bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Amoeba‐to‐Flagellate Transformation in Tetramitus rostratus. I. Population Dynamics*
Authors: OUTKA DARRYLL E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Thirty to 80% of Tetramitus rostratus amoebae were induced to transform into the flagellated stage. The procedure involved growth in a dilute hydrolyzed casein medium with living Escherichia coli dispensed in microdrops approximately 0.5 mm3 in volume and sealed in a slide‐depressionchamber. Single amoebae placed in such microdrops did not transform until growth and division had produced a population density of 100 amoebae/mm3. Flagellation then began and proceeded rapidly.Analysis of growth and transformation in microdrops of different sizes but with equal numbers of amoebae, or of microdrops of the same size but different numbers of amoebae, suggested that the amoebae themselves were elaborating substances into the medium which brought about their own transformation. The effects of bacteriostasis induced by a variety of antibiotics did not clearly rule out a bacterial contribution to the factors causing transformation. Osmotic effects within physiological limits did not play any demonstrable role in inducing the response.It was concluded that transformation of amoebae to flagellates involved rapid growth and subsequent undetermined changes in the medium.
The Morphology and Biology of Pyxicola nolandi n. sp. (Ciliata, Peritrichida, Vaginicolidae)*
Authors: FINLEY HAROLD E. , BACON ARTHUR L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Pyxicola nolandi, n. sp., is a loricate peritrich favored by clean pond water. The yellowish‐brown lorica measures 74 × 25 μ, on the average; supported by a noncontractile stalk, it resembles a vase with a slightly curved neck bearing an oblique opening. The stalk, ∼ 13 × 6 μ, is marked by vertical lines which give it a corrugated appearance. The bluish‐gray translucent truncated body is protrusible beyond the lorica's opening, averages 87 × 15 μ, and is characterized as follows. An expansive sphincter collar that extends into a narrow shelf; 3 rows of concentrically spiralling peristomial membranes; prominent “soie de Lachmann” visible when peristomial region expands; a slightly lobulated discshaped operculum originating on the ventro‐lateral surface of the peristomial collar, averaging 15 μ in diameter, and overhanging the edge of the lorica when the body extends; one contractile vacuole; C‐shaped macronucleus; micronuclcus ∼ 6 times 3 μLarge populations were found in June, July, and August, attached to the alga Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum and to other kinds of filamentous algae. The peritrich was scarce in winter, but it was found even when the pond was covered with ice, providing that Rhizoclonizm survived in the cold weather.Some aspects of binary fission, lorica formation, conjugation, environmental pREFERENCES, and maintenance are described. The peritrich was cultivated in laboratory aquaria. Clones were established repeatedly from pond D‐7 and from laboratory aquaria. Loricae were stained successfully with Congo red. Nuclear phenomena were revealed with the Feulgen technique. Silver impregnation was unsuccessful, thus far.
Two New Species of Plistophora (Microsporidea) from North American Fish with a Synopsis of Microsporidea of Freshwater and Euryhaline Fishes
Authors: PUTZ ROBERT E. , HOFFMAN GLENN L. , DUNBAR CLARENCE E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two new species of Microsporidea, Plistophora salmonae from steelhead and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdntri) and Plistophora crpedianar from gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) are described. Schizonts to spores of P. cepedianae were found at one time within the same cyst, while only sporonts and spores of P. salmonae were found within the cyst.An illustrated synopsis of the known Microsporidea of freshwater and euryhaline fishes is given.
Studies on Myxosoma cartilaginis n. sp. (Protozoa: Myxosporidea) of Centrarchid Fish and a Synopsis of the Myxosoma of North American Freshwater Fishes
Authors: HOFFMAN GLENN L. , PUTZ ROBERT E. , DUNBAR CLARENCE E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Myxosoma cartilaginis n. sp. is described from the cartilage of Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill), L. cyanellus (green sunfish) and Micropterus salmoides (largemouth black bass). The development of the parasite is described from naturally infected fish which were held in spore‐free water after infection. The sporoplasm invades cartilage, and becomes a multi‐nucleate trophozoite which forms pansporoblasts, each of which produces 2 to 4 spores. The first spores appear in 7 weeks.The histopathology in the above fish consists at first of little cellular reaction, but after 4 to 5 months epithelioid granulomas appear around some of the spore masses. Cartilage liquefaction is present around the parasites for at least 5 weeks. Eosinophilic globules are present in cartilage cells adjacent to the lesions. Diffuse infiltration of the spores from the lesions is described.Of 24 chemicals tested for polar filament extrusion, potassium hydroxide gave the best results.An illustrated synopsis of the Myxosoma of North American fishes is given. Included is some additional information and illustrations of M. hoffmani Meglitsch, 1963. Also included is a table showing the hosts, site of infection, geographic location, spore and polar capsule sizes.
The Morphology of Blepharisma undulans Stein*†
Authors: KENNEDY JOHN R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Electron‐microscope studies have revealed the ciliature and infraciliature of Blepharisma undulans to include tubular filaments about 24 mμ in diameter. As these filaments pass from the kinetosomes into the surrounding cytoplasm they appear to divide into double helical subfilaments, each with a diameter of about 12 mμ. In the somatic region the ciliary rows are composed of series of paired kinetosomes. Connected with the anterior member of a pair are the cilium and transverse filaments, the posterior member giving rise to the posterior kinetodesmal fiber. From between the two kinetosomes arises the anterior kinetodesmal fiber. The kinetodesmal fiber system is associated with the subpellicular fibril system which lines the area just beneath the pellicle of the animal.In the oral region a series of these filaments extends from the proximal portion of the adoral zone of membranelle kinetosomes into the cytoplasm. They traverse the oral area to connect with the undulating membrane on the right margin of the mouth. Also present are fibers comparable to the kinetodesmal fibers and transverse fibers of the somatic region. The functional significance of this system is discussed.The nucleus and nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions are described, including pigment granules, storage products, the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and vacuole systems.
Cultivation of Three Species of Theileria in Lymphoid Cells in vitro
Authors: HULLIGER LOTTE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The intralymphocytic stages of Theileria parva, T. lawrencei and T. annulata have been cultivated for several months in tissue cultures of bovine lymphocytes associated with baby hamster kidney cells. In established cultures the theilerial particles multiplied at about the same rate as the host cells, the percentage of infected cells and the mean number of parasite particles per cell remaining nearly constant.During mitotic division of the host cell the theilerial body becomes closely associated with the spindle fibres and is pulled apart and distributed to both daughter cells in late anaphase. The single theilerial particles (chromatin) within the theilerial body divide by binary fission; their division is not synchronous with that of the host cell.
The Life Cycle and Morphology of the Apostomatous Ciliate, Hyalophysa chattoni n. g., n. sp.*
Authors: BRADBURY PHYLLIS CLARKE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new apostome ciliate was discovered in collections at Friday Harbor, Washington and the San Francisco area. All stages of the life cycle were studied in both living and stained condition.Dormant encysted stages (phoronts) occur on the gills of Pagurus hirsutiusculus. Excystation occurs in synchrony with the molting of the host yielding the trophic stage (trophont), which feeds on the exuvial fluids trapped in the crab's cast‐off exoskeleton. The trophont becomes greatly enlarged as a result of feeding, and the cytoplasm and organelles become compressed into a thin cortical layer. Each fully grown trophont encysts (becoming a tomont) as a prelude to repeated binary fission, which results in the release of actively motile offspring (tomites). These disperse and promptly resume the encysted phoront stage on the host's gills.The Chatton‐Lwoff silver impregnation method revealed that all stages of the life cycle have nine somatic kineties. In the trophont stage they are accompanied by an anterior ventral field of scattered clumps of kinetosomes. During conjugation the partners attach by their ventral surfaces between kineties 1 and 9 and at the left of the ventral field.The tomite stage was stained with Protargol. In addition to the characteristic features of the foettingeriid tomite also revealed by the Chatton‐Lwoff method, Protargol revealed the following heretofore undescribed morphological features: a short row of kinetosomes immediately anterior to the ogival field; a line paralleling the left margin of the field; the continuity of kinety 8 with falciform field 8; the entrance of kinety 9 into the mouth and its ending against the rosette (an enigmatic organelle characteristic of Foettingeriinae).Feulgen stains showed that the chromatin in the macronucleus is dispersed in aggregates whose size and number vary with the stage of the life cycle. The major period of chromatin synthesis appears to be during the early tomont stage, when Feulgen‐positive material increases visibly in amount and intensity of staining.This apostome ciliate was characterized as a new genus on the basis of the infraciliature of the trophont stage, its conjugation with ventral surfaces appressed, and its life cycle. It is named Hyalophysa (hyalo = glassy, physa = bubble) chattoni.
Endogenous Cycle of the Swine Coccidium Eimeria debliecki Douwes, 1921*
Authors: VETTERLING JOHN M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A pure strain of Eimeria debliecki (University of Illinois strain A) established from a single oocyst was used to determine the endogenous cycle. Young parasite‐free pigs 2 weeks to 3 months old were used throughout the study.The endogenous cycle was found to take place in the small intestine where the parasites were located in the distal portion of the striated simple columnar epithelial cells of the villi. The first generation schizonts were found in only the jejunum (15% of small intestine). The second generation schizonts and gametes occurred in the jejunum and ileum (70% of small intestine), a slight posterior progression occurring with each stage. The entire cycle required 6.5 days.The schizogonous cycle comprised 2 generations. The first generation schizonts required 2.5 days to reach maturity, measured 8‐12 μ, contained 16 merozoites measuring 12‐15 μ and had a polar residual mass. The second generation schizonts required 2 days to reach maturity, measured 13‐16 μ, contained 32 rotund merozoites measuring 6–8 μ, and had only a few granules of residual material.Gametogony took place in 1.5 days. The macrogametes measured 12‐16 μ, and the microgametocytes measured 9‐14 μ with microgametes measuring 5–6 μ.
Besnoitia darlingi (Brumpt, 1913) in Panama
Authors: SCHNEIDER CURT R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Besnoitia darlingi (Brumpt, 1913) Mandour, 1965 has been rediscovered in the common opossum Didelphis marsupialis in the Republic of Panama. A strain (D3) has been established in laboratory white mice. Proliferative crescents of the D3 strain are 6.1 (range 6.0‐9.0) by 2.1 (range 1.7‐4.0).Mouse‐adapted B. darlingi produced acute, fatal infections in white mice, hamsters, 14 marmosets (Saguinus geoffroyi), 2 squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides and S. granatensis), a woolly opossum (Caluromys derbianus) and a four‐eyed opossum (Philander opossum) It probably produced chronic infections (cysts) in 2 wild‐caughtopossums (Didelphis marsupialis) and one lizard (Ameiva ameiva). Animals in which induced infection could not be found after inoculation with trophozoites of mouse‐adapted B. darlingi were: 2 adult and 2 new‐born guinea pigs, laboratory rats, 1 night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus), 2 rhesus monkeys (Macacca mulatta), one iguana (Iguaanaiguana) and 2 baby caimans (Caiman sclerops).
Electron Microscopic and Histochemical Studies of Sporozoite Formation in Plasmodium berghei*
Authors: VANDERBERG JEROME , RDODIN JOHANNES , YOELI MEIR 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Observations were made on the differentiation of fine structure during sporogonic development of Plasmodium berghei. The oocyst in the process of sporozoite formation is an encapsulated structure 30‐40 μ in diameter. It typically develops while in an extracellular position, attached to the basement membrane of the mosquito midgut and projecting into the mosquito hemocoel. Occasionally, however, ookinetes passing thru the midgut epithelial cells may become impacted within a cell so that the resulting oocyst develops intracellularly.Each oocyst has a large differentiating region, the sporoblastoid body. This body contains large dividing nuclei which are Feulgenpositive, and a cytoplasm which includes mitochondria, dense rodlike structures, cytoplasmic membranes, cisternae and vacuolar structures, Golgi material, and ribosomes which are both free and membrane‐associated.Sporozoite budding takes place along the surface of the sporoblastoid body. Bits of a new membrane condense under the plasma membrane which bounds the sporoblastoid body. These 2‐membraned sites then bulge out, continue to elongate, and eventually become sporozoites. The various nuclear and cytoplasmic components of the sporoblastoid body are passed into the sporozoites during their elongation. In addition, the sporozoite develops a system of elogate, subpellicular microtubules, possibly contractile in function. The pellicle of the sporozoite is broken by an opening, the cytostome (micropyle). The anterior end is truncate.
Calcium and Phosphorus Accumulation in Spirostomum ambiguum
Authors: JONES ALICK R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Spirostomum ambiguum is known to contain Ca phosphate as apatite. Tracer experiments with 32P and 45Ca showed that much of the Ca that enters the animal is inexchangeable. About 20% exchanges in the 1st few days but after 42 days only 50% of the original isotope content has been lost. This process seemed independent of temperature, Ca and K concentration, and of whether the animals were starved or fed. It is postulated that the firmly bound Ca is in the form of apatite. By use of both isotopes simultaneously it was shown that some of the Ca uptake was linked with phosphate uptake. However, there appear to be at least one, probably 2 compartments of Ca uptake independent of phosphate uptake. The experiments suggest there being in all 3 compartments of Ca uptake: one firmly bound as apatite; one slightly less firmly bound in some other form (perhaps carbonate); and a last freely exchangeable fraction. The P was found in 2 compartments: one bound to Ca; the other freely exchangeable.Autoradiography and histochemical tests localized the Ca phosphate deposits in the “endoplasm”, the ectoplasm and nuclear material being free of such deposits. Identification of these deposits in electron micrographs is discussed. It is suggested that these deposits may be waste products possibly derived from mitochondri***al accumulations.
Distribution of the DNA and the DNA‐Histone Antigens in the Nuclei of Free‐Living and Parasitic Sarcomastigophora
Authors: STEWART JOHN M. , BECK J. SWANSON 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sixty‐seven species of the subphylum Sarcomastigophora were stained with 2 human antinuclear antibodies to detect the corresponding nuclear antigens, using the indirect immunofluorescence technic. One antinuclear serum contained an antibody to DNA and the other an antibody to DNA linked to histone (DNA‐H). Results were classified according to the revised classification of the Society of Protozoologists' Committee on Taxonomy and Taxanomic Problems (1964). The DNA antigen was detected in the nuclei of all species studied. The DNA‐H antigen was found in all the freeliving species examined, but it was not present in any of the 40 parasitic species tested.The free‐living species of Sarcodina studied represented the orders Amoebida (families Amoebidae, Mayorellidae) and Actinophryida. Parasitic species tested were all from the Amoebida.Within the Mastigophora, free‐living species were examined from the orders Cryptomonadida, Euglenida, Volvocida, Dinoflagellida, Kinetoplastida (suborder Bodonina), and Rhizomastigida. Parasitic species studied represented the orders Kinetoplastida (suborder Trypanosomatina), Trichomonadida and Rhizomastigida.It is suggested that the absence of the DNA‐H antigen in parasitic species is perhaps linked with the inability of these species to survive in a free‐living environment.
Patterns of Methionine and Lysine Biosynthesis in the Trypanosomatidae During Growth*
Authors: GUTTMAN HELENE N. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Nine Crithidia spp., 2 Blastocrithidia spp., 3 Leptomonas spp. and 2 Trypanosoma spp. were tested for ability to synthesize methionine and lysine during growth.A prerequisite for methionine biosynthesis is an inordinately high level of folic acid (0.1 mg/100 ml) in the medium. Crithidia factor‐type unconjugated pteridines cannot spare this requirement. Since the methionine‐synthesis factor is still present after acid hydrolysis which destroys folic acid, the factor is either a breakdown product of folic acid or an impurity in the commercial product. All save C. fasciculata var. noelleri and C. from Syrphid could synthesize methionine from homocysteine thiolactone.None of the organisms synthesized lysine from α‐aminoadipic acid (AAA), thus ruling out the existence of the AAA pathway for lysine synthesis in the Trypanosomatidae. Nine of the organisms synthesized lysine from a mixture of LL‐ and meso‐α,e‐diaminopimelic acid. Since both LL‐ and meso‐DAP are intermediates in the biosynthesis of lysine by the DAP pathway (LL‐DAP→meso‐DAP→lysine) and since decarboxylation of either LL‐ or meso‐DAP could result in formation of lysine, pure meso‐DAP was tested and found active. Thus at least the terminal portion of the DAP pathway for lysine synthesis exists in these true animal cells. Statements about absence of ability to synthesize lysine in animal cells and consequent evolutionary interpretations will therefore require revision.
The Mastigont System of Trichomonas gallinae (Rivolta) as Revealed by Electron Microscopy
Authors: MATTERN CARL F. T. , HONIGBERG B. M. , DANIEL WENDELL A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of Trichomonas gallinae has been examined by electron microscopy and correlated with previous light microscope observations. A composite diagram of the flagellate, derived from both types of examination, is presented. Details of relationships of various mastigont organelles are documented by electron micrographs.The extent of the pelta and its connection to the capitulum of the axostyle have been determined.Four types of kinetosome rootlets have been described. One consists of superficial “filaments” radiating from each of the 9 triplet microtubules of kinetosomes #1, #2 and #3. A 2nd type of rootlet structure is represented by single comma‐shaped filaments emerging clockwise from kinetosomes #1 and #3. The filament from kinetosome #1 has a periodic structure similar to that of the marginal lamella with which it is believed to connect. A 3rd type of rootlet emerges from kinetosome #2 as a sheet of about 9 filaments which traverse a sigmoid course and terminate on the inner surface of the microtubules of the pelta near the peltar‐axostylar junction. The 4th set of structures consists of the costa and parabasal filaments. These structures have major periodicities of similar dimension but have readily differentiable repeating units. The costa appears to originate at the kinetosome of the recurrent flagellum, but its origin is also contiguous with that of parabasal filament 2 which has some continuity with kinetosomes #2 and #3. Parabasal filament 1, on the other hand, arises solely from or near kinetosome #2.Occasional observations of a costa and a parabasal filament in juxtaposition over a great part of their length has led to the suggestion that the parabasal filament may play a role in the development of the costa.Periodic and filamentous structures have been observed in paraxostylar and paracostal granules and in nearby cytoplasm. Their possible role in providing substance for the developing axostyle and the costa is discussed.The results are discussed in the light of available information pertaining to structure of various trichomonad species as revealed by light and electron microscopy.
A Comparative Study of Mitosis in Amoebae and Plasmodia of the True Slime Mold Didymium nigripes
Authors: KERR SYLVIA JOANN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Studies comparing mitosis in amoebae and plasmodia of the true slime mold Didymium nigripes reveal that at the time of differentiation pronounced changes occur in the mitotic process. Not only does the amount of time required for division of the 2 stages differ, but plasmodial mitosis is characterized by persistence of the nuclear membrane and the apparent lack of centrioles. The origin of multinucleate plasmodia from uninucleate cells which have already undergone cytoplasmic differentiation is described. Division time in a population of amoebae becomes more uniform after those cells which are destined to form plasmodia have differentiated.The observations and data presented indicated that differences in mitotic behavior also occur between amoebae of 3 stocks with differences in plasmodial structure and behavior. Comparison of mitosis in the plasmodia of these 3 stocks revealed no significant differences.
Differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi in Culture*
Authors: CASTELLANI OLGA , RIBEIRO L. V. , FERNANDES J. F. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A medium containing sodium and potassium chloride, phosphate buffer, glucose, calf serum, hemoglobin and lactalbumin hydrolysate permits some growth and differentiation of crithidiae into the metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. The addition of ox liver infusion greatly enhances the growth promoting properties of this medium while making it very poor as far as differentiation is concerned. With dog heart infusion instead of ox liver, the medium is still good for growth but not much better for differentiation. If, however, the pH of the dog heart infusion medium is lowered from 7.2 to 6.7, it continues to be good for growth and becomes excellent for differentiation.Other factors were studied that stimulate or repress the rate of differentiation, such as preincubation at certain levels of temperature and the size and age of inocula.
Growth and Colony Formation of the Phytoflagellate Prymnesium parvum Carter on Solid Media
Authors: PADAN ETANA , GINZBURG DALIA , SHILO MOSHE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Colonies of Prymnesium parvum from single cells were obtained in an atmosphere of high humidity, in soft‐agar overlayers on solid medium. Light intensity above 60 foot candles at the surface of the agar plates inhibited colonial development. Such colonies were used to obtain pure lines of the phytoflagellate.A method for direct demonstration of hemolysin formation on agar plates was developed. The occurrence of hemolytic activity by P. parvum colonies was light‐dependent.