bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary health care for Indo‐Chinese children in Australia
Authors: CHAK STANLEY , NIXON JAMES , DUGDALE ALAN 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study reports the detailed analysis of 61 consecutive presentations by recent immigrants from Indo‐China to the Casualty Department of a modern Australian Children's Hospital. The parents/guardians were interviewed either in the Casualty Department or in their homes. Indo‐Chinese children coming to a Casualty Department manifested the same age distribution and spectrum of illnesses that is seen in the general Australian paediatric population. However, significantly fewer presentations to hospital occurred due to accidents/trauma when the group was compared with the general population attending the Casualty Department. Only 21%‐of the Vietnamese and Cambodian families can communicate satisfactorily with hospital staff without interpreter help. Fifty‐one per cent of parents reported that they did not have enough English for a medical interview without an interpreter. Twenty‐eight per cent did riot have enough English to communicate at all. Parents of Vietnamese children reported that on occasions they had not sought medical care for their children because of language difficulties. Many families do not know that an Interpreter Service is available, and many believe that access to such a service is available only through a doctor. Many of these children also use traditional Chinese remedies in the context of their contemporary Australian lives. We have found no evidence that this practice causes late presentation with deleterious effects, or any evidence that it compromises modern ‘Western’ treatment.
Ultrasonic fetal weight estimation in multiple and singleton pregnancy
Authors: LUKACS HEATHER A. , MacLENNAN ALASTAIR H. , VERCO PETER W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThirty‐five multiple and 168 singleton fetal weight estimations were made in an Australian population using the tables of Warsof et a/.,1 which have been computed from a North American population. The estimated fetal weights were compared to the actual birth weights within 96 h of estimation. Con‐elation coefficients of the actual birth weight with the estimated fetal weight for the total group, singleton and multiple pregnancies respectively, were 0.967,0.969 and 0.933. The percentages of estimated fetal weights falling within 10% of the actual birth weight were for the three groups, 79.3%, 77.9% and 85.7% respectively. Individual weight sub‐groups, <1500g, 1500–2500g, 2500–4000g and >4000g, showed correlation coefficients of 0.84,0.838. 0.839 and 0.759 respectively, which compare favourably to published studies of North American populations using this method. It is concluded that ultrasonic fetal weight estimation using the North American computerized tables of Warsof et al.1 is appropriate for an Australian population and is valid for both singleton and multiple pregnancies.
Fetal urinary tract abnormalities detected on maternal ultrasound
Authors: FORD W. D. A. , AHMED S. , VERCO P. W. , JUREIDINI K. F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTwenty‐one cases of fetal urinary tract abnormalities were detected on maternal ultrasound in a 5 year period. Six fetuses died and 13 of the 15 surviving cases have had corrective urological surgery, usually during the neonatal period. Maternal ultrasound provides advanced warning of major urinary tract abnormalities in the newborn. Therefore, appropriate investigations and medical management can be instituted early and potentially destructive urological lesions can be corrected as soon as possible. As yet, antenatal intervention does not seem to be warranted as the most common cause of bilateral upper tract dilatation in the surviving cases in this series was primary reflux, and In the cases that died the urinary abnormalities were not salvagable.
Serratia: a problem in a neonatal nursery
Authors: FITZGERALD PHILOMENA , DREW JOHN H. , KRUSZELNICKI IRMA 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe have noted an increased incidence of Serratia species isolates in our Special Care Nursery recently and have reviewed our experience over the 7 year period from 1976 to 1982. Fifty newborn infants had strains of Serratia isolated, 30 of which were found in 1982. Two strains of Serratia species were isolated: Serratia marcescens in 46 newborn infants and Serratia liquefaciens in six, with both types being found in two infants. All isolates were sensitive initially to gentamicin, kanamycin sulphate, chloramphenicol and co‐trimoxazole. However, resistance was documented subsequently to each of these antibiotics. Only 64% of isolates only were sensitive initially to ampicillin; 27% subsequently developed resistance Recent isolates were sensitive to cefotaxime sodium.Twenty‐nine infants (58%) were colonized, and 1.6 (32%) had minor infections such as conjunctivitis. However in five infants (10%) life threatening illness occurred. Of the five infants with serious infection two had meningitis and three were septicaemtc; one infant died. In both infants with meningitis difficulty was experienced in eradicating the organism and porencephaly developed in both.
Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring in acute asthma
Authors: BOURCHIER DAVID , DAWSON KENNETH P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractArterial blood oxygen tensions (Pao2) were compared with simultaneously obtained transcutaneous oxygen measurements (Tco2) in 15 children during an acute asthma attack and in 18 children with an illness other than asthma. A close correlation between Tco2 and Pao2 was obtained in the non‐asthmatic group but not in the asthmatics. It is suggested that impaired cutaneous blood flow may explain this poor correlation.
A case of agammaglobulinaemia complicated by meningoencephalitis due to Echo virus 27
Authors: FARMER KEITHA , MacARTHUR B. A. , DeZOETE J. ANNE , CROXSON MARGARET C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA boy with agammaglobulinaemia diagnosed and treated from the age of 3 years 2 months developed encephalitis at 4 years 3 months. The illness showed a remitting but deteriorating course until death aged 6 years 5 months. Echo virus type 27 was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid during the terminal illness. The virus was not isolated from five earlier cerebrospinal fluid samples nor was virus detected in a temporal lobe biopsy.
Fluorometric microassay of trypsin and enteropeptidase in children — comparison with a titrimetic assay
Authors: MITCHELL JOHN D. , MESSINA ISABELLA M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Two trypsin assay methods for the estimation of this enzyme in duodenal fluid from children have been compared. Assay results for a fluorometric method based on the use of N‐carbobenzoxy‐diglycyl‐L‐arginyl‐2‐naphthylamide hydrochloride (GANA) as the trypsin substrate were found to correlate well (r=0.91, P<0.001) with those obtained with a much less sensitive titrimetric assay which used benzoylarginine ethylester hydrochloride (BAEE) as substrate. The higher sensitivity of the fluorometric assay has allowed accurate determination of trypsin activity in 10 μl aliquots of duodenal fluid. This low volume requirement makes the assay suitable for studies on infants of all ages and conserves duodenal fluid for use in other investigations often warranted during the assessment of childhood malabsorption.The fluorometric assay has also been used to monitor the separation of enteropeptidase from trypsin(ogen) by chromatography on Sephacryl S‐200 in samples of duodenal fluid from two children. Different proteolytic pathway deficiencies were confirmed in these children.
Drug overdose in children
Authors: TIBBALLS J. , McARDLE EDWARD J. , BROWN T. C. K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews epidemiological factors, drugs taken, management and outcome of 478 children admitted to the Royal Children's Hospital with drug poisoning during the 5 years 1978‐82. Accidental ingestion in young children is still common whilst self poisoning is increasing in the age group 8‐17 years. Suicide attempts and self destructive ingestion accounted for 11.5% of all cases with two deaths. A significant number in this group were less than 10 years of age. latrogenic poisoning accounted for 11% of all cases with metoclopramide or prochlorperazine frequently involved. Benzodiazepines, major tranquillizers and antihistamines were the most commonly taken groups of drugs whilst the greatest number of admissions to Intensive Care Unit were due to tricyclic poisoning. Principles of management are discussed.
Intestinal parasites and bacteria in Aboriginal children in South West Australia
Authors: GILL J. S. , JONES H. I. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn a study of intestinal parasites in 697 Aboriginal children under the age of 6 years in South‐west Australia, Giardia lamblia was recorded in 26% and Hymenolepis nana in 13.9%. G. lamblia infections occurred above 4 months of age, and H. nana infections above 18 months of age. There was a close correlation between infection with these two species (X2, P<0.001). Campylobacter jejuni, the predominant bacterial species recorded, was isolated in 2.3%, and was related to bowel symptoms in one child. G. lamblia was more prevalent in the country areas than in the Perth metropolitan area (X2, P<0.05. H. nana was more prevalent in children whose weight was below the third percentile (X2, P<0.02), and in those with diarrhoea (X2, P<0.01). There were strong correlations between low weight (below third percentile), a history of recent diarrhoea, and discharging ears.
Mumps as a cause of admission to hospital: An estimate for Western Australia 1981
Authors: MASTERS PETER L. , O'CONNOR GAVAN P. , BUCENS MARION , BROOKS BERESS 
Published: March 2008

AbstractClose to 40% of children admitted to Princess Margaret Hospital with mumps over the period 1979 to 1982 were diagnosed retrospectively as a result of virological tests and their illness was not coded as being due to mumps. This clinical underestimate of the incidence of mumps is due to the frequent absence of salivary gland enlargement, especially in preschool children. In such cases there is usually evidence of inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. The main clinical features leading to admission were neck stiffness, fits and high fever. An appropriate adjustment was made to the figures obtained from the computerised data on discharges with the diagnosis of mumps from Western Australian hospitals in 1981. This led to the estimate that 104 patients suffering from mumps were discharged from hospital during that year. It was also estimated that mumps was responsible for 379 in‐patient days. Our findings show that the benefit cost ratios for mumps immunization of others are underestimates.
Acute chromium poisoning in a 2 year old child
Authors: WALPOLE IAN R. , JOHNSTON KAY , CLARKSON ROGER , WILSON GARTH , BOWER GEOFF 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSodium dichromate ingestion in children is uncommon and potentially lethal. The most appropriate management is uncertain because of the lack of sound data contained in the few reports of successfully treated patients. Immediate treatment should include urgent induction of emesis, administration of ascorbic acid as an antidote, followed by supportive treatment.
The harmful effects of noise in a children's ward
Authors: KEIPERT JAMES A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Because of concerns frequently expressed by members of staff about the annoyance caused by noise in a children's ward, noise levels were measured. These confirmed that ambient and peak levels were well in excess of levels recommended for hospital wards and were often above those recommended for average outdoor situations.The harmful effects of noise in general are discussed with regard to annoyance and the effects on hearing, performance, accident rates, social relationships and sleep. Interviews with members of ward staff confirmed a high degree of worry about noise levels and revealed that machines for ward cleaning were the most annoying noise source, followed by the crying of infants. Patients and parents probably suffer similar annoyance and distress from noise. Possible harmful effects on patients are discussed and measures to reduce noise levels in wards are suggested.
Congenital rubella syndrome in Western Australia
Authors: STANLEY FIONA J. , BURGAR PAMELA J. , FONG NEALE W. , MILROY HELEN M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract The birth prevalence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Western Australia has been around 20 per 10 000 live births with peaks up to 100 per 10 000 in rubella epidemic years. The rate appears to be falling but it is still too soon to know whether the rubella vaccination programme in Western Australia has made a significant impact. The cohorts of young women who would have received the schoolgirl vaccination programme are only now entering the child bearing age groups. Observed falls may be due also to delayed diagnosis particularly of cases of deafness only. The proportion of nonimmune young women who would have been eligible for the programme in one maternity hospital has fallen.This study needs to be repeated to ascertain whether further epidemics of rubella have resulted in peaks of CRS or whether the vaccination programme has started to have an effect.
Herbicides and congenital malformations: A review for the paediatrician
Authors: PEARN JOHN H. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe herbicides 2,4,5‐T and 2,4‐D are relatively non‐toxic to primates, in acute exposure. Dioxins, which have occurred as impurities in these two herbicides, manifest universal biological toxicity. The best understood dioxin TCDD, has, in susceptible strains of mice, a very low teratogenic minimal effective dose of 1–10 μg/kg. This fact has engendered an era of uncertainty about the potential teratogenic effects of herbicides, in the context of potential human exposure. This paper reviews current knowledge concerning herbicide teratogenesis following maternal exposure. Because of species specificity of teratogenic agents, it is not possible to extrapolate from effects in lower animals to potential effects in humans. It remains a fact however that all proven human teratogens have parallel animal models. Following maternal exposure to herbicides and to dioxins, it has not been possible to produce teratogenic effects in primates, although fertility may be affected. Epidemiological reports from Hungary, Italy (the ICMESA accident), New Zealand, the United States, Europe and Australia have not revealed any positive evidence to indicate that a human herbicide teratogenic syndrome exists.
The growth and development of twins compared with singletons at ages 9 and 11
Authors: SILVA PHIL A. , CROSADO BRYN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe growth and development of 9 and 11‐year old twins who have been studied at birth, and at ages 3, 5, and 7 years was compared with that of a large group of singletons. The twins were not signficantly different to the singletons in language development, reading, spelling or Performance IQ. They remained significantly shorter, lighter and had smaller head circumferences. This difference was shown to have been fairly consistent from age 3. The twins had significantly lower Verbal and Full Scale IQ, but in view of a lack of disadvantage in educational progress this was not considered to be of any practical importance.
Kernicterus in term infants
Authors: YEUNG C. Y. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTKernicterus is a frequent occurrence in Chinese term infants. In a previous study, the mean level of serum bilirubin of 152 kernicteric infants was 35.4 mg/dl (605.3 μmol/l) and the range was 22.3‐50 mg/dl. More recently, three further term infants developed kernicterus and one exhibited bilirubin level of only 23.3 mg/dl. Features of haemolysis were lacking in 56.8% of these infants. Evidence of brain damage occurred in 26.5% in a former series and in 5.5% of the more recent study of those infants who developed bilirubinaemia exceeding 20 mg/dl. Such a high risk favours the present practice of exchange transfusion for rising bilirubin beyond 20 mg/dl (342 μmol/l) in Chinese term infants.
Comparison of hydrometry, refractometry, osmometry and Ames N‐Multistix SG in estimation of urinary concentration
Authors: McCROSSIN T. , ROY L. P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract The four currently available methods used for estimating urinary concentration were assessed. One hundred and fifty urine specimens were collected and 130 were measured. Twenty were excluded as they contained protein and/or glucose. The volume of 41 samples was inadequate for hydrometry.In urines not containing dissolved macromolecules, hydrometry, refractometry and osmolality reliably reflect the degree of concentration. Except at the extremes, the reagent strip on N‐Multistix SG is not a reliable indicator of specific gravity.In a Children's Hospital, one‐third of urine specimens will be of insufficient volume for standard hydrometry.
The medicalization of Aboriginal children: A comparison of the lengths of hospital‐stay of Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal children in Western Australia and the Northern Territory
Authors: WADDELL CHARLES , DIBLEY MICHAEL 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper compares the lengths of hospital‐stay of Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal children in Western Australia and the Northern Territory over the past few years. The comparison yields two trends: (1) Aboriginal children stay longer in hospital than do non‐Aboriginal children; (2) within each racial group, children stay longer in hospital in the Northern Terrritory than in Western Australia. By‐and‐large, these trends continue irrespective of age, sex, diagnostic category. hospital and usual piece of residence. It appears that factors In addition to high rates of infectious disease, severity of illness and remoteness of home address affect length of hospital stay. Two organizational factors are suggested: (1) the latent, working logic of service institutions such as public hospitals and (2) the tendency of government to institutionalize impoverished people. It is concluded however, that as health care becomes holistic and more the responsibility of Aboriginal people, there is every reason to predict a decrease in the lengths of hospital stay of Aboriginal children.
Sleep in middle childhood — A longitudinal study of sleep problems in a large sample of Dunedin children aged 5‐9 years
Authors: CLARKSON SARAH , WILLIAMS SHEILA , SILVA PHIL A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTComplaints of sleeping difficulties in a large group of New Zealand children were studied prospectively over four years from 5 to 9 years of age. No association was found between sleeping difficulties and the sex, intelligence, or educational attainments of the child. Mothers who described their child as anxious or who were poor sleepers themselves, tended to report sleeping problems in their child more frequently. There was no association between sleeping problems and teacher ratings of behaviour problems. Children who reported sleep problems also tended to report other problems. There was low agreement between parents and children. Only 0.3% of the total sample had a problem which persisted over the whole period.
The perception of asthma
Authors: COURIEL J. M. , DEMIS T. , OLINSKY A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTSubjective scores of ‘wheeze’ or ‘tightness in the chest’ were compared with the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in 40 asthmatic children before and after administration of nebulized salbutamol. Symptom scores were poor predictors of the degree of airways obstruction. Many children underestimated their improvement after salbutamol.The results suggest that reliance on the child's perception of his symptoms and his response to a bronchodilator may result in incorrect assessment and inappropriate treatment.
Vitamin A status in children who are prone to respiratory tract infections
Authors: PINNOCK CAROLE B. , DOUGLAS ROBERT M. , BADCOCK NEIL R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe effect of Vitamin A supplementation on susceptibility to acute respiratory infections was investigated in a randomized controlled trial. One hundred and forty‐seven preschool‐age children with a history of frequent respiratory illness were randomized into Vitamin A supplemented (450 g/day) and placebo groups. Respiratory symptoms were recorded on a daily basis over a period of 11 months. The children who received the supplement experienced 19% fewer episodes of respiratory symptomatology (P<0.05) than their placebo counterparts, despite the fact that their plasma retinol levels did not change. Children with a prior history of lower respiratory illness or of allergy benefited most from supplementation. The plausibility of a role for Vitamin A in the aetiology of respiratory proneness is reviewed.
Responses to partial nasal obstruction in sleeping infants
Authors: NEWMAN NEVILLE M. , FROST JAMES K. , BURY LOIS , JORDAN KERRY , PHILLIPS KATHLEEN 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPartial nasal obstruction was performed during a morning of quiet sleep (QS: non‐REM) and active sleep (AS: REM) at ages 1 week, 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months on 12 normal infants, 15 subsequent siblings of victims of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and 12 infants admitted for investigation of infant apnoea (‘near‐miss’ SIDS). In all three groups the numbers failing to arouse after 240 s (FTA‐240) in QS were significantly greater than those in AS. After 2 months of age all groups showed a decrease in the number FTA‐240 in AS, whereas in QS the number did not change significantly. Subsequent siblings of SIDS had a significantly higher number FTA‐240 in QS than controls. There was no significant difference in FTA‐240 in QS between controls and infant apnoeas, although there was a trend for this to be higher in subsequent siblings of SIDS than infant apnoeas.It was concluded that arousal from AS is more marked than from QS, that after 2 months of age the ability to arouse from AS increases, and that in relation to SIDS, QS is the sleep state in which the infant is less able to arouse. Furthermore, subsequent siblings of SIDS differ from normal infants in their ability to arouse from QS.
Influence of age, sex, duration of symptoms and dehydration of serum electrolytes in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Authors: BEASLEY S. W. , HUDSON I. , HOK PAN Y. , JONES P. G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA review was conducted of 234 consecutive patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) proven at operation. The relationship of age, sex, the duration of symptoms and the clinical degree of dehydration to the severity of metabolic derangement as reflected by alterations in serum electrolytes and acid‐base status, was analysed statistically. The length of history and the degree of dehydration was found to have predictive value in identifying those likely to have major metabolic disturbances. Where severe vomiting has persisted for more than 1 week, major derangements of the biochemical parameters should be anticipated; and where clinical assessment of dehydration is estimated as being greater than 5%, there is almost always some major biochemical abnormality present. Nevertheless, variation in individual cases necessitates that all patients with suspected HPS should have serum electrolytes and acid‐base estimations performed.