bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to a Debate on City‐Regions: New Geographies of Governance, Democracy and Social Reproduction
Authors: JONAS ANDREW E.G. , WARD KEVIN 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTIn this introduction to a special Debates and Developments forum on city‐regions, we argue that the recent revival of interest in city‐regions has been constructed around a rather narrow set of empirical and theoretical issues relating to exchange, interspatial competition and globalization. The ‘new’ city‐regionalism results in a reification of the city‐region as an autonomous political agent of the global space economy. We outline an alternative approach to investigating and understanding geographies of city‐regionalism, highlighting: a politics of governance and state re‐territorialization around the city‐region; the role of democracy and citizenship in city‐region politics; and tensions around social reproduction and sustainability across the city‐region.
Changes in Clientelism and Urban Government: A Comparative Case Study of Naples and Marseilles
Authors: MATTINA CESARE 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article discusses changes to political clientelism and forms of urban government in Naples and in Marseilles in the period from the 1960s to the 2000s. From a socio‐historical, comparative perspective I show that, even in two Southern European cities, the expansion of political clientelism does not depend principally on cultural factors, but rather on politico‐institutional processes. The generalization of clientelistic relationships and the increase in policies for redistributing resources on the basis of clientelistic criteria go hand in hand with two historical trends that were evident in the 1960s and 1970s. Those decades were a period both of demographic development and of welfare state expansion at both central and local levels, the latter leading to the distribution of public resources to growing masses of individuals and social groups. In this phase, clientelistic redistribution policies promoted the integration and the upward social mobility of sections of the middle classes and some strata of the working classes in the local and national political system. From the late 1970s and early 1980s onwards, however, these policies were less and less able to promote this upward mobility and social integration. The article ends with a favourable account of some of the new urban management policies conducted by new political leaderships.
TOWARD A DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY: MY LOOK INTO THE CRYSTAL BALL
Authors: Stern John A. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTA number of problems in the area of developmental psychophysiology are presented. The first of these deals with the interpretation of orienting responses and their habituation, with special emphasis on the terminal OR. A second problem concerns the area of psychophysiological differentiation. A number of examples of such differentiation are elaborated.
EFFECTS OF A STRESSFUL PRESLEEP EXPERIENCE ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHRECORDED SLEEP
Authors: Bkeland Frederick , Koulack David , Lasky Richard 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects on experimentally uninterrupted sleep of two films, one psychologically stressful and the other neutral, both seen just before bed, were studied in 12 male Ss on 2 nights according to a balanced design. EEG and electro‐ocu‐logram recordings were made of the first 6 hours of sleep. The stress film significantly increased the number of awakenings associated with rapid eye‐movement periods (REMPs), but not that of non‐REM sleep awakenings, as well as the proportion of REMPs terminated by spontaneous awakenings. It furthermore increased the frequency of REMs (REM density) during REMPs. These results suggest that the stress film produced a specific REM sleep disturbing effect via anxiety which carried over into the Ss’ sleep and dreams, and that it increased REM density secondary to drive enhancement.
AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY DURING SEXUAL AROUSAL
Authors: Wenger Marion A. , Averill James , Smith David D. B. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTAutonomic activity was recorded from 16 male subjects as they read sexually stimulating material. The resulting physiological response patterns included increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, palmar conductance and number of galvanic skin responses. Heart and respiration rates remained relatively constant, and there was some indication of peripheral vasodilatation subsequent to initial constriction. The results suggest a differential change in the activity of both branches of the autonomic nervous system, in which neither the parasympathetic nor the sympathetic nervous system may be considered dominant.
COUNTERCONDITIONING: FEAR AND RELAXATION
Authors: Grings William W. , Uno Tadao 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTCounterconditioning of autonomic responses was evaluated by means of a compound stimulus transfer paradigm. During three sessions on different days Ss were conditioned to give a GSR to a visual stimulus (colored light) and further trained to relax on presentation of a visually projected stimulus word. After training on both experiences had progressed, test trials were introduced to assess the magnitude of response to the fear cue alone and to the compound stimulus created by simultaneous presentation of both cues (the word superimposed on the colored light background).Significant inhibitory transfer effects were observed with the GSR. On the last test trials the digital pulse volume showed less constriction to the compound of fear and relaxation stimuli than to the fear stimulus alone.
Abnormality of smooth pursuit eye movement initiation: Specificity to the schizophrenia spectrum?
Authors: CLEMENTZ BRETT A. , REID STEPHANIE A. , McDOWELL JENNIFER E. , CADENHEAD KRISTIN S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSchizophrenia patients have a deficiency of smooth pursuit eye movement initiation. We addressed whether this deficit is specifically related to a predisposition for schizophrenia. Thirty‐two relatives of schizophrenia patients, eight schizotypals, 13 psychiatric comparison, and 33 nonpsychiatric subjects were assessed on smooth pursuit initiation. The nonpsychiatric subjects had significantly higher eye accelerations than did subjects in the other three groups, who did not significantly differ. The relatives were subdivided into three groups: (a) those with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (n= 4) performed similarly to the schizotypals; (b) those with a major depression history (n= 7) were similar to the psychiatric comparison subjects; and (c) those with no psychiatric history differed from the nonpsychiatric subjects only on 30°/s targets. There was also a significant relationship between offspring and parent eye accelerations to 30°/s targets (r= .476). These results suggest that pursuit initiation deficits may be associated with a nonspecific, genetically transmitted neurological abnormality among schizophrenia spectrum disorder subjects.
The metrics of cardiac chronotropism: Biometric perspectives
Authors: BERNTSON GARY G. , CACIOPPO JOHN T. , QUIGLEY KAREN S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe selection of heart period versus heart rate as a chronotropic metric has been considered from quantitative and statistical perspectives, which have not yielded a universal preference for either metric. In the present paper, we discuss biometric considerations that bear on the selection of the optimal chronotropic metric. Biometric evidence reveals that the transfer functions relating autonomic nerve traffic to chronotropic effects on the heart are more nearly linear for heart period than for heart rate. This confers considerable advantage on heart period as a chronotropic metric and can facilitate the study of psychophysiological relationships. We further show that heart period offers greater flexibility, because heart period data can be evaluated in cardiac time units (beats) or in real‐time units (s), whereas heart rate data can only be analyzed in real time. These considerations suggest clear advantages to heart period as a chronotropic metric.
Cardiovascular effects of experimentally induced efficacy (ability) appraisals at low and high levels of avoidant task demand
Authors: WRIGHT REX A. , DISMUKES ALAN 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSubjects were led to believe they had low or high ability with respect to a scanning task and then given the chance to avoid a noise by attaining a low (easy) or high (difficult) standard on a version of the task. Performance period measurements indicated that heart rate reactivity was greater in the difficult than easy condition for high‐ability subjects but greater in the easy than difficult condition for low‐ability subjects. Furthermore, whereas heart rate responses tended to be greater for low‐than for high‐ability subjects when the standard was low, they were greater for high‐than for low‐ability subjects when the standard was high. Results for blood pressure reactivity were comparable, although pairwise comparisons were not as consistently reliable. The main findings conceptually replicate and extend effects from previous studies; they also call further into question conventional conceptions that intimate an inverse relation between perceived self‐efficacy and physiologic responsivity in the face of threat.
Auditory and visual semantic priming using different stimulus onset asynchronies: An event‐related brain potential study
Authors: ANDERSON JANE E. , HOLCOMB PHILLIP J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSemantic priming effects (behavioral and electrophysiological) were compared in the visual and auditory modalities across three stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs; 0, 200, and 800 ms). When both prime and target were presented in the visual modality (the prime just to the left of a fixation point and the target to the right) there were N400 priming effects present across the three SOAs. However, the N400 in the 0‐ms SOA condition extended longer in time (800 vs. 500 ms) than in the other SOAs. When both the prime and target were presented in the auditory modality (the prime to the right ear and the target to the left), the largest priming effects were found for the 800‐ms SOA. Moreover, there was a relatively early priming effect present in the 0‐ and 800‐ms SOA conditions but not in the 200‐ms condition. The results are discussed in terms of modality differences in the time course of word comprehension processes.
Neural mechanisms of detecting and orienting attention toward unattended threatening somatosensory targets. I. Intermodal effects
Authors: Dowman Robert 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOur previous work has identified four components of the somatosensory‐evoked potential elicited by painful electrical stimulation of the sural nerve that might index an involuntary process that detects and orients attention toward threatening somatosensory stimuli. These components include a negativity over the central scalp at 70–110 ms poststimulus (CN70‐110), a contralateral temporal negativity at 100–180 ms (CTN100‐180), a frontocentral negativity at 130–200 ms, and a positive potential at 270–340 ms (the pain‐related P2). The results of the endogenous cuing experiment used here suggest that the CN70‐110 and CTN100‐180 index somatosensory cortex activity that detects a threatening somatosensory stimulus when the subject's attention is focused on another stimulus modality but not another location. The P2, on the other hand, appears to index inferior parietal cortex activity that is specifically involved in orienting spatial attention.
RSA fluctuation in major depressive disorder
Authors: Rottenberg Jonathan , Clift April , Bolden Sarah , Salomon Kristen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCardiac vagal control, as measured by indices of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), has been investigated as a marker of impaired self‐regulation in mental disorders, including depression. Past work in depressed samples has focused on deficits in resting RSA levels, with mixed results. This study tested the hypothesis that depression involves abnormal RSA fluctuation. RSA was measured in depressed and healthy control participants during rest and during two reactivity tasks, each followed by a recovery period. Relative to controls, depressed persons exhibited lower resting RSA levels as well as less RSA fluctuation, primarily evidenced by a lack of task‐related vagal suppression. Group differences in RSA fluctuation were not accounted for by differences in physical health or respiration, whereas group differences in resting RSA level did not survive covariate analyses. Depression may involve multiple deficits in cardiac vagal control.
Anxiety, cortisol, and attachment predict plasma oxytocin
Authors: Tops Mattie , Van Peer Jacobien M. , Korf Jakob , Wijers Albertus A. , Tucker Don M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOxytocin and attachment seem to interact in suppressing subjective anxiety and physiological stress responses. In this study we investigated the relationships between individual differences in trait attachment scores, state and trait anxiety, plasma cortisol, and plasma oxytocin levels in healthy premenopausal women. Attachment proved to be a strong positive predictor of oxytocin levels, which were also positively predicted by cortisol levels and state and trait anxiety. The relationship between oxytocin and state anxiety was modulated by attachment scores. The present results may help interpreting seeming contradictions in the recent literature on oxytocin, attachment, and stress in humans, by suggesting that context effects determine which relationships are found in different studies: anxiolytic effects of oxytocin in a context of partner support versus stress‐ or cortisol‐induced oxytocin responses in a context of distress or increased cortisol.
Universal primer cocktails for fish DNA barcoding
Authors: IVANOVA NATALIA V. , ZEMLAK TYLER S. , HANNER ROBERT H. , HEBERT PAUL D. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractReliable recovery of the 5′ region of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene is critical for the ongoing effort to gather DNA barcodes for all fish species. In this study, we develop and test primer cocktails with a view towards increasing the efficiency of barcode recovery. Specifically, we evaluate the success of polymerase chain reaction amplification and the quality of resultant sequences using three primer cocktails on DNA extracts from representatives of 94 fish families. Our results show that M13‐tailed primer cocktails are more effective than conventional degenerate primers, allowing barcode work on taxonomically diverse samples to be carried out in a high‐throughput fashion.
VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE: The Vascular Biology of Calcification
Authors: Shroff Rukshana C. , Shanahan Catherine M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVascular calcification is an active, cell‐mediated process that results from an imbalance between the promoters and inhibitors of mineralization. The process of vascular calcification shares many similarities with that of skeletal mineralization. However, while skeletal mineralization is a regulated process induced by complex, well‐timed developmental cues, vascular calcification is a pathological process, occurring in response to dysregulated/inappropriate environmental cues. Damage inducing agents present in the uremic milieu such as a mineral imbalance, induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis, and vesicle release resulting in mineral nucleation and the deposition of hydroxyapatite. Under normal conditions, inhibitors of soft‐tissue mineralization such as matrix γ‐carboxyglutamic acid protein are expressed locally within the vessel wall while others such as fetuin‐A are present in the circulation. Down‐regulation or perturbation of these proteins leads to a phenotypic transformation of VSMC into osteo/chondrocytic‐like cells that have the capacity to modulate the mineralization process. Many aspects of the mechanisms underlying vascular calcification have been defined through in vitro studies and molecular biological techniques; however, there are still unanswered questions, particularly with respect to the relationship between bone and vascular calcification, processes that appear to be inversely related. A better understanding of the complex mechanisms regulating tissue calcification may have therapeutic potential in reducing the cardiovascular disease‐associated morbidity and mortality in patients with renal disease.
VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE: Arterial Calcification in Dialysis Patients and Transplant Recipients
Authors: Caplin Ben , Wheeler David C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCalcification of the cardiovascular system is well recognized in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving dialysis, persists following successful kidney transplantation, and is associated with a poor prognosis. Whether deposition of calcium in the arteries of such individuals contributes to excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality remains uncertain as do the clinical advantages of slowing this process. However, detecting vascular calcification using simple imaging techniques such as plain radiographs or ultrasound can provide valuable information as to the nature of bone disease in patients receiving dialysis and may help to guide therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Further advances in our understanding of arterial calcification and its relationship to bone disease are likely to help in the future development of therapies for these interrelated conditions.
Predictors of course in obsessive–compulsive disorder: logistic regression versus Cox regression for recurrent events
Authors: Kempe P. T. , Van Oppen P. , De Haan E. , Twisk J. W. R. , Sluis A. , Smit J. H. , Van Dyck R. , Van Balkom A. J. L. M. 
Published: March 2007

Objective:  Two methods for predicting remissions in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) treatment are evaluated. Y‐BOCS measurements of 88 patients with a primary OCD (DSM‐III‐R) diagnosis were performed over a 16‐week treatment period, and during three follow‐ups.Method:  Remission at any measurement was defined as a Y‐BOCS score lower than thirteen combined with a reduction of seven points when compared with baseline. Logistic regression models were compared with a Cox regression for recurrent events model.Results:  Logistic regression yielded different models at different evaluation times. The recurrent events model remained stable when fewer measurements were used. Higher baseline levels of neuroticism and more severe OCD symptoms were associated with a lower chance of remission, early age of onset and more depressive symptoms with a higher chance.Conclusion:  Choice of outcome time affects logistic regression prediction models. Recurrent events analysis uses all information on remissions and relapses. Short‐ and long‐term predictors for OCD remission show overlap.
Prevalence of dementia in a southern European population in two different time periods: the ZARADEMP Project
Authors: Lobo A. , Saz P. , Marcos G. , Dia J. L. , De‐la‐Camara C. , Ventura T. , Montañes J. A. , Lobo‐Escolar A. , Aznar S. ,   the ZARADEMP Workgroup
Published: March 2007

Objective:  To compare the prevalence of dementia in two different time periods and two different studies.Method:  Representative, random samples of the elderly (>65 years) in the Zaragoza Study or ZARADEMP‐0 (n = 1080) completed the previous decade, and now in Wave I of the ZARADEMP Project or ZARADEMP‐I (n = 3715) were interviewed. Standardized measures included the Geriatric Mental State and the History and Aetiology schedule. Cases of dementia were diagnosed according to DSM‐IV criteria.Results:  Adjusted, global prevalence of dementia has not varied significantly: it was 5.2% (95% CI = 3.9–6.6) in ZARADEMP‐0 and 3.9% (95% CI = 3.3–4.5) in ZARADEMP‐I (prevalence ratio = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.56–1.02). However, the prevalence in ZARADEMP‐I was significantly lower among men, particularly in all age groups between 70 and 84 years.Conclusion:  Stability of the global prevalence of dementia in the elderly population has been documented. However, the decreased prevalence found in elderly men stimulated environmental hypotheses.
Stability of executive function deficits into young adult years: a prospective longitudinal follow‐up study of grown up males with ADHD
Authors: Biederman J. , Petty C. R. , Fried R. , Doyle A. E. , Spencer T. , Seidman L. J. , Gross L. , Poetzl K. , Faraone S. V. 
Published: March 2007

Objective:  Although individuals with attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) commonly exhibit deficits in executive functions that greatly increase the morbidity of the disorder, all available information on the subject is cross sectional.Method:  Males (n = 85) 9–22 years with ADHD followed over 7 years into young adulthood were assessed on measures of sustained attention/vigilance, planning and organization, response inhibition, set shifting and categorization, selective attention and visual scanning, verbal and visual learning, and memory. A binary definition of executive function deficits (EFDs) was defined based on a subject manifesting at least two abnormal tests 1.5 standard deviations from controls.Results:  The majority of subjects maintained EFDs over time (kappa: 0.41, P < 0.001; sensitivity: 55%, specificity: 85%, positive predictive value: 69%, and negative predictive value: 75%).Conclusion:  Considering the morbidity of EFDs, these findings stress the importance of their early recognition for prevention and early intervention strategies. EFDs are stable over time.
Professional burnout among Dutch dentists
Authors: Gorter Ronald C. , Albrecht Gonnie , Hoogstraten Johan , Eijkman Michiel A. J. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract –Professional burnout, a long‐term consequence of occupational stress, is considered to be a factor that explains a substantial proportion of incapacity for work. Burnout is defined as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished personal accomplishment. Aims: To investigate levels of burnout among Dutch practising dentists, to compare dentists' scores with norm scores, and to determine the percentage of dentists “at risk”. Methods: The instrument used was the Dutch version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI‐NL), a 20‐item modified version of the original MBI. A highly representative group of Dutch dentists participated (n=709, 75% response rate). Results: Mean levels (and standard deviations) of burnout were: emotional exhaustion 13.7 (8.6); depersonalization 5.9 (3.9); personal accomplishment 30.8 (5.9). Dentists had more favourable means compared with standard scores, although in the 95th percentile dentists showed more emotional exhaustion than standards indicate. While no overall sex differences were found, male middle‐aged dentists tended to show more burnout. Of the working Dutch dentists, 21% had a certain risk, 13% had high overall levels of burnout, and 2.5% were highly burned out. Conclusion: It is concluded that Dutch dentists have relatively favourable mean levels of burnout, but those who are exhausted are extremely exhausted. The male dentist in his forties appears to be most vulnerable to burnout.