bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Tertiary accreted terrane
Authors: Tabor R. W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The rocks of the Olympic Peninsula and their counterparts to the south in the Coast Ranges of southern Washington and Oregon comprise one or more Tertiary accreted terranes which are part of the collage of terranes that make up most of northwestern Washington (Coney and others, 1980).
The Olympic Mountains in Olympic National Park are one of the best examples of an accreted subduction complex of Tertiary age found in the conterminous United States. The Hurricane Ridge Road, south of Port Angeles, crosses parts of the complex where the observercan see spectacular outcrops of pillow basalt, pelagic interbeds, and submarine fan deposits, as well as the complex structures engendered during accretion of these rocks to the continental margin of North America.
Terrane (or tectonostratigraphic terrane) as used in this guide refers to a discrete structural block with stratigraphic and/or structural coherence; it is separated from its neighboring terranes by faults. Moreover, a large terrane that was coherent during its later geologic history, can be subdivided into smaller terranes whose earlier geologic histories differ.
Republic graben, Washington
Authors: Moye Falma J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Republic graben, located in northeastern Washington, extends from the Canadian border south approximately 48 mi (80 km) to the Columbia River. It can be reached on hard surface road from the east and west along Washington 20 from Kettle Falls or Tonasket, respectively, or from the south along Washington 21 from Wilbur (Fig. 1). The town of Republic, where lodging, food, and gasoline can be obtained, is located about 6 mi (10 km) north of the geographic center of the graben.
All of the stops shown in Figure 2 are accessible by two wheel drive vehicle. Most of the area describedin this report is on land owned by the Colville Indian Reservation, which has headquarters in Nespelem, Washington, 40 mi (64 km) south of Republic; Figure 2 shows the northern boundary at the reservation. North of Thirteenmile Creek, land is controlled by the National Forest Service or is privately owned. Permission should be obtained from private land owners and the Colville Tribal Headquarters before entering their land from the road right-of-way.
Structural relationships on the eastern margin of the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex near Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Lane Larry S. , Brown Richard L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Revelstoke (population 10,000) lies at the confluence of the Illecillewaet and Columbia Rivers in southern British Columbia (51°N, 118°12' W);and is 435 mi(700 km) east of Vancouver, British Columbia, and 250 mi (400 km) west of Calgary, Alberta (Fig.1). Principal access is by the Trans-Canada Highway and Canadian Pacific Railway. Provincial highways, secondary, and logging roads provide access to many geologically significant localities throughout the area (Brown and others,1981). The Big Bend Highway (British Columbia 23) runs northward from the Trans-CanadaHighway, past Revelstoke Dam 3 mi (5 km) north, to Mica Dam 96 mi (155 km) north.
Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska
Authors: Hildreth Wes , Fierstein Judy 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The pyroclastic deposits of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS) lie within Katmai National Park, 450 km southwest of Anchorage and 170 km west of Kodiak (Fig. 1). The only convenient access is by boat or amphibious aircraft from King Salmon to Brooks Camp on Naknek Lake; scheduled commercial service is available during summer months. Brooks Lodge offers a daily commercial shuttle by bus or van to the Overlook Cabin, perched on a scenic knoll near the terminus of the VTTS ash-flow deposit, at the end of a 37-km dirt road from Brooks Camp. Cabins, meals, camping, and National Park Service programs are available at Brooks Camp, but the Overlook Cabin and the Baked Mountain Hut (a day’s walk up th VTTS) provide no amenities other than primitive shelter from the normally foul weather. The distal part of the ash-flow sheet can be reached in an hour’s walk by rough trail from the Overlook Cabin, but anything more than a brief visit demands a backpack, boots and sneakers, high-quality rain gear, a sturdy tent, warm clothing, maps and compass, water bottles, food, an ice axe or staff, goggles for ash storms, a rope for fording streams, and a plan (or philosophy) for dealing with brown bears-which are commonly encountered with little warning. High winds, rain, bears, icy streams, and remoteness make the VTTS a true wilderness, exhilarating but dangerous, occasionally glorious, usually uncomfortable, and never to be trifled with. Information can be obtained by writing to the Superintendent, P.O. Box 7, King Salmon, AK 96613. U.S. Geological Survey 1:62,500 topographic maps, Mt. Katmai A3, A4, B3, B4, and 135, cover the VTTS and several neighboring stratovolcanoes, and the Mt. Katmai 1:250,000 sheet provides a desirable regional perspective.
Virgin River Gorge; Boundary between the Colorado Plateau and the Great Basin in northwestern Arizona
Authors: Langenheim R. L. , Schulmeister M. K. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Virgin River Gorge and one of its tributaries are traversed by I-15 between milepost 12, about 13 mi (21 km) east of Mesquite, Nevada, and Milepost 28, about 12 mi (19 km) west of St. George, Utah (Fig. 1). Geologic features are readily observable from the road and from a scenic viewpoint in the Virgin River Canyon Recreation Area, which is entered from an interchange between mileposts 18 and 19. The site is in the northern half of the Purgatory Canyon, Arizona, 7½-minute Quadrangle and in the northeastern quarter of the Littlefield, Arizona, 15-Minute Quadrangle.
Chulitna region, south-central Alaska
Authors: Hawley C. C. , Jones D. L. , Smith T. E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Upper Chulitna region of Alaska is on the south flank of the centralAlaska Range on the southeast side of Denali National Park (Fig. 1). It was first recognized as an unusual entity by S. R. Capps, who mapped a belt of Triassic rocks (1919) during a reconnaissance of mineral deposits; he called the area the Upper Chulitna region.
The Chulitna River forms a barrier to access, but once across the Chulitna the country is open and ranges from rolling, easily hikeable country to rugged and difficult. Some of the key sections of the Chulitna region are strikingly exposed in canyon walls, and flybys from either fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft provide excellent overviews of the geology (Figs. 2, 3).
The Alaska Tatonduk River section; An exceptional Proterozoic into Permian continental margin record
Authors: Allison Carol Wagner 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Tatonduk River section is located in the Nation Arch, a wedge-shaped area in eastern Alaska bounded by the Alas-ka-Yukon Territory border and the Dawson, Tintina, and Glenn Creek fault complexes (Fig. 1). The Yukon River flows north through the western portion of this wedge. The Tatonduk River flows west from the Yukon Territory, joining the Yukon River 13 mi (21 km) north of the village of Eagle.
Scheduled commercial air service is available to Eagle from Fairbanks, and there is road access to Eagle from May through September. Access to the Tatonduk River section is via riverboat or helicopter. There are no established trails into or within the Taonduk River valley. The high gradient and boulder bed of the river require a very shallow-draft boat with sufficient power to maintain control in the strong current. Shoaling near the mouth and multiple channels upstream demand skill in identification of the main channel.
This region falls partly within the boundaries of Yukon-Charley National Rivers Preserve, supervised by National Park Service personnel based in Eagle, and by the Doyon Regional Corporation, based in Fairbanks. Current land management policies allow access to the Tatonduk River valley; however, written permission is advisable for fossil collection, and helicopter usage in specific areas and periods is restricted.
The Ambler sequence at Arctic Ridge, Ambler District, Alaska
Authors: Schmidt Jeanine M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Arctic Ridge (67°09'18''N, 156°23'18''W to 67°12'42''N, 156°21'12''W) is located in the Ambler mineral district on the southern flank of the Brooks Range, northwest Alaska (Fig. 1), in the Ambler River A-1 Quadrangle. The ridgeline is 1.5 mi (2.5 km) due east of VABM Riley, between the Kogoluktuk and Shungnak rivers (Fig. 2).
Access to the area is easiest by helicopter. Arctic Ridge lies 270 mi (430 km) northwest of Fairbanks, 170 mi (270 km) east of Kotzebue, and 310 mi (500 km) northeast of Nome. Commercial helicopters are usually available for charter in Fairbanks and Nome. The traverse of the Ambler sequence begins on the highest peak (locally known as Arctic peak, elevation 3,560 ft; 1,085 m, Fig. 2) of the southern ridgeline, southeast of the buildings in Subarctic Creek valley (Fig. 3). Permission to cross private land and patented claims should be obtained prior to a visit from the NANA regional corporation (Northwest Alaska Native Association, based in Kotzebue) and Kennecott Mining Company (Salt Lake City, Utah), respectively. An alternative is to charter a small single-engine plane to Arctic airstrip (Fig. 2). This is a private airstrip, and permission for landing must be obtained from Kennecott Mining Company prior to any visit. From the airstrip, walk approximately 7.5 mi (12 km) northeast along a dirt road to Arctic camp, and from there up to Arctic peak.
The ridge is often covered by patchy snow into early July, but most outcrops are accessible by early June. The area usually remains free of snow cover until mid-September; however flurries can occur in any month. The ridgeline is steep, craggy, and locally difficult to traverse. Allow 5 to 10 hours in addition to the time required to arrive in the area. Interesting sidehill outcrops are 500 to 1,500 ft (150 to 450 m) in elevation below the ridgeline and often on steep slopes; allow extra time or use a helicopter to reach these.
The Doonerak fenster, central Brooks Range, Alaska
Authors: Mull C. G. , Dillon J. T. , Adams Karen E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Dietrich River and hiking 5 mi (8 km) to ridges northwest of Kuyuktuvuk Creek and Trembley Creek (an elevation gain of 2,000 to 3,000 ft [600 to 900 m]), a visitor gains access to some of the major stratigraphic units exposed in the fenster and at the base of the allochthon. However, in this area, exposures are not as good, and the structure is much more complicated than in the area of Mount Doonerak and Amawk Creek to the west.
Only the base of the Endicott Mountains allochthon is present in the area of the Doonerak fenster. The upper part of the Upper Devonian elastic sequence and the Mississippian to Trias-sic rocks on the allochthon are best exposed from the Brooks Range crest at Atigun Pass north to the mountain front, and are most easily reached from the Dalton Highway in the northern Endicott Mountains.
The Doonerak fenster is located in the central Brooks Range about 35 mi (55 km) south of the Endicott Mountains front. It can be traced for at least 70 mi (110 km) southwest from the Dalton Highway (the Trans-Alaska Pipeline haul road) about 50 mi (80 km) north of the village of Coldfoot. The area is located on the Wiseman and Chandalar 1:250,000 quadrangle maps and the Wiseman D1 and D2 and Chandalar D6 1:63,360 quadrangle maps.
The most significant stratigraphic and structural relationships in the fenster and at the base of the overlying Endicott Mountains allochthon are best exposed near Mount Doonerak and in the canyon of Amawk Creek 15 to 22 mi (24 to 35 km) west of the Dalton Highway. These areas are most easily reached by helicopter, or by bush planes, which can be landed on a gravel bar near the junction of Bombardment Creek and the North Fork of the Koyukuk River. The area is within the Gates of the Arctic National Park, and permission for helicopter access must be obtained in advance from the Superintendent, Gates of the Arctic National Park, P.O. Box 74680, Fairbanks, Alaska 99707.
The eastern end of the fenster is accessible by foot from the Dalton Highway from between miles 225 and 226. By wading the Dietrich River and hiking 5 mi (8 km) to ridges northwest of Kuyuktuvuk Creek and Trembley Creek (an elevation gain of 2,000 to 3,000 ft [600 to 900 m]), a visitor gains access to some of the major stratigraphic units exposed in the fenster and at the base of the allochthon. However, in this area, exposures are not as good, and the structure is much more complicated than in the area of Mount Doonerak and Amawk Creek to the west.
Only the base of the Endicott Mountains allochthon is present in the area of the Doonerak fenster. The upper part of the Upper Devonian elastic sequence and the Mississippian to Trias-sic rocks on the allochthon are best exposed from the Brooks Range crest at Atigun Pass north to the mountain front, and are most easily reached from the Dalton Highway in the northern Endicott Mountains.
Geologic features of Ignek Valley and adjacent mountains, northeastern Alaska
Authors: Molenaar C. M. , Mull C. G. , Swauger D.A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Ignek Valley lies along the northern most salient of the Brooks Range front in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Alaska (Figs. 1 and 2). Lying between the Shublik Mountains on the south and the Sadlerochit Mountains on the north, Ignek Valley includes the entire drainage of Ignek Creek and the headwaters of the Katakturuk River, which drains northward through the Sadlerochit Mountains as an antecedent river. The entire area is in the Mt. Michelson 1:250,000-scale Quadrangle or on the Mt. Michelson C-3 and C-4 1:63,360-scale quadrangles.
Access to the area is easiest by helicopter, which can be chartered at Deadhorse (Prudhoe Bay), 85 mi (137 km) to the northwest. In addition, bush planes have landed on nearby gravel bars and terraces, or at Schrader Lake 15 mi (24 km) southeast of Ignek mesa (informal name). Charter air service is available at Deadhorse, or Kaktovik, 60 mi (96 km) to the northeast. Because Ignek Valley is within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, permission to use helicopters or to conduct geological investigations within the refuge must be obtained by writing to the Refuge Manager, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Box 20, 101 12th Avenue, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701.
Lower Paleozoic craton-margin section, northern Potosi Valley, southern Spring Mountains, Clark County, Nevada
Authors: Cooper John D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Potosi Valley, located in the southern Spring Mountains approximately 30 mi (48 km) southwest of Las Vegas, Nevada (Fig. 1), exhibits a well-exposed section of the lower Paleozoic Goodsprings Dolomite of Hewett (1931). The best section is exposed on the west side of northern Potosi Valley in the east face of a 4-mi-(6.4-km-) long strike ridge (Fig. 2) containing a 3,300 ft (1,000 m +) thick succession of Middle Cambrian through Middle to Upper Devonian carbonate rocks (Fig. 3). These strata provide an instructive look at the Cordilleran craton-margin to miogeoclinal transition sequence comprising part of an alloch-thonous assemblage in the upper plate of the Keystone thrust. This accessible area has much to offer the student interested in Great Basin stratigraphy, sedimentology, and structure.
Steamboat Springs, Nevada
Authors: White Donald E. , Slemmons David B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Steamboat Springs geothermal area, Nevada is at the boundary between the Sierra Nevada and the Great Basin, and 10 mi (16 km) south of downtown Reno (Fig. 1). Access to the thermal area is convenient by bus or passenger car, from Nevada 431 at the northern edge of the area and U.S. 395 at the eastern edge.
Complex fold and thrust relationships, Mac Canyon, northern Pilot Mountains, west-central Nevada
Authors: Oldow John S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Mac Canyon is located on the northwestern flank of the Pilot Mountains, approximately 3.6 mi (6 km) east of Mina, in west-central Nevada. Mina is situated on U.S. Highway 95 approximately 33 mi (50 km) southeast of Hawthorne and about 76 mi (120 km) northwest of Tonopah. Mac Canyon is accessible by a good gravel road that leaves the southeastern quadrant of the Mina townsite (Fig. 1). The road ends at an old mine dump (suitable for parking) approximately 0.15 mi (0.25 km) south of the mouth of the canyon. A fair trail leads north along the range-front fault of the Pilot Mountains and is an easy walk to the canyon mouth. Some problem may be encountered in locating the appropriate road from Mina to the northwestern flank of the Pilot Mountains, because it is not marked. If local directions are sought, ask for the road to Water or Spearmint Canyon (site of the town water supply). Location of the town airstrip and use of the accompanying copy of parts of the Mina and Sodaville quadrangles should be sufficient direction. It is important to note that some of the roads indicated on the map have moved since publication of the quadrangle maps. Roads are good and passenger cars can be used. It is doubtful that buses could negotiate the road to the parking site, but they probably could approach to within about 2.4 mi (4 km) of the trail head.
1954 Fairview Peak earthquake area, Nevada
Authors: Slemmons David B. , Bell John W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
On December 16, 1954, two large-magnitude earthquakes occurred nearly simultaneously in the Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley area of western Nevada (Fig.1) (Slemmons, 1984). The first earthquake (Ms = 7.25) was centered near the middle of the Fairview Peak fault zone, where it crosses U.S. 50. It was followed four minutes later by a second shock(Ms=7-)centered on the east flank of the Stillwater Range in the northwest part of Dixie Valley, about 37 mi (60 km) to the north. Both earthquakes were accompanied by extensive and spectacular surface faulting (Slemmons, 1957). The combined rupture zone is about 62 mi (100 km) long and 18 mi (30 km) wide. The most spectacular scarps of this zone are at the main site (Figs.2 and 3) on the southeast side of Fairview Peak, an area that is about 5.5 mi (9 km) south of U.S. 50 and is accessible by passenger car on a new graded road.
The Snake Range décollement, eastern Nevada
Authors: Miller Elizabeth L. , Gans Phillip B. , Lee Jeffrey 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The northern Snake Range is located in east-central Nevada, along the Utah-Nevada border. It can be reached by driving approximately 50 mi (80 km) east from Ely, Nevada, on U.S. 50 (Fig. 1). The closest town of Baker, Nevada has food, accommodations (The Silver State motel), and nearby camping. The field trip stops described below are some of the most easily accessible; for a more complete field trip guide and road log, the reader is referred to Gans and Miller (1983).
Mesozoic structural features in Sonoma Canyon, Sonoma Range, Humboldt and Pershing counties, Nevada
Authors: Stahl Stephen D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Sonoma Canyon is on the west flank of the Sonoma Range, directly south of Winnemucca, Nevada (Fig. 1A, B). Coming from either the east or west on 1–80, take the second Winnemucca exit (“to U.S. 95 north”), turn west on Business 1–80 at the base of the ramp, and continue on Business 1–80 through the U.S. 95 junction. If entering Winnemucca via U.S. 95, turn right (west) at the junction with Business 1–80 (highlighted by“to 1–80” signs). Travelers from all directions are now on the same road and heading in the same direction and should get into the left lane of Business 1–80 west. Approximately 0.5 mi (0.8 km) west of the Business I-80/U.S. 95 junction, turn left (southeast) on Hanson Street (at sign for “Hanson Street Overpass”) and follow this road over the railroad tracks. At the base of the viaduct, turn right (southwest) on Grass Valley Road. Follow Grass Valley Road southwest and then south (at a “Y”in the road after passing the Grass Valley school and Star City deli/laundromat) for approximately 11.5 mi (18.5 km). The pavement ends at the Pershing County line. Turn left (east) onto the Sonoma Canyon access road (no sign; Fig. 1C). This turnoff is approximately 0.75 mi (1.3 km) north of Sonoma Ranch, which is well marked. The total distance from the center of Winnemucca is about 13 mi (21 km).
Post-Early Triassic, pre-middle Eocene folds and thrust faults, northern Adobe Range, Nevada
Authors: Ketner Keith B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Adobe Range is in northeastern Nevada near the city of Elko (Fig. 1). The northern end of the range can be reached in less than an hour from Elko via 1–80 and a gravel and dirt road that extends northward from the Ryndon Exit, 10 mi (16 km) east of Elko. (From the Ryndon Exit, proceed 7 mi (11.2 km) north to intersection; 2.7 mi (4.3 km) northwest to house; then right 3 mi (4.8 km) up Coal Mine Canyon to area shown on Fig. 2.) The areas indicated on Figures 2 through 4 are shown on the Coal Mine Basin 71/2-minute Quadrangle, and the geology of the northern Adobe Range is shown in Ketner and Ross (1983). In dry weather, these areas can be reached by two-wheel drive pickup truck or by vans, but four-wheel drive vehicles are recommended. These locations are inaccessible by bus.
The Athabasca Glacier, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Osborn Gerald 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Athabasca Glacier, a major tourist attraction in the Canadian Rockies, lies close to Alberta 93 (the Icefields Park-way) in Jasper National Park, 100 mi (160 km) northwest of Banff and 60 mi (95 km) southeast of Jasper. The Icefields Chalet and Parks Canada Information Center (Fig. 1) are accessible by bus from Banff and Jasper. Interpretive exhibits are on display at the center. From the highway a paved road leads to a parking lot within 0.3 mi (0.5 km) of the glacier terminus (Stop 1, Fig. 1). The preglacial area is easily explored on foot, and the ice-front sometimes can be traversed with ordinary boots. However, steep slopes, crevasses (sometimes hidden by snow), and meltwater pools occur in the terminal area; extended travel without partners, rope, crampons, and ice axe is not recommended. A less-steep, less-dissected part of the glacier surface is accessible via the snowmobile track that descends the lateral moraine on the southeast side of the glacier (Stop 2, Fig. 1); the head of this road can be reached by shuttle bus from the Information Center. Foot travel is generally safe on the track itself but may not be off the track.
Menan Buttes, southeastern Idaho
Authors: Creighton D. N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Menan Buttes are located at the Madison County-Jefferson County border in southeast Idaho, 56 mi (90 km) southwest of Yellowstone National Park and 9.8 mi (15.7 km) west-southwest of Rexburg, Idaho (Fig. 1). From Rexburg, take Idaho 33 west and turn south at an improved light-duty road that is 2.6 mi (4.3 km) past the bridge that crosses the Henry’s Fork (Fig. 1). North Menan Butte lies 1.9 mi (3 km) south of Idaho 33. From Idaho Falls, take U.S. 191/20 northeast to the town of Lorenzo; turn left at Idaho 80 and go past the town of Annis and a double bend in Idaho 80 where the road passes up and over two small volcanic cone remnants (Fig. 1). After passing the remnants, turn north at the second paved road that extends northward. North Menan Butte lies 3.9 mi (6.2 km) north of Idaho 80 on this road. As shown on Figure 1, paved light-duty and unimproved dirt roads encircle North Menan Butte and allow easy access for two-wheel drive vehicles. North Menan Butte is owned by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and is open to the public, whereas South Menan Butte is privately owned, and permission is required from David South to gain entry. Since the two buttes are similar, it is advisable to study the one with public access rather than asking for access to the privately owned butte.