bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gersonides
Authors: Eisen Robert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with a synopsis of Gersonides’ views on providence in his systematic work for the purpose of getting acquainted with the basic philosophical concepts that underlie his commentary on Job. It then proceeds with an analysis of the commentary on Job in accordance with the three interfaces. The discussion of the third interface returns the to treatment of providence in Gersonides’ The Wars of the Lord and gives an evaluation of its relationship to the commentary on Job. It is shown that Gersonides’ reading of Job represents an important transition in the interpretation of this text in medieval Jewish philosophy. With this reading, Aristotelianism still reigns supreme as the thought system for interpreting Job; yet, a conservative step has been taken away from the most radical type of Aristotelian reading found in Ibn Tibbon.
Job Medieval, Job Modern
Authors: Eisen Robert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores whether there is any commonality between the medieval readings of Job examined and the readings of Job in the modern period. It is shown that the medieval Jewish philosophers were sophisticated biblical interpreters who were sensitive to the exegetical challenges presented by the Book of Job, and they proposed original solutions to those challenges. That sophistication is now more readily apparent. Not only did these thinkers confront the difficulties in Job in an original manner, but sometimes their responses to those difficulties bear striking resemblance to those proposed by modern thinkers.
The Golden Rule
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter reviews the relevant anthropology, starting with the apparent universality of the golden rule — do as you would be done by — in hunter-gatherer societies. It points out that all pure foraging societies have two properties: they do not tolerate bosses, and they share very fairly. A putative explanation of the first property is offered that appeals to the game theory discipline of mechanism design. The second property is explained as an evolutionary consequence of the implicit insurance contracts that are common in animals as ahedge against hunger and starvation. If so, then we have an argument in support of the contention that Rawls' original position captures the deep structure of fairness norms wired into our brains. The analogy with Chomsky's deep structure of language is close.
Utilitarianism
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
If some external enforcement agency compels us to honor deals reached in the original position, then Harsanyi has shown that the outcome will be utilitarian. Under the same hypotheses, Rawls claims that the outcome will be egalitarian. This chapter confirms that Harsanyi is correct. It goes on to use the concept of an empathy equilibrium to predict the standard of interpersonal comparison needed to operate a utilitarian norm that will evolve in the medium run.
Egalitarianism
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the consequence of taking Rawls' concerns about the strains of commitment to their logical extreme. If there is no external enforcement at all, so that all agreements must be self-policing, it is shown that deals reached in the original position will generate an egalitarian outcome, as Rawls would wish. The conclusions are broadly consistent with the class of laboratory results that psychologists refer to as “modern equity theory”. The concept of an empathy equilibrium is used to predict the standard of interpersonal comparison needed to operate an egalitarian norm that will evolve in the medium run. The manner in which this standard should be expected to respond to need, effort, ability, and status is then explored.
The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyzes how the cognitive process inducing the entrepreneurial decision is influenced by placing that same individual in different contexts. In particular, it compares high knowledge contexts with impoverished knowledge contexts, leading to a different view of entrepreneurship. It is shown that entrepreneurship can be an endogenous response to investments in new knowledge when commercialization of that knowledge is constrained by a formidable knowledge filter.
Endogenous Entrepreneurship
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers how the knowledge context influences the cognitive process underlying the entrepreneurial choice model. The result is a theory of endogenous entrepreneurship, where (knowledge) workers respond to opportunities generated by investments in new knowledge by starting a new firm. In this view, entrepreneurship is a rational choice made by economic agents to appropriate the expected value of their endowment of knowledge. Thus, the creation of a new firm is the endogenous response to investments in knowledge that have not been entirely or exhaustively appropriated by the incumbent firm.
Entrepreneurial Performance
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter tests the Entrepreneurial Performance Hypothesis, which suggests that the performance of knowledge-based startups should be superior when they are able to access knowledge spillovers through geographic proximity to universities as a source of knowledge. It is shown that the exact relationship between location and entrepreneurial performance is complex. The impact of geographic proximity on entrepreneurial performance is shaped by the amount and type of knowledge produced at a university. If the research output of a university is meagre, close proximity to a university will not bestow significant performance benefits. However, close proximity to a university with strong research output and spillover mechanisms enhances entrepreneurial performance.
Property and Sacred Ordering in Global Civil Society
Authors: Gunnemann Jon P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay is a critical interpretation of the institution of property as one element in the ordering of conflict in civil society. Property is significant in that (i) property arrangements were at the heart of every aspect of the social crisis in Europe that gave rise to the idea of civil society; (ii) property orders the human habitat, creating spaces and boundaries in the individual’s self-understanding and identity, social relationships, and the human relationship to the world of nature; and (iii) because property orders the entire human habitat — understanding of self (identity), social relations, and relations to the natural environment — property also has a religious dimension. The essay concludes that a new civitas requires more than the identification of injustice and resistance to either threat or oppression, it requires constructing new property relations.
Religious Rejections of Globalization
Authors: Lechner Frank J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReligious responses to globalization seem to contribute little to the overall globalization critique put forth in venues such as the World Social Forum. This essay suggests that in the struggle about globalization, religious actors are more important and religious voices more articulate than many have realized. Empirically, this analysis yields a more detailed picture of the directions that “religious rejections of globalization” take. Analytically, it sheds light on the relative significance of religion in the formation of global civil society or at least one sector thereof.
Market‐Based Environmental Policies: What Can We Learn from U.S. Experience (and Related Research)?
Authors: Stavins Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay traces the history of market mechanisms and describes their theoretical advantages over prescriptive regulation. It gives an overview of the lessons learned about market instruments thus far, among them that there is an ongoing need for both flexibility and simplicity and for more effective monitoring and enforcement. It argues that there remain important limitations to the success of market instruments, including that firms are not yet well equipped to fully utilize them. The chapter concludes with predictions about the conditions under which such instruments are most likely to succeed.
International Experience with Competing Approaches to Environmental Policy: Results from Six Paired Cases
Authors: Harrington Winston , Morgenstern Richard D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay presents the results of an international effort to compare the actual outcomes of pollution control policies using economic incentive (EI) instruments with those using direct regulation or “command and control” (CAC). For six environmental problems, the policies used by the federal government in the United States are compared with the policies of one or more Western European countries. To the extent possible the problems and the policies were chosen so that a CAC policy on one side of the Atlantic is paired with an EI policy on the other. The six problems are: (1) SO2 emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (2) NOx emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (3) point source industrial water pollution, (4) phase out of leaded gasoline, (5) phase out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), and (6) chlorinated solvents.
Subsidies! The Other Incentive‐Based Instrument: The Case of the Conservation Reserve Program
Authors: Feng Hongli , Kling Catherine , Kurkalova Lyubov , Secchi Silvia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay studies a very large and important example of an environmental subsidy program — the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The CRP was introduced in 1985. It investigates how much less efficient, if any, a command-and-control (CAC) form of regulation would have been. That is, it seeks to assess the policy as implemented relative to a fundamentally different form of regulation — CAC. It then studies the ex post performance of this incentive-based instrument. In so doing, it provides information on the degree to which market-based incentive programs, as they have actually been implemented, have or have not lived up to the original optimism with which economists viewed such instruments.
Tradable Pollution Permits and the Regulatory Game
Authors: Johnston Jason Scott 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay pursues an underexplored aspect of the literature on tradable permit regimes by asking which among polluting firms are the likely winners and losers in the shift from a prescriptive approach to a market trading scheme, and under which conditions will firms support such a shift? One of the reasons why literature overlooks such questions is that analysts tend to use an overly simplified and unrealistic notion of command- and -control regulation. Although in some instances government regulations dictate to firms the particular technologies they must adopt, most prescriptive regulation consists of performance standards that firms may meet any way they choose. So-called command-and-control regulation always relies to some extent on adjustments in light of economic realities: both in the initial phase of level setting when the regulatory agency takes account of industrial processes and capacities in choosing the standard and later, when agencies negotiate particular permits. There is, moreover, considerable flexibility in the enforcement process, when agencies must determine whether firms are out of compliance and what must be done in response.
George Washington and Providential Agency
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Although the religious convictions and practices of many presidents have been ignored, Washington’s have been closely scrutinized and endlessly debated. Some authors have portrayed the Virginian as the epitome of piety, while others have depicted him as the patron saint of skepticism. Washington was a life-long Episcopalian, but the fact that he said almost nothing publicly or privately about the precise nature of his beliefs has evoked competing claims that he was a devout Christian, a Unitarian, a “warm deist”, and a “theistic rationalist”. One point, however, is not debatable: Washington strongly believed that providence played a major role in helping the United States win the Revolutionary War and function successfully as a republic. Arguably no president has stressed the role of providence in the nation’s history more than Washington. His religious convictions are clearly evident in the pivotal role he played in helping establish religious liberty and toleration as key principles of the new nation. As president, Washington was the first major spokesperson and practitioner of American civil religion, and after his death he became a principal figure in its development.
The Defeat of Māra
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, focusing on his confrontation with the God of Death named Māra. A highlight is the personification of the Bodhisattva's Ten Perfections as warriors who come to Siddhārtha's aid to fend off the battalions in Māra's army.
The Enshrining of the Relics
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, focusing on the seven relics that were not scattered into smaller pieces: the four Tooth Relics, the two Collar Bone Relics, and the Forehead Bone Relic. They substantiate analogous traditions wherein the Buddha's tooth, right collar bone, and forehead bone are said to have been enshrined in Laṅkā.
Beyond Literalism: Reflexive Spirituality and Religious Meaning
Authors: Besecke Kelly 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe assumption of a necessary conflict between reason and religion has long informed discussions of the role of religion in modern society. This chapter describes and analyzes reflexive spirituality as a cultural movement that promotes the use of reason to enhance religious meaning. As a movement, reflexive spirituality represents an effort to bring an enhanced sense of transcendent meaning into the highly rationalized context of the United States. Practitioners offer a sophisticated cultural critique targeting modern societies’ preoccupation with literal meanings, to the exclusion of more profound meanings, both inside and outside of the religious sphere. Reflexive spirituality promotes metaphorical interpretation of traditional texts and rituals, wisdom gained from religious experience, and a critical embrace of religious pluralism.
Touching the Transcendent: Rethinking Religious Experience in the Sociological Study of Religion
Authors: Bender Courtney J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter reintroduces religious experience as a key theme and trope within contemporary religion. Taking a woman’s gripping out-of-body experience (during which she meets Jesus) as a starting point, it asks why recent sociological studies on the whole pay so little attention to individual religious experience. This is a curious omission given the recent attention to religion’s lived expression, not to mention the central role of experience within contemporary spirituality movements. Answering these questions call to attention several unresolved questions in the sociology of religion about the position and validity of religious experience, as well as about the ways that particularistic theologies shape sociological concepts of religion. This chapter calls for renewed attention to the study of experience, now and in the past, to better understand the full complexity of religion in contemporary lives.
Religion, Race, and Ethnicity in Two Churches
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter provides background on the two central churches examined in this study: Grace, a second-generation Korean church and Manna, a multiethnic church. It presents an overview of the history, people, and religious practices of the two churches. The relevance of Grace and Manna as cases of congregations with different approaches to connecting race, ethnicity, and civic life is discussed.
Civic Models and Community Service
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores volunteerism among Korean Americans. Korean Americans in both Korean and multiethnic churches view their congregations as places that help them get involved with community service. In particular, they look to their churches for specific models of how to interact with their local community. Those in multiethnic churches are more individualistic while those in Korean American churches are more communally-oriented. Surprisingly, Korean Americans in multiethnic churches complete more individual acts of community service.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes three types of intellectual property that have an impact on research and development: patents, copyrights, and trade secrets. It examines several views of the intellectual property system, including libertarianism, utilitarianism, Marxism, and contractarianism. To maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of protecting intellectual property, society should develop intellectual property policies that strike an appropriate balance between public and private interests.
Government Funding of R&D
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the government funding of research and some of the procedures that agencies use to award grants and contracts. It discusses some of the ethical problems that can arise in government funding of research, including political interference with peer review, earmarking, chasing government dollars, problems with teaching and mentoring, financial misconduct, fights over money in academia, and prima donnas.
Conclusion
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the arguments contained in the book. It argues that scientists and society should manage the relationship between research and financial interests, and develop social and economic institutions that promote the values of science, such as objectivity, honesty, and openness. Universities, private companies, granting agencies, journals, and professional associations should develop rules and guidelines for mitigating money’s corrupting influence on science and support education, training, and mentoring on research ethics for scientists and students in all sectors of the research economy.
1 Introduction
Authors: Harrison Simon 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter sets out the structure and method of this book. Will, evil, and predestination are all problems which have a history, and whose history is relevant to Augustine’s On Free Choice of the Will. This book adopts a rather parsimonious approach to these contexts by focusing upon On Free Choice itself. Rather than attempting to map Augustine’s text onto a contemporary account of these concepts or locating it in an overarching narrative of their development, this book is an enquiry into the way Augustine uses such terms and ideas in the context of this particular text. A related methodological minimalism consists in the leaving out of detailed references to Augustine’s relationship to other historical figures and movements (Manichaeanism, Stoicism, Neoplatonism).
Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis of the Government‐Business Relationship
Authors: Okuno‐Fujiwara Masahiro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an abstract model of the government-business relationship and identifies institutional structures that determine the nature and outcome of this relationship in different societies. The importance ofex antepolicy rules versusex postnegotiation is discussed. The relative merits and demerits of different types of government are assessed, and the results are used to evaluate the development performance of the relation-based Japanese system contrasted with the rule-based United States system.
Barth and Schleiermacher on the Doctrine of Election
Authors: Gockel Matthias 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe book argues that the doctrine of election in Karl Barth's early theology shows a striking resemblance to the position of Friedrich Schleiermacher, and that his later christological revision of the doctrine overcomes the limitations of his earlier ‘Schleiermacherian’ position. Initially, both agree that predestination is not a pre‐temporal decision by which God has decreed once and for all who will believe and who will not believe. Instead, the outcome of the divine decision is determined when God addresses a human being here and now. Schleiermacher's concept of a single divine decree is consistent with Barth's assertion that God addresses every person in the same way, but the responses to the address are diverse. Their doctrine of election is theocentric and envisions a teleological relation between reprobation and election, in which the former always serves the purpose of the latter, without an endorsement of universalism. Whereas Schleiermacher rejects the concept of double predestination, Barth modifies it twice. In Church Dogmatics II/2 it refers no longer to the twofold possibility of faith and unbelief but to the double determination of individual human beings and God's own being. It explains that God sees every human being and also Himself in Christ.
1 Hooker and the Jacobeans
Authors: Brydon Michael 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The publication of the Polity was initially a damp squib, but the Reformed hostility of the writer of the Christian Letter combined with a Catholic desire to see Hooker as representative of the English Church helped define a distinctive religious position for him. William Covell’s defence of Hooker took the opportunity to remould him further in support of a growing distaste for the earlier style of the English reformation. Whilst there was still a desire to claim Hooker as a Reformed figure, he was increasingly favoured by avant-garde churchmen.
2 The Road Towards an Anglican Icon: The Treatment of Hooker under Charles I and the Commonwealth
Authors: Brydon Michael 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The avant-garde clerical group came to enjoy ascendancy in the 1630s, and consequently, their comprehension of the Polity enjoyed a dominant position. This collapsed, however, with the crumbling of royal power, and something akin to a Reformed understanding of Hooker reasserted itself before the English Church was suppressed entirely during the Civil War. In the face of outright hostility, even former Church moderates amongst them were forced to become more extreme and embrace what can arguably be described as an Anglican interpretation of Hooker.
2 Athanasius' Earliest Polemical Work: the ‘Eusebians’ in the Epistula Encyclica of 339
Authors: Gwynn David M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the earliest extant polemical work of Athanasius against the ‘Eusebians’, the Epistula Encyclica of 339. This text identifies all the essential elements that recur throughout Athanasius’ construction of his opponents as an ‘Arian party’. The ‘Eusebians’ exploit ecclesiastical politics and secular power to promote their ‘heresy’ and persecute ‘orthodox’ bishops such as Athanasius himself, driving him into exile and imposing into his church their own ‘Arian’ nominee, Gregory of Alexandria.