bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHROME‐MAGNESITE BRICK FOR OPEN‐HEARTH FURNACES*
Authors: Chesters J. H. , Lynam T. R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract(1) The attempt to replace silica brick in open‐hearth, furnaces by more refractory basic brick has raised a number of interesting problems. Thus, chrome‐magnesite brick, although much improved in their physical properties, are subject to certain limitations in service, e.g., the bursting which occurs when they become impregnated with iron oxide. (2) The properties of a number of British and Continental chrome‐magnesite brick are given, including data on the factors determining their thermal‐shock and bursting resistance. The influence of iron oxide on the melting point of chrome‐magnesite brick is also discussed. (3) The results obtained, both with limited trials and with complete furnaces built from chrome‐magnesite brick, are described, and an attempt is made to analyze the ultimate causes of failure. (4) Both laboratory and service tests suggest that the bursting which accompanies iron‐oxide absorption is responsible for a considerable part of the damage but that this can be overcome at least in part by a modification of the brick batch. With hot metal furnaces, where the concentration of iron oxide is lower and shutdowns less frequent than in cold metal furnaces, the life obtained with chrome‐magnesite brick is considerably greater.
IDENTITY AND AMOUNTS OF FLUORIDE CRYSTALS PRESENT IN ENAMELS*
Authors: King Burnham W. , Andrews Andrew I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA group of enamels containing fluorspar, cryolite, and sodium silicofluoride, added in various proportions, was prepared under carefully controlled conditions, including smelting in an electric resistor furnace. The only mill additions were clay and water; no opacifier was used. X‐ray diffraction patterns were made of all the fired enamels. Recrystallized cryolite (Na3AlF6), fluorite (CaF2), and villiaumite (NaF) were found in the fired enamels. Cryolite, the most important opacifier used in the enamels studied, was found to recrystallize whenever enough cryolite or sodium silicofluoride was added in the raw batch. The accuracy of the X‐ray method was found to be ±1/2% for villiaumite or fluorite and ± 1% for cryolite. A calculation of the unaccounted‐for fluorine showed it to be fairly constant at about 2.8%.
NOTES ON CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GLASS*
Authors: Vilensky Michel B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe old tedious method of dehydration of silica is replaced by a new, short method. The dehydrating agent used is HClO4 in place of HCl. The evaporation is performed in a period of 1 to 2 hours by employing a specially designed platinum radiator. The complete chemical analysis of glass is made in a very short time. All ingredients of the glass are determined, one after another, by employing the same sample of the material. The alkali contents are determined by using a separate sample. Many samples of different glasses have been analyzed with satisfactory results, which are tabulated.
CRISTOBALITE FORMATION AS A FACTOR IN FREEZING OF PYROMETRIC CONES*
Authors: Smith Paul Laurens 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStudies were made of the thermal expansion, X‐ray pattern, and fusion behavior of cones 7 and 8 “frozen” in a commercial kiln. Similar studies were made on specimens heat‐treated in the laboratory, and it is shown that the characteristics of a “frozen” cone may be produced in cones 7 and 8 by proper heat treatment. Evidence is presented which indicates that freezing is due at least in part to the formation of cristobal‐ite by devitrification.
SOME PROPERTIES OF SEMISILICA BRICK*
Authors: Remmby G. Bickley 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe most important differences between semisilica, super‐duty, first‐quality clay, and silica brick are shown by comparative tests. A new 24‐hour deformation test is described which measures the rate of deformation of brick at various temperatures. First‐quality clay brick are shown to have fairly rapid flow at temperatures as low as 2150°F, and super‐duty brick at 2350°F; semisilica brick show a zero rate of deformation up to 2650°F. First‐quality clay brick vitrify and spall at temperatures as low as 2300°F; under similar conditions, semisilica brick do not vitrify at much higher temperatures. Limitations in the use of semisilica brick are also discussed.
V, ELECTRIC KILNS AND FURNACES
Authors: Gould R. E. , Toole M. G. , Nelson M. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn experimental electric tunnel kiln firing to cones 13 to 14 is described. This kiln is different from previous electric‐kiln experiments in the type of heating elements used, their position in the kiln, and the method of heat recuperation. Heating is done by a new graphite resistor operated at low wattage dispersion placed horizontally in the kiln to heat the charge from underneath and on top. The difficulties in putting the kiln into operation are described.The experiment was undertaken to answer three primary questions, viz., (1) do resistors exist that will heat properly to these temperatures and is their life “commercial” in cost and ease of manipulation; (2) can heating be done evenly over given cross sections; and (3) what are the relative costs of using electricity as a fuel compared with other types, such as gas, oil, or coal?The operation of the electric kiln was successful after it was adjusted mechanically; no grave difficulties were encountered in the heating elements, and the heating over the cross section used was even.From the data obtained, it appears that under certain conditions the use of electricity as a fuel can compete with gas or oil. The power input into the kiln for any given temperature is a constant, and the power consumed per unit weight varies inversely with the weight of the charge per cubic foot and the speed of schedule.
STUDY OF MILLING AND ITS EFFECT ON PROPERTIES OF PORCELAIN ENAMEL SLIPS*
Authors: Fellows R. L. , McLaughlin J. L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn studying the effect of some of the variables in ball‐mill operation on porcelain enamel slips, variations in the amount of frit charge, amount of ball charge, size of balls, and r.p.m. of the mill were found to change the fineness distribution of a white steel enamel. Other variables, such as the water content, temperature of milling, and pressure under which the enamel was milled, apparently had little effect on the fineness of the enamel. An increase in temperature at which the enamels were milled decreased the Na2O to B2O3 ratio of the mill liquor and decreased the set of the enamel. Variation in milling under the conditions stated had no effect on the opacity or gloss and texture of the enamels.
EFFECT OF SOME ELECTROLYTES ON THE CONSISTENCY OF A DIPPING ENAMEL*
Authors: Whitesell R. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA comparison was made of the effect of various electrolytes on the consistency of a dipping enamel. The results indicated that the order of preference of the electrolytes tested was sodium nitrite, barium chloride, magnesium sulphate, potassium carbonate, and hydrochloric acid. The influence of the anion on the effect of various sodium compounds as electrolytes was determined.
THE CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE DIFFUSION OF WATER IN CLAYS*
Authors: Morgan W. R. , Hursh R. K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDrying tests were made on Florida clay under various conditions of temperature, relative humidity, and thickness of the specimen and on packed grains of Indiana shale of various grain sizes and water contents. The results show the effects of these variables on the rate of drying and indicate that the rates of evaporation are less than would be expected for free liquid evaporation; that no initial constant rate of drying, as proposed by Sherwood and his associates, exists in the drying of clays; that the diffusion coefficient in the diffusion equation is not a constant, as assumed; and that the equation, as used by Sherwood, Newman, and others, is not applicable to the drying of clays. In general, the drying of clays may be said to take place in two stages, an initial stage during which the rate of drying decreases slowly and approximately linearly until shrinkage is completed at the surface, and a second stage during which the rate of drying falls off rapidly because of increased resistance to diffusion of liquid and vapor from the interior of the ware. The rather sharp discontinuity separating the two branches of the rate curve has been called the critical point or the surface shrinkage limit.
DRYING CERAMIC PRODUCTS USING INDUCED ULTRA‐HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL ENERGY*
Authors: Vaughan T. C. , Revercomb H. E. , Murray W. A. , Whittemore J. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn apparatus was designed whereby samples of plastic clay could be dried by induced ultra‐high frequency electrical energy. Clays were dried by this method, and comparisons were made with drying under controlled relative humidity and heated air. Possible practical applications of this method of drying for ceramic plants are noted.
VISCOSITY STUDIES OF DICKITE SUSPENSIONS*
Authors: Helz A. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractViscosity studies are reported for suspensions of dickite. A horizontal capillary‐tube instrument was used to determine the relation between rate of shear and the shearing stress. The effect of oxalic acid, citric acid, tannic acid, and Na4P2O7 on the flow properties of dickite in water suspensions is shown. The specific hydrodynamic volumes of dickite in the water suspensions and in glycerine are calculated by the equation, η=η0 (1 + 2.5C + 14.1C2). The resulting values are an indication of the degree of defloccula‐tion. Citric acid has a negligible effect on the specific hydrodynamic volume, and oxalic acid and sodium pyrophosphate decrease it nearly to unity. Oxalic acid and tannic acid give the suspension the property of dilatancy. A brief review of this property and other flow properties of suspensions is included.
GLASS‐FRACTURE VELOCITY*
Authors: Barstow F. E. , Edgerton H. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUsing an electric spark lasting less than one‐millionth second as a light source, cracks in glass have been successfully photographed during their propagation. A steel ball driven against the glass with a spring initiated fracture and simultaneously actuated an adjustable electrical time‐delay circuit, which in turn set off the spark at the required instant. By the use of two sparks, the velocity of propagation of cracks in glass was found to be constant and almost exactly 5040 feet per second—the same velocity found by Schardin and Struth. In general, the tips of the cracks form a nearly perfect circle at any particular instant, though some individual photographs show nonsymmetry.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYS THROUGH PH CONTROL*
Authors: Barker George J. , Truog Emil 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pH‐controlled process of clay treatment will produce beneficial results if proper information on the clay is available before treatment. The pH curve usually will supply this information. Three different types of curves are presented and discussed. Soluble salts affect the process. These effects and manner of control are explained. Actual tests which have been made in plant operations during the past year and the results obtained are described.
THE SERIES IRON OXIDES‐LIME*
Authors: Crook Welton J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe literature in general shows a considerable divergence of opinion regarding the basicity of the ferrite formed in steelmaking slags. Evidence is presented which indicates that when mixtures of iron oxide and lime are melted under oxidizing conditions in contact with metallic iron a ternary system between CaO‐FeO‐Fe2O3 prevails and that the compound formed between lime and ferric oxide has the composition 3CaO‐Fe2O3, except possibly for melts containing somewhat less than 10 mol.% CaO.A eutectic was found between FeO and 3CaO Fe2O3, which contains approximately 40 mol.% CaO.It is believed that when basic steelmaking slags are considered, the ternary system CaO‐FeO‐Fe2O3 should be substituted for the binary system CaO‐Fe2O3, which has been used generally in the past.
EFFECT OF ALUMINA ON DEVITRIFICATION OF SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASSES*
Authors: Silverman W. B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of the substitution of Al2O3 for the oxides of sodium, calcium, and silicon on the liquidus temperatures and phase relations has been determined for glasses lying within the composition range Na2O 11 to 19%, CaO 6 to 18%, SiO2 59 to 79%, and Al2O3 0 to 8%. The results on 137 individual determinations show that the substitution of Al2O3 for CaO permits wollastonite to be the primary phase in glasses of relatively low CaO content. As the Al2O3 content increases, the Na2O‐3CaO‐6SiO2—CaO·SiO2 boundary shifts to lower CaO contents, and the decomposition of Na2O·3CaO·6SiO2 to CaO·‐SiO2 takes place at lower temperatures. In compositions with tridymite as a primary phase, the substitution of Al2O3 for SiO2 is effective in lowering the liquidus temperature. For the composition range investigated, the SiO2‐CaO‐SiO2 and Na2O·3CaO·6SiO2‐SiO2 boundary remains at essentially the same SiO2 content for all glasses containing not more than 4% Al2O3.
SURFACE TENSIONS OF SOME OPTICAL GLASSES*
Authors: Shartsis Leo , Smock Alden W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe surface tension of a number of optical glasses made at the National Bureau of Standards was measured by a modification of the anchor ring method. The values for the flint glasses at 1300 °6, were in the range 210 to 230 dynes per cm., the barium crowns ranged from 260 to 310, while the other types of glasses had intermediate values. Most of the glasses had positive temperature coefficients of surface tension. The surface‐tension values increased with the increasing periods of time at which the glasses were maintained at high temperatures immediately prior to measurement. Positive rank correlation coefficients of statistical significance were found between seed quality of optical glasses and such factors as surface tension, pot attack, and amount of gas liberated during the melting process.
MECHANISM OF THERMAL‐SHOCK FAILURE IN ENAMELWARE, AN OVEN‐TEST METHOD*
Authors: Richmond J. C. , Harrison W. N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEnameled utensils were tested for thermal‐shock resistance by heating in an oven to a predetermined temperature, then quenching with iced water. This process was repeated, following a schedule of successively higher temperatures from 375° to 600°F. until the specimens chipped or withstood heating after the tenth quench. The method is suitable for testing most sizes and shapes of utensils. Data on a wide variety of commercial utensils are included.Photographs show that failures originate in cracks formed during quenching from stresses produced by rapid cooling and shrinking of the surface of the enamel. The chips are usually blown off with considerable force during heating following the quench by steam produced from water which penetrated the cracks during the quench. Evidence is presented that deformation of the pan bottom during heating does not produce thermal shock failures.
SELENIUM‐RUBY AND OTHER GLASSES COLORED BY SELENIUM*
Authors: Pavlish A. E. , Austin C. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractData are presented on the development and production of ruby and other colors in glass by employing selenium as one of the colorants. The addition of 0.25% of powdered selenium and 0.30% of metallic cadmium with 0.055% of silicon as the reducing agents in a zinc‐free glass produced good ruby color. The addition of both oxidizing and reducing agents showed that conditions most favorable for the retention of selenium had an adverse affect on the retention of cadmium.The results of day‐tank trials embodying the principles found in this work are listed.
REACTION OF CLAYS WITH ORGANIC CATIONS IN PRODUCING REFRACTORY INSULATION*
Authors: Grim R. E. , Allaway W. H. , Cuthbert F. L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSlips prepared in certain ways with some organic compounds shrink only slightly after casting so that their shape and porosity are not lost on drying or later firing. This provides a possible method of producing refractory insulation without final sawing to shape. The compounds effective in producing such porous clay bodies are certain amines or other organic cations, in which one or more large hydrocarbon groups are attached to the basic nitrogen atom. The results of studies concerned with molding and other problems connected with production of insulating refractories by this process are given.
CONCENTRATION AND DETERMINATION OF GRADE IN TESTS ON SILLIMANITE IN IDAHO SCHIST*
Authors: Skinner Kenneth G. , Kelly Hal J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLaboratory batch tests have demonstrated that the Idaho sillimanite schist was amenable to beneficiation by common ore‐dressing methods. The minable schist, containing an average of about 7.8%, sillimanite, was crushed to pass 35 mesh and concentrated by a combination of tabling and flotation.Grade was determined by petrographic examination of fractions obtained by heavy‐liquid separations in a centrifuge. This method was used as a positive means of separating the sillimanite from the gangue minerals.Photomicrographs illustrate the character and quantity of sillimanite in the various concentration products.
CHANGES IN DISTILLED WATER STORED IN GLASS AMPULS*
Authors: Hinson A. L. , Smith D. C. , Greene J. F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmpuls of distilled water were stored for a period of two years, with and without a preliminary autoclaving. Solids picked up by the water were found in most cases to increase steadily for the duration of the storage period while the pH tended to reach a constant value characteristic for each glass. Figures are given for the pH increase and solids pickup of all the available glasses known to have been used for ampuls in this country.
EFFECT OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS ON HYDROPHILIC NATURE OF KAOLIN AND BENTONITE*
Authors: Siefert A. C. , Henry E. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe affinity for water of a kaolinite‐type clay (kaolin) and a montmorillonite‐type clay (bentonite), saturated with hydrogen, calcium, sodium, and potassium, was studied by three methods, namely, heat of wetting as determined by calorimetric measurements, sorption of water from the vapor phase by weighing, and desorption or removal of water by differential‐thermal analysis. It was shown that hydrogen and calcium clays had a greater affinity for water than sodium and potassium clays. Although the bentonite evolved more heat and sorbed more water per gram of clay, it evolved less heat and sorbed less water per milliequivalent of exchangeable cation than did the kaolin; the differences in the effects of various cations were more pronounced in bentonite than in kaolin. The results may be explained as follows from considerations of the mineral structures: (1) A greater amount of water hydrates the surface of kaolinite in proportion to that hydrating the exchangeable cations than is the case in montmorillonite and (2) the exchangeable cations may be hydrated to a greater degree (i.e., less strongly held) on kaolinite than on montmorillonite.
INFLUENCE OF GLASS COMPOSITION ON REDUCIBILITY OF Ag+, Bi3+, Sb3+, AND PP+*
Authors: Bastress Alfred W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe reducibility of a number of ions by dry hydrogen was studied in various glass compositions. Reduction temperatures with dry hydrogen were about 75° C, lower than with wet hydrogen. The glasses contained 5.0% of Sb2O3, Bi2O3, or PbO or 0.1% of Ag2O. In all of the glasses, silver ions were reduced at lower temperatures as basicity was increased, while an increased ratio of B3+ to O2‐ or Si4+ to O‐ increased stability. The reducibility of Bi3+, Sb3+, and Pb2+ are not easily interpreted. Silver showed reduction at approximately 130°C., bismuth at 200°C., lead at 350°C., and antimony at 400°C.
RECRYSTALLIZATION OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE BODIES AT 2000°C.*
Authors: Duwez Pol , Odell Francis , Taylor Jack L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecrystallization is an important factor in the preparation of very dense pure oxide ceramic bodies. The work described in this paper shows the effect of the original particle size on the degree of recrystallization of beryllium oxide bodies. A water elutriator for particle‐size separation in the subsieve range and an oxyacetylene furnace with zirconia refractories for operation at 2000°C. are described. The microscopic examination of prepared thin sections and the X‐ray diffraction back‐reflection method are used to determine particle sizes and the degree of recrystallization. Shrinkage during firing is found to be approximately constant for all particle sizes originally below 10 microns and decreases in a regular manner with increasing particle size. The recrystallization factor for beryllium oxide is found to vary from 40 for 1.25‐micron particles to 2.5 for 10‐micron particles.
STUDY OF ADHERENCE OF MOLTEN GLASS TO HEATED METALS*
Authors: Kapnicky J. A. , Fairbanks H. V. , Koehler W. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA kinetic test for evaluating the adherence of molten glass to metal was devised. The results are expressed in terms of the highest metal temperature at which a drop of molten glass shows no adherence. This temperature was determined for several cast irons and nonferrous metals and alloys. It was found that this temperature was affected by the structure and surface roughness of the metals investigated. The effects of cyaniding, carburizing, nitriding, quenching, and annealing were determined. The general effect of mold lubricants on the adherence temperature is indicated.
PROPERTIES OF SOME SUBSTANCES ISOSTRUCTURAL WITH SILICA*
Authors: Hummel F. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractQuartz and cristobalite types of AlPO4 were prepared in a pure condition and compared with silica regarding thermal behavior. The thermal expansion of the cristobalite type of AlPO4 is remarkably similar to that of cristobalite, indicating a close structural relationship at elevated temperatures as well as at room temperature. The temperature of inversion of the cristobalite type of AlPO4 apparently depends on previous thermal history, as in the case of cristobalite, but the presence of a double endothermic peak during the low‐high inversion may indicate that the mechanism is different from that involved in the low‐high cristobalite transition. Data on the thermal expansion of the network structures NaAlSiO4 (carnegieite) and Na2CaSiO4 are presented and are discussed in the light of the known structural relationships in the series high cristobalite, high carnegieite, and Na2CaSiO4.
GLAZES FOR ZIRCON PORCELAINS*
Authors: Luttrell Carolyn Banks 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn investigation was conducted to develop a white opaque low‐expansion glaze of suitable gloss and texture for commercial application on zircon porcelain. A glaze containing the alkaline‐earth zirconium silicates was selected as the base glaze; batch changes and molecular adjustments were then made. On a molecular basis the KNaO content should be low (less than 0.20 equivalent); the alkaline‐earth oxides should be used to raise the RO group to 1.00. High MgO (from 0.40 to 0.50 equivalent) definitely reduces crazing tendencies; CaO and ZnO complete the RO group. The most desirable Al2O3 and SiO2 content is 0.3 to 0.4 and 3.0 to 4.0 equivalents, respectively. The Al2O3‐SiO2 ratio considerably affects the finish and texture of the fired glaze. From 0.5 to 0.7 equivalent of ZrO2 gives satisfactory opacity and improves crazing resistance; B2O3, although important as a low‐expansion constituent, is limited to 0.2 equivalent. The compositions of glazes applicable to typical zircon porcelain bodies are given.