bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“That Ill, Tight Sound”: Telepresence and Biopolitics in Post-Timbaland Rap Production
Authors: CHAPMAN DALE 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article investigates the music created by current rap and R&B producers such as Timbaland and Pharrell Williams in order to understand how their works evoke certain constructions of sonic space. The opaque, spare, two-dimensional qualities of the virtual spaces assembled by these artists serve as a useful window onto broader cultural forces, such as the peculiar short circuit of space and temporality that Paul Virilio evokes in his concept of “telepresence.” The author argues that the sonic construction of telepresence allows contemporary black music to comment upon the notion of “biopolitics,” the reduction of the political to the horizon of the body.
The Avenging Angel of Creation/Destruction: Black Music and the Afro-technological in the Science Fiction of Henry Dumas and Samuel R. Delany
Authors: WASHINGTON SALIM 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis essay explores the thematic use of music in the science-fiction writings of two African American authors, Henry Dumas and Samuel R. Delany. Each author visited this theme in more than one work, and in at least one work centered the Afro-technological focus upon a special musical instrument: the “afro horn” in Dumas's story “Will the Circle Be Unbroken?” and a machete/flute in Samuel R. Delany's novel The Einstein Intersection. Both writers treat music itself, without regard to a material instrument, as a technology. Dumas depicted black music as a tool that enabled black people to kill their enemies, and Delany represented music as a technology capable of avenging the wrongs committed against the politically and socially marginalized. Whereas Dumas's protagonists were more likely to be social pariahs because of their class or their sexual orientation than because of race, his descriptions specifically reference black music and its attendant rituals. Both writers portray music as a technology capable of creating and healing as well as avenging and destroying.
Stress and Sex Influences on Food‐seeking Behaviors
Authors: Pankevich Diana E. , Bale Tracy L. 
Published: April 2008

Objective: Stress increases the drive to consume calorically dense preferred foods suggesting an exogenous factor that may induce caloric overconsumption and weight gain. As females show heightened stress sensitivity and present with increased rates of obesity, we hypothesized that stress‐induced increases in the motivation for preferred foods may be a sex‐specific predisposing factor for weight gain.Methods and Procedures: To investigate this hypothesis, we have developed a buried food paradigm that permits the measurement of sex differences and effects of chronic variable stress (CVS) on the latency to uncover and the consumption of a preferred food pellet without the requisite caloric restriction required in traditional operant conditioning tasks.Results: In our studies, females consistently showed latencies that were twice as fast as males to locate the buried pellet in limited access tests. Interestingly, during stress exposure, male latencies decreased to that of control female levels. Male and female mice showed a significant effect of stress, three‐ and fourfold, respectively, on increased consumption of the preferred food during testing.Discussion: These results support a basal sex difference in behaviors toward a preferred food, and a possible role of stress sensitivity in the drive and intake of such foods. Sex differences in the role stress plays in these behaviors may provide insight into underlying mechanisms related to an increased obesity risk.
Weight Loss of Black, White, and Hispanic Men and Women in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Authors: West Delia S. , Prewitt T. Elaine , Bursac Zoran , Felix Holly C. 
Published: April 2008

Objective: To provide the specific weight loss outcomes for African‐American, Hispanic, and white men and women in the lifestyle and metformin treatment arms of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) by race‐gender group to facilitate researchers translating similar interventions to minority populations, as well as provide realistic weight loss expectations for clinicians.Methods and Procedures: Secondary analyses of weight loss of 2,921 overweight participants (22% black; 17% Hispanic; 61% white; and 68% women) with impaired glucose tolerance randomized in the DPP to intensive lifestyle modification, metformin or placebo. Data over a 30‐month period are examined for comparability across treatment arms by race and gender.Results: Within lifestyle treatment, all race‐gender groups lost comparable amounts of weight with the exception of black women who exhibited significantly smaller weight losses (P < 0.01). For example, at 12 months, weight losses for white men (−8.4%), white women (−8.1%), Hispanic men (−7.8%), Hispanic women (−7.1%), and black men (−7.1%) were similar and significantly higher than black women (−4.5%). In contrast, within metformin treatment, all race‐gender groups including black women lost similar amounts of weight. Race‐gender specific mean weight loss data are provided by treatment arm for each follow‐up period.Discussion: Diminished weight losses were apparent among black women in comparison with other race‐gender groups in a lifestyle intervention but not metformin, underscoring the critical nature of examining sociocultural and environmental contributors to successful lifestyle intervention for black women.
GLP‐1 (9–36) Amide, Cleavage Product of GLP‐1 (7–36) Amide, Is a Glucoregulatory Peptide
Authors: Elahi Dariush , Egan Josephine M. , Shannon Richard P. , Meneilly Graydon S. , Khatri Ashok , Habener Joel F. , Andersen Dana K. 
Published: April 2008

Objective: Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) (7–36) amide is a glucoregulatory hormone with insulinotropic and insulinomimetic actions. We determined whether the insulinomimetic effects of GLP‐1 are mediated through its principal metabolite, GLP‐1 (9–36) amide (GLP‐1m).Methods and Procedures: Glucose turnover during two, 2‐h, euglycemic clamps was measured in 12 lean and 12 obese (BMI <25 or >30 kg/m2) male and female subject volunteers with normal oral glucose tolerance test. Saline or GLP‐1m were infused from 0 to 60 min in each study. Additionally, seven lean and six obese subjects underwent a third clamp in which the GLP‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) antagonist, exendin (9–39) amide was infused from −60 to 60 min with GLP‐1m from 0 to 60 min.Results: No glucose infusion was required in lean subjects to sustain euglycemia (glucose clamp) during saline or GLP‐1m infusions. However, in obese subjects glucose infusion was necessary during GLP‐1m infusion alone in order to compensate for a marked (>50%) inhibition of hepatic glucose production (HGP). Plasma insulin levels remained constant in lean subjects but rose significantly in obese subjects after termination of the peptide infusions. During GLP‐1R blockade, infusion of glucose was immediately required upon starting GLP‐1m infusions in all subjects due to a more dramatic reduction in HGP, as well as a delayed and modest insulinotropic response.Discussion: We conclude that GLP‐1m potently inhibits HGP and is a weak insulinotropic agent. These properties are particularly apparent and pronounced in obese but only become apparent in lean subjects during GLP‐1 (7–36) receptor blockade. These previously unrecognized antidiabetogenic actions of GLP‐1m may have therapeutic usefulness.
Maternal and Paternal Controlling Feeding Practices: Reliability and Relationships With BMI
Authors: Haycraft Emma L. , Blissett Jacqueline M. 
Published: April 2008

Objective: This study aimed to examine the interrelationships between mothers' and fathers' reports on the child‐feeding questionnaire (CFQ), the BMI of parents and their children, and observations of parents' controlling feeding practices at mealtimes.Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐three mothers and twenty‐three fathers of children aged between 18 and 67 months reported on their child‐feeding practices, on their child's height and weight, and were observed during a normal family mealtime at home.Results: No associations were found between mothers' reported and observed feeding practices. Fathers' reported pressure to eat and restriction were associated with more controlling observed mealtime feeding practices. Mothers and fathers did not significantly differ in their reported or observed child‐feeding practices. Children's BMI was not related to maternal or paternal reported or observed feeding practices. More mealtime pressure was observed in parents with a higher BMI.Discussion: Fathers' self‐reports of their mealtime practices are reliable. Mothers' feeding practices may differ when fathers are present and further work should examine mothers at mealtimes with and without fathers. Although children's BMI was not related to parents' use of reported or observed control, parents with a higher BMI were more controlling, highlighting the importance of considering parents' own weight in future studies.
Nuclear Astrophysics Before 1957
Authors: Salpeter Edwin E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI discuss especially my summer with Willy Fowler at Kellogg Radiation Laboratory in 1951, where I did my ‘triple alpha’ work. I also go back even earlier to Arthur Eddington and Hans Bethe. The 1953 summer school in Ann Arbor only gets a mention.
New and Old in the Southern Question
Authors: Bevilacqua Piero 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe southern question has been posed at the key moments in the history of the Italian state. Today we face a moment of comparable importance which urges that the southern question be re-thought. It is not an unchanging question, yet it concerns issues fundamental to the state and has been treated by the country's greatest intellectuals as a national issue. The meridionalisti have been Italy's critical conscience yet, at the same time, stereotypes of a uniformly backward South have taken hold. The post-war intervention in the Mezzogiorno should not be seen through such stereotypes as a wholly negative experience. Its successes and failures fit into an Italian pattern of state-led modernization and it cannot be understood in isolation from the Italian state's weaknesses. Today, a new pact between the weakest and strongest sectors is essential. The South's economic and political leadership will be a central object of study if intellectuals are to help inform new policy.
De Gasperi and Togliatti: political leadership and personality cults in post-war Italy
Authors: Marsili Marzia 
Published: April 2008

Summary
After twenty years of Fascism, political leaders were faced with the need to rediscover or invent new ways of relating to the mass public and, in the first place, to distance themselves from the type of relationship consolidated under Fascism. This article is based on an examination of the representations of De Gasperi and Togliatti in illustrated weeklies and in the satirical press, as well as their more or less hagiographical biographies. From the sources it emerges that, in the case of the Christian Democrat leader, the hypothesis that there was a personality cult is hard to sustain. By contrast, in the case of Togliatti, it does seem possible to argue that there were manifestations of a genuine cult, but these were set within the context of an institutional charisma.
Validation of the Berlin Questionnaire and American Society of Anesthesiologists Checklist as Screening Tools for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Surgical Patients
Authors: Chung Frances , Yegneswaran Balaji , Liao Pu , Chung Sharon A. , Vairavanathan Santhira , Islam Sazzadul , Khajehdehi Ali , Shapiro Colin M. 
Published: April 2008

Background
Because of the high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and its adverse impact on perioperative outcome, a practical screening tool for surgical patients is required. This study was conducted to validate the Berlin questionnaire and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) checklist in surgical patients and to compare them with the STOP questionnaire.

Methods
After hospital ethics approval, preoperative patients aged 18 yr or older and without previously diagnosed OSA were recruited. The scores from the Berlin questionnaire, ASA checklist, and STOP questionnaire were evaluated versus the apnea-hypopnea index from in-laboratory polysomnography. The perioperative data were collected through chart review.

Results
Of 2,467 screened patients, 33, 27, and 28% were respectively classified as being at high risk of OSA by the Berlin questionnaire, ASA checklist, and STOP questionnaire. The performance of the screening tools was evaluated in 177 patients who underwent polysomnography. The sensitivities of the Berlin questionnaire, ASA checklist, and STOP questionnaire were 68.9-87.2, 72.1-87.2, and 65.6-79.5% at different apnea-hypopnea index cutoffs. There was no significant difference between the three screening tools in the predictive parameters. The patients with an apnea-hypopnea index greater than 5 and the patients identified as being at high risk of OSA by the STOP questionnaire or ASA checklist had a significantly increased incidence of postoperative complications.

Conclusions
Similar to the STOP questionnaire, the Berlin questionnaire and ASA checklist demonstrated a moderately high level of sensitivity for OSA screening. The STOP questionnaire and the ASA checklist were able to identify the patients who were likely to develop postoperative complications.
Prospects for the use of differentiation‐modulating agents as adjuvant of photodynamic therapy for proliferative dermatoses
Authors: AKILOV Oleg E. , KOSAKA Sachiko , MAYTIN Edward V. , HASAN Tayyaba 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTCurrent interest in photodynamic therapy (PDT) in dermatology stems from its recognized success in dermatological oncology, straightforward approach, easy accessibility and low cost. PDT is a photochemistry‐based modality in which a light‐activated photosensitizer (PS) destroys tissue through oxygen‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms. Although PDT has been used in dermatology for several decades, its application has still not extended significantly into the routine management of neoplastic and proliferative dermatoses because of continuing issues with the selectivity of the PS for affected tissues. This review analyzes prospects for optimization of PDT for the management of dermatoses with defects in keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation, and discusses the use of differentiating agents that redirect metabolic utilization within cells and lead to high levels of PS accumulation.
Case of hypereosinophilic syndrome with cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis
Authors: HAYASHI Masahiro , KAWAGUCHI Masakazu , MITSUHASHI Yoshihiko , SUZUKI Tamio 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA 25‐year‐old male presented with pruritic papules over his trunk and extremities. The pruritic eruption had appeared on the arms 5 months before and gradually spread over the trunk. Blood tests showed a white blood cell count of 13 760/µL with 42.2% eosinophils. A skin biopsy from the leg revealed necrotizing vasculitis in the upper dermis with prominent eosinophil infiltration in the dermis and subcutis. Liver dysfunction in accordance with eosinophilia was also seen. The underlying disorder causing the eosinophilia was not detected. We diagnosed this case as hypereosinophilic syndrome. Although systemic corticosteroid therapy using prednisolone was effective, the symptoms recurred during a reduction of prednisolone. The addition of cyclosporine resulted in improvement of his symptoms. Both drugs were successfully tapered without relapsing symptoms. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis is a rare condition, and this case suggests that cyclosporine may be a useful therapeutic adjunct in facilitating steroid tapering.
Chronic idiopathic macrocheilia associated with simple lip enlargement and salivary gland hyperplasia
Authors: PARK Hyun Sun , PARK Eun Sang , PARK Kyung Chan , CHO Kwang Hyun , YOUN Sang Woong 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTChronic macrocheilia is a relatively rare condition of chronic lip enlargement. It can be cosmetically and functionally problematic, and often poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to clinicians especially when its etiology is unclear. We describe a 40‐year‐old Korean man who presented with a 4‐year history of lower lip swelling and was diagnosed as having chronic idiopathic macrocheilia after excluding other disease entities based on histopathological and clinical findings. We believe that the present case has a unique clinico‐histopathological feature that differentiates it from other cases of chronic cheilitis, namely, simple lip swelling showing minor salivary gland hyperplasia only, suggesting the possibility of a new disease entity.
Childhood and adolescent predictors of early and middle adulthood alcohol use and problem drinking: the Columbia County Longitudinal Study
Authors: Dubow Eric F. , Boxer Paul , Huesmann L. Rowell 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the role of individually and contextually based factors measured during childhood and adolescence in predicting alcohol use and abuse measured during early and middle adulthood.Design  Initial sample of 856 individuals first interviewed at age 8 with follow‐up interviews at 19 (n = 427), 30 (n = 409), and 48 (n = 523).Participants  Individuals enrolled in 3rd‐grade classes in Columbia County, NY, in 1960 (49% female; > 90% Caucasian; primarily working‐class families), who were re‐sampled in 1970 (51% female), 1981 (52% female) and 2000 (49% female).Measurements  Parent reports of negative family interaction and socio‐economic status when the child was 8 years old; IQ test at age 8; peer nominations of aggression, popularity and behavioral inhibition at ages 8 and 19; self‐report of depression and educational attainment at age 19; self‐report of alcohol use and problem drinking at ages 30 and 48.Findings  Path models showed that the effects of childhood individual variables (e.g. aggression, popularity, behavioral inhibition) on adulthood alcohol use and abuse generally were mediated by the same behavioral variables in adolescence. Specifically, both for males and for females, lower levels of behavioral inhibition and higher levels of aggression predicted adulthood alcohol variables. Childhood contextual variables (family socio‐economic status and negative family interaction) were relatively weak predictors of adulthood alcohol use and abuse.Conclusions  Alcohol use and abuse in adulthood, when considered in a long‐term developmental–contextual framework, appear to be consistent with a general deviance model of problem behavior whereby individually based factors from childhood and late adolescence predict long‐term indices of adulthood alcohol use and abuse.
Adolescent risk factors for adult alcohol use and abuse: stability and change of predictive value across early and middle adulthood
Authors: Merline Alicia , Jager Justin , Schulenberg John E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To examine age‐18 risk factors for alcohol use and heavy drinking during early (ages 22 and 26) and middle (age 35) adulthood, and for symptoms of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in middle adulthood.Design  Nationally representative samples of US adolescents in their senior year of secondary school (age 18) were followed into middle adulthood. Structural equation models estimated the associations between age‐18 characteristics and current drinking and heavy drinking at ages 22, 26 and 35 and symptoms of AUDs at age 35.Participants  The sample consisted of 21 137 respondents from 11 senior year cohorts (1976–86) from the Monitoring the Future study.Findings  Many predictor variables had stable associations with alcohol use over time, although their ability to explain variance in alcohol use declined with increasing time lags. Being white predicted alcohol use, but not symptoms of AUDs. Parental drinking, risk taking and use of cigarettes and marijuana predicted heavy drinking to age 35. Planning to attend college predicted more heavy drinking at age 22 and less frequent heavy drinking by mid‐life. High school theft and property damage predicted later AUD symptoms. Most associations were invariant across gender, with variations typically taking the form of stronger associations between predictors and alcohol use for men. Invariance in findings across cohorts indicates that results reflect general developmental trends rather than specific historically bounded ones.Conclusions  Many adolescent individual and contextual characteristics remain important predictors of adult alcohol use and abuse, and their predictive impact varies as a function of age and type of alcohol outcome. These associations are largely equivalent across gender and cohort, thus reflecting robust developmental linkages.
Anticipating problem alcohol use developmentally from childhood into middle adulthood: what have we learned?
Authors: ZUCKER ROBERT A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis commentary reviews and comments on six major longitudinal studies from the United States, Great Britain and Finland, that test predictive models of drinking and problem drinking behavior across a developmental span of one to two generations. The large Ns, in two instances involving population samples, and the broad and study‐overlapping variable domains make this collection of studies unique and of special interest vis‐à‐vis the issue of cross‐study replicability of findings. Significant cross‐study commonalities are noted, involving the strong cross‐study replicability of an undercontrol/externalizing domain as both a childhood and adolescent predictor of problem drinking outcomes in early to middle adulthood, the relative autostability of heavy and problem use of alcohol over intervals of time as long as a generation, the utility of early drinking behavior as an index for later drinking outcomes, the relative parallelism (with some exceptions) of male and female findings, albeit with greater predictability of male over female drinking outcomes and the relatively tighter relational networks of drinking and other behavioral characteristics for males. This impressive group of quasi‐replications also points the field to address several next‐step questions, including: (i) the need to parse the undercontrol/externalizing domain to identify those subcomponential process characteristics that are causal to heavy and problem drinking outcomes; (ii) the need to develop models that will handle more effectively the uneven relationships of negative activity to drinking outcomes, in some instances operating protectively, in other instances operating as risk factors; (iii) the need for more carefully articulated, theoretically driven process models that will specify the ordering, developmental saliency and mediational properties of risk and protective factors as they come on line; and (iv) the need for more developmental testing of trait/context interaction models of problem drinking development.