bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An investigation into the stability of contextual document clustering
Authors: Rooney Niall , Patterson David , Galushka Mykola , Dobrynin Vladimir , Smirnova Elena 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this article, we assess the effectiveness of Contextual Document Clustering (CDC) as a means of indexing within a dynamic and rapidly changing environment. We simulate a dynamic environment, by splitting two chronologically ordered datasets into time‐ordered segments and assessing how the technique performs under two different scenarios. The first is when new documents are added incrementally without reclustering [incremental CDC (iCDC)], and the second is when reclustering is performed [nonincremental CDC (nCDC)]. The datasets are very large, are independent of each other, and belong to two very different domains. We show that CDC itself is effective at clustering very large document corpora, and that, significantly, it lends itself to a very simple, efficient incremental document addition process that is seen to be very stable over time despite the size of the corpus growing considerably. It was seen to be effective at incrementally clustering new documents even when the corpus grew to six times its original size. This is in contrast to what other researchers have found when applying similar simple incremental approaches to document clustering. The stability of iCDC is accounted for by the unique manner in which CDC discovers cluster themes.
Faserbeton unter hochdynamischer Einwirkung
Authors: Fuchs Maximilian , Keuser Manfred , Schuler Harald , Thoma Klaus 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHochdynamische Einwirkungen wie schnelle Stoßbeanspruchungen und Detonationsbelastungen auf Bauwerke und Bauteile stellen i. d. R. außergewöhnliche Lastfälle dar. Im Zuge sicherheitspolitischer Überlegungen gewinnt deren Betrachtung im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau zunehmend an Bedeutung. Neben der Berücksichtigung bei Bemessung und Konstruktion von Bauteilen ergibt sich auch die Notwendigkeit der Entwicklung und Optimierung neuer Baustoffe gegen hochdynamische Einwirkungen. Dabei hat sich in Hinblick auf eine zuverlässige Schutzwirkung die Zugabe von Fasern für Betonkonstruktionen als unverzichtbar erwiesen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im vorliegenden Beitrag das Verhalten von Faserbetonen unter hochdynamischen Einwirkungen näher behandelt. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der Grundlagen werden die durchgeführten Hopkinson‐Bar‐Versuche zur Bestimmung der dynamischen Eigenschaften von Faserbetonen beschrieben und die Versuchsergebnisse erläutert. Durch Penetrationsversuche an Schutzplatten aus Faserbeton wird ein praktisches Anwendungsbeispiel aufgezeigt und die Eignung von Faserbetonen für die Anwendung in Schutzkonstruktionen der militärischen und zivilen Infrastruktur nachgewiesen.
Elemente der Werkstoffformulierung für Beton und deren Verwendung in der Kurzzeitdynamik
Authors: Schuler Harald 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBeton weist unter kurzzeitdynamischer Einwirkung in einigen Kennwerten veränderte Eigenschaften gegenüber statischer Einwirkung auf. Beispielsweise steigt die Festigkeit mit der Verzerrungsgeschwindigkeit, oder es tritt ein extrem nichtlineares volumetrisches Materialverhalten bei hohen Drücken charakterisiert durch die Hugoniot‐Eigenschaften auf. Zustandsgleichungen für poröse Materialien beschreiben dieses thermo‐mechanische Materialverhalten unter Stoßbelastung.In Werkstoffgesetzen sind diese “hochdynamischen” Eigenschaften einzubinden. Bekannte Ansätze aus der Kontinuumsschädigungsmechanik, der Plastizitätstheorie oder der verschmierten Beschreibung von Rissen können hierbei als Basis verwendet werden. Der folgende Aufsatz beschreibt in Kürze wichtige Elemente der Werkstoffformulierung von Beton und bewertet diese hinsichtlich ihrer Verwendung in der Kurzzeitdynamik.
Spectrofluorimetric determination of dopamine using 1,5‐bis(4,6‐dicholro‐1,3,5‐triazinylamino) naphthalene
Authors: Wei Wei , Wang Hong‐jian , Jiang Chong‐Qiu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA new fluorescent reagent, 1,5‐bis(4,6‐dichloro‐1,3,5‐triazinylamino)naphthalene, containing two active chlorines, was synthesized by a one‐step reaction. Under the optimum conditions for the determination of dopamine, the enhanced fluorescence intensity is proportional to the dopamine concentration. The fluorescence intensity was measured at λex/em = 400/460 nm, with and without dopamine. The linear range and detection limit for the determination of dopamine were 1.0 × 10−7 mol/L–5.0 × 10−5 mol/L and 4.0 × 10−8 mol/L. This method is simple, practical, can afford good precision and accuracy and can be successfully applied to assess dopamine in injections and human serum samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaction‐Crystallization of Struvite in a Continuous Liquid Jet‐Pump DTM MSMPR Crystallizer with Upward Circulation of Suspension in a Mixing Chamber – an SDG Kinetic Approach
Authors: Koralewska J. , Piotrowski K. , Wierzbowska B. , Matynia A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe experimental results concerning kinetic aspects of struvite precipitation in a continuous DTM‐type crystallizer with internal circulation of suspension forced by a liquid jet‐pump are presented and discussed. Nucleation and crystal growth rates of struvite during reaction‐crystallization processes in diluted water solutions of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate ions were identified. Kinetic parameters were calculated on the basis of population density distributions adopting a simplified model of the mass crystallization process in a MSMPR crystallizer taking under consideration size‐dependent growth (SDG) mechanism. The Rojkowski hyperbolic SDG model has proved to be the equation best statistically fitted to our own data set.
CO2‐Alkanolamine Reaction Kinetics: A Review of Recent Studies
Authors: Vaidya P. D. , Kenig E. Y. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAlkanolamines are the most popular absorbents used to remove CO2 from process gas streams. Therefore, the CO2 reaction with alkanolamines is of considerable importance. The aim of this article is to provide an overview on the kinetics of the reaction of CO2 with aqueous solutions of alkanolamines. The various reaction mechanisms that are used to interpret experimental kinetic data – zwitterion, termolecular and base‐catalyzed hydration – are discussed in detail. Recently published data on reaction kinetics of individual amine systems and their mixtures are considered. In addition, the kinetic behavior of several novel amine‐based solvents that have been proposed in the literature is analyzed. Generally, the reaction of CO2 with primary, secondary and sterically hindered amines is governed by the zwitterion mechanism, whereas the reaction with tertiary amines is described by the base‐catalyzed hydration of CO2.
Ionic Liquids as Operating Fluids in High Pressure Applications
Authors: Predel T. , Schlücker E. , Wasserscheid P. , Gerhard D. , Arlt W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDuring the past years a growing number of scientists and engineers have investigated ionic liquids because of their outstanding advantages in several areas. Their unique physical properties and specific chemical behavior make these liquids very interesting for new and innovative applications. For commercial implementation ionic liquids have to meet a number of requirements. For use in high pressure applications they should have a low compressibility, an adjustable gas solubility and a superior lubricating ability. A screening of the relevant parameters was conducted in several experimental setups built for these purposes. Most of these parameters were also examined under long term conditions with regard to real process conditions and safety guarantee in possible high pressure applications. A major application is the compression of oxygen using ionic liquid as operating fluid. Besides, there are many more applications where the superior chemical and physical properties of ionic liquids are of high potential benefit.
Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polyglycerol in a Continuous Flow Microreactor
Authors: Wilms D. , Nieberle J. , Klos J. , Löwe H. , Frey H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHyperbranched polymers have been synthesized in a microreactor for the first time, employing the known ring‐opening multibranching polymerization of glycidol. Microreactors are well‐known to be beneficial for highly exothermic reactions because of their capability to enhance mass and heat transfer due to short diffusion pathways and large interfacial areas per volume. The characteristics of the microstructured reaction system were utilized to engineer a continuous flow process for the preparation of well‐defined hyperbranched polyglycerols with molecular weights up to 1,000 g/mol. Increased flow rates, as well as the use of highly polar solvents, led to the partial formation of very narrowly distributed (Mw/Mn = 1.05–1.15) high molecular weight fractions (Mn up to 150,000 g/mol). NMR‐ and MALDI‐ToF spectra confirmed incorporation of the multifunctional initiator core into the hyperbranched polymer structure.
Application of Amphiphilic Catalysts, Ultrasonication, and Nanoemulsions for Biodiesel Production Process
Authors: Ye X. , Fernando S. , Wilson W. , Singh A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper studies tuning heterogeneous transesterification catalysis and process for easy catalyst separation and enhanced reaction rate. Multibond metal alkoxides and ultrasonic pretreatment are employed to produce nanoemulsions with large interfacial area, which have the potential to be easily separated. With aluminum isopropoxide or titanium isopropoxide as the catalyst and surfactant, transparent alcohol/oil emulsions can be formed in less than four minutes and can significantly enhance the transesterification reaction rate. The micelle size was observed to be as low as 5.1 nm. Partially polymerized titanium isopropoxide also showed good catalytic activity and considerable amphiphilic properties in forming nanoemulsions. Viscosity and apparent vapor pressure reduction were also observed. The alcohol/soybean oil molar ratio was a main factor for apparent vapor pressure reduction.
The Treatment of Dyslipidemia—What's Left in the Pipeline?
Authors: Rau Oliver , Zettl Heiko , Popescu Laura , Steinhilber Dieter , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDyslipidemia is a pathological alteration of serum lipid levels. The most common forms are either elevations of triglycerides or low density lipoprotein cholesterol associated with a reduction of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Most frequently both forms of lipid disorders are combined. Elevations of free fatty acid blood levels are commonly not subsumed under the term dyslipidemia. However, free fatty acids should also be considered, as they are frequently associated with dyslipidemia and represent a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Dyslipidemias are among the major etiologic factors for arterial occlusive diseases. Resulting in fatal implications such as stroke and coronary heart disease, dyslipidemias contribute to the most prevalent causes of death. Lowering of low density lipoprotein and raising of high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels have been shown in both epidemiologic and intervention studies to decrease mortality. Established treatments of dyslipidemias are statins and fibrates. However, recent research has established some new potential therapeutic targets which are currently investigated in clinical trials. New therapeutic approaches include subtype selective, dual, and pan‐agonists of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, inhibitors of the cholesterol ester transfer protein, Acyl‐CoA‐cholesterol‐acyltransferase, squalene synthase, microsomal triglycerid‐transfer‐protein, and cholesterol absorption. Clinical implications of new drugs under investigation are discussed in this review.
Outcomes after radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid
Authors: Petsuksiri Janjira , Frank Steven J. , Garden Adam S. , Ang K. Kian , Morrison William H. , Chao K. S. Clifford , Rosenthal David I. , Schwartz David L. , Ahamad Anesa , Esmaeli Bita 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the eyelid is a rare malignancy with metastatic potential. In the current study, the outcomes of patients with SCC of the eyelid were evaluated after definitive and postoperative radiation therapy.METHODS.The medical records of all patients treated with radiotherapy for SCC of the eyelid at 1 institution between 1950 and 2005 were reviewed. Patient records were analyzed for clinical characteristics, pathologic features, radiation techniques, and outcomes. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan‐Meier method; factors affecting survival were assessed using the log‐rank test.RESULTS.During the study period, 39 patients with 42 eyelid SCCs were treated with radiotherapy. Thirty‐two tumors were treated with primary radiotherapy and 10 were treated with postoperative radiotherapy after wide local excision. Surviving patients were followed for a median of 76 months. The 5‐year disease‐specific and overall survival rates for all patients were 86% and 71%, respectively. At 5 years, local, regional, and distant disease control rates for all tumors were 88%, 95%, and 97%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the 5‐year local, regional, and distant control rates between tumors treated with definitive and those treated with postoperative radiotherapy. There were no grade 3 or 4 complications.CONCLUSIONS.Primary radiotherapy for SCC of the eyelid provides excellent locoregional control with reasonable complication rates and should be considered an alternative to surgery in selected patients. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Conflict resolution education in the Asian Pacific
Authors: Barnes Bruce E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractConflict Resolution Education (CRE) is taking hold in the Oceania‐Island Pacific‐East Asia and Southeast Asia region. This article highlights several promising programs from New Zealand‐Aotearoa, Singapore, Hong Kong, Fiji, and Australia. Peer mediation programs range from the Cool Schools programs present in more than half of all the schools in New Zealand to newer programs in Singapore. Restorative justice programs are operating in New Zealand, Australia, and Hong Kong. International efforts in both CR and CRE by universities in the region are discussed, highlighting regional centers in South Australia (uniSA) and Queensland (ACPACS). Information is also given about the Asia Pacific Mediation Forum, which will be presenting its third regional conference in June 2008 in Malaysia.
Peace partners: A cooperative problem‐solving partnership among educators in Israel, Palestine, and Fairfax County, Virginia
Authors: Bleiweis Marjorie , Harris Robert D. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractUsing exchange visits, Fairfax County Public Schools worked with educators in Israel and in Palestine to develop programs in conflict resolution and mediation. Fairfax County Public Schools has had mediation programs in the majority of their schools for more than ten years. Starting in the fall of 2003, Fairfax County educators sought to share their programs with educators in the Middle East and also to learn from them about other ways to provide conflict resolution education and peacemaking skills.
Indigenous rights and intercultural citizenship: Introduction to a project with Tzotzil, Tseltal, and Chol teachers in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Busquets María Bertely 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article introduces some of the results of the project entitled “Intercultural Conflict, Education, and Democracy in Mexico: Citizenship and Indigenous Rights in the Bilingual and Intercultural Pedagogical Movement of the Los Altos, Northern, and Lacandon Rainforest Regions of Chiapas.” The article describes the context in which this project was developed and the political philosophy that inspired it as well as the methodology used and the various approaches applied, including inductive (Gasché, forthcoming a, forthcoming b), qualitative (Glasser and Strauss, 1967), ethnographic (Bertely, 2000a), and evocative (Podestá, 2002, 2003; Lindenberg, 1996). The article systematizes the results of a project founded on a mutual learning process and collaboration between indigenous teachers and a nonindigenous specialist.
Aulas en Paz: A multicomponent program for the promotion of peaceful relationships and citizenship competencies
Authors: Chaux Enrique 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAulas en Paz (Classrooms in Peace) seeks to prevent aggression and promote peaceful relationships by means of a classroom curriculum for the development of socioemotional competencies; peer group sessions with two initially aggressive and four prosocial children; and workshops, home visits, and phone calls to parents. Preliminary evaluations in Colombian elementary schools have shown drastic reductions in aggression and substantial improvements in prosocial behavior, classroom climate, and friendship networks. The combination of universal components reaching all students and targeted components reaching more intensively those who need it the most appears to be responsible for such large effects.
Peace and conflict resolution education in Armenia: The work of women for development
Authors: Mikayelyan Armine , Markosyan Gohar 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article reports the goal, main strategy, realized activities, and implementation of Peace and Conflict Resolution Education in Schools of Gyumri, Armenia, a project from Women for Development, a nongovernmental organization. It summarizes the outcomes, effectiveness, and efficiency level of a peace education and conflict resolution education project in Armenia.
Restorative practices in Australian schools: Changing relationships, changing culture
Authors: Shaw Gary 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe application of restorative justice principles and practices in schools is beginning to consolidate as an area of educational interest and reform. Although there is enthusiastic support for a philosophy that focuses on problem solving and repair of damaged relationships following an incident or crime, this support is tempered by hesitation about how restorative justice works, what impact it may have on current approaches, and how it is measured. This article presents the findings of a study conducted in eighteen Australian schools in 2004 and considers how such an approach may contribute to school culture change and to broader goals associated with producing a more civil society.
Striving to sow the seeds of peace: Conflict resolution training in Indonesia
Authors: Shoemake Ann Torfin , Noel Brett R. , Hale Claudia L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this article, we reflect on our efforts to share the principles of conflict resolution education and conflict resolution theories with educators and community leaders in Indonesia. Our discussion is drawn from experiences working with Indonesian educators at the elementary, secondary, and university levels, as well as with community and religious leaders in a variety of settings. We explore the obstacles that we have encountered as well as moments of success. We conclude with a brief exploration of work that is yet to be done.
Mobilization through conflict resolution education–peace education in Cyprus
Authors: Yaman Ali 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article depicts the recent work done by the Mediation Association in Turkish Cyprus to raise community awareness in the field of Conflict Resolution Education–Peace Education (CRE‐PE) in Cyprus. Through the sponsorship of the United Nations Development Programme—Action for Cooperation and Trust in Cyprus, a year‐long project was designed, in close collaboration with the Turkish Cypriot Ministry of Education, to build international awareness of CRE‐PE, provide training in CRE‐PE to teachers, and enhance goodwill among disparate groups.
Electric field effects on human spinal injury: Is there a basis in the in vitro studies?
Authors: Robinson Kenneth R. , Cormie Peter 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn important basis for the clinical application of small DC electric current to mammalian spinal injury is the responses of neurons in culture to applied electric fields. Our recent finding that zebrafish neurons were unresponsive to applied fields prompted us to critically examine previous results. We conclude that compelling evidence for neuronal guidance and directional stimulation of growth toward either the cathode or anode in an electric field exists only for cultured Xenopus neurons, and not for any mammalian neurons. No basis for the reported success in treating spinal injury exists in the in vitro studies, and considerable research will be required if the conditions of field application in mammalian spinal injury are to be optimized. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
The Relative Coordinating Ability of Some Weak O‐Donor Anions and Water Towards the [Pt(terpy)]2+ (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine) Center – X‐ray Crystal Structures of [Pt(terpy)(H2O)](CF3SO3)2 and [Pt2(μ‐OH)(terpy)2](PF6)2(CF3SO3)
Authors: Annibale Giuliano , Bergamini Paola , Bertolasi Valerio , Bortoluzzi Marco , Cattabriga Michela , Pitteri Bruno 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAcidolysis of the complexes [Pt(CH3)(terpy)]Y (Y = PF6, CH3SO3, CF3SO3, ClO4, BF4; terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine) with an equimolar amount of CH3SO3 in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE) affords the corresponding methanesulfonato derivatives [Pt(OSO2CH3)(terpy)]Y. When Y = NO3 a nearly equimolar mixture of the methanesulfonato and nitrato complexes is obtained, whereas the reaction of [Pt(CH3)(terpy)](CF3SO3) with triflic acid in either dry TFE or CH2Cl2 gives the aqua species [Pt(terpy)(H2O)](SO3CF3)2 (8′), whose X‐ray crystal structure is reported. This structure shows hydrogen bonding between the coordinated water molecule and two triflate ions. 1H NMR evidence is reported that suggests that this hydrogen bonding is partially retained in CD3NO2 solution. The new hydroxido‐bridged dimers [Pt2(μ‐OH)(terpy)2](X) [X = (ClO4)3, (PF6)2(CF3SO3) (12)] have been isolated and their X‐ray crystal structures determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A protein extraction method compatible with proteomic analysis for the euhalophyte Salicornia europaea
Authors: Wang Xuchu , Li Xiaofang , Deng Xin , Han Heping , Shi Wuliang , Li Yinxin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractProtein extraction from plants like the halophyte Salicornia europaea has been problematic using standard protocols due to high concentrations of salt ions in their cells. We have developed an improved method for protein extraction from S. europaea, which allowed us to remove interfering compounds and salt ions by including the chemicals borax, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, and phenol. The comparative study of this method with several other protocols using NaCl‐treated S. europaea shoots demonstrated that this method gave the best distinction of proteins on 2‐DE gels. This protocol had a wide range of applications as high yields and good distinction of 1‐DE gels for proteins isolated from twelve other plants were rendered. In addition, we reported results of 2‐DE using the recalcitrant tissue of the S. europaea roots. We also demonstrated that this protocol is compatible with proteomic analysis as eight specific proteins generated by this method have been identified by MS. In conclusion, our newly developed protein extraction protocol is expected to have excellent applications in proteomic studies of halophytes.