole‐class presentations) and a student‐centered (SC) class (with individual online learning). The participants were two classes of second‐year senior high school students in Taiwan. Overall, the results showed that most students developed a deep and accessible understanding of the reasons for the seasons after undergoing experiences provided by the TEL course. More importantly, it was found that, in this technologically enhanced environment, the student‐centered approach was more effective than the teacher‐guided approach in altering students' alternative conceptions of seasonal change (F = 28.05, p < 0.001). The conceptual evolution of students in the two groups was plotted and compared. These plots indicated that, first of all, the cognitive processes of contextualization and sense making helped students re‐examine their old ideas about the phenomena, leading them to generate alternative conceptions and undergo both positive and negative conceptual change. The student‐centered approach allows students to more freely test their own hypotheses in the processes of exploration and modeling, and thus move from assimilatory to properly scientific explanations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 92:320–344, 2008
Measurement of photo‐patterned surface potential of Alq3 thin films by Kelvin‐force microscope together with near‐field optical stimulation
Authors: Ozasa Kazunari , Nemoto Shigeyuki , Isoshima Takashi , Ito Eisuke , Maeda Mizuo , Hara Masahiko 
Published: January 2008

AbstractUniform and extremely high surface potentials of tris(8‐hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum(III) (Alq3) thin films, formed spontaneously by vacuum evaporation of Alq3 in the dark, are patterned by contact‐mask photo‐exposure. The resulting surface‐potential patterns are observed by scanning‐probe Kelvin‐force microscope (KFM). Surface‐potential patterns on Alq3 thin films can be preserved in the dark for more than a year at − 20 °C. The dependence of photo‐induced reduction of surface potentials on photo‐exposure intensity is reproduced well by fitting calculation based on the assumption that the drift of photo‐excited electrons/holes decreases the surface potential. Two‐dimensional (2D) transfer functions of KFM probes are discussed from KFM potential profiles obtained for a step pattern of surface potential. Near‐field optical stimulation through an aperture of an optical fiber probe is demonstrated as scanning near‐field optical microscope (SNOM) combined with KFM (SNOM‐KFM). A photoemission pattern from an aperture of SNOM probes can be visualized as a surface‐potential pattern on Alq3 thin films by means of SNOM‐KFM measurements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quenched molecular dynamics studies on the extraction energy of aluminum atoms
Authors: Perron A. , Politano O. , Vignal V. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe extraction energy of an aluminum atom is calculated at 0 K as a function of coordination number and defect depth for three surface orientations [(100), (110) and (111)]. For each orientation, atoms are selected and extracted one by one. A linear relationship is obtained between the extraction energy of surface atoms and their coordination numbers (with slight variations due to the geometrical configuration of the atoms). However, the study of the influence of the defect depth on the extraction energy highlights the role played by intrinsic stress on the extraction energy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capillary rise between cylinders
Authors: Liu T. , Choi K. F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe capillary rise of liquid in the gap between two closely spaced parallel cylinders, whose radii are different, was modeled in this paper. On the basis of the minimum free energy principle and interfacial analysis, the vertical capillary rise of liquid at equilibrium was calculated as a function of distance of separation of the two cylinders. In order to validate our theoretical calculation, a piece of experimental apparatus was designed and a series of experiments was conducted on it. Compared to the experimental data, our theoretical model gave a reasonably accurate prediction within experimental error. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS characterization of PTFE after treatment with RF oxygen and nitrogen plasma
Authors: Vesel Alenka , Mozetic Miran , Zalar Anton 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA study on surface modification of extended PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) foil after treatment in oxygen and nitrogen plasma is presented. PTFE was exposed to a weakly ionized, highly dissociated RF plasma with a high density of neutral atoms. The gas pressure was 75 Pa and the discharge power was 200 W. The appearance of the functional groups on the sample surface was determined by using high‐resolution XPS. The results showed that oxygen plasma treatment did not cause any noticeable changes in the surface composition, while after nitrogen plasma treatment new functional groups were detected on the surface. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mg‐Fe‐hydrotalcite as catalyst for the benzylation of benzene and other aromatics by benzyl chloride reactions
Authors: Tahir N. , Abdelssadek Z. , Halliche D. , Saadi S. , Chebout R. , Cherifi O. , Bachari K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe benzylation of benzene and substituted benzenes reaction employing benzyl chloride as the alkylating agent over Mg‐Fe‐LDH (Mg/Fe = 2) clay without or with calcination (at 473–1073 K) has been investigated. Hydrotalcite before and after its calcination was characterized for surface area and crystalline phases. The catalyst derived from the hydrotalcite by its calcination at 473–1073 K show high catalytic activity for the benzylation of benzene and other aromatic compounds. The catalytically active species present in the catalyst in its most active form are the oxides of iron on the catalyst surface. The activity of the catalyst calcined at 1073 K for the benzylation of different aromatic compounds is in the following order: benzene> toluene> p‐xylene> anisole. Kinetics of the benzene benzylation over these catalysts have also been investigated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in ultrasound morphology of the uterus and ovaries during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: a 4‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Sokalska A. , Valentin L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo describe changes in uterine and ovarian size and morphology as determined by ultrasonography from 2 years before to 2 years after menopause.MethodsTwenty 50‐year‐old women with fairly regular vaginal bleeding at the start of the study underwent transvaginal ultrasound examination every 3 months until 12 months postmenopause, then every 6 months until 24 months postmenopause. The results are presented from 2 years before to 2 years after the menopause.ResultsIn the 2 years preceding menopause all the women were in menopausal transition. From 2 years before to 2 years after menopause uterine anteroposterior diameter decreased by 22% (mean) and left and right ovarian volumes by 45 and 20% (median), respectively. At 2 years before the menopause the total number of intraovarian follicle‐like cystic structures varied from 0 to 5, at the menopause from 0 to 7, and at 1 and 2 years after the menopause from 0 to 4 and from 0 to 2, respectively. Premenopause, the most common finding was that of ovaries containing either no follicles or a few follicles with at least one measuring ≥ 11 mm and simultaneously a hyperechogenic endometrium of varying thickness and not manifesting any midline echo or triple‐layer appearance. Images compatible with the late follicular phase were found in 6% (9/150) of examinations (‘cycle day’ 8–196) and images compatible with the luteal phase in 7% (10/150) (‘cycle day’ 11–56). Intraovarian cystic structures (3–25 mm) were seen in 14 women after the menopause.ConclusionWe have described sonographic changes in the uterus and ovaries occurring during the transition from premenopause to postmenopause. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.