bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Development as Coordination Problems
Authors: Matsuyama Kiminori 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the fundamental difficulty of coordination problems in the context of economic development. It argues that coordination failure arises because no one can know the exact nature of the problem being solved. Because of this lack of knowledge, the logic of coordination failures does not justify centralized policy activities. The greatest threat posed by centralized coordination is interfering with private experiments to discover an even better way of coordination.
1 The Polemical Writings of Athanasius: Chronology and Context
Authors: Gwynn David M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a catalogue of all Athanasius’ polemical writings from the Epistula Encyclica and the Apologia Contra Arianos to the Festal Letters, and a survey of recent modern assessments of the individual texts. Following a brief discussion of several works of debated authorship, Athanasius’ authentic writings are organized in an approximate chronological order, with an analysis of each work according to context, purpose, and intended audience.
3 The Origin of the ‘Eusebians’ in the Polemic of Athanasius
Authors: Gwynn David M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins of Athanasius’ polemic against the ‘Eusebians’. The ‘Eusebian party’ first appears in the Encyclical Letter of Athanasius’ predecessor Alexander, and the analysis of this text requires a reassessment of the entire chronology of the ‘Arian Controversy’ from its beginnings to the Council of Nicaea. It then traces Athanasius’ presentation of the events leading up to his own exile at the Council of Tyre in 335 in the Apologia Contra Arianos, and contrasts this presentation to the evidence provided by Athanasius’ earlier writings, particularly his Festal Letters. In the later Apologia Contra Arianos narrative, Athanasius attributes his exile to a ‘Eusebian’ conspiracy, yet there is no mention of the ‘Eusebians’ in any of Athanasius’ writings before 335. In these writings, he is concerned solely with the Melitian schismatics who oppose him within Egypt. The ‘Eusebian party’ as a polemical construct and the true source of Athanasius’ suffering appears in his writings for the first time at the Council of Tyre itself, in the letters circulated to the eastern bishops at that Council by Athanasius’ Egyptian supporters.
Film Music and Narrative Agency
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay addresses certain issues about paradigmatic film music, that is, the music that is often heard in the course of a fiction film but does not originate in or issue from the fictional world revealed on screen. It focuses on the question of who or what is responsible for such music. That is to say, to what agency is film music assigned by a comprehending viewer, and what is this music understood to be doing in relation either to the film's internal narrative, the viewer's experience of that narrative, or the film as an aesthetic whole? Furthermore, by what principle does a viewer assign, however tacitly, responsibility for the music he or she hears?
Can Virtue Be Taught?
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter sketches a map of the ground to be covered in education for virtue, organized around a progression of three types of tasks of moral education. It is argued that society is pretty effective inelementarytasks of initiation into the use of ethical concepts andmodularor domain-specific tasks of teaching people how to cooperate in particular institutions and roles.Integrativetasks — more difficult but indispensable for the formation of a clearly good moral character — seem to demand more individual autonomy, and to lie less within the power of social groups. In opposition to some situationist arguments, the last section of the chapter defends the desirability of teaching virtue to the extent that it can be taught.
Physics for Philosophers
Authors: Bourne Craig 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDiscusses the Galilean transformations, and the Newtonian conception of space, time, and motion, essentials for understanding the Lorentz transformations and Einstein's special theory of relativity. Discusses, with the aid of many diagrams, the properties of Minkowski space‐time, such as the relativity of simultaneity, and concludes with some reflections on their philosophical significance.
All the Time in the Worlds: Gödel's Modal Moral
Authors: Bourne Craig 
Published: February 2007

AbstractI discuss Gödel's philosophical position on the nature of time. I describe Gödel's model, which contains closed time‐like curves allowing us to take a journey into our future and arrive in our past, and show how it is incompatible with presentism. I do not discuss the well‐known implications of this for time travel, but focus on Gödel's subtler ‘modal’ argument. I discuss various ways of rejecting this argument and show that the conclusion that presentists must draw is that tense is not an essential feature of it: whether time is presentist or tenseless is an entirely contingent matter. I conclude by considering the extent to which metaphysics can tell us about the nature of time as it actually is.
Conclusion
Authors: Aghion Phillippe , Banerjee Abhijit 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter begins with a synthesis of the topics covered in the preceding chapters. It argues that in order to explain the recent boom and bust episode in the United States, one should turn attention to models of the stock market. It sketches an approach to booms and crashes that gives a central role to technical progress and the expansion of new markets.
Understanding People
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This book shows that ascriptions of beliefs and intentions are normative in that they have normative implications. Since there is no more to believing something and intending something than meeting the conditions for falling under, respectively, the concepts of so believing and of so intending, it follows that there is a normative dimension to the states of believing and intending. The idea is extended to all propositional attitudes via the assumption that attitudes with conceptual content have a normative dimension. The resulting picture is applied to issues about understanding people in terms of rationalizing explanations of what they think or do. An important concern is to explain how the fact that agents’ attitudes rationalize the performance of actions or the formation of beliefs on their part can be relevant to the explanation of what they do or believe. Along the way, there are discussions of normative commitments, differences between reasons for action and reasons for belief, practices conceived as essentially rule-governed activities, simulation theory, and the limits of mentalistic explanation.
CHAPTER IIntroduction
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe rationality assumption is to the effect that having propositional attitudes is inextricably tied to rationality in that there are limits to how incoherent our attitudes can be, which are imposed by the contents and roles of these attitudes. It is accepted that rationalizing explanation is causal and implicates generalizations, but this leads to the problem of the explanatory relevance of rationalization, which is addressed in Chapter 7. Consideration is given to various strategies designed to play down the significance of the rationality assumption for the issues about normativity and the mind. These include: arguing against the rationality assumption; denying that rationality is in any interesting sense normative; and adopting expressivism about rationality. It is suggested that we should think of our understanding of people as inseparable from normative considerations relating to the coherence and cogency of their thinking, and to their being or not being in touch with reality.
CHAPTER 2Reasons for Belief and for Action
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that all belief calls for justification and that, accordingly, a normative reason for a belief must justify or be positively relevant to the justification of that belief. This is explained in terms of the idea that belief constitutively aims at truth. It is argued (a) that while normative reasons for action must favour or recommend the action, they may do so merely by giving an instrumental point to the action, and (b) that it is far from clear that all intentional action calls for justification in anything like the sense in which beliefs call for justification. The classical view that intentional action constitutively aims at the good is rejected on the grounds that it does not square with the possibility of deeply perverse action. The relation between motivating and normative reasons for belief or action is discussed.
CHAPTER 4Explaining Normative Import
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses how to explain the relation between ascriptions of belief and intention, and statements ascribing the corresponding implication or means-end commitments. Dispositionalism about propositional attitudes must explain the link in terms of principles connecting a non-normative attitude ascription with a normative commitment. It is argued that such explanations are unsatisfactory because they cannot do justice to the peculiar character of our relation to our own current intentions and beliefs. Under dispositionalism, it would be possible to adopt a purely contemplative attitude to our current intentions and beliefs just as it is possible to adopt such an attitude to our character traits. Such an attitude to our current beliefs and intentions is not intelligible and we can make better sense of how we stand in relation to those beliefs and intentions if we assume that ascriptions of beliefs and intentions are implicitly normative.
CHAPTER 6Meaning and Intentional Content
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter develops the idea that there is a normative dimension to all propositional attitudes in virtue of the fact that these attitudes have conceptual content. The starting point is Kripke’s critique of dispositionalism about semantic meaning. It is argued that meaning something by a term is a matter of participating in a practice of using that term in a manner that respects its conditions of correct, in the sense of true, application. The relevant normative commitment is to using the word in this way and is to be explained in terms of general considerations about practices. In the course of discussion, much is made of a distinction between correctness as true application and correctness as keeping faith with the meaning. It is argued that possessing a concept incurs a normative commitment of a sort that is structurally analogous to that implicated by semantic meaning.
Democracy in Europe
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis book focuses on the impact of European integration on national democracies. It argues that the democratic deficit is indeed a problem, but not so much at the level of the European Union per se as at the national level. This is because national leaders and publics have yet to come to terms with the institutional impact of the EU on the traditional workings of their national democracies. The book begins with a discussion of what the EU is — a new form ofregional statein which sovereignty is shared, boundaries are variable, identity composite, and democracy fragmented. But the main focus of the book is on how the EU has altered national governance practices, thereby challenging national ideas about democracy. It finds that the EU’s ‘policy without politics’ has led to ‘politics without policy’ at the national level. The book also shows that institutional ‘fit’ matters. The compound EU, in which governing activity is highly dispersed among multiple authorities, is more disruptive to simple polities like Britain and France, where governing activity has traditionally been more concentrated in a single authority, than to similarly compound polities like Germany and Italy. The book concludes that the real problem for member-states is not so much that their democratic practices have changed as that national ideas and discourse about democracy have not. The failure has been one of the communicative discourse to the general public — a problem which again has been more pronounced for simple polities, despite political leaders’ potentially greater capacity to communicate through a single voice, than for compound polities, where the coordinative discourse among policymakers predominates.
3 The European Union and National Policymaking
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter begins with a brief overview of the EU’s policymaking processes in comparison with national processes. It then outlines the EU’s impact on the macro patterns of its member-states’ national policymaking and its impact on the micro patterns of member-states’ sectoral policymaking. This is followed by an extensive illustration of both macro and micro patterns of policymaking in France, Britain, Germany, and Italy. Although Europeanization has been equally (although differently) disruptive to the statist patterns of policymaking of France and of Britain, Britain has had a harder time accepting EU-related changes but an easier time in influencing their formulation. Europeanization has yet again been least disruptive to Germany’s corporatist and legalistic patterns of policymaking, and most salutary to those of Italy, by reinforcing corporatism while denying clientelism.
Conclusion: The Prospects for Democracy in Europe
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis concluding chapter argues that the prospects for democracy in the EU are nevertheless good so long as national leaders and national publics face up to the problems. But facing up to the problems will not be easy. For the EU level, it requires recognizing that for the time being, at least, reinforcing democracy cannot mean creating more governing by and of the people through any directly elected government. And yet more ‘democracy’ is clearly required. The difficulty is that doing more with regard to democracy butts up against the contradictions inherent in the fragmented basis of EU democracy.
Pleasure and Social Utility: The Virtues of Being Epicurean
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Epicurean explanation for the origin of community life and laws was the utility of these institutions in facilitating people's natural and necessary desires for a secure life. In advising his followers to ‘live quietly’, Epicurus has at least three defences to advance against the criticism that such a lifestyle is politically irresponsible and morally complacent. First, he can argue that his ethical theory provides human beings, who are natural and persistent pleasure seekers, with the strongest of reasons for the peaceful cooperation that legal systems seek to promote. Second, he can argue that contemporary societies, even if they do provide some measure of security for their members, do so inadequately; and that they compound these failings by systems of education, competitive values, religion, and other practices which do great harm to their citizens. Third, he can argue that the Epicurean way of life, which threatens no one in its scrupulous adherence to justice and is positively philanthropic in its cultivation of friendship, provides society with a model of how to live best at the present stage of human culture. This chapter develops this set of arguments from three perspectives or bodies of material: the basic ethical theory, justice and friendship, and social evolution.
Cicero's Politics inDe officiis
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTheDe officiis(henceforthOff.) is one of the ‘great books’, but no one today perhaps can read it with fresh eyes. Less obvious aboutOff. is the work's radical nature in its effort to reform Roman ideology. ApproachingOff., as Cicero encourages us to do via his adaptation of Panaetius, interpreters are tempted to read it as Greek philosophy in Roman dress, or — to cite Miriam Griffin — as ‘a fusion of Greek philosophical precepts with the traditional values of the great Roman statesmen of the past’. It is argued that this temptation should be resisted. It is too bland to represent Cicero's existential situation, at the time when he wrote. It is also too bland to register the problems Roman ideology had generated and Cicero's proposed solutions to them.
Philosopher‐Kings and Queens
Authors: O’Meara Dominic J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the reasons why a philosopher should take an interest in political life, as these reasons were discussed by Neoplatonists: the motivation derives from sharing in the absolute Good. The question of the philosopher-king’s happiness (can it suffer from political involvement?) is also discussed, as is the Neoplatonic defence of Plato’s claim that women philosophers should also rule (philosopher-queens).
8 Conclusion
Authors: Reilly Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis concluding chapter discusses the implications of reform trends for political development in the Asia-Pacific region and for new democracies in other parts of the world. It is argued that there is indeed an emerging Asian model of democracy — but one that has little relationship with the political restrictions advocated by the region’s now-retired autocrats. Rather, in something of a grand irony, the political systems of most new Asia-Pacific democracies are not only becoming more consolidated, but in many cases are actually moving closer to the Anglo-American model of two-party democracy.
6 GERMANY: A REACTIVE AND PASSIVE COORDINATOR?
Authors: Jordan Andrew , Schout Adriaan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyses the administrative capacities that this actor has developed to coordinate the implementation of EPI across the whole of the EU (that is, EU-EPI). In so doing, it moves on from looking at the ways in which this particular actor operates in its immediate institutional space, to gauge how all the actors coordinate together in a network or networks. This chapter is written to fit a standard analytical framework, which is outlined in Chapter 2.
2 William Hone
Authors: Larsen Timothy 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the life of William Hone. It pays particular attention to his thought as a freethinker, parodist, and alleged blasphemer that led to his famous trials. His atheist phase was influenced by Baron d’Holbach’s System of Nature. It then goes on to explore the contours of his reconversion and his later Christian thought.
Objects, Names, Facts, and Propositions
Authors: McManus Denis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents some of the crucial proposals that the Tractatus offers concerning the nature of objects, facts, propositions, names, and what he calls ‘the internal relation of depicting that holds between language and world’. It explores how Wittgenstein defends these proposals on the grounds that they free us from any commitment to there being impossibly ‘substantial’ logical truths. It sketches a possible interpretation of those proposals as articulating, nonetheless, a species of what is called ‘con-formism’ (cf. Ch.1), a species which is distinctive in being, strictly speaking, inexpressible. It goes on to argue that this interpretation is mistaken. An argument against con-formism is presented and how Wittgenstein’s sign/symbol distinction helps to articulate the confusion that con-formism embodies is explained.
The Picture Analogy
Authors: McManus Denis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an interpretation of Wittgenstein’s proposal that we see propositions as analogous to pictures. Thinking through this analogy in the way that Wittgenstein suggests reveals both a certain truth in his proposal that propositions and the names that make up those propositions are ‘internally related’, and a confusion in the belief that there is a substantial and philosophically interesting ‘relation’ to be found here. It is argued that the picture analogy helps us recognize ‘the illogical’ as merely the product of sign/symbol confusions, something that is not recognized by those who attempt to explain how ‘the logical’ differs from ‘the illogical’ on the basis of a substantial philosophy of thought and language.
Problem Cases for the General Form
Authors: McManus Denis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines how Wittgenstein envisaged the analysis of some important kinds of proposition that, at least superficially, do not fit the requirements of the general form of the proposition. General propositions represent a fundamental and central case in point and an explanation is offered of how Wittgenstein might have imagined their analysis. This explanation draws on ideas set out earlier in the book concerning the articulation of how particular languages and models ‘make sense’, the character of ‘logical types’ and ‘the illogical’, and Wittgenstein’s philosophical ambitions for notational reforms.
9 Death
Authors: Holmes Andrew R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines two areas of practice to illustrate how Ulster Presbyterians perceived both life and death. Section one deals with wakes, their social character, the various popular beliefs that surrounded death, and the efforts of the Presbyterian authorities to reform perceived abuses. Section two examines the rituals of the deathbed, specifically the differences and shared experiences of evangelical and liberal Presbyterians as they attempted to ‘die well’.
Gender and Justice in Multicultural Liberal States
Authors: Deveaux Monique 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis book explores the challenges that culturally plural liberal states face when they hold competing political commitments to cultural rights and sexual equality, and advances an argument for resolving such dilemmas through democratic dialogue and negotiation. Exploring recent examples of gendered cultural conflicts in South Africa, Canada, and Britain, this study shows that there is an urgent need for workable strategies to mediate the antagonisms between the cultural practices and arrangements of certain ethno-cultural and religious groups, and the norms and constitutional rights endorsed by liberal states. Yet such strategies will be successful only insofar as they can resolve conflicts without either reinforcing women’s subordination within cultural communities or unjustly dismissing calls for cultural recognition and forms of self-governance. To this end, the book develops an approach to mediating cultural tensions that takes seriously the demands for justice by cultural and religious minorities in liberal democratic states. Grounded in an argument for democratic legitimacy, this approach invokes norms of political inclusion and democratic dialogue, and highlights negotiation and compromise as the best vehicles for arriving at resolutions to conflicts of cultural value. However, the book also reconceives the basis of democratic legitimacy so as to include not merely formal expressions of political consent, but also a range of informal democratic activities that occur in the private and social spheres, from acts of cultural reinvention and subversion to outright expressions of dissent and cultural refusal.