bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlocal Magnetization Dynamics in Ferromagnetic Heterostructures
Authors: Tserkovnyak Yaroslav , Brataas Arne , Bauer Gerrit E. W. , Halperin Bertrand I. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, anti‐HIV and Antitubercular Activities of Isatin Derivatives.
Authors: Sriram D. , Yogeeswari P. , Meena K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antiferromagnetism in LiCoPO4 and LiNiPO4
Authors: Vaknin David , Zarestky Jerel L. , Rivera Jean‐Pierre , Schmid Hans 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fast Time Scale Dynamics of Protein Backbones: NMR Relaxation Methods, Applications, and Functional Consequences
Authors: Jarymowycz Virginia A. , Stone Martin J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2‐Arylthienyl‐Substituted 1,3‐Benzothiazoles as New Nonlinear Optical Chromophores
Authors: Costa Susana P. G. , Batista Rosa M. F. , Cardoso Paulo , Belsley Michael , Raposo Maria Manuela M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA series of nonlinear optical chromophores6containing a substituted benzothiazole ring have been synthesized and characterized. 1,3‐Benzothiazoles6were prepared by treating various formyl derivatives of thienyl compounds withortho‐aminobenzenethiol in fair to excellent yields. These in turn were prepared by Suzuki coupling between aryl and thienyl precursors. The electronic interactions between donor and acceptor end groups in the conjugated 1,3‐benzothiazoles6are revealed by the intense and markedly solvatochromic CT transitions. The solvatochromic behaviour of compounds6was determined by linear regression analyses of absorption maxima in several solvents, where benzothiazole6fwas found to be a very appropriate indicator dye whose absorption wavenumbers (Δ$\tilde {\nu}$max= 1590 cm–1) in aliphatic and dipolar aprotic and in aromatic and chlorinated solvents correlated excellently with the π* values defined by Kamlet and Taft. Hyper‐Rayleigh scattering was used to measure the first hyperpolarizabilitiesβof the aforementioned compounds. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to evaluate their thermal stability. The experimental results indicate that good nonlinearity and thermal stability are well balanced for chromophores6, making them good candidates for device applications. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of α‐Aryl‐Substituted and Conformationally Restricted Fosmidomycin Analogues as Promising Antimalarials
Authors: Haemers Timothy , Wiesner Jochen , Busson Roger , Jomaa Hassan , Van Calenbergh Serge 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFosmidomycin represents a new antimalarial drug that acts by inhibition of 1‐deoxy‐D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate reductoisomerase, an essential enzyme of the mevalonate‐independent pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. This work describes the synthesis of a series of α‐aryl‐substituted fosmidomycin analogues that exhibit improved antimalarial activity. A linear synthetic route involving a 3‐aryl‐3‐phosphorylpropanal intermediate proved practical to prepare these derivatives. A phospha‐Michael addition to cyclopent‐2‐enone gave access to conformationally restricted analogues. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Induction of astrocyte differentiation by propentofylline increases glutamate transporter expression in vitro: Heterogeneity of the quiescent phenotype
Authors: Tawfik Vivianne L. , Lacroix‐Fralish Michael L. , Bercury Kathryn K. , Nutile‐Mcmenemy Nancy , Harris Brent T. , Deleo Joyce A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractReactive astrocytes display decreased glutamate transporters, such as GLT‐1, and as a result synaptic glutamate clearance is impaired. In addition, these activated astrocytes are immunocompetent and release algesic mediators that can sensitize neurons in the spinal cord. Currently, we evaluated the effect of propentofylline (PPF), an experimental antiallodynic agent, on the phenotype and glutamate transporter expression of astrocytes. Primary astrocyte cultures, which represent an activated phenotype with a polygonal morphology and low GLT‐1 expression, were treated for 3 or 7 days with 10, 100, or 1,000 μM PPF or dibutyryl‐cAMP (db‐cAMP), a known inducer of GLT‐1 expression. PPF dose‐dependently induced astrocytes to display a mature phenotype, with elongated processes and a stellate shape, as well as increased GLT‐1 and GLAST immunoreactivity, similar to that seen with db‐cAMP. Real time RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis clearly demonstrated that PPF caused a potent dose‐dependent induction of GLT‐1 and GLAST mRNA and protein in these astrocytes. Importantly, the observed increase in glutamate transporters was found to have a functional effect, with significantly enhanced glutamate uptake in astrocytes treated with 100 or 1,000 μM PPF that was sensitive to dihydrokainate inhibition, suggesting it is GLT‐1 mediated. Finally, the effect of PPF on lipopolysaccaride‐induced chemokine release was investigated. Interestingly, PPF was able to dampen both MCP‐1 (CCL2) and MIP‐2 (CXCL2) release from astrocytes while db‐cAMP significantly enhanced this chemokine expression. These findings suggest that PPF is capable of differentiating astrocytes to a homeostatic, mature phenotype, competent for glutamate clearance and distinct from that induced by db‐cAMP. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spin‐dependent dynamics of ultrafast polarised optical pulse propagation in coherent semiconductor quantum systems
Authors: Slavcheva G. , Hess O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new model for rigorous theoretical description of circularly (elliptically) polarised ultrashort optical pulse interactions with the resonant nonlinearities in semiconductor optical waveguides is proposed. The method is based on self‐consistent solution in the time domain of the vector Maxwell equations coupled via microscopic polarisation to the coherent time‐evolution equations of a discrete N‐level quantum system in terms of the real pseudospin (coherence) vector. The model is initially applied to a generic two‐level quantum system and subsequently to a 4‐level system describing the heavy‐hole excitonic transitions in low‐dimensional semiconductor systems, such as quantum wells and quantum dots. Selective optical excitation of specific spin states by predefined helicity of the optical field in the linear regime and an onset of self‐induced transparency and polarised soliton formation in the nonlinear regime are numerically demonstrated in both discrete‐level systems. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Relations among quantum processes: bisimilarity and congruence
Authors: LALIRE MARIE 
Published: July 2006

Full formal descriptions of algorithms making use of quantum principles must take into account both quantum and classical computing components, as well as communications between these components. Moreover, to model concurrent and distributed quantum computations and quantum communication protocols, communications over quantum channels that move qubits physically from one place to another must also be taken into account.Inspired by classical process algebras, which provide a framework for modelling cooperating computations, a process algebraic notation is defined. This notation provides a homogeneous style for formal descriptions of concurrent and distributed computations comprising both quantum and classical parts. Based upon an operational semantics that makes sure that quantum objects, operations and communications operate according to the postulates of quantum mechanics, an equivalence is defined among process states considered as having the same behaviour. This equivalence is a probabilistic branching bisimulation. From this relation, an equivalence on processes is defined. However, it is not a congruence because it is not preserved by parallel composition.
Defects in Bile Acid Biosynthesis‐Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Setchell Kenneth D. R. , Heubi James E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTBile acid synthetic defects represent a specific category of metabolic liver disease. This article highlights the history and summarizes our analytical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of genetic defects in bile acid synthesis. By the application of mass spectrometry as a screening tool, it is possible to perform rapid diagnosis of potential inborn errors in bile acid synthesis from urinary bile acid analysis. Molecular techniques then afford the identification of specific mutations in genes encoding the enzymes responsible for bile acid synthesis. Using this approach, 6 of the 7 known genetic defects that are causes of progressive cholestatic liver disease, syndromes of fat‐soluble vitamin malabsorption, or neurological disease, have been characterized. Bile‐acid therapy using oral cholic acid has proven effective in most of these bile acid synthetic defects making early diagnosis crucial to optimum clinical prognosis.
Does the Heterozygous State of Alpha‐1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Have a Role in Chronic Liver Diseases? Interim Results of a Large Case‐Control Study
Authors: Regev Arie , Guaqueta Constanza , Molina Enrique G. , Conrad Andrew , Mishra Vishnu , Brantly Mark L. , Torres Maria , De Medina Maria , Tzakis Andreas G. , Schiff Eugene R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTBackground:The role of the heterozygous PiZ state of alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency (α1ATD) in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease (LD) is still a matter of controversy.Aim:To determine the prevalence of α1ATD heterozygote states in a large population of patients with established LD compared with individuals with no LD, and to determine whether the prevalence of PiZ is increased in patients with more severe LD.Methods:A cross sectional case‐control study among patients with and without LD. Blood samples were tested for α1AT levels and α1AT phenotype. The severity of LD was determined by clinical evaluation, lab tests, imaging studies and histopathology.Results:In total, 1405 patients were enrolled; 651 with, and 754 without LD. Out of them, 173 patients had decompensated cirrhosis requiring liver transplantation. PiMZ was significantly more prevalent in White patients (3.5%) compared with Hispanics (1.7%; P = 0.029). There was no difference in PiMZ prevalence between the total LD group and the group with no LD (2.1% vs. 1.7%; P = 0.64). Within the LD group, 5.7% of 173 patients with decompensated LD, listed for liver transplantation, had PiMZ, compared with 2.1% of 478 patients with less severe LD (P = 0.016). Similarly, there was a disproportionately higher prevalence of PiZ among hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients (5.6%) and patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (5.0%) with decompensated LD, compared with HCV patients (1.2%) and NAFLD patients (1.9%) with less severe LD (P = 0.044 and 0.017, respectively). Patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis, who were not considered NAFLD patients, did not have a higher prevalence of PiMZ compared with patients with LD of known etiologies (1.9% vs. 2.3%; P = 0.12).Conclusions:We found no association between the heterozygous PiZ state of α1ATD and the presence of chronic LD in‐general or the presence of cryptogenic cirrhosis. In contrast, patients with decompensated LD of any etiology had a significantly higher prevalence of PiMZ compared with patients with compensated LD. Furthermore, in patients with chronic LD due to HCV or NAFLD there was a significant association between the PiMZ heterozygous state and increased severity of LD and the need for liver transplantation. These interim results suggest that the PiMZ α1ATD heterozygous state may have a role in worsening LD due to HCV or NAFLD.
Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B in Children
Authors: Jonas Maureen M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTChronic hepatitis B infection remains a significant health problem worldwide, and acquisition during infancy or childhood causes many of the chronic infections that are responsible for the morbidity associated with this disease. Some children with chronic hepatitis B are candidates for treatment. Two medications are currently licensed for use in children, and it is anticipated that others will be available in the next several years. This article describes rationale for treatment, patient selection and pros and cons of the current and expected therapeutic options.
The Next Challenge in Pediatric Cholestasis
Authors: Bezerra Jorge A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTCholestasis is a common presenting symptom of liver disease in infants. Chief among diseases presenting as neonatal cholestasis is biliary atresia, the most common cause of chronic liver disease in children, but little is known about the pathogenesis of this disease. In search for the molecular basis of biliary atresia, we began two areas of investigation. In the first, we interrogated the hepatic transcriptome of children with biliary atresia and found an interferon‐gamma (IFNγ)‐rich proinflammatory footprint at the time of diagnosis. To directly explore if IFNγ plays an important role in biliary injury and obstruction, we used a mouse model of experimental biliary atresia and found that inactivation of the murine Ifnγ gene decreases the tropism of lymphocytes to neonatal bile ducts and prevents the inflammatory obstruction of the duct lumen. Further analysis of the extrahepatic biliary tract also outlined a broader network of proinflammatory genes at the onset and during progression to duct obstruction, with the time‐specific activation of IFNγ‐, apoptosis‐, and complement‐driven networks. In the second approach, we searched for molecular profiles that differentiate clinical forms of biliary atresia by analyzing the hepatic transcriptome of age‐matched subjects at the time of diagnosis. We found a preliminary profile that differentiates the embryonic from the perinatal forms of biliary atresia. The profile contained the differential activation of genes involved in epigenetic mechanisms of disease. Collectively, these studies provide new insight into pathogenesis of biliary atresia and identify potential therapeutic targets to foster long‐term outcome with the native liver.
The organization of the grain trade in the early Roman Empire
Authors: KESSLER DAVID , TEMIN PETER 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYRome was an exceedingly large city at the start of the Roman Empire, and it required massive grain imports to feed its population. We argue that Roman merchants organized these imports and that they used a variety of mechanisms to deal with the informational problems of long‐distance trade at that time. They used general institutions of Rome, such as its legal and social structures, as well as specific mercantile institutions, such as contracts, companies, and invoices. They exploited information in the Roman social structure as well as in the facilities for trade. This combination of social and economic institutions enabled Roman merchants to operate on as large a scale as any other pre‐industrial merchant group.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Larix kaempferi
Authors: ISODA KEIYA , WATANABE ATSUSHI 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMicrosatellites were isolated and characterized for Japanese larch, Larix kaempferi, a conifer species distributed in Japan. A larch genomic DNA library enriched for (AG)n repeats was screened using the colony polymerase chain reaction method and 145 unique microsatellite containing sequences were obtained. Seventy‐two primer pairs were designed and 30 produced single‐locus products, and 19 of them were polymorphic. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.566 to 0.951. These 19 polymorphic microsatellite loci should be valuable markers for genetic studies on Japanese larch.
Devolatilization of metabasic rocks during greenschist–amphibolite facies metamorphism
Authors: ELMER F. L. , WHITE R. W. , POWELL R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe production of large volumes of fluid from metabasic rocks, particularly in greenstone terranes heated across the greenschist–amphibolite facies transition, is widely accepted yet poorly characterized. The presence of carbonate minerals in such rocks, commonly as a consequence of sea‐floor alteration, has a strong influence, via fluid‐rock buffering, on the mineral equilibria evolution and fluid composition. Mineral equilibria modelling of metabasic rocks in the system Na2O‐CaO‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐CO2‐H2O (NCaFMASCH) is used to constrain the stability of common metabasic assemblages. Calculated buffering paths on T–XCO2 pseudosections, illustrate the evolution of greenstone terranes during heating across the greenschist‐amphibolite transition. The calculated paths constrain the volume and the composition of fluid produced by devolatilization and buffering. The calculated amount and composition of fluid produced are shown to vary depending on P–T conditions, the proportion of carbonate minerals and the XCO2 of the rocks prior to prograde metamorphism. In rocks with an initially low proportion of carbonate minerals, the greenschist to amphibolite facies transition is the primary period of fluid production, producing fluid with a low XCO2. Rocks with greater initial proportions of carbonate minerals experience a second fluid production event at temperatures above the greenschist to amphibolite facies transition, producing a more CO2‐rich fluid (XCO2 = 0.2–0.3). Rocks may achieve these higher proportions of carbonate minerals either via more extensive seafloor alteration or via infiltration of fluids. Fluid produced via devolatilization of rocks at deeper crustal levels may infiltrate and react with overlying lower temperature rocks, resulting in external buffering of those rocks to higher XCO2 and proportions of carbonate minerals. Subsequent heating and devolatilization of these overlying rocks results in buffering paths that produce large proportions of fluid at XCO2 = 0.2–0.3. The production of fluid of this composition is of importance to models of gold transport in Archean greenstone gold deposits occurring within extensive fluid alteration haloes, as these haloes represent the influx of fluid of XCO2 = 0.2–0.3 into the upper crust.
The Male‐Female Comparable Worth Debate: Alternative Economics Perspectives on an Issue That Cuts Across the Social Sciences
Authors: Mangum Stephen L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Writers and speakers on the “comparable worth” or “pay equity” issue refer to “the economic view” but there is no such consensus. Three major paradigms exist in labor economics, the neoclassical, the “radical” or Marxian or Neomarxian, and the institutional Each differs in philosophical orientation, employs different analytical methods, and leads to different policy implications. On the issue of pay equity for women their views are contrasted; differences center on how successfully the market extends full options of choice. The analysis indicates that incremental advances in the direction of pay equity are to be expected, given present incentives in the private sector and less economic constraints in the public sector, provided women continue economic, legal, and political pressure.Surveying The Literature on the comparable worth or pay equity debate, one often encounters reference to the economic view. In reality however, three major paradigms exist in labor economics today; the prevailing neoclassical paradigm, the radical or Marxian view, and the institutional approach. While the three can be viewed as sharing common objectives (to describe, to predict, and to prescribe) they approach issues from different philosophical frameworks, employ different analytical tools, and lead to very different policy implications. Examining the pay equity issue from the perspectives of the three paradigms suggests different insights into the issue than that usually labelled the economic view.
An Analysis of Causal Flow Between Social Development and Economic Growth:
Authors: Mazumdar Krishna 
Published: July 2006

Abstract.This is an attempt to examine whether there is any causal relation between social development and economic growth. Social development in this context is measured by a social development index, which is a weighted composite index formed with eight social indicators of life representing various spheres of social life. Economic growth is indicated by Per Capita Real Gross Domestic Product (PCRGDP), The causality test offered by Granger has been performed for the entire sample as well as for three income groups: high, middle and low. The study also tests causality between PCRGDP and the eight social indicators of life.
The common −318C/T polymorphism in the promoter region of CTLA4 gene is associated with reduced risk of ophthalmopathy in Chinese Graves’ patients
Authors: Han S. Z. , Zhang S. H. , Li R. , Zhang W. Y. , Li Y. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryStudies in the past have clearly established that CTLA4 is a susceptible gene for Graves’ disease (GD). However, association studies between CTLA4 and the risk of developing Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) in GD patients have shown conflicting results. In this study, associations of five CTLA4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (−1722A/G, −1661A/G, −318C/T, +49G/A, CT60) with GD risk and GO susceptibility in GD patients were investigated in a Chinese population. Our results showed that either +49A/G or CT60 polymorphism was associated with GD susceptibility in the Chinese population. Significant differences in the distribution of the genotypes or alleles evaluated between GD patients with and without clinically evident GO were only found for −318C/T polymorphism (P = 0.03). Multiple logistic regressions revealed that the −318T allele was negatively associated with GO under both additive and dominant genetic models (adjusted OR = 0.56, 95%CI 0.35–0.89, P = 0.014; adjusted OR = 0.51, 95%CI 0.30–0.84, P = 0.009, respectively). Stratification analysis according to gender demonstrated different scenarios concerning the role of the −318T allele in GO risk: a significant protective role for GO was only confirmed in male but not in female GD patients. Haplotype analyses showed that only the haplotypes containing the −318T allele played a protective role in GO. In conclusion, results from this study suggested that the −318T allele might play a protective role in GO susceptibility for GD patients at least in the Chinese population. However, extended analyses with larger sample size should be carried out in patients from different ethnic origins to further verify this association.