bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive diagnostic assessment of brain tumors using combined in vivo MR imaging and spectroscopy
Authors: Galanaud Damien , Nicoli François , Chinot Olivier , Confort‐Gouny Sylviane , Figarella‐Branger Dominique , Roche Pierre , Fuentès Stéphane , Le Fur Yann , Ranjeva Jean‐Philippe , Cozzone Patrick J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTo determine the potential value of multimodal MRI for the presurgical management of patients with brain tumors, we performed combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) in 164 patients who presented with tumors of various histological subtypes confirmed by surgical biopsy. Univariate statistical analysis of metabolic ratios carried out on the first 121 patients demonstrated significant differences in between‐group comparisons, but failed to provide sufficiently robust classification of individual cases. However, a multivariate statistical approach correctly classified the tumors using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of combined MRI and MRS data. After initial separation of contrast‐enhancing and non‐contrast‐enhancing lesions, 91% of the former and 87% of the latter were correctly classified. The results were stable when this diagnostic strategy was tested on the additional 43 patients included for validation after the initial statistical analysis, with over 90% of correct classification. Combined MRI and MRS had superior diagnostic value compared to MRS alone, especially in the contrast‐enhancing group. This study shows the clinical value of a multivariate statistical analysis based on multimodal MRI and MRS for the noninvasive evaluation of intracranial tumors. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of futility in clinical trials
Authors: Snapinn Steven , Chen Mon‐Gy , Jiang Qi , Koutsoukos Tony 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe term ‘futility’ is used to refer to the inability of a clinical trial to achieve its objectives. In particular, stopping a clinical trial when the interim results suggest that it is unlikely to achieve statistical significance can save resources that could be used on more promising research. There are various approaches that have been proposed to assess futility, including stochastic curtailment, predictive power, predictive probability, and group sequential methods. In this paper, we describe and contrast these approaches, and discuss several issues associated with futility analyses, such as ethical considerations, whether or not type I error can or should be reclaimed, one‐sided vs two‐sided futility rules, and the impact of futility analyses on power. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the effects of area closures and fishing effort restrictions on the production, biomass, and species richness of benthic invertebrate communities
Authors: Hiddink J.G. , Hutton T. , Jennings S. , Kaiser M.J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTo effectively implement an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF), managers need to consider the effects of management actions on the fishery and the ecosystem. Methods for assessing the effects on target stocks are generally well developed, but methods for assessing the effects on other components and attributes of the ecosystem are not. Area closures and effort controls are widely used fishery management tools that affect the distribution of fishing effort and may therefore have consequences for a range of species and habitats. An approach is developed to predict the effects of area closures and effort control on the biomass, production, and species richness of benthic communities in the North Sea. The redistribution of beam trawling effort as a result of management action was modelled with a random utility model, assuming that fishers selected fishing grounds on the basis of their knowledge of past catch rates. The effects of trawling on benthic invertebrates were predicted using a size-based model that accounted for differences in habitat among fishing grounds. Our simulations demonstrated that closures of different sizes and in different locations could have positive or negative effects on benthic communities. These predicted effects resulted from the trade-off between recovery in the closed areas and additional trawling effects in the open areas that arose from displaced fishing activity. In the absence of effort controls, closure of lightly fished areas had the strongest positive effect on benthic communities. Effort reduction also had a positive effect. Therefore, area closures in lightly fished areas, coupled with effort reduction, are expected to minimize the effects of fishing on benthic communities. As it was not possible to access full international data for the North Sea beam trawl fleet, the results of the analyses are illustrative rather than complete. Nevertheless, what is demonstrated is an effective approach for assessing the environmental consequences of fishery management action that can be used to inform management decision-making as part of an EAF.
Predictability of ecosystem engineering effects on species richness across environmental variability and spatial scales
Authors: WRIGHT JUSTIN P. , JONES CLIVE G. , BOEKEN BERTRAND , SHACHAK MOSHE 
Published: May 2006

Summary
The effect of physical ecosystem engineering – structurally mediated modification of the abiotic environment by organisms – on species richness and composition probably depends on the area of observation and environmental context.
We develop specific hypotheses to evaluate how such effects will vary with spatial scale and environmental variability, and test these hypotheses by examining the effects of shrub mounds on the diversity of annual plant communities in the Negev Desert, Israel.
We find that previously reported increases in species richness at small spatial scales as a result of shrub mounds are maintained at large spatial scales because shrub mounds host a number of species never found in adjacent crust patches.
We find that the magnitude of this effect is dependent on annual precipitation, with shrub mounds having a smaller effect in years with higher precipitation.
The results generally support our hypotheses. Given the ubiquity of ecosystem engineering, these results have the potential to explain variation in patterns of ecosystem engineer‐induced diversity across ecosystems and environmental gradients. In general, understanding the interactions between resources modified by an ecosystem engineer and the availability of these resources in unmodified habitats aids prediction of the magnitude of the effects of an ecosystem engineer on diversity.
Translocation of viable Aeromonas salmonicida across the intestine of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Jutfelt F , Olsen R E , Glette J , Ringø E , Sundell K 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of the destructive disease furunculosis in salmonids. Horizontal transmission in salmonids has been suggested to occur via the skin, gills and/or intestine. Previous reports are contradictory regarding the role of the intestine as a route of infection. The present study therefore investigates the possibility of bacterial translocation across intestinal epithelia using Ussing chamber technology, in vitro. Intestinal segments were exposed for 90 min to fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labelled pathogenic A. salmonicida. Sampling from the serosal side of the Ussing chambers showed that bacteria were able to translocate across the intestinal epithelium in both the proximal and distal regions. Plating and subsequent colony counting showed that the bacteria were viable after translocation. During the 90 min exposure to A. salmonicida, the intestinal segments maintained high viability as measured by electrical parameters. The distal region responded to bacterial exposure by increasing the electrical resistance, indicating an increased mucus secretion. This study thus demonstrates translocation of live A. salmonicida through the intestinal epithelium of rainbow trout, suggesting that the intestine is a possible route of infection in salmonids.
Effectiveness of Excimer Laser‐Assisted Pacing and ICD Lead Extraction in Children and Young Adults
Authors: MOAK JEFFREY P. , FREEDENBERG VICKI , RAMWELL CAROLYN , SKEETE ALLISON 
Published: May 2006

Background: High capture thresholds, decreased electrical sensing, and lead fractures continue to be a problem in children undergoing transvenous pacing. The clinician must therefore decide at the time of pacing system revision to either abandon chronically implanted transvenous pacing leads or extract them.
Methods: We report our experience using an excimer laser‐assisted (LA) strategy for removing chronically implanted pacing (36) and implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) (7) leads in children and young adults. The study population consisted of 25 patients, in whom 29 procedures were performed. The patients ranged in age from 8.4 to 39.9 years, median age was 13.9 years, at the time of the extraction procedure. In all procedures, a Spectranectics™ locking stylet and excimer laser sheath were used to assist in lead extraction.
Results: Lead removal was complete for 39 (91%) leads, and partial for four leads. In two patients, the pacing lead tip was retained and in two, the ring electrode from a bipolar pacing lead was left in situ. All ICD leads were removed completely. Two major complications occurred—cardiac perforation and tamponade (1), and thrombosis of the left subclavian/innominate vein (1). LA extraction facilitated the implantation of new pacing or ICD leads in three patients with obstructed venous access.
Conclusions: Removal of pacing and ICD leads using an excimer LA technique was highly successful. Lead removal was complete in 91%. The most common indication for lead removal in our study was lead fracture. Complications were few, but may be significant.
Clinical outcome of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection: the bug, the host, or the environment?
Authors: Sgouros S N , Bergele C 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
It is well established that only a minority of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection develop severe inflammation leading to peptic ulcer or gastric cancer. Recent evidence suggests that the virulence factors of the organism do not seem crucial in the progression of inflammation towards a more severe disease. It seems probable that other host derived and environmental factors are more significant in determining clinical outcome but additional studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of infection.
A single centre cohort experience with a new once daily antiretroviral drug
Authors: Stebbing J , Bower M , Holmes P , Gazzard B , Nelson M 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Atazanavir, an azadipeptide protease inhibitor (PI) with once daily dosing, a lack of insulin resistance, lipid increase, and gastrointestinal toxicities, is approved in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of patients infected with HIV. Unboosted atazanavir is also used in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) naive patients.

Methods
The study prospectively followed up an established cohort of patients who received atazanavir, and for whom one year of follow up data were available.

Results
It was found that use of atazanavir in intent to treat and on treatment analyses, maintained and led to virological suppression and increases in CD4 count in both PI naive and experienced patients. Virological failure occurred in 7% of patients and the main toxicity was hyperbilirubinaemia, which led to treatment withdrawal in 2%. Its efficacy and safety profile was similar to that seen in previous randomised studies investigating its use.

Conclusions
These data should provide reassurance for clinicians wishing to introduce a new antiretroviral into an established cohort.
The Constitutional Convention of Massachusetts
Authors: Evans Lawrence B. 
Published: May 2006

The constitutional convention of Massachusetts which assembled in the city of Boston, June 6, 1917, and finally terminated its labors at a short session of two days in August, 1919, is the fourth body of this kind which the Old Bay State has had. The first convention was held in 1779 and 1780 in Cambridge and Boston, and formulated the constitution of 1780. This instrument, to which sixty-six amendments have been added, is the oldest written constitution now in force anywhere in the world. The second convention was held in 1820, and submitted a series of resolutions part of which were adopted and part rejected by the people. A third convention met in 1853 all of whose proposals were rejected. After an interval of sixty-four years, a fourth convention was called, which met in 1917 and again in 1918 and yet again in 1919. It submitted to the people twenty-two amendments and a revised draft of the constitution, all of which were accepted.The convention was composed of 320 delegates. Of these 16 were elected at large, 4 were elected by each congressional district, and the remaining 240 were elected from the districts created for the purpose of choosing members of the state house of representatives. They were elected without party designations, but before the election took place, the lines between the friends and the opponents of the initiative and referendum were rather sharply drawn, and this served practically all the purposes of party organization and designation. In fact, this question dominated the whole of the first session of the convention and overshadowed other questions which were probably of greater importance.
Constitutionality of Merit System Legislation
Authors: Arneson Ben A. 
Published: May 2006

Constitutional objections to many of the provisions of the civil service laws have been raised in several of the jurisdictions in which such legislation has been enacted. In addition to the national government there are today ten states which have provided for the application of the merit system to the appointment of all or a portion of the administrative officers and employees. These ten states with the dates of the adoption of the law are as follows: New York, 1883; Massachusetts, 1884; Wisconsin, 1905; New Jersey, 1908; Illinois, 1911; Colorado, 1912; Ohio, California and Connecticut, 1913; and Kansas, 1915. In Illinois and Colorado the employees in the state institutions had been under the merit system for several years prior to the adoption of the general civil service laws.In four of these jurisdictions—California, Colorado, Connecticut and Kansas—there have been no cases involving the constitutionality of civil service legislation. In Colorado there have been at least two bitter controversies in the courts as to the interpretation of the law but in neither case did the parties who fought the law contend that it was unconstitutional. The question of the legality of the adoption of the Colorado law has also been before the courts; but the constitutionality of the provisions of the law has not been attacked. In New Jersey the only case of importance touching the matter of constitutionality is that of the Attorney-General v. McGuinness, but here the decision dealt entirely with the constitutionality of one of the methods prescribed for extending the operation of the law to municipalities.
Defective Methods of Legislation
Authors: Bruncken Ernest 
Published: May 2006

Frequent, emphatic, and apparently unanimous for many years, have been the complaints that there is too great an output of statutory law by the fifty-odd legislative bodies within the sovereignty of the United States. No less widespread are the charges that the majority of these statutes are unwise, ill-digested and badly drawn. Rarely, however, does one hear a remedy suggested, nor are the causes of these evils often subjected to analysis. The newspapers, to be sure, with their admirable capacity for passing judgment on all things at a moment's notice, without need of the slow process by which other people must arrive at conclusions, have long ago found both the cause and the cure. It would seem, according to most of them, that the cause is found in the preternatural wickedness and incapacity of the men elected to legislatures; while the remedy appears to lie in having just as few sessions as possible, and having the members hurry through their task with the greatest speed that is physically attainable. The public, having no other means of information, reflect the reportorial wisdom.This paper proposes to show that the true cause of the evil is found in the constitution and methods of our legislative bodies, by which a thorough discussion of proposed legislation, and a proper sifting of worthy bills out of the chaff, are made exceedingly difficult. If the cause is clearly understood, a point of vantage will have been gained from which reforms can be undertaken with reasonable hope of success.
Political Theories of the Cupreme Court from 1789–1835
Authors: Haines Charles G. 
Published: May 2006

Prior to the time of the organization of the national government under the Constitution of 1787 the province of a court was very definitely determined. In accordance with the principles of ancient custom, a court was a tribunal established by law with the power to hear controversies between persons and to administer relief or punishment. It was the business of a court to interpret, pronounce and execute the law, to decide controversies and enforce rights. In the words of Lord Coke, “ a court is a place where justice is judicially ministered.”Such was the traditional position of a court when the Federal Constitution went into operation in 1789. A supreme court was provided for, to be organized by congress, in whose hands was placed the authority to create such inferior courts as might be necessary to carry out the judicial duties allotted to the federal government. The supreme court which was established by one of the first acts of the congress which met in 1789 very soon recognized and affirmed the limited and definite field for the exercise of judicial authority.
The Working of the State-Wide Referendum in Illinois
Authors: Gardner C. O. 
Published: May 2006

The Illinois constitution of 1870 contains several specific provisions for state-wide referenda. In addition to a popular vote on all proposed changes in the fundamental law, a referendum is required on the question of disposing of Illinois and Michigan Canal lands, on incurring state indebtedness above a certain sum, on acts or amendments thereto creating banking corporations, and on additional appropriations for the state house. The Public Opinion law of 1901 enlarged the field of the referendum by providing for the submission of questions of public policy, the result to be considered merely as an expression of public sentiment. This law and the constitutional provisions mentioned above constitute the sum total of all sources for referenda affecting the entire state.The constitutions of 1818 and 1848 provided for even fewer opportunities for a popular vote on public measures. The earlier of these documents contained only one section relating to a referendum of any sort, and it dealt with the question of calling a constitutional convention. The second constitution enlarged the total number of possible questions so as to include two others.
The British Trade Disputes Act of 1927
Authors: Mason Alpheus T. 
Published: May 2006

One does not speak of the rights of American trade unions glibly or in off-hand fashion. Unlike the English policy of defining the rights of labor by legislative enactment, our legislatures, both federal and state, have been particularly slow to make such definition. Such predicability as the labor law has thus far assumed has been largely the work of the courts. Here, in other words, we discover the rights of trade unions in the opinions of the courts; in England, we have been accustomed to look to the statute-book rather than to judicial opinions. Comparatively, English labor law has at least enjoyed the merit of being reasonably predicable. The acts of 1859, 1871, 1875, 1906, and 1913 were all designed either to make the existing law more definite or to overturn a judicial interpretation of the law adverse to labor. Thus, by the year 1927 the law was rather definite. The statutes contained statements of what labor could or could not do. A reading of the recent Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act of July 29, 1927, raises the question whether this legislation marks a change in the English policy of fixing the rights of labor by legislative definition.The immediate occasion for the recent act was the general strike of May, 1926. Introduced and rushed through Parliament by the present Conservative government, this measure failed to receive the preliminary study and consideration that preceded the introduction of the acts of 1871 and 1906.
Labor Parties in Japan
Authors: Colegrove Kenneth 
Published: May 2006

One of the results of the passage of the manhood suffrage law of 1925 in Japan has been the rise of proletarian parties and the election of eight of their candidates as members of the Diet. In the House of Representatives these new members find themselves in the company of half a dozen minor parties and a group of independents, alternately ignored and courted by the two major parties. Their appearance coincides with a time when liberal opinion in Japan favors the two-party rather than the multiple-party system. But the economic significance of the new parties has saved them from the aspersion of merely adding to the confusion of minor groups. Moreover, the failure of Japanese liberals to develop a great party of liberalism invites a new association to seize a vantage ground so long unoccupied.On the eve of the general election of 1928 the founders of the proletarian parties had reason to hope that careful strategy in the campaign would give the new parties a good start upon the same road that led the Labor party in Great Britain to the leadership of the parliamentary opposition and finally into office. The manhood suffrage act had increased the electorate from 3,341,000 to 12,534,360. Among the nine million new voters are included practically all the male factory toilers and agricultural workers. Here, indeed, is a rich field for proletarian vote-getting.
The Balkan Question—The Key to a Permanent Peace
Authors: Spencer Arthur W. 
Published: May 2006

The march of events has vindicated the reasoning of those who, for many years, in innumerable books and magazine articles, have been warning the western world of the perils lurking in the “danger zone of Europe,” and the present European war is nothing more nor less than the Armageddon which has at last been removed from the realm of obscure apprehension to that of pitiless reality.The Balkan question cannot be finally settled by the outcome of military operations alone, however decisive they may appear. If the solution imposed by military force is also the solution dictated by justice, it may be reasonably relied on for permanency. If on the contrary it merely represents the triumph of might over right the decision will be sure to be contested and we must look forward to future wars. Consequently the powers which will determine the form of the treaty of peace should seek a solution in harmony with justice first of all, in a steadfast desire to secure the peace and stability of Europe.