bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonrepresentativeness of Human Mobility Data and its Impact on Modeling Dynamics of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Evaluation
Authors: Liu Chuchu , Holme Petter , Lehmann Sune , Yang Wenchuan , Lu Xin 
Published: April 2024

Background
In recent years, a range of novel smartphone-derived data streams about human mobility have become available on a near–real-time basis. These data have been used, for example, to perform traffic forecasting and epidemic modeling. During the COVID-19 pandemic in particular, human travel behavior has been considered a key component of epidemiological modeling to provide more reliable estimates about the volumes of the pandemic’s importation and transmission routes, or to identify hot spots. However, nearly universally in the literature, the representativeness of these data, how they relate to the underlying real-world human mobility, has been overlooked. This disconnect between data and reality is especially relevant in the case of socially disadvantaged minorities.

Objective
The objective of this study is to illustrate the nonrepresentativeness of data on human mobility and the impact of this nonrepresentativeness on modeling dynamics of the epidemic. This study systematically evaluates how real-world travel flows differ from census-based estimations, especially in the case of socially disadvantaged minorities, such as older adults and women, and further measures biases introduced by this difference in epidemiological studies.

Methods
To understand the demographic composition of population movements, a nationwide mobility data set from 318 million mobile phone users in China from January 1 to February 29, 2020, was curated. Specifically, we quantified the disparity in the population composition between actual migrations and resident composition according to census data, and shows how this nonrepresentativeness impacts epidemiological modeling by constructing an age-structured SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected- Recovered) model of COVID-19 transmission.

Results
We found a significant difference in the demographic composition between those who travel and the overall population. In the population flows, 59% (n=20,067,526) of travelers are young and 36% (n=12,210,565) of them are middle-aged (P<.001), which is completely different from the overall adult population composition of China (where 36% of individuals are young and 40% of them are middle-aged). This difference would introduce a striking bias in epidemiological studies: the estimation of maximum daily infections differs nearly 3 times, and the peak time has a large gap of 46 days.

Conclusions
The difference between actual migrations and resident composition strongly impacts outcomes of epidemiological forecasts, which typically assume that flows represent underlying demographics. Our findings imply that it is necessary to measure and quantify the inherent biases related to nonrepresentativeness for accurate epidemiological surveillance and forecasting.
A Robust Generative Adversarial Network Approach for Climate Downscaling and Weather Generation
Authors: Rampal Neelesh , Gibson Peter B , Sherwood Steven , Abramowitz Gab , Hobeichi Sanaa 
Published: April 2024

Anticipating climate impacts and risks in present or future climates
requires predicting the statistics of high-impact weather events at
fine-scales. Direct numerical simulations of fine-scale weather are
computationally too expensive for many uses. While regression-based
(deep-learning or statistical) downscaling of low-resolution climate
simulations is several orders of magnitude faster than direct numerical
simulations, it suffers from several limitations. These limitations
include the tendency to regress to the mean, which produces excessively
smooth predictions and underestimates the magnitude of extreme events.
Additionally, they also fail to preserve statistical measures that are
key for climate research. We use a conditional GAN (c-GAN) architecture
to downscale daily precipitation as a Regional Climate Model (RCM)
emulator. The c-GAN generates plausible residuals on top of the
predictable expectation state produced by a regression-based DL
algorithm. The skill of c-GANs is highly sensitive to a hyperparameter
known as the weight of the adversarial loss (λadv), and
the value of λadv required for accurate results varies
with season and performance metric, casting doubt on the robustness of
c-GANs as usually implemented. But, by applying a simple intensity
constraint to the loss function, it is possible to obtain robust
performance results across λadv spanning two orders of
magnitude. C-GANs are considerably more skillful in capturing
climatological statistics including the distribution and spatial
characteristics of extreme events. We expect c-GANs with this
modification to be readily transferable to other problems and time
periods, making them a useful weather generator for representing extreme
event statistics in present and future climates.
Air quality forecasts with observation-based scaling of anthropogenic emissions for urban agglomerations
Authors: Deroubaix Adrien Michel , Brasseur Guy P. , Andrade Maria de Fatima , Peralta Alejandro , franke Phiipp , Gavidia-Calderon Mario , Hoelzemann Judith Johanna , Jiang Fei , Labuhn Inga , MENUT Laurent , Rosário Nilton , Siour Guillaume , Ynoue rita Yuri 
Published: April 2024

Forecasting urban air quality is important for protecting public health,
but current model forecasts are often limited by an inaccurate
prescription of pollutant emissions from human activities. We developed
a new approach that improves air quality forecasts by adjusting emission
prescription based on observed concentrations in urban agglomerations
for key pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds. Applying
this new approach to the São Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil, we
compared forecasted and observed pollutant concentrations (from 6
February to 17 April 2023). Using adjusted emission significantly
improved air quality forecasts for São Paulo, especially for ozone
levels after adjusting estimates of volatile organic compound
emissions. However, the forecast of particulate matter concentrations
remained challenging due to their links with gaseous pollutants. Our
study demonstrates the potential of using observed concentrations in
urban agglomerations to improve air quality forecasts. Extending this
approach to other urban agglomerations can help refine emission
estimates and improve regional air quality forecasts, enabling better
decision making for health protection.
Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes and Tirzepatide Treatment: A Post Hoc Analysis From the SURPASS Clinical Trial Program
Authors: Zeitler Philip , Galindo Rodolfo J. , Davies Melanie J. , Bergman Brandon K. , Thieu Vivian T. , Nicolay Claudia , Allen Sheryl , Heine Robert J. , Lee Clare J. 
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVE
We evaluated baseline characteristics of participants with early-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) from the SURPASS program and tirzepatide’s effects on glycemic control, body weight (BW), and cardiometabolic markers.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This post hoc analysis compared baseline characteristics and changes in mean HbA1c, BW, waist circumference (WC), lipids, and blood pressure (BP) in 3,792 participants with early-onset versus later-onset T2D at week 40 (A Study of Tirzepatide [LY3298176] in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Not Controlled With Diet and Exercise Alone [SURPASS-1] and A Study of Tirzepatide [LY3298176] Versus Semaglutide Once Weekly as Add-on Therapy to Metformin in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes [SURPASS-2]) or week 52 (A Study of Tirzepatide [LY3298176] Versus Insulin Degludec in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes [SURPASS-3]). Analyses were performed by study on data from participants while on assigned treatment without rescue medication in case of persistent hyperglycemia.

RESULTS
At baseline in SURPASS-2, participants with early-onset versus later-onset T2D were younger with longer diabetes duration (9 vs. 7 years, P &lt; 0.001) higher glycemic levels (8.5% vs. 8.2%, P &lt; 0.001), higher BW (97 vs. 93 kg, P &lt; 0.001) and BMI (35 vs. 34 kg/m2, P &lt; 0.001), and a similarly abnormal lipid profile (e.g., triglycerides 167 vs. 156 mg/dL). At week 40, similar improvements in HbA1c (−2.6% vs. −2.4%), BW (−14 vs. −13 kg), WC (−10 vs. −10 cm), triglycerides (−26% vs. −24%), HDL (7% vs. 7%), and systolic BP (−6 vs. −7 mmHg) were observed in both subgroups with tirzepatide.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite younger age, participants with early-onset T2D from the SURPASS program had higher glycemic levels and worse overall metabolic health at baseline versus those with later-onset T2D. In this post hoc analysis, similar improvements in HbA1c, BW, and cardiometabolic markers were observed with tirzepatide, irrespective of age at T2D diagnosis. Future studies are needed to determine long-term outcomes of tirzepatide in early-onset T2D.
Trends in Incidence of Hospitalization for Hypoglycemia and Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Individuals With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes With and Without Severe Mental Illness in Denmark From 1996 to 2020: A Nationwide Study
Authors: Scheuer Stine H. , Andersen Gregers S. , Carstensen Bendix , Diaz Lars , Kosjerina Vanja , Lindekilde Nanna , Wild Sarah H. , Jackson Caroline A. , Pouwer Frans , Benros Michael E. , Jørgensen Marit E. 
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVE
To examine trends in incidence of acute diabetes complications in individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes with and without severe mental illness (SMI) in Denmark by age and calendar year.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a cohort study using nationwide registers from 1996 to 2020 to identify individuals with diabetes, ascertain SMI status (namely, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression) and identify the outcomes: hospitalization for hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of recurrent hypoglycemia and DKA events by SMI, age, and calendar year, accounting for sex, diabetes duration, education, and country of origin.

RESULTS
Among 433,609 individuals with diabetes, 8% had SMI. Risk of (first and subsequent) hypoglycemia events was higher for individuals with SMI than for those without SMI (for first hypoglycemia event, IRR: type 1 diabetes, 1.77 [95% CI 1.56–2.00]; type 2 diabetes, 1.64 [95% CI 1.55–1.74]). Individuals with schizophrenia were particularly at risk for recurrent hypoglycemia events. The risk of first DKA event was higher in individuals with SMI (for first DKA event, IRR: type 1 diabetes, 1.78 [95% CI 1.50–2.11]; type 2 diabetes, 1.85 [95% CI 1.64–2.09]). Except for DKA in the type 2 diabetes group, IR differences between individuals with and without SMI were highest in younger individuals (&lt;50 years old) but stable across the calendar year.

CONCLUSIONS
SMI is an important risk factor for acute diabetes complication and effective prevention is needed in this population, especially among the younger population and those with schizophrenia.
PERSONIFIKASI, DEPERSONIFIKASI, DAN MAKNA KIAS DALAM LIRIK LAGU WAGAKKI BAND
Authors: Azhari Fitri , Haryono Haryono , Kurniawan Eko 
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini berjudul Personifikasi, Depersonifikasi, Dan Makna Kias Dalam Lirik Lagu Wagakki Band. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) mendeskripsikan penggunaan personifikasi dan depersonifikasi dalam lirik lagu Wagakki Band. 2) Mendeskripsikan makna kias yang terkandung dalam lirik lagu Wagakki Band. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara metode simak catat. Data dalam penelitian berupa penggalan lirik lagu yang mengandung gaya bahasa personifikasi dan depersonifikasi. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 19 buah kumpulan lirik lagu Wagakki Band. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, dari 19 buah lirik lagu ditemukan 17 penggunaan gaya bahasa personifikasi dan 13 penggunaan gaya bahasa depersonifikasi dengan ragam frasa yang ditemukan yaitu 14 penggunaan frasa verba, 8 pengggunaan frasa nomina, dan 8 penggunaan frasa adjektiva. Penggunaan gaya bahasa tersebut memunculkan makna kias yang tidak mendeskripsikan arti yang sebenarnya dan membuat lirik dalam lagu semakin indah.
The Urgency of Islamic Universities in Building Student Character Based on Religious Moderation in the Digital Age
Authors: Sarawati Tia , Mubarok Muhamad Sofi 
Published: April 2024

Moderasi beragama dalam era digital saat ini membawa mahasiswa untuk berpikir lebih luas dengan informasi yang mudah didapat. Moderasi beragama menemukan relevansinya untuk dikokohkan di atas dasar filosofi universal dalam konstruk pengembangan keilmuan di Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam (PTKI). Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengkaji pentingnya Perguruan Tinggi Islam dalam membangun karakter moderasi beragama pada mahasiswa di era digital yakni dengan memanfaatkan media sosial yang ada. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, Teknik pengumpulan data dengan studi pustaka (library research). Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis isi (content analysis). Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu moderasi beragama menjadi basis penguatan paham keagamaan melalui ruang digital yang memiliki karakteristik multitasking untuk mengokohkan pemahaman keagamaan yang moderat, toleran dan penuh kasih sayang. Pentingnya karakter berbasis moderasi beragama bagi mahasiswa yaitu untuk membangun citra sebagai manusia yang kamil dan umat yang khair secara pribadi maupun kolektif yang bersedia dan mampu mengemban amanah dengan menumbuhkan karakter moderasi beragama. Penyampaian moderasi beragama media sosial dapat digunakan sebagai sarana kajian dan dakwah secara daring dan menyebarluaskan paham sikap moderasi beragama. Konten di media sosial yang mengangkat topik mengenai moderasi beragama sudah banyak tersebar dan diciptakan. Hal tersebut umumnya tersebar melalui beberapa media sosial yaitu Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, dan TikTok
Visual and quantitative assessment of interim <sup>18</sup>F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography in children with Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Dunaikin M. M. , Shestopalov G. I. , Yadgarov M. Ya. , Kailash Ch. , Kireeva E. D. , Myakova N. V. , Likar Yu. N. 
Published: April 2024

The use of risk-adaptive therapy in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) makes it possible to de-escalate treatment protocols, thereby decreasing the incidence of long-term adverse effects. Metabolic remission as detected by interim positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) performed after 2 cycles of chemotherapy is a prognostic factor that could guide further treatment. The generally accepted Deauville 5-point scale (DS) used for the visual assessment of interim PET/CT scans may be prone to inaccuracies. One of the suggested ways to address this problem is to use a quantitative evaluation method (qPET). The aim of our study was to determine the level of discrepancy between DS assigned after visual (vDS) and quantitative (qDS) assessment of detected lesions on interim PET/CT images in children with HL. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology. Interim PET/CT scans of 115 patients with HL (the median age was 14 years) were retrospectively analyzed using the quantitative (qPET) method to determine qDS. Baseline PET/CT scan findings and medical history data were available for all patients. All imaging studies were performed at the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology between June 2016 and March 2023. Our results showed that with the above approach (availability of initial PET/CT scans and access to the patient’s medical history), discordance between vDS and qDS was about 30%. There was no difference in the patients with a DS of 4 and 5. In other cases, in 31 (27%) patients, vDS and qDS differed by one score: 25 patients with a qDS of 2 had a vDS of 3; 6 patients with a qDS of 3 had a vDS of 4. Factors independently associated with event-free survival were vDS (hazard ratio (HR) 2.49 (1.26–4.93), p = 0.009) and the presence of a bulky tumor (HR 3.12 (1.10–9.64), p = 0.048). Our comparative analysis revealed a discrepancy between the findings obtained by the visual and quantitative assessment methods. In our study, there were no cases of vDS underestimation and, as a consequence, no patients underwent treatment de-escalation. In HL patients with good tumor volume reduction on CT but ambiguous results of interim PET/CT evaluation performed using the vDS (especially in case of DS4 or DS3), quantification software should be used.
The use of blinatumomab in children with de novo Ph-negative B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia and slow clearance of minimal residual disease
Authors: Popov A. M. , Rumyantseva Yu. V. , Mikhailova E. V. , Bydanov O. I. , Zerkalenkova E. A. , Olshanskaya Yu. V. , Verzhbitskaya T. Yu. , Permikin Zh. V. , Tsaur G. A. , Lagoyko S. N. , Zharikova L. I. , Myakova N. V. , Ponomareva N. I. , Boychenko E. G. , Fechina L. G. , Novichkova G. A. , Karachunskiy A. I. 
Published: April 2024

Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and slow clearance of minimal residual disease (MRD) demonstrate a significantly worse outcome as compared to those with fast response to chemotherapy. Bispecific monoclonal antibody blinatumomab is the key drug for CD19-directed immunotherapy which opens wide opportunities for the elimination of MRD in patients with B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL). Aim of the study – to evaluate the effectiveness of blinatumomab for MRD elimination in children with BCP-ALL and slow MRD clearance treated by the “ALL-MB 2015” protocol. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology. Patients from the “ALL-MB 2015” trial who demonstrated slow MRD clearance at the end of induction were included in the current study. MRD monitoring was performed by multicolor flow cytometry modified with respect to possible CD19 loss during targeted treatment. Threshold of 0.001% was used for MRD positivity definition. Between February 2020 and August 2023, 228 children with de novo Ph-negative KMT2A-negative BCP-ALL were defined as slow MRD responders according to the criteria of the “Moscow-Berlin” group. Fifty of them were treated with blinatumomab because of slow MRD clearance. Blinatumomab course was given immediately after induction in 23 children, after Consolidation I – in 14 patients, after Consolidation II – in 11 patients, while two children received immunotherapy prior to maintenance. After completion of blinatumomab course, 23 patients continued protocol treatment, 21 received maintenance only, two were treated with high-risk blocks and four received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Only 2 of 50 (4.0 %) patients remained MRD-positive after completion of blinatumomab course. By the end of December 2023, only two adverse events were registered: one relapse and one remission death. Two-year event-free survival was 94.7 % (standard error 3.6 %), while cumulative incidence of relapse was 2.6 % (standard error 2.7 %). Outcome in these 50 patients was much better in comparison with 178 children with a slow MRD response who did not receive blinatumomab. The use of blinatumomab in children with de novo Ph-negative BCP-ALL with slow MRD clearance allows achieving MRD-negative remission in nearly all cases. Although a longer follow-up is necessary for the reliable conclusion of CD19-directed therapy effectiveness, the promising results are obtained in the current study in this unfavorable patient group.
Statistically significant improvement in hemophilia A control: a retrospective analysis of the effectiveness and safety of emicizumab in children with severe and inhibitor forms of hemophilia A
Authors: Petrov V. Yu. , Lavrentyeva I. N. , Vdovin V. V. , Svirin P. V. 
Published: April 2024

Hemophilia A presents a serious problem, especially in its severe and inhibitor forms, leading to severe bleeding and complications. The importance of studying the effectiveness and safety of new treatment approaches, particularly emicizumab, is undeniable for improving the quality of life of patients. Aim: to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of emicizumab in the prevention of bleeding in children with severe and inhibitor forms of hemophilia A. Ethical approval was not required since the study only involved the use of generalized retrospective data obtained during routine clinical practice. All data were depersonalized. A retrospective analysis of medical records of 45 children treated at the Morozov Children's Hospital from 2006 to 2022 was carried out. The study included two cohorts: those with severe hemophilia A and those with inhibitor forms. The analysis included an assessment of the frequency of bleeding and hemarthrosis episodes, hospital admissions, and adverse reactions. The analysis included data from 45 patients with hemophilia A who underwent treatment with emicizumab from 2018 to 2022. Of these, 30 children had a severe form of hemophilia A, and 15 had an inhibitor form. The median follow-up period for a severe form was 17 months, ranging from 12 to 23 months, while for an inhibitor form, it was 32 months, with a range of 11 to 51 months. In the group with severe hemophilia A, a statistically significant (p < 0.001) reduction in the frequency of all types of bleeding was observed: 96.7 % of children had no episodes of hemarthrosis during emicizumab therapy, compared to 46.7 % of patients previously treated with FVIII concentrates. No spontaneous hemarthrosis was registered. Similar results were observed in the group with an inhibitor form of hemophilia A: 93.3 % of children had no hemarthrosis episodes while using emicizumab compared to 13.3% during previous treatment with bypassing agents. Over the entire follow-up period, there were 3 bleedings in the cohort of children with severe hemophilia A and 1 bleeding in the cohort of children with inhibitor hemophilia A. Prior to the use of emicizumab, out of 391 bleeding episodes that occurred in 45 children, 218 were spontaneous. Adverse events were recorded in 7 children, manifesting as erythema at the injection site after the first or first and second emicizumab injections and resolving spontaneously. There were no other adverse events; 90 % of children with severe hemophilia A and 73.3 % of children with inhibitor hemophilia A did not report any adverse events during the use of emicizumab. Emicizumab demonstrates high effectiveness and safety in the treatment of children with severe hemophilia A, both with and without inhibitors. The drug significantly reduces the frequency of bleeding episodes and improves the quality of life of patients.