bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship of bispectral index to minimum alveolar concentration multiples of sevoflurane in cats
Authors: Lamont Leigh A. , Greene Stephen A , Grimm Kurt A. , Tranquilli William J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the relationship between bispectral index (BIS) and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of sevoflurane in cats.Animals—8 domestic cats.Procedure—Each cat was anesthetized twice with sevoflurane. First, the MAC of sevoflurane for each cat was determined by use of the tail clamp method. Second, cats were anesthetized with sevoflurane at each of 5 MAC multiples administered in random order. Ventilation was controlled, and after a 15- minute equilibration period at each MAC multiple of sevoflurane, BIS data were collected for 5 minutes and the median value of BIS calculated.Results—The mean (± SD) MAC of sevoflurane was 3.3 ± 0.2%. The BIS values at 0.5 MAC could not be recorded as a result of spontaneous movement in all 8 cats. The BIS values at 2.0 MAC were confounded by burst suppression in all 8 cats. Over the range of 0.8 to 1.5 MAC, BIS values decreased significantly with increasing end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations. Mean (± SD) BIS measurements were 30 ± 3, 21 ± 3, and 5 ± 2 at 0.8, 1.0, and 1.5 MAC, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Values of BIS are inversely and linearly related to end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations in anesthetized cats, and BIS may be a useful predictor of CNS depression in this species. The consistently low BIS values recorded in this study suggest that clinical BIS end points used to titrate anesthetic agents in humans may not be applicable to cats. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:93–98)
Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in horses
Authors: Mama Khursheed R. , Wagner Ann E. , Steffey Eugene P. , Kollias-Baker Cynthia , Hellyer Peter W. , Golden Anne E. , Brevard Lucien F. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the use of xylazine and ketamine for total IV anesthesia in horses.Animals—8 horses.Procedure—Anesthetic induction was performed on 4 occasions in each horse with xylazine (0.75 mg/kg, IV), guaifenesin (75 mg/kg, IV), and ketamine (2 mg/kg, IV). Intravenous infusions of xylazine and ketamine were then started by use of 1 of 6 treatments as follows for which 35, 90, 120, and 150 represent infusion dosages (µg/kg/min) and X and K represent xylazine and ketamine, respectively: X35+K90 with 100% inspired oxygen (O2), X35+K120-O2, X35+K150-O2, X70+K90-O2, K150-O2, and X35+K120 with a 21% fraction of inspired oxygen (ie, air). Cardiopulmonary measurements were performed. Response to a noxious electrical stimulus was observed at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after induction. Times to achieve sternal recumbency and standing were recorded. Quality of sedation, induction, and recovery to sternal recumbency and standing were subjectively evaluated.Results—Heart rate and cardiac index were higher and total peripheral resistance lower in K150-O2and X35+K120-air groups. The mean arterial pressure was highest in the X35+K120-air group and lowest in the K150-O2group (125 ± 6 vs 85 ± 8 at 20 minutes, respectively). Mean PaO2was lowest in the X35+K120-air group. Times to sternal recumbency and standing were shortest for horses receiving K150-O2(23 ± 6 minutes and 33 ± 8 minutes, respectively) and longest for those receiving X70+K90-O2(58 ± 28 minutes and 69 ± 27 minutes, respectively).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Infusions of xylazine and ketamine may be used with oxygen supplementation to maintain 60 minutes of anesthesia in healthy adult horses. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1002–1007)
Evaluation of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in llama crias
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Tornquist Susan J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in llama crias.Animals—7 llamas (age range, 14 to 30 days).Procedure—On each of 2 sequential days, crias were administered glucose (0.5 g/kg) via rapid IV injection. On 1 day (randomly determined for each cria), regular insulin (0.2 U/kg) or 0.9% NaCl solution (0.002 mL/kg) was administered IV 15 minutes after glucose administration. Blood samples were collected before (baseline) and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after glucose administration for determination of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations; fractional turnover rates and plasma half-life of glucose were calculated. The data were compared over time and between days (ie, between glucose treatments with and without insulin administration).Results—A peak plasma glucose concentration of 342 ± 47 mg/dL was detected at 5 minutes after glucose administration and llamas cleared glucose from plasma within 60 minutes; at 15 minutes, plasma insulin concentration attained a peak value of 33 ± 13 µU/mL (ie, triple the baseline value). During the 15- to 45-minute interval, fractional turnover rate of glucose was 1.10 ± 0.24%/min and plasma half-life was 65.7 ± 13.4 minutes. Insulin significantly increased glucose turnover and resulted in hypoglycemia within 75 minutes of administration.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Healthy immature llamas have glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity superior to that of adults. However, whether sick crias retain the pancreatic sufficiency and tissue responsiveness that are likely responsible for the rapid glucose clearance in healthy individuals is not known. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1013–1017)
Effect of transforming growth factor-β1 on bone regeneration in critical-sized bone defects after irradiation of host tissues
Authors: Ehrhart Nicole P. , Hong Liu , Morgan Abby L. , Eurell JoAnn A. , Jamison Russell D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether sustained release
of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 from a gelatin
hydrogel would enhance bone regeneration in critical-sized
long-bone defects and overcome inhibitory
effects of preoperative irradiation.

Animals—24 adult New Zealand White rabbits.

Procedure—Rabbits were allocated to 2 groups.
Twelve rabbits received localized megavoltage radiation
to the right ulna by use of a cobalt 60 teletherapy
unit, and 12 rabbits received no irradiation. Then, a
1.5-cm defect was aseptically created in the right ulna
of each rabbit. Gelatin hydrogel that contained 5 µg of
adsorbed recombinant-human (rh) TGF-β1 was placed
in the defect of 12 rabbits (6 irradiated and 6 nonirradiated),
and the other 12 rabbits received hydrogel
without rhTGF-β1. Rabbits were euthanatized 10
weeks after surgery. New bone formation within the
defect was analyzed by use of nondecalcified histomorphometric
methods. A 1-way ANOVA was used to
compare differences among groups.

Results—New bone formation within the defect was
significantly greater in TGF-β1–treated rabbits than in rabbits
treated with hydrogel carrier alone. Local delivery of
rhTGF-β1 via a hydrogel carrier in irradiated defects
resulted in amounts of bone formation similar to those
for nonirradiated defects treated by use of rhTGF-β1.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Local delivery
of TGF-β1 by use of a hydrogel carrier appears to have
therapeutic potential for enhancing bone formation in
animals after radiation treatments.

Impact for Human Medicine—This technique may
be of value for treating human patients at risk for
delayed bone healing because of prior radiation therapy.
(Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1039–1045)
Measurement of glomerular filtration rate via urinary clearance of inulin and plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate and exogenous creatinine in dogs
Authors: Finco Delmar R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured via urinary clearance of inulin (UCI) with plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate (99mTc-pentetate) and creatinine in dogs.Animals—6 healthy Beagles and 18 Beagles with reduced renal function.Procedure—13 blood samples were obtained between 5 and 600 minutes after IV bolus injections of99mTc-pentetate and creatinine. Plasma clearance of99mTc-pentetate was computed on the basis of 1, 2, or 13 samples, and plasma clearance of creatinine was computed on the basis of 2, 5, or 13 samples. During plasma clearance procedures, constant IV infusion of carboxyl carbon 14 inulin was begun and UCI was determined in urine collected from 90 to 120, 120 to 180, and 180 to 240 minutes. Clearance procedures were repeated in 12 dogs to evaluate reproducibility of results.Results—Significant association between UCI and plasma clearance was determined via all methods. However, plasma clearances were moderately to markedly different from UCI, depending on test substance, GFR, and sample numbers used for plasma clearance computations. Comparisons were particularly discordant when some methods of limiting samples were used to define plasma clearance.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Values derived from plasma clearance methods for99mTc-pentetate and creatinine were not interchangeable with UCI results, which raises questions about their reliability as clinical research tools for measurement of GFR. Plasma clearance methods that are relative indices of renal function should not be interpreted as accurate measures of GFR without validation. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1046–1055)
Pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin after oral administration in swine
Authors: Shen Jianzhong , Li Cun , Jiang Haiyang , Zhang Suxia , Guo Ping , Ding Shuangyang , Li Xiaowei 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin after oral administration of a single dose of tilmicosin base in swine.Animals—10 healthy swine.Procedure—Tilmicosin base was administered via stomach tube at a single dose of 20 mg/kg (n = 5) or 40 mg/kg (5). Blood samples were obtained from a jugular vein immediately before and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after administration of tilmicosin. Tilmicosin concentrations in serum were quantified by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography procedure with UV light. Data for tilmicosin concentrations versus time were analyzed by use of compartmental and noncompartmental methods.Results—Tilmicosin concentrations in serum decreased in a biexponential manner after oral administration. Mean ± SD values for absorption half-lives were 1.49 ± 0.23 hoursand 1.64 ± 0.40 hours, distribution half-lives were 2.96 ± 0.58 hours and 3.20 ± 0.76 hours, elimination half-lives were 25.26 ± 8.25 and 20.69 ± 5.07 hours, peak concentrations were 1.19 ± 0.30 µg/mL and 2.03 ± 0.28 µg/mL, and time to peak concentrations was 3.12 ± 0.50 hours and 3.48 ± 0.77 hours after oral administration of tilmicosin base at a single dose of 20 or 40 mg/kg, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In swine, tilmicosin was rapidly absorbed and slowly eliminated after oral administration of a single dose of tilmicosin base powder. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1071–1074)
Influence of the estrous cycle on urodynamic and morphometric measurements of the lower portion of the urogenital tract in dogs
Authors: Hamaide Annick J. , Verstegen John P. , Snaps Frédéric R. , Onclin Karine J. , Balligand Marc H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare the values of the urodynamic parameters of the lower portion of the urinary tract and vaginourethral measurements obtained during the phases of the estrous cycle in dogs and determine possible functional or anatomic modifications of the lower portion of the urinary tract associated with those phases.Animals—7 adult female Beagles.Procedure—Urethral pressure profilometry, diuresis cystometry, and vaginourethrography were performed in each dog during proestrus; estrus; early, mid, and late diestrus; and early and late anestrus. The maximum urethral pressure (MUP), maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP), urethral functional and anatomic profile lengths (UFPL and UAPL, respectively), integrated pressure, threshold pressure, threshold volume, compliance, urethral length, and vaginal length and width were measured.Results—For all measurements, significant interindividual variation was detected. Integrated and threshold pressures, APL, and each morphometric value significantly increased from late anestrus to proestrus. Compared with other phases, MUP, MUCP, and integrated pressure values were significantly lower in estrus and early diestrus; UAPL and UFPL values were significantly lower in late diestrus. At each cycle phase in old dogs, MUP, MUCP, threshold pressure, and vaginal length and width were significantly lower (except in proestrus for vaginal measurements) and threshold volume and compliance values were significantly higher, compared with middle-aged dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Urodynamic and morphometric measurements of the lower portion of the urogenital tract are affected by the changes in hormonal balance that occur during the estrous cycle. In sexually intact female dogs, estrous phase determination is important for the interpretation of urodynamic data. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1075–1083)
Evaluation of iatrogenic hemarthrosis of the metacarpophalangeal joint as a method of induction of temporary reversible lameness in horses
Authors: Judy Carter E. , Galuppo Larry D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether iatrogenic hemarthrosis of the metacarpophalangeal joint could be used as a model for temporary reversible joint pain in horses.Animals—8 adult horses.Procedure—Each horse was evaluated on a treadmill before and after injection of 1 metacarpophalangeal joint with 10 mL of autogenous blood. Horses were evaluated subjectively and objectively by use of a computerized force measurement system at intervals until lameness abated. The mean force difference between injected and noninjected limbs at all time periods after injection was compared with the difference between limbs at baseline. From each horse, synovial fluid samples collected before and 24 hours and 30 days after injection were analyzed for total protein concentration and cell type and number. Venous blood samples were collected before and 6 and 24 hours after injection for assessment of plasma cortisol concentration.Results—For 24 hours after injection, the mean force difference between injected and noninjected limbs was significantly increased over baseline. The greatest force difference was detected after 2 and 4 hours. Baseline and 24-hour force data were not significantly different. Compared with baseline values, synovial fluid protein concentration and nucleated cell and RBC counts were increased significantly at 24 hours after injection but were not different at 30 days after injection. No significant changes in plasma cortisol concentration were detected at any time point.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, iatrogenic hemarthrosis of the metacarpophalangeal joint appears to induce temporary reversible lameness with a mild to moderate degree of synovitis. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1084–1089)
Measurement of messenger RNA encoding the α-chain, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and J-chain in duodenal mucosa from dogs with and without chronic diarrhea by use of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays
Authors: Peters Iain R. , Helps Chris R. , Calvert Emma L. , Hall Edward J. , Day Michael J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To examine the difference in expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts for polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), α-chain, and J-chain determined by use of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) assays in duodenal biopsy specimens obtained from dogs with and without chronic diarrhea.Sample Population—Biopsy specimens of the proximal portion of the duodenum were obtained endoscopically from 39 dogs evaluated because of chronic diarrhea (12 German Shepherd Dogs and 27 non-German Shepherd Dog breeds); specimens were also obtained from a control group of 7 dogs evaluated because of other gastrointestinal tract diseases and 2 dogs that were euthanatized as a result of nongastrointestinal tract disease.Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized, and multiple mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained endoscopically at the level of the caudal duodenal flexure by use of biopsy forceps; in 2 control dogs, samples were obtained from the descending duodenum within 5 minutes of euthanasia. One-step QRT-PCR was used to quantify the level of expression of transcripts for the housekeeper gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pIgR, α-chain, and J-chain in duodenal mucosal tissue.Results—There was no significant difference in the level of expression of any transcript among non-German Shepherd Dog breeds without diarrhea (control group), non-German Shepherd Dog breeds with chronic diarrhea, and German Shepherd Dogs with chronic diarrhea.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the susceptibility of German Shepherd Dogs to chronic diarrhea is not a result of simple failure of transcription of the key genes that encode molecules involved in mucosal IgA secretion. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:11–16)
Effects of drug treatment on inflammation and hyperreactivity of airways and on immune variables in cats with experimentally induced asthma
Authors: Reinero Carol R. , Decile Kendra C. , Byerly Jenni R. , Berghaus Roy D. , Walby William F. , Berghaus Londa J. , Hyde Dallas M. , Schelegle Edward S. , Gershwin Laurel J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare the effects of an orally administered corticosteroid (prednisone), an inhaled corticosteroid (flunisolide), a leukotriene-receptor antagonist (zafirlukast), an antiserotonergic drug (cyproheptadine), and a control substance on the asthmatic phenotype in cats with experimentally induced asthma.Animals—6 cats with asthma experimentally induced by the use of Bermuda grass allergen (BGA).Procedures—A randomized, crossover design was used to assess changes in the percentage of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); airway hyperresponsiveness; blood lymphocyte phenotype determined by use of flow cytometry; and serum and BALF content of BGA-specific IgE, IgG, and IgA determined by use of ELISAs.Results—Mean ± SE eosinophil percentages in BALF when cats were administered prednisone (5.0 ± 2.3%) and flunisolide (2.5 ± 1.7%) were significantly lower than for the control treatment (33.7 ± 11.1%). We did not detect significant differences in airway hyperresponsiveness or lymphocyte surface markers among treatments. Content of BGA-specific IgE in serum was significantly lower when cats were treated with prednisone (25.5 ± 5.4%), compared with values for the control treatment (63.6 ± 12.9%); no other significant differences were observed in content of BGA-specific immunoglobulins among treatments.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Orally administered and inhaled corticosteroids decreased eosinophilic inflammation in airways of cats with experimentally induced asthma. Only oral administration of prednisone decreased the content of BGAspecific IgE in serum; no other significant local or systemic immunologic effects were detected among treatments. Inhaled corticosteroids can be considered as an alternate method for decreasing airway inflammation in cats with asthma. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1121–1127)
Penetration of a topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug into local tissues and synovial fluid of dogs
Authors: Mills Paul C. , Magnusson Beatrice M. , Cross Sheree E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To investigate penetration of a topically
applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
into tissues and synovial fluid.

Animals—5 Greyhounds.

Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized and microdialysis
probes placed in the dermis and gluteal muscle
over each coxofemoral (hip) joint. Methylsalicylate
(MeSA) was applied topically over the left hip joint.
Dialysate and plasma (blood samples from the cephalic
and femoral veins) were obtained during the subsequent
5 hours. Dogs were euthanatized, and tissue
samples and synovial fluid were collected and analyzed
for salicylic acid (SA) and MeSA by use of highpressure
liquid chromatography.

Results—SA and MeSA concentrations increased
rapidly (< 30 minutes after application) in dialysate
obtained from treated dermis. Salicylic acid also
appeared in plasma within 30 minutes and reached
a plateau concentration after 2 hours, although
combined drug concentrations (SA plus MeSA) in
plasma obtained from femoral vein samples were
twice those measured in plasma obtained from the
cephalic vein (SA only). Treated muscle had a progressive
decrease in NSAID concentration with
increasing depth (SA and MeSA), but it was significantly
higher than the concentration in untreated
muscle. Substantial amounts of SA and MeSA
were also measured in synovial fluid of treated
joints.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Topically
applied NSAIDs can penetrate deeply into tissues and
synovial fluid. Local concentrations higher than circulating
systemic concentrations are suggestive that
direct diffusion and local blood redistribution are contributing
to this effect. Systemic blood concentrations
may be inadequate to describe regional kinetics of topically
applied drugs. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1128–1132)
Genomic expression patterns of cardiac tissues from dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Oyama Mark A. , Chittur Sridar 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate global genome expression
patterns of left ventricular tissues from dogs with
dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Sample Population—Tissues obtained from the left
ventricle of 2 Doberman Pinschers with end-stage
DCM and 5 healthy control dogs.

Procedure—Transcriptional activities of 23,851
canine DNA sequences were determined by use of
an oligonucleotide microarray. Genome expression
patterns of DCM tissue were evaluated by measuring
the relative amount of complementary RNA hybridization
to the microarray probes and comparing it with
gene expression for tissues from 5 healthy control
dogs.

Results—478 transcripts were differentially
expressed (≥ 2.5-fold change). In DCM tissue, expression
of 173 transcripts was upregulated and expression
of 305 transcripts was downregulated, compared
with expression for control tissues. Of the 478 transcripts,
167 genes could be specifically identified.
These genes were grouped into 1 of 8 categories on
the basis of their primary physiologic function.
Grouping revealed that pathways involving cellular
energy production, signaling and communication, and
cell structure were generally downregulated, whereas
pathways involving cellular defense and stress
responses were upregulated. Many previously unreported
genes that may contribute to the pathophysiologic
aspects of heart disease were identified.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Evaluation of
global expression patterns provides a molecular portrait
of heart failure, yields insights into the pathophysiologic
aspects of DCM, and identifies intriguing
genes and pathways for further study. (Am J Vet Res
2005;66:1140–1155)