bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of an adenovirus antigenically distinct from equine adenovirus type 1 from diarrheic foal feces
Authors: Studdert M. J. , Blackney M. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Adenovirus was isolated in equine fetal kidney cell cultures from the feces of 2 foals with diarrhea that also had large numbers (> 106/g) of rotavirus particles in their feces. Unlike equine adenovirus type 1 (EAdV1), the fecal EAdV did not hemagglutinate human O, rhesus macaque, or equine rbc. By serum neutralization, the fecal viruses were identical with each other, but showed no relationship to EAdV1. Antiserum prepared against the fecal viruses did not contain hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to EAdV1. It is proposed that the fecal viruses be considered prototypic of EAdV2. The frequency of neutralizing antibody to EAdV2 in 339 equine serum samples was 77%. Neither EAdV1 nor EAdV2 is related by serum neutralization to any of 30 human adenovirus serotypes.
Gel electrophoresis-derived enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum from cows resistant to and cows susceptible to challenge exposure with Mycoplasma bovis
Authors: Boothby J. T. , Jasper D. E. , Lutz H. , Rollins M. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The gel electrophoresis-derived enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ged-elisa) technique combines the high resolving power of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) to separate complex molecules by their molecular weights, with the high sensitivity of the eusa to detect specific antibody. Sera from 4 cows that demonstrated resistance to challenge exposure and 4 cows that were susceptible to challenge exposure with live virulent Mycoplasma bovis strain 201 were subjected to ged-elisa to determine reactivity with M bovis antigenic components separated by sds-page. The ged-elisa mean reactivity of sera from the 2 groups did not differ significantly (P = 0.17) when subjected to analysis of variance. Sera from both groups recognized distinct fractions of M bovis.
Electron microscopic study of the African strain of malignant catarrhal fever virus in bovine cell cultures
Authors: Castro Anthony E. , Daley Gerald G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Malignant catarrhal fever (African strain) is a viral disease of ruminants which is considered an exotic disease in the United States. Viral isolates obtained from one clinically ill gaur (Bos gaurus) and a greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) located in a zoologic park in Oklahoma, and from one heifer (Bos taurus) and a domestic whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) experimentally inoculated with the isolated and identified African strain of malignant catarrhal fever virus (mcfv), were each studied in bovine cell cultures by electron microscopy. Certain of the viral isolates were previously characterized as mcfv by serologic and morphologic examinations, their cytopathic effect in cell cultures, and their ability to reproduce disease in a ruminant host. The virions of mcfv (African) examined by electron microscopy were icosahedral similar to herpesvirus, were between 98 and 194 nm, developed in the nucleus and matured in the cytoplasm of the cell, and exhibited budding. The virus in infected cells passed through the nuclear and plasma membranes and also into cytoplasmic vesicles from which it acquired one or more envelopes. Virions of malignant catarrhal fever were closely associated with the cellular endoplasmic reticulum, and aberrant morphologic forms of mcfv were observed in virus-infected cells.
Radiographic characterization of diaphragmatic excursion in halothane-anesthetized ponies: Spontaneous and controlled ventilation systems
Authors: Benson G. J. , Manohar M. , Kneller S. K. , Thurmon J. C. , Steffey E. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A radiograph technique for identification of diaphragmatic segments and quantitation of their contribution to total diaphragmatic function was developed. Five anesthetized ponies were studied on 3 separate occasions. Studies were made of the ponies in left lateral recumbency at 2 anesthetic levels (1 and 2 minimal alveolar anesthetic concentrations; halothane) and under spontaneous and controlled ventilation systems.
General pattern of diaphragmatic displacement was unchanged by increased depth of anesthesia. Controlled ventilation altered the pattern of diaphragmatic displacement. Diaphragmatic displacement and regional volume changes were a function of active contraction or passive movement.
Effect of reversible upper respiratory bypass on the electroretinogram in sheep
Authors: Ohale Levi O. C. , Ghoshal Nani G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten Rambouillet ewes (2 groups of 5 each) were surgically implanted with a reversible tracheal bypass cannula constructed so that the sheep could breathe normally through the nostrils when the flow-through insert was in place or through the tracheal opening when the bypass insert was adjusted.
In 1 group, an electroretinogram recorded an increased amplitude and decreased duration of the b wave during bypassed breathing. When the ewes were allowed to breathe simultaneously through the tracheal opening and nostrils, the b-wave amplitude was decreased, compared with the amplitude during normal nasal breathing alone. Several recordings for individual breathing phases were consistent for each animal. In the 2nd group, arterial blood gas analysis showed no differences in the partial pressures (Pco2 and Po2) during both breathing phases. Seemingly, functional elimination of the upper respiratory cooling of venous blood influences the heat exchange in the ophthalmic plexus and cavernous sinus, resulting in relatively warmer blood reaching the eye.
Effect of antibacterials, anabolic steroid, and diethyldithiocarbamate on induced acute aflatoxicosis in goats
Authors: Hatch Roger C. , Clark J. Derrell , Jain Anant V. , Mahaffey Edward A. , Weiss Raul 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Groups of four 6- to 12-month-old male goats were injected intraruminally with a lethal dose (3 mg/kg of body weight) of aflatoxin B1 (afb1). Drugs administered parenterally before or beginning 8 hours after afb1 included oxytetracycline (otc; given once or twice daily), ampicillin (amp), sulfadimethoxine (sdm), the anabolic steroid stanozolol, or the hemoprotein synthesis-inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate (dedc).
Goats pretreated with otc once daily had two-thirds less hepatic destruction than did control goats. Compared with control animals, goats given otc therapy once daily had milder respiratory signs, increased maintenance of appetite, strength, and vigor, mortality of 50%, an apparent decrease in average serum aspartate aminotransferase (ast) response to afb1, and a 33% decrease in average percentage of hepatic destruction. These beneficial effects were not observed in goats given pretreatment or therapy with amp or sdm.
Goats given otc therapy twice daily had 25% mortality, the average serum ast response to afb1 was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and gross lesions were absent in 2 of 3 survivors. However, otc therapy given twice daily did not improve the clinical condition of the goats. Moreover, hepatic destruction was not decreased further than with otc therapy given once daily. Beneficial effects of otc may have been due to enzyme induction or interference with afb1 toxic mechanisms, rather than to antibacterial action.
Goats pretreated with stanozolol had prolonged maintenance of appetite, strength, and vigor, and the average serum ast response to afb1 and average percentage of hepatic destruction were decreased. Mortality and duration of illness were not altered. Beneficial effects of stanozolol pretreatment seemed to be due to appetite stimulation, to anabolic effects, and possibly to slow-onset induction of afb1-degradative enzymes. Stanozolol therapy hastened death, possibly by competition for afb1 degradative enzymes.
Diethyldithiocarbamate had adverse effects. Goats pretreated with dedc had shortened mean survival time, the gross lesions were worse than those of control goats, and the average percentage of hepatic destruction was increased. Possibly, afb1 activation does not require de novo synthesis of the activating cytochrome. Adverse effects of dedc also may have been due to toxic effects of the dosage of dedc used.
In conclusion, otc (10 mg/kg of body weight given parenterally once or twice daily) may be useful for treatment of acute aflatoxicosis in ruminants, but amp and sdm may not be useful. Stanozolol should not be used, unless other agents are administered that will prolong the lives of the animals sufficiently for the drug to exert its beneficial effects. Therapy with dedc alone (in the dosage used) is contraindicated.
Evaluation of three immunodiagnostic procedures for porcine strongyloidiasis
Authors: Murrell K. D. , Graham C. E. , Anderson W. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat), an indirect radioimmune antibody test (irat), and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent antibody assay (elisa) were compared for their efficacies in detecting antibody to Strongyloides ransomi in pigs. The greatest sensitivity was exhibited by the elisa, using a soluble, whole larval extract. The 2 indirect antibody assays, ifat and irat, using intact 3rd-stage larvae (L3) were comparable in sensitivities. The use of live L3 in the ifat and irat presented technical problems, because the larvae shed antibody complexes at ambient room temperature. This could be inhibited by the addition of 20 mM of sodium azide to all working solutions or by doing the tests at 4 C. Fixation of the L3 by either formalin or heat also eliminated the shedding problem. The specificities of the elisa and ifat were supported by the negative results obtained with serum from pigs infected with Ascaris suum, Stephanurus dentatus, and Trichinella spiralis.
Salmonella in the mesenteric lymph nodes of healthy sows and hogs
Authors: Keteran K. , Brown J. , Shotts E. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from healthy sow and slaughter hogs that had been kept in holding pens for an average of 10 and 2 days, respectively, before slaughter at an abattoir.
Salmonella was isolated from 58.2% (67/115) of the sows and 31.3% (16/51) of the slaughter hogs. This difference in Salmonella prevalence was significant (X2 = 10.22, P < 0.005); therefore, the hypothesis that there would be no significant difference in the infection rates of sows and slaughter hogs was rejected.
Vaccination of cattle against pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) with homologous virus (herpes suis) and heterologous virus (herpes bovis 1)
Authors: Biront P. , Vandeputte J. , Pensaert M. B. , Leunen J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Study was made to determine whether vaccination of cattle against pseudorabies (pr; Aujeszky's disease) affords protection upon subsequent intranasal challenge exposure with virulent virus. Vaccinations were performed with a commercially available oil-adjuvant pr virus vaccine, in some cases supplemented with Al(OH)3 (given subcutaneously), with the attenuated NIA4 strain of pr virus (given intranasally), and with a commercially available temperature-sensitive mutant of bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis [ibr] virus) given intranasally. Challenge exposure was performed intranasally with 103 median lethal doses (ld50) of the virulent pr virus. In earlier experiments, it was found that 104.6 median tissue culture infective doses of this virulent pr virus in primary pig kidney cells represented about 1 ld50 for cattle. This ld50 was practically no different for cattle whether or not they had antibodies against pr virus before exposure to virulent pr virus. In the seropositive animals, antibodies were present presumably as a consequence of a previous ibr infection in the field.Vaccination intranasally with NIA4 or ibr virus did not result in serologic response or protection against challenge exposure. The inactivated-virus vaccine induced a good serologic reaction, but there was poor protection against challenge exposure. Consequently, vaccination of cattle at risk of exposure to virulent pr virus cannot be advised.
In the present experiments, initiation of infection with virulent pr virus in cattle always resulted in disease and death.
Delayed-type hypersensitivity, contact sensitivity, and phytohemagglutinin skin-test responses of heat- and cold-stressed calves
Authors: Kelley Keith W. , Greenfield Randall E. , Evermann James F. , Parish Steven M. , Perryman Lance E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three-week-old Holstein bull calves were used to investigate the effect of a 2-week chronic heat (35 C) or cold (-5 C) exposure on delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) reactions to purified protein derivative after sensitization with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, contact sensitivity (cs) reactions to l-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and phytohemagglutinin (pha) skin tests. Heat exposure reduced expression of dth reactions by 42% and cs reactions by 38% at 24 hours after elicitation of the responses. The pha-induced skin tests were not affected after 1 week of heat exposure, but this reaction was reduced by 20% after 2 weeks of heat exposure. The immune response of calves exposed to cold air temperatures was more complex. Cold exposure suppressed cs reactions by 39% at the end of both the 1st and 2nd weeks. The pha response was reduced by 39% after 2 weeks of cold exposure. The dth response depended on duration of cold exposure. The dth reaction was increased by 42% after 1 week, but was reduced by 14% after 2 weeks.These data are consistent with the hypothesis that environmental stressors alter host resistance by affecting the immune system. Furthermore, these stress-induced changes in immune events depend on the type of immune response, the nature of the environmental stressor, and the length of time that calves are exposed to the stressor.
Light microscopic and ultrastructural evidence of epithelial phagocytosis of sperm in the rete testis and ductuli efferentes in the bull
Authors: Goyal H. O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Light microscopic and ultrastructural observations were made in the bull rete testis and the ductuli efferentes with emphasis on the presence of sperm in the epithelium. Phagocytosed sperm in various stages of degeneration were found in the epithelial cells lining the rete testis and in the nonciliated cells of the ductuli efferentes. Phagocytosis was more prevalent in the rete testis than in the ductuli efferentes. Besides the epithelial cells, degenerating sperm components and residual bodies were in the luminal macrophages of the rete testis. The degeneration of sperm heads presumably progressed in the following order: (i) disruption of the cell membrane, (ii) aggregation of small vesicles, probably of Golgi origin, between the disrupted cell membrane and an outer acrosomal membrane, (iii) loss of the acrosomal matrix, and finally (iv) disintegration of the nuclear chromatin. These degenerative changes probably resulted from increased lysosomal activity of phagocytosing cells. The possible importance and causes of spermiophagy are discussed.
Spinal nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves arising from the canine brachial plexus
Authors: Bailey Cleta Sue , Kitchell Ralph L. , Johnson Richard D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The spinal erve root origins of the cutaneous nerves arising from the brachial plexus were investigated in 10 babiturate-anesthetized dogs by stimulating dorsal roots C5 to T2 and recording from each cutaneous nerve. Upon completion of the experiment, the contributions of the spinal nerve ventral branches to the brachial plexus were verified by anatomic dissection. The brachial plexus was formed by the ventral branches of C6 to T2 in 8 dogs, C6 to T1 in 1 dog, and C5 to T1 in 1 dog. The cutaneous branch of brachiocephalicus nerve was formed primarily by contributions from the C6 dorsal root. The cranial lateral cutaneous brachial nerve, a branch of the axillary nerve, was formed predominately from C6 and C7. The median nerve received contributions primarily from C7, C8, and Tl, and the communicating branch from the musculocutaneous to the median nerve contained fibers primarily from C7 and C8. The medial and lateral branches of the superficial branch of the radial nerve arose from C6, C7, C8, and Tl, with the medial branch generally arising 1 segment craniad to the lateral. The palmar and dorsal branches of the ulnar nerve arose predominately from C8 and Tl, and the caudal cutaneous antebrachial nerve of the ulnar arose predominately from Tl and T2.
Amounts of twelve elements required to induce selenium vitamin E deficiency in ducklings
Authors: Van Vleet John F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mortality and myopathy of selenium-vitamin E (Se-E) deficiency was produced, in a concentration-dependent pattern, during a 4-week study of 750 ducklings fed a commercial duck starter mash that contained adequate amounts of Se and E, and supplemented with multiple amounts of Ag (50 to 3,000 mg/kg of feed, as acetate), Zn (3,000 to 6,000 mg/kg, as sulfate), Cd (10 to 500 mg/kg, as sulfate), Te (25-500 mg/kg, as tetrachloride), Co (100 to 1,000 mg/kg, as chloride), Cu (500 to 1,500 mg/kg, as sulfate), Hg (200 to 400 mg/kg, as chloride), and Sn (1,000 mg/kg, as chloride). Also, feeding supplements of Pb (500 mg/kg, as acetate), As (600 mg/kg, as sodium arsenilate), Fe (5,000 mg/kg, as sulfate), and S (5,000 mg/kg, as sodium sulfite) produced a low-to-medium frequency of lesions of Se-E deficiency.
In ducklings with muscle lesions, the gizzard was most often affected (84.2%), followed in decreasing order by skeletal muscles (69.7%), intestine (34.9%), and heart (23.0%). The frequency of skeletal muscle lesions was high in birds fed Ag, and myocardial necrosis was frequent in ducklings fed Te and Hg.Ducklings affected with myopathy were reluctant to stand. Subcutaneous edema, with or without hemorrhages, and pale areas of myonecrosis in gizzard, skeletal muscles, intestine, and heart were seen at necropsy. Birds fed Te and Hg often had hydropericardium and hemorrhagic myocardial necrosis.Seemingly, addition of many elements to a Se-E adequate commercial diet will increase the requirement for Se-E. In our duckling model, minimal amounts shown to induce Se-E deficiency were 50 mg of Ag/kg, 3,000 mg of Zn/kg, 10 mg of Cd/kg, 25 mg of Te/kg, 100 mg of Co/kg, 500 mg of Cu/kg, 200 mg of Hg/kg, 1,000 mg of Sn/kg, 500 mg of Pb/kg, 600 mg of As/kg, 5,000 mg of Fe/kg, and 5,000 mg of S/kg.
Anesthetic and hemodynamic effects of ketamine hydrochloride in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Pathak S. C. , Nigam J. M. , Peshin P. K. , Singh A. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ketamine HCl was evaluated as a general anesthetic alone and in combination with chlorpromazine HCl on the basis of sedative and cardiovascular effects in 40 buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Calves were rapidly immobilized after iv administration of ketamine HCl (2 mg/kg of body weight). Preanesthetic treatment of calves with chlorpromazine increased the duration of analgesia, standing and recovery times, and the degree of muscle relaxation. The duration and degree of analgesia obtained were adequate for short-term surgical procedures.All animals survived the anesthetic trials, and recovery was smooth and rapid. Hemodynamic studies revealed increases in heart rate, mean blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral vascular resistance during maximal depth of anesthesia. The venous pressure decreased initially and then increased progressively. Increases and decreases in these measurements were transient, and the measurements returned to base-line values within 30 minutes after ketamine administration. Definite trends were not seen on ecg tracings, except for elevations and depressions of ST segment, T-wave changes, and wandering pacemaker in a few animals, and sinus tachycardia in all animals.
Efficacy of albendazole for treatment of naturally acquired Fasciola hepatica in calves
Authors: Malone J. B. , Smith P. H. , Loyacano A. F. , Hembry F. G. , Brock L. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In calves given various doses of albendazole as a 4.55% (w/v) drench suspension, removal efficacies against mature Fasciola hepatica were 77.5% with the dose of 7.5 mg/kg; 92.3%, with 10 mg/kg; and 85.9%, with 15 mg/kg. Against immature F hepatica, drug efficacies with these doses were 32.7%, 20.0%, and 36.7%, respectively. Reductions in length and width measurements of mature and immature flukes recovered from the bile ducts correlated with the larger doses reflected a greater efficacy against mature flukes or a possible inhibiting effect of the drug on fluke size or growth. Numbers of eggs recovered in bile at necropsy were reduced by 87.8% with the dose of 7.5 mg/kg; 91.8%, with 10 mg/kg; and 95.6%, with 15 mg/kg.
Anthelmintic efficacy of oxibendazole in ponies: Comparison of methods
Authors: Theodorides V. J. , Nawalinski Ted , Chimes Nicholas , Weideman C. , Free S. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oxibendazole paste at a dosage level of 10 mg/kg of body weight removed 94% to 100% of Craterostomum acuticaudatum, Cyathostomum spp, Cylicostephanus spp, Cylicocyclus spp, Cylicodontophorus spp, Gyalocephalus capitatus, Habronema spp, larval and adult Oxyuris equi, Poteriostomum spp, Strongylus edentatus, Strongylus equinus, Strongylus vulgaris, and Triodontophorus spp; it also removed 92% of immature small strongylids (as determined by a critical test) and 93% of Parascaris equorum (as determined by a control test). A detailed comparison of the 1-group critical test with the 2-group control test showed the 2-group test to be about 58% more efficient than the critical test, due to reduced labor cost, because posttreatment feces were not sieved for expelled worms. The 2- group test is also more statistically sound because, unlike the critical test, it develops data that permit an unbiased comparison.
Carotid artery exteriorization for percutaneous catheterization in sheep and dogs
Authors: Dueck R. , Schroeder J. P. , Parker H. R. , Rathbun M. , Smolen K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Summary and reliable physiologic or pharmacologic investigation in animal models often requires arterial catheterization in awake animal subjects. This can be facilitated by surgical exteriorization of the carotid artery for subsequent percutaneous catheterization. A simplified surgical procedure is described that has been demonstrated to have limited morbidity and excellent applicability for multiple use, as well as to ensure high blood flow rates when needed. The surgical technique involves transfer of the carotid artery from a deep paratracheal position to a ventrolateral neck subcutaneous position, protected from the underlying mattress sutures by the sternomastoid muscle.
Persistent truncus arteriosus in a lamb
Authors: Milstein J. M. , deVries P. A. , Goetzman B. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A major great vessel abnormality was observed while performing a cardiovascular study on a newborn lamb. Persistent truncus arteriosus was present, with the right and left pulmonary arteries arising separately from either side of the truncus. In addition, a small ventricular septal defect was present. The embryology and classification of persistent truncus arteriosus are described.
Measurements of bone mineral content by photon absorptiometry of the Beagle
Authors: Jorch U. M. , Anderson C. , Delaquerriere-Richardson L. F. O. , Cook M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bone mineralization is an aspect of bone metabolism which may be studied with little difficulty in research animals. Changes in bone mineralization have been determined reliably in persons by measuring the bone mineral content of the antebrachium (forearm) by photon absorptiometry. The laboratory-raised Beagle dog has been used extensively in bone metabolism research. In this study, 8 Beagle dogs were killed and the bone mineral content of left and right femurs were determined by the photon absorptiometry technique. By obtaining data from healthy dogs, bone metabolism in disease states may be studied more effectively.