bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary menhaden, seal, and corn oils differentially affect lipid and Ex vivo eicosanoid and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances generation in the guinea pig
Authors: Murphy M. G. , Wright V. , Scott J. , Timmins A. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis investigation was carried out to characterize the effects of specific dietary marine oils on tissue and plasma fatty acids and their capacity to generate metabolites (prostanoids, lipid peroxides). Young male guinea pigs were fed nonpurified diet (NP), or NP supplemented (10%, w/w) with menhaden fish oil (MO), harp seal oil (SLO), or corn oil (CO, control diet) for 23 to 28 d. Only the plasma showed significant n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐induced reductions in triacylglycerol (TAG) or total cholesterol concentration. Proportions of total n−3 PUFA in organs and plasma were elevated significantly in both MO and SLO dietary groups (relative to CO), and in all TAG fractions levels were significantly higher in MO‐than SLO‐fed animals. The two marine oil groups differed in their patterns of incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In guinea pigs fed MO, the highest levels of EPA were in the plasma TAG, whereas in SLO‐fed animals, maximal incorporation of EPA was in the heart polar lipids (PL). In both marine oil groups, the greatest increases in both docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6n−3, DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (22∶5n−3, DPA) relative to the CO group, were in plasma TAG, although the highest proportions of DHA and DPA were in liver PL and heart TAG, respectively. In comparing the MO and SLO groups, the greatest difference in levels of DHA was in heart TAG (MO>SLO, P<0.005), and in levels of DPA was in heart PL (SLO>MO, P<0.0001). The only significant reduction in proportions of the major n−6 PUFA, arachidonic acid (AA), was in the heart PL of the SLO group (SLO>MO=CO, P<0.005). Marine oil feeding altered ex vivo generation of several prostanoid metabolites of AA, significantly decreasing thromboxane A2 synthesis in homogenates of hearts and livers of guinea pigs fed MO and SLO, respectively (P<0.04 for both, relative to CO). Lipid peroxides were elevated to similar levels in MO‐ and SLO‐fed animals in plasma, liver, and adipose tissue, but not in heart preparations. This study has shown that guinea pigs respond to dietary marine oils with increased organ and plasma n−3 PUFA, and changes in potential synthesis of metabolites. They also appear to respond to n−3 PUFA‐enriched diets in a manner that is different from that of rats.
Brain development and assessing the supply of polyunsaturated fatty acid
Authors: Clandinin M. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMembrane lipids are necessary for structure and function of the developing nervous system. Rapid synthesis of brain tissue occurs during the last trimester of development of the human brain and the early postnatal weeks. This synthesis of brain structure involves the formation of complex lipids, many of which contain significant quantities of chain‐elongated desaturated homologs of essential fatty acids. The present report discusses the implications of change in nutritional status on processes of brain development and metabolic events that involve lipids.
Neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism
Authors: Innis Sheila M. , Sprecher Howard , Hachey David , Edmond John , Anderson Robert E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe importance of n−6 and n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in neonatal development, particularly with respect to the developing brain and retina, is well known. This review combines recent information from basic science and clinical studies to highlight recent advances in knowledge on PUFA metabolism and areas where research is still needed on infant n−6 and n−3 fatty acid requirements. Animal, cell culture, and infant studies are consistent in demonstrating that synthesis of 22∶6n−3 involves C24 PUFA and that the amounts of 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 influence PUFA metabolism. Studies to show that addition of n−6 fatty acids beyond Δ6‐desaturase alters n−6 fatty acid metabolism with no marked increase in tissue 20∶4n−6 illustrate the limitations of analyses of tissue fatty acid compositions as an approach to study the effects of diet on fatty acid metabolism. New information to show highly selective pathways for n−6 and n−3 fatty acid uptake in brain, and efficient path‐ways for conservation of 22∶6n−3 in retina emphasizes the differences in PUFA metabolism among different tissues and the unique features which allow the brain and retina to accumulate and maintain high concentrations of n−3 fatty acids. Further elucidation of the Δ6‐desaturases involved in 24∶5n−6 and 22∶6n−3 synthesis; the regulation of fatty acid movement between the endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes; partitioning to acylation, desaturation and oxidation; and the effects of dietary and hormonal factors on these pathways is needed for greater understanding of neonatal PUFA metabolism.
Assessment of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid nutritional supplementation on infant neurobehavioral development and visual acuity
Authors: Jacobson Sandra W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aims of this paper are (i) to consider how best to examine effects of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid nutritional supplementation or deficiency on infant neurobehavioral development, after controlling for other factors that might influence outcome, including maternal demographic, intellectual, and personality characteristics, and (ii) to present new findings on the relation between visual acuity and processing speed and the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and visual acuity on infant information processing. The following topics are also addressed: (i) breastfeeding and intelligence, (ii) criteria for the selection and control of potential confounding variables, and (iii) new infant information processing measures.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid status and neurodevelopment: A summary and critical analysis of the literature
Authors: Carlson Susan E. , Neuringer Martha 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rationale for randomized trials designed to measure the effects of variable docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status on neurodevelopment in human infants came from earlier studies of neurodevelopment in animals that were deficient in DHA owing to diets low in α‐linolenic acid. The session on neurodevelopment looked at the results of these animal studies and discussed outcomes that appear to be analogous in human infants with variable DHA status. Presentations focused mainly on measures of development that may be attributed to more specific developmental domains (e.g., visual attention, recognition memory, problem‐solving), some of which have been shown to be affected by long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) status. This paper derives from discussions that took place during the session and reviews subsequent developments in this area. Although more difficult to interpret, global measures of infant development (e.g., the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, and Brunet‐Lezine) can only suggest a relationship to specific developmental domains, but they have been applied in some randomized trials of LCPUFA and infant development. Those results are also summarized here.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and infant visual development: A critical appraisal of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Gibson Robert A. , Makrides Maria 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAt the Consensus and Controversies Conference held in Barcelona in November 1996, one of the sessions focused on an evaluation of the effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on infant visual development. The intervention trials in preterm and term infants were reviewed and discussed in detail. Results of these trials, particularly those in term infants, were inconsistent; much discussion occurred concerning the causes of these diverse results. We attempt to reflect, rather than report exactly, the discussion relating to these issues and address the clinical trials according to recently published guidelines for conduct and reporting of randomized clinical trials (RCT). Compared with these recent guidelines, the published papers of RCT involving PUFA and visual function are often incomplete, making it difficult to assess if we can have a high degree of confidence in the reported effects (or lack of effects). Despite this, valuable data relating to the effect of diet on the visual development of infants were obtained. Our evaluation of the trials to date suggests that the definitive answer to the degree to which dietary long‐chain PUFA is likely to influence visual development may only be resolved with impeccably conducted RCT.
Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids in infants‐physiological and pathophysiological aspects and open questions
Authors: Sellmayer Alois , Koletzko Berthold 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEicosanoids are highly active lipid mediators in physiologic and pathologic processes, with their effects ranging from cytoprotection and vasoactivity to modulation of inflammatory and proliferative reactions. Generation of eicosanoids can be affected by changes in the pools of their precursors, the long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). Thus, dietary interventions such as supplementation of infant formula with specific n−3 and n−6 LCPUFA will alter formation as well as activity of the eicosanoids produced. This report summarizes the results and discussion of the workshop on “Eicosanoids and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Infants”. The intention of the workshop organizers was to give an overview of the role of eicosanoids in physiological and pathophysiological processes in infants, to discuss the implications that an increased n−3 and n−6 LCPUFA intake may have on eicosanoid genration, and to point out open questions and controversies for future research.
Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets for infants: Choices for recommending and regulating bodies and for manufacturers of dietary products
Authors: Koletzko Berthold , Sinclair Andy 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhile the scientific evaluation of the physiologic effects, potential benefits, and risks of dietary preformed long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) for infants have been discussed elsewhere, this manuscript addresses some of the resulting consequences and challenges of interpreting the available knowledge from the perspective of recommending and regulating bodies, and of manufacturers of dietary products and their ingredient materials. Traditionally human milk composition has served as a reference point for infant formula design. With respect to the use of LCPUFA in infant formula, much more emphasis than ever before invested for any other group of micronutrients has been put on clinical studies investigating the potential advantages and disadvantages of LCPUFA in infant foods, including growth, safety aspects, and a variety of other outcome measures.
Pharmacokinetic advantages of a newly developed tacrolimus oil‐in‐water‐type emulsion via the enteral route
Authors: Uno Takeji , Kazui Teruhisa , Suzuki Yoshinari , Hashimoto Hisakuni , Suzuki Koichi , Muhammad Bashar A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe developed an oleic acid oil‐in‐water (o/w)‐type emulsion of a new tacrolimus formulation that presented an improvement in the delivery of the drug for oral absorption. This investigation was undertaken to assess a sustained release drug delivery system and selective drug transfer into the lymphatic system. The whole blood concentration profiles after oral administration at a dose of 2mg/kg and bone marrow, spleen, liver, lung, small intestine, kidney, brain, and whole blood distribution after oral administration at a dose of 1 mg/kg of o/w emulsion formulation of tacrolimus (O/W group) were compared with those of commercially available formulation (T group) in the rat. The mean diameter of the o/w emulsion droplets was 0.47 μm immediately after preparation. The tacrolimus entrapping efficiency of o/w emulsion was 71.3+5.0% in 12 h and did not change for 2 d. The area under the whole blood concentration‐time curve (AUC) in the O/W group was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that in the I group. In contrast, the values of constant elimination rate and total clearance in the O/W group were significantly lower (P<0.01) than those in the T group, with a comparative bioavailability of 115.9%. The tissue concentration of tacrolimus in the O/W group was significantly higher levels in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, lung, and small intestine, and significantly lower in the brain and kidney, relative to the T group. The o/w emulsion of tacrolimus may be an improved dosage form via the enteral route.
Susceptibility of serum lipids to copper‐induced peroxidation correlates with the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol
Authors: Shimonov M. , Pinchuk I. , Bor A. , Beigel I. , Fainaru M. , Rubin M. , Lichtenberg D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs a first step in evaluating the significance of our recently developed method of monitoring the kinetics of copper‐induced oxidation in unfractionated serum, we recorded the kinetics of lipid oxidation in the sera of 62 hyperlipidemic patients and analyzed the correlation between oxidation and lipid composition of the sera [high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides]. We used six factors to characterize the kinetics of oxidation, namely, the maximal absorbance of oxidation products (ODmax), the maximal rate of their production (Vmax), and the time at which the rate was maximal (tmax) at two wave‐lengths (245 nm, where 7‐ketocholesterol and conjugated dienic hydroperoxides absorb intensely, and 268 nm, where the absorbance is mostly due to dienals). The major conclusions of our analyses are that: (i) Both ODmax and Vmax correlate positively with the sum of concentrations of the major oxidizable lipids, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters. (ii). The value of tmax, which is a measure of the lag preceding oxidation and therefore reflects the resistance of the serum lipids to copper‐induced oxidation, exhibits a negative correlation with HDL cholesterol. Although this finding accords with the observation of shorter lags for HDL than for LDL, it is apparently inconsistent with the role of HDL as an antirisk factor in coronary heart diseases.
Fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue and yolk lipids of a bird with a marine‐based diet, the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri)
Authors: Speake Brian K. , Decrock Frederic , Surai Peter F. , Groscolas René 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is an Antarctic seabird feeding mainly on fish and therefore has a high dietary intake of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The yolk is accumulated in the developing oocyte while the females are fasting, and a large proportion of the fatty acid components of the yolk lipids are derived by mobilization from the female's adipose tissue. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid of the yolk was characterized by high levels of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, it differed in several respects from that of the maternal adipose tissue. For example, the proportions of 14∶0, 16∶1n−7, 20∶1n−9, 22∶1n−9, 20∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 were significantly greater in adipose tissue than in yolk. Thus adipose tissue lipids contained 7.6±0.3% and 8.0±0.3% (wt% of total fatty acids; mean ±SE; n=5) of 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3, respectively, whereas the yolk total lipid contained 1.6±0.1 and 5.5±0.3% of these respective fatty acids. The proportions of 16∶0, 18∶0, 18∶1n−9, 18∶2n−6, and 20∶4n−6 were significantly lower in the adipose tissue than in the yolk lipids. The proportions of triacylglycerol, phospholipid, free cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester in the yolk lipid were, respectively, 67.0±0.2, 25.4±0.3, 5.3±0.2, and 1.8±0.2% (wt% of total yolk lipid). The proportions of 20∶4n−6, 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 were, respectively, 5.7±0.3, 2.8±0.2, 1.4±0.1, and 11.7±0.5% in phospholipid and 0.4±0.0, 1.2±0.1, 0.8±0.1 and 3.6±0.3% in triacylglycerol. About 95% of the total vitamin E in the yolks was in the form of α‐tocopherol with γ‐tocopherol forming the remainder. Two species of carotenoids, one identified as lutein, were present.
Rapid complexing of oxoacylglycerols with amino acids peptides and aminophospholipids
Authors: Kurvinen J. ‐P. , Kuksis A. , Ravandi A. , Sjövall O. , Kallio H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe prepared model Schiff bases from 2‐[9‐oxo]nonanoyl glycerol (2‐MAG‐ALD) and various amino compounds. 2‐MAG‐ALD was obtained by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis of trioleoyl glycerol and reductive ozonolysis of the resulting 2‐monooleoyl glycerol. The reaction products were purified by thin‐layer chromatography. Schiff bases were synthesized in greater than 50% yield by reacting 2‐MAG‐ALD with twofold molar excess of valine, Nα‐acetyl‐l‐lysine methyl ester and the tripeptides glycyl‐glycyl‐glycine, glycyl‐glycyl‐histidine, and glycyl‐histidyl‐lysine in aqueous methanol and with 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐stearoyl glycerophosphoethanolamine (PE) in chloroform.methanol for 16 h at room temperature. Prior to analysis the bases were reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol for 30 min at 4°C. Reaction products were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI/MS). Reduced Schiff bases of 2‐MAG‐ALD with PF and amino acids were analyzed by normal‐phase HPLC/ESI/MS and those with peptides by reversed‐phase HPLC/ESI/MS. Single adducts were obtained in all cases and both the α‐amino group of valine and the ε‐amino group of Nα‐acetyl‐l‐lysine methyl ester were reactive. Molecular ions of reaction products were the only detected ions in the negative ionization mode, whereas in the positive ion mode sodiated molecular ions were also detected. The present study suggests that 2‐MAG‐ALD may form Schiff base adducts with amino compounds in other aqueous media, such as the intestinal lumen and in the hydrophobic environment of cell membranes.
Lipoprotein (a) metabolism estimated by nonsteady‐state kinetics
Authors: Parhofer Klaus G. , Demant Thomas , Ritter Michael M. , Geiss H. Christian , Donner Markus , Schwandt Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is a low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particle with an additional apolipoprotein named apo(a). The concentration of Lp(a) in plasma is determined to a large extent by the size of the apo(a) isoform. Because elevated Lp(a) concentrations in plasma are associated with risk for premature coronary heart disease it is important to determine whether variations in production or catabolism mediate differences in Lp(a) concentration. We determined metabolic parameters of Lp(a) in 17 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or severe mixed hyperlipidemia by fitting a monoexponential function to the rebound of Lp(a) plasma concentration following LDL‐apheresis. In 8 of those 17 patients this was done twice following two different aphereses. Although this approach allows one to estimate metabolic parameters without the use of a tracer, it requires several major assumptions such as that apheresis itself does not change production or catabolism of Lp(a) and that Lp(a) metabolism can be described by a single compartment. One apheresis decreased Lp(a) concentration by 59.1±8.3%. The fractional catabolic rate (FCR) was 0.16±0.12 d−1 and production rate 6.27±5.26 mg·kg−1·d−1. However, observed (concentration before first apheresis) and predicted steady‐state concentrations differed considerably (more than 20%) in 9 of 17 patients, indicating that not all assumptions were fulfille in all patients. Production rate but not FCR was correlated with Lp(a) plasma concentration (r2=0.43. P=0.004) and molecular weight of apo(a) (r2=0.48, P=0.011), which confirms radiotracer experiments showing that variations in Lp(a) plasma concentrations are due to differences in production not catabolism. When parameters were estimated tiwce in a subgroup of eight patients, satisfactory reproducibility was observed in six patients. Although parameters determined on two occasions correlated well, only FCR was concordant (intraclass correiation coefficient). Thus, despite the limitations arising from the assumptions implicit to this method, metabolic parameters of Lp(a) can be estimated from the rebound of plasma concentration following apheresis.
Metabolism of trans fatty acids by hepatocytes
Authors: Guzmán Manuel , Klein Wil , Gómez del Pulgar Teresa , Geelen Math J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present work was undertaken to study the metabolism of fatty acids with trans double bonds by rat hepatocytes. In liver mitochondria, elaidoyl‐CoA was a poorer substrate for carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT‐I) than oleoyl‐CoA. Likewise, incubation, of hepatocytes with oleic acid produced a more pronounced stimulation of CPT‐I than incubation with trans fatty acids. This was not due to a differential effect of cis and trans fatty acids on acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) activity and malonyl‐CoA levels. Elaidic acid was metabolized by hepatocytes at a higher rate than oleic acid. Surprisingly, compared to oleic acid, elaidic acid was a better substrate for mitochondrial and, especially, peroxisomal oxidation, but a poorer substrate for cellular and very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerol synthesis. Results thus show that trans fatty acids are preferentially oxidized by hepatic peroxisomes, and that the ACC/malonyl‐CoA/CPT‐I system for coordinate control of fatty acid metabolism is not responsible for the distinct hepatic utilization of cis and trans fatty acids.
Synthesis of a novel lipopeptide with α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone peptide ligand and its effect on liposome stability
Authors: Ogawa Yoshikatsu , Kawahara Hidehiko , Yagi Nobuhiro , Kodaka Masato , Tomohiro Takenori , Okada Tomoko , Konakahara Takeo , Okuno Hiroaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntroduction of liposomes into target cells is important for drug delivery systems. For this purpose, the surface of the liposome is equipped with ligand peptides, which may bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane. An artificial novel lipopeptide (MSH‐C4A2) containing the α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) sequence and two long alkyl chains was designed and synthesized, and the liposome, composed of egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) and MSH‐C4A2, was prepared. The stability of the liposome was estimated by measuring calcein leakage from the liposome inner phase. The stability of the liposome decreased upon addition of MSH‐A4C2, which seemed to be attributable to the amphiphilic property of the peptide moiety (α‐MSH) of MSH‐A2C4. The stability was, however, recovered fairly well upon addition of cholesterol (Ch) or phosphatidylglycerol (PG). It was concluded therefore that the ternary system, MSH‐C4A2/Ch/EPC or MSH‐C4A2/PG/EPC, is suitable for preparing the functional liposome.