bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Code Summarization Models Process Too Much Information? Function Signature May Be All That Is Needed
Authors: Ding Xi , Peng Rui , Chen Xiangping , Huang Yuan , Bian Jing , Zheng Zibin 
Published: March 2024

With the fast development of large software projects, automatic code summarization techniques, which summarize the main functionalities of a piece of code using natural languages as comments, play essential roles in helping developers understand and maintain large software projects. Many research efforts have been devoted to building automatic code summarization approaches. Typical code summarization approaches are based on deep learning models. They transform the task into a sequence-to-sequence task, which inputs source code and outputs summarizations in natural languages. All code summarization models impose different input size limits, such as 50 to 10,000, for the input source code. However, how the input size limit affects the performance of code summarization models still remains under-explored. In this article, we first conduct an empirical study to investigate the impacts of different input size limits on the quality of generated code comments. To our surprise, experiments on multiple models and datasets reveal that setting a low input size limit, such as 20, does not necessarily reduce the quality of generated comments.
Based on this finding, we further propose to use function signatures instead of full source code to summarize the main functionalities first and then input the function signatures into code summarization models. Experiments and statistical results show that inputs with signatures are, on average, more than 2 percentage points better than inputs without signatures and thus demonstrate the effectiveness of involving function signatures in code summarization. We also invite programmers to do a questionnaire to evaluate the quality of code summaries generated by two inputs with different truncation levels. The results show that function signatures generate, on average, 9.2% more high-quality comments than full code.
Plasma Metabolites and Life’s Simple 7 in REGARDS
Authors: Kijpaisalratana Naruchorn , Ament Zsuzsanna , Patki Amit , Bhave Varun M. , Jones Alana C. , Couch Catharine A. , Garcia Guarniz Ana-Lucia , Cushman Mary , Long D. Leann , Judd Suzanne E. , Irvin M. Ryan , Kimberly W. Taylor 
Published: March 2024

BACKGROUND:
The American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) is a health metric that captures important factors associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health. Previous studies highlight the potential of plasma metabolites to serve as a marker for lifestyle and health behavior that could be a target for stroke prevention. The objectives of this study were to identify metabolites that were associated with LS7 and incident ischemic stroke and mediate the relationship between the two.

METHODS:
Targeted metabolomic profiling of 162 metabolites by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify candidate metabolites in a stroke case–cohort nested within the REGARDS study (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke). Weighted linear regression and weighted Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify metabolites that were associated with LS7 and incident ischemic stroke, respectively. Effect measures were based on a 1-SD change in metabolite level. Metabolite mediators were examined using inverse odds ratio weighting mediation analysis.

RESULTS:

The study comprised 1075 ischemic stroke cases and 968 participants in the random cohort sample. Three out of 162 metabolites were associated with the overall LS7 score including guanosine (β, −0.46 [95% CI, −0.65 to −0.27];
P
=2.87×10
−6
), cotinine (β, −0.49 [95% CI, −0.70 to −0.28];
P
=7.74×10
−6
), and acetylneuraminic acid (β, −0.59 [95% CI, −0.77 to −0.42];
P
=4.29×10
−11
). Guanosine (hazard ratio, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.31–1.65];
P
=6.97×10
−11
), cotinine (hazard ratio, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.16–1.44];
P
=2.09×10
−6
), and acetylneuraminic acid (hazard ratio, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.15–1.45];
P
=9.24×10
−6
) were associated with incident ischemic stroke. The mediation analysis identified guanosine (27% mediation, indirect effect;
P
=0.002), cotinine (30% mediation, indirect effect;
P
=0.004), and acetylneurminic acid (22% mediation, indirect effect;
P
=0.041) partially mediated the relationship between LS7 and ischemic stroke.

CONCLUSIONS:
We identified guanosine, cotinine, and acetylneuraminic acid that were associated with LS7, incident ischemic stroke, and mediated the relationship between LS7 and ischemic stroke.
Media Portrayals of Religion, Prayer Camps and Persons with Mental Illness in Ghana: A Discursive and Narrative Analysis
Authors: Benyah Francis Ethelbert Kwabena , Sjö Sofia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In Ghana, the situation of persons with mental illness is precarious. This is due, in part, to the inadequate resources for mental health care. Individuals and families whose relatives suffer from mental illness rely largely on faith-based resources. The media has sought to highlight aspects of the stigmatisation and rejection of the mentally ill. These reportages show the dilapidated conditions under which vulnerable persons are kept in religious institutions. They also highlight serious issues that need attention, but how exactly do they construct mental illness, religion, and Ghanaian society and do they challenge or uphold stigmatising notions about religion and the mentally ill? We use a discursive and narrative approach to unpack the depictions of three reportages and one official documentary about mental illness and religion in Ghana. We argue that stigmatisation prevails in the chosen videos, but the videos also do provide knowledge and understanding, however with varied focus on and insights into religious aspects of mental health care.
Observed Changes in Extreme Precipitation Associated with U.S. Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Uehling John , Schreck Carl J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Numerous recent tropical cyclones have caused extreme rainfall and flooding events in the CONUS. Climate change is contributing to heavier extreme rainfall around the world. Modeling studies have suggested that tropical cyclones may be particularly efficient engines for transferring the additional water vapor in the atmosphere into extreme rainfall. This paper develops a new indicator for climate change using the enhanced rainfall metric to evaluate how the frequency and/or intensity of extreme rainfall around tropical cyclones has changed. The enhanced rainfall metric relates the amount of rain from a storm over a given location to the 5-yr return period rainfall in that location to determine the severity of the event. The annual area exposed to tropical-cyclone-related 5-yr rainfall events is increasing, which makes it a compelling climate change indicator. Quantile regression illustrates that the distribution of tropical cyclone rainfall is also changing. For tropical storms, all quantiles are increasing. However, major hurricanes show large increases in their most extreme rainfall. This study does not attempt to make any detection claims (vs natural variability) or attribution of the observed trends to anthropogenic forcing. However, the sensitivity of the results to natural variability in tropical cyclone frequency was somewhat constrained by comparing 2 decades from the previous active era (1951–70) with two from the current era (2001–20). This comparison also shows that both the mean rainfall and the maximum rainfall associated with tropical cyclones are increasing over most areas of the eastern CONUS with the most significant increases from northern Alabama to the southern Appalachians.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes in frequency and magnitude of extreme precipitation events associated with tropical cyclones with the goal of developing a new indicator for climate change. This is important because heavy rainfall and associated flooding is one of the primary causes of tropical cyclone destruction and fatalities, especially in inland locations away from where storms initially make landfall. Our results show that both the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall events from tropical cyclones have increased over the CONUS. The strongest storms (major hurricanes) also show more of an increase in extreme rainfall than storms of weaker intensities.
Evaluation of Probabilistic Forecasts of Binary Events with the Neighborhood Brier Divergence Skill Score
Authors: Stein Joël , Stoop Fabien 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A procedure for evaluating the quality of probabilistic forecasts of binary events has been developed. This is based on a two-step procedure: pooling of forecasts on the one hand and observations on the other hand, on all the points of a neighborhood in order to obtain frequencies at the neighborhood length scale and then to calculate the Brier divergence for these neighborhood frequencies. This score allows the comparison of a probabilistic forecast and observations at the neighborhood length scale, and therefore, the rewarding of event forecasts shifted from the location of the observed event by a distance smaller than the neighborhood size. A new decomposition of this score generalizes that of the Brier score and allows the separation of the generalized resolution, reliability, and uncertainty terms. The neighborhood Brier divergence skill score (BDnSS) measures the performance of the probabilistic forecast against the sample climatology. BDnSS and its decomposition have been used for idealized and real cases in order to show the utility of neighborhoods when comparing at different scales the performances of ensemble forecasts between themselves or with deterministic forecasts or of deterministic forecasts between themselves.

Significance Statement
A pooling of forecasts on the one hand and observations on the other hand, on all the points of a neighborhood, is performed in order to obtain frequencies at the neighborhood scale. The Brier divergence is then calculated for these neighborhood frequencies to compare a probabilistic forecast and observations at the neighborhood scale. A new decomposition of this score generalizes that of the Brier score and allows the separation of the generalized resolution, reliability, and uncertainty terms. This uncertainty term is used to define the neighborhood Brier divergence skill score which is an alternative to the popular fractions skill score, with a more appropriate denominator.
Is Less Sometimes More? An Experimental Comparison of Four Measures of Perceived Usability
Authors: Gräve Elisa , Buchner Axel 
Published: March 2024

Objective In usability studies, the subjective component of usability, perceived usability, is often of interest besides the objective usability components, efficiency and effectiveness. Perceived usability is typically investigated using questionnaires. Our goal was to assess experimentally which of four perceived-usability questionnaires differing in length best reflects the difference in perceived usability between systems. Background Conventional measurement wisdom strongly favors multi-item questionnaires, as measures based on more items supposedly yield better results. However, this assumption is controversial. Single-item questionnaires also have distinct advantages and it has been shown repeatedly that single-item measures can be viable alternatives to multi-item measures. Method N = 1089 (Experiment 1) and N = 1095 (Experiment 2) participants rated the perceived usability of a good or a poor web-based mobile phone contract system using the 35-item ISONORM 9241/10 (Experiment 1 only), the 10-item System Usability Scale (SUS), the 4-item Usability Metric for User Experience (UMUX), and the single-item Adjective Rating Scale. Results The Adjective Rating Scale represented the perceived-usability difference between both systems at least as good as, or significantly better than, the multi-item questionnaires (significantly better than the UMUX and the ISONORM 9241/10 in Experiment 1, significantly better than the SUS in Experiment 2). Conclusion The single-item Adjective Rating Scale is a viable alternative to multi-item perceived-usability questionnaires. Application Extremely short instruments can be recommended to measure perceived usability, at least for simple user interfaces that can be considered concrete-singular in the sense that raters understand which entity is being rated and what is being rated is reasonably homogenous.
Risk Factors for Rerupture After Proximal Hamstring Avulsion Injury Including the Optimal Timing for Surgery
Authors: Lefèvre Nicolas , Freiha Kinan , Moussa Mohamad K. , Valentin Eugénie , Bohu Yoann , Meyer Alain , Hardy Alexandre 
Published: March 2024

Background: Despite the prevalence of proximal hamstring avulsion injuries (PHAIs), the understanding of rerupture risk factors and the influence of injury chronicity on these rates remain limited. Purpose: To investigate the rerupture rate after PHAI repair and identify its associated risk factors and the optimal time to primary surgery. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Method: This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from the French Proximal Hamstring Avulsion Surgery Cohort Study targeting patients surgically treated for PHAI between 2002 and 2022. The primary outcome measure of this study was the rerupture rate of PHAI repair. The secondary outcome measures included the assessment of the potential risk factors for rerupture as well as the investigation of the incidence rate of rerupture for 100 person-years depending on various injury-surgery delay definitions. Results: This study analyzed 740 patients with a mean age of 45.9 years (SD, 13.6 years) and followed up for a mean of 4.9 years (SD, 3.9 years). The rerupture rate was 4.59% (34/740). Most reruptures (75%) occurred within the first 6 months after surgery (median, 88.5 days; interquartile range, 39.5-182 days), and 74% were atraumatic. Univariate analysis identified potential risk factors: longer initial surgery delay (hazard ratio [HR], 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; P = .04) and initial complete ruptures (HR, 4.47; 95% CI, 1.07-18.7; P = .04). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis found the optimal injury-surgery delay cutoff predicting rerupture to be 32 days (area under the curve, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.53-0.71). The relative Youden index was calculated at 0.24, corresponding to a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 59%. Surpassing this cutoff showed the highest HR (2.56), narrowest 95% CI (1.27-5.17), and highest incidence of rerupture (1.42 per 100 person-years) ( P = .01). In the multivariate analysis, an injury-surgery delay of >32 days (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.24-5.06; P = .01) and initial complete ruptures (HR, 4.33; 95% CI, 1.04-18.08; P = .04) emerged as significant risk factors for rerupture. Conclusion: This study found a 4.59% rerupture risk after PHAI repair. Most reruptures (75%) occurred within the first 6 months after surgery. Risk factors for rerupture included chronicity and initial complete injury. The optimal threshold for chronicity of PHAI lesions, based on rerupture rate, was marked by an injury-surgery delay of >32 days.
Locally Directed Recombinant Adeno- Associated Virus–Mediated IGF-1 Gene Therapy Enhances Osteochondral Repair and Counteracts Early Osteoarthritis In Vivo
Authors: Peifer Carolin , Oláh Tamás , Venkatesan Jagadeesh K. , Goebel Lars , Orth Patrick , Schmitt Gertrud , Zurakowski David , Menger Michael D. , Laschke Matthias W. , Cucchiarini Magali , Madry Henning 
Published: March 2024

Background: Restoration of osteochondral defects is critical, because osteoarthritis (OA) can arise. Hypothesis: Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) via recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors (rAAV-IGF-1) would improve osteochondral repair and reduce parameters of early perifocal OA in sheep after 6 months in vivo. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Osteochondral defects were created in the femoral trochlea of adult sheep and treated with rAAV-IGF-1 or rAAV- lacZ (control) (24 defects in 6 knees per group). After 6 months in vivo, osteochondral repair and perifocal OA were assessed by well-established macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical scoring systems as well as biochemical and micro–computed tomography evaluations. Results: Application of rAAV-IGF-1 led to prolonged (6 months) IGF-1 overexpression without adverse effects, maintaining a significantly superior overall cartilage repair, together with significantly improved defect filling, extracellular matrix staining, cellular morphology, and surface architecture compared with rAAV- lacZ. Expression of type II collagen significantly increased and that of type I collagen significantly decreased. Subchondral bone repair and tidemark formation were significantly improved, and subchondral bone plate thickness and subarticular spongiosa mineral density returned to normal. The OA parameters of perifocal structure, cell cloning, and matrix staining were significantly better preserved upon rAAV-IGF-1 compared with rAAV- lacZ. Novel mechanistic associations between parameters of osteochondral repair and OA were identified. Conclusion: Local rAAV-mediated IGF-1 overexpression enhanced osteochondral repair and ameliorated parameters of perifocal early OA. Clinical Relevance: IGF-1 gene therapy may be beneficial in repair of focal osteochondral defects and prevention of perifocal OA.
Integrating Biofeedback and Artificial Intelligence into eXtended Reality Training Scenarios: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Blackmore Karen L. , Smith Shamus P. , Bailey Jacqueline D. , Krynski Benjamin 
Published: March 2024

Background The addition of biofeedback and artificial intelligence (AI) in simulation training and serious games has shown promising results in improving the effectiveness of training and can lead to increased engagement, motivation, and retention of information. This systematic literature review explores the integration of biofeedback and artificial intelligence into eXtended reality (XR) training scenarios and is the first review to provide a consolidated overview of applied biofeedback and AI technologies in this area. Method This review was conducted using keywords related to biofeedback, AI, XR, and training and included papers that: contained the use of biofeedback and AI in XR training scenarios; reported on at least one outcome related to training effectiveness; were published in English; were peer-reviewed; date from 1 January 2016 – 7 February 2022. Results The results indicate that many studies collect two or more biosignals using a single biosensing device. This is particularly relevant in applied settings, where ease of use and minimal interference in training/education activities is desired. Also, that light, portable devices such as wrist bands, wireless straps, or headbands are preferred. Additionally, eye tracking, electrodermal activity (EDA), and photoplethysmograms (PPG) present as particularly useful biomarkers of stress and/or cognitive load in XR training contexts. A wide variety of machine learning (ML) approaches were used to support biofeedback systems in XR environments. However, a limited number of studies employed real-time analysis of biosignals (just 1% of studies) which indicates current challenges in implementing such systems. Conclusion The majority of papers meeting the selection criteria were from the fields of education and healthcare. Further research in other domains, such as defense and general industry, is needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the potential for biofeedback and AI integration in XR training scenarios used in these domains.
Discrepancies Between Intraoperative and Postoperative Ankle Motion Measured for Anterior-Approach Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Kim Jaeyoung , Bitar Rogerio , Gagne Oliver , Palma Joaquin , Shaffrey Isabel , Cororaton Agnes , Henry Jensen , Deland Jonathan , Ellis Scott , Demetracopoulos Constantine 
Published: March 2024

Background: Although intraoperative ankle motion serves as a foundational reference for anticipated motion after surgery and guides the addition of procedures to enhance ankle motion in total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), the relationship between intraoperative and postoperative ankle motion remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the discrepancy between intraoperative and postoperative ankle range of motion (ROM) following TAAs using the anterior-approach, fixed-bearing systems. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed 67 patients (67 ankles) who underwent primary TAA at a single institution. Three different types of anterior-approach, fixed-bearing TAA systems were included. Intraoperative fluoroscopy was used to document the maximal dorsiflexion and plantar flexion at the end of the case. Standardized weightbearing maximum dorsiflexion and plantar flexion sagittal radiographs were obtained pre- and postoperatively, following a previously described method. The motion between 3 different time points (preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative [mean 11.4 months]) was compared using pairwise t tests, and their differences were quantified. Results: The mean total tibiotalar ROM was 38.1 degrees (SD 7.8) intraoperatively, and the postoperative total tibiotalar ROM was 24.2 degrees (SD 9.7) ( P < .001), indicating that a mean of 65.3% (SD 26.7) of the intraoperative motion was maintained postoperatively. Intraoperative dorsiflexion (mean 11.6 [SD 4.5] degrees) showed no evidence of difference from postoperative dorsiflexion (mean 11.4 [SD 5.8] degrees, P > .99), indicating that a median of 95.6% (interquartile range: 66.2-112) of the intraoperative maximum dorsiflexion was maintained postoperatively. However, there was a significant difference between intraoperative plantarflexion (mean 26.4 [SD 6.3]) and postoperative plantarflexion (12.8 [SD 6.9] degrees, P < .001), indicating a mean 50.6% (SD 29.6) of intraoperative motion maintained in the postoperative assessment. There was an improvement of 2.5 degrees in the total tibiotalar ROM following TAA with statistical significance ( P < .043). Conclusion: This study revealed a significant difference between intraoperative ankle ROM and ankle ROM approximately 1 year after anterior-approach, fixed-bearing TAA, mainly due to plantarflexion motion restriction. Minimal difference in dorsiflexion suggests the importance of achieving the desired postoperative dorsiflexion motion during the surgery using the best possible adjunct procedures. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.