bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A MODERN ENGLISH MODEL OF ‘SIMPLE’ GRAMMAR FOR NATURAL LANGUAGES
Authors: Pak Ty 
Published: November 2008

O. AbstractA natural language is presented as a triple, (W, Nom, Sbst), where W is the set of non‐lexical (primitive) sentences, each having the unquantified atomic form of the sentence in predicate logic with its arguments (constituents) denoted by dummy symbols and Sbst is the operation of substitution, which transforms primitive sentences into ordinary lexical sentences by replacing the dummy symbols with nominals, the output of Nom, nominalization, which is an operation applying to both primitive and lexical sentences as input. The sentence, primitive or lexical, has no molecular complexity, as so‐called compound and complex sentences using various conjunctions are shown to be simple sentences with the atomic form. The theory is illustrated by a complete ‘simple’ grammar of Modern English.
WHY TREES IN SYNTAX?
Authors: Karlgren Hans 
Published: November 2008

SummaryFor better and for worse, modern linguistics when at all mathematical is mostly preoccupied with tree structure (or trivially equivalent structures such as labelled bracketings). This choice of representation is justified mainly by long tradition, and in view of the formal difficulties in transformational grammar alternatives should be seriously investigated. Especially, the use of more general graphs than trees should be at least attempted. A preliminary exploration of how graphs could be used with less prejudice in syntax strengthens the suspicion that trees are not necessarily the most adequate tools for describing sentence structure.
L'ACQUISITION DU FRANÇAIS PAR LES ENFANTS QUEBECOIS FRANCOPHONES1
Authors: Méar‐Crine A. M. 
Published: November 2008

RésuméCet article met l'accent sur le fait que l'acquisition du langage ne se réduit pas à l'acquisition d'un systéme de règles linguistiques mais qu'elle implique également l'acquisition d'un système de règles sociolinguistiques. On examine les notions de compétence/performance, les différentes phases de l'acquisition du langage, l'apprentissage des règles linguistiques et sociolinguistiques. On insiste sur le fait qu'il est primordial de caractériser les différences qui existent entre les répertoires linguistiques des différents groupes d'enfants francophones au Québec, avant de mettre sur pied un programme pour l'enseignement du français.
LATIN VOWEL REDUCTION AND THE REALITY OF PHONOLOGICAL RULES
Authors: Janson Tore 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn the Latin language, there were extensive reductions of noninitial short vowels in the period immediately preceding the literary period (starting with Plautus around 200 B. C.). One of these reductions is discussed here from several different points of view. First, a philological analysis of the available data shows that the traditional picture of the development is incorrect in important respects. Secondly, an attempt is made to assess the phonetical plausibility of a revised picture of the sound change. Thirdly, it is demonstrated that the data of early literary Latin should be seen as reflections of a process of lexical diffusion that was just about finished. Lastly, it is pointed out that the rules describing the situation in literary Latin can hardly in any sense be taken to reflect any part of the speaker's behavior, but may well be conceived to mirror a strategy of perception.
Smoke-free legislation and charitable gaming in Kentucky: Table 1
Authors: Pyles M K , Hahn E J 
Published: November 2008

Objective:To determine the effect of municipal smoke-free laws in Kentucky on gross and/or net revenues from charitable gaming activities. Between January 2000 and June 2007, 13 Kentucky communities implemented smoke-free legislation; only three specifically exempted charitable gaming facilities and compliance in several communities was not consistent. Kentucky is a tobacco-growing state that has the highest smoking rate in the United States.Design:A fixed-effects time series design to estimate the impact of municipal smoke-free laws on charitable gaming.Setting:13 Kentucky counties that implemented smoke-free laws during the study period of January 2000 through June 2007.Subjects:All charitable gaming facilities in 13 counties in which a smoke-free ordinance was enacted during the study period.Main outcome measures:Gross and net revenues from charitable gaming activities in each county for each quarter of the study period, obtained from the Kentucky Department of Charitable Gaming.Results:When controlling for economic variables, county-specific effects and time trends using a robust statistical framework, there was no significant relation between smoke-free laws and charitable gaming revenues. Municipal smoke-free legislation had no effect on charitable gaming revenues.Conclusions:No significant harm to charitable gaming revenues was associated with the smoke-free legislation during the 7.5-year study period, despite the fact that Kentucky is a tobacco-producing state with higher-than-average smoking rates.
Influence of plankton mercury dynamics and trophic pathways on mercury concentrations of top predator fish of a mining-impacted reservoir
Authors: Stewart A. Robin , Saiki Michael K. , Kuwabara James S. , Alpers Charles N. , Marvin-DiPasquale Mark , Krabbenhoft David P. 
Published: November 2008

Physical and biogeochemical characteristics of the aquatic environment that affect growth dynamics of phytoplankton and the zooplankton communities that depend on them may also affect uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) into the pelagic food web of oligotrophic reservoirs. We evaluated changes in the quality and quantity of suspended particulate material, zooplankton taxonomy, and MeHg concentrations coincident with seasonal changes in water storage of a mining-impacted reservoir in northern California, USA. MeHg concentrations in bulk zooplankton increased from 4 ng·g–1at low water to 77 ± 6.1 ng·g–1at high water and were positively correlated with cladoceran biomass (r = 0.66) and negatively correlated with rotifer biomass (r = –0.65). Stable isotope analysis revealed overall higher MeHg concentrations in the pelagic-based food web relative to the benthic-based food web. Statistically similar patterns of trophic enrichment of MeHg (slopes) for the pelagic and benthic food webs and slightly higher MeHg concentrations in zooplankton than in benthic invertebrates suggest that the difference in MeHg bioaccumulation among trophic pathways is set at the base of the food webs. These results suggest an important role for plankton dynamics in driving the MeHg content of zooplankton and ultimately MeHg bioaccumulation in top predators in pelagic-based food webs.
Habitat selection by black bears in an intensively logged boreal forest
Authors: Brodeur Vincent , Ouellet Jean-Pierre , Courtois Réhaume , Fortin Daniel 
Published: November 2008

Extensive logging of the boreal forest rejuvenates landscapes once dominated by old-growth stands. As black bear ( Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) fitness and behavior are known to be primarily related to the abundance of shade-intolerant soft mast species in northern forests, we hypothesized that logging will influence habitat and space use patterns of black bears. We used VHF telemetry on 12 female black bears in the Réserve faunique des Laurentides (Quebec, Canada) to investigate seasonal patterns of habitat selection in an exploited heterogeneous boreal landscape at different spatial scales. Habitat characterization based on seven forest cover types allowed us to compare the productivity of key forage species in various post-logging age classes. Regenerating stands (6–20 years old) had the uppermost ground vegetation cover, providing both the highest density and a high biomass of berries. Black bears preferred regenerating stands (6–20 years old) and avoided mature coniferous forests inside their home range. Home-range size was inversely related to the proportion of regenerating stands (6–20 years old). Intensive logging influenced black bear habitat and space use patterns, and presumably their population dynamics. An increase in the habitat quality of an opportunistic predator poses great concern for conservation, especially for forest-dwelling woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin, 1788)).
Does Continuing Education Improve Physical Therapists’ Effectiveness in Treating Neck Pain? A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Cleland Joshua A , Fritz Julie M , Brennan Gerard P , Magel Jake 
Published: November 2008

Background and PurposePhysical therapists often attend continuing education (CE) courses to improve their overall clinical performance and patient outcomes. However, evidence suggests that CE courses may not improve the outcomes for patients receiving physical therapy for the management of neck pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an ongoing educational intervention for improving the outcomes for patients with neck pain.ParticipantsThe study participants were 19 physical therapists who attended a 2-day CE course focusing on the management of neck pain. All patients treated by the therapists in this study completed the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and a pain rating scale at the initial examination and at their final visit.MethodsTherapists from 11 clinics were invited to attend a 2-day CE course on the management of neck pain. After the CE course, the therapists were randomly assigned to receive either ongoing education consisting of small group sessions and an educational outreach session or no further education. Clinical outcomes achieved by therapists who received ongoing education and therapists who did not were compared for both pretraining and posttraining periods. The effects of receiving ongoing education were examined by use of linear mixed-model analyses with time period and group as fixed factors; improvements in disability and pain as dependent variables; and age, sex, and the patient's initial NDI and pain rating scores as covariates.ResultsPatients treated by therapists who received ongoing education experienced significantly greater reductions in disability during the study period (pretraining to posttraining) than those treated by therapists who did not receive ongoing training (mean difference=4.2 points; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.69, 7.7). Changes in pain did not differ for patients treated by the 2 groups of therapists during the study period (mean difference=0.47 point; 95% CI=−0.11, 1.0). Therapists in the ongoing education group also used fewer visits during the posttraining period (mean difference=1.5 visits; 95% CI=0.81, 2.3).Discussion and ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated that ongoing education for the management of neck pain was beneficial in reducing disability for patients with neck pain while reducing the number of physical therapy visits. However, changes in pain did not differ for patients treated by the 2 groups of therapists. Although it appears that a typical CE course does not improve the overall outcomes for patients treated by therapists attending that course, more research is needed to evaluate other educational strategies to determine the most clinically effective and cost-effective interventions.
Model for the reconfiguration of specialized vascular services
Authors: Holt P J E , Poloniecki J D , Hinchliffe R J , Loftus I M , Thompson M M 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
This article built on previous work to develop an algorithm for elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair and carotid endarterectomy (CEA), with the aim of improving patient survival by regionalization of services. Vascular procedures were used as an example of specialized surgical services.

Methods
A model was generated based on a national data set that incorporated the statistical demonstration of procedural safety, hospital annual surgical case volume, and travel distance and time. Elective AAA repair was used to construct a hub-and-spoke model that was tested against CEA. The impact of the model was quantified in terms of mortality rates, and travel distance and time.

Results
Only 48 vascular hubs were required to provide adequate coverage in England, with the majority of patients travelling for less than 1 h to access inpatient vascular surgery. The model predicted a reduction in the number of deaths from elective surgery for AAA (P &lt; 0·001) and CEA (P = 0·016).

Conclusion
Adoption of this strategic model may lead to improved outcome after AAA and CEA. It could be used as a model for the regionalization of specialized surgery. The model does not take into account the complexity of providing a comprehensive vascular service in every locality.
Randomized clinical trial of early versus delayed temporary stoma closure after proctectomy (Br J Surg 2008; 95: 693–698)
Authors: Shirazi M H 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved,appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction caused by unprotected left main stem thrombosis
Authors: Prasad Sandhir B. , Whitbourn Robert , Malaiapan Yuvaraj , Ahmar Walid , MacIsaac Andrew , Meredith Ian T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground: There is a paucity of data on outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) caused by left main stem (LMS) thrombosis. Objectives: We sought to determine (i) the clinical features, (ii) correlates of early mortality, and (iii) long‐term outcomes in contemporary patients undergoing primary PCI for unprotected LMS thrombosis. Methods: From 1,115 consecutive primary PCI cases at two tertiary referral centers between January 2004 and September 2007, 28 cases (2.5%) with unprotected LMS culprit lesions were identified. Data were obtained from review of institutional databases, folder audit, telephone survey of patients, and independent review of angiograms. Results: The mean age of patients was 68 ± 14 years. Males comprised 76%, and 21% had diabetes. Significant morbidity was noted at presentation: shock in 18 (62%), pulmonary oedema in 15 (52%), and cardiac arrest in 10 (35%) patients, respectively. Lesion location was ostial in 7 (25%), body in 8 (29%), and distal in 13 (46%) patients, respectively. Angiographic success was achieved in 24 patients (83%). Stents were deployed in 27 patients (96%); drug‐eluting stents in 11 patients (39%). No patient required in‐hospital CABG. Cumulative in‐hospital mortality was 36%. Univariate predictors of in‐hospital mortality included shock, preceding cardiac arrest, and angiographic failure (all P < 0.05). At a mean follow‐up of 26 ± 12 months in hospital survivors, there were two TVR (elective CABGs), one death, and no reinfarctions. Conclusion: We report a lower than previously reported in‐hospital mortality of 36% in contemporary patients undergoing primary PCI for unprotected LMS thrombosis. Long‐term outcomes in hospital survivors appear favorable. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic anomalies of mixed crystal growth and their effect on the crystal isomorphic composition
Authors: Bocharov S. N. , Gille P. , Glikin A. E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractGrowth rate anomalies in aqueous solution growth of NaClO3 and KClO3 were first revealed by V. V. Sipyagin in 1967 and attributed to “kinetic anomalies”. These phenomena were confirmed in a series of other studies and for a variety of substances. Therefore, some universality of these anomalies was supposed that should be due to structural transformations in the liquid solutions. In this paper, we present for the first time results on growth rate oscillations found in mixed crystal growth and their impact on the isomorphic composition of solid solutions. Thick (100) Na(Cl,Br)O3 layers were grown at fixed supercooling conditions onto NaClO3 seeds in a microcrystallization cell equipped with an optical microscope. In the temperature range of 33 – 41 °C, four kinetic anomalies were found in solutions of a chlorate: bromate molar ratio of 20: 1 at supercoolings of 2.0 K and 3.0 K. Lattice parameter measurements of the grown Na(Cl,Br)O3 layers revealed a linear dependence of lattice constant vs. growth rate. By measuring Vegard's law (lattice parameter vs. solid solution composition) we were able to determine the oscillations in mixed crystal composition that accompany the kinetic anomalies in solid solution systems. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhancement of stability of growth, structural and NLO properties of KDP crystals due to additive along with seed rotation
Authors: Dhanaraj P. V. , Rajesh N. P. , Ramasamy P. , Jeyaprakasan M. , Mahadevan C. K. , Bhagavannarayana G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPotassium Acetate (CH3COOK) and Potassium Citrate (K3C6H5O7) as new additives were added into the potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) solutions in different molar ratios. The metastable zone width and induction period with and without these additives were determined and compared. Dielectric measurements on pure and doped KDP crystals at various temperatures ranging from 313 to 423 K were carried out by the conventional parallel plate capacitor method which results low dielectric constant value dielectrics in doped crystals. The high resolution XRD studies show that CH3COOK doped KDP crystal and K3C6H5O7 doped KDP crystal do not contain any internal structural grain boundaries and indicates that the crystalline perfection is very good. Moreover, the addition of these potassium additives improves the quality of the crystal and yields highly transparent crystals with well defined features. The effect of additives on the growth, nucleation kinetics, structural, NLO and optical properties has been investigated. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strobilurin residue levels in greenhouse‐grown pepper and under cold‐storage conditions
Authors: Fenoll José , Ruiz Encarnación , Hellín Pilar , Lacasa Alfredo , Flores Pilar 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Azoxystrobin and kresoxim‐methyl are strobilurin fungicides widely used in vegetable cultivation in southeastern Spain. The dissipation of these fungicides in peppers was evaluated in a study carried out in a greenhouse and under cold‐storage conditions. Pepper samples were collected during a 5‐week period in which two successive applications of these pesticides were performed. Gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen–phosphorus detection (NPD) was used to study the disappearance of these compounds in peppers.RESULTS: The disappearance rates of azoxystrobin and kresoxim‐methyl on peppers were described as pseudo‐first‐order kinetics (r between 0.950 and 0.992) and half‐life in the range of 10.28–15.21 days. These fungicides showed similar behaviour because they are structurally similar. After 21 days under cold and darkness storage conditions, dissipation of azoxystrobin and kresoxim‐methyl were not observed.CONCLUSION: The pre‐harvest times established by Spanish law for these fungicides are correct since the residue levels were below the legal limit after two applications at the maximum recommended doses. Pepper storage or transport under refrigerated and darkness conditions do not contribute to dissipation of azoxystrobin or kresoxim‐methyl residues. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Selecting variables in non‐parametric regression models for binary response. An application to the computerized detection of breast cancer
Authors: Roca‐Pardiñas Javier , Cadarso‐Suárez Carmen , Tahoces Pablo G. , Lado María J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn many biomedical applications, interest lies in being able to distinguish between two possible states of a given response variable, depending on the values of certain continuous predictors. If the number of predictors, p, is high, or if there is redundancy among them, it then becomes important to decide on the selection of the best subset of predictors that will be able to obtain the models with greatest discrimination capacity. With this aim in mind, logistic generalized additive models were considered and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied in order to determine and compare the discriminatory capacity of such models. This study sought to develop bootstrap‐based tests that allow for the following to be ascertained: (a) the optimal number q⩽p of predictors; and (b) the model or models including q predictors, which display the largest AUC (area under the ROC curve). A simulation study was conducted to verify the behaviour of these tests. Finally, the proposed method was applied to a computer‐aided diagnostic system dedicated to early detection of breast cancer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involutions on a Normal Quartic Curve in Space of Four Dimensions
Authors: James C. G. F. 
Published: November 2008

The object of this note is to correct an error in my paper “Extensions of a theorem of Segre's…,” the notation used being the same. The curve C4 dealt with is regarded as given by its canonical representationand at one point in the paper we sought the locus of the lines analogous to the line A2A4 of the figure of reference for each of the ∞2 representations of this type (p. 671, small print). In the space representation of the locus there is an additional principal curveand the order of the locus must be reduced by that of the form corresponding to the points of this conic. The locus sought is in fact none other than the cubic form, locus of chords of C4, the present system of lines being the directrix systemt†. This follows at once from the following results, which can be shown immediately using the above representation:(1) The space joining such a line g to any tangent cuts the curve again in coincident points, and thus contains a second tangent;(2) The line joining the points of contact of these tangents meets g, and the points give the involution
Stochastic independence in non-commutative probability theory
Authors: Driessler Wulf , Wilde Ivan F. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractFor a family {Xα} of random variables over a probability space , stochastic independence can be formulated in terms of factorization properties of characteristic functions. This idea is reformulated for a family {Aα} of selfadjoint operators over a probability gage space and is shown to be inappropriate as a non-commutative generalization. Indeed, such factorization properties imply that the {Aα} mutually commute and are versions of independent random variables in the usual sense.
Limits of stable homotopy and cohomotopy groups
Authors: Jones J. D. S. , Wegmann S. A. 
Published: November 2008

In this paper we formulate and prove generalizations of a theorem of Lin [7]. Let X be a CW complex with base point x0. Define a free involution T on S∞×(X Λ X) by T (w, xΛy) = (−w, yΛx). The quadratic construction on X is the complexThis construction can be applied to spectra. A complete and thorough account will appear in the work on equivariant stable homotopy theory in preparation by L. G. Lewis, J. P. May, J. McLure and M. Steinberger. Some of the results are announced in [8].
Special values of L-functions and height two formal groups
Authors: Yager Rodney I. 
Published: November 2008

Let ψ be the Grossencharacter attached to an elliptic curve E defined over an imaginary quadratic field K ⊂ of discriminant −dK, and having complex multiplication by the maximal order of K. We denote the conductor of ψ by and fix a Weierstrass model for E with coefficients in ,whose discriminant is divisible only by primes dividing 6. Let Kab be the abelian closure of K in and choose a fundamental period Ω ∈ for the above model of the curve.