bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Staging of Neurofibrillary Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease: A Study of the BrainNet Europe Consortium
Authors: Alafuzoff Irina , Arzberger Thomas , Al‐Sarraj Safa , Bodi Istvan , Bogdanovic Nenad , Braak Heiko , Bugiani Orso , Del‐Tredici Kelly , Ferrer Isidro , Gelpi Ellen , Giaccone Giorgio , Graeber Manuel B. , Ince Paul , Kamphorst Wouter , King Andrew , Korkolopoulou Penelope , Kovács Gábor G. , Larionov Sergey , Meyronet David , Monoranu Camelia , Parchi Piero , Patsouris Efstratios , Roggendorf Wolfgang , Seilhean Danielle , Tagliavini Fabrizio , Stadelmann Christine , Streichenberger Nathalie , Thal Dietmar R. , Wharton Stephen B , Kretzschmar Hans 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIt has been recognized that molecular classifications will form the basis for neuropathological diagnostic work in the future. Consequently, in order to reach a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau (HP‐tau) and β‐amyloid protein in brain tissue must be unequivocal. In addition, the stepwise progression of pathology needs to be assessed. This paper deals exclusively with the regional assessment of AD‐related HP‐tau pathology. The objective was to provide straightforward instructions to aid in the assessment of AD‐related immunohistochemically (IHC) detected HP‐tau pathology and to test the concordance of assessments made by 25 independent evaluators. The assessment of progression in 7‐µm‐thick sections was based on assessment of IHC labeled HP‐tau immunoreactive neuropil threads (NTs). Our results indicate that good agreement can be reached when the lesions are substantial, i.e., the lesions have reached isocortical structures (stage V–VI absolute agreement 91%), whereas when only mild subtle lesions were present the agreement was poorer (I–II absolute agreement 50%). Thus, in a research setting when the extent of lesions is mild, it is strongly recommended that the assessment of lesions should be carried out by at least two independent observers.
Self‐Esteem: A Human Solution to the Problem of Death
Authors: Schimel Jeff , Landau Mark , Hayes Joseph 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTerror management theory (TMT) posits that the need for self‐esteem develops out of the socialization process in which children learn to abide by parental and, eventually, societal standards of ‘goodness’ to feel securely embedded in a cultural belief system. According to TMT, feeling safely immersed in a meaningful conception of reality (i.e., the cultural worldview) ultimately functions to protect people from anxiety due to the uniquely human capacity to be cognizant of their eventual death. After presenting the basic tenets of this perspective, we review several lines of research supporting it and then address some common questions and criticisms of the theory such as how is a TMT view of anxiety consistent with evolutionary principles, why do people commit suicide, and how is self‐esteem pursued in non‐Western, self‐effacing cultures? Finally, we discuss some implications of TMT for understanding social problems and for pursuing meaning and self‐esteem in healthier, more socially productive ways.
Expression of a Functional Single-Chain Variable-Fragment Antibody against Complement Receptor 1 inStreptococcus gordonii
Authors: Knight Jennifer B. , Halperin Scott A. , West Kenneth A. , Lee Song F. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTStreptococcus gordonii, an oral commensal organism, is a candidate vector for oral-vaccine development. Previous studies have shown that recombinantS. gordoniiexpressing heterologous antigens was weakly immunogenic when delivered intranasally. In this study, antigen was specifically targeted to antigen-presenting cells (APC) in order to potentiate antigen-APC interactions and increase the humoral immune response to the antigen. To achieve this goal, a single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) antibody against complement receptor 1 (CR1) was constructed. Anti-CR1 scFv purified fromEscherichia coliwas able to bind to mouse mixed lymphocytes and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. The in vivo function of the anti-CR1 scFv protein was assessed by immunizing mice intranasally with soluble scFv and determining the immune response against the hemagglutinin (HA) peptide located on the carboxy terminus of the scFv. The serum anti-HA immunoglobulin G (IgG) immune response was dose dependent; as little as 100 ng of anti-CR1 scFv induced a significant IgG immune response, while such a response was minimal when the animals were given an unrelated scFv. The anti-CR1 scFv was expressed inS. gordoniias a secreted protein, which was functional, as it bound to dendritic cells. Mice orally colonized by the anti-CR1-secretingS. gordoniiproduced an anti-HA IgG immune response, indicating that such an approach can be used to increase the immune response to antigens produced by this bacterium.
Evaluation of a Rapid New Stool Antigen Test for Diagnosis of
Helicobacter pylori
Infection in Adult Patients
Authors: Krausse Rea , Müller G. , Doniec M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

The evaluation of a new rapid stool antigen test showed different levels of sensitivity for final readings of test results at 20 min (59.1%) and 30 min (76.9%). Significant differences in performance were observed between the two sexes and the various age categories, with higher efficiency in male patients and young adults. Generally, this test is efficient and can be used to detect
H. pylori
infection in adults. However, further studies are required to confirm its accuracy.
Roles of LEF-4 and PTP/BVP RNA Triphosphatases in Processing of Baculovirus Late mRNAs
Authors: Li Yi , Guarino Linda A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

The baculovirus
Autographa californica
nucleopolyhedrovirus encodes two proteins with RNA triphosphatase activity. Late expression factor LEF-4, which is an essential gene, is a component of the RNA polymerase and also encodes the RNA capping enzyme guanylyltransferase. PTP/BVP is also an RNA triphosphatase, but is not essential for viral replication, possibly because its activity is redundant to that of LEF-4. To elucidate the role of these proteins in mRNA cap formation, a mutant virus that lacked both RNA triphosphatase activities was constructed. Infection studies revealed that the double-mutant virus was viable and normal with respect to the production of budded virus. Pulse-labeling studies and immunoblot analyses showed that late gene expression in the double mutant was equivalent to that in the wild type, while polyhedrin expression was slightly reduced. Direct analysis of the mRNA cap structure indicated no alteration of cap processing in the double mutant. Together, these results reveal that baculoviruses replicate and express their late genes at normal levels in the absence of its two different types of RNA triphosphatases.
Impacts of cathodic protection on pipe break probabilities: a Toronto case study
Authors: Schuster C. J. , McBean E. A. 
Published: March 2008

The pipe break database of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), dating from 1960, is used to quantify the impacts of cathodic protection (CP) on the frequency of pipe breaks. The findings demonstrate that the average time between pipe breaks increases by up to an average of almost 4 years for ductile iron pipes after CP is placed on a pipe. Further, the probability of a pipe break occurring 10 years after the application of CP decreases in comparison with pipes that have not been cathodically protected. The cost savings for CP are substantial, with the repair costs (including the cost of CP implementation) decreasing to one-third for ductile iron (DI) pipes of 150 mm diameter and to one-half for DI pipes of 300 mm diameter. The cost savings for cast iron (CI) pipes are not as dramatic, but still demonstrate a reduction to 60% of the repair costs for 150 mm diameter pipes and to 70% of the repair costs for 300 mm diameter pipes.
Strategic pathways for the sustainable management of water treatment plant residuals
Authors: Walsh M.E. , Lake C.B. , Gagnon G.A. 
Published: April 2008

In North America, the rapid movement away from the direct discharge of water treatment plant (WTP) residual streams to receiving environments has resulted in considerable benefits to the drinking water industry in terms of enhancing environmental stewardship practices and supporting source water protection strategies. Over the past 20 years, application based research on appropriate technologies to treat residual streams such as filter backwash water (FBWW) has promoted the development of integrated process design that presents recycling as a viable residual management option. However, as utilities continue to develop and expand their main process lines to comply with more stringent government regulations encompassing both water quality and residual disposal practices, the development of sustainable residual management practices is expected to become a more prominent issue for this industry. The purpose of this paper is to present, from a critical point of view, the matrix of issues that currently exist regarding WTP residual streams and strategic pathways that would enhance future decision making processes for achieving long-term residual management solutions for the drinking water industry.
Distribution of 3-hydroxy oxylipins and acetylsalicylic acid sensitivity in Cryptococcus species
Authors: Sebolai Olihile M. , Pohl Carolina H. , Botes Piet J. , van Wyk Pieter W.J. , Mzizi Refilwe , Swart Chantel W. , Kock Johan L.F. 
Published: April 2008

Using a well tested antibody specific for 3-hydroxy oxylipins, we mapped the presence of these oxylipins in selected Cryptococcus ( Filobasidiella ) species. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies revealed that these compounds are deposited on cell wall surfaces, appendages, and collarettes. In vitro studies revealed that growth of Cryptococcus species was inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid (which is known to inhibit mitochondrial function, including the production of 3-hydroxy oxylipins) at concentrations as low as 1 mmol/L. The results suggest that acetylsalicylic acid is effective in controlling the growth of tested pathogens, probably by targeting their mitochondria. This study further expands the known function of this anti-inflammatory drug as anti-fungal agent.
Microarray analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae gene expression changes to human lung epithelial cells
Authors: Song Xin-Ming , Connor Wayne , Jalal Shakiba , Hokamp Karsten , Potter Andrew A. 
Published: April 2008

Streptococcus pneumoniae infection starts from the respiratory tract where interaction with host epithelial cells occurs. To gain more insights on pneumococcal pathogenesis, an oligonucleotide (oligo)-based microarray was used to investigate gene expression changes of one serotype 3 encapsulated pathogenic S. pneumoniae strain 82 and one unencapsulated avirulent S. pneumoniae strain R6 upon exposure to human lung epithelial cells (A549) for 1 and 3 h, respectively. We observed that genes associated with many functional categories were differentially regulated in strain 82, such as genes in pathogenesis, cell envelope, transcription, translation, transport, metabolism, and unknown functions. In contrast, few genes were changed in strain R6 except for genes in ribonucleotide biosynthesis and unknown functions. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed the microarray results for most of the genes tested. To further characterize functions of the selected genes, knockout mutants were constructed in strain R6. We demonstrated that 2 genetic loci, SP_2170 (AdcB, zinc ABC transporter) and SP_0157 (hypothetical protein), were involved in adherence to A549 cells. These data suggest that divergent gene expression changes occur in S. pneumoniae pathogenic and avirulent strains during interaction with human lung epithelial cells. Some of those genes are involved in pneumococcal pathogenesis.
Constructing Retrospective Gridded Daily Precipitation and Temperature Datasets for the Conterminous United States
Authors: Di Luzio Mauro , Johnson Gregory L. , Daly Christopher , Eischeid Jon K. , Arnold Jeffrey G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper presents and evaluates a method for the construction of long-range and wide-area temporal spatial datasets of daily precipitation and temperature (maximum and minimum). This method combines the interpolation of daily ratios/fractions derived from ground-based meteorological station records and respective fields of monthly estimates. Data sources for the described implementation over the conterminous United States (CONUS) are two independent and quality-controlled inputs: 1) an enhanced compilation of daily observations derived from the National Climatic Data Center digital archives and 2) the Parameter–Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) maps. The results of this study show that this nonconventional interpolation preserves the spatial and temporal distribution of both the PRISM maps (monthly, topography-sensitive patterns) and the original daily observations. Statistics of a preliminary point comparison with the observed values at high-quality and independent reference sites show a reasonable agreement and a noticeable improvement over the nearest station method in orographically sensitive areas. The implemented datasets provide daily precipitation and temperature values at 2.5-min (around 4 km) resolution for 1960–2001. Combining seamless spatial and temporal coverage and topographic sensitivity characteristics, the datasets offer the potential for supporting current and future regional and historical hydrologic assessments over the CONUS.
Composite Atmospheric Environments of Jet Contrail Outbreaks for the United States
Authors: Carleton Andrew M. , Travis David J. , Master Kara , Vezhapparambu Sajith 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe cirrus-level “condensation trails” (contrails) produced by jet aircraft are considered to influence surface climate and its recent changes. To reveal the synoptic atmospheric environments typically associated with multiple co-occurrences of contrails occurring in otherwise clear or partly cloudy skies (outbreaks) for the United States, and ultimately to assist in forecasting these events, a composite (i.e., multicase average) “synoptic climatology” at regional scales is developed for the midseason months (January, April, July, October) of 2000–02. The NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data that emphasize upper-troposphere (UT) variables are allied with manually identified outbreaks appearing on satellite Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer digital data, using a geographic information system. The highest frequencies of outbreaks by far occur in the Midwest (32.6% of all-U.S. total), followed by the Northeast (17.6%) and Southeast (17.2%). In these regions, all of which have a high density of jet air traffic, an additional 2% cirrus cloud coverage from outbreak-related contrails is inferred. Large interannual and interseasonal variations in contrail outbreak frequencies support the role of meteorological variations. For most regions, the outbreak-associated synoptic circulation composite conditions involve UT ridging and a higher and colder tropopause than the climatological average; meridionally enhanced gradients of the UT vertical motion, located between sinking air to the east (in the ridge) and rising air to the west, in advance of a trough; similarly strong gradients of mid–upper-troposphere humidity, comprising dry air located to the east and moist air to the west; and horizontal speed shear ahead of an advancing jet stream. Notwithstanding, there is a geography (i.e., areal differentiation) to contrail outbreak environments: composites for the Northeast suggest an influence of land–sea contrasts on synoptic systems and, therefore, on contrail outbreaks. For the Northwest, there is evident a greater impact of horizontal wind shear contrasted with other regions. The synoptic climatology results are supported by the all-U.S. averages of contrail outbreak UT conditions [climate diagnostics (CDNs)] previously determined for early–mid-September periods of 1995–2001. Moreover, a comparison of these CDNs with those derived for nearby thick natural clouds, including cirrus, helps to clarify their different synoptic associations: the UT conditions typical of thick clouds represent an intensification of those associated with contrail outbreaks and include the greater upward vertical motion, moister air, and stronger westerly winds characteristic of a trough. Given the location of most contrail outbreaks downstream of multilayered cloud systems, contrails may help to extend the “natural” cirrus and cirrostratus spatial coverage.
Vertical Velocities and Available Potential Energy Generated by Landscape Variability—Theory
Authors: Baldi M. , Dalu G. A. , Pielke R. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
It is shown that landscape variability decreases the temperature in the surface layer when, through mesoscale flow, cool air intrudes over warm patches, lifting warm air and weakening the static stability of the upper part of the planetary boundary layer. This mechanism generates regions of upward vertical motion and a sizable amount of available potential energy and can make the environment of the lower troposphere more favorable to cloud formation. This process is enhanced by light ambient wind through the generation of trapped propagating waves, which penetrate into the midtropospheric levels, transporting upward the thermal perturbations and weakening the static stability around the top of the boundary layer. At moderate ambient wind speeds, the presence of surface roughness changes strengthens the wave activity, further favoring the vertical transport of the thermal perturbations. When the intensity of the ambient wind is larger than 5 m s−1, the vertical velocities induced by the surface roughness changes prevail over those induced by the diabatic flux changes. The analysis is performed using a linear theory in which the mesoscale dynamics are forced by the diurnal diabatic sensible heat flux and by the surface stress. Results are shown as a function of ambient flow intensity and of the wavelength of a sinusoidal landscape variability.
Climatic Controls and Hydrologic Impacts of a Recent Extreme Seasonal Precipitation Reversal in Arizona
Authors: Goodrich Gregory B. , Ellis Andrew W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The winter (December–February) of 2005/06 ranked as the driest in the instrumental record (since 1895) for nearly all regions of Arizona. The city of Phoenix, Arizona, recorded no precipitation during this time period, which was part of a record dry streak of 143 days without measurable precipitation. More important, the Salt and Verde watersheds, which supply the greater Phoenix area with approximately 50% of its water supply, received less than 3% of normal precipitation. Remarkably, this historically dry winter was preceded by the second wettest winter on record in 2004/05, a winter that filled reservoirs statewide and ameliorated a drought that has persisted since 1996 in some parts of the state. This study begins with a brief overview of the historical context of such reversals of extreme seasonal precipitation in Arizona followed by an analysis of the teleconnective impacts. The authors find that while an extreme reversal such as this has only happened once before in Arizona (1904/05 and 1905/06), there is a trend for increasing variability in winter precipitation from one year to the next in Arizona, especially since the 1960s. Large reversals of winter precipitation are followed by large reversals of the opposite sign in the summer monsoon more than 75% of the time. In general, large dry-to-wet reversals are associated with neutral ENSO–to–neutral ENSO conditions or a neutral ENSO–to–El Niño transition, whereas wet-to-dry reversals are associated with an El Niño–to–La Niña transition or, more commonly, with an El Niño–to–neutral ENSO transition. In addition, changes in the sign of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation, eastern Pacific oscillation, and Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern are all significantly associated with precipitation reversals. During the seven winters when neutral ENSO and strongly positive PNA coexist, large wet-to-dry reversals occur in every case and nearly all rank among the largest such reversals. It is suggested that small reservoirs are more at risk for increasing climatic volatility than are large reservoirs.
Regional Impacts of Future Land-Cover Changes on the Amazon Basin Wet-Season Climate
Authors: Ramos da Silva Renato , Werth David , Avissar Roni 
Published: March 2008

AbstractState-of-the-art socioeconomic scenarios of land-cover change in the Amazon basin for the years 2030 and 2050 are used together with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to simulate the hydrometeorological changes caused by deforestation in that region under diverse climatological conditions that include both El Niño and La Niña events. The basin-averaged rainfall progressively decreases with the increase of deforestation from 2000 to 2030, 2050, and so on, to total deforestation by the end of the twenty-first century. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of rainfall is significantly affected by both the land-cover type and topography. While the massively deforested region experiences an important decrease of precipitation, the areas at the edge of that region and at elevated regions receive more rainfall. Propagating squall lines over the massively deforested region dissipate before reaching the western part of the basin, causing a significant decrease of rainfall that could result in a catastrophic collapse of the ecosystem in that region. The basin experiences much stronger precipitation changes during El Niño events as deforestation increases. During these periods, deforestation in the western part of the basin induces a very significant decrease of precipitation. During wet years, however, deforestation has a minor overall impact on the basin climatology.
Improving Multiseason Forecasts of North Atlantic Hurricane Activity
Authors: Elsner James B. , Jagger Thomas H. , Dickinson Michael , Rowe Dail 
Published: March 2008

AbstractHurricanes cause drastic social problems as well as generate huge economic losses. A reliable forecast of the level of hurricane activity covering the next several seasons has the potential to mitigate against such losses through improvements in preparedness and insurance mechanisms. Here a statistical algorithm is developed to predict North Atlantic hurricane activity out to 5 yr. The algorithm has two components: a time series model to forecast average hurricane-season Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST), and a regression model to forecast the hurricane rate given the predicted SST value. The algorithm uses Monte Carlo sampling to generate distributions for the predicted SST and model coefficients. For a given forecast year, a predicted hurricane count is conditional on a sampled predicted value of Atlantic SST. Thus forecasts are samples of hurricane counts for each future year. Model skill is evaluated over the period 1997–2005 and compared against climatology, persistence, and other multiseasonal forecasts issued during this time period. Results indicate that the algorithm will likely improve on earlier efforts and perhaps carry enough skill to be useful in the long-term management of hurricane risk.