bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IGF-I gene promoter polymorphism is a predictor of survival after myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Yazdanpanah Mojgan , Sayed-Tabatabaei Fakhredin A , Janssen Joop A M J L , Rietveld Ingrid , Hofman Albert , Stijnen Theo , Pols Huibert A P , Lamberts Steven W J , Witteman Jacqueline C M , van Duijn Cornelia M 
Published: October 2006

Objective: Previously we observed that non-carriers of the most common alleles of an IGF-I promoter polymorphism have low circulating IGF-I levels and an increased risk of developing myocardial infarction (MI), particularly in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Design: We investigated whether this IGF-I promoter polymorphism is associated with survival of type 2 diabetes in a Caucasian population aged 55 years and older.
Methods: The study was embedded in the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population-based cohort study. At baseline, 668 patients with type 2 diabetes were diagnosed, among which, 55 incident MI were ascertained during follow-up. For the present study, we used two genotype groups: non-variant carriers (homozygous for 192, 194, or 192/194 bp genotypes), and variant carriers.
Results: During a median follow-up of 8.8 years, 396 out of the 668 patients with type 2 diabetes (59.3%) died of various causes. The frequency of type 2 diabetes variant carrier and non-variant carriers was 28.7 and 71.3% respectively. The survival in patients with type 2 diabetes without an MI did not differ between the IGF-I genotype groups (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7–1.1, P = 0.1). In contrast, in those who developed an MI, variant carriers had a 2.4 times higher risk of mortality than non-variant carriers (95% CI: 1.2–4.8, P = 0.01).
Conclusion: Our study suggests that genetically determined low IGF-I activity is an important determinant of survival in patients with type 2 diabetes who developed an MI. The IGF-I promoter polymorphism, therefore, may help to predict the future mortality risk in this group of patients.
Leptin, free leptin index, insulin resistance and liver fibrosis in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Nobili Valerio , Manco Melania , Ciampalini Paolo , Diciommo Vincenzo , Devito Rita , Piemonte Fiorella , Comparcola Donatella , Guidi Roberto , Marcellini Matilde 
Published: October 2006

Objective: Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among children is increasing dramatically. It is unclear why some patients develop steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis from steatosis, and others do not. A role for leptin has been claimed. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between leptin, insulin resistance (IR) and NAFLD in children.
Design and methods: In 72 biopsy-proven NAFLD children (aged 9–18 years; 51M/21F), fasting leptin and its soluble receptor (sOB-R) were measured; free leptin index (FLI) was calculated as leptin/sOB-R; IR was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI-comp); glucose tolerance by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Percentage of total body fat (TBF) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was available in 65 patients.
Results: Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting and/or after load glucose tolerance was 11%. HOMA-IR and ISI-comp values were 2.55 ± 1.39 and 4.4 ± 2. NASH was diagnosed in 38 and simple steatosis in 25 children; diagnosis was indeterminate in 29 children. Increased fibrosis, mostly of mild severity, was observed in 41 patients. Median NAFLD activity (NAS) score was 3.42 ± 1.60. According to histology, levels of leptin and FLI increased as steatosis (leptin from 11.9 ± 6.3 in score 1 to 17.4 ± 6.9 in score 2 (P = 0.01) and 22.2 ± 6.8 ng/ml in score 3 (P < 0.001); FLI 2.56 ± 1.40, 3.57 ± 0.34, 4.45 ± 0.64 respectively (P = 0.05)); ballooning (from 13.7 ± 6.7 in score 1 to 17 ± 7.5 in score 2 (P = 0.001) and 22.1 ± 7.1 ng/ml in score 3 (P = 0.01); FLI 2.81 ± 1.50, 3.40 ± 1.65, 4.57 ± 1.67 (P = 0.01 between 0 and 2)); fibrosis (from 14.3 ± 7 to18.3 ± 6.9; P = 0.03; FLI 3.03 ± 1.57 vs 3.92 ± 077; P < 0.05) and NAS score (score 1–2: 12.9 ± 6.9; score 3–4: 17 ± 6.9 (P = 0.01); score 5–7: 22.9 ± 7.5 ng/ml (P = 0.03); FLI 2.70 ± 1.53, 3.12 ± 1.53, 4.58 ± 1.57 P = 0.01 and P = 0.05 between 1–2 vs 3–4 and 3–4 vs 5–7 respectively) worsened. Higher leptin correlated with more severe steatosis, ballooning and NAS score (r0 = 0.6, 0.4 and 0.6 respectively; for all P < 0.001); FLI with ballooning (r0 = 0.4, P < 0.0001), steatosis (r0 = 0.5, P < 0.0001) and NAS score (r0 = 0.5, P < 0.0001).
Conclusions: Leptin and liver injury correlated independently of age, BMI and gender in the present study. Nevertheless, any causative role of leptin in NAFLD progression could be established. Thus, studies are needed to define whether the hormone plays a major role in the disease.
Prevalence and Determinants of Insulin Resistance Among U.S. Adolescents
Authors: Lee Joyce M. , Okumura Megumi J. , Davis Matthew M. , Herman William H. , Gurney James G. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—We sought to examine the distribution of insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and associations of HOMA-IR with sex, race/ethnicity, age, and weight status, as measured by BMI, among U.S. adolescents.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Of 4,902 adolescents aged 12–19 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002, analysis was performed for a nationally representative subsample of 1,802 adolescents without diabetes who had fasting laboratory measurements. The main outcome measure was HOMA-IR, calculated from fasting insulin and glucose and log transformed for multiple linear regression analyses.
RESULTS—In adjusted regression models that included age and weight status, girls had higher HOMA-IR than boys and Mexican-American children had higher HOMA-IR levels than white children. There were no significant differences in adjusted HOMA-IR between black and white children. Obese children (BMI ≥95th percentile) had significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR compared with children of normal weight (BMI &lt;85th percentile) in adjusted comparisons (mean HOMA-IR 4.93 [95% CI 4.56–5.35] vs. 2.30 [2.21–2.39], respectively). Weight status was by far the most important determinant of insulin resistance, accounting for 29.1% of the variance in HOMA-IR. The prevalence of insulin resistance in obese adolescents was 52.1% (95% CI 44.5–59.8).
CONCLUSIONS—Obesity in U.S. adolescents represents the most important risk factor for insulin resistance, independent of sex, age, or race/ethnicity. The prevalence of insulin resistance in obese children foreshadows a worrisome trend for the burden of type 2 diabetes in the U.S.
Quality of Diabetes Care in the Middle- and High-Income Group Populace
Authors: Nagpal Jitender , Bhartia Abhishek 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—We sought to evaluate the quality of care in known diabetic patients from the middle- and high-income group populace of Delhi.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a probability proportionate to size (systematic), two-stage cluster design. Thirty areas were selected for a house-to-house survey to recruit a minimum of 25 subjects (known diabetes ≥1 year; aged 35–65 years) per area. Data were collected by interview, by blood sampling, and from medical records.
RESULTS—A total of 819 subjects (of 1,153 eligible) were enrolled from 20,666 houses. In total, 13.0% (95% CI 9.6–17.3) of the patients had an HbA1c (A1C) estimation and 16.2% (13.5–19.4) had a dilated eye examination in the last year, 32.1% (27.5–36.6) had serum cholesterol estimation in the last year, and 17.5% (14.2–21.5) were taking aspirin. An estimated 42.0% (37.7–46.2) had an A1C value &gt;8%, 40.6% (36.5–44.7) had an LDL cholesterol level &gt;130 mg/dl, and 63.2% (59.6–66.6) had blood pressure levels &gt;140/90 mmHg.
CONCLUSIONS—A wide gap exists between practice recommendations and delivery of diabetes care in Delhi.
Clinical Benefit of a Gluten-Free Diet in Type 1 Diabetic Children With Screening-Detected Celiac Disease
Authors: Hansen Dorte , Brock-Jacobsen Bendt , Lund Elisabeth , Bjørn Christina , Hansen Lars P. , Nielsen Christian , Fenger Claus , Lillevang Søren T. , Husby Steffen 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—This study was performed to 1) determine the prevalence of celiac disease in Danish children with type 1 diabetes and 2) estimate the clinical effects of a gluten-free diet (GFD) in patients with diabetes and celiac disease.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In a region comprising 24% of the Danish population, all patients &lt;16 years old with type 1 diabetes were identified and 269 (89%) were included in the study. The diagnosis of celiac disease was suspected in patients with endomysium and tissue transglutaminase antibodies in serum and confirmed by intestinal biopsy. Patients with celiac disease were followed for 2 years while consuming a GFD.
RESULTS—In 28 of 33 patients with celiac antibodies, an intestinal biopsy showed villous atrophy. In 5 patients, celiac disease had been diagnosed previously, giving an overall prevalence of 12.3% (95% CI 8.6–16.9). Patients with celiac disease had a lower SD score (SDS) for height (P &lt; 0.001) and weight (P = 0.002) than patients without celiac disease and were significantly younger at diabetes onset (P = 0.041). A GFD was obtained in 31 of 33 patients. After 2 years of follow-up, there was an increase in weight SDS (P = 0.006) and in children &lt;14 years old an increase in height SDS (P = 0.036). An increase in hemoglobin (P = 0.002) and serum ferritin (P = 0.020) was found, whereas HbA1c remained unchanged (P = 0.311) during follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS—This population-based study showed the highest reported prevalence of celiac disease in type 1 diabetes in Europe. Patients with celiac disease showed clinical improvements with a GFD. We recommend screening for celiac disease in all children with type 1 diabetes.
Evaluation of a New Measure of Blood Glucose Variability in Diabetes
Authors: Kovatchev Boris P. , Otto Erik , Cox Daniel , Gonder-Frederick Linda , Clarke William 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—Recent studies show the importance of controlling blood glucose variability in relationship to both reducing hypoglycemia and attenuating the risk for cardiovascular and behavioral complications due to hyperglycemia. It is therefore important to design variability measures that are equally predictive of low and high blood glucose excursions.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We introduce the average daily risk range (ADRR), a variability measure computed from routine self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) data. The ADRR was constructed using a development dataset for 39 and 31 adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. The formula was then fixed, and the ADRR was compared against other variability measures using an independent validation dataset containing ∼4 months of SMBG for 254 and 81 adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
RESULTS—From the 1st month of validation SMBG data, we computed the ADRR, blood glucose SD and coefficient of variation, daily blood glucose range and interquartile range, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion, M-value, and lability index. Then all measures were tested as predictors of low blood glucose (&lt;2.2 mmol/l; &lt;3.9 mmol/l) and high (&gt;10 mmol/l; &gt;22.2 mmol/l) events in the subsequent 3 months. The ADRR was the best predictor of both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, with a 6-fold increase in the likelihood of hypoglycemia and 3.5-fold increase in the likelihood of hyperglycemia across its risk categories.
CONCLUSIONS—In a large SMBG database, the ADRR showed strong association with subsequent out-of-control glucose readings. Compared with other variability measures, the ADRR demonstrated a superior balance of sensitivity to predicting both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. This prediction was independent from type of diabetes.
Residence time distribution study for the catalytic packing MULTIPAK®
Authors: Górak A. , Jaroszyński M. , Kołodziej A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractResidence time distribution (RTD) experiments were carried out using the catalytic packing MULTIPAK® in a 250 mm inner diameter column. The axial dispersion coefficients and dynamic liquid hold-up were derived from the RTD curves. Both hold-up and axial Péclet number were correlated in terms of gas and liquid Reynolds numbers. Free-draining experiments were performed to determine the dynamic and static liquid hold-ups.The measured axial dispersion coefficients were higher than those presented in other studies. The dynamic hold-up derived from RTD agreed with total hold-up from free-draining experiments. The static hold-up was found very high, even higher than the dynamic one, due to the liquid accumulated inside the catalyst bed. Possibly, the liquid considered “static” from the viewpoint of the free-draining experiments becomes “dynamic” during the normal column operation.
Prediction of gaseous emissions from industrial stacks using an artificial intelligence method
Authors: Anghel C. , Ozunu A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA novel technique based on artificial intelligence methods able to predict pollutant emission concentrations from industrial stacks is presented. This procedure combines regression and classification problems into a unified technique, named minimax decision procedure. The core of this procedure is based on the minimax probability machine regression model. Using experimental databases, the trend of pollutant emissions and the level of pollution for one industrial thermal power station stack were presented. Based on this unified technique, numerical experiments provided the estimates of concentrations of CO, NOx, NO, and SO2 confirming the predictive power of this procedure.
HIV‐related stigma in England: experiences of gay men and heterosexual African migrants living with HIV
Authors: Dodds Catherine 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFocus group research was undertaken in three English cities among Gay and Bisexual men (British and non‐British), heterosexual African women and heterosexual African men, all with diagnosed HIV. It was found that prevalent social discourses of homophobia, racism and xenophobia underpin individuals' experiences of HIV‐related stigma. Members of marginalized communities themselves employ HIV‐related stigma as a governance mechanism to exclude positive people from tightly woven networks of support. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Church leaders confront HIV/AIDS and stigma: a case study from Tanzania
Authors: Hartwig Kari A. , Kissioki Seelah , Hartwig Charlotte D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHIV/AIDS stigma continues to be a major obstacle to prevention and care interventions in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Faith‐based organizations (FBOs) have been shown to both foster HIV stigma as well as mitigate it. The present case study with 15 male and female Tanzanian church leaders emerged from a participatory evaluation workshop to assess their HIV health promoting activities following a series of HIV/AIDS and reproductive health training sessions. The workshop allowed participants to define root social causes of HIV underlying stigma and revealed the lack of a language to talk about stigma. Many participants in the discussions and focus groups had moved from positions of silence and condemnation to one of teaching about HIV/AIDS. Only 10 of the participants actively did some form of HIV education; they told how their own actions influenced their church membership's attitude towards HIV. However, others faced opposition from senior pastors. The case study suggests that narratives about HIV work within the church community create opportunities for reflection and compassion. We need further research on the role of different types of religious leaders in their institutions and the opportunities for diffusion and structural change. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From the physical self to the social body: expressions and effects of HIV‐related stigma in South Africa
Authors: Mills Elizabeth Anne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses some of the forms and consequences of HIV‐related stigma in a community living in KTC, an informal settlement in South Africa, drawing on ethnographic research findings. The first section presents a dynamic form of stigma sign language that is used to label the HIV‐positive ‘other’ in this community. The second section highlights some of the pernicious consequences of HIV‐related stigma, including fear of disclosure and downward social mobility, and the way in which these prompt some HIV‐positive people to avoid local clinics and treatment altogether, and drive others to mask or hide the fact that they are receiving medical treatment, such as antiretroviral drugs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Biochemistry of Drug Metabolism – An Introduction
Authors: Testa Bernard , Krämer Stefanie D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews the general principles and concepts underlying Drug and Xenobiotic Metabolism. Its five Chapters deal with:1.1.Drugs and Xenobiotics,1.2.What are Drug Disposition and Metabolism?,1.3.Where does Drug Metabolism Occur?,1.4.Consequences of Drug Metabolism ‐‐ An Overview, and1.5.Drug Metabolism and Drug Discovery. This review is the first of seven Parts which will be published at intervals. The subsequent Parts will cover:2.Redox Reactions and Their Enzymes,3.Reactions of Hydrolysis and Their Enzymes,4.Conjugation Reactions and Their Enzymes,5.Metabolism and Bioactivity,6.Inter‐Individual Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism, and7.Intra‐Individual Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism.
Synthesis of 4/5‐Deoxy‐4/5‐nucleobase Derivatives of 3‐O‐Methyl‐D‐chiro‐inositol as Potential Antiviral Agents
Authors: Zhan Tian‐Rong , Ma Yu‐Dao , Fan Pei‐Hong , Ji Mei , Lou Hong‐Xiang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUsing D‐pinitol (= 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐chiro‐inositol) as starting material, a concise synthesis of 4/5‐deoxy‐4/5‐nucleobase derivatives 11–19 has been achieved. The key intermediate 9 was obtained in good yield via an epoxidation from mono‐methanesulfonate of D‐pinitol. The process of opening of the epoxide ring in 9 by nucleobases appeared to be regioselective in presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU). All the synthesized carbocyclic nucleosides were assayed against several viruses and tumors such as HIV‐1, HSV‐1, and HSV‐2, and lung and bladder cancer. However, only compounds 14b, 14a, 16a, 16b, and 19 showed mild inhibitory effect against human lung cancer cell lines (PG) with IC50 values ranging from 50 to 100 μM, and the other compounds did not exhibit any significant antiviral activity or cytotoxicity even at concentrations up to 200 μM.
Sequential Desymmetrization–Fluorination: Enantioselective Synthesis of Fluorinated Cyclitols
Authors: Purser Sophie , Odell Barbara , Claridge Timothy D. W. , Moore Peter R. , Gouverneur Véronique 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn asymmetric synthesis of enantioenriched, highly functionalized fluorinated carbocycles has been developed based on an enantioselective Sharpless dihydroxylation of cyclohexadienylsilanes, combined with a diastereoselective electrophilic fluorodesilylation. Several parameters define the level of diastereocontrol for the fluorination step. These include the relative stereochemistry of the starting endocyclic allylsilanes and the structural features of the reactants. As expected for an SE2′ mechanism, the fluorodesilylation occurred with clean transposition of the double bond, with the attack of the electrophilic fluorinating agent taking place preferentially anti to the silyl group. For the fluorination step, the best selectivities were observed for the monocyclic anti,syn benzyl‐protected precursors and for the syn,syn starting allylsilane. Full NMR spectroscopic analysis of the fluorinated monocyclic compounds, which possess an endocyclic double bond flanked by two electronegative groups (the methoxy group and the fluorine substituent) revealed that a subtle combination of steric (1,3‐axial/pseudoaxial interaction) and stereoelectronic effects (π–σ* interaction) favours the preferential conformers featuring the methoxy group in a pseudoaxial position.
Photosynthetic Reaction Center Mimicry of a “Special Pair” Dimer Linked to Electron Acceptors by a Supramolecular Approach: Self‐Assembled Cofacial Zinc Porphyrin Dimer Complexed with Fullerene(s)
Authors: D'Souza Francis , Chitta Raghu , Gadde Suresh , Rogers Lisa M. , Karr Paul A. , Zandler Melvin E. , Sandanayaka Atula S. D. , Araki Yasuyaki , Ito Osamu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBiomimetic bacterial photosynthetic reaction center complexes have been constructed using well‐defined self‐assembled supramolecular approaches. The “special pair” donor, a cofacial porphyrin dimer, was formed via potassium ion induced dimerization of meso‐(benzo‐[15]crown‐5)porphyrinatozinc. The dimer was subsequently self‐assembled with functionalized fullerenes via axial coordination and crown ether–alkyl ammonium cation complexation to form the donor–acceptor pairs, mimicking the noncovalently bound entities of the photosynthetic reaction center. The adopted self‐assembly methodology yielded supramolecular complexes of higher stability, with defined geometry and orientation. Efficient forward electron transfer from the singlet excited zinc porphyrin dimer to the fullerene entity and relatively slow reverse electron transfer, important steps in the photosynthetic light energy conversion have been achieved in these novel biomimetic model systems.
Total Synthesis of Peridinin and Related C37‐Norcarotenoid Butenolides
Authors: Vaz Belén , Domínguez Marta , Alvarez Rosana , de Lera Angel R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAs an extension of our synthesis of symmetrical carotenoids, the preparation of the highly functionalized C37‐norcarotenoid butenolide peridinin (1), its 6′‐epi‐ and 11′Z stereoisomers has been completed. Featuring a central dihalogenated C8 linchpin unit 6, two synthetic routes, differing in the ordering of the last three steps were explored by using the C3,C3′‐bisdehydroxylated target as the model system. The first route uses the combination of a modified Z‐selective Julia reaction and two sequential Stille couplings, the last one producing the isomerisation of the polyene Z double bond. The second route inverts these steps and makes the isolation of the 11′Z stereoisomers as major products possible. An efficient Z to E isomerisation of the final carotenoid skeleton simply uses the Stille reaction conditions at ambient temperature. As the reaction of bromoallene 12 with alkenylstannane 11 occurs with inversion of configuration, 6′‐epi‐peridinin could also be prepared by route A. The advantages and limitations of the sequential Stille cross‐coupling approach to carotenoids are highlighted.
Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Structures: Open‐Framework Iron Phosphite–Oxalates of Varying Dimensionality
Authors: Mandal Sukhendu , Natarajan Srinivasan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInorganic–organic hybrid structures belonging to the family of iron phosphite–oxalates have been prepared by employing hydrothermal methods. Their structures, determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, show a hierarchy within the family. While compounds I and II are low dimensional, III–VI have three‐dimensional structures. Compound I has edge‐shared ladders of iron phosphite with oxalate units hanging from the iron centers. Compound II has a layer structure with a honeycomb‐like arrangement. The three‐dimensional hybrid structures have the oxalate units connected in both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane modes. A newly identified secondary building unit (SBU‐7) and the oxalate units satisfying the valence and coordination requirements in the structure of V are novel and noteworthy structural features. Magnetic studies show that the dominant interactions between the iron centers are antiferromagnetic. Similar to other known hybrid structures, the phosphite–oxalate structures appear to show wide compositional and structural diversity.