bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DETECTION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN OYSTERS BY PCR AND MOLECULAR HYBRIDIZATION
Authors: CORRÊA A.A. , TOSO J. , ALBARNAZ J.D. , SIMÕES C.M.O. , BARARDI C.R.M. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Because shellfish (oysters, clams and mussels) are filter feeders, i.e., able to concentrate pathogens from the surrounding waters within their tissues, they have been widely associated with outbreaks illness. The incidence of salmonellosis caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish, is a primary concern of public health agencies. Then, in recent years, more rapid and specific methods based on the DNA sequence of salmonella genes have been developed to detect low levels of pathogens in environmental and food samples. In this study, we developed a sensitive method to detect low levels of Salmonella typhimurium in oyster tissues (0.1 cfu/g). This methodology consisted of dissection of the gastrointestinal oyster tract, pre‐enrichment of the samples in nonselective medium, DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction followed by molecular hybridization using a digoxygenin‐labeled amplicon‐derived probe. These results can benefit the public health agencies and shellfish producers concerning microbiological and quality aspects of the commercial oyster production.
VALENCIA ORANGE PECTINMETHYLESTERASE MODIFIED PECTIN CHARACTERIZED BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, CHARGE FRACTIONATION AND GELLING
Authors: HUNTER J.L. , THOMAS A.G.A. , DE HASETH J.A. , WICKER L. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Pectin was de‐esterified by Valencia orange pectinmethylesterase (PME), fractioned by ion exchange chromatography (IEC) and pooled fractions were characterized for the degree of esterification (%DE) using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), molecular weight (MW) using high‐performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) multi‐angle laser light scattering and calcium gelling properties using texture profile analysis. The experimental %DE of 67.5% was close to the predicted %DE of 67%. The %DE of the pooled pectin fractions decreased slightly with greater elution volume, from 69.3 to 64.0%. The average MW of unfractionated, modified pectin was 268,100. Earlier eluting fractions from IEC had higher MW values near 240,000 than later eluting fractions with MW values near 120,000. PME modified pectin and pectin fractions gelled in the presence of calcium but unmodified pectin did not gel. The hardness and other textural properties of the calcium‐mediated pectin gels were not different among fractions.
A New Frequency Analysis Method for Constructing Fire Histories from Flowering Events in Austral Grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea australis) from Southern Victoria
Authors: MÜLLER GREGG 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAustral Grasstrees often flower in response to fire, leaving a discernable scar on the trunk. These scars act as a record of flowering, and by measuring the distance between the scars, and relating the growth to a known growth rate, a fire chronology can be constructed from each measured tree. By analysing the frequency distributions of the fire dates calculated from a population of grasstrees, lengthy fire chronologies can be constructed. While the results are provisional, a resolution of two years and spans exceeding 100 years are possible. The technique has considerable advantages over current methods, and should find applications in fire ecology, ecological history and vegetation management.
Sport, Localism and Social Capital in Rural Western Australia
Authors: ATHERLEY KIM M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhilst there has been some research conducted on the role of sport in Australian rural communities, to date there has been little detailed discussion by social scientists and geographers on the association between sport and social capital. This paper identifies elements of social capital, at a community and regional social scale, which have been expressed through the activities and adaptive strategies of twenty‐five sporting clubs from the wheatbelt region of Western Australia. Most of the adaptive strategies are a direct result of the clubs being exposed to the processes of rural restructuring and include amalgamation and the spatial reorganisation of sporting competition locations. The importance of localism in rural communities is also examined through the issues of trust and distrust within a regional hierarchy context. The paper illustrates how sport is not only an important part of rural life but also an activity which plays an integral role in the formation of bonding and bridging social capital.
Temporal Patterns and Effects of Surface‐Water Diversions on Daily Flows and Aquatic Habitats: Bega‐Bemboka River, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: REINFELDS IVARS , BROOKS ANDREW J. , HAEUSLER TIM , WILLIAMS SIMON 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn understanding of the nature and magnitude of hydrological, physical habitat and physico‐chemical effects resulting from surface‐water diversions in river systems is essential for effective management of water resources. For most coastal‐draining rivers in New South Wales, however, there are few data available on irrigation diversions, their hydrological impacts and environmental effects. This paper therefore presents an analysis of mean daily surface‐water diversions for pasture irrigation from approximately three years of metered data and the resultant effects on daily flows and aquatic habitats in the Bega‐Bemboka River. The period of analysis of the hydrological effects of irrigation diversions is extended to the full length of record (approximately five years) for gauging stations most affected by irrigation diversions, using Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 (MOVE.1) modelling techniques. The annual mean, median and peak daily rates of water diversion by metered surface‐water licences used to irrigate 925 ha of dairy pasture are 10.5 Ml d−1, 7.3 Ml d−1 and 41.5 Ml d−1, respectively. Diversion effects on flow duration statistics are such that the measured 90th and 95th daily flow duration percentiles at the gauging station most affected by upstream irrigation diversions are equivalent to the 97th and 99th flow duration percentiles, respectively, under MOVE.1 modelled natural flow conditions. While diversions for irrigation over the three‐year data period account for only 6.6% of total flow volumes, diversions as a proportion of daily surface‐water inflows increase exponentially under decreasing flow rates. Median and maximum daily diversion rates attain 91% and 118%, respectively, of total surface‐water inflows to the diversion‐affected reach when upstream inflows range from 15 to 20 Ml d−1. This exponentially‐increasing relationship between daily diversion rates and declining surface‐water inflows suggests that ‘rule of thumb’ guidelines on sustainable diversion limits based on mean or median annual percentage diversion volumes need to be applied cautiously to river systems with no or limited capacity to manipulate flows to meet downstream consumptive demands.
Response to the Summer of 2003 Mediterranean SST Anomalies over Europe and Africa
Authors: Jung Thomas , Ferranti Laura , Tompkins Adrian M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The sensitivity of the atmospheric circulation to the warm Mediterranean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies observed during the summer of 2003 (July and August) is studied using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. A control integration imposes climatological Mediterranean SSTs as a lower boundary condition. The first sensitivity experiment uniformly increases these Mediterranean SSTs by 2 K, the approximate mean observed in the 2003 summer season. A second experiment then investigates the additional impact of the SST distribution by imposing the observed SST summer anomaly.
The response of the atmospheric circulation in the European area shows some resemblance to the observed anomaly. The weakness of this response suggests, however, that the warm Mediterranean played a minor role, if any, in maintaining the anomalous atmospheric circulation as observed in the summer of 2003. Increasing SST in the Mediterranean locally leads to an increase in precipitation, particularly in the western Mediterranean. Furthermore, significantly increased Sahelian rainfall is simulated, deriving from enhanced evaporation in the Mediterranean Sea. In the ECMWF model the anomalously high moisture is advected by the climatological Harmattan and Etesian winds, where enhanced moisture flux convergence leads to more precipitation. The associated diabatic heating leads to a reduction of the African easterly jet strength. A similar Sahelian response has been previously documented using a different atmospheric model, increasing confidence in the robustness of the result. Finally, the results are discussed in the context of the seasonal predictability of European and African climate.
THE efficacy and safety of transantral ethmoidectomy
Authors: Kimmelman Charles P. , Weisman Robert A. , Osguthorpe J. David , Kay Scott L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWith the advent of new endoscopic instruments, rhinologists are reassessing and modifying ethmoidectomy techniques. Despite this renewed interest, the transantral ethmoidectomy has received little attention, even though this procedure has the advantages of avoiding an external incision, safely delineating the medial orbital wall, and simultaneously treating ethmoid and maxillary sinus disease.The present study compared 74 transantral ethmoidectomy procedures and 47 external ethmoidectomy procedures. The two groups of patients were comparable with respect to age and gender. There was no statistical difference between the two groups with regard to blood loss. Complications were less frequent in the transantral group. Of the 97 patients treated for ethmoid sinusitis, outcome was more successful in the transantral group than in the external ethmoidectomy group when assessed by the need for additional medical or surgical treatment.
When vying reveals lying: the timed antagonistic response alethiometer
Authors: Gregg Aiden P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo experiments tested a new computer‐based lie‐detection technique. The Timed Antagonistic Response Alethiometer (TARA) manufacturers a situation in which, if respondents lie, they must perform two incompatible tasks, whereas if they tell the truth, they can perform two compatible ones. Both tasks involve repeatedly classifying target and control statements as true or false. The incompatible task combination, being more difficult, takes longer to complete correctly; hence, slower responses diagnose dishonesty. Experiment 1 found that, while concurrently classifying control statements honestly, participants invariably took longer to classify target statements dishonestly than honestly. Exploiting this effect, Experiment 2 found that separate groups of liars and truth‐tellers could be distinguished with about 85% accuracy. The properties and potential of the technique are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Metal–Silica Hybrid Nanostructures for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (Adv. Mater. 21/2006)
Authors: Schierhorn M. , Lee S. J. , Boettcher S. W. , Stucky G. D. , Moskovits M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe image shows an ordered array of silver‐tipped silica nanorods, which serve as a substrate for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Signal intensities from test molecules in regions of aggregated pillars (indicated by the green laser beam) were enhanced by factors of 10 to 20 compared to arrays of separated pillars, as reported by Moskovits and co‐workers on p. 2829. This hybrid structure maximizes SERS signal intensities from analytes while minimizing the quantities needed for detection due to the precise formation of “hot regions” at the intersection of the silver tips.
Nonstationary model of the semicontinuous depolymerization of polycarbonate
Authors: Piñero‐Hernanz Raúl , García‐Serna Juan , Cocero María José 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe experimental work for the depolymerization process of Bisphenol A polycarbonate pellets and CD/DVD wastes in a semicontinuous reactor and a novel nonstationary model to describe the process is presented. The different steps of the process to develop the model are analyzed thoroughly. The kinetics of the alkali‐catalyzed methanolysis of polycarbonate was determined. The reactor and kinetic models were validated by a series of 21 experiments performed in a laboratory semicontinuous tubular reactor at isothermal conditions from 90 to 180°C and pressures from 1.0 to 20.0 MPa in liquid phase, with and without NaOH concentrations of 1 × 10−3 to 5 × 10−3 kg/L, flow rates from 2.3 × 10−3 to 10.2 × 10−3 L/min, and CO2 molar fractions from zero to 0.374. The effects of temperature, pressure, catalyst amount, mass transfer (solvent flow rate), and CO2 addition in kinetics were investigated. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
New procedure for derivation of approximations for temperature integral
Authors: Chen Haixiang , Liu Naian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new procedure for the derivation of the approximations for temperature integral from its derivatives is presented. This procedure can produce a series of the approximations, including some published and some new ones. By combining the different order derivatives of temperature integral, a new approximation is proposed. The corresponding equation for the evaluation of kinetic parameters can be put in the form

The validity of the new approximation has been tested with the true value of temperature integral from numerical calculation. Compared with several published approximations, the new one has the highest accuracy and at the same time retains simplicity, which indicates it is a good approximation for the evaluation of kinetic parameters from nonisothermal kinetic analysis. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Liquid‐liquid two‐phase flow patterns in a rectangular microchannel
Authors: Zhao Yuchao , Chen Guangwen , Yuan Quan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this work, the flow of immiscible fluids in a PMMA microchannel 300 μm wide and 600 μm deep was investigated experimentally. Dyed de‐ionized water and kerosene were selected as the test fluids. Flow patterns were observed by using a CCD camera and were identified by examining the video images. Flow patterns obtained at the T‐junction and in the microchannel are presented. Superficial velocities varied between 9.26 × 10−4 ∼ 1.85 m/s for water and 9.26 × 10−4 ∼ 2.78 m/s for kerosene. The formation mechanism of slug, monodispersed droplet and droplet populations at the T‐junction was studied. Weber numbers of water and kerosene, WeKS and WeWS, were used to predict the flow regime transition and the flow patterns map. The experimental data of volume of dispersed phase were successfully correlated as a function of WeKS, WeWS, and hold‐up fraction. Considering the uncertainty associated with experimental quantification of the process, the results are in satisfactory agreement over the wide range of 1.90 × 10−3 < WeWS < 30.43 and 5.90 × 10−6 < WeKS < 0.13 with average absolute deviation of only 16.18%. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Poly(caprolactone) thin film preparation, morphology, and surface texture
Authors: Simon Darren , Holland Anthony , Shanks Robert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe properties and surface uniformity of poly‐ (caprolactone) (PCL) thin films were measured. Thin films were prepared using a spin‐coating technique. Film thickness and roughness were correlated with variation in solution concentration, spinning speed and spinning time. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the crystallization and melting processes. The enthalpy of melting variation correlated with the film thickness, while melting temperature was independent of film thickness. In addition, surface roughness was found to be a function of PCL thickness. Film thickness and roughness showed a progressive decrease when spinning speed was increased, while spinning time provided no significant influence on film thickness. PCL thickness and roughness significantly increased when PCL solution concentration increased. Hot stage optical microscopy showed that larger spherulitic crystals were present in thin films, and the smaller crystals present in thicker films had a coarser texture consistent with increased surface roughness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1287–1294, 2007
High temperature stability of different polymer‐modified bitumens: A rheological evaluation
Authors: Pérez‐Lepe A. , Martínez‐Boza F. J. , Gallegos C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolymer‐modified binders are increasingly used by the pavement industry. In practice, the bituminous binders are stored at high temperatures previous to its application on the road. The instability problems of the bitumen due to the polymer‐rich phase separation may affect the final properties of the pavement. Most polymers tend to be insoluble, to some degree, in the bitumen matrix, and phase separation may result. Chemical compatibility between the polymer additive and the bitumen, and processing conditions, are crucial to obtain suitable properties of the polymer‐modified bitumens. In this work, different polymer‐modified binders were manufactured by using a high‐shear mixing device. Once a good mechanical dispersion of the polymer in the bitumen matrix was achieved, the binders were stored in tubes at high temperatures. During the storage, the unstable polymer‐rich phase segregates and starts to ascend up to the surface. The progression of the polymer phase separation was followed through the evolution of the linear viscoelastic and the viscous properties of the samples collected, after different storage periods, from the top part of the storage tube. From the experimental results obtained, we may conclude that the use of a reactive polymer as additive is a promising alternative to obtain more stable binders. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl PolymSci 103: 1166–1174, 2007
Effect of interchain interactions on the translocation of polymer chains through small holes
Authors: Wang Chao , Luo Meng‐Bo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe translocation of polymer chains through a small hole was simulated with the dynamic Monte Carlo method. The dependence of the relaxation time (τ1) and escaping time (τ2) on the chain concentration (C) was studied. The interchain interaction played an important role in the translocation process. Different behaviors were discovered at low and highCregions. τ1presented a power law behavior withCat low and highCvalues with exponents of −1 and −3, respectively. τ2was roughly independent ofCat lowCvalues but decreased with power law exponent −1.3 at highCvalues. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1200–1205, 2007
Effectiveness of protected area networks in representing freshwater biodiversity: the case of a Mediterranean river basin (south‐eastern Spain)
Authors: Abellán Pedro , Sánchez‐Fernández David , Velasco Josefa , Millán Andrés 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Biodiversity is probably at greater risk in freshwater systems than in other ecosystems. Although protected areas (PAs) play a vital role in the protection of biodiversity and are the mainstay of most conservation polices, the coverage of biodiversity by existing PA networks is often inadequate and few reserves are created that take into consideration freshwater biota.
In this paper an attempt is made to address the performance of protected areas in the context of freshwater biodiversity conservation using data records for water beetles in a Mediterranean river basin.
Although the present PAs in the study area cover a relatively high number of water beetle species, the distribution and extent of reserves is still inadequate or insufficient to protect freshwater biodiversity, especially species of conservation concern.
Alternative area‐selection methods (hotspots and complementary) were more efficient than PAs for representing water beetles. Within these, complementarity was the most efficient approach, and was able to represent all species in a significantly lower area than the current PA network. On the other hand, the future Natura 2000 Network will result in a great increase in the total area of protected land as well as in the biodiversity represented.
Unfortunately, the occurrence of a species within a protected area is not a guarantee of long‐term survival because the extent of PAs is often insufficient and disturbances occur outside park boundaries. Thus, whole‐catchment management and natural‐flow maintenance are indispensable strategies for freshwater biodiversity conservation.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patients with juvenile psoriatic arthritis comprise two distinct populations
Authors: Stoll Matthew L. , Zurakowski David , Nigrovic Lise E. , Nichols David P. , Sundel Robert P. , Nigrovic Peter A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectivePsoriatic arthritis (PsA) in children is clinically heterogeneous. We examined a large population of children with juvenile PsA for evidence of phenotypic clustering that could suggest the presence of distinct clinical entities.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of 139 patients meeting the Vancouver criteria for juvenile PsA. To identify segregation into phenotypic groups, we compared younger patients with their older counterparts and subjected the whole population to 2‐step cluster analysis.ResultsAmong patients with juvenile PsA, the age at onset is biphasic, with peaks occurring at approximately 2 years of age and again in late childhood. Compared with children ages 5 years and older, younger patients are more likely to be female, exhibit dactylitis and small joint involvement, and express antinuclear antibodies. Progression to polyarticular disease (≥5 joints) is more common in younger children, although joint involvement remains oligoarticular in the majority of children. In contrast, older patents tend to manifest enthesitis, axial joint disease, and persistent oligoarthritis. Uveitis is equally represented in both age groups. Despite a higher utilization of methotrexate therapy, younger patients required, on average, more than twice as long to achieve clinical remission (23 months versus 9.2 months; P = 0.044). Cluster analysis identified largely overlapping subgroups but suggested that the presence of dactylitis, rather than age, has the greatest capacity to predict essential features of the clinical phenotype.ConclusionJuvenile PsA comprises 2 distinct populations of patients. Although the pathophysiologic correlate of this finding remains undefined, future studies should avoid the assumption that PsA in childhood constitutes a single etiologic entity.