bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Miniature Glucose/O2 Biofuel Cell With a High Tolerance Against Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Li X. , Zhang L. , Su L. , Ohsaka T. , Mao L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study demonstrates a miniature glucose/O2 biofuel cell (BFC) with a high tolerance against physiological level of ascorbic acid (AA) by immobilising ascorbate oxidase (AAox) on both the bioanode and the biocathode. Single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)‐modified carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) are employed as the substrate electrode for the bioanode and biocathode. Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and bilirubin oxidase (BOD) are used as the biocatalysts for the electro‐oxidation of glucose and for the electro‐reduction of oxygen, respectively. SWNTs are used as the support for the both, stably confining the electrocatalyst (i.e. polymerised methylene blue, polyMB) for the oxidation of NADH co‐factor for GDH and efficiently facilitating direct electrochemistry of the cathodic biocatalyst (i.e. BOD) for O2 reduction. The prepared micro‐sized GDH‐based bioanode and BOD‐based biocathode employed for the bioelectrocatalytic oxidation of glucose and reduction of oxygen, respectively, are further over‐coated with AAox to give a miniature glucose/O2 BFC with a high tolerance against AA. The maximum power density and the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the assembled glucose/O2 BFC are 52 μW cm–2 and 0.60 V, respectively. These values remain unchanged with the presence of AA in solution. In the human serum containing 10 mM NAD+ and under ambient air, the maximum power density and the OCV of the assembled glucose/O2 BFC with AAox immobilisation on both the bioanode and the biocathode are 35 μW cm–2 and 0.39 V, respectively. These values are remarkably larger than those of the glucose/O2 BFC without AAox immobilisation on both the bioanode and the biocathode. This study could offer a new route to the development of enzymatic BFCs with promising application in real biological systems.
Compulsive prayer and its management
Authors: Bonchek Avigdor , Greenberg David 
Published: February 2009

AbstractReligious symptoms have been recognized as a presentation of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) for centuries. The two main treatment strategies for OCD, cognitive behavior therapy (exposure and response prevention [ERP]), and SSRIs have been shown to be effective in religious OCD. The presentation of religious OCD within formal prayer, reported in Judaism and Islam, poses special challenges of inaccessibility of personal prayer, sanctity of the symptom, and the status of the therapist. A method of guided‐prayer repetition, a variant of ERP, is described, and its successful application is reported in three cases of ultra‐orthodox Jewish men with prayer as the main symptom of their religious OCD. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65: 1–10, 2009.
Three types of cutaneous glands in the skin of the salamandrid Pleurodeles waltl. A histological and ultrastructural study
Authors: Heiss Egon , Natchev Nikolay , Rabanser Alexander , Weisgram Josef , Hilgers Helge 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHistological and ultrastructural investigations revealed three different multicellular skin gland types in the salamandrid Pleurodeles waltl. The mucous glands are small, with one layer of secretory cells surrounding a central lumen; they produce the viscous and slippery mucus film that has various functions in amphibians. The serous glands can be divided based on their histological and ultrastructural characters into the granular gland Type I (GGI) and the granular gland Type II (GGII). The first type (GGI) is moderately sized and distributed throughout the body surface, with higher concentrations in the parotoid and back regions. In contrast, the second type (GGII) is very large (for Pleurodeles) and was found only in the tail, with highest concentration in the tail dorsum. Both granular gland types contain mainly proteinaceous materials but differ in their morphological features including size, shape, cellular organization and vesicle distribution, vesicle size and vesicle shape. Both GGI and GGII are especially concentrated in body parts that are presented to an attacking predator and are hypothesized to produce repellent to poisonous substances to thwart potential aggressors. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a sequential injection chromatography (SIC) method for determination of simazine, atrazine, and propazine
Authors: dos Santos Luciana B. O. , Infante Carlos M. C. , Masini Jorge C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the development of a sequential injection chromatography (SIC) procedure for separation and quantification of the herbicides simazine, atrazine, and propazine exploring the low backpressure of a 2.5 cm long monolithic C18 column. The separation of the three compounds was achieved in less than 90 s with resolution >1.5 using a mobile phase composed by ACN/1.25 mmol/L acetate buffer (pH 4.5) at the volumetric ratio of 35:65 and flow rate of 40 μL/s. Detection was made at 223 nm using a flow cell with 40 mm of optical path length. The LOD was 10 μg/L for the three triazines and the quantification limits were of 30 μg/L for simazine and propazine and 40 μg/L for atrazine. The sampling frequency is 27 samples per hour, consuming 1.1 mL of ACN per analysis. The proposed methodology was applied to spiked water samples and no statistically significant differences were observed in comparison to a conventional HPLC–UV method. The major metabolites of atrazine and other herbicides did not interfere in the analysis, being eluted from the column either together with the unretained peak, or at retention times well‐resolved from the studied compounds.
Automated determination of venlafaxine in human plasma by on‐line SPE‐LC‐MS/MS. Application to a bioequivalence study
Authors: Suenaga Eunice Mayumi , Ifa Demian R. , Cruz Alessandro Carvalho , Pereira Renata , Abib Eduardo , Tominga Mineko , Nakaie Clovis Ryuichi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA new automated SPE‐LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method was developed and validated to quantify venlafaxine in human plasma using fluoxetine as an internal standard. The analytes were automatically extracted from plasma by C18 SPE cartridges, separated on a C8 RP column and analyzed by MS in the multiple reaction‐monitoring (MRM) mode. The method has a chromatographic run time of 4.0 min and a linear calibration curve over the range of 0.25–200 ng/mL (r >0.997). The between‐run precisions, based on the percent RSD for replicate quality controls (0.75; 80, and 200 ng/mL), were < 8.5% for all concentrations. The between‐run accuracies, based on the percent relative error, were < 4.0%. This method was successfully employed in a bioequivalence study of two venlafaxine capsule formulations (test formulation from Eurofarma (Brazil) and Efexor XR, reference formulation, from Wyeth‐Whitehall, Brazil) in 48 healthy volunteers of both sexes who received a single 150 mg dose of each formulation. More than 3000 samples were analyzed eliminating the analyst's exposure to hazardous organic solvents normally employed in off‐line liquid–liquid extractions. The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the individual ratio geometric mean for Test/Reference was 91.6–103.4% for AUC0–48 h and 102.2–112.6% for Cmax. Since both 90% CI for AUC0–48 h and Cmax were included in the 80–125% interval proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), the test formulation was considered bioequivalent to Efexor XR according to both the rate and extent of absorption.
Order‐Order Transition of C → sdG → sL → S in ABC Triblock Copolymer Thin Film Induced by Solvent Vapor
Authors: Luo Chunxia , Huang Weihuan , Han Yanchun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe morphology transition of polystyrene‐block‐poly(butadiene)‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (SBV) triblock thin film induced in benzene vapor showing weak selectivity for PS is investigated. The order‐order transitions (OOT) in the sequence of core‐shell cylinders (C), sphere in ‘diblock gyroid’ (sdG), sphere in lamella (sL) and sphere (S) are observed. The projection along (111) direction in Gyroid phase (sdG(111)) is found to epitaxially grow from C(001) in the film. Instead of sdG(111), sdG(110)0.1875 develops to the phase of sL. Consequently, the film experiences the transition sequence of sdG(111) → sdG(211) → sdG(110)0.25 → sdG(110)0.1875 between C and sL. The mechanism is analyzed from the total surface area of the blocks.magnified image
Trithiocarbonates Containing Trimethoxysilyl Functionalities as Mediating Agents in Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate
Authors: Rotzoll Robert , Nguyen Duc Hung , Vana Philipp 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSummary: Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with benzyl(3‐trimethoxylsilylpropyl)trithiocarbonate (BTPT) and 1,4‐bis(3′‐trimethoxysilylpropyltrithiocarbonylmethyl)benzene (TPTB) as mediators was performed to produce branched poly(methyl acrylate) (pMA). The deviation of the experimental number average molecular weights towards higher values and the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) traces measured at distinct time instants after polymerization indicated a coupling of the trimethoxysilyl end‐groups to form terminal‐linked pMA of high molecular weight. The trimethoxysilyl moieties also caused the unusual creation of doubly ionized pMA chains in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). BTPT was furthermore anchored onto fumed silica to carry out a RAFT graft polymerization with benzylpropyltrithiocarbonate as additional RAFT agent in solution to afford well‐defined pMA chains fixed to silica nanoparticles. A block copolymerization of the living anchored pMA chains with styrene (Sty) produced grafted pMA‐b‐pSty chains with good agreement between experimental and theoretical molecular weights.
Synthesis of Graft Copolymers by Nitroxide Mediated Radical Polymerization of Styrene and n‐Butylacrylate Using Alkoxyamine‐Functionalized Copolymers as Macroinitiators
Authors: Flakus Silke , Schmidt‐Naake Gudrun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA simple two step method for the preparation of graft copolymers is described in this paper. For the synthesis of the prepolymers the alkoxyaminemonomers 2‐methyl‐acryli‐acid‐4‐[1‐(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidine‐1‐yloxy)ethyl]‐benzylester(Mas‐BzEt‐TEMPO) and 2‐methyl‐acrylic‐acid‐4‐{1‐[N‐tert‐butyl‐N‐(1‐isopropyl‐2‐methyl‐propyl)‐amino‐oxy]ethyl}‐benzylester (Mas‐BzEt‐BIPNO) were utilized in radical copolymerizations with styrene, methylmethacrylate, butylmethacrylate and n‐butylacrylate. These copolymers were then used as multifunctional macroinitiators for nitroxide mediated graft polymerization of styrene and n‐butylacrylate. The polymerizations were carried out in bulk at 125 °C.
Modeling the Product Composition During Controlled Radical Polymerizations with Mono‐ and Bifunctional Alkoxyamines
Authors: Drache Marco 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to present a kinetic model for simulating the nitroxide controlled radical polymerization initiated with mono‐ and bifunctional alkoxyamines. The model approach was validated by experimental data. The simulated product composition mainly depends on the equilibrium constants K (=kd/kc) of dissociation/combination reaction between dormant and active species. Our investigations include polymerizations under stationary state conditions (nitroxide TEMPO) and in the kinetic regime of persistent radical effect (nitroxide BIPNO). Combination reactions of the propagating radicals cause loss of functionality and dormant chains. The applied Monte Carlo approach provides detailed information about the microstructure of the reaction products.
Propagation Kinetics in Radical Polymerization Studied via Pulsed Laser Techniques
Authors: Buback Michael 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPulsed laser techniques have enormously improved the quality by which rate coefficients of radical polymerization may be determined. The specific and most important feature of the various types of pulsed laser techniques consists in the almost instantaneous production of a significant radical concentration and in the ease by which radical concentration may be controlled by applying further laser pulses at pre‐selected delay times. The pulsed laser polymerization – size exclusion chromatography (PLP‐SEC) experiment is extremely valuable for the determination of reliable propagation rate coefficients, kp. The present article briefly reviews recent results from PLP‐SEC studies directed toward the solvent dependence of kp in aqueous systems, into kp in copolymerization reactions, and into measurements of propagation rate coefficients in systems containing two types of radicals, as is the case with acrylates, where secondary chain‐end radicals may undergo 1,5‐H shift reactions (backbiting steps) to produce tertiary midchain radicals. By a propagation step, the tertiary radicals are transformed back to secondary ones.
Effect of Chain Transfer Agents on Kinetics and Morphology of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Synthesized in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Imran‐ul‐haq Muhammad , Beuermann Sabine 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVinylidene fluoride radical polymerizations were carried out using chain transfer agents of the general structure C6F13X, with X being l, Br or H. Homogeneity and monomer conversions were monitored by in‐line spectroscopy. Apparent chain transfer constants at 120 °C are 8 · 10−1, 8 · 10−2 and 2 · 10−4 for C6F13I, C6F13Br and C6F13H, respectively, which may be associated to the C‐X bond energy. The polymer end groups significantly influence the crystallinity of the polymer and the thermal stability.
Investigation of Termination During Ultrasonic Depolymerization
Authors: Akyuz Ali Ozhan , Giz Ahmet , Catalgil‐Giz Huceste 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSummary: Ultrasound applications provide additional ways in polymerization and copolymerization synthesis. Ultrasonic depolymerization has wide applications in industry and is also used in copolymer synthesis. Another application of depolymerization is investigating the termination mechanism and finding the combination/disproportionation ratio for various monomer‐polymer systems. In this work ultrasonic depolymerization of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyacrylamide were investigated. Sonications were monitored continuously by the ACOMP (Automatic continuous monitoring of polymerization) system, which provides viscosity, light scattering, ultraviolet and refractive index measurements continuously. Depolymerizations were performed in the absence and presence of a radical scavenger and disproportionation/combination ratios were discussed for each system.
Amino‐Functionalized Nanoparticles via Copolymerization with 2‐Aminoethyl methacrylate in Miniemulsion
Authors: Grabs Ilka‐Marina , Schmidt‐Naake Gudrun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe copolymerization of 2‐aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMA) with styrene (St), butyl acrylate (BuA) or butyl methacrylate (BuMA) in miniemulsion leads to amino‐functionalized nanoparticles. The influences of different pH values and different monomer/water ratios onto the incorporation of AEMA into the particles were studied. In order to prevent the rearrangement of AEMA into the 2‐hydroxy‐ethyl methacrylamide (HEMAA), a pH value below 4 has to be used. AEMA and HEMAA were studied regarding the copolymerization behavior. The monomer/water ratio has an influence on the stability of the resulting latices. The surface area of the according amino‐particles was analysed with conductometric titration.
Microstructural Polymer Design through Coordinative Polymerization of Semi‐Crystalline Poly‐1‐Olefins
Authors: Becker Hinnerk Gordon 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe polymer micro structure of poly(butene‐1) can be designed by the introduction of comonomers like ethylene (poly(ethylene‐co‐butene‐1)) as well as the dedicated use of special polymerization catalysts. With the use of ethylene as comonomer the change of polymer micro structure also leads to changes in the macroscopic material parameters leading to polymers with a new application profile which are of special interest as hot melt adhesive raw materials. The use of dedicated polymerization catalysts allows the production of new poly(butene‐1) hot melt adhesive raw materials without the use of additional comonomers.
Investigation of the Complexation Behavior of a New Polymer with Cyclodextrin and Crown Ether Side Groups by Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: König Annika , Adams Jörg 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA thermoresponsive terpolymer of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), 6‐N‐allylamino‐6‐deoxy‐β‐cyclodextrin (AA‐β‐CD) and 4‐acryloylamido‐benzo‐15‐crown‐5 (AAB‐15‐crown‐5) was synthesized by free radical polymerization to a combined supramolecular host system. The complexation of a fluorescent dye, namely ammonium 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalenesulfonate (ANS), as guest molecule was investigated via fluorescence spectroscopy. In presence of the terpolymer, the fluorescence of ANS was highly increased compared to native β‐CD and the copolymers of NIPA and AA‐β‐CD or AAB‐15‐crown‐5.
Free Radical Copolymerization of Methyl methacrylate and N‐Phenyl maleimide in 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
Authors: Woecht I. , Schmidt‐Naake G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe investigated the free radical copolymerization of methyl meth‐acrylate (MMA) and N‐phenyl maleimide (NPI) in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF4). Dimethyl formamide (DMF) was used as reference solvent. The influence of the ionic liquid (IL) on the polymerization rate rp, the molecular weights Mn, the copolymer composition, the glass‐transition temperature and the rheological behavior of the copolymers was studied. In [BMIM]BF4 rp strongly decreases with increasing initial concentration of NPI and becomes even lower than in DMF for 70 to 90 mol% NPI in the monomer feed. In addition, Mn of the copolymers produced in the IL strongly decreases with increasing NPI content, but is always higher than in DMF.
Preparation of Hydrogel‐Silica Composite Films by Electrochemically Triggered Deposition
Authors: Bünsow Johanna , Petri Judith , Johannsmann Diethelm 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSummary: The electrochemical formation of hybrid films containing both a polymer and porous silica was performed in two different ways. In both cases, the deposition of the inorganic oxide was triggered by an electrochemical pH modulation in front of an electrode. Hydrolysis and condensation of the alkoxysilane precursors in the pH gradient yielded silica structures on the electrode surface. In the first route, an electrode was employed which had been previously coated with a polymer hydrogel. In this case, the silica readily precipitated into the hydrogel, forming rigid structures with thicknesses in the range of 100 nm. A second approach makes use of the deposition of an alkoxyvinylsilane precursor. Subsequent electrochemically induced polymerization of a polymer hydrogel inside these films is possible, but yields lower thicknesses than route I. This is explained by a blocking of the electrode by the vinyl‐functionalized silica film.
Azobenzene‐Containing Polymers for Surface Relief Gratings
Authors: Börger Volker , Pohle Sven , Kuliskovska Olga , Gharaggozloo‐Hubmann Kati , Stumpe Joachim , Menzel Henning 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWell defined azobenzene containing (co)polymers have been synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and subsequent polymeranalogeous reaction for introduction of the chromophores. Four different series were prepared varying only one of the following material parameters at a time, while keeping the others constant. Varied were the molecular weight, the azobenzene content, the glass transition temperature and the molecular architecture of the copolymers. With these four series of (co)polymers the influence of the molecular parameters on the photoinduced formation of surface relief gratings was investigated.
Free Radical Melt Grafting of Methacrylic ester onto Polyolefin Backbone: Model Compound Approach
Authors: Badel T. , Beyou E. , Bounor‐Legaré V. , Chaumont P. , Flat J.J. , Michel A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPolymer reactive extrusion conducted in the presence of functional monomers results in the modification of the original polymer by graft copolymerization or substitution by single monomeric units. However, such modifications are generally difficult to control due to the appearance of side reactions. This is in particular the case in free radical processes like the grafting of poly(methylmethacrylate) from poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) by in situ radical polymerisation of methyl methacrylate. In order to understand both the nature and the extent of such reactions, products resulting from the same chemical system, where polymer is replaced by model compounds such as squalane and/or pentadecane, are analyzed. The most appropriate statistical method for fitting XMMA and $\overline {DP_n}$ data for this grafting reaction is also described. Thanks to the experimental data, this method enabled to fit variables and to validate a chemical scenario.
Allocation of decision rights in joint ventures
Authors: Windsperger J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPrevious studies in organizational economics and international business research have not tested a property rights view on the allocation of decision rights (DR) in joint ventures (JVs). The paper offers a test of the property rights explanation by using data from Hungarian JVs. Our analysis derives the following hypothesis: The more important the JV partner's intangible knowledge assets for the generation of residual surplus, the more residual DR are assigned to him. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculating T2 in images from a phased array receiver
Authors: Hardy Peter A. , Andersen Anders H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractImages reconstructed from multielement, phased array coils and presented as the square root of the sum of the squares of the signals received by the individual elements have a distribution of signal and noise that distorts the relationship between the image intensity and the underlying signal. The distortion is accentuated for long echo times for which the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) may be low. When measuring T2 or T this signal distortion leads to biased estimates of these parameters. We demonstrate this effect and its dependence on the image SNR and the number of elements in a phased array coil. We evaluated the effects of four techniques for calculating T2 from data acquired in phased array coils (log transform, least squares, lookup table correction, and maximum likelihood [ML] estimation). The ML estimation gave the most accurate T2 in the presence of this bias. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.