bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ceramic membrane pretreatment of monosodium glutamate isoelectric supernatant to facilitate (NH4)2SO4 recovery by electrodialysis
Authors: Ren Hongyan , Sun Fubao , Shi Shaoyuan , Cong Wei 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The large output of monosodium glutamate in China has produced huge amounts of isoelectric supernatant containing 40–60 g L−1 (NH4)2SO4. With the increasing national emphasis on environmental protection and recycling, it is necessary to find a cost‐effective and environment‐friendly alternative to recover the (NH4)2SO4. This paper reports on investigations of the electrodialysis process for (NH4)2SO4 recovery from isoelectric supernatant pretreated by ceramic membrane.RESULTS: For ceramic membrane pretreatment, the optimal pore size chosen was 0.2 µm. After a 250 min run, permeate flux was still maintained at 90 L m−2 h−1 (v = 2.8 m s−1, ΔTMP = 0.12 MPa, concentration factor = 7). Meanwhile, the total solids and proteins content in condensed supernatant were high, up to 78 g L−1 and 24 g L−1, respectively, which greatly favors future cell protein harvest. With the chosen current density of 17 mA cm−2, the energy consumption and time for six consecutive batches for electrodialysis were 2.6–2.7 kW h kg−1 sulfate and ∼100 min, based on ∼80% ammonium sulfate recovery from pretreated isoelectric supernatant.CONCLUSION: Ceramic membrane pretreatment was shown to be a promising pretreatment strategy, applicable to the electrodialysis process to recover ammonium sulfate from isoelectric supernatant produced during monosodium glutamate production. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Aerobic degradation by white‐rot fungi of trichloroethylene (TCE) and mixtures of TCE and perchloroethylene (PCE)
Authors: Marco‐Urrea Ernest , Gabarrell Xavier , Caminal Gloria , Vicent Teresa , Adinarayana Reddy C 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) are considered among the most important groundwater pollutants around the world. These compounds are usually found together in polluted environments but little is known about the ability of microorganisms to simultaneously degrade TCE and PCE.RESULTS: Data showed that several species of white‐rot fungi, including Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, and Irpex lacteus, degrade substantial levels of TCE in pure culture. T. versicolor was chosen for further study since it degraded higher levels of TCE than the other organisms. Initial glucose concentration and reoxygenation of samples increased the amount of TCE dechlorination, but no significant difference in percentage TCE degradation was observed. T. versicolor was able to degrade 34.1 and 47.7% of PCE and TCE added as mixtures (containing 5 and 10 mg L−1, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: The degradation ability of TCE was extended to other species of white‐rot fungi. Percentage degradation as well as chloride release from mixtures of TCE and PCE showed that T. versicolor degrades mixtures of TCE and PCE almost as well as its ability to degrade individually added TCE or PCE. The results suggest the potential promise of T. versicolor for bioremediation of TCE and PCE in the environment. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Engineering physiologically controlled pacemaker cells with lentiviral HCN4 gene transfer
Authors: Boink Gerard J. J. , Verkerk Arie O. , van Amersfoorth Shirley C. M. , Tasseron Sara J. , van der Rijt Roos , Bakker Diane , Linnenbank André C. , van der Meulen Jan , de Bakker Jacques M. T. , Seppen Jurgen , Tan Hanno L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundResearch on biological pacemakers for the heart has so far mainly focused on short‐term gene and cell therapies. To develop a clinically relevant biological pacemaker, long‐term function and incorporation of autonomic modulation are crucial. Lentiviral vectors can mediate long‐term gene expression, while isoform 4 of the Hyperpolarization‐activated Cyclic Nucleotide‐gated channel (encoded by HCN4) contributes to pacemaker function and responds maximally to cAMP, the second messenger in autonomic modulation.Material and MethodsAction potential (AP) properties and pacemaker current (If) were studied in single neonatal rat ventricular myocytes that overexpressed HCN4 after lentiviral gene transduction. Autonomic responsiveness and cycle length stability were studied using extracellular electrograms of confluent cultured monolayers.ResultsPerforated patch‐clamp experiments demonstrated that HCN4‐transduced single cardiac myocytes exhibited a 10‐fold higher If than non‐transduced single myocytes, along with slow diastolic depolarization, comparable to pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node, the dominant native pacemaker. HCN4‐transduced monolayers exhibited a 47% increase in beating rate, compared to controls. Upon addition of DBcAMP, HCN4‐transduced monolayers had beating rates which were 54% faster than baseline and significantly more regular than controls.ConclusionsLentiviral vectors efficiently transduce cardiac myocytes and mediate functional gene expression. Because HCN4‐transduced myocytes demonstrate an increase in spontaneous beating rate and responsiveness to autonomic modulation, this approach may be useful to create a biological pacemaker. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How spatially coherent and statistically robust are temporal changes in extreme precipitation in the contiguous USA?
Authors: Pryor S. C. , Howe J. A. , Kunkel K. E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCentury‐long precipitation records from stations in the contiguous USA indicate an increased frequency of rainy days over the past century and some evolution in the probability distributions of precipitation amount. Temporal trends in eight metrics of the precipitation climate are of similar magnitude and sign regardless of whether they are derived from bootstrapping of regression residuals or using the Kendall's tau statistic, though the bootstrap technique generally resolved a larger number of ‘significant’ trends. There is substantial variability in terms of the magnitude, significance and sign of the linear trends with specific metrics, and they are sensitive to recording bias of light precipitation events in the early part of the 20th century. The majority of stations that exhibit significant linear trends show evidence of increases in the intensity of events above the 95th percentile. The resolved trends tend to have a larger magnitude at the end of the century. Spatial variability as manifest in the spatial autocorrelation in the interannual variability and trends in extreme metrics is manifest at a range of scales, but in general the correlation between stations is significant only for separation of distances of a few tens of kilometres. The largest trends towards increased annual total precipitation, number of rainy days and intense precipitation (e.g. fraction of precipitation derived from events in excess of the 90th percentile value) are focussed on the Central Plains/northwestern Midwest. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
FT‐Raman, IR and UV‐visible spectral investigations and ab initio computations of a nonlinear food dye amaranth
Authors: Snehalatha M. , Ravikumar C. , Sekar N. , Jayakumar V. S. , Joe I. Hubert 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAmaranth (E123, Food Red 9, FD & C Red 2) is a sulfonated azo dye used as a color additive in foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of amaranth were recorded and analyzed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to derive the equilibrium geometry, vibrational wavenumbers, intensities and first hyperpolarizability. The results of the optimized molecular structure gave clear evidence for the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the molecule. Azo stretching wavenumbers are lowered owing to conjugation and π‐electron delocalization. Time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations of the electronic spectra were performed on the optimized structure and compared with the experimental UV‐visible spectrum. Vibrational spectra, natural bonding orbitals (NBO) analysis and optimized geometry indicate CH·N hydrogen bonding in the molecule. The first hyperpolarizability of the molecule was calculated. The optical nonlinearity of the dye is due to the donation of the electron density from the hydroxyl group of the conjugated system via naphthalene (2) ring into π*‐orbital of the azo moiety. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can iron and zinc in rice grains (Oryza sativa L.) be biofortified with nitrogen fertilisation under pot conditions?
Authors: Zhang Jin , Wu Lianghuan , Wang Minyan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Because only grain yield has been investigated, the influence of fertilisation by N on the concentration of Fe and Zn in polished rice has been overlooked in China. So, using the rice cultivars of the indica Zhenong 952 and the japonica Bing 98110, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the amounts of N fertiliser (applied as urea at rates of 0, 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 g N pot−1) that would lead to the optimum Fe and Zn concentrations in polished rice as well as grain yield.RESULTS: For Zhenong 952, the optimal Fe and Zn concentration as well as grain yield was attained at a N application of 1.00 g pot−1; for Bing 98110 the optimum N was 1.50 g pot−1. The ratio of Zn deposited in brown rice was about 40% of the total Zn in the plant irrespective of N application. However, Fe was only about 3%. Fe concentration in brown rice was approximately one‐half of the rice husk, one‐fifth of the peduncles, and one‐tenth of the leaves, and a little more than 1% of the root.CONCLUSION: The optimum N application, alone, on rice crops could increase Fe concentration in polished rice, but had an adverse effect for Zn. Fe appeared not to be as easily accumulated into rice seeds as was Zn. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
The application of macroalga Pithophora varia Wille enriched with microelements by biosorption as biological feed supplement for livestock
Authors: Michalak Izabela , Chojnacka Katarzyna 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The paper discusses biosorption of microelements by a freshwater macroalga Pithophora varia Wille to produce biological feed supplement for livestock. The biomass was enriched with microelements recommended by feeding standards in a single and a multi‐metal system.RESULTS: The equilibrium of biosorption was described by using a Langmuir model and the following values of the maximum biosorption capacity in the single‐metal system were obtained: Zn(II), 61.1 mg g−1; Co(II), 52.3 mg g−1; Cu(II), 55.7 mg g−1; and Mn(II), 38.3 mg g−1. The average value of maximum biosorption capacity expressed in molar units for all the cations was equal 1.7 ± 0.2 meq g−1, suggesting chemical rather than physical biosorption. It was also found that the mechanism of biosorption was due to cation exchange of alkali and alkaline earth metals with microelements. The biomass was also enriched with microelements in multi‐metal system. The total metal ion binding capacity in the multi‐metal system was two‐fold lower than in the single‐metal system and was 0.90 meq g−1 in the preparation for laying hens and 0.95 meq g−1 in the supplement for swine.CONCLUSION: Finally, the level of supplementation of livestock feed (with enriched single‐ and multi‐metal system macroalga), to cover 25% of total requirements for microelements, according to feeding standards, was provided. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Rice protein concentrate partially replaces dried whey in the diet for early‐weaned piglets and improves their growth performance
Authors: Hou Zhen‐Ping , Yin Yu‐Long , Huang Rui‐Lin , Li Tie‐Jun , Hou Rongqing , Liu Yulan , Wu Xin , Liu Zhiqiang , Wang Wence , Xiong Hua , Wu Guo‐yao , Tan Liang‐xi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Recently, rice protein concentrate (RPC), a much cheaper source of dietary protein, has become commercially available for use in the feed industry. Importantly, dietary supplementation with RPC can increase feed intake by early‐weaned pigs. The objective of this study was to determine whether RPC can replace milk protein in the diet for early‐weaned pigs.RESULTS: Neither average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), nor the feed/gain ratio differed among the treatment groups in weeks 1 and 2. In week 3, the addition of 5 or 10% RPC to diets increased (P < 0.05) ADFI and ADG of pigs compared to those in the control group fed a 60% dried whey diet. During the entire 21‐day trial, ADFI and ADG were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the 5 and 10% RCP diets than in pigs fed the 60% dried whey and 15% RCP diets. There were no differences in the serum concentrations of growth hormone on days 14 and 21, serum concentrations of insulin growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) on day 14, or IGF‐I gene expression in liver and skeletal muscle on days 14 and 21 among the dietary treatments. Serum concentrations of IGF‐I in pigs fed the 5, 10 and 15% RPC diets were greater than those in pigs fed the 60% dried whey diet.CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that up to 10% RPC can be used to replace dried whey in the diet for 7‐ to 21‐day‐old weaned piglets and can improve their growth performance. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of durum residue flour, a lower value product of durum milling, by incorporation into wheat flour dough without deterioration in baking quality
Authors: Sissons Mike J , Batey Ian L , Balfe Sue , Hare Ray , MacRitchie Finlay 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: During the milling of durum wheat to semolina, about 10–15% of total products produced is residue flour, a lower value product than the semolina. This study investigated the potential for using the durum residue flour as an additive in bread‐making to improve its potential commercial value.RESULTS: Incorporation of residue durum flour from 102 breeding lines into a low protein flour and standard bakers' flour at 20% incorporation improved the bake loaf volume with minimal change in Mixograph dough mixing time and peak resistance in many of the lines tested. Loaf yellow b was always increased even with only a 10% incorporation. Baking flours can tolerate 20% incorporation with no deleterious affects on loaf volume and bake score.CONCLUSION: The results show a potential for using the lower value durum residue flour for baking bread of acceptable quality with a slightly higher yellow colour. This would improve the profitability for the miller and provide alternative ingredients to the baker for preparing specialty breads. Copyright © 2008 Crown in the Right of the State of New South Wales and Society of Chemical Industry
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked cheese
Authors: Suchanová Marie , Hajšlová Jana , Tomaniová Monika , Kocourek Vladimír , Babička Luboš 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a group of organic compounds containing two or more aromatic rings. Their control in the human food chain is required due to the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential, exhibited in vertebrates. In the present study, the occurrence of PAHs in 36 cheeses smoked by various processes was investigated.RESULTS: PAH concentrations (sum of 15 US EPA PAHs) found in samples smoked under controlled industrial conditions were at level 0.11 µg kg−1, whereas in ‘home‐made’ cheeses, the PAH content was up to 10 times higher. A similar trend was observed for B[a]P, a marker compound representing carcinogenic PAHs. While its levels in commercial products prepared by controlled smoking technologies were close to the limit of quantification (0.03 µg kg−1); in household samples, the B[a]P content ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 µg kg−1. Significantly higher amounts of PAHs (up to three to six times) were found in surface layers as compared to internal parts of cheese.CONCLUSION: Although smoked cheese is a popular food, only several papers have focused on PAH levels in these products. This paper evaluates the contribution of different smoking technologies to PAH contamination of several cheeses and thus can help in a risk assessment associated with their consumption. Moreover, the study shows the concentration ratios of selected PAHs, from which the type of smoking technology can be indicated. The results obtained in this study also supported the suggestion of the EU Scientific Committee on Food to use benzo[a]pyrene as an indicator of the occurrence of higher‐molecular mass PAHs. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of dietary humate supplementation to broilers on performance, slaughter, carcass and meat colour
Authors: Esenbuğa Nurinisa , Macit Muhlis , Karaoglu Mevlut , Aksu Muhammet Irfan , Bilgin Omer Cevdet 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: This experiment was designed to examine the effect of dietary humate supplementation primarily on pH and colour parameters of carcasses, breast fillets and drumsticks and, secondarily on performance and carcass characteristics in broilers.RESULTS: A total of 240 male broiler chicks (Ross‐308) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments varying in supplemental humate level (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% for H0, H1, H2 and H3). Dietary humate supplementation did not affect performance traits and slaughter, hot carcass weights and yields. Carcass‐related variables (pH, L*, a*, b*, H* and C*) were responsive to the dietary treatments. The L*, a*, b*, and C* values for drumstick muscles were higher than those for breast muscles. Except for the L* value, meat colour parameters changed due to packaging. The a* value was higher and b* value was lower for vacuum packaged breast and drumsticks than for those aerobic packaged. Storage period affected colour parameters; while L*, b*, H* and C* values were higher for drumstick skin than for drumstick meat; the a* value was greater in drumstick meat than in skin.CONCLUSION: pH and colour parameters of carcasses, breast fillets and drumsticks of broilers were improved by dietary humate supplementation. However, responses of broiler performance and slaughter and carcass characteristics were minimal. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Interaction between nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in postharvest tomato resistance response to Rhizopus nigricans
Authors: Fan Bei , Shen Lin , Liu Kailang , Zhao Danying , Yu Mengmeng , Sheng Jiping 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are signal molecules involved in the disease response of plants, and there is a close relationship between them. To investigate the interaction of NO and H2O2 during disease resistance response in postharvest fruits and vegetables, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Lichun) fruits were treated after harvest by vacuum infiltration with NO donor and H2O2 scavenger.RESULTS: The resistance of tomato fruits to Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb. invasion and the activities of defensive enzymes phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, chitinase and glutathione S‐transferase were enhanced by NO. However, these effects of NO on resistance were weakened by H2O2 scavenger, which showed that H2O2 was required in NO‐mediated disease resistance in harvested tomato. Meanwhile, the endogenous H2O2 level was dual‐regulated by NO. During the earlier period of storage the H2O2 peak was advanced by NO, but during the later period of storage, when the concentration of H2O2 was relatively higher, H2O2 accumulation was delayed by NO. The activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase were involved in this regulation.CONCLUSION: The results imply that application of exogenous NO can enhance the disease resistance of postharvest tomato; NO may interact with H2O2 and exert its effect by modulating the endogenous H2O2 level. This result is useful for the further investigation and application of NO in postharvest disease control. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Unsupervised classification methods in food sciences: discussion and outlook
Authors: Kozak Marcin , Scaman Christine H 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews three unsupervised multivariate classification methods: principal component analysis, principal component similarity analysis and heuristic cluster analysis. The theoretical basis of each method is presented in brief, and assumptions inherent to the methods are highlighted. A literature review shows that these methods have sometimes been used inappropriately or without referencing all essential parameters. The paper also brings to the attention of the reader a relatively unknown method: probabilistic or model‐based cluster analysis. The goal of this method is to uncover the true classification of objects rather than a convenient classification provided by the other methods. For this reason it is felt that model‐based cluster analysis will have broad application in the future. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Suppression of postharvest blue mould of apple fruit by Cryptococcus laurentii and N6‐benzyladenine
Authors: Yu Ting , Wang Lianping , Yin Yun , Feng Fengqin , Zheng Xiaodong 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Cryptococcus laurentii is a well‐known postharvest yeast antagonist. N6‐benzyladenine (6‐BA), a cytokinin plant hormone, has a role in retarding ripening and senescence of harvested produce. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of C. laurentii and 6‐BA in reducing the blue mould disease of apple fruit.RESULTS: The combination of C. laurentii with 6‐BA (20 µg mL−1) was more effective in suppressing the Penicillium expansum infection in apple fruit wounds than C. laurentii alone, although 6‐BA (20 µg mL−1) alone neither affected the growth of C. laurentii nor reduced the incidence of the blue mould disease in vivo. Moreover, treatment of apple fruit with C. laurentii and 6‐BA (20 µg mL−1) resulted in stimulation of superoxide dismutase activity but in inhibition of the increase in peroxidase activity.CONCLUSION: 6‐BA (20 µg mL−1) could enhance the efficacy of C. laurentii in reducing the postharvest blue mould disease of apple fruit, which offered great potential in minimizing the postharvest decay of apple fruit in an integrated pest management strategy. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of alginate or zein as edible coatings to delay postharvest ripening process and to maintain tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill) quality
Authors: Zapata Pedro Javier , Guillén Fabián , Martínez‐Romero Domingo , Castillo Salvador , Valero Daniel , Serrano María 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Edible coatings could be effective tools for delaying the ripening process of fruits. Alginate or zein as edible coatings were assayed in tomato in order to maintain parameters related to quality during postharvest storage.RESULTS: Coated tomatoes showed lower respiration rate and ethylene production than control ones, with a twofold lower concentration of ethylene precursor. In addition, the evolution of parameters related to tomato quality losses, such as softening, colour evolution and weight loss, was significantly delayed (4–6 days on average) in coated tomatoes as compared to controls. Thereafter, sugars, organic acids (and especially ascorbic acid) and scores from sensory analysis remained at much higher levels at the end of storage in treated than in control tomatoes.CONCLUSIONS: Coatings based on alginate or zein could be effective tools for delaying the tomato‐ripening process during postharvest storage, and in turn maintaining tomato quality and its acceptability by consumers. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry