bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Randomized Comparison of Nitrous Oxide Plus Hematoma Block Versus Ketamine Plus Midazolam for Emergency Department Forearm Fracture Reduction in Children
Authors: Luhmann Jan D. , Schootman Mario , Luhmann Scott J. , Kennedy Robert M. 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVES. Ketamine provides effective and relatively safe sedation analgesia for reduction of fractures in children in the emergency department. However, prolonged recovery and adverse effects suggest the opportunity to develop alternative strategies. We compared the efficacy and adverse effects of ketamine/midazolam to those of nitrous oxide/hematoma block for analgesia and anxiolysis during forearm fracture reduction in children.
METHODS. Children 5 to 17 years of age were randomly assigned to receive intravenous ketamine (1 mg/kg)/midazolam (0.1 mg/kg; max: 2.5 mg) or 50% nitrous oxide/50% oxygen and a hematoma block (2.5 mg/kg of 1% buffered lidocaine). All of the children received oral oxycodone 0.2 mg/kg (max: 15 mg) at triage ≥45 minutes before reduction. Videotapes were obtained before (baseline), during (procedure), and after (recovery) reduction and scored using the Procedure Behavioral Checklist by an observer blinded to study purpose. The primary outcome measure was the mean change in Procedure Behavioral Checklist score from baseline to procedure, with greater change indicating greater procedure distress. Other outcome measures of efficacy included recovery times and visual analog scale scores to assess patient distress, parent report of child distress, and orthopedic surgeon satisfaction with sedation. Adverse effects were assessed during the emergency visit and by telephone 1 day after reduction. Data were analyzed using repeated measures, that is, analysis of variance, χ2, and t tests.
RESULTS. There were 102 children (mean age: 9.0 ± 3.0 years) who were randomly assigned. There was no difference in age, race, gender, and baseline Procedure Behavioral Checklist scores between ketamine/midazolam (55 subjects) and nitrous oxide/hematoma block (47 subjects). Mean changes in Procedure Behavioral Checklist scores were very small for both groups. The mean change in Procedure Behavioral Checklist was less for nitrous oxide/hematoma block, and patients and parents reported less pain during fracture reduction with nitrous oxide/hematoma block. Recovery times were markedly shorter for nitrous oxide/hematoma block compared with ketamine/midazolam. Orthopedic surgeons were similarly satisfied with the 2 regimens. Of the ketamine/midazolam subjects, 11% had O2 saturations &lt;94%. Other adverse effects occurred in both groups, but more often in ketamine/midazolam both during the emergency visit and at 1-day follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS. In children who had received oral oxycodone, both nitrous oxide/hematoma block and ketamine/midazolam resulted in minimal increases in distress during forearm fracture reduction at the doses studied. The nitrous oxide/hematoma block regimen had fewer adverse effects and significantly less recovery time.
Role of Insurance for Children With Special Health Care Needs: A Synthesis of the Evidence
Authors: Jeffrey Aimee E. , Newacheck Paul W. 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE. Children with special health care needs constitute a particularly vulnerable subpopulation of children. Health insurance coverage has the potential to enhance access to care and improve the quality of life for these children while protecting their families from financially burdensome health care expenses. The purpose of this review is to assess and synthesize recent research in the peer-reviewed literature pertaining to the role of insurance for children with special health care needs. A marked increase in the volume of research on this topic makes this an opportune time to summarize these contributions and begin the process of formalizing an evidence base that can inform health policy decisions. Our intention is to further the evidence base by providing a literature-driven assessment of the role of health insurance in influencing access, utilization, satisfaction, quality, expenditures, and health outcomes for children with special health care needs.METHODS. A systematic literature review was conducted on the effects of insurance status, insurance type, and insurance features on access, utilization, satisfaction, quality, expenditures, and health status.RESULTS. The strongest evidence emerged for the positive effects of insurance on access and utilization. Limited evidence on the effect of insurance on satisfaction with care showed improved satisfaction ratings for the insured. The studies with findings relevant to out-of-pocket expenditures for insured versus uninsured children with special health care needs all found significantly higher out-of-pocket burden and financial problems among the uninsured. Evidence was mixed for the effects of insurance type (public or private) and insurance characteristics (eg, managed care or fee-for-service payment mechanisms) on outcomes. None of the studies that we reviewed attempted to assess the impact of health insurance on health outcomes.CONCLUSIONS. Our review of the literature found plentiful evidence demonstrating the positive and substantial impact of insurance on access and utilization. There also is clear evidence that insurance protects families against financially burdensome expenses. The evidence is less conclusive for satisfaction and quality and is nonexistent for health status. These latter outcomes should be the focus of future studies.
Physical and Mental Health of Mothers Caring for a Child With Rett Syndrome
Authors: Laurvick Crystal L. , Msall Michael E. , Silburn Sven , Bower Carol , Klerk Nicholas de , Leonard Helen 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVES. Our goal was to investigate the physical and mental health of mothers who care for a child with Rett syndrome.METHODS. We assessed maternal physical and mental health by using the SF-12 version 1 physical component summary and mental component summary scores as the outcome measures of interest. Mothers (n = 135) of children with Rett syndrome completed the SF-12 measure as part of the Australian Rett Syndrome Study in 2002. The analysis investigated linear relationships between physical and mental health scores and maternal, family, and child characteristics.RESULTS. Mothers ranged in age from 21 to 60 years and their children from 3 to 27 years. Nearly half of these mothers (47.4%) indicated that they worked full-time or part-time outside the home, and 41% had a combined family (gross) income of &lt;40000 Australian dollars. The resultant model for physical health demonstrated that the following factors were positively associated with better maternal physical health: the mother working full-time or part-time outside the home, having some high school education, having private health insurance, the child not having breathing problems in the last 2 years, the child not having home-based structured therapy, and high scores on the Family Resource Scale (indicating adequacy of time resources for basic and family needs). The resultant model for mental health demonstrated that the following factors were positively associated with better maternal mental health: the mother working full-time or part-time outside the home, the child not having a fracture in the last 2 years, lesser reporting of facial stereotypes and involuntary facial movements, being in a well-adjusted marriage, and having low stress scores.CONCLUSIONS. Our study suggests that the most important predictors of maternal physical and emotional health are child behavior, caregiver demands, and family function.
Comparison of N-terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Critically Ill Children With Sepsis Versus Acute Left Ventricular Dysfunction
Authors: Fried Iris , Bar-Oz Benjamin , Algur Nurit , Fried Elchanan , Gavri Sagui , Yatsiv Ido , Perles Zeev , Rein Azaria J. J. T. , Zonis Zeev , Bass Roman , Nir Amiram 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide has been shown to be a marker for cardiac dysfunction. The peptide level is also elevated in patients with sepsis. The purpose of this study was to assess whether N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels can differentiate pediatric patients with sepsis from patients with acute left ventricular dysfunction.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Pediatric patients admitted to an ICU with sepsis or acute left ventricular dysfunction were evaluated clinically, and the grade of systemic inflammatory-response syndrome was determined. Echocardiography was performed, and their levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were measured. The N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level was also measured in patients with simple febrile illness.
RESULTS. There were 10 patients with sepsis and 10 with acute left ventricular dysfunction. The age of the patients was similar, and systemic inflammatory-response syndrome grading was not different (sepsis: 2.8 ± 0.4; acute left ventricular dysfunction: 2.6 ± 0.7). N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels were elevated in patients with sepsis (median: 6064 pg/mL; range: 495–60417 pg/mL) but were significantly higher in patients with acute left ventricular dysfunction (median: 65630 pg/mL; range: 15125–288000). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the diagnosis of acute left ventricular dysfunction was 0.9. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels of patients with sepsis and impaired systolic function were not different from those of patients with sepsis and normal systolic function. The N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels of 20 patients with simple febrile illness were significantly lower.
CONCLUSIONS. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels are elevated in pediatric patients with sepsis but are higher in some, but not all, patients with acute left ventricular dysfunction. The overlap between N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels in sepsis and acute left ventricular dysfunction precludes the use of the peptide's level as a sole means to differentiate between these conditions. Excessive elevation in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels, however, suggests cardiac etiology for acute hemodynamic deterioration in infants and children.
Benzylamine
Authors: Heuer Lutz 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Physical Properties

2.

Chemical Properties

3.

Production

4.

Quality Specifications and Analysis

5.

Uses

6.

Storage and Transportation

7.

Ecology and Toxicology

Benzylamine (α‐aminotoluene) [
100‐46‐9
] is an important industrially used amine, which is readily available by hydrogenation of benzonitrile or amination of benzaldehyde or benzyl chloride. It also occurs in nature and can be isolated from the leaves of
Reseda media
in small amounts. Benzylamine is a colorless liquid of ammonia‐like odor, which is miscible with water in all proportion. It is used in the chemical industry as a starting material for other products or as a corrosion inhibitor. Benzylamine is listed in EINECS 202‐854‐1, TSCA, and MITI/MO and traded world‐wide. It can be transported in steel drums and in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) containers.

Benzylamine is harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. It causes burns, especially when skin is exposed to benzylamine for prolonged periods. Because of the fast reaction of benzylamine and carbon dioxide, slightly leaking flanges or other seals are easily identified by the white solid formed.
Benzylamine is produced by Lanxess and other companies and is available in drums, IBC's (intermediate bulk containers), and in bulk.
Chocolate
Authors: Kleinert‐Zollinger Jürg , Beckett Stephen T. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Definitions

2.

Historical

3.

Raw Materials

4.

Fermentation and Drying

5.

Composition of the Fermented Cocoa Bean

6.

Chocolate Production

6.1.

Cocoa Bean Processing

6.2.

Preparation of Cocoa Powder and Cocoa Butter

6.3.

Chocolate Production

6.3.1.

Basic Chocolate Mass

6.3.2.

Precrystallization (Tempering)

6.3.3.

Processing Precrystallized Chocolate

7.

Other Chocolate Processes

8.

Packaging, Storage, Spoilage, Analysis

9.

Economic Aspects

To be called chocolate a product must partially consist of ingredients derived from cocoa beans and strict regulations exist as to how the different chocolate types can be described on their packaging. This article looks at the history of drinking and solid eating chocolate, before describing the growing and processing of the cocoa beans themselves. The chocolate making procedure is then reviewed, followed by some of the methods used to process the liquid chocolate. As the main fat, cocoa butter, can solidify in six different forms, the crystallisation principles are particularly important. Finally the most important countries are compared with respect to their cocoa growing tonnage, chocolate manufacturing output and consumption per head of population.
Cyanamides
Authors: Güthner Thomas , Mertschenk Bernd 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Calcium Cyanamide1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Production1.3.1.Overall Process1.3.2.Manufacture1.3.3.Processing of Technical Calcium Cyanamide1.4.Quality Specifications1.5.Storage and Transportation1.6.Uses1.7.Legal Aspects2.Cyanamide2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Analysis2.5.Storage and Transportation2.6.Uses2.7.Legal Aspects3.Dicyandiamide3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.4.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.5.Storage and Transportation3.6.Uses3.7.Legal Aspects4.Substituted Cyanamides5.Toxicology and Occupational HealthCalcium cyanamide is produced from calcium carbide and nitrogen gas by an exothermic solid nitrogenation at 1000°C. It is used as a slow release nitrogen fertilizer with beneficial side effects against soilborne deseases. In chemical industry, it is the base for cyanamide and thiourea chemistry.Cyanamide is a fairly stable, toxic substance obtained from calcium cyanamide by reaction with water and carbon dioxide. It has vast applications in industrial nitrogen organic chemistry, and is also directly used as a plant protection agent.Dicyandiamide is derived from cyanamide by dimerization in presence of alkali. The nontoxic compound has found widespread industrial applications in resins, plastics, water treatment, and pharmaceuticals.
Guanidine and Derivatives
Authors: Güthner Thomas , Mertschenk Bernd , Schulz Bernd 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Guanidine and Guanidine Salts1.1.Properties1.2.Production1.2.1.Guanidine Salts from Dicyandiamide1.2.2.Guanidine Salts from Cyanamide1.2.3.Guanidine Salts from Urea1.2.4.Other Processes1.3.Environmental Protection1.4.Quality Specifications1.5.Analysis1.6.Storage and Transportation1.7.Legal Aspects1.8.Uses1.8.1.Pharmaceuticals1.8.2.Plant Protection1.8.3.Cosmetics1.8.4.Textile Impregnation, Flame Retardants, Paper and Resin Manufacture1.8.5.Propellants and Explosives1.8.6.Biotechnological Applications of Guanidine Salts1.9.Economic Aspects2.Derivatives2.1.Nitroguanidine2.2.Aminoguanidine2.3.Diamino‐ and Triaminoguanidine2.4.Organoguanidines2.4.1.Alkylguanidines2.4.2.Arylguanidines2.5.Biguanide and Derivatives3.Toxicology and Occupational HealthGuanidine salts are made from cyanamide or dicyandiamide by addition of ammonium salts. The highly soluble guanidine hydrochloride is mainly used in pharmaceutical and biotech applications, while guanidine nitrate is used in propellants and explosives.Nitroguanidine, prepared by nitration of guanidine nitrate, is used for explosives and as a building block for neonicotinoid insecticides. Aminoguanidines, prepared from hydrazines and cyanamide or guanidines, are mainly used for agrochemicals and — due to their high nitrogen content — as a component for propellants and gas generators.Organoguanidines can be prepared from cyanamides or cyanogen chloride. They are used as building blocks for agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, and as curing agents for plastics and rubbers. Biguanides can be obtained from dicyanamide or cyanoguanidines, they are mainly used as pharmaceuticals and biocides.
Hair Preparations
Authors: Clausen Thomas , Schwan‐Jonczyk Annette , Lang Günther , Schuh Werner , Liebscher Klaus Dieter , Springob Christian , Franzke Michael , Balzer Wolfgang , Imhoff Sonja , Maresch Gerhard , Bimczok Rudolf 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.The Scalp and Hair2.1.Structure of the Skin and Hair Growth2.2.Structure of Hair2.2.1.Morphology2.2.2.Chemical and Physical Properties2.2.3.Natural Hair Color3.Hair Cleansing and Care Preparations3.1.Shampoos3.1.1.Composition3.1.1.1.Surfactants3.1.1.2.Other Constituents3.1.2.Types of Shampoo3.1.3.Dry Shampoos3.2.Conditioning Agents and Treatments4.Hairstyling Preparations4.1.Setting Lotions, Mousses, and Restructurants4.2.Hair Sprays4.3.Other Hairstyling Preparations4.3.1.Gels4.3.2.Waxes4.3.3.Emulsion‐Based Styling Products4.3.3.1.Creams and Pomades4.3.3.2.Gums/Puttys4.3.3.3.Serums5.Hair Coloring Preparations5.1.Bleaching5.2.Dyeing5.2.1.Dyeing with Dye Precursors5.2.2.Dyeing with Inorganic Compounds5.2.3.Dyeing with Direct Dyes5.2.4.Product Forms5.2.5.Testing Hair Dyes5.2.6.Dye‐Removal Preparations6.Waving6.1.Principles and Methods6.2.Permanent‐Wave Preparations6.2.1.Waving Preparations6.2.2.Neutralizers6.2.3.Notes on Use7.Hair Straightening Preparations8.Hair Removal8.1.Epilation and Permanent Hair Removal8.2.Depilation8.3.Shaving Aids9.Testing Methods10.Toxicology and Legal Aspects10.1.Toxicology10.1.1.Introduction10.1.2.Strategy for Safety Assessment of Cosmetics10.1.3.Test Methods10.1.3.1.Basic Principles10.1.3.2.Systemic Toxicity Studies10.1.3.3.Local Compatibility10.1.3.4.Sensitizing (Contact‐Allergenic) Potential10.1.3.5.Mutagenic/Genotoxic Potential10.1.3.6.Reproductive Toxicology10.1.3.7.Tumorigenic Potential10.1.3.8.Toxicokinetics10.1.4.Description of the Safety Assessment Process10.2.Legal Aspects10.2.1.General10.2.1.1.Legal Aspects in the European Union10.2.1.2.Legal Aspects in Other Countries10.2.2.Individual Hair Preparations
Heating Oil
Authors: Küchen Christian , Spitzmüller Knut 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Domestic Heating Oil

1.1.

Composition

1.2.

Quality Aspects

1.3.

Production

1.3.1.

Product and Processing

1.3.2.

Upgrading with Additives

1.4.

Uses and Heating Efficiency

1.5.

Product Specifications

1.6.

Storage and Transportation

1.7.

Environmental Protection

1.8.

Economic Aspects

2.

Residual Fuel Oil

2.1.

Composition and Properties

2.2.

Production

2.3.

Uses

2.4.

Quality Specifications, Testing, and Analysis

2.5.

Storage, Transportation, and Handling

2.6.

Environmental Protection

Domestic heating oil (domestic fuel oil, industrial gas oil) is an extra‐light liquid distillate fuel produced from crude oil in refineries. In some countries a certain percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) can be included. This fuel is used for commercial and industrial processes, and mainly for heating purposes in working areas and domestic accommodation. The fuel is burned in atomizing or vaporizing burners.
Domestic heating oil is a very common energy carrier in the domestic heating market of many European countries, in Northern America, and in Japan. As a result of emission legislation and technical requirements different products are available in different countries. Basically heating oils can be divided in three classes:1. Kerosene, 2. Standard heating oil, 3. Low‐sulfur heating oil.
The large volume and share of industrial gas oil in the total refinery stream (20 to 30 %) makes this product economically significant.
Melamine and Guanamines
Authors: Crews George M. , Ripperger Willi , Kersebohm Dietrich Burkhard , Güthner Thomas , Mertschenk Bernd 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties3.1.Thermal Behavior3.2.Hydrolysis3.3.Salt Formation3.4.Reaction with Aldehydes4.Production4.1.Low‐Pressure Processes4.1.1.BASF Process4.1.2.Chemie Linz Process4.1.3.Stamicarbon Process4.2.High‐Pressure Processes4.2.1.Melamine Chemicals Process4.2.2.Montedison (Ausind) Process4.2.3.Nissan Process5.Quality Specifications6.Chemical Analysis7.Storage and Transportation8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology11.Guanamines11.1.Production11.2.Uses11.3.ToxicologyMelamines (2,4,6‐triamino‐1,3,5‐triazines) are produced from urea. They are used in the fabrication of melamine – formaldehyde resins for laminating and adhesive applications. Melanine is used as cross‐linker in heat‐cured and high‐solids paint systems.Guanamines (2,4‐diamino‐1,3,5‐triazines) are produced from dicyandiamide and the corresponding nitrile by base‐catalyzed cyclocondensation. They are used in similar polymer applications as for melamine. They give a lower cross‐link density and higher flexibility because only two amino functionalities are present.
Printing Inks
Authors: Frank Erich , Rupp Rolf 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Typographic Printing2.1.Letterpress Printing2.1.1.Cylinder and Flatbed Printing2.1.2.Newspaper Letterpress Printing2.1.3.Indirect Letterpress and Dry Offset Printing2.2.Flexographic Printing2.2.1.Solvent‐Containing Flexographic Printing Inks2.2.2.Water‐Based Flexographic Systems2.2.3.UV‐Curing Flexographic Inks3.Planographic (Flatbed) Printing ‐ Offset Printing3.1.Sheet‐Fed Offset Printing3.1.1.Sheet‐Fed Metal Decoration Printing3.1.2.UV‐Curing Offset Inks3.2.Heatset Web Offset Printing3.3.Newspaper Offset Printing3.4.Fountain Solutions4.Gravure Printing4.1.Rotogravure4.1.1.Publication Gravure4.1.2.Packaging Gravure4.1.3.Special Gravure Inks4.2.Intaglio (Steel‐Plate Gravure)5.Screen Printing6.Multicolor Printing7.Properties and Testing of Printing Inks7.1.Fastness Properties7.2.Consistency8.Pigments8.1.Inorganic Pigments8.2.Organic Pigments8.3.Fillers and Extenders9.Economic AspectsPrinting inks for the graphics industry are preparations that are transferred to a substrate by means of a printing form. Printing can be either informative, as in texts, or decorative, as with ornaments or pictorial representations.Typographic printing includes the letterpress printing involving raised, hard printing elements and a paste printing ink, and flexographic printing with liquid, quickly drying inks. The offset printing is based on the mutual repulsion between water and fatty printing inks and allows even relatively rough materials to be printed. Other printing processes including gravure printing, screen printing, multicolor printing are described in detail.Pigments in the printing ink industry must fulfill several requirements concerning dispersibility, rheological properties, and transparency. The article gives a list of inorganic and organic pigments, as well as additives that are used in the printing ink technology. A survey of toxicity and economic aspects is also given.
Sodium Hydroxide
Authors: Kurt Cetin , Bittner Jürgen 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Properties

2.1.

Properties of Sodium Hydroxide

2.2.

Properties of Sodium Hydroxide Solution

3.

Production

3.1.

Production of Sodium Hydroxide Solution

3.2.

Production of Solid Sodium Hydroxide

3.3.

Forming

3.4.

Specifications

3.5.

Storage, Packaging, and Transportation

4.

Uses

5.

Safety Precautions

6.

Economic Aspects
Thiophene
Authors: Swanston Jonathan 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical and Chemical Properties

3.

Resources and Raw Materials

4.

Production

5.

Specifications, Transportation, Health and Safety

6.

Uses

6.1.

Acylated Thiophenes

6.2.

Halogenated Thiophenes

6.3.

Alkylthiophenes

6.4.

Amino‐ and Hydroxylthiophene Derivatives

6.5.

Reduced Thiophenes

6.6.

Miscellaneous Thiophenes

7.

Toxicology