bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ursodeoxycholic Acid Treatment in Preterm Infants: A Pilot Study for the Prevention of Cholestasis Associated With Total Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Arslanoglu Sertac , Moro Guido E , Tauschel Horst‐Dietmar , Boehm Gunther 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn a prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, the efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was evaluated in preterm infants, in terms of its potential impact on fat absorption, advancement of enteral feeding, development of cholestasis, growth, nutritional status, and metabolic status. Although fecal fat excretion slightly decreased and achievement of full enteral feeding was earlier in the UDCA group, these differences were not significant. Interestingly, whereas serum γ‐glutamyl transferase activity increased during the parenteral nutrition period in the placebo group, we observed a constant and significant decrease in the UDCA group. This observation warrants further investigation to determine the utility of prophylactic UDCA in preventing cholestasis in infants with prolonged parenteral nutrition.
Gastric Emptying of Solids Is Slower in Functional Dyspepsia Unrelated to Helicobacter pylori Infection in Female Children and Teenagers
Authors: Strehl Machado Rodrigo , Reber Marialice , da Silva Patrício Francy Reis , Kawakami Elisabete 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAim:To evaluate gastric emptying of solids in children and adolescents with functional dyspepsia with and without Helicobacter pylori infection.Patients and Methods:The study included 27 female patients (mean age 13.38 ± 2.81 y) with functional dyspepsia according to Rome II criteria who were selected after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy found no major mucosal abnormality. Fragments were collected from the esophagus, gastric antrum, and gastric body for histological examination and rapid urease test. H pylori infection was diagnosed according to the rapid urease test and histological appearance. The histological appearance of the gastric mucosa was evaluated according to modified Sydney criteria. A 13C‐octanoic breath test was performed after a test meal (2 slices of toasted bread, 10 g margarine, and 1 egg with 100 μLof the tracer dipped in the yolk) with 13 points of air collection in 4 hours.Results:Infection with H pylori was observed in 12 of 27 patients (44.4%). The gastric emptying half‐time was shorter in infected patients than in uninfected patients (mean ± SD 153.4 ± 20.0 min vs 179.2 ± 32.2 min; P = 0.019), as was the lag phase (106.3 ± 22.6 vs 126.6 ± 22.7 min; P = 0.038). There was no relationship between gastric emptying (half‐time and lag phase) and degree of histological abnormality. Vomiting and nausea were associated with slower gastric emptying in patients without H pylori gastritis more often than in infected patients.Conclusions:The study suggests that delayed gastric emptying can play an important role in a subgroup of dyspeptic patients, particularly those without H pylori infection who have nausea and vomiting.
Intima‐Media Thickness of Carotid Artery and Susceptibility to Atherosclerosis in Obese Children With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Demircioğlu Fatih , Koçyiğit Ali , Arslan Nur , Çakmakçı Handan , Hızlı Şamil , Sedat Alparslan Tuncel 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTObjective:To test, via prospective case‐control study, whether measurements of carotid artery intima‐media thickness (cIMT) reflect the susceptibility to atherosclerosis in obese children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Patients and Methods:In all, 80 obese asymptomatic normotensive adolescents (body mass index [BMI], 29.12 ± 5.13; 8.5–17.5 years) and 30 age‐ and sex‐matched nonobese healthy children (BMI 18.55 ± 2.24). Children were analysed in 4 groups: Controls formed group 1, 26 children with obesity without hepatosteatosis formed group 2, 32 children with grade 1 hepatosteatosis formed group 3, and 22 children with grade 2 or 3 hepatosteatosis formed group 4. The key parameters were BMI, liver function tests, lipid profiles, glucose, hepatic ultrasonography, and IMT of common carotid artery (CCA), left carotid bulbus (CB), and left internal carotid artery (ICA).Results:Comparisons of IMT measurements of left CCA, left CB, and left ICA between controls and obesity group revealed statistically significant differences (each segment P < 0.0001). There was an increase in the mean of IMT of each segment with the increase in hepatosteatosis grade (each segment P < 0.0001). The relation between the mean of IMT of left CCA, left CB, and left ICA with BMI (P = 0.001, r = 0.318), alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.007, r = 0.256), and hepatosteatosis (P < 0.0001, r = 0.470) was significant. Multiple regression analysis between left CCA, left CB, and left ICA, and age, sex, relative weight, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, obesity, and hepatosteatosis grade was significant for only hepatosteatosis grade.Conclusions:The cIMT is significantly higher, increasing susceptibility to atherosclerosis, in obese children with hepatosteatosis than in healthy children or obese children without hepatosteatosis.
Nutritional Therapy for Glycogen Storage Diseases
Authors: Heller Solange , Worona Liliana , Consuelo Alejandra 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTGlycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are a group of inherited disorders characterized by enzyme defects that affect the glycogen synthesis and degradation cycle, classified according to the enzyme deficiency and the affected tissue. The understanding of GSD has increased in recent decades, and nutritional management of some GSDs has allowed better control of hypoglycemia and metabolic complications. However, growth failure and liver, renal, and other complications are frequent problems in the long‐term outcome. Hypoglycemia is the main biochemical consequence of GSD type I and some of the other GSDs. The basis of dietary therapy is nutritional manipulation to prevent hypoglycemia and improve metabolic dysfunction, with the use of continuous nocturnal intragastric feeding or cornstarch therapy at night and foods rich in starches with low concentrations of galactose and fructose during the day and to prevent hypoglycemia during the night.
Early Life Origins of Obesity: Role of Hypothalamic Programming
Authors: Bouret Sebastien G 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe incidence of obesity is increasing at an alarming rate and this worldwide epidemic represents an ominous predictor of increases in diseases such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Epidemiological and animals studies suggest that maternal obesity and alterations in postnatal nutrition are associated with increased risks for obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes in the offspring. Furthermore, there is also growing appreciation that developmental programming of neuroendocrine systems by the perinatal environment represents a possible cause for these diseases. This review article provides a synthesis of recent evidence concerning the actions of perinatal hormones and nutrition in programming the development and organization of hypothalamic circuits that regulate body weight and energy balance. Particular attention is given to the neurodevelopmental actions of insulin and leptin.
Sleep and Neurofunctions Throughout Child Development: Lasting Effects of Early Iron Deficiency
Authors: Peirano Patricio D , Algarín Cecilia R , Chamorro Rodrigo , Reyes Sussanne , Garrido Marcelo I , Duran Samuel , Lozoff Betsy 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIron‐deficiency anemia (IDA) continues to be the most common single nutrient deficiency in the world. Infants are at particular risk due to rapid growth and limited dietary sources of iron. An estimated 20% to 25% of the world's infants have IDA, with at least as many having iron deficiency without anemia. High prevalence is found primarily in developing countries, but also among poor, minority, and immigrant groups in developed ones. Infants with IDA test lower in mental and motor development assessments and show affective differences. After iron therapy, follow‐up studies point to long‐lasting differences in several domains. Neurofunctional studies showed slower neural transmission in the auditory system despite 1 year of iron therapy in IDA infants; they still had slower transmission in both the auditory and visual systems at preschool age. Different motor activity patterning in all sleep‐waking states and several differences in sleep states organization were reported. Persistent sleep and neurofunctional effects could contribute to reduced potential for optimal behavioral and cognitive outcomes in children with a history of IDA.
Omega‐3 Fatty Acids and Neural Development to 2 Years of Age: Do We Know Enough for Dietary Recommendations?
Authors: Innis Sheila M 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe omega (ω)‐3 fatty acids are essential nutrients, explained by the absence of a Δ‐15 desaturase in mammalian cells. The ω‐3 fatty acids are found in the diet as α‐linolenic acid (18:3ω‐3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω‐3), as well as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with different functions of each of the ω‐3 fatty acids in different cells. One essential role of the ω‐3 fatty acids is fulfilled by the 22 carbon DHA (22:6ω‐3). Depletion of DHA from brain and retina interferes with normal neurogenesis and neurological function, and visual signaling pathways. Observation and intervention studies with pregnant and lactating women, and with infants fed some formulas show that dietary DHA is associated with higher scores on tests of visual and neural development in infants and children. The estimated average requirement and variability in requirement among individuals both of which are needed to set dietary recommended intakes (DRIs) for the different ω‐3 fatty acids are unknown. However, because ω‐3 fatty acids are essential, adequate intakes to minimize risk of poor neural development and function can be justified, but dose‐response data to provide a safe upper limit with different ω‐6 fatty acid intakes are needed. Dietary recommendations do affect the food supply and supplements and are used in labeling, all impacting population health. When scientific information is incomplete, consideration must be given to the implications of recommendations that focus on individual nutrients, rather than dietary patterns such as breast‐feeding and consuming fish that promote health and minimize disease risk.
Practitioner assessments of ‘good enough’ parenting: factorial survey
Authors: Taylor Julie , Lauder William , Moy Maxine , Corlett Jo 
Published: March 2009

Aim.  The aim of this study was to measure health visitors’ professional judgements on ‘good enough’ parenting and identify what factors and combinations of these are important when making such judgements.Background.  The relationship between parenting and child health is unclear. Whilst agreement exists that ‘good enough’ parenting requires boundary setting, consistency and putting the child’s needs first, attempting to define ‘good enough’ parenting in precise terms is complex. When faced with a complex situation, practitioners rely on relatively few factors to form judgements.Design.  Factorial survey methods were employed using vignette techniques.Methods.  Vignettes were constructed using previous research on those variables, which may influence nurses’ judgements, for example, accommodation and child dentition. The level of factors was randomly varied. Two thousand vignettes were administered to a sample of 200 health visitors in two Health Boards who then made a judgement about this scenario.Analysis.  Data were analysed through multiple regression with dummy variables and one‐way analysis of variance. Regression equations for both good enough mothering and good enough parenting are reported.Results.  The models used are significant predictors of parenting and mothering. Significant predictors on health visitor judgements’ were boundary setting in sleep behaviours, type of housing inhabited and health behaviours. Although parenting and mothering are often conflated, health visitors appear to separate these aspects when making judgements based on type of housing.Conclusions.  Most professionals can articulate what makes a ‘good’ parent, equally they may have strong views regarding what constitutes ‘poor’ parenting. The difficulty is in determining when parenting is ‘good enough’ to provide a child with a nurturing environment.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study suggests that practitioners move their thresholds of what is ‘good enough’ depending on a narrow range of factors. Awareness of the factors, which influence individuals’ judgements is important in safeguarding children.
Validity of the symptomatic approach used by nurses in diagnosing vaginal infections
Authors: Kisa Sezer , Taskin Lale 
Published: March 2009

Aims and objectives.  To examine the validity and effectiveness of a symptomatic approach based on symptoms, administered by a nurse working in women’s health area, in identifying vaginal infections in women with or without vaginal discharge.Design.  Survey.Methods.  Between November 2005–August 2006, 300 married women were included. A questionnaire and vaginal discharge assessment form were used for data collection. The modified algorithm of a symptomatic approach without speculum examination was used to manage participants. Three diagnoses were made for each participant. The first diagnosis was made by the research nurse using the vaginal discharge assessment form; the second diagnosis is the clinical diagnosis which was made after the gynaecological examination by a physician; and the third diagnosis is the microscopic diagnosis made by the physician when assessing the collected specimens.Results.  In the methodological part of this study, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the symptomatic approach were 91·5, 69·7, 87·7 and 77·5%, respectively. The symptomatic approach had 27·7% sensitivity for bacterial vaginosis, 16·6% for trichomonas vaginalis and 62·8% for candida albicans, compared to the microscopic results. The sensitivity of the approach was higher for the identification of candidiasis compared to bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas vaginalis.Conclusion.  From the results, it is suggested that the symptomatic approach model can be used by nurses who work in women’s health area to diagnose vaginal infections.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study showed that trained clinician nurses will be able to diagnose and manage vaginal infections – especially candidiasis – by using the symptomatic approach. Moreover, the symptomatic approach will encourage women not to delay or fail to seek treatment for their health problems, especially for vaginal infections in conservative societies.
The influence of environment and life‐history traits on the distribution of genes and individuals: a comparative study of 11 rainforest trees
Authors: ROSSETTO M. , CRAYN D. , FORD A. , MELLICK R. , SOMMERVILLE K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study investigates patterns of genetic connectivity among 11 co‐distributed tropical rainforest tree species from the genusElaeocarpusacross a biogeographic barrier, the Black Mountain Corridor (BMC) in the Australian Wet Tropics (AWT). We analysed a combination of allelic and flanking region sequence data from microsatellite markers, and evaluated the relative influence of environmental preferences and functional traits on genetic diversity and gene flow. The results indicate that only in three species geographic structuring of haplotype distribution reflects a north vs. south of the BMC pattern. Environmental factors linked with altitude were recognized as affecting genetic trends, but the selective processes operating on upland species appear to be associated with competitiveness and regeneration opportunities on poor soil types rather than climate variables alone. In contrast to previous observations within southeastern Australian rainforests, genetic differentiation in the AWT appears to be associated with small‐fruited rather than large‐fruited species, highlighting how external factors can influence the dispersal dimension. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of considering functional and environmental factors when attempting generalizations on landscape‐level patterns of genetic variation. Understanding how plant functional groups respond to environmental and climatic heterogeneity can help us predict responses to future change.
Absence of Tyrosinase‐Related Protein‐2/Dopachrome Tautomerase Transcripts in PBMCs from Vitiligo Patients
Authors: Bam M. , Bagchi T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTolerance is achieved by mechanisms occurring in both the thymus and periphery. Several reports have shown that presence of an antigen in the peripheral circulation results in tolerance induction. These reports imply that absence of a self‐antigen can lead to induction of autoimmunity. Here, we show that tyrosinase‐related protein 2 (TRP‐2) transcript is not detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of vitiligo patients but is detected in healthy controls. Our result indicates that probably due to lack of expression in the PBMC, TRP‐2 is not available for induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance in vitiligo patients. It is also reported by others that co‐stimulatory molecules are required for the initiation of autoimmune diseases in experimental models. We therefore analysed the transcript levels of these costimulatory molecules in vitiligo patients and healthy controls. We observed that the transcripts of B7.2 and CD40 molecules are more or less similar in both patients and controls. We could not detect B7.1 in any of the human subjects. Thus, we conclude that the antigen presenting cells (APC) are not in an activated state and that constitutively activated APC are possibly not required for the progression of the disease once it has been initiated.
Lewis Blood Group Substances in Seminal Fluid
Authors: Lodge T. W. , Usher A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryLea and Leb substances are shown to occur in seminal fluids. Single tube inhibition tests and titration studies show that the amounts and specificities of these substances in seminal fluids parallel those found in serum and plasma by other workers. These findings are briefly compared with what is known about the appearance of Lewis substances in saliva, milk and ovarian cyst fluids.RésuméOn trouve dans le sperme des substances Lea et Leb. Des tests d'inhibition en tube et les titrations démontrent que la quantité et la spécificité des substances Lewis présentes dane le sperme correspondent aux valeurs observées par d'autres auteurs dans le sérum et le plasma. Ces résultats sont brièvement comparés avec ce que l'on sait actuellement au sujet de la présence des substances Lewis dans la salive, le lait et le liquide des kystes ovariens.ZusammenfassungDie menschliche Samenflüssigkeit enthalt Lea‐ und Leb‐Substanzen. An Hand von Hemmversuchen (Einzelröhrchentests und Titrationen) wurde gezeigt, daß der Gehalt der Samenflüssigkeit an solchen Substanzen etwa den von andern Autoren ermittelten Gehaltsangaben für Plasma bzw. Serum entapricht. Die Befunde werden im weiteren mit den heute vorliegenden Daten bezüglich des Lewis‐Substanz‐Gehaltes des Speichels, der Milch und der Ovarialzystenflüssigkeiten kurz verglichen.
Les facteurs Gm(a), Gm(b), Gm(x) au cours des leucoses
Authors: Eyquem A. , Dausset J. , Podliachouk Mme L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAs shown by determinations in 1088 patients suffering from various diseases of the blood, the frequency of the Gm(a) factor was lower in these patients than in the general population; this was particulary striking in cases of lymphatic leukemia (25,8%) and acute leukemia (39,1%).The determination of Gm(a) and Gm(x) in 89 cases of leukemia revealed, in addition to the known Gm phenotypes, the phenotype Gm(a‐b‐x‐) in 22 patients; the occurrence of this phenotype was not due to hypogammaglobulinemia.RésuméLa recherche du facteur Gm(a) dans 1088 cas d'hémopathies diverses a montré une diminution de sa fréquence par rapport à la population normale, surtout au cours de la leucémie lymphofde (25,8 %) et des leucoses aiguës (39,l %).L'étude des facteurs Gm(a), Gm(b) et Gm(x) dans 89 cas de leucoses a révélé l'existence, en dehors des phénotypes Gm connus dans les populations normales, d'un phénotype Gm(a‐b‐x‐). Ce phénotype a été rencontré chez 22 malades, son apparition ne peut pas être attribué à une hypo‐gammaglobulinémie globale.ZusammenfassungAnläßlich der Gm(a)‐Bestimmung bei 1088 Patienten mit verschiedenen hämatologischen Krankheiten wurde festgestellt, daß bei mehreren Kranheitsbildern insbesondere der lymphatischen Leukämie (25,8%) und den akuten Leukosen (39,1%) die Frequenz Gm(a)‐positiver Individuen geringer ist als in der Durchschnittsbevölkerung.Bei der Bestimmung der Faktoren Gm(a), Gm(b) und Gm(x) bei Leukosen 89 fand sich, nebst den bekannten Gm‐Phanotypen, bei 22 Patienten der außergewöhnliche Phänotypus Gm(a‐b‐x‐). Dieser beruhte nicht auf einer globalen Hypogammaglobulinämie.
Irregular Transmission of a Blood‐Group Complex in One Family of Pigs Following Irradiation*
Authors: Andresen E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPigs of the Hampshire and Duroc breeds were subjected to bloodtyping. An anomaly of inheritance affecting the E blood‐group system was detected in one pig among 10056 progeny from 1171 matings. An E1E3 Hampshire male was mated with an E1E1 Hampshire female. The male had been exposed to 300 r of gonadal X‐irradiation. Thirteen pigs were born. Six pigs were E1E1, six were E1E3, and one appeared to be E1E2. The exceptional bloodtype might be a result of mutation, interallelic recombination or gene interaction. These hypotheses are discussed.
Factors Influencing the Agglutinability of Red Cells
Authors: Uhlenbruck G. , Seaman G. V. F. , Coombs R. R. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryOx red blood cells of the so called ‘inagglutinable’ class have the same electrokinetic charge as those of the ‘agglutinable’ class when examined either before or after treatment with neuraminidase or pronase. However, a greater amount of sialic acid is released from the ‘inagglutinable’ cells after such treatments. These findings support the hypothesis that inagglutinability arises from the extensiveness of mucoid layer of the cell membrane, the ‘inagglutinable’ cells having longer mucopeptide chains of variable lengths or a greater degree of branching.
Anti‐N Reagents in Elucidation of the Genetical Basis of Human Blood‐Group MN Specificities1
Authors: Springer G. F. , Tegtmeyer Herta , Huprikar S. V. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Studies of the reactivity of the various anti‐human blood group N reagents with isolated human blood group M and N antigens and smaller molecules revealed besides the expected interaction with N antigens that M antigens inhibited all rabbit anti‐N sera, Vicia graminea extract and most human anti‐N sera. Mild acid hydrolysis of M antigens, which released sialic acid only, led to a large increase or de novo appearance of this inhibitory capacity. The partially hydrolyzed M antigens became temporarily indistinguishable from N antigens, indicating that the product of the N gene is the immediate precursor of the product of the M gene and that the allele to the M gene is an amorph. In the NM biosynthetic pathway, the Vicia‐reactive structure seems to precede the N‐specific molecule.Uncovering of N‐specific structures paralleled the appearance of terminal β‐d‐galactopyranosyl structures; their exposure to β‐galactosidase resulted in destruction of N specificity. Galactose and some β‐d‐galactopyranosyl derivatives inhibited the N erythrocyte agglutination by some anti‐N sera. Ganglioside I and ‘asialoganglioside’ were inhibitors of anti‐N reagents and anti‐ganglioside serum reacted preferentially with human blood group N antigens.