bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of PTFE Content in Gas Diffusion Media and Microlayer on the Performance of PEMFC Tested under Ambient Pressure
Authors: Velayutham G. , Kaushik J. , Rajalakshmi N. , Dhathathreyan K. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) content in the fuel cell electrode plays an important role on the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) when the cell is tested under low temperature and under ambient pressure. PTFE is added to the PEM fuel cell electrode to improve the mechanical strength and to help in removing the product water formed on the cathode; however, higher PTFE loading increases the resistance and thus decreases the performance of the cell and very low PTFE content has the disadvantage of water flooding in long‐term operation. We have investigated the effect of the PTFE content in the gas diffusion media (carbon paper) and in the microlayer on the performance of PEMFC operating at ambient pressure. The PTFE contents in these two layers have to be finely matched to get the best performance of the cells. The polarisation behaviour, electrochemical surface area and the electrochemical impedance spectra have been analysed. The results are presented in this paper.
HHV‐6 and EBV DNA quantitation in lymph nodes of 86 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Lacroix Aurélie , Jaccard Arnaud , Rouzioux Christine , Piguet Christophe , Petit Barbara , Bordessoule Dominique , Ranger‐Rogez Sylvie 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHuman herpesvirus (HHV‐6) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), are two ubiquitous human herpesviruses which share many common features although they belong to different sub‐families. In particular, both viruses are found in lymph nodes of patients suffering from Hodgkin's lymphoma. The aim of this study was to detect and to quantify independently HHV‐6 and EBV by a real‐time PCR in lymph nodes from 86 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma. EBV quantitative method was compared with LMP‐1 protein detection among the same samples. EBV genome was detected for 61.6% of the patients (53/86) and the highest prevalence of this virus was observed in Hodgkin's lymphoma with mixed‐cellularity histopathological type (80%). In contrast to that, HHV‐6 genome was detected for 79.1% of the patients (68/86) and was most observed in the nodular‐sclerosis group (83.6%). Among the 68 HHV‐6 positive samples, 63 belonged to the B subtype. A large number of biopsies (47.7%) were positive for both viruses whereas a little number (7%) was negative for both. EBV quantitation and LMP‐1 immunohistochemistry were correlated statistically but this latter technique was less sensitive. Among the nodular‐sclerosis patients, HHV‐6−/EBV+ patients were significatively older than HHV‐6+/EBV− patients. Patients infected dually had higher values of quantitation for each virus than those positive for one virus. Data of the clinical follow‐up obtained by diagnosis and during the treatment of 83 patients, were correlated with the virological findings. J. Med. Virol. 79:1349–1356, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in human papillomavirus type‐16 viral load within different histological grades of cervical neoplasia
Authors: Fiander A.N. , Hart K.W. , Hibbitts S.J. , Rieck G.C. , Tristram A.J. , Beukenholdt R.W. , Powell N.G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate variation in human papillomavirus (HPV) type‐16 load within histologically defined grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Two hundred and thirty‐seven liquid based cytology samples were collected from women attending colposcopy clinics, DNA was extracted, and presence of virus determined by PCR‐enzyme immunoassay. Quantitative real‐time PCR was used to determine viral load for 70 HPV‐16 positive single infections. Viral load was expressed as the ratio of copies of the viral L1 gene to copies of the human beta‐globin gene. Measurements varied from 0.019 to 4,194 HPV genomes per cell. Our data demonstrate that in cervical neoplasia, HPV load tends to correlate with disease severity, but that the number of viral genomes/cell varies considerably within histological grades. This variation within disease grades currently limits the clinical utility of viral load measurement.
Characterization of inter‐genogroup reassortant rotavirus strains detected in hospitalized children in Italy
Authors: Maria Cristina Medici , Laura Anna Abelli , Vito Martella , Monica Martinelli , Eleonora Lorusso , Canio Buonavoglia , Giuseppe Dettori , Carlo Chezzi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAnalysis of archival stool collections provides an invaluable source of virus strains and genetic material that may be exploited for molecular, epidemiological, and biological studies. The aim of this study was the molecular characterization of unusual human rotavirus (HRV) strains displaying atypical combinations of electropherotype (e‐type) and VP4 and/or VP7 genotypes. Analysis of a panel of archival stools collected in northern Italy revealed continual circulation of P[8]G1 HRVs during 1987–1990 and the onset of P[6] + P[8]G1 strains after 1989. Interestingly, nine G1 strains, associated with either P[8], P[4] + P[8], P[6] + P[8], or untypeable VP4 genes, and two P[4]G1 + G2 strains, displayed short RNA e‐type. The genetic constellation of the unusual strains was investigated by analysis of the VP4, VP6, VP7, and NSP4 genes. All the G1 strains with short e‐type were subgroup (SG)II or SGI + SGII, and possessed a NSP4 of genogroup B or A + B. Conversely, the P[4]G1 + G2 strains were SGI and possessed a genogroup A NSP4. Sequence analysis of the VP7 and VP4 genes revealed that the unusual P[8]G1 and P[4]G1 + G2 viruses emerged by reassortment of strains circulating locally, rather than by introduction of new strains. J. Med. Virol. 79:1406–1412, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance evaluation of the PROCLEIX® West Nile virus assay on semi‐automated and automated systems
Authors: Linnen Jeffrey M. , Deras Michael L. , Cline Janice , Wu Wen , Broulik Amy S. , Cory Robin E. , Knight James L. , Cass Michelle M.J. , Collins Cynthia S. , Giachetti Cristina 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe PROCLEIX® West Nile virus assay (WNV assay) is a qualitative nucleic acid test based on transcription‐mediated amplification (TMA). The assay was used under an investigational protocol in the United States to screen blood donations for West Nile virus (WNV) RNA starting in the summer of 2003, and was licensed by the FDA in December 2005 for use on the PROCLEIX System, also known as the enhanced semi‐automated system (eSAS). Performance characteristics for the assay were determined on both eSAS and the fully automated PROCLEIX® TIGRIS® (TIGRIS) System. Detection of both lineage 1 and lineage 2 WNV was demonstrated on both systems. For lineage 1, the 95% detection limit was 8.2 copies/ml for eSAS and 9.8 copies/ml for the TIGRIS system. For lineage 2, ≥95% detection was seen at ≥30 copies/ml on both systems. The overall specificity of the assay was >99.9% in fresh and frozen plasma specimens. Reproducibility studies on the TIGRIS system yielded ≥99.1% agreement with expected results for the 3‐member panel tested (0, 30, and 100 copies/ml). The WNV assay exhibited robust performance in cadaveric specimens and specimens representing various donor and donation conditions, including specimens from different plasma collection tubes that were subjected to multiple freeze/thaw cycles; specimens with elevated levels of endogenous substances; specimens containing other viruses and microorganisms; and specimens from patients with autoimmune and other diseases. Overall, these studies demonstrate high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the WNV assay on both the semi‐automated and automated systems. J. Med. Virol. 79:1422–1430, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence and risk factors associated with antiretroviral resistance in HIV‐1‐infected children
Authors: Delaugerre Constance , Warszawski Josiane , Chaix Marie‐Laure , Veber Florence , Macassa Eugenia , Buseyne Florence , Rouzioux Christine , Blanche Stéphane 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the USA and West Europe, nearly 80% of HIV‐1‐infected adults, experiencing virologic failure, harbored virus strain resistant to at least one antiretroviral drug. Limited data are available on antiretroviral drug resistance in pediatric HIV infection. The aims of this study were to analyze prevalence of HIV‐1 drug resistance and to identify risk factors associated with resistance in this population. Prevalence of genotypic resistance was estimated retrospectively in treated children who experienced virologic failure (with HIV‐1‐RNA > 500 copies/ml) followed in Necker hospital between 2001 and 2003. Among 119 children with resistance testing, prevalence of resistance to any drug was 82.4%. Resistance ranged from 76.5% to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), to 48.7% to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and 42.9% to protease inhibitor (PI). Resistance to at least one drug of two classes and three classes (triple resistance) was 31.9 and 26.9%, respectively. Resistance was not associated with geographic origin, HIV‐1 subtype, and CDC status. In multivariate analysis, resistance to any drug remained associated independently with current low viral load and high lifetime number of past PI. Triple resistance was independently associated with the high lifetime number of past PI and with gender, particularly among children aged 11 years old or more with a prevalence seven times higher in boys than in girls. In conclusion, antiretroviral resistance is common among treated HIV‐1‐infected children and prevalence was similar with those observed in adult population in the same year period. However, adolescent boys seem to be at greater risk. J. Med. Virol. 79:1261–1269, 2007. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Virological features of hepatitis B virus‐associated nephropathy in Japan
Authors: Kusakabe Atsunori , Tanaka Yasuhito , Kurbanov Fuat , Goto Kenji , Tajiri Hitoshi , Murakami Jun , Okuse Chiaki , Yotsuyanagi Hiroshi , Joh Takashi , Mizokami Masashi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV)‐associated nephropathy is considered as an immune‐mediated disorder which is dependent on interactions between viral, host, and environmental factors. But there are few reports that investigated the relationship between the development of HBV‐associated nephropathy and HBV genotypes and the mutations. To clarify the relationship between nephropathy and HBV genotype in Japan, six male patients with HBV‐associated nephropathy were examined. The complete genome sequences of HBV were determined directly and the specific mutations associated with the development of HBV‐associated nephropathy were examined by comparison of the alignments along with consensus sequences [HBV/A1 (Aa), A2 (Ae), B1 (Bj), B2 (Ba), C1 (Cs) and C2 (Ce)] retrieved from international database. The mean age of the six patients was 33.5 years. HBeAg was found in all patients and serum HBV–DNA levels were relatively high. Histological findings of renal tissues indicated five cases of membranous nephropathy and one membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. HBV genotypes from the six patients were two HBV/A1, two A2 and two C2, suggesting HBV/A was predominant. G1862T mutation was observed in the two HBV/A1 patients, resulting in the pre‐core amino acid substitution with a switch from valine (Val) to phenylalanine (Phe). Only one patient had core deletions. It is concluded that HBV/A may be associated with membranous nephropathy, but little relationship between HBV gene mutations and the development of HBV‐associated nephropathy was observed. J. Med. Virol. 79:1305–1311, 2007. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of bacteria aided by immuno‐nanoparticles
Authors: Naja Ghinwa , Bouvrette Pierre , Hrapovich Sabahudin , Liu Yali , Luong John H. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMagnetic immuno‐nanorice particles were used for the capture and detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The selectivity of the method was attained by attaching a specific anti‐E. coli antibody on the surface of the nanorice, binding exclusively to E. coli. The antibody attachment to the nanorice (60% sorption efficiency) took place through protein‐A molecules (82% uptake). Once E. coli was captured, the immuno‐nanorice‐bacteria complex was separated from the solution using the magnetic property of the nanorice. The detection of bacteria sorbed onto the immuno‐nanorice was accomplished using the ultra‐violet resonance Raman (UVRR) method, detecting single bacterial cells. Specific information concerning the aromatic residues tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe) and tryptophan (Trp) was derived. The discriminant function and cluster hierarchical analysis confirmed the specific and reliable bacteria‐detection capabilities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pigment study by Raman microscopy of 23 paintings by the Portuguese artist Henrique Pousão (1859–1884)
Authors: Correia Andreia M. , Clark Robin J. H. , Ribeiro Maria I. M. , Duarte Maria L. T. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwenty‐three paintings by Henrique Pousão—a 19th century Portuguese painter—belonging to the collection of Museu Nacional Soares dos Reis, Porto, Portugal, were analysed by Raman microscopy. The fine focus of a 100× objective allowed the visualisation and individual identification of small grains. As a result, thirty‐seven compounds, namely, anatase, barium white, basic lead sulfate, brochantite, cadmium red, cadmium yellow, calcium carbonate, carbon‐based black, celadonite, chrome green, chrome orange, chrome yellow, cobalt blue, cochineal lake, copper sulfide, emerald green, iron(III) oxyhydroxide, iron(III) oxide, kaolinite, lead antimonate yellow, lead carbonate, lead white, lead sulfate, madder lake, malachite, Prussian blue, quartz, realgar/pararealgar, red lead, rutile, Scheele's green, strontium yellow, ultramarine blue, vermilion, viridian, zinc white and zinc yellow, were identified. Not all these compounds are pigments; some are extenders, others trace components and others probably products of reactions between pigments. Special attention was given to the Raman characterisation of celadonite, chrome orange, basic lead sulfate and lead antimonate yellow. Complementary techniques were used to confirm the identities of certain pigments and to characterise reference samples. Pousão, whose work has not previously been studied spectroscopically, was found to have used a remarkably wide range of pigments over his painting periods, without showing significant preference for any particular set of pigments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of essential oils from chemotypes of Thymus vulgaris in Catalonia
Authors: Torras Josep , Grau M Dolors , López Jordi F , de las Heras F Xavier C 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEssential oils from aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris have been obtained by hydrodistillation. Their components have been identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Samples were collected in Catalonia (northeastern Iberian peninsula), specifically in four locations along the Llobregat river basin. Such locations have different altitudes with respect to sea level (1500 m; 700 m; 300 m; 100 m), and have differences in pluvial regime and mean temperature. At 700 m, samples were collected from a transplanted specimen from 1500 m, in order to check the influence of the change in environmental conditions. Two different chemotypes have been characterized. Samples collected at 300 m have a dominant chemotype 1,8‐cineole, with 20% (approx.) essential oil content. The other samples have linalool as dominant chemotype with a 40–70% content, according to vegetative stage. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and Structure‐Property Relationships of Fluorinated Poly(ether imide)s as Electret Materials
Authors: Erhard Dominik P. , Giesa Reiner , Altstädt Volker , Schmidt Hans‐Werner 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe aim of this work was to establish and better understand the structure‐property relationship of fluorinated aromatic poly(ether imide)s (PEI) with respect to their electret performance. Therefore two series of PEIs with increasing fluorine content were synthesized. All PEIs are amorphous materials with glass transition temperatures above 220 °C. Thin films with thicknesses around 100 µm were compression molded and corona charged, and isothermal surface potential decay was investigated at 90 °C as an accelerated test for the electret performance. In comparison to the corresponding non‐fluorinated PEI, an improvement of up to thirty‐fold was achieved by the incorporation of trifluoromethyl moieties. Out of the investigated fluorinated PEIs, the polymer with the best charge storage performance maintained 87% of the initial surface potential charge after annealing at 90 °C for 24 h. It was also found that, within the investigated series, the highest fluorine content does not necessarily result in the best charge‐storage properties.magnified image
The rs‐method for material failure simulations
Authors: Fan R. , Fish J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new method for propagating arbitrary failure modes is presented. Arbitrary failure modes are resolved on a refined local patch of elements and then embedded into the coarse grid using partition of unity method. Strong discontinuities are propagated by means of element erosion in the superimposed patch of elements only. The method, coined as the rs‐version of the finite element method (or reduced order s‐method), has been integrated in ABAQUS and verified on several test problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case of cranial trepanation in a Roman necropolis (Cassino, Italy, 3rd century BC)
Authors: Rubini M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate an individual from a Cassino necropolis of the 3rd century BC. The inhumation shows a rectangular wound between the sagittal and lambdoid sutures of the cranium. Furthermore a series of pathological traces on the post‐cranial skeleton are present. The trepanation of the skull seems intentional: probably a healed surgical procedure to treat a sword wound. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mortality date estimation using fetal pronghorn remains
Authors: Fenner J. N. , Walker D. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPronghorn (Antilocapra americana) fetal remains are sometimes recovered from archaeological contexts. Pronghorn have consistent reproductive schedules so their remains may provide information on seasonality of site occupation and number of mortality events. To investigate the reliability of fetal remains for seasonality and mortality event assessment, bone size and tooth eruption were measured in a sample of modern fetal pronghorn remains with known mortality dates. Results indicate a strong correlation between bone size and mortality date, but no significant correlation between tooth eruption level and mortality date. Fetal bone size was used to estimate a late April or early May mortality date at both the Oyster Ridge (48UT35) and Trappers Point (48SU1006) archaeological sites. The number of mortality events at Trappers Point was also investigated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An employment game between government and firms
Authors: Gradus Raymond H. J. M. , De Zeeuw Aart J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDynamic taxation of profits is a differential game between government and firms. The state equation is the accumulation of capital stock due to the investment of firms. The objective of the firms is the total stream of dividends. The objective of the government is total employment. With high tax revenues the government can stimulate public employment, but economic growth slows down, which is bad for private employment.The time‐inconsistent open‐loop Stackelberg solution for this differential game is compared with the time‐consistent feedback Stackelberg solution. The efficiency of the solutions and the sensitivity with respect to capital/labour intensiveness are investigated.
A primal‐dual approach to comparative dynamics with time‐dependent parameters in variational calculus
Authors: Caputo Michael R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBy changing the viewpoint of a variational problem so that the time‐dependent parameters are the choice variables, this paper presents a dual way of establishing the effects that perturbations in such parameters have on the entire optimal trajectories of the original choice variables. The beauty of this approach is that it provides a qualitative characterization of the effects that perturbations in time‐dependent parameters have on the entire optimal trajectories in a symmetric negative semidefinite matrix. Such a characterization is especially important in economics, since nearly all refutable implications in economics can be summarized by such matrices. Furthermore, a one‐line proof of a generalized dynamic envelope theorem is achieved via this methodology.
A complement to the differentiability of saddle points and min‐max
Authors: Delfour M. C. , Morgan J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe object of this communication is to complement theorems on the differentiability of an infimum, a supremum, a min‐max or a saddle point with respect to a parameter t ≥ 0 at t = 0. This technical result gives an interesting description of the non‐differentiability in some problems with a non‐differentiable cost function subject to a state equation. An example is given along with generalizations of the conclusions of the above theorems.
Joint state and parameter estimation for a nuclear reactor with fast and slow modes
Authors: Fathi Z. , Ramirez W. F. , Aarna O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe knowledge of the process state variables and coefficients is of substantial importance in many practical domains such as process control and fault detection and diagnosis. In practice, one encounters systems composed of both static and dynamic models owing to the natural difference in time response of various process variables. This paper presents an estimation algorithm for a system described by the coupled steady state and dynamic models via formulating the joint state and parameter estimation problem as a state estimation problem and using a filter for non‐linear systems. In the algorithm the error covariance matrix prior to the current measurements is updated using the filtered estimates rather than the predicted quantities, having a basal impact on the convergence behaviour. The other important aspect considered is the inclusion of the unmeasured disturbances in the parameter vector. This concept has an important implication for improving the on‐line detection and diagnosis of potential plant operational problems. A sodium‐cooled nuclear reactor is the application problem illustrating the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Trade‐offs in linear control system design: A practical example
Authors: De Moor Bart , David Johan , Vandewalle Joos , De Moor Maarten , Berckmans Daniel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper two modern control techniques, the H2 and H∞ control design methods, are presented. After a brief theoretical explanation they are applied to a practical example: the control of the air flow rate through an axial ventilator. Modern control techniques are model‐based. In the first part of the paper it is explained how a model can be obtained both of the process and of the disturbances acting on it. On the basis of the model, several controllers can be designed. The example clearly illustrates some of the trade‐offs of modern control design. The H2 and H∞ controllers are also compared with a classical PI controller.