bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vegetation controls on soil moisture distribution in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, during the North American monsoon
Authors: Vivoni Enrique R. , Rinehart Alex J. , Méndez‐Barroso Luis A. , Aragón Carlos A. , Bisht Gautam , Cardenas M. Bayani , Engle Emily , Forman Barton A. , Frisbee Marty D. , Gutiérrez‐Jurado Hugo A. , Hong Song‐ho , Mahmood Taufique H. , Tai Kinwai , Wyckoff Robert L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSoil moisture distributions are expected to be closely tied to ecosystem processes in water‐limited environments of the southwest United States. Nevertheless, few studies have addressed how soil moisture varies across grassland to forest transitions frequently observed in semiarid mountain settings. In this study, we quantify the vegetation controls on surface soil moisture by sampling a range of different ecosystems present in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico. Soil and atmospheric variables were measured during a 2‐week field campaign conducted in late July to early August 2005 during the North American monsoon. Field observations were supplemented by a network of continuous instruments used to assess conditions prior to and after the sampling campaign. Results reveal that soil moisture responds directly to summer precipitation events and is mediated by plant interception, which differs across the grassland–forest continuum. The nature of the spatial and temporal variations in soil moisture changes across the different sampled ecosystems: wetlands, riparian forests, grasslands, ponderosa, deciduous and mixed conifer forests. In particular, statistical analyses of soil moisture distributions indicate that distinct regimes (e.g. probability density functions) exist along the semiarid vegetation gradient, which may not be revealed through simple metrics such as the ecosystem average. Ecosystem differences are further elucidated through comparison of the spatial variations in each vegetation type, indicating higher variability in wetland and grassland sites. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transpiration and stomatal conductance across a steep climate gradient in the southern Rocky Mountains
Authors: McDowell Nate G. , White Sandra , Pockman William T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTranspiration (E) is regulated over short time periods by stomatal conductance (Gs) and over multi‐year periods by tree‐ and stand‐structural factors such as leaf area, height and density, with upper limits ultimately set by climate. We tested the hypothesis that tree structure, stand structure andGstogether regulateEper ground area (Eg) within climatic limits using three sites located across a steep climatic gradient: a low‐elevationJuniperuswoodland, a mid‐elevationPinusforest and a high‐elevationPiceaforest. We measured leaf area : sapwood area ratio (Al:As), height and ecosystem sapwood area : ground area ratio (As:Ag) to assess long‐term structural adjustments, tree‐ring carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) to assess seasonal gas exchange, and whole‐treeEandGsto assess short‐term regulation. We used a hydraulic model based on Darcy's law to interpret the interactive regulation ofGsandEg. Common allometric dependencies were found only in the relationship of sapwood area to diameter for pine and spruce; there were strong site differences for allometric relationships of sapwood area to basal area,Al:AsandAs:Ag. On a sapwood area basis,Edecreased with increasing elevation, but this pattern was reversed whenEwas scaled to the crown usingAl:As.Egwas controlled largely byAs:Ag, and bothEgandGsdeclined from high‐ to low‐elevation sites. Observation‐model comparisons ofEg,Gsand δ13C were strongest using the hydraulic model parameterized with precipitation, vapour pressure deficit,Al:As, height, andAs:Ag, supporting the concept that climate,Gs, tree‐ and stand‐structure interact to regulateEg. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of vegetation, albedo, and solar radiation sheltering on the distribution of snow in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico
Authors: Rinehart Alex J. , Vivoni Enrique R. , Brooks Paul D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe effects of radiation scattering and sheltering on snow distributions are poorly understood in montane regions of the southwestern United States. To examine this, we develop a single‐layer, distributed snow model (DSM) that includes canopy interception, and radiation scattering and sheltering. In our simulations, we distinguish between local and remote controls on shortwave radiation. This allows us to vary the representation of the effective albedo of the surrounding terrain from a vegetated to a snow‐covered landscape and examine the impact this has on snow accumulation and melt. The distributed model is applied to La Jara catchment in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, during the 2004–2005 winter season. Results indicate that a landscape‐scale albedo controlled by vegetation has little effect on local scale‐processes, such as incoming shortwave radiation and maximum snow water equivalent (SWE). This implies that increases from scattered light are nearly equal to the losses of radiation from remote sheltering. In contrast, when landscape‐scale albedo is controlled by snow cover or by a proposed dynamic method accounting for snow in the vegetation canopy, there are large deviations in the spatiotemporal distributions of shortwave radiation and SWE due to scattered radiation exceeding the sheltering effects of remote topography. Our study results indicate that remote interactions of radiation, vegetation and topography are critical to consider in snow ecohydrological studies in regions with high solar flux and rugged topography. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of DA‐preconditioned FINN for electric power system fault detection
Authors: Itagaki Tadahiro , Mori Hiroyuki , Yamada Takeshi , Urano Shoichi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper proposes a hybrid method of deterministic annealing (DA) and fuzzy inference neural network (FINN) for electric power system fault detection. It extracts features of input data with two‐staged precondition of fast Fourier transform (FFT) and DA. FFT is useful for extracting the features of fault currents while DA plays a key role in classifying input data into clusters in a sense of global classification. FINN is a more accurate estimation model than the conventional artificial neural networks (ANNs). The proposed method is successfully applied to data obtained by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) power simulator. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(2): 39– 46, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20497
Efficiency evaluation of lightning fault inspection in 66‐kV transmission line
Authors: Narita Tomomi , Yamaguchi Setsuo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA transmission line must be immediately inspected when it is struck by lightning, and damaged parts must be found and changed promptly if the damage is serious. However, such cases are now uncommon owing to the effective design of the lightning protection system now in use. Therefore, it is important to compare data on past lightning events and on transmission lines and to formulate criteria for deciding more precisely in which cases an actual inspection should be carried out. The criteria identified are as follows: (1) the insulator voltage exceeds the critical voltage; (2) the arc current and arc duration exceed the characteristic of insulator breakdown; (3) the number of accident phases is more than 3 ground faults per circuit; (4) the tower foot resistance is 10 ohms or more; (5) the lightning current has a positive characteristic. By using these criteria, the number of lightning fault inspections was reduced by 34%. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(2): 15–22, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20724
Heterobimetallic Bisphosphonate Titanium Complexes: Carbene‐Like Carbanions?
Authors: Spichty Martin , Kulicke Klaus J. , Neuburger Markus , Schaffner Silvia , Mueller Juergen F. K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA new class of carbene‐like titanium complexes is easily accessible by means of a dilithiation–transmetallation sequence of a bisphosphonate. The X‐ray structure of the dimeric, organometallic compound 3 reveals a nano‐sized, multi‐layer aggregate with titanium‐metallated, trigonal planar carbon centers being devoid of Li contacts. DFT calculations show that the metallated carbon is a carbanion with only a slight carbene portion (10 %); the carbene character can be easily strengthened or weakened by varying the counterion. We anticipate that the sensitivity and flexibility to influence the electronic character of these carbene‐like carbanions offers a way to design new versatile reagents with variable chemical properties.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
The Mechanism of the Stetter Reaction – A DFT Study
Authors: Hawkes Kirsty J. , Yates Brian F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOn the basis of Breslow's mechanism for benzoin condensation, a model asymmetric Stetter reaction has been investigated using DFT methods. In contrast to the concerted benzoin condensation, after formation of the Breslow intermediate the Stetter reaction is found to be a two‐step process in which the rate‐determining C–C coupling of the Breslow intermediate and the Michael acceptor precedes final proton transfer. In addition, the enolamine is found to play a significant role in the stereochemistry of the product, with the energy difference between stereoisomers of this intermediate reflected throughout the remainder of the reaction sequence. Consequently, electronic and steric control of the stereochemistry of this intermediate should directly enhance the ee values of the product. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Neutral Ionic Liquid [hmim]Br as a Green Reagent and Solvent for the Mild and Efficient Dehydration of Benzyl Alcohols into (E)‐Arylalkenes Under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Sharma Abhishek , Sharma Naina , Kumar Vinod , Sinha Arun K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA mild and efficient, ionic‐liquid‐assisted, green protocol for the dehydration of benzyl alcohols into the corresponding (E)‐arylalkenes under microwave irradiation has been developed. The method utilizes a neutral and recyclable ionic liquid (1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide) as a reagent and solvent to cleanly provide a wide range of olefins without the need of harsh and expensive Brønsted/Lewis acids. The method was extended to the efficient conversion of acetylated/benzoylated derivatives of benzyl alcohol into their corresponding (E)‐arylalkenes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Dinemasones A, B and C – New Bioactive Metabolites from the Endophytic Fungus Dinemasporium strigosum
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Sohrab Md. Hossain , van Ree Teunis , Draeger Siegfried , Schulz Barbara , Antus Sándor , Kurtán Tibor 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTwo new bioactive metabolites 1a and 2a (dinemasones A, B) were isolated in pure form and one as the diacetate 3b of dinemasone C (3a) from the ethyl acetate extract of Dinemasporium strigosum together with the known palmitic acid, ergosterol and the cis and trans isomers of 4‐hydroxymellein. The structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, notably 2D NMR techniques. Their absolute configurations were established by both their carbonyl n–π* CD transitions and the exciton chirality method of their respective dibenzoate derivatives. The dinemasones A, B (1a and 2a) showed antibacterial, antifungal, and antialgal activity.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
The Combination of Diallylboration and Ring‐Closing Metathesis in the Synthesis of Spiro‐β‐Amino Alcohols and (±)‐Cephalotaxine
Authors: Kuznetsov Nikolai Yu. , Kolomnikova Galina D. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Golovanov Denis G. , Bubnov Yuri N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA convenient and practical methodology for the preparation of various spiro‐β‐amino alcohols has been elaborated. The approach involves allylboration and ring‐closing methathesis to prepare spirobicyclic compounds and their subsequent modification to spiro‐β‐amino alcohols containing four‐ to six‐membered azacycles. N‐Boc‐protected azaspirocyclic olefins reacted with NBS in solvent under reflux to give tricyclic bromocyclocarbamates. The structure of one of the bromides was established by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The dehydrobromination of the tricyclic bromides with tBuOK produced olefins in good yields, which underwent allylic‐type rearrangement in the presence of MgBr2·Et2O. Alkaline hydrolysis of the rearranged carbamates led to diastereomerically pure spiro‐β‐amino alcohols. The structure of the dimethyl‐substituted amino alcohol was proved by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. rac‐(5R*,6S*)‐1‐Azaspiro[4.4]non‐7‐en‐6‐ol was used in the formal synthesis of cephalotaxine.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
An Efficient Method for the Glycosylation of Isoflavones
Authors: Al‐Maharik Nawaf , Botting Nigel P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe isoflavone phytoestrogens are still of current interest for their positive and negative health benefits. However, there are still many unanswered questions regarding their absorption, metabolism and bioavailability. Studies in this area require access to samples of both the isoflavone 7‐O‐glucosides, the form found in plants and the 7‐O‐glucuronides, which are important mammaliam metabolites. A new efficient, high‐yielding glycosylation procedure is described for isoflavones, which employs 2,2,2‐trifluoro‐N‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)acetamidates as the glycosyl donors. This methodology was used to prepare the 7‐O‐glycosides of the three main isoflavones, daidzein, genistein and glycitein. The isoflavones were protected with hexanoyl groups which improved their solubility in organic solvents and improved the efficiency of the reaction. The same methodology was then adapted for the synthesis of the analogous 7‐O‐glucuronides. The new synthesis will provide access to large quantities of these compounds for further biological studies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
PCA‐ and PMF‐based methodology for air pollution sources identification and apportionment
Authors: Chavent Marie , Guégan Hervé , Kuentz Vanessa , Patouille Brigitte , Saracco Jérôme 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAir pollution is a wide concern for human health and requires the development of air quality control strategies. In order to achieve this goal pollution sources have to be accurately identified and quantified. The case study presented in this paper is part of a scientific project initiated by the French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development. For the following study measurements of chemical composition data for particles have been conducted on a French urban site. The first step of the study consists in the identification of the sources profiles which is achieved through principal component analysis (PCA) completed by a rotation technique. Then the apportionment of the sources is evaluated with a receptor modeling using positive matrix factorization (PMF) as estimation method. Finally the joint use of these two statistical methods enables to characterize and apportion five different sources of fine particulate emission. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The limits to stock index arbitrage: Examining S&P 500 futures and SPDRS
Authors: Richie Nivine , Daigler Robert T. , Gleason Kimberly C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis study examines factors affecting stock index spot versus futures pricing and arbitrage opportunities by using the S&P 500 cash index and the S&P 500 Standard and Poor's Depository Receipt (SPDR) Exchange‐Traded Fund (ETF) as “underlying cash assets.” Potential limits to arbitrage when using the cash index are the staleness of the underlying cash index, trading costs, liquidity (volume) issues of the underlying assets, the existence of sufficient time to execute profitable arbitrage transactions, short sale restrictions, and the extent to which volatility affects mispricing. Alternatively, using the SPDR ETF as the underlying asset mitigates staleness and trading cost problems as well as the effects of volatility associated with the staleness of the cash index. Minute‐by‐minute prices are compared over different volatility levels to determine how these factors affect the limits of S&P 500 futures arbitrage. Employing the SPDR as the cash asset examines whether a liquid tradable single asset with low trading costs can be used for pricing and arbitrage purposes. The analysis examines how long mispricing lasts, the impact of volatility on mispricing, and whether sufficient volume exists to implement arbitrage. The minute‐by‐minute liquidity of the futures market is examined using a new transaction volume futures database. The results show that mispricings exist regardless of the choice of the underlying cash asset, with more negative mispricings for the SPDR relative to the S&P 500 cash index. Furthermore, mispricings are more frequent in high‐ and mid‐volatility months than in low‐volatility months and are associated with higher volume during high‐volatility months. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:1182–1205, 2008
Aging diseases – do they prevent preventive health care from saving costs?
Authors: Gandjour Afschin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe potential of preventive health‐care services to save costs is intensely debated. On the one hand, a longer life span increases the probability that new and costly diseases occur. On the other hand, a higher life expectancy postpones the expensive last year of life (LYOL), which becomes cheaper with age. Using US expenditure data on survivors and decedents the paper shows that prevention in the general population causes expenditures for additional diseases that are larger than the savings from postponing the LYOL. This result may also hold for prevention in diseased individuals. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the monetary value of a QALY: a new approach based on UK data
Authors: Mason Helen , Jones‐Lee Michael , Donaldson Cam 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDebate about the monetary value of a quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) has existed in the health economics literature for some time. More recently, concern about such a value has arisen in UK health policy. This paper reports on an attempt to ‘model’ a willingness‐to‐pay‐based value of a QALY from the existing value of preventing a statistical fatality (VPF) currently used in UK public sector decision making. Two methods of deriving the value of a QALY from the existing UK VPF are outlined: one conventional and one new. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the approaches are discussed as well as the implications of the results for policy and health economic evaluation methodology. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of unsedated transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the diagnosis of hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Ping , Lee Yi‐Chia , Yang Tsung‐Lin , Lou Pei‐Jen , Ko Jenq‐Yuh 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluates the efficacy of unsedated transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in the diagnosis of hypopharyngeal cancer and screening of esophageal lesions.MethodsTwenty‐seven patients with newly diagnosed hypopharyngeal cancer were evaluated by transnasal EGD without conscious sedation.ResultsTwenty‐two hypopharyngeal cancers arose from the pyriform sinus, and the other 5 tumors were from the posterior hypopharyngeal wall. Seventeen tumors were classified as T3‐T4. Twenty‐four hypopharyngeal tumors were pathologically proved malignancy by this technique. Regarding simultaneous esophageal lesions, esophageal dysplasia was noted in 4 patients and esophageal cancer occurred in 6 patients. The procedures were performed without difficulty except in 1 patient with huge posterior wall tumor. The mean procedure time was 22 minutes. All patients tolerated the procedure well, without significant bleeding or respiratory distress during examination.ConclusionUnsedated transnasal EGD is a safe, tolerable, and accurate endoscopic technique for diagnosis of hypopharyngeal cancer and screening of simultaneous esophageal cancer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Targeting heat-shock protein 90 improves efficacy of rapamycin in a model of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice #
Authors: Lang Sven A. , Moser Christian , Fichnter-Feigl Stefan , Schachtschneider Philipp , Hellerbrand Claus , Schmitz Volker , Schlitt Hans J. , Geissler Edward K. , Stoeltzing Oliver 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains associated with a poor prognosis, but novel targeted therapies in combination with anti-angiogenic substances may offer new perspectives. We hypothesized that simultaneous targeting of tumor cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes would reduce growth and angiogenesis of HCC, which represents a highly vascularized tumor entity. Recently, because of their anti-angiogenic properties, inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have entered clinical trials for therapy of HCC. However, treatment with mTOR inhibitors may lead to paradoxical activation of Akt signaling in tumor cells via insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR)–dependent and IGF-IR–independent mechanisms. Because we have recently identified heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonists to impair both oncogenic and angiogenic signaling cascades in tumor cells, including Akt and IGF-IR, we sought to investigate whether Hsp90 blockade could improve growth-inhibitory and anti-angiogenic effects of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Human HCC cells, a murine hepatoma cell line, endothelial cells (ECs), and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were employed in experiments. Results show that dual inhibition of mTOR and Hsp90 leads to effective disruption of oncogenic signaling cascades and substantially improves growth-inhibitory effects in vivo. Importantly, blocking Hsp90 abrogated the rapamycin-induced activation of Akt and of the downstream effector nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in HCC tumors. Furthermore, Hsp90 inhibition reduced the expression of platelet-derived growth factor-receptor-β (PDGF-Rβ) on VSMCs, and diminished vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) expression on ECs, which further improves the anti-angiogenic capacity of this regimen. Conclusion: Blocking Hsp90 disrupts rapamycin-induced activation of alternative signaling pathways in HCCs and substantially improves the growth-inhibitory effects of mTOR inhibition in vivo. Hence, the concept of targeting tumor cells, ECs, and VSMCs by blocking Hsp90/mTOR could prove valuable for treatment of HCC. (Hepatology 2008.)