bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PALEY'S INEQUALITY FOR THE JACOBI EXPANSIONS
Authors: KANJIN YUICHI , SATO KUNIO 
Published: February 2008

Let F(z) = [sum ]∞n=0anzn be an analytic function in the unit disc satisfying[formula here]Then [formula here], which is familiar as Paley's inequality. In this paper, an analogue of this
inequality with respect to the Jacobi expansions is established.
Two thousand million?
Authors: Crystal David 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTUpdates on the statistics of English. Starting with excerpt from David Crystal, How many millions use English? (ET1, 1985). The author says: Reading this article again, that almost a quarter of a century on, the most noticeable change, it seems to me, has been in the amount and colour of the author's hair! That aside, I am struck by my final comment: ‘I shall stay with this figure for a while’ – a billion. It appears I stayed with it for a decade. In the first edition of my English as a Global Language (1997: 61) I raised my estimate, suggesting a middle-of-the-road figure of 1,350 million. In the second edition (2003: 69), a ‘cautious temperament’, I said, would suggest 1,500 million. And these days, having read the more sophisticated assessments by David Graddol and others, I am prepared to revise upwards again in the direction of 2 billion. In short, we have moved in 25 years from a fifth to a quarter to a third of the world's population being speakers of English.
Words, war and terror
Authors: Hughes Geoffrey 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTStarts with excerpt from Geoffrey Hughes, Words of War (ET17, 1989). The lexicon of war in the twenty-first century. The major development since this article was published (1989, the year that the Berlin Wall came down) was the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001, now styled ‘9/11’. This used a stupefyingly original strategy of attacking the heart of America's capitalist and military establishment with the unconventional weapons of civilian aircraft and kamikazi pilots. Indeed, the bombing was a more ruthless variation of Pearl Harbour, being a hijack, less damaging in terms of hardware, but far more devastating in its effect on national morale and its propaganda impact. On a smaller scale, suicide bombings have now become relatively common.
Japan and English as an alien language
Authors: Dougill John 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTStarts with excerpt from John Dougill, English as a decorative language (ET12, 1987). Twenty years on English still decorates Japan. At the end of the 1980s, Japan's bubble economy burst and the country has been rectifying the ills of the past ever since. The drive to improve is a marked feature of the culture, and much has changed in the past twenty years. The number of ‘international Japanese’ has grown, as has the number of competent English speakers. Education has been freed up, English introduced into primary schools, and listening tests established in national exams. Yet the peculiarities of Japanese English (called Janglish or Engrish by some) continue to adorn the country's buildings, goods	and items of clothing.
Bequia sweet/ Bequia is sweet: syntactic variation in a lesser-known variety of Caribbean English
Authors: Meyerhoff Miriam 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAn analysis of dialect variability in the use of BE in the island of Bequia. Bequia (pronounced /bekwei/) is the northernmost of the Grenadine islands in St Vincent and the Grenadines. Like most of the Caribbean, Bequia has a long history of language contact, but most of the evidence for this must be inferred. It appears that the Carib population living on the island before European colonization settled Bequia in successive waves of migration ultimately originating from the coast of South America indeed the name ‘Bequia’ is said to derive from a Carib word becouya, meaning ‘Island of the clouds’, but as yet I have been unable to trace this etymon reliably to a particular Carib language. Based on what we know about St Vincent, and the limited mentions of Bequia in the eighteenth century, we can infer that, at times, there may have been contact between some combination of speakers of a Carib language or languages, French, English, African languages and/or possibly a relatively new creole-like or contact variety of English.
Thinking in space: the lexis of thinking from a cognitive perspective
Authors: Granath Solveig , Wherrity Michael 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAn in-depth account of how English speakers think about thinking, using perspectives from etymology, metaphor and cognitive linguistics. Cognitive linguistics addresses how we conceptually structure and linguistically categorize experience in order to render our world coherent and accessible. One of the ways we do so is through the creation of spatial metaphors. In cognitive theory, language is not regarded as a representation of objective reality, but rather, as the product of our interaction with the world as entities in three-dimensional space. The metaphors we use to structure experience conceptually are grounded in this interaction. Our ability to generate metaphors makes it possible for us to get a mental and linguistic grip on abstract concepts by representing them as tangible, concrete entities situated in space. Hence, from a cognitive perspective, metaphors are much more than occasional ornamental figures of speech occurring primarily in literary contexts; rather, they are all-pervasive components of everyday language and reflections of how we cognitively structure our world. It should come as no surprise then that, as we shall see, metaphorical expressions are particularly prevalent in the lexis of that most abstract of realms, the realm of thinking.
Tennis terms
Authors: Tulloch Alexander 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTFavourite etymologies from the world of tennis. At the mere mention of summer most of us think only of one thing: Wimbledon. And at the mere mention of Wimbledon everybody thinks of tennis. A summer without a Wimbledon tennis tournament is just about as unthinkable as fish without chips, Romeo without Juliet or the telly without Coronation Street. For two weeks at the height of summer the nation will be gripped with tennis fever. Matches will be played and replayed on our screens day and night and every volley, fault or service analysed by pundits and experts who convince us they know what they are talking about. But where did this game that spellbinds us for a fortnight come from?
A common view on strong, uniform, and other notions of equivalence in answer-set programming
Authors: WOLTRAN STEFAN 
Published: February 2008

AbstractLogic programming under the answer-set semantics nowadays deals with numerous different notions of program equivalence. This is due to the fact that equivalence for substitution (known as strong equivalence) and ordinary equivalence are different concepts. The former holds, given programs P and Q, iff P can be faithfully replaced by Q within any context R, while the latter holds iff P and Q provide the same output, that is, they have the same answer sets. Notions in between strong and ordinary equivalence have been introduced as theoretical tools to compare incomplete programs and are defined by either restricting the syntactic structure of the considered context programs R or by bounding the set $\A$ of atoms allowed to occur in R (relativized equivalence). For the latter approach, different $\A$ yield properly different equivalence notions, in general. For the former approach, however, it turned out that any “reasonable” syntactic restriction to R coincides with either ordinary, strong, or uniform equivalence (for uniform equivalence, the context ranges over arbitrary sets of facts, rather than program rules). In this paper, we propose a parameterization for equivalence notions which takes care of both such kinds of restrictions simultaneously by bounding, on the one hand, the atoms which are allowed to occur in the rule heads of the context and, on the other hand, the atoms which are allowed to occur in the rule bodies of the context. We introduce a general semantical characterization which includes known ones as SE-models (for strong equivalence) or UE-models (for uniform equivalence) as special cases. Moreover, we provide complexity bounds for the problem in question and sketch a possible implementation method making use of dedicated systems for checking ordinary equivalence.
Detection and Identification of Botrytis Species Associated with Neck Rot, Scape Blight, and Umbel Blight of Onion
Authors: Chilvers Martin I. , du Toit Lindsey J. 
Published: February 2008

Diagnosis of detection and identification of Botrytis species associated with neck rot, scape blight, and umbel blight of onion are discussed in detail, including the disease's symptoms and signs, host range, taxonomy, and geographic distribution, as well as methods of isolation, identification (including macroscopic vs. microscopic characteristics), and storage of the pathogens. Accepted for publication 7 August 2006. Published 27 November 2006.
Occurrence of Ustilago striiformis in Dactylis glomerata Seed Production Fields in Oregon
Authors: Alderman Steve C. , Ocamb Cynthia M. , Mellbye Mark E. , Sedegui Mohamed S. 
Published: February 2008

Stripe smut, caused by Ustilago striiformis, is a common disease of grasses grown for turf, but quantitative information concerning its occurrence in grass seed production fields is lacking. In 2004, 2005, and 2006, stripe smut was detected in 16, 17, and 3 out of 51, 42, and 33 Dactylis glomerata (orchardgrass) seed production fields surveyed in western Oregon, respectively. Stripe smut was not previously known to occur in these fields. The percentage of plants per transect with stripe smut in 2004, 2005, and 2006 ranged from 0 to 12, 0 to 4, and 0 to 1, respectively. In additional surveys during 2004-2006, to determine whether stripe smut was also occurring in seed production fields of other grasses in western Oregon, stripe smut was found in one field of Agrostis stolonifera, but was not detected in fields of Agrostis castellana, A. capillaries, Festuca arundinacea, F. longifolia, F. ovina, F. rubra subsp. commutata, F. rubra subsp. rubra, or Lolium perenne. Accepted for publication 9 July 2007. Published 23 October 2007.
Distribution and Damage Caused by Root-Knot Nematodes on Soybean in Southwest Indiana
Authors: Kruger Greg R. , Xing Lijuan , Santini Judith B. , Westphal Andreas 
Published: February 2008

The distribution of Meloidogyne spp. in southwestern Indiana was determined in a county-wide survey in two counties and at two farm operations with a history of Meloidogyne infestation. Meloidogyne spp. were found within the Eolian sand deposits in southern Knox Co. and in the northern and central parts of Daviess Co. Meloidogyne spp. were found in approximately 80% of production fields on the two farms south-southeast of Vincennes, Knox Co. In addition, a transect study was conducted in a soybean (cv. 93M90) field to quantify suspected damage from Meloidogyne incognita. In this field, areas of varying sizes contained stunted and chlorotic soybean plants typical of nematode damage. In single transects through each of three damaged areas, plant weights, nematode-induced root galling, nematode densities, and soil chemical and physical properties were taken at 1.5-m intervals. Multiple regression analysis was conducted with the plant, nematode, and soil parameters determined for each location. The amount of nematode-induced galling had the greatest contribution (R2 = 0.40, P < 0.01) to reduced plant top biomass in the damaged soybean areas. Accepted for publication 18 July 2007. Published 31 October 2007.
Susceptibility of Some Lilac Cultivars and Other Members of the Oleaceae to Phytophthora ramorum
Authors: Shishkoff Nina 
Published: February 2008

Lilac is a host of Phytophthora ramorum, but differences in host susceptibility of lilac cultivars and related genera have not been fully studied. This paper describes the symptoms on lilac and some other plants in the Oleaceae (Forsythia, Fraxinus, Ligustrum, and Abeliophyllum) and analyzes their relative susceptibility. Lilacs varied somewhat in susceptibility, with Syringa × josiflexa ‘ James MacFarlane’ showing no symptoms and S. × prestoniae ‘ Alexander's pink’ very few, but most cultivars developed large dark leaf lesions and suffered defoliation of heavily infected leaves. Fraxinus and Ligustrum were somewhat less susceptible than most lilac cultivars. The pathogen could sometimes be isolated from buds, but twig die-back was not observed. One month after the roots of Syringa, Abeliophyllum, Forsythia, and Ligustrum were inoculated, roots remained asymptomatic, but the pathogen could be recovered from washed or surfacesterilized root pieces of all genera tested except Ligustrum. Accepted for publication 18 July 2007. Published 1 November 2007.
First Report of Macrophomina phaseolina Causing Leaf and Stem Blight of Tropical Soda Apple in Florida
Authors: Iriarte Fanny , Rosskopf Erin , Hilf Mark , McCollum Greg , Albano Joe , Adkins Scott 
Published: February 2008

Leaf necrosis was observed in tropical soda apple plants in Fort Pierce, FL. A fungus was isolated from symptomatic stem tissue and from numerous excised pycnidia. Identity was confirmed by analysis of the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region, and Koch's postulates were completed. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of M. phaseolina as a pathogen of S. viarum. This report provides further evidence of this noxious weed serving as a reservoir for potential pathogens of vegetable crops. Accepted for publication 25 September 2007. Published 15 November 2007.
First Record of Pepper Weevil Infestation in Virginia
Authors: Schultz Peter B. , Kuhar Thomas P. 
Published: February 2008

An infestation of pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was detected in bell pepper in Virginia Beach, VA in summer 2007. To our knowledge, and based on our examination of pertinent insect collections, this is the first state record of this pest species in Virginia. The source of the outbreak is unknown, and the authors will monitor for this insect pest again in 2008. Accepted for publication 8 November 2007. Published 18 January 2008.
Spinetoram Is Compatible with the Key Natural Enemy of Frankliniella Species Thrips in Pepper
Authors: Srivastava Mrittunjai , Bosco Lara , Funderburk Joe , Weiss Anthony 
Published: February 2008

Feeding by the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, causes damage to the fruits of pepper, and the species is the key vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus. Effective management integrates conservation of populations of the natural predator, Orius insidiosus, with the use of reduced-risk insecticides, namely spinosad. We conducted field experiments in northern Florida in 2005 and 2006 and in central Florida in 2006 to evaluate the new reduced-risk insecticide spinetoram for control of thrips and to determine the impact on natural populations of O. insidiosus. Spinetoram at 61 g ai/ha was as effective as spinosad at 140 g ai/ha against the western flower thrips and the other common thrips in Florida, Frankliniella tritici and Frankliniella bispinosa. The mean numbers of the predator were very high in all treatments in each experiment, and their numbers relative to the numbers of thrips indicated that predation was sufficient to suppress thrips populations in all treatments. Broad-spectrum insecticides when included in the experiments provided little or no control; sometimes, they flared thrips numbers compared to untreated pepper. Accepted for publication 25 October 2007. Published 18 January 2008.
Self‐regulating hyperthermia induced using thermosensitive ferromagnetic material with a low Curie temperature
Authors: Saito Hajime , Mitobe Kazutaka , Ito Aki , Sugawara Yu , Maruyama Kiyotomi , Minamiya Yoshihiro , Motoyama Satoru , Yoshimura Noboru , Ogawa Jun–ichi 
Published: February 2008

Hyperthermia has been used for many years to treat a variety of malignant tumors. The Curie temperature (Tc) is a transition point at which magnetic materials lose their magnetic properties, causing a cessation of current and thus heat production. The Tc enables automatic temperature control throughout a tumor as a result of the self‐regulating nature of the thermosensitive material. We have developed a method of magnetically‐induced hyperthermia using thermosensitive ferromagnetic particles (FMPs) with low Tc (43°C), enough to mediate automatic temperature control. B16 melanoma cells were subcutaneously injected into the backs of C57BL/6 mice, after which tumors were allowed to grow to 5 mm in diameter. FMPs were then injected into the tumors, and the mice were divided into three groups: group I (no hyperthermia, control); group II (one hyperthermia treatment); and group III (hyperthermia twice a week for 4 weeks). When exposed to a magnetic field, the FMPs showed a sharp rise in heat production, reaching the Tc in tissue within 7 min, after which the tissue temperature stabilized at approximately the Tc. In groups I and II, all mice died within 30–45 days. In group III, however, 6 of 10 mice remained alive 120 days after beginning treatment. Our findings suggest that repeated treatment with magnetically‐induced self‐regulating hyperthermia, mediated by FMPs with a low Tc, is an effective means of suppressing melanoma growth. A key advantage of this hyperthermia system is that it is minimally invasive, requiring only a single injection for repeated treatments with automatic temperature control. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 805–809)
Secondary mutations in the kinase domain of the KIT gene are predominant in imatinib‐resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Authors: Nishida Toshirou , Kanda Tatsuo , Nishitani Akiko , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Nakajima Kiyokazu , Ishikawa Takashi , Hirota Seiichi 
Published: February 2008

Although imatinib showed high activity for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and improved the prognosis of GIST patients, resistance to the drug appears with prolonged use. Mechanisms of acquired resistance are still under investigation. In the present study, we carried out histologic and genetic analysis of 45 secondary resistant lesions obtained from 25 Japanese GIST patients treated with imatinib. All resistant lesions showed viable tumor cells expressing KIT protein, whereas imatinib‐sensitive lesions did not. All pre‐imatinib samples have KIT mutations either in exon 9 (n = 3) or exon 11 (n = 22), identified in the KIT gene of corresponding resistant tumors. In addition to primary mutations, 33 out of 45 tumors (73%) showed secondary KIT mutations in the kinase domain of the KIT gene. Secondary mutations are missense mutations and are mostly located in the kinase domains of the same allele to the primary mutations (cis‐position). Resistant lesions showed monoclonal development of tumor cells. Taken together, additional cis‐positioned mutations in the kinase domains are a major cause of secondary resistance to imatinib in Japanese GIST patients. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 799–804)
Monitoring during sedation given by non‐anaesthetic doctors
Authors: Fanning Ruth M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryConscious sedation is routinely performed by non‐anaesthetic doctors. Although guidelines exist to help promote patient safety, it is not clear how stringently these are adhered to. We circulated a questionnaire to non‐anaesthetic doctors in training to assess sedation practices. A response rate of 79% (111/140) was achieved. Results showed that 70% of respondents used data recording sheets and/or had protocols for recovery and discharge. In all, 88% of procedures were performed in the presence of an assistant; 82% of respondents used pulse oximetry; 80% used non‐invasive blood pressure monitoring; 53% used ECG monitoring; and none used capnography. Of respondents, 29% were Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) certified; and 22% reported an adverse event. Two respondents experienced adverse events that required the assistance of an anaesthetist. The practice of sedation is not without risk, and doctors involved in the practice should be aware of, and adhere to, appropriate guidelines.
Into adulthood: a follow‐up study of 718 young people who were placed in out‐of‐home care during their teens
Authors: Vinnerljung Bo , Sallnäs Marie 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTIn this study, national register data were used to analyse long‐term outcomes at age 25 for around 700 Swedish young people placed in out‐of‐home care during their teens. The sample consisted of 70% of all 13‐ to 16‐year olds who entered out‐of‐home care in 1991. Results revealed a dividing line between young people placed in care for behavioural problems and those placed for other reasons. Young woman and men from the first group had – in comparison with peers who did not enter care – very high rates of premature death, serious involvement in crime, hospitalizations for mental‐health problems, teenage parenthood, self‐support problems and low educational attainment. Young people who were placed for other reasons had better outcomes, but still considerably worse than non‐care peers. Young women tended to do better than young men, regardless of reasons for placement. Very high rates of hospitalizations for mental health problems were found among young people placed for behavioural problems. Breakdown of placement was found to be a robust indicator of poor long‐term prognosis.
Effects of resource availability and social parasite invasion on field colonies of Bombus terrestris
Authors: CARVELL CLAIRE , ROTHERY PETER , PYWELL RICHARD F. , HEARD MATTHEW S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract 1. The survival, growth and fecundity of bumblebee colonies are affected by the availability of food resources and presence of natural enemies. Social parasites (cuckoo bumblebees and other bumblebees) can invade colonies and reduce or halt successful reproduction; however, little is known about the frequency of invasion or what environmental factors determine their success in the field.2. We used 48 experimental colonies of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris, and manipulated both resource availability at the landscape scale and date of colony founding, to explore invasion rates of social parasites and their effect on the performance of host colonies.3. Proximity to abundant forage resources (fields of flowering oilseed rape) and early colony founding significantly increased the probability of parasite invasion and thus offset the potential positive effects of these factors on bumblebee colony performance.4. The study concludes that optimal colony location may be among intermediate levels of resources and supports schemes designed to increase the heterogeneity of forage resources for bumblebees across agricultural landscapes.
The presence of conifer resin decreases the use of the immune system in wood ants
Authors: CASTELLA GRÉGOIRE , CHAPUISAT MICHEL , MORET YANNICK , CHRISTE PHILIPPE 
Published: February 2008

Abstract 1. Wood ants (Formica paralugubris) incorporate large amounts of solidified conifer resin into their nest, which reduces the density of many bacteria and fungi and protects the ants against some detrimental micro‐organisms. By inducing an environment unfavourable to pathogens, the presence of resin may allow workers to reduce the use of their immune system.2. The present study tested the hypothesis that the presence of resin decreases the immune activity of wood ants. Specifically, three components of the humoral immune defences of workers kept in resin‐rich and resin‐free experimental nests (antibacterial, lytic, and prophenoloxidase activities) were compared.3. The presence of resin was associated with reduced bacterial and fungal densities in nest material and with a small decrease in worker antibacterial and lytic activities. The prophenoloxidase activity was very low in all workers and was not affected by the presence of resin.4. These results suggest that collective medication with resin reduces pathogen pressure, which in turn decreases the use of the inducible part of the immune system. More generally, the use of plant secondary compounds might be an efficient and economical way to fight pathogens.