bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Destuction and reconstruction: A Strategy for the war‐damaged areas of Iran
Authors: Amlrahmadl Hooshang 
Published: December 2007

This paper outlines the maln elements of a comprehenslve, self‐reliant territorial reconstrouction strategy for the wardamaged areas of Iran by drawing from existing experinece including that of the Islamic Republic. After documenting that extent and type of damage, and argument is presented in favor of urgent action and the need for planning.The relatinship beteeen the reconstruction strategy and national goals is particularly emphasled. National independence, defense and integration should guide the entire reconstruction process. Expanding defensive capacity of the border regions, territorial equalization of development, creation of an articulated system of reginal goverments, reduction of dependency on oil revenues, and adaption of a two‐tier technology policy are identified as major factor in achieving these goals.comprehensivenss and self‐rellance are shown to be characteristics of planning for reconstruction for war destructions in contries where planning was applied, Similarly, reconstruction needs other types of organizations, particularly popular and co‐ordinating ones.Reconstruction requlres among other things that existing and potential resourecs be identified and it is argued that these must be moblilzed befor they can be utillized. Different resources are mobiliz3ed differently. Various methods of mobilization are identified for mobilizing human, material and financial resoucrs.
Food Targeting in Darfur: Save the Children Fund's Programme in 1986*
Authors: BUCKLEY RUTH 
Published: December 2007

Emergency food aid has usually, if at all, been targeted through feeding centres. In Darfur, Sudan, SCF targeted food aid to the population on the basis of comprehensive household data. The decision to use this approach was taken in 1986 following the failure of both feeding centres and general distribution to meet emergency needs in 1984/85.This report outlines the development of the food targeting system and the types of data used for making allocations. Further research is required in order to find solutions to questions raised by the experience, such as: How can NGOs and government authorities arrive at a definition of need which is acceptable to local government and donors?; What is the most practical method for implementing a targeted programme to a proportion of the population?; Should individuals be given assistance which will enable them to remain in non‐productive areas?; and would direct market intervention, food for work, or cash distribution be a more effective and less disruptive form of emergency aid in famine areas?
Refugee Income Generating Projects and Occupational Health
Authors: SIMMONDS STEPHANIE 
Published: December 2007

The shift from purely emergency relief for refugees in developing countries to aid within the context of development strategies is slowly gathering momentum (UN, 1983; UNHCR, 1984; Simmonds, 1984). Such a move implies that if self‐reliance is to be a realistic goal then employment for refugees is essential; a number of income‐generating schemes are therefore being both proposed and developed (ILO, 1983 and 1984).Many of these schemes have implications for the health of the refugees, so this paper summarises some occupational health hazards and offers suggestions for future action.
NOTES ON NEW BOOKS
Authors: Hands Various , Bithell J. 
Published: December 2007

Social Criticism in the Early Works of Erich Kästner.Das Verlangen nach der Hölle.Meister der Komödie von Aristophanes bis G. B. Shaw.Liebe zum deutschen Gedicht. Ein Begleiter für alle Freunde der Lyrik.Ruhe auf der Flucht.The Hazard of Modern Poetry.A Swedish Reader.Die Kurzgeschichte in Deutschland.Studien über sprachökonomische Entwicklungen im Deutschen.Georg Büchner und der Dandyismus.Wieviel Mörder gibt es heute?Bin ich noch in meinem Haus
CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE
Authors: Parry Idris 
Published: December 2007

Wandellose Götter/Tagebuch aus Italien. By Gottfried Kapp. Dülmen: Laumann. 240 pp.Werke in zehn Bänden. By Ernst Jünger.Der graue Regenbogen. By Stefan Andres.Der Tod des Widersachers. By H. KeilsonDie fremden Jahre: Gedichte aus der Emigration. By Eduard Saenger.Flucht und Verwandlung. By Nelly Sachs.Nebelhörner. By Christoph Meckel.Landessprache. By Hans Magnus Enzensberger.Mutmassungen über Jakob. By Uwe Johnson.Der Seelenbräu. By Carl Zuckmayer. Edited by Alan R. Robinson.Das kalte Licht. By Carl Zuckmayer. Edited by Frank Ryder/
REVIEWS
Authors: Purdie Edna 
Published: December 2007

Aspects of the Eighteenth Century. Edited by Earl R. Wasserman.The Soothsayings of Bakis: Goethe's Tragi‐comic Observations on Life, Time and History. By Harold Jantz.Der Roman und sein Publikum im früheren 18. Jahrhundert. 1700–1767. (Abhandlungen zur Kunst‐, Musik‐ und Literaturwissenschaft, Bd. 41.) By Marianne Spiegel.
The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Authors: Prestwich Menna 
Published: December 2007

De la Révocation de l'Édit de Nantes à la Guerre des Cévennes. By Jules Michelet, edited by P. Viallaneix. ‘Une Foi, Une Loi, Un Roi?’: La Révocation de l'Édit de Nantes. By Elisabeth Labrousse. L'Édit de Nantes et sa Révocalion: Histoire d'une Intolérance. By Janine Garrisson. Le Venin de l'Hérésie: Image du Protestantitme et Combat Catholique au XVIIe siècle. By Bernard Dompnier. La Révocation de l'Édit de Nantes: Protestants et Catholiques Français de 1598 à 1685. By Jean Quéniart. Croire en Liberté: l'Église Catholique et la Révocation de l'Édit de Nantes. By Jean‐Robert Armogathe. Le Refuge Huguenot. Edited by M. Magdelaine and R. von Thadden. Le Refuge Protestant. By Myriam Yardeni. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Terre d'Exil: L'Angleterre et ses Réfugiés Français et Wallons, de la Réforme à la Révocation de l'Édit de Nantes, 1550–1700. By Bernard Cottret, introduction by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie.
Making Things More Complicated: politics and agrarianism in Modem Ireland
Authors: Hoppen K. Theodore 
Published: December 2007

Sir William Gregory of Coole: a biography. By Brian Jenkins.The Plan of Campaign 1886–1891. By Laurence M. Geary.Ireland and the Death of Kindness: the experience of constructive Unionism 1890–1905. By Andrew Gailey.Conflict and Conciliation in Ireland 1890–1920: Parnellites and radical agrarians. By Paul Bew.
Actuarial approaches to pension schemes
Authors: Féraud Lucien 
Published: December 2007

Do pension schemes which are referred to as “assessment schemes” or, to be more precise, those which provide for and take into account the adjustment of pensions, need the contribution of actuarial science? If so, what is its function?These questions were raised in the early 1930s by Albert Thomas, Director of the ILO, and his colleagues, especially by Adrien Tixier, Chief of the Social Insurance Section (later a Division). Since then, they have been the subject of extensive and remarkably high‐level discussion. In this article, one of the people who contributed most to this discussion gives his personal answer to this question and bases it on the use of tables showing projections.Through its Permanent Committee of Actuaries and Statisticians, the ISSA has devoted great efforts to studying “demographic and financial projections in social security”. The subject remains on this Committee's programme of work and in going into it more thoroughly, the Committee proposes to limit itself to the invalidity, old‐age and death risks. The present article forms part of this research work: it concentrates on schemes which provide for the adjustment of pensions.
HUMAN TEAR PROTEIN FRACTIONS DURING WAKING HOURS
Authors: Haggerty C. M. , Larke J. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract Reliable collection and analysis of human tear proteins presents considerable problems. The volume of unstimulated tear samples is necessarily very small, although stimulated (tears may be easily provoked with a consequent change in composition.In the present study, 5‐μl samples of human tear fluid were carefully removed, over a 10 min period, from 10 male Caucasian subjects with the aid of a 5‐μl “microcap”. The procedure was repeated at 2‐h intervals between 08.00 and 22.00 hours. The collected samples were individually separated into their major protein fractions using gel column electrophoresis. The separated material was stained and scanned, and the concentration of proteins present estimated by comparison with known protein standards. Consistent values for protein concentrations were recorded for full participating subjects, and no variation during waking hours was demonstrated.
OPTHOPTIC TREATMENT IN TEENAGE PATIENTS
Authors: Pickwell L. D. , Jenkins T. C. A 
Published: December 2007

Abstract A survey of 100 patients who received orthoptic treatment in the Bradford University. Clinic is examined to see the level of success with the different binocular anomalies, indicating what factors were common in successful cases, and the type of treatment given.A successful outcome or Worthwhile improvement was achieved in enough cases to conclude that orthoptics in teenage patients is often appropriate, even in strabismus, if the cases are selected carefully. There was no indication that the actual age made any difference once the patient was between 11 and 19 years, but the starting acuity was significant.
INTER‐RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BRITISH DRIVERS‘ VISUAL ABILITIES, AGE AND ROAD ACCIDENT HISTORIES
Authors: Davison Peter A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract— Statistical analysis is described of data on 1000 British drivers' accident histories and their performance on a vision screening instrument. Significant positive associations are evident between various accident variables and tests of hyperphoria, right eye visual acuity, left eye acuity and binocular acuity. The clustering of associations is strongest for older drivers. The significance of hyperphoria has received little attention previously.The age‐related associations with accidents parallel the decline with age of other visual abilities. Statutory re‐testing of drivers' vision at about the age of 50 is recommended.
A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR COLOUR‐VISION EXAMINATION: REPORT OF THE STANDARDIZATION COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH GROUP ON COLOUR‐VISION DEFICIENCIES*
Authors: Birch Jennifer 
Published: December 2007

Abstract— There are different types and degrees of colour deficiency and some types of defect occur more frequently than others. Several different techniques are used for examining colour vision and many different tests are available commercially. Clinical tests have three aims: to screen for colour deficiency, to diagnose or classify the type of defect and to grade the severity of the defect. Individual tests do not fulfil all three aims and a test battery is recommended for any detailed colour‐vision examination or for giving occupational advice.This paper provides information about congenital and acquired colour‐vision defects and lists the principal colour‐vision tests. Standardized test methods and viewing conditions are described. The efficiency of each test, for screening, diagnosis and grading is indicated and appropriate test batteries are recommended for different testing requirements.
CONJUNCTIVAL CYTOLOGY IN HARD AND SOFT CONTACT LENS WEAR
Authors: Hirji N. K. , Scott J. , Sabell A. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract— The conjunctival cytological profiles of asymptomatic healthy contact lens wearers are described. An impression biopsy technique (5 h after insertion of contact lenses) was used. Significantly higher cell counts (neutrophils and lymphocytes) were found amongst the soft lens wearers, biopsies compared to hard lens wearers' biopsies or control subjects' biopsies.It is postulated that conjunctival cytological examination may reveal early, subclinical, cytotoxic effects attributable to the preservatives and chelating agents in soft contact lens care systems.
ACCOMMODATIVE VERGENCE AND RELATED FINDINGS FOR A NIGERIAN POPULATION
Authors: Kragha I. K. O. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract— Using clinical data, normative values of accommodative vergence and related tests are presented and compared to previously published data.The results are highly variable. The ‘phorias are the most variable tests while positive relative accommodation (PRA) and the recovery values on the whole have moderate variability. Negative relative accommodation (NRA), pupil size, break and blur findings on average exhibit low variation.
THE EFFECT OF PRISMATIC SPECTACLE AND CONTACT LENS CORRECTIONS ON OCULAR ROTATION
Authors: Obstfeld Henri 
Published: December 2007

Abstracts— The effect of prismatic spectacle corrections on ocular rotation for different object distances is determined and evaluated.The same principles are applied for a correction fitted on the eye, that is, a contact lens correction. The latter must be considered as a thick lens system. The effects of different types of prismatic contact lenses on ocular rotation are considered. Assuming the contact lens to remain stationary and the eye behind the lens to rotate, it is shown that the theoretical effect on ocular rotation of prismatic contact lenses is practically equal to their prismatic effect in air. The effect for high‐powered contact lenses is discussed.
THE MARTON LECTURE: OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC MEDICATION
Authors: Gilmartin B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract— The probability of ocular adverse reactions to systemic medication is low but when a reaction does occur it is often associated with one or more special factors relating to the condition being treated, to the patient, and to the nature of the drug itself. Nevertheless the role of the optometrist in the monitoring, detection and reporting of adverse reactions is important and is recognized by the College reporting scheme. A selection of the type of reactions that may be encountered in general optometric practice is reviewed. The reactions range from the relatively innocuous anticholinergic effects of the benzodiazepine tranquillizers to the more serious corneal, lens and retinal changes that may be associated with the corticosteroids, phenothiazines and chloroquine.The Marton lecture was delivered to the 33rd Northern Optical Congress, Bowness‐on‐Windermere, on 27 September 1986.
Visual conversion reaction in children
Authors: Barnard N. A. S. 
Published: December 2007

Visual conversion reaction (VCR) is a psychosomatic illness that will occasionally be seen by optometrists and ophthalmologists. This paper discusses some of the possible aetiologies and manifestations of the condition. Investigation and management of children with suspected VCR is discussed. Four case histories are presented in which signs of VCR included amblyopia, reduced accommodation and a deterioration in handwriting. The visual field defects presented include a static quantitative anomaly. Such a defect has not previously been reported.‘Just as you ought not to attempt to cure eyes without head or head without body, so you should not treat body without soul’ (Socrates)
An evaluation of techniques for measuring stereopsis in infants and young children
Authors: Broadbent Helen , Westall Carol 
Published: December 2007

Demonstrating stereopsis is valuable in vision screening of infants and toddlers, since its presence rules out the possibility of profound visual deficits. We assessed the performance of 55 infants and young children on three clinically available tests, the Lang, the Frisby and the TNO. The results were compared with those found using a computerized dynamic random dot stereogram.Most of the children tested were under 3 years of age and 10 were aged under 1 year. The Lang test was passed by 74%, including 50% of those under 1 year. The Frisby test was passed by 65%, but by only 20% of infants under 1 year. Forty‐nine per cent passed the TNO test; none were under 1 year. The computerized stereogram was passed by 42.5% of those tested, including 100% of those over 3 years old. Both this test and the TNO presented difficulty in testing infants between 8 months and 2 years because of the increased likelihood that these children would reject the red/green glasses.We recommend that the most appropriate stereotest is largely based on whether the child will tolerate red/green glasses. We would use the dynamic random dot test for infants under 8 months of age, the Lang or Frisby stereotest for infants from 8 months to 30 months, and the TNO or dynamic random dot stereogram after this age.
Spectral sensitivity in patients with dysthyroid eye disease
Authors: Sharanjeet‐Kaur  , Dickinson Chris M. , O'Donoghue Eammon , Murray Ian J. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe majority of patients with dysthyroid eye disease have an acquired colour vision defect. However, no psychophysical investigation of selective damage to colour or flicker pathways has been carried out. In order to clarify the nature of the visual pathology, we have used a psychophysical technique (spectral sensitivity) to selectively stimulate the chromatic and achromatic mechanisms. Spectral spots of size 1° presented at a rate of 1 Hz on a bright 1000 td white background are detected by the chromatic mechanism but a rate of 25 Hz reveals the achromatic mechanism. Fifteen patients (28 eyes) between the ages of 50–70 years were tested. The study showed that all patients had reduced spectral sensitivity, either 1 Hz, 25 Hz or both. The patients with reduced 1 Hz or 25 Hz spectral sensitivity only had a shorter systemic and ocular duration of the condition, had no proptosis, normal intraocular pressures in primary gaze, slightly higher intraocular pressures on upgaze, normal visual field plots and FM 100‐Hue error scores higher than the normal age‐matched values. The patients with reduced both 1 Hz and 25 Hz spectral sensitivities had a longer systemic and ocular duration of the condition, had proptosis, normal intraocular pressures in primary position, higher intraocular pressures on upgaze and higher FM 100‐Hue error scores than the age‐matched normals and those in Groups 1 and 2. A total of 50% of patients in Group 3 had defective visual field plots. These data suggest that there is damage of the large achromatic fibres and small chromatic fibres in dysthyroid eye disease. The mechanism of the damage could be one of ischaemic or mechanical or both.
Quantification of prism induced metamorphopsia as a model for clinical retinal (and other) distortions
Authors: Hirose Hiroshi , Enoch Jay M. , Tuan Kuang‐Mon 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMetamorphopsia (all causes) results in perceived distortions in the visual field. A simple technique utilizing hyperacuity judgments was developed in this laboratory some years ago to allow quantification of such distortions. We ask here, how good is this assessment method at detecting a distortion? To control better investigations of metamorphopsia, a model providing constant optical distortions and resultant perceptual metamorphopsia was devised using plane prisms of 8Δ and 15Δ. The instrument includes a beam splitter and a CRT display controlled by an IBM PC computer and a‘mouse’. In this study, three short vertical lines (perpendicular to the prism base‐apex line) were used to assess image distortion in the central retinal area. Positions of individual lines of this pattern were varied in order to determine perceived distortions induced by a prism. Normal observers were tested on multiple occasions. It is possible to measure accurately prism‐induced directional biases (mean locations) using this method. We separated personal setting biases from the prism‐related distortions. The test method devised mimics modest clinical metamorphopsia. Prism magnitude affected settings. We were able to make judgements to less than ±2% error.
Measuring contrast sensitivity with inappropriate optical correction*
Authors: Woods Russell L. , Strang Niall C. , Atchison David A. 
Published: December 2007

SummarySpatial frequency‐selective minima (notches) in the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) because of defocus can mimic those that occur with ocular disease. We examined the influence of measurement conditions on CSF shape in simulated clinical testing. CSF notches occurred with almost all levels of defocus for all subjects. Multiple notches were found under some conditions. Notches were found with defocus as small as 0.50 D. Effects of induced astigmatism depended on the orientation of the target. Notches were apparent in defocus conditions after stimulus size and room illuminance were modified and when subjects had insufficient accommodation to compensate for hypermetropic defocus. The equivalent of notches was not noted with the Pelli‐Robson chart. As defocus‐induced CSF notches may be mistaken for functional loss, careful refractive correction should be conducted prior to clinical or experimental CSF measurement, even at low spatial frequencies.
Optometric glaucoma referrals – measures of effectiveness and implications for screening strategy
Authors: Gilchrist Jim 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effectiveness of disease screening is conventionally evaluated using the epidemiological indices of sensitivity and specificity, which measure the association between screening test results and final diagnoses of all the patients screened. The effectiveness of optometric glaucoma referrals cannot be measured using such indices because diagnoses are obtained only on patients who are referred, while the true disease status of those not referred remains unknown. Instead, glaucoma referral effectiveness has been evaluated using measures of ‘detection rate’– the proportion of those screened who are correctly referred, and ‘referral accuracy’— the proportion of those referred who are correctly referred occurrence.Examination of these operational measures shows that their obtainable values and, hence, their interpretation are influenced by the total proportions of diseased and referred patients, one or both of which will generally be unavailable in evaluating samples of referrals. On the other hand, if valid estimates of these proportions can be obtained from other sources, it is possible to rescale detection rate and referral accuracy to take account of them. This rescaling produces a pair of weighted kappa coefficients, chance‐corrected measures of association between referral and diagnosis, which provide a better indication of true referral effectiveness than other measures.An important consequence of this approach is that it provides a clear quantitative illustration of the need for a dual strategy to improve the overall quality of optometric glaucoma screening; widespread adoption of more comprehensive modes of screening to improve accuracy, together with a significant increase in the total numbers of patients screened to improve detection. In order for detection rates to reach desirable levels, the total number of referrals in any sub‐population of patients must match or exceed the number of patients with disease. This analysis confirms quantitatively that which is intuitively obvious; not only that glaucoma awareness and uptake of screening opportunities must be encouraged in all patients over 40 years of age, but also that the older and/or more at risk patients are, the greater is their need to take advantage of glaucoma screening.
Deflectometric measurement of mechanical spectacle lens deformation
Authors: Peral Assumpta , Alonso José , Sanz Joán Canos , Bernabeu Eusebio 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe warpage of a set of six hard resin spherical lenses was measured when they were compressed by means of the tangential force exerted by a metal frame. The technique employed to measure the lenses improves over previous work both because greater precision is achieved, and because radii of curvature are measured in two perpendicular meridians. In this work, a representative sample of lenses has been used in order to test the way in which deformation depends on lens power and base. It is found that the induced warpage is enough to move the tested lenses between different base families, spoiling the initial design of the manufacturer.