bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taming a River with New Technology
Authors: SMITH A. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn response to the requirement of the Thames Water Authority for improved efficiency on all aspects of river management in general, and the New River in particular, commitment was given to look into reducing the overall unit cost and at the same time showing an improvement in effectiveness (levels of service).This paper shows how traditional methods of maintaining a river of this type and magnitude, with due consideration to its environments and physical constraints, can be revolutionized and brought into the 20th century by adopting the latest technology. In addition, and after executing a re‐appraisal of the New River activities, quite radical changes to the existing working practices together with a change in the general attitude of the individual employees were successfully implemented.
A Sludge Disposal Strategy for Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council
Authors: DOBSON J. N. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council's largely rural statutory area extends to 6370 km2, with a population of 146 000. During 1988 the Council, mindful of impending legislation likely to affect existing sludge disposal outlets, particularly those to agricultural land, commissioned a detailed study into all aspects of sewage sludge production, treatment, storage and disposal. The prime aim of the study was the production of a regional sludge disposal strategy. Consideration was given to five different options of sludge disposal.
Post‐Implementation Appraisal of a Two‐Stage Channel in the River Roding, Essex
Authors: SELLIN R. H. J. , GILES A. , van BEESTEN D. P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe performance of a two‐stage river channel is examined from a combination of collected field data on the River Roding and a hydraulic model study. Particular attention is paid to the vegetation on the upper channel berm, including its seasonal effect on hydraulic resistance and the problem of channel maintenance. Recommendations are made with respect to (a) increasing the present capacity of the River Roding, and (b) the future design of two‐stage flood channels intended to meet stringent environmental standards.
Water Quality for Renal Dialysis
Authors: BRAGG S. , SOLLARS C. J. , PERRY R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTOver 100000 renal failure patients are treated by dialysis in the European Community (EC), and the number is rapidly increasing due to better medical care. The full importance of the quality of water used for renal dialysis is only now being recognized. Aluminium intoxication, first described in the early 1970s, highlighted the need for adequate treatment of water used to prepare dialysate. Other materials harmful to dialysis patients, such as chloramines, may arise as a result of water treatment practice. The paper presents a European‐wide assessment of the problems of trace contaminants in dialysis feed water, and examines some contaminant sources in mains water in the light of dialysis water standards and the current treatment techniques available.
Upgrading of Sewerage Assets to Comply with New Legislation: A Lothian Regional Viewpoint
Authors: SMITH P. H. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe EC bathing water Directive and the recent EC urban waste water treatment Directive have provided, and will continue to provide, a strong stimulus for the provision of environmental improvement through the upgrading of sewerage assets. The positive response by Lothian Regional Council to necessary improvements in the last fifteen years, and the proposed improvements in the next fifteen years, are reviewed against the background of financial constraints. It is suggested that parts of the urban waste water treatment Directive relating to estuarial and coastal discharges are not appropriate or necessary in the context of conditions in Lothian Region.
Thermal Treatment and Ultimate Disposal of Sewage Sludge in Japan
Authors: SMITH P. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe shortage of land together with heavy industrialization in Japan makes incineration, and its associated process of sludge melting, favoured methods for the disposal of sewage sludge. The technology used in Japan for thermal drying of sludge and sludge incineration is similar to that used in other industrialized countries. The sludge melting processes which are used in a few installations are unusual. Most of the ash or slag which is produced from the burning of sewage sludge is disposed of by landfill, although an increasing amount of ash and slag is being disposed of by incorporation into construction materials.
Restoring Coastal Wetlands: The Californian Experience
Authors: GOODWIN P. , WILLIAMS P. B. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTCoastal wetlands are an important natural resource, providing habitat for fish and wildlife, particularly many rare or endangered species. These wetlands also serve important functions for the treatment of urban runoff and effluent discharges, the dissipation of wave energy, and shore protection. The US Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that approximately 45 000 km2 of US wetlands have been destroyed in the past two centuries.The importance of wetlands in the ecosystem has only begun to be understood during the past two decades, and there has been a major legislative effort to preserve, protect, and enhance existing coastal wetlands. The productivity of tidal wetlands is related directly to the hydrologic characteristics of the system, and some considerations for the hydrologic design for the enhancement or construction of tidal wetlands are outlined. Recent attention has focused on the use of dredged spoil materials from harbours or shippping channels to restore historic tidal wetlands. The hydrologic design criteria are illustrated through a series of case studies in California.
Assessment and Control of Farm Pollution
Authors: SEAGER J. , JONES F. , RUTT G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the elements and some early results of a major national research programme which was initiated to address the continuing serious problem of the pollution of rivers by farm wastes. This has involved a national assessment of the extent of the problem, aimed at identifying ‘high‐risk’areas in the UK. Biological assessment techniques have been developed on the basis of extensive surveys at sites in West Wales, which show potential for the rapid detection of water‐quality problems caused by farm effluents. Detailed studies at selected sites have illustrated the variability in the ways that farming activities can affect the biology and chemistry of rivers. The development of tools, which provide the basis for decisions on acceptable levels of farming activity in accordance with environmental quality objectives, is discussed.
The Control and Monitoring of Discharges by Biological Techniques
Authors: HUNT D. T. E. , JOHNSON I. , MILNE R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTraditionally, the control of discharges to UK surface waters has been achieved using a chemical‐specific approach. There are, however, benefits in also applying toxicity‐based consents to effluents of complex composition.This paper describes the approach to direct toxicity assessment of discharges being developed by the Water Research Centre for and with, the National Rivers Authority.
Water Treatment – An Updated Hong Kong Experience
Authors: CHEUNG J. C. K. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the recent development of water treatment in Hong Kong. A review is made of some major treatment works completed in the last decade, giving the design parameters, treatment methods and performance. The paper also addresses the environmental impact issues of liquid chlorine and sludge disposal pertaining to the design of water‐treatment works.
Overview of Clean‐Up Methods for Contaminated Sites
Authors: TAYLOR M. R. G. , McLEAN R. A. N. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe selection of clean‐up methods for contaminated land depends upon the nature and degree of contamination and on standards for clean up. There have been two approaches to clean‐up standards, namely ‘multifunctionality’, where the site is cleaned up to a standard suitable for any use, and the ‘end use’approach, as used in the UK, where clean up is to a standard suitable for the immediate use proposed for the site.Clean‐up options fall into four categories: (i) excavation and off‐site removal; (ii) encapsulation and cover; (iii) retention of contaminated soil on site after treatment; and (iv) removal of contaminants from soil and reuse of cleaned soil on site.In the UK, clean up has been dominated by off‐site disposal and encapsulation/cover, while soil treatment techniques have been used mainly in the US and some European countries such as the Netherlands. This is largely as a result of the availability and relatively low cost of landfill in the UK and the lesser importance attached to date to groundwater considerations.Soil treatment processes include biological, physicochemical, and thermal processes, all generally of much higher cost.
Protecting Water Resources: Legal and Operational Aspects
Authors: D'ARRAS DIANE , SUZANNE P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn France, from a legal standpoint, the protection of aquifers and wellheads supplying drinking water is achieved through wellhead protection zones. Within these zones, which are defined by a certified geologist, the appropriate restrictions which are needed to minimize the risk of pollution are specified.Unfortunately, despite these precautions, accidents are still possible, and it is for this reason that Lyonnaise des Eaux‐Dumez has developed, for the Paris region, a true pollution risk management strategy, based on procedures, alert systems, computer models and crisis drills.
Investigation and Control of Landfill Gas at Breeze Hill School, Oldham
Authors: MORRIS LINDA M. , STAFF Eur.Ing M.G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen routine gas‐monitoring operations were carried out at Breeze Hill School, Oldham, more than 20% methane (by volume) was recorded beneath the floor of the sports block. Following consultations with interested parties the school was evacuated.The results of subsequent investigations suggested that biodegradable material beneath and adjacent to the school was the source of the gas. The geometry of the landfilled material and the site geology were such that there was a potential for migration of the resulting landfill gas.Methane is a flammable gas. An explosive risk exists whenever a methane/air mixture is present comprising 5–15% methane (by volume). Higher concentrations are no less hazardous since dilution of the concentrated gas in air will result in flammable or explosive mixtures.This paper details the nature of the investigations and the gas control measures carried out at Breeze Hill School.
Assessing Aquifer Exploitation Using Observation Boreholes
Authors: RUSHTON K. R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTObservation boreholes are used to assess the degree of exploitation of aquifers, but if the borehole is open over a considerable depth of the aquifer the results may be misleading. The need for individual shallow and deep boreholes is illustrated by case studies of an alluvial aquifer. An examination of groundwater heads in deep and shallow boreholes in the Bromsgrove Sandstone aquifer demonstrates that deep boreholes respond mainly to the abstraction but a shallow borehole reflects the overall response of the aquifer.
Beckton Demonstration Biological Nutrient‐Removal Plant
Authors: WILLIAMS S. , WILSON A. W. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThames Water have recently built a demonstration‐scale biological nutrient‐removal plant at Beckton sewage‐treatment works to provide (a) operational experience of nutrient removal, and (b) accurate design and cost information. The paper (i) outlines the basic principles of biological nutrient removal, (ii) describes the plant layout at Beckton, and (iii) presents results from the first three months of operation. The plant has removed over 50% of both nitrogen and phosphorus present in the settled sewage but has not been able to meet consistently the most stringent standards proposed by the urban waste water treatment Directive. Periods of good performance are compared with periods of poor performance, and differences in operating conditions are highlighted. From these findings, steps to improve performance are indicated and will be included in the future operational programme.
Development of a Liming Prediction Model for Llyn Brianne
Authors: Comber S. D. W. , Evans D. , Gardner M. J. , Green C. , Whitehead P. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a model which was developed to simulate the effect of automated liming on the quality of a Welsh lake (Llyn Brianne) and its outflow river. The objective was to model the amount of lime required to dose the input streams under a variety of conditions. It was concluded that it would be feasible to install automatic‐dosing equipment on the two input streams to deliver sufficient lime to ensure that the pH of the lake and water downstream was controlled at a pH value of 6.0 or greater, thus stabilizing water quality for fish and other aquatic biota.
Thermal‐Distillation and Reverse‐Osmosis Case Studies
Authors: Mulholland G. C. , Linstrum A. , Stewart W. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the past eight years, interest in thermal‐distillation and membrane‐separation processes has increased in the UK. Whilst distillation is a mature technology, and reverse osmosis has had setbacks in the last decade, both processes continue to be developed. To illustrate this development, two case studies have been selected.
Strategic Coastal‐Defence Planning: The Role of the Planning System
Authors: Brooke J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIf a shoreline management plan is to lead to sustainable coastal defences, a long‐term strategic view is necessary. This paper examines the issues which are involved in shoreline management planning and the role of the planning system in achieving sustainable coastal defence. Using case studies from the Holderness coastline, it (a) reviews the options with respect to erosion control on a rapidly eroding coast, and (b) acknowledges the need to introduce change gradually if it is to be accepted. Specifically, it assesses the potential to use planning permission controls to prevent new development in areas where maintaining a hard defence line will interrupt longshore transport, with potentially significant down‐drift effects.
A Comparative Study of Thermophilic and Mesophilic Sludge Digestion
Authors: Kiyohara Y. , Miyahara T. , Mizuno O. , Noike T. , Ono K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study compares the characteristics of substrate degradation and bacterial activities in the thermophilic process with those under mesophilic conditions. The solids retention time ranged from 2.5 to 40 days, and raw sludge (containing about 6% dry solids) was continuously fed to each process.
Sustainable Estuarine Development? Cumulative Impact Study of the Humber
Authors: Conlan K. , Rudd T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConsideration of sustainability principles and the assessment of impacts from multiple developments on sensitive estuarine and coastal environments are emerging factors in the planning of coastal infrastructure. Concurrent planning of four large schemes at Saltend on the Humber (including Hull sewage‐treatment works, a power station, a ferry terminal and reclamation, and flood‐defence works) dictated that a cumulative impact study should be carried out. Discussions with regulatory authorities established several issues of potential concern, including the integrity of the adjacent ‘special protection area’(birds and ecology), estuarine flows, sediment movement and water quality, and construction traffic. Detailed baseline monitoring and predictive modelling concluded that there were likely to be no significant impacts, provided that appropriate inter‐scheme construction phasing and coordinated application of a suite of mitigation measures were included. Adopting the precautionary principle, continued monitoring, and review over a 3–5 year period were agreed as part of the planning process, coordinated by the planning authorities and regulators.
Sustainable Biosolids Management
Authors: Matthews P. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1996, the Water Environment Federation of the USA, the European Water Pollution Control Association (now the European Water Association), and the International Association of Water Quality (now the International Water Association) produced a Global Atlas of Waste‐water Sludge and Biosolids Use and Disposal. Various ideas have been proposed to interpret the comparisons of international practices; from these, propositions have been derived for policies on sustainable management which, in the UK, would (a) comply with the recent agreement between the water industry and food retailers, and (b) not reach soil metal limits in less than fifty years. Comparisons are made between Europe and the USA, and the differences are found to be less than were previously assumed. However, changes are imminent, which might alter this situation.
The Prevention of Oil and Chemical Pollution: Proactive Approaches in the UK and Canada
Authors: Usman F. , Fernandas T. , Fernie J. , Read P. , Hundal J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the UK, various initiatives have been launched in an attempt to provide guidance on the occurrence and avoidance of oil and chemical pollution. Despite these efforts, oil and chemicals remain a major cause of pollution. In Canada, similar initiatives have been more successful due to a participative approach to campaign development and implementation. This paper compares UK and Canadian initiatives and identifies factors which led to the success of the Canadian campaigns.
Consenting Marine Discharges
Authors: Edwards A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRegulation of man's interaction with the environment steers a course between the opposing, but complementary, concepts of the‘precautionary principle’and‘environmental capacity'. In simple and restricted interactions, deterministic science allows the estimation of‘environmental capacity', whereas in more complex interactions the‘precautionary principle’is likely to apply. The importance of far‐field effects is increasing, and the wider costs of regulation are becoming more recognised. This paper includes example of marine legislation and regulatory procedures from the Control of Pollution Act 1974 and various European directives but, whatever the details, there is a need for flexibility and adaptation to changing knowledge, laws and monitoring results.
Bioscrubbing: An Effective and Economic Solution to Odour Control at Sewage‐Treatment Plants
Authors: Hansen N. G. , Rindel K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs a result of odour nuisances from Damhusaaen sewage‐treatment works in Copenhagen, it was decided that critical sections of the inlet plant should be covered and enclosed. Ventilated air (6000 m3/h) is cleaned in a bioscrubber, and this installation has reduced the odour around the plant to the extent that it is no longer detectable. A cleaning efficiency (for hydrogen sulphide) of more than 99% and low residual emissions (less than 0.1 mg/m3 of organic sulphur compounds) are achieved by the bioscrubber. Space requirements and operational costs are relatively low, and the bioscrubber has proved to be reliable, requiring minimal maintenance.
Comparison of RBC and SBR Systems for the Treatment of Sewage from Small Communities
Authors: Akunna J. C. , Shepherd W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a study which was carried out to evaluate the performance of two types of small sewage‐treatment plant which are commonly available in the UK, i.e. a rotating biological contactor and a sequencing batch reactor. Both systems produced an effluent quality of less than 20 mg/l BOD and 30 mg/l SS; however, the sequencing batch reactor was more consistent in producing a better effluent (i.e. BOD<10 mg/l and SS<20 mg/l) than the rotating biological contactor. The sequencing batch reactor also demonstrated a greater tendency to remove nutrients, although the special design features which were used in this study were believed to have enhanced the rate of nutrient removal
Can Benthic Macro‐Invertebrates Be Used to Assess the Impact of Pollution Incidents and Subsequent Recovery in Streams?
Authors: Pisolkar E. M. , Hedges P. D. , Shillabeer N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an investigation into the use of benthic invertebrates to assess impact and recovery following transient pollution events in watercourses. The study showed that benthic macro‐invertebrates can be used to assess pollution impact and recovery in streams, provided that (a) the BMWP score is 40 or more (prior to the incident) and (b) there are adequate reference conditions. Monitoring should cover the whole area impacted by the pollutant to allow for spatial variation in benthic macro‐invertebrate communities supported by the watercourse. A decision‐making strategy for the use of macro‐invertebrates in pollution‐incident monitoring is provided.
Potential Impact of Draft Proposals to Revise the EC Directive Controlling Sewage‐Sludge Applications to Land
Authors: Towers W. , Paterson E. , Coull M. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe EC Directive which controls the application of sewage sludge to agricultural land, in particular, the reduction in permitted concentrations of heavy metals in sludge and sludge‐amended soils, is being reviewed by the European Commission. The implications for sludge recycling in Scotland are examined, and it is estimated that the available land bank would be reduced to about 50% of its present area. In addition, the land area which is required would have to significantly increase because of the proposed lower application rates. These scenarios cast doubt on the long‐term viability of the sludge‐recycling option in Scotland.
Plumbosolvency Control in Soft Waters
Authors: Cardew P. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExperience of plumbosolvency control in the soft waters of north‐west England is presented, and expectations for complying with the new lead standards are indicated. The influence of natural organic matter on the solubility of lead is highlighted ‐ in particular its importance in the setting of target pH values in phosphated waters. An analysis of a large quantity of regulatory lead‐compliance data confirms the benefit of the introduction of phosphate. At a distribution zone level, the impact and benefit of a change in plumbosolvency conditions on regulatory data are demonstrated using a non‐parametric statistical technique. To assist in the operational management of plumbosolvency conditions, a number of performance metrics have been developed; these quantify (in a simple way), the quantity, variability and delivery of phosphate, and pH. The expected benefit from plumbosolvency control has been assessed in several ways, indicating that reasonable compliance against 25 μg/l might be achievable, but against 10 μg/l this is more questionable.