bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical studies on hydrophobic PEO‐PPO‐PEO triblock copolymer micelles in SDS micellar environment
Authors: James Jilly , Ramalechume Chidambaram , Mandal Asit Baran 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe shape, size, aggregation, hydration, and correlation times of water insoluble PEO‐PPO‐PEO triblock copolymer micelles with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) micelles were investigated using transport studies and dynamic light scattering technique. From the conductance of micellar solutions of the polymer in 25 mM SDS and 5 mM NaCl, the hydration of polymer micelles were determined using the principle of obstruction of electrolyte migration by the polymer. The asymmetry of the micellar particles of polymer and polymer‐SDS mixed micellar systems in 5 mM NaCl and their average axial ratios were calculated using intrinsic viscosity and hydration data obeying Simha–Einstein equation. Hydration number and micellar sizes were variable with temperature. The shape of the polymer micelles has been ellipsoidal rather than spherical. The micellar volume, hydrodynamic radius, radius of gyration, diffusional coefficients as well as translational, rotational and effective correlation times have been calculated from the absolute values of the axes. The partial molal volume of polymer micelles has also been determined and its comparison with the molar volume of pure polymer suggested a volume contraction due to immobilization of the water phase by the hydrophilic head groups of the polymer. The thermodynamic activation parameters for viscous flow favor a more ordered water structure around polymer micelles at higher temperatures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2410–2420, 2007
Risk factors for sleep‐related hypoxia in primary school children
Authors: Urschitz Michael S. , Eitner Steffen , Wolff Judith , Guenther Anke , Urschitz‐Duprat Pilar M. , Schlaud Martin , Poets Christian F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSleep‐related hypoxia has adverse effects on cognition in children. Knowledge of factors contributing to sleep‐related hypoxia is sparse. We aimed to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with mild (nadir arterial oxygen saturation 91–93%), moderate (nadir arterial oxygen saturation ≤90%), and recurrent (oxygen desaturation index > 3.9) sleep‐related hypoxia in children. Parental questionnaires were distributed and overnight recordings of arterial oxygen saturation performed in a population‐based cross‐section of primary school children (n = 995). Associations were determined using unconditional logistic regression as well as unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR), and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) calculated. Male sex, overweight (i.e., body mass index ≥ 75th percentile), household smoking, symptoms of sleep‐disordered breathing, a current respiratory tract infection, and histories of asthma and respiratory allergy were all significantly associated with sleep‐related hypoxia. In multiple regression analysis, (i) overweight (OR, 95% CI: 2.7, 1.7–4.3) and a history of respiratory allergy (1.7, 1.1–2.7) were independent risk factors for mild sleep‐related hypoxia, (ii) overweight (3.2, 1.7–5.8), a history of respiratory allergy (2.4, 1.4–4.4), and household smoking >10 cigarettes/day (1.8, 1.1–2.8) were independent risk factors for moderate sleep‐related hypoxia, and (iii) overweight (2.3, 1.04–5.3), a history of respiratory allergy (2.5, 1.2–5.1), and a current respiratory tract infection (4.4, 2.0–9.8), were independent risk factors for recurrent sleep‐related hypoxia. Our data suggest that overweight, passive smoking, respiratory allergies, and acute lung disease may independently contribute to sleep‐related hypoxia in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:805–812. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of electronic compensation on plethysmographic airway resistance measurements
Authors: Broughton Simon , Rafferty Gerrard F. , Milner Anthony D. , Greenough Anne 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the performance of a plethysmograph which incorporated electronic compensation (Jaeger) to one which incorporated a heated humidified breathing system (Hammersmith plethysmograph).Working hypothesisThe performance of a plethysmograph which incorporated electronic compensation would be impaired compared to that which incorporated a heated humidified system.Study designIn vitro and in vivo comparison.Patient selectionEleven children, median postnatal age 13 (range 5–15) months.MethodsIn vitro, the plethysmographs were assessed using known resistances (1.94, 4.85, and 6.80 kPa, equivalent to 20, 50, and 70 cm H2O/L/sec, respectively). In vivo, comparison was made of the results of children studied in both plethysmographs.ResultsIn vitro, the resistance results of the two plethysmographs were similar to each other and to the known resistances. In vivo, the median “effective” airways resistance result of the Jaeger (4.15 kPa/L/sec) was significantly higher than the inspiratory resistance of the Hammersmith plethysmograph (3.0 kPa/L/sec), but the median inspiratory resistances of the Jaeger were significantly lower than those of the Hammersmith plethysmograph (2.8 kPa/L/sec vs. 3.0 kPa/L/sec). The mean within patient coefficient of variability for inspiratory resistance of the Jaeger plethysmograph (16.7%) was significantly higher than that of the Hammersmith plethysmograph (11.6%) (P = 0.014).ConclusionThese results suggest plethysmographs which incorporate electronic compensation may be inappropriate for use in infants and very young children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:764–772. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infrared studies on the isomers of kamlolenic acid
Authors: Gupta Sharda Das , Aggarwal J. S. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThecis‐trans and positional configuration of α‐and β‐kamlolenic acids have been investigated. Infrared data of the two isomers, their acetyl derivatives and maleic anhydride adducts, and the permanganate oxidation products of the addition compounds, together with the selective epoxidation of the exocyclic double bond of the maleinated derivatives, have been used to confirm the structure of the three conjugated double bonds in α‐kamlolenic acid ascis‐9‐trans 11‐trans 13. and β‐kamlolenic acid astrans 9‐trans 11‐trans 13.
Free glycerol in soap
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Rockwood B. N. , Mehlenbacher V. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe determination of free glycerol in soap has been improved and shortened.

When it is known that there are no substances which interfere with periodic acid reaction, the directiodimetric method is applicable. However, if the glycerol content is below 1%, the accuracy and precision are only fair.

The extraction‐iodimetric method is applicable when the sample contains no periodic acid reducing substance other than glycerol or when such substances are soluble in chloroform.

The extraction‐acidimetric method is preferable when the sample contains periodic acid reducing substances other than glycerol and which are soluble in the aqueous acid solution along with the glycerol.
Acetonitrile as eluent in silver resin column chromatography
Authors: DeJarlais W. J. , Adlof R. O. , Emken E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAcetonitrile (ACN) is shown to be an effective eluent in combination with methanol (MeOH) or acetone for the rapid separation of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters on a fully silver‐loaded ion‐exchange (XN1010) column. ACN‐containing eluents thus provide on one fully siliver‐loaded resin column an attractive alternative separation system to a series of partially silvered resin columns (“PARC” columns), which previously have been used for such separations. Solvent programming from 0 to 15% ACN in MeOH allows the separation of methyl oleate, linoleate, linolenate and arachidonate within 3 hr. Preparative (up to 800 mg) isocratic separations of a number of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters from natural sources (methyl linoleate from safflower esters, for example) were readily achieved.
Interpreting the appearance of dispersed systems: II. A guide for surfactant systems
Authors: Franses E. I. , Scriven L. E. , Miller W. G. , Davis H. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe first analyze how color and transparency are perceived. Drawing on principles of light scattering investigated in Part I, we suggest simple rules and procedures in a diagnostic form for visually observing fluid surfactant systems to estimate sizes of dispersed particles. Rules and procedures are organized into a guide, the use of which we illustrate by observing certain important surfactant systems. We conclude that it is possible to estimate particle sizes in the Rayleigh, Rayleigh‐Debye‐Gans, and Mie scattering regimes from such observations alone.
Quantitative Determination of phosphatidylcholine by an HPLC‐RI system
Authors: Yamagishi Toshihiko , Akiyama Hiroshi , Kimura Shinichi , Toyoda Masashi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe following describes the quantitative determining method for phosphatidylcholine (PC) using the HPLC‐RI system which we have developed. It uses Lichromsorb, Si 60 (10 μm), 4.6 mm × 250 mm as the column and a mobile phase consisting of n‐hexane/isopropanol/water =1:4:1. In this report, we compared data from selected high‐purity (60–100 wt%) samples using the HPLC‐RI, HPLC‐UV and conventional TLC‐P methods.Under the conditions we described, the HPLC‐UV method was somewhat affected by fatty acid compositions. As a result, there were some inconsistencies in the measured values. However, the HPLC‐RI method we propose was applicable to PC from both egg yolk and soybeans. In addition, the HPLC‐RI method produced data which correlated well with data from the TLC‐P method, and this data was highly accurate and exhibited satisfac‐tory reproductibility.
Biorefining of high acid rice bran oil
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. , Bhattacharyya D. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRice bran oil with a high free fatty acid content (FFA) after degumming and dewaxing can be converted into edible quality oil of satisfactory refining characteristics by first adopting the biorefining process to reduce the major portion of the FFA by converting them into neutral glycerides with the aid of 1,3‐specific lipase under optimum conditions and later deacidifying the residual FFA of the biorefined oil by alkali neutralization.
Selection of surfactant pairs for optimization of interfacial properties
Authors: Rosen Milton J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGuidelines are provided for the selection of surfactant pairs when synergism in various interfacial properties in aqueous media is desired. To maximize the reduction of the critical micelle concentration, the two surfactants should show strong attractive interaction in the mixed micelle; in order to maximize efficiency in surface tension reduction, strong interaction in the mixed monolayer at the aqueous solution/air interface (large negativeβ values is needed). The more surface‐active material should predominate in the mixture. When interaction is not strong, the two surface‐active materials used should have approximately equal surface activities and should be used at equimolar concentration in the aqueous phase. To minimize the surface tension (γ) of the solution, the surfactant‐surfactant attractive interaction in the mixed monolayer at the aqueous solution/air interface must exceed that in the mixed micelle. Optimization can be achieved by using two surfactants with approximately equal γ values at their respective critical micelle concentrations (CMC’s). When these γ values are not equal, the surfactant with the higher γ value at its CMC should have the smaller area/molecule at the surface. The greater the difference between attractive interaction at the interface and in the micelle, the lower the value of the surface tension.
Petroleum‐free extraction of oil from soybeans with supercritical CO2
Authors: Friedrich J. P. , List G. R. , Heakin A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFull‐fat soyflakes are readily extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) at pressures of 3,000~10,000 psig and 50 C. Under these conditions, SC‐CO2 has the density of a liquid and the diffusivity of a gas. Therefore, equilibrium solubility is readily achieved in a short‐path batch extractor which permits high gas flow rates. Soybean oil extracted with SC‐CO2 is lighter in color and contains less iron and about one‐tenth the phosphorus of hexane‐extracted crude oil from the same beans. The lower phosphorus content is reflected in a chromatographic refining loss of 0.6% compared to 1.9% for hexane crude. Refined oils from hexane and SC‐CO2 extraction had equivalent odor and flavor scores initially and after 4 days' storage at 60 C. Carbon dioxide, an ideal solvent for extraction of food products, is low‐cost and readily available from fermentation processes and could free over 20 million gallons of costly hexane per year for essential energy uses.
Production of branched‐chain fatty acids from sterculia oil
Authors: Kai Y. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl sterculate was rearranged by use of 0.5% of rhodium catalyst to isomeric conjugated diene fatty acid methyl esters containing both methylene‐and methyl‐branched isomers. The rearanged products were hydrogenated directly to saturated, methyl‐substituted, branched‐chain fatty acid methyl esters with the methyl substituent at one of the positions formerly occupied by the cyclopropenoid ring. The crude branched‐chain fatty acids from these esters were purified by recrystallization from a mixed solvent of ethanol and water (80:20, v/v) and flash distillation; the product contained about 90% of branched‐chain fatty acids (C19:80%, C18:10%). Esters of the branched‐chain fatty acid were prepared with 2‐ethylhexyl alcohol or trimethylolpropane, and the characteristic properties of these esters were investigated. The branched‐chain fatty esters appear to have potential utility in lubricants; other uses may be possible.
Effects of soaking soybeans in dilute acids on biologically active components
Authors: Che Man Y. B. , Wei L. S. , Nelson A. I. , Yamashita N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoaking soybeans in dilute acids affected activities of lipoxygenase, trypsin inhibitor and urease. Effects of soaking time, acid concentration and soaking temperature were investigated. Lipoxygenase activity was completely eliminated by soaking in 0.3 M HC1 at either 23°C or 40°C for 8 hr. Less than 50% trypsin inhibitor remained and urease was inactivated to an acceptable level (0.04 ΔpH).
Pre‐Ripening damage to cottonseed byaspergillus flavus is not influenced by seed coat permeability
Authors: Halloin J. M. , Lee L. S. , Cotty P. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInfection of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) byAspergillus flavus and associated production of aflatoxins are problems in the arid portions of the United States cotton belt. The hard seed (impermeable to water) characteristic confers resistance to these problems in ripened cottonseed. Experiments were done to determine if low seed coat permeability to water or impermeability protect developing seeds from deterioration and aflatoxin formation. No differences were observed in the degree of seed deterioration in the various cotton lines that could be attributed to seed coat permeability. It is likely that, because the impermeable or low permeability phenotypes are expressed only upon seed ripening, these characteristics afford no protection to cottonseed against attack byA. flavus during seed development.
New detergent mechanism with use of novel alkaline cellulose
Authors: Murata Moriyasu , Hoshino Eiichi , Yokosuka Michio , Suzuki Akira 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMicroscopic studies of naturally soiled cotton undershirts showed that there was sebum in the microscopic spaces in the interior of the cotton fibers. Ordinary detergents did not remove this soil satisfactorily, although they readily removed sebum on the exterior of the fibers. Alkaline cellulase, which was compatible with the alkaline ingredients of detergents and which interacted selectively with celluloses in interfiber space in the interior of fiber, effectively removed sebum soil in the interfiber spaces in the presence of usual detergent ingredients. The removal of soil by the hydrolysis of the amorphous regions of fibers with cellulase is a new detergent mechanism.
Edible quality rice bran oil from high ffa rice bran oil by miscella refining
Authors: Bhattacharyya A. C. , Majumdar S. , Bhattacharyya D. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRice bran oils high in free fatty acids (FFA) can be converted to cooking oil having low unsaponifiable matter and light color by a combination of miscella dewaxing and miscella refining.
Gas liquid chromatography of the hydroxy‐, acetoxy‐and oxo‐stearic acid methyl esters
Authors: Tulloch A. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCarbon numbers have been determined for all the 17 isomeric methyl hydroxy‐ and acetoxystearates and for 15 of the 16 isomeric methyl oxostearates using silicone SE‐30, silicone QF‐1, and ethylene glycol succinate (EGS) as liquid phases. The carbon numbers of the isomers increase with increasing distance of the point of substitution from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid chain (the increases for the 4‐ and 5‐hydroxy esters are unexpectedly large). The change in carbon number from one isomer to the next is greatest when the substituents are attached near either end of the chain. The best separation of isomers with the substituent near the carboxyl end is obtained for oxo esters using the QF‐1 column, and that of isomers substituted near the methyl end is obtained for acetoxy esters using the EGS column. Isomers with substituents at carbons 9<13 are not distinguishable on any of the columns used, but the other isomers are partly or completely separated. The quantitative aspects of the separations have not been investigated.
Analytical fractionation of complex lipid mixtures: DEAE cellulose column chromatography combined with quantitative thin layer chromatography
Authors: Rouser George , Galli Claudio , Lieber Ellen , Blank M. L. , Privett O. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA quantitative chromatographic procedure for the fractionation of complex lipid mixtures is described. The method utilizes diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose column chromatography followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Spots produced in TLC are charred with sulfuric acid‐potassium dichromate and heat and are then measured by quantitative densitometry. Results obtained with beef brain and beef heart mitochondrial lipids are presented, and the close correspondence between column isolation procedures and the new procedure is demonstrated. Methods utilizing only column chromatography, column chromatography and TLC, and one‐ and two‐dimensional TLC without column chromatography are compared.
Energy conservation in the solvent extraction area1
Authors: Kingsbaker C. Louis 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBoth old and new ways to conserve energy are discussed. The old ideas are basic fundamentals and will save 14% ‐ the 1980 goal. Some present methods can be incorporated for additional savings. Thought must be given now to long range plans for energy savings in the future. Today, energy savings can and must be made by running the plandt as it now exists to its maximum efficiency. Suggestions in this paper should be reviewed and applied to your plant. Last of all, think energy conservation twenty‐four hous a day you wil then meet the Federal Energy Administration target of saving 14% energy in 1978 and not in 1980.
Interaction of fat‐ containing food with plastics packaging
Authors: vom Bruck C. G. , Figge K. , Rudolph F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPackagings for fatty food should protect against light, oxygen, microorganisms, and loss of water vapor and flavor substances. Low off‐taste and adequate mechanical stability is required. Pigmented plastics fulfill most of these requirements. Two main effects caused by the interaction of fatty food components with plastic packaging materials are described: stress cracking and migration. A method for characterizing fatty foodstuffs was developed to distinguish between foodstuffs containing free fat available on the surface and those actually having an aqueous surface. The basic types of migration behavior are shown by typical migration curves of an antioxidant from rigid PVC and from HD‐PE into test fat. In model experiments, the swelling of the HD‐PE as well as the migration of the antioxidant was determined quantitatively as a function of time by means of radiotracer techniques. Based on these results and Fick’s diffusion equations, a theory was developed with which it is possible to describe the migration behavior of antioxidants from polyolefins and PVC quite precisely. It was also possible to solve some problems with HI‐PS. This mathematical model permits calculation of the migration at constant temperature as a function of time and concentration of the antioxidant in the polymer. As there is a definite mathematical relationship between the concentration of an additive in the polymer and the migration into test food or actual food, it is recommended that regulations for plastic food packaging are based on compositional limits, rather than migration limits, because of definite advantages in compliance and control.
Modeling of reaction rate constants and selectivities in soybean oil hydrogenation
Authors: Chen A. H. , Mclntire D. D. , Allen R. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple approach to model the rate constants and selectivities for soybean oil hydrogenation with nickel catalyst is presented. The rate constant models were constructed on the basis of Arrhenius Law and Power series. The parameters were temperature, hydrogen pressure, concentration of catalyst and agitation expressed in terms of power per unit volume of oil. The models agree with the general knowledge in hydrogenation and the data were fitted fairly well by the models.
Gas chromatographie separation of cis and trans isomers of long chain amines
Authors: Metcalfe L. D. , Wang C. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere are important differences in the physical properties of the cis and trans isomers of unsaturated long chain amines. Because of these differences, it is desirable to know the ratio of the cis and trans isomers. This separation can be accomplished by capillary column gas chromatography of the amine derivatives; however, the use of capillary columns is too slow for routine analysis. It was found that the cis and trans isomers of unsaturated amines can be rapidly separated on packed columns containing cyanopropyl‐phenylsilicone liquid phases (Apolar 10C). The primary amines are converted to the trifluoroacetamides and separated on 6‐ to 10‐ft columns containing 10% Apolar 10C at 180 C. The technique has been applied to unsaturated long chain primary amines and diamines. Useful information on the isomerization of these compounds during their synthesis can be obtained.