bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transferrin receptor in proliferation of T lymphocytes in infants with iron deficiency
Authors: ARTAC H. , COSKUN M. , KARADOGAN I. , YEGIN O. , YESILIPEK A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study was to contribute to clarify the mechanism of cellular immune insufficiency occurring during iron deficiency. We studied the expression of the transferrin receptor (TfR) which is called as CD71, on the surface of T lymphocytes in infants with iron deficiency (with and without anemia). A total of 33 infants, aged between 7 and 26 months were included in this study. These subjects were divided into three groups: (i) latent iron deficiency (LID) (group 1), (ii) iron deficiency anemia (IDA) (group 2), and (iii) healthy infants (group 3). Both CD3 levels and CD71 expression of T lymphocytes were analysed by flow cytometry before and after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. The percentage of CD3+ lymphocytes in infants with IDA was lower than that in controls after PHA stimulation (mean ± SD, 48.6 ±10.5%vs. 70.7 ±7.8%, P < 0.001). The TfR expression of T lymphocytes (CD3 + CD71%) increased in all three groups after PHA stimulation (P < 0.001). No significant difference was seen among the three groups with respect to CD3 + CD71%. Although there was a reduction in the proliferative capacity of T lymphocytes in infants with IDA, their ability to express transferrin receptor on T‐lymphocyte cell surface was normal.
Monocyte cytokine and costimulatory molecule expression in patients infected with Leishmania mexicana
Authors: CARRADA G. , CAÑEDA C. , SALAIZA N. , DELGADO J. , RUIZ A. , SANCHEZ B. , GUTIÉRREZ‐KOBEH L. , AGUIRRE M. , BECKER I. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYLeishmania mexicana causes localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) develop a benign disease, whereas patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) suffer from a progressive disease associated with anergy of the cellular response towards Leishmania antigens. We evaluated the production of the interleukins (IL) IL‐12, IL‐15, IL‐18 and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40, B7‐1 and B7‐2 in monocytes from LCL and DCL patients, stimulated in vitro with Leishmania mexicana lipophosphoglycan (LPG) for 18 h. LCL monocytes significantly increased TNF‐α, IL‐15 and IL‐18 production, and this increase was associated with reduced amounts of IL‐12. DCL monocytes produced no IL‐15 or IL‐18 and showed a decreasing tendency of TNF‐α and IL‐12 production as the severity of the disease increased. No difference was observed in the expression of CD40 and B7‐1 between both groups of patients, yet B7‐2 expression was significantly augmented in DCL patients. It remains to be established if this elevated B7‐2 expression in DCL patients is cause or consequence of the Th2‐type immune response that characterizes these patients. These data suggest that the diminished ability of the monocytes from DCL patients to produce cell‐activating innate proinflammatory cytokines when stimulated with LPG is a possible cause for disease progression.
Tracheal shortening during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery
Authors: Kim J.‐H. , Hong D.‐M. , Oh A.‐Y. , Han S.‐H. 
Published: December 2006

Background:  During laparoscopic gynecologic surgery, pneumoperitoneum combined with the Trendelenburg position moves the carina towards the tip of the endotracheal tube (ETT), decreasing the margin of safety for the ETT position and increasing accidental endobronchial intubation. However, it remains to be established whether the tracheal length itself is actually changed. We conducted a prospective observational study to measure the change in the length of the trachea and the distance between the ETT tip and the carina in patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery.Methods:  Twenty‐three patients scheduled for laparoscopic gynecologic surgery were enrolled. In the neutral position, the tracheal length was measured using a fiberoptic bronchoscope. The distance between the ETT tip and the carina was also measured. The tracheal length and the distance between the ETT tip and the carina were measured again 10 min after carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum (12–14 mmHg) combined with the Trendelenburg position (15°).Results:  In the neutral position, the tracheal length was 11.09 ± 0.90 cm and the distance between the ETT tip and the carina was 3.36 ± 1.04 cm. After pneumoperitoneum combined with the Trendelenburg position, the distance between the ETT tip and the carina had decreased by 0.85 ± 0.28 cm. The tracheal length had also decreased by 0.42 ± 0.19 cm, which was equivalent to 49.7% of the decrease in the distance between the ETT tip and the carina.Conclusions:  These results suggest that tracheal shortening may contribute to a decrease in the distance between the ETT tip and the carina, increasing the risk of accidental endobronchial intubation during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.
Therapeutic hypothermia after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest: experiences with patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention and cardiogenic shock
Authors: Hovdenes J. , Laake J. H. , Aaberge L. , Haugaa H. , Bugge J. F. 
Published: December 2006

Background:  Therapeutic hypothermia has been shown to increase survival after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The trials documenting such benefit excluded patients with cardiogenic shock and only a few patients were treated with percutaneous coronary intervention prior to admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). We use therapeutic hypothermia whenever cardiac arrest patients do not wake up immediately after return of spontaneous circulation.Methods:  This paper reports the outcome of 50 OHCA patients with ventricular fibrillation admitted to a tertiary referral hospital for immediate coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention when indicated. Patients were treated with intra‐aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) (23 of 50 patients) if indicated. All patients who were still comatose were treated with therapeutic hypothermia at 32–34 °C for 24 h before rewarming. The end‐points were survival and cerebral performance category (CPC: 1, best; 5, dead) after 6 months.Results:  Forty‐one patients (82%) survived until 6 months. Thirty‐four patients (68%) were in CPC 1 or 2, and seven (14%) were in CPC 3. Of the 23 patients treated with IABP, 14 (61%) survived with CPC 1 or 2. In patients not treated with IABP, 20 patients (74%) survived with CPC 1 or 2. Forty patients (80%) developed myocardial infarction. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 36 patients (72%).Conclusion:  In OHCA survivors who reached our hospital, the survival rate was high and the neurological outcome acceptable. Our results indicate that the use of therapeutic hypothermia is justified even in haemodynamically unstable patients and those treated with percutaneous coronary intervention.
Ciliary receptors associated with the mouth and pharynx of Acoela (Acoelomorpha): a comparative ultrastructural study
Authors: Todt Christiane , Tyler Seth 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe ultrastructure and distribution of receptor cells near the mouth and (where present) the pharynx of Hofstenia miamia, Proporus bermudensis, Conaperta thela, and Convoluta convoluta (Acoela) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy of specimens stained with a fluorescence marker for actin. Five types of monociliary receptors were identified: (1) non‐collared receptors with a single long and narrow ciliary rootlet; (2) non‐collared receptors with a wide main ciliary rootlet and a smaller posterior rootlet; (3) non‐collared receptors with a single wide and hollow ciliary rootlet with a granulated core; (4) Collar (?) receptors with obliquely radial filament bundles in the cell apex and with a single hollow ciliary rootlet composed of numerous strand‐like elements; and (5) Collar receptors lacking a striated rootlet but with a granular body (swallow's nest rootlet). While H. miamia bears the first two receptor types, P. bermudensis has receptors of type 1, 3 and 5, and Cona. thela and Conv. convoluta have receptors of type 3, 4 and 5. The density of receptors is generally highest at the anterior body tip, regardless of where the mouth is located. Most receptor types occur scattered over the whole body but type 2 receptors of H. miamia are restricted to the pharynx and mouth region. The lack of a common receptor type specific for the mouth and pharynx of the investigated species points to an independent origin of the pharynges in Hofsteniidae and in Proporidae and of the mouth tube in Convolutidae. Moreover, the homology of the so‐called collar receptors in Acoela with typical collar receptors in other invertebrates is questioned.
Lateral organs in sedentary polychaetes (Annelida) – Ultrastructure and phylogenetic significance of an insufficiently known sense organ
Authors: Purschke Günter , Hausen Harald 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLateral organs are sense organs visible as densely ciliated pits or papillae between the noto‐ and the neuropodia in certain taxa of sedentary polychaetes. Ultrastructural studies in about 10 species of the following taxa Maldanidae, Opheliidae, Orbiniidae, Paraonidae, Magelonidae, Spionidae, Poecilochaetidae and Terebellidae have been designed to evaluate whether these organs are homologous among polychaetes. In spite of great external diversity, the investigations revealed an overall ultrastructural similarity. Differences between species investigated mainly concern the size of the organs as well as the number and arrangement of cells. The organs comprise supportive cells and uniciliated penetrative sensory cells. Their dendrites are closely arranged and thus their cilia may resemble multiciliated cells. There are two types of sensory cells: one type possesses no or mainly thin microvilli of which usually only a few reach the cuticular surface, and in the other type the cilium is consistently surrounded by 10 strong microvilli, which form a pore‐like opening in the cuticle. Further differences occur in the structure of the rootlet system. Basally, a retractor muscle attaches to the organ. The systematic significance of these organs within Annelida is discussed with respect to the conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses explaining the relationships of annelid taxa.
The origin of higher taxa: macroevolutionary processes, and the case of the mammals
Authors: Kemp T. S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe origin of a new higher taxon is characterized by a long‐term phylogenetic trend, involving evolutionary changes in a large number of characters. At this phylogenetic level, the conflict between internal integration of the phenotype and its evolvability can be resolved by the correlated progression model, in which many disparate traits evolve by a sequence of small increments in loose correlation with one another, rather than by the modularity model. The trend leading to the new higher taxon implies the existence of a long ridge in an adaptive landscape. An evolutionary lineage tracking it requires adaptive changes in broad biological characteristics, involving many traits. Species selection is a possible additional driver of the trend. These conclusions are tested against the synapsid fossil record of the origin of mammals. The reconstructed sequence of acquisition of mammalian traits supports the correlated progression model. The adaptive ridge involved is postulated to have been a sequence of overlapping niches requiring increasing ability to remain active in daily and seasonally fluctuating environments by means of increasing internal regulation. An inferred speciation bias in favour of relatively small, relatively more progressive carnivores indicates that species selection was also involved in driving the trend. Palaeoenvironmental evidence indicates that ecological opportunity probably played a role at certain points along the lineage.
Sperm ultrastructure in Kellia suborbicularis (Bivalvia: Galeommatoidea: Kellidae)
Authors: Jespersen Å. , Lützen J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe sperm cells of Kellia suborbicularis are narrow with a short bullet‐shaped acrosome, a 5.0–5.5 µm long and 0.4–0.6 µm broad nucleus, and a short midpiece with a ring of five mitochondria. The disposition of the subacrosomal substance into a coronet‐like formation is unique, and the sperm structure offers no clue to the relationship between Kellia and other galeommatoidean genera. The possible significance of narrow elongate sperm for their entry into the brood pouch is discussed.
Note on the gut preserved in the Lower Cambrian Lingulellotreta (Lingulata, Brachiopoda) from southern China
Authors: Zhang Zhifei , Han Jian , Zhang Xingliang , Liu Jianni , Guo Junfeng , Shu Degan 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Lingulellotreta malongensis Rong is the earliest known taxon of the family Lingulellotretidae, which is characterized by the presence of a pedicle foramen as well as an internal pedicle tube. New material from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte of southern China provides improved anatomical knowledge for lingulellotretid species especially for the digestive system. Additional gut fossils exhibit distinctly the anterior portion composed of esophagus and distended stomach, situated in the alleged visceral cavity, with the recurved intestine accommodated inside a hollow pseudointerarea. The frequency of occurrence of this intestinal layout suggests that this is not just an artefact of preservation. The gross configuration of the guts and the way they are preserved in the fossils suggest that they are in situ and, therefore, we can assume that Lingulellotreta had a hollow cavity presumably subtended by the pseuodelthyrium, which was invaded and occupied by the visceral organs. Hence, these fossils demonstrate the dangers of extrapolating crown‐group soft‐tissue configuration to the stem group.
The gonads of Aegla platensis Schmitt (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae): a macroscopic and histological perspective
Authors: Sokolowicz C. C. , López‐Greco L. S. , Gonçalves R. , Bond‐Buckup G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study is to characterize the gonads of Aegla platensis, relating aspects of colour and size of ovaries, testes and vasa deferentia (VD) to histological observations. The ovaries are H‐shaped, extending from behind the stomach and ending at the 1st or 2nd abdominal somite. The male has a pair of testes from which the VD issue and extend over the pereon. For males and females, macroscopic categories of gonad development are defined. Stages of the male gonad are defined as types 1, 2 and 3. Type 1 includes the less developed gonads, and type 3 includes extremely developed testes and completely differentiated VD. The ovaries are classified into four stages according to their colour: I (white), II (yellow), III (orange) and IV (red), beginning with the least developed gonads. The number and size of oogonia and oocytes depend on the stage of the ovary and coincide with the different degrees of development as indicated by ovary colour. In males, the presence or absence of spermatozoa in the testes and VD is determined only for the more developed gonads. Neither spermathecae (female) nor spermatophores (male) were found. The lack of spermatophore in the present species is a rare characteristic among the anomurans.
Thermoregulatory behaviour in Tropidurus torquatus (Squamata, Tropiduridae) from Brazilian coastal populations: an estimate of passive and active thermoregulation in lizards
Authors: Kiefer Mara C. , Van Sluys Monique , Rocha Carlos F. D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGeographical variation in the degree of thermoregulatory behaviour of the lizard Tropidurus torquatus was studied in 10 restinga populations along approximately 1500 km of Brazilian coast. An index of thermoregulation was estimated using the difference between body and environmental (air and substrate) temperatures and the percentage of negative values for these differences (proportion of body temperatures lower than environmental temperatures). In most populations, the lizards primarily used active thermoregulation, through behavioural means, and mainly in relation to substrate temperatures. Along the restingas, the degree of active thermoregulation increased as a function of the increase in the local environmental temperatures along the restingas. Behavioural thermoregulation of T. torquatus helps the lizards to maintain their body temperatures within an optimal range in which to perform their normal daily activities.
Could temperature and water availability drive elevational species richness patterns? A global case study for bats
Authors: McCain Christy M. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAim  A global meta‐analysis was used to elucidate a mechanistic understanding of elevational species richness patterns of bats by examining both regional and local climatic factors, spatial constraints, sampling and interpolation. Based on these results, I propose the first climatic model for elevational gradients in species richness, and test it using preliminary bat data for two previously unexamined mountains.Location  Global data set of bat species richness along elevational gradients from Old and New World mountains spanning 12.5° S to 38° N latitude.Methods  Bat elevational studies were found through an extensive literature search. Use was made only of studies sampling 70% of the elevational gradient without significant sampling biases or strong anthropogenic disturbance. Undersampling and interpolation were explicitly examined with three levels of error analyses. The influence of spatial constraints was tested with a Monte Carlo simulation program, Mid‐Domain Null. Preliminary bat species richness data sets for two test mountains were compiled from specimen records from 12 US museum collections.Results  Equal support was found for decreasing species richness with elevation and mid‐elevation peaks. Patterns were robust to substantial amounts of error, and did not appear to be a consequence of spatial constraints. Bat elevational richness patterns were related to local climatic gradients. Species richness was highest where both temperature and water availability were high, and declined as temperature and water availability decreased. Mid‐elevational peaks occurred on mountains with dry, arid bases, and decreasing species richness occurred on mountains with wet, warm bases. A preliminary analysis of bat richness patterns on elevational gradients in western Peru (dry base) and the Olympic Mountains, WA (wet base), supported the predictions of the climate model.Main conclusions  The relationship between species richness and combined temperature and water availability may be due to both direct (thermoregulatory constraints) and indirect (food resources) factors. Abundance was positively correlated with species richness, suggesting that bat species richness may also be related to productivity. The climatic model may be applicable to other taxonomic groups with similar ecological constraints, for instance certain bird, insect and amphibian clades.
Ethnobotany and the first printed records of British flowering plants
Authors: Bebber Daniel P. , Harris Stephen A. , Gaston Kevin J. , Scotland Robert W. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAim To determine the relative influence of medicinal use, height and geographical range on the chronological sequence of the first verifiable printed records of 1239 native species of flowering plants in the UK.Location UK.Methods We used Cox proportional hazards models to provide a direct estimate of the influence through time of explanatory variables on the hazard function.Results In the period from 1538 to 1550, medicinal plants were 5–15 (95% confidence interval) times more likely to be discovered than non‐medicinal plants. By 1600, 75% of medicinal plants had been discovered, and subsequently medicinal use had no significant influence on the probability of discovery. From 1538 to 1983, a 100‐hectad increase in area resulted in a 4–6% increase in the probability of discovery. There was a small but significant decrease in the influence of area on the probability of discovery over the entire time period. In the same time period, a 10‐fold increase in height resulted in a 3–35% increased probability of discovery.Main conclusions Our results demonstrate that the first written records (1538–1600) of UK flowering plants were very strongly influenced by the perceived medicinal properties of the plants.
Suitability of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for host plant–Plutella xylostella–Cotesia plutellae interactions
Authors: Barker J.E. , Poppy G.M. , Payne C.C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSuccessful pest management is often hindered by the inherent complexity of the interactions of a pest with its environment. The use of genetically characterized model plants can allow investigation of chosen aspects of these interactions by limiting the number of variables during experimentation. However, it is important to study the generic nature of these model systems if the data generated are to be assessed in a wider context, for instance, with those systems of commercial significance. This study assesses the suitability of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae) as a model host plant to investigate plant–herbivore–natural enemy interactions, with Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), the diamondback moth, and Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of P. xylostella. The growth and development of P. xylostella and C. plutellae on an A. thaliana host plant (Columbia type) were compared to that on Brassica rapa var. pekinensis (L.) (Brassicaceae), a host crop that is widely cultivated and also commonly used as a laboratory host for P. xylostella rearing. The second part of the study investigated the potential effect of the different A. thaliana background lines, Columbia and Landsberg (used in wider scientific studies), on growth and development of P. xylostella and C. plutellae. Plutella xylostella life history parameters were found generally to be similar between the host plants investigated. However, C. plutellae were more affected by the differences in host plant. Fewer adult parasitoids resulted from development on A. thaliana compared to B. rapa, and those that did emerge were significantly smaller. Adult male C. plutellae developing on Columbia were also significantly smaller than those on Landsberg A. thaliana.