bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tools To Manage Gas/Condensate Reservoirs; Novel Fluid-Property Correlations on the Basis of Commonly Available Field Data
Authors: Ovalle Adriana P. , Lenn Chris P. , McCain William D. 
Published: January 2008

Summary
Certain fluid properties are required for studies related to management of gas/condensate reservoirs or prediction of condensate reserves. Often these studies must begin before laboratory data become available, or possibly when laboratory data are not available. Correlations to estimate values of these properties have been developed that are based solely on commonly available field data.
These properties are the dewpoint pressure of the reservoir fluid, changes in the surface yield of condensate as reservoir pressure declines, and changes in the specific gravity of the reservoir gas as reservoir pressure declines. No correlations based solely on field data have been published for any of these properties.
The field data required are initial producing gas/condensate ratio from the first-stage separator, initial stock-tank liquid gravity in °API, specific gravity of the initial reservoir gas, reservoir temperature, and selected values of reservoir pressure.
The dewpoint pressure correlation is based on data of 615 samples of gas condensates with worldwide origins. The other two correlations are based on 851 lines of constant-volume-depletion data from 190 gas-condensate samples, also with worldwide origins.
The Technology of Microbial Treating Drained Water of Oil Field
Authors: Wang Weidong , Li Ximing , Chen Yong , Zhang Songting , Jiang Yan 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Some of the oily produced water can't be reinjected, there are nearly 20 thousand cubic meters oily sewage being drained every day now in Shengli oilfield. The oil content of the drained sewage is above 300ppm, and the COD is about 250—480mg/l. In order to protect environment, the sewage must be treated before venting. This paper describes the method of microbial processing oily sewage. We applied the hydrocarbon deterioration bacterial with gas lift processing to treat the oily sewage. After the treatment, the oil content was reduced to 10ppm while COD was cut down to lower than 120mg/l. This microbiological process improved the drained water's quality, reduced the impact to the environment.
Workplace Safety Management @ GPIC – A Case Study Approach
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed Yasser A. Rahim 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This paper highlights the Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC's) approach in proactively managing workplace health and safety. The paper describes the methodologies by which a company was transformed from a standard performer in the field of health and safety to one which safety is a business culture that is not only considered as a modal of excellence but also a true success story in the field of establishing and instilling workplace safety prominence.
GPIC's workplace safety management system is well appreciated by professional international safety and occupational health organizations including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) of Great Britain and the National Safety Council (NSC) of the United States as well as regional recognition. GPIC's workplace safety management system received eight RoSPA Gold and Gold Medal Awards starting from 1991. In 2001, RoSPA awarded GPIC the International Sector Award in recognition for its outstanding establishment and continual improvement of its workplace safety management system. In 2003, RoSPA awarded GPIC the ultimate prize of the Chemical Sector Award to endorse it as a leading international company that maintains and implements a safety management system that is of merit status.
GPIC's workplace health and safety management system is not only recognized by RoSPA, but NSC of the United States has awarded it the council's Award of Merit for continually achieving lost-time accident free work hours that exceeds millions of person-hours. The GPIC's workplace safety system is also regionally recognized and appreciated through the achievement of the Kingdom of Bahrain His Highness the Prime Minister's Major Industries Excellence Award in 2002. Also in 2002, GPIC received H.H. Shaikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Certificate of Excellence Award for Arab Management for the outstanding Arab Establishment category.
The paper sheds light on the numerous management systems, approaches and resources that enables GPIC to accomplish renowned success in the area of workplace safety. The paper also, demonstrate that workplace safety must be incorporated as a strategic business endeavor for it to establish and maintains the inertia and thrust necessary for its continual success. Furthermore, the paper explains that workplace safety is part and parcel of a total business culture that should be integrated and augmented into a one team spirit.
Phase Behavior Assessment of Deposition Compound (Asphaltene) in Heavy Oil
Authors: Tabibi Mohammad , Nikookar Mohammad , Ganbarnezhad Rouzbeh , Pazuki Gloam Reza , Hosienbeigi Hamid Reza 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In this paper, the soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) Eos is modified based on perturbation theory. The parameter of the new cubic equation of state considered reduced temperature and a centric factor dependent. The average of absolute deviations of predicted vapor pressure, vapor volume and saturated liquid density of 30 pure compounds are 0.814.2.G14 and 5.814%, respectively. Also comparison with the new equation of vaporization of pure compounds are given. The florry-Hugines (FH) model is similarly modified by an adjustable parameter. This parameter is defined based on molecular weight of asphaltene to molecular weight of heavy oil ratio in form of polynomial function. The phase behavior of asphaltene was extended by these modifications and the precipitation of asphaltene is calculated by three n-alkanes solvents. The comparison between results is shown. The new model relatively accurate for predicting phase behavior of asphaltene in heavy oil.
A Pore-Network-Modeling Approach To Predict Petrophysical Properties of Diatomaceous Reservoir Rock
Authors: Jia L. , Ross C. M. , Kovscek A. R. 
Published: January 2008

Summary
A 3D pore-network model of two-phase flow was developed to compute permeability, relative permeability, and capillary pressure curves from pore-type, -size, and -shape information measured by means of high-resolution image analysis of diatomaceous-reservoir-rock samples. The diatomite model is constructed using pore-type proportions obtained from image analysis of epoxy-impregnated polished samples and mercury-injection capillary pressure curves for diatomite cores. Multiple pore types are measured, and each pore type has a unique pore-size and throat-size distribution that is incorporated in the model. Network results present acceptable agreement when compared to experimental measurements of relative permeability. The pore-network model is applicable to both drainage and imbibition within diatomaceous reservoir rock. Correlation of network-model results to well log data is discussed, thereby interpolating limited experimental results across the entire reservoir column. Importantly, our method has potential to predict the petrophysical properties for reservoir rocks with either limited core material or those for which conventional experimental measurements are difficult, unsuitable, or expensive.
Spectroscopic and Wet Chemical Characterization of Solid Waste Organic Matter of Different Age in Landfill Sites, Southern Germany
Authors: Bäumler Rupert , Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid 
Published: January 2008

AbstractLandfill sites are potential sources of hazardous emissions by degradation and transformation processes of waste organic matter. Its chemical composition and microbial degradability are key factors for risk management, after‐care, and estimation of potential emissions. The aim of the study is to provide information about composition and extent of transformation of waste organic matter in four landfill sites in Bavaria, Southern Germany by means of 13C NMR spectroscopy, acid‐hydrolyzable carbohydrates, chloroform‐methanol extractable lipids, acid‐hydrolyzable proteins, and lignin compounds after CuO oxidation. Ten samples of about 20 to 25 yr, 15 to 20 yr, and 5 to 10 yr of deposition each were taken at 2 m depth intervals by grab drilling till 10‐m depth. Increasing temperatures from about 15°C at 2‐m depth to >40°C at 10‐m depth are found at some of the sites, representing optimum conditions for mesophile methane bacteria. Moisture contents of 160 to 310 g kg−1 (oven dry), however, provide limiting conditions for anaerobic biodecay. Spectroscopic and chemical variables generally indicate a low extent of biodegradation and transformation at all sites despite a considerable heterogeneity of the samples. Independent of the time and depth of deposition more than 50% of the carbohydrate fraction of the waste organic matter provide a high potential for methane emissions and on‐site energy production. There was no significant accumulation of long‐chain organic and aromatic compounds, and of lignin degradation products even after more than 25 yr of rotting indicating higher extent of decomposition or stabilization of the waste organic matter. Installation of seepage water cleaning and recirculation systems are recommended to increase suboptimal moisture contents with respect to microbial methanogenesis, energy production, and long‐term stabilization of municipal solid waste.
A Basin‐Scale Approach to Estimating Stream Temperatures of Tributaries to the Lower Klamath River, California
Authors: Flint Lorraine E. , Flint Alan L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractStream temperature is an important component of salmonid habitat and is often above levels suitable for fish survival in the Lower Klamath River in northern California. The objective of this study was to provide boundary conditions for models that are assessing stream temperature on the main stem for the purpose of developing strategies to manage stream conditions using Total Maximum Daily Loads. For model input, hourly stream temperatures for 36 tributaries were estimated for 1 Jan. 2001 through 31 Oct. 2004. A basin‐scale approach incorporating spatially distributed energy balance data was used to estimate the stream temperatures with measured air temperature and relative humidity data and simulated solar radiation, including topographic shading and corrections for cloudiness. Regression models were developed on the basis of available stream temperature data to predict temperatures for unmeasured periods of time and for unmeasured streams. The most significant factor in matching measured minimum and maximum stream temperatures was the seasonality of the estimate. Adding minimum and maximum air temperature to the regression model improved the estimate, and air temperature data over the region are available and easily distributed spatially. The addition of simulated solar radiation and vapor saturation deficit to the regression model significantly improved predictions of maximum stream temperature but was not required to predict minimum stream temperature. The average SE in estimated maximum daily stream temperature for the individual basins was 0.9 ± 0.6°C at the 95% confidence interval.
Agricultural Drainage Ditches Mitigate Phosphorus Loads as a Function of Hydrological Variability
Authors: Kröger R. , Holland M. M. , Moore M. T. , Cooper C. M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPhosphorus (P) loading from nonpoint sources, such as agricultural landscapes, contributes to downstream aquatic ecosystem degradation. Specifically, within the Mississippi watershed, enriched runoff contributions have far‐reaching consequences for coastal water eutrophication and Gulf of Mexico hypoxia. Through storm events, the P mitigation capacity of agricultural drainage ditches under no‐till cotton was determined for natural and variable rainfall conditions in north Mississippi. Over 2 yr, two experimental ditches were sampled monthly for total inorganic P concentrations in baseflow and on an event‐driven basis for stormflows. Phosphorus concentrations, Manning's equations with a range of roughness coefficients for changes in vegetative densities within the ditches, and discharge volumes from Natural Resources Conservation Service dimensionless hydrographs combined to determine ranges in maximum and outflow storm P loads from the farms. Baseflow regressions and percentage reductions with P concentrations illustrated that the ditches alternated between being a sink and source for dissolved inorganic P and particulate P concentrations throughout the year. Storm event loads resulted in 5.5% of the annual applied fertilizer to be transported into the drainage ditches. The ditches annually reduced 43.92 ± 3.12% of the maximum inorganic effluent P load before receiving waters. Agricultural drainage ditches exhibited a fair potential for P mitigation and thus warrant future work on controlled drainage to improve mitigation capacity.
Evaluation of Cover Crop and Reduced Cultivation for Reducing Nitrate Leaching in Ireland
Authors: Hooker K. V. , Coxon C. E. , Hackett R. , Kirwan L. E. , O'Keeffe E. , Richards K.G. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNitrate (NO3) loss from arable systems to surface and groundwater has attracted considerable attention in recent years in Ireland. Little information exists under Irish conditions, which are wet and temperate, on the effects of winter cover crops and different tillage techniques on NO3 leaching. This study investigated the efficacy of such practices in reducing NO3 leaching from a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) system in the Barrow River valley, southeast Ireland. The study compared the effect of two tillage systems (plow‐based tillage and noninversion tillage) and two over‐winter alternatives (no vegetative cover and a mustard cover crop) on soil solution NO3 concentrations at 90 cm depth over two winter drainage seasons (2003/04 and 2004/05). Soil samples were taken and analyzed for inorganic N. During both years of the study, the use of a mustard cover crop significantly reduced NO3 losses for the plowed and reduced cultivation treatments. Mean soil solution NO3 concentrations were between 38 and 70% lower when a cover crop was used, and total N load lost over the winter was between 18 and 83% lower. Results from this study highlight the importance of drainage volume and winter temperatures on NO3 concentrations in soil solution and overall N load lost. It is suggested that cover crops will be of particular value in reducing NO3 loss in temperate regions with mild winters, where winter N mineralization is important and high winter temperatures favor a long growing season.
EPA Worst Case Water Microcosms for Testing Phage Biocontrol of Salmonella
Authors: McLaughlin Michael R. , Brooks John P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA microplate method was developed as a tool to test phages for their ability to control Salmonella in aqueous environments. The method used EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) worst case water (WCW) in 96‐well plates. The WCW provided a consistent and relatively simple defined turbid aqueous matrix, high in total organic carbon (TOC) and total dissolved salts (TDS), to simulate swine lagoon effluent, without the inconvenience of malodor and confounding effects from other biological factors. The WCW was originally defined to simulate high turbidity and organic matter in water for testing point‐of‐use filtration devices. Use of WCW to simulate lagoon effluent for phage testing is a new and innovative application of this matrix. Control of physical and chemical parameters (TOC, TDS, turbidity, temperature, and pH) allowed precise evaluation of microbiological parameters (Salmonella and phages). In a typical application, wells containing WCW were loaded with Salmonella enterica susp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ATCC14028) and treated with phages alone and in cocktail combinations. Mean Salmonella inactivation rates (k, where the lower the value, the greater the inactivation) of phage treatments ranged from −0.32 to −1.60 versus −0.004 for Salmonella controls. Mean log10 reductions (the lower the value, the greater the reduction) of Salmonella phage treatments were −1.60 for phage PR04‐1, −2.14 for phage PR37‐96, and −2.14 for both phages in a sequential cocktail, versus −0.08 for Salmonella controls. The WCW microcosm system was an effective tool for evaluating the biocontrol potential of Salmonella phages.
Predicting Estuarine Sediment Metal Concentrations and Inferred Ecological Conditions: An Information Theoretic Approach
Authors: Hollister Jeffrey W. , August Peter V. , Paul John F. , Walker Henry A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractEmpirically derived relationships associating sediment metal concentrations with degraded ecological conditions provide important information to assess estuarine condition. Resources limit the number, magnitude, and frequency of monitoring activities to acquire these data. Models that use available information and simple statistical relationships to predict sediment metal concentrations could provide an important tool for environmental assessment. We developed 45 predictive models for the total concentrations of copper, lead, mercury, and cadmium in estuarine sediments along the Southern New England and Mid‐Atlantic regions of the United States. Using information theoretic model‐averaging approaches, we found total developed land and percent silt/clay of estuarine sediment were the most important variables for predicting the presence of all four metals. Estuary area, river flow, tidal range, and total agricultural land varied in their importance. The model‐averaged predictions explained 78.4, 70.5, 56.4, and 50.3% of the variation for copper, lead, mercury, and cadmium, respectively. Overall prediction accuracies of selected sediment benchmark values (i.e., effects ranges) were 83.9, 84.8, 78.6, and 92.0% for copper, lead, mercury, and cadmium, respectively. Our results further support the generally accepted conclusion that sediment metal concentrations are best described by the physical characteristics of the estuarine sediment and the total amount of urban land in the contributing watershed. We demonstrated that broad‐scale predictive models built from existing monitoring data with information theoretic model‐averaging approaches provide valuable predictions of estuarine sediment metal concentrations and show promise for future environmental modeling efforts in other regions.
Self report of skin problems among farmworkers in North Carolina
Authors: Vallejos Quirina M. , Schulz Mark R. , Quandt Sara A. , Feldman Steven R. , Galvan Leonardo , Verma Amit , Fleischer Alan B. , Rapp Stephen R. , Arcury Thomas A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundThis study estimates the prevalence of self‐reported skin problems among Latino farmworkers and identifies associated risk factors.MethodsThe study used a longitudinal surveillance design. Participants were interviewed up to five times and reported skin problems and personal, work, and environment characteristics. Frequencies and counts were calculated for 13 skin problems. Adjusted odds ratios were obtained for six skin problems.ResultsMore than one‐third of participants reported skin problems, including skin and nail fungus; sunburn; bumps, pimples, or acne; calluses; itching; rash; and insect bite. A variety of work and environment factors were associated with higher rates of skin problems. One of the strongest predictors was working in wet clothes or shoes.ConclusionsPrograms are needed to educate farmworkers about measures they can take to decrease their risk of skin problems. Changes in work practices and personal protective equipment provided could help decrease the prevalence of skin problems. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:204–212, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis of 14 families with Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy reveals clues to UBIAD1 protein function
Authors: Weiss Jayne S. , Kruth Howard S. , Kuivaniemi Helena , Tromp Gerard , Karkera Jayaprakash , Mahurkar Sunil , Lisch Walter , Dupps William J , White Peter S. , Winters R. Scott , Kim Chaesik , Rapuano Christopher J. , Sutphin John , Reidy Jim , Hu Fung‐Rong , Lu Da Wen , Ebenezer Neil , Nickerson Michael L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSchnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy (SCCD) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by progressive corneal opacification resulting from abnormal deposition of cholesterol and phospholipids. Recently, six different mutations on the UBIAD1 gene on chromosome 1p36 were found to result in SCCD. The purpose of this article is to further characterize the mutation spectrum of SCCD and identify structural and functional consequences for UBIAD1 protein activity. DNA sequencing was performed on samples from 36 individuals from 14 SCCD families. One affected individual was African American and SCCD has not been previously reported in this ethnic group. We identified UBIAD1 mutations in all 14 families which had 30 affected and 6 unaffected individuals. Eight different UBIAD1 mutations, 5 novel (L121F, D118G, and S171P in exon 1, G186R and D236E in exon 2) were identified. In four families with DNA samples from both affected and unaffected individuals, the D118G, G186R, T175I, and G177R mutations cosegregated with SCCD. In combination with our previous report, we have identified the genetic mutation in UBIAD1 in 20 unrelated families with 10 (including 5 reported here), having the N102S mutation. The results suggest that N102S may be a mutation hot spot because the affected families were unrelated including Caucasian and Asian individuals. There was no genotype phenotype correlation except for the T175I mutation which demonstrated prominent diffuse corneal haze, typically without corneal crystals. Protein analysis revealed structural and functional implications of SCCD mutations which may affect UBIAD1 function, ligand binding and interaction with binding partners, like apo E. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remote monitoring of primates using automated GPS technology in open habitats
Authors: Markham A. Catherine , Altmann Jeanne 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAutomated tracking using a satellite global position system (GPS) has major potential as a research tool in studies of primate ecology. However, implementation has been limited, at least partly because of technological difficulties associated with the dense forest habitat of many primates. In contrast, primates inhabiting relatively open environments may provide ideal subjects for use of GPS collars, yet no empirical tests have evaluated this proposition. Here, we used an automated GPS collar to record the locations, approximate body surface temperature, and activity for an adult female baboon during 90 days in the savannah habitat of Amboseli, Kenya. Given the GPS collar's impressive reliability, high spatial accuracy, other associated measurements, and low impact on the study animal, our results indicate the great potential of applying GPS technology to research on wild primates. Am. J. Primatol. 70:495–499, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Service equality in virtual reference
Authors: Shachaf Pnina , Oltmann Shannon M. , Horowitz Sarah M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractResearch is divided about the potential of e‐service to bridge communication gaps, particularly to diverse user groups. According to the existing body of literature, e‐service may either increase or decrease the quality of service received. This study analyzes the level of service received by different genders and ethnic groups when academic and public librarians answered 676 online reference queries. Quality of e‐service was evaluated along three dimensions: timely response, reliability, and courtesy. This study found no significant differences among different user groups along any of these dimensions, supporting the argument that the virtual environment facilitates equitable service and may overcome some challenges of diverse user groups.