bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weakly o-minimal structures and some of their properties
Authors: Kulpeshov B. SH. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe main result of this paper is Theorem 3.1 which is a criterion for weak o-minimality of a linearly ordered structure in terms of realizations of 1-types. Here we also prove some other properties of weakly o-minimal structures. In particular, we characterize all weakly o-minimal linear orderings in the signature {<, =} . Moreover, we present a criterion for density of isolated types of a weakly o-minimal theory. Lastly, at the end of the paper we present some remarks on the Exchange Principle for algebraic closure in a weakly o-minimal structure.
Computability over the partial continuous functionals
Authors: Normann Dag 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe show that to every recursive total continuous functional Φ there is a PCF-definable representative Ψ of Φ in the hierarchy of partial continuous functionals, where PCF is Plotkin's programming language for computable functionals. PCF-definable is equivalent to Kleene's S1–S9-computable over the partial continuous functionals.
Completions of PA: Models and enumerations of representable sets
Authors: McAllister Alex M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe generalize a result on True Arithmetic (ℐA) by Lachlan and Soare to certain other completions of Peano Arithmetic (PA). If ℐ is a completion of PA, then Rep(ℐ) denotes the family of sets X ⊆ ω for which there exists a formula φ(x) such that for all n ∈ ω, if n ∈ X, then ℐ ⊢ φ(S(n) (0)) and if n ∉ X, then ℐ ⊢ ┐φ(S(n)(O)). We show that if S, J ⊆ P(ω) such that S is a Scott set, J is a jump ideal, S ⊂ J and for all X ∈ J, there exists C ∈ S such that C is a “coding” set for the family of subtrees of 2<ω computable in X, and if ℐ is a completion of PA Such that Rep(ℐ) = S, then there exists a model A of ℐ such that J is the Scott set of A and no enumeration of Rep(ℐ) is computable in A. The model A of ℐ is obtained via a new notion of forcing.Before proving our main result, we demonstrate the existence of uncountably many different pairs (S, J) satisfying the conditions of our theorem. This involves a new characterization of 1-generic sets as coding sets for the computable subtrees of 2<ω. In particular, C C ⊆ ω is a coding set for the family of subtrees of 2<ω computable in X if and only if for all trees T ⊆ 2<ω computable in X, if χc is a path through T, then there exists σ ∈ T such that σ ⊂ χc and every extension of σ is in T. Jockusch noted a connection between 1-generic sets and coding sets for computable subtrees of 2<ω. We show they are identical.
Decidability of cylindric set algebras of dimension two and first-order logic with two variables
Authors: Marx Maarten , Mikulás Szabolcs 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to give a new proof for the decidability and finite model property of first-order logic with two variables (without function symbols), using a combinatorial theorem due to Herwig. The results are proved in the framework of polyadic equality set algebras of dimension two (Pse2). The new proof also shows the known results that the universal theory of Pse2 is decidable and that every finite Pse2 can be represented on a finite base. Since the class Cs2 of cylindric set algebras of dimension 2 forms a reduct of Pse2, these results extend to Cs2 as well.
On measurable limits of compact cardinals
Authors: Apter Arthur W. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe extend earlier work (both individual and joint with Shelah) and prove three theorems about the class of measurable limits of compact cardinals, where a compact cardinal is one which is either strongly compact or supercompact. In particular, we construct two models in which every measurable limit of compact cardinals below the least supercompact limit of supercompact cardinals possesses non-trivial degrees of supercompactness. In one of these models, every measurable limit of compact cardinals is a limit of supercompact cardinals and also a limit of strongly compact cardinals having no non-trivial degree of supercompactness. We also show that it is consistent for the least supercompact cardinal κ to be a limit of strongly compact cardinals and be so that every measurable limit of compact cardinals below κ has a non-trivial degree of supercompactness. In this model, the only compact cardinals below κ with a non-trivial degree of supercompactness are the measurable limits of compact cardinals.
Regular subalgebras of complete Boolean algebras
Authors: Błaszczyk Aleksander , Shelah Saharon 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIt is proved that the following conditions are equivalent:(a) there exists a complete, atomless, σ–centered Boolean algebra, which does not contain any regular, atomless, countable subalgebra.(b) there exists a nowhere dense ultrafilter on ω.Therefore, the existence of such algebras is undecidable in ZFC. In “forcing language” condition (a) says that there exists a non–trivial σ–centered forcing not adding Cohen reals.
On the commutativity of jumps
Authors: McNicholl Timothy H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe study the following classes:● Q* (r1A1…..rkAk) which is defined to be the collection of all sets that can be computed by a Turing machine that on any input makes a total of ri, queries to Ai, for all i ∈ {1..… k}.● Q(r1A1…..rkAk) which is defined like Q* (r1A1….. rkAk) except that queries to Ai, must be made before queries to Ai+1 for all i ∈ {1….. k – 1}.● QC(r1A1….. rkAk) which is defined like Q{r1A1….. rkAk) except that the Turing machine must halt even if given incorrect answers to some of its queries.We show that if A1 ….. Ak are jumps that are not too close together, then all three of these classes are identical and are not changed if we permute (r1…..rkAk). This extends a result of Beigel's [1]. Since the second class is not affected by permutations, we say that these sets commute with each other. We also show that jumps that are too close together may not commute. We also characterize the commutative sequences of sets obtained by iterating the jump operation through an ordinal notation.
Canonicity for Intensional Logics with Even Axioms
Authors: Surendonk Timothy J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper looks at the concept of neighborhood canonicity introduced by Brian Chellas [2]. We follow the lead of the author's paper [9] where it was shown that every non-iterative logic is neighborhood canonical and here we will show that all logics whose axioms have a simple syntactic form—no intensional operator is in boolean combination with a propositional letter—and which have the finite model property are neighborhood canonical. One consequence of this is that KMcK, the McKinsey logic, is neighborhood canonical, an interesting counterpoint to the results of Robert Goldblatt and Xiaoping Wang who showed, respectively, that KMcK is not relational canonical [5] and that KMcK is not relationally strongly complete [11].
Quantifier elimination in tame infinite p-adic fields
Authors: Brigandt Ingo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe give an answer to the question as to whether quantifier elimination is possible in some infinite algebraic extensions of ℚp (‘infinite p-adic fields’) using a natural language extension. The present paper deals with those infinite p-adic fields which admit only tamely ramified algebraic extensions (so-called tame fields). In the case of tame fields whose residue fields satisfy Kaplansky's condition of having no extension of p-divisible degree quantifier elimination is possible when the language of valued fields is extended by the power predicates Pn introduced by Macintyre and, for the residue field, further predicates and constants. For tame infinite p-adic fields with algebraically closed residue fields an extension by Pn predicates is sufficient.
On Post's canonical systems
Authors: Smullyan Raymond M. 
Published: May 2006

We assume familiarity with the canonical languages of Post (cf. [1], [2]).A set S of strings is said to be representable in a canonical system (F) if there is a string π such that for every string X, X ∈ S if and only if πX is provable in (F).Suppose that K is a finite alphabet containing at least 2 symbols, and that W is a set of strings in (the symbols of) K. If W is representable in some canonical system, is it necessarily representable in a canonical system which uses only the symbols of K ? We answer this question affirmatively. Thus, e.g., it is possible to construct a 2-sign universal system over its own alphabet.2
On weak completeness of intuitionistic predicate logic
Authors: Kreisel G. 
Published: May 2006

Suppose the ri-placed relation symbols Pi, 1 ≦ i ≦ k, are all the non-logical constants occurring in the closed formula , also written as , of Heyting's predicate calculus (HPC). Then HPC is called complete for provided , i.e.Here D ranges over arbitrary species, and over arbitrary (possibly incompletely defined) subspecies of ;
The sentential calculus using rule of inference Re
Authors: Angell R. B. 
Published: May 2006

Axiomatizations of the sentential calculus which use Rmp (modus ponens), have been shown equivalent to axiomatizations similar in all respects except that Rmp is replaced by the less restricted rule Re (rule of excision)1:Re. If S and (…(S⊃S') …), then (… S' …).
Organization of frontoparietal cortex in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). I. Architecture, microelectrode maps, and corticospinal connections
Authors: Remple Michael S. , Reed Jamie L. , Stepniewska Iwona , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDespite extensive investigation of the motor cortex of primates, little is known about the organization of motor cortex in tree shrews, one of their closest living relatives. We investigated the organization of frontoparietal cortex in Belanger's tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) by using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), corticospinal tracing, and detailed histological analysis. The results provide evidence for the subdivision of tree shrew frontoparietal cortex into seven distinct areas (five are newly identified), including two motor fields (M1 and M2) and five somatosensory fields (3a, 3b, S2, PV, and SC). The types of movements evoked in M1 and M2 were similar, but M2 required higher currents to elicit movements and had few connections to the cervical spinal cord and distinctive cyto‐ and immunoarchitecture. The borders between M1 and the anterior somatosensory regions (3a and 3b) were identified primarily from histological analysis, because thresholds were similar between these regions, and differences in corticospinal neuron distribution were subtle. The caudal (SC) and lateral (S2 and PV) somatosensory fields were identified based on differences in architecture and distribution of corticospinal neurons. Myelin‐dense modules were identified in lateral cortex, in the expected location of the oral, forelimb, and hindlimb representations of S2, and possibly PV. Evidence for a complex primate‐like array of motor fields is lacking in tree shrews, but their motor cortex shares a number of basic features with that of primates, which are not found in more distantly related species, such as rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:133–154, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does temperamental instability support a continuity between bipolar II disorder and major depressive disorder?
Authors: Benazzi F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe current categorical split of mood disorders in bipolar disorders and depressive disorders has recently been questioned. Two highly unstable personality features, i.e. the cyclothymic temperament (CT) and borderline personality disorder (BPD), have been found to be more common in bipolar II (BP-II) disorder than in major depressive disorder (MDD). According to Kraepelin, temperamental instability was the ‘foundation’ of his unitary view of mood disorders.Study aimThe aim was to assess the distributions of the number of CT and borderline personality items between BP-II and MDD. Finding no bi-modal distribution (a ‘zone of rarity’) of these items would support a continuity between the two disorders.MethodsStudy setting: an outpatient psychiatry private practice. Interviewer: A senior clinical and mood disorder research psychiatrist. Patient population: A consecutive sample of 138 BP-II and 71 MDD remitted outpatients. Assessment instruments: The structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Clinician Version (SCID-CV), the SCID-II Personality Questionnaire for self-assessing borderline personality traits (BPT) by patients, the TEMPS-A for self-assessing CT by patients. Interview methods: Patients were interviewed with the SCID-CV to diagnose BP-II and MDD, and then patients self-assessed the questions of the Personality Questionnaire relative to borderline personality, and the questions of the TEMPS-A relative to CT. As clinically significant distress or impairment of functioning is not assessed by the SCID-II Personality Questionnaire, a diagnosis of BPD could not be made, but BPT could be assessed (i.e. all BPD items but not the impairment criterion). The distribution of the number of CT and BPT items was studied by Kernel density estimate.ResultsCT and BPT items were significantly more common in BP-II versus MDD. The Kernel density estimate distributions of the number of CT and BPT items in the entire sample had a normal-like shape (i.e. no bi-modality).ConclusionsThe expected finding, on the basis of previous studies and of the present sample features, was a clustering of CT and BPT items on the BP-II side of the curves. Instead, no bi-modality was present in the distributions of the number of CT and BPT items in the entire sample, showing a normal-like shape. By using the bi-modality approach, a continuity between BP-II and MDD seems supported, questioning the current categorical splitting of BP-II and MDD based on classic diagnostic validators.
A phase II study of LFP therapy (5-FU (5-fluorourasil) continuous infusion (CVI) and Low-dose consecutive (Cisplatin) CDDP) in advanced biliary tract carcinoma
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuma , Tsuji Akihito , Morita Sojiro , Horimi Tadashi , Shirasaka Tetsuhiko , Kanematsu Takashi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Unresectable biliary tract carcinoma is known to demonstrate a poor prognosis. We conducted a single arm phase II study of LFP therapy (5-FU (5-fluorourasil) continuous infusion (CVI) and Low-dose consecutive (Cisplatin) CDDP) for advanced biliary tract malignancies basically on an outpatient basis.

Methods
Between February 1996 and September 2003, 42 patients were enrolled in this trial.

LFP therapy
By using a total implanted CV-catheter system, 5-FU (160 mg/m2/day) was continuously infused over 24 hours for 7 consecutive days and CDDP (6 mg/m2/day) was infused for 30 minutes twice a week as one cycle. The administration schedule consisted of 4 cycles as one course. RESIST criteria (Response evaluation criteria for solid tumors) and NCI-CTC (National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria) (ver.3.0) were used for evaluation of this therapy. The median survival time (MST) and median time to treatment failure (TTF) were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results
Patients characteristics were: mean age 66.5(47–79): male 24 (54%): BDca (bile duct carcinoma) 27 GBca (Gallbladder carcinoma) 15: locally advanced 26, postoperative recurrence 16. The most common toxicity was anemia (26.2%). Neither any treatment related death nor grade 4 toxicity occurred. The median number of courses of LFP Therapy which patients could receive was two (1–14). All the patients are evaluable for effects with an over all response rates of 42.9% (95% confidence interval C.I.: 27.7–59.0) (0 CR, 18 PR, 13 NC, 11 PD). There was no significant difference regarding the anti tumor effects against both malignant neoplasms. Figure 2 Shows the BDca a longer MST and TTF than did GBca (234 vs 150, 117 vs 85, respectively), but neither difference was statistically significant.
The estimated MST and median TTF were 225 and 107 days, respectively. The BDca had a longer MST and TTF than GBca (234 vs 150, 117 vs 85, respectively), but neither difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion
LFP therapy appears to be useful modality for the clinical management of advanced biliary tract malignancy.
Foreign Service Reorganization
Authors: Lay Tracy 
Published: May 2006

While the general policy governing the nature and the degree of American participation in international affairs may still be regarded as a contested issue, an unequivocal decision has been reached with respect to our foreign service.Through the enactment of the Rogers Bill, for the reorganization and improvement of the foreign service, a basis has been fixed and a structure provided which are destined to place the foreign representation of the United States in the forefront of diplomatic efficiency. It is not to be concluded that this strengthening and remodeling of the diplomatic machinery is necessarily anticipatory of a forthcoming broader participation in world affairs, or that Congress has acted in the reverse order of logic by perfecting an instrumentality for the conduct of our foreign relations before the nature and the extent of those relations have been finally determined. The need of a strong foreign service is obvious.The position of the United States has become so commanding that its every act, whether of a positive or of a negative character, is fraught with important consequences to other nations and not infrequently with equally important repercussions at home. A policy of isolation or aloofness, in which the interests of the world are engaged, is perhaps even more difficult to maintain than a policy of active participation.
The President's Cabinet
Authors: Fairlie John A. 
Published: May 2006

The recent publication, within a few months of each other, of two independent works on the President's cabinet serves to call attention to an important political institution in this country, which has hitherto failed to receive adequate recognition. Mr. Bryce has stated that, in the government of the United States, there is “no such thing as a cabinet in the English sense of the term;” and the larger part of his short chapter discusses what the President's cabinet is not rather than what it is. But if the cabinet in the United States is not the same thing as the British cabinet, it is a significant factor in the operation of the government deserving more consideration than it has received.Mr. Learned disclaims any attempt at a complete history of the cabinet; and, as indicated in the sub-title, presents a series of studies on the origin and formation of the cabinet—its anatomy rather than its functions. But in tracing the development of the composition of the cabinet, approximately half of the text is devoted to chapters on the origin and formation of the executive departments, whose heads have been added to the cabinet as first organized. A second series of studies on cabinet practices and personnel is expected to follow.
Courts and Legislation
Authors: Pound Roscoe 
Published: May 2006

Let me begin with a quotation:“[There] is no doubt but that our law and the order thereof is over-confuse[d]. It is infinite and without order or end. There is no stable ground therein nor sure stay; but every one that can color reason maketh a stop to the best law that is before time devised. The subtlety of one serjeant shall [make] inert and destroy all the judgments of many wise men before time received. There is no stable ground in our common law to lean unto. The judgments of years be infinite and full of much controversy. .... The judges are not bound to follow them as a rule, but after their own liberty they have authority to judge, according as they are instructed by the serjeants, and as the circumstance of the case doth them move. And this maketh judgments and processes of our law to be without end and infinite; this causeth suits to be long in decision. Therefore, to remedy this matter groundly, it were necessary in our law to use the same remedy that Justinian did in the law of the Romans, to bring this infinite process to certain ends, to cut away these long laws, and by the wisdom of some politic and wise men institute a few and better laws and ordinances.”
The Authority of Vattel
Authors: Fenwick Charles G. 
Published: May 2006

There is no more significant commentary on the growth of international law, both in precision and in comprehensiveness, than an estimate of the relative authority of the name of Vattel in the world of international relations a century ago and in that of today. A century ago not even the name of Grotius himself was more potent in its influence upon questions relating to international law than that of Vattel. Vattel's treatise on the law of nations was quoted by judicial tribunals, in speeches before legislative assemblies, and in the decrees and correspondence of executive officials. It was the manual of the student, the reference work of the statesman, and the text from which the political philosopher drew inspiration. Publicists considered it sufficient to cite the authority of Vattel to justify and give conclusiveness and force to statements as to the proper conduct of a state in its international relations.At the present day the name and treatise of Vattel have both passed into the remoter field of the history of international law. It is safe to say that in no modern controversy over the existence and force of an alleged rule of international law would publicists seek to strengthen the position taken by them by quoting the authority of Vattel. As an exposition of the law of nations at a given period of its growth, the work can, it is true, lose nothing of its value, but in saying that it has thus won its place irrevocably among the classics of international law, we are merely repeating that it has lost its value as a treatise on the law of the present day.
German Public Officers and the Right to Strike
Authors: Blachly Frederick F. , Oatman Miriam E. 
Published: May 2006

The German national public officer—a term which covers public employees of every rank, from watchmen and gate-keepers to the chancellor, and in every type of occupation, from engineering to diplomacy, from teaching to service on the bench of the highest courts—has a very special status, governed in part by the constitution, in part by the Law of Officers, and in part by many other statutes, such as a law fixing salaries. This status involves many rights and privileges, and on the other hand, many duties and restrictions. The oath of office required of all national officers consists of a pledge to be faithful to the constitution, obedient to the laws, and conscientious in the performance of official duties. The law requires every officer to conduct himself at all times, even in his private capacity, in such a way as to merit the respect due to his office. Misconduct is liable to the “ordinary” penalties of reprimand, warning, and money fine, or, after due hearing, to the “disciplinary” penalties of suspension and dismissal. The criminal code takes cognizance of certain specified crimes and misdemeanors in office, such as the improper bringing about of arrests and prosecutions, and the falsification of official records. Naturally, the officer is also liable when he commits any other type of crime or misdemeanor.The rights and privileges of public officers are very substantial. National officers are appointed, as a rule, for life; unless any appointment is specified as being revocable, it is per se a life appointment, involving protection against arbitrary dismissal or suspension.