bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abiotic factors influencing embryonic development, egg hatching, and larval orientation in the reindeer warble fly, Hypoderma tarandi
Authors: KARTER ANDREW J. , FOLSTAD IVAR , ANDERSON JOHN R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWild‐caught, tethered females of the reindeer warble fly, Hypoderma tarandi (L.) (=Oedemagena tarandi (L.)), (Diptera, Oestridae) were stimulated to oviposit on hairs of a reindeer hide. Newly laid eggs incubated at constant temperatures and relative humidities hatched within 3 days to 2 weeks, depending on the experimental conditions. Over a range of 7–40oC, hatching only occurred between 20 and 37oC. Eggs held at 100% relative humidity had lower hatchability and longer time to hatch relative to eggs held at 77% relative humidity. The average number of degree‐days for hatching was 50.35. Between 20 and 33oC there was a temperature‐dependent linear trend in developmental rate, and the proportion of eggs hatching was highest, and least variable, at the mid‐temperature ranges. The temperature range found in the natural host micro‐habitat where H. tarandi commonly affix their eggs (close to the skin at the base of a host hair) was consistent with the experimental temperature treatments that produced the highest hatching rate. Newly emerged larvae displayed positive thermotaxis, while showing no phototaxic or geotaxic behaviour. Results indicate that constraints of the host environment, coupled with temperature‐dependent hatching success, may impose a selective pressure on oviposition behaviour.
Seasonal abundance and biting behaviour of Anopheles punctulatus and An.koliensis in Malaita Province, Solomon Islands, and a trial of permethrin impregnated bednets against malaria transmission
Authors: SAMARAWICKREMA W. A. , PARKINSON A. D. , KERE N. , ALO O G 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSeasonal abundance of the malaria vectors Anopheles punctulatus Donitz and An.koliensis Owen in Bilimanu, an isolated inland village with forty‐two houses in Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands, was monitored over 28 months by means of all‐night landing/biting catches at one site during June 1985 to September 1987. Totals of 1250 An.punctulatus and 141 An.koliensis were collected, the latter being the largest number of this species ever caught at any locality in the Solomons.Bednets impregnated with permethrin 0.5 g/m2 were introduced in December 1986 to be used at night by all 190 villagers for protection against malaria vectors. Bioassay tests with An.punctulatus blood‐fed females exposed under nets for lOmin resulted in 100% mortality up to 50 weeks post‐impregnation.For An.punctulatus, the main vector species, the mean catch (indoors + outdoors) per man hour was 2.9 (range 0.7–13.2) before a cyclone on 19 May 1986, and, 0.66 (0.2‐2.7) after the cyclone. The vector survival rates were usually high before the cyclone, but erratically lower thereafter for An.punctulatus. An.koliensis disappeared after the cyclone.Both An.punctulatus and An.koliensis consistently showed higher rates of biting man indoors than outdoors and their diel biting cycle showed a peak around midnight. Outdoors, the parous proportion of An.punctulatus was twice the nulliparous, and nearly so indoors.Following intervention with permethrin‐treated bednets, the mean catch of An.punctulatus fell to 0.35 per man‐hour (monthly range 0–1.5). The Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection rate reduced from 10% pre‐intervention to zero in September 1987, 9 months after intervention, and then rose again.With re‐impregnation of bednets in November 1987, the P.falciparum infection rate was again reduced by March 1988. No effect of treated bednets was observed on the prevalence of P.vivax malaria.
The Anopheles punctulatus group of mosquitoes in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu surveyed by allozyme electrophoresis
Authors: FOLEY D. H. , MEEK S. R. , BRYAN J. H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Four species within the Anopheles punctulatus group of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were identified by allozyme analysis of samples collected from thirty‐three localities in Guadalcanal, Makira, Malaita, Temotu and Western Provinces in the Solomon Islands and six localities on Efate, Espiritu Santo, Maewo and Malekula Islands in Vanuatu. Three of these species are members of the An. farauti complex. A key is given to identify five species of the An. punctulatus group known to occur in the Solomon Islands using their isoenzyme characteristics. An. farauti No. 1 was widespread in coastal areas of the Solomon Islands and was the only species detected in Vanuatu, including Efate Island (where Faureville is the type locality of An. farauti Laveran sensu stricto). An. farauti No. 2 and An. punctulatus were common in the Solomon Islands in more inland areas. An. farauti No. 7, reported here for the first time, was found as larvae in freshwater at six localities on north Guadalcanal. Three other members of the An. punctulatus group which have been reported previously from the Solomon Islands: An. koliensis, An. renellensis and an electrophoretic variant of An. farauti sensu lato, were not found in our samples.Previously recognized vectors of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in the Solomon Islands are An. farauti No. 1 (i.e. An. farauti s.s.), An. koliensis and An. punctulatus s. s. Adult females of An. farauti No. 2 and An. farauti No. 7 were not attracted to human bait in areas where their larvae occurred, indicating that these two species are not anthropophilic and therefore unlikely to transmit human pathogens.
Protein hydrolysates and associated bacterial contaminants as oviposition attractants for the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus
Authors: BEEHLER JEFFREY W. , MILLAR JOCELYN G. , MULLA MIR S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Six protein or protein hydrolysate solutions were tested for activity as attractants for ovipositing Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the laboratory. Four of these solutions (egg albumin, lactalbumin hydrolysate, casein hydrolysate and yeast hydrolysate) were attractive to ovipositing females at varying concentrations, when compared to distilled water controls. Soy hydrolysate was repellent at 1%, but not significantly attractive or repellent at lower concentrations. ‘Nulure’, a tephritid fly bait containing protein hydrolysate, also had no significant effect on oviposition behaviour. Gravid females mostly oviposited within the first 4 h of the scotophase, regardless of the presence or absence of an oviposition attractant.Lactalbumin hydrolysate 1% solution, with or without 0.1% neomycin antibiotic, was attractive to Cx quinquefasciatus. This effect was reduced by the presence of neomycin which, alone, had no effect on oviposition. Hence both lactalbumin hydrolysate and bacterial contaminants were shown to be attractive to gravid Cx quinquefasciatus.
Dispersal of the Old World screw‐worm fly Chrysomya bezziana
Authors: SPRADBERY J. P. , MAHON R. J. , MORTON R. , TOZER R. S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Dispersal of the Old World screw‐worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve, was studied in Papua New Guinea by releasing radio‐isotope labelled, laboratory‐reared flies and collecting their labelled egg masses from sentinel cattle. A log‐linear model was developed to describe recapture rate. Distance was found to dominate the model and was represented by a bilinear (‘broken‐stick’) term as log‐distance. Further terms in the model such as attractiveness of the site (estimated from the number of non‐labelled egg masses), the season of the year and a time trend were statistically significant but of minor importance. From the model, the median distance females dispersed before depositing an egg mass was 10.8 km. The maximum distance from the release site that egg masses were recovered was 100 km.The dispersal ability of C. bezziana is discussed in terms of its impact on the prospects of eradicating this species using SIRM if an outbreak occurred in Australia.
Mosquito responses to carbon dioxide in B West African Sudan savanna village
Authors: COSTANTINI CARLO , GIBSON GABRIELLA , SAGNON N' FALÉ , TORRE ALESSANDRA DELLA , BRADY JOHN , COLUZZI MARIO 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Mosquito responses to carbon dioxide were investigated in Noungou village, 30 km northeast of Ouagadougou in the Sudan savanna belt of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Species of primary interest were the main malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae S.S. and An.arabiensis, sibling species belonging to the An.gambiae complex. Data forAn.finestus, An.pharoensis, Culex quinquefasciatus and Mansonia uniformis were also analysed.Carbon dioxide was used at concentrations of 0.04‐0.6% (cf. 0.03% ambient concentration) for attracting mosquitoes to odour‐baited entry traps (OBETs). The ‘attractiveness’ of whole human odour was also compared with CO2, emitted at a rate equivalent to that released by the human bait. In a direct choice test with two OBETs placed side‐by‐side, the number of An.gambiae s. I. entering the trap with human odour was double the number trapped with CO2, alone (at the human equivalent rate), but there was no significant difference between OBETs for the other species of mosquitoes. When OBETs were positioned 20 m apart, again CO2, alone attracted half as many An.gambiae s.l. and only 40% Anlfunestus, 65% Ma.uniformis but twice as many An.pharoensis compared to the number trapped with human odour.The dose‐response for all mosquito species was essentially similar: a linear increase in catch with increasing dose on a log‐log scale. The slopes of the dose‐response curves were not significantly different between species, although there were significant differences in the relative numbers caught. If the dose‐response data are considered in relation to a standard human bait collection (HBC), however, the behaviour of each species was quite different. At one extreme, even the highest dose of CO2, did not catch more An.gambiae s.1. than one HBC. At the other extreme, the three highest doses of CO2, caught significantly more Ma.unifonnis than did one HBC. An.pharoensis and Cx quinquefasciatus showed a threshold response to CO2, responding only at doses above that normally released by one man. An.funestus did not respond to CO2, alone at any dose in sufficient numbers to assess the dose response. Within the An.gambiae complex, An.arabiensis 'chose' the CO2,‐baited trap with a higher probability than An.gambiae S.S. Also An.arabiensis, the less anthropophilic of the two species, was more abundant in CO2,‐baited OBETs than in human bait collections.
Culturing Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes with a blood substitute diet for the females
Authors: GRIFFITH JEREMY S. R. , TURNER GRAHAME D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The tropical house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus was cultured by feeding the females on an artificial diet, not on live animals or whole blood. This anautogenous strain has been maintained for more than fifty generations. The blood replacement diet for female mosquitoes, designed to simulate the tonicity and density of host blood, was based on ovalbumin, soya infant formula, globulins and adenosine triphosphate.Female adults of Cx quinquefasciatus were fed the artificial blood formula from ‘Parafilm’ wax membrane‐covered beakers. The diet was heated by radiant heat from a chamber containing an exothermic chemical reaction. This maintained the diet at a temperature of 33–37d̀C for a period of up to 6 h, sufficient time to enable all the female mosquitoes to imbibe to satiation. After six generations on the artificial diet, female fecundity stabilized to a satisfactory level: the number of eggs per gonotrophic cycle averaged c. 85% of the ‘control’ strain fed on whole blood from live anaesthetized guinea‐pigs, i.e. 156 eggs per female from nine feeds on the artificial diet compared with 183 from six feeds of whole blood. Adult weight of Cx quinquefasciatus females was not significantly different, from generation 6 onwards, for strains fed on artificial diet or whole blood. Sex ratio and the rate of egg viability were also equivalent for the two strains.
Protection of dogs from bites of phlebotomine sandflies by deltamethrin collars for control of canine leishmaniasis
Authors: KILLICK‐KENDRICK R. , KILLICK‐KENDRICK M. , FOCHEUX C. , DEREURE J. , PUECH M‐P. , CADIERGUES M. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Dog collars made of PVC plastic impregnated with the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin at 40 mg/g were investigated for their protective efficacy against phlebotomine sandflies. Collared dogs were kept separately (two untreated control dogs lived together) in outdoor enclosures, each with a kennel, in the Cevennes, southern France. To measure sandfly mortality and anti‐feeding effects due to the deltamethrin‐impregnated collars worn continuously by the dogs for up to 8 months, each dog was periodically sedated and exposed for 2h to 150–200 laboratory‐reared Phlebotomus perniciosus females (plus c. 25 males) inside a net (1.2m square, 1.8 m high) indoors. After dogs were removed from the nets, allowed to recover and returned to their kennels, any dead sandflies were collected from inside the net and counted. Surviving flies were kept overnight, then scored according to whether they were still alive or dead, unfed or blood‐fed.From tests 2, 3, 4, 13, 20, 26 and 34 weeks after the dogs began wearing collars, the overall numbers of blood‐fed female sandflies recaptured were 75 from two dogs with collars, compared with 1911 from two collarless dogs. Thus, for every 100 flies which fed on collarless dogs, only 4 fed on collared dogs, i.e. the collars protected dogs from 96% of the bites and this activity was maintained for up to 34 weeks. During the same period, the percentage of recaptured female sandflies that had fed on collared dogs was 0–12% compared to 55–95% on collarless dogs. Immediately after dogs were taken out of the nets, 21–60% of flies confined with the collared dogs were found dead, compared to 0–12% with the controls.It is concluded that, at least in the Mediterranean subregion, this insecticidal collar would protect a dog from the majority of sandfly bites and retain a killing effect for a complete sandfly season. Moreover, it seems likely that the use of collars on all dogs in a focus of Leishmania infantum would reduce contact between sandfly vectors and canine reservoir hosts sufficiently to diminish the risk of infection for humans as well as dogs.
Dosage differential effects of permethrin impregnated into bednets on pyrethroid resistant and susceptible genotypes of the mosquito Anopheles stephensi
Authors: HODJATI M. HASSAN , CURTIS C. F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Effects of bednets impregnated with permethrin 200 mg and 500mg/m2 on pyrethroid resistant and susceptible strains of Anopheles stephensi and their F hybrid progeny were studied, using free‐flying female mosquitoes of these three genotypes, in a room with a human subject under a polyester net, having one of his arms in contact with the treated netting. Unexpectedly an apparently higher feeding rate, but lower knockdown and mortality rates, of mosquitoes were obtained for each of the three genotypes with the higher concentration of 500mg/m2 compared with the lower dose of 200mg/m2. At the lower dose there was 100% mortality 24 h after exposure of all three genotypes, suggesting that there would not be selection for resistance at this dose. However, at the higher dose there was significantly higher mortality of the susceptible strain than of the F hybrids, suggesting incomplete recessiveness of this resistance and that there would therefore be effective selection for resistance by this dose.When female mosquitoes were confined in bioassay cones on treated netting, the resistant strain of An.stephensi showed significantly less irritability (scored as the time until first flight take‐off) in response to each dose, as compared with the susceptible strain and F, hybrids. The higher dose provoked more irritation of each genotype; this could explain the greater knockdown and mortality rates of mosquitoes exposed to the lower dose which was less irritating and hence more effectively insecticidal. Thus a dose of 200mg/m2 is preferable to 500mg/m2 for malaria vector control.
Cutaneous Immunofluorescence in Dermatomyositis
Authors: Nesbitt Lee T. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT: Seven patients with dermatomyositis who displayed severe skin and muscle disease, and in whom coexistent systemic lupus erythematosus (LE) was excluded, were evaluated by direct immunofluorescent biopsies of skin lesions. Specimens from six showed deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in small to moderate amounts at the dermal‐epidermal junction zone. These deposits were usually in the form of focal granular accumulations which lacked continuity and were not well developed as are those seen in LE, or fluorescent subepidermal hyaline bodies. One patient, however, had a more well developed hand of immunoglobulins at the dermal‐epidermal junction. All normal skin specimens in these patients were negative by immunofluorescence.These findings were helpful in clarifying differences in cutaneous immunofluorescence between dermatomyositis and LE, indicating that dermatomyositis specimens can usually be differentiated from those of LE patients. but demonstrating the possibility that confusion might rarely occur in interpreting a lesional immunofluorescent biopsy in dermatomyositis.
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis Presenting with Necrotic Skin Lesions
Authors: D'Aubermont Peter C. Suhge , Honig Paul J. , Wood Margaret Gray 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT:Classical lesions associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis include petechiae, splinter hemorrhages, Osler's modes and Janaway lesions. We describe a patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis, whose sole cutaneous findings were bullous necrotic lesions of the lower extremities. The vessels were occluded by acidophilic material and coccal bacteria were identified in the vessels. Immunofluorescent studies revealed Igm and C3 in the vessel walls.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Diffuse Soft Tissue Calcifications
Authors: Carette Simon , Urowitz Murray B. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT:A 26‐year‐old white woman developed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and extensive soft tissue calcification. Striking features of this patient related to severe complication of corticosteroids, including proximal muscle weakness and multiple areas of avascular necrosis. In addition to localized areas of erythematous induration, the patient demonstrated yellowish papules on her legs. Biopsies of the former showed thickening of the dermis with extensive collagen deposition and focal deposits of calcium. The latter revealed eosinophilic degeneration of the subcutaneous fat.
Book Reviews
Authors: BEERMAN HERMAN 
Published: March 2008

Book reviews in this aticle: A MANUAL OF DERMATOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Orlando Canizares, M.D. MALIGNANT SKIN TUMORS. A. J. J. Emmett and M. C. E. O'Rourke, editors. VIRUS DISEASES AND THE SKIN. T. W. E. Robinson, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.P. and R. B. Heath, M.D., F.R.C.P. PARASITIC DISEASES. Michael Katz, Dickson D. Despommier, and Robert Gwadz. COMMON OFFICE DERMATOLOGY. Mark V. Dahl, M.D. MICROBIAL SKIN DISEASE: ITS EPIDEMIOLOGY. W. C. Noble.
Implementing a chronic disease strategy in two remote Indigenous Australian settings: A multi‐method pilot evaluation
Authors: D'Abbs Peter , Schmidt Barbara , Dougherty Kathryn , Senior Kate 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjective:  To test an evaluation framework designed to evaluate implementation of the North Queensland Indigenous communities between August and December 2005. Setting:  Both communities are located in Cape York, North Queensland. Community A has an estimated population of around 600 people; Community B has an enumerated population of 750, although health centre records indicate a higher number. Participants:  Process evaluation involved health centre staff in both communities; clinical audits used random samples from the adult population (each sample n = 30); ethnographic fieldwork was conducted with resident population.Main outcome measures:  Health centre scores and qualitative findings using a System Assessment Tool; clinical audits – extent to which scheduled services recorded; selected primary health performance indicators; qualitative ethnographic findings. Results:  On almost all indicators, implementation of NQICDS had progressed further in Community A than in Community B; however, some common issues emerged, especially lack of linkages between health centres and other groups, and lack of support for client self‐management. Conclusions:  The evaluation framework is an effective and acceptable framework for monitoring implementation of the NQICDS at the primary health centre level.
The evaluation of immune responses to hepatitis B vaccination in diabetic and non‐diabetic haemodialysis patients and the use of tetanus toxoid
Authors: OCAK SABAHATTIN , ESKIOCAK ALI FUAT 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY:Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate whether haemodialysis (HD) patients suffering from diabetes mellitus could be considered at risk for the development of the protective antibodies to hepatitis B (HB) vaccination and, to evaluate the effectiveness of tetanus toxoid (TT) administrated 2 days before HB vaccination.Methods:  Forty‐nine HD patients were divided into two groups: group A (19 diabetic patients) and group B (30 non‐diabetic patients). A dose of 40 μg recombinant HB vaccine was injected intramuscularly to the patients at 0, 1, 2 and 6 months.Results:  After the completion of the course, the patients in group A were found to have a lower protective antibody rates than the patients in group B (57.8% vs 70%) (P > 0.05). After the administration of additional booster doses during 12 months, the protective antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAb) levels were detected in 78.9% and 96.6% of the patients in group A and group B, respectively (P > 0.05). The patients not having protective HBsAb levels were administered TT and HB vaccines, and after course, all of them have produced protective HBsAb levels.Conclusion:  The present study showed that diabetic patients on HD may carry a greater risk of not seroconverting than non‐diabetic ones for antibody response to HB vaccination. The use of TT 2 days before HB vaccination may be a useful and effective method of enhancing the immune response to HB vaccination, especially in the patients with diabetes mellitus on HD.