bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serological characterisation ofHaemophilus parasuisisolates from Australian pigs
Authors: BLACKALL PJ , RAPP‐GABRIELSO VJ , HAMPSON DJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA total of 31 isolates ofHaemophilus parasuisobtained from Australian pigs were serotyped by the Kielstein‐Rapp‐Gabrielson scheme. The isolates were assigned to serovar 1 (1 isolate), serovar 2 (1 isolate), serovar 4 (4 isolates), serovar 5 (7 isolates), serovar 9 (2 isolates), serovar 10/7 (4 isolates), serovar 12 (1 isolate) and serovar 13 (6 isolates). The remaining 5 isolates could not be assigned to a serovar. Two different serovars (5 and 13) were detected in one herd. The only 2 isolates obtained from clinically normal pigs (from the same herd) were serovar 9. The common serovars were isolated from pigs with pneumonia as well as from pigs with conditions of the Glässer's disease type. The serological heterogeneity amongst Australian isolates ofH parasuishas important implications for the use of vaccines to control Glässer's disease.
Efficacy of intra‐muscular analgesics for acute pain in sheep
Authors: GRANT C. , UPTON RN , KUCHEL TR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe analgesic action of intramuscularly injected buprenorphine, methadone, flunixin meglumine and xylazine was examined in sheep, using algesimetry based on a leg withdrawal response to an electrical stimulus. No analgesic response was detected for buprenorphine, methadone or flunixin meglumine. Only the αaL2‐adrenoceptor agonist, xylazine, produced an analgesic response. The current required to elicit a response increased by 170% (4.5±0.43 mA to 12.23±1.14 mA; mean±SE) after a dose of 0.05 mg/kg xylazine; by 180% (4.73±0.3 mA to 13.28±2.35 mA) after 0.1 mg/kg; and by 510% (4.52±0.29 mA to 27.63±3.89 mA) after 0.2 mg/kg. Intramuscular xylazine appears to be an effective analgesic agent for acute pain in the sheep and further investigation into ideal administration regimens and dosage may provide more detailed information on relationships between dose, analgesic and sedative effects. The findings also suggest that some common analgesic agents, and opioids in particular, may be ineffective for the management of acute pain in sheep and that any analgesic should be administered only on the basis of its proven efficacy in that species.
Scrapie: the risk of its introduction and effects on trade
Authors: MACDIARMID STUART C 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYNew Zealand and Australia are fortunate in that they are among the few sheep rearing countries free from scrapie, despite cases in imported sheep in the 1950s. The importance of sheep rearing in the Australasian economies, and the difficulties involved in importing sheep without risking the introduction of scrapie, has meant that there have been very few importations of new blood lines in the last 40 years, and those that have been imported have been through stringent programs designed to ensure freedom from scrapie.While scrapie can be a cause of significant wastage in some sheep rearing situations, its major threat to Australasia is probably to the developing biopharmaceutical industries which, since the emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, have benefitted from an international demand for products guaranteed to be derived from livestock free from the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.This paper outlines one method which has been used to assess the risk of introducing scrapie as the result of importation of sheep and discusses the difficulty in ascertaining what constitutes an acceptable risk.
The detection of lice (Bovicola ovis) in mobs of sheep: a comparison of fleece parting, the lamp test and the table locks test
Authors: MORCOMBE PW , YOUNG GE , BALL MD , DUNLOP RH 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYKnowledge of the presence or absence of lice in a flock of sheep enables wool growers to make informed decisions as to the need for insecticidal treatments. However, with inapparent infestations, traditional methods of detection are not sufficiently sensitive and, as a consequence, flocks may be left untreated. Conversely, the routine application of insecticide to sheep with no sign of infestation is an unnecessary cost. The sensitivity of 3 procedures for detecting lice was evaluated in 68 mobs of sheep from 50 farms.In 24 mobs of sheep known to be lightly infested, lice were detected in 17% by either parting the fleece of 10 sheep or by the lamp test in which 8 g samples of shorn wool from 30 randomly selected fleeces were placed under lamps for 10 min to repel the lice. Twenty of 23 mobs (87%) were found to be infested by the table locks test in which a 30 g sample of locks wool was dissolved in 10% sodium hydroxide and the filtered residue examined with x 40 magnification. A screening test, in which either fleeces on 5 sheep were examined by fleece parting or lice were repelled from 30 shorn fleeces for 5 minutes, detected about 60% of lightly infested mobs. When this was followed by the table locks test 91% of lightly infested mobs were detected. Conducting any one of the tests on more than one mob, and in large mobs testing more frequently, increases the sensitivity of detection of lice within the whole flock.
The dispersal ofCulicoides brevitarsisin eastern New South Wales and associations with the occurrences of arbovirus infections in cattle
Authors: BISHOP AL , KIRKLAND PD , MCKENZIE HJ , BARCHIA IM 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDistributions of the vectorCulicoides brevitarsisKieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (determined from light trap data) and 2 arboviruses (determined from seroconversions in sentinel cattle) were studied in eastern New South Wales in 1993–94.C brevitarsiswas recorded progressively from endemic areas on the north coast, to Nowra on the south coast, and westward to Scone, in the Hunter Valley.C brevitarsisalso survived through winter at Paterson, in the Hunter Valley. Its apparently focal reappearance in this marginal area had no obvious effect on the broad pattern of its progression or the dispersal of Akabane and bluetongue viruses. These viruses were first recorded from foci near Coffs Harbour, on the mid‐north coast. Their first occurrences at different locations were associated with those ofC brevitarsis, but not with each other. The viruses were found only within the recorded limits of the vector's distribution. Delays between the initial occurrence ofC brevitarsisand first evidence of virus transmissions at locations ranged from 2 to 7 months. The delays decreased away from the points of focus and were negatively associated with the time of initial occurrence of the vector. Seroconversions to the viruses were related to the presence ofC brevitarsis. However, the densities ofC brevitarsishad no apparent effect on the initial numbers of cattle seroconverting to either virus. The results support the conclusion that the progressions ofC brevitarsisand Akabane and bluetongue viruses were the result of gradual movements by the vector.
Factors associated with the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for ovine virulent footrot
Authors: JORDAN D. , PLANT JW , NICOL HI , JESSEP TM , SCRIVENER CJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFactors associated with the proportion of sheep cured of virulent footrot after antibiotic treatment were studied in a field trial under dry environmental conditions. From 2 similar flocks, 1091 Merino sheep weighing about 50 kg and infected with virulent footrot received an intramuscular injection of either 12 mL of a mixture of penicillin (250 mg/mL) and streptomycin (250 mg/mL), 6 mL of long acting oxytetracycline (200 mg/mL) or 6 mL of a mixture of lincomycin (50 mg/mL) and spectinomycin (100 mg/mL). Variables that were significantly associated with the proportion of sheep cured were: the type of antibiotic used, the number of feet infected and the flock from which the sheep came. There was an interaction between antibiotic type and number of feet infected and between antibiotic type and flock in association with the proportion of sheep cured. The extent of paring and the occurrence of blowfly strike in footrot lesions treated with diazinon had no significant association with the proportion of sheep cured.
Latex agglutination test for canine parvovirus
Authors: SANEKATA TAKESHI , SUGIMOTO TATSUYA , UEDA SHINOBU , TSUBOKURA MISAO , YAMANE YOSHIHISA , SENDA MEGUMI 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCanine parvovirus (CPV) was detected in faeces from dogs with diarrhoea by a specific slide agglutination test using latex particles coated with anti‐CPV monoclonal antibody (LA‐anti‐CPV). The agglutination of LA‐anti‐CPV with CPV on a glass slide was evident macroscopically within 2 min. The sensitivity of the latex agglutination (LA) test was similar to that of the hemagglutination test. The LA test is available for the rapid diagnosis of CPV infection at an animal hospital.
Susceptibility of cats to equine morbillivirus
Authors: WESTBURY HA , HOOPER PT , BROUWER SL , SELLECK PW 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the susceptibility of cats to equine morbillivirus (EMV) by direct administration of the virus by subcutaneous, intra‐nasal or oral routes, and following exposure to infected cats.Design A disease transmission study, with controls, using ten cats.Procedure Groups of cats were given the virus by the designated methods and assessed for evidence of infection by clinical examination, plus pathological and virological tests.Results All cats administered the virus by subcutaneous, intra‐nasal or oral routes became infected and developed the disease within 4 to 8 days. One of two cats in contact with affected cats also developed the disease, but two cats kept near to affected cats did not become infected. The virus was isolated from a range of tissues collected from the infected cats, and the lesions observed in affected cats were similar to those previously observed in horses naturally and experimentally infected with the virus.Conclusion This is the first demonstration that animals can be infected with EMV by non‐parenteral means, that the virus can transmit naturally between animals and confirms other reports of the similarity of EMV disease in horses and cats.
Proctitis associated with chlamydial infection in a koala
Authors: HEMSLEY S , CANFIELD PJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe proctitis associated with chlamydial infection in a koala.Design A pathological studyAnimalA free living, male koala aged 17 years.Procedure Rectum was examined histologically and chlamydial organisms visualised using Giminez stain and an immunoperoxidase staining method using an anti‐Chlamydia lipopolysaccharide (genus specific) antibody.Results An aged koala presented for euthanasia was found to have asymptomatic chronic proctitis, cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis and conjunctivitis associated with chlamydial infection. Inflammation was severe in the terminal rectum and extended into the proximal common vestibule. Chlamydial organisms were visualised in the rectal surface epithelium using Giminez stain and an immunoperoxidase staining method. Organisms were also detected in the epithelium of the bladder, prostate and urethra.Clinical ImplicationsPossible modes of transmission for the rectal infection are direct sexual transmission or ascending infection by organisms shed from the urogenital tract into the common vestibule. Previously unreported chlamydial proctitis in the koala may represent a potential reservoir of infection for other koalas.
Naphthalophos combinations with benzimidazoles or levamisole as effective anthelmintics for sheep
Authors: COOPER NA , ROLFE PF , SEARSON JE , DAWSON KL 
Published: March 2008

Objective:To investigate the relative efficacy and safety of the anthelmintic naphthalophos in sheep, either given alone or in combination with benzimidazole (fenbendazole and albendazole) or levamisole anthelmintics. Design:A parasitological study using faecal egg count reduction tests, a validating slaughter trial and field safety trials. Procedure:Faecal egg count reduction tests were carried out on 13 farms. Naphthalophos and combinations of naphthalophos with levamisole and fenbendazole were included in the drench tests. On one property a controlled efficacy study was carried out to validate faecal egg count reduction test findings. In this trial, sheep were slaughtered 10 days after treatment and the remaining parasites recovered from the gastro‐intestinal tract. Safety trials were carried out on eight farms where approximately 50 000 sheep were treated with naphthalophos and albendazole that were tank mixed in the backpack. Results:The efficacy of naphthalophos alone in faecal egg count reduction tests ranged from 59 to 98% with one test showing 95% reduction. The efficacy of naphthalophos and levamisole ranged from 74 to 100%, with 5 farms showing 95% reduction. The efficacy of naphthalophos and fenbendazole ranged between 88 and 100% with 95% reduction achieved on 10 farms. The controlled efficacy study showed a good correlation between the faecal egg count reduction tests and numbers of parasites recovered, except for Nematodirus where the faecal egg count reduction tests overestimated efficacy. The mortality rate in the safety trials was 0.05%, with most fatalities occurring on one farm. Conclusion:The combination of naphthalophos and fenbendazole was more effective than a combination of naphthalophos and levamisole, and will provide a sufficiently safe drench rotation option.
Suppression of testicular function using two dose rates of a reversible water soluble gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine in colts
Authors: DOWSETT KF , KNOTT LM , TSHEWANG U. , JACKSON AE , BODERO DAY , TRIGG TE 
Published: March 2008

Objective:To investigate the effect of two dose rates (200 and 400 ng) of a gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine on testicular function. Design:A vaccination dose rate experiment. Procedure:Two injections were administered 4 weeks apart to six colts in each treatment group. To maintain immunosuppression until the end of the breeding season, a third injection was given if antibody titres fell below 1000. Results:Effective antibody titres were present for 12 to 27 weeks. Testosterone concentrations decreased from 2.22 to 0.31 nmol/L 6 weeks after primary vaccination. Androstenedione concentrations decreased from 1.78 to 0.28 nmol/L 5 weeks after vaccination. Testosterone and androstenedione concentrations above 0.69 and 0.87 nmol/L were attained 31 to 43 weeks after vaccination. Mean scrotal widths and lengths decreased over 29 weeks from 9.2 cm and 9.7 cm to 6.7 cm and 7.6 cm. At surgical castration these dimensions were 10.1 cm and 11.0 cm. Mean semen characteristics before vaccination and after recovery were: gel‐free volume 16.5 and 13.5 mL, sperm concentration 295.5 times 106 315.6 times 106/mL, total sperm per ejaculate 4041 times 106 4657 times 106 live normal spermatozoa 32% and 60%. Histologically, the testes showed active spermatogenesis. The mean testicular parenchyma weights for the 200 and 400 mg groups were 129.0 g and 109.8 g. Daily sperm production per testis and per gram of testis for the 200 and 400 mg groups were 3.7 times 108 2.8 times 106 2.3 times 108 2.0 times 106. Conclusions:Both dose rates suppressed testicular function. Data showed that the vaccine effects were reversible. Individual immune response was less varied in the 200 mg group. Further work is necessary to achieve a less variable response in the immunosuppression of testicular function.
Effects of drug residues in the faeces of cattle treated with injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin on larvae of the bush fly,Musca vetustissimaand the house fly,Musca domestica
Authors: WARDHAUGH KG , HOLTER P. , WHITBY WA , SHELLEY K. 
Published: March 2008

Objective:To assess the toxicity of residues of ivermectin and moxidectin in cattle faeces collected at intervals after treatment.Design:Replicated bioassays of faeces using larvae of the bush fly,Musca vetustissimaand the house fly,Musca domestica.Animals:Two groups of five Murray Grey x Aberdeen Angus steers were treated with injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin respectively. A third group was used as an untreated control.Procedure:Newly emerged fly larvae were reared in the dung of treated animals.Results:Drug residues in faeces collected 3 to 35 days after treatment with an injectable formulation of moxidectin had no significant effect on the survival of larvae ofM vetustissima. Similarly, faeces dropped up to seven days after treatment caused no significant reduction in larval survival inM domestica. In day 2 dung, residues of moxidectin delayed development ofM vetustissimalarvae, but had no effect on their survival. In contrast, ivermectin‐treated steers, produced dung that inhibited larval development of bothM vetustissimaandM domesticafor 7 to 14 days after treatment. Significant reductions in survival ofM vetustissimalarvae occurred in dung collected on days 21 and 28 after treatment, but by day 35 survival did not differ from that in control dung.Conclusion:Excreted faecal residues of moxidectin are relatively innocuous to larvae of bothM vetustissimaandM domestica. Those of ivermectin inhibit survival for 7 to 14 days after treatment and are likely to have adverse effects on non‐target organisms.
Canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis
Authors: CHURCHER RK , WATSON ADJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess prevalence, breed predilection, response to therapy and prognosis of canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis (CHUC). Design A retrospective study of cases of CHUC seen at Sydney University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (SUVTH) over a 20‐year period (1975 ‐1994). Procedure Case records of all dogs in which colitis was suspected were reviewed. Dogs were diagnosed with CHUC based on colonorectal biopsy and histopathological examination. Results CHUC was diagnosed in 8 of 57 dogs presented for colitis. All affected dogs were Boxers and six were female. Dogs with milder clinical signs showed moderately good response to therapy. Four dogs were still alive 1 to 7 years after diagnosis. Three dogs were euthanased, one for reasons other than CHUC, and one was lost to follow‐up. Conclusions Young boxer dogs with relatively mild signs of CHUC may respond moderately well to medical and dietary therapy with fair prognosis. Euthanasia early in the course of the disease may be unwarranted. Prevalence may be increasing within the SUVTH referral population.
Failure of passive transfer in foals: incidence and outcome on four studs in New South Wales
Authors: TYLER‐McGOWAN CM , HODGSON JL , HODGSON DR 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the regional incidence and effectiveness of treatment of failure of passive transfer (FPT) in foals.DesignA study of disease incidence.AnimalsEighty‐eight foals and 57 mares from four studs in the practice area of the Rural Veterinary Centre were tested.ProcedureFoals were tested for their serum IgG and total serum protein (TSP) concentration within the first 72 hours of life. Colostrum was collected from mares and specific gravity determined. FPT and partial failure of passive transfer (PFPT) of immunoglobulins was diagnosed when serum IgG concentrations were < 4 g/L and 4 to 8 g/L respectively. Owners of foals diagnosed with FPT were offered treatment with 1 to 2 L plasma (TSP > 70 g/L); 9 (64%) of the affected foals were treated.ResultsFourteen foals (16%) had FPT whereas 15 (17%) had PFPT. There were significant differences between the mean TSP concentration in foals with FPT (42.6 ± 4.2 g/L), PFPT (48.1 ± 3.9 g/L) and those acquiring adequate passive immunity (58.9 ± 5.5 g/L) (P < 0.01). Sixteen (29%) mares had pre‐suck colostral specific gravity < 1.060 and 12 (71%) foals raised by these mares had FPT or PFPT. The incidence of severe disease (categorised by a sepsis score > 11, positive culture of bacteria from blood or disease requiring hospitalisation) in all foals in the first 2 months of life was 10%. However, none of the nine foals with FPT that received plasma experienced severe disease. In contrast, foals with PFPT had an increased susceptibility to severe disease (P < 0.001) when compared with normal foals.ConclusionTreatment of foals with FPT may reduce the subsequent incidence of severe disease. Pre‐suck colostral specific gravity and foal TSP may be used to predict the likelihood of FPT and PFPT. Even though the number of foals studied is small the results highlight the importance of optimal management practices in reducing the incidence of FPT and disease associated with this process.
Relationship of blood corticosterone, immunoglobulin and haematological values in young crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) to water temperature, clutch of origin and body weight
Authors: TURTON JA , LADDS PW , MANOLIS SC , WEBB GJW 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo examine whether sub‐optimal temperature induced stress and immunosuppression in farmed saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) hatchlings.DesignA clinico‐pathological study.AnimalsA total of 140 hatchlings were used.ProcedureBody weight and length, plasma corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentrations and total and differential white blood cell counts were measured in 140 hatchlings from five clutches divided between five water temperature treatment groups. Initially all groups were housed at 32°C for 10 weeks, then two groups (L, LC) were changed to low temperature (28°C) and two groups (H, HC) to high temperature (36°C), while one group (C) remained at 32°C. The LC and HC groups were maintained at these temperatures for 10 days, after which the water temperature of both groups was returned to 32°C. Blood samples were collected twice (at 6 and 9 weeks of age) before the initial temperature change, and at 10 days and 4 weeks after the initial temperature change (at 11.5 and 14 weeks of age).ResultsExcept for an increase in plasma corticosterone in the HC group and a decrease in the L group when the temperature change was first introduced, changes in plasma corticosterone were not significant. There were no significant changes in immunoglobulin concentrations. There were, however, significant decreases in the total white cell and lymphocyte counts in the LC group after the temperature was decreased to 28°C, and an increase in these counts after water temperature was returned to 32°C. Clutch of origin had significant effects on body weight and length gains, and there were negative relationships between body weight and corticosterone concentrations and between body weight and immunoglobulin concentrations.ConclusionsAs haematological changes indicative of stress were not associated with significant changes in serum corticosterone, immunosuppression in young crocodiles may be independent of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal cortical axis.