bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food hygiene education in UK secondary schools: A nationwide survey of teachers' views
Authors: Egan M.B. , Bielby G. , Eves A. , Lumbers M.L. , Raats M.M. , Adams M.R. 
Published: May 2008

Objective A nationwide survey of teachers investigated the teaching of food hygiene in UK secondary schools. Previous studies have focused on effective strategies in consumer food hygiene training but there is little research focusing on school-based education. Design The questionnaire was developed based on the results of in-depth interviews with school teachers and included topics such as where teachers gained up-to-date food hygiene knowledge and how key food hygiene messages were reinforced. Setting Postal questionnaires were completed by those responsible for teaching food hygiene in secondary schools. Method Postal questionnaires were distributed to 1989 secondary schools throughout the UK (response rate 38 per cent). Results Overall, the results indicate that teachers use a combination of methods to teach food hygiene and to reinforce food safety messages. Respondents rated demonstrations of good practice and practical activities involving young people preparing food as most effective. Teachers cited their most preferred resources for teaching food hygiene, influences on the choice of these resources, and limitations on use. Conclusion In the UK, teachers cover food hygiene in D&T and home economics (or equivalents in Scotland and Northern Ireland). Topics such as cooking food properly, cleanliness, storing and chilling food safely, and cross-contamination are covered, reflecting the key FSA food hygiene messages. Steps to support the teaching of food hygiene in secondary schools such as guidelines on food hygiene legislation, key topics, resources, and ideas for practical activities could help to improve young people's knowledge of food hygiene and encourage young people to spread key messages to adults.
Strength Imbalances and Prevention of Hamstring Injury in Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Croisier Jean-Louis , Ganteaume Sebastien , Binet Johnny , Genty Marc , Ferret Jean-Marcel 
Published: May 2008

Background The relationship between muscle injury and strength disorders remains a matter of controversy. Purpose Professional soccer players performed a preseason isokinetic testing aimed at determining whether (1) strength variables could be predictors of subsequent hamstring strain and (2) normalization of strength imbalances could reduce the incidence of hamstring injury. Study Design Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 1. Methods A standardized concentric and eccentric isokinetic assessment was used to identify soccer players with strength imbalances. Subjects were classified among 4 subsets according to the imbalance management content. Recording subsequent hamstring injuries allowed us to define injury frequencies and relative risks between groups. Results Of 687 players isokinetically tested in preseason, a complete follow-up was obtained in 462 players, for whom 35 hamstring injuries were recorded. The rate of muscle injury was significantly increased in subjects with untreated strength imbalances in comparison with players showing no imbalance in preseason (relative risk = 4.66; 95% confidence interval: 2.01-10.8). The risk of injury remained significantly higher in players with strength imbalances who had subsequent compensating training but no final isokinetic control test than in players without imbalances (relative risk = 2.89; 95% confidence interval: 1.00-8.32). Conversely, normalizing the isokinetic parameters reduced the risk factor for injury to that observed in players without imbalances (relative risk = 1.43; 95% confidence interval: 0.44-4.71). Conclusion The outcomes showed that isokinetic intervention gives rise to the preseason detection of strength imbalances, a factor that increases the risk of hamstring injury. Restoring a normal strength profile decreases the muscle injury incidence.
An Empirical Analysis of the Organic Retail Market in the NCR
Authors: Sondhi Neena , Vani Vina 
Published: May 2008

A major change observed worldwide, is the growing concern over health risk associated with consumption of food with residues of agro-chemicals used in production. This heightened awareness about health and environmental issues has generated interest in alternative farming techniques—one of which is organic farming. However, a major conversion of conventional agriculture to organic agriculture will depend on several reasons-first and foremost being whether the consumers are interested in organic foods, and whether they are willing to pay price premiums for these goods. Second, foreseeing the customer demand is the retailer willing to venture into organic retailing and provide shelf space. A very interesting and a highly lucrative potential market exists in the country itself and there is an urgent need to explore the current organic market and assess its growth potential. The present study focuses on this as well as assessing the potential of marketing organically grown agricultural produce and products in the domestic market. The organic awareness and market is predominantly in the urban metros, Delhi being one of them thus the research is confined to the NCR region.
Dabur India—Working Capital and Cost Management
Authors: Ahuja Narender L. , Gupta Sweta 
Published: May 2008

After running as a family business for over 100 years, when in late 1990s, the management of the Dabur was handed over to a team of professional managers, the new management faced a gigantic task of improving performance in several critical areas. In particular, working capital and cost management required urgent attention as the company's performance in these areas had been far from satisfactory. The then prevailing current ratio of 3:2 and quick ratio of 2:4 were considered too high and indicative of heavy unnecessary investments in working capital that would have a negative effect on company's profitability. Efforts to improve the working capital efficiency were met with stiff resistance from various quarters, but finally yielded results. The case study discusses the measures taken to improve the working capital and cost management performance, and how with concerted efforts the management turned around a highly inefficient working capital management into one of the most efficient in the FMCG sector of the Indian industry. In fact, the company seemed to have taken the matter to the other extreme of negative working capital, with the current ratio declining to 0:8 and the quick ratio to just 0.4 in 2004–05. In 2005–06 as the company was ready to launch itself into the next phase of fast growth, several critical issues related to the liquidity and solvency of the company confronted the management which are also discussed in the case study.
Resources and (in(ter))dependence
Authors: Lahelma Elina , Gordon Tuula 
Published: May 2008

The lives of young people are lived in the context of social changes associated with neo-liberal politics. In neo-liberalism, individuals are considered autonomous units who steer their own futures, and the transition from youth into adulthood is understood as a change from dependence into independence from family ties. It has been assumed that autonomy is the endpoint of this development. Yet this approach has turned out to be too restricted. Several studies suggest that the family still remains a significant component in the social, educational, emotional and material lives of young people. Parents are important resources in young people's paths to adulthood. In this article, we discuss changing reflections of young Finnish women and men on their relationships with their parents. We analyze parents as providers of material resources, as well as emotional and social ones, in order to facilitate the transition to adulthood. We suggest that whilst young people are willing to move from semi-dependence to independence in relation to material resources, in emotional and social terms they strive for interdependence. We came to know these young people in an ethnographic study when they began secondary school. This article draws from re-interviews with the same young people at the ages of 17–18 and 19–20.
The association between HIV and antituberculosis drug resistance
Authors: French C. E. , Glynn J. R. , Kruijshaar M. E. , Ditah I. C. , Delpech V. , Abubakar I. 
Published: May 2008

In the UK, HIV is considered to be a risk factor for antituberculosis drug resistance. Evidence of the association is, however, inconclusive and there are few population-level data. The present study investigated the association in England and Wales during the period 1999–2005.National tuberculosis surveillance data for adults were matched to HIV/AIDS reports. Unmatched cases were assumed to be HIV-negative. Separate analyses were conducted on new tuberculosis cases and those with a previous diagnosis. Logistic regression was used for univariable and multivariable analyses.There were 1,657 previously diagnosed cases (80 HIV-positive) and 18,130 new cases (1,156 HIV-positive). Isoniazid resistance was found in 8.1% of previously diagnosed cases and 6.6% of new cases, and multidrug resistance in 2.8% and 0.7%, respectively. There was no evidence of an association between HIV and antituberculosis drug resistance among previously diagnosed cases. Among new cases, there was no overall association between HIV and isoniazid or multidrug resistance after adjusting for confounding factors. White HIV-positive patients were more likely to have multidrug resistance, but numbers were small.In contrast to some previous studies, this large, up-to-date study provides little evidence that HIV co-infected tuberculosis patients in England and Wales are at increased risk of firstline antituberculosis drug resistance.
The impact on risk-factor analysis of different mortality outcomes in COPD patients
Authors: Faustini A. , Marino C. , D'Ippoliti D. , Forastiere F. , Belleudi V. , Perucci C. A. 
Published: May 2008

The aim of the present study was to analyse the role of potential selection processes and their impact when evaluating risk factors for 30-day mortality among patients hospitalised for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).A cohort of 26,039 patients aged ≥35 yrs and hospitalised with COPD were enrolled. A 30-day follow-up was carried out using both the cause mortality register (CMR) and the hospital discharge register (HDR). Individual and hospital factors associated with 30-day mortality were studied using both mortality outcomes.The 30-day mortality rate was 1.21·1,000 patient-days−1(95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–1.29) using the CMR, and 1.06·1,000 patient-days−1(95% CI 0.98–1.13) using the HDR. Male patients, the most poorly educated, those who resided outside Rome and those who had more than one hospitalisation in the previous 2 yrs were more likely to die after discharge than when hospitalised. The most frequent cause of in-hospital death was respiratory disease and after discharge, heart disease. Older age, male sex, comorbidities, previous hospitalisations for respiratory failure, and admission to a ward not appropriate to treat respiratory diseases were the most important predictors of 30-day mortality.Using in-hospital 30-day mortality provides a significantly different estimate of the role of specific risk factors.
Case volume and mortality in haematological patients with acute respiratory failure
Authors: Lecuyer L. , Chevret S. , Guidet B. , Aegerter P. , Martel P. , Schlemmer B. , Azoulay É. 
Published: May 2008

High case volume is associated with improved survival in medical and surgical conditions. The present study sought to determine whether intensive care unit (ICU) case volume was associated with survival of critically ill patients with haematological malignancies and acute respiratory failure (ARF).A regional database containing data from 1,753 haematological patients with ARF admitted to 28 medical ICUs from 1997 to 2004 was used. Multivariate analysis using mixed models was performed to adjust for severity of illness and other confounding factors, including a propensity score that incorporates differences between ICUs with different case volumes.The three case volume tertiles were: low volume (<12 admissions per year), intermediate volume (12–30 admissions per year), and high volume (>30 admissions per year). In univariate analyses, ICU case volume was not associated with ICU mortality. After adjusting for prognostic factors for ICU mortality and the propensity score, patients in high-volume ICUs had lower mortality than other patients. A case volume increase of one admission per year led to a significant mortality reduction with an odds ratio of 0.98 (95% confidence limits 0.97–0.99). Mortality was independently associated with severity of organ dysfunction.In intensive care units admitting larger numbers of critically ill haematological patients with acute respiratory failure, mortality was lower than in other intensive care units. The mechanisms of the relationship between volume and outcome among haematological patients with acute respiratory deserve additional studies.
Upper airway collapse and reopening induce inflammation in a sleep apnoea model
Authors: Almendros I. , Carreras A. , Ramírez J. , Montserrat J. M. , Navajas D. , Farré R. 
Published: May 2008

The upper airway of obstructive sleep apnoea patients is subjected to recurrent negative pressure swings promoting its collapse and reopening. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether this mechanical stress induces upper airway inflammation in a rat model.The upper airway of Sprague–Dawley rats was subjected to a periodic pattern of recurrent negative (-40 cmH2O, 1 s) and positive (4 cmH2O, 2 s) pressures inducing collapse and reopening for 5 h. Rats that were instrumented but not subjected to negative pressure swings were used as controls. The gene expression of the pro-inflammatory biomarkers macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and P-selectin in the soft palate and larynx tissues was assessed by real-time PCR.A marked overexpression of MIP-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and P-selectin (∼40-, 24-, 47- and 7-fold greater than controls, respectively) was observed in the larynx tissue; similar results were found in the soft palate tissue (∼14-, 7-, 35- and 11-fold greater than controls, respectively).Recurrent upper airway collapse and reopening mimicking those experienced by obstructive sleep apnoea patients triggered an early local inflammatory process. These results could explain the inflammation observed in the upper airway of obstructive sleep apnoea patients.
Serial viral infections in infants with recurrent respiratory illnesses
Authors: Jartti T. , Lee W-M. , Pappas T. , Evans M. , Lemanske R. F. , Gern J. E. 
Published: May 2008

To better understand the viral aetiology of recurrent and prolonged illnesses, nasal secretions were prospectively collected from 285 infants at increased risk of developing asthma. Of these, 27 infants had recurrent (at least five) moderate-to-severe respiratory illnesses (MSIs). The viral aetiology of the 150 MSIs and 86 scheduled visits was analysed by molecular diagnostics. The demographic and clinical data were compared with infants who had 0–4 MSIs.Frequently ill infants had higher exposure to other children and more wheezing illnesses than less symptomatic children. Viruses were detected in 136 (91%) out of 150 MSIs, 14 (67%) out of 21 mild illnesses and 29 (45%) out of 65 asymptomatic visits. Human rhinovirus was the most common aetiological agent (61, 43 and 35% in MSIs, mild illnesses and asymptomatic visits, respectively). Mixed viral infections were generally associated with more severe illnesses (27, 0 and 5%, respectively). Among the 27 frequently ill infants, only eight (5.3%) out of 150 MSIs were prolonged (≥2 weeks duration). Considering all samples, detection of the same virus strain ≥2 weeks apart was unusual (5.3% of all 244 positive findings).Human rhinovirus infections occur early, pervasively and repetitively in these high-risk infants. Infants with prolonged or recurrent respiratory illnesses most often have a series of infections rather than persistent infection with one virus strain.
Society for Medical Anthropology
Authors: Ragsdale Kathleen 
Published: May 2008

•Mark Your Calendar! SMA 2008 Award Competition Deadlines

•Eileen Basker Memorial Prize

•Career Achievement Award

•New Millennium Book Award

•George Foster Practicing Medical Anthropology Award

•Steven Polgar Prize

•MASA Dissertation Award

•MASA Graduate Student Mentor Award

•Margaret Clark Graduate and Undergraduate Awards

•Hughes Graduate Prize and Rivers Undergraduate Prize
Community-Based Kangaroo Mother Care to Prevent Neonatal and Infant Mortality: A Randomized, Controlled Cluster Trial
Authors: Sloan Nancy L. , Ahmed Salahuddin , Mitra Satindra N. , Choudhury Nuzhat , Chowdhury Mushtaque , Rob Ubaider , Winikoff Beverly 
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE. We adapted kangaroo mother care for immediate postnatal community-based application in rural Bangladesh, where the incidence of home delivery, low birth weight, and neonatal and infant mortality is high and neonatal intensive care is unavailable. This trial tested whether community-based kangaroo mother care reduces the overall neonatal mortality rate by 27.5%, infant mortality rate by 25%, and low birth weight neonatal mortality rate by 30%.METHODS. Half of 42 unions in 2 Bangladesh divisions with the highest infant mortality rates were randomly assigned to community-based kangaroo mother care, and half were not. One village per union was randomly selected proportionate to union population size. A baseline survey of 39888 eligible consenting women collected sociodemographic information. Community-based workers were taught to teach community-based kangaroo mother care to all expectant and postpartum women in the intervention villages. A total of 4165 live births were identified and enrolled. Newborns were followed for 30 to 45 days and infants were followed quarterly through their first birthday to record infant care, feeding, growth, health, and vital status.RESULTS. Forty percent overall and ∼65% of newborns who died were not weighed at birth, and missing birth weight was differential by study group. There was no difference in overall neonatal mortality rate or infant mortality rate. Except for care seeking, community-based kangaroo mother care behaviors were more common in the intervention than control group, but implementation was weak compared with the pilot study.CONCLUSIONS. The extensive missing birth weight and its potential bias render the evidence insufficient to justify implementing community-based kangaroo mother care. Additional experimental research ensuring baseline comparability of mortality, adequate kangaroo mother care implementation, and birth weight assessment is necessary to clarify the effect of community-based kangaroo mother care on survival.
Needle-Free Powder Lidocaine Delivery System Provides Rapid Effective Analgesia for Venipuncture or Cannulation Pain in Children: Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Venipuncture and Venous Cannulation Pain After Fast-Onset Needle-Free Powder Lidocaine or Placebo Treatment Trial
Authors: Zempsky William T. , Bean-Lijewski Jolene , Kauffman Ralph E. , Koh Jeffrey L. , Malviya Shobha V. , Rose John B. , Richards Patricia T. , Gennevois Daniel J. 
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE. The Comparison of Venipuncture and Venous Cannulation Pain After Fast-Onset Needle-Free Powder Lidocaine or Placebo Treatment trial was a randomized, single-dose, double-blind, phase 3 study investigating whether a needle-free powder lidocaine delivery system (a sterile, prefilled, disposable system that delivers lidocaine powder into the epidermis) produces effective local analgesia within 1 to 3 minutes for venipuncture and peripheral venous cannulation procedures in children.METHODS. Pediatric patients (3–18 years of age) were randomly assigned to treatment with the needle-free powder lidocaine delivery system (0.5 mg of lidocaine and 21 ± 1 bar of pressure; n = 292) or a sham placebo system (n = 287) at the antecubital fossa or the back of the hand 1 to 3 minutes before venipuncture or cannulation. All patients rated the administration comfort of the needle-free systems and the pain of the subsequent venous access procedures with the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (from 0 to 5). Patients 8 to 18 years of age also provided self-reports with a visual analog scale, and parents provided observational visual analog scale scores for their child's venous access pain. Safety also was assessed.RESULTS. Immediately after administration, mean Wong-Baker Faces scale scores were 0.54 and 0.24 in the active system and sham placebo system groups, respectively. After venipuncture or cannulation, mean Wong-Baker Faces scale scores were 1.77 ± 0.09 and 2.10 ± 0.09 and mean visual analog scale scores were 22.62 ± 1.80 mm and 31.97 ± 1.82 mm in the active system and sham placebo system groups, respectively. Parents' assessments of their child's procedural pain were also lower in the active system group (21.35 ± 1.43 vs 28.67 ± 1.66). Treatment-related adverse events were generally mild and resolved without sequelae. Erythema and petechiae were more frequent in the active system group.CONCLUSIONS. The needle-free powder lidocaine delivery system was well tolerated and produced significant analgesia within 1 to 3 minutes.
Trends in Bacteremia in the Pre- and Post-Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era Among HIV-Infected Children in the US Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study (1986–2004)
Authors: Kapogiannis Bill G. , Soe Minn M. , Nesheim Steven R. , Sullivan Kevin M. , Abrams Elaine , Farley John , Palumbo Paul , Koenig Linda J. , Bulterys Marc 
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE. HIV-infected children are at high risk for bacteremia. Highly active antiretroviral therapy has reduced rates of opportunistic infections; less is known about its effect on pediatric bacteremia rates. Thus, we sought to determine its impact on bacteremia incidence in HIV-infected children.
METHODS. Children born during 1986–1998 were followed until 2004 in the Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study. We determined the pre–and post–highly active antiretroviral therapy (before and after January 1, 1997) incidence of bacteremia among HIV-infected children and characterized the CD4% temporal declines and mortality among patients with and those without incident bacteremias.
RESULTS. Among 364 children, 68 had 118 documented bacteremias, 97 before and 21 after January 1, 1997. Streptococcus pneumoniae constituted 56 (58%) pre–and 13 (62%) post–highly active antiretroviral therapy cases. The incidence rate ratio of bacteremias comparing post–versus pre–highly active antiretroviral therapy was 0.3 overall and 0.2, 0.2, and 0.4 among children aged 0 to 24, 25 to 48, and 49 to 72 months, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis for time to first bacteremia in children born during the pre–highly active antiretroviral therapy compared with the post–highly active antiretroviral therapy era revealed that 69% and 94%, respectively, remained bacteremia free at a median follow-up of 6 years. The Cox proportional hazards model also showed a significant reduction of bacteremias in the post–highly active antiretroviral therapy era, even after controlling for gender and race. Among children &lt;6 years of age, those who experienced bacteremia had faster temporal CD4% decline than those who never had bacteremia. Survival analysis revealed that HIV-infected children with bacteremia experienced higher overall mortality when controlling for gender, race, and clinic site.
CONCLUSIONS. A significant decrease in bacteremia incidence and a prolongation in the time to first bacteremia incident were seen in the post–highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Children with a steeper decline of CD4 T cells were more likely to develop bacteremia. Children who experienced bacteremia had an associated higher mortality than their bacteremia-free counterparts.