bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Baptism of Our Lord—A Study of St. Mark 1.9–11
Authors: Cranfield C. E. B. 
Published: February 2009

Both the construction ('And it came to pass… that Jesus came’) and the expression ‘in those days’ have a distinctly OT flavour (cf. e.g. Exod. 2.11). As neither is frequent in Mark, we might perhaps venture the suggestion that either consciously or unconsciously he is giving to his narrative a special touch of solemnity at the point at which he introduces Jesus for the first time.That Jesus was baptised by John1 can scarcely be doubted. The fact that the submission of Jesus to a baptism of repentance caused the early Church embarrassment, as may be seen in Matt. 3.14 f and in the Gospel of the Ebionites and the Gospel according to the Hebrews (see Huck, Synopsis, 9th edit., p. 12), makes it extremely unlikely that the Church would ever have invented the incident.2To the question why He submitted to baptism various answers have been given. Some have suggested that it was because He was conscious of sin and felt the need to repent3; but this seems to be ruled out by what Dr Taylor has called ‘the entire absence of the consciousness of sin in His personality, as it is revealed in the Gospels’.4 Others have suggested that Jesus was simply availing Himself of John's baptism ‘as a means of expressing the will to live a pure life’5 or that He submitted to it merely in order to show His personal approval of the Baptist's movement.
The Fall, Freewill and Human Responsibility in Rabbinic Judaism
Authors: Hayman A.P. 
Published: February 2009

This paper is an attempt to follow up and expand on the following statement which I made in an earlier paper published inSJT:The Christian doctrine of original sin has no place within a rabbinic system which avoids the crucial difficulty in Christian theodicy — that of the creation of evilex nihiloat the time of the Fall.In developing this statement I would like to sound a warning note to NT and patristic scholars who utilise rabbinic sources as background material for the study of early Christianity. It is often assumed that rabbinic texts, along with the literary remains of the other sorts of Judaism in existence in the first century A.D., can be used as a mine of material for illustrating the sort of beliefs with which the early Christians started out and against which they subsequently reacted. Thus, for example, to approach closer to the title of this paper, in considering the famous Pauline passage on the Fall (Rom. 5.12–21), it is customary for NT scholars to marshall all the evidence from the OT, the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and rabbinic Judaism to try and explain the origin of the Christian doctrine of the Fall and Original Sin. But all too often the rabbinic evidence is used rather indiscriminately without regard to the date of its origin or to the possibility that rabbinic views on these matters may have changed in the course of the centuries during which the Talmudic literature was evolving.
The Church of the Reigning Lord
Authors: Louden R. Stuart 
Published: February 2009

We can trace a revival of theology in the Reformed Churches in the last quarter of a century. The new theological interest merits being called a revival of theology, for there has been a fresh and more thorough attention given to certain realities, either ignored or treated with scant notice for a considerable time previously.First among such realities now receiving more of the attention which their relevance and authority deserve, is the Bible, the record of the Word of God. There is an invigorating and convincing quality about theology which is Biblical throughout, being based on the witness of the Scriptures as a whole. The valuable results of careful Biblical scholarship had had an adverse effect on theology in so far as theologians had completely separated the Old Testament from the New in their treatment of Biblical doctrine, or in expanding Christian doctrine, had spoken of the theological teaching of the Synoptic Gospels, the Pauline Epistles, the Johannine writings, and so on, as if there were no such thing as one common New Testament witness. It is being seen anew that the Holy Scriptures contain a complete history of God's saving action. The presence of the complete Bible open at the heart of the Church, recalls each succeeding Christian generation to that one history of God's saving action, to which the Church is the living witness. The New Testament is one, for its Lord is one, and Christian theology must stand four-square on the foundation of its whole teaching.
A Question of Words
Authors: Riddell J. G. 
Published: February 2009

Every modern estimate of the religious situation in our country has laid stress on the drift from religion which is increasingly apparent and ever more serious in its effects. Not only is there widespread indifference to the claims of Christianity, but the separation between those within the Churches and those outside grows more decisive and complete. In habit and outlook, in conduct and ways of life, the contrast between Christian and non-Christian standards becomes more and more clearly marked.Every diagnosis of this situation and every prescription for its remedy raises the question of words and their use. Even if we do not agree that the drift from religion is due to outworn theological terminology or to meaningless pulpit jargon alone, we must recognise that misunderstanding and indifference are often increased by the strangeness of the Christian vocabulary in the ears of the modern man. “ We feel bound to make some attempt to translate certain theological statements of the Eternal Gospel into language such as present-day hearers might themselves employ to express spiritual needs of which they are acutely conscious.” In making this statement the authors of Towards the Conversion of England, (p. 24) quote from the Archbishops' Report on Training for the Ministry, (para. 107): “Full attention should be given to training ordinands in the power of translating the technical language of theology into terms understood by ordinary people.”
The Growth of New Testament Theology
Authors: Higgins A. J. B. 
Published: February 2009

The Old Testament is, from one point of view, primarily the X record of the growth of religious ideas among the Hebrews. Yet, despite the variety of the religious ideas of the Old Testament at different stages in Hebrew history, it is possible to speak of the theology of the Old Testament without the word ‘theology’ being just another name for religious development. This is because there are certain beliefs about God and man and their relationship one to the other as saviour and saved which characterise the Old Testament as a finished and complete whole, as an entity. From another point of view the Old Testament is the record of the divine revelation in salvation vouchsafed to Israel by her God. If God speaks now through Moses, now through Isaiah of Jerusalem, now through the nameless exilic prophet, at different times ‘by divers portions and in divers manners’, yet His revelation is basically ever the same. The essential unity of outlook and faith in the Old Testament, transcending its diversities, is a pointer to the genuineness of the revelation and a guarantee of its substantially correct though inevitably imperfect apprehension by those to whom it was granted.The differences within the Old Testament are, nevertheless, often more obvious than this basic theological unity. The opposite might be said of the New Testament. This is just what we should expect, because while the Old Testament spans many centuries, the New was completed within a matter of decades.
Studying Stream Morphology With Airborne Laser Elevation Data
Authors: Snyder Noah P. 
Published: February 2009

Much progress has been made linking the fields of geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, and tectonics over the past approximately 20 years using digital elevation models (DEMs) to study stream processes. DEMs forming the basis of such research were created by interpolating between contour lines digitized from topographic maps, which were generated from aerial photographs. With pixel sizes of 10–90 meters on each edge, these grids allowed investigators to make measurements of parameters such as stream gradient and contributing drainage area over entire channel networks; these parameters also found use as inputs for basin‐scale models of stream erosion and sediment transport [e.g., Wobus et al., 2006].However, the accuracy of these “traditional” DEMs varies spatially because map contour interval (typically 3–20 meters) and density (set by landscape gradient) dictate the resolution of information available to interpolate an elevation value for each pixel on the grid. Thus, traditional DEMs miss many fine‐scaled features, particularly those in low‐relief terrain. DEMs generated from space shuttle or satellite radar surveys have similar pixel resolution (10–90 meters) but do not measure land surface elevations in forested regions, limiting their applicability for studies of channels.
Tendril-lessRegulates Tendril Formation in Pea Leaves
Authors: Hofer Julie , Turner Lynda , Moreau Carol , Ambrose Mike , Isaac Peter , Butcher Susan , Weller James , Dupin Adeline , Dalmais Marion , Le Signor Christine , Bendahmane Abdelhafid , Ellis Noel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTendrils are contact-sensitive, filamentous organs that permit climbing plants to tether to their taller neighbors. Tendrilled legume species are grown as field crops, where the tendrils contribute to the physical support of the crop prior to harvest. The homeotic tendril-less (tl) mutation in garden pea (Pisum sativum), identified almost a century ago, transforms tendrils into leaflets. In this study, we used a systematic marker screen of fast neutron–generated tl deletion mutants to identify Tl as a Class I homeodomain leucine zipper (HDZIP) transcription factor. We confirmed the tendril-less phenotype as loss of function by targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) in garden pea and by analysis of the tendril-less phenotype of the t mutant in sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus). The conversion of tendrils into leaflets in both mutants demonstrates that the pea tendril is a modified leaflet, inhibited from completing laminar development by Tl. We provide evidence to show that lamina inhibition requires Unifoliata/LEAFY-mediated Tl expression in organs emerging in the distal region of the leaf primordium. Phylogenetic analyses show that Tl is an unusual Class I HDZIP protein and that tendrils evolved either once or twice in Papilionoid legumes. We suggest that tendrils arose in the Fabeae clade of Papilionoid legumes through acquisition of the Tl gene.
The effect of esmolol on the QTc interval during induction of anaesthesia in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Erdil F. , Demirbilek S. , Begec Z. , Ozturk E. , But A. , Ozcan Ersoy M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether esmolol has an effect on QT interval during induction of anaesthesia using etomidate and fentanyl in patients with known coronary artery disease. Sixty patients were prospectively randomised to either a control group or the esmolol group. Esmolol was administered as a bolus 1 mg.kg−1, followed by a continuous infusion at 250 μg.kg−1min−1. All patients received etomidate 0.3 mg.kg−1 and fentanyl 15 μg.kg−1. The ECG was recorded prior to induction of anaesthesia (T0), 5 min following the start of drug infusions (T1), 1 min following etomidate (T2), 3 min following vecuronium (T3), 30 s (T4), 2 min (T5) and 4 min (T6) after intubation. In the esmolol group, QTc interval was significantly shorter at T1, T2 and T4 compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, QTc interval increased following tracheal intubation during induction of anaesthesia using etomidate and fentanyl. An infusion of Esmolol attenuated the QTc interval prolongation associated with tracheal intubation.
Optimising tracheal intubation success rate using the Airtraq laryngoscope
Authors: Dhonneur G. , Abdi W. , Amathieu R. , Ndoko S. , Tual L. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryIn this study we have used a video‐recording, retrospective analysis technique to evaluate the influence of the Airtraq™ laryngoscope manipulations and the resulting changes in position of the glottic opening and inter‐arytenoids cleft, on the success rate of tracheal intubation. The video recordings of the internal views of 109 tracheal intubation attempts, in 50 anaesthetised patients were analysed. We demonstrated that successful tracheal intubation using the Airtraq laryngoscope require the glottic opening to be centred in the view, and positioning the inter‐arytenoid cleft medially below the horizontal line in the centre of the view. We also demonstrated that repositioning of the Airtraq laryngoscope following a failed tracheal intubation attempt required the performance of a standard series of manoeuvres.
Assessing the performance of a consultant anaesthetist by control chart methodology*
Authors: Runcie C. J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe performance of trainee anaesthetists has been assessed by control chart methodology, but while assessment of consultants’ performance has been suggested, published reports are rare. In order to test the value of control charts, I monitored my insertion of arterial and central venous cannulae over 3 years, documenting success or failure both for the first pass of the needle and for the intended site of cannulation. The resultant control charts clearly show episodes of changed performance. It was necessary to modify the technique used to assess trainees, specifically with relation to definitions of success, failure and ‘acceptable’ failure rates. The information obtained from these charts is well suited to inform an appraisal or revalidation discussion with both reflective and assessment elements.
Advances in the understanding of dyskeratosis congenita
Authors: Walne Amanda J. , Dokal Inderjeet 
Published: February 2009

SummaryDyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare inherited syndrome exhibiting marked clinical and genetic heterogeneity. It is characterised by mucocutaneous abnormalities, bone marrow failure and a predisposition to cancer. Bone marrow failure is the principal cause of premature mortality. Studies over the last 10 years have demonstrated that DC is principally a disease of defective telomere maintenance. All DC patients have very short telomeres and the genetically characterised cases of DC have mutations in six genes which either encode components of the telomerase complex (DKC1, TERC, TERT, NOP10, NHP2) or shelterin (TINF2); these are important in the elongation and protection of the telomeric end, respectively. These advances have led to the recognition of cryptic forms of DC, such as presentations with aplastic anaemia and myelodysplasia. They have also increased our understanding of normal haematopoiesis and provided new insights to the aetiology of some cases of aplastic anaemia and related haematological disorders.
The effect of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on experimental inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Inoue S , Nakase H , Matsuura M , Mikami S , Ueno S , Uza N , Chiba T 
Published: February 2009

SummaryImmunoproteasome up-regulation enhances the processing of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and degradation of IκBα, which correlates with increased amounts of NF-κB in the various cells. Aberrant activation of NF-κB is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on experimental IBD. We investigated the effects of MG132 on intestinal inflammation and epithelial regeneration in both interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice and mice with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Body weight, histological findings and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA expression, epithelial cell proliferation and NF-κB p65 activity in colonic tissues were examined. The effects of MG132 on cell proliferation, migration and multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene expression were determined in vitro. MG132 ameliorated intestinal inflammation of IL-10−/− mice by decreasing TNF-α mRNA expression in the colonic tissues, which was associated with suppression of NF-κB activation, and reduced significantly the number of Ki-67-positive intestinal epithelial cells. On the other hand, MG132 did not reduce intestinal inflammation in mice with DSS-induced colitis, and delayed significantly the recovery of body weight and epithelial regeneration. MG132 also suppressed significantly epithelial cell proliferation, cell migration and MDR1 gene expression in vitro. Proteasome inhibition reduces T cell-mediated intestinal inflammation, but may interrupt both epithelial regeneration and barrier function of colonic mucosa. Optimal use of proteasome inhibitor should be kept in mind when we consider its clinical application for patients with IBD.
Antioxidants in soil organic matter and in associated plant materials
Authors: Rimmer D. L. , Smith A. M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe presence of antioxidants in soil could have a significant effect on the dynamics of soil organic matter. In this paper we report some preliminary experiments, which demonstrate that antioxidants can be extracted from soils and that the quantities vary from soil to soil. Extraction with 1.0 m NaOH was effective, and this was then used on a range of mineral and organic soils, and the antioxidant capacity of the resulting extracts was measured. The antioxidant capacities obtained were positively correlated with soil carbon contents and with the dissolved organic carbon contents of the extracts. Expressing the data per mass of soil carbon showed that the antioxidants generally decreased with depth in the soil profile, suggesting that they were subject to degradation during humification. In a follow‐up study, soil, litter and fresh plant samples were collected from 15 sites with a wide variety of vegetation types and analysed for their antioxidant capacities. The aim was to show that the antioxidant capacities in the soils were related to the antioxidant capacities of the fresh plant material and/or litter above. The antioxidant capacities of the soil samples were less than those in either fresh material or litter. While there was a significant positive relationship between the antioxidant capacities of fresh material and litter, no relationship existed between the antioxidant capacities of the soils and those of either fresh material or litter.
Contrasting effects of glucose, living roots and maize straw on microbial growth kinetics and substrate availability in soil
Authors: Blagodatskaya E. V. , Blagodatsky S. A. , Anderson T.‐H. , Kuzyakov Y. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe most modern molecular approaches fail to link structure of soil microbial community with its functions. We used classical physiological approaches based on (i) microbial growth kinetics and (ii) microbial affinity to the substrate to show the shift in functional properties of the soil microbial community after amendments with substrates of contrasting availability. Kinetic parameters of substrate‐induced respiration and substrate availability in soil were monitored during the growth of maize, and decomposition of glucose or maize straw. Input of small amounts of easily available substrates (i.e. glucose or root exudates) significantly increased the specific growth rates of soil microorganisms by up to 13 and 20%, respectively. This increase, showing the shift from K to r strategies, was confirmed by a 50% decrease in the affinity of microorganisms to the easily available substrates. In contrast, maize straw lowered specific growth rates by 16–30% and increased the affinity of microorganisms to the substrate by 23–131% compared with untreated soil. After maize straw addition, the shift of the microbial community to K strategy was accompanied by an increase in the fraction of microbial biomass responding to glucose addition by immediate growth. The generation time of this fraction was 1.8 to 2.8 hours, which was 100 to 1000 times faster than that of the whole microbial community. Easily available carbon (C) in soil amended with maize straw comprised only half of that extracted by 0.05 m K2SO4. Therefore, we conclude that C extracted by 0.05 m K2SO4 from the soil with maize straw residues had a lower availability for microorganisms as compared with glucose. Adding N to the soil prolonged the intensive mineralization period of plant residues, decreased specific microbial growth rates and increased the amount of easily available C in the soil. This indicates a more efficient use of maize residues by K‐selected microorganisms after the removal of N limitation. Combination of two complementary physiological approaches based on microbial growth kinetics and substrate affinity showed contrasting effects of easily and less available substrates on the shift of growth strategies (r vs. K) of the whole microbial community. These approaches are also suitable for estimation of microbial availability of indigenous C in the soil.
Critical reflection in planning information systems: a contribution from critical systems thinking
Authors: Córdoba José‐Rodrigo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a methodological framework to support the process of information systems (IS) planning in organizations. It draws on the ideas of critical systems thinking (CST), a research perspective that encourages the analysis of stakeholders’ understandings prior to the selection and implementation of planning methods. The framework emphasizes continuous identification of concerns from stakeholders, and facilitates critical reflection in the exploration of possibilities for improvement. Some of these possibilities might require the support of IS and communication technologies. To define the framework, two systems theories are used: boundary critique and autopoiesis. The first one enables critical reflection on values and assumptions about potential situations or marginalization. The second one fosters continuous dialogue, listening and mutual collaboration between participants. With these theories, the framework enables people to reflect on issues of inclusion, exclusion and marginalization, and to participate in the design of plans for improvement. Ultimately, the definition of this framework suggests the importance of critical reflection about ethics to improve the practice of IS planning.