bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Composite or “Assemble-it-Yourself” Censer: A New Lowland Maya Variety of the Three-Pronged Incense Burner
Authors: Borhegyi Stephan F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA slit-sided, tubular “incense burner” with three holes in the top, three solid, curved and tapering cylinders called “chili-mashers,” and a flat, striated dish called a “griddle” or “comal”from sealed Cache B3 at San Jose, British Honduras are presented as separate units of a composite Lowland Maya variety of the three-pronged incense burner known from Highland Maya sites. Only the “comal”shows signs of burning. The cylinders are removable prongs which fit the holes in the top of the tubular “censer,” and the “comal” rests on the prongs as the cover on which the incense was burned. Thus, many so-called censers are probably stands or supports rather than receptacles for burning incense. A classification is offered for the several forms of the composite three-pronged censer which is distributed throughout the Maya Lowlands primarily during the Classic period. Since the San Jose “griddles” shown here to be censer covers are the only “comales”claimed for the Maya Lowlands, this identification establishes the pre-16th century absence of thecomaland the tortilla in the lowland area. Doubt is also expressed that thecomalforms of Highland Guatemala were used for making tortillas.
The Smelting of Sulfide Ores of Copper in Preconquest Peru
Authors: Caley Earle R. , Easby Dudley T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDoubts that the Peruvian Indians could smelt copper ores in pre-Columbian times are unjustified, although archaeological evidence for the very effective wind furnaces described by early chroniclers is scanty. Oxide and carbonate ores from shallow deposits are more simply smelted than the sulfide ores, which required roasting of the crushed ore prior to reduction at a higher temperature. New evidence for the smelting of sulfide ore comes from chemical analysis of an ingot from the Province of lea, and suggests the need for restudy of older analyses and a search for new prehistoric metallurgical evidence.
New Light on the Midland Discovery
Authors: Wendorf Fred , Krieger Alex D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAdditional excavation in 1955 confirmed the previously reported stratigraphic sequence at Midland, Texas. Within the gray sand, which had yielded a fragmentary human calvarium, there were found additional flint flakes, burned rocks, and animal bones. Besides several small mammals, a four-horned antelope (probably Capromeryx) was present in the gray sand; horse bones occurred in the gray sand and overlying red sand. These finds make the two radiocarbon dates published in the 1955 Midland report, giving an age of about 7000 years to the gray sand, even less acceptable than previously thought. Experimental dating by the uranium daughter products technique suggests an age of about 20,000 years for the gray sand, somewhat excessive in terms of cultural correlations although supported by a single radiocarbon date and not unreasonable for the faunal assemblage. Ten radiocarbon dates from the Midland, Blackwater Draw, Lubbock Lake, and Plainview sites are discussed in terms of three possible correlations of the geological, climatic, faunal, and cultural events in the Southern High Plains.
An Analysis and Interpretation of the Ceramic Remains from a Number of Sites in Horry County, South Carolina
Authors: Miller Carl F. 
Published: April 2006

In 1946 and 1947 Dr. C.L. Glenn of Vanderbilt University gathered a collection of sherds from nine sites in the vicinity of Myrtle Beach, Horry County, South Carolina. These sherds were presented to the Smithsonian Institution. Some of the sherds were obtained to the north of Myrtle Beach, others in the immediate vicinity, and still others to the south of the city. The sites consist of small sandy ridges, 20 to 30 feet above mean sea level and overlooking Long Bay.Dr. Glenn reports that the sites contained ashes, sherds, and a few scattered oyster shells of the “racoon” type, which is the common type found in this vicinity. No bone, antler, or stone material was found in the debris deposit. He states that no local stones are present from which to fashion implements and that the very few which are found are crude and made from imported stones. In the entire collection, only two stone artifacts are included—one projectile point and one scraper.
Changing Living Patterns of the Yucatan Maya
Authors: Brainerd George W. 
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this paper is to review the archaeological data on the settlement patterns of the Yucatan Maya with a view to reconstructing the history of their changing way of life.There is little evidence that the population density of the lowland Maya during their cultural heyday was substantially greater than that of the modern State of Yucatan, about 30 persons per square mile.
Notched Stones in Southwestern Sites
Authors: Schrokder Albert H. 
Published: April 2006

Tabular stones, either with parallel sides or sides that taper to a blunt point at one end and bearing a wide notch on the other end, have been found in situ in or resting on floors of structures over a considerable area of the Southwest. Sites which have yielded these stones and data pertaining to them are listed in the accompanying figure. Sources for these data are contained in the bibliography.In 1932, Haury suggested and demonstrated that the notched stones at Roosevelt 9:6 in the Tonto Basin, Arizona, held logs which supported an elevated floor. Since that date these stones periodically have been recovered from sites distributed over a wide area in association with structures dating from before 500 A.D. to 1100 A.D. and possibly later. However, in no case have they been found in such quantities on or in house floors as at Roosevelt 9:6. When the circumstances of these finds are considered it seems quite likely that the notched slabs of all other sites excavated since 1932 were put to a different use.
A Comment on “Fluted Point Relationships“ by John Witthoft
Authors: Krieger Alex D. 
Published: April 2006

A typescript of Witthoft's article (see p. 271) was sent to me in March, 1953, with a request for criticisms. These were freely offered, and, although quite strong in some respects, accepted by him with good humor. Witthoft had himself suggested (and I agreed) that his article might be premature and should not be published until other studies of fluted points, comparable to his excellent technological study of the Shoop artifacts (see Witthoft, 1952, in Bibliography above) had been made for related complexes. He eventually decided, however, not to change his article, but to publish it with my main comments following. He believed that our disagreements would prove more stimulating to further research than no article at all.The wording of some of Witthoft's passages is quite puzzling, and perhaps I have misunderstood his meaning. It appears to the writer that he is advancing three principal exploratory generalizations on the meaning of Shoop site fluted points and associated artifacts: (1) that the Enterline Chert industry (which includes the fluted points) is a “blade industry without microliths,“ and as such is unique for early man in the New World, but may have important connections with the Old World; (2) that Shoop points resemble the Clovis fluted type in some ways but constitute a new type; (3) that the Shoop points may represent the oldest fluted points in America.
Fluted Points in Paris
Authors: Smith Philip E. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Vesignié collection of North American stone artifacts, at the Institut de Paléontologie Humaine in Paris, contains a number of fluted points from Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Ohio, and Indiana. Most of these points seem to fit in the Clovis category, with a few Cumberland and Enterline-like examples.
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos: The Puuc Area
Authors: Littmann Edwin R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemical and microscopic examination of building materials from Uxmal, Kabah, Sayil, and Labná demonstrate the presence of all the building elements previously identified at Comalcalco, Las Flores, and Palenque: mortar, plaster, stucco, wash coat, and lime-aggregate. The building elements at these Puuc sites differ from those at Comalcalco and Las Flores in the use of non-marine sources of lime, greater strength, and generally smoother composition. They differ from the Palenque building elements in the lack of multi-laminate structure and the absence of very smooth and highly worked outer surfaces. It is possible that some form of lime other than that obtained by burning limestone was used. An inclusion of gypsum found at Uxmal is the only such component identified at any of the Mesoamerican sites studied so far.
Rates of Culture Change in Archaeology
Authors: Quimby George I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBoth the rate and the amount of culture change through time may be determined by comparing traits of one temporal segment of a continuum with other segments in progression from the oldest to the youngest segment. Additive and subtractive changes, or innovations and losses, must be evaluated against the time scale rather than balanced against one another, because of the time lag which may occur even if an innovation does produce a corresponding loss.
The Old Copper Assemblage and Extinct Animals
Authors: Quimby George I. 
Published: April 2006

There seems to be some possibility that artifacts representative of the Old Copper culture were associated with fossil animals. The evidence is inconclusive but worth noting as a stimulus for future investigations.In his report on the geology of the Thunder Bay, Ontario, district, Tanton (1931: 83-4) mentions some interesting archaeological remains, information about which was preserved in the files of the Geological Survey of Canada. This information is as follows: in 1918, during industrial excavations, a copper spear point and about 12 mammal bones were found about 40 feet below the surface of the ground in the Kaministikwa Valley at Westfort on the edge of Fort William, Ontario.The geological section here, according to Tanton (1931: 82) consists of bedrock and conglomerate above which is a “deposit of stratified blue clay between 60 and 90 feet thick, the surface of which has been eroded in channels, and on this uneven surface there are crossbedded sands varying from 4 to 40 feet in thickness filling up the inequalities on the clay surface and forming the plain at the present surface — 638 feet above sea level.”
The Hinckley Figurines as Indicators of the Position of Utah Valley in the Sevier Culture
Authors: Green Dee F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBetween 1956 and 1960, 20 ceramic figurines were discovered in Mound 42Ut111 at the Hinckley site west of Utah Lake in northern Utah. Circumstances of the discovery are discussed, as well as two other finds previously made in Utah Valley. Comparisons are made with figurines from the Fremont and Sevier areas, particularly from sites just north and south of Utah Valley. On the basis of these comparisons and a consideration of other items, such as ceramics, house type, and ecological setting, it is hypothecated that Utah Valley was a cultural center for northwestern Utah. It is proposed that this area be called the Provo culture area.
Metal Artifacts in Prehispanic Mesoamerica
Authors: Pendergast David M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMetal artifacts are discussed as possible indicators of relationships within Mesoamerica and between Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. All known forms of Mesoamerican metal artifacts for which age and provenience data are available are included in a typological classification, presented as a basis for comparisons and distribution studies. Data on spatial and temporal distribution, with indications of centers of manufacture or use of some types, and with suggested maximum temporal range for each type, are included with the typological classification. Based on these data, a series of suggestions is presented regarding time of initial appearance of metals in various subareas of Mesoamerica, the importance of certain subareas as centers from which metals diffused, and patterns and rates of diffusion within Mesoamerica and between Mesoamerica and the American Southwest.
Great Basin Hunting Patterns: A Quantitative Method for Treating Faunal Remains
Authors: Thomas David H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent excavation and subsequent analysis have been undertaken for the express purpose of deriving quantitative techniques for the analysis of faunal remains from archaeological sites. Experiments were conducted which indicate that significant amounts of bones are lost through the various meshes of screen used by archaeologists. Factors were then calculated to alleviate this problem and to yield results amenable to rigorous quantitative treatment. Results obtained in this manner can add accuracy to most salvage operations and credibility to the more ideal excavation conditions. The proposed method was applied to data from Smoky Creek Cave, a Medithermal site approximately 40 mi. north of Gerlach, Washoe County, Nevada; results indicate a pattern of cottontail rabbit and mountain sheep hunting similar to the model which Flannery has proposed for the Tehuacán Valley, Mexico.
A New Population Estimate for Tikal, Guatemala
Authors: Haviland William A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1965, the author of this paper published a preliminary population estimate of 10,000-11,000 persons for Tikal as then known. Since 1965, mapping and excavation on four radial strips which run up to 12 km. in the four cardinal directions from the center of Tikal have broadened our knowledge of settlement at this site. We now have a good idea of the actual size of Late Classic Tikal, as well as its demographic makeup. This permits a new estimate of its Late Classic population as, conservatively, 49,000 persons. It is suggested that Late Classic Tikal qualifies as an urban center, but of a different sort than the urban centers of Mexico.
Age of the Shasta Ground Sloth from Aden Crater, New Mexico
Authors: Simons Elwyn L. , Alexander H. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLate survival of the Shasta ground sloth, Nothrotherium shastense, an assumption partially based on excellent preservation of a specimen from the Aden Crater, New Mexico, can no longer be supported, at least on the basis of this specimen. Two radiocarbon dates, one derived from desiccated tissues and the other from an associated coprolite (9840 ± 160 and 11,080 ± 200 B.P.), place the specimen within the temporal span of other dated ground-sloth finds. The discrepancy of over 1000 years in these two dates can be explained by alcohol contamination of the tissue sample.
Prehistory of the Pacific Northwest Plateau as Seen from the Interior of British Columbia
Authors: Sanger David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent excavations in south-central British Columbia have revealed a 7,500 year sequence which indicates cultural relationships with the subarctic and the Canadian Prairie Provinces, but few similarities with Columbia River sites until after A.D. 1000. South-central British Columbia and the Columbia Plateau are considered to have participated in different cultural traditions until the damming of the Columbia River about A.D. 1250 allowed the upriver passage of salmon. The similarities noted between British Columbia and Columbia River sites in late prehistoric times may be attributable to the sudden increase in the resource potential of the Columbia River.
Plains Relationships of the Fremont Culture: A Hypothesis
Authors: Aikens C. Melvin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractData from recent excavations in central, northern, and northeastern Utah, and in the southwestern Wyoming Basin, have prompted a reevaluation of current concepts of the ethnic and cultural origins of the Fremont culture centered in Utah, of its relationships to the Promontory culture of northern Utah, and of the relationship of both these cultures to protohistoric Central Plains culture.The long-standing interpretation of the Fremont as a northern “peripheral” variant of the Southwestern Anasazi culture is discarded, and a hypothesis of a Northwestern Plains (probably Athabaskan) population partially acculturated to the Anasazi Pueblo pattern is proposed. Additionally, identity of the so-called Promontory culture with the northern Utah variant of the Fremont culture is postulated on evidence from sites in northern Utah. It is suggested that the Fremont culture drifted back onto the Central Plains around approximately A.D. 1400-1600, under pressure from the Shoshonean expansion out of the Great Basin, to become the forerunner of the Dismal River culture, which has been attributed to the Athabaskan Plains Apache.
New World Lithic Typology Project: Part I
Authors: Weyer Edward M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA desire to increase efficiency in the description and typological study of stone artifacts led to a conference of ten archaeologists in Santa Fe, New Mexico. This conference concentrated on the delineation of attributes of specimens rather than on the creation of a typological system. It attempted to meet the requirements of this phase of archaeology on a continental rather than a regional scale. Considerable attention was given to the various sorts of punched cards and to data-processing equipment. A glossary of definitions and an attribute form sheet for recording specimens were compiled and issued to the attending members for use in pilot studies of regional collections. The form sheets were laid out with a view to transferring the data to standard IBM cards and determining significant clusters of attributes. The testing of the definitions of attributes and the form sheet through actual use is intended to reveal possible improvements and to evaluate the practicality of rapid-processing methods in typological studies of this nature.
Patterning in Death in a Late Prehistoric Village in Pennsylvania
Authors: Gruber Jacob W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAt the Mohr site, a Shenks Ferry Village on the lower Susquehanna River, 98 burials were excavated. These exhibited various features which are ascribed to cultural demands: location in the village, position of body, grave goods, etc. One of these features was the alignment of the body with the head to the east in such a manner as to suggest that the exact alignment was a function of season of interment. This paper completes the record of the mortuary patterns at this site based upon a description of the total population of the dead. Earlier descriptions, based upon incomplete materials, were presented at the VIIth International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences in Prague in 1966 (Gruber 1970) and at the American Anthropological Association Meeting in 1966. The position of these burials conforms to scant ethnographic data on the basis of which a putative cultural identification with the Shenks Ferry component and the southeastern Siouan groups is strengthened.
On the Identification of Pre-Hispanic Obsidian Mines in Southern Hidalgo
Authors: Charlton Thomas H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn examination of reports by Tylor (1861), Holmes (1900, 1919), and Spence and Parsons (1967) describing obsidian mines near Cerro de las Navajas in southern Hidalgo indicates that not one but three mine groups have been visited and described.
Arikara Glassworking Techniques at Leavenworth and Sully Sites
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H. , Bass William M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExcavations of protohistoric Arikara sites in South Dakota have produced native manufactured blue-glass pendants in association with burials. On the basis of archaeological and laboratory evidence, it is conjectured that the Arikara produced these pendants by first grinding blue-glass seed beads to form a powder. They then moistened the powder to form a paste and shaped and fired the paste to the desired form on a copper plate which often was a rifle butt plate. In addition, it is shown that, through time, the Arikara gradually refined their techniques to produce better made pendants and ornaments of different shapes.
The San Pablo Pantheon Mound: A Middle Preclassic Site in Morelos, Mexico
Authors: Grove David C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1967, a mound at San Pablo, Morelos, was partially excavated for salvage reasons. The mound had at one time contained an estimated 150-250 burials, all associated with ceramics identical to certain vessels found at Tlatilco. In addition to being one of the earliest known mounds in central Mexico, the site is believed to be a burial mound, rare at any time period in Mesoamerica. Analysis of the burial ceramics in comparison to assemblages from other Middle Preclassic sites suggests that Tlatilco and other sites of its type are not one-period sites, but exhibit at least two phases, the earlier phase related to highland Olmec, the later to a localization of styles. The San Pablo Pantheon mound appears to represent only the later phase.
Social Integration and the Classic Maya: Some Problems in Haviland's Argument
Authors: Vogt Evon Z. , Cancian Frank 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe have said that the cargo system integrates contemporary Maya communities and have suggested this interpretation as a model for interpretation of Classic Maya social organization. Haviland's arguments against this idea remain unsupported, especially because he misinterprets Cancian's study of Zinacantan and fails to use other studies of contemporary Maya communities.
Some Thoughts on Amateur Archaeology
Authors: Kelley Jane Holden 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAmateur collecting of archaeological specimens is not new, but the great increase in the number of collectors since 1945 introduces a new, quantitative element into the rate of destruction of archaeological resources. The sociological forces operating in our own culture to produce great numbers of amateurs have become a factor for professionals to reckon with in an effort to save valuable sites from complete destruction.
Comments on Binford's “Smudge Pits and Hide Smoking: The Use of Analogy in Archaeological Reasoning”
Authors: Munson Patrick J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBinford's specific postulate that archaeological corncobfilled “smudge pits” of the eastern United States were utilized for smoking hides is challenged as being too narrow, and an additional function is postulated, namely, that they were also used in some areas for smudging the interiors of ceramic vessels. Additional references to their archaeological occurrence are also presented, and it is argued that all of these features postdate A.D. 1000.
Huichol Ceremonial Reuse of a Fluted Point
Authors: Weigand Phil C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA fluted point fragment was located in the Huichol area of Jalisco, Mexico, in 1966. The point was left with a Huichol informant and later reused in a ceremonial context. The nature of the original find and the point"s relocation are discussed. Some general observations on artifact relocation by aboriginal groups are made.
Subsistence Ecology of Scovill, a Terminal Middle Woodland Village
Authors: Munson Patrick J. , Parmalee Paul W. , Yarnell Richard A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractScovill is a Weaver focus site in west-central Illinois. Various techniques were employed to extract maximal amounts and kinds of food remains from the site, and these remains, identified and quantified, are then compared with the estimated food potential from the 10 mi2 area surrounding the site in an attempt to determine both the ecology and the subsistence pattern of the inhabitants. Certain hypotheses concerning the overall settlement-subsistence system of the Weaver focus are presented, and problems involved in the recovery, differential preservation, and quantification of archaeological food remains from open sites are discussed.