bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ectocranial lesion on the middle Pleistocene human cranium from Hulu Cave, Nanjing, China
Authors: Shang Hong , Trinkaus Erik 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe earlier Middle Pleistocene human partial cranium from Hulu Cave, Tangshan, Nanjing (Hulu 1) exhibits an ectocranial lesion which covers most of the anterior neurocranium, largely between the temporal lines and extending from the supratoral sulcus to the anterior parietal bone. The endocranial surfaces and the remainder of the cranium (upper facial skeleton, lateral frontal bone, posterior parietal bones, and mid‐occipital bone) are normal. The healed lesion exhibits both resorption and the laying down of new bone. Differential diagnosis suggests that the lesion was caused by either trauma (broad compressive trauma, tensile trauma to the scalp, or partial scalp removal) or burning (with damage to scalp and superficial neurocranium). Dietary deficiencies, infection, and neoplastic disorders do not fit the lesion characteristics. The Hulu 1 specimen therefore joins a growing sample of Pleistocene Homo remains with nonfatal and nontrivial disorders. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cannabinoids enhance susceptibility of immature brain to ethanol neurotoxicity
Authors: Hansen Henrik H. , Krutz Birte , Sifringer Marco , Stefovska Vanya , Bittigau Petra , Pragst Fritz , Marsicano Giovanni , Lutz Beat , Ikonomidou Chrysanthy 
Published: December 2007

AbstractObjectiveMarijuana and alcohol are most widely abused drugs among women of reproductive age. Neurocognitive deficits have been reported in children whose mothers used marijuana during pregnancy. Maternal consumption of ethanol is known to cause serious developmental deficitsMethodsInfant rats and mice received systemic injections of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 1–10mg/kg) or the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212‐2 (1–10mg/kg), alone or in combination with subtoxic and toxic ethanol doses, and apoptotic neurodegeneration was studied in the brainsResultsAcute administration of THC (1–10mg/kg), the principal psychoactive cannabinoid of marijuana, markedly enhanced proapoptotic properties of ethanol in the neonatal rat brain. THC did not induce neurodegeneration when administered alone. Neuronal degeneration became disseminated and severe when THC was combined with a mildly intoxicating ethanol dose (3gm/kg), with the effect of this drug combination resembling the massive apoptotic death observed when administering ethanol alone at much higher doses. The detrimental effect of THC was mimicked by the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212‐2 (1–10mg/kg) and counteracted by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (0.4mg/kg). THC enhanced the proapoptotic effect of the GABAA agonist phenobarbital and the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist dizocilpine. Interestingly, infant CB1 receptor knock‐out mice were less susceptible to the neurotoxic effect of ethanol. Furthermore, the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A ameliorated neurotoxicity of ethanolInterpretationThese observations indicate that CB1 receptor activation modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission and primes the developing brain to suffer apoptotic neuronal death. Ann Neurol 2007
Cognitive deficits in Tsc1+/−mice in the absence of cerebral lesions and seizures
Authors: Goorden Susanna M. I. , van Woerden Geeske M. , van der Weerd Louise , Cheadle Jeremy P. , Elgersma Ype 
Published: December 2007

AbstractObjectiveTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is characterized by brain lesions, epilepsy, increased incidence of mental retardation and autism. The causal link between lesion load and epilepsy on cognitive disabilities has been debated, and these factors explain only part of the intelligence quotient variability. A Tsc2 rat model of the disease provided evidence that the TSC genes are directly involved in neuronal function. However, these lesion‐ and epilepsy‐free animals did not show learning deficits, leaving open the possibility that the presence of brain lesions or epilepsy is a prerequisite for the cognitive deficits to fully develop. Here, we reinvestigated the relation among cerebral lesions, epilepsy, and cognitive function using Tsc1+/−mice.MethodsWe used immunocytochemistry and high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging to study the presence of neuronal pathology in Tsc1+/−mice. We used the Morris water maze, fear conditioning, social interaction, and nest building test to study the presence of cognitive and social deficits.ResultsWe observed no spontaneous seizures or cerebral lesions in the brains of Tsc1+/−mice. In addition, giant dysmorphic cells were absent, and spine number and dendritic branching appeared to be normal. Nevertheless, Tsc1+/−mice showed impaired learning in the hippocampus‐sensitive versions of the learning tasks and impaired social behavior.InterpretationTsc1+/−mice show social and cognitive deficits in the absence of apparent cerebral pathology and spontaneous seizures. These findings support a model in which haploinsufficiency for the TSC genes leads to aberrations in neuronal functioning resulting in impaired learning and social behavior. Ann Neurol 2007
Effect of β‐cyclodextrin on the solid‐state synthesized polyaniline doped with hydrochloric acid
Authors: Ding Youjiang , Abdiryim Tursun , An Shuying , Nurulla Ismayil 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) salts doped with hydrochloric acid were prepared by using solid‐state polymerization in the presence of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) at room temperature. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectra, X‐ray diffraction patterns were used to characterize the molecular structures of these polymers. Cyclic voltammetry study and conductivity measurements were done to investigate their electrochemical behaviors. The morphology of polymers was studied by the scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that PANI salts prepared in the presence of β‐CD had different physicochemical characteristics compared with PANI salt prepared in the absence of β‐CD. When the molar ratio of aniline to β‐CD was 80/20, the obtained PANI salt displayed higher crystallinity, conductivity and electrochemical properties. However, these properties were opposite on condition that the molar ratio of aniline to β‐CD was 50/50. The results also revealed that the morphology of PANI salt was affected by β‐CD, especially at aniline/β‐CD molar ratio in the feed of 50/50, in which PANI salt displayed rodlike structure morphology with a diameter of near 80–100 nm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermal properties and phase morphology of melt‐mixed poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/poly(hexamethylene isophthalamide) blends
Authors: Chiu Fang‐Chyou , Lee Hwung Yi , Wang Yu Hsuan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis work examines the thermal properties and phase morphology of melt‐mixed poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)/poly(hexamethylene isophthalamide) (PA 6I) blends. Two temperatures, i.e., 250 and 260°C, are used to prepare the blends, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicate the immiscible feature of the blends. It is thus concluded that the ester‐amide interchange reaction hardly occurred in the PTT/PA 6I blends. Depending on the composition and mixing temperature, the crystallization ability of PTT in the blends is either enhanced or hindered. Basically, a lower PA 6I content shifts the PTT melt crystallization to a higher temperature, whereas a higher PA 6I content causes an opposing outcome. The original complex melting behavior of neat PTT becomes more regular after the incorporation of 60 wt % or 80 wt % of PA 6I. Thermogravimetry analyses (TGA) show that the thermal stability of the blends improves as the PA 6I content increases. The two‐phased morphology of the blends is examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Polarized light microscopy (PLM) results reveal that the PTT spherulites become coarser with the inclusion of PA 6I; only smaller/dispersed crystallites are observed in the blend with 20 wt % of PTT. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Highly Enantioselective Reactions of Configurationally Labile Epimeric Diamine Complexes of Lithiated S‐Benzyl Thiocarbamates
Authors: Lange Heiko , Bergander Klaus , Fröhlich Roland , Kehr Seda , Nakamura Shuichi , Shibata Norio , Toru Takeshi , Hoppe Dieter 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSubstitution reactions that employ primary‐carbamoyl‐protected arylmethanethiols are described. The enantiodetermining step was found to occur in the post‐deprotonation step as a dynamic thermodynamic resolution with a chiral bis(oxazoline) ligand. The configurationally labile lithium complexes were trapped with various electrophiles to yield different substitution products in good to excellent yields and enantiomeric excesses. The absolute configurations of the substitution products were determined, and the stereochemical pathway of the substitution reaction was elucidated for different classes of electrophiles. The temperature‐dependent epimerization process was monitored by 1H and 6Li NMR spectroscopy.
Interface Engineering of Synthetic Pores: Towards Hypersensitive Biosensors
Authors: Mora Federico , Tran Duy‐Hien , Oudry Natalie , Hopfgartner Gerard , Jeannerat Damien , Sakai Naomi , Matile Stefan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHydrophilic anchoring is introduced as a promising strategy to constructively control the various interactions of synthetic pore sensors with the surrounding biphasic environment. Artificial rigid‐rod β barrels are selected as classical synthetic multifunctional pores and random‐coil tetralysines are attached as hydrophilic anchors. The synthesis of this advanced pore is accomplished in 32 steps from commercially available starting materials. With regard to pore activity as such, the key impact of hydrophilic anchoring is a change from a Hill coefficient n<1 to n=4. This change confirms successful suppression of the competing self‐assembly with precipitation from the aqueous phase as the origin of the accomplished increase in pore activity. The hydrophilic anchors do not interfere with the blockage of the synthetic pore sensors by anionic analytes. In the case of stoichiometric binding of blockers (KD=EC50 of the pore; EC50=concentration needed to observe 50 % pore activity), however, the increase in pore activity achieved by hydrophilic anchoring results in improved pore blockage under high dilution conditions. Controls confirm that this increase does not occur with analytes that do not exhibit stoichiometric binding (KD>EC50). These results not only reveal stoichiometric binding as the expected origin of the sensitivity limit of synthetic pore sensors, they also provide promising solutions for this problem. The combination of hydrophilic anchoring with targeted pore formation emerges as a particularly promising strategy to further reduce effective pore concentrations. The scope and limitations of this approach are exemplified with pertinent analyte pairs that are essential for the sensing of sucrose, lactose, acetate, and glutamate with synthetic pores in samples from the supermarket.
Neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 (NESP55) in the spinal cord of rat: An immunocytochemical study
Authors: Li Yongling , Fischer‐Colbrie Reiner , Dahlström Annica 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe immunohistochemical expression of a novel chromogranin‐like protein, neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 (NESP55), in the rat spinal cord was investigated. NESP55‐immunoreactive cells were detected in the ventral horn, intermediate laminae, and deep dorsal horn, comprising motoneurons, autonomic neurons, and interneurons throughout all spinal segments. Within laminae I–II of the dorsal horn, one or two NESP55‐positive cells were often seen. Nerve fibers also contained NESP55 immunoreactivity (IR) and were particularly prominent in the ventral horn. No nerve terminals/varicosities appeared to contain NESP55 in any spinal lamina. Double‐staining experiments revealed that a high proportion of the NESP55‐positive neurons were cholinergic. Moreover, NESP55‐IR in the motoneurons was evenly distributed in the whole cytoplasm with a finely granular appearance. In contrast, the fluorescent material in the preganglionic neurons was concentrated in the perinuclear region and largely overlapped with the trans‐Golgi network marker TGN38. Our data provide detailed morphological information on the distribution of NESP55‐IR in the rat spinal cord. Also, the differential intracellular expression of NESP55‐IR in the spinal motoneurons and autonomic neurons suggests that NESP55 may be processed into different secretory granules and may be involved in both constitutive and regulated pathways in these neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:733–744, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural evidence for pre‐ and postsynaptic localization of Cav1.2 L‐type Ca2+ channels in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Tippens Alyssa L. , Pare Jean‐Francois , Langwieser Nicole , Moosmang Sven , Milner Teresa A. , Smith Yoland , Lee Amy 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn the hippocampal formation, Cav1.2 (L‐type) voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels mediate Ca2+ signals that can trigger long‐term alterations in synaptic efficacy underlying learning and memory. Immunocytochemical studies indicate that Cav1.2 channels are localized mainly in the soma and proximal dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons, but electrophysiological data suggest a broader distribution of these channels. To define the subcellular substrates underlying Cav1.2 Ca2+ signals, we analyzed the localization of Cav1.2 in the hippocampal formation by using antibodies against the pore‐forming α1‐subunit of Cav1.2 (α11.2). By light microscopy, α11.2‐like immunoreactivity (α11.2‐IR) was detected in pyramidal cell soma and dendritic fields of areas CA1–CA3 and in granule cell soma and fibers in the dentate gyrus. At the electron microscopic level, α11.2‐IR was localized in dendrites, but also in axons, axon terminals, and glial processes in all hippocampal subfields. Plasmalemmal immunogold particles representing α11.2‐IR were more significant for small‐ than large‐caliber dendrites and were largely associated with extrasynaptic regions in dendritic spines and axon terminals. These findings provide the first detailed ultrastructural analysis of Cav1.2 localization in the brain and support functionally diverse roles of these channels in the hippocampal formation. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:569–583, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of connectivity of the rat presubiculum: II. Associational and commissural connections
Authors: Honda Yoshiko , Umitsu Yoshitomo , Ishizuka Norio 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe regional, laminar, and longitudinal organization of intrinsic projections in the presubiculum was examined in the rat with the retrograde tracer horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin and the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin. Cells of origin of intrinsic projections in the presubiculum were distributed in layers II and V, with almost none in layers III and VI. Projections from layer II cells were bilateral and confined to layers II and V and also to the deep portion of layer I, whereas projections from layer V cells were ipsilateral and confined largely to layer V, with fewer projections to layer II. Septotemporal and proximodistal differences in both the projection and the distribution of layer II cells were found: layer II cells in the septal and mid presubiculum, especially those located in the distal part, provided long projections to the temporal presubiculum, whereas layer II cells in the temporal presubiculum provided slightly shorter projections almost entirely within the mid and temporal presubiculum. Layer II cells aggregated massively in the distal portions of the septal and mid presubiculum, but very few layer II cells were found in the most proximal part, especially in the temporal presubiculum. On the other hand, in layer V, cells of origin and their terminals were diffusely and equally distributed throughout the entire proximodistal extent of the presubiculum. Layer V cells did not project longitudinally as far as layer II cells. These longitudinal connections, in layers II and V, make it possible to merge information conveyed by parallel pathways in the presubiculum. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:640–658, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasma‐Assisted MOCVD of Titanium Oxide and its Composite Coatings Using Metallo‐organic Precursors
Authors: Arockiasamy S. , Raghunathan V. S. , Antony Premkumar P. , Kuppusami P. , Dasgupta A. , Parameswaran P. , Mallika C. , Nagaraja K. S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTitanium oxide (TiO2) films and composite coatings with nickel were synthesized by plasma‐assisted, metal‐organic (PAMO) CVD using the MO complexes bis(2‐N‐(2‐hydroxy‐2‐methylethylimino)‐4‐pentanoate)titanium(IV) and N,N′‐ethylene‐bis(2,4‐pentanedion‐iminoato)nickel(II). The growth of such films was investigated in various plasma environments (Ar or N2) in the substrate temperature range 450–550 °C under a deposition pressure of 1–2 mbar. The phase identification using grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD) showed TiO2 crystallized in anatase form, while that of nickel in composite films was found to be a face centered cubic (fcc) structure. The surface morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a grainy and sponge‐like structure for TiO2 films, whereas smooth and densely packed agglomerates could be observed for Ni/TiO2 composite films. Chemical analysis by energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis showed the presence of titanium, nickel, and oxygen in the films. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the chemical state of the elements in the deposited composite films to be Ti+4 and Ni0. Prior to the deposition of TiO2 and its composite films, the Ti precursor was subjected to equilibrium vapor pressure measurements by employing thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) in transpiration mode, which led to the value of 46.25 ± 2.7 kJ mol–1 for the standard enthalpy of sublimation (ΔH°sub).
Growth of Epitaxial MgB2 Thick Films with Columnar Structures by Using HPCVD
Authors: Seong W. K. , Huh J. Y. , Kang W. N. , Kim J.‐W. , Kwon Y.‐S. , Yang N.‐K. , Park J.‐G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractEpitaxial MgB2 thick films are grown on Al2O3 substrates at 600 °C by using the hybrid physical (HP)CVD technique. In order to obtain a high magnesium vapor pressure around the substrates, we use a special susceptor having a susceptor cap and achieve a very high growth rate of 0.17 μm min–1. Hexagonal‐shaped columnar structures are observed by cross‐sectional and planar‐view transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. For the 1.7 μm thick film, the Tc is observed to be 40.5 K with a Jc of 1.5 × 106 A cm–2 at 30 K. The vortex pinning mechanism by intercolumnar boundaries will be discussed.
The Effect of Film Thickness on the Suitability of Titanium Oxynitride (TiNxOy, x + y = 1) Films as Heat Mirrors – Formed by the Atmospheric Pressure CVD of TiCl4 and NH3
Authors: Hyett G. , Binions R. , Parkin I. P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFilms of titanium oxynitride are assessed for their potential as heat mirror coatings on window glass, as a function of the film thickness. The coatings are deposited from the atmospheric pressure (AP) chemical vapor reaction of TiCl4 and ammonia. The heat mirror properties are evaluated using transmission and reflection spectroscopy. The composition of the samples is determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the thickness of the films by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These results suggest that an effective heat mirror can be formed by a 100 nm thick coating of titanium oxynitride, which has a transmission of 49 % in the visible (610 nm), and a reflection of 46 % in the near infrared (1320 nm).
A flow cytometric protocol for detection of Cryptosporidium spp.
Authors: Barbosa Joana M. M. , Costa‐de‐Oliveira Sofia , Rodrigues Acácio G. , Hanscheid Thomas , Shapiro Howard , Pina‐Vaz Cidália 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCryptosporidium parvum is transmitted through water and can cause severe diarrhea. The diagnosis is usually based upon observer‐dependent microscopic detection of oocysts, with rather low sensitivity and specificity. Our objective was to optimize a flow cytometric (FC) protocol for the detection of C. parvum. A specific monoclonal antibody conjugated with R‐phycoerythrin was incubated with dead oocysts to determine the optimal antibody concentration. Serial concentrations of oocysts were stained with the optimized concentration and analyzed by FC. The lower detection limit was determined, and the possibility of cross‐reaction was investigated using prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. A FC protocol was optimized to detect oocysts in spiked human stools. The optimal antibody concentration was found to be 3.0 μg/ml. The lowest number detectable was 2 × 103 oocysts/ml. Staining procedure was specific, as no cross‐reactions were observed. This reliable and easy FC protocol allow the specific detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts, even at very low concentrations, which is important for public health and further studies of treatment efficacy. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology.
Stacking and separation of protein derivatives of naphthalene‐2,3‐dicarboxaldehyde by CE with light‐emitting diode induced fluorescence detection
Authors: Chiu Tai‐Chia , Tu Wu‐Chun , Chang Huan‐Tsung 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe describe the stacking and separation of proteins by CE under discontinuous conditions in conjunction with light‐emitting diode induced fluorescence (LEDIF) detection using a violet LED at 405 nm. The proteins were derivatized with naphthalene‐2,3‐dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) to form NDA–protein derivatives prior to CE‐LEDIF analysis. During the separation, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solution containing CTAB enters from the cathodic inlet to the capillary via electroosomotic flow (EOF). The optimum conditions are: the capillary was filled with 50 mM glycine buffer (pH 9.0) containing 1.0 mM CTAB, NDA–protein derivatives were prepared in deionized water containing 1.0 mM CTAB, and 0.6% PEO was prepared in 50 mM glycine (pH 9.0) containing 2.0 mM CTAB. The analysis of four NDA–protein derivatives is fast (<3 min), with RSD <1.5% in terms of migration time. In order to improve the sensitivity of NDA–protein derivatives, a stacking approach based on increases in viscosity and electric field, as well as sieving was applied. The efficient stacking approach provides LODs (S/N = 3) of 2.41, 0.59, 0.61, and 4.22 nM for trypsin inhibitor, HSA, β‐lactoglobulin, and lysozyme, respectively. In addition, we also applied the stacking approach to determination of the concentration of HSA in one urine sample, which was determined to be 0.31 ± 0.05 μM (n = 3).
Protein extraction from Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves, a recalcitrant material, for two‐dimensional electrophoresis
Authors: Gómez‐Vidal Sonia , Tena Manuel , Lopez‐Llorca Luis Vicente , Salinas Jesús 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis work was aimed at optimizing a protein extraction procedure for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) leaves, a highly recalcitrant plant tissue for 2‐DE. Five protein extraction protocols based on different protein precipitation agents (TCA/acetone vs. phenol (Ph) methods) and protein resolubilization methods (physical treatments, e.g., sonication, shaking and/or heating) were tested. Ph/SDS extraction with methanol/ammonium acetate precipitation, followed by DOC preincubation and TCA/acetone precipitation and, finally, solubilization by shaking in rehydration solution was found to be the best protein extraction method. We conclude that DOC with TCA/acetone precipitation step eliminates interfering compounds, thus allowing efficient resolubilization of date palm leaf proteins. This method could be appropriate for proteomic studies such as date palm colonization by entomopathogenic fungi.