bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of young Artemisia rothrockii shrubs on soil moisture, soil nitrogen cycling, and resident herbs
Authors: Darrouzet‐Nardi Anthony , D'Antonio Carla M. , Berlow Eric L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractQuestions: How do young sagebrush shrubs (Artemisia rothrockii, Asteraceae) affect soil moisture availability? How do young sagebrush shrubs affect soil nitrogen cycling? How does the resident herb community respond to shrub removal in the early stages of sagebrush encroachment?Location: Mulkey and Bullfrog Meadows on the Kern Plateau in the Golden Trout Wilderness, Sierra Nevada Mountains, Inyo National Forest, Inyo County, California, USA.Methods: We removed young encroaching sagebrush shrubs from 3.5 m × 3.5 m plots and compared soil moisture, net mineralization, net nitrification, and herb cover with paired control plots over four growing seasons.Results: On average throughout the experiment, the difference between removal plots and control plots in soil moisture was small. Removal plots were wetter by 1.3 ± 2.0% at 0–30 cm depth, 2.1 ± 3.1% at 30–60 cm depth and 3.1 ± 5.8% at 60–90 cm depth. By contrast, after four years, net mineralization was 32 ± 26% (mean ± 95% CI) lower in sagebrush removal plots, suggesting that sagebrush encroachment increases rates of N‐cycling. Total herb cover was 13.0 ± 6.4% (mean ± 95% CI) higher in plots where young sagebrush shrubs were removed. This difference in cover appeared during the first season in which sagebrush shrubs were removed.Conclusions: Our results suggest that while young sagebrush shrubs do not contribute substantially to meadow drying, they alter N cycling rates, and may indirectly increase the rate of their own encroachment by competitively reducing resident herbs.
Ni,Fe‐Containing Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases
Authors: Jeoung Jae‐Hun , Dobbek Holger 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCarbon monoxide can be used by various aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, and archaea as their sole source of carbon and energy. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODHases) are the central enzymes in the use of carbon monoxide by microorganisms and they catalyze the reversible oxidation of carbon monoxide with water to carbon dioxide, two protons and two electrons. Two principal types of CODHases can be distinguished by their metal cofactors, sequences, specific activity, and stability in the presence of dioxygen. Whereas CODHases containing molybdenum, copper, iron, and flavin are found in aerobic bacteria, anaerobic microorganisms utilize oxygen‐sensitive CODHases containing nickel and iron. The active site of Ni,Fe‐containing CODHases harbors an asymmetric [NiFe4S4/5] cluster in which an Ni2+ion coordinated by three to four sulfur ligands is an integral constituent. A bimetallic site consisting of the Ni2+ion and a histidine and cysteine coordinated Fe2+ion (ferrous component II), located on one side of the cluster, is responsible for the binding and activation of carbon monoxide and water. In addition to the active site cluster, three [4Fe–S] clusters are found in the homodimer, of which one [4Fe–4S] cluster covalently links the two monomers.
Flavodiiron Proteins: Nitric Oxide and/or Oxygen Reductases
Authors: Vicente João B , Carrondo Maria Arménia , Teixeira Miguel , Frazão Carlos 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFlavodiiron proteins (FDPs) have been isolated from and identified in genomes of bacteria, archaea, and a restricted group of pathogenic protozoa, mostly anaerobes or microaerophiles. The current knowledge on this protein family suggests alternative or complementary roles in nitric oxide (NO) and/or oxygen detoxification in anaerobes. These enzymes couple substrate (NO, O2) reduction to the oxidation of NAD(P)H or F420H2through electron transfer chains with varying complexity. The first crystallographic structure of an FDP, theDesulfovibrio gigasrubredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (Dg_ROO), revealed the structural prototype of this family and the identification of common amino acid sequence motifs. The common functional unit of the FDP family is a ‘head‐to‐tail’ homodimer, each monomer comprising two structural domains: an N‐terminal metallo‐β‐lactamase‐like domain, where a nonheme diiron center is embedded (being the active site of NO/O2reduction), and a C‐terminal flavodoxin‐like domain, harboring a flavin mononucleotide (FMN) moiety. The homodimer ‘head‐to‐tail’ arrangement places the diiron from each monomer in close proximity with the FMN from its opposing monomer, allowing efficient electron transfer between cofactors, otherwise impaired by their large distance within the same monomer.Herein are summarized structural and functional features of FDPs from several organisms, which provide clues to an understanding of their role in microbial nitrosative and/or oxidative stress resistance.
Algebraic Coding Theory
Authors: Helleseth Tor , Kløve Torleiv 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

In computers and digital communication systems, information almost always is represented in a binary form as a sequence of bits each having the values 0 or 1. This sequence of bits is transmitted over a
channel
from a sender to a receiver. In some applications the channel is a storage medium like a DVD, where the information is written to the medium at a certain time and retrieved at a later time. Because of the physical limitations of the channel, some transmitted bits may be corrupted (the channel is noisy) and thus make it difficult for the receiver to reconstruct the information correctly.

In algebraic coding theory, we are concerned mainly with developing methods to detect and correct errors that typically occur during transmission of information over a noisy channel. The basic technique to detect and correct errors is by introducing redundancy in the data that is to be transmitted. This article we describe the basic ideas, give some codes that are most important for applications, and explain their decoding algorithms. In particular, we describe the Reed–Solomon codes and give both the classic Berlekamp–Massery decoging algorithm and the recent Guruswami–Sudan decoding algorighm.
Electronic Data Interchange
Authors: Aggarwal Rajesh 
Published: December 2007

AbstractOrganizations are increasingly adopting electronic data interchange (EDI) for performing basic business transactions to become competitive and flexible in the global marketplace. To successfully reap the full range of benefits of EDI, organizations must integrate their application systems with the EDI systems. This integration can be achieved by properly understanding the different subsystems involved in EDI. This article discusses the EDI standards, the hardware, the software, and the communication networks required for both domestic and international interchange of transactions. EDI translation software converts transactions into ANSI ASC X12 or EDIFACT format. Communication networks with the help of communication software transmit these standardized transactions to the trading partner's application system for appropriate response. Installation, maintenance, and control procedures are needed for proper operations of the EDI system.
LCDDesign Techniques
Authors: Smorfa Simone , Olivieri Mauro , Mancuso Roberto 
Published: December 2007

AbstractLiquid crystal displays play a crucial role in almost every application domain where the availability of smart human visual interfaces is recommended. The realization of appliances based on LCDs urges designers to develop a wide variety of technical skills and to match diverse and frequently conflicting implementation constraints. The choice of the most suitable liquid crystal technology, the proper design of the display driver electronics, as well as the conception of effective measures for built‐in removal of undesired optical artifacts are different yet outstanding aspects of LCD clever realization. Therefore, all advanced industrial LCD design flows commonly conjugate general‐purpose electronics design tools with specialized display emulation engines. Whereas the former facilitate and speed up the driver implementation, the latter are responsible for early stage evaluation of all sorts of interactions between driving equipment and back‐end liquid crystal panel, in order to curb the impact of unpractical and costly system revisions and delayed redesigns. In this view, deploying a dedicated and highly accurate physical model of the liquid crystal cell response to the applied electrical stimuli is an attractive feature, which makes the design environment significantly versatile and efficient.
Parallel Database Management Systems
Authors: Hua Kien A. , Tavanapong Wallapak 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA database management system, also called a DBMS, allows users to create a new database by specifying the logic structure of the data. For instance, the world of interest is represented as a collection of tables in relational DBMSs. This simple model is useful for many applications, and it is popularly supported by the major commercial DBMSs. After a database has been created, the users are allowed to insert new data and query and modify existing data. The DBMS provides the users with the ability to access the data simultaneously, without allowing actions of one user to interfere with those of other users. The DBMS ensures that no simultaneous accesses can corrupt the data accidentally. In this article, we discuss how parallel processing technology is used to effectively address the performance bottlenck in DBMSs. After a brief discussion of the various parallel computer architectures suitable for DBMSs, we present the techniques for organizing data in such machines and the strategies for processing these data using multiple processors. Finally, we discuss some future directions and research problems.
Remote Sensing Information Processing
Authors: Chen C. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
One unique feature in the remote sensing problems is that a significant amount of data are available, from which desired information must be extracted. Progress in computer science and engineering has contributed significantly to the major advances on information processing in remote sensing. Areas of information processing include, but are not limited to, image processing and segmentation, pattern recognition and neural networks, knoweldge‐based method and data or information fusion, image compression, image mining, and so on. Many of the techniques can be lumped into the topic of transform method or component analysis In this article, we will provide an overview of the topics listed above and then some discussion of the independent component analysis along with some computer results.
Active Contours: Snakes
Authors: Yilmaz Alper 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe shape of a real‐world object can be represented by its outline in the image plane. In computer vision, the outline of the object is referred to as theobject contour. A fundamental approach to finding automatically the object contour is the “snakes framework,” which was introduced by the seminal work of Kass, et al. in 1987. For the last two decades, snakes have been used successfully in the context of facial animation, visual speech analysis, traffic monitoring, surveillance, medical imaging (tracking and segmentation of organs), and blue screening in Hollywood movies.A snake is an elastic model of a continuous and flexible curve that is fitted on the boundary between the object and the rest of the image by analyzing the visual image content. The process of fitting iteratively an initial snake to the object, such that the snake encloses the object tightly, is called “snake evolution.” During its evolution, the snake imposes continuity and smoothness constraints on the evolved contour, which relax the requirement of a noise‐free image. In addition to the continuity and smoothness constraints, snakes have the capability to be attracted to certain shape configurations known a priori. The evolution of a snake from one configuration to another in consecutive frames of a video clip attributes a dynamic behavior to the contour and provides object‐tracking capabilities. The snake performing object tracking is considered adynamic contourmoving from frame to frame.
Parametric Surface Rendering
Authors: Li Frederick W. B. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractParametric surface is a surface defined by a tensor‐product of parametric curves, which are represented by parametric equations. As such a surface comes with a well‐defined mathematical definition, it becomes one of the most common geometric tools for computer‐aided geometric design and for the object modeling aids of many computer graphics applications. Typical examples of such a surface include Bézier surfaces and non‐uniform rational B‐Spline (NURBS) surfaces. Unfortunately, because most existing graphics hardware only handle polygons, extra procedures must be carried out to convert a parametric surface into a polygon representation for rendering. This process introduces a significant bottleneck to graphics applications, which involve parametric surfaces, to assure interactiveness in terms of rendering performance.
High‐Quality Texture Mapping and Rendering of Point Models
Authors: Yuan Xiaoru , Nguyen Minh X. , Chen Baoquan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTexture mapping enhances the visual richness of image synthesis. In this article, we discuss a novel framework, TSplatting, for high‐quality texture mapping of point‐based models without connectivity information. By splatting texture coordinates of each point followed by a fragment texture lookup, the framework is capable of interactively mapping a coarse point‐based model with high‐resolution textures.
Adaptive synchronization for nonlinear FitzHugh–Nagumo neurons in external electrical stimulation
Authors: Lai Chung‐Wen , Chen Chang‐Kuo , Liao Teh‐Lu , Yan Jun‐Juh 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates the synchronization problem for FitzHugh–Nagumo (FHN) neurons in external electrical stimulations. Using the sliding mode control technique, an adaptive control law is established that guarantees synchronization even when the parameters of the master and slave FHN neurons are fully unknown. A proportional‐integral switching surface is introduced to simplify the task of assigning the stability of the closed‐loop error system in the sliding mode. Furthermore, the proposed synchronization scheme is then applied to a secure communication system. Computer simulations are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive synchronization scheme. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudo‐emulsion based hollow fiber strip dispersion: A novel methodology for gold recovery
Authors: Sonawane J. V. , Pabby A. K. , Sastre A. M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article presents the study of Au(I) extraction from synthetic cyanide media through pseudo‐emulsion based hollow fiber strip dispersion (PEHFSD) containing LIX‐79/n‐heptane as extractant in the form of a pseudo‐emulsion with NaOH. The permeation of Au(I) is investigated as a function of various experimental variables: hydrodynamic conditions, feed pH, LIX‐79 concentration in pseudo‐emulsion, cyanide concentration in feed phase, NaOH concentration in pseudo‐emulsion as a strippant, and initial Au(I) concentration in feed phase. In PEHFSD, pseudo‐emulsion is an emulsion that is formed temporarily between organic and stripping solutions. The organic and aqueous solutions are separated when the stirring device is stopped. In this study, feed was circulated through the tube side in counter current mode. The linear flow velocity of the feed was varied between 0.74 and 2.58 cm/s and the linear flow velocity of the pseudo‐emulsion was maintained at 0.28 cm/s. The value of the permeation coefficient obtained under standard experimental conditions was 8.19 × 10−5 cm/s. The selectivity of LIX‐79/n‐heptane based PEHFSD toward different metal cyanide salts such as Fe(II), Cu(I), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Ag(I) was also examined. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Modeling of spray pyrolysis—why are the synthesized Y2O3 microparticles hollow?
Authors: Reuge N. , Caussat B. , Joffin N. , Dexpert‐ghys J. , Verelst M. , Dexpert H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThere are some major advantages to be gained in processing micronic europium doped yttrium oxide Y2O3 particles for phosphor applications using spray pyrolysis. To better understand the influence of the operating conditions and also why hollow particles are formed, a complete one‐dimensional modeling of the pure evaporation then evaporation/precipitation steps of micronic water/Y(NO3)3 droplets has been performed. Among the main results, it appears that no concentration gradient exists inside droplets during the pure evaporation stage and that the evaporation/precipitation stage, occurring in less than 10−3 s, leads to compact particles theoretically formed of a coherent porous medium of Y(NO3)3·5H2O. But the analysis of phenomena occurring during the thermolysis step between 95 and 300°C has revealed that a partial liquefaction of the hydrated yttrium nitrate occurs with concomitant release of gas. As a consequence, a crust of lightly hydrated yttrium nitrate probably appears, followed by particle inflation and leading to the formation of broken hollow particles. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Bubble velocity, size, and interfacial area measurements in a bubble column by four‐point optical probe
Authors: Xue Junli , Al‐Dahhan Muthanna , Dudukovic M. P. , Mudde R. F. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe four‐point optical probe is applied in a bubble column with an air–water system to investigate the bubble properties (local gas holdup, velocity, chord length, specific interfacial area, and frequency) over a range of gas superficial velocities. Both bubbles moving upward and downward are recorded and measured as opposed to only upward bubbles measured and reported in other studies involving probes. The probe worked efficiently in both bubbly flow and highly churn‐turbulent flow at very high superficial gas velocities. Bubble properties at the conditions of churn‐turbulent flow are obtained and investigated for the first time. The changes in the bubble velocity distribution, bubble chord length distribution, and specific interfacial area with superficial gas velocity, sparger design, and with axial and radial positions in the column are discussed. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Granular flow fields in vertical high shear mixer granulators
Authors: Ng B. H. , Kwan C. C. , Ding Y. L. , Ghadiri M. , Fan X. F. , Parker D. J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis study aims to elucidate some basic features of the granular flow field in a conical frustum‐shaped vertical high shear mixer granulator by using the Positron Emission Particle Tracking technique. The tested range of particle size (d50 = 23, 43, and 60 μm) and shape as quantified by the angle of internal friction (26° and 38°) have a negligible effect on the granular flow field in the mixer granulator. Density of particle imposes great influence on the flow field where reducing density from 2600 to 700 kg m−3 increase the tangential velocity by 1.95 time. Decreasing fill level from 3.5 to 0.9 kg increases the tangential velocity by a factor of 1.19. No obvious discrepancy in the solids motion is seen between machines of 1 and 5 L capacity and both machines have similar mixing and dispersion with constant tip speed criterion. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Mechanism of foaming on polymer‐paperboard composites
Authors: Annapragada S. Kiran , Patterson Timothy F. , Banerjee Sujit 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFoamed paperboard is a composite material with applications in the consumer products industry. The composite is comprised of paperboard sandwiched between two layers of polymers. One layer foams upon heating while the other acts as a barrier layer. Foaming is caused by the vaporization of the small amount of moisture present in the board and the resulting increase in pressure. The mechanism of foaming was investigated with a combination of high‐speed photography, scanning electron microscopy, and infrared thermography using foamed paperboard of different compositions prepared both in the laboratory and on a commercial machine. The surface uniformity of the paper was found to be the overriding paper‐related property controlling bubble formation. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Biodegradation and swelling studies of gelatin‐grafted polyethylene
Authors: Kaur Inderjeet , Bhalla T. C. , Deepika N. , Gautam Neena 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this article, we report on biodegradation studies and the swelling/solubility behavior of gelatin‐grafted polyethylene (PE). The successful synthesis of graft copolymers of PE with gelatin was carried out with benzoyl peroxide as the radical initiator. Biodegradation studies of the grafted PE were carried out via a soil burial test (with and without the addition of urea). Percentage weight loss was studied as a function of time, and we observed that the percentage weight loss increased with time and was higher for urea‐enriched soil samples. Microanalysis of the soil containing the samples was carried out after a specified number of days. An increase in the colonies of microorganisms with increasing number of days was observed. This revealed that the microorganisms fed upon the grafted material, which led to an increase in the percentage weight loss. Hydrolysis of the samples, taken out from the soil after a specified number of days, revealed a continuous loss of weight with increasing number of days. The effect of the degradation of the grafted samples buried in soil and urea‐enriched soil on the growth of plants was studied, and we found that the plants grew normally in the soil containing the grafted material. Swelling studies were made in binary and ternary solvent systems comprising water–ethanol and water–ethanol–dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively, to study the maximum swelling and solubility of the grafted PE. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Temperature dependence of polarization fatigue in ferroelectric vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymer films
Authors: Zhu Guo Dong , Zeng Zhi Gang , Zhang Li , Yan Xue Jian 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this study, we report the temperature dependence of polarization fatigue in ferroelectric copolymer films. Studies on temperature effect show a non‐monotonic change of fatigue rate with increasing temperature. At temperature below ∼ 90°C, fatigue endurance is weakened at higher temperature; while, at temperature above ∼ 90°C, experimental data indicate that the higher the temperature, the lower the fatigue rate. X‐ray diffraction spectra reveal little changes of characteristic peak before and after polarization fatigue. On the basis of the hypothesis of charge‐injection‐induced fatigue, we propose a possible explanation of our experimental results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008