bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary study of non‐psychotic disorders in people from the Indian subcontinent living in the UK and India
Authors: Creed F. , Winterbottom M. , Tomenson B. , Britt R. , Anand I. S. , Wander G. S. , Chandrashekhar Y. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in people of South Asian origin in the UK is not accurately known.Method: A population‐based study of UK residents from the Indian subcontinent was screened for anxiety and depressive disorders with the Self‐Rating Questionnaire (SRQ) and for life events using the brief list of threatening life events. Similar measures were administered to siblings in India.Results: The UK sample included 223 Sikhs, 100 Hindus and 49 Muslims. Elevated SRQ scores were recorded in 5%, 13% and 23%, respectively, of men from these groups and in 16%, 27% and 57%, respectively, of females. Subjects reporting one or more threatening life events (most commonly unemployment and financial problems) also had raised SRQ scores. A total of 117 siblings in India reported similar SRQ scores to their index subjects in the UK, but reported more threatening life events, notably deaths and illness in the family and financial problems.Conclusion: This preliminary study indicates that psychiatric disorder in ethnic groups varies across religious groups. The prevalence may be high in some religious groups in association with social difficulties. The patterns of stress in India and the UK are different.
Dose‐response relationship of phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee T. M. C. , Chan C. C. H. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The therapeutic effect of phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has been widely investigated. However, the antidepressant effect of various light intensities is inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dose‐response relationship of phototherapy for SAD.Method: A meta‐analytical methodology was applied to 39 studies of phototherapy for SAD. The studies collected were screened for study quality by a threats‐to‐validity method before inclusion. The fixed‐effects‐model analysis of variance procedures were used for data analysis.Results: The results indicated that different light intensities produced different effects in reducing the typical symptoms, as measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, of patients with SAD. However, no significant differences in these effects were revealed between strong, medium and dim light in reducing the atypical symptoms of patients.Conclusion: These findings showed that light intensity varied positively with the antidepressant effect for typical but not for atypical symptoms of SAD, suggesting that light intensity tended to have different therapeutic effects on the typical and atypical symptoms of SAD.
Increasing rates of hospital admission for men with major mental illnesses: data from Scottish mental health units, 1980–1995
Authors: Cavanagh J.T. O. , Shajahan P. M. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: We studied first admission rates for major mental illness in order to explore links with an increase in psychiatric morbidity and mortality in men.Method: Patient discharge data from Scottish Mental Health Units during 1980–1995 were analysed.Results: Admission rates for schizophrenia remained constant in men and decreased in women. Affective disorders remained constant in men and decreased in women. Paranoid states increased in men and remained constant in women. Non‐organic psychoses increased in both men and women.Conclusion: Further evidence is provided for an increase in the proportion of men, particularly younger age groups, admitted with major mental illness. Possible reasons include (i) comorbidity, (ii) biological variables, (iii) responses to and change in health‐seeking behaviour in men and (iv) an increased prevalence of major mental illness in men.
Cognitive deficits and cognitive training in schizophrenic patients: a review
Authors: Rund B. R. , Borg N. E. 
Published: November 2007

Rund BR, Borg NE. Cognitive deficits and cognitive training in schizophrenic patients: a review.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 85–95. © Munksgaard 1999Objective: The aim of this paper is to review the current status of knowledge of cognitive deficits and remediation in patients with schizophrenia.Method: Relevant reports were identified by a literature survey. In addition, some outstanding researchers in these areas were asked to add to the identified list relevant literature that was not included.Results: Our review focuses on the cognitive deficits observed in the areas of attention, memory and executive functions. We attempt to classify dysfunctions as vulnerability‐ or symptom‐linked factors, and we discuss the methodological question of a general performance deficit vs. a differential deficit. Furthermore, we briefly delineate how antipsychotics affect cognitive functions. Finally, controlled studies of cognitive training are discussed in more detail.Conclusion: The most outstanding cognitive dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia can be related to the areas of attention, memory and executive functions. Interest in cognitive remediation has to some extent been rekindled in the 1990s. However, few studies on the effects of cognitive training programs have been conducted.
Self‐perceived interpersonal competence in older schizophrenia patients: the role of patient characteristics and psychosocial factors
Authors: Semple S. J. , Patterson T. L. , Shaw W. S. , Grant I. , Moscona S. , Jeste D.V. 
Published: November 2007

Semple SJ, Patterson TL, Shaw WS, Grant I, Moscona S, Jeste DV. Self‐perceived interpersonal competence in older schizophrenia patients: the role of patient characteristics and psychosocial factors. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 126–135. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: This study compared older schizophrenia patients with normal subjects in terms of their perceived interpersonal competence.Method: A total of 95 middle‐aged and elderly schizophrenia patients and 85 age‐matched normal subjects completed the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire.Results: Patients scored significantly lower than normal subjects on initiation, provision of emotional support, and conflict management. Severity of psychiatric symptoms and other patient characteristics were examined as predictors of interpersonal competence among patients. Negative symptoms were inversely related to interpersonal competence, whereas emotional support from others and a positive appraisal coping style both yielded positive associations.Conclusion: These findings suggest the need for clinical interventions designed to enhance the interpersonal skills of older schizophrenia patients, particularly those with marked negative symptoms.
The association between needs and quality of life in an epidemiologically representative sample of people with psychosis
Authors: Slade M. , Leese M. , Taylor R. , Thornicroft G. 
Published: November 2007

Slade M, Leese M, Taylor R, Thornicroft G. The association between needs and quality of life in an epidemiologically representative sample of people with psychosis.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 149–157. © Munksgaard 1999.The impact of meeting needs on quality of life in the severely mentally ill is investigated in this study. An epidemiologically representative sample of 133 patients meeting ICD‐10 criteria for psychosis completed standardized instruments for measuring needs and quality of life. Covariance structure modelling was used to investigate the extent to which latent factors of met and unmet need were associated with latent quality of life. Patients rated about 0.7 more total (met plus unmet) needs than staff, mainly due to differences in rating unmet need. Patient ratings were more reliable than ratings by others of unmet need and quality of life. Both underlying unmet need and met need were negatively associated with underlying quality of life, but unmet need was the stronger relationship. The patient's perspective on their difficulties (especially their unmet needs) must be central to mental health care.
Compliance in psychoses
Authors: Kampman O. , Lehtinen K. 
Published: November 2007

Kampman O, Lehtinen K. Compliance in psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 167–175. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: To review the literature on compliance in psychoses and to evaluate the significance of the different compliance components presented.Method: Different definitions of the term compliance were first gathered. A search covering the years 1974–1997 was conducted in Medline and PsycLit databases using the keywords ‘schizophrenia’ or ‘psychosis’ and ‘compliance’. The studies that took compliance into account as a separate variable were collected for further analysis.Results: Unpleasant side‐effects of medication, attitudes towards medication, delusional symptoms, substance abuse, insight, and supportive family environment were found to have the strongest correlation with compliance. The influence of cognitive impairment is not clearly proven. Integrated, cognitive‐behavioural and psychoedu‐cational treatment models include several methods to improve therapeutic alliance and compliance,Conclusion: As the majority of the studies have concentrated on neuroleptic treatment, the medication‐related factors are best documented. In clinical practice, treatment compliance is based on patient‐related, medication‐related and interactional factors, such as treatment model and therapeutic alliance. Difficulties with insight and cognitive functioning are specific patient‐related factors in the treatment of psychoses.
Dementia in affective disorde a case‐register study
Authors: Kessing L. V. , Olsen E. W. , Mortensen P. B. , Andersen P. K. 
Published: November 2007

Kessing LV, Olsen EW, Mortensen PB, Andersen PK. Dementia in affective disorder: a case‐register study. Acta Psycliiatr Scand 1999: 100: 176–185. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate whether patients with affective disorder have increased risk of developing dementia compared to other groups of psychiatric patients and compared to the general population.Method: In the Danish psychiatric central register, 3363 patients with unipolar affective disorder, 518 patients with bipolar affective disorder, 1025 schizophrenic and 8946 neurotic patients were identified according to the diagnosis at the first ever discharge from psychiatric hospital during the period from 1970 to 1974. The rate of discharge diagnosis of dementia on readmission was estimated during 21 years of follow‐up. In addition, the rates were compared with the rates for admission to psychiatric hospitals with a discharge diagnosis of dementia for the total Danish population.Results: Patients with unipolar and with bipolar affective disorder had a greater risk of receiving a diagnosis of dementia than patients with schizophrenia and those with neurosis. All groups of patients had a higher risk of being given a diagnosis of dementia than gender‐ and age‐matched samples of the general population.Conclusion: Patients with affective disorder appear to be at increased risk of developing dementia.
Reliability of an Italian standardized and expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS 4.0) in raters with high vs. low clinical experience
Authors: Roncone R. , Ventura J. , Impallomeni M. , Falloon I. R. H. , Morosini P. L. , Chiaravalle E. , Casacchia M. 
Published: November 2007

Roncone R, Ventura J, Impallomeni M, Falloon IRH, Morosini PL, Chiaravalle E, Casacchia M. Reliability of an Italian standardized and expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS 4.0) in raters with high vs. low clinical experience. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 229–236. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: The aims of this study were (i) to assess the inter‐rater reliability of the latest Italian expanded 24‐item version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, BPRS version 4.0 and (ii) to assess the feasibility of obtaining reliable BPRS 4.0 ratings by reliability training of clinically less experienced trainees (medical and rehabilitation students).Method: A videotape‐training procedure was used, and the inter‐rater agreement scores of three different groups of raters, namely psychiatrists and psychologists (n=28), psychosocial rehabilitation students (n= 27) and medical students (n= 54) were calculated and compared.Results: The results indicated that both experienced raters (psychiatrists and psychologists) and inexperienced raters (medical and psychosocial rehabilitation students) were able to achieve high levels of inter‐rater reliability.Conclusion: Our results are of particular interest in view of the increasing need to draw upon professionals, other than psychiatrists and psychologists, for cost‐effective and standardized evaluation of rehabilitation interventions.
Factor analysis of the EMBU scale in a large sample of Japanese volunteers
Authors: Someya T. , Uehara T. , Kadowaki M. , Sakado K. , Reist C. , Tang S. W. , Takahashi S. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveThe EMBU (Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran; (one's memories of upbringing) is a convenient and reliable instrument for the assessment of parental attitudes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the extent to which the factor structure of the EMBU, obtained in previous investigations, could be retrieved in a large Japanese sample.MethodThe EMBU scale was administered to 1320 healthy Japanese volunteers. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed.ResultsThe first factor in the analysis, accounting for 9.9% (father) and 10.6% (mother) of the variance, consisted of rejection items. The second factor, accounting for 9.1% (father) and 8.6% (mother) of the variance, contained items relating to emotional warmth. The third factor appeared to represent overprotection, and accounted for 7.8% (father) and 7.8% (mother) of the variance. The fourth factor, which accounted for 3.7% (father) and 3.7%) (mother) of the variance, included items classified under favouring subjects. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that this four‐factor structure fitted our data very well for both the father and the mother. The results of factor analysis for four subscales showed three major factors for the EMBU.ConclusionThe results of this study confirmed that the EMBU yielded a factor structure in Japan similar to that found in European countries. The EMBU is useful for comparison of parenting attitudes in different societies or countries.
Characteristics of perceived parenting styles in Japan using the EMBU scale
Authors: Someya T. , Uehara T. , Kadowaki M. , Tang S. W. , Takahashi S. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveThe EMBU (Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran) is a self‐report questionnaire for the assessment of one's memory of parental rearing experiences. We are interested in using this scale to determine the characteristics of perceived parenting styles in Japan.MethodThe study subjects consisted of 1320 healthy Japanese volunteers, comprising 687 males (52%)) and 633 females (48%)). We investigated the relationship between demographics and the EMBU scale.ResultsANCOVA revealed that the subject's gender had a significant effect on paternal rejection scores (male > female), and both gender and birth‐order position had significant effects on emotional warmth scores for both parents (female > male, and only‐child > middle or last‐born child). Birth‐order position had significant effects on maternal over‐protection, with the highest score being that of only children, and on the aspect of favouritism (favouring subjects), scores for both parents were highest from the last‐born children. Rejection scores for the mother were significantly higher than those for the father from female subjects. Among both male and female subjects, emotional warmth scores and overprotection scores for the mother were significantly higher than those for the father. Among male subjects, scores for the mother on favouritism of the subject were significantly higher than those for the father. On the other hand, among female subjects, scores for the father on favouritism of the subject were higher than scores for the mother.ConclusionOur results suggest that parenting styles have significant interrelationships with the gender and birth‐order position of the subject.
Parent‐child interaction and adult depression: a prospective study
Authors: Lindelow M. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveThe aim was to examine the relationship between parentxhild interaction in middle childhood and adult depression in a group of women (n=54) who were studied prospectively.MethodThe sample was drawn from a longitudinal study of family functioning and children's difficulties in an inner London borough. Statistical methods, implemented in SUDAAN, accounted for the initial multistage sampling.ResultsThe results suggested that indicators of lack of positive parent‐child interaction based on maternal reports when the child was 10 years of age were significantly associated with depression some 20 years later. No parallel association was found between overtly negative aspects of parenting and depression.ConclusionThere was some evidence of a link between parent‐child interaction in middle childhood and adult depression, although the mechanism for this remains unclear.
No changes in mood with the seasons: observations in 3000 chronic pain patients
Authors: Hardt J. , Gerbershagen H. U. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveSeasonal affective disorder (SAD) and the theory of the effect of light on depression have gained some popularity in recent years. Research on epidemiology is largely based on retrospective measures asking explicitly for the experience of seasonal variations. Those measures have a low positive predictive value and do not enable us to distinguish between experience and belief.MethodA consecutive sample of chronic pain patients filled out a depression questionnaire (CES‐D) routinely as part of the diagnostic interview on becoming in‐patients at a Pain Clinic in Mainz during a 5‐year period.ResultsNo support for seasonality or light effects was found.ConclusionThe effect of light on depression or seasonality may be smaller than expected in general. SAD as a true disorder is probably rare.
Is suicide risk taken seriously in heavy drinkers who harm themselves?
Authors: Taylor C. , Cooper J. , Appleby L. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to examine whether a known history of heavy drinking adversely influences the assessment and management of deliberate self‐harm (DSH) by accident and emergency department staff.MethodStandard assessment forms on a consecutive series of 909 DSH cases were examined. Estimated suicide risk and clinical management were compared in patients who reported high (more than 7 units per day) and low/moderate alcohol intake.ResultsHeavy drinkers had higher rates of several risk factors for suicide. They were more likely to be judged as at high risk of suicide and further self‐harm, and were more likely to receive clinical management appropriate to people at high risk. However, a logistic regression analysis revealed that it was not alcohol use itself but risk factors that were more common in heavy drinkers that predicted clinical management.ConclusionThe results suggest that heavy drinkers are in general judged to be at higher risk of suicide and managed accordingly. However, training for accident and emergency department staff should emphasize the importance of alcohol as an independent risk factor for suicide.
Mood stabilizers in the prevention of recurrent affective disorders: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Davis J. M. , Janicak P. G. , Hogan D. M. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveTo determine by meta‐analysis the efficacy of mood stabilizers in preventing recurrence of bipolar or unipolar mood disorders and to consider the evidence for a lithium withdrawal‐induced relapse syndrome.MethodControlled studies of lithium, valproate and carbamazepine in preventing future episodes of affective disorders were classified according to methodological rigour, and meta‐analyses were performed overall and on each type.ResultsA total of 19 blinded, randomized, controlled trials of prophylaxis in 865 patients found lithium highly effective (74% recurrence on placebo vs. 29% on lithium). In the mirror‐image studies, whose substantial lithium vs. prior treatment difference cannot be explained by withdrawal relapse, lithium reduced relapse by 50% (bipolar) and 58% (unipolar).ConclusionMaintenance lithium produces a highly significant reduction in relapses. The mirror‐image studies had not been systematically analysed previously, and they support the effectiveness of lithium. We also failed to find sufficient evidence to prove that the lithium‐withdrawal relapse phenomenon exists.
Chronic atypical major depressive episode in private practice: unipolar and bipolar II
Authors: Benazzi F. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveThe aims of the study were to determine whether chronicity was more common in atypical vs. non‐atypical unipolar/bipolar II major depressive episode (MDE), whether atypical unipolar and bipolar II MDE had same chronicity, and to compare chronic with non‐chronic atypical MDE.MethodA total of 326 unipolar/bipolar IT MDE private practice outpatients were interviewed with the DSM‐IV Structured Clinical Interview.ResultsChronicity was not significantly different in atypical compared to non‐atypical MDE. Unipolar atypical MDE showed more chronicity than bipolar IT atypical MDE and unipolar non‐atypical MDE. Chronicity was not significantly different in atypical compared to non‐atypical bipolar TI MDE. Compared to non‐atypical MDE, atypical MDE had significantly lower age at onset, more recurrences and more bipolar IT patients. Chronic compared to non‐chronic atypical MDE had significantly longer duration, more recurrences and more unipolar patients.ConclusionUnipolar atypical MDE is more chronic than unipolar non‐atypical MDE. Bipolar II atypical MDE is not more chronic than bipolar II non‐atypical MDE.
Affective disorders among Greenlandic psychiatric patients
Authors: Lynge I. , Munk‐Jsrgensen P. , Mortensen P. B. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the treatment incidence, diagnostic stability and clinical and social outcome of affective disorders in the Greenlandic population.MethodsA cohort of Greenlanders first hospitalized in 1980–1983 and diagnosed with an affective disorder at least once during the period 7 to 12 years after first admission formed the study population. The manic‐depressive patients who were still alive at follow‐up were invited for a Present State Examination, and information about clinical and social condition was obtained for the total cohort.ResultsThe rates of manic‐depressive psychoses diagnosed at first admission or later were 6.6 for men and 20.4 for women per 100 000 individuals of over 15 years of age. The unipolar: bipolar ratio was very low, namely 1:3 for men and 1:2 for women. Outcome was relatively poor.ConclusionManic‐depression is a recognizable diagnostic category in Greenland. Extremely low rates of unipolar disorders in both sexes and high rates of bipolar disorders among women were the most marked findings.