bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pterostilbene, an Active Constituent of Blueberries, Suppresses Aberrant Crypt Foci Formation in the Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis Model in Rats
Authors: Suh Nanjoo , Paul Shiby , Hao Xingpei , Simi Barbara , Xiao Hang , Rimando Agnes M. , Reddy Bandaru S. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Epidemiologic studies have linked the consumption of fruits and vegetables to reduced risk of several types of cancer. Laboratory animal model studies have provided evidence that stilbenes, phenolic compounds present in grapes and blueberries, play a role in inhibiting the risk of certain cancers. Pterostilbene, a naturally occurring stilbene from blueberries, was tested for its preventive activity against colon carcinogenesis.
Experimental Design: Experiments were designed to study the inhibitory effect of pterostilbene against the formation of azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) preneoplastic lesions in male F344 rats. Beginning at 7 weeks of age, rats were treated with azoxymethane (15 mg/kg body weight s.c., once weekly for 2 weeks). One day after the second azoxymethane treatment, rats were fed experimental diets containing 0 or 40 ppm of pterostilbene. At 8 weeks after the second azoxymethane treatment, all rats were sacrificed, and colons were evaluated for ACF formation and for inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Effects on mucin MUC2 were also determined.
Results: Administration of pterostilbene for 8 weeks significantly suppressed azoxymethane-induced formation of ACF (57% inhibition, P &lt; 0.001) and multiple clusters of aberrant crypts (29% inhibition, P &lt; 0.01). Importantly, dietary pterostilbene also suppressed azoxymethane-induced colonic cell proliferation and iNOS expression. Inhibition of iNOS expression by pterostilbene was confirmed in cultured human colon cancer cells.
Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that pterostilbene, a compound present in blueberries, is of great interest for the prevention of colon cancer.
Dissecting the General Physicochemical Properties of Noncovalent Interactions Involving Tyrosine Side Chain as a Second‐Shell Ligand in Biomolecular Metal‐Binding Site Mimetics: An Experimental Study Combining Fluorescence, 13C NMR Spectroscopy and ESI Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yang Chi Ming , Li Xueying , Wei Wei , Li Yitong , Duan Zhengjuan , Zheng Jianyu , Huang Tai 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDetailed physicochemical features inherent in the dynamic cation–π interactions of aromatic amino acid side chains in the secondary coordination spheres around metal ions were extracted and mapped by intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence titration experiments with two homologous, artificially engineered metal‐binding scaffolds which mimic metal‐binding sites in metalloproteins. A newly formulated method for the treatment of fluorescence titration data allows straightforward assessment of both the magnitudes and properties of metal‐chelation‐assisted cation–aromatic interactions (K2) underlying a proposed two‐step metallosupramolecular association process. The unprecedented linear platform‐motif correlations between the two contrasting scaffolds in their changes in tyrosine fluorescence on binding of 3d metal cations help to elucidate the properties of general cation–arene recognition corresponding to the metal‐responsive characteristics of the second‐shell Tyr residue surrounding the metal‐binding sites in the supramolecular context, and thereby define a new noncovalent design principle for metal‐ion recognition in aqueous solution. As supported by NMR spectroscopic and ESI‐MS analyses and molecular mechanics force field calculations, the systematic study exemplifies the concept of using steady‐state tyrosine fluorescence as a powerful tool for comprehensive descriptions of cation–π interactions in the extended environment of a metal‐binding site. We established that the physicochemical properties pertaining to indirect metal–arene interactions are highly dependent on the electronic properties of the metal ions. This work suggests that second‐shell cation‐π interactions may play more diverse roles, including modulation of structure, reactivity, and function of metal‐binding sites, than the previously well‐established direct cation–π interactions involving hard cations (e.g., alkali metal ions). Moreover, such a study will continue to complement theoretical predications and/or the early experimental investigations in organic solvents.
Generation and cyclization of thiocarbonyl S‐ylides by reaction of diazocompounds with C‐sulfonyldithioformates
Authors: Khattab Ahmed F. , Ali Omar M. , El‐Sayed Ibrahim 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe unexpected 1,3‐benzodithiine derivatives 5b,c were obtained from the reactions of trimethylsilyldiazomethane 2 with C‐sulfonyldithioformates, bearing pentachlorophenylthio group, 1b,c via unprecedented cyclization of the transient thiocarbonyl ylides 4b,c. While the corresponding reaction with C‐sulfonyldithioformates, bearing phenylthio group, afforded 5a via [2 + 3]‐cycloadditive dimerization of a transient thiocarbonyl ylides 4a. Under the same reaction condition, C‐sulfonyldithioformates 1d–f react with diazomethane and/or phenyldiazomethane to afford the unsymmetrical 1,3‐dithiolane 7d,e and thiirane 8e,f derivatives, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:28–33, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20246
Observation of an unusually facile fragmentation pathway of gas‐phase peptide ions: a study on the gas‐phase fragmentation mechanism and energetics of tryptic peptides modified with 4‐sulfophenyl isothiocyanate (SPITC) and 4‐chlorosulfophenyl isocyanate (SPC) and their 18‐crown‐6 complexes
Authors: Shin Joong‐Won , Lee Yong Ho , Hwang Sungu , Lee Sang‐Won 
Published: January 2007

AbstractVarious peptide modifications have been explored recently to facilitate the acquisition of sequence information. N‐terminal sulfonation is an interesting modification because it allows unambiguous de novo sequencing of peptides, especially in conjunction with MALDI‐PSD‐TOF analysis; such modified peptide ions undergo fragmentation at energies lower than those required conventionally for unmodified peptide ions. In this study, we systematically investigated the fragmentation mechanisms of N‐terminal sulfonated peptide ions prepared using two different N‐terminal sulfonation reagents: 4‐sulfophenyl isothiocyanate (SPITC) and 4‐chlorosulfophenyl isocyanate (SPC). Collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of the SPC‐modified peptide ions produced a set of y‐series ions that were more evenly distributed relative to those observed for the SPITC‐modified peptides; yn−1 ion peaks were consistently and significantly larger than the signals of the other y‐ions. We experimentally investigated the differences between the dissociation energies of the SPITC‐ and SPC‐modified peptide ions by comparing the MS/MS spectra of the complexes formed between the crown ether 18‐crown‐6 (CE) and the modified peptides. Upon CID, the complexes formed between 18‐crown‐6 ether and the protonated amino groups of C‐terminal lysine residues underwent either peptide backbone fragmentation or complex dissociation. Although the crown ether complexes of the unmodified ([M + CE + 2H]2+) and SPC‐modified ([M* + CE + 2H]2+) peptides underwent predominantly noncovalent complex dissociation upon CID, the low‐energy dissociations of the crown ether complexes of the SPITC‐modified peptides ([M′ + CE + 2H]2+) unexpectedly resulted in peptide backbone fragmentations, along with a degree of complex dissociation. We performed quantum mechanical calculations to address the energetics of fragmentations observed for the modified peptides. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarization anisotropy in nonpolar oriented GaN films studied by polarized photoreflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Behn Udo , Misra Pranob , Grahn Holger T. , Imer Bilge , Nakamura Shuji , DenBaars Steven P. , Speck James S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe have used polarized photoreflectance spectroscopy to study the electronic‐band‐structure modification of GaN films grown along different nonpolar orientations due to biaxial, anisotropic in‐plane strain. For nonpolar oriented films, the c‐axis of GaN lies in the film plane. An unstrained, high‐quality C ‐plane GaN film is used to estimate the difference in the band gap energies between 10 K and room temperature. We use the crystal‐field and spin–orbit splitting energies and the deformation potential D 5 determined at low temperatures to calculate the transition energies and the polarization properties of nonpolar oriented films at room temperature using the k · p perturbation approach. The calculated transition energies and oscillator strengths are then compared to the experimentally obtained values. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reduction of stacking faults in (11$ \bar 2 $0) and (11$ \bar 2 $2) GaN films by ELO techniques and benefit on GaN wells emission
Authors: Bougrioua Z. , Laügt M. , Vennéguès P. , Cestier I. , Gühne T. , Frayssinet E. , Gibart P. , Leroux M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNew conditions for one‐step ELO were implemented to grow coalesced (11$ \bar 2 $0) non‐polar and (11$ \bar 2 $2) semi‐polar GaN layers starting, respectively, from R ‐ and M ‐plane sapphire. A great part of the stacking faults (SFs) and dislocations are filtrated resulting in GaN material with better structural and optical properties. In the ELO‐like (11$ \bar 2 $0) and (11$ \bar 2 $2) films, the near band edge emission dominates photoluminescence spectra and is in the range 3.45–3.48 eV depending on lattice deformation. The strongest emission is met for the semi‐polar (11$ \bar 2 $2) ELO. When mask stripes are not normal to the c‐axis, a singular ELO is developed with inclined coalescence facets. However, in this case, SFs overgrow above the mask and so lead to poor optical properties, dominated by SF and dislocation related peaks. In any case, the internal electric field reduction in (Al,Ga)N/GaN non‐ or semi‐polar quantum‐wells stacks is better viewed when the heterostructures are grown on ELO with stripes normal to the c‐axis. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Insights into the Conformational Changes of Several Human Lysozyme Variants Associated with Hereditary Systemic Amyloidosis
Authors: Liu Hsuan‐Liang , Wu Yi‐Ching , Zhao Jian‐Hua , Liu Yi‐Fan , Huang Chi‐Hung , Fang Hsu‐Wei , Ho Yih 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this study, various ethanol‐ and temperature‐induced molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the conformational changes of several human lysozyme variants (I56T, D67H, and T70N) associated with hereditary systemic amyloidosis. The results show that these variants are all more sensitive to conditions affecting the structural integrity of this protein. The structural analyses of these variants reveal a high population of more unstable β‐domain and distorted hydrophobic core compared to the wild‐type human lysozyme, particularly for the two natural amyloidogenic variants D67H and I56T. For the D67H variant, the distance between the mass centers of residues 54 and 67 was found to elongate as a result of the destruction of the hydrogen‐bonding network stabilizing the two long loops in the β‐domain. It further accelerates the unfolding of this variant, starting from the hydrophobic core between the α‐ and β‐domains. For the I56T variant, the introduction of a hydrophilic residue in the hydrophobic core directly destroys the native contacts in the α–β interface, leading to fast unfolding. The present results are consistent with the previous hypothesis suggesting that the distortion of the hydrophobic core at the α–β interface putatively results in the formation of the initial “seed” for amyloid fibrils.
Impact of anti-discrimination laws on credit scoring
Authors: Andreeva Galina , Ansell Jake , Crook Jonathan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe political desire for further integration within the European Union will have an increasing effect on the financial services industry, including banking and credit lending. Harmonisation can potentially have great benefit for consumers as the European banks compete for their business across the Union. Harmonisation, however, brings with it a set of decisions for both credit grantors and regulators. There are issues associated with information that can be used in risk assessment to ensure fair decisions in granting credit. In the past the rules have been developed under national legislation. EU directives seek to harmonise the national rules and provide a new guidance on variables that may be held. The major concern relates to the issue of discrimination. The aim of the law is to promote the principle of equal treatment, which can be interpreted in a number of ways. The legal interpretation of discrimination does not necessarily coincide with the economic standpoint. Furthermore, previous empirical research suggests that prohibition of variables may not only affect the ability to distinguish between good and bad risk, but may also be disadvantageous to the groups the legislation is supposed to protect. This paper explores these issues from both theoretical and practical points of view.
‘Art to Enchant’: Musical Magic and its Practitioners in English Renaissance Drama
Authors: Austern Linda Phyllis 
Published: January 2007

Many practitioners of the magical arts in English Renaissance drama rely on music to achieve their occult goals. Indeed, music often comes to represent the audible sound of arcane forces at work, for to the Renaissance music itself was a dual art with both obvious and hidden properties. On one hand, music was a delightful, practical science concerned with the production of ordered sound by the human voice or artificial instruments. On the other hand, music, like magic, was a powerful numerical art capable of unlocking the obvious and hidden aspects of all creation. As Thomas Morley carefully reminds his readers in the most famous contemporary English treatise on music theory,Musicke is either speculative or practicall. Speculative is that kinde of musicke which by Mathematicall helpes, seeketh out causes, properties, and natures of soundes by themselves, and compared with others, proceeding no further, but content with onlie contemplation of that Art. Practicall is that which teacheth al that may be knowne in songs, eyther for the understanding of other mens or the making of ones owne.
Wind Bands and Music
Authors: Hoby Charles 
Published: January 2007

The bibliography of the subject is a scanty one. In all not more than a total round dozen of really useful works have been published in this country, on the Continent, and in the New World.Apparently these, everyone of them touching on Military or Army Bands and their music, represent the sum total. I know of none on what soldiers call civilian wind band music that have seen the light. If I except the researches of Professor Bridge on “Waits” I believe I except all.
The Originality of Monteverde
Authors: Westrup J. A. 
Published: January 2007

If I desired a precedent for a paper on Monteverde, I could not do better than look back to that read in 1916 by Sir Hubert Parry, then President of the Musical Association, on The Significance of Monteverde. And if I were looking out for a suitable way of introducing the subject I could not do better than quote his introduction. He said:—
“Everyone who has any idea at all of what the name of Monteverde represents must see that a proposal to discuss him fully in a single paper, even of abnormal length, would be absurd.”
The Seventeenth Earl of Oxford as Musician, Poet, and Controller of the Queen's Revels
Authors: Eggar Katharine E. 
Published: January 2007

Experience has taught me to expect that the subject of my paper will be little, if anything, more than a name to my audience.I have to introduce to you a very remarkable person, about whom there still hangs much mystery. We are told by his contemporaries that he was the best among them all for comedy, and that he was a poet of the highest order; yet not a single comedy bearing his name has come down to us; and of his poems, we have but a handful of short verses. I am going to trace to-day only a few threads in the elaborate tapestry of his life and times—his connection with the Court Revels—trusting to your familiarity with his period to supply the general background and atmosphere: and, to bring him to life as a person, I will first briefly sketch his story.
Italian Madrigal Verse
Authors: Einstein Alfred 
Published: January 2007

Early, thirteenth-fourteenth century; middle, fourteenth-sixteenth century; late, fifteenth and sixteenth century.Early. Dante died 1321, twenty years before Chaucer was born, wrote his Divina Commedia in Capitoli, stanzas of three lines of which the first and third rhyme, and the last word of the second line determines the first and third of the next stanza, so that each rhyme has three representatives.1 Another early form of the fourteenth century is the Caccia, of which the words were in the form of a madrigal (described below), but the essential point is that the music was in strict canon (at several bars distance) over an independent bass.
The Choirboy and His Place in English Music
Authors: Nicholson Sydney H. 
Published: January 2007

The modern choirboy is such a familar object, at any rate to those who go to Church, that it is not generally realised that he is in any sense an historical figure, and by some is even regarded as a necessary nuisance or as a person of no serious importance.Yet in this familar figure we can, perhaps as nowhere else, see the living embodiment of some of those things which are most distinctively national in the music of our country.
The Organ, Its History and Development
Authors: Willis Henry 
Published: January 2007

The early form from which the organ developed was doubtless that of the Pan Pipes or Syrinx found in ancient civilisations (e.g. Chaldea, Greece) and mentioned in Homer's Iliad.Virgil, 1st century B.C., mentions seven reeds of different lengths joined together by wax. There has been much argument as to whether these gave the Pentatonic or Diatonic scale.
Handel as a Man of the Theatre
Authors: Trowell Brian 
Published: January 2007

‘'TIS Vexatious to have such music neglected.’ Mrs. Pendarves was writing to her sister, Ann Granville. That same evening she was to attend a revival of Handel's Sosarme at the Hay-market Theatre, and she feared another empty house. She was right.Since that day in 1734, many musicians and musical historians have echoed Mrs. Pen's vexation over the neglect of Handel's operas. Most of them have agreed with her about the excellence of the music; but few have said that its neglect was undeserved. For all his great gifts, we read, the master was working under impossible conditions.
Some Practical Bearings of the Study of Acoustics Upon Music as an Art
Authors: Turpin James 
Published: January 2007

The question is not unfrequently asked by musicians, “Of what value is the study of acoustics to music as an art”?When our Honorary Secretary did me the honour to ask me to address you to-day, with his usual readiness of resource he kindly suggested the subject, which I have accepted with pleasure as one frequently misunderstood and under-rated, and supposed to have nothing to do with music as an art.
Site-specific natural background concentrations of metals in topsoil from the Trail region, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Sanei Hamed , Goodarzi Fariborz , Hilts Steven 
Published: January 2007

The natural background level of elements in the surface soil of a given area is largely dependent on the geological setting of the region and the underlying soil parent material. Due to the heterogeneity of soil in various environments, it is essential to determine the site-specific natural background levels of elements to quantify the degree of influence of the anthropogenic source(s) within a given study area.
This paper discusses the process involved in establishing the natural background level of trace metals and other elements in topsoil for the area surrounding the Teck Cominco zinc–lead smelter in Trail, British Columbia, Canada. The environmental assessment of soil in the Trail region is difficult due to the natural enrichment of metals in surficial material and topsoil as a result of the influence of mineralized bedrock in the region. Detailed examination of the study area based on the deposition data and previously collected soil data led to the selection of presumably the least anthropogenically influenced background sites in the study area, which also reflect the geological diversity of the region. The range of background was defined using the median plus or minus two median absolute deviations [median±(2 × MAD)], after the outliers were excluded. The outliers were identified using the Tukey boxplot concept and the cause of high metal concentrations in the outlier samples is attributed to their proximity to the historical mining sites in the region. The upper limit of the background range was estimated to be (in mg/kg): As, 11.0; Cd, 0.81; Cu, 38.1; Hg, 0.07; Pb, 27.7; Zn, 152. The resulting values are significantly more conservative estimates than would be obtained by other widely used methods (e.g. the mean plus or minus two standard deviations) due to the robust procedure, which prevents any interference by the extreme values in the collected soil background dataset. The upper background thresholds of metals estimated by the 95th percentile resulted in significantly different estimates, especially for As, Hg, Pb and Zn, from the previously reported values. This highlights the need for revision of the risk-based screening levels by environmental regulations in the study area.