bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review: microscopic colitis
Authors: NYHLIN N. , BOHR J. , ERIKSSON S. , TYSK C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackgroundCollagenous and lymphocytic colitis are fairly common causes of chronic non‐bloody diarrhoea, especially in elderly female.AimTo present a systematic review of microscopic colitis.MethodsA PubMed search using the MeSH terms microscopic colitis, collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis and chronic diarrhoea was performed.ResultsAnnual incidence of each disorder is 4–6/100 000 inhabitants. The aetiology is unknown. Clinical characteristics are well described and there is an association with autoimmune diseases. Budesonide is the best‐documented short‐term treatment of collagenous colitis. In meta‐analysis pooled odds ratio for clinical response after 6–8 weeks of treatment was 12.3 (95% CI: 5.5–27.5) in comparison with placebo. The evidence for bismuth subsalicylate is weaker and the effectiveness of other alternatives such as loperamide, cholestyramine, aminosalicylates, probiotics, or Boswellia serrata extract is unknown. Although unproven, in unresponsive severe disease azathioprine or methotrexate may be tried. No controlled trials have been carried out in lymphocytic colitis. The long‐term prognosis of microscopic colitis is good, serious complications are rare and there is no increased mortality.ConclusionsClinical and epidemiological aspects of microscopic colitis are well described. Budesonide is the best‐documented short‐term therapy in collagenous colitis, but the optimal long‐term strategy needs further study. Controlled treatment data of lymphocytic colitis are awaited for.
Declining incidence of peptic ulcer but not of its complications: a nation‐wide study in The Netherlands
Authors: POST P. N. , KUIPERS E. J. , MEIJER G. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackgroundDespite reports of decreasing hospitalizations and mortality due to peptic ulcer, it is unclear whether the incidence has truly declined over time.AimTo investigate time trends in the incidence of and in hospital admission rates for peptic ulcer in the Netherlands.MethodsThe nationwide registry of pathology reports (PALGA) and the national registry of hospital admissions (Landelijke Medische Registratie) were used. Standardized morbidity ratios were calculated to assess the magnitude of the changes.ResultsThe age‐adjusted incidence of gastric ulcer halved for both men (standardized morbidity ratio 0.48; CI 0.46–0.49) and women (standardized morbidity ratio 0.49; CI 0.47–0.51). Although the number of gastric biopsies obtained at endoscopy increased, the proportion with a diagnosis of peptic ulcer decreased by more than 50% (standardized morbidity ratio 0.47; CI 0.46–0.49). The admission rate for peptic ulcer more than halved between 1980 and 2003. In contrast, admission rates for complicated ulcers barely changed and slightly increased among women.ConclusionsThe incidence of histopathologically confirmed gastric ulcer halved between 1992 and 2003 in the Netherlands. As the number of gastric biopsies increased in this period, a true decrease is likely. Hospital admissions for peptic ulcer declined dramatically between 1980 and 2003, but remained unchanged or slightly increased for complicated ulcers.
Allergic broncho‐pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: McCARTHY D. S. , PEPYS J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn IU out of 143 U.K. patients with pulmonary eosinophilia evidence of allergic broncho‐pulmonary aspergillosis was present, consisting of transitory pulmonary shadows, eosinophilia of blood and sputum. Type I and Type HI reactions to prick and intracutaneous tests respectively with A. fumigatus. Precipitins were present in 92% of sera tested with and without concentration. Sputum plugs usually with pulmonary shadows were present in 56% and contained fungal mycelium, and the sputum gave positive cultures in 58%. Characteristic proximal bronchiectasis was present and fibrosis, mainly of the upper lobes, was found in chronic cases. These features were absent in the patients with no evidence of allergy to A. fumigatus.Patients with early onset of symptoms had a higher atopic status and a much longer interval before pulmonary eosinophilia appeared than those with late onset symptoms. Episodes of pulmonary eosinophilia with aggravation of all symptoms, with fever and positive cultures in 83% for A. fumigatus, were common in the winter months, when there are more spores in the air. Precipitins to one or more of H. influenzae, Str. pneumoniae and Staph. aureus were present in 60% of sputa examined and positive cultures were obtained in 45%, indicating a high incidence of secondary infection.Increasing airways obstruction with decreasing reversibility was common and some had reduction of CO gas transfer factor. Pulmonary hypertension was uncommon. Corticosteroids reduced sputum plugs, positive cultures and hastened resolution of pulmonary shadows.Diagnoses such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and carcinoma were not uncommonly made before that of allergic broncho‐pulmonary aspergillosis.
Studies on vasculitis
Authors: PARISH W. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe sera of eleven persons with cutaneous vasculitis following streptococcal infection had less antibody than the sera of sixteen persons convalescent from similar infection without vasculitis, to M protein from the culture isolated from the serum donor and tested by monospecific antiglobulin haemagglutination, and to group A polysaccharide tested by latex particle agglutination.The sera were assayed for neutralizing antibodies to streptolysin O, streptokinase, hyaluronidase, proteinase and erythrogenic toxin. The mean titres of each antitoxin for the groups of persons with or without vasculitis after streptococcal infection were similar, and were higher than the mean titres for ten normal, uninfected persons. The two groups of infected persons differed, in that persons without vasculitis formed antibody to each toxin synthesized by the cultures isolated from the serum donor, whereas persons with vasculitis formed little or no antibody to one or two of the toxins synthesized by the cultures isolated from them, though responding well to the other toxins.If cutaneous vasculitis is induced by complexes of bacterial antigen with antibody, low levels of antibody could predispose the person to formation of harmful complexes in antigen excess of equivalence to antibody, and low levels of antitoxins might incompletely prevent toxic changes in blood vessels, predisposing them to penetration by harmful complexes.
Allergic broncho‐pulmonary aspergillosis Clinical immunology: (2) Skin, nasal and bronchial tests
Authors: McCARTHY D. S. , PEPYS J. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySkin, nasal and bronchial tests with extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus and in particular with its protein fraction elicit dual. Type I plus Type III, allergic reactions in all three organs in patients suffering from allergic broncho‐pulmonary aspergillosis.The immediate asthmatic reaction is readily reversible and less severe than the late asthmatic reaction which lasts for many hours and is only temporarily reversed by the inhalation of isoprenaline. The late reaction develops slowly in contrast to the acute onset of the immediate reaction and may be accompanied by fever and leucocytosis.The dual nasal reaction elicited in patients with allergic broncho‐pulmonary aspergillosis contrasts with the production of only an immediate nasal reaction in subjects with Type I allergy and no precipitins.
Studies on vasculitis
Authors: PARISH W. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe sera of persons with cutaneous vasculitis following bacterial infection were examined for antibacterial anaphylactic antibodies that could have predisposed tissues to deposition of harmful antigen‐antibody complexes.Sera of persons with or without cutaneous vasculitis after bacterial infection had no reagins to streptococcal or staphylococcal cellular or extracellular antigens detectable by monkey passive cutaneous anaphylaxis or histamine release from monkey lung, and no IgE antibodies to the extracellular antigens were found by radio‐immunodiffusion precipitation gel tests. One person with, and one without, vasculitis after streptococcal tonsilitis had heat‐stable short‐term passive sensitizing antibodies mediating increased vascular permeability in monkey skin, and one person had reagins to Candida albicans cellular antigens.The sera of three persons sensitive to tetanus toxoid were used to control the reliability of the above tests. One serum mediated monkey PC A and histamine release from monkey lung, and all three were found to contain IgE anti‐tetanus toxoid antibodies.It is concluded that either small amounts of IgE reagin to lipopolysaccharides are not detected due to technical difficulties, or anaphylactic sensitivity to polysaccharides may sometimes be mediated by other classes of antibody.
Mechanisms of reaginic hypersensitivity: a review
Authors: ISHIZAKA KIMISHIGE , ISHIZAKA JERUKO 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGamma E antibodies represent the major part of human reaginic antibodies. The antibodies sensitize human and monkey skin, human leucocytes and primate lung tissues. The allergen‐γE antibody reaction mediates the release of histamine from human leucocytes and both histamine and SRS‐A from monkey lung tissues. The immunoglobulin is formed in lymphoid tissues especially those In respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Turnover rate of this protein in the blood is only 2–3 days, suggesting that human reaginic antibodies are being formed continuously in atopic patients. However, γE injected into normal skin sites is retained for a long time. The half‐time of loss of the immunoglobulin was 9–14 days in human skin and 8–10 days in monkey skin.Evidence has accumulated that IgE combines with target cells through the Fc portion of the molecules. The Fc fragments block passive sensitization of human skin with reaginic antibodies and passively sensitize human leucocytes and monkey lung tissue for reversed type reactions. Target cells in human leucocytes were identified as basophil leucocytes. The immunoglobulin binds with tissue mast cells upon passive sensitization.The initial step in reaginic hypersensitivity seems to be the bridging of cell‐bound IgE with allergen. It appears that the interaction between the IgE molecules or consequent structural changes in the Fc portion of the molecules may induce enzymatic sequences leading to the release of histamine and SRS‐A. The enzyme activated by the allergen‐γE antibody reaction is not the complement system. The biochemical pathways subsequent to the γE‐γE interaction and prior to the release of chemical mediators are unknown. However, evidence has accumulated that the β adrenergic system or the intracellular accumulation of cyclic‐AMP regulate the biochemical pathways.
Studies on vasculitis
Authors: PARISH W. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe lesions of several cutaneous vascular diseases, examined by immunofluorescence, contained γG, γA, γM and β1C globulins. Acetone‐fixed sections of some lesions contained C‐reactive protein. Antigens of streptococci, Candida, Mycobacteriwn tuberculosis and staphylococci were also found, sometimes combined with IgG indicating the formation of bacterial antigen‐antibody complexes. There was indirect evidence of the formation of complexes in vivo in that the patients had rheumatoid and anti‐IgG factors and immunoconglutinin in their sera more frequently than normal persons.It has not been established that cutaneous vasculitis is induced by complexes. Antibody in the patient's sera rarely combined with bacterial antigen in the lesions, and in only one instance was IgG in the lesions demonstrated to be antibacterial antigen, though these tests were severely impaired by technical difficulties. The globulin and bacterial antigen may have been deposited fortuitously and harmlessly.
Mites and house dust allergy
Authors: ROMAGNANT S. , BILIOTTI G. , PASSALEVA A. , RICCI M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHouse dust and mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae) dialysed extracts were fractionated by gel filtration and ion‐exchange chromatography. The protein and sugar content of each fraction was determined, respectively, by absorbance at 280 mμ and by the orcinol method. Pooled fractions were injected into house dust and mite sensitive patients and their capacity to induce positive skin reactions determined. A certain amount of allergenically active material was dialysable but the greater part remained inside the dialysis bag. The most active non‐dialysable house dust and mite extract material was eluted in the excluded Sephadex G‐50 fractions and appeared to be located immediately after the Sephadex G‐75 excluded fractions. On the basis of calibration curves, its molecular weight was estimated between 10,000 and 50,000.By further chromatography of active Sephadex fractions on DEAE‐Sephadex, the most potent antigen‐containing material of house dust and mite extracts was recovered using 0‐3 and 02 M NaC1 as elution media. These data offer further evidence of the existence of a close relationship between the major antigenic substances of house dust and mite extracts.
Local nasal desensitization in allergic rhinitis
Authors: TAYLOR GEOFFREY , SHIVALKAR P. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPersistent reduction in nasal sensitivity was induced in most subjects suffering from allergic rhinitis by repeated nasal allergen challenge. Patients so treated failed to respond by increases in nasal airways resistance, sneezing or nasal discharge when challenged with doses of allergen which previously provoked such responses. Disodium cromoglycate did not facilitate the induction of local desensitization although it blocked the unpleasant symptoms of nasal challenge. Diminished sensitivity persisted at least for several months and test groups had significantly lower symptom scores during the pollen season when compared with control subjects. It is suggested that a local secretory IgA response may be involved in the reduction in sensitivity.
Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents—tolylene di‐isocyanate
Authors: PEPYS J. , PICKERING C.A.C. , BRESLIN A.B.X. , TERRY D.J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFour patients with asthma due to tolylene di‐isocyanate (TDI) were tested by occupational type exposure to a polyurethane varnish and its TDI activator'. Late asthmatic reactions were given in two patients, the third gave an immediate reaction and the fourth gave a dual, immediate followed by late asthmatic, reaction. The reactions in the last two patients were inhibited by disodium cromoglycate. Two patients encountered the TDI in fumes from soldering polyurethane coated wire. The possibility of sensitization in conditions of limited exposure requires more frequent consideration as none of the four subjects tested gave histories of heavy exposure.
Pulmonary reactions to Micropolyspora faeni in sensitized rabbits*
Authors: KOCHMAN S. , MARTIN J.C. , BUREAU G. , DEMONTREYNAUD J.M. DUBOIS 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRabbits sensitized by injection were exposed to an aerosol of Micropolyspora faeni. Death occurred rapidly, and the lungs were immediately fixed and examined. The unprotected animals presented an allergic alveolitis with capillary lesions in which the changes in the endothelium were associated with intravascular coagulation. Heparin completely protected the endothelium but did not prevent the coagulopathy; an anti‐platelet serum abolished this latter element of the reaction. The authors conclude that the alveolitis. which persisted in all the cases, was a Type 1 allergic reaction linked to the liberation of the mediators of immediate hypersensitivity.The changes in the capillary endothelium are the consequence and not the cause of the intravascutar coagulation. This coagulation is independent of the Type 1 allergic phenomena and it appears to be responsible for the development of the fibrosing granulomata characteristic of “farmer's lung”.
Purpuric dermatosis due to house‐dust mite (Dermatophagoides spp.) allergy: a case report
Authors: HEPPLE SHIRLEY , MACMILLAN A. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA case of pigmented purpuric dermatosis is reported. The patient was a fit young girl subject to recurrent, generalized, transient purpuric capillaritis appearing 36–55 hr after systemic absorption of house‐dust mite antigen. Her serum contained IgG and IgE antibodies to house dust and to mite antigens. Skin from a test site had IgE on the mast cells, and half of the cells showed anaphylactic degranulation. However, this case was not a typical example of anaphylactic (atopic) sensitivity, and did not resemble any of the classical types of allergy.
Pulmonary granulomatoses due to inhaled particles: personal experience and some immunological considerations
Authors: VILLAR T. G. , ÀVILA RAMIRO , DE ARAÚJO A. TELLES 
Published: April 2006

SummaryClinical, radiological, functional, laboratory and pathologic studies on 114 patients with bronchopulmonary granulomatoses due to inhaled particles are presented, together with measurements of the levels of IgA, IgG and IgM found in the sera of seventy‐three of the patients compared with those of forty blood donors used as normal controls. No differences were found between organic or inorganic dusts as causes in any of these parameters. There was, however, a significant increase in IgA and IgG compared with the controls. The possibility of a common pathogenic factor for this disease, independent of the nature of the causal agent is discussed.
A clinical trial of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in children and adolescents with asthma
Authors: SMITH JOHN MORRISON 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA double‐blind cross‐over trial lasting 4 weeks of beclomethasone dipopionate aerosol in thirty‐nine children and young people with asthma already on oral corticosteroid treatment showed a significant beneficial effect which in most cases was maintained on continued open treatment for a further 4 weeks. An overall assessment based on several clinical observations and measurements suggested that twenty‐four (62%) were improved while having beclomethasone dipropionate. After a month on known beclomethasone dipropionate fifteen patients had stopped oral corticosteroid treatment and five had reduced the dose without relapse. Response to treatment was not related to total IgE levels. No serious side effects were noted.
Forecasting the start and severity of the hay fever season
Authors: DAVIES R. R. , SMITH L. P. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySince the season of summer hay fever may last only 4 weeks and rainfall may produce days with virtually no airborne pollen, the timing of clinical trials is important. To facilitate this a method of forecasting the first possible 100% symptom day, and the severity of the season in terms of light, moderate or severe, is presented. The forecast is based on temperature in April and May, and formulae tested by reference to records of grass pollen concentrations over Central London during 1961–70.
Further studies of concordant fluctuation in sensitivity of peripheral leucocytes to unrelated allergens and the meaning of nonspecific ‘desensitization’
Authors: MAY CHARLES D. , WILLIAMS C. SCOTT 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThese studies pertain to the significance and mechanism of concordant fluctuation in sensitivity of peripheral leucocytes to release of histamine by unrelated allergens.One type of concordant fluctuation occurs during injection of allergen. In this type, reduction of leucocyte sensitivity is only partial and recovery is rapid when injection of allergen ceases, and the reduction is related to degranulation of basophils and decrease in the histamine content. The nonspecific nature of the concordant, proportionate reduction in sensitivity to unrelated allergens suggests degranulation of a population of basophils in the circulation that apparently carries the reaginic antibodies for all allergens to which the subject is hypersensitive.Another type of concordant loss of peripheral leucocyte sensitivity to unrelated allergens occurs uncommonly, without clear relation to allergen injection. In this type, reduction of leucocyte sensitivity proceeds gradually to the point of unresponsiveness to allergen and persists for prolonged periods. The nonspecific nature of this type is not associated with decrease in histamine content of the peripheral leucocytes (basophils).In both types, simultaneous determination of other indices of hypersensitivity (sensitivity of skin and bronchi, and reaginic antibody content of serum) showed no significant changes concomitant with fluctuation in peripheral leucocyte sensitivity. This suggests basophils in the peripheral blood behave differently from mast cells in tissues.The findings point to important limitations in the use of in‐vitro measurement of sensitivity of peripheral leucocytes (basophils) as an index of hypersensitivity of a person and as a means of monitoring the efficacy of injection therapy. The term ‘desensitization’ should be used precisely to distinguish loss of hypersensitivity of tissues throughout the body from reduced sensitivity of only certain cells.
An immunological approach to the diagnosis of food sensitivity
Authors: GALANT STANLEY P. , BULLOCK JOSEPH , FRICK OSCAR L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNineteen patients with delayed onset food sensitivity were compared with fourteen patients with immediate reactions and twenty‐one non‐atopic subjects in terms of clinical symptoms, foods involved and IgE mediated immunological reactions. The immediate reactors were frequently positive to all tests used: skin tests (71%), allergen induced leucocyte histamine release (71%), radioimmunodiffusion (55%) and skin window (55%). Those with the delayed onset variety were seldom positive by skin testing (13%), or skin window (0%), while 39% were positive by leucocyte histamine release and 48% demonstrated specific IgE food antibodies. Control subjects had negative responses to immunological tests for IgE antibody except for leucocyte histamine release (24%). Reasons for the differences between immediate and delayed onset food sensitivity in clinical symptoms, foods involved and immunologic parameters are discussed. A careful history in conjunction with the elimination and challenge technique remains the most useful tool at present for the delayed onset group. In vitro methods for detecting specific IgE responses may also prove to be helpful.
Photo‐inactivated allergens I. Preparation, physicochemical and biological properties
Authors: BERRENS L. , HÉNOCQ E. , RADERMECKER M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA method is described for the preparation of inactive atopic allergens by irradiation with ultraviolet light. From an analysis of the absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, and with the aid of synthetic model compounds, it is concluded that the allergenic determinant of lysine‐sugar conjugation is extremely sensitive to ultraviolet light. Considerable reduction of allergenicity in vitro (diminished capacity to inactivate human complement in fluid phase) and in vivo (impressive reduction of skin‐reactivity in atopic patients and, by passive transfer, in monkeys) was demonstrated. Only slight modification of the antigenic characteristics was detected.
Respiratory disease due to sulphasalazine
Authors: THOMAS PETER , SEATON ANTHONY , EDWARDS JOHN 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA patient is described who developed a pulmonary hypersensiiivity reaction to sulphasalatzine used in the treatment of his ulcerative colitis. Challenge testing demonstrated that the patient was sensitive to the sulphapyridine component of the drug. The pulmonary response consisted of an immediate bronchial obstructive reaction and a late parenchymal reaction with fall in gas transfer factor. Detailed immunological testing failed to define the mechanisms of drug toxicity.