bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of extremely‐low‐frequency pulsed magnetic fields on the mitogenic response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Mooney Nuala A. , Smith Roy E. , Watson Bernard W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effect of extremely‐low‐frequency pulsed magnetic fields (PMF) on the response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogenic stimulation is reported. We investigated 25 healthy control subjects. Mitogen‐stimulated mononuclear cells were exposed to PMF for 72 h and an inhibition of 3H‐thymidine uptake was observed in all but one subject. The degree of inhibition of 3H‐thymidine uptake was as much as 60%. There was no significant difference between the blastogenic responses of mononuclear cells exposed to PMF for 12 h and control cultures. This study establishes an inhibitory effect of PMF on an in vitro measure of immune function.
Response of sensory receptors of the cat's hindlimb to a transient, step‐function DC electric field
Authors: Kato M. , Ohta S. , Kobayashi T. , Matsumoto G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere are two possible mechanisms of effects of large electric fields on animals, one caused by the electric field at the body surface and the other caused by the electric current induced inside the body. The purpose of the present experiments was to investigate the former possibility by recording action potentials from afferent fibers innervating various sensory receptors in the cat's hindlimb. Cat hairs were attracted to the upper electrode when exposed to DC electric fields of 180 kV/m or greater, and action potentials were evoked in the afferent fibers innervating G1, G2, and down hair receptors. No action potentials were evoked in afferent fibers innervating type I, type II, field receptors, muscle spindles, or joint receptors. These results indicate that a strong DC electric field induced movement of the hairs, eventually evoked excitation of the hair receptors, but that other receptors located under the skin were not influenced by electric field exposure.
Effect of low‐level, 60‐Hz electromagnetic fields on human lymphoid cells: I. Mitotic rate and chromosome breakage in human peripheral lymphocytes
Authors: Cohen Maimon M. , Kunska Ann , Astemborski Jacqueline A. , McCulloch Duncan , Paskewitz David A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDividing human peripheral lymphocytes from 10 normal adults (5 males and 5 females) were exposed in vitro to low level 60‐Hz electromagnetic fields for 69 hours. The current density of the electrical field was 30 μA/cm2, while the magnetic field was either 1 or 2 gauss. The cytological endpoints measured were mitotic rate and chromosome breakage. No statistically significant differences, indicative of a field effect, were observed between treated and control cells whether exposed to an electric field, a magnetic field, or to various combinations of the two.
Effects of extremely‐low‐frequency electric fields on neuronal activity in rat brain
Authors: Blackwell R. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effects of 50‐, 30‐, and 15‐Hz electric field exposure on the activity of spontaneously firing neurons in the brain of anaesthetized rats were studied. Exposure to fields of 100 V/m (peak‐to‐peak, in air) produced no effect on the overall rate of neuronal firing, but some synchronicity with the period of the exposure waveform was seen with 15‐ and 30‐Hz electric fields.
Acute, whole‐body microwave exposure and testicular function of rats
Authors: Lebovitz R. M. , Johnson L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMale Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed for 8 h to continuous‐wave microwave radiation (MWR, 1.3 Ghz) at a mean specific absorbed dose rate of 9 mW/g. MWR exposure and sham‐irradiation took place in unidirectionally energized cylindrical waveguide sections, within which the animals were essentially unrestrained. The MWR treatment in this setting was determined to yield an elevation of deep rectal temperature to 4.5 °C. The animals were taken for analysis at 6.5, 13, 26, and 52 days following treatment, which corresponded to 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 cycles of the seminiferous epithelium. Net mass of testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles; daily sperm production (DSP) per testis and per gram of testis; and the number of epididymal sperm were determined. The levels of circulating follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH) were derived via radioimmunoassay of plasma samples taken at the time of sacrifice. Despite the evident acute thermogenesis of the MWR at 9 mW/g, no substantial decrement in testicular function was found. We conclude that, in the unrestrained rat, whole body irradiation at 9 mW/g, while sufficient to induce evident hyperthermia, is not a sufficient condition for disruption of any of these key measures of testicular function.
Microwave facilitation of domperidone antagonism of apomorphine‐induced stereotypic climbing in mice
Authors: Quock R. M. , Kouchich F. J. , Ishii T. K. , Lange D. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe dopaminergic agonist apomorphine produced dose‐dependent stereotypic climbing behavior in mice housed in cages with vertical bars. This drug effect was competitively inhibited by systemic pretreatment with the centrally acting dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol but not by microwave irradiation (2.45 GHz, 20 mW/cm2, CW, 10 min) nor by systemic pretreatment with domperidone, a dopaminergic antagonist that only poorly penetrates the blood‐brain barrier (BBB). Yet when mice were systemically pretreated with domperidone and then subjected to microwave irradiation (as above), the apomorphine effect was significantly reduced. Microwave irradiation also facilitated antagonism of the apomorphine effect by low and otherwise ineffective systemic pretreatment doses of haloperidol. Apomorphine‐induced stereotypic climbing behavior was also reduced by domperidone administered intracerebrally, which bypassed the BBB. Exposure of intracerebral domperidone‐pretreated animals to microwave irradiation failed to increase the degree of antagonism. These findings indicate that microwave irradiation can facilitate central effects of domperidone, a drug which acts mainly in the periphery. One possible explanation for these findings is that microwave irradiation alters the permeability of the BBB and increases the entry of domperidone to central sites of action.
60‐Hz electric and magnetic fields generated by a distribution network
Authors: Héroux Paul 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFrom a mobile unit, 60‐Hz electric and magnetic fields generated by Hydro‐Québec's distribution network were measured. Nine runs, representative of various human environments, were investigated. Typical values were 32 V/m and 0.16 μT. The electrical distribution networks investigated were major contributors to the electric and magnetic environments.
Pulsed subcutaneous electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury: Preliminary results
Authors: Ellis Wladislaw 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe treatment of long‐term, stable para‐ and quadriplegics with pulsed electrical stimulation for pain control resulted in, anecdotally, a significant number of these individuals showing increased motor function as well as sensory awareness. This small pilot study was conducted in order to assess the hypothesis that pulsed electrical fields can effect diseased neurological function. Thirteen para‐ and quadriplegic subjects with 18 months of stable neurological signs and symptoms were exposed daily to pulsed electrical stimulation for a 6‐month period and assessed for any improvement in motor function or sensory perception. The hypothesis is that pulsed electromagnetic fields can normalize viable but dysfunctional neuronal structures. Results were encouraging.
Control of energy absorption rate in transmission line radiofrequency exposure systems
Authors: Ali Joseph S. , Elliott Dorothy J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA frequent problem in the radiofrequency (RF) irradiation of experimental animals in health effects studies is the temporal variation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) with animal movement. An RF power controller that regulates the energy absorption rate has been designed for use with transmission line exposure systems that utilize the power difference method to monitor the SAR. The controller operates by altering the incident power to the exposure cell in order to compensate for the change in RF energy absorption rate that is due to animal motion. A circuit diagram is presented as well as experimental data under three conditions of exposure. The controller is effective in maintaining the mean value of energy absorption rate at the setpoint value even for the case of a highly active animal.
Acute exposure of rats to air ions: Effects on the regional concentration and utilization of serotonin in brain
Authors: Bailey William H. , Charry Jonathan M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExposure to electrically charged gas molecules (air ions) has been reported to influence physiological and behavioral functions in animals and humans although there is controversy as to whether these findings are valid. A popular hypothesis concerning the reported effects of air ions is that alterations in serotonin (5HT) metabolism, particularly in the brain, are involved. We measured the concentration and turnover of 5HT in rats exposed to 5.0 × 105 ions/cm3 for up to 66 hours. Contrary to previous reports of other investigators, we were unable to demonstrate any effect of exposure to air ions or associated DC electric fields on the concentration or turnover of 5HT in rats under carefully controlled and characterized exposure conditions.
Rewarming of the hypothermic rhesus monkey with electromagnetic radiation
Authors: Olsen R. G. , Ballinger M. B. , David T. D. , Lotz W. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo obtain more detailed information relative to the potential usefulness of using radio frequency (RF) energy in treating hypothermia, anesthetized rhesus monkeys were used in a rewarming study that compared a conventional method (heating pad) with an RF induction coil system. Rectal temperature (Tre) of each subject was monitored, and enzyme and isoenzyme levels were determined from blood samples collected before, during, and up to 48 h after hypothermia in order to assess the effects of each rewarming method. The previously observed postprocedure rise in serum enzymes (most visible at 24 h) was again seen, with no statistically significant difference in the time course of serum enzyme levels between the two treatments for comparable durations of hypothermia. To test the limits of the ability of the RF induction coil system, successively more severe hypothermia was induced in the subjects to the point of cardiovascular collapse (Tre < 20°C); RF energy was successful in resuscitating the profoundly hypothermic subjects without discernible harmful effects.
Low‐level, magnetic‐field‐induced growth modification of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Ramon Ceon , Martin J. T. , Powell M. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExperimental studies showed an increase in the growth of Bacillus subtilis mutant strain FJ7 above controls by exposing the bacterial culture to 800‐Hz or 1‐KHz magnetic fields with a 2‐s‐on /2‐s‐off period. The magnetic field strength was between 0.8 and 2. 5 mT. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the morphology of controls to grow in a macrofiber of right‐handed helix formation. In contrast, the field‐exposed group showed little to no cohesion; the cells appeared to be homogeneously distributed throughout the sample. These results suggest that growth patterns of Bacillus subtilis can be altered as a result of magnetic‐field‐induced effects.
Effects of microwave exposure and temperature on survival of mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Liddle C. G. , Putnam J. P. , Lewter O. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFemale CD‐1 mice were injected with an LD50 dose of Streptococcus pneumoniae and then exposed to 2.45 GHz (CW) microwave radiation at an incident power density of 10 mW/cm2 (SAR = 6.8 W/kg), 4 h/d for 5 d at ambient temperatures of 19 °C, 22 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C, 31 °C, 34 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C. Four groups of 25 animals were exposed at each temperature with an equal number of animals concurrently sham‐exposed. Survival was observed for a 10‐d period after infection. Survival of the sham‐exposed animals increased as ambient temperature increased from 19 °C–34 °C. At ambient temperatures at or above 37 °C the heat induced in the body exceeded the thermoregulatory capacity of the animals and deaths from hyperthermia occurred. Survival of the microwave‐exposed animals was significantly greater than the shams (∼20%) at each ambient temperature below 34 °C. Based on an analysis of the data it appears that the hyperthermia induced by microwave exposure may be more effective in increasing survival in infected mice than hyperthermia produced by conventional methods (ie, high ambient temperature). Microwave radiation may be beneficial to infected animals at low and moderate ambient temperatures, but it is detrimental when combined with high ambient temperatures.
Stimulation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors by 60‐Hz electric fields
Authors: Weigel R. J. , Jaffe R. A. , Lundstrom D. L. , Forsythe W. C. , Anderson L. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChronic exposure of animals to 60‐Hz electric fields is known to affect the nervous system in a variety of subtle ways. The mechanism whereby these effects are produced remains unknown. One hypothesis is that the effects are a result of direct interaction between neuronal membranes and induced currents. Alternatively, the effects could be produced indirectly, as a result of sensory stimulation and the resulting low‐level stress. To test these hypotheses, a system was developed to expose the surface of an anesthetized cat's paw to surface electric fields up to 600 kV/m while simultaneously measuring, in dorsal root fibers, afferent nerve impulses originating from various receptor types in the exposed paw. Of the 245 receptor units tested, comprising ten cutaneous receptor types, ten responded to the electric field with an increase in firing rate. The most sensitive receptor type was the rapidly adapting field receptor (RAF); eight of 20 (40%) were sensitive to the electric field, with thresholds as low as 160 kV/m. One of 35 rapidly adapting high‐frequency receptors and one of 22 type T hair‐follicle receptors were also sensitive to the electric field. Follow‐up tests on the RAF receptors showed that hair removal reduced but did not eliminate the electric field sensitivity, suggesting that at least one other mechanism was involved in addition to stimulation via hair movement. The most likely mechanism is field‐induced vibrations of the skin, since a further reduction in firing rate occurred following application of mineral oil to the depilated paw. Direct interaction with neuronal membranes is not supported by our evidence.
Finite difference calculations of current densities in a homogeneous model of a man exposed to extremely low frequency electric fields
Authors: Dimbylow P. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper presents three‐dimensional finite difference calculations of induced current densities in a grounded, homogeneous, realistically human‐shaped phantom. Comparison is made with published experimental values of current density at 60 Hz, measured in conducting saline manikins with their arms down by the side. The congruence between calculation and experiment gives confidence in the applicability of the numerical method and phantom shape to other configurations. The effect of raising both arms above the head is to reduce the current densities in the head and neck by ∼50% and to increase those from the thorax downwards by 20–30%. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the shape and dimensions of the phantom, from a 45‐kg, 1.5‐m‐tall person to a 140‐kg, 1.9‐m‐tall person. When the phantom is grounded through both feet the current densities range from 50 to 90 μAm−2 in the head (all values for a 60‐Hz, 1‐kVm−1, vertical applied field), 70 to 140 μAm−2 in the thorax, 150 to 440 μAm−2 at the crotch, and 500 to 2,230 μAm−2 in the ankle. When grounded through only one foot the current densities at the crotch range from 400 to 1,000 μAm−2 and from 1,000 to 4,400 μAm−2 in the ankle of the grounded leg. Scale transformations of the short‐circuit current with phantom height, weight, and surface area are confirmed.
Specific absorption rate in models of man and monkey at 225 and 2,000 MHz
Authors: Olsen Richard G. , Griner Toby A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFull‐size models of a man and a rhesus monkey were exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation at 225 MHz. The model of man was also exposed to 2,000 MHz. Specific absorption rates (SARs) were measured in partial‐body sections, such as the arms, legs, etc., using gradient‐layer calorimeters. Also, front‐surface thermographic images were obtained to qualitatively show the heating patterns. For all of the configurations used, the SAR in the limbs was much higher than in the torso. Agreement (whole‐body SARs) with spheroidal models was better for both models at 225 MHz than at 2,000 MHz. These results indicate that in the frequency range two orders of magnitude above whole‐body resonance, SAR in the limbs significantly contributes to the whole‐body average SAR.
Current densities induced in swine and rat models by power‐frequency electric fields
Authors: Kaune William T. , Forsythe William C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMeasurements have been made of vector current densities induced by vertical, uniform, 60‐Hz electric fields in the torsos of homogeneous models of swine and rats. The observed data were a strong function of the five grounding configurations invested: all four feet grounded, only front feet grounded, only rear feet grounded, left front and right rear feet grounded, and right front and left rear feet grounded. In the first configuration and with an exposure field strength of 10 kV/m, average total current densities induced in the torsos of pigs and rats were 34 nA/cm2 and 20 nA/cm2, respectively. The corresponding value for human exposure is about 250 nA/cm2, 7.3 and 12.5 times larger than for swine and rats, respectively. Current densities measured at 60 Hz can be linearly extrapolated to frequencies in a range extending from at least 1 Hz to 1 MHz. Human and animal current‐density data can provide an improved rationale for extrapolating biological data across species. In addition, these data can be used to validate the predictions of numerical models.
A strong static‐magnetic field alters operant responding by rats
Authors: Nakagawa Masayoshi , Matsuda Yuzo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractForty male rats of the Wistar ST strain were trained and observed for Sidman avoidance (SA) for 7 weeks or for discriminative avoidance (DA) for 14 weeks to determine the effects of exposure to a strong static‐magnetic field. Before avoidance conditioning was completed, rats in the SA group were exposed to the static field at 0.6 T, 16 h/day for 4 days during the fifth week, and those in the DA group were exposed for 6 h/day for 4 days during the seventh week. In the SA conditioning, frequency of lever‐pressing by exposed rats gradually decreased during 1 week of exposure and stayed low for at least 2 weeks after exposure. Frequencies of electric shocks received by the rats increased dramatically during the second day of exposure and consistently stayed higher than those of control rats. In the DA condition, exposed rats responded at lower rates than did control rats throughout the observation period. They received more shocks during the 2 weeks following exposure. The data indicate that performance of avoidance responses was inhibited by a comparatively long exposure to a strong magnetic field.
Comparative study of shortwave heating patterns in phantoms with polyethylene and silk partitions
Authors: Moon Chun Y. , Kantor Gideon , Athey T. Whit , Ho Henry S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSpecific absorption rate (SAR) and effective depths of heating patterns induced by a shortwave, pancake diathermy applicator in fat‐muscle phantom are measured. Midplane partitions of polyethylene and silk screen with and without contact chemicals are used. Thermographically obtained SAR data show nearly the same value for silk‐screen partitions with and without contact chemicals and slightly lower values with polyethylene partitions, provided that the partition midplanes are tightly pressed against each other. Thermometry data indicate that for low‐power exposures the major error in thermographic measurements obtained after termination of heating is due to thermal diffusion and not evaporative cooling in the opened midplane of the phantom.
Measurements of housing density along transmission lines
Authors: Florig H. Keith , Morgan M. Granger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne of the fundamental inputs to models of population exposure to the power‐frequency fields of high‐voltage transmission lines is the density of population about the lines. We examined aerial photographs of over 1,700 km of transmission corridor to characterize the density of nearby housing units. The data show that the density of houses within 200 m of transmission lines (1) is typically smaller than the average density of houses in the local utility's service area, (2) tends to increase with distance from the line, and (3) is inversely correlated with line voltage.
Development of young rats and rabbits exposed to a strong electric field
Authors: Portet R. , Cabanes J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBody growth and circulating levels of hormones were assessed in young rats and rabbits exposed to a 50‐Hz electric field of 50 kV/m. Eight‐week‐old male rats were exposed 8 h/ day for 4 weeks and rabbits were exposed 16 h/day from the last 2 weeks of gestation to 6 weeks after birth. The body and the organ growth of exposed rats were not statistically different from those of sham‐exposed controls. No important differences from controls were observed in plasma levels of corticosterone, TSH, ACTH, and T4 or in adrenal levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and corticosterone although T3 was slightly, but significantly, decreased. No large histological changes in the thyroid or adrenals were noted. In rabbits, organ and body wieghts of exposed animals were comparable to those of controls. Plasma levels of various hormones (ACTH, GH, T3, T4, corticosterone, cortisol), serum glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol were not significantly altered. Adrenal content of cortisol was lower, however, in exposed rabbits. No histological changes of the thyroid or adrenal glands were observed.
Microwave‐induced thermoelastic pressure wave propagation in the cat brain
Authors: Lin James C. , Su Jenn‐Lung , Wang Yujin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper presents direct measurements of acoustic pressure wave propagation in cat brains irradiated with pulsed 2.45‐GHz microwaves. Short rectangular microwave pulses (2 μs, 15 kW peak power) were applied singly through a direct‐contact applicator located at the occipital pole of a cat's head. Acoustic pressure waves were detected by using a small hydrophone transducer, which was inserted stereotaxically into the brain of an anesthetized animal through a matrix of holes drilled on the skull. The measurements clearly indicate that pulsed microwaves induce acoustic pressure waves which propagate with an acoustic wave velocity of 1523 m/s.