bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yugoslav seismological research threatened
Authors: Allegretti Ivo , Hamburger Michael 
Published: October 2006

We in the Western scientific community have had the luxury, throughout most of our careers, of working in an environment insulated from the terrors of war and political violence. Well distanced from these horrors, we are often numbed by headlines reporting political turmoil elsewhere in the world—whether in Afghanistan, South Africa, or Yugoslavia. There are times, however, when personal contact with a colleague caught within one of these political wildfires reminds us of the very human tragedy that underlies these headlines.In studying a number of large earthquakes that took place in Central Asia in the 1930s and 1940s, we have been collecting seismograms from the well established European seismic observatories that recorded the events. Among them was the Zagreb Observatory, operated by the Mohorovicic Geophysical Institute of the University of Zagreb. The city of Zagreb—along with its scientific and cultural institutions—is now under siege, a result of the violent military conflict between the Yugoslav federal government and the Republic of Croatia. The following letter, which accompanied the Zagreb seismograms, provides a vivid picture of the daily hardships that our colleagues in Yugoslavia must be facing and a call to members of the international scientific community to help put an end to the rapidly escalating violence in Yugoslavia.
Biogeochemical processes in model estuaries
Authors: Church Thomas M. 
Published: October 2006

Sixty researchers met to evaluate the effects of global change on estuaries and to improve estuarine modeling at the Second International Symposium on the Biogeochemistry of Model Estuaries, held April 15–19, 1991, at Jekyll Island, Ga. The importance of successful sampling in evaluating chemical fluxes and establishing records of estuarine change was articulated, as was the need for tracer tools for improved modeling. The symposium was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Department of Energy.Participants discussed particles and sedimentology, trace elements and metals, organic chemistry, and nutrient cycling of estuarine processes. Four days of presentations were followed by a half‐day of discussion on advances in these topics and the overall goal of assessing estuarine processes in global change. What follows is a synopsis of this discussion.
UV radiation decrease noted in urban areas
Authors: Blue Charles 
Published: October 2006

Scientists expect that as the Earth's ozone layer decreases, the amount of biologically harmful solar radiation reaching the Earth increases. New research reveals, however, that this may not always be the case. In an article in the December 1991 Geophysical Research Letters, scientists reveal that the amount of solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface has decreased by as much as 5–18% in non‐rural areas of industrialized countries, despite a global ozone loss. This decrease has been occurring since the Industrial Revolution.According to S. C. Liu of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, S. A. McKeen of the University of Colorado, and S. Madronich of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, sulfate aerosols, which are formed from industrial sulfur dioxide emissions, are scattering the incoming solar radiation in the atmosphere and reducing the actual amount of biologically active ultraviolet radiation (UVB) that reaches Earth.
Planetary Mapping
Authors: Mouginis‐Mark Peter J. 
Published: October 2006

Planetary Mapping is a wonderful find for both the researchers who use the planetary and satellite maps and for historians of planetary exploration.Planetary cartography—the art and science of making maps of the moon, planets, and their satellites—represents a crucial step in the exploration of the solar system. Without detailed and accurate maps, the scientific objectives for orbiter missions such as Magellan (now in orbit around Venus) and Galileo (en route to Jupiter) could not be planned in detail, nor could surface landers such as Apollo (Moon) and Viking (Mars) be directed accurately to their chosen targets. For the last 500 years, the exploration of our own planet has depended vitally on the availability of detailed maps of the oceans and New World. Today much pioneering planetary exploration depends on similar types of maps generated not from ground surveys or air photography, but from data obtained by robot and manned missions using both digital and film camera systems.
The Pioneer 8 Earth‐Moon encounter
Authors: Moses Stewart L. 
Published: October 2006

In the May 7, 1991, Eos, F. M. Neubauer and K.‐H. Glassmeier took up the cause of “historical correctness” in a comment on the conarticle by F. Fanale (Eos, November 20, 1990, p. 1803) about the Galileo encounter with the Earth‐Moon system in December 1990. The 1991 article pointed out that Fanale was incorrect in claiming that Galileo was to perform the first “encounter by a spacecraft from deep space with the Earth‐Moon system,” since Giotto encountered the Earth in July 1990.While this event certainly invalidates the claim of primacy for the Galileo spacecraft, it does not award it to Giotto. The October 1987 Journal of Geophysical Research contains a paper by the late Fredrick L. Scarf describing results from the Pioneer 8 encounter with the geomagnetic tail in April and May 1985. At that time, the Pioneer 8 solar arrays' long exposure to space had so degraded the power levels of the spacecraft that Scarfs plasma wave instrument was the only one that could be operated.
U.S. National Report to IUGG wins praise
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The U.S. National Report to the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, which was distributed at the IUGG General Assembly in Vienna last week, has been lauded by members of the scientific community. “As someone who has been responsible for similar—if perhaps not quite as exhaustive—reports in the past,” wrote D. Allan Bromley, science advisor to President Bush, in a letter to AGU, “I know the amount of care and work that goes into them. My congratulations to everyone involved.”The 10‐volume report, published by AGU, was compiled under the supervision of Editor in Chief Margaret A. Shea. The U.S. National Committee to the IUGG and AGU recognized Shea's “outstanding leadership in the compilation and publication” of the report on May 27 during the AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore.
U.K. signs on to next ODP phase
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

The Natural Environment Research Council has announced the United Kingdom's commitment to the next phase of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). The news was made public at a NERC meeting January 9 in London.This next phase of ODP will begin in 1993 and will run until 2002. Projected research in the next phase will include studying oceanic crustal evolution at the mid‐Atlantic ridge and glacial/interglacial cycles through ocean sediments. The United Kingdom will play a broader role in the program in the future, especially in the area of global environmental research.
Federal role in science will grow, NSF Director predicts
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

Walter Massey, director of the National Science Foundation, recently called for a fundamental reassessment of the relationship between the federal government and research institutions. On January 15, Massey, now in his ninth month at NSF, described great changes in the government‐university “partnership” since the “golden age” of the 1960s. Speaking in Washington, D.C. at a seminar of George Washington University's Center for International Science and Technology Policy, he predicted that his own term at the foundation would not be “business as usual.”Science and technology have shifted from being a peripheral concern of the government to a central policy issue, Massey said. The United States now sees science as too important to leave its agenda for scientists to set themselves. In response, the federal government is launching the initiatives of the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology. Some of last year's FCCSET budget initiatives, spanning a number of federal agencies, dealt with math and science education, global change, and high‐performance computing. Such programs “are research agenda put forth from the federal side—they are not things put forth from the [research] community,” Massey pointed out.
Impact of Mid‐Atlantic sewage sludge probed
Authors: Blue Charles 
Published: October 2006

Every year since 1986, 8 million tons of raw sewage has been dumped into the ocean at the Mid‐Atlantic Bight, an area 100 miles off the coast of New York and New Jersey. Originally, this location was thought to be a safe dump site because of its considerable depth and strong ocean currents, which would prevent sewage from accumulating on the ocean floor. Recently, several scientists tested that assumption and found evidence for significant amounts of sewage accumulation at the dump site.Scientific studies of the dump site, coordinated by NOAA's National Undersea Research Program, will be presented at the 1992 AGU Ocean Science Meeting in New Orleans, January 27–31. The studies reveal the extent of sewage sludge accumulation at the Mid‐Atlantic Bight and determine the environmental impact that significant accumulations of this material has on the ocean environment.
Atmospheric effects of smoke from the Kuwaiti oil fires
Authors: Hobbs Peter V. 
Published: October 2006

As the Iraqi army fled Kuwait in March 1991, it damaged or destroyed 749 oil wells, 610 of which were ignited. The resulting fires produced an extraordinarily large plume of black smoke which affected weather and air quality in the Gulf region. Some scientists also postulated that the smoke might have global effects.As part of the United States interagency effort (coordinated by the National Science Foundation) to assess the effects of the Kuwaiti fires on the atmosphere, the University of Washington and the National Center for Atmospheric Research mounted an airborne study of the smoke from the Kuwaiti fires during the period May 16–June 12, 1991. The primary goals of this study were to determine the chemical and physical nature and the radiative properties of the smoke, the fluxes of various materials in the smoke plumes, and the potential effects of the smoke on air quality, weather, and climate.
Ulysses probes solar wind, interstellar gas
Authors: Goldstein Bruce 
Published: October 2006

The Ulysses mission, a joint collaboration of the European Space Agency and NASA, was successfully launched on October 6, 1990, to investigate the regions of interplanetary space at high solar latitudes. Much has been learned by spacecraft at low solar latitudes, but the heliosphere (the region dominated by the Sun and the solar wind) is still unexplored at latitudes above 30°. As the properties of the corona and solar wind vary with latitude, important advances in our understanding of the solar corona and the interplanetary environment are anticipated.To reach these high latitudes, Ulysses will use the gravitational force of Jupiter to deflect the spacecraft out of the ecliptic into a highly inclined orbit that cannot be provided by conventional rockets. The Jupiter flyby will occur on February 8, 1992; the high‐latitude passes over the solar poles will occur in mid‐1994 and mid‐1995 at a distance of about 2.3 astronomical units. (One AU is the distance from the Earth to the Sun.)
Volcanic alert in antarctica
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

On January 14, members of the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP) were alerted to possible volcanic activity on Deception Island, Antarctica. The island, located at latitude 62%57′S, longitude 60'40′W, attracts many tourists.COMNAP is a group of national program managers of 25 countries that have government programs in the Antarctic. Its function is to implement measures adopted by the Antarctic Treaty parties, including fostering international cooperation in scientific research.
New education coalition formed
Authors: Watt Ireto M. Frank 
Published: October 2006

The Coalition for Earth Science Education (CESE) was recently formed to promote Earth science education at all levels. Earth science is a diverse group of sciences and as a result, professional and academic organizations from the various areas, though united in their goal to stimulate student enthusiasm for the Earth sciences, have not had an effective way of reaching students or their precollege teachers. Over the past year, meetings sponsored by the National Academy of Science's Board on Earth Sciences and Resources and the National Science Foundation have paved the way for this coalition. Victor Mayer, Director of the Program for Leadership in Earth Systems Science (PLESE) project at the University of Ohio, has been the leader in initiating and promoting this effort for the last several years.The purpose of CESE is to promote communication among the member organizations and to coordinate projects in Earth science education. Individual organizations will continue to develop and run projects, but will be able to find out what types of projects others are working on or have completed through a coalition clearinghouse. The clearinghouse should aid organizations as they design projects and should afford opportunities for collaborative efforts. This will directly benefit teachers, who will be able to contact one source for information on the multitude of projects in the Earth and space sciences. The new coalition's steering committee is working on goals and guidelines, and will give a report at the next coalition meeting at the National Science Teachers Association annual convention in Boston.
1991 Fall Meeting Report
Authors: Chapman David S. 
Published: October 2006

The AGU 1991 Fall Meeting, held in San Francisco December 9–13, was the largest national AGU meeting ever held. Meeting participation continued the steady growth trend set throughout the previous decade. A total of 4,037 papers and posters were presented, and by Friday noon of the meeting over 5,500 members had registered.Several special events were scheduled to inform and engage members on societal and programmatic aspects of our science. AGU's Committee on Education and Human Resources sponsored an open forum that addressed opportunities and problems associated with dual‐career couples. A discussion of NASA's strategic plan by Berrien Moore and Joseph Alexander drew a large audience, and a special session on societal aspects of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption drew an overflow crowd. Two special lectures— “Plumes, Plates, and Deep Earth Structure” by Don L. Anderson and “New Frontiers in Aeronomy: Effects of Global Atmospheric Change” by P. M. Banks‐also drew overflow crowds.
New budget highlights coordinated science ventures
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo , Ireton M. Frank Watt 
Published: October 2006

Five presidential initiatives highlighted in the new federal budget proposal reflect the growing role of the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology in setting the nation's science funding agenda. “This marks the greatest involvement of FCCSET to date in shaping federal R&D spending,” said D. Allan Bromley, the president's science advisor, when the fiscal year 1993 budget was released.FCCSET committees drawn from various federal agencies developed interagency budget programs in five areas this year: High Performance Computing and Communications, Advanced Materials and Processing, Biotechnology Research, Global Change Research, and Mathematics and Science Education. All the programs have long‐range goals, and some are interrelated. Three of these initiatives are discussed here.
NCAR to archive Kuwait oil fire data
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

In early 1991, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) initiated a large‐scale, international effort to assess the atmospheric effects of pollution introduced by the burning of more than 500 oil wells in Kuwait. This effort resulted in a myriad of measurements from aircraft, satellite, and surface stations. In coordinating these programs, WMO assumed responsibility for integrating and disseminating these measurements to international research organizations in a systematic and timely fashion. As a first step in addressing this responsibility, a workshop was convened at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) July 22–24. It was decided there that NCAR would serve as the central archival site for the Kuwait oil fire data.Since that time, the NCAR Research Aviation Facility has hired new staff and begun development of the Kuwait Data Archive (KuDA). Examples of data resident in KuDA include various measurements from the NCAR Electra sensors, satellite imagery from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, lidar data, and the National Meteorological Center model output. Other aircraft data sets and surface measurements are still undergoing processing and quality control before being submitted to the archive.
Causes of changes in reversals of the Earth's magnetic field: Inside or outside the core?
Authors: Jacobs J. A. 
Published: October 2006

Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the possibility of a relationship between events at the Earth's surface and those in the core. In the past, it has always been considered unlikely that the solid, rocky mantle and the fluid, mainly iron outer core could influence one another. Some people are now beginning to wonder.Laj et al. [1991] and Clement [1991] have examined records of reversals of the Earth's magnetic field over the last 10 m.y. and found that the poles tend to follow one of two paths—one through North and South America and the other about 180° away through eastern Asia and Australia. This is very surprising, since motions in the Earth's fluid core are of the order of tens of kilometers per year, while motions in the solid mantle are unlikely to exceed a few centimeters per year. A possible connection lies in conditions at the CMB (core‐mantle boundary). Seismic studies have shown that the bottom ∼200 km of the mantle (the so‐called D″ layer) is anomalous. There are conflicting opinions as to whether this layer is a thermal and/or chemical boundary layer (see, for example, Lay [1989]). There is also topography on the CMB, and it is not unreasonable to suppose that this could distort flow in the core.
Japanese submersible explores the North Fiji Basin
Authors: Auzende J. ‐M. , Urabe T. , Tanahashi M. , Ruellan E. ,   Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: October 2006

Since 1987, Japanese and French geologists, geophysicists, and biologists have been studying the North Fiji Basin Ridge within the framework of a joint project named STARMER (Science and Technology Agency of Japan—IFREMER of France). This ridge was first geologically, geophysically, and geochemically surveyed during the 1985 SEAPSO 3 cruise of the R/V Jean Charcot [Auzende et al., 1988]. At that time, water sampling and morphotectonic analysis indicated that the North Fiji Basin Ridge was technically and hydrothermally active. Within the STARMER project, four surface ship cruises have been conducted {Kaiyo 87‐88‐89 and Yokosuka 90).One significant result of these surveys is the complete mapping of the entire ridge between 14°S and 22°S (Figure 1), an area approximately 900 km long and more than 50 km wide (Sea Beam and Furuno multibeam swath‐mapping systems were used). During the Kaiyo 87 cruise, the presence of active hydrothermalism (sulfide deposits, chimneys expelling shimmering water, and associated living animal colonies) was discovered through water sampling and video deep towing.
U.S. involvement in IDNDR discussed
Authors: Benson William E. 
Published: October 2006

The possibility of the U.S. seismological community participating in the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) was discussed at the semiannual meeting of the Committee on Seismology, a committee of the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, held November 7–8 in Washington, D.C.The intent of the IDNDR as viewed by NAS/NRC's U.S. National Committee for the Decade is to reduce future vulnerability to natural disaster by using existing knowledge now, said Stephen Rattien, Executive Director of the Commission on Geosciences. Numerous cases illustrate that lives could have been saved and property damage reduced if existing knowledge had been used in advance of the earthquake. While it is recognized that additional knowledge in selected research areas is badly needed, the most effective way to mitigate future earthquake disasters worldwide is to apply in a practical way what we already know.
The last SPR dinner awards
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce 
Published: October 2006

Because the Solar‐Planetary Relationships section of AGU has officially changed its name to Space Physics and Aeronomy (SPA), the December 10, 1991, section dinner award ceremony at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco was the last of the series. Presumably an SPA dinner award series will be started under President‐elect Andy Nagy.We have followed our tradition of recognizing the special talents of section members at the annual dinner. This year we had eight awardees. These awards are given in fun and are intended to be humorous. The selection committee defining the awards (the awards are changed regularly to keep people from trying to win one) and selecting the awardees will have to remain anonymous. (The committee is similar to Skull and Bones, but we are politically correct in that we allow women as members.)
House Panel comments on science budget
Authors: Jones Richard M. 
Published: October 2006

A recent report from the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee entitled ‘Views and Estimates … on the Fiscal Year 1993 Budget for Civilian R&D” proposes new approaches to federal science policy and a shift in funding from defense to civilian R&D to stimulate economic growth.In this report the committee's Democratic members recommend increasing civilian R&D spending by an additional $2 billion in fiscal year 1993, followed by a $3 billion transfer in each of the next four years. The increase would be funded by cutting weapons programs and the Strategic Defense Initiative request.
IAHS Symposium on Large River Basins
Authors: Frick David M. 
Published: October 2006

The flow regime of large rivers is significantly influenced by man's activities, such as land use or river development. In other cases, there is evidence that climate change is the reason for modified flow regime. When basins are shared by a number of countries, the problems of hydrologic change become even more critical. Therefore, the social and economic consequences of changes in the flow regime of large river basins is far reaching,To improve the understanding of hydrologic processes and to investigate the availability of tools and methods that can be used to analyze the hydrological impacts of changes in flow, the International Association of Hydrologic Sciences (IAHS) and International Commission on Surface Water (ICSW) devoted its symposium, held at the August 1991 XXth General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in Vienna, Austria, to the theme “Hydrology for Water Management of Large River Basins.” The theme was divided into the four subtopics of water management and cooperation in large and/or international river basin: flow regimes and water management in relation to changes in climate, river development, and land use; water quality and sediment transport management in a large river environment; and operational flow and water quality forecasting. Both the general problem and organizational and operational aspects were investigated.