bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burkholderia glumae
Infection in an Infant with Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Weinberg Jason B. , Alexander Barbara D. , Majure Joseph M. , Williams Larry W. , Kim Jason Y. , Vandamme Peter , LiPuma John J. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

An 8-month-old boy developed a necrotic lung mass from which
Burkholderia glumae
was recovered, leading to the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). While other
Burkholderia
species have been identified as important pathogens in persons with CGD,
B. glumae
has not been previously reported to cause human infection.
Tomato Chlorotic Mottle Virus Is a Target of RNA Silencing but the Presence of Specific Short Interfering RNAs Does Not Guarantee Resistance in Transgenic Plants
Authors: Ribeiro Simone G. , Lohuis Hendrikus , Goldbach Rob , Prins Marcel 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Tomato chlorotic mottle virus (ToCMoV) is a begomovirus found widespread in tomato fields in Brazil. ToCMoV isolate BA-Se1 (ToCMoV-[BA-Se1]) was shown to trigger the plant RNA silencing surveillance in different host plants and, coinciding with a decrease in viral DNA levels, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific to ToCMoV-[BA-Se1] accumulated in infected plants. Although not homogeneously distributed, the siRNA population in both infected
Nicotiana benthamiana
and tomato plants represented the entire DNA-A and DNA-B genomes. We determined that in
N. benthamiana
, the primary targets corresponded to the 5′ end of AC1 and the embedded AC4, the intergenic region and 5′ end of AV1 and overlapping central part of AC5. Subsequently, transgenic
N. benthamiana
plants were generated that were preprogrammed to express double-stranded RNA corresponding to this most targeted portion of the virus genome by using an intron-hairpin construct. These plants were shown to indeed produce ToCMoV-specific siRNAs. When challenge inoculated, most transgenic lines showed significant delays in symptom development, and two lines had immune plants. Interestingly, the levels of transgene-produced siRNAs were similar in resistant and susceptible siblings of the same line. This indicates that, in contrast to RNA viruses, the mere presence of transgene siRNAs corresponding to DNA virus sequences does not guarantee virus resistance and that other factors may play a role in determining RNA-mediated resistance to DNA viruses.
Mitotic Kinesin-Like Protein 2 Binds and Colocalizes with Papillomavirus E2 during Mitosis
Authors: Yu Ting , Peng Yu-Cai , Androphy Elliot J. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTMKlp2 is a kinesin-like motor protein of the central mitotic spindle required for completion of cytokinesis. Papillomavirus E2 is a sequence specific DNA binding protein that regulates viral transcription and replication and is responsible for partitioning viral episomes into daughter cells during cell division. We demonstrate that MKlp2 specifically associates with the E2 protein during mitosis. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show viral genomes are in complex with MKlp2 only within this stage of cell cycle. By immunofluorescence, a subpopulation of papillomavirus E2 colocalizes with MKlp2 in the midbody/midplate during late mitosis. We conclude that during specific stages of mitosis, the papillomavirus E2 protein binds to MKlp2, and infer that association with this motor protein ensures viral genome partitioning during cytokinesis.
Regulation of Hepadnavirus Reverse Transcription by Dynamic Nucleocapsid Phosphorylation
Authors: Basagoudanavar Suresh H. , Perlman David H. , Hu Jianming 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Reverse transcription, an essential step in the life cycle of all retroelements, is a complex, multistep process whose regulation is not yet clearly understood. We have recently shown that reverse transcription in the pararetrovirus duck hepatitis B virus is associated with complete dephosphorylation of the viral core protein, which forms the nucleocapsid wherein reverse transcription takes place. Here we present a genetic study of the role of this dynamic nucleocapsid phosphorylation in regulating viral reverse transcription. Detailed analyses of the reverse transcription products synthesized within nucleocapsids composed of core phosphorylation site mutants revealed that alanine substitutions, mimicking the nonphosphorylated state, completely blocked reverse transcription at a very early stage. In contrast, aspartate substitutions, mimicking the phosphorylated state, allowed complete first-strand DNA synthesis but were severely defective in accumulating mature double-stranded DNA. The latter defect was due to a combination of mutant nucleocapsid instability during maturation and a block in mature second-strand DNA synthesis. Thus, the reversible phosphorylation of the nucleocapsids regulates the ordered progression of reverse transcription.
Involvement of the PA28γ-Dependent Pathway in Insulin Resistance Induced by Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein
Authors: Miyamoto Hironobu , Moriishi Kohji , Moriya Kyoji , Murata Shigeo , Tanaka Keiji , Suzuki Tetsuro , Miyamura Tatsuo , Koike Kazuhiko , Matsuura Yoshiharu 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein is a component of nucleocapsids and a pathogenic factor for hepatitis C. Several epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that HCV infection is associated with insulin resistance, leading to type 2 diabetes. We have previously reported that HCV core gene-transgenic (PA28γ+/+CoreTg) mice develop marked insulin resistance and that the HCV core protein is degraded in the nucleus through a PA28γ-dependent pathway. In this study, we examined whether PA28γ is required for HCV core-induced insulin resistance in vivo. HCV core gene-transgenic mice lacking the PA28γ gene (PA28γ−/−CoreTg) were prepared by mating of PA28γ+/+CoreTg with PA28γ-knockout mice. Although there was no significant difference in the glucose tolerance test results among the mice, the insulin sensitivity in PA28γ−/−CoreTg mice was recovered to a normal level in the insulin tolerance test. Tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), production of IRS2, and phosphorylation of Akt were suppressed in the livers of PA28γ+/+CoreTg mice in response to insulin stimulation, whereas they were restored in the livers of PA28γ−/−CoreTg mice. Furthermore, activation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter in human liver cell lines or mice by the HCV core protein was suppressed by the knockdown or knockout of the PA28γ gene. These results suggest that the HCV core protein suppresses insulin signaling through a PA28γ-dependent pathway.
Not All Cytokine-Producing CD8
+
T Cells Suppress Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication
Authors: Chung Chungwon , Lee Wonhee , Loffredo John T. , Burwitz Benjamin , Friedrich Thomas C. , Giraldo Vela Juan Pablo , Napoe Gnankang , Rakasz Eva G. , Wilson Nancy A. , Allison David B. , Watkins David I. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Current assays of CD8
+
T-lymphocyte function measure cytokine production rather than the ability of these lymphocytes to suppress viral replication. Here we show that CD8
+
T-cell clones recognizing the same epitope vary enormously in the ability to suppress simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 replication in an in vitro suppression assay. However, all Nef
165-173
IW9- and Vif
66-73
HW8-specific clones from elite controllers effectively suppressed SIV replication. Interestingly, in vitro suppression efficacy was not always associated with the ability to produce gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, or interleukin-2.
The Transdominant Endogenous Retrovirus enJS56A1 Associates with and Blocks Intracellular Trafficking of Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus Gag
Authors: Murcia Pablo R. , Arnaud Frederick , Palmarini Massimo 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

The sheep genome harbors approximately 20 endogenous retroviruses (enJSRVs) highly related to the exogenous Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). One of the enJSRV loci, enJS56A1, acts as a unique restriction factor by blocking JSRV in a transdominant fashion at a late stage of the retroviral cycle. To better understand the molecular basis of this restriction (termed JLR, for
J
SRV
l
ate
r
estriction), we functionally characterized JSRV and enJS56A1 Gag proteins. We identified the putative JSRV Gag membrane binding and late domains and determined their lack of involvement in JLR. In addition, by using enJS56A1 truncation mutants, we established that the entire Gag protein is necessary to restrict JSRV exit. By using differentially tagged viruses, we observed, by confocal microscopy, colocalization between JSRV and enJS56A1 Gag proteins. By coimmunoprecipitation and molecular complementation analyses, we also revealed intracellular association and likely coassembly between JSRV and enJS56A1 Gag proteins. Interestingly, JSRV and enJS56A1 Gag proteins showed distinct intracellular targeting: JSRV exhibited pericentrosomal accumulation of Gag staining, while enJS56A1 Gag did not accumulate in this region. Furthermore, the number of cells displaying pericentrosomal JSRV Gag was drastically reduced in the presence of enJS56A1. We identified amino acid residue R21 in JSRV Gag as the primary determinant of centrosome targeting. We concluded that JLR is dependent on a Gag-Gag interaction between enJS56A1 and JSRV leading to altered cellular localization of the latter.
A Novel Repeat-Associated Small Interfering RNA-Mediated Silencing Pathway Downregulates Complementary Sense
gypsy
Transcripts in Somatic Cells of the
Drosophila
Ovary
Authors: Pélisson Alain , Sarot Emeline , Payen-Groschêne Geneviève , Bucheton Alain 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Replication of the
gypsy
endogenous retrovirus involves contamination of the female germ line by adjacent somatic tissues. This is prevented by
flam
, an as-yet-uncloned heterochromatic pericentromeric locus, at the level of transcript accumulation in these somatic ovarian tissues. We tested the effect of a presumptive RNA silencing mechanism on the accumulation of RNAs produced by constructs containing various
gypsy
sequences and report that the efficiency of silencing is indeed correlated with the amount of complementary RNAs, 25 to 30 nucleotides in length, in the ovary. For instance, while these RNAs were found to display a three- to fivefold excess of the antisense strands, only the transcripts that contain the complementary sense
gypsy
sequences could be repressed, indicating that they are targeted at the RNA, not DNA, level. Their size and asymmetry in strand polarity are typical of the novel repeat-associated small interfering RNA (rasiRNA)-mediated pathway, recently suspected to prevent the deleterious expression of selfish DNA specifically in the germ line. Unlike microRNAs (but like rasiRNAs and, surprisingly, siRNAs as well),
gypsy
rasiRNAs are modified at the 3′ end. The rasiRNA-associated protein Piwi (but not Aub) is required for
gypsy
silencing, whereas Dicer-2 (which makes siRNAs) is not. In contrast,
piwi
,
aub
, and
flam
do not appear to affect somatic siRNA-mediated silencing. The amount of
gypsy
rasiRNAs is genetically determined by the
flam
locus in a provirus copy number-independent manner and is triggered in the somatic tissues by some pericentromeric provirus(es), which are thereby able to protect the germ line from retroviral invasion.
Long-Lasting Decrease in Viremia in Macaques Chronically Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac251 after Therapeutic DNA Immunization
Authors: von Gegerfelt Agneta S. , Rosati Margherita , Alicea Candido , Valentin Antonio , Roth Patricia , Bear Jenifer , Franchini Genoveffa , Albert Paul S. , Bischofberger Norbert , Boyer Jean D. , Weiner David B. , Markham Phillip , Israel Zimra R. , Eldridge John H. , Pavlakis George N. , Felber Barbara K. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Rhesus macaques chronically infected with highly pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVmac251 were treated with antiretroviral drugs and vaccinated with combinations of DNA vectors expressing SIV antigens. Vaccination during therapy increased cellular immune responses. After the animals were released from therapy, the virus levels of 12 immunized animals were significantly lower (
P
= 0.001) compared to those of 11 animals treated with only antiretroviral drugs. Vaccinated animals showed a persistent increase in immune responses, thus indicating both a virological and an immunological benefit following DNA therapeutic vaccination. Several animals show a long-lasting decrease in viremia, suggesting that therapeutic vaccination may provide an additional benefit to antiretroviral therapy.
The Human TRIM5α Restriction Factor Mediates Accelerated Uncoating of the N-Tropic Murine Leukemia Virus Capsid
Authors: Perron Michel J. , Stremlau Matthew , Lee Mark , Javanbakht Hassan , Song Byeongwoon , Sodroski Joseph 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

The host cell factors TRIM5α
hu
and Fv-1 restrict N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) infection at an early postentry step before or after reverse transcription, respectively. Interestingly, the identity of residue 110 of the MLV capsid determines susceptibility to both TRIM5α
hu
and Fv-1. In this study, we investigate the fate of the MLV capsid in cells expressing either the TRIM5α
hu
or Fv-1 restriction factor. The expression of TRIM5α
hu
, but not Fv-1, specifically promoted the premature conversion of particulate N-MLV capsids within infected cells to soluble capsid proteins. The TRIM5α
hu
-mediated disassembly of particulate N-MLV capsids was dependent upon residue 110 of the viral capsid. Furthermore, the deletion or disruption of TRIM5α
hu
domains necessary for potent N-MLV restriction completely abrogated the disappearance of particulate N-MLV capsids observed with wild-type TRIM5α
hu
. These results suggest that premature disassembly of the viral capsid contributes to the restriction of N-MLV infection by TRIM5α
hu
, but not by Fv-1.
Mass-Spectrometric Identification of a Novel Angiotensin Peptide in Human Plasma
Authors: Jankowski Vera , Vanholder Raymond , van der Giet Markus , Tölle Markus , Karadogan Sevil , Gobom Johan , Furkert Jens , Oksche Alexander , Krause Eberhard , Anh Tran Thi Nguyet , Tepel Martin , Schuchardt Mirjam , Schlüter Hartmut , Wiedon Annette , Beyermann Michael , Bader Michael , Todiras Mihail , Zidek Walter , Jankowski Joachim 
Published: December 2006

Objective—Angiotensin peptides play a central role in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. Among these peptides, angiotensin II (Ang II) has been investigated most intensively. However, further angiotensin peptides such as Ang 1-7, Ang III, and Ang IV also contribute to vascular regulation, and may elicit additional, different, or even opposite effects to Ang II. Here, we describe a novel Ang II-related, strong vasoconstrictive substance in plasma from healthy humans and end-stage renal failure patients.Methods and Results—Chromatographic purification and structural analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) revealed an angiotensin octapeptide with the sequence Ala-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe, which differs from Ang II in Ala1instead of Asp1. Des[Asp1]-[Ala1]-Ang II, in the following named Angiotensin A (Ang A), is most likely generated enzymatically. In the presence of mononuclear leukocytes, Ang II is converted to Ang A by decarboxylation of Asp1. Ang A has the same affinity to the AT1receptor as Ang II, but a higher affinity to the AT2receptor. In the isolated perfused rat kidney, Ang A revealed a smaller vasoconstrictive effect than Ang II, which was not modified in the presence of the AT2 receptor antagonist PD 123319, suggesting a lower intrinsic activity at the AT1receptor. Ang II and Ang A concentrations in plasma of healthy subjects and end-stage renal failure patients were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass-analysis, because conventional enzyme immunoassay for Ang II quantification did not distinguish between Ang II and Ang A. In healthy subjects, Ang A concentrations were less than 20% of the Ang II concentrations, but the ratio Ang A / Ang II was higher in end-stage renal failure patients.Conclusion—Ang A is a novel human strong vasoconstrictive angiotensin-derived peptide, most likely generated by enzymatic transformation through mononuclear leukocyte-derived aspartate decarboxylase. Plasma Ang A concentration is increased in end-stage renal failure. Because of its stronger agonism at the AT2receptor, Ang A may modulate the harmful effects of Ang II.
Can Any Public Good Come from Evangelicals? Theological Paradigms and Possibilities Toward a Transforming South Africa
Authors: Le Bruyns Clint 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article employs the methodological framework of Gabriel Fackre on contemporary evangelicalism to explore the discernible public import of the evangelical movement within South Africa. It argues that evangelicals are already participants in public life and can potentially contribute to the healing of a divided and scarred South Africa through their respective ecclesial and theological capital.
The Rights of Children: A New Agenda For Practical Theology in South Africa
Authors: Yates Hannelie , Swart Ignatius 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this article is to give prominence to the rights of children as a new agenda for Practical Theology in South Africa. Adopting a distinctly contextual approach, the article takes a critical look at the problematic situation of children in present-day South Africa and then focuses attention on the emergence of a children's rights agenda, both internationally and in South African society. A discussion of these aspects leads the authors to address pertinently the issue of Christian theology's complementary role in the children's rights agenda, which, however, is problematised in the light of theology's one-sided and limited involvement thus far in the issue of children. It is argued that a practical theological paradigm – in which a praxis of liberation, change and transformation is of prime importance – should reflect an active involvement in the children's rights agenda. In the light of the special realities of South African society, the importance of meeting distinct contextual and hermeneutical challenges is stated as condition for an effective practical theological involvement in the problematics of the rights of children.
He Darkens Me with Brightness: The Theology of Pseudo-Dionysius in Hilduin's Vita of Saint Denis
Authors: Delaporte Marianne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the 9th century Hilduin of Saint Denis wrote two lives of Saint Denis for Louis the Pious, one in prose and one in poetry. These lives, predominantly the prose, were partially a collage of two previous lives and other documents to which Hilduin had access, including the works of Pseudo-Dionysius, which Hilduin first translated for the West. Hilduin displays particular originality as a hagiographer by giving us a synopsis and some commentary upon the Pseudo-Dionysian opus. By examining the first portion of the vita, which includes the nine chapters dedicated to the writings of the saint, one can begin to examine how Hilduin understand Pseudo-Dionysian theology and its impact upon the entire vita.
Fictive Scheintod and Christian Resurrection
Authors: Perkins Judith 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn his chapter titled 'Resurrection' in Fiction as History, Glen Bowersock examines examples of 'apparent death' (Scheintod) in Graeco-Roman narrative fictions. He concludes his analysis by questioning 'whether the extraordinary growth in fictional writing, and its characteristic and concomitant fascination with resurrection' might be 'some kind of reflection of the remarkable stories that were coming out of Palestine in the middle of the first century A.D.' In this essay I will offer that rather than seeing a relation of influence between fictive prose narratives and Christian discourse (especially Christian bodily resurrection discourse) of the early centuries C.E., these sets of texts should be recognised as different manifestations of an attempt to address the same problem, that of negotiating notions of cultural identity in the matrix of early Roman imperialism. That these texts share similar motifs and themes – gruesome and graphic descriptions of torture, dismemberment, cannibalism and death – results not necessarily from influence, but that they converge around the same problem, drawing from a common cultural environment in the same historical context.
The Roles of the Hadley Circulation and Downward Control in Tropical Upwelling
Authors: Zhou Tiehan , Geller Marvin A. , Hamilton Kevin 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Several idealized models of tropical upwelling are presented in order to clarify the roles of the nonlinear Hadley circulation and extratropical wave driving. In particular, it is shown that the Hadley circulation and wave-driven circulation interact to determine the nature of tropical upwelling. The authors explain several observed features such as maximum upwelling in the summer subtropics and the annual variation of the upwelling.
A Bootstrap Technique for Testing the Relationship between Local-Scale Radar Observations of Cloud Occurrence and Large-Scale Atmospheric Fields
Authors: Marchand Roger , Beagley Nathaniel , Thompson Sandra E. , Ackerman Thomas P. , Schultz David M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A classification scheme is created to map the synoptic-scale (large scale) atmospheric state to distributions of local-scale cloud properties. This mapping is accomplished by a neural network that classifies 17 months of synoptic-scale initial conditions from the rapid update cycle forecast model into 25 different states. The corresponding data from a vertically pointing millimeter-wavelength cloud radar (from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Southern Great Plains site at Lamont, Oklahoma) are sorted into these 25 states, producing vertical profiles of cloud occurrence. The temporal stability and distinctiveness of these 25 profiles are analyzed using a bootstrap resampling technique.
A stable-state-based mapping from synoptic-scale model fields to local-scale cloud properties could be useful in three ways. First, such a mapping may improve the understanding of differences in cloud properties between output from global climate models and observations by providing a physical context. Second, this mapping could be used to identify the cause of errors in the modeled distribution of clouds—whether the cause is a difference in state occurrence (the type of synoptic activity) or the misrepresentation of clouds for a particular state. Third, robust mappings could form the basis of a new statistical cloud parameterization.