bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal healthcare needs assessment survey at Rabia Balkhi Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan
Authors: Khorrami Homa , Karzai Fatima , Macri Charles J. , Amir Azizullah , Laube Douglas 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectiveSince the Department of Health and Human Services chose Rabia Balkhi Hospital (RBH) in Kabul, Afghanistan, as a site for intervention in 2002, the status of women's health there has been of interest. This study created a tool to assess accessibility and quality of care of women admitted from May to July, 2005.MethodsA 39‐item questionnaire was created in English and translated into Dari. Hospital staff administered the survey to 292 women admitted to RBH for obstetric and gynecological complaints.ResultsApproximately 40% of the women traveled between 1 and 5 hours to reach RBH. Only 54% (158/292) of women reported having their blood pressure monitored during their pregnancy. About one‐third of women reported that they had never received an immunization.ConclusionsThis survey tool ascertained that women who received care at RBH traveled great lengths to reach the facility. Preventative measures such as blood pressure checks and immunizations are areas that need improvement.
Neonatal outcome and two‐year follow‐up after expectant management of second trimester rupture of membranes
Authors: Pristauz Gunda , Bauer Margit , Maurer‐Fellbaum Ute , Rotky‐Fast Christa , Bader Arnim A. , Haas Josef , Lang Uwe 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess neonatal outcome and 2‐year follow‐up of pregnancies complicated by second trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Methods: A retrospective review of obstetric and neonatal records for 87 pregnancies (56 singletons, 6 twins, 1 triplet) with PPROM between 14 + 0 and 24 + 6 weeks of gestation. Patients received antibiotics and steroids for fetal lung maturity once they reached 24 weeks of gestation. Placentas were examined histopathologically. Surviving infants were followed‐up at 2 years of age. Results: Median latency from PPROM to delivery was 4 days. Survival rate of 56 singletons was 45% (25/56); and 13 died in hospital. Survival rate of infants discharged from hospital was 23% (12/56). Chorioamnionitis was seen histologically in 42% (5/12) of surviving infants compared with 92% (12/13) of those that died in hospital. Of the 12 surviving infants, 50% had a normal neurological and developmental outcome at 2 years of age. Conclusion: Gestational age, birth weight, and histologic chorioamnionitis have prognostic importance in pregnancies complicated by PPROM. Surviving infants have a 50% chance of achieving an adequate health status at 2 years of age.
The influence of medical abortion compared with surgical abortion on subsequent pregnancy outcome
Authors: Gan Changping , Zou Yan , Wu Shangchun , Li Youping , Liu Qing 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSeven prospective cohort studies (12 484 cases) were included in this review of the respective effects on the next pregnancy of medical and surgical abortion in early pregnancy. The incidence of miscarriage and postpartum hemorrhage was significantly lower in the pregnancy following a medical abortion. No other significant differences were found. With respect to the outcome of the next pregnancy, first‐trimester medical abortions may thus be safer than the surgical option.
The enlightened microscope: re-enactment and analysis of projections with eighteenth-century solar microscopes
Authors: HEERING PETER 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSolar microscopes and their techniques attracted particular attention in the second half of the eighteenth century. This paper investigates the grounds for this interest. After a general introduction to the solar microscope, it discusses the use of original instruments to gain access to the visual culture of solar microscopes and the issues raised by these re-enactments. Experiences involved in this process serve as a basis for reassessing the original source materials. Thence emerges a different account of the meaning of the solar microscope in the eighteenth century and possible reasons for its popularity.
The return of Thomas Salusbury'sLife of Galileo(1664)
Authors: WILDING NICK 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThomas Salusbury'sLife of Galileo(1664) was the first substantial biography of Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) in any language. All copies but one were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. The surviving copy was lost in the library of the Earls of Macclesfield at Shirburn Castle in the mid-nineteenth century. With the auction of the library in 2004–7, it temporarily re-emerged. This essay presents a preliminary description of the copy and its contents. It argues that to understand the existence and nature of the book we need to explore the social relations governing the control of information in early modern Europe. It is shown that Salusbury's project was launched in the face of social and political information blockades and in direct competition with other similar ventures. In particular, rumours of the future publication of an official biography by Vincenzo Viviani (1622–1703) and continuing negotiations over the memory and reputation of Galileo in Italy presented insurmountable barriers to the successful completion of his project. Despite these problems Salusbury's biography, produced on the margins of the emerging Royal Society, presents a spirited portrait of Galileo. Moreover, nearly four hundred years after the event, it offers a new and provocative explanation of the famous trial.
Structural setting and U–Pb zircon geochronology of the Glen Scaddle Metagabbro: evidence for polyphase Scandian ductile deformation in the Caledonides of northern Scotland
Authors: STRACHAN R. A. , EVANS J. A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWithin the Scottish Caledonides, the Glen Scaddle Metagabbro was intruded into the Moine Supergroup of the Northern Highland Terrane after Grampian D2 folding and prior to regional D3 and D4 upright folding and amphibolite-facies metamorphism. A U–Pb zircon age of 426 ± 3 Ma obtained from the metagabbro is interpreted to date emplacement. D3–D4 folding is constrained to have occurred during the Scandian orogenic event. In contrast, polyphase folding and regional metamorphism of the Dalradian Supergroup southeast of the Great Glen Fault is entirely Grampian. These differences are consistent with published tectonic models that invoke a minimum of 700 km of post-Scandian sinistral displacements across the Great Glen Fault to juxtapose the Grampian and Northern Highland terranes.
Analysis of sheet-like thermal plumes in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: SHISHKINA OLGA , WAGNER CLAUS 
Published: March 2008

Sheet-like thermal plumes are investigated using time-dependent and three-dimensional flow fields obtained from direct numerical simulations and well-resolved large-eddy simulations of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in water (Prandtl number Pr=5.4) in a cylindrical container with the aspect ratio Γ=1 and for the Rayleigh numbers Ra=2×109 and 2×1010.To analyse quantitatively the physical properties of the sheet-like thermal plumes and the turbulent background and to obtain the temperature threshold which separates these two different flow regions, the temperature dependences of the conditionally averaged local heat flux, thermal dissipation rate and selected components of the velocity and vorticity fields are studied. It is shown that the sheet-like plumes are characterized by high values of the local heat flux and relatively large absolute values of the vertical components of the vorticity and velocity fields. The borders of these plumes are indicated by large values of the thermal dissipation rate and large absolute values of the horizontal vorticity components. In contrast to the sheet-like thermal plumes, the turbulent background is characterized by low values of the thermal dissipation rate, local heat flux and vertical vorticity component. The highest values of the local heat flux and the highest absolute values of the vertical vorticity component are found in the regions where the sheet-like plumes strike against each other. Fluid swirling at these places forms the stems of the mushroom-like thermal plumes which develop in the bulk of the Rayleigh–Bénard cell.Further, formulae to calculate the curvature, thickness and length of the plumes are introduced. Geometrical properties such as plume area, diameter, curvature, thickness and aspect ratio together with the physical properties of the sheet-like plumes such as temperature, heat flux, thermal dissipation rate, velocity and vorticity are investigated.
Précis ofThe Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality
Authors: Byrne Ruth M. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe human imagination remains one of the last uncharted terrains of the mind. People often imagine how events might have turned out “if only” something had been different. The “fault lines” of reality, those aspects more readily changed, indicate that counterfactual thoughts are guided by the same principles as rational thoughts. In the past, rationality and imagination have been viewed as opposites. But research has shown that rational thought is more imaginative than cognitive scientists had supposed. InThe Rational Imagination,I argue that imaginative thought is more rational than scientists have imagined. People exhibit remarkable similarities in the sorts of things they change in their mental representation of reality when they imagine how the facts could have turned out differently. For example, they tend to imagine alternatives to actions rather than inactions, events within their control rather than those beyond their control, and socially unacceptable events rather than acceptable ones. Their thoughts about how an event might have turned out differently lead them to judge that a strong causal relation exists between an antecedent event and the outcome, and their thoughts about how an event might have turned out the same lead them to judge that a weaker causal relation exists. In a simple temporal sequence, people tend to imagine alternatives to the most recent event. The central claim in the book is that counterfactual thoughts are organised along the same principles as rational thought. The idea that the counterfactual imagination is rational depends on three steps: (1) humans are capable of rational thought; (2) they make inferences by thinking about possibilities; and (3) their counterfactual thoughts rely on thinking about possibilities, just as rational thoughts do. The sorts of possibilities that people envisage explain the mutability of certain aspects of mental representations and the immutability of other aspects.
Three steps to rational imagining?
Authors: Church Jennifer 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRuth Byrne presents a three-step argument to the conclusion that counterfactual imagining is rational. Insofar as this argument is valid, the conclusion is weaker than it seems. More importantly, it does not represent the central contributions of this book – contributions that, if anything, point instead to what is irrational about counterfactual imagining.
Counterfactuals need not be comparative: The case of “As if”
Authors: Markman Keith D. , McMullen Matthew N. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractByrne (2005) assumes that counterfactual thinking requires a comparison of facts with an imagined alternative. In our view, however, this assumption is unnecessarily restrictive. We argue that individuals do not necessarily engage in counterfactual simulations exclusively to evaluate factual reality. Instead, comparative evaluation is often suspended in favor of experiencing the counterfactual simulation as if it were real.
Imagination is only as rational as the purpose to which it is put
Authors: Shtulman Andrew 
Published: March 2008

AbstractByrne's criteria for considering imagination rational do not accord with standard notions of rationality. A different criterion – that is, the correspondence between an inference strategy and its domain of application – is offered and illustrated with recent work on possibility judgment. This analysis suggests that, although imagination can be put to rational purposes, imagination itself should not be considered rational.
The development of the counterfactual imagination
Authors: Van Reet Jennifer , Pinkham Ashley M. , Lillard Angeline S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractHow the rational imagination develops remains an open question. The ability to imagine emerges early in childhood, well before the ability to reason counterfactually, and this suggests that imaginative thought may facilitate later counterfactual ability. In addition, developmental data indicate that inhibitory control may also play a role in the ability to reason counterfactually.
Neuroborreliosis in the South West of England
Authors: LOVETT J. K. , EVANS P. H. , O'CONNELL S. , GUTOWSKI N. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAlthough Lyme borreliosis is increasingly diagnosed in the United Kingdom, few systematic studies have been performed there. UK data suggest that the commonest complications are neurological, but inadequate information exists about their nature and the incidence of late neuroborreliosis. Local data are necessary because clinical presentations may show geographical variation. This study aimed to provide data on clinical manifestations in an area of South West England and to estimate treatment delay. We reviewed clinical records of 88 patients in the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital catchment area who had positive Borrelia antibody tests during a 5-year period. Fifty-six (64%) reported tick bites. The commonest presentations were erythema migrans (65%) and arthralgia/myalgia (27%). However, 22 patients (25%) had neurological symptoms other than headache alone. Fourteen had facial palsy, eight had confusion/drowsiness, four had meningism, five had radiculopathy, two had sixth nerve palsies, and two had peripheral neuropathies. No late, progressive or atypical neurological syndromes were found. Neurological manifestations were generally predictable and usually included either (or all) of meningoencephalitis, facial palsy or radiculopathy.
A foodborne outbreak of enterotoxigenicE. coliandSalmonellaAnatum infection after a high-school dinner in Denmark, November 2006
Authors: PAKALNISKIENE J. , FALKENHORST G. , LISBY M. , MADSEN S. B. , OLSEN K. E. P. , NIELSEN E. M. , MYGH A. , BOEL J. , MØLBAK K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn industrialized countries enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) is mainly diagnosed as a cause of travellers' diarrhoea, but it is also known to cause foodborne outbreaks. We report an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by ETEC serotypes O92:H−and O153:H2 as well asSalmonellaAnatum, which affected around 200 students and teachers after a high-school dinner in Greater Copenhagen, Denmark, November 2006. A retrospective cohort study showed that consumption of pasta salad with pesto was associated with an increased risk of illness (attack rate 59·4%; risk ratio 2·6, 95% confidence interval 1·2–5·7). Imported fresh basil used for preparation of the pesto was the most likely source of contamination. Although ETEC is associated with travellers' diarrhoea in Denmark, this outbreak suggests that a proportion of sporadic ETEC infections might be caused by contaminated imported foodstuffs. To improve food safety further, it is important to target this poorly regulated and researched area.
The galactic cycle of extinction
Authors: Gillman Michael , Erenler Hilary 
Published: March 2008

AbstractGlobal extinction and geological events have previously been linked with galactic events such as spiral arm crossings and galactic plane oscillation. The expectation that these are repeating predictable events has led to studies of periodicity in a wide set of biological, geological and climatic phenomena. Using data on carbon isotope excursions, large igneous provinces and impact craters, we identify three time zones of high geological activity which relate to the timings of the passage of the Solar System through the spiral arms. These zones are shown to include a significantly large proportion of high extinction periods. The mass extinction events at the ends of the Ordovician, Permian and Cretaceous occur in the first zone, which contains the predicted midpoints of the spiral arms. The start of the Cambrian, end of the Devonian and end of the Triassic occur in the second zone. The pattern of extinction timing in relation to spiral arm structure is supported by the positions of the superchrons and the predicted speed of the spiral arms. The passage times through an arm are simple multiples of published results on impact and fossil record periodicity and galactic plane half-periods. The total estimated passage time through four arms is 703.8 Myr. The repetition of extinction events at the same points in different spiral arm crossings suggests a common underlying galactic cause of mass extinctions, mediated through galactic effects on geological, solar and extra-solar processes. The two largest impact craters (Sudbury and Vredefort), predicted to have occurred during the early part of the first zone, extend the possible pattern to more than 2000 million years ago.
On a congruence of Blichfeldt concerning the order of finite groups
Authors: Chillag David 
Published: March 2008

We show that if

G
G

is a finite group,

C
C

a conjugacy class of

G
G

and

d
=

|
C
|

d=\left \vert C\right \vert

,

d

2

,

d

3

,
…
,

d

m

d_{2},d_{3},\ldots ,d_{m}

are the distinct elements in the multiset

{

|
C
|

χ
(
C
)

χ
(
1
)

|

χ
∈

I
r
r

(
G
)
}

\left \{ \frac {\left \vert C\right \vert \chi (C)} {\chi (1)}\ |\ \chi \in \mathrm {Irr}(G)\right \}

(here

χ
(
C
)

\chi (C)

is the value of

χ
\chi

on any element of

C
C

), then
\[

|
G

/

⟨
C
⟩

|

⋅

(
d
−

d

2

)

(
d
−

d

3

)

⋯

(
d
−

d

m

)

≡
0

mod
⁡

|
G
|

.

\left \vert G/\left \langle C\right \rangle \right \vert \cdot \left ( d-d_{2}\right ) \left ( d-d_{3}\right ) \cdots \left ( d-d_{m}\right ) \equiv 0\ \operatorname {mod}\ \left \vert G\right \vert .

\]
This is a dual to a generalization of a theorem of Blichfeldt stating that if

G
G

is a finite group,

θ
\theta

a generalized character and

d
=
θ
(
1
)
,

d

2

,

d

3

,
…
,

d

m

d=\theta (1),d_{2},d_{3},\ldots ,d_{m}

are the distinct values of

θ
\theta

, then
\[

|
ker
⁡
(
θ
)
|

(
d
−

d

2

)

(
d
−

d

3

)

⋯

(
d
−

d

m

)

≡
0

mod
⁡

|
G
|

.

\left \vert \ker (\theta )\right \vert \left ( d-d_{2}\right ) \left ( d-d_{3}\right ) \cdots \left ( d-d_{m}\right ) \equiv 0\ \operatorname {mod} \ \left \vert G\right \vert .

\]
We also observe that

d
=
θ
(
1
)

d=\theta (1)

in Blichfeldt’s congruence can be replaced, with a minor adjustment, by any rational value of

θ
\theta

. A similar change can be done to the first congruence above.
Consensus generation and variant detection by Celera Assembler
Authors: Denisov Gennady , Walenz Brian , Halpern Aaron L. , Miller Jason , Axelrod Nelson , Levy Samuel , Sutton Granger 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMotivation: We present an algorithm to identify allelic variation given a Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) assembly of haploid sequences, and to produce a set of haploid consensus sequences rather than a single consensus sequence. Existing WGS assemblers take a column-by-column approach to consensus generation, and produce a single consensus sequence which can be inconsistent with the underlying haploid alleles, and inconsistent with any of the aligned sequence reads. Our new algorithm uses a dynamic windowing approach. It detects alleles by simultaneously processing the portions of aligned reads spanning a region of sequence variation, assigns reads to their respective alleles, phases adjacent variant alleles and generates a consensus sequence corresponding to each confirmed allele. This algorithm was used to produce the first diploid genome sequence of an individual human. It can also be applied to assemblies of multiple diploid individuals and hybrid assemblies of multiple haploid organisms.Results: Being applied to the individual human genome assembly, the new algorithm detects exactly two confirmed alleles and reports two consensus sequences in 98.98% of the total number 2 033 311 detected regions of sequence variation. In 33 269 out of 460 373 detected regions of size &gt;1 bp, it fixes the constructed errors of a mosaic haploid representation of a diploid locus as produced by the original Celera Assembler consensus algorithm. Using an optimized procedure calibrated against 1 506 344 known SNPs, it detects 438 814 new heterozygous SNPs with false positive rate 12%.Availability: The open source code is available at: http://wgs-assembler.cvs.sourceforge.net/wgs-assembler/Contact: gdenisov@jcvi.org
BicOverlapper: A tool for bicluster visualization
Authors: Santamaría Rodrigo , Therón Roberto , Quintales Luis 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Summary: BicOverlapper is a tool to visualize biclusters from gene-expression matrices in a way that helps to compare biclustering methods, to unravel trends and to highlight relevant genes and conditions. A visual approach can complement biological and statistical analysis and reduce the time spent by specialists interpreting the results of biclustering algorithms. The technique is based on a force-directed graph where biclusters are represented as flexible overlapped groups of genes and conditions.
Availability: The BicOverlapper software and supplementary material are available at http://vis.usal.es/bicoverlapper
Contact: rodri@usal.es
PedMine—a simulated annealing algorithm to identify maximally unrelated individuals in population isolates
Authors: Douglas Julie A. , Sandefur Conner I. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Summary: In family-based genetic studies, it is often useful to identify a subset of unrelated individuals. When such studies are conducted in population isolates, however, most if not all individuals are often detectably related to each other. To identify a set of maximally unrelated (or equivalently, minimally related) individuals, we have implemented simulated annealing, a general-purpose algorithm for solving difficult combinatorial optimization problems. We illustrate our method on data from a genetic study in the Old Order Amish of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, a population isolate derived from a modest number of founders. Given one or more pedigrees, our program automatically and rapidly extracts a fixed number of maximally unrelated individuals.
Availability: http://www.hg.med.umich.edu/labs/douglaslab/software.html (version 1.0.0)
Contact: jddoug@umich.edu
The trophic roles of microzooplankton in marine systems
Authors: Calbet Albert 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Calbet, A. 2008. The trophic roles of microzooplankton in marine systems. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 325–331. Microzooplankton (here defined as <200 µm grazers) are key components of marine foodwebs. Their grazing significantly affects primary producers and usually exceeds that of mesozooplankton. However, our knowledge of the detailed roles that microzooplankton taxa play in marine ecosystems is surprisingly limited. Here, I identify the main protists responsible for most of the grazing impact on phytoplankton in two contrasting marine ecosystems: oligotrophic waters and productive waters, such as upwelling systems, spring blooms, and other blooms in nearshore and estuarine systems. Evidence indicates that pico- and nano-sized flagellates, which are routinely included with the microzooplankton size class of protists, appear to be the main grazers of phytoplankton in oligotrophic habitats, whereas heterotrophic and mixotrophic dinoflagellates are candidates for the dominant grazing impact in upwelling and other productive ecosystems. Microzooplankton are also important contributors to mesozooplankton diet, especially in oligotrophic areas, although the strength of the mesozooplankton–microzooplankton link is traditionally overlooked in plankton studies. As a final remark, this review emphasizes the need to develop suitable methods for studying the role of microbial grazers in the dynamics of marine ecosystems.