bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphoscintigraphy in Detection of the Regional Lymph Node Involvement in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Ozmen M Mahir , Zulfikaroglu Baris , Kucuk N Ozlem , Ozalp Necdet , Aras Gulseren , Koseoglu Tankut , Koç Mahmut 
Published: November 2006

INTRODUCTION Involvement of regional lymph node is a critical sign in prognosis of gastric cancer. Radiological techniques are commonly used to evaluate the extension of gastric cancer. But their sensitivity and specificity are low especially in the early stage. Our aim was to assess the value of gastric lymphoscintigraphy in identifying regional lymph node involvement in patients with gastric cancer, as compared to the abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography and postoperative histopathological evaluation. PATIENTS AND METHODS 50 patients (12 females) with a median age of 61 years (range, 35–73 years) were included in the study. Pre-operative staging in all cases included upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy, followed by ultrasound, computed tomography and lymphoscintigraphy. 148 MBq Technetium-99m lymphoscint was injected around the tumour during endoscopy and immediately after injection, anterior, lateral and posterior images were taken in 5-min intervals using a gamma camera. Findings were compared to the findings of other tests. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of each test were calculated and compared. RESULTS Histologically, 68% of cases (34/50) had metastasis in regional lymph nodes and all cases were accurately diagnosed by lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphoscintigraphy was significantly more sensitive for detecting lymph node involvement (P < 0.01). Both abdominal ultrasonography and CT had very low sensitivity in identifying lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Lymphoscintigraphy is a promising test in the identification of regional lymph nodes pre-operatively in patients with gastric cancer. It might help the surgeon to plan the extent of dissection before surgery which may decrease postoperative complications related to unnecessary extensive lymph node dissection.
Affecting policy and practice: issues involved in developing an Argument Catalogue
Authors: Abrami Philip C. , Bernard Robert M. , Wade C. Anne 
Published: November 2006

English
In this article we explore issues in developing an Argument Catalogue as a tool to compile evidence systematically on a topic of interest. A recent review is used to illustrate the steps in undertaking the development of an Argument Catalogue from multiple sources. An Argument Catalogue codebook, which provides categories and values that can be applied in order to classify conjectures, opinions, concerns and expert judgements, is also developed. Arguments are then compared and contrasted in two different ways: by quantifying the predictor and outcome variables described and by summarising qualitatively the major messages in each document.
Scotland’s national learning networks: coordinators’ reflections
Authors: Lowther Matthew , Gordon Jacki , Fraser Shirley 
Published: November 2006

English
Scotland currently has four national health demonstration projects in the priority areas of child health, sexual health of young people, coronary heart disease and cancer. With the exception of the cancer project, each has a designated national learning network (and related network coordinator) designed to capture project learning, to blend this with the wider relevant evidence base and to disseminate it nationally to inform future policy and practice. This article describes the experiences of the three learning network coordinators. It attempts to tease out some of the challenges faced in coordinating a national learning network and offers some reflections on the process in the hope that future networks can learn from these experiences.
Teacher responses to bullying in relation to moral orientation and seriousness of bullying
Authors: Ellis Alicia A. , Shute Rosalyn. 
Published: November 2006

Background. Little research has focused on factors influencing teachers' decisions about whether and how to intervene in bullying incidents. Such factors have the potential to influence the role of teachers as agents in counteracting bullying.Aims. To examine: (a) whether moral orientation predicts teachers' responses to bullying, (b) the role of perceived seriousness of an incident in moderating responses to bullying and (c) factors that are important to teachers when deciding whether to intervene.Sample. Primary, middle and high school teachers (N=127) were recruited during staff meetings at five schools.Methods. Moral orientation was measured using a modified version of Caputo's (2000) Sanctioning Voice Index (SVI); other questionnaires were specifically designed for this study. Correlational and hierarchical multiple regression analyses examining how moral orientation and seriousness predict teachers' responses to bullying were performed.Results. As anticipated, care moral orientation predicted a problem‐solving response, while justice orientation predicted a rules‐sanctions response. Care and justice orientations also interacted to predict rules‐sanctions, but not problem‐solving responses. However, seriousness of an incident accounted for the majority of variance (46% for rules‐sanctions and 40% for problem‐solving responses). Seriousness did not moderate the relationship between moral orientation and responses to bullying.Conclusions. While teachers' moral orientation does impact upon the kinds of responses to bullying they choose, seriousness of the incident is more important. However, seriousness as perceived by teachers may not be consistent with impact on students. Implications for teacher education and policy are discussed.
French wh-in-situ Questions and Syntactic Optionality: Evidence from Three Data Types
Authors: Adli Aria 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to corroborate the assumption of syntactic optionality for French wh-questions. In terms of a broader basis of evidence three different data types are utilized: Firstly, a qualitative interview approach suggests that wh-in-situ does not show the syntactic restrictions postulated by Bošković (1998) and Cheng & Rooryck (2000), weakening the evidence in favor of the assumption of LF-movement. Secondly, a graded grammaticality judgment test reveals that even in terms of fine nuances an identical level of grammaticality exists between the wh-in-situ form and its counterpart with wh-movement. Given the fact that several crucial judgments in the literature on French wh-in-situ are doubtful, these approaches turn out to be particularly helpful for controlling undesirable interferences in the judgment process and for obtaining more reliable data. Thirdly, a reading time study shows that both variants have the same cognitive complexity in processing. These empirical studies come along with methodological work concerning the development and evaluation of the instruments. From a conceptual point of view the inherent contradiction to which optionality and economy lead within the minimalist framework will be addressed. I will largely follow the suggestion of Haider & Rosengren (2003), who assume optional movement to be exploited at the interface level of syntax. Concerning the latter, I point out that different registers partly correlate with different French wh-questions.
Detection of low‐level mosaicism by array CGH in routine diagnostic specimens
Authors: Ballif Blake C. , Rorem Emily A. , Sundin Kyle , Lincicum Matt , Gaskin Shannon , Coppinger Justine , Kashork Catherine D. , Shaffer Lisa G. , Bejjani Bassem A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe advent of microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) promises to revolutionize clinical cytogenetics because of its ability to rapidly screen the genome at an unprecedented resolution. Yet, the ability of array CGH to detect and evaluate low‐level mosaicism is not known. Our laboratory has analyzed over 3,600 clinical cases with the SignatureChip® which we developed for the detection of microdeletions, microduplications, aneuploidy, unbalanced translocations, and subtelomeric and pericentromeric copy number alterations. Here, we report 18 cases of mosaicism detected by array CGH in a routine diagnostic setting, 14 of which were not known to us at the time of the analysis. These 14 cases represent ∼8% of all abnormal cases identified in our laboratory. For each case, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed on PHA‐stimulated cultures after mosaic chromosome abnormalities were suspected by array CGH. In all cases, FISH confirmed the mosaic chromosome abnormalities which included a variety of marker chromosomes, autosomal trisomies, terminal and interstitial deletions, and derivative chromosomes. Interestingly, confirmatory FISH analyses on direct blood smears indicated that the percentage of abnormal cells in unstimulated cultures was in some cases different than that found in PHA‐stimulated cells. We also report the detection of a previously unsuspected case of an isochromosome 12p (associated with Pallister–Killian syndrome) by array CGH using genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood. These results support a growing body of data that suggests that stimulated peripheral blood cultures likely distort the percentage of abnormal cells and may, for some chromosome abnormalities, make their detection unlikely by conventional analysis. Thus, array CGH, which is based on genomic DNA extracted directly from uncultured peripheral blood, may be more likely to detect low‐level mosaicism for unbalanced chromosome abnormalities than traditional cytogenetic techniques. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paralysis elicited by spinal cord injury evokes selective disassembly of neuromuscular synapses with and without terminal sprouting in ankle flexors of the adult rat
Authors: Burns Anthony S. , Jawaid Sabiha , Zhong Hui , Yoshihara Hiroyuki , Bhagat Srishti , Murray Marion , Roy Roland R. , Tessler Alan , Son Young‐Jin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNeuromuscular junctions (NMJs) innervated by motor neurons below spinal cord injury (SCI) have been reported to remain intact despite the interruption of supraspinal pathways and the resultant loss of activity. Here we report notably heterogeneous NMJ responses to SCI that include overt synapse disassembly. Complete transection of the thoracic spinal cord of adult rats evoked massive sprouting of nerve terminals in a subset of NMJs in ankle flexors, extensor digitorum longus, and tibialis anterior. Many of these synapses were extensively disassembled 2 weeks after spinal transection but by 2 months had reestablished synaptic organization despite continuous sprouting of their nerve terminals. In contrast, uniform and persistent loss of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) was evident in another subset of NMJs in the same flexors, which apparently lacked terminal sprouting and largely maintained terminal arbors. Other synapses in the flexors, and almost all the synapses in the ankle extensors, medial gastrocnemius, and soleus, remained intact, with little pre‐ or postsynaptic alteration. Additional deafferentation of the transected animals did not alter the incidence or regional distribution of either type of the unstable synapses, whereas cycling exercise diminished their incidence. The muscle‐ and synapse‐specific responses of NMJs therefore reflected differential sensitivity of the NMJs to inactivity rather than to differences in residual activity. These observations demonstrate the existence of multiple subpopulations of NMJs that differ distinctly in pre‐ and postsynaptic vulnerability to the loss of activity and highlight the anatomical instability of NMJs caudal to SCI, which may influence motor deficit and recovery after SCI. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:116–133, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutant superoxide dismutase‐1 transgenic mice: Mechanisms of mitochondriopathy and cell death
Authors: Martin Lee J. , Liu Zhiping , Chen Kevin , Price Ann C. , Pan Yan , Swaby Jason A. , Golden W. Christopher 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mechanisms of human mutant superoxide dismutase‐1 (mSOD1) toxicity to motor neurons (MNs) are unresolved. We show that MNs in G93A‐mSOD1 transgenic mice undergo slow degeneration lacking similarity to apoptosis structurally and biochemically. It is characterized by somal and mitochondrial swelling and formation of DNA single‐strand breaks prior to double‐strand breaks occurring in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. p53 and p73 are activated in degenerating MNs, but without nuclear import. The MN death is independent of activation of caspases‐1, ‐3, and ‐8 or apoptosis‐inducing factor within MNs, with a blockade of apoptosis possibly mediated by Aven up‐regulation. MN swelling is associated with compromised Na,K‐ATPase activity and aggregation. mSOD1 mouse MNs accumulate mitochondria from the axon terminals and generate higher levels of superoxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite than MNs in control mice. Nitrated and aggregated cytochrome c oxidase subunit‐I and α‐synuclein as well as nitrated SOD2 accumulate in mSOD1 mouse spinal cord. Mitochondria in mSOD1 mouse MNs accumulate NADPH diaphorase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)‐like immunoreactivity, and iNOS gene deletion extends significantly the life span of G93A‐mSOD1 mice. Prior to MN loss, spinal interneurons degenerate. These results identify novel mechanisms for mitochondriopathy and MN degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice involving blockade of apoptosis, accumulation of MN mitochondria with enhanced toxic potential from distal terminals, NOS localization in MN mitochondria and peroxynitrite damage, and early degeneration of α‐synuclein+ interneurons. The data support roles for oxidative stress, protein nitration and aggregation, and excitotoxicity as participants in the process of MN degeneration caused by mSOD1. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:20–46, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visual system of calliphorid flies: Organization of optic glomeruli and their lobula complex efferents
Authors: Strausfeld Nicholas J. , Okamura Jun‐Ya 
Published: November 2006

AbstractReconstructions of silver‐stained brains revealed 27 optic glomeruli that occupy a major volume of the lateral protocerebrum. Axons from different morphological types of columnar output neurons from the lobula complex sort out to specific glomeruli. Glomeruli are partially enwrapped by glial processes and are invaded by the dendrites and terminals of local interneurons that connect different glomeruli in a manner analogous to local interneurons in the antennal lobes. Each type of columnar neuron contributes to a palisade‐like ensemble that extends across the whole or a circumscribed area of the retinotopic mosaic. A second class of outputs from the lobula comprises wide‐field neurons, the dendrites of which interact with planar fields or column‐like patches of retinotopic inputs from the medulla. These neurons also send their axons to optic glomeruli. Dye fills demonstrate that lobula complex neurons supplying glomeruli do not generally terminate directly on descending neurons. Local interneurons and projection neurons provide integrative circuitry within and among glomeruli. As exemplified by the anterior optic tubercle, optic glomeruli can also have elaborate internal architectures. The results are discussed with respect to the identification of motion‐ and orientation‐selective neurons at the level of the lobula and lateral protocerebrum and with respect to the evolutionary implications raised by the existence of neural arrangements serving the compound eyes, which are organized like neuropils serving segmental ganglia equipped with appendages. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:166–188, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mash1 regulates the development of C cells in mouse thyroid glands
Authors: Kameda Yoko , Nishimaki Toshiyuki , Miura Masaaki , Jiang Shin‐Xu , Guillemot François 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn mammals, the ultimobranchial body derived from the fourth pharyngeal pouch gives rise to thyroid C cells. The C cells of newborn mice are immunoreactive for calcitonin, calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP), protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and NeuroD, and transiently exhibit the neuronal markers TuJ1 and somatostatin during fetal development. The basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor Mash1 plays a role in the differentiation of autonomic neurons. We show that in wild‐type mouse embryos, Mash1 is expressed in the ultimobranchial body at embryonic day (E) 12.5, when the body is located close to the great arch arteries. It is also expressed in the ultimobanchial body fused with the thyroid lobe at E 13.5. Targeted disruption of Mash1 resulted in the absence of C cells in the mouse thyroid glands, since cells displaying the C‐cell markers and expressing NeuroD were not detected during fetal development or at birth. The failure of C‐cell formation in the null mutant thyroids was also confirmed by electron microscopy. While the formation and migration of the ultimobranchial body were not affected in the Mash1 null mutants, at E 12.5–E 13.5 both the ultimobranchial body located close to the arteries and the organ populating the thyroid lobe exhibited a marked increase in apoptotic cell numbers. Thus, in the mutant mice, the ultimobranchial body fails to complete its differentiation program and finally dies. These results indicate that Mash1 enhances survival of the C‐cell progenitors by inhibiting apoptosis. Developmental Dynamics 236:262–270, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationships between regulatory T cells and CD8+ effector populations in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Chikamatsu Kazuaki , Sakakura Koichi , Whiteside Theresa L. , Furuya Nobuhiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundHomeostasis of circulating T cells is regulated in complex ways that have not yet been well defined. The balance between type 1 and type 2 T‐cell subsets in cancer patients is thought to modulate antitumor immunity. Meanwhile, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg), which are potent inhibitors of antitumor immune responses, also play an invaluable role in maintaining immune homeostasis.MethodsPeripheral blood was obtained from 42 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and 24 healthy age‐selected donors. The percentages of T‐cell subsets and their cytokine profiles expressed in response to ex vivo stimulation were studied by multicolor flow cytometry.ResultsAlthough patients with SCCHN had a lower percentage (p < .05) of circulating CD4+ T cells than healthy donors, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) were increased in the patients (p < .01). A significant increase in Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells was observed in the patients after ex vivo stimulation with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate /ionomycin. The percent of Treg inversely correlated with that of total CD8+ T cells (p < .05), CD8+IFN‐γ+ (Tc1) cells (p < .05), and CD8+IL‐4+ (Tc2) cells (p < .01). There was a highly significant correlation between Tc1 and Tc2 CD8+ T cells (p < .0001) in SCCHN patients but not in controls.ConclusionsTreg are increased in proportion in the circulation of patients with SCCHN. These cells appear to downregulate cytokine expression in both Tc1 and Tc2 subsets of CD8+ effector T cells, which may be responsible for antitumor responses. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2007
Numerical investigation on the temperature effect on the transport of soil solute
Authors: Fan A.W. , Liu W. , Xu G.L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the present paper, a mathematical model called the TE‐Model has been built to describe the simultaneous transport of heat, water, gas, and solute in soil, in which the temperature effects on the transports of soil water and soil solute were taken in account. When the temperature effect was neglected, we call it the NTE‐Model. Taking NaCl as an example, numerical calculations under constant environmental factors have been carried out to investigate the temperature effect on the transport of soil solute, which showed that the concentrations of NaCl in deep soil layers rose rapidly at the initial stage and then the upward movements slowed down. However, there was a large hysteresis in the concentration variation of soil solute in the shallow layers. After the initial stage, the concentration of NaCl rose almost linearly with time. Furthermore, the concentrations calculated through the TE‐Model was larger than those calculated through the NTE‐Model. At the conclusion of the 5‐year calculating process, relative deviations in soil solute concentration at 10 different depths have been found to reach 61.5%, 59.6%, 54.7%, 49.2%, 44.5%, 40.9%, 37.5%, 34.1%, 29.8%, and 23.0%, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(8): 539–552, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20137
Electronic structure and bonding studies on triple‐decker sandwich complexes with a P6 middle ring
Authors: Rani Dandamudi Usha , Prasad Dasari L. V. K. , Nixon John F. , Jemmis Eluvathingal D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDFT and hybrid HF‐DFT studies of structure and bonding of CpMP6MCp triple‐decker sandwich complexes, ranging from 18–28 valence electrons (VE) with M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W, show that the middle P6 ring complexes adopt symmetric planar (28 valence electron count [VEC]), asymmetric planar (26 VEC), and puckered (24 VEC) geometries. According to the mno Rule, 50 skeletal electrons are needed for these triple‐decker cluster frameworks. For 28 VEC, this corresponds to 10 electrons more than the 50 electrons of the mno Rule if all VE of the metal are included. These additional electrons control the distortion of a P6 middle ring and other finer structural details. Completely filled 2a* and 2b* orbitals in 28 VE complexes lead to a planar symmetrical P6 middle ring, while the occupancy in either 2a* or 2b* alone explains the in‐plane distortions (asymmetric) in 26 VE complexes. In comparison with 28 VE complexes, the puckering of P6 middle ring in 24 VE complexes is due to the greater stabilization of 5a and the extra stabilization of the +4 oxidation state of Ti. The quintet state of 22 VE complexes is planar as 2a* and 2b* are half filled. Similar geometrical and bonding patterns of CpScP6ScCp and C2P3H2ScC3P3H3ScC2P3H2 support the carbon–phosphorus analogy further. The 18 VE systems, CpScC3B3H6ScCp+ and CpScP3B3H3ScCp+, have the 50 skeletal electrons as stipulated by the mno Rule. Corresponding anions have 52 skeletal electrons (20 VE); the middle rings here are distorted in the plane. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Influence of plant matrix on microwave‐assisted extraction process. The case of diosgenin extracted from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.)
Authors: Kaufmann Béatrice , Rudaz Serge , Cherkaoui Samir , Veuthey Jean‐Luc , Christen Philippe 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA focused microwave‐assisted extraction method was developed for the extraction of diosgenin from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) seeds, air‐dried and fresh leaves and air‐dried roots. Several experimental parameters were studied, including extraction time, microwave power applied and percentage of 2‐propanol in the extraction mixture as well as their interactions, in order to optimize the extraction efficiency. The two latter parameters were found to be the most important. Response surface modelling was used to predict the extraction yield of diosgenin in selected matrices. The analysis of diosgenin in crude extracts was carried out by capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.