bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The deposition and mortality of the eggs of the Baltic herring Clupea harengus membras L., on different substrates in the south‐west archipelago of Finland
Authors: Rajasilta M. , Eklund J. , Kääriä J. , Ranta‐Aho K. 
Published: January 2006

The environmental factors affecting the deposition and mortality of the eggs of the spring‐spawning Baltic herring were studied in the inner Archipelago Sea of south‐western Finland. On four spawning grounds, 27 study squares (area 1 m2) were surveyed by divers. In each square, one quantitative egg sample was taken and the following data were recorded: depth, temperature, bottom quality of the square and under the eggs, egg substrate, cover (%) of plants and/or the bivalve Mytilus edulis, and the heterogeneity of the environment, expressed as the total number of all bottom materials, plants and Mytilus found in the square.Eggs were found in the depth zone of 1–4 m. Their density ranged from 6000 to 2·3 millions of eggs per square metre. Egg number had a significant negative correlation with both depth (r=‐0·545, P<0·01, d.f. = 25) and temperature of the sea water (r=‐0.479,. P<0·01,d.f. = 25), and a positive correlation with the total cover (%) in the squares (r= 0·375, P < 0·05, d.f. = 25).The highest numbers of eggs were found on Cladophora glomerata, which the most preferred spawning substrate of those present. Mortality of the eggs varied according to the substrate. In eggs attached to Cladophora, Potamogeton and Mytilus, the proportion of dead eggs was 0.15·5%; in those attached to red algae it was significantly higher (Furcellaria, 5·0–63·2%; Phyllophora, 0–95·2%).
The annual reproductive cycle of pike, Esox lucius L., in two Scottish lakes
Authors: Treasurer J. W. 
Published: January 2006

Histological changes in the ovaries of pike from two shallow, adjacent, Scottish lakes are described and related to a macroscopic scale of maturity stages and to changes in gonad weight. There was no evidence of pre‐ovulatory degeneration although occasional residual oocytes were present in spent ovaries. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was high in males from October to March, and in females it increased through the winter months to a maximum immediately prior to spawning. Maximum ovarian weight was 8.3–9.0% of total body weight compared with only 0.9–1.1% for testes. These GSIs were low compared with other reports for the British Isles, suggesting lower reproductive output. Spawning occurred in the first two weeks of April at a water temperature of 6.0–7.5° C. Fecundity was described from a regression of egg number (F) on fork length (f.l.): log10F= ‐1.51 + 3.33 log10 f.l. (cm). Mean egg diameter after preservation varied from 1.1 to 2.4 mm over the size range examined. Males were mature at age 2 at a length of ≥ 27 cm, while females first spawned at age 3 at a length of ≤ 28 cm, although a minority were mature at age 2. The sex ratio was 1.2 males: 1 female at Kinord and 1.4 : 1 at Davan. Greater egg production at Davan, 50 678 ha−1, compared with Kinord, 33 557 ha−1, was due to higher individual fecundity‐at‐age resulting from better growth.Fecundity (19.29 × 103 calculated for a pike of 55 cm F.L.), relative fecundity of only 10–24 eggs per gram wet weight of adult, and GSI values were low compared with pike in North America and Eurasia. Food supply may restrict reproductive output of pike in Lochs Kinord and Davan. The abundance ratio of predator: prey is high with the main prey species, perch, present in low numbers, and the only alternative species is eel in these simple fish communities.
Thin‐blooded Antarctic fishes: a rheological comparison of the haemoglobin‐free icefishes Chionodraco kathleenae and Cryodraco antarcticus with a red‐blooded nototheniid, Pagothenia bernacchii
Authors: Wells R. M. G. , Macdonald J. A. , DiPrisco G. 
Published: January 2006

The icefishes (family Channichthyidae) comprise a unique group of teleost fishes endemic to Antarctic and sub‐antarctic seas. All members of the family totally lack haemoglobin.Haematological parameters and viscosity were determined for blood from 11 specimens of two channichthyid species (Chionodraco kathleenae Regan, 1914; Cryodraco antarcticus Dollo, 1900), and 14 specimens of a red‐blood Antarctic nototheniid species (Pagothenia bernacchii (Boulenger, 1902)), captured near the Italian research station at Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Channichthyid blood contained only a small number of non‐pigmented cells (10 000‐40 000 cells μI−1, depending on species) in contrast to nototheniid blood (360 000‐450 000 cells μI−1 in unstressed specimens).Blood viscosity was measured by cone plate viscometry over a range of shear rates (11.3‐450s −1), at six temperatures between – 1.8°C and + 15°C. At the ambient Antarctic seawater temperature of – 1.8° C, and at low shear rate (22.5 s−1), the viscosity of channichthyid blood was relatively low (3.99 ± 0.40 cP) compared with blood taken from unstressed P. bernacchii, which was about 25% more viscous (4.91 ± 0.59 cP). The viscosity of channichthyid blood was almost independent of shear rate, approximating an ideal Newtonian fluid, while the viscosity of nototheniid blood was much more dependent upon both shear rate and temperature, increasing sharply at low shear rates and low temperatures.Viscosity of nototheniid blood varied with haematocrit, which was in turn strongly influenced by stress. Blood samples taken from P. bernacchii under moderate stress induced by handling during acute caudal venepuncture had haematocrit values in the range 15–20% and viscosities of 8‐l0cP, while undisturbed specimens sampled through a venous cannula yielded haematocrits of 8–10%. The viscosity of nototheniid plasma did not differ significantly from that of channichthyid whole blood or channichthyid plasma. The higher viscosity of nototheniid blood is attributable to cell content, and in stressed specimens possibly also to adrenergic swelling of erythrocytes.The absence of erythrocytes in channichthyid blood avoids the great increases in viscosity which are induced in corpusculate blood by sub‐zero seawater temperatures.
Use of dual‐beam acoustic technique for detecting young whitefish, Coregonus sp., juveniles: first experiments in an enclosure
Authors: Ponton D. , Meng H. J. 
Published: January 2006

We tested the possibility of using a high‐frequency, BioSonics, dual‐beam, acoustic system with an upwards‐looking transducer to detect very young whitefish, Coregonus sp., juveniles. These first experiments were conducted in an enclosure with 100 fish (20–30 mm total length).Observations over 24‐h periods showed wide variations of the fish vertical distribution (> 5 m) and two typical aggregation patterns in near‐surface waters at dawn and dusk. No direct relationship was found between light intensity and distribution of the fish during the day.The mean target strength of young whitefish juveniles was found to be – 56 dB when fish were staying near the surface and – 63 dB as they were moving up‐ or downwards.
The influence of salinity on water balance in 0‐group flounders, Platichthys flesus (L)
Authors: Hutchinson S. , Hawkins L. E. 
Published: January 2006

The water balance of 0‐group flounders was investigated in a range of static [0–100% sea water (SW), 100%≡ 34%‰] and cycling salinities (2–98% SW, 12 h 25 min period). The permeability coefficients of these juvenile fish were found to be higher than those quoted for adults. The permeability of juveniles in fixed salinities decreased with increased salinity whereas animals in the tidally cycling regime showed permeability changes that were directly proportional to the ambient salinity. However, comparison of the two groups showed that animals in a cycling salinity regime were less permeable to water than animals acclimated to fixed salinities. Drinking and urine production rates fluctuated within a tidal salinity regime, and 0‐group flounders were found to modify their water permeability, urine production and drinking rates simultaneously, so maintaining their blood osmotic concentration and total water content within narrow limits throughout the range of salinities.The relevance of measurements made in fixed and tidally cycling salinities to water regulation under natural estuarine conditions is considered.
Factors in habitat partitioning in Pseudotropheus aurora (Pisces: Cichlidae), an introduced species to a species‐rich community of Lake Malawi
Authors: Hert E. 
Published: January 2006

The territorial behaviour of a small rock‐dwelling cichlid, Pseudotropheus aurora, was studied at Thumbi Island West at the southern end of Lake Malawi. P. aurora is one of several species that have been introduced to an already diverse fish community. Many of the endemic and introduced species are highly territorial. The coexistence of an introduced territorial species within a speciesrich community of other territorial species is examined. Territories from which P. aurora individuals were removed were invariably re‐occupied by conspecifics. Similarly, when all territories of a certain area were emptied of all territory owners of any existing species, the former P. aurora territories were re‐occupied by conspecifics.The possible roles of site specificity, competitive exclusion and behaviourally transmitted traditions regarding territories are discussed.
Immunoglobulin concentration in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., serum and cross‐reactivity between anti‐cod‐antibodies and immunoglobulins from other species
Authors: Israelson O. , Petersson A. , Bengtén E. , Wiersma E. J. , Anderson J. , Gezelius G. , Pilstrom L. 
Published: January 2006

The immunoglobulin (Ig) level in serum from Atlantic cod, Gudus morhua L. (Teleostomi, Gadiformes), was measured using ELISA. Cod serum contains 5.62 ± 0.19 mg Ig ml, which constitute 17.2% of the total serum proteins.Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (Ab) against cod‐Ig were used for cross‐reactivity studies in sera from other species. The cross‐reaction with polyclonal Ab was high in gadifom fish, and low or absent in the other tested species. Immunoprecipitation showed that the Ab only binds to the Ig of the serum from the other species. The results within the gadiform group indicate that (1) Gadidae and Lotidae are more closely related to each other than to Merluccidae, (2) Phycidae is more distant related to Lotidae than earlier considered, (3) Zoarcidae seem to be more distant related to Gadus than other species of Gadiformes. These results support recent revisions of the systematics of Gadiformes.Monoclonal Ab against the heavy chain of cod‐Ig show no, or small (< 15%) cross‐reactions with serum from gadiform species. One monoclonal Ab against the light chain shows high cross‐reaction and also binds to Ig from species outside the Gadiformes, indicating that the light chain of Ig might be more conserved than the heavy chain.
The bioenergetics of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.): energy allocation at different planes of nutrition
Authors: Carter C. G. , Brafield A. E. 
Published: January 2006

Complete energy budgets were constructed for 19 grass carp, Ctenupharyngudon idella (Val.), held individually in a respirometer for a month. The fish were fed one of four diets or starved. Diets varying in the proportions of protein, lipid and carbohydrate were described as high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC) or high lipid (HL). A fourth diet (LM) was made from dried duckweed, Lemna spp., to provide a more natural diet. Fish were fed and faeces collected daily and oxygen consumption was measured continuously over the month that each experiment lasted. Excretion of ammonia and urea was measured on several days. The total energy lost via nitrogenous waste was calculated using an average daily ammonia quotient (AQ).For growing fish between 50 and 61% of consumed energy was lost via respiration. Energetic losses via nitrogenous wastes were highest on the HP diet (4.7%) and lowest on the HC diet (3.1%). Faecal loss washigheston the HL diet (19.4%)and lowest on the HP diet (10.2%). Over a month of starvation, 32.5% of energy requirement was met by the respiration of protein and 3.2% of the total energy lost was via nitrogenous waste. Fish fed zero or sub‐maintenance rations tended to respire lipid in preference to protein whereas fish fed super‐maintenance rations accumulated lipid. Protein retention was proportionally highest on HP (48% of total energy retained as growth) and lowest on HC (32%) and HL (30%). This reflected the accumulation of lipid on both the high carbohydrate and high lipid diets. The partitioning of metabolizable energy (ME) was investigated and 0.45 (HL), 0.59 (HP) and 0‐67 (HC) kJ ME.kJ‐1 retained were lost via respiration.
Environmental influences on cardiovascular variables in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Graham M. S. , Farrell A. P. 
Published: January 2006

Two groups of wild (lakedwelling and anadromous), and a group of hatchery‐reared Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) (rainbow trout) were sampled in order to measure cardiac morphometrics, haemoglobin concentration, and the DNA and protein concentration in cardiac muscle. A combination of these variables was used to distinguish wild fish from domestic ones.The wild fish had significantly higher levels of haemoglobin (for male fish, 10.10 and 10.07 g 100 ml−1 vs. 7.69 g d−1) and larger relative ventricle mass (females, 0.091 and 0.099% ofbody mass vs. 0.073%; males, 0.108 and 0.134% vs. 0.102%; immatures, 0.086 and 0.094% vs. 0, 072%, respectively) than the domestic fish. The anadromous and domestic fish had significantly higher amounts of compact tissue when compared with lake fish (females, 43 and 47% of ventricle mass vs. 34%, respectively). Ventricle size distinguished wild fish from domestic fish, except male anadromous and male domestic fish which were distinguished only by haemoglobin and compact tissue values. Immature fishes from all groups had lower total protein levels in the ventricle, lower compact tissue levels, and less haemoglobin. Points regarding the potential environmental influences in determining these cardiovascular trends are discussed.
Über die Aufgaben der Bekämpfung des Alkoholismus nach der Strafgesetzgebung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
Authors: HINDERER HANS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA survey is made of the control of penal legislation in the battle against criminality under the influence of alcohol and the underlying principles in the German Democratic Republic. Reasons are given for the need to examine criminal responsibility, in particular with a view to the definition of responsibility and diminished responsibility. At the same time a survey is made of the various practical methods to combat and to prevent criminality under the influence of drink that are now effectively applied to an ever increasing degree.
Motivational Factors Associated with the Use of Cannabis (Marihuana)
Authors: GALE ELLIOT N. , GUENTHER GARY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere is little data to indicate what factors are associated with the continuing use of the mildly toxic drug, cannabis. The present study attempts to delineate some of the reinforcing properties of the drug that supports its habitual use. Physiological responses of subjects, who had used the drug for at least 5 years, were obtained before and after the use of cannabis. The results are consistent with the interpretation of cannabis as an anti‐anxiety agent and that the motivational factors associated with habitual use are related to anxiety reduction.
Recent Theories on the Pharmacological Basis of Tolerance and Dependence
Authors: Graham J. D. P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis is intended to be a review of the recently published work on the pharmacological basis of tolerance. It has beta mode easier by the recent appearance of three relevant publications in this field. These are Adolescent Drug Dependence (1968) ed. C. W. M. Wilson, which is the product of a symposium sponsored by this society: The Scientfic Basis of Drug Dependence (1969) ed. H. Steinberg, which is the product of a symposium organised by the Biological Council: and Federation Proceedings (1970) 29, No. I, which contains a number of papers on the subject.
The Psychological Basis of Drug Dependence: The Intellectual and Personality Characteristics of Opiate Users
Authors: Mott Joy 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe problems implicit in the discussion of the psychological basis of drug dependence fall into three main areas: (a) Description: what are the personality characteristics of the drug dependent individual and are individuals with a particular type of personality structure more likely to become depemknt on drugs than any other, (b) Effects: what changes brought about in the individual personality structure as a result ofdrrtg dependence, (c) Treatment response: what is the nature of the interaction between (a) and (b) which will assist in the development and application of effective forms of treatment and in determining the response to treatment. The present discussion is confned to a selective survey of studies reported in the literature in which standard tests were used to describe the intellectual and personality characteristics of opiate users*—usually adolescent andyoung adult males.
Treatment of Drug Dependency in Treatment Centres, In‐Patient Units and Prisons in the London Area
Authors: Glatt M. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper is based on personal observations and impressions on the treatment of drug dependent patients in various facilities, including a (prescribing) Out‐patient Treatment Centre, a (non‐prescribing) Out‐patient Addiction Clinic, an In‐patient Drug Dependence Unit, and a prison, over a period of at least three years.
Phenylthiocarbamide Taste Sensitivity in Alcoholism
Authors: Swinson R. P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA number of genetically determined characteristics have been investigated in alcoholic populations to ascertain the possibility of a genetic influence in the aetiology of alcoholism. The present study details an investigation of one such characteristic; the taste threshold of phenylthiocarbamide (P.T.C.), Although the distribution of alcoholic subjects along the taste/non‐taste continuum was significantly different than the distribution of control subjects there was no evidence that this difference was due to genetic influences.
Psychometric Signs of Cerebral Dysfunction in Alcoholics
Authors: Carlsson Carl , Claeson Lars‐Erik , Pettersson Lena 
Published: January 2006

SummarySixty‐seven chronic alcoholics admitted to the ward for alcoholics at the Lillhagen Hospital in Gothenburg were tested psychometrically for signs of cerebral disjunction. It was found that 83.6% of all patients had signs of cerebral dysfunction in at least three of the tests. Only one patient showed no such signs at all.
Marihuana Use among Adults in Toronto
Authors: Smart Reginald G. , Fejer Dianne 
Published: January 2006

SummaryLittle is known about the extent of marihuana use among adults, except for heavy users and special populations. This study reports the extent of marihuana use among 1,200 carefully chosen adults in Toronto in 1971. It was found that 12.2 per cent of males and 5.5 per cent of females aged 18 and over had used marihuana in the past year. However, the frequencies rise to 41.5 per cent and 20 per cent respectively in the under 25 group. Marihuana use is most common among males, single or divorced persons and the better educated. However, social variable, explain little of the variation in marihuana use frequency. Multi‐drug use, including higher use of alcohol characterizes marihuana users. They are similar in extroversion and neuroticism to normals but higher in both than are non‐users.
Drug Use Among Schoolchildren in Helsinki 1970
Authors: Hemminki Elina , Rissanan Aila , Mattila Antti 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe purpose of this study is to elucidate the background of drug‐taking among three different age groups (17, 15 and 14 years old) of schoolchildren in Helsinki. The method used was a questionnaire. 25% of all the schoolchildren had taken drugs, hashish being used most frequently. The social background of drug‐takers and non‐takers did not differ greatly. On the other hand, the emotional stability of the home was of importance. The drug‐takers did worse at school, they were more extrovert, more impulsive and they had more friends. They were also more rebellious and more alienated. In neuroticism controversial results were found. The most important reason leading to drug‐taking reported by the schoolchildren was curiosity. Among youth at large, different problems and social pressures were also thought to lead to drug‐taking.
Adverse Reactions and Recurrences from Marijuana Use
Authors: Annis H. M. , Smart R. G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo large representative samples of high school students were examined for their frequency of adverse reactions to marijuana and frequency of recurrences of marijuana effects in a non‐drug state. Both adverse reactions and recurrences were found to be higher than might be expected in non‐clinical populations. Upward of 1 in 5 students had experienced “anxiety, confusion or other unpleasant effects” on marijuana, and upward of 1 in 7 students had experienced a recurrence of marijuana effects while not using the drug. Evidence was presented that reports of recurrences were not limited to cases of multiple drug use but occurred among marijuana users who had not used other hallucinogenic drugs.
Circadian Variation of Ethanol Metabolism in Alcoholics*
Authors: Jones Ben Morgan , Parades Alfonso 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe rate of ethanol metabolism was determined for 20 alcoholics during afternoon and evening drinking sessions on two consecutive days. Alcoholics demonstrated a faster rate of ethanol metabolism in the evening as compared to the afternoon, suggesting a circadian variation in the rate of ethanol metabolism. Previous drinking on the first day appeared to increase the rate of ethanol metabolism on the second drinking day. This circadian variation of ethanol metabolism, which was present following two weeks of abstinence and one day of heavy drinking, is different from that reported for non‐alcoholics. This suggests that other circadian rhythms may be affected in alcoholics, even after they have been dried out for several weeks. Altered circadian rhythms may partially explain the alcoholics' difficulty in re‐adjusting to social demands.
An Investigation of an Alcoholism Rehabilitation Halfway House: I. Types of Client and Modes of Discharge
Authors: Orford Jim , Hawker Ann , Nicholls Peter 
Published: January 2006

SummaryEach member of a sample of 59 men admitted to one London alcoholism halfway house was interviewed concerning the details of his social and drinking history. Analysis suggested the existence of two major dimensions of individual variation: degree of chronic alcohol dependence, and late‐uncomplicated versus early‐complicated alcohol dependence. Observation of the lengths of residence and manners of discharge of members of the sample suggested two varieties of failure; premature discharge (length of stay less than two months) and irregular discharge (drinking at discharge and/or discharge to an unknown or unsatisfactory destination). There was a significant tendency for early‐complicated alcoholism to be associated with premature discharge.