bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WITHIN‐SPECIES ORGANIZATION IN WYETHIA AND BALSAMORHIZA AND AN ASSESSMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATIONS
Authors: Robson K. A. , Scagel R. K. , Maze J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe assertion that ontogeny and phylogeny are closely related phenomena seems to be valid, but the nature of this relationship has not been explored in sufficient depth. The present study details some quantitative methods through which the nature of speciation and development can be simultaneously addressed. Within‐species variation was assessed for species of the related genera Wyethia, Balsamorhiza, and Helianthella (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) for three data sets consisting of shoot, terminal head, and cauline leaf variables. Although the changes in organization that occur through development could not be directly measured here, variation among mature plants permits inferences to be made regarding the product of ontogeny. Within‐species variation appears to be unique and unpredictable, even among species that are sympatric or share membership in small monophyletic groups. Such unique and unpredictable variation can be interpreted as changes in organization that occur as the partial manifestation of phylogenesis. Studies on other plants indicate similar changes in variation occur during ontogeny. These results imply that studies concerned with changing organization will provide clarification of the relationship between development and speciation. A necessary prerequisite to a systematic study is an understanding of the development and integration of characters used in the study. A discussion of explanations claiming to address biological change and their applicability to these results is provided. Neo‐Darwinian theory appears incapable of providing an adequate explanation of the results presented here, as changing organization and increasing complexity would not be predicted from it. On the other hand, Brooks and Wiley's theory of evolution, based on non‐equilibrium thermodynamics, does predict an irreversible increase in complexity in biological systems as they change with time. Explication of the relationships between ontogeny and phylogeny may be forthcoming from studies stressing the description of ontogenetic variation among individuals set within an independently derived phylogenetic framework.
TYPIFICATION OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN ANTENNARIA GAERTNER (ASTERACEAE: INULEAE); SEXUAL SPECIES OF SECTIONS ALPINAE, DIOICAE, AND PLANTAGINIFOLIAE
Authors: Bayer Randall J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt has been shown that eight well‐defined species of Antennaria should be recognized (A. aromatica, A. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. media, A. microphylla, A. racemosa, A. rosulata, and A. umbrinella). A proposed synonymy for these eight diploid species, based on the similarity matrix and discriminant analysis, is presented here. These species appear to be the sexual progenitors for the polyploid agamic complexes comprising A. rosea and A. parvifolia. Relationships between the diploids and the polyploids are discussed.
STUDIES IN CYPERACEAE 6. NOMENCLATURE OF THE SUPRAGENERIC TAXA IN THE CYPERACEAE
Authors: Goetghebeur Paul 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRecent taxonomic investigation of the suprageneric classification of the Cyperaceae has made clarification of the nomenclature an urgent necessity. A list of the effectively published suprageneric names attributable to the Cyperaceae is presented here, with an indication of their nomenclatural status. For this purpose, a dichotomous identification key was constructed. Attention is drawn to various problems concerning the interpretation of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature with regard to the names of suprageneric taxa. Finally, two new tribes are described, Eleocharideae and Trilepideae.
ON TYPIFICATION OF DAVID DON'S NAMES, I.E., CYMBIDIUM LONGIFOLIUM (ORCHIDACEAE)
Authors: Hara Hiroshi 
Published: April 2006

SummaryD. Don (Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 1825) studied unnumbered Nepalese materials distributed in 1818‐1819 by Wallich to Lamberg but Don rarely annotated the specimens. The Lambert Herbarium was later (1842) acquired by the British Museum. Don's types (BM) can be recognized by notes on the back and contemporary annotations on the front by an unknown botanist (BM) with Don's names.A specimen (BM), annotated on the back as ‘Gosaingsthan Wallich 1819‘ and on the front as Cymbidium longifolium D. Don, must be recognized as the type of Don's (1825) name, not Wallich 7356A, the latter representing Cymbidium longifolium Lindley (1833), non D. Don (1825).
TAXONOMIC REARRANGEMENT OF BISCUTELLA LYRATA L. (CRUCIFERAE)
Authors: Raffaelli Mauro 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUnder the name Biscutella lyrata Linnaeus included two different taxa, one based on a Spanish plant and the other on a Sicilian plant figured in Boccone (1674, pl. 23).The specimen n. 831.3 in LINN, which is of Spanish origin, has been selected as lectotype of B. lyrata L. This specimen is the only element which agrees with the morphological characters specified in the protologue and, also, it was in the possession of Linnaeus at the date of publication of Mantissa Pl. Alt. (1771).Biscutella lyrata, although disregarded by the Spanish authors, belongs really to the Spanish flora, while the Sicilian plant, figured in Boccone and cited by Linnaeus as synonym of B. lyrata, is a different taxon. The examination of its morphological characters suggests that it should be regarded as a distinct subspecies of B. lyrata with the name: B. lyrata L. ssp. maritima (Ten.) Raffaelli, stat. nov.
THE EFFECT OF MICROWAVE OVEN‐DRYING ON THE INTEGRITY OF SPORE AND POLLEN EXINES IN HERBARIUM SPECIMENS
Authors: Arens Nan Crystal , Traverse Alfred 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn investigation of the effect of microwave oven‐drying on spores and pollen is presented. As was expected of moisture‐containing bodies, microwaving does damage many spores and pollen when the plant materials containing them are so dried. However, enough grains remain intact to permit morphological study. Once dried by conventional technique, spores and pollen are no longer damaged by microwaving. A technique of intermittent bursts of microwaving during drying, in place of continuous treatment, apparently minimizes spore/pollen damage.
SCROPHULARIA VALENTINA ROUY: THE CORRECT NAME FOR S. AURICULATA SENSU AUCT. PL., NON L. (SCROPHULARIACEAE)
Authors: Crespo Manuel B. , Mateo Gonzalo 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe name Scrophularia valentina Rouy is revived for plants of eastern Spain and the Balearic Islands, traditionally referred to S. auriculata L. The most important affinities and differences existing among this taxon and other very closely related ones, into which sometimes it had been included, are discussed.ResumenSe recupera el nombre Scrophularia valentina Rouy para denominar al taxon iberolevantino‐balear identificado tradicionalmente como S. auriculata L. Se discuten las afinidades que presenta éste con otros táxones próximos, a los que en algunas ocasiones ha sido referido.
Tylophora splendida, a new name for Tylophora grandiflora Ridley (Asclepiadaceae)
Authors: Forster Paul I. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryForster, P. I.: Tylophora splendida, a new name for Tylophora grandiflora Ridley (Asclepiadaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 750. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Tylophora splendida is a replacement name for T. grandiflora Ridley 1924, non R. Br. 1810.
Lectotypification of Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims (Verbenaceae)
Authors: Daniel P. , Rajendran A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDaniel, P. & Rajendran, A.: Lectotypification of Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims (Verbenaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 751. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The previously designated lectotype of Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims is not extant; a new lectotype, Sim's illustration, is designated instead.
Typification of Koelera laurifolia Willd. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Levin Geoffrey A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLevin, G. A.: Typification of Koelera laurifolia Willd. (Euphorbiaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 57–59. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Koelera laurifolia Willd. was based on elements now assigned to Drypetes alba and D. lateriflora (both Euphorbiaceae), and Xylosma coriacea (Flacourtiaceae). The material of D. lateriflora corresponds most closely to the protologue and so is designated as the lectotype. Koelera Willd. is treated as a later homonym of Koeleria Pers.
A Chilean wild potato species and the publication of its name, Solanum maglia (Solanaceae)
Authors: Hawkes John G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHawkes, J. G.: A Chilean wild potato species and the publication of its name, Solanum maglia (Solanaceae). – Taxon 42: 671–673. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.It has been claimed that the name was validly published by Molina in 1776. A survey of Molina's publications shows that, although he mentioned the vernacular name “maglia”, he did not use it as a species epithet under Solanum. Schlechtendal was the first, in 1841, to validly publish the name Solanum maglia.
Aneuploidy in the Centaureinae (Compositae): is n = 7 the end of the series?
Authors: Garcia‐Jacas Núria , Susanna Alfonso , İAlarslan Reşit 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGarcia‐Jacas, N., Susanna, A. & İlarslan, R.: Aneuploidy in the Centaureinae (Compositae): is n = 7 the end of the series? – Taxon 45: 39‐42.1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The subtribe Centaureinae is known for its remarkable aneuploidy, from n = 16 to n = 8. A new, even lower basic number is added to the series, n = 7 for Centaurea patula (sect. Ammocyanus). Correlations between the aneuploid series and morphology, biogeography and DNA‐based phytogeny of the subtribe are suggested.
Issue dates of the first 83 numbers of the Smithsonian contributions to botany
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNicolson, D. H.: Issue dates of the first 83 numbers of the Smithsonian contributions to botany. – Taxon 45: 43‐48. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The official date of publication of each Contribution is given, with author(s), title, and pagination. Special problems, due to inconsistencies in the sources of issue dates (hand‐stamped in a few copies and published in the Smithsonian year), are discussed. The issue dates appearing in the Smithsonian year are reliable, except in recent years when the published date sometimes was incomplete.
Typification of the name Thismia fumida Ridl. (Burmanniaceae)
Authors: Saunders Richard M. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySaunders, R. M. K.: Typification of the name Thismia fumida Ridl. (Burmanniaceae). – Taxon 45: 107‐109. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Thismia fumida is here lectotypified by a previously unpublished illustration (held at K) made by the original author.
THE EPHEDRA‐SPECIES OF P. FORSSKÅL: IDENTITY AND TYPIFICATION
Authors: Freitag Helmut , Maier‐Stolte Maria 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe names of the two Ephedra‐species validly published in P. Forsskål's Flora aegyptiaco‐arabica are typified: E. aphylla Forssk. by means of a neotype, and E. foeminea Forssk. by designation of a lectotype. Arguments and details in support of the decisions are provided. Hitherto, E. aphylla has usually been called E. alte C. Meyer. The type material of the later published E. alte is in fact a mixture of E. aphylla (male specimens) and E. foliata Boiss. ex C. Meyer (female specimens). Ephedra foeminea also has priority against E. campylopoda C. Meyer. The species and their closer relatives are compared with respect to their morphology, ecology and distribution.
TECHNICAL AIDS FOR SYSTEMATIC BOTANY III. MORE IDEAS ON METHYL‐CELLULOSE ADHESIVES
Authors: Tillett Stephen S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe following adhesives for mounting herbarium specimens, based on methyl‐cellulose, are described and discussed: methyl‐cellulose in alcoholic solutions for mounting labels and packets; specimen mounting‐glue based on a mixture of methyl‐cellulose and polyvinyl acetate; strapping with cotton tape or string impregnated with methyl‐cellulose; and a liquid cellulosic substitute for cloth strapping.
SEDUM CRETICUM PRESL (CRASSULACEAE): TYPIFICATION AND INFRASPECIFIC VARIATION
Authors: Hart H. 't 
Published: April 2006

SummarySedum creticum Presl has been found to comprise two vicariant ecotypes which differ in growth‐form. The type specimen represents the perennial, oligocarpic mountain form. The strictly monocarpic, annual or biennial lowland form was earlier described as S. creticum Boiss. & Heldr. (=S. cretense Maire). It is named here var. monocarpicum stat. et nom. nov.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES AND LECTOTYPIFICATION OF ALKANNA LUTEA MORIS (BORAGINACEAE)
Authors: Rizzotto Milena 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUnder priority, Alkanna lutea Moris (1845) should be used instead of its later homonym, A. lutea A. DC. (1846), which is, for this reason, illegitimate. Also it is proved that A. lutea A. DC. is a heterotypic synonym of Moris' name. The type of A. lutea Moris is designated.
Clarification of morphological terms used in the Stipeae (Gramineae), and a reassessment of Nassella in Australia
Authors: Jacobs S. W. L. , Everett J. , Barkworth M. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJacobs, S. W. L., Everett, J. & Barkworth, M. E.: Clarification of morphological terms used in the Stipeae (Gramineae), and a reassessment of Nassella in Australia. – Taxon 44: 33‐41. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Terms used for describing the apical regions of the lemma of the Stipeae have been used inconsistently in the past. Those terms are listed and defined, and recommendations made for consistent usage where either more than one term has been used for the same structure or the same term has been used for more than one structure. Nassella is accepted as a segregate genus of Stipa but S. caudata and S. brachychaeta, two species confused in the past, are excluded from Nassella and are best placed in Achnatherum.
Chromosome numbers in the Arthropodium–Dichopogon complex (Asparagales: Anthericaceae)
Authors: Westphalen Grant , Conran John G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWestphalen, G. & Conran, J. G.: Chromosome numbers in the Arthropodium–Dichopogon complex (Asparagales: Anthericaceae). – Taxon 43: 377‐381.1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The genera Arthropodium and Dichopogon (Asparagales: Anthericaceae) are considered to be closely related, if at all distinct. Limited evidence from previous cytological studies suggested a polyploid series within the complex where Arthropodium taxa have 2n = 22 chromosomes, intermediate species, 2n = 44, and Dichopogon taxa, 2n = 66. Examination of chromosomes in two thirds of the species in the Arthropodium–Dichopogon complex did not support that suggestion, as most of the species in both genera have a chromosome complement of 2n = 22. Evidence of polyploidy was found in D. strictus (2n = 22, 66), A. curvipes and D. preissii (2n = 44). The chromosomes are too small to provide useful information on chromosome morphology and C‐band patterns. The lack of morphological features to delimit the two genera unequivocally, combined with the prevailing 2n = 22 karyotype across both, supports merging them under the name Arthropodium.
The infrageneric classification of Eragrostis (Poaceae)
Authors: Van den Borre An , Watson Leslie 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVan den Borre, A. & Watson, L.: The infrageneric classification of Eragrostis (Poaceae). – Taxon 43: 383‐422. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A world‐wide sample of 53 Eragrostis, 1 Diandrochloa and 2 Eragrostiella species was examined in terms of 442 newly recorded characters. These data were stored in the DELTA system and used for generating full natural language descriptions. A selection of morphological and anatomical characters (58 and 60, respectively) were analysed through a variety of phenetic and cladistic methods, revealing significant character correlations and intrageneric species relationships. The analyses are discussed in detail. A revised description of the genus Eragrostis is presented, and two subgenera are recognized, and fully described.
The “Zavada hypothesis”: a rebuttal rebutted
Authors: Gibbs Peter 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGibbs, P.: The “Zavada hypothesis”: a rebuttal rebutted. ‐ Taxon 40: 583–595. 1991. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.The Zavada hypothesis, that there is a correlation between the various types of self‐incompatibility mechanisms found in angiosperms and details of pollen exine sculpturing, is addressed again. In the light of a recent further defence of the hypothesis, some errors in the original data on which it was based are considered, and some criticisms by Zavada of a different data base are discussed.
Bubani's binomials in Fracastora Bubani, non Adanson (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Rivera‐Nuñez D. , Obón‐de Castro C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRivera‐Nuñez, D. & Obón‐de Castro, C.: Bubani's binomials in Fracastora Bubani, non Adanson (Lamiaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 632–634. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Fracastora Bubani, non Adanson, included six binomials. All are attributable to species of Sideritis and three are illegitimate renamings. Fracastora Adanson is first lectotypified.
Echinochloa esculenta, comb. nov. — the correct name of the Japanese barnyard millet(Gramineae)
Authors: Scholz H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryScholz, H.:Echinochloa esculenta, comb. nov. — the correct name of the Japanese barnyard millet(Gramineae). — Taxon41: 522–523. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.The new combinationEchinochloa esculentabased onPanicum esculentumA. Braun is proposed to replaceE. utilisOhwi & Yabuno, a junior synonym of it. A neotype is designated in the Körnicke Herbarium, now in Berlin (B): a cultivated plant grown from seeds collected in Japan 1860–1861.
Some considerations on Latin geographical epithets in binomials
Authors: Manara Bruno 
Published: April 2006

SummaryManara, B.: Some considerations on Latin geographical epithets in binomials. — Taxon 41: 524–528. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.Different possibilities of forming Latin geographical adjectival epithets in binomials are analysed, and suggestions are presented to standardize their formation.
Systematic botany in the states successor to the Soviet Union
Authors: Jeffrey C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJeffrey, C.: Systematic botany in the states successor to the Soviet Union. – Taxon 43: 233‐239. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The need for international supplementary funding of both the physical infrastructure of systematic botany and current research in the countries that constituted the Soviet Union is pointed out. Without it, the necessary development of our knowledge of the plant biodiversity, and its importance for global ecology, of about 14 % of the earth's land surface area cannot be ensured.
Monti's Indices botanici (1753), a pre‐starting‐point work
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Soldano Adriano 
Published: April 2006

SummarySoldano, A.: Monti's Indices botanici (1753), a pre‐starting‐point work. – Taxon 43: 243‐244. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The Indices botanici of Gaetano Lorenzo Monti were published before 1 May 1753 and, therefore, names appearing in it are not validly published.
On the vegetative and floral development in Saxifraga ser. Ceratophyllae and ser. Pentadactylis (Saxifragaceae)
Authors: Vargas Pablo 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVargas, P.: On the vegetative and floral development in Saxifraga ser. Ceratophyllae and ser. Pentadactylis (Saxifragaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 41–43. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Species formerly placed in Saxifraga ser. Ceratophyllae but having terminal inflorescences are segregated from those with axillary inflorescences as Saxifraga ser. Pentadactylis, comb, nova.
The Indo‐Pacific strand Scaevola (Goodeniaceae) ‐‐ yet again!
Authors: Green P. S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Indo‐Pacific strand Scaevola (Goodeniaceae) ‐‐ yet again! ‐ Taxon 40: 118–122. 1991 ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.It is asserted that, after all, the correct name for the widespread Indo‐Pacific species of Scaevola is Scaevola taccada (Gaertner) Roxb.
Typification of six Philip Miller names of temperate North American Toxicodendron (Anacardiaceae) with proposals (999–1000) to reject T. crenatum and T. volubile
Authors: Reveal James L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryReveal, J. L.: Typification of six Philip Miller names of temperate North American Toxicodendron (Anacardiaceae) with proposals (999–1000) to reject T. crenatum and T. volubile. ‐ Taxon 40: 333–335. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.When Philip Miller proposed Toxicodendron (Anacardiaceae) for those species of Rhus generally called “poison‐ivy” he accounted for six species from temperate eastern North America; previously, Linnaeus had recognized only two in Rhus. To date the Miller names have been essentially ignored, and none effectively typified. As now typified, T. pubescens becomes the earliest available name for the illegitimate T. toxicarium Gillis and for T. quercifolium (Michaux) E. Greene. Two Miller names are proposed for rejection, T. crenatum and T. volubile, to allow continued use of T. rydbergii Small ex Rydb. This is proposed simply to preserve nomenclatural stability.
NOMENCLATURAL AND TAXONOMIC NOTES ON CIRRIPHYLLUM (BRACHYTHECIACEAE, BRYOPHYTA)
Authors: Karttunen Krister 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCirriphyllum Grout is delimited to include C. cirrhosum (Schwaegr.) Grout, C. piliferum (Hedw.) Grout, and C. tommasinii (Boul.) Grout. Cirriphyllum tommasinii is the correct name for the taxon recently called C. tenuinerve (Lindb.) Wijk & Marg.; Rhynchostegiella tenuicaulis (Spruce) Kartt. for C. germanicum (Grebe) Loeske & Fleisch.; Eurhynchium flotowianum (Sendtn.) Kartt. for C. reichenbachianum (Hübn.) Wijk & Marg.; and Eurhynchium crassinervium (Wils.) Schimp. for C. crassinervium (Wils.) Loeske & Fleisch. These names are typified and their nomenclature and taxonomy is discussed along with Hypnum filiforme Dubois and H. lamarckii DC.
NEOTYPIFICATION OF ALOE GLABRATA, BASIONYM OF HAWORTHIA GLABRATA (ASPHODELACEAE: ALOOIDEAE)
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Greyling H. P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHaworthia glabrata (Salm‐Dyck) Baker is a horticulturally common but taxonomically little known species. A detailed taxonomic and biosystematic study of H. glabrata and its apparent allies was recently undertaken and has revealed that this species name has never been typified. Aloe glabrata Salm‐Dyck, the basionym of Haworthia glabrata, is here neotypifled.
Typification of Linnaeus's names for European species of Sedum subgen. Sedum (Crassulaceae)
Authors: Hart H. 't , Jarvis C. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHart, H. 't & Jarvis, C. E.: Typification of Linnaeus's names for European species of Sedum subgen. Sedum (Crassulaceae). — Taxon 42: 399–410. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.Lectotypes are proposed for Linnaeus's names for European species belonging to Sedum subgen. Sedum, i.e. S. acre L., S. album L., S. annuum L., 5. atratum L., S. caeruleum L., S. cepaea L., S. dasyphyllum L., S. hispanicum L., S. reflexum L., 5. rubens L., S. rupestre L., S. stellatum L., S. villosum L., and for Tillaea rubra L., which is the basionym of S. rubrum (L.) Thell. For S. sexangulare L. a neotype is proposed which has been chosen from the material in the Linnaean herbarium in Stockholm. The typification of these names in all cases serves to maintain general usage. In particular, the typification of S. sexangulare, S. rubens, S. rupestre, and Tillaea rubra helps to settle disputes about the application of these names, guarantees their unambiguous use, and thus serves stability of nomenclature.
A provisional synopsis of the sections of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Webster Grady L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWebster, G. L.: A provisional synopsis of the sections of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae). – Taxon 42: 793‐823. 1993. – ISSN0040‐0262.The 19th century classification of Croton by Müller Argoviensis is highly artificial. A revised system that incorporates the sections proposed by Baillon and Grisebach is presented, with a key to the 40 sections recognized. For each section, types and synonymy are indicated, along with a description and list of representative species. Described as new are 2 sections (C. sect. Anadenocroton, sect. Corylocroton) and 3 subsections (C. subsect. Cuneati, subsect. Matourenses, subsect. Sampatik); 2 new sectional names (C. sect. Argyrocroton, sect. Luntia) represent changes in rank.