bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The operational meaning of maturity criteria
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Poznanski Andrew K. , Nagy Jerrold M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe fact that specific radiographic criteria represent different proportions of attained maturity in males and females, in individuals of different geographical origin, in undernourished as opposed to over‐nourished subjects and in genetic or chromosomal extremes together indicates the operational complexity of “skeletal maturity” and indicates the need to separate those aspects of skeletal development that are not sex‐hormone dependent from those whose timing is directly dependent upon gonadal status.
The measurement of skeletal maturity
Authors: Murray James R. , Bock R. Darrell , Roche Alex F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new approach to the measurement of skeletal maturity has been described. This was applied to the distal end of the femur in boys aged one month to four years. It is planned to extend this study to girls and to other ages and sites and to other bones in the knee area. The study began with the testing of reported indicators of skeletal maturity in respect of replicability, validity, discrimination and universality. As a result, seven qualitative graded indicators and three quantitative ratios were selected for further investigation. Maturity scores based on each qualitative indicator can be estimated using parameters from a simple probit analysis with chronological age as the independent variable. The statistical factors that influence the usefulness of these indicators have been discussed. The quantitative indicators investigated appear very useful as measures of maturity although some are redundant. The planned extension of the present study should allow the formulation of an appropriate model for the measurement of skeletal maturity by combining qualitative and quantitative data.
A consideration of factors underlying the selection of methods in the assessment of skeletal maturity
Authors: Malina Robert M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe assessment of skeletal maturity is basically a method. How one makes this assessment or what one does with the assessment is dictated by the research and/or clinical problem at hand. A variety of methods have been suggested for the assessment of skeletal maturity, although the two most commonly used are the inspectional and bone specific approaches. Several of the proposed methods are considered, with primary emphasis upon the problems, factors, and/or alternatives related to the choice of one method over another.
Use of the Greulich‐Pyle “Atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist” in a clinical context
Authors: Anderson Margaret 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAssessments of the relative maturity of individual children have been widely used to improve estimations of future growth as well as in evaluations of physiological disorders. Skeletal age (Hand) has been the most commonly used method for these estimations.In the clinical use of skeletal ages, certain problems are inherent regardless of which standard is selected. One of these is the method of reporting so that the cliniciam may learn of the normal variation at each age as well as the operational error of the specific assessor. Another problem lies in the proper clinical interpretation to be put upon significantly variant skeletal age readings in infancy, in childhood, or in adolescence. A third problem arises in limiting the use of skeletal ages which are read from areas which are involved with osseous pathology. And fourthly, a child's level of maturity is not static throughout his growing years; even with no change in therapeutic regime, marked shifts in relative maturity have been often noted.The wealth of experience which has now been acquired with the Greulich‐Pyle standard is not the least of the advantages in using the Hand for the assessment of skeletal age. The 30 centers in this small area of the body, however, may be harmonious in development or may vary in “maturity” by as much as three years in a single hand. The problems then are: Which centers best represent the individual child? Which centers are most closely related to growth? Is growth in the hand and accurate index of the growth in other areas of the body? In total stature? The clinical assessment of future growth may best be made from a consideration of the whole child: his size, his physical characteristics, and his skeletal age, as well as the pattern of change‐with‐age in each of these.These problems will be discussed with illustrations drawn from the longitudinal Growth Study at this institution.
Tanner‐Whitehouse and Greulich‐Pyle skeletal age velocity comparisons
Authors: Fry Edward I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLongitudinal velocity measurements of Tanner‐Whitehouse (TW) and Greulich‐Pyle (GP) skeletal ages have been determined for 233 Hong Kong Chinese orphanage children. When skeletal age is compared to chronological age (CA) the resulting ratio TW/CA or GP/CA has been titled a Tanner. Tanner values range from 0.74 to 1.26 for the GP/CA calculations and from 0.73 to 1.45 for the TW/CA calculations. The mean Tanner value was much higher for TW velocities (X = 1.19). Age to age variability in velocity is large by either system and generally girls vary more than boys.
Bone age: Its contribution to the prediction of maturational or biological age
Authors: Mellits E. D. , Dorst J. P. , Cheek D. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe bone age of normal children was determined by both the method of Wilkins and the method of Greulich and Pyle. In boys, the mean of the difference between the bone age and the chronological age was significantly greater than zero with the Wilkins method but not with the Greulich and Pyle method.In normal children of both sexes, bone age determined by the Greulich and Pyle method proved to be an important component in equations designed to assess progress along the pathway of growth (Biological Age). These equations combine information concerning body growth, cell growth and body composition. Bone age determined by the Wilkins method, however, was not a significant component in such equations.Biological age equations that include the Greulich and Pyle bone age have been applied to children with a number of diseases that affect growth. In comparison to chronological age, biological age was advanced in obese girls and retarded in boys with both severe congenital heart disease and pituitary dwarfism. Following seven months of therapy with human growth hormone, the latter group showed evidence of catch up growth.
Single versus serial assessment of skeletal age: Either, both or neither?
Authors: Maresh Marion M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAssessments of skeletal age are a valuable adjunct to the clinical evaluation of physical maturity but are more meaningful when considered in relation to chronological age, especially over time, than as separate entities.Data on 51 girls from the Child Research Council study series gave a correlation coefficient of 0.51 between skeletal age (SA) at menarche and chronological age (CA) at menarche — a value in close agreement with data reported from other studies. With a range in SA of 11.58 to 14.89 years, these data were examined further for changes in SA related to timing of adolescence. SA was greater than CA in each of the nine girls whose menarche occurred between 10.5 and 12 years of age. SA was equal to CA in one girl, greater than CA in eight girls and less than CA in 11 girls with menarche between 12.15 and 13.4 years. Of the 22 girls with menarche after 13.5 years, one had SA = CA at 14.89 years and the other 21 all had SA less than CA. An r of 0.84 was calculated between the values of CA minus SA at menarche and CA at menarche. Similar relationships were found between SA and CA at age of maximum increment in growth in height for these girls and for 53 boys in the study series.Longitudinal data for height, weight and SA for four boys and five girls demonstrate the problems of prediction of the timing of adolescence and of adult size from skeletal ages in the childhood years.
Skeletal growth in school children: Maturation and bone mass
Authors: Mazess Richard B. , Cameron John R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSkeletal growth and development was evaluated in 322 white children (age 6 to 14) using three different methods: (1) 125I photon absorptiometry, (2) compact bone measures on radiographs, and (3) Greulich‐Pyle skeletal age from hand‐wrist radiographs. Bone mineral content, measured by photon absorptiometry, increased at an incremental rate of about 8.5% each year. Skeletal age was a poor predictor of skeletal status, i.e., bone mineral content (14% error), and did not decrease the predictive error substantially more than did chronological age. Gross morphology (height and weight) was in fact a better predictor of bone mineral content than were skeletal age, chronological age, and radiographic morphometry. Skeletal age deviations were correlated with deviations in body size. A bone mineral index was devised which was independent of body size and this index was also independent of skeletal age. Skeletal age is imprecise (3 to 6 months error) and the range of variation in normal children (13 months) overlaps the maturational delay of the malnourished and diseased. The difficulties in using skeletal maturation are discussed and it is suggested that particular maturational indices be used which better indicate skeletal growth than does a composite skeletal age.
The value of an assessment of skeletal maturity in orthodontic diagnosis
Authors: Broadbent B. Holly , Golden William H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe diagnosis of an orthodontic case includes not only an assessment of present structure and function but estimates of the extent to which further natural growth is to be expected. This natural growth may assist manipulative treatment; its absence may indicate a need for surgical correction. Estimates of facial growth potential, while not precise, are assisted greatly by assessments of skeletal maturity.
Comparability in skeletal maturation research
Authors: Moore William M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractComparability is a fundamental issue in skeletal maturation research. Since the introduction of the first edition of the Greulich‐Pyle Atlas and the Tanner‐Whitehouse method, a number of methodologic reports have appeared regarding potential sources of error, reliability and replicability in the assessment of skeletal maturity from hand‐wrist radiographs. Some of these reports are mentioned and two recent examples of methodologic studies are cited. Maximum reliability of skeletal assessments can be expected only when there is strict adherence to carefully standardized investigative procedures. Technical as well as human factors must be taken into account to insure minimal variation in findings within and between laboratories over time. Single or serial skeletal radiographs uniformly taken on properly identified subjects constitute a valuable permanent record of biologic maturation. while the film image can be considered as objective evidence of skeletal maturity, a subjective element is introduced in observing and reporting the presence or absence of particular ossification centers, or rating an ossification pattern against a standard. Intra‐ and interobserver skeletal maturity assessment replicability relates to such factors as motivation, training, assessment method, and quality control procedures. Suggestions are presented to facilitate comparability in skeletal maturation research, including the possibility of preparation and distribution of sets of standardized skeletal radiographs for periodic determination and improvement of assessor reliability.
Assessment of skeletal age in short and tall children
Authors: Sproul A. , Peritz E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSkeletal age assessment has been carried out on 843 children between the ages of 31 and 122 months, selected as the tallest 2.5%, shortest 2.5% and median 5% of the Child Health and Development Studies population. Skeletal age was read from a roentgenogram of the left hand and wrist individually for each of the 30 ossification centers with reference to the Greulich and Pyle Atlas, second edition. The readings were performed blind, by one observer and a 20% sample was read a second time blind to determine the replicability of the assessments.Duplicate readings were within two months of each other in mean bone age and almost always within nine months of each other for individual centers.Estimates of weighted mean bone age vary considerably with stature. Mean bone ages of Negro children tend to be higher than those of White children; those of Chinese and Japanese boys tend to be lower than those of White boys. Generally, similar differences were found with respect to the estimated mean ages of onset of ossification for the ulna, lunate, scaphoid, trapezium and trapezoid.
Skeletal maturation of children in Shiraz, Iran
Authors: Forbes Anne P. , Ronaghy Hossein A. , Majd Massoud 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHand‐wrist radiographs were made of 4,551 Shiraz school children and well babies of known age who were also weighed and measured. Medical examinations were not made and selection was biased in favor of the advantaged child because the urban standard of living is higher than the rural in Iran and because the poorest children may not attend elementary school and never attend high school. Nevertheless, height, weight and bone age fell rapidly below the tenth Iowa percentile by the age of two years and did not begin recovery until the age of six years. The distribution of the bone ages in each group was symetrical, not bi‐modal. Bone age offered no advantage over height age as an index of development but analysis of the radiographs provided evidence that the retardation was pathologic rather than genetic. Ossification of individual epiphyses was recorded in 3,333 hands and a marked discrepancy between carpal and phalangeal bones, with the carpal bones most retarded, was documented. A high incidence of pseudoepiphyses was noted.
Skeletal development of non‐institutionalized children with low intelligence quotients
Authors: Haas Jere D. , Hunt Edward E. , Buskirk Elsworth R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChildren of both sexes with mild mental retardation show delays in skeletal maturation and cortical bone growth, but boys in general are more affected than girls. Skeletal age for both sexes is below normal in the younger age groups, but approaches normality at adolescence. None of the measures of IQ is significantly correlated with any of the regional measures of skeletal age in the hand‐wrist. The approach toward normality of skeletal development in this population at adolescence is reflected in their normal time of first appearance of the adductor sesamoid.Anomalies of the hand‐wrist reflect irregularities in comparing normal and low‐IQ children. Only brachymesophalangy V displays significantly higher frequencies in the low‐IQ groups. Due to the cross‐sectional nature of the study and the different methods of classifying anomalies, little can be said about the other comparisons.Growth in cortical bone reflects a consistent trend for both the humerus and second metacarpal. While measures of total diameter and total cross‐sectional area do appear to be below normal standards, the measures of the marrow do not. This finding accounts for a decreased cortical bone thickness and cross‐sectional area in the low‐IQ sample.All measures of the humerus correlate significantly with two IQ scores in the boys and all three scores in the girls. Measures of the total metacarpal and marrow area show significant correlations with the three IQ scores among low‐IQ boys, while only measures of total metacarpal area show significant correlations with verbal IQ in low‐IQ girls. The degree of mental deficiency, then, is only irregularly associated with deficits of bone size for age.
The evolution of the hallucial tarsometatarsal joint in the anthropoidea
Authors: Lewis O. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChanges in the hallucial tarsometatarsal joint, which forms the fulcrum for the grasping hallux, have played a significant role in primate evolution. Comparative studies suggest that one of the morphological novelties heralding the attainment of a monkey grade of structure was the incorporation of the prehallux within this joint. Such a joint is found in the extant Ceboidea and, paradoxically, the Hylobatidae. Hallux and prehallux then form a composite distal articular surface; the proximal surface on the medial cuneiform is completed inferomedially by a convex facet for the prehallux. Divergence of the hallux into the attitude of opposition is accompanied by conjunct rotation, screwing these joint components into a stable, close‐packed position. Suppression of the prehallux is accompanied by clear osteological indicators — the absence of prehallux facets on the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform. This modification of the joint is a feature of cercopithecoid evolution, and has also occurred in the hominoid line, after divergence of the ancestral gibbons and apparently after theDryopithecus (Proconsul)stage. The cladistic relationships indicated by these morphological changes are in striking accord with recent results on primate evolution at the molecular level.
The contribution of size and shape variation to patterns of sexual dimorphism of the human femur
Authors: Van Gerven Dennis P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present research was undertaken to determine the relationship between patterns of generalized intrapopulational variation determined from principal components analysis and patterns of sexual dimorphism determined from Student's t and discriminant function analysis. The analysis was based upon 17 measurements of 97 femurs from a Middle Mississippian Amerindian population. The results of the principal components analysis indicated that the 17 original measurements could be represented as four principal component variates. Inspection of component loadings lent support to the contention that the first principal component reflected variation in general size while components two to four reflected variation in femoral shape.Analysis of the relationship between principal component loading and male‐female differences reflected in Student's t demonstrated a high (0.97) positive correlation between absolute magnitude of loading in the first principal component and magnitude of Student's t. As a result, discriminant analyses of the femur, utilizing univariate criteria for the inclusion of variables, have been biased in the direction of size variation. Subsequent stepwise discriminant function analyses demonstrated that an adequate discriminant model must reflect all dimensions of morphological variation at the intrapopulational level.
A multivariate dental sexing technique
Authors: Ditch Larry E. , Rose Jerome C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a method of sexing skeletal remains using dental measurements. A base sample from a population is sexed with reference to the postcranial skeleton and the dental measurements (buccal‐lingual and mesial‐distal diameters) are analyzed by the discriminant function technique. A linear function is derived, which will classify by sex the remaining portion of the population.
Carpal fusions in children of four South African populations
Authors: Levine Errol 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe incidence of carpal fusions was determined from radiographs of both hands of 2,250 Pretoria schoolchildren aged 72 to 191 months. The group included White, Negro, Coloured and Indian subjects.Of the many possible varieties of carpal fusion, only lunato‐triquetral fusion and capitate‐hamate fusion were encountered.No examples of lunato‐triquetral fusion were encountered in children less than ten years of age. In Pretoria Negroes aged 10 to 15 years, the incidence of lunato‐triquetral synostosis is 4.57%, while Pretoria Coloureds show an incidence of 1.51%. This type of fusion was not noted in the White or Indian populations. Two examples of capitate‐hamate synostosis were encountered in Pretoria Negroes. The available evidence suggests that these two varieties of carpal fusion may be added to the list of discrete traits varying in frequency from population to population and probably reflecting different underlying gene frequencies.No significant sex difference in incidence of lunato‐triquetral fusion was noted in the present study. Lunato‐triquetral fusion is about twice as commonly bilateral as unilateral in occurrence.
Head form and climatic stress
Authors: Beals Kenneth L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEmpiric evidence indicates that the general distribution of the cephalic index is explicable in terms of climatic adaptation. Based on a sample of 339 populations, the magnitude of the index is statistically different between zones of predominantly dry heat, wet heat, wet cold and dry cold. There is an inverse relationship between the mean cephalic index and temperature. It is argued that the occupation of cold climates is one of the circumstances increasing the frequency of brachycephaly through time.
Implications of relative robusticity in the Olduvai Metatarsus
Authors: Archibald J. David , Lovejoy C. Owen , Heiple Kingsbury G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relative robusticity of the metatarsals in OH‐8 is reviewed in light of the normal variation in metatarsal robusticity in Pan and Homo. The pattern in OH‐8 is found to be fully commensurate with a striding gait.
A method for subclassifying the interdigital patterns: A comparative study of the palmar configurations
Authors: Plato C. C. , Wertelecki W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA method for subtyping the interdigital patterns is introduced, which is based upon the direction of the main line terminations as well as the presence of accessory triradii. The palmar patterns of several population samples from our files representing the Caucasians, Negroes, Miconesians and New Guinean groups are evaluted in terms of the introduced calssification and the results demonstrate a number of differences between the major racial groups. In additin, the thenar/I and hypothenar patterns are subtyped according to the classifications of Cummins and Midlo. These data also indicate the inadequacy of the general open/arch, vestige, loop, whorl identification of the plamar patterns. It is hoped that more data will be studied along these lines for establishment of more accurate frequencies among the various racial groups.
Differential sexual dimorphism in bone diameters of subjects of European and African ancestry
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Nagy Jerrold M. , Sandusky Sam T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe 1,589 low‐income adult subjects of primarily African ancestry (American Negroes or “Blacks”) showed systematically less sexual dimorphism in total subperiosteal area (TA), medullary area (MA) and cortical area (CA) than did 4,379 low‐income adult subjects of European derivation (“Whites”). These systematic findings have implications both to the sexing of skeletal remains from diverse populations and to an understanding of population divergences in bone remodeling.