bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zoning Aquifers for Tertiary Treatment of Wastewatera
Authors: Bouwer Herman 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSoils and aquifers can function as effective and economical filter systems for advanced treatment of conventionally treated sewage and other wastewater. The wastewater is applied to the land with low‐rate or high‐rate infiltration systems. Physical, chemical, and biological processes in the soil improve the quality of the wastewater as it percolates through the vadose zone and into the aquifer to become renovated water. The quality of the renovated water, however, often is not as good as that of the native ground water. To utilize the land for treatment of wastewater, without trading a problem of surface‐water pollution for one of ground‐water contamination, the spread of renovated water in the aquifer must be restricted. This can be accomplished by locating the system so that the renovated water drains naturally into a stream or other surface water, or by artificially removing renovated water from the aquifer with wells or drains at some distance from the application area. Examples are given of various systems that utilize these principles, and general design criteria are presented. Proper design involves analysis of underground‐flow systems for various system geometries. Methods for measuring hydraulic conductivity, particularly in the vadose zone, are briefly reviewed.
Tracing Sewage Effluent Recharge Tucson, Arizonaa
Authors: Schultz Thomas R. , Randall Jeffery H. , Wilson L. G. , Davis Stanley N. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDry washes or river beds are often used by southwestern communities to dispose of treated sewage effluent. Because many of these communities rely on ground water as a water supply, there is concern that this disposal practice may contaminate local aquifers. This has led to implementation of monitoring and tracing programs to quantify effluent and ground‐water interactions and to development of efficient, easily used predictive models.The treated sewage effluent from the City of Tucson treatment plant has historically been used for irrigation and/or discharged to the normally dry Santa Cruz River. Numerous sampling programs have been undertaken to quantify the chemical quality, temperature, and microbiological activity of the ground water in the area near the Santa Cruz. Ground‐water regions with high chloride and nitrate concentrations tend to be associated with areas irrigated with sewage effluent. Quality degradation due to channel recharge is not as evident because the effluent recharge is restricted by fine materials plugging the channel deposits. Recharging water tends to mound near the contact between the Recent and Fort Lowell formations spreading laterally more rapidly than downward.A new tracer, trichlorofluoromethane (trade name Freon 11, C13CF) with applications similar to environmental tritium is being evaluated. C13CF enters the hydro‐logic cycle when it is partitioned between the gas and liquid phases during raindrop formation. C13CF in water samples is separated and quantitatively measured by a gas chromatograph with pulsed electron‐capture detector.Preliminary Cl3CF analyses of ground water along the Santa Cruz do not correlate with nitrate values because mixing and increasing atmospheric Cl3CF concentrations were not accounted for. However, the presence of CI3CF in the ground water indicates recent recharge. Predictive modeling will be implemented using CI3CF and a finite‐state mixing model.
Review of C. E. Jacob's Doublet Well
Authors: Wickersham Ginia 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTC. E. Jacob, noted hydrologist, received patents on his doublet well invention in 1965. Due to his death soon thereafter, no paper was written or published describing his invention. The purpose of this paper is to stir interest in his original doublet theory and make known a technique that can be useful to hydrologists.Jacob's patents are for a single location doublet well that produces fresh water or petroleum from underground reservoir formations without contamination by underlying heavier liquid. By use of packers, water is pumped from one horizon and discharged into a different horizon. A closed cell is created whereby the heavier liquid is recirculated below the streamline boundary, while lighter fluid passes into the well and is raised to the surface.The doublet well as proposed by Jacob has the potential to increase the usefulness of ground water. It permits a greater rate of production of the lighter liquid than previously possible. It is applicable to saline intrusion and oil vs. brine situations. The single doublet is also a possible mechanism for the ground‐water heat pump.
Cleat Orientation and Areal Hydraulic Anisotropy of a Wyoming Coal Aquifer
Authors: Stone Randolph , Snoeberger David F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe anisotropic, areal hydraulic conductivity of the Felix No. 2 coal (Eocene, Wasatch Formation) has been defined in a four‐well pump test at a site in the Powder River Basin of northeastern Wyoming. The direction of maximum hydraulic conductivity of the subbituminous coal bed bears N59°E and is associated with a horizontal hydraulic conductivity of 0.27 m/day. The direction of minimum hydraulic conductivity bears N31°W and is associated with a horizontal hydraulic conductivity of 0.15 m/day. The direction of maximum hydraulic conductivity approximately corresponds to the trend of the prominent face cleat in the coal, while the direction of minimum hydraulic conductivity corresponds to the trend of the butt cleat. The cleat orientation appears related to the alignment of major structural features of the region. Prediction of the direction of both maximum and minimum horizontal hydraulic conductivity in near‐horizontal coal beds appears possible. However, either the cleat orientation of the bed or the alignment of the controlling fold structure must be known or obtainable.
Application of a Mathematical Model to Estimate Water Levelsa
Authors: Tasker Gary D. , Guswa John H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA mathematical model for estimating daily water levels from less than daily observations was used to analyze an existing water‐level observation network on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The model assumes that the water‐level fluctuation curve can be approximated by a simple harmonic function of the form: wl(x)=M+A cos(2π/T×+ C) + Bx where wl(x) is the water level for day number x. M, A, C and B are constants, and T is the harmonic period.The analysis indicated that for those sites which are not affected by tidal fluctuations or man‐made influences (such as pumping), six water‐level measurements per year would allow daily water levels to be interpolated with a standard error of estimate of about 0.06 meters.
The Use of Temperature Logs to Trace the Movement of Injected Water
Authors: Keys W. S. , Brown R. F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTemperature logs were used to study the movement of water injected into wells penetrating the Pliocene Ogallala Formation in the High Plains of Texas. Descriptions of the results of three recharge tests are necessary because the hydrologic response to recharge at each site was very different. The water used for artificial recharge of the aquifer was derived from playa lakes in which the diurnal fluctuation of temperature was as much as 17 ° Celsius. Daily thermal cycles that resulted from injection of this water were traced through the aquifer by use of a series of temperature logs made at frequent intervals in cased holes specially constructed for logging. The thermal pulses were detected by logging holes as far as 46 meters (150 ft) from the recharge well.In areas where this technique was used, the Ogallala Formation consists of thick sections of uniform medium‐grained sand that visually appear uniform and thus were thought to have uniform hydraulic conductivity. However, the results of temperature logging at each of the three sites clearly demonstrate that the hydraulic conductivity varies greatly through these seemingly uniform lithologic units. Thermal pulse velocities as high as 4.6 meters (15 ft) per hour were found in thin zones immediately adjacent to sand where velocities were a few feet per day. Tracing with temperature logs is potentially useful in locating zones of high intrinsic permeability and in detecting apparent changes in rate of flow as a function of time.
Nitrate, Chloride and Dissolved Solids, Ogallala Aquifer, West Texasa
Authors: Reeves C. C. , Miller W. D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe distribution of nitrate, chloride and dissolved solids from ground water from the Ogallala aquifer in a 27‐county area of west Texas illustrates widespread areas of poor water quality. Elements studied increased in concentration from northwest to southeast across the Southern High Plains. Northeast of a line from about Clovis, New Mexico to Lubbock, Texas, nitrate tends to be <45 mg/l, chloride is <20 mg/l, and dissolved solids are <400 mg/l. However, southwest of this line nitrate may exceed 60 mg/l and in some areas exceeds 170 mg/l. Chloride commonly exceeds 500 mg/l and may be >2000 mg/l, and dissolved solids usually exceed 1000 mg/l and may be >8000 mg/l. Regional distribution may be the result of long‐term migration of Ogallala ground water but the present water quality and distribution, as well as time, distance, stratigraphy and permeability, suggest contamination of Ogallala ground water by vertical rather than lateral migration. Most of the high nitrate values (>45 mg/l) occur in areas having sandy soils which have been intensively cultivated, thus leaching of nitrogen‐based fertilizers is suspect. However, the high chloride and dissolved solids, which exist in essentially the same geographic area, probably represent vertical to local lateral seepage of saline water from large alkali lake basins and local vertical migration from saline Cretaceous aquifers.
Interpretation of Hydrochemical Facies by Factor Analysis
Authors: Dalton Matthew G. , Upchurch Sam B. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTHydrochemical facies interpretations are useful tools for determining the flow patterns, origins, and chemical histories of ground‐water masses. Factor analysis is advantageous for hydrochemical interpretations because it is independent of the number or type of variables used. Factor analysis also allows avoidance of problems of closed‐number systems inherent in more traditional techniques, such as trilinear diagrams. This paper applies factor analysis to the interpretation of mixing between sulfate and bicarbonate ground‐water masses. Whereas trilinear diagrams show one mixing trend (bicarbonate with sulfate waters), factor analysis allows interpretation of multiple mixing trends. These trends include the bicarbonate‐sulfate trend; a sodium‐, silica‐, fluoride‐, and temperature‐mixing system that is interpreted as resulting from recharge; and a chloride‐sodium system that appears to represent mixing with residual, connate water. The latter trends are identified as small‐scale, chemical variations that result in dispersion of the data points about the dominant mixing trend on the trilinear diagram. Thus, factor analysis provides greater precision in identifying hydrochemical facies and interpreting their origins.
Comprehensive Analysis of Water‐Table Aquifer Test Data
Authors: Walton William C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFlow to wells in water‐table aquifers is related to anisotropy, vertical components of flow, well storage capacity, degree of well penetration, and changes in aquifer saturated thickness. The manner and extent to which these factors affect water levels may be evaluated with aquifer test data. Families of type curves describe the typical S‐shaped curves of log drawdown versus log time observed around wells in water‐table aquifers. Comprehensive analysis of water‐table aquifer test data is possible with the array of equations derived largely in the late 195O's to 1970's. Erroneous data analysis will result unless complicating factors are fully recognized and taken into account. This paper reviews existing methods which the author accepts and recommends for ground‐water investigator use.
A Multilevel Device for Ground‐Water Sampling and Piezometric Monitoring
Authors: Pickens J. F. , Cherry J. A. , Grisak G. E. , Merritt W. F. , Risto B. A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA simple inexpensive device for sample collection and for monitoring of ground‐water potential at many levels from a single borehole installation has been developed. The device consists of a bundle of polypropylene tubes contained inside a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe that is installed in the aquifer. Each tube protrudes through the wall of the pipe at a different elevation where it serves as a point water sampler and piezometer. The tip of each tube is encased in fine‐meshed stainless‐steel screening. The device is best suited for use in cohesionless deposits and where the piezometric levels are close enough to ground surface to enable samples to be obtained by suction methods. It can be conveniently installed using a hollow‐stem auger, driven casing or wash‐boring methods. The usefulness of this multilevel sampling device has been demonstrated in detailed monitoring of a leachate plume from a sanitary landfill.
Use of Baker's Yeast to Trace Microbial Movement in Ground Water
Authors: Wood Warren W. , Ehrlich Garry G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTField and laboratory tests were made using suspensions of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to trace movement of microbes in artificially recharged ground water. Yeast cells penetrated more than 7 meters into a sand and gravel aquifer in less than 48 hours. It is believed that most of the cells travelled through channels formed by the solution of calcium carbonate rather than through intergranular pores. Ease and sensitivity of detection, coupled with negligible background correction, suggest that baker's yeast is an excellent choice as a tracer for this type of application.
N15/N14 Ratios of Ground‐Water Nitrate, Long Island, New Yorka
Authors: Kreitler Charles W. , Ragone Stephen E. , Katz Brian G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTNitrogen‐isotope values (δN15) of ground‐water nitrate on Long Island, New York, correlate with δN15 ranges of nitrate sources which contribute to the ground‐water systems. The δN15 of nitrate in water from the upper glacial aquifer, the water‐table aquifer on Long Island, shows a shift from lighter values in the eastern part of the island where land is used predominantly for agriculture, to heavier values toward New York City where land is used for suburban residences with septic systems or sewers. δN15 values for inorganic fertilizer, unfertilized cultivated fields, and animal wastes show a similar shift from low to high values: −3 ‰ to +2 ‰+ 2 ‰ to + 8 ‰ and +10 ‰ to +20 ‰, respectively.Nitrogen‐isotope ratios of nitrate in water from the deeper Magothy aquifer indicate a mixed source of nitrate.
Transient Spherical Flow to a Nonpenetrating Well with Constant Drawdowna
Authors: Jaiswal C. S. , Chauhan H. S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe analysis of flow to a flowing nonpenetrating well in a leaky artesian aquifer was obtained. A method has been suggested to determine the aquifer parameters using the pump‐test data on such wells with constant drawdown in the well. A technique is also suggested to determine the aquifer parameters using the well itself as the observation well.
Ground‐Water Quality Standards — Irrelevanta
Authors: Rayner Frank A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTProposals to establish national ground‐water quality standards appear to be premature, and redundant because of the geohydrologic and geochemical factors governing the occurrence and development of ground water. Although it can be reasoned that there is no “good time” to establish additional governmental standards (and the resultant additional governmental regulations), it can also be strongly argued that now is a “bad time” to consider establishment of the proposed standards.First, a present mood of the general public is away from more governmental involvement in the business and private sectors, and a rebellion against the increasing cost of government. Second, the applicability and workability of present Federal (and some State) laws that could be used to adequately protect ground‐water quality, have yet to be implemented or otherwise sufficiently tested.The full force and effect of the Water Pollution Control Act (PL 92‐500 with amendments) has yet to be implemented, and Congress is still considering its “oversights” in their drafting of same.The Safe Drinking Water Act (PL 93‐523), particularly those sections designed or usable to protect ground‐water quality, have yet to be tested by the EPA. Like PL 92‐500, the deadline for implementation of parts of PL 93‐523 has long since passed.And the far‐reaching effects on ground‐water quality protection that three other federal laws‐the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (PL 94‐580); the Toxic Substances Control Act (PL 94‐469); and Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (PL 95‐87)—are totally unknown, since the procedures for full implementation of these acts have yet to be developed.Therefore, it appears that establishing a new ground‐water quality control act prior to testing existing law and thereby learning from their flaws or shortcomings, could result in unnecessary proliferation of law without its reasonable testing.This appears to be good time to interrupt the geometric progression that tends to spawn additional laws when laws are developed ahead of their established need.Equitable and workable ground‐water quality protection could be fostered through the enactment of the long overdue requirements for the integration of surface‐and ground‐water development and management structures. This integration would decrease inefficiency of use of these water resources—which are actually inseparable in identity to their users, the American taxpayers.
Land Application of Waste — State of the Arta
Authors: Wright Kenneth R. , Rovey Catherine Kraeger 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLand application of treated waste water can provide unique opportunities, not only for a final high level of waste‐water treatment but for reuse of nutrients as well. Recent laws passed by Congress have made it necessary to consider land treatment when planning and designing new waste‐water treatment facilities. The three types of land treatment commonly used are (1) irrigation, (2) overland flow, and (3) rapid infiltration. Selection of the most appropriate type of land treatment for a specific site is based on several considerations, including soil conditions, geology, topography, proximity to surface and subsurface water, and climate.Ensuring the protection of ground water is essential when siting or designing a land treatment system. Ground water is an important natural resource, having considerable impact on human life and well‐being as well as high economic value. Safeguarding this important resource from contamination includes careful site selection, appropriate pretreatment of waste water prior to its application, and a program of regularly scheduled monitoring to ensure that the waste water is being properly renovated for safe release to the environment.Utilization of municipal sludge on land for agricultural production is encouraged by federal law, as is land treatment of waste water. Sludge contains concentrated wastes, and there are practical limitations on the levels of heavy metals, salts, and toxic substances in sludges applied to agricultural lands. Sludge is generally stabilized before being applied, to destroy pathogens, and reduce weight, volume and odor.Several case studies of successful land treatment systems presently in operation are presented to demonstrate the viability of the land treatment concept.
Land Application of Waste — An Accident Waiting to Happena
Authors: Johnson Charles C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTHalf the population depends on ground water for domestic uses. Use is increasing 25 percent per decade. Ground water is generally used with little or no treatment.Some persons would transfer the discharge of our waste products from contaminated surface streams to the land and thus relatively clean ground waters.No standards exist that protect ground‐water quality. Research necessary to give assurance that natural interaction of waste water and soils will remove, to acceptable levels, potentially harmful contaminants, organic and inorganic, that permeate today's waste streams and today's health concerns, has not been done.Success reports on land treatment of waste water have a not evaluated deterioration of ground water from organic contamination. Most waste waters contain synthetic organics in varying concentrations. EPA recommends their reduction in drinking water to the lowest possible level.Most instances of ground‐water contamination have been discovered after drinking water is contaminated. Unless the public is willing to treat ground water as it does water from surface streams, greater control of land disposal practices must be exercised. Current practice does not indicate the necessary controls are contemplated or recognized. It follows that the widespread use of the land treatment alternative is, in reality, an accident waiting to happen.
The 208 Planning Approach to Ground‐Water Protection — What Is Wrong and What Can Be Done About It?a
Authors: Schmidt Kenneth D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGenerally, the 208 planning approach is deficient in a number of ways. Its origin lies in Public Law 92‐500, which focuses on protection of surface water and special uses of water for fish, wildlife, and recreation. Little ground water is used for these purposes. Nonpoint sources have not been defined in terms that have hydrogeologic significance. Local and State regulatory agencies have often been unsuccessful in controlling ground‐water pollution, yet the 208 approach tends to disregard the reasons for this situation. The reasons for ground‐water pollution in an area must be understood before meaningful control measures can be enacted. These include both technical and institutional problems.Planners are placed in the forefront of many 208 programs at the local level and often their backgrounds are inadequate in ground water. There is a great lack of ground‐water professionals in regulatory agencies involved, particularly in the Southwest. This deficiency is paramount at high levels and in many regional offices of EPA. There are no provisions in the approach to insure that qualified ground‐water geologists or hydrologists will be involved. Academic training in ground water is presently oriented toward ground‐water development and not pollution. Lastly, public participation is greatly limited by the general lack of knowledge regarding ground water and its pollution.Successful 208 programs in terms of ground water have been enacted when ground‐water professionals have had major roles. Changes are necessary in the academic training of ground‐water geologists and hydrologists. The public must be educated concerning the long‐term consequences of ground‐water pollution. Lastly, ground‐water professionals must assume the leadership in ground‐water protection.