bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aulus Gellius as a Storyteller
Authors: Anderson Graham 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines Gellius' narrative technique, which is that of an erudite collector of curiosities rather than a gifted storyteller. His choice of exempla or chreia-style anecdotes is often guided not by their philosophical or moral value, but by antiquarian piquance and their entertainment and titillatory value. Bookishness and antiquarianism are also prominent when he can be measured against others in well-known tales that exist elsewhere, such as Arion and the Dolphin, or Androclus and the Lion. In the former he seems somewhat ponderous, unimaginative and colourless, but shows to better advantage in the latter. His own enthusiasm emerges when he recounts anecdotes about life in the intellectual circles with which he is personally familiar. Here, he is able to narrate the course of events effectively and relate artistically expanded anecdotes capped with an erudite antiquarian flourish.
Conflict and Harmony in the Collegium Gellianum
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Gellius was a model showing humanists how to accumulate information by note-taking, how to present it in an elegant and interesting way (especially through dialogues in vivid settings presented as reminiscences), but also how to put down a rival in their quarrels. He also encouraged the collection of fragments, the search for hidden meanings (whence his popularity as a source of mottoes), textual criticism, and the comparison of Latin texts with their Greek counterparts. The examples of Angelo Decembrio, Poliziano, Pietro Crinito, Erasmus, and Caelius Rhodiginus are considered, as are the reminiscences of Henri Estienne, the Collegium Gellianum at Leipzig, and the circle of J. A. Fabricius. Even in the age of the Scientific Revolution, his account of Archytas' artificial dove inspired Athanasius Kircher and Gaspar Schott to imagine how it might have been made.
Knowledge, Higher Education, and the New Managerialism
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Michael 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe nature of Higher Education in the UK has changed over the last three decades. Academics can no longer be said to carry out their work in ‘ivory towers’, as increasing government intervention and a growing ‘target culture’ has changed the way they work. Increasingly universities have transformed from ‘communities of scholars’ to ‘workplaces’. The organization and administration of universities has seen a corresponding prevalence of ideas and strategies drawn from the ‘New Public Management’ ideology in response, promoting a more ‘business-focussed’ approach in the management of public services. This book examines the issues that these changes have had on academics, both as the ‘knowledge-workers’ managed, and the ‘manager-academic’. It draws on a study of academics holding management roles in sixteen UK universities, exploring their career histories and trajectories, and providing accounts of their values, practices, relationships with others, and their training and development as managers. Examining debates around ‘New Public Management’, knowledge management, and knowledge workers, the wider implications of these themes for policy innovation and strategy in HE and the public sector more generally are considered, developing a critical response to recent approaches to managing public services, and practical suggestions for improvements which could be made to the training and support of senior and middle managers in universities.
Overview
Authors: Goldberg Adele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObservations about particular linguistic constructions have shaped our understanding of both particular languages and the nature of language itself. But only recently has a new theoretical approach emerged that allows observations about constructions to be stated directly, providing long-standing traditions with a framework that allows both broad generalizations and more limited patterns to be analysed and accounted for fully. Many linguists with varying backgrounds have converged on several key insights that have given rise to a family of approaches, here referred to as constructionist approaches. This chapter provides a concise overview of the main topic of the book: the nature of generalization in language.
Why generalizations are learned
Authors: Goldberg Adele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAs many psychologists have emphasized, human categorization is generally driven by some functional pressure, typically the need to predict or infer certain properties on the basis of perceived characteristics. In the case of language, the language learner's goal is to understand and to be understood: to comprehend and produce language. There is ample functional pressure to predict meaning on the basis of given lexical items and grammatical characteristics (comprehension). Conversely, there is pressure to predict the choice of lexical items and grammatical characteristics given the message to be conveyed (production). Since the sentences the child is learning to understand and produce form an open-ended set, it is not sufficient to simply memorize the sentences that have been heard. The child must necessarily generalize those patterns at least to some extent in order to understand and produce new utterances. In the first part of this chapter, it is argued that the predictive value of constructions encourages speakers to learn them. A second motivation for representing generalized constructions is suggested as well, namely that constructions are primed in production.
The Strangeness of Gods
Authors: Humphreys S.C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book contains analyses both of Athenian religion and of the history of classical studies. It emphasizes that disciplinary history is an integral part of research, especially in interdisciplinary fields such as religion. It also highlights the intellectual aspects of religious thought and practice, and attacks the stereotype of religion and ritual as traditional and unchanging. The supernatural — like ‘nature’ in modern science — attracts speculation and experiment. Particular attention is given to the construction of classical studies and its subdisciplines in the 19th century university; to the genesis of the dichotomy rational/irrational in Greece in the 6th-5th centuries BCE (magnified in importance by 19th-century classicists); to the religious reforms of Lycurgus in Athens in the late 4th century BCE; to cultic innovation in the Attic demes; to the 18th-century origins of the idea that fertility cult was the earliest form of religion; and to the history of the Anthesteria festival.
Classics and Colonialism: towards an erotics of the discipline
Authors: Humphreys S. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks at the relation between 19th-century colonialism and the repositioning of classical studies as a university discipline and as a secular alternative to theology. It considers the anthropology of reading (i.e., the conceptions of the person implied by theories and practices of reading) and the history of reading, commentary and interpretation (especially allegorical interpretation). It takes a Lacanian view of academic disciplines, arguing that fetishization and desire are essential to them; the implications for teaching are explored. It suggests that the role of humanities teaching is not merely to train future interpreters of classical texts or to maintain ‘cultural literacy’, but to foster skills of attentive, dialogic reading and to widen students’ awareness of traditions of argument, both in ‘their own’ and in ‘other’ cultures.
A Sense of Agency: religion in the Attic demes
Authors: Humphreys S. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter continues the analysis of changes in ritual by looking at the evidence for cult in the demes, which were constituted as corporate bodies only in 507. They took over some local cults from other groups, but also developed new cults of their own. Attention is paid to deme finances and the impact on them of the developing cash economy; to the influence of drama; and to festival calendars and their evidence for divergences in dates between city and deme celebrations of the same festival. New suggestions are made about the transfer of cult funds to the Acropolis in the years preceding the Peloponnesian war (Kallias decrees); the Prerosia/Plerosia; the calendar of the Tetrapolis; and the ‘greater demarchy’ of Erchia. It is argued that cult in the rural demes is not dominated by ‘fertility rites’. The influence of the farmer’s year on ritual calendars is seen as an ongoing component of the logic and aesthetics of cultic innovation, rather than as a survival of tradition.
Crisis and Opportunity: The Policy Environment of International Banking in the City of London, 1958–1980
Authors: Schenk Catherine 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyses policy responses to the instability of the international monetary system during the 1970s and how these policies affected the City of London. First, the collapse of the international monetary system through the 1960s and then the increased risk to the financial market in the 1970s accelerated the pace of financial innovation. Second, as currency speculation grew, policymakers were reluctant to relax controls on the flow of capital, and this had important implications for London's competitiveness. The debate between the state, academics, and bankers over the desirability of floating exchange rates is surveyed in this chapter. The era of floating exchange rates and inflation prompted an international and domestic banking crisis in 1974 that drew the Bank of England into more active attempts at prudential supervision.
The International Opening-up the Paris Bourse: Overdraft-Economy Curbs and Market Dynamics
Authors: Feiertag Olivier 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the ability of the Paris Bourse from the 1950s onwards to maintain a marginal but nevertheless persistent level, the return of the franc to external convertibility, and liberalization of the financial market in the second half of the 1980s. By considering the ebb and flow of the dynamics of the international markets in their effect on capital markets, it is possible to throw some light on the changes within the whole of the French financial system.
The German biotechnology industry: the limits of orchestrated innovation
Authors: Casper Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGermany has long been categorized as an organized or coordinated market economy. Moreover, a key prediction of comparative institutional theory is that Germany should perform poorly in radically innovative industries such as biotechnology. In the mid 1990s, the German government launched a series of wide-ranging public policies with the aim of developing a world-class biotechnology industry. This chapter examines these policies and evaluates their success in creating a sustainable biotechnology industry in Germany. German policies have created a large industry, in terms of the number of companies launched, in a short period of time. However, empirical evidence suggests that this industry has not become sustainable, in terms of generating adequate venture capital finance for companies or generating an active labor market for scientists and managers working within the industry. These problems are linked to long-standing institutional arrangements in the areas of finance, corporate governance, and labor market regulation, suggesting that the ability of governments to circumvent national institutional frameworks may be limited.
The Neglected Benefits of the Corporate Form: Entity Status and the Separation of Asset Ownership from Control
Authors: Blair Margaret M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter criticizes current contractarian views of the firm in law and economics, reminding that the forgotten merit of the corporate form of enterprise is precisely the separation between individual investors/claimants and the firm as a juridical person and separate entity, that is not ‘owned’ by either investors, nor managers, nor any other participant in the enterprise. Furthermore, it is argued — and corroborated with historical evidence on the emergence of corporate law in the US and on the case of Singer — that shareholders themselves ‘are better off because they have, in the corporation, a mechanism for committing capital to an enterprise and yielding control rights to directors almost irrevocably’. In other terms, the separation of ownership and control, rather than being ‘a problem’ and in spite of entailing some costs, is the very virtue of the corporate form. The chapter concludes with a review of implications for devising effective institutions, especially in transition economies.
Governing with Multiple Principals: An Empirically-Based Analysis of Capital Providers' Preferences and Superior Governance Structures
Authors: Grandori Anna , Soda Giuseppe 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter broadens current agency approaches by exploring the possible consequences of optimizing CG structures with ‘multiple principals’ and multiple governance and organizational mechanisms. It uses an analytical framework and an empirical study conducted in Italy, which gathers empirically the actual preferences of two samples, representative of the providers of financial and human capital, over varying policies on a variety of governance and organizational mechanisms (e.g., low to high pay for performance; low to high teamwork; low to high managerial representation in boards etc.). Preferences are cluster-analyzed and compared with actually implemented policies. Results indicate that actors' preferences converge more than conventionally expected, while they differ sharply from actually implemented policies, thereby indicating opportunities for the Pareto-improvement of CG structures.
Information Intermediaries' Incentives and Corporate Strategy Choices in the US
Authors: Moreton Patrick , Zenger Todd 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter criticizes and extends current shareholder value approaches to CG by highlighting the subjective features of share prices as ‘perceptions of value’, and testing the hypothesis that ‘financial analysts' capacity to influence stock prices induce managers to pursue strategies that analysts prefer, rather than strategies that maximize long-term discounted cash flows’. In substantive terms, this conformism effect is expected to drive managers' choices away from unfamiliar, unique, strategies that may better sustain competitive advantage, and towards more familiar ones. Empirical results do show a negative relationship between the uniqueness of a firm's strategy and the level of analyst coverage, but also indicate the need for further dynamic qualifications in terms of changes in uniqueness and changes in industry structures in altering the scope of analyst coverage.
How Did We Get Here? Principles and Early History of Mainstream Syntax
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the historical and conceptual development of mainstream generative grammar. The principles of argumentation in mainstream syntax are discussed. The history of modern mainstream syntactic theory is reviewed, showing that most of the machinery of mainstream generative grammar — classical transformational grammar, GB Theory, Principles and Parameters Theory, and the Minimalist Program — is a consequence of four fundamental axioms.
The Existence of God
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book assesses the worth of arguments for and against the existence of God. Evidence confirms (makes more probable) an explanatory hypothesis in so far as (1) given the hypothesis the evidence is to be expected, that is the hypothesis makes the evidence probable, (2) the evidence is not otherwise to be expected, (3) the hypothesis is simple, and (4) it fits with background knowledge (i.e., knowledge about how things behave in neighbouring fields of enquiry). When we are assessing hypotheses (such as theism, the hypothesis that there is a God) purporting to explain everything, there will be no background knowledge. Theism is a very simple hypothesis. If there is a God, there is some reason to expect that he will create a universe, with laws of nature, leading to the evolution of humans (bodies connected to souls), who often have experiences which seem to them experiences of God. It is most improbable that all this evidence would exist if there was no God. Taken together therefore all this evidence makes it probable that there is a God. The occurrence of evil, whether produced by humans or natural processes, does not significantly diminish that probability.
1 Biblical and Historical Sources
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter surveys a wide range of historic works on marriage and family. The first two sections place Jesus' teaching against the family, Paul's indifference toward marriage and family, and the New Testament's household codes against the backdrop of the Greco-Roman emphasis on the family as the fundamental social cell. The following sections assess Augustine's affirmation of marriage in light of ambiguous patristic teaching, and medieval attempts to institutionalize marriage as a vocation roughly on a par with singleness. The final sections examine Reformation and Puritan themes, and three attempts by 19th-century theologians — Friedrich Schleiermacher, Horace Bushnell, and F. D. Maurice — to bolster the family in response to the rise of modern liberal social and political thought.
Introduction
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of issues of the to-infinitive discussed in the literature. It is usually assumed that the infinitive is a noun in Old English, and that, hence, the to-infinitive is a prepositional phrase; this entails that there has been a category change, which is usually argued to have taken place in Middle English. The author argues that the category change must predate Old English, as the to-infinitive is already completely verbal at that stage, which means that the syntactic innovations in Middle English cannot be due to a category change. Another traditional assumption that is discussed and rejected is the view that the to-infinitive gained ground at the expense of the infinitive without to, the so-called ‘bare infinitive’.
Introduction: Multinational Corporations as Lead Agents of Globalization?
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of two major developments during the end of the 20th century: the growth of industrial districts or regional clusters of smaller firms in many market segments and expanded global reach of large multinational corporations (MNCs). The construction of MNCs in the current globalization debate is then assessed. The three main parts of this book is described.
Lygon Place: A Corporate Headquarters at War with Itself
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at how APV's top management conceived the problem of welding the disparate companies and plants acquired by merger and takeover into a coherent whole; through what organizational structures and governance mechanisms they sought to coordinate and control the diverse activities of the multinational's many local operating units; and how the strategies and behaviour of actors within the corporate headquarters themselves influenced by the rules of the game prevailing in their own immediate environment, notably those of the London financial and managerial labour markets. Pondering these issues requires a shift in focus from the far-flung peripheries of APV's multinational empire to its corporate center, and the outlook of the actors to be found there, will prove if anything more local.
Creating a Multinational Public for the Corporation
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
If the MNC is to become a genuine vehicle for mutually beneficial collaboration and learning by monitoring among its constituent units, as argued in the previous chapter, organizational channels must be constructed to involve employees and their representatives in ongoing practical deliberation about the strategic objectives of the global firm and the performance measures used to assess progress towards them. Accomplishing such a transformation would entail the creation of a new multinational ‘public’ for the corporation, understood pragmatically as ‘an open group of actors which constitutes itself as such in coming together to address a common problem, and reconstitutes itself as its efforts at problem solving redefine the task at hand’. This chapter examines a series of experimental projects and institutions which could give rise to the development of such a multinational public, beginning with European Works Councils (EWCs). It is shown that the ambiguous experience of participation in these Councils, coupled with the contradictory effects of recent trends towards the coordination and decentralization of collective bargaining, have stimulated the appearance in Denmark and other European countries of efforts to create interregional networks of local actors operating at the interface between MNC subsidiaries and their host communities.
Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy
Authors: de Ste. Croix Geoffrey 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The volume presents in seven chapters papers on early Christian topics by Geoffrey de Ste. Croix. Three of the chapters include papers which have previously been published and are widely accepted as classic studies, while the other four now appear in print for the first time – though they have already proved influential as a result of presentation at seminars and circulation in manuscript. The volume's central themes are: martyrdom, the evidence for which Ste. Croix scrutinizes closely in order to reveal the extent to which Christians, through the process of volunteering, were responsible for bouts of persecution; persecution, which extends from the Christian experience as recipients to their role as far more effective agents of the persecution of non-Christians and doctrinal opponents; orthodoxy, the determination of which through Church Councils, especially at the Council of Chalcedon, emerges as the product of calculated imperial intervention; and finally property and slavery, on which a clear divide emerges between the radical message of the Gospels and the actual practice of the early Church. In addition, the editors of the volume contribute essays on the historiographical impact of Ste. Croix's contributions to the study of early Christianity and on his views of toleration in the ancient world.
Why were the Early Christians Persecuted?
Authors: Croix G. E. M. De Ste. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter reprints Ste. Croix's 1963 Past and Present investigation of why Christians were persecuted in the first three centuries, together with a brief response in 1964 to criticisms by A.N. Sherwin-White. Ste. Croix's main objective was to counter Sherwin-White's theory that Christians fell foul of Roman provincial administration because of the obstinacy they displayed in adherence to their beliefs. Ste. Croix insisted that the main charge against Christians under Roman law was simply the name of Christian, which was sufficient to generate persecution unless the accused could clear themselves by a variety of relatively simple procedures. Careful scrutiny of the evidence for persecution, especially during the 2nd century, clarifies the mechanics of Roman administration and the application of imperial law.