bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermography: A Technique for Subclinical Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Vaden Mary F. , Purohit Ram C. , McCoy Michael D. , Vaughan J. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thermographic and radiographic evaluations of the tarsus (hock) were done on 20 Standardbred racehorses before and after exercise at three consecutive 6-week intervals. All horses were from the same stable and given the same care and training under identical schedules and conditions.
Normal thermographic patterns were established before and after exercise. These patterns corresponded to the underlying tarsal vasculature. Postexercise thermal patterns indicated a warming trend, and the increases were uniform. Abnormal thermal patterns were more localized and did not conform to the normal underlying vascular distribution.
Five of the 20 horses trained successfully and competed professionally, with 1 of the 5 showing abnormal thermographic changes. Four horses were too slow to race, and all of these had abnormal thermographic changes of their tarsi. The medial aspect of the right tarsus was more commonly involved than the lateral in these horses. Only one horse was clinically lame and exhibited thermal increases, as well as radiographic changes in the right tarsus. The remaining horses were removed from training due to miscellaneous causes.
It was believed that the four horses that failed to make minimum track times (for racing) suffered discomfort in their tarsi sufficient to impair performance. This problem was attributed to early subclinical inflammatory changes within the joints. Though difficult to recognize radiographically, these early changes were conspicuous as abnormal thermographic patterns typical of inflammation.
Effects of Furosemide on Cardiovascular Function and Performance When Given Prior to Simulated Races: A Double-Blind Study
Authors: Milne D. W. , Gabel A. A. , Muir W. W. , Skarda R. T. , Hamlin R. L. , Pipers F. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a double-blind study under simulated racing conditions, six Standardbred horses, which had been trained for 12 weeks, were given 1 mg of furosemide/kg of body weight or saline solution iv 15 minutes before the first of two warm-up workouts (1.6 km at 60-minute intervals). Sixty minutes later, 135 minutes after drug or placebo injection, these horses were driven 1.6 km at maximum speed.
Heart rate, respiratory rate, cardiac output, pulmonary trunk pressure, body temperature, pcv, arterial oxygen, and plasma lactic acid were recorded during and after the first warm-up workout and after a simulated race (1.6 km). Values increased compared with values determined at rest whether saline solution or furosemide was given. There were decreases in arterial CO2 and pH.
When furosemide was given, the pulmonary trunk pressure was significantly lower (P < 0.05) during the first warm-up workout (1.6 km). There were no significant differences in the other values. The average times of the simulated races were not significantly (P < 0.05) different after the use of furosemide compared with average times after use of saline solution.
Ontogeny of Lymphocyte Function in the Equine Fetus
Authors: Perryman Lance E. , McGuire Travis C. , Torbeck Richard L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The capacity of cells from thymus, liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, peripheral blood, and bone marrow to respond to in vitro phytolectin and allogeneic lymphocyte-stimulation was determined in 16 pony fetuses 61 to 200 days old (gestational age). Phytolectin-responsive cells were detected in the thymus at the 80th gestational day, peripheral blood at 120 days, lymph node at 160 days, and spleen at 200 days. Mixed lymphocyte culture-responsive cells were detected in thymus at 100 days and in the spleen at 200 days (gestational age).
Immunoglobulins (Ig) M and IgG were quantitated by radioimmunoassay. They were detected in fetuses prior to 200 days of age. All of 50 normal newborn foals had detectable quantities of IgM (165 ± 56 μg/ml of serum). Quantities of IgG in normal newborn foal serum were lower and more variable. The minimal-maximal concentrations of IgG were 2 to 170 μg/ml of serum with a mean and sd of 51 ± 49 μg/ml. The results indicate that (1) functional T lymphocytes are present in the fetus by 100 days (gestational age), (2) functional B lymphocytes are present by 200 days, and (3) that foals are immunocompetent before birth.
Experimentally Induced Bovine Sarcocystosis: Correlation of In Vitro Lymphocyte Function with Structural Changes in Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Frelier P. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of acute bovine sarcocystosis was studied by correlating in vitro lymphocyte blast transformation studies with morphologic and hematologic changes. Yearling calves inoculated with 900,000 sporocysts (large dose) had decreased responses to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen and corresponding morphologic evidence of depletion of both T and B lymphocytes in all lymphoid organs examined during the first 4 weeks. The T-cell depletion was characterized by marked thymic atrophy. In lymph nodes denoting B-cell depletion, there were lymphoid follicular exhaustion and various degrees of follicular loss. Significant change in total circulating lymphocytes was not observed. All animals given this large dose died or were killed (in a moribund state) by 5 weeks after they were inoculated.
Changes in mitogen responsiveness were not significant during the 4 weeks after yearling calves were inoculated with 90,000 sporocysts (small dose). The mitogenic effect of phytohemagglutinin was significantly greater than that of the control group during weeks 4 to 18. During this period, morphologic evidence of thymic cortical regeneration occurred.
The results indicate that acute sarcocystosis is accompanied by a lymphoid abnormality which could result in immunosuppression, adding to the severity of natural infection.
Isolation of Bovine Herpesvirus-1 from Trigeminal Ganglia of Clinically Normal Cattle
Authors: Homan E. J. , Easterday B. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Trigeminal ganglia collected from 56 adult dairy cattle at slaughter were maintained in explant culture. Bovine herpesvirus-1 was isolated from six ganglia after periods of 7 to 24 days’ maintenance in vitro. Antibody against bovine herpesvirus-1, indicating exposure to that virus, was found in 45.4% of the sample population from which ganglia were collected.
Secretory Immune Response in Intestinal Mucosa and Salivary Gland After Experimental Infection of Pigs with Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus
Authors: DeBuysscher Eduard V. , Berman David T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pigs 8 to 10 weeks of age were orally infected with transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus or infected by inoculation of the virus into Thiry-Vella loops of jejunum. Concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, and IgG in serum, saliva, jejunal secretions, loop secretions, and bile were determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay for tge virus-infected and control pigs. A multiple-staining fluorescent antibody technique was used to determine the relative numbers of IgA-, IgM-, and IgG-producing plasma cells in intestinal mucosa, mesenteric lymph node, spleen, iliac lymph node, and submandibular salivary gland. The numbers of IgA- and IgM-producing plasma cells were greater in the jejunal mucosa of pigs infected and reinfected orally with tge virus than in that of the control pigs. There was also an increase of IgA- and probably of IgM-cells in the submandibular salivary glands. Similar numerical increases of IgA- and IgM-cells were observed in jejunal mucosa and salivary glands of all pigs with intestinal loops whether exposed to tge virus or not. Increases in plasma cells in mucosa or salivary gland were not associated with increases in concentrations of IgA or IgM in the respective secretions or serum. The data support the hypothesis that after stimulation, IgA- and IgM-producing cells leave the intestinal mucosa and are trapped by distant secretory epithelia. The absence of a simultaneous increased concentration of IgA and IgM in saliva and intestinal secretions indicates that in an intact epithelium, the transport of IgA and IgM mediated by secretory component is probably saturable.
Coyote as a Final Host for Sarcocystis Species of Goats, Sheep, Cattle, Elk, Bison, and Moose in Montana
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tissues (1 kg) from sheep, goats, cattle, moose, bison, or elk naturally infected with Sarcocystis species were fed to one to four Sarcocystis-free coyotes and the number of sporocysts in feces and intestines were counted. All 12 coyotes fed naturally infected tissues shed Sarcocystis in feces, with a prepatent period of 9 to 15 days. The four coyotes fed infected beef had 15, 25, 113, and 201 million sporocysts in their feces and intestines. The coyotes fed elk, moose, or bison had 2.5, 15, and 2.5 million sporocysts in their intestines, respectively. Sporocysts in feces of coyotes fed musculature of cattle, sheep, goats, and elk were structurally similar to those described previously from the feces of dogs. This is evidently the first report of the completion of life cycle of Sarcocystis species in moose and bison. Cross-transmission experiments indicated that one species of goat Sarcocystis completes its life cycle in both dog and coyote and that the ovine Sarcocystis is not transmissible to goats.
Application of Individualized Digoxin Dosage Regimens to Canine Therapeutic Digitalization
Authors: Button C. , Gross D. R. , Allert J. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Congestive right heart failure was established in three dogs subjected to surgical tricuspid valvectomy and pulmonic stenosis. The eliminative dispositions of digoxin in serum and ascitic fluid were determined after administration of 30 μg of digoxin/kg of body weight by iv injection and radioimmunoassay of multiple serum and ascitic fluid samples.
Individualized digoxin dosage regimens for the three dogs were calculated from data collected in the present experiment and data from the literature. The regimens were tested on the three dogs after their body weight had been corrected for the volume of ascitic fluid present. An iv maintenance therapy resulted in serum digoxin concentrations slightly lower than anticipated. The administration of digoxin tablets with no food restriction resulted in serum digoxin concentrations mostly in the expected range. The same doses of digoxin in tablet form were given to the three dogs after fasting. Fasting resulted in slight, but significant, increases in serum digoxin concentrations. Serum digoxin concentrations after administration of digoxin elixir were close to anticipated values.
These experiments indicate that individualized digoxin dosage regimens may be useful to set serum digoxin concentrations within the therapeutic, nontoxic range.
Natural Transmission of Dirofilaria immitis by Aedes vexans
Authors: Hendrix Charles M. , Bemrick William J. , Schlotthauer John C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Aedes vexans mosquitoes were reared in the laboratory from field-collected fourth instar larvae. Mosquitoes were allowed to feed on dogs which were infected with Dirofilaria immitis and then the mosquitoes were housed in an environmental chamber with an ambient air temperature of approximately 26 C and a relative humidity of approximately 80%. Incandescent lighting was used to simulate daylight. On the 17th, 19th, 21st, and 28th day after their infected blood meal, the mosquitoes were allowed to feed on five microfilaria-negative dogs which had been reared in mosquito-free environments. Blood from four of the five exposed dogs became positive for microfilariae of D immitis in an average of 272 days after the feeding.
The local strain of A vexans was established as a vector of canine heartworm disease in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area.
Cultural and Histopathologic Confirmation of Canine Blastomycosis Diagnosed by an Agar-Gel Immunodiffusion Test
Authors: Phillips Walter E. , Kaufman Leo 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sixteen sera from 17 dogs with blastomycosis produced a precipitin band identical with the diagnostically significant precipitin A band formed by a Blastomyces dermatitidis reference antiserum and a soluble B dermatitidis yeast-form antigen in the agar-gel immunodiffusion test (94% sensitivity). The other serum from a dog with histopathologic demonstration of B dermatitidis in pulmonic tissues produced an unrelated precipitin band.
Sixteen of the 17 diagnoses made by the detection of precipitin A were confirmed by isolation and culture of B dermatitidis or by histopathologic demonstration of the pathogen. Three cases were confirmed by cultural isolation only, 10 by histopathologic demonstration only, and 3 by both. In three other dogs given amphotericin B, there were demonstrable changes in serum precipitin A reactions.
Serum Complement and Blood Platelet Adhesiveness in Acute Canine Ehrlichiosis
Authors: Lovering Sandra L. , Pierce Kenneth R. , Adams L. Garry 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three dogs inoculated with Ehrlichia canis served as infected controls (group I), 3 dogs treated with cobra venom factor (cvf) after inoculation with Ε canis were the principals (group II), 3 noninfected dogs were the noninfected controls (group III), and 1 noninfected dog given cvf was the noninfected, decomplemented control (group IV).
Thrombocytopenia occurred in all Ε canis-inoculated dogs (groups I and II) within 3 weeks after they were inoculated. However, the severity of the thrombocytopenia was moderated in the group II dogs (decomplemented Ε canis-inoculated). Hypocomplementemia occurred in the cvf-treated dogs (groups II and IV) immediately and persisted for up to 5 days after administration of cvf. Hypocomplementemia also occurred in all Ε canis-infected dogs (groups I and II) during the period of maximal thrombocytopenia.
The mean platelet retention was significantly decreased in all E canis-inoculated dogs and in the cvf-control dog (groups I, II, and IV). There was no correlation between platelet retention and the number of platelets in group III (nontreated, noninoculated) controls. The correlation between the decrease in platelet retention and the number of platelets was significant in the complement-intact infected dogs, yet was not significant in the decomplemented infected dogs.
Data indicated that complement consumption occurred in acute canine ehrlichiosis and coincided, to a degree, with the development of thrombocytopenia. Decomplementation of inoculated dogs moderated the severity of the thrombocytopenia. Platelet function is also altered in acute stages of the disease.
Inactivated Vaccine for Parrot Herpesvirus Infection (Pacheco's Disease)
Authors: Hitchner S. B. , Calnek B. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four tests of an inactivated emulsified vaccine against a herpesvirus infection (Pacheco's disease) in budgerigars demonstrated that an effective vaccine could be produced with concentrated virus. Virus was propagated in chicken kidney cells, and cells and fluid were harvested 3 to 5 days after inoculation and sonicated. The virus was concentrated 100 × by centrifugation to produce a multiple emulsion vaccine that was protective against im challenge exposure with live virus. The serologic response after vaccination was negligible, and many survivors to virus challenge exposure did not show a positive titer.
Involvement of Calcium in Mitogenic and Immunoglobulin Responses in Bovine Lymphocytes
Authors: Atluru D. , Sloane E. D. , Johnson D. W. , Muscoplat C. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Removal of calcium from cultures of bovine splenic lymphoid cells with ethyleneglycol-bis-(2-aminoethylether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid (egta) caused significant suppression of pokeweed mitogen-induced immunoglobulin (Ig) biosynthesis. It was found that removal of calcium for 48 hours of a 5-day culture significantly altered Ig biosynthesis. Re-addition of calcium after 48 hours did not restore Ig synthesis. The egta caused significant (P < 0.05) suppression of DNA synthesis when calcium was removed from concanavalin A- and purified protein derivative-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Further, removal of calcium for 48 hours of 4-day cultures significantly altered the DNA synthesis in mitogen- and antigen-stimulated cultures.
Efficacy of Avermectin B1a for Treatment of Experimentally Induced Nematode Infections in Cattle
Authors: Wescott R. B. , Farrell C. J. , Gallina A. M. , Foreyt W. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two formulations of avermectin B1a, C-076 and MK-933, were examined for anthelmintic activity in two trials, each using 20 calves with experimentally produced nematode infections. In one trial, C-076 was given orally, and in the other trial, MK-933 was given by injection at dosages of 50, 100, and 200 μg/kg of body weight. Treated calves were held for 7 to 8 days and then, together with non-treated controls, were euthanatized and were examined for nematodes in their gastrointestinal tracts and lungs. Efficacy of C-076 approached 100% for Dictyocaulus viviparus, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, and Oesophagostomum radiatum at 50 μg/kg. A dosage level of 100 μg/kg was required to achieve 97% efficacy against Cooperia punctata. Efficacy of MK-933 at 50 μg/kg was variable, but at 100 μg/kg, it approached 100% for D viviparus, Ο ostertagi, Haemonchus placet, T axei, and T longispicularis. Activity against C oncophora was less, reaching 80% efficacy at 200 μg/kg.
Comparison of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Other Tests for Brucellosis, Using Sera from Experimentally Infected Heifers
Authors: Ruppanner R. , Meyer M. E. , Willeberg P. , Behymer D. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
During an evaluation of H-38 Brucella melitensin vaccine, serum samples were collected from 24 Hereford-Angus heifers (nonvaccinated controls) before exposure and then 11 times between 12 and 102 days after exposure to Brucella abortus strain 2308. Antibody concentrations were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and by standard tube agglutination (sta), 2-mercaptoethanol agglutination (me), microtitration complement-fixation (mcf), and automated complement-fixation (acf) tests.
The results were compared in terms of concordance, sensitivity, and specificity. Concordance between the elisa and other tests was 100% (sta), 75.7% (me), 97.8% (mcf), and 95.2% (acf). On the 12th day after heifers were exposed, antibodies were detected in 18.2% of the infected heifers by the elisa and in 11.1% with the sta test, in 0% with the me test, in 33.3% with the mcf test, and in 44.4% with the acf test. On the 25th day, elisa and all serotests (except me) detected antibodies in all infected heifers. All serum samples from the heifers before exposure were negative.
Influence of Exercise on Serum Selenium and Peroxide Reduction System of Racing Standardbreds
Authors: Gallagher Kenneth , Stowe Howard D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood samples were obtained from 45 racing Standardbred horses immediately before and immediately after a training jog at a commercial race track to establish reference values for serum selenium and related values of the peroxide reduction system of racing horses.
Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum selenium increased significantly (P < 0.001), whereas rbc-reduced glutathione decreased significantly (P < 0.01) immediately after exercise. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were not altered by exercise. Serum copper and magnesium were significantly increased (P < 0.01) after exercise.
Replication of African Swine Fever Virus in Cell Cultures
Authors: Pan I. C. , Shimizu Μ. , Hess W. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Infection-specific, nonstructural, African swine fever virus antigens, as visualized by the immunofluorescence technique, appeared as fine stipplings, evenly distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of Vero cells and in monocytes by postinoculation hour (pih) 3. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (ib) appeared at pih 4 and continued to increase in size up to pih 8. The viral DNA was solely synthesized within the ib of infected monocytes, as evidenced by an autoradiographic chase experiment; maximum synthesis occurred at pih 5. The 2,300-S and 2,500-S (sedimentation coefficient) structural viral antigens were visualized in the ib at pih 5 and 6, respectively. The infective new progeny of African swine fever virus were formed between pih 7 and 8, and the cell surface viral antigens were produced between pih 8 and 9. Free virus was released between pih 10 and 11. Infected cells detached from the glass surface from pih 13. The 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine interfered with the formation of infective virus, but did not interfere with the production of viral antigens.
Immunofluorescence Studies on the Pathogenesis of Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection in Pigs After Oronasal Inoculation
Authors: Andries K. , Pensaert Μ. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev; also designated vomiting and wasting disease virus) was inoculated oronasally in 14 colostrum-deprived pigs at the day of birth. Anorexia and vomition were seen after 4 days. Pigs were killed at different times after inoculation, and the results of the examination by immunofluorescent antibody technique revealed that the epithelial cells of nasal mucosa, tonsils, lungs, and small intestine served as sites of primary viral replication. After the local replication near the sites of entry, the virus spread via peripheral nervous system to the cns. During the incubation period, viral antigens were detected in the trigeminal ganglion, the inferior vagal ganglion, the superior cervical ganglion, the intestinal nervous plexuses, the solar ganglion, and the dorsal root ganglia of the lower thoracic region. In the brain stem, the infection started in the trigeminal and vagal sensory nuclei and spread to other nuclei and to the rostral part of the brain stem. In later stages of the infection, viral spread into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord was sometimes also observed. Viral replication in nervous plexuses of the stomach was not present during the incubation period, but was detected in all except 1 of the pigs that were ill when killed. The question whether the vomition is induced centrally by viral replication in the brain stem or is due to viral replication in peripheral nervous tissues remains unanswered.