bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomass of Nematode and Associated Roots: A Determinant of Symptom Production in Root Knot Disease of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Singh K. P. , Jaiswal R. K. , Kumar N. , Kumar D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe biomass of Meloidogyne graminicola developing in rice roots was studied in relation to the expression of disease symptoms. The biomass of invading second stage juveniles (0.09 μg) increased to 33 μg on day 16 when adult females were in advance egg laying stage, with an increase of approximately 360‐fold. Initiation of leaf yellowing was related to the ratio between total nematode and total root biomass of rice seedlings. Plants with nematode‐to‐root biomass ratios above 1 : 161 did not show any symptom while those with ratios between 1 : 138 and 1 : 121 exhibited yellowing. Plants with nematode‐to‐root biomass ratios between 1 : 115 and 1 : 60 showed moderate stunting while those with ratios between 1 : 43 and 1 : 20 exhibited severe stunting. The wilting symptoms occurred at or below 1 : 14 nematode‐to‐root biomass ratio. The yellowing of leaves in seedlings inoculated with graded inocula was expressed when the nematode‐to‐root biomass ratios reached to 1 : 136 on day 15 at 1000 J2, 1 : 138 on day 9 at 3000 J2, 1 : 134 on day 7 at 6000 J2 and 1 : 129 on day 5 at 9000 J2 per pot. In rice nurseries, seedlings showing moderate stunting, severe stunting, wilting and wilting with single gall recorded nematode‐to‐root biomass ratios of 1 : 92, 1 : 20, 1 : 12 and 1 : 14 respectively. In severely stunted transplanted rice, the nematode‐to‐root biomass ratio ranged from 1 : 84 to 1 : 75.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Xanthomonas albilineans Strains from Okinawa, Japan, Through a Comparison of the gyrB and rpoD Genes in Geographically Distinct Strains
Authors: Tsushima S. , Shinohara H. , Nakazato T. , Ando S. , Sugisawa T. , Tabei Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships of Xanthomonas albilineans strains isolated in Okinawa, Japan, between January and March 2002 were investigated by comparing their gyrB and rpoD gene sequences. Partial gyrB and rpoD sequences from 31 X. albilineans strains were determined, including 21 Okinawa strains and 10 geographically distinct strains. The Okinawa isolates formed a homogenous group and correspond to strains from the Caribbean islands (St Lucia and Barbados), Guyana and Sri Lanka. The level of sequence diversity in the gyrB and rpoD genes depended on the geographic origin of the strains, suggesting that sequence analysis of these genes can be useful for differentiating genetic variants within the X. albilineans species.
Reaction of White Guinea Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) Genotypes to Virus Diseases in Four Agroecological Zones in Nigeria
Authors: Odu B. O. , Asiedu R. , Shoyinka S. A. , Hughes J. d'A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNineteen white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) genotypes were grown in four agroecological zones in Nigeria for 2 years to study their responses to yam virus diseases, and to investigate the influence of genotype × environment (G × E) interactions on their reactions to virus infection, using the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interactions (AMMI) Statistical Model. Environments, genotypes and G × E interactions were all highly significant (P < 0.0001) for the virus diseases. The G × E interactions accounted for 21.4% of the treatment sum of squares, and influenced the relative ranking of the genotypes across the eight environments. Genotypes TDr 93‐32 and TDr 93‐27 were identified as the most stable genotypes, while TDr 1621 and TDr 1640 were shown to have resistance to virus diseases. The study also identified Jos with high yam virus disease severity as the most appropriate site for the screening of D. rotundata genotypes.
Occurrence and Variability of Potato yellow vein virus in three Departments of Colombia
Authors: Guzmán M. , Ruiz E. , Arciniegas N. , Coutts R. H. A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract Potato yellow vein virus (PYVV) causes dramatic yield reductions in potatoes in Andean countries, particularly Colombia. We tested 250 potato leaf samples suspectedly infected with PYVV from three Colombian Departments and assessed genetic diversity in the coat protein gene of 18 representative isolates by RT‐PCR‐RFLP analysis with HinfI. RFLP profiles revealed that 80% of these isolates had an identical restrictotype while the remaining isolates comprised two further restrictotypes or mixtures of two restrictotypes which included the predominant type and one other type. In samples from the Cundinamarca and Antioquia Departments, all three restrictotypes were detected including mixed infections, whereas in samples from the Narino Department only the predominant restrictotype was detected.
Identification of the Bacterial Leaf Spot Pathogen of Poinsettia in China
Authors: Li B. , Xie G. L. , Zhang J. Z. , Janssens D. , Swings J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBacterial leaf spot of poinsettia has been first reported in China in 2003 and ascribed to Xanthomonas campestris pv. poinsettiicola following the traditional classification of xanthomonads. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the precise position of the causal bacterium in the newly proposed classification of xanthomonads, three bacterial isolates from China were compared with all known Xanthomonas type strains by a polyphasic approach including carbon source utilization profile, fatty acid methyl esters, analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence and 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer sequences. The results indicated that these Chinese isolates could be further identified as a pathovar of Xanthomonas axonopodis.
Screening of Water Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) Genotypes for Reactions to Viruses in Nigeria
Authors: Odu B. O. , Asiedu R. , Shoyinka S. A. , Hughes J. D'A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStudies were made to identify sources of resistance to yam viruses in Dioscorea alata. Forty genotypes of D. alata were evaluated in both the field and in the screenhouse for reactions to the yam viruses: Yam mosaic virus (YMV), genus Potyvirus; Dioscorea alata virus (DAV), genus Potyvirus; Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), genus Cucumovirus; and Dioscorea alata bacilliform virus (DaBV), genus Badnavirus. The D. alata genotypes were planted in the field and subsequently scored for virus symptom severity. All the genotypes were also planted in an insect‐proofed screenhouse, and challenged mechanically and by vectors for susceptibility to each of the viruses. Analysis of variance (anova) of the symptom severity scores showed that the genotypes responded differently (P < 0.01) to virus disease in the field. Field evaluation also showed that TDa 291 (a landrace genotype from Puerto Rico), TDa 87/01091, TDa 96‐4, TDa 95‐163 and TDa 289 from Nigeria, and TDa 95‐25 (a landrace genotype from Ghana), had a low virus disease symptom rating. Overall screening results showed that two D. alata genotypes (TDa 289 and TDa 291) are good sources of resistance to YMV, DAV and CMV, and that they are tolerant to DaBV.
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Pepper mild mottle virus in China
Authors: Wang X. , Liu F. , Zhou G. , Li X.‐H. , Li Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSweet pepper (Capsicum frutescens) is an important summer and winter vegetable throughout China. Plants showing fruit deformation and mosaic symptoms were frequently observed in several sweet pepper fields and greenhouses during a recent survey. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was found in 56 samples (total 165 samples collected from Beijing, Baoding and Huinong) by double antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA). The complete nucleotide sequence of Chinese isolate of PMMoV (PMMoV‐CN) was determined and compared with the sequence of other Tobamoviruses. This is the first report of the complete nucleotide sequence and analysis of genome organization for PMMoV isolated in China.
Defects in Allene Oxide Synthase and 12‐Oxa‐Phytodienoic Acid Reductase Alter the Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Raacke I. C. , Mueller M. J. , Berger S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractJasmonic acid and its methyl ester are signalling molecules involved in regulating development and stress responses in plants. 12‐Oxo‐phytodienoic acid, a precursor in jasmonic acid biosynthesis, is also biologically active. Both oxylipins accumulate after pathogen infection. To understand the function of 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid vs. jasmonic acid in plant pathogen interactions, the susceptibility of the dde2 mutant, defective in 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid and jasmonic acid biosynthesis and the opr3 mutant, which synthesizes 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid but not jasmonic acid was investigated. dde2 and opr3 were more resistant to Pseudomonas syringae. The effect was stronger in the dde2 mutant as in opr3 indicating that both oxylipins regulate pathogen resistance to P. syringae. dde2 was more susceptible to Botrytis cinerea suggesting that 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid is important in mediating the defence against B. cinerea. Expression of Pr1 and Pr2 was increased in both mutants after mock infiltration but not or only slightly enhanced after P. syringae infection.
Participation of bone marrow cells in biliary fibrosis after bile duct ligation
Authors: Asawa Sadanori , Saito Takuro , Satoh Atai , Ohtake Koich , Tsuchiya Takao , Okada Hirokazu , Neilson Erik G , Gotoh Mitsukazu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Bone marrow derived cells are involved in the process of hepatic fibrosis secondary to chronic injury. However, it is not yet known how quickly this event occurs in acute fibrosis models. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of bone marrow cells in rapid fibrosis following bile duct ligation in mice using green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing bone marrow cells.Method:  After whole body irradiation, 1 × 106 donor whole bone marrow cells from green fluorescent protein+/– mice were transplanted into C57BL/6 recipients via the tail vein. Four weeks after bone marrow transplantation, chimeric mice were subjected to common bile duct ligation, and livers of these animals were histologically examined after bile duct ligation using anti‐fibroblast specific protein (FSP)‐1 antibody and anti‐alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) antibody.Results:  Periductal fibrosis consisting of fibroblast specific protein‐positive cells was demonstrated histologically as early as day 7. Most of the fibrotic cells were green fluorescent protein‐negative, however, a significant number of cells were green fluorescent protein‐positive and some were also anti‐FSP or α‐SMA‐positive.Conclusion:  Differentiation of bone marrow derived cells into activated fibroblast and myofibroblast‐like phenotypes occurs in the very early course of periductal fibrosis following bile duct ligation, suggesting a new strategy for prevention of biliary fibrosis by inhibiting migration of bone marrow cells to liver.
Effects of a novel histamine H2‐receptor antagonist, lafutidine, on the mucus barrier of human gastric mucosa
Authors: Ichikawa Takafumi , Ota Hiroyoshi , Sugiyama Atsushi , Maruta Fukuto , Ikezawa Tomoaki , Hotta Kyoko , Ishihara Kazuhiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Lafutidine is a novel histamine H2‐receptor antagonist used primarily as an antisecretory agent in Japan. Previous human studies have not assessed its gastroprotective effects. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of lafutidine on the human gastric mucus layer using both histological and biochemical methods.Methods:  Of the 14 patients scheduled for gastrectomy who consented to participate, seven were given 14 days of lafutidine 20 mg/day (lafutidine group) and the others received no medication (control group). The surface mucus gel layer in Carnoy‐fixed tissue sections was examined immunohistochemically. Both the thickness of the mucus layer and its mucin content were measured in gastric corpus mucosa.Results:  There was no detectable difference between the groups in the grade of gastritis or the immunohistochemical staining characteristics. The laminated structure of the surface mucus gel layer was retained after administration of lafutidine and it was thicker than the layer in the control group. The surface layer in the lafutidine group had three‐fold more mucin than that in the control group. There was no difference between the two groups in the mucin content of the deep mucosa.Conclusion:  Lafutidine, given at clinical dosages, not only inhibits acid secretion but also strengthens the mucus barrier of the human gastric mucosa.
Careful patient selection may improve response rates to infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Pearce Callum B , Lawrance Ian C 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  The use of infliximab in the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) is acceptable and appears to be effective in ulcerative colitis (UC). Careful patient selection, resulting in infliximab only for truly refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), may improve its efficacy. The present study aimed to determine if careful patient selection improved infliximab efficacy in IBD.Methods:  CD or UC/IBD unclassified patients (Montreal classification) were considered for infliximab treatment only after failure of disease control with conventional therapies and confirmation of active disease. Patients with purely luminal IBD received a single infliximab dose. Patients with fistulizing disease (with or without luminal disease) received infliximab at 0, 2 and 6 weeks. Changes to Harvey Bradshaw (HBI) for inflammatory CD and Colitis Activity Index (CAI) for UC/IBDU were used to determine the response and remission rates. In fistulizing CD, a remission was sustained cessation of drainage and resolution of the fistula. Response was correlated to inflammatory marker levels.Results:  Seventy IBD patients were treated. In CD, 85.2% (46/54) had active luminal and 40.7% (22/54) had fistulizing disease. In luminal CD, at 8 weeks a single infliximab dose induced remission in 75% (24/32) of patients compared to 92.9% (13/14) after infliximab at 0, 2 and 6 weeks. Fistulizing disease responded in 77.2% (17/22) and remitted in 50% (11/22) of patients at 8 weeks. In UC/IBDU, 75% (12/16) responded and 43.8% (7/16) of patients were in remission at 8 weeks.Conclusion:  Careful patient selection may improve infliximab's efficacy and clinical remission appears greater after induction with three infliximab doses in CD. Clinical efficacy is suggested for UC/IBDU.
Low prevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Hirata Tetsuo , Nakamoto Manabu , Nakamura Masamoto , Kinjo Nagisa , Hokama Akira , Kinjo Fukunori , Fujita Jiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  There have been few studies on the association between human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) infection and cancer risk. It is still controversial whether or not HTLV‐1 infection affects the incidence of several cancers. With this background, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between HTLV‐1 infection and the occurrence of several types of cancers.Methods:  Subjects were 699 patients with cancer aged 50 years and older diagnosed between 1991 and 2004 at the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Ryukyu University Hospital, Okinawa, Japan, and 1365 control patients without cancer. The association between HTLV‐1 infection and cancer (biliary tract, pancreatic, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and lung cancers) was analyzed by logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and sex.Results:  The infection rate of HTLV‐1 in patients with gastric cancer was significantly lower than in controls (P = 0.01, adjusted odds ratio 0.46). The infection rate of HTLV‐1 was not associated with increased or decreased risk of cancers other than gastric cancer.Conclusion:  Our study indicated that the prevalence of HTLV‐1 infection in patients with gastric cancer appears to be significantly lower than that in control patients.
Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with osteopathy: Results of a randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Hundscheid Henry WC , Pepels Manon JAE , Engels Leopold GJB , Loffeld Ruud JLF 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Effective treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is not yet available. Osteopathy is a manual treatment which relies on mobilizing and manipulating procedures in order to relieve complaints. In the present study, a randomized controlled trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of osteopathic treatment for IBS.Methods:  Eligible IBS patients were randomized between osteopathy and standard care. Follow‐up was 6 months and validated means of follow‐up were used. After 1, 3 and 6 months an overall assessment of symptoms was noted and a symptom score was obtained on a 5‐point Likert scale. Quality of life (QOL) was scored with the standardized IBSQOL 2000 questionnaire and the Functional Bowel Disorder Severity Index was used.Results:  Twenty patients were randomized into the osteopathy group (OG) and 19 patients were included in the standard care group (SCG). Sixty‐eight percent of patients in the OG noted definite overall improvement in symptoms and 27% showed slight improvement. One patient (5%) was free of symptoms at the end of the study. In the SCG, 18% noted definite improvement, 59% showed slight improvement, and in 17% worsening of symptoms was present. The difference in change in overall symptomatic improvement was statistically significant in favor of the osteopathic treatment (P < 0.006). Mean Functional Bowel Disorder Severity Index (FBDSI) score in the OG decreased from 174 to 74 at 6 months (P < 0.0001). Also, a significant decrease was noted in the SCG from 171 to 119 (P < 0.0001). However, the decrease in the OG was significantly higher compared with the standard treatment (P = 0.02). Mean symptom score in the OG decreased from 9.1 to 6.8 but this did not reach statistical significance. In the SCG, no change in symptom score occurred (8.7 vs 10). At 6 months, the score in the OG was significantly lower (6.8 vs 10; P = 0.02). The QOL score increased in the OG at 111 versus 129 (P < 0.009). In the SCG an increase was also noted, but this was not statistically significant (109 vs 121).Conclusion:  Osteopathic therapy is a promising alternative in the treatment of patients with IBS. Patients treated with osteopathy overall did better, with respect to symptom score and QOL.
Resistance rate to antibiotics of Helicobacter pylori isolates in eastern Taiwan
Authors: Hu Chi‐Tan , Wu Chao‐Chuan , Lin Chih‐Yung , Cheng Chuan‐Chu , Su Siou‐Cing , Tseng Yi‐Hsiung , Lin Nien‐Tsung 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains resistant to metronidazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin is increasing worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns in H. pylori strains isolated from eastern Taiwan.Methods:  One strain each of H. pylori was isolated from 133 symptomatic patients and subjected to determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the Epsilometer test (E‐test) for four antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of H. pylori infections.Results:  None of the strains were resistant to tetracycline. Resistance to metronidazole (8 μg/mL), clarithromycin (1 μg/mL) and amoxicillin (8 μg/mL) was found in 51.9%, 13.5% and 36.1% of the isolates, respectively. Metronidazole‐resistant strains were isolated more frequently from women (49/78; 62.8%) than from men (20/55; 36.4%). Resistance to at least two antimicrobial agents was detected in 33.8% of the isolates. There was a high rate of resistance to both metronidazole and amoxicillin (18.1%).Conclusions:  Clarithromycin and tetracycline may provide useful components of treatment regimens in eastern Taiwan. In addition, pretreatment microbial susceptibility testing rather than empiric therapy is highly recommended for eradication of H. pylori infection.
Nitric oxide‐induced adenosine inhibition of hippocampal synaptic transmission depends on adenosine kinase inhibition and is cyclic GMP independent
Authors: Arrigoni Elda , Rosenberg Paul A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAdenosine is an important inhibitory neuromodulator that regulates neuronal excitability. Several studies have shown that nitric oxide induces release of adenosine. Here we investigated the mechanism of this release. We studied the effects of nitric oxide on evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) recorded in the CA1 area of rat hippocampal slices. The nitric oxide donor 1,1‐diethyl‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐nitroso‐hydrazine sodium (DEA/NO; 100 µm) depressed the fEPSP by 77.6 ± 4.1%. This effect was abolished by the adenosine A1 antagonist 8‐cyclopentyl‐1,3‐dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; 400 nm), indicating that the nitric oxide effect was mediated by adenosine accumulation. The DEA/NO effect was unaltered by the 5′‐ectonucleotidase inhibitor α,β‐methylene‐adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (AMP‐CP; 100 µm), indicating that extracellular adenosine did not derive from ATP or cAMP release. The guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3‐a]quinoxaline‐1‐one (ODQ; 5 µm) did not affect nitric oxide depression of the fEPSPs, indicating that nitric oxide‐mediated adenosine release was not mediated through a cGMP signaling cascade. This conclusion was confirmed by the observation that 8‐(4‐chlorophenylthio)‐guanosine‐3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (8‐pCPT‐cGMP; 1 mm) reversibly depressed the fEPSP by 24.9 ± 4.5%, but this effect was not blocked by adenosine antagonists. Adenosine kinase inhibitor 5‐iodotubercidin (ITU; 7 µm) occluded the nitric oxide effects by 74%, suggesting that inhibition of adenosine kinase activity contributes to adenosine release. In conclusion, exogenous nitric oxide evokes adenosine release by a cGMP‐independent pathway. Intracellular cGMP elevation partially inhibits the fEPSP but not through adenosine release. Although a direct block of adenosine kinase by nitric oxide can not be excluded, the depression of adenosine kinase activity may be due to inhibition by its own substrate adenosine.
Calcium‐triggered exit of F‐actin and IP3 3‐kinase A from dendritic spines is rapid and reversible
Authors: Schell Michael J. , Irvine Robin F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe structure of the actin cytoskeleton in dendritic spines is thought to underlie some forms of synaptic plasticity. We have used fixed and live‐cell imaging in rat primary hippocampal cultures to characterize the synaptic dynamics of the F‐actin binding protein inositol trisphosphate 3‐kinase A (IP3K), which is localized in the spines of pyramidal neurons derived from the CA1 region. IP3K was intensely concentrated as puncta in spine heads when Ca2+ influx was low, but rapidly and reversibly redistributed to a striated morphology in the main dendrite when Ca2+ influx was high. Glutamate stimulated the exit of IP3K from spines within 10 s, and re‐entry following blockage of Ca2+ influx commenced within a minute; IP3K appeared to remain associated with F‐actin throughout this process. Ca2+‐triggered F‐actin relocalization occurred in about 90% of the cells expressing IP3K endogenously, and was modulated by the synaptic activity of the cultures, suggesting that it is a physiological process. F‐actin relocalization was blocked by cytochalasins, jasplakinolide and by the over‐expression of actin fused to green fluorescent protein. We also used deconvolution microscopy to visualize the relationship between F‐actin and endoplasmic reticulum inside dendritic spines, revealing a delicate microorganization of IP3K near the Ca2+ stores. We conclude that Ca2+ influx into the spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons triggers the rapid and reversible retraction of F‐actin from the dendritic spine head. This process contributes to changes in spine F‐actin shape and content during synaptic activity, and might also regulate spine IP3 signals.