bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient of Monosaccharides with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)
Authors: Nagy Livia , Gyetvai Gergely , Nagy Geza 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe principle of a simple time of flight (TOF) diffusion coefficient measuring method is presented. It is based on the special capability of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM). Its applicability has been investigated experimentally in comparison with conventional electrochemical methods. Complex irreversible electrode processes usually bring in uncertainty into electrochemical diffusion coefficient measurements. One of these, the electrochemical oxidation of saccharides in basic media at a copper electrode, was selected for the studies. Microsize copper electrodes used also as SECM tip, and conventional size copper electrodes were used. Diffusion coefficients of D‐glucose, D‐arabinose, D‐ribose, and D‐galactose were measured. The results prove the advantages of the SECM‐TOF method in the case investigated.
A Novel NH2/ITO Ion Implantation Electrode: Preparation, Characterization, and Application in Bioelectrochemistry
Authors: Cao Wei , Hu Jingbo , Li Qilong , Fang Weihai 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA novel NH2+ ion implantation‐modified indium tin oxide (NH2/ITO) electrode was prepared. Acid‐pretreated, negatively charged MWNTs were firstly modified on the surface of NH2+ ion implantation electrode, then, positively charged Mb was adsorbed onto MWNTs films by electrostatic interaction. The assembly of MWNTs and Mb was characterized with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The immobilized Mb showed a couple of quasireversible cyclic voltammetry peaks in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The apparent surface concentration of Mb at the electrode surface was 1.06×10−9 mol cm−2. The Mb/MWNTs/NH2/ITO electrode also gave an improved electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The catalysis currents increased linearly to the H2O2 concentration in a wide range from 9×10−7 to 9.2×10−5 M with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The detection limit was 9.0×10−7 M. The experiment results demonstrated that the modified electrode provided a biocompatible microenvironment for protein and supplied a necessary pathway for its direct electron transfer.
Evidence for repeated re‐activation of old landslides under forest
Authors: Van Den Eeckhaut M. , Muys B. , Van Loy K. , Poesen J. , Beeckman H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLocal reactivations of landslides in forests are rarely reported in landslide catalogues. The occurrence of hillslope sections with fresh morphological landslide features in forested old, deep‐seated landslides, however, suggests that landslide reactivations are not restricted to residential areas. In this study, a dendrogeomorphological analysis of beech stands was used to investigate the periods of reactivation of a deep‐seated rotational slide in the Koppenberg forest (Flemish Ardennes, Belgium). The relation to rainfall and the correspondence to landslide reactivations reported in a nearby built‐up area were also analysed.A dendrometrical study preceding the dendrochronological analysis proved that, compared with the nearby reference site, trees on the Koppenberg forest landslide site were significantly more inclined and showed more knees, indicating that the landslide site has not stabilized yet. As the sampled trees are younger than the landslide, dendrochronology did not allow determination of the year in which the landslide was initiated, but analysis of two different tree ring width parameters (i.e. ring eccentricity and growth change) calculated for trees sampled on the Koppenberg landslide and the reference site proved to be of great help in determining the temporal sequence of landslide reactivation. During the past 80 years, several periods indicative of local reactivations (i.e. 1943–1945, 1949–1952, 1967–1970, 1972–1977, 1979–1981, 1988–1997) were found within the investigated landslide, but delineation of the spatial extent of the reactivations during these indicative periods was not straightforward. These periods generally correspond to years with above‐average rainfall. Finally, the fact that at least 34% of the years indicative of reactivation of the Koppenberg forest landslide correspond to a year in which a landslide reactivation was reported in the Flemish Ardennes suggests that in built‐up areas, apart from anthropogenic interventions, natural triggering factors remain very important. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using trehalose delivered by the intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA as an adjuvant for transgene expression
Authors: Tang Chien‐Hsiang , Su Ling‐Yu , Tseng Wen‐Chi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundIntramuscular injection is a popular and effective approach to administer naked plasmid for transgene expression. The use of an adjuvant can provide a straightforward approach for enhancing transgene expression.MethodsExpression plasmid was formulated with various concentrations of trehalose for injection into the skeletal muscles of C57BL/6 mice. The effects of trehalose on gene dosage and the duration of transgene expression were assessed. The levels of transgene expression were indicated by levels of luciferase expression of the homogenized whole skeletal muscle or by histological X‐gal staining of β‐galactosidase expression. Trehalose was also added to serum to examine the ability of protecting the DNA from degradation.ResultsIt was found that an optimal trehalose concentration of 10 mM will achieve a level of transgene expression that is seven‐fold higher than in the absence of trehalose. When compared with other disaccharides, only the incorporation of trehalose can effectively enhance transgene expression. Trehalose is able to improve transgene expression by intramuscular injection at a low gene dosage as well as prolong the duration of transgene expression.ConclusionsTrehalose is an effective adjuvant for intramuscular administration of naked plasmid with respect to both enhanced levels and prolonged duration of transgene expression, most likely due to retarding plasmid degradation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ evaluation of the protein value of wheat grain corrected for ruminal microbial contamination
Authors: Arroyo José M , González Javier , Rodríguez Carlos A , Alvir María R , Ouarti Mahfoud 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Uncorrected and microbial corrected in situ estimates of ruminal effective degradability (RED) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) and intestinal effective digestibility (IED) of DM and CP of a wheat grain sample were obtained by a simplified method using a sample pooled from rumen‐incubated residues representing rumen outflow of undegraded food. Uncorrected values of RED of DM and CP were also obtained by the usual mathematical integration method. The study was performed in three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers.RESULTS: Uncorrected values of RED of CP were similar either for the mathematical integration or this simplified method (82.4% vs. 82.2%). Microbial contamination in the rumen led to small underestimations (P < 0.05) of RED of DM (87.9% vs. 88.1%) and CP (82.2% vs. 82.8%) and to small overestimations (P < 0.05) of IED for DM (66.5% vs. 66.1%) and CP (87.7% vs. 87.3%). Accumulative errors resulted in overestimations (P < 0.05) of the intestinal digested fractions of DM (1.8%) and CP (4.0%).CONCLUSION: Corrected values of intestinal digested CP show that the protein value of wheat is closely related to the microbial protein synthesis derived from its OM rumen fermentation. This synthesis and the content of intestinal digested undegraded protein may be respectively higher and lower than is usually assumed in feed tables. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of a 1H δ‐resolved 2D NMR experiment to the visualization of enantiomers in chiral environment, using sample spatial encoding and selective echoes
Authors: Giraud Nicolas , Joos Marc , Courtieu Jacques , Merlet Denis 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe present the application of a 2D broadband homodecoupled proton NMR experiment to the visualization of enantiomers. In a chiral environment, the existence of diastereoisomeric intermolecular interactions can yield—generally slight—variations of proton chemical shifts from one enantiomer to another. We show that this approach, which relies on a spatial encoding of the NMR sample, is particularly well suited to the analysis of enantiomeric mixtures, since it allows, within one single 2D experiment, to detect subtle chemical shift differences between enantiomers, even in the presence of several couplings. This sequence, which uses semiselective radio‐frequency (rf) pulses combined to a z‐field gradient pulse, produces different selective echoes in various parts of the sample. The resulting homonuclear decoupling provides an original δ‐resolved spectrum along the diagonal of the 2D map where it becomes possible to probe the chiral differentiation process through every proton site where the resulting variation in the chemical shift is detectable. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of this approach, regarding other experiments which provide homodecoupled proton spectra. This methodology is applied to the observation of enantiomers of (1) ( ± )2‐methyl‐isoborneol coordinated to europium (III) tris[3‐(trifluoromethyl‐hydroxymethylene)‐(+)‐camphorate] in isotropic solution, and (2) ( ± )3‐butyn‐2‐ol dissolved in a chiral liquid‐crystal solvent, in order to show the robustness of this pulse sequence for a wide range of chiral samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bias dependence of internal quantum efficiency and carrier capture in a green (In,Ga)N single‐quantum‐well diode
Authors: Satake Akihiro , Soejima Kenichi , Fujiwara Kenzo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractInternal quantum efficiency (IQE) and vertical capture processes of photogenerated carriers in a c ‐plane green (In,Ga)N single‐quantum‐well light‐emitting‐diode have been investigated by comparing variation in photoluminescence (PL) intensity as a function of applied voltage over a wide temperature range (T = 20‐300 K) under direct (λex =380 nm) and indirect (λex = 325 nm) excitation. Under the direct excitation the PL intensity reflecting IQE shows a maximum value at +2.4 V irrespective of temperatures. However, it decreases to 23% from the maximum as temperature increases to 300 K. The PL intensity reduction observed at the optimized forward bias is much less as temperature increases under the indirect excitation. This difference observed between the two excitation conditions indicates an important role of efficient capture of photogenerated carriers into the active radiative recombination centers from the barriers under the presence of internal polarization fields. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐performance UV detector based on AlGaN/GaN junction heterostructure‐field‐effect transistor with a p‐GaN gate
Authors: Iwaya Motoaki , Miura Shuichi , Fujii Takahiro , Kamiyama Satoshi , Amano Hiroshi , Akasaki Isamu 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA UV photodetector based on an AlxGa1‐xN/GaN junction hetero‐field‐effect transistor (JHFET) with a p‐GaN gate was fabricated. The dark current density was as low as 10 nA/mm at a drain‐source bias of 5 V. When the JHFET was irradiated with 356 nm (∼400 μW/cm2) UV light, a photocurrent, of over 1 mA/mm with calculated responsivity of over 1 × 105 A/W was realized.Also, this device reacted to a flame. The responsivity is observed at a 4th‐order‐magnitude cutoff wavelength of approximately 370 nm, which correspond to the band edge of GaN. The decay and buildup response times are approximately 2.5 and 1.9 ms, respectively. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescence and reflectivity characterization of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Baron N. , Leroux M. , Zeggaoui N. , Corfdir P. , Semond F. , Bougrioua Z. , Azize M. , Cordier Y. , Massies J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe report on the optical characterization by photoluminescence and reflectivity of AlxGa1–xN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structures. The samples studied were grown either by molecular beam epitaxy or metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy, on silicon (111) or sapphire (0001) substrates. We focus on a broad luminescence band, shown to be related to the GaN cap layer (surface quantum‐well) and its injection intensity dependence. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multidimensional near‐ and far‐field measurements of broad ridge (Al,In)GaN laser diodes
Authors: Rogowsky Stephan , Braun Harald , Schwarz Ulrich T. , Brüninghoff Stefanie , Lell Alfred , Strauß Uwe 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBroad (Al,In)GaN laser diodes (LD) with ridge widths of some micrometers show up multi mode patterns. We analyze (Al,In)GaN LDs with different ridge widths in the UV and blue spectral regime simultaneously with temporal, spectral and spatial resolution in the near‐ and far‐field. We transform the laser beam of the LD by a lens system and get a magnified image of the near‐field. By using a CCD camera we get the near‐field intensity information of the image. In combination of an optical fiber with a photomultiplier or a spectrometer we get the temporal and spectral information. Additionally we can image the propagation from near‐ to far‐field. In this paper we describe the properties of our setup and compare a near‐field (SNOM) and far‐field (imaging with a microscope objective) approach to the measurement of the LDs multi‐dimensional characteristics (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anti‐inflammatory activity of Rhodiola rosea – “a second‐generation adaptogen”
Authors: Pooja  , Bawa A. S. , Khanum Farhath 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRhodiola rosea (golden root), a unique phytoadaptogen grown in high‐altitude regions has gained attention for its various therapeutic properties. In India, this plant is found in the Himalayan belt and has not been completely explored for its beneficial health effects. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory efficacy of the tincture extract of Rhodiola rosea roots (RTE). The anti‐inflammatory activity was determined through carrageenan‐induced paw oedema, formaldehyde‐induced arthritis and nystatin‐induced paw oedema in rat model. The tincture extract exhibited inhibitory effect against acute and subacute inflammation at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight. Inhibition of nystatin‐induced oedema was also observed in a dose‐dependent manner. The in vitro inhibitory effects of the tincture extract from R. rosea roots was evaluated against the enzymes relating to inflammation. The enzymes include cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and Phospholipase A2 (PLA2). The extract showed varying inhibitory activities against these enzymes depending on the concentrations. A potent inhibition was observed against Cox‐2 and PLA2. Inhibition of nystatin induced oedema and phospholipase A2 suggested that membrane stabilization could be the most probable mechanism of action of RTE in anti‐inflammation. The findings in this study may provide the use of R. rosea root extract in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple approach to dynamics of entrainment interface layers and cloud holes in stratocumulus clouds
Authors: Haman Krzysztof E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper presents simple conceptual models of phenomena essential to the entrainment processes at the top of inversion‐capped stratocumulus clouds. Mixing processes lead to formation of an interface layer between pure cloud and the top of the inversion as well as downdraughts of dry air that penetrate the cloud interior and form ‘cloud holes’, spaces that have reduced liquid water content or are completely devoid of it. These processes are illustrated with one‐dimensional models permitting estimation of interface layer thickness as well as the cloud hole parameters and conditions of formation. Results are in rough agreement with observations. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
An Input Variable Selection Method for the Artificial Neural Network of Shear Stiffness of Worsted Fabrics
Authors: Chen Ting , Zhang Chong , Chen Xia , Li Liqing 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe relationship between yarn properties, fabric parameters, and shear stiffness of worsted fabrics is modeled using the soft computing technique. Because of the small number of samples, the artificial neural network model to be established must be a small‐scale one. Therefore, this soft computing approach includes two stages. First, the yarn properties and fabric parameters are selected by utilizing an input variable selection method, so as to find the most relevant yarn properties and fabric parameters as the input variables to fit the small‐scale artificial neural network model. The first part of this method takes the human knowledge on the shear stiffness of fabrics into account. The second part utilizes a data sensitivity criterion based on a distance method. Second, the artificial neural network model of the relationship between yarn properties, fabric parameters, and shear stiffness of fabrics is established. The results show that the artificial neural network model yields accurate prediction and a reasonably good artificial neural network model can be achieved with relatively few data points by integrating with the input variable selecting method developed in this research. The results also show that there is great potential for this research in the field of computer‐assisted design in textile technology. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2009
Toll-Like Receptor Engagement Enhances the Immunosuppressive Properties of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Inducing Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 via Interferon-β and Protein Kinase R
Authors: Opitz Christiane A. , Litzenburger Ulrike M. , Lutz Christian , Lanz Tobias V. , Tritschler Isabel , Köppel Alexandra , Tolosa Eva , Hoberg Maik , Anderl Jan , Aicher Wilhelm K. , Weller Michael , Wick Wolfgang , Platten Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSC) display unique suppressive properties on T-cell immunity, thus representing an attractive vehicle for the treatment of conditions associated with harmful T-cell responses such as organ-specific autoimmunity and graft-versus-host disease. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells and recognize conserved pathogen-derived components. Ligation of TLR activates multiple innate and adaptive immune response pathways to eliminate and protect against invading pathogens. In this work, we show that TLR expressed on human bone marrow-derived MSC enhanced the immunosuppressive phenotype of MSC. Immunosuppression mediated by TLR was dependent on the production of immunosuppressive kynurenines by the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1). Induction of IDO1 by TLR involved an autocrine interferon (IFN)-β signaling loop, which was dependent on protein kinase R (PKR), but independent of IFN-γ. These data define a new role for TLR in MSC immunobiology, which is to augment the immunosuppressive properties of MSC in the absence of IFN-γ rather than inducing proinflammatory immune response pathways. PKR and IFN-β play a central, previously unidentified role in orchestrating the production of immunosuppressive kynurenines by MSC.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Synthesis and Properties of Alkyl Glycoside and Stachyose Fatty Acid Polyesters
Authors: Akoh Casimir C. , Swanson Barry G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA solvent‐free interesterification procedure was used to synthesize alkyl giycoside fatty acid polyesters: methyl glucoside polyesters, methyl galactoside polyesters, octyl glucoside polyesters, and tetrasaccharide fatty acid polyester, stachyose polyester. To obtain high yields, the hydroxyl groups on alkyl glycosides and stachyose were first protected by acetylation, and thereafter interesterified with fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of long chain fatty acids to yield saccharide polyesters. Spectral analysis indicated excellent substitution of fatty acids onto the saccharide moiety. Quantitative C‐13 NMR spectroscopic data calculation of the degree of substitution on the saccharide acetates and the saccharide fatty acid polyesters were obtained using chromium acetyl acetonate. Studies of the physical properties of the polyesters indicated that the alkyl glycosides and stachyose polyesters were not markedly different from sucrose polyesters (SPE) or triglycerides.In vitro lipolysis indicated no evidence of hydrolysis, suggesting potential use of alkyl giycoside and stachyose fatty acid polyesters as low calorie oils.
Photo-Induced Spin Dynamics in Semiconductor Quantum Wells
Authors: Miah M Idrish 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
We experimentally investigate the dynamics of spins in GaAs quantum wells under applied electric bias by photoluminescence (PL) measurements excited with circularly polarized light. The bias-dependent circular polarization of PL (P
PL) with and without magnetic field is studied. TheP
PLwithout magnetic field is found to be decayed with an enhancement of increasing the strength of the negative bias. However,P
PLin a transverse magnetic field shows oscillations under an electric bias, indicating that the precession of electron spin occurs in quantum wells. The results are discussed based on the electron–hole exchange interaction in the electric field.
The Effect of Statutory Notice of Incumbrances
Authors: Wade H. W. R. 
Published: January 2009

In the second part of his decision inRe Forsey and Hollebone's ContractEve J. held that, as a consequence of the statutory notice effected by section 198 of the Law of Property Act, 1925, (i) a purchaser of land was not entitled to object to incumbrances registered at the date of the contract; and (ii) that this was true even where the contract expressly provided that the sale should be free from incumbrances.It is submitted that both conclusions are erroneous as well as inconvenient.The objection to conclusion (i) is that a purchaser is bound to accept incumbrances only if he has waived objection to them, and he cannot be said to show an intention to waive by acts done when the necessary knowledge was not actually in his mind; and, furthermore, section 198 is a provision about the doctrine of notice and should be confined to that subject—it has nothing to do with the construction of a contract or of acts of the parties.The objection to conclusion (ii) is afortiori, since the purchaser has expressly protected himself against incumbrances. To say that this right depends on the vendor's inability to give oral evidence of a waiver is incorrect: the right arisesex vi contractus, and the effect of the special stipulation about incumbrances is to rebut any allegation that the purchaser waived his right by entering into the contract with knowledge of an incumbrance. An act of waiver can always be proved by oral evidence, and its effect is a question of intention. If there is no question of waiver, there is nothing relevant which the vendor can prove by any evidence of any kind, either written or oral.