bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF PROGESTERONE IN PERIPHERAL PLASMA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL IN VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES AND IN FOLLICULAR VENOUS PLASMA
Authors: Furr B. J. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A radioimmunoassay for the estimation of progesterone in plasma from the domestic fowl is described. Antibodies were raised in goats to progesterone conjugated at the 11 position of the steroid nucleus to bovine serum albumin. An antiserum of high specificity was obtained which allowed the estimation of progesterone in extracts of plasma without purification. The sensitivity of the assay, which was 25 pg using an antiserum dilution of 1:8000, allows the determination of progesterone in 200 μl plasma. The accuracy and precision of the method were highly satisfactory.
Plasma progesterone levels in laying hens ranged from 0.67–9.60 ng ml−1 with a mean value of 3.13 ± 0.37 ng ml−1 but were low (< 0.10–0.67 ng ml−1) in plasma from moulting, ovariectomised and hypophysectomised hens and in plasma of intact and castrated cockerels. Progesterone concentrations in blood obtained from a follicular vein ranged from 12.8–133.1 ng ml−1; these values were 8–50 times higher than in peripheral blood collected concurrently. The results suggest that high concentrations of progesterone found in the blood of laying hens are associated with the ovulatory cycle and that the preovulatory follicle secretes significant amounts of progesterone.
TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE HUMAN ENDOMETRIUM
Authors: Hagenfeldt K. , Plantin L. O. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Using neutron activation analysis, the levels of zinc, copper and manganese were estimated in the endometrium, cervical mucus and blood plasma in seven women at various phases of the normal menstrual cycle. The zinc concentration of the endometrium was lowest in the late proliferative phase (cycle days 10–12); it gradually increased thereafter and reached its highest level during the late secretory phase (cycle days 25–27). No significant changes were found in the zinc levels of cervical mucus and plasma.
The copper concentration of the endometrium was lowest around the expected time of ovulation (cycle days 14–15) and highest in the mid- and late secretory endometrium (cycle days 20–27). The copper concentration of the cervical mucus and plasma did not show any significant changes. The endometrial and plasma patterns of manganese differed strikingly from those of zinc and copper. The endometrial pattern was characterized by a peak concentration in the early proliferative phase (cycle days 6–8). Furthermore, the manganese concentration of the proliferative endometrium was higher than that of the secretory endometrium. Also the plasma levels of manganese were significantly higher during the proliferative phase (cycle days 6–15) than during the secretory phase (cycle days 16–27). The manganese content of the cervical mucus was lowest at the expected time of ovulation (cycle days 14–15).
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE PRINCIPAL STEROIDS FORMED BY HUMAN PLACENTAS PERFUSED WITH LABELLED CHOLESTEROL IN VITRO
Authors: Telegdy G. , Robin M. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Three midgestation and three term placentas were perfused in vitro each with 5 mCi of [7α-3H] cholesterol. Perfusions were carried out at 37°C for 120 minutes, using diluted blood oxygenated with an air + CO2 mixture (23.1% O2 + 3.6% CO2).
Radiochemically homogenous pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and 17β-oestradiol were isolated from each placenta and each perfusate. Carbon-14 labelled internal standards were used in order to assess procedural losses.
On an average 0.01 per cent of the perfused cholesterol was converted to the four steroids studied by midgestation placentas and 0.015 per cent by term placentas.
Approximately equal amounts of the individual steroids were recovered from the placentas and from the perfusates. The amounts of pregnenolone + progesterone isolated exceeded those of dehydroepiandrosterone + 17β-oestradiol by a factor of 7 to 8.
It is suggested that the human placenta is capable of converting circulating cholesterol not only to pregnenolone and progesterone, but also to dehydroepiandrosterone and 17β-oestradiol.
AMOUNTS OF GONADOTROPHINS REQUIRED FOR NORMAL FOLLICULAR GROWTH IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED ADULT RATS
Authors: Welschen R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Rats were hypophysectomized at oestrus, at days 1, 2 and 3 of dioestrus or at pro-oestrus. They were injected with various doses of PMS only, or with combinations of PMS and HCG, in such a way that fairly constant blood levels could be expected, and killed 24 h later.
It was found that the minimal doses of substitutional gonadotrophins, required to maintain normal follicular growth, were considerably higher during the period from pro-oestrus to oestrus (when a new generation of follicles begin to develop) than during all the other periods investigated. This peak requirement primarily concerned PMS. The minimal requirements during other periods showed only minor variations. The maximal doses which still caused normal follicular growth were higher during the period from dioestrus −1 to −3 than during the period from oestrus to dioestrus −1 and the period from dioestrus −3 to pro-oestrus.
The data suggest that during pro-oestrus very high amounts of FSH are required to recruite a new crop of follicles, whereas during the other phases, low levels of both FSH and LH are generally needed for normal follicular growth.
EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON THE TIME OF OVULATION IN IMMATURE RATS PRETREATED WITH PREGNANT MARE'S SERUM GONADOTROPHIN (PMSG)
Authors: Ying Shao-Yao , Meyer Roland K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The time of ovulation in immature rats primed with 3 IU PMSG on day 22 of age was between 1:00 and 4:00 a. m. on day 25 as determined by the presence of ova in the oviducts. When 0.5 mg progesterone was given at 10:00 a. m. on day 24, ovulation was between 1:00 and 2:00 a. m. on day 25. However, ovulation was advanced to 11:00 p. m. of day 24 when 0.5 or 2.0 mg progesterone was injected at 5:30 a. m. on day 24. In animals pretreated with 12 IU PMSG. ovulation occurred between 10:00 p. m. of day 24 and 2:00 a. m. of day 25 when the same steroid (2.0 mg) was given at 5:30 a. m. on day 24.
Ovulation was inhibited with 4.5 mg phenobarbital injected at 10:30 a. m. or 11:00 a. m. on day 24 in progesterone-injected rats which had been pretreated with 3 or 12 IU PMSG, respectively, indicating that the critical period has been shifted forward by 3 hours. The highest plasma LH occurred at 3:00 and 8:00 p. m. on day 24 in rats primed with 3 IU PMSG alone, whereas the highest plasma LH in rats injected with 3 IU PMSG and progesterone occurred at 10:00 a. m. and 3:00 p. m. of day 24, as determined by a modified method of the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion (OAAD) assay. It is concluded that progesterone advanced the time of ovulation by shifting forward the critical period and causing an adequate release of ovulatory gonadotrophins between 10:00 a. m. and 3:00 p. m. on the day preceding ovulation.
INHIBITION BY HUMAN SERUM OF THE ADIPOKINETIC EFFECT OF A HUMAN PITUITARY LIPID-MOBILIZING FACTOR
Authors: Trygstad Olav , Foss Irene 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A lipid mobilizing factor (LMF) with an adipotrophic effect in man and animal adipose tissue has been prepared from human pituitary glands. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the lipolytic effect was dependent on the albumin used in the incubation medium. Two of the six albumins studied depressed the release of non-esterified fatty acids from human fat pads. Polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis demonstrated the presence of contaminations in purchased serum albumins. They were eliminated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, which gave one fraction that inhibited the adipokinetic effect of LMF, and a more homogeneous albumin fraction. In vitro lipolysis in rabbit as well as in human fat pads occurred more readily in the media containing purified serum albumin than in media with purchased serum albumin. It was concluded that in vitro lipolysis gives comparable results when studied in media containing the same batch of serum albumin only. Furthermore an agent should not be claimed to be non-lipolytic until it has been assayed in several, preferably homogeneous serum albumin media.
THE EFFECTS OF PHENYLBUTAZONE ON THYROID FUNCTION
Authors: Abiodun M. O. , Bird R. , Havard C. W. H. , Sood N. K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
It is known that phenylbutazone suppresses the thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine and the serum level of protein-bound iodine (PBI) during the first week of treatment, with a return to normal values after 2 weeks of continuous treatment. Up till now the initial suppression of thyroid function has been presumed due to inhibition of TSH secretion.
In the present study, total serum thyroxine and percentage dialysable thyroxine have been measured and the serum absolute free thyroxine concentration calculated in 12 patients before starting treatment with phenylbutazone orally, after 4 days of treatment and again after 14 days. Serum TSH was assayed in 10 of these patients before, and on the 4th day of treatment. Sera were assayed for TSH after 14 days on the drug in 6 patients.
On the 4th day of treatment, the levels of total thyroxine had fallen but the levels of free thyroxine remained unchanged. TSH levels were also unaltered.
By the 14th day of treatment, free thyroxine levels had fallen significantly below pre-treatment values but no significant rise in TSH could be demonstrated in the 6 patients studied.
At no time was there a fall in TSH levels and we conclude that suppression of some thyroid function tests during the first week of treatment with phenylbutazone is due to direct inhibition of the gland by the drug.
A MAJOR PATHWAY OF ADRENAL C19-Δ5-STEROID METABOLISM UNDER CONDITIONS OF STRESS: FORMATION OF 16α-HYDROXYANDROST-5-ENES
Authors: Adams J. B. , Salasoo Sylvia 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Changes in urinary steroid metabolites, following moderate and major surgery, have been investigated in 10 patients. In the majority of cases decreases in 17-ketosteroids were observed 7 days post-operatively and these were paralleled by an increase in 16-hydroxyandrost-5-enes (androst-5-ene-3β,16α-diol-17-one and androst-5-ene-3β,16α,17β-triol). The ratio of 16-hydroxyandrost-5-enes to the sum of 17-ketosteroids plus 16-hydroxyandrost-5-enes increased from an average of 0.24 pre-operatively to 0.58 post-operatively, in these cases. When corrections were made for losses, the increase in 16α-hydroxyandrost-5-enes ranged from 0.5 to 4.0 mg per 24 hours (average 2.0 mg). One patient was followed for a period of 15 months after radical mastectomy and post-operative radiotherapy. Substantial increases in urinary 16α-hydroxyandrost-enes occurred up to 9 weeks post-operatively. The levels subsequently decreased, but increased again when recurrence and plural effusion occurred. A linear relationship between the level of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and the sum of 17-ketosteroids and 16α-hydroxyandrost-5-enes was found over this time period. It is evident that the lowered levels of 17-ketosteroids observed in conditions of stress can be explained by altered metabolic pathways – one major pathway being the formation of 16α-hydroxy-androst-5-enes.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOTHALAMIC STIMULATION AND PROGESTERONE ON OVULATION IN FEMALE RATS TREATED WITH THE OESTROGEN ANTAGONIST ICI 46,474
Authors: McDonald P. G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A single dose (0.2 mg) of the antioestrogen ICI 46,474 at 15:00 h on the second day of dioestrus inhibited ovulation in the female rat. This inhibition could not be overcome by electrochemical stimulation of the basal hypothalamus on the afternoon of pro-oestrus. In contrast, progesterone (1.0 mg) treatment at 10:30 h on pro-oestrus induced ovulation at the expected time. The facilitatory effect of progesterone was prevented by administration of Nembutal (35 mg/kg) at 11:00 h on pro-oestrus. Progesterone did not induce ovulation in rats treated with ICI 46,474 on both dioestrus day 1 and 2. Sexual receptivity in ovariectomized oestradiol-treated (2.0 μg/day) rats was significantly depressed by the antioestrogen (1.0 mg/day) whether it was given 1 h before, 1 h after, or at the same time as the oestradiol. The compound also prevented the uterine weight increase in response to oestradiol but exerted a significant effect on uterine weight itself when compared to oil treated controls.
SPECIFIC BINDING OF OESTRADIOL IN HUMAN UTERINE TISSUE
Authors: Trams G. , Engel B. , Lehmann F. , Maass H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Oestradiol receptors in human uteri were measured by the uptake-competition technique with tissue slices and by agar gel electrophoresis of soluble cytoplasmic oestradiol receptor complexes.
The concentration of spare receptor was found to be markedly higher during the proliferative phase as compared to the secretory phase of the cycle and was inversely correlated to the concentrations of free oestrogen in the blood.
ACTION OF THYROTROPHIN (TSH) ON THYROID PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: Wägar Gustav , Ekholm Ragnar , Björkman Ulla 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of TSH on the incorporation of L-14C-leucine into thyroid proteins was studied in vivo in rats as well as in vitro on bovine thyroid slices and a microsomal subfraction.
It was found that TSH reduced the incorporation of radio-leucine into the proteins of slices during the first 2 hours when the concentration of non-labelled leucine in the incubation medium was low. When cold leucine was added to the medium this inhibitory effect was no longer observed. After 6 hours a stimulatory effect on the radio-leucine incorporation by TSH was obvious at both low and high leucine concentrations. The incorporation of 14C-leucine into proteins by the microsomal fraction incubated with a pH 5-fraction was reduced by TSH but this inhibitory effect of TSH disapperaed when post-microsomal supernatant, containing free amino acids, was added to the incubation mixture. It is suggested that the apparent inhibitory effect of TSH on protein synthesis in thyroid slices is due to an altered ratio labelled/non-labelled leucine, caused by stimulation of proteolysis by TSH. This explanation does not seem applicable, however, to the similar apparently inhibitory effect of TSH on protein synthesis observed in the microsomal fraction.
In the in vivo experiments a stimulation of the incorporation of labelled leucine could not be observed until 4 hours after the TSH administration. It is suggested that this apparently slow effect of TSH on protein synthesis might be explained either by an indirect effect of TSH on protein synthesis or by a TSH-induced change of the ratio labelled/non-labelled leucine.
IMMUNOREACTIVE LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND PROGESTERONE DURING PREGNANCY AND FOLLOWING GONADOTROPHIN ADMINISTRATION IN BEAGLE BITCHES
Authors: Jones Gwyneth E. , Boyns A. R. , Bell E. T. , Christie D. W. , Parkes M. F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Immunoreactive canine luteinizing hormone (IRCLH) and progesterone were measured in the plasma of Beagle bitches. Changes in plasma hormone concentrations during pregnancy were similar to those seen in the non-pregnant animal during metoestrus. Administration of pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) to anoestrous bitches induced oestrus. However, the duration of progesterone secretion was shorter than that seen in pregnant bitches. Treatment appeared to stimulate the secretion of IRCLH and in some animals plasma levels reached a maximum some weeks after the end of oestrus.
THE EXCRETION OF C-16 OXYGENATED NEUTRAL STEROID SULPHATES AND DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULPHATE IN NORMAL PREGNANCY, AND A COMPARISON WITH THEIR EXCRETION BY ENDOCRINOLOGICALLY NORMAL SUBJECTS OF BOTH SEXES
Authors: Seth J. , Pennington G. W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The respective mean 24 h urinary excretions of sulphoconjugated 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 16-oxo-androstenediol, and dehydroepiandrosterone were found to be 1040, 230, and 668 μg/24 h for normal males, and 621, 209, and 304 μg/24 h for normal non-pregnant females. None of the differences in mean steroid excretions between males and non-pregnant females was statistically significant according to the usual criterion for significance (P < 0.05).
The mean excretions of sulphoconjugated 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 16-oxo-androstenediol and dehydroepiandrosterone between the 10th week of normal pregnancy and term were 1300, 505 and 226 μg/24 h respectively. No significant trend in the excretions of these neutral steroid sulphates between the 10th week of pregnancy and term could be detected.
The increased excretion of both C-16 oxygenated steroid sulphates in pregnancy was highly significant (P < 0.001). In contrast, the statistical significance of the difference in excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate between pregnant and non-pregnant females could not be established.
There did not appear to be any relationship between the excretion of 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and oestriol in normal pregnancy.
The results are considered to be consistent with a limited transplacental passage of neutral steroids from the foetoplacental to maternal circulation.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUSLY ADMINISTERED HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN ON PLASMA LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE AND 5α-DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE IN NORMAL MALE SUBJECTS
Authors: Maurer W. , Volkwein U. , Tamm J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
HCG was infused intravenously into normal male subjects. The doses administered were 500, 100 and 50 IU, respectively. During the initial phase of the infusions the plasma testosterone (T) levels decreased. Thirty minutes after starting the infusion of 500 and 100 IU HCG, respectively, the plasma testosterone increased. Significantly elevated values were observed 60 to 180 minutes after the cessation of HCG administration. The dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations in the plasma showed a varying pattern. On the average this steroid also exhibited an increase in plasma following the HCG administration. From the results no conclusions can be drawn as to the extent to which the plasma concentrations of DHT have been influenced by a secretion from the testes or by a peripheral conversion of T into DHT.
ELECTROPHORETIC IDENTITY OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PITUITARY AND SERUM PROLACTINS IN THE LACTATING AND PERPHENAZINETREATED RAT
Authors: Ben-David M. , Chrambach A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at neutral pH, 0°C, was used to test the identity of prolactin derived from serum and pituitary extracts of rats. Animals were studied after treatment with perphenazine, a prolactin releasing agent, and during post partum lactation. After gel electrophoresis, the position on the gel of prolactin activity was determined by the pigeon crop-sac bioassay. The biologically active prolactin exhibited identical electrophoretic mobility, whether derived from serum or pituitary, of either normal lactating or perphenazine treated rats.
NON-TOXIC GOITRE
Authors: Agerbæk Hans 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Among 50 consecutive patients operated on for non-toxic goitre, ten had an iodine dynamic pattern compatible with dyshormonogenesis, i. e. a high absolute iodine uptake (AIU) in the thyroid gland or a positive perchlorate discharge test. Extensive investigations of the ten patients were performed including chromatography of the serum, urine and thyroid gland digest.
Six of the ten patients had dyshormonogenesis. Two patients had an iodine organification defect as part of Pendred's syndrome. In another a coupling defect was found. One patient differed in only two respects from the patients with simple iodine deficiency; the plasma inorganic iodine (PII) was found to be normal and the patient became hypothyroid soon after operation. A patient had recurrent goitre and a raised serum TSH in spite of an elevated serum thyroxine and normal TBG. The defect in this case could be a reduced cellular sensitivity to thyroxine which included the pituitary gland. Furthermore, a case of diffuse hyperplastic parenchymatous goitre was found.
No case of a trapping defect or deiodinase defect was found. All the patients had elevated non-butanol extractable [125I] (NBEI).
COMPARTMENTAL ARRANGEMENT OF STEROIDS FORMED FROM [1-14C] ACETATE BY RAT ADRENAL ZONA GLOMERULOSA AND THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPHIN
Authors: Vinson G. P. , Whitehouse B. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Using a technique of incubation with dialysis, the secretion and compartmental arrangement of steroids derived from [3H]pregnenolone, [14C]acetate and from endogenous precursors in rat adrenal capsules (zona glomerulosa) have been studied.
In the absence of corticotrophin, 14C-labelled deoxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone tended to be non-dialysable, whereas the 3H-labelled fractions of these compounds were dialysable. Approximately equal yields of 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone and corticosterone were obtained from [14C]acetate, whereas about five times as much corticosterone as 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone was formed from [3H]pregnenolone. With the addition of Synacthen to the incubation medium, the 14C-labelled compounds, most noticeably deoxycorticosterone, were released from the bound condition, and at the same time the ratio of [14C]corticosterone to [14C]18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone altered, and became similar to the ratio for the tritium labelled material.
The data suggest that in these respects 14C-labelled steroids derived from [14C] acetate behave similarly to the material formed from endogenous precursors, and in the absence of corticotrophin may exist in a compartment of the zona glomerulosa which is not penetrable by the steroids derived from a later precursor such as [3H]pregnenolone. The two types of steroid have different metabolic fates: bound deoxycorticosterone for example, appears to be equally vulnerable to 11β- and 18-hydroxylation, whereas the free deoxycorticosterone is preferentially 11β-hydroxylated. The mechanism may be involved in the fine control of the secreted products.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF ALDOSTERONE BY THE RAT ADRENAL ZONA GLOMERULOSA, AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMPARTMENTAL ARRANGEMENT OF STEROIDS
Authors: Vinson G. P. , Whitehouse B. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The formation of aldosterone was studied in rat adrenal capsules (zona glomerulosa) using a technique of incubation with dialysis.
A number of features of aldosterone biosynthesis was observed which appeared to be inconsistent with the concept that corticosterone was a key intermediate in the pathway for aldosterone formation. These were as follows:
In incubations with [3H]pregnenolone and [14C]acetate as precursors the [3H]specific activity of aldosterone was only one-fifth of the value for corticosterone, whereas the [14C]specific activities for the same products were similar. Pretreatment with cortisol, to suppress ACTH secretion, reduced the subsequent in vitro secretion of corticosterone but not of aldosterone. Pretreatment with Frusemide, a diuretic, stimulated secretion of aldosterone but not of corticosterone. Neither effect was correlated with any change in the transformation of [3H]pregnenolone into either compound. Aldosterone formed from endogenous precursors or from [14C]acetate tended to be bound to a non-dialysable component in the zona glomerulosa. The binding was reduced with the addition of ACTH to the incubation flask. This contrasts with our previously reported observations on corticosterone (which is preferentially formed from 'free' precursors), but it is similar to 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH DOC) which appears to be formed preferentially from 'bound' precursors.
From these experiments it appears that an alternative pathway for aldosterone biosynthesis may exist which tilises bound precursors (including possibly 18-OH DOC) instead of free precursors such as corticosterone.