bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Dietary Sodium Intake Increases White Adipose Tissue Mass and Plasma Leptin in Rats
Authors: Fonseca‐Alaniz Miriam H. , Brito Luciana C. , Borges‐Silva Cristina N. , Takada Julie , Andreotti Sandra , Lima Fabio B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Salt restriction has been reported to increase white adipose tissue (WAT) mass in rodents. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different sodium content diets on the lipogenic and lipolytic activities of WAT.Research Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were fed on normal‐sodium (NS; 0.5% Na+), high‐sodium (HS; 3.12% Na+), or low‐sodium (LS; 0.06% Na+) diets for 3, 6, and 9 weeks after weaning. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a computerized tail‐cuff system. At the end of each period, rats were killed and blood samples were collected for leptin determinations. The WAT from abdominal and inguinal subcutaneous (SC), periepididymal (PE) and retroperitoneal (RP) depots was weighed and processed for adipocyte isolation, rate measurement of lipolysis and d‐[U‐14C]‐glucose incorporation into lipids, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme activity evaluation, and determination of G6PDH and leptin mRNA expression.Results: After 6 weeks, HS diet significantly increased BP; SC, PE, and RP WAT masses; PE adipocyte size; plasma leptin concentration; G6PDH activity in SC WAT; and PE depots and malic activity only in SC WAT. The leptin levels correlated positively with WAT masses and adipocyte size. An increase in the basal and isoproterenol‐stimulated lipolysis and in the ability to incorporate glucose into lipids was observed in isolated adipocytes from HS rats.Discussion: HS diet induced higher adiposity characterized by high plasma leptin concentration and adipocyte hypertrophy, probably due to an increased lipogenic capacity of WAT.
Relationship of Plasma Adiponectin With Sex Hormone and Insulin‐like Growth Factor Levels
Authors: Tworoger Shelley S. , Mantzoros Christos , Hankinson Susan E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Recent studies have suggested that a relationship between adiponectin and sex hormone, prolactin, and insulin‐like growth factor levels could be important for breast cancer risk and insulin sensitivity. Therefore, we assessed the relationship of adiponectin with plasma concentrations of estrone; estradiol; estrone sulfate; testosterone; androstenedione; dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA); dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS); sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG); prolactin; insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐1); its binding protein, IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP‐3); c‐peptide; and IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP‐1) among 360 postmenopausal women not taking postmenopausal hormones from the Nurses’ Health Study.Research Methods and Procedures: Multivariate models were adjusted for physical activity, alcohol consumption, age at blood draw, age at first birth/parity, fasting status, and time of day of blood draw; a separate model was additionally adjusted for BMI at blood draw.Results: Estrogens were inversely associated with adiponectin levels; however, except for free estradiol, these associations were substantially attenuated after adjustment for BMI. Free estradiol levels were 27% lower among women in the top vs. bottom quartile of adiponectin levels. No consistent associations were observed for the androgens, prolactin, IGF‐1, and IGFBP‐3. However, SHBG, c‐peptide, and IGFBP‐1 were strongly and independently associated with adiponectin levels (r = 0.29, −0.30, 0.24, respectively).Conclusion: With the exceptions of SHBG, c‐peptide, and IGFBP‐1, the studied analytes were modestly associated with adiponectin and the associations were, in large part, mediated by body fat.
Ultrasound Evaluation of Visceral Fat and Metabolic Risk Factors During Early Pregnancy
Authors: Bartha Jose L. , Marín‐Segura Patricia , González‐González Nieves L. , Wagner Fernando , Aguilar‐Diosdado Manuel , Hervias‐Vivancos Blas 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to study the relationships between ultrasound estimated visceral fat and metabolic risk factors during early pregnancy.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty consecutive healthy pregnant women at 11 to 14 weeks of gestation were studied. Maximum subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) and visceral fat thickness (VFT) were successfully measured by ultrasound. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), and blood pressure were measured. Insulin resistance was calculated by using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).Results: VFT significantly correlated with diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.37, p = 0.04), glycemia (r = 0.37, p = 0.04), insulinemia (r = 0.59, p = 0.001) insulin sensitivity (HOMA; r = 0.59, p = 0.001), triglycerides (r = 0.58, p = 0.03), HDL‐C (r = −0.39, p = 0.03), and total cholesterol/HDL‐C ratio (p = 0.002), whereas SFT was significantly correlated with only diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.03). VFT better significantly correlated with the metabolic risk factors than pre‐gestational BMI [r = 0.39, p = 0.03 for insulinemia, r = 0.42, p = 0.02 for insulin sensitivity (HOMA), and r = 0.49, p = 0.01 for triglycerides and not significant for the rest].Discussion: Visceral fat thickness can be easily measured by ultrasound at early pregnancy and correlates better than BMI with metabolic risk factors.
Comparison of Methods for Assessing Abdominal Adipose Tissue from Magnetic Resonance Images
Authors: Arif Hassan , Racette Susan B. , Villareal Dennis T. , Holloszy John O. , Weiss Edward P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare the inter‐rater and intra‐rater reliability and analysis time of two methods for quantifying visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volumes from magnetic resonance (MR) images.Research Methods and Procedures: Ten subjects (BMI, 27.0 ± 2.1 kg/m2; 56 years of age ± 4 years) underwent MR imaging of the abdomen. Ten transverse T1‐weighted images were selected from each scan and analyzed using two software packages that differ in principle. The first method, ANALYZE version 5.0, represents the manual threshold method, and the second, HIPPO version 1.3, is based on the fuzzy clustering approach. Inter‐rater reliability for each method was assessed by comparing the intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICCs) for VAT and SAT results from two evaluators, and intra‐rater reliability for each method was assessed by comparing ICCs for VAT and SAT analyses performed 1 week apart by the same evaluator. The total time for analysis also was compared between methods.Results: The inter‐rater reliability for VAT was greater with HIPPO than with ANALYZE (ICC = 0.996 vs. 0.828), whereas inter‐rater reliability for SAT did not differ between methods (ICC = 0.975 and 0.987). The intra‐rater reliability was equally high with HIPPO and ANALYZE for both VAT (ICC = 0.998 vs. 0.992) and SAT (ICC = 0.996 vs. 0.992). HIPPO required less than one‐half as much analysis time as ANALYZE (15.9 ± 4.4 vs. 36.5 ± 8.2 minutes, p < 0.0001).Discussion: HIPPO software appears advantageous for the quantification of VAT from multislice MR images because inter‐rater results are more reliable, and it is more time‐efficient than less automated methods.
Sex Differences in Lipolysis‐Regulating Mechanisms in Overweight Subjects: Effect of Exercise Intensity
Authors: Moro Cédric , Pillard Fabien , de Glisezinski Isabelle , Crampes François , Thalamas Claire , Harant Isabelle , Marques Marie‐Adeline , Lafontan Max , Berlan Michel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To explore sex differences in the regulation of lipolysis during exercise, the lipid‐mobilizing mechanisms in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) of overweight men and women were studied using microdialysis.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects matched for age, BMI, and physical fitness performed two 30‐minute exercise bouts in a randomized fashion: the first test at 30% and 50% of their individual maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) and the second test at 30% and 70% of their Vo2max.Results: In both groups, an exercise‐dependent increment in extracellular glycerol concentration (EGC) was observed. Whatever the intensity, phentolamine [α‐adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist] added to a dialysis probe potentiated exercise‐induced lipolysis only in men. In a probe containing phentolamine plus propranolol (β‐AR antagonist), no changes in EGC occurred when compared with the control probe when exercise was performed at 30% and 50% Vo2max. A significant reduction of EGC (when compared with the control probe) was observed in women at 70% Vo2max. At each exercise power, the plasma non‐esterified fatty acid and glycerol concentrations were higher in women. Exercise‐induced increase in plasma catecholamine levels was lower in women compared with men. Plasma insulin decreased and atrial natriuretic peptide increased similarly in both groups.Discussion: Overweight women mobilize more lipids (assessed by glycerol) than men during exercise. α2‐Anti‐lipolytic effect was functional in SCAT of men only. The major finding is that during low‐to‐moderate exercise periods (30% and 50% Vo2max), lipid mobilization in SCAT relies less on catecholamine‐dependent stimulation of β‐ARs than on an increase in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations and the decrease in plasma insulin.
A Two‐Year Randomized Weight Loss Trial Comparing a Vegan Diet to a More Moderate Low‐Fat Diet
Authors: Turner‐McGrievy Gabrielle M. , Barnard Neal D. , Scialli Anthony R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to assess the effect of a low‐fat, vegan diet compared with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) diet on weight loss maintenance at 1 and 2 years.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐four overweight, postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a vegan or NCEP diet for 14 weeks, and 62 women began the study. The study was done in two replications. Participants in the first replication (N = 28) received no follow‐up support after the 14 weeks, and those in the second replication (N = 34) were offered group support meetings for 1 year. Weight and diet adherence were measured at 1 and 2 years for all participants. Weight loss is reported as median (interquartile range) and is the difference from baseline weight at years 1 and 2.Results: Individuals in the vegan group lost more weight than those in the NCEP group at 1 year [−4.9 (−0.5, −8.0) kg vs. −1.8 (0.8, −4.3); p < 0.05] and at 2 years [−3.1 (0.0, −6.0) kg vs. −0.8 (3.1, −4.2) kg; p < 0.05]. Those participants offered group support lost more weight at 1 year (p < 0.01) and 2 years (p < 0.05) than those without support. Attendance at meetings was associated with improved weight loss at 1 year (p < 0.001) and 2 years (p < 0.01).Discussion: A vegan diet was associated with significantly greater weight loss than the NCEP diet at 1 and 2 years. Both group support and meeting attendance were associated with significant weight loss at follow‐up.
Package Unit Size and Amount of Food: Do Both Influence Intake?
Authors: Raynor Hollie A. , Wing Rena R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Large portions increase intake and are hypothesized to contribute to the obesity epidemic. However, it is unclear if portion size affects intake through changes in the unit size of available food or the overall amount of food available for consumption. Thus, this study examined the independent effects of package unit size and amount of food on intake. It was hypothesized that both variables would influence intake.Research Methods and Procedures: Non‐obese (BMI <30 kg/m2), non‐smoking, unrestrained, college‐aged men (n = 12) and women (n = 16) who regularly consumed (≥3 times/wk) snack foods were randomly assigned to one of four groups crossing package unit size (small vs. large) and amount of food (small vs. large). Participants were given a box with 4 snack foods (potato chips, cheese crackers, cookies, and candy) packaged according to their assigned group to take home and eat over 3 days. Dependent variables were energy and gram intake of provided snack foods.Results: An effect of amount of food was found (p < 0.01). A 100% increase in the amount of food provided produced an 81% increase in energy consumed from the snack foods [small amount, 21,037.6 ± 10,852 kJ (5028 ± 2596 kcal) vs. large amount, 11,640.7 ± 4914.1 kJ (2782 ± 1174 kcal)]. No effect of package unit size was found.Discussion: These results suggest that the amount of food available to eat strongly influences intake.
The Effect of Obesity Management on Body Image in Patients Seeking Treatment at Medical Centers
Authors: Dalle Grave Riccardo , Cuzzolaro Massimo , Calugi Simona , Tomasi Franco , Temperilli Flavia , Marchesini Giulio ,   QUOVADIS Study Group
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Body image dissatisfaction is common in treatment‐seeking patients with obesity. We aimed to investigate the effects of obesity management on body image in patients with obesity attending Italian medical centers for weight loss programs.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 473 obese patients seeking treatment in 13 Italian medical centers (80% females; age, 45.9 ± standard deviation 11.0 years; BMI, 36.8 ± 5.7 kg/m2) were evaluated at baseline and after a 6‐month weight loss treatment. Body uneasiness, psychiatric distress, and binge eating were tested by Body Uneasiness Test (BUT, Part A), Symptom CheckList‐90 (SCL‐90), and Binge Eating Scale (BES), respectively.Results: At 6‐month follow‐up, the percentage weight loss was significantly higher in men (9.0 ± 6.3%) than in women (6.8 ± 7.3%; p = 0.010). Both men and women had a significant improvement in BUT Global Severity Index and in all of the BUT subscales with the exception of the Compulsive Self‐Monitoring subscale. Linear regression analysis selected baseline psychological and behavioral measures (global score of BUT and SCL‐90) and improved psychiatric distress and binge eating as independent predictors of changes in basal body dissatisfaction in females, whereas in males, changes were associated only with baseline BUT‐Global Severity Index score, binge eating, and its treatment‐associated improvement. Pre‐treatment BMI and BMI changes did not enter the regression.Discussion: Obesity treatment, even with a modest degree of weight loss, is associated with a significant improvement of body image, in both females and males. This effect depends mainly on psychological factors, not on the amount of weight loss.
Media Use and Obesity in Adolescent Females
Authors: Schneider Margaret , Dunton Genevieve Fridlund , Cooper Dan Michael 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: In the context of growing public health concern with the obesity rates among children and adolescents, much attention has focused on the role of television as a contributor to the problem. Less attention has been devoted to interactive media (internet surfing and video games), despite the fact that these forms of entertainment are fast gaining in popularity among youth. This study investigated the relative associations of TV viewing and interactive media use with body fat and BMI, controlling for both physical activity participation and cardiovascular fitness.Research Methods and Procedures: Female high‐school adolescents (N = 194) were assessed for cardiovascular fitness (cycle ergometer), percent body fat (DXA), and BMI. Time spent in moderate, vigorous, and sedentary activities was assessed with a 3‐day recall.Results: Multivariate regression analysis showed that only interactive media use was associated with percentage body fat and BMI, and the relationship remained strong even after controlling for physical activity participation and cardiovascular fitness.Discussion: It appears that, among this group of adolescent females, the association between interactive media use and obesity is not explained by a reduction in moderate or vigorous activity commensurate with media use.
Protein Array Reveals Differentially Expressed Proteins in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Obesity
Authors: Škopková Martina , Penesová Adela , Sell Henrike , Rádiková Žofia , Vlček Miroslav , Imrich Richard , Koška Juraj , Ukropec Jozef , Eckel Jürgen , Klimeš Iwar , Gašperíková Daniela 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Many adipokines, inflammatory cytokines, and other proteins produced by adipose tissue have been shown to be involved in the development of obesity‐related insulin resistance. Nevertheless, new factors that play an important role in these processes are still emerging. Therefore, we screened the level of 120 different proteins in biopsies of subcutaneous adipose tissue (ScAT) of lean and obese subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: All studied volunteers (12 obese with BMI >30 and 6 lean with BMI <25 kg/m2) were young, clinically healthy, and drug‐naive males with normal glucose tolerance. The ScAT was obtained by a needle biopsy from the umbilical region. Protein levels were assessed in adipose tissue lysates using protein arrays; mRNA levels were determined with the aid of real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).Results: The obese subjects had higher fasting plasma glucose (although within the normal range) and insulin levels, increased high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) in circulation, and decreased in vivo insulin action. Using the protein array technique, it was shown that of 120 proteins measured, 27 showed higher levels (leptin, HGF, EGF‐R, FGF‐6, IGF‐1sR, Fas/Apo‐1, ENA‐78, PARC, lymphotactin, HCC‐4, IL‐10, IL‐1a, IL‐1R1, IL‐1R4, IL‐12p70, angiopoietin‐2, Axl, Dtk, MIF, MIP‐1a, −1b, −3b, MSP‐a, osteoprotegerin, TECK, TIMP‐1, −2) and only one (RANTES) showed a lower level in ScAT of obese subjects when compared with the lean controls (p < 0.05). The real‐time RT‐PCR confirmed the results of protein arrays for leptin, MIF, MIP‐1a, TIMP‐2, adiponectin, IL‐6, and TNF‐α but not for RANTES.Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first protein array data on a very early dysregulation of ScAT protein levels in insulin‐resistant obese, but apparently healthy, subjects with normal glucose tolerance.
Cardiac Fas Receptor‐dependent Apoptotic Pathway in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Lee Shin‐Da , Tzang Bor‐Show , Kuo Wei‐Wen , Lin Yueh‐Min , Yang Ai‐Lan , Chen Szu‐Hua , Tsai Fuu‐Jen , Wu Fong‐Li , Lu Min‐Chi , Huang Chih‐Yang 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective:Very limited information regarding the cardiac molecular mechanism in obesity is available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiac Fas receptor‐dependent (type I) apoptotic pathway in obese Zucker rats.Research Methods and Procedures:Sixteen obese Zucker rats were studied at 5 to 6 months of age, and 16 age‐matched lean Zucker rats served as controls. Heart weight index, myocardial architecture, key components of the Fas receptor‐dependent apoptotic pathway, apoptotic activity, and fibrosis in the excised left ventricle of rats were measured by weight scales, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Western blotting, TUNEL assay, and Masson trichrome staining.Results:Body weight, whole heart weight, left ventricular weight, ratio of whole heart weight to tibia length, percentage of TUNEL‐positive cardiac myocytes, and percentage of cardiac fibrosis were significantly increased in the obese group. Cardiomyocyte disarray and increased cardiac interstitial space were observed in obese rats. Protein levels of Fas ligand, Fas death receptors, and Fas‐associated Death Domain were all significantly increased in the obese group. In addition, pro‐caspase‐8 and pro‐caspase‐3 were significantly decreased, whereas activated caspase‐8 and activated caspase‐3 were significantly increased in the obese group, which implies that pro‐forms of caspase‐8 and caspase‐3 were cleaved into active‐forms caspase‐8 and caspase‐3.Conclusions:Cardiac Fas receptor‐dependent apoptotic pathways were more activated in obese rats’ hearts, which may provide one of the possible apoptotic mechanisms for developing cardiac abnormality in obesity.
Designer Schools: The Role of School Space and Architecture in Obesity Prevention
Authors: Gorman Nicholas , Lackney Jeffery A. , Rollings Kimberly , Huang Terry T.‐K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSpatial features of obesogenic environments studied on a broad community level have been associated with childhood overweight and obesity, but little research has focused on the effects of the design of micro spaces, such as schools, on individual health behaviors. This article aims to generate thinking and research on the link between school space and architecture and obesity prevention by reviewing and synthesizing available literature in architecture, environmental psychology, and obesity research, in an effort to propose promising ideas for school space design and redesign. The school environment is defined through 5 dimensions: physical, legal, policy, social, and cultural domains. Theories underlying environmental interventions and documented associations between the environment and health behaviors and outcomes are reviewed to illustrate how existing environmental research could translate to obesity prevention. Design strategies aimed at promoting physical activity and healthful eating are proposed, with particular emphasis on the design of cafeterias, activity spaces, connectivity with the larger community, and student health centers.
Differences in Basal Energy Expenditure and Obesity
Authors: Flatt Jean‐Pierre 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the impact of differences in basal energy expenditure on adiposity.Research Methods and Procedures: Statistical analysis was performed on a published database giving anthropometric and energy expenditure measurements for 433 women and 335 men. Published equations derived by multiple regression analysis were used to predict basal metabolic rates in women and in men as a function of age, weight, and height. The differences between the observed and predicted rates (i.e., the residuals) were computed and expressed in terms of percentage deviation from the predicted rates of basal energy expenditure (BEE). In addition, individual body fat contents were computed using equations based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Study 3 data relating to body fat content determined by bioimpedance to BMI.Results: There is no correlation between percentage body fat content and deviations from predicted (which one would refer to as normal) BEE.Discussion: It can be concluded that relatively high or relatively low rates of BEE do not influence body weights and adiposity in a statistically identifiable manner. This contradicts and challenges the widely held view that low resting metabolic rates promote the development of obesity.