bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybridization among cryptic species of the cellar fungus Coniophora puteana (Basidiomycota)
Authors: KAUSERUD HÅVARD , SVEGÅRDEN INGEBORG BJORVAND , DECOCK CONY , HALLENBERG NILS 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study we have analysed the genetic variation and phylogeography in a global sample of the cellar fungus Coniophora puteana, which is an important destroyer of wooden materials indoor. Multilocus genealogies of three DNA regions (beta tubulin, nrDNA ITS and translation elongation factor 1α) revealed the occurrence of three cryptic species (PS1–3) in the morphotaxon C. puteana. One of the lineages (PS3) is apparently restricted to North America while the other two (PS1–2) have wider distributions on multiple continents. Interspecific hybridization has happened between two of the lineages (PS1 and PS3) in North America. In three dikaryotic isolates, two highly divergent beta tubulin alleles coexisted, one derived from PS1 and one from PS3. Furthermore, one isolate included a recombinant ITS sequence, where ITS1 resembled the ITS1 version of PS3 while ITS2 was identical to a frequent PS1 ITS2 version. This pattern must be due to hybridization succeeded by intralocus recombination in ITS. The results further indicated that introgression has happened between subgroups appearing in PS1. We hypothesize that the observed reticulate evolution is due to previous allopatric separation followed by more recent reoccurrence in sympatry, where barriers to gene flow have not yet evolved. A complex phylogeographical structure is observed in the morphotaxon C. puteana caused by (i) cryptic speciation; (ii) the interplay between natural migration and distribution patterns and probably more recent human mediated dispersal events; and (iii) hybridization and introgression.
Linked vs. unlinked markers: multilocus microsatellite haplotype‐sharing as a tool to estimate gene flow and introgression
Authors: KOOPMAN WIM J. M. , LI YINGHUI , COART ELS , VAN DE WEG W. ERIC , VOSMAN BEN , ROLDÁN‐RUIZ ISABEL , SMULDERS MARINUS J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have explored the use of multilocus microsatellite haplotypes to study introgression from cultivated (Malus domestica) into wild apple (Malus sylvestris), and to study gene flow among remnant populations of M. sylvestris. A haplotype consisted of alleles at microsatellite loci along one chromosome. As destruction of haplotypes through recombination occurs much faster than loss of alleles due to genetic drift, the lifespan of a multilocus haplotype is much shorter than that of the underlying alleles. When different populations share the same haplotype, this may indicate recent gene flow between populations. Similarly, haplotypes shared between two species would be a strong signal for introgression. As the expected lifespan of a haplotype depends on the strength of the linkage, the length [in centiMorgans (cM)] of the haplotype shared contains information on the number of generations passed. This application of shared haplotypes is distinct from using haplotype‐sharing to detect association between markers and a certain trait. We inferred haplotypes for four to eight microsatellite loci on Linkage Group 10 of apple from genotype data using the program phase, and then identified those haplotypes shared between populations and species. Compared with a Bayesian analysis of unlinked microsatellite loci using the program structure, haplotype‐sharing detected a partially different set of putative hybrids. Cultivated haplotypes present in M. sylvestris were short (< 1.5 cM), indicating that introgression had taken place many generations ago, except for two Belgian plants that contained a haplotype of 47.1 cM, indicating recent introgression. In the estimation of gene flow, FST based on unlinked loci indicated small (0.032–0.058) but statistically significant differentiation between some populations only. However, various M. sylvestris haplotypes were shared in nearly all pairwise comparisons of populations, and their length indicated recent gene flow. Hence, all Dutch populations should be considered as one conservation unit. The added value of using sharing of multilocus microsatellite haplotypes as a source of population genetic information is discussed.
Quaternary diversification in a sexual Holarctic zooplankter, Daphnia galeata
Authors: ISHIDA SEIJI , TAYLOR DEREK J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of Quaternary glacial range partitioning on the diversification of Holarctic biota remain unclear. Glacial refugial lineages may form vicariant species, hybrid products, or merge after secondary contact. Here, we assess the effects of Quaternary glaciation on a Holarctic sexual zooplankter, Daphnia galeata, with apparently marked dispersal capacity and a widespread hybrid lineage in the New World. We collected samples of this species from 148 Holarctic lakes, analysed the nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences, and tested predictions for hypotheses that account for the origin and spread of the New World D. galeata. We detected five nuclear phylogroups and four mitochondrial phylogroups, most of which were restricted to either the New World or the Old World. The oldest mitochondrial phylogroup was restricted to Japan. One major mitochondrial clade was distributed throughout the Holarctic, but only four haplotypes were shared among continents, and analysis of molecular variance indicated significant structure at the continental level. Haplotype sharing among continents could largely be attributed to anthropogenic introductions. Mismatch distributions, haplotype networks, phylogenetic trees, longitudinal haplotype diversity erosion and coalescence analyses are consistent with colonization from an Old World and a New World refugium. Our nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence evidence supports the hypothesis that the New World D. galeata underwent introgression with Daphnia dentifera, with dispersal being enhanced by glaciation. We conclude that Quaternary glaciation had a pronounced effect on the diversification of a Holarctic sexual zooplankter.
The rise and fall of the mountain hare (Lepus timidus) during Pleistocene glaciations: expansion and retreat with hybridization in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: MELO‐FERREIRA J. , BOURSOT P. , RANDI E. , KRYUKOV A. , SUCHENTRUNK F. , FERRAND N. , ALVES P. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe climatic fluctuations during glaciations have affected differently arctic and temperate species. In the northern hemisphere, cooling periods induced the expansion of many arctic species to the south, while temperate species were forced to retract in southern refugia. Consequently, in some areas the alternation of these species set the conditions for competition and eventually hybridization. Hares in the Iberian Peninsula appear to illustrate this phenomenon. Populations of Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis), brown hare (Lepus europaeus) and broom hare (Lepus castroviejoi) in Northern Iberia harbour mitochondrial haplotypes from the mountain hare (Lepus timidus), a mainly boreal and arctic species presently absent from the peninsula. To understand the history of this past introgression we analysed sequence variation and geographical distribution of mitochondrial control region and cytochromebhaplotypes ofL. timidusorigin found in 378 specimens of these four species. Among 124L. timidusfrom the Northern Palaearctic and the Alps we found substantial nucleotide diversity (2.3%) but little differentiation between populations. Based on the mismatch distribution of theL. timidussequences, this could result from an expansion at a time of temperature decrease favourable to this arctic species. The nucleotide diversity ofL. timidusmtDNA found in IberianL. granatensis,L. europaeusandL. castroviejoi(183, 70 and 1 specimens, respectively) was of the same order as that inL. timidusover its range (1.9%), suggesting repeated introgression of multiple lineages. The structure of the coalescent ofL. granatensissequences indicates that hybridization withL. timiduswas followed by expansion of the introgressed haplotypes, as expected during a replacement with competition, and occurred when temperatures started to rise, favouring the temperate species. Whether a similar scenario explains the introgression into IberianL. europaeusremains unclear but it is possible that it hybridized with already introgressedL. granatensis.
Shifting distributions and speciation: species divergence during rapid climate change
Authors: CARSTENS BRYAN C. , KNOWLES L. LACEY 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuestions about how shifting distributions contribute to species diversification remain virtually without answer, even though rapid climate change during the Pleistocene clearly impacted genetic variation within many species. One factor that has prevented this question from being adequately addressed is the lack of precision associated with estimates of species divergence made from a single genetic locus and without incorporating processes that are biologically important as populations diverge. Analysis of DNA sequences from multiple variable loci in a coalescent framework that (i) corrects for gene divergence pre‐dating speciation, and (ii) derives divergence‐time estimates without making a priori assumptions about the processes underlying patterns of incomplete lineage sorting between species (i.e. allows for the possibility of gene flow during speciation), is critical to overcoming the inherent logistical and analytical difficulties of inferring the timing and mode of speciation during the dynamic Pleistocene. Estimates of species divergence that ignore these processes, use single locus data, or do both can dramatically overestimate species divergence. For example, using a coalescent approach with data from six loci, the divergence between two species of montane Melanoplus grasshoppers is estimated at between 200 000 and 300 000 years before present, far more recently than divergence estimates made using single‐locus data or without the incorporation of population‐level processes. Melanoplus grasshoppers radiated in the sky islands of the Rocky Mountains, and the analysis of divergence between these species suggests that the isolation of populations in multiple glacial refugia was an important factor in promoting speciation. Furthermore, the low estimates of gene flow between the species indicate that reproductive isolation must have evolved rapidly for the incipient species boundaries to be maintained through the subsequent glacial periods and shifts in species distributions.
Characterization of an internal slope movement structure by hydrogeophysical surveying
Authors: Jomard H. , Lebourg T. , Binet S. , Tric E. , Hernandez M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA hydrogeophysical study was carried out by a water controlled injection within a landslide situated on an active part of the La Clapière landslide foot (Alpes Maritimes, France). Coupling of both real‐time geophysical and hydrological follow ups allowed the representation and quantification of the surface water drainage in space and time within the slipped mass. Thus, 30% of the injected water is quickly drained by a complex slipping surface meanly situated at 10‐m depth. The transit time between injection and outflow of the water allowed an overloading of about 10 m3 (i.e. 10 tons) comparable with classical rain events in the area. This weight and the associated interstitial pressures increase have not led to any movements asking for the origin of the water volumes which could induce destabilizations. This experiment enabled an accurate redefinition of the internal slope structure and the understanding of the dynamics of the slipped mass with a surface hydraulic request.
Amnesia for electric dental pulp stimulation and picture recall test under different levels of propofol or midazolam sedation
Authors: Matsuki Y. , Ichinohe T. , Kaneko Y. 
Published: November 2006

Aim:  To compare the amnesic effect of propofol and midazolam to electric dental pulp stimulation (invasive) and picture recall test (non‐invasive) at two sedation levels with the aid of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring.Methods:  The subjects were 10 male volunteers (24–34 years) classified as ASA physical status I. Propofol was administered to achieve a sedation score of three with a target‐controlled infusion technique; it was then regulated to give a sedation score of two (P group). Midazolam was administered by a titration dosage to achieve a sedation score of three (M group). It then gradually decreased to give a sedation score of two. The BIS score, sedation score, plasma/serum concentration of propofol and midazolam, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, end‐tidal CO2 tension and arterial oxygen saturation were observed at each sedation level in both groups. Amnesic effects were evaluated using a picture recall test and electric dental pulp stimulation.Result:  No difference was observed in the amnesic effect evaluated by picture recall test at the two sedation levels. Likewise, there was no difference at a sedation score of three when the amnesic effect was evaluated by electric dental pulp stimulation. In contrast, a significant difference was observed at a sedation score of two; midazolam produced amnesia in more subjects than did propofol.Conclusion:  Propofol and midazolam did not show any significant difference in amnesic effects to non‐invasive stimuli. For invasive stimuli, midazolam showed a stronger amnesic effect at the moderate sedation level, but not at the deeper sedation level.
Development and Validation of a Competitive ELISA Kit for the Serological Diagnosis of Ovine, Caprine and Bovine Brucellosis
Authors: Portanti O. , Tittarelli M. , Di Febo T. , Luciani M. , Mercante M. T. , Conte A. , Lelli R. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA competitive ELISA (Brucella‐Ab c‐ELISA) was standardized and validated for the detection of Brucella antibodies in cattle, sheep and goat sera using a monoclonal antibody (MAb 4B5A) produced against Brucella melitensis biotype 2. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay were 100% to a 67.5% cut‐off point (B/Bo%). When compared with an indirect ELISA, the Brucella‐Ab c‐ELISA did not demonstrate cross‐reactions when testing positive sera for antibodies to some Enterobacteriaceae. A comparison was made between the Brucella‐Ab c‐ELISA and the complement fixation and Rose Bengal tests. Results demonstrated that the Brucella‐Ab c‐ELISA is a valuable tool for the serological diagnosis of bovine and ovine/caprine brucellosis.
Canine Isosporosis – Epidemiology of Field and Experimental Infections
Authors: Buehl I. E. , Prosl H. , Mundt H.‐C. , Tichy A. G. , Joachim A. 
Published: November 2006

Summary Isospora spp. are the causative agents of canine isosporosis. Of the 3590 diagnostic samples from Austrian dogs (≤2 years old), 8.7% contained Isospora oocysts, 78% of which from dogs up to 4 months of age. Non‐haemorrhagic and haemorrhagic diarrhoea were significantly more prevalent in Isospora‐infected animals than in coccidia‐negative ones. Twelve of 15 litters from a large commercial dog breeding unit (examined from the third to the 10th week of life) also excreted Isospora (average prevalence: 36.4%) in intensities from 333 to 35 000 oocysts per gram of faeces (opg). In experimental trials 26 3‐week‐old Beagle puppies were infected with low (600–6000), medium (10 000) or high (20 000) dose of Isospora ohioensis‐group or Isospora canis field isolates. Additionally 21 puppies were infected as above and treated with a symmetrical triazintrione. Parasitological and clinical parameters were examined. The two Isospora species differed significantly concerning intensity and duration of excretion. The pre‐patent period was 6–7 days for I. ohioensis and 10–12 days for I. canis. The latter species showed significantly longer excretion and higher opg. This was not influenced by simultaneous infections with both species. Individual patterns of faecal consistency were very variable, irrespective of the infection dose. Treatment significantly reduced both the intensity and the duration of oocysts excretion as well as diarrhoea in comparison with the infected, untreated group and thus proved to be effective against coccidiosis in experimental infections.
Effects of Machine‐milking on the Bacterial Flora of Teat Duct and Mammary Gland of Ewes
Authors: Skoufos I. , Voidarou Ch. , Bezirtzoglou E. , Tzora A. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryIn total, 308 paired‐samples of teat duct material and milk, were collected before and 50–70 min after machine‐milking, from 30 ewes. Samples were processed bacteriologically. For analysis of results, we compared changes in bacterial isolation following milking, for duct and milk samples; statistical significance was assessed by the Sign Test. Bacteria were isolated from 18 (6%) duct and 19 (6%) milk samples collected before the milking procedure; respective figures after it, were 81 (26%) and 33 (11%). In 77 (25%) cases, bacteriological findings in the two duct samples of each pair were different; in seven cases bacteria were isolated only before, whilst in 70 cases bacteria were isolated only after milking (P < 0.005); respective results for milk samples were 26 (8%): 6 and 20 cases (P = 0.693). The majority of bacterial isolates were staphylococci, accounting for 63% of 99 isolates. The milking procedure predisposes to entrance of bacteria into the teat duct; however, increased bacterial isolation from the teat did not result to increased mammary infections, likely as a consequence of defence mechanisms present in healthy teats.
First Results of Detection of PRRSV and CSFV RNA by SYBR Green I‐based Quantitative PCR
Authors: Yang Z.‐Z. , Fang W.‐H. , Habib M. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and classical swine fever (CSF) cause significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. As both diseases cause similar symptoms, rapid and reliable detection of these diseases is essential for disease surveillance. A quantitative SYBR Green I‐based reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) is described for simultaneous and differential diagnosis. The established RT‐PCR for the quantitation of PRRSV and CSFV cDNA was found to provide a broad dynamic range, detecting from 103 to 1011 and 102 to 1011 copies of cDNA per reaction, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of this method were compared with those of conventional RT‐PCR and both were equal or superior to the reference method. Reproducibility was tested and the assay was proved very reliable. The assay is timesaving, easy to handle, and highly sensitive and specific. Therefore, it is a powerful tool for detecting PRRSV and CSFV simultaneously for routine outbreak investigation.
Serological, Bacteriological and Molecularbiological Survey of Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease) in Austrian Cattle
Authors: Dreier S. , Khol J. L. , Stein B. , Fuchs K. , Gütler S. , Baumgartner W. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryParatuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic infectious disease of ruminants, caused byMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis(MAP). Because of its long incubation period, high economic losses, difficulties in diagnosis and possible links to Morbus Crohn in humans, paratuberculosis is one of the most important diseases of ruminants today. An abattoir‐based nationwide survey on the occurrence of MAP in the Austrian cattle population was performed using serology (SVANOVIRTM‐ELISA) as well as culture, ZN‐stain and IS900‐PCR on faeces and lymph node samples. A total of 756 Austrian slaughter cattle were serologically, bacteriologically and molecularbiologically tested for the occurrence of MAP and specific antibodies respectively. Samples were collected following a statistical plan to obtain balanced specimens from the whole country. Nineteen per cent of the animals tested were serological positive, 10.1% gave an inconclusive result and 70.9% showed no specific antibodies against MAP. Only in four individuals MAP could be detected by stain, bacteriology or Polymerase Chain Reaction. The calculated prevalence of 19.0% positive cattle, each representing one farm, showing specific antibodies against MAP is rather high in terms of animal‐level but low in herd level prevalence compared with other countries. When this study is compared with a similar study performed in Austria 1999, a significant increase of positive cattle and farms could be seen in Austria.
Response of epiphytic foraminiferal communities to natural eutrophication in seagrass habitats off Man O'War Cay, Belize
Authors: Richardson Susan L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEutrophication from a variety of anthropogenic sources is an increasingly prevalent problem in coastal waters, and is one of the factors contributing to the decline of seagrass ecosystems worldwide. This study investigated the impact of natural nutrient enrichment derived from nesting seabird colonies on Man O'War Cay, Belize, on the epiphytic foraminiferal communities living on the seagrass Thalasssia testudinum. Man O'War Cay, a small mangrove island in the central region of the barrier reef complex, hosts nesting colonies of magnificent frigate birds and brown boobies. Epiphytic foraminiferans were surveyed from five stations spaced at 10‐m intervals along a 40‐m transect in a seagrass meadow located off the eastern end of the island (March 2004). Low species diversity and high dominance of the encrusting, dendritic species Cornuspiramia antillarum characterized the epiphytic foraminiferal biota. Species diversity, as measured by the Shannon's H, and evenness, as measured by Buzas–Gibson's E, decreased in an offshore direction. The density of individuals per square centimeter of blade, however, increased in an offshore direction, with the lowest values observed at the station closest to the island, and the highest values recorded at the station farthest from the shore. The results obtained in this study indicate that epiphytic foraminiferal populations respond to nutrient enrichment, and thus may be useful indicators of ecosystem decline in subtropical–tropical, oligotrophic marine habitats.
Seagrasses from the Nansei Islands, Southern Japanese Archipelago: species composition, distribution and biogeography
Authors: Kuo John , Kanamoto Ziyusei , Iizumi Hitoshi , Aioi Keiko , Mukai Hiroshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Nansei Islands in the southern Japanese Archipelago have 15 taxa of seagrasses from seven genera within three families. Seagrasses in this region grow on coral sands or coral debris in shallow reefs and on sandy or muddy substrata in the shallow areas of bays and inlets. Certain Halophila species grow in deep water off some islands. Enhalus acoroides only reaches to Ishigaki I. with winter sea water temperature (WST) at 23 °C, while Okinawa I. (WST at 21.6 °C) is the northern biogeographic limit for Halophila decipiens, H. okinawensis, H. major and H. gaudichaudii. Amami‐oshima I. (WST at 20.7 °C) is the northern border for Thalassia hemprichii, H. minor, H. ovalis, Cymodocea serrulata, Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halodule uninervis and Halodule pinifolia. Halophila mikii the sole seagrass collected from Yakushima I. (WST at 19.3 °C), is of volcanic origin. The distribution of tropical seagrasses in the Nansei Islands is clearly associated with the warm Kuroshio Current, WST and habitat availability. Zostera japonica is the only temperate species occurring in the region. Meadows of Z. japonica, H. ovalis and Halodule pinifolia have disappeared from certain localities in the Archipelago, due probably to human activities and natural siltation.