bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The absorption and effect of dietary supplementation with omega‐3 fatty acids on serum leukotriene B4, in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Kurlandsky Lawrence E. , Bennink Maurice R. , Webb Phyllis M. , Ulrich Pamela J. , Baer Lawrence J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe substitution of omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids for omega‐6 (n‐6) fatty acids generates eicosanoids with diminished inflammatory effects. As the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are in a state of chronic inflammation in which increased amounts of eicosanoids are found, n‐3 supplementation may reduce this level of inflammation and result in clinical improvement. The absorption and clinicals effects of n‐3 vs. n‐6 fatty acids in CF were measured in a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, crossover study in which 14 patients with CF (age: 6–16 years, mean 10.5 years; baseline Shwachman‐Brasfield scores: 41–88, mean 76.7) received 6 weeks of n‐3 ethyl ester concentrate from menhaden oil (100–131 mg/kg/day, mean 112.8) or n‐6 fatty acids from safflower oil (102–132 mg/kg/day, mean 113.3), followed by a washout period of 6 weeks, and then 6 weeks of the other supplement. Analysis by gas chromatography showed that n‐3 supplementation resulted in increased eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3) in platelet phospholipids, from 0.14 to 2.16%. P <0.05 and in increased docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3), from 1.33 to 3.72%, P <0.05. Clinical effects were evaluated at weeks 0, 6, 12, and 18, and analyzed for differences among the n‐3, n‐6, and washout periods. No adverse effects were reported or observed. No statistically significant differences were found (ANOVA, P >0.05) in Shwachman‐Brasfield scores, sweat test, weight change, or forced expiratory volume and flow (FEV1, FEF25,75%, and FVC) percentiles. Tumor necrosis factor was not measurable in any serum sample. Serum leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels were significantly reduced by n‐3 fatty acids, mean reduction (−177 pg/mL) compared to n‐6 fatty acids (+63 pg/mL) P < 0.05. These results show that both n‐3 fatty acids are absorbed and incorporated into platelet phospholipids in patients with CF and reduced serum LTB4. No significant clinical differences or adverse effects were found.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:211–217. ©1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nap studies underestimate the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux
Authors: Graff Michael A. , Kashlan Fawaz , Carter Michael , Rovell Kristine , Ramos D. Glen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractShorter nap (1 and 4 hr) pH studies inaccurately diagnosed gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in a group of infants evaluated for apparent life threatening events (ALTE) and recurrent apnea. Twenty‐five infants with a postconceptional age of 42 ± 8 SD weeks, were evaluated by 12‐hr polysornnography (PSG). Prior to the start of the 12‐hr study, a 1‐hr Tuttle Test was performed. By means of the 12‐hr study 11 infants were diagnosed as having GER while the Tuttle Test incorrectly diagnosed 6 infants, 5 as having no GER and 1 as having GER when no GER was present (P < 0.05). No differences in the amount of periodic breathing (PB) or apnea density (AD) were found between the two studies. In addition, the first 4 hr of the 12‐hr PSG segment following the first feeding was evaluated separately. In the 4‐hr segment, two of the infants were incorrectly diagnosed as not having GER. In this study, nap studies failed to diagnose all of the infants with GER. Therefore, we conclude that an infant cannot be accurately diagnosed as not having GER without prolonged pH recording.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:258–260. ©1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new radiographic scoring system for bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Weinstein Marie R. , Peters Mary Ellen , Sadek Mona , Palta Mari ,   For The Newborn Lung Project
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectives: To develop a simple, clinically meaningful radiographic score for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). To investigate its reliability, validity, and usefulness and to compare it to the Edwards score. Working hypothesis: Our radiographic scoring of BPD is reliable, correlates with respiratory support, and provides a necessary standardization in comparing severity of respiratory disease between hospitals. Study design: Prospective cohort study. Patient selection: The study included all neonates (n = 366) with birth weight below 1501 g admitted to 7 neonatal intensive care units, who had chest radiographs taken at age 25–35 days. Methodology: A simple radiographic scoring system was developed. Scores ranging from 0 to 6 were assigned based on standard radiographs and descriptors of degree of abnormality. All radiographs taken between days 25 and 35 of age (n = 1087) were graded by a radiologist and a neonatologist. Radiographs from a stratified random sample of 37 neonates (10%) were also scored by the method of Edwards (n = 128 radiographs). A respiratory support index was constructed for days 25–35 and correlated with the radiographic score. Results: Between‐reader correlation was r = 0.87 for our score and r = 0.88 for the Edwards score. The two scores correlated with each other at r = 0.94. The respiratory support index correlated with our radio‐graphic score at r = 0.75 overall, and r = 0.56 to 0.88 within hospitals. Higher postnatal corticosteroid use was found at the hospitals with the lower correlations. Conclusions: Our radiographic scoring is reliable, valid, and gives results similar to the Edwards score. Radiographs play a standardizing role in assessing severity of BPD between hospitals.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:284–289 © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between lung function results in the first year of life and respiratory morbidity in early childhood in patients born prematurely
Authors: Giffin F. , Greenough A. , Yüksel B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relationship between lung function results at 6 months and 1 year of age to respiratory symptoms in the first 3 years of life in prematurely born population has been determined. In 88 infants (median gestational age, 29 weeks) thoracic gas volume (TGV) and airway resistance (Raw) was measured and specific conductance (SGaw) calculated at 6 months and 1 year of age. During 3 years of prospective follow‐up neither TGV measured at either 6 months or 1 year, nor Raw and SGaw at 6 months, differed significantly between infants who were asymptomatic or symptomatic. At 1 year, however, Raw and (SGaw) were significantly higher and lower respectively in patients who were symptomatic than in those who were asymptomatic in any of the 3 years. An elevated Raw (≥50 cmH2O/L/s) measured at 1 year, but not at 6 months, was associated with a significant relative risk of symptoms in the first, second, and third year of life. We conclude that in prematurely born patients an abnormal airway resistance at 1 year predicts symptoms in early childhood.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:290–294 © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship between tPTEF:tE and specific airway conductance in infancy
Authors: Dezateux C. A. , Stocks J. , Dundas I. , Jackson E. A. , Fletcher M. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study examines the association between the time taken to achieve peak tidal expiratory flow as a proportion of total expiratory time tPTEF:tE and specific airways conductance (SGaw) in healthy infants and those with prior physician diagnosed, associated, lower respiratory illness with wheezing (prior LRI) during the first year of life. We compared tPTEF:tE and (SGAW) the latter estimated during both initial inspiration (II) and end‐expiration (EE), in 168 infants (94 males), measured on 220 occasions. Mean (range) tPTEF:tE was 0.321 (0.150–0.522) in 73 healthy infants aged less than 3 months (mean, 7.8 weeks), in whom mean (range) EE(SGaw), and plethysmographic thoracic gas volume at functional residual capacity (FRCpleth) were 2.47 s−1 kPa−1 (0.6–5.8) and 141 mL (87–204), respectively. Both tPTEF:t E and EE(SGaw), were significantly lower in older infants with prior LRI (n = 79; mean age, 50.0 weeks) compared to a similarly aged group of healthy infants (n = 68; mean age, 48.5 weeks), the mean difference [95% confidence intervals (Cl)] being −0.039 (−0.013, −0.064) and −0.48 s−1 kPa−1 (−0.24, −0.72), respectively. A significant but weak association between tPTEF:t E, and EE(SGaw),was found among infants above 3 months of age, irrespective of prior wheezing status. However, this relationship was not significant in healthy younger infants, in whom a significant but weak association with FRCpleth was found. Further work is needed to elucidate the factors influencing tidal expiratory flow patterns in infancy.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:299–307 © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapeutic methods repeatability of response to hypertonic saline aerosol in children with mild to severe asthma
Authors: Riedler Josef , Reade Tom , Robertson Colin F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNon‐isotonic aerosols are being used more commonly to perform bronchial provocation tests. In contrast to histamine and methacholine challenge tests they appear to have higher specificity and a higher predictive value. The aim of the present study was to assess the reproducibility of the response to challenge with 4.5% hypertonic saline administered via an ultrasonic nebulizer in children with mild to severe asthma.Seventeen children with asthma aged 10 to 14 years completed two or three challenge tests at the same time of day within a 10 day period. Of these 17 children 9 had mild, 4 moderate, and 4 severe asthma. Children inhaled 4.5% hypertonic NaCl from an ultrasonic nebulizer with an output of 1.9 to 2.5 mL/min (Timeter) using the protocol developed by Anderson with modifications. A fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) from baseline of 15% or more was considered a positive response and PD15, was calculated.In 16/17 subjects a greater than 15% fall in FEV1 occurred consistently on all study days. One subject with moderate asthma had a less than 15% fall in FEV1 on both study days. The coefficient of repeatability for PD15 was 1.8. This equals 0.85 of a doubling dose difference between the two or three measurements of PD15. The cumulative time of aerosol inhalation causing a fall in FEV1 2 15%) (PT15) showed a coefficient of repeatability of 1.59, similar to 0.67 doubling dose difference. The PD15 and PT15 were highly significantly correlated. The 4.5% NaCl challenge test yields good reproducibility in children with mild to severe asthma under laboratory conditions.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:330–336 © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chloroquine treatment of interstitial lung disease in children
Authors: Avital A. , Godfrey S. , Maayan C. H. , Diamant Y. , Springer C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeven children aged 3 months to 11 years with histologically confirmed interstitial lung disease (ILD) [6 with desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (DIP) and 1 with chronic interstitial pneumonitis] were treated with chloroquine, 10 mg/kg/day. One patient, diagnosed late in the course of the disease, died after three weeks of treatment, despite the addition of systemic corticosteroids. Another patient responded to combined therapy with chloroquine and prednisone and had a normal lung biopsy after 6 months of treatment. He underwent surgical repair of mitral valve stenosis and died after extensive brain infarction. The other 5 patients responded well to chloroquine therapy with major improvement in oxygenation within a few weeks and in lung function over the next few months. They remained well clinically and physiologically, including a normal response to incremental exercise, during a mean follow‐up period of 9.8 years (range 3.5 to 15.7 years). None of the patients has developed retinopathy or any other ocular complication. Bronchoalveolar lavage was a useful tool for evaluation of the activity of the disease (predominance of neutrophils) in 3 out of 4 patients. We suggest that chloroquine should be considered as an effective treatment in ILD in children. Incremental exercise test may be helpful for routine follow‐up and evaluation of the efficacy of a specific treatment.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:356–360. ©1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of nasal occlusion on the initiation of oral breathing in preterm infants
Authors: deAlmeida Victor L. , Alvaro Ruben A. , Haider Zia , Rehan Virender , Nowaczyk Bogdan , Cates Don , Kwiatkowski Kim , Rigatto Henrique 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ability to switch from nasal to oral breathing in response to nasal obstruction is crucial for survival, and has been suggested to be an important mechanism in preventing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). To know whether the ability to switch from nasal to oral breathing is uniformly present during the early neonatal period, we examined the effects of slow and fast nasal occlusions on the establishment of oral breathing in preterm infants. Slow occlusions were used to mimic more closely occlusions occurring spontaneously. We studied 17 healthy preterm infants [birth weight, 1830 ± 27 g (mean ± SE); study weight, 1800 ± 109 g; gestational age, 32 ± 1 weeks; postnatal age, 12 ± 2 days]. We used a nosepiece with a nasal occluder and a flow‐through system to measure ventilation. A CO2, sampling catheter at the mouth was used to detect oral breathing. Of 58 occlusions, 29 were slow [resistance increasing slowly from 0 to infinite (occlusion)], and 29 were fast (infinite elastance applied in <1 sec). Oral breathing was always established following slow and fast occlusions. In 44% of the slow occlusions, oral breathing started before complete occlusion. Arousal was observed in 12/58 (17%) of all occlusions, occurring primarily after initiation of oral breathing. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate decreased significantly following occlusions, from 96 i 0.6 to 87 ± 1.2% and 49 ± 2.8 to 38 ± 2 breaths/min, respectively. These findings suggest (1) preterm infants usually establish oral breathing in response to nasal airway occlusion; (2) this switch to oral breathing is preceded by a decrease in O2 saturation and in respiratory frequency; and (3) arousal does not always precede the switch to oral breathing as is traditionally accepted.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:374–378. ©1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sputum peroxidase activity correlates with the severity of lung disease in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Regelmann Warren E. , Siefferman Chris M. , Herron Jean M. , Elliott Greg R. , Clawson C. Carlyle , Gray Beulah H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPatients with cystic fibrosis (CF) of the same age differ significantly in their degree of pulmonary disease. Based on preliminary observations, we postulated that the activity of my‐eloperoxidase would be significantly increased in patients with greater structural lung damage than in those with less lung damage. Acid extracts of weighed sputum samples were assayed for lactoferrin concentrations by ELISA. Activities of peroxidase, cathepsin G, and elastase (with and without proteinase 3) were determined by kinetic analysis using chromogenic substrates. The patients were divided into quartiles based on their Brasfield chest‐radiograph score. Patients in the first quartile (least amount of structural lung abnormality) were compared to those in the fourth quartile. The concentration of lactoferrin, a specific (secondary) granule protein of neutrophils, did not differ between the two patient groups. However, the activities of the neutrophil primary granule proteins, peroxidase, elastase, and elastase plus proteinase 3, were significantly elevated in the group with the most structural lung abnormality. Sputum albumin concentration was used to estimate leakages of plasma proteins into the airways. Peroxidase activity, but not the activity of cathepsin G, of elastase, or of elastase plus proteinase 3, correlated significantly with albuminig sputum in both quartile groups. To confirm the association of sputum peroxidase activity with differences in lung structure and to test its correlation with lung function, spirometry was performed in a second group of patients during the week prior to the time of sputum sampling. In this second group, increased sputum peroxidase activity was associated with worse Brasfield scores and with decreased percent‐predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 sec. Lactoferrin concentration again did not differ between the groups. Bacterial factors also did not differ. The results indicate that the degree of lung damage in patients with CF was more closely related to sputum peroxidase activity than to age, gender, CFTR genotype, or sputum bacterial parameters. Further study is required to determine whether or not peroxidase activity in the airway causes this lung damage. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on passive respiratory mechanics in early infancy
Authors: Brown Randall W. , Hanrahan John P. , Castile Robert G. , Tager Ira B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe studied the effect of prenatal maternal cigarette smoking on passive expiratory mechanics in 53 healthy infants tested early in infancy (mean ± SD, 5.1 ± 1.5 weeks). Maternal smoking was measured by: 1) questionnaire reports of the number of cigarettes smoked per day; and 2) urine cotinine concentrations (corrected for creatinine) at each visit. Respiratory system mechanics were assessed by the single‐breath occlusion‐passive‐flow‐volume maneuver. In ten infants born to smoking mothers the time constant of the respiratory system was 23% reduced [0.34 vs. 0.44 s; 95% confidence interval (CI), −45% + 1%; P = 0.06]. This was related to an estimated 13% decrease in respiratory system compliance (4.86 vs. 5.62 Ml/cmH2O; 95%Cl, −33% + 6%; P = 0.18) and a 10% reduction in respiratory system resistance (0.073 vs. 0.081 cmH H2O/mL/s; 95%Cl, −42% + 22%; P = 0.56). Functional residual capacity (FRC), measured by helium‐dilution, was also decreased by 13% (78 vs. 90 mL; 95%Cl, −27% + 0.3%; P = 0.06) in smoke‐exposed infants. Forced expiratory flow rates at FRC obtained by thoraco‐abdominal compression were reduced by 28% in infants of smoking mothers (VFRc, 99 vs. 138 rnlis; 95%Cl, −54% + 2%; P = 0.04), as reported previously in a larger sample from this population. This study was limited by small numbers of infants exposed to smoking during pregnancy and by ethnic imbalance among the smoking‐exposed and unexposed groups. Nevertheless, it suggests that the diminished forced expiratory flows observed in infants exposed in utero to maternal tobacco smoking (UTS) are not attributable to increases in lung compliance, resistance, or a delay in passive lung emptying. Rather, the data support the hypothesis that UTS exposure may cause a reduction in airway size as well as alterations in the growth and/or maturation of passive mechanical properties of the respiratory system in healthy newborns. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effective argon‐FRC with a rebreathing technique in children with acute asthma
Authors: Yiallouros Panayiotis K. , Milner Anthony D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn children with asthma the measurement of functional residual capacity (FRC) with standard dilution techniques requires long rebreathing times of the inert gas, i.e., helium, to reach alveolar units with long time constants. A modification of the argon‐freon‐22 rebreathing technique enables argon to dilute in the readily accessible lung volume and potentially can give a measurement of FRC. However, the rebreathing tests cannot be prolonged for more than 1 min thus allowing argon to reach only the rapidly accessible lung units which are grossly useful in gas exchange (effective FRC, EFRC). The aim of this study was to measure the EFRC and standard lung function in children with acute severe asthma, assess their response to nebulized salbuta‐mol, and evaluate the relations of the EFRC response to baseline spirometric measurements. Twenty‐four asthmatic children who were admitted to the hospital with an acute asthma attack had spirometry and triplicate EFRC measurements before and after treatment with nebulized salbutamol. Eighteen patients had repeated the respiratory tests 50 days later when they had fully recovered. A significant proportion (28.9%) of the argon traces obtained at baseline before treatment did not equilibrate. However, in the great majority of these tests the oscillation of the argon traces over the last 3 breaths of the test was < 5% of the simultaneous argon concentration. The EFRC values derived from the argon traces with minimal oscillation (< 5%) were reduced during the acute asthma attack when compared with the paired values obtained after recovery (P = 0.03). The administration of salbutamol caused a fall from the baseline EFRC (P = 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the EFRC and FVC values (expressed as percentage of normal) in all 3 of the test occasions. The changes in the pretreatment and posttreatment EFRC values induced by recovery were correlated to the corresponding changes in the spirometric indices. In conclusion, rebreathing techniques can give quick measurements of EFRC in patients with acute asthma. The changes induced by recovery in baseline and postsalb‐utamol EFRC follow the pattern of the corresponding spirometric indices changes and not the expected typical FRC pattern. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro assessment of infant pulmonary function equipment
Authors: Jackson Elizabeth A. , Coates Allan L. , Gappa Monika , Stocks Janet 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCommercially available automated pulmonary monitors are used increasingly in neonatal intensive care units. However, detailed information regarding the static and dynamic accuracy of these monitors is rarely available. Collaboration between scientists, clinicians, and manufacturers is essential to establish improved technical standards and protocols for testing of equipment and for the development of more reliable neonatal pulmonary monitors. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol for the in vitro assessment of commercial infant pulmonary function equipment which could be applied within the laboratory to provide rapid feedback to the manufacturer. A recently released neonatal pulmonary monitor, the Bicore CP100 (software version 3.3), was selected for the development of this protocol. The deadspace and resistance of the measuring device were determined. The flow and airway pressure measuring systems were evaluated alone and connected to a tracheal tube for both static accuracy and frequency response. The pressure— volume relationship of the esophageal balloon was determined and its static accuracy and frequency response were assessed. The algorithms for on‐line calculations were checked and their correct application confirmed by examination of an ASCII data print out. Finally, the pulmonary monitor was tested during intermittent positive pressure ventilation of a neonatal lung model of known compliance and resistance. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.