bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excavations at Pottery Mound, New Mexico
Authors: Hibben Frank C. 
Published: April 2006

The first season's excavations of the University of New Mexico at the site called Pottery Mound, near Los Lunas, New Mexico, have revealed a painted kiva with interesting differences when compared with those heretofore discovered. The excavations were carried on as part of the 1954 Archaeological Field Session of the University of New Mexico. Work was continued at the site for a period of 6 weeks. It is contemplated that excavations will be resumed in the season of 1955.Pottery Mound is a large site covering approximately 2 acres. It has been known for the last 2 decades to archaeologists and laymen alike as a place prolific in many kinds of pottery. It is this circumstance which has given the place its name.Excavations of the 1954 season were carried on in the northeast portion of the mound. Also a very extensive refuse pile on the south periphery of the site was trenched for stratigraphical purposes.
Archaeology of the Yale Reservoir, Lewis River, Washington
Authors: Bryan Alan L. 
Published: April 2006

Pacific Power and Light Company of Portland, Oregon, has now completed construction of the Yale dam, flooding 9 miles of one of the largest river valleys in southwestern Washington. Before the dam was completed an agreement was made between E. Robert de Luccia of the Company and Douglas Osborne of the University of Washington and the Washington State Museum to assure that archaeological resources within the reservoir would be permanently recorded. Correspondence was initiated by Dr. Osborne with Mr. de Luccia, who is Vice-President and Chief Engineer of Pacific Power and Light. The understanding of an archaeologist's aims and needs displayed by Mr. de Luccia and his associates is most heartening. The company employed two archaeologists, Thomas Kehoe and Alan Bryan, and supplied subsistence for a period of two weeks for these men and a third student, Ralph Turman.According to all ethnographic and historical information, the upper Lewis River Valley was not peopled by the Indians until quite recently, and then not from the coastal area, but from the Plateau over the Klikitat Pass.
Archaeology of Wildrose Canyon, Death Valley National Monument
Authors: Wallace William James , Taylor Edith S. 
Published: April 2006

Wildrose Canyon, the site of the summer headquarters of the National Park Service for Death Valley National Monument, is on the west side of the Panamint Range in eastern California. The canyon, which runs in a roughly east-west direction, is about 13 miles long. Structurally, its width widens from its mouth where it measures less than 1/4 of a mile inland to a maximum of 11/2 miles and then narrows again in its upper reaches. There is a general upslope of the valley floor from about 4000 to over 8000 feet in elevation.The valley is flanked on either side with rugged mountains which rise steeply above its floor. Their sides are furrowed with many gulches and narrow canyons and the lower slopes are piled high with rock debris. The uneven valley floor is covered with boulders, gravel, sand, and silt washed down from the surrounding heights. Branch canyons extend back into the mountains at many points, dwindling to narrow gorges in their upper reaches.
The Denbigh Flint Complex is Not Yet Dated
Authors: Giddings J. L. 
Published: April 2006

Every radiocarbon sample that an archaeologist turns in to a physicist for dating has its particular story to tell. The story is likely to be much longer and more devious than is easily expressed in a simple number. I am a little worried about our use of “lists” of radiocarbon dates in view of the recent treatment of some dates from Cape Denbigh.During the field seasons of 1948, 1949, and 1950 we secured from the Denbigh Flint layer no more than a small pillbox full of charcoal. When this was submitted to Libby, at the University of Chicago laboratory, he regretfully notified us that the sample was not enough to coat a cylinder. Our 4th field trip to Cape Denbigh, in 1952, was made for the express purpose of scraping together enough organic matter for analysis of the oldest cultural layer.
Wave Action at George Lake 1, Ontario
Authors: Greenman E. F. 
Published: April 2006

In a recent issue of American Antiquity (Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 101-11, 1954) Thomas Lee states that several geologists reject wave action as the cause of the worn condition of some of the blades found at the Sheguiandah site in Ontario, Canada. This fosters doubt in his mind that I am right in assigning wave action as the cause of the worn condition of artifacts from George Lake 1, 25 miles to the east. This is a matter of crucial importance for the site because it involves the only method of establishing the contemporaneity of cultural material with construction of the beach by waves at an elevation of 297 feet above the present level of Lake Huron.The most secure support of wave action at George Lake is the abrasion of the artifacts to the same degree and in the same manner as the cobbles of the beach itself. Both are in the condition described by sedimentologists as subangular. It is also important that the aretes of the implements are in most cases much smoother than the surfaces of the flake scars. Other facts are consistent with this interpretation.
A Fluted Point from Durango, Mexico
Authors: Lorenzo José L. 
Published: April 2006

Under the direction of J. Charles Kelley of Southern Illinois University, an anthropological field school carried out investigations in the State of Durango, Mexico, from June 22 to August 8, 1952, with the permission of the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.Their camp was established on the rancho “Santa Barbara,” property of Fred Weicker, about 50 kms. west of Durango city, in the Sierra Madre Occidental. The camp was on the side of an arroyo, a branch of the Rio Mimbres, which after joining the Rio Chico, flows into the Rio Tunal. This becomes the Mesquital-San Pedro and flows into the Pacific through the State of Nayarit. The camp was approximately 2280 m. above sea level, near archaeological remains consisting of house-mounds, ceramics, and obsidian artifacts.
Reconstruction of Prehistoric Environments through the Analysis of Molluscan Collections from Shell Middens
Authors: Matteson Max R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn Illinois, the shells of fresh-water mussels are often found in large numbers in the middens of former Indian habitations which were located adjacent to rivers. Living representatives of the species present are usually common in the rivers of the state today. With knowledge gained through study of the habitat-demands of the different species as they now live, one is able to reconstruct the environment in which each species existed at the time when the mussels were taken for food. The picture formed by the combined habitat-demands of the different species is a portrayal of the river as it existed at that time. An analysis of the shells taken from a midden on Haw Creek, now often intermittent during summer months, suggests that it was a small river 2000 years ago. Other analyses of shells have shown that decided changes have taken place in other streams.
Population Centers of the Rimac Valley of Peru
Authors: Stumer Louis M. 
Published: April 2006

This Article is intended less as a descriptive piece on the archaeology of the Rimac Valley than it is as a single-valley application of various conclusions reached by Richard P. Schaedel in his Major Ceremonial and Population Centers in Northern Peru (1951). Schaedel, in a broad synthetic study of major ruins on the North Coast of Peru, comes to several interesting conclusions on the “urban revolution” in that region. The author, who was already engaged in a survey of the Rimac, with the focus on the coastal cultures from sea level to the 1000-meter line, felt impelled to shift the emphasis of his survey from straight description to a Central Coast application of Schaedel's North Coast findings. This was a fairly easy task, as the sites were already being analyzed both architecturally and ceramically.The Rimac, the “valley of Lima,” presents sufficient of both typical and atypical features of a Peruvian coastal valley to make the application of Schaedel's theories to a single valley at least fairly indicative of their validity for the entire Peruvian coast.
Four Burials from the Coeur d'Alene Region, Idaho
Authors: Miller Tom O. 
Published: April 2006

This is a report of four burials recovered from the Coeur d'Alene area, Kootenai County, north Idaho, in minor salvage operations.lOKtl (b-1). During the fall of 1949 construction workers on the North Idaho Junior College campus in Coeur d'Alene unearthed one burial. Workmen turned over the skull and longbones and a large iron blade into a box, to the Junior College. There was some green patination on the back of the skull, as if it had been in contact with copper. The blade or point measured 13.6 in. by 2.9 in., and was slightly under 0.3 in. in thickness. It is reported to be a type common in the trade material in the Plateau. Position and orientation are not known.Roselake Burial. In the spring of 1950 a retired resident of Roselake, Idaho, discovered a skull and some longbones weathered or scraped out of the bank of thfe Coeur d'Alene River, at Roselake.
An Archaic Cemetery at Port Au Choix, Newfoundland
Authors: Tuck James A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn Archaic Indian cemetery at Port au Choix, Newfoundland, dating from about 2000-1700 yrs B.C. is described. For the first time, excellent bone preservation allows a relatively complete reconstruction of the culture of the Archaic inhabitants of Newfoundland. Comparing the assemblage from Port au Choix with other Archaic assemblages from Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, especially the Moorehead or Maine Cemetery complex sites leads to the description of a "new" whole cultural tradition, the Maritime Archaic tradition, which existed throughout the Atlantic provinces and northern New England during the second millennium B.C. This tradition was based upon the distinctive resources found in that area- caribou, sea mammals, sea birds, and fish-and is very different from the Laurentian and Shield Archaic traditions as regards adaptation to a coastal environment and all the cultural variations concomitant with such an ecological adjustment.
On Distinguishing Natural from Cultural Bone in Archaeological Sites
Authors: Thomas David H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA quantitative method is presented which assists the archaeologist in distinguishing between bones resulting from human activity and those deposited in archaeological contexts by non-cultural means. The assumption is that relatively incomplete carcasses are more likely to have been deposited or disturbed by extra-corporeal activities such as carnivores, raptorial birds, rodents, stream action, or man. This method is illustrated on faunal data from 3 sites in the High Rock county of extreme northwestern Nevada.
The Chronological Position of the Cambered Jar at Cahokia and Its Implications
Authors: O'Brien Patricia J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe cambered rim jar is stylistically unique and should be especially useful as a time indicator if its place in Cahokia's ceramic history can be ascertained. On the basis of the broken-down interlocking scroll motif, a parallel line motif, and the scalloped rim found on some of these vessels, it is suggested that this vessel form occurs in periods III and IV of the basic ceramic sequence established for the Powell Tract section of the Cahokia site. It is further suggested that at Powell, late in period III and early in period IV, we have approximately the same time range as at the Mitchell site, whose radiocarbon dates cluster about A.D. 1000-1200.Finally, the similarities between the cambered rim jar at Cahokia and the S-shaped rim types in the Cambria and Mill Creek manifestations to the northwest of Cahokia suggest not only a sharing of ceramic ideas, but also contemporaneity between these three cultural groups during late period III and early period IV times as reflected in the Powell Tract sequence. These relationships would date in calendric years ca. A.D. 1000-1200. Furthermore, this vessel form probably represents a borrowing of ceramic notions on the part of the potters of Cahokia because the form (the S-shaped rim) is both old and widespread in the Central Plains and Middle Missouri regions, while it is rare or missing in the widespread Middle Mississippian manifestations in the Southeast.
Horned Owl Cave, Wyoming
Authors: Gebhard David , Agogino George A. , Haynes Vance 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHorned Owl Cave in the northern Laramie Mountains of Wyoming has provided a wide array of normally perishable artifacts in association with pictographs. Material objects recovered from the cave include fragments of atlatls, darts, shaft feathers, arrowshafts, blunt arrows, bark, weaving, bone tools, pottery, and lithic objects. The disturbed condition of the fill of the cave prevented a controlled stratigraphy, but typologically the material falls within the Late Middle culture and the Late Prehistoric culture phases of the northern Great Plains. The pictographs have been divided into three styles: an early red-figure style, a shield-figure style, and a final and probably late series of black-figure drawings. It is suggested that the red-figure drawings were a product of the last phases of the Late Middle culture, or perhaps the early phase of the Late Prehistoric culture. The shield style and the black-figure style would seem to belong to the Late Prehistoric period.
Disposal of the Dead at Point of Pines, Arizona
Authors: Robinson William J. , Sprague Roderick 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe analysis of 975 burials indicates that the inhumations of the Point of Pines region conformed to the flexed Mogollon pattern prior to A.D. 1000. Subsequently, extended burials appeared concurrently with a complex of traits diffused from areas to the north. At the same time, cremation became established as a part of the mortuary complex as a result of contact with Hohokam peoples to the south. Additional evidence of this contact consists of Hohokam material culture items and a ball court. Ceremonial killing of the crematory vessels was extensively practiced and included a new method, notch-killing. The variability of forms and methods of disposal suggests rapidly changing patterns and alternatives in burial practices.
A Seminole War Fort Site in Northern Florida
Authors: Olsen Stanley J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFinding sites of U.S. Army outposts of the Seminole War period (1835-42) in Florida is difficult under the best conditions. Little in the way of occupation residue is generally visible to indicate the presence of these sites in the heavily vegetated lowlands of Florida. One of these posts, Fort Stansbury, headquarters for the 3rd Regiment of the U.S. Infantry during the Florida Wars, has been relocated. The methods used and the military artifacts leading to its discovery are described.
The Reconstruction of Kinship from Archaeological Data: The Concepts, the Methods, and the Feasibility
Authors: Allen William L. , Richardson James B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeologists have recently attempted to reconstruct the residence and descent systems of particular prehistoric communities. Based on a study of residence and descent theory and pertinent examples from the ethnographic literature, we conclude that unless extremely detailed historical data exists, the analysis of kinship is best left to the ethnographer. The paper was conceived of as an attempt by archaeologically oriented anthropologists to resolve some of the difficulties encountered by us in our review of the archaeological literature on kinship reconstruction. We have, therefore, limited the scope of this paper accordingly; that is, it has been written principally with the problems of the archaeologist not the ethnographer in mind. An abbreviated version of this paper was presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association.
An Unusual Cache from the Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania
Authors: Kent Barry C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1964, topsoil removal operations in the Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania, exposed a large cache of beads and shell objects. There is evidence that many of the beads and objects were originally strung as necklaces or belts, but these were destroyed when the discoverer washed the material. An attempt is made to reconstruct the contents of the cache and to determine its approximate age.
Audio-Visual Techniques in Emergency Salvage Archaeology
Authors: King T. F. , Schenk R. E. , Wildesen L. E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA surprising amount of archaeological data can be recovered during uncontrolled site destruction if the recording technique involved (1) eliminates as much time-consuming writing as possible, and (2) is permanent enough to be of use during laboratory analysis. The use of audio-visual equipment and color-coded datum points seems to fulfill these requirements and has been successfully tested in the two-day salvage of 4-Mer-66, a small Yokuts Indian mound in Dos Palos, California.
Soil Chemistry of Postmolds and Rodent Burrows: Identification without Excavation
Authors: Merwe Nikolaas J. van der , Stein Pat H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemical analyses of soil samples from the Utz site, Missouri, provide results which make it possible to distinguish between soil stains of human origin (postmolds) and similar stains produced by other agencies (for example, rodents). Based on the comparison of the concentrations of magnesium and phosphates in the stains with those of the immediately surrounding soil, postmolds were correctly identified with 96% accuracy in a limited sample. Other soil disturbances in the site (bulldozer drag, an old excavation, and so forth) were also localized on chemical grounds during the course of the research.
A New Radiocarbon Date on Corn from the Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas
Authors: Griffin James B. , Yarnell Richard A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA radiocarbon date of A.D. 398 ± 175 for the Davis site was published in 1951. The material dated was charred corn cobs from a submound house structure. A new radiocarbon date of A.D. 1307 ± 150 on corn cobs from the same structure would seem to be more accurate in view of certain archaeological interpretations and corn typology.
Value of Aerial Photography in Surveying Archaeological Sites in Coastal Jungle Regions
Authors: Matheny Ray T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHeavy jungle growth prevented economical surveying of Aguacatal (Campeche, Mexico) and the adjacent area despite the efforts of two brief seasons in the field. Aerial photography was used to supplement and expeditiously complete the ground survey work. The operation was inexpensive and utilized readily available equipment such as the K-20 aerial camera. Super-XX, infrared, and color films were used on an experimental basis to determine which film was best suited for archaeologic purposes. All films were found to have special values: Super-XX — the best general film for gray tonal renditions of vegetal differentiation; infrared — for the delineation of wet areas and water courses; and color — for the maximum readability of color differences. Photographic interpretation proved reliable and allowed the archaeologist to extract topographic, ecologic, and archaeologica data from the photographs with little laboratory study.
An Extraordinary Composite Stela from Teotihuacán
Authors: Anda Luis Aveleyra Arroyo de 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn February, 1963, an unusual discovery was made at La Ventilla, less than a mile from the “Ciudadela” in Teotihuacán, Mexico. This find is a composite or sectional stela made up of four superimposed elements that fit into each other by means of stems and orifices. All elements are different in form and are, from top to bottom, discoidal, globular, conical, and cylindrical, the last fitting into a platform base. This piece is unique in Mesoamerican archaeology and seems to have no significant parallels elsewhere. This stela was carved during the Classic period of Teotihuacán. Its function has been clarified through comparison with mural paintings of the Tlalocan in Tepantitla, Teotihuacán, where a ball-game scene is portrayed, and at each end is a stela that is almost identical with that of La Ventilla. It seems evident that the La Ventilla monument is a ball-court stela-marker.
Borhegyi's Interpretation of Certain Mesoamercan Objects as Ball-Game Handstones
Authors: Clune Francis J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a recent article Borhegyi identifies certain stone objects as part of special gear worn by players in Mesoamerican ball games. He cites descriptions by early Spanish observers of the game as well as archaeological representations of ball-game gear. Borhegyi's interpretation is not supported by either the historical documents or the archaeological evidence cited.
A Functional Analysis of Certain Chipped Stone Tools
Authors: Frison George C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA Late Prehistoric period buffalo kill and butchering site in northern Wyoming (Site 48 JO 312) produced a large number of stone tools. Flakes removed in sharpening stone tools provided much of the interpretation of the activity that occurred at the site and in addition gave a number of ideas concerning tool use and sharpening.
The Levi Site: A Paleo-Indian Campsite in Central Texas
Authors: Alexander Herbert L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe recent discovery and excavation of the Levi site, a stratified campsite near Austin, Texas, has uncovered several artifact types previously unknown in Paleo-Indian cultures. In the earliest occupation zone a scraper, two utilized flakes, and a chopper were associated with the remains of tapir and dire wolf. Following this is a zone dated at 10,000 ± 175 B.P. in which a possible Clovis point and a Plainview point were associated with bones of Equus sp. and Platygonus sp. Artifacts from this zone include burins, burin spalls, scrapers, and prismatic blades. Above this lies the major occupation zone with a large sample of projectile points showing a combination of attributes characteristic of both Plainview and Angostura points. These are considered as belonging to the Plainview-Angostura complex. Radiocarbon dated at 9300 ± 160 B.P. to 7350 ± 150 B.P., this zone yielded burins, burin spalls, polyhedral cores, prismatic blades, seed-grinding stones, knives, and scrapers; in all, over 400 artifacts. The uppermost zone at the Levi site contained a mixture of artifacts assignable to Archaic and later cultures.
Chalcatzingo, Morelos, Mexico: A Reappraisal of the Olmec Rock Carvings
Authors: Grove David C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe content and interpretation of the Olmec bas-reliefs at Chalcatzingo are discussed in this paper. This reanalysis shows that some of the most important carvings have apparently been misinterpreted in the past. Information concerning a new carving, previously unreported, is presented, and a reaffirmation of the contemporaneity of the Chalcatzingo carvings with Olmec Gulf Coast reliefs is made. Chalcatzingo is suggested as an important Middle Preclassic religious and trade center.