bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE VISCOSITY OF VAPOURS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. PART III
Authors: Titani Toshizo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) An apparatus, based on the principle of Trautz and Weizel, was constructed for measuring the viscosity of vapours.
(2) With this apparatus the viscosity of vapours of the following substances were measured at temperatures between about 120° and 300°C.: air, n-pentane, n-hexane, hexamethylene, benzene, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, iso-propyl alcohol, acetone, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulphide.
(3) From these measurements the constants of both Sutherland and Reinganum as well as collision diameters of molecules were calculated.
(4) The collision diameters calculated from viscosity data were found to be nearly equal to those computed from the constants b in the van der Waals equation and they came out to be proportional to the cube roots of molecular volumes at boiling points, as was already pointed out in the preceding paper except few cases.
(5) Values obtained for collision diameters of non-polar compounds such as carbon tetrachloride and hexamethylene seem to be too large and those for strong polar compounds such as methyl alcohol too small as compared with the values of molecular diameters computed from b or from the molecular volumes at boiling points.
STUDIES ON THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE VOLATILE OIL FROM THE WOOD OF CHAMAECYPARIS FORMOSENSIS, MATSUM
Authors: Kafuku Kinzo , Ichikawa Nobutoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(i) The volatile oil from the wood of Chamaecyparis formosensis, Matsum., or Formosa cypress (benihi), contains much less terpenes and much more terpenes alcohols as compared with the volatile oil from the leaf of the same plant.
(ii) The predominant terpenes in the oil are d-a-pinene and d-camphene, and they are optically strongly active.
(iii) Among the terpenic alcoholic components there have been proved two new substances ‘benihiol’ C10H18O, and ‘benihinol’ C10H18O.
(iv) In the sesquiterpene fraction, a new sesquiterpene whose hydrochloride has the melting point 103°–104°C. was isolated, and it was named sesquibenihene.
(v) Among the sesquiterpene alcohol fraction, there are, along with a tertiary alcohol of cadinol type, at least one more primary alcohol the exact nature of which is not yet definitely known.
HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE SILENT ELECTRIC DISCHARGE. XI
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The chemical reactions under the silent electric discharge were studied when hydrogen reacted with the following inorganic solid substances. (1) Potassium thiocyanate. Reaction products: hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, and potassium sulphide.
(2) Potassium silver cyanide. Reaction products: silver and hydrogen cyanide.
(3) Calcium thiocyanate. Reaction products: hydrogen cyanide,hydrogen sulphide, and calcium hydroxide.
(4) Ammonium thiocyanate. Reaction products: hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulphide.
(5) Sodium thiosulphate. Reaction products: sodium sulphite, hydrogen sulphide, and sulphur.
(6) Magnesium thiosulphate. Reaction products: Magnesium sulphite, hydrogen sulphide, and sulphur.
(7) Barium thiosulphate. Reaction products: Barium sulphite, barium sulphide, hydrogen sulphide, and sulphur.
(8) Barium chlorate. Reaction products: barium chloride and water.
The writer wishes to express his appreciation of a grant from the Imperial Academy towards the expenses of this research.
Disorder in alkali lead fluorides Na2–xKxPb11F18X6 with X = Cl, Br
Authors: Kubel Frank , Rief Andreas 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structures of five new alkali-lead halide compounds of the family M′2–x
M″xPb11F18X6 with M′, M″ = Na, K, Na/K mixed and X = Cl, Br were studied. The compounds crystallize in space group P63/m [176]. A disordered lead/alkali halide network around alkali-filled trigonal prismatic channels builds the structure. Both lead sites are partially replaced by alkaline ions. The trigonal prismatic channels formed by fluorides are filled with Na+ in Wyckoff site 2b (CN 6) with pop = 0.5 or K+ in Wyckoff site 2a (CN of 3 + 6) with pop = 0.5. For the potassium sample, a split position of the fluorides forming the channel was found.
The structures with one alkaline ion show lattice parameters of a = b = 14.0679(9) Å, c = 3.9954(4) Å (Na/Cl), a = b = 14.2617(14) Å, c = 3.9991(4) Å (K/Cl), a = b = 14.5267(7) Å, c = 4.0580(3) Å (K/Br).
In NaKPb11F18Br6 and the Na0.714(16)K1.286(16)Pb11F18Cl6 (lattice parameters a = b = 14.4377(12) Å, c = 4.0576(3) Å and a = b = 14.1780(7) Å, c = 4.0093(3) Å), the lead ions in the matrix are partially substituted only with potassium. The occupation of the channels however is different: both alkaline ions are found in the chloride, (but in different Wyckoff positions) whereas in the bromide only sodium was observed. NaKPb11F18Br6, can therefore be described as a new type in this structure family.
Lattice parameters of the alkaline mixed samples show unexpected increase of the c-axis for both heavy halides. This property may be related with the occupation of Wyckoff position 2b. A similar behaviour was found for Ba7F12Cl2 (Ba2+ with CN 3 + 6) doped with Ca2+ (CN 6).
The vibrational parameters of all alkaline ions in the channel are strongly anisotropic.
Syntheses, spectroscopic and X-ray structure analyses of two dioxouranium (VI) complexes: supramolecular framework built from O—H…O, C—H…O and stacking interactions
Authors: Chakraborty Santu , Dinda Subhajit , Bhattacharyya Ramgopal , Mukherjee Alok Kumar 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Two dioxouranium(VI) complexes, [UO2(PBHA)2(DMSO)] (I) and [UO2(SALOP)(H2O)] (II), PBHA = N-phenyl benzohydroxamate, DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide, SALOP = N,N′-bis (salicylidene)-o-phenylene diaminate have been synthesized, and characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray studies. Both compounds (I) and (II) crystallize in orthorhombic system with space group Pbca. The molecules in (I) are linked by intermolecular C–H…O hydrogen bonds into 32-membered tetrameric clusters (U4C12O8N4H4), which are further connected via uranyl oxygen atoms forming a three-dimensional supramolecular framework. In (II), intermolecular O—H…O hydrogen bonds between molecules related by inversion and translation generate infinite zigzag chains of R
2
2(8) rings running along the [010] direction. The parallel chains are interlinked through C—H…O hydrogen bonds producing a complex supramolecular architecture in (II).
Effects on Production Traits of Haplotypes Among Casein Genes in Norwegian Goats and Evidence for a Site of Preferential Recombination
Authors: Hayes Ben , Hagesæther Nina , Ådnøy Tormod , Pellerud Grunde , Berg Paul R , Lien Sigbjørn 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In goat milk the most abundant proteins are the casein genes, CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3. Mutations have been identified within these genes affecting the level of gene expression, and effects on milk production traits have been reported. The aim of this study was to detect polymorphisms (SNPs) in the casein genes of Norwegian goats, resolve haplotype structures within the loci, and assess the effect of these haplotypes on milk production traits. Four hundred thirty-six Norwegian bucks were genotyped for 39 polymorphic sites across the four loci. The numbers of unique haplotypes present in each locus were 10, 6, 4, and 8 for CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3, respectively. The effects of the CSN1S1 haplotypes on protein percentage and fat kilograms were significant, as were the effects of CSN3 haplotypes on fat percentage and protein percentage. A deletion in exon 12 of CSN1S1, unique to the Norwegian goat population, explained the effects of CSN1S1 haplotypes on fat kilograms, but not protein percentage. Investigation of linkage disequilibrium between all possible pairs of SNPs revealed higher levels of linkage disequilbrium for SNP pairs within casein loci than for SNP pairs between casein loci, likely reflecting low levels of intragenic recombination. Further, there was evidence for a site of preferential recombination between CSN2 and CSN1S2. The value of the haplotypes for haplotype-assisted selection (HAS) is discussed.
Effects of Sex and Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Signaling on Performance in an Associative Learning Paradigm inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Vellai Tibor , McCulloch Diana , Gems David , Kovács Attila L 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLearning is an adaptive change in behavior in response to environmental stimuli. In mammals, there is a distinct female bias to learn skills that is still unprecedented in other animal taxa. Here we have investigated the biological determinants of performance in an associative learning paradigm in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Using an assay of chemotactic reactions associated with food deprivation, wild-type male worms show inferior learning ability relative to hermaphrodites. Sex-based learning difference is therefore an ancient evolutionary feature appearing even in relatively simple animals. C. elegans mutants with reduced insulin/IGF-1 signaling also exhibit a greatly reduced learning ability in this assay. In addition, hyperactivation of insulin/IGF-1 signaling through loss-of-function mutations in the PTEN phosphatase daf-18, a negative regulator of insulin/IGF-1 signaling, enhances learning ability beyond that of wild type. According to our epistasis analysis, the effect of DAF-2 on learning acts via phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) production, but not the DAF-16 FOXO transcription factor. This implies that the signaling pathway from DAF-2 affecting this learning paradigm branches between PIP3 production and DAF-16. However, learning capacity of nematodes is lowered by loss-of-function mutations in daf-16, suggesting involvement of noninsulin/IGF-1 signaling-dependent DAF-16 activation in learning. Potentially, sex and insulin/IGF-1 signaling affect performance in this learning assay via effects on the neurobiology of learning.
An Efficient Genetic Screen in Drosophila to Identify Nuclear-Encoded Genes With Mitochondrial Function
Authors: Liao T S Vivian , Call Gerald B , Guptan Preeta , Cespedes Albert , Marshall Jamie , Yackle Kevin , Owusu-Ansah Edward , Mandal Sudip , Fang Q Angela , Goodstein Gelsey L , Kim William , Banerjee Utpal 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We conducted a screen for glossy-eye flies that fail to incorporate BrdU in the third larval instar eye disc but exhibit normal neuronal differentiation and isolated 23 complementation groups of mutants. These same phenotypes were previously seen in mutants for cytochrome c oxidase subunit Va. We have molecularly characterized six complementation groups and, surprisingly, each encodes a mitochondrial protein. Therefore, we believe our screen to be an efficient method for identifying genes with mitochondrial function.
An Unconventional Nuclear Localization Motif Is Crucial for Function of the Drosophila Wnt/Wingless Antagonist Naked Cuticle
Authors: Waldrop Sharon , Chan Chih-Chiang , Cagatay Tolga , Zhang Shu , Rousset Raphaël , Mack Judy , Zeng Wenlin , Fish Matt , Zhang Mei , Amanai Manami , Wharton Keith A 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signals orchestrate cell fate and behavior throughout the animal kingdom. Aberrant Wnt signaling impacts nearly the entire spectrum of human disease, including birth defects, cancer, and osteoporosis. If Wnt signaling is to be effectively manipulated for therapeutic advantage, we first must understand how Wnt signals are normally controlled. Naked cuticle (Nkd) is a novel and evolutionarily conserved inducible antagonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling that is crucial for segmentation in the model genetic organism, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Nkd can bind and inhibit the Wnt signal transducer Dishevelled (Dsh), but the mechanism by which Nkd limits Wnt signaling in the fly embryo is not understood. Here we show that nkd mutants exhibit elevated levels of the β-catenin homolog Armadillo but no alteration in Dsh abundance or distribution. In the fly embryo, Nkd and Dsh are predominantly cytoplasmic, although a recent report suggests that vertebrate Dsh requires nuclear localization for activity in gain-of-function assays. While Dsh-binding regions of Nkd contribute to its activity, we identify a conserved 30-amino-acid motif, separable from Dsh-binding regions, that is essential for Nkd function and nuclear localization. Replacement of the 30-aa motif with a conventional nuclear localization sequence rescued a small fraction of nkd mutant animals to adulthood. Our studies suggest that Nkd targets Dsh-dependent signal transduction steps in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments of cells receiving the Wnt signal.
Evidence That Sea Lamprey Control Led to Recovery of the Burbot Population in Lake Erie
Authors: Stapanian Martin A. , Madenjian Charles P. , Witzel Larry D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBetween 1987 and 2003, the abundance of burbot Lota lota in eastern Lake Erie increased significantly, especially in Ontario waters. We considered four hypotheses to explain this increase: (1) reduced competition with lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, the other major coldwater piscivore in Lake Erie; (2) increased abundance of the two main prey species, rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax and round goby Neogobius melanostomus; (3) reduced interference with burbot reproduction by alewives Alosa pseudoharengus; and (4) reduced predation by sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus on burbot. Species abundance data did not support the first three hypotheses. Our results suggested that the apparent recovery of the burbot population of Lake Erie was driven by effective sea lamprey control. Sea lamprey predation appeared to be the common factor affecting burbot abundance in Lakes Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. In addition, relatively high alewife density probably depressed burbot abundance in Lakes Ontario and Michigan. We propose that a healthy adult lake trout population may augment burbot recovery in some lakes by serving as a buffer against sea lamprey predation and will not negatively impact burbot through competition.
Intraspecific variation in a new solitary rugose coral, Commutia
exoleta, from the Lower Carboniferous of the Baoshan Block,
Southwest China
Authors: Wang Xiang-Dong , Tetsuo Sugiyama , Zhang Feng 
Published: July 2006

Based on 137 specimens examined, the new species Commutia
exoleta is characterized by a small, slightly scolecoid
shape with 21 septa at a mean maximum corallite diameter of 6 mm (range 3 to
10.5 mm); a persistent inner wall, which encloses an aulos with a mean
maximum diameter of 1.2 mm, formed during an early ontogenetic stage when
the axial ends of the cardinal, alar and counter-lateral septa fused; short
counter septa are lacking in the earliest stage of development.
Corallites are highly variable. Characters exhibiting a wide range of
variation are: size and shape of corallites, number of septa, diameter of
aulos and the timing of its appearance, number of septa connected to the
inner wall, and the septal arrangement in each growth quadrant. Combinations
of these variable characters result in corallites that are each uniquely
different. Variations of those characters are partly due to stressed
environments, such as unstable, muddy substrates resulting in corallite
rejuvenescence and redirection.
Herbivore paleodiet and paleoenvironmental changes in Chad during the Pliocene using stable isotope ratios of tooth enamel carbonate
Authors: Zazzo Antoine , Bocherens Hervé , Billiou Daniel , Mariotti André , Brunet Michel , Vignaud Patrick , Beauvilain Alain , Mackaye Hassane Taisso 
Published: July 2006

Chad is a key region for understanding early hominid geographic expansion in relation to late Miocene and Pliocene environmental changes, owing to its location 2500 km west from the Rift Valley and to the occurrence of sites ranging in age from about 6 to 3 Ma, some of which yield fossil hominids. To reconstruct changes in herbivore paleodiet and therefore changes in the paleoenvironment, we measured the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of 80 tooth-enamel samples from three time horizons for nine families of Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, and Artiodactyla. The absence of significant alteration of in vivo isotopic signatures can be determined for carbon, thus allowing paleodietary and paleoenvironmental interpretations to be made.While the results generally confirm previous dietary hypotheses, mostly based on relative crown height, there are some notable surprises. The main discrepancies are found among low-crowned proboscideans (e.g., Anancus) and high-crowned rhinocerotids (Ceratotherium). Both species were more opportunistic feeders than it is usually believed. This result confirms that ancient feeding ecology cannot always be inferred from dental morphology or extant relatives.There is an increase in the average carbon isotope composition of tooth enamel from the oldest unit to the youngest, suggesting that the environment became richer in C4 plants with time. In turn, more C4 plants indicate an opening of the plant cover during this period. This increase in carbon isotope composition is also recorded within genera such as Nyanzachoerus, Ceratotherium, and Hexaprotodon, indicating a change from a C3-dominated to a C4-dominated diet over time. It appears that, unlike other middle Pliocene hominid sites in eastern and southern Africa, this part of Chad was characterized by very open conditions and that savanna-like grasslands were already dominant when hominids were present in the area.
Diversity of coralline red algae: origination and extinction patterns from the Early Cretaceous to the Pleistocene
Authors: Aguirre Julio , Riding Robert , Braga Juan C. 
Published: July 2006

Data from a comprehensive literature survey for the first time provide stage-level resolution of Early Cretaceous through Pleistocene species diversity for nongeniculate coralline algae. Distributions of a total of 655 species in 23 genera were compiled from 222 publications. These represent three family-subfamily groupings each with distinctive present-day distributions: (1) Sporolithaceae, low latitude, mainly deep water; (2) Melobesioid corallinaceans, high latitude, shallow water, to low latitude, deep water; (3) Lithophylloid/mastophoroid corallinaceans, mid- to low latitude, shallow water.Raw data show overall Early Cretaceous-early Miocene increase to 245 species in the Aquitanian, followed by collapse to only 43 species in the late Pliocene. Rarefaction analysis confirms the pattern of increase but suggests that scarcity of publications exaggerates Neogene decline, which was actually relatively slight.Throughout the history of coralline species, species richness broadly correlates with published global paleotemperatures based on benthic foraminifer δ18O values. The warm-water Sporolithaceae were most species-abundant during the Cretaceous, but they declined and were rapidly overtaken by the Corallinaceae as Cenozoic temperatures declined.Trends within the Corallinaceae during the Cenozoic appear to reflect environmental change and disturbance. Cool- and deep-water melobesioids rapidly expanded during the latest Cretaceous and Paleocene. Warmer-water lithophylloid/mastophoroid species increased slowly during the same period but more quickly in the early Oligocene, possibly reflecting habitat partitioning as climatic belts differentiated and scleractinian reef development expanded near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Melobesioids abruptly declined in the late Pliocene-Pleistocene, while lithophylloid/mastophoroids increased again. Possibly, onset of glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere (~2.4 Ma) sustained or accentuated latitudinal differentiation and global climatic deterioration, disrupting high-latitude melobesioid habitats. Simultaneously, this could have caused moderate environmental disturbance in mid- to low-latitude ecosystems, promoting diversification of lithophylloids/mastophoroids through the “fission effect.”Extinction events that eliminated >20% of coralline species were most severe (58–67% of species) during the Late Cretaceous and late Miocene-Pliocene. Each extinction was followed by substantial episodes of origination, particularly in the Danian and Pleistocene.
Leanchoilia guts and the interpretation of three-dimensional structures in Burgess Shale-type fossils
Authors: Butterfield Nicholas J. 
Published: July 2006

The Burgess Shale arthropod Leanchoilia superlata Walcott 1912, commonly preserves a three-dimensional axial structure generally interpreted as gut contents. Thin-section examination shows this instead to be phosphatized biserially repeated midgut glands, including exceptional preservation of subcellular features. The preferential mineralization of these structures is related to their unusually high chemical reactivity and probably to an internal source of phosphate. Sub-millimetric lineations previously interpreted as annular musculature are in fact planar, sometimes radially arranged, subdivisions of these glands. Ventral rows of isolated phosphate patches appear to represent the same tissue.In extant arthropods, extensively developed midgut glands are related to a rich but infrequent diet with a primary function in storage. Their conspicuous occurrence in unambiguous fossil predators such as Sidneyia and Laggania (Anomalocaris) suggests they served a similar role in the Cambrian; by extension, their conspicuous occurrence in Leanchoilia suggests it was a predator or scavenger.Phosphatized midguts with a structure essentially indistinguishable from that of Leanchoilia are also found in Burgess Shale Odaraia, Canadaspis, Perspicaris, Sidneyia, Anomalocaris, and Opabinia. All are characterized by a distinctive sub-millimetric arrangement of planar elements that is not found in extant arthropods or trilobites, suggesting they diverged before the last common ancestor of extant forms; i.e., they represent stem-group arthropods.Three-dimensionally preserved guts are widely preserved in the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota but, unlike those in the Burgess Shale, appear to be filled with sediment. Although generally interpreted as evidence of deposit feeding, the form of these structures points to early permineralization of (sediment-free) midgut glands that were subsequently altered to clay minerals. There is no evidence of deposit feeding in the Chengjiang; indeed, there is a case to be made for deposit feeding not being generally exploited generally until after the Cambrian.Fossils with three-dimensionally preserved axes from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet biota have been interpreted as lobopodians; however, most of the putative lobopodian features find alternative interpretations as aspects of Leanchoilia-type midgut glands. Although Kerygmachela is reliably identified as a stem-group arthropod, its phylogenetic position remains unresolved owing to the non-preservation of critical external features and to the plesiomorphic nature of its Leanchoilia-type midgut.