bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Odd Sound Processing in the Sleeping Brain
Authors: Ruby Perrine , Caclin Anne , Boulet Sabrina , Delpuech Claude , Morlet Dominique 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
How does the sleeping brain process external stimuli, and in particular, up to which extent does the sleeping brain detect and process modifications in its sensory environment? In order to address this issue, we investigated brain reactivity to simple auditory stimulations during sleep in young healthy subjects. Electroencephalogram signal was acquired continuously during a whole night of sleep while a classical oddball paradigm with duration deviance was applied. In all sleep stages, except Sleep Stage 4, a mismatch negativity (MMN) was unquestionably found in response to deviant tones, revealing for the first time preserved sensory memory processing during almost the whole night. Surprisingly, during Sleep Stage 2 and paradoxical sleep, both P3a-like and P3b-like components were identified after the MMN, whereas a P3a alone followed the MMN in wakefulness and in Sleep Stage 1. This totally new result suggests elaborated processing of external stimulation during sleep. We propose that the P3b-like response could be associated to an active processing of the deviant tone in the dream's consciousness.
The Role of the Right Prefrontal Cortex in Self-evaluation of the Face: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Morita Tomoyo , Itakura Shoji , Saito Daisuke N. , Nakashita Satoshi , Harada Tokiko , Kochiyama Takanori , Sadato Norihiro 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Individuals can experience negative emotions (e.g., embarrassment) accompanying self-evaluation immediately after recognizing their own facial image, especially if it deviates strongly from their mental representation of ideals or standards. The aim of this study was to identify the cortical regions involved in self-recognition and self-evaluation along with self-conscious emotions. To increase the range of emotions accompanying self-evaluation, we used facial feedback images chosen from a video recording, some of which deviated significantly from normal images. In total, 19 participants were asked to rate images of their own face (SELF) and those of others (OTHERS) according to how photogenic they appeared to be. After scanning the images, the participants rated how embarrassed they felt upon viewing each face. As the photogenic scores decreased, the embarrassment ratings dramatically increased for the participant's own face compared with those of others. The SELF versus OTHERS contrast significantly increased the activation of the right prefrontal cortex, bilateral insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral occipital cortex. Within the right prefrontal cortex, activity in the right precentral gyrus reflected the trait of awareness of observable aspects of the self; this provided strong evidence that the right precentral gyrus is specifically involved in self-face recognition. By contrast, activity in the anterior region, which is located in the right middle inferior frontal gyrus, was modulated by the extent of embarrassment. This finding suggests that the right middle inferior frontal gyrus is engaged in self-evaluation preceded by self-face recognition based on the relevance to a standard self.
Fractionation of the Component Processes Underlying Successful Episodic Encoding: A Combined fMRI and Divided-attention Study
Authors: Uncapher Melina R. , Rugg Michael D. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that attentional resources are necessary for the encoding of episodic memories, but the nature of the relationship between attention and neural correlates of encoding is unclear. Here we address this question using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a divided-attention paradigm in which competition for different types of attentional resources was manipulated. Fifteen volunteers were scanned while making animacy judgments to visually presented words and concurrently performing one of three tasks on auditorily presented words: male/female voice discrimination (control task), 1-back voice comparison (1-back task), or indoor/outdoor judgment (semantic task). The 1-back and semantic tasks were designed to compete for task-generic and task-specific attentional resources, respectively. Using the “remember/know” procedure, memory for the study words was assessed after 15 min. In the control condition, subsequent memory effects associated with later recollection were identified in the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus and in the left hippocampus. These effects were differentially attenuated in the two more difficult divided-attention conditions. The effects of divided attention seem, therefore, to reflect impairments due to limitations at both task-generic and task-specific levels. Additionally, each of the two more difficult divided-attention conditions was associated with subsequent memory effects in regions distinct from those showing effects in the control condition. These findings suggest the engagement of alternative encoding processes to those engaged in the control task. The overall pattern of findings suggests that divided attention can impact later memory in different ways, and accordingly, that different attentional resources, including task-generic and task-specific resources, make distinct contributions to successful episodic encoding.
Pentecostalisms in Nicaragua: General Aspects of their Foundations, Growth and Social Participation
Authors: Real Carlos Sediles 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article approaches the topic of Pentecostal movements in Nicaragua, taking into account their origin, establishment and development in the country. Deep questions are posited that allow to widen the discussion on some controversial aspects with regard to Pentecostalism, such as their numeric growth in a relatively short time; their most important theological foundations that have brought many to characterize them as a fundamentalist movement; and their recent participation in the political life of the country. These and other elements are open to a discussion to be developed in a wider and more systematic investigation.
A Statistical Model to Forecast Short-Term Atlantic Hurricane Intensity
Authors: Law Kevin T. , Hobgood Jay S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn alternative 24-h statistical hurricane intensity model is presented and verified for 13 hurricanes during the 2004–05 seasons. The model uses a new method involving a discriminant function analysis (DFA) to select from a collection of multiple regression equations. These equations were developed to predict the future 24-h wind speed increase and the 24-h pressure drop that were constructed from a dataset of 103 hurricanes from 1988 to 2003 that utilized 25 predictors of rapid intensification. The accuracy of the 24-h wind speed increase models was tested and compared with the official National Hurricane Center (NHC) 24-h intensity forecasts, which are currently more accurate on average than other 24-h intensity models. Individual performances are shown for Hurricanes Charley (2004) and Katrina (2005) along with a summary of all 13 hurricanes in the study. The average error for the 24-h wind speed increase models was 11.83 kt (1 kt = 0.5144 m s−1) for the DFA-selected models and 12.53 kt for the official NHC forecast. When the DFA used the correctly selected model (CSM) for the same cases, the average error was 8.47 kt. For the 24-h pressure reduction models, the average error was 7.33 hPa for the DFA-selected models, and 5.85 hPa for the CSM. This shows that the DFA performed well against the NHC, but improvements can still be made to make the accuracy even better.
A Numerical Study of the Effect of Dissipative Heating on Tropical Cyclone Intensity
Authors: Jin Yi , Thompson William T. , Wang Shouping , Liou Chi-Sann 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The impact of dissipative heating on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts is investigated using the U.S. Navy’s operational mesoscale model (the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System). A physically consistent method of including dissipative heating is developed based on turbulent kinetic energy dissipation to ensure energy conservation. Mean absolute forecast errors of track and surface maximum winds are calculated for eighteen 48-h simulations of 10 selected TC cases over both the Atlantic basin and the northwest Pacific. Simulation results suggest that the inclusion of dissipative heating improves surface maximum wind forecasts by 10%–20% at 15-km resolution, while it has little impact on the track forecasts. The resultant improvement from the inclusion of the dissipative heating increases to 29% for the surface maximum winds at 5-km resolution for Hurricane Isabel (2003), where dissipative heating produces an unstable layer at low levels and warms a deep layer of the troposphere. While previous studies depicted a 65 m s−1 threshold for the dissipative heating to impact the TC intensity, it is found that dissipative heating has an effect on the TC intensity when the TC is of moderate strength with the surface maximum wind speed at 45 m s−1. Sensitivity tests reveal that there is significant nonlinear interaction between the dissipative heating from the surface friction and that from the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in the interior atmosphere. A conceptualized description is given for the positive feedback mechanism between the two processes. The results presented here suggest that it is necessary to include both processes in a mesoscale model to better forecast the TC structure and intensity.
Use of a Rain Gauge Network to Infer the Influence of Environmental Factors on the Propagation of Quasi-Linear Convective Systems in West Africa
Authors: Schrage Jon M. , Fink Andreas H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The West African squall line is a key quasi-linear storm system that brings much of the precipitation observed in the data-poor Sudanian climate zone. Squall lines propagate at a wide range of speeds and headings, but the lack of operational radar stations in the region makes quantifying the propagation of the squall lines difficult. A new method of estimating the propagation rate and heading for squall lines is proposed. Based on measurements of the time of onset of precipitation (OOP) at a network of rain gauge stations, an estimate of the propagation characteristics of the squall line can be inferred. By combining estimates of propagation rate with upper-air observations gathered at a nearby radiosonde station, the impact of various environmental factors on the propagation characteristics of West African squall lines is inferred. Results suggest that the propagation speed for West African squall lines is related to the conditions at midtropospheric levels, where dry air and an enhanced easterly flow favor faster propagation. Northerly anomalies at these levels are also associated with faster propagation. When applied to West African squall lines, the correlations between these environmental factors and the speed of propagation are significantly higher than those of methods developed for mesoscale convective systems in other parts of the world.
Discrimination of Mesoscale Convective System Environments Using Sounding Observations
Authors: Cohen Ariel E. , Coniglio Michael C. , Corfidi Stephen F. , Corfidi Sarah J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The prediction of the strength of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is a major concern to operational meteorologists and the public. To address this forecast problem, this study examines meteorological variables derived from sounding observations taken in the environment of quasi-linear MCSs. A set of 186 soundings that sampled the beginning and mature stages of the MCSs are categorized by their production of severe surface winds into weak, severe, and derecho-producing MCSs. Differences in the variables among these three MCS categories are identified and discussed. Mean low- to upper-level wind speeds and deep-layer vertical wind shear, especially the component perpendicular to the convective line, are excellent discriminators among all three categories. Low-level inflow relative to the system is found to be an excellent discriminator, largely because of the strong relationship of system severity to system speed. Examination of the mean wind and shear vectors relative to MCS motion suggests that cell propagation along the direction of cell advection is a trait that separates severe, long-lived MCSs from the slower-moving, nonsevere variety and that this is favored when both the deep-layer shear vector and the mean deep-layer wind are large and nearly parallel. Midlevel environmental lapse rates are found to be very good discriminators among all three MCS categories, while vertical differences in equivalent potential temperature and CAPE only discriminate well between weak and severe/derecho MCS environments. Knowledge of these variables and their distribution among the different categories of MCS intensity can be used to improve forecasts and convective watches for organized convective wind events.
Macro Theoretical Approaches to Public Policy Analysis: The Fiscal Crisis of American Cities
Authors: Teune Henry 
Published: October 2007

Most empirical research on the consequences of public policy follow a mirco, "historical," and incremental approach. Thus, the validity of the predictions have limited generality. A macro, theoretical, and structural approach is presented as an alternative. Such a reorientation to public policy analysis will not only provide understanding of the context of policy predictions, but also opportunities for test ing them both historically and comparatively. It would also bring together social science theory and policy research. This approach is illustrated with three macro structural theories of the urban fiscal crisis in the U.S.—the conflict between political demand for welfare and capital for economic growth; the decline of the city as a political force in national politics of economic distribution; and the changing techno logical base of cities and their economic viability. Each of these theories provide for different interpretations and predic tions of policies that are likely to be effective in achieving collective goals.
Employers' Associations Developments
Authors: De Vyver Frank T. 
Published: October 2007

A Financial Review report dated December 20, 1971, gave some indication of a coming change in the relations among the employer associations in Australia. According to this report, "In a move presaging tighter employer links on the industrial scene, the Associated Chambers of Manufactures and the Australian Council of Employers' Federations this week will merge their industrial departments." 1 Perhaps because neither of these organizations has been registered under the arbitration system there appears to have been little of the outcry against consolidation that greeted the announcement that three large metal trades unions were combining. Or perhaps the calmness with which the report was apparently greeted is because individual employers have shown a tendency to put self-interest first, thus announcements of co-operation may be followed by less "matiness" than found among trade union members.
The Relation of Orientation to Physical Properties of Cottons and Rayons
Authors: Morey D.R. 
Published: October 2007

By using a spectrophotometer to indicate the polarization of fluorescent light from dyed fibres, it is possible to measure at one time the average orientation over hundreds of fibres, in contrast to the microscopic areas previously investigated. Applying the method to cottons, a correlation is found between the observed orientation value and tensile strength. Results are more conclusive on rayons, and show a definite relation between orientation and physical properties when it is certain that orientation is the only quantity being varied. This relation is extremely sensitive to other variables, some of which are not easily recognized or isolated. Therefore great caution must attend any attempt to generalize the effect or role of orientation. It is suggested that a process of orientation affects the physical properties not only through increasing the contact area between micelles, but also by rearranging and changing the potential energy of the more amorphous material between the regions of good regularity (micelles). The anomalous behavior of the method with delustered rayons, and its behavior with different dyes, are discussed.
The Base-Combining Capacity of Wool
Authors: Harris Milton , Rutherford Henry A. 
Published: October 2007

It is shown that the failure of wool to reach equilibrium with alkaline solutions under the conditions of titration experiments is due to the reaction of base with the disulfide groups of the cystine. The results indicate that the extent of this reaction can be determined. The data also afford confirmation of the earlier observation that the alkali degradation of the cystine in wool involves the loss of only one sulfur atom from each cystine residue. The apparent base-combining capacity increases with increasing duration of contact of wool with alkali and with increasing temperature, but the intrinsic base-combining capacity, obtained by making corrections for the dissolved, protein and for the base bound by the sulfhydryl groups, becomes constant after approximately two hours. The most consistent data are obtained at a low temperature where, it appears, secondary reactions are greatly inhibited. Determination of the amount of base absorbed from solutions of various concentrations indicates that a limiting amount of about 0.7 millimole per gram of wool is reached above concentrations of about 0.2 N sodium hydroxicte. Because of discrepancies in the data obtained at concentrations greater than 0.3 N, it is suggested that this value be considered for the present as tentative.
Specification of Uniform Color Tolerances for Textiles
Authors: Judd Deane B. 
Published: October 2007

Work on methods of specifying uniform color tolerances for various materials has been going on at the National Bureau of Standards for several years. This paper describes the progress of this work, particularly as it relates to textile materials which offer special complications of their own. A formula for the purpose of expressing the size of color differences is derived for observing conditions characteristic of the color inspection of textiles. This formula is based upon the standard observer recommended in 1931 by the International Commission on Illumination and upon a co-ordinate system (the uniform-chromaticity-scale system) intended to give , equal spacing for equally perceptible chromaticity differences. An instrument designed particularly for the measurement of small chromaticity differences is described, together with its calibration in terms of the uniform-chromaticity-scale system. The chromaticity differences between 15 representative pairs of dyed woolen textiles supplied by the duPont Technical Laboratory have been measured by means of this instrumecnt ; lightness differences for the 15 pairs were evaluated by measurements of luminous apparent reflectance with a photoelectric reflectometer, and the color-difference formula has been applied to combine the chromaticity and lightness differences to form computed values of the color difference. These computed differences are compared with those obtained at the duPont Technical Laboratory by direct visual estimate and with differences similarly obtained at the National Bureau of Standards. Results by the formula have also been compared with two other proposals (Nutting, Nickerson) for evaluation of color differences between textile samples. It is concluded that the present formula agrees with direct visual estimate for the samples tested except for certain deep reds and blues. Some of these deviations are irregular, and possible reasons for the failure of the formula to apply to these samples are discussed. A majority of them are regular, however, and suggest how the formula can be improved to make it sufficiently accurate for practical and convenient specification of color tolerances for these colors also.
Identifying and Testing Communication Opportunities
Authors: Pessemier Edgar A. 
Published: October 2007

In developing an effective communication strategy, the sponsor of a good, service, or idea must make allowances for the differences in the characteristics of competing offerings and differences in the needs and perceptions of the individuals who buy and use these offerings. By aggregating individuals that display similar choice and use behavior, the procedures described here analyze groups whose members tend to share common perceptions of the relevant choice objects. Cognitive and affective data for these behavioral groups are used in a model that allows an analyst to predict changes in the share of choices which any specific communication strategy can achieve. By examining a range of possible communication strategies and accounting for all of the associated costs, the model will identify the most promising approach to improving the acceptance of a particular offering.
The Marketing/ Small Enterprise Paradox: A Research Agenda
Authors: Davis Charles D. , Hills Gerald E. , LaForge Raymond W. 
Published: October 2007

Charles H. Davis is Assistant Professor of Marketing at the Citadel, USA. Dr. Davis is actively involved in various small business research efforts. Gerald E. Hills is Professor of Marketing and holder of the Denton Thorne Chair in Small Business Enterprise at the University of Illinois at Chicago. His research efforts have focused on new venture creation issues. Raymond W. LaForge is Associate Professor of Marketing at Oklahoma State University. Dr. LaForge has concentrated his attention toward investigating marketing strategy differences between small and large firms. Research during the past decade has documented the important role of smaller firms in American society. Yet those in the marketing discipline have devoted little attention to the size of enterprise in various strategic marketing situations. The need to include small firms in marketing strategy research projects is discussed, and a number of specific propositions to guide initial small enterprise marketing strategy research efforts are presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of problems and approaches relevant to performing small firm marketing strategy research.
For an Effective Stimulation of Job Creation by the Creation of New Businesses
Authors: Ettinger Jean-Claude , Fromont Igor 
Published: October 2007

Jean-Claude Ettinger, Commercial Engineer and Doctor in Applied Economics, is Professor at the Business School of the Universite Libre ae Bruxelles, Belgium. In addition to his teaching responsibilities in various university programmes, he is involved in the conception and co-ordination of continuing training activities for executives and business creators. His research interests are focused on business start-ups as well as the role of smalland medium-sized businesses in technological innovation. Igor Fromont, Commercial Engineer from Universit6 Libre de Bruxelles, is interested in the development of advanced technologies within small- and medium- sized businesses. Starting from a typology of the entrepreneur developed in earlier publications, the present paper proposes lines of action for policy stimulatory to the creation of businesses which will generate jobs. The orientations of such policy implies the valorisation of the entrepreneurial behaviour, capable of positively stimulating the creators of organisations.