bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational Methods Used to Assess Rat Behavior: General Principles
Authors: Paul Carol Ann , Beltz Barbara , Berger-Sweeney Joanne 
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTIONThe behavioral approach to solving neuroscience questions, unlike cellular and molecular approaches, is difficult to define and is therefore sometimes considered a less-disciplined approach. Methods describing behavioral procedures are often thought to be crude when compared to the precision of physiological or molecular methods. This apparent lack of precision results from the problems inherent in the study of behavior--deciding what to measure among the large number of variables, understanding that behavior is the final output of a vast array of neurochemical and electrophysiological changes, designing reproducible experiments that have appropriate controls, and most importantly, interpreting results. Conflicting results from similar protocols have led to prolonged debates and controversies in interpretation of behavioral data; therefore, it is necessary to strive for a high degree of precision through the cultivation of excellent handling and observational skills and thorough documentation strategies. This article is an introduction to several methods used to measure and assess normal behavior in a rat, including suggestions about how to make objective behavioral observations. Behavioral tests can be used to establish a “behavioral baseline” for a normal animal, to assess the effects of drugs or a lesion on behavior, and to determine whether transgenic animals have a normal behavioral repertoire. It should be kept in mind that, along with the intended effect, experimental manipulations often have unintended side effects, and behavioral tests can also be used to determine some of the less obvious changes.
Octenidine in root canal and dentine disinfection ex vivo
Authors: Tandjung L. , Waltimo T. , Hauser I. , Heide P. , Decker E.‐M. , Weiger R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAim  The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of octenidine on Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 in a dentine block model.Methodology  Fifty‐six root segments of extracted human teeth were infected with E. faecalis for 4 weeks. Octenidine‐phenoxyethanol gel (1 : 1) was applied for different timing: 1 min, 10 min, 7 days and in a different formula (1 : 3) for 10 min. Three samples were chosen for the group with placebo gel and for the group without infection (negative control). Dentine samples were collected, and the total count of bacteria and colony‐forming units were determined. In addition, for controls and the 10 min group with 1 : 1 gel, the proportion of viable bacteria (PVB) was assessed.Results  Octenidine was particularly effective after incubation periods of 10 min and 7 days. The mean PVB decreased significantly from 57.2% to 5.7% after 10 min application. After 7 days, only one of 10 samples showed positive culture.Conclusion  The present study showed the effectiveness of octenidine against E. faecalis in dentine disinfection. Further laboratory and clinical studies are required.
Maintaining a high level of suspicion for recurrent malignant disease: report of a case with periapical involvement
Authors: Dewan K. , Owens J. , Silvester K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAim  To report the unusual endodontic presentation and radiographic features of a subgroup of pleomorphic adenoma called carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma and to stress the importance of maintaining a high level of suspicion in cases where primary or recurrent neoplasia is included in the differential diagnosis.Summary  This paper describes a case in which a patient with a previous history of malignant neoplasm presented with signs and symptoms similar to a dental infection. The pathology report however confirmed recurrence of the previous tumour in a malignant fashion. The importance of maintaining a high level of suspicion in early management of such disease is highlighted.Key learning points

Pleomorphic adenomas, also known as benign mixed tumours, are common salivary gland tumours, which infrequently undergo malignant transformation, with potentially devastating consequences.
Malignant salivary gland tumours can present as dental swelling, dental pain and sudden loss of vitality of teeth so both general practitioners and specialists have the responsibility to evaluate such patients with a broad vision.
Radiographic differential diagnosis of periapical radiolucency should also include malignant salivary gland tumours.
This case highlights the need of vigilance at all times and emphasizes the benefits of biopsy and histological examination in the diagnosis of recurrent malignant salivary gland tumours.
Penetration of dentinal tubules by endodontic sealer cements in extracted teeth and in vivo
Authors: Mamootil K. , Messer H. H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAim  To compare the depth and consistency of penetration of three different root canal sealer cements into dentinal tubules in extracted teeth and to measure the penetration of an epoxy resin‐based sealer cement in vivo.Methodology  Root canals of 50 extracted human pre‐molar teeth were prepared and obturated using three different sealer cements based on epoxy resin (AH26), zinc oxide eugenol (Pulp Canal Sealer EWT) and methacrylate resin (EndoREZ). Five teeth filled without sealer were used as controls. Teeth were sectioned and prepared for observation using scanning electron microscopy. A further 12 teeth with a history of successful root filling and subsequent extraction were collected and sectioned. The depth of sealer penetration into dentinal tubules was measured and the consistency and appearance of the sealer within the tubules observed.Results  AH26 demonstrated the deepest penetration (1337 μm), followed by EndoREZ (863 μm) and Pulp Canal Sealer EWT (71 μm). The difference in penetration between all sealer groups was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). The resin‐based sealers appeared to penetrate tubules more consistently. In the clinical cases, all teeth demonstrated sealer penetration to varying depths (98–1490 μm).Conclusions  The depth and consistency of dentinal tubule penetration of sealer cements appears to be influenced by the chemical and physical characteristics of the materials. Resin‐based sealers displayed deeper and more consistent penetration. Penetration depths observed for the epoxy resin‐based sealer in vivo were consistent with that found in the experimental model.
Gestational age estimation on United States livebirth certificates: a historical overview
Authors: Wier Megan L. , Pearl Michelle , Kharrazi Martin 
Published: September 2007

SummaryGestational age on the birth certificate is the most common source of population‐based gestational age data that informs public health policy and practice in the US. Last menstrual period is one of the oldest methods of gestational age estimation and has been on the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth since 1968. The ‘clinical estimate of gestation’, added to the standard certificate in 1989 to address missing or erroneous last menstrual period data, was replaced by the ‘obstetric estimate of gestation’ on the 2003 revision, which specifically precludes neonatal assessments. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these measures, potential research implications and challenges accompanying the transition to the obstetric estimate.
Assessing the quality of last menstrual period date on California birth records
Authors: Pearl Michelle , Wier Megan L. , Kharrazi Martin 
Published: September 2007

SummaryBirth certificate last menstrual period (LMP) date is widely used to estimate gestational age in the US. While data quality concerns have been raised, no large population‐based study has isolated data quality issues by comparing birth record LMP (Birth LMP) with reliable LMP dates from another source. We assessed LMP data quality in 2002 California singleton livebirth records (n = 515 381) and in a subset of records with linked prenatally collected LMP from California's statewide Prenatal Expanded Alpha‐fetoprotein Screening Program (XAFP) (n = 105 936). Missing or incomplete LMP data affected 13% of birth records; 17% of those had complete LMP within XAFP records.Data quality indicators supported XAFP LMP as more accurate than Birth LMP, with a lower prevalence of digit preference, post‐term delivery, out‐of‐range gestational age estimates and implausible birthweight‐for‐gestational age. The bimodal birthweight distribution evident at 20–31 weeks' gestation based on Birth LMP was nearly absent with XAFP LMP‐based gestational age. Approximately 32% of the second birthweight mode was explained by apparent clerical errors in Birth LMP month. Digit preference errors, particularly day 1, were associated with gestational age overestimation. Preterm delivery rates were higher according to Birth (7.6%) vs. XAFP LMP (7.2%). One‐fifth of observed preterm and over half of observed post‐term births using Birth LMP were not true cases; 15% of true preterm cases were missed. African American or Hispanic, less educated, and publicly or uninsured women were most likely to be misclassified and have large LMP date discrepancies attributable to clerical or digit preference error. The implementation of a revised birth certificate is an opportunity for targeted training and data entry checks that could substantially improve LMP accuracy on birth records.
Genetic interaction between glabra3‐shapeshifter and siamese in Arabidopsis thaliana converts trichome precursors into cells with meristematic activity
Authors: Marks M. David , Gilding Edward , Wenger Jonathan P. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe identity of many genes required for trichome differentiation is known. This paper describes a novel interaction between mutant alleles of two such genes. One of the alleles, called gl3‐sst, is derived from the GL3 locus, which encodes a basic helix‐loop‐helix type transcription factor. The mutation in the gl3‐sst protein modifies its ability to form a complex with the GL1 protein (a MYB transcription factor required for trichome formation), leading to changes in gene expression compared with wild type during gl3‐sst mutant trichome development. The other mutant allele, sim, is a likely loss of function allele derived from the SIM locus, which is predicted to encode a negative regulator of D‐type cyclin activity. The gl3‐sst sim double mutant exhibits mounds of cells derived from the proliferation of single trichome precursors. The ectopic expression of a D‐type cyclin gene in gl3‐sst mimics the double mutant phenotype. Thus, an interaction between altered trichome gene expression caused by the gl3‐sst mutation and relaxed regulation of D‐type cyclin activity in the double mutant converted a non‐dividing cell into a novel highly proliferating cell type.
Adhesions and Colorectal Surgery – Call for Action
Authors: Parker M. C. , Wilson M. S. , Van Goor H. , Moran B. J. , Jeekel J. , Duron J‐J. , Menzies D. , Wexner S. D. , Ellis H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMounting evidence highlights that adhesions are now the most frequent complication of abdominopelvic surgery, yet many surgeons are still not aware of the extent of the problem and its serious consequences. While many patients go through life without apparent problems, adhesions are the major cause of small bowel obstruction and a leading cause of infertility and chronic pelvic pain in women. Moreover, adhesions complicate future abdominal surgery with important associated morbidity and expense and a considerable risk of mortality.Studies have shown that despite advances in surgical techniques in recent years, the burden of adhesion‐related complications has not changed. Adhesiolysis remains the main treatment even though adhesions reform in most patients.Recent developments in adhesion‐reduction strategies and new anti‐adhesion agents do, however, offer a realistic possibility of reducing the risk of adhesions forming and potentially improving the clinical outcomes for patients and reducing the associated onward burden to healthcare systems.This paper provides a synopsis of the impact and extent of the problem of adhesions with reference to the wider literature and also consideration of the key note papers presented in this special supplement to Colorectal Disease. It considers the evidence of the risk of adhesions in colorectal surgery and the opportunities and strategies for improvement. The paper acts as a ‘call for action’ to colorectal surgeons to make prevention of adhesions more of a priority and importantly to inform patients of the risks associated with adhesion‐related complications during the consent process.
The magnitude of adhesion‐related problems
Authors: Stanciu D. , Menzies D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAdhesions perhaps should be considered to be the most frequent complication of abdominopelvic surgery. The incidence is well documented but the burden to the cost of healthcare is not given the recognition it deserves. For any other disease or operation, with a recognized complication with such a high incidence, a prophylactic therapy or preventative strategy would be recommended if not mandatory. Adhesions occur in over 95% of all abdominal operations and can account for up to 6% of all readmissions. The problem affects all ages and exists for the life of the patient.
Systematic guide to complex cases from adhesive disease
Authors: Jobanputra S. , Wexner S. D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIntestinal adhesions are inevitable after abdominal surgery. The presence of intra‐abdominal adhesions can create very complex situations which require careful preoperative planning, meticulous intra‐operative technique and detailed postoperative management. This manuscript will review the management of these complex cases of adhesions.
Insulin glulisine, insulin lispro and regular human insulin show comparable end‐organ metabolic effects: an exploratory study
Authors: Horvath K. , Bock G. , Regittnig W. , Bodenlenz M. , Wutte A. , Plank J. , Magnes C. , Sinner F. , Fürst‐Recktenwald S. , Theobald K. , Pieber T. R. 
Published: September 2007

Aims:  To compare the end‐organ metabolic effects of insulin glulisine (glulisine), insulin lispro (lispro) and regular human insulin (RHI) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Methods:  Eighteen patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (mean age 36.9 ± 8.6 years, BMI 23.6 ± 2.8 kg/m2, haemoglobin A1c 7.4 ± 0.9%) were randomized in this single‐centre, double‐blind, three‐period cross‐over, standard Latin‐square, euglycaemic glucose clamp trial. Patients received sequential, primed stepwise intravenous infusions of glulisine, lispro or RHI (infusion rates were increased in a stepwise manner from an initial rate of 0.33 [180 min] to 0.66 [180 min] and 1.00 [180 min] mU/kg/min). The primary variables were the suppression of endogenous glucose production (SEGP) and glucose uptake (GU).Results:  Mean basal endogenous glucose production (EGP) was 1.88, 2.12 and 2.12 mg/kg/min for glulisine, lispro and RHI respectively. Mean (±s.e.) maximum absolute SEGP (adjusted for basal EGP) was −1.64 ± 0.06, −1.72 ± 0.05 and −1.56 ± 0.05 mg/kg/min respectively. Mean (±s.e.) maximum absolute increase in GU (adjusted for basal GU) was 6.46 ± 0.26, 6.23 ± 0.24 and 6.72 ± 0.24 mg/kg/min respectively. There were no clinically relevant differences between the three insulin treatments with respect to serum insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), glycerol or lactate levels. No serious adverse events and no episodes of severe hypoglycaemia were reported.Conclusions:  This study shows that glulisine, lispro and RHI have similar effects on SEGP, GU, FFA, glycerol and lactate levels, providing evidence for similar end‐organ metabolic effects.
The spatial politics of the past unbound: transnational networks and the making of political identities
Authors: FEATHERSTONE DAVID 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this article I consider the relations between historical and contemporary forms of transnational political networks. I contest accounts that counterpose a networked present against a more settled and bounded past, arguing that this contrast rests on a problematic temporalization of difference in the construction of political identities. I consider how this temporalization produces particular accounts of relations between space, politics and identity. Drawing on the insurgent imaginative geography of resistance in C. L. R. James'sThe Black Jacobins, I argue for a focus on the dynamic geographies of connection formed through transnational networks. I develop this position through a discussion of the relations of the London Corresponding Society, formed in London in 1792, to transnational routes of political activists, organizational forms and ideas. This account highlights the multiple political identities crafted through transnational political networks. I conclude by outlining elements of a ‘usable past’ for contemporary counter‐global struggles.
Women Working Worldwide: transnational networks, corporate social responsibility and action research
Authors: HALE ANGELA , WILLS JANE 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this article we trace the history of a new form of labour internationalism that emerged in support of women workers’ organizations, in particular in the garment industry, from the 1980s. We tell the story of the emergence of Women Working Worldwide (WWW), a small UK‐based NGO that provides solidarity and support for a network of women workers’ organizations in the commodity producing zones of the global South. WWW grew along with other organizations that have succeeded in forcing global corporations to take some responsibility for the employment conditions along their supply chains. In what has become corporate social responsibility (CSR), companies now establish codes of conduct and workplace audits of employment conditions in those factories to which they subcontract manufacturing work. WWW played a key part in the establishment of the Clean Clothes Campaign, Labour Behind the Label and the Ethical Trading Initiative that continue to develop such practices today. WWW used the power of transnational networks to ensure that the needs and voices of women workers were put on the agenda for action. The story of WWW demonstrates the potential to effect change through transnational networking, the extent to which different local organizations can find common cause with each other and the benefits of engaging in locally‐focused but transnationally coordinated educational and action research projects.
‘Roundabout routes and sanctuary schools’: the role of situated educational practices and habitus in the creation of transnational professionals
Authors: WATERS JOHANNA L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this article, I examine the role of ‘education’ in the formation of transnational professionals in contemporary Hong Kong. A significant body of work has been devoted to considering the ways in which knowledge within particular global financial centres is embodied through the practices of a transnational capitalist class (TNCC). Yet, very few researchers have discussed how this TNCC is actually created. In this article, I highlight the importance of one faction of the TNCC ‐‘overseas‐educated locals’‐ and describe the sense of common identity and mutual recognition that binds them. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Hong Kong and Vancouver between 2000 and 2003, I demonstrate the salience of embedded and spatialized practices of education in the creation of the TNCC. In particular, I look at the role of inculcation within a school/university and home environment, as well as the significance of a distinctive habitus, and conclude that these situated processes are indeed crucial to the development of an exclusive class of transnational professionals.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA loci from the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma
Authors: SHAO C. W. , LIAO X. , CHEN S. L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPaucity of polymorphic molecular markers in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) has been a major limitation in genetic improvement of this important economic fish. Hence, we constructed a repeat‐enriched genomic library from P. lethostigma. A total of 39 new microsatellites were identified, for which 33 primer pairs were designed. After validating and scoring, 10 of these loci were polymorphic in a test population with the range of alleles from two to nine per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.2500 to 0.9000 and from 0.4469 to 0.8514, respectively. These polymorphic microsatellites will be useful for genetic diversity analysis and linkage map construction for P. lethostigma.
A sensitive quantitative single‐platform flow cytometry protocol to measure human platelets in mouse peripheral blood
Authors: Schipper Laurus F. , Van Hensbergen Yvette , Fibbe Willem E. , Brand Anneke 
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND: The NOD/SCID mouse is a widely used model for human cord blood (CB) transplantation. Engraftment is generally estimated with semiquantitative methods, measuring the percentage of human cells among mouse cells. To compare protocols aiming to improve hematopoietic recovery, quantitative methods to enumerate human cells would be preferred. This study describes a single‐platform protocol to count human platelets (hPLTs) after transfusion and CB transplantation in the peripheral blood (PB) of the mouse.METHODS: With an anti‐human CD41 antibody against hPLTs and counting beads, the sensitivity to detect hPLTs in mouse blood by flow cytometry was validated. PLT recovery after hPLT transfusions and PLT kinetics after transplantation with CB CD34+ cells was followed in time in NOD/SCID mice.RESULTS: hPLTs could be reliably detected to a level as low as 1 PLT per μL with this single‐platform protocol, what appeared to be at least 10 times more sensitive than detection with the dual‐platform protocol. To verify the applicability for mouse studies, hPLTs were measured serially in transfusion and transplantation studies in NOD/SCID mice. The results showed that earlier detection of PLT recovery was feasible with the single‐platform protocol.CONCLUSION: A single‐platform flow cytometry method can repeatedly measure low numbers of circulating hPLTs in the PB of the same mouse. This method may be helpful in search of new protocols aiming at accelerating PLT recovery after CB transplantation, but also in a number of clinical settings, such as monitoring PLT reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
The Impact of Changes in the FTSE 100 Index
Authors: Mase Bryan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates FTSE 100 index membership changes, which are determined quarterly by market capitalization and should have no information content. Return reversal around index additions and deletions suggests that buying (selling) pressure moves prices temporarily away from equilibrium, consistent with short‐term downward sloping demand curves. In contrast to widely reported results for the S&P 500, there is no evidence of permanent price effects. Further results suggest that investor awareness and monitoring due to index membership do not explain the price effects. There is statistically significant anticipatory trading in stocks that just fail to be promoted to the FTSE 100.