bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raman Imaging
Authors: Treado Patrick J. , Nelson Matthew P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionRaman Image Contrast Reveals Composition and StructureRaman Images are MultidimensionalImaging StrategiesPoint‐by‐Point ScanningLine ImagingWidefield ImagingRaman Spectrum Enables Objective ImagingWidefieldRaman Imaging System DesignsHadamard TransformFiber ArrayRaman ImagingDielectric Interference FilterAcousto‐Optic Tunable FilterLiquid Crystal Imaging SpectrometersLyotLCTFEvans Split Element FiltersFabry–PerotLCTFRaman Imaging FiberscopesFiberscope Imaging PerformanceRaman Imaging Performance ComparisonProblem Solving withRaman ImagingRaman Image ProcessingGeneral RequirementsMultivariate Image AnalysisCorrelation AnalysisFactor AnalysisCluster AnalysisApplicationsSemiconductorsSiliconSilicon CarbideGallium Nitride and Related AlloysFuel CellsMeteorites and MineralsMeteoritesMineralsPolymersPharmaceuticalsBiomaterialsConclusions
Optical Fibers for Mid‐Infrared Spectrometry
Authors: Lendl Bernhard , Mizaikoff Boris 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Overview

Introduction to Infrared Transparent Fibers

General Considerations On Mid‐Infrared Optical Fibers

Losses in Optical Fibers

Measurement of Optical Losses

Brief History

Infrared Fiber Optic Materials

Solid‐Core Fibers

Glass Fibers

HMF

Fibers

Germanate Fibers

Chalcogenide Fibers

Te
X

Fibers

Crystalline Fibers

Single‐Crystal Sapphire Fiber

Polycrystalline Fibers

Hollow‐Core Fibers

Leaky Waveguides (Metallic or Dielectric Cladding)

n

< 1 Waveguides

Summary of Properties

Commercial Aspects

Conclusion and Outlook
Fiber‐Optic Probes for Near‐Infrared Spectrometry
Authors: Todd Terry R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionFundamentals of a Fiber Optic ProbeTypes of Probes Used inNIRSpectroscopyTransmission Probes – InsertionTransmission Probes – Flow CellCuvette HoldersTransflection ProbesReflection ProbesATRProbesSelf‐Referencing ProbesChoosing Probes to Solve Real World Measurement ProblemsProbe‐Induced Spectral ArtefactsProbe‐Related Calibration Transfer IssuesAcknowledgments
Depth Profiling by
ATR
Authors: Ekgasit Sanong , Ishida Hatsuo 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Interaction between Light and Medium

Depth Profiling Via the Laplace Transform Technique

Depth Profiling: The Exact Optical Theory Technique

Depth Profiling Via Multiple‐Angle Approach

Depth Profiling Via Multiple‐Frequency Approach

Comparison Among Depth Profiling Techniques

Conclusions
Flow Injection Analysis–
F
ourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (
FIA
/
FT
‐
IR
)
Authors: Garrigues Salvador , de la Guardia Miguel 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Advantages and Historical Perspective of the Use of

FIA

in

FT
‐
IR

Direct Analysis of Samples by

FIA

/

FT
‐
IR

FIA

/

FT
‐
IR

Determinations after Liquid Extraction

FIA

/

FT
‐
IR

Determinations after Solid‐Phase Extraction

Enzymatic Analysis by

FIA

/

FT
‐
IR

Vapor Generation

FT
‐
IR

New Developments
Thermal Analysis/
R
aman
Authors: Jayasooriya Upali A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Unambiguous vibrational spectroscopic characterization of different phases of matter using Raman spectroscopy is described. Three variants of in situ measurement using Fourier transform‐Raman (FT‐Raman) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), CCD‐Raman and DSC, and simultaneous Raman‐DSC with fibre‐optic coupling are discussed together with examples of application.
Infrared Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Mink J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractInfrared emission spectroscopy (IRES) is concerned mainly with thermal emission of molecular systems. IRES can be applied to the analysis of a wide range of organic and inorganic substances in solid, liquid and gaseous phases, such as bulk materials, surfaces, catalysts, thin layers, etc.The chapter discusses the basic principles and laws of thermal radiation and thermal emission of blackbodies and nonblackbodies. The spectral distortion due to self‐absorption; the influence of sample temperature, thickness, and surface reflectivity; and the role of correction for detector temperature are discussed. Basic principles of laboratory methods, instrumentation, sample preparation, and quantitative aspects are summarized.Examples of applications of IRES in mid‐ and far‐infrared region for study of supported metal catalysts, metal powders, thin layers, and adsorbates on metal single crystals are given and the emission–absorption phenomenon are discussed in detail.
Near‐Field Optical Microscopy
Authors: Kawata Satoshi , Inouye Yasushi 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

History of near‐Field Microscopy Research

Near‐Field Imaging for Super‐Resolution

Near‐Field Probes

Infrared Sources

Near‐Field Imaging and Spectroscopy with an Attenuated Total Reflection Configuration

Near‐Field Imaging and Spectroscopy with a Conical‐Tip Probe

Near‐Field Imaging and Spectroscopy with an Aperture Probe

Local Field Enhancement for
R
aman‐Scattering near‐Field Spectroscopy

Near‐Field
R
aman Imaging and Spectroscopy with an Apertureless Metallic Probe

Conclusions
The Use of Near‐Field Probes for Vibrational Spectroscopy and Photothermal Imaging
Authors: Pollock Hubert M. , Smith D. Alastair 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

There has recently been an explosion in the development of “near‐field” technology and in its application to the
imaging or localized spectroscopy
of solid state, organic, and biological samples. Typically, suitable analytical techniques such as Raman scattering and infrared (IR) spectroscopy are incorporated into the design of an atomic force microscope (AFM) or a scanning near‐field optical microscope (SNOM).

Although the difficulty of low signal levels in near‐field spectroscopic imaging are compounded when we attempt to use Raman scattering or IR absorption as the contrast mechanism, the potential benefits of high spatial resolution chemical mapping will continue to be a potent driving force in the development of vibrational near‐field spectroscopy. We describe how the photothermal effect has been used to achieve chemical resolution combined with sub‐wavelength spatial imaging, giving localised PhotoThermal Micro‐Spectroscopy (PTMS). This technique is closely related to microthermal analysis, where in an AFM the conventional near‐field tip is replaced by a miniature heater/thermometer.
Spectra– Structure Correlations in the Mid‐ and Far‐Infrared
Authors: Shurvell H.F. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A rapid and simple method for obtaining preliminary information on the identity or structure of an organic molecule is to record an infrared absorption spectrum of the compound. Infrared spectroscopy gives information on molecular structure through the frequencies of vibrations of the molecule. From knowledge of group frequencies, direct information about the presence (or absence) of certain functional groups in an unknown compound is available from an infrared spectrum. Comparison of the spectrum of an unknown material with the spectra of known compounds can lead to the identification of the unknown substance.
This section concentrates on spectra–structure correlations in the mid‐ and far‐infrared. An introduction to group frequencies and factors affecting them is given. Tables of group frequencies are provided and a systematic method for the analysis of a spectrum is presented. Examples on the use of spectra–structure correlations are given. A bibliography of the methods and references to collections of spectra are included.
Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: George W.O. , Lewis Rh. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction to the Hydrogen BondVibrational Parameters Associated withH‐Bond FormationChanges inAHandBVibrational Modes upon ComplexationStructure, Breadth and Intensification of νSupon ComplexationH‐Bond Stretch: An Indicator ofH‐Bond StrengthExperimental OverviewAb Initio Calculations ofIRandRaman Spectra ofH‐Bonded ComplexesComplexes in Solids, Liquids, and SolutionsLow‐Resolution Studies ofH‐Bonding in Gases and Vapors and in Matrix IsolationHigh‐ResolutionIRSpectroscopy ofH‐Bonded ComplexesH‐Bonding in Polymers and Biological Systems
Expert Systems
Authors: Hemmer Markus C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTechniques Used in Expert SystemsFuzzy LogicPattern RecognitionArtificial Neural NetworksSpectrum and Structure RepresentationSpectrum RepresentationStructure DescriptorsSpectrum InterpretationMathematical ModelsRule‐Based Expert SystemsFuzzy Logic ApproachesArtificial Neural Networks for Spectrum InterpretationSimulation ofIRSpectra with Counterpropagation Neural NetworksStructure ElucidationComputer‐Assisted Structure ElucidationDerivation of the3DStructure by Counterpropagation Neural NetworksCombined Spectra AnalysisOutlook
Use of Group Theory for Band Assignment and Structure Correlation
Authors: Tasumi Mitsuo , Sakamoto Akira , Hieda Toyohiko , Torii Hajime 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

R
aman Intensity of the In‐Phase
CH
Out‐of‐Plane Wag of the Trans
HC

CH
Group

Experimental Findings and Working Hypothesis

Trans‐Stilbene

Carotenoids

Working Hypothesis

Calculations of the
R
aman Intensity of the “In‐Phase
CH
Out‐of‐Plane Wag” for Distorted Model Molecules

The Case of Trans‐2‐Butene

The Case of Trans‐1,3,5‐Hexatriene

Conclusion of this Section

Structure of the Second Stable Conformer of 1,3‐Butadiene and Its Infrared Spectrum

Conclusion
Vibrational Intensities: Interpretation and Use for Diagnostic Purposes
Authors: Gussoni M. , Castiglioni C. , Zerbi G. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Parametrization of Infrared Intensities

Internal Derivatives of the Dipole Moment (

P

R

)

Atomic Polar Tensors

Electrooptical Parameters

Equilibrium Charges and Charge Fluxes
(

ECCF

)

Conclusion on Intensity Parameters

Problems Occurring in the Parametrization

Use of Data From Isotopic Species

Rotational Corrections

Sum Rules

Signs of the Dipole Moments

Overlay Technique

Redundancies

Principal Uses of the Different Parametrizations

History

Transferable Parameters

Interpretation

Comparison with Quantum Mechanics

Calculated Infrared Intensities

Calculated

P

R

and their Signs

Calculated

P

X

and their Partitions

Atomic Charges

Use of Intensity Markers for Diagnosis

Acidity of Hydrogen Atoms in Hydrocarbons

Activation of

‐Modes

A Final Comment

Appendices

Appendix 1 Background

Appendix 2

CCFO

Partition of

APT

Appendix 3 King's Effective Charges and

ECCF
Discriminant Analysis by Neural Networks
Authors: Yang Husheng 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction to Neural NetworksNeural Network AlgorithmsMultilayer Feed‐Forward Neural NetworksKohonenSelf‐Organizing Feature Maps(SOMs)Hopfield NetworkOther Neural Network ArchitecturesBidirectional Associative Memory(BAM) NetworkRadial Basis Function(RBF) NetworkCounterpropagation(CP) NetworkHamming NetworkHolographic NetworkApplications of Discriminant Analysis in Vibrational SpectroscopyApplications to Mid‐Infrared SpectraStructural Feature RecognitionIdentification of Small Features and Classification of Spectra of Small VarianceApplications ofBAM, Hamming, and Holographic NetworksApplications toNIRSpectraApplications toRaman Spectroscopy
Classification Methods
Authors: Isaksson Tomas , Aastveit Are Halvor 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction and Definitions

Nomenclature and Definitions

Preprocessing

Covariance, Collinearity and Data Reduction Methods

Distance Measurements

Cluster Analysis

Hierarchical Cluster Analysis

Linkage Methods

Nonhierarchical Cluster Analysis

Cluster Analysis Applications

Discriminant Analysis

Linear Discriminant Analysis Methods

Linear Discriminant Analysis

Fisher's Linear Discriminant Function

Regression as a Discriminant Analysis Method

Quadratic Discriminant Analysis

K
Nearest Neighbor

Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogies

A Comparative Example

Choosing a Discriminant Analysis Method
2
D
Correlation Spectroscopy in Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Ozaki Yukihiro 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

IR

Spectroscopy

NIR
Spectroscopy

R
aman Spectroscopy

2
D
Hetero‐Spectral Correlation

External Perturbation

Applications of 2
D
Mid‐

IR

Spectroscopy

Polymers

Semicrystalline Polymers

Immiscible Polymer Blends

Dynamic

IR

Linear Dichroism and 2
D
Correlation Spectroscopy of Poly(ɛ‐Caprolactone)

Liquid Crystals

Chemical Reactions

Proteins

Applications of 2
D
NIR
Spectroscopy

Polymers

Temperature‐Dependent Structural Variations of an Amorphous Polyamide Studied by 2
D
NIR
Spectroscopy

Applications of 2
D
Correlation Spectroscopy in Depth‐Profiling Photoacoustic Spectroscopy and
NIR
Dynamic Rheo‐Optics – Study of a Polymeric Laminate Film

A 2
D
NIR
Correlation Spectroscopy Study on Composition‐Dependent Spectral Variations in Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

Proteins

Applications of 2
D
R
aman Spectroscopy

Polymers

Proteins

Hetero‐Spectral Correlation Analysis

2
D
R
aman‐
NIR
Hetero‐Spectral Correlation Analysis of the Specific Interactions in Partially Miscible Blends of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) and Poly(4‐Vinylphenol)

Conformational Changes of Ribonuclease a Upon Thermal Unfolding Studied by 2
D
Mid‐

IR

,
NIR
and

IR

‐
NIR
Hetero‐Spectral Correlation Spectroscopy
Molecular Orientation Studies of Polymers by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Bokobza Liliane 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Various examples of filled elastomeric networks will illustrate the potential of vibrational spectroscopy for a better understanding of the reinforcement effect. The addition of an inorganic component to polymers usually leads to improvements in moduli. The increase in stiffness arises essentially from interfacial interactions between the organic and inorganic phases. These interactions, determined by the surface characteristics and the chemically active sites of the filler particles, play a major role in the mechanical response of the composite material. Vibrational spectroscopy has been used to get interesting insights into the quality of the interface. The results of the spectroscopic investigation are nicely combined with the macroscopic information provided by the mechanical analysis.
Measurement of the Physical Characteristics of Polymers
Authors: Tashiro Kohji 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Characteristics of Vibrational Spectra of Polymer Solids

Conformation‐Sensitive Bands

Crystallinity‐Sensitive Bands and Critical Sequence Length

Chain Packing Mode in the Crystal Lattice and Spectral Profile

Density of Vibrational State and the Dispersion Curve

Accordion Motion

Molecular Chain Orientation

Morphology and Infrared Spectra of Polymers

Spectroscopic Study of Structural Changes in Phase Transitions

Measurement Techniques

How to Control Temperature for Spectroscopic Measurements

Temperature Jump Technique

Spectroscopic Studies of Phase Transitions

Thermally Induced Phase Transitions of Vinylidene Fluoride Copolymers

Isothermal Crystallization of

PE

from the Melt

Solvent‐Induced Crystallization of

s
PS

Glass

Stress‐Induced Phase Transition of Poly(butylene terephthalate) and Elastic Rubbers

Mechanical Properties and Vibrational Spectra of Polymers

Molecular Deformation of a Polymer Crystal Under Tensile Stress

Experimental Proof of Theoretically Predicted Atomic Displacements

Simultaneous Measurements of Vibrational Spectra and Other Techniques

Combination of a Viscoelastometer with

FT
‐
IR

Spectroscopy

Summary
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polymer Composites
Authors: Cole Kenneth C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe chapter reviews and illustrates with examples the diverse applications of vibrational spectroscopy to the study of polymer composites, which are defined as materials consisting of a polymeric (thermoplastic or thermoset) matrix reinforced with fibers (carbon, glass, polymer) or inorganic particles. After some discussion of the experimental difficulties that must be dealt with in obtaining spectra of these heterogeneous materials, the literature is reviewed under the following subject categories: quality control of polymer composites; studies of reinforcements (carbon, glass, polymer fibers, inorganic particulate fillers, cellulose‐based fillers), their surface treatments, and interphases; thermoplastic matrices (crystallinity, orientation); thermoset matrices (the study and monitoring of curing by mid‐infrared, near‐infrared, and Raman spectroscopies); environmental degradation. The chapter concludes with a brief coverage of newer types of composite materials: nanocomposites based on layered silicates (nanoclays), sol–gel preparation methods, and carbon nanotubes; molecular composites; and polymer‐dispersed liquid crystals.
Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry
Authors: Korzeniewski Carol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionExperimentalInfrared Spectrometer SystemsSampling MethodsExternal ReflectionAttenuated Total Internal ReflectionThin‐Layer Electrochemical Cells for in situ Infrared MeasurementsSpectral AcquisitionElectrochemically Modulated Infrared and Subtractive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic MethodsDouble‐Modulation Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic MethodsPolarization ModulationElectrode Potential ModulationApplicationsElectrocatalysis andCOSurface ChemistryAdsorbedCO: Surface Coverage EffectsInfrared Spectroscopy of in situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy‐Characterized Metal–Adsorbate SystemsAdsorbedCO: Surface Potential EffectsDiscrimination Against Solution Species with Fourier Transform Electrochemically Modulated Infrared SpectroscopyOrganic MonolayersSummary and ConclusionsAcknowledgments
Vibrational Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Dairy Products and Wine
Authors: Andersen Steen Kjær , Hansen Per Waaben , Andersen Hans Villemoes 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areAnalytical Requirements in the Dairy and Wine IndustryHistory of Milk and Wine AnalysisMIRInstrumentationGeneral Design ConsiderationSample Cell DesignHomogenization of the SampleHigh Pressure Flow SystemTemperature StabilizationHumidityVibrationsTransferability of CalibrationsMultivariate Calibration TechniquesSummary
RemoteRaman Spectroscopy. Profiling Water Vapor and Aerosols in the Troposphere UsingRaman Lidars
Authors: Turner D.D. , Whiteman D.N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionWater VaporAerosolsRaman Lidar History and OverviewHistory of theRaman EffectOptical Remote Sensing and LidarRaman LidarThe First Measurements: Nitrogen and OxygenPollution MonitoringWater VaporWater TemperatureCloud Liquid WaterAtmospheric TemperatureExtinction/Optical DepthStratospheric OzoneTheory ofRaman Lidar Water Vapor and Aerosol MeasurementsARMCARTRaman LidarExamplesExample ProfilesEvolution of the Water Vapor FieldObservation of Atmospheric BoundariesAerosol ProcessesAerosol and Water Vapor ClimatologiesUpper Tropospheric HumidityCloud PropertiesThe FutureSummary
Astronomical Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Kawaguchi K. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Astronomical Objects

Interstellar Clouds and Evolution

Star Formation Region

Late‐Type Stars and Planetary Nebula

Cosmic Abundance

Line Width in Astronomical Objects

Interstellar Molecules

Detected Molecules

Molecular Energy Levels and Vibration–Rotation Transitions

Vibrational Transition Moment

Line Intensity and Molecular Abundance

Infrared Astronomy

Brief History

Infrared Detectors

Spectrometers

Infrared Observations of Gas‐Phase Molecules

H
2

H
3
+

Carbon and Oxygen Compounds

Sulfur Compounds

Infrared Observations of Solid‐Phase Species

Interstellar Dust

Small Molecules in Interstellar Dust Mantle

Unidentified Infrared Bands
(

UIR

s
)

Carriers for Unidentified Infrared Bands

Future Prospects

Nonpolar Molecules

Negative Ions

Infrared Lasers

Acknowledgments
Vibrational Spectroscopy in the Pulp and Paper Industry
Authors: Leclerc Denys F. , Trung Thanh P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionComparative Advantages and Limitations of Infrared andRaman SpectroscopiesTopical Overview of ArticleHistoryEarly Pulp and Paper Applications of Vibrational SpectroscopyCurrent Scope ofFT‐IRandFT‐NIRPulp and Paper ApplicationsCurrent Scope ofRaman Pulp and Paper ApplicationsSampling MethodsFT‐IRSampling TechniquesDRIFTSATRFT‐IRMicroscopyPASFT‐RamanSampling TechniquesRaman MicroscopyRaman Fiber‐Optic ProbesLaboratory ApplicationsLignocellulosic Material CharacterizationCellulose and Lignin (Wood Species, Pulp, Paper)Color/Brightness Reversion StudiesExtractives AnalysisContaminant AnalysisCharacterization of Papermaking AdditivesFT‐IRandFT‐NIROn‐Line ApplicationsKraft PulpingAlkaline Sulfite Anthraquinone Methanol PulpingOther ApplicationsFT‐Ramanand Other Vibrational Spectroscopic ApplicationsLignin Content andKappa Number DeterminationBrightness Reversion and Photo‐YellowingClassification of Wood TypesPaper and Paper Additives AnalysisOther Vibrational Spectroscopy ApplicationsPerformance, Maintenance and Data Quality IssuesPerformance and Maintenance RequirementsReststrahlen (Inversion) Bands inDRIFTSOptimization ofATRSensitivityRaman Signal Enhancement of Lignocellulosic MaterialsDevelopment of Quantitative MethodsUnivariate CalibrationMultivariate CalibrationConcluding RemarksAcknowledgments
Applications of
R
aman Spectroscopy to the Identification and Conservation of Pigments on Art Objects
Authors: Clark Robin J.H. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Raman spectroscopy and more specifically Raman microscopy have now been established to be highly effective techniques whereby the pigments on manuscripts, paintings, enamels, ceramics, icons, polychromes and papyri may be identified. This situation has arisen because of many recent technical advances in the instrumentation, resulting in high spatial and spectral resolution, excellent specificity and sensitivity, and the fact that so many objects of art may be studied in situ, without the need for sampling. The results bear not only on aspects of restoration and conservation, but also on the authentication and dating of artwork. Both the speed with which the key information can be gathered and the near certainty of the conclusions are having a major effect on the art world.
Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Soil and Environmental Sciences
Authors: Johnston Cliff T. , Wang Shan‐Li 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionSampling MethodsAttenuated Total ReflectionDiffuse ReflectionTransmissionMicro‐Raman SpectroscopyUsing Molecular Probes to Study Environmental ParticlesWaterOxyanionsOrganic Probe MoleculesOrganic CationsOrganic AnionsNeutral Organic CompoundsIRandRaman Studies of Humic SubstancesSummary