bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of leptin receptor-induced STAT3 signaling in modulation of intestinal and hepatic inflammation in mice
Authors: Gove Melissa E , Rhodes Davina H , Pini Maria , van Baal Jantine W , Sennello Joseph A , Fayad Raja , Cabay Robert J , Myers Martin G , Fantuzzi Giamila 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLeptin-deficient ob/ob mice are resistant to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. However, the signal transduction pathways involved have not been identified. The present study investigated the effect of leptin-induced STAT3 signaling in the DSS and Con A models. Mice carrying a leptin receptor (LEPR) gene mutant for Y1138 (s/s mice), with abrogated leptin-induced STAT3 signaling, were compared with wild-type (WT) and LEPR-deficient db/db mice. Administration of DSS to s/s mice resulted in a clinical score and colon shortening of intermediate severity compared with disease induced in WT and db/db mice—the latter group having the lowest disease severity. A comparable degree of inflammatory infiltrate and epithelial damage was observed in the colon of WT and s/s mice, and these parameters were reduced in db/db mice. Levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were comparable in the colon of s/s and db/db mice, and a similar trend was observed for CXCL2. s/s and WT mice developed severe liver disease in response to Con A, whereas db/db mice were protected. However, Con A-induced serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels in s/s mice mimicked levels observed in db/db rather than WT mice. In conclusion, lack of leptin-induced STAT3 signaling is associated with reduced cytokine production following DSS and Con A administration, but it appears to sensitize mice to the effects of proinflammatory mediators.
Cutting forces in wood machining – Basics and applications in industrial processes. A review COST Action E35 2004–2008: Wood machining – micromechanics and fracture
Authors: Marchal Rémy , Mothe Frédéric , Denaud Louis-Etienne , Thibaut Bernard , Bleron Laurent 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The data available in the literature concerning wood cutting forces permits to build models or to simulate the main wood machining processes (milling, sawing, peeling, etc.). This approach contributes to a better understanding of formation of wood surfaces and chips and the data may be helpful to optimise cutting geometry, reduce tool wear, improve tool material, and to size tool-machines. The models may also be useful for industrial application in two ways: (1) providing data to optimise the settings for a given operation (batch approach), and (2) building predictive models that could be the basis of an online control system for the machining processes (interactive approach). A prerequisite for this is that numerous machining tests on different wood materials are performed based on experiences with different kind of tools and experimental devices. With a focus on potential industrial applications, the emphasis of this review was on the wood peeling process, which is a very demanding special case of wood cutting. Although not so many industrial machines are equipped with expensive force sensors, there is a lot of high quality information available about cutting forces which may be useful to improve the scientific or technological knowledge in wood machining. Alternative parameters, such as vibration or sound measurements, appear to be promising substitutes in the praxis, particularly to feed online control systems of any wood cutting process.
Hierarchical modelling of microstructural effects on mechanical properties of wood. A review COST Action E35 2004–2008: Wood machining – micromechanics and fracture
Authors: Hofstetter Karin , Gamstedt E. Kristofer 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Wood exhibits a hierarchical architecture. Its macroscopic properties are determined by microstructural features at different scales of observation. Recent developments of experimental micro-characterisation techniques have delivered further insight into the appearance and the behaviour of wood at smaller length scales. The improved knowledge and the availability of increasingly powerful micromechanical modelling techniques and homogenisation methods have stimulated rather comprehensive research on multiscale modelling of wood. Linking microstructural properties to macroscopic characteristics is expected to improve the knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of wood and to serve as the basis for the development of innovative wood-based products and for biomimetic material design. Moreover, understanding fundamental aspects of wood machining requires multiscale approaches which can take into account the heterogeneity, anisotropy and hierarchies of wood and wood composites. In this review, recent developments in the field of hierarchical modelling of the hygroelastic behaviour of wood are discussed, and a short outline of the theoretical background is given. Much focus is placed on composite micromechanical models for the wood cell wall and on multiscale models for wood resting upon hierarchical finite element models and on the application of continuum micromechanics, respectively. These models generally lead to the specification of equivalent homogeneous continua with effective material properties. Finally, current deficiencies and limitations of hierarchical models are sketched and possible future research directions are specified.
Reactor Dosimetry: Methods, Applications, and Standardization
Authors: Farrar H , Lippincott EP 
Published: December 2008

Description
Included are papers on applications to reactor pressure vessel surveillance; measurements to provide basic nuclear data and benchmarks for measurement standardization; calculational methods; and research on breeder and fusion environment. Section headings: LWR Pressure Vessel Surveillance Programs; Nuclear Data; Benchmarks and Standards; Fusion and Damage Analysis.
Implication of Aggregates in the Design, Construction, and Performance of Flexible Pavements
Authors: Schreuders HG , Marek CR 
Published: December 2008

Description
A practical approach to road and paving problems and testing for those who must make good road surfaces with available aggregate materials. Ten papers include
• Performance of a Thin Surfaced, Crushed Stone Base Pavement
• Measuring the Susceptibility of Emulsion Based Seal Coats to Debonding
• Hot Mix Asphalt Moisture Susceptibility Problems: The Need to Test and Specify via a Common Procedure.
Environmental Aspects of Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous and Radioactive Wastes
Authors: Côté P , Gilliam M 
Published: December 2008

Description
STP 1033 provides a unique perspective on stabilization and solidification research as performed by the hazardous and radioactive waste communities. These papers are grouped into 4 sections: Processes; Regulatory Aspects and Testing Methods; Laboratory Evaluation; and Large Scale Evaluation or Demonstration.
Basic Approach in the Development of TURBISTAN, a Loading Standard for Fighter Aircraft Engine Disks
Authors: Breitkopf GE 
Published: December 2008

The development of TURBISTAN was a joint effort by CEAT (Centre ďEssais Aeronautique de Toulouse, France); IABG (Industrieanlagen-Betriebsgesellschaft); LBF (Fraunhofer-Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit, West Germany); MTU (MTU Motoren- und Turbinen-Union Munchen GmbH, West Germany); NLR (Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium, The Netherlands); RAE (Royal Aircraft Establishment, Great Britain); Rolls-Royce (Great Britain) and SNECMA (Société Nationale ďEtude et de Construction de Moteurs ďAviation, France); RWTH (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, West Germany); and University of Utah (United States) to derive a loading standard for fighter aircraft engine disk usage.
The sequence was designed to contain the characteristics that are determinants of cyclic fatigue in the form, frequency, and application typical of actual operations. It represents a unique standard for low cycle fatigue (LCF) and crack growth experiments, and enables quantitative insights to be gained into the sequencing effect at moderate experimental effort.
The subject of the paper is the basic approach used in the development process. The paper also adds a few application notes.
Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Minimization Practices
Authors: Conway RA , Warner DJ , Wiles CC , Duckett EJ , Frick JH 
Published: December 2008

Description
This practical guide cites actual experiences in waste minimization, and describes to waste disposal as well as how to minimize environmental impact. 17 peer reviewed papers cover: general managerial practices; waste minimization audits; solvent recovery, used oil recovery; and miscellaneous separation and utilization practices.
Safety in Ice Hockey
Authors: Castaldi CR , Hoerner EF 
Published: December 2008

Description
The first book published on the historical and scientific aspects of safety in the sport of ice hockey. Contains 25 papers covering: injury rates in amateur, college, and professional hockey; risk factors, game rules and officiating; playing equipment, skates, sticks, protective types; playing facilities (indoor and outdoor) causative factors in catastrophic injuries; the role of standards in protective equipment for the head and face, and for skate blades and their effectiveness.
Corrosion Susceptibility of Reinforced Earth Systems: Field Surveys
Authors: Whiting D 
Published: December 2008

Field surveys were performed on four reinforced earth retaining walls. Concrete facing units were used on each wall. The objective of these surveys was to obtain information concerning the susceptibility to corrosion of metallic elements (both embedded in backfill and in concrete) in these soil stabilization systems. The structures surveyed represented differing environmental conditions and materials. Both marine and inland structures were included, with ages ranging from 6 to 11 years.
A variety of field tests were carried out at each site. Field tests included visual and photographic surveys, delamination detection, electrical potential surveys, measurements of concrete and soil resistivities, measurements of concrete cover, and stray current testing. Powdered and core samples of concrete were returned to the laboratory for chloride analyses and rapid chloride permeability testing. Chemical and metallographic analyses were carried out on samples of soil and earth reinforcing strips.
Results indicate that two of the four structures surveyed exhibit corrosion problems that may limit their useful life. These include a reinforced earth structure located in a tidal estuary where aluminum alloy reinforcing strips are exposed to low resistivity and high chloride conditions and an interstate highway slope stabilization structure where galvanized metal earth-reinforcing strips are exposed to a highly alkaline backfill of nonuniform composition. Other structures surveyed showed little or no evidence of corrosion.
Detection and Considerations of Corrosion Problems of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe
Authors: Rothman PS , Price RE 
Published: December 2008

Prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) is constructed by circumferentially winding a high strength steel wire, under tension, around a concrete core containing a sheet steel cylinder, which serves as a watertight membrane. The service life of such pipe is generally determined by the ability of this steel prestressing wire to retain its integrity under tension. Corrosion of the steel wire results in pitting, embrittlement, or the dissolution of the iron with a corresponding reduction in cross-sectional area. The result is degradation of the physical strength of the high tensile wire and possible failure of the prestressed concrete cylinder pipe through this mechanism. Pipe affected by this failure mode does not develop leaks as in the case of the steel pipe, but bursts catastrophically. Failure is usually attributed to “wire breaks,” not specifically to corrosion.
For concrete cylinder pipe, the components of the joint are susceptible to stray current corrosion if component low resistance continuity does not exist. This condition can be responsible for failure of the steel prestressing wires if they are not electrically continuous with the other components of the pipe (steel cylinder, bell ring, spigot ring, fittings, and so forth).
This paper presents the potential corrosion problems and causes associated with the metallic components of prestressed concrete cylinder pipe. The difficulties in detecting these problems, because of materials and fabrication practices are discussed, as well as methods that have been used successfully to detect corrosion in buried lines (pipe-to-soil potential profiles, cell-to-cell potential profiles).
The results of a few typical studies are presented as a suggested approach to the investigation and analysis of potential problems involving both galvanic and electrolytic (stray current) corrosion.
The Thermal Properties of Wood—Data Base
Authors: Cardenas TJ , Bible GT 
Published: December 2008

A data base of steady-state thermal properties for 15 wood species representative of those used commercially in building construction has been developed from available test data. Selected mean values of conductivity, density, moisture content, and thermal resistance are tabulated for representative groups of softwoods and hardwoods. The methodology for organizing the test data incorporating ASTM standards on wood is presented, and the statistical methods utilized for the empirical analysis are discussed. A proposed table of thermal design coefficients for softwoods doubles the reliability of predicted values currently listed in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.
All test data are documented in a format suitable to a broad range of user groups. Design professionals undertaking computer modeling of composite assemblies and systems for building energy analysis will find the data base a useful reference tool. Recommendations on the need to verify the steady-state thermal properties for wood and wood-based building materials are presented and discussed.
Asphalt Rheology to Define the Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures and the Performance of Pavements
Authors: Roque R , Tia M , Ruth BE 
Published: December 2008

The behavior of asphalt concrete paving mixtures at low temperatures is primarily dependent upon the rheological properties of the asphalt binder. The Schweyer Constant Stress Rheometer was used to define the low-temperature rheological properties of asphalts recovered from laboratory-compacted mixtures and field cores. Asphalt viscosity relationships with resilient modulus, mix viscosity, static modulus, stiffness, fractures strain, fracture energy, and fracture stress of the mix were established using dynamic, static, and constant stress indirect tension testing procedures.
Resilient moduli predicted from the viscosity of asphalts recovered from pavements were used in elastic layer analyses to define deflection and strain basins produced by Dynaflect or plate tests. These deflection and strain basins compared favorably with those measured on a test pit pavement and on selected in-service pavements.
Relationships between asphalt viscosity and mix parameters are presented to illustrate the importance of asphalt viscosity and to suggest their potential use in the modeling of the thermal behavior of flexible pavements. It is shown that there is no appreciable difference between resilient and status moduli when asphalt viscosity exceeds about 400 MPa·s. The importance of shear susceptibility for both asphalt and mix viscosity determinations is discussed with recommendations for use of constant power viscosity to minimize errors induced by extrapolation of viscosity at shear rates outside those obtained in the test.
Parameters for thermal and load induced fracture include stress, strain, and energy. Laboratory test results were used to develop relationships between these parameters and the constant power viscosity of the asphalt binder. Tests on pavement cores produced fracture corresponding to that obtained in the laboratory tests. Comments are provided on the reliability of these parameters in defining fracture.
The Behavior of Dispersed and Nondispersed Fuels in a Sewer System
Authors: Fingas MF , Hughes KA , Bobra AM 
Published: December 2008

A small-scale model sewer was constructed to determine the behavior of dispersed and nondispersed fuel flushed or spilled into sewers. The system included a headbox containing a concrete pad with a drain in the middle. The drain fed into a sewer pipe. Six vapor sensors were positioned in ports or simulated manholes at intervals along the pipe length. The vapor sensors were connected to a computer which generated a continuous data record of vapor concentrations at each port. Liquid samples were also taken at different intervals under the vapor sensor ports.
Vapors in a sewer system have two distinct origins: the first is vapor evaporating from the liquid fuel as it is transported with the water and the remainder is vapor that formed upstream and is in the process of moving downstream at a slower rate than the underlying liquid. The latter movement is caused by the pumping action of the water flow, but is slower than the liquid flow as a result of the drag of the walls and the low gas-to-liquid friction coefficient. Gasoline, whether treated with dispersant or not, produces two sharply different vapor peaks at the sensor ports because it evaporates rapidly upon entering the sewer and thus produces a slowly moving vapor cloud. Diesel fuel does not evaporate as rapidly and produces only a single vapor peak at the ports.
The use of dispersants at the beginning of the sewer increases the volatilization rate of the smaller fuel molecules and thus increases the amount of vapor present in the sewer system. This occurs irrespective of the amount or brand of dispersant employed. When dispersants are applied, the vapor concentration and duration is increased at each subsequent port. An increasing amount of dispersant or dispersant/water mixture increases this effect. If dispersants are mixed with the fuel in a very vigorous manner the vapor concentration may not be increased in the first ports, but it will not be decreased and the concentrations are increased 5 min downstream. In no case is the vapor concentration at any port reduced by the use of dispersants.
The results from the small-scale model show that dispersants do not reduce the explosion risk of fuels in sewers. In fact, the use of dispersants will in most cases greatly increase the potential for explosions and their magnitude. Dispersants increase the rate of volatilization of small fuel molecules and increase the total amount of those released. This is consistent with the results obtained by other authors who have conducted static experiments of similar nature.
Microstructure and Corrosion Studies for Optimized PWR and BWR Zircaloy Cladding
Authors: Garzarolli F , Steinberg E , Weidinger HG 
Published: December 2008

The increased discharge burnups envisaged today require an optimization of the Zircaloy cladding properties with regard to corrosion with different strategies for optimizing the corrosion for boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressure water reactor (PWR) applications.
A broad laboratory study showed that the influence of temperature and environmental details upon autoclave test results is rather complex. Zircaloy with fine (∼ 0.05 μm), uniformly distributed intermetallic precipitates reveals nodular corrosion in steam at 420°C or below and excessive uniform corrosion in water at 350°C, but the best nodular behavior in steam at 500#x00B0;C. However, samples with larger intermetallic precipitates (&gt;0.2 μm) exhibit a strong tendency to nodular corrosion in 500°C steam, but good behavior in steam at 420°C or below and in water at 350°C. The tendency toward nodular corrosion in 400 to 500°C steam can be suppressed by additions of oxygen; the ranking in uniform corrosion in 350°C water can be altered by additions of hydrogen. The latter was observed on samples exposed up to 1000 days in degassed water and afterwards 1000 days in water with a hydrogen overpressure.
Similar correlations were found for in-pile exposure with some exceptions. Materials with very fine intermetallic precipitates, which show little tendency for nodular corrosion and behave well in-pile in oxygenated (mostly BWR) environments, exhibit accelerated uniform corrosion in a hydrogenated (PWR) environment with a corrosion rate that depends very little on temperature. However, in oxygenated coolant, materials with coarse precipitates indicate severe nodular corrosion, which is almost independent of the temperatures within the range of 290 and 350°C. As a result of these findings a dual strategy is technologically feasible by using different values of the accumulated annealing parameters (Σ Ai) for BWR and PWR application. For optimized BWR cladding tubes ΣAi ⩽ 10 -18 h is proposed; the best range for PWR cladding appears to be at 2 × 10-18 h ⩽ Σ Ai ⩽ 5 × 10-17 h.
Influence of Chemical Composition and Manufacturing Variables on Autoclave Corrosion of the Zircaloys
Authors: Graham RA , Tosdale JP , Finden PT 
Published: December 2008

Previous investigators have reported the separate influences of chemical composition and heat treatment on the nodular and uniform corrosion of zirconium-based alloys. However, many of these compositions lie outside the allowable Zircaloy ranges required by most nuclear fuel specifications. The current study shows that the corrosion performance of the Zircaloys can be optimized by adjusting chemical compositions within current ASTM ranges, and examines the influence of composition on response to heat treatment. It is believed that this approach will yield improved corrosion performance and results in a product that can be introduced for immediate nuclear service application.
To investigate the effect of tin, iron, chromium, and nickel on the nodular corrosion of Zircaloy-2, a special 5500-kg ingot was triple melted. The composition was intentionally varied within a controlled portion of the ASTM range along the ingot length. Specimens of the ingot with different compositions were hot worked and beta quenched at a common size. Strip specimens (0.67 mm thick) were fabricated using three process schedules spanning the annealing parameter (∑Ai = ∑ti, exp — QIRTi) range applicable to current production practice for either tubeshell or strip material. Corrosion weight gains were obtained from a 500°C static autoclave test. A statistically significant reduction in 500°C weight gain was found as (1) the percentage nickel and iron increased; (2) the percentage of tin decreased; and (3) the accumulated annealing parameter decreased.
A “controlled composition” is defined where nickel and iron are adjusted towards the upper ASTM composition limits and tin is adjusted towards the lower limit. The 500°C weight gain of controlled composition Zircaloy-2 is basically insensitive to accumulated annealing parameter over the range of 6.2 × 10−21 h to 1.1 × 10−17 h. The effect of beta quench rate on 500°C weight gains was also determined for Zircaloy-2 controlled composition material. Weight gains varied less than 5 mg/dm2 over a range of surface cooling rates from 18 to 36°C/s.
Analysis of the effect of beta quench rates on the uniform and nodular corrosion of Zircaloy-4 was performed. Uniform corrosion post-transition rates are not significantly affected by beta quench rate for 360, 400, and 420°C autoclave tests. During 450°C testing, unrecrystallized microstructures of Zircaloy-4 promoted retention of tight, adherent oxide layers for much longer exposures than fully recrystallized microstructures. 500°C static autoclave weight gains are inversely proportional to the logarithm of the cooling rate for Zircaloy-4.