bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of aSarcocystis neurona.Isolate (SN6) from a Naturally Infected Horse from Oregon
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , MATTSON D. E. , SPEER C. A. , BAKER R. J. , MULROONEY D. M. , TORNQUIST S. J. , HAMIR A. N. , GERROS T. C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAn isolate ofSarcocystis neurona.(SN6) was obtained from the spinal cord of a horse from Oregon with neurologic signs. The parasite was isolated in cultures of bovine monocytes and equine spleen cells. The parasite divided by endopolygeny and completed at least one asexual cycle in cell cultures in three days. Two gamma interferon knockout mice inoculated with cell culture‐derived merozoites became ill 35 d later andS. neuronaschizonts and merozoites were found in encephalitic lesions. The parasite in tissue sections of mice reacted withS. neurona‐specificantibodies andS. neuronawas reisolated from the brain of knockout mice.
Malawimonas jakobiformis n. gen., n. sp. (Malawimonadidae n. fam.): A Jakoba‐like Heterotrophic Nanoflagellate with Discoidal Mitochondrial Cristae
Authors: O'KELLY CHARLES J. , NERAD THOMAS A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT Malawimonas jakobiformis n. gen., n. sp., is established for a bacterivorous heterotrophic nanoflagellate isolated from the Malawi shore of Lake Nyasa (eastern Africa). Trophic stages observed were anteriorly biflagellate and naked. The posterior flagellum of a trophic cell resided in a conspicuous groove on the ventral surface, and bore a prominent vane. A Golgi stack and a mitochondrion with discoidal cristae were present anterior to the nucleus. The kinetid consisted of two short, slightly separated basal bodies, four microtubular roots, and associated fibers and bands. The three microtubular roots associated with the posterior basal body were associated with the ventral groove, while the single root associated with the anterior basal body gave rise to secondary cytoskeletal microtubules. Dividing cells became rounded, with persistent flagella. Cysts were uninucleate, and had thin organic walls without clearly differentiated apertures or ornamentation but with conspicuous attachment pads. Kinetid elements were present within cysts. On the basis of microscopical features, especially those of the kinetid, the nearest relatives of M. jakobiformis are the mitochondriate “jakobid” protists (families Histionidae and Jakobidae) and the amitochondriate retortamonads. Malawimonadidae n. fam. is established to accommodate this species.
Warm Microgradients Elicit Adaptive Behavior in Isotropically Cooled, Inert Populations of Oxytricha bifaria (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida)
Authors: BARBANERA FILIPPO , ERRA FABRIZIO , RICCI NICOLA 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the physiological potentialities of behaviorally inert Oxytricha bifaria, cooled from 24 to 9° C according to an already standardized protocol, a warm microgradient was created in the experimental chamber and the behavior of ciliates was analyzed both at the level of the passing warm wave front (dynamic microgradient), and, afterwards, when the thermal gradient stabilized (static microgradient). We monitored the general behavior of the experimental populations by means of (i) their centroid, (ii) the ethograms of single oxytrichas, and (iii) calculating the numerical indices and rates of their creeping tracks. It was found that (a) the population moves towards the heating source, (b) the oxytrichas react immediately to the thermal stimulus, (c) creeping forwards (d) at very high velocity (e) along uninterrupted looping tracks (f) according to precise mechanisms of positive/negative orthokinesis, thus orientating towards the environmental optimum. Moreover, (g) the ciliates accumulate in the warmest area, correcting their creeping by means of many specific behavioral patterns (the Side Stepping Reaction) once the gradient is stabilized. At 9° C, despite their inertness, the ciliates are still able to behave adaptively reacting immediately and orientatedly, once a directional factor (the thermal gradient) arises in an isotropic environment.
Java project on periodontal diseases: a study on transmission of Porphyromonas gingivalis in a remote Indonesian population
Authors: Van Winkelhoff A. J. , Rijnsburger M. C. , Abbas F. , Timmerman M. F. , Van Der Weijden G. A. , Winkel E. G. , Van Der Velden U. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAim: To study transmission of Porphyromonas gingivalis in a population living in a remote area in Southern Java, Indonesia.Material and Methods: Subgingival plaque samples from 167 subjects with varying degrees of periodontal breakdown were obtained and cultured for the presence of P. gingivalis. After extraction and purification of bacterial DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism technique was applied to genotype the bacterial isolates. Computer‐assisted analysis of the bacterial DNA profiles was used to study distribution of P. gingivalis genotypes within family units.Results: One hundred and five of the 167 (63%) subjects were culture positive for P. gingivalis. In total, 371 P. gingivalis isolates were obtained from the 105 subjects. Of the 105 subjects, 30 were siblings representing 13 families. In six of the 13 families (46%), identical P. gingivalis genotypes were found among siblings. In the study group of 105 subjects, 13 married couples were identified of which both spouses were culture positive for P. gingivalis. None of the 13 couples shared an identical P. gingivalis genotype. Twenty P. gingivalis‐positive subjects had spouses that were culture negative for P. gingivalis.Conclusions: In this study population, vertical transmission of P. gingivalis has occurred within family units, most likely from parents to children. Transmission of P. gingivalis between spouses could not be established.
Working the Early Modern Archive: The Search for Lady Ingram
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper is part of a Literature Compass cluster arising from a panel entitled ‘Working the Early Modern Archive’, originally presented at the 2005 MLA conference held in Washington DC. This session, arranged by the MLA Division on Methods of Literary Research, was chaired by Elizabeth Hageman (University of New Hampshire) and included papers by Jennifer Summit (Stanford University) on readers and medieval manuscripts, Lena Cowen Orlin (University of Maryland, Baltimore County) using a case study of archival research and the discovery and recovery of missing 16th‐century materials, and Robert J. Griffin (Texas A&M University) on the relationship between archival research and theoretical approaches. The two pieces included in this Literature Compass special panel cluster highlight the different ways in which archival research continues to shape and to invigorate 16th‐ and 17th‐century literary studies:‘Working the Early Modern Archive: The Search for Lady Ingram’, Lena Cowen Orlin, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00425.x‘Working with Anonymity: A Theory of Theory vs. Archive’, Robert J. Griffin, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00426.x‘The Search for Lady Ingram’ introduces the subjects of one of the first family group portraits from England. A 1557 panel long misidentified as ‘Lady Ingram and Her Two Boys Martin and Steven’ is revealed to represent instead Alice Barnham and her two sons. Early modern archives are generally held to be uninforming about women, especially of Alice Barnham's merchant class, but in this case the records of the London parishes of St. Mildred Poultry and St. Clement Eastcheap, the London Drapers’ Company, the London Court of Aldermen, St. Thomas's Hospital, and the Court of Bridewell yield up a rich biography. They also provide some insight into a Tudor woman's private life as a committed Protestant during the reign of Mary I, as mother of a deceased third child, and as commissioner of an early and remarkable painting. These documents and a family memoir written by her grandson also go against the grain of prevailing narratives about patriarchy, to suggest that Alice Barnham was a woman of considerable independence of means and of spirit.
Management of haemodynamically stable patients with abdominal stab wounds
Authors: Mitra Biswadev , Gocentas Robert , O’Reilly Gerard , Cameron Peter A , Atkin Chistopher 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives:  Australasian trauma centres receive relatively low numbers of penetrating injuries from stabbings. There is limited agreement regarding protocols to guide the management of haemodynamically stable patients with penetrating injuries. This has resulted in a wide variation in practice with anecdotally high negative laparotomy rates. The aim of the present study was to review the ED procedures, investigations and disposition of this group of patients.Methods:  A retrospective review of all patients presenting with abdominal penetrating injury was undertaken over a 5 year period. Data on demographics, presenting features and management were collected.Results:  There were 109 patients who were haemodynamically stable (systolic blood pressure > 90) on arrival to the trauma centre. Diagnostic ED procedures and investigations consisted of wound exploration in 47 (43.1%) patients, focused abdominal sonography in trauma in 44 (40.4%) patients and a CT abdomen in 36 (33.0%) of patients. The sensitivity for focused abdominal sonography in trauma and CT when used together was 77.8%. There were 39 laparotomies performed with a negative laparotomy rate of 23.1%. There were 10 laparoscopies performed, none went on to require a laparotomy. Patients undergoing negative laparotomies spent significantly longer times in hospital than patients managed conservatively or those undergoing laparoscopies.Conclusions:  The number of penetrating abdominal injuries remains low. Imaging alone cannot reliably exclude intraperitoneal injury. A greater utilization of ED wound exploration and laparoscopy based on agreed guidelines could improve management. An algorithm for the management of these patients is suggested.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF FLAXSEED IN A β‐CAROTENE‐LINOLEATE MODEL SYSTEM
Authors: AMAROWICZ RYSZARD. , WANASUNDARA UDAYA. , WANASUNDARA JANITHA. , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT.Flaxseed meal was extracted with 95% ethanol at 80C. The extract was separated on a Sephadex LH‐20 column using methanol as eluate. Four major fractions according to their absorbances at 280 nm were separated. The antioxidant effect of these fractions in a β‐carotene‐linoleate system indicated that fraction I was most active. Absorption maximum for UV spectrum of this fraction was 290 nm and TLC analysis indicated the presence of 4 phenolic compounds in it. Fractions II to IV showed a very low antioxidant activity.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT IN THERMAL MODIFICATION OF BUTTER OIL
Authors: FOUAD F. M. , VAN DE VOORT F. R. , MARSHALL W. D. , FARRELL P. G. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT.Anhydrous butter oil was modified by acetone or n‐hexane crystallization (10–20% w/w) over a temperature range of 29–17C without agitation, producing solid fractions with higher proportions of C44–C54 triacylglycerols vis‐a‐vis fractions obtained by classical thermal modification of butter oil. Similarly, recrystal‐lization of a mixture of thermally isolated butter oil solids (S.25–S. 17C) in organic solvents at various temperatures yielded butter lipid fractions with significantly distinct chemical and physical properties. These lipid fractions showed to contain higher and lower proportions of C44–C54 and C26–C36 triacylglycerol respectively vis‐a‐vis solid fractions isolated via thermal modification of butter oil in organic solvents as the starting material(S.25–S. 17C) contained more of the former and less of the latter triacylglycerols than butter oil.Extraction of low molecular weight lipidsfrom solid fractions obtained by classic thermal modification of butter oil using acetone left a white powderous lipid which produced one sharp melting peak (53 C) in its DSC thermogram. The acetone treated fraction was enriched in C44–C52 triacylglycerols with a 2 to 6‐fold reduction in C4–C10 fatty acids content.Recrystallization of a mixture of solid butter fractions isolated according to classical procedures at 29–21 C, over a temperature range of 35–21 C, yielded discrete fractions with profound differences in fatty acid and triacylglycerol profiles having very distinct physical properties.
MODIFICATION OF BUTTER OIL: EFFECTS OF SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION AND INTERESETERIFICATION
Authors: FOUAD F. M. , FARRELL P. G. , VAN DE VOORT F. R. , MARSHALL W. D. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT.Physical properties of lipid fractions isolated from anhydrous butter oil under various experimental conditions using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction, intereseterification or their combination, together with thermal modification were assayed in terms of triacylglycerol and fatty acid profiles. SC‐CO2 process, at 35C and 2000 psi, preferentially extracted the low‐molecular‐weight triacylglycerols, did not result in any separation of cholesterol and extracted an approximately constant fraction (7%) of the material in each 2h interval. Combination of SC‐CO2 extraction with thermal fractionation yielded a butter oil fraction with improved spreadability at refrigerator temperatures. At higher pressure and longer extraction time SC‐CO2 resulted in decreased solvent selectivity without increased extraction yield. The triacylglycerol and fatty acid profiles of high pressure 6000 psi extracts were remarkably similar to those of the butter itself. Chemical interesterification of butter oil randomized the constituent fatty acids, giving products which contained higher proportions of the middle‐range constituents. Thermal fractionation of interesterified butter yielded products only slightly enriched in higher molecular weight triacylglycerols, but interesterification of a solid obtained from thermal fractionation of butter gave a product greatly enriched in these compounds. Thus, modified lipid samples with distinct triacylglycerol and fatty acid compositions were prepared which may be used in different industrial applications.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE CYCLING ON THE CRYSTALLINE FORM, SIZE AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF MARGARINE FATS
Authors: CHAWLA P. , DEMAN J. M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT.The effect of temperature cycling between 5C and 23C on the solid fat content, polymorphic form, crystal size and textural properties of margarine fats was investigated. Temperature cycling resulted in a significant reduction of the solid fat content and firmness of the margarine fats. A transformation to the β crystal form was accompanied by an increase in the size of the fat crystals. Temperature cycling was detrimental to the quality of the margarine fats by increasing crystal size and formation of β crystals.
CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN COOKED BEEF CONTAINING ANTIOXIDANTS AND HYDROGEN DONORS
Authors: SHANTHA N.C. , DECKER E.A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potential anticarcinogenic compound found in beef. The ability of antioxidants and hydrogen donors to influence CLA concentrations in ground beef during cooking (broiled, 80C) and storage was determined. Addition of food additives such as carnosine, cysteine, ascorbate, whey protein concentrate or beef plasma to ground beef did not result in any significant increases or decreases in CLA concentrations in freshly cooked beef. Additives which inhibited formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in stored meat including 2.0% WPC, 0.5 and 2% beef plasma, ascorbate (0.5%) and carnosine (0.5%) were not any more effective at increasing or decreasing total CLA concentrations than additives which did not inhibit lipid oxidation during storage (0.5% WPC and 0.5% cysteine). Lack of changes in CLA in the presence of antioxidants suggests that these additives could be used to inhibit flavor deterioration of cooked beef products without decreasing CLA concentrations.
STABILITY OF α‐TOCOPHEROL IN FROZEN SMOKED FISH
Authors: ACKMAN R.G. , TIMMINS A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe potential role of α‐tocopherol in protecting the muscle lipids of smoked, farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) from oxidative degradation was examined over a period of 12 weeks. One smoked salmon sample had much more α‐tocopherol than the other, but this higher tocopherol level dropped in parallel to the decrease in α‐tocopherol in the mackerel, a species known to be very susceptible to the development of rancidity. The other salmon sample started with less α‐tocopherol but showed no decrease in α‐tocopherol. The salmon samples developed a similar level of peroxides over 12 weeks, both being less than the peroxides in the 12‐week sample of the mackerel lipid where α‐tocopherol could not be measured after 6 weeks.
RATE OF LIPASE‐CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF OLIVE OIL IN VITRO AS INFLUENCED BY REACTANT CONCENTRATIONS AND OTHER CONDITIONS1
Authors: EMENHISER CURT , NOTTURNO MELISSA H. , HAMID AZIZAH A. , FENNEMA OWEN R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAn in vitro assay previously developed (Emenhiser et al. 1994) for measuring the rate of lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil was used to determine the dependency of reaction rate on the concentration and ratios of various constituents. Calcium and bile salts, at various concentrations encountered in the human duodenum, had a significant effect on rate; rate changes being smaller with the former than the latter. Rates of lipolysis proceeded independent of colipase‐to‐lipase ratios > 0.45:1. MES (2‐[N‐morpholino] ethanesulfonic acid) buffer was studied at molar concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.3, and rate changes were experimentally unimportant over this range. Alteration of pH from 6.0 to 7.0 had only a moderate effect on rate of lipolysis, and minor pH changes (± 0.1 units) from the standard pH of 6.5 had a negligible effect on rate. The effect of various dietary fibers on pH was small (± 0.04 units). Attempts to achieve conditions yielding zero‐order reaction kinetics with respect to olive oil were not successful.
RELEASE OF FREE FATTY ACIDS FROM LIPIDS DURING ENSILATION OF HERRING MINCE: THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF ETHOXYQUIN
Authors: ZHOU SHENGYING , PAULSON ALLAN T. , ACKMAN ROBERT G. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTStudies were conducted on the release of free fatty acids (FFA) from lipids during ensilation of herring mince at room temperature. The silages were produced by the addition of 3.5% formic acid and the effects of heat treatment and also the presence or absence of an antioxidant (ethoxyquin) were examined. The lipid classes extracted from silages at different ensiling stages were determined by Chromarod/Iatroscan‐TLC/FID. Free fatty acids were rapidly released from lipids at the beginning of ensilation in all three silages examined. The maximum level of FFA released in silages without heat treatment was reached after only 6 days of ensilation and levels of about 6% of true FFA in total lipids were maintained until the end of the ensilation process. The heat treatment of 55C for 10 min effectively inhibited the release of FFA from lipids and the amounts of FFA released were significantly lower than in those lots without heat treatment. The presence of ethoxyquin in silage did not show a significant effect in controlling the production of Iatroscan‐detectable FFA from lipids when compared with the silage made without ethoxyquin. A large amount of oxidized lipid, corresponding to a decrease in triacylglycerol, was detected by TLC‐FID in the lot of silage made without the addition of ethoxyquin; however, the addition of antioxidant in two other silages effectively protected the lipids from oxidation during the ensilation period. The experimental results confirmed that lipases play an important role in lipid autolysis. By examining the changes in phospholipids, it was possible to show that the majority of the FFA released originated from phospholipids and only a small fraction came from neutral lipids. The maximum production of FFA in herring silage should depend, to a large extent, on the amount of phospholipids present in the raw materials.
PROXIMATE AND LIPID COMPOSITION OF NONDAIRY IMITATION MILK IN COMPARISON WITH MILK
Authors: MURCIA M.A. , MUÑOZ A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTComparative studies of milk and nondairy imitation milks showed that their proximate compositions were similar. Qualitative and quantitative studies revealed that saturated fatty acids were abundant in milk, while unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C18:2) were predominant in nondairy imitation milks. This was confirmed by the higher melting points of the fat fractions of milk compared with those of nondairy imitation milks. Finally, lipid peroxidation level of samples were low as determined by the 2‐thiobarbituric acid test.
ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS: TRANSESTERIFICATION OF TRIOLEIN AND CAPRYLIC ACID
Authors: AKOH CASIMIR C. , HUANG KUAN‐HSIANG 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTStructured lipids were successfully synthesized by lipase‐catalyzed trans‐esterification (acidolysis) of caprylic acid and triolein in nonaqueous medium. Twelve commercially available lipases (10%, w/w substrates) were screened for their ability to form structured lipid by incubating 100 mg triolein and 65.3 mg caprylic acid in 3 ml hexane at 55C for 24 h. The products were analyzed by reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with evaporative light scattering detection. Monocapryloolein was the major component of the products (57.4 mol %) and IM60 lipase from Rhizomucor miehei was the best biocatalyst. Dicapryloolein and triolein contents were 35.4% and 5.3%, respectively. Temperature, mole ratio, time course, incubation media, added water, enzyme load, and substrate concentration were also investigated in this study. The results suggest that it is possible to synthesize structured lipids with lipase as biocatalyst.
RHEOLOGY AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SYRUPY COMPOSITES OF SACCHARIDES AND MILKFAT
Authors: ONWULATA C.I. , HOLSINGER V.H. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTViscous syrups with between 20 and 34% moisture were made from homogenized slurries of sugars, nonfat dry milk, anhydrous butteroil and emulsifiers. Homogenized mixtures were condensed under vacuum at 45C for 35 min, to form ordered structures with a syrup‐like consistency. Complex viscosity determined through dynamic spectrometry increased with increasing fat content. At low frequency, high fructose corn syrup and maltose‐based syrups showed more solid‐like behavior (G″ > G″) while the sucrose‐based syrup was more liquid (G″ > G′). Thermal analyses showed all composites to have a uniform melting range (95–140C), whereas the original components melted in the range 20–200C. The rheological and thermal properties suggest that these syrups could be useful confectionery ingredients.
OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF SESAME PASTE (TEHINA)
Authors: ABOU‐GHARBIA H.A. , SHEHATA A. ADEL Y. , YOUSSEF M. , SHAHIDI F. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTehina samples were prepared from raw, roasted and steamed, or microwaved dehulled sesame seeds from Egypt. Samples contained 54, 96 α 0.36% lipid, 20.68 β 0.19% protein, 3.28 ± 0.05% ash and 1.76 ± 0.06% moisture. The peroxide values (PV) of tehina, stored under Schaal oven conditions at 65C after 35 days, reached 72.2, 86.2 and 97.2 meq/kg for samples prepared from raw, roasted and steamed, and microwaved seeds, respectively. The p‐anisidine values (p‐AnV) of samples stored under the same conditions and over the same period were 9.3, 10.1 and 10.2, respectively. Meanwhile, both PV and p‐AnV of tehina samples stored at room temperature were considerably lower than those kept at 65 C and did not exceed 2.9 and 2.6 meq/kg, respectively. Both PV and p‐AnV of tehina samples were lower than those obtained for oils extracted from dehulled sesame seeds which were subjected to similar pretreatment conditions.