bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The presence of oxidative polymeric materials in encapsulated fish oils
Authors: Shukla Vijai K. S. , Perkins Edward G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEncapsulated health food oils such as fish oils are readily available in health food stores, pharmacies, and supermarkets. They are popular in the United States as well as in the European countries. However, such oils, because of their high degree of unsaturation, are easily oxidized and form complex mixtures of high molecular weight oxidation products. The present work reports the application of high‐performance size exclusion chromatography to the determination of these materials in encapsulated fish oils. Of the six samples studied, five showed from 1–10% of dimeric triacylglycerols and one contained 6.3% trimeric triacylglycerols and 3.1% oligomeric triacylglycerols. Further investigation of this sample with silicic acid chromatography indicated that it contained a total of 36.3% polar material.
The role of n−3 essential fatty acids in brain and behavioral development: A cross‐fostering study in the mouse
Authors: Wainwright P. E. , Huang Y. S. , Bulman‐Fleming B. , Mills D. E. , Redden P. , McCutcheon D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA cross‐fostering design was used to examine the effects on brain and behavioral development in mice of pre‐and/or postnatal dietary supplementation with n−3 fatty acids. Pregnant mice were fed either of two liquid diets, control (con) or experimental (exp). Each diet provided 3% of the calories in the form of n−6 fatty acids; the experimental diet was supplemented with an additional 1.5% from long chain n−3 fatty acids derived from fish oil. There were four treatment groups, with all pups fostered at birth. These groups were (prenatal diet/ postnatal diet): Group 1, exp/exp; Group 2, exp/con; Group 3, con/exp; Group 4, con/con; a fifth control group (unfostered) was fed lab chow (LC) throughout the study. Animals from the exp/exp and con/con groups were weaned onto lab chow for later behavioral assessment. Prenatal n−3 supplementation resulted in a small acceleration of behavioral development. The adult animals did not differ in visual discrimination learning nor did they differ in visual acuity. During development the fatty acid composition of the brain membrane phospholipids reflected closely that of the pre‐ and postnatal dietary conditions. Levels of 22∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 increased in the n−3 supplemented groups, accompanied by a decrease in levels of 22∶4n−6 and 22∶5n−6; the net effect of these changes was to increase the total levels of C22 fatty acids. While these results support considerable plasticity of the fatty acid composition of the developing brain with respect to the immediate dietary availability of n−3 compounds, they do not support long term effects on learning capacity of n−3 supplementation during the developmental period.
Nonspecific and metabolic interactions between steroid hormones and human plasma lipoproteins
Authors: Leszczynski D. E. , Schafer R. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPrevious observations demonstrated that steroid hormones associate with plasma lipoproteins. The objective of this study was to estimate the relative importance of lipoproteins as steroid hormone binding agents in comparison to sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, and albumin in both normal and hyperlipidemic human plasma. The 16 steroid hormones and related metabolites included in the study were: androstanediol, androstenediol, androstenedione, androsterone, corticosterone, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, deoxycorticosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, estriol, estrone, 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone, progesterone, and testosterone. The binding activity of these 16 steroid hormones with purified high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein were separately evaluated by equilibrium dialysis incubations to yield 48 steroid hormone‐lipoprotein combinations for further study. In incubations with HDL, six steroid hormones (androstenediol, dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, pregnenolone, and progesterone) were identified as non‐equilibrium, apparently due to metabolic conversion of the steroid hormones. The metabolic activity for the three Δ5‐3β hydroxy steroids and estradiol appears to be fatty acid esterification by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. The computer program TRANSPORT, which was used to evaluate only the nonspecific steroid hormone‐lipoprotein association levels in a 16×6 matrix at simultaneous equilibrium, indicated that lipoprotein‐bound steroid hormones ranged from 1% for cortisol to 56% for pregnenolone in normal human blood. Simulated projections of the increase in nonspecific steroid hormone association with lipoproteins during hyperlipidemia are also presented. These results demonstrate how lipoproteins are likely to be important in the transport and metabolism of steroid hormones in human plasma.
Lipase selectivities
Authors: Sonnet Phillip E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOne considerable advantage that enzymes potentially have over conventional chemical methods resides with the inherent selectivities of the natural catalysts. The methods for gauging these parameters are sometimes tedious, and often are not without ambiguity. Prompted by projected needs of those engaged in protein engineering to alter lipolytic activity, a number of compounds were evaluated as pseudolipids using reactivity with commercial lipases as a criterion for suitability. These then were employed to assess fatty acid‐ and stereoselectivities of thse lipase preparations. Lipases indeed show small but significant stereobiases with esters of the acetonide of glycerol, compounds whose reactivities with lipases are comparable to, and sometimes exceed, those of the corresponding triglycerides.
Process considerations of continuous fat modification with an immobilized lipase
Authors: Posorske L. H. , LeFebvre G. K. , Miller C. A. , Hansen T. T. , Glenvig B. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipases will catalyze the incorporation of new fatty acids into the triglyceride component of a fat (acidolysis) or can rearrange/redistribute the existing fatty acid radicals in the fat's triglycerides (transesterification). Both processes can dramatically change the physical characteristics of the fat. Immobilization of the lipase allows for the use of the catalyst in a continuous column operation. Examples illustrating the commercial utility of such immobilized enzymes are presented. Process configurations, scale‐up issues and catalyst lifetime/productivity are discussed.
Influence of unsulfonated material and its sulfone content on the physical properties of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates
Authors: Moreno A. , Bravo J. , Berna J. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFree oil content (unsulfonated matter) in linear alkylbenzene sulfonates has a considerable influence on the physical properties (viscosity and cloud point) of sulfonate slurries. It has been found that a determining factor in this influence is the sulfone content in free oil. This has been observed in several commercial sulfonic acids and confirmed through laboratory sulfonation tests. In order to better understand the effect of the sulfone content, a high performance liquid chromatography method for its determination was developed.
Use of experimental design in detergency tests with a natural soil
Authors: Trowbridge James R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA balanced incomplete block design is used to obtain detergency data in a test where cloth swatches are soiled by rubbing against the skin. The design provides increased precision in the data by adjusting for differences among soilers. The wash treatments are part of a second order rotatable design in three variables: the ratio of sodium nitrilotriacetate to sodium tripolyphosphate builder, pH of the wash solution, and temperature. The effect of builder ratio was not highly significant. Soil removal increased with higher pH and went through a maximum with increase in wash temperature. Redeposition was also measured by reflectance values obtained for unsoiled areas of the swatches. Redeposition increased with increase in wash temperature.
Aflatoxin effects in livestock
Authors: Keyl A. C. , Booth A. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFeeding trials were conducted with swine, beef cattle, dairy cattle and poultry to determine adverse effects, if any, of graded levels of aflatoxins in rations. In addition, samples of meat, eggs and milk from these animals were analyzed chemically to determine if aflatoxin was transmitted into these products. In growing‐fattening swine, no evidence of toxic effects was observed when the aflatoxin level fed was 233 ppb or less. In a swine reproduction experiment, no adverse effects were detected in pigs produced from sows fed 450 ppb aflatoxin. No toxic effects were observed at levels of 300 ppb or lower in cross‐bred beef steers fed aflatoxin rations for 4.5 months. Using recognized chemical methods, we detected no aflatoxin in meat from swine and cattle fed rations containing 800 and 1000 ppb of aflatoxin, respectively. In dairy cows, weekly intakes of 67 to 200 mg of aflatoxin B1 per cow produced 70 to 154 ppb aflatoxin M1 in lyophilized milk. Rapid disappearance of aflatoxin M1 in the milk took place after withdrawal of aflatoxin from the ration. No adverse effects were discernible in broilers fed from one day to eight weeks of age a ration containing 400 ppb aflatoxin. Lyophilized meat from broilers fed 1600 ppb aflatoxin for eight weeks contained no detectable aflatoxin. Striking differences in aflatoxin susceptibility were observed in 17 different breeds and strains of poultry and game birds fed from two to six weeks of age a ration of 800 ppb aflatoxin B1. New Hampshire chicks and turkey poults were highly susceptible to aflatoxin in contrast to the resistance of Barred Rock and Australop chickens and guinea fowl. Hybrid chicks from a New Hampshire‐White Leghorn cross were highly resistant to aflatoxin. Eggs and meat from White Leghorn hens fed a ration containing 2700 ppb aflatoxin contained no detectable aflatoxin.
Control and removal of aflatoxin
Authors: Goldblatt Leo A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe best approach to contain the problem of aflatoxin is prevention and enough is now known about prevention to reduce contamination drastically. Guidelines for preventing mycotoxins in farm commodities have been suggested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Moisture is the single most important parameter and prompt drying to safe levels is essential for control of toxigenic molds. Foreign matter and damaged seed should be removed. Provision of clean, dry, adequately cooled and ventilated storage is important and good sanitation is essential to minimize mold contamination during storage and processing: Genetic approaches which may result in resistance to elaboration of aflatoxins are under investigation. When aflatoxin is found in a sample of oilseeds the contamination generally resides in only a small proportion of the kernels, commonly less than 1%. Sorting or separation can concentrate the vast majority of aflatoxin‐contaminated kernels into relatively small fractions and only a small loss is incurred as a result of their removal. Aflatoxin is frequently found deeply imbedded within individual kernels so removal by simple washing does not seem feasible. However, extraction with polar solvents such as alcohols and ketones to achieve essentially complete removal of aflatoxins appears technically feasible. Heat is relatively ineffective for destruction of aflatoxin although normal roasting, as of peanuts for the preparation of peanut butter, results in considerable reduction in aflatoxin content. Treatment withFlavobacterium aurantiacum removes aflatoxin and may be useful for beverages. Oxidizing agents readily destroy aflatoxin, and treatment with hydrogen peroxide may be useful. Treatment of defatted oilseed meals with ammonia can reduce aflatoxin content to very low or undetectable levels with only moderate damage to protein quality.
Chemical composition of sunflower seed hulls
Authors: Cancalon Paul 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe major components of the sunflower seed hull, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates were studied Lipids represent 5.17% of the total hull weights, 2.96% of which is wax composed of long chain fatty acids (C14–C28, mainly C20) and fatty alcohols (C12–C30, mainly C22, C24, C26). Hydrocarbon, sterol and triterpene alcohol fractions were also examined. The rest of the lipid fraction is an oil with a composition relatively similar to that of the kernel oil. The protein fraction (4% of the total hull weight) is similar to the protein fraction of the oil cake, although it contains hydroxyproline. The carbohydrate fraction is composed mainly of cellulose, but also of reducing sugars (25.7%), mainly pentoses.
Castor meal antigen deactivation‐pilot plant steam process
Authors: Mottola A. C. , Mackey B. , Herring V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA series of pilot plant batches of castor meal have been prepared using steam as the deactivating medium. Treatments consisted of 12 combinations of 10, 20, 40 and 80 psig steam pressure for 10, 30 and 60 min each. A multiple regression equation derived from the above data relates the guinea pig response to the process variables. This equation is also presented as a two‐dimensional surface contour. The antigenicity levels of untreated castor meals were found to be significantly different. This difference was not retained after treatment. Because of the uncertainty of the antigenicity of the pomace before treatment, an alcohol extract from castor beans (CBWU) has been adopted as a standard for potency evaluations. Amino acid analyses were performed on selected treatments. Considerable antigen deactivation has been achieved using mild steam treatments, e.g., 10 psig for 60 min. This process has a mild effect upon the essential amino acid, lysine.
Mass spectrometric study of nonylphenol‐ethylene oxide adducts
Authors: Harless H. R. , Crabb N. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIndividual ethylene oxide adducts of high purity have been separated chromatographically from commercial grade nonylphenoxypoly (oxyethylene)‐ethanol (TERGITOL nonionic NP surfactants) and studied by time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric techniques. The 1–9 mole ethylene oxide adducts of nonylphenol produced clearcut spectra with a small number of fragment ions. Four groups of different ion types have been established and some remarks concerning their formation are given. Molecular ions for the nine adducts, through mass 616, were observed in good abundances because of the low‐energy and high‐speed capabilities of the instrument. However, no single structure for an adduct can be proposed because the nonyl portions of the compounds are isomeric mixtures. The ionization characteristics of the NPEn compounds reveal that the aromatic and alkyl portions of the molecules are easily activated. Tergitol nonionic NP surfactants have branched alkyl substituents and are not completely biodegradable. Therefore it is speculated that the biodegradation process leads to exposure of the highly branched alkylaromatic portions of the molecules in a manner comparable to mass spectral fragmentation processes.
A simple technique for determining the gas liquid chromatography profile of volatile compounds in vegetable oils
Authors: Hartman Kenneth T. , Rose Lucien C. , andaveer Raymond L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple procedure has been developed for the isolation, concentration and gas liquid chromatographic detection of the volatile compounds in vegetable oils. The volatile compounds are isolated by bubbling purified helium through a measured quantity of vegetable oil heated in an oil bath having a temperature of 350 F. These compounds are collected on activated charcoal and then extracted from the charcoal with carbon disulfide containing an internal standard. The distribution of the volatile compounds is determined with a flame ionization detector. A 400‐fold concentration of the volatile compounds is achieved with this procedure. The technique provides good reproducibility (94.3% to 105.5%) and has been successfully used for measuring the increase of volatile compounds in vegetable oils during storage and food production.
Osmometric study of commercial surfactants
Authors: Coll H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe micellar weights of Tergitol 15‐S‐9 (Union Carbide) and of Neodol 25‐9 (Shell Chemical Co.) were determined by membrane osmometry in water as 98,000 and 82,000, respectively (36.5 C). Both surfactants contained a small amount of a nonassociating component. The micelles were found to be extremely stable. The micellar weight of Aerosol OT (American Cyanamid) was determined as <5,900 (toluene, 34 C). The results of this investigation indicate the usefulness of membrane osmometry in the determination of micellar weights of surfactants. Information with respect to the stability of the micelles and the dialytic behavior of surfactants in general can be obtained from the osmotic pressure‐time curve.
Determination of triglyceride structure via silver nitrate‐TLC
Authors: Blank M. L. , Verdino B. , Privett O. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA procedure for the quantitative analysis of component triglycerides by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) with silver nitrate‐silicic acid coated plates in combination with lipase hydrolysis is described. The method is demonstrated on synthetic triglyceride mixtures and applied to several natural fats.The results indicate that the fatty acids of natural fats are not distributed among the triglycerides in accordance with any simple mathematical formula and methods based on mathematical distribution patterns cannot be generally applied.
The expansion and extraction of rice bran
Authors: Williams Maurice , Baer Sheldon 
Published: January 2007

AbstractExpansion of rice bran as a pretreatment for solvent extraction was studied. It was found that the expanded bran showed no rise in free fatty acid (FFA) even when stored at room temp, in open containers, for a period of three months, and a slight rise after one year storage; and that the bran was agglomerated into large particles which eliminated the 舠fines舡 and channeling problems characteristic of rice bran; and that the retention time for good extraction was on the order of 45 min; and that the percolation rate for a four ft depth of expanded bran was on the order of 35 gpm/ft2.
Soy protein in foods: Their use and regulations in the U.S.
Authors: Rakosky Joseph 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoy proteins have been used at an ever increasing rate in various food systems because of their beneficial functional properties and low costs. Their use was limited because of taste, regulatory restrictions, and prejudice on the part of many. As technology advanced and as consumer needs changed, these limiting factors became less of a restriction. Flavor and functionability were improved through the introduction of new products or altered processing. The greatest change in regulatory attitude did not come about until after the White House Conference on Nutrition, when it was recommended that the consumer be given the advantages found in the new technologies that were being advanced. In making these changes, a number of new problems have been encountered. These problems, as well as the apparent trend in regulatory action, are discussed.
Improving high‐erucic oilseeds: Chemically or genetically?
Authors: Tallent W. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBecause of evidence that erucic acid may be undesirable in edible products, genetically developed low‐erucic varieties ofBrassica campestris andBrassica napus are expected to become a major part of the Canadian and European rapeseed crops within the next few years. In contrast the objective of work on crambe and related oilseeds in the U.S. is a reliable domestic source of oil high in erucic acid for industrial purposes. Whether the oil is produced for edible or nonfood uses, however, the glucosinolates that are characteristically present in oilseeds of the mustard family unfavorably influence the use of the byproduct meals as feed. These glucosinolates are the subject of current intensive research, both chemical and genetic. Development of convenient, accurate and sensitive analytical methods has markedly facilitated this research. To achieve optimum meal quality, procedures involving aqueous extraction of unreacted glucosinolates are under study. Genetically, a Polish variety ofB. napus called Bronowski has been found to produce seed having very low glucosinolate content, and individual low‐glucosinolate plants ofB. campestris have been discovered. Crambe exhibits significantly less observable variability than rapeseed. Consequently the approaches based on chemical research seem more promising, but the possibility of developing a low‐glucosinolate, high‐erucicBrassica adapted to agricultural production in the U.S. to complement or even compete with crambe is not being overlooked.
Selective homogeneous hydrogenation of triunsaturated fats catalyzed by tricarbonyl chromium complexes
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Thomas F. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe need for a selective catalyst to hydrogenate linolenate in soybean oil has prompted our continuing study of various model triunsaturated fats. Hydrogenation of methylβ‐eleostearate (methyltrans,trans,trans‐9,11,13‐octadecatrienoate) with Cr(CO)3 complexes yielded diene products expected from 1,4‐addition (trans‐9,cis‐12‐ andcis‐10,trans‐13‐octadecadienoates). Withα‐eleostearate (cis,trans,trans‐9,11,13‐octadecatrienoate), stereoselective 1,4‐reduction of thetrans,trans‐diene portion yielded linoleate (cis,cis‐9,12‐octadecadienoate). However,cis,trans‐1,4‐dienes were also formed from the apparent isomerization ofα‐ toβ‐eleostearate. Hydrogenation of methyl linolenate (methylcis,cis,cis‐9,12,15‐octadecatrienoate) produced a mixture of isomeric dienes and monoenes attributed to conjugation occurring as an intermediate step. The hydrogenation ofα‐eleostearin in tung oil was more stereoselective in forming thecis,cis‐diene than the corresponding methyl ester. Hydrogenation of linseed oil yielded a mixture of dienes and monoenes containing 7%trans unsaturation. We have suggested how the mechanism of stereoselective hydrogenation with Cr(CO)3 catalysts can be applied to the problem of selective hydrogenation of linolenate in soybean oil.
Reactions of aldehyde oils and methyl azelaaldehydate with polyols
Authors: Sharpe R. E. , Berry D. A. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn exploratory tests, mono‐, di‐, and trialdehyde oils and methyl azelaaldehydate (MAZ), preferably in the form of their acetals, reacted with various polyols with few exceptions to produce potentially useful derivatives. The polyols included pentaerythritol, methyl glucoside, glucose, sorbitol and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Preliminary evaluation of some of the derivatives was carried out in several applications. Among the more promising were: films derived from MAZ and glucose or PVA; melt adhesives for nonpolar substrates from trialdehyde oil and methyl glucoside; and molding compounds derived from MAZ and PVA.