bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The Man of Iron” and Men of Power in Poland
Authors: Przeworski Adam 
Published: April 2006

Ostensibly, “The Man of Iron” is a film about a successful strike, the culmination of ten years of hope and struggle, an act of solidarity among workers who have understood that the only guarantee of their material well-being and their freedom is the union, an autonomous power of their own. It is a film about a strike and, midway, director Andrzej Wajda turns it into a classical flick, a banal love story seen so many times before, with scenes of a train station, wrapped in blue mist, where a mother takes her child, wrapped in red blankets, away from the intruding repression. One enters the climate of Gorky's Mother, of “Adelein 31,” of “Norma Jean.”Several Polish and French reviewers did not like this sentimental injection of private life, accusing the film of formal inconsistency, but I find the formalism of the strike film as profoundly ironic as the event itself: the strike of workers against the society where the working class was supposed to hold power, the strike against a party which claimed to represent them turned out to be just a strike like other strikes of workers against the power of capital and the state.And the ending–one of the endings–is equally romantic: the hero and his woman reunited after she is freed from prison by the victory of strikers, the protagonist in the closing monologue turning to the generation of his father to report the accomplishment of the task.
On the Knife's Edge: Public Officials and the Life Cycle
Authors: Loomis Burdett 
Published: April 2006

LaRuth, at forty, was on the knife's edge. Another two years and he'd be a man of influence, and therefore ineligible for any politics outside the House–or not ineligible, but shopworn, no longer new, no longer fresh. He would be ill-suited, and there were other practical considerations as well, because who wanted to be a servant for twelve or fourteen years and then surrender an opportunity to be master? Not LaRuth. So the time for temporizing was nearly past. If he was going to forsake the House and reach for the Senate (a glamorous possibility), he had to do it soon.Ward Just, The Congressman Who Loved FlaubertWard Just's fictional congressman LaRuth faces two distinct, but related pressures. First, for members of the House, there are few opportunities for advancement. This truncated “structure of opportunities” forces tough choices upon ambitious politicians. The second pressure is no less profound. Ticking away are the dual clocks of chronological age and congressional seniority. Most members seek higher office early in their congressional career (though this may be changing some), when their ties to the House are least strong and the fires of ambition burn the hottest. Much as the externally imposed structure of opportunities affects career choices, so too do the roughly defined internal mandates of human development.
The Republican
Authors: Hodgkin Douglas I. 
Published: April 2006

My experiences as a delegate to the 1980 Republican National Convention seem to reflect the role of party professional more than that of political amateur. The professional seeks party unity, supports the nominee despite disagreements on issues, and works for the party year after year, win or lose, whether or not he likes the current candidates or some issue stands of the party (Soule and McGrath, 1975).Having been active in the Republican Party for 12 years, including service on the state committee, as chairman of the Second Congressional District Committee, and currently as chairman of the State Platform Committee, I presumably qualified as a professional in terms of length and character of involvement (Roback, 1975). Furthermore, this service provided the wide recognition within the party that has traditionally been important for selection as national delegate by the Maine State or Congressional District Conventions.
Excellence and Its Recognition: The Dissertation Awards in Political Science
Authors: Richardson William D. , Somit Albert 
Published: April 2006

How many things by season season'd are.To their right praise and true perfection!Merchant of Venice, i, 107In 1958 the American Political Science Association initiated the first of what were to be a number of awards for outstanding dissertations. In that year the Leonard D. White Memorial Award was established “… for the best doctoral dissertation within the general field of public administration.” This was followed, in turn, by the Edward S. Corwin Award (1973) “… for the best doctoral dissertation in the field of public law,” the Helen Dwight Reid Award (1965) “… for the best doctoral dissertation in the field of international relations,” and the E. E. Schattschneider Award (1971) “… for the best dissertation completed and accepted in the general field of American Government and Politics.” More recently, the Leo Strauss (1974), the William Anderson (1975), and the Gabriel A. Almond (1976) Awards have been established for the best dissertations in the fields of political philosophy, international relations and comparative politics, respectively.
Comment on Pool' Analysis
Authors: Boulay Harvey , Goldstein Richard , Zisk Betty 
Published: April 2006

In the Fall 1979 issue of PS, Ithiel Pool presented an analysis of the recently-proposed HEW regulations on the protection of human subjects of behavioral and biomedical research. He expressed three major criticisms of the proposals. The first is that the draft regulations “extend federal authority … to policing some practices in private research which should in a free society be guided by private research which should in a free society be guided by private and professional decisions.” Second, he objects to the proposal that Institutional Review Boards (hereinafter “IRB's”) should determine that “the research methods are appropriate to the objectives of the research and the field of study.” Finally, he argues that the proposed regulations are an unconstitutional prior restraint on free speech.We have serious reservations about all three of Pool's arguments, most particularly the third. We are concerned that the issues raised be seriously considered and widely discussed in the profession, especially given the quasi-official way in which Pool's statement was presented in PS (see the Editor's Note, p. 452) as well as the fact that it was announced in December 1979 (in IRB: A Review of Human Subjects Research) that a committee of social scientists headed by Pool has “challenged the constitutionality of the DHEW proposed regulations.” (The article listed such notables as Gabriel Almond, George Homans and Charles Lindblom as “among the more than forty prospective members of the Committee,” p. 7).
Assessing the Political Environment for Business: A New Role for Political Scientists?
Authors: LaPalombara Joseph 
Published: April 2006

Political scientists are only now, and dimly, beginning to recognize that something called “political risk analysis” (PRA) is very much in vogue in the corporate and banking communities of this country. Any attempt to assess this uncommon development should begin with this question: Why would any banker or corporate manager wish to spend hard cash on anything political scientists might have to say about places overseas where banks and multinational corporations lend or invest their capital? After all, the profession is not exactly distinguished by its ability to make accurate forecasts. Indeed, Sartori has argued that political scientists ought to eschew forecasting entirely in that they are best able to explain what happened as opposed to what may come to pass.Sartori's assertion of course would make historians of us all—and burden us with the historian's smug claim that, if the history examined is too recent, the immediacy of events will distort our vision and bias our judgments. Thus, rather than try to foretell where, say, Germany will move politically next year we should expend (more!) of our resources to establish once and for all what really caused Weimar to collapse and Hitler to come to power.This is not the stuff of political risk analysis. Growing interest in this activity is little based on broad analyses of the past or on long-term forecasts of future events. The potential consumers of political assessments are intelligent, harried bankers and corporate managers who are pressed to make relatively short-term decisions that affect the viability of enterprise and investment-and, equally important, careers-in professions where tenure is unknown.
Microcomputers: Basic Choice Factors
Authors: Marks Gregory A. 
Published: April 2006

In the last few years a computing revolution has been started. We have arrived at a point where an individual can have access to a personal computer that has real advantages over larger minicomputers and mainframes for a number of significant applications. When the further step is taken of providing a communications link between that personal computer and those larger systems, the overall result is a combination of capabilities of unprecedented potential.As in any revolution, there have been problems and mistakes along the path. Indeed there are still shortcomings and hazards to be avoided. Nonetheless, there are personal computing systems available which offer many advantages for a wide spectrum of academic and professional people. This document is intended as an overview of what is currently marketed, providing reference points for the interested individual.
Statistical Packages for Personal Computers
Authors: Grafton Carl , Permaloff Anne 
Published: April 2006

An impressive number of reasonably priced personal computer software packages of interest to political scientists are now on the market. Owners of computers such as the TRS-80 Model III and the Apple II can purchase software for word processing and statistical analysis which can substantially increase their productivity. Scholars trying to meet publication deadlines need no longer be delayed by harried secretaries trying single-handedly to meet the needs of an entire department. A computer/word processor used by a typist of average ability is nearly the equal of a good professional secretary. And those with even fairly large statistical analysis requirements may no longer be tied to the university's hectic “computer center” where they must wait in line for terminals, try to think amid constant movement and never-ending conversation, or suffer errors produced by noise injected between their terminal and the main frame along telephone lines.This is an analysis of statistical packages sold by four companies for use on a variety of low, moderate, and high priced personal computers. Our focus on these packages reflects our statistical needs for research and teaching. We were looking for programs capable of handling relatively large data bases and with the capacity to perform multiple regression and time series analyses. We needed a program that could be used to analyze data generated from small survey samples. This required both frequency distribution and contingency table development and analysis. Finally, we needed a program or programs in an affordable price range.
The Advanced Study Program of the Brookings Institution
Authors: Carroll James D. 
Published: April 2006

The Advanced Study Program of the Brookings Institution may be the largest continuing seminar on public policy in the United States, if not the world.Is the American Constitutional system adequate to the needs of contemporary society?Is the American system of government dominated by “special interests”?Do “limits to growth” threaten to bring about increasing conflict among income groups in the United States?Is the decline in economic productivity a threat to the international security of the United States?What are the strengths and weaknesses of supply side economics?What are the implications of the growth of the service economy for the various regions of the United States?What are the relationships and tradeoffs among energy policy, inflation, environmental objectives, and regulatory policy?What are the ethical implications of major public policies?Each year, these and similar questions are explored in the approximately 100 seminars, conferences, and other educational programs conducted by the Advanced Study Program.
Learning from Failures Present and Past
Authors: Elfin Margery L. 
Published: April 2006

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is not the first failed attempt to amend the U.S. Constitution to make the political power of women more equal to that of men. Nor was the first failure connected with the so-called Women's Suffrage Amendment which was ratified in 1920. Rather, it occurred 50 years and four successful amendments earlier. Despite the determined efforts of a small group of women, the Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed the right of all male citizens to vote regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” but left out women altogether.It would be foolhardy to draw neat parallels between the experiences of activist women at two times as different as 1870 and the present. Nonetheless, it can be an instructive exercise.Americans have always been suspicious of elites, and criticism leveled at the leadership of the ERA reflects that attitude. It would be unlikely, however, for a mass movement to be the propelling force behind a constitutional amendment. Looking back at the struggle over the Fifteenth Amendment, we see that a small band of educated, upper-middle-class women fought for the inclusion of women. That those women were perceived as an elite does seem to have hurt their cause. Similarly, the ERA's chances may have been damaged by a perception that its chief proponents were not typical American women.Yet, the political culture of the time is clearly of greatest importance in determining an amendment's passage. In 1870 the barriers to acceptance of women as leaders were so great that even communicating their views was no easy task for the early suffragettes. The culture was resistant to women “speaking out.”
Reflections from Inside the Beltway: How Congress and the President Grapple with Health Policy
Authors: Fuchs Beth C. , Hoadley John F. 
Published: April 2006

As many political humorists remind us regularly, politics “inside the Beltway” is not always of interest or relevance to the rest of the world. Yet for political scientists interested in the ongoing evolution of America's health care system, what goes on inside the Beltway has great import. For any proposed reform, there are three basic steps: getting the issue on the political agenda, securing passage of pertinent legislation, and implementation (although we intend to narrow our discussion to the first two).A common criticism of academic political science is the disparity between the textbook portrayal of policymaking and the reality of what happens in Washington. In this article, we use abbreviated case studies to inject a dose of “inside the Beltway” reality into the images of policymaking. Included in our discussion is an account of how one issue—catastrophic health insurance—reached the political agenda and then more general comments on how health legislation has been considered and passed in recent years, with particular emphasis on the use of the budget reconciliation process. While cursory, we think these reflections provide a thumbnail sketch of how Washington is attending to important issues of health policy.
Expert vs. Expert: Lessons from Badham v. Eu
Authors: Wuffle A. 
Published: April 2006

Professors Cain and Grofman were kind enough to suggest that I review the expert witness declarations in Badham v. Eu (D.C. California, 1984) in the light of my own previous research on expert witness testimony to identify frequently used modes of argumentation.The single most important observation I can make about the nature of the expert witness testimony in Badham is to note its high quality. The experts in Badham are addressing real issues. The differences among these experts rest on differing normative views and on disputes about difficult empirical and methodological questions. Moreover, the genuine expertise of these social scientists cannot be in dispute. Thus, the most common techniques used in disputations among experts: (1) impeaching an expert witness' motives (e.g., accusing him of being a “hired gun” or an “ideological partisan”); (2) downgrading his academic credentials or claims to subject matter expertise; and (3) finding instances where his testimony has been repudiated by the courts, are simply inapplicable. This has not left the experts in Badham at a loss for words—but none of the disagreements among them are in the nature of ad hominem attacks.
The Other Side of the Camera: A TV Reporter's Stint as a Congressional Aide
Authors: Warren Larry 
Published: April 2006

On a drizzly late afternoon, soon after the November 1984 elections and well before the start of the 99th Congress, I slogged into the Cannon House Office Building for an interview with a real, live congressman. This was not a new experience. As a television reporter for a decade, I'd interviewed dozens of representatives and senators along the way. This interview was entirely different, however, because this time I was looking for a job, and the member was looking for an APSA Congressional Fellow to help out in his office.After the usual half hour wait in the lobby, I was ushered in to meet the member. It was football season and before settling into the couch, he was bragging about his alma mater's quarterback. Fortunately, my home team had a hot quarterback too, so we debated quarterback's arms instead of the nuclear or conventional variety. I was scheduled for 20 minutes with the member, and half the time expired before the member abruptly turned to the real subject at hand—hockey. About the time I'd run through the last fact in my hockey memory, the member actually picked up my resume and scanned it.One fact leaped from the page and got him even more worked up than his quarterback's passing percentage. “So you're a TV reporter, huh? I've always liked having TV guys around.” By now the 20-minute interview time was up, but it would be another 1½ hours before I got back out into the rain, with my first real insight into politics and TV news, from the other side of the camera.
Fibers
Authors: Hsieh You‐Lo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis survey provides an overview of fiber consumption trends, and of the structure and properties of those fibers that are used in the production of typical apparel, household, and industrial textiles. Both naturally occurring fibers, such as cotton and wool, and synthetic fibers are discussed. The three principal types of fibrous materials (woven, knitted, and nonwoven) are defined and described, as is the relative importance of various geometric, physical, and chemical properties of fibers. Particular attention is given to mechanical properties, since fibers can be viewed as elements of construction from which complex three‐dimensional structures are manufactured. Finally, this survey provides an overview of the important molecular and macromolecular characteristics of those polymers that are fiber forming. These considerations extend to natural vegetable fibers, where the principal polymer is cellulose, and to fabricated fibers based either on modification of cellulose or on synthetic polymers, among which polyamides, polyesters, polyolefins, and polyacrylonitrile are the most important.
Membrane Properties of Branched Polyprenyl Phosphates, Postulated as Primitive Membrane Constituents
Authors: Gotoh Mari , Miki Ayako , Nagano Hajime , Ribeiro Nigel , Elhabiri Mourad , Gumienna‐Kontecka Elzbieta , Albrecht‐Gary Anne‐Marie , Schmutz Marc , Ourisson Guy , Nakatani Yoichi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe have postulated earlier that the highly branched isoprenoid alkanes, which are distributed widely in many sediments, may have been derived from the corresponding branched polyprenyl phosphates, potentially present in biomembranes in primitive organisms. These polyprenyl‐branched polyprenyl phosphates might be derived by a simple alkylation from non‐substituted polyprenyl phosphates, which we postulate to be the precursors of all membrane terpenoids. We have now synthesized a series of 6‐(poly)prenyl‐substituted polyprenyl phosphates and studied the formation of vesicles from these phosphates, as a function of the substituted‐chain length, the position of the double bond, and pH. Nine of the branched polyprenyl phosphates containing 20–30 C‐atoms do form vesicles at a ‘physiological’ pH; the lipophilicity/hydrophilicity ratio is as expected an important factor. We have also studied the water permeability through membranes of these branched polyprenyl phosphate vesicles by our stopped‐flow/light‐scattering method. These highly branched polyprenyl phosphates can more effectively reduce the water permeability than non‐substituted polyprenyl phosphates: the vesicles formed by the former are more stable against mechanical stress. This reinforces our hypothesis about the origin of the sedimentary polyprenyl‐substituted polyprene hydrocarbons.
Prison segregation: administrative detention remedy or mental health problem?
Authors: Miller Holly A. , Young Glenn R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis research was performed as a follow‐up study of general psychological distress levels for inmates housed in restricted environments. Previous research has found increased levels of psychological distress in more restrictive environments, as measured by the global indices of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). This study supported previous findings and found increased distress within three of the nine primary symptom dimensions of the BSI in the current conditions of a federal correctional institution and its segregation unit. This research is the first to report on the psychological distress symptom of interpersonal sensitivity and present the possibility that more severe levels of restriction may be increasing the problems within prisons rather than relieving them. The implications of these findings and the direction of future research are discussed. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Crime, illegal drug use and social control in the transition from school to work
Authors: Hartnagel Timothy F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSome research on adolescents has suggested that delinquency and drug use may have a common aetiology. However, there have been fewer studies on this question among older youth in transition to adulthood. The present research draws upon social control theory to test hypotheses concerning the impact of labour market problems on crime and cannabis use during the transition from school to work. Unemployment and job instability during this transition may be a source of both crime and drug use, particularly among those youth who have particular attitudes and beliefs about the labour market. Contrasting predictions of control and strain theory concerning the interaction between labour market experiences and attitudes are tested in a multivariate analysis with longitudinal data from a four‐year follow‐up of high school graduates from three Canadian cities. Whilst the results demonstrate some overlap in the risk factors for crime and cannabis use, there are also differing causal patterns that suggest minor crime may represent a response to temporary labour market problems whereas cannabis use is a more enduring behaviour pattern. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.