bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long term health effects of breast augmentation: A review
Authors: Berkel J. , Filius P. M. G. , Dik E. , De Boer A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper we have reviewed the existing scientific evidence with regard to long term health effects of breast implants. Two areas of concern have been voiced in the literature. Firstly the fear of an increased risk of cancer, specifically breast cancer, after cosmetic augmentation and secondly the potential relationship with the development of connective tissue disorders.In regard to the potential increased risk of breast cancer we conclude that no scientific evidence exists for a cause‐effect relationship between silicone‐gel filled implants and breast cancer. In fact all epidemiologic studies have found lower than expected risk estimates. Although some early studies have suggested that the presence of implants cause a delay in diagnosis and thus lead to a worse survival and prognosis, the evidence for this is unconvincing. In the large scale cohort studies no detrimental effect on survival was found. Data on the possible risk difference for other cancers are too scarce to permit a firm conclusion.With respect to connective tissue disorders, we conclude that the epidemiologic studies reported to date do not support a cause‐effect relationship between silicone implants and connective tissue disorders. Some circumstantial evidence, such as the presence of autoimmune phenomena, granuloma formation and a distinct HLA phenotype in women with dermatomyositis after implantation, is available indicating that a plausible biologic mechanism could exist. Overall, however, the evidence does not permit the conclusion that silicone‐gel filled implants cause connective tissue disorders.
Utilization of antibiotics in caesarean section: A multicentre study
Authors: Th‐Akib Husniah Rubiana , Bapna Jawahar Singh , Uppal Roma , Jinghua Cheng , Xia Yan Bao , Kafle Kumar Kumud 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis is a prospective multicentre study on patients undergoing Caesarean section, to compare the use of antibiotics in surgery, in four selected countries. Patients admitted within a 6‐month period in each centre were included. Study days were 6 days a month and were taken randomly from all working days in a month. Antibiotic use was recorded pre‐ and post‐operatively. The most commonly used antibiotic in all countries was ampicillin, except in China. Mode of the number of antibiotics used as prophylactic was 1 in India and Nepal, 2 in China and 3 in Indonesia. Duration of antibiotic(s) use was 7–8 days in all countries. Antibiotic prophylaxis for Caesarean section was used improperly, especially in respect to the number, duration and kind of antibiotic given.
Novel blue‐greenish electroluminescent poly(fluorenevinylene‐alt‐dibenzothiophenevinylene)s and their model compounds
Authors: Mikroyannidis John A. , Moshopoulou Helen A. , Anastasopoulos John A. , Stylianakis Minas M. , Fenenko Larysa , Adachi Chihaya 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPoly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene‐2,7‐vinylene‐alt‐dibenzothiophene‐2,8‐vinylene) (PS) and poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene‐2,7‐vinylene‐alt‐dibenzothiophene‐5,5‐dioxide‐2,8‐ vinylene) (PSO) as well as corresponding model compounds were synthesized by Heck coupling. Both the polymers and model compounds were readily soluble in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, chloroform, and toluene. The polymers showed a decomposition temperature at ∼430 °C and a char yield of about 65% at 800 °C in N2. The glass‐transition temperatures of the polymers were almost identical (75–77 °C) and higher than those of the model compounds (26–45 °C). All samples absorbed around 390 nm, and their optical band gaps were 2.69–2.85 eV. They behaved as blue‐greenish light emitting materials in both solutions and thin films, with photoluminescence emission maxima at 450–483 nm and photoluminescence quantum yields of 0.52–0.72 in solution. Organic light‐emitting diodes with an indium tin oxide/poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid)/polymer/Mg:Ag/Ag configuration with polymers PS and PSO as emitting layers showed green electroluminescence with maxima at 530 and 540 nm, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6790–6800, 2006
Antitumor promoting activity of (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate, the main constituent of “Tannin” in green tea
Authors: Yoshizawa Shigeru , Horiuchi Takahiko , Fujiki Hirota , Yoshida Takashi , Okuda Takuo , Sugimura Takashi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract(−)‐Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the main polyphenolic constituent of extracts of green tea. EGCG slightly inhibited specific binding of [3H] 12‐0‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate ([3H]TPA) to a particulate fraction of mouse skin, and caused a prompt decrease in the phorbol ester receptor number in mouse skin. It also inhibited the activation of protein kinase C by teleocidin. In week 25 of a two‐stage carcinogenesis experiment in mouse skin, tumors were found in 53% of the mice treated with 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) plus teleocidin, but in only 13% of those treated with DMBA plus teleocidin and EGCG. The average number of tumors per mouse in these groups was 2.1 and 0.1, respectively. No tumors were found in other groups treated with DMBA alone or teleocidin and EGCG alone. Thus EGCG inhibited tumor promotion by teleocidin.
Age‐ and individual‐related specificities in the effects of standardized ginseng extract on learning and memory (experiments on rats)
Authors: Petkov V. D. , Mosharrof A. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUsing a two‐way active avoidance with punishment (electric shock) reinforcement (shuttle box) we investigated the effects of Panax ginseng extract, standardized according to the content of ginsenosides on learning and memory in 2‐, 10‐, and 22‐month old Wistar rats and in rats of the same age (5‐month old) which, after a preliminary training with the same method, had been classified as ‘good’, ‘poor’ and ‘satisfactory’ learners. In experiments on rats of different ages G115 was administered orally daily for 10 consecutive days before training at increasing doses of 3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg body weight. The animals were trained for 5 days and the retention test was given 14 days after the last administration of G115 (10 days after the last training session). In experiments on rats with different learning capabilities G115 was administered orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 10 days after shuttle box training. The retention test was performed on the day following the last treatment with G115. It was found that G115 exerted the most favourable effects on learning and memory when these processes were decayed as a result either of senescence or of individual specificities.
Natural 2,5‐bisaryltetrahydrofuran lignans: Platelet‐activating factor antagonists
Authors: Biftu Tesfaye , Stevenson Robert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLignans are a class of naturally occurring compounds characterized by bonding of two aryl propanoids at the 2‐position. Recently, an increasing significance of the biological activities of these compounds has been recognized. Members of 2,5‐bisaryltetrahydrofuran class of lignans are antagonists of the potent bioactive phospholipid, platelet activating factor (PAF). In this review, a survey of the occurrence, physical properties of all known bisaryltetrahydrofurans and reported biological activities as PAF antagonists is given.
Evaluation of the healing activity of hydrocotyle tincture in the treatment of wounds
Authors: Morisset R. , Côté N. G. , Panisset J. C. , Jemni L. , Camirand P. , Brodeur A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe object of this study was to evaluate the healing activity of CothylineTM, a new formulation comprising asiaticoside as the main ingredient in combination with antiseptic adjuvants. The study has two parts: (1) a clinical phase involving the observation of patients afflicted with soiled wounds and chronic or recurrent atony which was resistant to the usual treatment, and (2) an experimental phase in which the healing action of Cothyline was evaluated by light and electron microscopic observation of the morphological changes that occurred in scarified guinea pig skin. Treatment of patients with Cothyline completely healed (64%) or improved (16%) the lesions under study. In the animal study, it was shown that changes occurred in the shape and size of the keratohyaline granules, a phenomenon observed during accelerated healing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the healing action of Cothyline has been demonstrated in an objective and controlled manner. Cothyline has the unique advantage of simultaneously acting as an antiseptic and a cicatrizant; moreover, it affects all four phases of healing. This drug constitutes a new and advantageous approach in the treatment of wounds.
Dose–response effects of one subfraction of Desmodium adscendens aqueous extract on antigen‐ and arachidonic acid‐induced contractions of guinea‐pig airways
Authors: Addy Marian E. , Burka John F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDesmodium adscendens is used in Ghana for the management of asthma. The first fraction (F1), isolated from an aqueous extract of the plant material by flash chromatography, was evaluated for its anti‐allergic properties using ovalbumin (OA)‐ and arachidonic acid (AA)‐induced contractions of tracheal spirals and lung parenchymal strips from guinea pigs. F1 inhibited OA‐ and AA‐induced contractions in both tissues dose‐dependently. In the AA‐induced contractions, F1 was more effective on the tracheal spirals than on the lung parenchymal strip. On the OA‐induced contractions of tracheal spirals, there was enhancement of the early phase of the contraction in the absence of indomethacin. This effect, which was biphasic, was not seen when the tissues were pretreated with indomethacin. Higher concentrations of F1 were required to effect the same inhibition in the absence of indomethacin than in its presence. F1 inhibited all phases of OA‐induced contractions of lung parenchymal strips by >80% at the highest concentration used (0.9 mg/mL). The results suggest that F1 inhibits both the cyclo‐oxygenase and the lipoxygenase pathways of AA metabolism. F1 also appears to inhibit the release of arachidonic acid.
Effect of Khaya grandifoliola extract on Plasmodium berghei berghei in mice
Authors: Makinde J. M. , Awe S. O. , Agbedahunsi J. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractKhaya grandifoliola stem bark extract was tested for antimalarial action against Plasmodium berghei berghei in mice. The schizontocidal activity of the extract was assessed on early and established infections using chloroquine as a standard drug. The repository activity was also investigated and pyrimethamine was used as the standard. In the early infection test (like the chloroquine group), K. grandifoliola extract was effective in suppressing the malaria infection. However, on the established infection, the extract failed to effectively suppress the infection. The extract also demonstrated residual activity.
CNS depressant effects, anti‐inflammatory activity and anti‐cholinergic actions of Santolina chamaecyparissus extracts
Authors: Giner R. M. , Ríos J. L. , Villar A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacological activity of several extracts together with the lyophilized infusion of S. chamaecyparissus ssp. squarrosa were investigated. The lethal dose 50% (LD50), effect on animal metabolism, mechanical and thermic analgesia and spontaneous, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐ulcer activity have been determined. Studies on isolated organs (rat duodenum and rat uterus) were also carried out. The hexanic and chloroformic extracts were potent antagonists of the thermic analgesia test; the former extract was also active in the mechanical analgesia test. The chloroformic extract and, to a lesser extent, the ethyl acetate extract and lyophilized infusion demonstrated noteworthy activity as anti‐inflammatory agents. No extract produced an ulcerogenic effect. The hexanic extract had the highest inhibitory effect on ACh induced contraction of rat duodenum and the ethyl acetate extract of oxytocin induced contraction of rat uterus.
Partial purification and some properties of an antibacterial compound from Aloe vera
Authors: Levin Hadassa , Hazenfratz R. , Friedman J. , Palevitch D. , Perl M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAqueous or ethanolic extracts of Aloe leaves were examined for antibacterial properties. The crude extrudes strongly stimulated bacterial growth. Separation of various fractions by thin layer chromatography (TLC) resulted in a fraction which inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis. A concomitant examination of protein and nucleic acid synthesis in B. subtilis in the presence of the inhibitory compound indicated that the plant extract inhibits primarily nucleic acid synthesis, after which protein synthesis is also inhibited. The inhibitor seemed to be present in all examined Aloe species but at different concentrations. On a dry weight basis, the inhibitory effect was equally distributed between the skin and the gel fraction.
The utility of P388 leukemia compared to B16 melanoma and colon carcinoma 38 for in vivo screening of plant extracts
Authors: Suffness Matthew , Abbott Betty , Statz Duwayne , Wonilowicz Edmund , Spjut Richard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe compared the value of using two in vivo solid tumor murine screening models, the B16 Melanoma and Colon 38 carcinoma, to the use of in vivo P388 leukemia in the detection of active extracts and in the prioritization of weak P388 active extracts. We found that, among a diverse group of 82 cytotoxc plant extracts negative in the P388 assay in vivo, only one had activity in B16 melanoma or Colon 38 and, among a group of 99 botanically diverse P388‐active extracts, none were active in either the B16 or Colon 38 models. We therefore conclude that the B16 and Colon 38 models in vivo are not useful for screening of crude extract and that, while the P388 leukemia may over‐predict useful leads due to its high sensitivity, its use as a first screen for crude extracts does not appear to result in missing solid tumor actives.
Evaluation of pharmacological activity of a crude hydroalcoholic extract from Jatropha elliptica
Authors: Trebien Herbert A. , Neves Paulo C. A. , Yunes Rosendo A. , Calixto João B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacological effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Jatropha elliptica was analysed in in vivo and in vitro models. When given orally in mice, the extract showed a low acute toxicity (LD50 5 g/kg). In a dose of 0.5 or 1 g/kg p.o. the extract did not interfere with diuresis in the rat, but was found to be effective in blocking rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan and partially, serotonin‐induced oedema. In the same dose, the extract failed to inhibit rat paw oedema induced by dextran and the increase of rat cutaneous vascular permeability caused by Bothrops Jararaca venom, dextran, histamine, PAF‐acether and serotonin. Pre‐incubation of the isolated rat uterus and guinea‐pig ileum with the extract (0.2–0.8 mg/mL), produced a concentration‐related and non‐competitive inhibition of contractions induced by acetylcholine and bradykinin. However, the extract was about 2‐fold more potent in inhibiting the contraction of both agonists in guinea‐pig ileum than in rat uterine muscle. In rat aorta, the extract (50–100 μg/mL) caused a concentration‐dependent inhibition of noradrenaline‐evoked contractions, being about 5‐fold more potent when compared to the IC50 values obtained in rat uterus.
Ulceroprotective activity of the flavonoids of Genista rumelica Vel
Authors: Rainova L. , Nakov N. , Bogdanova S. , Minkov E. , Staneva‐Stoytcheva D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUlceroprotective action of several flavonoid compounds isolated from Genista rumelica Vel. (total flavonoid mixture, luteoline‐7‐glycoside, genistine) was established on five models of gastric ulcer in rats, genistine being the most active. Comparison was made against several standard antiulcer durgs (Succus Liquiritiae, Caved S, Almagel). A combined drug Flavogastrol, containing total flavonoid mixture, Semmen Lini gel and antacid compounds, was prepared and demonstrated ulceroprotective activity and low toxicity.
Hypotensive activity of Thymus orospedanus alcoholic extract
Authors: Jimenez J. , Zarzuelo A. , Crespo M. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe hypotensive effects of the alcoholic extract of Thymus orospedanus were investigated in both in vivo and in vitro assays. Our results indicate that the extract reduced rat blood pressure and modified the dose–response curve to epinephrine in the rat vas deferens and the rabbit artery, indicative of a competitive antagonism.
Antipyretic and analgesic studies of the ethanalic extract of Teclea nobilis delile
Authors: Mascolo Nicola , Pinto Aldo , Capasso Francesco , Yenesew Abiy , Dagne Ermias 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe crude ethanol extract of the leaves of an African medicinal plant Teclea nobilis has been studied for its antipyretic, analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activities. The extract exhibited marked antipyretic and analgesic activities while it was found to be weakly active against carrageenin oedema.
Studies on the constituents of dwarf ginseng
Authors: Lee Taikwang M. , Der Marderosian Ara H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPhytochemical study of the leaves of Panax trifolius L. resulted in the isolation of two flavonoids and four ginsenosides. The two flavonoids were found to be kaempferol‐3,7‐dirhamnoside and kaempferol‐3‐gluco‐7‐rhamnoside. The four ginsenosides were identified as ginsenoside —Rd, —Rc, —Rb3 and notoginsenoside‐Fe. The common aglycones of these flavonoids and ginsenosides were shown to be kaempferol and (20S)‐protopanaxadiol, respectively.
Inflammatory effects of acute and chronic capsaicin treatment on rat paw
Authors: De Amit Krishna , Ghosh Jagat Jiban 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCapsaicin extracted from natural sources (Capsicum frutescens) and standard capsaicin (Sigma Chemicals) were used in this study. On acute treatment capsaicin produced a dose‐related inflammatory response in rat paw as measured by the volume displacement method. This response was found to be synergestic when injected with carrageenan. Preliminary experiments showed that pretreatment with diphenhydramine‐HCl produced a significant inhibition of this acute capsaicin induced paw oedema, whereas indomethacin and methysergide were ineffective in blocking paw oedema. On the other hand, chronically capsaicin treated rats (for 10 days) showed a significant inhibition of paw oedema when treated with either carregeenan or a single high dose of capsaicin. Both the extracted and the standard capsaicin showed a similar type of response in all experiments.
Glaucium flavum Crantz. part v: Hypoglycemic activity of the aqueous extract
Authors: Cabo J. , Cabo P. , Jimenez J. , Zarzuelo A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe hypoglycemic activity of various root, stem, leaf and fruit preparations of Glaucium flavum Crantz, was studied in normoglycemic experimental animals. Having found that the leaf decoction was the most potent preparation, its hypoglycemic activity was further studied in hyperglycemic and alloxan‐diabetic animals. Although the leaf decoction was an effective agonist in glucose‐induced hyperglycemia, it was almost inactive in alloxan‐induced diabetes.
In vivo hypotensive activity of Pistacia lentiscus L
Authors: Sanz M. J. , Terencio M. C. , Paya M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe present studies were undertaken to explain the mechanism of action of the hypothesive effect of Pistacia lentiscus L. aqueous extract. The potassium, calcium and magnesium content of the aqueous extract was determined and synthetic mixtures of salts evaluated in rats. The urinary excretion volume and the sodium and potassium concentrations in urine were also determined. In an effort to explain the effects of the extract, in vivo pharmacological experiments were conducted.
Preliminary in vitro studies on the antagonistic effects of an ethanolic extract from Diodia scandens on Echis carinatus venom‐induced changes in the clotting of human blood
Authors: Onuaguluchi G. , Okeke P. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe water soluble fraction of an ethanolic extract from Diodia scandens was found to have no effect on the in vitro clotting time of normal human blood. However, it increased to 2.8 min the in vitro blood clotting time previously reduced from 4.7 min to 1.8 min following treatment with Echis carinatus venom. The plant extract was shown to possess definite anti‐thromboplastin activity against brain thromboplastin and venom thromboplastin activity. The extract did not significantly inhibit the thrombin‐like activity of the venom. It is suggested that the antagonistic effect of the extract on venom‐induced coagulation is due to inhibition of thromboplastin/Factor VII activation of Factor X.
Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of panaxans A and B, glycans of Panax ginseng roots: Effects on the key enzymes of glucose metabolism in the liver of mice
Authors: Suzuki Yutaka , Hikino Hiroshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPanaxan A did not affect the activities of hepatic glucokinase and hexokinase but decreased glucose‐6‐phosphatase activity. Although panaxan B did not influence the activities of these enzymes, it showed a tendency to reduce hepatic glycogen synthetase activity, and panaxans A and B elevated the phosphorylase activity. Panaxan B lowered the glycogen content in the liver. Panaxans A and B significantly increased the activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase in the liver.
The antiinflammatory activity of the fractions from Eryngium billardieri in mice
Authors: Yesilada Erdem , Tanaka Shigeo , Tabata Mamoru , Sezik Ekrem 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEryngium billardieri Delar., used as a folk medicine in Turkey for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, was investigated for its antiinflammatory activity by various methods. Fractions obtained from the aerial parts and roots of E. billardieri were tested in mice for their effects on increased vascular permeability induced by acetic acid intraperitoneally, and serotonin, bradykinin, and carrageenan‐induced edemas. A significant antiinflammatory activity was observed only in the precipitated part of the butanol extract of the roots, which contains saponins.
Effects of Thymus species extracts on rat duodenum isolated smooth muscle contraction
Authors: Blázquez M. A. , Zafra‐Polo M. C. , Villar A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe diethylether, ethylacetate and butanolic extracts from Thymus webbianus and Thymus leptophyllus were tested for spasmolytic activity. Pre‐incubation of the isolated rat duodenum with these extracts for 10 min produced a concentration‐dependent inhibition of acetylcholine‐induced contractions. This effect was at least ten times greater with the apolar extracts than with the polar extracts.
Prevention of liver damage by aged garlic extract and its components in mice
Authors: Nakagawat Shizutoshi , Kasuga Shigeo , Matsuura Hiromichi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe hepato‐protective effects of aged garlic extract (GE), S‐allyl cysteine (SAC) and S‐allylmercapto cysteine (SAMC) were evaluated, using mice with acute hepatitis, induced by hepatotoxins. These substances reduced the rise of serum enzyme levels and liver necrosis caused by paracetamol or carbon tetrachloride. It was found that the protective effect of SAMC upon the liver cells were far superior than that of SAC and the other chemicals tested.