bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence-Based Practice, Response to Intervention, and the Prevention of Reading Difficulties
Authors: Justice Laura M. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
This article provides an evidence-based perspective on what school communities can do to lower the prevalence of reading difficulties among their pupils through preventive interventions. It also delineates the roles that speech-language pathologists (SLPs) might play in these interventions.

Method
This article is organized to first provide a broad overview of current directions in research, practice, and policy in educational interventions, with an emphasis on how the three are increasingly integrated to respond to evidence showing that American school children are underperforming in reading. Next, the concept of response to intervention (RTI) is described. RTI is an educational policy and practice that is grounded in the accumulated literature that focuses on how schools might better organize themselves to deliver multitiered reading interventions to reduce children’s risk for reading disability. Last, this article provides three organizational principles that school-based professionals, including SLPs, might follow to deliver RTI interventions.

Implications
This article provides an important and timely description of key concepts in the prevention of reading difficulties through proactive multitiered interventions. SLPs can draw on the suggestions presented here to inform their local efforts in implementing preventive literacy programs that are consistent with an RTI paradigm.
Epilogue: Some Final Thoughts on EBP
Authors: Kamhi Alan G. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
In this afterward, I will offer some final thoughts on this clinical forum by considering a central question of EBP—how experimental validation is defined—to illustrate the difficulty involved in implementing EBP.

Method
The comments draw on critical reviews I have received on my article in this forum and conversations I have had with professional colleagues about EBP.

Conclusion
Like most scientific constructs, EBP is open to different interpretations. At their worst, these differences have the potential to polarize clinical practice. The hope, however, as Kent and Fey have expressed, is that articles and commentaries such as these will serve as the basis for discussion and even argument among clinicians and researchers as we attempt to define a philosophy and implementation of EBP suited to our profession.
Characteristics of Speech Errors Produced by Children With and Without Delayed Phonological Awareness Skills
Authors: Rvachew Susan , Chiang Pi-Yu , Evans Natalia 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the types of speech errors that are produced by children with speech-sound disorders and the children’s phonological awareness skills during their prekindergarten and kindergarten years.

Method
Fifty-eight children with speech-sound disorders were assessed during the spring of their prekindergarten year and then again at the end of their kindergarten year. The children’s responses on the Goldman–Fristoe Test of Articulation (R. Goldman & M. Fristoe, 2000) were described in terms of match ratios for the features of each target sound and the type of error produced. Match ratios and error type frequencies were then examined as a function of the child’s performance on a test of phonological awareness.

Results
Lower match ratios for +distributed and higher frequencies of typical syllable structure errors and atypical segment errors were associated with poorer phonological awareness test performance. However, no aspect of the children’s error patterns proved to be a reliable indicator of which individual child would pass or fail the test. The best predictor of test performance at the end of the kindergarten year was test performance 1 year earlier. Children who achieved age-appropriate articulation skills by the end of kindergarten also achieved age-appropriate phonological awareness skills.

Conclusion
Children who enter kindergarten with delayed articulation skills should be monitored to ensure age-appropriate acquisition of phonological awareness and literacy skills.
Understanding Alexithymia and Language Skills in Children: Implications for Assessment and Intervention
Authors: Way Ineke , Yelsma Paul , Van Meter Adelia M. , Black-Pond Connie 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThis article reviews the construct of alexithymia and its relationship to language impairment.MethodThe article includes a review of the literature on emotional competence, trauma effects, alexithymia, and language impairment; summarizes tools to assess alexithymia; and provides an intervention framework.ImplicationsUnderstanding the relationship of emotional competence and language impairment may provide a new perspective for speech-language pathologists who are serving children with language and socioemotional impairments.
The Stuttering Treatment Research Evaluation and Assessment Tool (STREAT): Evaluating Treatment Research as Part of Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Davidow Jason H. , Bothe Anne K. , Bramlett Robin E. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThis article presents, and explains the issues behind, the Stuttering Treatment Research Evaluation and Assessment Tool (STREAT), an instrument created to assist clinicians, researchers, students, and other readers in the process of critically appraising reports of stuttering treatment research.MethodThe STREAT was developed by combining and reorganizing previously published recommendations about the design and conduct of stuttering treatment research.ConclusionsIf evidence-based practice is to be widely adopted as the basis for stuttering assessment and treatment, procedures must be developed and distributed that will allow students, clinicians, and other readers without specialized knowledge of research design to critically appraise treatment research reports. The STREAT is intended to be such an instrument: It represents the consensus of previous methodological recommendations; it is consistent with and complements existing recommendations in evidence-based medicine and in the broader science of treatment outcome evaluation; and it is formatted into a single instrument for ease of use.
Speech Characteristics of Patients With Pallido-Ponto-Nigral Degeneration and Their Application to Presymptomatic Detection in At-Risk Relatives
Authors: Liss Julie M. , Krein-Jones Kari , Wszolek Zbigniew K. , Caviness John N. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
This report describes the speech characteristics of individuals with a neurodegenerative syndrome called pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND) and examines the speech samples of at-risk, but asymptomatic, relatives for possible preclinical detection.

Method
Speech samples of 9 members of a PPND kindred were subjected to perceptual characterization. Speech deterioration patterns were reported for 2 participants followed longitudinally at 6-month intervals. Cross-sectional findings were reported for 3 participants at various stages of disease. Longitudinal and cross-sectional findings were used to guide the examination of 4 at-risk, but asymptomatic, participants.

Results
Results revealed a progressive mixed dysarthria with hypokinetic, spastic, and flaccid features. It was characterized primarily by vocal tremor and high-frequency vocal flutter, speaking rate abnormalities most often in the direction of slowing, and a tendency toward monopitch. Dysarthria progression was marked by exacerbation and increasing severity of early features, progressive decrease in spontaneous speech output, verbal perseverations, and eventual mutism. Results for at-risk participants revealed preclinical speech abnormalities that preceded other motor signs. Speech results were examined in light of available autopsy findings for site of lesion associations.

Conclusion
The dysarthria of PPND is an early harbinger of disease onset. It has a mixed presentation, with hypokinetic, spastic, and flaccid features.
Clinical Relevance of Discourse Characteristics After Right Hemisphere Brain Damage
Authors: Lehman Blake Margaret 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
Discourse characteristics of adults with right hemisphere brain damage are similar to those reported for healthy older adults, prompting the question of whether changes are due to neurological lesions or normal aging processes. The clinical relevance of potential differences across groups was examined through ratings by speech-language pathologists.

Method
A thinking-out-loud task was used to elicit discourse from 8 individuals with right brain damage and 8 healthy older adults. Speech-language pathologists rated discourse transcripts on content and quantity variables and then classified them as belonging to a participant with or without brain damage. Subjective ratings were validated against corroborating measures.

Results
Discourse produced by adults with right brain damage was rated as more tangential and egocentric than that from healthy older adults. Extreme verbosity or paucity of speech was attributed to people with right brain damage. One third of the speech-language pathologists accurately classified discourse samples according to group, whereas the others displayed biases toward one group or the other.

Conclusions
Tangentiality, egocentrism, and extremes of quantity are clinically relevant characteristics of discourse produced by adults with right brain damage. Speech-language pathologists must be aware of potential biases that influence their perception of “normal” discourse production.
Comparison of Context-Based Interaction Patterns of Mothers Who Are Homeless With Their Preschool Children
Authors: O’Neil-Pirozzi Therese M. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
The primary purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the influence of context on interaction patterns used by mothers who are homeless with their preschool children during book-reading and game-playing activities. The impact of mothers’ previously determined language functioning on their contextual use of facilitating language utterances was also examined.

Method
Using a prospective, nonrandomized, comparison group design, mothers read a book and played a game with their preschool children. Facilitating language utterances produced by the mothers in 16 mother–child dyads during each activity were analyzed.

Results
Regardless of their language functioning, no significant contextual differences in percentage use of facilitating language utterances were found across mothers. Overall maternal use of facilitating utterances was less than 50%. Across both contexts, mothers used few different types of facilitating language utterances.

Conclusions
This exploratory study provides initial evidence of overall consistency of facilitating language utterance use by mothers who are homeless during interactions with their preschool children across contexts, regardless of maternal language functioning. This study provides an initial framework for future research investigating the interactions of families who are homeless and discusses possible language interventions for these at-risk families.
Measuring Communicative Participation: A Review of Self-Report Instruments in Speech-Language Pathology
Authors: Eadie Tanya L. , Yorkston Kathryn M. , Klasner Estelle R. , Dudgeon Brian J. , Deitz Jean C. , Baylor Carolyn R. , Miller Robert M. , Amtmann Dagmar 
Published: May 2007

PurposeTo assess the adequacy of self-report instruments in speech-language pathology for measuring a construct called communicative participation.MethodSix instruments were evaluated relative to (a) the construct measured, (b) the relevance of individual items to communicative participation, and (c) their psychometric properties.ResultsNo instrument exclusively measured communicative participation. Twenty-six percent (n= 34) of all items (N= 132) across the reviewed instruments were consistent with communicative participation. The majority (76%) of the 34 items were associated with general communication, while the remaining 24% of the items were associated with communication at work, during leisure, or for establishing relationships. Instruments varied relative to psychometric properties.ConclusionsNo existing self-report instruments in speech-language pathology were found to be solely dedicated to measuring communicative participation. Developing an instrument for measuring communicative participation is essential for meeting the requirements of our scope of practice.
Stuttering Treatment Research 1970–2005: II. Systematic Review Incorporating Trial Quality Assessment of Pharmacological Approaches
Authors: Bothe Anne K. , Davidow Jason H. , Bramlett Robin E. , Franic Duska M. , Ingham Roger J. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
To complete a systematic review, incorporating trial quality assessment, of published research about pharmacological treatments for stuttering. Goals included the identification of treatment recommendations and research needs based on the available high-quality evidence.

Method
Multiple readers reviewed 31 articles published between 1970 and 2005, using a written data extraction instrument developed as a synthesis of existing standards and recommendations. Articles were then assessed using 5 methodological criteria and 4 outcomes criteria, also developed from previously published recommendations.

Results

None of the 31 articles met more than 3 of the 5 methodological criteria (
M =
1.74). Four articles provided data to support a claim of short-term improvement in social, emotional, or cognitive variables. One article provided data to show that stuttering frequency was reduced to less than 5%, and 4 additional articles provided data to show that stuttering may have been reduced by at least half. Among the articles that met the trial quality inclusion criterion for the second stage of this review, none provided uncomplicated positive reports.

Conclusions
None of the pharmacological agents tested for stuttering have been shown in methodologically sound reports to improve stuttering frequency to below 5%, to reduce stuttering by at least half, or to improve relevant social, emotional, or cognitive variables. These findings raise questions about the logic supporting the continued use of current pharmacological agents for stuttering.
Complexity in the Treatment of Naming Deficits
Authors: Kiran Swathi 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThis article discusses a novel approach for treatment of lexical retrieval deficits in aphasia in which treatment begins with complex, rather than simple, lexical stimuli. This treatment considers the semantic complexity of items within semantic categories, with a focus on their featural detail.Method and ResultsPrevious work on training items within animate categories (S. Kiran & C. K. Thompson, 2003b) and preliminary work aimed at items within inanimate categories are discussed in this article. Both these studies indicate that training atypical category items that entail features inherent in the category prototype as well as distinctive features that are not characteristic of the category prototype results in generalization to untrained typical examples which entail only features consistent with the category prototype. Conversely, training typical examples does not result in generalization to untrained atypical examples. In this article, it is argued that atypical items are more complex than typical items within a category, and a theoretical framework for this dimension of semantic complexity is discussed. Then, evidence from treatment studies that support this complexity hierarchy is presented. Potential patient- and stimulus-specific factors that may influence the success of this treatment approach are also discussed.ConclusionsThe applications of semantic complexity to treatment of additional semantic categories and functional applications of this approach are proposed.
Phonological Priming in Young Children Who Stutter: Holistic Versus Incremental Processing
Authors: Byrd Courtney T. , Conture Edward G. , Ohde Ralph N. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeTo investigate the holistic versus incremental phonological encoding processes of young children who stutter (CWS;N= 26) and age- and gender-matched children who do not stutter (CWNS;N= 26) via a picture-naming auditory priming paradigm.MethodChildren named pictures during 3 auditory priming conditions: neutral, holistic, and incremental. Speech reaction time (SRT) was measured from the onset of picture presentation to the onset of participant response.ResultsCWNS shifted from being significantly faster in the holistic priming condition to being significantly faster in the incremental priming condition from 3 to 5 years of age. In contrast, the majority of 3- and 5-year-old CWS continued to exhibit faster SRT in the holistic than the incremental condition.ConclusionCWS are delayed in making the developmental shift in phonological encoding from holistic to incremental processing, a delay that may contribute to their difficulties establishing fluent speech.
Effects of an Extended Version of the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment on Voice and Speech in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Spielman Jennifer , Ramig Lorraine O. , Mahler Leslie , Halpern Angela , Gavin William J. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
The present study examined vocal SPL, voice handicap, and speech characteristics in Parkinson’s disease (PD) following an extended version of the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT), to help determine whether current treatment dosages can be altered without compromising clinical outcomes.

Method
Twelve participants with idiopathic PD received the extended treatment version (LSVT-X), similar to LSVT except that it was administered twice a week in 1-hr sessions over 8 weeks and required substantially more home practice. Recordings were made in a sound-treated booth immediately before and after treatment, and again 6 months later. Vocal SPL was measured for 4 different tasks and compared with data from a previous study, in which participants with PD received traditional LSVT 4 times a week for 4 weeks. Listener ratings were conducted with audio samples from both studies, using sentence pairs from a standard passage. LSVT-X participants completed the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) before each set of recordings.

Results
Participants receiving LSVT-X significantly increased vocal SPL by 8 dB after treatment and maintained increased vocal SPL by 7.2 dB at 6 months. VHI scores improved for 25% of the LSVT-X participants following treatment, and listener ratings indicated audible improvement in speech.

Conclusions
LSVT-X successfully increased vocal SPL (which was consistent with improvements following traditional LSVT), decreased perceived voice handicap, and improved functional speech in individuals with PD. Further large-scale research is required to truly establish LSVT-X efficacy.
Speech and Language Skills of Parents of Children With Speech Sound Disorders
Authors: Lewis Barbara A. , Freebairn Lisa A. , Hansen Amy J. , Miscimarra Lara , Iyengar Sudha K. , Taylor H. Gerry 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
This study compared parents with histories of speech sound disorders (SSD) to parents without known histories on measures of speech sound production, phonological processing, language, reading, and spelling. Familial aggregation for speech and language disorders was also examined.

Method
The participants were 147 parents of children with SSD (58 fathers and 89 mothers) who were directly tested and interviewed for family history of disorders.

Results
Thirty-six parents (18 mothers and 18 fathers) reported enrollment in speech therapy as children for SSD. Parents with a history of speech therapy obtained lower scores on the Multisyllabic Word Repetition, Nonword Repetition, and Tongue Twister tasks than parents without such histories. These parents also had poorer reading, spelling, and receptive language skills. Parents with histories of SSD and additional language impairments (LI) performed worse than parents with isolated SSD on all measures except Pig Latin and oral motor skills. Familial aggregation for SSD and LI was supported. In addition, the likelihood of SSD in a family member increased by a factor of 1.9 over rates of SSD found in individuals without additional family members with SSD, and the odds of LI increased by a factor of 4.1 over rates of LI found in individuals without additional family members with LI for each additional family member with SSD or LI, respectively.

Conclusions
The results documented both residual effects in adulthood of childhood SSD and familial aggregation for SSD. These residual difficulties do not appear to affect educational and occupational outcomes.
The Use of Ultrasound in Remediation of North American English /r/ in 2 Adolescents
Authors: Adler-Bock Marcy , Bernhardt Barbara May , Gick Bryan , Bacsfalvi Penelope 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
Ultrasound can provide images of the tongue during speech production. The present study set out to examine the potential utility of ultrasound in remediation of North American English /r/.

Method
The participants were 2 Canadian English-speaking adolescents who had not yet acquired /r/. The study included an initial period without ultrasound and 13 treatment sessions, each 1 hr long, using ultrasound. Speech samples were recorded at screening and immediately before and after treatment. Samples were analyzed acoustically and with listener judgments. Ultrasound images were obtained before, during, and after the treatment period.

Results
Three speech-language pathologists unfamiliar with the participants rated significantly more posttreatment tokens as accurate [r]s in single words and some phrases. Acoustic analyses showed an expected lowering of the third formant after treatment. A qualitative observation of posttreatment ultrasound images for accurate [r] tokens showed tongue shapes to be more similar to those of typical adults than had been observed before treatment. Participants needed continued practice of their newly acquired skills in sentences and conversation.

Conclusion
Two-dimensional dynamic ultrasound appears to have potential utility for remediation of /r/ in speakers with residual /r/ impairment. Further research is needed with larger numbers of participants to establish the relative efficacy of ultrasound in treatment.
Genetic Etiology in Cases of Recovered and Persistent Stuttering in an Unselected, Longitudinal Sample of Young Twins
Authors: Dworzynski Katharina , Remington Anna , Rijsdijk Frühling , Howell Peter , Plomin Robert 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
The contribution of genetic factors in the persistence of and early recovery from stuttering was assessed.

Method
Data from the Twins Early Development Study were employed. Parental reports regarding stuttering were collected at ages 2, 3, 4, and 7 years, and were used to classify speakers into recovered and persistent groups. Of 12,892 children with at least 2 ratings, 950 children had recovered and 135 persisted in their stutter.

Results
Logistic regressions showed that the rating at age 2 was not predictive of later stuttering, whereas ratings at ages 3 and 4 were. Concordance rates were consistently higher for monozygotic than for dizygotic twin pairs (with the exception of girls at age 3). At 3, 4, and 7 years, the liability to stuttering was highly heritable (h2 estimates of between .58 and .66). Heritability for the recovered and persistent groups was also high but did not differ from each other.

Conclusion
Stuttering appears to be a disorder that has high heritability and little shared environment effect in early childhood and for recovered and persistent groups of children, by age 7. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed.