bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF GONADOTROPHINS AND CYCLIC 3′,5′-AMP ON IN VITRO INCORPORATION OF [3H]URIDINE INTO RNA OF THE PREPUBERTAL RAT OVARY
Authors: Jarlstedt Jan , Nilsson Lars , Hamberger Lars , Ahrén Kurt 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In vivo and in vitro effects of FSH and LH on in vitro incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA of the prepubertal rat ovary have been studied. RNA was fractionated with composite agarose-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When FSH was injected into the prepubertal rats 4 h before incubation of the ovaries, the incorporation of labelled uridine into total RNA was decreased showing relatively more radioactivity concentrated to the RNA fractions lighter than 28S as compared to the controls. These effects were not seen when FSH was added to the incubation medium in vitro. When LH was added in vitro to the isolated ovaries a higher percentage of incorporated radioactivity was concentrated in the RNA fractions heavier than 28S without any change in the incorporation of [3H]uridine into total RNA. LH administered in vivo 30 min before incubation of the ovaries gave the same change in the labelling pattern between the RNA fractions as LH in vitro but in addition showed a decreased incorporation of radioactivity into total RNA.
The in vitro effects of cyclic 3′,5′-AMP were also studied. When prepubertal rat ovaries were incubated in 10 mmol/l of this cyclic nucleotide, the incorporation of [3H] uridine into total RNA was decreased without any change in the labelling pattern.
TESTOSTERONE AND OESTRADIOL SUPPRESSION OF LH AND FSH IN ADULT MALE RATS: DURATION OF CASTRATION, DURATION OF TREATMENT AND COMBINED TREATMENT
Authors: Swerdloff R. S. , Walsh P. C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effects of androgens and oestrogens on serum LH and FSH in castrated rats were evaluated with regard to the modifying influences of duration of castration, duration of treatment and combined oestrogen-androgen effect. Serum LH was not greatly influenced by these variables. In contrast, serum FSH was shown to be more resistant to suppression by both steroids after at least five days of castration, requiring a longer duration of treatment to be suppressed to intact levels. Combined treatment of submaximally suppressive doses of testosterone propionate and oestradiol benzoate resulted in no additive effect on lowering serum FSH. Low doses of both androgens and oestrogens resulted in elevated levels of serum LH and FSH, suggesting that the adult male hypothalamic-pituitary axis may be responsive to positive feedback. In all studies, testosterone preferentially suppressed serum LH as compared to serum FSH. In contrast, oestradiol administration produced parallel inhibition of both LH and FSH. It is emphasized that neither oestrogen nor androgen alone, nor in combination, resulted in preferential inhibition of serum FSH over LH.
URINARY METABOLITES OF DL-NORGESTREL IN WOMEN
Authors: Sisenwine Samuel F. , Kimmel Hazel B. , Liu Ann L. , Ruelius Hans W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Urines obtained from women administered the totally synthetic progestational steroid, 14C-dl-norgestrel, were fractionated on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. This anion exchanger separated unchanged norgestrel and ether extractable metabolites (6.5–10.2 % of the urinary radioactivity) as well as neutral, non-extractable metabolites (4.0–12.3 % of the urinary radioactivity) from anionic conjugates of norgestrel and its metabolites (75.8–88.8 % of the urinary radioactivity). The latter, in turn, were separated into seven fractions. One fraction, after solvolysis, was found to contain only the major metabolite, 16β-hydroxynorgestrel as sulphate(s) (approximately 30 % of the urinary activity). The remaining conjugated fractions as well as the free fraction were analyzed, and at least 23 metabolites were detected. Among them were biotransformation products resulting from hydroxylation at the 16α, 16β, 1β, 2α and 6ε position, D-homoannulation and ring-A reduction (3α,5β-tetrahydronorgestrel and its 3β, 5β and 3α, 5α isomers and a 16-hydroxylated tetrahydronorgestrel). Structures of the major metabolites were confirmed by mass spectrometry.
NEW SYNTHETIC STEROIDS WHICH INHIBIT RAT GONADAL STEROIDOGENIC ENZYMES BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Authors: Goldman Allen S. , Gustafsson Jan-Åke , Gustafsson Sven A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Six different steroidal analogues with previously suggested effects on gonadal Δ5,3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, 17α-hydroxylase and C17-20 lyase were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Testicular microsomal conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione and testosterone and of pregnenolone to progesterone and 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione was used as an index of Δ5,3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity. 17α-hydroxylase activity was estimated from testicular microsomal formation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone from progesterone and the activity of C17-20 lyase was determined from the conversion of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone into androstenedione and testosterone.
Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry of the steroidal excretion patterns in urine and faeces from female rats treated with two inhibitors of 17α-hydroxylase and C17-20 lyase in vivo, (I) 16β-bromo-3β,17α-dihydroxy-5α-pregnane-11,20-dione and (II) 17β-ureido-1,4-androstadien-3-one, and a third inhibitor (VI) 17α-cyano-5-androstene-3β,17β-diol, which also inhibits Δ5,3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase in vitro, demonstrates the absence of C19 steroids of ovarian origin. C19 steroids are not excreted by rats treated with I and II up to 7 days after the last dose suggesting that the effects of these inhibitors are persistent. Two other steroids (III) 17-cyano-5,16-androstadien-3β-ol 3-acetate and (V) 17-cyano-5,16-androstadien-3β-ol, inhibit Δ5,3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase in vitro in addition to 17α-hydroxylase and C17-20 lyase and cause the abnormal appearance of Δ5,3β-hydroxy-C19 steroids in the urines of normal and adrenalectomized females but not in those of ovariectomized or in ovariectomized and adrenalectomized rats. Each of these inhibitors also eliminates urinary 3α,17α-dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one of ovarian origin.
The pattern of C21O4 and C21O5 steroids of adrenal origin was only slightly affected or not affected at all by I–III and V and VI. The steroidal excretion patterns obtained in treated animals indicate a predominantly ovarian site of action of these inhibitors in vivo. Thus, the present results indicate three agents which block sex hormone production in the rat and two which inhibit gonadal Δ5,3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase with moderate or no inhibition of the adrenal excretion.
THE TESTIS IN PATIENTS WITH ABNORMALITIES OF SEX DIFFERENTIATION. HISTOLOGY AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
Authors: Neto R. Sandrini , Rivarola M. A. , Coco R. , Bergadá C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Testicular function was studied in 18 patients with abnormalities of sexual differentiation. Fourteen patients were prepubertal and four postpubertal. Plasma testosterone was determined before and after 5000 IU HCG administered daily during 5' days. Of the fourteen prepubertal patients, the two true hermaphrodites and the patient with asymmetrical gonadal differentiation showed a poor response to gonadotrophin stimulation. This could be explained by the small amount of active testicular tissue or its coexistence with ovarian and rudimentary gonadal tissue which might exert some influence on the endocrine function of the testis. In the group of eight patients with male pseudo-hermaphroditism and ambiguous external genitalia, the response to HCG showed a large variation. The three patients with small testes had lowest values i. e. 210, 198 and 192 ng/100 ml. The remaining five patients showed normal values ranging between 360 and 720 ng/100 ml. The ambiguous external genitalia of these patients could be explained as being due to a diminished androgen target organ sensitivity limited to the external genitalia. The three prepubertal patients with male pseudo-hermaphroditism and female external genitalia showed a marked increase in plasma testosterone with HCG ranging between 598 and 1100 ng/100 ml. The four pubertal cases also had high values in basal conditions, between 920 and 1870, which increased even more after gonadotrophin stimulation, in one case from 1382 to 2264 ng/100 ml. This hypersensitivity to exogenous HCG, even in infancy, correlates with the elevated basal values observed in adult patients with otherwise female external genitalia and androgen insensitivity. Finally, the HCG stimulation test could be useful for the demonstration of testicular tissue in prepubertal patient with abnormalities of sexual differentiation, although it cannot be used as a prognosis of masculinization or feminization at puberty.
PITUITARY AND GONADAL FUNCTION IN HYPOGONADOTROPHIC HYPOGONADISM
Authors: Espiner E. A. , Donald R. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Hypothalamic-pituitary function and gonadal histology and responsiveness have been assessed in three patients with isolated deficiency of gonadotrophin secretion. Gonadotrophin secretion was uniformly reduced and sex steroid excretion markedly impaired in all three cases. Biopsy of the gonad showed immature glands and no increment in steroid excretion resulted from stimulation using human chorionic gonadotrophin. No response in gonadotrophins to clomiphene occurred in 2 of the 3 patients tested. Whereas normal ACTH and adrenal response to hypoglycaemic stress and metopirone was shown in 2 of the 3 cases, the increment in growth hormone secretion was reduced. Following sex steroid therapy, the growth hormone response was improved and increased ACTH release during hypoglycaemia was observed in one patient. No change in gonadotrophin secretion occurred during longterm sex steroid therapy.
THE EFFECT OF DIHYDROERGOTAMINE ON ACTH-STIMULATED LIPOLYSIS IN RAT ADIPOCYTES
Authors: Kowadlo-Silbergeld Avivah , Klipper Yaffa , Laron Zvi 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Isolated fat cells prepared from epididymal adipose tissue of fasted rats were incubated in Krebs Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing 3 % albumin and 0.5 mg/ml glucose. The effect of dihydroergotamine (DHE), 8 μg/ml, on the lipolysis stimulated by synthetic β1-24 ACTH was assessed by the glycerol or free fatty acid (FFA) release into the medium.
DHE potentiated ACTH-stimulated lipolysis over a dose range of 10−10 to 10−3 U/ml. The maximal degree of potentiation was observed between 15 and 30 min incubation time. The critical period during which the addition of DHE to cells incubated with ACTH still produced the optimal effect was 4 to 7.5 min. However, when ACTH was added to cells incubated for up to 2 h with DHE, lipolysis was still significantly enhanced. Preincubation of cells in DHE followed by resuspension in fresh medium not containing DHE produced response to ACTH which far exceeded that obtained by any other incubation procedure with the alkaloid used in the same experiment. DHE may have multiple effects on the fat cell of the rat, at low doses (10−7 m to 10−5 m by acting as an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase or as a potentiator of cyclic AMP, or at higher doses, as a non-specific inhibitor of hormone induced lipolysis.
THE ROLE OF A FEEDBACK MECHANISM IN THE REGULATION OF ALDOSTERONE SECRETION IN THE RAT
Authors: Debreceni L. , Csete B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of prolonged aldosterone and DOC treatment in the in vitro aldosterone production was studied in the rat. When the animals were supplied with food containing 16.5 mEq./100 g of sodium, both aldosterone and DOC treatment led to a marked decrease in aldosterone production. On the other hand, under dietary sodium restriction both aldosterone and DOC treatment failed to induce a suppression of the elevated aldosterone production. On the basis of these findings, it seems that a sufficient sodium supply of the organism is necessary for the control of aldosterone secretion either by an increase of aldosterone production or DOC treatment if any feedback regulation is involved in the mechanism controlling aldosterone secretion.
ANTIBODIES TO PROINSULIN IN DIABETIC PATIENTS TREATED WITH PORCINE INSULIN PREPARATIONS
Authors: Andersen O. Ortved 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In most diabetic patients treatment with commercial insulin preparations containing 1 to 2 per cent proinsulin, results primarily in the formation of antibodies reacting with both insulin and proinsulin. Later on the formation of antibodies reacting specifically with proinsulin also seems to occur. In some plasma samples from patients treated with porcine insulin it has been possible to demonstrate the formation of antibodies reacting with proinsulin and intermediate forms, but not with monocomponent insulin, dimer forms or C-peptide from porcine insulin. No reaction of bovine proinsulin with antibodies to porcine proinsulin could be demonstrated.
The observations indicate that proinsulin has considerable significance for antibody formation in diabetic patients treated with the commonly available insulin preparations.
STUDIES ON SUSTAINED CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTS WITH SUBCUTANEOUS POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE IMPLANTS
Authors: Benagiano G. , Ermini M. , Carenza L. , Donini P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Ovarian function was assessed in 10 healthy young women, before and after the insertion of 3 or 4 polydimethylsiloxane capsules filled with 20 mg of megestrol acetate. Each capsule released in vitro, approximately 20 μg/24 h of the hormone.
Daily determination of the urinary excretion of FSH, LH, fractionated oestrogens and pregnanediol were performed in all subjects during one control cycle, the first and the third cycle after the insertion of the capsules. Out of 10, 8 control cycles were ovulatory according to all the parameters investigated. This compares with 15 ovulatory cycles out of a total of 20, examined after the insertion of the capsules.
During treatment no changes were observed in the FSH excretion pattern; the mid-cycle LH peak was present in all ovulatory cycles, although it was usually much less evident under the action of megestrol acetate. The excretion of oestradiol was significantly increased in all subjects (P < 0.05) during the first cycle following implantation. Oestrone and oestriol excretion was also generally higher in patients bearing PDS capsules; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Pregnanediol levels were not affected by the treatment in all cycles considered to be ovulatory on the basis of all the parameters.
The menstrual bleeding pattern did not change in the majority of cases. One patient had, during treatment with 3 capsules, two profuse break-through bleedings whereas another one became amenorrhoic two months after the insertion of 4 implants.
It is concluded that megestrol acetate sustained release preparations do not inhibit ovulation under the experimental conditions used.
HETEROGENEITY OF LONG ACTING THYROID STIMULATING (LATS) – ACTIVITY, THYROGLOBULIN ANTIBODIES AND THYROID MICROSOMAL ANTIBODIES
Authors: Adlkofer F. , Schleusener H. , Uher L. , Ananos A. , Brammeier C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Crude IgG of sera from 3 patients with Graves' disease, which contained LATS-activity and/or thyroid antibodies, was fractionated by isoelectric focusing in a pH-range between 6.0 to 10.0. LATS-activity was found in IgG-subfractions from pH 7.5 to 9.5, thyroglobulin antibodies and thyroid microsomal antibodies from pH 6.0 to 10.0. It was not possible to separate LATS-activity from the thyroid antibodies by this technique. The results indicate that LATS and the thyroid antibodies are heterogeneous and of polyclonal origin.
DIFFERENTIAL ACTION OF PARATHYROID AND THYROID HORMONES ON EFFECTIVE INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM
Authors: Hehrmann R. , Hagemann J. , Montz R. , Jentsch E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effects of parathyroidectomy (PTX) and radio-thyroidectomy (131I-TX) as well as the actions of parathyroid extract (PTE), dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (DBcAMP), calcitonin (CT) and thyroid extract (thyreoidea sicca) on effective intestinal calcium absorption in intact, PTX and 131I-TX rats were evaluated by a new, physiological in vivo method. Ten hours after the administration of 47calcium labelled food the animals were killed and the entire intestine was removed. Whole body retention of 47calcium was measured allowing the calculation of the effective intestinal absorption of calcium (true absorption minus excretion within ten hours).
The known actions of PTE and DBcAMP were confirmed by this method. CT did not exert a direct effect in any of the experimental groups.
The absence of thyroid hormones (TX rats) remarkably reduced effective calcium absorption. In the presence of endogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) (TX rats) the administration of minimal amounts of thyroid hormones was sufficient to increase effective calcium absorption, whereas PTE and DBcAMP did not have any effect. In the absence of PTH (TX-PTX rats) thyroid hormones did not enhance effective absorption, indicating, that thyroid hormones alone do not stimulate the effective absorption of calcium.
It is concluded, that the thyroid hormones act indirectly, as a permissive agent, enabling PTH to exert its active stimulating effect on the effective intestinal absorption of calcium.
VARIATIONS IN PLASMA ALDOSTERONE AND PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY THROUGHOUT THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PRE-OVULATORY PERIOD
Authors: Sundsfjord Johan A. , Aakvaag A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The day to day variations in plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity throughout the menstrual cycle have been investigated in healthy young women. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the measurement of plasma aldosterone is described. The actual hormone parameters have been correlated with fluctuations in plasma oestradiol and progesterone, and LH has been measured for the determination of time of ovulation.
Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone gradually increased two to four times from the early follicular to the mid-luteal phase, in accordance with earlier observations.
In one woman using a beta adrenergic blocking agent plasma renin activity rose only slightly, whereas a normal rise in plasma aldosterone was noted.
Another woman became pregnant during the cycle investigated. In this subject neither plasma renin activity nor plasma aldosterone decreased at the end of the cycle.
Plasma aldosterone was almost doubled on the pre-ovulatory day, as compared with the early follicular phase, whereas no significant change in plasma renin activity or plasma renin substrate was found. The cause of this pre-ovulatory increase in plasma aldosterone is not known.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND MASS SPECTROMETRIC STUDIES ON OESTROGENS IN BILE: PART I. PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Adlercreutz H. , Ervast H.-S. , Tenhunen A. , Tikkanen M. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Qualitative and quantitative studies on oestrogens by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were carried out on samples of pregnancy bile obtained in the 10th to the 33rd week of gestation by duodenal intubation, puncture of the gall-bladder during operation, or by T-tube drainage of the main bile duct. After hydrolysis of the conjugates the identity of the following oestrogens was established: Oestriol, oestrone, 2-methoxy-oestrone, oestradiol-17β, 11-dehydro-oestradiol-17α, 16-epioestriol, 17-epioestriol, 16α-hydroxyoestrone, 16β-hydroxyoestrone, 16-oxo-oestradiol17β, 15α-hydroxyoestrone and 15α-hydroxyoestriol. In addition oestradiol-17α was detected. The quantitative analyses revealed that all oestrogens seem to occur in higher concentrations in the bile than in plasma. Very high levels of 16α-hydroxyoestrone were found and in one bile sample the value exceeded that of oestriol. The concentration of 16β-hydroxyoestrone was about 100 times greater than that found in maternal plasma and 15α-hydroxyoestrone also occurred in much greater amounts in the bile than in plasma. The composition of oestriol conjugates was determined in two bile samples. Oestriol-3-sulphate,16-glucosiduronate comprised the largest fraction (77 and 62 %), followed by oestriol-16-glucosiduronate (21 and 36%) and minute amounts of oestriol-3-sulphate (1.7 and 2.5%). Generally, the pattern of oestrogens in bile during pregnancy differs very much from that seen in other biological fluids and seems to reflect the metabolic activities of the liver cells.
TESTOSTERONE METABOLISM IN SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS OF RAT PROSTATE
Authors: Nozu Kaoru , Tamaoki Bun-ichi 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Homogenates of rat ventral prostates were fractionated into the nuclear (purified from the precipitate at 800× g), mitochondrial (precipitate at 1000–6000 ×g), microsomal (precipitate at 10 000–105 000× g) and cytosol (supernatant fluid at 105 000 × g) fractions, which were morphologically identified under an electron-microscope. Among the subcellular fractions, the highest specific activity of Δ4-5α-hydrogenase was localized in the nuclear and microsomal fractions, while 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (E. C. 1. 1. 1.50) activity was concentrated exclusively in the cytosol fraction. By addition of the cytosol fraction, the Δ4-5α-hydrogenase activity in the microsomal fraction was markedly reduced, whereas the activity in the nuclear fraction was scarcely inhibited. By heating the cytosol fraction at 100°C for 20 min, its inhibitory effect was significantly diminished. The inhibitory principle in the cytosol fraction against the Δ4-5α-hydrogenase was mostly concentrated in the precipitate at 0–60% saturation of ammonium sulphate, while the major activity of the 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was localized in the precipitate at 40–100% saturation of the salt. According to the enzyme kinetics, the cytosol 0–40 % fraction showed the competitive type of inhibition with the Δ4-5α-hydrogenase activity in the microsomal fraction for testosterone.
CHANGES IN PLASMA LEVELS OF PROLACTIN AND LH INDUCED BY LUTEOLYTIC OR LUTEOTROPHIC TREATMENT IN INTACT CYCLING SHEEP AFTER SECTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK
Authors: Kann G. , Denamur R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Oestradiol has been shown to cause either premature luteal regression or prolonged luteal maintenance depending on whether it is administered early or late in the oestrous cycle. Although these effects are not observable in the absence of the uterus, it was considered desirable to examine the possibility that the pituitary gland as well as the uterus may be involved in this phenomenon. Accordingly, plasma LH and prolactin concentrations were studied in sheep treated with oestradiol from day 3 (luteotrophic action) or day 11 (luteolytic action) with and without pituitary stalk section. Plasma LH fell below the limit of detection (0.3 ng/ml) in the plasma of sheep after pituitary stalk section, whether or not oestradiol had been administered. In the intact ewe, oestradiol given from day 3 resulted in luteal maintenance associated with a significant increase in the secretion of plasma LH and prolactin. However, similar treatment in the stalk sectioned ewe also resulted in luteal maintenance without any major increase in gonadotrophin secretion. On the other hand, when oestradiol was given from day 11, there was no evidence either from the intact or the stalk sectioned sheep that the pituitary contributed to the luteolytic action of oestradiol may possibly have a pituitary component, the luteolytic action is probably mediated solely by the oestrogenic action on the uterus.