bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The direct recovery of recombinant hepatitis B core antigen from disruptate derived from continuous‐flow bead milling
Authors: Ho Chin Woi , Tan Wen Siang , Kamaruddin Suryani , Ling Tau Chuan , Tey Beng Ti 
Published: April 2008

HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen) is a nanoplex bioproduct that has a great potential in the development of therapeutic drugs and vaccines. In the present study, a continuous‐flow bead milling for the disruption of Escherichia coli was optimized and a direct recovery protocol to isolate the recombinant HBcAg from the unclarified E. coli disruptate was developed. The optimal condition for continuous‐flow bead milling for the release of HBcAg from E. coli was achieved at a feed flow rate of 15 litres/h, biomass concentration of 10% [ww/v (wet weight/vol.)] and impeller tip speed of 14 m/s. The sucrose‐density‐gradient analysis showed that the particulate form of the HBcAg released by this optimal condition is still preserved. In the direct purification of HBcAg from the unclarified disruptate, the AE‐EBAC (anion‐exchange expanded‐bed adsorption chromatography) technique was employed. A 54% adsorption and 50.7% recovery of HBcAg were achieved in this direct recovery process. The purity of HBcAg recovered was 49.8%, which corresponds to a purification factor of 2.0. ELISA showed that the HBcAg recovered is functionally active.
Activation of p53 stimulates proteasome‐dependent truncation of eIF4E‐binding protein 1 (4E‐BP1)
Authors: Constantinou Constantina , Elia Androulla , Clemens Michael J. 
Published: April 2008

Background information. The translational inhibitor protein 4E‐BP1 [eIF4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E)‐binding protein 1] regulates the availability of polypeptide chain initiation factor eIF4E for protein synthesis. Initiation factor eIF4E binds the 5′ cap structure present on all cellular mRNAs. Its ability to associate with initiation factors eIF4G and eIF4A, forming the eIF4F complex, brings the mRNA to the 43S complex during the initiation of translation. Binding of eIF4E to eIF4G is inhibited in a competitive manner by 4E‐BP1. Phosphorylation of 4E‐BP1 decreases the affinity of this protein for eIF4E, thus favouring the binding of eIF4G and enhancing translation. We have previously shown that induction or activation of the tumour suppressor protein p53 rapidly leads to 4E‐BP1 dephosphorylation, resulting in sequestration of eIF4E, decreased formation of the eIF4F complex and inhibition of protein synthesis.Results. We now report that activation of p53 also results in modification of 4E‐BP1 to a truncated form. Unlike full‐length 4E‐BP1, which is reversibly phosphorylated at multiple sites, the truncated protein is almost completely unphosphorylated. Moreover, the latter interacts with eIF4E in preference to full‐length 4E‐BP1. Inhibitor studies indicate that the p53‐induced cleavage of 4E‐BP1 is mediated by the proteasome and is blocked by conditions that inhibit the dephosphorylation of full‐length 4E‐BP1. Measurements of the turnover of 4E‐BP1 indicate that the truncated form is much more stable than the full‐length protein.Conclusions. The results suggest a model in which proteasome activity gives rise to a stable, hypophosphorylated and truncated form of 4E‐BP1, which may exert a long‐term inhibitory effect on the availability of eIF4E, thus contributing to the inhibition of protein synthesis and the growth‐inhibitory and pro‐apoptotic effects of p53.
Between ethics and politics: Gramsci's theory of intellectuals
Authors: Martin James 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThis article examines Gramsci's theory of intellectuals in the light of Bauman's distinction between ‘legislators’ and ‘interpreters’. By distinguishing descriptive and prescriptive dimensions to Gramsci's theory, it is possible to see a tension between the dual ethical and political functions that he attributes to ‘organic intellectuals’. In the one, Gramsci effectively deconstructs the intellectual's role as the bearer of universal knowledge, while in the other he reconstructs that role through an emphasis on the revolutionary party. It is argued that the tensions in Gramsci's theory stem from his attachment to a peculiarly modern conception of the relationship between intellectuals, culture and the state.
Venice Between Fascism and International Tourism, 1911–45
Authors: Bosworth R.J.B. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThis article uses Venice as a case study of the ‘cultural revolution’ urged by some historians as a feature of the totalitarianizing ambition of the Fascist regime. But Bosworth finds a Venice which, though plainly affected by Fascism, nonetheless preserved much that was its own and much that expressed a continuity with the liberal era before 1922 and the liberal democratic one after 1945. He shows that many of the rhythms of Venetian life moved in ways which were different from those of political history, and argues that such differences ensured that Fascism scarcely instituted an all-controlling and completely alienating totalitarian society, at least in this Italian city.
The Geography and Economic Sociology of Recent Immigration to Italy
Authors: King Russell , Andall Jacqueline 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThis article provides an overview of the geography and economic sociology of recent immigration to Italy. Its main purpose is to offer a contextual framework for the mainly place- and nationality-specific studies which follow and make up the main contributions to this special issue of the journal. Throughout our account, stress is laid on the regional diversity of the immigrant experience within Italy, and on the diversity of migratory types and nationalities which have entered the country over the last twenty-thirty years. In the final part of the article we make a brief analysis of the Italian political response to the country's relatively new status as a receiver of large-scale immigration.
Immigration and the City: Milan and Mass Immigration, 1958–98
Authors: Foot John 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe city of Milan has been host to two separate mass migrations over the last fifty years. The first involved Italians in the 1950s and 1960s, the second, non-Italians from the 1980s onwards. Until now little comparison—historical, sociological or otherwise—has been made of these two processes. The first part of this article draws up a theoretical and definitional framework for this comparison, and sets out the possible bases for such a task. The second part looks in detail at three stories concerning non-Italians in Milan in the 1980s and 1990s: the vicissitudes of one important temporary centre for immigrants in Via Corelli in the city; the story of Driss Moussafir, a Moroccan victim of terrorism; and the violence which erupted in Via Meda in the summer of 1998. Through these micro-stories, the article examines a number of historical questions concerning migration and integration and looks to draw comparisons concerning the role of politics, the state and racialization between these two historical periods.
Tunisian Migrants and Their Experience of Racism in Modena
Authors: Daly Faïçal 
Published: April 2008

SummaryBased both on the author's personal testimony of living, working and studying in Italy for ten years, and on his more recent sociological fieldwork, this article explores various dimensions of racism in the north Italian city of Modena, paying special attention to the experiences of Tunisian immigrants. The methodology comprises interviews with Tunisian immigrants and their employers, observations in bars and other public places, analysis of racism in the workplace, monitoring of the local media and reference to the national political debate. The findings reveal that being on the receiving end of racism, hostility and violence are regular facets of the everyday lives of Tunisian immigrants in Modena, as well as being part of a wider local and national anti-immigrant discourse.
Senegalese Street-Sellers, Racism and the Discourse on ‘Irregular Trade’ in Rimini
Authors: Riccio Bruno 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe coast of Emilia-Romagna is a favourite destination for the seasonal movement of Senegalese street-sellers. It is no coincidence that Rimini hosted one of the first racist demonstrations of shopkeepers in 1989. The situation has worsened over time. In fact, the local public discourse on immigration never developed autonomously but has always been connected to the discourse expressing the main concern of the town: irregular trade. Yet discourses do not work alone and are linked also to social relations and to economic trends such as the restructuring of the local retailing economy and the tourist sector. This article therefore shows how racism in Rimini is the fluid product of, first, the overlapping of discourses about differing social phenomena which shape the dominant discourse on immigration; and, secondly, the identification with this dominant discourse that has emerged from everyday social relations and institutional practices. The latter part of the article presents elements of the counter-discourse, based on observations and conversations carried out with Senegalese immigrants in a summer camp outside Rimini. Finally, a proposal by the mayor of Rimini to exclude non-resident immigrants coming from outside the province is analysed as an example of the criminalization of immigrants through the application of a ‘sedentarist metaphysic’.
The new fisheries multibeam echosounder ME70: description and expected contribution to fisheries research
Authors: Trenkel Verena M. , Mazauric Valérie , Berger Laurent 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Trenkel, V. M., Mazauric, V., and Berger, L. 2008. The new fisheries multibeam echosounder ME70: description and expected contribution to fisheries research. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 645–655. Recently, Simrad in collaboration with Ifremer developed a calibrated, multibeam, vertical echosounder (ME70) for fisheries research. We describe its capabilities and technical limitations. The ME70 has up to 45 beams with distinct frequencies in the range 70–120 kHz, spanning at most 150°. All beams are stabilized in vessel roll and pitch. It has reduced side-lobe levels, up to −70 dB (two-way) instead of the −25 dB (one-way) of conventional systems. We outline research areas for which the ME70 might provide new types of information and hence lead to novel insights. We illustrate the potential contributions with datasets collected in the English Channel and on the continental-shelf break of the Bay of Biscay. Finally, future research and developments using the new system are outlined.
Predicting the potential distribution of the vase tunicate Ciona intestinalis in Canadian waters: informing a risk assessment
Authors: Therriault Thomas W. , Herborg Leif-Matthias 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Therriault, T. W., and Herborg, L-M. 2008. Predicting the potential distribution of the vase tunicate Ciona intestinalis in Canadian waters: informing a risk assessment. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 788–794. A crucial step in characterizing the potential risk posed by non-native species is determining whether a potential invader can establish in the introduced range and what its potential distribution could be. To this end, various environmental models ranging from simple to complex have been applied to predict the potential distribution of an invader, with varying levels of success. Recently, in marine waters, tunicates have received much attention, largely because of their negative impacts on shellfish aquaculture. One of these species is the vase tunicate Ciona intestinalis, which recently has had a negative impact on aquaculture operations in Atlantic Canada and could pose a risk in Pacific Canada. To inform the risk assessment of this species, we evaluated two different types of environmental model. Simple models based on reported temperature or salinity tolerances were relatively uninformative, because almost all waters were deemed suitable. In contrast, a more complex genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction (GARP) environmental niche model, based on documented Canadian occurrence points, provided informative projections of the potential distribution in Canadian waters. In addition to informing risk assessments, these predictions can be used to focus monitoring activities, particularly towards vectors that could transport C. intestinalis to these favourable environments.
Routine bone marrow examination in the initial evaluation of paediatric Hodgkin lymphoma: the Canadian perspective
Authors: Simpson C. David , Gao Jun , Fernandez Conrad V. , Yhap Margaret , Price Victoria E. , Berman Jason N. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryBone marrow examination (BME) in paediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) was evaluated, as evidence from adult HL suggests it may be unnecessary. An internet‐based survey was used to examine the practice of Canadian paediatric oncologists regarding BME in children and the impact of routine BME was evaluated in patients with HL treated at our institution. Sixteen of 17 paediatric oncology centres were represented. Forty‐three percent of eligible doctors completed the survey. Routine BME for stages III and IV disease was consistent nationally. By contrast, 54% and 70% of respondents reported performing routine BME for stages I and II HL respectively. Respondents were more likely to report performing routine BME in low‐stage HL if trained outside Canada (P = 0·04, stage I; P = 0·07, stage II) or practicing at smaller centres (P = 0·05, stage I; P = 0·03, stage II). At our institution, 62 patients were eligible for analysis. Only four patients (6·5%) had a positive BME. Anaemia was the only significant risk factor (P = 0·006). No patient with otherwise low stage was found to have marrow involvement. Comparison of staging with and without BME demonstrated no significant difference to final risk classification. BME in paediatric patients with low‐stage HL has extremely low yield and may be unnecessary.
Abundant anti‐apoptotic BCL‐2 is a molecular target in leukaemias with t(4;11) translocation
Authors: Robinson Blaine W. , Behling Kathryn C. , Gupta Manish , Zhang Alena Y. , Moore Jonni S. , Bantly Andrew D. , Willman Cheryl L. , Carroll Andrew J. , Adamson Peter C. , Barrett Jeffrey S. , Felix Carolyn A. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryChemotherapy resistance from imbalanced apoptosis regulation may contribute to poor outcome in leukaemias with t(4;11). Anti‐apoptotic BCL‐2 expression and target modulation were characterized in cell lines with t(4;11) and BCL‐2 expression was examined in MLL and non‐MLL infant/paediatric leukaemia cases by Western blot analysis and/or real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Cytotoxicity of Genasense™ (Oblimersen Sodium, G3139) alone or combined with cytotoxic drugs was assessed by MTT [(3‐4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assays of the cell lines, applying pharmacostatistical response surface modelling of drug interactions. Apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry in RS4:11 cells. Primary leukaemias and cell lines with t(4;11) expressed abundant BCL2 mRNA and protein. Variable, sometimes substantial BCL2 mRNA was detected in other leukaemia subtypes. G3139 reduced BCL2 mRNA and protein in RS4:11 cells. The most sensitive cell line to single‐agent G3139 was RS4:11. Low G3139 concentrations sensitized RS4:11 and MV4‐11 cells to select anti‐leukaemia cytotoxic drugs. In RS4:11 cells, combining G3139 with doxorubicin (ADR) increased active caspase 3 and TUNEL staining compared to ADR alone, indicating greater apoptosis, and G3139 increased S‐phase progression. The abundant BCL‐2 affords a molecular target in leukaemias with t(4;11). G3139 exhibits preclinical activity and synergy with select cytotoxic agents in RS4:11 and MV4‐11 cells, and these effects occur through apoptosis.
Distribution patterns of leptocephali in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transitional region of the western North Pacific
Authors: TAKAHASHI MASANORI , MOCHIOKA NORITAKA , SHINAGAWA SEKIO , YATSU AKIHIKO , NAKAZONO AKINOBU 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLeptocephalus assemblages and distribution patterns were studied in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transitional region of the western North Pacific. A total of 479 leptocephali, representing at least 21 species (types) including eight undescribed types, were collected during a cruise of the T/V Hokuho Maru from 8 to 30 May 2002. The most abundant leptocephali were the congrids Gnathophis nystromi nystromi and Gnathophis nystromi ginanago. The assemblages at each station were clustered into four groups (one group in the Kuroshio region and three in the transition zone) using the ordination and the fuzzy c‐means method based on species composition similarities between stations. Each leptocephalus species was also clustered by the same method into one of three groups. The first group had the greatest numbers of species and mainly occurred at the station group in the Kuroshio region, sharing a similar distribution to G. n. nystromi. The second group had the greatest abundance, especially in the transition zone, but contained only one species, G. n. ginanago, which also occurred at all stations. Moreover discrimination of station groups in the transition zone corresponded well with the assemblage pattern of this species group. The last species group comprised rare and low abundance species. Most leptocephali in the study area were reported from the Kuroshio upstream region, so the discrimination of leptocephali assemblages in the study area may reflect their different ecology. Furthermore, the analytical methods used in this study yielded more meaningful and clearer groups than the other usual methods, validating application of this analysis to complex areas such as the transition zone.
Environmental factors influencing larval sprat Sprattus sprattus feeding during spawning time in the Baltic Sea
Authors: VOSS R. , DICKMANN M. , HINRICHSEN H.‐H. , FLOETER J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe management of Baltic sprat is challenged by highly variable recruitment success and hence large stock fluctuations. Recent studies have identified the larval and early juvenile life stages to be critical for the survival rate of a sprat year class. Although prey abundance was found to be linked to larval survival success, an analysis identifying the functional relationship and relative importance of other environmental factors is still missing. Sprat larval feeding was investigated in 2002 during three cruises, covering the main spawning time in the Bornholm Basin, Baltic Sea. The aim of the study was to identify the key environmental factors determining the feeding success of larval sprat taking their potential interactions explicitly into account. An extension of generalized additive models (GAMs) was adopted that allows the inclusion of interaction terms in a non‐parametric regression model. The final model of sprat larval feeding success explained ∼80% of the variance in the data and was based on the following environmental factors: bottom depth, cubed wind speed as proxy for small‐scale turbulence rates, degree of cloudiness as proxy for light conditions and prey density in combination with a feeding period–cloudiness interaction term. Our study demonstrates that the feeding success of sprat larvae in the Baltic Sea is controlled by a number of simultaneously acting key environmental factors.
Decadal changes in the diet of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) migrating off the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan
Authors: YONEZAKI SHIROH , KIYOTA MASASHI , BABA NORIHISA 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDecadal changes in northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) diet were examined based on the stomach contents data collected off the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan from January to April, 1953–1988. Seventeen families of fish and seven families of squid were identified from the stomach contents. Dominant prey species in terms of percentage of occurrence and wet weight were Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), and myctophid fishes. Demersal fishes, sparkling enope squid (Watasenia scintillans), and oceanic squids were also preyed on at low incidences. Decadal‐scale diet composition of northern fur seals revealed shifts in the significance of Japanese sardine and chub mackerel in parallel with the decadal alternation in the dominance of these species within the pelagic fish community off the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan. These results suggest that northern fur seals can use a variety of prey resources in this wintering area by switching the diet according to the distribution and abundance of prey species.
Nurses’ leaving intentions: antecedents and mediating factors
Authors: Takase Miyuki , Yamashita Noriko , Oba Keiko 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTitle. Nurses’ leaving intentions: antecedents and mediating factors.Aim. This paper is a report of a study to investigate how nurses’ work values, perceptions of environmental characteristics, and organizational commitment are related to their leaving intentions.Background. Nurse leaving is a serious international problem as it contributes to the nursing shortage that threatens the welfare of society. The characteristics of nurses, the work environment and nurses’ feelings towards their jobs (or organizations) have an impact on their leaving intentions.Method. A convenience sample of 849 Registered Nurses was recruited from three public hospitals in the central‐west region of Japan during 2006 and 319 completed questionnaires were returned (response rate 39%). Data were analysed using regression analysis.Findings. Nurses’ work values and their perceptions of their workplace environment interacted to influence leaving intentions. When there was a match between the importance nurses placed on being able to challenge current clinical practices and the number of the actual opportunities to do so, leaving intentions were low. When there was a mismatch, intention to quit the job became stronger. In addition, organizational commitment intervened between nurses’ perceptions of the match in clinical challenges and leaving intention.Conclusion. Nurses’ leaving intentions, deserve extensive exploration of their causes. Such exploration should include attending to both nurses’ needs and organizational characteristics, investigating how the match between them could affect nurses’ leaving intention, and exploring factors that intervene between nurses’ perceptions of the match and leaving intention.