bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHYLOGENY OF KLEBSORMIDIUM (KLEBSORMIDIALES, CHAROPHYCEAE) IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS IN EUROPE1
Authors: Rindi Fabio , Guiry Michael D. , López‐Bautista Juan M. 
Published: November 2008

Klebsormidium is a cosmopolitan genus of green algae, widespread in terrestrial and freshwater habitats. The classification of Klebsormidium is entirely based on morphological characters, and very little is understood about its phylogeny at the species level. We investigated the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Klebsormidium in urban habitats in Europe by a combination of approaches including examination of field‐collected material, culture experiments conducted in many different combinations of factors, and phylogenetic analyses of the rbcL gene. Klebsormidium in European cities mainly occurs at the base of old walls, where it may produce green belts up to several meters in extent. Specimens from different cities showed a great morphological uniformity, consisting of long filaments 6–9 μm in width, with thin‐walled cylindrical cells and smooth wall, devoid of false branches, H‐shaped pieces, and biseriate parts. Conversely, the rbcL phylogeny showed a higher genetic diversity than expected from morphology. The strains were separated in four different clades supported by high bootstrap values and posterior probabilities. In culture, these clades differed in several characters, such as production of a superficial hydro‐repellent layer, tendency to break into short fragments, and inducibility of zoosporulation. On the basis of the taxonomic information available in the literature, most strains could not be identified unambiguously at the species level. The rbcL phylogeny showed no correspondence with classification based on morphology and suggested that the identity of many species, in particular the type species K. flaccidum (kütz.) P.C. Silva, Mattox et W. H. Blackw., needs critical reassessment.
Dependence of Stress Resistance on a Spore Coat Heteropolysaccharide in
Dictyostelium
Authors: West Christopher M. , Nguyen Phuong , van der Wel Hanke , Metcalf Talibah , Sweeney Kristin R. , Blader Ira J. , Erdos Gregory W. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

In
Dictyostelium
, sporulation occurs synchronously as prespore cells approach the apex of the aerial stalk during culmination. Each prespore cell becomes surrounded by its own coat comprised of a core of crystalline cellulose and a branched heteropolysaccharide sandwiched between heterogeneous cysteine-rich glycoproteins. The function of the heteropolysaccharide, which consists of galactose and
N
-acetylgalactosamine, is unknown. Two glycosyltransferase-like genes encoding multifunctional proteins, each with predicted features of a heteropolysaccharide synthase, were identified in the
Dictyostelium discoideum
genome.
pgtB
and
pgtC
transcripts were modestly upregulated during early development, and
pgtB
was further intensely upregulated at the time of heteropolysaccharide accumulation. Disruption of either gene reduced synthase-like activity and blocked heteropolysaccharide formation, based on loss of cytological labeling with a lectin and absence of component sugars after acid hydrolysis. Cell mixing experiments showed that heteropolysaccharide expression is spore cell autonomous, suggesting a physical association with other coat molecules during assembly. Mutant coats expressed reduced levels of crystalline cellulose based on chemical analysis after acid degradation, and cellulose was heterogeneously affected based on flow cytometry and electron microscopy. Mutant coats also contained elevated levels of selected coat proteins but not others and were sensitive to shear. Mutant spores were unusually susceptible to hypertonic collapse and damage by detergent or hypertonic stress. Thus, the heteropolysaccharide is essential for spore integrity, which can be explained by a role in the formation of crystalline cellulose and regulation of the protein content of the coat.
A LOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ROBUSTNESS, MUTANTS AND SPECIES IN COLONIES OF AGENTS
Authors: MARDARE RADU , CAVALIERE MATTEO , SEDWARDS SEAN 
Published: November 2008

We study a modelling framework and computational paradigm called Colonies of Synchronizing Agents (CSAs), which abstracts intracellular and intercellular mechanisms of biological tissues. The model is based on a multiset of agents (cells) in a common environment (a tissue). Each agent has a local contents, stored in the form of a multiset of atomic objects (e.g., representing molecules), updated by multiset rewriting rules which may act on individual agents (intracellular action) or synchronize the contents of pairs of agents (intercellular action). In this paper we investigate dynamic properties of CSAs, by means of temporal logic, and we give a logical characterization of some notions inspired by biology such as robustness, mutants and species. We reveal the relation that exists between the concept of robustness for CSAs and the bisimulation relation on colonies. We also present some decidability results for particular cases of robustness.
A Linear Programming Approach to Production and Employment Scheduling
Authors: Hanssmann Fred , Hess Sidney W. 
Published: November 2008

The problem of production and employment scheduling may be stated as follows. Given the monthly demands for the product turned out by a factory, what should be the monthly production rates and work force levels in order to minimize the total cost of regular payroll and overtime, hiring and layoffs, inventory and shortages incurred during a given planning interval of several months? This problem has received a classical solution in two papers by Holt, Modigliani, Muth, and Simon (Holt, C. C., F. Modigliani, H. A. Simon. 1955. A linear decision rule for production and employment scheduling. Management Sci. (October); Holt, C. C., F. Modigliani, J. F. Muth. 1956. Derivation of a linear decision rule for production and employment. Management Sci. (January).). These authors assumed quadratic cost functions. Their treatment of the problem will be referred to as “quadratic programming.” It appears, however, that in the majority of practical applications and theoretical models the cost functions are assumed to be linear. It, therefore, seems desirable to have a method of solution for the linear case as well. In this paper it is shown that a solution can be obtained by linear programming methods. From the linear programming viewpoint, this paper is of an expository nature. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
A Problem in Materials Economy
Authors: Sterling A. G. 
Published: November 2008

This paper describes a study of several factors influencing the cost of a particular raw material blank, the policy changes based on this study, and the cost reduction accomplished by means of these changes. This general approach may be employed to reduce the raw material cost of a variety of machined components. The operation in question was to purchase hot rolled metal blanks and from these to machine closely dimensioned plates. To allow for process variabilities and to assure sufficient material removal to yield a high quality finished surface, we bought blanks thicker, hence heavier, than the finished plates. The material was expensive and the machining chips were not recoverable, so this excess blank weight represented a substantial annual cost. To minimize this loss we considered reducing the process variabilities, sorting blanks to narrow the range released for machining and to divert the others to less critical applications, and reducing the minimum thickness of blanks selected for machining, tolerating some loss due to machining rejects with the expectation that this would be outweighed by the reduction in cost of the average blank machined. As a result of these studies we were able to reduce the blank weight 8%, thus reducing our material cost for this single component more than $50,000 per year. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
On Rational Decision Making
Authors: Churchman C. West 
Published: November 2008

The occasion of this meeting marks one more incident in peaceful international existence. The very spirit of the meeting itself, in which intellectuals and managers of different nations meet to discuss their mutual problems, is a sign of our times. We of Canada and the USA have learned to develop sound international relationships just as we are learning to establish sound relationships between science and management. Management science and the profession of operations research are both based on the general supposition that sound relationships between different parties in a decision making situation do exist and can be found by diligent search and research. We follow the pathway of a great historical precedent, which generally goes under the name of rationalism. The precedent says that sound relationships between different parties in a decision making situation can be established by means of reason. It goes on to say that reason is something that all men share, and that when men come to understand clearly, they inevitably will decide in the same ways. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
Simulation of Finance Company Operations for Decision Making
Authors: Davis Gordon B. , Ambill Howard , Whitecraft Herbert 
Published: November 2008

This paper describes the application of model building and computer simulation to planning, decision-making and budgeting. The discussion is based on the use of this approach for a proposed finance company. The mathematical model described in the paper was constructed and programmed for a computer. Various simulations on an IBM 7090 computer tested the feasibility of using the model as suggested. The examples in the text are from the simulation results. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
A Probabilistic Production and Inventory Problem
Authors: d'Epenoux F. 
Published: November 2008

R. Howard (R. Howard.1960. Dynamic Programming and Markov Processes. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.) and A. Manne (A. Manne. 1960. Linear programming and sequential decisions. Management Science, April.) have suggested two methods for optimizing average costs per unit time by means of a sequential decision rule. This rule gives order quantities as a function of initial stock levels, and is based upon the assumption of a Markov process which is both homogenous and discrete. The formulation does not include any restrictive hypothesis on the structure of costs. This paper presents a synthesis of both dynamic and linear programming methods applicable to the same kind of model for the case of time discounting.
A General Model for Production and Operations Systems
Authors: Reisman Arnold , Buffa Elwood S. 
Published: November 2008

This paper presents a structural and a mathematical framework for the analysis and/or synthesis of a large class of production systems. Service and/or goods producing enterprises are considered to be production systems. The structural framework consists of a generalized schematic involving materials, energy, capital equipment, populations, orders, information and cash flows through transducing, policy, etc., operations. This framework recognizes feedback concepts. The mathematical framework consists of sets of k node or junction equations, m potential or branch equations, and n economic evaluation equations and a methodology for their application. These equations provide for nonlinear and transient behavior and recognize the time value of money. The applicability of this model is demonstrated by industrially validated studies in the areas of manufacturing, hydraulic, heat transfer, and electrical systems analysis. The mentioned examples, though quite complex in nature, are shown to be special cases of this model.
On the Need for Improvement in Implementation of O.R.
Authors: Malcolm D. G. 
Published: November 2008

Two major aspects of the difficulty of implementing O.R. results are described: first, the difficulty in assessing the cost of implementation; and secondly, difficulties in successful performance of this phase. It is argued that O.R. should be approached as a continuum of effort, starting with basic research and leading up to implementation or development. This process is described as the Operations Research and Development Process. A procedure for establishing an OR&D program and criteria for initial project selection are described. It is suggested that the projects making up a program, in OR&D be packaged and scrutinized regularly for their contributions to the objectives of the organization. It is stated that such an approach will increase the utility and effectiveness of operations research without destroying its research nature. Further, procedures for developing an operations research program and pre-planning the implementation phase exist and can be applied. It is suggested that the ability to effectively implement operations research results may have a most important bearing on our national economic well-being, as well as on the competitive position of individual industrial organizations. It is suggested that the O.R. group and individuals that face up to the challenge of defining a program through the implementation phase, securing management's continuing review and participation in defining and supporting the OR&D program, will find that a greater percentage of projects will produce meaningful results.
A New Approach to Stockout Penalties
Authors: Schwartz Benjamin L. 
Published: November 2008

Classical inventory theory considers that stockouts generate penalty costs to the firm, often assumed to be proportional to the excess of demand over supply. While such a concept is sometimes appropriate, it does not correctly reflect the effect of loss of goodwill. The latter is characterized by the fact that a disappointed customer reacts in the future to change his purchasing habits. Thus the nature of the effect is that subsequent demand is perturbed, a phenomenon quite different from having an immediate penalty cost imposed. Models with this property are termed perturbed demand, abbreviated PD. In this paper, this concept is defined precisely, and some of its properties are developed. Some typical cases are solved to determine optimal policies when PD prevails.
A Linear Approach to the Dynamic Inventory Problem
Authors: Diegel Adolf 
Published: November 2008

The decision aspects of inventory management revolve around striking some balance between the costs of change and the costs of failing to change. However, in any but the simplest cases of economic order quantities it is difficult to specify precisely how one cost interacts with the other: by how much exactly do additional set-ups reduce the total cost of inventories or wasted production, or the total penalties for delayed deliveries or lost sales—supposing that units are taken out of inventory by some demand function and added to inventories by some production function? This paper analyzes the interaction of the various costs and provides relatively simple optimizing formulae assuming that, mainly, a) demand is reasonably well approximated by a linear function of time; b) production proceeds at a constant rate between one set-up and the next; c) demand and production overlap in time such that the total quantity produced in any one lot interval equals the total quantity consumed in that interval (a unit being consumed as soon as it is ready, though the run from which it comes is not yet completed); and if d) inventories are permitted; that is, surplus production is storable and backorders are acceptable, though both are more or less costly.
Management Implementation of Scientific Research: An Attitudinal Study
Authors: Dyckman Thomas R. 
Published: November 2008

This paper describes a study of the views of managers and researchers toward the problem of improved management implementation of scientific research. The work done here is an extension of the effort begun by Churchman and Schainblatt [Churchman, C. W., A. H. Schainblatt. 1965. The researcher and the manager: A dialectic of implementation. Management Sci. 11(4, Feb.) B-69–87.] and continued by Bennis [Bennis, W. G. 1965. Commentary. Management Sci. 12(2, Oct.) B-13–16.] and others. A controlled experimental situation was employed to obtain participant views toward the possible methods of improving the implementation situation. The results of this study suggest that most managers and researchers view the implementation problem as involving more than a single aspect. Most refused to accept a single viewpoint as the most critical means of obtaining effective implementation. Nevertheless a large majority favored some attempt by one or both parties to improve their understanding of their own and the other participants' creative process. After some improvement of the experimental design, a position of mutual understanding dominated. Finally, the study produced some evidence which suggests that it may be possible to attack the implementation problem in the short run by merely building trust and improving communication. In the longer run, however, it would seem that improved understanding is the key, and the study indicates that attitudes may be favorable to this development.
Some Organizational Factors Related to the Effectiveness of Management Science Groups in Industry
Authors: Rubenstein Albert H. , Radnor Michael , Baker Norman R. , Heiman David R. , Mccolly John B. 
Published: November 2008

The organizational factors which can influence the “effectiveness” of a management science activity are discussed in this paper. The discussion is based on some preliminary findings from a series of studies, performed by Northwestern University, on the life histories of OR/MS groups in 66 large U.S. companies. Many companies could be observed having difficulties in absorbing their new management science functions. Such factors as the level of managerial support, client receptivity, organizational and technical capability of an OR/MS group (i.e., the type and quality of its personnel and leadership), the organizational location, group reputation, the relevance of projects performed, and other variables are noted as being significant in determining effectiveness. How well established a group was in the organization is identified as being a critical factor in how these variables would influence the potential for a group's success or failure. This level of “establishment” is defined in terms of four life-cycle phases, namely, Pre-birth, Introductory, Transitional and Maturity. A case study demonstrating the appearance of these phases is presented. Successful implementation of a group's output is discussed as a possible measure of effectiveness. Client “receptivity” is related to the freedom permitted to a group, by their clients, to select projects, gather data, and implement proposals.
The Role of the Subconscious in Executive Decision-Making
Authors: Ferber Robert C. 
Published: November 2008

Management science is concerning itself a great deal with decision theory at present. The latter provides a framework for the idealized, rational decision-maker. In actual fact, however, an executive's performance lies on a continuum between that of two people, one of whom makes rational and the other rationalized decisions. This article examines the role of the subconscious in executive decision-making and gives and discusses some extreme examples. Some controls are discussed on the vagaries of the decisions actually reached. The conclusion is that management science, and particularly decision theory, should concern itself far more with the effect of the subconscious on decisions. Some criteria for possible measurement are suggested.
A New Model for Stochastic Linear Programming
Authors: Evers William H. 
Published: November 2008

The linear programming formulation with random variation in the coefficient matrix is considered. A new model is proposed in which the random variation in the constraints is removed and terms dependent upon the distributions associated with the random constraints introduced into the objective function. The new objective function may be interpreted quite naturally as the sum of the original costs, the expected shortage (or overage) and the set-up cost. Comparisons made between the solutions of the linear program using the mean values of the distributions and the solution using the model show it is sometimes extremely costly to tacitly set the elements of the linear program at their mean values.
Ranking Procedures and Subjective Probability Distributions
Authors: Smith Lee H. 
Published: November 2008

For the most part, modern management has become gradually conditioned to techniques involving the use of subjective probability distributions. In spite of this conditioning, there remain a few who are still somewhat skeptical with regard to the use of such distributions. However, in many instances principal objections are leveled, not toward subjectivity per se, but, rather, toward “nebulous subjectivity.” Many managers still associate an air of mysticism with the development of subjective probability distributions. This is not surprising in view of the facts that (1) relatively little material in pertinent literature is devoted to discussions of methods for deriving subjective distributions, and (2) a large percentage of those discussions which do appear can best be characterized as hand-waving approaches. The purpose of the present article is two-fold. First, the article proposes a specific, logical, and consistent procedure for deriving subjective probability distributions. The procedure, which involves the use of statistical ranking techniques, is exemplified for the purpose of clarity. Second, and possibly even more important than the first objective, the procedure is set forth in the hope that it will stimulate further activity toward development of improved methods for deriving subjective distributions.
The Growth Period Decision
Authors: Bierman Harold 
Published: November 2008

Economists have for many years been interested in the problem of finding the optimum investment period for an appreciating or growing asset. Two basic solutions have been offered: maximization of the present value of the asset's anticipated earnings stream (for example, recommended by Irving Fisher) and maximization of the asset's internal rate of return (for example, recommended by Kenneth Boulding). This paper discusses the results of using the present value and rate of return procedures and suggests a desirable modification to the present value approach recommended by Fisher. The examples of this paper will be in the context of the timber industry, however the models apply to any economic situation where the value of an asset is increasing through time. A classical example is the aging of wine. Another practical example is the growth of cattle. In addition, it should be noted that the difficulties with the internal rate of return that are illustrated, are applicable to a wide range of business decisions.