bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of 9-Anthryldiphosphene
Authors: Sasamori Takahiro , Tsurusaki Akihiro , Nagahora Noriyoshi , Matsuda Kazunari , Kanemitsu Yoshihiko , Watanabe Yasuaki , Furukawa Yukio , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The first stable 9-anthryldiphosphene, TbtP=P(9-Anth) (1: Tbt = 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl, 9-Anth = 9-anthryl), was synthesized and its properties were revealed by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses. The weak fluorescence of 1 was observed in hexane solution.
Magnetic Force Microscopy as a New Tool to Evaluate Local Magnetization of Organic Radical Polymers
Authors: Tanaka Manabu , Saito Yusuke , Nishide Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) was used to study the single-molecular magnetic response of the proxyl radical-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimer. Local magnetization of the organic radical molecules was evaluated by the MFM intensity, which correlated to the number of unpaired electrons per molecule.
Three‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of pediatric tracheobronchial tree
Authors: Donnelly Kevin J. , Gussack Gerald S. , Todd N. Wendell , Bank Estelle R. , Parks W. James , Davenport Peter , Ms Scott Shepherd 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the airway has recently emerged as a diagnostic tool for evaluating tracheobronchial obstruction in pediatric patients. Computer‐assisted reconstructions of transaxial images have enabled three‐dimensional reconstructions of the airway to be manipulated in any plane and visualized in relation to adjacent anatomical structures. Eight patients in whom magnetic resonance imaging was used to diagnose a variety of airway obstructive lesions are presented. A protocol for the evaluation of pediatric tracheobronchial obstruction is presented, with the role of three dimensionally reconstructed MR imaging emphasized.
Carcinoma of the soft palate and anterior tonsillar pillar
Authors: Leemans Charles R. , Engelbrecht Willem J. , Tiwari Rammohan , Devillé Walter L. J. M. , Snow Gordon B. , Karim Abdul B. M. F. , van der Waal Isaac 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe results after treatment of a total of 52 patients between 1974 and 1990 for squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate and anterior tonsillar pillar by surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination of the two are reported in the present study. Of the 45 patients who were treated for cure, 38 were treated by surgery, followed by radiotherapy in 19 patients (50%). Five patients received definitive radiotherapy only, and 2 were treated by other modalities such as intra‐arterial methotrexate and carbon dioxide (CO2) laser.Absolute and determinant 5‐year survival rates were 62% and 77%, respectively. Sixty‐four percent of patients survived 5 years recurrence‐free, and 27% developed multiple primary tumors in the head and neck. Tumor stages III and IV were shown to decrease survival by half compared to stages I and II. A 42% occult nodal metastases rate was observed, and 3 of 11 patients experienced regional relapse in an untreated neck.From this review it appears that surgery, combined with postoperative radiotherapy when indicated, is an effective form of treatment for carcinoma of the soft palate and anterior tonsillar pillar.
Trematodes from Red Sea fishes: Proneohelicometra aegyptensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925) and Neohypocreadium gibsoni sp. nov. (Lepocreadiidae Odhner, 1905)
Authors: Hassanine Reda 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpecimens of the fishes Pterois volitans Linnaeus (Scorpaenidae) and Chaetodon auriga Forsskål (Chaetodontidae) were caught in the Red Sea off the coast of Sharm El-Sheikh, South Sinai, Egypt. Five (20%) and 20 (44%) of these fishes, respectively, were found to harbour intestinal trematodes. P. volitans was parasitised by Proneohelicometra aegyptensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Opecoelidae) and C. auriga by Neohypocreadium gibsoni sp. nov. (Lepocreadiidae). Proneohelicometra gen. nov. is similar to Neohelicometra Siddiqi et Cable, 1960 which is the only opecoelid genus having caeca opening with separate ani and eggs with unipolar filaments, but differs significantly from it in having two lateral folds of body wall extending along the posterior third of body, an oral sucker smaller than the ventral sucker, a median cirrus sac not reaching the ventral sucker posteriorly and a median genital pore situating immediately posterior to the intestinal bifurcation. Neohypocreadium gibsoni sp. nov. is similar to the other four species of the genus, but is unique in having a distinctly pear-shaped body and a much smaller egg size, and differs significantly from each in several other characters: from N. longisaccatum, it differs in having a cirrus sac not reaching the testes and a pretesticular ovary; from N. dorsoporum in having an external seminal vesicle much shorter than the cirrus sac, a longer cirrus sac extending posteriorly to the level of the posterior margin of the ventral sucker and a pretesticular ovary; from N. chaetodoni in having a smaller body size, symmetrical testes, a longer cirrus sac extending posteriorly to the level of the posterior margin of the ventral sucker and a trilobed ovary; and from N. aegyptense in having a smaller body size, symmetrical testes, a longer cirrus sac extending posteriorly to the level of the posterior margin of the ventral sucker, a trilobed ovary and vitelline follicles terminating anteriorly at the level of oesophagus. Neohypocreadium Machida et Uchida, 1987 is briefly reviewed.
Vitellocyte ultrastructure in the cestode Didymobothrium rudolphii (Monticelli, 1890): possible evidence for the recognition of divergent taxa within the Spathebothriidea
Authors: Poddubnaya Larisa , Gibson David , Świderski Zdzisław , Olson Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the spathebothriidean tapeworm Didymobothrium rudolphii (Monticelli, 1890) the fine structure of the vitellocytes at different stages of their development within the vitelline follicles, vitelline ducts and uterus was studied for the first time using transmission electron microscopy. The vitellocyte inclusions of D. rudolphii are shell globule clusters containing tightly packed shell globules associated with a matrix of moderate electron density, glycogen granules, large electron-lucent lipid droplets (up to 3 μm in diameter), and, occasionally, a lipid droplet may occur in the nucleus of the vitellocytes. The diameter of the clusters ranges from 0.4 to 2.5 μm, the number of shell globules in the clusters varies from 8 to 45, and the size of the globules ranges from 0.12 to 0.25 μm and they are of approximately homogeneous sizes within a cluster. Most vitellocyte lipid droplets have a heterogeneous configuration with a ‘cavity’ inside them when they are within vitelline ducts and intrauterine eggs. Vitellocytes of the eggs contain dark concentric bodies and lipid droplets. The interstitial tissue has a syncytial structure. The morphological parameters of the diameter and shape of shell globule clusters, arrangement of shell globules in clusters, number and diameter of globules within clusters, types of lipid droplets and presence of dark concentric bodies are compared with those of two other spathebothriidean genera, Cyathocephalus and Diplocotyle. The comparative data demonstrate that vitelline material morphology has unique features in three spathenothriidean genera and may be used as evidence for the recognition of separate taxa.
Redescription of Neobrachiella spinicephala (Ringuelet, 1945) parasitic on Pinguipes brasilianus Cuvier, 1829 from Argentina, with the first description of the male
Authors: Etchegoin Jorge , Timi Juan , Lanfranchi Ana 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNeobrachiella spinicephala (Ringuelet, 1945) (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Lernaeopodidae) is redescribed based on newly collected material from the Brazilian sandperch, Pinguipes brasilianus Cuvier, 1829, (the type host) from Mar del Plata, Argentina (the type locality). A description of the male is given for the first time. Although some differences were observed between the original description and the specimens examined in this study, these differences do not warrant a change in the taxonomic status of this species. Indeed, the generic status of the species is confirmed, especially based on characteristics of the male.
Ecological aspects influencing the helminth community of the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus in Dunas de Mira, Portugal
Authors: Eira Catarina , Torres Jordi , Vingada José , Miquel Jordi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the first extensive data on the helminth community of the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus in a coastal sand dune area in Portugal. The 557 hosts analysed in this study were trapped seasonally between autumn 2002 and summer 2005 across 6 habitat types. Twelve helminth species were detected among which, Taenia parva larvae, Angiostrongylus dujardini, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Syphacia stroma and S. frederici constitute the component species, accounting for 98.7% of all worms. H. polygyrus was the most prevalent helminth parasite. Species richness varied according to habitat and season. The highest species richness was found in sand dunes during winter whereas the lowest was detected along lake margins also during the winter. Some differences in prevalence and mean intensity values were found in relation to year (T. parva larvae and H. polygyrus), habitat (A. dujardini), season (T. parva larvae, H. polygyrus, A. dujardini and S. stroma) and host sex (T. parva larvae and S. stroma). These differences are discussed both in view of the host’s biology and habitat characteristics.
Low threshold voltage asymmetric antiferroelectric liquid crystal cells
Authors: Bennis N. , Spadło A. , Dąbrowski R. , Martinelli E. , Galli G. , Quintana X. , Otón J. , Geday M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAsymmetric antiferroelectric liquid crystal displays (AAFLCD) are attractive since they show a very well defined off state and fast switching time. Moreover, they can be driven by a simple biasless DC compensated waveform. The electrooptical response of an AAFLCD allows for new addressing modes, including quasi-static intermediate greyscales maintained without applying a field and passively addressed multiplexed high-frequency displays and spatial light modulators. A new kind of asymmetric cells have been obtained by using fluorinated block copolymer (FBC) alignment, which enhances surface segregation and provides a low energy surface. In this work we combine FBC alignment with antiferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures containing strongly electronegative fluorinated components. Threshold voltages for the antiferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition as low as 3 volts are observed. We report the time evolution of the shift of the electro-optical response.
Depolarization of partially coherent light in liquid crystals
Authors: Domański A. , Budaszewski D. , Sierakowski M. , Woliński T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the paper we present results of analysis of partially coherent light depolarization in two types of liquid crystals possessing linear birefringence controlled by temperature and external electric field changes. Some experimental results of degree of polarization measurements for different light sources as a superluminescent diode and a laser diode are also presented.
Electrooptic study of antiferroelectric mixtures for display application
Authors: Mikułko A. , Marzec M. , Wróbel S. , Dąbrowski R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to study the influence of electric field on alignment of para-, ferro- and antiferroelectric phases in the vicinity of SmA* — SmC* or SmC* — SmCA* phase transitions as to obtain mono-domain cells. Four mixtures studied (W-193B, W-193B-1, W-201, W-204D) show the SmCA* phase in a wide room temperature range. Measurements of the spontaneous polarization versus temperature by using reversal current method give an answer to the question, what kind of the transitions take place between para-, ferro- or antiferroelectric phases using the Landau mean field theory. Optimal electrooptic parameters for different compositions of the mixtures such as tilt angle, spontaneous polarization and saturation voltage have been measured to compare parameters of the mixtures studied.
Evaluation of the rheological properties of sulfonic acids and sodium sulfonates
Authors: Berna J. L. , Bengoechea C. , Moreno A. , Rounds R. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSulfonic acids of linear alkylbenzene (LAB) are converted into the corresponding sodium salts to produce the most widely used anionic surfactant worldwide, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Used in many industrial applications and consumer products, the physical and mechanical properties of the sulfonates are strongly dependent on the LAB manufacturing process. Until recently, commercial alkylation of benzene has employed aluminum chloride or hydrogen fluoride catalysts, but a new fixed‐bed alkylation process (DETAL) has been developed with improved 2‐phenyl isomer selectivity and low tetralin concentration. In order to better understand the rheology of LAS in aqueous media, a comprehensive comparative evaluation of sulfonic acids and sodium sulfonates of the three LAB process derivatives has been done using dynamic mechanical rheometry, steady shear viscometry, and X‐ray diffraction for phase identification. LAB sulfonic acids are Newtonian fluids in the temperature range of 20–60°C. The neat AlCl3, HF, and DETAL sulfonic acids are Newtonian fluids within the temperature range of 20–60°C. At 30 wt%, all three sulfonates are Newtonian at 20–60°C, and the 40 wt% AlCl3 sodium sulfonate remains in the Newtonian regime within this temperature range. Lamellar liquid crystalline phases have been identified for the sulfonates in the concentration range of 40–60 wt% in water at 20–60°C, and a hexagonal lattice phase also has been identified for DETAL sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate at 40 wt%, 60°C. The presence of anisotropic phases results in non‐Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior with time‐dependent viscosity functions.
Synthesis and characterization of new cationic surfactants derived from lactic acid
Authors: Anoune Naoual , Nouiri Moustapha , Arnaud Christian , Petit Serge , Lanteri Pierre 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of new cationic surfactants was prepared by condensation of lactic acid with N,N‐dimethyl propylamine, followed successively by acetylation with acid chloride or ester and by quaternization with dimethylsulfate. Each surfactant and its precursors' structural assignments were based on infrared spectra and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Critical micelle concentrations, contact angles, kinetics of drop spreading, and foam capacities were determined.
Modern methods of detergent manufacture
Authors: Appel Peter W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is convenient to split past trends in detergent manufacture into three periods: the 1980s, the early 1990s, and more recent trends. In this review, the focus is on this decade, in which the detergent industry has implemented the most fundamental changes in process technology of these decades. At the same time, however, these changes can be better appreciated by understanding (i) the limitations of the spray‐drying process as the industry's traditional workhorse and (ii) the driving forces for change.
Function of lipase in lipid soil removal as studied using fabrics with different chemical accessibility
Authors: Obendorf S. K. , Varanasi Arindam , Mejldal Rie , Thellersen Marianne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFatty stain removal is enhanced by the inclusion of lipase in washing compounds and leads to increased lipid removal from within the fibers. Cotton fabrics with varied morphology/chemistry were investigated to study the accessibility of soil in textiles to detergent and lipase. Three cotton fabrics (untreated, mercerized, and carboxymethylated cotton), differing in chemical accessibility, and TencelTM lyocell fabric, a microdenier manufactured cellulosic fiber, were subjected to three treatments—unwashed, washed with detergent, and washed with lipase—so as to understand further the effects of fiber morphology on lipase effectiveness. Both detergents and lipase removed more soil from the more chemically accessible and hydrophilic textiles. Lipase increased lipid removal for all fabrics and all morphological locations on the fiber, including fiber surfaces, interfiber capillaries, small capillaries, and the center of the yarn bundle. Lipase removed significant quantities of soil from the lumen in untreated and mercerized cotons; these fabrics showed the largest total increases in amount of lipid removed by lipase. When the fiber surfaces were smoother and the fiber structure was less open and not carboxymethylated, i.e., the mercerized cotton fabric, more lipase benefit was observed (72% of the residual soil left after washing with detergent was removed when lipase was added). The total soil removal from the mercerized cotton fabric by use of lipase was equal to that observed for the more open, hydrophilic carboxymethylated fabric and for the Tencel, which has no lumen or other morphological features of natural cotton such as crenulations. Lipase appeared to enhance lipid removal under conditions where removal by the detergent surfactant system was limited. Furthermore, we concluded that lipase acted to remove lipid soil from within the fibers by functioning at the interior surfaces of microfibrils and pores within the fiber structure at the lipid‐water interface.
Preparation, surface‐active properties, and antimicrobial activities of bis(alkylammonium) dichlorides having a butenylen or a butynylene spacer
Authors: Tatsumi Taiga , Zhang Wanbin , Nakatsuji Yohji , Miyake Kazuhiro , Matsushima Kenji , Tanaka Misa , Furuta Taro , Ikeda Isao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of new cationic gemini surfactants, bis(alkylammonium) dichlorides having a butenylene or a butynylene spacer, were prepared almost quantitatively by the reaction of a long‐chain alkyldimethylamine with a highly reactive allylic or propargylic dichloride, and their surface‐active properties were measured. All of them showed good water solubility and quite low critical micelle concentrations, which were more than one order of magnitude lower than those of the corresponding mono(alkylammonium) salts. They also showed quite high foaming ability and foam stability when they have an appropriate hydrophile‐lipophile balance. Many of them showed almost the same antimicrobial activities against the eumycetes Aspergillus sp. and Candida albicans as commercial germicides such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate.
Effect of alkyl groups in anionic surfactants on solution properties of anionic‐nonionic surfactant system
Authors: Azzam Eid M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of different alkyl chains of anionic surfactants on properties of binary anionic‐nonionic mixed surfactant systems was studied. These systems included ocytldodecyl‐, and cetylsulfoacetates mixed with isooctyl phenol nonyl ethoxylate. The critical micelle concentration of mixed surfactants shifted to lower values compared to those of the single anionic surfactants. Effectiveness values increased with decreases in the mole fraction of anionic surfactants. The negative values of interaction parameter (β) increased with increases in the chain length of anionic surfactants.
Assay of quaternary ammonium antimicrobial compounds by aqueous potentiometric titration
Authors: Battaglini George T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn automatic potentiometric titration method for the determination of quaternary ammonium antimicrobial compounds at the macro level is described. The procedure involves the use of standard sodium lauryl sulfate as the titrant and a nitrate ion‐selective or surfactant electrode to detect the end point. The method, which includes a new, simpler means of titrant standardization, avoids the use of hazardous solvents such as chloroform, which are employed in two‐phase titration methods currently in common use. In this study, four frequently produced antimicrobial quats were titrated potentiometrically and by a two‐phase titration using bromphenol blue as the indicator. Comparison of results shows the automatic potentiometric method to be accurate, more precise, easier, faster, and generally better suited for use in a production laboratory than the two‐phase approach. The nitrate and the surfactant electrodes appear to be equal in performance.
The role of hydrophilic linkers
Authors: Acosta Edgar , Uchiyama Hirotaka , Sabatini David A. , Harwell Jeffrey H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn microemulsion formulations, linker molecules are additives that can enhance the surfactant‐oil interaction (lipophilic linkers) or the surfactant‐water interaction (hydrophilic linkers). In this paper, the role of the hydrophilic linker is elucidated through solubilization studies, interfacial tension studies, and by studying the partitioning of the hydrophilic linker into an optimum middle phase. This research used alkyl naphthalene sulfonates as the hydrophilic linkers, sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate as the surfactant, and trichloroethylene as the oil phase. The hydrophilic linkers were found to have interfacial properties between a hydrotrope and a cosurfactant. More specifically, the data show that a hydrophilic linker is an amphiphile that coadsorbs with the surfactant at the oil/water interface but that has negligible interaction with the oil phase. The role of the hydrophilic linker can thus be interpreted as opening “holes” in the interface. Based on the characteristics of alkyl naphthalene linkers, carboxylic molecules were evaluated as hydrophilic linkers. For trichloroethylene microemulsions, sodium octanoate was found to be an alternative hydrophilic linker to sodium mono‐ and dimethyl naphthalene sulfonates.
Microemulsion formation and detergency with oily soils: II. Detergency formulation and performance
Authors: Tongcumpou C. , Acosta E. J. , Quencer L. B. , Joseph A. F. , Scamehorn J. F. , Sabatini D. A. , Chavadej S. , Yanumet N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn part I of this series (J. Surfact. Deterg. 6, 191–203, 2003), the mixed surfactant system of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT), alkyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate (ADPODS) and sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) was shown to form Winsor type I and type III microemulsions with hexadecane and motor oil. In addition, high solubilization and low interfacial tension were obtained between the oils and surfactant solutions both in the supersolubilization region (Winsor type I system close to type III system) and at optimal conditions in a type III system. In the present study, this mixed surfactant system was applied to remove oily soil from fabric (a polyester/cotton blend), and detergency results were correlated to phase behavior. Dynamic interfacial tensions were also measured between the oils and washing solutions. In the supersolubilization and in the middle‐phase regions (type III), much better detergency performance was found for both hexadecane and motor oil removal than that with a commercial liquid detergent product. In addition, the detergency performance of our system at low temperature (25°C) was close to that obtained at high temperature (55°C), consistent with the temperature robustness of the microemulsion phase behavior of this system.