bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering Geology—1970
Authors: Dearman W. R. 
Published: September 2007

The Engineering Group of the Geological Society of London has provided, since its inception in June 1964, a specialist forum for the discussion of topics within the field of engineering geology.
The highlight of the year's activities of the Group is a long regional meeting which usually has a unifying theme and such themes have often been related to the geological setting of the meeting place. In the past, typical subjects have been ‘Engineering Geology Problems in the Upper Carboniferous Rocks’ for a meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1966, and ‘Engineering Geology of Glacial Deposits’ when we met in Glasgow last year.
When we were invited to hold our next meeting here in Dublin we were most delighted to accept the invitation which went hand in hand with a general indication that we could, if we so wished, select our own topic, or topics, for discussion at the meeting.
This most generous gesture from our Irish colleagues, coming as it did at the end of a decade which had witnessed the acceptance and rapid growth and development of engineering geology as an academic discipline in the United Kingdom—and its increased application in industry—prompted the suggestion that here was an opportunity, not to be missed, to review the present status of engineering geology. The reviews would be prepared and delivered by those active in both the academic and the industrial fields, so demonstrating the STATE OF THE ART today and clearly defining the past and present scope of engineering geology.
P. W. McDowell: The advantages and limitations of geoelectrical methods in the foundation investigation of the tracked hovercraft experimental site in Cambridgeshire.
Authors: Holmes S. C. A. 
Published: September 2007

From S. C. A. Holmes:
A glance at the Geological Survey “Ten Miles to One Inch” map of Great Britain (Sheet 2) will show that the basic solid geology of the area is Ampthill Clay (different from Kimmeridge Clay in lithological and mechanical properties), but the special interest of the resistivity traverse results lies in their relationship to the very variable Pleistocene and Holocene deposits that overlie the Corallian and other Jurassic formations and that are not readily investigated by isolated boreholes. Details of the south-western part relating to the One Inch New Series Sheets 187 (Huntingdon) and 188 (Cambridge) an published in the respective memoirs: Huntingdon and Biggleswade (1965), Cambridge (1969). More particularly, however, the Quaternary deposits are shown on the Six-Inch Library Copies TL 37, TL 47 deposited for public reference at the Institute of Geo logical Sciences in Exhibition Road, South Kensington. Something of the complex history and distribution of the Holocene is outlined in the Royal Geographical Society's Research Series No. 5 memoir on the Fenland in Roman Times, published in 1970.
It is not surprising that the foundation conditions were found to be more complicated than indicated by the preliminary borehole information described by McDowell. There is: no sand and gravel layer as such, but discrete spreads of 1st Terrace River Gravel: variably covered or encompassed by Peat, Shell Marl and Alluvium of different strati-graphical position. The ancient course of the River Ouse crosses the Bedford Rivers and the Washes at about a mile from
Routine interpretation of the Lugeon water-test
Authors: Houlsby A. C. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
A relatively simple routine method of calculating and interpreting the “modified” Lugeon water test is described. The method is used for assessing the need for foundation grouting at dam sites; it comprises calculations of lugeon values for each of five test runs at increasing and then decreasing pressures, followed by interpretation of the pattern of results, and hence selection of an appropriate representative permeability.
The relative frequency of different behaviour patterns is indicated by reference to 811 actual tests.
A field test for identification of gypsum in soils and sediments
Authors: Shearman D. J. 
Published: September 2007

It is well known that gypsum, CaSO
4
2H
2
O, dehydrates at temperatures above 80°C. It first loses 1½ molecules of water to form the substance hemihydrate, CaSO
4
½H
2
O (plaster of Paris) and then with further heating at higher temperature it dehydrates virtually to completion to form ‘dead-burnt gypsum’.* Where pure, gypsum crystals are generally colourless, but hemihydrate and ‘dead-burnt gypsum’ are both chalky white.

The change in appearance which gypsum undergoes on heating provides a useful means of detecting it and assessing its abundance when it is present as small grains in soils and sediments, providing the grains are visible to the naked eye. The test can be carried out in the field by simply heating small samples of the soil or sediment on a metal plate. Grains of gypsum will turn white in a matter of a few minutes, whereas most other mineral grains remain unaltered. With the use of a hand lens the test can be applied to particles down to very fine sand-grade size. It is of course often necessary to remove silt and clay-grade materials from the sample and concentrate the sand grains by simple decantation before heating.
The test is usually easy to apply to siliciclastic sediments, because few of the other mineral grains are normally white in colour. It sometimes can be a little more difficult in the case of gypsum in carbonate sediments because of the inherent white colour of the most carbonate grains. However, the white colour of ‘dead-burnt gypsum’ is usually much more intense
Delineation of saline intrusion in the Dungeness shingle aquifer using surface geophysics
Authors: Oteri Akomeno Ulaya-Egbe 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Salt water intrusion into a coastal water table (shingle) aquifer has occured in Dungeness, England. Chloride ion concentrations as high as 3000 mg/l have been measured. These compare with background values of 40 mg/l. 29 Vertical electrical resistivity soundings using the Wenner array were undertaken to determine the applicability of direct current resistivity as a method for delineating the saline intrusion. Interpretation of the resistivity data show not only a saline zone near the coast resulting from sea water intrusion, but also the presence of a low resistivity layer beneath fresh water bearing shingle throughout the study area. This low resistivity is interpreted as being mainly due to saline waterbearing sands.
A borehole drilled a year after the survey confirmed the presence of saline water beneath a fresh water lens.
Probabilistic slope stability analysis using a microcomputer
Authors: Rosenbaum M. S. , Jarvis J. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
A probabilistic slope stability analysis has been adapted for use on a microcomputer. The analysis uses the Janbu method of slices with geological input provided in the form of the Hoek-Brown rock mass strength criteria. A Monte Carlo simulation allows the results of this analysis to be presented as a probability that the factor of safety for the slope will fall below a critical level. The demonstration program is described for a slope in a Carboniferous limestone quarry at Chipping Sodbury.
The use of a microcomputer for recording and analysis of borehole logging data in hydrogeological investigations
Authors: Walters M. , Lloyd J. W. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
A system is described that uses a microcomputer for on-site recording and analysis of borehole logging data. To indicate the potential of this system for data handling and quantitative hydrogeological assessment, the outputs from four simple processing packages are given. In each example the digitally recorded data from a number of borehole logs are combined and parameters such as fluid flow rate, porosity and formation density, cement or acid requirement, and differential temperature and conductivity are calculated.
Dubai Dry Dock: engineering significance of dock floor geology
Authors: Warren C. D. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The stratigraphy, geomorphological evolution and physical and chemical properties of the various geological units forming the foundations to the £232 million Dubai Dry Dock are presented. The investigations confirm the existence of weaker, silty gypsiferous palaeosabkha and lagoonal deposits within the more typical Miliolite Sandstone, a cemented aeolian carbonate sandstone of Pleistocene age. The distribution and engineering significance of the weaker, gypsiferous layers are described in relation to the construction of the dock floor and settlement of a few caissons adjacent to the sea.
Data management with microcomputers in geotechnical engineering practice
Authors: Finn P. S. , Eldred P. J. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The art and science of Geotechnical Engineering involves the assimilation of large quantities of data from different sources and the exercise of judgment to achieve appropriate engineering solutions. The availability of low cost portable microcomputers affords an opportunity to improve the efficiency and quality of data assimilation, allowing the geotechnical specialists to concentrate on applying their skills and judgment to the engineering problem in hand. This paper describes the advantages and difficulties of that approach in commercial practice with particular reference to software for the preparation of borehole logs.
Relationships between the geological and selected geomechanical properties of the Purbeck-Weald Facies in Cantabria (North Spain)
Authors: Tomillo C. , Foyo A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The present study introduces some of the relationships that exist between the geomechanical and geological characteristics of the materials within the paleogeographical ambit of the Purbeck-Weald Facies, and takes into account the geological history recorded in the composition and structure of the formations that contain them.
Episodic alkaline igneous activity across Africa: implications for the causes of continental break-up
Authors: Bailey D. K. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Except for the northwestern and southern extremities, the African plate has been anorogenic throughout the Phanerozoic, yet the interior has been subject to spectacular episodes of uplift, rifting and magmatism from Mesozoic to present. Interior Africa thus offers an excellent test of intraplate dynamics as prototypes for the initiation of continental break-up. Crucial to the test are the spatial and temporal controls on the activity. Spatially, there is unequivocal evidence that the disposition of the activity is controlled by pre-existing lithosphere structures. From Cretaceous to Recent times, alkaline magmatism (including carbonatites and kimberlites) has been the norm, typically in uplifted and rifted areas. Four major periods of activity emerge in the igneous record. The classic Early Cretaceous rifting and magmatism of central and southern Africa (135–110 Ma) is only one part of an igneous episode widely recorded across the continent. A Late Cretaceous episode (90–80 Ma), best known for kimberlite activity in the old cratons, is also widely registered elsewhere. Two major Tertiary episodes characterize the modern East African Rift zone, an initial Eocene-Oligocene (
c.
40 Ma) and a Miocene-Recent episode (starting around 23 Ma), and corresponding peaks are recorded in many other areas, especially in the northern part of the continent. In most areas there is evidence for more than one episode, indicating that since the Cretaceous the same sites have been subject to repeated alkaline magmatism. Contemporaneous plate-wide activity, repetition at individual sites, and localization by existing anisotropies in the plate, are all indicative of responses to external events capable of affecting the whole plate. Such events would include continental collision, stages in Gondwana break-up, and marked changes in global plate motions. Spatial and temporal relations thus show that rifting and alkaline magmatism are permissive, and may themselves be symptoms of more fundamental processes that cause the break-up of continents. If so, pre-Cretaceous episodes of intra-plate alkaline magmatism may offer valuable time-markers, recording similar events earlier in the Earth’s history. One possible example may be the global episode of kimberlite activity recorded around 1200 Ma.
Contrasts in composition and evolution of Tertiary CFBs between West and East Greenland and their relations to the establishment of the Icelandic mantle plume
Authors: Holm Paul Martin , Hald Niels , Nielsen Troels F. D. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

In the West Greenland CFB Province, the early lava compositions were dominated by tholeiitic picrites more depleted in terms of isotopic and trace element characteristics than CFBs from any other province, and comparable to those of present-day Icelandic lavas. Later basalts have similar isotopic and incompatible element ratios. Generally, the West Greenland CFBs show no significant interaction with the lithosphere. In East Greenland, the early picrites and basalts from the Kangerlussuaq area have a very wide range of compositions, which strongly indicate lithospheric interaction. The Scoresby Sund basalts, as well as later basalts in the Kangerlussuaq area, have much less variable compositions, and are similar to the most enriched modern Icelandic picrites. The difference between the early West and East Greenland volcanic rocks is probably related to differences in tectonic setting. In West Greenland continental rifting started before volcanism on the continental margin. The arrival of the proto-Icelandic plume material made primitive picritic magma rise quickly through the already rifted lithosphere. In East Greenland no rifting took place until
c.
4 Ma after the arrival of plume material under West Greenland. This allowed small amounts of plume-derived melts to enter and react with the lithosphere and subsequently be incorporated into the CFB magmas at the rifting stage. No thermal doming took place in East Greenland before or during continental break-up, and the East Greenland rifting is considered to have been passive. Very high temperatures and high degrees of melting during picrite generation in East Greenland is a strong indication that the plume was centred under Kangerlugssuaq at the time of rifting. The vigorous interaction between early magmas and lithosphere makes it likely that the plume was centred here also for the 4 Ma prior to rifting.
The palynological record across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in differing palaeogeographical settings from the southern Pyrenees, Spain
Authors: Fernández-Marrón M. T. , López-Martínez N. , Fonollá-Ocete J. F. , Valle-Hernández M. F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
North American and Pacific spore-pollen records show a major extinction event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary, and abrupt changes are similarly found in many marine organisms world-wide. In contrast, records from the Old World reveal little evidence of terrestrial vegetational change across the boundary. In order to improve the characterization of changes across the K-T boundary, palynological assemblages from two sections in the southern Pyrenees have been evaluated. The abundance and diversity of trilete fern spores are high in Maastrichtian samples and show a statistically significant decrease during the Danian. The ‘fern spike’ of low-diversity spores found elsewhere is not recorded in the Pyrenean region. Minor replacements of taxa across the K-T boundary are also noted, as well as an increase in inaperturate gymnosperm pollen in the Danian. Comparing our two examined sections with one another reveals important differences in angiosperm pollen composition.
Dinoflagellate cyst record of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary succession in flysch deposits at Leluchów, Carpathian Mountains, Poland
Authors: Gedl Przemysław 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from Eocene-Oligocene transitional deposits have been studied in a section at Leluchów, Flysch Carpathians, Poland. The Eocene-Oligocene boundary, as based on dinoflagellate cyst distribution, is placed in the upper part of the Leluchów Marl Member. The main biostratigraphic events associated with this boundary interval are the highest occurrence of
Areosphaeridium michoudii
and
Areosphaeridium diktyoplokum
, and the lowest occurrence of
Wetzeliella gochtii
. Distinct changes in dinoflagellate cyst assemblages and palynofacies across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary at Leluchów imply a drop in relative sea-level within the Carpathian flysch basin that might correlate with a major eustatic fall during the earliest Oligocene. A drop in sea surface temperature is recognized prior to the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, and evidence is presented for an increase in nutrient level and decrease in salinity within the photic zone during the earliest Oligocene.
Polynostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments across the Oligocene-Miocene boundary within the Centinela Formation, southwestern Argentina
Authors: Guerstein G. R. , Guler M. V. , Casadío S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Palynological analysis of the Centinela Formation, exposed in the foothills of the Patagonian Andes, has revealed the presence of pollen, dinoflagellate cysts, and chlorococcalean and prasinophycean algae. These groups are here reported from the Centinela Formation for the first time. Sporomorph and dinoflagellate cyst assemblages suggest a Late Oligocene and Early Miocene age. These results coincide with a
87
Sr/
86
Sr age close to the age of the Oligocene-Miocene boundary obtained from the lower part of the section. Palynological information from the Centinela Formation permits correlation with Upper Oligocene and Lower Miocene units cropping out along the Atlantic Patagonian coast. Assemblages from the lower part of the section suggest that the beds were deposited under marine, near-shore palaeoenvironmental conditions with a strong continental influence. In the middle part of the section, high dinoflagellate cyst ratios coincide with a maximum flooding surface recorded in the Centinela Formation. Towards the top of the Centinela Formation, the sporomorph assemblages reflect the development of vegetation adapted to coastal environments, which agrees with the sparse occurrence of marine palynomorphs. A new dinoflagellate species,
Hystrichostrogylon sulcatum
, is proposed. This species appears to range across the Oligocene-Miocene boundary and is particularly abundant in the lowest Miocene.
Early-Middle Pleistocene transitions: an overview and recommendation for the defining boundary
Authors: Head Martin J. , Gibbard Philip L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

The Early-Middle Pleistocene transition (
c.
1.2–0.5 Ma), sometimes known as the ‘mid-Pleistocene revolution’, represents a major episode in Earth history. Low-amplitude 41-ka obliquity-forced climate cycles of the earlier Pleistocene were replaced progressively in the later Pleistocene by high-amplitude 100-ka cycles. These later cycles are indicative of slow ice build-up and subsequent rapid melting, and imply a transition to a strongly non-linear forced climate system. Changes were accompanied by substantially increased global ice volume at 940 ka. These climate transformations, particularly the increasing severity and duration of cold stages, have had a profound effect on the biota and the physical landscape, especially in the northern hemisphere. This review assesses and integrates the marine and terrestrial evidence for change across this transition, based on the literature and especially the following 17 chapters in the present volume. Orbital and non-orbital climate forcing, palaeoceanography, stable isotopes, organic geochemistry, marine micropalaeontology, glacial history, loess-palaeosol sequences, pollen analysis, large and small mammal palaeoecology and stratigraphy, and human evolution and dispersal are all considered, and a series of discrete events is identified from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 36 (
c.
1.2 Ma) to MIS 13 (
c.
540–460 Ma). Of these, the cold MIS 22 (
c.
880–870 ka) is perhaps the most profound. However, we here endorse earlier views that on practical grounds the Matuyama-Brunhes palaeomagnetic Chron boundary (mid-point at 773 ka, with an estimated duration of 7 ka) would serve as the best overall guide for establishing the Early-Middle Pleistocene Subseries boundary.
Large mammal turnover in Africa and the Levant between 1.0 and 0.5 Ma
Authors: O’Regan H. J. , Bishop L. C. , Lamb A. , Elton S. , Turner A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Faunal change at the Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary in Europe has long been a topic for discussion. However, analyses of large mammal turnover at this time in Africa have been lacking, largely because of the low number of sites dated to this interval. Recent work, particularly in the last 10 years, has resulted in a much larger published sample of sites and we synthesize these data in this paper. In our multivariate (TWINSPAN) analyses of African and Levantine large mammal faunas we found that localities were subdivided by geographic regions, not by age. There were some small-scale changes with the appearance or extinction of particular taxa, but there was no large-scale turnover such as that seen in Europe. The Levant was included as a possible route for faunal interchange with east Africa, but no similarities were found between these areas. It therefore appears that the modern zoogeographic separation of the Levant and north Africa into the Palaearctic region and sub-Saharan Africa into the African region can be traced back to at least the Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary.
Studies of Electron Transfer at Aluminum Alloy Surfaces by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Jensen Mark , Bjordahl Travis , Tallman Dennis E. , Bierwagen Gordon 
Published: September 2007

Our corrosion group is investigating two classes of active coatings for corrosion control of Al alloys: conjugated polymers (CP) coatings and Mg metal rich (MgR) coatings. These coatings interact with the metal substrate by electron transfer processes, and by so doing, alter the corrosion behavior of the metal.	Thus, it is important to understand the nature of electron transfer at the alloy surface. Furthermore, we have developed methods for the direct electrodeposition of CP coatings onto Al substrates using electron transfer mediation, and we are particularly interested in the influence of charge and structure of the mediator on the electron transfer process. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is being used to study electron transfer at Al and Al alloy surfaces subjected to various surface treatments, employing mediators of varying structure and charge.
The Effect of Phthalate/Sulphonic Acid Ester Plasticisers on the TiO2 Photocatalyzed Degradation of PVC
Authors: Martin Glyn P. , Robinson Andrew , Worsley David A. 
Published: September 2007

The effects of two plasticizers, one phthalate and one sulfonic acid ester, on the photodegradation of TiO2 pigmented polyvinylchloride (PVC) films are reported. The loading of each plasticizer was altered in the range 0 - 70% relative to the PVC and the effects on the rates of photomineralization were determined using a closed loop flow system to detect the carbon dioxide evolution. All plasticizer additions lead to an initial acceleration in CO2 evolution over the non-plasticized cases.	Non-plasticized films show a marked acid catalysis due to HCl evolution which leads to an acceleration in the rate of oxidation with time. Following initial rapid oxidation of pre- adsorbed plasticizer, the phthalate systems demonstrated a reduced rate of CO2 production and no acid catalysis. The sulfonic acid ester plasticizer is broken down to produce sulfonic acid and sulfuric acid fragments which are sufficiently acidic to catalyze the TiO2 when plasticizer loadings are >50%. The carboxylic acid fragments from the phthalates seem incapable of catalysis even at the highest levels used in this work.