bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of 22 new microsatellite loci for fishers (Martes pennanti) with variability results from across their range
Authors: JORDAN MARK J. , HIGLEY J. MARK , MATTHEWS SEAN M. , RHODES OLIN E. , SCHWARTZ MICHAEL K. , BARRETT REGINALD H. , PALSBØLL PER J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe developed 22 new microsatellite loci for the fisher (Martes pennanti), a North American mesocarnivore. The loci were developed with samples from the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, and were screened with samples from this population and four other populations. We observed a range of six to 21 polymorphic loci per population, with the Sierra Nevada population exhibiting markedly lower levels of variation compared to the other four.
Development of compound microsatellite markers in the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyceae)
Authors: NISHITANI G. , NAGAI S. , SAKAMOTO S. , LIAN C. L. , LEE C. K. , NISHIKAWA T. , ITAKURA S. , YAMAGUCHI M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe isolated 15 polymorphic microsatellites from Cochlodinium polykrikoides. These loci provide a class of highly variable genetic markers, as the number of alleles ranged from two to 15, and the estimate of gene diversity was from 0.083 to 0.880 across the 15 microsatellites. We consider that these loci have a potential to reveal the genetic structure and gene flow among C. polykrikoides populations.
The effect of methanogen growth on mineral substrates: will Ni markers of methanogen‐based communities be detectable in the rock record?
Authors: HAUSRATH ELIZABETH M. , LIERMANN LAURA J. , HOUSE CHRISTOPHER H. , FERRY JAMES G. , BRANTLEY SUSAN L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMethanogens, thought to be present on early Earth, have a high requirement for Ni, suggesting that Ni utilization could be a potential biosignature for methanogens if enhanced Ni extraction from surrounding minerals accompanies methanogenic growth. To test the potential for such Ni extraction from minerals by methanogens, Ni release from Ni‐containing silicate glass was measured in Ni‐free growth medium in the presence of the methanogen Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus (average pH ∼7.0) and observed to be higher than an abiotic control (average pH ∼6.8). However, batch dissolution experiments and a siderophore assay indicate that cell exudates such as siderophores, low molecular weight organic acids, or lysates accompanying cell death are not responsible for the observed increase in Ni release rate. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows little to no evidence of direct microbe–mineral interactions such as biofilms or pitting. Instead, comparison with abiotic experiments suggests that changes in pH due to CO2 uptake may be responsible for enhanced dissolution in the presence of metabolizing cells. These results document that methanogens may not preferentially extract Ni from surrounding minerals although they may indirectly affect mineral reaction rates that are pH sensitive. Thus identifiable Ni biosignatures may not exist in the rock record to document the presence of methanogens on early Earth or Mars.
The role of habitat composition in determining breeding site occupancy in a declining Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus population
Authors: SIM INNES M. W. , BURFIELD IAN J. , GRANT MURRAY C. , PEARCE‐HIGGINS JAMES W. , BROOKE M. de L. 
Published: February 2007

Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus breeding site occupancy in the Moorfoot Hills, southeast Scotland, was determined during the periods 1952–85 and 1998–2000, and sites were classed as either occupied or deserted during the latter period. Site occupancy during 1998–2000 was related to habitat data derived from a supervised classification of a Landsat 7 satellite image. Breeding sites were more likely to have remained occupied if they were at higher altitudes and had more heather cover within radii of both 200 and 450 m, although these effects became non‐significant when spatial autocorrelation was accounted for. Using only topographical variables, potential breeding sites were predicted and the habitat surrounding them was compared with actual breeding sites. Actual breeding sites were more likely to have heather or grass–heather mosaic within 100 m than potential breeding sites, but there were no further habitat differences between actual and potential breeding sites within radii of 200 or 450 m. These results indicate that breeding sites at higher altitudes and with a higher cover of heather were less likely to have been deserted, and that lack of heather may prevent otherwise suitable breeding sites from becoming occupied by Ring Ouzels. More detailed field studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations.
Indian Ocean tsunamis: environmental and socio‐economic impacts in Langkawi, Malaysia
Authors: BIRD MICHAEL , COWIE SUSAN , HAWKES ANDREA , HORTON BEN , MACGREGOR COLIN , EONG ONG JIN , TAN SHAU HWAI AILEEN , TIONG SA TEH , YASIN ZULFIGAR 
Published: February 2007

We report the results of a study of the physical characteristics and socio‐economic impacts of the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004 on the tourist island of Langkawi, Malaysia. In comparison with many other locations struck by the tsunami, the immediate physical and socio‐economic impacts in Langkawi were relatively minor. A detailed survey of the watermark and ground elevations was undertaken in the worst affected area between Sungei Kuala Teriang and Sungei Kuala Melaka. Here, the tsunami reached a maximum elevation of 4.29 m as it crossed the coast, with a maximum flow depth of 2.0 m and a very consistent run‐up elevation relative to mean sea level of 300 ± 10 cm. The tsunami inundated inshore areas for 300 m and penetrated inland along creeks for 500–1000 m. Structural damage to buildings was confined to within 50–150 m of the shoreline where about 10% of the houses were completely destroyed and 60–70% suffered significant structural damage. Damage was particularly severe in areas where there was no engineered coastal protection, but while coastal revetments did provide enhanced protection for houses at the waterfront, the coastline in the study area appeared to be more heavily impacted than elsewhere in Langkawi because wave energy was focused on the area by offshore breakwaters built to protect the Langkawi port and airport. Emergency response after the tsunami was rapid and efficient but would have been improved if the local police station had not been rendered inoperative by the first wave, and if a mechanism had been in place to ensure that informal advance warnings transmitted between Phuket (Thailand), Langkawi and Penang (Malaysia) by tourist operators could have been more widely disseminated.
Do welfare‐to‐work programmes work for long?
Authors: Greenberg David , Ashworth Karl , Cebulla Andreas , Walker Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvidence that welfare‐to‐work programmes in the USA succeed in boosting welfare recipients' earnings at modest cost has helped shape policy in Britain since 1997. So too has the belief that programmes that prioritise moving people into work quickly are more effective than ones that seek to enhance human capital. However, there is little evidence on how long the beneficial effects of programmes persist after individuals leave them. The analysis reported draws on the experience of 64 US welfare‐to‐work programmes that have all been evaluated using random assignment. It concludes that, on average, these programmes have a positive effect on participants' earnings for five to six years. The effects of ‘work first’ interventions are most marked early on and decline more rapidly than those of programmes emphasising human capital. Nevertheless, work first interventions typically increase earnings received over six years by more than two‐and‐a‐half times that achieved by human capital approaches.
The income elasticity of tax revenue: estimates for income and consumption taxes in the United Kingdom
Authors: Creedy John , Gemmell Norman 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper provides estimates of individual and aggregate revenue elasticities of income and consumption taxes in the UK over the period 1989–2000. It shows how budgetary changes, including changes to income‐related deductions, have substantially affected income elasticities. The estimates of consumption tax revenue elasticities show that changes in consumption patterns over time are important. A merit of the approach used here is that elasticity estimates can be calculated readily from official published sources.
The Retail Price Index and the Cost‐of‐Living Index: testing for consistency in theory and practice
Authors: Crawford Ian , Image Isabella 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper tests the published section‐level price and weight data used in the compilation of the UK retail price index (RPI) for consistency with the theory of the cost‐of‐living index. We use a non‐parametric test of theoretical consistency and bootstrap statistical methods to estimate the probability of consistency.
Petrochemistry, oxygen isotopes and U‐Pb SHRIMP geochronology of mafic–ultramafic bodies from the Sulu UHP terrane, China
Authors: ZHAO R. , ZHANG R. Y. , LIOU J. G. , BOOTH A. L. , POPE E. C. , CHAMBERLAIN C. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo Rongcheng eclogite‐bearing peridotite bodies (Chijiadian and Macaokuang) occur as lenses within the country rock gneiss of the northern Sulu terrane. The Chijiadian ultramafic body consists of garnet lherzolite, whereas the Macaokuang body is mainly meta‐dunite. Both ultramafics are characterized by high MgO contents, low fertile element concentrations and total REE contents, which suggests that they were derived from depleted, residual mantle. High FeO contents, an LREE‐enriched pattern and trace‐element contents indicate that the bulk‐rock compositions of these ultramafic rocks were modified by metasomatism. Oxygen‐isotope compositions of analysed garnet, olivine, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene from these two ultramafic bodies are between +5.2‰ and +6.2‰ (δ18O), in the range of typical mantle values (+5.1 to +6.6‰). The eclogite enclosed within the Chijiadian lherzolite shows an LREE‐enriched pattern and was formed by melts derived from variable degrees (0.005–0.05) of partial melting of peridotite. It has higher δ18O values (+7.6‰ for garnet and +7.7‰ for omphacite) than those of lherzolite. Small O‐isotope fractionations (ΔCpx‐Ol: 0.4‰, ΔCpx‐Grt: 0.1‰, ΔGrt‐Ol: 0.3–0.4‰) in both eclogite and ultramafic rocks suggest isotopic equilibrium at high temperature. The P–T estimates suggest that these rocks experienced subduction‐zone ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphism at ∼700–800 °C, 5 GPa, with a low geothermal gradient. Zircon from the Macaokuang eclogite contains inclusions of garnet and diopside. The 225 ± 2 Ma U/Pb age obtained from these zircon may date either the prograde conditions just before peak metamorphism or the UHP metamorphic event, and therefore constrains the timing of subduction‐related UHP metamorphism for the Rongcheng mafic–ultramafic bodies.
Mineral oxygen isotope and hydroxyl content changes in ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite–gneiss contacts from Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project cores
Authors: ZHAO Z‐F. , CHEN B. , ZHENG Y‐F. , CHEN R‐X. , WU Y‐B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA combined study of mineral O isotopes and hydroxyl contents was carried out for the contacts between ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite and gneiss from main hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project in the Sulu orogen. While there is a large δ18O variation from −8.3 to 7.3‰ for all minerals, different styles of mineral‐pair fractionation occur at the boundaries of different lithologies. Both equilibrium and disequilibrium O isotope fractionations are observed between quartz and the other minerals, with reversed fractionations between omphacite and garnet in some samples of eclogite. This suggests that both eclogite and gneiss acquired their negative δ18O values by meteoric‐hydrothermal alteration of their protoliths at high temperatures before subduction, and that fluid‐assisted O isotope exchange did take place across the boundary of different lithologies at local scales during amphibolite‐facies retrogression. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis yielded H2O concentrations of 50 to 1144 p.p.m. (by weight) for garnet and 139 to 751 p.p.m. for omphacite. The state of equilibrium or disequilibrium O isotope fractionations between omphacite and garnet are correlated with variations in their water content at local scales, indicating that the internally derived fluid plays a critical role in retrograde metamorphism during exhumation. The retrograde metamorphism results in mineral reactions and O isotope disequilibria between some of the minerals, but the fluid for retrogression was derived from the decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl and thus internally buffered in the O isotope composition. A quantitative estimate suggests that a hand specimen (3 × 6 × 9 cm) of eclogite composed of 70% garnet and 30% omphacite can release 0.316 g water by the decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl, which can form 14.4 g amphibole during exhumation. This provides sufficient amounts of water for the amphibolite‐facies retrogression.
Association of Alcohol Craving With α‐Synuclein (SNCA)
Authors: Foroud Tatiana , Wetherill Leah Flury , Liang Tiebing , Dick Danielle M. , Hesselbrock Victor , Kramer John , Nurnberger John , Schuckit Marc , Carr Lucinda , Porjesz Bernice , Xuei Xiaoling , Edenberg Howard J. 
Published: February 2007

Background: Studies have found that genomic variation in the gene SNCA, which encodes the protein α‐synuclein, may contribute to the variation in alcohol consumption in an inbred rat model of alcohol preference. Studies in humans have provided support for an association between SNCA and craving for alcohol.Methods: To examine the role of this gene in alcohol dependence and related phenotypes, 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped across the SNCA gene in a sample of 219 multiplex alcoholic families of European American descent. Two phenotypes, alcohol dependence and alcohol craving, were analyzed using the pedigree disequilibrium test.Results: There was no evidence of association between any of the SNCA SNPs and alcohol dependence (p≥0.13). In contrast, 8 SNPs provided evidence of association (p<0.05) with the phenotype of alcohol craving. Haplotype analysis further supported evidence of an association with alcohol craving; a haplotype encompassing SNPs in intron 4 through the region downstream of the gene was overtransmitted to cravers and a second haplotype was overtransmitted to noncravers.Conclusions: These results suggest that variation in SNCA contributes to alcohol craving, a common, although not uniform, feature of alcohol dependence.
Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Analysis of α‐Synuclein and Alcohol and Drug Dependence in Two American Indian Populations
Authors: Clarimon Jordi , Gray Rebecca R. , Williams Lindsey N. , Enoch Mary‐Anne , Robin Robert W. , Albaugh Bernard , Singleton Andrew , Goldman David , Mulligan Connie J. 
Published: February 2007

Background: α‐Synuclein is involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission and has been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Recent studies, in humans and in rat and monkey models, have suggested that α‐synuclein may play a role in the development and maintenance of certain addictive disorders.Methods: Fifteen single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the α‐synuclein gene (SNCA) and 1 upstream microsatellite repeat (NACP‐REP1) were assayed in Southwest (SW; n=514) and Plains (n=420) American Indian populations. Patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) at SNCA were determined for the 2 populations and compared with Caucasian, African, and Asian populations in the HapMap database (http://www.hapmap.org). Assayed alleles and constructed haplotypes in the study populations were tested for association with 4 clinical phenotypes [alcohol dependence, alcohol use disorders, drug dependence, and drug use disorders (lifetime diagnoses)] as well as with 2 symptom count phenotypes (all 18 questions and the 8 questions diagnostic for alcohol dependence).Results: Patterns of LD at SNCA were similar in both Indian populations and were consistent with the LD structure in other populations as reflected in the HapMap database. Single allele tests revealed significant associations between 4 SNPs and drug dependence in the SW population and between 2 of those SNPs plus 2 other SNPs and drug dependence in SW males only. In the Plains population, a significant association was detected only in males between 2 SNPs and alcohol use disorders and between 1 SNP and alcohol dependence. In the SW population, 1 SNP was marginally significant with the total symptom count. However, in all cases, the support was modest and disappeared with correction for multiple comparisons. No association was found between constructed haplotypes and any of the phenotypes in either population.Conclusions: Despite modest support for association between multiple SNCA SNPs and several of the addictive disorders tested in this study, statistical significance disappeared after correction for multiple testing. Thus, our data do not support a role for a variant in the SNCA gene that contributes to alcohol or drug addiction in the 2 studied American Indian populations. Future research may focus on variants in the promoter region that could cause the changes in mRNA and protein levels observed in previous studies.
Differential Expression of Ethanol‐Induced Hypothermia in Adolescent and Adult Rats Induced by Pretest Familiarization to the Handling/Injection Procedure
Authors: Ristuccia Robert C. , Hernandez Michael , Wilmouth Carrie E. , Spear Linda P. 
Published: February 2007

Background: Previous work examining ethanol's autonomic effects has found contrasting patterns of age‐related differences in ethanol‐induced hypothermia between adolescent and adult rats. Most studies have found adolescents to be less sensitive than adults to this effect, although other work has indicated that adolescents may be more sensitive than adults under certain testing conditions. To test the hypothesis that adolescents show more ethanol hypothermia than adults when the amount of disruption induced by the test procedures is low, but less hypothermia when the experimental perturbation is greater, the present study examined the consequences of manipulating the amount of perturbation at the time of testing on ethanol‐induced hypothermia in adolescent and adult rats.Methods: The amount of test disruption was manipulated by administering ethanol through a chronically indwelling gastric cannula (low perturbation) versus via intragastric intubation (higher perturbation) in Experiment 1 or by either familiarizing animals to the handling and injection procedure for several days pretest or leaving them unmanipulated before testing in Experiment 2.Results: The results showed that the handling manipulation, but not the use of gastric cannulae, altered the expression of ethanol‐induced hypothermia differentially across age. When using a familiarization protocol sufficient to reduce the corticosterone response to the handling and injection procedure associated with testing, adolescents showed greater hypothermia than adults. In contrast, the opposite pattern of age differences in hypothermia was evident in animals that were not manipulated before the test day. Surprisingly, however, this difference across testing circumstances was driven by a marked reduction in hypothermia among adults who had been handled before testing, with handling having relatively little impact on ethanol hypothermia among adolescents.Conclusions: Observed differences between adolescents and adults in the autonomic consequences of ethanol were dramatically influenced by whether animals were familiarized with the handling/injection process before testing. Under these circumstances, adolescents were less susceptible than adults to the impact of experimental perturbation on ethanol‐induced hypothermia. These findings suggest that seemingly innocuous aspects of experimental design can influence conclusions reached on ontogenetic differences in sensitivity to ethanol, at least when indexed by ethanol‐induced hypothermia.
What Role Does Measuring Medication Compliance Play in Evaluating the Efficacy of Naltrexone?
Authors: Baros Alicia M. , Latham Patricia K. , Moak Darlene H. , Voronin Konstantin , Anton Raymond F. 
Published: February 2007

Background: Compliance with medication in pharmacotherapy trials of alcoholism has been shown to be equal to, or more, important than in other areas of medicine. Research has suggested that naltrexone's effectiveness can be greatly influenced by the compliance of participants in clinical trials. Presently, we compare 2 compliance measurement methods [urine riboflavin and medication event monitoring system (MEMS)] used simultaneously to evaluate naltrexone's efficacy and the impact of compliance on the size of observable treatment effects.Methods: One hundred and thirty‐seven of 160 randomized alcoholic patients completed 12‐weeks (84 days) of naltrexone or placebo and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or motivational enhancement therapy (MET). Urine riboflavin was determined during study weeks 2, 6, and 12. The MEMS provided a detailed computerized record of when a participant opened their medication bottle throughout the trial. Baseline predictors of MEMS (80% openings) and urine riboflavin (≥1,500 ng/mL by fluorimetry) compliance were examined. The effects of the treatments in the compliant participants defined by one, the other, or both methods were compared and contrasted with a previously reported intent‐to‐treat analysis where compliance was not taken into account.Results: Age was predictive of compliance. 105 participants were deemed compliant via urine riboflavin criteria, 87 via MEMS, and 77 when both criteria were met, with no significant differences between treatment groups. The most compliant participants showed a significant medication by therapy interaction. Those treated with naltrexone/CBT showed more abstinence days (p<0.03), less heavy drinking days (p<0.03) and less total drinks (p<0.03) than the other groups. The effect size of this interaction increased from about 0.2 in the intent‐to‐treat analysis, to about 0.4 to 0.5 in the compliant group analyses, with little difference between compliance measurement methods.Conclusions: Compliance measurement does appear to influence the evaluation of the efficacy of naltrexone within the context of CBT. Treatment effect sizes approximately doubled in the most compliant individuals. Measuring compliance by either of 2 distinct methods provides approximately similar results. As compliance with naltrexone within the context of CBT has such a large impact of treatment outcome, methods of enhancing compliance during treatment should be given the utmost attention.