bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EGF Receptor Testing for Non‐Small Cell Lung Carcinomas
Authors: Saldivar Juan‐Sebastian , Chen Zhenbin , Sommer Steve 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNon‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. An estimated 170,000 new diagnoses are expected this year. Recently, small molecule inhibitors directed at the EGFR kinase domain were approved for the treatment of advanced stages of NSCLC. Genotyping of the EGFR kinase domain has proven to be a useful marker for predicting who will respond to these novel medications. This unit provides a protocol to perform mutation analysis on the EGFR kinase domain where mutations have been associated with significant responsiveness to these EGFR inhibitors. The protocol includes microdissection of tumor tissue from slides, DNA digestion of these cells, amplifying and sequencing pertinent segments of the EGFR gene, and interpretation of the data. The protocol is designed with appropriate redundancy to eliminate allele dropout and to maximize detection of somatic mutations within the tumor.
Biosafety in Handling Gene Transfer Vectors
Authors: Braun Andrew 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis unit is devoted to safety issues that must be considered when generating and working with vectors for gene therapy. A short description of the relevant regulatory bodies and mechanisms is followed by a general discussion of containment and safety procedures. This is followed by vector‐specific guidelines for nine commonly used vector systems, including adenovirus, vaccinia, HSV‐1, lentivirus, and nonviral vectors. Recent tragic experiences with retroviral integration near oncogene loci demonstrate the surprise effects of successful gene therapy. The unit also outlines the problems encountered when taking a promising vector to clinical trials.
Reagents and Instruments for Multiplexed Analysis Using Microparticles
Authors: Nolan John P. , Yang Loretta , van der Heyde Henri C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMultiplexed molecular analysis by means of flow cytometry using optically encoded microspheres is a rapidly expanding application that has its roots in the earliest days of flow cytometry. The approach is driven by increasing demand for analytical methods to measure large numbers of biomolecules quantitatively and sensitively in small volumes of sample. Encoded microspheres and flow cytometry have been employed for a wide range of multiplexed molecular analysis, and detailed protocols for many of these have been developed. The goal of this unit is to provide an overview of the concepts, instruments, and reagents that enable these assays.
Production of Polyclonal Antisera
Authors: Cooper Helen M. , Paterson Yvonne 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAlthough the advances offered by the development of monoclonal antibody techniques have revolutionized the specificity, uniformity, and quantity of antibodies, there remain many circumstances in which polyclonal antibodies are more desirable than monoclonal antibodies. Production of polyclonal antisera takes less time and effort than production of monoclonal antibodies, requires relatively simple and readily available equipment, and produces reagents that can be used for immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Theandin this unit describe the production of polyclonal antisera specific for protein antigens in rabbits, rats, mice, and hamsters. Thepresents a method for preparing serum from blood.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Yokoyama Wayne M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis unit describes the production of monoclonal antibodies beginning with immunization and cell fusion and selection. Support protocols are provided for screening primary hybridoma supernatants for antibodies of desired specificity, establishment of stable hybridoma lines, cloning of these B cell lines by limiting dilution to obtain monoclonal lines, and preparation of cloning/expansion medium (thymocyte‐conditioned medium).
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Guaraní‐Mbyá from Misiones, Argentina
Authors: Orden Alicia B. , Oyhenart Evelia E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the fat distribution pattern in Mbyá‐Guaraní children and adults from Misiones, Argentina. Height, weight, and triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured in 197 individuals aged 2–60 years. Body mass index (BMI), fat and muscle areas, and subscapular/tricipital index were calculated. All data were transformed to z‐scores using US references (NHANES I and II). Overweight and obesity were defined as BMIs between the 85th–95th or above the 95th percentile, respectively. Compared to NHANES references, the Mbyá were shorter and lighter, although their BMI was slightly higher. There were no substantial differences in body composition (fat and muscle) between the Mbyá and the reference. Prevalences of overweight and obesity reached (on average) 16.2 and 14.7%, respectively, and were similar in both sexes. Stunting was higher in females than in males (49.6 vs. 33.3%). Sixty percent of overweight and obese subjects showed a centralized adiposity pattern, and 49% had a high risk for abdominal adiposity. The present results provide new evidence of a striking increase in obesity rates in Amerindians as a part of the process of nutritional transition. The contribution of each component of energy balance, physical activity, and lifestyle could play an important role in this observed tendency, justifying further research in these transitional populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:590–599, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethnogenomic diversity of Caucasus, Daghestan
Authors: Bulayeva K.B. , Jorde L. , Watkins S. , Ostler C. , Pavlova T.A. , Bulayev O.A. , Tofanelli S. , Paoli G. , Harpending H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAutosomal short‐tandem repeats (STRs) were typed in ethnic populations of Kubachians, Dargins, Avars, Lezgins, Kumiks, and Nogais of the Caucasus (Daghestan, Russia) at the University of Utah. Daghestan ethnic populations demonstrated differences in STR allele frequency distributions, but these differences were much lower among these ethnic groups compared to worldwide ethnic groups. The observed genetic diversity was low while FST values were high, both of which provided supporting evidence for small population sizes and high levels of isolation among the ethnic groups. An analysis of genetic distance from the three major continents, encompassing Daghestan populations and groups, reveals three distinct clusters: all populations of African affiliation, European and Daghestan populations except the Nogais, and Asian populations with ethnic Nogais. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:610–620, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal study of the frequency and duration of breastfeeding in rural Bangladeshi women
Authors: Ghosh Rohini , Mascie‐Taylor C.G. Nicholas , Rosetta Lyliane 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA 27‐month longitudinal study of 140 Bangladeshi mothers living in three tea gardens examined the effect of maternal factors (mother's age, number of live births, birth interval, and mother's work status) and sex of the infant on the duration and bout frequency of breastfeeding over 8‐hr daytime periods. Prolonged breastfeeding of the infant was observed, but there was a sharp decline in duration of breastfeeding over the first 6 months, followed by a more gradual diminution thereafter. The feeding bouts showed a different pattern, with a more gradual decline over time. Housewives consistently showed a greater duration and bout frequency than women in paid employment as tea‐pluckers. Over the first 6 months, primigravid mothers breastfed more frequently, but not thereafter. Older mothers (>35 years of age) breastfed with higher frequency during the first 2 months, but thereafter, the bout frequency decreased with increasing age of the infant. Over the 27‐month study, maternal work status was the main factor associated with the duration and frequency of breastfeeding, with significantly higher frequency and duration among housewives. However, in the first 6 months after birth, there was very little difference in frequency or duration of breastfeeding between tea‐workers and housewives, indicating that working mothers probably adjusted their time to breastfeed their infants before going, or after coming back, from work. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:630–638, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ancient mitochondrial DNA from Malaysian hair samples: Some indications of Southeast Asian population movements
Authors: Ricaut François‐X. , Bellatti M. , Lahr Marta Mirazon 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe late Pleistocene and early Holocene population history of Southeast Asia is not well‐known. Our study provides new data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages of the aboriginal inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula, and through an extensive comparison to the known mtDNA diversity in Southeast and East Asia, provides some new insights into the origins and historical geography of certain mtDNA lineages in the region. We extracted DNA from hair samples (dating back 100 years) preserved in the Duckworth Collection and belonging to two Peninsular Malaysian individuals identified as “Negrito.” Ancient DNA was analyzed by sequencing hypervariable region I (HVS‐I) of the mtDNA control region and the mtDNA region V length polymorphism. The results show that the maternal lineages of these individuals belong to a recently defined haplogroup B sub‐branch called B4c2. A comparison of mitochondrial haplotypes and haplogroups with those of 10,349 East Asian individuals indicates their very restricted geographical distribution (southwestern China, Southeast Asia Peninsula, and Indonesia). Recalculation of the B4c2 age across all of East Asia (∼13,000 years) and in different subregions/populations suggests its rapid diffusion in Southeast Asia between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic expansion of the Holocene. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:654–667, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Menstruation does not cause anemia: Endometrial thickness correlates positively with erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentration in premenopausal women
Authors: Clancy Kathryn B.H. , Nenko Ilona , Jasienska Grazyna 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMenstruation has often been cited as a risk factor for iron‐deficiency anemia. This study tested whether normal, premenopausal women's luteal endometrial thickness (ET) was associated with their red blood cell count (RBC) and hemoglobin concentrations (Hg), and therefore whether a high ET put women at risk for anemia. Endometrial thickness can be considered a reasonable proxy for menstrual blood loss in normal women. Twenty‐six healthy women from the Mogielica Human Ecology Study Site in Poland, aged 20–40 years (29 ± 5.3 years, mean ± SD), were selected. Subjects' ET was measured by transvaginal ultrasound in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, and their red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentrations were measured by fasting morning blood samples. Controlling for day of ET measurement, RBC and Hg were positively correlated with ET (r2 = 0.24, P = 0.05; r2 = 0.25, P = 0.04, respectively). We propose that, contrary to popular understanding, a thicker endometrium suggests greater iron reserves, rather than greater risk for anemia, in healthy women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:710–713, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of daily exercise on blood pressure, plasma glucose, and obesity measures in 55–64‐year‐old obese Asian Indian men: The Calcutta longitudinal study
Authors: Ghosh Arnab 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe present longitudinal study was undertaken to study the effect of brisk walking on blood pressure, plasma glucose, and obesity measures in 55–64‐year‐old obese Asian Indian men. A total of 45 obese (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) men took part in the study. They were monitored for 20 weeks. Obesity measures, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 30 min of brisk walking were recorded for each participant. Brisk walking was defined as 2 km of walking by 30 min with moderate sweating. A general linear model (GLM) repeated‐measures analysis procedure with Scheffé's post hoc test revealed that group I (up to 5 weeks of exercise) had significantly greater means compared to groups II (6–10 weeks), III (11–15 weeks), and IV (16–20 weeks) for body mass index (P < 0.01), waist‐hip ratio (P < 0.001), percent body fat (P < 0.05), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), and FPG (P < 0.001), whereas group I had a significantly lower mean than groups II, III, and IV for frequency of brisk walking (P < 0.01). It was also observed that change in Δ blood pressure and Δ FPG had a significant positive association with Δ obesity measures, independent of age effect. Therefore, brisk walking is recommended to lower blood pressure, blood glucose, and obesity (particularly central obesity) in middle‐aged obese individuals. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:718–721, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Y‐STR haplotype diversity in distinct linguistic groups from East Timor
Authors: Souto Luís , Gusmão Leonor , Amorim António , Côrte‐Real Francisco , Vieira Duarte N. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractEast Timor is a country which harbors multiple ethnolinguistic groups generally assigned to an Austronesian or Papuan ancestry. The present study aimed to characterize Y‐chromosome haplotype diversity in East Timor, and to test possible population structures based on linguistic and/or geographical information. Using a set of 12 Y‐chromosome‐specific STRs (DYS19, DYS389I and II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385, DYS437, DYS438, and DYS439), haplotypes were established in 342 individuals from 12 linguistic groups (Tetum, Kwaimina, Galoli, Wetarese, Dawan, Mambai, Kemak, Tokodede, Bunak, Makasai, Makalero, and Fataluku) belonging to the three major ethnolinguistic groups in East Timor: two from the Timorese‐Austronesian branch (Fabronic and Ramelaic), and a third including languages related to a Trans‐New Guinea phylum (Papuan). High values of haplotype diversity, average gene diversity, and mean number of pairwise differences per locus were found in all 12 linguistic groups, except for the Wetarese from the island of Ataúro. Analysis of genetic variance (AMOVA) and pairwise genetic distance analysis showed that the East Timor population is genetically structured, and if the Bunak and Wetarese are excluded, samples group well with respect to their language affinities, and furthermore, the most genetically homogeneous groups are those following the broad ethnolinguistic classifications. Bunak and Wetarese behave as outsider groups, and are genetically more closely related to populations classified in a different linguistic group. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:691–701, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute symptoms associated with asphalt fume exposure among road pavers
Authors: Tepper Allison L. , Burr Gregory A. , Feng H. Amy , Singal Mitchell , Miller Aubrey K. , Hanley Kevin W. , Olsen Larry D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundAlthough asphalt fume is a recognized irritant, previous studies of acute symptoms during asphalt paving have produced inconsistent results. Between 1994 and 1997, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) evaluated workers at seven sites in six states.MethodsNIOSH (a) measured exposures of asphalt paving workers to total (TP) and benzene‐soluble particulate (BSP), polycyclic aromatic compounds, and other substances; (b) administered symptom questionnaires pre‐shift, every 2 hr during the shift, and post‐shift to asphalt exposed and nonexposed workers; and (c) measured peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of asphalt paving workers when they completed a symptom questionnaire.ResultsFull‐shift time‐weighted average exposures to TP and BSP ranged from 0.01 to 1.30 mg/m3 and 0.01 to 0.82 mg/m3, respectively. Most BSP concentrations were <0.50 mg/m3. Asphalt workers had a higher occurrence rate of throat irritation than nonexposed workers [13% vs. 4%, odds ratio (OR) = 4.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–13]. TP, as a continuous variable, was associated with eye (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12–1.60) and throat (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.06–1.85) symptoms. With TP dichotomous at 0.5 mg/m3, the ORs and 95% CIs for eye and throat symptoms were 7.5 (1.1–50) and 15 (2.3–103), respectively. BSP, dichotomous at 0.3 mg/m3, was associated with irritant (eye, nose, or throat) symptoms (OR = 11, 95% CI: 1.5–84). One worker, a smoker, had PEFR‐defined bronchial lability, which did not coincide with respiratory symptoms.ConclusionsIrritant symptoms were associated with TP and BSP concentrations at or below 0.5 mg/m3. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:728–739, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory complaints and high sensitization rate at a rennet‐producing plant
Authors: Jensen Anker , Dahl Søren , Sherson David , Sommer Birgitte 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundWorkers in a rennet producing plant reported airway symptoms, mainly rhinitis. Rennet was produced as fluid and powder with proteolytic enzymes as the active component.MethodsData on airway symptoms and known allergies were collected and skin prick tests (SPTs) with the rennet types produced in the plant and standard allergens were carried out on 35 plant employees. An identical SPT was carried out on 28 controls without known exposure to rennet.ResultsTwenty‐one employees (60%) had hay fever‐like symptoms, 10 cases mainly at work. Nine had mild to moderate asthma‐like symptoms, in six cases related to the work place. Fourteen had a positive SPT to one or more rennets. The sensitization rate was highest among employees with regular contact to rennet powder.ConclusionRennet is a potent allergen. Respiratory symptoms and sensitization can occur in connection with rennet exposure, especially as a powder. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic yield of various genetic approaches in patients with unexplained developmental delay or mental retardation
Authors: Rauch Anita , Hoyer Juliane , Guth Sabine , Zweier Christiane , Kraus Cornelia , Becker Christian , Zenker Martin , Hüffmeier Ulrike , Thiel Christian , Rüschendorf Franz , Nürnberg Peter , Reis André , Trautmann Udo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe underlying cause of mental retardation remains unknown in up to 80% of patients. As chromosomal aberrations are the most common known cause of mental retardation, several new methods based on FISH, PCR, and array techniques have been developed over recent years to increase detection rate of subtle aneusomies initially of the gene rich subtelomeric regions, but nowadays also genome wide. As the reported detection rates vary widely between different reports and in order to compare the diagnostic yield of various investigations, we analyzed the diagnostic yield of conventional karyotyping, subtelomeric screening, molecular karyotyping, X‐inactivation studies, and dysmorphological evaluation with targeted laboratory testing in unselected patients referred for developmental delay or mental retardation to our cytogenetic laboratory (n = 600) and to our genetic clinic (n = 570). In the cytogenetic group, 15% of patients showed a disease‐related aberration, while various targeted analyses after dysmorphological investigation led to a diagnosis in about 20% in the genetic clinic group. When adding the patients with a cytogenetic aberration to the patient group seen in genetic clinic, an etiological diagnosis was established in about 40% of the combined study group. A conventional cytogenetic diagnosis was present in 16% of combined patients and a microdeletion syndrome was diagnosed in 5.3%, while subtelomeric screening revealed only 1.3% of causes. Molecular karyotyping with a 10 K SNP array in addition revealed 5% of underlying causes, but 29% of all diagnoses would have been detectable by molecular karyotyping. In those patients without a clear diagnosis, 5.6% of mothers of affected boys showed significant (>95%) skewing of X‐inactivation suggesting X‐linked mental retardation. The most common diagnoses with a frequency of more than 0.5% were Down syndrome (9.2%), common microdeletion 22q11.2 (2.4%), Williams–Beuren syndrome (1.3%), Fragile‐X syndrome (1.2%), Cohen syndrome (0.7%), and monosomy 1p36.3 (0.6%). From our data, we suggest the following diagnostic procedure in patients with unexplained developmental delay or mental retardation: (1) Clinical/dysmorphological investigation with respective targeted analyses; (2) In the remaining patients without an etiological diagnosis, we suggest conventional karyotyping, X‐inactivation screening in mothers of boys, and molecular karyotyping, if available. If molecular karyotyping is not available, subtelomeric screening should be performed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohols by MoVI compounds
Authors: Jeyakumar Kandasamy , Chand Dillip Kumar 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSelective and controlled aerobic oxidation of activated benzyl alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes is achieved in refluxing CH3CN using catalytic amounts of MoO2Cl2(L)2 where L is DMSO, DMF or THF. The catalysis reactions are possible under open air in the absence of any other external co‐oxidants. However, bubbling of oxygen to the reaction mixture is useful in making the catalysis reaction sustained. Both activated and deactivated varieties of α‐substituted benzyl alcohols (secondary alcohols) give ketones in the same reaction conditions. The inexpensive catalyst is selective towards activated primary benzyl alcohols and also, being mild, stops the oxidation at the aldehyde stage, making it synthetically useful. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Open Video Digital Library: A Möbius strip of research and practice
Authors: Marchionini Gary , Wildemuth Barbara M. , Geisler Gary 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Open Video Digital Library (OVDL) provides digital video files to the education and research community and is distinguished by an innovative user interface that offers multiple kinds of visual surrogates to people searching for video content. The OVDL is used by several thousand people around the world each month and part of this success is due to its user interface. This article examines the interplay between research and practice in the development of this particular digital library with an eye toward lessons for all digital libraries. We argue that theoretical and research goals blur into practical goals and practical goals raise new research questions as research and development progress—this process is akin to walking along a Möbius strip in which a locally two‐sided surface is actually part of a globally one‐sided world. We consider the gulf between the theories that guide current digital library research and current practice in operational digital libraries, provide a developmental history of the OVDL and the research frameworks that drove its development, illustrate how user studies informed its implementation and revision, and conclude with reflections and recommendations on the interplay between research and practice.
Transition States of Binap–Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Theoretical Studies on the Origin of the Enantioselectivity
Authors: Mori Seiji , Vreven Thom , Morokuma Keiji 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBy using the hybrid IMOMM(B3LYP:MM3) method, we examined the binap–RhI‐catalyzed oxidative‐addition and insertion steps of the asymmetric hydrogenation of the enamide 2‐acetylamino‐3‐phenylacrylic acid. We report a path that is energetically more favorable for the major enantiomer than for the minor enantiomer. This path follows the “lock‐and‐key” motif and leads to the major enantiomeric product via an energetically favorable binap–dihydride–RhIII–enamide complex. Our theoretical results are consistent with the mechanism that takes place via RhIII dihydride formation, that is, oxidative addition of H2 followed by enamide insertion.