bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fracture epiphyseal separation of the distal humerus
Authors: Sen RK , Bedi GS , Nagi ON 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeven patients seen with fracture separation of the distal humerus epiphysis have been analysed for the problems linked with the radiological diagnosis of this injury. Peculiar male predominance, exclusive left‐side involvement, consistent postero‐medial displacement of the epiphyseal fragment and ability to achieve near anatomic reduction by closed manipulation in fresh cases have been some of the other features observed. The literature has been briefly reviewed for this infrequent and usually misdiagnosed injury.
Pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as mass lesions and simulating neoplasms in adults
Authors: Cherian MJ , Dahniya Mohamed H , Al‐Marzouk Najib F , Abel Adnan , Bader Sanaa , Buerki Khaleda , Mahdi Othman Z 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn a review of the chest X‐rays and medical records of 597 cases of culture‐ or biopsy‐proven pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB; age range 1.5‐72 years), seen over a period of 6 years (1991‐97), 26 patients had radiographic patterns unusual for PTB. These patterns were mass‐like densities simulating neoplasms, chronic lower lobe airspace opacities without adenopathy, mediastinal adenopathy without parenchymal airspace opacities and bronchopleural fistula without other radiographic abnormalities. The most common of these unusual radiographic patterns was mass‐like densities, most of which were initially and mistakenly diagnosed as neoplasms. These masses, seen in 11 adult patients, form the basis of this report. Two children aged 1.5 and 2 years also had tuberculous mass densities initially diagnosed as neurogenic tumour and round pneumonia, respectively. They have been excluded from the present series, and form the subject of another report. The masses were lower lobe predominant and were not usually associated with fibro‐productive satellite lesions or with calcification or cavitation. In view of the recent resurgence of PTB and the importance of chest X‐rays in its diagnosis and management, this rare radiographic pattern needs to be emphasized.
Primary pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as mass lesions and simulating tumours in children
Authors: Cherian MJ , Dahniya MH , Al‐Marzouk N , Osmanagich E , Abul A , Haider A 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo cases of primary pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as mass densities and simulating neoplasms in children are reported. This manifestation has not been previously reported in children. It probably represents an unusual immunological response to the mycobacterium.
Radiation therapy in pseudotumour haemarthrosis
Authors: Lai P , Biswal BM , Thulkar S , Patel AK , Venkatesh R , Julka PK 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTotal or partial deficiency of factor VIII and IX in the coagulation cascade leads to haemophilia. Haemophilia affecting weight‐bearing joints gives a‘pseudotumour’or haemarthrosis‐like condition. Surgery and cryoprecipitate infusions have been the treatment for this condition. Radiocolloids and radiation therapy have been used with some benefit. One case of ankle pseudotumour which was treated by low‐dose external beam radiation is presented here.
Postoperative patellar tendon healing: An ultrasound study
Authors: Kiss Zoltan S , Kellaway Duncan P , Cook Jill L , Khan Karim M 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe patellar tendon donor site of 20 patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using the patellar tendon tissue as autograft was examined with high resolution 7.5 MHz ultrasound. The patients were randomly divided into four groups and studied at 3, 6, 9 or 12 months postoperatively. The size of the postoperative tendon defect was measured just distal to the lower pole of the patella. The size of the tendon defect diminished progressively from a mean of 109 mm2 at 3 months to a mean of 23 mm2 at 12 months. Increasing echogenicity was first noticed 12 months after tendon repair. Seven patients developed clinical features postoperatively of jumper's knee (patellar tendinosis). There were no ultrasound signs that differentiated these patients from asymptomatic patients. It is concluded that ultrasound provides objective evidence of patellar tendon healing after ACL reconstruction: the surgical defect diminished in size and became echogenic after a period of 12 months.
Capital budgeting techniques
Authors: Hansen David 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe cost of new medical imaging equipment for a radiology practice is a major capital purchase. Due to rapid advances in technology and imaging techniques, the management decision to purchase new capital equipment can present itself every few years. The present report explains various financial management techniques that are generally used by corporations worldwide to determine their cost of capital. The cost of capital is the return on a capital investment project required by the providers of the capital. The published financial accounts of Sonic Healthcare Limited, Australia's largest pathology company, are reproduced as a numerical example of how the financial accounts of a business may be used to determine its cost of capital. The cost of capital forms an integral part of management's financial decision‐making process.
Primary pleomorphic sarcoma of the liver
Authors: Mani S , Naik L , TShet  , Vora IM , Rananavare R 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 35‐year‐old woman presented with abdominal distension and a palpable liver mass. Ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed a large well‐delineated liver mass with bilobar involvement. Based on autopsy and immuno‐histochemical findings, a final diagnosis of primary pleomorphic liver sarcoma with myogenic differentiation was established.
A simple percutaneous inserter for radiopaque gold seeds used in radiotherapy treatment planning
Authors: Hay KD , Hindley A , Sharp I 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPercutaneous insertion of a radiopaque marker is an important technique used in radiotherapy planning for both external‐beam and brachytherapy. It is of particular importance in the oral cavity. We describe the construction and use of a simple inserter for‘cold’gold seeds manufactured from a commercially available Becton Dickinson Brand 5‐mL disposable syringe and a Becton Dickinson Brand 18 G 1/2 TW (1.25 × 38 mm) hypodermic needle.
Health‐related quality of life after bladder preservation therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Hashine Katsuyoshi , Miura Noriyoshi , Numata Kousaku , Shirato Akitomi , Sumiyoshi Yoshiteru , Kataoka Masaaki 
Published: March 2008

Objective:  To assess health‐related quality of life (QOL) of bladder cancer patients following bladder preservation therapy (BPT).Methods:  Eighty patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer had been treated between January 1992 and July 2005 at our institutions with BPT consisting of transurethral resection, intra‐arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Among them, 48 were alive and free from recurrence at the time of survey and were asked to participate. A total of 168 patients who had been treated for superficial bladder cancer in the same period were used as a control group. Three questionnaires, namely the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), the SF‐36, and the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) were used.Results:  Thirty‐three patients in the BPT group (68.8%) and 128 patients in the control group (76.2%) answered the QOL survey. There was no significant difference in age, gender and other clinical factors among these two groups. No significant difference was found between the groups according to IPSS. The QOL score of BPT was lower than that of the control group in the SF‐36, but there was no significant difference without body pain (P = 0.047). There was a tendency toward a diminished physical functioning (P = 0.053) and role‐physical (P = 0.064) in BPT. The EPIC scores for urinary function, especially storage and voiding symptoms, and bowel function were significantly lower in the BPT group. At multivariable analysis, body pain and bowel function were associated with the type of treatment.Conclusion:  Although some of the QOL outcome parameters after BPT were found to be lower than the control group, these differences were not significant. Overall, patients retaining their bladder had an acceptable health related QOL.
Two types of melanopsin retinal ganglion cell differentially innervate the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and the olivary pretectal nucleus
Authors: Baver Scott B. , Pickard Galen E. , Sollars Patricia J. , Pickard Gary E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMelanopsin‐expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) innervate the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), providing irradiance information for entrainment of circadian rhythms and for stimulating the pupillary light reflex. In this study, mice were used in which the melanopsin gene was replaced with the tau‐lacZ gene. Heterozygous (tau‐lacZ+/–) mice express both melanopsin and β‐galactosidase. In tau‐lacZ+/– mice, only ∼50% of melanopsin ipRGCs contain β‐galactosidase, and these cells are specifically labeled with a C‐terminus melanopsin antibody. Retrograde tracer injection into the SCN labels β‐galactosidase‐expressing ipRGCs (termed M1) that comprise ∼80% of the SCN‐projecting ipRGCs. M1 ipRGCs and an additional set of ipRGCs (termed M2) are labeled with a melanopsin antiserum targeted against the N‐terminus of the melanopsin protein; M2 ipRGCs do not contain detectable β‐galactosidase, and these cells make up the remainder of the SCN‐projecting RGCs. Tracer injection into the OPN labeled non‐melanopsin RGCs and both types of melanopsin ipRGC: 45% M1 and 55% M2. Infection of the iris with pseudorabies virus (PRV) results in retrograde transneuronal label of OPN projection neurons that innervate preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus; PRV‐labeled cells were located almost exclusively within the terminal field of M1 ipRGCs in the periphery (shell) of the OPN. The OPN core receives retinal input, and we hypothesize that the OPN core receives input from the M2 ipRGCs. Two subtypes of melanopsin ipRGCs project differentially to the SCN and OPN; the functional significance of ipRGCs subtypes is currently unknown.
Gene regulation in the frontal cortex of rats exposed to the chronic mild stress paradigm, an animal model of human depression
Authors: Orsetti M. , Di Brisco F. , Canonico P. L. , Genazzani A. A. , Ghi P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn the present study, we have coupled the chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol with Affymetrix microarray technology to screen the rat genome for gene changes in the frontal cortex. The aim of our work was to assess whether the CMS protocol could be a useful experimental model to provide insights into the molecular basis of depression. Under our experimental conditions, 59 transcripts changed by more than ±1.5‐fold between naïve and anhedonic rats and showed significantly altered expression levels (P < 0.05). Among these, 18 were upregulated (fold change range +1.509 to +3.161) and 41 were downregulated (fold change range −1.505 to −2.659). To confirm the data obtained with microarrays, we used real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The results confirmed the downregulation ofItga6,Camk2a,Plcb1,Cart,Gad1,Homer1andThand the upregulation ofEgr2andPtgs2observed in the DNA microarray analysis. Moreover, the fold change data of the nine validated transcripts from microarray analysis and real‐time polymerase chain reaction showed a good correlation (r = 0.863, 7 d.f.,P < 0.01; slope = 0.976). It is of great interest that prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2, tyrosine hydroxylase, Cart, Homer1 and glutamate decarboxylase have already been implicated in affective disorders by different approaches in previous reports. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the CMS paradigm is a useful preclinical model with which to investigate the molecular basis of anhedonia and to help in the discovery of novel targets for antidepressant drugs.
Experimentally increased group diversity improves disease resistance in an ant species
Authors: Reber Anabelle , Castella Grégoire , Christe Philippe , Chapuisat Michel 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA leading hypothesis linking parasites to social evolution is that more genetically diverse social groups better resist parasites.Moreover, group diversity can encompass factors other than genetic variation that may also influence disease resistance. Here, we tested whether group diversity improved disease resistance in an ant species with natural variation in colony queen number. We formed experimental groups of workers and challenged them with the fungal parasiteMetarhizium anisopliae. Workers originating from monogynous colonies (headed by a single queen and with low genetic diversity) had higher survival than workers originating from polygynous ones, both in uninfected groups and in groups challenged withM. anisopliae. However, an experimental increase of group diversity by mixing workers originating from monogynous colonies strongly increased the survival of workers challenged withM. anisopliae, whereas it tended to decrease their survival in absence of infection. This experiment suggests that group diversity, be it genetic or environmental, improves the mean resistance of group members to the fungal infection, probably through the sharing of physiological or behavioural defences.
FTO: the first gene contributing to common forms of human obesity
Authors: Loos R. J. F. , Bouchard C. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryGenome‐wide association, the latest gene‐finding strategy, has led to the first major success in the field of obesity genetics with the discovery of FTO (fat mass and obesity associated gene) as an obesity–susceptibility gene. A cluster of variants in the first intron of FTO showed a strong and highly significant association with obesity‐related traits in three independent genome‐wide association studies, a finding that has been replicated in several other studies including adults and children of European descent. Homozygotes for the risk allele weigh on average 3–4 kg more and have a 1.67‐fold increased risk of obesity compared with those who did not inherit a risk allele. We are still at an early stage in our understanding of the pathways through which FTO confers to increased obesity risk. Studies in humans and rodents have suggested a central role for FTO through regulation of food intake, whereas others have proposed a peripheral role through an effect on lipolytic activity in adipose tissue. There is no doubt that many more obesity–susceptibility loci remain to be discovered. Progress on this front will therefore require major collaborative efforts and pooling of compatible datasets. We stand to learn a lot about the genetic architecture of human obesity in the coming years. The expectations are high but many challenges remain. Among the latter, translating new advances into useful guidelines for prevention and treatment of obesity will be the most demanding.
Riefenstahl on safari: Embodied contemplation in East Africa
Authors: Meiu George Paul 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:After the fall of the Nazi regime, Leni Riefenstahl carried out photographic work among various ethnic groups of East Africa. Some called her aesthetics “fascist.” Others refused to differentiate it from larger modernist and primitivist productions. In this paper, I explore her photography in terms of the underlying styles and postures of an embodied contemplation that perpetuate her images in East Africa even after her death.
How Should We Measure Poverty in a Changing World? Methodological Issues and Chinese Case Study
Authors: Osberg Lars , Xu Kuan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study asks whether, in a rapidly changing world, the estimated proportion of the world's population with income below US$1 (adjusted according to purchasing power parity) per day is still a good measure of trends in poverty. It argues that strong economic growth in nations such as China implies that the commonly accepted international poverty line definition of one half median national equivalent income is increasingly relevant and that poverty intensity (the normalized deficit or Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT) index of order one) is a better summary index. This index has a convenient graphical representation—the “poverty box”. Using the proposed poverty line and the example of ranking the level of rural poverty in Chinese provinces, the study demonstrates how poverty intensity replicates the poverty rankings of the Sen family of poverty indices and captures most of the information content of higher‐order FGT indices.
SPILLOVERS, EXPECTATIONS AND RESIDENTS‘ BENEFITS IN A HOUSING REVITALISATION PROGRAMME: GLASGOW 1977–1987
Authors: MACLENNAN DUNCAN 
Published: March 2008

Housing rehabilitation: theory and policy but no evidenceThe character and quality of the housing stock within an urban area has a direct bearing on the well‐being of not only residents but of surrounding neighbours and even commuters, visitors and tourists. Changing the quality of the housing stock within a neighbourhood not only alters the physical character of the area but may also shift the social and economic linkages between that local physical space and the social and economic systems operating within the metropolitan area. Conversely, and recognising that both top‐down and bottom‐up linkages can exist, changes in broader systems may impact upon specific localities, including neighbourhoods.
INCOME, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FOOD CONSUMPTION
Authors: GRIGG DAVID 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTFood consumption is a function of a variety of influences that includes agricultural production, trade, food processing technology, religious taboos, the relative cost of foods, and health concerns. But a particularly powerful factor is income. This article investigates the relationship between total national calorie consumption per capita per day and income, the proportion of all calories derived from livestock products and income, and the proportion of all calories derived from cereals, roots and income. This is done (a) for selected West European countries from c. 1800 to the present and (b) by comparing over 120 nations in 1986–1988. The data suggests calorie consumption per capita and the proportion derived from livestock is positively related to income over time and cross‐sectionally, and that cereals and roots are inversely related to income.
THE RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY EXPERIENCES OF MARGINALIZED POPULATIONS
Authors: KEARNS ROBIN A. , SMITH CHRISTOPHER J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis article situates the housing experiences of marginalized urban groups within the social, economic and ideological shifts that have recently occurred in Western cities. Within this theoretical context, the residential mobility experiences of two samples of respondents who represent groups marginalized within the New Zealand housing market are examined: the seriously mentally ill (n = 203) and households in serious housing need (n = 279). Data from these groups are compared to a sample drawn from the general population (n = 100). Results from a two‐city longitudinal design indicate that for the two research samples, moving house, which is commonly regarded as a stressful experience, actually contributed to improved mental health. For many, however, moving was not an option despite a high level of dissatisfaction and strong desire to move. While public housing policy in New Zealand remains benign compared to some western nations, recent policy shifts such as the raising of public housing rentals are of concern in light of these findings.
INTEGRATING INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS RESEARCH
Authors: McGRATH‐CHAMP SUSAN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe way in which employment is managed is a crucial dimension in the operation and restructuring of industry, but has been sorely neglected in studies of labour and industry. In concert with processes of economic restructuring, and in broadly similar manner to other Western economies, labour‐management (industrial) relations in Australia are undergoing extensive change. This article reviews key themes in industrial geography, industrial relations and human resource management, identifying and developing connections between these diverse schools of thought. Within this conceptual framework, a case study of the Australian coal industry is used to illustrate aspects of restructuring and the benefits of enhanced ‘dialogue’ between these disciplinary realms.
RESHAPING JAPANESE FOREIGN AID FOR THE POST‐COLD WAR ERA
Authors: GRANT RICHARD 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTJapan recently became the world's largest bilateral aid donor. Tokyo views foreign aid as a ‘main pillar’ of its foreign policy for addressing post‐Cold War global challenges. Western understanding of Japanese foreign aid remains a poorly understood perspective both in the foreign aid and Japan studies literature. Therefore, this article improves conceptualization of Japan's aid activities by focusing on past trends, present changes and possible future developments. An approach is adopted in this study that focuses on both the Japanese domestic policymaking environment and the international context. Empirical evidence suggests that the Japanese employed an ‘entrepreneurial’ approach to aid that incorporates strong private sector involvement and a regional Asia‐Pacific concentration but that its approach is gradually changing toward a more multidimensional one. The ‘perceived’ success of Japanese aid involvement enables Tokyo to promote its international development approach as an alternative to the Western development
EUROPEAN AID POLICIES: SOUTH, EAST, BOTH OR NEITHER?
Authors: HOLDAR SVEN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe member states of the European Community contribute more than 45% of the total aid provided by all bilateral foreign aid donors. In addition, the EC foreign aid program is the second biggest budget item of this organization. However, there has been little coordination of the bilateral aid programs of the EC member states. To date, there is no common EC foreign aid policy. The geographic distribution of the aid sent by the EC member states has instead been defined by a mix of old colonial ties, economic interests and humanitarian values. The creation of the European Union, involving further foreign policy coordination among the EU member states, and the opening‐up of Eastern Europe after the fall of Communism have hardly changed this picture. While present aid from the EU and the EU member states as a whole shows a concentration on Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and Eastern Europe, this aid is not guided by any division of labour or common EU principles. Rather, it is determined by the foreign policy interests of each donor state. This situation is not likely to change in the future.
COFFEE MARKETING IN AN INDONESIAN HIGHLAND AREA: A LOCAL INSTITUTION UNDER CHANGING EXTERNAL CONDITIONS
Authors: JÄCKEL WOLFRAM 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe current export‐led development strategies of Third World nations rely largely on the capacity of agrarian world markets which, however, are characterized by unfavourable conditions. This situation enhances the pressure on the performance of local institutions related to product marketing. It is shown that coffee marketing within the traditional market system of an Indonesian highland area turns out to be an increasing disadvantage for the rural poor since it involves high transaction costs. New practices will have to be institutionalized in order to facilitate more transparency and to strengthen the peasants' capacity to compete with large plantations as well as with other production areas. Methodologically, the article attempts to demonstrate the value of an analysis which studies the dynamic interrelationships between structures and processes of different spatial dimensions.