bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF FODDER MAIZE WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO PRE‐EMERGENCE APPLICATIONS OF 2,4‐D‐AMINE
Authors: LUDWIG J. W. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The effectiveness of pre‐emergence applications of 2,4‐D for weed control in maize was studied In five experiments, in comparison with other herbicide treatments. 2,4‐D‐aimne applied before crop emergence gave satisfactory weed control if the subsequent conditions were wet, but post‐emerge nee applications only killed some species (Chenopodium album and Atriplex patula.) A combination of 2,4‐D‐amine, applied pre‐emergence to a moist soil and subsequently as a foliar spray, controlled completely C. album, A. patula, Stellaria media and Veronica spp. Pre‐emergence applications of simazine gave better weed control with less need for rain soon after application. Only A. patula was usually resistant. Pre‐emergence treatments of atrazine killed all weeds whilst linuron controlled S. media, A. patula., C. album and Sonchus oleraceus but not Veronica spp.Irrigation experiments showed that weed competition for water was largely responsible for the depressions in the early growth of maize when the conditions were dry. Final yield largely reflected the degrees of weed control attained by the herbicidal treatments. Only 2,4‐D applied pre‐emergence, and followed by heavy rain caused a direct depression in yield.Effects des herbicides sur la productivityé du mals fourrage avec référence particuliére aux applications en pré‐levée du 2,4‐D amine
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON ‘CUT BARK’ TREATMENTS WITH HERBICIDES, USING CUTTINGS OF POPULUS EURO AMERICAN A‘I‐78′
Authors: TURNER D. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A laboratory method is described for studying the effects of introducing herbicides into the vascular tissues oi Populus cuttings. Of sixteen herbicides tested in this way, MCPA and picloram were the most phytotoxic. Ester formulations of growth regulator herbicides were less active than water soluble amine or inorganic salts. The phytotoxic effects of the latter were increased by supplying water to the cuttings before or after treatment or by applying the herbicide in a relatively large volume of water. A non‐ionic surfactant did not increase the effects of injected MCPA salt, approximately similar amounts of which moved both upwards and downwards in cuttings from the point of introduction. Expériences en laboratoire sur des boutures de Populus × euroamericana “I‐78” traités avec des herbicides
Influence of Root Exudates on Orobanche Seed Germination*
Authors: HAMEED K. M. , SAGHIR A. R. , FOY C. L. 
Published: July 2006

Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) is a common root parasite of solanaceous, leguminous and other crops grown in the semi‐arid regions of the world. The seeds germinate when root exudates from host plants are released in their immediate vicinity (Lindley, 1853; Koch, 1887; Chabrolin, 1934). Brown et al. (1951a) reported that non‐host plants, such as flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) may stimulate Orobanche seed germination without being parasitized.The stimulating properties of flax exudate were studied by Brown et al. (1951b). They reported that the stimulant was unstable in alkaline solutions, but moderately stable in weakly acidic media, which may indicate the presence of an acidic (lactone) grouping. Nash & Wilhelm (1960) reported that gibberellic acid in agar media stimulated O. ramosa seed germination. Abu‐ Shakra, Miah & Saghir (1970) found that pre‐treatment of 0. ramosa seeds with 100 ppm of gibberellic acid followed by incubation on a flax‐root diffusate agar medium gave a high (81·7%) germination.The purpose of this study was to collect root exudates from three species of plants cultured under three experimental systems, namely (a) germ‐free, (b) glasshouse (non‐sterile), and (c) growth chamber (hydroponic, initially aseptic), and to evaluate their biological activity as germination stimulants for O. ramosa seeds. The plants used were tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) and flax. Exudate from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) also was collected from germ‐free culture.
ECOLOGY AND CONTROL OF BLACKBERRY (RUBUS FRUTICOSUS L. AGG.)
Authors: AMOR R. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The growth and vegetative reproduction of eighteen taxa in the genus Rubus was investigated to determine the biological characters that distinguish weedy from non‐weedy Rubus spp. in Australia. Thickets of European blackberry (R. fruticosus L. agg.), 21 months old, were distinguished by their low height and many rooting cane apices, from non‐weedy Rubus spp. R. fruticosus agg. thickets had large radii, but this character was shared by thickets of some non‐weedy taxa, namely Scoresby selection, youngberry and boysenberry. Most Rubus spp. had few adventitious shoots on lateral roots and there were no Rubus seedlings near the thickets. It is suggested that R. fruticosus agg. has a higher weed status than the other taxa because of its ability to produce a high frequency of rooting at its cane apices. Ecologie et destruction des ronces. I.
INVESTIGATIONS ON SKELETON WEED (CHONDRILLA JUNCEA L.) WITH PICLORAM AND 2,4‐D
Authors: GREENHAM C. G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Picloram is decarboxylated to a negligible extent in roots of skeleton weed: applied to leaves it kills roots better than 2,4‐D; it penetrates leaves better than 2,4‐D and disrupts the translocation system more, does not leak considerably into the soil from roots by the time of appropriate harvests, yet is not as well translocated as 2,4‐D. Under such conditions its ability to kill roots to a greater depth is attributable to its greater intrinsic toxicity.There is some evidence that under certain field conditions useful movement or uptake of picloram may occur via the soil. Recherches sur Chondrilla juncea L. avee le plclorame et le 2,4‐D.
CHANGES IN THE NUMBERS OF VIABLE WEED SEEDS IN SOIL UNDER DIFFERENT REGIMES
Authors: ROBERTS H. A. , FEAST PATRICIA M. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. In a 4‐year experiment with a naturally‐occurring population of viable weed seeds, the numbers in the top 23 cm of soil decreased exponentially in the absence of further seeding. The rates of loss were very similar on undisturbed plots which were left bare (34% per year), mulched with farmyard manure (31%) or grassed down (32%). On plots dug twice a year in March and September, the loss was 42% per year, and with frequent cultivation (dug seven times a year) it was 56% per year. The numbers of seedlings in any one year on plots dug twice a year represented approximately 6% of the viable seeds present at the start of the year.Variations du nombre de semences viables de mauvaises herbes dans le sol selon différents régimes
SELECTIVE ACTION OF DIPHENAMID AND NAPROPAMIDE IN PEPPER (GAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) AND WEEDS
Authors: ESHEL Y. , KATAN J. , PALEVITCH D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A comparison was made between diphenamid and napropamide with regard to phytotoxicity to pepper and weeds under glasshouse and field conditions. Diphenamid was considerably less phytotoxic than napropamide in inhibiting root elongation and shoot growth of pepper seedlings. Plant growth was reduced when the roots were exposed to either one of the herbicides, but growth of the shoot through treated soil was not adversely affected. Since diphenamid was found to be more leachable into soil, it might become more available to the roots and damage the crop plants. Graminaceous weeds were very sensitive to both herbicides, whereas several dicotyledonous weeds were more susceptible to napropamide. Selectivity of both herbicides at a late pre‐emergence application to direct‐seeded pepper was found satisfactory in two field experiments on different soil types.Action sélective de la diphénamide et de la napropamide sur le piment et les mauvaises herbes
The effect of temperature and water content on the rate of decomposition of the herbicide linuron in soil
Authors: USOROH N. J. , HANCE R. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungRates of linuron breakdown were measured in soil held at the water‐holding capacity (WHC), ½ WHC and WHC and at two temperatures, 4°C or 22°C. Breakdown rates were greater at the higher temperature and increased with water content. The energy of activation for the degradation was calculated. Comparison with published figures leads to the speculation that the initial step in degradation by microorganisms is different from that in chemical processes.Effet de la température et de la teneur en eau sur le taux de decomposition du linuron dans le solLes taux de dégradation du linuron ont été mesurés dans un sol maintenu à sa capacité de rétention, à la moitié et au quart de cette capacité, ainsi quà deux températures 4°C ou 22°C. Les taux de dégradation furent plus grands à la tem‐pérature la plus haute et augmentérent avec la teneur en eau. L'energie d'activation pour la dégradation a été calculée. La comparaison avec des chiffres publiés conduit à penser que la première étape de la dégradation par des microorganismes est differente de celle qui intervient dans le processus chimique.Abbau von Linuron im Boden in Abhangigkeit von Temperatur mid WassergehaltDer Abbau von Linuron im Boden wurde bei 100%, 50% und 25% Wasserkapazitat und bei zwei Termperaturstufen (4°C und 22°C) untersucht. Die Abbauraten nahmen mit steigender Temperatur und steigendem Wassergehalt des Bodens zu. Die fur den Abbau erforderliche Aktivierungs‐energie wurde errechnet. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit Literaturangaben fuhrt zu der Vermutung, daβ der erste durch Mikrooganismen verursachte Abbauschritt verschieden ist von dem bei rein chemischem Vorgang.
Loss of acrolein from water by volatilization and degradation
Authors: BOWMER KATHLEEN H. , LANG A. R. G. , HIGGINS M. L. , PILLAY A. R. , TCHAN Y. T. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungThe loss of acrolein by volatilization and degradation from a large tank of water is described. The standard analytical method for carbonyl compounds, a colorimetric reaction with dinitrophenylhydrazine did not distinguish acrolein from a relatively non‐volatile and non‐toxic reaction product. In a modification of the method to correct the error, acrolein was separated from reaction products by scrubbing with air. Although acrolein is sufficiently volatile to use air‐scrubbing to separate it from reaction products, its loss by evaporation from an open tank was much less than its loss by reaction in the local irrigation water. In other waters differences in chemical properties could affect the loss of acrolein by reaction, and greater turbulence is expected to increase loss by volatilization.Perte d'acroléine à partir de l'eau par volatilisation et dégradation.Les auteurs décrivent la perte d'acroléine par volatilisation et degradation k partir d'un grand reservoir d'eau. La methode analytique standard pour les composes carbonyl. une reaction colorimétrique avec la dinitrophenylhydrazine. n'a pas permis de distinguer l'acroléine d'autres produits relativement non volatils et non toxiques, apparaissant au cours de la reaction. Dans une modification de la méthode en vue de corriger l'erreur. l'acroléinc a été séparée des autres products de la reaction au moyen d'un entrainement par fair. Bien que l'acroléne soit suffisamment volatile pour que Ton puisse utiliser l'air pour la séparer des autres produits de la reaction, la perte par évaporation à partir d'un réservoir ouvert s'est avérée beaucoup moindre que la perte par reaction dans l'eau d'irrigation apportée localement. Dans d'autres CAS, des differences dans les proprióteschimiques peuvent affecter la perte d'acroléine au cours de la reaction de la faut s'attendre à un accroissement de la perte par volatilisation dans le cas d'une turbulence plus grande.Verlust von Acrolein durch Verfükhtigung und Abbau in WasserEs wird der Verlust an Acrotein aus einem grossen Wassertank durch Verdampfung und Abbau beschrieben. Die analytische Standardmethode für Carbonylverbindungen mit Dinitrophenylhydrazin, lässt keine Unterscheidung zwischen Acrolein und einem verhältnismässig wenig flüchtigen und un‐giftigen Reaktionsprodukt zu. Um die Fehlermöglichkeit Zu eliminieren. wurde die Methode abgeándert, indem das Acrolein von den Reaktionsprodukten durch “Auswaschen” mit Luft abgetrennt wurde, Obgleich die Flüchugkeit von Acrolein genúgend gross ist. um es durch “Auswaschen” mit Luft von Umsetzungsprodukten abzutrennen. ist der durch seine Verdampfung aus einem offenen Tank verursachte Verlusl viel geringer als der durch Umsetzung im lokalw Beregnun‐swasser bedingte. In anderen Wassern könnten Unterschiede in den chemischen Eigenschaften den Verlust von Acrolein durch Umsetzung beeinflussen und es ist zu erwarten. dass grössere Turbulenz die Abnahmc durch Verflüchligung erhöht.
The allelopathic activity of Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) in Tasmania
Authors: ALL G. M. BEND 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungThe phytotoxicity of extracts from the roots and foliage of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, was studied using seven test species. Water and alcohol extracts of C. arvense inhibited the germination of its own and Trifolium subterraneum L. seed, and inhibited the growth of its own seedlings, three annual thistles, and Lolium perenne L., T. subterraneum and Hordeum distichon L.The results are related to phytosociological patterns observed in the field, and it is suggest that the presence of phytotoxins in the soil may make the establishment of some pasture and crop species difficult in areas infested with C. arvense. Activité allélopathique du chardon Cirsium arvense L. Scop, en TasmanieLa phytotoxicityé d'extraits obtenus à partir des racines et du feuillage de Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, a étéétudiée en tulisant sept espèces servant de tests. Des extraits aqueux et alcooliques de C. arvense inhibèrent sa propre germination et celle des semences de Trifolium subterraneum L. Ils inhibèrent également la croissance de ses propres plantules, de trois chardons annuels, de Lolium perenne L. de T. subterraneum et de Hordeum distichon L.Les résultats sont rapprochés des évolutions phytosociologiques observées au champ, et il est suggéré que la présence de phytotoxines dans le sol puisse rendre difficile l'implantation de certaines espèces fourragères ou autres dans les endroits infestés par C. arvense. Die allelopathische Aktivität von Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. in Tasmanien Wurzel‐ und Blattextrakte von Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. wurden auf ihre phytotoxische Wirkung mit sieben Test‐pflanzen geprüft. Wasser‐ und Alkoholauszüge von C. arvense hemmten die Keimung der eigcnen und der Samen von Trifolium subterraneum L. Das Wachstum der eigenen Keimlinge, sowie von drei annuellen Distelarten, von Lolium perenne L., T. subterraneum und von Hordeum distichon L, wurde gehemmt.Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen Zusammenhang mit pflanzensoziologischen Feldbeobachtungen und es ist denkbar, dass die Gegenwart von Phytotoxinen im Boden den Aufwuchs von Grünlandpflanzen und Feldfrüchten in Fiächen, die mit C. arcense verseucht sind, erschweren kann.
Competition between Cyperus difformis and rice: the effect of time of weed removal
Authors: SWAIN D. J. , NOTT M. J. , TROUNCE R. B. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungExperiments in which Cyperus difformis L. was removed from rice (Oryza sativa L.) by hand al various stages of crop growth demonstrated severe competition between the weed and the crop. Where high populations of C. difformis competed with the rice for the whole of the growing season rice yields were reduced by 22% to 43%. Yield reduction caused by competition was greater under conditions of higher soil fertility.Competition entre Cyperus difformis et le riz; effet de l’épogue du sarclageDes expériences dans lesquelles Cyperus difformis L. a été enlevéà la main d'une culture de riz (Oryza sativa L.), à divers stades de la croissance de celui‐ci, ont révélé une compétition importante entre la mauvaise herbe et la culture. Là où des populations denses de C. difformis ont exercé leur compétition envers le riz pendant toute la durée la saison de croissance, les rendements du riz oni été réduits de 22%à 43%. La réduction de rendement provoquée par la compétition a été plus forte dans des conditions de fertilité du sol plus élevée.Konkurrenz zwischen Cyperus difformis und Reis: Einfiuss des Zeitpunktes der UnkrautentfernungIn Versuchen in denen Cyperus difformis L. von Hand aus Reis (Oryza sativa L.) zu verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien der Kulturpflanze entferenl wurde, verdeuiIk hten die starke Konkurrenz zwischen Unkraut und Kulturpflanze.Wo viele C. difformis‐Pflanzen mil Reis über die ganze Vegetalionsperiode konkurrierten, gingen die Reiserträge um 22% bis 43% zurück. Die Ertragsernicdrigung war durch die Unkrautkonkurrenz unter Bedingungen hoher Boden‐fruchtbarkeit stärker.
Genetic variation in herbicide resistance in scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz Bip.) III. Selection for increased resistance to ioxynil, MCPA and simazine
Authors: Ellis M. , KAY Q. O. N. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA sample of 100 seedlings from a weed population of T. inodorum which had been found to be relatively sensitive to MCPA was exposed to an MCPA concentration sufficient to give a 38% kill, and the five most vigorous survivors were combined in a polycross. When sprayed with MCPA, the progeny of the polycross had an LD50 15·4% greater and a mean fresh weight per plant 30·2% greater than that of unselected controls. In a similar selection among plants from the same population for ioxynil resistance, the initial kill was 81% and (he progeny of selected plants had an LD50 77·3% greater and a mean fresh weight per plant 43·3% greater than that of unselected controls; and in a similar selection for simazine resistance, the initial kill was 99% and the progeny of a selected plant had an LD50 17·0% greater and a fresh weight per plant 88·4% greater than that of unselected controls. The increase in resistance to MCPA and ioxynil was less than the differences between populations observed in previous screenings, and the selected plants were considerably less resistant than the most resistant wild populations.
Experiments with Cyperus rotundus L. III. Seasonal variations in growth
Authors: Hammeron John L. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryNutgrass tubers were planted in pots on thirteen occasions at 4‐weekly intervals, and growth and development followed by sampling at 5‐day intervals from 10 to 45 days after planting. Growth rates, final shoot numbers, dry weights and rhizome lengths, and new tuber production were highest in plantings made 1 and 29 March and 26 April. Correlation coefficients suggested that mean daylength during growth was a major factor influencing growth and development, but mean temperature appeared to be important in determining new tuber size and the proportion of dry‐matter as new tubers. Shoot number appears to be a reliable guide to rhizome and tuber production.
Some aspects of the absorption of picloram by gorse (Ulex europaeus L.)
Authors: ROLSTON M. P. , ROBERTSON A. G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Plants of Ulex europaeus were grown from cuttings and studies made of the absorption of 14C‐picloram applied with unlabelled 2,4,5‐T. In vivo experiments in a growth chamber showed that absorption ceased after 10 h, but was resumed on wetting. In in vitro experiments the Q10 and the activation energy for uptake decreased with increasing temperature. Absorption was increased by addition of non‐ionic surfactants, by lowering the pH and by removal of cuticular wax. Gorse shoots were shown to have a high wax content but scanning electron microscopy revealed no obvious wax structures and the contact angle of spray droplets was less than 900, indicating that the surfaces were not difficult to wet.
Field degradation of the herbicide metribuzin and its degradation products in a Manitoba sandy loam soil*
Authors: WEBSTER G. R. B. , REIMER G. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The degradation of the herbicide metribuzin (4‐amino‐6 r‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio)‐1, 2, 4‐tnazin‐5‐(4H)one) applied at 1 and 2 kg/ha at times equivalent to pre‐emergence (12 June), post‐emergence (5 July), and pre‐harvest (15 August), has been investigated in Almasippi very line sandy loam at Carman, Manitoba. Gas‐liquid chromatographic analytical results showed that metribuzin degraded during the growing season, and that residue levels immediately prior to freeze‐up (25 October) were in general less than 10% of applied metribuzin independent of application date, and were largely unchanged the following spring.The metabolites and photoproduct of metribuzin were present in maximum amounts near 13 July for the first two treatment dates, a time closely following maximum soil temperature readings, and these compounds in turn degraded almost completely by freeze‐up. The following spring only very low levels were detected. Under the conditions described, metribuzin and its degradation products degraded to low levels and should not provide a carryover problem the next growing season.
The efficiency of herbicide incorporation into soil with different implements
Authors: WALKER A. , FARRANT D. M. , BRYANT J. H. , BROWN PAULINE A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The distribution of trifluralin in soil was measured following its incorporation with the rotavator, rotary power harrow, reciprocating harrow, spring‐tined harrow, tandem disc cultivator and drag harrow. A single pass with the rotavator gave an even distribution In the top 5 cm of soil and similar results were obtained by cross cultivations with the rotary power harrow, reciprocating harrow, spring‐tined harrow and disc cultivator. A single cultivation with the spring‐tined harrow, reciprocating harrow and rotary power harrow left much of the herbicide close to the soil surface as did both a single and cross cultivation with the drag harrow. With the tandem discs, although a single pass did incorporate the herbicide, a cross cultivation was necessary to ensure that incorporation was even enough across the treated area. A single pass of the rotavator gave a uniform mixing throughout its working depth, whereas cross cultivations with each of the other implements gave a relatively uniform mixing to about half of their working depth.
Adsorption et désorption de la terbutryne par une montmorillonite‐Ca et des acides humiques seuls ou en mélanges
Authors: GAILLARDON P. , CALVET R. , TERCE M. 
Published: July 2006

Résumé:L' effet du pH sur l'adsorption de la terbutryne par des acides humiques, une montmorillonite‐Ca ou leurs mélanges montre une certaine similitude de comportement entre ces derniers et l'argile seule. Au voisinage de la neutralité, seuls les acides humiques adsorbent la terbutryne. En milieu acide, les isothermes d'adsorption de la terbutryne par les acides humiques et la montmorillonite sont respectivement de type L et S et traduisent une affinité adsorbat‐adsorbant différente; les isothermes d'adsorption correspondant aux mélanges ont une forme différente et font apparaitre un effet de synergie, en particulier dans le cas des mélanges pauvres en acides humiques. La dsorption šaccompagne d'un phénoméne d'hystérésis lieA à la présence des acides humiques. Les propriétés particulières des associations argiles‐matiéres organiques sont susceptibles de mieux expliquer l'effet des sols sur l'activité des herbicides.
Extraction, purification et caractérisation de résidus de piclorame, dicamba ou TBA à partir de pailles ou de mélanges terreux
Authors: DUMAS E. , VALLEE J. C. , MARTIN C. , VANSUYT G. , VERNOY R. 
Published: July 2006

Résumé:La mise au point d'une méthode de recherche de résidus de piclorame dans des pailles seules ou mélangées à de la terre, combinant l'utilisation de tests biologiques à des méthodes biochimiques simples et classiques, fait l'objet de la présente communication. Cette méthode, suffisamment fiable et précise en ce qui concerne le piclorame, permet en outre de déterminer si des mélanges terreux ou des pailles contiennent d'autres herbicides de type phytohormonal.