bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of self‐reports, reports by knowledgeable informants, and behavioral observation data
Authors: Moskowitz D S 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe strengths and weaknesses for the assessment of personality characteristics of self‐reports, reports by knowledgeable informants, and measures based on behavioral observation data are discussed and compared It is suggested that measurement methods should be evaluated with respect to Loevinger's concept of structural validity The concept of structural validity is expanded to include evidence that the scores have properties paralleling the theoretical definition of the characteristic with respect to reliability over occasions, range of referent attributes sampled, and generality across situations or the specification of situation parameters Each of the methods is evaluated for its potential to construct measures with structural validity for different models of constructs The methods are also discussed in relation to several other common threats to validity, specifically, threats stemming from the respondent, from the investigator, and from sampling errors It is likely that demonstrations of convergence between these methods will be possible for some but not all constructs It is also suggested that the examination of structural validity will contribute to the evolution and refinement of constructs appropriate for interactionist theories
Progress in Psychoblography
Authors: Runyan William McKinley 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Progress in psychobiography What is it? Has there been any? And what processes contnbute to it?The issue of progress in psychobiography is pursued from two different perspectives The first section briefly reviews the historical growth of the field, including the range of disciplines involved, the rise of associated professional organizations and publication outlets, and a quantitative analysis of the increase in books, articles, and dissertations in psychobiography The second section argues that progress in psychobiographical understanding can be analyzed into eight component processes, such as the collection of additional evidence, the formulation of fresh interpretations, critical examination of prior explanations, and the application of new theoretical advances These processes are illustrated with an examination of the course of debate about the physical and psychological disturbances of King George IIIPersonality psychology is concerned with the four basic tasks of developing general theories of personality, analyzing individual and group differences, understanding individual persons, and studying selected processes and classes of behavior In that developing a better understanding of individual persons is one of the ultimate objectives of personality psychology, progress in psychobiography is intimately related to progress in personality psychology as a whole
Variations in Level of Moral Judgment as a Function of Type of Dilemma and Moral Choice
Authors: Carpendale Jeremy I. M. , Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis study compares the predictive power of two models of moral judgment: (a) Kohlberg's model, which predicts stage consistency across varying content, and (b) a model that predicts variations in stage as a function of complex interactions between people and social contexts. Forty university students were asked to make and justify choices on three moral dilemmas—a dilemma involving the sale of defective merchandise (selling dilemma) and two dilemmas from Kohlberg's test of moral judgment. Half the participants made hypothetical choices on the selling dilemma; the other half were offered a selfish incentive—money—for concealing the defects in the merchandise. In support of the interactional model, (a) participants scored lower on the selling dilemma than on Kohlberg's test, (b) the monetary incentive affected moral choices, (c) participants justified the choice to conceal defects in the merchandise with significantly lower stage moral judgments than they invoked in support of the decision to disclose its defects, and (d) participants who upheld the choice to disclose supported it with higher stage justifications than those who rejected it. Surprisingly, however, participants who stood to make money disclosed more about the defects in the article and charged less than participants who did not.
On the Nature of Embarrassabllity: Shyness, Social Evaluation, and Social Skill
Authors: Miller Rowland S. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTIn this study, the correlates of embarrassability, or chronic susceptibility to embarrassment, were examined. Competing theoretical models suggest either that embarrassable people should be especially concerned about others' evaluations of them or that they should lack social skills. Further, shyness and embarrassment are typically considered to be closely related states. To test these propositions, 310 participants provided extensive self‐reports of social skill, fear of negative evaluation, self‐esteem, self‐consciousness, and negative affectivity. Regression and factor analyses indicated that, compared to those of low embarrassability, highly embarrassable people are particularly concerned with the normative appropriateness of behavior and are more motivated to avoid rejection from others. In contrast, shyness was best predicted by low social self‐confidence and low social skill. The data best support a social‐evaluation model of embarrassment and argue that embarrassability is linked to the appropriateness of social behavior, and shyness to its effectiveness.
Transition from the Early 40s to the Early 50s in Sell‐Directed Women
Authors: Wink Paul 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTHow does personality type moderate personality change in middle age? Answers to this question were sought with three observer‐based measures of self‐directedness (autonomy, hypersensitivity, and willfulness) scored from the California Q‐set when the participants in the Mills longitudinal study were age 43. From their early 40s to early 50s, high scorers on autonomy (healthy self‐directedness) increased on California Psychological Inventory measures of impulse control and agency, and continued their involvement in high‐status occupational careers. Despite increases in impulse control, the hypersensitive women had not increased in agency and expressed boredom in major social roles. In their early 50s, high scorers on willfulness increased in agency but not impulse control. In social roles, they perceived themselves as stimulating and creative.
Assessment and Prediction of Stress‐Related Growth
Authors: Park Crystal L. , Cohen Lawrence H. , Murch Renee L. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis article reports the development of the Stress‐Related Growth Scale (SRGS) and its use in a study examining determinants of stress‐related positive outcomes for college students. Study 1 analyses showed that the SRGS has acceptable internal and test‐retest reliability and that scores are not influenced by social desirability. Study 2 analyses showed that college students' SRGS responses were significantly related to those provided by friends and relatives on their behalf. Study 3 analyses tested the determinants of stress‐related growth longitudinally. Significant predictors of the SRGS were (a) intrinsic religiousness; (b) social support satisfaction; (c) stressfulness of the negative event; (d) positive reinterpretation and acceptance coping; and (e) number of recent positive life events. The SRGS was also positively related to residual change in optimism, positive affectivity, number of socially supportive others, and social support satisfaction, lending further support to the validity of this new scale. Results have implications for current theory on stress‐related positive outcomes.
Private ‐and Public Self‐Consciousness and Articulation of the Ought Self from Private and Public Vantages
Authors: Nasby William 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe current research included two studies that examined whether private and public self‐consciousness predicts the extent to which individuals schematically articulate the ought self from private and public vantages. Each study assessed private and public self‐consciousness, and tested recognition memory of trait adjectives, which participants had rated according to either private/ought (Study 1) or public/ought (Study 2) self‐descriptiveness. Across the studies, the convergent and discriminant patterns of false alarms supported the hypotheses that (a) the private and public facets of the ought self resemble bipolar schemas, and (b) private and public self‐consciousness, respectively, predicts the extent to which individuals articulate the ought self from either a private or a public vantage.
Affect Intensity and Individual Differences In Informational Style
Authors: Larsen Randy J. , Billings Douglas W. , Cutler Susan E. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough individuals differ widely in the typical intensity of their affective experience, the mechanisms that create or maintain these differences are unclear. Larsen, Diener, and Cropanzano (1987) examined the hypothesis that individual differences in affect intensity (AI) are related to how people interpret emotional stimuli. They found that high AI individuals engaged in more personalizing and generalizing cognitions while construing emotional stimuli than low AI individuals. The present study extends these findings by examining cognitive activity during a different task‐the generation of information to communicate about life events. Participants provided free‐response descriptions of 16 life events. These descriptions were content coded for five informational style variables. It was found that the descriptive information generated by high AI participants contained significantly more references to emotional arousal, more focus on feelings, and more generalization compared to participants low in AI. These results are consistent with the notion that specific cognitive activity may lead to, or at least be associated with, dispositional affect intensity. In addition, the informational style variables identified in this study were stable over time and consistent across situations. Although men and women differ in AI, this difference becomes insignificant after controlling for informational style variation. Overall results are discussed
Depressive Tendencies and Susceptibility to Anxiety: Differential Personality Correlates
Authors: Kremen Adam M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough the constructs of depression and anxiety are conceptually and clinically separable, they have been difficult to separate psychometrically. The present study is an attempt to statistically disentangle the two constructs and to evaluate their differential correlates. A common factor analysis of the items in a depression and an anxiety inventory was conducted using data collected from two samples—208 college students and eighty‐seven 18‐year‐olds participating in the Block Longitudinal Study. In both samples two factors, interpreted as depressive tendencies and susceptibility to anxiety, were found; the factor loadings on each factor were highly correlated across the two samples. No sex differences were found in these factor structures. Factor‐based scores comprised of well‐differentiating items were computed for participants in the Block sample. Using partial correlation analyses, observer‐measured as well as self‐report‐based personality correlates of the specific variance associated with depressive tendencies and with susceptibility to anxiety, respectively, were contrasted. The results indicated that a strong interpersonal component discernible in depression was less noticeable in anxiety.
Gordon Allport and the Legend of “Rinehart”
Authors: Winter David G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTGordon Allport's prize‐winning junior‐year essay on the Harvard “Rinehart” legend contains several features that are different from all other versions of the legend, most notably in the motives attributed to Rinehart and the responses of the students to him. These changes, it is argued, reflect the influence of Allport's own personality and values, as manifested in his adult life and academic career.
Positive Illusions and Coping with Adversity
Authors: Taylor Shelley E. , Armor David A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
We review the literature showing that positive illusions (i.e., self‐aggrandizement, unrealistic optimism, and exaggerated perceptions of control) are common and associated with successful adjustment to stressful events, including conditions of extreme adversity. Using theory and recent data, we offer a basis for integrating positive illusions with the constraints of reality. We explicitly contrast the social psychological model of positive illusions with a personality viewpoint that addresses the question “Do higher levels of positive illusions predict higher levels of adjustment?” These issues are explored in the context of people coping with an array of normal stressful events, as well as those coping with more extreme stressful events, including cancer, heart disease, and HIV infection. Life is seldom as unendurable as, to judge by the facts, it ought to be. —Brooks Atkinson
Life is seldom as unendurable as, to judge by the facts, it ought to be.Brooks Atkinson
Relationships and alliances in the social interaction of kibbutz toddlers
Authors: Ross HILDY S. , Conant CHERYL L. , Cheyne J. ALLAN , Alevizos EPHIE 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo groups of five 20‐month‐old Kibbutz toddlers were studied in order to examine relationships and alliances. The toddlers were observed during free‐play periods over a two‐month period. Evidence of relationships is found when children make special adjustments in their interactions with specific partners that would not be predicted based on the individual characteristics that these children display with others, and were found for both conflict and positive interactions. Qualitative analyses revealed a variety of types of relationships, although reciprocal relationships that combined either high or low levels of both positive and conflict interactions predominated. Alliances occur when third parties intervene in conflicts they witness in the group and were present, though relatively rarely, at this age. Alliances were based not on the established relationships in the group, but rather on who had been wronged in the initial conflict. Results are discussed in terms of the links between relationships, cultural standards of fairness, and alliances.
The conversational skills of school‐aged children
Authors: Sehley Sara , Snow Catherine 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDifferences associated with age and with language background were assessed in performance on a task thin taps conversational skill, a ‘TV talk show’ interview task administered to 98 second through fifth graders, including many nonnative speakers of English. Surprisingly, holistic ratings of the childrenapos;s skills as conversationalists were not related at all to gender, and only moderately to age or status as a native speaker of English. A set of 29 specific interactive and language behaviors were analyzed, to determine which of these were related to holistic ratings of conversational skill. Variables reflected strategies for eliciting information and for maintaining topic, indicators of disfluency, ami indicators of how the adult was contributing to the conversation. Children who had received higher ratings on conversational skill produced more topic continuations, a higher proportion of more sophisticated noncontingent responses, and fewer simple yes/no topic initiations and continuations. Age, gender, and language status related only minimally to the specific interactive or language behaviors associated with success as a conversationalist, although children from homes where English was spoken did tend to receive higher holistic ratings of conversational skill.
Ethnic preferences and perceptions among Asian and White British middle school children
Authors: Boulton Michael J. , Smith Peter K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAsian and White middle school children were shown photographs of unknown Afro‐Caribbean, Asian, and White individuals of approximately the same age as themselves, and asked which one wax most like them, which one they would prefer to be, which ones they would prefer to engage in various activities with, and finally, to allocate positive and negative traits to the three groups or to nobody. A similar majority of both Asian and While children selected an own‐race photograph as being most like them, but only about a half selected the own‐race photograph as the one they would most like to he. For sharing activities, children showed a strong own‐tender preference, followed by an own‐race preference. White children stated a greater preference for sharing activities with White children, then with Afro‐Caribbean children, and least with Asian children. Asian children preferred Asian and White children the most, Afro‐Caribbean the least. On a stereotypes test, similar trends were obtained; White children evaluated While children highest and Asian lowest; Asian children tended to evaluate Asian children highest but to a nonsignificant extent. The relative proportion of Asian/White children in school appeared to have little systematic influence on the results, thus arguing against the contact hypothesis of prejudice reduction in its simple form.
Short‐term and long‐term processes linking job stressors to father–child interaction
Authors: Repetti Rena L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study explores short‐term and long‐term processes through which daily job stressors may affect a father's relationship with his school‐aged child. Fifteen male air traffic controllers (ATCs) described job stressors and parent–child interaction on three consecutive days. Objective measures of daily workload were also obtained. After a demanding day at work, fathers tended to be more behaviorally and emotionally withdrawn during interactions with their children at home. The emotional withdrawal finding was confirmed with both subjective and objective measures of high workload. There was also evidence of a direct spillover of negative feelings associated with distressing social experiences at work to expressions of anger and greater use of discipline during interactions with a child later in the day. The long‐term impact of a chronically stressful work environment was also examined in a separate set of between‐subjects analyses. A generally negative social climate at work was associated with a father's tendency to describe his interactions with a child as having a less positive and a more negative emotional tone. Coworkers' independent ratings of the social climate at work confirmed the finding of a long‐term negative spillover effect.
Marital conflict and children's functioning
Authors: Cummings E. Mark 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMarital conflict is a key factor in adjustment problems in children. Research is reviewed indicating that conflicts are stressful for children, and increase their aggression and enmeshment in parental disputes. Field studies, supported by recent experimental tests, indicate that sensitization to destructive conflict occurs, resulting in greater reactivity. Marital conflict can disrupt parenting and attachments, increase aggression between siblings, and even impact extended family members such as grandparents. Intense, aggressive conflicts and those centering on the child are particularly destructive. By contrast, resolution much reduces negative reactions and can be detected through a variety of channels of information.
Predicting social adjustment in middle childhood: the role of preschool attachment security and maternal style
Authors: Booth Cathryn L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChildren's social and emotional adjustment at age 8 were examined in relation to attachment security, parenting style, setting conditions, and social and emotional adjustment at age 4. Seventy‐nine children participated in videotaped interaction sessions with their mothers and with unfamiliar peers at the two ages. Data were derived from videotape coding, mother questionnaires, and child sociometric ratings. Results indicted that internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and social engagement were related at the two ages. After removing the variance due to the relationship between child behaviors at the two ages, a comparison of mother‐child relationship predictors indicated that attachment security at age 4 was the strongest predictor of internalizing problems and social engagement/acceptance at age 8, while maternal style was the strongest predictor of externalizing difficulties. Results point to the importance of both aspects of the mother‐child relationship, and indicate that the nature of family and peer links may vary depending upon the specific social domain assessed.
Do mothers' perceptions and concerns about preschoolers' peer competence predict their peer‐management practices?
Authors: Profilet Susan M. , Ladd Gary W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough parents' management behaviors have been associated with children's competence with peers, relatively little is known about factors that may determine parents' management practices. In this study, measures of mothers' perceptions and concerns, mother' peer‐related management practices, and children's social competence were obtained with 62 preschool children and their mothers. Results indicated that mothers differentiated between prosocial behavior and peer sociability when assessing children's progress relative to peers. Girls received higher progress ratings from their mothers than did boys, and mothers tended to view their children's prosocial skills as less well developed than their sociability toward peers. Mothers who reported lower estimates of their children's sociability tended to have higher levels of concern and were less involved in the management of their children's informal peer relations. Conversely, mothers who managed children's social lives by facilitating informal peer activities and promoting children's social autonomy tended to see their children as more sociable with peers.
Relating mothers' social framing to their children's entry competence with peers
Authors: Putallaz Martha , Klein Tovah P. , Costanzo Philip R. , Hedges Lea A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine how mothers view and construct meaning their children's social interactions, and to understand the interpretive frames they bring to filtering the social world and conveying meaning to their children. Maternal narrations to their children' videotaped entry behavior revealed narration patterns related to their children' entry behavior and the group's response. Generally, when their children were behaving competently, mothers appeared to have a broad based, context embedded view of the interaction, but focused more specifially when difficulties arose, These narration patterns were influenced ny the mothers' own remembered childhood social competence and recollections of positive and anxious peer experiences. Implications of these results for the socialization process were discussed.