bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation policy and the EU Habitats Directive: favourable conservation status as a measure of conservation success
Authors: Mehtälä Johanna , Vuorisalo Timo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Habitats Directive is the key instrument for biodiversity conservation in the European Union. In the Habitats Directive, maintenance or restoration of natural habitats and populations of wild species of Community interest at a favourable conservation status (FCS) is defined as an overall objective of conservation measures. We argue that the concept could serve as a realistic and useful measure of conservation success, as for as practical problems related to its application can be solved. The problems with FCS stem primarily from difficulties in organising comprehensive species and habitat monitoring networks at both the national and European scales, lack of data on historical changes in habitat and species distributions, habitat identification problems, difficulties in the study of habitat‐specific structures and functions, and scaling problems. We present conceptual clarifications to the concept, and recommend inclusion of within‐species genetic variability and functional characteristics of ecosystems into assessment of FCS. We also present recommendations on the establishment of nationally representative species and habitat monitoring networks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Microglia induce neurotoxicity via intraneuronal Zn2+ release and a K+ current surge
Authors: Knoch Megan E. , Hartnett Karen A. , Hara Hirokazu , Kandler Karl , Aizenman Elias 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMicroglial cells are critical components of the injurious cascade in a large number of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which microglia mediate neuronal cell death have not been fully delineated. We report here that reactive species released from activated microglia induce the liberation of Zn2+ from intracellular stores in cultured cortical neurons, with a subsequent enhancement in neuronal voltage‐gated K+ currents, two events that have been intimately linked to apoptosis. Both the intraneuronal Zn2+ release and the K+ current surge could be prevented by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, the free radical scavenging mixture of superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as by 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato iron(III) chloride. The enhancement of K+ currents was prevented by neuronal overexpression of metallothionein III or by expression of a dominant negative (DN) vector for the upstream mitogen‐activated protein kinase apoptosis signal regulating kinase‐1 (ASK‐1). Importantly, neurons overexpressing metallothionein‐III or transfected with DN vectors for ASK‐1 or Kv2.1‐encoded K+ channels were resistant to microglial‐induced toxicity. These results establish a direct link between microglial‐generated oxygen and nitrogen reactive products and neuronal cell death mediated by intracellular Zn2+ release and a surge in K+ currents. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pteridines. Part CXVIII
Authors: Heizmann Gerhard , Pfleiderer Wolfgang 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOur approach to achieve a partial synthesis of methanopterin (1) started from 6‐acetyl‐O4‐isopropyl‐7‐methylpterin (20) which was obtained either by condensation from 6‐isopropoxypyrimidine‐2,4,5‐triamine (19) and pentane‐2,3,4‐trione (6) or from 6‐isopropoxy‐5‐nitrosopyrimidine‐2,4‐diamine (21) and pentane‐2,4‐dione (=acetylacetone; 22) (Scheme 2). NaBH4 reduction of 20 led to 6‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐O4‐isopropyl‐7‐methylpterin (23) which was converted into the corresponding 6‐(1‐chloroethyl) and 6‐(1‐bromoethyl) derivatives 24 and 25. A series of nucleophilic displacement reactions in the side chain and at position 4 were performed as model reactions to give 26–29, 32–35, and 39–41. Hydrolysis of the substituents at C(4) led to the corresponding pterin derivatives 30, 31, 36–38, and 42. Analogously, 25 reacted with 1‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐1‐deoxy‐2,3: 4,5‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐ribitol (43), prepared from N‐(4‐bromophenyl)benzamide (47) via 49 and 50 to give 1‐{4‐{{1‐[2‐amino‐7‐methyl‐4‐(1‐methylethoxy)pteridin‐6‐yl]ethyl}amino}phenyl}‐1‐deoxy‐D‐ribitol (44) in 62% yield (Scheme 3). Acid cleavage of the isopropylidene groups at room temperature led to 45 and on boiling to 1‐{4‐{[1‐(2‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐7‐methyl‐4‐oxopteridin‐6‐yl)ethyl]amino}phenyl}‐1‐deoxy‐D‐ribitol (46). The next step, however, attachment of the ribofuranosyl moiety with 55 or 56 to the terminal 1‐deoxy‐D‐ribitol OH group could not been achieved. The second component, bis(4‐nitrobenzyl) 2‐{[(2‐cyanoethoxy)(diisopropylamino)phosphino]oxy}pentanedioate (61), to built‐up methanopterin (1) was synthesized from 2‐hydroxypentanedioic acid (59) and worked well in another model reaction on phosphitylation with N6‐benzoyl‐2′,3′‐O‐isopropylideneadenosine and oxidation to give 62 (Scheme 6).
Hydrogen Bonding of Fluorinated Saccharides in Solution: F Acting as H‐Bond Acceptor in a Bifurcated H‐Bond of 4‐Fluorinated Levoglucosans
Authors: Bernet Bruno , Vasella Andrea 
Published: October 2007

Abstract4‐Fluorinated levoglucosans were synthesised to test if OH⋅⋅⋅F H‐bonds are feasible even when the O⋅⋅⋅F distance is increased. The fluorinated 1,6‐anhydro‐β‐D‐glucopyranoses were synthesised from 1,6 : 3,4‐dianhydro‐β‐D‐galactopyranose (8). Treatment of 8 with KHF2 and KF gave 43% of 4‐deoxy‐4‐fluorolevoglucosan (9), which was transformed into the 3‐O‐protected derivatives 13 by silylation and 15 by silylation, acetylation, and desilylation. 4‐Deoxy‐4‐methyllevoglucosan (19) and 4‐deoxylevoglucosan (21) were prepared as reference compounds that can only form a bivalent H‐bond from HOC(2) to OC(5). They were synthesised from the iPr3Si‐protected derivative of 8. Intramolecular bifurcated H‐bonds from HOC(2) to FC(4) and OC(5) of the 4‐fluorinated levoglucosans in CDCl3 solution are evidenced by the 1H‐NMR scalar couplings h1J(F,OH) and 3J(H,OH). The OH⋅⋅⋅F H‐bond over an O⋅⋅⋅F distance of ca. 3.0 Å is thus formed in apolar solvents, at least when favoured by the simultaneous formation of an OH⋅⋅⋅O H‐bond.
Distribution of Platinum Particles in the Bimodal Micropore System of Activated Carbon
Authors: Onyestyák György 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPlatinum (Pt)/activated‐carbon catalysts were prepared and characterized by pore‐size distribution (PSD), propane‐sorption dynamics, and activity of cyclohexane dehydrogenation to benzene. The batch‐type frequency‐response (FR) spectroscopic technique was applied to determine the mass‐transport rate of propane sorption. Two parallel sorption processes of different time constants were distinguished, suggesting that adsorption proceeds in smaller and larger micropores that are not interconnected. Increasing Pt loading affected the propane mobility, but increased the dehydrogenation activity only up to ca. 1 wt‐% of Pt content. It was concluded that clusters of metallic Pt‐atoms are located preferentially at the narrowest pores. Blocking these micropores, the Pt reduces the carbon surface available for sorption; also, a significant fraction of the metal becomes inaccessible for the reactant.
Structural and Biological Properties of Vermistatin and Two New Vermistatin Derivatives Isolated from the Marine‐Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Guignardia sp. No. 4382
Authors: Xia Xue‐Kui , Huang Hua‐Rong , She Zhi‐Gang , Cai Ji‐Wen , Lan Liu , Zhang Jian‐Ye , Fu Li‐Wu , Vrijmoed L. L. P. , Lin Yong‐Cheng 
Published: October 2007

AbstractVermistatin (=(3R)‐4,6‐dimethoxy‐3‐{4‐oxo‐6‐[(1E)‐prop‐1‐en‐1‐yl]‐4H‐pyran‐3‐yl}‐2‐benzofuran‐1(3H)‐one; 1) and two new vermistatin derivatives, compounds 2 and 3, were isolated from the fungal strain Guignardia sp. No. 4382 obtained from the South‐China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by various methods, including circular dichroism (CD), 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, and HR‐EI‐MS. The structures of 1 and 2 were unequivocally corroborated by X‐ray crystallography, and their absolute configurations were derived by CD spectroscopy based on a literature comparison. The in vitro cytotoxic and antifungal activities of 1 and 2 were tested.
A comparative analysis of simulated and observed landslide locations triggered by Hurricane Camille in Nelson County, Virginia
Authors: Morrissey Meghan M. , Wieczorek Gerald F. , Morgan Ben A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn 1969, Nelson County, Virginia received up to 71 cm of rain within 12 h starting at 7 p.m. on August 19. The total rainfall from the storm exceeded the 1000‐year return period in the region. Several thousands of landslides were induced by rainfall associated with Hurricane Camille causing fatalities and destroying infrastructure. We apply a distributed transient response model for regional slope stability analysis to shallow landslides. Initiation points of over 3000 debris flows and effects of flooding from this storm are applied to the model. Geotechnical data used in the calculations are published data from samples of colluvium. Results from these calculations are compared with field observations such as landslide trigger location and timing of debris flows to assess how well the model predicts the spatial and temporal distribution of landslide initiation locations. The model predicts many of the initiation locations in areas where debris flows are observed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐I receptor, E‐cadherin and αv integrin form a dynamic complex under the control of α‐catenin
Authors: Canonici Alexandra , Steelant Wim , Rigot Véronique , Khomitch‐Baud Alexandra , Boutaghou‐Cherid Hikma , Bruyneel Erik , Van Roy Frans , Garrouste Françoise , Pommier Gilbert , André Frédéric 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDynamic crosstalk between cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix and soluble informative factors is essential for cancer cell migration and invasion. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which the E‐cadherin/catenin complex and αv integrin can modulate insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I)‐induced cell migration. Human colon mucosa, human colon cancer cell lines, HT29‐D4 and HCT‐8 derivatives that differ in their expression of α‐catenin, were used as models. Interactions between E‐cadherin, αv integrin and IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR) were analyzed by coimmunoprecipitation and immunolocalization experiments. The impact of these interactions on cell mobility was determined by haptotaxis assays. We report that αv integrin, E‐cadherin and IGF‐IR form a ternary complex in both cultured cancer cells and human normal colonic mucosa. α‐Catenin regulates the scaffolding of this complex. IGF‐IR ligation by IGF‐I induces the disruption of the complex and the relocalization of αv integrin from cell–cell contacts to focal contact sites. This perturbation is correlated with the observed increase in cell migration. These results suggest that regulation of the αv integrin/E‐cadherin/IGF‐IR scaffolding is essential for the modulation of cell mobility. Its alteration could be of major importance to sustain alterations in cell adhesion that occur during cancer cell invasion and metastasis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astaxanthin protects mesangial cells from hyperglycemia‐induced oxidative signaling
Authors: Manabe Emiko , Handa Osamu , Naito Yuji , Mizushima Katsura , Akagiri Satomi , Adachi Satoko , Takagi Tomohisa , Kokura Satoshi , Maoka Takashi , Yoshikawa Toshikazu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAstaxanthin (ASX) is a carotenoid that has potent protective effects on diabetic nephropathy in mice model of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the protective mechanism of ASX on the progression of diabetic nephropathy using an in vitro model of hyperglycemia, focusing on mesangial cells. Normal human mesangial cells (NHMCs) were cultured in the medium containing normal (5 mM) or high (25 mM) concentrations of D‐glucose. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the activation of nuclear transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1), and the expression/production of transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGFβ1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) were evaluated in the presence or absence of ASX. High glucose (HG) exposure induced significant ROS production in mitochondria of NHMCs, which resulted in the activation of transcription factors, and subsequent expression/production of cytokines that plays an important role in the mesangial expansion, an important event in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. ASX significantly suppressed HG‐induced ROS production, the activation of transcription factors, and cytokine expression/production by NHMCs. In addition, ASX accumulated in the mitochondria of NHMCs and reduced the production of ROS‐modified proteins in mitochondria. ASX may prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy mainly through ROS scavenging effect in mitochondria of mesangial cells and thus is expected to be very useful for the prevention of diabetic nephropathy. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1925–1937, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circular chromatic index of Cartesian products of graphs
Authors: West Douglas B. , Zhu Xuding 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe circular chromatic index of a graph G, written $\chi_{c}'(G)$, is the minimum r permitting a function $f : E(G)\rightarrow [0,r)$ such that $1 \le | f(e)-f(e')|\le r - 1$ whenever e and $e'$ are incident. Let $G = H$ □ $C_{2m +1}$, where □ denotes Cartesian product and H is an $(s-2)$‐regular graph of odd order, with $s \equiv 0 \, {\rm mod}\, 4$ (thus, G is s‐regular). We prove that $\chi_{c}'(G) \ge s +\lfloor \lambda(1 - 1/s)\rfloor^{-1}$, where $\lambda$ is the minimum, over all bases of the cycle space of H, of the maximum length of a cycle in the basis. When $H = C_{2k +1}$ and m is large, the lower bound is sharp. In particular, if $m \ge 3k + 1$, then $\chi_{c}'(C_{2k +1}$ □ $C_{2m + 1})=4 + \lceil {3k/2} \rceil^{-1}$, independent of m. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 57: 7–18, 2008
Physiologic reactivity to startling tones in female vietnam nurse veterans with PTSD
Authors: Carson Margaret A. , Metzger Linda J. , Lasko Natasha B. , Paulus Lynn A. , Morse Amanda E. , Pitman Roger K. , Orr Scott P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with larger heart rate (HR), skin conductance (SC), and eyeblink responses to sudden, loud tones. The present study tested this association in female nurse veterans with PTSD related to witnessing patients' death, severe injury and/or suffering during their Vietnam service. Nurses with current, past but not current, or who never had PTSD listened to 15 consecutive 95‐dB, 500‐ms, 1000‐Hz tones with sudden onsets, while HR, SC, and eyeblink responses were measured. Nurses with current PTSD produced significantly larger averaged HR, but not SC or eyeblink responses across tone trials. A larger HR response to loud tones is one of the most robust physiologic findings in PTSD and may reflect increased defensive responding.
Elevated heart rate as a predictor of PTSD six months following accidental pediatric injury
Authors: De Young Alexandra C. , Kenardy Justin A. , Spence Susan H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated the relationship between elevated heart rate (HR) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 6 months following accidental pediatric injury. The HR was taken in 101 children, aged 7 to 16 years, upon arrival at the hospital and again 24 hours following admission. Posttraumatic stress disorder was assessed 6 months later using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM‐IV (W. K. Silverman & A. M. Albano, 1996). Children who had an elevated HR (defined as greater than/equal to one standard deviation above the age and sex mean) at admission or 24 hours later were more likely to experience traumatic stress symptoms at 6 months. These findings suggest elevated HR could be used to aid in the early identification of children at risk of developing PTSD following a traumatic accident.
Different emotional memory consolidation in cancer survivors with and those without a history of intrusive recollection
Authors: Nagamine Mitsue , Matsuoka Yutaka , Mori Etsuro , Imoto Shigeru , Kim Yoshiharu , Uchitomi Yosuke 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe study examined emotional memory consolidation among cancer survivors with and without a history of intrusive recollection (IR). Eleven cancer survivors with a history of IR (IR+), 20 cancer survivors without a history of IR (IR−), and 20 healthy women were tested for emotional memory. The participants viewed emotionally arousing slides, and one week later, they were asked to return to the laboratory and were given an unexpected memory test to examine their retention of emotional memory. Only the IR− group did not show any significant enhancement in emotional memory, compared to neutral memory. These findings are discussed in light of possible inhibitory mechanisms of emotional memory consolidation.
Brain, skull, and cerebrospinal fluid volumes in adult posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Woodward Steven H. , Kaloupek Danny G. , Streeter Chris C. , Kimble Matthew O. , Reiss Allan L. , Eliez Stephan , Wald Lawrence L. , Renshaw Perry F. , Frederick Blaise B. , Lane Barton , Sheikh Javaid I. , Stegman Wendy K. , Kutter Catherine J. , Stewart Lorraine P. , Prestel Rebecca S. , Arsenault Ned J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractChildren and adolescents with maltreatment‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit smaller intracranial tissue volume than controls. Linear relationships have also been observed between intracranial tissue volume and the age of maltreatment onset. The authors explored associations among adult PTSD, early trauma, and cerebral volumes in 99 combat veterans. A bone‐based estimate of cranial volume was developed to adjust for variation in body size. Posttraumatic stress disorder was not associated with smaller cerebral tissue volume, but rather with smaller cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cranial volumes. These findings co‐occurred with expected effects of alcoholism and aging on cerebral tissue and CSF volumes. The results point to early developmental divergences between groups with and without PTSD following adult trauma.
Baroreceptor sensitivity at rest and during stress in women with posttraumatic stress disorder or major depressive disorder
Authors: Hughes Joel W. , Dennis Michelle F. , Beckham Jean C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and parasympathetic nervous system functioning was investigated during a baseline rest period and anger recall speaking task using noninvasive estimates of baroreceptor sensitivity. Participants (N = 124) were women categorized into one of four diagnostic groups: PTSD without major depressive disorder (MDD), PTSD with comorbid MDD, MDD without PTSD, and controls with neither psychiatric diagnosis. Women with PTSD (with or without MDD) exhibited significantly lower resting baroreceptor sensitivity than women not diagnosed with PTSD. Baroreceptor sensitivity decreased during the anger recall task, and the decrease was less among the psychiatric groups. Taken together, these findings suggest that PTSD is associated with reduced parasympathetic nervous system functioning.
Salivary cortisol levels and mood vary by lifetime trauma exposure in a sample of healthy women
Authors: Ganzel Barbara L. , Eckenrode John J. , Kim Pilyoung , Wethington Elaine , Horowitz Eric , Temple Elise 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe authors examined the effects of lifetime trauma exposure on salivary cortisol and mood in a sample of women (N = 37) over 25 days before and after a stressful event. The sample excluded posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression and was divided into three groups: (a) no trauma, (b) prior trauma with no peritraumatic symptoms of acute distress, and (c) prior trauma with peritraumatic symptoms. Because results indicated no significant differences between groups one and two, they were combined for analysis. Women reporting prior trauma with symptoms had lower afternoon cortisol levels across time, with sustained negative mood relative to the comparison group. These data suggest the presence of long‐term psychophysiological effects of trauma exposure in healthy women.
The rocks and hard places in psychotherapy outcome research
Authors: Schnurr Paula P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe field of traumatic stress has experienced significant growth in the number of psychotherapy treatment studies conducted, especially in the past 10 years. In this article, the author aims to help both the readers of this work and psychotherapy researchers by reviewing key concepts in trial design and discussing issues unique to psychotherapy (and other nonpharmacological interventions). The discussion is broad and nontechnical, particularly with respect to statistical issues. The focus is on between‐group randomized designs, and on outcome rather than process. Examples are drawn from posttraumatic stress disorder treatment studies to enhance relevance to the field of traumatic stress.
The crucial role of criterion A: A response to Maier's commentary
Authors: Weathers F. W. , Keane T. M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe thank Maier for his thoughtful comments (this issue, pp. 925–926) and appreciate the opportunity to further explicate our views regarding the Criterion A problem. According to Maier, the obvious conclusion to be drawn from our article (Weathers & Keane, 2007) is that Criterion A should be eliminated. We believe the opposite, given the current conceptual and empirical status of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) construct.
Assessment and control of confounding in trauma research
Authors: Kurth Tobias , Sonis Jeffrey 
Published: October 2007

AbstractConfounding is a central problem in nonexperimental trauma research. In this article, the authors review recent advances in the theoretical conception of confounding, with an emphasis on the counterfactual definition of confounding. The strengths and limitations of different techniques for controlling confounding are discussed. Special attention is given to propensity scores, a method that has been used widely in the health sciences, but only rarely in trauma research, in the last several years. The article is written for researchers who use data analytic methods to control confounding and for clinicians who read original research articles to inform their clinical practice. Guidelines to assess the appropriate use of multiple regression models and propensity scores are offered.
Determination of critical pitting temperatures by calcium chloride test, results of round‐robin test
Authors: Werner H. , Rommerskirchen I. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAt the Institute for Corrosion Protection (Institut für Korrosionsschutz) in Dresden, the CaCl2 test was developed to test high‐alloyed CrNiMo steels and NiCrMo alloys and was applied for pitting and crevice corrosion resistance tests of those materials and their weldments. This test was carried out as a potentiostatic test at 0.2VSCE in a solution of 4.5 mol/l CaCl2 with an initial pH value of 3.2. Investigations on the influence of filler material, heat treatment and varying heat inputs per unit length of the welds confirm the applicability of the test. With reference to the results from a round‐robin test carried out by a study group of the GfKORR working committee Corrosion Protection of Iron and Steel (Korrosionsschutz von Eisen und Stahl) on material grade 2.4605 (alloy 59) and its weldments, the study group concludes that, in research projects, the CaCl2 test is a good test to characterise the localised corrosion behaviour of welded joints of high‐alloyed CrNiMo steels and NiCrMo alloys. However, to use it as quality assurance test would be too complex and susceptible to individual measuring differences.