bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Administration and Related Factors Associated with Postoperative Colic and Survival in Horses with Small Intestinal Disease
Authors: FOGLE CALLIE A. , GERARD MATHEW P. , ELCE YVONNE A. , LITTLE DIANNE , MORTON ALISON J. , CORREA MARIA T. , BLIKSLAGER ANTHONY T. 
Published: July 2008

Objective—To analyze the effect of the intraoperative use of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CBMC) and related perioperative factors on postoperative colic and survival in horses that had abdominal surgery for colic.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Horses (n=203) that had surgery for small intestinal disease; 33 horses had intraoperative administration of CBMC.Methods—Information was obtained from medical records for 170 horses that had surgery for colic before use of CBMC and 33 horses that had intraoperative CBMC. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to estimate median survival time and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio for the effect of CBMC and other perioperative variables on survival.Results—Seventy‐five percent of horses administered CBMC survived to 180 days, whereas 75% of untreated horses survived 8 days (median survival time=18 days). Horses not administered CBMC were twice as likely to die compared with horses administered CBMC. Horses that had postoperative ileus (POI) were 1.4 times more likely to die than horses without ileus. Similarly, horses with signs of colic after surgery were 1.3 times more likely to die than horses without postoperative signs of colic.Conclusions—CBMC administration is seemingly protective against death and prolongs survival when used intraoperatively in horses with small intestine disease, particularly horses with postoperative colic or POI. Both POI and colic increased risk of death after surgery.Clinical Relevance—Intraoperative administration of CBMC in horses that have surgery for small intestinal disease may improve survival, possibly by reducing early adhesion formation.
Interstitial Cajal‐like cells (ICLC) in myocardial sleeves of human pulmonary veins
Authors: Gherghiceanu Mihaela , Hinescu M. E. , Andrei F. , Mandache E. , Macarie C. E. , Faussone‐Pellegrini Maria‐Simonetta , Popescu L. M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe present here evidence for the existence of a new type of interstitial cell in human myocardial sleeves of pulmonary veins: interstitial Cajal‐like cell (ICLC). This cell fulfils the criteria for positive diagnosis of ICLC, including CD 117/c‐kit positivity. Transmission electron microscopy revealed typical ICLC with 2 or 3 very long processes (several tens of mm) suddenly emerging from the cellular body. Also, these processes appear moniliform but extremely thin (0.1–0.4 mm) under the resolving power of the usual microscopy. Cell processes establish close spatial relationships between each other, as well as with capillaries and nerve endings. ICLC appear located among the myocardial cells and particularly at the border between the myocardial sleeve and pulmonary vein wall.
Climate Change Theology
Authors: Echlin Edward P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractReputable reports about climate change are grim. Unless radical mitigation and adaptation is implemented immediately the future of the present planetary biosystem, including humanity, is bleak. As Christians we have considerable resources in our living tradition to guide our own lives and to assist the whole earth community. Genesis, the historical books, wisdom, and the psalms all teach respect for climate as God's gift. Human hubris or idolatry results in climate nemesis. God creates the earth with its climate through his Word. In Jesus God lives in the earth community, experiencing and walking within the restraints of climate in first century Galilee. Jesus’ baptism, his lifestyle, especially his teaching and meals, his passion, death, and resurrection are all climate related. Jesus, in modern parlance lived and died sustainably. We are Jesus risen as sustainable community today.
St. Augustine, Liberalism, and the Defence of Liberal Education
Authors: Topping Ryan N S 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFailure to attend to the claims of theology as a public form of discourse has made us blind to the true causes of our attachment to the university. In what follows I want to explore why it is that liberal societies continue to value the university but increasingly find it difficult to articulate coherent reasons for its defence. I shall argue that any plausible defence of the value of the university within Western societies requires the concomitant recognition of two propositions: first, of the moral value of the search into the meaning of human freedom and, secondly, of the certainty that human freedom can only properly be exercised in obedience to the objective order of truth. I shall further argue that, for all its strengths, Liberalism as a political doctrine cannot conceptually unite these two propositions because of its commitment to a voluntaristic interpretation of freedom. As a modest proposal for constructive progress in this debate, in my concluding remarks I suggest three ways that St. Augustine's early educational thought makes more intelligible our own educational ideals than do major competing accounts.
Delayed versus immediate urethral catheterization following instillation of local anaesthetic gel in men: A randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Garbutt Robert Bruce , McD Taylor David , Lee Victor , Augello Michael R 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIntroduction:  The product information for local anaesthetic (lignocaine) gel recommends a delay of ‘several minutes’ between gel instillation and urethral catheterization in men. However, pilot data indicate that approximately half of physicians omit this delay. We aimed to compare the discomfort of urethral catheterization performed immediately or after a 2 min delay following instillation of local anaesthetic gel.Methods:  We undertook a randomized, controlled, single‐blinded, clinical trial in four large ED. A convenience sample of men requiring urethral catheterization for urinary retention or output monitoring was enrolled. Participants were randomized to catheterization either immediately (no delay group) or after a 2 min delay (2 min delay group) following the instillation of local anaesthetic gel. The pain score of catheterization was recorded immediately following the catheterization, using a 100 mm visual analogue scale.Results:  Seventy‐three patients were enrolled. There were 36 and 37 patients randomized to the no delay and 2 min delay groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups in mean patient age (71.5 ± 15.1 vs 69.2 ± 15.2 years, respectively, P = 0.53) or in the indication for catheterization (retention 29 vs 27, respectively, P = 0.62). There was no statistically significant difference in pain scores between the two groups. The median (interquartile range) pain scores were 22.2 (23.4) and 27.8 (35.3) for the no delay and the 2 min delay groups, respectively (P = 0.47).Conclusion:  A 2 min delay following instillation of local anaesthetic gel before urethral catheterization in men does not decrease the pain of the procedure.
DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLE PREPARATION, PRESENTATION PROCEDURE AND SENSORY DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF GREEN TEA
Authors: LEE SOH MIN , CHUNG SEO‐JIN , LEE OK‐HEE , LEE HYE‐SEONG , KIM YOUNG‐KYUNG , KIM KWANG‐OK 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT Although the infusing condition of green tea is critical in determining green tea quality, the green tea industries lack a validated standardized tea preparation procedure. The objectives were (1) to develop an effective sample preparation and presentation procedure to conduct an objective sensory analysis; and (2) to elucidate the effects of green tea types and infusing conditions on the sensory characteristics of green tea. The optimum infusing times for green tea at two temperatures (60 and 80C) were determined using the just‐about‐right scale evaluated by consumers. Then, a descriptive analysis was conducted. The panelists developed 16 descriptors, and determined the reference samples and the tasting procedure. The optimum infusing time–temperature combinations are approximately 3 min at 60C or 1 min at 80C. The intensity of fermented‐like flavor increased, but cut grass and floral flavor decreased with the lower‐graded tea leaf. Samples infused at 60C–3 min were sweeter but less bitter than samples at 80C–1 min. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe sample preparation method and evaluating conditions developed in this study have been validated using both analytical and consumer studies. The protocols showed to be powerful in discriminating the sensory characteristics between the samples when conducting objective sensory analyses. The sensory lexicons and standards established should be useful to researchers and product developers who are working with flavors of green tea. Additionally, the sample preparation method and evaluation procedure introduced in this study are relatively straightforward, thus, making it possible for the general sensory scientist group to use an effective standardized method when conducting objective sensory analyses of green tea.
Harbor seal population decline in the Aleutian Archipelago
Authors: Small Robert J. , Boveng Peter L. , Byrd G. Vernon , Withrow David E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPopulations of Steller sea lions, northern fur seals, and northern sea otters declined substantially during recent decades in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region, yet the population status of harbor seals has not been assessed adequately. We determined that counts obtained during skiff‐based surveys conducted in 1977–1982 represent the earliest estimate of harbor seal abundance throughout the Aleutian Islands. By comparing counts from 106 islands surveyed in 1977–1982 (8,601 seals) with counts from the same islands during a 1999 aerial survey (2,859 seals), we observed a 67% decline over the ∼20‐yr period. Regionally, the largest decline of 86% was in the western Aleutians (n= 7 islands), followed by 66% in the central Aleutians (n= 64 islands), and 45% in the eastern Aleutians (n= 35 islands). Harbor seal counts decreased at the majority of islands in each region, the number of islands with >100 seals decreased ∼70%, and the number of islands with no seals counted increased ∼80%, indicating that harbor seal abundance throughout the Aleutian Islands was substantially lower in the late 1990s than in the 1970s and 1980s.
Diachronic Explanations of Sound Patterns
Authors: Hansson Gunnar Ólafur 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPhonological systems show clear signs of being shaped by phonetics. Sound patterns are overwhelmingly phonetically ‘natural’, in that they reflect the influence of physical constraints on speech production and perception, and categorical phonological processes often mirror low‐level gradient phonetic effects. The question of how best to explain and model the influence of phonetics on phonology has been approached in different ways, one of which situates the locus of explanation in the diachronic domain of language change, in particular sound change. On this view, recurrent sound patterns merely reflect recurrent sound changes with phonetic origins, typically in speech perception. Explicit models of sound change are reviewed and illustrated, in particular Ohala's listener‐based model and Blevins’ Evolutionary Phonology framework, and the relevance of exemplar‐based models of speech production and perception is also noted. Current issues of controversy regarding the adequacy of diachronic vs. synchronic explanations for the typology of sound patterns are surveyed.
Continuing Validity of the Collective Behavior Approach
Authors: Muukkonen Martti 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study evaluates the collective behavior (CB) approach that dominated studies of social movements from the 1920s to the 1970s. Its roots lie in five scholarly traditions: Durkheim (collective consciousness), Mill (a sum of individual cost‐benefit calculations), Weber (charisma and bureaucracy), Simmel (interaction of individuals), and European mass psychology.CB studies began in Chicago University in the 1920s by Robert E. Park. His pupil Herbert Blumer made the basic classifications in the field. In the interactionist school, Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian stressed the emerging norms that modify CB, and Kurt and Gladys Engel Lang focused on collective processes. In the structure‐functionalistic school, Talcott Parsons stressed the impact of cultural trends in movement emergence, and Neil Smelser developed a value‐added theory of how social movements form.CB tradition was attacked in the 1960s when its theories did not fit into the student movement and there was a paradigm shift to resource mobilization and Marxist approaches. However, with the rise of constructivism, the ideas of CB have been reinvented in new social movement studies.
Determination of Human Rotavirus VP6 Genogroups I and II by Reverse Transcription-PCR
Authors: Lin Yi-Pei , Kao Chuan-Liang , Chang Sui-Yuan , Taniguchi Koki , Hung Pei-Yung , Lin Hsueh-Ching , Huang Li-Min , Huang Hsueh-Hung , Yang Jyh-Yuan , Lee Chun-Nan 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT
Based on nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the partial VP6 genes, group A rotaviruses can be mainly differentiated into two genogroups. In this study, a method employing reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and degenerate primers was established to assign the VP6 genogroup. VP6 genogroup I and genogroup II could be determined according to the sizes of the amplicons: 380 and 780 bp, respectively. The VP6 genogroup of human reference strains of G1 to G4 and G9 types and RotaTeq vaccine strains could be properly assigned by RT-PCR. Eighty rotavirus-positive fecal samples were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), RT-PCR, and sequencing of the partial VP6 gene for subgroup and genogroup determination. The results correlated well among these three methods, except for seven samples whose subgroups could not be determined by ELISA. VP6 genogroups of another 150 rotavirus strains recovered between 1981 and 2005 were determined by RT-PCR and sequencing, and the same results were obtained by these two methods. Furthermore, an additional 524 rotavirus-positive fecal samples were tested by RT-PCR, and the VP6 genogroups could be easily determined. The RT-PCR assay developed here provided a reliable and convenient method for assigning the VP6 genogroups of human rotaviruses with a wide range of genetic variation.
Epidemiology of Invasive Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Clones Collected in France in 2006 and 2007
Authors: Dauwalder Olivier , Lina Gérard , Durand Géraldine , Bes Michèle , Meugnier Hélène , Jarlier Vincent , Coignard Bruno , Vandenesch François , Etienne Jerome , Laurent Frédéric 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT

We conducted a prospective multicenter study of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) isolates, including the first five consecutive clinical isolates, collected between September 2006 and February 2007 in 23 hospitals located throughout France (Fig. 1). The 111 isolates were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility patterns and were extensively characterized by screening for drug resistance and
agr
alleles, multilocus sequence typing (ST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
) typing,
spa
typing, and PCR profiling of 21 toxin genes. Clones were designated by their ST followed by their SCC
mec
type (I to VI). The Lyon clone ST8-IV or ST8-IV
variant
(
n
= 77; 69.4%) was widely distributed. Four minor clones were also detected, namely, the “classical” Pediatric clone ST5-IV (
n
= 9; 8.1%), the “new” Pediatric clone ST5-VI (
n
= 8; 7.2%), the clone Geraldine ST5-I
truncated
(
n
= 7; 6.3%), and the European clone ST80-IV (
n
= 4; 3.6%). The six other isolates were related to five rare clones. Relative to that of other European countries, the situation in France is marked by the predominance of a specific major clone and the worrying emergence of minor clones with enhanced virulence and new antibiotic susceptibility profiles.
Comparative Analysis of Nearly Full-Length Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies from Patients Experiencing Viral Breakthrough during Antiviral Therapy: Clustered Mutations in Three Functional Genes, E2, NS2, and NS5a
Authors: Xu Zekuan , Fan Xiaofeng , Xu Yanjuan , Di Bisceglie Adrian M. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT
Viral breakthrough is a recognized response pattern to interferon-based antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The emergence of drug-resistant HCV quasispecies variants is assumed to be a major mechanism responsible for viral breakthrough. By using a long reverse transcription-PCR protocol recently developed in our lab, multiple nearly full-length HCV quasispecies variants were generated from 9.1-kb amplicons at both the baseline and breakthrough points in two patients experiencing viral breakthrough. Comparative analyses of consensus dominant quasispecies variants revealed that most mutations, occurring at the time of breakthrough, involved three functional viral genes, E2, NS2, and NS5a. Interestingly, similar mutation patterns were also observed in minor quasispecies variants at baseline. These three genes had the highest values of average amino acid complexity at the HCV 1a population level. No single amino acids were identified to be associated with viral breakthrough. Taken together, at the near-full-length HCV genome level, our data suggested that viral breakthrough might be attributed to the selection of minor quasispecies variants at the baseline with or without additional mutations during antiviral therapy. Furthermore, the pattern for mutation clustering indicated potential mutation linkage among E2, NS2, and NS5a due to structural or functional relatedness in HCV replication.
An Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Variant Superinfects Cells through Novel Receptor Interactions
Authors: Brindley Melinda A. , Zhang Baoshan , Montelaro Ronald C. , Maury Wendy 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT

Wild-type strains of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) prevent superinfection of previously infected cells. A variant strain of virus that spontaneously arose during passage, EIAV
vMA-1c
, can circumvent this mechanism in some cells, such as equine dermis (ED) cells, but not in others, such as equine endothelial cells. EIAV
vMA-1c
superinfection of ED cells results in a buildup of unintegrated viral DNA and rapid killing of the cell monolayer. Here, we examined the mechanism of resistance that is used by EIAV to prevent superinfection and explored the means by which EIAV
vMA-1c
overcomes this restriction. We found that the cellular receptor used by EIAV, equine lentivirus receptor 1 (ELR1), remains on the surface of cells chronically infected with EIAV, suggesting that wild-type EIAV interferes with superinfection by masking ELR1. The addition of soluble wild-type SU protein to the medium during infection blocked infection by wild-type strains of virus, implicating SU as the viral protein responsible for interfering with virion entry into previously infected cells. Additionally, interference of wild-type EIAV binding to ELR1 by the addition of either anti-ELR1 antibodies or the ELR1 ectodomain prevented entry of the wild-type strains of EIAV into two permissive cell populations. Many of these same interference treatments prevented EIAV
vMA-1c
infection of endothelial cells but only modestly affected the ability of EIAV
vMA-1c
to enter and kill previously infected ED cells. These findings indicate that EIAV
vMA-1c
retains the ability to use ELR1 for entry and suggest that this virus can interact with an additional, unidentified receptor to superinfect ED cells.
Evaluating solutions to sponsorship bias
Authors: Doucet M , Sismondo S 
Published: July 2008

More than 40 primary studies, and three recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses, have shown a clear association between pharmaceutical industry funding of clinical trials and pro-industry results. Industry sponsorship biases published scientific research in favour of the sponsors, a result of the strong interest commercial sponsors have in obtaining favourable results.Three proposed remedies to this problem are widely agreed upon among those concerned with the level of sponsorship bias: financial disclosure, reporting standards and trial registries. This paper argues that all of these remedies either fail to address the mechanisms by which pharmaceutical companies’ sponsorship leads to biased results—design bias, multiple trials with predictable outcomes, fraud, rhetorical effects and publication bias—or else only inadequately address those mechanisms. As a result, the policies normally proposed for dealing with sponsorship bias are unable to eliminate it. Only completely separating public clinical research from pharmaceutical industry funding can eliminate sponsorship bias.
Evaluating new methodologies for estimating performance on two-lane highways
Authors: Al-Kaisy Ahmed , Durbin Casey 
Published: July 2008

This paper examines two new methodologies for field estimation of percent time spent following (PTSF) on two-lane highways. Using speed and time headway data, the two methodologies estimate the percentage of vehicles trapped in platoons, unable to pass slow-moving vehicles. A total of 236 h of field data, including individual speeds and headways, were collected at three study sites in the state of Montana. The study examined the sensitivity of PTSF estimates to some important platooning variables. The study also included a comparison of PTSF estimates from the new methods versus those found using the current United States National Research Council Highway capacity manual (HCM) analytical procedures. Study results showed that the two new methodologies were successful in capturing the effect of platooning variables on PTSF estimates and outperformed the HCM procedures in this regard. Further, the results strongly attest to the promise of the proposed methods in advancing the current analytical procedures for estimating performance on two-lane highways.
Vladimir Nabokov's Invitation to a Beheading or the Artifice of Mortality
Authors: Hasty Olga Peters 
Published: July 2008

AbstractInvitation was one of Nabokov's favorite novels, written “in one fortnight of wonderful excitement and sustained inspiration.” Although it reads like an attack on dictatorial rule, Nabokov denied it political relevance, aiming at totalitarianism of a higher order: the constraints of mortality that he seeks, as the epigraph indicates, to refute: “Comme un fou se croit Dieu, nous nous croyons mortels.” The novel rebels against the certainty that life is movement toward death operating in conjunction with the uncertainty of when death will come. Its hero is condemned to execution, but denied “compensation for a death sentence”—the “knowledge of the exact hour when one is to die.” His nearing end is manifested metaphorically, but it is in the construction of the world of Invitation that Nabokov—whom one reviewer called “almost as much a theorizer of fiction as a practitioner”—develops narrative strategies that engage the reader in his challenge to mortality. This article considers his strategies.