bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Tobacco Streak Ilarvirus from Honeysuckle
Authors: Waterworth H. E. 
Published: May 2007

A honeysuckle (Lonicera fragrantissima) shrub on the grounds of the former Plant Quarantine Station, Glenn Dale, MD, had chlorotic leaves on some shoot tips and a mild veinal chlorosis. Young leaves were triturated in buffer and rub-inoculated onto a series of potential indicator hosts. The virus incited necrotic local lesions and necrosis of the growing point in Chenopodium quinoa, etched ringspots on inoculated leaves of Nicotiana tabacum Xanthi nc, mosaic in Zinnia violacea, and chlorotic local lesions in Tetragonia tetragonioides. It did not infect any of 46 other herbaceous genera in families Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, or Brassicaceae. In gel diffusion tests with symptomatic leaves from tobacco, this virus reacted with antiserum to tobacco streak virus (TSV) HR strain, but did not react with antisera to alfalfa mosaic or with antisera to 12 viruses in the NEPO or Sobemovirus groups. Virus in leaves directly from the source shrubs, tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), also reacted with TSV strain HF antiserum. Examination by electron microscopy of leaf dips revealed isometric particles 27 nm in diameter. The now 12-ft tall shrubs were grown from seed imported from China in 1914 (PI 40689). This species is now widely commercially available in the U.S. and grown for its fragrant late winter flowers (2). Viral-infected Lonicera spp. have been reported from Europe, Russia, Japan, and Canada (1). TSV is reported to be seed-borne in several other genera. Among other viruses reported from honeysuckle are Lonicera latent carlavirus, tobacco leaf curl geminivirus, alfalfa mosaic virus, tomato bushy stunt virus, a rhabdovirus, and an aphid transmitted virus. References: (1) R. W. Fulton. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses No. 307, 1985. (2) C. J. Perkin. Plantsman 12:215, 1991.
First Report of Inonotus tomentosus, the Cause of Tomentosus Root Disease, from the Yukon Territory
Authors: Hunt R. S. , White T. 
Published: May 2007

During forest pest surveys in the Watson Lake area (60°N 129°W) of the Yukon Territory (YT), sporocarps, tentatively identified as Inonotus tomentosus (Fr.:Fr.) S. Teng, were observed in association with old mortality (25+ years) and root rot of old (200 to 275 years) white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) growing in riparian zones. I. tomentosus primarily attacks spruce throughout North America (1). Cultures from collected sporocarps and from a decayed root of a living tree produced chlamydospore-like hyphal swellings typical of I. tomentosus(2). Although three of the collected sporocarps were bracketlike, none bore hooked hymenial setae, typical of I. circinatus (Fr.) R. L. Gilbertson. All sporocarps collected possessed straight setal hyphae and were confirmed as I. tomentosus (1). These specimens are filed at the Pacific Forestry Centre herbarium as DAVFP 25375 and DAVFP 25376. This is the first western Canadian report of this major conifer root disease north of about 55°N latitude. Sporocarps have been collected at about the same latitude as Watson Lake, but from 21° farther west, near Fairbanks and Anchorage, AK (L. Trummer, USDA For. Serv. Anchorage, AK, personal communication). For several years, other stump and root decay samples have been collected in the YT as far west as Haines Junction (about halfway between Anchorage and Watson Lake), but the pathogen has never been successfully cultured nor sporocarps collected. Because the decay pattern can be confused with that caused by Phellinus pini (Thore:Fr.) A. Ames, and other diagnostic features were lacking, there has been a reluctance to accept that I. tomentosus is present in the YT. However, it seems likely that I. tomentosus is much more widespread north of 55°N in western Canada than has previously been recognized. References: (1) R. L. Gilbertson and L. Ryvarden. North Am. Polypores. Fungiflora 1:403, 1986. (2) R. S. Hunt. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:307, 1997.
First Report of Early Rot of Cranberry Caused by Phyllosticta vaccinii in Wisconsin
Authors: McManus P. S. 
Published: May 2007

Phyllosticta vaccinii Earle causes early rot of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) and previously was reported in fruit and leaves from Massachusetts and New Jersey, but not Wisconsin or Washington (2). This fungus previously was introduced into Wisconsin, apparently on planting stock, but did not persist in the field (2). In the present study, rotted fruit were collected in central Wisconsin in September 1997 from research plots adjacent to a commercial planting that had been started from field cuttings from New Jersey. P. vaccinii was isolated from 12 of 31 symptomatic berries, and its identity was verified by cultural and morphological characteristics (3). P. vaccinii was not isolated from rotted fruit from five other sites in central and northern Wisconsin. In three separate experiments, 10 to 25 cv. Stevens or Searles cranberry fruit were punctured with a needle, inoculated with 2 to 4 × 105 conidia from sporulating cultures of P. vaccinii, and incubated at 28°C in a moist chamber. After 5 to 14 days, soft, watery spots developed at the inoculation point on 8 to 22% of the fruit in different experiments, and P. vaccinii was reisolated from the lesions. Fruit that were punctured but not inoculated neither developed symptoms nor yielded P. vaccinii. Previous attempts at fulfilling Koch's postulates by inoculating mature fruit were unsuccessful (1). P. vaccinii is one of approximately 15 species of fungi involved in the cranberry fruit rot complex in the eastern U.S. where fungicides are applied to greater than 95% of cranberry acreage, usually three times per year, primarily to control preharvest fruit rots. In Wisconsin, however, preharvest fruit rots are insignificant; less than 25% of the acreage is treated with fungicides. The occurrence of early rot in Wisconsin and the threat of introducing pathogens on cranberry cuttings are troublesome in light of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, which threatens registration of fungicides used to control cranberry fruit rots. References: (1) D. M. Boone. Pages 35-36 in: Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. F. L. Caruso and D. C. Ramsdell, eds. American Phytopathological Society, 1995. (2) G. J. Weidemann and D. M. Boone. Plant Dis. 67:1090, 1983. (3) G. J. Weidemann et al. Mycologia 74:59, 1982.
First Report of Choanephora Flower Spot and Blight of Periwinkle
Authors: Holcomb G. E. 
Published: May 2007

Periwinkle or vinca (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) is widely planted as a flowering annual in home and business landscapes in hardiness zones 9 and 10 and the southernmost portions of zone 8. Many improved selections, such as those in the Pacifica, Tropicana, and Cooler cultivar series, are currently available. Dark gray flower spots that often coalesced and led to blighting of flowers under conditions of high humidity, were observed on all of 18 periwinkle cultivars in a variety trial at Burden Research Plantation in September 1997. The disease affected only the flowers and was also observed on periwinkle in commercial landscape plantings around Baton Rouge. Fungi were isolated from flower spots by plating necrotic tissue on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA). Fungal isolates were maintained on PDA and 20% V8 juice agar under continuous fluorescent light. A fungus that produced cottony, white mycelium and black spore masses was consistently isolated from diseased tissue. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by misting a spore suspension (70,000 per ml produced on V8 juice agar) onto detached flowers held in a moist chamber and to flowers on intact plants. Inoculated plants were held for 24 h in a dew chamber at 25°C. Typical irregular dark spots appeared on attached and detached flowers within 18 h after inoculation and flowers held for longer periods under high humidity developed a soft rot. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reisolating the fungal pathogen, which was identified as Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. (1). This is the first report of the occurrence of C. cucurbitarum on periwinkle. Reference: (1) P. M. Kirk. Mycol. Pap. 152:1, 1984.
First Report of Three Phaeoacremonium spp. Causing Young Grapevine Decline in California
Authors: Scheck H. J. , Vasquez S. J. , Gubler W. D. , Fogle D. 
Published: May 2007

A grapevine decline of unknown etiology is currently under investigation in California. Two- to 5-year-old vines show low vigor with undersized trunks, short internodes, uneven wood maturity, sparse foliage, and stunted, chlorotic leaves with interveinal chlorosis and necrosis. Trunks viewed in cross section show dark streaking in few to most of the vascular elements. Pith is compacted and discolored; the surrounding wood is dry with a silvery sheen. Primary roots also show dark streaking in the vascular elements and total root biomass is reduced. Phaeoacremonium spp. were consistently isolated from the roots, crowns, and lower portions of the rootstocks of declining vines but not from adjacent healthy vines. Phaeoacremonium spp. grew slowly out of infected tissues, but sporulated abundantly in culture. Identification was verified from a published key (1). Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum and P. inflatipes were isolated throughout the northern and central California production areas, but P. aleophilum was isolated only in Riverside County. Koch's postulates were completed for Phaeoacremonium spp. by dipping roots of 2-month-old Carignane grape seedlings (n = 80) in a 108 spores per ml suspension for 30 min. Plants were potted in an artificial soil mix and held in a growth chamber at 25°C. Over 50% of plants inoculated with Phaeo-acremonium spp. developed root, stem, and vascular symptoms within 8 weeks. Each of the individual pathogen species was reisolated from over 75% of the inoculated plants but never from the controls. Similarly, all three Phaeoacremonium spp. are associated with wilt and decline diseases in grapevines in Africa (1) and Europe (2) but this is the first report in North America. While several names for this disease have been used previously with older grapevines, including Esca, apoplexy, and black measles (3), we propose using Phaeoacremonium grapevine decline to describe the diseases caused by P. aleophilum, P. chlamydosporum, and P. inflatipes on young vines. References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Mycologia 88:786, 1996. (2) P. Larignon and B. Dubos. Euro. J. Plant Pathol. 103:147, 1997. (3) R. Pearson and A. Goheen. 1988. Compendium of Grape Diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
First Report of Hibiscus Chlorotic Ringspot Carmovirus in Tuvalu
Authors: Jones P. , Devonshire J. , Dabek A. , Howells C. 
Published: May 2007

In September 1997, plants of Hibiscus manihot (locally called nambele) were observed on Vaitupu Island, Tuvalu, exhibiting an angular leaf mosaic and chlorosis that was not always clearly discernible. Electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from affected leaves revealed the presence of numerous isometric virus particles 28 nm in diameter. Poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified virus gave a single protein band of Mr 38,000 similar to that of the carmoviruses. Immunosorbent electron microscopy tests with antisera kindly provided by N. Spence showed the virus to be hibiscus chlorotic ringspot carmovirus (HCRSV) (1). This virus is also reported from El Salvador, the U.S., Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, Fiji, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. It is not known how the virus reached Tuvalu but we suspect it was via infected cuttings, which were imported for the production of food supplements to combat acute deficiencies of vitamins A and C in the population. The virus is most likely to have been disseminated throughout the islands and atolls of Tuvalu through infected cuttings. Local spread within fields could occur through contaminated hands and cutting implements because of the ease with which the virus is mechanically transmitted. Reference: (1) H. E.Waterworth et al. Phytopathology 66:570, 1976.
Anemone - an Additional Perennial Ornamental Host of Tobacco Rattle Virus in the U.S.
Authors: Lockhart B. E. , Westendorp J. A. 
Published: May 2007

A previous report (1) drew attention to the occurrence in the U.S. of tobacco rattle tobravirus (TRV) in several perennial ornamentals that move freely in international trade. Here we report the occurrence of TRV in an additional host plant of this type. The virus was identified in anemone (Anemone × hybrida cv. Honorine Jobert) with leaf symptoms consisting of chlorotic blotches, chlorotic line patterns, and distortion. Characteristic tobravirus-like particles with modal lengths of 50, 80, 130, and 180 nm were observed by electron microscopy in partially purified extracts of symptomatic but not of asymptomatic plants. These particles reacted specifically with antibodies to TRV and pea early-browning (PEBV) tobraviruses in immunoelectron microscopic (IEM) assays, produced typical TRV-induced symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana and N. clevelandii, in which similar particles were detected by IEM, but, like other TRV isolates, did not infect pea (2). No other viruslike particles were observed in partially purified extracts of symptomatic anemone plants. This is the first report of TRV infection in anemone. While TRV occurs widely in Europe, it had been identified previously in the U.S. only in Oregon, Washington, and California (1,2,3). This virus is an important pathogen of several crops, including potato. Several areas of the Midwest, including Minnesota and Wisconsin, have significant seed-potato industries, and further introduction and possible dissemination of TRV pose potential regulatory and quarantine issues. This example of the movement of an exotic pathogen of potential economic importance into new areas underlines the need for closer monitoring of plant material entering international trade in an era of increasing globalization. References: (1) B. E. Lockhart et al. Plant Dis. 79:1249, 1995. (2) B. E. L. Lockhart and H. U. Fischer. Phytopathology 66:1391, 1976. (3) J. M. Crosslin and P. E. Thomas. Am. Potato J. 72:605, 1995.
First Report of Leaf and Stem Rust Caused by Puccinia sherardiana on Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia in North America and S. munroana in Wyoming
Authors: Briere S. C. , Franc G. D. 
Published: May 2007

Diseased samples of globe mallow, Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia and S. munroana, were submitted by an ornamental seed producer in Wyoming to our Extension Plant Pathology Laboratory in July 1997. Dark brown, amphigenous telia surrounded by chlorotic halos were present on both foliage and stems. Mean teliospore dimensions observed were 30.8 × 44.8 μm. The teliospores germinated readily on water agar at 20°C and formed basidiospores within 24 h. Aecia and uredinia were not found. Based on characteristics mentioned above, this fungus was identified as Puccinia sherardiana Körn (1). This microcyclic rust was previously described on 12 other Sphaeralcea spp. plus other plant species in the Malvaceae family (1,2). Stem and foliar symptoms were reproduced in a greenhouse on 8-week-old plants of S. grossulariaefolia and S. munroana. These plants were inoculated with teliospores removed from the original diseased plant material. Immediately after inoculation, plants were misted and placed in plastic bags and incubated for 36 h at 100% relative humidity and 20°C. Plants continued growth with natural lighting and with day and night temperatures of 20 and 15°C, respectively. Symptoms developed within 12 days with initial telia rupturing the host epidermis 13 days after inoculation. Telia were examined microscopically to complete Koch's postulates. References: (1) J. C. Arthur. Manual of Plant Rusts in United States and Canada. Hafner Pub., 1962. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopatholical Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989.
First Report of Root Rot of Hydroponically Grown Lettuce Caused by Pythium myriotylum in a Commercial Production Facility
Authors: Stanghellini M. E. , Kim D. H. , Rakocy J. , Gloger K. , Klinton H. 
Published: May 2007

Commercial cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under hydroponic conditions was initiated in August 1997 in the U.S. Virgin Islands. One week following transplant into an outdoor growout system, several plants wilted and died. Over the next 2 weeks, approximately 50% of the 30,000 plants died and the remaining plants were severely stunted. Temperature of the nutrient solution ranged from 28 to 30°C. Root specimens received for diagnosis consistently yielded pure cultures of Pythium myriotylum Drechsler. To confirm Koch's postulates, lettuce seedlings were reared hydroponically in a greenhouse. Temperature of the nutrient solution ranged from 27 to 29°C. After 14 days, one plant in each hydroponic chamber (which contained six lettuce plants) was removed and the root system of the plant was placed in a beaker containing approximately 1,000 zoospores of P. myriotylum. After a 30-min incubation period, the artificially inoculated plant was replanted in the hydroponic chamber. Within 5 to 7 days all plants were severely wilted and exhibited extensive root rot. P. myriotylum was consistently reisolated from symptomatic plants. No wilt occurred on respective noninoculated plants. The above study was conducted three times with similar results. Although P. myriotylum has previously been isolated from hydroponically grown lettuce in experimental systems (1), this report demonstrates the destructiveness of this zoosporic pathogen in a commercial hydroponic lettuce production facility. Factors that contributed to the epidemic were an abundance of a susceptible host, a temperature regime optimum for pathogen growth and reproduction, and a mechanism for the rapid dispersal of the pathogen via the recirculating nutrient solution. Although the source of pathogen introduction into the facility is not known, the hydroponic system was located in an open field. Thus, the pathogen could have been introduced aerially via wind-blown dust, rain, or insects. We do know, however, that the transplants were pathogen-free. Reference: (1) A. C. Schuerger and K. G. Pategas. Phytopathology 74:796, 1984.
First Report of Naemacyclus fimbriatus Infecting Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida)
Authors: Vujanovic Vladimir , St.-Arnaud Marc , Neumann Peterjürgen 
Published: May 2007

This is the first report of Naemacyclus fimbriatus (Schwein.) DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter (Rhytismatales) on Pinus rigida, and the first observation of this fungus infecting living needles. N. fimbriatus is known to occur on cone scales of P. brucia, P. halepensis, P. nigra, P. resinosa, and P. sylvestris, as well as fallen needles of P. maritima and P. pinaster, in Europe and North America (1). In September 1997, chlorotic and necrotic second- and third-year needles of pitch pine were observed to have ascomata fruiting bodies that were amphigenous, dark brown to black, immersed to erumpent, circular to subcircular, and 200 to 500 × 150 to 250 μm in size. Asci were club-shaped, eight-spored, and 83 to 98× 8.9 to 9.7 μm. Mature ascospores were phragmo-scolecosporous, 7-septate, and 78 to 91 × 2 to 2.5 μm. From these symptomatic needles, N. fimbriatus was frequently (>70%) isolated on 2% malt agar. In October 1997, fruiting bodies were also observed on dead fallen cones. During the autumn, the fungus produced 1 to 3 brown mycelial cords, 50 to 100 μm in diameter, which grew throughout the litter from the ascomata. The nature of the cords is still unknown. Pitch pine is rare in Québec, and this northernmost population is located about 10 km north of New York State, in the St. Lawrence Valley of Québec. We found that pitch pine was colonized by the fungus in a wide range of edaphic conditions, but more frequently on dry rock outcrops. We believe that unfavorable conditions such as the more than 200 days with frost and thin organic or mineral soil layer may predispose pitch pine to infection by this fungus. Reference: (1) F. Di Cosmo et al. Mycotaxon 21:1, 1984.
First Report of Leaf Rust of Blueberry Caused by Pucciniastrum vaccinii in Argentina
Authors: Dal Bello G. , Perelló A. 
Published: May 2007

During March, 1997, a leaf rust was observed on Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Bluegold in Argentina. Leaf lesions began as chlorotic flecks that expanded and developed into necrotic spots with several uredinia. The typical orange pustules of the disease developed mostly on the abaxial sides of leaves. Urediniospores were elliptical to obovate (17 to 28 × 11 to 23 μm) and finely verrucose. Telia were round, covered by the epidermis, slightly elevated, and brown to black. Teliospores were sessile and oblong to columnar (7 to 11 × 14 to 17 μm) with two or more vertical cell walls, and were smooth and brown. Urediniospore and teliospore morphology and dimensions were consistent with the description of Pucciniastrum vaccinii (G. Wint.) Jørst (syn. P. myrtilli Arth.) (1). A pathogenicity test was conducted with 18-month-old cv. Bluegold plants. Fully expanded leaves were sprayed, using a hand-held sprayer, with freshly collected urediniospores (1 mg of spores per ml of 0.05% water solution of Tween 20), covered with plastic bags, and placed in a growth chamber at 20°C for 48 h with 12 h of light per day. The plastic bags were then removed and the plants mantained in a greenhouse. After 10 days, orange rust pustules similar to the original symptoms developed on all plants. As the rust was not reported on ornamental Ericaceae in Argentina, and hemlock, the alternate host, is not present in the area, it is suggested that P. vaccinii is cycling on blueberry. This is the first report of P. vaccinii on blueberry in Argentina. Reference: (1) P. R. Bristow and A. W. Stretch. 1995. Pages 20–22 in: Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. F. L. Caruso and D. C. Ramsdell, eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
Natural Infection of Muskmelon by Eggplant Mottled Dwarf Rhabdovirus in Italy
Authors: Ciuffo M. , Roggero P. , Masenga V. , Stravato V. M. 
Published: May 2007

Eggplant mottled dwarf rhabdovirus (EMDV) is endemic in the Mediterranean area but within the family Cucurbitaceae has been reported only in cucumber (1). In the spring of 1998 unusual symptoms of stunting, short internodes, fruit deformation, and vein yellowing were observed in about 5% of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naudin) cv. Hombre F1 grown under plastic in Tuscany (Central Italy). Electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations of crude sap from such melon plants revealed the presence of large numbers of particles resembling rhabdovirus. The virus, sap transmitted to several test plant species, had a host range identical to that of typical EMDV isolates, including the isolate from cucumber. Based on both electron microscopy and test plant reactions, the presence of other viruses was excluded. As with other known isolates, symptoms did not appear until about 30 days after inoculation, except for necrotic local lesions in Gomphrena globosa, which appeared in 10 days. Systemic leaf symptoms of field melon were reproduced by mechanically inoculating glasshouse melon seedlings with sap from infected White Burley tobacco. The virus was identified as EMDV by serology with an antiserum (As-0136) against the type isolate (EMDV-PV-0031), both obtained from the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ), Germany. No differences in protein pattern in Western blots (immunoblots) were observed by coelectrophoresis of the type isolate and our melon isolate. The virus was easily detected in several experimental hosts by antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The vector of EMDV is unknown, but the virus generally infects in low percentage a wide range of plant species belonging to different families. This suggests that a polyphagous insect with low vector efficiency may be involved in transmission. Reference: (1) P. Roggero et al. Plant Dis. 79:321, 1995.