bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐performance BIMOS using self‐aligning polysilicon electrode
Authors: Homma Hideo , Misawa Yutaka , Momma Naohiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo increase the speed of Hi‐BiCMOS, the process of forming an electrode which simultaneously reduces both parasitic capacitance and parasitic resistance in MOSFET's and bipolar transistors was investigated.Since the etching rate of highly doped polycrystalline silicon is higher than undoped polycrystalline silicon, arsenic‐doped polycrystalline silicon on the gate and emitter electrodes can be etched selectively. Self‐aligned polycrystalline silicon electrode technology (SPEL) using this phenomena was proposed.When the As concentration in polycrystalline Si is higher than 4 × 1020cm−3, the doped polycrystalline Si is etched 10 times faster than undoped polycrystalline Si if plasma etching based on chlorine radicals is carried out.Using this process, the drain capacitance of the MOSFET was reduced one‐half to one‐third that of conventional devices. In bipolar transistors, collector resistance was reduced by a factor of 2 and the external base resistance was reduced by a factor of 3. As a result of simulating the performance of the device formed by the SPEL process, the gate delay time in a dual input NAND BiCMOS was 0.19 ns under no‐load condition while the gate delay time of the conventional device was 0.26 ns; that is, the speed of the SPEL device is 25 percent faster than that of the conventional device.
Catheter‐tip capacitive pressure sensor
Authors: Esashi Masayoshi , Shoji Shuichi , Matsumoto Yosinori , Furuta Kazuyoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs a pressure sensor to be used at the tip of a catheter, a capacitive relative pressure sensor was fabricated. This paper describes the fabrication process and the characteristics of this pressure sensor.The size of the sensor fabricated is 0.7 × 3.5 × 0.8 mm3 and the spacing between the capacitor electrodes is either 1.0 μm or 1.5 μm. The principal features are as follows: (1) In the fabrication of the diaphragm, high‐concentration boron was diffused into an Si wafer. The diaphragm thickness was controlled accurately by etch stop; (2) to reduce the effect of the stray capacitance and to increase the S/N ratio of the sensor, the capacitance detection IC was placed near the diaphragm; (3) since the consumption current flows at the oscillation frequency, it is possible to use two lead wires from the sensor; and (4) this IC has a size of 1.2 × 0.5 mm2 and the temperature dependence of the oscillation frequency can be made zero by letting the power supply voltage be 2.24 V. The pressure sensitivity of the obtained sensor is 3.45 × 10−5/mmHg and the temperature coefficient at the zero pressure was 0.17 mmHg/°C. The output of the IC placed by the sensor had a frequency change of about 7 kHz for 1000 mmHg.
Superconducting sputtered BSCCO films prepared by Pb pre‐coating method
Authors: Yano Mitsuaki , Shimizu Nobuhiko , Fujii Katsuhiro , Inoue Masataka 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo achieve a superconducting transition temperature higher than 100 K in the BiSrCaCuO system, the addition of Pb has been known to be effective. This paper points out the problems in forming superconductive thin films using sputtering, and proposes a way to introduce Pb during deposition which cannot be achieved reproducibly by the conventional method.In this method, Pb is deposited on a substrate, followed by sputter‐deposition of a BiSrCaCuO thin film and the solid phase reaction of the two films. The characteristics, film composition, crystallinity, and electric conductivity of the film formed by this method will be described. The results indicate that this method is effective in producing superconductive films. The relationship between superconductivity and Pb doping will be also described.
Optical beam scanner with phase‐variable waveguide—analysis of performance and design
Authors: Moriki Kazunori , Hattori Takeo , Iga Kenichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSmall‐sized, high‐speed optical scanners are very useful in optical information processing, optical communications, optical measurements, etc. Although there has been research on various devices of this kind, satisfactory characteristics are yet to be realized.This paper proposes a guided‐type optical scanner in which the propagation constant of each waveguide is varied independently by electronic means, and its characteristics are simulated. It is found that the number of resolvable spots is proportional to the number of waveguides and more than 670 resolvable spots can be obtained for the case of 1000 waveguides. Further, the number of resolvable spots is not influenced much even if phase errors of about 1 percent (2π/100) are introduced in each waveguide. Moreover, it is clarified that the coupling coefficient between the waveguides must be kept below 100 m−1 for the device length of 1 mm, and several other points are explained.
Analysis of leaky modes supported by a slab waveguide
Authors: Yamaguchi Shoji , Shimojima Akira , Hosono Toshio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe electromagnetic waves propagating along an open waveguide can be classified in several ways. For instance: (1) guided modes and leaky modes; (2) real modes and complex modes; and (3) proper modes and improper modes. However, their mutual relationships are not clear. In addition, the physical meaning of the leaky mode is not well understood in comparison with the guided mode.In this paper, the relationship of the modes propagating in a dielectric slab waveguide is investigated. First, from the dispersion equation, the guided mode cutoff frequency and the leaky mode cutoff frequency are obtained so that the regions of the guided mode and the leaky mode are found. It is shown also that there exists an improper mode region with real propagation constants between the guide and leaky mode regions.This improper mode does not decay in the direction of propagation and the amplitude increases away from the waveguide along a straight line with an arbitrary angle from the propagation direction. In this region, the group velocity may exceed the speed of light in free space or become infinite. Thus, in this paper, this region is called the anomalous group velocity region. The width of this region is inversely proportional to the mode number and the waveguide width.
Refractive index measurement of ion‐exchanged glass waveguides by reflection method
Authors: Sawa Shinnosuke , Ono Kazuo , Nomoto Takeshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is important to measure the refractive index profile in an optical waveguide. In particular, there has been a demand for the development of simple methods to measure precisely the refractive index profile in a waveguide with a small number of propagation modes. One of the methods which can provide relatively high resolution is the edge reflection method using an optical fiber as a probe. This method has been used to evaluate a rod lens.In this study, the edge reflection method was used to evaluate a diffused‐type glass waveguide with small dimensions. To increase the sensitivity to reflected light, the fibers for incident light and reflected light detection were located with a certain angle, that is, an oblique incident light system was used. In addition, to increase the spatial resolution, the refractive index profile in the direction of interest was expanded by angle lapping of the edge of the test fiber. By using this method, it was possible to measure easily the refractive index profile in a silver‐diffused glass optical waveguide with two propagating modes.
Estimation of strain under electrodes of semiconductor devices with the mobility change using magneto‐TLM measurement
Authors: Nakahara Kouji , Furukawa Seijiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn semiconductors under strain such as SOI and for a semiconductor under an electrode, the mobility often is different from that in the bulk, and it is important to know the order of change. In this paper, using a new mobility measurement in semiconductor bulk and under an electrode, the MTLM Magneto Transmission Line Model) method, it has been found that the mobility under the Au‐Sb electrode sometimes is higher than that in the bulk from the measurement of electron mobility in n‐type Si.From the theory or strain and mobility change, this change is attributed mainly to the two‐dimensional strain by the electrode, and its magnitude has been estimated to be 1.4 × 10−3. By measuring the mobility change with the strain in the semiconductors bulk and that under an electrode by intentionally applying a uniaxial stress to these samples, the agreement with the theory has been confirmed. Also, from the agreement with the theory for the mobility change with the uniaxial stress under the electrode, the previously obtained value for the strain has been shown to be reasonable.
Enhancement of Čerenkov‐radiation‐type wavelength conversion domain‐inverted structure
Authors: Yanagawa Kazunori , Hayata Kazuya , Koshiba Masanori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor the wavelength conversion by the Čerenkov‐radiation scheme in a nonlinear optical waveguide, a novel device structure is proposed which improves the efficiency and the characteristics over the conventional ones. An optimization of such a device structure is attempted. In this waveguide structure, a transverse distribution is provided not only for the linear refractive index but also for the nonlinear susceptibility.This paper shows that the second harmonic generation in a proton‐exchanged LiNbO3 waveguide is expected to be enhanced by more than an order of magnitude by changing the region near the surface of the conventional structure into a domain‐inverted layer. Further, if the thickness of the domain‐inverted layer is controlled precisely, the selection of the guiding‐layer thickness (or the refractive index profile) can be relaxed substantially. This feature would be extremely attractive in designing actual device structures.
ZnyCd1‐yS‐CuGaS2 heterojunction diode
Authors: Kobayashi Satoshi , Kaneko Futao , Maruyama Takeo , Tsuboi Nozomu , Tamura Hitoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs the basic study to realize a blue‐color light‐emitting diode using CuAlxGa1‐xS2 crystals, heterojunction diodes were fabricated by the vacuum deposition of an n‐type ZnyCd1‐yS thin film on the {112} surface of a p‐type CuGaS2 single crystal grown by the iodine transport method. It was found that the {0001} surface of ZnyCd1‐yS is oriented in parallel to the substrate when the substrate is not heated, that the film is transparent to green and blue color, and that the resistivity is extremely low when y = 0.2 to 0.4. When single crystalline CuGaS2 is annealed in saturated sulfur vapor, the resistivity decreases.Next, the current‐voltage characteristic of a diode was investigated. When sulfur‐annealed CuGaS2 single crystal was used, the series resistance of the diode was low and the forward characteristic could be explained by using series and parallel resistances in the equivalent circuit. On the other hand, the reverse current showed almost an ohmic characteristic at low voltage but it increased nonlinearly with an increase of the reverse voltage. When y ≠ 0, a yellowish‐orange or red light emission was observed when the diode was forward‐biased. When y = 0, no light emission was observed although the electrical property of the diode was excellent.
Effect of plasma treatment on adhesion of low thermal expansion polyimide films
Authors: Satsu Yuichi , Miura Osamu , Watanabe Ryuji , Miyazaki Kunio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo fabricate a multilayer wiring using a low thermal expansion polyimide film, the adhesion of polyimide film on a thermally cured polyimide film must be secured. When the surface was plasma‐treated by O2‐CF4 = 1:1 gas, the adhesion was 30 times stronger (peel strength: at least 500 g/cm) than in the untreated case (peel strength: 15 g/cm). The film on the plasma‐treated surface maintained strong adhesion for long periods of time in a high‐temperature and high‐humidity environment. The cause of improved adhesion was investigated by evaluating the plasma‐treated polyimide surface by XPS and it was found that functional group, which seems to be COF, was formed.
Some characteristics of AgPd40/60 contacts mounted on miniature relays that make and break a dc 30 v‐10 a resistive circuit
Authors: Kubono Takayoshi , Mogami Masahiko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhile the AgPd40/60 electrical contacts mounted on the miniature relays continued to make and break a dc 30 V‐10 A resistive circuit for 100,000 times, on every switching operation the number of bounce, the duration of closing are, the contact resistance, the temperature on the stationary contact arm, and the duration of opening are were measured and recorded.In this paper, these measured values are shown in many figures and compared with data on Ag, Pd, AgCdO12 wt percent and AgSn2 9.3 wt percent. Furthermore, the values measured on some switching operations before and after the contact pairs adhered are listed in the tables.The variation of the closing are duration has the same tendency as the increase and decrease of the number of contact bounce. Also, the contact resistance becomes low after the closing operation in which the duration of the closing are is long. However, the average duration of the closing are was about half that in Pd pairs and was the same degree in Ag and AgSn2 9.3 wt percent contacts.Although the duration of the opening are was double that in Pd contacts, it was not especially long compared with that in Ag, AgCd0 12 wt percent and AgSnO2 9.3 wt percent contacts. However, the pip made of transferred metal on the anode surface would grow largely rather than be scattered by subsequent switching arcs. This largely grown pip causes contact sticking, as in the case of Pd contacts.Although black polymer is observed on two contact surfaces, the top of a large pip on the anode and the bottom of an eroded crater on the cathode are whitish metallic surfaces with microroughness. Thus, the contact resistance at current of dc 10 A was unchanged for 100,000 switching operations. However, the average contact resistance was higher than that of Ag and Pd contacts measured under the same experimental condition.
Compartmentalization of brain energy metabolism between glia and neurons: Insights from mathematical modeling
Authors: Aubert Agnès , Costalat Robert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe review the contribution of mathematical modeling of metabolic pathways to the study of the compartmentalization of brain energy metabolism between neurons and glia. We especially focus on the role of lactate in the relationship between glia and neurons and the possible presence of an astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS). We first discuss models of glucose, pyruvate, and lactate kinetics, which are relevant to neuron–glia interactions. We then review models of compartmentalized energy metabolism, which deal with the concepts of ‘red’ and ‘white’ stimulations, and the ANLS hypothesis. We next show the contribution of a study of model robustness to the debate about the potential role of lactate in metabolic interactions between glia and neurons. Finally, we discuss the possible implications of modeling for further experimental studies. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activity‐dependent regulation of energy metabolism by astrocytes: An update
Authors: Pellerin Luc , Bouzier‐Sore Anne‐Karine , Aubert Agnès , Serres Sébastien , Merle Michel , Costalat Robert , Magistretti Pierre J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAstrocytes play a critical role in the regulation of brain metabolic responses to activity. One detailed mechanism proposed to describe the role of astrocytes in some of these responses has come to be known as the astrocyte‐neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis (ANLSH). Although controversial, the original concept of a coupling mechanism between neuronal activity and glucose utilization that involves an activation of aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes and lactate consumption by neurons provides a heuristically valid framework for experimental studies. In this context, it is necessary to provide a survey of recent developments and data pertaining to this model. Thus, here, we review very recent experimental evidence as well as theoretical arguments strongly supporting the original model and in some cases extending it. Aspects revisited include the existence of glutamate‐induced glycolysis in astrocytes in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo, lactate as a preferential oxidative substrate for neurons, and the notion of net lactate transfer between astrocytes and neurons in vivo. Inclusion of a role for glycogen in the ANLSH is discussed in the light of a possible extension of the astrocyte‐neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) concept rather than as a competing hypothesis. New perspectives offered by the application of this concept include a better understanding of the basis of signals used in functional brain imaging, a role for neuron‐glia metabolic interactions in glucose sensing and diabetes, as well as novel strategies to develop therapies against neurodegenerative diseases based upon improving astrocyte‐neuron coupled energetics. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Situational leadership: A review of the research
Authors: Johansen Barry‐Craig P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSituational leadership theory (SLT)—it sounds great, but will it work? SLT, a popular theory based on task behavior, relationship behavior, follower (subordinate) maturity, and effective leader behavior, may not be what the training‐management professional expects. Johansen reviews the three major areas of research on SLT: conceptual validity, validity of the instrument associated with SLT— the Leadership Effectiveness and Adaptability (LEAD) survey—and the effect on subordinates' performance when the theory is accurately practiced by a leader or manager. According to Johansen, research has failed to support the conceptual basis of the theory and the validity of the instruments. Research regarding the effect on subordinates' performance when situational leadership is properly practiced by the leader has provided mixed results and only limited support for the theory. Johansen found that it is not possible to make a definitive statement based on experimental findings. Yet SLT does have redeeming qualities: it has opened much discussion about the many factors that affect leadership behavior and about the nature of leader‐subordinate relationships, and it has generated critical research. But until the validity and performance questions are answered, Johansen strongly suggests that SLT will be appropriately used only as a starting point for discussion about the dynamics of leadership behavior, subordinate expectations, leadership effectiveness, and decision making.
A critical review of current thought on guaranteed employment practices
Authors: Mink Oscar G. , Morrow Rosemary , Shindell Thomas J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhat do Lincoln Electric, Digital Equipment Corporation, IBM, Bank of America, Delta Airlines, and Hewlett‐Packard have in common? They all use no‐layoff policies because they are morally right and they are good business. This article discusses real job security or guaranteed employment. It describes the costs (for companies, communities, and people) of layoffs, offers specific techniques for companies to use to avoid layoffs, and provides rationales for adopting an employment security plan.
Dual dimensionality of training transfer
Authors: Laker Dennis R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecent literature has described a problem in training transfer as trainees fail to take back and apply to the workplace the skills, abilities, and knowledge they acquired during training. This article discusses transfer problems and identifies the two dimensions of time and generalizability, which are important for assessing transfer problems. Training transfer is multidimensional: the temporal dimension includes transfer initiation and transfer maintenance, and the dimension of generalizability includes near and far transfer. The dual‐dimensional model described in this article seems to provide one useful way to examine training transfer. However, empirical research to verify the dual dimensionality of transfer is necessary.
Job loss and dislocated workers: Description and opportunities for HRD practice and research
Authors: Jacobs Ronald L. , Jones Michael J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractJob dislocation and job loss are two social issues relevant to the study of human resource development (HRD). This article describes the differing effects of job loss on managers and blue‐collar workers; the responses of governmental agencies, organizations, and unions; the effectiveness of outplacement programs; and opportunities to apply such information to HRD practice and research. According to research on these issues, managers and professionals appear better able to recover from job loss than blue‐collar workers if support to bolster their egos is provided. The Job Training Partnership Act and the Trade Adjustment Assistance Act have created training and employment opportunities as one supportive response. A company's own outplacement program and sources of job‐related information provided by such organizations as the United Auto Workers and the United Mine Workers are other responses. This article discusses the benefits and problems of each type of response. With this background in mind, HRD professionals need to conduct additional research and apply to the workplace some strategic planning models related to job loss and organizational changes, as well as suggest improvements to outplacement programs.
Invited reaction: Why rhetorical rules are weak levers for culture change
Authors: Sashkin Marshall 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHow effective is rhetoric as a metaphor for culture? This article analyzes Shapiro and Schall's use of rhetoric as the overlying principle for managing organization‐cultures and concludes that the authors are confusing metaphor with reality. In doing so, they leave out some important aspects of organization and culture. The rhetorical “rules” are examined and challenged through an analysis of recent literature and a logical exploration of the problems that arise when organizations are viewed only as influence systems and all action is seen as rhetoric.
Subordinates' observations: Feedback for management development
Authors: Shipper Frank , Neck Chris P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHow can managers receive realistic feedback about the consequences of their behavior? One undervalued source of feedback is subordinates' observations. This article describes a study of subordinates' observations that were used to evaluate managers' skills. This source is compared with other sources of feedback, and methods of collecting and using subordinates' observations to improve managerial skills are presented. The study further illustrates how subordinates' observations can provide a realistic, positive method for gathering information about managers' long‐term behavior so that the company, subordinates, and managers all benefit from the skills assessment.
Invited reaction: The compleat self‐learner
Authors: Campbell John P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAfter summarizing the principal ideas and prescriptions in the preceding article, suggestions are made for further explicating and developing the issues. Two areas needing additional specification are identified. It is suggested that a model of self‐learning also incorporate substantive issues pertaining to learners as their own training designers and to the interaction of ability and motivational dispositions with instruction in self‐learning. Finally, the critical role of self‐learning in helping to meet the enormous training needs of the next two or three decades is stated in emphatic terms.