bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of International Standards for the Beneficial Use of Biomaterials: Can We See Where We Might Be Going?
Authors: Evans T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStakeholder confidence, environmental protection, and due diligence are fundamental to the sustainable recycling of biosolids and other organic residuals. Open, independent, expert validation of recycling should be an important support to, and underpin, the entire process.This paper (a) draws from information gathered during European Standards’work, and from other sources, to explore the consistencies and differences which exist between countries, (b) explores why some of these differences have arisen, (c) discusses the recommendations for future improvements, and (d) recommends that the recyclers of residuals should be more proactive in order to maximise their opportunity to influence and direct their destinies.
Sources and Implications of Uncertainty for Coastal Managers
Authors: Hall J. W. , Davis J. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study included semi‐structured interviews with eight practitioners who have key roles in UK coastal management. Data from the interviews were analysed using ‘grounded theory’, which established that sources of uncertainty in decision making are diverse but can be categorised as being modelling issues, values issues, communication and ‘externalities’. At present, intuitive and implicit methods of taking uncertainty into account in decision making are much more prevalent than explicit methods. By identifying sources and implications of uncertainty, coastal managers will be in a stronger position to promote resilient systems that can cope with changing natural and social conditions.
Application of a Biological Iron Removal Process at Grove Water‐Treatment Works
Authors: Morris T. , Siviter C. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the process of biological iron removal with specific reference to the new water‐treatment plant at Grove (near Retford), operated by Anglian Water Services. The reasons for selection of a biological‐treatment process are discussed together with process design, commissioning experiences, and details of plant performance.The raw‐water data suggested that a biological removal process would be feasible and would offer capital cost savings over a conventional aeration and filtration process. Further investigations were carried out in a pilot plant. A summary of the data which were collected during the performance trials is presented, which demonstrates the successful application of the process.
Water Resources in the Twenty‐First Century: A Global Challenge
Authors: Macdonald A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the global demand for water resources in the first part of the twenty‐first century and draws attention to initiatives to improve access to safe water for the world's population. It highlights the benefits of the adoption of an integrated water‐resources management strategy, drawing on a recent case study in Africa, and suggests guidelines for the framework to be adopted in such a strategy. The role of private‐sector participation in water‐resource development in developing and emerging economies is reviewed, and key aspects (related to its success) are highlighted.
Integrated Lake and Catchment Phosphorus Model– A Eutrophication Management Tool. I: Model Theory
Authors: Daldorph P. W. G. , Lees M. J. , Wheater H. S. , Chapra S. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes an integrated lake and catchment model which was developed and tested against data from the Rutland Water catchment (River Nene and Welland) in Eastern England. The model uses export coefficients to predict annual diffuse losses of phosphorus from catchment land use, which are temporally disaggregated using empirical relationships between phosphorus load and discharge in headwater streams. Dynamic inputs of phosphorus are incorporated into a hydrologically based, multi‐reach distributed catchment model which also simulates sewage discharges, abstractions and reservoirs/ lakes. The model allows a comparison of simulated output with observed discharge and water‐quality data from various points within the river system.
Factors Affecting the Performance of a Packaged Sewage‐Treatment Plant
Authors: Hodkinson B. J. , Williams J. B. , Butler J. E. , May E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the performance of a small packaged plant serving about 70 people and incorporating submerged aerated filters. The diurnal variation was typical of a small sewage‐treatment works, and the final effluent was well stabilised with average BOD and amm.‐N concentrations of 12 mg/l and 3.8 mg/l respectively.
Development of a UK Database for Predicting Flood Levels for Overbank Flows
Authors: Babaeyan‐Koopaei K. , Ervine D. A. , Sellin R. H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEvery year, major disasters and the associated damage and loss in the UK cost millions of pounds. One of the many ways that river engineers have responded to this is to collect and upgrade the amount, and quality, of the information about floods (inland and coastal). This paper reports on a research project which aims to (a) consolidate all existing data on overbank flows over a range of scales, and (b) prepare them for publication on the ‘worldwide web’. The data are classified into three major groups, i.e. small‐scale models, large‐scale models, and field data. The data contain information on stage discharge, cross‐section geometry, channel‐plan form, sinuosity, and channel boundary roughness. Using the collected data, a simplified dimensionless stage‐discharge relationship is developed. The results reveal that, using this equation, the stage within 10%, and discharge within 20%, of the measured values can be predicted.
The Use of Sediment Modelling Techniques to Address the Differing Needs of Management on the River Eden, Cumbria, UK
Authors: Walker J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSediment modelling techniques are applied to the River Eden at Great Musgrave (in Cumbria) utilising (for the first time) the software ISIS‐Sediment for UK gravel‐bed rivers. This work was undertaken in an attempt to determine any potential adverse geomorphological impacts which may result from the development of a weir for flood‐warning purposes. The modelling exercise found that the development of the weir was unlikely to significantly affect sediment transport, and therefore would not impact upon the morphological characteristics of the river bed in the vicinity of the weir. Site investigation, subsequent to the construction of the weir, confirmed that the findings of the modelling exercise were fundamentally correct.
Practical Implications of the Use of Groundwater‐Protection Tools in Water‐Supply Risk Assessment
Authors: Morris B. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe tools of vulnerability mapping and groundwater‐protection zoning were developed during the early 1990s to enable the National Rivers Authority and its successor (the Environment Agency) to realise a national ground‐water‐protection policy for England and Wales. The resultant maps and protection zones cover more than 2250 public water supplies, tapping over 160 aquifers, and took almost five years to prepare. An opportunity for the UK water industry to assess their usefulness arose in 1999 when new Government regulations required water companies to conduct risk assessments for the troublesome parasite Cryptosporidium, and this paper reviews some results of that exercise. In the light of widespread doubts about the effectiveness of sporadic monitoring alone, in protecting the health of users of private ground‐water supplies, a simple and pragmatic pollution hazard assessment procedure is suggested, employing combined use of sanitary surveys with an aquifer vulnerability flowchart.
Comparison of Vertical‐Flow Constructed Wetlands for the Treatment of Wastewater Containing Lead and Copper
Authors: Scholz M. , Xu J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an investigation into the treatment efficiency and capital cost of vertical‐flow constructed‐wetland filters containing different plant communities and granular media with different adsorption capacities. The media included gravel, sand, granular‐activated carbon, charcoal and filtralite (light expanded clay). Lead and copper sulphate were added to a polluted urban beck inflow water to simulate pretreated minewater or highway runoff. The interactions between growth media, microbial and plant composition and the reduction of lead, copper and BOD were investigated. For filters containing traditional media, a breakthrough of copper was recorded during the first nine weeks. After maturation of the biofilm, the wetlands performed well.
The Role of Coal Recovery in the Reclamation of the Merthyr Vale Colliery Site, South Wales, UK
Authors: Brooks C. , Davies A. J. , Williams K. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the reclamation of the Merthyr Vale colliery site and shows that the incorporation of coal recovery produced economic, as well as environmental, benefits. The optimum plant throughput for a 2.1 m dia. barrel washer was 120 t/h at an operating density of 1200 kg/m3. Coal and discard qualities were acceptable, and the final landform was suitable for development with few restrictions.
Modelling the Performance of Combined‐Sewer Overflow Chambers
Authors: Harwood R. , Saul A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews some of the physical model studies which have been carried out in the UK to determine the performance of combined‐sewer overflow chambers. The topic of computational fluid dynamics is introduced and identified as a viable alternative to physical modelling. The limitations of both modelling approaches are discussed. It is concluded that the future of chamber modelling will be a combination of computational fluid dynamics and physical techniques.
Economics of Recovering Value from Recycling Treated Biosolids to Land
Authors: Soulsby P. G. , Hickman G. A. W. , McMahon P. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper demonstrates the economic value of recycling treated biosolids to land in terms of (a) the effect on agricultural yield and (b) the avoidance of environmental and social costs of using conventional mineral fertilisers. Replicated field trials show that yield increases can be achieved when biosolids are used in conjunction with mineral fertilisers, compared with using conventional fertilisers. Relevant environmental and social costs of the production and use of both nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers and recycled biosolids are estimated. By recycling biosolids to agricultural land, the external costs associated with conventional mineral fertilisers can be fully recovered. The total replacement value of biosolids is the sum of the values of the increased yields and the replaced external costs. For digested cake this is equal to £2.64/tonne and for granules £10.85/tonne; in both cases the replacement value exceeds the external costs of biosolids. These costs and benefits should be taken into account in the development of environmental policy related to wastewater treatment.
Water‐Supply Management in Sudan: 2000 Onwards (Abridged)
Authors: Omer A. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThirty‐four million people live in Sudan, and environmental pollution is a major concern throughout the country; therefore, an integrated approach should be adopted by industry, communities, local authorities and central government, to deal with pollution issues. Most polluters pay little or no attention to the control and proper management of polluting effluents: furthermore, the imposed fines are generally too low and do not deter potential offenders.The paper discusses the overall problem and identifies possible solutions.
Cost‐Effective Integrated Drainage and Wastewater Management Systems
Authors: Iwugo K. O. , Andoh R. Y. G. , Feest A. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of the components of wastewater management systems with particular reference to the emerging ‘pollution preventative’source‐control system which accords more with ‘nature's way’and sustainable‐development principles. The types and characteristics of pollutants, and also the ease of the removal of pollutants from wastewaters and the aquatic environment, are discussed. The source‐control system is compared with the traditional conventional system on the basis of technical, economic, socio‐cultural and environmental appropriateness in order to aid integrated drainage and wastewater treatment system selection and decision making ‐ particularly in developing countries.
Permeation of Organic Chemicals Through Plastic Water‐Supply Pipes
Authors: Goodfellow F. , Ouki S. K. , Murray V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the problem of permeation of organic chemicals through plastic water‐supply pipes, resulting in drinking‐water contamination. Case studies are reported where contamination has resulted in taste and odour problems for customers, and might pose a risk to health. It is therefore recommended that (a) guidance is provided for water companies and building contractors, specifying when it is inappropriate to use unprotected plastic pipes for the provision of drinking water, and (b) measures are taken to ensure adherence to this guidance.
Colecott Hybrid Reed‐Bed Treatment System: Design, Construction and Operation
Authors: O'Hogain S. , Gray N. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of hybrid reed‐bed treatment systems to treat domestic sewage has become widespread in mainland Europe and the UK. However, in Ireland, the application of combined vertical and horizontal beds is still at an experimental stage. The existing septic‐tank system at Colecott (County Dublin) was upgraded by the construction of vertical and horizontal reed‐beds in series. This paper discusses the rationale behind its selection, design, construction and operation.
Water‐Quality Monitoring in Anguilla
Authors: Parr J. , Rogers J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAnguilla is a UK overseas (non‐independent) territory in the Caribbean. It is a small middle‐income island with a population of 13 000, and recent statistics indicate that it is more dependent on tourism than any other country or territory in the world. Rapid population growth and development have placed more emphasis on the need for human health and environmental protection. For the first time, a systematic water‐quality monitoring programme has been developed, based on the realities of the local situation, e.g. low resource base, limited capabilities, dependence on household rainwater catchment, storage cisterns, and a poor water‐supply network. Development of the programme incorporated the key themes of pragmatic, realistic, incremental, responsive, and consultative approaches.
Phosphorus Release and Fertiliser Value of Enhanced‐Treated and Nutrient‐Removal Biosolids
Authors: Smith S. R. , Triner N. G. , Knight J. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a soil‐incubation study which was carried out to examine the effects of (a) phosphorus removal during the treatment of domestic sewage and (b) treating sewage sludge to an enhanced status, on the phosphorus fertiliser value of biosolids which are used in agriculture. Phosphorus‐enriched and conventional dewatered digested biosolids, thermally‐dried pellets and granules, and digested and thermally‐hydrolysed liquid sludges were incorporated into two soil types with contrasting physico‐chemical properties. Plant‐available phosphorus in soil was assessed after incubation by a standard chemical‐extraction procedure. Sludge from biological‐P removal had the highest phosphorus extract‐ability in soil whereas iron dosing slightly reduced or had no effect on phosphorus release from conventionally‐treated biosolids, depending upon the type of soil. High‐temperature drying significantly reduced the extractable‐P content in sludge by 20–60%, compared with dewatered digested cake, and release from thermally‐dried biosolids declined further with iron enrichment. Extractable‐P recovery was greater from all types of biosolids when mixed with calcareous soil, compared with a loamy sand. A preliminary investigation of phosphorus mineralogy in biosolids, using advanced analytical techniques, is also described.
The Use and Application of Particle‐Count Data in Water Treatment
Authors: Bridgeman J. , Simms J. S. , Parsons S. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractParticle counters are widely used in the water industry and generate a significant amount of data. To be useful to operators, such data need rapid interpretation. This paper describes how poor individual filter performance can be detected from particle‐size analysis of the combined filtrate from a block of six rapid‐gravity filters. Relationships between particle counts in the 2–5 μm size range and total count are explored, and the concept of an onsite real‐time alarm system, monitoring differential particle‐count data from combined filtrate, is developed.Consideration is given to the frequency of data collection. Whilst all major events were detected by collecting regimes with collection frequencies varying from 5 to 45 mins, it was found that the governing factor in determining collection frequency is the response time required by the operator to an incident.
Evaluation of the FEH Rainfall‐Runoff Method for Catchments in the UK
Authors: Ashfaq A. , Webster P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Flood Estimation Handbook, which was published in 1999, has substantially replaced the Flood Studies Report for design flood estimation in the UK. Although there are substantial differences between the handbook and the report, the philosophy of the rainfall‐runoff method has been retained in the handbook. However, there are differences in the equations that have been used to estimate parameters of the rainfall‐runoff method.This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the Flood Estimation Handbook rainfall‐runoff method for flood‐frequency estimation, using data from eighty‐eight catchments in the UK. The performance is evaluated by reference to the flood quantiles obtained from single‐site frequency analysis, and comparison is made with the performance of the Flood Studies Report methodology. In general terms, the handbook over‐estimates flood quantiles, with respect to (a) those estimated from observed records and (b) the report's quantiles. The paper explores the causes of these over‐estimations and seeks linkages with particular catchment characteristics.
Domestic Water Demand Forecasting: A Static Microsimulation Approach
Authors: Williamson P. , Mitchell G. , McDonald A. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPlanning the provision of a future water supply depends upon forecasts of likely demand. Existing forecasting techniques suffer from a lack of spatially relevant information on likely trends in the micro‐components of demand. At a sub‐regional level, current approaches also understate between‐area variability. A static micro‐simulation model is described, which makes more efficient use of existing data in producing forecasts of domestic water consumption. Spatially detailed synthetic microdata are reweighted towards level population estimates which are derived from official Government population projections. A 30% increase in domestic consumption between 1991 and 2025 is forecast for the Yorkshire Water region, three‐quarters of which is attributable to changes in consumer behaviour.
Sludge to Land: Microbiological Double Standards
Authors: Mara D. D. , Horan N. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe microbiological requirements for enhanced treated sludge in the Safe Sludge Matrix are reviewed and compared with those for foods, which are much less stringent. Quantitative microbial risk analysis shows that the risks to human health from disease transmission through sewage sludge to grazing animals or food crops are very low, indicating that the strict requirements of the Safe Sludge Matrix are not really justifiable.
The Hydro‐Ecology of Limestone Springs in the Wye Valley, Derbyshire
Authors: Smith H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSprings are unique freshwater habitats and represent ideal sites in which to examine the relationship between environmental variables and macro‐invertebrate communities. The results of three case studies infer that species assemblages are determined by the physical habitat conditions within a spring and the ecological requirements of the component species. The composition of the macro‐invertebrate community changes significantly along the longitudinal gradient of a spring‐brook, as predicted by ecological theory. The results of the case studies are examined in relation to the conservation and protection of these little‐studied habitats, and suggestions are made as to how to achieve this in the Wye Valley.
Low‐Cost Solutions for Trihalomethane Compliance
Authors: Banks J. , Wilson D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCompliance with the new trihalomethane standard is a major item in Yorkshire Water's water‐quality capital programme using conventional granular activated‐carbon filters as the final stage of treatment. Detailed investigations were carried out at three water‐treatment works to find an alternative solution which would ensure compliance at a lower cost and with minimum disruption to the existing treatment process. Low‐cost solutions were tailor made at each site, where possible modifying the existing process to improve the removal of organic material.The key to the success of this work was the use of ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm as a surrogate for precursors for the investigatory phase, making modifications easy and quick to evaluate, for modelling trihalomethane formation and, ultimately, by the plant engineer.
Challenges to the Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Scotland: A Personal View
Authors: Walker S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Water Framework Directive was implemented in December 2000 and has to be transposed into Scottish legislation by 2003. The Directive provides a major opportunity to enhance the water environment of Scotland and to improve its management through the implementation of river‐basin management planning with stakeholder and public engagement and the delivery of a programme of environmental‐improvement measures to deliver good ecological status. Whilst the Directive provides unparalleled opportunities, there are significant challenges to its successful implementation in Scotland, where a step‐change in managing the water environment will be required. This paper explores some of the challenges which include technical aspects, scale and timing issues, and capacity limitations.
Water‐Treatment Works’Sludge Management
Authors: Owen P. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the UK, the disposal of wastes from the production of potable water has been an increasing problem for water companies since the introduction of the Waste Management Licensing Regulations in 1994. This paper considers alternative management strategies. The importance of investigating each works individually is stressed because of variations in sludge properties and disposal costs. Of the disposal options, the growing of turf is environmentally sustainable and economically attractive, whereas direct spreading on agricultural land and use in soil production can be successful. Other uses, e.g. in ceramics, are at various stages of development; co‐disposal with sewage is an option, but hidden costs need to be assessed.