bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Tomato chlorosis virus in Lebanon
Authors: Abou-Jawdah Y. , El Mohtar C. , Atamian H. , Sobh H. 
Published: May 2007

Tomato seedlings showing leaf curl and yellowing symptoms characteristic of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) were brought to the university laboratory from a commercial tomato greenhouse located in the Damour coastal area, south of Beirut, Lebanon. They were first tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to ascertain their infection by TYLCV and then they were used in a trial to evaluate resistance of three local accessions of tomato to TYLCV, the major limiting factor to tomato production in Lebanon. Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), reared on broccoli for several generations, were allowed an acquisition access period of 48 h on tomato seedlings putatively infected with TYLCV and then were transferred to test plants at an average of 40 to 60 whiteflies per tomato seedling at the first-true leaf stage for an inoculation feeding period of 3 days. All treatments were conducted in insect-proof cages. Clear TYLCV symptoms were observed on the three local tomato accessions approximately 3 weeks after inoculation. However, 7 to 8 weeks after inoculation, many plants showed yellowing symptoms on the lower leaves that were not observed in previous experiments. Infections by Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and/or Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), two criniviruses belonging to the family Closteroviridae, were suspected. Diagnostic tests using PCR for TYLCV detection (1) and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for detection of ToCV (2) or TICV (3) showed that some tomato plants had a mixed infection with TYLCV and ToCV. None of the tested samples was positive for TICV. The RT-PCR amplicons (434 nt) obtained with the ToCV specific primers were cloned into pGEM-T easy vector. Sequence analysis of one clone revealed more than 99% nucleotide identity with the heat shock protein homologue (HSP70h) of ToCV isolates from the United States (GenBank Accession Nos. AY903448, AF024630, and AY444872) and 100% amino acid identity to ToCV isolates from Italy and Portugal (GenBank Accession Nos. AY048854.1 and AF234029.1). The sequence was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. DQ234079). Twenty-two tomato samples were then collected from plants showing yellowing symptoms on their lower leaves. The samples were taken from two greenhouses at the same farm in the Damour area. Six samples tested positive for ToCV using RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ToCV in Lebanon, but its incidence and distribution was not monitored. However, on the basis of symptoms and preliminary RT-PCR results, the disease does not appear to be widely spread in the country. References: (1) G. H. Anfoka et al. J. Plant Pathol. 87:65, 2005. (2) D. Louro et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 106:589, 2000. (3) A. M. Vaira et al. Phytoparasitica 30:290, 2002.
First Report of White Rust Caused by Albugo tragopogonis on Sunflower in Belgium
Authors: Crepel C. , Inghelbrecht S. , Bobev S. G. 
Published: May 2007

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is widely used for cut flowers and decoration in Belgium. A serious outbreak of what was suspected to be white rust on sunflower was observed in an East Flemish nursery near the city of Ghent in August 2004. This disease has previously been reported in Europe (southwest of France) (1) and other parts of the world with losses as much as 70 to 80% (Australia, North and South America, and Africa) (2,3). In the Flemish nursery, only single diseased plants (cv. Sunrich) were found. Blister-like pustules containing sporangia were observed on infected leaves. Initially the blisters were pale green to yellow on the abaxial surface and white on the adaxial surface of the leaves. As the disease progressed, white pustules that formed on the adaxial surface of the leaves slowly turned yellow, and the blisters on the abaxial surface became yellow to orange and necrotic in the center. Finally, the pustules coalesced and the leaves withered. Stem lesions were not observed. Short, cylindrical to spherical-cuboid sporangia, recovered from the pustules on the adaxial surface of leaves, measured between 17.5 and 22.5 μm, with an average of 20.2 μm. Sporangial dimensions were similar to those of Albugo tragopogonis (Pers.) S.F. Gray (1). Inoculations were done by spraying a suspension of 1 × 105 sporangia per ml prepared by scraping pustules from naturally infected leaves. Leaves on three 2-month-old healthy plants were sprayed with this inoculum and three plants sprayed with distilled water served as controls. The plants were kept for 48 h under a humid chamber and subsequently at room temperature (20 to 25°C) on the laboratory bench. Initial symptoms of white rust were observed 12 to 14 days after inoculation. On the basis of symptoms, morphological characteristics, and pathogenicity tests, the pathogen was identified as A. tragopogonis. To our knowledge, this is the first record of A. tragopogonis on H. annuus in Belgium. References: (1) K. G. Mukerji. Description of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, England, UK, 1976. (2) A. Pernaud and A. Perny, Phytoma 471:43, 1995. (3) P. S. van Wyk et al. Helia 22:83, 1999.
First Report of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, Watermelon mosaic virus, and Cucumber mosaic virus in Bottlegourd (Lagenaria siceraria) in Serbia
Authors: Dukić N. , Krstić B. , Vico I. , Berenji J. , Duduk B. 
Published: May 2007

During a cucurbit disease survey in August 2004, severe symptoms resembling those caused by viruses were observed on bottlegourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) in the Vojvodina region of Serbia. Symptoms included stunting, mosaic, green veinbanding, blistering, yellowing, chlorotic spots, leaf deformation, and fruit distortion. Leaf samples from 25 symptomatic plants were collected from two localities for virus identification using mechanical transmission and serological testing. Crude sap extract from leaf samples was mechanically inoculated onto bottlegourd and pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) under greenhouse conditions. Field-collected bottlegourd and inoculated plants were tested using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (DAS-ELISA). Positive reactions were obtained on collected and inoculated plants with polyclonal antiserum (Loewe Biochemica, Sauerlach, Germany) to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus(ZYMV) in 23 samples, with antiserum to Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) in eight samples, and with antiserum to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in seven samples. Each of the three viruses was detected in single as well as in mixed infections with the other two viruses. Biological characterization of viruses detected in single infections was done on the following indicator plants: Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Cucumis sativus, Cucumis melo, Citrullus lanatus, Nicotiana glutinosa, and N. tabacum cv. Samsun. The symptoms observed on indicator plants for each isolate corresponded to the results of DAS-ELISA (2,3). All three viruses are known to be important pathogens of cucurbit plants and were previously reported in pumpkin in Serbia (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of ZYMV, WMV, and CMV in bottlegourd in Serbia. References: (1) N. Dukić et al. J. Agric. Sci. 47:149, 2002. (2) D. E. Lesemann et al. Phytopathol. Z. 108:304, 1983. (3) H. Rahimian and K. Izadpanah. Phytopathol. Z. 92:305, 1978.
Clover yellow vein virus Identified in Ammi majus in Florida
Authors: Irey M. , Adkins S. , Baker C. A. 
Published: May 2007

Ammi majus L., a member of the Apiaceae and also known as large bullwort, false Queen Anne's lace, or bishop's-weed, is frequently used in the floral trade to add a lacey look to floral bouquets. A. majus is native to the Mediterranean Region but it is cultivated in major growing areas including Holland, Israel, the United Kingdom, and the United States. During March 2005, virus-like symptoms including mosaic, generalized chlorosis, vein clearing, interveinal chlorosis, and leaf rugosity were observed in nearly all field-grown A. majus plants at two locations in Martin County, Florida. Inclusion body morphology suggested the presence of one or more potyviruses in the symptomatic plants. Potyvirus infection was confirmed in 11 symptomatic plants using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of a 1,625-bp region of one of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction products amplified with degenerate potyvirus primers (1) from total RNA of symptomatic plants (GenBank Accession No. DQ333346) were 96 to 97% and 93 to 99% identical, respectively, to Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) sequences in GenBank. All symptomatic plants tested were potyvirus positive using ELISA, but only a subset was infected with ClYVV suggesting that the field symptoms were the result of infection with additional potyviruses, all of which are likely aphid transmitted. Although several potyviruses have been reported from A. majus (2), to our knowledge, this represents the first report of ClYVV infection. References: (1) A. Gibbs and A. Mackenzie. J. Virol. Methods 63:9, 1997. (2) P. Van Dijk and L. Bos. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 95(Suppl.) 2:1, 1989.
First Report of Rust Disease Caused by Uromyces galegae on Galega officinalis in Turkey
Authors: Tunali B. , Yildirim A. , Aime M. C. , Hernández J. R. 
Published: May 2007

Galega officinalis L. is an obnoxious invasive weed in the United States and a potential target for biological control efforts. The plant, a member of the legume family, is native to western Asia and southern Europe. During September 2001, uredinial pustules were observed on leaves of G. officinalis L. in Kizilcahamam, Ankara. Specimens were examined microscopically and compared with published descriptions (2) and herbarium specimens in the U.S. National Fungus Collections, Beltsville, MD. The fungus was subsequently identified as Uromyces galegae (Opiz) Sacc. on the basis of morphological characteristics of the uredinia, urediniospores, and teliospores. The following description is from the Turkish material: uredinia subcircular to oblong, hypophyllous, rarely epiphyllous at petiole, and 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter; urediniospores subovoid to subglobose, 17.5 to 20.0 × 19.5 to 22.5 μm (average = 18.0 × 20.0 μm), wall 1 to 2 μm thick, finely echinulate, cinnamon brown, and with 3 to 5 usually equatorial germ pores; telia similar to uredinia; teliospores irregular in shape ranging from globose to ovoid to triangular, apex papillate, wall 2 to 3 μm thick, thicker at the apex, chestnut brown, strongly verrucose to tuberculate, 17.5 to 22.5 × 22.5 to 27.5 μm (average = 20.3 × 24.5 μm), pedicel hyaline, and easily broken. Voucher specimens are deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 863535); a nucleotide sequence spanning the ITS2 and 28S rDNA genes of this isolate was obtained and deposited in Gen-Bank (Accession No. DQ250133). U. galegae has been reported on G. officinalis from Bulgaria, Greece, and Italy (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of U. galegae in Turkey and marks the eastern-most record for its distribution. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, On-line publication, USDA-ARS, 2005. (2) M. Pantidou and D. M. Henderson. Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 29:277, 1969.
New Outbreaks of Bacterial Wilt of Dry Bean in Nebraska Observed from Field Infections
Authors: Harveson R. M. , Schwartz H. F. , Vidaver A. K. , Lambrecht P. A. , Otto K. L. 
Published: May 2007

Bacterial wilt caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens was one of the more problematic diseases of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) throughout the irrigated High Plains (Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming) in the 1960s and early 1970s, but has not been observed since that time. However, in August of 2003, plants exhibiting wilting and irregular, interveinal necrotic foliar lesions surrounded by a bright yellow border were found in three dry bean fields (market class Great Northern) in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska. During 2004, plants exhibiting identical symptoms were additionally found occurring in more than 40 dry bean fields in western Nebraska. Affected fields were planted with dry bean from multiple market classes and seed sources, including yellow bean, Great Northern bean, and pinto bean, and incidence varied from trace levels to 80 to 90%. Isolations were made from leaf and stem tissues and seeds collected after harvest from infected plants, and all yielded slow-growing, creamy yellow or orange, fluidal colonies on nutrient broth-yeast extract medium. The bacterium was identified as C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens based on cell morphology (coryneformshaped motile rods), positive Gram stain and KOH reactions, fatty acid profiles, and BIOLOG (Hayward, CA) identifications. Great Northern (cv. Orion) plants were inoculated by bacterial suspensions (5 × 107 CFU/ml) injected into leaf axils adjacent to the first fully expanded trifoliolate and were incubated in the greenhouse under ambient conditions fluctuating between 24 and 35°C. Wilting symptoms developed 7 days after inoculation with foliar necrosis and yellowing symptoms appearing after 24 days. Identical bacterial colonies were reisolated from inoculated tissues, completing Koch's postulates. Although recent reports of wilt have been made in North Dakota (2) and western Canada (1) in 1995 and 2002, respectively, they were based only on the presence of discolored seeds observed in dockage from processing plants after harvest. To our knowledge, this report represents the first widespread observations of bacterial wilt from field infections in Nebraska in more than 30 years. References: (1) J. R. Venette et al. Plant Dis. 79:966, 1995. (2) T. F. Hsieh et al. Plant Dis: 86:1275, 2002.
First Report of Pathogenicity Group-3 of Leptosphaeria maculans on Winter Rape in Hungary
Authors: Szlávik Sz. , Barasits T. , Fernando W. G. D. 
Published: May 2007

Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is an increasing threat to winter rape (Brassica napus L.) in Hungary. The winter rape acreage has been increasing, and the occurrence and severity of the disease has become widespread in all rapeseed-growing regions throughout Hungary in a very short time. The blackleg-infected rape stubbles were collected in the autumn of 2003 in Ikervár, County Vas where the disease was severe. Ascospores were obtained from pseudothecia growing on infected rape stubble (susceptible cvs. GK Helga and Aladin). Three single-spore cultures were grown on V8 agar medium at room temperature and fluorescent light. The culture characteristics fit the type culture description for L. maculans. Pycnidiospores that formed on V8 plates were flooded with 10 ml of sterile distilled water. Seeds of cvs. Westar, Glacier, and Quinta obtained from the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Canada were sown in plastic pots containing peat mix. Seedlings were maintained in a growth chamber at 24°C with 90% relative humidity and a 16-h photoperiod. Seven days after sowing, cotyledons were wound inoculated with a 10-μl droplet of pycnidiospore suspension (1.5 × 107 spores ml-1). Interaction phenotypes (IP) were scored 10 days after inoculation using a 0 to 9 scale (1). All three isolates from Ikervár were highly virulent on cvs. Westar (8.8 to 8.9) and Glacier (8.1 to 8.3) and avirulent on cv. Quinta (0.8 to 0.9). The IP ratings indicated that these isolates belonged to pathogenicity group-3 (PG-3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of L. maculans PG-3 in Hungary. At the current time, PG-3 has caused at least 30% yield losses in susceptible cultivars of winter rape. Reference: (1) A. Mengistu et al. Plant Dis. 75:1279, 1991.
First Report of Alternaria Brown Spot of Citrus Caused by Alternaria alternata in Peru
Authors: Marín J. E. , Fernández H. S. , Peres N. A. , Andrew M. , Peever T. L. , Timmer L. W. 
Published: May 2007

Alternaria brown spot, caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, causes leaf, twig, and fruit lesions and reduces yield and fruit quality of many tangerines (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and their hybrids (3). In 2003, characteristic symptoms of brown spot were observed on young leaves and fruit of ‘Minneola’ tangelo in the Satipo Province of Peru. In 2004, the disease was discovered in the provinces of Chanchamayo, Leoncio Prado, and La Convención in the Junin, Huanuco, and Cusco regions, respectively, as well as in the Apurimac and the Ene valleys. In 2005, it was confirmed in the province of Oxapampa in the Pasco Region. Brown-to-black lesions surrounded by yellow halos and veinal necrosis were observed on young leaves, often causing abscission of young shoots and twig dieback. Light brown, circular lesions were observed on fruit, and when severe, resulted in premature abscission. Isolations from infected leaves and twigs were made on potato dextrose agar (PDA) with 10 μg/ml of benomyl. Colonies that developed after 5 days at 27°C were olive brown-to-black and produced small, muriform, pigmented conidia typical of A. alternata. On PDA without benomyl, gray colonies with conidia typical of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were recovered frequently. Inoculation of three detached young shoots of ‘Minneola’ by spraying with a suspension of 105 conidia/ml of A. alternata produced leaf and twig symptoms characteristic of the disease after 48 h and confirmed pathogenicity of three isolates. Symptoms were not observed on control leaves sprayed with water nor on an equal number of leaves inoculated with a suspension of 105 conidia/ml of C. gloeosporioides. Reisolation of A. alternata from diseased tissue fulfilled Koch's postulates. DNA was extracted from 17 isolates and a partial endopolygalacturonase gene was amplified and sequenced (2). Sequences of all 17 isolates were identical, and in BLAST searches of the NCBI database, the closest matches were A. alternata accession nos. AY295023.1, AY295022.1, and AY295021.1 with 100, 99.8, and 99.8% sequence similarity, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all isolates from Peru clustered with brown spot isolates from Israel, Turkey, South Africa, and Australia (1). These results, along with morphological characterization and pathogenicity tests, confirm the identity of the fungus as the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata. The disease has significantly reduced yield and the commercial value of fruit and may be a limiting factor for the production of susceptible cultivars in those areas of Peru. References: (1) T. L. Peever et al. Phytopathology 92:794, 2002. (2) T. L. Peever et al. Mycologia 96:119, 2004, (3) L.W. Timmer et al. Pages 19–21 in: Compendium of Citrus Diseases. 2nd ed. L. W. Timmer et al eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2000.
First Report of Northern Stem Canker of Soybean Caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora in North Dakota
Authors: Bradley C. A. , Li S. 
Published: May 2007

In early September 2003, patches of soybean (Glycine max) plants in a field in Foster County, ND had dead branches with reddish brown cankers at the nodes. Stem tissue with cankers from two plants were excised and immersed in a 0.5% NaOCl solution for 1 min, rinsed with sterilized distilled water, and placed into Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with streptomycin sulfate (200 mg/liter). Four fungi were hyphal tipped and grown on PDA, acidified PDA, or water agar (WA) with soybean stem pieces incubated at 21°C with 24-h light and identified by culture and spore morphology after 3 to 4 weeks. Cultures were identified as Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora that produced white colonies with interspersed cottony tufts of mycelium on PDA (1). Stromata were small and scattered irregulary on the plate. Perithecia of the D. phaseolorum var. caulivora isolates were black and globose with eight-spored asci formed on soybean stem pieces on WA. To confirm pathogenicity of the D. phaseolorum var. caulivora isolates, soybean plants (cv. NuTech 0606) were grown in the greenhouse and inoculated with recovered D. phaseolorum var. caulivora isolates. The stems of soybean plants at the V3 stage were excised just below the fourth node. Mycelia plugs of the four different 1-week-old cultures of D. phaseolorum var. caulivora were placed into the large end of disposable micropipette tips (200 μl). The micropipette tip containing a D. phaseolorum var. caulivora culture was subsequently placed over a cut soybean stem. The four D. phaseolorum var. caulivora isolates were used to inoculate 10 stems apiece. To serve as controls, 10 cut soybean stems were inoculated with micropipette tips containing plugs of noninfested PDA and 10 cut stems were not inoculated. Ten days after inoculation, micropipette tips were removed and lesions that had developed on the stem were measured. The mean lesion lengths of the D. phaseolorum var. caulivora inoculated stems ranged from 48 to 82 mm and were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater than the lesion lengths of the noninfested PDA (3 mm) and no PDA (1 mm) controls. Northern stem canker was only observed in the one field; however, surveys were not conducted to determine the prevalence of the disease throughout the soybean-production area of North Dakota. To our knowledge, this is the first report of northern stem canker on soybean in North Dakota. Reference: (1) F. A. Fernandez et al. Stem canker. Pages 33–35 in: Compendium of Soybean Diseases. 4th ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999.