bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfur dioxide induced airway hyperreactivity in allergic sheep
Authors: Abraham William M. , Oliver William , Welker Matthew J. , King Maryann , Chapman Gillette A. , Yerger Lawrence , Maurer David R. , Sielczak Marek , Wanner Adam , Sackner Marvin A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effects of a four‐hour exposure (via a Plexiglas hood) to sulfur dioxide (SO2) on airway reactivity was studied in both normal and allergic conscious sheep. Allergic sheep were defined as animals in whom inhalation of Ascaris suum extract resulted in an increase in mean pulmonary flow resistance (RL). Airway reactivity (δRL) was assessed by measuring the increase in RL after 18 breaths of 0.25% carbachol, from an initial value obtained after 18 breaths of buffered saline. RL and δRL were determined prior to, immediately after and 24 hours following SO2 exposure in three groups of sheep: six normal sheep exposed to 5 ppm SO2 (group A); six normal sheep exposed to 10 ppm SO2 (group B) and seven allergic sheep exposed to 5 ppm SO2 (group C). RL was not affected by SO2 exposure in any group but both groups B and C showed increases in δRL 24 hours after exposure. Since the increase in δRL was greater in group C than in either groups A or B, we conclude that allergic sheep have enhanced susceptibility to the injurious airway effects of SO2.
Kidney function and lead: Relationships in several occupational groups with different levels of exposure
Authors: Lilis Ruth , Fischbein Alf , Valciukas José A. , Blumberg William , Selikoff Irving J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPotential kidney function decrement with long term lead exposure is important in the overall assessment of adverse health effects of lead in industrial workers or other exposed groups. Two clinical field studies of secondary lead smelter workers have shown that a significant proportion of workers had slightly to moderately elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels; the prevalence was higher in those with longer lead exposure. Since a decrement of kidney function with age has been documented, and since duration of lead exposure may also be strongly related to age, it was necessary to assess the age dependent renal function decrement in control (non‐lead‐exposed) populations. BUN and creatinine levels in the lead exposed workers showed a much more significant correlation with age than that which was found in the non‐exposed populations; the correlation remained statistically significant after correcting for the age‐dependent decrement derived from the control populations. Moreover, highly significant correlations between BUN and creatinine and the biological indicator of lead absorption, zinc protoporphyrin, were found. The results indicate a sizeable and significant decrement in kidney function in the secondary lead smelter workers studied; by removing its age‐dependency, this effect was found to be lead‐induced. In other occupational groups, with lesser and/or shorter lead exposure, a significant effect on renal function as reflected in BUN and creatinine levels could not be detected.
Lead exposure and behavioral changes: Comparisons of four occupational groups with different levels of lead absorption
Authors: Valciukas José A. , Lilis Ruth , Singer Raymond , Fischbein Alf , Anderson Henry A. , Glickman Linda 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe association between lead absorption and objective psychological performance tests in five groups with different levels of lead absorption was studied in the following groups: (1) a control, non‐lead‐exposed group; (2) cable splicers, (3) cable manufacturers, and (4) secondary lead smelter workers. The following performance tests were used: Block Design, Digit Symbol, and Embedded Figures. Age‐corrected performance test scores and the average of three test scores (INDEX) were used throughout. A significant association between performance tests scores and increased lead absorption was found. Zinc protoporphyrin level was a more “powerful” (in the statistical sense) indicator of lead‐induced CNS effects than blood lead levels. This study provides additional evidence that neurotoxic effects associated with occupational exposure to lead can be demonstrated by means of performance tests. It has been known and widely accepted that increased lead absorption is associated with “non‐specific” subjective symptoms: tiredness, sleep disturbance, irritability, etc. Psychometric techniques (including an appropriate statistical analysis strategy) are highly sensitive for the early detection of CNS neurotoxicity, such as metal toxicity. Moreover, even in lead‐exposed but asymptomatic individuals, a significant correlation (negative) between test scores and levels of lead absorption could be detected. It is concluded that workers exposed to lead at levels considered “safe” might be at risk of developing brain dysfunction with long term exposure.
So2—particulate interactions: Recent observations
Authors: Frank Robert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe toxicology of sulfur oxides is discussed briefly. The effects of sulfur dioxide (SO2) are largely confined to the upper airways except during exercise or if the gas is taken up by a carrier aerosol. SO2 may be adsorbed as a monomolecular layer on dry particles, such as elemental carbon, or dissolved in aqueous droplets. Hydrated SO2 forms bisulfite and sulfite ions, which are rapidly oxidized (detoxified) by sulfite oxidase, an enzyme, to form sulfate. SO2 in carrier aerosols (dry or aqueous solutions) may be oxidized to sulfuric acid. The mixture of SO2 (1 ppm) and a droplet of sodium chloride (1 mg/m3) has been shown to be synergistic in guinea pigs. In healthy adults, the same gas‐aerosol mixture caused no functional lung changes at rest (two separate studies), but did cause significant changes following moderate exercise. Shortness of breath and wheezing were experienced by about half of the subjects.
Arsenic—state of the art
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractApproximately 1.5 million workers in the United States are exposed to arsenic. Occupational exposure is primarily by inhalation. NIOSH recommends that time‐integrated exposure to arsenic in air not exceed 2 μ.g/m3. Recent exposure is accurately measured by urine assay; urine arsenic concentrations above 50 μg/liter indicate increased absorption. Hair assay is a semiquantitative index of past exposure. Toxicity is associated primarily with the trivalent (3 + ) form of arsenic. Acute poisoning is caused most commonly by contaminated food or drink; it is rarely occupational. Chronic intoxication is characterized by dermatitis, hyper‐pigmentation, keratoses, peripheral neuropathy (primarily sensory), irritation of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and occasionally by hepatic toxicity and peripheral vasculopathy (blackfoot disease). Arsenic is not carcinogenic in animal species, but is mutagenic in Syrian hamster cells. In man, arsenic is known definitely to cause cancer of skin, lung, and liver (angiosarcoma) and possibly to cause lymphoma.
Relationship between lung cancer and distance of residence from nonferrous smelter stack effluent
Authors: Greaves William W. , Rom William N. , Lyon Joseph L. , Varley Gloria , Wright Diana Dryer , Chiu Grace 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBecause of a reported association between residence in counties, with nonferrous smelters and increased risk of lung cancer, we studied the relationship between distance of residence from nonferrous smelters and lung cancer. Patients with lung cancer and patients with other cancers not known to be associated with smelter effluent (breast, prostate, and colon) were compared. All patients lived within a 20‐kilometer radius around one of 10 nonferrous smelters in five western states during 1970‐1977. Data were obtained from cancer registries or death certificates and were examined separately for each area. Addresses at the time of diagnosis or death were plotted on U.S. Geological Survey maps to calculate distance from each smelter. The distribution of lung cancer near the smelters was not significantly different from the distribution of control cancers in any of the areas studied.
Lipoid pneumonia caused by oil mist exposure from a steel rolling tandem mill
Authors: Cullen Mark R. , Balmes John R. , Robins James M. , Smith G. J. Walker 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFive of nine active tandem mill operators exposed at work to aerosolized hydrocarbon mist were referred for evaluation of respiratory complaints. The worker with the longest exposure had reduced lung volumes; he was admitted to the hospital for detailed study. Exercise studies revealed work load limited by ventilation and arterial oxygen desaturation. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy revealed evidence of lipoid pneumonia. Assessment of the mill revealed levels of respirable oil mist by personal samplers throughout the area far below the currently accepted standard of 5 mg/ M3. These findings confirm a 20‐year‐old hypothesis of J.G. Jones regarding the hazard of oil mist in this industrial setting.
A carcinogenic bioassay of certain roofing materials
Authors: Emmett Edward A. , Bingham Eula M. , Barkley William 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe carcinogenic potentials of certain present day roofing materials and dust produced during the removal of an old coal tar pitch roof were evaluated using a mouse skin bioassay. Traditional coal tar pitch and dust from removal of an old roof were significantly more carcinogenic than coal derived roofing bitumen, but all were strongly carcinogenic. The benzo(a)pyrene concentration of these materials ranged from 0.064 to 0.08%, but each was significantly more carcinogenic than 0.1% benzo(a)pyrene alone. No tumors were produced by the application of petroleum derived roofing asphalt.
Asbestos‐related diseases in the federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Woitowitz H.‐J. , Beierl L. , Rathgeb M. , Schmidt K. , Rödelsperger K. , Greven U. , Woitowitz R. H. , Lange H.‐J. , Ulm K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUntil recently, in the Federal Republic of Germany there has been a lack of epidemiological data on asbestos‐related tumors. Only the numbers of occupational diseases accepted for compensation by the German industrial injuries insurance institutes (Berufsgenossenschaften) can be stated. These show, for 1979, 94 cases of asbestosis, 21 cases of asbestosis associated with lung cancer, and 34 cases of mesothelioma.Since 1972 employees exposed to asbestos dust have been included in a central register by the industrial injuries insurance institutes and are medically examined periodically. By December 31, 1979, 28,476 persons were registered. Of those, 6,582 were still being followed medically, although they were no longer working with asbestos dust exposure. In January 1, 1977, a prospective epidemiological study was started with these people who were formerly exposed to asbestos dust. Up to December 31, 1980, altogether 2,944 people were enrolled in the study. Besides several other enrollment criteria, the individual's permission was required to evaluate his personal data. Of the people enrolled, 85 had died by December 31, 1980. Even if five questionable cases of lung cancer are excluded (n = 80), the observed rates of about 43% tumours of all sites, with 15% lung cancer and 6% mesothelioma, seem to be comparable to the international epidemiological mortality pattern.
Effects of vanadium on immunologic functions
Authors: Sharma R. P. , Bourcier D. R. , Brinkerhoff C. R. , Christensen S. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExposure of mice to vanadium caused a dose‐related but nonsignificant decrease in the antibody‐forming cells in the spleen of animals challenged with sheep erythrocytes. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction was not affected in similarly sensitized animals. Serum immunoglobulins were also not altered by the vanadium treatment. Splenic lymphocytes obtained at 1, 4, 8, and 13 wk of exposure to 0, 1, 10, and 50 mg of vanadium per liter of drinking water showed an increased DNA synthesis related to vanadium treatment when cultured in the presence of phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen but not with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Addition of vanadium to splenic cultures in vitro caused a marked enhancement of lymphocyte transformation at low concentrations, whereas a decreased cellular proliferation was observed at high concentrations of vanadium.
Electron microscopic observations of hepatic and subcutaneous hemangiosarcomas induced in mice exposed to vinyl chloride monomer
Authors: Suzuki Yasunosuke 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBoth subcutaneous and hepatic hemangiosarcomas were induced in mice exposed to vinyl chloride monomer, and for the first time, the ultrastructure of hemangiosarcomas related to vinyl chloride exposure has been described. The subcutaneous hemangiosarcoma developed in a mouse's ear 29 weeks after exposure to 10 ppm vinyl chloride for 4 weeks, and the hepatic hemangiosarcoma was found in a mouse's liver at necropsy 56 weeks after exposure to 600 ppm vinyl chloride for 4 weeks. Both tumors showed a localized, cystic nodular appearance with a dark red tone. Histologically, an angiomatous architecture, the presence of neoplastic mesenchymal cell aggregates, focal necrosis, and hemorrhagic foci were common. Ultrastructurally, two neoplastic cell types, a mesenchymal and a well‐differentiated endothelial cell type, were identified in both tumors. In addition, in the hepatic tumor, a pericyte‐like neoplastic cell was also present. The incidence of hemangiosarcoma was much lower than that of lung tumors (alveologenic tumor) in mice exposed to vinyl chloride at the same concentrations for the same duration. This study suggests that there is no basic difference in ultrastructure between the vinyl chloride‐induced hemangiosarcomas and hemangiosarcomas not related to this chemical exposure.
Attempts to demonstrate short‐term metabolic effects of vinyl chloride in normal rat liver
Authors: Brenner Elisabeth A. , Manchester Keith L. , Webster Ian , Cantrell Anthony C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe present study examines whether VCM or one of its metabolites, chloracetaldehyde, has a short‐term effect on cell metabolism. ATP, ADP, and AMP levels were measured in regenerating rat liver after 4 and 16 hours. No change in the levels of these nucleotides was evident after i.v. injection of VCM immediately after partial hepatectomy. A second technique, that of measuring transmembrane potentials with microelectrodes, was applied both to cells in rat liver slices and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. The addition of VCM and chloracetaldehyde with the electrodes in position in rat liver slices had no significant effect on transmembrane potentials. The same was true for a series of measurements on macrophages before and after addition of the test chemicals. It therefore appears that VCM does not alter general cell metabolism but could act on a specific intracellular target.
Toxic effects of lead impurities found in aluminum factories
Authors: Martinez E. Garcia , Munoz P. R. Junco , Ballesteros G. Molina , Alcalde N. D. Arrieta 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study of workers exposed to low levels of lead as impurities in aluminum (as low as 0.07%) shows a statistically significant difference in blood and urine lead levels as compared with a control group. In addition, alterations in precursors of heme were demonstrated as reflected in elevated levels of urinary delta‐aminolevulinic acid and erythrocyte protoporphyrin IX. This study has implications for workers who are exposed to metals with low concentrations of lead (less than 1%) since this exposure tends to go unnoticed both by the workers, even when symptoms are present, and by physicians who ignore or discard signs of lead intoxication because they relate the occupational exposure of the workers to other metals, not directly to lead.
Hemodynamics of pulmonary circulation in asbestosis: Study of 16 cases
Authors: Tomasini M. , Chiappino G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPulmonary circulation hemodynamics was studied by microcatheterization at rest and during exercise in 16 workers with asbestosis. There was pulmonary arterial hypertension owing to increased total pulmonary resistance even in the early stages of pneumoconiosis, sometimes without impairment of lung function. In two cases, a partial reduction in pulmonary hypertension and total pulmonary resistance was obtained with aminophylline. The pathogenesis of pulmonary circulation impairment has been attributed in previous work to periarteriolar fibrosis originating in the lymphatic vessels, until now insufficiently emphasized as the anatomical basis of these physiological alterations.
Mortality and cancer morbidity among workers in the rubber tire industry
Authors: Delzell Elizabeth , Louik Carol , Lewis John , Monson Richard R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA retrospective follow‐up study was conducted to evaluate mortality and cancer incidence between 1954 and 1976 among 1,792 white male production workers employed for at least 2 years at a tire manufacturing plant. There were no marked excesses in overall or site‐specific cancer deaths or incident cases. Compared to U.S. white males, men employed for at least 10 years experienced small increases in deaths from cancers of the large intestine, pancreas, and lung. Results obtained by comparing observed incident cancer cases to the numbers expected based on age‐ and calendar time‐specific incidence rates of Connecticut males also suggested excesses of these three malignancies. These findings were based on small numbers and therefore do not necessarily indicate causal associations between cancer excesses and employment in the rubber tire industry. However, because the workers studied comprised a relatively young population that may not have experienced the full impact of carcinogenic occupational exposures, further follow‐up is warranted.
Leukemia in benzene workers
Authors: Rinsky Robert A. , Young Ronald J. , Smith Alexander B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo evaluate the possible association between occupational exposure to benzene and subsequent death from leukemia, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a retrospective cohort mortality study of workers who had been exposed to benzene in the manufacture of rubber hydrochloride at two locations in Ohio. Ascertainment of vital status was accomplished for 98% of the cohort. Among 748 workers who had at least one day of exposure to benzene between 1940 and 1950, seven deaths from leukemia occurred; from United States death rates standardized for sex, age, and calendar time period, only 1.25 leukemia deaths would have been expected (standardized mortality ratio = 560; p<0.001). Mean duration of exposure to benzene was brief, and 437 (58%) of the cohort were exposed for less than 1 year. Evaluation of leukemia mortality for those workers exposed five or more years showed an SMR of 2100. All leukemia deaths were myelocytic or monocytic in cell type. Four additional cases of leukemia have been recognized in workers at the study locations, but occurred in persons not encompassed by the strict definition of the cohort. Reconstruction of past exposures to benzene at the two locations indicates that in some areas of the plant airborne benzene concentrations rose occasionally to several hundred parts per million (ppm), but that for the most part, employee eight‐hour time‐weighted averages (TWA) fell within the limits considered permissible at the time of exposure. These data corroborate an initial analysis of the same cohort by Infante et al, and indicate that benzene is a human carcinogen at a range of exposures not greatly above the current legal standard.
Occupational and environmental health problems of the developing oil shale industry: A review
Authors: Rom William N. , Lee Jeffrey S. , Craft Bobby F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe American oil shale industry is on the threshold of commercial industrial development. Potential occupational hazards include shalosis or oil shale pneumoconiosis, dermatoses, cancer of the skin, lung, and possibly other sites, and accidents. Air, water, and solid waste pollution problems are complicated by the aridity of the Green River oil shale formation located in Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. The region currently lacks the schools, health facilities, community services, and skilled labor required for large‐scale development. The oil shale industry faces an opportunity and a challenge of prudently assessing and controlling exposures and contributing to the social development of the region.
An integrative index of biological effects of lead
Authors: Valciukas José A. , Lilis Ruth , Petrocci Michael 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBiological indicators of lead effects on the central nervous system (as measured by performance tests), hematogenous bone marrow (hemoglobin levels), and kidney function (BUN levels) can be combined in an integrative index (INDEX). This integrative index can be in turn related to indicators of lead exposure and absorption. Such an index was calculated by removing age effects in measures of performance and kidney function and then transforming all the variables to Z (standard) units. Secondary lead smelter workers and a control group were studied. In secondary lead smelter workers this INDEX was found to be significantly correlated with ZPP, blood lead levels, and duration of lead exposure. In this population the magnitude of the correlation coefficients with ZPP levels was much higher than that for blood lead levels. INDEX had a higher correlation with ZPP than with each of its components: performance test scores, hemoglobin, and BUN levels. Although performance test scores, hemoglobin, and BUN levels were shown to discriminate between the control, non‐lead‐exposed population, and the lead‐exposed group, INDEX (and particularly one pair of its components, CNS and hemoglobin levels) achieved the best discrimination between groups. The concept of an integrative index of biological effects of lead may be especially useful in defining populations at high risk for developing chronic, potentially irreversible neurologic and kidney dysfunction, and in assessing the severity of lead effects in individual cases.
Reaction time of industrial workers exposed to organic solvents: Relationship to degree of exposure and psychological performance
Authors: Gregersen Per , Stigsby Bent 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAuditory reaction time (RT) was examined on a day free from work and on a working day in 54 workers exposed to organic solvents and in 28 unexposed workers. Medical and occupational history was recorded and neurological examination and psychological testing carried out to establish quantitative parameters of exposure and cerebral function.There was a wider 95% range of the RT in the exposed group compared to the control group on the working day and a tendency in the same direction on the day free from work. There was no difference in the means of the RT, or within the groups between the examinations on the two days.The increased RT 95% range is interpreted as indicating an impaired ability in the exposed workers to maintain their attention during the experimental period, owing to chronic exposure of organic solvents.RT measurements did not correlate with exposure or psychological performance.RT would seem to be a means of measuring subclinical effects of exposure to organic solvents.