bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new high performance copper based alloy for electro‐mechanical connectors
Authors: Kuhn H.‐A. , Käufler A. , Ringhand D. , Theobald S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe precipitation hardened high‐copper alloy CuNi1Co1Si (UNS design. C70350) was developed in two tempers in a high strength spring material for small connector devices. The combination of high strength, moderate conductivity, excellent thermal stability and good formability is explained by the microstructure of the strip material. In comparison to the nickel silicide hardened connector material CuNi3Si (C70250) the cobalt containing mixed silicides improve significantly strength. The weak anisotropy of the spring characteristics is explained by a process‐dependent texture. The good formability is calculated by FEM and proven by standardized bend test, as well as by manufacturing a demonstration part which is similar to a connector.
Schwingfeste Auslegung von Schweiß‐ verbindungen aus der Magnesiumknetlegierung AZ31(ISO‐MgAl3Zn1) mit dem Konzept der fiktiven Ersatzradien von rf = 1,0 mm und 0,05 mm
Authors: Karakas Ö. , Morgenstern C. , Sonsino C. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDie hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse basieren auf Schwingfestigkeitsuntersuchungen mit drei verschiedenen MIG‐ und WIG geschweißten Magnesiumverbindungen der Legierung AZ31,Stumpfstöße mit und ohne Wurzelspalt und Quersteifen. Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse zeigt, dass das örtliche Kerbspannungskonzept mit dem fiktiven Ersatzradius von rf = 1,0 mm auf Magnesiumschweißverbindungen mit Dicken von t ≥ 5 mm, unabhängig von der Schweißnahtgeometrie, angewendet werden kann. Es werden Bemessungs‐Wöhlerlinien für verschiedene Spannungsverhältnisse, R = ‐1, sowie 0 und 0,5, abgeleitet, die eine Berücksichtigung sowohl von Eigenspannungen als auch belastungsinduzierten Mittelspannungen zulassen. Darüber hinaus wird aus den Ergebnissen Δσ = 28 MPa als FAT‐Klasse für das IIW‐Regelwerk vorgeschlagen. Zusätzlich wurde für den fiktiven Ersatzradius von rf = 0,05 mm, anzuwenden bei Magnesiumschweißverbindungen mit t < 5 mm, der FAT‐Wert von Δσ = 73 MPa bestimmt. Die Ermittelten FAT‐Werte für beide Ersatzradien werden mit denjenigen für Stahl und Aluminium verglichen. Es wird ein linearer Zusammenhang zwischen den FAT‐Werten und den Elastizitätsmodulen festgestellt.
Study on poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐based shape memory copolymer fiber prepared by bulk polymerization and melt spinning
Authors: Meng Qinghao , Hu Jinlian 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper, a poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)‐based shape memory polyurethane fiber was prepared by melt spinning. The shape memory switching temperature was the melting transition temperature of the soft segment phase mainly composed of PCL at 47°C. The mechanical properties especially shape memory effect were explicitly characterized by thermomechanical cyclic tensile testing. The results suggest that the prepared fiber has shape memory effects. The prepared 40 denier shape memory fiber had a tenacity of about 1.0 cN/dtex, and strain at break 562–660%. The shape fixity ratio reached 84% and the recovery ratio reached 95% under drawing at high temperature and thermal recovery testing.1 Finally, the fiber thermal/mechanical properties were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of various pyrethroid structures against a highly metabolically resistant isogenic strain of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from China
Authors: Tan Jianguo , McCaffery Alan R 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Resistance to pyrethroids and other types of insecticides in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) has been documented in many countries. The isolation of specific resistance mechanisms in isogenic strains is an optimal approach to investigate cross‐resistance pattern, and to validate resistance breaking pyrethroids. In this study an isogenic metabolic resistance CMR strain was successfully isolated from a field pyrethroid‐resistant population of H. armigera. With this strain, cross‐resistance among 19 pyrethroid insecticides with varying chemical structures was analysed.RESULTS: Resistance to pyrethroids in the CMR strain was likely to be due to enhanced oxidative metabolism. The most significant cross‐resistance in the CMR strain was between pyrethroids such as fenvalerate, tau‐fluvalinate and flumethrin characterised by having both phenoxybenzyl and aromatic acid moieties. Substitution of the phenoxybenzyl group with a polyfluorobenzyl group, as in tefluthrin, benfluthrin and transfluthrin, overcame most of this resistance.CONCLUSION: The findings in this study support the assertion that it is possible to find pyrethroids that are active against resistant populations. Such pyrethroids could be considered as possible partners or resistance breaking pyrethroids in a pyrethroid resistance management programme for H. armigera in China and in other Asian countries where the oxidative metabolism resistance is a dominant mechanism. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Protective role of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. root extract against Salmonella typhimurium‐induced cytotoxicity in Int 407 cell line
Authors: Das Sarita , Devaraj S. Niranjali 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe present investigation deals with the effect of the chloroform fraction composed of sterols and fatty acids isolated from Hemidesmus indicus root extract (CHI) on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium)‐induced cytotoxicity in a human intestinal epithelial cell line (Int 407). The optimum dose was fixed as 100 µg/mL for CHI against S. typhimurium, which was quite safe for Int 407 cells as the CD50 concentration (50% cell death) of CHI was determined to be 500 µg/mL in the Int 407 cell line. CHI‐treated S. typhimurium were 10‐fold less cytotoxic and 40% less adherent to host cells than wild‐type. Treatment of CHI significantly abrogated the invasion ability to 10‐ to 15‐fold in S. typhimurium. The cells infected with CHI‐treated S. typhimurium had a comparable viability to uninfected cells in the epithelial cell detachment assay. Immunofluorescence showed the CHI‐treated bacteria were unhealthy and shrunken rods in comparison with the wild‐type bacteria; those were firmly attached and invaded to deceased and hypertrophoid Int 407 cells. Transmission electron micrographs of Int 407 cells infected with wild bacteria showed a coat of adherent and invaded bacteria completely occupying the cytoplasm with characteristic Salmonella‐containing vacuoles (SCV). Both necrotic and apoptotic type of cell death were observed in cells infected with wild‐type bacteria, whereas most of the cells infected with treated bacteria were normal in morphology and a few had invaded bacteria, but the typical proliferated SCV was not observed in cells infected with CHI‐treated S. typhimurium. In summary, the sterols and fatty acids present in CHI may be capable of taming S. typhimurium by suppressing its cytotoxic activity in an intestinal epithelial cell line. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low concentration of 3‐carene stimulates the differentiation of mouse osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 subclone 4 cells
Authors: Jeong Jong‐Geun , Kim Young Sup , Min Yong Ki , Kim Seong Hwan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecently, natural products have gained more interest as alternative treatments for metabolic bone disorders and for the maintenance of bone health. In this study, the anabolic activities of 89 natural compounds were evaluated by measuring the amount of newly synthesized calcium in the differentiation process of mouse osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 subclone 4 cells. Of these compounds, a low concentration (up to 5 µm) of 3‐carene, which is a bicyclic monoterpene in essential oils extracted from pine trees, was shown to stimulate significantly the activity and expression of alkaline phosphatase, an early phase marker of osteoblastic differentiation, on differentiation day 9. On day 15, it dramatically promoted the induction of calcium in a dose‐dependent manner. The stimulatory effect of 3‐carene on mineralization might be associated with its potential to induce the protein expression/activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinases and the transcript levels of osteoblast mineralization‐related genes such as osteopontin and type I collagen. Further studies are needed to determine the precise mechanism, but the anabolic activity of 3‐carene in bone metabolism suggested that the use of natural additives to the diet including essential oils could have a beneficial effect on bone health. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of mollic acid glucoside, a 1α‐hydroxycycloartenoid saponin extractive from Combretum molle R. Br. ex G. Don (Combretaceae) leaf
Authors: Ojewole John A. O. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of mollic acid glucoside (MAG), a 1α‐hydroxycycloartenoid extract from Combretum molle leaf, have been investigated in mice and rats. The effects of graded doses of mollic acid glucoside (MAG, 5–80 mg/kg i.p.) were examined against thermally‐ and chemically‐induced nociceptive pain in mice. Furthermore, the effects of graded doses of the plant extract (MAG, 5–80 mg/kg p.o.) were also investigated on rat paw oedema induced by subplantar injections of fresh egg albumin (0.5 mg/kg). Morphine (MPN, 10 mg/kg i.p.) and diclofenac (DIC, 100 mg/kg i.p.) were used as reference analgesic and antiinflammatory agents for comparison, respectively. Like DIC (100 mg/kg i.p.) and MPN (10 mg/kg i.p.), MAG (5–80 mg/kg i.p.) produced dose‐dependent, significant (p < 0.05–0.001) analgesic effects against thermally and chemically induced nociceptive pain in mice. The extractive (MAG, 5–80 mg/kg i.p.) also significantly reduced (p < 0.05–0.001) rat paw oedema induced by subplantar injections of fresh egg albumin in a dose‐related fashion. However, the extract (MAG, 5–80 mg/kg i.p.) was found to be less potent than diclofenac (DIC) as an analgesic or antiinflammatory agent. Experimental evidence obtained from this laboratory animal study indicates that the Combretum molle leaf extractive (MAG) possesses analgesic and antiinflammatory properties, and thus lend pharmacological credence to the folkloric, ethnomedical uses of the plant's leaf in the management, control and/or treatment of painful, arthritic and other inflammatory conditions in some rural communities of southern Africa. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A ‘Yang‐Invigorating’ Chinese herbal formula protects against gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity in rats
Authors: Poon Michel K. T. , Chiu P. Y. , Leung H. Y. , Siu Ada H. L. , Ko K. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effects of VI‐28 (a Yang‐invigorating Chinese herbal formula) treatment on the renal mitochondrial antioxidant system and susceptibility to gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity were investigated in rats. VI‐28 treatment (80 or 240 mg/kg/day × 12) enhanced the renal mitochondrial antioxidant system, as indicated by dose‐dependent increases in the level/activities of reduced glutathione, Mn‐superoxide dismutase, Se‐glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S‐transferases. VI‐28 treatment protected against nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin administration (100 mg/kg/day × 8) and the nephroprotection was associated with an enhancement in the renal mitochondrial antioxidant system. In conclusion, VI‐28 treatment enhanced the renal mitochondrial antioxidant system, thereby protecting against gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intra and intermolecular hydrogen bonding in formohydroxamic acid
Authors: Kaur Damanjit , Kohli Ruchi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe presence of hydrogen bonding interactions in several tautomeric forms of formohydroxamic acid (FHA) and 1:1 association among the tautomeric forms and water‐coordinated tautomeric forms of FHA is explored theoretically. Out of the seven equilibrium structures, four tautomeric forms have been selected for aggregation with single water molecule and dimer formation. Fifteen aggregates of FHA with H2O have been optimized at MP2/AUG‐cc‐PVDZ level and analyzed for intramolecular and intermolecular H‐bond interactions. Twenty‐seven dimers of the four tautomeric forms have been obtained at MP2/6‐31+G* level. The stabilization energies associated with dimerization and adduct formation with water are the result of H‐bond interactions and range from very weak to medium. The atomic charges and NBO analysis indicate that the electrostatic and the charge transfer are the important components favoring H‐bond formation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Performance of DFT hybrid functionals in the theoretical treatment of H‐bonds: Analysis term‐by‐term
Authors: Guadarrama Patricia , Soto‐Castro Delia , Rodríguez‐Otero Jesús 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe performance of DFT to reproduce noncovalent interactions like H‐bonds was assessed. Three DFT hybrid functionals (B3LYP, BHandHLYP from Jaguar5.5, and BHandHLYP from G03) were used to calculate the interaction energies and H‐bond distances of several host–guest complexes theoretically designed. Two reference systems (whose experimental data were available) were also calculated at the same levels of theory. In all the cases B3LYP and BHandHLYP from G03 gave rather the same results of interaction energy and distances, whereas the functional BHandHLYP from Jaguar5.5 overestimated the interaction energies and underestimated the H‐bond distances. Considering the construction of each functional, the terms responsible for such differences are the gradient correction to the exchange functional (Becke88) and the correlation functional (VWN, LYP) and not the Hartree–Fock contribution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Investigation of patinas formed on Chinese bronzes using modern multianalytical techniques
Authors: Hou Shuhong , Li Yanping , Xie Mengxia , De Beer Thomas R. M. , Baeyens Willy R. G. , Hu Shenghong , Ouyang Jin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an integrated study on nine natural Chinese bronze patinas without causing any damage to the bronze substrates, employing five modern analytical techniques including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and Raman spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Two artificial Chinese bronze patinas were also investigated by the same techniques for comparative purposes. As a result, XRD determined the chemical compositions of all selected samples and showed that the primary compound was malachite in natural soil environment under the general situation. Meanwhile, some interesting corrosion products such as gerhardtite and free copper were also observed. Three groups were classified according to the XRD results in order to provide a deeper insight into their spectroscopic characterization. Spectroscopic data of these patinas from FT‐IR and Raman spectroscopy are shown and interpreted in detail. ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS analyses provided valuable quantitative information, and made the study of the patinas more profound. Furthermore, all analytical results indicated that bronze patinas are extremely complex by virtue of the storage environment and their substrate alloys. The natural samples were rather heterogeneous and the artificial samples, especially the sample formed in the laboratory, were rather homogeneous of which the chemical constituents could be well defined. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total reflection x‐ray fluorescence analysis—a review
Authors: Wobrauschek P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTotal reflection x‐ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF) is a special energy‐dispersive x‐ray analytical technique extending XRF down to the ultra trace element range. Detection limits of picograms or nanograms per gram levels are reached with x‐ray tube excitation. Using synchrotron radiation as excitation source, femtogram levels are detectable, particularly important for Si wafer surface analysis. TXRF is specially suited for applications in which only a very small amount of sample is available, as only a few micrograms are required for the analysis. In this review, an overview of theoretical principles, advantages, instrumentation, quantification and application is given. Chemical analysis as well as surface analysis including depth profiling and thin‐film characterization is described. Special research results on extension to low‐Z elements, excitation with synchrotron radiation and x‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) for chemical speciation at trace levels are reviewed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energies and relative intensities of Kα3 and Kα4 x‐ray satellites of sulfur and sulfides by photon excitation
Authors: Sattar S. Abdul , Murti M. V. R. , Raju S. S. , Koteswara Rao V. , Seshi Reddy T. , Premachand K. , Seetharami Reddy B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEnergies and relative intensities of the K x‐ray satellites Kα4 and Kα3 of sulfur and two sulfides K2S and FeS are measured by a wavelength dispersive spectrometer. The energy shifts of these satellites relative to the diagram line are compared with Dirac–Fock theoretical values. The energy shifts and relative intensities are examined for chemical effects. Supplementing the present data to the available data, Z dependence of Kα4/Kα3 intensity ratio is studied in the low Z region. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic Factors in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Severe Necrotizing Pancreatitis
Authors: Mofidi R. , Lee A. C. , Madhavan K. K. , Garden O. J. , Parks R. W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPancreatic necrosectomy remains an important treatment modality for the management of infected pancreatic necrosis but is associated with significant mortality. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with mortality following pancreatic necrosectomy. Patients who underwent pancreatic necrosectomy from January 1995 to December 2004 were reviewed. The association between admission, preoperative and postoperative variables, and mortality was assessed using logistic regression analysis. A total of 1248 patients presented with acute pancreatitis, of whom 94 (7.5%) underwent pancreatic necrosectomy (51 men, 43 women). The preoperative median Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score was 9 (range 2–19). The median cumulative organ dysfunction score was 2 (0–9) preoperatively and 4 (1–11) postoperatively. In all, 23 patients (24.5%) died. Those who died were older than the survivors; the ages (median and range) were 69 years (40–80 years) versus 52 years (19–79 years) (p < 0.05). They also had higher admission APACHE II scores (median and range): 14 (12–19) versus 9 (2–22) (p < 0.001). There were significant associations between preoperative (p < 0.01) and postoperative (p < 0.01) Marshall scores and mortality following pancreatic necrosectomy. The presence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) during the first 48 hours (p < 0.01) and the time between presentation and necrosectomy (p < 0.01) were independent predictors of survival. Pancreatic necrosectomy is associated with higher mortality in patients with increased APACHE II scores, early persistent SIRS, and unresolved multiorgan dysfunction. Necrosectomy is associated with poorer outcome when performed within 2 weeks of presentation.
‘Cunning, Unprincipled, Loathsome’: The Racist Tail Wags the Welfare Dog
Authors: CRAIG GARY 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBritain's stance towards ethnic minorities has been janus-faced: developing an increasingly repressive and restrictive stance towards immigration, and – supported by a strident media – portraying minorities and migrants as undermining British culture and values, ‘sponging’ on the welfare state. Immigrants have been characterised as ‘cunning’, ‘loathsome’, ‘unprincipled’ and likely to ‘swamp’ British culture. Domestic policies of successive governments apparently balanced this stance with ‘community’-based initiatives, from race relations policies, community relations policies to present community cohesion policies. These have not fundamentally addressed the racism inherent in immigration policy and practice. The consequence is that the welfare of Britain's minorities – measured by outcomes in every branch of welfare provision – has largely been disregarded by the British state. Despite some liberal initiatives aimed at improving the lot of Britain's minorities, the racism inherent in policy and practice persists.
Swapping Policies: Alternative Tax-Benefit Strategies to Support Children in Austria, Spain and the UK
Authors: LEVY HORACIO , LIETZ CHRISTINE , SUTHERLAND HOLLY 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThree European countries with very different tax-benefit systems have recently substantially increased the level of support for children: Austria, Spain and the UK. Austria mainly makes use of universal benefits; Spain, tax concessions; and the UK means-tested benefits and tax credits. This article addresses the question of whether the chosen strategies are in fact the most effective for each country. It considers what would have happened if these countries had transformed the architecture of their systems in either of the other two directions. It makes use of EUROMOD, the European tax-benefit microsimulation model that is designed for making cross-country comparisons, to explore the distributional and, in particular, child poverty effects of budget-neutral alternatives. The results show that three factors – the level of spending, its structure, and the way it impacts in a particular national context – affect the outcomes to varying degrees.
Peer-led approaches to dietary change: report of the Food Standards Agency seminar held on 19 July 2006
Authors: Gibson Sigrid 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo summarise the discussions of a seminar on peer-led approaches to dietary change held at the Food Standards Agency (FSA) on 19 July 2006.DesignFollowing presentations on three FSA-commissioned research projects involving peer-led dietary interventions, discussions in small workshop groups identified learning points for researchers, policy-makers and practitioners and considered how the findings of such studies can be effectively communicated to each of these groups. The target groups in the three separate projects were: older people living in sheltered accommodation; mothers and babies during the weaning period; and people with diabetes.ResultsThe projects discussed here were quite different from one another, involving three separate populations, having different aims and approaches and different styles of peer leading. Their effectiveness in achieving quantitative dietary change was disappointing. However, results for some of the qualitative outcomes (social, psychological, behavioural) were more positive. Process evaluation, whether built in or post hoc, provided useful learning to inform future projects and potentially improve their effectiveness and usefulness for researchers, policy-makers and health promotion practitioners.ConclusionsThe projects discussed here showed that peer-led interventions can achieve positive changes in outcomes such as knowledge, confidence and attitudes, as well as small improvements in diet. They also demonstrated that there is a need for a more sophisticated analysis of peer-led interventions that recognises the diversity of approaches and their suitability in different situations.