bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topographic commissural and descending projections of the habenula in the rat
Authors: Kim Uhnoh 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe habenular complex of the epithalamus connects the limbic basal forebrain with numerous neuromodulatory centers in the midbrain. The habenula consists of the medial and lateral nuclei, each of which is speculated to contain multiple subdivisions. Such anatomical arrangements raise the possibility that the habenula accounts for multiple channels of information flow from the limbic forebrain to the midbrain. For understanding whether and, if so, how the multiple streams are organized via the habenula, knowledge of the precise input–output connectivity of each habenular subdivision is essential. In the present study, biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B were used to delineate the differential outputs of various subregions of the medial and lateral nuclei of the habenula in the rat. Both anterograde and retrograde tracing uncovered a heavy commissural connection between the two habenulae on the ipsilateral and contralateral sides. The commissural projection arises primarily in the lateral nucleus and exhibits a fine topography in that a local commissural efferent terminates primarily in the corresponding subregion on the contralateral side. The subregions of the medial and lateral nuclei also give rise to distinct projections to midbrain areas such as the interpeduncular nucleus, the median/paramedian nuclei, and the central gray. These projections produce terminal fields centered in different areas of the targets, supporting the topographically organized descending projections from the habenula. These data together support the organization of multiple channels in the habenula that convey parallel streams of information to the contralateral habenula, midbrain, and brainstem. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:173–187, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of monodispersed aragonite microspheres via a carbonation crystallization pathway
Authors: Bao Weijun , Li Huiquan , Zhang Yi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMonodispersed calcium carbonate microspheres were prepared by carbonating a calcium acetate aqueous solution with CO2 gas at a high pressure of 40 bar and a high temperature of 80 °C after 60 minutes of reaction. The products were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The XRD pattern showed that the crystal polymorph of the as‐prepared monodispersed microspheres was aragonite. The SEM images also displayed needle‐like aragonite self‐organized into microsphere superstructure with diameters ranging from 5 to 15 μm. Analysis of the formation mechanism of the calcium carbonate microsphere superstructure revealed that the rod‐dumbbell‐sphere morphogenesis mechanism along with the phase transformation of vaterite to aragonite was responsible for the growth of the monodispersed aragonite microspheres. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of axial vibration on Bi12SiO20 crystal growth by vertical Bridgman technique
Authors: Zhang Y. , Liu Y. , Jiang W. , Pan X. H. , Jin W. Q. , Ai F. , Wang H. C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBi12SiO20 single crystals have been grown successfully by vertical Bridgman technique. During the crystal growth process, different axial vibration amplitudes of 50 μm, 70 μm and 100 μm were applied with the same vibration frequency of 50 Hz. The effect of different axial vibration amplitudes on quality of the as‐grown Bi12SiO20 single crystals was discussed. The crystals have been characterized by X‐ray rocking curve optical and absorption spectrum. The experimental results reveal that the axial vibration amplitude has a pronounced effect on quality of the as‐grown Bi12SiO20 single crystals. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of flake‐like crystals by a hydrothermal process
Authors: Yang Liangbao , Shen Yuhua , Xie Anjian 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this study, a hydrothermal method for formation of flake‐like nanocrystals is described. This approach with appropriate surfactant CTAB can be successfully synthesized of compound, noble metals, and semiconductors simple substance, such as lead sulfate, gold and selenium. The products were characterized by SEM image and XRD pattern. The results show that TSA acting as a new class of inorganic scaffolds for the synthesis of materials in crystal engineering and composites design for different applications is versatile reactor and may be extended to the creation of other highly novel inorganic structures with applications in catalysis, novel optical materials and other fields. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Glycemic risk factors of diabetic vascular complications: the role of glycemic variability
Authors: Zaccardi Francesco , Pitocco Dario , Ghirlanda Giovanni 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAchieving adequate targets relatively to all risk factors is considered a standard of care for patients with diabetes mellitus. To date, current guidelines underline the importance of the ‘glucose triad’ (post‐prandial glucose, fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin) as the three glycemic factors that should be controlled in diabetes care; however, several literature data show that optimizing glycemic control needs achieving a control of glycemic variations. The objective of the present work is reviewing biological and clinical data supporting the role of glycemic variability, its measurement and relationship with the three other well‐known glycemic risk factors and evidencing the areas that need further investigation. At last, we propose a simple model that summarizes the ‘glucose triad’ plus the ‘new’ risk factor glycemic variability (the ‘Pyramid of the Risk’). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competition affects food choice in women
Authors: Pliner Patricia , Rizvi Sana , Remick Abigail K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjective:To examine women's food choices after exposure to a threatening upward social comparison in an achievement situation.Method:Female university students performed three tasks in the presence of a confederate; for some, the situation was competitive and they were made to feel the confederate was likely to outperform them, whereas the remainder performed under noncompetitive circumstances. After completing the tasks, all participants chose a food to eat in a supposedly unrelated taste test.Results:It was expected and found that participants in the high threat condition, in comparison with those in a low threat condition, would be highly motivated to restore their sense of self‐worth by successfully competing in an area unrelated to the original inferiority and would, therefore, choose a lower calorie/more nutritious food. A secondary analysis revealed that it was primarily dieters whose food choices were affected by the threat.Discussion:For dieters, competition by means of food choice can provide a means of restoring self‐regard when self‐esteem has been threatened in some other domain. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Health care utilization in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Mitchell James E. , Myers Tricia , Crosby Ross , O'Neill George , Carlisle Jodi , Gerlach Shamayne 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjective:To examine health care costs among patients with eating disorders (EDs) using the Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Dakota claims database system.Method:Four groups of individuals enrolled between 1999 and 2005 were identified: (1) a group diagnosed with EDs at the beginning of the study period, in 2000 or 2001; (2) a group diagnosed with EDs later in the study period, in 2004 or 2005; (3) a comparison group with depression; and (4) a non‐eating disordered comparison group.Results:Health care costs were high for patients diagnosed with an ED during the period when the diagnosis was made but remained elevated in the years following. Such costs were consistently higher than those for the non‐eating disordered comparison group, but similar to the depression comparison group.Discussion:Health care costs remained elevated after a diagnosis of an ED for an extended period of time. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Mechanistic Manifold and New Developments of the Julia–Kocienski Reaction
Authors: Aïssa Christophe 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Julia–Kocienski reaction has become indispensable in the synthetic organic chemist's olefination toolbox. Although the stereochemical outcome of the transformation is sometimes difficult to predict, some trends can be explained by an array of mechanistic hypotheses which have been put forward since the initial disclosure of the reaction. Moreover, several important developments have been recently reported and are summarised in this microreview. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Alkanethiols Modified Gold Electrodes for Selective Detection of Molecules with Different Polarity and Molecular Size. Application to Vitamin B2 Analysis
Authors: Blanco Elías , Dominguez Carmen S. H. , Hernández Pedro , Hernández José Vicente , Quintana Carmen , Hernández Lucas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe cyclic voltammetry behavior of several molecules with different polarity and molecular size on gold electrodes modified with nonfunctionalized alkanethiols of different chain length, usually employed as chromatographic stationary phases, are studied. The redox systems hexacyanoferrate(II/III), ferrocene/ferrocine and hydroquinone/quinone are chosen as template molecules. As modifiers, ethanethiol, 1‐octanethiol and di‐n‐octadecyldisulfide are selected. We can conclude that polar molecules can reach the electrode surface through channels created by the modifiers. However, when nonpolar compounds are analyzed, the nonpolar interactions between the analyte and the terminal group of the modifier lead to retention of the compound, retarding its arrival to the electrode surface. A molecule with polar and nonpolar part was used for the application of this conclusion. If the gold electrode is modified with di‐n‐octadecyldisulfide, the electrochemical behavior of vitamin B2 becomes simpler than that observed on a bare one. This result allows a sensitive and selective procedure to be developed for direct determination of vitamin B2 in pharmaceutical formulations.
DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of physically active individuals as measured by the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay
Authors: Gandhi Gursatej , Chopra Gunjan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDNA damage induced by physical activity and/or exercise has been reported under different conditions but not for individuals maintaining physical fitness by regular strenuous exercise. Therefore, we compared levels of DNA damage in blood leukocytes of 40 healthy individuals (35 males, 5 females) who regularly exercised in gymnasiums/health clubs and 15 healthy sedentary controls who had never exercised. The former group was selected (after informed consent) on the basis of how long they had been exercising on a regular basis as well as their exercise schedule and regimen. The length of time since starting a regular exercise regimen ranged from 2 months to 9 years, whereas the daily exercise duration ranged from 40 min to 3 hrs and warm‐up sessions ranged from none to 90 min. The length of DNA migration (44.66 ± 2.68 μm in males, 29.62 ± 1.69 μm in females) and the percentage of cells with tails (79.86 ±1.27% in males, 67.20 ± 0.96% in females) in peripheral blood leukocytes of physically active individuals were increased significantly (P < 0.001) with respect to corresponding values in control males and females (18.85 ± 1.79 μm, 23.37 ± 3.94 μm; 24.50 ± 1.98%, 33.00 ± 4.44%, respectively). Highly significant differences for DNA damage were also observed between physically active males and females. These observations, in the absence of any other exposures, indicate a correlation between strenuous exercise to keep fit and increased levels of DNA damage. This finding may have relevance in terms of the ageing process, with diseases associated with aging, and with carcinogenesis. Environ. Mal. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosomal aberrations in railroad transit workers: Effect of genetic polymorphisms
Authors: Catalán Julia , Heilimo Iiris , Falck Ghita C.‐M. , Järventaus Hilkka , Rosenström Päivi , Nykyri Erkki , Kallas‐Tarpila Tarja , Pitkämäki Leena , Hirvonen Ari , Norppa Hannu 
Published: January 2009

AbstractComplex chemical mixtures are transported by train from Russia to Finland for further shipment. Here, we studied if exposure to genotoxic components among these substances could affect chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in peripheral lymphocytes of workers handling the tank cars. An initial survey among 48 railroad workers and 39 referents (male smokers and nonsmokers) showed an elevation of CAs. A campaign was started to reduce exposures through preventive measures. Five years later, 51 tank car workers and 40 age‐matched referents (all nonsmoking men) were studied for CAs and genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotic metabolism (EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1, NAT1, NAT2), DNA repair (ERCC2, ERCC5, XPA, XPC, XRCC1, XRCC3), and folate metabolism (MTHFR, MTR). No increase in CAs was seen in the exposed group, suggesting that the preventive measures had been successful. However, a positive association existed between exposure duration and CA level among the exposed subjects. The level of chromosome‐type breaks was actually lower in the exposed workers than the referents, particularly among MTHFR wild‐type homozygotes or XRCC3 codon 241 variant allele carriers, suggesting modulation of CA frequency by folate metabolism and DNA repair. An interaction was observed between the occupational exposure and MTHFR, EPHX1, and MTR genotypes in determining CA level. The NAT2, ERCC2 exon 10, and XRCC1 codon 194 polymorphisms also affected CA frequency. Our findings suggest that handling of tank cars containing complex chemical mixtures poses a genotoxic risk, which may be reduced by preventive measures. Several genetic polymorphisms seem to modify the genotoxic effect or baseline CA level. Environ. Mal. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Cylindrical Small Size Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell: Experimental Investigation on Materials and Improving Performance Solutions
Authors: Rossi F. , Nicolini A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn original cylindrical small size molten carbonate fuel cell is presented. The cell's main peculiarity is its unique architecture in terms of both elements geometry and gases arrangements. Experimental tests on materials and system solutions were carried out on a single cell preliminary facility. Results allowed to identify optimising solutions which were applied on a new single cell facility. Further experimental tests allowed to determine the final cell configuration where sealing is enhanced and compression strain is further kept uniform along the cell surface. Final tests were carried out on a 1 kW stack comprising 15 single cells. Results suggest that the proposed cell design is a promising solution for μCHP applications because of performances, durability and construction costs.
Effects of Salts in Methyl Difluoroacetate‐based Electrolytes on their Thermal Stability in Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Tanaka T. , Doi T. , Okada S. , Yamaki J.‐i. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe effects of salts in methyl difluoroacetate (MFA)‐based electrolytes on their ionic conductivity and their thermal stability were investigated. When LiPF6 was used as a salt, an MFA‐based electrolyte showed a higher ionic conductivity than an ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC)‐based electrolyte from –30 to 25 °C. In DSC curves, while an MFA‐based electrolyte containing LiPF6 gave only negligible exothermic heat up to 400 °C, a large exothermic peak due to the electrolyte decomposition was observed at about 270 °C for an EC + DMC‐based electrolyte. The thermal stability of lithium metal and de‐lithiated LiCoO2 coexisting with an electrolyte of 1 mol dm–3 LiPF6/MFA is also reported.
Functional connectivity between the thalamus and visual cortex under eyes closed and eyes open conditions: A resting‐state fMRI study
Authors: Zou Qihong , Long Xiangyu , Zuo Xinian , Yan Chaogan , Zhu Chaozhe , Yang Yihong , Liu Dongqiang , He Yong , Zang Yufeng 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe thalamus and visual cortex are two key components associated with the alpha power of electroencephalography. However, their functional relationship remains to be elucidated. Here, we employ resting‐state functional MRI to investigate the temporal correlations of spontaneous fluctuations between the thalamus [the whole thalamus and its three largest nuclei (bilateral mediodorsal, ventrolateral and pulvinar nuclei)] and visual cortex under both eyes open and eyes closed conditions. The whole thalamus show negative correlations with the visual cortex and positive correlations with its contralateral counterpart in eyes closed condition, but which are significantly decreased in eyes open condition, consistent with previous findings of electroencephalography desynchronization during eyes open resting state. Furthermore, we find that bilateral thalamic mediodorsal nuclei and bilateral ventrolateral nuclei have remarkably similar connectivity maps, and resemble to those of the whole thalamus, suggesting their crucial contributions to the thalamus‐visual correlations. The bilateral pulvinar nuclei are found to show distinct functional connectivity patterns, compatible with previous findings of the asymmetry of anatomical and functional organization in the nuclei. Our data provides evidence for the associations of intrinsic spontaneous neuronal activity between the thalamus and visual cortex under different resting conditions, which might have implications on the understanding of the generation and modulation of the alpha rhythm. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Triorganotin(IV) complexes containing multifunctional meso‐dimercaptosuccinic acid ligand: Syntheses, characterizations, and crystal structures
Authors: Ma Chunlin , Wang Qingfeng , Zhang Rufen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFour triorganotin complexes of the types [(R3Sn)2(C2H2S2)(COOH)2] ⋅ 2Et2O (R = Ph, 1) and (R3Sn)2(C2H2S2)(COOH)2 (R = Me 2, R = n‐Bu 3, and R = PhCH2 4) have been obtained by the reaction of meso‐dimercaptosuccinic acid and sodium ethoxide with triorganotin(IV) chloride in 1:2:2 stoichiometry. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction analyses, which revealed that complexes 1 and 2 are mononuclear structures and further interlinked by intermolecular CH⋅⋅⋅O and OH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:50–55, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20511
Synthesis, structure, and antifungal activity of dihydropyridones containing boronate esters
Authors: Appoh Francis E. , Wheaton Susan L. , Vogels Christopher M. , Baerlocher Felix J. , Decken Andreas , Westcott Stephen A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe have prepared a series of novel 2,3‐dihydro‐4‐pyridones containing boronate esters using the aza Diels–Alder reaction with Danishefsky's diene and imines derived from formylphenylboronic acids. This reaction can be carried out in moderate to high yields using Yb(OTf)3 as a Lewis acid catalyst. Two new boron compounds exhibited moderate antifungal activity (at 100 μg disk−1) using Amphotericin B as a control. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:56–63, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20512
Positron emission tomography in surveillance of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after definitive chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Wang Yi‐Fen , Liu Ren‐Shyan , Chu Pen‐Yuan , Chang Feng‐Chi , Tai Shyh‐Kuan , Tsai Tung‐Lung , Huang Jui‐Lin , Chang Shyue‐Yih 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground.We assessed the role of 18F‐fluoro‐deoxy‐glucose positron emission tomography (PET) in detecting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) after definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT).Methods.A prospective study presented 80 PET before and after CRT for 44 patients, including 44 first‐time post‐CRT scans performed between 12 and 17 weeks after radiotherapy completion, as well as 10 repeated scans in the subsequent follow‐up. PET interpretations were compared with clinicopathologic outcomes.Results.PET demonstrated better performance than CT in post‐CRT surveillance. Considering all 54 post‐CRT PET scans, sensitivity for detecting primary tumors was 100%, specificity 93%, positive predictive value (PPV) 80%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 100%. For cervical diseases, sensitivity was 100%, specificity 98%, PPV 92%, and NPV 100%. For distant metastases, sensitivity was 100%, specificity 98%, PPV 86%, and NPV 100%.Conclusions.Negative PET readings were reliable for predicting free of HNSCC and helpful for selected patients in post‐CRT surveillance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Predictors of turnover intentions in learning‐driven and demand‐driven international assignments: The role of repatriation concerns, satisfaction with company support, and perceived career advancement opportunities
Authors: Stahl Günter K. , Chua Chei Hwee , Caligiuri Paula , Cerdin Jean‐Luc , Taniguchi Mami 
Published: January 2009

AbstractInternational assignments have become an important part of managers' careers and are considered one of the most effective leadership development tools. Yet, studies consistently show that companies fail to integrate international assignments with long‐term career development and succession planning and that a substantial percentage of expatriates leave the company upon completion of the international assignment. A total of 1,779 international assignees participated in a study that examined the factors associated with expatriate turnover intentions. The results indicate the importance of differentiating between two types of international assignments—developmental (or learning‐driven) and functional (or demand‐driven)—to understand expatriates' turnover intentions. While we found turnover intentions to vary depending on whether assignments are developmental or functional, the three sets of predictors of turnover intentions are similar. They are (1) lower satisfaction with company support, (2) higher repatriation concerns, and (3) lower career advancement opportunities within the company (relative to opportunities available outside the company). We discuss the implications for research and practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The moderating effect of parental warmth on the association between spanking and child aggression: a longitudinal approach
Authors: Stacks Ann Michele , Oshio Toko , Gerard Jean , Roe Jacqueline 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUsing data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Study, this study analysed the stability of child aggressive behaviour beginning in infancy and tested whether spanking when the child was 36 months was associated with aggressive child behaviour among three ethnic groups and whether maternal warmth moderated the effect of spanking on aggressive behaviour in each ethnic group at 36 months, after controlling for earlier aggressive behaviour. Participants included 693 Hispanic parent–child dyads, 1013 African‐American dyads and 1086 Caucasian dyads who met qualifications for participation in the Early Head Start programme. Findings suggest that infant temperament was associated with aggressive behaviour at 24 and 36 months and that child aggression remained stable. Among the three ethnic groups, spanking was only associated with aggressive behaviour for children who had Caucasian mothers and maternal warmth did not moderate the effect of spanking on aggressive behaviour. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.