bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Woodruff's plexus
Authors: Chiu T W , Shaw-Dunn J , McGarry G W 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjective:To identify the nature of Woodruff's plexus, which has been frequently mentioned in the rhinological literature but has never been properly characterised.Study design and setting:A study using 21 cadaveric specimens, combining microdissection of the mucosa of the posterior part of the inferior meatus, Spalteholz ‘clearing’ of specimens injected with latex ink, and histological analysis of sections of the inferior meatal mucosa.Results:Microdissection revealed a superficial plexus of thin walled vessels in the inferior meatus, which were also seen in cleared, injected specimens. Histological sections showed these vessels to be large, thin walled veins with very little muscle or fibrous tissue, within a thin mucosa relatively devoid of other structures.Conclusion:Woodruff's plexus is a venous plexus in the posterior part of the inferior meatus.Significance:This is the first time Woodruff's plexus has been properly characterised. Whilst the significance of the plexus itself is uncertain, its long overdue identification as a venous plexus provides a platform for further study and discussion.
Extraosseous osteoblastoma of larynx presenting with acute airway obstruction
Authors: Mirbagheri N , Galloway S , Iseli T A , Lyons B M 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjective:We report the case of an osteoblastoma of the larynx arising from the vocal fold, which presented with acute airway obstruction and cardiopulmonary arrest.Method:The histopathological findings, differential diagnoses and a novel method of treating laryngeal osteoblastoma, using transoral laser therapy, are discussed.Results:Benign osteoblastoma is a rare primary bone tumour usually presenting in young patients in the spine and sacrum. Its occurrence in the larynx is very rare, with only three similar case reports in the literature, none involving tumour arising from the vocal fold. Differential diagnoses must be considered and excluded using both histopathological and clinical features. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, successful treatment is achieved with surgical excision.Conclusion:Osteoblastoma of the larynx is rare, and the clinical features can vary with the anatomical site of the lesion. The recommended treatment is surgical excision which, if available, may be achieved by transoral laser microsurgery. Due to its potential rapid growth, careful follow up is essential in order to detect recurrence.
Deconstructing the Laws of Logic
Authors: R.L. Clark Stephen 
Published: February 2008

AbstractI consider reasons for questioning ‘the laws of logic’ (identity, non-contradiction, excluded middle, and negation), and suggest that these laws do not accord with everyday reality. Either they are rhetorical tools rather than absolute truths, or else Plato and his successors were right to think that they identify a reality distinct from the ordinary world of experience, and also from the ultimate source of reality.
Performance on nonlinguistic visual tasks by children with language impairment
Authors: WINDSOR JENNIFER , KOHNERT KATHRYN , LOXTERCAMP AMANDA L. , KAN PUI-FONG 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThe performance of 8- to 13-year-old monolingual English-speaking children with language impairment (LI) on seven nonlinguistic tasks was compared with two groups of typically developing children, monolingual English-speaking children, and proficient Spanish–English sequential bilingual children. Group differences were apparent, with a key finding that the LI group was observably slower than both typical groups in mental rotation and arithmetic, and also slower than the typical monolingual group in odd man out, pattern matching, and form completion. Overall, the response time (RT) increased equivalently across groups as task difficulty increased. Chronological age and perceptual–motor speed contributed to task performance, especially for the shorter tasks. RT trajectories across the 6-year age span showed that task RT decreased with age, but with greater variability for longer tasks that may also be more vulnerable to the effect of experience.
Form: Messiaen’s ‘Downfall’?
Authors: HEALEY GARETH 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMessiaen rarely commented on form. His posthumously published seven-volume Traité de rythme, de couleur, et d’ornithologie offers an important new perspective on many aspects of his music; yet despite the vast amount of information that the composer’s surveys of his works disclose – details that, in many cases, only he himself could have supplied – his analyses do have certain limitations, notably with regard to form. In a largely complimentary essay on Messiaen in La Musique depuis Debussy (1961), André Hodeir closes with a scathing assessment of Messiaen’s activity in the domain of form. In order to assess the validity of Hodeir’s comments, I have surveyed Messiaen’s analyses, proposed a hypothetical taxonomy of formal models in a range of the composer’s works, and attempted to place his thinking in the wider context of attitudes to form in the twentieth century.
Cranial structure in the Devonian lungfish Soederberghia groenlandica and its implications for the interrelationships of ‘rhynchodipterids’
Authors: Friedman Matt 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTNew cranial material of the ‘rhynchodipterid’ lungfishSoederberghia groenlandicafrom Upper Devonian (Famennian) strata in East Greenland is described. Previously unknown structures identified here include components of the hyoid arch (ceratohyal, hypohyal) and the lower jaw (prearticular, dentary). Earlier interpretations of the cheek and mandible ofSoederberghiaare reconsidered in the light of new fossil specimens. Some of the difficulties in assessing the homologies between cheek bones inSoederberghiaand those of other lungfishes stem from confusion over the arrangement inRhynchodipterus, and a revised interpretation of this genus is proposed. The single infraorbital bar found inSoederberghiaprobably originates, in part, from an expanded bone 10 (quadratojugal) of the kind found inGriphognathus. Hypotheses that posit ‘rhynchodipterid’ polyphyly seem unlikely in light of a set of derived cranial characters that define a coherent radiation of long-snouted, denticle-bearing lungfishes known from the Late Devonian. The hypothesis presented here places ‘rhynchodipterids’ as a paraphyletic grade with respect to fleurantiids.Rhynchodipterus,Soederberghia, and fleurantiids form a clade to the exclusion of the species ofGriphognathus.G. minutidensis the sister taxon to this apical group, whileG. sculptaandG. whiteiare more remote from it.
Inducible Toll‐like Receptor and NF‐κB Regulatory Pathway Expression in Human Adipose Tissue
Authors: Vitseva Olga I. , Tanriverdi Kahraman , Tchkonia Tamara T. , Kirkland James L. , McDonnell Marie E. , Apovian Caroline M. , Freedman Jane , Gokce Noyan 
Published: February 2008

Objective: Inflammatory activity in fat tissue has recently been implicated in mechanisms of insulin resistance and obesity‐related metabolic dysfunction. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in innate immune responses and recent studies implicate the TLR pathway in mechanisms of inflammation and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to examine differential TLR expression and function in human adipose tissue.Methods and Procedures: We biopsied subcutaneous abdominal fat from 16 obese subjects (age 39 ± 11 years, BMI 49 ± 14 kg/m2) and characterized TLR expression using quantitative real‐time PCR and confocal immunofluorescence imaging. In tissue culture, we stimulated isolated human adipocytes with Pam3CSK4 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR2 and TLR4 agonists, respectively) and quantified TLR activity, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) production, and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) p65 nuclear activation using real‐time PCR, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunofluorescence.Results: TLR1, 2, and 4 protein colocalized with adiponectin in human adipocytes with TLR4 exhibiting the highest immunohistochemical expression. Using real‐time PCR, we confirmed higher level of gene expression for TLR4 as compared to other members of the TLR family (TLR1, 2, 7, 8) in human adipose depots (P < 0.001). In tissue culture, adipocyte TLR2/TLR4 mRNA expression and protein increased significantly following Pam3CSK4 and LPS (P < 0.001). TLR2/TLR4 stimulation was associated with NF‐κB p65 nuclear translocation and proinflammatory cytokine production.Discussion: The findings demonstrate that TLRs are inducible in adipose tissue and linked with downstream NF‐κB activation and cytokine release. Adipose stores may play a dynamic role in the regulation of inflammation and innate immunity in human subjects via modulation of the TLR/NF‐κB regulatory pathway.
Mapping large, shallow inlets and bays: modelling a Natura 2000 habitat with digital terrain and wave-exposure models
Authors: Bekkby Trine , Isæus Martin 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Bekkby, T., and Isæus, M. 2008. Mapping large, shallow inlets and bays: modelling a Natura 2000 habitat with digital terrain and wave-exposure models. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 238–241. EU member countries are obliged to protect a certain share of Natura 2000 habitats. Hence, these habitats must be mapped. This paper is an attempt to provide a tool for modelling one of the Natura 2000 habitat, the “large shallow inlets and bays” (Natura 2000 habitat 1160), using a Norwegian archipelagic area as a case study. The Natura 2000 definition of the habitat is interpreted into criteria used for modelling, and a spatial prediction is presented on a map. The effect of scale, regarding both spatial resolution of data and methodology, is also tested. This is the first publicly accessible attempt to model the Natura 2000 habitat. It shows that the result of the modelling depends on the spatial resolution of the data and the methods used in the modelling process. Using data at a 10-m and a 25-m resolution provides good results, and even the model based on the 50-m data provided an acceptable overall picture.
Evaluating the efficacy of technical measures: a case study of selection device legislation in the UK Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) fishery
Authors: Catchpole Tom L. , Revill Andrew S. , Innes James , Pascoe Sean 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCatchpole, T. L., Revill, A. S., Innes, J., and Pascoe, S. 2008. Evaluating the efficacy of technical measures: a case study of selection device legislation in the UK Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 267–275. Bycatch reduction devices are being introduced into a wide range of fisheries, with shrimp and prawn fisheries particularly targeted owing to the heavy discarding common in these fisheries. Although studies are often undertaken to estimate the impact of a technical measure on the fishery before implementation, rarely have the impacts been assessed ex post. Here, the efficacy of the UK legislation pertaining to the use of sievenets in the North Sea Crangon crangon fishery is assessed. Three impacts were evaluated: on fisher behaviour (social), on the level of bycatch (biological), and on vessel profitability (economic). An apparent high level of compliance by skippers was identified despite a low level of enforcement. The estimated reduction in fleet productivity following the introduction of the legislation was 14%, equalling the mean loss of Crangon landings when using sievenets calculated from catch comparison trawls. Sievenets did reduce the unnecessary capture of unwanted marine organisms, but were least effective at reducing 0-group plaice, which make up the largest component of the bycatch. Clearly the legislation has had an effect in the desired direction, but it does not address sufficiently the bycatch issue in the Crangon fishery.
Examining the Specific Contributions of Individual Arabidopsis Metallothioneins to Copper Distribution and Metal Tolerance
Authors: Guo Woei-Jiun , Meetam Metha , Goldsbrough Peter B. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are small cysteine-rich proteins found in various eukaryotes. Plant MTs are classified into four types based on the arrangement of cysteine residues. To determine whether all four types of plant MTs function as metal chelators, six Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MTs (MT1a, MT2a, MT2b, MT3, MT4a, and MT4b) were expressed in the copper (Cu)- and zinc (Zn)-sensitive yeast mutants, Δcup1 and Δzrc1 Δcot1, respectively. All four types of Arabidopsis MTs provided similar levels of Cu tolerance and accumulation to the Δcup1 mutant. The type-4 MTs (MT4a and MT4b) conferred greater Zn tolerance and higher accumulation of Zn than other MTs to the Δzrc1 Δcot1 mutant. To examine the functions of MTs in plants, we studied Arabidopsis plants that lack MT1a and MT2b, two MTs that are expressed in phloem. The lack of MT1a, but not MT2b, led to a 30% decrease in Cu accumulation in roots of plants exposed to 30 μ m CuSO4. Ectopic expression of MT1a RNA in the mt1a-2 mt2b-1 mutant restored Cu accumulation in roots. The mt1a-2 mt2b-1 mutant had normal metal tolerance. However, when MT deficiency was combined with phytochelatin deficiency, growth of the mt1a-2 mt2b-1 cad1-3 triple mutant was more sensitive to Cu and cadmium compared to the cad1-3 mutant. Together these results provide direct evidence for functional contributions of MTs to plant metal homeostasis. MT1a, in particular, plays a role in Cu homeostasis in the roots under elevated Cu. Moreover, MTs and phytochelatins function cooperatively to protect plants from Cu and cadmium toxicity.
Early Miocene sequence development across the New Jersey margin
Authors: Monteverde Donald H. , Mountain Gregory S. , Miller Kenneth G. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTSequence stratigraphy provides an understanding of the interplay between eustasy, sediment supply and accommodation in the sedimentary construction of passive margins. We used this approach to follow the early to middle Miocene growth of the New Jersey margin and analyse the connection between relative changes of sea level and variable sediment supply. Eleven candidate sequence boundaries were traced in high‐resolution multi‐channel seismic profiles across the inner margin and matched to geophysical log signatures and lithologic changes in ODP Leg 150X onshore coreholes. Chronologies at these drill sites were then used to assign ages to the intervening seismic sequences. We conclude that the regional and global correlation of early Miocene sequences suggests a dominant role of global sea‐level change but margin progradation was controlled by localized sediment contribution and that local conditions played a large role in sequence formation and preservation. Lowstand deposits were regionally restricted and their locations point to both single and multiple sediment sources. The distribution of highstand deposits, by contrast, documents redistribution by along shelf currents. We find no evidence that sea level fell below the elevation of the clinoform rollover, and the existence of extensive lowstand deposits seaward of this inflection point indicates efficient cross‐shelf sediment transport mechanisms despite the apparent lack of well‐developed fluvial drainage.
Gap in publication of comparative information on new medicines
Authors: Van Luijn Johan C. F. , Stolk Pieter , Gribnau Frank W. J. , Leufkens Hubert G. M. 
Published: February 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Randomized active control trials are used by health care professionals and reimbursement authorities for the assessment of the added value of a new medicine.• Failing to publish the results of clinical trials limits making an evidence based assessment and conducting systematic reviews. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • About one‐third of the comparative trials used in the authorization process are published at the moment of market authorization and about four out of five within 2 or 3 years. Most of the rest remain unpublished.• Unpublished trials contain information regarding a different therapeutic use or a different comparator of the same medicine and, in some cases, have influenced the risk : benefit assessment of the registration authorities.• A standardized public registration of results of the main premarketing trials is advocated to fill the publication gap.AIMSTo determine the time‐lag between the EU authorization of new medicines and the publications of the main randomized active control trials (RaCTs) used in the authorization process and to compare unpublished with published RaCTs of the same medicine.METHODSAll RaCTs for new medicines with a new active substance, authorized between 1999 and 2003, were extracted from the European Public Assessment Reports (EPAR). Information about the publication status of RaCTs was obtained from the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases.RESULTSWe identified 116 RaCTs for 42 new medicines; 28% of the RaCTs had been published at the moment of market authorization, 59% after 1 year, 78% after 2 and 83% after 3 years. Most of the rest of the studies remained unpublished after 3 years of follow‐up. Unpublished RaCTs differed from published trials of the same medicine especially regarding therapeutic use and/or comparator. In some cases unpublished trials have influenced the risk : benefit asssessment of the registration authorities.CONCLUSIONSMost of the main RaCTs, relevant for assessing the added value of a new medicine, are published subsequent to market entry; some of these trials remain unpublished. We argue for a standardized public registration of the results of the main premarketing clinical trials as a condition for market authorization.
Population pharmacokinetics and exploratory pharmacodynamics of ifosfamide according to continuous or short infusion schedules: an n = 1 randomized study
Authors: Brain Etienne G. C. , Rezai Kevan , Lokiec François , Gutierrez Maya , Urien Saïk 
Published: February 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The optimal infusion duration for ifosfamide remains to be determined.• No differences according to time of infusion have been identified in traditional pharmacokinetic endpoints, such as area under the curve.• The impact on pharmacodynamics has never been modelled or correlated with pharmacokinetics. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ifosfamide and its main metabolites can both be modelled with no influence of infusion duration.• Pharmacodynamic modelling (renal and haematological toxicity) allows further simulations of new schedules with favourable toxicity profiles.AIMSTo model the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ifosfamide and its key metabolites. The pharmacodynamic parameters included were renal toxicity and myelosuppression measured using urinary β2‐microglobulin (BMG) and absolute neutrophil count (ANC), respectively.METHODSSeventeen patients were enrolled into an n = 1 randomized trial during two consecutive cycles of ifosfamide 9 g m−2 during each cycle given by a 3 h or 72 h infusion. Data were analyzed using NONMEM.RESULTSIfosfamide and metabolite concentration–time profiles were described by a one‐compartment open‐model with auto‐induction of clearance. BMG and ANC time‐courses were related to ifosfamide concentration via indirect response models.CONCLUSIONSThis modelling allowed the simulation of weekly schedules of flat doses with favourable myelotoxic profiles.
Mechanistic modelling of tesaglitazar pharmacokinetic data in subjects with various degrees of renal function – evidence of interconversion
Authors: Hamrén Bengt , Ericsson Hans , Samuelsson Ola , Karlsson Mats O. 
Published: February 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Tesaglitazar, is predominantly metabolized (to an acyl glucuronide of the parent compound) and 20% of given dose is found unchanged in the urine.• Acyl glucuronides are know to be unstable and can become hydrolysed back to parent compound, a phenomena called interconversion.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• A likely mechanism (interconversion) for the cause of the increased exposure of tesaglitazar in subjects with impaired renal function.• A possible modelling framework to evaluate interconversion without dosing of the metabolite based on the simultaneous analysis of plasma and urine data from a group of subjects with varying renal function.• A mechanistic understanding of the pharmacokinetic properties of tesaglitazar and its metabolite.AIMSTo develop a mechanistic pharmacokinetic (PK) model for tesaglitazar and its metabolite (an acyl glucuronide) following oral administration of tesaglitazar to subjects with varying renal function, and derive an explanation for the increased plasma exposure of tesaglitazar in subjects with impaired renal function.METHODSData were from a 6‐week study in subjects with renal insufficiency and matched controls undergoing repeated oral dosing with tesaglitazar (n = 41). Compartmental population PK modelling was employed to describe the PK of tesaglitazar and its metabolite, in plasma and urine, simultaneously. Two hypotheses were tested to investigate the increased exposure of tesaglitazar in subjects with renal functional impairment: tesaglitazar metabolism is correlated with renal function, or metabolite elimination is reduced in renal insufficiency, leading to increased hydrolysis (interconversion) to the parent compound via biliary circulation.RESULTSThe hypothesis for interconversion was best supported by the data. The population PK model included first‐order absorption, two‐compartment disposition and separate renal (0.027 l h−1) and metabolic (1.9 l h−1) clearances for tesaglitazar. The model for the metabolite; one‐compartment disposition with renal (saturable,Vmax = 0.19 μmol l−1andKm = 0.04 μmol l−1) and nonrenal clearances (1.2 l h−1), biliary secretion (12 h−1) to the gut, where interconversion and reabsorption (0.8 h−1) of tesaglitazar occurred.CONCLUSIONA mechanistic population PK model for tesaglitazar and its metabolite was developed in subjects with varying degrees of renal insufficiency. The model and data give insight into the likely mechanism (interconversion) of the increased tesaglitazar exposure in renally impaired subjects, and separate elimination and interconversion processes without dosing of the metabolite.