bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of 4% pilocarpine gel on normotensive and glaucomatous canine eyes
Authors: Carrier Michel , Gum Glenwood G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 4% pilocarpine gel applied topically to eyes was evaluated in glaucomatous Beagles and normotensive Miniature Schnauzers to determine its efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) and to assess any side effects. Pilocarpine gel significantly (P < 0.05) reduced IOP for 24 hours after treatment, compared with baseline (predrug) values, untreated fellow eyes, and placebo-treated eyes. The IOP remained significantly lower (P < 0.05) during 3 treatment days, as well as the first 2 days after treatment. The pupil sizes were significantly smaller (P < 0.01) in all treated dogs after the first administration of pilocarpine, compared with baseline values, untreated eyes, and placebo-treated eyes. The subsequent pilocarpine gel administrations induced significant miosis (P < 0.01), compared with baseline values, but the extent of miosis and duration were significantly less (P < 0.01) as the number of treatments increased. Conjunctival irritation and blepharospasm were observed mainly in the first 2 days of treatment and were minimal after subsequent applications. There was no contralateral effect on IOP or pupil size, compared with baseline values and placebo-treated eyes.
Effects of ketamine, xylazine, and a combination of ketamine and xylazine in Pekin ducks
Authors: Ludders J. W. , Rode J. , Mitchell G. S. , Nordheim E. V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of ketamine, xylazine, and a combination of ketamine and xylazine were studied in 12 male Pekin ducks (7 to 12 weeks old; mean [± SD] body weight, 3.1 ± 0.3 kg). After venous and arterial catheterization and fixation of a temperature probe in the cloaca, each awake duck was confined, but not restrained, in an open box in a dimly lit room. Blood pressure and lead-II ECG were recorded. Three arterial blood samples were collected every 15 minutes over a 45-minute period (control period) and were analyzed for pHa, PaCO2 and PaO2. After the control period, each duck was assigned at random to 1 of 3 drug groups: (1) ketamine (KET; 20 mg/kg of body weight, IV), (2) xylazine (XYL; 1 mg/kg, IV), and (3) KET+XYL (KET 20 mg/kg and XYL, 1 mg/kg; IV). Measurements were made at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after drug administration.
All ducks survived the drug study. Cloacal temperature was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased above control cloacal temperature at 90 minutes after the administration of ketamine, and from 10 through 90 minutes after administration of ketamine plus xylazine. In ducks of the KET group, pHa, PaCO2, and PaO2, remained unchanged after administration of the drug. In ducks of the XYL group, pHa and PaO2 decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) from control values for all time points up to and including 15 minutes after drug administration. In ducks of the KET + XYL group, pHa and PaO2 were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased at all time points up to and including 45 and 15 minutes, respectively, after administration of the drugs. In ducks of the XYL group, PaCO2 increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) during the first 15 minutes after drug administration, and for 45 minutes after administration of KET + XYL. Results indicated that ketamine when given alone to ducks, was not associated with pulmonary depression. There was drug-associated respiratory depression after IV administration of XYL or KET + XYL.
Duration of experimentally induced Corynebacterium bovis colonization of bovine mammary glands during the lactating, nonlactating, and peripartum periods
Authors: Sordillo L. M. , Oliver S. P. , Doane R. M. , Shull E. P. , Maki J. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine mammary glands were inoculated intracisternally with a streptomycin-resistant (SR) strain of Corynebacterium bovis to determine the number of colonyforming units (CFU) required to induce colonization and to maintain persistence of C bovis colonization throughout lactation and involution. Streptomycin resistance was used as a strain marker. Uninfected quarters in cows during midlactation were challenge exposed with successively higher numbers of SR C bovis until all quarters became colonized. Inoculum containing 790 CFU of SR C bovis established colonization in only 7 of 38 quarters. Colonization persisted in only 4 of these quarters by 23 days after inoculation. Eleven quarters were reinoculated with higher numbers of SR C bovis, and all became colonized by the time challenge-exposure inoculum contained 8 × 104 CFU. Colonization persisted throughout the 93- day experimental period. Somatic cell counts were sig-nificantly (P < 0.01) higher in SR C bovis-colonized quarters after inoculation than before. Sixteen additional quarters were inoculated with a mean number of 8 × 104 CFU of SR C bovis 7 days before suppression of lactation. All quarters became colonized, and SR C bovis was shed during the experimental period; throughout the nonlactating and peripartum periods, high numbers of SR C bovis in pure culture were shed from 13 of 16 quarters.
Effect of water vapor-saturated air therapy on bronchoalveolar lavage and tracheal mucus transport rate in clinically normal horses
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Leary Herbert J. , Ziemer Ellen L. , Spencer Pamela A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Water vapor-saturated air was delivered to 12 healthy, housed horses for 2 hours daily for 5 days. Treatment had no effect on tracheal mucus transport rate, bronchoalveolar lavage total and differential cell counts, blood cell counts, or plasma fibrinogen concentration.
Fatal Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia in bighorn sheep after direct contact with clinically normal domestic sheep
Authors: Foreyt William J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep were raised in captivity from birth (n = 5) or taken from the wild as a lamb (n = 1). After the bighorn sheep were in captivity for over a year, 6 clinically normal domestic sheep were placed on the 2 ha of pasture on which the bighorn sheep were kept. Nasal swab specimens were obtained from all sheep at the time the domestic sheep were introduced. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from swab specimens obtained from 4 of 6 domestic sheep, but not from specimens obtained from the bighorn sheep. All 6 bighorn sheep died of acute hemorrhagic pneumonia after exposure to domestic sheep. Death in the bighorn sheep occurred on days 4, 27, 27, 29, 36, or 71 after initial exposure to domestic sheep. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from respiratory tract tissue specimens of all bighorn sheep at the time of death. None of the domestic sheep were clinically ill during the study. At the end of the study, 3 of 6 domestic sheep were euthanatized, and at necropsy, P haemolytica was isolated from 2 of them. The most common serotypes in bighorn and domestic sheep were P haemolytica T-3 and A-2. Other serotypes isolated included P haemolytica A-1, A-9, and A-11 in bighorn sheep and A-1 in domestic sheep.
On the basis of results of this study and of other reports, domestic sheep and bighorn sheep should not be managed in proximity to each other because of the potential fatal consequences in bighorn sheep.
Role of IgE in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in sequential infections in vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves
Authors: Stewart Robert S. , Gershwin Laurel J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was undertaken to evaluate the possible role of IgE in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infection. Fifteen calves were allotted at random to 3 treatment groups. One group of 6 calves was vaccinated with attenuated brsv vaccine before live-virus challenge exposure, another group of 6 was not vaccinated before challenge exposure, and the remaining 3 calves served as controls (nonvaccinated, nonchallenge exposed). Calves of the 2 experimental groups were exposed to 2 live-virus aerosolizations (challenge exposure) 35 days apart. Histamine and brsv-specific IgE (brsv-IgE) concentrations in serum, lung lavage fluid, and nasopharyngeal exudate, as well as clinical signs of disease, were evaluated for 14 days after each challenge exposure. Vaccination before challenge exposure with live brsv appeared to have little or no effect on the severity of the disease, but did appear to affect disease persistence. A correlation (P < 0.02) existed between signs of disease and brsv-IgE concentration measured in lung lavage fluid, but this was only true for vaccinated calves. Although no other correlations were found between clinical signs of disease and IgE concentration, analysis of the results additionally revealed a strong correlation (P < 0.002) between disease signs and histamine concentration in nasopharyngeal exudate from calves of both experimental groups. Thus, indirect evidence implicated IgE in brsv infection pathogenesis.
Complement, bacteriostatic, and enzymatic activities in sera from guinea pigs given aflatoxin and/or rubratoxin
Authors: Thurston John R. , Sacks Jerome M. , Richard John L. , Peden W. Michael , Driftmier Kim 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The relationship of serum complement activity and bacteriostatic activity was investigated in male guinea pigs given aflatoxin and/or rubratoxin. In experiment 1, guinea pigs were given 0.6 mg of aflatoxin/kg of body weight, po, once. In experiment 2, guinea pigs were given 0.02 mg of aflatoxin/kg, po, and/or 8 mg of rubratoxin, po, 11 times. Aflatoxin (0.02 mg/kg) had no effect given alone, but potentiated the effect of rubratoxin. In both experiments, changes in complement activity were accompanied by similar but not always significant (P < 0.05) changes in bacteriostatic activity of serum. Guinea pigs given 0.06 mg of aflatoxin/kg had significant (P < 0.05) changes in complement titers and in serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities. Guinea pigs given repeated oral doses of aflatoxin and/or rubratoxin had changes in complement titers, bacteriostasis, and alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, but not in alanine aminotransferase activities. Significant differences were detected only when average values for all guinea pigs given rubratoxin or rubratoxin with aflatoxin were compared with average values for guinea pigs not given rubratoxin.
Myoelectric activity of the cecum and right ventral colon in female ponies
Authors: Ross Michael W. , Rutkowski Judith A. , Cullen Kenneth K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The myoelectric activity of the cecum and right ventral colon (rvc) was studied in 4 female ponies. Eight, bipolar Ag-AgCl electrodes were sequentially placed on the seromuscular layer of the cecum (6 electrodes) and rvc (2 electrodes), and recordings were begun 14 days after surgery. The myoelectric activity for each pony was recorded during 12, 60-minute recording sessions done during the interdigestive period (3 to 7 hours after the morning feeding).
Coordinated series of spike bursts were recognized as independent motility patterns in the cecum and in the rvc. Local haustra-haustra myoelectric activity involving approximately 40 cm of the cecal body (0.45 ± 0.03 spike bursts/min) were detected. A series of spike bursts started at the cecal apex and progressed to, but stopped at, the caudal cecal base (0.40 ± 0.03 spike bursts/min). Infrequently, a series of spike bursts started at the apex and progressed to the cranial cecal base (0.09 ± 0.01 spike bursts/min). More commonly, a series of spike bursts with a conduction velocity of 3.8 ± 0.07 cm/s, began in the cranial base and progressed orally to the cecal apex (0.46 ± 0.03 spike bursts/min). Spike bursts conducted aborally (propulsion) beginning at the origin of the rvc (0.05 ± 0.007 spike bursts/min) and spike bursts conducted orally (retropulsion; 0.15 ± 0.02 spike bursts/min) were seen independent of cecal myoelectric activity.
A progressive series of coordinated spike bursts, which began at the cecal apex, were conducted through the cecolic orifice and continued into the rvc (0.42 ± 0.02 spike bursts/min), representing the only pattern common to the cecum and rvc. This pattern, associated with a loud rush of ingesta heard on auscultation, had a conduction velocity of 5.65 ± 0.12 cm/s and was always generated in the cecal body, near the apex. An apparent electrical pacemaker area was proposed in this area. Duration of spiking activity during the progressive pattern was significantly (P = 0.0001) greater at electrodes 7 and 8 in the rvc than at any electrode locus in the cecum. Coordinated orally directed spike bursts were detected frequently in the cecum before and after the progressive pattern, indicating a complex sequence of motility patterns may exist.
Hemolytic anemia and red blood cell metabolic disorder attributable to low phosphorus intake in cows
Authors: Ogawa Eri , Kobayashi Kosaku , Yoshiura Nobuyuki , Mukai Jun 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hypophosphatemia was induced in 2 cows by reducing phosphorus content in their feed after parturition. Serum inorganic phosphorus (Pi) values decreased to 1 mg/dl within 10 days after parturition; and rbc adenosine 5’- triphosphate (atp) and reduced glutathione values decreased to 50 and 70% of baseline values, respectively. Methemoglobin concentration was moderately higher than normal. These changes preceded the onset of hemolysis, and anemia progressed with decreases in pcv, hemoglobin concentration, and rbc counts. Serum Pi resumed its normal value when anemia was most severe. This rbc disorder was confirmed to be characteristic of hemolytic anemia in cows resulting from hypophosphatemia. The rbc glycolytic intermediates, total triose phosphate (combined glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate content) and fructose-1,6-diphosphate, greatly increased in vivo and in vitro with decreases in serum or plasma Pi and rbc atp. From our results, we concluded that inadequate Pi in the plasma impairs the function and viability of rbc by hindering the production of atp via disturbance of reactions at the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase step.
Prevention of aflatoxicosis by addition of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to the diets of growing barrows
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Kubena Leon F. , Phillips Timothy D. , Huff William E. , Cornier Donald E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (hscas), an anticaking agent for mixed feed, was added to the diets of growing barrows and was evaluated for its potential to ameliorate the clinical signs of aflatoxicosis. The experimental design consisted of 6 treatments of 5 barrows each at concentrations of 0 g of hscas and 0 g of aflatoxin (af)/kg of feed (control), 5 g of hscas/kg of feed (0.5%), 20 g of hscas/kg of feed (2.0%), 3 mg of af/kg of feed, 5 g of hscas (0.5%) plus 3 mg of af/kg of feed, or 20 g of hscas (2.0%) plus 3 mg of af/kg of feed. Barrows were maintained in indoor concrete-floored pens, with feed and water available ad libitum for 28 days (from the age of 7 to 11 weeks). Barrows were observed twice daily and were weighed weekly, and blood samples were obtained weekly for hematologic and serum biochemical measurements. At the termination of the study, barrows were euthanatized and necropsied. Body weight gains were diminished significantly (P < 0.05) by consumption of 3 mg of af/kg of feed, whereas body weight gain in barrows consuming diets containing hscas or hscas plus af did not differ from that in control barrows. Serum enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transferase and prothrombin time were increased in barrows consuming 3 mg of af/kg of feed, but not in those consuming hscas or hscas plus af. Aflatoxin alone induced decreased serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, albumin, total protein, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, and glucose, as well as serum total iron-binding capacity, whereas hscas or hscas plus af did not induce such effects. Liver weight was increased in barrows of the af-alone treatment group, compared with control barrows. Hepatic lesions in barrows of the af-alone treatment group were characterized as peripheral lobular lipidosis accompanied by periportal and interlobular fibrosis and bile duct hyperplasia. Hepatic lesions were not observed in barrows of the 0.5% hscas plus af or 2.0% hscas plus af treatment groups. These findings suggested that hscas can modulate the toxicity of af in growing barrows (perhaps via sequestration and reduced bioavailability in vivo) and may offer a novel approach to the preventive management of aflatoxicosis in animals.
Efficacy of triclabendazole against experimentally induced Fascioloides magna infections in sheep
Authors: Foreyt William J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Efficacy of oral administration of 20 mg of triclabendazole/kg of body weight was evaluated against 12-week Fascioloides magna infections in 12 sheep, each inoculated orally with 250 viable metacercariae. From 6 sheep treated with triclabendazole, 1 immature F magna was recovered, whereas 116 F magna with a mean length of 19 ± 6.5 mm were recovered from 6 untreated control sheep. Efficacy of triclabendazole was 99.14%. Signs of toxicosis or illness were not observed in the sheep.
Gastric emptying of a radionuclide-labeled test meal after surgical correction of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs
Authors: van Sluijs F. J. , van den Brom W. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gastric emptying of a radionuclide-labeled test meal was studied in 10 dogs that had been treated surgically i for gastric dilatation-volvulus and in 10 clinically normal (control) dogs. There were no significant differences between the gastric emptying rates and patterns in treated and in control dogs. Thus, there are no indications that gastric emptying is delayed in dogs that have recovered from gastric dilatation-volvulus, and there is no reason for pyloric surgery in dogs with this condition.
Colostral volume and immunoglobulin G and M determinations in mares
Authors: Lavoie Jean-Pierre , Spensley Michael S. , Smith Bradford P. , Mihalyi Judy 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colostral volume and IgG and IgM concentrations were determined in 6 multiparous mares at foaling and then every 2 hours from 16 to 20 hours after parturition. Serum IgG and IgM concentrations at foaling also were determined in each mare. The rate of mammary secretion was 292 ± 26 ml/h (range, 202 to 389 ml/h), and the colostral volume was 5.1 ± 0.5 L (range, 3.2 to 7.0 L). The colostral IgG and IgM contents were 440 ± 106 g (range, 199 to 855 g) and 3.1 ± 0.9 g (range, 0.7 g to 7.1 g), respectively. There was no significant correlation between serum and initial colostral IgG and IgM concentration or between serum and total colostral IgG or IgM values. The colostral IgG and IgM concentrations at foaling correlated well with the total colostral IgG and IgM contents, respectively. The initial 250 ml of colostrum contained 10 ± 1.4% (range, 6.0 to 13.9%) and 6 ± 1.0% (range, 2.4 to 8.5%) of the total IgG and IgM contents, respectively, and the initial 500 ml of colostrum contained 20 ± 2.7% (range 12.0 to 27.1%) and 14 ± 1.2% (8.2 to 17%) of the total colostral IgG and IgM contents, respectively.
Natural killer cell activity in untreated and treated dogs with lymphoma
Authors: Raskin Rose E. , Tvedten Harold W. , Bull Robert W. , Crow Steven E. , Dunstan Robert W. , Krehbiel Janver D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Natural killer (nk) cell activity and function were determined for 11 untreated and treated dogs with lymphoma. Concurrent chromium release and single cell binding assays, methods used to measure overall cytotoxic activity and that from individual cells, respectively, were performed at effector-to-target cell ratios of 50:1 and 100:1, with incubation periods of 12 and 16 hours. Significant reduction was achieved in overall activity for untreated dogs, using a 16-hour incubation period and an effector-to-target ratio of 100:1 (P < 0.05). Decreased activity (P < 0.025) was also achieved for those dogs that were administered combination chemotherapy, consisting of such drugs as cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and doxorubicin. There was no significant difference in binding or cytotoxic activity by individual cells in the untreated or treated dogs, compared with the healthy controls. Short- or long-term treatment with glucocorticoids did not influence overall nk cell activity or individual cell cytotoxicity. The overall cytotoxic activity in untreated dogs was reduced, but these dogs had relatively normal numbers of nk cells compared with paracontrols. This suggests that a defect in recycling, or the ability to kill targets repetitively, may be involved. A similar defect was found in nk cells of dogs treated aggressively with combination chemotherapy.
In vitro immune monitoring of antibody response in dogs given chemoimmunotherapy for lymphoma
Authors: Jeglum K. Ann , Winters Wendell D. , Young Karen M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinical remission in 30 dogs with lymphoma was induced with a combination of vincristine, l-asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin HCl, administered sequentially, and then an autochthonous tumor cell vaccine, given intralymphatically, as maintenance therapy. Humoral antibody amounts were monitored in 11 dogs, using a solid-phase bead-type radioimmunoassay. The median survival of the 30 dogs was 13 months from the start of chemotherapy (range, 7 to 25 months; mean, 13.8). The median remission duration was 16 weeks (range, 9 to 98 weeks; mean, 26.8). Correlation between increase in amount of humoral antibody was significant (P = 0.0001 to 0.012), before and after chemoimmunotherapy, in dogs responding to therapy, compared with that in dogs not responding to therapy.
Pharmacokinetics of single-dose administration of moxalactam in unweaned calves
Authors: Soback Stefan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-nine healthy 17- to 29-day-old unweaned Israeli-Friesian male calves were each given a single iv or im injection of 10 or 20 mg of moxalactam disodium/kg of body weight. Serum concentrations were measured serially during a 12-hour period. Serum concentration vs time profiles were analyzed by use of linear least-squares regression analysis and the statistical moment theory. The elimination half-lives after IV administration were 143.7 ± 30.2 minutes and 155.5 ± 10.5 minutes (harmonic mean ± sd) at dosages of 10 and 20 mg of moxalactam/kg of body weight, respectively. Corresponding mean residence time values were 153.1 ± 26.8 minutes and 169.9 ± 19.3 minutes (arithmetic mean ± sd). Mean residence time values after im administration were 200.4 ± 17.5 minutes and 198.4 ± 19.9 minutes at dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. The volumes of distribution at steady state were 0.285 ± 0.073 L/kg and 0.313 ± 0.020 L/kg and total body clearance values were 1.96 ± 0.69 ml/min/kg and 1.86 ± 0.18 ml/min/kg after administration of dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Moxalactam was rapidly absorbed from the im injection site and peak serum concentrations occurred at 1 hour. The estimated bioavailability ranged from 69.8 to 79.1%. The amount of serum protein binding was 53.4, 55.0, and 61.5% when a concentration of moxalactam was at 50, 10, and 2 μg/ml, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of moxalactam ranged from 0.01 to 0.2 μg/ml against Salmonella and Escherichia coli strains and from 0.005 to 6.25 μg/ml against Pasteurella multocida strains.
Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in the turkey: Evaluation of biliary and urinary excretion
Authors: Dyer D. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oxytetracycline (otc) pharmacokinetic values in plasma and bile were ascertained after IV administration of the drug. At 6 hours after administration of 1 mg of otc/kg of body weight, 2.15% of the dose was found in the bile and 37.6% was found in the urine. At 2 hours after administration, the peak bile-to-plasma otc concentration ratio was 60:1. Bioavailability of otc was 47.6% when it was administered orally to fasted turkeys and was 9.4% when administered to fed turkeys.