bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonprofit organizations' use of the internet: A content analysis of communication trends on the internet sites of the philanthropy 400
Authors: Waters Richard D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTo evaluate the current status of communication and fundraising strategies on the Internet, a stratified random sample of the Chronicle of Philanthropy's Philanthropy 400 was content‐analyzed in mid‐January 2005. Web sites were coded on variables identified in practitioner and scholarly literature on issues of accountability, fundraising practices, and interactive communication strategies. Chi‐square analysis found that the top nonprofit organizations included copies of their annual reports, organizational goals, and mission statements, while second‐tier organizations were more likely to use a sales approach by using e‐commerce technology and terminology to process online donations.
The perils of e‐mail communications in nonprofits
Authors: Seshadri Srivatsa , Carstenson Larry 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNonprofits typically operate in a multicultural and global environment. Critical to their success is effective communications by their leaders. But effective communications is a challenge as e‐mail has become the medium of choice for communications among most nonprofit executives. Communicating with their culturally diverse stakeholders using the less personal medium of e‐mails could be jeopardized unless nonprofit executives consciously focus on how recipients might decode their message. By understanding the interactions of the linguistic, cultural, and social processes inherent in the encoding and decoding of communications, they can attenuate misunderstandings. Learning from a series of personal and damaging e‐mails experienced by one of the authors in a global nonprofit organization, the authors underline the need to be culturally sensitive in e‐mail communications in a multicultural organization. This article highlights the challenge faced by leaders and managers of nonprofits to be direct yet polite when not communicating face‐to‐face with their stakeholders.
Finding initial costates in finite‐horizon nonlinear‐quadratic optimal control problems
Authors: Costanza Vicente 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA procedure for obtaining the initial value of the costate in a regular, finite‐horizon, nonlinear‐quadratic problem is devised in dimension one. The optimal control can then be constructed from the solution to the Hamiltonian equations, integrated on‐line. The initial costate is found by successively solving two first‐order, quasi‐linear, partial differential equations (PDEs), whose independent variables are the time‐horizon duration T and the final‐penalty coefficient S. These PDEs need to be integrated off‐line, the solution rendering not only the initial condition for the costate sought in the particular (T, S)‐situation but also additional information on the boundary values of the whole two‐parameter family of control problems, that can be used for design purposes. Results are tested against exact solutions of the PDEs for linear systems and also compared with numerical solutions of the bilinear‐quadratic problem obtained through a power‐series' expansion approach. Bilinear systems are specially treated in their character of universal approximations of nonlinear systems with bounded controls during finite time‐periods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partnering to beckon them home: public‐sector innovation for diaspora foreign investment promotion
Authors: Riddle Liesl , Brinkerhoff Jennifer M. , Nielsen Tjai M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article examines a little‐studied component of public administration existing in most countries around the world and particularly important for developing countries: national investment promotion agencies (IPAs). Diasporas are an increasingly important and relatively untapped resource for development and many homeland governments view diaspora foreign investment as key to their economic development. In addition to being generally under‐resourced, many IPAs struggle to identify ways to effectively target, cultivate and facilitate diaspora homeland investment (DHI). To accomplish these goals, these public‐sector entities are beginning to identify and leverage key partnerships in the NGO sector. We describe the services IPAs offer and enumerate the challenges they face associated with DHI. Drawing on three illustrations of IPA–NGO partnerships, we develop preliminary tools for identifying and designing partnerships for the purpose of promoting DHI based on their scope, function and degree of formality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon and secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effects on SN2 methyl transfer reactions
Authors: Dzierzawska Joanna , Jarota Arkadiusz , Karolak Michal , Piotrowski Lukasz , Placek Izabela , Swiderek Katarzyna , Szatkowski Lukasz , Paneth Piotr 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCarbon and secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for three types of SN2 methyl transfer reactions have been predicted theoretically at a DFT level in gas phase and in aqueous solution modelled by the PCM continuum solvent model. No correlation between these isotope effects and geometrical features of the corresponding transition states (TSs), force constants of the imaginary frequency or Gibbs free energies of the studied reactions has been found. These findings suggest that comparative analysis of the magnitudes of the studied KIEs should be constrained to interpretation of the TS localization on the reaction coordinate only in a series of very closely related reactions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma on the Attachment and Proliferation of Osteoblasts Cultured over Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Scaffolds
Authors: Yildirim Eda D. , Ayan Halim , Vasilets Victor N. , Fridman Alexander , Guceri Selcuk , Sun Wei 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe report the use of DBD plasma to improve the osteoblast cells adhesion and proliferation on PCL scaffolds. The effects of plasma treatment were characterized by surface energy, surface topography, and surface biocompatibility. The PCL film treated for 5 min showed the highest degree of total surface energy, mouse osteoblast cell proliferation and surface roughness. It is demonstrated that the oxygen plasma treatment not only enhances the hydrophilicity and increases solid surface energy, surface roughness of PCL but also improves the initial attachment and the proliferation of osteoblasts on the PCL substrate.magnified image
Investigation of practices and procedures in the use of therapeutic diathermy: a study from the physiotherapists' health and safety perspective
Authors: Shah Syed Ghulam Sarwar , Farrow Alexandra 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground and Purpose. The safe use of therapeutic diathermy requires practices and procedures that ensure compliance to professional guidelines and clinical evidence. Inappropriate use may expose physiotherapists and other people in the vicinity of operating diathermy devices to stray radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, which can be a source of risk and may lead to adverse health effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate practices and procedures for therapeutic diathermy from a health and safety perspective. Method. A cross‐sectional research design was used, this included a postal survey using a self‐administered questionnaire and semi‐structured observational visits to 46 physiotherapy departments in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals located in the south‐east and south‐west of England, including Greater London. Results. Microwave diathermy was not available in the departments surveyed. Pulsed shortwave diathermy was available and was used more commonly than continuous shortwave diathermy. There were metallic objects in treatment cubicles used for pulsed shortwave diathermy and continuous shortwave diathermy. Shortwave diathermy devices created electromagnetic interference with a variety of electrical and medical devices. Physiotherapists reported that they did not stay in the treatment cubicle during the entire period of electrotherapy with pulsed shortwave diathermy or continous shortwave diathermy; pregnant physiotherapists reported that they did not use these devices. Electrotherapy with pulsed shortwave diathermy and continuous shortwave diathermy was not always administered on a wooden couch or chair. Electrotherapy was highest in those departments with the fewest physiotherapists. Conclusions. Departments report good practices and procedures regarding the use of therapeutic diathermy devices. However, field observations of practices and procedures, and the working environment, have identified issues with a potential to create health and safety problems, and these should be addressed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Case study: Aluminum‐dust explosion
Authors: Ebadat Vahid , Prugh Richard W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAn explosion occurred in equipment that was being used to pulverize aluminum‐alloy ingots, to form a powder with small particle size. In this process, air was recycled through a grinder, cyclone product separator, and blower, with a side stream to extract undesired dust to a dust collector. However, the concentration of dust in the circulating air stream was above the minimum explosible concentration in most of the recycle system. Ignition of this dust/air dispersion occurred as a result of an exothermic oxidation of accumulated combustible dust in the return‐air ductwork, accelerated by the relatively high temperature of the circulating air. Because the system was not protected against internal explosion, an access door on the grinder was forcibly ejected, and the door struck a hose on the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinder on a nearby forklift truck. Escaping LPG vapors—ignited by the dust fireball from the open grinder door—resulted in a flash fire that caused fatal burn injuries to the forklift driver. The primary cause of this incident was failure to adequately manage changes to the process. The causes and lessons learned as a result of this incident are described in detail, together with recommendations for improved practices to avoid similar events. Although they are related to this specific incident, the lessons are especially relevant for preventing combustible‐dust explosions. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2008
On the enhancement of the figure of merit in bulk nanocomposites
Authors: Thiagarajan Suraj Joottu , Jovovic Vladimir , Heremans Joseph P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this paper we make a detailed comparison of the thermoelectric properties of quantum dot superlattices with those of equivalently doped bulk material and show that a major contribution to the enhancement of the figure of merit comes from the increase of the thermoelectric power over that of bulk, in addition to the lattice thermal conductivity reduction in quantum dot superlattices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
β‐Aminoacrolein: An ab initio, AIM and NBO study
Authors: Jimenez‐Fabian Isaac , F. Jalbout Abraham , Moshfeghi Effat , Raissi Heidar 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe molecular structure and the intramolecular hydrogen bonding of β‐aminoacrolein and its simple derivatives were investigated at the MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory using the standard 6‐311++G(d, p) basis set. The “atoms in molecules” or AIM theory of Bader which is based on topological properties of the electron density (ρ), was used. Additionally, an analysis of the critical points was performed to study the nature hydrogen bonding in these systems. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was also carried out for to better comprehend the nature of the intramolecular interactions in β‐aminoacrolein and its derivatives. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Localized electron traps on extended molecular surfaces
Authors: Jalbout Abraham F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe have previously alluded to the fact that concentrated charge pockets can form on molecular surfaces that can act to stabilize excess electrons. These charge pockets are formed from systems, which posses a network of hydrogen bonded OH groups on one side of the surface and hydrogen atoms on the opposite side of the molecular surface. In this work, we have increased the size of our recently reported molecular surfaces (Jalbout and Adamowicz, Mol Phys, 2006, 19, 3101) while keeping the number of OH groups constant, to investigate localized charge concentration on extended frameworks. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Density functional computational studies on the glucose and glycine Maillard reaction: Formation of the Amadori rearrangement products
Authors: Jalbout Abraham F. , Roy Amlan K. , Shipar Abul Haider , Ahmed M. Samsuddin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTheoretical energy changes of various intermediates leading to the formation of the Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs) under different mechanistic assumptions have been calculated, by using open chain glucose (O‐Glu)/closed chain glucose (A‐Glu and B‐Glu) and glycine (Gly) as a model for the Maillard reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) computations have been applied on the proposed mechanisms under different pH conditions. Thus, the possibility of the formation of different compounds and electronic energy changes for different steps in the proposed mechanisms has been evaluated. B‐Glu has been found to be more efficient than A‐Glu, and A‐Glu has been found more efficient than O‐Glu in the reaction. The reaction under basic condition is the most favorable for the formation of ARPs. Other reaction pathways have been computed and discussed in this work. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
A combined computational and experimental approach for investigating a hydrogen‐bonded supermolecular compound comprising benzimidazole and malonic acid
Authors: Jian Fang‐Fang , Zhao Pu‐Su , Li Yu‐Feng , Wang Xian , Yu Qing 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA hydrogen‐bonded tetramer supramolecular motif of 2:2 benzimidazole (BIZ) and malonic acid (MLA) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), and X‐ray single crystal diffraction. Thermal stability analyses demonstrate that this supramolecular adduct is a new material and it is not the ordinary superposition of the original monomers. Density function theory (DFT) calculations for the models of dimers, trimers, and tetramer comprising BIZ and MLA have been carried out at B3LYP/6‐31G* and PBE1PBE/6‐31G* levels of theory, respectively. By comparing the calculated results with the experiments (single crystal structure, IR spectra, and thermal analysis) and based on the statistic thermodymnamic calculations, it is concluded that the dimers cannot exist at room temperature and the tetramer can simulate the title supramolecular complex better than the two trimers. Further studies on the model of tetramer indicate that the hydrogen bond of N···HO is stronger than that of O···HN. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Kinetics of decomposition pathways of an energetic GZT molecule
Authors: Liu Min‐Hsien , Cheng Sou‐Ro , Cheng Ken‐Fa , Chen Cheng 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis investigation uses the Gaussian 98 program, density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p), and ab initio MP2/6‐31G(d,p) and HF/6‐31G(d) methods to model energetic diguanidinium 5,5′‐azotetrazolate (GZT) ionic species in order to determine their decomposition mechanisms. GZT was initially cracked into two guanidinium cations (G+) and a 5,5′‐azotetrazolate anion (ZT2−). Three routes—the elimination of a hydronium ion (H+), the elimination of a hydrogen radical (H·), and the elimination of an amine radical (·NH2)—are suggested for the decomposition of the G+ cation, and three routes—single ring opening, double ring opening and NN bond cleavage outside the ring—are proposed for the further decomposition of the ZT2− anion. Fourteen decomposition species were obtained on splitting both the cation and anion. This result reveals the reliability of the aforementioned decomposition mechanisms. The transition state species were also obtained using a two‐structure or three‐structure synchronous transit‐guided quasi‐Newton (STQN) between the Cartesian coordinates of related particles at specific decomposition stages in this research. The corresponding activation energies in all decomposition stages were considered to infer the most feasible pathways of GZT decomposition. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
A molecular orbital explanation for the BN bond shortening in H3BNH3 on going from the gaseous to the solid state
Authors: Mohri Fumihito , Granovsky Alexander A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA simple molecular orbital model has been applied to explanation of the BN bond shortening in H3BNH3 on going from the gaseous to the solid state. In this model, the shortening is attributed to the bond order increase that is caused by the fact that each atom in the crystal experiences different external electrostatic potential to each other and thus the orbital energy level of each atom is changed. To illustrate this model, Effective Fragment Potential (EFP) method has been applied to the system consisting of a H3BNH3 molecule and 30 dipole moments whose magnitudes are determined by Lorentz's local field theory. This EFP computation has brought significant BN bond shortening (1.668 → 1.623 Å), which is about 50% of the actual shortening. The factor of the remaining discrepancy has been analyzed by Morokuma decomposition under EFP and localized orbital analysis. These analyses have revealed that the remaining discrepancy is almost compensated by incorporating the dihydrogen bonds (BH···HN) that are formed by the orbital interaction between the bonding orbital of the BH and the antibonding orbital of the NH. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
ExponentialH∞filtering for uncertain discrete‐time switched linear systems with average dwell time: A µ‐dependent approach
Authors: Zhang Lixian , Boukas El‐Kebir , Shi Peng 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this paper, the problem of exponentialH∞filter problem for a class of discrete‐time polytopic uncertain switched linear systems with average dwell time switching is investigated. The exponential stability result of the general discrete‐time switched systems using a discontinuous piecewise Lyapunov function approach is first explored. Then, a new µ‐dependentapproach is proposed, which means the analysis or synthesis of the underlying systems is dependent on the increase degree µ of the piecewise Lyapunov function at the switching instants. A mode‐dependent full‐order filter is designed such that the developed filter error system is robustly exponentially stable and achieves an exponentialH∞performance. Sufficient existence conditions for the desired filter are derived and formulated in terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities, and consequently the minimal average dwell time and the corresponding filter are obtained from such conditions for a given system decay degree. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the potential and effectiveness of the developed theoretical results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rigorous analysis on performance of LEO satellite ground station in urban environment
Authors: Cakaj Shkelzen , Malarić Krešimir 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMicrosatellites in low Earth orbits (LEOs) have been in use for the past two decades. LEO satellites are used for public communication and also for scientific purposes, and the orbits vary with the type of satellites and the primary purposes. LEO scientific satellites have a variety of applications, including Earth surveillance and astronomy applications. These satellites provide opportunities for investigations for which alternative techniques are either difficult or impossible to apply. Thus, it may be expected that such missions will be further developed in the near future especially in fields where similar experiments by purely Earth‐based means are impracticable. Ground stations have to be established in order to communicate with such satellites, and the quality of communication depends on the performance of the satellite ground station, in addition to that of the satellite. Before the implementation of the ground station, analyses related to environmental factors have to be considered, especially in urban areas. Rain effects, the impact of intermodulation products, and contact time duration at low elevation angles are some of the aspects that are considered in this work and which influence the final decisions on the design of the ground station. Measurements on the ground station based on Sun flux density are described, which provide an opportunity to check the performance of the ground station. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does focus improve operational performance? Lessons from the management of clinical trials
Authors: Huckman Robert S. , Zinner Darren E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFor over three decades, the benefits of focus have been touted under the guiding principle that dedicated attention to a small set of linked tasks improves operating performance. Numerous studies have suggested that the performance of a division, plant, or business unit is improved to the extent that it remains focused on a narrow range of activities. Others have found similar benefits associated with focus at the level of the entire firm. A question that has received less attention, however, is whether focus at the divisional level is complementary with, or a substitute for, focus at the firm level. We explore this question by considering the performance of investigative sites in biopharmaceutical clinical trials. First, we establish that firms focusing on a particular task—at either a divisional or firm level—experience higher output and productivity with respect to that task than unfocused firms. After controlling for selection, scale, and learning effects, we find that sites that focus on conducting clinical trials significantly outperform those that mix trial activity with the provision of traditional patient care. Second, we find evidence that focus at the divisional level and firm level are substitutes. That is, organizations characterized by divisional focus alone achieve statistically similar performance to sites that are characterized by both divisional and firm focus. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mining evolutionary dependencies from web‐localization repositories
Authors: Kagdi Huzefa , Maletic Jonathan I. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAn approach to mining repositories of web‐based user documentation for patterns of evolutionary change in the context of internationalization and localization is presented. Localized web documents that are frequently co‐changed (i.e., an evolutionary dependency) during the natural language translation process are uncovered to support the future evolution of the system. A sequential‐pattern mining technique is used to uncover patterns from version histories. Characteristics of the uncovered patterns such as size, frequency, and occurrence within a single natural language or across multiple languages are discussed. Such patterns help provide an insight into the effort required in retranslation due to a change in the documentation. The approach is validated on the open source K Desktop Environment (KDE) system. KDE maintains documentation for over 50 different natural languages and presents a prime example of the problem. The technique accurately predicts which documents in KDE are retranslated or updated in future versions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.