bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEROLOGICAL ASPECTS AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE MAGNOLIIDAE
Authors: Jensen U. , Greven B. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySerological comparison of the major seed proteins from angiosperms, i.e. the legumin‐like proteins, indicate close phylogenetic connections between Magnoliidae, Hamamelididae and Corniflorae (sensu Dahlgren, 1980) and refute the idea of their independent evolution. These proteins also confirm the homogeneity of the iridoid producing Corniflorae, and advocate the inclusion of the Gentianaceae within the Corniflorae.
REDUCTION OF THE GEOCARPIC FACTOROVSKYA TO MEDICAGO
Authors: Small Ernest , Brookes Brenda S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFactorovskya (Trigonella) aschersoniana (Urb.) Eig is shown on the basis of a variety of features to be appropriately placed in Medicago, and is recognized as M. hypogaea E. Small. As with some other geocarpic legumes once recognized as monotypic genera, the presence of geocarpic adaptations has obscured close affinities apparent in other characteristics.
NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE WITHIN PETRORHAGIA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)
Authors: Rabeler Richard K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn their revision of Petrorhagia, Ball and Heywood (1964) recognized five sections, four noted as new combinations. An examination of the Lexicon Generum Phanerogamarum of Post and Kuntze (1903) reveals that they recognized six sections of Petrorhagia. Three of the combinations noted by Post and Kuntze are legitimate; two predate similar combinations made by Ball and Heywood in 1964. Petrorhagia kennedyae (A. K. Jackson & Turrill) Meikle is determined to be a later isonym.
TYPIFICATION OF LINNAEAN NAMES NOW IN ANTHRISCUS (APIACEAE)
Authors: Spalik Krzysztof , Jarvis Charles E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThree Linnaean species names now recognized in the genus Anthriscus, Scandix anthriscus, Scandix cerefolium, and Chaerophyllum sylvestre, are lectotypified on material in Linnaeus' herbarium (LINN).
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY AND THE RELATIONSHIPS OF HOPLESTIGMATACEAE
Authors: Nowicke Joan W. , Miller James S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe pollen of the ditypic family Hoplestigmataceae was examined in LM, SEM, and TEM, and in conjunction with floral morphology compared with the orders Boraginales, Ebenales, and Violales, to which this family has been assigned. Hoplestigma has pollen with 3‐colporate apertures bordered by (six) meridional ridges that are separated by (three) intercolpar concavities. Pollen similar in SEM and TEM is found in Bourreria and Ehretia of the Boraginaceae, and is also common in the Myrtales. However, this pollen type is not known to occur in either the Violales or Ebenales; in addition the bicarpellate ovary with few ovules and sympetalous corolla of Hoplestigma are not really typical of the Violales, nor is the parietal placentation of Hoplestigma typical of the Ebenales. Although Hoplestigma shares similar pollen, numerous stamens, and many characteristics of the gynoecium with the Myrtales, it differs in having the petals united basally and unitegmic ovules versus distinct petals and bitegmic ovules in Myrtales. Until Hoplestigmataceae is examined for the presence of internal phloem, one of the more definitive characters for Myrtales, we defer to Takhtajan's placement in the Boraginales.
PHYTOLACCA DODECANDRA (PHYTOLACCACEAE) IN AFRICA: GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Adams R. P. , Neisess K. R. , Parkhurs R. M. , Makhubu L. P. , Yohannes L. Wolde 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe morphology of Phytolacca dodecandra, locally called endod, was examined using herbarium specimens from throughout its natural range in Africa and analyzed by principal component and principal coordinate analyses as well as contour mapping of the coordinate scores. Phytolacca dodecandra was also compared to P. dioica (introduced), P. goudotii, P. nutans, and P. octandra (introduced). Phytolacca goudotii was found to be scarcely distinct from P. dodecandra. The status of P. nutans remains questionable since only the type specimen had extremely long male flower pedicels and no other specimens have been found from throughout Africa with such long pedicels. Examination of P. dodecandra from throughout its range in Africa revealed that a few pubescent‐leaved plants were found from Ethiopia. These plants include a strain (Type 44) previously selected for agronomic research. Phytolacca dodecandra was found to be very variable in its morphology, both within a region and among regions. Major regional trends discovered were differentiation of: 1) the east and west Africa populations; 2) Madagascar plants from the mainland populations; 3) the Gabon plants from other West African plants; and 4) the Uganda, Burundi, Zimbabwe, and South African plants from other regions. No evidence was found to support the recognition of varieties apiculata Engl. and brevipedicellata H. Walt.
NEOTYPIFICATION OF COLOMBIAN PALMS COLLECTED BY W. KALBREYER
Authors: Bernal Rodrigo G. , Galeano‐Garcés Gloria , Henderson Andrew 
Published: April 2006

SummaryForty‐one neotypes and one lectotype are designated for palms described from Colombia, the types of which were destroyed at B. Most neotypes come from the original type localities. Three new combinations, with basionyms in Euterpe, are made: Prestoea brachyclada, P. dasystachys and P. latisecta. Comments on synonymy are given for most species.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OF BAUHINIA L. (CAESALPINIACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBauhinia roxburghiana Voigt (1845), proposed as a nom. nov. for B. emarginata Roxb. ex G. Don (1832), non P. Miller (1768), nec Jack (1822), is established as taxonomically and nomenclaturally distinct from Bauhinia semla Wunderlin (1976) (≡B. retusa Roxb. 1832, non Poiret 1811), notwithstanding Larsen and Larsen (1979) who treated B. semla Wunderlin as a superfluous illegitimate name for B. roxburghiana Voigt. Since B. retusa Roxb. ex DC. (1825) is conspecific with B. retusa Roxb. (1832) (although heterotypic), B. retusa DC., non Poiret, is reduced as a taxonomic synonym of B. semla Wunderlin.
PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GUIANAN FORESTS
Authors: de Granville Jean‐Jacques 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn a brief introduction to the Guianan area (location, geomorphology and climate), the author gives a short description of the main forest types occurring in the Guianas: upland moist forest, montane and lower montane forest, inundated forests, transition forests, and forests on white sand soils. Then, the distribution patterns of selected plant groups represented in the Guianan lowland forest region (Meliaceae, Caryocaraceae, Tabernaemontanoideae, Musaceae, Zingiberaceae, Arecaceae, Passifloraceae, Lindsaea, Ochnaceae) are analyzed. The endemism and floristic affinities of the Guianan forests are briefly discussed in relation to the theory of the South American forest refugia.
SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF RAIN FOREST TREES
Authors: Ashton Peter S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe case is made that ecological characteristics can provide valuable evidence for species delimitation in complex floras such as those of tropical rain forests. Differences between sympatric populations of morphologically similar entities in such aspects as edaphic range, reproductive phenology, pollination biology, combined with evidence for outbreeding, and for interspecific hybridization in nature assist in evaluating whether such entities behave as biological species. Current evidence on the biological nature of rain forest tree species is discussed.
AN INTERACTIVE PROGRAM FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTIFICATION KEYS
Authors: Pankhurst R. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn interactive computer program is described for the construction and revision of diagnostic identification keys. As far as possible, all the mechanical aspects of writing and organising the key are left to the computer, while the user contributes subjective taxonomic skills. The program can also provide advice to the user on how best to proceed. It represents a synthesis between older more or less automatic algorithms for key construction and interactive identification (expert) programs which do not involve keys.
THE PREHISTORY AND HISTORY OF IAPT
Authors: Stafleu Frans A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn account of the pre‐1950 attempts to set up an international organization to deal with “urgent taxonomic needs” such as the coordination of the work on botanical nomenclature, the provision of guides to herbaria, collections and literature, the organization of international meetings, and the publication of a journal as the main tool to achieve these goals. The history of IAPT, founded 1950, is briefly treated, highlighting the role of the journal Taxon and the publication of the Index herbariorum, the Index nominum genericorum, and Taxonomic literature in realizing the pre‐1950 as well as several of the current needs of plant taxonomy with an emphasis on the importance of maintaining the IAPT and its Bureau for the implementation of these projects.
POLLEN AND POLLINATION: A HISTORICAL REVIEW
Authors: Ducker Sophie C. , Knox R. Bruce 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe nineteenth century history of the discovery of pollen structure and function in flowering plants is reviewed, with special reference to aquatic forms.Um die Geschichte der Wissenschaften aufzuklären, um den Gang derselben genau kennen zu lernen, pflegt man sich sorgfältig nach ihren ersten Anfangen zu erkundigen; man bemüht sich zu forschen: wer zuerst irgendeinem Gegenstand seine Aufmerksamkeit zugewendet, wie er sich dabei benommen, wo und zu welcher Zeit man zuerst gewisse Erscheinungen in Betracht gezogen, dergestalt, dass von Gedanke zu Gedanken neue Ansichten sich hervorgetan, welche durch Anwendung allgemein bestätigt endlich die Epoche bezeichnen, worin das, was wir eine Entdeckung, eine Erfindung nennen, unbezweifelt zutage gekommen: eine Erörterung, welche den mannigfachsten Anlass gibt, die menschlichen Geisteskräfte zu kennen und zu schätzen.Morphologie. Goethe, 1831.
FAMILY STATUS FOR THE MONOTOIDEAE GILG AND THE PAKARAIMOIDEAE ASHTON, MAGUIRE AND DE ZEEUW (DIPTEROCARPACEAE)
Authors: Kostermans A. J. G. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Monotoideae are re‐examined in detail in comparison with the Dipterocarpaceae. It is concluded that the Monotoideae, including Pakaraimaea, are more closely allied to the Tiliaceae.
NOMENCLATURAL ASSESSMENT OF GONIOTRICHUM KÜTZING, ERYTHROTRICHIA ARESCHOUG, DICONIA HARVEY, AND STYLONEMA REINSCH (RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Wynne Michael J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGoniotrichum Kützing (1843) and Erythrotrichia Areschoug (1850), both being based on Conferva ceramicola Lyngbye (1819), must be regarded as nomenclatural synonyms. Since Erythrotrichia is a conserved name, Goniotrichum is automatically rejected. Diconia Harvey (1849), a taxonomic synonym of Goniotrichum, is rejected as invalid. Stylonema Reinsch (1875) becomes available to accommodate species formerly placed in Goniotrichum: S. cornu‐cervi Reinsch, S. alsidii (Zanard.) Drew, and S. subcoeruleum (Dangeard) Wynne, comb. nov.
NOMENCLATURE OF ENDOSYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATES
Authors: Blank Rudolf J. , Trench Robert K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe nomenclature of symbiotic dinoflagellates harboured by animal hosts is reviewed with regard to its history and employment. Zooxanthella, Philozoon, Zoorhabdella, and Endodinium may be regarded as synonyms of Amphidinium which has priority. Gymnodinium is considered to be incorrectly employed instead of Symbiodinium when applied to S. microadriaticum. Chrysidella is illegitimate. It is proposed to reject Zooxanthella as a confusing name widely applied to taxa not including its type.
A FIELD‐ORIENTED TECHNIQUE FOR PRODUCING HIGH‐QUALITY PREPARATIONS OF PLANT SURFACES FOR SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Clark Curtis , Sanders Donald L. , Charest Nancy 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCommonly used techniques for the preparation of plant surfaces for scanning electron microscopy involve either the use of coagulative fixatives such as FAA that are easily used in the field, but may cause specimen distortion, or else the use of noncoagulative fixatives such as glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide, that give excellent results but are difficult to use under field conditions. We have modified existing techniques that provide for relative ease of use in the field, low cost, and excellent results; they involve fixation in formaldehyde prepared from paraformaldehyde powder and dehydration in acetone.
SPECIES EPITHETS AND GENDER INFORMATION
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAdjectives (including participles) and nouns are regularly used as species epithets. Nouns maintain their gender and are grammatically independent of the generic name but adjectives indicate the gender of the generic name to the extent they have three, two or only one ending(s) in nominative singular. Generalizations and exceptions are presented with examples.
A NOMENCLATURAL REVISION OF THE JAPANESE MAGNOLIA SPECIES (MAGNOLIACEAE), TOGETHER WITH TWO LONG‐CULTIVATED CHINESE SPECIES. II. M. TOMENTOSA AND M. PRAECOCISSIMA
Authors: Ueda Kunihiko 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe names of two species of Magnolia should be changed as follows: M. tomentosa Thunb. should be accepted for M. stellata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. Magnolia praecocissima Koidz. must be accepted instead of M. kobus DC.
ON CLADISTIC RELATIONSHIPS IN GREEN PLANTS
Authors: Bremer K. , Humphries C. J. , Mishler B. D. , Churchill S. P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryInterrelationships of major groups of green algae and land plants are currently hypothesized in cladograms by various authors. A summary cladogram is given and controversial points such as the precise sister group of the land plants are indicated. Sequence data from 5S ribosomal RNA are more homoplasious than morphological data and hence less useful for inferring phylogeny. Traditional textbook classifications contain several paraphyletic taxa and are frequently uninformative with respect to interrelationships/phylogeny. A cladistic classification with monophyletic taxa is advocated. It is superior for teaching purposes and provides natural taxa that are meaningful for biology in general.
TYPIFICATION OF JUNIPERUS BARBADENSIS L. AND J. BERMUDIANA L. AND REDISCOVERY OF J. BARBADENSIS FROM ST. LUCIA, BWI (CUPRESSACEAE)
Authors: Adams Robert P. , Jarvis C. E. , Slane V. , Zanoni T. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe typification of Juniperus barbadensis and J. bermudiana is discussed in relation to specimens in the Linnaean collections and specimens recently collected from the type localities. The specimen in LINN numbered 1198.1 is designated as the lectotype of J. barbadensis L. The specimen 1198.2 at LINN annotated J. bermudiana was apparently added to the Linnaean collection after 1753. The Hermann illustration cited by Linnaeus was not based on J. bermudiana and would fail to establish effectively the application of the name. Therefore, a specimen taken from a plant that was contemporary with Linnaeus, David van Royen 901.130‐394(L), is designated as the neotype for J. bermudiana. The rediscovery of J. barbadensis is reported from St. Lucia, BWI. This species should be considered threatened on St. Lucia due to its small population of approximately 25 trees that occupy an area of about 10 m by 60 m.
HABITAL VARIATION IN THE HAWAIIAN MADIINAE (HELIANTHEAE) AND ITS RELEVANCE TO GENERIC CONCEPTS IN THE COMPOSITAE
Authors: Carr Gerald D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Hawaiian Madiinae constitute a genetically cohesive and presumably monophyletic alliance of 28 species of extreme habital diversity which traditionally have been dispersed among four genera that are defined primarily by floral and foliar features. Dozens of natural and artificial hybrids between generic and habital categories have been produced. Cytogenetic data indicate that definition of genera according to habit would result in a number of fragmentary groups, each heterogeneous with respect to chromosome number and/or structure. Moreover, in a number of instances species of known cytogenetic identity would be placed in two or more different genera. Disposition of the 28 species in three traditionally recognized genera is recommended. These are Dubautia sensu lato, Argyroxiphium, and Wilkesia.
CROSSING DATA AS GENERIC CRITERIA IN THE ASTERACEAE
Authors: Powell A. Michael 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCrossing data have long been used to help determine the position of species whose generic status is questionable, to help define subgeneric taxa, to merge genera, and, in a limited number of studies, to help establish generic boundaries. Previous studies in the subtribes Peritylinae and Flaveriinae (Helenieae) have demonstrated that crossing data can be employed as a major approach in delimiting generic entities and in establishing relationships between genera. In fact, in the above taxa crossing data proved to be more useful at the genus level than at the species level. Such crossing tests can be employed at optimum only if it is possible to produce hybrids between most of the species in the putative genera concerned. It does appear that it is oñen possible to obtain comprehensive data from artificial interspecific hybridizations, especially when allopatric perennial taxa are involved. The interpretation of crossing data may present problems because variable interfertility values in different taxa are to be expected, and independent taxonomic judgements must be made in context with information from other approaches. In the tribe Eupatorieae, where extensive generic reorganization has been proposed in recent years, hybridization tests may be possible in some groups (Carterothamnus × Hofmeisteria; Koanophyllon × Pseudokyrsteniopsis) but not in others (Brickellia).
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF IVA: A CASE IN POINT
Authors: Bolick Margaret R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn 1960, Jackson divided Iva into three sections: Iva, Linearbractea, and Cyclachaena. A reanalysis of Iva using the precepts of Hennigian cladistics reveals 1) that there are no synapomorphies connecting sections Iva and Linearbractea to section Cyclachaena; 2) that there are no synapomorphies connecting the species within Cyclachaena: and 3) that the species of Iva and Linearbractea are unified by three synapomorphies. The analysis also suggests that the five species of Cyclachaena are more closely related to other genera in the subtribe than they are to Iva and Linearbractea. The resulting classification recognizes Iva and Linearbractea as Iva sensu stricto and the five species of Cyclachaena as separate monotypic genera.
THE FIRST PLANT DISTRIBUTION MAP
Authors: Mennema J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAccording to the literature there were two botanists, who used maps, possibly for the first time, to illustrate the distribution of plants: Georg Wahlenberg in 1812 and Alphonse de Candolle in 1855. The map of Wahlenberg, however, ought to be considered the first vegetation map and Joachim Schouw had produced the first real plant distribution map in his Plantegeographisk Atlas, published in 1824.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF ENCELIOPSIS COVILLEI (A. NELSON) S. F. BLAKE (ASTERACEAE: HELIANTHEAE) AND A CONSIDERATION OF ITS CORRECT NAME
Authors: Clark Curtis , Sanders Donald L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEncelia grandiflora M. E. Jones, nom. illeg., was published without clear reference to a type, an omission that was apparently overlooked by subsequent workers seeking to deal with the generic position of the species and the illegitimacy of its name. Seeming inconsistency in the treatment of the epithet stems from the differing rules concerning homonymy in the American and International codes of nomenclature at that time. A lectotype is provided.
THE TYPIFICATION AND IDENTITY OF THREE SPECIES OF PARIETARIA L. (URTICACEAE), OSTENSIBLY DESCRIBED FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Friis Ib 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe original material of three species of Parietaria, P. capensis Thunb., P. lanceolata Thunb., and P. pilosa Willd., all described as from South Africa, has been studied. P. capensis Thunb. is lectotypified with a specimen which can be identified as Droguetia iners (Forssk.) Schweinf., a species indigenous to South Africa. The type material of P. lanceolata Thunb. can be identified as Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn., an Asian species. After study of type material, Parietaria pilosa Willd. is considered a synonym of P. judaica L., a basically Eurasian species. It is considered doubtful that the latter two species were described from material collected in South Africa.
TYPIFICATION WITHIN THE POLYPODIUM VIRGINIANUM COMPLEX (POLYPODIACEAE)
Authors: Cranfill R. , Britton D. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe validity and application of specific and varietal names in the Polypodium virginianum complex were investigated. Lectotypification of both P. virginianum L. and P. vulgare L. var. americanum Hooker is proposed, the former based on a plate in Morison and the latter on a collection by Percival at Kew. On morphological grounds, the types of both taxa appear to represent the tetraploid race in the complex. Hooker's variety therefore becomes a later synonym of the Linnaean species. Polypodium vinlandicum Löve and Löve was based on the type of Hooker's variety and thus is also synonymous with the tetraploid cytotype of P. virginianum. The name Polypodium “oreophilum” has sometimes been accepted as a legitimate name for some West Virginian plants in the complex. The combination, however, was never validly accomplished and so must be rejected. Furthermore, the use of the epithet for any member of this group is now prohibited by the South American P. oreophilum Maxon.
THE NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY AND TYPIFICATION OF HYPODERMA AND LOPHODERMIUM
Authors: Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe changes in Art. 13 agreed at Sydney in 1981 mean that the lectotype of the genus Hypoderma DC. selected by Höhnel (1917) is no longer acceptable. The identities of the original species of the genus are accordingly established, and the genus is correctly lectotypified. It unavoidably becomes an older name for Lophodermium Chev. As this last genus is large and contains species of economic importance, a conservation proposal is made to allow continued use of the two generic names as they are currently understood.
LA PRESENCIA DE COMMIPHORA (BURSERACEAE) EN MÉXICO
Authors: Rzedowski J. , Palacios‐Chávez R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe pollen of Bursera tecomaca (DC.) Standl. and of B. sarcopoda P. G. Wilson notably differs from that of remaining species of Bursera, but shows a striking similarity to the pollen of the akin genus Commiphora, mainly distributed in Africa. Additional morphological characters of these two species suggest also their better placement in Commiphora and therefore the formal transfer is proposed.
NUEVAS COMBINACIONES EN ORNITHOPUS SATIVUS (LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Aser Mercedes Alsina 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNeotypification of Ornithopus sativus results in a restructuring of its two subspecies and the need for two new combinations: O. sativus subsp. isthmocarpus (Cosson) Dostal falls into synonymy with O. sativus Brot. subsp. sativus and what was called O. sativus Brot. subsp. sativus becomes O. sativus subsp. roseus (Dufour), comb. nov. Also, O. sativus var. macrorrhynchus (Willk.), comb, nov., is recognized.
STUDIES IN ANNONACEAE. VIII. A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF TETRAMERANTHUS
Authors: Koek‐Noorman J. , Zandee M. , Westra L. Y. Th. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe small genus Tetrameranthus (five species) stands isolated within the Annonaceae. A cladistic analysis was carried out using macromorphological characters in order to find possible apomorphies and to attempt a phylogenetic reconstruction. In the “best” cladograms there appear two subsets, one formed by T. duckei, T. macrocarpus, and T. pachycarpus, the other by T. laomae and T. umbellatus. Both are supported by a number of apomorphic character states. Any other conclusions remain speculative.