bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative cost-effectiveness of treatment of feedlot calves with ivermectin versus treatment with a combination of fenbendazole, permethrin, and fenthion
Authors: Guichon P. Timothy , Jim G. Kee , Booker Calvin W. , Schunicht Oliver C. , Wildman Brian K. , Brown Jay R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To compare growth performance, animal
health characteristics, and carcass characteristics of
feedlot calves treated with ivermectin topically with that
of feedlot calves treated with a combination of fenbendazole
orally and permethrin and fenthion topically.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—14,184 British crossbred steer calves
(mean weight, 286 kg [630 lb]) in 30 pens at a commercial
feedlot in Nebraska.

Procedure—On arrival at the feedlot, calves were randomly
assigned to be treated with ivermectin topically
or with a combination of fenbendazole orally and
permethrin and fenthion topically (control). At the
time of assignment to treatment groups, fecal samples
were collected from 5% of the calves. Growth
performance, carcass characteristics, and health information
were recorded.

Results—Geometric mean fecal egg counts at the
time of arrival at the feedlot were not significantly different
between groups. Final weight, weight gain,
average daily gain, and the dry matter intake-to-gain
ratio were significantly improved for calves in the ivermectin
group. The percentage of carcasses classified
as quality grade choice was higher for the ivermectin
group than the control group; however, the percentage
of carcasses classified as yield grade 1 and the
dressing percentage were higher for the control
group than for the ivermectin group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that topical administration of ivermectin to feedlot
calves is relatively more cost-effective than administration
of a combination of fenbendazole orally and
permethrin and fenthion topically. (J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2000;216:1965–1969)
Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in radiographs of cats
Authors: Litster Annette L. , Buchanan James W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine absolute and relative heart size in clinically normal cats by correlating heart size and selected skeletal structures.Design— Prospective radiographic study.Animals—100 cats that did not have thoracic radiographic abnormalities.Procedure—Standardized measurements of the long and short axes of the heart, midthoracic vertebrae, and other structures were made. Measurements were recorded in millimeters and number of thoracic vertebral lengths spanned by each dimension, measured caudally from T4 in a lateral radiograph. The long- and short-axis measurements of the heart, expressed in vertebral lengths, were added to yield vertebral heart size.Results—Mean ± SD vertebral heart size in lateral radiographs was 7.5 ± 0.3 vertebrae. The long-axis dimension correlated with the length of 3 sternebrae, measured from S2 to S4. The cardiac short-axis dimension correlated moderately with the length of 3.2 vertebrae, measured from T4 to T6. The cardiac short-axis dimension in ventrodorsal radiographs was 3.4 ± 0.25 vertebrae.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The vertebral heart-size method is easy to use, allows objective assessment of heart size, and may be helpful in determining cardiomegaly and comparing heart size in sequential radiographs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:210–214)
Effect of insulin dosage on glycemic response in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 221 cases (1993–1998)
Authors: Hess Rebecka S. , Ward Cynthia R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate glycemic response to insulin treatment in dogs with diabetes mellitus.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—221 dogs with diabetes mellitus.Procedure—Type and dosage of insulin used, minimum and maximum blood glucose concentrations, time of blood glucose concentration nadir, and optimal duration of action of insulin were determined on the basis of data obtained prior to initial examination at the teaching hospital (127 dogs), at the time of initial examination (212 dogs), at the time a second follow- up blood glucose curve was performed (59 dogs), and at the time of clinical control of diabetes mellitus (83 dogs).Results—Prior to examination, 69 of 127 dogs (54%) received 1 SC insulin injection daily. Thirty-one dogs (24%) received a high dose of insulin (ie, > 1.5 U/kg [0.7 U/lb] of body weight); 27 of these dogs (87%) received 1 injection/d. Eleven of 16 dogs (69%) that were hypoglycemic (blood glucose concentration < 80 mg/dl) also received 1 injection/d. However, optimal duration of action of insulin was > 12 hours in only 5 of 83 dogs (6%) evaluated at the time diabetes mellitus was clinically controlled. At that time, only 1 dog (1%) received a high dose of insulin, and the dog received 2 injections/d. Moreover, 8 of 10 dogs (80%) with hypoglycemia received 1 injection/d.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Most dogs with diabetes mellitus are clinically regulated with 2 daily insulin injections. Administration of a high dose of insulin or development of hypoglycemia may be more common in diabetic dogs that receive insulin once daily, compared with dogs that receive insulin twice daily. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:217–221)
Mortality rates and causes of death among emaciated cats
Authors: Doria-Rose V. Paul , Scarlett Janet M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine mortality rates and causes of death for thin (ie, lean or emaciated) cats and, if mortality rates were high, to determine factors associated with risk that cats would be thin.Design—Cohort study.Animals—1,138 cats examined at 27 private veterinary practices in the northeastern United States.Procedure—Body condition of the cats was scored (emaciated, lean, optimally lean, optimal, heavy, obese) between 1991 and 1992. Follow-up information on whether cats had developed any illnesses, whether cats had died, and, if cats had died, cause of death was obtained between 1994 and 1996. Mortality risk for emaciated cats was estimated, using cats in optimal condition as the reference group.Results—Survival curves for emaciated cats were significantly lower than those for cats of other body conditions. Compared with cats in optimal condition, emaciated cats were 4.4 times as likely to die during the follow-up period. However, after adjusting for age and excluding cats that died within 1 year after body condition was scored, emaciated cats were no longer significantly more likely to die. Emaciated cats were more likely to die of an unknown cause than were cats of optimal condition. Risk factors for emaciated body condition included preexisting illness, age, and Siamese breed.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that emaciated cats had a significantly higher risk of death, compared with cats in optimal body condition. Serious illness and advancing age accounted for much, and perhaps all, of this increased risk of death. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:347–351)
Treatment and outcome of dogs with leptospirosis: 36 cases (1990–1998)
Authors: Adin Christopher A. , Cowgill Larry D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize serologic and clinical features and outcome of dogs with leptospirosis that were treated conservatively (ie, medical management alone) or with hemodialysis.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—36 dogs with leptospirosis.Procedure—History; results of physical examinations, ultrasonography, and serologic, hematologic, and serum biochemical analyses; time to resolution of azotemia; and outcome were obtained from medical records. Dogs were treated conservatively (n = 22) or with hemodialysis (14).Results—Between 1990 and 1998, amount of rainfall was positively correlated with number of cases of leptospirosis identified per year. Serum antibodies against 6Leptospiraserovars were measured, and titers were highest toLeptospira pomonain16 (44%) dogs,L bratislavain 9 (25%) dogs, andL hardjoin 1 (3%) dog. Eight (22%) dogs had equally high titers toL pomonaandL bratislava, 1 (3%) had equally high titers toL grippotyphosaandL canicola, and 1 (3%) had high titers toL grippotyphosa,L pomona,L canicola, andL bratislava. During initial evaluation, all dogs were azotemic. Thirty (83%) dogs survived, including 12 of 14 (86%) dogs treated with hemodialysis and 18 of 22 (82%) treated conservatively. Serum creatinine concentration was similar in both groups after resolution of clinical signs.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Infection withL pomonaandL bratislavawas recognized as a cause of leptospirosis in dogs, and resulted in development of acute renal failure with various degrees of azotemia. Prognosis for dogs with mild to moderate azotemia was good with conservative treatment, whereas treatment with hemodialysis appeared to improve prognosis for dogs with severe azotemia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:371–375)
Intrathoracic and concurrent orthopedic injury associated with traumatic rib fracture in cats: 75 cases (1980–1998)
Authors: Kraje Brian J. , Kraje Amy Clare , Rohrbach Barton W. , Anderson Kelly A. , Marks Steven L. , Macintire Douglass K. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To characterize rib, intrathoracic, and concurrent
orthopedic injuries, and prognosis associated
with traumatic rib fracture in cats.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—75 cats.

Procedure—Medical records from January 1980 to
August 1998 were examined for cats with traumatic
rib fracture. Signalment, cause of trauma, interval
from trauma to evaluation at a veterinary teaching
hospital, referral status and date, method of diagnosis,
duration of hospitalization, number and location of
rib fractures, presence of flail chest, costal cartilage
involvement, intrathoracic and concurrent orthopedic
injury, and clinical outcome were reviewed.

Results—Median age was 3 years. Twenty-five
(58%) cats with reported cause of trauma were
injured by interaction with another animal. Fortyseven
(78%) cats that were treated survived. Cats
that died had a median duration of hospitalization of
< 1 day. Ten (13%) cats had flail chest. Sixty-five
(87%) cats had intrathoracic injury (median, 2
injuries). Nine (100%) cats without detected intrathoracic
injury that were treated survived. Thirty-five
(47%) cats had concurrent orthopedic injury. Cats
with flail chest, pleural effusion, or diaphragmatic
hernia were significantly more likely to die than cats
without each injury.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Traumatic rib
fracture in cats is associated with intrathoracic and
concurrent orthopedic injury. Aggressive treatment of
cats with traumatic rib fracture is warranted, because
the prognosis is generally favorable. Diagnosis and
treatment of intrathoracic injury associated with traumatic
rib fracture in cats should precede management
of concurrent orthopedic injury. ( J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2000;216:51–54)
Types and doses of injectable medications given to periparturient sows
Authors: Straw Barbara E. , Bush Eric J. , Dewey Catherine E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine types and doses of
injectable medications given to periparturient sows
and reasons for administering those medications, and
to compare medication practices among farms of different
sizes.

Design—Survey.

Sample Population—301 farms; 231,016 periparturient
sows.

Procedure—A survey was used to obtain information
regarding medications given to sows during the farrowing
period. State and federal veterinary medical
officers completed surveys during their final interview
with producers who had participated in the National
Animal Health Monitoring System's (NAHMS) Swine
95 study. Data were summarized and treatment regimens
compared among farms of different sizes.

Results—More than a third of the sows received
medications during the farrowing period. The most
common reasons for administering medications were
routine preventive treatment and treatment of dystocia,
uterine discharge, and poor appetite. The most
commonly used medications for treatment of sick
sows were oxytocin, procaine penicillin G, and B vitamins.
A high percentage of medications were either
not indicated for the specific condition or used at
greater or less than the approved dose. In general,
treatment rates and medications used did not differ
among farms of different sizes.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Better treatment
protocols are needed to provide more appropriate
treatment of sick sows. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2000;216:510–515)
Risk factors for disease associated with influenza virus infections during three epidemics in horses
Authors: Morley Paul S. , Townsend Hugh G. G. , Bogdan Jaret R. , Haines Deborah M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To identify risk factors associated with respiratory tract disease in horses during 3 epidemics caused by influenza virus infections.Design—Cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal observational studies.Animals—1,163 horses stabled at a Thoroughbred racetrack.Procedure—Investigations were conducted during a 3-year period. An epidemic of respiratory tract disease caused by influenza virus infections was identified in each year. Routine observations and physical examinations were used to classify horses' disease status. Data were analyzed to identify factors associated with development of disease.Results—Results were quite similar among the epidemics. Concentrations of serum antibodies against influenza virus and age were strongly associated with risk of disease; young horses and those with low antibody concentrations had the highest risk of disease. Calculation of population attributable fractions suggested that respiratory tract disease would have been prevented in 25% of affected horses if all horses had high serum antibody concentrations prior to exposure. However, recent history of vaccination was not associated with reduction in disease risk. Exercise ponies had greater risk of disease than racehorses, which was likely attributable to frequent horse-to-horse contact.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Particular attention should be paid to young horses, those with low serum antibody concentrations, and horses that have frequent contact with other horses when designing and implementing control programs for respiratory tract disease caused by influenza virus infections. It appears that control programs should not rely on the efficacy of commercial vaccines to substantially reduce the risk of disease caused by influenza virus infections. (JAm Vet Med Assoc2000;216:545–550)
Evaluation of assays for determination of passive transfer status in neonatal llamas and alpacas
Authors: Weaver Dusty M. , Tyler Jeff W. , Marion Richard S. , Wallace Laurie M. , Nagy Jesse K. , Holle Julie M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate several practice-adapted assays for determination of passive transfer status in crias.Animals—24 llama and 9 alpaca crias.Design—Prospective study.Procedure—Serum IgG concentration was measured by use of a radial immunodiffusion assay when crias were 45 to 51 hours old. Results were compared with serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and total solids concentrations, and results of commercially available and traditional sodium sulfite turbidity (SST) tests.Results—Mean (± SD) serum IgG concentration was 1,762 ± 1,153 mg/dl. On the basis of a threshold value of 1,000 mg of IgG/dl at 48 hours of age, 5 of 33 (15.15%) crias had failure of passive transfer. Serum total solids, protein, and globulin concentrations were significantly associated with serum IgG concentration, whereas serum GGT activity and serum albumin concentration were not. Serum IgG concentrations were significantly different among crias with negative, 2+, and 3+ scores on the traditional SST test. Serum IgG concentrations were not significantly different between crias with negative and 100 mg/dl scores or 100 and 300 mg/dl scores on the commercially available SST test. However, all other comparisons between crias with different scores revealed significant differences. Sensitivity and specificity ranged between 0 and 1, depending on the test and endpoint selected.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—The commercially available SST test and determination of serum total protein and globulin concentrations are suitable methods for assessing passive transfer status in llama and alpaca crias. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:559–563)
Prevalence of enteric zoonotic organisms in cats
Authors: Hill Steven L. , Cheney John M. , Taton-Allen Glenda F. , Reif John S. , Bruns Christa , Lappin Michael R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine prevalence of enteric zoonotic organisms in cats in north-central Colorado.Design—Prospective study.Sample Population—Serum and fecal samples from 87 cats with diarrhea, 106 cats without diarrhea, and 12 cats for which fecal consistency was unknown.Procedures—Samples were obtained from clientowned cats and cats at a humane society shelter. Serum was assayed for feline leukemia virus antigen and antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus, IgM antibodies againstToxoplasma gondii, and IgG antibodies againstT gondiiandCryptosporidium parvum. Microscopic examination of unstained feces was performed after centrifugation in a zinc sulfate solution, thin fecal smears were stained with acid fast stain and examined forC parvum, and bacteriologic culture of feces was used to detect aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.Results—Enteric zoonotic organisms were detected in feces from 27 of 206 (13.1%) cats and includedC parvum(5.4%),Giardiaspp (2.4%), Toxocara cati (3.9%),Salmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium (1.0%), andCampylobacter jejuni(1.0%); each organism was detected in samples from cats with and without diarrhea. Although differences between groups were not significant, a higher proportion of shelter cats (18.2%) had enteric zoonotic organisms than client-owned cats (10.1%).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Enteric zoonotic organisms were detected in feces of 13.1% of cats, suggesting that cats, particularly those in homes of immunocompromised humans, should be evaluated for enteric zoonotic organisms. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:687–692)
Clinical and pathologic findings in donkeys with hypothermia: 10 cases (1988–1998)
Authors: Stephen Jennifer O. , Baptiste Keith E. , Townsend Hugh G. G. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To describe clinical signs and clinicopathologic
findings in donkeys with hypothermia.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—10 hypothermic donkeys.
Procedure—Information on signalment, history,
physical examination findings, results of diagnostic
tests, treatments, and necropsy findings was extracted
from medical records of all donkeys with hypothermia
between 1988 and 1998 and compared with information
from medical records of all normothermic donkeys
and hypothermic horses admitted to the hospital
during the same period.

Results—Donkeys were more likely to be hypothermic
than horses. The mean age of hypothermic donkeys
was 6 years (range, 7 months to 11 years), compared
with 4.2 years (range, < 1 month to 15 years)
for normothermic donkeys; this difference was not
significant. Ten of 12 horses with hypothermia were
neonates; there were no hypothermic neonatal donkeys.
At admission, 7 of 8 hypothermic donkeys were
in good body condition and all hypothermic donkeys
were weak. Six hypothermic donkeys were able to
maintain sternal recumbency, 1 remained in lateral
recumbency, and 3 were able to stand. Of the 10
hypothermic donkeys, 2 survived, 1 died, and 7 were
euthanatized. Histologically, the thyroid glands from 4
of 5 hypothermic donkeys appeared abnormal and
were similar to those of foals with hypothyroidism.
During the months that hypothermic donkeys were
admitted, there was not a significant difference in
environmental temperatures on days of admission
between hypothermic and normothermic donkeys.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hypothermia
is a problem in donkeys during cold winter months,
and may not be secondary to other diseases or related
to diet or management. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2000;216:725–729)
Results of hematologic analyses and prevalence of physiologic leukopenia in Belgian Tervuren
Authors: Greenfield Cathy L. , Messick Joanne B. , Solter Philip F. , Schaeffer David J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine reference ranges for results of hematologic analyses of healthy Belgian Tervuren, to compare results of hematologic analyses for healthy Belgian Tervuren with results for healthy dogs of other breeds, and to determine prevalence of physiologic leukopenia in Belgian Tervuren.Design—Cohort study.Animals—180 healthy Belgian Tervuren and 63 healthy dogs of other breeds.Procedure—Blood samples were analyzed by use of an automated device. Reference ranges were calculated for Belgian Tervuren by use of standard methods.Results—Total WBC counts of Belgian Tervuren ranged from 2.61 to 16.90 X 103/µl. Mean WBC count of Belgian Tervuren (mean ± SEM, 7.04 ± 0.16 X 103/µl) was significantly lower than mean count for control dogs. Significantly more Belgian Tervuren (65/180; 36%) than control dogs (2/63; 3%) had WBC counts < 6.00 X 103/µl. Percentage of Belgian Tervuren with WBC count < 6.00 X 103/µl was low for dogs ≤ 2 years old, increased sharply for dogs between 2 and 4 years old, and was approximately 65% for dogs > 4 years old. Neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts were significantly lower, and RBC count, hematocrit, and eosinophil fraction were significantly higher in Belgian Tervuren than in control dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that physiologic leukopenia, resulting from low numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, may be a typical finding in a large percentage of healthy Belgian Tervuren and is not of clinical importance in otherwise healthy dogs. Healthy Belgian Tervuren may also have RBC counts and hematocrits higher than expected for healthy dogs.(J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:866–871)
Predictors of owner response to companion animal death in 177 clients from 14 practices in Ontario
Authors: Adams Cindy L. , Bonnett Brenda N. , Meek Alan H. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To identify predictors of grief and client
desires and needs as they relate to pet death.

Design—Cross-sectional mail survey.

Sample Population—177 clients, from 14 randomly
selected veterinary practices, whose cat or dog died
between 6 and 43 days prior to returning the completed
questionnaire.

Procedure—Veterinary practices were contacted
weekly to obtain the names of clients whose pets
had died until approximately 200 clients were identified.
Clients were contacted by telephone, and a
questionnaire designed to measure grief associated
with pet death was mailed to those willing to participate
within 1 to 14 days of their pet's death. The questionnaire
measured potential correlates and modifiers
of grief and included three outcome measures:
social/emotional and physical consequences, thought
processes, and despair. Demographic data were also
collected.

Results—Approximately 30% of participants experienced
severe grief. The most prominent risk factors
for grief included level of attachment, euthanasia,
societal attitudes toward pet death, and professional
support from the veterinary team.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bivariate and
multivariate analyses highlighted the impact owners'
attitudes about euthanasia and professional intervention
by the veterinary team had on reactions to pet
death. Owners' perceptions of societal attitudes, also
a predictor of grief, indicate that grief for pets is different
than grief associated with other losses. (J Am
Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:1303–1309)