bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF HOME PROCESSING ON THE PROTEIN QUALITY OF SELECTED LEGUMES
Authors: GEERVANI P. , THEOPHILUS F. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTRedgram (Cajanus cajun) Var. Hyderabad 3A, Blackgram (P. mungo) Var. T9, Greengram (P. aureus) Var. Ps 16 and Bengalgram (Cicev arietinum) Var. BEG 482 were processed in the usual home processing methods. The protein quality of the processed legumes was assessed on the basis of PER, nitrogen absorption, retention, and utilization percent. FDNB available lysine of the samples was determined by chemical method. By deducting the fecal excretion of methionine and cystine from intake, availability of these amino acids was determined. Processing improved the protein quality of the legumes significantly (P < 0.05). Moist heat methods of processing improved the protein quality to a greater extent than dry heat methods. Fermentation and germination had no advantage over moist heat methods in improving the biological quality of protein. The available lysine of roasted legumes was less than boiled and pressure cooked legumes. However the available methionine and cystine of roasted legumes was not lower than the boiled and pressure cooked legumes. No correlation was observed between PER and percent of nitrogen absorbed and retained, but the correlation between PER and total nitrogen retained was highly significant (P < 0.05).
ENERGY ACCOUNTING IN CANNING TOMATO PRODUCTS
Authors: SINGH R. PAUL , CARROAD P. A. , CHHINNAN M. S. , ROSE W. W. , JACOB N. L. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAn energy accounting method was used to determine energy consumption in various unit operations in canning tomato juice, whole‐peeled tomatoes, and tomato paste. Data on steam and electric consumption were obtained from a canning plant with the use of steam flow meters and electric transducers. Unit operations associated with the following equipment were investigated: crushers, hot‐break heaters, pulpers, finishers, lyebath peelers, evaporators and retorts. The average thermal and electrical energy intensities of canning to mato products were 538 Btu and 0.0126 kWh per pound of tomatoes received, respectively. Energy intensive operations were identified as those associated with hot‐break heaters, lyebath peelers, evaporators, and retorts.
HIGH‐TEMPERATURE (NTERRUPTED COOKING OF BEEF ROASTS
Authors: BERNEKING JAMES M. , BALDWIN RUTH E. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTSensory scores for flavor of top round beef roasts were higher for roasts cooked by a high‐temperature interrupted method than for control samples. For rolled rib roasts, flavor and tenderness of samples cooked by the test method in the electric oven and control samples were similar but control samples were juicier than test samples. Cooking losses; shear values, and thiamin and riboflavin content and retention did not differ between control samples and those cooked by the high‐temperature interrupted procedure.
POTATO FLAVOR GENERATION‐AN APPROACH To THE FLAVOR IMPROVEMENT OF DEHYDRATED POTATO PRODUCTS
Authors: FAN T. Y. , YUEH M. H. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTHeating of aqueous potato extract resulted in a sharp and unpleasant flavor. However, the flavor of potato extract was vastly improved when it was heated with methionine, ribose, and sodium pyrophosphate. Several other amino acids, sugars, and phosphates were also effective in the generation of potato flavor. The potato flavor generation system was demonstrated to improve the flavor of the instant mashed potato product.
EFFECT OF COLD WATER INJECTION DURING HIGH PRESSURE STEAM PEELING OF SWEET POTATOES
Authors: SMITH D. A. , HARRIS H. , RYMAL K. S. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTA commercial high pressure steam peeler was adapted to accept direct injection of cold water in order to study the effect of rapid cooling under partial vacuum on effectiveness of the peel and on product loss in the peeling of cured sweet potatoes. Tests were: (1) high pressure steam peeling with flash in‐chamber cooling by cold water injection; (2) high pressure steam peeling with postdump cooling by spray washing; (3) lye peeling. Cold water injection facilitated trimming and handling and improved appearance. The peeled and trimmed yield of U.S. No. 1 Red Jewel sweet potatoes was 81.1% for steam‐peeled roots with flash cooling, 80.3% for lye‐peeled sweet potatoes, and 73.7% for steam‐peeled roots with wash water cooling.
An evaluation of a workshop for teachers of nursing by comparing the members’ expectations with their opinions of the outcome
Authors: Sheahan John 
Published: December 2006

Fifty‐seven teachers of nursing, who comprised 42 women and 15 men and who also comprised 12 senior tutors, 16 nurse tutors and 29 clinical teachers, participated in a study to evaluate a workshop which they attended.The method of inquiry used was that of a survey by questionnaire. Two questionnaires were used, one being set at the beginning of the workshop and the other at the end of the proceedings. The learning objectives for the workshop were used as the questionnaire items and comprised 20 in all. When the before and after scores relating to the questionnaire items were compared through the use of t tests significant differences were found on 12 out of the 20 objectives. In the course of the paper the differences found are identified and discussed. Some of the limitations of the method of inquiry used are discussed and finally some conclusions are reached.
Patient‐centred nursing care in a multi‐racial society: the relevance of ethnographic perspectives in nursing curricula
Authors: Burrows Alison 
Published: December 2006

The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the importance of including cultural dimensions as a fundamental component of nursing curricula and to provide some indications as to how this may be achieved. The concept of ‘institutionalized racism’ is examined, with reference to the absence of the cultural dimension in nursing education, and it is suggested that nurses, as members of a ‘caring profession', should be in the forefront in promoting mutual cultural understanding. The argument for promoting cultural awareness is developed in the context of individualized nursing care and the nursing process.The needs of ethnic minority learners are considered along with their potential role, and that of tutors, in breaking down barriers to the acceptance of cultural diversity. Some possible reasons for the failure to include ethnographic perspectives in nurse education programmes are postulated, and finally suggestions as to how this curriculum deficit may be rectified are made. The paper concludes that British nurse educators should ensure that the needs fo learners and patients are better provided for in the future by directing more attention to ethnographic perspectives relating to learning and the provision of nursing care.
Non‐pharmacologic management of pain in the person with cancer
Authors: Mayer Deborah K. 
Published: December 2006

Although non‐pharmacologic interventions have been available and have been described in the literature, it is questionable as to how effectively this knowledge has been translated into effective pain relief for the person with cancer. Little documentation is available about what is being used or how effective it has been. There is also very little research available to look at the various factors that relate to these issues. Therefore, more research in this area is needed to define actual practices, effectiveness of interventions, individuals most likely to benefit from this type of approach and the most effective combinations of the various interventions.Another key problem may be the knowledge and past experiences of the nurse. Sanders et al. (1980) evaluated 37 nurses as to their knowledge of basic behavioural principles and terminology as well as which patients should have what principles applied. There was only a mean of 65% correct responses to a questionnaire designed to test their knowledge. Their findings suggest ‘that there is a need for more ‘formal’ training in behavioural principles and their appropriate application as part of nurses’ academic curriculum. Furthermore, such training should definitely include and emphasize methods to increase positive behaviour, as well as instruction in how to accurately discriminate when and with which patients behavioural methods would be appropriate’ (Sanders et al. 1980).Nurses need to become more familiar and comfortable with these interventions and be aware of the benefits and limitations. This can be done through self‐study and practice as well as through formal courses.Nursing management of the person with cancer experiencing pain should include an armamentarium of both pharmacologic and non‐pharmacologic interventions. These interventions may enable that individual to develop physical comfort and psychological peace. The ultimate goal of nursing management is to alleviate suffering so that the person experiencing cancer pain can function in as full a lifestyle as possible. Once successful, we may begin to alter the strong negative association between cancer and pain.
Greipp's model of ethical decision making
Authors: Greipp Mary Elizabeth 
Published: December 2006

Nurses need to become more aware of everyday ethical decisions and the many factors which influence them in order to develop skills in this cognitive process This author's model of ethical decision making has been designed and developed to illustrate an overall conception of the interaction between nurse and client within an ethical framework. This model lends itself to the examination of all factors which enter into the ethical decision making process descriptive, normative and meta‐ethicsSUMMATIONGreipp's model of ethical decision making clarifies the ethical process by defining ethical behaviour within the centre of the model, and delineating relevant variables on both the caregiver's and care recipient's sides which can dramatically alter the outcome of the decision making process The value of this model for the practitioner lies in its diagrammatic structure which will keep the nurse focused and aware of the influence that psychosociocultural variables have on decision making interactionsThe model also makes evident the power of those potential inhibitors (variables) to violate basic ethical principles and negate the framework Locating the violation is essential in finding a solution “Men are not evil Most of the evil gets done without malice Evil comes less from malice and sadism than from good intentions that are stupid and low‐level” (Maslow 1972)Each professional nurse carries responsibility for right behaviour and right knowledge The search and quest for that behaviour and knowledge is a never‐ending process fired by a commitment to personal ideals and professional excellence
The New Right in Central Europe II: Poland and Hungary
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: December 2006

‘The New Right’ as it has come to be known, derives from at least two major intellectual sources, free market theory and social conservatism. The question how far these are compatible is frequently raised. The aim of this two-part article is to explore the impact of ‘New Right’ thinking in East Central Europe (specifically in Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary) in order to show that in the conditions of ‘real Socialism’, free market and social conservative ideas seem to arise naturally from the same root conceptions. This second section deals with Poland, and examines the new ‘market sociology’ propagated within universities, together with the metaphysical and political ideas surrounding the Polish Nationalist movement.
The Limits to Coercive Consociationalism in Northern Ireland
Authors: O'Leary Brendan 
Published: December 2006

The merits of consociation as a means of solving the Northern Ireland conflict are presented through contrasting it with other ways of stabilizing highly divided political systems. Why voluntary consociation has been unsuccessful in Northern Ireland and unfortunately is likely to remain so is explained. The signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement (AIA) must be understood against the background of the failure of previous consociational experiments. The AIA partly represented a shift in British strategy from voluntary to coercive consociationalism. The prospects for this coercive consociational strategy and variants on it are evaluated. Irish history is something Irishmen should never remember, and Englishmen should never forget.
Reviews
Authors: Bookbinder G. E. , Miller Jane , Treadwell Alan 
Published: December 2006

Foster, John, L. (Editor). (1977). Reluctant to Read?Edinburgh Reading Tests ‐ Stages 1 and 4 ‐ Godfrey Thomson Unit.Dubin, F. and Olshtain, E. (1977). Facilitating Language Learning.Skitt, Frank. (1978). Themes for Language Learning.
Improving Students’Essay‐writing
Authors: Hunter‐Carsch C. Morag 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper concerns University Tutors’and students’perceptions of essay‐writing difficulties in examinations and on coursework, and how to improve essay‐writing in the case of those with problems. It is assumed that an awareness of both Tutors’and students’expectations and attitudes to essays is necessary in order to understand what are considered to be‘faults’or problems and how best to improve the situation.On the basis of experience with students, teachers and workshop discussions with University colleagues, a framework for analysing types of problems and providing support, is offered. The framework differentiates between those problems mainly associated with form of writing and those associated with content. Within this broad classification the perceived‘faults’are related to apparent difficulties and these in turn regarded as suggesting areas of need or possibly underlying issues. The‘needs’are not necessarily 'special educational needs’but issues for both student and Tutor to tackle sensibly and positively, using relevant learning/ teaching strategies, some of which are listed and outlined.
Evolutionary Dynamics of
Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: Castillo José A. , Greenberg Jean T. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

We investigated the genetic diversity, extent of recombination, natural selection, and population divergence of
Ralstonia solanacearum
samples obtained from sources worldwide. This plant pathogen causes bacterial wilt in many crops and constitutes a serious threat to agricultural production due to its very wide host range and aggressiveness. Five housekeeping genes, dispersed around the chromosome, and three virulence-related genes, located on the megaplasmid, were sequenced from 58 strains belonging to the four major phylogenetic clusters (phylotypes). Whereas genetic variation is high and consistent for all housekeeping loci studied, virulence-related gene sequences are more diverse. Phylogenetic and statistical analyses suggest that this organism is a highly diverse bacterial species containing four major, deeply separated evolutionary lineages (phylotypes I to IV) and a weaker subdivision of phylotype II into two subgroups. Analysis of molecular variations showed that the geographic isolation and spatial distance have been the significant determinants of genetic variation between phylotypes.
R. solanacearum
displays high clonality for housekeeping genes in all phylotypes (except phylotype III) and significant levels of recombination for the virulence-related
egl
and
hrpB
genes, which are limited mainly to phylotype strains III and IV. Finally, genes essential for species survival are under purifying selection, and those directly involved in pathogenesis might be under diversifying selection.
Characterization of Strong Promoters from an Environmental
Flavobacterium hibernum
Strain by Using a Green Fluorescent Protein-Based Reporter System
Authors: Chen S. , Bagdasarian M. , Kaufman M. G. , Walker E. D. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

We developed techniques for the genetic manipulation of
Flavobacterium
species and used it to characterize several promoters found in these bacteria. Our studies utilized
Flavobacterium hibernum
strain W22, an environmental strain we isolated from tree hole habitats of mosquito larvae. Plasmids from
F. hibernum
strain W22 were more efficiently (∼1,250-fold) transferred by electroporation into
F. hibernum
strain W22 than those isolated from
Escherichia coli
, thus indicating that an efficient restriction barrier exists between these species. The strong promoter,
tac
, functional in proteobacteria, did not function in
Flavobacterium
strains. Therefore, a promoter-trap plasmid, pSCH03, containing a promoterless
gfpmut3
gene was constructed. A library of 9,000 clones containing chromosomal fragments of
F. hibernum
strain W22 in pSCH03 was screened for their ability to drive expression of the promoterless
gfpmut3
gene. Twenty strong promoters were used for further study. The transcription start points were determined from seven promoter clones by the 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. Promoter consensus sequences from
Flavobacterium
were identified as TAnnTTTG and TTG, where
n
is any nucleotide, centered approximately 7 and 33 bp upstream of the transcription start site, respectively. A putative novel ribosome binding site consensus sequence is proposed as TAAAA by aligning the 20-bp regions upstream of the translational start site in 25 genes. Our primary results demonstrate that at least some promoter and ribosome binding site motifs of
Flavobacterium
strains are unusual within the bacterial domain and suggest an early evolutionary divergence of this bacterial group. The techniques presented here allow for more detailed genetics-based studies and analyses of
Flavobacterium
species in the environment.
Mechanism of Resistance to
Bacillus thuringiensis
Toxin Cry1Ac in a Greenhouse Population of the Cabbage Looper,
Trichoplusia ni
Authors: Wang Ping , Zhao Jian-Zhou , Rodrigo-Simón Ana , Kain Wendy , Janmaat Alida F. , Shelton Anthony M. , Ferré Juan , Myers Judith 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The cabbage looper,
Trichoplusia ni
, is one of only two insect species that have evolved resistance to
Bacillus thuringiensis
in agricultural situations. The trait of resistance to
B. thuringiensis
toxin Cry1Ac from a greenhouse-evolved resistant population of
T. ni
was introgressed into a highly inbred susceptible laboratory strain. The resulting introgression strain, GLEN-Cry1Ac-BCS, and its nearly isogenic susceptible strain were subjected to comparative genetic and biochemical studies to determine the mechanism of resistance. Results showed that midgut proteases, hemolymph melanization activity, and midgut esterase were not altered in the GLEN-Cry1Ac-BCS strain. The pattern of cross-resistance of the GLEN-Cry1Ac-BCS strain to 11
B. thuringiensis
Cry toxins showed a correlation of the resistance with the Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac binding site in
T. ni
. This cross-resistance pattern is different from that found in a previously reported laboratory-selected Cry1Ab-resistant
T. ni
strain, evidently indicating that the greenhouse-evolved resistance involves a mechanism different from the laboratory-selected resistance. Determination of specific binding of
B. thuringiensis
toxins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac to the midgut brush border membranes confirmed the loss of midgut binding to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac in the resistant larvae. The loss of midgut binding to Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac is inherited as a recessive trait, which is consistent with the recessive inheritance of Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac resistance in this greenhouse-derived
T. ni
population. Therefore, it is concluded that the mechanism for the greenhouse-evolved Cry1Ac resistance in
T. ni
is an alteration affecting the binding of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac to the Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac binding site in the midgut.
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 Colonization at the Rectoanal Junction of Long-Duration Culture-Positive Cattle
Authors: Lim Ji Youn , Li Jie , Sheng Haiqing , Besser Thomas E. , Potter Kathleen , Hovde Carolyn J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Long-duration consistently
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 culture-positive cattle were euthanized and necropsied. Tissue and digesta from along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were cultured for the bacteria and examined histologically for lymphoid character.
E. coli
O157:H7 was detected only at the rectoanal junction mucosa and not at any other GIT location.
Retention of Virulence in a Viable but Nonculturable
Edwardsiella tarda
Isolate
Authors: Du Meng , Chen Jixiang , Zhang Xiaohua , Li Aijuan , Li Yun , Wang Yingeng 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Edwardsiella tarda
is pathogen of fish and other animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state and virulence retention of this bacterium.
Edwardsiella tarda
CW7 was cultured in sterilized aged seawater at 4°C. Total cell counts remained constant throughout the 28-day period by acridine orange direct counting, while plate counts declined to undetectable levels (<0.1 CFU/ml) within 28 days by plate counting. The direct viable counts, on the other hand, declined to ca. 10
9
CFU/ml active cells and remained fairly constant at this level by direct viable counting. These results indicated that a large population of cells existed in a viable but nonculturable state. VBNC
E. tarda
CW7 could resuscitate in experimental chick embryos and in the presence of nutrition with a temperature upshift. The resuscitative times were 6 days and 8 days, respectively. The morphological changes of VBNC, normal, and resuscitative
E. tarda
CW7 cells were studied with a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that when the cells entered into the VBNC state, they gradually changed in shape from short rods to coccoid and decreased in size, but the resuscitative cells did not show any obvious differences from the normal cells. The VBNC and the resuscitative
E. tarda
CW7 cells were intraperitoneally inoculated into turbot separately, and the fish inoculated with the resuscitative cells died within 7 days, which suggested that VBNC
E. tarda
CW7 might retain pathogenicity.
A Novel High-Throughput Screen Reveals Yeast Genes That Increase Secretion of Heterologous Proteins
Authors: Wentz Alane E. , Shusta Eric V. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is an attractive host for the production of heterologous proteins. However, low-yield production of many proteins (from micrograms to milligrams/liter) leaves considerable room for optimization. By engineering the yeast cell via traceable genome-wide libraries, genes that can enhance protein expression level because of their roles in protein transcription, translation, folding, and trafficking processes can be readily identified. This report details a novel approach that combines yeast cDNA overexpression libraries with yeast surface display to allow the rapid flow cytometric screening of engineered yeast for gene products that improve the display of heterologous proteins. After optimization of the screening conditions, a genome-wide scan yielded five yeast gene products that promoted increased display levels of a single-chain T-cell receptor (scTCR). The display-enhancing genes included those coding for cell wall proteins (
CCW12
,
CWP2
, and
SED1
), a ribosomal subunit protein (
RPP0
), and an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein (
ERO1
). Under the premise that yeast surface display levels could be used as a predictor of secretion efficiency, each display-enhancing gene product was tested for its ability to affect secretion levels of multiple scTCR and single-chain antibodies (scFv). All of the selected yeast gene products were shown to promote increased secretion of active protein (1.5-fold to 7.9-fold), with
CCW12
and
ERO1
being the most generalizable enhancers of scFv/scTCR secretion.