bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Flow Velocity and Rock Layering on Foam Flow: An X-ray Computed Tomography Study
Authors: Zitha Pacelli L.J. , Nguyen Quoc P. , Currie Peter K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The influence of flow velocity and core heterogeneity on foam flow through porous media has been investigated with the aid of X-ray computed tomography (CT). The real time imaging of fluid partitioning, the saturation profiles extracted from the CT images and the pressure drops over several core segments have been analyzed in the light of a mechanism involving capillary and viscous forces. Natural Bentheim and Berea sandstone cores together with nitrogen (N2) foam, stabilized using sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) have been used to conduct the experiments. Geological layering of Berea sandstone was oriented either parallel or perpendicular to flow.
The transient foam flow in cores containing a surfactant solution exhibits a front-like character. The secondary liquid desaturation reported previously is barely modified by increasing foam quality and leads to the same final liquid saturation of 20% near the core outlet. However, upon increasing simultaneously the liquid and gas injection rates (at constant foam quality) the secondary desaturation is enhanced, resulting in a lower final liquid saturation. For the cores having a layering parallel to flow the secondary desaturation is relatively stronger but the final liquid saturation remains higher. A completely different fluid distribution is obtained for cores having a layering perpendicular to the flow direction due to a capillary entrapment phenomenon. The final liquid saturation far from core inlet is identical to that of homogeneous core. However, the pressure drop is considerably lower suggesting that foam flows under a coalescence regime.
Study on Characteristics and Development Law of Fractured Basement Reservoirs: A Case Study of Fractured Basement Reservoirs in Damintun Depression of Liaohe Basin
Authors: Shaosheng Chen , Kun Xu , Yun Han , Yuzhe Cui 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The basement hydrocarbon reservoirs in Damintun Depression in Liaohe Basin mainly are fractured reservoirs. The hydrocarbon accumulation is closely related with fracture development. The basement fracture development is dominated by lithology and structure. In the paper, the basement fracture development regulations are disclosed by the methods such as palaeostructure stress field, fracture fractal geometry qualitative analysis, image logging and dip-angle logging interpretation and seismic multi-seismic attributes fracture identification. The fracture development zones are located near the faulting belts, crossing and complex positions of many faults, thrust structures and the turning point of the anticline structure. Fractured reservoirs are mainly developed in Mid-Proterozoic carbonate and quartzite; in Archaezoic granulite or magmatite; while the fractured reservoirs of argillaceous, schist and intrusive rock in that stage are less developed. Stratigraphic unconformities, are often the weathered crusts exposed on the earth for a long time, which undergo strong leaching and weathering for a long time resulting in well developed fractures and caves, where are the likely places for oil and gas accumulation in the basement fractured reservoir. The fractures are predicted and identified based on the fracture development regulations and seismic multi-attributes inversion.
Implementation of Advanced Acoustic Telemetry System Adds Value and Efficiency to Well Testing Operations
Authors: Harper George , Almanza Edgar , Fosså Arild , Finley Doug , Strang Gerry 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the past, in order to acquire real time, bottomhole SRO (surface read-out) data, either a downhole latching system or a download probe in close proximity to the transmitting device had to be used. An innovative SRO system that takes advantage of state-of-the-art developments in acoustic technologies, wireline, and wireless transmission, and yet, is compatible with tools conventionally used during drill stem test operations has now been introduced to the industry. This acoustic data-acquisition system provides access to real-time bottomhole data using either a wireline-deployed probe or via wireless acoustic signals sent through the production tubing. If the probe is used, this does not have to be close to the transmitting device in order to transfer the data to surface. Since the system offers the option of transmitting via wireline or via the wall of the testing pipe, the need for a probe or latching device along with the inherent problems that sometimes occur because the probe becomes stuck in the latch or mechanically fails can be eliminated. Finally, the additional rig time required for preparation and running of the probe to move the Acoustic Telemetry System (ATS) transmitter up to proper depth is saved, reducing operational costs.
Invert Emulsion Fluid System with Enhanced Rate of Biodegradation. Part 2
Authors: Durrieu Josiane , Benaissa Saddok , Clark David E. , Aubry Frederic 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Research has been conducted to reduce the environmental impact of drill cutting discharge, when using a synthetic, ester, or mineral oil based fluid. The successful application of this technology will increase the biodegradation rate of the contaminant fluid, and reduce solids handling and treatment costs. The newly developed and optimized process utilizes organic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and fatty acids to enhance the biodegradation rate of waste fluid. Previous work discussed the chemistry and laboratory test protocol used to develop this approach. The design criteria demanded that the drilling fluid maintain stable fluid properties and resistance to common contaminants encountered while drilling. It was also important in the design work to insure the resultant fluid did not damage return permeability and maintained reservoir integrity. The final formulations also could not increase the toxicity of the drilling fluid, as determined by standardized test protocols. The final approach has resulted in a more readily biodegradable system than currently available synthetic-based fluids.
Part two of this work demonstrated the effectiveness of the degradation booster fluid to increase aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of several synthetic-base oils. Data collected from an isomerized olefin (IO) based biodegradation tests, Leptocheirus sediment toxicity and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons content clearly highlight the compliance of this novel invert fluid with regards to the Gulf of Mexico EPA protocol. This newly developed environmentally fluid can be applied not only offshore but in onshore sensitive areas.
Forms of Mercury in Drilling Fluid Barite and Their Fate in the Marine Environment: A Review and Synthesis
Authors: Trefry John H. , Smith J. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper reviews scientific information on chemical forms and fate in the marine environment of mercury associated with drilling fluid barite. Overall, the available evidence supports the conclusions that mercury associated with drilling-fluid barite: (1) is mainly present in metal sulfides with very low solubility, (2) is not detectably leached into seawater, and (3) has limited availability to marine organisms. Reported mercury concentrations in barite from diverse sources range from &lt;0.05 - 31 µg/g. Mercury concentrations in drilling fluid barite are in the low end of this range and have an approximately lognormal distribution with a geometric mean concentration of 0.4 µg/g. High mercury concentrations in barite from vein deposits in contact with metal sulfides, and low levels of mercury in barite from sulfide-poor and carbonate-rich bedded deposits, suggest that mercury is present in barite in association with sulfide minerals. Chemical leaching experiments also are consistent with the presence of sulfide forms of mercury in barite, in that little or none of the mercury can be leached under mild conditions (10% acetic acid) and all of the Hg (and &lt;1% of the barium) can be dissolved with strong acids (HCl or aqua regia). Experiments with mixing of barite with seawater showed that &lt;1% of the Hg in barite was released to the water column. Less than 0.02% of the mercury in barite was leached at pH ranges comparable to those in digestive fluids. Direct exposure of fish, clams, sand worms and shrimp to mixtures of drilling fluid barite and sediment showed that no statistically significant uptake of Hg occurred in fish and that only small amounts of mercury (&lt;0.2 µg/g dry wt.) were taken up by the other organisms, possibly in the form of barite particles in the digestive track rather than as Hg absorbed into tissue.
Energy from High–Water–Cut Waste Oil Emulsions—An Emerging Technology
Authors: Begell W. , Dolinsky A. , Kremnev V. , Shafeyeva Y. , Wojtanowicz A. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper reports on a novel technology for potential treatment and recycling of sloppy oil, marine oil spill froth, tank bottoms, waste sludge from gravity separations, production pit sludge, etc. The water content of such waste is too high for conventional combustion. Presently, this type of waste is subject to land disposal followed by lengthy bioremediation.
This technology, based on the transformation of pulse energy, known as PET technology, recovers the heating energy of oil fraction from the waste containing up to 50% by volume of water, without separating the oil from the water. The process involves the fine emulsification of the mixture using a specially designed micro-pulsation unit. The resulting emulsion is then combustible so that the waste can be converted into useful fuel. Reported are results from the R&D testing of the technology with waste slurries and a variety of water-cut values. The most efficient combustion would typically result below 20% water cut. For higher values of water cut, some slurries could still be converted to fuel, whereas others require further processing or disposal. The study also shows the effect of post-treatment particle size distribution on the heating value of the treated waste. It demonstrates that adjusting the pulsation unit to produce emulsions of desired content could control the process. Other data, presented in the paper, include combined effects of types of waste, percentage of water cut, oil grade, emulsion stability, and energy consumption and production.
PET has economic and environmental advantages over conventional techniques (biological treatment/gasification of waste fuels). The technology reduces pollution and generates energy, while reducing the amount of waste. There is no required energy input for additional heating or drying. There are also considerable savings in transportation and storage costs. In addition, up to two-thirds of existing liquid waste could be recycled as useful fuel.
Well Abandonment Using Highly Compressed Sodium Bentonite - An Australian Case Study
Authors: Clark Jason , Salsbury Barry 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1999, in response to its escalating number of wells requiring abandonment, ChevronTexaco initiated research into the use of compressed sodium bentonite as an alternative to cement for permanent well plugging. The objective of this research was to identify a process to reduce plugging costs by at least 30% to encourage the expeditious abandonment of the growing back-log of wells. A subsidiary company, Benterra Corporation, was established to manage ChevronTexaco's research and subsequent implementation of any proposed new processes. Following pilot studies in California, Benterra has so far abandoned over 500 wells across the USA using highly compressed sodium bentonite, marketed as "ZoniteTM".
The Barrow Island oil field is located on an A-class nature reserve and is operated by ChevronTexaco Australia Pty Limited on behalf of Joint Venture Participants, Mobil Australia Resources Company Pty Limited and Santos Offshore Pty Limited. Approximately 100 wells have been identified as possible abandonment candidates on Barrow Island. The Zonite plugging process could reduce the cost to abandon these wells by up to 50%. With the close involvement of the Western Australian Department of Minerals and Petroleum Resources (DMPR), ChevronTexaco undertook a Zonite plugging trial in October 2002. This was the first application of Zonite outside the USA.
This paper discusses the Barrow Island trial and the potential environmental and economic benefits of future Zonite abandonments.
The Characterisation of Base Oil Recovered From the Low Temperature Thermal Desorption of Drill Cuttings
Authors: Wait S. T. , Thomas D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Increasingly challenging environmental legislation around the world has led to the development of technologies for the treatment of oil based mud (OBM) contaminated drill cuttings. Operators in many countries are currently using low and high temperature indirect thermal desorption to remove the oil and water from drill cuttings, providing an opportunity to recycle the recovered oils.
Thermal desorption plants are capable of recovering a variety of base fluids, including diesel, low toxicity, synthetic and crude oil. Safety and environmental concerns have been raised in the UK and Norway regarding the suitability of re-using the recovered fluids in the mud system. Occupational health concerns, mainly due to the potential presence of toxic species, have been voiced. Other countries around the world, including Holland, Kazakhstan, Denmark, Nigeria, Colombia, Bolivia and Ecuador, amongst others, already routinely reuse oil recovered from thermal processes in new drilling fluids.
This paper presents detailed chemical and physical analysis on the quality of fluids recovered from a low temperature indirect thermal desorption process in the United Kingdom. Detailed examples of a Synthetic and a Low Toxicity fluid are presented, including the compound(s) responsible for the characteristic odour associated with recovered oils, and a method for their removal. The results demonstrate that low temperature thermal desorption does not crack the base oil or produce toxic by-products, and that the recovered fluid has suitable rheological and toxilogical properties for reuse in drilling fluids.
Innovative Website for Drilling Waste Management
Authors: Veil John A. , Gasper John R. , Puder Markus G. , Sullivan Robert G. , Richmond Pamela D. , Fidler Brandy R. , Fleming Carole N. , Bernier Rene F. , Jones Fredrick V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Drilling waste management practices vary in different parts of the United States and elsewhere in the world. Those practices are governed by regulatory agencies charged with the protection of human health and the environment. Within the United States, regulations vary by state and address the environmental issues by geographic location. Regulations for offshore and international drilling waste management vary, as well. In a project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, in conjunction with Marathon and ChevronTexaco, is developing an interactive website to provide technical, unbiased information about drilling waste management options. The website will include components such as a technology description module to familiarize readers with available options, a regulatory module to summarize existing state and federal regulations governing drilling waste, a case study module to exhibit successful implementations of various technologies, and an interactive technology identification module to help users identify waste management options applicable in their region. This information system will provide operators with easy access to regulations, waste management options, technology, and cost data, thus allowing them to choose the option with the most environmental and economic benefits. Another benefit is that it will provide information to countries currently developing drilling waste regulations so that those regulations include the most economic, environmentally appropriate waste management options, not only options familiar in that country. The paper describes the design of the website and summarizes the data that are being collected to populate it.
Field Performance of Clutched Sucker Rod Pumping Systems
Authors: Guo Boyun , Zhang Morgan , Feng Jin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper reports the performance of a new type of overrunning clutch that has been developed and installed on sucker rod pumping units. The clutch disengages the power-input shaft of the gear reducer and the unit sheave whenever the torque on the shaft is negative. Based on the results of more than 100 installations, it was found that the pumping speed increased by 9% in average. Liquid production rate increased by up to 30%. Power saving was 23.6% on average. It was also observed that downhole sand and paraffin deposit problems were greatly alleviated. This paper presents pump performance analyses and clutch selection for sucker rod pumping systems.
Advanced Techniques for Acoustic Liquid-Level Determination
Authors: Rowlan O. Lynn , McCoy J. N. , Becker Dieter , Podio A. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Acoustic liquid level tests are performed successfully in many different applications throughout the world. Advanced techniques for acoustic liquid level analysis are required for wells where unusual conditions exist such as very shallow liquid levels, annular partial obstructions, flush pipe, short tubing joints, etc. Some wells have liners, upper perforations, paraffin, odd length of tubing joints, poor surface connections and other conditions which result in an acoustic trace that may be very difficult to interpret. Normally, the computer software locates the liquid level and automatically processes collar reflections to accurately count almost all of the collars from the initial blast to the liquid level. This automatic analysis will determine the liquid level depth for 95% of the wells. However, some wells have conditions or anomalies that these procedures will not function as desired. This paper describes special advanced techniques that can be used to determine the liquid level in wells with these unusual conditions.
Analysis of Stimulation Effectiveness in the Ammo Field Granite Wash Based on Reservoir Characterization & Completion Database
Authors: Strickland Bill D. , Purvis Don L. , Cox Stuart A. , Brinska John C. , Barree Robert D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Maximizing production is a common challenge that haunts the oil industry more today than it ever has. Shrinking reserves, environmental concerns and higher costs means we have to be more aggressive and efficient at draining our reservoirs. Completion studies have proven to be a valuable tool in maximizing production, however these studies often fail to take into account significant reservoir variables. To help understand the Ammo (Ammunition) Field Granite Wash in Washita County, Oklahoma, a study was performed looking at well variables to characterize the reservoir as well as determine the most efficient completion strategy. In this way, the reservoir variables were able to be quantified so offset productions and treatments could be compared with a high degree of confidence.
This paper examines a data set of wells using data compiled from core data, reservoir geology, drilling, completion, and production records maintained by the oil company. Stimulation records from the service company were then added as well as formation and calculated fracture properties. Drawdown production analysis techniques and non-Darcy flow effects were modeled to gauge frac half-lengths. Graphical techniques were then utilized with reservoir and treatment data to identify trends and anomalies.
Optimum Matrix Acidizing Treatment Methodology for Wells Located in the Haoud Berkaoui Field, Algeria
Authors: Derradji M. M. , Tiab D. , Derradj N. , Berkat A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The most common reason of formation damage is the drilling operations. Mud invasion is the major problem that affects well productivity in HAOUD BERKAOUI field. As the source of damage is known, different types of acid systems are proposed by service companies to improve the near wellbore formation permeability. Matrix acidizing treatment is successful and economic when either no excess volume or insufficient volume is used. The determination of acid volume is complicated and is generally based on field experience or using rules of thumb. Rules of thumb may not be convenient and always over estimate or underestimate the volume. Selection methods based on laboratory experiments, however, are more close to real estimates since they take into consideration the rock mineralogy.
In this study, laboratory tests are discussed and their results are shown to determine the mineralogy and formation characteristics of HAOUD BERKAOUI field. Acidizing tests of 4 different acids are conducted and discussed to select the optimum fluids. Visual observations of cores using SEM are also used as interpretation tools. Besides, optimum volume is predicted based on the laboratory acid response curves.
Laboratory test results show permeability improvement for 3 systems. However; one system proposed to treat injection wells gave mediocre results. Tests also show the risk of emulsion and/or precipitations for some acids. Acid system 3 with 6% HCl and 1.5% HF is found to be the optimal fluid to treat both injection and production wells. This system presents a good permeability improvement with less damaging precipitates and no risk of emulsion. Guidelines for acid volumes based on 6% HCl -1.5% HF acid are provided and could be used as a starting point in acidizing job design for HAOUDBERKAOUI field.
The Application of Low-Polymer Cross-Linked Fluid in the Mid-Continent Region
Authors: Parks John 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The gel residues left behind in the pore spaces can significantly reduce the conductivity and effective propped fracture length of proppant packs placed in a formation.
Lower gel loadings have been utilized as a method to minimize polymer damage. This places less polymer into the formation but may also bring the treatment dangerously close to the lower limit of viscosity needed to transport proppant away from the wellbore and into the formation. This is significant in low perm gas wells where propped fracture length is the key to efficiently draining the reservoir. A carboxymethyl guar (CMG) polymer system is another means of reducing the amount of polymer we place into the formation. The CMG gives equivalent viscosity of a carboxymethyl hydrapropal guar (CMHPG) system with about half the polymer loading1. This system can be applied with the same computer controlled chemical pumps and precise metering devices being used for conventional fluid systems.
This paper will look at the application of the CMG system in the Mid-Continent area consisting of Arkansas, Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle and compare the production results to offset wells.