bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral imaging perspective on cytomics
Authors: Levenson Richard M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:Cytomics involves the analysis of cellular morphology and molecular phenotypes, with reference to tissue architecture and to additional metadata. To this end, a variety of imaging and nonimaging technologies need to be integrated. Spectral imaging is proposed as a tool that can simplify and enrich the extraction of morphological and molecular information. Simple‐to‐use instrumentation is available that mounts on standard microscopes and can generate spectral image datasets with excellent spatial and spectral resolution; these can be exploited by sophisticated analysis tools.Methods:This report focuses on brightfield microscopy‐based approaches. Cytological and histological samples were stained using nonspecific standard stains (Giemsa; hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)) or immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques employing three chromogens plus a hematoxylin counterstain. The samples were imaged using the Nuance™ system, a commercially available, liquid‐crystal tunable‐filter‐based multispectral imaging platform. The resulting data sets were analyzed using spectral unmixing algorithms and/or learn‐by‐example classification tools.Results:Spectral unmixing of Giemsa‐stained guinea‐pig blood films readily classified the major blood elements. Machine‐learning classifiers were also successful at the same task, as well in distinguishing normal from malignant regions in a colon‐cancer example, and in delineating regions of inflammation in an H&E‐stained kidney sample. In an example of a multiplexed ICH sample, brown, red, and blue chromogens were isolated into separate images without crosstalk or interference from the (also blue) hematoxylin counterstain.Conclusion:Cytomics requires both accurate architectural segmentation as well as multiplexed molecular imaging to associate molecular phenotypes with relevant cellular and tissue compartments. Multispectral imaging can assist in both these tasks, and conveys new utility to brightfield‐based microscopy approaches. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Biocompatibility of subsieve‐size capsules versus conventional‐size microcapsules
Authors: Sakai Shinji , Mu Changjun , Kawabata Kenji , Hashimoto Ichiro , Kawakami Koei 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBiocompatibility of cell‐enclosing capsules, defined as suppression of pericapsular cellular reactions, is one of the factors governing the success of enclosed cell transplantation in in vivo cell therapy. Agarose capsules of subsieve size, less than 100 μm in diameter, and conventional size, ∼300–1000 μm in diameter, were implanted into the peritoneal cavity and epididymal fat pads of mice and rats, respectively, to determine the effect of a reduction in diameter to subsieve size. The degree of cellular reaction to the subsieve‐size capsules was much lower than that of the conventional‐size microcapsules, independent of implantation site. The frequency of overgrown subsieve‐size capsules retrieved from the peritoneal cavities was less than 5% in contrast to ∼20% for capsules 387 μm in diameter. In addition, no increase in floating cells, which are generated through capsule stimulation, was observed in the peritoneal cavity only with subsieve‐size capsules. From these results, we concluded that subsieve‐size capsules are more biocompatible than microcapsules of conventional size. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Contact stress assessment of conventional and highly crosslinked ultra high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular liners with finite element analysis and pressure sensitive film
Authors: Plank Gordon R. , Estok Daniel M. , Muratoglu Orhun K. , O'Connor Daniel O. , Burroughs Brian R. , Harris William H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractStress magnitude and distribution of both conventional polyethylene versus a crosslinked polyethylene in the liner of a total hip replacement (THR) were examined using finite element analysis and pressure sensitive film. Both types of polyethylene were assessed against head sizes of 22 and 28 mm with 5‐mm thick polyethylene liners and head sizes of 28, 38, and 46 mm with 3‐mm thick polyethylene liners. Liners with 5‐mm conventional polyethylene represented successful combinations with long track records. Our hypothesis was that although the combination of the large head and the lower modulus of the highly crosslinked polyethylene would lead to lower stresses, the stresses would be excessive if the liner was extremely thin at 3 mm. Von Mises stresses at the articulating surface of the highly crosslinked liners were lower, when compared to conventional polyethylene, in every THR size examined. Specifically, however, the 38‐ and 46‐mm inner diameter (ID) highly crosslinked polyethylene even at the extreme of only 3‐mm thick had lower stresses than the 22‐mm ID conventional liner of 5‐mm thickness. These data indicate that the use of a large head against highly crosslinked material even at 3‐mm thickness results in lower stresses than in an existing conventional 22‐mm head and 5‐mm thick combination. Obviously, other considerations will influence the minimum thickness to be recommended. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Hydrothermal crystallization of carbonate‐containing hydroxyapatite coatings prepared by radiofrequency‐magnetron sputtering method
Authors: Nakamura Satoshi , Hamagami Jun‐Ichi , Yamashita Kimihiro 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCarbonate‐containing hydroxyapatite (HA) films were prepared by low‐temperature hydrothermal annealing from carbonate‐containing calcium phosphate amorphous coatings on titanium substrates. The biocompatibility of the carbonate‐containing HA layers was estimated by in vitro tests using simulated body fluid (SBF). Precursory amorphous coatings were deposited with rf‐magnetron sputtering apparatus, using calcium phosphate glass target in Ar/CO2 atmosphere. The carbonate‐containing HA coatings were successfully formed by the annealing at above 130°C for 20 h. On the basis of SEM observation, about 2‐μm thickness films coated rigidly were durable enough for the hydrothermal treatment. The coating layer was revealed to consist of single phase of PO4− and OH− partially carbonated HA by XRD and IR analyses. Overgrowing of bone‐like apatite layers on the carbonate‐containing HA surfaces in the SBF implied that the obtained films acquired a sufficient osteoconductivity, while it was still unclear that activity was enhanced, compared to pure HA coatings. The low‐temperature hydrothermal annealing method was effective for preparation of rigid HA coatings on titanium as well as modification of their chemical compositions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Use of 3‐acetoxymethoxycarbonyl‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1‐pyrrolidinyloxyl as an EPR oximetry probe: Potential for in vivo measurement of tissue oxygenation in mouse brain
Authors: Shen Jiangang , Liu Shimin , Miyake Minoru , Liu Wenlan , Pritchard Aaron , Kao Joseph P.Y. , Rosen Gerald M. , Tong Yao , Liu Ke Jian 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMeasurement of oxygen concentration and distribution in the brain is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of stroke. Low‐frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with a paramagnetic probe is an attractive imaging modality that potentially can be used to map O2 concentration in the brain. We examined two nitroxides, 3‐methoxycarbonyl‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1‐pyrrolidinyloxyl [2] and 3‐acetoxymethoxycarbonyl‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1‐pyrrolidinyloxyl [3], as pro‐imaging agents to deliver 3‐carboxy‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1‐pyrrolidinyloxyl [1] across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In primary cultured neurons, nitroxide [3] but not [2] was hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to [1], which, being anionic at physiologic pH, was well retained intracellularly. In contrast, [2] was not well retained by neurons. In vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in mice suggested that esterase‐labile nitroxide [3] crossed the BBB, and was converted to [1] and retained. Retention occurred in brain tissue and not in the extensive vasculature, as evidenced by the fact that removal of blood by whole‐body saline perfusion did not eliminate the nitroxide EPR signal from the brain. The EPR linewidths of [1] and [3] were more O2‐sensitive than that of the commonly‐used oximetry probe 4‐oxo‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐d16‐1‐15N‐oxyl [4]. Moreover, we used [3] in vivo to estimate O2 concentration in mouse brains. These results indicate that nitroxide [3] could be useful for mapping O2 distribution in the brain following stroke. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consideration of magnetically‐induced and conservative electric fields within a loaded gradient coil
Authors: Mao Weihua , Chronik Blaine A. , Feldman Rebecca E. , Smith Michael B. , Collins Christopher M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe present a method to calculate the electric (E)‐fields within and surrounding a human body in a gradient coil, including E‐fields induced by the changing magnetic fields and “conservative” E‐fields originating with the scalar electrical potential in the coil windings. In agreement with previous numerical calculations, it is shown that magnetically‐induced E‐fields within the human body show no real concentration near the surface of the body, where nerve stimulation most often occurs. Both the magnetically‐induced and conservative E‐fields are shown to be considerably stronger just outside the human body than inside it, and under some circumstances the conservative E‐fields just outside the body can be much larger than the magnetically‐induced E‐fields there. The order of gradient winding and the presence of conductive RF shield can greatly affect the conservative E‐field distribution in these cases. Though the E‐fields against the outer surface of the body are not commonly considered, understanding gradient E‐fields may be important for reasons other than peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), such as potential interaction with electrical equipment. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detecting microcirculatory changes in blood oxygen state with steady‐state free precession imaging
Authors: Dharmakumar Rohan , Qi Xiuling , Hong Juimiin , Wright Graham A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRecently, it has been demonstrated that oxygen‐weighted images of whole blood can be obtained with steady‐state methods. In this article, based on computational and experimental models, we investigate the potential for employing this technique to monitor oxygen changes in microcirculation. Results show that oxygen‐sensitive images of rabbit kidney and muscle may be obtained at high signal‐to‐noise ratio within a few seconds. The results also show that in steady‐state free precession imaging, in addition to the exchange mechanism that generates oxygen contrast in blood, there are additional mechanisms that provide oxygen‐sensitive contrast in microcirculation. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric vegetation responses to mid-Holocene aridity at the prairie–forest ecotone in south-central Minnesota
Authors: Umbanhowar Charles E. , Camill Philip , Geiss Christoph E. , Teed Rebecca 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe mid-Holocene (ca. 8000–4000 cal yr BP) was a time of marked aridity throughout much of Minnesota, and the changes due to mid-Holocene aridity are seen as an analog for future responses to global warming. In this study, we compare the transition into (ca. 9000–7000 yr ago) and out of (ca. 5000–2500 yr ago) the mid-Holocene (MH) period at Kimble Pond and Sharkey Lake, located along the prairie forest ecotone in south-central Minnesota, using high resolution (∼ 5–36 yr) sampling of pollen, charcoal, sediment magnetic and loss-on-ignition properties. Changes in vegetation were asymmetrical with increasing aridity being marked by a pronounced shift from woodland/forest-dominated landscape to a more open mix of grassland and woodland/savanna. In contrast, at the end of the MH, grassland remained an important component of the landscape despite increasing effective moisture, and high charcoal influxes (median 2.7–4.0 vs. 0.6–1.7 mm2cm− 2yr− 1at start of MH) suggest the role of fire in limiting woodland expansion. Asymmetric vegetation responses, variation among and within proxies, and the near-absence of fire today suggest caution in using changes associated with mid-Holocene aridity at the prairie forest boundary as an analog for future responses to global warming.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow over a modeled riblet covered surface
Authors: Goldstein D. , Handler R. , Sirovich L. 
Published: May 2006

An immersed boundary technique is used to model a riblet covered surface on one wall of a channel bounding fully developed turbulent flow. The conjecture that the beneficial drag reduction effect of riblets is a result of the damping of cross-flow velocity fluctuations is then examined. This possibility has been discussed by others but is unverified. The damping effect is explicitly modelled by applying a cross-flow damping force field in elongated streamwise zones with a height and spacing corresponding to the riblet crests. The same trends are observed in the turbulence profiles above both riblet and damped surfaces, thus supporting cross-flow damping as a beneficial mechanism. It is found in the examples presented that the effect of the riblets on the mean flow field quantities (mean velocity profile, velocity fluctuations, Reynolds shear stress, and low–speed sreak spacing) is small. The riblests cause a relatively small drag reduction of about 4%, a figure that is in rough agreement with experiments and other computations. The simulations also suggest a mechanism for the observed displacement of the turbulence quantities away from the wall.The immersed boundary technique used to model the riblets consists of creating an externally imposed spatially localized body force which opposes the flow velocity and creates a riblet-like surface. For unstead viscous flow the calculation of the force is done with a feedback scheme in which the velocity is used to iteratively determine the desired value. In particular, the surface body force is determined by the relationf(xs,t) = α ∫t0U(xs,t′)dt′ + βU(xs,t) for surface pointsxs, velocityUtimetand negative constants α and β. All simulations are done with a spectral code in a single computational domain without any mapping of the mesh. The combination of the immersed boundary and spectral techniques can potentially be used to solve other problems having complex geometry and flow physics.
Development and behaviour of low‐birthweight term infants at 8 years in northeast Brazil: A longitudinal study
Authors: Emond Alan M. , Lira Pedro I. C. , Lima Marilia C. , Grantham‐Mcgregor Sally M. , Ashworth Ann 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Aim: To investigate the development and behaviour of low‐birthweight (LBW) term infants compared with matched term infants of appropriate birthweight (ABW). Methods: Two parallel cohorts of LBW infants (1500–2499 g) and ABW controls (3000–3499 g) were enrolled at birth in northeast Brazil. At 8 y, 164 children were assessed using clinical and psychological tests. Results: The LBW group had lower IQ scores than ABW children on the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children; differences were larger on the performance (5 points, p= 0.04) than the verbal scale (3 points, p= 0.11). LBW children had poorer dynamic balance (p= 0.03) and eye–hand coordination (p= 0.02), but better selective attention (p= 0.02). Hyperactivity and conduct problems were common in both groups, but fewer LBW children had peer problems (p= 0.04). After controlling for social background, IQ was not significantly associated with birthweight (p= 0.10). Significant determinants were maternal education, home stimulation and type of school attended. The effect of birthweight on coordination and selective attention remained significant. Birth head circumference and growth in head size in the first 6 mo had independent effects on IQ. Conclusion: After controlling for social background, LBW term infants did not differ from ABW infants in cognition at school age. Head circumference at birth and 6 mo was a better predictor than birthweight of IQ.
Aerobic fitness and visceral adipose tissue in children
Authors: Winsley Richard J. , Armstrong Neil , Middlebrooke Andrew R. , Ramos‐Ibanez Norma , Williams Craig A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Aim: To determine the relationship between aerobic fitness (peak [image omitted] ) and the volume of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in children. Methods: Participants were 30 males (13.7±0.5 y) and 22 females (13.5±0.5 y). Peak [image omitted] was determined using a continuous, incremental treadmill protocol to exhaustion. Abdominal VAT volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging using multiple slices from vertebral levels L1–L5. Subcutaneous body fat measure was calculated as the sum of seven skinfolds (σ7SKF). Results: Females had significantly (p≤0.05) more VAT than males (1035±717.3 vs 678.6±361.5 cm3); however, male peak [image omitted] was higher (215±34 vs 182±20 ml/kg0.61/min). VAT was significantly (p≤0.05) negatively correlated with peak [image omitted] in both males (r= ‐ 0.43) and females (r= ‐ 0.45). Subcutaneous body fatness was significantly correlated with VAT in both males (r=0.74) and females (r=0.72), and was the single strongest determinant of VAT. Conclusion: Aerobic fitness is significantly inversely related to VAT, but subcutaneous body fatness is the single strongest determinant of VAT in children aged 13–14 y.
Inhaled nitric oxide in very preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Dani Carlo , Bertini Giovanna , Pezzati Marco , Filippi Luca , Cecchi Alessandra , Rubaltelli Firmino F. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Aim: To test the hypothesis that inhaled nitric oxide therapy can decrease the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death in preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome; to evaluate the possible predictive factors for the response to inhaled nitric oxide therapy. Methods: Preterm infants (less than 30 weeks’ gestation) were randomized to receive during the first week of life inhaled nitric oxide, or nothing, if they presented severe respiratory distress syndrome. Then, the treated infants were classified as non responders and responders. Results: Twenty infants were enrolled in the inhaled nitric oxide therapy group and 20 in the control group. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death were less frequent in the inhaled nitric oxide group than in the control group (50 vs. 90%, p=0.016). Moreover, nitric oxide treatment was found to decrease as independent factor the combined incidence of death and BPD (OR=0.111; 95% C.I. 0.02–0.610). A birth weight lower than 750 grams had a significant predictive value for the failure of responding to inhaled nitric oxide therapy (OR 12; 95% C.I. 1.3–13.3). Conclusion: Inhaled nitric oxide decreases the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death in preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. Birth weight may influence the effectiveness of inhaled nitric oxide therapy in promoting oxygenation improvement in preterm infants.
Transgenic mice aberrantly expressing pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 component on biliary epithelial cells do not show primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Inamura K , Tsuji H , Nakamoto Y , Suzuki M , Kaneko S 
Published: May 2006

SummaryPrimary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune disorder that specifically destroys biliary epithelial cells (BECs). In patients with PBC, the immunodominant pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 component (PDC-E2), identified as an antigen for disease-specific anti-mitochondrial antibody, is expressed aberrantly in the BEC cytoplasm. The present study focused on the pathophysiological role of aberrant PDC-E2 in the development of PBC. The BEC-specific cytokeratin-19 promoter and PDC-E2 gene were cloned from a mouse cDNA library. The constructed transgene was microinjected into fertilized eggs of mice, and the offspring were identified by Southern blotting and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression was confirmed by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining. Five founder lines were identified as carrying the PDC-E2 gene, and one of these lines expressed PDC-E2 mRNA. The protein expression of exogenous PDC-E2 was detected in the liver. The transgenic mouse line showed diffuse expression of PDC-E2 in the BEC cytoplasm. Biochemical, serological and histological features of PBC were not detected. We established transgenic mice that constitutively express PDC-E2. The results indicated that aberrant PDC-E2 expression in the cytoplasm of BECs is not sufficient for the initiation of autoimmunity. Additional factors may be required to establish a model of PBC.
AttenuatedSalmonella typhimuriumreduces ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and T-helper type 2 responses in mice
Authors: Wu C-J , Chen L-C , Kuo M-L 
Published: May 2006

SummaryCytokines produced by Th2 cells are responsible for the pathogenesis of asthma. Th1-biased immune responses caused by attenuated salmonella have the potential to relieve asthmatic symptoms. We evaluated whether oral administration of attenuated salmonella could modulate allergic responses in a chicken ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic murine model. Mice were fed with attenuated salmonella SL7207 one dose before and three doses during the induction of an allergic response. Lung histology, percentages of eosinophil in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum levels of OVA-specific antibodies and cytokine production by OVA-activated splenocytes were evaluated in mice with or without the administration of SL7207. A significant reduction in pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration was observed in mice receiving attenuated salmonella. Lower levels of OVA-specific IgG1 but higher titres of OVA-IgG2a in serum were also detected in this group. Splenocytes from salmonella-fed mice produced lower levels of Th2 cytokines upon OVA stimulation. The administration of attenuated salmonella significantly suppressed immunopathological symptoms in OVA-sensitized mice. Inhibition of Th2 responses might explain the potential mechanisms. This study provides some evidence for the feasibility of attenuated salmonella as an effective vaccine for allergic diseases.
Anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) in female reproduction: is measurement of circulating AMH a useful tool?
Authors: La Marca A. , Volpe A. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryAnti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a dimeric glycoprotein, a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily. It is produced exclusively in the gonads and is involved in the regulation of follicular growth and development. In the ovary AMH is produced by the granulosa cells of early developing follicles and seems to be able to inhibit the initiation of primordial follicle growth and FSH‐induced follicle growth. As AMH is largely expressed throughout folliculogenesis, from the primary follicular stage towards the antral stage, serum levels of AMH may represent both the quantity and quality of the ovarian follicle pool. Compared to other ovarian tests, AMH seems to be the best marker reflecting the decline of reproductive age. AMH measurement could be useful in the prediction of the menopausal transition. It could also be used to predict poor ovarian response and possibly the prognosis of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. AMH has been shown to be a good surrogate marker for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Finally, its use as a marker for granulosa cell tumours has been proposed. A clearer understanding of its role in ovarian physiology may help clinicians to find a role for AMH measurement in the field of reproductive medicine.