bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An entrepreneurial‐directed approach to entrepreneurship education: mission impossible?
Authors: Heinonen Jarna , Poikkijoki Sari‐Anne 
Published: June 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the entrepreneurial‐directed approach to entrepreneurship education by discussing different teaching techniques aimed at infusing entrepreneurial skills and behaviour among students in the university setting.Design/methodology/approachThe authors experimented with the entrepreneurial‐directed approach in their university‐level teaching, and used a combination of qualitative research methods and observation techniques to evaluate its feasibility and applicability. Information sources analysed include written material, e.g. learning diaries provided by the students, teachers' observations, and group discussions during the programme.FindingsThe study provides information on recent studies on entrepreneurship emphasising the core role of opportunity – discovering, evaluating and exploiting it – and reviews teaching techniques currently used in entrepreneurship education. The entrepreneurial‐directed approach seems to be well suited to the teaching situation as it encourages students to broaden their perspectives, and also to develop the entrepreneurial skills and behaviour required for their studies.Practical implicationsThe paper provides a useful source of information for teachers interested in developing a more entrepreneurial approach, as well as for academics interested in the substance and nature of entrepreneurship education. The approach represents an experiential learning challenge to teachers and students in that it decreases the predictability and control of the teaching situation, on the other hand, increases the interest in learning and teaching.Originality/valueThe value of the approach is in integrating knowledge, experience and action within one entrepreneurship programme.
A methodology for availability assessment of tunnel designs
Authors: Wong Clement L.W. , Tsang Albert H.C. , Chung T.S. 
Published: June 2006

PurposeThe reliability and maintainability of tunnel infrastructure and systems is an important factor in assuring normal operation of a tunnel. Evaluating availability of a large‐scale tunnel that includes civil, electrical, mechanical and electronic systems is a difficult task. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for performing such assessments, featuring the use of the Markov model.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology involves application of failure mode, effect and criticality analysis (FMECA), state space diagram construction, formulation of state space equations, and development of transitional matrices. It also involves transformation of multi‐state models into two‐state models (each comprises of an “up” state and a “down” state) through the use of the frequency and duration method for determining the failure and repair rates, as well as the mean‐time‐between‐failures (MTBF) of the entire tunnel. By using the proposed bottom‐up approach, a MTBF tree linking the availability measures of individual equipment with those of sub‐systems, and ultimately the whole tunnel can be developed.FindingsThe tunnel availability measures obtained by this analysis can be used in making comparisons between different tunnel designs so as to determine the value for money of various options. Furthermore, weaknesses in a tunnel design can be identified in the analysis. The information obtained from this method can also be used to evaluate adequacy, security and maintainability of a tunnel.Practical implicationsThe reliability and maintainability of tunnel infrastructure and systems are crucial factors for ensuring safety of tunnel operation. Unsafe conditions will cause closure of a tunnel. Efforts to improve availability of a tunnel often increase the tunnel's construction cost. Due to the complexity of tunnel systems, it is difficult to compare different tunnel designs, and trade‐off analyses to strike a balance between target availability and construction cost of a tunnel design are seldom performed. This paper presents a systematic methodology to address these issues. This methodology allows tunnel management to evaluate the adequacy, security and maintainability of a tunnel so that design weaknesses can be identified and the value of design improvements can be determined. The methodology can also be used to evaluate designs of other complex systems such as power generation or petrochemical processing plants.Originality/valueA worked example demonstrating the application of the proposed methodology is presented in this paper.
Empirically testing determinants of hospital BPR success
Authors: do Carmo Caccia‐Bava Maria , Guimaraes Valerie C.K. , Guimaraes Tor 
Published: June 2006

PurposeBusiness process reengineering has been touted in the literature as a dramatic improvement necessary for organization competitiveness, but in practice there are many unsuccessful cases. Thus, there is need for a more systematic and rigorous assessment of the factors deemed important to project success. The main objective of this study is to examine this issue.Design/methodology/approachFor this research, success has been defined as the benefits the hospital has derived from the BPR project, according to top managers' opinions. A sample of 192 hospital administrators shared their organizations' experience with their last BPR project implementation, where the changes have been operational for at least one year.FindingsBased on the results, recommendations are made for hospital managers to focus attention and resources on factors important to BPR project success. In general, hospitals are not emphasizing some of the most important activities and tasks recommended in the BPR literature, such as changes to customer/market‐related business processes, the value‐added element of every business activity, and applying the right innovative technology.Originality/valueBased on the findings as a whole, it behoves top managers not to engage in BPR before ensuring the presence of the success factors found to be important.
Auditors in a changing regulatory environment
Authors: Jayasuriya Dayanath 
Published: June 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe how corporate responsibility, at the best of times, is taken for granted, and at the worst of times, becomes a much maligned concept.Design/methodology/approachDescribes how the regulatory landscape is rapidly changing and outlines several conditions that must exist or be achieved to ensure the stability of financial institutions through a better system of regulation and monitoring and rapid intervention, where intervention is called for.FindingsThere is a need for greater clarity as to the role of auditors and as to the expectations of regulators.Originality/valueHighlights how, for regulators, auditors and stakeholders, the issue of the role of auditors in a changing regulatory climate is an important subject that deserves special consideration.
Converting hedge funds into mutual funds – a primer
Authors: Thomas F. Scott , Jaye John C. 
Published: June 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to describe the process for forming and registering a new investment company (or mutual fund) or converting an existing hedge fund into a mutual fund and registering the converted fund. This article discusses the timing, tax and regulatory implications under Delaware law, the US Internal Revenue Code of 1986, the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”), the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “Advisers Act”), the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”).Design/methodology/approachThis article summarizes and analyzes rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) applicable to forming and registering new mutual funds and converting existing hedge funds into mutual funds under the 1940 Act and Advisers Act.FindingsFor smaller hedge fund managers who have recently registered with the SEC and desire to sponsor a new registered fund product as part of their advisory business, converting and registering an existing hedge fund is a viable alternative to forming an entirely new fund. The conversion process involves converting an existing hedge fund into a Delaware trust and then registering the new trust as a mutual fund under the 1940 Act. The adviser may, under certain circumstances, advertise the past performance of the hedge fund when marketing the new mutual fund. In addition, the adviser may continue to receive performance based or incentive compensation within the boundaries established by the Advisers Act. The authors believe that the conversion process is a viable and cost‐effective method for smaller hedge fund advisers to expand their existing investment advisory products and more easily grow assets under management.Originality/valueThis article provides a useful summary of the process for forming a new mutual fund or converting an existing hedge fund, including a brief outline of the SEC rules and regulations applicable to the fund registration process generally under the 1940 Act. Many hedge fund managers have recently incurred significant compliance costs as a result of registering as an investment adviser with the SEC. This article provides insight into the fund conversion process, which the authors believe is an overlooked and viable option for smaller hedge fund advisers to leverage existing compliance costs through sponsoring a registered fund product.
Adaphostin has significant and selective activity against chronic and acute myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Orsolic Nada , Golemovic Mirna , Quintás‐Cardama Alfonso , Scappini Barbara , Manshouri Taghi , Chandra Joya , Basic Ivan , Giles Francis , Kantarjian Hagop , Verstovsek Srdan 
Published: July 2006

Adaphostin is a tyrphostin that was designed to inhibit Bcr/Abl tyrosine kinase by altering the binding site of peptide substrates rather than that of adenosine triphosphate, a known mechanism of imatinib mesylate (IM). However, it has been shown that adaphostin‐mediated cytotoxicity is dependent on oxidant production and does not require Bcr/Abl. We have tested adaphostin against both Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)‐positive (K562, KBM5, KBM5‐R [IM resistant KBM5], KBM7, and KBM7‐R [IM‐resistant KBM7]) and Ph‐negative (OCI/AML2 and OCI/AML3) cells, and against cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Adaphostin significantly inhibited growth of all cell lines (50% inhibition of cell proliferation [IC50] 0.5–1 µM) except K562 (IC50 13 µM). Ph‐positive IM‐resistant cell lines showed significant cross resistance to adaphostin. Simultaneous or sequential treatment with adaphostin and IM did not exert a synergistic effect in any KBM line. Adaphostin induced superoxide and apoptosis in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent fashion in both Ph‐positive and Ph‐negative cells. Adaphostin selectively inhibited colony growth of cells from CML (IM‐sensitive and IM‐resistant) and AML patients. Analysis of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins after treatment with adaphostin revealed alternate effects in different cells consistent with the modulation of multiple targets. In conclusion, adaphostin showed significant and selective activity against CML and AML cells and its development for clinical testing is warranted. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 952–960)
Effect of enhanced iron chelation therapy on glucose metabolism in patients with β‐thalassaemia major
Authors: Farmaki Kalistheni , Angelopoulos Nicholas , Anagnostopoulos George , Gotsis Efstathios , Rombopoulos Grigorios , Tolis George 
Published: July 2006

SummaryRecently introduced chelation regimens that combine deferoxamine (DFO) and deferiprone have been shown to have greater efficacy in promoting iron excretion than either chelator alone and have been associated with rapid reduction of the iron load in the heart and liver, and with reversal of cardiac dysfunction. It is unclear whether this combined therapy could be associated with a reduction in iron load or decline in the severity of iron‐induced endocrinopathies. Starting in January 2001, 42 patients with β‐thalassaemia major, previously maintained on subcutaneous DFO only, were switched to combined treatment with DFO and deferiprone. The primary endpoint was to investigate the effects of this therapy on the glucose metabolism characteristics of this population. Combination therapy markedly decreased ferritin levels (638 ± 1345 vs. 2991 ± 2093 μg/l, P < 0·001). Glucose responses were improved at all times during an oral glucose tolerance test, particularly in patients in early stages of glucose intolerance. Glucose quantitative secretion also decreased significantly with combined therapy, while no significant change occurred in insulin levels in any group. Insulin secretion, according to the homeostasis assessment model, markedly increased in all groups, while overall reduction in insulin sensitivity did not reach statistical significance. This study showed that the combination of DFO and deferiprone was associated with an improvement in liver iron deposition and glucose intolerance.
Defective maturation of dendritic cells in common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: Scott-Taylor T H , Green M R , Raeiszadeh M , Workman S , Webster A D 
Published: July 2006

Summary
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MdDCs) from many patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have been shown recently to have reduced expression of surface molecules associated with maturity. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we now show that this is due to a partial failure to fix Class II DR molecules on the surface during procedures that induce full maturation in vitro in cells from normal subjects. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, CD86 and CD83 expression were expressed normally, but CD40 was reduced. These abnormalities are unlikely to be due to prior in vivo exposure of monocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as addition of LPS to monocytes from normal subjects in vitro caused a different pattern of changes. CVID MdDCs retained Class II DR in the cytoplasm during maturation, showed increased internalization of cross-linked Class II DR surface molecules and were unable to polarize DR within a lipid raft at contact sites with autologous lymphocytes. These cells retained some features of monocytes, such as the ability to phagocytose large numbers of fixed yeast and fluorescent carboxylated microspheres and expression of surface CD14. These abnormalities, if reflected in vivo, could compromise antigen presentation and may be a fundamental defect in the mechanism of the antibody deficiency in a substantial subset of CVID patients.
Population characteristics predict responses in moose body mass to temporal variation in the environment
Authors: HERFINDAL IVAR , SÆTHER BERNT‐ERIK , SOLBERG ERLING JOHAN , ANDERSEN REIDAR , HØGDA KJELL ARILD 
Published: July 2006

Summary

A general problem in population ecology is to predict under which conditions stochastic variation in the environment has the stronger effect on ecological processes. By analysing temporal variation in a fitness‐related trait, body mass, in 21 Norwegian moose Alces alces (L.) populations, we examined whether the influence of temporal variation in different environmental variables were related to different parameters that were assumed to reflect important characteristics of the fundamental niche space of the moose.
Body mass during autumn was positively related to early access to fresh vegetation in spring, and to variables reflecting slow phenological development (low June temperature, a long spring with a slow plant progression during spring). In contrast, variables related to food quantity and winter conditions had only a minor influence on temporal variation in body mass.
The magnitude of the effects of environmental variation on body mass was larger in populations with small mean body mass or living at higher densities than in populations with large‐sized individuals or living at lower densities.
These results indicate that the strongest influence of environmental stochasticity on moose body mass occurs towards the borders of the fundamental niche space, and suggests that populations living under good environmental conditions are partly buffered against fluctuations in environmental conditions.
Variability in agreement between physicians and nurses when measuring the Glasgow Coma Scale in the emergency department limits its clinical usefulness
Authors: Holdgate Anna , Ching Natasha , Angonese Lara 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective:  To assess the interrater reliability of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) between nurses and senior doctors in the ED.Methods:  This was a prospective observational study with a convenience sample of patients aged 18 or above who presented with a decreased level of consciousness to a tertiary hospital ED. A senior ED doctor (emergency physicians and trainees) and registered nurse each independently scored the patient’s GCS in blinded fashion within 15 min of each other. The data were then analysed to determine interrater reliability using the weighted kappa statistic and the size and directions of differences between paired scores were examined.Results:  A total of 108 eligible patients were enrolled, with GCS scores ranging from 3 to 14. Interrater agreement was excellent (weighted kappa > 0.75) for verbal scores and total GCS scores, and intermediate (weighted kappa 0.4–0.75) for motor and eye scores. Total GCS scores differed by more than two points in 10 of the 108 patients. Interrater agreement did not vary substantially across the range of actual numeric GCS scores.Conclusions:  Although the level of agreement for GCS scores was generally high, a significant proportion of patients had GCS scores which differed by two or more points. This degree of disagreement indicates that clinical decisions should not be based solely on single GCS scores.
Adult advanced life support: Australian Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2006
Authors:   Australian Resuscitation Council
Published: June 2006

11.1 Introduction to Advanced Life Support 11.2 Protocols for Adult Advanced Life Support 11.3 Precordial Thump & Fist Pacing 11.4 Cricoid Pressure 11.5 Electrical Therapy for Adult Advanced Life Support 11.6 Medications in Adult Cardiac Arrest 11.7 Equipment and Techniques in Adult Advanced Life Support 11.8 Post‐Resuscitation Therapy in Adult Advanced Life Support 11.9 Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest 11.10 Legal and Ethical Issues Related to Resuscitation 11.11 First Responder
Analysis of HLA‐DQB1 gene polymorphisms in asymptomatic HBV carriers and chronic hepatitis B patients in the Chinese Han population
Authors: Xi‐Lin Z. , Te D. , Jun‐Hong L. , Liang‐Ping L. , Xin‐Hui G. , Ji‐Rong G. , Chun‐Yan G. , Zhuo L. , Ying L. , Hui L. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryHost genetic factors and environment factors including hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype are widely viewed as common basis of the different outcomes of HBV infection. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) plays an important role in immunological reaction to HBV infection.The study aimed to explore whether the HLA‐DQB1 allele polymorphisms are associated with the outcomes of HBV infection in the Chinese Han population.One hundred and thirty‐four asymptomatic HBV carriers and 139 chronic hepatitis B patients were recruited in this case‐control study in Beijing, China.Sequence‐specific primers–polymerase chain reaction was used to detect 13 alleles of HLA‐DQB1 gene. The frequency distributions of alleles in two groups were analysed using sas 9.1.2 software. After adjustment of confounders the frequencies of HLA‐DQB1*0503 allele and *0303 allele in chronic hepatitis B group were statistically significant lower than those in asymptomatic HBV carrier group (P = 0.04; P = 0.05), and the frequency of exposure to alcohol consumption in patients with chronic hepatitis B was clearly higher than that in asymptomatic HBV carrier group (P = 0.004).HLA‐DQB1*0503 allele and *0303 allele are independently resistant genetic factors to chronic hepatitis B, and alcohol consumption is the risk factor of chronic hepatitis B.
Infection of Naïve Target Cells with Virus-Like Particles: Implications for the Function of Ebola Virus VP24
Authors: Hoenen Thomas , Groseth Allison , Kolesnikova Larissa , Theriault Steven , Ebihara Hideki , Hartlieb Bettina , Bamberg Sandra , Feldmann Heinz , Ströher Ute , Becker Stephan 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

Infectious virus-like particle (iVLP) systems have recently been established for several negative-strand RNA viruses, including the highly pathogenic
Zaire ebolavirus
(ZEBOV), and allow study of the viral life cycle under biosafety level 2 conditions. However, current systems depend on the expression of viral helper nucleocapsid proteins in target cells, thus making it impossible to determine whether ribonucleoprotein complexes transferred by iVLPs are able to facilitate initial transcription, an indispensable step in natural infection. Here we describe a ZEBOV iVLP system which overcomes this limitation and show that VP24 is essential for the formation of a functional ribonucleoprotein complex.
Characterization of the Multiple Conformational States of Free Monomeric and Trimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins after Fixation by Cross-Linker
Authors: Yuan Wen , Bazick Jessica , Sodroski Joseph 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 exterior and gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoproteins assemble into trimers on the virus surface that represent potential targets for antibodies. Potent neutralizing antibodies bind the monomeric gp120 glycoprotein with small changes in entropy, whereas unusually large decreases in entropy accompany gp120 binding by soluble CD4 and less potent neutralizing antibodies. The high degree of conformational flexibility in the free gp120 molecule implied by these observations has been suggested to contribute to masking the trimer from antibodies that recognize the gp120 receptor-binding regions. Here we use cross-linking and recognition by antibodies to investigate the conformational states of gp120 monomers and soluble and cell surface forms of the trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. The fraction of monomeric and trimeric envelope glycoproteins able to be recognized after fixation was inversely related to the entropic changes associated with ligand binding. In addition, fixation apparently limited the access of antibodies to the V3 loop and gp41-interactive surface of gp120 only in the context of trimeric envelope glycoproteins. The results support a model in which the unliganded monomeric and trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins sample several different conformations. Depletion of particular fixed conformations by antibodies allowed characterization of the relationships among the conformational states. Potent neutralizing antibodies recognize the greatest number of conformations and therefore can bind the virion envelope glycoproteins more rapidly and completely than weakly neutralizing antibodies. Thus, the conformational flexibility of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins creates thermodynamic and kinetic barriers to neutralization by antibodies directed against the receptor-binding regions of gp120.