bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Goodness and the Good Life: The Euthydemus
Authors: Russell Daniel 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter begins with reflections on the nature of value with Plato in the Euthydemus. This provides insight into the different sorts of roles that different goods play in our life, and thus presenting a crucial choice between ways of thinking about what happiness is — a choice we may not have realized we had: in particular, a choice between the idea that happiness depends on the things in our life in regard to which we act and choose (our health, our wealth, our projects, and so on) and the idea that happiness depends on the wisdom with which we act and choose in regard to those things. It is shown that Plato defends the latter idea in the Euthydemus, as he argues that happiness depends on how we give each part of our life the right sort of place in our life considered as a whole. The idea of giving things the right place in our life is called the ‘rational incorporation’ of them. The chapter explores what it could mean for pleasure, in particular, to be rationally incorporated into a person's life on this model of practical rationality.
Pleasure, Virtue, and Happiness in the Gorgias
Authors: Russell Daniel 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter argues that Plato's reliance on the directive conception of happiness explains the general course that Socrates' discussion takes with his companions in the Gorgias. It then takes a closer look at Socrates' own argument that virtue determines happiness. Not only does Socrates' argument articulate the nature of virtue as a skill, and the nature of success and flourishing for human beings, but it also removes the gap between virtue and happiness which hedonism — and all forms of the additive conception of happiness — takes to be there, requiring, as it does, that the pleasure of a virtuous life, rather than virtue per se, must be what accounts for the happiness of that life. The chapter concludes by discussing some alternative accounts of goodness in the Gorgias, focusing on the possibility that hedonism need require no such gap between virtue and happiness after all, on the grounds that virtuous activity and the greatest pleasure are identical.
Pleasure as a Conditional Good in the Phaedo
Authors: Russell Daniel 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the view that Plato defends asceticism in the Phaedo. It argues that this view rests on the mistaken assumption that, for Plato, pleasure is bad in its own right, and not in virtue of one's giving it the wrong place in one's life. It is also argued that in the Phaedo, Plato also rejects the hedonist view that pleasure is the good, since taking pleasure to be the good is incompatible with the sorts of priorities one needs in order to make any kind of good out of pleasure in the first place. The chapter concludes by showing how the notion of a conditional good affords a new and richer understanding of Plato's discussion of pleasure and value in the Phaedo.
The Philebus, Part 1: Virtue, Value, and ‘Likeness to God’
Authors: Russell Daniel 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Unraveling likeness to God in Plato requires a fresh approach that makes the greatest sense of it within Plato's larger moral philosophy. Such an understanding of likeness to God can be found by taking a fresh look at it through the lens of Plato's Philebus, where we find the idea that virtue is part of the divine realm right alongside the down-to-earth idea that virtue is rational activity in relation to the world as we find it. This chapter argues that the same idea can be found in Stoic ethics as well, in a way that can reveal new options for understanding Plato's conception of virtue as likeness to God.
The Philebus, Part 2: Pleasure Transformed, or How the Necessity of Pleasure for Happiness is Consistent with the Sufficiency of Virtue for Happiness
Authors: Russell Daniel 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In Philebus, Plato makes clear his view that pleasure is actually part of the agent's own goodness, because her goodness consists in, among other things, the sorts of attitudes she has and perspectives she adopts in the various dimensions of her life, and her pleasure is itself just such a crucial attitude and perspective. When Plato says that pleasure is necessary for happiness, he does not mean that good character could never be enough for happiness without pleasure. Rather, as the dialogue unfolds he reveals that pleasure is actually a part of good character as a whole, the product of reason's transforming all dimensions of the self. Since good character, or virtue, is this sort of whole, pleasure is necessary for happiness, because virtue is sufficient for happiness. Thus, the key to understanding Plato's position can be found in his analysis of the nature of pleasure and how it functions in a person's life. This chapter argues that in Plato's Philebus the pleasure of a virtuous character is necessary and important for happiness because it is a necessary and important part of that character, which, in turn, is what determines happiness.
Epilogue: Pleasure and Happiness in Plato's Protagoras
Authors: Russell Daniel 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Plato's Protagoras. This dialogue that has received enormous attention in discussions concerning Plato on pleasure because toward the end of the Protagoras Socrates discusses a form of hedonism, on the basis of which he then bases his subsequent argument on the nature of virtue and action. Since this hedonism facilitates his argument, it is natural to conclude that Socrates must endorse it. And, of course, this would mean that Plato, at least at some point in his career, was a hedonist.
Environment and Statecraft
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis book develops a theory of international cooperation on environmental issues. The theory integrates a number of disciplines, including game theory, economics, international law, and international relations. It explains why treaties are used to address these challenges, and what makes treaties succeed or fail. Treaties can only change behavior by restructuring the incentives that drive behavior. Successful treaties must therefore make it in the interests of countries to participate in and to comply with an agreement demanding substantial changes in behavior such as reductions in pollution emissions. The theory is applied to a number of environmental problems including acid rain, protection of the ozone layer, the management of international fisheries, and the regulation of oil dumping at sea. The concluding chapter, updated in the paperback edition with a new afterword, uses the theory to explain why the Kyoto Protocol will fail to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and why alternative approaches may work better.
The North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty and the Theory of International Cooperation
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter tells the story of how the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) was nearly hunted to extinction, and how the North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 not only reversed this situation, but probably sustained the efficient harvest of this resource. The case study illustrates that treaties can change behavior, but only by strategically manipulating the incentives that countries face in exploiting environmental resources. The text of the treaty is included in an appendix.
Transnational Cooperation Dilemmas
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter develops a theoretical foundation for understanding international cooperation problems — why they arise, and why they are not easily addressed. Cooperation is cast as a game theoretic problem. In particular, full cooperation is shown not to be a Nash equilibrium, implying that full cooperation cannot be sustained by the anarchic international system. This framework is then examined from different perspectives, including experimental game theory, moral philosophy, and international relations. The theory is illustrated by the example of international whaling.
Customary Rights and Responsibilities
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter casts the challenge of international cooperation in the framework of customary international law. It explains how custom is developed and sustained, and why it cannot address all international cooperation problems on its own, i.e., why treaties are also needed. Custom has been particularly important in establishing property rights, such as the Exclusive Economic Zone. The chapter illustrates these ideas by explaining the role that custom played in addressing pollution of the Rhine.
International Environmental Agreements
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter explains why international agreements have increasingly been used to address international cooperation problems. It outlines the process of treaty making, and explains how process can shape outcomes. It then details the key features of treaties, such as the minimum participation level, basic obligations, withdrawal, and the use of trade restrictions. The appendix provides a comprehensive listing of multilateral environmental treaties currently in force, with information on date of adoption and entry into force, membership, and provisions for trade restrictions and administration.
The Treaty Participation Game
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBuilding on the information developed in the previous six chapters, this chapter develops a theoretical model of international cooperation by means of the treaty instrument. The focus is on explaining why treaty participation is difficult to enforce. The theory shows that a treaty sustains cooperation by transforming the prisoners’ dilemma. It also shows that there is a limit to how far this approach can improve on non-cooperation. The theory is illustrated by the case study of conserving anadromous fish stocks.
The Montreal Protocol
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter develops the main case study of the book — the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. It explains how the treaty was negotiated, and describes its main features. The theory developed in the previous chapter explains that treaty outcomes are shaped in part by payoffs; this chapter provides estimates of the payoffs (net benefits) to participation in this treaty. The appendix includes the text of the original treaty.
Compliance and the Strategy of Reciprocity
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe theory developed in Chapter eight assumes that treaty participants always comply with their obligations. In this chapter, compliance is enforced endogenously. The main conclusion is that a self-enforcing treaty must enforce both participation and compliance, but that treaty participation is the binding constraint on international cooperation. If the conditions allow participation to be enforced, then compliance can also be enforced. The theory is illustrated by reference to the Fur Seal and Montreal Protocol treaties.
The Depth and Breadth of International Cooperation
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe focus of the theory developed to this stage has been on the credibility of punishments. This chapter weakens the demands on credibility so that the theory can embrace concerns for fairness. The theory shows that even when the demands on credibility are weakened, full cooperation cannot always be sustained. Instead, countries must choose between a treaty that is “broad but shallow” or “narrow but deep”. The theory explains why international negotiations will tend to favor broad but shallow treaties, but also why such treaties will typically fall far short of sustaining full cooperation.
Trade Leakage and Trade Linkage
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe previous chapters developed a theory of environmental cooperation in isolation of other international affairs. This chapter considers the possibility of linking different issues, focusing on linkage to international trade. It explains that for many environmental problems, trade is automatically linked. One consequence of this is trade “leakage”. Cooperation to reduce pollution by some countries may, through the trade mechanism, cause other countries to increase their pollution. It explains how trade restrictions can more than neutralize this trade leakage; they can actually help in sustaining more cooperation without harming international trade. The theory is illustrated by reference to sea turtle protection, tuna conservation, and the Fur Seal and Montreal Protocol agreements.
Global Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter applies the theory developed in this book to a current challenge: global climate change. It provides an introduction to the issue, summarizes the history of negotiations, and provides estimates of the costs and benefits of mitigation. It then explains why the Kyoto Protocol will not succeed in sustaining cooperation because it fails to do what the book explains all good treaties must do — it fails to restructure incentives. In particular, it can only work if its obligations can be enforced, and yet Kyoto fails to provide the means for enforcement. The chapter then considers a range of alternative treaty designs, and explains why these will also fail. Finally, it uses the logic of the book to develop an alternative approach that is likely to prove more fruitful. This alternative approach focuses on the development and diffusion of new technologies rather than on emission targets and timetables.
Afterword to the Paperback Edition on Global Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter updates the previous chapter. It explains that while the Kyoto Protocol has entered into force, it is still unlikely to change behavior because the fundamental problems with this agreement have not been addressed. It illustrates the case for failure by the example of another, seemingly ingenious agreement — the Stability and Growth Pact that underpins European Monetary Union. This chapter also reconsiders the goals of the Framework Convention on Climate Change. It argues that the aim of avoiding “dangerous interference” with the climate system is unhelpful, since this level of atmospheric concentrations cannot be identified, and this approach focuses attention on quantitative limits when it would be better to focus efforts on taking “appropriate measures”.
Family members of relatives with alcohol, drug and gambling problems: a set of standardized questionnaires for assessing stress, coping and strain
Authors: Orford Jim , Templeton Lorna , Velleman Richard , Copello Alex 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTAims To describe a set of standard questionnaire measures for the assessment of the needs of family members of relatives with alcohol, drug or gambling problems, and to present evidence of their reliability and validity from a series of related studies.Design Includes cross‐sectional and repeated‐measurement studies.Setting and participants Family members affected by and concerned about the problem drinking or drug‐taking of close relatives in treatment and non‐treatment samples in the United Kingdom (white and Sikh) and Mexico City; family members of untreated heavy drinkers; and family members of problem gamblers.Measurements Four measures derived from a stress–strain–coping–support model of alcohol, drugs and gambling problems and the family: Family Member Impact scale (FMI), Symptom Rating Test (SRT), Coping Questionnaire (CQ), and Hopefulness–Hopelessness scale (HOPE). FMI, SRT and CQ assess stress, strain and coping, respectively. The exact role of HOPE in the model remains to be determined. The support component remains unmeasured.Findings Results from a number of studies support the internal reliability, discriminant and construct validity and sensitivity to change of the SRT and its two constituent scales (psychological and physical symptoms) and at least two subscales of the CQ (engaged and tolerant–inactive coping). Although showing evidence of satisfactory reliability and some evidence of discriminant validity, further work may be required on the CQ withdrawal coping subscale. Evidence suggests that the FMI is reliable and valid and may have a factor structure that will support future research (distinguishing worrying behaviour from active disturbance). HOPE is a new measure showing promising characteristics.Conclusions A set of standard measures is available for helping to assess the needs of concerned and affected family members, derived from an explicit model of the family in relation to excessive drinking, drug taking or gambling. It may have a role to play in correcting the current neglect of the needs of such family members, estimated to be in the region of nearly a million adults in Britain alone.
Reasons for drinking less and their relationship to sustained remission from problem drinking
Authors: Matzger Helen , Kaskutas Lee Ann , Weisner Constance 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To compare representative general population and treated samples on their reasons for drinking less and whether particular reasons were related to sustained remission from problem drinking for either group.Participants and design  A total of 659 problem drinking adults in a Northern California county identified through a probability survey in the general population (n = 239) and a survey of consecutive admissions to public and private alcohol and drug programs (n = 420), who reported drinking less at the one‐year follow‐up and provided reasons for reducing their drinking, were assessed 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐years post‐baseline regarding their problem drinking status.Measurements  Logistic regression models were used to predict sustained remission from problem drinking.Results  While the treated sample endorsed a majority of reasons in significantly higher proportions than the general population sample, the same three reasons were significant for both groups in predicting sustained remission from problem drinking: hitting rock bottom, experiencing a traumatic event and undergoing a spiritual awakening. Interventions by medical personnel and family members were either non‐significant predictors or significantly negatively related to sustained improvement for both general population and treated problem drinkers.Conclusions  General population and treatment samples have similar reasons for cutting down as they relate to sustained remission from problem drinking.
Correlates of regular cigarette smoking in a population‐based sample of Australian twins
Authors: Agrawal Arpana , Madden Pamela A. F. , Heath Andrew C. , Lynskey Michael T. , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Martin Nicholas G. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate the role of measured risk factors and the influence of genetic and environmental factors on regular cigarette smoking.Design  Members of monozygotic and dizygotic, including unlike‐sex twin pairs (n = 6257) from a young adult cohort from the Australian Twin Registry.Methods  Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine whether putative risk factors were significantly associated with regular cigarette smoking. Risk factors were classified into four tiers: tier 1 (parental history, including parental education, alcoholism and cigarette smoking), tier 2 (early home and family influences), tier 3 (early life events, e.g. trauma) and tier 4 (psychiatric symptoms/disorders with onset prior to 14 years), after controlling for gender, zygosity and their interactions. Genetic models were fitted to examine the heritability of smoking behavior before and after controlling for significant covariates from the four tiers.Findings  Parental history of cigarette smoking and alcoholism, parental closeness and home environment, as well as incidence of childhood sexual abuse or other trauma, a history of early onset panic attacks and conduct problems were associated with regular cigarette smoking. Important age interactions were found, particularly for family background risk factors. Regular cigarette smoking was moderately heritable, even after accounting for significant covariates.Conclusions  Several measured risk factors are associated with regular smoking. While some of the genetic influences on regular smoking may be shared with these risk factors, a significant proportion of the genetic vulnerability to regular smoking is phenotype‐specific.
Drinking in the Commonwealth of Independent States—evidence from eight countries
Authors: Pomerleau Joceline , McKee Martin , Rose Richard , Haerpfer Christian W. , Rotman David , Tumanov Sergej 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTAims To describe the frequency of alcohol consumption and beverage preferences in eight countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).Design Cross‐sectional.Setting Populations of Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation and Ukraine.Participants Representative samples of the adult population of each country (overall sample size 18,428; response rates: 71–88%).Measurements A standardised questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers to examine alcohol consumption frequency and usual intakes of beer, wine and strong spirits.Findings Between 11 and 34% of males and 26–71% of females reported never drinking alcohol. Abstention was lowest in the Russian Federation and Belarus, two traditional spirits‐drinking countries. It was particularly high in Kyrgyzstan and Georgia, two countries with a relatively low frequency of alcohol consumption but large amounts consumed per occasion (particularly Georgia). On the contrary, Moldovan respondents drank frequently, but consumed smaller amounts per occasion. As expected, spirits were consumed in largest amounts in traditional spirits‐drinking countries, as well as Armenia and wine in traditional wine‐drinking countries. Beer consumption was relatively high in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan (males), particularly in young respondents.Conclusions Although cross‐country comparisons of alcohol intake should be interpreted cautiously, this study suggested that drinking patterns in the countries examined are not entirely typical of usual dry/wet drinking cultures, and confirms that the CIS is very diverse in terms of drinking patterns and beverage preferences. The study provides an important baseline for future comparisons as markets open to new products, as has been the case elsewhere in Europe.
Cirrhosis mortality in Ontario: effects of alcohol consumption and Alcoholics Anonymous participation
Authors: Mann Robert E. , Smart Reginald G. , Rush Brian R. , Zalcman Rosely Flam , Suurvali Helen 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTAims We test the hypotheses that cirrhosis mortality rates are positively associated with per capita alcohol consumption and negatively associated with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) membership rates.Design The impact of alcohol consumption levels and AA membership rates on cirrhosis mortality rates in Ontario from 1968 to 1989 were examined. Time‐series analyses with ARIMA modelling were applied to male and female cirrhosis mortality rates in three age groups: 15–44, 45–64 and 65 + years. Missing AA membership data were interpolated using two methods: linear splines and cubic splines.Findings In general, cirrhosis mortality rates were positively associated with alcohol consumption and negatively associated with AA membership. For some age and gender combinations, these effects were not statistically significant.Conclusions The limits of this study include restrictions in the length of series available and in the ability to infer causality. Despite these limitations, these findings are consistent with previous research demonstrating that per capita consumption is a strong determinant of cirrhosis mortality rates, and also that higher levels of AA membership can reduce cirrhosis mortality rates.