bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of 1‐Year Dairy Product Intervention on Fat Mass in Young Women: 6‐Month Follow‐up
Authors: Eagan Marianne S. , Lyle Roseann M. , Gunther Carolyn W. , Peacock Munro , Teegarden Dorothy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Previous results from this laboratory suggest that a 1‐year dairy intake intervention in young women does not alter fat mass. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the 1‐year dairy intervention 6 months after completion of the intervention.Research Methods and Procedures: Previously, normal‐weight young women (n = 154) were randomized to one of three calcium intake groups: control (<800 mg/d), medium dairy (1000 to 1100 mg/d), or high dairy (1300 to 1400 mg/d) for a 1‐year trial (n = 135 completed). In the current study, 51 women were assessed 6 months after completion of the intervention trial. Body compositions (body fat, lean mass) were measured using DXA. Self‐report questionnaires were utilized to measure activity and dietary intake (kilocalories, calcium).Results: The high‐dairy group (n = 19) maintained an elevated calcium intake (1027 ± 380 mg/d) at 18 months compared with the control group (n = 18, 818 ± 292; p = 0.02). Mean calcium intake over the 18 months predicted a negative change in fat mass (p = 0.04) when baseline BMI was controlled in regression analysis (model R2 = 0.11). 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D levels were correlated with fat mass at each time‐point (baseline, r = −0.41, p = 0.003; 12 months, r = −0.42, p = 0.002; 18 months, r = −0.32, p = 0.02) but did not predict changes in fat mass.Discussion: Dietary calcium intake over 18 months predicted a negative change in body fat mass. Thus, increased dietary calcium intakes through dairy products may prevent fat mass accumulation in young, healthy, normal‐weight women.
Frequency of Family Dinner and Adolescent Body Weight Status: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997
Authors: Sen Bisakha 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To explore associations between overweight status and the frequency of family dinners (FFD) for adolescents and how those associations differ across race and ethnicity.Research Methods and Procedures: A sample of 5014 respondents between 12 and 15 years of age from the 1997 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) was used. BMI was calculated using self‐reported height and weight; 13.3% of respondents qualified as overweight, 16.4% qualified as at‐risk‐of‐overweight, and 1.9% qualified as underweight. The remainder were normal weight. FFD was defined as the number of times respondents had dinner with their families in a typical week in the past year. Multinomial logistic regression models were estimated separately for non‐Hispanic whites vs. blacks and Hispanics for odds of belonging to the other weight categories compared with normal weight. A supplementary longitudinal analysis estimated the odds of change in overweight status between 1997 and 2000.Results: In 1997, the FFD distribution was as follows: 0, 8.3%; 1 or 2, 7.3%; 3 or 4, 13.4%; 5 or 6, 28.1%; 7, 42%. For whites, higher FFD was associated with reduced odds of being overweight in 1997, reduced odds of becoming overweight, and increased odds of ceasing to be overweight by 2000. No such associations were found for blacks and Hispanics.Discussion: Reasons for racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between FFD and overweight may include differences in the types and portions of food consumed at family meals. More research is needed to verify this.
Effect of Sarcopenia on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Obese Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Aubertin‐Leheudre Mylène , Lord Christine , Goulet Éric D.B. , Khalil Abdelouahed , Dionne Isabelle J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare sarcopenic‐obese and obese postmenopausal women for risk factors predisposing to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and determine whether there may be a relationship between muscle mass and metabolic risk in obese postmenopausal women.Research Methods and Procedures: In this cross‐sectional study, 22 healthy obese postmenopausal women (mean age, 66 ± 5 years; mean BMI, 27 ± 3 kg/m2) were divided into two groups matched for age (±2 years) and fat mass (FM) (±2%). Sarcopenia was defined as a muscle mass index of <14.30 kg fat‐free mass (FFM)/m2 (which corresponds to 1 standard deviation below the values of a young reference population), and obesity was defined as an FM of >35% (which corresponds to the World Health Organization guidelines). FM, FFM (measured by DXA), daily energy expenditure (accelerometry), dietary intake (3‐day dietary record), and blood biochemical analyses (lipid profile, insulin, glucose, and C‐reactive protein) were obtained. Visceral fat mass (VFM) was calculated by the equation of Bertin, which estimates VFM from DXA measurements.Results: Obese women had more FFM (p = 0.006), abdominal FM (p = 0.047), and VFM (p = 0.041) and a worse lipid profile [p = 0.040 for triglycerides; p = 0.004 for high‐density lipoprotein (HDL); p = 0.026 for total cholesterol/HDL] than sarcopenic‐obese postmenopausal women. Obese women also ingested significantly more animal (p = 0.001) and less vegetal proteins (p = 0.013), although both groups had a similar total protein intake (p = 0.967).Discussion: Sarcopenia seems to be associated with lower risk factors predisposing to CVD in obese postmenopausal women. With the increase in the number of aging people, the health implications of being sarcopenic‐obese merit more attention.
Reverse Causality and Confounding and the Associations of Overweight and Obesity with Mortality
Authors: Lawlor Debbie A. , Hart Carole L. , Hole David J. , Smith George Davey 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the effect of reverse causality and confounding on the association of BMI with all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality.Research Methods and Procedures: Data from two large prospective studies were used. One (a community‐based cohort) included 8327 women and 7017 men who resided in two Scottish towns at the time of the baseline assessment in 1972–1976; the other (an occupational cohort) included 4016 men working in the central belt of Scotland at the time of the baseline assessment in 1970–1973. Participants in both cohorts were ages 45 to 64 years at baseline; the follow‐up period was 28 to 34 years.Results: In age‐adjusted analyses that did not take account of reverse causality or smoking, there was no association between being overweight (BMI 25 to <30 kg/m2) and mortality, and weak to modest associations between obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and mortality. There was a strong association between smoking and lower BMI in women and men in both cohorts (all p < 0.0001). Among never‐smokers and with the first 5 years of deaths removed, overweight was associated with an increase in all‐cause mortality (relative risk ranging from 1.12 to 1.38), and obesity was associated with a doubling of risk in men in both cohorts (relative risk, 2.10 and 1.96, respectively) and a 60% increase in women (relative risk, 1.56). In both never‐smokers and current smokers, being overweight or obese was associated with important increases in the risk of cardiovascular disease.Discussion: These findings demonstrate that with appropriate control for smoking and reverse causality, both overweight and obesity are associated with important increases in all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality, and in particular with cardiovascular disease mortality.
Metabolic Actions of Adipocyte Hormones: Focus on Adiponectin
Authors: Ahima Rexford S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe obesity epidemic has focused attention on the endocrine function of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue secretes leptin, cytokines, complement factors, and components of the coagulation cascade, most of which are increased in obesity. In contrast, a strong negative correlation exists between adiponectin and adiposity, insulin sensitivity, diabetes, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Adiponectin treatment in rodents increases insulin sensitivity and reduces lipids and atherogenesis. Chronic and central adiponectin treatment reduces weight, glucose, and lipids. The insulin‐sensitizing action of thiazolidinediones is mediated, in part, through adiponectin. A causal role of adiponectin in diabetes, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis has been established in knockout mice. Therefore, adiponectin seems to be a marker of obesity‐related diseases and a potential therapeutic target.
Consequence of Omitting or Adding a Meal in Man on Body Composition, Food Intake, and Metabolism
Authors: Chapelot Didier , Marmonier Corinne , Aubert Roberte , Allègre Chloé , Gausseres Nicolas , Fantino Marc , Louis‐Sylvestre Jeanine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate in man the consequence on body composition and related biological and metabolic parameters of omitting or adding a meal.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐four young normal‐weight male subjects were recruited, 12 usual four‐meal and 12 usual three‐meal eaters, differing only in the consumption of an afternoon meal. They omitted or added a fourth meal during a 28‐day habituation period and were asked to report their intake on three 3‐day occasions. Before and after this habituation period, subjects participated in a session with a time‐blinded procedure, and blood was collected continuously from lunch to the spontaneously requested dinner. Body composition, respiratory quotient, and biochemical parameters were measured in the late evening preceding each session.Results: Omitting a meal was followed by increases in fat mass (360 ± 115 grams, p < 0.05), late evening leptin concentration (20.7 ± 11.0%, p < 0.05), and respiratory quotient (3.7 ± 1.4%, p < 0.05). Increase in the percentage of dietary fat during the habituation period (+4.1 ± 2.0%, p < 0.05) was correlated with fat mass (r = 0.66, p < 0.05). Adding a meal had no effect, but, in both groups, the change in energy content at this fourth eating occasion was correlated with the change in adiposity.Discussion: Our results suggest that adiposity may increase when young lean male subjects switch from a four‐ to a three‐meal pattern by removing their usual afternoon meal. This effect could be partly mediated by a change in the macronutrient composition of the diet.
Behavioral Assessment of Candidates for Bariatric Surgery: A Patient‐Oriented Approach
Authors: Wadden Thomas A. , Sarwer David B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper discusses the behavioral evaluation of patients who seek bariatric surgery and the psychosocial complications most frequently observed in these individuals. The effects of such complications on surgical outcome are briefly examined, as is the challenge of predicting therapeutic response on the basis of preoperative variables. The paper concludes with a description of the goals and methods of a behavioral assessment used at the University of Pennsylvania. This evaluation includes the use of the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory, a questionnaire that guides our interview with patients.
Self‐Reported Eating Behaviors of Extremely Obese Persons Seeking Bariatric Surgery: A Factor Analytic Approach
Authors: Fabricatore Anthony N. , Wadden Thomas A. , Sarwer David B. , Crerand Canice E. , Kuehnel Robert H. , Lipschutz Patti E. , Raper Steven E. , Williams Noel N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To summarize the self‐reported eating behaviors of persons seeking bariatric surgery and to provide reliability data for a clinical instrument that assesses those eating behaviors.Research Methods and Procedures: Adults (552) with extreme obesity (mean ± standard deviation BMI = 52.4 ± 10.1 kg/m2) completed the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory (WALI) before undergoing bariatric surgery. The WALI is a self‐report instrument that includes 24 items that assess the eating behaviors to which respondents attribute their excess weight. These items were entered into a principal components analysis with promax rotation. Relationships of factor scores to demographic and psychosocial variables were examined. Test‐retest reliability data were obtained from a smaller sample (n = 58) of less obese participants (BMI = 34.4 ± 4.0 kg/m2) who completed the WALI twice within 2 weeks, before beginning a non‐surgical weight loss program.Results: The principal components analysis yielded five factors with acceptable internal consistency and test‐retest reliability. These included: eating in response to negative affect, eating in response to positive affect and social cues, general overeating and impaired appetite regulation, overeating at early meals, and snacking. Each factor was related to symptoms of binge eating disorder, and every factor except the second one was associated with depressive symptoms. Factor scores were unrelated or weakly associated with demographic characteristics.Discussion: The eating behaviors of persons seeking bariatric surgery can be assessed reliably and parsimoniously with the WALI. The predictive utility of the factors obtained in this study remains to be examined.
Comparison of Psychosocial Status in Treatment‐Seeking Women with Class III vs. Class I–II Obesity
Authors: Wadden Thomas A. , Butryn Meghan L. , Sarwer David B. , Fabricatore Anthony N. , Crerand Canice E. , Lipschutz Patti E. , Faulconbridge Lucy , Raper Steven E. , Williams Noel N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study compared the psychosocial status and weight loss expectations of women with extreme (class III) obesity who sought bariatric surgery with those of women with class I–II obesity who enrolled in a research study on behavioral weight control.Research Methods and Procedures: Before treatment, all participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory‐II and the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory. This latter questionnaire assesses several domains including symptoms of depression and low self‐esteem, history of psychiatric complications, current stressors, and weight loss expectations.Results: Women with class III obesity, as compared with class I–II, reported significantly more symptoms of depression. Fully 25% of women in the former group appeared to have a significant mood disorder that would benefit from treatment. As compared with women with class I–II obesity, significantly more women with class III obesity also reported a history of psychiatric complications, which included physical and sexual abuse and greater stress related to their physical health and financial/legal matters. Both groups of women had unrealistic weight loss expectations. Those who sought surgery expected to lose 47.6 ± 9.3% of initial weight, compared with 24.8 ± 8.7% for those who enrolled in behavioral weight control.Discussion: These findings suggest that women with extreme obesity who seek bariatric surgery should be screened for psychosocial complications. Those determined to have significant psychiatric distress should be referred for behavioral or pharmacological treatment to alleviate their suffering. Long‐term studies are needed to provide definitive guidance concerning the relationship between preoperative psychopathology and the outcome of bariatric surgery.
Relationship of Adiponectin with Insulin Sensitivity in Humans, Independent of Lipid Availability
Authors: Furler Stuart M. , Gan Seng Khee , Poynten Ann M. , Chisholm Donald J. , Campbell Lesley V. , Kriketos Adamandia D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To test in humans the hypothesis that part of the association of adiponectin with insulin sensitivity is independent of lipid availability.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied relationships among plasma adiponectin, insulin sensitivity (by hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp), total adiposity (by DXA), visceral adiposity (VAT; by magnetic resonance imaging), and indices of lipid available to muscle, including circulating and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL; by 1H‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy). Our cohort included normal weight to obese men (n = 36).Results: Plasma adiponectin was directly associated with insulin sensitivity and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol and inversely with plasma triglycerides but not IMCL. These findings are consistent with adiponectin promoting lipid uptake and subsequent oxidation in muscle and inhibiting TG synthesis in the liver. In multiple regression models that also included visceral and total fat, free fatty acids, TGs, and IMCL, either alone or in combination, adiponectin independently predicted insulin sensitivity, consistent with some of its insulin‐sensitizing effects being mediated through mechanisms other than modulation of lipid metabolism. Because VAT directly correlated with total fat and all three indices of local lipid availability, free fatty acids, and IMCL, an efficient regression model of insulin sensitivity (R2 = 0.69, p < 0.0001) contained only VAT (part R2 = 0.12, p < 0.002) and adiponectin (part R2 = 0.41, p < 0.0001) as independent variables.Discussion: Given the broad range of total adiposity and body fat distribution in our cohort, we suggest that insulin sensitivity is robustly associated with adiponectin and VAT.
Use of Lifestyle Changes Treatment Plans and Drug Therapy in Controlling Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Factors
Authors: Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIntervention in weight management should begin before the onset of the metabolic syndrome. Therapeutic lifestyle changes (e.g., diet and physical activity) comprise the cornerstone of care for overweight and obese patients. Behavior modification approaches are useful in facilitating adherence to specific dietary regimens. Pharmacotherapy is an option for patients with a BMI >30 kg/m2 or for those with a BMI of 27 to 30 kg/m2 and two or more risk factors, who have failed on diet and exercise alone. To date, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved three weight loss agents: sibutramine, orlistat, and phentermine.
Potential Role of New Therapies in Modifying Cardiovascular Risk in Overweight Patients with Metabolic Risk Factors
Authors: Jensen Michael D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and endocannabinoid systems, as well as a host of other systems, mediate hunger and satiety signals. Weight loss agents that modulate appetite through pure central nervous system pathways (e.g., APD356, a selective serotonin receptor agonist) and peripheral signals to central nervous system pathways (e.g., cholecystokinin receptor agonists and ghrelin receptor antagonists) are in preclinical or early phase studies. Both devices and pharmacological compounds that facilitate weight loss and/or target multiple components of metabolic risk also are in development. One of the medications that has completed extensive phase III clinical trials and may become available in the foreseeable future is rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid 1‐receptor antagonist. Drugs that improve adipose tissue function or fatty acid metabolism (e.g., AOD9604) also are in clinical trials. Some currently available medications may reduce metabolic complications without treating obesity per se (e.g., acipimox, pioglitazone). Surgically implanted gastric pacemaker systems that modulate vagus nerve activity and delay gastric emptying are under study.
Blood–Brain Barrier and Energy Balance
Authors: Banks William A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in the transduction of signals between the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. It does so through several mechanisms, including the direct transport of peptides and regulatory proteins such as insulin and leptin. Another mechanism that may be important is the secretion by brain endothelial cells of substances that affect feeding, such as proinflammatory cytokines and NO. We have recently shown that the BBB is capable of receiving an input from one side and secreting a substance into the other. Additionally, BBB secretions can be modulated by substances that affect feeding, such as adiponectin and lipopolysaccharide.
Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ
Authors: Ahima Rexford S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAdipose tissue plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, not only in storing triglycerides, but also responding to nutrient, neural, and hormonal signals and secreting adipokines that control feeding, thermogenesis, immunity, and neuroendocrine function. A rise in leptin signals satiety to the brain through receptors in hypothalamic and brainstem neurons. Leptin activates tyrosine kinase, Janus kinase 2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, leading to increased levels of anorexigenic peptides, e.g., α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone and cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript, and inhibition of orexigenic peptides, e.g., neuropeptide Y and agouti‐related peptide. Obesity is characterized by hyperleptinemia and hypothalamic leptin resistance, partly caused by induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling‐3. Leptin falls rapidly during fasting and potently stimulates appetite, reduces thermogenesis, and mediates the inhibition of thyroid and reproductive hormones and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. These actions are integrated by the paraventicular hypothalamic nucleus. Leptin also decreases glucose and stimulates lipolysis through central and peripheral pathways involving AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). Adiponectin is secreted exclusively by adipocytes and has been linked to glucose, lipid, and cardiovascular regulation. Obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis have been associated with reduced adiponectin levels, whereas adiponectin treatment reverses these abnormalities partly through activation of AMPK in liver and muscle. Administration of adiponectin in the brain recapitulates the peripheral actions to increase fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity and reduce glucose. Although putative adiponectin receptors are widespread in peripheral organs and brain, it is uncertain whether adiponectin acts exclusively through these targets. As with leptin, adiponectin requires the central melanocortin pathway. Furthermore, adiponectin stimulates fatty acid oxidation and reduces glucose and lipids, at least in part, by activating AMPK in muscle and liver.
Effect of a Community‐Based Weight Management Program on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Authors: Graffagnino Cheryl L. , Falko James M. , La Londe Michelle , Schaumburg Joann , Hyek Michael F. , Shaffer Lynn E.T. , Snow Richard , Caulin‐Glaser Teresa 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of our retrospective database analysis was to describe and evaluate the outcomes of a weight loss intervention in a community medical wellness center.Research Methods and Procedures: Four hundred eighteen overweight and obese adults entered the program between 2001 and 2004. Forty‐seven percent completed the 6‐month program designed using standards and recommendations established by the NIH, the American Dietetic Association, and the American Academy of Sports Medicine. Data analysis was limited to 198 participants (142 women, 56 men) completing the program.Results: Individuals completing the 6‐month program averaged a weight loss of 7.3% in men and 4.7% in women. Fasting lipids and blood glucose improved in both genders regardless of age. Outcomes including BMI and lipids improved in women regardless of menopausal status or hormone replacement therapy. There was a significant correlation between percentage weight loss and number of weekly counseling sessions attended and number of visits to the wellness center for exercise.Discussion: Participants who complete a structured community‐based weight management program can achieve significant weight loss and improvement in cardiovascular risk factors regardless of age, gender, or menopausal status. Our analysis suggests that national treatment guidelines/recommendations for weight management can be effectively implemented in a community medical wellness center. The relatively high drop‐out rate associated with this program suggests the need to identify strategies and techniques to enhance adherence and completion of programs.