bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concentrations of carnitine in the seminal fluid of normospermic, vasectomized, and castrated dogs
Authors: Olson Patricia N. , Behrendt Michelle D. , Amann R. P. , Weiss Deborah E. , Bowen Richard A. , Nett Terry M. , McGarry J. Denis 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Concentrations of total carnitine (free and esterified) were determined in seminal fluids from 12 normospermic dogs before treatment and from the same 12 dogs after assignment to control, vasectomized, or castrated treatment groups (4 dogs each). Before treatment, the mean concentration (± sd) of carnitine in seminal fluid was 946 ± 345 nmol/ml and was not significantly different (P > 0.05) among groups on any seminal collection day. After surgery, mean concentrations of carnitine in seminal fluid from vasectomized and castrated dogs were 49 ± 9 and 14 ± 5 nmol/ml, respectively and were lower (P < 0.001) than the mean concentration in control (sexually intact) dogs. Dogs with obstructive azoospermia may be distinguished from those with aspermatogenesis (secretory azoospermia) by measuring seminal carnitine concentration. Seemingly, the epididymis is the major source of carnitine in canine seminal fluid, because the concentration of carnitine in prostatic fluid was only 58 ± 53 nmol/ml, whereas the concentration of carnitine in 6 pools of epididymal fluid was 18.8 ± 3.9 μmol/ml.
Efficacy of dichlorvos, fenbendazole, and ivermectin in swine with induced intestinal nematode infections
Authors: Marchiondo A. A. , Szanto J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anthelmintic efficacies of dichlorvos, fenbendazole, and ivermectin were compared in specific-pathogen-free crossbred weanling pigs inoculated with Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, and Oesophagostomum dentatum. On postinoculation day (pid) 50, 24 pigs in each treatment group were treated orally with 43 mg of dichlorvos/kg of body weight, 3 × 3 mg of fenbendazole/kg, or 300 μg of ivermectin/kg, sc. Twenty-four pigs were not treated. On posttreatment day 7 (pid 57), 12 pigs from each treatment group (phase I) were slaughtered, and the anthelmintic efficacy of each treatment was determined. Efficacies against A suum, T suis, and O dentatum, respectively, were: dichlorvos, 100%, 99.9%, and 100%; fenbendazole, 100%, 99.8%, and 100%; and ivermectin, 98.7%, 53.9%, and 87.6%. Weight gains and feed conversions of the remaining pigs were monitored until they reached market weight (phase II). The average weight gains (kg) and feed conversions (kg of feed/kg of gain) at posttreatment day 81 (pid 131), respectively, were: 73.6 and 3.44 for non-treated controls, 78.9 and 3.31 for dichlorvos-treated pigs; 72.1 and 3.36 for fenbendazole-treated pigs, and 74 and 3.48 for ivermectin-treated pigs. Differences in average weight gains and feed conversions were not significant (P > 0.05).
Serodiagnosis of postnatally and prenatally induced oxoplasmosis in sheep
Authors: Dubey P. , Emond J. P. , Desmonts G. , Anderson W. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nineteen pregnant (45 to 90 days of gestation) and 9 nonpregnant ewes were inoculated orally with 1,000 or 10,000 oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. Pregnant ewes were euthanatized at days 14 (2 ewes), 21 (1 ewe), 23 (1 ewe), 28 (2 ewes), 35 to 42 (6 ewes), and 49 to 62 (6 ewes), and antibody titers in fetal and maternal sera were assayed, using the modified agglutination, latex agglutination, indirect hemagglutination, and dye tests. Although all ewes developed antibody titers of ≥ 1,024 within 28 days after inoculation, fetuses were seronegative up to 28 days, using the modified agglutination test. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were found in fetuses, using the modified agglutination and dye tests 35 days after ewes were inoculated. Latex agglutination and indirect hemagglutination tests were insensitive for detection of T gondii antibodies in ovine fetal sera. Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers in nonpregnant ewes were similar to those in pregnant ewes. Passively acquired T gondii antibodies from the colostrum decreased from 1,024 to < 16 between 49 and 56 days of age in 1 lamb and between 62 and 106 days in its twin.
M-mode echocardiographic values in sheep
Authors: Moses Bradley L. , Ross James N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
M-mode echocardiograms were recorded from 21 adult sheep (20 ewes, 1 whether). Fifteen echocardiographic measurements were taken and compared with body weights or heart rates, using linear regression equations. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were found when body weight was compared with left ventricular internal dimensions in systole (Yo = 0.187 Xo + 18.60, P < 0.05) and diastole (Yo = 0.346 Xo + 26.69, P < 0.02), septal thickness in systole (Yo = 0.0876 Xo + 7.64, P < 0.05) and diastole (Yo = 0.0673 Xo + 4.45, P < 0.05), aortic root dimension (Yo = 0.129 Xo + 23.40, P < 0.05), and left atrial dimension (Yo = 0.194 Xo + 15.95, P < 0.005). Heart rate was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with body weight (Yo = −0.245 × 96.71, P < 0.05), ejection time (Yo = −0.0013 Xo + 0.376, P < 0.001), velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Yo = 0.0061 Xo + 0.928, P < 0.05), mean velocity of mitral valve middiastolic closure (Yo = 0.184 Xo + 1.65, P < 0.02), and left atrial dimension (Yo = -0.109 + 40.55, P < 0.005). Fractional shortening of the left ventricle was (mean) 37.2 ± 5.7% and the left atrial to aortic root ratio was (mean) 0.92 ± 0.10.
Use of viable-cell ELISA for detection of monoclonal antibodies recognizing tumor-associated antigens on bovine lymphosarcoma cells
Authors: Aida Y. , Onuma M. , Kasai N. , Izawa H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An elisa, using viable bovine lymphosarcoma cells, was developed to detect tumor-associated antigens (taa) expressed on lymphosarcoma cells from cows with enzootic bovine leukosis (ebl). Monoclonal antibodies (mab) against taa were used. Using viable-cell elisa, mab reacted with tumor cells from 9 cows with ebl, but not with peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 clinically normal cows. Titers of mab against tumor cells from 1 cow with ebl were 2,048 (direct immunofluorescence assay), 8,192 (flow cytometry), 2,048 (fixed-cell elisa), and 16,384 (viable-cell elisa). Viable-cell elisa was the most sensitive method for detection of taa. Reactivities of 7 mab to tumor cells from cows with ebl were compared between viable-cell elisa and a complement-dependent antibody cytotoxicity test. Of 5 mab with no cytotoxic activity against tumor cells, 3 were reactive against tumor cells from the same cow, as determined by viable-cell elisa, with titers ranging from 128 to 2,048.
Serum ferritin, serum iron, and erythrocyte values in foals
Authors: Harvey John W. , Asquith Richard L. , Sussman Wendy A. , Kivipelto Jan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-one healthy Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse foals were studied from birth until 1 year of age. Foals had access to an iron-supplemented creep feed before weaning and were fed an iron-supplemented concentrate as part of their diet after weaning at 4 months of age. Initial blood samples were taken before foals were allowed to nurse. Serum iron concentration, total iron-binding capacity, and pcv decreased during the foal's first 24 hours of life. Serum iron concentration decreased rapidly from 446 ± 16 μg/dl (mean ± se) at birth to 105 ± 11 μg/dl at 3 days of age. Serum ferritin concentration increased from a mean of 85 ± 8 ng/ml at birth to 159 ± 11 ng/ml at 1 day of age. Thereafter, ferritin concentration decreased gradually to a minimum of 61 ± 6 ng/ml at 3 weeks of age, and then at 6 months increased to values similar to those from reference adult horses. The ferritin concentration in colostrum at birth was 354 ± 42 ng/ml, compared with 25 ± 2 ng/ml in milk 1 day later. The decrease and then increase in serum ferritin concentration occurred concomitantly with opposite changes in serum total iron-binding capacity. The mean pcv decreased gradually to a minimum at 3 months of age. This decrease was associated with an increasing number of microcytes, as determined with a cell-size distribution analyzer.
Failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer: A major determinant of mortality in newborn alpacas (Lama pacos)
Authors: Garmendia Antonio E. , Palmer Guy H. , DeMartini James C. , McGuire Travis C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Failure of passive transfer (fpt) of immunoglobulin from colostrum was demonstrated as a major determinant of mortality in newborn alpacas (Lama pacos; crias). Serum IgG concentrations of dying crias were significantly (P < 0.0001) lower than were serum IgG concentrations of crias that lived. Of 82 crias, 10 (12%) died within 1 month of age, and 7 of these had 0 to 9 mg of IgG/ml of serum at 48 hours after birth; 5 of the 7 had evidence of infectious diseases. The serum IgG concentrations of the remaining dead crias were 12, 13, and 20 mg/ml. On the basis of serum IgG concentrations of crias that died in the first month, fpt was defined as a 48-hour serum IgG concentration < 9 mg/ml, which was > 2 SD below the 48-hour mean of clinically normal crias. Using this definition, the prevalence of fpt in the 82 crias studied was 9%.
Corroborative evidence of the relationship between fpt and mortality was obtained from a retrospective study of 21 dead crias. The postmortem serum IgG concentration of 5 crias that died 2 to 10 days after birth ranged from < 1 to 3 mg/ml; all were > 2 SD below the mean of age matched clinically normal crias. The range of serum IgG concentration was 2.2 to 21 mg/ml in 8 crias that died 11 to 20 days after birth; serum IgG concentration in 1 cria was > 2 SD below the normal mean, and 6 were > 1 SD below the normal mean. Eight crias that died 21 to 30 days after birth had serum IgG concentrations ranging from 7 to 37 mg/ml; 3 were > 1 SD below the normal mean. Histologic lesions compatible with infections were present in 19 of 21 dead crias.
Listeriosis in diacetoxyscirpenol-treated mice
Authors: Ziprin Richard L. , Corrier Donald E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mice were treated with the trichothecene mycotoxin diacetoxyscirpenol (das) and subsequently were inoculated intraperitoneally with Listeria monocytogenes. The effect of the mycotoxin on the course of the infection was monitored by observing the resultant mortality and the bacterial content of the spleens from inoculated mice. Mice given 3 mg of das/kg of body weight, po, at days -2 and -1 before inoculation had increased mortality and splenic Listeria counts. In these mice, thymus weights were reduced, and lymphocytes were depleted from the thymus cortex and from splenic lymphoid follicles and periarte-riolar lymphoid sheaths. A single dose of 4 mg of das/kg given on day 6 before challenge exposure did not affect mortality compared with that in nontreated controls. Mice treated with das and subsequently inoculated with Listeria had significantly (P = 0.006) increased neutrophil populations compared with Listeria-mfected control mice.
Growth-stimulating substances in porcine milk
Authors: Jaeger L. A. , Lamar C. H. , Bottoms G. D. , Cline T. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colostral and milk samples were collected from 6 primiparous sows on postpartum days 0, 9, 18, and 27. Insulin content was measured and epidermal growth factor (egf) concentration was determined by use of radioimmunoassay and radioreceptor assay, respectively. Total milk protein concentration was measured colorimetrically. Concentrations of insulin, egf, and protein in the colostral samples were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those found in the milk. Milk samples obtained from postpartum days 9, 18, and 27 did not differ significantly in insulin, egf, or total protein content.
Influence of Bordetella avium infection on association of Escherichia coli with turkey trachea
Authors: Van Alstine W. G. , Arp L. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four-week-old Bordetella avium-infected and B avium-free turkeys were inoculated intratracheally with a suspension of fimbriated or nonfimbriated Escherichia coli. Numbers of E coli associated with tracheal sections were determined at postinoculation hour (pih) 1 or 6. Significantly (P < 0.05) greater numbers of E coli were isolated from the tracheas of B avium-infected turkeys compared with numbers in B avium-free turkeys. In B avium-free turkeys, tracheal associated E coli were 90% less at pih 6 compared with that at pih 1. However, in B avium-infected turkeys, numbers of E coli were not affected by postinoculation time. Seemingly, B avium-infected turkeys had reduced capacity to clear E coli from the trachea.
Induced pasteurellosis and pulmonary vascular adrenoceptor function in bull calves
Authors: Greenlees Kevin J. , Shewen Pat , Yager Julie , Eyre Peter 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica inoculation on pulmonary vascular function were studied in 5 conscious standing Jersey bull calves. Instruments were implanted in each calf to measure pulmonary arterial, pulmonary arterial wedge, left atrial, and systemic arterial pressures and cardiac output. Each calf was challenge exposed with 5 sequential 3-minute infusions of isoproterenol (a β agonist) or phenylephrine (an α agonist) for maximal doses of 1.8 μg of isoproterenol or 2.3 μg of phenylephrine/kg of body weight/min. The calf was allowed 1 hour to recover, was anesthetized, and administered a 20-ml intratracheal infusion of live P haemolytica (106 colony-forming units/ml) followed by a 20-ml saline flush. The pulmonary hemodynamic response to isoproterenol and phenylephrine was examined again in each calf 4 days later.
Calves developed a pneumonic pasteurellosis involving 26 to 43% of the lungs. There was a significantly (P < 0.05) reduced resistance in the pulmonary arterial compartment after inoculation. Isoproterenol infusion decreased resistance in the pulmonary arterial, pulmonary venous, and systemic vascular compartments. The decrease in the pulmonary venous compartment in response to isoproterenol was significantly (P = 0.01) smaller after P haemolytica inoculation. After administration of 1.8 μg of isoproterenol/kg/min, resistance in the pulmonary venous compartment was 0.90 ± 0.22 (mean ± SD) before and 1.25 ± 0.39 after Pasteurella inoculation. Phenylephrine resulted in an increase in pulmonary arterial, pulmonary venous, and systemic vascular compartments. There was a mild (P = 0.08) decrease in the pulmonary arterial compartment response to phenylephrine. Seemingly, Pasteurella inoculation blunted β-receptor function in the pulmonary vascular bed, mainly in the veins, contributing to edema.
Management of twin conceptuses by manual embryonic reduction: Comparison of two techniques and three hormone treatments
Authors: Pascoe David R. , Pascoe Reginald R. , Hughes John P. , Stabenfeldt George H. , Kindahl Hans 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
One hundred mares carrying twin conceptuses between gestation days (gd) 12 and 30 were assigned to 4 groups. Group-1 mares (n = 20) were given a placebo (sterile saline solution, iv, and sesame oil, im). Group-2 mares (n = 32) were given a single dose of progesterone (625 mg, im) in sesame oil. Group-3 mares (n = 28) were given multiple progesterone treatments (625 mg, im) at 6-day intervals until gd 42. Group-4 mares (n = 20) were given a single treatment of flunixin meglumine (500 mg, iv) and progesterone (625 mg, im). Each group was further assigned to equal subgroups A and B according to the age of the embryos. In subgroup A, with embryos at gd 12 to 16, embryonic vesicle rupture was performed after the selected conceptus was moved to the tip of a uterine horn. In subgroup B, with embryos at gd 17 to 30, embryonic vesicle rupture was performed on the selected conceptus in situ. An additional 6 mares carrying single conceptuses (gd 12, 14, 16, 20, 25, and 30) were used as subjects for sham embryonic vesicle rupture.
Both rupture techniques usually caused the release of prostaglandin (pg)F2α for up to 90 minutes. Amounts of pgf2α were directly correlated with the pressure required to efffect embryonic vesicle rupture. Sham embryonic vesicle rupture attempts caused small pgf2α releases after each manipulation, which rapidly returned to basal values. All 6 mares were still pregnant at gd 42. Flunixin meglumine inhibited pgf2α release after embryonic vesicle rupture, regardless of the technique. Survival rates for the remaining conceptus were 100% for group 1A (10 of 10), 100% for group IB (10 of 10), 100% for group 2A (16 of 16), 94% for group 2B (15 of 16), 86% for group 3A (12 of 14), 93% for group 3B (13 of 14), 100% for group 4A (10 of 10), and 100% for group 4B (10 of 10). Thus, embryo removal can be accomplished in the mare without effect on the remaining embryo if the technique (embryonic vesicle per rectum) is done before gd 30. Administration of exogenous progesterone or flunixin meglumine was not essential for maintaining viability of the remaining conceptus.
Efficacy of ivermectin against the abomasal nematode Mecistocirrus digitatus in naturally infected zebu calves
Authors: Mendoza-de Gives Pedro , Fuentes Rodolfo Nájera , Herrera-Rodríguez David , Roncalli Raffaelle A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin against Mecistocirrus digitatus was evaluated in 10 naturally infected zebu calves. Group 1 (n = 5) was not treated, and group 2 (n = 5) was treated sc with 200 μg of ivermectin/kg of body weight. Calves were euthanatized 14 or 15 days after treatment. There was 100% overall reduction of M digitatus in treated calves, which was significant (P = 0.0079) compared with reduction in controls. Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus similis, and Trichostrongylus axei were found in controls. Efficacy against these parasites in treated calves was 100%.
Efficacy of sulbactam-ampicillin in an induced Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia model in calves
Authors: Farrington Daniel O. , Jackson James A. , Bentley O. Eugene , Barnes H. John 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Therapeutic efficacy of sulbactam, a β-lactamase inhibitor, in combination with ampicillin was evaluated in an ampicillin-resistant Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia model in cattle, using an iv agar emboli method of infection. Groups of cattle given vehicle (group 1, n = 19) or ampicillin (group 2, n = 8) had 74% and 50% mortality, respectively, whereas group 3 (n = 11) given sulbactam-ampicillin had no mortality. Morbidities were 100% in groups 1 and 2 and 27% in group 3. Retrospectively, mortalities and morbidities were significantly (P < 0.001) lower for group 3 given sulbactam-ampicillin when compared with those in groups 1 and 2 given vehicle or ampicillin, respectively. Evidence of embolic pneumonic pasteurellosis was observed histologically.
Effect of anticholinergic preanesthetic medicaments on the requirements of halothane for anesthesia in the cat
Authors: Webb A. I. , McMurphy Rose M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To study the effects of anticholinergics on anesthetic requirements, minimal alveolar concentrations (mac) for halothane in the cat were measured before and after im administration of an anticholinergic (atropine sulfate [0.045 mg/kg], glycopyrrolate [0.011 mg/kg], or scopolamine hydrobromide [0.02 mg/kg]) or a physiologic saline control. The study was performed in 8 adult cats, using a randomized-block experimental design. There was no significant difference between the mean mac obtained before and after administration of any of the test drugs or vs the control values. The mean mac of halothane in cats was 0.985% atmosphere.
Spinal nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves of the canine pelvic limb
Authors: Bailey Cleta Sue , Kitchell Ralph L. , Haghighi Siavash S. , Johnson Richard D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The spinal nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves innervating the canine pelvic limb were determined in 12 barbiturate-anesthetized, healthy dogs by stimulating the dorsal roots L1-S3 and recording the evoked-action potentials from each cutaneous nerve. The dogs were then euthanatized, identification of each dorsal root and cutaneous nerve was verified by dissection, and the type of lumbosacral plexus (prefixed, median fixed, or postfixed) was determined.
With one exception, the dorsal cutaneous branches and lateral cutaneous branches of L1-L3 originated only from their corresponding spinal nerve roots. The genitofemoral nerve received afferent fibers predominantely from L3-L4 nerve roots. The lateral cutaneous femoral nerve originated from L3-L5 nerve roots, and the saphenous nerve from L4-L6 nerve roots. The proximal caudal cutaneous sural nerve originated from L6-S1. The lateral cutaneous sural nerve originated from L5-S1; the deep and superficial fibular nerves arose primarily from L6-L7. The distal caudal cutaneous sural nerve originated predominantly from L7-S1, and the medial cutaneous tarsal nerve originated from L6-S1. The medial plantar nerve originated predominantly from L6-S1 roots, whereas the lateral plantar nerve originated from L6-S2 roots. The middle clunial nerve received afferent fibers primarily from Sl-S2; the caudal clunial nerve received fibers from S1-S3. The caudal cutaneous femoral nerve originated predom-inantly from L7-S2. The dorsal nerve of the penis originated predominantly from S1-S2, and the superficial perineal nerve originated from S1-S3.
One dog had a prefixed plexus, 8 dogs had median-fixed plexuses, and 1 dog had a postfixed plexus. The plexus type of 2 dogs could not be determined because of dissection damage. The nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves were not consistently related to plexus type.
Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and intramuscularly administered ticarcillin and clavulanic acid in foals
Authors: Sweeney Raymond W. , Beech Jill , Simmons Robert D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum concentrations of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid were measured in healthy foals (2 to 6 months old) given the drugs in combination by intravenous and intramuscular routes of administration.
Five foals were administered 50 mg of ticarcillin/kg of body weight and 1.67 mg of clavulanic acid/kg, iv. Five foals were administered 100 mg of ticarcillin/kg and 3.33 mg of clavulanic acid/kg, iv, and 4 of those 5 were given the same combined dose im.
The elimination half-life of ticarcillin for intravenous administration was 0.83 hour for the low dosage and 0.96 hour for the high dosage. After intramuscular administration, the half-life of elimination was 2.9 hours, with bioavailability of 54.6%.
For iv administered clavulanic acid, the elimination half-life was 0.65 hour for the low dosage and 0.74 hour for the high dosage. After intramuscular administration, the elimination half-life was 0.92 hour, and bioavailability was 68.1%.
A combined dosage, 50 mg of ticarcillin/kg and 1.67 mg of clavulanic acid/kg, given every 6 hours is recommended.
Pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline in the turkey: Evaluation of biliary secretion
Authors: Dyer D. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline (ctc) in plasma and bile after intravenous administration in turkeys was ascertained. After a dose of ctc (0.9 mg/kg) was administered iv, 8.5% of the dose appeared in the bile in 4 hours. The peak bile/plasma concentration ratio for ctc was 254 at 2 hours. The bile/plasma concentration ratio was > 1 from 10 to 240 minutes after ctc administration.