bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renal targeting of captopril using captopril-lysozyme conjugate enhances its antiproteinuric effect in adriamycin-induced nephrosis
Authors: Windt Willemijn AKM , Prakash Jai , Kok Robbert Jan , Moolenaar Frits , Kluppel C Alex , de Zeeuw Dick , van Dokkum Richard PE , Henning Robert H 
Published: May 2007

IntroductionHigh-sodium intake blunts the renoprotective efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. We investigated whether targeting the drug to the kidneys may attenuate the inferior response to ACE inhibitor (ACE-I) under high-sodium conditions. The ACE-I, captopril, was coupled to the low molecular weight protein (LMWP) lysozyme, yielding captopril-lysozyme conjugates that accumulate specifically in the proximal tubular cells of the kidneys.We compared the antiproteinuric efficacy of captopril to that of the captopril-lysozyme conjugate in adriamycin-induced proteinuric rats fed with a high-sodium diet.Materials and methodsRats with adriamycin (single injection 2 mg/kg)-induced proteinuria were put on a high-sodium diet (HS; 3% NaCl). When stable proteinuria developed at 5.5 weeks, animals were assigned to the following subcutaneous treatments: (1) vehicle (n=7); (2) lysozyme (equivalent to the amount in conjugate) (n=7); (3) captopril (5 mg/kg/24 hours) (n=8); (4) captopril-lysozyme conjugate (captopril content equivalent to 1mg captopril/kg/24 hours) (n=7). Blood pressure and proteinuria were monitored. After 10 days of treatment the rats were sacrificed and kidneys and plasma were removed.ResultsResults are given as mean + S.E.M. After injection with adriamycin at t=0, stable proteinuria developed, amounting to 547+79 mg/24 hours at week 5.5. Subsequently, after seven and nine days of treatment, no reduction of proteinuria was observed in the captopril-treated group. In contrast, a significant reduction in proteinuria, amounting to 35+4% (day seven) and 25+2% (day nine), was observed in the captopril-lysozyme conjugate group (p<0.05 compared with the captopril group). In contrast, blood pressure was reduced in the captopril-treated group by 13.9+2.9 mmHg, while in the captopril-lysozyme treated group, an increase of 7.9+3.3 mmHg was found. Renal ACE activity was lowered by 30% in the captopril, as well as in the captopril-lysozyme conjugate treated group, compared with control. Furthermore, the ratio of kidney: plasma levels of captopril almost doubled as a consequence of coupling to lysozyme.ConclusionIn proteinuric rats fed with a high-sodium diet, captopril induced a reduction in blood pressure without an effect on proteinuria. In contrast, renal targeting of a five times lower dose of the ACE-I with the captopril-lysozyme conjugate reduced proteinuria without reducing blood pressure. Therefore, renal targeting of ACE-I may be a promising strategy to optimise the therapeutic response of ACE-I.
The DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials (DIRECT) Programme: baseline characteristics
Authors:   The DIRECT Programme Study Group
Published: May 2007

Renin-angiotensin system blockade has been shown to be superior to other antihypertensive therapy in slowing progression of renal disease in diabetic patients, but questions remain regarding diabetic retinopathy. The primary objective of the DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials (DIRECT) Programme is to examine primary (incidence) and secondary (progression) prevention of diabetic retinopathy when blocking angiotensin II type 1-receptors with candesartan in normoalbuminuric, normotensive Type 1 diabetic patients, and secondary prevention only in normoalbuminuric, normotensive or treated hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patients. The secondary objectives include examining the effect of candesartan treatment on urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) in each of the three studies and to examine the incidence of proliferative retinopathy in all three populations combined. Standardised investigations for patients at enrolment include blood pressure measurement analysis of HbA1C and serum lipids, and a detailed ophthalmological examination. Retinopathy and UAER outcomes are assessed yearly. Retinopathy is graded centrally, based on seven-field stereo photographs using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) protocol. Randomisation was performed when the results of retinal gradings were available, and treatment with 16 mg candesartan cilexetil or matching placebo was initiated; the dose was increased to 32 mg after one month. Calculations of UAER are based on two timed overnight urine collections. A sample size re-assessment was carried out when approximately 70% of the patients had been randomised in the DIRECT Programme to ensure the results to be conclusive. In total, 5,231 patients were randomised in the DIRECT Programme in 30 countries. One thousand, four hundred and twenty one and 1,905 patients are evaluated in the primary and secondary prevention studies in Type 1 diabetes, respectively and 1,905 patients in the secondary prevention study in Type 2 diabetes. HbA1C showed mean values of 8.1, 8.5 and 8.2% for the Type 1 primary, Type 1 secondary and Type 2 secondary prevention studies, respectively. In the Type 1 secondary prevention study, 49% of the patients had mild nonproliferative retinopathy (level 20) in at least one eye, and 9% had moderate-moderately severe non-proliferative retinopathy (level 43—47). In Type 2 patients, 17% had level 43—47 and the remainder less severe retinopathy.
On the persistence of positive events in life scripts
Authors: Erdoğan Ahu , Baran Bengi , Avlar Billur , Taş A. Çağlar , Tekcan Ali İ. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe life script account of the reminiscence bump in autobiographical memories suggests that cultural expectations about the nature and timing of transitional events lead to the bump. The empirical evidence for life scripts is limited. We tested the generality of the life script by looking at the effects of culture, gender and cohorts. Turkish participants were asked (a) to list the seven most important events a newborn or an elderly would experience during his/her lifetime and (b) to estimate the prevalence, importance, age‐at‐event and emotional valence of each event. We obtained a clear life script containing more positive than negative events; there was also stronger agreement about the timing of positive than of negative events. The life script for this sample overlapped substantially with earlier data from Denmark. Events and their characteristics were not influenced by the gender of either the participants or the target person. Finally, many aspects of the life script, but not the bump, changed depending on for whom the script was constructed (newborn vs. elderly). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of rote versus gist strategy on the verbatim retention of theatrical scripts
Authors: Noice Helga 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe research reported here investigated the relative efficiency of rote and gist strategies in the learning of theatrical scripts. Two conditions (rote and gist) and two subject populations (professional actors and psychology students) were used in both immediate and delayed testing. A new scoring scheme to determine accuracy of recall was devised using strict, moderately strict, and lenient measures of accuracy. The primary finding was that a gist strategy led to better literal recall even for material that needed to be remembered verbatim. However, while recall was approximately equal for actors and students in the gist condition, actors' performance was less depressed by the constraints of the rote condition which minimized the possibility of processing for meaning. Post‐test statements of subjects' strategies were analyzed for commonalities. Actors and students in the gist condition pursued similar strategies but with different goals and different emphases. Statements by subjects in the rote condition revealed attempts by actors but not by students to relate speeches currently being repeated to antecedent material.
Route‐finding: A measure of everyday executive functioning in the head‐injured adult
Authors: Boyd Thomas M. , Sautter Scott W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis is an ecological test of adaptation in head‐injured adults, reporting reliability and validity of the Executive Function Route‐finding Task (EFRT; Boyd and Sautter, 1985). A Likert scale was used to rate executive aspects of route‐finding such as task formulation, strategy of approach, detection and correction of errors, and dependence on cueing among 31 head‐injured young adults within a large rehabilitation facility. The Task has high inter‐rater reliability and acceptable concurrent validity with other neuropsychological constructs.
SMC framework in motion control systems
Authors: Şabanoviç A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDesign of a motion control system should take into account both the unconstrained motion performed without interaction with environment or another system, and the constrained motion where the system is in contact with environment or has certain functional interactions with another system. In this paper control systems design approach, based on siding mode methods, that allows selection of control for generic tasks as trajectory and/or force tracking as well as for systems that require maintaining some functional relation—like bilateral or multilateral systems, establishment of virtual relation among mobile robots or control of haptic systems—is presented. It is shown that all basic motion control problems—trajectory tracking, force control, hybrid position/force control scheme and the impedance control—can be treated in the same way while avoiding the structural change of the controller and guaranteeing stable behaviour of the system. In order to show applicability of the proposed techniques simulation and experimental results for high precision systems in microsystems assembly tasks and bilateral control systems are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to study the interactions of poly(acrylic acid) and mixtures of poly(acrylic acid) and polyacrylamide with bone powders and hydroxyapatites
Authors: Moharram M. A. , Allam Mousa A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study the interactions of aqueous solutions of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and mixtures of aqueous solutions of PAA and polyacrylamide (PAAm) with chemically and thermally treated bone powders (BPs) and two commercial hydroxyapatites (HAs). An analysis of the spectra of the precipitates that resulted from the mixtures of PAA and the chemically treated samples of BP revealed that the spectra exhibited three new bands at 1544, 1552, and 1661 cm−1. The first band was attributed to the formation of calcium–polycarboxylate resulting from the interaction between the carboxylic acid groups of PAA and the calcium ions of BP. The appearance of the other two bands, in addition to the disappearance of the band corresponding to the absorption of the acid groups of PAA, provided strong evidence for the existence of other interactions between the carboxylic acid groups and the amide groups of the organic matrix of BP. On the other hand, the FTIR spectra of the samples that resulted from the mixture of PAA and thermally treated BP and the two commercial HAs showed only a new absorption band at 1544 cm−1. The interactions of mixtures of the aqueous solutions of PAA and PAAm, adjusted at low or high pH values, with the different BPs and HAs were examined. The mixtures of the aqueous solutions of PAA and PAAm interacted with the different BPs and two HAs, resulting in the formation of ternary PAA–BP–PAAm and PAA–HA–PAAm complexes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Blowing bubbles: An aquatic adaptation that risks protection of the respiratory tract in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Authors: Reidenberg Joy S. , Laitman Jeffrey T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have developed extensive protective barriers to exclude water or food from the respiratory tract, including valvular nostrils, an intranarial elongated larynx, and a sphincteric soft palate. A barrier breach can be lethal, as asphyxiation may occur from incursions of water (drowning) or food (choking). Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), however, exhibit a possibly unique and paradoxical behavior concerning respiratory protection: they release a “bubble cloud” (a cluster of tiny bubbles) underwater from the mouth. How they do this remains unclear. This study tests the hypothesis that the larynx plays a role in enabling bubble cloud emission. The anatomy and position of the larynx was examined in seven specimens of Megaptera novaeangliae. Results indicate that the epiglottis can be manually removed from behind the soft palate and placed in the oral cavity during dissection. Unlike that of toothed whales (odontocetes), the humpback whale larynx does not appear to be permanently intranarial. The elongated and trough‐shaped epiglottis may function as a tube when placed against the undersurface of the soft palate and, thus, facilitate channeling air from the larynx to the oral cavity. The pointed tip and lateral edges of the epiglottis fit tightly against the undersurface of the soft palate, perhaps functioning as a one‐way valve that lets air out but prevents water from entering. Bubble cloud generation likely involves air passing directly from the larynx into the oral cavity, and then expulsion through the mesh of the baleen plates. A laryngeal–oral connection, however, compromises the anatomical aquatic adaptations that normally protect the respiratory tract. A potential for drowning exists during the critical interval in which the larynx is intraoral and during re‐insertion back to the normal intranarial position. The retention of this risky behavior indicates the importance of bubble clouds in predator avoidance, prey capture, and/or social signaling. Anat Rec, 290:569–580, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of ecdysteroid agonist RH‐2485 reveal interactions between ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones in the development of Sesamia nonagrioides
Authors: Eizaguirre Matilde , López Carmen , Schafellner Christa , Sehnal František 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLarvae of Sesamia nonagrioides developing under long day (LD) conditions pupate in the 5th or 6th instar, whereas under the short day (SD) conditions, they undergo several supernumerary larval molts and are regarded as diapausing. The development in early larval instars occurs in the LD larvae at a moderate and in the SD larvae at a high juvenile hormone (JH) titer; ecdysteroid titer cycles similarly under both conditions. The transformation to pupa is initiated by a burst of ecdysteroids at undetectable JH levels, whereas extra larval molts in the diapausing larvae are associated with moderate JH titer and irregular rises of ecdysteroids. Application of 0.2 ppm RH‐2485 to the diet of the 6th instar larvae promotes hormonal changes supporting metamorphosis in the LD larvae and slightly accelerates larval molts in the diapausing SD larvae. The 0.5‐ and 1‐ppm doses revert these patterns of endocrine regulations to a mode typical for early larval instars. Particularly dramatic is a JH titer increase provoked within 24 h in the LD larvae. After the treatment, both the LD and SD larvae undergo a series of larval molts, suggesting that hormonal programming of the larval development has been stabilized. A few insects receiving 1 ppm RH‐2485, and a high proportion of those fed with 5 ppm RH‐2485, deposit two cuticles within a single apolysis and die. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:74–84, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity of detoxification pathways of ingested ecdysteroids among phytophagous insects
Authors: Rharrabe Kacem , Alla Salah , Maria Annick , Sayah Fouad , Lafont René 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe metabolic pathways of ingested ecdysteroids have been investigated in three insect species, the aphid Myzus persicae and two Lepidoptera, Plodia interpunctella and Ostrinia nubilalis. M. persicae produces mainly a 22‐glucoside conjugate, whereas P. interpunctella eliminates a mixture of 20E and its 3‐oxo and 3‐epi derivatives, both in free form and as conjugates with various fatty acids. O. nubilalis only produces fatty acyl ester conjugates. These data point out the great diversity of detoxification mechanisms used by phytophagous insects in order to overcome the potential harmful effects of ecdysteroids present in their food. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:65–73, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Über heterocyclische Siebenringsysteme, XI. Ringschlußreaktionen mit o.o′‐Diamino‐biphenyl
Authors: Ried Walter , Storbeck Werner 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Umsetzung von o.o′‐Diamino‐biphenyl mit Carbonsäuren, Acetessigester und Orthoestern, ferner die thermische Kondensation von o‐Acylamino‐o′‐amino‐biphenyl‐Derivaten wird beschrieben.
Synthese der 2‐Oxo‐3.4‐dimethyl‐penten‐(4)‐säure
Authors: Wieland Theodor , Ismail Roshdy M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie ungesättigte Ketosäure II konnte aus dem Isopentenylchlorid III über die Grignard‐Verbindung mit Oxalester in 10‐proz. Ausbeute erhalten werden. Ihr Strukturbeweis wurde durch IR‐ und Protonenresonanzspektroskopie geführt. Das Phenythydrazon geht bei der katalytischen Hydrierung in eine einheitliche ninhydrin‐positive Verbindung über, die wohl ein β‐Methyl‐leucin ist.Die Addition substituierter Cyclopentadiene an Äthylen zu einer Reihe alkylsubstituierter Bicyclo‐[1.2.2]‐heptene, deren wichtigster Vertreter das Santen ist.
Phosphororganische Verbindungen, XXXIV. Cyclopropanderivate aus metallierten Phosphinoxyden und Olefinoxyden
Authors: Hoffmann Leopold Horner, Hellmut , Toscano Vicente G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstractγ‐Hydroxy‐phosphinoxyde, dargestellt aus metallierten Phosphinoxyden und Olefinoxyden, zerfallen beim Erwärmen in Gegenwart von basen in Cyclopropanderivate und Phosphinsäure, γ‐Hydroxy‐phosphinoxyde liefern mit Thionylchlorid γ‐Chlor‐phosphinoxyde, die metallierbar sind und Cyclopropylphosphinoxyde bilden. Diese spalten bei geeigneter Substitution in Cyclopropanderivate und phosphinsäure auf.
Zum Mechanismus der Cyclooctatetraen‐Synthese nach W. Reppe
Authors: Schrauzer Gerhard N. , Eichler Siegfried 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Bildung von Cyclooctatetraen aus Acetylen wird von Nickel(II)‐Komplexen mit schwachem Ligandenfeld katalysiert. Geschwindigkeitsbestimmender Schritt der Reaktion ist die Lösung koordinativer nickel‐Ligand‐Bindungen im Katalysatormoleköl. Die Bildung von Cyclooctatetraen erfolgt innerhalb von labilen Ni11‐Acetylen‐Komplexen. Inhibitionsversuche machen es wahrscheinlich, daß das NiII‐lon im Übergangszustand von vier Acetylemolekülen umgeben ist, die sich ohne weitere faßbare Zwischenstufe direkt zum Cyclooctatetreaen vereinigen.
Virtual reality exposure in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: A controlled study
Authors: Botella C. , García‐Palacios A. , Villa H. , Baños R. M. , Quero S. , Alcañiz M. , Riva G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe main goal of this study was to offer data about the efficacy of virtual reality exposure (VRE) in the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (PDA). The study was a between‐subject design with three experimental conditions (VRE group, in vivo exposure [IVE] group and waiting‐list [WL] group) and repeated measures (pre‐treatment, post treatment and 12 month follow‐up). The treatment programmes lasted 9 weekly sessions. Thirty‐seven patients meeting DSM‐IV criteria for PDA participated in this study. The improvement achieved using virtual exposure was superior to a WL condition and similar to that achieved using IVE. Our results support the efficacy of VRE in the treatment of PDA at short and long term. The advantages of VRE for the treatment of PDA regarding cost‐benefit issues are described. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What does viewing a pro‐anorexia website do? an experimental examination of website exposure and moderating effects
Authors: Bardone‐Cone Anna M. , Cass Kamila M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective:This study experimentally examined the effects of viewing a pro‐anorexia website.Method:Following construction of a prototypic pro‐anorexia website, 235 female undergraduates were randomly assigned to view either the pro‐anorexia website or one of two comparison websites related to female fashion (using average‐sized models) or home décor. Post‐website affect, cognitions, and behavioral expectations were examined along with moderator effects.Results:Study participants exposed to the pro‐anorexia website had greater negative affect, lower social self‐esteem, and lower appearance self‐efficacy post‐website than those who viewed a comparison website. Additionally, they perceived themselves as heavier, reported a greater likelihood of exercising and thinking about their weight in the near future, and engaged in more image comparison. Minimal support was found for moderator effects.Conclusion:Results provide an empirical basis for concern (expressed by clinicians, researchers, the media) that pro‐anorexia websites are a troubling new form of thin‐ideal exposure that warrants further examination. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clustering technique to reduce chip area and delay for FPGA
Authors: Kobata Masaki , Iida Masahiro , Sueyoshi Toshinori 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we study the requirements for electronic design automation (EDA) tools in deep‐submicron technologies and identify critical factors for programmable logic devices. We also propose a clustering technique for a cluster‐based FPGA to optimize routability of outer cluster nets. In order to reduce the routing resources used in FPGA, this technique uses two evaluation functions. One evaluation function reduces the routing resources in the outer cluster. The second evaluation function utilizes various characteristics of the local routing resources in the inner cluster. Our clustering technique has the unique ability to optimize routing resources concurrently. As a result, the area is decreased by 13.5%, and the delay is reduced by 9.3% as compared to the latest clustering tool in benchmark circuits. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(6): 34–46, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ ecjb.20361
Synthesis and Spectro‐electrochemical Aspects of [RuII(trpy)(pdt)(X)]n+ (trpy = 2,2′:6′,2″‐Terpyridine, pdt = 5,6‐Diphenyl‐3‐pyridyl‐as‐triazine, X = Cl–, CH3CN, NO2–, NO+, NO·) – Electrophilicity of {RuII–NO+} and Photolability of {RuII–NO·}
Authors: Maji Somnath , Chatterjee Chandrani , Mobin Shaikh M. , Lahiri Goutam Kumar 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNitrosylruthenium derivatives having NO+ and NO· states have been synthesized in a stepwise manner starting from [RuII(trpy)(pdt)(Cl)](ClO4) {[1](ClO4)} → [RuII(trpy)(pdt)(CH3CN)](ClO4)2 {[2](ClO4)2} → [RuII(trpy)(pdt)(NO2)](ClO4) {[3](ClO4)} → [RuII(trpy)(pdt)(NO+)](ClO4)3 {[4](ClO4)3} → [RuII(trpy)(pdt)(NO·)](ClO4)2 {[4](ClO4)2} [trpy = 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine, pdt = 5,6‐diphenyl‐3‐pyridyl‐as‐triazine]. The molecular identity of [1](ClO4) and [2](ClO4)2 and the subsequent stereoretentive transformation of [1](ClO4) → [2](ClO4)2 have been authenticated by single‐crystal X‐ray structures. Electrochemical and spectral features are investigated as a function of the monodentate ligands (Cl–, CH3CN, NO2–, NO+, NO·). The kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the reaction of the moderately strong electrophilic {RuII–NO+} center [ν(NO): 1944 cm–1] in [4]3+ with a nucleophile such as OH– have been studied. The nitrosyl species [RuII(trpy)(pdt)(NO+)]3+ ([4]3+) can be selectively reduced to [RuII(trpy)(pdt)(NO·)]2+ ([4]2+) electrochemically as well as chemically by hydrazine hydrate. On exposure to light an acetonitrile solution of [RuII(trpy)(pdt)(NO·)]2+ ([4]2+) undergoes slow photocleavage of the RuII–NO bond over a period of 4 h, resulting in the corresponding solvated species [RuII(trpy)(pdt)(CH3CN)]2+ ([2]2+). The rate of photolability of the RuII–NO bond in [4]2+ has been monitored spectrophotometrically. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)