bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
English language education and educational policy in Myanmar
Authors: Tin Tan Bee 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
English language education has a long history in Myanmar (also known as Burma). In accordance with changing political conditions, the status of English and educational policies has changed frequently and abruptly in Myanmar. To understand current English language policies and practice in Myanmar, the chapter first opens the history pages, from the colonial era (1886–1948) to Covid-19 and the Spring Revolution (2020–21). English language education in Myanmar is explored not only through a theoretical and historical lens but also through a personal one. In addition to published documents, literature, and data collected from online social media written in Myanmar (Burmese), the author’s own personal experience in a culture (a Burmese society) is used as a way of expanding understanding of the cultural phenomenon through a personalized, autoethnographic approach.
English as a lingua franca in Southeast Asia’s Expanding Circle
Authors: Kirkpatrick Andy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The distinction Kachru made between countries of the Outer and Expanding Circles was that Outer Circle countries had been colonies of English-speaking empires where English played institutional roles and where local varieties of English had developed. In Expanding Circle countries, by contrast, English played no societal role and was restricted to being a school subject. In the ensuing years, however, English has begun to play an increasing number of roles both within Expanding Circle countries themselves and as a lingua franca between people from Expanding Circle countries and elsewhere. In this chapter, the increasing roles of English within Expanding Circle countries and between these and Outer and Inner Circle countries will be described and illustrated. The contemporary relevance of Kachru’s ‘circles’ classification will be discussed and the possibility of developing a model to account for the development of English in Expanding Circle countries questioned.
English in Hong Kong and Macau
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Moody Andrew J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the status, functions, and features of English in Hong Kong and Macau. These two geographically adjacent societies share an overlapping past as colonial territories of Britain and Portugal, and today both are Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of the People’s Republic of China and home to predominantly Cantonese-speaking communities. In Hong Kong, English enjoys de jure recognition as a co-official language of government, the civil service, and the legal profession, thus approximating, in terms of societal multilingualism, to an Outer Circle context. In Macau, however, English lacks overt recognition as an official language. Both societies have historical and contemporary contacts with Southeast Asia and the development of English in the region.
Integration of Research into EMDR Practice
Authors: Osborne Alison K. , Gates Jessica , Mann Emily , Wilson-Menzfeld Gemma 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Engaging in research is critical for EMDR therapists. This chapter will introduce the research process and illustrate the importance of using the evidence base to inform clinical practice. This chapter distinguishes between different types of research practices and presents the hierarchy of evidence to show what is considered as “gold standard” research. Different types of research methods are discussed alongside ethical considerations within research, particularly in relation to working with vulnerable populations. The process of developing a research project is set out to provide guidance from the beginning of the journey, developing a project proposal, through to the dissemination of the findings. Finally, research quality markers are discussed. Examples and case studies are provided throughout this chapter, with the hope of supporting clinicians in the field of EMDR and trauma, to support engagement with published research in the field and to engage in their own research within academia and clinical practice.
Courts as Agents of Change
Authors: Rosenberg Gerald N. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the comparative role of courts as agents of social change. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, courts around the world increasingly made decisions ordering social change. Focusing on courts in democratic political systems, it examines that factors that lead courts to issue ‘progressive’ judicial decisions that protect and further the rights of large groups of historically disadvantaged people such as the poor, ethnic and racial minorities, women, gay men and lesbians, immigrants, political dissidents, etc. It identifies four characteristics of judges and legal systems that influence judges’ ability to act. These include judicial independence, the rules and procedures governing jurisdiction and access to courts, the willingness of judges to act, and the breath of rights, both constitutional and statutory, available to judges. It highlights six political and social factors that influence progressive judicial decision-making: history and legitimacy, public opinion, government inaction, allies and support structures, resource constraints and expertise, and the importance of strategic thinking in judicial decision-making. The chapter suggests that judicial decision-making designed to produce progressive social change is highly contextual, varying from country to country. It also suggests that scholars need a reliable baseline of in-depth, focused, country studies, both qualitative and quantitative. A compilation of such studies will provide a strong foundation for comparative analysis.
Introduction to the Study of Comparative Judicial Behaviour
Authors: Epstein Lee , Grendstad Gunnar , Šadl Urška , Weinshall Keren 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Comparative judicial behaviour seeks to illuminate the choices judges make and the consequences of their choices for society. This chapter begins with a brief discussion of each key term in this definition: choices, consequences, and comparisons. It then considers the major theoretical approaches to judicial choices: legalism, attitudinal model, rational choice accounts, identity accounts, and ‘thinking-fast’ judging. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book’s content and goals. As readers will discover, despite their common interest in explaining the causes and effects of judicial choices, scholars ask substantively different questions, subscribe to manifold theories, apply multiple methodologies, and pursue varied targets of inquiry. The scholars’ motivations are also diverse, from describing features of judging to offering measures of crucial concepts to making causal inferences to developing implications for law and public policy. Overall, this Handbook unites scholars from many corners of the world and disciplinary pockets to offer up-to date expert roadmaps of the topics falling under the field’s domain, from approaches to judging to staffing the courts to relations among courts and society.
Transcending the Domestic–International Divide
Authors: Naurin Daniel , Voeten Erik 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Over the past three decades, international courts have proliferated and increasingly produced judgments with considerable economic, social, and political consequences. Scholarly studies have boomed in tandem with this growing influence. This chapter investigates to what extent research on judicial behaviour is becoming comparative not only across countries and over time but also across the domestic-international level. First, the chapter takes a bird’s-eye view of the literature on judicial behaviour by conducting a bibliometric analysis. Second, the chapter reviews in more depth the research on judicial autonomy at the international level and finds that scholars of judicial behaviour are not writing in one coherent literature. There are distinct divisions between the US judicial politics literature and research on comparative and international courts. The overall trend is also not pointing towards convergence. That said, the authors’ reading of the literature on international judicial autonomy shows that important recent work seamlessly integrates research on domestic and international courts. These studies serve as exemplary of how scholars of domestic and international courts can gain an additional level of comparison by building on each other’s work.
Divorce and Agunah
Authors: Levmore Rachel , Gotlib Steven 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Traditional Jewish divorce, as understood in the Hebrew Bible itself, requires the husband’s agreement in order to end the marriage. His refusal to do so gives rise to a situation known in rabbinic literature as the “chained woman” (agunah). If the husband were to disappear without being presumed dead, fall into a permanent vegetative state, or intentionally refuse to grant his wife a bill of divorce (get), she would remain “chained” to him indefinitely. The life of this woman would essentially be frozen in time, with her being unable to establish her independence or to start a new family. Agunot whose husbands have chained them to an unwanted marriage have been subject to great dissension in modern Judaism. This chapter explores the development of Jewish divorce law from the Bible through the present day as well as how the agunah problem has been addressed across Jewish denominations in North America and Israel.
Questions of Law
Authors: Morsel-Eisenberg Tamara 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The genre of Responsa refers to rabbinic legal opinions and occupies an important station in the realm of halakhic literature. Beginning with the Geonim, Jewish legal scholars have authored responsa. There is no clear formulation as to the legal authority of these writings. The following chapter examines the modes for creating, diffusing, and consulting responsa as means of examining their legal authority and significance. This chapter traces trajectories of responsa texts, examining this genre as a source of law from three angles: communication, transmission, and organization. “Communication” discusses the role of responsa as epistolary writing, “Transmission” examines the subsequent publication of responsa, and “organization” studies how responsa collections were organized and its relation to legal authority. Finally, the chapter suggests that responsa permit thinking in cases, a mode of thinking as crucial to law as it is distinctive of responsa.
Pedagogies for Cultural Change
Authors: Singh J. P. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
How does (or should) the international relations classroom respond to a time of cultural change? To prepare the international relations practitioners for tomorrow, this chapter suggests addressing cultural changes through immersive understandings with borrowings from arts and anthropology, both known for interpreting cultural meanings. International relations represents cultural meanings about the world and frequently analyzes the cultural origins of the discipline. Culture is about the constitution of symbols, meanings, and rituals, and the institutions that support them. International relations arose as a formal discipline in the twentieth century when cultural meanings of global politics were defined through European great power rivalries and subsequently the multilateral institutions that arose after World War II. The current cultural changes include new forms of international interactions shaped through artificial intelligence and digital technologies, reckoning with global exclusions through oppressive structures such as racism, and existential crises such as climate change and pandemics. Three cultural techniques relevant for international relations are discussed: cultural immersions that enable reflexivity, multimodal techniques that enable complex consciousness of human interactions, and ethnographies that enable listening for building theoretical repertoires. Taken together, the techniques develop a critical consciousness about the world to recognize and adapt to cultural change through problem solving.
Beyond Traditional Study Abroad
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Lanham Carol Cirulli , Voskuil Caryn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers three alternatives to conventional study abroad programs: (1) university-led and short-term classes abroad, (2) collaborative learning across institutions using technology, and (3) undergraduate research abroad. Each alternative is discussed in terms of requirements, advantages, disadvantages, and sample programs. The traditional way that undergraduate students have international experiences is through study abroad programs. Nevertheless, financial and employment concerns limit participation in such programs, especially among underrepresented groups. Furthermore, such study abroad programs raise problems with academic credit transfer and other concerns. The alternatives discussed here are not mutually exclusive to traditional study abroad programs nor each other. They do, however, provide different pedagogical, financial, and other advantages that study abroad lack.
Feminist Practices in the (COVID-19) Classroom
Authors: Hudson Natalie Florea , Otero-Asmar Yulianna 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the wake of a global pandemic and profound changes in higher education—the effects of which we have yet to fully realize—feminist pedagogy has much to offer the field of international studies, not just at the creative edges but at the core of what constitutes our discipline. Feminist teaching, learning, and research offers an alternative pedogogical approach to position and power grounded in commitments to problematize mainstream (Western) epistemologies and ontologies in order to reimagine a pursuit of knowledge that is inclusive, curious, empathetic, and personal. This sort of feminist engagement in the classroom disrupts power hierarchies, recognizes and learns from diverse and intersectional student voices and experiences, fosters community and personal relationships with and among students, and achieves transformative and emancipatory knowledge that seeks to actively dismantle oppressive structures and create social change. This chapter examines these feminist contributions and the value of bringing intentional care, honesty, and vulnerability to the classroom for the purpose of advancing education, research, and our communities.
Online Teaching
Authors: Glazier Rebecca A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
IS faculty have rich resources at their fingertips and can be leaders in the future of online education, providing models for other disciplines to follow. Recent years have seen an increasing number of online courses and students in higher education—a trend only accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although online courses face the challenge of engaging and retaining students across increased transactional distance, International Studies (IS) faculty are well poised to lead in online education. First, the field naturally lends itself to diverse and engaging online course materials—from maps to international Zoom calls to podcasts. Second, online education works best when it engages students and IS faculty have a proven track record of innovation in active learning, simulations, and student engagement. Third, the online medium makes it possible to connect students with resources and people from around the world to build inclusive classrooms across different modalities.
Integrating Community-Based Experiential Learning (CBEL) into Educational Design in International Studies
Authors: Tiessen Rebecca 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in community-based experiential learning moving from in-person activities to online interactions. CBEL refers to two forms of experiential learning that take place primarily outside the classroom with community partner organizations. It can include international experiential learning and locally focused community service learning options. The transition to online learning created new challenges as well as opportunities for rethinking delivery mechanisms and approaches for enhancing student CBEL with community partners. This chapter provides an overview of CBEL available to students: how they are distinct from other forms of experiential learning, the barriers to participation in community-based participation, and the possibility for using the lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic to adapt and enhance program offerings to benefit students and partner organizations in new ways.
How to Teach International Studies through the Arts
Authors: Ramel Frédéric 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter proposes three ways to include the arts in the international studies classroom: to refresh the pedagogical materials as sources for handling international issues, to invite students to become creators in dealing with international topics, and to perform aesthetic action as knowledge production by other means. These three perspectives aim at strengthening the students’ capability to think and create beyond the academic exercises they are used to practice. Linked to the teaching dimension of the aesthetic turn in IR, they also take into account the emotional conceptions that could enrich our pedagogical practices. Because in the end, to be “ready to learn from life” means to recognize the role of sensitivity in the international realm, beyond rationality.
“Hard-Core” Tantric Traditions and the Cult of Bhairava in Java
Authors: Acri Andrea 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys textual, archaeological, and art historical vestiges documenting the existence of hard-core tantric traditions in Java from ca. eleventh to the nineteenth century, especially those revolving around the worship of the demonic manifestation of Śiva known as Bhairava, as well as Goddess-oriented Śākta traditions and tantric Buddhist traditions. These traditions, although by no means unknown in Central Java prior to the tenth century, became more prominent and widespread in East Java from the eleventh century onward, both at the level of the urbanized political elites as well as the religious communities in the countryside. The chapter argues that one of the main factors behind this progressive popularization was a close alliance between the political elites and Bhairava-oriented priesthood, as well as an interest in state-protection magic associated with wrathful deities. It also suggests that, after the rise to dominance of Islam from the late fifteenth century onward, motifs and behaviors associated with hard-core Tantra survived, in a vestigial form, into the nineteenth century and beyond as a radically monistic undercurrent in the doctrines, mythology, and textual sources of modern Javanese mysticism.
Armenians in Turkey
Authors: Suciyan Talin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of Armenians in Turkey. With the Armenian genocide, Armenian life in the provinces was brought to an end, as planned by the Ottoman government of the time. This article follows the lines of continuities from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic. It argues that policies implemented throughout the 20th and 21st have been heavily embedded in the experiences and reservoir of knowledge that was accumulated during the 19th century and First World War. The post-1923 in Turkey was a period in which Armenian survivors continued to live under existential threats, Armenian institutions were unable to function according to the laws and regulations of Armenian administration, and most importantly the Treaty of Lausanne, the guarantor of the rights and entitlements for remaining Armenians, was de facto only applied in Istanbul. For the rest of the country, neither Armenian institutions nor Armenian cultural life was allowed to flourish again.
Eastern Orthodox Christians and the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
Authors: Beylunioğlu Anna Maria 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The number of Eastern Orthodox Christians in Turkey has been in decline in parallel to the decrease in the overall non-Muslim population due to the identity reconstruction process since the founding of the Republic. The low numbers of non-Muslim population seem ironic particularly since the 1990s, when their cultural significance has become increasingly visible. The irony beyond this relative visibility highlights an illusion, and underscores the ongoing risk of extinction faced by these communities, because they are still subject to limited freedom in controlling and administering their own affairs. This chapter focuses on the Eastern Orthodox communities of Turkey and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, both of which experience similar obstacles that non-Muslim communities have been facing for decades. It will explore how the rights and freedoms of the Eastern Orthodox in Turkey have changed since the initiation of the EU reform process in the 2000s, assessing the impact of increased visibility of non-Muslims and the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople on their declining population. Additionally, the chapter will suggest potential strategies for preserving the population and cultural heritage of Eastern Orthodox communities in Turkey.
Is There a Left-Wing Illiberalism?
Authors: Eklundh Emmy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
While considerable scholarly attention has focused on the rise of illiberalism on the right, there has been much less focus on the left. This oversight has obscured the fact that right-wing illiberalism is closely linked to much of the liberal tradition and its undemocratic past. This chapter traces the similarities between the illiberal right and the liberal center and argues that both have a complicated and at times antithetical relationship with democracy.
Does (and Should) Hosea Matter Still?
Authors: Dempsey Carol J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A perusal of research on the book of Hosea indicates that questions concerning authorship, authorial intention, dating of texts, and translation and textual problems continue to interest scholars. Of equal interest is an appreciation for the book’s rhetoric, literary dimensions, and rich poetics. New biblical hermeneutical approaches, especially cultural studies, have produced a shift away from what the text meant in its originating context to readers, grounded in their social locations, as creators of meanings. This essay highlights why the book of Hosea has been important to scholars, questions if the book should still matter, highlights salient reasons why it needs to matter still, and presents new avenues for scholars to explore in an effort to attract a twenty-first-century readership grappling with myriad forms of oppression and injustice.
Intertextuality and Traditions in the Book of Hosea
Authors: Eidevall Göran 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This essay explores the intertextual dimensions of the book of Hosea. The aim is to contribute to a refined understanding of the literary and theological profile of Hosea. The first part deals with intertextual connections between Hosea and other parts of the Hebrew Bible. A survey, indicating patterns of occurrence as well as absence of such connections, is followed by case studies of how four selected intertexts are related to Hosea: Jer. 2, Isa. 31, The Song of Moses (Deut. 32), and the Song of Songs. The second part treats Hosea’s creative use of theological traditions relating to the Pentateuch. A case study dealing with the references to traditions about Jacob in Hos. 12 is followed by a discussion of a stylistic device typical of Hosea—namely, the use of reversals. The discussion focuses on reversals of traditions and concepts concerning the covenant and the exodus from Egypt.