bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF PROCESSING VARIABLES OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA) MEAL ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF COWPEA PASTE AND QUALITY OF AKARA (FRIED COWPEA PASTE)
Authors: VANCHINA M.A. , CHINNAN M.S. , MCWATTERS K.H. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT The importance of particle size distribution in conjunction with milling method (dry‐milled hammer‐milled meal [HM] or wet‐milled freeze‐dried meal [FD]) on the functionality of cowpea paste and textural characteristics of akara produced from dry meal was investigated. All meal samples contained a minimum of 65% by weight medium‐sized particles and different combinations of large and fine particles to compose the balance. With the exception of the pastes made from meal consisting of 35% fine particles, all pastes had good foaming ability and handling characteristics. However, akara made from the HM and FD blends with 35% large particles had hardness values not significantly different from the traditionally prepared (wet‐milled) akara (5.317, 4.048 and 5.341 N, respectively), indicating that the meal blends had the potential to produce akara acceptable to consumers.
Observational Constraints on the Cloud Thermodynamic Phase in Midlatitude Storms
Authors: Naud Catherine M. , Del Genio Anthony D. , Bauer Mike 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The conditions under which supercooled liquid water gradually gives way to ice in the mixed-phase regions of clouds are still poorly understood and may be an important source of cloud feedback uncertainty in general circulation model projections of long-term climate change. Two winters of cloud phase discrimination, cloud-top temperature, sea surface temperature, and precipitation from several satellite datasets (the NASA Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) for the North Atlantic and Pacific Ocean basins are analyzed to better understand these processes. Reanalysis surface pressures and vertical velocities are used in combination with a synoptic storm-tracking algorithm to define storm tracks, create composite storm dynamical and cloud patterns, and examine changes in storm characteristics over their life cycles. Characteristically different storm cloud patterns exist in the Atlantic and Pacific and on the west and east sides of each ocean basin. This appears to be related to the different spatial patterns of sea surface temperature in the two ocean basins. Glaciation occurs at very warm temperatures in the high, thick, heavily precipitating clouds typical of frontal ascent regions, except where vertical velocities are strongest, similar to previous field experiments. Outside frontal regions, however, where clouds are shallower, supercooled water exists at lower cloud-top temperatures. This analysis is the first large-scale assessment of cloud phase and its relation to dynamics on climatologically representative time scales. It provides a potentially powerful benchmark for the design and evaluation of mixed-phase process parameterizations in general circulation models and suggests that assumptions made in some existing models may negatively bias their cloud feedback estimates.
Facile Template-free Alcohothermal Route to Synthesize Hollow TiO2 Microspheres with Nanocrystal Grain Structure
Authors: Li Yanting , Song Cuihong , Hu Yuzhu , Wei Yongju , Wei Yu 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A convenient template-free approach was founded for the synthesis of almost uncracked hollow titania (TiO2) microspheres with nanocrystal grain structure, which size and shell thickness of microspheres can be altered in a controllable way.
Cephalometric airway analysis in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Strelzow Victor V. , Blanks Robert H. I. , Basile Anna , Strelzow Anthony E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, polysomnograms characterize the nature and severity of the disorder but, rarely, its specific site. Therefore, 90 patients with documented obstructive sleep apnea were evaluated by cephalometric technique, with special attention paid to the size and position of the soft palate and uvula, volume and position of the tongue, mandibulo‐maxillary relationship, hyoid position, and size of the pharyngeal airway space. Results showed major differences between control patients and patients with obstructive sleep apnea in over 50% (30/52) of the objectively measured indices of the cephalometric airway. Further, many changes in the cephalograms of these patients can be correlated with disease severity.
3‐D CT for cranial facial and laryngeal surgery
Authors: Zinreich S. James , Quinn Cynthia B. , Mattox Douglas E. , Kennedy David W. , Johns Michael E. , Price John C. , Holliday Michael J. , Kashima Haskins K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree‐dimensional imaging is a new digital technology which interpolates two‐dimensional computer tomography information to render a “life‐like” anatomic display of the diagnostic information. We have found that this new methodology significantly improves the assessment and therapy of patients undergoing surgical procedures of the head and neck. The technique has been used in cranial‐facial and laryngeal pathology, and in preoperative planning of tumor resection, particularly skull‐base neoplasms.The use of three‐dimensional computer tomography improves the display of the location and volume of pathology and affords accurate therapeutic and surgical planning. The choice and extent of surgery is better defined, and precise bone removal can be performed. In reconstructive surgery, an accurate prefabricated model of the bony defect can be made to aid reconstruction. Representative cases demonstrating the use of three‐dimensional computer tomography in head and neck surgery, and its benefits in saving operative time and improving the postoperative result, will be discussed.
Carotid artery reconstruction using superficial femoral arterial grafts
Authors: Jacobs John R. , Arden Richard L. , Marks Steven C. , Kline Ronald , Berguer Ramon 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe indications, consequences, and value of resection of the carotid artery as part of an extended neck dissection has been discussed for many years. Many of the earlier reports have focused on the sequelae of carotid artery ligation and tests to predict patient tolerance for the procedure. Efforts to reconstruct the carotid artery have been limited primarily to vein grafts. The authors report on 11 cases of reconstruction of the carotid artery using the patient's superficial femoral artery. The femoral artery itself is reconstructed using a Gore‐Tex® graft. Free autografts of the superficial femoral artery in the carotid location have been found to be an excellent size match, mechanically stronger than a vein graft, and tolerant of bacterial contamination. Arteriography in 1 case with 14 months' follow‐up demonstrates long‐term patency.
The new combined surgical approach for cancer involving the base of tongue‐supraglottic complex
Authors: Sanghvi Vikram 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe base of the tongue, valleculae, preepiglottic space, and supraglottic area of the larynx develop from an unpaired central area, i.e., “hypobranchial eminence,” unlike oral tongue and vocal cords, which are independently unilateral and paired in character. These areas should be known as “base of tongue‐supraglottic complex.” Lymphatic criss‐cross is common in this areaThis paper delineates the usefulness of the combined surgical procedure. The extensive cancer in the base of tongue‐supraglottic complex has represented a challenge to the head and neck surgeon. A combined procedure, i.e., supraglottic laryngectomy with a deep and extensive sagittal surgical incision made directly through the lip‐mandible‐oral tongue, provides wider exposure without severing any major nerves or blood vessels, and the vulnerable bilateral lymph bearing area of the neck can be addressed adequately for elective or curative neck dissection. Preoperative dental assessment, visual and palpatory assessment of tumor extent under anesthesia (EUA) helps in careful patient selection. Rehabilitation is expected to take longer, but not hospitalization, which is understood in surgical resections of this magnitude. The Tata Memorial Hospital experience with this new surgical approach is described in detail.
Prevalence of microfissures in the human temporal bone: A report of 1000 temporal bones
Authors: Moreano Edwin H. , Paparella Michael M. , Zelterman Daniel , Goycoolea Marcos V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA total of 1000 human temporal bones were studied to determine the prevalence of two microfissures: 1. the one between the facial canal and the vestibule, 2. the microfissure between the round window niche (RWN) and the posterior semicircular canal (PSC). Additionally, this study compares the prevalence according to temporal bone age and sexThe microfissure between the facial canal and the vestibule was observed in 470 (47%) temporal bones, with a bilateral presence of 77.2%. The prevalence of this microfissure increases linearly with age. It was not found in any bone within the 0 to 2 age group. It was present in 3 (7.3%) bones from the 2 to 9 age group, as opposed to 374 (54.8%) bones from the 40 and over groupThe microfissure between the RWN and the PSC was detected in 915 (91.5%) temporal bones. This second microfissure was found to be an overwhelmingly bilateral entity. The prevalence of this other microfissure also increases with age. This microfissure was also not present in any temporal bone within the 0 to 2 age group. It was found in 28 (68.3%) bones from the 2 to 9 age group, in contrast to 678 (99.4%) temporal bones from the 40 + groupIn addition to a review of the literature, the possible clinical significance of these microfissures is discussed.
The design features of cemented femoral hip implants
Authors: Scheerlinck T. , Casteleyn P.-P. 
Published: October 2006

We undertook a review of the literature relating to the two basic stem designs in use in cemented hip replacement, namely loaded tapers or force-closed femoral stems, and the composite beam or shape-closed designs. The associated stem fixation theory as understood from in vitro studies and finite element modelling were examined with reference to the survivorship results for each of the concepts of fixation. It is clear that both design principles are capable of producing successful long-term results, providing that their specific requirements of stem metallurgy, shape and surface finish, preparation of the bone and handling of the cement are observed.
Das Reichsministerium des Innern unter Heinrich Himmler 1943–1945
Authors: Lehnstaedt Stephan 
Published: October 2006

Vorspann
Der Name Himmler wird gemeinhin mit der SS in Verbindung gebracht wie überhaupt mit dem nationalsozialistischen Terrorapparat, mit dem Holocaust und dem ideologischen Kern der NS-Bewegung. Weniger bekannt ist dagegen, dass Himmler – neben vielem anderen – auch noch den Posten des Reichsinnenministers übernahm, wenn auch erst spät, im Jahr 1943. Welche Folgen ergaben sich aus dieser Zäsur und vor allem: welche Konsequenzen hatte das für dieses Ressort?
Schema‐driven information processing in judgements about rape
Authors: Krahé Barbara , Temkin Jennifer , Bieneck Steffen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo studies addressed the impact of rape schemata on judgements about rape cases. In Study 1, 286 undergraduate students rated perpetrator and victim blame for five rape scenarios and completed the Perceived Causes of Rape Scale. Most blame was assigned to victims of an ex‐partner rape, followed by acquaintance and stranger rape. Least blame was assigned to perpetrators of ex‐partner rapes, followed by acquaintance and stranger rapes. Female precipitation beliefs increased victim blame and reduced perpetrator blame. In Study 2, 158 students rated rape scenarios that varied in victim perpetrator relationship and coercive strategy and completed a measure of Female Precipitation Beliefs. Half expected to be held accountable for their judgements. The perpetrator was held less liable and the victim blamed more when the perpetrator exploited the victim's incapacitated state versus using physical force. Accountability instruction reduced the impact of female precipitation beliefs on perceived perpetrator liability and victim blame. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Removal of basic blue 41 from aqueous solution by carboxymethylated Posidonia oceanica
Authors: Chadlia Aguir , Farouk M'henni Mohamed 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work is to improve the retention capacity already noticed for the raw Posidonia towards basic dyes and notably for basic blue 41 (BB41). To improve the fixation rate of these cationic entities, we have undertaken the introduction of carboxymethylate groups on the raw Posidonia. Thus, we have obtained materials with various carboxymethylate groups contents (from 10 to 30%). We have then studied the fixation capacities of BB41 on the different materials. We have noticed that the retention capacity of modified Posidonia was improved compared to the raw one. We have studied the effect of different parameters influencing the fixation capacities such as initial dye concentration, support dose, contact time, pH, carboxymethylate groups content, and temperature. This phenomenon of retention is compared to classic models of Langmuir and Freundlich. Some thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS0) changes have been studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1215–1225, 2007
Synthesis and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites by in situ polymerization
Authors: Kim Se Hoon , Kim Sung Chul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/clay nanocomposites (PCNs) with N‐methyl diethanol amine (MDEA)‐based organoclays are synthesized by using in situ polymerization. Four kinds of MDEA‐based materials are prepared and used as organifiers of pristine montmorillonite. The clay treated with the organifiers has a d‐spacing range that is about 14–21 Å. The PCNs with these organoclays are characterized by using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, capillary rheometry, and tensile and barrier testing. The PCNs form an intercalated and delaminated structure. The well‐stacked nanoclays are broken down into small pieces in the PET matrix and the thickness of the clay bundle decreases to 20 nm. The melt viscosity and tensile strength of these PCNs increases with only 0.5 wt % clay. In oxygen barrier testing, the PCN with 1 wt % well‐dispersed organoclay shows a twofold higher barrier property than pure PET. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1262–1271, 2007
Mechanical properties and thermal stability of double‐shell thermal‐energy‐storage microcapsules
Authors: Su Jun‐Feng , Wang Li‐Xin , Ren Li , Huang Zhen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDouble‐shell‐structured microcapsules encapsulating phase‐change materials (micro‐PCMs) with an average diameter of 5–10 μm were successfully fabricated with a melamine–formaldehyde resin as the coating material. The mechanical properties of the obtained piled micro‐PCMs, tested under compression, were evaluated with a pressure sensor. Typical stress–strain curves showed that both the single‐shell‐ and double‐shell‐structured microcapsules had yield points and maximum point pressures. The morphological changes in the shell surface confirmed the existence of yield points by scanning electron microscopy. When the pressure was beyond the yield point, the microcapsules showed conventional plastic behavior, and the double‐shell structure was more mechanically stable than the single‐shell one. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis results revealed that the properties of the phase‐change materials experienced no variation after coating with a single‐shell‐ or double‐shell‐structured polymer. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the double‐shell‐structured micro‐PCMs experienced a weight loss of only about 5% from 86.3 to 232°C but did so more rapidly from 232 to 416°C. Thermoregulation was determined with periodical heating and cooling tests. The data showed that the micro‐PCMs changed temperature in a narrow range of 20–25°C with a time lag of 20 min to reach the maximum or minimum temperature in comparison with a reference temperature of 18–28°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1295–1302, 2007
Chitosan and chitosan/β‐cyclodextrin microspheres as sustained‐release drug carriers
Authors: Zhang Wei Fen , Chen Xi Guang , Li Pi Wu , He Qiang Zhi , Zhou Hui Yun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe main aim of this study was to compare two microspheres, chitosan (CTS) and CTS/β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), made by spray‐drying, as pulmonary sustained drug‐delivery carriers. Theophylline (TH) was used as a model drug. The characteristics of the microspheres and in vitro release were studied. The yield of CTS/β‐CD microspheres was 46.1%, which was higher than that of the CTS microspheres (36.5%). The drug loads of the CTS and CTS/β‐CD microspheres were 22.7 and 21.1%, respectively, whereas the encapsulation efficiencies were 90.7 and 91.4%, respectively. The distribution of 50% [(diameter) d (0.5)] of the CTS microspheres was below 6.49 μm and that of the CTS/β‐CD microspheres was below 4.90 μm. Scanning electron microscopy showed that both microspheres yielded a spherical shape with smooth or wrinkled surfaces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the carbonyl group of TH formed hydrogen bonds with the amide group of CTS and the hydroxyl group of β‐CD. The swelling ability of the two microspheres was more than three times their weight, and their humidity rates attained equilibrium within 24 h. The ciliary beat movement times of CTS and CTS/β‐CD microspheres were 493.00 and 512.33 min, respectively, which indicated that the two microspheres effectively reduced the ciliotoxicity and possessed better adaptability. In vitro release of TH from CTS/β‐CD microspheres was slower than that from CTS microspheres at pH 6.8 and provided a sustained release of 72.0% within 12 h. The results suggest that CTS/β‐CD microspheres are a promising carrier for sustained release for pulmonary delivery. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1183–1190, 2007
A Phase I study of bortezomib plus irinotecan in patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Ryan David P. , O'Neil Bert H. , Supko Jeffrey G. , Lima Carlo M. Rocha , Dees E. Claire , Appleman Leonard J. , Clark Jeffrey , Fidias Phinos , Orlowski Robert Z. , Kashala Oscar , Eder Joseph P. , Cusack James C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.The authors conducted a Phase I dose‐finding trial to study the use of combined bortezomib plus irinotecan in patients with advanced solid tumors.METHODS.Patients who had received ≥1 prior chemotherapy regimen were eligible. Patients received bortezomib (1.0 mg/m2, 1.3 mg/m2, or 1.5 mg/m2) on Days 1, 4, 8, and 11 and received irinotecan (from 50 mg/m2 to 125 mg/m2) on Days 1 and 8 of each 21‐day cycle for a maximum of 8 cycles. Bortezomib followed irinotecan on coadministration days in Cycle 1 and Cycles 3 through 8 but preceded irinotecan in Cycle 2 to assess the effect of administration sequence on bortezomib pharmacodynamics.RESULTS.Fifty‐one enrolled patients with malignancies, including colorectal cancer (n = 23 patients), lung cancer (n = 6 patients), gastroesophageal cancer (n = 6 patients), and pancreatic cancer (n = 3 patients), received ≥1 dose of study drug. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were the principal dose‐limiting toxicities and led to the maximum tolerated doses of 1.3 mg/m2 bortezomib and 125 mg/m2 irinotecan. The most common grade ≥3 bortezomib‐related nonhematologic adverse events were fatigue (n = 5 episodes), diarrhea (n = 4 episodes), and nausea (n = 4 episodes). grade ≥3 bortezomib‐related hematologic adverse events included neutropenia (n = 6 episodes) and thrombocytopenia (n = 4 episodes) and rarely were dose limiting. Of 34 evaluable patients, no objective responses according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors were seen; 10 patients achieved stable disease. The degree of proteasome inhibition in whole blood indicated that the biologic activity of bortezomib was unaffected by irinotecan coadministration.CONCLUSIONS.The results of this Phase I study in patients with solid tumors indicated that bortezomib at a dose of 1.3 mg/m2 on Days 1, 4, 8, and 11 plus irinotecan at a dose of 125 mg/m2 on Days 1 and 8 every 21 days were the recommended Phase II doses. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A measurement approach for obtaining static load model parameters in real time at the distribution level
Authors: Fuentes J. A. , Molina‐García A. , Gómez E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present and assess a new methodology for obtaining the parameters of static load models, which represent the aggregated load behaviour at the distribution level. This methodology is divided into two stages: the first one obtains the load composition at the point of measurement using a non‐intrusive method, while the second one generates the final aggregated static load models. Its main advantage, in contrast to previous parameter estimations, is that it obviates the need to apply artificial voltage steps at the distribution network—generated by load tap changers or capacitor switching, placed at the substations. In this way, the methodology can be used to obtain the static load parameters of the aggregated load in real time. To assess the suitability of the method, several measurements were taken at a distribution transformer—in a university environment—and the obtained results have also been included in this paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lethality in Drosophila melanogaster/Drosophila simulans species hybrids is not associated with substantial transcriptional misregulation
Authors: Barbash Daniel A. , Lorigan James G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe cross of Drosophila melanogaster females to Drosophila simulans males produces lethal F1 hybrid males. These lethal phenotypes can be suppressed by mutations in the D. melanogaster gene Hybrid male rescue (Hmr), demonstrating that Hmr has a major role in causing lethality in this hybridization. We performed parallel crosses to generate viable (Hmr–) and lethal (Hmr+) hybrid male larvae and used microarrays to compare whole‐genome transcriptional profiles between these two samples. This comparison was done to investigate two questions: whether hybrid lethality is associated with substantial gene misregulation, and whether a mechanistic basis for hybrid lethality can be inferred from the identities of differentially expressed individual transcripts. We report that a surprisingly small number of genes have a significant difference in transcript abundance between lethal and viable hybrid males. There is a significant over‐representation of genes encoding proteosome subunits among those upregulated in lethal hybrids relative to viable hybrids. Genetic tests, however, failed to fully support the hypothesis that this overexpression is causing hybrid lethality. Hybrid females were previously reported to have a significantly different expression pattern of sex‐biased genes compared to the parental species. We find no such differences between lethal and viable hybrid males. We did find a significant deficit of X chromosome genes among those downregulated in lethal hybrids, but not among those upregulated. We suggest that while interspecific hybrids may have substantial amounts of gene misregulation compared to their parental species, many of these transcriptional differences may be only indirectly related to hybrid incompatibility phenotypes. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.