bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allocation of attentional resources during habituation to food cues
Authors: EPSTEIN LEONARD H. , PALUCH ROCCO , SMITH J. DAVID , SAYETTE MICHAEL 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that habituation to repeated food cues can be inhibited by allocating processing resources to nonfood cues. In two experiments, the salivary response to 10 presentations of lemon yogurt was assessed while subjects engaged in a controlled cognitive search task (demanding attentional resources), an automatic search task (needing fewer attentional resources), or no task. In Experiment 1, the controlled and automatic search tasks differed in the number of memory set items. In Experiment 2, the size of the memory sets was held constant, and individuals were provided practice to stabilize the different search strategies in the task. The automatic search and no task groups habituated to the repeated presentation of food cues in both experiments, but the controlled search group did not. These results support the hypothesis that allocation of attentional resources to external cues can influence the processing of food cues.
Do tinted spectacle lens wearers have a different personality?
Authors: Eperjesi F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe wearing of tinted spectacle lenses is considered by some health care workers to be a marker of psychopathology or a hypochondriacal personality type. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the wearing of tinted spectacle lenses and personality type in physically healthy subjects. The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire 5th Edition, a multidimensional standardized self‐report inventory, was used to determine the personality type of 98 participants. Twenty currently wore tinted spectacle lenses for reasons other than ocular disease, sun protection, outdoor or indoor glare reduction, pattern sensitive epilepsy, migraines, reading difficulties or fashion. The remainder did not wear tinted spectacle lenses for any purpose other than sun protection. Tinted lens wear and no tinted lens wear groups were age and gender matched. There was no statistically significant difference in five global personality factors between the no‐tint and tint groups: extraversion (p = 0.31), anxiety (p = 0.75), tough‐mindedness (p = 0.96), independence (p = 0.63), and self‐control (p = 0.87). This suggests that the use of tinted lenses by physically healthy people is unlikely to be an indicator of personality type.
Field evidence on nitrogen losses by denitrification
Authors: Batey T. , Killham K. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Evidence based on observations of colour, growth and measurements of stem nitrate on carrots and sugar beet, colour and yield of grass, and of yield of wheat in different areas of Britain showed that growth and yield may have been substantially reduced in the wet summer of 1985 due to deficiency of nitrogen following large losses by denitrification. An account of die processes involved is given, together with observations and tests on affected soils. These were compared with field measurements of denitrification also made in 1985, under barley.Examination of climatic data suggests that there were several periods in May, June, July and August when the soils close to the surface would have been saturated for days on end, and in the presence of many tine roots typical of crops at that time of year, the onset of an anaerobic state and accompanying denitrification would have been highly likely. The field evidence in 1985 suggests that nitrogen losses may have been much higher than those reported previously from research station investigations.
Problems of deducing the soil water balance in dryland regions from Meteosat data
Authors: Milford J.R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Meteosat is a geostationary satellite which observes the earth from the same point every half hour and views many of the drylands of Africa. Its data can be processed to provide information on the state of the surface of the earth, and its moisture condition in particular, by evaluating the thermal inertia from observations of the diurnal temperature cycle of the surface. This method is limited by the simple radiometry and low spatial resolution of Meteosat. The surface temperature amplitude cannot be known to better than 2°C, and the heat flow into the ground to 20%. As a result the actual values of thermal inertia can be known only to this accuracy.Interpretation of thermal inertia is ambiguous, and alternative interpretations of any given value are discussed, showing little information on conditions more than 10 cm below the surface, and limited discrimination over soil moisture contents even in the topmost layer. Despite these difficulties, thermal inertia values could be calculated routinely. This could give information on the detailed distribution of rain from convective storms for agricultural monitoring and for large‐scale meteorological models.
The variability of winter drainage in England and Wales
Authors: Rose D.A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Estimates of winter drainage, D, are available for 82 locations in England and Wales for each winter during the 35‐year period, 1940/1 to 1974/5. At each location, D is approximately normally distributed. The variability, expressed as a coefficient of variation, is approximately inversely proportional to the average drainage; it is large, ranging from 20–30% in Wales and the uplands of northern and western England to 60–70% in eastern England. Assuming a normal distribution, the probability of exceeding a given amount of drainage is easily found.The proportion, f of solute initially in the soil that is leached each winter can be calculated using these estimates of D in a simple layer model. However, f is not normally distributed, but can be fitted by the Type‐1 extreme‐value distribution.If there are n years of data, and m is the rank of a value in order of decreasing size, the estimation of the probability, P, of exceeding the mth largest value, fm, is P(ffm) =m/(n+1), and the return period, t, is 1/P years. Using the transform, W= In[—In P], graphs of/against W yield families of lines that, for a given location and depth in the soil, depend only on soil type, and from which extreme values likely to be encountered in a given return period can be forecast. Results are discussed for Mildenhall, Suffolk (= 99 ± 68 mm), Cockle Park, Northumberland (±= 275 ± 125 mm), Welshpool, Powis (±= 373 ± 121 mm), Carmarthen, Dyfed (±= 764 ± 196 mm) and Ambleside, Cumbria (±= 1280 ± 276 mm).
Decreasing the impact of surface crusting on seedling: emergence by spray wetting
Authors: Shiel R. S. , Yuniwo E. C. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. . A soil crust, produced by applying 44 mm of distilled water at an intensity of 290 mm/h using a rainfall simulator, was sufficiently rigid to significantly decrease emergence of barley from 76 to 40% and of oil seed rape from 82 to 61%. If the crust was kept wet by regular application of water as a fine mist, its strength was significantly decreased, but emergence remained poor because of prolonged soil wetness. After mist‐spraying the crusted surface just before emergence, per cent emergence was greater than uncrusted controls.Application to the soil of a static pressure after sowing but without crusting either had no effect or increased emergence, probably because of improved seed‐soil contact. However, crusting of the compacted soil decreased emergence severely. If the crust was allowed to dry it became very strong (> 300 kPa). Mist‐spraying at the time of emergence only also improved seed emergence almost to that in the uncrusted controls. Repeated mist spraying after crusting decreased the strength of the crust, but the resulting waterlogging decreased emergence to less than half those of the controls and of the treatments sprayed just before emergence only. Compared with other management techniques available for amelioration of crusted seedbeds, carefully timed fine spray watering seems to offer the best opportunity for ensuring rapid seed emergence comparable to that in uncrusted soils.
Maize growth responses to deep tillage, straw mulching and farmyard manure in coarse textured soils of N.W. India
Authors: Gajri P.R. , Arora V.K. , Chaudhary M.R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The effects of deep tillage, straw mulching and farmyard manure on maize growth in loamy sand and sandy loam soils were studied in experiments lasting three years. Treatments included all combinations of conventional tillage (10 cm deep) and deep tillage (35–40 cm deep), two farmyard manure rates (0 and 15 t/ha) and two mulch rates (0 and 6 t/ha), replicated three times in a randomixed block design.Deep tillage decreased soil strength and caused deeper and denser rooting. Mulching decreased maximum soil temperature and kept the surface layers wetter resulting in better root growth. Farmyard manure also improved root growth, and the crop then extracted soil water more efficiently. All three treatments increased grain yield in the loamy sand, but in the sandy loam only tillage and farmyard manure increased yields significantly. Deep tillage and straw mulch effects varied with soil type and amount of rainfall in the growing season. In the loamy sand the mean responses to deep tillage and mulching were largest in a dry year. A tillage‐mulch interaction was significant in the loamy sand.
The determination of field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity in some Scottish soils using the Guelph permeameter
Authors: Lilly A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Soil hydraulic conductivities are frequently required for process‐based modelling of the soil water regime. Field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured with the Guelph permeameter in 10 soil series with a range of structures and textures. The permeameter offers a range of options for calculating conductivities depending on soil conditions, particularly homogeneity of pore distribution within each horizon. However, even horizons described as massive or apedal were not sufficiently homogeneous to satisfy the boundary conditions entirely.Hydraulic conductivities were calculated by the one head, fixed α* procedure; α* is an index of capillarity. No direct correlations were found between hydraulic conductivity and land use. However, the average hydraulic conductivity of coarse textured topsoils which were mainly under arable agriculture was less than that of the finer textured topsoils largely under grassland. Even limited structural development increased the hydraulic conductivities of fine textured, compact subsurface horizons. It is important to match the adopted procedure to the soil conditions both during the determination of flow rates in the field and in the subsequent analyses.
Magnesium availability from kieserite and calcined magnesite on five soils of different pH
Authors: Heming S.D. , Hollis J.F. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Five soils from the South of England were incubated with additions of magnesium fertilizers; two also received magnesian limestone. After two years, the recovery of the added magnesium by 0.5 h extraction with 1 m ammonium nitrate was 75–89% for kieserite granules, 64–84% for calcined magnesite powder (< 1 mm), but only 20–41% for calcined magnesite granules (1–3 mm) and 26–32% for ground magnesian limestone. These were all much greater than the Mg dissolved by extracting the fertilizers directly in 1 m ammonium nitrate.In calcareous soils, recovery of Mg was less from the calcined magnesite but most of this reduction was due to its particle size rather than to soil pH.The four magnesium sources are evaluated as fertilizers for agriculture. Kieserite is the most reliable means of raising low soil Mg status.
Loss of yield caused by soil erosion on sandy soils in the UK
Authors: Biot Y. , Lu X.X. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Soil productivity, the intrinsic ability of land to yield useful products, can be affected by soil erosion. While much research has been carried out on the processes, there is as yet little information on the impact of soil erosion on in situ productivity of agricultural land in the British Isles.This paper reports the results of a de‐surfacing experiment on deep sandy soils in East Anglia. Grain yields of fertilized barley planted immediately after de‐surfacing were at least 15 and 45% less on 15 and 25 cm de‐surfaced plots than on non‐desurfaced soils. There was strong evidence pointing to an acceleration of soil erosion itself on the de‐surfaced plots. Both the amount of water stored in the topsoil and water use by the crop decreased with increasing severity of simulated erosion. We observed a drop in organic matter and readily available nitrogen with erosion. Nitrogen mineralization and leaching losses were also affected by simulated soil erosion.The experiment showed that sudden severe erosion may induce substantial barley production losses on deep sandy soils. The size and effect of de‐surfacing depends on a number of factors such as soil depth, subsoil type, precipitation and crop type.
Phosphorus sorption capacities and saturation of soils in two regions with different livestock densities in northwest Germany
Authors: Leinweber P. , Lünsmann F. , Eckhardt K. U. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Soils in areas with high livestock density contribute to the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems through loss of nutrients, especially phosphorus (P). In order to identify the potential for P loss from such soils we determined phosphorus extracted by water (H2O‐P), by double lactate (DL‐P), and P sorption capacity (PSC) and degree of P saturation (DPS) in soil samples from two counties, one with low (Harle‐catchment) and the other with very high livestock density (Vechta). Both catchments are hydrologically connected with the tidal areas of the North Sea.The mean concentrations of H2O‐P (0.4mmol/kg) and DL‐P (3.9 mmol/kg) were lower in the Harle‐catchment than in the Vechta area (1.2 mmol/kg, 6.8mmol/kg). Although oxalate‐extractable Al (Alox) and Fe (Feox) and the derived PSCs varied according to soil type and to land use, the livestock density and the resulting high concentrations of oxalate‐extractable P (Pox) were shown to be the main reason for the very high DPS of up to 179% in the county of Vechta. These values exceeded DPS reported from other intensive pig feeding areas in western Europe and indicate the potential for significant P loss. Less than 40% of the variation in Pox could be explained by the routinely determined H2O‐Por DL‐P. Geostatistical analyses indicated that the spatial variability of Pox depended on manurial history of fields and Alox, showed still smaller‐scale variability. These were the major constraints for regional assessments of P losses and eutrophication risk from agricultural soils using available soil P‐test values, digital maps and geostatistical methods.
Dynamic model for the effects of K‐fertilizer on crop growth, K‐uptake and soil‐K in arable cropping. 1. Description of the model
Authors: Greenwood D. J. , Karpinets T. V. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. To provide a practical aid to improving fertilizer practice a mechanistic model was developed that can be readily calibrated for widely different crops. Most of the inputs are easy to obtain and the others, the amounts of fixed soil‐K and the velocity constants for fixation and release of soil‐K, can be readily measured by a novel procedure which is described.The model calculates for each day the potential increase in plant weight and the increment in root length, from the current plant mass, its %K and pan evaporation. It calculates the maximum amount of K that could be transported through soil to the root surfaces. It modifies this potential uptake by taking account of the ‘feedback’ of plant K on root absorption to give the actual uptake and a new %K in the plant. It calculates the radii of the depletion zones around each root increment and the interchange between the solution, exchangeable and fixed‐K in these zones and also in the undepleted regions of soil. Routines are included for the effects of weather on the various processes. Differences between species are accommodated by selecting one of three algorithms for root growth and by adjusting the values of two crop‐K parameters that define the decline in a critical and a maximum possible %K with increase in plant mass per unit area.A simplified version of the model runs interactively on the Internet at: http://www.qpais.co.uk/moda‐djg/potass.htm
Molecular basis of D variants in Chinese persons
Authors: Yan Lixing , Wu Junjie , Zhu Faming , Hong Xiaozhen , Xu Xianguo 
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND: Most studies of the molecular basis of D variants have been conducted in Caucasian and African populations. There are limited data on the molecular basis for D variants in Chinese populations.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: With a blended monoclonal anti‐D and a sequential slide and tube typing protocol, red blood cells from greater than 99 percent of Han Chinese were tested for the D antigen. Samples that agglutinated weakly by tube method or that reacted only by indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) were classified as D variants. The D variant was tested by an RHD polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers and by gene sequencing to distinguish and characterize weak D and partial D alleles.RESULTS: Of 305,572 samples from individual donations (305,475 [99.97%] were ethnic Han and 97 [0.032%] were ethnic minorities), 304,134 (99.53%) typed as D+. Five (0.0016%) typed as D variants (weak agglutination by tube). By IAT an additional 32 (0.0105%) typed as D variants and 1401 (0.46%) typed as D–. Weak D type 15 and RHD(K409K) alleles represented 72.7 percent of all weak D phenotypes. All partial D phenotypes were DVI Type 3 or DV. Three new weak D alleles carrying 594A>T and 602C>G (weak D Type 51), 92T>C (weak D type 52), and 740T>G (weak D type 53) mutations, respectively, were identified.CONCLUSION: There are significant differences in the frequencies and molecular characteristics of D variants among indigenous Chinese populations, compared to Caucasian and African populations, which must be considered when developing clinical practices related to D variant blood donors, transfusion recipients, or obstetrical patients.
Long‐Term Results (Up to 16.5 Years) of Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty in a Series of 518 Patients and Predictors of Long‐Term Outcome
Authors: FAWZY MOHAMED E. , FADEL BAHAA , AL‐SERGANI HANI , AL AMRI MOHAMMED , HASSAN WALID , ABDULBAKI KHALID , SHOUKRI MOHAMED , CANVER CHARLES 
Published: February 2007

Objectives: To assess the long‐term results (up to 16.5 years) of mitral balloon valvuloplasty (MBV) and to identify predictors of restenosis and event‐free survival.
Methods and Results: We report the immediate and long‐term clinical and echocardiographic results in 518 patients, mean age 31 ± 11 years, who underwent successful MBV for severe mitral stenosis (MS) and were followed up for 0.5–16.5 (mean 6 ± 4.5) years. After MBV, mitral valve area (MVA) increased from 0.84 ± 0.2 to 1.83 ± 0.53 cm2 (P < 0.0001) as measured by catheter and from 0.92 ± 0.17 to 1.96 ± 0.29 cm2 (P < 0.0001) as measured by two‐dimensional echo. Restenosis occurred in 111 patients (21%) and it was less frequent in patients with low echo score (11%). Actuarial freedom from restenosis at 5, 10, 15 years was 85 ± 1%, 70 ± 3%, and 44 ± 5%, respectively, and was significantly higher in patients with low echo score. Event‐free survival (death, redo MBV, mitral valve replacement, New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class III or IV) at 5, 10, 15 years was 89 ± 1%, 79 ± 2%, 43 ± 9%, respectively, and was significantly higher for patients with low echo score. Cox regression analysis identified mitral echocardiographic score (MES) > 8 (P < 0.0001), postprocedure mitral valve area (MVA) (P = 0.0015), and preprocedure functional class (P = 0.014) as predictors of restenosis and MES (P < 0.0001) and age (P < 0.0001) and postprocedure MVA (P = 0.015) as predictors of event‐free survival.
Conclusions: MBV provides excellent long‐term results for selected patients with MS. The long‐term outcome after this procedure can be predicted from baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics.
Thrombus Aspiration with Export Catheter in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: MARGHERI MASSIMO , VITTORI GUIDO , CHECHI TANIA , FALCHETTI ELENA , COSGRAVE JOHN , SPAZIANI GAIA , RICCERI ILARIA , GIGLIOLI CHRISTINA , VALENTE SERAFINA , GENSINI GIAN FRANCO 
Published: February 2007

Background: Many thrombectomy devices have failed to confirm initial promising results during primary angioplasty. This may be due to device complexity and operator experience. The objective of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of the EXPORT catheter for thrombus aspiration in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
Methods: EXPORT catheter was used in patients with STEMI and angiographic evidence of thrombus in vessels with a reference diameter ≥1.5 mm. Direct stenting and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were liberally employed to optimize angiographic and clinical results. Epicardial and myocardial angiographic parameters, in‐hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE, i.e., cardiac death, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization) were assessed.
Results: EXPORT catheter was used in 129 patients without any device‐related complications. Angiographic analysis following thrombus aspiration revealed a significant improvement in TIMI frame count (P = 0.0001), myocardial perfusion (P = 0.0001), TIMI thrombus grade (P = 0.0001), and TIMI flow (P = 0.0001). Stent implantation did not significantly improve myocardial perfusion, TIMI thrombus grade, or TIMI flow, but improved TIMI frame count, minimal lumen, and reference vessel diameter. When compared to a historical STEMI control group not undergoing thrombus aspiration, our EXPORT population showed significant improvements in reperfusion parameters. In‐hospital MACE were uncommon (4.5%) despite high‐risk patient characteristics.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that routine use of EXPORT catheter in patients with STEMI and coronary thrombosis is feasible, safe, and associated with significant improvements in flow‐related angiographic parameters. The relative simplicity of this approach makes it an attractive option in this challenging situation.
Efficiency, subsidies, and environmental adaptation of animal farming under CAP
Authors: Kleinhanß Werner , Murillo Carmen , San Juan Carlos , Sperlich Stefan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to model the interaction between the targets of the current Comman Agriculture Politic (CAP): environmental adaptation, subsidies, and efficiency of animal farming. To this end we first have to identify the production frontier and relative efficiency level for each animal‐oriented farm in the sample. The production frontier and efficiency index for each type of farm (assuming no specific production functions) are identified using Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) techniques. We then address the relationship between relative efficiency, farm size, and environmentally friendly behavior by carrying out a nonparametric regression of efficiency, on economic size, a proxy for the degree of environmental appropriateness, and regional dummies. Calculations of the efficiency of the farms including direct subsidies are compared with the counterfactual exercise in the case in which direct subsidies are not considered. Finally, we look for relations between subsidies and factors such as farm size, efficiency, and environmentally friendly behavior. One key result shows that, on average direct payments generally tend to increase efficiency. However, in most of the cases the mean efficiency decreases as the percentage of direct payments rises. Direct payments are found to be positively related to environmentally friendly production, at least in Germany. However, in general, the direct payment system is not sufficient to offset the fact that the less environmentally friendly farms as well as the larger farms are more efficient.