bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological Control of Tetranychus urticae on Stock Plants of Ornamental Ivy
Authors: Gould H. J. , Light W. I. St. G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe predacious mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot gave a good control of the red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), on Hedera stock plants after routine sprays of dicofol had failed to give satisfactory results.
Estimation of the Distribution of Verticillium Populations in Infected Strawberry Plants and Soil
Authors: Jordan V. W. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA rapid dilution‐plate technique has been evolved for the quantitative assay of the inoculum density of Verticillium spp. in infected plant tissues and in soil. Results showed a very high level of the pathogen (1,500 propagules/g soil) in the top 10 cm of soil from a severely‐infested strawberry site with the counts decreasing at lower depths. The top 30 cm of soil contained 98 per cent of the total estimated population.Abundant Verticillium inoculum was present in all vegetative tissues of infected plants with the exception of fruit stalks, the highest counts being recorded in root extracts. The relatively high inoculum level of the pathogen in stolon extracts demonstrates one method by which young runners may become infected.
Effect of Captan Seed Dressing on Carrot Emergence
Authors: Perry D. A. , Hegarty T. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYEmergence trials with carrot seed showed that response to dusting with captan varied between seed lots and on different sowing dates. The response was greatest when seeds were exposed to soil moisture stress. Correlation coefficients between germination and emergence of treated seed were significant.
Insect Visitors to Pear Blossom
Authors: Emmett B. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYObservations were made in 1967 and 1968 to discover which insect species were visiting pear blossom in three orchards in south‐east England. On primary (spring) blossom the most numerous were honey bees and several species of andrenid bees; also common though less numerous were the calliphorid flies Calliphora and Lucilia spp. and several species of syrphid flies including Eristalis. On secondary (summer) blossom bees of any kind were rare; the most numerous insects were syrphid flies, though there were fewer than on primary blossom; calliphorid flies were rare. Very few insects were found on the foliage in the summer. Several fly species were found on trees in the autumn and one was carrying the fireblight organism.
Insect Transmission of Fireblight
Authors: Emmett B. J. , Baker Lily A. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe following insects, after being allowed contact with a culture of Erwinia amylovora and then enclosed with trusses of primary blossom of pear or apple, were found to transmit fireblight disease to (a) pear: an aphid species, Meligethes sp., Bombus terrestris, B. hortorum. Apis mellifera, Andrena varians, Hoplocampa testudinea, Eristalis tenax, Neoascia sp., Scopeuma stercorarium; and to (b) apple: Andrena varians, H. testudinea, E. tenax and Lucilia sp. In preliminary tests the following transmitted the disease to vegetative shoots of (a) pear: Psylla simulans, Philaenus spumarius, Lygocoris pabulinus and Orthotylus marginalis; and (b) apple: Psylla simulans.
Chemical Control of Blossom Wilt of Apple
Authors: Byrde R. J. W. , Melville S. C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYExcellent control of blossom wilt of apple, caused by Sclerotinia laxa f. mali, was obtained in 1968 and 1969 by the use of two sprays of benomyl (0.025 per cent active ingredient), applied as the first flowers opened, and again about seven days later. There were indications that each of the two applications contributed to the control of the disease. Similar applications of dithianon (0.075 per cent active ingredient) were somewhat less effective.
The Distribution in Scotland of Tobacco Rattle Virus and its Nematode Vectors in Relation to Soil Type
Authors: Cooper J. I. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTobacco rattle virus (TRV) was transmitted from tubers of 13 out of 15 potato cultivars with spraing (20/22 stocks tested) and cucumber bait seedlings became infected with the virus when grown in soil from all the fields where crops had become affected with spraing. Trichodorus pachydermus Seinhorst and/or T. primitivus (de Man) occurred in all 106 TRV‐infested soils examined; in addition, T. nanus Allen was found in five, T. cylindricus Hooper in two and an unidentified species in one TRV‐infested soil. TRV is considered to be the major cause of potato spraing in Scotland, and T. pachydermus and T. primitivus to be the main vectors.TRV occurred in 106 out of 153 (68 per cent) freely drained podsols derived from fluvioglacial, raised beach, till, alluvial or sand‐dune deposits but was not found on heavy, badly drained soils. About 12 per cent of Scotland's potato acreage is estimated to be on TRV‐infested soil and 15–20 per cent of the total arable acreage is probably infested with Trichodorus spp. Many of the soils infested with Trichodorus spp. are inherently deficient in copper and manganese. In laboratory experiments, solutions of cupric sulphate (16 p.p.m. Cu) were toxic to T. pachydermus, T. primitivus and T. cylindricus but not to a mixture of other saprozoic and stylet‐bearing nematodes from a Trichodorus infested soil.
A Survey of Crown Gall in Rootstock Beds of Apple, Cherry, Plum and Quince in England
Authors: Lelliott R. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSeventeen nurseries in England were surveyed for crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens). The disease was detected in nine of 101 apple root‐stock beds examined: five were on the only nursery surveyed that was on peat soil (pH 5.9) and 49–84 per cent of stools in these beds were galled; 1–4 per cent was recorded in single beds on four other nurseries. It was found on five of seven nurseries with F12/1 cherry rootstock beds: three of four stool beds examined had 6, 6 and 43 per cent of stools affected, and two of three layer beds had 4 and 12 gall clusters/ 20 yd (18.3 m) run of bed. Slight infection (one gall cluster in 20 yd of bed) was found in one of 17 plum beds on seven nurseries, and 16 per cent of stools affected were in one of 14 quince A beds on 11 nurseries. The presence or amount of crown gall could not be related to type of bed, to age of bed, to soil pH or to type of loam or silt soil.
Comparison of Four Insecticides for the Control of the Common Green Capsid, Lygocoris pabulinus (L.) (Heteroptera‐Miridae), on Apple Trees
Authors: Wightman J. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSingle sprays of DDT, malathion, azinphos‐methyl and vamidothion were applied to apple trees at petal fall in 1967 and 1968 for the control of Lygocoris pabulinus in a commercial orchard in the west of England. The degree of control was assessed by sampling the number of capsids and newly damaged twigs in each treatment after spraying. Control on all sprayed trees was virtually complete in 1967. In the following year DDT, azinphos‐methyl and vamidothion gave 74, 67 and 81 per cent control respectively, whereas no L. pabulinus was found on malathion‐treated trees and only 0.2 per cent of the twigs assessed for damage showed recent feeding punctures. It was concluded that vamidothion and azinphos‐methyl gave as good control of this species as DDT and that malathion gave better control.
Tylenchus emarginatus and Tylenchorhynchus dubius associated with Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) Seedlings
Authors: Gowen S. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYExperiments in tubes showed that Sitka spruce was a good host for Tylenchus emarginatus and Tylenchorhynchus dubius and that these nematodes were able to stunt root growth. Both species were more abundant in plots at Wobum, Bedfordshire, where Sitka spruce was grown repeatedly than in nearby land under other crops. In 1968 nematodes were more numerous in plots with nitrogen fertilizer than in those without. In 1969 they were fewer, possibly because populations remaining from 1968 were too great for the seedlings to support and/or because rainfall was much less.
Observations on the Biology and Control of Tortricid Larvae on Strawberries
Authors: Vernon J. D. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYObservations made in England between 1965 and 1970 showed that larvae of Acleris comariana (Zell.), Clepsis spectrana (Treits.), Lozotaenia forsterana ( F.), Cnephasia interjectana (Haw.), Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübn.) and Argyroploce lacunana (Den. & Schiff.) occur on strawberry. Of the pesticides tested primarily against Acleris comariana, azinphos‐methyl, fenitrothion, malathion, methidathion, mevinphos, parathion and trichlorphon gave very good control of second generation larvae when applied at 200 gal/acre (2,245 l./ha). DDT and TDE gave relatively poor control. When applied against first generation larvae in the spring at 100 gal/acre (1,123 l./ha), azinphos‐methyl, fenitrothion, metkidathion and trichlorphon were less effective though the number of larvae was reduced by over 50 per cent. DDT, phosalone and phosmet also killed over 50 per cent of first generation larvae, but dichlorvos and Dupont 1642 did not; malathion gave variable results.
The Transmission of Rhynchosporium secalis by Infected Barley Seed
Authors: Habgood R. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe transmission of Rhynchosporium secalis by infected barley seed was demonstrated, 2 per cent of the seeds from a heavily infected crop producing infected seedlings. Complete control of this source of inoculum was achieved by hot‐water treatment, but only partial contrpl by an organomercury dust seed dressing.
The Control of White Rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk.) in Salad Onions with Dicloran
Authors: Fletcher J. T. , Knight B. C. , Bate E. , Cragg I. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDicloran treatment of onion seeds either pelleted or as dust dressing resulted in an increase in yield of salad onions in field experiments. There were indications that the incidence of white rot was reduced as a result of this treatment. In laboratory and field experiments other chemicals were either less effective or phytotoxic.
The Occurrence of Two New Physiologic Races of Puccinia striiformis Westend. in Britain
Authors: Chamberlain N. H. , Doodson J. K. , Johnson R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTwo new physiologic races of yellow rust infecting wheat have been identified in Britain. The races are able to infect previously resistant cultivars and breeding material in an advanced stage of development. The two races are distinct from each other and have been named race IB and race 3/55D.
The Production, Handling and Distribution of the Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and its Parasite Encarsia formosa for use in Biological Control Programmes in Glasshouses
Authors: Scopes N. E. A. , Biggerstaff S. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA method of mass‐producing the glasshouse whitefly, Trialemodes vaporariorum, and its parasite Encarsia formosa on Nicotiana tabacun is described. Whiteflies of known age are produced for introducing into glasshouses before the introduction of the parasite. They are also produced for stock multiplication of the parasite. The production cycles of the adult parasite are 36 and 40 days respectively for stock multiplication and distribution on nurseries.The cool storage of parasite pupae for use in biological control programmes is discussed. 50–60 per cent emergence of parasite pupae occurs after 36–43 days if stored at 12–13°C. However if transferred to room temperature after 20 days, 70 per cent emergence may be expected after five days. Humidity in cool storage did not affect the survival of pupae.
Observations on the Possible Control of Tetranychus urticae on Strawberries by Phytoseiulus persimilis
Authors: Simmonds S. P. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYObservations at a holding in south‐west England from 1967–70 have shown that the mite predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot can effectively control the red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), both on strawberries under glass cloches and in unprotected rows outside.
European Wheat Striate Mosaic Disease in 1970
Authors: Plumb R. T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA greater prevalence of European wheat striate mosaic was reported in English winter wheat crops in 1970 than in any previous year and loss of yield in one crop was probably as much as 10 per cent.At Rothamsted, infected plants were first found at the beginning of May and symptoms appeared in others until the middle of June. Most infections probably occurred before spring cereals emerged but a few plants became infected in spring‐sown crops. Most infected plants produced no grain. The mild autumn of 1969 and a previous crop of spring wheat may have been partly responsible for the unusually prevalent infection at Rothamsted.
A Seedling Blight of Antirrhinum caused by Pseudomonas antirrhini
Authors: Simpson Carol J. , Jones G. Elis , Taylor J. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSeedling blight of Antirrhinum caused by Pseudomonas antirrhini is described for the first time in the United Kingdom. An account is given of the disease symptoms, the pathogenicity of Ps. antirrhini and its host range and control.
Phytotoxicity of Methyl Bromide to Chrysanthemum Cuttings
Authors: Gostick K. G. , Powell D. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe damage caused to unrooted chrysanthemum cuttings by methyl bromide fumigation was lessened by storing the cuttings for one day at 4°C before fumigation at 18°C. After such storage, the addition of 10 per cent carbon dioxide to the fumigation atmosphere did not affect the damage caused. There was significant variation in the damage suffered by different cultivars when unrooted cuttings were fumigated at 4 and 18°C and rooted cuttings at 18°C.
Large‐scale Trials of an Integrated Control Programme for Cucumber Pests on Commercial Nurseries
Authors: Gould H. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAn integrated programme of pesticides and biological agents was used for the control of cucumber pests at seven sites in England in 1970. Tetranychus urticae was effectively controlled using the predacious mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. The parasite Encarsia formosa gave variable control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Tyrophagus longior was controlled by sprays of parathion applied to the beds or straw bales before planting at five of the six sites where control measures were used, and bed drenches of gamma‐BHC or diazinon gave good control of Thrips tabaci. When used in this way, these pesticides did not aifect the biological control programme. The selective aphicide pirimicarb was used to control Aphis gossypii. Dimethirimol controlled cucumber powdery mildew early in the season but later applications gave control at only one site.
Control of Beet Leaf Miner (Pegomya betae (Curt.)) by Soil‐applied Pesticides
Authors: Winder G. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDamage to the leaves of sugar‐beet seedlings in eastern England by larvae of Pegomya betae (Curt.) was prevented or greatly decreased by drilling aldicarb, Dupont 1410, methomyl, ‘Mocap’ or pirimiphosmethyl at rates in the range 4–60 oz a.i./acre (280–4,204 g/ha) in the furrow with the seed.
Barley Leaf Blotch Epidemics in Relation to Weather Conditions with Observations on the Overwintering of the Disease on Barley Debris
Authors: Polley R. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe development of barley leaf blotch was observed over a three year period (1968–1970) on 1/34th acre (0.012 ha) plots using cultivar Sultan. Epidemic development was found to be closely associated with the frequency of periods of 12 hr or more when the relative humidity did not fall below 90 per cent and precipitation occurred at least 9 hr before the end of the period, with a temperature mean of not less than 10°C during the period. The infection period was derived from data obtained from experiments made in a glasshouse. The carry‐over of the disease was investigated during the winter of 1968/69 and a correlation found between the number of infected seedlings in the 1969 spring sown crop and disease levels in the previous barley crop. An overwintering state of the fungus induced by artificial inoculation on barley straw is described.
Further Trials on Alternatives to DDT for the Control of Pre‐blossom Pests on Apple and Pear
Authors: Vernon J. D. R. , Gould H. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYBetween 1967 and 1970, 19 insecticides in nine trials in southern and eastern England were evaluated for the control of pre‐blossom pests on apple. Where sprays were applied at the green‐cluster stage, azinphos‐ methyl, dichlorvos, ‘Dursban’, fenitrothion, methidathion and phos‐ alone gave an equivalent or better control than DDT of winter moth larvae, tortricid larvae and apple capsid. Iodofenphos, phosmet and trichlorphon were also as effective as DDT against tortricid larvae and apple capsid but gave more variable control of winter moth larvae. Carbaryl, Ciba C11042, cyanophos, monocrotophos and pirimiphos‐methyl in single trials and Du Pont 1642 and ‘Torak’ also gave effective control of winter moth and tortricid larvae; no data were available on their effect on apple capsid.Dichlorvos, ‘Dursban’. fenitrothion, methidathion and phosmet were particularly effective against apple sucker. Cyanophos, Du Pont 1642, iodofenphos, monocrotophos and ‘Torak’ were also effective in single trials, but azinphos‐methyl, phosalone and trichlorphon gave less effective control of apple sucker when infestations were heavy.In one trial, azinphos‐methyl, dimethoate and fenitrothion effectively controlled apple‐grass aphid. Where a bud‐burst spray was applied, azinphos‐methyl, DDT, Du Pont 1642,‘Dursban’ and iodofenphos in a single trial all gave some control of apple blossom weevil. Although green‐cluster sprays are generally too late to prevent some damage by apple blossom weevil, some degree of control of larvae was achieved at that stage by azinphos‐methyl, Ciba C11042, Du Pont 1642, pirimiphos‐methyl and ‘Torak’.In a single trial on pear, azinphos‐methyl or phosalone applied at green cluster or white bud, or methidathion at green cluster, gave a control of winter moth larvae equivalent to DDT.
The Incidence of Sugar Beet Seedling Diseases and Effects of Seed Treatment in England
Authors: Byford W. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYOn average, 180 samples of sugar beet seed grown in England between 1958 and 1970, and examined before being steeped in ethyl mercuric phosphate (EMP), had 39 per cent of clusters infected with Phoma betae. However, the fungus damaged few seedlings in commercial crops because this treatment controlled it. In 1969, Aphanomyces sp. was unusually prevalent in sugar beet crops. Treating EMP‐steeped seed with a protectant fungicide did not, on average, significantly increase seedling emergence or final plant stand.
Surveys of Foliar Diseases of Spring Barley in England and Wales 1967‐ ‐ 70
Authors: King J. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSamples from 250–300 spring‐sown barley crops including all popular cultivars were taken when the grain was milky ripe. The percentage of the leaf area affected by recognizable diseases was recorded for the top two leaves and sub‐samples were tested for barley yellow dwarf virus. Mildew was the most severe disease in the first three years. In 1970, brown rust was most severe. Leaf blotch was the second most severe disease in 1969; in other years it was less severe than mildew and brovm rust. Estimated losses in yield due to mildew were revised in the light of recent data on disease progress. Annual losses of 7–11 per cent, with a mean over the four years of 9 per cent were estimated. Losses caused by leaf blotch infection were estimated to have been about 1 per cent in 1967, 1968 and 1969 and nil in 1970. No consistent annual pattern of distribution of mildew between geographical regions was apparent. Brown rust and leaf blotch infection levels tended to decrease from south to north. Disease severity was related to previous cropping only with respect to leaf blotch in 1969 when crops following a previous barley crop were infected more severely than those following another crop.
Race and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora fragariae from a Red Core Outbreak in Hampshire
Authors: Montgomerie Isabel G. , Kennedy D. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTwenty‐three pure culture isolates of Phytophthora fragariae were obtained from the cvs. Cambridge Favourite, Cambridge Rival, Gorella and Redgauntlet which had become infected at one site in Hampshire. All were race B66–11. When four isolates were compared, there was no evidence that they had been selected for pathogenicity towards their soiuce cultivar.
The Effect of Fungicides on Leaf Diseases and on Yield in Spring Barley in South‐west England
Authors: Jenkins J. E. E. , Melville S. C. , Jemmett J. L. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryIn nine experiments in 1966–68, fungicides applied on 8–12 occasions to plots of barley resulted in mean grain yield increases of about 40 per cent. Zineb increased yields by an average of 50 per cent in nine experiments and lime sulphur by 19 per cent in six experiments. In single experiments dichlofluanid increased yields but oxycarboxin did not. In 1968, fungicides applied on only two occasions failed to control disease and to increase grain yield. Large yield increases were associated with a good control of leaf diseases including leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis), halo spot (Selenophoma donacis) and brown rust (Puccinia hordei). Mildew (Erysiphe graminis) was excluded by using resistant cultivars. The diseases were severe late in the season, usually at or after ear emergence. Yield increases were wholly due to an increase in grain weight (1000‐grain weight).
The Effect of an Autumn Attack of Mildew (Erisyphe graminis) on the Growth and Development of Winter Barley
Authors: Finney J. R. , Hall D. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe results of a field experiment with winter barley in which severe mildew occurred early in the autumn are described. Where the disease was controlled with ethirimol (‘Milstem’)* seed dressing, the production of adventitious roots and tillers in the autumn was significantly increased and more of the tillers developed to maturity leading to higher grain yields.
The Egg‐shell of the Cabhage Root Fly, Erioischia brassicae (Bouché)
Authors: Jones Margaret G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe electroscan microscope was used to show details of the external structure of the egg of cabbage root fly. The median area between the hatching lines differs from the more solid structure of the longitudinal ridges on the rest of the surface. On the pointed posterior end are small holes in the outer layer, but in contrast to wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.), there are no distinct plastron areas around the micropyle at the blunt anterior end. The egg of cabbage root fly also lacks small plastron areas among the longitudinal ridges.
The Resistance of Hybrids of Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena and S. multidissectum to Heterodera rostochiensis Pathotype E
Authors: Parrott D. M. , Trudgill D. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSome Fl progeny of crosses between resistant and susceptible cultivars of potato contain resistance to Heterodera rostochiensis pathotype E (British notation) supplementary to that conferred by genes H1 and H2. This resistance in hybrid K2/6 was equal to that of its parent D40 and could be incorporated in a useful resistant cultivar.
The Relative Importance of Weather, Soil‐ and Seed‐borne Inoculum in determining the Incidence of Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies) in Potato Crops
Authors: Lapwood D. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPotato seed tubers, cv. Majestic, without or variously affected by common scab, were planted between 1964 and 1967, in two fields at Rothamsted, one known to produce only slightly scabbed and the other severely scabbed potato crops.The amount of scab at lifting depended most on whether June or early July was wet or dry. If wet, there was little infection on progeny tubers irrespective of the amount of inoculum in soil or on seed tubers. When dry weather allowed infection, inoculum in soil had more effect than that on seed.