bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of a Tospovirus Infection of Peanuts in Iran
Authors: Golnaraghi A. R. , Shahraeen N. , Pourrahim R. , Ghorbani Sh. , Farzadfar Sh. 
Published: May 2007

During the summer of 2000, severe stunting, mosaic, bud necrosis, and chlorosis symptoms were observed on peanut (Arachis hypogaea cv. Gilan) plants growing in fields in the Golestan Province of Iran. Leaf extracts of peanut plants were infective (mechanical inoculation) causing necrotic local lesions on Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Gomphrena globosa, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Talash, Vicia faba, and Vigna unguiculata cv. Mashad; systemic chlorotic spots were followed by systemic necrosis in Datura stramonium, D. metel, and Nicotiana rustica; chlorotic and necrotic spots were followed by top necrosis in Glycine max. About 2 weeks after inoculation, the chlorosis followed by stunting and bud necrosis observed in the field were reproduced in A. hypogaea cv. Gilan. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was detected in the original peanut plants and in plant species that developed symptoms after inoculation with extracts from peanut plants, when analyzed by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using TSWV-specific antisera (polyclonal antibody As-0526 and As-0580, DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany). TSWV is one of the most important viruses in the world (2) and has been reported on potato (3) and tomato (1) in Iran. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TSWV infection of peanut in Iran. References: (1) K. Bananej et al. Iran. J. Plant Pathol. 34:30, 1998. (2) R. A. Mumford et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 128:159, 1996. (3) R. Pourrahim et al. Plant Dis. 85:442, 2001.
First Report of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4-HG-II on Garden Pink in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Wright E. R. , Rivera M. C. , Asciutto K. , Gasoni L. 
Published: May 2007

During 2001, basal stem rot, wilt, and plant death were observed on 30% of the plants in a crop of Dianthus plumarius L. ‘Telstar’ in Buenos Aires. Pieces of diseased stems ≈1 cm long were surface-disinfested in 2% NaOCl for 1 min and cultured on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA), pH 7, at 22 to 24°C. After 7 days, an identical fungus was consistently isolated from pieces of infected tissue. Colonies initially were white, turned brown after 2 to 3 days, and eventually formed irregularly shaped sclerotia. Cultures exhibited morphological characteristics typical of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (2) and were identified with known anastomosis group tester isolates (1). Positive anastomosis was observed with tester strains of R. solani AG-4-HG-II. One isolate was tested for pathogenicity by placing two pieces of PDA (1 cm2) containing 7-day-old mycelial growth ≈0.5 cm from the base of healthy 2-month-old plants. Control plants were treated with sterile pieces of PDA using the same procedures. Ten replicate plants were used for each treatment. Plants were maintained at 22 to 24°C under 95 to 100% relative humidity and a 12-h light/dark photoperiod. After 7 days, symptoms developed that were similar to those originally observed, and Koch's postulates were satisfied by reisolating the fungus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solani AG4-HG-II causing disease on D. plumarius in Argentina. References: (1) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1991. (2) C. C. Tu and J. W. Kimbrough. Mycologia 65:941, 1973.
First report of Beet virus Q in Belgium
Authors: Stas A. , Meunier A. , Schmit J.-F. , Bragard C. 
Published: May 2007

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the causal agent of rhizomania disease on sugar beet, has been reported in Belgium for more than 16 years. Other soilborne viruses belonging to the genus Pomovirus, such as Beet soilborne virus (BSBV) (3) and Beet virus Q (BVQ) (1), are suspected pathogens of sugar beets grown in Belgium. During the 2000 growing season, more than 20 fields showing rhizomania-like and yellowing symptoms on sugar beet leaves were investigated for the presence of BVQ, BNYVV, and BSBV. All samples were checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercial BNYVV (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, Marnes-La-Coquette, France) and BSBV/BVQ (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany - AS-0576 polyclonal, AS-0576/2 MAb) antisera. RNA was extracted from sugar beet rootlets using an RNeasy extraction kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), before performing a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers (5′-GCTGGAGTATATCACCGATGAC-3′ and 5′-AAAATC TCGGATAGCATCCAAC-3′) designed to specifically amplify a 510-bp region of BVQ RNA-1. The presence of BSBV and BNYVV was also checked by RT-PCR using previously described primers (1,2). The BVQ-derived PCR product was sequenced and proved to be more than 99% identical to the Wierthe BVQ isolate nucleotide sequence. Soil transmission of BVQ was demonstrated through a bioassay using soil dilutions with quartz and sugar beet cv. Cadyx as bait. After 6 weeks, BVQ was detected by RT-PCR in bait plants. The putative vector, Polymyxa betae, was identified by lactophenol-cotton blue staining of the roots followed by microscopic examination. BVQ produces irregularly shaped local lesions that appear ≈5 days after mechanical inoculation and tend to spread along veins. BVQ was detected in six fields located in the Polders Region and Brabant Province of Belgium. BVQ was always found in sugar beet samples coinfected with BNYVV and BSBV. The economic significance of BVQ and its interaction with other viruses is not known. References: (1) R. Koenig et al. J. Gen. Virol. 79:2027, 1998. (2) M. Saito et al. Arch. Virol. 141:2163, 1996. (3) M. Verhoyen and M. Van den Bossche. Parasitica. 44:71, 1987.
First Report of Rust Caused by Puccinia allii on Wild Garlic in California
Authors: Koike S. T. , Smith R. F. 
Published: May 2007

Wild garlic (Allium vineale) is a bulbous perennial weed that was introduced from Europe and is now established throughout the eastern and much of the western United States. In 2001, wild garlic plants growing in Monterey County, CA were infected with a rust fungus. Uredinia and telia were present on leaves, resulting in small (2 to 5 mm long) lesions; however, leaf dieback and other symptoms were not observed. The orange urediniospores were spherical to ellipsoidal, echinulate, and mea-sured 26 to 30 × 25 to 28 μm. Telia were black in mass and divided into locules by fused paraphyses. Teliospores were located within the locules and were brown, smooth-walled, two-celled, and measured 40 to 50 × 17 to 20 μm. Teliospore pedicels were hyaline, usually fractured, and measured 3 to 15 μm. One-celled mesospores were not observed. Based on these morphological characteristics, the pathogen was identified as Puccinia allii (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of rust caused by P. allii on wild garlic in California. Because of this finding, an experiment was designed to determine whether wild garlic could be a source of rust inoculum for commercial allium crops. Wild garlic bulbs were planted in 4-in. pots (10 cm square) and grown in a greenhouse. At the 4- to 5-leaf stage the plants were transplanted in a garlic (Allium sativum) cultivar trial that had been inoculated with an isolate of P. allii from garlic. When plants were evaluated 2 months later, uredinia and telia were observed on the wild garlic plants, and the fungus was confirmed to be P. allii. Wild garlic, therefore, could be a source of overwintered inocula for the rust disease that occurs on commercial garlic and onion (A. cepa) in California (2). References: (1) D. M. Jennings et al. Mycol. Res. 94:83, 1990. (2) S. T. Koike et al. Plant Dis. 85:585, 2001.
First Report of Powdery Mildew on Greenhouse Tomatoes Caused by Oidium neolycopersici in Florida
Authors: Marois J. J. , Momol M. T. , Kimbrough J. W. , Hochmuth R. C. , Dankers W. 
Published: May 2007

In December 1999, typical signs of powdery mildew-dense white mycelium in irregular patterns often covering almost the entire upper surface of leaves-were observed in production greenhouses on tomato cv. Tradiro. Microscopic observations revealed mycelium with lobed appressoria and large, approximately cylindrical conidia that measured 38 to 45 × 16 to18 μm. Short germ tubes were at one end of the conidium and ended in a lobed appressorium. Conidiophores were straight with cylindrical foot-cells (≈40 to 42 μm), followed by two short cells (14 to18 μm). Based on these characteristics the fungus was identified as 0idium neolycopersici Kiss et al. (2) (formerly O. lycopersicum Braun [1]). Disease-free tomato cv. FL47 plants were inoculated at the fourth true-leaf stage with conidia by transferring fungal colonies collected from plants in production greenhouses with a single-edged razor blade to the adaxial surface of the test plants (six plants and three leaves per plant). Plants were grown in the greenhouse at 20 to 25°C. Powdery mildew, exhibiting the same morphological features, was observed 12 days later on inoculated tomato leaves. Powdery mildew on tomatoes in Suwannee Valley area greenhouses in Florida was quite common and severe in 1999 to 2000. Secondary cycles of the disease were observed, resulting in disease incidence up to 50 to 60% in some greenhouses, requiring repeated applications of sulfur for its management. This disease is expected to become a significant problem in greenhouse tomatoes, requiring regular disease control measures. This powdery mildew has not yet been observed in field-grown tomatoes in Florida. The pathogen has been reported in Connecticut on tomatoes grown under greenhouse and field conditions (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of O. neolycopersici on greenhouse-grown tomatoes in Florida. References: (1) U. Braun. The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. Gustav Fisher Verlag, New York, 1995. (2) L. Kiss et al. Mycol. Res. 105:684, 2001. (3) J. A. LaMondia et al. Plant Dis. 83:341, 1999.
First Report of Tomato chlorosis virus in Puerto Rico
Authors: Wintermantel W. M. , Polston J. E. , Escudero J. , Paoli E. R. 
Published: May 2007

Symptoms of interveinal chlorosis, necrotic flecking, thickening, and rolling of leaves were observed on leaves of field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants in Jauna Diaz, Puerto Rico. These symptoms are indicative of those produced by the whitefly-transmitted criniviruses, Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) (1). Samples collected from two symptomatic plants were examined by leaf dip and were found to contain long flexuous rods approximately 800 nm in length, characteristic of criniviruses. Symptomatic leaves were used for extraction of total nucleic acid and for whitefly transmission studies. The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), is a highly efficient vector of TICV, but an inefficient vector of ToCV, whereas the banded wing whitefly, T. abutilonea (Haldeman), is an efficient vector of ToCV but does not transmit TICV (2). Whiteflies of both species were allowed to feed separately on symptomatic tomato leaves for 24 h and then transferred to healthy Physalis wrightii and Nicotiana benthamiana indicator plants. Symptoms characteristic of ToCV infection developed on 3 of 3 P. wrightii plants and 2 of 3 N. benthamiana plants following transmission by T. abutilonea. Only 1 of 3 P. wrightii plants developed such symptoms following transmission by T. vaporariorum, while no N. benthamiana plants developed symptoms, suggesting that the virus responsible for the tomato disease was ToCV. Dot blot hybridizations were performed on total nucleic acids extracted from 0.1 g of symptomatic leaves of field samples using probes specific for TICV or ToCV (2), as well as probes specific for four additional criniviruses. Symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves of plants in transmission tests, as well as comparable leaves from control plants, were also tested by dot blot. Although no criniviruses could be detected by dot blot in the original tomato tissue, these hybridizations identified ToCV in all symptomatic plants from the transmission experiments, confirming the presence of ToCV in Puerto Rico. No additional criniviruses were detected in any samples, and negative controls were virus-free. This is the first time a tomato crinivirus has been detected in the Caribbean, outside of the continental United States. The ability of ToCV to be transmitted by four different whitefly species increases the potential for this virus to spread throughout the Caribbean Basin. References: (1) G. C. Wisler et al. Plant Dis. 82:270, 1998. (2) G. C. Wisler et al. Phytopathology 88:402, 1998.
Detection of Sorghum yellow banding virus Infecting Grain Sorghum in Venezuela
Authors: Garrido M. J. , Trujillo G. E. , Cuello R. 
Published: May 2007

Naturally infected grain sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor) in Maracay, Aragua State, showed yellow speckles, streaks and bands with chlorosis, stunting, and necrosis. A virus was mechanically transmitted to 3 to 10% of inoculated sorghum cvs. Atlas and Himeca-303 plants in the greenhouse. They developed symptoms similar to those in the field within 20 days after inoculation. The virus infected a narrow range of the gramineous species. It was not transmitted by Rhopalosiphum maidis, Schizaphis graminum, Peregrinus maidis, Dalbulus maidis, nor Hortensia similis, nor by sorghum seed. The virus was purified three times from fresh infected tissue giving yields as high as 14.7 mg/100 g. The A260/ A280 was 1.55. The virions were isometric, 25 nm in diameter, and contained a single capsid protein with a molecular weight of approximately 29 kDa. The virus was highly stable in sap. The virus was not serologically related to eight small isometric viruses that infect Gramineae species but did react in agar double-diffusion tests with antiserum (supplied by R. W. Toler) to Sorghum yellow banding virus (SYBV), a virus that affects sorghum and sorghum × sudangrass hybrids in Texas and California (1). Based on the above characteristics, the virus is considered to be SYBV. This disease has not been found in other states in Venezuela. This is the first report of SYBV infecting grain sorghum in Venezuela. Reference: (1) V. A. Klaassen and B. W. Falk. Phytopathology 79:646, 1989.
Outbreak of Brown Spot of Tobacco Caused by Alternaria alternata in Connecticut and Massachusetts
Authors: LaMondia J. A. 
Published: May 2007

In early August 2000, a leaf spot disease of broadleaf tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was widespread and severe in Connecticut and Massachusetts. The spots were roughly circular, with necrotic centers and concentric rings and often surrounded by a yellow halo. Spots ranged in size from small fleck symptoms (approximately 1 mm) to large lesions 1 to 3 cm in diameter. The putative tobacco brown spot pathogen, Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl., was isolated on potato-dextrose agar from symptomatic tissues after surface-sterilization for 30 s in 0.525% NaOCl. Brown conidia were produced in culture, often in chains. Conidia were variable in size, but tapered to a lighter colored short beak that was usually less than one quarter the length of the conidia (1). Healthy, detached broadleaf leaves (the first fully expanded leaves) were inoculated with 25 drops (45:1 each) of water alone or water containing 5.0 × 104 conidia combined from ten cultures (four leaves for each treatment). Drops were placed in the area between veins and allowed to air-dry for 3 h. Leaves were then misted and placed in a plastic bag in a growth chamber maintained at 24°C with 8 h light per day. Brown spot symptoms developed in 25% of the inoculated spots but not in areas of water controls after 11 days. Symptomatic tissue was surface-sterilized and A. alternata was consistently reisolated on potato-dextrose agar. Brown spot commonly occurs in the Connecticut River Valley on senescent leaves near the soil; however, in August 2000, symptoms were present on leaves of all ages. The greatly increased incidence and severity of brown spot were likely due to unusually wet conditions during the 2000 cropping season (2). In Windsor, CT, an average of 3 days per week of rain was recorded throughout the growing season. Brown spot symptoms render broadleaf tobacco leaves unsuitable for use as a natural leaf cigar wrapper and result in a complete loss of value. Data released by the New England National Agricultural Statistics Service on 1 September 2000 indicated that broadleaf tobacco losses in Connecticut and Massachusetts were at least 75 and 89% of the total acreage, respectively. References: (1) G. B. Lucas. Tob. Sci. 15:37,1971. (2) J. R. Stavely and C. E. Main. Phytopathology 60:1591, 1970.
First Report of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Louisiana
Authors: Valverde R. A. , Lotrakul P. , Landry A. D. , Boudreaux J. E. 
Published: May 2007

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a begomovirus (Geminiviridae) that causes a serious disease of tomato throughout the world. In 1997, the strain from Israel of TYLCV (TYLCV-IS) was found infecting tomatoes in Florida for the first time in the United States (1). During late spring of 2000, approximately 90% of the tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) in a farm near New Orleans exhibited severe stunting, leaf cupping, and chlorosis. Symptoms were similar to those caused by TYLCV. Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci biotype B) were present in the field but in relatively low numbers. The effect on yield reduction varied from negligible (late infections) to 100% (early infections). Six selected plants showing symptoms were assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using begomovirus-specific primers. Capsicum frutescens infected with an isolate of Texas pepper virus from Costa Rica was used as positive control. DNA was extracted using Plant DNAzol Reagent (GIBCO BRL). PCR was conducted using degenerate primers AV494/AC1048 that amplify the core coat protein region of most begomoviruses (2). PCR yielded a DNA fragment of approximately 550 bp, suggesting that a begomovirus was associated with the disease. The amplified DNA of one field isolate was cloned and the nucleotide (nt) sequence determined. Sequence comparisons with other begomoviruses in the GenBank Database indicated that the Louisiana isolate shared 100% nt identity with TYLCV-IS (GenBank Accession X76319). Successful transmission (100%) to Bonny Best tomato were obtained with four groups of 10 whiteflies each (B. tabaci biotype B) that fed on TYLCV-IS infected tomato plants. Acquisition and transmission feedings were for 2 days. In all cases, the virus was diagnosed by the ability to reproduce typical TYLCV-like symptoms in tomato and PCR. The virus was also successfully graft-transmitted to tomato cv. Bonny Best, Nicotiana benthamiana, and tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa) using scions from tomato plants infected with a whitefly transmitted virus isolate. This is the first report of TYLCV-IS in Louisiana. References: (1) J. E. Polston et al. Plant Dis. 83:984–988, 1999. (2) S. D. Wyatt and J. K. Brown. Phytopathology 86:1288–1293, 1996.
First Report of Cucumber vein yellowing virus in Spain
Authors: Cuadrado I. M. , Janssen D. , Velasco L. , Ruiz L. , Segundo E. 
Published: May 2007

In the autumn of 2000, an outbreak of a disease caused considerable losses in greenhouse cucumber crops in Almeria (Spain). Infected plants showed vein clearing followed by chlorosis in leaves and yellow/green chlorotic spots on fruits. These symptoms as well as the presence of Bemisia tabaci in the crops suggested the possible involvement of Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV), a proposed member of the Potiviridae family, which was first described in 1960 in Cucumis spp. from Israel (1). B. tabaci populations and leaves from cucumber plants were collected from the greenhouses and analyzed by RT-PCR using specific primers (CV(+): 5′-AGCTAGCGCGTATGGGGTGAC-3′; CV(-): 5′-GCGCCGCAAGTGCAA-ATAAAT-3′) that we designed based on the partial sequence published for CVYV (2). Total nucleic acid extracts from both B. tabaci individuals and the collected plants yielded amplification products of the expected size (449 bp), which were cloned and sequenced (Genebank accession number AJ301640). The sequence was 95.6% identical to that previously reported for CVYV. Nonviruliferous B. tabaci whiteflies were given a 24-h acquisition period on symptomatic leaves and then placed in groups of 15 insects on each of 10 healthy cucumber plants at the 4 leaf-stage for a 24-h inoculation period. Inoculated and control plants were analyzed 1 week later and the infection with CVYV was confirmed (10/10) by RT-PCR. Doublestranded RNA extractions from field-collected samples and from plants inoculated under controlled conditions suggested that no dsRNA formation was associated with the infection. This is the first report of CVYV in Spain. References: (1) S. Cohen and F. E. Nitzany. Phytopathol. Medit. 1:44, 1960. (2) H. Lecoq et al. J. Gen. Virol. 81:2289, 2000.
Xanthomonas Blight of Onion in South Africa
Authors: Serfontein J. J. 
Published: May 2007

During April 1999, a foliar blight of onion (Allium cepa L. ‘Granex 33’) was reported in an early commercial planting under center pivot irrigation in the Limpopo Valley of the Northern Province of South Africa. Regular fungicide sprays failed to inhibit the progress of the disease. Foliar symptoms started as water-soaked lesions that elongated and turned chlorotic followed by tissue collapse in some leaves. Leaves often collapsed at the point of infection. Bulb size was severely reduced and premature leaf death caused irregular maturation and bulb size in the field. The symptoms were similar to those of Xanthomonas blight, described on the same cultivar in Hawaii (1). Microscopic examination of hand cut sections trough lesion margins showed bacterial streaming. Isolation on semi-selective diagnostic milk Tween agar (2) yielded almost pure cultures of a typical xanthomonad. The mucoid, yellow pigmented bacterium was rod shaped, gram negative, catalase positive, oxidase negative, utilized glucose oxidatively, and was lypolytic (Tween 80), proteolytic (skimmed milk), and amolytic. Biolog GN Microplate profiles as read by the MicroLog database release 3.50 (Biolog, Hayward, CA) were similar to those of a pathovar (similarity indices of 0.29 to 0.71). Symptoms were successfully reproduced on glasshouse grown Granex 33 seedlings at the five-leaf stage by spray and syringe inoculations (1) and the pathogen reisolated as described above. Ten seedlings were used in the pathogenicity test, of which five served as controls. After inoculation, seedlings were covered overnight with plastic bags, after which bags were removed and seedlings grown in the greenhouse at 24 to 30°C and natural light until symptom development. Attempts to isolate the pathogen from the seed lot used to plant the affected field were unsuccessful. The disease re-occurred in early plantings of Granex 33 on the same farm in April 2000 toward the end of an unusually wet summer rainy season. Damage caused by the disease was so severe in one early planting that it was plowed under. High temperatures and humid conditions combined with overhead irrigation could have enhanced disease development and spread during the early growth of the crop. No further spread was observed during cooler and drier weather later in the season. References: (1) A. M. Alvarez et al. Phytopathology 68:1132, 1978. (2) T. Goszczynska and J. J. Serfontein. J. Microbiol. Methods 32:65, 1998.