bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Different Gods or Two Types of Unity? A Critical Response to Zizioulas’ Presentation of ‘The Father as Cause’ with Reference to the Cappadocian Fathers and Augustine
Authors: Rostock Nigel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractJohn Zizioulas is not only a prolific writer but arguably one of the most original and influential Orthodox scholars of our present time. His originality can be most clearly observed in his development of a personal and relational ontology. Central to this approach is his assertion that the Father as cause should be understood as the one God rather than the divine ousia. Zizioulas subsequently asserts that the divine ousia should be understood in terms of divine communion. While this approach might be original, it is not without its difficulties, not least the possible implication that there are two different Gods. It is our contention that this problem arises out of a failure by Zizioulas to adequately distinguish between two distinct types of divine unity particularly located in the writings of the Cappadocian Fathers. The first is located solely in the ousia and ensures the ontological oneness of God, the second may be observed in the relational role of the Father as a point of reference for the Son and the Spirit. Finally, although these two forms of unity are identified by the Cappadocians we will suggest that the second is more adequately located with the Spirit by Augustine.
Providence, Distributive Justice, and Divine Government in the Theology of Thomas Aquinas: Some Implications for Ecclesial Practice
Authors: Dempsey Michael T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThomas Aquinas wrote his Summa Theologiae to provide Dominican friars with solid theological instruction in moral theology and pastoral care on the firm foundation of scripture. Despite an increasing awareness among scholars of the importance of Thomas' scriptural commentaries to his thought, few have attempted to interpret his theology and philosophy in light of his scriptural commentaries and the mendicant context of the 13th century. This paper offers a reading of Thomas' theology of providence and divine government both as a mendicant friar and Master of the Sacred Page in order to understand some of the implications of the doctrine of providence for distributive justice in ecclesial practice today.
Clitoral Atrophy: A Case Series
Authors: Amsterdam Alison , Krychman Michael 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Clitoral atrophy is often a neglected cause of female arousal complaints and warrants treatment with localized treatments.

Aim
This is a case series of patients with clitoral atrophy in which localized estrogens were used to treat separate, distinct sexual complaints.

Methods
We report on three patients who were treated with localized estrogen tablets and cream for symptomatic clitoral atrophy despite a lack of data for use of these agents for the treatment of this diagnosis. The patients described here expressed understanding of the risks of vaginal hormonal therapy prior to treatment and at follow-up visits while on therapy.

Main Outcome Measures
Patient reports, physical examination, and vaginal pH.

Results
All patients reported improvement or resolution of symptoms after the treatment with localized estrogen tablets and/or cream.

Conclusions
Low-dose minimally absorbed local estrogen products can be used in combination with excellent tolerance and low side-effect profile to treat female sexual complaints.
Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Tooth Profile Modification for Multimesh Gear Vibration
Authors: Liu Gang , Parker Robert G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis work studies the effects of tooth profile modification on multimesh gearset vibration. The nonlinear analytical model considers the dynamic load distribution between the individual gear teeth and the influence of variable mesh stiffnesses, profile modifications, and contact loss. The proposed model yields better agreement than two existing models when compared against nonlinear gear dynamics from a finite element/contact mechanics benchmark. These comparisons are made for different loads, profile modifications, and bearing stiffness conditions. This model captures the total and partial contact losses demonstrated by finite element. Perturbation analysis based on the proposed model finds approximate frequency response solutions for the case of no total contact loss due to the optimized system parameters. The closed-form solution is compared with numerical integration and provides guidance for optimizing mesh phasing, contact ratios, and profile modification magnitude and length.
Effects of Extracellular ATP on Bovine Lung Endothelial and Epithelial Cell Monolayer Morphologies, Apoptoses, and Permeabilities
Authors: McClenahan David , Hillenbrand Kati , Kapur Arvinder , Carlton David , Czuprynski Charles 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTPneumonia in cattle is an important disease both economically and in terms of animal welfare. Recent evidence in other species has shown ATP to be an important modulator of inflammation in the lung, where it is released by activated alveolar macrophages and damaged lung cells. Whether ATP serves a similar process during infection in the bovine lung is unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of ATP treatment on the morphology, apoptosis, and permeability of bovine pulmonary epithelial (BPE) cells and bovine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (BPMEC). Monolayers of BPE cells underwent striking morphological changes when exposed to ATP that included separation of the cells. Neither BPE cells nor BPMEC exhibited increased apoptosis in response to ATP. BPE cell and BPMEC monolayers displayed virtually identical increases in permeability when exposed to ATP, with a 50% change occurring within the first hour of exposure. Both cell types contained mRNA for the P2X7receptor, a known receptor for ATP. In BPE cells, but not BPMEC, the change in permeability in response to ATP was reversed by the addition of a P2X7receptor antagonist. If similar permeability changes occur in vivo, they could be a factor in vascular leakage into lung airspaces during pneumonia.
Flagellin-F1-V Fusion Protein Is an Effective Plague Vaccine in Mice and Two Species of Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Mizel Steven B. , Graff Aaron H. , Sriranganathan Nammalwar , Ervin Sean , Lees Cynthia J. , Lively Mark O. , Hantgan Roy R. , Thomas Michael J. , Wood James , Bell Brian 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTA number of studies have clearly demonstrated that flagellin is a potent adjuvant that promotes robust immune responses when it is given with a protein antigen. In view of the potential biological and practical benefits of a recombinant protein vaccine composed of a single fusion protein containing flagellin and antigen, we have evaluated the efficacy of a fusion protein composed of flagellin and two protective antigens ofYersinia pestis(F1 and V) in eliciting protection against respiratory challenge withY. pestis. Flagellin-F1-V was produced and purified in high yield under good manufacturing practices conditions. The fusion protein retains full Toll-like receptor 5-stimulating activity in vitro. Using a prime-boost immunization protocol, we found that flagellin-F1-V elicits robust antigen-specific humoral immunity in mice and two species of nonhuman primates. Immune mice were fully protected against intranasal challenge with 150 mean tolerated doses ofY. pestisCO92. In immune mice, the bacteria were completely cleared within 3 days after challenge. Flagellin-F1-V exhibited full stability for at least 297 days at 4°C and at least 168 days at 25°C. At between 29 and 84 days at 37°C, the protein exhibited a loss of biological activity that appeared to be associated with a substantial change in protein diameter, possibly due to oligomerization. On the basis of our results, we believe that flagellin-F1-V is an outstanding candidate for evaluation in studies with humans.
Identification of
Candida albicans
and
Candida glabrata
within 1.5 Hours Directly from Positive Blood Culture Bottles with a Shortened Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Protocol
Authors: Gherna Michael , Merz William G. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

Candida albicans
and
Candida glabrata
can be identified in blood culture bottles within 2.5 h using peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization. A 1.25-h protocol was compared to the standard with 40 positive (clinical and spiked) blood culture bottles tested in batches of 5. All
C. albicans
(15) and
C. glabrata
(16) isolates, alone or mixed, were identified correctly using both protocols, whereas 18 isolates (five other species) were negative by both protocols. This shortened method will significantly reduce the time to identification.
Molecular Epidemiology of
Candida albicans
and Its Closely Related Yeasts
Candida dubliniensis
and
Candida africana
Authors: Romeo Orazio , Criseo Giuseppe 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

We performed a molecular study to determine the occurrence of
Candida albicans, Candida africana
, and
Candida dubliniensis
in different clinical samples. The study provides new insights into the epidemiology of candidiasis in hospitalized patients in three hospitals in southern Italy. It also reports the first detailed epidemiological data concerning the occurrence of
C. africana
in clinical samples.
Intrafamilial Transmission and Family-Specific Spectra of Cutaneous Betapapillomaviruses
Authors: Weissenborn S. J. , De Koning M. N. C. , Wieland U. , Quint W. G. V. , Pfister H. J. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
Cutaneous human betapapillomaviruses (beta-HPVs) are widespread in the general population and have been associated with skin cancer. To evaluate the impact of continuous person-to-person contact within families on an individual's beta-HPV type spectrum, we collected serial skin swab samples from parents and children from 10 families. All participants were found to be beta-HPV DNA positive, with 1 to 13 types at study entry (median, 4.0 types). Initial and cumulative (2 to 16 types) HPV type multiplicities varied widely between different families but only a little between family members. The high intrafamilial correlation of HPV multiplicity is already obvious for babies aged 10 days to 10 months. Family members typically displayed similar spectra of HPV types. More than 75% of the HPV types in babies were also detected in their parents. This indicates that HPV transmission mainly results from close contact between family members. Type-specific persistence for at least 9 months was more prevalent in parents (92%) than in children (66%). Of the types detected throughout the study, 24% turned out to persist in the parents and only 11% in the children. Interestingly, about one-half of the HPV types found to persist in one of the parents occurred less frequently or even only sporadically in the spouse. Similarly, only one-third of the persisting parental types also persisted in their children. This indicates that even regular exposure to cutaneous HPV does not necessarily lead to the establishment of a persistent infection, which may point to type-specific susceptibilities of different individuals.
Differential Expression of the CXCR3 Ligands in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection and Their Modulation by HCV In Vitro
Authors: Helbig Karla J. , Ruszkiewicz Andrew , Lanford Robert E. , Berzsenyi Mark D. , Harley Hugh A. , McColl Shaun R. , Beard Michael R. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTTo investigate chemokine expression networks in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we used microarray analysis to determine chemokine expression in human infection and in chimpanzees experimentally infected with HCV. The CXCR3 chemokine family was highly expressed in both human and chimpanzee infection. CXCL10 was the only CXCR3 chemokine elevated in the serum, suggesting that it may neutralize any CXCR3 chemokine gradient established between the periphery and liver by CXCL11 and CXCL9. Thus, CXCR3 chemokines may not be responsible for recruitment of T lymphocytes but may play a role in positioning these cells within the liver. The importance of the CXCR3 chemokines, in particular CXCL11, was highlighted by replicating HCV (JFH-1) to selectively upregulate its expression in response to gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). This selective upregulation was confirmed at the transcriptional level by using the CXCL11 promoter driving the luciferase reporter gene. This synergistic increase in expression was not a result of HCV protein expression but the nonspecific innate response to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), as both in vitro-transcribed HCV RNA and the dsRNA analogue poly(I:C) increased CXCL11 expression and promoter activity. Furthermore, we show that CXCL11 is an IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) response gene whose expression is selectively enhanced by IFN-γ and TNF-α. In conclusion, the CXCR3 chemokines are the most significantly expressed chemokines in chronic hepatitis C and most likely play a role in positioning T cells in the liver. Furthermore, HCV can selectively increase CXCL11 expression in response to IFN-γ and TNF-α stimulation that may play a role in the pathogenesis of HCV-related liver disease.
Classical Swine Fever Virus Can Remain Virulent after Specific Elimination of the Interferon Regulatory Factor 3-Degrading Function of N
pro
Authors: Ruggli Nicolas , Summerfield Artur , Fiebach Ana R. , Guzylack-Piriou Laurence , Bauhofer Oliver , Lamm Catherine G. , Waltersperger Sandro , Matsuno Keita , Liu Luzia , Gerber Markus , Choi Kyung H. , Hofmann Martin A. , Sakoda Yoshihiro , Tratschin Jon-Duri 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

Pestiviruses prevent alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) production by promoting proteasomal degradation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) by means of the viral N
pro
nonstructural protein. N
pro
is also an autoprotease, and its amino-terminal coding sequence is involved in translation initiation. We previously showed with classical swine fever virus (CSFV) that deletion of the entire N
pro
gene resulted in attenuation in pigs. In order to elaborate on the role of the N
pro
-mediated IRF3 degradation in classical swine fever pathogenesis, we searched for minimal amino acid substitutions in N
pro
that would specifically abrogate this function. Our mutational analyses showed that degradation of IRF3 and autoprotease activity are two independent but structurally overlapping functions of N
pro
. We describe two mutations in N
pro
that eliminate N
pro
-mediated IRF3 degradation without affecting the autoprotease activity. We also show that the conserved standard sequence at these particular positions is essential for N
pro
to interact with IRF3. Surprisingly, when these two mutations are introduced independently in the backbones of highly and moderately virulent CSFV, the resulting viruses are not attenuated, or are only partially attenuated, in 8- to 10-week-old pigs. This contrasts with the fact that these mutant viruses have lost the capacity to degrade IRF3 and to prevent IFN-α/β induction in porcine cell lines and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that contrary to previous assumptions and to the case for other viral systems, impairment of IRF3-dependent IFN-α/β induction is not a prerequisite for CSFV virulence.
Induction of Neuronal and Tumor-Related Genes by Adenovirus Type 12 E1A
Authors: Guan Hancheng , Williams Jim F. , Ricciardi Robert P. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
Adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) E1A protein (E1A-12) contains a unique 20-amino-acid spacer region between the second and third conserved regions. Substitution of a single amino acid in the spacer is able to abrogate Ad12 tumorigenesis. To investigate the function of the spacer, microarray analysis was performed on cells transformed by tumorigenic and nontumorigenic Ad12s that differ only by one amino acid in the spacer. Fewer than 0.8% of approximately 8,000 genes in the microarray exhibited differential expression of threefold and higher. Of these, more than half of the known genes with higher expression in the wild-type Ad12-transformed cells have neuronal-specific functions. Some of the other differentially expressed genes are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, transcription, cell structure, and tumor invasiveness. Northern blot analyses of a subset of the neuronal genes, including Robo1, N-MYC, and α-internexin, confirmed their strong expression in multiple Ad12 tumorigenic cell lines. In contrast, these neuronal genes displayed only minor or negligible expression in cells transformed by spacer-mutated Ad12. Significantly, stable introduction of E1A-12 into nontumorigenic Ad5-transformed cells induced neuronal gene expression. We found that the neuron-restrictive silencer factor, which serves as a master repressor of neuronal genes, was inactivated in both Ad12- and Ad5-transformed cells via cytoplasmic retention, though only Ad12-transformed cells exhibited neuronal gene induction. Mutational analyses of the α-internexin promoter demonstrated that E1A-12-mediated neuronal gene induction further required the activation of neuronal promoter E-box elements. These results indicate that the spacer is involved in mediating neuronal and tumor-related genes.
Exosomes Packaging APOBEC3G Confer Human Immunodeficiency Virus Resistance to Recipient Cells
Authors: Khatua Atanu K. , Taylor Harry E. , Hildreth James E. K. , Popik Waldemar 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

The human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (A3G) is a part of a cellular defense system against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other retroviruses. Antiretroviral activity of A3G can be severely blunted in the presence of the HIV-1 protein Vif. However, in some cells expressing the enzymatically active low-molecular-mass form of A3G, HIV-1 replication is restricted at preintegration steps, before accumulation of Vif. Here, we show that A3G can be secreted by cells in exosomes that confer resistance to both
vif
-defective and wild-type HIV-1 in exosome recipient cells. Our results also suggest that A3G is the major exosomal component responsible for the anti-HIV-1 activity of exosomes. However, enzymatic activity of encapsidated A3G does not correlate with the observed limited cytidine deamination in HIV-1 DNA, suggesting that A3G-laden exosomes restrict HIV-1 through a nonenzymatic mechanism. Real-time PCR quantitation demonstrated that A3G exosomes reduce accumulation of HIV-1 reverse transcription products and steady-state levels of HIV-1 Gag and Vif proteins. Our findings suggest that A3G exosomes could be developed into a novel class of anti-HIV-1 therapeutics.
Enhanced Induction of Intestinal Cellular Immunity by Oral Priming with Enteric Adenovirus 41 Vectors
Authors: Ko Sung-Youl , Cheng Cheng , Kong Wing-Pui , Wang Lingshu , Kanekiyo Masaru , Einfeld David , King C. Richter , Gall Jason G. D. , Nabel Gary J. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is characterized by the rapid onset of intestinal T-cell depletion that initiates the progression to AIDS. The induction of protective immunity in the intestinal mucosa therefore represents a potentially desirable feature of a preventive AIDS vaccine. In this study, we have evaluated the ability of an enteric adenovirus, recombinant adenovirus 41 (rAd41), to elicit intestinal and systemic immune responses by different immunization routes, alone or in combination with rAd5. rAd41 expressing HIV envelope (Env) protein induced cellular immune responses comparable to those of rAd5-based vectors after either a single intramuscular injection or a DNA prime/rAd boost. Oral priming with rAd41-Env followed by intramuscular boosting with rAd5-Env stimulated a more potent CD8
+
T-cell response in the small intestine than the other immunization regimens. Furthermore, the direct injection of rAd41-Env into ileum together with intramuscular rAd5-Env boosting increased Env-specific cellular immunity markedly in mucosal as well as systemic compartments. These data demonstrate that heterologous rAd41 oral or ileal priming with rAd5 intramuscular boosting elicits enhanced intestinal mucosal cellular immunity and that oral or ileal vector delivery for primary immunization facilitates the generation of mucosal immunity.
Analysis of Influenza B Virus NS1 Protein Trafficking Reveals a Novel Interaction with Nuclear Speckle Domains
Authors: Schneider Jana , Dauber Bianca , Melén Krister , Julkunen Ilkka , Wolff Thorsten 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
Many proteins that function in the transcription, maturation, and export of metazoan mRNAs are concentrated in nuclear speckle domains, indicating that the compartment is important for gene expression. Here, we show that the NS1 protein of influenza B virus (B/NS1) accumulates in nuclear speckles and causes rounding and morphological changes of the domains, indicating a disturbance in their normal functions. This property was located within the N-terminal 90 amino acids of the B/NS1 protein and was shown to be independent of any other viral gene product. Within this protein domain, we identified a monopartite importin α binding nuclear localization signal. Reverse-genetic analysis of this motif indicated that nuclear import and speckle association of the B/NS1 protein are required for the full replication capacity of the virus. In the late phase of virus infection, the B/NS1 protein relocated to the cytoplasm, which occurred in a CRM1-independent manner. The interaction of the B/NS1 protein with nuclear speckles may reflect a recruitment function to promote viral-gene expression. To our knowledge, this is the first functional description of a speckle-associated protein that is encoded by a negative-strand RNA virus.
Crystal Structures of Two Coronavirus ADP-Ribose-1″-Monophosphatases and Their Complexes with ADP-Ribose: a Systematic Structural Analysis of the Viral ADRP Domain
Authors: Xu Yuanyuan , Cong Le , Chen Cheng , Wei Lei , Zhao Qi , Xu Xiaoling , Ma Yanlin , Bartlam Mark , Rao Zihe 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
The coronaviruses are a large family of plus-strand RNA viruses that cause a wide variety of diseases both in humans and in other organisms. The coronaviruses are composed of three main lineages and have a complex organization of nonstructural proteins (nsp's). In the coronavirus, nsp3 resides a domain with the macroH2A-like fold and ADP-ribose-1"-monophosphatase (ADRP) activity, which is proposed to play a regulatory role in the replication process. However, the significance of this domain for the coronaviruses is still poorly understood due to the lack of structural information from different lineages. We have determined the crystal structures of two viral ADRP domains, from the group I human coronavirus 229E and the group III avian infectious bronchitis virus, as well as their respective complexes with ADP-ribose. The structures were individually solved to elucidate the structural similarities and differences of the ADRP domains among various coronavirus species. The active-site residues responsible for mediating ADRP activity were found to be highly conserved in terms of both sequence alignment and structural superposition, whereas the substrate binding pocket exhibited variations in structure but not in sequence. Together with data from a previous analysis of the ADRP domain from the group II severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and from other related functional studies of ADRP domains, a systematic structural analysis of the coronavirus ADRP domains was realized for the first time to provide a structural basis for the function of this domain in the coronavirus replication process.