bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terebrospira chattoni sp. n., a Parasite of the Endocuticle of the Shrimp Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis*
Authors: BRADBURY PHYLLIS CLARKE , CLAMP JOHN C. , III J. T. LYON 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Terebrospira chattoni sp. n. may be a species in transition between ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis. It penetrates the epicuticle of Palaemonetes pugio and feeds on the endocuticle by dissolving galleries through it and absorbing the products of dissolution. Although similar in some respects to species of the endosymbiotic apostome genus Synophrya, T. chattoni is clearly related to ectosymbiotic apostomes that feed on exuvial fluid. However, instead of stimulating the metamorphosis of a phoront to a trophont, the host's ecdysis stimulates T. chattoni to metamorphose from a dedifferentiated trophont with 13 meridional kineties to a protomont, a predivision stage with 10 spiralled kineties. The protomont encysts and dedifferentiates to the division stage, an orthotomont with 13 kineties, either on the new exoskeleton before ecdysis, within a chamber in the endocuticle of the old exoskeleton, or on a substrate away from the host and the molt. The site of division determines the product of the division. On the new exoskeleton, the tomites in the reproductive cyst secrete walls around themselves thereby forming the lenticular, compartmented cysts characteristic of Terebrospira. Each daughter tunnels out of its compartment into the endocuticle. Although its infraciliature remains undifferentiated like that of the orthotomont, the ciliate in the gallery is the trophont, the only feeding stage in the life cycle. Daughters originating from the division of the orthotomont in a chamber in the endocuticle swim out of the exoskeleton at ecdysis. encyst on the substrate, and presumably form tomites. When the protomont itself leaves the molt, it encysts on the substrate and divides to form daughter cells with a rosette and the pattern of ciliature of the conventional tomite of other apostome genera. Tomites carry the infection to new hosts while compartmented cysts insure that the original host retains the infection.Terebrospira chattoni is always astomatous, although a dedifferentiated oral ciliature appears in the orthotomont and persists in the trophont.Terebrospira chattoni sp. n. is separated from T. lenticularis Debaisieux the other species in the genus because the latter species may divide outside a cyst and because T. chattoni has an extra reproductive stage in its life cycle.
Reproduction, Structure and Host Specificity of Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) tamiasi sp. n. from the Eastern Chipmunk, Tamias striatus*
Authors: RIEDEL DIETER 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISTrypanosoma(Herpetosoma) tamiasi sp. n. is described from blood and organs of the eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus, and the least chipmunk, Eutamias minimus. In experimentally infected Tamias striatus and E. minimus, Trypanosoma tamiasi reproduced by equal binary fission in the trypo‐, sphaero‐, epi‐, or amastigote form, mainly in lymphoid organs. Trypomastigotes developed from amastigotes through epimastigotes, or from sphaeromastigotes, mainly in the same organs. The mean lengths of body and flagellum of trypomastigotes increased linearly until the organisms reached a maximum length of ∼37–39 μm. The distance between the nucleus and kinetoplast increased to a mean total length of ∼33 μm, and thereafter remained constant. Parasitemias of up to 2.5 × 107 trypanosomes/ml were produced in Tamias striatus by inoculation with bloodstream, culture, or flea gut forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi; natural parasitemias in Tamias striatus peaked at up to 2.1 × 107 trypanosomes/ml. One E. minimus and 2 Spermophilus tridecemlineatus developed parasitemias of more than 1 × 106 trypanosomes/ml after inoculation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi; other experimentally inoculated rodents, including mice, rats, and Spermophilus richardsonii, proved refractory. In chipmunk fleas, Megabothris acerbus, Megabothris quirini, and Tamiophila grandis, bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi developed to metacyclic forms in 4–9 days; in rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus, they survived with little development for up to 2 days, and in kissing bugs, Rhodnius prolixus, up to 10 days. Apparently, the speciation of this trypanosome involved adaptation to certain species of both fleas and rodents.
Epizootic and Enzootic Aspects of Minchinia nelsoni (Haplosporida) Disease in Maryland Oysters
Authors: FARLEY C. AUSTIN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Minchinia nelsoni disease in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from Marumsco Bar, Pocomoke Sound, Maryland (an estuarine tributary of Chesapeake Bay) was studied for 8 years (1961–68) to determine epizootiologic relationships concerning life cycle of the parasite, pathologic effects on the host, and effects of physical factors on population density and recruitment of the host and parasite. The study period covered pre‐epizootic, epizootic, and post‐epizootic disease conditions. Data on the native oyster population as well as annual introductions of previously unexposed, susceptible populations of juvenile oysters from 1965–68 were included. Salinity, water temperature, mortality, prevalence, incidence, life cycle stages, gross pathology, and histopathologic relationships were observed.Mortality was high (45–55% per year) during the first 3 years of the study; however, M. nelsoni prevalences were low (> 25%) and did not clearly imply a cause and effect relationship. Drought conditions that began in the summer of 1963 and continued through 1967 caused higher salinities, and apparently initiated epizootic disease in the native oyster population. The epizootic peaked in May 1965 with a diagnosed prevalence in native oysters of 70%. Enzootic levels of annual mortality (40% in 1966, 30% in 1967, and 2% in 1968) and fall prevalence (16%, 24%, and 4%) developed after that time. Introduced populations had a typical epizootiologic pattern in 1965 (55% annual mortality, 82% incidence) and 1966 (55% annual mortality, 66% incidence) which declined in 1967 (30% annual mortality, 44% incidence) followed by a disappearance of the disease in 1968.Epizootiologic differences noted between native oysters (adult and juvenile) and the introduced juvenile populations were also evident from the stages of the disease. Infections in native animals tended to be less serious, and in many cases were delayed or attenuated, while infections in introduced oysters progressed to advanced or terminal phases. Occult manifestations (mantle recession thought to be due to M. nelsoni in oysters not showing histologic evidence of infection) were absent in introduced populations and common in the native population.These differences are interpreted as evidence of resistance in surviving native oysters and their progeny, and may indicate genetic resistance developed by natural selection and manifested by an increased ability to survive and overcome infection.
Fine Structure of Encephalitozoon cuniculi from Rabbits, Mice and Hamsters*
Authors: PAKES STEVEN P. , SHADDUCK JOHN A. , CALI ANN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Fine structure and development of Encephalitozoon cuniculi from rabbits were studied in rabbit choroid plexus (CP) cell cultures and were compared to hamster and mouse microsporida.Sporoplasms had a single limiting membrane and contained a large nucleus. Proliferative forms (schizonts) had double outer membranes, the outermost being associated with the formation of the limiting membrane of vacuoles formed within the host cell cytoplasm. These organisms were often binucleate and divided to form sporonts. Sporonts divided once to form 2 sporoblasts which developed into electron‐dense spores. Spores had a thick, 3‐layered wall and contained a polar filament.The developmental cycle of E. cuniculi in rabbit CP cultures progressed rapidly. Sporoplasms were observed in host cells at 3 hr postinoculation (PI). By 24 hr PI proliferative forms were associated with host cell cytoplasmic vacuoles which contained developing organisms. Mature spores were present in vacuoles by 2 days PI, indicating that the life cycle in the CP system is ∼ 48 hr.The fine structure and the sequential developmental cycle of the mouse and hamster isolates were observed to be identical to those of the rabbit isolate and different from those of the genus Nosema. It is proposed, therefore, that the 3 organisms represent the same species, Encephalitozoon cuniculi.
Relationships between Cell Cycle and Conjugation in 3 Hypotrichs*
Authors: LUPORINI PIERANGELO , DIN FERNANDO 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Relationships between the cell cycle and the beginning of conjugation were analyzed for 3 hypotrichs: Diophrys scutum, Oxytricha bifaria, and Euplotes crassus. The first 2 species enter conjugation with micronuclei in G1; the latter species with a micronucleus in G2. The 1st micronuclear division of conjugating E. crassus is mitotic. Thus meiotic DNA replication occurs when the cells of each species have already entered the mating process.Cells from asynchronous populations start conjugation with their macronuclei primarily in G1 or more rarely at the beginning of the S stage in a percentage significantly different from that expected on the basis of random mating among all cells in the population. Also, macronuclear replication, when already begun, was blocked in cells undergoing conjugation. Therefore only the G1 or the very early S stages of the cell cycle are compatible with conjugation in the 3 analyzed species.
Exogenous Stages of Isospora serini (Aragão) and Isospora canaria sp. n. in the canary (serinus canarius Linnaeus)*
Authors: BOX EDITH D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISExogenous stages of Isospora serini (Aragão) and Isospora canaria sp. n. from the canary (Serinus canarius Linnaeus) are described. Oocysts of I. serini are spheroid and average 19.2 × 20.1 μ m, while those of I. canaria are larger, more ellipsoid, and average 21.8 × 24.6 μ m. No oocyst residuum is present and the oocyst walls of both species are colorless, transparent, and single layered. Sporocysts average 9.4 × 15.2 μ m for I. serini and 11.5 × 18.1 μ m for I. canaria. The I. canaria sporocyst has a substiedal body, but none was found in I. serini sporocysts. Both species have a spherical sporocyst residuum; this was obscured in the I. serini sporocyst by scattered granules. Living sporozoites of I. canaria average 3.6 × 16.9 μ m and have 1 to 3 refractile globules; those of I. serini have 2 globules and average 2.8 × 12.6 μ m.A disseminated infection of the mononuclear phagocytes results from administration of I. serini while I. canaria oocysts give rise to a typical coccidian infection restricted to the intestinal epithelium. Asexual stages of I. serini in macrophages are indistinguishable from parasites previously called avian Toxoplasma, Atoxoplasma, and Lankesterella.
Nuclear Division in the Ameboflagellate Adelphamoeba galeacystis
Authors: NAPOLITANO JOSEPH J. , SMITH BARBARA‐HELENE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISNuclear division in synchronized cultures of the ameboflagellate Adelphamoeba galeacystis has been described. Division in this organism is typically promitotic. It occurs within an intact nuclear membrane and is characterized by the persistence of the nucleolus and its transformation into 2 polar masses. The nucleolus is stained with pyronin‐Y by the methyl green pyronin‐Y technic, and with Heidenhain's hematoxylin, but is unstained by the Feulgen reaction. The reaction with these stains is removed after digestion of the nucleolus by ribonuclease. During mitosis the nucleolus undergoes an orderly series of vacuolizations before forming the polar masses. The chromatin is Feulgen positive, stains with methyl green by the methyl green pyronin‐Y technic and undergoes a series of characteristic changes during the division process. Synchronization of amebae grown on coverglasses was accomplished by transfer of cells from 30 to 38.5 C for a period of 100 min. A temporal sequence of nucleolar and chromatin participation in the nuclear division of this organism is suggested.
Nuclear Behavior and Morphogenetic Changes in Fission and Conjugation of Aspidisca costata (Dujardin)
Authors: DILLER WILLIAM F. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISNuclear behavior and accompanying cytoplasmic changes have been traced in conjugation and binary fission in Aspidisca costata, a fresh water hypotrich. Cases of autogamy in singles also have been found. In conjugation the animals pair with left ventral sides apposed, at an angle of ∼ 100°, connected by a broad bridge. After 2 maturation divisions 4 potential gametic nuclei are formed. Thereafter 1 of 2 alternative plans is followed. The essential difference between them is the occurrence in Scheme B of degeneration of 2 products of the 2nd prezygotic division, thus reducing to 2 the 4 potential gametic nuclei–all viable in Scheme A. Single or double synkarya are thus generated, respectively, in each conjugant, certain of them necessarily by autogamy. After 1 or 2 postzygotic divisions, 4 final nuclei are formed: 1 macronuclear anlage, 2 micronuclei, and a degenerate nucleus. The exconjugants at 1st are astomatous, although a new complete set of cirri (exclusive of the anterior “tooth”) arises during conjugation. A later reorganization in the exconjugants must restore the buccal apparatus and probably also replaces the cirri and tooth.The morphogenetic changes in fission have been observed. All the cirri are replaced, in 2 sets, at each cycle. These originate in a single locus, a pouch anterior to the contractile vacuole. A new adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) arises for the opisthe, as a new tooth. The old AZM and the old tooth are retained by the proter. It is suggested that the tooth is the homolog of the 1/I cirrus of other hypotrichs.
A New Liquid Medium for Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi*
Authors: O'DALY JOSE A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISA new liquid medium, with fetal calf serum as the sole undefined component, was devised for the cultivation of Trypanosoma cruzi. The need for the serum is ascribed to its mitogenic proteins, which stimulate division of, and the uptake of [3H]thymidine by the parasites. In the new medium, T. cruzi has a cycle culminating in the appearance of up to 90% metacyclic forms in the stationary phase. This cycle is repeated on each serial transfer.
Toxicity of 4‐Nitroquinoline 1‐Oxide for Crithidia fasciculata
Authors: LEON W. , CRUZ F. S. , VASCONCELLOS M. E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISGrowth inhibition of Crithidia fasciculata by 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide (NQO) was observed in defined and complex media at 28 C. Aromatic amino acids, cysteine, and nicotinic acid, among several other substances, were ineffective in overcoming NQO toxicity. Dicoumarol and bovine albumin reversed NQO inhibition. While bovine albumin probably acted by the extra‐cellular binding of NQO, dicoumarol inhibited the activity of DT‐diaphorase, which reduces NQO to 4‐hydroxyaminonitroquinoline 1‐oxide (HAQO). The DT‐diaphorase from C. fasciculata had the same characteristics as the enzyme from rat liver. The specific protection by dicoumarol against NQO inhibition suggests that HAQO is the active toxic substance for C. fasciculata.
Variation in Intramembrane Components of Trypanosoma brucei from Intact and X‐Irradiated Rats: A Freeze‐Cleave Study*
Authors: HOGAN JAMES C. , PATTON CURTIS L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Additional information on host interactions with trypanosomatid membranes was obtained from studies of a monomorphic strain of Trypanosoma brucei harvested at peak parasitemia from intact and lethally irradiated rats. Pellets of trypanosomes were fixed briefly in glutaraldehyde and processed for thin section electron microscopy or freeze‐cleave replicas. Observations of sectioned material facilitated orientation and comparison of details seen in replicas. Fracture faces of cell body and flagellar membranes as well as 3‐dimensional views of the nuclear membrane were studied. Cell body membranes of 80% of the organisms from intact rats contained random arrays of intramembranous particles (IMP). Aggregated clusters of particles appeared on the fracture faces of 20% of the trypanosomes. Some of these membranes had nonrandomly distributed particles aligned in distinct rows on the outer fracture face of both cell body and flagellum. Many inner face fractures of the cell body membranes had a particle arrangement similar to the longitudinal alignment of cytoskeletal microtubules. No aggregated particle distribution was seen in membranes of trypanosomes harvested from lethally irradiated rats. Replicas of trypanosome pellets also had plasmanemes as a series of attached, empty, coated membrane vesicles. These structures were found in close association with, as well as widely separated from the parasites. The shedding of these vesicles and the variation of particles in cell body membranes are discussed in light of antibody‐induced architectural and antigenic changes in surface properties of trypanosomatids.The convex face of the inner membrane of the nucleus also is covered with randomly arrayed particles. More IMP were observed on the inner than on the outer nuclear membranes. Images of nuclear pores were also seen. The importance of these structures in drug and developmental studies of trypanosomes is discussed.On fracture faces of the flagellar membrane there were miniature maculae adherentes, unique to the inner fracture face and occurring only at regions of membrane apposition between cell body and flagellum. Each cluster of particles exposed by the freeze‐cleave method corresponds to an electron‐dense plaque seen in thin section images. However, because of a unique fracture pattern, these plaques were not revealed on the apposing body membranes, as illustrated in thin sectioned organisms.
Feeding Mechanisms in Extracellular Babesia microti and Plasmodium lophurae*†
Authors: LANGRETH SUSAN G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Although large hemoglobin inclusions are observed in intraerythrocytic Babesia microti parasites, they are absent from parasites freed of hamster red cells by immune lysis with antihamster erythsocyte serum. Babesia microti has no cytostome. This parasite, therefore, does not appear to feed by phagocytosis of large boluses of hemoglobin, as does Plasmodium. To determine whether Babesia can pinocytose protein, free parasites were fed ferritin in an in vitro system. Ferritin was taken up from the entire cell surface into narrow channels within 15 min at 37 C. Only merozoites, with their pellicular complex, failed to take up the protein. By 60 min, the ferritin was highly concentrated in many channels and vesicles, which formed interconnecting stacks. The ferritin‐containing channels became associated with membrane whorls of the multimembranous structure. Membrane whorls were also observed in the process of extrusion in samples incubated for longer times. These events may represent steps in the digestion and excretion of the pinocytosed protein. Empty channels formed when Babesia was fed albumin. The diaminobenzidine reaction for hemoprotein was positive for the channels in both free and intraerythrocytic babesias. The staining reaction was completely inhibited by cyanide, but not at all by aminotriazole. These results further suggest that Babesia pinocytoses hemoglobin in vivo.Plasmodium lophurae parasites freed of red cells by immune lysis are surrounded by 2 membranes and apparently can ingest ferritin only through the cytostome. Extracellular cytostomal feeding involves both membranes, as it does in vivo. Ferritin was found in food vacuoles, some of which contained hemoglobin ingested before parasite isolation, connected to or near the cytostome. In both Plasmodium and Babesia low temperature inhibited ferritin uptake.
Notes on the Distribution of Hyalophysa and Gymnodinioides on Crustacean Hosts in Coastal North Carolina and a Description of Hyalophysa trageri sp. n.
Authors: GRIMES BARBARA H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Hyalophysa chattoni Bradbury, Hyalophysa Iwoffi Bradbury & Clamp, and Gymnodinioides inkystans Minkiewicz are found on species of palaemonids, astacurans, grapsid crabs, ocypodids, anomurans, and portunids in coastal North Carolina. Hyalophysa trageri sp. n. is described from species of Uca and Sesarma. Its life cycle is like that of other exuviotrophic apostomes. Hyalophysa trageri differs from other species in the genus in the pattern of its infraciliature and the shape of the macronucleus during the trophont stage.In coastal North Carolina, H. chattoni is euryhaline and infests a great number of species. Hyalophysa Iwoffi is found in many locations on the freshwater shrimp Palaemonetes paludosus (Gibbes), and in one location on the crayfish Cambarus sp. Hyalophysa trageri is the most limited in range, being found only on semiterrestrial crabs. On some host species G. inkystans is found alone, but is sympatric with Hyalophysa on others.Possible factors restricting the distribution of these apostomes are discussed. These include the structure of their encysted stages, salinity, and the behavior of their hosts.
Isolation and Identification of Specific Cortical Proteins in Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL*†
Authors: VAUDAUX PIERRE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Pellicles of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL (phenoset A) were isolated by a new procedure. Oral apparatuses were also purified by a modification of a previous method. Both preparations were characterized by electron microscopy.Proteins of the isolates were separated by analytical SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isolated pellicles, which included oral apparatuses, contained only 6 major proteins (gel bands), designated A through F. Bands A, B, and C, were found in the pellicle fraction, but not in the oral apparatus fraction. Therefore, these proteins are believed to be present in the somatic cortex of Tetrahymena. Bands D and E were greatly enriched in the oral apparatus fraction; these proteins are therefore believed to be present primarily in the oral apparatus. Band F, identified as tubulin, was present in both preparations. Molecular weight determinations and some selective solubilization experiments are also presented.
Spiral Motion of Paramecium caudatum in a Small Capillary Glass Tube
Authors: FUKUI KEIJI , ASAI HIROSHI 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The behavior of Paramecium caudatum in small capillary glass tubes was investigated under various ionic conditions and at the various tube diameters. Along the inner walls of the tubes ciliates undergo regular spiral motion, which is completely different from natural spirallings or random walk‐like movements observed usually in large vessels. The curvature calculated from the tracks of spiral motions was independent of the inner diameters of capillary tubes, but depend specifically on ionic conditions.A plausible law governing such regular spiral motions of Paramecium caudatum is proposed. A definite part of the anterior end of a ciliate seems to contact the curved surface of the inner wall of a capillary tube during the motion so that the organism receives a constant tactile stimulus, and the direction of motive force keeps a certain angle against the surface.