bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aldehyde modification of peptide immunogen enhances protein‐reactive antibody response to toxic shock syndrome toxin‐1
Authors: Bavoso Alfonso , Ostuni Angela , De Vendel Jolanda , Pollaro Francesco , Armentano Francesca , Knight Thomas , Makker Sudesh , Tramontano Alfonso 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntroduction of aldehyde groups into protein conjugates enhanced the immune response to a coupled peptide without the use of strong adjuvants. Synthetic peptides representing the N‐terminal (residues 1–16) and internal (residues 53–65) epitopes of toxic shock syndrome toxin‐1 (TSST‐1) were coupled to carrier protein, and carbonyl tags were introduced by Amadori reaction with glycolaldehyde. Modified and unmodified antigens in alum were used to immunize rabbits and the reactivities of antisera were compared. Aldehyde modification augmented the response detected by ELISA, which included enhanced binding to peptides and to native TSST‐1. In western blot, TSST‐1 was detected by antiserum elicited to the N‐terminal peptide, but not that generated to the peptide representing the internal sequence. The same antiserum also neutralized TSST‐1 activity in a lymphocyte proliferation assay. The circular dichroism spectrum of the N‐terminal peptide indicated a propensity for helical conformation, similar to the structure at the corresponding sequence of the native protein. These data suggest that aldehyde modification can boost immunogenicity of peptide‐based vaccines, generating epitope‐specific immune responses against the cognate protein antigens without using potent adjuvants. Copyright © 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy under pressure in semiconductor nanoparticles
Authors: Weinstein B. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA brief survey of recent high‐pressure Raman investigations and associated studies of nanoparticle systems is given, and the consequences for understanding the vibrational properties and stability of these systems are reviewed. The results of new pressure‐Raman experiments on colloidal ZnSe nanorods, high‐purity bulk 68Zn76Se crystals, and colloidal InP/CdS core/shell nanoparticles are presented. The nanorod and bulk ZnSe spectra are compared for similar pressure cycles. Evidence is found for the early stages of nucleation of the zincblende‐rocksalt transition in the bulk crystals, and for the effects of non‐uniform surface contact forces in the nanorod ensemble. Similarities and differences between the post‐transition spectra of both types of samples are discussed. The InP/CdS core/shell nanoparticles exhibit a structured Raman line‐shape that contains contributions from LO‐ and TO‐like modes of the InP cores and from an overlapping manifold of CdS shell modes. Our results indicate that pressure acts to decrease this overlap. Cross‐interface mechanical coupling is considered for describing the pressure‐induced line‐shape changes. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Teaching science in museums: The pedagogy and goals of museum educators
Authors: Tran Lynn Uyen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMuseum educators have a longstanding presence in museums and play a significant role in the institutions' educational agenda. However, research on field trips to science museums has predominantly explored teachers' and students' perspectives with little acknowledgment of the museum educators who develop and implement the educational programs the students experience. This study sought to describe instruction undertaken in, and goals driving, science museums' lessons through observations of museum educators followed by conversations with them immediately afterwards. Findings showed the ways in which educators adapted their preplanned lessons to the students' interests, needs, and understanding by manipulating the sequence and timing. The data revealed that, contrary to depictions in the research literature of teaching in museums as didactic and lecture oriented, there was creativity, complexity, and skills involved in teaching science in museums. Finally, the educators' teaching actions were predominantly influenced by their affective goals to nurture interests in science and learning. Although their lessons were ephemeral experiences, these educators operated from a perspective, which regarded a school field trip to the science museum, not as a one‐time event, but as part of a continuum of visiting such institutions well beyond school and childhood. These findings have implications for the pedagogical practices employed by museum educators, and the relationship between teachers and educators during school field trips, which are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 91:278–297, 2007
Measurement of sputtering yields and damage in C60 SIMS depth profiling of model organic materials
Authors: Shard A. G. , Brewer P. J. , Green F. M. , Gilmore I. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSputter‐depth profiles of model organic thin films on silicon using C60 primary ions have been employed to measure sputtering yields and depth resolution parameters. We demonstrate that some materials (polylactide, Irganox 1010) have a constant and high sputtering yield, which varies linearly with the primary ion energy, whereas another material (Alq3) has lower, fluence‐dependent sputtering yields. Analysis of multi‐layered organic thin films reveals that the depth resolution is a function of both primary ion energy and depth, and the sputtering yield depends on the history of sputtering. We also show that ∼30% of repeat units are damaged in the steady‐state regime during polylactide sputtering. Crown Copyright © 2006. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the role of phospholipids in the triglyceride cycle: II. Turnover of plasma phospholipids in ethionine‐treated dogs
Authors: Olmsted C. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe disappearance of native labeled plasma phospholipids (nPLP32) was abruptly halted in the plasma of normal mongrel dogs shortly after givingdl‐ethionine by intraperitoneal injection. In other dogs, chronic feeding of ethionine over a period of three days prior to these measurements prolonged the turnover time of plasma phospholipids. This impairment in the turnover of plasma PL brought about by ethionine administration occurs regardless of sex differences in lipid metabolism or other physiological differences relating to the nutritional status of the animal. The amount of nPLP32 found in the liver at the end of the turnover experiments was also measured. These data suggest that phospholipid transport from plasma to liver is not impaired by ethionine. The possible significance of an ethionine‐induced choline deficiency which impairs transport of triglycerides and phospholipids from the liver to plasma is considered in regard to the role of phospholipids in the triglyceride cycle.
Mass spectrometry of long‐chain aliphatic aldehydes, dimethyl acetals and Alk‐1‐enyl ethers
Authors: Christiansen Kirsten , Mahadevan V. , Viswanathan C. V. , Holman R. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMass spectra of long‐chain saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes, dimethyl acetals and alk‐1‐enyl methyl ethers are reported and discussed. Using deuterium labeled aldehydes, knowledge about the mass spectral fragmentation is obtained. The m/e M‐44 ion is formed by a rearrangement different from the mechanism postulated previously for short‐chain aldehydes. A series of hydrocarbon fragments with even mass numbers of 68+14n (n=0,1,2...) appear in the spectra of all three series of compounds.
The lipids of mitochondria of human gray and white matter
Authors: Gerstl B. , Eng L. F. , Hayman R. B. , Bond P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMitochondrial enriched fractions were obtained separately from gray and white matter of human and bovine brains. The preparations differed in that choline and ethanolamine glycerophosphatides were present in higher concentration in mitochondria than in gray or white matter from which they were derived. The fatty acid composition also was at variance, palmitic, palmitoleic and linoleic acids being present in considerably higher concentration in the mitochondria of white matter than in the corresponding homogenate, and fatty acids of C25 and C26 chain length being absent. A deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the lowest linoleic acid were found in a preparation obtained from a multiple sclerosis brain, a lesser deficiency was noted in the preparation from an emaciated individual.
Reaction of lipoxidase with polyenoic acids in marine oils
Authors: Beare‐Rogers Joyce L. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEight samples of raw oils from fresh water and marine fish, and two from marine mammals, were examined for polyenoic fatty acids susceptible to the action of lipoxidase. The results agreed well in most instances with gas chromatographic data and indicated that only one peroxide group was formed in polyenoic fatty acids with more than one ostensibly suitable 1,4‐pentadiene system. Four commercially available preparations of polyenoic fatty acids showed varying degrees of susceptibility to lipoxidase, indicating the probable presence of artifacts formed in purification steps. The marine polyenoic acids were suitable substrates for lipoxidase.
Acceleration and inhibition of lipid oxidation by heme compounds
Authors: Kendrick Jean , Watts Betty M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe acceleration and inhibition of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation by heme compounds was followed in model systems with an oxygen analyzer. The linoleate to heme molar ratios for maximum catalysis were 100 for hemin and catalase, 250 for metmyoglobin, 400 for cytochrome c and 500 for methemoglobin. With heme concentrations of 2 to 4 times the optimum catalytic amount, no oxidation occurred. Rapid heme destruction was observed with catalyzing ratios of lipid to heme, but with inhibitory ratios a stable red compound formed, believed to be a lipid hydroperoxide derivative of the heme. The ratios of lipid to metmyoglobin for maximum acceleration varied with the pH. Linolenate was much less sensitive to heme catalysis than linoleate. Colorless products of heme degradation had a marked antioxidant effect. A possible mechanism for the antioxidant effect of hemes is advanced, based on the formation of stable heme peroxide complexes or stable heme radicals, or both, during the early stages of oxidation. Prooxidant activity is believed to occur only when the peroxide to heme ratio is so high that the oxidation of the hemes goes beyond the initial stages.
Teucrium depressum seed oil: A new source of fatty acids with Δ‐‐unsaturation
Authors: Smith C. R. , Freidinger R. M. , Hagemann J. W. , Spencer G. F. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seed oil ofTeucrium depressum Small yields two unusual trienoid components, all‐cis‐5,9,12‐octadecatrienoic acid (6.7%) andtrans‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic acid (2.0%). A third unusual component, identified ascis‐5,cis‐9‐octadecadienoic acid, also occurs in this oil as a trace constituent.
Glyceride structure ofErlangea tomentosa seed oil, a new source of vernolic acid
Authors: Phillips B. E. , Smith C. R. , Hagemann J. W. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract(+)‐Methyl vernolate constitutes 52% of the methyl esters formed by transmethylating the oil ofErlangea tomentosa seed. Thin layer chromatography fractionated the oil into trivernolin, divernolins, monovernolins and nonvernolate glycerides. Pancreatic lipolyses of the monovernolins and the divernolins followed by transmethylation of the monoglycerides indicated the presence of 34 vernolate glycerides above the 0.1% level, grouped as follows: α‐monovernolins, 15%; β‐monovernolins, 3%; α,α′‐divernolins, 10%; α,β‐divernolins, 37%; trivernolin, 16%; and nonvernolate glycerides, 19%.
Essential fatty acid‐deficient rats: I. Growth and testes development
Authors: Aaes‐Jørgensen E. , Hølmer G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPartially hydrogenated oils as the sole dietary fat enhances the development of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in young rats. Partially hydrogenated herring oil (HHO) caused total impairment of the spermatogenic tissue after five weeks of experiment, while partially hydrogenated arachis oil (HAO) caused severe degeneration of this tissue in 15 weeks. A fat‐free diet caused degeneration in 26 weeks. In the dietary fats, the total content oftrans acids, calculated as elaidic acid, was 47% and 23% in HAO and HHO, respectively. Further, varying amounts of different positional isomeric fatty acids were also present in the partially hydrogenated oils. Besides the specific tissue changes, poor growth, poor feed efficiency and skin signs characteristic of EFA deficiency were noticed. On the other hand, partially hydrogenated soybean oil (HSO) as the sole dietary fat kept the animals normal in all respects. this oil still contained 32% linoleic acid; the total content oftrans acids amounted to 11%, calculated as elaidic acid.
Phase relationships involving the deposition of cholesterol from triglyceride solution
Authors: Wright Lemuel D. , Gaylor J. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAdsorption isotherms describing the adsorption of cholesterol from solution in various oils by Permutit were investigated. Multiple layer adsorption onto Permutit and cholesterol crystallization from solutions that would have been subsaturated with respect to cholesterol in the absence of Permutit were observed. Association of cholesterol with Permutit, required for multiple layer adsorption, was observed even at low concentrations of cholesterol. Near infrared absorption spectra of solutions of cholesterol revealed marked aggregation of cholesterol in solutions of greater than about 0.2 M. Thus, association with Permutit apparently initiates crystallization and the similar aggregation of cholesterol in solution and in the solid phase apparently propagates the crystallization of cholesterol. Hydrogen bonding of cholesterol to the ester bond of triglycerides is unrelated to solubility of cholesterol in triglycerides examined.
The effect of aging of human red cells in vivo on their fatty acid composition
Authors: Phillips Gerald B. , Dodge James T. , Howe Calderon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing improved methods for fatty acid analysis and a density gradient method for separation of red cells according to age, we analyzed the fatty acid composition of a young fraction and an old fraction of red cells from each of seven normal subjects and from one patient with polycythemia vera. Twenty‐four fatty acid peaks were quantified. The individual phospholipid composition of both fractions was determined in the red cells of two normal sujects. Statistically significant changes in the relative amounts of major fatty acids were observed with red cell aging. Furthermore, a pattern of change was evident in that the relative amounts of four of the five fatty acids of C18 or shorter chain length showed an increase and all 19 fatty acids of C20 or longer chain length showed a decrease with red cell aging. While the change with aging in every fatty acid peak was not statistically significant, the consistency in the direction of the change in the fatty acids of C20 or longer chain length was highly significant. A suggested change in the distribution of the major phospholipid groups with red cell aging did not appear to explain completely the changes in fatty acids.
Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of sphingosine bases in sphingolipids of human normal and multiple sclerosis cerebral white matter
Authors: Moscatelli Ezio A. , Isaacson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSphingomyelins, cerebrosides and sulfatides were isolated from white matter of human normal and multiple sclerotic brain. Column chromatography was used for class separations, which were monitored by thin layer chromatography. Acid‐catalyzed methanolysis, followed by isolation of bases and gas liquid chromatography of periodate‐produced aldehydes, was used to determine sphingosine base composition of each sphingolipid. Reflux methanolysis (where HCl=2 N) was used for cerebrosides and sulfatides, but could not be used for reliable sphingomyelin base analysis, for which sealed‐tube methanolysis at 70–80 C (where HCl=1 N) was used. Our results suggest there is little, if any, difference in sphingosine base chain‐length distribution among the sphingolipids analyzed.
Specific distribution of fatty acids in the milk fat triglycerides of goat and sheep
Authors: Marai L. , Breckenridge W. C. , Kuksis A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe triglycerides of the fat globules of sheep and goat milk were isolated and separated into short and long chain lengths by silicic acid column chromatography. The short chain lengths comprised major triglycerides with 34–44 acyl carbon atoms and accounted for nearly 50% of the total milk fat. The long chain lengths contained major triglycerides with 40–54 acyl carbons. Stereospecific analyses of the short chain triglyceride fraction showed that of the 20–23 moles per cent of C4−C8 fatty acids present, at least 95% were specifically attached to the glycerol molecule in the position corresponding to carbon 3 ofsn‐glycerol. The distribution of the other fatty acids (C10 or greater) did not show such marked specificity for either the 1 or the 2 position. Although individual triglycerides were not identified, the specific placement of the fatty acids could best the accounted for by assuming a common pool of long chain 1,2‐diglycerides which served as precursors of the bulk of both short and long chain triglycerides during milk fat synthesis.
Species variations in phospholipid class distribution of organs: II. Heart and skeletal muscle
Authors: Simon Gerald , Rouser George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTotal lipid, lipid phosphorus and phospholipid class distribution were determined for heart and skeletal muscles from five vertebrates (human, bovine, rat, mouse and frog) and skeletal muscles from four invertebrates (lobster, abalone, scallop and sea urchin). The precision of the analytical method [separation by two‐dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC) and phosphorus analysis of spots] was demonstrated by small values for standard deviations. Accuracy of spot identification and analytical values was insured by comparison with results obtained by TLC of triethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatographic fractions. Values for total lipid, total phospholipid and phospholipid class distribution of heart and skeletal muscles from the five vertebrate species showed essentially the same variability observed for the same organ from different animals of one species (rat). The data indicate that, among vertebrates there is little or no variability for phospholipid class distribution in muscle membranes in agreement with data for other organs and subcellular particulates presented in other reports. Invertebrate skeletal muscles were found to differ qualitatively and/or quantitatively from those of vertebrates. In one species (sea urchin), ceramide phosphorylethanolamine was the only sphingolipid, sphingomyelin characteristic of vertebrates being absent. In two species (abalone and scallop) ceramide aminoethylphosphonate was present and sphingomyelin was absent. In one (lobster), sphingomyelin was the only sphingolipid. Quantitatively, higher levels of sphingolipid and phosphatidyl serine and lower levels of phosphatidyl inositol were found in invertebrate skeletal muscle. The significance of the data is discussed in relation to subcellular particulate lipid class composition.
Hepatic metabolism of 1‐14C octanoic and 1‐14C margaric acids
Authors: Boyer James L. , Scheig Robert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hepatic metabolism of 1‐14C margaric acid, a 17 carbon long chain saturated fatty acid which is present in the liver in trace amounts, was compared with 1‐14C octanoic acid and 1‐14C palmitic acid to determine if the enhanced oxidation of medium chain fatty acids to CO2 was dependent on fatty acid chain length or the endogenous pool size of the fatty acid substrate. Despite the fact that endogenous margarate is present in trace amounts, there was no significant difference in the oxidation of margarate and palmitate to CO2, while the oxidation of octanoate to CO2 was significantly more rapid. Both margarate and palmitate were more readily incorporated into lipid soluble products in contrast to the low rate of incorporation of octanoate. However, margarate was less readily incorporated into triglyceride, phospholipid and monoglyceride than palmitate. These studies suggest that the chain length rather than hepatic content of the fatty acid determines whether the carboxyl group of equimolar amounts of a 1‐14C‐carboxyl labeled fatty acid will be preferentially oxidized to CO2 or incorporated into tissue lipid in the liver.
Reciprocal interactions in the desaturation of linoleic acid into γ‐linolenic and eicosa‐8,11,14‐trienoic into arachidonic
Authors: Brenner R. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVariable concentrations of [I14C] linoleic acid and [I14C] eicosa‐8,11,14‐trienoic acid were incubated with liver microsomes in a medium containing the necessary cofactors for fatty acid desaturation. The conversion of linoleic into γ‐linolenic acid and eicosatrienoic into arachidonic acid were mutually inhibited and the inhibition depended on the concentration of the fatty acids incubated.
Phospholipid class and fatty acid composition of developing spinal cord in normal pigs and in congenital tremor (Myoclonia congenita)
Authors: Berry James F. , Fletcher Thomas F. , Bovis Magdaline 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExtracts of spinal cord lipids from normal pigs and littermates affected with myoclonia congenita were examined for lipid and fatty acid composition at 6, 10, 14, 21 and 30 days of age. A marked decrease in total crude lipid and in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) occurred in spinal cord lipids of affected pigs. Cholesterol esters were absent from spinal and lipid extracts and no qualitative difference in ganglioside patterns were observed between normal and affected pigs at any age. Spinal cord lipid extracts from affected pigs had less oleic acid except at 30 days and more arachidonic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids than normal.
The determination ofTrans isomers in GLC fractions of unsaturated esters
Authors: Allen Robert R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe determination of the amount oftrans unsaturated isomers present in collected fractions of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters separated by gas liquid chromatography is accomplished by measuring the infrared absorbances of the collected peak at 10.36 and 8.55 μ. The ratio of these two absorbances is proportional to thetrans unsaturation. The interfering polyester column bleed is removed from the collected peaks by collection on alumina and elution into the spectrophotometer cell with CS2.