bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene 7‐repeat allele with children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An update
Authors: Gornick M.C. , Addington Anjene , Shaw P. , Bobb A.J. , Sharp W. , Greenstein D. , Arepalli S. , Castellanos F.X. , Rapoport J.L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPolymorphisms of the dopamine receptor D4 gene DRD4, 11p15.5, have previously been associated with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [Bobb et al., 2005; Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 132:109–125; Faraone et al., 2005; Biol Psychiatry 57:1313–1323; Thapar et al., 2005; Hum Mol Genet 14 Spec No. 2:R275‐R282]. As a follow up to a pilot study [see Castellanos et al., 1998; Mol Psychiatry 3:431–434] consisting of 41 probands and 56 controls which found no significant association between the DRD4 7‐repeat allele in exon 3 and ADHD, a greatly expanded study sample (cases n = 166 and controls n = 282) and long term follow‐up (n = 107, baseline mean age n = 9, follow‐up mean age of n = 15) prompted reexamination of this gene. The DRD4 7‐repeat allele was significantly more frequent in ADHD cases than controls (OR = 1.2; P = 0.028). Further, within the ADHD group, the 7‐repeat allele was associated with better cognitive performance (measured by the WISC‐III) (P = 0.013–0.07) as well as a trend for association with better long‐term outcome. This provides further evidence of the role of the DRD4 7‐repeat allele in the etiology of ADHD and suggests that this allele may be associated with a more benign form of the disorder. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary evidence for linkage to chromosome 1q31‐32, 10q23.3, and 16p13.3 in a South African cohort with bipolar disorder
Authors: Savitz Jonathan , Cupido Cinda‐Lee , Ramesar Raj Kumar 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAlthough the genetic variants predisposing to the development of bipolar disorder (BPD) have yet to be conclusively identified, replicated reports of linkage to particular chromosomal regions have been encouraging. Here we carried out a non‐parametric linkage analysis of nine of these candidate loci in a unique South African sample of 47 BPD pedigrees (N = 350). Three polymorphic markers per region of interest (3 × 9) were typed in a Caucasian cohort of Afrikaner and British origin. Statistically significant evidence for linkage was obtained at 1q31‐32, 10q23.3, and 16p13.3 with maximum NPL scores of 2.52, 2.01, and 1.84, respectively. Our results add to the growing evidence that these chromosomal regions harbor genetic variants that play a role in the development of bipolar spectrum illness. Negative results were obtained for the remaining six candidate loci, possibly due to limited statistical power. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopaminergic polymorphisms in Tourette syndrome: Association with the DAT gene (SLC6A3)
Authors: Yoon Dustin Y. , Rippel Christopher A. , Kobets Andrew J. , Morris Christina M. , Lee Jennifer E. , Williams Phillip N. , Bridges Dana D. , Vandenbergh David J. , Shugart Yin Y. , Singer Harvey S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTourette syndrome (TS) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by involuntary motor and phonic tics. The pattern of inheritance and associated genetic abnormality has yet to be fully characterized. A dopaminergic abnormality in this disorder is supported by response to specific therapies, nuclear imaging, and postmortem studies. In this protocol, dopaminergic polymorphisms were examined for associations with TS and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Polymorphisms investigated included the dopamine transporter (DAT1DdeI and DAT1 VNTR), dopamine receptor (D4 Upstream Repeat and D4 VNTR), dopamine converting enzyme (dopamine β‐hydroxylase), and the acid phosphatase locus 1 (ACP1) gene. DNA was obtained from 266 TS individuals ± ADHD and 236 controls that were ethnicity‐matched. A significant association, using a genotype‐based association analysis, was identified for the TS‐total and TS‐only versus control groups for the DAT1DdeI polymorphism (AG vs. AA,P = 0.004 andP = 0.01, respectively). Population structure, estimated by the genotyping of 27 informative SNP markers, identified 3 subgroups. A statistical re‐evaluation of the DAT1DdeI polymorphism following population stratification confirmed the association for the TS‐total and TS‐only groups, but the degree of significance was reduced (P = 0.017 andP = 0.016, respectively). This study has identified a significant association between the presence of TS and a DAT polymorphism. Since abnormalities of the dopamine transporter have been hypothesized in the pathophysiology of TS, it is possible that this could be a functional allele associated with clinical expression. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HOXA1 gene variants influence head growth rates in humans
Authors: Muscarella Lucia Anna , Guarnieri Vito , Sacco Roberto , Militerni Roberto , Bravaccio Carmela , Trillo Simona , Schneider Cindy , Melmed Raun , Elia Maurizio , Mascia Maria Lucia , Rucci Emanuela , Piemontese Maria Rosaria , D'Agruma Leonardo , Persico Antonio M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe previously described a significant association between the HOXA1 G218 allele and increased head circumference in autism [Conciatori et al. (2004); Biol Psychiatry 55:413–419]. The present study reveals identical effects also in normal children. HOXA1 A218G alleles and sex explain as much as 10.9 and 6.8% of the variance in head circumference in 142 pediatric controls and in 191 autistic children, aged 3–16 years (F = 6.777, 3 and 141 df, P < 0.001 and F = 5.588, 3 and 190 df, P < 0.01, respectively). Instead, no association is found in 183 adult controls and in 35 pediatric fragile‐X patients. Therefore HOXA1 A218G alleles significantly influence head growth rates, but not final head size, in normal human development. This influence does not differ between normal and autistic children, whereas the lack of FMRP seemingly overwhelms HOXA1 effects in fragile‐X patients. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No significant association between response to methylphenidate and genes of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in a sample of Brazilian children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Zeni Cristian Patrick , Guimarães Ana Paula , Polanczyk Guilherme V. , Genro Julia P. , Roman Tatiana , Hutz Mara H. , Rohde Luis Augusto 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFew studies on pharmacogenetics of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been conducted. Most of them evaluated dopaminergic genes resulting in positive and negative findings. We assessed effects of polymorphisms in candidate dopaminergic (DRD4, DAT1) and serotonergic genes (HTR1B, HTR2A, and 5‐HTT) on the response to treatment in 111 patients for whom methylphenidate (MPH) was prescribed. Outcome measures (Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham scale—version IV, Children Global Assessment Scale, Barkley's Stimulants Side Effects Rating Scale) were assessed at baseline and 1 month after the intervention. No significant association was detected between polymorphisms assessed and both response and side effects to MPH. Prospective multi‐site controlled studies with larger sample sizes are needed in order to disentangle the role of candidate genes in response to ADHD treatment. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogenetic relationships among the Lorisoidea as indicated by craniodental morphology and mitochondrial sequence data
Authors: Masters Judith C. , Boniotto Michele , Crovella Sergio , Roos Christian , Pozzi Luca , Delpero Massimiliano 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe phylogeny of the Afro‐Asian Lorisoidea is controversial. While postcranial data attest strongly to the monophyly of the Lorisidae, most molecular analyses portray them as paraphyletic and group the Galagidae alternately with the Asian or African lorisids. One of the problems that has bedevilled phylogenetic analysis of the group in the past is the limited number of taxa sampled for both ingroup families. We present the results of a series of phylogenetic analyses based on 635 base pairs (bp) from two mitochondrial genes (12S and 16S rRNA) with and without 36 craniodental characters, for 11 galagid and five lorisid taxa. The outgroup was the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Analyses of the molecular data included maximum parsimony (MP), neighbor joining (NJ), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian methods. The model‐based analyses and the combined “molecules+morphology” analyses supported monophyly of the Lorisidae and Galagidae. The lorisids form two geographically defined clades. We find no support for the taxonomy of Galagidae as proposed recently by Groves [Primate Taxonomy, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 350 p, 2001]. The taxonomy of Nash et al. [International Journal of Primatology 10:57–80, 1989] is supported by the combined “molecules+morphology” analysis; however, the model‐based analyses suggest that Galagoides may be an assemblage of species united by plesiomorphic craniodental characters. Am. J. Primatol. 69:6–15, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative penile morphology of East African galagos of the genus Galagoides (family Galagidae): implications for taxonomy
Authors: Perkin Andrew 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRecent studies on the comparative penile morphology of galagos have revealed complex patterns that vary among both genera and species, and help with species identification. So far the penile morphologies of 14 galago species have been described and an identification key has been proposed. The present study extends and revises previous work. Wild Galagoides cocos, G. granti, G. zanzibaricus and G. rondoensis from the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests of Tanzania and Kenya were live‐trapped, and one species (G. orinus) was examined using a museum specimen. Penile morphology was photographed, traced, and described qualitatively. All of the mature males had penile spines. Spines were absent or indistinct in immature males of all of the species. The penile morphologies of G. cocos, G. granti, and G. zanzibaricus are similar in their overall distribution and type of spines, but differ in the shape of the glans penis. Both G. orinus and G. rondoensis have divergent penile morphologies compared to all other galagos, and are probably phylogenetically distinct. The results support other recent morphological and behavioral studies that consider these five galagos to be distinct species. The evolution of the baculum and spines is thought to be linked to sexual selection in multimale mating systems, but the mechanisms involved are not entirely understood. Adult male G. rondoensis appear to display the penile spines by exposing the distal section of the penis. Am. J. Primatol. 68:16–26, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early evolution and biogeography of lorisiform strepsirrhines
Authors: Seiffert Erik R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis brief review summarizes new paleontological and molecular data that together support a late middle Eocene Afro‐Arabian origin for crown Lorisiformes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that late Eocene Karanisia is a possible stem lorisiform, late Eocene Saharagalago and Wadilemur and Miocene Komba are stem galagids, and early Miocene Mioeuoticus and Progalago may be crown lorisids. Character evolution along the lorisid and galagid stem lineages is reconstructed as having occurred primarily in postcranial and dental morphology, respectively. These patterns have important implications for interpreting an early lorisiform fossil record that is still composed primarily of jaws and isolated teeth. Am. J. Primatol. 69:27–35, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histomorphology of the mandibular condylar cartilage in greater galagos (Otolemur spp.)
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Smith Timothy D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe functional morphology of the primate craniomandibular complex and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) components is frequently discussed in terms of gross skeletal structure. At the histomorphologic level, however, the TMJ has only been studied in Old World anthropoids. The present study is designed to describe the microanatomy of the condylar cartilage of the TMJ in two closely related species of greater galago: the exudativorous Otolemur crassicaudatus and the frugivorous O. garnettii. TMJs with intact joint capsules were harvested from adult, cadaveric specimens of these species (four O. crassicaudatus and five O. garnettii). The samples were decalcified, processed for paraffin sectioning, and sectioned at 10–18 µm in the coronal plane. The samples were then stained with hematoxylin/eosin, Gomori trichrome, and Alcian blue, and examined with a photomicroscope. Generally, condylar cartilage in O. crassicaudatus was thickest both laterally and centrally, while O. garnettii had the relatively thickest cartilage laterally. Both species displayed a superficial articular zone, a middle proliferative zone, and a deeply located hypertrophic zone in the condylar cartilage. O. crassicaudatus typically had the greatest cell density in each of these zones. In addition, O. crassicaudatus had focal concentrations of Alcian blue laterally and centrally, while O. garnettii had the greatest reactivity in the central portion only. These results suggest that O. crassicaudatus may be specialized to resist greater compressive force at the TMJ condylar cartilage in specific regions of the mandibular condyle. Am. J. Primatol. 69:36–45, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interspecific analysis of covariance structure in the masticatory apparatus of galagos
Authors: Vinyard Christopher J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe primate masticatory apparatus (MA) is a functionally integrated set of features, each of which performs important functions in biting, ingestive, and chewing behaviors. A comparison of morphological covariance structure among species for these MA features will help us to further understand the evolutionary history of this region. In this exploratory analysis, the covariance structure of the MA is compared across seven galago species to investigate 1) whether there are differences in covariance structure in this region, and 2) if so, how has this covariation changed with respect to size, MA form, diet, and/or phylogeny? Ten measurements of the MA functionally related to bite force production and load resistance were obtained from 218 adults of seven galago species. Correlation matrices were generated for these 10 dimensions and compared among species via matrix correlations and Mantel tests. Subsequently, pairwise covariance disparity in the MA was estimated as a measure of difference in covariance structure between species. Covariance disparity estimates were correlated with pairwise distances related to differences in body size, MA size and shape, genetic distance (based on cytochrome‐b sequences) and percentage of dietary foods to determine whether one or more of these factors is linked to differences in covariance structure. Galagos differ in MA covariance structure. Body size appears to be a major factor correlated with differences in covariance structure among galagos. The largest galago species, Otolemur crassicaudatus, exhibits large differences in body mass and covariance structure relative to other galagos, and thus plays a primary role in creating this association. MA size and shape do not correlate with covariance structure when body mass is held constant. Diet also shows no association. Genetic distance is significantly negatively correlated with covariance disparity when body mass is held constant, but this correlation appears to be a function of the small body size and large genetic distance for Galagoides demidoff. These exploratory results indicate that changing body size may have been a key factor in the evolution of the galago MA. Am. J. Primatol. 69:46–58, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cranial ontogeny, diet, and ecogeographic variation in African lorises
Authors: Ravosa Matthew J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA series of 22 craniodental measurements were obtained for the three subspecies of potto (Perodicticus) and angwantibos (Arctocebus). To describe patterns of variation in Perodicticus, a discriminant function analysis (DFA) was performed with adult data. To investigate the ecogeographic correlates of size variation in Perodicticus, adult cranial dimensions were compared with field data on latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates for available specimens as well as altitudinal data for a more limited sample. Ontogenetic series for larger‐bodied Perodicticus and smaller‐bodied Arctocebus were compared to test the hypothesis that inter‐ and intrageneric variation in skull form results from the differential extension/truncation of shared patterns of relative growth, and to assess morphological variation in the masticatory complex of sister taxa with differing dietary habits. Analyses of relative growth indicate that skull proportions in Perodicticus subspecies are largely ontogenetically scaled. In comparisons between Perodicticus and Arctocebus, most facial dimensions also are ontogenetically scaled, with all but one of the seven divergent comparisons (interorbital breadth) representing a feature of the masticatory apparatus. The DFA provided independent support for prior classifications of Perodicticus into three taxa. Size differentiation in African lorises appears to be correlated with altitudinal variation (Bergmann's Rule) as well as character displacement. The smallest pottos, P. p. potto, occupy low‐lying coastal habitats in western Africa, whereas the larger, eastern forms inhabit higher, presumably colder elevations. The largest potto, P. p. edwardsi, is sympatric throughout most of its range with the smallest and most insectivorous African lorises (Arctocebus). A basis for intrageneric taxonomic variation in Perodicticus is supported by such nonclinal size variation, as well as divergences in the ontogeny of masticatory proportions corresponding to interspecific variation in dietary proclivities. Am. J. Primatol. 69:59–73, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological and functional differentiation in the lumbar spine of lorisids and galagids
Authors: Shapiro Liza J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe striking contrast in positional behavior exhibited by lorisids (slow quadrupedalism/suspension) and galagids (leaping/quadrupedalism) is well reflected in their postcranial morphology, particularly in the limbs. Although they exhibit very different spinal postures and movements, vertebral adaptations have been less well explored in these taxa. This study addressed morphological and functional differentiation in the lumbar vertebrae of four species of lorisids and five species of galagids. Linear and angular measurements of lumbar vertebrae were compared among taxa using canonical variates analysis (CVA) in conjunction with pairwise comparisons among selected variables. The results were interpreted in the context of a broader comparative sample, including the addition of indriids to the CVA. Compared to galagids, lorisids have relatively shorter lumbar spinous processes that are more perpendicularly (to caudally) oriented relative to a coronal plane. Lorisids also have relatively wider laminae and more transversely oriented prezygapophyses. These features promote lumbar stability and reflect antipronogrady, multiplane spinal movements, and upside‐down suspension. Within lorisids, vertebral body length and height vary with body size, reflecting the additional resistance to bending that is required for larger body sizes. Galagid lumbar shape is influenced by body size, but does not show strong variation in accordance with positional behavior differences as defined here. Galagids, indriids, and lorisids are distinct in lumbar morphology and function, but their similarities in lumbar length reduction are suggestive of antipronograde postures in the common ancestor of the galagids, including those who have shifted to a more quadrupedal locomotor repertoire. Am. J. Primatol. 69:86–102, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limb growth in captive Galago senegalensis: getting in shape to be an adult
Authors: Schaefer Melissa S. , Nash Leanne T. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSince primate infants are not simply miniature adults, adult shape results from differential growth patterns of individual body segments. Initially an infant relies on its mother for transportation, and later begins independent locomotion. Skeletal growth patterns must meet the functional demands of independent locomotion. In this study we sought to determine whether Galago senegalensis braccatus follow the general primate pattern of decreasing intermembral index (IMI) throughout ontogeny. We also asked whether ontogenetic attainment of adult limb proportions coincides with attainment of independent locomotion, i.e., do infants reach adult limb proportions near the time they begin independent locomotion (approximately 7 weeks of age)? Mixed‐longitudinal data were taken from a sample of 10 captive‐born Galago senegalensis. Linear lengths of the trunk, arm, forearm, thigh, and leg were measured in the animals from birth until they were approximately 500 days old. The IMI and the ratio of each limb segment to both trunk length and the cube root of body mass were calculated. The results of a Mann‐Whitney Wilcoxon rank‐sum test for unmatched samples indicate that G. senegalensis do exhibit the primate pattern of decreasing IMI throughout ontogeny, and that the IMIs of infants at the time of initial locomotor independence are significantly higher than those of adult IMIs. Some (but not all) measures of relative limb lengths differed between neonates or 7‐week‐old infants and adults. Therefore, the hypothesis that infants acquire adult limb proportions by the time they begin independent locomotion is not supported by this study. The current results indicate that ontogenetic shape changes in galagos are a complex process and apparently cannot be explained by simple initial locomotor competency. Am. J. Primatol. 69:103–111, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Manipulating the Through‐Space Spin–Spin Interaction of Organic Radicals in the Confined Cavity of a Self‐Assembled Cage
Authors: Nakabayashi Koji , Kawano Masaki , Kato Tatsuhisa , Furukawa Ko , Ohkoshi Shin‐ichi , Hozumi Toshiya , Fujita Makoto 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe show a new approach to manipulating the through‐space spin–spin interaction by utilizing the confined cavity of a self‐assembled M6L4 coordination cage. The coordination cage readily encapsulates stable organic radicals in solution, which brings the spin centers of the radicals closer to each other. In sharp contrast to the fact that the radical in solution in the absence of the cage is in a doublet state, in the presence of the cage through‐space spin–spin interaction is induced through cage‐encapsulation effects in solution as well as in the solid state, resulting in the triplet state of the complex. These results were confirmed by ESR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. The quantity of triplet species generated by encapsulation in the cage increases with increasing affinity of the radicals to the cage. We estimated the affinity between several types of guests and the cage in solution by cyclic voltammetry. We also demonstrate that the through‐space interaction of organic radicals within the self‐assembled coordination cage can be controlled by external stimuli such as heat or pH.