bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flammability studies of sodium thiosulphate or metabisulphite impregnated wood using cone calorimeter
Authors: Šimkovic Ivan , Martvoňová Helena , Maniková Desana , Grexa Ondrej 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpruce wood boards impregnated with Na2S2O3 or Na2S2O5 were studied with the cone calorimeter. The presence of Na2S2O3 lowered the average heat release rate in comparison to untreated material. The total amounts of CO and CO2 production were reduced by the treatment and also the specific extinction area and mass loss rate decreased. Washing of the salt from the material with water caused partial loss of the properties. Addition of the second impregnation step using acids (HCOOH, H3BO3 or H3PO4) resulted in the fixation of the sulphur in wood, but gave not the results of single‐step modification for thiosulphate. With Na2S2O5 and without acid, the CO and time‐to‐ignition values were higher and average heat release rate smaller in comparison to unmodified material. Combined one step Na2S2O5/H3BO3 treatment lowered the CO, CO2 and specific extinction area values in comparison to the modification with Na2S2O5, similarly like it was observed for Na2S2O3/H3BO3 two‐step‐treatment. According to time‐to‐ignition values, Na2S2O5 alone at 5% addition is a better flame retardant than Na2S2O3 at 7%, but the effect is diminished at 10% amount or presence of acids. The total smoke release curves showed decrease due to modification in both phases of the process. Introduction of water washing as well as the acid treatment further lowered the values. The best results were achieved with 15% Na2S2O3–2% H3PO4–H2O system. According to the total smoke release curve the specimen produced more than five times smaller amount of smoke than untreated material in the first phase of the process. It seams that the concentration of Na2S2O5 is less affecting the properties than the synergistic effect of the Na2S2O3 or Na2S2O5/H3BO3 system. Although the level of smoke is low, the presence of elemental sulphur causes smaller times‐to‐ignition than on starting material. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shallow flow simulation on dynamically adaptive cut cell quadtree grids
Authors: Liang Qiuhua , Zang Jun , Borthwick Alistair G. L. , Taylor Paul H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA computationally efficient, high‐resolution numerical model of shallow flow hydrodynamics is described, based on dynamically adaptive quadtree grids. The numerical model solves the two‐dimensional non‐linear shallow water equations by means of an explicit second‐order MUSCL‐Hancock Godunov‐type finite volume scheme. Interface fluxes are evaluated using an HLLC approximate Riemann solver. Cartesian cut cells are used to improve the fit to curved boundaries. A ghost‐cell immersed boundary method is used to update flow information in the smallest cut cells and overcome the time step restriction that would otherwise apply. The numerical model is validated through simulations of reflection of a surge wave at a wall, a low Froude number potential flow past a circular cylinder, and the shock‐like interaction between a bore and a circular cylinder. The computational efficiency is shown to be greatly improved compared with solutions on a uniform structured grid implemented with cut cells. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sloppy paired 1/2 regulate glial cell fates by inhibiting Gcm Function
Authors: Mondal Soma , Ivanchuk Stacey M. , Rutka James T. , Boulianne Gabrielle L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOrganization of the central nervous system during embryonic development is an intricate process involving a host of molecular players. The Drosophila segmentation genes, sloppy paired (slp) 1/2 have been shown to be necessary for development of a neuronal precursor cell subtype, the NB4‐2 cells. Here, we show that slp1/2 also have roles in regulating glial cell fates. Using slp1/2 loss‐of‐function mutants, we show an increase in glial cell markers, glial cells missing (gcm) and reversed polarity. In contrast, misexpression of either slp1 or slp2 causes downregulation of glial cell‐specific genes and alters the fate of glial and neuronal cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Slp1 and its mammalian ortholog, Foxg1, inhibit Gcm transcriptional activity as well as bind Gcm. Taken together, these data show that Slp1/Foxg1 regulate glial cell fates by inhibiting Gcm function. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the prediction of the Toce alpine basin floods with distributed hydrologic models
Authors: Montaldo Nicola , Ravazzani Giovanni , Mancini Marco 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWith the objective of improving flood predictions, in recent years sophisticated continuous hydrologic models that include complex land‐surface sub‐models have been developed. This has produced a significant increase in parameterization; consequently, applications of distributed models to ungauged basins lacking specific data from field campaigns may become redundant.The objective of this paper is to produce a parsimonious and robust distributed hydrologic model for flood predictions in Italian alpine basins. Application is made to the Toce basin (area 1534 km2). The Toce basin was a case study of the RAPHAEL European Union research project, during which a comprehensive set of hydrologic, meteorological and physiographic data were collected, including the hydrologic analysis of the 1996–1997 period. Two major floods occurred during this period. We compare the FEST04 event model (which computes rainfall abstraction and antecedent soil moisture conditions through the simple Soil Conservation Service curve number method) and two continuous hydrologic models, SDM and TDM (which differ in soil water balance scheme, and base flow and runoff generation computations).The simple FEST04 event model demonstrated good performance in the prediction of the 1997 flood, but shows limits in the prediction of the long and moderate 1996 flood. More robust predictions are obtained with the parsimonious SDM continuous hydrologic model, which uses a simple one‐layer soil water balance model and an infiltration excess mechanism for runoff generation, and demonstrates good performance in both long‐term runoff modelling and flood predictions. Instead, the use of a more sophisticated continuous hydrologic model, the TDM, that simulates soil moisture dynamics in two layers of soil, and computes runoff and base flow using some TOPMODEL concepts, does not seem to be advantageous for this alpine basin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mouse naked cuticle 2 (mNkd2) as a direct transcriptional target of Hoxc8 in vivo
Authors: Lei Haiyan , Juan Aster H. , Kim Moo‐Sang , Ruddle Frank H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMouse naked cuticle 2 (mNkd2), the mammalian homolog of the Drosophila segment polarity gene naked cuticle (nkd), encodes an EF hand protein that regulates early Wg activity by acting as an inducible antagonist. The transcription factor, Hoxc8, a member of the homeobox gene family, is vital for growth and differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and a reporter assay demonstrated that endogenous Hoxc8 protein binds directly to the enhancer region of the mNkd2 gene, implying a Hoxc8‐dependent transcriptional activity. Introduction of exogenous Hoxc8 into NIH3T3 cell lines lacking wild‐type Hoxc8 dramatically reduced expression of mNkd2 mRNA. If, as the results suggest, mNkd2 is a direct target of Hoxc8, it represents a novel mechanism by which Hoxc8 might cross‐talk with the Wnt signaling pathway by regulating mNkd2. J. Exp. Zool. 305A:1–6, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cloning, expression and phylogenetic analyses of parvalbumin in tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus
Authors: Lee Shyh‐Jye , Ju Chi‐Ching , Chu Shian‐Ling , Chien Ming‐Shan , Chan Tun‐Hao , Liao Wen‐Liang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe gene expression of parvalbumin (Pvalb), a high‐affinity calcium‐binding protein and the major fish allergen, was significantly increased in the tilapia fry treated with methyltestosterone (MT) as examined using a subtractive hybridization assay. Using the real‐time quantitative PCR, we further confirmed the increased Pvalb expression in the MT‐treated tilapia fry. The 568 base pairs (bp) tilapia Pvalb (tPvalb) cDNA clone was fully sequenced and found to contain a coding region of 330 bp, which encodes a 108 amino acids protein with a molecular weight of 11,370.5 and an calculated isoelectric point of 4.56. The predicted secondary structure of tPvalb is comprised of seven α helices. It contains two characteristic EF‐hand calcium‐binding motifs, one PKC and five casein kinase II consensus phosphorylation sites. The tPvalb is highly homologous to the selected fish Pvalbs at a similarity ranging from 53% to 80%. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the tPvalb is closest to the Scomber japonicus Pvalb. The tPvalb was found to express in the heart, muscle, gill, kidney, brain and ovary of adult fish by RT‐PCR analysis. In situ hybridization also revealed that the tPvalb was highly expressed in the hypothalamus and sarcoplasmic reticulum. A tPvalb glutathione S‐transferase (GST) fusion protein was generated and digested by thrombin to remove the GST moiety. Further Western analysis showed that the tPvalb protein was cross‐reacted to an anti‐rat Pvalb antibody. Those results suggest that Pvalb is evolutionally conserved in tilapia. J. Exp. Zool. 305A:51–61, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibitors of glutamate transport modulate distinct patterns in brain metabolism
Authors: Moussa Charbel E.‐H. , Rae Caroline , Bubb William A. , Griffin Julian L. , Deters Natasha A. , Balcar Vladimir J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh affinity uptake of glutamate plays a major role in the termination of excitatory neurotransmission. Identification of the ramifications of transporter function is essential to understand the diseases in which defective excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT) have been implicated. In this work we incubated Guinea pig cortical tissue slices with [3‐13C]pyruvate and major currently available glutamate uptake inhibitors and studied the resultant metabolic sequelae by 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy using a multivariate statistical approach. Perturbation of glutamate uptake produced significant effects on metabolic flux through the Krebs cycle, and on glutamate/glutamine cycling rates, with this effect accounting for 76% of the variation in the total data set. The effects of all inhibitors were separable from each other along three major principal components. The competitive inhibitor L‐CCG III ((2S,1′S,2′R)‐2‐carboxycyclopropyl)glycine) differed most from the other inhibitors, showing negative weightings on both the first and second principal components, whereas the EAAT2‐specific inhibitor dihydrokainate (DHK) showed metabolic patterns similar to that of anti‐endo‐3,4‐methanopyrolidine dicarboxylate but separate from those of DL‐threo‐β‐benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA) and L‐trans‐pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dicarboxylate (L‐tPDC). This indicates that different inhibition mechanisms or different colocalisation of the separate transporter subtypes with glutamate receptors can produce significantly different metabolic and functional outcomes for the brain. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic but not acute intracerebroventricular administration of amyloid β‐peptide(25–35) decreases somatostatin content, adenylate cyclase activity, somatostatin‐induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity, and adenylate cyclase I levels in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Burgos‐Ramos E. , Hervás‐Aguilar A. , Puebla‐Jiménez L. , Boyano‐Adánez M.C. , Arilla‐Ferreiro E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough alterations in adenylate cyclase (AC) activity and somatostatin (SRIF) receptor density have been reported in Alzheimer's disease, the effects of amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) on these parameters in the hippocampus are unknown. Our aim was to investigate whether the peptide fragment Aβ(25–35) can affect the somatostatinergic system in the rat hippocampus. Hence, Aβ(25–35) was injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) to Wistar rats in a single dose or infused via an osmotic minipump connected to a cannula implanted in the right lateral ventricle during 14 days. The animals were decapitated 7 or 14 days after the single injection and 14 days after chronic infusion of the peptide. Chronic i.c.v. infusion of Aβ(25–35) decreased SRIF‐like immunoreactive content without modifying the SRIF receptor density, SRIF receptor expression, or the Giα1, Giα2, and Giα3 protein levels in the hippocampus. This treatment, however, caused a decrease in basal and forskolin‐stimulated AC activity as well as in the capacity of SRIF to inhibit AC activity. Furthermore, the protein levels of the neural‐specific AC type I were significantly decreased in the hippocampus of the treated rats, whereas an increase in the levels of AC V/VI was found, with no alterations in type VIII AC. A single i.c.v. dose of Aβ(25–35) exerted no effect on SRIF content or SRIF receptors but induced a slight decrease in forskolin‐stimulated AC activity and its inhibition by SRIF. Because chronic Aβ(25–35) infusion impairs learning and memory whereas SRIF facilitates these functions, the alterations described here might be physiologically important given the decreased cognitive behavior previously reported in Aβ‐treated rats. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Property Modulation of Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) by Incorporation of Nonlinear Isophthalate Units
Authors: Seo Yong Whan , Pang Kyoung , Kim Young Ho 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: P(TT‐co‐TI)s with up to 20 mol‐% of TI units were synthesized in order to modulate the thermal and mechanical properties of PTT and were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, DSC, and DMA analysis. PTI and PTT were also synthesized for the purpose of comparison. The polymerizations proceeded via two steps, i.e., transesterification and polycondensation. Manganese acetate and titanium butoxide were used as catalysts for the transesterification and polycondensation steps, respectively. During the polymerization, the P(TT‐co‐TI) copolymers and PTI exhibited similar transesterification rates, whereas PTI showed a slower rate. The polycondensation rate decreased with increasing TI content in P(TT‐co‐TI). The synthesis of the polymers was confirmed by FT‐IR and 1H NMR analysis. DSC and DMA analysis indicated that the P(TT‐co‐TI)s are random copolymers, and that their Tcc increased and Tm decreased as the TI content in the P(TT‐co‐TI) increased. The peel strength between the P(TT‐co‐TI) films and an aluminum sheet increased as the TI content in the copolymer increased. The melt‐quenched films of the PTT and P(TT‐co‐TI) copolymers had similar tensile strengths and initial moduli. The dyeing property of the P(TT‐co‐TI) films was enhanced by increasing the TI content.DSC heating thermograms of the melt‐quenched PTT, PTI, and P(TT‐co‐TI)s.magnified imageDSC heating thermograms of the melt‐quenched PTT, PTI, and P(TT‐co‐TI)s.
Restricted algebras on inverse semigroups I, representation theory
Authors: Amini Massoud , Medghalchi Alireza 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relation between representations and positive definite functions is a key concept in harmonic analysis on topological groups. Recently this relation has been studied on topological groupoids. This is the first in a series of papers in which we have investigated a similar relation on inverse semigroups. We use a new concept of “restricted” representations and study the restricted semigroup algebras and corresponding C *‐algebras. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Embedding of analytic function spaces with given mean growth of the derivative
Authors: Blasco Óscar , Girela Daniel , Auxiliadora Márquez M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIf ϕ is a positive function defined in [0, 1) and 0 < p < ∞, we consider the space ℒ︁(p, ϕ) which consists of all functions f analytic in the unit disc 𝔻 for which the integral means of the derivative M p (r, f ′) = $ \left ({\textstyle {{1} \over {2 \pi} }} \int ^{\pi}_{- \pi} | f' (re^{i \theta}) |^p \, d \theta \right) ^{1/p}, $ 0 < r < 1, satisfy M p (r, f ′) = O(ϕ (r)), as r → 1. In this paper, for any given p ∈ (0, 1), we characterize the functions ϕ, among a certain class of weight functions, to be able to embedd ℒ︁(p, ϕ) into classical function spaces. These results complement other previously obtained by the authors for p ≥ 1. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Prostate spectroscopy at 3 Tesla using two‐dimensional S‐PRESS
Authors: Lange Thomas , Trabesinger Andreas H. , Schulte Rolf F. , Dydak Ulrike , Boesiger Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) strong‐coupling point‐resolved spectroscopy (S‐PRESS) is introduced as a novel approach to 1H MR spectroscopy (MRS) in the prostate. The technique provides full spectral information and allows for an accurate characterization of the citrate (Cit) signal. The method is based on acquiring a series of PRESS spectra with constant total echo time (TE). The indirect dimension is encoded by varying the relative lengths of the first and second TEs (TE1 + TE2 = TE). In the resulting 2D spectra, only the signal of strongly coupled spin systems is spread into the second dimension, which leads to more clearly arranged spectra. Furthermore, the spectral parameters of Cit (coupling constant J and chemical shift difference δ of the AB spin system) can be determined with high accuracy in vivo. The sequence is analytically optimized for maximal “strong coupling peaks” of Cit at 3T. 2D S‐PRESS spectra are compared with JPRESS spectra in vitro as well as in vivo. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Preissmann box scheme and its modification for transcritical flows
Authors: Freitag M. A. , Morton K. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Preissmann box scheme is the standard numerical method used by hydraulic engineers to model open channel flows or surcharged flows in pipes; but it breaks down for transcritical flows. Various alternatives have been suggested for such cases, but we show how simple modifications of the difference scheme and its method of solution enable both to be used for such flows. Analysis of the double‐sweeping Thomas algorithm shows both how it works in the subcritical case and the effectiveness of its modification for transcritical flows. A well‐known analytical transcritical flow is used to demonstrate the accuracy of the new numerical scheme. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An O(k2 + kh2 + h4) arithmetic average discretization for the solution of 1‐D nonlinear parabolic equations
Authors: Mohanty R. K. , Karaa Samir , Arora Urvashi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article develops a new two‐level three‐point implicit finite difference scheme of order 2 in time and 4 in space based on arithmetic average discretization for the solution of nonlinear parabolic equation ε uxx = f(x, t, u, ux, ut), 0 < x < 1, t > 0 subject to appropriate initial and Dirichlet boundary conditions, where ε > 0 is a small positive constant. We also propose a new explicit difference scheme of order 2 in time and 4 in space for the estimates of (∂u/∂x). The main objective is the proposed formulas are directly applicable to both singular and nonsingular problems. We do not require any fictitious points outside the solution region and any special technique to handle the singular problems. Stability analysis of a model problem is discussed. Numerical results are provided to validate the usefulness of the proposed formulas. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007
Partially hydrolyzed kappa carrageenan—polyacrylonitrile as a novel biopolymer‐based superabsorbent hydrogel: Synthesis, characterization, and swelling behaviors
Authors: Savoji M. T. , Pourjavadi A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, synthesis and swelling behavior of a novel superabsorbent hydrogel based on kappa carrageenan (κC) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was investigated. To achieve partially hydrolyzed κC‐PAN hydrogel, physical mixture of κC and PAN was hydrolyzed by NaOH solution. During alkaline hydrolysis, the nitrile groups of PAN are converted to a mixture of hydrophilic carboxamide and carboxylate groups follow by in situ crosslinking of the grafted PAN chains. The reaction variables affecting on the swelling capacity of the hydrogel were systematically optimized to achieve a hydrogel with swelling capacity as high as possible. Under the optimized conditions concluded, super swelling hydrogel with the ability of water absorption up to 3260 g/g (water/dry hydrogel powder) has been prepared. Swelling measurements of the synthesized hydrogels was carried out in various salt solutions and solutions with different pH. The results indicate that the hydrogels have good pH sensitivity and pH‐reversible property between pH 2 and pH 8. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:1778–1786, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
A novel fabrication method for the mold insert of microlens arrays by hot embossing molding
Authors: Shen Y. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper reports a simple and novel procedure for fabricating the mold insert of microlens arrays. In this paper, an L9 experimental matrix design based on the Taguchi method is constructed to optimize the replication quality of molded microlens arrays. The results of the statistical analysis indicate that the processing temperature is the principal parameter affecting the sag height of the molded microlens array. The 200 × 200 arrays of molded microlens, with a diameter of 150 μm, a pitch of 200 μm and a sag height of 31.51 μm have been successfully fabricated. The average surface roughness of the Ni mold insert is 6.916 nm. The average surface roughness of the molded microlens array is 4.608 nm. The processing temperature is the most important factor for the radius of curvature of molded microlens. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:1797–1803, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Atomic layer deposition of Zn1−xMgxO buffer layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Törndahl T. , Platzer‐Björkman C. , Kessler J. , Edoff M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFabrication of Zn1−xMgxO films by atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been studied for use as buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)‐based solar cell devices. The Zn1−xMgxO films were grown using diethyl zinc, bis‐cyclopentadienyl magnesium and water as precursors in the temperature range from 105 to 180°C. Single‐phase ZnO‐like films were obtained for x < 0·2, followed by a two phase region of ZnO‐ and MgO‐like structures for higher Mg concentrations. Increasing optical band gaps of up to above 3·8 eV were obtained for Zn1−xMgxO with increasing x. It was found that the composition of the Zn1−xMgxO films varied as an effect of deposition temperature as well as by increasing the relative amount of magnesium precursor pulses during film growth. Completely Cd‐free CIGS‐based solar cells devices with ALD‐Zn1−xMgxO buffer layers were fabricated and showed efficiencies of up to 14·1%, which was higher than that of the CdS references. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of fluorene‐based polyheteroarylenes for photovoltaic devices
Authors: Ashraf Raja Shahid , Hoppe Harald , Shahid Munazza , Gobsch Gerhard , Sensfuss Steffi , Klemm Elisabeth 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNovel copolymers consisting of the alternating push–pull comonomers fluorene and thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine/quinoxaline were synthesized by a palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction in 60–80% yields. The structure of the deeply colored copolymers was confirmed with 1H and 13C NMR. All the new materials were characterized with spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells based on some of the novel polymers in combination with the well‐known fullerene acceptor [6,6]‐phenyl C61–butyric acid methyl ester were fabricated, and their photovoltaic parameters were measured. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6952–6961, 2006