bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of thin‐film oxidation with ultraviolet irradiation for predicting the oxidative stability of edible oils
Authors: Gordon Michael H. , Mursi Eltigani , Rossell J. Barry 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe oxidative stability of edible oils and samples of rapeseed oil with added antioxidants, metal ions, phospholipids and oxidized oil was assessed by a method involving oxidation of a thin film of oil with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 100°C. Induction times determined by this method were compared with those determined with the Rancimat at 100°C. The two methods agreed well in describing the effects of additives on the stability of the edible oil. Induction times were considerably shorter for the thin‐film UV method, and the method may have potential as an accelerated test method for assessing the effect of additives on the oxidative stability of relatively stable oils and fats. The correlation between the Rancimat and the thin‐film UV induction times also was assessed at 80°C for rapeseed oil containing additives, but there was no advantage in using the lower temperature alone because the induction times were 2–7 times longer than at 100°C. However, use of two elevated temperatures is likely to improve predictions of stability at lower temperatures, especially for samples containing copper, which have an exceptionally high‐temperature coefficient. The thin‐film UV method showed a poorer agreement with the Rancimat for comparing the oxidative stability of some fats and oils. For instance, corn oil was more stable than soybean oil in the Rancimat test but the order of stability was reversed in the thin‐film UV test. Cocoa butter was much more stable in the Rancimat test than when assessed by the thin‐film UV test.
Quality control of rapeseed oil methyl esters by determination of acyl conversion
Authors: Cvengroš Ján , Cvengrošová Zuzana 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple procedure for the evaluation of vegetable oil conversion to methyl esters of fatty acids has been developed. These methyl esters, prepared by the transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol, are used as alternative fuel for diesel engines. A method of gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) on packed columns is used to determine the conversion of acyls bound in acylglycerols to methyl esters. This procedure is based on comparison of the peak areas of methyl esters in fuel samples before and after reaction with an effective transesterification reagent, which will transform unreacted acylglycerols to methyl esters. A correlation between the bound glycerol content, determined by the thin‐layer chromatography/flame‐ionization detector method, and the acyl conversion, determined by GLC, is given. In acyl conversions to methyl esters over 96.0%, the bound glycerol content is less than 0.25% by weight.
Adsorption isotherms of fatty acids on rice hull ash in a model system
Authors: Saleh Muhammad Idiris , Adam Farook 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe adsorption of lauric, myristic and stearic acids on rice hull ash (RHA) from isooctane as solvent was studied and conformed to a Langmuir isotherm. Monolayer coverage was determined to be 35.7±2.5, 43.5±2.2 and 36±5 mg/g, respectively. The free energy of adsorption, †G°, for the adsorption was determined to be‐6.64,‐6.23 and‐6.49 kcal mol−1 for the adsorbates, respectively. The equilibrium parameter indicated that RHA is a good adsorbent for the three fatty acids examined.
Interdroplet heterogeneous nucleation of supercooled liquid droplets by solid droplets in oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: McClements D. J. , Han S. ‐W. , Dungan S. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe crystallization of oil droplets inn‐hexadecane oil‐inwater emulsions was monitored by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The emulsions initially contained an equal mixture of solid droplets and supercooled liquid droplets at either 6 or 8°C. The degree of crystallization in the droplets was determined by measuring the NMR signal 30 μs after a 90o radio frequency pulse was applied to the sample. The signal from the solid droplets decayed rapidly after the radio frequency pulse, allowing the measured signal to be related to the fraction of liquid droplets. No crystallization was observed in a sample that contained only supercooled liquid droplets, but crystallization was observed when solid droplets of the same material were present. This indicated that crystallization was induced in the liquid droplets by the solid droplets and was most likely caused by interactions between solid and liquid droplets‐that is, by interdroplet heterogeneous nucleation. The rate of induced crystallization decreased as the viscosity of the continuous phase was increased and the size of the droplets was increased, but was independent of droplet concentration (20–40%).
Oilseed protein solubility after exposure to hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Jacks T. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCucurbitin, a physicochemically typical oilseed storage protein from pumpkin and other cucurbits, was treated with 20% H2O2 for periods up to 36 h to determine the length of exposure needed to render it water‐soluble. Maximum solubility was reached in 8 h from virtual insolubility and started decreasing after about 12h. These results not only indicate that H2O2 was effective in rendering oilseed protein water‐soluble and can be used to prepare several ratios of soluble‐to‐insoluble protein products, but also show the lengths of exposure needed to obtain the required solubilities.
Quality control in fruit processing
Authors: Eng Teoh Guan , Tat Muk Mun 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe attainment of high‐quality palm products at minimum cost demands that more emphasis be placed on the production side, i.e., the effort must be concentrated at the field and mill level. All field and mill personnel must be involved in quality control and must be responsible for the quality requirements.A long‐range effort at developing employee responsibility and job enlargement is required. For this to have a real chance of success, the following should be present:
•Top management's commitment: The estate manager and the mill manager are the key to assuming responsibility for quality. Estate and mill managers must be openly and actively committed to improving quality.
•Quality policy: Estate and mill managers must decide what level of quality they can deliver to the marketplace, as well as how they expect to accomplish their goals.
•Quality responsibility: Estate and mill organizations should be structured to utilize quality improvement efforts through quality control circles (QCC).
•Quality supervision: Field supervisors, mill foreman and mill supervisors should be trained in human relations and quality control methods.
•Quality consultation: Quality control department should be well run to assist field and mill personnel in establishing good quality practices and procedures.
•Quality training: QCC should be provided with in‐house training on basic statistical tools and cause/effect diagrams.
•Quality incentives: Compensation of workers and QCC should be linked to reduction of product losses, reduced downtime, etc.
•Quality recognition: Public recognition should be provided for groups and individuals responsible for quality improvements and suggestions.
•Quality feedback: A well‐organized system should exist to disseminate information and improve quality improvement. Continuous informal and formal interaction should occur between design and mill personnel, thereby stimulating quality improvement in the milling stage.
The activities needed to achieve high‐quality palm products are scattered among many persons in many specialized departments. Some of these are in‐house, while others may be a part of vendor companies, subsidiaries, etc.
Anionic surfactants: lauric products
Authors: Takei Kensuke , Tsuto Keiichi , Miyamoto Shigeyuki , Wakatsuki Junya 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLauryl sulfate and lauryl ether sulfate obtained by the sulfation of lauryl alcohol and lauryl alcohol ethoxylate are representative of anionic surfactants and are used as a formable detergent or an emulsifier. For the sulfation of lauryl alcohol and lauryl alcohol ethoxylate, SO3 gas, it was found that the quality of products was significantly influenced by the reaction conditions. In order to obtain good quality products we developed a new technology by using a new type of reactor called a “climbing film reactor,” in which SO3 gas and liquid raw material flow ascendingly.
Palm oil products in cooking fats
Authors: Kheiri M. S. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPalm oil and its products are used widely, either on their own or in combination with other oils and fats, to make products for cooking and other applications such as baking, icing, filling and topping. Palm oil and its products are not only cheaper to process but also impart into the product the functional properties demanded by some of these applications. Legislation governing production and marketing of these products in some of the important countries is reviewed. The physico‐chemical characteristics of products marketed in different countries are also presented. Formulations based on palm oil and its products are suggested to make low or notrans acid fats and high PUFA fats.
Quality of fried foods with palm oil
Authors: Sakata Masashi , Takahashi Yoshikazu , Sonehara Masanori 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe amount of imported palm oil in Japan during the past few years has been 140,000–150,000 tons per year, or about 9% of the total consumption of vegetable oils in Japan.In 1975, part of the palm oil was imported as refined type from Malaysia. At the present time, almost all of the palm oil from Malaysia is refined. At the starting point quality of the refined palm oil was not so good, but today it is fairly improved by efforts of Malaysian processers.Palm oil has excellent properties against oxidation, and it has been generally accepted by consumers as a vegetable oil for health foods. There also is a big potential for increasing consumption of palm oil in fried foods.Severe regulation of food additives restricts the use of artificial antioxidants and therefore strict quality control is required to get stable frying oils. Consumer knowledge of foods is increasing, and our responsibility for making good quality frying fats is very important.
Effects and measurements of polyoxyethylene block length in polyoxyethylene‐polyoxybutylene copolymers
Authors: Nace V. M. , Whitmarsh R. H. , Edens M. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBlock copolymer surfactants, made from 1,2‐butylene oxide (BO), propylene oxide (PO) and ethylene oxide (EO), exhibit wide ranges of properties and performance. In particular, BO/EO block copolymers exhibit improved surfactant performance with respect to PO/EO analogs. One interesting difference between these two classes of surfactants is the EO capping efficiency of polyoxypropylene (POP) vs. polyoxybutylene (POB) hydrophobe secondary hydroxyl groups. In this regard, nuclear magnetic resonance measurements have shown that POP secondary diols react more readily with EO than POB diols. For the case of ethoxylated POB polymers, the amount of unethoxylated secondary hydroxyl is proportional to the average length of the polyoxyethylene (POE) blocks. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to observe crystallinity of POE blocks. For a given POB hydrophobe molecular weight and weight percentage EO, surfactant performance properties can be augmented by affecting POE block length in the ethoxylation process.
Fatty acids of long chain length in baltic herring lipids
Authors: Linko Reino R. , Karinkanta Hannu 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe component fatty acids with carbon numbers exceeding 22 in flesh lipids of Baltic herring caught in May and September 1967 in the Turku archipelago have been studied. The total lipid content of the flesh of the herring was 3.5% on average in May and 7.2% on average in September. The fatty acids in the lipids were converted to methyl esters which were resolved and analyzed by urea adduct fractionation, thin layer chromatography and programmed temperature gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The lipids of the herring caught in May were found to contain 15 fatty acids with 24–32 carbon atoms, whereas the lipids of the herring caught in September were found to contain only nine fatty acids with 24–28 carbon atoms. The differences are probably due to nutritional factors. The long chain fatty acids in the lipids of the herring caught in September were isolated by preparative GLC and their structures were studied by UV spectroscopy before and after alkali isomerization, by IR spectroscopy and by GLC of their ozonization products. The identified acids were tetracosanoic, 15‐tetracosenoic, 12,15,18,21‐tetracosatetraenoic, 9,12,15,18,21‐tetracosapentaenoic, 6,9,12,15,18,21‐tetracosahexaenoic, 17‐hexacosenoic, 11,14,17,20,23‐hexacosapentaenoic, 8,11,14,17,20,23‐hexacosahexaenoic and 4,7,10,13,16,19,22‐octacosaheptaenoic acids. The proportion of the fatty acids containing over 22 carbon atoms in the lipids of fall herring is much higher than has been found earlier in the lipids of marine teleost fish; the reason may be due at least partly to differences in analytical methods.
Determination of ethylene oxide content inn‐Alcohol ethoxylates by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Hammond Charles E. , Kubik Deborah K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractProton Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data were collected onn‐alcohol ethoxylates and used to calculate the percent ethylene oxide (EO) content of then‐alcohol ethoxylate without an internal or external standard. The accuracy and precision of the method were determined from ten repetitive analyses of hexaethylene glycol monon‐dodecyl ether. The standard deviation was 0.23 wt% EO with a relative standard deviation of 0.40%. The method had a relative error of +0.55% and an absolute error of +0.32% EO.
Antioxidants in clove
Authors: Kramer R. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThrough the use of thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gallic acid and eugenol were identified as the 2 major antioxidants in clove. The amounts of gallic acid and eugenol were determined to be 1.26 g and 3.03 g respectively in 100 g of clove.
Stereospecific analyses of seed triacylglycerols from high‐erucic acid brassicaceae: Detection of erucic acid at thesn‐2 position inBrassica oleracea L. Genotypes
Authors: Taylor David C. , MacKenzie Samuel L. , McCurdy Alan R. , McVetty Peter B. E. , Giblin E. Michael , Pass Eric W. , Stone Scot J. , Scarth Rachael , Rimmer S. Roger , Pickard Mark D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractStereospecific analyses of triacylglycerols from selected high‐erucic acid breeding lines or cultivars ofBrassica napus L. andB. oleracea L. have been performed. Initial lipase screening revealed that while allB. napus lines contained little or no erucic acid at thesn‐2 position, several of theB. oleracea lines had significant proportions of erucic acid at this position. Detailed stereospecific analyses were performed on the triacylglycerols from these lines by using a Grignard‐based deacylation, conversion of thesn‐1,sn‐2 andsn‐3 monoacylglycerols to their di‐dinitrophenyl urethane (DNPU) derivatives, resolution of the di‐DNPU‐monoacylglycerols (MAGs) by high‐performance liquid chromatography on a chiral column, transmethylation of eachsn‐di‐DNPU MAG fraction and analysis of the resulting fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatography. The findings unequivocally demonstrate for the first time that, within the Brassicaceae, there existsB. oleracea germplasm containing seed oils with substantial erucic acid (30–35 mol%) at thesn‐2 position. This has important implications for biotechnology and breeding efforts designed to increase the levels of erucic acid in rapeseed beyond 66 mol% to supply strategic industrial feedstocks. In the first instance, the germplasm will be of direct use in retrieving a gene encoding aBrassica lyso‐phosphatidic acid acyltransferase with an affinity for erucoyl‐CoA. In a breeding program, the germplasm offers promise for the introduction of this trait intoB. napus by interspecific hybridization and embryo rescue.
Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of oleic acid adsorption on silicic acid
Authors: Adhikari C. , Proctor A. , Blyholder G. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDiffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to observe adsorption complexes of oleic acid and isopropanol (IPA) on silicic acid in hexane. The spectra provide definite evidence of the molecular nature of the surface interaction. In addition, the effect on oleic acid adsorption of modifying the solvent with IPA, which competes for adsorption sites and modifies the solvent polarity, was studied. Oleic acid adsorption was reduced in the presence of an equimolar IPA concentration in hexane, relative to that from hexane alone. This could be explained by a combination of competitive adsorption of IPA and IPA interacting with oleic acid in solution. IPA, in solution, and silica are probably competing for the lipid. This is additional evidence that suggests that lipid adsorption onto silicic acid is influenced by competitive adsorption. The adsorption of oleic acid and IPA, from a mixture of the two in hexane, was controlled by (i) the equilibrium between surface‐bound species and molecules in solution and (ii) the polar interaction between oleic acid and IPA in solution. Thus, washing pre‐bound oleic acid with hexane removed only a small amount of oleic acid, while washing with a solution of IPA in hexane removed most of the pre‐bound oleic acid.
Extraction of woolgrease with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Cygnarowicz‐Provost M. , King J. W. , Marmer W. N. , Magidman P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSupercritical carbon dioxide was used to extract unrefined woolgrease. The resulting product had no color and little odor, resembling high‐grade commercial lanolin. The amounts of woolgrease extracted for fixed volumes of supercritical fluid solvent were measured at 60, 70 and 80°C and at pressures from 200–520 bar. In this study, the highest recoveries were obtained at 80°C and pressures in excess of 380 bar. Analysis of the extracts by capillary supercritical‐fluid chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography indicated that the composition of the extract changed with extraction time. The earliest fractions were enriched in cholesterol and contained relatively small amounts of species with higher molecular weight. The results suggest that supercritical fluid extraction may be used to obtain an enriched cholesterol fraction from wool‐grease.
Fats & oils news
Authors: Rossell J. B. , Kochhar S. P. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe Leatherhead Food RA is an industrially funded, but independent, laboratory situated south of London, England. This paper describes the general organization and activities of the laboratory, with special reference to the Oils and Fats Section. Brief descriptions are given of the section's research facilities and of its research funding. The procedures for liaison with members and reporting of results also are outlined.
Synthesis of triacylglycerol by lipase in phosphatidylcholine reverse micellar system
Authors: Morita S. , Narita H. , Matoba T. , Kito M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTriacylglycerols were synthesized from 1,2‐diacylglycerol and fatty acids by lipase entrapped in phosphatidylcholine reverse micelles in n‐hexane. In the reaction system without reverse micelles, however, 1,2‐diacylglycerol was hydrolyzed into 2‐monoacylglycerol and fatty acid, and triacylglycerol was not synthesized. The maximum activity of synthetic reaction was obtained at Wo=10 (Wo=mol water/mol surfactant), which was the water content of this reverse micellar system. Though the optimal pH of theR. delemar lipase reaction is about pH 5.6 in a bulk water system, the enzyme was active for triacylglycerol synthesis at pH's from 5 to 9 in the reverse micellar system. For the synthesis of triacylglycerols, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and arachidic acids were effectively used as the fatty acid substrate. 2‐Monoacylglycerol was also effective as a substrate of triacylglycerol synthesis. Furthermore, 1,2‐diacylglycerol could be replaced by several kinds of aliphatic alcohols as fatty acid acceptors in the reverse micellar system. In this case, those alcohols with chain length more than 4 carbons were effectively used for ester formation.
Detergents in the arab world
Authors: Abdel‐Gelil Mohamed A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe Arab world is increasing its consumption and production capacity of household detergents and its raw materials. The consumption of detergents, now about 400,000 tons annually, is expected to reach 900,000 tons in 1990. Detergent formulations follow European patterns and are primarily of the heavy duty foam type. Some international brands are produced under license, and more international brands are expected to be produced in the future. Most raw materials have been imported, but new plants are being built to produce LAB, sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium sulfate.
Direct sampling capillary gas chromatography of volatiles in vegetable oils
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Flick G. J. , Bailey M. E. , St. Angelo A. J. , Legendre M. G. , Sumrell Gene 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDirect sampling gas chromatography used for determining volatiles and, indirectly, the flavor of vegetable oils, has been improved by a capillary column in place of the usual packed columns. Data on two good vegetable oils from a supermarket, and on one of these samples after intentional deterioration, are presented. Use of the capillary column provides a more efficient technique to differentiate between the better oils than did the previously used packed columns.
Reaction conditions for measuring oxidative stability of oils by thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Mikula Mario , Khayat Ali 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method for evaluating the oxidative stability of oils based on heating the sample in an oven and periodically testing for weight gain has been known for over 100 years. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with its highly sensitive recording electrobalance turns this simple method into a powerful technique for studying the relative thermooxidative stabilities of oils. This paper explores the potential of an isothermal TGA via evaluation of several freshly processed, unhydrogenated soybean oils. The objective was to define the parameters of the TGA experiment for fast routine measurement and to compare isothermal and dynamic experiments. The consideration of influence of temperature, specific surface area, air flow rate, sample volatilization and nature of the sample pan on the induction period (IP), which is a measure of the oil's resistance to oxidation, revealed that the temperature and specific surface area are the major parameters that affect the oxidation process. The Arrhenius plot in the range of 80–150 C has shown that the overall activation energy of the oxidation process for three freshly processed oils lies within the range of 21–22 kcal/mole. The rate of oxidation at 150 C is directly proportional to the specific surface area of an oil, suggesting that the rate of oxygen diffusion determines reaction rates at this temperature. A coefficient of variation of the IP better than 2% was found in a routine experiment (10 mg sample, 150 C, 60 ml/min air flow rate, aluminum pan) for typical oils which had an IP range of 25–31 min.