bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of Knowledge Representation
Authors: Mylopoulos John 
Published: November 2005

This is a brief overview of terminology and issues related to Knowledge Representation (here-after KR) research, intended primarily for researchers working on Semantic Data Models within Database Management and Program Specifications within Programming Languages/Software Engineering.
Knowledge Representation is a central problem in Artificial Intelligence (AI) today. Its importance stems from the fact that the current design paradigm for “intelligent” systems stresses the need for expert knowledge in the system along with associated knowledge-handling facilities. This paradigm is in sharp contrast to earlier ones which might be termed “power-oriented” [Goldstein and Papert 77] in that they placed an emphasis on general purpose heuristic search techniques [Nilsson 71].
Data abstraction from a programming language viewpoint
Authors: Rowe Lawrence A. 
Published: November 2005

This paper traces the development of data abstraction concepts in programming languages. A data abstraction, or abstract data type, describes a collection of abstract entities and operations on the entities. A program which uses a data abstraction can access or modify the entities only through the abstract operations.
Specific research topics discussed in the paper include: the role of type in a programming language, the formal specification of the semantics of a data abstraction, data abstraction language construct design issues, type hierarchies, and type-checking.
Integrating a network-structured database into an object-oriented programming language
Authors: Goldstein Ira 
Published: November 2005

Smalltalk is an object-oriented language (Ingalls78, KayGoldberg77, Hewitt73). PIE is a subsystem that extends Smalltalk's descriptive power by supporting the creation, storage, retrieval and manipulation of network structures (GoldsteinBobrow80a,b,c; BobrowGoldstein80). These networks have been employed to represent software, documentation, electronic mail, calendars, people, addresses, bibliographic references and other items that together comprise the personal information space of a user of an office information system. By employing a common network representation, PIE supports an integrated environment for software development and office-related tasks. PIE has been developed collaboratively with Dan Bobrow, and is presently being used on an experimental basis by a small community at Xerox PARC.
Smalltalk represents entities in the external world as objects. An object has a state—i.e. an assignment of values to a set of state variables—and a class. The class of an object defines the behavior of the object in terms of a set of methods. Thus the class is a generic description of a collection of objects, while the objects associated with a class provide a particular description of the state of individual instances.
Mediating the views of databases and database users
Authors: Hendrix Gary G. 
Published: November 2005

The Natural-Language/Deduction group at SRI International has undertaken several large projects integrating knowledge representation, the modeling and use of distributed conventional databases, logical deduction, and natural-language processing. One of the largest projects, LADDER [2], involved accessing data distributed over a computer network by using queries expressed in English. Work with LADDER (and several similar systems) has revealed that:
(1) Users wish to talk about data in terms of the enterprise in which the data are to be used. Users do not confine their questions to concepts and terminology covered by the database per se.
(2) Users are seldom satisfied with access only to the data in a database. They need to know the KIND of data available (i.e., they want to ask questions about the DB schema), and they expect systems to include information that can be computed from “common knowledge” and information stored explicitly in the database (e.g., if a database records where two ships are, users expect the system to know the distance between them).
(3) Users are not satisfied with access to an existing database. They want to tell the system new facts. Some of these are not suitable for storage in conventional databases (e.g., statements involving quantification), and some involve counter factuals (e.g., “Suppose the ship were 100 miles south of its current location...”).
(4) Given natural-language access to a DBMS, users expect to interact in natural language with other types of software, too. Moreover, they expect the various underlying software packages to understand one another's results (e.g., User: “Who is the commander of the ship?” System: “Admiral Brown.” User: “Send him a copy of Smith's memo.” The mailer is expected to understand the output from the database).
Heterogeneous databases and high level abstraction
Authors: Katz Randy H. 
Published: November 2005

A heterogeneous database management system combines multiple dissimilar models of data within a single integrated system. The objective is to allow a user to access data independently of how it is actually organized. For example, a user may access a database as though it were stored relationally (i.e., in tables) [CODD70], even though it is actually stored as a CODASYL/DBTG or network database [CODA71]. In addition, different subpieces of the database may be organized under different data models. The heterogeneous database system must present these to the user as an integrated whole. The user's model of his data may be different from any of the models chosen to implement it.
Rather than construct a new database system from scratch, we are interested in constructing a heterogeneous system out of existing systems. The key difficulties with this approach are: (1) the formulation of database design methods that are applicable to a variety of different data models, and (2) the development of techniques to translate programs and data between dissimilar data models. In this paper, we briefly describe how high level abstraction has been applied to these problems. The use of abstraction in database systems is related to the application of abstraction techniques in programming languages and artificial intelligence research.
Axiomatic information modeling
Authors: Lundberg Bengt , Bubenko Janis A 
Published: November 2005

The obvious task in information modeling is to arrive at a model which is correct. However, the concept of correctness has many faces e g the model must correctly reflect the properties of the application at hand, and it must adequately select relevant parts of the application. The former case requires that the information model is “satisfied by the application”. The latter case is dependent on the intended use of the model. The problem of satisfyability is, in most information modeling approaches, considered to be an intuitive task. From logic we know that a theory, here seen as an information model, can only be satisfied if it is consistent. Thus, by applying predicate logic to information modeling, we should have a possibility of checking the satisfyability of an information model. However, in order to ensure that the information model is satisfied by the application in mind, requires an intuitive reasoning.
Consequently, our plans include to further elaborate the use of predicate logic in information modeling. It furthermore includes a study of possibilities and limitations of such an approach. The results obtained so far will be shortly reviewed in the following.
The extension of data abstraction to database management
Authors: Wasserman Anthony I. 
Published: November 2005

The long-term goal of the User Software Engineering (USE) project at the University of California, San Francisco, is to provide an integrated homogeneous programming environment for the design and development of interactive information systems. Realization of this goal involves the development of new software tools, their integration with existing tools, and the creation of an information system development methodology in which these tools are systematically used [1,2].
The successful construction of interactive information systems requires the utilization of principles of user-centered design [3,4,5], combined with features traditionally associated with the separate areas of programming languages, operating systems, and data base management [6]. It has become increasingly clear that the key to being able to provide such a unified view lies in providing a unified view of data [7]. The potential benefits of such a unification are considerable, including:
1) conceptual simplification of the system structure permitting, for example, joint design of data structures and data bases
2) the elimination of duplication or inconsistencies among diverse software components
3) the ability to achieve greater reliability in systems because of reduced dependence upon multiple software systems
Constructive Abstract Data types (CAD)
Authors: Wedekind Hartmut H. 
Published: November 2005

1. Distinction from conventional approaches
The motivation for CAD is to extend the idea of data abstraction to application programming. Conventional approaches confine themselves to operational concepts of system programming like STACK, QUEUE etc. and do not consider concepts like CONTRACT, INVOICE etc. of the application world (AW) with an arbitrary number of operations applicable to them, including those of the ad hoc type.
Structured analysis and object oriented analysis
Authors: de Champeaux Dennis , Constantine Larry , Jacobson Ivar , Mellor Stephen , Ward Paul , Yourdon Edward 
Published: November 2005

The object-oriented paradigm still faces an open challenge: Delivering huge software systems routinely and cost effectively. To quote Ed Yourdon: “A system composed of 100,000 lines of C++ is not be sneezed at, but we don't have that much trouble developing 100,000 lines of COBOL today. The real test of OOP will come when systems of 1 to 10 million lines of code are developed.”
Although the object-oriented community has an opening flirtation with exploratory programming and rapid prototyping by exploiting reuse via inheritance, there is for now, in my opinion, no hope that huge systems can be developed without giving due attention to what a target system is supposed to do. Which should produce an (electronic) (graphical) (Pseudo-formal) document, the requirements, that a customer can initially sign off. We believe as well that for huge systems a programming language independent design activity, that bridges the requirements and the actual programming effort, is mandatory. It goes without saying that we do not suggest that these activities constitute a waterfall sequence.
Consequently, the object-oriented community needs to address the question whether well established analysis techniques, like Structured Analysis, Jackson's JSD, etc. can be reused for object-oriented system development or whether a dedicated object-oriented analysis (and design) method is called for.
The panel members have been asked to consider the following of question: What is the relationship between Structured Analysis (SA) and Object Oriented Analysis (OOA)?

More specifically:

Can SA be used effectively to produce the requirements for a system that will be designed and implemented in an OO fashion?

If not, is it possible to adjust SA, what needs to be added? If SA cannot be used at all, what is the key obstacle?

In case SA and OOA have different applicability ranges, how do we circumscribe — positively and negatively - these ranges? Any overlap?

We appreciate that the organizing committee of this conference has selected this crucial topic.
The effectiveness of task-level parallelism for high-level vision
Authors: Harvey W. , Kalp D. , Tambe M. , McKeown D. , Newell A. 
Published: November 2005

Large production systems (rule-based systems) continue to suffer from extremely slow execution which limits their utility in practical applications as well as in research settings. Most investigations in speeding up these systems have focused on match (or knowledge-search) parallelism. Although good speed-ups have been achieved in this process, these investigations have revealed the limitations on the total speed-up available from this source. This limited speed-up is insufficient to alleviate the problem of slow execution in large-scale production system implementations. Such large-scale systems are expected to increase as researchers develop increasingly more competent production systems.
In this paper, we focus on task-level parallelism, which is obtained by a high-level decomposition of the production system. Speed-ups obtained from task-level parallelism will multiply with the speed-ups obtained from match parallelism. The vehicle for our investigation of task-level parallelism is SPAM, a high-level vision system, implemented as a production system. SPAM is a mature research system with a typical run requiring between 50,000 to 400,000 production firings and an execution time of the order of 10 to 100 cpu hours.

We report very encouraging speed-ups from task-level parallelism in SPAM — our parallel implementation shows near linear speed-ups of over 12 fold using 14 processors and points the way to substantial (50-100 fold) speed-ups from task-level parallelism. We present a characterization of task-level parallelism in production systems and describe our methodology for selecting and applying a particular approach to parallelize SPAM. Additionally, we report the speed-ups obtained from the use of
shared virtual memory
(network shared memory) in this implementation. Overall, task-level parallelism has not received much attention in the literature. Our experience illustrates that it is potentially a very important tool for speeding up large-scale production systems
1
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Concurrent aggregates (CA)
Authors: Chien A. A. , Dally W. J. 
Published: November 2005

To program massively concurrent MIMD machines, programmers need tools for managing complexity. One important tool that has been used in the sequential programming world is hierarchies of abstractions. Unfortunately, most concurrent object-oriented languages construct hierarchical abstractions from objects that serialize — serializing the abstractions. In machines with tens of thousands of processors, unnecessary serialization of this sort can cause significant loss of concurrency.
Concurrent Aggregates (CA) is an object-oriented language that allows programmers to build unserialized hierarchies of abstractions by using aggregates. An aggregate in CA is a homogeneous collection of objects (called representatives) that are grouped together and may be referenced by a single aggregate name. Aggregates are integrated into the object model, allowing them to be used wherever an object could be used. Concurrent Aggregates also incorporates several innovative language features that facilitate programming with aggregates. Intra-aggregate addressing aids cooperation between parts of an aggregate. Delegation allows programmers to compose an concurrent aggregate behavior from a number of objects or aggregates. Messages in CA are first class objects that can be used to create message handling abstractions (they handle messages as data). Such abstractions facilitate concurrent operations on aggregates. Continuations are also first class objects. In addition, programmers can construct continuations and use them just like system continuations. User constructed continuations can implement synchronization structures such as a barrier synchronization.
An Evaluation of the Proposed Mechanism of the Adaptive Infrared Iris Hypothesis Using TRMM VIRS and PR Measurements
Authors: Rapp Anita D. , Kummerow Christian , Berg Wesley , Griffith Brian 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSignificant controversy surrounds the adaptive infrared iris hypothesis put forth by Lindzen et al., whereby tropical anvil cirrus detrainment is hypothesized to decrease with increasing sea surface temperature (SST). This dependence would act as an iris, allowing more infrared radiation to escape into space and inhibiting changes in the surface temperature. This hypothesis assumes that increased precipitation efficiency in regions of higher sea surface temperatures will reduce cirrus detrainment. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite measurements are used here to investigate the adaptive infrared iris hypothesis. Pixel-level Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) 10.8-μm brightness temperature data and precipitation radar (PR) rain-rate data from TRMM are collocated and matched to determine individual convective cloud boundaries. Each cloudy pixel is then matched to the underlying SST. This study examines single- and multicore convective clouds separately to directly determine if a relationship exists between the size of convective clouds, their precipitation, and the underlying SSTs. In doing so, this study addresses some of the criticisms of the Lindzen et al. study by eliminating their more controversial method of relating bulk changes of cloud amount and SST across a large domain in the Tropics. The current analysis does not show any significant SST dependence of the ratio of cloud area to surface rainfall for deep convection in the tropical western and central Pacific. Results do, however, suggest that SST plays an important role in the ratio of cloud area and surface rainfall for warm rain processes. For clouds with brightness temperatures between 270 and 280 K, a net decrease in cloud area normalized by rainfall of 5% per degree SST was found.
Mechanisms of Remote Tropical Surface Warming during El Niño
Authors: Chiang John C. H. , Lintner Benjamin R. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The authors demonstrate through atmospheric general circulation model (the Community Climate Model version 3.10) simulations of the 1997/98 El Niño that the observed “remote” (i.e., outside the Pacific) tropical land and ocean surface warming appearing a few months after the peak of the El Niño event is causally linked to the Tropics-wide warming of the troposphere resulting from increased atmospheric heating in the Pacific, with the latter acting as a conduit for the former. Unlike surface temperature, the surface flux behavior in the remote Tropics in response to El Niño is complex, with sizable spatial variation and compensation between individual flux components; this complexity suggests a more fundamental control (i.e., tropospheric temperature) for the remote tropical surface warming. Over the remote oceans, latent heat flux acting through boundary layer humidity variations is the important regulator linking the surface warming in the model simulations to the tropospheric warming over the remote tropical oceans. Idealized 1997/98 El Niño simulations using an intermediate tropical circulation model (the Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model) in which individual surface fluxes are directly manipulated confirms this result. The findings over the remote ocean are consistent with the “tropospheric temperature mechanism” previously proposed for the tropical ENSO teleconnection, with equatorial planetary waves propagating tropospheric temperature anomalies from the eastern Pacific to the remote Tropics and moist convective processes mediating the troposphere-to-remote-surface connection. The latter effectively requires the boundary layer moist static energy to vary in concert with the free tropospheric moist static energy. Over the remote land regions, idealized model simulations suggest that sensible heat flux regulates the warming response to El Niño, though the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully determined.
Southwest Indian Ocean SST Variability: Its Local Effect and Remote Influence on Asian Monsoons*
Authors: Annamalai H. , Liu Ping , Xie Shang-Ping 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is used to examine the role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in regional climate variability. In particular, the authors focus on the effect of the basinwide warming that occurs during December through May after the mature phase of El Niño. To elucidate the relative importance of local and remote forcing, model solutions were sought for experiments where SST anomalies are inserted in the (i) tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans, (ii) tropical Pacific Ocean, and (iii) tropical Indian Ocean. A 10-member ensemble simulation is carried out for each of the three forcing scenarios.
The model solutions demonstrate that precipitation variations over the southwest Indian Ocean are tied to local SST anomalies and are highly reproducible. Changes in the Indian Ocean–Walker circulation suppress precipitation over the tropical west Pacific–Maritime Continent, contributing to the development of a low-level anticyclone over the Philippine and South China Seas. Our model results indicate that more than 50% of the total precipitation anomalies over the tropical west Pacific–Maritime Continent is forced by remote Indian Ocean SST anomalies, offering an additional mechanism for the Philippine Sea anticyclone apart from Pacific SST. This anticyclone increases precipitation along the East Asian winter monsoon front from December to May. The anomalous subsidence over the Maritime Continent in conjunction with persistent anomalies of SST and precipitation over the Indian Ocean in spring prevent the northwestward migration of the ITCZ and the associated deep moist layer, causing a significant delay in the Indian summer monsoon onset in June by 6–7 days. At time scales of 5 days, however, the reproducibility of the northward progression of the ITCZ during the onset is low.
Results indicate that Indian Ocean SST anomalies during December through May that develop in response to both atmospheric and oceanic processes to El Niño need to be considered for a complete understanding of regional climate variability, particularly around the Indian Ocean rim.
Growing Up in Poor Neighbourhoods
Authors: MacDonald Robert , Shildrick Tracy , Webster Colin , Simpson Donald 
Published: November 2005

Drawing upon qualitative, longitudinal research with ‘socially excluded’ young adults from some of England’s poorest neighbourhoods, the article explores how locally-embedded, social networks become part of the process whereby poverty and class inequalities are reproduced. Networks of family and friends, rooted in severely de-industrialized locales, supported young people as they carved out transitions to adulthood in adverse circumstances. Examples are given in respect of informants’ highly localized housing careers and their longer-term experience of ‘poor work’. Paradoxically, though, while local networks helped in coping with the problems of growing up in poor neighbourhoods and generated a sense of inclusion, the sort of social capital embedded in them served simultaneously to close down opportunities and to limit the possibilities of escaping the conditions of social exclusion. Overall, and contrary to some recent youth sociology, the article stresses the continuing importance of class and place in shaping youth transitions.
Subnanometer-sized Gold Clusters with Dual Molecular Receptors: Synthesis and Assembly in One-dimensional Arrangements
Authors: Negishi Yuichi , Tsunoyama Hironori , Yanagimoto Yasushi , Tsukuda Tatsuya 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Subnanometer-sized gold clusters protected by thiolated β-cyclodextrin (HS-β-CD) were successfully isolated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thermogravimetric measurements reveal that two β-CD ligands are bound to the Au clusters. One-dimensional assemblies of the β-CD-modified gold clusters are formed through binding interactions with ferrocene dimers.