bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing a conceptual hillslope recession model based on the storage–discharge relationship with the Richards equation
Authors: Lee Do‐Hun 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe conceptual recession model based on the storage–discharge relationship was proposed to account for the unsaturated–saturated water storage interaction. The recession model was formulated by combining the constitutive storage–discharge relationship with the integral balance equation for unsaturated and saturated water storage. The functional form of the constitutive storage–discharge relationship was determined from the spatial integration of the Richards equation. The performance of the recession model was tested by comparing with the solution of the Richards equation for different simulation geometric shapes and soil types. The conceptual recession model incorporating the unsaturated–saturated water storage interaction was in good agreement with the recession response of the Richards equation. However, the recession model that neglected the unsaturated–saturated water storage interaction was comparable to the Richards equation only for soils with the weak interaction between unsaturated water storage and saturated water storage. This result suggests the important role of the unsaturated–saturated water storage interaction in the formulation of the recession process when the derivative of the functional relationship between the unsaturated water storage and saturated water storage becomes significant. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogeologic controls on summer stream temperatures in the McKenzie River basin, Oregon
Authors: Tague Christina , Farrell Michael , Grant Gordon , Lewis Sarah , Rey Serge 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStream temperature is a complex function of energy inputs including solar radiation and latent and sensible heat transfer. In streams where groundwater inputs are significant, energy input through advection can also be an important control on stream temperature. For an individual stream reach, models of stream temperature can take advantage of direct measurement or estimation of these energy inputs for a given river channel environment. Understanding spatial patterns of stream temperature at a landscape scale requires predicting how this environment varies through space, and under different atmospheric conditions. At the landscape scale, air temperature is often used as a surrogate for the dominant controls on stream temperature. In this study we show that, in regions where groundwater inputs are key controls and the degree of groundwater input varies in space, air temperature alone is unlikely to explain within‐landscape stream temperature patterns. We illustrate how a geologic template can offer insight into landscape‐scale patterns of stream temperature and its predictability from air temperature relationships. We focus on variation in stream temperature within headwater streams within the McKenzie River basin in western Oregon. In this region, as in other areas of the Pacific Northwest, fish sensitivity to summer stream temperatures continues to be a pressing environmental issue. We show that, within the McKenzie, streams which are sourced from deeper groundwater reservoirs versus shallow subsurface flow systems have distinct summer temperature regimes. Groundwater streams are colder, less variable and less sensitive to air temperature variation. We use these results from the western Oregon Cascade hydroclimatic regime to illustrate a conceptual framework for developing regional‐scale indicators of stream temperature variation that considers the underlying geologic controls on spatial variation, and the relative roles played by energy and water inputs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of long‐term groundwater level data in regular monitoring wells, Barka, Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Rajmohan Natarajan , Al‐Futaisi Ahmed , Jamrah Ahmad 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA detailed investigation was carried out to evaluate long‐term groundwater level fluctuation in regular monitoring wells constructed by the Ministry of Water Resources in Barka, Sultanate of Oman. For this study, groundwater level data for 71 wells and rainfall data from six stations were collected from 1984 to 2003 and analysed. Based on long‐term water level fluctuation, groundwater wells are classified into three groups. In group 1, water level shows a long‐term cyclic trend without yearly fluctuation whereas in group 2 the water level declined continuously until 1995 followed by a constant water level. In group 3, water level decreases continuously throughout the study periods with rapid annual cyclic variation. Group 1 wells show high water‐level fluctuations (5 to 10 m) and seem to be regulated by discharge (lateral flow) from this aquifer and recharge from the adjacent Jabal Akhdar mountainous region. Constant trend in water level after 1995 in group 2 wells illustrates the advancement of saline–fresh water interface to the inland due to heavy pumping which is justified by higher electrical conductivity and Cl/HCO3 ratio. In group 3 wells, the water level dropped continuously due to overabstraction by agricultural farms and human settlements. In addition, wells existing near the recharge dams express the influences of recharge dams and rainfall, and exhibit high water‐level fluctuations during heavy rainfall periods. The long‐term regional variation indicates that water level drops continuously in the coastal and central parts of the study region. Linear regression analysis revealed that the decline in water level is 0·3–0·4 m year−1 near the coastal and central parts of the study area and is almost constant in the remaining area. We conclude that the contribution of man‐made activities on groundwater level is well compared with natural factors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal relations between employment and depressive symptoms in low‐income, suicidal African American women
Authors: Mascaro Nathan , Arnette Natalie C. , Santana M. Carmen , Kaslow Nadine J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUnemployment and depression are problematic at both individual and societal levels, and research suggests that the two phenomena are related. More thorough and longitudinal analyses, particularly ones within low‐income minority populations, are needed to guide the development of programs to increase employment in persons with mental health problems. The current study aimed to specify the relations over time between depressive symptoms and employment status within a sample of 46 low‐income African American women participating in an intervention study for intimate partner violence and suicidal behavior. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis indicated that baseline levels of depressive symptoms predicted employment status at the end of a 10‐week intervention period, controlling for baseline employment status. Chi‐square analysis and qualitative analyses of trends in depression scores showed that changes in employment status during the 10‐week intervention period predicted 6‐month and one‐year follow‐up levels of depressive symptoms. Results imply that, for women in the currently sampled population, depressive symptoms create vulnerability for job loss, but the ability to gain employment despite high levels of depressive symptoms is linked to lowered depression levels over the long term. Community programs assisting such women could therefore not just lower the vulnerability to job loss by treating depressive symptoms, but they could potentially lower long‐term depression levels through interventions that enhance employability and motivation to pursue work. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
The cognitive nature of forgiveness: Using cognitive strategies of primary appraisal and coping to describe the process of forgiving
Authors: Maltby John , Macaskill Ann , Gillett Raphael 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated forgiveness in a traditional cognitive model of stress appraisal and coping and in a more recent model that includes the construct of low control stressors. One‐hundred sixty six men and 168 women completed measures of forgiveness, primary stress appraisals, and coping strategies. For men, forgiveness was found to be positively associated with the use of challenge appraisals, and negatively associated with the use of loss appraisals and emotion‐focused coping. For women, forgiveness was found to be positively associated with emotion‐focused coping and acceptance, and negatively associated with avoidance. The results for women indicate that when forgiveness situations are conceptualized as low‐control stressors, we are able to explain the relationships between forgiveness, appraisal, and coping. The results for men are broadly in line with a more traditional model of coping, which does not consider the construct of low control. Crucial differences in the ways that men and women appraise and cope with situations involving forgiveness are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
The efficacy of cognitive–behavioral therapy and the problem of drop‐out
Authors: Bados Arturo , Balaguer Gemma , Saldaña Carmina 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTreatment drop‐out is a common problem in the everyday practice of psychotherapy. In the cognitive–behavioral psychology literature, there are scant data on drop‐out from therapy and the data available vary widely according to the definition of drop‐out and the intensity of treatment. This study presents results obtained in the Behavioural Therapy Unit of the University of Barcelona. Of the 203 patients seen in the unit, 89 (43.8%) dropped out, mostly in the early stages of the intervention. The most common reasons for this were low motivation and/or dissatisfaction with the treatment or the therapist (46.7%), external difficulties (40%), and patients' feeling of improvement (13.3%). Patients who dropped out differed from those who continued; they more often presented affective or eating disorders or problems with impulse control. The observed drop‐out rate is in line with figures reported for psychotherapy in general and by those studies which have considered cognitive–behavioral therapy in particular. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Three dimensional rendering of the mitochondrial sheath morphogenesis during mouse spermiogenesis
Authors: Ho Han‐Chen , Wey Shiuan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn the middle piece of mouse sperm tail, the idea of the mitochondria wrapping in a sinistral (left‐handed) double helical structure was generally accepted. In the existing model, mitochondria aligned in four longitudinal rows (stage 1) and twisted dextrally (right‐handed) (stage 2) and began to stagger, where opposing rows of mitochondria contacted each other to form a sinistral double helix (stage 3), finally, the end‐on touching mitochondria further elongated to their mature length (stage 4). However, in this model, mitochondria need to shift a long distance and reposition themselves. Since no gaps have been found in mitochondrial sheath, repositioning of most mitochondria along the middle piece is unlikely to happen. Therefore, we reapproached the questions through three‐dimensional rendering to provide a new model for mitochondrial sheath formation. In our proposed model, four dextrally arranged spherical mitochondrial arrays were considered stage 1 (resembles stage 2 of the old model). In stage 2 (resembles stage 3 of the old model), a critical difference was found that pairs of mitochondria from the opposing arrays formed ring‐like structures instead of a sinistral double helix. In stage 3, which was not observed in the old model, mitochondria staggered in a specific pattern to form the sinistral double helix. In stage 4, mitochondria elongated from crescent‐shaped to rod‐shaped structures. The new model proposed here would allow each mitochondrion to stay at where they attached first and elongate laterally from two directions to reach their final double helical structure without unreasonable great distance shift along the outer dense fibers. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fabrication of a novel micron scale Y‐structure‐based chiral metamaterial: Simulation and experimental analysis of its chiral and negative index properties in the terahertz and microwave regimes
Authors: Wongkasem Nantakan , Akyurtlu Alkim , Marx Kenneth A. , Goodhue William D. , Li Jin , Dong Qi , Ada Earl T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this report, we describe the fabrication of a chiral metamaterial based on a periodic array of Y‐shaped Al structures on a dielectric Mylar substrate. The unit cell dimensions of the Y‐structure are ∼100 μm on a side with 8 μm linewidths. The fabricated Y‐structure elements are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Quantitative elemental analyses were carried out on both the Y‐structure, comprised of Al and its oxide, as well as adjacent regions of the underlying mylar substrate using the energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) capability of the SEM. Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain (FDTD) calculations of the negative index of refraction for a 3D wedge of multiple layers of the 2D metamaterials showed that these metamaterials possess double negative (−μ,−ϵ) electromagnetic bulk properties at THz frequencies. The same negative index of refraction was determined for a wedge comprised of appropriately scaled larger Y‐structures simulated in the microwave region. This double negative property was confirmed experimentally by microwave measurements on a 3D wedge comprised of stacked and registered Y‐structure sheets. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human security—national perspectives and global agendas: insights from national human development reports
Authors: Jolly Richard , Ray Deepayan Basu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSince its introduction in UNDP's Human Development Report 1994, ‘human security’ has been a topic of lively debate. The purpose of this paper is to explore empirically how human security has been treated in National Human Development Reports (NHDRs), produced in 13 countries since 1997 with different definitions and points of focus. We use an inductive approach to examine how these stand up to the criticisms levelled in the literature against broader concepts of human security. The NHDRs of Afghanistan, Latvia, Macedonia and Bangladesh are of particular interest, both because of their rich analysis and because of the originality of the methodology they use. The paper concludes that broader definitions of human security are operational for both analysis and policy making. Limits to define a core of high‐priority concerns with human security can be set after exploring the concerns of people in specific situations rather than before. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncounted or illusory blessings? Competing responses to the Easterlin, Easterbrook and Schwartz paradoxes of well‐being
Authors: Gasper Des 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Easterlin paradox concerns slight or negligible increases in personal satisfaction reported as income rises beyond high middle income levels. Sister paradoxes highlighted by Easterbrook and Schwartz concern the frequent low or negligible impact on personal satisfaction of improvements in various dimensions of life. The paper identifies a range of responses to the paradoxes, shows how these responses reflect a series of different conceptions of the meaning of well‐being, and assesses their cogency. It indicates areas where follow‐on research is required. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Choosing sustainable consumption: a capability perspective on indicators
Authors: Comim Flavio , Tsutsumi Rie , Varea Angels 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe concept of sustainable consumption (SC) has been proposed as a way of operationalising sustainable development (SD). However, until now, in view of the difficulties in conceptualising SC, emphasis has been placed mainly on a pragmatic approach. In ana‐conceptual and pragmatic account of SC, many problems remain unaddressed, such as the danger of the notion becoming empty and lack of integration between the different dimensions of sustainability. In this paper, we propose that the informational space provided by the capability approach (CA) offers a conceptual framework to elaborate SC. The CA is employed here (i) to discuss the philosophical underpinnings of SC as part of a strategy for enhancing quality‐of‐life and (ii) to investigate the links between the different dimensions of SC. Emphasis on autonomy, freedom, and public reasoning in the CA can help in contextualising and providing an organising frame for SC policies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New face of development assistance: public goods and changing ethics
Authors: Sandler Todd , Arce Daniel G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article indicates the policy implications of the increasing emphasis of public goods in foreign assistance. Even the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) reflect this public good emphasis. This changing composition of aid has important ethical implications: public good aid is driven by altruism and self‐interest owing to benefit spillovers to donor nations. We show how key properties of publicness influence not only the desired direction of income transfers, but also the identity of the appropriate donor (i.e. donor nation, multilateral agency, or charitable foundation). The article also highlights how the spatial spillovers of public goods affect aid decisions. Finally, we relate five essential sectors to their public good properties and policy implications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Right to water and access to water: an assessment
Authors: Anand P. B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the scope for a rights‐based perspective on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by focusing on right to water. The paper adapts Hohfeldian framework of elements of a right developed by Wenar. According to this, a right should be interpreted in terms of powers, privileges, claims and immunities. This framework highlights the inter‐connections between various aspects of governance and the effectiveness of a right to water. The conjecture whether the poor are more likely to have access to water when there is a right to water is examined with data (from WHO–UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme) pertaining to a small sample of countries where a right to water has been promulgated and some others where such right has not been promulgated. The impact of governance on improving access to water is examined using indicators from Governance Matters V (Kaufman et al., 2006). This analysis suggests that mechanisms of governance may be more important in improving access to water than a formal articulation of a right to water. Some challenges to operationalising a right to water are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel imaging technique for the external carotid artery and its branches: Comparison of balanced turbo field echo, phase contrast, and time‐of‐flight sequences
Authors: Sumi Tadateru , Sumi Misa , Van Cauteren Marc , Kimura Yasuo , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the parallel imaging technique in the external carotid artery and its branches using 3D balanced turbo field echo (3D bTFE), 3D phase‐contrast (3D PC), and 3D time‐of‐flight (3D TOF) MR angiography (MRA) sequences.Materials and MethodsA total of 26 healthy volunteer subjects underwent 3D bTFE, 3D PC, and 3D TOF MRA with the parallel imaging sensitivity encoding (SENSE) technique. The obtained images were read in a blinded fashion by three radiologists. Interreader and intersequence statistical analyses were performed to compare the visibility of the arteries.ResultsFriedman's ranking test demonstrated that there was no significant difference in visibility between any two pairs of sequences for the external carotid artery and its first branches. However, of the three techniques, 3D PC MRA performed the best for the second‐order branches (P < 0.01) and for overall visibility of the external carotid artery and its branches (P < 0.01). The 3D bTFE sequence is superior to 3D TOF; however, an effective means of separating arteries from veins and salivary ducts is needed.ConclusionThe combination of parallel imaging and the 3D PC technique is a promising approach for face and neck MRA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:1028–1034. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segmentation of gadolinium‐enhanced lesions on MRI in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Datta Sushmita , Sajja Balasrinivasa Rao , He Renjie , Gupta Rakesh K. , Wolinsky Jerry S. , Narayana Ponnada A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurposeTo develop and implement a method for identification and quantification of gadolinium (Gd) enhancements with minimal human intervention.Materials and MethodsDual fast spin echo (FSE), fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR), and pre‐ and postcontrast T1‐weighted spin echo were acquired on 22 subjects. The enhancements were identified on the postcontrast T1‐weighted images based on morphological operations. A single threshold based on the ratio of the difference of postcontrast and precontrast T1 images with that of precontrast T1 images is applied to the reconstructed images to reduce the false classifications. False classification of enhancements arising from enhancing vasculature and structures such as the choroid plexus that lack a blood‐brain barrier were reduced by assuming that the true enhancements are always associated with hyperintense lesions on T2‐weighted images (T2 lesions). The enhanced lesions were further delineated based on fuzzy connectivity.ResultsThe segmented Gd enhancements were evaluated quantitatively with manually identified enhancements based on similarity measures. The average similarity index (SI) of 0.76 suggests excellent performance of the proposed methodology. The Bland‐Altman plot shows a close agreement between the results obtained manually and those based on the proposed methodology.ConclusionThe proposed algorithm identifies and quantifies Gd enhancements accurately with minimal human intervention. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:932–937. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of the carotid artery by MRI at 3T: A study on reproducibility
Authors: Alizadeh Dehnavi Reza , Doornbos Joost , Tamsma Jouke T. , Stuber Matthias , Putter Hein , van der Geest Rob J. , Lamb Hildo J. , de Roos Albert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurposeTo examine the reproducibility of carotid artery dimension measurements using 3T MRI.Materials and MethodsTen healthy volunteers underwent three scans on two occasions for assessment of total vessel wall area (TVWA), total luminal area (TLA), and minimum (MinT) and maximum (MaxT) vessel wall thickness. A double inversion‐recovery (IR) fast gradient‐echo (FGRE) sequence was used on a commercial 3T system. During the first visit the subjects were scanned twice. The third scan was performed at least four days later. One observer traced all scans, and a second observer retraced the first scan series.ResultsFor TVWA an interclass correlation (ICC) of 0.994 was calculated with all three scans taken into account. The interobserver ICC was 0.984. The agreement between the scans for TLA showed an ICC of 0.982 with an interobserver ICC of 0.998. For MinT and MaxT an ICC of 0.843 and 0.935 were calculated, with interobserver ICCs of 0.860 and 0.726, respectively.ConclusionWith the use of a commercial 3T MR system, TVWA, TLA, and wall thickness measurements of the carotid artery can be assessed with good reproducibility. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:1035–1043. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.