bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction of oxygen and unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Gunstone F. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOxygen reacts readily with unsaturated fatty acids so that every time these compounds are handled there is a danger they will become contaminated with oxidation products. The products formed first are allylic hydroperoxides which are labile molecules that change rapidly to other compounds, some of which are highly flavorous. Sometimes these changes are desirable and may be promoted: frequently they are not and have to be inhibited. Instrumental procedures recently introduced—especially separation by high performance liquid chromatography and identification by1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy—have led to a renewed interest in this subject. For the nonenzymic processes of autoxidation and photooxygenation we now have a better understanding of the routes leading to the first‐formed allylic hydroperoxides and an improved appreciation of the structure of further oxidation products including dihydroperoxides and hydroperoxides which also contain one or more cyclic peroxide units. Direct chemical routes to several of these compounds have also been developed. Oxidation of linoleic acid by plant‐derived lipoxygenases gives diene hydroperoxides similar to those produced by autoxidation, except that the former are optically active and the latter racemic. Enzymic oxidation of arachidonic acid and certain related C20 acids in animal systems produces a wide variety of prostaglandins, physiological properties. These compounds have been described as “tomorrow's drugs”.
Neo acids chemistry and applications
Authors: Fefer M. , Rutkowski A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFour commercial neo acids (synthetic trialkylacetic acids) C5, C7, C10, and C13 are synthesized employing an olefin, carbon monoxide, and acidic catalyst and possess the hindered neo configuration around the alpha carbon. Esterification using simple alcohols and polyols, and preparation of peroxyesters and metal salts using neo acids as well as toxicity,LD50 values of the acids, are discussed. Hydrolytic stability of the esters, and possible end use applications are described.
Synthetic fatty acids in Eastern Europe
Authors: Zilch Karl T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor over a century various investigators have studied the air oxidation of paraffinic hydrocarbons to produce synthetic fatty acids. Today in the socialistic countries there are six to eight plants manufacturing these acids to replace in soaps tallow fatty acids which are needed as a source of food.The principal technological advances in air oxidation, prior to World War II, were made by Germany while more recently Russia and its satellite countries have made the major contributions. Although the oxidation involves a multitude of chemical reactions taking place consecutively and simultaneously, it has been fairly well established that the alkylhydroperoxide precursors are converted to alcohols and then further oxidized to carboxylic acids.The cost of manufacturing synthetic fatty acids in Eastern Europe ranges between 8–12¢ per pound depending upon the raw material, processing costs and by‐products.
Hepatic metabolism of 1‐14C octanoic and 1‐14C palmitic acids
Authors: Scheig Robert , Klatskin Gerald 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe hepatic metabolism of 1−14C octanoic acid was compared with that of 1−14C palmitic acid in male rats which were fed. After intraportal injection only 1/6 to 1/18 as much octanoic acid as palmitic acid was incorporated into hepatic lipids. In contrast, octanoic acid yielded two to four times as much water‐soluble product as did palmitic acid. Similar, but even more impressive, differences between the incorporation of these fatty acids into hepatic lipids were observed in liver slices incubated with14C octanoate and14C palmitate. The oxidation of octanoate to CO2 was more than 10 times as great as that of palmitate. With both substrates, triglycerides comprised almost half the labeled lipid recovered. However octanoate yielded a higher proportion of labeled, unesterified fatty acids and a lower proportion of labeled phospholipid and monoglycerides than did palmitate. Most of the14C recovered in hepatic lipids after incubation with 1−14C octanoate was found in the carboxyl groups of long‐chain fatty acids, suggesting that the latter had been synthesized from 2‐carbon fragments formed from the oxidation of octanoate. In contrast, only a small fraction of the palmitate was elongated.The similarities and differences between the metabolism of octanoic and palmitic acid in liver and intestine, and the possible nutritional significance of octanoic acid are discussed.
Surface activity of sodium salts of alpha‐sulfo fatty esters: The air‐water interface
Authors: Boucher E. A. , Grinchuk T. M. , Zettlemoyer A. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAdsorption at the air‐water interface of sodium hexyl α‐sulfopelargonate, sodium heptyl α‐sulfopelargonate, sodium methyl α‐sulfomyristate, and sodium methyl α‐sulfopalmitate has been investigated.The amount of surfactant adsorbed at the interface has been obtained by the application of a simple form of the Gibbs equation to surface tensions of aqueous solutions of varying surfactant ion concentration but at constant counterion (Na+) concentration. Surface tensions were determined by using the drop‐volume method. Counterion concentrations of 0.01 and 0.04N were used. Cross‐sectional areas for the surfactant anions are in the range 44 to 59Å2 (independent of concentration) and are consistent with close packing in which the carbon chains are perpendicular to the interface.For each surfactant, increase in counterion concentration from 0.01 to 0.04N results in a surface‐tension decrease of about 7.5 dyne/cm. This effect can be predicted by using bulk activity coefficients from the Debye‐Hückel theory.Dependence of surface tension on carbon chain length indicates that the carbon chains of the four compounds behave similarly at the air‐water interface.
Determination of fat composition
Authors: Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA revolution has taken place in the analysis of fats. Physical methods, both rapid and accurate, have replaced laborious chemical procedures. The timehonored saponification equivalents and iodine values now are calculated from Chromatographic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data. Differential migration processes such as countercurrent distribution, liquid‐liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography have supplanted the classical distillation and crystallization procedures for analysis and preparation.What have been referred to as “gadgets” are now the stock‐in‐trade of the analytical lipid chemist. Mass, infrared, ultraviolet, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers are the accepted tools for organic characterization. Recording detectors and computer processing of data reduce the labor of analysis and improve its quantitation. Today's methodology stands at the verge of specifying fatty acid composition of even so complex lipids as hydrogenated fats in terms of the amounts, the positions, and geometric configurations of its individual component fatty acids.
An exploratory study of the addition reactions of ethyleneglycol, 2‐chloroethanol and 1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propanol to 1‐dodecene
Authors: Bakker P. M. , Borstlap C. 
Published: July 2007

Abstractsec‐Dodecyl ethers of ethyleneglycol, 2‐chloroethanol, and 1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propanol have been prepared by reacting 1‐dodecene with the corresponding substituted alcohol in the presence of BF3 as a catalyst.The addition of ethyleneglycol to 1‐dodecene proceeds best in the presence of a reaction solvent (e.g., nitromethane), which suppresses side reactions. The resulting ethers consist almost exclusively of the mono‐sec‐dodecyl derivatives. The maximum yield was about 50 mol% on dodecene intake and 75%m on converted ethyleneglycol.The addition of 2‐chloroethanol and 1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propanol to dodecene can easily be conducted without a reaction solvent; yields are 77 and 67 mol% respectively on 1‐dodecene intake. A reaction scheme for the addition of ethyleneglycol to 1‐dodecene is proposed.
Ether alcohol sulfates from oleyl alcohol
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. , Leardi Eileen B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOleyl alcohol was caused to react with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,2‐butylene oxide in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. The first and second derivatives from each reaction were isolated by fractional distillation. Sulfation with dioxane‐SO3 gave high‐purity oleyl ether sulfates, easily soluble, with good detergent and lime soap‐dispersing properties.The use of chlorosulfonic acid or sulfuric acid as the sulfating agent for oleyl ether alcohols resulted in about 60% retention of the double bond, compared with oleyl alcohol, which under the same conditions retained only about 25% unsaturation. Oleyl ether alcohols sulfated with chlorosulfuric acid or sulfuric acid are easily sobuble and have good lime soap‐dispersing properties. They are able to solubilize less soluble soaps and saturated ether alcohol sulfates.
Detergent alcohols. I. The effect of alcohol structure and molecular weight on surfactant properties
Authors: Finger B. M. , Gillies G. A. , Hartwig G. M. , Ryder E. E. , Sawyer W. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA large number of aliphatic alcohols have been studied to relate performance of the derived surfactants to structure and molecular weight. The alcohols were examined as sulfates, ethoxylates, and ethoxysulfates in heavy‐and light‐duty compositions. Clear points and surface tensions of aqueous solutions were determined. Cotton detergency was evaluated in a bench‐scale test by using artificially soiled test cloths. Foam performance was measured in a soil titration test. In general, excellent performance is observed with derivatives which have 70% or greater n‐primary alcohol content. The odd‐numbered alcohol derivatives contribute significantly to optimum performance.
Lactones in autoxidized vegetable oils
Authors: Fioriti J. A. , Krampl V. , Sims R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt was demonstrated that bothgamma anddelta saturated lactones are present in highly peroxidized vegetable oils. In the oils which were investigated thegamma isomers are predominant. Additional lactones also form when the hydroperoxides are reduced. Although no lactones were detectable in fresh, refined soybean oil, considerable amounts of bothgamma anddelta lactones were found to be present in highly peroxidized samples of cottonseed and soybean oils.The lactones in the peroxidized oils were concentrated by column chromatography on silica gel and by vacuum distillation. Gas‐liquid chromatography was used for separation and identification. This has been supplemented by thin‐layer chromatography, infrared spectrophotometry, and nuclear‐magnetic‐resonance spectrometry.
The use of fatty chemicals as flotation reagents
Authors: Agar G. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFatty chemicals are widely used as flotation collectors in the mineral‐processing industry and, even though this application is quite old, improvements are being made with regard to both application and utilization. Most of the fatty chemicals that are used in flotation are used in the processing of industrial minerals such as phosphate, potash, iron ore, cement rock, and feldspar.The understanding of the functioning of collectors is not complete, and only recently have concerted efforts been made in researching this area with tools such as electrokinetics, radiotracers, infrared spectroscopy, and adsorption measurements. It appears that a thorough knowledge of the behavior of inorganic solids in aqueous solutions will be required before a full appreciation of collector behavior can be made.
Contributions of walter A. Pons, to development of methodology for mycotoxins
Authors: Lee L. S. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWalter Pons began work on mycotoxins in 1963, well prepared by 20 years’ experience in the Analytical Section of the SURDD, USDA. His first paper on aflatoxin methodology, presented at the fall meeting of the AOCS in 1964, was rated as one of the 3 best. In this paper, he introduced acetone as the extraction solvent for aflatoxins, moved away from the lengthy, exhaustive Soxhlet extraction to the far more rapid equilibrium shaker extraction and introduced lead acetate to precipitate major interfering impurities. He early saw the need for the calibration of reference aflatoxin standards and for their availability. He prepared and supplied more than 3,000 aflatoxin standards, used worldwide, as a public service of USDA before such standards were available commercially. Walter Pons pioneered in every aspect of development of analytical methodology for aflatoxins. He was instrumental in development of objective densitometric methods for determination of aflatoxins in diverse commodities, including milk, eggs and mixed feeds; in multimycotoxin methodology; in application of minicolumns for the rapid estimation of aflatoxins in various agricultural commodities; and, most recently, in application of high pressure liquid chromatography to the precise objective determination of aflatoxins. Many of Walter's contributions resulted from the generous gift of his time. He organized symposia, presented seminars, participated in workshops and responded freely and enthusiastically to numerous requests from analysts for assistance.
Rapid analysis for aflatoxins in cottonseed products with silica gel cartridge clean‐ up
Authors: Mckinney J. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA proposed rapid and versatile method of analysis for aflatoxins in cottonseed products using Waters Associates’ Sep‐ Pak silica cartridge clean‐ up is presented. Samples are extracted with acetonitrile/ water azeotrope and a filtered aliquot is evaporated to dryness. A toluene/acetonitrile (96:4) solution of the dry extract is applied to a Sep‐ Pak column. Gossypol derivatives and other artifacts are eluted with chloroform/ethyl ether (1:4). The Sep‐ Pak is then mated with either a Romer minicolumn for rapid minicolumn application or a small column of acid alumina deactivated with 4% water to produce a clean extract for quantitation by thin layer chromatography or high pressure liquid chromatography.
Replacement of benzene as a solvent for aflatoxin standards
Authors: Velasco J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCyclohexane, heptane and toluene were evaluated for possible replacement of benzene in the preparation of aflatoxin standard solutions. The results of a 6‐month study showed that these solvents can be substituted for benzene, provided they are not unduly exposed to light. The superiority of benzene as a solvent for aflatoxin standards was clearly demonstrated in a test in which these solvent systems containing 5μg B1 /mL, were exposed to daily lighting in the laboratory for 3 months. Complete photodegradation of aflatoxin B1 occurred in the cyclohexane, heptane and toluene systems whereas only a 15% B1 decrease occurred in the benzene system.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for T‐2 toxin
Authors: Pestka J. J. , Lee S. C. , Lau H. P. , Chu F. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the rapid quantitation of T‐2 toxin, a tricothecene mycotoxin produced by members of the genusFusarium. T‐2 toxin was first converted to the T‐2 hemisuccinate (T‐2 HS) and then conjugated by the water‐soluble carbodiimide method to either bovine serum albumin for use as an immunogen or to horseradish peroxidase for use as an enzyme marker. T‐2 antiserum was air‐dried onto polystyrene microtissue culture plates and the ELISA conducted by simultaneously incubating standards of T‐2 toxin and the T‐2 HS‐peroxidase conjugate. Competition curves were prepared by determining total bound enzyme. The ELISA took about 2 hr to complete and allowed minimal detection of T‐2 at levels of 2.5 pg/assay. Average recoveries from samples of wheat flour spiked with T‐2 toxin in the 1.0‐30 ppb range were 95 ± 25% and those for corn meal spiked in the 5.0‐30 ppb range were 98 ± 19%. The results suggested the ELISA is a simple and convenient alternative for the screening of T‐2 toxin in food and feeds.
Confirmation of identity of aflatoxins
Authors: Nesheim S. , Brumley W. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAflatoxins are detected and determined by analytical procedures based on physical and chemical properties, e.g., ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence, solubility and Chromatographie retention times during thin layer (TLC) or liquid chromatography. For acceptance of analytical results based on these properties, especially for regulatory purposes, proof of identity of the compound being measured is essential. Numerous tests have been devised for confirmation of identity. Included are tests based on toxicological effects observed in the duckling, zebrafish, chick embryo,Bacillus megaterium and many other species; chemical tests based on formation of derivatives such as the acetates and water adducts; and tests based on color changes of TLC spots after contact with spray reagents, e.g., sulfuric acid. All of the foregoing have inherent uncertainties in interpretation of identity. On the other hand, mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most specific methods of identification available; however, it has been difficult to apply at the low concentrations at which aflatoxins are routinely detected. In this paper, the confirmation techniques for aflatoxins are placed in historical perspective and are reviewed and evaluated A recently developed procedure for the application of negative ionization MS for the confirmation of identity of aflatoxins in foods or feeds at concentrations as low as 10 ng/g is described. This procedure consists of isolation of the aflatoxin by Association of Official Analytical Chemists’ methods, purification by preparatory 2‐dimensional TLC, in situ elution of the aflatoxin TLC spot and analysis of the sample by negative ion chemical ionization MS using a direct insertion probe.
Isolation and characterization of two nonaflatoxigenic classes of morphological variants ofaspergillus parasiticus
Authors: Bennett J. W. , Silverstein R. B. , Kruger S. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSerial transfer of mycelial macerates of aflatoxigenic strains ofAspergillus parasiticus produced 2 morphological variants. The “fan” variant type showed flat growth, a gradient of sporulation density, absence of mycelial pigmentation and deep furrows on the back of the colony. The “fluff” variants displayed abundant aerial mycelium, sparse sporulation, absence of mycelial pigmentation and furrows on the reverse of the colony. Neither “fan” nor “fluff” produced detectable aflatoxin. In a marked mutant strain, the appearance of “fan” and “fluff” and their concomitant loss of aflatoxin production occurred whereas spore color and auxotrophic markers were retained. A parasexual diploid synthesized from the mutant strain with the “fan” phenotype produced high levels of aflatoxin whereas a parasexual diploid containing the “fluff” pheno‐type produced low levels of aflatoxin. The unusual mode of isolation, the differential retention of aflatoxin and other genetic markers in a mutant strain, and the different levels of aflatoxin production in parasexual diploids with “fan” and “fluff” imply an unusual genetic mechanism for the control of the aflatoxin pathway.
Reducing aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes by selection and breeding
Authors: Mixon A. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe potential for developing agronomically suitable cultivais using peanut genotypes that exhibit resistance to seed colonization by aflatoxin‐producing strains ofAspergillus species is explored. Some factors found to be associated with the nature of resistance to seed colonization by the toxin‐producing fungi are cell structure, cell arrangement, permeability, waxy surface, tannin content and amino acid components of the seed testae. The practical implications of developing resistant cultivars are presented in data for yield, value and seed quality for 6 advanced peanut lines that were developed by breeding and selection from crosses.
Variability in corn hybrid resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination
Authors: Lillehoj E. B. , Zuber M. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPreliminary field studies suggested evidence for resistance of certain corn hybrids to the preharvest infection of kernels byA. flavus and contamination of the kernels with aflatoxin before harvest. A major constraint in evaluating corn hybrids for resistance to the contamination has been the unusual heterogeneity associated with the toxin distribution. A few kernels containing high levels of toxin are routinely responsible for contamination of large sample lots. Extraordinary heterogeneity is also observed in toxin occurrence among fields within a region and among large geographic areas. Edaphic and climatic differences appear to render immature kernels susceptible to aflatoxin accumulation in a discontinuous manner. To reduce intrinsic variability and acquire definitive information on hybrid differences in susceptibility to contamination, several techniques have been developed including: (a) an increase in the number of regional test sites, (b) expansion of the sample sizes, (c) an increase in replication numbers, and (d) elevation of toxin levels in kernels by experimental treatments. Reduction of test variability has allowed for delineation of hybrid differences in aflatoxin resistance. In a diallel set study, genotypes have been identified with heritable qualities of reduced aflatoxin levels in developing kernels. These results provide a basis for further characterization of a genetic facility for resistance to the toxin‐producing fungi; these factors have the potential for incorporation into commercial hybrids.
Tolerance to in vitro accumulation of aflatoxins in pecan meal as affected by factors associated with yield (carya illinoensis [wangenh.] K. Koch)
Authors: McMEANS J. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUnautoclaved pecan (Carya illinoensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch) meal from selected trees, 10 each with high or low nut yields, were inoculated with a spore suspension of Aspergillus parasiticus. Significantly greater concentrations of aflatoxins (B2 + B2 + G1 + G2) occurred in substrates from high‐yielding trees. The data suggest physiological differences associated with yield resulted in tolerance to accumulation of aflatoxins.
Aflatoxin formation on whole and ground cumin and anise seeds
Authors: Llewellyn G. C. , Dixon E. C. , T. Eadie , Dashek W. V. , O'rear C. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential productivity and growth ofAspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999) and the resulting toxin production on natural and autoclaved (cooked) cumin and anise spice seed substrates. Both whole and ground seeds were used. Mycelia and sporulation were also noted in this 17‐day experiment. Cumin and anise seeds are capable of supporting mycelial growth, sporulation and toxin production when the seeds are moist and maintained at room temperature. Toxin yields were higher on ground sterile seed substrates. Of the commercial samples tested, neither the resulting cultures of natural flora nor dry whole seeds were found to contain aflatoxin or aflatoxin‐like producing organisms. The anise substrates were more conducive to mycelial growth, sporulation and aflatoxin production than the cumin. Toxin levels in the various anise substrates ranged from 0.83 to 6.5μg/g total for the 4 aflatoxins, B1, B2, G1 and G2. Cumin seed substrates usually showed only B, and G, at total levels ranging from 0.23 to 0.63μg/g‐ Both spice seeds had mycelial growth and sporulation to occur at some time during the experimental period. Both substrates could be considered as low‐level‐producer substrates for aflatoxins. Anise seeds should be monitored occasionally for aflatoxin contamination when the commodities are purchased and used in large quantities.