bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uptake of chemicals from foliar deposits: Effects of plant species and molecular structure
Authors: Price Clive E. , Anderson Nicholas H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe uptake from foliar deposits of 10 14C‐labelled compounds into each of 10 species of field‐grown plants was measured 26 h after deposition by combustion of leaf tissue after removal of surface deposits. The compounds, which included eight pesticides, covered a wide range of lipophilicity and each was formulated in the same way; they were applied as droplets with a microsyringe. Uptake varied greatly between the species. All compounds were taken up well into maize and Xanthium pennsylvanicum, whereas relatively little entered the leaves of apple or orange. Uptake into the six other species varied according to the compound. Amongst the eight non‐polar compounds, no relationship between the rate of uptake and molecular size was discerned, and only in X. pennsylvanicum was uptake related to the partition coefficient and water solubility. Considering all the compounds, weak relationships were observed between molecular cross‐sectional area and uptake into four species. The range of the uptake rates (×130) was small compared with those of octan‐1‐ol‐water partition coefficients (×1010) and water solublities (×107) shown by the 10 compounds. Possible reasons for the absence of correlations between the uptake and the molecular properties considered are discussed. The results are consistent with either separate routes of cuticular entry for non‐polar and polar compounds, or a common route for both types of compound. The generally poor uptake by apple and orange leaves, which may be related to their thick cuticles, highlights the need to develop special formulations to optimise uptake into these species.
Distribution and depletion of [14C]resmethrin isomers administered orally to laying hens
Authors: Christopher Ronald J. , Munger Craig E. , Ivie G. Wayne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cis and trans isomers of the synthetic pyrethroid resmethrin, labelled with radiocarbon in either the alcohol or acid moiety, were individually administered orally to White Leghorn laying hens at a dosage of 10 mg kg−1. With each isomer and label position, greater than 90% of the radiocarbon was eliminated in the excreta within 24 h after the treatment. Radiocarbon residues in the egg white and yolk fractions were low, with peak levels observed 1 and 4‐5 days after treatment in white and yolk, respectively. In birds sacrificed 12 h after treatment, radiocarbon residues in tissues were low; the highest levels were found in the liver and kidney.
A small‐scale method for the determination of pyrethroid insecticide residues in crops and soils
Authors: Forbes Stuart , Dutton Alan J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA small‐scale method for the determination of pyrethroid insecticide residues in crops and soils is described. Compared with the conventional methods, the overall analysis time is reduced by approximately 60% and solvent usage is reduced by approximately 80% using this approach. Results obtained on a range of crops using the small‐scale and conventional methods were in good agreement, and a repeatability study showed that the small‐scale approach is unbiased and gives good precision. To date, linseed, tobacco, cotton foliage, cotton seed, wheat grain, sorghum, savoy, cauliflower, cabbage, cucumber, apple, peach, blackcurrant, gooseberry, raspberry and soil samples have been analysed using the method. Good recoveries were obtained with all these matrices.
Foliar residues of aminocarb at tree canopy and ground levels in an experimental spray operation in conifer forests
Authors: Sundaram Kanth M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFoliar residues of aminocarb were measured at tree canopy and ground levels in conifer forests in New Brunswick, Canada, following aerial application of three spray mixtures of aminocarb, one water‐based, one in a volatile oil of low viscosity, and the third in a non‐volatile oil of high viscosity. For a given volume rate of application, all three mixtures provided similar foliar residues at tree canopy level, but the aqueous and the volatile‐oil based sprays provided significantly lower residues on cut foliage positioned at ground level, than the non‐volatile oil spray mixture.
Influence of amidines and anilides on biogenic amine regulatory mechanisms in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus echinopus
Authors: Scott Julie A. , Johnson Terry L. , Knowles Charles O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLevels of dopamine (DA) and its precursor 3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)alanine (DOPA) in adult bulb mites Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze and Robin), after exposure for 1 and 24 h in vials precoated with an acetone solution (1.0 mg ml−1) of the amidines chlordimeform, clenpyrin, or flubenzimine, were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and compared with those of untreated controls. When mites were exposed to the formamidine chlordimeform, there was an initial increase in levels of DA and DOPA; after 24 h, DOPA levels were still increased, but there was a significant decrease in the levels of DA. Exposure of mites to the cyclic amidines clenpyrin and flubenzimine resulted in decreased levels of DA and DOPA at both time intervals. The effects of amidines and anilides on the metabolism of 2‐phenylethylamine (PEA) by whole homogenates of bulb mites were also examined. Degradation of PEA was inhibited by chlordimeform and some of the other formamidines, but not by the cyclic amidines clenpyrin and flubenzimine. Formanilides, that are degradation products of certain formamidines, were the most potent inhibitors of PEA metabolism. These studies provide direct evidence for the interaction of amidines with mite biogenic amines and their regulatory mechanisms.
Effects of deltamethrin on ventral nerve cord activity in the cockroach
Authors: Hendy Christopher H. , Djamgoz Mustafa B. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of varying concentrations of deltamethrin on a number of the parameters of electrophysiological activity in the cockroach ventral nerve cord have been studied. Deltamethrin, at concentrations greater than 100 nM, caused repetitive firing in the central nervous system (CNS), prior to conduction block, the effect getting faster as the concentration was increased. Whilst 10‐nM deltamethrin eventually caused conduction block with no apparent increase in the level of CNS activity, it induced a gradual decrease in the amplitudes of all spike activity. Deltamethrin at 10μM induced a significant increase in the latency of electrically evoked responses, and this was attributed to a synaptic mechanism. It was shown for the first time that 10‐μM deltamethrin causes a significant elevation of the extra‐axonal K+ activity; the possible consequences of this are discussed.
The relationship between the Physicochemical properties of pyrethroid insecticides and their speed of neurotoxic action
Authors: Ford Martyn G. , Greenwood Richard , Leake Lucy D. , Szydlo Richard M. , Turner Christopher H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rate of onset of pyrethroid‐induced depolarisations of the nerve cell membrane in isolated ganglia of the leechHirudo medicinaliswas measured using intracellular recordings. The speed of neurotoxicity of a series of substituted benzyl (1RS)‐trans‐cyclopropane‐1‐carboxylates was related to the size of the groups at C3 and C4 of the benzyl ring, the ability of the ring substituents to donate electrons, and the nature of the substituents at the two terminal positions of the vinyl group subtended by the cyclopropane ring. The speed of action was also related to the electronic environment of the protons subtended by the geminal methyl group heldtransto the carboxyl group. Compounds, the partition properties of which were sensitive to interactions between the pyrethroid and solvent molecules, tended to act rapidly. There was no simple relationship between the speed of neurotoxic action in isolated leech ganglia and the knockdown potency to mustard beetles.
Synthesis of endrin metabolites. Part 2: Total synthesis and confirmation of the structure of 3‐hydroxyendrin
Authors: Bedford Colin T. , Crane Anthony E. , Smith Edward H. , Wellard Nicholas K. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract3‐Hydroxyendrin, a minor metabolite of endrin in several mammals, has been synthesised for the first time in a three‐step procedure. The synthesis is based on the two‐step commercial manufacture of endrin, with cyclopenta‐1,3‐dienyl acetate replacing cyclopentadiene in the Diels‐Alder adduction step to isodrin formation. The adduct formed from cyclopenta‐1,3‐dienyl acetate and 1,2,3,4,7,7‐hexachlorobicyclo‐[2.2.1]hepta‐2,5‐diene, 3‐acetoxyisodrin, was purified by chromatography and sequentially deacetylated (to 3‐hydroxyisodrin) and epoxidised to yield 3‐hydroxyendrin. A comparison of this material with a sample of a metabolite, isolated from endrin‐dosed rates in 1970, showed that they were identical in all spectral properties (m.s., i.r. and n.m.r.). This has provided confirmation of the original structural assignment and has made available sufficient quantities of the metabolite as a reference material for any future metabolism or residue studies.
Chemical treatments for the decontamination of brinjal fruit from residues of synthetic pyrethroids
Authors: Awasthi Mahesh D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResidues of synthetic pyrethroids on brinjal fruit were reduced following treatment with a number of chemical solutions. Dip treatment of fruit in detergent solution removed 50–60% of surface residues as against 40–45% removed by hydrolytic degradation with alkali solution. The effect of washing decreased progressively with increased ageing of residues.
Synthesis and insecticidal activities of unsymmetrical bis‐arylalkyl ketones. A new structural concept in pyrethroids
Authors: Svendsen Axel , Pedersen Lars‐Erik K. , Klemmensen Per D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeventeen unsymmetrical bis‐arylalkyl ketones were synthesised and their insecticidal activities against Musca domestica, Locusta migratoria, Drosophila melanogaster, Dysdercus cingulatus, Aedes aegypti and Tetranychus urticae were tested. The synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide on the activities of some of the new ketopyrethroids against Musca domestica was also determined. Several structural variations, including substituent exchange in the aryl moieties, the position of the ketone function and increase or decrease of the length of the carbon chain connecting the two aryl moieties, were made in order to examine the structure‐activity relationship. All biological activities were compared with the activity of the ether pyrethroid 2‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2‐methylpropyl 3‐phenoxybenzyl ether (MTI‐500).
Determination of oil, emulsifier and polymer or salt content of spray adjuvants
Authors: Abbott Henry A. , Bronner Pamela L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for the separation of the oil, emulsifier and polymer or salt fractions of adjuvants is described. The adjuvant is dissolved in 90% aqueous ethanol and filtered to remove polymers or salt. Light petroleum (distillation range 30–40°C) is added to the solution in a separating funnel. The light petroleum fraction is subsequently extracted with successive aliquots of 80, 70, 60 and 50% aqueous ethanol. The whole of the ethanol and light petroleum fractions are evaporated to dryness to yield the emulsifier and oil fractions respectively. Emulsifier, oil and polymer or salt are determined gravimetrically. The method successfully detected the presence of polymer or salt in adjuvants, but could not distinguish between them when both were present in the same product. The adjuvants could be classified into four broad classes; those containing > 70% emulsifier (wetter‐spreaders), those containing > 75% oil (anti‐evaporants), those containing a high proportion of polymer (film‐forming substances), and those containing comparable amounts of all three components (multi‐purpose adjuvants).
Enhanced degradation of iprodione and vinclozolin in soil
Authors: Walker Allan , Brown Pauline A. , Entwistle Andrew R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResidues of iprodione and vinclozolin were measured following repeated application of the fungicides to a sandy loam soil in the laboratory. There was a progressive increase in rates of degradation with successive treatments. With iprodione, for example, the times for 50% loss of the first and second applications were about 23 and 5 days respectively. When treated for the third time, less than 10% of the applied dose remained in the soil after just 2 days. Similar results were obtained with vinclozolin in the same soil, and with both compounds in a second soil. In a third soil, which had relatively low pH, degradation of both compounds occurred only slowly and the rate of degradation of a second application was the same as that of the first. Degradation rates in this soil were increased by addition of 100 g kg−1 of a soil in which degradation occurred more readily, and they were markedly increased by addition of 100 g kg−1 of a soil in which enhanced degradation had been previously induced. Residues of both fungicides were also measured following repeated application in the field. When iprodione was applied to previously untreated plots, about 3% of the initial dose remained in the soil after 77 days. When applied to plots treated once before, less than 1% remained after 18 days, and when applied to plots treated twice previously less than 1% remained after 10 days. Similar results were obtained with vinclozolin. Enhanced degradation of subsequent soil treatments was also observed following a sequence of low‐dosage sprays in the field.
The degradation of diflubenzuron and its chief metabolites in soils. Part II: Fate of 4‐chlorophenylurea
Authors: Nimmo Wijnand B. , Willems Antonius G. M. , Joustra Kees D. , Verloop Arie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fate of 4‐chlorophenylurea in soils was studied with two preparations: one labelled with 14C in the phenyl ring and the other in the carbonyl group. The initial dose of 1 mg kg−1 decreased to 50% in about 5 weeks in aerobic sandy clay and in about 16 weeks in anaerobic hydrosoil. Soil treatment with each of the preparations resulted in the release of [14C]carbon dioxide, pointing to decarbonylation and ring opening. The fraction of non‐extractable (soil‐bound) radioactivity increased during incubation. Quantities of ring‐14C‐labelled and carbonyl‐14C‐labelled bound residues differed strongly in the aerobic soil but only slightly in the anaerobic hydrosoil. It is assumed that two sorts of bound residues are formed from 4‐chlorophenylurea: one is fairly stable and might consist of bound 4‐chloroaniline or its transformation products, whereas the other is presumed to be a degradable derivative of 4‐chlorophenylurea.
Synthesis of some new ether derivatives of hydroquinone and their ovicidal activity against the two‐spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)
Authors: Bettarini Franco , Massardo Pietro , Piccardi Paolo , Caprioli Vincenzo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new class of compounds derived from hydroquinone ethers showed high and predominantly ovicidal activity against the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The sequence of compounds synthesised and the factors which appeared to have contributed most to the discovery of these promising acaricides are presented.
The effect of molasses on the evaporation and impaction of spray droplets
Authors: Abbott Henry A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe addition of 20% molasses to water did not reduce the rate of evaporation of water from spray droplets. The 20% molasses droplets evaporated at the same rate as water droplets until ca 20% of their volume was left. When sprayed under field conditions at 30% relative humdity (r.h.) the volume median diameter (v.m.d.) of the 20% molasses spray (132 μm) was larger than the v.m.d. of the water spray (116 μm) and more droplets smaller than 19 μm were captured on magnesium oxide slides than with the water spray. The addition of molasses improved the impaction efficiency of droplets by increasing their density, and increased the minimum size to which a given droplet could evaporate.
The metabolic fate in rats of the pyrethroid insecticide WL85871, a mixture of two isomers of cypermethrin
Authors: Hutson David H. , Logan Christopher J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of the pyrethroid insecticide WL85871, labelled in the alcohol moiety, has been studied in male and female Wistar rats at a dose of ca 2 mg kg−1. The compound was rapidly broken down and the radioactivity was mainly eliminated in the urine as the sulphate conjugate of 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid (40% of the dose). Some hydroxylation occurred before ester cleavage. Approximately 20% of the ingested compound was not absorbed and was eliminated unchanged in the faeces. There was no evidence for any racemisation of the chiral centres of WL85871 either in the intestine, the faeces or in fat. The small proportion of the dose stored in adipose tissue was eliminated with biphasic kinetics (t½ values, 2–3 days and 17–26 days). The t½ values for skin were, respectively, 2 days and 40 days. As the residue in fat depleted between 3 and 40 days, an increasing proportion (from 28% to 48%) was present as a lipophilic metabolite of WL85871, or of 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid, probably a mixture of 3‐phenoxybenzoyl diacyl glycerols.
Some effects of diallyl bisulphide on sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum: Possible novel control method for white rot disease of onions
Authors: Coley‐Smith John R. , Parfitt David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSclerotium cepivorum (the causal agent of white rot of onions) persists in soil in the form of sclerotia whose germination is triggered by volatile sulphides and thiols released into the soil from roots of the genus Allium. The effects of treatment of the soil with diallyl disulphide (DADS) on the germination of these sclerotia has been studied, because if the germination can be triggered in the absence of the host crop, control of the fungus could be achieved. Five isolates of the fungus responded similarly but marked effects of DADS concentration and of the time‐of‐year of application were discovered, poor results being obtained with summer applications of DADS. Promising results were obtained at other times of the year with DADS flooded on to land containing sclerotia. The effectiveness of DADS treatment was shown to be related to the rate at which the material disappeared from soil, which was itself dependent upon soil temperature.
Synthesis and insecticidal activity of 3‐(haloalkyl‐1,3‐dienyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylates
Authors: Bosone Enrico , Corda Francesco , Gozzo Franco , Menconi Augusto , Piccardi Paolo , Caprioli Vincenzo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNew 2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids bearing halogenated 1,3‐alkadienyl substituents at position 3 of the cyclopropane ring were synthesised and the insecticidial activities of their 3‐phenoxybenzyl and α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl esters against housefly (Musca domestica), Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) were determined. The activity of these compounds varied according to the relative position of the halogen substituents on the diene chain. The observed changes of activity with the structure of the side chain are discussed in terms of the coplanarity of the conjugated double bonds.
Degradation of guanidated amine acetates
Authors: Björk Lars , Siirala‐Hansén Kirsti 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe active ingredient of the fungicide ‘Panoctine’ is a standardised mixture of guanidated amine acetates (GTA). This mixture was degraded in German standard soils with half‐lives of 400–600 days. GTA dressed on to wheat seed at 0.75 g kg−had a half‐life of 20 days when seed was incubated in Petri dishes at 25°C and of 80 days on seed sown in pots of soil stored outside. These results demonstrate a substantial influence of the test system on the degradation times of guanidated amine acetates.
Synthesis and insecticidal properties of ether analogues of DDT‐pyrethroids
Authors: Holan George , Johnson Wynona M. P. , Jarvis Karen E. , Virgona Christopher T. , Walser Reimund A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐seven ethers which are structural analogues of DDT‐pyrethroid insecticides have been synthesised. Bioassay data for these compounds against Lucilia cuprina, Blatella germanica and Heliothis punctigera are presented and the structure‐activity relationships (SAR) discussed. The SAR of the new series of ether analogues are compared and contrasted to those of their parent DDT‐pyrethroid compounds.
Design and synthesis of N‐(2,4=difluorophenyl)‐2‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐3‐pyridinecarboxamide (diflufenican), a novel pre‐ and early post‐emergence herbicide for use in winter cereals
Authors: Cramp Michael C. , Gilmour James , Hatton Leslie R. , Hewett Richard H. , Nolan Christopher J. , Parnell Edgar W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe pre‐ and early post‐emergence herbicidal activity of diflufenican, a novel herbicide, is reported and attention is drawn to its ability to control important weeds in winter cereals, including Galium aparine, Veronica hederifolia, Veronica persica and Viola arvensis, which are resistant to substituted‐urea herbicides. The synthesis of a series of related compounds is described and the relationship between structure and activities against a range of plant species is examined in respect of changes in the phenyl, phenoxy and pyridine rings. The design and synthesis of a small number of compounds combining the best patterns of substitution in each of the rings is described. The resulting optimisation of herbicidal activity in the series is reported, together with field trial results comparing the herbicidal efficacy, crop selectivity and soil persistence of the most active structures.
Effectiveness of cold solvent extraction systems for the determination of fumigant residues in cereal grains
Authors: Scudamore Keith A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo alternative cold solvent extraction mixtures, (a) light petroleum distillate (40–60°C boiling range) + 0.1‐M hydrochloric acid (2+3 by volume) and (b) acetone + water (5+1 by volume), were examined for their effectiveness in extraction of residues of bromochloromethane, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride and 1,1,2‐trichloroethylene from cereal grains and rape seed. Apparent recoveries of fumigants from spiked solutions or spiked commodity extracts were generally in the range 90‐105%, acetone + water giving the higher results. For most fumigated samples extracted shortly after treatment, comparative results obtained for the two extraction mixtures were similar to those obtained for spiked extracts and this, together with rapid rates of extraction, suggested that almost complete extraction from the commodities had been obtained. However, the rate of extraction of residues from aged samples using either solvent mixture was often slow, with extraction continuing well beyond the recommended standing periods. Agreement in results obtained was significantly improved by standing for longer periods, in order that equilibrium of residual compounds between commodity and solvent could be reached. However, low results were obtained using light petroleum distillate + hydrochloric acid to extract all four fumigants from rape seed and bromochloromethane from oats. It is recommended that the effectiveness of the solvent mixture selected for extraction of this type of volatile residue from cereal grains is carefully checked, especially when determining residues in aged samples or samples of unknown history.