bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple and Economical Method for Maintaining Precise, Programmable Thermal Regimes in Recirculating Aquatic Mesocosms
Authors: Schaefer Jacob F 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A programmable and networkable temperature control system was developed for recirculating aquatic mesocosms. The system allows for dynamic diel thermal regimes that are not possible with commercially available temperature controllers. In operation over 2 years from 2004 to 2006, the system has arrays of tanks that were maintained with stable, variable (constant diel cycle) and stochastic (random diel cycle) thermal regimes. As designed, the system's central computer logs the data and changes set points at regular intervals. Because the dual-stage temperature controllers can be operated over a network, the system is easily expanded to accommodate multiple setups. The controllers can also be operated over a wireless network if necessary. In cases in which greater heating and cooling rates are needed, more powerful equipment can be substituted with minimal change to the controller setup.
Natural Resource and Environmental Economics: A Retrospective View
Authors: Castle Emery N. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article reviews the methodological and theoretical foundations of natural resource and environmental economics prior to an examination of three examples of topics of current interest in the field. The three examples are nonmarket values, benefit—cost analysis, and the new institutional economics. The article draws on the review of contemporary work to identify a number of topics deserving of attention in subsequent work in this field. The items listed would have the effect of making future research more particular and less doctrinaire.
Niche Market Potential: The Case of the U.S. Craft Brewing Industry
Authors: Bastian Chris T. , Oakley-Simpson Deborah M. , McLeod Donald M. , Menkhaus Dale J. , Alsup Dan , Ogden Jeff , Whipple Glen D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis study examines craft brewers as a niche market for the malting industry. Results suggest that catering to craft brewers' needs and preferences offers potential opportunities for malt suppliers. Malt suppliers will have to increase services and provide differentiated malt products to increase demand from craft brewers. This may be a problem for a number of firms that have invested capital to supply large volumes of mass‐produced malt inputs. Malt barley producers may also be able to exploit niche markets as input suppliers to malting facilities.
Agricultural Research: Benefits and Beneficiaries of Alternative Funding Mechanisms
Authors: Huffman Wallace E. , Just Richard E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article analyzes alternative funding mechanisms for agricultural research and the benefits and beneficiaries of these approaches. Although other mechanisms exist, the discussion focuses on public formula and competitive grants programs, private‐sector contracts and grants, and revenue from sale of intellectual property rights (IPRs) or new products embodying innovations. Over the past two decades, agricultural research has been criticized for the noncompetitive nature of research fund allocations. Considerable evidence exists that the system has performed well for society. We conclude that the private sector should be permitted to carry out research that it finds profitable to undertake with minimal competition from the public sector. The public research institutions should focus on general and pretechnology science programs that complement private research‐and‐development (R&D) activities and conduct applied research in areas in which innovations are socially beneficial but not privately profitable. The mechanism for channeling public funds to researchers (e.g., formula, competitive grants, or earmarks) can be expected to affect the types of benefits/impacts of agricultural research conducted and the efficiency of the research activity. Issues remain about the emphasis on process versus substance in the R&D funding debate. However, available evidence does not suggest the elimination of traditional funding mechanisms for public agricultural research.
Potential Entry of Chile into NAFTA: Are There Lessons from U.S./Mexican Fruit and Vegetable Trade?
Authors: Stanton Julie V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAlthough the Clinton administration has been unable to obtain fast‐track negotiating authority, eventual expansion of free trade in the hemisphere is likely, and the U.S. position might be affected by the failure to negotiate Chile's entry into NAFTA. One hurdle to broad‐based support for Chile's entry is U.S. horticulture producers' claims of “injury” from NAFTA trade. We argue that (a) considerable empirical evidence acquits NAFTA of these charges, (b) liberalizing Chile's strict trade barriers should yield significant U.S. gains, and (c) NAFTA's combined trade‐investment reform facilitates U.S. foreign agricultural investment. Together these benefits imply that resistance to Chile's entry is unwarranted.
New Process for Preparing Tire Tread Compounds Having Low Rolling Resistance
Authors: Hirakawa H. , Ahagon A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Two-stage mixing when applied to blends of Chlorobutyl Rubber (C1-IIR), Natural Rubber (NR), and Polybutadiene Rubber (BR), can produce tread compounds exhibiting a combination of very low hysteresis, good wet skid resistance, and good abrasion resistance. In the first stage, about half the raw rubber, including all C1-IIR and BR, is mixed with most of the carbon black to form a very high carbon black stock. In the second stage, the first-stage stock is diluted with the remaining NR. Curatives, etc., are added on the mill. Tests on radial tires for automobiles confirm the advantages of the two-stage mixed tri-rubber blend tread compounds.
Mallory Tube Test: Analyses of Deformation and Heat Generation
Authors: Beringer C. W. , Kwon Y. D. , Prevorsek D. C. , Causa A. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Experimental observations of the cyclic deformation and temperature rise in Mallory tubes during testing are described. The analyses of the data explain the temperature rise in terms of heat generated by the cord and rubber during the cyclic deformation. Using the measured temperature rise and the heat generative characteristics of cord and rubber, the effective strain amplitude of the cyclic deformation is calculated. This effective strain amplitude is compared and found to be consistent with the strain amplitude measured from photographs of the tube contour during testing. The study also reviews some of the factors affecting the results of the test and proposes an explanation for the differences in durability between tubes reinforced with nylon 6 and nylon 66..
Analysis and Computation of Energy Loss in Radial Tires
Authors: Chakko M. K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A comprehensive but simple analytical model for predicting the energy loss in radial tires is presented. Using approximate structural analysis, the model relates the basic material properties and construction variables of the tire to its energy loss or rolling resistance. The formulas developed were computer-programmed, and the tire rolling resistance and its distribution among the components of a typical radial automobile tire were computed. The significant contributions to rolling resistance were from tread compression, carcass cord extension and bending, and sidewall rubber bending. Parametric studies using the computer program were carried out to obtain the trends in rolling resistance due to changes in several tire material properties and construction variables. The computations also showed the existence of locally optimum values for the tread modulus, carcass cord modulus, and carcass cord end count which minimize the tire rolling resistance.
Contact Loading of a Rubber Disk
Authors: Ridha R. A. , Satyamurthy K. , Hirschfelt L. R. , Holle R. E. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A computational method is described for the analysis of deformable bodies loaded against rigid surfaces. The deformable body is modeled by three-dimensional isoparametric elements. A contact algorithm determines the nodes that come into contact with each loading step; the finite element analysis computes the size and shape of the footprint and the distribution of contact pressure in the footprint. The procedure is illustrated by analysis of the contact of a rubber disk. The close agreement, shown between the computed and measured results for the rubber disk, demonstrates the potential of the technique for 3D contact analysis of pneumatic tires.
Determination of Tire-Road Friction Coefficients for Skid Mark Analysis
Authors: Garrott W. R. , Guenther D. A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
An experimental study was made to compare the validities of methods currently used by accident reconstructionists to determine the coefficient of friction between the road and the vehicle tires at the time of an incident. This value could then be used in conjunction with skid mark length and vehicle weight to calculate the prebraking speed of the vehicle. Three automobiles and three trucks with a variety of tires and loadings were used on a variety of pavements. The accuracy and area of applicability of each of four methods for obtaining friction coefficients were determined by relating the prebraking speed calculated from each to the actual speed at the time of brake application. All four methods were satisfactory for automobiles and the pickup truck used, but only two were acceptable for heavy trucks. The most valid coefficients are obtained from skid mark lengths obtained under conditions duplicating those in an incident.
Interactive Graphics for the Analysis of Tires
Authors: Prabhakaran R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The finite element method, which is a numerical discretization technique for obtaining approximate solutions to complex physical problems, is accepted in many industries as the primary tool for structural analysis. Computer graphics is an essential ingredient of the finite element analysis process. The use of interactive graphics techniques for analysis of tires is discussed in this presentation. The features and capabilities of the program used for pre- and post-processing for finite element analysis at GenCorp are included.
Pantographing Self-Adaptive Gap Elements
Authors: Padovan J. , Moscarello R. , Stafford J. , Tabaddor F. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A pantographing self-adaptive gap element type contact strategy is presented. Due to the manner of its formulation, it can handle large deformations in the contact zone, contact initiation in a structure that has either positive or indefinite stiffness characteristics, kinematic and material nonlinearities, as well as self-adaptive load (time) stepping. Contact in pre- and post-buckling structures can be treated in this context. Several illustrative benchmark problems are given. These include coming into contact with a fiat surface, and involve large deformation kinematics and inelastic behavior as well as pre- and post-buckling stiffness characteristics.
Displacements and Stresses Resulting from Contact of a Steel Belted Radial Tire with a Flat Surface
Authors: DeEskinazi J. , Yang T. Y. , Soedel W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The displacements and stresses in a steel belted radial tire in contact with a flat surface are analyzed by the use of the finite element method. The tire configuration is modeled by using flat triangular plate elements. The radial profile is divided into four zones and each zone is assumed to be piecewise homogeneous. The material properties for each zone are obtained directly from a separate experimental study. Such laminate property is included in the formulation of the stiffness matrix of the triangular plate element. An incremental stiffness matrix based on the quadratic terms in the strain-displacement equations is also formulated for the element. The geometrically nonlinear behavior of the finite element model is predicted by a linear incremental procedure. The distributions of displacement, membrane stress, and bending stress throughout the tire are computed. The results for sidewall deflections resulting from inflation and the spring constant of the tire are compared with experimental measurements.
Road Surface Bulk Water Drainage—A Theoretical Study
Authors: Bond R. , Lees G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A theoretical approach to bulk water drainage properties at the tire/road surface interface for a freely rotating tire is presented. The results show that it is possible to optimize the road surface macrotexture conditions (aggregate size, aggregate spacing, and absolute texture depth) to give the minimum time for removal of bulk water from the interface yet give the maximum possible actual area of contact between the tire and road surface to obtain the maximum possible friction levels.
A Study on Asymmetries in Tire Forces
Authors: Galli E. , Raggi R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A formalism has been developed to analyze tire force data when asymmetries resulting from the intrinsic characteristics of the tires occur. Identifying and eliminating spurious signals from the measuring equipment has been found to be simple. The formalism is based on the decomposition of the force in independent terms, characterized by well-defined symmetry properties. As an application, lateral force asymmetries are analyzed. Further, the concepts of pseudocamber and pseudoslip are generalized to include slip angles different from zero.
Relationship of Tire Rolling Resistance to the Viscoelastic Properties of the Tread Rubber
Authors: Lou A. Y. C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
For radial and belted bias automobile tires having replicate bodies but different tread materials, the rolling resistance force was found to be nearly a linear function of the tread material loss ratio (fractional hysteresis) measured at either constant strain or constant stress. Loss ratio is calculated as the ratio of energy loss (hysteresis) to total energy input obtained from constant crosshead speed (sawtooth) loading cycles on an Instron tester. Good correlation was also observed between rolling resistance force and a viscoelastic index (loss tangent) obtained from sinusoidal strain cycles on a Rheovibron instrument. When related to energy loss of the tread, rolling resistance showed good correlation only for a series of natural rubber compounds of varied black content; a tread based on a solution styrene-butadiene rubber polymer fell outside the natural rubber pattern.
A Note on Tire Carcass Mechanical Properties
Authors: Tielking J. T. , Martin R. E. , Schapery R. A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Uniaxial stress tests were conducted on composite specimens cut from two different locations on a bias tire carcass. These data together with cord data, the Halpin-Tsai “micromechanics” equations, and the linear laminate constitutive equations are used to derive the in-situ rubber modulus as a function of time and to check for consistency among the specimens tested. The main purpose of the first part of the study was to obtain constituent material properties for use in a finite element model of a tire. This model is then employed in the investigation of the influence of uniform rubber modulus on the shape of an inflated tire carcass, and it is concluded that the strain and time dependence of the rubber modulus will introduce some error in a tire structural analysis that uses linear elastic stress-strain equations and permits geometric nonlinearity. It appears that the error will be minimal in a low strain region such as in the sidewall.
The Adequacy of Linear Models in Tread Life Testing
Authors: Wright C. T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper examines the assumption of linearity in the application of regression techniques to tread wear data. Data from several sources provide evidence that tread wear is only approximately linear. Linear models appear to be adequate after a sufficient break-in period whose length depends on the nature of the test. When linear models are used to compare the tread life potential of a test tire to that of a control tire, both tires must have had the same testing exposure or else the rate of wear may be overestimated.
A Note on Patterns of Wear Within the Tread Area
Authors: Brenner F. C. , Kondo A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tread wear data are frequently fitted by a straight line having average groove depth as the ordinate and mileage as the abscissa. The authors have observed that the data points are not randomly scattered about the line but exist in runs of six or seven points above the line followed by the same number below the line. Attempts to correlate these cyclic deviations with climatic data failed. Harmonic content analysis of the data for each individual groove showed strong periodic behavior. Groove 1, a shoulder groove, had two important frequencies at 40 960 and 20 480 km (25 600 and 12 800 miles); Grooves 2 and 3, the inside grooves, had important frequencies at 10 240, 13 760, and 20 480 km (6400, 8600, and 12 800 miles), with Groove 4 being similar. A hypothesis is offered as a possible explanation for the phenomenon.
Prediction of Tire Tread Wear Rate and Tread Wear Rate Differences
Authors: Dudley E. A. , Bauer R. F. , Reilly P. M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A method is presented for the analysis of tread wear test data, having the principal aim of predicting the ultimate tread life from results of a test suspended near the halfway mark. This method uses standard regression analysis of a suitable model followed by Bayesian inference to produce subjective probability distributions of predicted tread depth and their associated uncertainty.
Simplified Prediction of Ply Steer in Radial Tires
Authors: Bert C. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Ply steer is a rolling contact phenomenon which manifests itself as a lateral force acting at the ground plane of a tire constrained in yaw or a change in slip angle of a tire free to yaw. It has long been known that radial tires generally exhibit greater ply steer than do bias tires. However, the only previously published quantitative analysis of this phenomenon considered the multi-layer cord-rubber composite by means of netting analysis, which is not very accurate at cord angles typical of radial tire belts. A simple, explicit expression is developed herein by combining modern composite laminate theory with two very simple, uniform-stress-state tire-road contact models. The ply-steer results predicted by the resulting expressions are compared with some experimental results and the agreement is found to be reasonably satisfactory.
A Thermomechanical Approach to Tire Power Loss Modeling
Authors: Whicker D. , Browne A. L. , Segalman D. J. , Wickliffe L. E. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The increasing emphasis on improving fuel economy has created a need for a good analytical model for predicting tire power loss. Some of the existing tire power loss models are first reviewed and deficiencies noted, principal among these being the constitutive theory used to characterize tire materials, the model for the tire-pavement interaction, the model to account for the changing thermal state of the tire, and the model representing the interaction between the thermal and the mechanical states of the tire. The characteristics of an ideal power loss model are then outlined, its conceptual basis is presented, and the specific tasks needed to develop it and eliminate the previously listed deficiencies are discussed. Required experimental inputs to the model are enumerated. Finally, preliminary results are presented which demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
Patterns of Tread Wear and Estimated Tread Life
Authors: Brenner F. C. , Kondo A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tire wear data from two tread wear tests on different courses have been analyzed to determine how patterns of wear are affected by the course. The coefficient of variation (CV) was used as a measure of irregular wear. Tires which exhibited irregular wear (large CV) exhibited the same pattern of wear on both courses; that is, the location of the fastest wearing ribs was unchanged. Those that wore more evenly showed distinct differences in wear pattern on the two courses although all ribs wore at about the same rate. However, some of the changes observed for particular brands of tires may have been the result of tire design changes. Tread life was projected for tires based on the fastest disappearing groove and on the average of all groove depth readings. The rankings of the tires by both methods on the two courses were highly correlated; there does not appear to be any advantage to one method over the other for relative rating.
Analysis of the Wear of Multisectioned Tire Treads
Authors: Derringer G. C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The meaningfulness of multisectioned tire tests has been the subject of considerable controversy for many years. In this exposition analysis of the data from such tests is discussed from a statistician's point of view. The applicable statistical model for analyzing such data is discussed, as well as data transformation and estimation of tire-compound interaction effects. It is concluded that, given the proper analysis, multisectioned tire tests are a valid means for comparing treadwear of several compounds.
Resonant Sound and Vibration Characteristics of a Truck Tire
Authors: Reiter W. F. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Bias ply truck tire resonant vibration and sound fields were evaluated in the laboratory by standard vibration and sound measurement procedures. Four resonances were isolated between 90 and 250 Hz. Analysis of the sound and vibration fields showed that each isolated resonant mode radiates acoustic energy like a simple source. The modes investigated were determined to be acoustically slow with the attendant acoustic radiation emanating from a region within ¼ wavelength of the tire footprint.
Uniformity of Tires at Vehicle Operating Speeds
Authors: Walker J. C. , Reeves N. H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The general trend of the forces generated by a nonuniform tire and wheel as a function of speed has been available for several years. As a rule it has been found that the first harmonic of the force variation is the greatest single contributory factor in those vehicle shake problems originating at the tire and wheel. The paper shows how the first harmonic varies with speed for a batch of tires, and, in particular, discusses the phase and amplitude relationship between longitudinal force variation and radial force variation with speed; a mathematical analysis is given. Attempts to counteract the high speed nonuniformity forces by using balance weights on the wheel are reported. The relative effect of the tire and the wheel is considered. Also, the application of this work as a vehicle shake diagnostic technique to isolate tire wheel assembly and vehicle effects is discussed.
Tire Testing for Rolling Resistance and Fuel Economy
Authors: Glemming D. A. , Bowers P. A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The rolling resistance of tires and the fundamental factors influencing rolling resistance during laboratory and road testing are discussed. Test methodologies for vehicle fuel consumption, vehicle coast-down, rolling resistance trailer measurements, and laboratory testing are described. This paper is confined to passenger tire characteristics and deals primarily with test techniques, although some observations are made regarding tire construction, the effect of environment, comparison of test methods, test parameter effects, and the interrelationships between various test modes.