bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDY ON INTERACTION AMONG EXTRUSION‐COOKING PROCESS VARIABLES AND ENZYME ACTIVITY: EVALUATION OF EXTRUDATE STRUCTURE
Authors: DE PILLI TERESA , LEGRAND JACK , DEROSSI ANTONIO , SEVERINI CARLA 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT A blend of wheat flour (moisture content 11.61%) and different amounts of two commercial enzymes like GRINDAMYL (GA) amylase 1000 (0–0.1 g/kg) and GA protease 41 (0–1.0 g/kg) were extruded through a co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder. The effects of barrel temperature (60–120C), dough moisture (20–36%), screw speed (100–400 rpm) and different amounts of enzymes on structure of extrudates (porosity and break strength) were studied using response surface methodology. Results showed that the highest value of porosity (62.47% ± 4.07) was obtained at the highest value of barrel temperature (120C) and at the largest amounts of GA protease 41 (1.0 g/kg) or GA amylase 1000 (0.1 g/kg). However, the simultaneous addition of large amounts of both enzymes caused a negative effect on expansion degree (porosity < 30%). Large amounts of moisture dough and GA amylase 1000 resulted in a high value of break strength (25.7 N/mm2) and in stiff‐textured extrudates.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research could provide some information about the effects of and the interactions between extrusion parameters and enzyme activities, which are commonly used to produce bakery products, in order to improve the texture of extrudates processed at low barrel temperatures, i.e., 60C, for example, extrudates with thermolabile components like vitamins or extrudates with high lipid fraction like breakfast cereals, pet food, etc.
EFFECT OF SOLAR DRYING ON THE COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF SACHA CULANTRO (ERYNGIUM FOETIDUM L.) GROWN IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON
Authors: BANOUT JAN , HAVLIK JAROSLAV , KULIK MICHAL , KLOUCEK PAVEL , LOJKA BOHDAN , VALTEROVA IRENA 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT Two solar drying methods (direct cabinet solar dryer and indirect cabinet solar dryer) were tested under tropical conditions for drying aerial parts of sacha culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.) in Pucallpa City (Peruvian Amazon). The drying behavior was monitored during all experimental runs. Dried samples and fresh leaves were hydrodistilled and isolated oils were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. (E)‐2‐dodecenal was determined as the main constituent of the sacha culantro essential oil, averaging 61.8–62.2%, followed by n‐dodecanal (10.9–15.5%), (E)‐2‐tetradecenal (6.7–7.6%) and 1‐tetradecene (3.6–5.7%). When comparing both solar drying methods, the indirect method was found as more suitable for drying E. foetidum since the dried product resembled the fresh herb more closely in its chemicalcomposition and had better appearance. However, a better drying efficiency of 10.3% was achieved when drying in the direct solar dryer compared with 5.8% for the indirect solar dryer.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSHarvested leaves of sacha culantro are widely used as a condiment in a range of Peruvian, Latin American and Caribbean foods, including vegetable and meat dishes, canned food and sauces. There is lack of any postharvest processing of this herb although it may extend possibilities for use of the herb and facilitate the product export from local production areas and might be a good economic source for poor local farmers. This study shows solar drying as a reasonable preservation technique of sacha culantro leaves which may have a practical application in case of postharvest processing of the herb in the target region of Pucallpa City in Peruvian Amazon.
Myth in China: The Case of Ancient Goddess Studies
Authors: Shuxian Ye 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAt the end of the nineteenth century, the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche professed that ‘God was dead’ in the Western world. In contrast, at the beginning of the twentieth century, Chinese gods and goddesses were being reborn due to a new discipline in the Chinese academic world: mythology or mythography. This article explores how the female goddesses of Chinese ancient mythology were distorted and remade by the ideology of patriarchy – how they lost their original features and were transformed into male gods, or were hidden within ritual signs and philosophical concepts.
Conceptualizing Personal and Extrapersonal Associations
Authors: Olson Michael A. , Fazio Russell H. , Han H. Anna 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe recently introduced the term ‘extrapersonal associations’ and defined them as information that is available in memory but that does not contribute to one's attitudes toward a given object (Olson & Fazio, 2004). Here, we review our conceptualization of the term, contrast it to our conceptualization of attitudes as personal associations, and briefly summarize evidence that the Implicit Association Test, as it is traditionally employed, is influenced by extrapersonal associations. We discuss recent critiques of the concept and in so doing, elaborate upon the essence of the personal versus extrapersonal distinction. We conclude with speculations on the nature of extrapersonal associations, their origins, and relationship to attitudes.
Self‐regulation of Group Members: The Case of Regulatory Focus
Authors: Sassenberg Kai , Woltin Karl‐Andrew 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFor a long time, research on motivation and (inter)group behaviour mainly focused on needs and motives, but did not take self‐regulation (i.e., the processes underlying motivated action) into account. Similarly, self‐regulation research concentrated on the regulation of the personal self, but did not study the regulation of the social self. The current article summarizes work applying self‐regulation approaches to intergroup behaviour. Within this approach, it has been shown (a) that the social self is regulated based on the same mechanisms as the personal self, (b) that intergroup contexts impact on group members’ self‐regulation strategies, and (c) that the fit between an individual's self‐regulation strategy and the behavioural options provided by the group impact on group liking and potentially also on the integration of the group into the self‐concept. The relation between current and earlier approaches to motivation in groups and further avenues for research on group‐based self‐regulation are discussed.
The good and the bad of chemokines/chemokine receptors in melanoma
Authors: Richmond Ann , Yang Jinming , Su Yingjun 
Published: February 2009

SummaryChemokine ligand/receptor interactions affect melanoma cell growth, stimulate or inhibit angiogenesis, recruit leukocytes, promote metastasis, and alter the gene expression profile of the melanoma associated fibroblasts. Chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions can protect against tumor development/growth or can stimulate melanoma tumor progression, tumor growth and metastasis. Metastatic melanoma cells express chemokine receptors that play a major role in the specifying the organ site for metastasis, based upon receptor detection of the chemokine gradient elaborated by a specific organ/tissue. A therapeutic approach that utilizes the protective benefit of chemokines involves delivery of angiostatic chemokines or chemokines that stimulate the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer T cells into the tumor microenvironment. An alternative approach that tackles the tumorigenic property of chemokines uses chemokine antibodies or chemokine receptor antagonists to target the growth and metastatic properties of these interactions. Based upon our current understanding of the role of chemokine‐mediated inflammation in cancer, it is important that we learn to appropriately regulate the chemokine contribution to the tumorigenic ‘cytokine/chemokine storm’, and to metastasis.
Genetic modification in cellulose‐synthase reduces crystallinity and improves biochemical conversion to fermentable sugar
Authors: HARRIS DARBY , STORK JOZSEF , DEBOLT SETH 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe cellulose synthase (CESA) membrane complex synthesizes microfibrils of cellulose that surround all plant cells. Cellulose is made of sugar (β,1‐4 glucan) and accessing the sugar in cellulose for biofuels is of critical importance to stem the use of fossil fuels and avoid competition with food crops and pristine lands associated with starch‐based biofuel production. The recalcitrance of cellulose to enzymatic conversion to a fermentable form of sugar is related to the degree of hydrogen bonding or crystallization of the glucan chain. Herein, we isolate the first viable low biomass‐crystallinity mutant by screening for altered cell wall structure using X‐ray scattering as well as screening for enzymatic conversion efficiency on a range of cell wall mutants in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Through detailed analysis of the kinetics of bioconversion we identified a mutant that met both selection criteria. This mutant is ixr1‐2, which contains a mutation in a highly conserved consensus sequence among the C‐terminal transmembrane regions within CESA3. A 34% lower biomass crystallization index and 151% improvement in the efficiency of conversion from raw biomass to fermentable sugars was measured relative to that of wild type (Col‐0). Recognizing the inherent ambiguities with an insoluble complex substrate like cellulose and how little is still understood regarding the regulation of CESA we propose a general model for how to manipulate CESA enzymes to improve the recalcitrance of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. This study also raises intriguing possibilities as to the functional importance of transmembrane anchoring in CESA complex and microfibril formation.
New Electropositive Filter for Concentrating Enteroviruses and Noroviruses from Large Volumes of Water
Authors: Karim Mohammad R. , Rhodes Eric R. , Brinkman Nichole , Wymer Larry , Fout G. Shay 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's information collection rule requires the use of 1MDS electropositive filters for concentrating enteric viruses from water, but unfortunately, these filters are not cost-effective for routine viral monitoring. In this study, an inexpensive electropositive cartridge filter, the NanoCeram filter, was evaluated for its ability to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water. Seeded viruses were concentrated using the adsorption-elution procedure. The mean percent retention of seeded polioviruses by NanoCeram filters was 84%. To optimize the elution procedure, six protocols, each comprising two successive elutions with various lengths of filter immersion, were evaluated. The highest virus recovery (77%) was obtained by immersing the filters in beef extract for 1 minute during the first elution and for 15 min during the second elution. The recovery efficiencies of poliovirus, coxsackievirus B5, and echovirus 7 from 100-liter samples of seeded tap water were 54%, 27%, and 32%, respectively. There was no significant difference in virus recovery from tap water with a pH range of 6 to 9.5 and a water flow rate range of 5.5 liters/min to 20 liters/min. Finally, poliovirus and Norwalk virus recoveries by NanoCeram filters were compared to those by 1MDS filters, using tap water and Ohio River water. Poliovirus and Norwalk virus recoveries by NanoCeram filters from tap and river water were similar to or higher than those by the 1MDS filters. These data suggest that NanoCeram filters can be used as an inexpensive alternative to 1MDS filters for routine viral monitoring of water.
Development of Bacteriocinogenic Strains of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Heterologously Expressing and Secreting the Leaderless Enterocin L50 Peptides L50A and L50B from
Enterococcus faecium
L50
Authors: Basanta Antonio , Herranz Carmen , Gutiérrez Jorge , Criado Raquel , Hernández Pablo E. , Cintas Luis M. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

A segregationally stable expression and secretion vector for
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, named pYABD01, was constructed by cloning the yeast gene region encoding the mating pheromone α-factor 1 secretion signal (
MF
α
1

s

) into the
S. cerevisiae
high-copy-number expression vector pYES2. The structural genes of the two leaderless peptides of enterocin L50 (EntL50A and EntL50B) from
Enterococcus faecium
L50 were cloned, separately (
entL50A
or
entL50B
) and together (
entL50AB
), into pYABD01 under the control of the galactose-inducible promoter P
GAL1
. The generation of recombinant
S. cerevisiae
strains heterologously expressing and secreting biologically active EntL50A and EntL50B demonstrates the suitability of the
MF
α
1

s

-containing vector pYABD01 to direct processing and secretion of these antimicrobial peptides through the
S. cerevisiae
Sec system.
Time-Resolved Metabolic Footprinting for Nonlinear Modeling of Bacterial Substrate Utilization
Authors: Behrends Volker , Ebbels Tim M. D. , Williams Huw D. , Bundy Jacob G. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTUntargeted profiling of small-molecule metabolites from microbial culture supernatants (metabolic footprinting) has great potential as a phenotyping tool. We used time-resolved metabolic footprinting to compare oneEscherichia coliand threePseudomonas aeruginosastrains growing on complex media and show that considering metabolite changes over the whole course of growth provides much more information than analyses based on data from a single time point. Most strikingly, there was pronounced selectivity in metabolite uptake, even when the bacteria were growing apparently exponentially, with certain groups of metabolites not taken up until others had been entirely depleted from the medium. In addition, metabolite excretion showed some complex patterns. Fitting nonlinear equations (four-parameter sigmoids) to individual metabolite data allowed us to model these changes for metabolite uptake and visualize them by back-projecting the curve-fit parameters onto the original growth curves. These “uptake window” plots clearly demonstrated strain differences, with the uptake of some compounds being reversed in order between different strains. Comparison of an undefined rich medium with a defined complex medium designed to mimic cystic fibrosis sputum showed many differences, both qualitative and quantitative, with a greater proportion of excreted to utilized metabolites in the defined medium. Extending the strain comparison to a more closely related set of isolates showed that it was possible to discriminate two species of theBurkholderia cepaciacomplex based on uptake dynamics alone. We believe time-resolved metabolic footprinting could be a valuable tool for many questions in bacteriology, including isolate comparisons, phenotyping deletion mutants, and as a functional complement to taxonomic classifications.
Characterization of Regulatory Pathways in
Xylella fastidiosa
: Genes and Phenotypes Controlled by
gacA
Authors: Shi Xiang Yang , Dumenyo C. Korsi , Hernandez-Martinez Rufina , Azad Hamid , Cooksey Donald A. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

The xylem-limited, insect-transmitted bacterium
Xylella fastidiosa
causes Pierce's disease in grapes through cell aggregation and vascular clogging. GacA controls various physiological processes and pathogenicity factors in many gram-negative bacteria, including biofilm formation in
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. tomato DC3000. Cloned
gacA
of
X. fastidiosa
was found to restore the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity in
gacA
mutants of
P. syringae
pv. tomato DC3000 and
Erwinia amylovora
. A
gacA
mutant of
X. fastidiosa
(DAC1984) had significantly reduced abilities to adhere to a glass surface, form biofilm, and incite disease symptoms on grapevines, compared with the parent (A05). cDNA microarray analysis identified 7 genes that were positively regulated by GacA, including
xadA
and
hsf
, predicted to encode outer membrane adhesion proteins, and 20 negatively regulated genes, including
gumC
and an antibacterial polypeptide toxin gene,
cvaC
. These results suggest that GacA of
X. fastidiosa
regulates many factors, which contribute to attachment and biofilm formation, as well as some physiological processes that may enhance the adaptation and tolerance of
X. fastidiosa
to environmental stresses and the competition within the host xylem.
Oenococcus oeni
Genome Plasticity Is Associated with Fitness
Authors: Bon Elisabeth , Delaherche Arnaud , Bilhère Eric , De Daruvar Antoine , Lonvaud-Funel Aline , Le Marrec Claire 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Oenococcus oeni
strains are well-known for their considerable phenotypic variations in terms of tolerance to harsh wine conditions and malolactic activity. Genomic subtractive hybridization (SH) between two isolates with differing enological potentials was used to elucidate the genetic bases of this intraspecies diversity and identify novel genes involved in adaptation to wine. SH revealed 182 tester-specific fragments corresponding to 126 open reading frames (ORFs). A large proportion of the chromosome-related ORFs resembled genes involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis, and replication, recombination, and repair. Six regions of genomic plasticity were identified, and their analysis suggested that both limited recombination and insertion/deletion events contributed to the vast genomic diversity observed in
O. oeni
. The association of selected sequences with adaptation to wine was further assessed by screening a large collection of strains using PCR. No sequences were found to be specific to highly performing (HP) strains alone. However, there was a statistically significant positive association between HP strains and the presence of eight gene sequences located on regions 2, 4, and 5. Gene expression patterns were significantly modified in HP strains, following exposure to one or more of the common stresses in wines. Regions 2 and 5 showed no traces of mobile elements and had normal GC content. In contrast, region 4 had the typical hallmarks of horizontal transfer, suggesting that the strategy of acquiring genes from other bacteria enhances the fitness of
O. oeni
strains.
Filamentous Bacterium Eikelboom Type 0092 in Activated Sludge Plants in Australia Is a Member of the Phylum
Chloroflexi
Authors: Speirs Lachlan , Nittami Tadashi , McIlroy Simon , Schroeder Sarah , Seviour Robert J. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Molecular data show that the filamentous bacterium Eikelboom type 0092, frequently seen in Australian activated sludge plants, is a member of the phylum
Chloroflexi
. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes designed against cloned 16S rRNA sequences from a full-scale enhanced biological phosphate removal-activated sludge plant community, where this was a dominant filament morphotype, suggest that it can exist as two variants, differing in their trichome diameter. When applied to samples from several treatment plants in eastern Australia, each FISH probe targeted only the type 0092 filament morphotype against which it was designed. The patterns of FISH signals generated with both were consistent with the ribosomes not being evenly distributed but arranged as intracellular aggregates. The FISH survey data showed that these two variants appeared together in most but not all of the plants examined. None stained positively for intracellular presence of either poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates or polyphosphate.
Functional Expression of a Bacterial Xylose Isomerase in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Brat Dawid , Boles Eckhard , Wiedemann Beate 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

In industrial fermentation processes, the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is commonly used for ethanol production. However, it lacks the ability to ferment pentose sugars like
d
-xylose and
l
-arabinose. Heterologous expression of a xylose isomerase (XI) would enable yeast cells to metabolize xylose. However, many attempts to express a prokaryotic XI with high activity in
S. cerevisiae
have failed so far. We have screened nucleic acid databases for sequences encoding putative XIs and finally were able to clone and successfully express a highly active new kind of XI from the anaerobic bacterium
Clostridium phytofermentans
in
S. cerevisiae
. Heterologous expression of this enzyme confers on the yeast cells the ability to metabolize
d
-xylose and to use it as the sole carbon and energy source. The new enzyme has low sequence similarities to the XIs from
Piromyces
sp. strain E2 and
Thermus thermophilus
, which were the only two XIs previously functionally expressed in
S. cerevisiae
. The activity and kinetic parameters of the new enzyme are comparable to those of the
Piromyces
XI. Importantly, the new enzyme is far less inhibited by xylitol, which accrues as a side product during xylose fermentation. Furthermore, expression of the gene could be improved by adapting its codon usage to that of the highly expressed glycolytic genes of
S. cerevisiae
. Expression of the bacterial XI in an industrially employed yeast strain enabled it to grow on xylose and to ferment xylose to ethanol. Thus, our findings provide an excellent starting point for further improvement of xylose fermentation in industrial yeast strains.
Elimination of
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 from Alfalfa Seeds through a Combination of High Hydrostatic Pressure and Mild Heat
Authors: Neetoo Hudaa , Pizzolato Thompson , Chen Haiqiang 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
O157:H7 has been associated with contaminated seed sprout outbreaks. The majority of these outbreaks have been traced to sprout seeds contaminated with low levels of pathogens. Sanitizing sprout seeds presents a unique challenge in the arena of produce safety in that even a low residual pathogen population remaining on contaminated seed after treatments appears capable of growing to very high levels during sprouting. In this study, the effectiveness of high-pressure treatment in combination with low and elevated temperatures was assessed for its ability to eliminate
E. coli
O157:H7 on artificially contaminated alfalfa seeds. Inoculated seed samples were treated at 600 MPa for 2 min at 4, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50°C. The pressure sensitivity of the pathogenic bacteria was strongly dependent on the treatment temperature. At 40°C, the process was adequate in eliminating a 5-log-unit population on the seeds with no adverse effect on seed viability. Three treatments carried out at reduced pressure levels and/or extended treatment time, 550 MPa for 2 min at 40°C, 300 MPa for 2 min at 50°C, and 400 MPa for 5 min at 45°C, were equally lethal to the pathogen. When all three treatments were compared in terms of their impact on seed viability, the process of 550 MPa for 2 min at 40°C was the most desirable, achieving final germination percentages and sprout sizes statistically similar to those of control untreated seeds (
P
> 0.05).
Hierarchical Oligonucleotide Primer Extension as a Time- and Cost-Effective Approach for Quantitative Determination of
Bifidobacterium
spp. in Infant Feces
Authors: Hong Pei-Ying , Yap Gaik Chin , Lee Bee Wah , Chua Kaw Yan , Liu Wen-Tso 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

The
Bifidobacterium
spp. present in 10 infant fecal samples (4 from infants with eczema and 6 from healthy infants) were quantified with both hierarchical oligonucleotide primer extension (HOPE) and fluorescence in situ hybridization-flow cytometry. The relative abundances of
Bifidobacterium longum
and
B
.
catenulatum
with respect to the total bifidobacteria had a poor correlation (ρ, <0.600;
P
value, >0.208), presumably due to differences in primer specificity and the level of hybridization stringency of both methods. In contrast, the relative abundances of organisms of the genus
Bifidobacterium
against the total amplified 16S rRNA genes and those of
B
.
adolescentis
,
B
.
bifidum
, and
B
.
breve
against the genus
Bifidobacterium
exhibited a good statistical correlation (ρ, >0.783;
P
value, <0.066). This good comparability supports HOPE as a method to achieve high-throughput quantitative determination of bacterial targets in a time- and cost-effective manner.