bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy and the effect of rising calcium on pregnancy loss: a call for earlier intervention
Authors: Norman James , Politz Douglas , Politz Laura 
Published: December 2008

SummaryIntroduction  Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) during pregnancy is rare but poses a significant danger to mother and baby yet the incidence of pregnancy loss and its relationship to the degree of calcium elevation is not known.Design  A retrospective patient series from a single practice examined the past and current obstetrical histories of pregnant patients with primary HPT.Results  Over a period of 6‐years, 32 women age ranging from 19 to 40 years had a total of 77 pregnancies while having elevated serum calcium levels because of primary HPT (incidence 0·7% of all women with primary HPT). Fifteen patients underwent parathyroidectomy during the second trimester resulting in an uneventful delivery of a healthy infant between 36 and 40 weeks gestation. There were no maternal or infant complications at surgery or during the subsequent delivery. Thirty of the remaining 62 pregnancies (48%) were lost, a rate that is 3·5‐fold higher than expected (P < 0·05). In those who did not have the HPT addressed after the first miscarriage, one‐third lost one or more additional pregnancies. Pregnancy loss occurred typically in the late first or early second trimester, with second trimester losses (30%) being sixfold higher than expected (P < 0·01) and over 4 weeks later than typical (P < 0·05). Foetal loss was seen at all levels of elevated maternal calcium but most were above 11·4 mg/dl (2·85 mmol/l). The rate of foetal loss increased directly with increasing maternal serum calcium levels (R = 0·972).Conclusions  HPT during pregnancy is under recognized and is associated with a 3·5‐fold increase in miscarriage rates. Pregnancy loss often occurs in the second trimester and is associated with multiple miscarriages when not addressed. Pregnancy loss is more common as calcium levels exceed 11·4 mg/dl (2·85 mmol/l), but can be seen at all elevated calcium levels. Emphasis is placed on earlier recognition and surgical cure before becoming pregnant, however, once pregnant, surgery should be offered early in the second trimester for those with calcium levels above 11·4 mg/dl.
Use of 6‐[18F]‐fluorodopamine positron emission tomography (PET) as first‐line investigation for the diagnosis and localization of non‐metastatic and metastatic phaeochromocytoma (PHEO)
Authors: Timmers Henri J. L. M. , Eisenhofer Graeme , Carrasquillo Jorge A. , Chen Clara C. , Whatley Millie , Ling Alexander , Adams Karen T. , Pacak Karel 
Published: December 2008

SummaryObjective  Imaging modalities available for the localization of phaeochromocytoma (PHEO) include computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [123I]‐ or [131I]‐labelled metaiodobenzylguanidine (123/131I‐MIBG) scintigraphy and 6‐[18F]‐fluorodopamine (18F‐FDA) positron emission tomography (PET). Our aim was to investigate the yield of 18F‐FDA PET vs. biochemical testing and other imaging techniques to establish the diagnosis and location of PHEO.Patients and measurements  The study included 99 consecutive patients (35 Males, 64 Females, mean ± SD age 46·4 ± 13·4 years), who underwent 18F‐FDA PET, biochemical testing (plasma catecholamines and free metanephrines) and CT and/or MRI. The majority (78%) also underwent 123/131I‐MIBG.Results  In total 26 patients had non‐metastatic PHEO, 34 patients had metastatic PHEO, and PHEO was ruled out in 39 patients. Investigations to rule out or confirm PHEO yielded the following sensitivity/specificity: plasma metanephrines 97/95%, 18F‐FDA 92/90%, 123I‐MIBG 83/100%, 123/131I‐MIBG 70/100%, CT 100/41%, MRI 98/60%. Sensitivities for localizing non‐metastatic PHEO on a per‐lesion base were: CT 97%, MRI 92%, 18F‐FDA 78%, 123I‐MIBG 78% and 123/131I‐MIBG 76%. Sensitivities for detecting metastases on a per‐patient base were: CT and MRI 100%, 18F‐FDA 97%, 123I‐MIBG 85% and 123/131I‐MIBG 65%.Conclusion  For tumour localization, 18F‐FDA PET and 123/131I‐MIBG scintigraphy perform equally well in patients with non‐metastatic PHEO, but metastases are better detected by 18F‐FDA PET than by 123/131I‐MIBG.
Alloanti‐c in a c‐positive, JAL‐positive patient
Authors: Ong J. , Walker P. S. , Schmulbach E. , Storry J. R. , Vege S. , Westhoff C. , Lomas‐Francis C. , Reid M. E. 
Published: December 2008

Background and Objectives  In the Rh blood group system, partial D, C, and e antigens are well‐known, but a partial c antigen resulting in the production of alloanti‐c in a c+ individual is rare. One example of an alloanti‐c in a c+ person was an anti‐Rh26, which can appear as anti‐c, and another was an alloanti‐c in a c+ person with a presumed R1r phenotype. The finding of an apparent alloanti‐c in a transfused c+ patient initiated this investigation.Materials and Methods  Haemagglutination tests, DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based assays (PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism, allele‐specific PCR), reticulocyte mRNA extraction, reverse transcriptase (RT)‐PCR and sequencing were performed by standard procedures.Results  Plasma from a 64‐year‐old African American woman with a wound infection following a mastectomy contained anti‐E, anti‐S, anti‐K, anti‐Fya and anti‐Jkb, reacting by the indirect antiglobulin test. In addition, the patient's plasma gave reactions that were consistent with an anti‐c, while her pre‐transfusion red blood cells typed c+ with some anti‐c reagents. These results are consistent with a partial c antigen. The patient's red blood cells also typed V+WVS– and JAL+. Analyses of DNA and Rh‐transcripts from this patient showed the presence of the following genes: RHD*D, RHD*DAU0, RHCE*Ce and RHCE*ceS(340).Conclusion  The nucleotide 340C>T change in RHCE exon 3 (predicted to encode 114Trp) of the RHCE*ceS(340) allele is associated with a JAL+ phenotype and the altered expression of the c, V and VS antigens. This alteration in the c antigen allowed the patient to make an alloanti‐c. This case reveals that the RHCE*ceS(340) allele encodes a partial c antigen.
Clonal integration supports the expansion from terrestrial to aquatic environments of the amphibious stoloniferous herb Alternanthera philoxeroides
Authors: Wang N. , Yu F.‐H. , Li P.‐X. , He W.‐M. , Liu J. , Yu G.‐L. , Song Y.‐B. , Dong M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEffects of clonal integration on land plants have been extensively studied, but little is known about the role in amphibious plants that expand from terrestrial to aquatic conditions. We simulated expansion from terrestrial to aquatic habitats in the amphibious stoloniferous alien invasive alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) by growing basal ramets of clonal fragments in soils connected (allowing integration) or disconnected (preventing integration) to the apical ramets of the same fragments submerged in water to a depth of 0, 5, 10 or 15 cm. Clonal integration significantly increased growth and clonal reproduction of the apical ramets, but decreased both of these characteristics in basal ramets. Consequently, integration did not affect the performance of whole clonal fragments. We propose that alligator weed possesses a double‐edged mechanism during population expansion: apical ramets in aquatic habitats can increase growth through connected basal parts in terrestrial habitats; however, once stolon connections with apical ramets are lost by external disturbance, the basal ramets in terrestrial habitats increase stolon and ramet production for rapid spreading. This may contribute greatly to the invasiveness of alligator weed and also make it very adaptable to habitats with heavy disturbance and/or highly heterogeneous resource supply.
Phenotype and genotype of Dent's disease in three Chinese boys
Authors: LI PENG , HUANG JIAN‐PING 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAim:  Dent's disease represents a group of hereditary renal tubular disorders mainly characterized by hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis and low molecular weight proteinuria. The majority of patients with Dent's disease were found to carry CLCN5 gene mutations, whereas a small fraction of patients carry OCRL1 gene mutations. Up to date, over 100 patients with Dent's disease have been reported to carry CLCN5 gene mutations, but none in Chinese patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenotypes and genotypes of three Chinese boys with Dent's disease.Methods:  Three patients from three unrelated families were studied. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral white blood cells using a simple salting out procedure after informed consent. Thirteen pairs of primers were used to amplify all coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the CLCN5 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All PCR products were sequenced directly on an autosequencer.Results:  Low molecular weight proteinuria and hypercalciuria were found in all patients, nephrocalcinosis in two patients and hypophosphataemia in two patients. Three mutations of the CLCN5 gene were revealed, including R467X, L594fsX595 and R637X. Each mutation was inherited from maternal DNA, respectively. The mutation L594fsX595 was never reported before.Conclusion:  Low molecular weight proteinuria and hypercalciuria were the main clinical features of the three Chinese boys with Dent's disease. Our study was the first to demonstrate CLCN5 gene mutations in Chinese patients with Dent's disease and we reported a novel mutation.
Effect of reactive oxygen species in semen on the pregnancy of infertile couples
Authors: Yumura Yasushi , Iwasaki Akira , Saito Kazuo , Ogawa Takehiko , Hirokawa Makoto 
Published: December 2008

Objective:  We intended retrospectively to investigate whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, detected in whole semen, were correlated with the actual pregnancy rate.Methods:  A total of 89 patients with data of ROS in semen, attending our male infertility clinics from April 1994 to June 2000, were evaluated. Semen parameters were determined with computer assisted semen analyzer (CASA) and ROS production levels were measured using a computer‐driven LKB Wallac 1251 Luminometer after the addition of 40 µL of 4 mM luminol at the patients’ first visits. All of the participants were inquired about their partners’ pregnancies after the mean follow‐up of 24.0 months (range 1.4 to 74.1). They were divided into two groups (pregnant group: n = 41, non‐pregnant group: n = 48) and their characteristics, semen profiles and integrated ROS levels were analyzed.Results:  There was no difference between the pregnancy rate of ROS detectable cases and negative cases. However, the mean integrated ROS level in detectable cases of the non‐pregnant group was significantly higher than that in detectable cases of the pregnant group (115.61 ± 74.32 mV/30 min/106 sperm versus 7.22 ± 4.69 mV/30 min/106 sperm, P = 0.0033). Then, by calculating the receiver operating characteristics curve with 95% confidence intervals, 4.35 mV/30 min/106 sperm was considered as a cut‐off value of ROS in semen for pregnancy.Conclusion:  These results indicate that (i) highly detectable ROS in whole semen of infertile patients may have implications in their partners’ pregnancies and that (ii) detection of ROS in whole semen has a prognostic value for idiopathic male infertility.
Effects of insulin replacement on ejaculatory dysfunction in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Yonezawa Akihiko , Ebiko Manabu , Yoshizumi Masaru , Ise Shin‐nosuke , Watanabe Chizuko , Mizoguchi Hirokazu , Iwasaki Masahiro , Kimura Yukio , Sakurada Shinobu 
Published: December 2008

Objectives:  To investigate the effects of insulin replacement on ejaculatory dysfunction in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats.Methods:  Rats were divided into three groups: (i) STZ‐treated group; (ii) STZ‐treated + insulin replacement (5 and 2 international units [IU]) group; and (iii) control group. The ejaculatory function in rats was evaluated using the spontaneous seminal emission (SSE) test. The amount of seminal vesicle fluid (SVF) stored in seminal vesicle was measured after the SSE test. Blood glucose was measured using a simplified blood glucose meter.Results:  In the SSE test, the ejaculatory capacity in STZ‐induced diabetic rats deteriorated with time after the onset of diabetes, and the incidence of SSE and the amount of ejaculated seminal material (SM) were significantly decreased from 5 weeks after STZ administration. Likewise, the amount of SVF was also significantly decreased in a time‐dependent manner. One week after STZ administration when ejaculatory capacity had not yet diminished, insulin replacement (for 4 weeks) completely prevented the decrease in frequency of SSE, the amount of SM and SVF. However, insulin replacement after the dysfunction had occurred (5 or 15 weeks after STZ administration) did not allow all parameters for ejaculatory function to be restored to the levels of the control group.Conclusion:  This study demonstrates that at an early stage following the onset of diabetes, insulin replacement can prevent ejaculatory dysfunction in STZ‐induced diabetic rats, but once the dysfunction occurs, treatment with insulin alone does not restore the ejaculatory capacity to normal levels. In addition, this study suggests that the loss of seminal emission that results from a decrease in SVF may be involved in the mechanism of ejaculatory dysfunction in diabetic rats.
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM AND RENAL CALCULI
Authors: MILLER ASHTON , MITCHELL J. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA case is described of bilateral renal calculi due to hyperparathyroidism in which no skeletal changes were found. A brief survey is given of all similar cases in the literature.The incidence of renal calculi in hyperparathyroidism and, conversely, of hyperparathyroidism in all cases of renal calculi, is discussed.Attention is drawn to the fact that unilateral renal calculi may be due to hyperparathyroidism.In the early stages of the disease, hyperparathyroidism is more liable to produce renal lithiasis than skeletal changes.A brief survey is given of the criteria for diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism.It is suggested that the possibility of hyperparathyroidism should be considered in all cases of multiple renal calculi, whether unilateral or bilateral.
TERRAMYCIN IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS OF THE URINARY TRACT
Authors: GOULD J. C. , MACLEOD J. G. , O'FLYNN J. DERMOT 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY1. Twenty‐five cases of infection of the urinary tract were treated with terramycin; there was a marked difference between the clinical and bacteriological results.2. Clinical cures numbered ten, whilst fourteen cases improved, and only one was regarded as a failure.3. In only two of the cases were the infecting bacteria eliminated; in the remainder the original infecting species remained or replacement species were isolated.4. The organisms isolated before the start of treatment were sensitive to terramycin; all the organisms present after treatment were more or less resistant to the antibiotic.5. The urinary concentration of terramycin was always many times the in vitro concentration required to inhibit the growth of the organisms concerned.6. The significance of these results is discussed and certain conclusions are drawn.We are indebted to Professor T. J. Mackie, Professor L. S. P. Davidson, and Mr David Band for much helpful criticism. Messrs Chas. Pfizer and Co. kindly supplied the terramycin.
SOME PROLIFERATIVE and METAPLASTIC CHANGES IN TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
Authors: Johnson F. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA study of the frequency of occurrence of some forms of epithelial aberrancy in the urinary tract in man has shown that subepithelial masses of epithelial cells and epithelial crypts are extremely common. The exact form of these two abnormalities is described and their manner of formation and relationship to pyelitis cystica and pyelitis glandularis are discussed. Some of the conclusions reached are supported by experimental evidence and by a study of the urinary tract in the horse.
RIGHT NEPHRECTOMY and LEFT HEMINEPHRECTOMY IN A CHILD
Authors: Talbot C. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

A case of bilateral duplication of the renal tract in a child is described.
Three of the four nephro‐ureteral segments were removed.
The remaining nephro‐ureteral segment is free from infection and is an adequate excretory organ for the child.
BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION
Authors: WHITBY J. L. , MUIR G. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA series of 330 consecutive specimens of urine is reported and the frequency of isolation of the various infecting organisms is recorded. One‐third of all infected urines received were regarded as growing contaminants rather than true pathogens.A larger series of Gram‐negative organisms isolated from urine is also analysed. Esch. coll was found to be the most frequent urinary pathogen isolated. The incidence of organisms described as atypical coliforms is discussed and Esch. freundii was found in 12–8 per cent, of infections. The incidence of K. aerogenes infection was only 2 per cent.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF THE ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF POLYSODIUM METAPHOSPHATE IN THE RAT
Authors: ANDERSON C. K. , CARE A. D. , NOLAN BERNARD , WILSON G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY1. The oral administration of polysodium metaphosphate in the rat causes an increase in the incidence of the scattered foci of calcification found in the kidneys of a small proportion of normal animals.2. No abnormal calcification occurred in other tissues.3. Mortality was not increased.4. Growth was not affected.5. Fertility, pregnancy, and lactation appear to be unaffected.6. The determination of the dosage which gives the maximum suppression of urinary calculus formation for the minimum increase in renal parenchymal calcification is discussed.We wish to thank Professor L. N. Pyrah and Professor M. F. A. Woodruff for providing facilities for these experiments in their laboratories at Leeds University and Edinburgh University respectively, the Secretary of State for Scotland for the grant of financial assistance, and Messrs Albright & Wilson Ltd. for the supplies of polysodium metaphosphate.
COLLATERAL BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE RABBIT KIDNEY AFTER LIGATION OF THE RENAL ARTERY
Authors: O'MORCHOE C. C. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

In nineteen rabbits subjected to left renal arterial ligation it was demonstrated by neoprene injection that the collateral circulation followed three main pathways. The most important involved dilated ureteric branches of the renal artery. The second involved one or two perihilar branches of the renal artery which anastomosed with branches of the lumbar arteries. In twelve instances the kidneys possessed perforating capsular vessels which anastomosed with arteries of the perirenal region.
The number of collateral vessels after two and six weeks was no greater than after one week.
The size of the vascular tree depended upon the extent of the collateral circulation and decreased from approximately one‐third the size of the controls at one week to approximately one‐fifth the size of the controls at six weeks. The preservation of glomeruli was discussed.
A TEST TO DETERMINE TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION ABILITY
Authors: ROWAN ROBERT L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAn attempt has been made to study the depth perception abilities of ten subjects using a transurethral resectoscope and a fixed target. The results were measurable in millimetres of distance from the target at the end‐point. It is assumed that subjects with a low score in the transurethral resectoscope depth perception simulator would be better resectionists if properly trained than those with a high score. The findings coincide with the belief that depth perception is an innate capacity which when present would enhance the ability to master the skill for doing transurethral resections.
UROLOGICAL MANAGEMENT DURING THE INITIAL PHASE OF TRAUMATIC PARAPLEGIA1
Authors: BAND DAVID 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe physiological and clinical basis for the use of continuous urethral catheter drainage in the initial management of traumatic paraplegia is presented, and the application of the method is described in detail.The value of cystometry as a guide to the correct use of a catheter regime is illustrated.The results of this method of management in a small group of patients are summarised.I would like to acknowledge the skill and care exercised by Mr G. F. Murnaghan in the urological management of the patients in the Spinal Injuries Unit at Edenhall Hospital.
THE EFFECT OF THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE ON MICTURITION: AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY1
Authors: PETERSEN I. , DHUNÉR K.‐G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYWe have studied the influence of intravenously administered succinylcholine on micturition in ten healthy adult subjects. The activity of the striated urethral sphincter was determined by electromyography. As a comparison, the activity of the first interosseous muscle of the hand was also recorded.We found a decidedly increased resistance to the paralysing effect of succinylcholine on the striated urethral sphincter as compared to the muscle of the hand. Artificial respiration became necessary even when a barely noticeable reduction of the activity in the urethral sphincter had been recorded.Eight of our subjects could not begin the act of micturition after administration of succinylcholine, despite their having been trained before the experiment to void in a recumbent position and after catheterisation.One subject could not begin and interrupt the act of micturition until some of the striated urethral activity had been regained following administration of succinylcholine.One subject could both start and interrupt the act of micturition after the activity of the striated muscle in the external urethra had disappeared completely following an injection of succinylcholine.This investigation has been supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council and the Medical Society of Goteborg, Sweden.
THE ROLE OF THE FEMALE URETHRA IN INFECTIONS OF THE URINARY TRACT1
Authors: Moore Thomas , Hira N. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The female urethra is a complicated tube into which open many ducts and glands, the homologue of the male prostate.
It is frequently the site of infection giving rise to the well‐known syndrome of recurrent cystitis of women. The writers believe the infection is in the para‐urethral glands and therefore the condition is really a female prostatitis.
A detailed analysis of 150 cases is presented.
Diagnosis can be made accurately by a differential urethrovesical urinary cell count.
The condition is not usually a serious one and rarely leads to upper urinary tract changes.
The incidence of pyelonephritis in this series was 5–6 per cent.

We are particularly indebted to Professor P. J. Collard, Dr R. M. Stirland and Dr T. Beswick of the Department of Bacteriology, and Professor A. C. P. Campbell, Professor of Pathology, University of Manchester, for all their interest and help. We are also very indebted to Dr H. W. Ashworth of the Department of General Practice of the University of Manchester for allowing us access to some of his records; to Dr W. M. C. Allen of the Altrincham General Hospital for the cysto‐urethrographic studies; and, as ever, to Dr R. G. W. Ollerenshaw and members of the staff of the Department of Medical Illustration of the Manchester Royal Infirmary for their help with the illustrations. We are also extremely grateful to the members of the nursing staff of the Manchester Royal Infirmary who so willingly acted as controls in the urinary cell count studies and to the Matron, Miss W. F. Morgan, for allowing the investigations to be carried out on members of her staff.