bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy- and CO2-reduction potentials by anaerobic treatment of wastewater and organic kitchen wastes in consideration of different climatic conditions
Authors: Weichgrebe D. , Urban I. , Friedrich K. 
Published: August 2008

The classical municipal wastewater treatment in Germany consists of an aerobic carbon and nitrogen elimination and mostly an anaerobic sludge treatment. Organic kitchen wastes from separate waste collection as well as yard wastes are converted mostly in composting plants to soil conditioner. With these conventional types of treatment, the energy potential in waste and wastewater is lost due to aerobic material conversion.
In this article three scenarios for the treatment of municipal wastewater and waste are compared on the subject of energy efficiency and useable potential: Sc1. the classical wastewater treatment and the composting of the organic waste fraction, Sc2. the anaerobic treatment of wastewater combined with deammonification and the digestion of the organic waste fraction, and Sc3. a mutual anaerobic treatment of wastewater and waste as co-digestion with deammonification. The calculation of energy and CO2-balance considers different climatic conditions. In case of using anaerobic treatment, not only the energy balance will be positive, also the CO2-balance is improved by the substitution of fossil fuels with generated biogas.
NH4+ ad-/desorption in sequencing batch reactors: simulation, laboratory and full-scale studies
Authors: Schwitalla P. , Mennerich A. , Austermann-Haun U. , Müller A. , Dorninger C. , Daims H. , Holm N. C. , Rönner-Holm S. G. E. 
Published: August 2008

Significant NH4-N balance deficits were found during the measurement campaigns for the data collection for dynamic simulation studies at five full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), as well as during subsequent calibrations at the investigated plants. Subsequent lab scale investigations showed high evidence for dynamic, cycle- specific NH4+ ad-/desorption to the activated flocs as one reason for this balance deficit. This specific dynamic was investigated at five full-scale SBR plants for the search of the general causing mechanisms. The general mechanism found was a NH4+ desorption from the activated flocs at the end of the nitrification phase with subsequent nitrification and a chemical NH4+ adsorption at the flocs in the course of the filling phases. This NH4+ ad-/desorption corresponds to an antiparallel K+ ad/-desorption.
One reasonable full-scale application was investigated at three SBR plants, a controlled filling phase at the beginning of the sedimentation phase. The results indicate that this kind of filling event must be specifically hydraulic controlled and optimised in order to prevent too high waste water break through into the clear water phase, which will subsequently be discarded.
Glycerol as An Efficient Promoting Medium for Organic Reactions
Authors: Gu Yanlong , Barrault Joël , Jérôme François 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWhereas the beneficial effect of water on reaction rate is decreased with an increase of the reactant′s hydrophobicity, we report here that the use of glycerol as solvent was able to considerably accelerate the reaction rate of an organic reaction even starting from more hydrophobic substrates than those usually used on water. Moreover, the possibility of directly using crude glycerol generated by the biodiesel industry economically and environmentally improves the interest of using glycerol as solvent.
Alkenes from Alcohols by Tandem Hydrogen Transfer and Condensation
Authors: Hall Michael I. , Pridmore Simon J. , Williams Jonathan M. J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA ruthenium‐catalysed oxidation of alcohols by hydrogen transfer has been coupled with organocatalysed condensations using pyrrolidine or piperidine, to give α,β‐unsaturated esters and nitroalkenes. Reactions proceed with high (E)‐selectivity and provide an efficient and straightforward route to α,β‐unsaturated compounds.
Straightforward Synthesis of Perhydrofuro[2,3‐b]furans through a Wacker‐Type Reaction
Authors: Alonso Francisco , Sánchez Daniel , Soler Tatiana , Yus Miguel 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of substituted perhydrofuro[2,3‐b]furans has been accomplished from readily accesible 3‐methylidene‐1,5‐diols based on an intramolecular acetalisation under Wacker‐type reaction conditions.
Object‐fuzzy concept network: An enrichment of ontologies in semantic information retrieval
Authors: Calegari Silvia , Sanchez Elie 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article shows how a fuzzy ontology‐based approach can improve semantic documents retrieval. After formally defining a fuzzy ontology and a fuzzy knowledge base, a special type of new fuzzy relationship called (semantic) correlation, which links the concepts or entities in a fuzzy ontology, is discussed. These correlations, first assigned by experts, are updated after querying or when a document has been inserted into a database. Moreover, in order to define a dynamic knowledge of a domain adapting itself to the context, it is shown how to handle a tradeoff between the correct definition of an object, taken in the ontology structure, and the actual meaning assigned by individuals. The notion of a fuzzy concept network is extended, incorporating database objects so that entities and documents can similarly be represented in the network. Information retrieval (IR) algorithm, using an object‐fuzzy concept network (O‐FCN), is introduced and described. This algorithm allows us to derive a unique path among the entities involved in the query to obtain maxima semantic associations in the knowledge domain. Finally, the study has been validated by querying a database using fuzzy recall, fuzzy precision, and coefficient variant measures in the crisp and fuzzy cases.
Redox‐mediated decolorization of Direct Red 23 and Direct Blue 80 catalyzed by bioaffinity‐based immobilized tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) peroxidase
Authors: Matto Mahreen , Husain Qayyum 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the role of concanavalin A (Con A)‐cellulose‐bound tomato peroxidase for the decolorization of direct dyes. Cellulose was used as an inexpensive material for the preparation of bioaffinity support. Con A‐cellulose‐bound tomato peroxidase exhibited higher efficiency in terms of dye decolorization as compared to soluble enzyme under various experimental conditions. Both Direct Red 23 and Direct Blue 80 dyes were recalcitrant to the action of enzyme without a redox mediator. Six compounds were investigated for redox‐mediating property. Immobilized peroxidase decolorized both dyes to different extent in the presence of all the used redox mediators. However, 1‐hydroxybenzotriazole emerged as a potential redox mediator for tomato peroxidase catalyzed decolorization of direct dyes. These dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 6.0 and 40°C by soluble and immobilized peroxidase. The absorption spectra of the untreated and treated dyes exhibited a marked difference in the absorption at various wavelengths. Immobilized tomato peroxidase showed a lower Michaelis constant than the free enzyme for both dyes. Soluble and immobilized tomato peroxidase exhibited significantly higher affinity for Direct Red 23 compared to Direct Blue 80.
Meeting report: How to get wrong things right – a discussion over current and future pandemic infectious diseases
Authors: Frischknecht Friedrich , Lepper Simone , Cyrklaff Marek 
Published: August 2008

AbstractInfectious diseases have played a substantial part in shaping the history of humanity. In a discussion at a recent EMBL‐EMBO science and society symposium entitled ‘The future of our species’, several experts discussed how infectious diseases are still influencing our world today. Here we present examples from recent and current infectious disease epidemics followed by a discussion of the local, national and international response to these. Special emphasis is laid on how the change of our environment can augment the world‐wide spread of infectious diseases and the role of education in limiting this spread. An urgent need for improved coordinative efforts in globally combating infectious diseases is called for and examples are highlighted.
Quantitative evaluation of cortical bone thickness and root proximity at maxillary interradicular sites for orthodontic mini‐implant placement
Authors: Lim Ju‐Eun , Lim Won Hee , Chun Yoon Sic 
Published: August 2008

AbstractFew studies have evaluated interradicular anatomy for cortical bone thickness and root proximity when placing a mini‐implant for orthodontic anchorage. The purpose of this study was to provide a clinical guideline to indicate the best location, according to different insertion angles, for placement of a mini‐implant with respect to the thickness of cortical bone and root proximity. CT images from 14 men and 14 women (mean age, 27 years; range, 23–35 years) were used to evaluate the buccal interradicular cortical bone thickness and root proximity from and mesial to the central incisor to the second molar. A measure of cortical bone thickness was performed at four different angles. Generally, thin cortical bone thickness was found in the central/central incisors and central/lateral incisors interradicular sites. Cortical bone thickness increased significantly as the insertion angle increased except for interradicular sites at the 2 mm level from the alveolar crest. The volume of cortical bone engagement increased significantly at the 4 and 6 mm levels from the alveolar crest with an insertion angle of 30° and 45° in most interradicular sites. The lateral incisor/canine and second premolar/first molar interradicular sites showed greater space between roots compared with other sites, although this was not statistically significant. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend that mini‐implants be placed at the 4 and 6 mm levels from the alveolar crest with 30° and 45° angles for the majority of interradicular sites to ensure better cortical bone to mini‐implant contact without root damage. Clin. Anat. 21:486–491, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatially distributed assessment of channel seepage using geophysics and artificial intelligence
Authors: Khan S. , Rana T. , Dassanayake D. , Abbas A. , Blackwell J. , Akbar S. , Gabriel H. F. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEstimation of channel seepage is an essential task in improving the management of earthen channel systems. The spatial distribution of seepage rates along the channels must be quantified to establish the economic and environmental merit of reducing conveyance losses. In Australia, due to recurring droughts and irrigation induced salinity concerns, there is much pressure to improve the efficiency of existing water resource use. Saving seepage losses from earthen channels has therefore become an important issue for several reasons including the loss of a valuable resource, maintaining channel assets and reducing accessions to groundwater.In this paper spatial distribution of channel seepage was quantified using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The electromagnetic imaging (EM31) data along with hydraulic conductivity, depth and salinity of groundwater were correlated with Idaho seepage meter measurements using the ANNs. It is estimated that over 42 million m3 of water can be lost annually from 500 km of channel in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area. The distributed channel seepage analysis indicates that most significant seepage (>20 mm/day) occurs in less than 32% of the surveyed channel length; therefore it is important to target channel lining investments to the leakiest parts – “hotspots” – of the channel system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intimate partner violence in women hospitalized on an internal medicine service: Prevalence and relationship to responses to the review of systems
Authors: Cleary Barbara S. , Keniston Angela , Havranek Edward P. , Albert Richard K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although intimate partner violence is common, the prevalence in patients hospitalized on internal medicine services and whether it is associated with numerous positive responses to the review of systems are not known.OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of intimate partner violence in women hospitalized on an internal medicine service and to determine whether it is associated with the number or types of positive responses to the review of systems.DESIGN:This was a prospective, cross‐sectional survey.SETTING:The setting was a university‐affiliated public hospital.PATIENTS:The patients were women, 18 to 60 years old, hospitalized on an internal medicine service.MEASUREMENTS:The measurements were responses to screens for intimate partner violence and a review‐of‐systems questionnaire.RESULTS:Of the 78 women asked to participate, 72 agreed (92%). The prevalences of experiencing intimate partner violence at any time in the patient's life or within the year prior to presentation were 61% and 22%, respectively. Women with a history of intimate partner violence and women without a history of intimate partner violence had 11 ± 4 (mean ± standard deviation) and 8 ± 5 positive responses to the review of systems, respectively (P < 0.01). Women with 10 or more positive responses were more likely to have a history of intimate partner violence than those with 9 or fewer (odds ratio = 4.82, confidence interval = 1.63–14.23).CONCLUSIONS:Intimate partner violence is common in women hospitalized in an internal medicine service of a university‐affiliated public hospital. Although numerous somatic complaints are associated with a history of intimate partner violence, the high prevalence of this problem warrants screening of all women admitted to internal medical services. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3:299–307. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Comparison of monofunctional and multifunctional monomers in phosphate binding molecularly imprinted polymers
Authors: Wu Xiangyang , Goswami Kisholoy , Shimizu Ken D. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this study, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) prepared using a multifunctional and a monofunctional monomer were compared with respect to their affinities, selectivities, and imprinting efficiencies for organophosphates. This is of interest because multifunctional monomers have higher affinities than traditional monofunctional monomers for their target analytes and thus should yield MIPs with higher affinities and selectivities. However, polymers containing multifunctional monomer may also have a higher number of unselective, non‐templated binding sites. This increase in background binding sites could lead to a decrease in the magnitude of the imprinting effect and in the selectivity of the MIP. Therefore, phosphate selective imprinted and non‐imprinted polymers (NIPs) were prepared using a novel multifunctional triurea monomer. The binding properties of these polymers were compared with polymers prepared using a monofunctional monourea monomer. The binding affinities and selectivities of the monomers, imprinted polymers, and NIPs were characterized by NMR titration, binding uptake studies, and binding isotherms. MIPs prepared with the triurea monomer showed higher binding affinity and selectivity for the diphenylphosphate anion in organic solvents than the MIPs prepared with the monofunctional monomer. Surprisingly, the binding properties of the NIPs revealed that the polymers prepared using the multifunctional and monofunctional monomers were very similar in affinity and selectivity. Thus, the multifunctional monomers increase not only the affinity of the MIP but also enhance the imprinting effect. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aligning for innovation
Authors: Andrew James P. , Sirkin Harold L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCompanies that maximize the payback from their innovations have aligned their organizations around the innovation process, an endeavor that is less about structure and more about people, management processes, activities, and the internal environment. The authors describe the six alignment practices of innovative companies: designate (1) a single person with operational responsibility for driving or facilitating innovation and (2) small groups/units that carry new ideas through to commercialization; (3) make innovation part of everyone's job and vocabulary; (4) create the prerequisites for innovation—time, space, deep domain knowledge, stimulation, a challenging environment, and motivation; (5) be open to ideas from the outside; and (6) track meaningful measures of innovation inputs, performance, cash paybacks, and indirect benefits. © 2006 Boston Consulting Group.
Land cover changes in a forested watershed, southern Zagros, Iran
Authors: Salehi A. , Wilhelmsson E. , Söderberg U. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the land cover changes in relation to traditional utilization and livestock grazing, socioeconomic development, and demographic changes during recent decades in a forested watershed in the southern Zagros, Iran. Data on land cover change were collected through stereo interpretation with digital photogrammetric techniques applied to sets of scanned aerial photographs from 1969 and 1993 with a systematic grid of sample plots provided by GIS techniques. Efforts were made to mitigate errors in the interpretation. Field data were gathered in 2003 from woodland inventory, biophysical, and demographic data and in 2006 from interviews.The results show stability in crown cover density (%) and in the number of large trees, and an increase in the woodland class. The results may be related to a change in woodland utilization. Socioeconomic development, decrease in human and livestock population, and a change in the type of livestock have influenced the traditional pattern. Steep slopes partially limit human accessibility to woodland resources. Around 54% of the oak trees are in coppice form and natural regeneration of the trees is rare. Overgrazing and seed gathering have a negative effect on regeneration and endanger the future survival of the woodland. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded dissimilar copper/brass joints
Authors: Meran C. , Kovan V. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this study, an experimental investigation has been carried out on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded copper/brass dissimilar joints. Effect of axial tool force to welding quality has been investigated under obtained optimal tool rotation rate and tool traverse speed conditions. The tool for the dissimilar copper/brass friction stir welding manufactured from X155CrMoV12–1 cold work tool steel with material number of 1.2379. The friction stir welding quality was investigated by welding surface inspections, microstructural studies, micro hardness measurements and tensile tests. The experimental studies have shown that constant axial tool force during pre‐heating and during welding process are very important. As a result, by using 2.5–3 kN of axial tool force during pre‐heating and 5.5 kN of axial tool force during welding process, copper/brass dissimilar joints with well appearance and higher mechanical strength can be obtained.
Funktionale Oberflächen auf Duplex‐Stahl durch Laserfeinbeschichten
Authors: Dwars A. , Emmel A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWährend der An‐ und Abfahrvorgänge mehrstufiger Hochdruckpumpen durchlaufen mediumgeschmierte Axial‐ und Radiallager unweigerlich einen stark ausgeprägten Mischreibungsbereich. Dies führt zu einer extrem hohen tribologischen Belastung der Lagerkomponenten bei gleichzeitig hoher korrosiver Belastung durch das Fördermedium. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt einen Laserbeschichtungsprozess zur Erzeugung von hoch korrosions‐ und verschleißfesten sowie gleichzeitig tribologisch geeigneten Funktionsschichten, die ohne zusätzliche Pufferung direkt auf hochlegierten Duplex‐Stählen aufgebracht werden können, ohne die Eigenschaften des Grundmaterials zu verschlechtern. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse umfassen sowohl das Erstarrungsverhalten der erzeugten Schichten, als auch die Grenzflächen‐ und Gefügeausbildung der entstehenden Werkstoffverbunde in Abhängigkeit der möglichen Wärmebehandlungszustände. Des Weiteren werden die technologischen Eigenschaften der entwickelten Werkstoffverbunde und deren Funktionsschichten diskutiert. Relevant sind hierbei deren Korrosionsbeständigkeit sowie die tribologische Charakterisierung in einem pumpenspezifischen Tribosystem.
Zur thermischen Ermüdung der Magnesium‐Basislegierung AZ91
Authors: Krauß M. , Scholtes B. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEs wird über Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zur thermischen Ermüdung der Mg‐Gusslegierung AZ91 berichtet. Die im Vakuumdruckgussverfahren hergestellten Proben wurden bei Konstanthaltung der Totaldehnung unter einachsig‐homogener Beanspruchung im Temperaturbereich zwischen ‐50°C und +190°C belastet. Die Versuche wurden bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturniveaus gestartet, so dass sich zu Beginn unterschiedliche Mittelbeanspruchungen einstellten. Das Werkstoffverhalten wird durch die resultierenden Spannungsamplituden, plastischen Dehnungsamplituden und Mittelspannungen charakterisiert. In Abhängigkeit der Temperatur und der Lastspielzahl wird sowohl zyklische Entfestigung als auch Verfestigung beobachtet. Aufgrund der komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Verformung, Erholung und Rekristallisation sowie der individuellen Belastungsvorgeschichte kann das Materialverhalten nicht aus isothermen Ermüdungsexperimenten prognostiziert werden. Bei der gewählten Versuchsführung ist die Obertemperatur bzw. die Temperaturamplitude lebensdauerbestimmend.
Festigkeitsabfall in Stahldrähten beim Feuerverzinken
Authors: Masimov M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractStahldrähte der Werkstoffe C80D und C80DNb beim Feuerverzinken wurden licht‐ und elektronmikroskopisch sowie röntgenografisch untersucht. Die Untersuchungen wurden in unterschiedlichen Stadien der Herstellung verzinkter Drähte durchgeführt, und dabei wurde die Entwicklung der mechanischen Eigenschaften durch Mikrohärtemessungen überprüft. Die Rissbildung an der Drahtoberfläche beim Feuerverzinken wurde als Ursache des Festigkeitsabfalls festgestellt. Der Einfluss von technologischen Parametern wie Verzinkungsgeschwindigkeit, Abkühlungsart sowie Eigenspannungszustand und Festigkeitsniveau der vorverzinkten Drähte auf die Rissbildung wurde in Betracht gezogen.
Unusual familial presentation of epsilon‐sarcoglycan gene mutation with falls and writer's cramp
Authors: Koukouni Vasiliki , Valente Enza Maria , Cordivari Carla , Bhatia Kailash P. , Quinn, Niall P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractInherited myoclonus dystonia (M‐D, DYT11) is an autosomal dominant dystonia‐plus syndrome, which in many families is caused by mutations in the SGCE/ (epsilon‐sarcoglycan gene. We present a family with M‐D, with an unusual presentation characterized by infantile onset with falls in two sisters and adult‐onset writer's cramp in their father. Myoclonus dystonia is typically characterized by a variable mixture of alcohol‐sensitive myoclonic jerks and dystonia classically affecting mainly the proximal arms and neck. Leg involvement is less frequent, and to our knowledge, initial presentation with falls has not previously been described. The unusual phenotype of the family is discussed. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society.