bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of age, body weight, and heart rate on transmitral and pulmonary venous flow in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Schober Karsten E. , Fuentes Virginia Luis 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the influence of age, body
weight (BW), heart rate (HR), sex, and left ventricular
shortening fraction (LVSF) on transmitral and pulmonary
venous flow in clinically normal dogs.

Animals—92 client-owned dogs 3 months to 19
years old.

Procedure—Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography
recordings of transmitral flow and pulmonary venous
flow were obtained in conscious unsedated dogs.
Influence of age, BW, HR, sex, and LVSF on diastolic
variables was assessed, using statistical methods
such as ANOVA on ranks and univariate and multivariate
forward stepwise linear regression analyses.

Results—Age significantly influenced isovolumic
relaxation time (IVRT; r = 0.56), ratio between peak
velocity of the early diastolic mitral flow wave-to-peak
velocity of late diastolic mitral flow wave (E:A;
r = –0.44), deceleration time of early diastolic mitral
flow (DTE; r = 0.26), and peak velocity of atrial reversal
pulmonary venous flow wave (AR-wave; r= 0.37).
Significant changes of mitral inflow and pulmonary
venous flow variables were evident only in dogs > 6
and > 10 years old, respectively. Body weight significantly
influenced DTE ( r = 0.63), late diastolic flow
duration ( r= 0.60), and AR duration ( r= 0.47), whereas
HR significantly affected DTE ( r = –0.34), IVRT
( r= –0.33), and peak velocity of AR ( r= 0.24). Sex or
LVSF (range 22 to 48%) did not influence any echocardiographic
variables.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Age, BW, and
HR are important factors that affect filling of the left
atrium and left ventricle in clinically normal dogs. (Am
J Vet Res 2001;62:1447–1454)
Relationship of the degree of goniodysgenesis and other ocular measurements to glaucoma in Great Danes
Authors: Wood James L. N. , Lakhani Ken H. , Mason Ian K. , Barnett Keith C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objectives—To assess the association between
goniodysgenesis, ocular measurements, and glaucoma
in Great Danes.

Animals—180 Great Danes.

Procedure—Eye examination and measurements
were obtained from 180 Great Danes; for 30 of these
dogs, depth of the anterior chamber, vitreal body
length, and total depth of the globe were also measured.
These data were merged with electronic pedigree
information on 43,371 kennel club registered
Great Danes. Relationships among goniodysgenesis,
ocular measurements, and glaucoma and the heritability
of goniodysgenesis were estimated.

Results—The degree of goniodysgenesis was significantly
and positively associated with the likelihood of
glaucoma. There was a significant association
between the degree of goniodysgenesis in offspring
and parents. The estimated heritability of the degree
of goniodysgenesis was 0.52. The depth of the anterior
chamber of the eye was also a good predictor of
goniodysgenesis (ie, the dog was almost certain to
have glaucoma if the depth was < 3.7 mm). If both
parents had goniodysgenesis < 70%, then with 95%
confidence, the occurrence of glaucoma in the ensuing
offspring would be < 4/1000. This strategy translates
to ensuring that the depth of the anterior chamber
of the eye is > 3.7 mm for both parents.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The strong
and significant correlation among goniodysgenesis,
other eye measurements, and glaucoma and the significant
heritability of goniodysgenesis suggests that
glaucoma may be heritable in Great Danes. If so, glaucoma
can be controlled by breeding only from sires
and dams with a minimum degree of goniodysgenesis.
(Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1493–1499)
In vitro evaluation of a customized solution for use in attenuating effects of ischemia and reperfusion in the equine small intestine
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda M. , Snyder Jack R. , Nieto Jorge , Harmon Faye A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether a customized solution could attenuate the effects of low-flow ischemia and reperfusion injury of the equine jejunum.Sample Population—A segment of jejunum obtained from 21 healthy adult horses.Procedure—A segment of jejunum was maintained in an isolated extracorporeal circuit, and arterial flow was reduced to 20% of baseline for 40 minutes (ischemia) followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. In 1 group, a customized solution was infused at a rate of 1 ml/min during low-flow ischemia and 3 ml/min during reperfusion. In a second group, the solution was infused at the same rate during low-flow ischemia, but it was infused at a rate of 7 ml/min during reperfusion. Control groups received lactated Ringer's solution administered at the same rates as for the customized solution. Various metabolic, hemodynamic, histologic, and permeability variables were recorded.Results—A lower flow rate during reperfusion (3 ml/min) had a beneficial effect, compared with lactated Ringer's solution or the higher flow rate (7 ml/min). Use of the solution at this rate resulted in less histomorphologic injury and reduced mucosal permeability to albumin.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of a customized solution at a lower flow rate during repurfusion appeared to have a protective effect on equine jejunum when administered IV during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion. (Am J Vet Res2001; 62:1679–1686)
Cardiopulmonary evaluation of the use of medetomidine hydrochloride in cats
Authors: Lamont Leigh A. , Bulmer Barret J. , Grimm Kurt A. , Tranquilli William J. , Sisson David D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the cardiovascular effects of the α2-adrenergic receptor agonist medetomidine hydrochloride in clinically normal cats.Animals—7 clinically normal cats.Procedure—Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane, and thermodilution catheters were placed for measurement of central venous, pulmonary, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures and for determination of cardiac output. The dorsal pedal artery was catheterized for measurement of arterial blood pressures and blood gas tensions. Baseline variables were recorded, and medetomidine (20 µg/kg of body weight, IM) was administered. Hemodynamic measurements were repeated 15 and 30 minutes after medetomidine administration.Results—Heart rate, cardiac index, stroke index, ratepressure product, and right and left ventricular stroke work index significantly decreased from baseline after medetomidine administration, whereas systemic vascular resistance and central venous pressure increased. However, systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressures as well as arterial pH, and oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were not significantly different from baseline values.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When administered alone to clinically normal cats, medetomidine (20 µg/kg, IM) induced a significant decrease in cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Arterial blood pressures did not increase, which may reflect a predominant central α2-adrenergic effect over peripheral vascular effects. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1745–1762)
Evaluation of accuracy and reliability of indirect calorimetry for the measurement of resting energy expenditure in healthy dogs
Authors: O'Toole Elizabeth , McDonell Wayne N. , Wilson Brian A. , Mathews Karol A. , Miller Craig W. , Sears William C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess accuracy and reliability of open-flow indirect calorimetry in dogs.Animals—13 clinically normal dogs.Procedure—In phase 1, oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight (VO2kg) was determined in 6 anesthetized dogs by use of open-flow indirect calorimetry before and after determination of VO2/kg by use of closed-circuit spirometry. In phase 2, four serial measurements of VO2and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were obtained in 7 awake dogs by use of indirect calorimetry on 2 consecutive days. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was calculated.Results—Level of clinical agreement was acceptable between results of indirect calorimetry and spirometry. Mean VO2/kg determined by use of calorimetry before spirometry was significantly greater than that obtained after spirometry. In phase 2, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for REE and VO2were 0.779 and 0.786, respectively, when data from all 4 series were combined. When the first series was discounted, ICC increased to 0.904 and 0.894 for REE and VO2, respectively. The most reliable and least variable measures of REE and VO2were obtained when the first 2 series were discounted.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Open-flow indirect calorimetry may be used clinically to obtain a measure of VO2and an estimate of REE in dogs. Serial measurements of REE and VO2in clinically normal dogs are reliable, but a 10-minute adaption period should be allowed, the first series of observations should be discounted, multiple serial measurements should be obtained, and REE. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1761–1767).
Detailed ultrasonographic mapping of the pelvis in clinically normal horses and ponies
Authors: Tomlinson Julia E. , Sage Abby M. , Turner Tracy A. , Feeney Daniel A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To map the equine pelvis using ultrasonography, validated by use of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and measurements of frozen cadaver slices.Animals—6 ponies and 6 horses.Procedure—Ultrasonographic examination of the pelvis was performed on 6 clinically normal ponies. Measurements were obtained for imaged structures. Computed tomography, MRI, and measurements of frozen sections were performed after death and used to verify measurements. Linear regression determined the degree of correlation between measurements obtained ultrasonographically and the other modalities. Six clinically normal horses were then examined by use of ultrasonography. For each structure measured mean, SD, and range were calculated.Results—Data obtained from ponies revealed high correlations between ultrasonographic findings and those of CT, MRI, and frozen section measurements (r2= 0.97,r2= 0.99, andr2= 0.99, respectively). Differences between structures measured on each side of the pelvis were not significant. Variation in size of structures was not associated with weight of horses. A correlation was not found between weight of horses and ponies and size of structure.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ultrasonography can be used to accurately measure and evaluate the musculoskeletal structures of the pelvis of horses. The use of CT, MRI, and measurements of frozen sections provided a means of validating the ultrasonographic measurements. Reference range values determined in our study can be used to evaluate horses with suspected pelvic disease. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1768–1775)
Comparison of urine composition of healthy Labrador Retrievers and Miniature Schnauzers
Authors: Stevenson Abigail E. , Markwell Peter J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare urine composition in Labrador Retrievers (LR) and Miniature Schnauzers (MS) fed the same dog food.Animals—8 healthy LR (mean [± SD] age, 3.1 ± 1.7 years) and 8 healthy MS (mean age, 3.7 ± 1.3 years).Procedure—A nutritionally complete dry dog food was fed to the dogs for 24 days. Urinary pH, volume, specific gravity, frequency of urination, and urinary concentrations of 12 analytes were measured for each dog; urinary relative supersaturation (RSS) with calcium oxalate and brushite (calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate) were calculated from these values.Results—MS urinated significantly less often and had a lower urine volume (ml/kg of body weight per d) and a significantly higher urine pH, compared with LR. Urinary calcium concentration and brushite RSS were significantly higher in the urine of MS. As a result of a high calorie requirement, primarily as a result of high surface area to volume ratio, MS had significantly higher intake (per kg body weight) of dietary minerals, compared with LR.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differences in urine composition exist between breeds fed the same diet, some of which, including lower urine volume, higher calcium concentration, and higher brushite RSS, may contribute to the high prevalence of calcium oxalate uroliths observed in MS. Differences between breeds should be considered when evaluating strategies for controlling calcium oxalate stone formation. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1782–1786)
Effect of age and body weight on neurohumoral variables in healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Authors: Eriksson Anders S. , Järvinen Anna-Kaisa , Eklund Kari K. , Vuolteenaho Olli J. , Toivari Mervi H. , Nieminen Markku S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effect of age and body weight on several neurohumoral variables that are commonly altered in heart failure in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.Animals—17 healthy privately owned Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, 10 males and 7 females, ranging in age from 0.4 to 9.7 years, and ranging in body weight from 6.6 to 12.2 kg.Procedure—The clinical condition of the dogs was evaluated by physical examination, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography. Plasma nitrate and nitrite (P-NN), N-terminal atrial natriuretic and brain natriuretic peptides (NT-ANP and BNP, respectively), endothelin (ET-1), urine cyclic guanosine monophosphate (UcGMP), and urine nitrate and nitrite (U-NN) concentrations were analyzed.Results—Plasma concentrations of NT-ANP and P-NN increased significantly with age, but plasma NT-ANP and P-NN also correlated significantly, irrespective of age. A modest increase of left atrial size did not explain the increase of NT-ANP and P-NN with age. Concentration of ET-1 correlated positively with heart rate; heart rate did not change with age. Weight had a negative impact on NT-ANP, P-NN, and U-cGMP concentrations and left atrial relative size.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Age-matched controls are essential for evaluation of NT-ANP and PNN concentrations and left atrial size. Weight may alter reference values of plasma NT-ANP, P-NN, and urine cGMP concentrations. Natriuretic peptides can be used as further evidence that heart failure exists. The increased plasma concentrations of NT-ANP (but not BNP) and P-NN with aging reflect neurohumoral physiologic changes that must be distinguished from pathologic changes in patients with heart failure. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1818–1824)
Expression of CD3 and CD11b antigens on blood and mammary gland leukocytes and bacterial survival in milk of cows with experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis
Authors: Rivas Ariel L. , Quimby Fred W. , Coksaygan Ozden , Alba Argia , Arina Ainhoa , Arrobas M. Juncal , González Rubén N. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Lein Donald H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To differentiate early (1 to 8 days) from late (9 to 14 days) inflammatory phases and assess relationships between leukocyte phenotype and bacterial recovery in cows withStaphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis.Animals—10 first-lactation Holstein cows.Procedure—Blood and milk samples were collected from 4 or 6 cows before and after intramammary infusion of sterile broth orS aureus, respectively. Flow cytometric expression of CD3 and CD11b antigens on blood and milk leukocytes, leukocyte differential counts, bacterial counts in milk, and somatic cell counts were determined longitudinally.Results—Density of CD3 molecules decreased on blood lymphocytes and increased on milk lymphocytes after infusion of bacteria. Density of CD11b molecules on lymphocytes and phagocytes and percentage of CD11b+lymphocytes in milk increased significantly after infusion; maximum values were achieved during the early inflammatory phase. Density of CD3 and CD11b molecules on milk lymphocytes and macrophages, respectively, 1 day after inoculation were negatively correlated with bacterial recovery on day 1 and days 9 to 14, respectively. Density of CD11b molecules on milk macrophages and the ratios of phagocyte to lymphocyte percentages and polymorphonuclear cell to macrophage percentages in milk differentiated the early from the late inflammatory phase.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Activation of bovine mammary gland macrophages and T cells in response to intramammary infusion ofS aureuswas associated with an inability to culture this bacterium from milk. Identification of specific inflammatory phases ofS aureus-induced mastitis in cows may allow for the design of more efficacious treatment and control programs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1840–1851)
Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and concentration in body fluids and bronchoalveolar cells in foals
Authors: Jacks Stephanie , Giguère Steeve , Gronwall Ronald R. , Brown Murray P. , Merritt Kelly A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and its concentration in body fluids and bronchoalveolar lavage cells in foals.Animals—6 healthy 6- to 10-week-old foals.Procedure—Azithromycin (10 mg/kg of body weight) was administered to each foal via IV and intragastric (IG) routes in a crossover design. After the first IG dose, 4 additional IG doses were administered at 24-hour intervals. A microbiologic assay was used to measure azithromycin concentrations in serum, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), and bronchoalveolar (BAL) cells.Results—Azithromycin elimination half-life was 20.3 hours, body clearance was 10.4 ml/min·kg, and apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 18.6 L/kg. After IG administration, time to peak serum concentration was 1.8 hours and bioavailability was 56%. After repeated IG administration, peak serum concentration was 0.63 ± 0.10 µg/ml. Peritoneal and synovial fluid concentrations were similar to serum concentrations. Bronchoalveolar cell and PELF concentrations were 15- to 170-fold and 1- to 16-fold higher than concurrent serum concentrations, respectively. No adverse reactions were detected after repeated IG administration.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of pharmacokinetic values, minimum inhibitory concentrations ofRhodococcus equiisolates, and drug concentrations in PELF and bronchoalveolar cells, a single daily oral dose of 10 mg/kg may be appropriate for treatment ofR equiinfections in foals. Persistence of high azithromycin concentrations in PELF and bronchoalveolar cells 48 hours after discontinuation of administration suggests that after 5 daily doses, oral administration at 48-hour intervals may be adequate. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1870–1875)
Shedding of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in mammary gland secretions of sows
Authors: Wagstrom Elizabeth Allen , Chang Chih-Cheng , Yoon Kyoung-Jin , Zimmerman Jeffrey J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To document shedding of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in mammary gland secretions of experimentally inoculated sows, to evaluate effects of vaccination during gestation on virus shedding during the subsequent lactation, and to evaluate shedding of PRRS virus in milk of sows in commercial herds.Animals—6 sows seronegative for PRRS virus were used for experiment 1, and 2 sows were retained for experiment 2. For experiment 3, 202 sows in commercial herds were used.Procedure—In experiment 1, 2 sows were inoculated with PRRS virus, 2 sows were vaccinated with modified- live PRRS virus vaccine, and 2 sows served as control pigs. Mammary gland secretions were assayed for PRRS virus. In experiment 2, pregnant vaccinated sows from experiment 1 were vaccinated with another modified-live PRRS virus vaccine. Mammary gland secretions were assayed in the same manner as for experiment 1. For experiment 3, milk collected from 202 sows in commercial herds was assayed for PRRS virus.Results—In experiment 1, PRRS virus was detected in mammary gland secretions of both vaccinated and 1 of 2 virus-inoculated sows. In experiment 2, virus was not detected in samples from either vaccinated sow. In experiment 3, all samples yielded negative results.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Naïve sows inoculated late in gestation shed PRRS virus in mammary secretions. Previous vaccination appeared to prevent shedding during the subsequent lactation. Results for samples obtained from sows in commercial herds suggested that virus shedding in mammary gland secretions of such sows is uncommon. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1876–1880)
Comparison of deposition images obtained by use of an ultrafine 99m-technetium-labeled carbon dry aerosol with ventilation images obtained by use of 81m-krypton gas for evaluation of pulmonary dysfunction in calves
Authors: Votion Dominique M. , Coghe Joost D. , Lekeux Pierre M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize the accuracy of an ultrafine 99m-technetium-labeled carbon dry aerosol for use in assessment of regional ventilation in calves with pulmonary dysfunction.Animals—7 Belgian White and Blue calves.Procedure—The ultrafine aerosol was assessed by comparing deposition (D) images with ventilation (V) images obtained by use of 81m-krypton (81mKr) gas viaD-to-Vratio (D:V) image analysis in calves during spontaneous breathing (SB) and during experimentally induced pulmonary dysfunction (ePD).Results—Mismatching index (LrTot) calculated on theD:Vimages revealed a good match (LrTot, 0.96 ± 0.01) betweenDandVdistribution patterns in calves during SB. Calculation of the ultrafine aerosol penetration index relative to81mKr (PIRel) revealed preferential distribution of the ultrafine aerosol in lung parenchyma (PIRel,1.13 ± 0.11). In ePD, heterogeneity in the D:V distribution was observed (LrTot, 0.78 ± 0.10) as a result of ultrafine aerosol particles impaction in airways as indicated by PIRel(0.66 ± 0.16) and a proportion of pixels more radioactive inDimages, compared withVimages, that was located in the central part of the lung (47.5 ± 7.7% in ePD vs 32.8 ± 5.7% in SB). However, this central deposition did not prevent visual examination of the entire ventilated lung.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The ultrafine aerosol appears suitable for use in examination of ventilated parts of lungs of cattle, even those with impaired pulmonary function. However, airway impaction of ultrafine aerosol particles impedes the quantification of regional ventilation in cattle with abnormal lung function. (Am J Vet Res2001;62: 1881–1886)
Use of an intravitreal sustained-release cyclosporine delivery device for treatment of equine recurrent uveitis
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , Wilkie David A. , Davidson Michael G. , Allen Janice B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the use of an intravitreal sustained-release cyclosporine (CsA) delivery device for treatment of horses with naturally occurring recurrent uveitis.Animals—16 horses with recurrent uveitis.Procedures—Horses with frequent recurrent episodes of uveitis or with disease that was progressing despite appropriate medication were selected for this study. Additional inclusion criteria included adequate retinal function as determined by use of electroretinography, lack of severe cataract formation, and no vision-threatening ocular complications (eg, retinal detachment, severe retinal degeneration, and posterior synechia). Sustained-release CsA delivery devices (4 µg of CsA/d) were implanted into the vitreous through a sclerotomy at the pars plana. Reexaminations were performed 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation, then continued annually. Ophthalmic changes, number of recurrent episodes of uveitis, and vision were recorded.Results—The rate of recurrent episodes after device implantation (0.36 episodes/y) was less than prior to surgery (7.5 episodes/y). In addition, only 3 horses developed episodes of recurrent uveitis after surgery. Vision was detected in 14 of 16 affected eyes at a mean follow-up time of 13.8 months (range, 6 to 24 months).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This intravitreal sustained-release CsA delivery device may be a safe and important tool for long-term treatment of horses with chronic recurrent uveitis. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1892–1896)