bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Practical, Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of the Trisaccharide Repeating Unit of a Streptococcus pneumoniae Polysaccharide
Authors: Kaji Eisuke , Lichtenthaler Frieder W , Osa Yumiko , Takahashi Keiko , Matsui Eiko , Zen Shonosuke 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A highly stereoselective method has been developed for the synthesis of the trisaccharide component of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19F. The key intermediate, 2-benzoyloxyiminoglycosyl bromide was successfully utilized for the construction of the N-acetyl-β-D-mannosamine unit of the trisaccharide.
Orientation Control of Quinacridone Derivatives with Long Alkyl Chains in Langmuir-Blodgett Films
Authors: Nakahara Hiroo , Kitahara Kiyoshi , Nishi Hisao , Fukuda Kiyoshige 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
By introducing four alkyl chains to quinacridone, the soluble derivatives can be spread as monolayers on water surface and their surface pressure – area isotherms were found to depend significantly on the temperature and the alkyl chain length. Different orientations and packings were realized, depending on the alkyl substituents.
Oxygen-Dependent Photoreactions of 3-Substituted N-Methylpyridinium in Methanol
Authors: Ohkoshi Shin-ichi , Ohhata Keishi , Okumura Koichi , Kajitani Masatsugu , Sugiyama Toru , Sakaguchi Yoshio , Nakamura Junko , Hayashi Hisaharu , Sugimori Akira 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The photoreactions of 3-methoxycarbonyl-N-methylpyridinium perchlorate (1a) and 3-carbamoyl-N-methylpyridinium perchlorate (1b) under N2 give the products methylated at the 6- and 4-positions in methanol. Under O2, the photoreaction of 1a is drastically changed to give a product methoxylated at the 2-position and hydroxylated at the 5-position simultaneously. This compound is unstable and changes to 5-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-N-methyl-2-pyridone (5a). Only one atom of O2 is incorporated in 5a. The photoreaction of 1b is completely inhibited by O2.
Easy Separation of the Cis-syn-Cis and Cis-anti-Cis Isomers of Dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6
Authors: Guyon Vincent , Landre Philippe Drognat , Guy Alain , Foos Jacques , Lemaire Marc 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The separation of the cis-anti-cis and the cis-syn-cis isomers of DCH18C6 from a mixture of cis isomers of commercial DCH18C6 is achieved by selective crystallization of the uranyl nitrate/DCH18C6 cis-anti-cis complex.
High Selective Solvent Extraction of Palladium(II), Rhodium(III), and Platinum(IV) with 2-Ethylhexylaminomethylpyridine from Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Baba Yoshinari , Fukumoto Toshihiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
2-Ethylhexylaminomethylpyridine can extract Pd(II), Rh(III) and Pt(IV) with excellent selectivity over Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Ir(III) from the aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. It forms 1:1 complexes with palladium(II), rhodium(III), and platinum(IV) ions accompanied by chloride ions.
Synthesis and Characterization of Barium(II) Macrobicyclic Complexes and Related Compounds
Authors: Tsubomura Taro , Sato Tadanobu , Yasaku Kouichi , Sakai Ken , Kobayashi Kimiko , Morita Makoto 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
New mononuclear metal-cage complexes of a macrobicyclic ligand, pytren (metal = Ba(II), K(I), and Cs(I) and pytren = 1,4,12,15,18,26,31,39,42,43,44-undeca-azapentacyclo[13.13.13.16,10.120,24.133,37]tetratetraconta-4,6(42),7,9,11,18,20(43),21,23,25,31,33(44),34,36,38-pentadecaene), were prepared and characterized including the crystal structure analysis of [Ba(pytren)](B(C6H5)4)2.
Molecular Complex Formation of Diphenyl Selenides with Bromine. Electronic and Steric Requirements
Authors: Nakanishi Waro , Hayashi Satoko , Nakamura Yosuke , Iwamura Hiizu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The structure of o-, m-, and p-substituted diphenyl selenide dibromides (ArSeBr2Ar′) is described. The adducts were MC’s for Ar = Ar′ = 2-ClC6H4, 3- and 4-NCC6H4, 3- and 4-O2NC6H4, 3,5-Cl2C6H3, and 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, while they were TB’s for Ar = Ar′ = 2-MeC6H4 and 4-EtOCOC6H4 and (Ar, Ar′) = (3,5-(O2N)2C6H3, Ph). The electronic and steric requirements were discussed based on the CV data of the parent selenides.
Sol-Gel Phase Transition of Switch-Functionalized Cholesterols as Detected by Circular Dichroism
Authors: Murata Kazutaka , Aoki Masayoshi , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Cholesterol derivatives containing an azobenzene moiety coupled to C3 of a steroidal moiety showed the reversible sol-gel phase transition in certain organic solvents. Strong ICD spectra appeared in the gel phase, but the ICD disappeared in the sol phase. The sol-gel phase transition which accompanies the drastic ICD spectral change was synchronously induced by light-mediated cis-trans isomerism of the azobenzene moiety.
A Novel Role of Methanol in In-Cage Reaction of Radical Cations During Photosensitized C–C Bond Cleavage of 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethane
Authors: Ishiguro Katsuya , Osaki Toshihiko , Sawaki Yasuhiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The C-C bond cleavage in the photosensitized one-electron oxidation of 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane in MeCN was significantly reduced by the addition of MeOH. A laser flash study revealed that protic solvents suppressed the formation of dissociated cation radicals but not that of sensitizer anions. A novel synergistic oxidation of solvent methanol with ion pairs is suggested.
High Dioxygen Uptake by Hetero-Metal Binuclear Co(II)-Fe(II)-Schiff Base Complexes Systems in Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Abe Yuriko , Shinguhara Kyoko , Yano Shigenobu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Reactions of N,N′-ethylenenbis(salicylideneiminato)cobalt(II), Co(salen), and its ring-substituted analogues with Fe2+ ion under nitrogen atmosphere in dimethyl sulfoxide readily afforded hetero-metal binuclear Co(II)-Fe(II)-Schiff base complexes, which have much higher uptake for dioxygen than do only the Co(II) Schiff base complexes.
Upgrading of Coal Liquid on Pentasil Type Ga-Silicate
Authors: Inui Tomoyuki , Tu Xinlin , Goto Akihito , Inoue Masashi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Although coal liquid showed negligible reactivity on the pentasil type Ga-silicate because of the presence of inhibitors, it significantly increased in reactivity by washing with polar organic solvents and afforded BTX in a 60% yield.
A New Class of Mesomorphic Materials Designed from Calix[n]arenes
Authors: Komori Takashi , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
O-Methylated calix[n]arenas (n = 4, 6, and 8) coupled to C6H4-p-CmH2m+1 (m = 8, 12, 14, and 16) via an azomethine linkage were synthesized. It was found that some of them show stable flow birefringence or readily form stable liquid crystals.
Synthesis of Novel Neutral Five-coordinated Pt(II) Complexes Comprised of π-Acceptor Ligands Alone and Their Application to Electrophilic Activation of C-H Bond of Saturated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Yamakawa Tetsu , Fujita Toshio , Shinoda Sumio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Neutral five-coordinated platinum(II) complexes ([Pt(SnCl3)2(P(OR)3)3]; R = Me, Et) with high solubility to hydrocarbon solvents have been newly synthesized. The characteristic ligand composition (all π-acceptor ligands) gives the Pt(II) center both enhanced electrophilicity and stability against reduction, due to which thermal (non-photolytic) catalytic dehydrogenation of cyclooctane in homogeneous solutions was achieved under mild reaction conditions, including electrophilic C-H bond activation.
Enantioselective Alkylation of Hydrophobic Vitamin B12 Bearing a Binaphthyl Moiety
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Hisaeda Yoshio , Kohno Hiroshi , Ohno Teruhisa 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The enantioselective alkylation of hydrophobia vitamin B12 derivatives at the β-axial site was examined in methanol with various alkyl bromides, and those B12 analogues bearing a peripheral binaphthyl moiety showed the highest S-selectivity toward enantiomeric alkyl bromides among vitamin B12 models as caused by a steric effect of the peripheral substituent.
Rotamers of 1-Phenylethylamine Ligands in (R,S)- and (S,S)-trans-Bis(succinimidato)-bis(1-phenylethylamine)palladium(II) Complexes
Authors: Shimomura Hiroshi , Komorita Seiko , Kuma Hiro , Kushi Yoshihiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Both trans-[Pd(succim)2(R-phenea)(S-phenea)] and trans-[Pd(Succim)2(S-phenea)2] (succim = succinimidate, phenea = 1-phenylethylamine) were prepared and their crystal structures were determined by X-ray analysis. Three different staggered rotamers around N-C bond of the phenea ligands have been found.
Characterization of the Sulfonic Esters Adopting a Folded Conformation with Stacked Aromatic Moieties
Authors: Nagao Yoshimitsu , Sano Shigeki , Nakagawa Satoshi , Tanaka Miho , Shiro Motoo , Taga Tohru 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Systematic characterization of several molecules, adopting a folded conformation with stacked aromatic moieties, is investigated by utilizing X-ray crystallographic and 1H NMR analyses. Bridging two aromatic moieties with a sulfonic ester bond proved to be a significant factor for adopting a folded conformation.
Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation of Crotonaldehyde over Silver-Manganese Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Nagase Yoshinori , Nakamura Hironobu , Yazawa Yutaka , Imamoto Takako 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The liquid-phase hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde has been investigated over silver-manganese oxide catalyst. The selectivity to 2-buten-1-ol was 71.8% at a conversion of crotonaldehyde of 85.1%.
Sensitization of Edman Amino Acid Derivatives Using the Electron Capture Sensitive Reagent, 1-Trifluoro-2-amino-ethane
Authors: Jone Carl S , Kamo Masaharu , Sano Mitsuru , Tsugita Akira 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
2-Anilino-5-thiazolinone amino acids, intermediates of Edman degradation, were reacted with 1-trifluoro-2-amino-ethane in vapor phase. The products were analysed by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. The reaction was quantitative and capable of being used for micro amount of protein because the large excess of gas phase reagent was easily removed after the reaction. Sensitivity of detection of the reaction product was about 50 femtomole.
Stress-induced hyperthermia in the rat: comparison of classical and novel recording methods
Authors: Dallmann R , Steinlechner S , von Hörsten S , Karl T 
Published: March 2006

Stress causes a rise in body temperature in laboratory animals (stress-induced hyperthermia). However, the direct effect of common stressors in animal research, i.e. transportation between holding and test rooms or isolation of animals, on body temperature has not been investigated to its full extent. To address this question, it is important to have a reliable and simple monitoring technique, which does not induce stress itself. In the present study, we investigated stress-related changes in body temperature of F344/Hw rats after (1) moving the cage within the holding room, (2) moving the cage from the holding room to another test room and (3) social deprivation (isolation). A combination of two different body temperature recording methods was used to clarify their accuracy and stress-inductive character: rectal temperature recording and peritoneal implanted temperature sensors (Thermochron iButtons). The results demonstrate that (1) different stressors induce a significant rise in body temperature, (2) which is detectable for more than 60 min and (3) it is of importance to standardize temperature recording methods in order to avoid confounding effects of the recording method itself. Furthermore, Thermochron iButtons are more accurate and reliable for body temperature studies than rectal recordings.
Another way to look at high service utilization: the contribution of disability
Authors: McColl Mary , Shortt Sam 
Published: March 2006

Objectives: High users of health services are usually identified in terms of their health complications stemming from the coincidence of a number of chronic conditions. Instead, this analysis attempts to characterize high users in terms of disability, based on the belief that disability provides a more detailed and accurate representation of functional needs and health consequences. The study compares the characteristics of high users of health services among Canadian adults (aged 20–65) with those of low to moderate users and non-users. Methods: Secondary analysis of data collected for the National Population Health Survey, a cross-sectional public-use population-based national survey, conducted in 1998–99. Results: No matter how disability is conceptualized and measured, it has the strongest association of all the variables considered with health service utilization. Whether looking at the simple presence of a disability or at specific impairments or activity restrictions, there is at least a two-fold increase in the risk of high use over the non-disabled. Conclusions: The present study challenges the clinical wisdom that high users should be the target for efforts to reduce the overall consumption of health services. Many high users consume on the basis, not of choice, but of need rooted in disability. Moreover, when compared with low or moderate service users, their clinical condition is exacerbated by social factors, including lower income, less education and less immediate family support. Equity cannot be achieved by focusing on reducing consumption by this clinically and socially vulnerable group.
Managing the introduction of expensive medical procedures: use of a registry
Authors: Grilli Roberto , Taroni Francesco 
Published: March 2006

Objectives: To explore how the adoption of medical innovations challenges tax-financed health systems, drawing from the case of sirolimus eluting stents, a promising and costly innovation for percutaneous coronary interventions. Methods: The coverage decisions for the new stents adopted in Emilia-Romagna, an Italian region, are described. The innovation was adopted through a process combining the development of clinical guidelines targeting their use to selected clinical indications, negotiation with the manufacturer for reducing price, and the organization of a registry for monitoring its patterns of utilization and assessing its effectiveness. Results: Overall, 17% of the 6276 patients included in the registry over a 12-month period had the new stent. Wide differences between published trials on sirolimus eluting stents and actual clinical practice emerged. The new stents were frequently (23%) used in combination with traditional bare metal stents, and for indications (acute myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary disease) never included in clinical experiments (25% and 8% of the cases, respectively). Patients' outcomes were also different, the overall rate of major adverse cardiac events being relatively higher (12%) than that shown in clinical trials. Conclusions: The actions undertaken for the new stents allowed a timely, and at the same time targeted and monitored, adoption of the innovation. This experience highlights how policy decisions related to new medical products could benefit from the availability of clinical databases providing key information on how innovations are actually used and on their impact on clinical practice.
Possession of health insurance in Australia – how does it affect hospital use and outcomes?
Authors: Brameld Kate , Holman D'Arcy , Moorin Rachael 
Published: March 2006

Objective: To assess the effect of possession of private health insurance on hospital use and outcomes in Western Australia. Method: Hospital morbidity records were extracted from the Western Australian (WA) Data Linkage System for all 22 major diagnostic categories (MDCs) for the period 1994–99, with follow-up to the end of 2000. Multivariate modelling techniques were used to estimate the effect of possession of private health insurance on hospital admission rates, average and total length of stay (LOS), cumulative incidence of admission at 30 days and one year, and case fatality at one year. Results: Possession of private health insurance had significant effects on hospital use and outcomes, even after adjustments for age, sex, aboriginality, socioeconomic status, location and comorbidity. Non-insured patients tended to have a higher overall hospital admission rate but a lower admission rate for surgical episodes, and they generally had a longer LOS although this difference was only greater than a day in three MDCs. Case fatality was higher in non-insured patients, but there was no systematic trend with regard to readmission rates. Conclusions: The study found that for all MDCs, other than those where treatment was required on an emergency basis, patients with private health insurance had improved access to surgical procedures. Either non-insured patients were disadvantaged in their access to surgery or the higher intervention rate in privately insured patients represented supplier-/consumer-induced demand which may not always have been to the patient's advantage or both may have occurred.
'I suppose that depends on how I was feeling at the time': perspectives on questionnaires measuring quality of life and musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Ong Bie Nio , Hooper Helen , Jinks Clare , Dunn Kate , Croft Peter 
Published: March 2006

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the thoughts and reasoning of respondents in relation to their experience of back and knee pain while they were completing validated health status questionnaires as part of two epidemiological surveys. Methods: Qualitative interviews with 10 participants who were sampled from previous questionnaire responders. Content analysis identified emerging themes. Analysis allowed for a comparison with other research, for a focus on disease-specific questionnaire interpretations, and use of additional survey material (i.e. annotations alongside questionnaire items and accompanying letters). Results: Adaptation to limitations and comparisons with previous self and/or others changed the way people responded to the standardized questions. The determination of specific periods of pain proved very difficult for respondents because pain, and low back pain in particular, was rarely experienced as a stable phenomenon. In addition, the time frames used in questionnaires were often at variance with the lived reality of pain and its effects on individuals' perceptions of time. Respondents tended to emphasize the context within which they experienced pain, and in the case of knee pain, often ranked this pain in relation to other health issues. Conclusions: In epidemiological studies, differences in interpretations are averaged across large samples, but we argue that a deeper understanding of the range of individual interpretations is important if one is to acknowledge the different meanings of pain within populations. The accounts of pain sufferers are highly complex and variable. Multi-method studies offer an opportunity to explore these using complementary approaches. This may lead to both more patient-centred research and health service provision.
Paediatric home care: a systematic review of randomized trials on costs and effectiveness
Authors: Parker Gillian , Bhakta Padma , Lovett Caroline , Olsen Richard , Paisley Suzy , Turner David 
Published: March 2006

Objective: To review systematically randomized trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness and costs of paediatric home care. Methods: National Health Service (NHS) Centre for Reviews and Dissemination guidelines were followed. In all, 20 electronic and other sources were searched, using specially designed strategies. Economic studies and other selected designs were included, but only RCT findings – on service use, clinical outcomes, costs, and impact on the family – are reported here. Analysis is descriptive, with pooled standard mean differences used where meta-analysis was possible. Results: About 1730 identified records up to August 2001 were potentially relevant. In all, 10 RCTs (24 papers) were finally included, covering five types of paediatric home care – for very low birth weight or medically 'fragile' infants, for asthma or diabetes, for technology-dependent children, for mental health, and generic home care. Paediatric home care may enhance physical and mental development for very low birth weight infants and may be cheaper but the evidence is not strong. Home care for diabetes or asthma may reduce parents' costs with some clinical but no social differences noticeable. No randomized trials for technologically dependent children were found. Home care for mental health may increase parental satisfaction with services and reduce some health service and residential care costs. Generic home care showed no clinical effects at early follow-up. Partial follow-up after five years suggested improved psychological adjustment. No cost data were available for this care model. Conclusions: Despite recent expansion, research evidence from randomized trials for paediatric home care is slight, and methods used are weak in places. Paediatric home care poses practical and ethical questions that cannot be addressed by RCTs.
Volumetric–Densimetric Measurements of the Adsorption Equilibria of Binary Gas Mixtures
Authors: Keller J.U. , Iossifova N. , Zimmermann W. 
Published: March 2006

A new method for measuring the binary co-adsorption equilibria of gas mixtures with non-isomeric components on porous solids such as activated carbons or zeolites is proposed. The method does not require an analysis of the sorptive gas phase in adsorption equilibrium and can be automated fairly simply. It consists of a simple volumetric/manometric gas expansion arrangement combined with the measurement of the density of the sorptive gas mixture in equilibrium via the buoyancy of a sinker fixed to a microbalance. These gas density measurements can be performed on-line preferably with a magnetic suspension balance (MSB) (Rubotherm GmbH, Bochum, Germany, 2-site-type). The experimental lay-out of the instrument used is given and the measurement procedure is outlined. The theory of the measurement is presented and expressions for experimental uncertainties of component masses adsorbed are provided. As examples, the co-adsorption equilibria data of gas mixtures (CO2/CH4) and (H2/CH4) on activated carbon (D47/3, CarboTech, Essen, Germany) at 293 K and 333 K for pressures up to 2 MPa are presented and discussed to a certain extent.
Vibration Monitoring for Local Tooth Damage in Multistage Gearboxes
Authors: Gelman L. , Zimroz R. , Birkel J. , Leigh-Firbank H. , Simms D. , Waterland B. , Whitehurst G. 
Published: March 2006

An adaptive approach was applied for local tooth damage diagnostics in gearboxes. The expediency of adaptation was proved experimentally for the new diagnostic feature, the sum of normalized sideband amplitudes. The positive correlation between mesh amplitudes and their sideband amplitudes was found experimentally for the first time. Novel adaptive vibration condition monitoring technology for local tooth damage in gearboxes was developed and experimentally validated. The experimental results showed an increase in effectiveness of the diagnostics when the adaptive technology was used.
Policy responses to crisis: the case of the UK firefighters’ dispute
Authors: Dinan William , Ford Allison , McConnell Allan , Pyper Robert 
Published: March 2006

English
This article seeks to examine the UK government's policy responses to the 2002–04 firefighters’ dispute, a prolonged crisis which necessitated the activation of the central government's contingency planning procedures for a public safety emergency. The framework for analysis draws on a set of key criteria against which governmental and organisational policy responses to crises can be categorised: agenda management, centralisation of policy responses, decentralisation of policy responses, bureaucratic politics and strategic evasion. The article shows that the sum total of all these patterns is a strong Westminster-centric response, rather than one that is more differentiated or ‘hollowed out’.