bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive processing, display and analysis for in vivo MR spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Maudsley A. A. , Darkazanli A. , Alger J. R. , Hall L. O. , Schuff N. , Studholme C. , Yu Y. , Ebel A. , Frew A. , Goldgof D. , Gu Y. , Pagare R. , Rousseau F. , Sivasankaran K. , Soher B. J. , Weber P. , Young K. , Zhu X. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractImage reconstruction for magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) requires specialized spatial and spectral data processing methods and benefits from the use of several sources of prior information that are not commonly available, including MRI‐derived tissue segmentation, morphological analysis and spectral characteristics of the observed metabolites. In addition, incorporating information obtained from MRI data can enhance the display of low‐resolution metabolite images and multiparametric and regional statistical analysis methods can improve detection of altered metabolite distributions. As a result, full MRSI processing and analysis can involve multiple processing steps and several different data types. In this paper, a processing environment is described that integrates and automates these data processing and analysis functions for imaging of proton metabolite distributions in the normal human brain. The capabilities include normalization of metabolite signal intensities and transformation into a common spatial reference frame, thereby allowing the formation of a database of MR‐measured human metabolite values as a function of acquisition, spatial and subject parameters. This development is carried out under the MIDAS project (Metabolite Imaging and Data Analysis System), which provides an integrated set of MRI and MRSI processing functions. It is anticipated that further development and distribution of these capabilities will facilitate more widespread use of MRSI for diagnostic imaging, encourage the development of standardized MRSI acquisition, processing and analysis methods and enable improved mapping of metabolite distributions in the human brain. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐voxel 1H PRESS at 4.0 T: precision and variability of measurements in anterior cingulate and hippocampus
Authors: Venkatraman Talaignair N. , Hamer Robert M. , Perkins Diana O. , Song Allen W. , Lieberman Jeffrey A. , Steen R. Grant 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe precision [coefficient of variation or CV (%) = 100SD/X] of single‐voxel point resolved spectroscopic data was characterized bilaterally, in anterior cingulate and in hippocampus, at 4.0 T in a healthy subject. Data acquisition was replicated 10 times after voxel repositioning and readjusting higher order shims. Precision measurements show that the scan‐to‐scan precision is better in anterior cingulate than in hippocampus, with an average CV of 9.2% (for total NAA, tCho and Cr) in anterior cingulate and 13.9% in hippocampus. Variability measurements made by the same method in 24 healthy subjects and in 29 schizophrenia patients showed that there is substantial biological variability in metabolite levels, even in healthy subjects. Simple calculations suggest that more than 200 subjects would be needed to detect a 5% difference in NAA between patients and controls. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
YASSPP: Better kernels and coding schemes lead to improvements in protein secondary structure prediction
Authors: Karypis George 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe accurate prediction of a protein's secondary structure plays an increasingly critical role in predicting its function and tertiary structure, as it is utilized by many of the current state‐of‐the‐art methods for remote homology, fold recognition, and ab initio structure prediction. We developed a new secondary structure prediction algorithm called YASSPP, which uses a pair of cascaded models constructed from two sets of binary SVM‐based models. YASSPP uses an input coding scheme that combines both position‐specific and nonposition‐specific information, utilizes a kernel function designed to capture the sequence conservation signals around the local window of each residue, and constructs a second‐level model by incorporating both the three‐state predictions produced by the first‐level model and information about the original sequence. Experiments on three standard datasets (RS126, CB513, and EVA common subset 4) show that YASSPP is capable of producing the highest Q3 and SOV scores than that achieved by existing widely used schemes such as PSIPRED, SSPro 4.0, SAM‐T99sec, as well as previously developed SVM‐based schemes. On the EVA dataset it achieves a Q3 and SOV score of 79.34 and 78.65%, which are considerably higher than the best reported scores of 77.64 and 76.05%, respectively. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological and growth alterations in Vero cells transformed by cisplatin
Authors: Gonçalves Estela Maria , Ventura Cláudio Ângelo , Yano Tomomasa , Macedo Maria Lígia Rodrigues , Genari Selma Candelária 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCisplatin is an antineoplastic agent used to treat solid tumours, such as ovarian, testicular and bladder tumours. However, studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that cisplatin is mutagenic, genotoxic and tumorigenic in other tissues and organs. In this work, we examined the effect of cisplatin on Vero cells, a fibroblast‐like cell line. The morphological characteristics were investigated using phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and the actin cytoskeleton was labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate‐phalloidin. Cell proliferation was assessed based on the growth curve. Cultured Vero cells treated with cisplatin showed behavioural and morphological alterations associated with cellular transformation. The transformed cells grew in multilayers and formed cellular aggregates. The proliferation and morphological characteristics of the transformed cells were very different from those of control ones. Since transformed Vero cells showed several characteristics related to neoplastic growth, these cells could be a useful model for studying tumour cells in vitro.
Introduction
Authors: CANNY NICHOLAS 
Published: June 2006

This Focus addresses the relationship between historians and the societies they serve, particularly since the later nineteenth century when, for the first time, historians began to define themselves as a distinct professional group. One of the conclusions that emerges from the four case studies pursued here is that the independence of judgement which professionalism implies, founders the moment it is perceived by a wider public that historians are no longer providing them with the moral guidance they expect from those who have studied their pasts. It is also shown that the challenges and responses did not prove identical in any two sets of circumstances. This introduction also makes reference to general challenges to which individual contributors do not necessarily refer, but which have impacted on the work and independence of all historians.Historians, both now and in the past, have been aware that what they write is, of necessity, influenced by their personal circumstances as also by their political and social preferences. Perhaps out of recognition of this, some writers of history in all centuries, and possibly from every culture, have celebrated their ability to shape policy in the present by citing experiences from past times. Then, in the nineteenth century, as governments in the west established Public Record Offices, National Archives and National Libraries, it came to be accepted in that part of the world that historians were professionals who, having undertaken a prescribed course of training, were uniquely equipped to assess how politicians and diplomats in the past had conducted their business.
Pollutant-induced effects on immunological and physiological interactions in aquatic host–trematode systems: implications for parasite transmission
Authors: Morley N.J. , Lewis J.W. , Hoole D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUnder conditions of pollution both host and parasite are susceptible to the pathogenic effects of toxicants, which in turn may result in detrimental changes to their immunological and physiological processes. Digenetic trematodes, which encompass species of both medical and economic importance, possess complex life cycles and are common parasites of both vertebrates and molluscs. The combined stress induced by pollution and parasitism influences the physiology of the host which can have implications not only on host survival but also on the functional biology of resident parasite populations. The present paper reviews the effects of pollutants on the immunology and physiology in both vertebrate and molluscan host–trematode systems and the implications for parasite transmission.
How parasitism and pollution affect the physiological homeostasis of aquatic hosts
Authors: Sures B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractParasitism poses a serious threat to hosts under certain circumstances, while the well-being of organisms is also negatively affected by environmental pollution. Little information is available on the simultaneous effects of parasites and pollutants on the physiological homeostasis of organisms. The present paper demonstrates that parasites: (i) may influence the metabolism of pollutants in infected hosts, (ii) interact with pollution in synergistic or antagonistic ways, and (iii) may induce physiological reactions in hosts which were thought to be pollutant-induced. Experimental studies on the uptake and accumulation of metals by fish reveal that fish infected with acanthocephalans have lower metal levels than uninfected hosts; e.g. Pomphorhynchus laevis reduces lead levels in fish bile, thereby diminishing or impeding the hepatic intestinal cycling of lead, which may reduce the quantity of metals available for fish. Alterations in pollutant uptake and accumulation in different intermediate and final hosts due to parasites are thus very important in the field of ecotoxicology. In addition to such alterations, there is a close interaction between the effects of pollutants and parasites which seems to be mediated at least partly by the endocrine system, which itself is closely related to the immune system in fish. Laboratory studies on eels experimentally infected with the swimbladder nematode Anguillicola crassus reveal that toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls produce immunosuppressive effects which facilitate parasite infection. Similarly, an increase in serum cortisol concentration in eels due to chemical exposure and infection is correlated with decreasing levels of anti-A. crassus antibodies. Furthermore, parasites are able to elicit physiological changes which are attributed to chemicals with endocrine disrupting activity, e.g. the cestode Ligula intestinalis is known to suppress gonad development in roach. The most thoroughly documented examples of endocrine disruption in wild fish are in roach, and it is conceivable that this disruption is not only due to chemical activity but also to parasites such as L. intestinalis or species of the phylum Microspora.
Influence of climatic changes on the parasites of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua off coastal Labrador, Canada
Authors: Khan R.A. , Chandra C.V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study was conducted in 2000 and 2003, following the collapse of the commercial fishery in 1990, to compare metazoan parasites of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, captured off coastal Labrador, with samples taken in 1980 and 1986. Fish were captured by otter trawl offshore in the North Atlantic Fish Organisation subarea 2J. Parasites were removed from the digestive tract, stained, identified and compared between the different groups. Both the prevalence and mean abundance of trematodes, larval nematodes and E. gadi were significantly lower in fish taken in 2000 and 2003 than in 1980. While mean values of trematodes and nematodes declined in 1986, those of Echinorhynchus gadi remained unchanged in 1986 and 1990. Four-year-old cod sampled in 1990 harboured significantly fewer E. gadi than older age groups. The most commonly occurring trematodes included Podocotylereflexa, Lepidapedon elongatum, Derogenes varicus and Hemiurus levinseni while the larval nematode, Anisakis sp. was predominant. Comparison of offshore samples taken in 2000 and 2003 with others taken in previous years suggests an overall decline of parasites coincident with a change in climatic conditions, the absence of a major food source, namely capelin Mallotus villosus, of cod and ultimately the decline of the Labrador population.
The swimbladder nematode Anguillicola crassus in the European eel Anguilla anguilla and the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica: differences in susceptibility and immunity between a recently colonized host and the original host
Authors: Knopf K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe swimbladder nematode Anguillicola crassus originates from Asia where it is a parasite of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. After its introduction to Europe about 25 years ago, the parasite spread rapidly within the indigenous populations of the European eel Anguilla anguilla and subsequently the prevalence and mean intensity appeared to stabilize. Under experimental and aquaculture conditions the naïve new host appears to be more susceptible to A. crassus compared to the original host. Both eel species develop a immune response against A. crassus. The antibody response is well characterized for the European eel, but poorly characterized for the Japanese eel. It remains unclear if antibodies have any protective function against A. crassus. Encapsulation of larvae of A. crassus can be observed in naturally infected European eels. However, encapsulation of larvae following experimental infection has not been detected in European eels, but only in Japanese eels. Reinfection experiments and intraperitoneal injection of A. crassus homogenates failed to demonstrate the development of acquired immunity in European eels. Immunization with irradiated third stage larvae provided preliminary evidence for acquired immunity against A. crassus in the Japanese eel, but not in the European eel.
The pubertal timing controversy in the USA, and a review of possible causative factors for the advance in timing of onset of puberty
Authors: Slyper Arnold H. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryPreviously used standards for the diagnosis of precocious puberty in girls no longer appear to be appropriate in the USA, in that a significant number of girls are being seen in paediatricians’ offices with breast budding before 8 years of age. The timing of menarche, however, has changed little over the past few decades. Early maturing girls are more likely to become obese in adolescence and adulthood than normal or late maturing girls. Early maturing white girls are heavier at the onset of puberty, but this is not the case for African‐American girls or boys of either race. Boys and girls with premature pubarche may be more hyperinsulinaemic than normal children, and girls with premature pubarche more likely to develop functional ovarian and adrenal hyperandrogenism. Early menarche is preceded by prepubertal hyperinsulinaemia. It is proposed that pubertal onset, although not necessarily the tempo of puberty, is influenced by hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance. If this hypothesis is correct, insulin resistance may be more prevalent in US children than previously recognized. An advance in timing of onset of puberty has not been noted in other countries, although it is likely that this phenomenon may become more prevalent as other countries adopt a more American lifestyle and diet.
Interactions between cottonwood and beavers positively affect sawfly abundance
Authors: BAILEY JOSEPH K. , WHITHAM THOMAS G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract 1. Cottonwood (Populus spp.) are the dominant tree type in riparian forests of the western U.S.A. In these riparian forests, the beaver (Castor canadensis) is a major ecosystem engineer that commonly browses cottonwood, resulting in distinct changes to plant architecture. Here the hypothesis that beaver herbivory indirectly affects the distribution of a keystone leaf‐galling sawfly through architectural changes in cottonwood was examined.2. It was found that: (a) beaver herbivory of cottonwood results in an increase in average shoot length over unbrowsed cottonwood; (b) sawfly galls were up to 7–14 times more abundant on browsed cottonwood than unbrowsed cottonwood; and (c) sawfly gall abundance was correlated positively with changes in shoot length after beaver herbivory. Together these data show that the individual and combined effects of cottonwood and beaver herbivory increase shoot length, positively affecting sawfly abundance.3. Because herbivores are a ubiquitous component of most ecosystems, we argue that the indirect effects of herbivory on plant quality, and subsequently other herbivores, may be as important as environmental variation.
The influence of temperature on migration of Lepidoptera into Britain
Authors: Sparks T. H. , Roy D. B. , Dennis R. L. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA unique 113‐year record of numbers of nine migrating butterflies and 20 migrating moths is examined in relation to temperatures on the migration route, to temperatures in England, and to the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). This study clearly reveals the strong association between numbers of migrant Lepidoptera and temperatures in France; with higher temperatures associated with increased migrant numbers. The NAO also appears influential with high index years associated with increased numbers. The strong temperature link suggests that Britain and other northern temperate countries can expect to receive larger numbers of migrant Lepidoptera if climate warms as predicted in the 21st century.
Contrasting responses to drought of forest floor CO2 efflux in a Loblolly pine plantation and a nearby Oak‐Hickory forest
Authors: Palmroth S. , Maier C. A. , McCarthy H. R. , Oishi A. C. , Kim H.‐S. , Johnsen K.H. , Katul G. G. , Oren R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractForest floor CO2 efflux (Fff) depends on vegetation type, climate, and soil physical properties. We assessed the effects of biological factors on Fff by comparing a maturing pine plantation (PP) and a nearby mature Oak‐Hickory‐type hardwood forest (HW). Fff was measured continuously with soil chambers connected to an IRGA during 2001–2002. At both sites, Fff depended on soil temperature at 5 cm (T5) when soil was moist (soil moisture, θ>0.20 m3 m−3), and on both T5 and θ when soil was drier. A model (Fff (T5, θ)) explained 92% of the variation in the daily mean Fff at both sites. Higher radiation reaching the ground during the leafless period, and a thinner litter layer because of faster decomposition, probably caused higher soil temperature at HW compared with PP. The annual Fff was estimated at 1330 and 1464 g C m−2 yr−1 for a year with mild drought (2001) at PP and HW, respectively, and 1231 and 1557 g C m−2 yr−1 for a year with severe drought (2002). In the wetter year, higher soil temperature and moisture at HW compared with PP compensated for the negative effect on Fff of the response to these variables resulting in similar annual Fff at both stands. In the drier year, however, the response to soil temperature and moisture was more similar at the two stands causing the difference in the state variables to impel a higher Fff at HW. A simple mass balance indicated that in the wetter year, C in the litter–soil system was at steady state at HW, and was accruing at PP. However, HW was probably losing C from the mineral soil during the severe drought year of 2002, while PP was accumulating C at a lower rate because of a loss of C from the litter layer. Such contrasting behavior of two forest types in close proximity might frustrate attempts to estimate regional carbon (C) fluxes and net C exchange.
Epicutaneous immunization converts subsequent and established antigen‐specific T helper type 1 (Th1) to Th2‐type responses
Authors: Strid Jessica , Callard Robin , Strobel Stephan 
Published: June 2006

SummaryEpicutaneous immunization is a potential novel technique for topical vaccine delivery. It targets the immunologically rich milieu of the skin while having the advantage of being a non‐invasive immunization procedure. By disrupting the stratum corneum of the epidermis a natural adjuvant effect can be achieved through activation of resident Langerhans cells. This negates the normal need for co‐application of noxious adjuvants. Epicutaneous immunization on barrier‐disrupted skin induces potent antigen‐specific systemic immunity with a strong T helper type 2 (Th2) bias. We show here that epicutaneous immunization enhances the vigour of a subsequent T‐cell response to the same antigen. The induced systemic Th2 response prevents the development of Th1 responses induced through injection of antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Prior epicutaneous immunization results in reduced production of antigen‐specific interferon‐γ and immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and enhanced interleukin‐4, IgG1 and IgE responses to immunization with CFA. Moreover, epicutaneous immunization converts an established Th1 response to a Th2 response, as demonstrated by the specific reduction of interferon‐γ and IgG2a and the enhancement of interleukin‐4 and IgE. This Th2 dominance of epicutaneous immunization may have direct therapeutic application as an immune‐modulating procedure in Th1‐dominant diseases such as autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and multiple sclerosis.
Low expression of the interleukin (IL)‐4 receptor alpha chain and reduced signalling via the IL‐4 receptor complex in human neonatal B cells
Authors: Tian Cuixia , Kron Grace K. , Dischert Kevin M. , Higginbotham James N. , Crowe James E. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryDiminished neonatal antibody responses following infection or immunization may stem in part from intrinsic characteristics of neonatal B cells. In this study, we used B‐cell subset sorting combined with gene expression assays to investigate major differences in the expression of host genes in neonatal and adult naïve B cells. We discovered significantly reduced expression of the interleukin (IL)‐4 receptor alpha chain and reduced IL‐4‐induced signalling in neonatal B cells. Neonatal naïve B cells were susceptible to more rapid and more profound levels of apoptosis when cultured in vitro. They also exhibited a limited response to IL‐4 treatment compared with adult cells. The expression level of the IL‐13 receptor alpha 1 chain, a key component of the IL‐13 receptor/IL‐4 type II receptor, and the response to IL‐13 treatment for protection against apoptosis in neonatal B cells were similar to those of the adult B cells. These studies suggest a possible mechanism underlying the limited magnitude and durability of neonatal antibody responses.