bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urinary excretion of albumin and retinol‐binding protein in lithium‐treated patients: a longitudinal study
Authors: Jensen H. V. , Hemmingsen L. , Holm J. , Christensen E. M. , Aggernæs H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe urinary excretion of albumin and retinol‐binding protein was determined by means of sensitive immunochemical methods in a 2‐year longitudinal study of 22 lithium‐treated patients. During lithium treatment, there were no significant changes in the median albumin:creatinine ratios or retinol‐binding protein:creatinine ratios. However, the median albumin:creatinine ratios were significantly higher in lithium‐treated patients than in 22 normal subjects, which indicates that glomerular permeability is increased; no correlation with serum lithium level or duration of lithium treatment could be shown. In patients treated with slow‐release tablets, the urinary excretion of albumin was significantly higher after 2 years than in patients given lithium carbonate. The median retinol‐binding protein:creatinine ratios did not differ significantly between lithium‐treated patients and normal subjects, suggesting that lithium does not affect the catabolism of low‐molecular‐weight proteins in the proximal tubules. In conclusion, the study supports the hypothesis that lithium treatment produces a small but significant and nonprogressive elevation of the urinary excretion of albumin.
The pharmacology and toxicology of disulfiram and its metabolites
Authors: Petersen E. N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDisulfiram (Antabuse®) is one of several aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitors that raise the plasma level of acetaldehyde following ethanol ingestion. The usually pleasant reaction to ethanol is thereby changed to an unpleasant one, owing to a number of bodily reactions to acetaldehyde. Populations showing genetic polymorphism with a lack of some isozymes of ALDH have exhibited an intolerance to ethanol similar to that seen with disulfiram. A normal isozyme pattern seems to be a prerequisite for the development of alcoholism, which supports the principle of disulfiram treatment. Disulfiram is an irreversible ALDH inhibitor when administered in vivo. Diethylthiomethylcarbamate (Me‐DTC) is formed from disulfiram in three metabolic steps. This compound and two further oxidized metabolites appear to be active metabolites of disulfiram. Measurements of plasma Me‐DTC or the reduction of leucocyte ALDH 1 activity may be valuable markers for the proper dose titration of disulfiram and the rational use of this drug. Some toxicological points are discussed.
Lack of bioequivalence between disulfiram formulations
Authors: Andersen M. P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA comparison of the bioavailability of disulfiram (DSF) after administration of non‐effervescent Antabuse® tablets (CP Pharmaceuticals, UK) and Antabuse® effervescent tablets Antabus® (A/S Dumex, DK) has been made in two cross‐over studies.The first study included 6 volunteers who were given 400 mg DSF after an overnight fast. The bioavailability of DSF after administration of non‐effervescent was found to be only 27 ff/o of that achieved with effervescent tablets.The second study included 24 volunteers who were given 800 mg DSF after a light standardized meal. The relative bioavailability of DSF after administration of non‐effervescent compared with effervescent tablets was found to be only 34%.In addition to the difference in bioavailability of DSF after administration of the two preparations, a considerable difference was seen between the two studies. A light meal seems both to increase the bioavailability of DSF and to reduce the interindividual variation. A two to threefold increase in the bioavailability of DSF was found.Thus, the bioavailability of DSF appears to depend on both the formulation (preparation) and the mode of administration. A lack of bioequivalence between the two investigated DSF preparations was found.
Disulfiram therapy –adverse drug reactions and interactions
Authors: Poulsen H. Enghusen , Loft S. , Andersen J. R. , Andersen M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAdverse drug reactions (ADR) to disulfiram treatment have been reported as single cases, but few systematic investigations exist. In this study we analysed the spontaneous ADR reports to the Danish Committee on Adverse Drug Reactions during 1968–1991. In that period 154 ADRs to disulfiram were reported, mainly of hepatic, neurological, skin, and psychiatric reactions, in decreasing order of frequency. The safety of disulfiram, estimated on the amount produced and the number of reactions reported, corresponds to an intermediate rate of adverse reactions (1 per 200–2000 treatment year). Over the 23‐year period, 14 deaths were reported in Denmark and this corresponds to a rate of 1 per 25,000 treatment year; the chief cause was liver toxicity. Reports to the WHO collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring in Uppsala, Sweden, showed the same ADR profile, although with a higher rate of neurological and psychiatric and a lower rate of hepatic reactions.The latency time from the start of treatment to the manifestion of the ADR differed according to organ. Hepatitis occurred with a distinct peak after 2 months of treatment, skin reactions peaked after 2 weeks, and the rate of neurological ADR increased with duration of therapy. The relation of skin reactions and hepatitis to nickel allergy is discussed, as is the dose‐dependency of neuropathy.Concomitant disulfiram treatment affects the metabolism of several drugs and the dynamics of others, leading to a number of clinically important drug interactions. The disulfiram drug interactions are reviewed.
Beta‐endorphin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and cholecystokinin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects and from drug‐free and haloperidol‐treated schizophrenic patients
Authors: Panza G. , Monzani E. , Sacerdote P. , Penati G. , Panerai A. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBeta‐endorphin, cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy controls, and schizophrenic patients at the first diagnosis before any treatment and after 2 or 15 d of treatment with haloperidol. Beta‐endorphin concentrations were similar in controls and untreated patients, and increased with treatment. Cholecystokinin concentrations were higher in patients than in controls, and decreased during treatment. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was lower in patients and did not change with treatment. These observations are consistent with measurements of the same peptides in autopsy samples or cerebrospinal fluid. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells might be an useful tool for the study of some neuropeptides in brain.
Differences between adolescent suicide attempters and depressed adolescents
Authors: Kienhorst C. W. M. , de Wilde E. J. , Diekstra R. F. W. , Wolters W. H. G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMost of the characteristics differentiating between adolescent attempters and nonattempters do not have discriminative power in comparing 48 adolescents who recently attempted suicide with 66 depressed adolescents. These characteristics may probably be attributed to an affective disorder that is present in most of the suicide attempters. However, suicide attempters, compared with the depressed group, live in more problematic circumstances (such as family disruption or sexual abuse) and have a cognitive style that promotes a more negative evaluation of events and situations. Their depressive symptoms are distinguished from the depressed group by withdrawal and isolation, besides maintaining a hopeless and negative expectation of the future. Furthermore, there are reasons to accept the idea that suicidal behavior is a serious alternative within their behavioral repertoire. Based on these findings, a psychological interpretation is given concerning the dynamics leading to a suicide attempt. Also, intervention strategies are discussed.
Is levomepromazine a useful drug in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia?
Authors: Lal S. , Nair N. P. V. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLevomepromazine (LMP) unexpectedly improved 16 of 23 chronic treatment‐resistant schizophrenic patients who were hospitalized in most cases for at least 2 years and who manifested positive symptoms, irritability and, in many cases, restlessness, hostility, uncooperativeness, poor concentration and aggressive behavior. Improvement led to discharge in 7 (6 to a foster home), placement on a waiting list for a foster home in 4 and improved behavior and autonomy in 5 patients. Five subjects developed seizures and 1 agranulocytosis. Whether improvement with LMP is caused by unique antischizophrenic properties or by diminished liability to induce side effects such as akathisia, a formal controlled study of LMP in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia is merited.
Polyneuropathy caused by chlorprothixene
Authors: Luisto M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSeven chronic psychiatric patients developed signs of polyneuropathy mainly in the lower limbs after receiving chlorprothixene (500‐1800 mg/d) from 3 to more than 24 months. The most prominent electroneuromyographic findings were decreased or not measurable motor conduction velocities of the peroneal nerves. Electromyography showed signs of denervation in the leg muscles in all the patients, and also in the upper limbs in 4 of them. The signs of polyneuropathy gradually subsided after withdrawal of chlorprothixene. Thus, chlorprothixene may cause a toxic, dose‐dependent, reversible polyneuropathy.
The Semantic Status of Diagnostic Criteria for Organic Mental Syndromes and Disorders in DSM‐III and DSM‐III‐R
Authors: Malmgren H. , Lindqvist G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAfter a general introduction referring to the contemporary debate about psychiatric classification, the nature of so‐called “diagnostic criteria” in psychiatry is discussed with special reference to DSM‐III(‐R) and to organic mental syndromes and disorders. A set of diagnostic criteria for a disease category can be intended alternatively (i) as stating logically necessary and/or sufficient conditions for the diagnostic concept in question, or (ii) as providing contingent (probabilistic) indicators of the disease. In one possible interpretation, a main aim of DSM‐III and DSM‐III‐R has been to formulate type (i), logical criteria, which amounts to an attempt to strictly identify syndromes or disorders with complex (polythetic) sets of easily observable symptoms and signs. It is shown that a logical interpretation would lead to such unwanted consequences for clinical and scientific practice that it could not possibly have been intended by the authors of DSM‐III and DSM‐III‐R. But neither can the alternative interpretation in terms of type (ii), contingent or probabilistic indicators be consistently upheld. The conclusion of the essay is that the semantic status of the diagnostic criteria in DSM‐III and DSM‐III‐R is fundamentally blurred. I his unclarity may very well lead to divergent interpretations of the concepts and to corresponding uncertainties in their clinical and scientific application.
Discussion of B.P. Dohrenwend: “Psychology, psychologists and psychiatric epidemiology”
Authors: Robins Lee N. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe author emphasizes the importance of an adequate appreciation of the clinical syndromes that are the topics of the psychiatric epidemiology as well as skills in interview construction. She focuses on the difficult problem of drawing lines between non‐cases and current and past cases, and the problem of estimating unmet needs for treatment in the population. The methodology for linking survey responses to estimates of the consumer market for care needs further development.
Sociology in the context of social psychiatry
Authors: Cooper Brian 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe author addresses various aspects of the interface between sociology and social psychiatry, among them the labelling process related to mental deviance, problems related to diagnosis and social ethology. The need for interdisciplinary work is emphasized, not least in the context of prevention. It is underlined that effective preventive measures can precede the full causal elucidation of a disease.
The negative component in schizophrenia
Authors: Möller H‐J. 
Published: August 2007

Many conflicts in the literature about negative symptoms arise because different authors use different definitions of negative symptoms. If narrow definitions are used, it appears that drugs have little effect against negative symptoms, although those who use broader definitions tend to conclude that negative symptoms do respond to drugs. Another complication is that negative symptoms may be secondary to other causes, such as psychotic symptoms, the side effects of drugs, depression and understimulation as a result of hospitalisation.Attempting to measure drug effects on negative symptoms can be complicated by such factors as different co‐medication in the test and control groups and different pharmacological profiles of test and standard drugs, in particular in terms of extrapyramidal side effects or antidepressant effects.Several approaches to dissecting the direct effect of drugs from their indirect effects on negative symptoms have included analyses of covariance, regression analyses and path analyses. Applying path analysis to the data from the North American clinical trial of risperidone suggests that a significant component of the advantageous effect of risperidone on negative symptoms, compared with haloperidol, is due to a direct effect that cannot be accounted for by the effect of risperidone on positive symptoms and its superior side‐effect profile.Although it is possible to analyse studies retrospectively in this way, the best approach is probably to design future clinical trials so that the effects of drugs on negative symptoms are more easily determined than has been the case in the past.
New pharmacotherapeutic modalities for negative symptoms in psychosis
Authors: Lindenmayer J.P. 
Published: August 2007

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia comprise a psychopathologic and pathophysiologic syndrome which is absent from normal mental function. Renewed interest in negative symptoms has led to the development of better measuring instruments, among which is the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), which provides a way of measuring and reporting positive and negative symptoms in a balanced and convenient form.A number of strategies are being investigated for treating negative symptoms. Dopamine agonists such as levodopa, amphetamines and bromocriptine have been shown to produce improvements in negative symptoms, although good, well‐controlled clinical trials arc lacking. Partial dopamine agonists, such as MAR 327, are also currently under investigation and results arc expected soon.Tricyclic, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase antidepressants appear to be able to modify negative symptoms in schizophrenia, although, once again, carefully designed trials are nccdcd. Modification of GABAergic transmission has shown little promise, but the use of glycine to augment transmission at N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) synapses suggests that the strategy may be beneficial. These results also imply that altered glutamate receptor function may be partly responsible for negative symptoms.One strategy that has been shown to have a beneficial effect against negative symptoms is combined serotonin/dopamine antagonism. Clozapine was found to have this profile after its introduction, and the recently introduced antipsychotic, risperidone was developed intentionally to be a combined 5‐HT2/D2 antagonist. Both risperidone and clozapine have been shown to be effective against negative symptoms.One problem associated with the assessment of drug effects on negative symptoms, however, is that drugs can act on both primary and secondary negative symptoms. However, a post hoc analysis of covariance of the North American risperidone clinical trial data suggested that the drug was effective against primary negative symptoms.
Alterations in plasma dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity in depression and schizophrenia: effects of antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs
Authors: Maes M. , De Meester  , Scharpé S. , Desnyder R. , Ranjan R. , Meltzer H.Y. 
Published: August 2007

Maes M, De Meester I, Scharpé S, Desnyder R, Ranjan R, Meltzer HY. Alterations in plasma dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity in depression and schizophrenia effects of antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 1–8. ©Munksgaard 1996.Recently, our laboratory reported that the activity of dipeptidyl‐peptidase IV (DPP IV) was significantly lower in the peripheral blood of major depressed patients than in normal controls. The present study examines plasma DPP IV activity in 43 major depressed and 13 schizophrenic subjects versus 21 normal controls and the effects of antidepressants and ntipsychotic drugs on plasma DPP IV activity. DPP IV activity was significantly lower in major depressed subjects than in normal controls and schizophrenic subjects. There was a trend towards higher DPP IV activity in schizophrenic patients than in normal controls. There were no significant effects of antidepressants or neuroleptics on plasma DPP IV activity in depressed and schizophrenic patients, respectively. There were no significant relationships between plasma DPP IV activity and plasma cortisol or immune‐inflammatory markers, such as serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) or soluble IL‐2 receptor. A significant and positive correlation was found between plasma DPP IV and prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) enzyme activity in the study group as a whole and in schizophrenic subjects. The results support the hypothesis that lower and higher plasma DPP IV activities are trait markers of major depression and schizophrenia, respectively. It is concluded that alterations in the enzyme activity of peptidases, such as DPP IV and PEP, play a role in the pathophysiology of major depression and schizophrenia.
Suicidality, circadian activity rhythms and platelet serotonergic measures in patients with recurrent succidal behaviour
Authors: Verkes R. J. , Kerkhof G. A. , Beld E. , Hengeveld M. W. , van Kernpen G. M. J. 
Published: August 2007

Verkes RJ, Kerkhof GA, Beld E, Hengeveld MW, van Kempen GMJ. Suicidality, circadian activity rhythms and platelet serotonergic measures in patients with recurrent suicidal behaviour. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995: 93: 27–34. © Munksgaard 1995.The circadian activity rhythm was assessed over a one‐week period using a wrist‐worn activity monitor in 59 patients with a history of recurrent suicide attempts. In 40 of these patients a second recording was made 6 months later. Platelet serotonin (5‐HT) and monoamine oxidase‐B activity (MAO) were measured. Suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder and impulsiveness were associated with the absence of a clear 24‐hour periodicity in motor activity. Depressive mood and hopelessness were associated with a less regular bed‐in time and a lower daytime activity. Platelet 5‐HT as well as MAO correlated negatively with the amplitude of the circadian activity rhythm. Our results support the suggested link between suicidality, altered circadian activity and serotonergic function.
The suicidal process in suicides among young people
Authors: Runeson B. S. , Beskow J. , Waern M. 
Published: August 2007

Runeson BS, Beskow J, Waern M. The suicidal process in suicides among young people. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 35–42. © Munksgaard 1996.Fifty‐eight consecutive suicides among 15– to 29‐year‐olds (42 men and 16 women) were investigated by modified psychological autopsies and examined from the perspective of the suicidal process. Previous suicide attempts were evident in 66% and more than two suicide attempts found in 17% of men and in 56% of women. The median interval from first suicidal communication to the suicide was shorter in men than in women (12 vs 42 months). The median interval was 47 months in schizophrenia, 30 months in borderline personality disorder, 3 months in major depression and < 1 month in adjustment disorder. There were also differences in the prevalence of next‐of kin models for suicidal behavior, previous suicidal communication and in the characteristics of the suicide. We conclude that focusing on the process heightens understanding of serious suicidal behavior in young people.
Are suicide trends among the young reversing? Age, period and cohort analyses of suicide rates in Sweden
Authors: Allebeck P. , Brandt L. , Nordstrom P. , Åsgård U. 
Published: August 2007

Allebeck P, Brandt L, Nordstrom P, Åsgård U. Are suicide trends among the young reversing? Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 43–48. © Munksgaard 1996.We analyzed suicide rates in Sweden 1952–1992 with the main purpose of following up the previously observed increasing suicide rate in young men, and applying age‐period‐cohort (APC) analyses to the trends in suicide mortality. APC analyses were performed by a graphical method and by multivariate log‐linear regression. The suicide rate among 20–40 year‐old men increased throughout the 1950s and 60s, but the increase has levelled off since the middle of the 1970s, and in some narrow age groups possibly even reversed. The suicide rate among men over 45 years has declined throughout the period. The suicide rate among women has remained more stable. APC analyses did not give clear evidence for a specific cohort or period effect, although addition of a cohort term in the analyses of men slightly improved the fit of the model. A longer follow‐up of younger birth cohorts is needed to see whether the changes in male suicide rates will remain as a cohort effect.
A naturalistic 6‐year follow‐up study of patients with panic disorder
Authors: Lepola U. , Koponen H. , Leinonen E. 
Published: August 2007

Lepola U, Koponen H, Leinonen E. A naturalistic 6‐year follow‐up study of patients with panic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 181–183. © Munksgaard 1996.A clinical sample of 55 patients meeting the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder (PD) were enrolled in this long‐term study. The patients were treated initially with alprazolam or imipramine during a period of 9 weeks. A clinical psychiatric examination was carried out at the beginning and at the end of the initial treatment period and 3 and 6 years after the enrollment. Although most of the patients (74%) had no panic attacks at the end of the 6‐year follow‐up period, 9 (18%) had major depression and 6 (11%) severe suicidality. Seven of these depressive patients also suffered from alcoholism. Sixty per cent of the patients were still on medication at the end of the follow‐up. Depression, suicidality and alcoholism seem to be the long‐term consequences of PD.