bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of some approaches to liquified tallow: Stereochemical consequences of interesterification
Authors: Sonnet Philip E. , Pfeffer Philip E. , Wise William B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral approaches to converting tallow to a liquid state at ambient temperature to facilitate incorporation into poultry feed were examined. Acetone fractionation can be used in a single step to produce a flowable powder and an oil (no additional semi‐solid fraction). Partial hydrolyses and interestifications mediated by lipases ofCandida rugosa, Rhizopus delemar and porcine pancreas did not lead to liquefaction. Interesterification (trioctanoin + glycerol, 1,2‐acetonide) in the presence ofC. rugosa lipase shows a small but significant sterobias indicating that there are stereochemical consequences in such processes that deserve further investigation.
Biodegradation and fish toxicity of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Yoshimura Koichi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn order to investigate the fate and toxicity to fish of nonionic surfactants in the environment, biodegradation tests of river sediments and river water were carried out. In the biodegradation test of river sediments, residual surfactants in the water phase and sediments were analyzed by the colorimetric cobalt‐thiocyanate method (CTAS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorimetric detector. Two kinds of nonionic surfactants, polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether (C9APE9) and polyoxyethylene alcohol ether (C12AE7), were degraded by river sediments under both stirring and standing conditions, detected by CTAS and HPLC measurements. There was little difference between the time‐course of both surfactants measured by CTAS and HPLC in the water phase. Although the adsorption of both surfactants on sediments was low, most of both surfactants adsorbed on sediments were biodegraded during the test period. Nonylphenolmonoethoxy acetate (Met 2) and nonylphenolacetate (Met 1) were identified as biodegradation intermediates using preparative HPLC and mass spectrometric analysis.In the river die‐away test of C9APF9, the reduction of toxicity to fish of C9APE9 was observed in the course of biodegradation (after 10 days). LC50 of primary biodegradation intermediates, Met 1 and 2, was almost at the same level as that of C9APE9. This result suggests that the reduction of toxicity to fish is due to further biodegradation of C9APE9 through Met 1 and 2.
Interfacial properties of hydrocarbons
Authors: Gillap William R. , Weiner Norman D. , Gibaldi Milo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe interfacial tension of aliphatic hydrocarbon‐water systems has been found to increase in a linear fashion as a function of the log of hydrocarbon chain length. Contrary to the literature, values of ϕ and े H2dO were observed to be also dependent on hydrocarbon chain length. The relationship between hydrocarbon chain length and interfacial tension is actually opposite to that predicted by Antonow's rule. The results are discussed in terms of hydrocarbon‐water interaction and water‐structure at the interface.
Homogenous catalysis in the reactions of olefinic substances. V. Hydrogenation of soybean oil methyl ester with triphenylphosphine and triphenylarsine palladium catalysts
Authors: Itatani Hiroshi , Bailar John C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome palladium complexes containing coordinated triphenylphosphine or arsine have been found to be effective and selective catalysts in the homogeneous hydrogenation of soybean oil methyl ester. The characteristic features of the catalysis are 1) isomerization ofcis double bonds totrans double bonds, 2) migration of isolated double bonds to form conjugated dienes, 3) selective hydrogenation of poly olefines to mono olefines without hydrogenation of mono olefine, 4) ester exchange of methyl ester to butyl ester, 5) effective hydrogenation and isomerization by methanol in the absence of elemental hydrogen.The catalytic activity of a variety of palladium complexes decreases in the following order: (ϕ3P)2PdCl2+SnCl2ƃ2H2O>(ϕ3P)2PdCl2+GeCl2>(ϕ3P)2Pd(CN)2> (ϕ3As)2Pd(CN)2>(ϕ3P)2PdCl2 » (ϕ3As)2PdCl2. However, neither K2PdCl4 with SnCl2ƃ2H2O nor (ϕ3P)2Pd(SCN)2 was effective for hydrogenation. The hydrogenation and isomerization of soybean oil methyl ester have been examined under various conditions using a mixture of (ϕ3P)2PdCl2 and SnCl2ƃ2H2O. Under nitrogen pressure, in benzene and methanol as a solvent, both isomerization and hydrogenation of soybean oil methyl ester proceeded less effectively than under hydrogen pressure.
A new acid fromcalea urticaefolia seed oil:trans‐3,cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic acid
Authors: Bagby M. O. , Siegl W. O. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA major constituent fatty acid (31.2%) fromCalea urticaefolia (Mill.) DC. seed oil is the previously unknowntrans‐3,cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic acid. The oil also contains 2.2% of an unidentified acid and others with gas‐liquid chromatographic characteristics that correspond to the conventional fatty acids: myristic, 0.1%; palmitic, 9.3%; stearic, 2.9%; oleic, 5.3%; and linoleic, 48.9%.
Quality of corn germ oil obtained by aqueous enzymatic extraction
Authors: Bocevska Mirjana , Karlović Djerdj , Turkulov Jovan , Pericin Draginja 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAqueous enzymatic extraction of corn germ oil was investigated. By applying hydrothermal pretreatment of corn germ, it was possible to inactivate native enzymes present in the germ and to loosen its structure. The corn was then ground and treated with enzymes. After the oil had been released by the enzyme reaction, it was separated by centrifugation. The quality of oil obtained by enzymatic extraction (Pectinex Ultra SP‐L at 37°C, pH 5.2, for 6 h) was good. The oil had 1.5% free fatty acids; a total content of oxidation product value of 8.1; light yellow color (AOCS photometric color, 12.7; dominant wavelength λD=575 nm); 0.022% phosphatides; 1350 mg/kg total tocopherol; and an oxidative stability value (Rancimat test, 100°C) of 14.6 h.
Outsourcing impact on manufacturing firms’ value: Evidence from Japan
Authors: Jiang Bin , Belohlav James A. , Young Scott T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrevious studies on the effects of outsourcing have relied largely on anecdotal evidence, non‐financial metrics or accounting‐based measures that ignore intangible value. This study views outsourcing effects from its future revenue‐generation potential, using market value. The relation between firms’ market valuation and outsourcing decisions is investigated using a cross‐sectional valuation approach. Results based on Japanese manufacturing industries data from 1994 to 2002 indicate that core business‐related outsourcing, offshore outsourcing, and shorter‐term outsourcing have positive effects on outsourcing firms’ market value. In contrast, non‐core business‐related outsourcing, domestic outsourcing, and longer‐term outsourcing are not found to enhance firm value.
Folate deficiency is associated with nutritional anaemia in Lebanese women of childbearing age
Authors: Khatib Lynn Al , Obeid Omar , Sibai Abla-Mehio , Batal Malek , Adra Nada , Hwalla Nahla 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to identify the determinants of anaemia in Lebanese women of childbearing age attending health centres in Lebanon.DesignCross-sectional study carried out between May and December 2003. Anthropometric measurements as well as sociodemographic, health and dietary intake data were collected using a questionnaire. Haemoglobin (Hb), plasma ferritin, plasma folate and vitamin B12were assessed using standard laboratory methods.SettingGovernmental health centres in Lebanon.SubjectsFour hundred and seventy non-pregnant Lebanese women aged 15–45 years.ResultsAnaemia (Hb <12 g dl−1) and iron deficiency (ferritin <15 μg l−1) were prevalent in 16.0 and 27.2% of the study sample, respectively. Of the total sample, 7.7% had iron-deficiency anaemia. The percentage of women with either Hb or ferritin deficiency or both was 35.6%. Plasma folate and vitamin B12deficiency was reported in 25.1 and 39.4%, respectively, and 12.6% of the women had both folate and vitamin B12deficiencies. Of the anaemic group, 48.0% of the women had iron deficiency. The intake of iron was lower in iron-deficient than in non-deficient women and a positive relationship was shown between folate intake and its corresponding serum levels. Regression analysis showed that ferritin, plasma folate and family history of anaemia were significant determinants of the anaemia in the sample of women.ConclusionsAnaemia not related to iron deficiency was partly explained by plasma folate deficiency. Measures to control folate and iron deficiency should be considered.
On the Photoelectron Spectrum of O2
Authors: O Edqvist  , E Lindholm  , L E Selin  , L Åsbrink  
Published: February 2007

The photoelectron spectrum of molecular oxygen has been studied in the range 12-28 eV with the 584 Å and 304 Å He lines, and the O2+states have been measured accurately. Due to the high resolution of our apparatus we have been able to observe theA2Πustate which has been considered as absent in photoelectron spectroscopy work. Its ionization energy is 17.045 eV. Our result is compared with spectroscopic observations of the second negative band systemA2Πu→X2Πg.The relative intensity of theA2Πustate is in good agreement with a recent calculation by Dixon and Hull.
Subcutaneous emphysema during restorative dentistry
Authors: STEELMAN ROBERT J. , JOHANNES PHYLLIS W. 
Published: February 2007

Background.  Subcutaneous emphysema is a rare occurrence in the dental setting. When it does occur, the entity may be mistaken for an anaphylactic reaction to a local anaesthetic agent or other medications used in dental surgery.Case Report.  During restorative treatment of a left second primary molar air was introduced under an operculum. Communication with submandibular and sublingual spaces to the mediastinum was established.Conclusion.  Therapy for subcutaneous emphysema involves, correct diagnosis and antibiotic coverage. Subcutaneous air will resolve over time so observation is indicated.
The accompanying adult: authority to give consent in the UK
Authors: LATA LAL SEEMA MADHUR , PAREKH SUSAN , MASON CAROL , ROBERTS GRAHAM 
Published: February 2007

Background.  Children may be accompanied by various people when attending for dental treatment. Before treatment is started, there is a legal requirement that the operator obtain informed consent for the proposed procedure. In the case of minors, the person authorized to give consent (parental responsibility) is usually a parent.Aim.  To ascertain if accompanying persons of children attending the Department of Paediatric Dentistry at the Eastman Dental Hospital, London were empowered to give consent for the child's dental treatment.Design.  A total of 250 accompanying persons of children attending were selected, over a 6‐month period. A questionnaire was used to establish whether the accompanying person(s) were authorized to give consent.Result.  The study showed that 12% of accompanying persons had no legal authority to give consent for the child's dental treatment.Conclusion.  Clinicians need to be aware of the status of persons accompanying children to ensure valid consent is obtained.
Eocene drill holes in cold‐seep bivalves of Hokkaido, northern Japan
Authors: Amano Kazutaka , Jenkins Robert G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFour specimens of the thyasirid Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) and one small specimen of the vesicomyid Hubertschenckia ezoensis (Yokoyama), each with a drill hole made by a naticid gastropod, were found at a cold‐seep site in the upper Eocene Poronai Formation of Hokkaido. This is apparently the oldest record not only of drill holes, but also of predation scars, in a cold‐seep fauna. In addition, drilled vesicomyids are known from several Miocene cold‐seep sites in Japan. We suggest that the Eocene and Miocene chemoautotrophic bivalves were drilled only in the shallow‐water settings preferred by most naticids. The lack of drill holes in Oligocene chemoautotrophic bivalves in the northwestern USA suggests that this innovation, which allowed naticids to prey upon highly toxic bivalves, first appeared in the western Pacific during the Eocene.
Effects of washout following indomethacin administration on electrical field stimulation–induced isolated rat gastric fundus strip contractions
Authors: Keshavarz Mansoor , Afshin Salimeh , Djahanguiri Bijan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Although gastric hypermotility is one of the mechanisms proposed to explain the ulcerogenic action of indomethacin, the drug has shown relaxatory effects on isolated longitudinal and transverse rat gastric fundus. To explain the above discrepancy, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of washout following indomethacin administration on the contractile response of isolated rat gastric strips to electrical field stimulation.Methods:  Transverse and longitudinal strips of stomach were suspended in organ baths containing oxygenated Krebs solution. Contractile responses to electrical field stimulation were recorded on a physiograph before and after administration of a single concentration of indomethacin. Recordings were also taken 15 min after the washout of the drug. To study the part played by KATP channels on post‐washout response, the effects of diazoxide as a channel opener and glybenclamide as a channel blocker were also studied.Results:  The amplitude of the contractions was not changed following indomethacin administration but was significantly increased 15 min after washout of the drug. Diazoxide pretreatment inhibited the stimulatory post‐washout response of both strips. Glybenclamide pretreatment showed different results depending on the type of strip. In the transverse strips the drug showed no effect while in the longitudinal strips it decreased the post‐washout response.Conclusions:  The present data suggest that indomethacin has a delayed stimulatory effect on gastric smooth muscle, which will appear after the exposure of the strip to the drug followed by its washout. This effect seems to be under the influence of KATP channel modulators.
Human peritoneal mesothelial cells isolated from spent dialysate fluid maintain contaminating macrophages via production of macrophage colony stimulating factor
Authors: TEE MELINDA M , TESCH GREGORY H , NIKOLIC‐PATERSON DAVID J , BROWN FIONA G 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARY:Background:  Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) are useful for the analysis of peritoneal reactions to various insults and to peritoneal dialysate. HPMC can be readily obtained from spent dialysis fluid, but leucocyte contamination is a major problem when using these cells for in vitro experiments. Therefore, we examined the persistence of leucocyte contamination in HPMC cultures obtained from spent dialysate.Methods:  Cells were obtained from spent patient dialysate bags by centrifugation and analysed for specific cell phenotypes by flow cytometry at the initial collection and during sequential passages in cell culture. Cell proliferation was assessed by either bromodeoxyuridine incorporation or a dehydrogenase assay. Cytokine secretion was analysed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results:  Spent dialysate bags contained two major cell populations: CD45+ leucocytes and cytokeratin‐8/18+ cells. Initially, most collected cells were CD45+, but their numbers decreased rapidly during the first week of culture. However, a persistent contamination of CD45+ leucocytes, approximately 20% of cells, was evident during the next three passages. This persistent CD45+ contamination was identified as CD68+ macrophages and contained bromodeoxyuridine + proliferating cells. These macrophages could be removed by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting using anti‐CD45 antibody, resulting in highly purified HPMC which expressed cytokeratin‐8/18 and calretinin. Supernatant obtained from these purified HPMC contained macrophage colony stimulating factor and induced proliferation of bone marrow‐derived macrophages.Conclusion:  Spent dialysate contains macrophages which persist in culture and are associated with HPMC secretion of macrophage colony stimulating factor and macrophage proliferation. Therefore, contaminating macrophages should be specifically removed from HPMC preparations before performing in vitro studies.
In vivo survival and stratification of cultured limbal epithelium
Authors: Fatima Anees , Vemuganti Geeta K , Iftekhar Ghazala , Rao Gullapalli N , Sangwan Virender S 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA 6‐year‐old Bangladeshi girl presented with total limbal stem cell deficiency in the left eye, secondary to a 6‐month‐old chemical injury. The patient had also previously undergone two limbal transplantation surgeries. At the authors’ centre the child underwent autologous cultured limbal epithelium transplantation, on human amniotic membrane, without the use of air‐lift technique. Symptomatic relief, re‐epithelialization of the ocular surface, regression of corneal pannus and slight improvement in vision were all noted. The corneal button obtained at the time of keratoplasty (performed 4 months later) revealed stratified epithelium with basement membrane. Thirty‐seven months post keratoplasty, the best‐corrected visual acuity was 6/15 with clear graft and stable ocular surface. Herein, a case of limbal stem cell deficiency successfully managed by monolayer of cultured limbal epithelium is presented.
Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization due to age‐related macular degeneration and other causes: a New Zealand outcomes study
Authors: Sharp Dianne M , Lai Susannah , Markey Caroline M 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurpose:   To assess the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and other conditions by analysing visual acuity changes.Methods:   A retrospective review of patients treated with PDT was conducted. CNV was confirmed on fluorescein angiography. Visual acuity outcomes were recorded at 3‐monthly intervals to a maximum of 48 months. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients avoiding moderate visual loss (losing less than three lines of visual acuity relative to baseline) at 12 months.Results:   A total of 343 patients receiving PDT were followed up for a mean of 14.9 months. Two hundred and eighty‐five (83%) patients presented with CNV due to AMD and 58 patients (17%) due to other causes. Seventy per cent of patients with CNV secondary to AMD avoided moderate visual loss at both 12 and 24 months. Secondary outcomes (including mean change in visual acuity, proportion of patients with stable or improved vision and proportion of patients with severe vision loss) also compared favourably with the Treatment of Age‐Related Macular Degeneration with Photodynamic Therapy (TAP) Investigation. Of patients with CNV secondary to causes other than AMD, 76% avoided moderate visual loss at both 12 and 24 months. The safety profile identified one severe adverse reaction, with development of a serous pigment epithelial detachment and subsequent rip.Conclusion:   The results of this present retrospective, open‐label, clinical practice study in New Zealand are consistent with the findings of multicentre randomized, placebo‐controlled trials and confirm the treatment benefit of PDT in a clinical setting.
‘SETTING A PRINCIPLED BOUNDARY’? EUTHANASIA AS A RESPONSE TO ‘LIFE FATIGUE’
Authors: HUXTABLE RICHARD , MÖLLER MAAIKE 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe Dutch case of Brongersma presents novel challenges to the definition and evaluation of voluntary euthanasia since it involved a doctor assisting the suicide of an individual who was (merely?) ‘tired of life’. Legal officials had called on the courts to ‘set a principled boundary’, excluding such cases from the scope of permissible voluntary euthanasia, but they arguably failed. This failure is explicable, however, since the case seems justifiable by reference to the two major principles in favour of that practice, respect for autonomy and beneficence. Ultimately, it will be argued that those proponents of voluntary euthanasia who are wary of its use in such circumstances may need to draw upon ‘practical’ objections, in order to erect an otherwise arbitrary perimeter. Furthermore, it will be suggested that the issues raised by the case are not peculiarly Dutch in nature and that, therefore, there are lessons here for other jurisdictions too.
PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE: A NEW LOOK AT THE ARGUMENTS
Authors: DIETERLE J.M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I examine the arguments against physician assisted suicide (PAS). Many of these arguments are consequentialist. Consequentialist arguments rely on empirical claims about the future and thus their strength depends on how likely it is that the predictions will be realized. I discuss these predictions against the backdrop of Oregon's Death with Dignity Act and the practice of PAS in the Netherlands. I then turn to a specific consequentialist argument against PAS – Susan M. Wolf's feminist critique of the practice. Finally, I examine the two most prominent deontological arguments against PAS. Ultimately, I conclude that no anti‐PAS argument has merit. Although I do not provide positive arguments for PAS, if none of the arguments against it are strong, we have no reason not to legalize it.
BENEFITING FROM PAST WRONGDOING, HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELL LINES, AND THE FRAGILITY OF THE GERMAN LEGAL POSITION
Authors: TAKALA TUIJA , HÄYRY MATTI 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the logic and morality of the German Stem Cell Act of 2002. After a brief description of the law's scope and intent, its ethical dimensions are analysed in terms of symbolic threats, indirect consequences, and the encouragement of immorality. The conclusions are twofold. For those who want to accept the law, the arguments for its rationality and morality can be sound. For others, the emphasis on the uniqueness of the German experience, the combination of absolute and qualified value judgments, and the lingering questions of indirect encouragement of immoral activities will probably be too much.
Democratization and Ideational Diffusion: Europe, Mercosur and Social Citizenship*
Authors: GRUGEL JEAN 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPolicies in support of democratic transition aim to reconfigure the dominant norm set in previously authoritarian states and societies. The EU's commitment to such policies is well‐established. This article discusses what the EU does when it offers democratic support, using the example of Mercosur. The evidence presented here suggests that EU policy in Mercosur is premised on assumptions of a positive identity relationship with local governing elites. In fact, however, it is not clear that democracy is understood in the same way in Mercosur as in the EU. As a result, policies resonate less than expected.