bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperhemolysis syndrome in sickle cell disease: case report (recurrent episode) and literature review
Authors: Win Nay , New Helen , Lee Edmond , De La Fuente Josu 
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Hyperhemolysis syndrome (HS) has been well described both in sickle cell disease (SCD) and non‐SCD patients. The pathogenesis remains unclear. The possible mechanisms include bystander hemolysis, suppression of erythropoiesis, and destruction of red cells (RBCs) due to contact lysis via activated macrophages.CASE REPORT: This study reports a child with SCD who presented with recurrent episode of HS. In the first episode, the hemoglobin (Hb) level decreased to 4.1 g per dL. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and oral steroids, and transfusion was avoided. Six months later he had another episode of HS. The nadir Hb level decreased to 3.2 g per dL, and further transfusions were given with IVIG‐IV methylprednisolone cover.RESULTS: RBC alloantibodies were not identified in pre‐ and posttransfusion samples in patient's serum in both episodes. HLA antibodies were also not detected.CONCLUSION: This is the second reported case of recurrent HS in a child. Recent studies have shown that the adhesion molecules expressed on RBC erythroid precursor cells and reticulocytes can interact with macrophages and can cause hemolysis. Because RBC alloantibodies and HLA antibodies were not identified in this case, it is believed that the patient's cells and transfused cells were destroyed by macrophages either by direct contact lysis or by erythrophagocytosis. The possible mechanism of IVIG and steroids on suppression of macrophages resulting in cessation of hemolysis is discussed. Our case illustrates the danger of recurrent HS and the difficulty of balancing this against the need for transfusions in patients presented with severe hemolysis.
Influence of Oceanic Boundary Conditions in Simulations of Antarctic Climate and Surface Mass Balance Change during the Coming Century
Authors: Krinner Gerhard , Guicherd Bérangère , Ox Katia , Genthon Christophe , Magand Olivier 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This article reports on high-resolution (60 km) atmospheric general circulation model simulations of the Antarctic climate for the periods 1981–2000 and 2081–2100. The analysis focuses on the surface mass balance change, one of the components of the total ice sheet mass balance, and its impact on global eustatic sea level. Contrary to previous simulations, in which the authors directly used sea surface boundary conditions produced by a coupled ocean–atmosphere model for the last decades of both centuries, an anomaly method was applied here in which the present-day simulations use observed sea surface conditions, while the simulations for the end of the twenty-first century use the change in sea surface conditions taken from the coupled simulations superimposed on the present-day observations. It is shown that the use of observed oceanic boundary conditions clearly improves the simulation of the present-day Antarctic climate, compared to model runs using boundary conditions from a coupled climate model. Moreover, although the spatial patterns of the simulated climate change are similar, the two methods yield significantly different estimates of the amplitude of the future climate and surface mass balance change over the Antarctic continent. These differences are of similar magnitude as the intermodel dispersion in the current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) exercise: selecting a method for generating boundary conditions for a high-resolution model may be just as important as selecting the climate model itself. Using the anomaly method, the simulated mean surface mass balance change over the grounded ice sheet from 1981–2000 to 2081–2100 is 43-mm water equivalent per year, corresponding to a eustatic sea level decrease of 1.5 mm yr−1. A further result of this work is that future continental-mean surface mass balance changes are dominated by the coastal regions, and that high-resolution models, which better resolve coastal processes, tend to predict stronger precipitation changes than models with lower spatial resolution.
Variability of the Oceanic Mixed Layer, 1960–2004
Authors: Carton James A. , Grodsky Semyon A. , Liu Hailong 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
A new monthly uniformly gridded analysis of mixed layer properties based on the World Ocean Atlas 2005 global ocean dataset is used to examine interannual and longer changes in mixed layer properties during the 45-yr period 1960–2004. The analysis reveals substantial variability in the winter–spring depth of the mixed layer in the subtropics and midlatitudes. In the North Pacific an empirical orthogonal function analysis shows a pattern of mixed layer depth variability peaking in the central subtropics. This pattern occurs coincident with intensification of local surface winds and may be responsible for the SST changes associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation. Years with deep winter–spring mixed layers coincide with years in which winter–spring SST is low. In the North Atlantic a pattern of winter–spring mixed layer depth variability occurs that is not so obviously connected to local changes in winds or SST, suggesting that other processes such as advection are more important. Interestingly, at decadal periods the winter–spring mixed layers of both basins show trends, deepening by 10–40 m over the 45-yr period of this analysis. The long-term mixed layer deepening is even stronger (50–100 m) in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. At tropical latitudes the boreal winter mixed layer varies in phase with the Southern Oscillation index, deepening in the eastern Pacific and shallowing in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans during El Niños. In boreal summer the mixed layer in the Arabian Sea region of the western Indian Ocean varies in response to changes in the strength of the southwest monsoon.
Combined Effects of the Southern Oscillation Index and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on a Stochastic Daily Precipitation Model*
Authors: Woolhiser David A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe combined effects of the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on a second-order Markov chain mixed exponential daily precipitation model were determined for 15 stations in Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Washington. The linkage between these monthly indices and daily precipitation was investigated by perturbing logits of Markov chain transition probabilities and the mean of the mixed exponential distribution by linear functions of a time-lagged SOI and concurrent PDO. The combination of linear coefficients and lags that resulted in the maximum log-likelihood functions was identified, and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to determine the best model. The SOI effect was consistent with previous studies in that negative SOI (El Niño) leads to more frequent precipitation and greater amounts of precipitation given a wet day in Nevada and the Southwest, with the opposite effect in the northwest. SOI and PDO interactions were most significant for the Nevada stations where a positive PDO increases both the probability of a wet day for three transition probabilities and also increases the mean of wet-day precipitation. The PDO had little effect for the monsoonal (Arizona and New Mexico) stations except for Hobbs, New Mexico, where a positive PDO would increase the mean depth on a wet day. The Washington stations showed an increase in the frequency and mean depth of precipitation given a positive SOI, but PDO had little effect. Identification of combined SOI–PDO effects allows more realistic simulations of daily precipitation and provides insight into the reliability of short records.
Interannual Variability of Tropical Cyclones in the Australian Region: Role of Large-Scale Environment
Authors: Ramsay Hamish A. , Leslie Lance M. , Lamb Peter J. , Richman Michael B. , Leplastrier Mark 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study investigates the role of large-scale environmental factors, notably sea surface temperature (SST), low-level relative vorticity, and deep-tropospheric vertical wind shear, in the interannual variability of November–April tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the Australian region. Extensive correlation analyses were carried out between TC frequency and intensity and the aforementioned large-scale parameters, using TC data for 1970–2006 from the official Australian TC dataset. Large correlations were found between the seasonal number of TCs and SST in the Niño-3.4 and Niño-4 regions. These correlations were greatest (−0.73) during August–October, immediately preceding the Australian TC season. The correlations remain almost unchanged for the July–September period and therefore can be viewed as potential seasonal predictors of the forthcoming TC season. In contrast, only weak correlations (&lt;+0.37) were found with the local SST in the region north of Australia where many TCs originate; these were reduced almost to zero when the ENSO component of the SST was removed by partial correlation analysis. The annual frequency of TCs was found to be strongly correlated with 850-hPa relative vorticity and vertical shear of the zonal wind over the main genesis areas of the Australian region. Furthermore, correlations between the Niño SST and these two atmospheric parameters exhibited a strong link between the Australian region and the Niño-3.4 SST. A principal component analysis of the SST dataset revealed two main modes of Pacific Ocean SST variability that match very closely with the basinwide patterns of correlations between SST and TC frequencies. Finally, it is shown that the correlations can be increased markedly (e.g., from −0.73 to −0.80 for the August–October period) by a weighted combination of SST time series from weakly correlated regions.
A Compact Lightweight Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (CLASP)
Authors: Hill Martin K. , Brooks Barbara J. , Norris Sarah J. , Smith Michael H. , Brooks Ian M. , de Leeuw Gerrit 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The Compact Lightweight Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (CLASP) is an optical particle spectrometer capable of measuring size-resolved particle concentrations in 16 user-defined size bins spanning diameters in the range 0.24 &lt; D &lt; 18.5 μm at a rate of 10 Hz. The combination of its compact nature and lightweight and robust build allows for deployment in environments and locations where the use of the larger, heavier, more traditional instrumentation would prove awkward or impossible. The high temporal resolution means it is particularly suited to direct measurements of aerosol fluxes via the eddy covariance technique. CLASP has been through an extended evolutionary development. This has resulted in an instrument whose performance characteristics are well established.
The Clearing House and Its Role in Community Social Work
Authors: Jones Douglas 
Published: March 2008

This three-part series gives a descriptive account of an experimental Family Centre in the role of a clearing house for family and personal problems and needs. Part 1 shows the beginning of its work as a diagnostic unit and its development into a full-scale family casework service, starting from the presentation by a family of a debt problem which may range from £50 to as much as £1,000. In Part II the theme continues with some examples of the intense nature of the work carried out by some voluntary workers and the all important part played by young people in the field of fact-finding. The practical training of social administra tion students is considered together with a description of a project carried out by students, which brought them into contact with a number of specialists in various fields and with other people in the community. In Part III two aspects of community work concerned with relationships and the promotion of a new service are given, with a brief analysis showing the similarities and differences between them. The first part follows below; the second and third parts will be published in subsequent numbers of the Journal.
Bathroom gas water heaters and the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Simpson Donald , Calnan Michael W. 
Published: March 2008

A number of cases of carbon monoxide poisoning accidents in bathrooms indicated the need to investigate the performance of the bathroom gas water heater and the behaviour of the bathroom user. This paper describes an exploratory study of these aspects in North-East Bristol involving members of the Health Education Council's Medical Research Division and staff of the South Western Gas Board. The results indicate that in the representative sample of 66 heaters a concentration of 1 % or more of carbon monoxide could be detected in the flue gases of 13% of the cases, and 12% produced toxic room atmospheres, i.e. CO ≥500 ppm. Prolonged exposure to these concentra tions of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere represent a danger to the bathroom user. The awareness of the bathroom user of the dangers asso ciated with gas water heaters in bathrooms, which are implicit in the recommendations laid down by the Gas Board for safe behaviour, is discussed. Results suggest that over one third of the users have a poor understanding of the relevant dangers.
Fifth Year of Teacher Education in Indiana
Authors: Wyatt Robert H. 
Published: March 2008

With an increasing number of states mandating the campletion of a fifth year of preparation after initial teaching service, and the impact of salary differ entials for an additional year of prepara tion, interest in such programs is becom ing universal. "Fifth Year of Teacher Education in Indiana" is significant because it presents not the viewpoints of a technician in teacher education, but the viewpoints of the products of teacher education—the teachers. Mr. Wyatt is Executive Sec retary of the Indiana State Teachers Association. The article is an abstract of the keynote address delivered before the opening session of a statewide con ference on the subject, held on the cam pus of Ball State Teachers College, July 16-18, 1952. The conference, involving representatives from the colleges, private and public, and every segment of the teaching profession, was devoted to the cooperative planning of fifth-year pro grams for the teachers of Indiana.
Certification and Professional Performance
Authors: Bush Robert N. 
Published: March 2008

In June 1959 the National Education Association granted funds for a special project to be sponsored by the National Commission on Teacher Education and Professional Standards. In scope, the New Horizons Project encompasses the same areas of responsi bility as those with which the Commission was charged at the time of its creation-re cruitment and selection of students, teacher education programs, accreditation, certifica tion, and the advancement of professional standards. In each of these areas, a national committee, with representation from all segments of the profession, has been at work for almost one year. The central purpose of each committee, and of the project as a whole, is to develop a rationale in support of the principle of autonomy for the profession and to define policies and action programs directed toward new and enlarged goals. The following paper is presented as an interim report of the Committee on Certification and Professional Performance of School Personnel. Although all of the ideas included here have been under consideration by the total Committee, not all of them have been approved. This statement must, therefore, be regarded as tentative. Its purpose, as a working paper for the San Diego Conference, is to provoke discussion.-EDITORS.
The 1979 NCATE Standards: Implications for Teacher Education Programs
Authors: Fritschel A.L. 
Published: March 2008

In May 1977, the National Council for Accredita tion of Teacher Education (NCATE) adopted revisions to the standards which will become effective on January 1, 1979. Prior to the adoption of the new NCATE con stitution in 1973, AACTE had the responsibility for re vising standards. The 1970 revision of standards was largely the work of the AACTE committee on stan dards. However, under the new constitution, the NCATE's committee on standards is charged with the responsibility for recommending changes in the stan dards. In the present case, the committee made a series of proposals. According to the NCATE constitution, there must be a waiting period between presentation and adoption of changes in standards. During this period, constituent organizations and member institu tions had the opportunity to react. One public meeting was held at which NCATE constituent members ap peared. An AACTE task force on accreditation pre pared reactions to the proposed changes, many of which were adopted by the NCATE committee on standards. The committee's final recommendations were adopted by the council in May 1977. According to the NCATE constitution, there must be an 18 month period before implementation, so the standards will apply to institutions being visited after January 1, 1979. This paper will discuss the revised standards with emphasis on changes from the present standards. Im plications for institutions as they prepare for NCATE visits will also be considered. In many cases, the changes are merely clarifications of existing standards. However, as will be seen, there are some significant and substantial changes. In the final section we raise some fundamental questions about the application of the standards.
Effects of Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemia and Lipid Infusion on Circulating Cholecystokinin
Authors: Weickert M. O. , Möhlig M. , Spranger J. , Schöfl C. , Loeffelholz C. V. , Riepl R. L. , Otto B. , Pfeiffer A. F. H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Aims: Functions of the gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) include an important role in the regulation of gastric emptying, postprandial glucose homeostasis, and postmeal satiety. Postprandial CCK responses are significantly blunted in type 2 diabetic patients by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia and lipid infusion influence circulating levels of biologically active CCK.
Methods: Eleven healthy subjects were studied in a cross-over design after 10-h overnight fasts, using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps for 443 min, with an additional infusion of lipid-heparin (1.25 ml·min−1) or saline (1.25 ml·min−1) for the last 300 min after constant plasma glucose levels were achieved.
Results: Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemia resulted in a sustained, up to 5-fold increase of plasma CCK (P &lt; 0.001). When adding lipid infusion instead of saline, CCK concentrations rapidly declined and returned to baseline levels (CCK300 min 1.1 ± 0.2 vs. 3.3 ± 0.3 pmol/liter, P &lt; 0.001). Partial intraclass correlation showed an independent correlation of plasma CCK with free fatty acids (ric = −0.377, P &lt; 0.001) but not with serum insulin (ric = 0.077, P = 0.32). Whole-body insulin sensitivity decreased in lipid-exposed subjects (M value 7.1 ± 0.7 vs. 5.6 ± 0.9 mg·kg·min−1, P = 0.017) but was not independently correlated with CCK (ric = 0.040, P = 0.61).
Conclusions: We report novel findings showing that circulating CCK markedly increased in the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic state, possibly as a result of near-complete suppression of circulating free fatty acids. Moreover, raising blood lipids even moderately by lipid infusion rapidly and significantly interfered with this effect, suggesting that a negative feedback mechanism of blood lipids on circulating CCK might exist.
The −250G&gt;A Promoter Variant in Hepatic Lipase Associates with Elevated Fasting Serum High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Modulated by Interaction with Physical Activity in a Study of 16,156 Danish Subjects
Authors: Grarup Niels , Andreasen Camilla H. , Andersen Mette K. , Albrechtsen Anders , Sandbæk Annelli , Lauritzen Torsten , Borch-Johnsen Knut , Jørgensen Torben , Schmitz Ole , Hansen Torben , Pedersen Oluf 
Published: March 2008

AbstractContext: Hepatic lipase plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein by involvement in reverse cholesterol transport and the formation of atherogenic small dense low-density lipoprotein.Objectives: The objective was to investigate the impact of variants in LIPC on metabolic traits and type 2 diabetes in a large sample of Danes. Because behavioral factors influence hepatic lipase activity, we furthermore examined possible gene-environment interactions in the population-based Inter99 study.Design: The LIPC −250G&gt;A (rs2070895) variant was genotyped in the Inter99 study (n = 6070), the Anglo-Danish-Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen Detected Diabetes in Primary Care Denmark screening cohort of individuals with risk factors for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (n = 8662), and in additional type 2 diabetic patients (n = 1,064) and glucose-tolerant control subjects (n = 360).Results: In the Inter99 study, the A allele of rs2070895 associated with a 0.057 mmol/liter [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.039–0.075] increase in fasting serum HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) (P = 8 × 10−10) supported by association in the Anglo-Danish-Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen Detected Diabetes in Primary Care study [0.038 mmol/liter per allele (95% CI 0.024–0.053); P = 2 × 10−7). The allelic effect on HDL-c was modulated by interaction with self-reported physical activity (Pinteraction = 0.002) because vigorous physically active homozygous A-allele carriers had a 0.30 mmol/liter (95% CI 0.22–0.37) increase in HDL-c compared with homozygous G-allele carriers.Conclusions: We validate the association of LIPC promoter variation with fasting serum HDL-c and present data supporting an interaction with physical activity implying an increased effect on HDL-c in vigorous physically active subjects carrying the −250 A allele. This interaction may have potential implications for public health and disease prevention.