bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die griechischen Orthographien aus Spätantike und Byzantinischer Zeit
Authors: Alpers Klaus 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Die besonderen Bedingungen der griechischen Sprache und ihrer langen Geschichte seit den Zeiten Homers haben schon seit der klassischen Epoche und zunehmend im Hellenismus und der Kaiserzeit Probleme der korrekten Akzentuierung und Orthographie aufgeworfen. Zumal die gelehrten hellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Editoren und Interpreten der homerischen Gedichte und anderer frühgriechischer und klassischer Poesie mußten zu unzähligen strittigen Fragen des Akzents und der richtigen Schreibung Stellung beziehen. Im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. hat der aus Alexandreia gebürtige, in Rom tätige Grammatiker Ailios Herodianos über beide Bereiche umfassende Bücher verfaßt. Auf Aufforderung Kaiser Mark Aurels (und diesem gewidmet) schrieb er sein gewaltiges Hauptwerk in 21 Büchern, die Καθολιϰη πϱοσωδία („Allgemeine Akzentlehre“) und ebenfalls ein umfangreiches Buch Πεϱι οϱθογϱαϕίας. Beide sind wie alle seine anderen Werke bis auf die Schrift Πεϱι μονήϱους λέξεως verloren. Mit geradezu herodianischem Fleiß hat A. Lentz eine Rekonstruktion des Verlorenen unternommen. Man muß leider sagen, daß die Zeit für eine solche Rekonstruktion noch nicht reif war; einerseits mußte Lentz für fast alle Quellschriften auf Editionen zurückgreifen, die auf völlig unzureichender handschriftlicher Basis erstellt waren, andererseits konnte er noch nicht die spektakulären Handschriftenfunde R. Reitzensteins und die daraus resultierenden umstürzenden Ergebnis zur Kenntnis nehmen. „Es liegt eine Tragik darin, daß ein unter den größten Schwierigkeiten geleistetes Lebenswerk durch die Fahrlässigkeit der Herausgeber, deren Leistungen Lentz zugrunde legen mußte, von vornherein auf ungenügendem Fundament ruhte.“ Sowohl für den Bereich der Akzentlehre („Orthoepik“) wie den der Orthographie der Spätantike und der byzantinischen Zeit hat Peter Egenolff in zwei bahnbrechenden Schulprogrammen einen Überblick über die unzähligen Traktate in der Nachfolge Herodians und die sie tradierenden Handschriften geliefert. Egenolffs Arbeiten sind naturgemäß stark veraltet, da zahlreiche Handschriften erst nach ihm bekannt wurden und sehr viele neue Erkenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der griechischen Grammatik und Lexikographie seither erzielt worden sind. Aber Egenolffs Sammlungen und Überblicke sind bisher nicht überholt worden und werden auch für das Gebiet der Orthographien durch das hier zu behandelnde Werk leider nicht wirklich ersetzt.
Writing on the Left: The Remarkable Career of Edna Ocko
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: February 2008

I first met Edna Ocko in the early 1980s. She was my mother-in-law's best friend from college days, someone who wrote about dance in the 1930s and took a dim view of critics since. My husband was a little in awe of Edna, and the first time she came to the house, I was told to cook an extra pound of pasta because Edna was coming. To my amazement, she was almost as tiny as my grandmother. We had a lot of pasta left over.Edna Ocko, or Edna Meyers, as we knew her, was a formidable woman. She had been a communist in the 1930s and remained at heart a member of the Party, bonded by decades of friendship to the comrades-in-arms of her youth. She was punchy and articulate, with strong opinions and political convictions that never wavered even when she was named as a communist by Jerome Robbins before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1953. She was also a first-rate dance critic who knew the difference between art and propaganda, could tell good choreography from bad, and wrote with verve. She was a crack editor, with a nose for a story, who understood intuitively how to balance different voices and views: unsurprisingly, her best days as a dance journalist coincided with the Popular Front, which embraced liberals and leftists alike. Finally, she was an intellectual, curious, well read, stimulated by ideas, who counted even balletomanes like Lincoln Kirstein among her colleagues.
Depicting Democracy: An Exploration of Art and Text in the Law of Eukrates
Authors: Blanshard A.J.L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the range of symbolic associations surrounding the relief sculpture (Democracy crowning the Athenian people) that accompanied the law proposed by Eukrates against the establishment of tyranny. It examines some of the investments made in it by various communities and individuals. The role of personifications in political allegory is examined. This analysis shows both the potency of personifying representations of the Athenian people and the interpretative complexities that they create.
Heracles at the Y
Authors: Sansone David 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe article seeks to show that, contrary to the standard view, the ‘Choice of Heracles’ preserved at Xen.Mem.2.1.21–33 is not a summary or paraphrase, but is a very close approximation to the actual wording of Prodicus'epideixis. The language and style are shown to be uncharacteristic of Xenophon, and the fact that Prodicus' original was known to exist in both written and orally performed versions serves to explain why the piece is framed by language that disclaims strict accuracy in reproducing it. It is further shown that the way in which near-synonyms are used in the piece is not necessarily inconsistent with other evidence for Prodicus' practice: it is rather the personified character Vice whose usage conflicts with that of Prodicus himself and with that of the personification of Virtue. Finally, it is proposed that the ‘Choice of Heracles’ represented the contents, not of Prodicus' advanced teaching, but of the popular, cut-rate lecture intended for a general audience.
Toward a reconstruction ofIphigenia Aulidensis
Authors: Kovacs David 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIphigenia Aulidensiswas produced after the poet's death, probably in 405 BC. The aim of this paper is to recover the text of this production, which I call FP for First Performance. Probably Euripides left behind an incomplete draft, which was finished by Euripides Minor, the poet's son or nephew. The text we have contains, as Page showed in 1934, material added for a fourth-century revival and other still later interpolations. Diggle's edition tries to separate original Euripides from all later hands on the basis of style. But if we want to recover the amalgam that was FP we need to be attentive to the plot that is implied by the most clearly genuine portions: we can't confine ourselves to what appears to be Euripidean since more than one hand contributed to FP.A discovery about the plot gives us some objective basis for reconstructing FP. Our transmitted text contains two different conceptions of Calchas' prophecy, only one of which belonged to FP. Several passages scattered throughout the play imply that it was public, made to the entire army, but other passages say that it was private, restricted to Agamemnon's inner circle, with the army left in the dark. The secret prophecy motif, I argue, is the work of a fourth-century producer, whom I call the Reviser. Its purpose was to introduce into the play scenes where Greek soldiers, ignorant of the real reason for Iphigenia's coming to Aulis, might make naive comments or ask questions that are highly ironic in view of the actual situation, this being an emotional effect he found congenial. We find two such passages in places that are under grave suspicion: the entrance of Clytaemestra, where there is a chorus of Argives who felicitate Iphigenia on her wonderful prospects, and the first messenger, who reports naive questions from the soldiery. Both these passages have linguistic and dramaturgical features that make it virtually certain that neither Euripides nor Euripides Minor wrote them. Working from these we can detect the Reviser's hand at other places in the play and reconstruct its original lineaments. One satisfying result is that the business of baby Orestes, played by a doll, can be shown to be the work of the Reviser. The play ended with Iphigenia's departure for the altar, and there was no substitution of a stag. Like Menoeceus, Macaria and their kin, Iphigenia pays for the victory of her country with her blood, and there is no happy ending.
Nothing to do with democracy: Athenian drama and thepolis
Authors: Rhodes P.J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA fashionable approach to the interpretation of Athenian drama concentrates on its context in performance at Athenian festivals, and sees both the festivals and the plays as products of the Athenian democracy. In this paper it is argued that, whereas the institutional setting inevitably took a particular form in democratic Athens, that was an Athenian version of institutions found more generally in the Greek world, and even in the Athenian version many features do not seem distinctively democratic. Similarly in the interpretation of particular plays themes have often been said to be democratic which are better seen as concerns ofpolis-dwelling Greeks in general, and the notion that plays questioned Athens' democratic values because the democratic ethos of Athens consciously encouraged the questioning of Athens' democratic values is far from certain.
The Greek demographic expansion: models and comparisons
Authors: Scheidel Walter 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFor much of the first millennium BC, the number of Greeks increased considerably, both in the Aegean core and in the expanding periphery of the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions. This paper is the first attempt to establish a coherent quantitative framework for the study of this process. In the first section, I argue that despite the lack of statistical data, it is possible to identify a plausible range of estimates of average long-term demographic growth rates in mainland Greece from the Early Iron Age to the Classical period. Elaborating on this finding, the second section offers a comprehensive rebuttal of the notion of explosive population growth in parts of the eighth and seventh centuries BC. In the third section, I seek to determine the probable scale and demographic consequences of Greek settlement overseas. A brief preliminary look at the relationship between population growth and the quality of life concludes my survey. The resultant series of interlocking parametric models is meant to contextualize the demographic development of ancient Greece within the wider ambit of pre-modern demography, and to provide a conceptual template for future research in this area.
Atarbos' base and the Panathenaia
Authors: Shear Julia L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRe-examination of the well-known Atarbos base in the Akropolis Museum shows that the monument had two distinct phases which have generally been ignored in previous discussions: it originally consisted of a pillar supported by the extant right block decorated with the relief ofpurrhikhistai; subsequently, the pillar was removed, the base was doubled in size, and three bronze statues were erected. Close examination of the remains and the style of the reliefs indicates that the original period dates to 323/2 BC with the second phase following within a year. In light of this chronology, the prosopography of the family is reviewed and new restorations are suggested for the base's inscriptions. In its first phase, the monument belonged to a newly identified series of memorials consisting of rectangular bases with pillars supporting either a relief or a Panathenaic amphora. Such structures commemorated victories in various tribal events of the Panathenaia and were set up both by individuals and by tribes. The earliest known example appears in a vase painting ofc.430-420 and the type continued to be used until at least 323/2. The identification of this series also provides further evidence for history of thepurrhikhē, the cyclic chorus, theanthippasia, and the apobatic race at the Panathenaia, as well as the identities of specific victors in these contests.
Two‐stage model selection procedures in partially linear regression
Authors: Bunea Florentina , Wegkamp Marten H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe authors propose a two‐stage estimation procedure for the partially linear modelY=fo(T)+X'βo+ ψ. They show how to estimate consistently the location of the nonzero components of βo. Their approach turns out to be compatible with minimax adaptive estimation of foover Besov balls in the case of penalized least squares. Their proofs are based on a new type of oracle inequality.
Nonlinear mixed‐effect models with nonignorably missing covariates
Authors: Wu Lang 
Published: February 2008

AbstractNonlinear mixed‐effect models are often used in the analysis of longitudinal data. However, it sometimes happens that missing values for some of the model covariates are not purely random. Motivated by an application to HTV viral dynamics, where this situation occurs, the author considers likelihood inference for this type of problem. His approach involves a Monte Carlo EM algorithm, along with a Gibbs sampler and rejection/importance sampling methods. A concrete application is provided.
Semiparametric efficient estimation for the auxiliary outcome problem with the conditional mean model
Authors: Chen Jinbo , Breslow Norman E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe authors consider semiparametric efficient estimation of parameters in the conditional mean model for a simple incomplete data structure in which the outcome of interest is observed only for a random subset of subjects but covariates and surrogate (auxiliary) outcomes are observed for all. They use optimal estimating function theory to derive the semiparametric efficient score in closed form. They show that when covariates and auxiliary outcomes are discrete, a Horvitz‐Thompson type estimator with empirically estimated weights is semiparametric efficient. The authors give simulation studies validating the finite‐sample behaviour of the semiparametric efficient estimator and its asymptotic variance; they demonstrate the efficiency of the estimator in realistic settings.
A Comparison of the Singing Formant in the Voices of Professional and Student Singers
Authors: Magill Paul C. , Jacobson Loren 
Published: February 2008

Quality singing has a characteristic “ring” identified as a harmonic strength centering around 2.8 kHz. This timbral quality is relatively independant of other factors, and has been labeled the singing formant (SF). This investigation dealt with whether the SF is a significant aspect of all singing voices, and the comparisons of SF strength in the performances of trained professionals and relatively untrained students. Nine vowel-tasks were recorded and analyzed using a fast Fourier spectral analyzer. Resulting plots were analyzed and SF values assigned to 198 tasks performed by nine students and thirteen professionals from all major voice categories. The results indicated that the SF in males and females is a significant factor in all vocal categories, and 222 percent greater SF strength occurred in professional groups compared to student groups. Implications for further study and future use of SF information for singing teachers and students were discussed.
The Ethical and Environmental Limits of Stakeholder Theory
Authors: Orts Eric W. , Strudler Alan 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:We argue that though stakeholder theory has much to recommend it, particularly as a heuristic for thinking about business firms properly as involving the economic interests of other groups beyond those of the shareholders or other equity owners, the theory is limited by its focus on the interests of human participants in business enterprise. Stakeholder theory runs into intractable philosophical difficulty in providing credible ethical principles for business managers in dealing with some topics, such as the natural environment, that do not directly involve human beings within a business firm or who engage in transactions with a firm. Corporate decision-making must include an appreciation of these ethical values even though they cannot be captured in stakeholder theory.
Contesting Secularism: Reflexive Methodology, Belief Studies, and Disciplined Knowledge
Authors: Ritchie Susan J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractReflexive methodologies are increasingly suggested as a means of correcting what is assumed to be a secular bias with the study of belief. Yet the academic study of belief like secularism itself originated with liberal Protestant presumptions that continue to inform even our methodologies. Academic considerations of belief truly open to a range of diverse traditions and opinions will require reflexivity of belief not with respect to individual scholars but as to disciplinary practice.
A cladistic analysis of Aloinella Card. (Musci: Pottiaceae)
Authors: Delgadillo M. Claudio , Villaseñor José Luis 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTwenty­four gametophytic characters were evaluated to identify the phylogenetic relationships among the known species of Aloinella. A previous study proposed that Aloinella derived from Aloina, mainly by stem elongation and leaf character reduction. In this analysis, it was observed that the most plesiomorphic species in the Aloina and Aloinella clades occur in Mexico. The distribution and the cladistic study support the view that both genera are monophyletic, but the phylogenetic relationships of the species may need further analysis with the inclusion of sporophytic characters. Sporophytes are infrequent in Aloinella. The smooth­walled A. cucullatifolia, A. boliviana, and A. cucullifera form a group that separates cladistically from the papillose taxa A. catenula, A. venezuelana, A. galeata var. galeata, and A. galeata var. andina.
A new classification of the polyphyletic genusCentauriumHill (Chironiinae, Gentianaceae): description of the New World endemicZeltnera, and reinstatement ofGyrandraGriseb. andSchenkiaGriseb.
Authors: Mansion Guilhem 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper provides a practical taxonomic treatment of the polyphyletic genusCentauriumHill. This new classification defines monophyletic groups and thus reflects the phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe Chironiinae (Gentianaceae). For this purpose, the establishment of a new genus,Zeltnera, along with the reinstatement ofGyrandraGriseb. andSchenkiaGriseb., results in numerous new species combinations, a more restrictive circumscription ofCentauriumHill, and novel generic delimitations within Chironiinae. Fifteen genera are recognized, encompassing ca. 108 species. The new genusZeltneracomprises 25 species mainly confined to California, Mexico, and Texas.Gyrandrais a small genus with three species restricted to some areas of Mexico (G.chironioides,G.pterocaulisandG.tenuifolia) and two species widespread in Central America (G.brachycalyxandG.pauciflora).Schenkiacomprises five species:S.spicatais broadly distributed in Eurasia and north Africa,S.australis,S.clementii, andS.japonicaare confined to Australia and the Pacific region, whileS.sebaeoidesis a rare and endangered Hawaiian endemic. Finally, the genusCentauriums.s. consists of ca. 20 species of primarily Mediterranean distribution.
A new enzyme­based method for the treatment of fragile pollen grains collected from herbarium material
Authors: Schols Peter , Es Koen , D’hondt Catheleyne , Merckx Vincent , Smets Erik , Huysmans Suzy 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAlthough the majority of systematic palynologists use Erdtman’s acetolysis method or the slightly modified method of Reitsma for the preparation of pollen grains for LM and SEM observations, these methods have some major drawbacks. Especially within monocots, pollen grains are often thin­walled, and therefore tend to collapse even after a mild acetolysis, as experienced, for instance, in Cyperaceae and Dioscoreaceae, among other groups. Very satisfying results often are obtained by the use of fresh material. Unfortunately, this is not available in most cases, especially when working on tropical taxa—hence making herbarium material indispensable. We present a comparison between three major methods for the treatment of fragile pollen (KOH/CPD­treatment, glutaraldehyde/CPD­treatment, and a mild acetolysis) and introduce a new enzyme­based method using cellulase and pectinase. All four methods are tested on three different monocotyledons of three different orders: Allium ursinum L. (Liliales), Asparagus officinalis L. (Asparagales), and Tamus communis L. (Dioscoreales). The properties and results of each method are then critically assessed. The new method yields satisfying results especially on the hydration state and shape of the pollen grains.
Nomenclatural changes and a new sectional classification in Nicotiana (Solanaceae)
Authors: Knapp Sandra , Chase Mark W. , Clarkson James J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRecent studies using regions of the nuclear and plastid genomes have shown that T. H. Goodspeed's sectional groupings in Nicotiana are for the large part upheld. However, we have shown that in several cases sectional membership should be revised. Here we present a revised outline of the sections of Nicotiana with lists of their component species. Relationships of the sections as defined can be seen in accompanying figures. Two sectional names with priority over those in current use are introduced (N. sect. Polydicliae & sect. Petunioides) and one new section, N. sect. Sylvestres, is described here. Two species names are changed to those with priority over those adopted by Goodspeed in his monograph of the genus: N. obtusifolia for N. trigonophylla and N. quadrivalvis for N. bigelovii. Synonymies are provided for each of these names. A short morphological description is provided for each section, along with a generalized distribution and a list of accepted species names.
The Monocot Checklist Project
Authors: Govaerts Rafaël 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe Monocot Checklist Project is a five year project started in April 2001 that aims to create an electronic database containing all accepted monocot taxa and their synonyms, together with their geographical distribution and lifeform. The procedure used to compile the database is described and the standards used are listed. The projected outputs are listed and specific reference is made to how individuals can contribute to the completion and maintenance of the data.
Chromosomal evolution in Araliaceae and close relatives
Authors: Yi Tingshuang , Lowry Porter P. , Plunkett Gregory M. , Wen Jun 
Published: February 2008

AbstractChromosome numbers of 45 accessions representing 16 genera and 37 species of Araliaceae are herein reported, of which 30 species and seven genera (Apiopetalum, Arthrophyllum, Delarbrea, Merrilliopanax, Metapanax, Myodocarpus, and Pseudosciadium) are recorded for the first time. The evolution of this character is also examined in light of recent hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships. Chromosome numbers in the family are relatively uniform, generally with 2n = 24 or 48. However, the genus Hedera exhibits extreme variability, with a polyploid series ranging from 2n = 48 to 192. The basic number of Araliaceae is inferred to be x = 12, although x = 6 cannot be ruled out. The “Asian palmate” clade, the largest of the three major clades of core Araliaceae, is primarily characterized by polyploidy, although several genera have sometimes been regarded as evolutionarily “primitive”. By contrast, Aralia, Panax, and Polyscias (representing other major clades within the family) include species with both diploids and tetraploids. Four genera recently segregated from core Araliaceae (Apiopetalum, Delarbrea, Myodocarpus, and Pseudosciadium) are reported as n = 12. The formerly apiaceous Hydrocotyle (now placed in Araliaceae) is best interpreted as x = 12, although some aneuploid species may exist with x = 9. Hydrocotyle also exhibits extensive variation in ploidal level. Within Araliaceae, chromosomal variation is largely related to ploidal level, with relatively few cases of aneuploidy, such as those documented in Panax ginseng and Hydrocotyle. The available data are largely consistent with the hypothesis that the basic chromosome number of Apiales is x = 6.