bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in science and technology. Maintaining the effectiveness of the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Gee John 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A truly chemical weapons-free world can be achieved only with the active support and backing of the international scientific community. With input from the scientific and industrial communities, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) was finalized in 1992 and entered into force in 1997. This paper provides a summary of the operations of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), describes some of the major challenges facing the Convention, and suggests ways in which scientific advances might be able to improve the implementation of the Convention.
Verification under the Chemical Weapons Convention. A reflective review
Authors: Manley R. G. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The verification regime of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) has now been in operation for more than five years. Its two principal components are the declarations to be made by States Parties and the on-site inspections carried out by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) inspectors to verify these declarations. Its implementation has proved to be a resounding success - more than 1200 on-site inspections have been carried out in ver 50 of the Convention ’s 145 States Parties and many practical lessons have been learned. To ensure the continued success of the verification regime, some problems -particularly in relation to industry declarations, the updating of the approved list of inspection equipment, on-site sampling and analysis, and off-site analysis- need to be resolved.
Biotechnology and chemical weapons control
Authors: Wheelis M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Biotechnology is revolutionizing the way new drugs are discovered, from a substantially empirical art to a rational, predictive process in which targets of drugs are selected on the basis of known physiology, then ligands that can bind to these targets are designed. The same process could be used to identify promising new chemical weapons (CW) agents, which would be synthesized from unscheduled precursors. Biotechnology thus has the potential of fueling CW proliferation. It can also aid the development of novel nonlethal chemical agents, the development of which could have a number of negative consequences for CW control.
Trends in processing and manufacturing that will affect implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Parshall G. W. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Several new developments in synthesis science and manufacturing technology may affect the task of implementing the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) constraints on the production of toxic agents for military or terrorist purposes. The combination of automated synthesis methods and high-throughput screening protocols could potentially yield new toxic agents not specifically proscribed by the CWC, but such approaches are unlikely to seriously impact the work of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in the near future. On the other hand, new developments in manufacturing may have a serious impact on the work of the OPCW inspectors. The wide use of versatile, multipurpose production facilities in making fine chemicals complicates the task of discerning whether a particular facility is used only for nonprohibited purposes under the CWC. New catalytic processes and automated process control permit production of toxic chemicals with fewer emissions that contaminate the environment and might provide clues to the nature of the processes being conducted. Tiny microreactors operated continuously under computer control can produce significant quantities of toxic chemicals (including CWC scheduled compounds) with a very small “footprint”within a larger production facility. These technical developments together with the dispersal of chemical production facilities and skills may seriously complicate the tasks of the OPCW inspectors.
Microreactors. Prospects already achieved and possible misuse
Authors: Löwe Holger , Hessel Volker , Mueller A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Microreactors as a no el concept in chemical technology enable the introduction of new reaction procedures in chemistry, pharmaceutical industry, and molecular biology. Miniaturized reaction systems offer many exceptional technical advantages for a large number of applications. The large surface-to-volume ratio of miniaturized fluid components allows for significantly enhanced process control and heat management. Moreover, the unique possibilities of microchemical systems pave the way to a distributed point-of-use and on-demand production of extremely harmful and toxic substances.
On the other side of the coin,miniaturization of complete set-ups for chemical syntheses to a suitcase or even to a shoe-box size opens several possibilities to possibly use them as tools for terrorist attacks and to facilitate the clandestine manufacture of chemical agents. Microfabrication techniques are common and allow the machining of special materials (e.g., high-alloyed steel, titanium, ceramics, or glass). Meanwhile, micromachining techniques are available anywhere in the world. Therefore, these techniques are no longer unique nor proprietary and they cannot pre ent construction or distribution of microreaction systems by people with allegiance to a terrorist organization.
Terrorism. Industry prevention and the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Kelliher Marybeth 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks introduced the United States to domestic and complex terrorism. According to terrorism experts, public and private sector targets are indistinguishable to the perpetrators of this evolved form of terrorism. The global chemical industry’s counteroffensive against international terrorism depends in part on implementation of the Chemicals Weapons Convention (CWC), long supported by the American Chemistry Council (ACC) and its sister associations in the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA). This paper describes the U.S. chemical industry’s response to September 11th and how adherence to the letter and spirit of the CWC helps prevent terrorism.
Conventional analytical methods for chemical warfare agents
Authors: Hill H. H. , Martin S. J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Analytical methods that are currently used for the detection and identification of chemical warfare agents are reviewed and classified by the number of dimensions of information they provide. Single dimensional sensors target specific compounds or classes of compounds. Although they can be less expensive and more portable than multidimensional sensors, multidimensional sensors detect a broader threat spectrum with greater precision and accuracy. The recommendation for analytical field verification during inspections under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is to use simple two-dimensional analytical methods, such as gas chromatography (GC) or ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), for on-site screening of chemical weapons (CW) agents or to fully equip a modern, mobile analytical laboratory located in an airplane, which can be moved rapidly throughout the world to each inspection site and provide high-quality analytical data on-site.
Premliminary steps of the analytical process. From sampling to detection
Authors: de Castro M. D. Luque 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
An overview of current ways of automating or accelerating the preliminary steps of the analytical process is presented as a way of emphasizing the role of these steps in the final results. Sampling and weighing, dissolution, leaching or physical removal, in addition to clean-up and preconcentration are the steps discussed along with this overview.
Integrated chemical systems on microchips for analysis and assay. Potential future, mobile high-performance detection system for chemical weapons
Authors: Kikutani Yoshikuni , Tokeshi M. , Sato K. , Kitamori Takehiko 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
By analogy to unit operations (e.g., mixers, reactors, etc.) used in conventional chemical engineering, the concept of microunit operations permits the integration of complicated chemical systems onto a small microchip. A protocol for fabrication of such microchips is described, and its use is illustrated in several examples. In addition, the thermal lens microscope, which determines nonfluorescent species at the single-molecule level, is indispensable as an ultrasensitive detector for general use. Applications of microchip technology are given for chemical analysis, immunoassay, and full bioassay. Microchip analysis can provide very large enhancements in sensitivity and substantial reductions in measurement time as compared with conventional analytical methods.
Chemical and biological safety: Biosensors and nanotechnological methods for the detection and monitoring of chemical and biological agents
Authors: Varfolomeyev S. , Kurockhin I. , Eremenko A. , Efremenko Elena 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The elaboration of highly sensitive and express methods for quantitative and qualitative detection and monitoring of chemical warfare agents (CWA), organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, compounds with delayed neurotoxicity, and pathogenic microorganisms and viruses is discussed. The application of potentiometric and amperometric biosensors, automatic biosensors discriminating the neurotoxins of different classes, is performed. The information about biosensors detecting the compounds with delayed neurotoxicity through the evaluation of “neurotoxic esterase”activity in the blood is presented. The use of immunochip technology for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and viruses is demonstrated. The enzymatic methods of destruction of organophosphorus neurotoxins are considered as the base of new defense technology.
Transitioning analytical instrumentation from the laboratory to harsh environments
Authors: Turner R. B. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The development of sensitive analytical instrumentation for autonomous operation in harsh environments is a difficult and expensive process. The management of risk in this process is aided by the use of technology readiness levels (TRLs) and awareness that the exponential growth of costs through development militates very strongly against progressing the development prematurely. It is also essential to have a very clear view of the intended outcome at the earliest possible stage and to test the systems in realistic environments as soon and as often as possible. Economic production of large quantities of instruments requires considerable attention to the details of the production process and the control of materials; there is a constant battle against contamination. Future instrumentation might involve a combination of analytical techniques, but the desire for more selectivity and sensitivity must be balanced against cost, complexity, and reliability.
Impact of scientific developments on the Chemical Weapons Convention (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Parshall G. W. , Pearson G. S. , Inch T. D. , Becker Edwin D. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This document was prepared as a report from IUPAC to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to provide an evaluation of scientific and technological advances in the chemical sciences relevant to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The report is intended to assist OPCW and its Member States in preparation for the First Review Conference to be held on 28 April 2003. The CWC, now ratified by 145 nations and in effect since 1997, totally prohibits the production, storage, or use of toxic chemicals as weapons of war. This report is based on an IUPAC Workshop held in Bergen**, Norway, 30 June to 3 July 2002. The report highlights developments in organic synthesis and changes in chemical plant design that will pose new challenges to the Convention, but it also describes recent and probable future developments in analytical chemistry that should assist in implementation of the Convention. The key issues identified at the Workshop are listed, and the findings and observations are summarized in 18 points.
The effects of sound patterning in poetry: A cognitive pragmatic approach
Authors: MacMahon Barbara 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this article I posit a pragmatic model of how sound-patterning in poetry contributes to interpretation, with particular attention to the cognitive processes involved. The model is based in cognitive pragmatics (relevance theory) and psycholinguistics (spreading activation models), and the focus here is largely on segmental patterning such as rhyme and alliteration, though there is also some reference to metrical features. The article draws on relevance theory notions of literary language conveying a range of weak implicatures and thus resulting in diffuse and non-propositional impressions (Sperber and Wilson 1995 [1986]), notions used so far in relevance theory approaches to literary features such as repetition and metaphor. The article develops Pilkington's (2000) argument that poetic form, in slowing down lines and anticipating rhyming words, allows for longer access and deeper exploration of information associated with lexical concepts. Such exploration can lead to a potentially wide range of interpretive material. Here I focus on associative, iconic, and mimetic effects, which, I argue, are enabled through the spreading of semantic properties along sequences of relatively contiguous similar sounding words, and through the association of formal properties with semantic and encyclopaedic information. Through the analysis, my aim is also to account for the instability of poetic interpretation. The argument is presented with reference to poetry by Pope and Keats.
Hermeneutic resistance: Four test cases for the notion of literary uninterpretability
Authors: Orr Leonard 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
What does it mean to say that a given text is uninterpretable? While there are always the examples of accidental uninterpretability (cases of works that have suffered severe physical damage, texts in real languages not known by readers, references and allusions that were not kept alive as intertexts for other groups), this is not the focus of criticism or hermeneutics. There is a long and important history of purposeful obscurity, of authors who, for whatever reasons, made their texts difficult and challenging for any reader they constructed. Others did this without regard for the readers' responses, or so it would seem, following their own private visions, compositional or generative rules and constraints, or because they were in some sense writing-under-the influence (to cover a group from Plato's poets to the mescaline-induced writing and art of Henri Michaux). The test cases for this article will be drawn from works by authors with a developed aesthetics of functional indeterminacy (such as Gertrude Stein, James Joyce's Finnegans Wake, Samuel Beckett's later fiction), practitioners of Dadaism, OULIP0, Surrealism, automatic writing, aleatory approaches, as well as visionary, drug-influenced, and insane authors. My argument will take issue with the idea that any texts remain uninterpretable by critics even if these works have a high degree of indeterminacy or completeness, no matter what rules or motives were being followed by the authors.
The genres speak: Using large corpora to profile generic registers
Authors: Dillon George L 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This article shows how useful the evidence retrievable from large and easily available corpora can be in identifying the distinguishing lexical and phrasal characteristics of generic registers. Here attention is directed toward the lexical register of two genres of “disposable writing”: news writing (in Part I) and romance fiction (in Part II, where it is contrasted with its near neighbour, “sexy” fiction). But use of corpus evidence on register profiling is still at a relatively early stage, so that a number of large topics merit further discussion here: What words and phrases are characteristic of individual genres and how much more common are they in the genres than in other writings? Are there national differences in the “style” of genres? What is the functional basis or rationale for these genre “styles”? These questions are explored along the way to proposing that registers be viewed as genres' fashions of speaking. The study also uncovers one distinctive aspect of romance writing not widely recognised, namely its extremely heavy and varied use of inquit tags.
Development of a mercury speciation, fate, and biotic uptake (BIOTRANSPEC) model: Application to Lahontan Reservoir (Nevada, USA)
Authors: Gandhi Nilima , Bhavsar Satyendra P. , Diamond Miriam L. , Kuwabara James S. , Marvin-DiPasquale Mark , Krabbenhoft David P. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A mathematically linked mercury transport, speciation, kinetic, and simple biotic uptake (BIOTRANSPEC) model has been developed. An extension of the metal transport and speciation (TRANSPEC) model, BIOTRANSPEC estimates the fate and biotic uptake of inorganic (Hg(II)), elemental (Hg(0)) and organic (MeHg) forms of mercury and their species in the dissolved, colloidal (e.g., dissolved organic matter [DOM]), and particulate phases of surface aquatic systems. A pseudo-steady state version of the model was used to describe mercury dynamics in Lahontan Reservoir (near Carson City, NV, USA), where internal loading of the historically deposited mercury is remobilized, thereby maintaining elevated water concentrations. The Carson River is the main source of total mercury (THg), of which more than 90% is tightly bound in a gold-silver-mercury amalgam, to the system through loadings in the spring, with negligible input from the atmospheric deposition. The speciation results suggest that aqueous species are dominated by Hg-DOM, Hg(OH)2, and HgClOH. Sediment-to-water diffusion of MeHg and Hg-DOM accounts for approximately 10% of total loadings to the water column. The water column acts as a net sink for MeHg by reducing its levels through two competitive processes: Uptake by fish, and net MeHg demethylation. Although reservoir sediments produce significant amounts of MeHg (4 g/d), its transport from sediment to water is limited (1.6 g/d), possibly because of its adsorption on metal oxides of iron and manganese at the sediment-water interface. Fish accumulate approximately 45% of the total MeHg mass in the water column, and 9% of total MeHg uptake by fish leaves the system because of fishing. Results from this new model reiterate the previous conclusion that more than 90% of THg input is retained in sediment, which perpetuates elevated water concentrations.
Bioassays with cagedHyalella aztecato determine in situ toxicity downstream of two Saskatchewan, Canada, uranium operations
Authors: Robertson Erin L. , Liber Karsten 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe main objectives of this in situ study were to evaluate the usefulness of an in situ bioassay to determine if downstream water bodies at the Key Lake and Rabbit Lake uranium operations (Saskatchewan, Canada) were toxic to Hyalella azteca and, if toxicity was observed, to differentiate between the contribution of surface water and sediment contamination to in situ toxicity. These objectives were achieved by performing 4-d in situ bioassays with laboratory-reared H. azteca confined in specially designed, paired, surface water and sediment exposure chambers. Results from the in situ bioassays revealed significant mortality, relative to the respective reference site, at the exposure sites at both Key Lake (p ≤ 0.001) and Rabbit Lake (p = 0.001). No statistical differences were found between survival in surface water and sediment exposure chambers at either Key Lake (p = 0.232) or Rabbit Lake (p = 0.072). This suggests that surface water (the common feature of both types of exposure chambers) was the primary cause of in situ mortality of H. azteca at both operations, although this relationship was stronger at Key Lake. At Key Lake, the primary cause of aquatic toxicity to H. azteca did not appear to be correlated with the variables measured in this study, but most likely with a pulse of organic mill-process chemicals released during the time of the in situ study — a transient event that was caused by a problem with the mill's solvent extraction process. The suspected cause of in situ toxicity to H. azteca at Rabbit Lake was high levels of uranium in surface water, sediment, and pore water.
Benzotriazole is antiestrogenic in vitro but not in vivo
Authors: Harris Catherine A. , Routledge Edwin J. , Schaffner Christian , Brian Jayne V. , Giger Walter , Sumpter John P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBenzotriazole (BT) is an anticorrosive agent well known for its use in aircraft deicing and antifreeze fluids but also used in dishwasher detergents. It is highly persistent in the environment; therefore, BT is frequently found in runoff emanating from large airports as well as in the surrounding groundwater. In addition, BT has recently been found to be ubiquitous in Swiss wastewater treatment plant effluents and their receiving waters; however, very little chronic toxicity data is available on which to base a sound ecological risk assessment of this chemical. In vitro assays conducted using a recombinant yeast (anti-) estrogen assay indicated that BT possessed clear antiestrogenic properties. This chemical was approximately 100-fold less potent than Tamoxifen, which was used as a positive control. A subsequent in vivo study, however, involving analysis of vitellogenin induction and somatic indices in adult fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to BT at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1,000 μg/L for two weeks showed no evidence of antiestrogenic activity by this compound. The possibility exists that higher concentrations of BT may yet induce the type of activity observed in vitro, although the concentrations used here already far exceed those reported in surface-water samples. Furthermore, adverse effects may be observed in fish or other organisms exposed to BT for a longer period than employed here, although such studies are costly and unlikely to be included in standard risk assessment procedures. A rigorous investigation of the chronic toxicity of BT is imperative.