bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacteria Possessing Two RelA/SpoT-Like Proteins Have Evolved a Specific Stringent Response Involving the Acyl Carrier Protein-SpoT Interaction
Authors: Battesti Aurélia , Bouveret Emmanuelle 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTBacteria respond to nutritional stress by producing (p)ppGpp, which triggers a stringent response resulting in growth arrest and expression of resistance genes. InEscherichia coli, RelA produces (p)ppGpp upon amino acid starvation by detecting stalled ribosomes. The SpoT enzyme responds to various other types of starvation by unknown mechanisms. We previously described an interaction between SpoT and the central cofactor of lipid synthesis, acyl carrier protein (ACP), which is involved in detecting starvation signals in lipid metabolism and triggering SpoT-dependent (p)ppGpp accumulation. However, most bacteria possess a unique protein homologous to RelA/SpoT (Rsh) that is able to synthesize and degrade (p)ppGpp and is therefore more closely related to SpoT function. In this study, we asked if the ACP-SpoT interaction is specific for bacteria containing two RelA and SpoT enzymes or if it is a general feature that is conserved in Rsh enzymes. By testing various combinations of SpoT, RelA, and Rsh enzymes and ACPs ofE. coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Bacillus subtilisandStreptococcus pneumoniae, we found that the interaction between (p)ppGpp synthases and ACP seemed to be restricted to SpoT proteins of bacteria containing the two RelA and SpoT proteins and to ACP proteins encoded by genes located in fatty acid synthesis operons. When Rsh enzymes fromB. subtilisandS. pneumoniaeare produced inE. coli, the behavior of these enzymes is different from the behavior of both RelA and SpoT proteins with respect to (p)ppGpp synthesis. This suggests that bacteria have evolved several different modes of (p)ppGpp regulation in order to respond to nutrient starvation.
Specific duodenal and faecal bacterial groups associated with paediatric coeliac disease
Authors: Collado M C , Donat E , Ribes-Koninckx C , Calabuig M , Sanz Y 
Published: November 2008

Aims:To identify specific gut bacteria associated with coeliac disease (CD) at diagnosis and after treatment with a gluten-free diet (GFD) in a paediatric population.Methods:30 and 18 faecal samples from untreated and treated CD patients and 25 and 8 biopsy samples from untreated and treated CD patients, respectively, were analysed. In addition, 30 faecal and 8 biopsy samples from control children were evaluated for comparative purposes. Gut bacterial groups were quantified by real-time PCR.Results:BacteroidesandClostridiumleptumgroups were more abundant in faeces and biopsies of CD patients than in controls regardless of the stage of the disease.E coliandStaphylococcuscounts were also higher in faeces and biopsies of non-treated CD patients than in those of controls, but their levels were normalised after treatment with a GFD.Bifidobacteriumlevels were lower in faeces of both groups of CD patients and in biopsies of untreated CD patients compared to controls. Similar bacterial groups were related to CD in biopsies and faeces, indicating that faecal microbiota partly reflects that of the small intestine in CD patients, and could constitute a convenient biological index of this disorder.Conclusions:Duodenal and faecal microbiota is unbalanced in children with untreated CD and only partially restored after long-term treatment with a GFD, constituting a novel factor linked to this disorder.
Defining distinct caregiver subpopulations by intensity of end-of-life care provided
Authors: Abernethy A , Burns C , Wheeler J , Currow D 
Published: November 2008

Interventions designed to assist informal caregivers who serve individuals at or near the end of life have predominantly focused on caregiving spouses. Can we define other caregiver subpopulations – by intensity of care provided – so as to enable better a) identification of caregiver needs and b) targeting of support to caregivers? The Health Omnibus Survey, an annual face-to-face survey in South Australia, collects health-related data from a representative sample of 4400 households. Piloted questions included in the 2001–2005 Health Omnibus surveys addressed death of a loved one, caregiving provided, impact of caregiving and caregiver characteristics. Of 18,224 respondents, 5302 reported a loved one’s death due to terminal illness in the previous 5 years. In all, 502 (10%) provided daily care [5–7 days/week], 619 (12%) provided intermittent care [2–4 days/week] and 425 (8%) provided rare care. Active (daily plus intermittent) caregivers, compared with non-active (rare) caregivers, were more often women (63% vs 50%; P < 0.0001). Daily caregivers were distinguishable from intermittent; daily caregivers were more often widowed (95% vs 7%; P < 0.0001) and ≥60 years (80% vs 64%; P < 0.0001); intermittent caregivers were more commonly children/parents (35%), other relatives (33%), or friends (26%; P < 0.0001) and were better educated, more active in paid work and wealthier. Financial burden, experience at time of death, ability to move on after the death and need for grief support also differed by intensity of caregiving. Caregiver subpopulations can be defined according to intensity of caregiving with distinct demographic features helping to distinguish them.
The crystal structure of seeligerite, Pb3IO4Cl3, a rare Pb-I-oxychloride from the San Rafael mine, Sierra Gorda, Chile
Authors: Bindi L. , Welch M. D. , Bonazzi P. , Pratesi G. , Menchetti S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe crystal structure of seeligerite, Pb3IO4Cl3, from the San Rafael mine, Sierra Gorda, Chile, was solved in the space group Cmm2, and refined to R = 3.07%. The unit-cell parameters are: a = 7.971(2), b = 7.976(2), c = 27.341(5) Å, V = 1738.3(6) Å3 and Z = 8. The crystal structure consists of a stacking sequence along [001] of square-net layers of O atoms and square-net layers of Cl atoms with Pb+ and I+ cations located in the voids of the packing. As is typical of cations with a stereoactive lone-pair of electrons, Pb2+ and I5+ adopt strongly-asymmetrical configurations. Pb2+ cations occur in a variety of coordination polyhedra, ranging from anticubes and monocapped anticubes to pyramidal ‘one-sided’ coordinations. I5+ is coordinated by a square of four oxygen atoms: I1 and I3 exhibit a ‘one-sided’ coordination, whereas I2 has square-planar coordination.The TEM investigation has revealed additional superlattice reflections (which were not registered by X-ray diffraction (XRD)) in the hk0 diffraction pattern of seeligerite based upon a 0.158 Å-1 square net, which can be interpreted as arising from a 20-cation super-sheet motif (12.6 Å x 12.6 Å), likely related to a further level of Pb-I order superimposed upon the 8-site motif identified by XRD.
Two BMP responsive elements, STAT, and bZIP/HNF4/COUP motifs of the hepcidin promoter are critical for BMP, SMAD1, and HJV responsiveness
Authors: Truksa Jaroslav , Lee Pauline , Beutler Ernest 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Hepcidin plays a major role in the regulation of iron homeostasis. Several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are strong inducers of hepcidin (Hamp1, HAMP) expression. Hemojuvelin, a protein critical for maintaining appropriate levels of hepcidin, acts as a coreceptor for BMP2 and BMP4, thereby providing a link between iron homeostasis and the BMP-signaling pathway. We show that a robust BMP, hemojuvelin, and SMAD1 response by murine Hamp1 is dependent on a distal BMP responsive element (BMP-RE2), the adjacent bZIP, HNF4α/COUP binding sites, and plus or minus 50 bp of the flanking area within −1.6 to −1.7 kb of the Hamp1 promoter. Furthermore, the STAT site and the BMP responsive element (BMP-RE1) located in the proximal 260-bp region of the Hamp1 promoter are also indispensable for maximal activation of hepcidin transcription. The homologous motifs in the distal and proximal regions of the human HAMP promoter act in a manner similar to the murine Hamp1 promoter. Therefore, we propose that the regulation of hepcidin by the BMP pathway involves the formation of a complex of liver-specific and response-specific transcription factors bound to the distal BMP-RE2 /bZIP/HNF4α/COUP region and to the proximal BMP-RE1/STAT region possibly by physical association of the 2 regions.
Evolution of microstructure and impact-strength energy in thermally and thermomechanically aged 15-5 PH
Authors: Herny E , Lours P , Andrieu E , Cloué J M , Lagain P 
Published: November 2008

Due to its outstanding mechanical resistance and resistance to corrosion, alloy 15-5 PH can be beneficially used for manufacturing aerospace structural parts. Following exposure to intermediate temperature, from 300°–400 °C, the alloy embrittles through the decomposition of the martensite into iron-rich and chromium-rich domains. Depending on the ageing time, these domains are either interconnected or unconnected with each other. The embrittlement results in a drastic drop of the impact strength-energy and an increase of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. The initial microstructure and mechanical properties can be recovered through a re-homogenization of the distribution of chromium and iron atoms in the material in the case where the decomposition of the matrix is not too pronounced. The application of a stress higher than 60 per cent of the yield strength further enhances the ageing kinetics in the case where the combined effect of temperature and time results in the spinodal decomposition of the martensite.
Glow discharge treatment of Inconel 625 for glass fibreizing spinner discs
Authors: Kost M , Rudnicki J , Wierzchoń T 
Published: November 2008

Fibreizing spinner discs work in absolutely extreme conditions. They are exposed to the influences of high temperatures, oxidation at elevated temperatures, combustion gases, and liquid glass. The spinner discs usually used are made from Inconel 625 alloys. Liquid glass affects the chemical composition of the Inconel surface zone, decreasing the chromium content. This causes corrosion phenomena. The recent studies concerning the application of CrN layers to protect the spinner disc against the external environment are presented. It has been shown that CrN layers improve the lifetime of the spinner disc. Produced CrN layers have diffusion character, hardness ∼1700 HV 0.05, and high wear and corrosion resistance.
Operating Management Speaks
Authors: Crane Roger R. 
Published: November 2008

On December 4, 1958, the Detroit Chapter of The Institute of Management Sciences organized a panel discussion entitled “Operating Management Speaks” to present what operating management would like from the mathematical analysis of business operations. Two of these presentations are given here to illustrate the attitude of operating management about the Management Sciences and where they feel it can contribute to their problems. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
Observations on the Role of Business Research as an Aid to Managers
Authors: Hurni Melvin L. 
Published: November 2008

In speaking of the Role of Business Research as an Aid to Managers, I am going to make an assumption. This assumption is simply that for the foreseeable future, most industrial businesses will be constituted pretty much as they are now. They will be loosely coupled systems in which many people will continue to play a major role in sensing, deciding, regulating, adjusting, innovating. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
Operations Research as Applied to Construction
Authors: Heiman D. W. 
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this paper is to examine into the feasibility and desirability of the application of the management sciences to the management of construction. The rapid development of the use of scientific methods, techniques and tools in the solution of complex industrial management problems raises the question as to whether or not the scientific disciplines can be employed to improve construction management, perhaps the most diverse, ruggedly individualistic of our major enterprises. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
Characteristics of Management Science
Authors: Hurni Melvin L. 
Published: November 2008

All scientific areas of knowledge share common characteristics which distinguish them from the non-scientific. In evolving into a science an area of knowledge will acquire those characteristics common to a science. This is true of Management Science. But it is equally true that subject matter differences among sciences yield characteristics that distinguish one science from the others. For a scientist dedicated to a single field of knowledge, it is these distinguishing elements that are of prime importance in guiding his work and interests. What follows is the author's attempt to identify some of the critical characteristics of Management Science (as he sees it) consequent upon a major area of its subject matter, Business Organizations, for the purpose of clarifying its role as an applied business science. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
An Airline Provisioning Problem
Authors: Shaunty James A. , Hare Van Court 
Published: November 2008

The authors describe a method of computing the number of spare parts of each kind to have at each field station in a maintenance system. One-at-a-time replenishment is used and the variables considered are: (1) the replenishment time from a central warehouse to field stations, (2) a specified protection level (maximum number of shortages per year), and (3) the predicted usage rate for each part-station combination. The method employs multi-channel queuing theory in a routine programmed for Univac I. Of basic interest is the technique of predicting part-station usage from the number of landings per time period, rather than from hours flown, a modification of usual airline practice that allows usage predictions to be tied directly to a given station, and, furthermore, allows allocations of parts to stations to be revised as schedules change. Thus, the procedure bases inventory levels at each station on future needs, rather than on past history—a poor predictor as plane types and schedules are revised. The method is also applicable to field inventory planning for non-airline use, particularly if part usage is low, if one-at-a-time replenishment is used, and if the number of part-station combinations serviced is large. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
Decision Making in Competitive Situations
Authors: Friedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2008

A method of making decisions in competitive situations is discussed which attempts to use analysis in a more rational manner than in the methods given by the mathematical theory of games. The method is based on two principles which have been the subject of much controversy in the field of decision theory. These principles are, (1) In any real competitive situation there is one and only one optimal course of action, and (2) In any real competitive situation there is one and only one objective function. This objective function is the maximization of expected utility. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
Some Comments on the Simulation of Management Control Systems
Authors: Conway Richard W. 
Published: November 2008

The author believes that digital simulation will make a great contribution to the understanding of management control systems, although little has been accomplished to date. He questions whether the problem can be “overwhelmed” by experimentation without a general theory of management control systems and states that proper design of an investigation is at least as difficult a problem as that of constructing a valid simulator, although the latter is no mean problem. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
A Pattern for Reporting Operations Research to the Business Executive
Authors: Wynne B. E. 
Published: November 2008

This paper emphasizes the purpose of an Operations Research report to business executives, discusses some of the problems of language and attitude, defends the need for executive “intuition” and suggests a format for Operations Research reports. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
Critique of Air Defense Measures of Effectiveness
Authors: Tombach Harold 
Published: November 2008

Military long-range planners are constantly presented with weapon systems studies that make use of measures of effectiveness. Understanding of the implications of the choice of specific measures on the conclusions drawn from a systems analysis study is, therefore, important for these military decision makers as it is for military system analysts. This paper examines measures of effectiveness used for air defense systems development and force composition purposes in the light of the criterion of air defense mission accomplishment. Both active and passive defenses are covered. Limitations in the validity of the various measures are shown and examples of erroneous conclusions based on the use of expedient measures of effectiveness are provided. In conclusion, measures appearing most meaningful for the evaluation of the effectiveness of a future composite air defense system against a composite threat are indicated. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
Research Problems in Management Controls
Authors: Rowe Alan J. 
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this paper is to present a number of concepts pertaining to management controls and to discuss information requirements, decision rules and feedback mechanisms. The use of computer simulation as a means for studying the dynamic response characteristics of management controls in a business environment is also presented. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
A Plant-Warehouse System with Variable Lead-Times and Variable Re-Order Levels: The Cost Optimization—COPT—System
Authors: Strassmann Paul A. 
Published: November 2008

An analyst, in approaching the design of an integrated factory warehouse decision system, finds out that existing operations research theory concentrates on the rigorous solution of only limited and selected segments of the complex relationship between production and distribution. The fixed or economic order quantity re-ordering practice most frequently discussed in O/R literature results in an undesirable fluctuation in orders at the plant. If the manufacturer owns both the plants and the warehouses, he must incorporate an order smoothing decision rule into his system which must necessarily modify the size of the economic order quantity. The fixed re-order point (or trigger point) is likewise an undesirable restriction on the operation of a system attempting to optimize both factory and distribution costs. At the times when the sales rate is below the rate of production a particular re-order point may not be reached at all. Conversely, at times of high sales, the re-order point may be reached repeatedly with the ultimate consequence of lengthening the lead times at the plant. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
Management Decision Technique in the Classification of Employee Skills
Authors: Winthrop Henry 
Published: November 2008

An interesting problem which crops up in the field of industrial learning is the question of when an apprentice can be said to be a fully experienced operator. The importance of this question crops up for industrial training programs. It also occurs under the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act which provides that during the learning period the apprentice can only receive an hourly rate which is less than the standard going hourly rate for experienced operators. It therefore becomes important to determine when the learning period is over for apprentices, so that they may receive the higher rate to which they are then entitled. This is equitable enough but the real question which then arises is by what criterion do we determine the actual length of the learning period. Management will tend to exaggerate its length and labor will tend to minimize it. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
A Sugar Refinery Simulation Model
Authors: Brooks Richard M. 
Published: November 2008

For a number of years the California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Corporation, Limited (C and H) has found it increasingly difficult to conduct experiments essential to improving refining technology or to gaining a greater understanding of the specific capabilities and limitations of its refinery at Crockett, California. This article discusses the manner in which the refining process was analyzed, describes in brief the formulation of the model, and reviews the benefits derived from the model's development and use. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
The Development of a Factory Simulation System Using Actual Operating Data
Authors: LeGrande Earl 
Published: November 2008

A Simulation Process was developed at the El Segundo Division of Hughes Aircraft company whereby actual shop operating data contained in an existing data processing system is used as input to an IBM 7090 computer for simulation of the El Segundo Fabrication Shop. The Simulation Process was used as a study tool to evaluate the effects of various management decisions on the operation of the Fabrication Shop. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
The Combination of Alternative Research Techniques in Logistics Systems Analysis
Authors: Geisler Murray A. , Steger Wilbur A. 
Published: November 2008

A multiplicity of techniques must be used in systems analysis in order to answer the variety of questions that arise in research on management systems. A research organization devoted to solving management science problems will inevitably use mixtures of these techniques. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of systems analysis, and past experiences with it, to help develop a strategy for selecting appropriate techniques. To facilitate the development of this strategy, several categorizations are developed: (1) of the characteristics of the kinds of systems studied by systems analysts; (2) of the many purposes of systems analysis; and (3) of the attributes of many systems analysis techniques. Then the simulation category is examined further with a more detailed breakdown presented on the spectrum of simulation techniques. Finally, an illustration is given of the way in which the various systems analysis techniques have been used to evolve a greater understanding of supply and inventory policies and systems. There seems to be a natural way in which the use of the several techniques evolved and were fitted together. It is believed that this pattern has occurred in other large systems studies, and that it would be applicable to those large and complex systems in which there would not be a significant pool of prior research available. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.