bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telencephalon and Behaviour in Gasterosteus Aculeatus
Authors: Segaar J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe investigation concerns the problem of the function of the Telencephalon in the reproductive behaviour of Gasterosteus aculeatus males. This behaviour involves aggressive, sexual and parental activities whose strength was measured in breeding cycles some weeks or months after small parts of the Telencephalon had been removed and compared with non-operated animals. 1. Removal of the N.n. olfactorii or of the Bulbi olf. does not change the normal behaviour. 2. Removal of one complete Telencephalon-hemisphere also does not change the normal behaviour. 3. Removal of the frontal parts of the Telencephalon, including the olfactory bulbs, produces irreversible modifications in the behaviour in subsequent breeding cycles consisting of 1) significantly low Aggression, 2) Sex activity of significantly short duration and 3) significantly high Parental care. 4. Removal of the bilateral parts of the Telencephalon in a breeding cycle one month after the operation produces broadly the same modifications as after frontal operations, but after two or three months the behaviour can revert to the normal pattern. 5. After a transverse cut between the olfactory bulbs and the commissura anterior the behaviour can revert to normal in as little as one month. In other words these changes are reversible. 6. The recovery of the normal pattern is accompanied by regeneration, but is not proportional to the actual amount of tissue regenerated. It happens that recovery of the normal pattern in some days of the breeding week is accompanied by a modified pattern and a striking antagonism between the tendencies in other days. Since this runs sometimes parallel with apparent total regeneration, sometimes with partial regeneration it is probable, that architectonic structures are involved. 7. The regeneration after lateral operation is histologically visible after 42 days as a thick stratum of neuroblasts in the periphery and after 84 days as delamination of the same kind as can be observed in normal animals, and regeneration of nerve fibres. The Telencephalon of Gasterosteus males is concerned with nest-building behaviour and also with governing the relative balance of aggressive, sexual and parental behaviour. This integration is apparently of survival value, ensuring that the animals do obtain, defend and care for the optimal number of clutches per nest.
Brutpflegeverhalten Und Ontogenese Des Verhaltens Bei Surikaten (Suricata Suricatta Schreb., Viverridae)
Authors: Dücker Gerti 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI. Zwei im Juli 1959 geborene weibliche Surikaten wurden mit dem Muttertier zusammen 10 Monate lang beobachtet. Das Brutpflegeverhalten des Muttertieres wurde unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Säugens und der Säugestellungen beschrieben. Bei den Jungsurikaten untersuchte ich die körperliche Entwicklung und das damit zum Teil korrelierte Auftreten der einzelnen Verhaltensweisen. Lautäusserungen, Bewegungsweisen, Nahrungsaufnahme, Körperpflege, Abwehr- und Drohverhalten und Spiele wurden vom ersten Auftreten an bis zur Ausreifung bzw. bis zur Verhaltensnorm der Adulten verfolgt und z.T. durch Beobachtungen am Muttertier ergänzt. 2. Viele Verhaltenskompouenten haben die Surikaten mit andereren Viverriden, so vor allem mit anderen Arten der gleichen Unterfamilie der Herpestinen gemeinsam. So stimmen weitgehend Lautäusserungen, Schlafstellung, Scharrbewegungen, Sich-Strecken und Droh- und Abwehrreaktionen überein. 3. Ein Vergleich mit dem Verhalten anderer Raubtierfamilien lässt eine Verwandt-schaft der Surikaten bzw. der gesamten Herpestinen mit den meist als taxonomisch fernstehend betrachteten Musteliden möglich erscheinen. 4. Bei dem nur in einer kurzen jugendperiode auftretenden Zuscharren einer Grube (vielleicht ebenfalls bei dem auch bei Adulten erhalten bleibendem Ausscharren einer Grube vor dem Koten) handelt es sich wahrscheinlich um ein Instinktrudiment.
Parental Behavior and Imprinting in Cichlid Fishes
Authors: Greenberg Bernard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe brooding cycles of Hemichromis bimaculatus and Aequidens portalegrensis are very similar in timing except that the latter have a longer pit young stage. Exchanges of eggs or wrigglers between the two species resulted in ready acceptance of foreign young. Experienced as well as inexperienced pairs raised foreign spawn successfully in alternation with their own or were induced to brood mixed schools. Acceptance of eggs, wrigglers or free-swimming young was limited to those individuals, regardless of species, which matched in age and behavior the parents' brooding phase. Therefore, it is concluded that parent H. bimaculatus and A. portalegrensis are not imprinted on the species characteristic of their first or subsequent young. Instead, there appears to be an internal mechanism regulating the duration of the phases of parental care, that limits the responsiveness of the parents to particular stages of young.
Incubation and Nest-Building Behaviour of Black-Headed Gulls Iv: Nest-Building in the Laying and Incubation Periods
Authors: Beer C.G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract(I) Data are presented on the kinds and amounts of nest-building responses that occurred in the different situations I observed in the laying and incubation periods. (2) With a few exceptions all situations in which an alteration in some condition produced change in the frequency of rising and settling also produced change in the same direction in the frequency of sideways-buildings and vice versa. On the other hand the numbers of collecting trips were not significantly altered by any of the changes which produced alterations in settling and sideways-building. (3) In most of the samples of watches settling and sideways-building were significantly positively correlated and performance of one response tended to be closely preceded or followed by performance of the other. There was virtually no correlation or temporal association between these two responses and collecting. (4) The majority of collecting trips were performed when partners were together on the territory. Situations which produced extreme increase in rising and settling produced a small number of collecting trips by gulls alone on the territory. Settling and sideways-building were by no means confined to situations when the mate was present although presence of the mate increased the quantity of these responses. (5) It is argued that the term 'displacement activity' is not helpful, and indeed misleads, when applied to the nest-building of Black-headed Gulls in the incubation period.
Facial Expression in Primates With Remarks On a Parallel Development in Certain Carnivores (a Preliminary Report On Work in Progress)
Authors: Bolwig Niels 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this report of an unfinished study of the evolution of facial expressions the author draws a brief comparison between the most important facial muscles of various primates and of two carnivores, the suricate and the dog. Before discussing the expressions, definitions of the various elementary emotions are given and the criteria from which the author judges the emotional condition of the animals. The main conclusions reached from the observations are:- 1. Certain basic rules govern the facial expressions of the animals studied. 2. Joy and happiness are expressed by a general lifting of the face and a tightening of the upper lip. The expression originates from preparation for a play-bite. The posture has become completely ritualised in man. 3. Unhappiness expresses itself by a lowering of the face. In horror there is a general tension of the facial muscles and the mouth tends to open while the animal screams. In sadness the animal tends to become less active. 4. Anger is recognisable from a tightening of the facial muscles, particularly those around the mouth in preparation for a hard bite. 5. Threat varies in expression but it contains components of anger and fear. 6. Love and affection find expression through such actions as lipsmacking, love-biting, sucking and kissing. The oral caressing has its origin in the juvenile sucking for comfort. 7. Concentration is not an emotion but it usually shows itself by a tension of the facial muscles. 8. There is a similarity between the two carnivores under discussion and some of the primates. A common pattern of the facial muscles of the suricate and the lemur indicate a common ancestry and brings the two animals to the same level in their ability to express their emotions. The dog, although very different from the monkey in its facial musculature nevertheless resembles it in its mode of expression. This feature seems related to similarities in their biology which have been facilitated by the development of a bifocal vision.
Change in the Response of Spiders To Repeated Web Vibrations
Authors: Szlep Rasza 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. The resting position and response to vibrations differ in Arancidae and Uloboridae according to the consistency of the spiral thread. 2. Repeated rhythmic recurrence of the vibration stimulus brings about waning of the response. 3. Response decrement to vibrations of the web is not caused by motor fatigue. 4. The process of response waning is gradual. During the first phase, a slowing down of the response takes place; during the later phase, partial activities disappear and, finally, the responses wane completely. Response waning shows fluctuations. 5. Displacement activities and short latencies of the released responses during the phase of response decrement indicate a high level of sensitivity to vibrations. 6. Renewed release of the response after changing the vibration place proves that the extinction was not caused by adaptation of the receptors to a given vibration intensity. 7. Delayed returns to the hub, delayed responses, turns in the direction opposite to the vibrating radius, returns to the resting position before removal of the vibrating needle, and release of incomplete responses at short latency periods suggest the appearance of inhibiting impulses. 8. The recovery level after a 24-hour interval decreases during successive days of the experiment, independently of the number of tests. 9. Changes in the rate of response decrement and in the recovery level on successive days of the experiment indicate the preservation of long-lasting representations from one day to the next. 10. Rise of the threshold level causes weakening and slowing down of the response, while the appearance of inhibiting impulses brings about waning of the response to vibrations.
Hearing and Responses To Calls in Anurans
Authors: Schmidt Robert S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Nerve responses evoked by tone pips of known frequency were recorded from the medulla of Bufo americanus, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, Pseudacris triseriata, and Hyla crucifer. 2. Nerve responses were obtained between 20 cps and 4000 cps in Bufo and Rana, and between 100 cps and 6000 cps in Pseudacris and Hyla. 3. In all species, the best frequency for nerve responses was 1000 cps. In Pseudacris and Hyla there was a second low threshold area at 2000-3000 cps. It is suggested that the lower frequency dip in the response curve may represent responses from the pars amphibiorum and that the higher frequency dip may represent responses from the pars basilaris. 4. The threshold at the best frequency in Rana is similar to the sensitivity of human hearing. 5. Three Pseudacris and one Hyla were induced to answer tone pips. 6. These answered pips of frequencies between 700 cps and 4600 cps. Since this conforms to the high frequency dip in the nerve response curve, it is suggested that the Hylids might have been hearing pips with the pars basilaris only. 7. Pseudacris answered pips of a great variety of durations and intervals. 8. The data suggest that responses of Pseudacris males to frog calls may be, to a great extent, non-specific. 9. Alternating of calls in duets is controlled by at least two factors. There is a constant latency between a call and the stimulus eliciting it. A stimulus following a call too closely inhibits calling. 10. The data obtained here and by others suggest that even for location of males by females, the repetitive nature and frequency of calls may be of only minor importance. Rather, trill rate is implicated as an important call parameter.
Cross-Modal Transfer of Discrimination Learning in Cebus Monkeys
Authors: Blakeslee Pat , Gunter Ralph 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCebus monkeys were tested for cross-modal transfer of discrimination LSs or single problem discrimination learning in both directions between vision and touch. In Experiment I, seven animals were trained on multiple problems in one of the two modalities and were then tested for cross-modal transfer in the alternate mode. One monkey out of the seven showed evidence of significant improvement in performance on tactile problems attributable to his previous visual learning. No other transfer, from vision to touch or from touch to vision, was observed in this experiment. In Experiment II, eight animals were trained to discriminate between a single pair of stimulus objects either tactually or visually and then were required to discriminate between these same objects in the opposite modality. Another four animals were trained similarly but, in order to determine if observed transfer across modes was dependent upon the identity of the discrimination required in the two modalities, were given different stimulus pairs to discriminate in the two modalities. Analysis of the results of Experiment II showed that transfer in both directions occurred under single problem training conditions and that this transfer was not necessarily attributable to specific learning of the same discrimination in the two modes.
Fighting and Avoidance in Response To Aversive Stimulation
Authors: Ulrich R.E. , Stachnik T.J. , Brierton G.R. , Mabry J.H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Avoidance behavior in single and paired rats was established by placing the animals into a chamber and allowing their shock-induced random movements to produce a bar press. Single subjects consistently performed better in the avoidance situation than paired subjects. This finding was related to the high incidence of shock elicited fighting which was observed between the paired animals. Both avoidance and fighting responses were typically made by one of the paired subjects while the other showed only the stereotyped fighting reaction. The addition of a naive subject into the chamber with a subject that had previously learned to avoid, also produced fighting behavior which disrupted the avoidance responding.
Imprinting in Birds and Primates
Authors: Salzen Eric A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBirds and Primates might be expected to have some similar behaviour patterns because they have some similarities in the nature and organization of their distance and contact receptors. An analysis of the reactions of newly-hatched chicks and neonatal monkeys to objects reveals many similarities and suggests that the contact provided by objects is an important factor influencing these reactions. Further similarities are evident in the behaviour of neonatal chicks and monkeys which are reared without objects either alone or in small groups, and in the behaviour of these infants when they are subsequently presented with objects or placed in small groups. The behaviour of neonates towards large objects is analysed into approach responses mediated by distance receptor systems and contacting responses mediated by contact receptor systems. It is suggested that contact reinforcement is required for the establishment of enduring social attachments and for distance perceptions to become secondary reinforcers for social behaviour. Available data on the role of contact reinforcement in imprinting are reviewed. The fear behaviour of chicks and infant monkeys is compared. There are similarities in their fear responses to strange obj ects both when tested alone and when tested in the presence of imprinting objects to which they have developed social attachments. In both chicks and monkeys fear of the unfamiliar object or situation is alleviated by the presence of the imprinting object. The social and sexual behaviour of chickens and monkeys that have been reared in isolation is briefly described and the similarities of their abnormal and inadequate responses are indicated. Normal social and sexual behaviour is prevented by fear, aggression, and lack of acquired stimulus-response adjustments to an active social partner. A similar analysis of social attachment in the human infant is presented and it is suggested that contact stimulation is necessary for such attachment but not for the establishment of distance perceptions of a familiar environment. The smiling response is treated as an ambivalent fear/relief response involving recognition of familiar distance stimulation. Social smiling differentiates from this ambivalent response through reinforcement by the social partner. The paper is based on available published experimental studies of neonatal birds and Primates and is intended to provoke new analysis and further studies rather than to provide a definitive analysis of the behaviour of neonates.
The Maturation and Regulation of Glancing Off the Parents By Young Orange Chromides (Etroplus Maculatus: Pisces - Cichlidae)
Authors: Ward Jack A. , Barlow George W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
I. During the parental period (3 to 4 weeks) young Etroplus maculatus skim or bounce against the body wall of the parent, a response termed glancing. 2. The glancing rate for the individual does not change during the first week of free-swimming but thereafter it increases; the increase, however, is only apparent in fry that have been fed. The glancing rate for the school decreases during the first week but this is due to mortality. 3. The individual glancing rate is independent of the number of individuals within a school (25-125 individuals) regardless of age. 4. Hour-to-hour changes in glancing rate also occur and are related to the time of feeding. 5. The orientation of glancing when characterized by 3 divisions, a ventral, a medial, and a dorso-anterior division, remains unchanged during development. 6. The orientation of glancing, when characterized by an anterior and a posterior division, shows definite ontogenetic changes. The anterio-posterior changes in orientation are reinacted each day, but steadily less so as the fry become older. 7. Feeding does not change the glancing rate for individuals about 7 days old or less, but it increases the amount of glancing 1.6-fold for fry 12 days old and 2.2-fold for fry 18 days old. The hour-to-hour changes in glancing rate can also be predicted from pre-feeding performance. 8. Feeding affects the school organization. After feeding the school becomes more uniform, moves closer to the parent, and as it does the young glance more. 9. Fry with normal parental care undergo progressive morphological changes. Fry deprived of parental care have a high mortality rate, while growth and morphological differentiation are severely retarded. After 9 days of parental care, fry have completed the major morphological changes and can survive independently of the parent. 10. During the early free-swimming days of the fry, the number of mucus glands in the epidermis of the parent increases by 34%. 11. When parents were coated with carbon powder it was shown that young actually eat from the parents' side when glancing, and presumedly eat mucus. 12. The changes in behavior during development are discussed with regard to the possible mechanisms by which feeding influences glancing rate, causal factors that might affect orientation of glancing, and the possible functional and ecological significance of this behavior.
Stimulus Preferences and Discrimination in Neonatal Ducklings
Authors: Klopfer Peter H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNeonatal ducklings which do not distinguish between a particular imprinting surrogate and some other model, may be able to learn to discriminate between the two with heat as reenforcement. When the reenforcement is a drink of water, some pairs of models are discriminated, but not others; there is no concordancy between discriminability in this and the imprinting context. The peculiar effectiveness of certain imprinting surrogates can therefore not be attributed to the sensory capacities of the ducklings.
The Songs of Five Species of Passerina
Authors: Thompson William L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA total of 1404 advertising songs of five species of Passerina, P. leclancherii, P. ciris., P. versicolor, P. cyanea, and P. amoena, were analyzed by measurement of sonagrams. Songs of P. amoena, P. cyanea and P. versicolor characteristically have compound elements, i.e., elements composed of more than one syllable, whereas the songs of P. leclancherii and P. ciris typically include only simple elements, elements of only one syllable. Songs of P. amoena, P. cyanea and P. leclancherii have essentially no repetition of elements. Student's t-test of the means of the frequency of each species indicated that the frequency ranges of amoena and leclancherii were very significantly different from each other and from those of cyanea and ciris. The frequency ranges of cyanea and ciris, however, were not significantly different from each other. In general the arrangement of the five species according to similarities in song structure parallels the morphological grouping of the species.
Factors Affecting Agonistic Communication in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Møller G.W. , Harlow H.F. , Mitchell G.D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This study dealt with factors affecting agonistic communication in rhesus monkeys. Definitions were given for various postures, facial expressions, and vocalizations. The data revealed that such communications depended at least upon the following factors: 1. Age Dominance displays (yawning, threats) increased with age while fear grimaces and vocalizations decreased with age. 2. Sex Dominance displays occurred more often and fear grimaces and vocalizations less often in males than in females. Crook tail should be used with caution as a measure of dominance, at least in subadult rhesus monkeys. The average duration of crook tail seemed to be a more relevant index of dominance than the frequency of crook tail. 3. Rearing Motherless mothering and peer deprivation depressed displays of dominance, while rotated mothering increased dominance displays. Repeated separation produced submissive and dependent behavior; however, calls for social contact (coos) were emitted much more frequently in these animals. This vocalization change was probably a product of social learning. 4. Social stimulus Displays of dominance and submission were dependent upon the nature (i.e., size, age, hostility) of the social partner. 5. Adaptation to the social partner Dominance related behaviors decreased and calls for friendly contact increased as the animal became more familiar with a strange social partner.