bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Luminal Gain with Plaque Excision in Atherosclerotic Coronary and Peripheral Arteries: Assessment by Histology and Intravascular Ultrasound
Authors: IKENO FUMIAKI , BRADEN GREGORY A. , KANEDA HIDEAKI , HONGO YOICHIRO , HINOHARA TOMOAKI , YEUNG ALAN C. , SIMPSON JOHN B. , KANDZARI DAVID E. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives: Using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and histology, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of arterial wall overstretch and Dotter effect following revascularization with a plaque excision (PE) catheter compared with balloon angioplasty.
Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of plaque excision for the treatment of de novo coronary and peripheral atherosclerotic disease. However, whether mechanical vessel dilatation related to catheter insertion contributes to gains in the final luminal diameter is uncertain.
Methods: Treatment with PE was assessed in both a porcine model (6 lesions treated with balloon angioplasty or PE) using histology and in humans with IVUS. In the latter part of the study, IVUS study was performed before and immediately following PE in 21 patients with either coronary artery disease (N = 13) or femoral artery disease (N = 8). Ultrasound measures in the femoral artery group were then compared with a control group of atherosclerotic lesions treated with conventional angioplasty that was matched according to lesion location and vessel diameter.
Results: Among individuals with coronary and peripheral arterial lesions treated with PE, the relative increases in luminal area secondary to reductions in plaque volume were 89% and 83%, respectively, with minimal increase in vessel diameter. In contrast, balloon angioplasty was associated with significantly greater vessel expansion and less plaque volume reduction. Vessel dissection also tended to occur less frequently and to a lesser extent with PE.
Conclusions: Improvement in luminal dimensions using PE is principally due to a reduction in plaque volume rather than mechanical vessel expansion. The potential to increase luminal area while minimizing arterial dissection and barotrauma merits further clinical study with this method of revascularization.
Information Flow in Ensemble Weather Predictions
Authors: Kleeman Richard 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In a weather prediction, information flows from the initial conditions to a later prediction. The uncertainty in the initial conditions implies that such a flow should be quantified with tools from probability theory. Using several recent developments in information theory, this flow is explored using a moderate-resolution primitive equation atmospheric model with simplified physics. Consistent with operational experience and other methodologies explored in the literature, such as singular vectors, it is found that the midlatitude flow is mainly in an easterly direction. At upper levels, the flow is primarily steered by advection of the jet stream; however, at low levels there is clear evidence that synoptic dynamics are important and this makes the direction of flow more complex. Horizontal rather than vertical flow is generally found to be more important, although there was evidence for propagation from the mid- to upper troposphere of zonal velocity.
As expected, as the length of the prediction increases, more remote areas become important to local predictions. To obtain reliable/stable results, rather large ensembles are used; however, it is found that the basic qualitative results can be obtained with ensembles within present practical reach. The present method has the advantage that it makes no assumptions concerning linearity or ensemble Gaussianicity.
Synoptic Responses to Mountain Gravity Waves Encountering Directional Critical Levels
Authors: Martin Armel , Lott François 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A heuristic model is used to study the synoptic response to mountain gravity waves (GWs) absorbed at directional critical levels. The model is a semigeostrophic version of the Eady model for baroclinic instability adapted by Smith to study lee cyclogenesis. The GWs exert a force on the large-scale flow where they encounter directional critical levels. This force is taken into account in the model herein and produces potential vorticity (PV) anomalies in the midtroposphere.
First, the authors consider the case of an idealized mountain range such that the orographic variance is well separated between small- and large-scale contributions. In the absence of tropopause, the PV produced by the GW force has a surface impact that is significant compared to the surface response due to the large scales. For a cold front, the GW force produces a trough over the mountain and a larger-amplitude ridge immediately downstream. It opposes somehow to the response due to the large scales of the mountain range, which is anticyclonic aloft and cyclonic downstream. For a warm front, the GW force produces a ridge over the mountain and a trough downstream; hence it reinforces the response due to the large scales.
Second, the robustness of the previous results is verified by a series of sensitivity tests. The authors change the specifications of the mountain range and of the background flow. They also repeat some experiments by including baroclinic instabilities, or by using the quasigeostrophic approximation. Finally, they consider the case of a small-scale orographic spectrum representative of the Alps.
The significance of the results is discussed in the context of GW parameterization in the general circulation models. The results may also help to interpret the complex PV structures occurring when mountain gravity waves break in a baroclinic environment.
Genetic-based dosing in orthopedic patients beginning warfarin therapy
Authors: Millican Eric A. , Lenzini Petra A. , Milligan Paul E. , Grosso Leonard , Eby Charles , Deych Elena , Grice Gloria , Clohisy John C. , Barrack Robert L. , Burnett R. Stephen J. , Voora Deepak , Gatchel Susan , Tiemeier Amy , Gage Brian F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHigh variability in drug response and a narrow therapeutic index complicate warfarin therapy initiation. No existing algorithm provides recommendations on refining the initial warfarin dose based on genetic variables, clinical data, and international normalized ratio (INR) values. Our goal was to develop such an algorithm. We studied 92 patients undergoing primary or revision total hip or knee replacement. From each patient we collected a blood sample, clinical variables, current medications, and preoperative and postoperative laboratory values. We genotyped for polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) genes. Using stepwise regression, we developed a model for refining the warfarin dose after the third warfarin dose. The algorithm explained four fifths of the variability in therapeutic dose (R2adj of 79%). Significant (P > .05) predictors were INR value after 3 doses (47% reduction per 0.25-unit rise), first warfarin dose (+7% per 1 mg), CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*2 genotype (−38% and −17% per allele), estimated blood loss (interacting with INR3), smoking status (+20% in current smokers), and VKORC1 (−11% per copy of haplotype A). If validated, this model should provide a safer, more effective process for initiating warfarin therapy.
A General Internal Potential Including Molecular Volume. Internal Energy and Equation of State of Fluids in Gas and Liquid Phases and under Critical Conditions: Study over a Wide Range of Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Bonnet Pierre 
Published: March 2007

The energy of molecular interaction for all fluids is represented by means of a single relation which takes into account both the excluded volume V
τ and the free volume (V − V
τ).
From this expression, we obtain a single equation of state which is in very close agreement with the representation of experimental results for all fluids both in the liquid and gaseous phase and over wide ranges of temperature and pressure.
The generalisation of the study on different fluids allows following the variation of the excluded volume V
τ as function of molar volume and temperature. This variation, which we write as (∂V
τ/∂V)
T
, becomes pronounced in the neighbourhood of critical conditions. It must be taken into consideration in the explanation of observed anomalies of the pressure and C

v
near critical conditions.
Serum CXCL10 levels and occurrence of thyroid dysfunction in patients treated with interferon-α therapy for hepatitis C virus-related hepatitis
Authors: Rotondi Mario , Minelli Roberta , Magri Flavia , Leporati Paola , Romagnani Paola , Baroni Maria Cristina , Delsignore Roberto , Serio Mario , Chiovato Luca 
Published: March 2007

Objective: Thyroid autoimmunity is a common side effect of interferon-α (IFN-α) treatment for chronic hepatitis C. There are currently no reliable parameters to predict the occurrence of thyroid dysfunctions in patients undergoing IFN-α therapy. CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) is a chemokine known to play a role in both thyroid autoimmune disease and hepatitis C virus (HCV) hepatitis.
Design: The aim of this study was to evaluate serum CXCL10 levels in HCV patients treated with IFN-α in relation to the occurrence of thyroid dysfunctions. Serum CXCL10 levels were assayed in 25 HCV patients (proven to be negative for serum thyroid antibodies) before and during IFN-α therapy (2, 4 and 6 months) and in 50 healthy controls. HCV patients were retrospectively selected according to the occurrence of IFN-α-induced thyroid dysfunction and were assigned to two groups. Group I included 15 patients who did not develop thyroid antibody positivity or dysfunction; group II included ten patients who showed the appearance of serum thyroid antibodies, followed by clinically overt thyroid dysfunction.
Results: Patients with HCV, regardless of the development of thyroid dysfunctions, had significantly higher serum CXCL10 than controls (261.6±123.4 vs 80.4±33.6 pg/ml; P<0.00001). Pretreatment mean serum CXCL10 levels were significantly higher in Group I versus Group II (308.6±130.7 vs 191.1±69.4 pg/ml; P<0.05). Groups I and II showed different rates of favourable response to IFN-α treatment (33 and 90% respectively).
Conclusion: Our results suggest that measuring serum CXCL10 before IFN-α treatment may be helpful for identifying those patients with higher risk to develop thyroid dysfunction, and require a careful thyroid surveillance throughout the treatment.
The Public Diplomacy of U.S. Business Abroad: The Experience of Latin America
Authors: Kingsley Robert E. 
Published: March 2007

It is not surprising that the academic community should be interested in probing the diplomatic role of U.S. business abroad. The business corporation, which has aptly been called the characteristic institution of American society, has been a prime force for change and economic progress, not only in industrialized nations but in the most remote and backward areas as well. As a leader in building a new society, U.S. business has had thrust upon it a diplomatic function (and one which is not merely an appendage of political diplomacy) that we are only beginning to discern in all of its implications.Because of the magnitude and rate of growth of our economic involvement abroad, a few statistics may provide an adequate if hurried perspective of the issues and problems which I believe will necessitate rethinking the diplomatic stance of U.S. business. Over the two decades between 1940 and 1961, total U.S. foreign assets and investments rose from $12 billion to $80 billion. In Latin America, with which most of this paper will be concerned, U.S. direct investments now exceed $10 billion, U.S. companies pay one-fifth of all taxes, and employ a million and a half people. U.S. citizens living and working in Latin America number in the tens of thousands; there are about 17,000 in Venezuela alone.
“Foreign Aid” to Brazil from Private U.S. Sources
Authors: Godfrey Erwina E. 
Published: March 2007

At every recent session of the United States Congress foreign aid has been debated, criticized, and eventually enacted into law. Unfortunately, results of the foreign aid program have been less miraculous than its proponents anticipated. Instead of free, happy and productive allies, we find that discontented, disappointed and even resentful nations are recipients of U. S. “foreign aid.”The frustrations and failures inherent in a governmental foreign aid program were publicized by the best-selling polemic, The Ugly American. The authors insisted that much of the trouble with foreign aid was to be found in the naïvete of its originators, the ignorance and incompetence of its administrators, and the general insensitivity of Americans toward peoples of other lands. The indictment provoked angry denials from advocates of foreign aid, and managed to obscure the positive achievements of two decades of assistance by the United States government to many countries where ignorance, poverty and disease were considered to be ineradicable.
ODECA: Common Market Experiment in an Under-Developed Area
Authors: Keller Frank Leuer 
Published: March 2007

The integration process can be intensified and accelerated not only by specialization resulting from broadening of markets through liberalization of trade but also through use of such instruments as agreements for complementary production within economic sectors … Title III, Declaration of Punta del Este, Montevideo, 1961.The European pattern of economic integration has found expression in the Western Hemisphere in three politically divergent, widelyseparated regional groupings. One such group is the now-defunct West Indies Federation, a rearrangement of the remaining bits and pieces of British colonialism in the Caribbean region. Another is the Latin American Free Trade Association, straddling gaps from Mexico to Argentina, which appears to be a superficial bid for economic affinity among the more developed Latin American nations. But the most vigorous approach to regional economic integration is being pursued by the Organization for the Economic Development of Central America, which boldly proposes to weld at least five individually inefficient, insufferably nationalistic entities into one productive effort capable of initiating and sustaining economic take-off. Thus, in Central America, regional integration is being enforced even before national identity has fully emerged.
Racism and Communism in British Guiana
Authors: Halperin Ernst 
Published: March 2007

With an area of 83,000 square miles and a population of 600,000, British Guiana is one of the smallest countries on the South American continent. Its political importance is out of all proportion to its size or economic performance for the single reason that the People's Progressive Party (PPP), which won a clear majority in the Legislative Assembly elections of 1961, is completely dominated by a group of Communists.British Guiana is still a colony under a governor who is a British civil servant nominated by the Colonial Office in London and who controls law and order, defense, and external affairs—the effective levers of command. The local government can thus be said to be in office but not in power, its range of action being extremely limited.
Fifteen Years of Central Banking in Honduras
Authors: LaBarge Richard A. , Falero Frank 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to draw together from primary sources the case history of formative policy years for the Central Bank of Honduras. This bank, like others formed throughout the underdeveloped world in the post-World War II era, was created in 1950 as a vehicle for stimulating economic growth. In retrospect over 186 months of operations this particular Central Bank has an unusually outstanding policy record—a record which argues forcefully for appropriate monetary policy as a stimulant to economic advance.The first meeting of Central Bank directors was held on May 31, 1950, for the purpose of establishing the major monetary policies under which the Bank would commence operations July 1. At that meeting the directors established a schedule of maximum interest rates to be charged by the public commercial banks and a schedule of rates at which eligible commercial paper of 12 months maturity or less could be rediscounted with the Central Bank.
Una Mystica Perennis
Authors: Olaso Ezequiel de 
Published: March 2007

En este breve estudio me propongo destacar algunas de las ideas del casi desconocido pensador argentino Vicente Fatone cuya personalidad ha gravitado decisivamente en los estudios filosóficos en la Argentina.Aparte de sus peculiares características personales —de que ahora no me ocuparé— Fatone poseía la fecunda virtud de saber mirar filosóficamente los más variados asuntos de la preocupación humana. Esto cobra especial relieve si se atiende a que Buenos Aires no es sólo una gran ciudad sino una frontera. Hacia adentro comunica con un país de tenue tradición cultural. Hacia afuera … Acaso la mejor definición de Buenos Aires consista en no limitar ese otro mundo al que está abierta. Ese otro mundo ha sido y es una larga conquista que aún no ha cesado y a cuya ampliación contribuyó Fatone en insospechada medida. Merced a él se incorporan al círculo de preocupaciones del argentino —aparte de innumerables pensadores, obras y corrientes del pensamiento— tres grandes orbes ideales: el Oriente, el pensamiento místico especulativo de las culturas más importantes y, en menor medida, la filosofía científica o analítica anglosajona.
Culture Change in Brazil: An Analytical Model
Authors: Hutchinson H. W. 
Published: March 2007

The importance of the study of culture change lies not only in the opportunities for scientific understanding of culture through its dynamic aspects, but also in “applied” needs for analyzing and, so far as possible, predicting present-day cultural trends. Keesing defines culture change as a, “reformulation of group behavior. Such reformulation may be seen occurring from the level of individual experience to that of the total functional and integrational setting of a cultural system.”This paper is concerned primarily with the second aspect of the reformulation, that is, the total setting in one country, Brazil. Obviously, in such a short paper, all aspects of change in Brazil cannot be treated nor can they be definitely stated. In fact, one of the purposes of this preliminary paper is to raise more questions than it answers concerning culture change in whole, contemporary, national cultures.
Military Aid to Latin America in the U.S. Congress
Authors: Francis Michael J. 
Published: March 2007

Over the last thirteen years the United States has provided almost five hundred million dollars in military aid to Latin America. This program has continued undaunted despite the fact that the justification for the undertaking — as shown by testimony of U. S. congressional hearings — has undergone such a wide fluctuation that today's purposes are quite different from yesterday's. To understand the present program it is helpful to explore the peculiar evolution of this program of aid.During World War II there was cooperation between the United States and Latin-American military forces. Two states, Mexico and Brazil, donated forces which saw combat. The chief contribution of Latin America to the war effort, however, was in the realm of economic assistance to the United States war machine.
Hegel and Latin America Today
Authors: McNicoll Robert E. 
Published: March 2007

Hegel's theory of the eternal interplay of thesis and antithesis appears to be more tenable than most of the ideas Karl Marx borrowed from him. At least its application to the present Latin-American scene leads to some interesting queries. There was a wave of optimism a few years ago regarding the advance of democratically-inspired governments in the Hemisphere. As recently as 1959, a shrewd observer could say:In Latin America there are now a group of leaders who have used democratic means to bring dictatorships to an end and at the same time erect barriers against Communism and Justicialism.There is now no more talk of caudillos or dictators and the last survivors of this group can scarcely maintain themselves in power for another year. Thus the vision of President Ramón Villeda Morales, who predicted that 1960 would see the map of Latin America cleaned of dictators, may be realized.
Revolucao Social NA America Latina em 1961
Authors: Fischlowitz Estanislau 
Published: March 2007

Prevalece no momento a opinião, conforme a qual essa região se encontraría em pleno processo de “revolução social”, sem quaisquer precedentes nesse sentido no passado, mesmo recente.Quer nos parecer, realmente, muito acertada tal interpretação dos fenômenos de dinamismo social como principal característica do cenário turbulento, em 1961, dessa região tôda: 20 países com mais de 205 milhóes de habitantes.Depois de sair de longo período de estagnação pós-colonial, essa parte do Hemisferio Ocidental — primeira grande região do “mundo subdesenvolvido em vésperas de se incorporar plenamente ao ciclo de civilização material adiantada — entrou, no período de após guerra, numa fase de alteracóes bruscas e febris que, simultáneamente, abrangem a sua estrutura política, as suas bases económicas, os seus fundamentos populacionais, mas, sobretudo, o seu panorama social.
Aspiracoes e Interesses do Brasil
Authors: Rodrigues José Honório 
Published: March 2007

As nacoes, como sociedades políticas, vivem sob o império de interésses vitáis, que criam reações emocionáis e convições racionáis, edáo ao povo e á sua lideranga um comportamento unitario histórico. Todas elas tém aspiragoes permanentes que sao fruto do processo histórico, das características do povo e da etapa do desenvolvimento económico.É no processo histórico que se revelam novas energías espirituais, forgas económicas em expansáo, vitalidades políticas que podem manifestar e garantir a perspectiva de expansáo das aspiragoes nacionais, no campo interno ou internacional, maiores ou menores conforme a capacidade do povo, da lideranga e da fórga económica.
Como Somos Los Argentinos
Authors: Garasa Delfín Leocadio 
Published: March 2007

Deseo aclarar ante todo —para tranquilidad de mis lectores— que en ningún momento pretendo en este artículo arrastrarlos a la áspera cuesta de las definiciones. Nada más lejos de mi intención que el ensayo filosófico o la interpretación sociológica, venerables disciplinas cuya profundidad siempre me produce vértigo. Quizás sea el vértigo que sentimos ante lo desconocido, ante lo que escapa a nuestras posibilidades de captación.Lo único que puedo prometer es intentar situarme en un ángulo objetivo. Trataré, pues, de ser lo más imparcial posible. Nada se pierde con intentarlo. Tal vez no lo consiga y esto no quede sino como una buena intención, una de esas buenas intenciones que empiedran el camino del infierno. No es fácil empresa el salirse de sí mismo. Y así, en mi condición de argentino que se refiere a sus compatriotas, a sí mismo, en una publicación de otro país, no sé hasta qué punto podré despojar a mis palabras de la impresionable subjetividad y elevarlas a la helada región de las afirmaciones impersonales. No sé incluso hasta que punto desearía hacerlo, en caso de que pudiera.
Cadastral Systems on the Northern Coast of Peru: Some Problems and Proposals
Authors: Fitchett Delbert A. 
Published: March 2007

Peruvians who are planning more extensive development of their Northern coast area find the lack of accurate data regarding land surveys, land tenure, and land values a serious obstacle. An effective register of the real property of the area based on a sound cadastral system is urgently needed.A typically faulty element in the agrarian structure of economically underdeveloped countries is the so-called land division or cadastral system regnant. Generally, the main objectives of these systems would be to record and measure the tenure characteristics of (agricultural) land. Their contents would vary according to the goals of the system and the resources available for establishing and maintaining it. The essential components are a registry of rights in land and its accompanying map.