bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Portable Testing Procedure for Monitoring Halogenated Solvents in Waste Fuels
Authors: Tarrer AR , Perry JG , Holloway WM 
Published: February 2009

In the past, used oil has provided a valuable energy source in its use as a fuel for industrial and commercial boilers. There has been recent concern, however, as to the health risks involved in burning recycled oil containing halogenated compounds. As reported in the 29 Nov. 1985 edition of the Federal Register, these health risks have prompted the EPA to impose new regulations involving the use and management of used oil. Specifically, levels for total halogen content have been set between 1000 and 4000 ppm. Above this concentration range, the oil is considered to be a hazardous waste. Since about 500 million gallons of used oil are burned each year, an inexpensive and reliable test method is needed for determining the halogen content of a used oil at the site of its generator.
In response to this need, Auburn University, under sponsorship of the EPA, has been working on the development of a field test to determine halogen concentrations in waste oils. This test is an extension of the Beilstein flame emission test and will selectively test for halogenated solvents in waste oils. The test is very inexpensive, easily performed, and agrees with the standard ASTM oxygen bomb technique within a margin of 10 to 25%.
The test is a very simple procedure requiring only hydrogen and copper wool as replenishable materials. A copper probe is first burned to remove any oxidation which may interfere with the test. The clean probe is then dipped into the oil sample and placed in the flame. Copper halides radiate light at about 436 nm; therefore, the presence of halogenated solvents is indicated by a blue-green emission. Since the intensity of the blue-green emission is a function of organic halide concentration, this concentration can be determined by measuring the flame intensity using a photocell. The organic halide content of very nonvolatile samples can be determined as low as about 70 ppm. More volatile samples require dilution with a nonvolatile oil. For most waste oils, a dilution ratio of 10:1 diluent oil to waste oil is sufficient; this results in a lower threshold detection limit of 700 ppm halide.
The testing procedure works well for most waste oils. The reproducibility is poor for oils which contain significant amounts of water or for those that are highly volatile. With experience, the test can be used to screen even these types of oil, but the results are not very quantitative.
This test has shown great promise for on-site determinations of organic halide concentrations due to solvent contamination in waste oils. Inconclusive tests are obtained for only a small percentage of oils, but even these samples can usually be screened qualitatively for the 1000-ppm limit. This test can be performed by waste oil users, dealers, and transporters as well as EPA enforcement personnel, thus making the new regulations more easily met. This test represents a simple, inexpensive, and reliable method of screening waste oils for organic halide contamination in the field.
Correlation Between Numerically Predicted Crack Opening Load and Measured Load History Dependent Crack Growth Threshold
Authors: Anquez L , Baudin G 
Published: February 2009

The present paper deals with the application of a two-dimensional (plane stress) elastoplastic (Prager's flow rule) finite—element analysis to predict crack opening stresses during the crack growth process under cyclic loading. The main results obtained are as follows:
Crack closure is achieved at crack tip as soon as unloading begins. Under constant amplitude loading, the ratio of the opening force to the maximum force is nearly constant and in good accordance with experiment. ΔKeff is an appropriate parameter if and only if some plastic strain correlations are satisfied around crack tip. This is the case in two-level (HiLo) loadings; so it is possible to have an evident explanation of crack arrest phenomenon. Comparisons with experiments are, in this case, quite satisfactory.
An Investigation of an Extended Plastic Life Mortar
Authors: Matthys JH , Houston JT , Dehghani A 
Published: February 2009

The use of an extended plastic life mortar which can be stored for a prolonged period of time without losing its desirable properties can be beneficial to the masonry industry in several ways.
This paper presents the findings of a two-phase study related to an extended plastic life mortar (ready mix mortar) using a single brand of set-reducing additive. Phase 1 was optimization of a final mix in terms of setting characteristics and compressive strength. Mixes were made which examined the variables of dosage rates, cement content, lime content, and fly ash content. Each mix was characterized by compressive strength, air content, water retention, and plasticity. Several mix designs were generated for achieving particular strength and setting characteristics.
Phase 2 compared one of the generated extended plastic life mortars to a standard portland cement lime Type N mortar as defined in ASTM Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry (C 270) with respect to mechanical properties. The properties examined included: compressive strength, bond strength, freeze thaw, corrosion, shrinkage, efflorescence, and compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of masonry prisms.
Geometry Effects on the R-Curve
Authors: Landes JD , McCabe DE , Ernst HA 
Published: February 2009

R-curves are at present recognized as the elastic-plastic fracture toughness property to be used in failure analysis. However, they are useful only if it can be shown that they are geometry independent. The objective of this study was to demonstrate this geometry independence using four specimen types—the compact, single-edge-notched tension, center-cracked tension, and double-edge-notched tension types. The material used was an A553B Class 1 steel taken from a nuclear reactor nozzle cutout. To eliminate variable constraint between geometries, the thickness of all the specimens was 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) so that plane stress was maintained throughout.
Fracture toughness was characterized in terms of modified J and the Hellmann-Schwalbetype crack-tip opening displacement. Both parameters demonstrated that the R-curve is geometry independent except for the center-cracked specimens. In that case, a slip-line deformation field peculiar to center-cracked tension specimens was identified as the cause of geometry dependence. Double-edge-notched tension specimens proved that the R-curve difference was not due to pure tension loading.
An experimental calibration was made for the single-edge-notched geometry using a series of blunt notch specimens with varying a/W. From this, J can be determined from the area under the experimental load versus displacement records. A normalizing procedure for load versus displacement was developed from this calibration which allows flow properties to be examined for any size, thickness, or a/W. The normalized load displacement curves can be used for J calibration.
An Automated Triaxial Testing System
Authors: Li XS , Chan CK , Shen CK 
Published: February 2009

This paper describes a recently developed automated triaxial testing system. Loading is controlled by a closed-loop feedback scheme capable of performing stress- or strain-controlled tests in the standard triaxial environment. The system has two control channels allowing separate control of both the axial load and the chamber pressure.
Software written especially for this system can control back pressure saturation, consolidation, shear loading, cyclic loading, and a number of special loading programs. Each software package is well documented with complete notes for interactive dialogue with the computer.
The data retrieving and plotting software is capable of processing data and converting it to 20 variables commonly used in geotechnical engineering. These variables can be plotted with different combinations for display and detailed study. Typical test results for a fine sand are included to demonstrate the abilities of the system.
The system is well suited for research purposes, however it can also be used effectively in geotechnical material testing in consulting laboratories. The computer-based testing system is simple in operation, rapid in sampling, accurate in performance, and reasonable in cost.
Influence of Filter Paper and Leakage on Triaxial Testing
Authors: Leroueil S , Tavenas F , La Rochelle P , Tremblay M 
Published: February 2009

A significant problem, especially in long-term tests, is leakage through the fittings and membrane. To avoid the first of these two sources of error, a cell with fittings enclosed in a back pressure chamber has been developed. To reduce leakage through the membrane, various cell fluids have been considered and tested in normal triaxial test conditions but with a dummy in place of the specimen. The results show that silicone oil minimizes the leakage.
Filter papers are used in triaxial testing to accelerate the consolidation process and the equalization of effective stresses within the specimen during shearing. The drainage capacity of five different filter papers was meaured, and their effect on the consolidation and shear processes was evaluated by comparative tests. The results show that in the overconsolidated range, the filter papers are efficient; however, due to the high coefficient of consolidation of natural clays in this range, they are not really useful. In the normally consolidated range, the efficiency of the filter drains during consolidation is considerably less than expected; contrary to what has been observed by other researchers, no effect of the filter drains on shear strength was found.
Results and Interpretation of Multistage Triaxial Compression Tests
Authors: Soranzo M 
Published: February 2009

The procedure for performing and interpreting multistage triaxial compression tests is described. The results obtained from unconsolidated undrained and isotropically con-solidated undrained tests on normally consolidated alluvial clay and overconsolidated colluvial gravelly clay are presented.
A direct comparison of the results of single stage and multistage compression tests, performed on homogeneous samples, indicates that the latter procedure may be applied to soil specimens that reach failure with vertical strain greater than 8 to 10%.
To demonstrate the similarity between the two procedures and to interpret the tests when only a limited percentage of strain is available for each compression stage, stress versus strain, normalized stress versus strain, normalized tangent modulus versus stress, and Kondner's hyperbolic criterion were used in the analysis.
Triaxial Testing of Weak Rocks Including the Use of Triaxial Extension Tests
Authors: Millar PJ , Murray DR 
Published: February 2009

The strength parameters of New Zealand Tertiary weak rocks are found to be intermediate between soil and rock. The nonlinear strength envelopes of these materials for the range of stresses encountered in engineering structures mean that the strength parameters cannot be adequately defined using standard triaxial compression tests.
The strength properties can be established at low stress levels by the triaxial extension test which allows tensile stresses to be developed in the neck of truncated specimens. At high stress levels a high stress triaxial cell is used with confining pressures up to 15 MPa.
New Concept of Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soil and Its Proving Test
Authors: Karube D 
Published: February 2009

Triaxial compression tests, including anisotropic consolidation tests, were performed on compacted kaolin clay by an automatically controlled apparatus. Test results were analyzed in terms of suction and (σ − ua), where σ is total normal stress and ua is pore air pressure, recognizing that when soil is saturated, ua becomes equal to uw, pore water pressure.
When suction is kept constant, the relationships among the observed shear strength, stress-strain, and stress-water content change can be formulated in equations similar to those of saturated soil, in which suction can be regarded as a factor contributing to soil constants. When both suction and all-around pressure are varied, the plastic volumetric strain can be expressed by an equation in which (σ − ua) is multiplied by a function of suction. Therefore suction can be regarded as a factor contributing to soil constants in this case too. These facts mean that the suction need not be regarded as one of the principal stress components such as (σ − ua) in the stress-strain equations of unsaturated soil.
Pore-Pressure Distributions in Constant Strain-Rate Triaxial Tests
Authors: Savage WZ 
Published: February 2009

A theoretical study of pore-pressure distributions in drained, constant strainrate triaxial tests, an outgrowth and extension of earlier work by Gibson, Bishop, and Henkel, has been done to determine the experimental conditions under which pore-pressure gradients, and hence, effective stress differences throughout deforming triaxial test samples, are small.
It is concluded from the analysis of drained triaxial constant strain-rate tests that it is impossible to obtain a fully drained condition. In fact, in this test the long-term spatial pore-pressure distribution becomes parabolic. Unless strain rates are sufficiently low or permeabilities are sufficiently large to minimize the effect of this parabolic pore-pressure distribution, effective stresses in the deforming sample cannot approach uniformity and any property determinations based on the assumption of uniform effective stresses will be in error. A similar conclusion was reached by Gibson. It is also concluded that volumetric strains will be largest near the undrained end of a sample drained at one end, or largest in the middle of a sample drained at both ends. This strain distribution is a consequence of the parabolic pore-pressure distribution and suggests an explanation (apart from frictional end restraints) for any post-yield barreling observed in a drained triaxial test.
Effects of Sampling Disturbance on Shear Strength of Glacial Till and Compacted Fill
Authors: Dietzler DP , Moose DA , Schuh JC 
Published: February 2009

Shear strength tests employing back pressure saturation, isotropic consolidation, and pore pressure measurements in the triaxial chamber are routinely used in the evaluation of landfill sites, deep excavations, earth dams, and highway embankments. Continuous soil sampling using a 1.5-m (5-ft) long split-barrel sampler and hollow-stem augers has proved to be highly efficient in sampling predominantly cohesive soils and cohesive fills. Whereas sampling with thin-walled tubes, ASTM D 1587, has been recognized as providing essentially undisturbed samples, experience with the split-barrel continuous sampler system indicates that visually it will yield equally undisturbed samples and provide better recovery in cohesive fills and extremely hard soils.
A comparative laboratory testing program was undertaken to investigate the differences in shear strength between samples of a glacial till obtained in accordance with the ASTM Method for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils (D 1587), samples carved from blocks, and samples obtained with the continuous split-barrel sampler. These three sampling systems were used to obtain samples from the same strata of saturated glacial till. Zones of carefully monitored compacted clay fill were also sampled using the thin-walled tube sampler and the continuous split-barrel sampler. The factors affecting sample disturbance and the results of a limited testing program are discussed.
The Cambridge True Triaxial Apparatus
Authors: Airey DW , Wood DM 
Published: February 2009

In true triaxial apparatus, samples of soil are subjected to three independent principal stresses and strains. Such apparatus can readily be used for controlled exploration of principal stress or principal strain space to provide information concerning the anisotropic response of the soil to aid the development of constitutive relations.
The Cambridge true triaxial apparatus has recently been reconstructed and is described in its new form. Some experimental data from a stress controlled test on kaolin are presented as an illustration of the capabilities of the apparatus and as an illustration of alternative ways in which such data may be presented while maintaining maximum objectivity.
A True Triaxial Cell for Soil and Rock
Authors: Michelis P 
Published: February 2009

The design and performance of a membrane-piston, high-pressure (σ2 − σ3 ≦ 300 MN/m2) cell are presented. This device is similar to the one used for standard triaxial tests differing only in the stresses, σ2 and σ3, which are independently applied through flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fluid cushions on prismatic specimens. The cell has been used extensively for monotonic-cyclic, compression-tension, plane strain-plane stress tests on a variety of materials.
The design and construction of a similar cell, which fulfills different requirements, are also presented. It uses flexible fluid cushions to transmit pressures up to 250 MN/m2 for σ1, and fluid cushions and fluid chamber pressure for stresses σ2 and σ3, respectively. It transmits uniform boundary loading to large specimen surfaces (19 by 19 by 19 cm), allowing both the development of unrestrained large deformation and its reliable measurement at several locations. The cell possesses a substantial degree of experimental flexibility for testing isotropic and anisotropic materials under drained and undrained conditions as well as ease of assembly and dismantling.
A New Independent Principal Stress Control Apparatus
Authors: Mochizuki A , Mikasa M , Takahashi S 
Published: February 2009

A newly designed independent principal stress control apparatus is presented together with some typical test results obtained by the apparatus. The minor principal stress on a cuboidal specimen, σx, is loaded by air pressure in the triaxial cell, and two couples of rigid platens are used to load the major and intermediate principal stresses, σz and σy.
This apparatus has the following features: 1. The axial stress, σz, is applied from the underside of the specimen, the reaction being supported by a frame in the cell. It makes both the anisotropic consolidation and extension test possible; it also makes the preparation of sand or soft clay specimens very easy. 2. A new device to load intermediate stress, σy, was developed to minimize the friction between lateral loading platens and the specimen. 3. A new system to measure the specimen deformation is also developed with a no-contact gap sensor which moves up and down during the test. It can measure the total volume change and also the change of the shape of the specimen.
Some typical results of triaxial test, plane strain test, and independent stress control test on two sands are presented. Deformation or distribution of strain of the specimen observed by no-contact gap sensor is also discussed.
Effects of Residual Elements in Heavy Forgings: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Bodnar RL , Cappellini RF 
Published: February 2009

In the past, steelmakers of heavy forgings had considerable flexibility with regard to materials specifications. Today there is increasing emphasis on clean steels with extremely low residual element content, particularly with respect to heavy forgings for high-temperature applications. The clean steels are of interest primarily due to their improved ductility, toughness and uniform mechanical properties. Future materials specifications can be expected to reflect the current interest in “superclean” steels. However, the shift to clean steel specifications has greatly reduced the steelmaker's processing options for producing such steels. In addition, in some cases the clean steels have created new problems for the forgemaster (e.g., machining and meeting mechanical property and NDE specifications).
This paper provides a steelmaker's perspective on the role of residual elements in heavy forgings. The paper also contains a summary of some of the historical events which led to the need for reduction in residual element levels. Innovations which have allowed the steelmakers to meet the challenge for lower residual levels are also discussed. The forging grades which are given focus include: Ni-Mo-V, Ni-Cr-Mo-V, Cr-Mo-V, and 12Cr-Mo-V-Cb-N turbine rotor steels and 2¼Cr-1Mo, A508 Class 2, and A508 Class 4 pressure vessel steels. The role of traditional residual elements, such as P, S, Cu, Sb, As, Sn, Ca, Al, H, O, N, B, and rare earths, as well as the current interest in maintaining very low Mn and Si, are discussed as they relate to steelmaking, forging, heat treatment, machining, and service life. Residual elements as they relate to segregation, inclusion type, overheating, hardenability, temperability, temper embrittlement, creep embrittlement, hydrogen flaking, and stress corrosion cracking are also discussed.
The Road to a Truly Authoritative Chemical Dictionary
Authors: Loening KL 
Published: February 2009

While a number of chemical dictionaries are on the market, there is an indisputable need for a truly authoritative one in which the definition of each term is carefully formulated and checked by a panel of experts in the field. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) through its Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS) has begun a project aimed at eventually producing such a dictionary.
A brief history of the project is given. The organization of IUPAC is summarized, and the publications procedure by which nomenclature and terminology documents gain official IUPAC status is described. These documents represent the data base from which the initial Compendium of Chemical Terminology: IUPAC Recommendations has been produced. In the Compendium, terms along with their definitions are reproduced from IUPAC-approved documents published through 1985 in the fields of physical, inorganic, organic, macromolecular, and analytical chemistry. Terms from the fields of applied and clinical chemistry are to be added later. Some examples of editing decisions are presented.
Since each of the terms with its definition has been approved by an expert IUPAC commission, this compendium represents a real first step toward a truly authoritative chemical dictionary. It is hoped that in due time relevant terms with their definitions taken from official documents outside of IUPAC will also be included.
A Terminologist's and a Chemist's Look at Chemical Neologisms
Authors: Sonneveld WB , Loening KL 
Published: February 2009

After a brief historical introduction, the creation and development of scientific terms from the linguistics point of view are outlined. The terms “neologism” and “neonym” are defined and their characteristics are listed. After pointing out the basic principles of neonymy, the principal methods of neonymic formation of chemical terms are cited and illustrated by examples taken from recent nomenclature recommendations issued by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB), the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Standards Organization (ISO), and other international organizations. Other examples are taken directly from the chemical literature. Topics represented by these examples include systematic versus trivial names for chemical compounds, names for elements of atomic numbers greater than 100 recommended by IUPAC, names for enzymes recommended by IUB, international nonproprietary names for pharmaceuticals issued by WHO and those of pesticides issued by ISO. Problems arising from words used in ordinary language also having chemical meanings are discussed. In addition, the danger and confusion resulting from assigning new meanings to old terms are illustrated.
Finally, the factors leading to acceptance or rejection of chemical neologisms are examined, again illustrated by a number of case histories. Some conclusions to be kept in mind by future coiners of chemical neologisms are presented.