bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prehistoric human ecology in the Southern Levant east of the Rift from 20 000-6 000 BP.
Authors: Henry Don O. 
Published: October 2008

In spite of alternative post-processual and purely social paradigms, Levantine prehistory relies strongly on a cultural écologie paradigm in interpretation of the archaeological record. Paleo environmental reconstructions, forming the core of such an approach, are refined through periodic syntheses which incorporate newly acquired local and site-specific evidence within regional successions.
Data recovered from east of the Rift Valley in the southern Levant (Jordan) reveal a few important differences when compared to our current regional overviews. Perhaps the most striking contrast rests within the Late Glacial Maximum. Here there is good evidence to indicate one or more moist episodes within what is traditionally viewed as a long, cold-dry interval stretching from 22-15 kya. Also, from a cultural perspective, Jordanian data indicate that during the LGM the prehistoric inhabitants of the Levant were not restricted to the Mediterranean woodlands, as traditionally believed. Not only were Kebaran Complex groups (Early Hamran) occupying the fringe areas, arid land adapted populations (Qalkhan and others) were present in substantial numbers within the marginal zone.
Changements climatiques et évolution des plaines alluviales dans le sud du Levant durant les stades isotopiques 5 (125-75 Ka) et 4 (75-55 Ka)
Authors: Sanlaville Paul 
Published: October 2008

À Mudawwara, dans l 'extrême-sud de la Jordanie, la datation au U/Th de dépôts coquilliers montre qu 'un vaste lac s 'est formé au cours du stade isotopique 5 (en 5e et 5a), mais aussi antérieurement (sans doute au stade 7). D'autres datations réalisées en Jordanie dans les bassins d 'el-Jafr et d 'Azraq, mais également les spéléothèmes de la grotte de Soreq, près de Jérusalem, attestent de l 'importance de la phase humide du stade isotopique 5 (125- 75 ka) et conduisent à penser que les lacs du Néfoud et du Roub al-Khali, placés entre 20 et 30 ka. sur la foi d'anciennes datations au 14C, remontent très probablement au stade 5 et seraient contemporains de la grande phase humide qu 'a connue le Sahara lors du dernier Interglaciaire pléistocène. Même si relativement rares sont les sites archéologiques de plein air que l 'on peut attribuer à cette période, le Sud-Levant et probablement tout le Proche-Orient devaient connaître, alors, des conditions très favorables à l'Homme jusque dans des secteurs aujourd'hui très arides.
Au cours du stade 4 (75-55 ka), l 'aridification qui a suivi, caractérisée par des pluies irrégulières et brutales, a entraîné la destruction de la végétation et des sols et la mise en place partout au Proche-Orient mais aussi, par exemple, sur les deux rives de la mer Rouge, d'une terrasse alluviale dans les vallées, de glacis et de vastes épandages de cailloutis dans les bassins intérieurs et sur les piémonts.
Elle a contribué ainsi à la destruction ou à la fossilisation sous les cailloutis des sites d'occupation de la phase précédente et à la richesse de cette formation alluviale en artefacts du Moustérien levantin dont la faible usure atteste de la relative faiblesse des déplacements. L 'incision qui a suivi aurait pu se produire vers 55-52 ka, lors d'un épisode humide du début du stade 3.
Cette reconstitution de la dynamique morphoclimatique ne donne, pourtant, qu'une idée schématique et grossière de deux stades isotopiques qui ont été, en fait, très complexes, surtout le stade 5.
Archaeobotanical evidence for early Neolithic diet and subsistence at M'lefaat (Iraq)
Authors: Savard Manon , Nesbitt M. , Gale Rowena 
Published: October 2008

The archaeobotanical assemblage of the Aceramic Neolithic site of M'lefaat, dated to the beginning of the 10th millennium uncal. BP, is dominated by legumes, especially Vicieae, Lathyrus/Vicia, Vicia ervilia and Lens, and by grasses, such as Hordeum spon- taneum/distichon, Aegilops cylindrica/tauschii/spehoides ssp. speltoides and Triticura boeoticum/Secale. Other taxa such as Gypsophila pilosa type and Bellevalia type, also count for a significant part of the assemblage. Taxa associated with a riverine environment dominate the charcoal assemblage.
The archaeobotanical results of other contemporary steppic sites of the northern Fertile Crescent. (Qermez Dere, Abu Hureyra, Mureybet and Jerfel Ahmar), were compared to those of M'lefaat. The results are quite similar : legumes, especially Vicia and Lens, and grasses, especially Hordeum spontaneum/distichon and Triticum boeoticum/Secale, dominate. A distinctive trait of the M'lefaat assemblage is the abundance of Aegilops. Although it is impossible to rule out domestication or cultivation, there is no positive evidence for this at the site. Archaeobotanical results from M'lefaat and other steppic sites suggest that wetter conditions and a moist-steppe vegetation and/or forest-steppe, with good grasses, were in place 10,000 BP.
Les structures funéraires à crémation de l'Âge du Bronze au Semirech'e, Kazakhstan (nécropoles de Kul'Saj, de Kyzyl-Bulak et d'Oj-Dzhajljau)
Authors: Bendezu-Sarmiento Julio 
Published: October 2008

This article presents a bio-anthropological study of an assemblage of cremations found in various sites of the Late and Final Bronze Ages of the Semirich'e area (southeast Kazakhstan). The results indicate that burning took place once or twice and concerned not only adults of both sexes but also immature individuals. In the case of vety young individuals, it seems that there was a specific process at the time of deposition in the pit. Double burials could contain either two cremated individuals, or one cremated and one buried individual, especially among the immature examples. The simultaneity of these two funeral practices is not demonstrated, and in certain cases it could well be related to secondary "inhumation ".
A radiocarbon date shows that these features, even though they are dated to the Final Bronze Age by their discoverers, a radiocarbon date shows that these features could be older, Early or Late Bronze Age (1 700-1 500 ВС). Thus, this region could have been inhabited Andronovo populations well before the date advanced a researchers.
L'islam aux États-Unis : une nouvelle religion publique ?
Authors: Zeghal Malika 
Published: October 2008

■ Malika Zeghal, Islam in the United States : a new public religion ?
In the United States, Islam is becoming today a "public religion". The first Muslim organizations established in North America have been influenced by the ideologies of political Islam, but have in the 1980s opened up to the idea of their political participation in the American System. In the 1990s, the Federal State initiated a symbolic recognition of American Islam at a time when foreign Islamic groups started to become the "enemy". Torn between these two representations of Islam, American Muslims have had to reinvent their discourse in order to fit within American definitions of pluralism.
État présent des études sur la correspondance de Diderot
Authors: Melançon Benoît 
Published: October 2008

B. Melançon: The Present State of Research on Diderot's Correspondence.
In this review article, to which is appended a comprehensive bibliography of studies of Diderot's letters, the author shows how there has traditionally been little interest in their study as literary works. Particular series (especially the letters to Sophie Voland) have long attracted attention, but otherwise research has tended to be documentary, or they have been used as a source of biographical information. The author indicates recent interest in the literary qualities of the letters and possible directions for future research, insisting particularly on the need to study the correspondence as a whole.
Le complexe d'Esaü : Diderot et la fraternité
Authors: Dion Françoise 
Published: October 2008

Françoise Dion : The Esau Complex : Diderot and his Brother.
This article discusses Diderot's relationship with his father and his brother and draws a parallel with the Biblical story of Esau and Jacob. Like Esau, Diderot renounced his privileges as the eldest son when he refused an ecclesiastical career. However, the canon's hostility to the philosopher, justified on religious grounds, can also be seen as jealousy for their father's preference for his eldest son.
La pathologie mentale dans l'Encyclopédie : définitions et distribution nosologique
Authors: Rey Roselyne 
Published: October 2008

Roselyne Rey : Mental Pathology in the Encyclopédie : Definitions and Classification.
The Encyclopédie articles on mental illness are compared to those in contemporary reference works, from Chambers' Cyclopœdia in 1742 to the edition of 1781-6. On the one hand greater medicalisation was accompagnied by a limitation of vocabulary. At the same time, the Encyclopédie simplifies and introduces greater coherence in the classification of diseases. Particularly interesting is the greater importance placed on the explanation of mental illness by reference to the nervous system after vol. VIII ; this corresponds to the replacement of Arnulphe D'Aumont by the vitalist Ménuret de Chambaud as author of the articles.
Recherches nouvelles sur les manuscrits des Observations sur le Nakaz
Authors: Rebejkow Jean-Christophe 
Published: October 2008

Jean-Christophe Rebejkow : New Research on the Observations sur le Nakaz.
This article argues that the copy of the Observations in the manuscript n.a.fr.24938, revised by Diderot on his return from Russia in 1774, should be taken as the text for this work. The different form of the text shows his changed attitude towards the Physiocrats and also his view of Montesquieu. In this work we see Diderot trying to develop an original political thought, freed from existing models, and his refusal to formulate a systematic political treatise.
La faute à Diderot ?
Authors: Albertan-Coppola Sylviane 
Published: October 2008

Sylviane Albertan-Coppola : The Fault of Diderot ?
An analysis of the image of Diderot found in the antiphilosophical works of the abbé Barruel. First of all, in Les Helviennes (1781-8) there is a portrait of the philosophe, seen as mad, and as either an automaton or an animal. The work's refutation of the Interprétation de la Nature is also discussed. In the Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire du jacobinisme (1797-8), in which Barruel develops his conspiracy theory of the origins of the Revolution, Diderot is seen as of minor importance compared to Voltaire, D'Alembert and Frederick II, the organisers. Although his role in the Encyclopédie and the Système de la Nature is emphasized, his honesty is recognized and he is considered to be a relatively inoffensive dupe of the main conspirators. Extracts concerning Diderot from the two works are given in appendix.
D'Holbach et le problème de la nation représentée par Georges Benrekassa
Authors: Benrekassa Georges 
Published: October 2008

Georges Benrekassa : D'Holbach and the Question of the Nation.
An analysis of D'Holbach's Encyclopédie article représentants, which brings out its contradictory elements. It is linked to an archaic vision of society but proposes a new social dynamics and new questions ; the end of the article in particular is open to two readings. Thus we can see how the Encyclopédie reflects its time, embodies its conflicting tendencies and evolves with changes in political thought.
Le droit à l'instruction par Catherine Kintzler
Authors: Kintzler Catherine 
Published: October 2008

Catherine Kintzler : The Right to Education.
Condorcet's writings on education (Cinq mémoires sur l'instruction publique and Rapport et projet de décret sur l'organisation générale de l'Instruction publique) present the most elaborate formulation of the right to education during the Revolution. The Encyclopédie provided both tools for Condorcet — in the idea of Enlightenment, of avoidance of error, in its model of knowledge and its organisation, and in its idea of modern education — , and also an obstacle : the incapacity of its time to see education as a right and its Spartan ideal of moulding individuals for society.
L'abbé Diderot et le philosophe, échange de lettres présenté
Authors: Perol Lucette , Chouillet Anne-Marie 
Published: October 2008

Abbé Diderot and the Philosopher.
Four unpublished letters (three unsigned letters and a rough draft) to Diderot from his brother Didier-Pierre, recently acquired by the Langres Library, fragments from which were given in Diderot's Correspondence . They are reproduced here together with the corresponding letters from Diderot in order to present the complete dialogue which throws light on their relationship. The first letter (22 July, 1756) concerns the Priory of Rimaucourt, about which Didier-Pierre was involved in a dispute, while the others, dating from August to December 1772, concern Angélique's marriage (presented by Lucette Perol et Anne-Marie Chouillet).
Charles Nodier lecteur de Diderot
Authors: Mortier Roland 
Published: October 2008

Roland Mortier : Charles Nodier' s Reading of Diderot.
The publication in 1830 of the first volume of Paulin's edition, and the reaction of Sainte-Beuve and Nodier, mark the beginning of Diderot's rehabilitation in a period when he was officially decried. In a long passage which is reproduced here, Nodier, basing his remarks only on the texts known before 1830, is particularly favourable towards the philosopher, whose visionary style and radicalism he admires. His is a romantic interpretation, in which Diderot is the representative of an age of crisis and of the people. It is thus less the content of his philosophy which interests Nodier than his style, which makes him the father of modern prose.
Le fragment d'une version inconnue de l'Encyclopédie : «L'Encyclopédie augmentée de l'histoire des hommes illustres... » de Mannheim (1768)
Authors: Voss Jürgen 
Published: October 2008

Jürgen Voss: A Fragment of an Unknown Version of the Encyclopédie.
In 1768, the journal L'Europe littéraire, published in Mannheim, announced the publication of an Encyclopédie augmentée de l'histoire des hommes illustres. However, as the journal folded in the same year, the project was discontinued. Only a 96-page fragment containing articles from A to « Abeilles » was published by the Electoral printing-house in Mannheim and probably edited by J.D. Schöpflin, president of the Mannheim Academy of Sciences. While this fragment reproduces unchanged many of the Encyclopédie articles, several were shortened, 15 new articles were added, mainly on historical figures, and the article abandonnement was lengthened.
Lettres inédites de Grimm à Catherine II
Authors: Karp Sergueï , Plavinskaya Nadejda , Dulac Georges , Iskul Sergueï 
Published: October 2008

Sergueï Karp, Sergueï Iskul, Georges Dulac, Nadejda Plavinskaya; Grimm's Unpublished Letters to Catherine II.
Fifty-one dossiers containing Grimm's letters to Catherine II, at present in the Leningrad Historical Institute Archives, were not included in Grot's 19th-century edition of Grimm's correspondence with the Empress. A new edition of Grimm's correspondence is at present in preparation, using these manuscripts. To give an idea of their importance, one of these letters, begun on 20/31 October and finished on 18/29 December 1784, is published here. In this long letter, in addition to fulsome praise of and thanks to the Empress, Grimm provides information concerning Diderot's widow's pension, his daughter, the copies being made of the philosopher's manuscripts, and Naigeon's plans for an edition of his works.
Sur l'expression chez Diderot, autour du Paradoxe sur le comédien et des Pensées sur l'Interprétation de la nature
Authors: Ibrahim Annie 
Published: October 2008

Annie Ibrahim: The Question of Expression in Diderot, with Reference to Le Paradoxe sur le comédien and Pensées sur l'Interprétation de la nature.
This article attempts to analyse the difficult question of Diderot's reflexion on the question of expression, with particular reference to two very different discussions, in Le paradoxe sur le comédien, and Pensées sur l'interprétation de la Nature. Diderot's conceptualisation of the problem is incomplete as he only presents a model of expression and approaches the problem through that of the imitation of a hidden natural unity. To show how these two texts lead up to a generalized æsthetics characterising his whole work, Diderot's treatment of the question of disorder and monsters in nature is traced through his works, from the Pensées philosophiques onwards, while Bordeu's Encyclopédie articles indicate a method for interpreting nature, and a semiotics implying the unity of the living organism.
Les encyclopédistes et le Paris du dix-huitième siècle
Authors: Kafker Frank A. 
Published: October 2008

Frank A. Kafker: The Encyclopedists and 18th-century Paris.
The autor undertakes a study of the numbers of encyclopedists living in Paris and attempts to draw general conclusions. Although most of the collaborators on the Encyclopédie were not born in Paris, the majority of them were attracted to the capital. Many however left Paris during the Revolution, as the town seemed dangerous to them, and they tended to look back with nostalgia on the Ancien Régime.
Didier Diderot lecteur de Denis : ses Réflexions sur le Fils naturel
Authors: Perol Lucette 
Published: October 2008

Didier Diderot's reflections on Le fils naturel, presented by Lucette Perol.
These remarks are the continuation of those concerning the Essai sur le mérite et la vertu, published in RDE 9. They were never sent to his brother, with whom he did not dare to argue directly. The abbé's concern to defend religion and morality against what he sees as his brother's attacks lead him to misunderstand many aspects of the text. Here again we see his hostility to the "philosophes", although we may wonder how much of what he writes is dictated by conviction and how much by jealousy.
De quelques problèmes d'interprétation posés par les maximes des Principes de politique des souverains de Diderot
Authors: Rebejkow Jean-Christophe 
Published: October 2008

Jean-Christophe Rebejkow : Concerning some problems of interpreting the maxims of Diderot's Principes de politique des souverains.
Diderot's Principes de politique des souverains is a disconcerting work, as the succession of maxims does not seem to follow any clear plan. We therefore see the importance of a philological analysis. A comparison of the different sources has led us to accord more importance to the text of the Correspondance littéraire, which is the most reliable and is in line with Naigeon's declaration that the definitive version of the work was the shortest. The Principes therefore poses the problem of the "complete" text versus the definitive text.
Diderot et Philidor : le philosophe au chevet d'Ernelinde
Authors: Couvreur Manuel 
Published: October 2008

Manuel Couvreur: Diderot and Philidor. The philosophe at Ernelinde's bedside.
Diderot's collaboration on Philidor's Ernelinde, already known from a suspect account by Collé, is confirmed and elaborated on by Dorat. Sedaine's mediation is not enough to explain Diderot's agreement to help Ernelinde's librettist, Poinsinet, whom he hated, and yet this lyric tragedy, of great importance in the genre's evolution, betrays the influence of Diderot and of his disciple Chastellux. Thus Diderot must have directly influenced the composer Philidor, a long-lasting friend. Diderot suggested the idea for his Carmen saeculare and asked Philidor to set to music his Hymne à l'amitié, a masonic work versified by Jean Devaines. The as yet unpublished score is to be found in the Correspodance littéraire.
L'économie politique des Anciens et celle des Modernes dans l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Minerbi Marco 
Published: October 2008

Marco Minerbi: Economic Thought in the Encyclopédie.
The Encyclopédie plays an important role in the development of economic thought, as the Physiocratic school, represented by Quesnay's articles, marked a turning point in economics. However, the Moderns are not the only strand of thought represented, as other articles in the first edition, by Rousseau and Damilaville, reflect a different tendency. In addition, Montesquieu's thought, which considered the Ancients as superior to the Moderns, was still dominant. The Encyclopédie also reproduces the debate between D. Hume and R. Wallace, and in the affirmation of the Ancients' superiority, economics plays a fundamental role.
Les avatars de quelques articles de musique de Rousseau entre Encyclopédies et Dictionnaire
Authors: Cernuschi Alain 
Published: October 2008

Alain Cernuschi: The transformation of some of Rousseau's musical articles between the Encyclopédie and subject dictionaries.
This article follows the transformation of some of Rousseau's articles on music, from their publication in the Encyclopédie up to their indirect use in several of its continuations, which all plunder his Dictionnaire de musique (the volumes of illustrations, the Supplément, the Yverdon Encyclopédie, the Méthodique). We study the different editorial logic behind this plagiarisation and the variations in the practice of juxtaposing or mixing together in a single article several different views on the same subject. Thus we see an example of the metamorphoses of the Encyclopédie in which the polyphonic composition of the articles seems to reduce its philosophical impact.
L'Encyclopedia metodica : la traduction espagnole de l'Encyclopédie méthodique
Authors: Donato Clorinda 
Published: October 2008

Clorinda Donato: The Enciclopedia Metódica: The Spanish Translation of the Encyclopédie Méthodique.
While several small articles address the history of the Encyclopédie méthodique in Spain, its partial Spanish translation has received short shrift. Though only eleven volumes of text and one volume of plates were produced, the translations themselves and their translators have rarely been queried, not to mention the politics of publishing them between 1788 and 1794. Based upon documentation from the Archivo Histórico Nacional in Madrid, this articles offers insight into the complex maneuvering of figures such as the Condé de Campomanes that served to make publication possible. It appears that both inquisitorial and domestic affairs censoring committees came to a tacit agreement during the reign of Charles III that promised to reduce the censorship procedure to a pro forma operation. However, the death of Charles III and the return of full-blown inquisitorial censorship under Charles IV made the translation project short-lived.
Michel-Ange Marin et les Pensées philosophiques
Authors: Trousson Raymond 
Published: October 2008

Raymond Trousson: Michel-Ange Marin and the Pensées philosophiques.
Few of Diderot's works were as systematically analysed and criticized as the Pensées philosophiques, which were published in 1746 and were still being refuted forty years later. One hitherto unnoticed refutation is Father Marin of the Minim order, a controversialist and author of many apologetic novels which continued to be popular up to the end of the 19th century. The preface to his novel Le baron Van Hesden ou la République des incrédules (1762) singles out Diderot's Pensées philosophiques as being particularly dangerous due to their dense, concise form. He is mainly concerned to denounce the author's inconsistency and incapacity to follow a logical reasoning, to show up his bad faith and to condemn his apology for the passions. Although ignoring the essential problems (sensualism, criticism of superstition, Diderot's attitude towards materialism and atheism), Marin nevertheless indicates, 16 years after their publication, the crucial importance of the Pensées philosophiques.