bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased colonic inflammatory injury and formation of aberrant crypt foci in Nrf2‐deficient mice upon dextran sulfate treatment
Authors: Osburn William O. , Karim Baktiar , Dolan Patrick M. , Liu Guosheng , Yamamoto Masayuki , Huso David L. , Kensler Thomas W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChronic inflammation has been associated with increased risk of developing cancer. The transcription factor NF‐E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) controls the expression of numerous antioxidative enzymes that have been shown to attenuate acute inflammation. The present study investigated the role of Nrf2 genotype in modulating inflammation‐promoted colorectal tumorigenesis. Nrf2 wild‐type (WT) and Nrf2‐deficient (N0) mice were administered a single dose of azoxymethane followed by a 1‐week dose of drinking water with or without 1% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Aberrant crypt foci were counted 3 weeks after the cessation of DSS treatment. DSS treatment significantly increased numbers of aberrant crypt foci in N0 mice, but not WT mice. The extent of inflammation over the course of DSS treatment was analyzed in both genotypes. Histological analysis of colon sections revealed that N0 mice had markedly increased inflammation and mucosal damage when compared to WT mice beginning on Day 6 of DSS treatment. Although similar levels of inflammatory and oxidative damage biomarkers were evident in colons from WT and N0 mice at the start of DSS treatment, increased colonic proinflammatory cytokine mRNA transcript levels, myeloperoxidase activity and 3‐nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity were observed on Day 6 of DSS treatment in N0 mice, but not WT mice. Additionally, DSS treatment resulted in increased lipid peroxidation and loss of aconitase activity in N0 mice, but not WT mice, reflecting increased oxidative damage in colons from N0 mice. Taken together, these results clearly illustrate the role of Nrf2 in regulating an adaptive response that protects against early‐phase inflammation‐mediated tumorigenesis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The “Eyespot Module” and eyespots as modules: development, evolution, and integration of a complex phenotype
Authors: Allen Cerisse E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOrganisms are inherently modular, yet modules also evolve in response to selection for functional integration or functional specialization of traits. For serially repeated homologous traits, there is a clear expectation that selection on the function of individual traits will reduce the integration between traits and subdivide a single ancestral module. The eyespots on butterfly wings are one example of serially repeated morphological traits that share a common developmental mechanism but are subject to natural and sexual selection for divergent functions. Here, I test two hypotheses about the organization of the eyespot pattern into independent dorsal‐ventral and anterior‐posterior modules, using a graphical modeling technique to examine patterns of eyespot covariation among and within wing surfaces in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Although there is a hierarchical and complex pattern of integration among eyespots, the results show a surprising mismatch between patterns of eyespot integration and the developmental and evolutionary eyespot units identified in previous empirical studies. These results are discussed in light of the relationships between developmental, functional, and evolutionary modules, and they suggest that developmental sources of independent trait variation are often masked by developmental sources of trait integration. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310B:179–190, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What is Type A? A cognitive social learning model
Authors: Price Virginia A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the past ten years or so, attempts have been made to understand better the essential nature of Type A. Yet, important questions remain as to exactly what the behaviour pattern is, how we can measure it reliably, and how we can help persons change their Type A behaviour as a means, it is hoped, of reducing their risk of CHD. Lack of a theoretically‐based conceptual model of Type A is cited as one of the important reasons why serious conceptual; assessment, and treatment problems persist in this field.A recently developed model of Type A based on cognitive social learning theory is presented. The model focuses on the interplay among cognitive, behavioural, physiological, and environmental factors in the acquisition and maintenance of Type A behaviour. Personal beliefs and the fears they spawn are seen as forming the core of the behaviour pattern. Several of these beliefs are discussed. For instance, believing that one's personal worth is tied to one's tangible accomplishments is shown to explain the presence of many behaviours traditionally considered to constitute Type A. Environmental factors associated with the workplace are also discussed in terms of how they contribute to the persistence of Type A behaviour throughout adult life.
Work stress and the stress‐buffering roles of work and family resources
Authors: Billings Andrew G. , Moos Rudolf H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the development of the Work Environment Scale, which includes measures of perceived stressful and supportive aspects of the job milieu. This scale is used to examine stressful effects of the work environment on personal functioning and the stress‐buffering value of work and family social resources among a representative community group of men and women. Work stressors had a greater impact on men, but supportive social resources provided more attenuation of such effects among men than among women. Although work stressors generally had less effect on men whose wives were employed, high stress in the women's work settings had some indirect negative consequences for their husbands.Reprint requests should be directed to the authors, Social Ecology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305, U.S.A.
Career dynamics in a steelworks of the future
Authors: Hedberg Bo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecent organizational design efforts to provide more attractive jobs, including most attempts to apply socio‐technical system principles, have failed to account for the dynamic nature of the environment. The practice of socio‐technical design should respond to this failing by accommodating both environmental change and workers' confidence to cope with it. An attempt to make this accommodation, in a design for a model future steelworks, is described. The design incorporates principles such as anticipatory learning, a “tent” organization culture, a task oriented plant layout, a democratic governance system, local information systems, and dialectical decision making. It offers one answer to how careers within organizations, and organizations surrounding careers, can each influence the other while remaining adaptive to external change. The problems raised by dynamic environments can be met by putting learning and exploration back into workers' careers.
A fairer examination of rating scales when used for performance appraisal in a real organizational setting
Authors: Tziner Aharon 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFifty‐seven managers in an aircraft plant who had received rater training, appraised their subordinates (n = 376) using both a BARS format and a graphic scale. Less leniency and halo effect occurred with the BARS format. In addition, the use of BARS resulted in higher interrater reliability than ratings obtained with the graphic scale. Finally, the overall (global) evaluation derived with the BARS form was significantly less susceptible to leniency effect. A tentative conceptual framework to explain this finding was suggested.
Coping with advanced manufacturing technology
Authors: Blumberg Melvin , Gerwin Donald 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComputer aided manufacturing equipment is supposed to revolutionize batch production by increasing control over this highly uncertain mode of manufacturing. However, as computerized equipment becomes more complex it becomes less compatible with the socio‐technical systems of most firms. The ensuing problems, with which management, staff specialists and workers have great difficulty in coping, lead to the new technology being only partially under control. It is difficult to evaluate whether to purchase a computerized manufacturing system and there are problems in evaluating their efficiency once they are implemented. Evidence is presented from case studies of five firms in three nations that have purchased computerized production systems. Policy recommendations and research suggestions are provided for dealing with the situation.
Stress reactions in computerized administrative work
Authors: Johansson Gunn , Aronsson Gunnar 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNinety‐five white‐collar workers employed by an insurance company using visual display units (VDU) connected by telecommunication to a central computer filled in a questionnaire concerning psychosocial stressors in connection with work at the VDU. Eleven persons with extensive and ten with no work at VDUs were also studied during regular work, during breakdown of machinery, and in their leisure time. Self‐reports on mood and alertness were recorded along with blood pressure, heart rate, and excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Results indicate that (1) stress and mental strain occurred in association with delayed response times in the computer system and unpredicted interruptions of system operation, (2) such a temporary interruption caused an increase of blood pressure and adrenaline excretion, (3) complaints of stress and strain were repotted mainly by data‐entry staff, (4) data‐entry groups displayed a higher level of physiological arousal during post‐work hours than a control group, and (5) that a majority of those who worked continuously at a VOU reported physical discomfort within 1.5 hours. It is concluded that stress and strain in computerized work may be counteracted at the technological and the organizational level: by reducing the duration and frequency of breakdowns, by reducing response times in the system, and by eliminating pure data‐entry tasks.
The teacher stress process: A cross‐cultural analysis
Authors: Brenner Sten‐Olof , Bartell Riva 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA cross‐cultural systems analysis was performed on teacher stress data from Canada and Sweden. The LISREL structural analysis was based on a conceptual model adapted from Kyriacou and Sutcliffe. Although the LISREL solution did not reach statistical significance it was concluded that the conceptual model in the essential features was corroborated by the LISREL analyses. Measurement errors, as well as the sensitivity of the used goodness of fit test (chi square) to the size of the samples was put forward as explanations of the failure to reach statistical significance for the LISREL structural solutions. Furthermore, it was argued that the heterogeneity of the teachers with respect to the stages of their professional careers should be considered in further research on teacher stress, to be able to capture the process aspects more adequately.
Safety specialists in industry: Roles, constraints and opportunities
Authors: Dawson Sandra , Poynter Philip , Stevens David 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper comments on the slow and uneven occupational development of safety specialists in British industry. It provides an analysis of possible strategies for safety specialists by identifying three main areas of activity: processing and generating information, giving advice and participating in problem‐solving, and taking direct action. These may be practised at each of the following five stages involved in the technical control of hazards: identification of hazards, assessment of risk, development of controls, implementation of controls and longer‐term monitoring and adaptation. Hie position of specialists encountered in eight case studies in the chemical and related industries is then described. The third section advocates the role of the specialist as adviser and discusses the importance of line management assuming direct executive responsibility for the health and safety of those for whom they are directly responsible. The paper acknowledges some of the obstacles facing specialists who wish to develop a strong advisory and problem‐solving function. It considers the specialists' access to the following sources of power and influence: managerial dependence on their expertise, patronage within the hierarchy, a direct controlling function, internal coalitions formed with representatives of the workforce, external coalition formed with the factory inspectorate, formal organizational position and their personal qualities of charm and leadership. Comments are made on how aspects of the organizational context and climate of opinion affect the specialists' access to these power sources and the final section of the paper considers the effect of different recruitment and career paths of the specialists themselves.
Precursors of employee turnover: A multiple‐sample causal analysis
Authors: Dougherty Thomas W. , Bluedorn Allen C. , Keon Thomas L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo models of the nature of linkages among precursors of voluntary turnover were examined using four distinct samples. A model which includes both job satisfaction and organizational commitment as exogenous variables leading to one's intention to resign was shown to provide results which support its usage in future research. Analyses of longitudinal data for precursors across two points in time, before turnover, however, provided only weak support for causality.
Job and non‐job activities, job satisfaction and mental health among veterinarians
Authors: Hesketh Beryl , Shouksmith George 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between dimensions of job and non‐job activity, job satisfaction and mental health among veterinary professionals and tests specific predictions arising from the work of Broad bent (1985) and Karasek (1979). Results are based on an analysis of 411 questionnaires returned in a postal survey. Job and non‐job activities contributed a significant proportion of unique variance in total mental health as measured, and related differently to anxiety and depression. Support for Broadbent's (1985) predictions was mixed. Pacing related distinctively to anxiety, but depression showed no relationship to social aspects of activity. Both lack of control over the speed of activities and discretion were related to mental health indices, but support was found for the role of discretion as a buffer in an interactive sense on one outcome measure only. Results are discussed in terms of ideas arising from the clinical literature, and suggestions offered for the potential use of carefully chosen activity in controlling levels of anxiety, depression and well‐being.
Etzioni's model of organizational involvement: A perspective for understanding commitment to organizations
Authors: Penley Larry E. , Gould Sam 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere are two predominant views of organizational commitment: instrumental and affective. The purpose of the paper is to explore the extent to which an adapted version of Etzioni's macro organizational model of involvement may serve as a single model of both affective and instrumental perspectives of organizational commitment. Moral commitment and alienative commitment are treated as affective forms of organizational attachment, and calculative commitment is treated as an instrumental form of organizational attachment. The paper employs five samples for the investigation. It develops scales for measuring each of the three dimensions of commitment. The paper concludes that organizational commitment is multidimensional. It also concludes that employees report a mixture of commitment types. Evidence is offered in support of the affective character of moral and alienative commitment. Although the evidence is equivocal, there is support for the independence of the two dimensions of affective commitment: moral and alienative. Evidence is also offered for the differential association of the three dimensions of organizational commitment with related aspects of organizational behavior. The paper extends our understanding of organizational commitment by providing a place for both instrumental and affective forms of psychological attachment to organizations. It offers scales which may be used for future research, and it suggests research which may extend the adapted model in this paper as well as provide direction for practising managers.
Sex differences in job attribute preferences
Authors: Bigoness William J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the job attribute preferences of male and female MBA candidates. Participants were drawn from 27 different MBA programmes in the United States. Factor analysis of the job attributes questionnaire revealed three primary job attribute dimensions: (1) professional growth; (2) work environment; and (3) salary. Contrary to most previous research, females were found to place a greater emphasis on the professional growth dimension than did males. Males, on the other hand, placed greater emphasis on salary considerations. No sex difference was found in participants' ratings of the work environment job attribute dimension. Consistent with earlier research, women were found to place more importance on the calibre of colleagues than did males. In general, both males and females rated job attributes concerning job content as more important than job attributes concerning job context. These results are discussed with respect to earlier research findings. Finally, the generalizability of these findings to other occupational groups is discussed and managerial implications presented.
On the virtues of laboratory babies and student bath water: A reply to Dobbins, Lane, and Steiner
Authors: Slade L. Allen , Gordon Michael E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article responds to criticism by Dobbins, Lane and Steiner (1988) of the position taken by Gordon, Slade and Schmitt (1986) on the advisability of relying upon student subjects in applied behavioural research. It rejects the view ascribed to us by our critics that laboratory research should be abandoned. Further, a serious confounding of experimental design and subject population in Dobbins et al.'s discussion is explicated. Our initial position is reiterated: more scrupulous subject selection is a means of improving the external validity of applied research.
Latina a LatinaSM: developing a breast cancer decision support intervention
Authors: Sheppard Vanessa B. , Figueiredo Melissa , Cañar Janet , Goodman Michelle , Caicedo Larisa , Kaufman Adriana , Norling Gretchen , Mandelblatt Jeanne 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLatinas have the fastest rising incidence of breast cancer. Yet, little data are available about Latinas' breast cancer treatment experiences. Aims were to: (1) identify factors in Latinas' treatment decision making and (2) develop and pilot a decision support intervention. Thirty‐seven Latinas diagnosed with breast cancer participated. Qualitative data were used to identify intervention messages. Most women desired help in asking questions. Women were most concerned about chemotherapy side effects. Cultural values (e.g. personalismo, familismo) helped structure intervention messages. In phase two, participants completed a face‐to‐face skill‐building session with a trained breast cancer survivor. Women found the intervention acceptable and reported better communication and decision‐making skills. Interventions that focus on cultural strengths may improve Latinas treatment experiences and informed decision making. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active‐control trials with binary data: A comparison of methods for testing superiority or non‐inferiority using the odds ratio
Authors: Siqueira Arminda Lucia , Whitehead Anne , Todd Susan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper considers methods for testing for superiority or non‐inferiority in active‐control trials with binary data, when the relative treatment effect is expressed as an odds ratio. Three asymptotic tests for the log‐odds ratio based on the unconditional binary likelihood are presented, namely the likelihood ratio, Wald and score tests. All three tests can be implemented straightforwardly in standard statistical software packages, as can the corresponding confidence intervals. Simulations indicate that the three alternatives are similar in terms of the Type I error, with values close to the nominal level. However, when the non‐inferiority margin becomes large, the score test slightly exceeds the nominal level. In general, the highest power is obtained from the score test, although all three tests are similar and the observed differences in power are not of practical importance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd.
Symptoms of fatigue in chronic heart failure patients: Clinical and psychological predictors
Authors: Smith Otto R.F. , Michielsen Helen J. , Pelle Aline J. , Schiffer Angelique A. , Winter Jobst B. , Denollet Johan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective:To examine the role of clinical and psychological characteristics as predictors of fatigue in CHF.Background:Little is known about predictors of fatigue in CHF. Next to heart failure characteristics, depressive symptoms and type‐D personality may explain individual differences in fatigue.Methods:At baseline, 136 CHF outpatients (age≤80 years) completed a questionnaire to assess depressive symptoms, type‐D personality and cardiac symptoms. At one‐year follow‐up, they completed the Dutch Exertion Fatigue Scale and the Fatigue Assessment Scale to assess symptoms of fatigue. Medical information was obtained from the patients' medical records.Results:Exertion fatigue and general fatigue were identified as different manifestations of fatigue. We found that exertion fatigue at 12‐month follow‐up was predicted by decreased exercise capacity (β=−.35; p<.001), dyspnoea (β=24; p=.002), hypertension (β=.16; p=.03), and depressive symptoms (β=.16; p=.05). In contrast, general fatigue at 12‐month follow‐up was predicted by dyspnoea (β=.24; p=.003), depressive symptoms (β=.27; p<.001), type‐D personality (β=17; p=.03), and sleep problems (β=.20; p=.01). Together, these variables explained 32% and 37% of the variance, respectively.Conclusion:The present study showed that fatigue was related to both clinical and psychological characteristics. The use of this knowledge may lead to a better understanding and treatment of the clinical manifestations of fatigue in CHF.
A randomized comparison of different methods of analgesia in abortion using manual vacuum aspiration
Authors: López J.C. , Vigil‐De Gracia P. , Vega‐Malek J.C. , Ruiz E. , Vergara V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the effectiveness of different methods of analgesia among women treated with manual vacuum aspiration for spontaneous abortion.Materials and methodsThe 113 patients diagnosed with incomplete abortion and considered candidates for manual vacuum aspiration were randomly assigned to 3 groups of analgesic administration: diclofenac plus paracervical block; meperidine plus diclofenac; and meperidine alone. Pain levels were evaluated using the Wong Scale of Pain.ResultsThe mean pain scores for the three groups were: diclofenac and paracervical block 5.4; meperidine plus diclofenac 5.0; meperidine 5.7 (P = 0.57). Analysis of pain using the levels mild (0–3), moderate (4–6), and severe (7–10) showed no statistical significance among the 3 groups of analgesics. Adverse effects were more common in the groups using analgesia containing meperidine.ConclusionsThere was no significant difference between the analgesics used among the 3 groups. Most of the patients, regardless of the analgesic used, reported moderate pain.