bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An H- surface plasma source for the ESS storage ring
Authors: Dudnikov V. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
For H- charge exchange (stripping) injection to European Spallation Source (ESS) storage ring it is necessary to have H- ion source with a current of ∼90 mA, pulses duration 3 ms, and repetition of 14 Hz (duty factor ∼4%) extendable to repetition up to 28 Hz (df ∼8%). Magnetron surface plasma H- source (SPS) with cesiation and active cathode and anode cooling is one of the possible solutions. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) magnetron SPS can produce H- beam current of ∼100 mA at ∼2 kW discharge power and can operate up to a duty factor of ∼1% (average power ∼14 W) without the active cooling. With active cathode and anode cooling it is possible to increase average discharge power up to 140 W(df 8%).For the delivery of the beam to Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) it is possible to use a short electrostatic Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) as in Spallation Neutron Source (SNS).
Effect of fertilizer discount on fresh fruit bunches production and Nutrients in North Sumatra Indonesia
Authors: Lubis Muhammad Mahadani , Abror Muhammad , Djuhjana Jajan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The low price of fresh fruit bunches a couple of years ago forced oil palm companies to make some efficiencies in the whole business process, including discounting the fertilizer expenses, which consequence in the Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) production declining in the first and second years onward. Reviewing the effect of fertilizer reduction on FFB production in commercial fields was challenging due to being confounded with many factors, including estate condition, infrastructure, climate, social, and management. Therefore it was better to assess from trials that tested the application of N, P, K, and Mg fertilizers with different rates to oil palm in a different locations on mineral soil in North Sumatra. Those trials illustrated that fertilizer discount would correct the FFB production accordingly from 3 up to 84%. In addition to this, climate, leaf nutrient uptake, and palm age play an important role in the decreasing FFB. An adequate water supply from the rainfall would stimulate a better leaf nutrient uptake and, therefore, palm more tolerant to fertilizer discounts. On the other hand, palm planted on the terraces, which are at a high risk of fertilizer leaching out and poor soil cation of subsoil, would be more sensitive to fertilizer discounts. Fertilizer discount, of course, would reduce the nutrient supply to the palm accordingly and consequently to FFB production for two to three years forward, therefore it was suggested to cut off the less response of specific nutrients only if possible.
Efficacy of herbicides and reductant at different levels to control invasive tall reed (Phragmites karka) in oil palm plantations
Authors: Anggraeni L W , Putri P H 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Controlling Phragmites karka, a highly invasive weed, is critical for peat areas since this species is a significantand hard-to control weed in oil palm plantations. Herbicides are one of the most effective and efficient tools for controlling P. karka, and their use is increasing due to their ability to provide rapid and long-term results. However, herbicides must be applied responsibly and carefully to minimize any environmental impacts. The study included an evaluation of the effectiveness of several combinations of herbicides on P. karka in an oil palm plantation and a comparison of their efficiency and cost. Results showed that combination of 1.8 L/ha glyphosate, 0.045 L/ha topramezone and 0.3 L/ha reductant Y (G7) has a promising result in controlling P. karka (weed mortality of 97% until 8 WAA and 12% regrowth until 12 WAA) and was more cost-effective compared to estate practice, reducing cost up to 0.43% per hectare because of the use of pesticide reductant. The use of reductant technology in this treatment also showed an effectiveness in reducing application frequency. This study demonstrates that herbicides can effectively and efficiently control P. karka in oil palm plantations, especially in peat land. Reductant can be one of the solutions to reduce the use of herbicides without lessening the efficacy, affordably, and sustainably.
Infestation of parasitic wasps from nettle caterpillar Ploneta diducta Snellen (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) in oil palm plantation
Authors: Murgianto F , Setyawan Y P , Edyson  , Saputra H M , Prabowo L A , Hidayah A L , Ardiyanto A 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe nettle caterpillarPloneta diducta(Lepidoptera: Limocodidae) is the leaf-eating caterpillar of oil palm that emerged in Central Kalimantan. The identification of hymenopteran parasitic wasps as natural enemy will help the planters to take action to conserve agronomy practices. The census ofP. diductawas carried out in PT Windu Nabatindo Abadi Central Kalimantan starting in January until August 2022. The population ofP. diductawas found only in three blocks (±100 ha), with a total population is 52 larvae. Of the total population, 92% is unparasitized larvae and 8% is parasitized larvae.P. diductalarvae found are reared in the insectary and observed the emergence of parasitic wasps. There were three species of parasitic wasps that infectedP. diducta, namelyApantelessp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),Goryphussp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) andXanthopimplasp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Parasitic waspApantelessp. was a gregarious parasitoid and both speciesGoryphussp. andXanthopimplasp. were solitary. From these wasps, the highest infestation byXanthopimplasp. (9.6% parasitism rate) followed byGoryphussp. (3.8% parasitism rate) andApantelessp. (1.9% parasitism rate). Conservation of this insect by intensification of flowering plants can drive the wasp population and its function in oil palm plantations.
Resistance of oil palm seedlings against red spider mite attack through boron fertilizer application
Authors: Murgianto F , Hidayah A L , Edyson  , Ardiyanto A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Red spider mites are one of the pests that attack oil palm seedlings, especially in the dry season. The damage caused by red spider mites in oil palm nurseries turns the leaves brown and necrotic and the growth of seedlings becomes weak and prone to infection with various types of disease. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of boron fertilizer application on red mite attacks in oil palm nurseries. There are four boron concentrations tested in this experiment (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 ppm). Each treatment had one seedling, laid out as a randomized block design, and each treatment was replicated ten times in the nursery area. In this study, there was no artificial infestation of red spider mites, but red spider mites were allowed to attack naturally. The population of red spider mites declined in the application of boron fertilizer solution with a concentration of 1 ppm, which reduced by an average of 44.9a individuals/leaf (decreasing population to 69%). Meanwhile, in oil palm seedlings with no application of boron fertilizer (0 ppm), the population of red spider mites increased with an average of 40.8b individuals/leaf. An increase in boron content in leaves correlated with a decrease in red spider mite populations that attack oil palm seedlings. In this experiment, the resistance of oil palm seedlings to red spider mites attack is influenced by the boron nutrient content in the leaves.
Physical, biochemical, and Physiological changes on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis L. Jacq) seeds throughout short-term storage
Authors: Arif Mohamad , Ilyas Satriyas , Widajati Eny , Qadir Abdul , Suprianto Edy , Palupi Endah Retno 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Seed deterioration is an inexorable process, including on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis L. Jacq) seeds which are categorized as intermediate seed type. Seed deterioration rate can be predicted through physical, biochemical, and physiological parameters. This experiment aimed to study physical, biochemical, and physiological changes in oil palm seeds in short-term storage. The experiment was conducted in a 2-factors of nested design. The first factor was storage temperature: open storage (24.2 − 30.5°C; RH 48.6 − 82%) and controlled storage (22.0 − 27.7°C; RH 43.9 − 82.1%). The second factor was storage packaging: single polyethylene (PE) plastic and double PE plastic, which was nested to the first factor. Oil palm seeds of Dura (D) x Pisifera (P) variety DxP PPKS 540 were obtained from the Marihat Business Unit of IOPRI. Results showed that during 6 months of storage, the seed moisture content (SMC) decreased in all treatments, even though the final SMC (11.2-11.4%) was still at a safe level for oil palm seed storage. Significant changes on fatty acid compositions of the oil palm endosperm were not found. Seeds could be stored for 3 months under controlled storage without a significant reduction in the germination percentage compared to those of fresh seeds, while open storage significantly reduced germination 2 months after storage. Germination percentage was not correlated with fatty acid content in the endosperm. The highest germination speed index was detected 2 months after storage in both storage conditions.
QField for QGIS application for oil palm agronomist’s field visit and assessment
Authors: Dzulfansyah D , Suswanto T , Karjono  , Sugandi A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In formulating fertilizer recommendations, an agronomist has to visit the estate to assess the actual oil palm growth/condition and other factors such as nutrient deficiencies, field conditions, drainage issues, pest damage, etc. Conventional field assessment using manual handwriting requires a lot of paper and also results in double-handling of work when transferring the data into digital format. Other printed data such as block, soil, and terrain map are not practical to be used in the field or loaded in Androzic or Avenza Maps applications which are not interactive and cannot handle aerial photo data of the estate. An android application, QField for QGIS, has been explored and utilized to replace the conventional field assessment method. To start making an assessment, the agronomist has to tick the smartphone/tablet display to pop up the assessment form. Block data such as block name, leaf/soil analysis result, soil type, rainfall, etc., will be automatically shown, specific to the block where the agronomist is. The agronomist can then fill in the form by selecting multiple choices, such as poor, fair, and good, etc., or typing in the necessary information. The other pre-loaded data, such as block, soil & terrain map, and even aerial photos with original resolution can be shown and overlaid. Capturing georeferenced photographs and tracking can also be performed. Transferring assessment data into a spreadsheet and viewing georeferenced photographs can be done using QGIS software on the computer.
The Evaluation of a Decade Barn Owl (Tyto alba) Introduction in Oil Palm Plantations Central Kalimantan
Authors: Primananda S , Sukarman  , Fitriana C D A , Prasetyo A E , Vui P H V , Siburat S 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The barn owls (Tyto alba), as a biological control for the rat population, are relatively effective and safe for the oil palm ecosystem. So nowadays, many oil palm plantations are trying to introduce it to reduce the use of rodenticides. This paper’s objective is to evaluate a decade of T. alba introduction in ca 80,000 ha oil palm plantations in Central Kalimantan since the initial releasing three pairs of T. alba in July 2011. We use a quantitative descriptive method to provide the primary data on a monthly monitoring basis, i.e., the T. alba population, including its chick and eggs; the number of barn owl boxes occupied; rat damage percentage and the number of rat baiting applications. The population increment during the year 2011 to 2012 was retarded. However, since the year 2013, the population of barn owl population rapidly increased using a combination of self-released barn owl distribution from field barn owl boxes. It assisted augmentation from barn owl hatchery methods. Based on the monthly census in December 2022, the occupancy rates reached 75% from 4,234 boxes; occupied by 6,390 owls, 1,665 chicks, and 1,531 eggs. The established population of T. alba in an oil palm plantation in Central Kalimantan has reduced the rat damage percentage below the threshold level of 5%. It has no rat-baiting application (zero rat bait).
New tools for measuring stress response
Authors: Putri T K , Kusumawardani A , Nafisah E , Forster B P , Hood-Nowotny R , Caligari P D S 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Oil palm performance under biotic and abiotic stresses can be measured by various means and growth stages. Verdant is working to develop commercial planting materials that can better tolerate drought and Ganoderma, as well as being efficient in fertilizer uptake. This study aims to identify early screening methods for drought tolerance in oil palm which will allow the selection of seedlings and progenies that can be entered into breeding programs and variety production. The trial was arranged according to a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot is watering (normal watering and drought stress) and the sub-plot was Verdant breeding material that consists of 7 progenies. The 4-month-old seedlings were subject to a water deficit treatment (water withheld for five days) followed by measuring seedling responses: leaf temperature, plant height, and number of leaves, which were combined to give a drought score. Significant differences were found for leaf temperature and drought score. Leaf temperature can indicate stress levels of seedlings as it relates to stomatal opening (respiration and transpiration) and hence photosynthetic activity. These methods are being deployed in a phenomics nursery and the data is used to predict subsequent field performance and yield.
A Population Study of reduviidae insect in oil palm plantation with different historical Darna trima caterpillars’ infestations stages
Authors: Primananda S , Soedijo S , Gazali A , Aidawati N , Sukarman  , Fitriana C D A , Prasetyo A E 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Enriching biodiversity using beneficial refuge plants can expedite the recolonization process of predatory insects for sustainable control of Darna trima nettle caterpillar infestation in oil palm plantations. The recolonization process of predatory insects, including Reduviidae, will affect the differences in environmental factors, feeding availability, and landscape type. This research objective is to compare the population of Reduviidae insects (predator) in different historical D. trima infestation stages in oil palm blocks with various refuge plants, i.e., Antigonon leptopus, Cassia cobanensis, Turnera subulata, and Nephrolepis biserrata. The research was conducted in an existing oil palm plantation in Central Kalimantan from July to December 2022. An experimental 2-factor nested design involving the history of D. trima attacks and the type of refuge plants was implemented in 8 blocks (ca 40 ha each) to enumerate of predatory insect population using visual observation, sweep net, and yellow trap methods. The study revealed that the dominant Reduviidae species were Cosmolestes picticeps and Sycanus dichotomus. The population of C. picticeps was 35% higher in blocks with no historical D. trima outbreaks are significantly different from blocks with historical outbreaks. In both locations, the highest populations of Reduviidae insects were found in C. cobanensis and N. biserrata plots at 61-72 individuals and 58-67 individuals, respectively. Combining both refuge plants in oil palm blocks exhibited the most significant potential as a microhabitat for Reduviidae insects and for enhancing recolonization. To further enhance the role of S. dichotomus as an environmental service in the agricultural ecosystem, it is necessary to study proper propagation and augmentation techniques in oil palm plantations.
Effect of Beneficial Microbes on Macronutrient Uptake and Oil Palm Seedling Growth in Peat Soil
Authors: Kalbuadi D N , Darmawan  , Pulunggono H B , Santi L P 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Peat soil has low fertility due to low content of macronutrients, such as N, P, K, Ca, & Mg. Efforts that can be made to increase nutrient availability and nutrient uptake for plants on peatlands are the utilization of beneficial microbes such as endophytic bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizae. This study aims to identify the role of endophytic bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizae applied to peat soil media to help increase macronutrient uptake and the growth of oil palm seedlings (main nursery). This study was conducted in June – December 2022. The peat soil sample was collected from oil palm plantations located in Siak Regency, Riau, with coordinates 0°45′22″ N, 101°44′27″ E. The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 8 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatment given in this study was a variation of beneficial microbes with zeolite as the carrier. Beneficial microbes used in this study were arbuscular mycorrhizae, namely Glomus sp, and endophytic bacteria, i.e. Burkholderia cenocepacia and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Parameters observed in this study were plant growth (every 1 month) and leaf nutrient (6 months after planted). The results of this study indicated that the consortium application of endophytic bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizae was the best treatment which was shown to have the best growth of oil palm seedlings compared to all treatments with plant height increment of 55.5 cm; stem diameter increment of 34.3 mm; and the number of fronds addition as many as 11 fronds. This is also supported by macronutrients content in the leaves of oil palm seedlings such as N, P, and K.
Identification of oil palm tissue culture contaminants by using DNA barcodes: preliminary results
Authors: Wening S , Pratiwi D R , Nazri E , Prasetyo A E , Yanti F 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

The success of oil palm tissue culture is constrained by the microbes contaminating cultures in the laboratory. Accurate identification of contaminant species leads to the right strategies for solving the contamination problem. This research was done to identify contaminant species at the Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute Tissue Culture Laboratory at its stages by using DNA barcodes. Bacteria identification was done by 16S rRNA sequencing, while fungi identification was done by ITS region sequencing. Preliminary results showed that bacteria and fungi were identified in the laboratory’s stages of the tissue culture process. Four species were identified in the dark room, two in the light room, and four in the advanced light room. The identified bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus parasuis, Priestia megaterium, and Bacillus sp. The identified fungi were Tritirachium candoliense, Penicillium citrinum, Irpex laceratus, Aspergillus reticulatus, and Perenniporia tephropora. More data is needed to determine the right strategies to control the contamination problem.
Enhancing Oil Palm FFB Yields by Water Management: Sumber Tani Agung Resources’ Experiences
Authors: Nadaraj Sundian , Hutabarat Eriston , Thandapani Pupathy Uthrapathy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) are generally able to grow economically on various soil types, especially across the regions of Malaysia and Indonesia. However, Fresh Fruit Bunche (FFB) production was lesser in flood-prone areas. In Sumber Tani Agung Resources (STAR), two estates namely (i) Seret Ayon (4289 ha) and (ii) Lembah Bawang (2511 ha) were facing problems of frequent flooding. Annual rainfall of these two estates would fall within 3500 mm - 4000 mm. Out of this, almost 30-40% of the total annual rainfall was recorded in the period of October-December. Furthermore, during the same period, high rainwater from the Forest Reserve of Bengkayang resulted from high water volume in the streams/rivers running across these estates. This caused high incidences of flooding. Therefore, a yield improvement program was embarked on to arise the existing height of riverbanks, literally speaking an ‘embankment or bund management’ on both banks of the river. A survey should be conducted first to demarcate areas that are prone to flooding incidences. Based on the survey results, areas that need improvement by ‘embankment’ would be identified and actions such as construction of flap-gates, building of embankments, and construction of drainage/reservoirs can be made. Outlet drains were desilted and thus, improved the water flow for smooth removal of excess water during the high pour and flooding seasons. FFB yields were satisfactorily increased from 11-14 mt/ha/yr during 2017-2018 to 25-33 mt/ha/yr in 2022. Besides improving FFB yields, palm growth also satisfactorily improved in frequently flooding areas, especially after three years of water management by embankment. In this paper, the commercial FFB yield of Seret Ayon Estate and Lembah Bawang Estate was collected and compared to those from before and after the implementation of efficient water management by embankment.
F1 Hybrids in oil palm
Authors: Forster B P , Caligari P D S , Nur F , Cahyadiati M , Rusfiandi H , Humaira A , Killian A , Nelson S P C 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
F1 Hybrid production in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a reality. F1 Hybrids have the potential to provide massive increases in yield as demonstrated in a range of crops. Verdant has the intellectual property and “know-how” to produce haploids and double them to give doubled haploids. Doubled haploids are fertile and 100% homozygous (genetically pure lines), making them ideal as parents for F1 Hybrids. There has been no genetic modification. Verdant now has a collection of Dura and Pisifera doubled haploids that span the genetic diversity of oil palm from which parents can be selected based on genetic contrasts (using Diversity Array Technology). The first F1 Hybrid crosses (Dura x Pisifera) were made in 2019 and field progeny trial testing started in 2021. Performance in the field is being monitored by a range of physiological tests, but ultimately on palm product yield per hectare plus commercially significant secondary traits, such as disease tolerance, will determine selection. The intention is to start commercial F1 Hybrid seed production in 2029. A phenomics nursery has been set up to correlate seedling physiological traits with yield with the aim of developing early indicators for yield potential and to screen for variation between crosses for 1) Ganoderma tolerance, 2) nutrient uptake, and 3) drought tolerance. Genotyping is also being deployed to identify and select heterotic combinations that result in hybrid vigour.