bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of the Optimal DC-SIGN Binding Site on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120
Authors: Hong Patrick W.-P. , Nguyen Sandra , Young Sophia , Su Stephen V. , Lee Benhur 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (gp120) binding to DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin that can facilitate HIV infection incisand intrans, is largely dependent on high-mannose-content moieties. Here, we delineate the N-linked glycosylation (N-glycan) sites in gp120 that contribute to optimal DC-SIGN binding. Soluble DC-SIGN was able to block 2G12 binding to gp120, but not vice versa, suggesting that DC-SIGN binds to a more flexible combination of N-glycans than 2G12. Consistent with this observation, HIV strain JRCSF gp120 prebound to 2G12 was 10-fold more sensitive to mannan competition than gp120 that was not prebound in a DC-SIGN cell surface binding assay. The analysis of multiple mutant forms of the 2G12 epitope revealed one triple glycosylation mutant form, termed 134mut (carrying N293Q, N382Q, and N388Q mutations), that exhibited a significant increase in sensitivity to both mannan competition and endoglycosidase H digestion compared to that of the 124mut form (carrying N293Q, N328Q, and N388Q mutations) and wild-type gp120 in a DC-SIGN binding assay. Importantly, no such differences were observed when binding toGalanthus nivaliswas assessed. The 134mut form of gp120 also exhibited decreased binding to DC-SIGN in the context of native envelope spikes on a virion, and virus bearing 134mut exhibited less efficient DC-SIGN-mediated infection intrans. Significantly, 124mut and 134mut differed by only one glycosylation site mutation in each construct, and both 124mut and 134mut viruses exhibited wild-type levels of infectivity when used in a direct infection assay. In summary, while DC-SIGN can bind to a flexible combination of N-glycans on gp120, its optimal binding site overlaps with specific N-glycans within the 2G12 epitope. Conformationally intact envelopes that are DC-SIGN binding deficient can be used to probe the in vivo biological functions of DC-SIGN.
The NS3 Helicase and NS5B-to-3′X Regions Are Important for Efficient Hepatitis C Virus Strain JFH-1 Replication in Huh7 Cells
Authors: Murayama Asako , Date Tomoko , Morikawa Kenichi , Akazawa Daisuke , Miyamoto Michiko , Kaga Minako , Ishii Koji , Suzuki Tetsuro , Kato Takanobu , Mizokami Masashi , Wakita Takaji 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
The JFH-1 strain of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a genotype 2a strain that can replicate autonomously in Huh7 cells. The J6 strain is also a genotype 2a strain, but its full genomic RNA does not replicate in Huh7 cells. However, chimeric J6/JFH-1 RNA that has J6 structural-protein-coding regions and JFH-1 nonstructural-protein-coding regions can replicate autonomously and produce infectious HCV particles. In order to determine the mechanisms underlying JFH-1 RNA replication, we constructed various J6/JFH-1 chimeras and tested their RNA replication and virus particle production abilities in Huh7 cells. Via subgenomic-RNA-replication assays, we found that both the JFH-1 NS5B-to-3′X (N5BX) and the NS3 helicase (N3H) regions are important for the replication of the J6CF replicon. We applied these results to full-length genomic RNA replication and analyzed replication using Northern blotting. We found that a chimeric J6 clone with JFH-1 N3H and N5BX could replicate autonomously but that a chimeric J6 clone with only JFH-1 N5BX had no replication ability. Finally, we tested the virus production abilities of these clones and found that a chimeric J6 clone with JFH-1 N3H and N5BX could produce infectious HCV particles. In conclusion, the JFH-1 NS3 helicase and NS5B-to-3′X regions are important for efficient replication and virus particle formation of HCV genotype 2a strains.
Work-organisational and personal factors associated with upper body musculoskeletal disorders among sewing machine operators
Authors: Wang Pin-Chieh , Rempel David M , Harrison Robert J , Chan Jacqueline , Ritz Beate R 
Published: May 2007

Objective: To assess the contribution of work-organisational and personal factors to the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among garment workers in Los Angeles.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms among 520 sewing machine operators from 13 garment industry sewing shops. Detailed information on work-organisational factors, personal factors, and musculoskeletal symptoms were obtained in face-to-face interviews. The outcome of interest, upper body WMSD, was defined as a worker experiencing moderate or severe musculoskeletal pain. Unconditional logistic regression models were adopted to assess the association between both work-organisational factors and personal factors and the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain.Results: The prevalence of moderate or severe musculoskeletal pain in the neck/shoulder region was 24% and for distal upper extremity it was 16%. Elevated prevalence of upper body pain was associated with age less than 30 years, female gender, Hispanic ethnicity, being single, having a diagnosis of a MSD or a systemic illness, working more than 10 years as a sewing machine operator, using a single sewing machine, work in large shops, higher work–rest ratios, high physical exertion, high physical isometric loads, high job demand, and low job satisfaction.Conclusion: Work-organisational and personal factors were associated with increased prevalence of moderate or severe upper body musculoskeletal pain among garment workers. Owners of sewing companies may be able to reduce or prevent WMSDs among employees by adopting rotations between different types of workstations thus increasing task variety; by either shortening work periods or increasing rest periods to reduce the work–rest ratio; and by improving the work-organisation to control psychosocial stressors. The findings may guide prevention efforts in the garment sector and have important public health implications for this workforce of largely immigrant labourers.
Serum High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Lim Unhee , Gayles Travis , Katki Hormuzd A. , Stolzenberg-Solomon Rachael , Weinstein Stephanie J. , Pietinen Pirjo , Taylor Philip R. , Virtamo Jarmo , Albanes Demetrius 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Lymphoma patients often exhibit abnormal lipid metabolism. Recent evidence, however, suggests that a decrease in circulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) may occur during lymphomagenesis, reflecting underlying etiology such as inflammation. We investigated the relationship between prediagnostic HDL-C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort. At baseline, serum HDL-C and total cholesterol concentrations from fasting blood, information on diet and lifestyle, and direct measurements of height, weight, and blood pressure were obtained from 27,074 healthy male smokers of ages 50 to 69 years. Cox proportional hazards models with age as underlying time metric was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). We found no association between total or non-HDL cholesterol and the 201 incident NHL cases ascertained during the follow-up (1985–2002), but observed an inverse association between HDL-C and NHL, which changed with length of follow-up. High HDL-C was associated with lower risk of all NHL during the first 10 years (n = 148; RR for 5th versus 1st quintile, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.19–0.62; Ptrend &lt; 0.0001), but not with diagnoses during later follow-up (n = 53; RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.55–3.10). The inverse association was similar for NHL subtypes and was not modified by obesity, blood pressure, physical activity, or alcohol intake, but seemed to be stronger in men with lower duration of smoking (Pinteraction = 0.06). Our findings implicate HDL-C as a preclinical indicator of NHL and warrant further prospective investigations for its etiologic contribution. [Cancer Res 2007;67(11):5569–74]
Human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit proliferation of PBMCs independently of IFNγR1 signaling and IDO expression
Authors: Gieseke Friederike , Schütt Burkhardt , Viebahn Susanne , Koscielniak Ewa , Friedrich Wilhelm , Handgretinger Rupert , Müller Ingo 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) inhibit proliferation, helper, and effector functions in most if not all peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subpopulations in vitro. The molecular mechanism is widely thought to imply tryptophan degradation by the interferon-γ (IFNγ)–induced expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). However, IDO inhibitors were not able to restore proliferation of PBMCs in each case. Moreover, human MSCs with an IFNγ receptor 1 (R1) defect inhibited proliferation of HLA-mismatched PBMCs to a similar extent as control MSCs. In contrast to healthy MSCs, IFNγR1-deficient MSCs showed no detectable mRNA for IDO—neither in the absence nor in the presence of recombinant human IFNγ, nor in coculture with HLA-mismatched PBMCs. Based on gene expression profiling, we were able to show that insulin-like growth factor (IGF)–binding proteins contribute to the inhibitory mechanism of MSCs. Taken together, human MSCs exert important immunomodulatory functions in the absence of IFNγR1 signaling and IDO, partially accounted for by IGF-binding proteins.
Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the dorsal horn of monoarthritic rats: effects of competitive and uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists
Authors: Infante Claudio , Díaz Marcelo , Hernández Alejandro , Constandil Luis , Pelissier Teresa 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChronic pain is associated withN-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation and downstream production of nitric oxide, which has a pivotal role in multisynaptic local circuit nociceptive processing in the spinal cord. The formation of nitric oxide is catalyzed by three major nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms (neuronal, nNOS; inducible, iNOS; endothelial, eNOS), which are increased in the spinal cord of rodents subjected to some tonic and chronic forms of experimental pain. Despite the important role of NOS in spinal cord nociceptive transmission, there have been no studies exploring the effect of NMDA receptor blockade on NOS expression in the dorsal horn during chronic pain. Furthermore, NOS isoforms have not been fully characterized in the dorsal horn of animals subjected to arthritic pain. The aim of this work was therefore to study the expression of nNOS, iNOS and eNOS in the dorsal horns of monoarthritic rats, and the modifications in NOS expression induced by pharmacological blockade of spinal cord NMDA receptors. Monoarthritis was produced by intra-articular injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the right tibio-tarsal joint. At week 4, monoarthritic rats were given either the competitive NMDA antagonist (±)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) or the uncompetitive NMDA antagonist ketamine. After 6 and 24 hours, animals were killed and posterior quadrants of the lumbar spinal cord were dissected. Sample tissues were homogenized and subjected to immunoblotting with anti-nNOS, anti-iNOS or anti-eNOS monoclonal antibodies. The nNOS isoform, but not the iNOS and eNOS isoforms, were detected in the dorsal horns of control rats. Monoarthritis increased the expression of nNOS, iNOS and eNOS in the dorsal horns ipsilateral and contralateral to the inflamed hindpaw. Intrathecal administration of CPP and ketamine reduced nNOS expression in monoarthritic rats but increased the expression of iNOS and eNOS. Results suggest that blockade of spinal cord NMDA receptors produces complex regulatory changes in the expression of NOS isoforms in monoarthritic rats that may be relevant for nitridergic neuronal/glial mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of monoarthritis and in the pharmacological response to drugs interacting with NMDA receptors.
Asymmetrische Plurizentrizität und Sprachbewusstsein / Asymmetric Pluricentricity and Language Awareness: The Swiss Germans' Attitudes towards Standard German
Authors: Scharloth Joachim 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe paper examines the language attitudes in non-dominating language communities of pluricentric languages. It asks in what way the fact of being a speaker of a non-dominating language community influences the perception of the own competence and of the evaluation of the different standard varieties of the pluricentric language. By examining the attitudes towards Swiss Standard German in German-speaking Switzerland it argues that speakers of non-dominating language communities often have the notion that their own standard variety being deficient combined with a feeling of lingual inferiority towards the speakers of the dominating community. Thus, the standard variety of the dominating community serves as a prestigious variety. In Switzerland these attitudes strongly correlate with the age of the acquisition of Standard German and the negative attitudes towards Germans. Finally the paper raises the question whether the concept of pluricentricity can adequately be used when there ist no awareness of pluricentricity among the speakers. The data presented derives from two empirical studies conducted in Switzerland in the summer of 2003: a survey on language attitudes and a subjective evaluation test.
Texte in Sprachforschung und Sprachunterricht. Neue Wege der italienisch-deutschen Kooperation. Tagung an der Universität Pisa, 21.-23. Oktober 2004 / Texts in language research and language instruction. New directions of Italian-German cooperation; Conference at the University of Pisa, 21-23 October 2004
Authors: Blühdorn Hardarik 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn der Universität Pisa fand mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes und der Alexander-von-Humboldt-Stiftung vom 21. bis 23. Oktober 2004 eine Fachtagung zum Thema
Gestörte Wechselbezüge? Zum Verhältnis von Strafrechtswissenschaft und Rechtsprechung
Authors: Radtke Henning 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

I. Einleitung

„Es gibt nur wenige Staaten, in denen der fachliche Kontakt zwischen Rechtswissenschaft und Rechtsprechung so eng ist wie in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Das gilt auch für den Bereich des Strafrechts. In den höchstrichterlichen Entscheidungen wird das einschlägige Schrifttum regelmäßig herangezogen und zitiert. Auf der andere Seite findet in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur die höchstrichterliche Judikatur eingehende Beachtung”.
Der abgelehnte vorbefasste Privatgutachter – zweierlei Maß im Strafprozess?
Authors: Brammsen Joerg 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Einführung

Wie zahllose andere Lebensbereiche der modernen Informations- und Dienstleistungsgesellschaft (z. B. Gesundheitswesen, Telekommunikation, Umweltschutz), sehen sich auch Behörden und Gerichte immer öfter hochkomplexen Fragestellungen etwa zur Schadensursächlichkeit ausgesetzt, die ohne Hinzuziehung fachkundiger Experten thematisch kaum näher konkretisiert, geschweige dann inhaltlich geklärt werden können. Einhergehend mit einem ungebrochen starken Trend zur Verwissenschaftlichung kommt es jedoch häufig zu persönlichen Akzeptanzkonflikten, die sich nur selten ohne Austausch missliebiger Beratungskräfte auflösen lassen. Zur Initiierung derartiger Austauschprozesse stellt das Prozessrecht involvierten Kreisen (Parteien und sonstigen Verfahrensbeteiligten wie Staatsanwaltschaft, Angeklagter, Verteidiger/Anwalt, Privat- und Nebenkläger, gesetzliche Vertreter u. a. m.) die Gutachterablehnung zur Verfügung, um bei vermuteter Voreingenommenheit den betreffenden Sachverständigen wegen Besorgnis der Befangenheit zurückzuweisen. Mit der Stattgabe des Antrages steht dieser Gutachter nicht mehr für das Verfahren zur Verfügung: Er darf selbst dann nicht vernommen, seine Ausführungen nicht verwertet werden, wenn er allein die zur Ausfertigung der Begutachtung notwendige Sachkunde besitzt.
Beyond the Charter: Peace Security and the Role of Justice: Bericht über die dritte Jahreskonferenz der Hague Academic Coalition
Authors: Rabbat Paul , Knust Nandor 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Vom 5. bis 7. April 2006 fand in Den Haag die dritte Jahreskonferenz der Hague Academic Coalition mit dem Titel ,Beyond the Charter: Peace Security and the Role of Justice' statt. Die Eröffnungszeremonie wurde durch eine Ansprache von Luis Moreno-Ocampo, dem Chefankläger des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs, eingeleitet; er veranschaulichte die Schwierigkeit, das Bedürfnis nach „Frieden” mit dem Bedürfnis nach „Gerechtigkeit” als teilweise konkurrierende Ziele innerhalb des Völkerstrafrechts in Einklang zu bringen. Die offizielle Eröffnung der Konferenz oblag Prinzessin Margriet, die das Hague Justice Portal einweihte. Dieses Internetportal wurde durch die sechs Mitglieder der Hague Academic Coalition initiiert und umfasst die aktuellen Themen des Völkerrechts. Im Anschluss an die Eröffnung folgten die Vorträge der einzelnen Referenten. Abgeschlossen wurde der Konferenztag mit einer Podiumsdiskussion.
The Relationship Between Estimated and Registered Natural Head Position
Authors: Jiang Jiuhui , Xu Tianmin , Lin Jiuxiang 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To study the inherent relationship between registered and estimated natural head position and further explore the nature of natural head position.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-one pretreated patients were included in this study. Both registered natural head position (RNHP) and estimated natural head position (ENHP) were obtained. For RNHP, mirror orientation was used to help to adjust the subject's head position. For ENHP, two approved standard photographs were studied by the assessors before estimation. Correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between two angles: Rphoto/Rxray and Ephoto/ Eray.
Results: A significant correlation was found between RNHP and ENHP, both on the photographs and on the cephalograms.
Conclusion: There is a strong correlation between RNHP and ENHP. RNHP is the subjective perception of the subject and gets some objective meaning by mirror orientation. ENHP is the subjective perception of assessors and gets objective meaning by a standardization session in advance. The mirror orientation of RNHP and the advance standard study of ENHP are crucial for validity and accuracy of NHP as an extracranial reference plane.
Enamel Surfaces Following Interproximal Reduction with Different Methods
Authors: Danesh Gholamreza , Hellak Andreas , Lippold Carsten , Ziebura Thomas , Schafer Edgar 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To assess the surface roughness resulting after application of currently available interproximal polishing.
Materials and Methods: The analysis was carried out by means of digital subtraction radiography, profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The roughness of natural untreated enamel served as the reference. Five enamel reduction methods were tested (Profin, New Metal Strips, O-Drive D30, Air Rotor, and the Ortho-Strips) and were applied in accordance with their manufacturers' recommendations. Fifty-five teeth were treated by randomly chosen methods, all of which were applied by one person. One proximal surface was only ground and left unpolished while the other received the finishing and polish recommended by the manufacturer.
Results: Loss of tooth substance, as measured by subtraction radiography, was significantly lower (P &lt; .05) for the group treated with Ortho-Strips. Profilometric analysis of enamel roughness showed that the use of Ortho-Strips, O-Drive D30, and New Metal Strips in the grinding mode produced equally rough surfaces (P &gt; .05). The Air Rotor and Profin system in the grinding mode produced the significantly (P &lt; .05) roughest surfaces. A significant (P &lt; .05) reduction of the mean roughness values was registered in all groups when treatment was followed by polishing. The Profin system and Ortho-Strips achieved the significantly smoothest surfaces (P &lt; .05) with polishing.
Conclusions: In general, interproximal enamel reduction should be followed by thorough polishing. Furthermore, oscillating systems seem to be advantageous.
Understanding charts and graphs
Authors: Kosslyn Stephen M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMany charts and graphs do not convey information effectively. This article develops a way of analysing the information in charts and graphs that reveals the design flaws in the display. The analytic scheme requires isolating four types of constituents in a display, and specifying their structure and interrelations at a syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic level of analysis. As the description is constructed, one checks for violations of ‘acceptability principles’, which are derived from facts about human visual information processing and from an analysis of the nature of symbols. Violations of these principles reveal the source of potential difficulties in using a display.
Errors in the quantification of uncertainty: A product of heuristics or minimal probability knowledge base?
Authors: Gebotys R. J. , Claxton‐Oldfield S. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe use of intuitive heuristics (e. g. representativeness and availability) has been put forward as an explanation for people's assignment of probabilities (Tversky and Kahneman, 1971). This phenomenon is seen as robust since experts as defined by education (professional psychologists), despite advanced training in statistics and methodology, rely on the same heuristics as novices (lay people). Both experts and novices as defined by education were studied in a series of experiments and further classified as experts and novices according to their probability knowledge base, prior to receiving (or not) a brief (15‐minute) training session. Immediately following training, subjects completed a probability test which consisted of ten Tversky and Kahneman (e. g. 1974) problems. The training significantly increased the number of problems correctly solved on the probability test and eliminated the expert/novice education classification. The results of a follow‐up test 5 weeks after the experiment indicated that the training group maintained its superior performance. It is proposed that failure to use proper methods of probability assignment may not be due to intrinsic human inference biases or heuristics, but is a result of a minimal probability knowledge base.
Using statistical risk information to assess oral contraceptive safety
Authors: Halpern Diane F. , Blackman Sonia , Salzman Billie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of variations in the presentation of oral contraceptive risk information on perceived safety was investigated. Four tests of the hypothesis that consumers focus on the absolute value of the numbers presented when assessing risk probabilities were performed with the following results: (1) when base rates are given, risks are perceived as less likely than when base rates are not given; (2) risks seem smaller when the information provided focuses on the number that willnotdie than when the number of expected deaths is presented; (3) contrary to our expectation, respondents do not focus on foreground numbers when risk was represented in an ‘X out of Y occurrences’ format; (4) respondents judged a risk of ‘4.15 times greater’ as less likely than when the information was presented as ‘415% greater risk’. We concluded that consumers convert statistical risk information into judgements about the magnitude of the number presented (small or large number) and utilize this more meaningful information when making risk judgements.