bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4. A PRAGMATIC RESPONSE1
Authors: RAO VELCHERU NARAYANA , SHULMAN DAVID , SUBRAHMANYAM SANJAY 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTIn the years since its twin publication in 2001 (Indian edition) and 2003 (U.S. edition), Textures of Time has attracted a great deal more attention outside the United States than in the American academy. This, we suggest, is because its ideas and approach are rather at odds with the dominant trends in the area of “postcolonial studies.” In this response to three critical essays that engage with the book—by Rama Mantena, Sheldon Pollock, and Christopher Chekuri—we begin by setting out our principal hypotheses as well as the evidentiary structure of the book, which draws mostly on vernacular materials from South India in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The former includes the claim that South India between roughly 1600 and 1800 (and thus in the centuries before the consolidation of colonial rule) possessed considerable and diverse historiographical traditions, though these histories came couched in a variety of genres, rendering them difficult for the uninitiated to recognize at first; the latter requires us to develop the significance of the concepts of “texture” as well as of “subgeneric markers” that help distinguish texts with a historical intention from those that are nonhistorical but have the same generic location. Our response then goes on to discuss why theoretical or śāstric texts in India do not themselves explicitly theorize the distinctions we make. Here, we posit a contrast between “embedded” and “explicated” concepts in the “emic” sphere, suggesting that “texture” belongs to the first category. We explicitly distinguish our views from the poststructuralist (and Barthesian) language adopted by Pollock in his critique of Textures, and the more predictable postcolonial vision of Chekuri. We once more emphasize the need to take the vernacular historiography seriously, and to refine our reading practices, rather than overly depending on normative materials in Sanskrit, or on a prefabricated theoretical schema that derives from a stylized (and impoverished) view of the nature of the transformations produced by colonial rule.
Disruption of excitatory amino acid transporters in brains of SIV‐infected rhesus macaques is associated with microglia activation
Authors: Meisner Falko , Neuen‐Jacob Eva , Sopper Sieghart , Schmidt Michaela , Schlammes Serge , Scheller Carsten , Vosswinkel Daniel , Meulen Volker ter , Riederer Peter , Koutsilieri Eleni 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGlutamate‐mediated neurodysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been primarily suggested byin vitrostudies. The regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in inflammation is a complex interaction between activation of immune mediators and adaptive changes in the functional elements of the glutamatergic synapse. We have used simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)‐infected macaques to answer the questions (i) whether perturbation of glutamate neurotransmission is evident during progression of immunodeficiency disease and (ii) what are the mechanisms underlying this impairment. Disease progression in SIV‐infected macaques both in the periphery and in the brain was documented by clinical and general pathological examination, plasma and brain viral RNA load, T‐cell analysis and brain histopathology. We report for the first time, disruption of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), the cardinal glutamate clearing system, during SIV infection and a dramatic loss of EAATs associated with development of rapid acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). EAATs impairment was correlated with activation status of microglia. Our data support the glutamate hypothesis for the development of HIV dementia and suggest that the pathogenetic mechanism for the neurodysfunction is the impairment of glutamate clearing which occurs in the stage of AIDS and which is associated with activated microglia.
Interactions between loop 5 and β‐strand β6′ are involved in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors channel gating
Authors: Criado Manuel , Mulet José , Castillo Mar , Aldea Marcos , Sala Salvador , Sala Francisco 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBinding of agonists to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) is coupled to channel opening through local rearrangements of different domains of the protein. Recent structural data suggest that two of these regions could be the loop 5 (L5) and the β‐strand β6′, both forming the inner part of the N‐terminal domain. Amino acids in these domains were mutated in α7 nAChRs, and expression levels and functional responses of mutant receptors were measured. Mutations located at the putative apex of L5, Asp97 and Glu98, and also at Phe100, gave receptors with smaller currents, showing qualitative differences with respect to muscle nAChRs. In contrast, mutations in the β‐strand β6′ (at Phe124 and Lys125) showed increased functional responses. Mutations affected equally the responses to acetylcholine and dimethylphenylpiperazinium, except in Phe100 where the latter was sevenfold less effective than in wild‐type. Currents in mutants decayed with almost the same kinetics, ruling out large effects on desensitization. Analysis of double mutants demonstrated a functional coupling among the three electrically charged amino acids Asp97, Glu98, and Lys125, and also between Phe100 and Phe124. The results are compatible with the involvement of functional interactions between L5 and β‐strand β6′ during nAChR activation.
The α4β2α5 nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain is resistant to up‐regulation by nicotinein vivo
Authors: Mao Danyan , Perry David C. , Yasuda Robert P. , Wolfe Barry B. , Kellar Kenneth J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe used immunoprecipitation with subunit‐specific antibodies to examine the distribution of heteromeric neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that contain the α5 subunit in the adult rat brain. Among the regions of brain we surveyed, the α5 subunit is associated in ∼37% of the nAChRs in the hippocampus, ∼24% of the nAChRs in striatum, and 11–16% of the receptors in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and superior colliculus. Sequential immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that the α5 subunit is associated with α4β2* nAChRs exclusively. Importantly, in contrast to α4β2 nAChRs, which are increased by 37–85% after chronic administration of nicotine, the α4β2α5 receptors are not increased by nicotine treatment. These data thus indicate that the α4β2α5 nAChRs in rat brain are resistant to up‐regulation by nicotinein vivo, which suggests an important regulatory role for the α5 subunit. To the extent that nicotine‐induced up‐regulation of α4β2 nAChRs is involved in nicotine addiction, the resistance of the α4β2α5 subtype to up‐regulation may have important implications for nicotine addiction.
Cyclic electrographic seizures in critically ill patients
Authors: Friedman David E. , Schevon Catherine , Emerson Ronald G. , Hirsch Lawrence J. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Purpose: Prolonged electroencephalographic monitoring has facilitated the detection of nonconvulsive seizures. Compressed displays of EEG frequency spectra (such as compressed spectral array, CSA) can facilitate interpretation of continuous EEG by allowing the reader to observe on a single screen patterns evolving over many minutes or hours.
Methods: Patients were identified retrospectively over a 4‐year period as displaying a cycling pattern of seizures on CSA.
Results: We describe a pattern of seizures recurring in a cyclic fashion in a series of 13 critically ill patients of all ages. Several patients had a gradual buildup of EEG power prior to each seizure.
Conclusion: We believe that while not rare, this pattern is difficult to recognize on standard EEG recording but it is readily apparent on CSA. The underlying pathophysiology of cyclic seizures is not known, but we speculate that cyclic seizures represent a form of status epilepticus in which the usual seizure terminating factors are present and transiently effective, but are inadequate to prevent resumption of the seizure activity. Studying these patients may provide insight into the pathophysiology of seizure initiation and cessation.
Flow cytometric determination of residual white blood cell levels in preserved samples from leukoreduced blood products
Authors: Palmer Douglas S. , Birch Paul , O'Toole Joan , Henderson Deborah , Scalia Vito 
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND: In preparation for a proposed consolidated testing service, Canadian Blood Services undertook the evaluation of a commercial test kit for the enumeration by flow cytometry of residual white blood cells (rWBCs) present in preserved samples recovered from leukoreduced (LR) blood and platelet products.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The stability of preserved WBCs, the equivalency of WBCs used for spiking, test method precision, specificity, reliability, accuracy, and sensitivity were investigated. For comparative purposes, WBC counts were also determined by Nageotte as well as by flow cytometry.RESULTS: WBCs were stable up to 4 weeks at room temperature for all components by either method. Within methods, no differences were observed due to the source of WBC used for spiking purposes. By either method, test precision was acceptable (<20% coefficient of variation) and of similar reliability at a target value of 10 ± 5 WBCs per μL. The flow cytometric method was shown to be more specific and accurate than the Nageotte method. Sensitivity by either method was 0.1 WBCs per μL. On average, Nageotte counts were lower than those observed by flow cytometry.CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that WBCs in WBC stabilizing solution–treated samples from LR blood components were stabilized up to 4 weeks at room temperature and that rWBC determinations made with a WBC enumeration kit by flow cytometry have the required precision, specificity, reliability, and accuracy in the relevant test range. This validated WBC stabilization and flow cytometric counting method is considered acceptable as part of a quality control program for leukoreduced blood products.
Lack of effect of donor‐recipient Rh mismatch on outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Wirk Baldeep , Klumpp Thomas R. , Ulicny John , Herman Jay H. , Gajewski James L. , Martin Mary E. , Emmons Robert V.B. , Mangan Kenneth F. 
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND: A recently published study has reported that donor‐recipient Rhesus (Rh)‐mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation independently led to significantly poorer survival. This suggests that donor‐recipient Rh mismatching is a risk factor in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and should be a criterion for donor selection.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To further evaluate this issue, 258 consecutive patients who underwent myeloablative or submyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at our institution were analyzed to determine the association between the Rh mismatch pattern and 5‐year actuarial survival. Secondary endpoints analyzed were the association of donor‐recipient Rh mismatch and event‐free survival, transplant‐related mortality, incidence of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), and incidence of chronic GVHD.RESULTS: In our analysis, there were no significant associations between donor‐recipient Rh mismatch pattern and overall survival, event‐free survival, transplant‐related mortality, incidence of acute GVHD, or incidence of chronic GVHD. On multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses, the donor‐recipient Rh mismatch pattern was not independently predictive of overall survival.CONCLUSION: Donor‐recipient Rh mismatch is not a risk factor in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and does not affect transplant outcomes.
Clinical Characteristics and Risk Stratification in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients with Brugada Syndrome: Multicenter Study in Japan
Authors: TAKAGI MASAHIKO , YOKOYAMA YASUHIRO , AONUMA KAZUTAKA , AIHARA NAOHIKO , HIRAOKA MASAYASU ,   for the Japan Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Study (J‐IVFS) Investigators
Published: September 2007

Background: Neither the clinical characteristics nor risk stratification in Brugada syndrome have been clearly determined. We compared the clinical and ECG characteristics of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with Brugada syndrome to identify new markers for high‐risk patients. Methods: A total of 188 consecutive individuals with Brugada syndrome (mean age 53 ± 14 years, 178 males) were enrolled in the Japan Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Study (J‐IVFS). Clinical and ECG characteristics were evaluated in three groups of patients: Ventricular fibrillation (VF) group: patients with documented VF (N = 33); Syncope (Sy) group: patients with syncope without documented VF (N = 57); and asymptomatic (As) group: subjects without symptoms (N = 98). Their prognostic parameters were evaluated over a 3‐year follow‐up period. Results: (1) Clinical characteristics: incidence of past history of atrial fibrillation (AF) was significantly higher in the VF and Sy groups than in the AS group (P = 0.04). (2) On 12‐lead ECG, r‐J interval in lead V2 and QRS duration in lead V6 were longest in the VF group (P = 0.001, 0.002, respectively). (3) Clinical follow‐up: during a mean follow‐up period of 37 ± 16 months, incidences of cardiac events (sudden death and/or VF) were higher in the symptomatic (VF/Sy) groups than in the As group (P < 0.0001). The r‐J interval in lead V2 ≥ 90 ms and QRS duration in lead V6 ≥ 90 ms were found to be possible predictors of recurrence of cardiac events in symptomatic patients. Conclusions: Prolonged QRS duration in precordial leads was prominent in symptomatic patients. This ECG marker may be useful for distinguishing high‐ from low‐risk patients with Brugada syndrome.
Tyrosine phosphorylation‐dependence of caveolae‐mediated endocytosis
Authors: Sverdlov Maria , Shajahan Ayesha N. , Minshall Richard D. 
Published: September 2007

Introduction
SRC signaling in caveolae‐mediated endocytosis
Potential role of SRC‐mediated phosphorylation of caveolin‐1 in caveolae‐mediated endocytosis
Role of actin cytoskeleton in caveolae‐mediated endocytosis
Conclusion

AbstractCaveolae are flask‐shaped plasma membrane invaginations that mediate endocytosis and transcytosis of plasma macromolecules, such as albumin, insulin and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), as well as certain viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins. Caveolae‐mediated transcytosis of macromolecules is critical for maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating the oncotic pressure gradient and tissue delivery of drugs, vitamins, lipids and ions. Entrapment of cargo within caveolae induces activation of signalling cascades leading to caveolae fission and internalization. Activation of Src tyrosine kinase is an early and essential step that triggers detachment of loaded caveolae from the plasma membrane. In this review, we examine how Srcmediated phosphorylation regulates caveolae‐mediated transport by orchestrating the localization and activity of essential proteins of the endocytic machinery to regulate caveolae formation and fission.
The Philosophy of Social Science: Metaphysical and Empirical
Authors: Guala Francesco 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOntological debates have always been prominent in the philosophy of social science. Philosophers have typically conceived of such debates as pre‐scientific attempts to reform social scientific practice, rather than as post‐scientific reflections on a firm body of scientific knowledge. Two celebrated contemporary research programs in social ontology – collective intentionality and evolutionary game theory – also follow this approach. In this paper I illustrate their central elements and criticize their weak empirical foundations. I finish by reviewing some work that combines empirical evidence with theoretical reflection, and suggest that it constitutes the way forward in the philosophy of social science.
Knowledge, Space and Biotechnology
Authors: Birch Kean 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article outlines and reviews the trends in research on the biotechnology industry over the last 20 years, drawing a distinction between theories that emphasise knowledge processes and those that focus on spatial processes. It covers research in strategic management, innovation studies, political economy, new economic geography, cluster theory, regional studies and economic geography. In reviewing these two strands of literature, it develops a synthesis of the two perspectives called theknowledge‐space dynamic, which seeks to combine insights from both to better explain and situate biotechnology innovation.
Comparison of tracheal aspirates before and after high‐speed treadmill exercise in racehorses
Authors: MALIKIDES N , HUGHES KJ , HODGSON JL 
Published: September 2007

Objective  To determine whether percentages of neutrophils in tracheal aspirate (TA) samples collected from racehorses are increased after exercise and whether interpretation of results from TA samples taken before and after exercise agree.Design  Case series of 40 young Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses in race training presented for evaluation of poor performance.Procedure  TA samples were collected endoscopically from racehorses presented for poor performance 24 h before and 1 to 2 h after high speed treadmill exercise testing. Aliquots of the retrieved fluid were cytocentrifuged and smears were stained with Diff‐Quik®. Mean neutrophil counts were expressed as percentages of the total number of inflammatory cells counted and subsequently were categorised as either above or below an accepted cut‐off of 20%. Comparisons between percentages of neutrophils before and after exercise were made.Results  Percentage of neutrophils from TA samples obtained from racehorses after exercise was significantly higher than neutrophil percentages from TA samples collected from the same horse before exercise. In horses with TA specimens that were categorised as having ≤ 20% neutrophils before treadmill exercise, the percentage of neutrophils in their TA specimens after exercise was, on average, significantly higher and was greater than the cut‐off value of 20%.Conclusion  Recent strenuous exercise may change the proportion of neutrophils in lower airways of racehorses and practitioners should be aware of this when collecting and interpreting the results from TA samples. The most practical time for collection of a TA sample to obtain the most diagnostically useful information might be after a suitable washout period of at least 1 to 2 h post‐exercise.
Distributions of the paralysis ticks Ixodes cornuatus and Ixodes holocyclus in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: JACKSON J , BEVERIDGE I , CHILTON NB , ANDREWS RH 
Published: September 2007

Objective  To describe the actual and potential geographic distributions of Ixodes cornuatus and I holocyclus in south‐eastern Australia.Procedure  Examination of ticks from museum collections and trapped animals were made. (Bioclimatic analysis BIOCLIM) was used to predict potential distributions.Results  I holocyclus was collected from rodents (Rattus fuscipes, R lutreolus, R rattus), wombats (Vombatus ursinus), cats and dogs in Gippsland and I cornuatus was collected from rodents (R fuscipes), wombats, cats and dogs in central Victoria. All life‐cycle stages of both species were collected during the warmer months of the year. The known distribution of the two species was established from specimens in museum collections and suggested that a boundary between the two may exist in eastern Gippsland. BIOCLIM suggested that the area immediately to the east of Melbourne was climatically suitable for I holocyclus, although no endemic foci of infection are currently known from this region. The potential distribution of I cornuatus included east Gippsland and the Otway Ranges, areas in which the tick is not currently known to occur.Conclusions  I holocyclus and I cornuatus have more restricted distributions than current collections suggest and therefore may have the possibility to extend their geographical ranges in the future.
Social Inequality and Interaction
Authors: Bottero Wendy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper looks at the effects of social inequality on where we live, who we associate with and who we choose (and hang on to) as our friends and partners. We may feel that we freely choose our friends or lovers, but our most personal and intimate choices are constrained by patterns of social similarity and ‘differential association’. The pattern of ‘homophily’ (the principle that we are more likely to associate with people who are socially similar to ourselves) has a major impact on social networks creating ‘social interaction distance’ between unequals. There is a social sorting process in the way we form social ties, so that the people we interact with tend to be similar to ourselves in education, social class, race/ethnicity, religion and attitudes. This has major consequences for our routes through life and worldviews, and for how inequality is reproduced.
Structural Influences on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Women's Health Care
Authors: Robbins Cheryl L. , Padavic Irene 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper summarizes recent research about several structural influences on racial and ethnic disparities in women's health care. While disparities in women's health care access and quality emanate from a number of sources, this paper focuses on the intersection between race/ethnicity and several structural factors (access to insurance coverage, discrimination, neighborhood characteristics, and social isolation). We identify gaps in the literature and suggest directions for future research. Particularly needed are gender studies of the impact of race/ethnicity that transcend the black–white dichotomy, that attend to location, that examine variation in social networks, and that clarify the impact of discrimination on women's health care.
Framing Latina/o Immigration, Education, and Activism
Authors: Ochoa Gilda L. , Ochoa Enrique C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlthough Latinas/os have a long history in the USA and represent a growing percentage of the population, they remain largely invisible or stereotyped in dominant images and discourses. Such representations are often ahistorical, and they camouflage the effects of US power and inequality. However, the spring 2006 immigrant rights demonstrations disturbed dominant conceptions. The demonstrators called attention to the contradictory US practices that disrupt home countries, recruit labor migrants, and deny immigrants full participation. Likewise, the role of students in these demonstrations spurred reflections on why youth would walk out of their schools for immigrant rights. Inspired by these demonstrations, we combine materials from multiple disciplines to emphasize the significance of US imperialism, exploitation, and exclusion on Latina/o migration, education, and activism. Key to this article is a reframing of how the media, K‐12 curriculum, and popular discourse often engage in a cultural cover‐up that sustains inequality.