bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of varicella‐zoster virus DNA in blood of children with varicella
Authors: Ozaki Takao , Kajita Yuji , Asano Yoshizo , Aono Toshiya , Yamanishi Koichi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe nested polymerase chain reaction was used to detect varicella zoster virus (VZV) DNA in 67 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 39 otherwise healthy children with varicella. Eleven were during the incubation period and 56 were after appearance of rash. VZV DNA was detected in two of eight (25%) PBMC at the early phase of the incubation period (day –14 to –11). The rate of the detection increased to 67% in –5 to –1 days prior to the onset of the rash and 46% in 0–4 days after the onset. It declined gradually with time and was undetectable in patients after 15 days from the clinical onset. The serum antibody determined with the fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen was first detected in the samples on day 2 and subsequently increased to 100% rapidly. In conclusion, VZV DNA cannot be detected usually in PBMC of healthy children except in varicella. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic diversity of small round structured viruses in the United Kingdom
Authors: Norcott J. P. , Green J. , Lewis D. , Estes M. K. , Barlow K. L. , Brown D. W. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFifty‐two fecal specimens collected in the United Kingdom between 1986 and 1992, which contained small round structured virus (SRSV) particles, were tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays using two primer pairs derived from sequences of Snow Mountain Agent and Norwalk virus. There was poor correlation between results obtained with each primer pair. Twenty specimens (38%) gave positive bands with SM51/31 primers and 18 (34%) were positive with SM52/32 primers, with a total of 30 specimens (57.7%) giving amplification products of the expected size with one or both primer pairs. Genomic variation was investigated by sequencing a 266 bp region of the RNA polymerase gene from nine strains which had been antigenically typed by solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM). RNA sequence identities ranged from 53 to 99%. Three genomic groups were suggested by phylogenic analysis, the first of which contained Norwalk virus, Southampton virus, and strains typed by SPIEM as SRSV UK2. The second contained Snow Mountain agent and strains typed as either SRSV UK3 or UK4. The third contained strains typed as SRSV UK1 and strains untypeable by SPIEM. Some correlation was demonstrated when antigen typing by SPIEM and phylogenic grouping based on sequence data were compared. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of cytomegalovirus infection as a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis in the explanted hearts of patients undergoing heart transplantation
Authors: Dummer Stephen , Lee Ann , Breinig Mary Kay , Kormos Robert , Ho Monto , Griffith Bartley 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInfection with a human herpes virus, particularly cytomegalovirus (CMV), has been hypothesized to be a cofactor in the development of atherosclerosis in humans. We investigated the association of prior CMV infection with the presence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries of the native heart of 314 individuals undergoing heart transplantation. Age, male gender, race, tobacco use, and previous general and cardiac surgery were also studied as covariables. Factors associated with the presence of coronary atherosclerosis by univariate analysis were age greater than the median of 48 years (odds ratio [OR] = 5.9, 95% confidence intervals [Cl] 3.0–11.6; P < 0.0001), tobacco use (OR = 3.8, 95% Cl 2.1–7.0; P < 0.005), CMV seropositivity (OR = 3.1, 95% Cl 1.8–5.5; P < 0.001), and male gender (OR = 3.0, 95% Cl 1.6–5.4; P < 0.0005). When patients were divided into quartiles based on age, coronary atherosclerosis was shown to be associated with CMV seropositive status only in the youngest quartile of patients (OR = 3.6, 95% Cl 1.4–8.9; P < 0.01) but not in the older three quartiles of patients (OR = 0.9, 95% Cl = 0.3–2.4; P > 0.5). In multiple logistic regression analyses, CMV seropositivity was not a significant independent variable in the whole group of patients (P = 0.13) but remained a significant variable in the youngest quartile of patients (P = 0.01). However, 43% of these younger patients and 29% of all patients with coronary atherosclerosis were seronegative for CMV. We infer that prior CMV infection is not a general risk factor for atherosclerosis, but it may be a cofactor in a subset of younger patients. Further studies are warranted but need to be carefully controlled for confounding variables. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maturation of antibody avidity after primary human cytomegalovirus infection is delayed in immunosuppressed solid organ transplant patients
Authors: Lutz E. , Ward K. N. , Gray J. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn IgG antibody avidity assay which uses urea to modify a commercial enzyme‐linked immu‐nosorbent assay (ELISA) has been investigated for its ability to distinguish primary human cy‐tomegalovirus (CMV) from recurrent or long‐term infection. Twenty‐four immunosuppressed solid organ transplant patients were studied. The avidity indices for IgG to CMV were low for 12 out of 13 patients with primary infection (mean 18%), high for all 11 patients with long‐term infection (mean 85%), and the 1 patient with primary infection showing an intermediate avidity index (51%) was found to have acquired passively large amounts of CMV immunoglobulin, presumably of high avidity, during therapy.From the results, low and high avidity indices were defined as lying between 0–34% and 60–100%, respectively, and it was thus clear that the avidity assay can discriminate between primary and recurrent or long‐term CMV infection. The avidity indices of eight of the immunosuppressed organ transplant patients with primary infection were followed in serial serum samples over time and IgG antibody to CMV was found to take at least a year to mature to high avidity in contrast to the 2–6 months expected for normal subjects. This finding provides evidence that im‐munosuppression has subtle, hitherto unsuspected, effects on humoral immunity to CMV in addition to the well‐known depression of cell‐mediated responses. It is concluded that this reliable avidity assay will be of importance in the diagnosis of CMV infection and in elucidating the pathogenesis of CMV‐induced disease in organ transplant recipients. © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, inc.
E2 and NS5: New antigens for detection of hepatitis C virus antibodies
Authors: Zaaijer H. L. , Vallari D. S. , Cunningham M. , Lesniewski R. , Reesink H. W. , Van Poel C. L. Der , Lelie P. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe value of two new hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens for detection of HCV antibodies was studied. These two recombinant antigens were derived from the nonstructural‐5 (NS5) and envelope ‐2 (E2) region of the HCV genome. In a panel of 33 HCV‐RNA positive samples with indeterminate Riba‐2 confirmatory test results, 29 samples (88%) showed additional antibody reactivity against E2 and 12 samples (36%) snowed additional reactivity against NS5. Among 39 HCV‐RNA negative, Riba‐2 indeterminate donor samples, no additional E2 or NS5 reactivity was found in 34 samples (87%); while 5 samples (13%) showed additional reactivity against NS5 and/or E2. E2 reactivity thus resolved the majority of hitherto indeterminate samples. In serial samples from nine posttransfusion hepatitis C patients, NS5 and E2 antibodies did not appear earlier than classical HCV antibodies. However, E2 antibodies eventually appeared in all nine patients. The recombinant E2 might be a candidate antigen for future HCV antibody assays. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of hepatitis C virus genome in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded liver tissue by in situ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Lau George K. K. , Fang Jane W. S. , Wu P. C. , Davis Gary L. , Lau Johnson Y. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDetection of hepatic hepatitis C virus RNA and antigens is difficult since their expression is very low. The technique of in situ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (IS‐RT‐PCR) was developed for the detection and localization of HCV RNA in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded liver sections. Key steps for achieving a good signal‐to‐background ratio include appropriate proteolytic digestion, DNase pretreatment, higher Mg2+ concentration, primers from the core region, „hot‐start”︁, and between 10–20 cycles of PCR. Using this approach, HCV RNA was detected in the liver in four of the six patients. In those positive samples, the percentage of cells positive for HCV RNA ranges from <5 to 25%. Using RT‐PCR of serum samples and RNA extracted from the corresponding tissue block (10 sections) as the gold standard and sections from four control subjects as negative controls, the sensitivity and specificity of this assay was 4/6 and 4/4, respectively. The specific positive signal was found mainly in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and occasionally in mononuclear cells but not in the bile duct epithelium or sinusoidal cells. These positive hepatocytes were scattered in the liver lobules with occasional clustering. These preliminary data confirm the hepatotropic nature of HCV and the localization of HCV RNA is consistent with cytoplasmic replication. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: Rationale and clinical assessment of the safety and immunogenicity
Authors: van Damme P. , Matheï C. , Thoelen S. , Meheus A. , Safary A. , André F. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn comparison with the classical immunisation schedules (0‐1‐6 or 0‐1‐12 months) for hepatitis A, a 0‐ and 12‐ or a 0‐ and 6‐month schedule would have important advantages by reducing the number of injections and discomfort and increasing scheduling convenience and patient compliance. It would be convenient if a single dose with enough antigen could protect both rapidly and for at least 12 months, when the booster dose would be given. Several clinical trials have been carried out with an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine containing 1,440 ELU. (1 ml), according to a 0–12 and a 0–6 vaccination schedule.This hepatitis A vaccine is safe and well tolerated. It offers a rapid seroresponse: 14 days after a single dose the seroconversion is 88% (95% C.I.: 84.6–90.9). The 0–12 schedule study showed good persistence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies with a seroconversion rate of almost 95% at month 12. Booster doses given at 6 or 12 months result in a substantial rise in antibody levels; according to these antibody litres, the 1,440 EL. U. vaccine can be expected to confer comparable duration of protection as the 720 EL. U. vaccine, i.e., 10–20 years. Preliminary data show that tinning of the booster may not be critical for the antibody response.In conclusion, the 1,440 EL. U. hepatitis A vaccine is safe, offers rapid seroconversion, and is highly immunogenic. The persistence of HAV antibodies until month 12 allows a certain flexibility in the administration of the booster: month 6 or 12, and a 0–12 or 0–6 schedule can increase the vaccination compliance. copy; 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, inc.
Effects of ribavirin on intrahepatic and extrahepatic expression of hepatitis C virus in interferon nonresponsive patients
Authors: Koskinas John , Tibbs Christopher , Saleh Mohammed G. , Pereira Leila M. M. B. , McFarlane Ian G. , Williams Roger 
Published: March 2007

AbstractResponse to ribavirin therapy (1,000‐1,200 mg/day for 6 months) was evaluated in nine patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections who had previously failed to respond to a 6‐month course of alpha‐interferon. All had chronic active hepatitis with elevated serum aminotransferase activities (mean ± SD = 138 ± 66IU/I). During ribavirin therapy, three showed a complete response (normalized serum ami‐notransferase), although in one patient this returned to the pretreatment level 2 months after treatment was stopped. Three others showed a partial response (serum aminotransferase reduction by ⩾50;%) and the remainder showed no response. There were no consistent changes in HCV‐RNA (positive strand) in serum, liver, or peripheral blood mononuclear cells during therapy, but two patients lost HCV‐RNA from serum and three of five patients with negative strand HCV‐RNA in their livers lost this putative replicative form of the virus. The findings suggest that ribavirin may exert its effects by suppressing viral replication rather than by eradicating the virus, at least in this group of patients, and that the drug may have some benefit in selected cases of chronic hepatitis C that are resistant to inter‐feron. However, peripheral blood mononuclear cells represent a major extrahepatic reservoir of HCV and the present regimen of ribavirin therapy did not significantly affect this situation. More prolonged therapy may be required to eradicate the virus from this large pool of cells with the potential to continually reinfect the liver. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of augmenting effect of interferon‐γ on dengue virus multiplication in human peripheral blood monocytes
Authors: Sittisombut Nopporn , Maneekarn Niwat , Viputtikul Kwanjai , Supawadee Jiraporn , Kanjanahaluethai Amornrat , Kasinrerk Watchara 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of interferon—γ (IFN‐γ) on dengue virus multiplication in human peripheral blood mono‐cytes was investigated. Enriched monocytes were treated with IFN‐γ and then infected with dengue virus type 2 either directly or in the presence of optimal infection‐enhancing levels of antibodies. Pretreatment of monocytes from dengue‐immune donors with 100 IU/ml of IFN‐γ caused 12‐ to 97‐fold and 13‐ to 137‐fold reduction of virus yields at 24 hr after infection in the absence and presence of an anti‐flavivirus monoclonal antibody, respectively. IFN‐γ also diminished virus yields when infection of monocytes from a donor who lacked anti‐dengue antibody was enhanced 40‐fold. The percentage of infected monocytes in IFN‐γ‐pretreated cultures was similarly reduced. Dominance of the antiviral effect of IFN‐γ in monocytes is in contrast to an augmenting effect previously observed in the promonocytic cell line U937. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of a multiple peptide assay for typing of antibodies to the hepatitis C virus: Relation to genomic typing by the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Zhang Zhu‐Xu , Yun Zhi‐Bing , Chen Margaret , Sönnerborg Anders , Sällberg Matti 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA panel of 16 type‐specific synthetic peptides corresponding to variable antigenic regions within the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core, nonstruc‐tural 4 (NS4), and NS5 proteins was synthesised. The peptide panel was used to develop an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of antibodies directed to HCV type 1 (genotypes I/1a and II/1 b), type 2 (genotypes III/2a and IV/2b), and type 3 (genotype V/3). The peptides corresponded to residues 68–81 of the HCV core (types 1,2, and 3), residues 1692–1705 and 1710–1728 of HCV NS4 (types 1 a, 1 b, 2a, 2b, and 3), and residues 2303–2319 of HCV NS5 (types 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b). The 16‐peptide panel was evaluated using human sera from 46 carriers of HCV, which were genotyped in parallel by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for types I, II, III, IV, and V of HCV core. Of the 46 carriers, 14 (30%) were infected by HCV genotype I, 7 (15%) by genotype II, 16 (35%) by HCV genotype IV, and 6 (13%) by HCV of genotype V. Two carriers had double infections of types I and II, and the HCV strain of one carrier could not be genotyped. Using the serotyping system, 40 (89%) out of the 45 genotyped carriers were found to contain type‐specific antibodies corresponding to the genotypes identified by PCR. In 5 of the 23 carriers infected by genotypes I and/or II, antibodies specific for HCV type 1 could not be detected, whereas all 16 carriers infected by genotype IV were serologically typed as type 2. Out of the six carriers infected by HCV of genotype V, all were found to have antibodies of serotype 3, but in most cases together with antibodies to NS5 type 1, indicating sequence homologies between types 1 and 3 of this NS5 region. In the one patient serum where the HCV strain could not be genotyped, a mixture of types 1, 2, and 3 antibodies were found. In conclusion, a serotyping system with a sensitivity and specificity of 89% was developed. It is confirmed that at least three distinct serotypes of antibodies to HCV exist. The major advantage of using four different antigenic regions is that we often obtain high absor‐bance values which are easily interpreted, or multiple reactions which confirm each other. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiology of Norwalk virus during an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis aboard a US aircraft carrier
Authors: Sharp Trueman W. , Hyams Kenneth C. , Watts Douglas , Savarino Stephen J. , Trofa Andrew F. , Martin Gregory J. , Kapikian Albert Z. , Green Kim Y. , Jiang Xi , Estes Mary K. , Waack Matthew 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA large outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred over a 5‐week period aboard an aircraft carrier. The estimated cumulative attack rate was 13% among the 4,500‐man crew. Eight percent of the crew sought medical attention, nearly all of whom missed 1 day or more of work. The risk of developing illness was 2 to 3 times greater for individuals living in more crowded sleeping quarters ( >50 persons per compartment). Occurrence of gastroenteritis was associated with a fourfold or more rise in Norwalk virus antibody levels, as measured by an enzyme‐linked immunoassay utilizing a baculovirus expressed recombinant antigen. In addition, 27 nm Norwalk virus‐like particles were visualized in two of six stools examined by immune electron microscopy. The presence of a low (<1:50) or a high (⩽1:6,400) pre‐illness antibody level was associated with a lower incidence of illness. This investigation indicates that Norwalk virus can adversely impact operations of a military vessel and that crowding is a major risk factor in transmission. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of vaccine and wild mumps viruses by polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing of the SH gene: Brief report
Authors: Künkel Udo , Driesel Gerhard , Henning Ursula , Gerike Edith , Schreier Eckart , Willers Hildegard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe nucleotide sequences of the SH gene and its F gene flanking region were determined over a range of 322 nucleotides for two live vaccines, two vaccine‐associated isolates, six wild mumps viruses, and an attenuated mumps virus and compared to other sequences already published. Comparison revealed that the vaccine strains were clearly different from each other and the postvaccination isolates were different from the vaccines used. The viruses were assigned to three known cocirculating viral lineages. The attenuated mumps virus possesses nucleotide sequences identical to those of its progenitor Strain. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete nucleotide sequences and the characteristics of two hepatitis B virus mutants causing serologically negative acute or chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Uchida Toshikazu , Gotoh Kenichiro , Shikata Toshio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction from the sera of a patient with acute hepatitis and a patient with chronic hepatitis. Both patients were negative for serum hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antibodies and had been previously diagnosed as non‐A, non‐B, non‐C, non‐D, non‐E hepatitis. The nucleotide sequence revealed an 8‐nucleotide deletion in the X‐gene coding region creating a C‐terminally truncated X protein, and probable mutation of the enhancer 11/core promoter element. In addition, DR2 showed a T‐to‐C mutation at the extreme 5′‐terminus. These mutations within the X‐gene coding region must suppress replication and expression of HBV DNA, and this seems to be responsible for absence of serological markers despite the presence of HBV infection. © 1995 Wiley‐Uss, inc.
Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I in Iranian‐born Mashhadi Jews: Genetic and phylogenetic evidence for common source of infection
Authors: Nerurkar V. R. , Song K. J. , Melland R. R. , Yanagihara R. , Achiron A. , Melamed E. , Shohat B. , Pinhas‐Hamiel O. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHigh prevalence of human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I) infection and disease has been identified among Iranian‐born Mashhadi Jews, an ethnically segregated, highly inbred population. To determine the origin and genetic diversity of HTLV‐I in this group, 1,039 bp spanning selected regions of the HTLV‐I gag, pol, env and pX genes were enzymatically amplified and sequenced directly from DMA of five Mashhadi Jews (three with spastic myelopathy and two asymptomatic carriers). Alignment and comparison of these sequences with cosmopolitan and Australo‐Melanesian topotypes of HTLV‐I indicated that the HTLV‐I strains from Mashhadi Jews, which were ⩾99.9% identical among themselves, exhibited considerable sequence similarity (⩾99%) to HTLV‐I strains from southern India, suggesting a common source of infection. Phylogenetic analysis, using the maximum parsimony method, was consistent with a single‐source introduction of HTLV‐I into the Mashhadi Jewish community. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus infection in schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil
Authors: Pereira Leila M. M. B. , Saleh Mohammed G. , Koskinas John , Williams Roger , McFarlane Ian G. , Melo Marcelo C. V. , Domingues Ana L. C. , Spinelli Victorino , Mies Sérgio , Massarolo Paulo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe involvement of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the severity of liver disease in chronic schistosomiasis was investigated in 215 Brazilian patients with S. mansoni infections, but without evidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Forty‐three had hepatointestinal (HIS) and 172 had hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS), and 135 had compensated (HSSC), and 37 had decompensated (HSSD) liver disease. Fifty‐two (24%) were found to have evidence of HCV infection (sero‐positive for anti‐HCV antibodies and/or HCV‐RNA). These comprised 35 (95%) of the 37 with HSSD, 16 (12%) of the 135 with HSSC, and 1 (2.4%) of the 43 with HIS, compared with only 1 (2%) of 50 control patients without S. mansoni. Testing of matched liver tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 25 patients (6 HSSC and 19 HSSD) with HCV infections showed that 17 (68%) had “active” viral infections, in that negative strand HCV‐RNA (the presumed replicative intermediate of the virus) could be detected in liver and/or PBMCs. Among these 25, negative strand HCV‐RNA was found in 16 (84%) of the 19 with chronic active hepatitis, but in only 1 (17%) of the 6 with mild or inactive disease (P <0.01). HCV‐RNA was detected in matched spleen specimens from 9 of 10 patients (all of whom were also positive in PBMCs), suggesting that the spleen is an important extrahepatic reservoir of the virus. The findings indicate that concomitant infections with HCV are a major factor contributing to the severity of liver disease in chronic schistosomiasis, and that apparent active replication of the virus in the liver or at extrahepatic sites is strongly associated with severe liver disease. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.