bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of conjugated soybean oil and other natural oils and fatty acids by homogeneous transition metal catalysis
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Dong Xiaoyang , Chung Steven , Reddy Ch. Kishan , Ehlers Laurie E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of as little as 0.1 mol% [RhCl(C8H14)2]2, 0.25 mol% PtCl2(PPh3)2, or 0.5 mol% RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3, where Ph = phenyl, catalyzes the isomerization of soybean oil to conjugated soybean oil under mild reaction conditions and in high yields. No hydrogenation products are detected with any of these catalysts. Preliminary physical tests have shown that the conjugated soybean oil has exceptional drying properties and the resulting coatings exhibit good solvent resistance. The [RhCl(C8H14)2]2 catalyst provides similarly high yields of other conjugated vegetable oils, conjugated linoleic acid, and conjugated ethyl linoleate. Other rhodium catalysts, such as RhCl(PPh3)3, have also been found to be effective for the conjugation of ethyl linoleate.
Detection of DNA during the refining of soybean oil
Authors: Gryson N. , Ronsse F. , Messens K. , De Loose M. , Verleyen T. , Dewettinck K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe isolation of DNA from foodstuffs is the first step in the detection of genetically modified organisms. Refining processes, however, have an irrevocable influence on the quality and quantity of DNA and make detection in refined oil impossible. In order to determine the most significant step in removing DNA from crude soybean oil, two refining processes were considered: chemical refining and physical refining. Although conducted on a lab scale, quality parameters showed that the refining processes were good simulations of the industrial refining. From samples drawn at various refining stages, DNA was extracted with a protocol originally developed for the extraction of DNA from lecithin. The polymerase chain reaction results prove that the protocol was sufficiently useful for extracting DNA from soybean oil. The amplified DNA revealed that degumming is the most important step in removing DNA from crude soybean oil. After degumming, DNA was concentrated in the water fraction; no DNA could be amplified in the oil fractions. During physical degumming, degradation of DNA was observed.
Simultaneous detection of tocopherols, carotenoids, and chlorophylls in vegetable oils by direct injection C30 RP‐HPLC with coulometric electrochemical array detection
Authors: Puspitasari‐Nienaber Ni Luh , Ferruzzi Mario G. , Schwartz Steven J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDetection and quantification of tocopherols, carotenoids, and chlorophylls in vegetable oil have been used to aid their authentication. Their importance in influencing the oxidative stability of vegetable oils and their possible health benefits have been shown in numerous studies. Therefore, the need for a rapid and reliable analysis method has become increasingly important. This study demonstrates the application of C30 RP‐HPLC with electrochemical detection for the simultaneous analysis of tocopherols, carotenoids, and chlorophylls in vegetable oils. Aliquots of vegetable oils were dissolved in appropriate solvents and injected directly without saponification, thus preventing sample loss or component degradation. Effective separation of tocopherols, carotenoids, and chlorophylls was achieved. Detection was performed using a coulometric electrochemical array detector set between 200 and 620 mV. For a 25‐μL injection, the respective detection limits for carotenoids, tocopherols, and chlorophylls were 1 fmol, 0.15 pmol, and 0.5 pmol, representing 1000‐, 25‐, and 5‐fold enhancement over the UV‐vis methodology. The detector response was linear between 0.01 and 2.00 μg/mL for all compounds studied. Within‐day variations (CV) were between 2.0 and 6.3%, whereas between‐day variations were between 2.7 and 7.4%. This method can be applied for rapid and sensitive analysis in the study of oil quality and adulteration.
Multivariate model for the prediction of total phenolic acids in crude extracts of polyphenols from canola and rapessed meals: A preliminary study
Authors: Naczk M. , Pink J. , Zadernowski R. , Pink D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe feasibility of using UV spectrophotometry to develop multivariate models for prediction of total phenolic acids content in crude polyphenol extracts from defatted canola and rapeseed meals was investigated. The polyphenols were extracted from the meals with methanol/acetone/water (7∶7∶6, by vol). Partial least squares regression was used to correlate the spectral data of the crude polyphenols in methanol between 320 and 355 nm with the total phenolic acid content in canola and rapeseed meals. The Folin‐Denis assay was used to provide reference data for creating the model. The predictive ability of the model is good, as indicated by the RPD value (the ratio of the SD of data to the standard error of calibration) of 3.84.
Optimization of the composition of low‐fat oil‐in‐water emulsions stabilized by white lupin protein
Authors: Raymundo A. , Franco J. M. , Empis J. , Sousa I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of composition (protein, xanthan gum, and oil content) of lupin protein‐stabilized emulsions on their physical properties—droplet size distribution, rheological behavior, and texture—was studied. Droplet size distribution was measured by laser light‐scattering experiments, rheological parameters were determined from oscillatory and steady‐state flow measurements, and texture responses were obtained from texture profile analysis. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the emulsion composition using commercial mayonnaise parameters as a standard. An increase in protein, xanthan gum, or oil content produced, in the experimental range considered, an increase in the rheological and textural parameters studied, as well as a decrease in the average oil droplet diameter. It was possible to produce stable lupin protein‐stabilized emulsions with physical properties similar to those of commercial mayonnaise for a wide variety of protein, xanthan gum, and oil concentration values, which may be designed to suit market specifications.
Preparation of plastic fats with zero trans FA from palm oil
Authors: Jeyarani T. , Yella Reddy S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of plastic fats containing no trans FA and having varying melting or plastic ranges, suitable for use in bakery, margarines, and for cooking purposes as vanaspati, were prepared from palm oil. The process of fractionating palm oil under different conditions by dry and solvent fractionation processes produced stearins of different yields. Melting characteristics of stearin fractions varied depending on the yield and the process. The lower‐yield stearins were harder and had a wider plastic range than those of higher yields. The fractions with yields of about 35% had melting profiles similar to those of commercial vanaspati. The plastic range of palm stearins was further improved by blending them with corresponding oleins and with other vegetable oils. The plasticity or solid fat content varied depending on the proportion of stearin. Blends with higher proportions of stearins were harder than those with lower proportions. the melting profiles of some blends, especially those containing 40–60% stearin of about 25% yield and 40–60% corresponding oleins or mahua or rice bran oils, were similar to those of commercial vanaspati and bakery shortenings. These formulations did not contain any trans FA, unlike those of commercial hydrogenated fats. Thus, by fractionation and blending, plastic fats with no trans acids could be prepared for different purposes to replace hydrogenated fats, and palm oil could be utilized to the maximum extent.
Influence of shearing and time on the rheological properties of milk chocolate during tempering
Authors: Briggs J. L. , Wang T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe quality of chocolate is highly dependent on proper tempering. During tempering, crystals are formed as the chocolate is subjected to shear. The aim of this work was to evaluate the applicability of traditional rheological techniques to gain a better understanding of the relationship between rheological properties and the degree of shearing and time of tempering. Treatments of two shearing rates (15 and 30 s−1) covering four tempering times (0, 400, 600, and 800 s) were investigated. As samples were cooled from a melt temperature of 50°C, the apparent viscosity followed the Arrhenius equation. An induction time, which was affected by shear rate, was observed during tempering, followed by an increase in apparent viscosity, caused by formation of crystalline structures. Various characteristics of the rewarming curve were attributed to polymorphism. Steady‐shear constitutive models assessed after rewarming showed that the yield stress was dependent on shear and tempering time. Collectively, findings showed that traditional rheological methods may be used as tools to investigate crystallization and flow properties of molten chocolate indirectly during tempering.
INCF -- new capability for global coordination in neuroinformatics
Authors: Bjaalie Jan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Global Science Forum (GSF) of the OECD has initiated a new international organization, INCF, to further the development of Neuroinformatics as a global effort with the support of all ministers of research within OECD. This presentation explains the background for the establishment of the INCF, outlines some of the goals, and defines the operations of the INCF Secretariat in relation the INCF National nodes and the general neuroscience community.
Pressor responses to ephedrine are not impaired in dopamine β‐hydroxylase knockout mice
Authors: Liles J T , Baber S R , Deng W , Porter J R , Corll C , Murthy S N , Thomas S A , Kadowitz P J 
Published: November 2006

Background and Purpose:Ephedrine and amphetamine can cause substantial increases in systemic arterial pressure. However, the role of endogenous noradrenaline release in mediating the pressor response to ephedrine is controversial. Studies using pharmacologic agents to decrease the synthesis, storage, and release of catecholamines have supported both a direct and an indirect mechanism of action for ephedrine. The purpose of the present study was to determine if endogenous noradrenaline release is required for cardiovascular responses to ephedrine and amphetamine using a genetic mouse model.Experimental Approach:Increases in systemic arterial pressure and heart rate in response to ephedrine and amphetamine were investigated and compared in dopamine β‐hydroxylase knockout (Dbh ‐/‐) mice that cannot synthesize noradrenaline. Dbh +/‐ littermates have normal noradrenaline and adrenaline tissue levels, and served as controls in all experiments.Key Results:In Dbh ‐/‐ mice the increases in systemic arterial pressure and heart rate in response to i.v. injections of ephedrine were not impaired whereas responses to amphetamine were markedly reduced, when compared with responses in Dbh +/‐ mice. The pressor response to tyramine was abolished whereas pressor responses to noradrenaline, phenylephrine, dopamine, and angiotensin II were similar in Dbh ‐/‐ and Dbh +/‐ mice.Conclusions and Implications:The present results in Dbh ‐/‐ mice provide support for the hypothesis that pressor responses to ephedrine are directly mediated whereas responses to amphetamine are dependent on the release of noradrenaline and suggest that Dbh +/‐ and Dbh ‐/‐ mice are useful for the study of direct and indirect mechanisms.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 29–36. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706942
Roles of M2and M3muscarinic receptors in cholinergic nerve‐induced contractions in mouse ileum studied with receptor knockout mice
Authors: Unno T , Matsuyama H , Izumi Y , Yamada M , Wess J , Komori S 
Published: November 2006

Background and purpose:The functional roles of M2and M3muscarinic receptors in neurogenic cholinergic contractions in gastrointestinal tracts remain to be elucidated. To address this issue, we studied cholinergic nerve‐induced contractions in the ileum using mutant mice lacking M2or M3receptor subtypes.Experimental approach:Contractile responses to transmural electrical (TE) stimulation were isometrically recorded in ileal segments from M2‐knockout (KO), M3‐KO, M2/M3‐double KO, and wild‐type mice.Key results:TE stimulation at 2‐50 Hz frequency‐dependently evoked a fast, brief contraction followed by a slower, longer one in wild‐type, M2‐KO or M3‐KO mouse preparations. Tetrodotoxin blocked both the initial and later contractions, while atropine only inhibited the initial contractions. The initial cholinergic contractions were significantly greater in wild‐type than M2‐KO or M3‐KO mice; the respective mean amplitudes at 50 Hz were 91, 74 and 68 % of 70mM K+‐induced contraction. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin blocked the cholinergic contractions in M3‐KO but not in M2‐KO mice. Cholinergic contractions also remained in wild‐type preparations, but their sizes were reduced by 20‐30 % at 10‐50 Hz. In M2/M3‐double KO mice, TE stimulation evoked only slow, noncholinergic contractions, which were significantly greater in sizes than in any of the other three mouse strains.Conclusion and Implications:These results demonstrate that M2and M3receptors participate in mediating cholinergic contractions in mouse ileum with the latter receptors assuming a greater role. Our data also suggest that the lack of both M2and M3receptors causes upregulation of noncholinergic excitatory innervation of the gut smooth muscle.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 1022–1030. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706955
Results of a whole‐genome quantitative trait locus scan for growth, carcass composition and meat quality in a porcine four‐way cross
Authors: Harmegnies N. , Davin F. , De Smet S. , Buys N. , Georges M. , Coppieters W. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA whole‐genome quantitative trait locus (QTL) scan for 31 phenotypes related to growth, carcass composition and meat quality was conducted using 1187 progeny of a commercial four‐way cross. Animals were genotyped for 198 microsatellite markers that spanned the entire porcine genome. QTL analysis was conducted to extract information from paternal and maternal meioses separately using a rank‐based nonparametric approach for half‐sib designs. Nine QTL exceeded genome‐wide significance: one QTL affecting growth (average daily gain on SSC1), two QTL influencing carcass composition (fatness on SSC3 and muscle mass on SSC15) and six QTL influencing meat quality (tenderness on SSC4 and SSC14; colour on SSC5, SSC6 and SSCX; and conductivity on SSC16). All but one of these coincided with previously reported QTL. In addition, we present evidence for 78 suggestive QTL with a combined false discovery rate of 40%.
Interactive effects of nitrogen deposition, fire and grazing on diversity and composition of low‐alpine prostrate Calluna vulgaris heathland
Authors: BRITTON A. J. , FISHER J. M. 
Published: November 2006

Summary

Low‐alpine heathlands world‐wide have high biodiversity value but are increasingly impacted by the effects of nitrogen deposition as well as fire and grazing. We conducted a 5‐year fertilization experiment to examine the interactive effects of these three factors on vegetation diversity and species composition.
Factorial combinations of nitrogen addition (0, 10, 20 and 50 kg N ha−1 year−1), burning (burned once or not burned) and grazing (annual clipping, 0% or 12% of current year shoots removed) were applied to internationally important prostrate Calluna–Cladonia heathland in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Species diversity (higher plants, mosses and lichens) and percentage cover were recorded annually.
Fire had a large effect on vegetation diversity and composition, but both were quick to recover. Species richness recovered within 4 years and vegetation composition was predicted to recover within 7 years. Vegetation composition appeared resilient to the effects of disturbance and there was little invasion by graminoids.
Nitrogen deposition interacted with fire. Burned plots showed no significant effect of nitrogen treatment on species diversity, while the diversity of unburned plots was significantly reduced only 1 year after treatment with 50 kg N ha−1 year−1. After 5 years, significant diversity reductions were seen in the 10 kg N ha−1 year−1 treatment. Impacts of nitrogen on species richness were primarily through reductions in lichen diversity.
Severe winter browning of Calluna vulgaris in plots receiving 50 kg N ha−1 year−1 followed early snowfall in 2002–03. This interaction affected only Calluna vulgaris and may have the potential to trigger species composition changes by reducing the dominance of this species.
Synthesis and applications. Although resilient to small‐scale fires, species richness of low‐alpine heaths is reduced by exposure to low levels of nitrogen deposition (background + 10 kg N ha−1 year−1). The lichen component of the vegetation is most sensitive to additional nitrogen, although higher plants can be affected via interactions with climate. These data support the current critical load of nitrogen for this community of 5–15 kg N ha−1 year−1 and suggest that lichen diversity could be a useful indicator of nitrogen deposition impacts in alpine habitats. Effective conservation of biodiversity in low‐alpine heathland will require action at national and international levels to reduce nitrogen deposition in the many areas where the critical load is currently exceeded.
Variations in bark‐stripping by red deer Cervus elaphus across Europe
Authors: VERHEYDEN HÉLÈNE , BALLON PHILIPPE , BERNARD VALERIE , SAINT‐ANDRIEUX CHRISTINE 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

The literature on bark‐stripping by red deer Cervus elaphus in Europe is reviewed to reveal quantitative variation in this behaviour and relate it to deer density and local characteristics such as dominant tree species, occurrence of artificial feeding, altitude, region and size of the study site. We also review the importance of bark in red deer diets over the seasons and discuss the causes of bark‐stripping, focusing on the significance of bark as food.
Over the 36 sites examined, the rate of bark‐stripping was highly variable (from 0 to 84% of susceptible trees debarked), with less damage in Scotland than in other European sites for which bark‐stripping rates were higher at high red deer density. Altitude, the size of the study site, the number of dominant tree species and the occurrence of artificial feeding do not significantly relate to the rate of bark‐stripping.
Bark sometimes made up a large proportion of red deer diet (> 10%), especially in areas with severe winters (high levels of snow), whereas in study sites with mild winters, bark was practically not eaten at all.
These results suggest that severe bark‐stripping could be related to a reduction in food resource availability. This food availability hypothesis needs to be better documented, dealing particularly with the possible interaction between food availability and red deer density.
Oviposition and flight period of the currant shoot borer Lampronia capitella
Authors: Hellqvist S. , Jirle E. , Löfstedt C. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract:The currant shoot borer, Lampronia capitella (Lep., Prodoxidae), is an important pest of currants, Ribes spp., in northern Europe. Oviposition was studied in cage experiments and the flight period was monitored in field studies using pheromone‐baited traps. Blackcurrant, Ribes nigrum, was the host species in both studies. The total egg supply of females was on average 107 eggs and oviposition started 2–5 days after emergence. About 60% of the eggs were laid during the first day of the oviposition period. Eggs were laid in currant fruitlets, in batches comprising several, usually four to seven eggs. The flight period started shortly after the end of the flowering period of blackcurrant, and lasted for about 3 weeks.
Molecular Characterization of two Distinct Begomoviruses from Ageratum conyzoides and Malvastrum coromandelianum in China
Authors: Huang J. F. , Zhou X. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo weed samples, G52 from Ageratum conyzoides and G87 from Malvastrum coromandelianum, showing leaf curling and vein thickening symptoms were collected in Nanning, Guangxi Province, China. The complete nucleotide sequences of DNA‐A‐like molecules of G52 and G87 were determined to be 2735 and 2745 nucleotides respectively. Both DNA‐A molecules have a genomic organization typical of begomoviruses and share 73.4% sequence identity with each other. Sequence comparisons showed that the DNA‐A of G52 and G87 were most closely related to those of Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV; 85% sequence identity) and Tobacco leaf curl Yunnanvirus (75.7% sequence identity) respectively. Further sequence comparisons showed that G52 has arisen by recombination among viruses related to AYVV, Papaya leaf curl China virus and an unidentified Begomovirus species. The molecular data suggest that G52 and G87 are two distinct begomoviruses, for which the names Ageratum leaf curl virus for G52 and Malvastrum leaf curl virus for G87 are proposed. The satellite DNAβ molecule was only found to be associated with G87. G87 DNAβ consists of 1354 nucleotides, and shares the highest nucleotide sequence identity (68.9%) with that associated with Sida yellow vein China virus. A defective DNAβ molecule was also found to be associated with G87.
PCR‐based Detection and Differentiation of Anthracnose Pathogens, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. truncatum, from Vegetable Soybean in Taiwan
Authors: Chen L. S. , Chu C. , Liu C. D. , Chen R. S. , Tsay J. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnthracnose of vegetable soybean sometimes occurs in summer and causes severe symptoms and yield loss in southern Taiwan. Despite previous reports that Glomerella glycines and Colletotrichum truncatum were causal agents of soybean anthracnose, C. truncatum and C. gloeosporioides (teleomorph G. cingulata), but not G. glycines, were identified as the major pathogens causing anthracnose on the pods and stems of vegetable soybeans from 2003 to 2005. Most strains of C. truncatum and C. gloeosporioides were derived from diseased pods. Morphological formation of fruiting bodies separates the Colletotrichum isolates into two groups. Colletotrichum truncatum forms acervuli only while C. gloeosporioides produces acervuli and/or perithecia. Based on the sequence variation in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions, C. truncatum isolates were highly similar (99–100% nucleotide identity) while C. gloeosporioides isolates diverged into two separate groups that were not associated with morphotype. For early detection of C. truncatum and C. gloeosporioides infection on vegetable soybean plants, two species‐specific primer pairs Colg 1/Colg 2 (expected size of 443 bp) and Colg 1/CT 2 (375 bp) were designed that allowed differentiation of C. gloeosporioides and C. truncatum in multiplex polymerase chain reaction.