bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases
Authors: Alberts Steven R. , Wagman Lawrence D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader should be able to: Explain the role of chemotherapy in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer and the shifting goals of therapy—from palliation to prolongation of life.Select among the evolving treatment options for patients with unresectable, not optimally resectable, and resectable liver metastases.Discuss the unresolved research issues, including the optimal timing of perioperative chemotherapy and the role of biologic agents in the management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent malignant disease in industrialized nations. The annual incidence of invasive CRC in the U.S. is among the highest in the world, and the liver is the only metastatic site in approximately one third of patients. Without treatment, patients with metastatic disease have a poor prognosis; however, long-term survival benefits and even cure have been reported in patients undergoing surgical resection of metastases. In addition, advances in chemotherapy, imaging, and surgical techniques have increased the proportion of patients who are eligible for resection. Combination therapy with fluorouracil and leucovorin has been the mainstay of treatment for metastatic CRC; however, the introduction of newer agents, such as oxaliplatin and irinotecan, and targeted agents, such as cetuximab and bevacizumab, has yielded improvements in response rates (RRs) and survival. Maximizing the exposure of hepatic metastases to high target concentrations of cytotoxic drugs using hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) increases RRs further than with systemic chemotherapy; however, the impact of HAI on survival is unclear. As the goals of chemotherapeutic treatment for metastatic CRC increasingly shift from palliation to prolongation of survival, improvement in RRs, and downsizing of tumors in order to enable or optimize resection, treatment in a multidisciplinary environment involving a medical oncologist, radiologist, and surgical oncologist with hepatobiliary expertise will become central to deciding the best course of therapy and timing of surgery.
A new quality assurance system for the evaluation of ecotoxicity studies submitted under the new substances notification regulations in Canada
Authors: Breton Roger L , Gilron Guy , Thompson Ryan , Rodney Sara , Teed Scott 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
New substances destined for import into, or manufacture in, Canada must be reported to Environment Canada and Health Canada under the New Substances Notification Regulations (Chemicals and Polymers) (NSNR). With the use of information provided by the notifier, and other complementary information available to the 2 departments, the New Substances Program conducts ecological and human health risk assessments. Over the past 10 y, more than 750 ecotoxicity studies have been submitted to the New Substances Program of Environment Canada under the NSNR. Most of these experimental studies are not publicly available but are useful in the ecological risk assessment of new substances and for the development of Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSARs). In this paper, we describe the development and validation of a computer-based scoring system and our approach in the development of scoring methods used to assess the quality and usability of ecotoxicity studies with fish, Daphnia spp., and green algae. Results of ranking exercises conducted with these methods are described and discussed, together with the potential use of these results in a regulatory context. In addition, the methods are discussed in comparison with other similar evaluation schemes described in the literature.
Exposure modeling on a river basin scale in support of risk assessment for chemicals in european river basins
Authors: van Gils Jos , van Hattum Bert , Westrich Bernhard 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Following the 2000 European Water Framework Directive and recent insights into sediment management on a river basin scale, we discuss in this paper an exposure model aiming to support a risk assessment for chemicals on a basin-wide scale. It establishes spatial relations between causes (pollution sources) and effects (ecological risk), taking into account the geometry, hydrology, and fine sediment dynamics of European river basins. The model, called EXPOBASIN, explicitly takes into account the interaction of chemicals with fine sediment particles, which is important for many policy-relevant chemicals, such as trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and it addresses the potential release of historically polluted sediments as a result of extreme floods, which is a major concern in different European river basins. Bioavailability and bioaccumulation are included in the assessment. As a result, the exposure can be quantified not only in terms of water concentrations, but also in terms of sediment concentrations and concentrations in biota. The primary question to be answered by EXPOBASIN is how chemicals, pollution sources, or both rank quantitatively and objectively on a basin-wide scale. Near the end of 2009, the tool will become available to all European water managers and their technical advisors, as a result of the European Union 6th Framework Programme project MODELKEY The calibration and validation of EXPOBASIN has only just started and will be completed in 2008/2009. Applications to 3 case study areas are planned in this respect. This paper presents the key building blocks of EXPOBASIN and shows some sample results illustrating the raking of pollution sources and chemicals. At the end of the paper, some perspectives for future developments are outlined.
Blow-up of solutions for a viscoelastic equation with nonlinear damping
Authors: Zhifeng Yang 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The initial boundary value problem for a viscoelastic equation with nonlinear damping in a bounded domain is considered. By modifying the method, which is put forward by Li, Tasi and Vitillaro, we sententiously proved that, under certain conditions, any solution blows up in finite time. The estimates of the life-span of solutions are also given. We generalize some earlier results concerning this equation.
Behavioral Systems Theory: A Survey
Authors: Zerz Eva 
Published: October 2008

Behavioral Systems Theory: A SurveyWe survey the so-called behavioral approach to systems and control theory, which was founded by J. C. Willems and his school. The central idea of behavioral systems theory is to put the focus on the set of trajectories of a dynamical system rather than on a specific set of equations modelling the underlying phenomenon. Moreover, all signal components are treated on an equal footing at first, and their partition into inputs and outputs is derived from the system law, in a way that admits several valid cause-effect interpretations, in general.
Iterative Learning Control — Monotonicity and Optimization
Authors: Owens David , Daley Steve 
Published: October 2008

Iterative Learning Control — Monotonicity and OptimizationThe area if Iterative Learning Control (ILC) has great potential for applications to systems with a naturally repetitive action where the transfer of data from repetition (trial or iteration) can lead to substantial improvements in tracking performance. There are several serious issues arising from the "2D" structure of ILC and a number of new problems requiring new ways of thinking and design. This paper introduces some of these issues from the point of view of the research group at Sheffield University and concentrates on linear systems and the potential for the use of optimization methods and switching strategies to achieve effective control.
Mobile Sensor Routing for Parameter Estimation of Distributed Systems Using the Parallel Tunneling Method
Authors: Zięba Tomasz , Uciński Dariusz 
Published: October 2008

Mobile Sensor Routing for Parameter Estimation of Distributed Systems Using the Parallel Tunneling MethodThe paper deals with the problem of optimal path planning for a sensor network with mutliple mobile nodes, whose measurements are supposed to be primarily used to estimate unknown parameters of a system modelled by a partial differential equation. The adopted framework permits to consider two- or three-dimensional spatial domains and correlated observations. Since the aim is to maximize the accuracy of the estimates, a general functional defined on the relevant Fisher information matrix is used as the design criterion. Central to the approach is the parameterization of the sensor trajectories based on cubic B-splines. The resulting finite-dimensional global optimization problem is then solved using a parallel version of the tunneling algorithm. A numerical example is included to clearly demonstrate the idea presented in the paper.
Application of Triple Correlation and Bispectrum for Interference Immunity Improvement in Telecommunications Systems
Authors: Molchanov Pavel , Totsky Alexandr 
Published: October 2008

Application of Triple Correlation and Bispectrum for Interference Immunity Improvement in Telecommunications SystemsThis paper presents a new noise immunity encoding/decoding technique by using the features of triple correlation and bispectrum widely employed in digital signal processing systems operating in noise environments. The triple correlation-and bispectrum-based encoding/decoding algorithm is tested for a digital radio telecommunications binary frequency shift keying system. The errorless decoding probability was analyzed by means of computer simulation for the transmission and reception of a test message in a radio channel disturbed by both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and a mixture of an AWGN and an impulsive noise. Computer simulation results obtained for varying and less than unity signal-to-noise ratios at the demodulator input demonstrate a considerable improvement in the noise immunity of the technique suggested in comparison with the traditional redundant linear block encoding/decoding technique.
Immunotherapy with Interleukin-2: A Study Based on Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Banerjee Sandip 
Published: October 2008

Immunotherapy with Interleukin-2: A Study Based on Mathematical ModelingThe role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in tumor dynamics is illustrated through mathematical modeling, using delay differential equations with a discrete time delay (a modified version of the Kirshner-Panetta model). Theoretical analysis gives an expression for the discrete time delay and the length of the time delay to preserve stability. Numerical analysis shows that interleukin-2 alone can cause the tumor cell population to regress.
Emotion Learning: Solving a Shortest Path Problem in an Arbitrary Deterministic Environment in Linear Time with an Emotional Agent
Authors: Petruseva Silvana 
Published: October 2008

Emotion Learning: Solving a Shortest Path Problem in an Arbitrary Deterministic Environment in Linear Time with an Emotional AgentThe paper presents an algorithm which solves the shortest path problem in an arbitrary deterministic environment withnstates with an emotional agent in linear time. The algorithm originates from an algorithm which in exponential time solves the same problem, and the agent architecture used for solving the problem is an NN-CAA architecture (neural network crossbar adaptive array). By implementing emotion learning, the linear time algorithm is obtained and the agent architecture is modified. The complexity of the algorithm without operations for initiation in general does not depend on the number of statesn, but only on the length of the shortest path. Depending on the position of the goal state, the complexity can be at mostO (n).It can be concluded that the choice of the function which evaluates the emotional state of the agent plays a decisive role in solving the problem efficiently. That function should give as detailed information as possible about the consequences of the agent's actions, starting even from the initial state. In this way the function implements properties of human emotions.
Successful laparoscopic surgery for a uterine leiomyoma in a mare
Authors: Muurlink T. , Walmsley J. , Whitton C. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryLeiomyomas are the most common of uterine tumours in mares but large tumours are rare. A case with a 15 cm uterine leiomyoma diagnosed by rectal palpation and ultrasound examinations with apparent adverse effects on fertility is reported. Management of the case was by hand assisted laparoscopic tumour removal and unilateral ovariectomy. Complications included post operative pain, tachycardia and wound infection. The mare was confirmed to be in foal after her first cover post surgery.
Bacterial pneumonia and pleuropneumonia in sport horses: 17 cases (2001–2003)
Authors: Ferrucci F. , Zucca E. , Croci C. , Di Fabio V. , Martino P. A. , Ferro E. 
Published: October 2008

SummarySeventeen racehorses were referred with a history of poor performance, recurrent fever, coughing and/or nasal discharge. All patients underwent a thorough diagnostic procedure, including physical examination, complete blood count, plasma fibrinogen estimation, arterial blood gas analysis, thoracic radiology and ultrasonography, endoscopy, tracheal aspiration with cytological and cultural evaluation, including sensitivity test. According to these procedures, bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed in 14 horses and bacterial pleuropneumonia in 3 horses.Streptococcusspp. were isolated in 11 cases (61.2%),Rhodococcus equiin 3 cases (16.6%),Klebsiella pneumoniaein 3 cases (16.6%) andPseudomonas aeruginosain one case (5.6%).
A review of the use of moxidectin in horses
Authors: Schumacher J. , Taintor J. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryMoxidectin has broad‐spectrum anti‐nematodal and anti‐arthropodal activities in the horse but is not effective against tapeworms or flukes. Moxidectin and ivermectin have the same efficacy against internal, adult parasites of horses. Moxidectin, however, is highly effective in eliminating encysted and hypobiotic larval stages of cyathostomins, whereas ivermectin is not. Treatment of horses with moxidectin results in an egg‐reappearance period (ERP) of 15–24 weeks. Because of its long ERP, moxidectin is labelled to be used at 12 week intervals. Moxidectin may provide protection against infection by ingested cyathostomin larvae for 2–3 weeks after it is administered.The larvicidal activity of moxidectin has often been compared to that of fenbendazole administered at either 7.5 or 10 mg/kg bwt for 5 consecutive days. The efficacy of fenbendazole, when administered daily for 5 consecutive days at 7.5 or 10 mg/kg bwt, against all stages of cyathostomins is often less than that of moxidectin because resistance of cyathostomins to benzimidazoles is prevalent worldwide, and the 5 day course of fenbendazole does not overcome this resistance. There are now reports of resistance of ascarids to moxidectin. Overt resistance of cyathostomins and a shortened egg re‐emergence period after treatment with moxidectin have been reported. Rapid removal of manure by natural fauna can significantly reduce larval nematode concentrations and thereby reduce intervals of anthelmintic treatment. Of the macrocyclic lactones, moxidectin has the least deleterious effect on faecal fauna.
Hepatoprotective Effects of <i>Thespesia lampas</i> Dalz & Gibs in CCl<sub>4</sub> Induced Liver Injury in Rats
Authors: Sangameswaran B , Deshraj Chumbhale , Balakrishnan BR , Jayakar B 
Published: October 2008

The extracts of the roots of Thespesia lampas (Malvaceae) were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity in rats by inducing chronic liver damage by subcutaneous injection of 50% v/v carbon tetrachloride in Tween 80 at a dose of 3ml/kg for a period of 4 weeks. The biochemical parameters like serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum bilirubin and total proteins were estimated to assess the liver function. Hepatic steatosis, centrilobular necrosis, and often swelling of the hepatic cytoplasm were observed in carbontetra chloride treated group, while these were completely absent in the extracts of T. lampas (300 mg/kg b.wt) treated groups (p < 0.01). The present investigation established pharmacological evidence to support the folkloric claim of hepatoprotective activity of T. lampas.Key words: Thespesia lampas, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Rats, Root extracts Â DOI = 10.3329/dujps.v7i1.1201Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 7(1): 11-13, 2008 (June)
The <i>In vitro</i> Effects of Atenolol and Zinc Chloride on the Protein Binding of Amlodipine in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Amran Md Shah , Morshed Sheikh Niaz , Khandakar Md Jahangir Alam , Rahman Md Masudur , Rahman Md Mosiur , Hossain Md Amjad 
Published: October 2008

An in vitro study of protein binding has been carried out to observe the influence of atenolol and zinc chloride on the protein binding of amlodipine by equilibrium dialysis method at 37Â±1 0C and at physiological pH (7.4). It has been found that zinc chloride lowered the affinity and percentage of protein binding of amlodipine to bovine serum albumin but atenolol has no such effect. The Scatchard plots were prepared to reveal the number of binding sites and the affinity for protein binding. It was seen that the highest percentage binding of amlodipine was 91% and the lowest was 74%. In the presence of atenolol, the highest and the lowest value of percentage of protein binding was 90% and 72%, respectively. In the presence of zinc chloride these values were 84% and 65% respectively. It is, thus, inferred that atenolol or its complex with amlodipine has no significant effect on percentage of protein binding of amlodipine. While zinc chloride or its complex with amlodipine can cause a decrease in percentage of protein binding of amlodipine. Complexation of amlodipine with zinc chloride might, therefore, displace the drug from the plasma and the displaced drugs may be redistributed, thus , increasing the free drug in plasma and tissue systems. This may change the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug and may affect the pharmacological and toxic effects. It is thus inferred that care and monitoring must be taken during combination therapy of amlodipine and zinc chloride. Key words: Amlodipine, protein binding, binding site, equilibrium dialysis, Scatchard plot, atenolol, zinc chloride, combination therapy Â DOI = 10.3329/dujps.v7i1.1202Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 7(1): 15-21, 2008 (June)
Antineoplastic Activity of Bis-tyrosinediaqua Ni(II) Against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma
Authors: Khanam Jahan Ara , Salahuddin M Sultan , Habib M Rowshanul , Islam M Rafiqul , Jesmin Mele , Sarker M Kumar , Ali M Mohsin 
Published: October 2008

In order to find out new compounds having antineoplastic activity, bis-tyrosine diaqua nickel (II) complex was synthesized and characterized. The antineoplastic activity of the compound was judged by measuring inhibition of tumour growth and enhancement of survival time of EAC cell bearing mice. In addition its effects on haematological parameters and serum alkaline phosphatase activity of both normal and EAC bearing mice were also studied. The test compound significantly inhibited the tumour growth and increased life span of tumour bearing mice at dose 10 mg/kg i.p. The treatment also recovered the perturbed haematological parameters as well as the serum alkaline phosphatase activity towards normal. The host toxicity of the test compound was found to be negligible. The compound can be considered as an effective antineoplastic agent. Key words: Antineoplastic activity, Bis-tyrosinediaqua nickel (II), EAC, ALP activity Â DOI = 10.3329/dujps.v7i1.1215 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 7(1): 33-37, 2008 (June)
Preparation and <i>In vitro</i> Evaluation of Theophylline Loaded Gastroretentive Floating Tablets of METHOCEL K4M
Authors: Khan Ferdous , Razzak Md Shaikhul Millat Ibn , Khan Md Ziaur Rahman , Azam Kazi Rashidul , Sadat Sams Mohammad Anowar , Reza Md Selim 
Published: October 2008

This investigation describes the preparation and in vitro evaluation of gastroretentive floating tablets of theophylline. Hydrophilic polymer METHOCEL K4M was used for its gel forming and release controlling properties. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were incorporated as gas generating agents. The effects of soluble components (sodium bicarbonate and citric acid), gel forming agent (METHOCEL K4M) and dose variation on drug release profile and floating properties were investigated. It has been observed that in all cases increase of the amount of floating agent caused a decrease of the floating lag time. Increase of theophylline load showed an increase of the floating lag time, which was independent of floating agent content. The release mechanisms were explored and explained with zero order, first order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer and Hixon-Crowell equations. The release rate, extent and mechanisms were found to be governed by the content of polymer and floating agent. The content of active ingredient was also a vital factor in controlling drug release pattern. It was found that polymer content and amount of floating agent significantly affected the time required for 50% of drug release (T50%), percentage drug release after 8 hours, release rate constant, and diffusion exponent (n). Kinetic modeling of dissolution profiles revealed that the drug release mechanism could range from diffusion controlled to case II transport, which was mainly dependent on presence of relative amount of theophylline, polymer and floating agent. Key words: Gastroretention, Floating tablet, Theophylline Â DOI = 10.3329/dujps.v7i1.1220 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 7(1): 65-70, 2008 (June)
Triterpenoids from the Stem Bark of <i>Crataeva nurvala</i>
Authors: Haque Md Enamul , Islam Md Nahidul , Gupta Dipankar Das , Hossain Mahbub , Shekhar Hossain Uddin , Shibib Biazid Alam 
Published: October 2008

Two triterpenoids, phragmalin triacetate (1) and lupeol (2) were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark of Crataeva nurvala (Capparidaceae) by repeated chromatography over silica gel. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses (UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and EIMS). This is the first report of the systematic phytochemical investigation and the presence of these compounds 1 and 2 from this plant. Key words: Crataeva, Capparidaceae, Phragmalin triacetate and Lupeol. Â DOI = 10.3329/dujps.v7i1.1221 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 7(1): 71-74, 2008 (June)