bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planetary research has long history in Kazakstan
Authors: Tejfel Victor 
Published: October 2006

For many countries, planetary research is an important and significant area of science. This is no less true for Kazakstan, a country nearly the size of India that stretches from the Caspian Sea to China.The beginning of planetary research in Kazakstan, like the beginning of all astrophysical observations there, is connected closely with the names of two widely known Russian scientists, Vasilij Fessenkov and Gavriil Tikhov. Both came to Alma‐Ata, the capital of Kazakstan, in 1941 to observe the solar eclipse of September 21 , and both stayed. Tikhov organized the astrobotany laboratory, officially named the Astrobotany Sector of the Kazakstan Academy of Sciences. Astrobiology, a term also proposed by Tikhov, was at that time in search of evidence for the possible existence of plant life on Mars that was adapted optically to extremely hard climate conditions. The study of the optical properties (spectral reflectivity and fluorescence in the infrared) of terrestrial plants had given some data about variability of these properties as a function of climate conditions in different geographic zones.
Climate Processes and Change
Authors: Jenkins Gregory S. 
Published: October 2006

The 1997 Kyoto summit on climate change demonstrates the world community's desire to protect future generations from harmful effects induced by the anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, the worldwide impacts of the 1997–1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event serve as a reminder of how natural variability can strongly influence weather. In this book, Bryant provides a bird's‐eye view of natural climate change over the last 2 million years, rather than the fish's‐eye view of the more recent possible anthropogenic global warming.The key feature that sets this text apart is the perspective of climate change on a larger timescale. The author recognizes that climate is not constant, and that only small perturbations are necessary to shift climate into an extreme state. If this is the case, however, anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing may also produce extreme climate change. Climate Processes and Change also differs from other texts by raising the awareness of uncertainties in historical observations, trends, and the complex and nonlinear relationships between observations and theory.
The Dead Sea, The Lake and Its Setting
Authors: Brink Uri ten 
Published: October 2006

I cannot think of a subject more befitting the description of interdisciplinary research with societal relevance than the study of the Dead Sea, a terminal lake of the Jordan River in Israel and Jordan. The scientific study of the Dead Sea is intimately connected with politics, religion, archeology, economic development, tourism, and environmental change.The Dead Sea is a relatively closed geologic and limnologic system with drastic physical changes often occurring on human timescales and with a long human history to observe these changes. Research in this unique area covers diverse aspects such as active subsidence and deformation along strike‐slip faults; vertical stratification and stability of the water column; physical properties of extremely saline and dense (1234 kg/m3) water; spontaneous precipitation of minerals in an oversaturated environment; origin of the unusual chemical composition of the brine; existence of life in extreme environments; use of lake level fluctuations as a paleoclimatic indicator; and effects on the environment of human intervention versus natural climatic variability. Although the Dead Sea covers a small area on a global scale, it is nevertheless one of the largest natural laboratories for these types of research on Earth. These reasons make the Dead Sea a fascinating topic for the curious mind.
New service of Earth Interactions offers sneak peek at work in progress
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A new service of the all‐electronic journal Earth Interactions (Web site http://EarthInter‐actions.org) now provides online access to abstracts or preprints of selected papers being presented at various Earth system science conferences. The new service, “Earth Abstractions,” is separate from the peer‐reviewed articles in Earth Interactions. The editors select the sessions that will be featured. AGU Spring Meeting abstracts are now highlighted on the site.The abstract titles in Earth Abstractions will link directly to online extended abstracts or preprints located on the authors' home servers if such abstracts are made available. As the author updates the preprint and posts it to the same URL, Earth Abstractions will continue to feature the most recent information from the author related to that work. Readers can preview an author's work as it evolves prior to the meeting as well as refer to it for a year after the meeting has ended. This exchange also provides a means for authors to receive positive feedback on their papers independent of the conference session, which may help those who plan to submit papers about their work to a peer‐reviewed journal.
The re‐formation of the polar cap during quiet times: The theta aurora
Authors: Chang Shen‐Wu , Burke William J. , Maynard Nelson C. , Scudder Jack D. 
Published: October 2006

The theta aurora, a form of auroral arc that stretches across the polar cap roughly parallel to the Sun‐Earth line, was first detected by an optical imager on the Dynamic Explorer 1 satellite [Frank et al., 1982]. But to date, its origin has not been satisfactorily explained. The new availability of nearly continuous measurements of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) by the WIND satellite whenever the POLAR satellite was in a position to observe the presence of these arcs (see Figure 1) has renewed interest in solving the mystery of the theta aurora's origin.The new data were examined with the notion that some feature of the solar wind's interaction with the magnetosphere must lead to the development of the theta arcs. Conclusions revealed that the theta aurora provides an unexpected way in which the polar cap can grow and reform during or after extended periods when the IMF has a northward component. This new understanding has strong roots in previous observational and theoretical work within the space plasma physics community.
NSF Geosciences Directorate outlines two major planning processes
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

“We want to do more than just evolve into the next decade,” Robert Corell, assistant director for geosciences at the National Science Foundation (NSF), told an audience at a “town meeting” held in May during the AGU Spring Meeting in Boston, Mass.Corell, along with the Geoscience Directorate Division directors for atmospheric, Earth, and ocean sciences, said that two concurrent planning processes underway at the directorate will help to guide the direction of the science, and also support the annual geosciences science plan and the NSF budget in a competitive fiscal environment.
In brief
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Honoring a radio astronomy pioneer Fifty‐seven years after Karl Jansky inadvertently helped spawn the field of radio astronomy by becoming the first person to hear radio waves from outer space, the pioneer was honored by Lucent Technologies' Bell Laboratories at a June 8 ceremony that included the unveiling of a 4‐m long replica of his antenna at the exact site of the original 30.5‐m long instrument. This instrument resembled a box kite lying on its side, and was supported by Model T Ford tires.Jansky's discovery “was ahead of its time,” said Tony Tyson, an astrophysicist with Lucent Technologies' Bell Laboratories in New Jersey. Tyson, who worked with Robert Wilson, a senior scientist at the Harvard‐Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., to determine the location of Jansky's original antenna, said that in the early 1930s “radio waves had nothing to do with astronomy, so it really fell between radio engineering and astronomy.”
Clinton Administration proposes slate of initiatives to protect ocean resources
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

U.S. President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore came to Monterey, Calif., in mid‐June bearing gifts for the seas.With announcements on June 11–12 of a package of initiatives, proposals, and challenges before a select audience that included about 500 participants attending the National Oceans Conference, the Administration at least temporarily propelled ocean resource issues to the top of the national agenda.
Participants examine key issues including conservation and research
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

“I've never seen the ocean community so energized,” oceanographer and deep‐sea pioneer Sylvia Earle told participants gathered for the National Oceans Conference in mid‐ June of this year, the International Year of the Ocean.“It's no wonder,” she said. “After a dry spell spanning many decades, there is an opportunity at last for the ocean frontier to be for the 21st century what space has been to the 20th. And why not? The technology is here, the need is here, the sense of urgency is here. And now, all that has to come is the commitment to go forward and downward.”
Effort to develop magnetic anomaly database aids Antarctic research
Authors: Chiappini Massimo , von Frese Ralph R. B. , Ferris Julie 
Published: October 2006

The Antarctic is the subject of considerable international interest because its geology records the evolution of Gondwana and Rodinia. The geology of the Antarctic is poorly understood, however, due to the region's nearly ubiquitous cover of snow, ice, and water and its harsh environment, which severely restricts field investigations.Magnetic anomaly data greatly aid geologic studies of the Antarctic, and hence many near‐surface magnetic surveys have been carried out by the international community for site‐specific geologic objectives since the International Geophysical Year of 1957–1958. At the first workshop of the Antarctic Digital Magnetic Anomaly Project (ADMAP) in Cambridge, UK, it became clear that the data from these magnetic surveys can also be combined into a regional compilation to extend their usefulness for geologic studies of the Antarctic [Johnson et al., 1996; 1997].
Comment [on “Influence of Mediterranean Outflow on climate”]
Authors: Johnson R. G. 
Published: October 2006

The Rahmstorf large‐scale circulation model lacks the high resolution needed to reveal the critical fine structure of oceanic circulation, both known and predicted, upon which the ice‐age initiation hypothesis is based [Johnson, 1997]. Consequently, it is unable to correctly evaluate the consequences of presently increasing Mediterranean salinity and Outflow. Rahmstorf also seriously misrepresents important elements of the hypothesis.1) It is not simply an increase in evaporation rate in the warmer Labrador Sea that initiated the Wisconsinan Glaciation. Instead, the larger temperature contrast between cold land and adjacent warmer sea surfaces steered the northeastward‐moving cyclonic storm systems into the Baffin area and away from their interglacial path toward Iceland and Scandinavia. This switch in circulation is indicated by the sudden onset of heavy precipitation in northeastern Canada, inferred from a large increase in hematite and clay deposited on the Bermuda Rise about 120,000 year ago when the Wisconsinan Glaciation began [Adkins et al., 1997]. This regional circulation switch could be duplicated only in a very high‐resolution model. Note that at this time the Milankovitch insolation was nearly identical to present and there was no CO2 warming or artificial loss of Nile River discharge.
Chaos and Structures in Nonlinear Plasmas
Authors: Chen James 
Published: October 2006

In recent decades, the concepts and applications of chaos, complexity, and nonlinear dynamics have profoundly influenced scientific as well as literary thinking. Some aspects of these concepts are used in almost all of the geophysical disciplines. Chaos and Structures in Nonlinear Plasmas, written by two respected plasma physicists, focuses on nonlinear phenomena in laboratory and space plasmas, which are rich in nonlinear and complex collective effects. Chaos is treated only insofar as it relates to some aspects of nonlinear plasma physics.At the outset, the authors note that plasma physics research has made fundamental contributions to modern nonlinear sciences. For example, the Poincare surface of section technique was extensively used in studies of stochastic field lines in magnetically confined plasmas and turbulence. More generally, nonlinearity in plasma waves and wave‐wave and wave‐particle interactions critically determines the propagation of energy through a plasma medium. The book also makes it clear that the importance of understanding nonlinear waves goes beyond plasma physics, extending to such diverse fields as solid state physics, fluid dynamics, atmospheric physics, and optics. In space physics, non‐linear plasma physics is essential for interpreting in situ as well as remote‐sensing data.
Proposed change to Bylaw 7
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Statutes and Bylaws Committee has recommended that the bylaw naming the sections of the Union be amended. The proposed change renames the Planetology Section; the amended bylaw would read:“The American Geophysical Union shall include the following Sections: Atmospheric Sciences; Geodesy; Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism; Hydrology; Ocean Sciences; Planetary Sciences; Seismology; Space Physics and Aeronomy; Tectonophysics; and Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology. All members shall designate the Section or Sections with which they desire to be affiliated and shall designate a Section of primary interest.”
Ozone layer is on slow road to recovery new science assessment indicates
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The good news, according to a new report about ozone depletion, is that the ozone layer will recover in 50 years—if parties to the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer fully adhere to the treaty, and if other conditions that could affect the atmosphere remain stable.The “Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998,” a report prepared by the scientific assessment panel of the Montreal Protocol, states, “The stratospheric abundance of halogenated ozone‐depleting substances is expected to return to its pre‐1980 (that is, “unperturbed”) level of 2 ppb chlorine equivalent by about 2050 assuming full compliance with the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments.”
AGU Council reaffirms position statement against the teaching of creationism as science
Authors: Folger Peter 
Published: October 2006

During this year's AGU Spring Meeting in Boston, held May 25‐29, the AGU Council reaffirmed its opposition to the teaching of creationism as a scientific theory. By unanimous vote, the Council agreed with a recommendation from AGU's Committee on Public Affairs (COPA) to renew the statement that was first adopted in December 1981. The reaffirmed statement is as follows:"The Council of the American Geophysical Union notes with concern the continuing efforts by creationists for administrative, legislative, and juridical actions designed to require or promote the teaching of creationism as a scientific theory. "The American Geophysical Union is opposed to all efforts to require or promote the teaching of creationism or any other religious tenets as science.
Outstanding student paper awards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Seismology Section presented the following outstanding student paper awards at the AGU 1997 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California, on last December.Matthew J. Fouch presented a paper entitled “Shear Wave Splitting, Continental Roots, and Patterns of Asthenospheric Flow.” Matt received a B.A. in geology from Pomona College in Claremont, Calif., in 1993, and an Sc.M. in geophysics from Brown University in Providence, R.I., in 1996. He currently is completing a Ph.D. in geophysics at Brown under the supervision of Karen M. Fischer. In previous research at Brown, Matt examined seismic anisotropy and mantle flow in the southern Kuril, Japanese, Izu‐Bonin, and Mariana subduction zones through modeling of observed shear wave splitting. More recently, his research has focused on constraining the structure and deformation of the sub‐continental mantle using a combination of seismic observations and numerical methods. In this work, Matt has developed numerical models of predicted shear wave splitting from asthenospheric flow around a continental root. Using these models, he has estimated the possible lithospheric and asthenospheric contributions to seismic anisotropy for eastern North America.
Graphical user interface developed for interactive ray tracing
Authors: Loss Jeremy , ten Brink Uri S. , Pecher Ingo A. 
Published: October 2006

A graphical user interface (GUI) called RayGUI has been developed to perform seismic ray tracing with the rayinvr program [Zelt and Smith, 1992] on UNIX workstations. RayGUI enables the user to graphically edit a subsurface velocity model and change ray‐tracing parameters. Ray‐tracing is performed by invoking rayinvr, a widely used package for two‐dimensional forward modeling of seismic rays in an isotropic medium.The medium consists of distinct layers with velocity values defined at their tops and bases. Velocities can vary laterally along a given layer. Observed and calculated traveltimes are displayed for comparison to test the velocity model. The inversion features of rayinvr can be invoked after minor editing of the RayGUI output. The package also contains a conversion routine to read velocity models from the MacRay ray‐tracing program [Luetgert, 1992].
All that is labeled data is not gold
Authors: Schmidt Gavin 
Published: October 2006

Most of us are quite comfortable with the idea of evolution in the animal kingdom or in climate, by which small departures from the norm can spread and eventually change the entire picture. We are not as ready to accept a similar evolution in classical data sets, the gold standard of climatology.Recently, I have been using a small subset of the data generated by the GEOSECS (Geochemical Ocean Sections) program (1973–1974), in particular, the ocean profiles of oxygen‐18 and deuterium measured by Harmon Craig at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif. Until recently, I was secure in the knowledge that the data I was using, gathered from the National Climate Data Center repository, were complete and unadulterated. Earlier this year, while presenting my results and using these data for comparison, a member of the audience wondered why I was not using the complete data set. Confused, I defended myself vigorously. Later, it appeared that although I had correctly presented the published data, there was an underground version of unpublished data that was known only to a small circle of initiates. My hosts were kind enough to include me among the cognoscenti and it was at this point that things started to become interesting.
World's coral reefs said to be at high risk
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

More than one‐quarter of the world's coral reefs are at high risk and another one‐third are at medium risk because of threats caused by human activities, according to a new report that may be the first systematic and data‐driven global assessment of coral reefs.The report, “Reefs at Risk: A Map‐Based Indicator of Threats to the World's Coral Reefs,” indicates that these threats place much of the world's marine biodiversity at risk, because coral reefs are highly productive, species‐rich habitats that are home to more than one quarter of all known marine fish species.
Hydrology Section Executive Committee Discusses Activities
Authors: Bencala Ken 
Published: October 2006

The Hydrology Section Executive Committee met on May 27,1998, at the AGU Spring Meeting in Boston, Mass., to report on the section's activities and provide a forum for the discussion of issues related to the development of hydrologic science.Among the most visible Section activities are the Spring and Fall Meetings. Participation of Hydrology Section members continues to grow at the Spring Meeting. At this year's Spring Meeting, over 700 hydrology abstracts were presented, approximately double the participation of only 2 years ago.
Senate hearing reviews Alaska refuge oil reserves
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

To some conservationists concerned about wildlife habitat and wilderness beauty, the “1002 area” of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is “sacrosanct.” Adam Kolton of the Alaska Wilderness League says, “Drilling the Arctic refuge would be as shortsighted as damming the Grand Canyon for hydroelectric power or raiding Yellowstone for geothermal power.”But others say this 1.5 million acre coastal plain region of ANWR—named for the section in the 1980 Alaska National Interests Lands Conservation Act that deferred a decision about the future management of the area—holds significant, economically recoverable oil deposits, and that three‐dimensional seismic testing and subsequent oil extraction can be accomplished with little environmental damage to the region.
Tatsundo Yamamoto (1956–1998)
Authors: Tsuruda Koichiro 
Published: October 2006

Tatsundo Yamamoto, a former professor at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) and a leading figure in the Japanese space science community, passed away on February 20,1998, due to lymph cancer. He was only 41 years old.Yamamoto was born in Tokyo on April 10, 1956. He obtained his B.A. in 1979 and his Ph.D. in geophysics from the University of Tokyo in 1984. In 1992, after spending 6 years as an assistant professor in the Geophysics Department of the Faculty of Science at the University of Tokyo, he moved to ISAS as an associate professor in the Space Plasma Division. He was promoted to full professor in 1996.
World Ocean Circulation Experiment generates wealth of data
Authors: Chapman Piers 
Published: October 2006

Deployment this summer of a series of U.S. profiling floats in the tropical and sub‐tropical North Atlantic Ocean essentially ended the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) field program, bringing to a close 8½ years of international effort. In January 1990, the German research vessel Meteor left Punta Arenas, Chile, on WOCE's first cruise. Since then, scientists from more than 20 countries have amassed a wealth of data that is now becoming available to oceanographers, meteorologists, and other climate investigators.Previous global oceanographic programs included the Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) expeditions in the 1970s and research during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957–1958. WOCE, however, is the first to include extensive observations from both in situ platforms and satellites. It is also much larger than previous global studies. For example, in the final tally, WOCE will have collected about 9000 deep hydrographic stations, almost three times the number taken during IGY and a factor of about 20 higher than those taken during GEOSECS (Figure 1).
Some electronics companies see business opportunities in cutting greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

During the doldrums of the Washington, D.C., summer in late July and early August, the debate about whether the United States should sign the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and what the price tag might be, continued unabated.The Clinton Administration and several private groups issued policy papers, and the U.S. House Committee on Small Business held its third oversight hearing on the issue.