bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Specialized Religions of Ancient Mediterranean Seafarers
Authors: Brody Aaron J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAncient seafarers faced dangers and fears posed by the sea and sailing. Specialized religious beliefs and practices developed accordingly. Sailors honored deities whose attributes could benefit or devastate a voyage. Divine patrons were worshipped in harbor and at promontory shrines. Ships were considered imbued with a protective spirit and contained sacred spaces. Mariners performed religious ceremonies on land and at sea to protect their voyages. Specialized features are found in funerary practices and mortuary rituals of seafarers. Maritime religions were subsets of ancient religions, generated by unique uncertainties and perils at sea.
Labrang Monastery: Tibetan Buddhism on the Sino‐Tibetan Frontier
Authors: Nietupski Paul K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLabrang Monastery was formally founded in 1709 in Amdo, today located in Xiahe County, Gansu Province. It was founded and occupied by the lineage of the Jamyang Zhepas on the central Tibetan Gelukpa model, and grew to be one of the largest Tibetan Buddhist monasteries ever built. Labrang supported the full range of Tibetan Buddhist studies, and in addition allowed other Tibetan and non‐Tibetan religious practices in the community at large. The monastery was located on an ethnic borderland, near its Mongol co‐sponsors, Manchu, Chinese, Muslim, and other neighbors. Its location resulted in both assertions of Tibetan identity and dynamic social, political, and economic interaction. The monastic authorities owned an enormous nomadic and agricultural estate that extended over much of southern Gansu Province and into northern Sichuan and eastern Qinghai. Though politically and economically much reduced, Labrang Monastery's influence is still important in present‐day Amdo.
Forensic Phonetics
Authors: Jessen Michael 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAn overview of forensic phonetics is presented, focusing on speaker identification as its core task. Speaker profiling/speaker classification is applied when the offender has been recorded, but no suspect has been found. Auditory speaker identification by victims and witnesses becomes relevant when no speech recording of the offender is available. It can take the form of familiar‐speaker identification or unfamiliar‐speaker identification, and in the latter case a voice line‐up/voice parade can be carried out. When recordings of both the offender and a suspect are available, a voice comparison is done by an expert in forensic speech analysis. Current issues and domains in voice comparison analysis include the Bayesian approach to forensic reasoning and the Likelihood Ratio, the use of formant frequency measurements, non‐analytic perception and Exemplar Theory, forensic automatic speaker identification, and the interaction between different methods.
Gesture Gives a Hand to Language and Learning: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience, Developmental Psychology and Education
Authors: Kelly Spencer D. , Manning Sarah M. , Rodak Sabrina 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPeople of all ages, cultures and backgrounds gesture when they speak. These hand movements are so natural and pervasive that researchers across many fields – from linguistics to psychology to neuroscience – have claimed that the two modalities form an integrated system of meaning during language production and comprehension. This special relationship has implications for a variety of research and applied domains. Gestures may provide unique insights into language and cognitive development, and also help clinicians identify, understand and even treat developmental disorders in childhood. In addition, research in education suggests that teachers can use gesture to become even more effective in several fundamental aspects of their profession, including communication, assessment of student knowledge, and the ability to instill a profound understanding of abstract concepts in traditionally difficult domains such as language and mathematics. This work converging from multiple perspectives will push researchers and practitioners alike to view hand gestures in a new and constructive way.
Gated Communities
Authors: Le Goix Renaud , Webster Chris J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article examines the notion of gated communities and, more generally, privately governed urban neighbourhoods. We do this by reviewing the idea that they are an innovative built‐environment genre that has spread globally from a diverse set of roots and influences. These include the mass growth of private urban government in the USA over the past 30 years; rising income inequalities and fear in big cities; the French condominium law of 1804; and many other locally and culturally specific features of urban history. We contrast the popular notion that gated communities are simply an American export with the idea that they have emerged in various forms for different reasons in different places. We contrast supply‐side and demand‐side explanations, focusing on the idea that much of their appeal comes from the club‐economy dynamics that underpin them. We examine the social and systemic costs – territorial outcomes – of cities made up of residential clubs, considering, in particular, the issue of segregation. We conclude with a reflection on the importance of local variations in the conditions that foster or inhibit the growth of a gated community market in particular countries.
Use of postpartum vaginoscopic (visual vaginal) examination of dairy cows for the diagnosis of endometritis and the association of endrometritis with reduced reproductive performance
Authors: RUNCIMAN DJ , ANDERSON GA , MALMO J , DAVIS GM 
Published: May 2008

Objective To assess the association between the findings from vaginoscopic examination of postpartum dairy cows with peripartum reproductive disease and their subsequent reproductive performance, and to determine the factors that might be associated with a positive vaginoscopic examination (VV).Methods Cows (n = 1325) from 17 seasonal calving dairy herds were enrolled if they had been calved at least 7 days and had at least one of the following conditions that placed them at risk of endometritis: retained fetal membranes (RFM), dystocia, a dead calf, hypocalcaemia, twin birth, calving induction or an observed vulval discharge (VD). Examination was undertaken 28–37 days before mating start date (MSD) within each herd. All cows were body condition scored (BCS) and were VV scored on a scale of 0 (clear) to 3 (purulent). The uterus and ovaries were assessed by rectal palpation.Results Cows with a positive VV score (1–3) were less likely to conceive to first service and had a lower pregnancy proportion than cows that had a negative VV score (score 0). Mean MSD to conception interval was longer in VV‐positive cows. A positive VV score was associated with a low BCS, primiparity, intrapelvic uterus, poor uterine tone, large uterus, RFM, VD, dystocia, dead calf and twins.Conclusion In the present study a positive VV score was associated with reduced reproductive performance and was more common in primiparous and low BCS cows. Of the at‐risk cows, those with RFM, VD, dystocia, dead calf or twins were more likely to have a positive VV score.
AIDS‐Related Stigma in Individuals With Other Stigmatized Identities in the USA: A Review of Layered Stigmas
Authors: Henkel Kristin E. , Brown Krysten , Kalichman Seth C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAIDS‐related stigmas have profound negative impacts on people living with and those affected by HIV/AIDS. While a considerable body of work examines AIDS‐related stigma, it is less clear how AIDS stigmas affect individuals in relation to other stigmatized identities, particularly ethnic minorities. This review examines the literature on AIDS‐related stigma among these groups. The limited available research indicates that AIDS stigmas can seriously interfere with HIV testing, treatment, and care. In addition, prevention studies conducted with incarcerated adolescents, a group characterized by stigmatized identities and high risks for HIV, indicate that interventions for this population do not address stigmatized identities and demonstrate limited effects on risk reduction outcomes. Research is needed to examine stigma in primary prevention of HIV with an at‐risk stigmatized group.
The Emergence of Narrative Identity
Authors: McLean Kate C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the current research on narrative identity. Narrative identity is quickly becoming accepted as a promising process approach to self‐development in a variety of fields, including developmental, clinical, cultural, personality, and social psychology. This paper reviews factors surrounding the emergence of narrative identity in adolescence, relations between narrative patterns and age and personality, as well as factors that are important to developing a coherent narrative identity, such as the emotional valence of experience, storytelling, and culture. Finally, new and emerging issues are raised for those interested in the study of narrative identity, with a particular focus on narratives that are difficult to tell and may violate cultural norms.
Surface modifications of dental implants
Authors: Stanford CM 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDental implant surface technologies have been evolving rapidly to enhance a more rapid bone formation on their surface and hold a potential to increase the predictability of expedited implant therapy. While implant outcomes have become highly predictable, there are sites and conditions that result in elevated implant loss. This paper reviews the impact of macro‐retentive features which includes approaches to surface oxide modification, thread design, press‐fit and sintered‐bead technologies to increase predictability of outcomes. Implant designs that lead to controlled lateral compression of the bone can improve primary stability as long as the stress does not exceed the localized yield strength of the cortical bone. Some implant designs have reduced crestal bone loss by use of multiple cutting threads that are closely spaced, smoothed on the tip but designed to create a hoop‐stress stability of the implant as it is completely seated in the osteotomy. Following the placement of the implant, there is a predictable sequence of bone turnover and replacement at the interface that allows the newly formed bone to adapt to microscopic roughness on the implant surface, and on some surfaces, a nanotopography (<10−9m scale) that has been shown to preferably influence the formation of bone. Newly emerging studies show that bone cells are exquisitely sensitive to these topographical features and will upregulate the expression of bone related genes for new bone formation when grown on these surfaces. We live in an exciting time of rapid changes in the modalities we can offer patients for tooth replacement therapy. Given this, it is our responsibility to be critical when claims are made, incorporate into our practice what is proven and worthwhile, and to continue to support and provide the best patient care possible.
Hard tissue implant interface
Authors: Albrektsson T 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe osseointegrated interface demonstrates, on an average, some 60–70 per cent bone bordering the implant at the light microscopical level of resolution whereas ultrastructural studies have revealed that only partly calcified proteoglycan layers build up the actual interface. Interfacial bone reactions are dependent on the precise nature of the implant material, its design and surface characteristics supposing that clinical factors such as host reactions and surgical and prosthodontic techniques are being controlled. The most commonly used, although not the only useful, material in oral implantology is cp titanium, a most biocompatible material. The most commonly used oral implant design is the threaded screw whereas cylindrical implants without retention elements have been largely abandoned. The nature of the implant surface is of clear relevance for interfacial reactions; micron‐sized irregularities are necessary for osseointegration or biomechanical bonding. Currently, there is evidence of bone ingrowth dependent on nanometer sized irregularities, even if the clinical relevance of this finding remains uncertain. The discussion about an alternative type of implant anchorage (biochemical bonding), started decades ago, however so far without any undisputable evidence of its importance for the oral implant anchorage. Lately, the long‐term stability of the oral implant interface has been questioned by some investigators, allegedly it would be threatened by an increasing occurrence of peri‐implantitis, however in reality demonstrated for only about 2 per cent of implants over a 10–20 year follow‐up.
Prosthetic considerations
Authors: Mericske‐Stern R 
Published: May 2008

AbstractImplants have changed prosthodontics more than any other innovation in dentistry. Replacement of lost teeth by a fixed or removable prosthesis is considered to be a restitutio ad similem, while implants may provide a feeling of restitutio ad integrum. Implant prosthodontics means restoring function, aesthetics, and providing technology; biology and technology are combined. Placement of implants is a reconstructive, preprosthetic surgical intervention and is therefore different from most goals in oral surgery that consist of tooth extraction, treating infection and removing pathology from soft or hard tissues. Thus, implants are part of the final prosthetic treatment which encompasses functional, aesthetic and social rehabilitation. The patient's needs and functional status determine the goal of prosthetic treatment. Treatment outcomes in implant prosthodontics are survival of implants and prostheses, impact on physiological and psychological status, oral health‐related impact on quality of life, and initial and maintenance costs. A variety of prosthetic solutions are available to restore the partially and completely edentulous jaw and more recently specific methods have been developed such as computer guided planning and CAD‐CAM technologies. These should allow more uniform quality and passive fit of prostheses, and simultaneously enables processing of biologically well‐accepted materials.
Oral implants – the future
Authors: Jokstad A 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe current and future application of implants to support intra‐ and extra‐oral prostheses is a function not primarily of a current or eventual future, e.g., implant surface configuration, treatment procedure or loading protocol. In contrast, it must be understood by a more complex conceptualization of the practical application of the osseointegration phenomenon. This review will attempt to address the future use of oral implants based on current cutting edge research within the fundamentals that constitute the practical applications of the osseointegration concept.
The effect of exercise on innate mucosal immunity
Authors: West N P , Pyne D B , Kyd J M , Renshaw G M , Fricker P A , Cripps A W 
Published: May 2008

MethodsThe authors conducted a prospective observational study comparing salivary lactoferrin and lysozyme concentration over 5 months (chronic changes) in elite rowers (n=17, mean age 24.3±4.0 years) with sedentary individuals (controls) (n=18, mean age=27.2±7.1 years) and a graded exercise test to exhaustion (acute changes) with a cohort of elite rowers (n=11, mean age 24.7±4.1).ResultsMagnitudes of differences and changes were interpreted as a standardised (Cohen's) effect size (ES). Lactoferrin concentration in the observational study was approximately 60% lower in rowers than control subjects at baseline (7.9±1.2 µg/ml mean±SEM, 19.4±5.6 µg/ml, p=0.05, ES=0.68, ‘moderate’) and at the midpoint of the season (6.4±1.4 µg/ml mean ± SEM, 21.5±4.2 µg/ml, p=0.001, ES=0.89, ‘moderate’). The concentration of lactoferrin at the end of the study was not statistically significant (p=0.1) between the groups. There was no significant difference between rowers and control subjects in lysozyme concentration during the study. There was a 50% increase in the concentration of lactoferrin (p=0.05, ES=1.04, ‘moderate’) and a 55% increase in lysozyme (p=0.01, ES=3.0, ‘very large’) from pre-exercise to exhaustion in the graded exercise session.ConclusionLower concentrations of these proteins may be indicative of an impairment of innate protection of the upper respiratory tract. Increased salivary lactoferrin and lysozyme concentration following exhaustive exercise may be due to a transient activation response that increases protection in the immediate postexercise period.
Differences in diving and swimming behavior of pup and juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska
Authors: Rehberg M. J. , Burns J. M. 
Published: May 2008

Reduced juvenile survival caused by prey depletion is one hypothesis for the decline in the western Alaska population of Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)). To understand the exposure of young sea lions to these depletions, the swimming and diving behavior of pups, juveniles, and subadults was evaluated relative to prey behavior. Pups made shorter and shallower dives (13 m, 0.9 min) than juveniles or subadults, as expected based on physiological limitations, but juveniles and subadults dived to similar depths and durations (29 m, 1.7 min and 38 m, 2.0 min, respectively). Activity patterns of juveniles and subadults reflected diurnal prey migrations, while pup activity did not. Longitudinal trends in pup dive behavior reflected both physiological and behavioral development, while juvenile dive behaviors reflected seasonal changes in prey availability. Results suggest that adult females must continue to provide nutritional support to pups during winter because of the limited diving ability of these young animals. For this reason, the flexible lactation strategies that allow for longer nursing periods during periods of low prey availability and reduce female fecundity may improve juvenile survival.
Demographic features and habitat preferences of southern pygmy mice (Baiomys musculus) in Colima, Mexico
Authors: Schnell Gary D. , Poindexter Cassie J. , Sánchez-Hernández Cornelio , Romero-Almaraz María de Lourdes , Kennedy Michael L. , Best Troy L. , Wooten Michael C. , Pérez Jiménez Alfredo 
Published: May 2008

In Colima, Mexico, we conducted 8-night mark–recapture grid studies of southern pygmy mice ( Baiomys musculus (Merriam, 1892)) in January 2003–2007 in dry deciduous and tropical moist forests. For 40 000 trap-nights, 436 individuals were captured 764 times (comprising 18.6% of small mammals). The male:female ratio was 1:1.37, 82.9% were adults, 51.4% of females were pregnant or lactating, and coastal animals, on average, were heavier than those inland. Females moved farther than males. Baiomys was on 17 of 25 grids (densities 1.82–106.24 individuals/ha). Moon illumination did not affect capture or recapture probabilities, but trap-night did (overall, probability increased 1.66%/night). Grids with Baiomys had less bare ground and a more open canopy. Capture sites had more grass, less dead wood and bare ground, a more open and lower canopy, and greater distance to trees. Logistic regression indicated coastal capture sites had more forbs, grasses, and woody plants, and thicker vegetation at 1 m height with trees being relatively distant. Variables differed somewhat for northern sites, and the equation for all grids included 10 of 14 environmental variables. Baiomys frequented edge of an unimproved road traversing one grid. Baiomys musculus, widespread in Colima, exhibited preference for habitats with relatively dense ground cover and at least a partially open canopy.
A NEUTROSOPHIC DESCRIPTION LOGIC
Authors: WANG HAIBIN , ROGATKO ANDRÉ , SMARANDACHE FLORENTIN , SUNDERRAMAN RAJSHEKHAR 
Published: May 2008

Description Logics (DLs) are appropriate, widely used, logics for managing structured knowledge. They allow reasoning about individuals and concepts, i.e. set of individuals with common properties. Typically, DLs are limited to dealing with crisp, well defined concepts. That is, concepts for which the problem whether an individual is an instance of it is a yes/no question. More often than not, the concepts encountered in the real world do not have a precisely defined criteria of membership: we may say that an individual is an instance of a concept only to a certain degree, depending on the individual's properties. The DLs that deal with such fuzzy concepts are called fuzzy DLs. In order to deal with fuzzy, incomplete, indeterminate and inconsistent concepts, we need to extend the capabilities of fuzzy DLs further. In this paper, we will present an extension of fuzzy [Formula: see text], combining Smarandache's neutrosophic logic with a classical DL. In particular, concepts become neutrosophic (here neutrosophic means fuzzy, incomplete, indeterminate and inconsistent), thus, reasoning about such neutrosophic concepts is supported. We will define its syntax, its semantics, describe its properties and present a constraint propagation calculus for reasoning.
Fisheries Enforcement in European Community Waters Since 2002—Developments in Non-Flag Enforcement
Authors: Johnson Constance 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn 2002 the European Union commenced significant reforms to the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) which included introduction of a new control and enforcement system. In 2007, the new Community Fisheries Control Agency (CFCA) undertook its first work programme. The establishment of the CFCA was considered to be the final part of the CFP reforms commenced in 2002. This paper examines the course of the 2002 reforms in relation to fisheries control and enforcement in European Community waters, particularly issues concerning non-flag enforcement, and considers whether there has been a shift towards greater reliance on non-flag enforcement measures. The paper examines the two major innovations of the 2002 control and enforcement system, namely: regional cooperation and coordination and the establishment of the CFCA. The paper also examines developments in the European Commission's and Member States' respective roles in relation to control and enforcement. Finally, the paper considers the focus of the 2002 control and enforcement system on technical management tools for the achievement of more effective control and management of fisheries.
Contemporary Exclusive Fishery Zones or Why Some States Still Claim an EFZ
Authors: Kvinikhidze Shalva 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article deals with the concept of the Exclusive Fishery Zone (EFZ) which has long existed in the state practice in the law of the sea. It describes the genesis and development of the concept, attempts by coastal states to gain extensive and exclusive control over fishery resources beyond the territorial sea, and the influence of international conferences and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on EFZs. The main aim of this article is to examine current claims to EFZs, describe the legal nature of contemporary EFZs and analyse the motivation of coastal states for still claiming an EFZ and not an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which is a multi-functional zone that includes not only exclusive fishing rights of the coastal state but also other rights, jurisdiction and economic activities.