bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell‐mediated cytotoxicity following influenza infection and vaccination in humans
Authors: Reichman Richard C. , Pons Vincent G. , Murphy Brian R. , Caplan Ellis A. , Dolin Raphael 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCell‐mediated cytotoxic activity in circulating mononuclear cells from 31 volunteers challenged with live influenza A/Victoria virus, and 22 volunteers vaccinated with inactivated influenza vaccine, was examined employing target cells infected with several viruses by means of a 51 Cr release assay. Effectors from infected volunteers, and from volunteers who manifested four‐fold rises in serum HAI antibody after vaccination, demonstrated significantly elevated levels of cytotoxicity against targets infected with the homologous virus. Elevated cytotoxicity was seen by days 3 and 4 after challenge or vaccination and returned to baseline levels by day 9 to 10. In infected volunteers, cytotoxic activity was broadly directed, rising against targets infected with an antigenically distinct virus within the same influenza type (A), against targets infected with a serologically unrelated virus of a different influenza type (B), and also against cells infected with Newcastle disease virus, a paramyxovirus from another species. However, elevated levels of cytotoxicity were not observed when targets infected with herpes simplex virus, a member of an entirely different virus group, or when uninfected target cells were employed. In vaccinated volunteers, the rise in cytotoxicity was more restricted than after infection, since elevated cytotoxic activity was seen only against cells infected with the homologous virus and not against influenza B‐infected cells. Fractionation of mononuclear cell populations indicated that effector cell activity is associated with T‐cell depleted fractions and can only partially be reduced by depletion of adherent cells. The rapid development, short duration, and broadly directed specificity of this cytotoxic response suggest that it may be involved in early events following acute influenza infection in humans.
Physicochemical heterogeneity of hepatitis B e antigen detected in asymptomatic carriers and carriers in a hemodialysis unit
Authors: Yamada Ei , Ohori Hitoshi , Ishida Nakao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPhysicochemical studies of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)Both e1 and e2 antigens were included in the terminology of HBeAg or e antigen in the article for easy understanding. The e2 antigen corresponds to Magnius and Espmark's original e antigen and this should be called HBe antigen in the future (authors' opinion).
revealed a clear cut difference between e1 and e2 antigen. The e1 antigen was found to have a MW of Ca 150,000 and a pI of 6.4–7.2, whereas both the MW and pI of the e2 antigen were heterogeneous depending upon the source of serum.Sera obtained from asymptomatic carriers were characterized by low titers of HBs antigen, HBc antigen and DNA polymerase and contained e2 antigen of larger molecular weight (200,000–300,000) with a narrow distribution range and a pI of 4.8 to 5.2 (type 1). On the other hand, the sera from patients in a hemodialysis unit who were HBs antigen carriers and had high titers of HBs antigen, HBc antigen and DNA polymerase contained e2 antigen of heterogeneous distribution in MW (from 300,000 to 70,000) and pI (type 2 and 3). The e2 antigen obtained from the higher MW type 3 serum had lower isoelectric points (pI 4.5 to 5.2) as was the case with e2 antigen obtained from asymptomatic carriers whereas a relatively wide range of isoelectric points (pI 5.1 to 8.2) was found with the lower molecular weight e2 antigen.
Adenine arabinoside inhibition of adenovirus replication enhanced by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor
Authors: Wigand R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe inhibition of adenovirus multiplication by adenine arabinoside was determined by yield reduction in one‐step multiplication cycle. Inhibition was greatly enhanced by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor (2‐deoxycoformycin) in concentrations down to 10 ng/ml. Adenovirus types from four subgroups showed similar results. However, the enhancing effect of adenosine deaminase inhibitor was great in HeLa cells, moderate in human fibroblasts, and negligible in Vero cells. This difference could be explained by different concentrations of adenosine deaminase found in cell homogenates.
Antibodies to single stranded DNA: A diagnostic aid in chronic hepatitis b virus infections
Authors: Villarejos Victor M. , Serra C. Jaime , Visoná Kirsten A. , Eduarte Carlos E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerial determinations of titers of binding antibodies to single stranded DNA were performed over a period of three years in 43 type B hepatitis patients with persisting HBsAg who had either developed chronic hepatitis or were asymptomatic carriers. Patients with histopathological diagnosis of chronic active or chronic persistent hepatitis, with or without clinical symptoms, showed high titers of anti‐DNA throughout the course of the disease, whereas in most of these patients the serum alanine transaminase and bilirubin levels fluctuated widely and were often normal; in such cases the elevation of anti‐DNA was frequently the only positive sign present. On the other hand anti‐DNA titers were within the normal range in chronic asymptomatic HBsAg carriers who showed no histopathological or biochemical changes.Anti‐DNA determinations are proposed as a reliable diagnostic aid to supplement current procedures for assessment of the disease status during the course of chronic hepatitis B virus infections.
Rhinovirus type 14 persistence in hela cells studied by use of guanidine
Authors: Gauntt Charles J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGuanidine at 2 mM completely prevents replication of rhinovirus type 14 (RV14) in HeLa cells and spares these cells from RV14‐induced cytopathic effects. Three serial subcultivations of these cells in the continued presence of guanidine reduced infectious virus titers in cell lysates to undetectable levels. However, the capacity of RV14‐infected guanidine‐cultured cells to form infectious centers when cultured in the absence of guanidine was not completely abolished until the fifth serial subcultivation (14 days post‐inoculation). Production of defective‐interfering particles of RV 14 in HeLa cells was not observed. Thermal stability and transmission of uncoated RV 14 to daughter cells in the presence of guanidine can account for the persistence. Cells inoculated with RV14 and cultured in the presence of guanidine synthesized genomic RNA associated with a structure of 1.394 gm/ml density in CsCI, and these structures exhibited low infectivity by standard plaque assay. Nascent RV14 RNA did not appear in virions in cells treated with guanidine. HeLa cell lines (HeLaV+G), established following six serial subcultures of cells initially infected with RV 14 and continuously cultured in the presence of guanidine, were negative for RV 14 antigens by specific immunofluorescence tests. HeLaV+G cells were as efficient as normal HeLa cells in production of interferon; replication of RV 14 and mengovirus; and plaque assay of RV 14, rhinovirus type 2, and coxsackievirus B3.
Deeper insight into HBsAg — anti‐albumin antibody correlations
Authors: Lenkei R. , Babe¸ V. T. , Mustea A. , Dobre I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence and titers of anti‐albumin antibodies (AAA) — ie, precipitins (AA‐IP) and agglutinins (AA‐Aggl) — and the serum concentrations of immunoglobulins and albumin were determined in 210 asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg grouped according to HBsAg titer and subtype. A different immunologic pattern was observed in the HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ay carriers, the results suggesting an increased aggressivity for the HBsAg/ay subtype which was more evident in subjects with lower HBs antigenemia and characterized by higher concentrations of IgG and IgM and rises in AA‐P titers. A positive linear correlation was found between HBsAg and AA‐Aggl titers; the carriage of HBsAg/ad was associated with significant higher values of AA‐Aggl than of HBsAg/ay. These subtle correlations between HBsAg titer and subtype and AAA suggest that the human serum albumin (HSA) known to exist on the HBsAg particles may be similar in a modified form, to that representing AAA specificity.
Labeling of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) synthesized in a HBsAg‐producing hepatoma cell line
Authors: Hofschneider Peter Hans , Zaslavsky Vladimir , Deinhardt Friedrich , Frösner Gert G. , Alexander Jennifer J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) could be studied until recently only by isolating it from the blood of carriers, thus making incorporation of radioactive precursors into this protein(s) impossible. The isolation of a cell line producing HBsAg [Alexander et al, 1978] has eliminated this obstacle. The cell line was therefore used for labeling HBsAg either with 35 S‐methionine or with 35 S‐cystine. HBsAg was purified by pelleting the component and by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCI gradients. HBsAg‐positive fractions (as determined by solid‐phase radioimmunoassay) were isolated from the gradients and analyzed in sodium dodecyl sulfate‐containing polyacrylamide gels. It was found that although HBsAg contains substantial amounts of35 S‐cystine, very little 35 S‐methionine was incorporated into this protein. In contrast, both labels were found in other structures having a buoyant density of about 1.3 gm/cm3 in CsCI. It was concluded that HBsAg is very low in methionine, and therefore this amino acid should not be used for labeling HBsAg in cells or in a cell‐free system. Analysis of 35 S‐cystine‐labeled HBsAg‐positive material (buoyant density about 1.2 gm/cm3 in CsCI) revealed five proteins with molecular weights in the range of 48,000–82,000.
Comparison of four‐layer radioimmunoassay and electron microscopy for detection of human rotavirus
Authors: Sarkkinen Hannu K. , Halonen Pekka E. , Arstila Pertti P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA four‐layer radioimmunoassay (RIA) using polystyrene beads as the solid phase, anti‐rota guinea pig IgG as primary antibody, anti‐rota rabbit IgG as secondary antibody, and 125I‐labelled sheep anti‐rabbit immunoglobulin as indicator antibody has been developed for the detection of human rotavirus in stool specimens. A comparison was made of the developed RIA, routine electron microscopy, and research electron microscopy of 147 unconcentrated stool specimens from patients with infantile gastroenteritis. In routine electron microscopy 17 (11.6%) false‐positive or false‐negative results were obtained when compared with research electron microscopy. Each specimen positive in research electron microscopy was positive in RIA, and six additional RIA positives were found from 58 electron microscopy negative specimens. A confirmatory test was necessary to find out marginally positive but nonspecific reactions in RIA. The developed radioimmunoassay is slightly more sensitive than research electron microscopy of unconcentrated stool specimens and considerably more sensitive and more specific than routine electron microscopy.
Replication of murine cytomegalovirus in murine Y‐1 cells
Authors: Shanley John D. , Lutwick Larry I. , Donta Sam T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMurine Y‐1 cells, a continuous epithelial cell line derived from an adrenal adenocarcinoma, are highly susceptible to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Inoculation of these cells with MCMV results in production of infectious virus and is associated with development of both cytopathic changes and the expression of viral‐specific nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens. Examination of the ultrastructure of infected Y‐1 cells reveals MCMV in various stages of replication. Cytomegalovirus replication in this hormone‐responsive epithelial cell line should provide a model system in which virus‐host cell interactions and their effects on cellular metabolism can be studied.
The effect of sodium thiocyanate on virus structure
Authors: Almeida June D. , Bradburne Anthony F. , Wreghitt Timothy G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA study of two different virus types after elution from immunosorbent columns by sodium thiocyanate has shown that virus degradation occurs. The two virus types studied were hepatitis B and rotavirus. Hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) was only slowly degraded and retained many of its morphological features, although in an altered form; rotavirus was highly sensitive to the chaotropic agent, losing both its viability and its morphological integrity. During the process of disassembly a previously undetected inner component of rotavirus could be visualised, which was termed the “core”.
Purification of adenovirus 4 type‐specific hemagglutinins for use in diagnostic counterelectrophoresis tests
Authors: Hierholzer John C. , Tannock Gregory A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree type‐specific hemagglutinins of adenovirus (AV) 4 were purified, tested for various activities, and used as immunogens in rabbits. The components were purified by anion exchange and exclusion chromatographies to purification factors of 33, 20, and 37, respectively, and were identified as fiber (polypeptide, mol wt 70,000; incomplete hemagglutinin), penton (mol wt >400,000; incomplete hemagglutinin; possession of cytotoxic activity), and dodecon (mol wt ≫ 400,000; complete hemagglutinin; appearance by electron microscopy), Rabbit antisera to these hemagglutinating components possessed type‐specific hemagglutination‐inhibition and serum neutralization antibodies and were thoroughly evaluated for potency and specificity in immunodiffusion (ID), immunoelectrophoresis, and counterelectrophoresis (CE) tests. The anti‐fiber and anti‐dodecon sera were highly type‐specific in ID and CE tests with a battery of commonly isolated AV serotypes; the anti‐penton serum was similarly specific after it was absorbed with AV 2 hexons. These sera were thus proved to be suitable reagents for use in both the routine diagnostic ID test and the more rapid CE test.
The separation and analysis of hepatitis B e antigen
Authors: Howard C. R. , Zuckerman A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA solid‐phase radioimmunoassay has been used successfully for detecting hepatitis B e antigen in fractionated hepatitis B virus‐containing serum. Ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by gel filtration through a column of Sepharose CL‐6B resulted in two fractions of antigen‐containing material with molecular weights of 220,000 and 130,000. The smaller of these two fractions was found to possess an average isoelectric point of 4.9 and consisted of two major polypeptide species with estimated molecular weights of 66,000 and 17,000 respectively. Affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose showed that e antigen was not retained under conditions which bound serum albumin. These results are discussed in relation to the immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B.
Large‐scale efficacy trials of hepatitis B vaccines in the USA: Baseline data and protocols
Authors: Szmuness Wolf 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe protocols of three placebo‐controlled, randomized, double‐blind clinical trials to assess the efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis patients and staff, and in male homosexuals are described. Based on the projected attack rates of HBV in the controls, the vaccine efficacy and rates of loss to follow‐up, over three thousand participants followed for at least twelve months are required to prove the efficacy of the vaccine. The results of longterm baseline studies in these populations are also reviewed.
Mitogen responses and interferon production after exposure of human macrophages to infectious and inactivated influenza viruses
Authors: Roberts Norbert J. , Diamond Margaret E. , Douglas R. Gordon , Simons Ruth L. , Steigbigel Roy T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman macrophages were exposed to two influenza A viruses representing different subtypes. The donors were likely to have been exposed to one subtype (H3N2) but not to the other (H0N1). Similar effects upon the macrophages were observed for both subtypes: macrophage enhancement of mitogen‐stimulated lymphocyte transformation responses was depressed, and the macrophages produced interferon. In contrast, macrophages exposed to inactivated virus exhibited normal enhancement of lymphocyte transformation response, yet produced interferon, although in lower titers than did macrophages exposed to infectious virus.
Two low molecular weight peptides as common determinants to different molecular forms and specificities of hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag)
Authors: Blanchy B. , Hantz O. , Vitvitski L. , Trépo C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo fractions, I and II, corresponding to heavy and light molecular forms of HBeAg and respectively associated with the (HBe/1 + HBe/2) and (HBe/3) specificities, were separated by ammonium sulfate precipitation in HBeAg‐positive chimpanzee plasma. I 125‐labeling of fractions I and II and immune precipitation by anti‐HBe and anti‐Human IgG were followed by autoradiographic analysis after SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis:This revealed that two small peptides (a major 17,000 MW and minor 21,000 MW) seem common to the various molecular forms and specificities of HBeAg. Both peptides were found tightly linked to IgG in fraction I, associated with HBe/1 and HBe/2 and precipitated by 1.33 M (NH4)2SO4. In the HBe/3‐positive fraction II these peptides seemed attached to IgG light chains only.
Further evidence of cellular changes associated with non‐a, non‐b hepatitis
Authors: Tsiquaye Kwesi N. , Bird Richard G. , Tovey George , John Wyke R. , Williams Roger , Zuckerman Arie J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo distinct types of ultrastructural changes were found in the hepatocytes of chimpanzees infected with two forms of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. In the type of infection that was of long incubation, there was a marked cytoplasmic derangement of the endoplasmic reticulum, with the formation of tubules, but no pathological changes in the nuclei. In the short‐incubation type of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis, induced experimentally in a chimpanzee that had recovered from the long‐incubation type of infection, nuclear alterations were found together with the presence of aggregates of particles measuring 15–27 nm in diameter. Cytoplasmic tubules were not seen in this type of non‐A, non‐B infection.
Characterization of hbeag by physicochemical and immunochemical methods
Authors: Katz David , Melnick Joseph L. , Blaine Hollinger F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHBeAg, which is a hepatitis B‐associated antigen, was purified and characterized. The end product from ion exchange, gel filtration and immunoadsorbent columns consisted mainly of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules, identified by immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At least four polypeptides with molecular weights of 55,000, 38,000, 25,000 and 20,000 daltons were detected in four different preparations of HBeAg. Two of these have molecular weights similar to the heavy and light chains of IgG (55,000 and 25,000 daltons). It is postulated that HBeAg may be a small ligand of 20,000 daltons with an affinity for IgG. This affinity, especially if it involves the light chain of IgG, could account for the 38,000 or 42,000 molecular weight polypeptides seen by autoradiography.
Further studies on subacute encephalitis and hydrocephalus in hamsters caused by measles virus from persistently infected cell cultures
Authors: Norrby Erling , Swoveland Peggy , Johnson Kenneth P. , Kristensson Krister 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNewborn hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally (IC) with disrupted measles carrier Lu 106 cells. No acute neurological disease developed, but limited, persistent neural infection was identified by immune fluorescence and by virus isolation. By ten days after inoculation, virus could be recovered only by co cultivation of explant cultures of central nervous system (CNS) tissue and Vero cells. Virus was still demonstrable in CNS by both techniques 50 days after inoculation, the latest sample collected. Animals inoculated as newborns developed a poor hem agglutination‐inhibiting (HI) antibody response.In three‐week‐old hamsters inoculated IC no detectable replication of carrier virus occurred. The serum HI antibody response was more than 20 times higher than that in animals inoculated as newborns.Hydrocephalus developed in a fraction of animals inoculated at birth or at the age of three weeks. Both infectious and heat‐inactivated disrupted virus carrier material, but not control material of Lu 106 cells, gave hydrocephalus. The precise mechanism leading to hydrocephalus is unclear. Carrier virus material may produce a meningeal irritation causing disturbances of the extraventricular flow or resorption of cerebrospinal fluid, leading to communicating hydrocephalus. Infectious carrier virus may replicate in and destroy ependymal cells, further contributing to hydrocephalus.
Tubular structures in the cervix of mice experimentally infected with herpes simplex virus type 2
Authors: Iwasaka Tsuyoshi , Oda Hiroshi , Hino Yuwao , Mori Ryoichi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractExperimental infection of the C3H/N mouse genital tract was demonstrated after intravaginal inoculation with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2). About 75% of the infected animals died by Day 7, and 75% of the surviving animals had severe vaginitis or neurological signs on Day 7. Titers of the virus recovered from vaginal secretions of infected animals reached a maximum on Day 2 and gradually decreased until Day 7. On the other hand, under the electron microscope, virus particles and tubular structures could be found in the nuclei of infected cells of the cervix in the 1st, 2nd and 4th days after infection. All cases in which virus particles could be found in the nuclei of infected cells were also positive for tubular structures and vice versa. These observations indicate that in situ diagnosis of HSV‐2 infection can be made in the mouse model. The same method would be applicable for the diagnosis of human HSV‐2 infection.
An outbreak of hepatitis a in an institution for the mentally retarded
Authors: Helmsing Pieter J. , Duermeyer Willem , Wielaard Frits , van Hattem Gerard C.A.M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFrom December 1977 until April 1978 a hepatitis A outbreak occurred in an institution for the mentally retarded. The institution housed 311 residents and had a staff of 308. The outbreak was studied by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays for hepatitis A antigen and antibodies, and by liver function tests in serum.When the investigations started, 13 residents and one staff member were ill and already seropositive; 34 of the 182 residents that were seronegative at that time and 1 2 of the 223 seronegative staff members subsequently developed disease. Out of the 60 eases 32 were asymptomatic; 19 cases with jaundice were seen.Normal human immunoglobulin was administered to a large part of the seronegative group, but the effect is difficult to interpret as the immunoglobulin was often given after the presumed time of infection and failed to protect. Elevated liver enzyme levels were demonstrated in 38 of 60 patients.