bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OF THE ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE WITH NOVEL STIMULI
Authors: Corah Norman L. , Tomkiewicz Robert L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMost attempts to classically condition the electrodermal response (GSR) have used aversive stimuli. A series of 20 novel slides were used as unconditional stimuli in a delayed differential conditioning paradigm involving reinforced and unreinforced conditional stimuli. Thirty female Ss were given 10 habituation trials, 40 conditioning trials of which half were reinforced, and 10 extinction trials. Orienting response, anticipatory response, and post‐conditional stimulus response components were analyzed separately for the different series. Differential conditioning was obtained for two of the responses during the conditioning and extinction series. The results indicate that a relatively mild novel stimulus can also effectively condition the GSR.
THE INTERACTION OF EXTRAVERSION AND NEUROTICISM IN ORIENTING RESPONSE HABITUATION
Authors: Sadler Timothy G. , Mefferd Roy B. , Houck Robert L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty different consonant trigrams were presented individually to 38 observers in a standard OR habituation paradigm while the GSRs and BSRs were recorded. The observers were later categorized according to extraversion and neuroticism (anxiety) scores. All observers evidenced habituation in varying degrees to these dissimilar stimuli; however, the stable observers responded to more of the stimuli than did the neurotics. This basic neuroticism effect was modified by the extraversion factor as shown by response magnitudes: stable introverts and neurotic extraverts habituated differently than did the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts. This significant extraversion × neuroticism interaction was also present, in the same form, in the BSR data: stable introverts and neurotic extraverts had declining BSR values, while with stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, the BSRs increased (i.e., they became less attentive).
MULTIPLE RESPONSES WITH DIFFERENTIAL PROPERTIES IN DELAYED GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE CONDITIONING: A REVIEW
Authors: Dengerink H. A. , Taylor S. P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStudies of delayed GSR conditioning have shown that when an interstimulus interval (ISI) of sufficient duration is employed, multiple responses may occur within that interval. The studies reviewed in this article indicate that GSRs which occur early in the interval are present by the second conditioning trial. They tend to habituate, appear to be orienting responses, and, under certain circumstances, they are conditional. Those responses which occur during the later portion of the interval are minimal, if at all present, when conditioning is initiated but show a negatively accelerated growth curve across trials. These second responses are conditional and may be protective reflexes which prevent damage to the skin. It is concluded that in GSR conditioning the choice of an ISI and the specification of ISI responses may seriously affect the nature of the behavior observed, and may have serious implications for other areas of psychological investigation.
ONSET AND TERMINAL ORIENTING RESPONSES AS A FUNCTION OF TASK DEMANDS
Authors: Beideman Larky R. , Stern John A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe frequency of response and trials to habituation of the electrodermal onset and terminal orienting response were manipulated as a function of discrimination tasks involving either stimulus content (pitch) or duration. There were no significant differences between the groups on either measure for onset ORs; however, the duration task group demonstrated more TORs and required a greater number of trials to habituate than the content task group. The results, interpreted in terms of the development of cortical models, supported Stern's suggestion that OR and TOR habituation are related to the content and duration of the stimulus respectively.
ANALYSIS OF CYCLIC HEART RATE VARIABILITY
Authors: Varni John G. , Clark R. Ernest , Giddon Donald B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present paper contrasts the relative efficacies of the traditional mean square or variance, and a time‐series statistic, the mean square successive Werence, as descriptors of cyclic heart rate variability. Estimates of fluctuation in the R‐R in‐ terval during the prestimulus and cold pressor stimulus periods were obtained for two subject samples. The first sample was composed of individuals having bilateral diiterences in the diameter of their pupils, a condition known as anisocoria, while the pupils of the Ss in the second sample were of equal diameter. A group sinu‐ soidal rhythm in the mean square successive difference of R‐R interval variation was observed during the cold pressor stimalus for the anisocoric sample. However, the rhythm was obscured when the traditional mean square statistic was utilized to describe the same R‐R interval variation. No rhythms were identified for the non‐ anisocoric sample. The mean square successive difference statistic would appear to provide a method for detecting cyclic autonomic variability patterns otherwise obscured by traditional analysis.
CARDIAC REACTIONS AND DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL LEVELS OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
Authors: Richard Jennings J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBeat‐by‐beat heart rate was observed during perceptual and cognitive performance in 78 kindergarten to third grade boys. Children at different Piagetian levels of perceptual and cognitive functioning were compared to see if changes in cardiac reactions mirrored different developmental levels of functioning.The cardiac reactions appeared to be a joint function of attention and cognitive operations. Perceptual tasks produced deceleration in all subjects. In contrast, all cognitive tasks produced cardiac deceleration followed by acceleration. Larger amounts of cardiac acceleration were observed with higher levels of cognitive performance in conservation of length and in a verbal form of class inclusion, but not in class inclusion administered with pictures. Lower amounts of deceleration occurred with higher cognitive levels of performance only in conservation. Skin conductance reactions and rated motoric and motivational involvement were not related to cognitive level of performance.
EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL TRANSECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD ON TASK PERFORMANCE UNDER VARIED MOTIVATIONAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Hester Gene A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis investigation represented an effort to apply an activation theory of motivation to analyzing the performance capabilities of spinal‐cord injured patients. The specific hypothesis was that the reduction of peripheral inputs to the brain resulting from functional spinal‐cord transection affects both cognitive and non‐cognitive task performance under specified motivational conditions. A verbal, serial‐coding task was chosen for study since it requires sustained attention, yet its performance is not prejudiced by the specific sensory and motor losses resulting from spinal‐cord injury. The performance of 20 patients with functionally complete transections of the cervical or upper thoracic cord was compared with that of 20 normal Ss matched with the patients for age, educational attainment, and verbal I.Q. All Ss performed the task under low, medium, and high incentive conditions so that the effects of different motivational levels could be assessed. The two groups were also compared on a non‐cognitive, reaction time task involving EMG recordings of the frontalis muscle. Quantitative analysis of the results indicated that functional spinal‐cord transection does not substantially affect serial‐coding performance under varied incentive conditions or the speed of motor responses.
PUPILLARY AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC CHANGES DURING AN IMAGERY TASK
Authors: Simpson H. M. , Climan M. H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the relationship between muscle activity and the increased pupillary dilation observed during cognitive tasks when S is required to indicate task completion. Pupillary and EMG activity were monitored while Ss generated images to words. In two groups, Ss indicated completion of the task either by pressing a key or by releasing it. In two other groups Ss made a key press response that was unrelated to the cognitive task. No key press was required of a fifth group. Results indicated some apparent effect of muscle activity on pupil size during the imagery task and the findings were discussed in relation to other variables affecting pupillary activity.
VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES TO EMOTIONAL STIMULI IN THE MENTALLY RETARDED
Authors: Gliddon J. B. , Busk Jytte , Galbraith GaryC. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTVisual evoked responses (VERs) to slides having different emotional content were recorded in occipital, parietal, motor, and frontal cortex from mental retardates (MRs). Unpleasant stimuli produced the smallest VER amplitudes, neutral stimuli the largest, and pleasant stimuli produced VER amplitudes between unpleasant and neutral values. These results are qualitatively similar to those previously reported for normal subjects, although they occur in later VER components in the MRs.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN STIMULUS INTENSITY RESPONSE
Authors: Buchsbaum Monte , Pfefferbaum Adolf 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDifferences in the rate of increase of average evoked response (AER) amplitude with increasing intensity of light flash stimuli were studied in 80 male and 40 female college student volunteers. AERs to four intensities of light were recorded from the Ss and a measure of the rate of increase of AER amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity was obtained. Results from Ss tested twice, several weeks apart, showed that the slope of the amplitude intensity function was a stable individual characteristic. The observed amplitude intensity slope was greater in women than in men; vertex‐ear leads showed lower slopes than vertex‐occiput leads; subject handedness or hemisphere of lead derivation had little effect. Twenty extreme Ss, 10 individuals with the greatest slopes and 10 individuals with an actual decrease in AER amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity (negative slopes), were studied in greater detail. The amplitude‐intensity slope was more affected by the absolute intensity of the light than the interstimulus interval or habituation effects.
HABITUATION OF THE ORIENTING REFLEX IN BRAIN DAMAGED PATIENTS
Authors: Holloway Frank A. , Parsons Oscar A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHabituation and dishabituation of the heart rate, skin conductance, and alpha blocking components of the orienting reflex to an auditory stimulus were examined for brain‐damaged and non‐brain‐damaged Ss. The non‐brain‐damaged group displayed the expected habituation for all of these response variables but the brain‐damaged group displayed evidence of habituation only for the skin conductance measure. The brain‐damaged group also displayed higher initial skin conductance response amplitudes and smaller initial alpha blocking responses to the auditory stimulus than did the non‐brain‐damaged group. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for mechanisms of habituation and for other psychological deficits in brain‐damaged patients.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF BIPOLAR ABRADED SKIN SURFACE ELECTRODES OVER BIPOLAR INTRAMUSCULAR ELECTRODES FOR SINGLE MOTOR UNIT RECORDING IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Authors: David Kahn S , Bloodworth Donald S. , Woods Robert H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDual recordings of single motor unit (SMU) biopotentials were made utilizing abraded skin surface and intramuscular (IM) bipolar electrode placements. Time relationships and waveform isomorphy between the recorded potentials suggest that, within limits, surface electrode recording is a useful technique for registering certain muscle action potentials when intramuscular placements are not desirable. Pen records of good resolution were obtained, to supplement oscilloscope photographs, when the physiological signal was initially recorded on magnetic tape at high speed and then played back at low speed through a standard electroencephalograph‐electromyograph oscillograph.
METABOLIC AND CNS CORRELATES OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION WITH RENAL FAILURE
Authors: McDaniel James W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTExperimental uremia in primates has been demonstrated to produce severe decrements in psychological functions which are related to the accumulation of toxic metabolites in blood. More recent neurophysiological research has referred uremic encephalopathy to disrupted sodium‐potassium exchange in uremic brain. The present clinical investigations have found decrements in cognitive functioning with repeated testing in patients maintained on intermittent hemodialysis, which were correlated with plasma concentrations of potassium and creatinine. Power Spectral Density analyses of EEG indicated a shift to lower frequencies in these patients as compared to control subjects. No significant departure from normal functioning has been determined in patients receiving renal transplant tested within 60 days post‐surgically.
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION OF THE GSR FOLLOWING A VARIETY OF CONDITIONING AND PSEUDOCONDITIONING PROCEDURES
Authors: Epstein Seymour , Burstein Kenneth , Smith Barry 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSeven groups of 12 Ss were exposed to various conditioning and control procedures in a delayed conditioning paradigm. The conditioning groups included a group that labeled the CS before presentation of the UCS, a group that labeled the CS after presentation of the UCS, and a group that did not label at all. The control groups included a backward conditioning group, a CS‐only group, a UCS‐only group, and a random, unpaired CS‐UCS group. All conditioning groups and no control group exhibited the inverted U‐shaped acquisition curve which is typically reported in studies of GSR conditioning. There was evidence that UCRs, ORs, and their interaction can interfere with delayed as well as with non‐delayed CRs. With initial OR reactivity controlled, there was equivocal evidence for a monotonic generalization gradient.
EVOKED RESPONSES AND PERCEPTION: STIMULUS CONTENT VERSUS STIMULUS STRUCTURE
Authors: Sandler Lorna S. , Schwartz Marvin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThese experiments tested whether waveform changes in evoked responses to visual stimuli could be produced by changes in stimulus content independent of changes in stimulus structure. Ambiguous figures were employed to manipulate content without changing structure. To manipulate structure without changing content, stimuli were presented in original and mirror image versions or versions varying in size. The results indicated that evoked responses can be modified by content differences independent of any structural changes, but it was suggested that content related changes might reflect the operation of more general psychological processes such as attention and emotion.
BASAL PALMAR SKIN POTENTIAL AND THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM T‐WAVE
Authors: Christie Margaret J. , Venables Peter H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPalmar skin potential levels (SPLs) and the amplitude of the T‐wave of the electrocardiogram (EKG) were measured in groups of habituated male subjects in conditions of bed rest and while resting in a sitting position. Significant correlations of ‐.70 and ‐.61 between the negativity of SPL and T‐wave amplitude were obtained when there was minimal palmar sudorific activity and skin potential could be designated as ‘basal’ (BSPL). Previous work had suggested that BSPL might be related to extracellular potassium (K+) levels and evidence is presented which relates EKG T‐wave amplitude to palmar K+ levels. The results thus provide support for the hypothesis that measured values of SPL reflect levels of body K+.
Behavioral and Physiological Effects of False Heart Rate Feedback: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Botto Ronald W. , Herrick Christine D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree experiments were conducted to study the behavioral and physiological effects of false heart rate feedback. These experiments were based on a paradigm advanced by Valins (1966) who stressed that the mere belief that one's heart beat is changing, regardless of actual physiological changes, is sufficient to affect behavior. The three experiments involved (1) a replication of Valins' original study with a closer examination of actual physiological responses, (2) examination of the role which subject attention plays, and (3) a substitution of unpleasant stimuli for the pictures of nude females used in the earlier studies. It was concluded that what Valins ascribed to merely the belief that physiological actions were occurring may have, in fact, been due to actual physiological changes precipitated by a general attention factor.
Sources of Information Which Affect Training and Raising of Heart Rate
Authors: Bergman Joel S. , Johnson Harold J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study was concerned with the effects of cardiac information and reinforcement on raising heart rate (HR). The experiment consisted of a 3 × 2 design with three types of cardiac information and two reinforcement conditions. The cardiac information given to Ss consisted of instructions to control an internal response (no specific HR information), instructions to increase HR (specific HR information), or instructions to increase HR while hearing heart beats through earphones (augmented HR information). External reinforcement was given to one‐half of these Ss, while the remaining Ss received no external reinforcement. Sixty female undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of these six experimental groups.Analyses of these data indicate that Ss in both the augmented and specific HR information groups were able to increase their HR. The no specific HR information groups showed no increases in HR, suggesting that awareness of the criterion response plays an important role in raising HR. No differences were found between the reinforcement conditions.
CNV Correlates of Task Difficulty and Accuracy of Pitch Discrimination
Authors: Delse Frederick C. , Marsh Gail R. , Thompson Larry W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe CNV was measured from 5 female and 5 male Ss during a pitch discrimination task with two levels of difficulty. It was found that females had larger CNVs during easy trials than during difficult trials. They also had larger CNVs for difficult trials in which they made incorrect judgments than for difficult trials in which they made correct judgments. The effect of difficulty and of correctness on the CNV is interpreted as a distraction phenomenon.
Urinary Acid Phosphatase Secretion Under Different Arousal Conditions
Authors: Barclay Andrew M. , Little Douglas M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSeventy‐three undergraduate males were randomly assigned to five different conditions, sexual, anxiety, aggressive, and laughter arousals and a control group, as a test of the hypothesis that urinary acid phosphatase is a specific indicator of sexual arousal. Pre‐ and post‐arousal urine samples were analyzed for the amount of urinary acid phosphatase (AP) present, and significant increases occurred only in the sexual arousal condition. Both general and specific elements of arousal as well as a possible link between sexual arousal and anxiety are discussed. These findings support earlier results of studies in this area.
Reliability of Sleep Measures
Authors: Moses J. , Lubin A. , Naitoh P. , Johnson L. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe reliability of sleep measures was calculated over two nights (and within the nights) for 20 young adult males. Percent time in stages 1, 2, 3, and 4, percent movement time, number of movements, and number of stage changes were significantly correlated between Ss over nights. The percent REM time and REM cycle duration were not significantly correlated over nights. Within Ss, the length of the REM period had a significant negative correlation with the length of the preceding NREM period but not with the following NREM period. These data raise questions as to the use of the standard sleep measures as reliable human traits in young male adults.
Congenital Nystagmus and Sleep: A Replication
Authors: Arkin Arthur M. , Lutzky Harriet , Toth Max F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn 8 subjects with congenital nystagmus, clearly manifested nystagmus was present while awake, with eyes open and closed, and during a variety of experimental tests, but could not be definitely discerned during REM and NREM sleep stages. However, conjugate REMs were present during the REMPs of all 8 subjects and could not be distinguished from patterns recognized in normal subjects. Brief episodes of reduced amplitude series of jerks were occasionally observed which could be considered to be “depressed” nystagmus, but such phenomena have been observed in the records of normal subjects. This replicates the findings of our previous report.
Characteristics of the Orienting Response in Hyperactive and Normal Children
Authors: Cohen Nancy J. , Douglas Virginia I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCharacteristics of the skin conductance orienting response (OR) to nonsignal and signal stimuli in 20 hyperactive and 20 normal children were compared. When 30 nonsignal tone stimuli of 6‐sec duration and 70 db intensity were presented, attributes of the OR to stimulus onset and its habituation were similar for both groups. However, when the task demands increased and Ss were required to make an active response to discrete stimuli in a delayed reaction time (RT) task, controls exhibited a significant increase in both tonic and phasic OR measures while hyperactives remained relatively unresponsive. Performance on the RT task was also clearly deficient in the hyperactive Ss; compared to controls, hyperactives exhibited slower RTs and a greater amount of variability in performance. It was suggested that for the hyperactives the warning signal given at the outset of each RT trial did not have the intended effect of alerting the S and preparing him to respond to the reaction signal.
Alterations in Cardiac Contractility During Classical Aversive Conditioning in Dogs: Methodological and Theoretical Implications
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Howard James L. , Lawler James E. , Sutterer James R. , Smithson Kenneth W. , Martin Philip L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn investigation of sympathetic influences on the heart was undertaken in dogs using classical aversive conditioning procedures. For this purpose, heart rate and cardiac contractile changes were measured, the latter using techniques assessing the rate of change or slope at which either the muscles of the left ventricle contract, or blood is accelerated in the ascending aorta, or the pulse pressure wave ascends from diastole to systole. Sympathetic influences were found to be more clearly manifest in contractile rather than heart rate changes as indicated by the greater attenuating influence of beta‐adrenergic blockade on anticipatory and unconditioned responses. Anticipatory sympathetic influences on the heart were commonly acute, becoming minimal upon repeated exposure to the aversive procedures. The rate of change or slope measures appear to detect sensitively extrinsic sympathetic influences on contractility. They are minimally influenced by intrinsic effects on contractility such as heart rate as well as non‐contractile events such as diastolic blood pressure. The slope of the ascending limb of the pulse pressure wave appears to offer a means of assessing contractility in human Ss.