bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The African lace wing genus Ceratochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a predator on the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: BARNARD P. C. , BROOKS S. J. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.The Afrotropical lacewing subgenus Ceratochrysa Tjeder is raised to full generic status on the basis of several unique characters which make it one of the most distinctive genera in the tribe Chrysopini. Its distribution is extended to include Madagascar and Mauritius, and the genus seems most closely related to the Oriental and Pacific Chrysopa oceanica‐group. Only four of the thirteen nominal species are recognized as valid, and eight new synonyms are established. The larva of one species is a predator on the cassava mealybug in S.E. Nigeria; this is the first description of the larva of an endemic African chrysopid genus.
Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests: mixta group, virgata group, and ohausi group systematics (Carabidae)
Authors: ERWIN TERRY L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract.This paper is the fifth in a series designed to cover taxono‐mically all species‐groups of the lebiine genusAgra, whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina. Themixta, virgata, feisthameliandohausigroups constitute Section Feisthameli of the genus, and a key to these groups is provided. Themixtagroup consists of two species which have a composite range extending from southeastern Brazil to middle Mexico; thevirgatagroup consists of nine species which have a composite range extending from southeastern Brazil to Guatemala; and theohausigroup consists of four species which have a composite range restricted to southeastern Brazil. Thespeciose feisthameligroup is covered in a separate paper.Among the three groups in the present paper, eleven new species are described from the following type localities:perkinsorum(MEXICO, Nayarit, 17.6 km southwest of Compostela),vate(MEXICO, Veracruz, Los Tuxtlas, La Playa Escondida),nola(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Panama, Cerro Campana),cadabra(EQUADOR, Pichincha, 47 km south of Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Rio Palenque Station),chocha(WEST INDIES, Trinidad, Arima Valley),phainops(FRENCH GUIANA, Pariacabo),imaginis(BRAZIL, Goias, Jatahy),inca(PERU, Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Reserve, 30 km (air) southwest of Puerto Maldonado),itatiaya(BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, Parque Nacional Itatiaya),calamitas(BRAZIL, Bahia, Itamaraju),anthrax(BRAZIL, Espirito Santo, Parque Socretama). A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon.Distribution and relationships are discussed in general, but detailed cladistic and biogeographic analysis is deferred until taxonomy of the four groups of Section Feisthameli is completed. Species distribution correspond to Pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other groups and classes of organisms.
The phylogenetic system of the Mecoptera
Authors: WILLMANN RAINER 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Many families like the Mesochoristidae, Agetopanorpidae and Permopanorpidae, which were believed by earlier writers to be Mecoptera, are members of the stem group of the Antliophora (Diptera Mecoptera+Siphonaptera) or of stem groups of monophyletic groups of even higher rank (e.g. Mecopteroidea). Others ‐ like the so‐called ‘Pro‐tomecoptera’ from the Permian of the Kusnetsk Basin ‐ are not even closely related to the Mecopteroidea. Only the families mentioned in the following phylogenetic system of the Mecoptera are definitely members of the order:1 Nannomecoptera (Nannochoristidae)2 Pistillifera2.1 Raptipedia (Neorthophlebiidae, Bittacidae, Cimbrophlebiidae)2.2 Opisthogonopora2.2.1 Boreomorpha (Boreidae)2.2.2 Meropomorpha (Meropeidae)2.2.3 Panorpomorpha2.2.3.1 Eomeropina (Eomeropidae=Notiothaumidae)2.2.3.2 Panorpina2.2.3.2.1 Apteropanorpini (Apteropanorpidae)2.2.3.2.2 Panorpini2.2.3.2.2.1 Choristoidea (Choristidae)2.2.3.2.2.2 Panorpoidea (Orthophlebiidae, Dinopanorpidae, Austropan‐orpidae, Muchoriidae, Panorpodidae, Panorpidae)The Orthophlebiidae and Neorthophlebiidae are not monophyletic. There are, however, no characters preserved which would allow a clarification of the exact relations between members of these two groups and the families derived from them. The fossil Xenochoristidae, Triasso‐choristidae, Mesopanorpodidae and Robinjohniidae may be further members of the Mecoptera. Their exact phylogenetic relations, however, are unknown.
Cerapeplus gen.n. and the classification of micropeplids (Coleoptera: Micropeplidae)
Authors: LÖBL I. , BURCKHARDT D. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCerapeplus siamensisgen.n., sp.n. from Thailand is described and illustrated. The new genus is characterized by filament‐based lamellar secretions arising from the lateral body margin, a feature observed for the first time in Coleoptera. Possible autapomorphies for the micropeplid genera are discussed. It is concluded thatCerapeplusandKalissusare monophyletic;Micropeplusand/OrPeplomicrusare probably polyphyletic but both genera together form a monophyletic group. A number of characters support the family status of the micropeplids recently proposed by some authors. A revised family diagnosis is provided.
Carminator, a new genus of Megalyridae (Hymenoptera) from the Oriental and Australian regions, with a commentary on the definition of the family
Authors: SHAW SCOTT RICHARD 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe taxonomic history of the family Megalyridae is reviewed.Carminatorgen.n. from the Oriental and Australian regions is described and illustrated. Four new species are included in the genus:C.affinis, Cater, C.cavusandC.nooni.A key to the species is provided.Twelve characters are evaluated for their phylogenetic significance, including those which historically have been regarded as important for the definition of the family.Carminatoris provisionally assigned to the subfamily Dinapsinae, based on the reduction of Rs in the hindwing. The family Megalyridae is regarded as monophyletic based on their unique pattern of reduced hindwing venation and position of the ‘pronotalrsquo; spiracle. The mesozoic Cleistogastrinae are excluded from Megalyridae. The cretaceous genusMaimetshais reclassified as a dinapsine megalyrid.
Problems in the Palaearctic moth‐flies and the identity and affinities of Pericoma undulata Tonnoir and P.plumata Tonn. (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: DUCKHOUSE D. A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The identity and affinities of two Belgian species of Pericoma Walker are examined to draw attention to unheeded basic taxonomic problems in the Palaearctic Psychodidae, including the fact that sixty‐two European species described by earlier workers (15% of the 424 named species, including many of the commonest forms) lack types and that re‐descriptions are often based on material from regions far from the original localities. Pericoma undulata Tonnoir is redescribed from Tonnoir's Belgian specimens, here designated as lectotype and paralectotypes; previous redescriptions based on material collected in Germany and southern France are thus superceded. Pericoma hispanica Sará is a synonym of undulata (syn.n.). P.undulata is placed in Pericoma (Pneumia) Enderlein (comb.n.). Pericoma plumata Tonnoir, previously ignored or treated as a synonym of undulata, is a separate species close to Pericoma fuliginosa (Meigen). It is redescribed using Tonnoir's Belgian specimens, here designated as lectotype and paralectotypes. Pericoma basaltica Vaillant is probably a geographical race of plumata. Ulomyia Walker, Pneumia, Berdeniella Vaillant and Saraiella Vaillant are ranked as subgenera of Pericoma (stat.n.). Colpopteryx Enderlein is a svnonvm of Pneumia Enderlein, syn.n.
The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): generic revision and relationship to other formicids
Authors: WARD PHILIP S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThree genera are recognized in the ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae:Myrcidrisnew genus (monotypic; type speciesM. epicharis, new species, from Amazonas, Brazil);PseudomyrmexLund (c. 150 nominal taxa; southern Nearctic and Neotropical regions); andTetraponeraF. Smith (c. 110 nominal taxa; Palaeotropical region). New generic synonymies are:PseudomyrmexLund =OrnatinodaEnzmann =ClavanodaEnzmann =TriangulinodaEnzmann =ApendunculataEnzmann =LatinodaEnzmann; andTetraponeraF. Smith =PachysimaEmery =ViticicolaWheeler =SimaEmery (nee Roger) =ParasimaDonisthorpe. Autapomorphies are identified for the subfamily and for its constituent genera, indicating the monophyly of all four taxa. Based on available character‐state information,Myrcidrisis most parsimoniously interpreted as a sister‐group to all other Pseudomyrmecinae{Pseudomyrmex+Tetraponera), although there is almost equally strong support for an alternative grouping:Tetraponera + (Myrcidris + Pseudomyrmex).Phylogenetic relationships of the Pseudomyrmecinae and other ant subfamilies within the ‘poneroid complex’ (sensuTaylor, 1978) were assessed by a cladistic analysis of eleven representative ant genera. At the level of subfamily relationships the results suggest that: (1) The Myrmicinae and the Pseudomyrmecinae are sister groups. (2) Within the ‘poneroid complex’ is an unresolved trichotomy composed of: (i) Pseudomyrmecinae + Myrmicinae, (ii) Myrmeciinae, and (iii) Ponerinae + Leptanillinae + (Cerapachyinae + Dorylinae (s.l.)). (3) The Nothomyrmeciinae are a basal lineage within the ‘poneroid complex’, rather than being allied with the ‘formicoid complex’ (Formicinae, Dolichoderinae and Aneuretinae).
Zoraptera wing structures: evidence for new genera and relationship with the blattoid orders (Insecta: Blattoneoptera)
Authors: KUKALOVA‐PECK JARMILA , PECK STEWART B. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The order Zoraptera has traditionally been thought to contain only one family (Zorotypidae) and one genus (Zorotypus Silvestri). An analysis of known zorapteran wings shows that the wing venation contains character sets indicative of the existence of seven genera: Zorotypus, Brazilozoros gen.n., Centrozoros gen.n., Floridazoros gen.n., Latinozoros gen.n., Meridozoros gen.n. and Usazoros gen.n. The wing venation of Meridozoros leleupi (Weidner) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador and Venezuela is described here for the first time.The major wing structures show that Zoraptera belong to the blattoid lineage. Head and abdomen characters indicate that Zoraptera probably diverged from the Blattoneoptera stock early, almost certainly before the (Protelytroptera + Dermaptera) line, and much before the (Isoptera + (Blattodea + Mantodea)) line. A homologized wing vein system is proposed for the Isoptera.The homologized wing vein system is based on the hypothesis that the Pterygota originated with the development of protowings, which then diverged through separate but characteristic adaptations for flapping flight. Therefore the basic wing venation pattern is monophyletic, but the changes in wing musculature, articulation and basic braces between main veins are different in the major (super‐ordinal) pterygote lineages (Pleconeoptera, Orthoneoptera, Blattoneoptera, Hemineoptera and Endoneoptera). Thus, these characters provide an extremely useful, almost untapped, source of data for higher‐level systematics. Both higher‐level and lower‐level wing characters have been applied here to the phylogeny of Zoraptera and are discussed.
Generic‐level relationships within the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: SHATTUCK STEVEN O. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA cladistic analysis was undertaken to determine relationships among extant genera of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae. Twenty‐one of the twenty‐two currently recognized genera within the subfamily were examined using 104 morphological characters. A single fully resolved, most‐parsimonious tree was found when a combination of ordered and unordered characters was used. When all characters were coded as unordered, seventy most‐parsimonious trees were found. The following results were found with both character coding methods. Leptomyrmex was placed basal to the remainder of the subfamily and the monophyletic sets Dolichoderus+Liometopum+Axinidris+Tapinoma+Technomyrmex, Froggattella+Iridomyrmex+Ochetellus+Papyrius+Philidris+Turneria, and Bothriomyrmex+Dorymyrmex + Forelius + Loweriella were suggested. The genera Linepithema and Doleromyrma showed a small amount of instability in moving between neighbouring sister groups when the character coding method changed. The genera Anillidris and Anonychomyrma were difficult to place as they showed major differences in their positions between the two character coding methods.
PHOTOLYSIS AND PHOTO‐OXIDATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES—III. EFFECT OF IONIZING RADIATION ON CYSTINE AND RELATED AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Forbes W. F. , Rivett D. E. , Savige W. E. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIrradiation of cystine (RSSR, R = NH2CH(COOH)CH2‐‐), cysteine (RSH), S‐methycysteine (RSCH,) or lanthionine (RSR) in aqueous solution with ionizing radiation (X‐or y‐rays) yields products similar to those previously shown to be produced by ultraviolet light irradiation. The range and yields of products are affected by factors such as radiaion dosage, pH and the presence of air. Cystine readily yields products derived both from S‐S bond fission (e.g. cysteic acid) and from C‐S fission (e.g. alaninethiosulphuric acid (RSSO3H)). The initial products from cysteine are mainly cystine and alanine. With radiation doses up to 105 rad, S‐methylcysteine and lanthionine usually give low yields of the corresponding sulphoxides, but with higher doses (106‐107 rad) C‐S fission occurs yielding other amino acids such as alanine.On irradiation of the four amino acids in the solid state, ionizing radiation, unlike 2537Å light, effects only slight conversion to other amino acids. However electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra indicate that for cystine and cysteine similar trapped free radicals are obtained with both forms of electromagnetic radiation. The relative ease of S‐bond fission of these amino acids on irradiation in aqueous solution as compared with solid state irradiation is compatible with accepted views on indirect action of H, OH and OOH radicals.
ELECTRONIC CHARGE TRANSPORT IN CAROTENOID PIGMENTS AND A PRIMITIVE THEORY OF THE ELECTRORETTNOGRAM
Authors: Rosenberg B. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe photoconductive and photovoltaic behaviour of a ß‐carotene glass cell is analyzed with regard to the effects of electric field strengths, polarity, and wave length dependence of the photoliberated electronic charge. These results have lead to a primitive theory of the electroretinogram. The four postulates of the theory are:1. The generator potentials of the retina arise from a current source in the rod and cone outer segments. These currents are electronic charge transport processes created by the absorption of light by the visual pigments.2. The component P II of the electroretinogram arises as a photocurrent in the retina due to the presence in the dark of an electric field in the receptor organ.3. The component P III of the electroretinogram arises as a photovoltaic current in the receptor organ.4. The electric field in the receptor organ arises from a potential gradient between the synaptic and the free end of the receptor. The polarity of the field being the base of the receptor negative with respect to the free end.These postulates of the theory, taken in conjunction with the experimentally determined characteristics of the photoconduction and photovoltaic effects are capable of commenting on or explaining the signs and shapes of the diphasic and monophasic electroretinograms; the localization measurements on generator potentials; the effects of depolarizing agents on the electroretinograms; the ontogenetic order of development of P III and P II; the similarity of sign of P III in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes; the presence of two components in the monophasic curves of invertebrate eyes; the signs, shapes, time constants, and wave length dependence of the graded photopic response; and lastly the characteristics of on/off receptors.Some difficulties and limitations of the theory are discussed.
INDUCTION OF CHLOROSIS BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IN NON‐IRRADIATED PLANT TISSUES*
Authors: Chessin M. , Cohen L. I. 
Published: January 2008

Summary(1) Prolonged irradiation of portions of bean Ieaves with U.V. radiation of 2537 Å results in (a) the development of chlorosis in adjacent non‐irradiated portions of such leaves and (b) pronounced histological changes in epidermal and sub‐epidermal layers of irradiated areas.(2) Induction of chlorosis is not associated with gross cell damage of non‐irradiated tissues, but appears to be due to a specific effect on chlorophyll synthesis.(3) Some evidence is presented for the production of a diffusible water‐soluble material by irradiated leaf portions which is responsible for the induction of chlorosis in adjacent portions of leaves not exposed to U.V.(4) The variety of responses of chloroplasts to U.V. irradiation is discussed.
THE PHOTODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ACRIDINE ORANGE ON AN RNA VIRUS (VESICULAR EXANTHEMA)*
Authors: Hackett A. J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryFree vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) suspended in an acridine orange (AO) solution is not light sensitive. The simultaneous introduction to the host of AO and VESV results in progeny that are sensitive to light. The introduction of AO during the eclipse period of viral growth results in progeny sensitive to light. Introduction of AO during the exponential rise in the production of mature virus, however, results in some light sensitive particles among a majority of insensitive particles. The data presented show that the lethal effect of AO is produced only after light exposure, indicating that the mutagenic action of the dye may not be due to its presence per se.
MECHANISM OF FORMATION OF BASIC AMINO ACIDS (ORNITHINE) AND HYDROXYAMINO ACIDS (SERINE, HOMOSERINE) BY PHOTOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS
Authors: Ferrari G. , Passera C. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryDicarboxylic diamino acids, monocarboxylic diamino acids and hydroxyamino acids were synthesized in further research on the action of ultraviolet rays on diluted solutions of inorganic nitrogen compounds and ternary organic substances. It is shown that hydroxyamino acids are formed by recombination of OH radicals from H2O2 with amino‐group‐containing radicals from primary amino acids. It is also shown that α, δ‐diaminoadipic acid, arising by recombination of amino‐group‐containing radicals from aspartic acid, furnishes ornithine by further photochemical decarboxylation. The mechanism of formation of hydroxyamino acids is thus elucidated.
PHOTOLYSIS AND PHOTO‐OXIDATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES—IV. THE DEGRADATION OF METHIONINE AND HOMOCYSTINE BY VARIOUS FORMS OF RADIATION
Authors: Forbes W. F. , Rivett D. E. , Savige W. E. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe products obtained on irradiation of dilute aqueous solutions of homocystine with either sunlight, related light sources, with 2537Å light, or on irradiation with ionising radiation are mainly different from those obtained for methionine under similar conditions. The degradation products obtained from homocystine and methionine in most cases correspond to those previously obtained from the lower homologues, i.e. cystine and S‐methylcysteine respectively. The initial reaction in the degradation of homocystine, like that of systine, involves both S‐C bond and S‐S bond fission, at least in neutra lor alkaline solution.Solid homocystine and methionine are scarcely affected by sunlight or ionising radiation, but more extensive degradation occurs on irradiation with 2537A light. Both compounds yield ESR signals, indicating the presence of trapped radicals on irradiation in the solid state.
BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL RANGES OF PHOTOPROTECTION FROM ULTRAVIOLET DAMAGE IN MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Jagger J. , Stafford R. S. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryPhotoprotection from biological damage by ultraviolet radiation of 2537 A has been sought in a variety of microorganisms. Its taxonomic occurrence is spotty and it is clearly not as general a phenomenon as photoreactivation.The action spectrum has been determined for bacteria from two different taxonomic orders and found to be the same, lying in the range 3100–4000 A, with a single peak at 3400 A. These spectra are much narrower than those for photoreactivation and are confined to the near ultraviolet region. Their similarity suggests that only one chromophore is utilized in bacterial photoprotection.Photoprotection is found to require, at an ultraviolet survival level of 2 per cent, about three times as much radiation energy as photoreactivation.Consideration of absorption and action spectra, as well as a direct test with transforming principle, indicates that the chromophore probably is not nucleic acid. The action spectra suggest reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide.
MEASUREMENT OF ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF CHLOROPHYLL IN ALGAL CELL SUSPENSIONS*
Authors: Murchio J. C. , Allen M. B. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe effects of instrumental geometry on the measurement of absorption spectra of scattering suspensions are considered. It is shown that the resolution of absorption spectra of cell suspensions is not improved by opal glass if a spectrophotometer receiving a large cone of light is used.The scattering of light by suspensions of several algae is found to be approximately proportional to the fourth power of the frequency, as would be expected if the scattering is due to small particles.
DESTRUCTION OF ANTIGENICITY IN VITRO OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN AND OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Authors: Kleczkowski A. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryUltraviolet irradiation first makes human serum albumin unable to precipitate with antibody to the original albumin and then destroys its ability to combine with the antibody. With tobacco mosaic virus both the ability to precipitate and to combine with antibody to the original virus are destroyed simultaneously or nearly so. A rough estimate shows that about 5 J of radiation energy (at λ= 2537 Å) must be absorbed by each milligram of human serum albumin or of the protein of the virus to reduce their capacity to combine with antibodies to half. The structure of the two antigens is very considerably altered before their specific combining capacity is destroyed, which contrasts with relatively slight alterations in the structure of typical enzymes or antibodies when their specific activities are destroyed or in the virus when its infectivity is destroyed.
THE CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE CATECHOLAMINES INDUCED BY UV IRRADIATION*
Authors: Walaas E. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The conversion of catecholamines exposed to ultraviolet irradiation has been investigated spectrophotometricaly. The UV activation of the molecule is a direct effect and the activation is not dependent upon the presence of metals. The transformation, which includes mdolization and polymerization requkes the presence of oxygen. The rate of the oxidative transformation is of the same order of magnitude in 100 per cent oxygen as in air, provided a metal chelating agent is present.At neutral pH photoactivated adrenaline is oxidized to adrenochrome and further polymerized to melanin. At alkaline pH U.V. irradiation results in the formation of conversion products of adrenaline, different from those observed at neutral pH, and the melanin production is low.When noradrenaline is subjected to U.V. irradiation at neutral pH the processes of oxidation and polymerization takes place at a much slower rate than that observed for adrenaline. The radiation effect on noradrenaline at alkaline pH is characterized by increased melanin formation.Radicals derived from U.V. irradiation of H2O2 convert the catecholamines to different products, and no melanin formation can be recorded.The sequence of reactions leading from the activated catecholamines to indolic structures, and the participation of the indolic structures in melanogenesis from the catecholamines is discussed.