bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
United States Drilling – An Analysis of Characteristics and Trends Leading to and Now Evident in All Time Record Levels of Activity
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An all time record for the number of wells drilled for oil and gas in one year was set in 1980. This continued an unbroken trend commenced in 1973.
Additions to the U.S. rotary rig fleet exceeded predictions. There was no significant seasonal downtrend in active rigs. The count, which started below 2,600 ended the year at 3,328. The previous record for rigs at work was broken in September.
As 1981 began there appeared to be virtually no doubt that the 1980 completion record would stand for one year only, and drilling in 1981 is expected to pass the 70,000 well mark.
Completions in 1980 increased by nearly 28 percent over 1979. The increase in footage cut amounted to 21.5 percent. Average total depth of wells dropped almost five percent.
At the same time there was a significant increase in deep drilling…wells bottomed below 15,000 feet.
Reflecting economic improvement, despite Federal excise taxes imposed on crude oil at the wellhead, oil well completions increased sharply, some 54.5 percent.
Gas well completions continued their upward trend, with a gain of some nine percent.
At 8.57 million barrels daily, crude and condensate production exceeded all years since 1974 except 1974 itself, and 1978. Production of natural gas was sustained at about 56 billion cubic feet daily.
Accident Control During Deep Drilling Operations
Authors: Goolsby Bill M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The wheels begin to turn when a drilling contractor is chosen to drill a well. Checks must be made to see that the location is ready for the move in and arrangements must be made for trucks to begin the move. This seems simple, but there always seems to be a rush because of the operator's obligation to spud by a certain hour and day. With this rush, accident prevention becomes an afterthought with the move, rig up, nipple up, spud and drilling being of prime importance. Deeper drilling has brought forth problems that have not been experienced in the drilling of a majority of the shallow wells. The problems deal with heavier pipe strings, abnormal pressure, blowouts, fire, poison gas, loss circulation, fishing jobs, etc. Closer supervision of the operation and the training of people to prevent the development of problems is becoming more important in the petroleum industry.
A burden has been placed on the drilling contractor to provide training to cope with the loss of experienced employees through retirement and to other companies. Deeper drilling mistakes are more costly and the need for better management, planning and closer supervision of operations are most important in the prevention of errors that can result in costly losses.
Jurisdictional Agency Certification of Tertiary Oil Recovery Projects under the Windfall Profits Tax - The Texas Approach
Authors: Sullivan Brian R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This article is intended to cover one area of the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act of 1980, the Qualified Tertiary Oil Recovery Projects. The Tax Act provides for the lowest tax rate of 30 percent on tertiary oil. This article will first cover the incremental tertiary oil portion of the Tax Act (26 USC 4993). Next it will cover the different ways of qualifying a project, the Railroad Commission's experience in handling these projects and finally some recommendations and a checklist for preparing cases.
Certification as a qualified tertiary oil recovery project under the Windfall Profits Tax Act entitles an operator to the lowest permissible tax rate of 30%. The 30% rate applies to the incremental oil production attributable to the tertiary oil recovery project. The certification also accelerates the base level decline, thus freeing up more oil faster for the lower tax treatment.
Incremental tertiary oil is the amount of oil produced in excess of the base level production. The base level production is defined as the average monthly production removed from the property for the six month period prior to March 31, 1979 (October 1, 1978 through March 31, 1979), reduced by one percent for each month after 1978 up to the date the project begins. After the project beginning date the base level decreases by two and one-half (2-1/2) percent per month. The graph (Attachment A) shows the tax calculation for a project with a base level production of 900 BOPD and a project beginning date of January 1, 1983. The incremental oil production is allocated pro rata between the tier 1 (70% tax rate) and tier 2 (60% tax rate) oil production from the project.
Design of Preflush for Commercial Scale Polymerflood in the North Burbank Unit
Authors: Pang Hwi W. , Fleming Paul D. , Boneau Dave F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Optimum preflush size for a 1440-acre polymerflood in the North Burbank Unit, Osage County, Oklahoma was estimated as 120 days at 63,000 BWPD (0.073 pore volumes) with a cross-sectional reservoir simulator that incorporates a realistic treatment of the compositional dependencies of resistance and residual resistance effects. The optimum preflush size differs from tract to tract, varying from 150 days to less than 30 days of fresh water injection. These differences can be attributed to the different degrees of brine crossflow which are associated with the layer structures of the nine different tracts. Brine cross-flow reduces the incremental oil recovery due to the polymer since resistance and residual resistance effects are significantly reduced in the presence of high-salinity brine. The detrimental effects of salinity can result in a loss of up to 20% of the incremental oil.
A plot of predicted tertiary oil versus preflush size for the total project shows that a preflush does not significantly improve the performance of the polymer. The amount of tertiary oil is almost constant for preflushes between 60 and 180 days with a broad maximum at 120 days. A fresh water preflush of 120 days was recommended to maximize incremental oil from these tracts and to fit the construction schedule for the required facilities. The observed dependence of predicted recovery on preflush size resulted from a realistic treatment of the effects of salinity, polymer adsorption and polymer concentration on polymer performance in the computer model.
Injection of fresh water preflush began on September 1, 1980.
Measurement and Correlation of CO2 Miscibility Pressures
Authors: Johnson James P. , Pollin James S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
At sufficiently high injection pressures, non-hydrocarbon gases become miscible with crude oil and are capable of displacing petroleum fluids from a porous rock matrix with high efficiency. This report details the experimental methods used to determine CO2 minimum dynamic miscibility pressures (MDMP) and describes the relationship between the onset of miscible fluid flow and static-cell PVT behavior.
An accurate empirical correlation will be presented which predicts the MDMP for a wide variety of live oils and stock oils with both pure and diluted CO2. This correlation, requiring only the oil gravity, molecular weight, reservoir temperature and injection gas composition, shows substantially better agreement with experiment than methods previously published. To the extent that the MDMP represents an optimum field operating pressure during tertiary oil recovery processes, the correlation can be used for rapid estimation of injection gas costs.
Micellar-Polymer Oil Recovery Demonstration in the Bell Creek Field
Authors: Goldburg Arnold , Stevens Phillip D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Gary Energy Corporation is conducting a DOE Pilot Demonstration to determine whether micellar-polymer waterflooding is an economically feasible technique for enhanced oil recovery at the Bell Creek Field, Powder River County, Montana. The pilot is a contained 40-acre 5-spot embedded in a representative watered-out portion of the field. The reservoir is sandstone with an average net pay of 6.4 feet, air permeability of 1050 md, porosity of 29%, and water TDS of 4000 ppm. The pilot has four injectors (Wells MPP-1, MPP-2, MPP-3 and MPP-4) and one producer (Well 12-1). The overall micellar-polymer oil recovery is estimated at 47% of the remaining oil at the initiation of the micellar-polymer flood.
Since the last review of this project* the micellar slug and approximately one-half of the polymer slug have been injected. Problems encountered during chemical injection and their treatment are discussed. A review of the produced fluid data is presented; and the numerical simulator prediction of oil recovery, completed prior to initiation of chemical injection, is compared to field data. Pilot costs and derived economic ratios are set forth. Finally, the evolution and structure of a post-pilot analysis are presented.
Potential Effects of The Windfall Profits Tax On Ehanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Verleger Philip K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The windfall profits tax passed by Congress in April 1980 is an ad valorem tax on a fraction of the selling price of the oil. Tax rates and the fraction of the selling price vary by type of oil with older vintages of oil paying the highest tax. Generally, it has been argued that the tax will discourage exploration and production of oil. However, one provisior of the tax enables oil which would otherwise be taxed at a high 70 percent rate to be taxed at a 30 percent rate when aggregate production is increased. It is shown here that this provision has an intertemporal effect which causes the present discounted value of marginal revenue from incremental production to exceed prevailing world prices, with the ratio of marginal revenue to the world price varying with the expected rate of increase in world oil prices, the size of the incremental project, and the tax status of the producer. This conclusion may imply that U.S. oil production will be stimulated to levels which exceed those which would prevail in the absence of a tax or controls. However, this determination must await further research on the marginal cost of enhanced recovery.
Pressure Drop In Two-Phase Flow Of A Flashing Fluid
Authors: McLeod W.R. , Buthod A.P. , Wieland Denton R. 
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved
This paper is to be presented at the 39th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers on Oct. 11–14, 1964, in Houston, Tex., and is considered the property of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines with the paper.

Abstract
Presented are experimental results obtained for pressure drop in a two-phase flow of a flashing fluid. Liquid propane, the flashing fluid, and kerosene were mixed at different pressures and flashed in a one-half inch insulated horizontal copper line 140.3 feet in length. Twenty-six test runs were performed. Initial saturation pressures varied from 35 to 65 psia, and mass flow rates varied from 281 to 412 lb/ft sec.
An equation based on a homogeneous model and including the kinetic energy term was developed. The data obtained when using this equation were compared with results obtainable when using the original Lockhart-Martinelli and the University of Houston correlations, as well as modifications of these two equations which included the kinetic energy term.
It was observed from the flow tests that the friction factor for a flashing fluid is a function of the position in the line. It is recommended that a two-phase friction factor should be used when computing pressure losses in two-phase flow.

Introduction
Today more than ever before, there is an intensified need for a reliable method of predicting pressure drop in two-phase flow.
Previous investigators have attempted to correlate frictional pressure drop with fluid properties, mass velocities, conduit diameter, and length in two-phase flow. Of these approaches the most widely accepted correlations have utilized the following methods,

The Homogeneous Model
In this method the two phases are treated as an equivalent single-phase having average properties. Typical of this approach is the work of Bankoff.

The Annular Flow Model
In this approach the liquid occupies the outer ring and the gas flows as a central core in the conduit. Most noteworthy of this approach is the experimental work of Lockhart and Martinelli and the theoretical approach by Levy.
Effect of axial variation of flux on filtration characteristics of hollow fiber membrane for drinking water treatment
Authors: Oh Hyun-je , Choi June-Seok , Choi Byong-Bo , Lee Sangho , Hwang Tae-Mun 
Published: December 2007

Understanding the fouling phenomena in submerged membrane systems is challenging because the efficiency of hollow fiber membrane highly depends on the dimensions of the fibers as well as filtration conditions. Thus, modeling filtration behavior of hollow fibers is important for improving the performance of hollow fiber system. In this work, a theoretical model based on critical flux concept was developed to simulate filtration resistance and axial pressure drop along the fiber in drinking water treatment.
The application of a model for experimental data indicated that the model matches the experiments quite well. Thus, simulation of membrane system was carried out under various conditions using the parameters from the model fit. The axial distribution of pressure and flux affect the filtration characteristics of hollow fiber membranes. The effect of model parameters (specific cake resistance and critical flux) and module geometry were theoretically also investigated using the model.
Equity Matters: Doing Fairness in the Context of Family Caregiving
Authors: Lashewicz Bonnie , Manning Gerald , Hall Margaret , Keating Norah 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough family scholars conceptualize caregiving in terms of networks of carers, little attention has been given to equity within these groups. Siblings comprise a prevalent caregiving network of members who feel responsible for parent care, expect to share these responsibilities with each other, and look to each other to evaluate the fairness of their sharing. In this paper, a multidisciplinary approach is used to examine sibling views of equity in relation to disputes over giving parent care and receiving parent assets. A literary perspective is offered through analysis of stepsibling tensions depicted in the novelFamily Matters. Real life disputes among biological siblings that have been pursued through the courts are also examined. Issues arising from these examples are then analysed through the lens of legal doctrines of equity. Siblings evaluating fairness undertake careful comparisons of their respective relationships with parents in terms of biological links to parents and type and extent of influence in interactions with parents.
Asymmetric Organocatalysed [1,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangements
Authors: Kobbelgaard Sara , Brandes Sebastian , Jørgensen Karl Anker 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe first organocatalysed enantioselective [1,3]‐sigmatropic O‐ to N‐rearrangement reactions are presented. The reactions take place under regio‐ and enantioselective control, and are catalysed by cinchona alkaloids. Two reactions have been developed the first one is the rearrangement of imidates to amides, while the other rearrangement occurs from carbamates to amines via a decarboxylation. Both transformations give nitrogen protected β‐amino acid derivatives as the product. These novel asymmetric organocatalysed [1,3]‐sigmatropic O‐ to N‐rearrangement reactions provide a reliable and efficient synthetic method for obtaining enantioenriched β‐amino acid derivates in good yield from racemic starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Pillared Lithium Bismuth Phosphate, LiBi7.37P3O19, with Elliptical Channels.
Authors: Arumugam Nachiappan , Lynch Vincent , Steinfink Hugo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Indium‐Rich Indides SrTIn4 (T: Ni, Pd, Pt).
Authors: Muts Ihor , Zaremba Vasyl' I. , Baran Volodymyr V. , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Mono‐Dimensional Thallium Ion Conduction of TlFe0.22Al0.78As2O7.
Authors: Ouerfelli Najoua , Guesmi Abderrahmen , Mazza Daniele , Madani Adel , Zid Mohamed Faouzi , Driss Ahmed 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: [NH3CH2CHCH3NH3] [B8O11(OH)4]×H2O: Synthesis and Characterization of the First 1D Borate Templated by 1,2‐Diaminopropane.
Authors: Pan Chun‐Yang , Wang Guo‐Ming , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Yang Guo‐Yu 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Calcium Borohydride for Hydrogen Storage: Catalysis and Reversibility.
Authors: Roennebro Ewa , Majzoub Eric H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel C2‐Symmetric Planar Chiral Diphosphine Ligands and Their Application in Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitutions.
Authors: Liu Delong , Xie Fang , Zhang Wanbin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Fluorine on Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Bromides with Trifluoromethyl Aryl Ketones via Difluorenol Silyl or Monofluoroenol Silyl Ethers.
Authors: Guo Yong , Shreeve Jean'ne M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: p‐Toluenesulfonic Acid Mediated Zinc Chloride: Highly Effective for the Beckmann Rearrangement.
Authors: Xiao Lin‐fei , Xia Chun‐gu , Chen Jing 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Continuous Catalytic “One‐Pot” Multistep Synthesis of 2‐Ethylhexanal from Crotonaldehyde.
Authors: Seki Tsunetake , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk , Baiker Alfons 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Coupling of Allylic Halides and Alkynes Promoted by Weak Inorganic Bases.
Authors: Bieber Lothar W. , da Silva Margarete F. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐ and Catalyst‐Free Conjugate Additions of Organozinc to β‐Nitroalkene.
Authors: Huang Danfeng , Wang Jin‐Xian 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intriguing Behavior of Cinchona Alkaloids in the Enantioselective Organocatalytic Hydroxyamination of α‐Substituted‐α‐cyanoacetates.
Authors: Lopez‐Cantarero Jesus , Belen Cid M. , Poulsen Thomas B. , Bella Marco , Garcia Ruano Jose Luis , Joergensen Karl Anker 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Organo‐Catalytic Approach to the Enantioselective Synthesis of (R)‐Selegiline.
Authors: Talluri Siva Kumar , Sudalai Arumugam 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Method for the Direct α‐Arylation of Aldehydes with Aryl Bromides and Chlorides.
Authors: Martin Ruben , Buchwald Stephen L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.