bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Into the twilight zone: the complexities of mesopic vision and luminous efficiency
Authors: Stockman Andrew , Sharpe Lindsay T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractOf all the functions that define visual performance, the mesopic luminous efficiency function is probably the most complex and hardest to standardise or model. Complexities arise because of the substantial and often rapid visual changes that accompany the transition from scotopic to photopic vision. These are caused not only by the switch from rod to cone photoreceptors, but also by switches between different post‐receptoral pathways through which the rod and cone signals are transmitted. In this review, we list several of the complexities of mesopic vision, such as rod–cone interactions, rod saturation, mixed photoreceptor spectral sensitivities, different rod and cone retinal distributions, and the changes in the spatial properties of the visual system as it changes from rod‐ to cone‐mediated. Our main focus, however, is the enormous and often neglected temporal changes that occur in the mesopic range and their effect on luminous efficiency. Even before the transition from rod to cone vision is complete, a transition occurs within the rod system itself from a sluggish, sensitive post‐receptoral pathway to a faster, less sensitive pathway. As a consequence of these complexities, any measure of mesopic performance will depend not only on the illumination level, but also on the spectral content of the stimuli used to probe performance, their retinal location, their spatial frequency content, and their temporal frequency content. All these should be considered when attempting to derive (or to apply) a luminous efficiency function for mesopic vision.
Validity of radiographic evaluations of bone formation in a rat calvaria osteotomy defect model
Authors: Pryor Mary E. , Susin Cristiano , Wikesjö Ulf M. E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of radiographic evaluations of bone formation in a critical‐size rat calvaria osteotomy defect model.Methods: Bilateral, critical‐size (∅ 6 mm) calvaria osteotomy defects in 30 adult Sprague–Dawley rats treated with a rat platelet‐rich plasma preparation or control treatments were evaluated by radiographic and histometric measures following a 4‐ or 8‐week healing interval. Standardized radiographic images of the rat calvaria gross specimens were used to assess bone formation within the defect sites by visual evaluation of the grey scale by three masked examiners. The most central portion of each defect site was subject to histometric analysis using a PC‐based image analysis system. Kappa statistics and percentage agreement between the radiographic and histometric analysis were estimated.Results: Radiographic evaluations of bone formation are associated with significant weaknesses poorly representing actual healing events; κ statistics (0.17) denoting slight agreement beyond chance. Perfect agreement between the histologic and radiographic analysis for defect sites showing complete and partial histologic bone fill was achieved 63% and 50% of the time, respectively. Agreement reached only 20% for sites with no/limited bone fill. When no/limited and partial bone fill occurred, the radiographic analysis tended to overestimate bone fill and underestimate bone fill when complete closure of the defect sites was observed in the histologic analysis.Conclusion: Low accuracy was observed when radiographic evaluations were employed in identifying and characterizing bone fill in the rat calvaria osteotomy defects. Assessment of bone healing in animal models aiming at treatment recommendations for clinical application must not solely be based on radiographic analysis, but should be confirmed using histologic observations.
Inflammatory external root resorption following surgical treatment for intra‐bony defects: a report of two cases involving Emdogain® and a review of the literature
Authors: St. George Geoffrey , Darbar Ulpee , Thomas Gareth 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground: Enamel matrix‐derived proteins have been shown to regenerate periodontal tissues lost as a result of disease in humans. Emdogain®, a commercial preparation of porcine enamel matrix derivative (EMD), has been shown to induce new cementum, periodontal ligament and bone formation in human periodontal defects. Although a number of studies have reported successful outcomes, local adverse effects have so far not been reported in the literature. This case report describes two examples of external inflammatory resorption following surgical root surface debridement and the use of Emdogain®.Treatment: The treatment in both cases involved raising a full‐thickness flap following completion of non‐surgical therapy. The granulation tissue from the defect was removed and the root surfaces debrided. Emdogain® was applied following the manufacturers' instructions and involved conditioning the root surfaces with Pref‐Gel and applying the Emdogain® to the defect. The flaps were sutured and the site reviewed regularly. Radiographs were taken before the treatment was undertaken and also at 6 months to assess the healing of the defect.Results: External inflammatory root resorption was observed on the treated teeth 6–24 months after therapy.Conclusion: External inflammatory root resorption may be an unusual adverse event following Emdogain® treatment.
Catalysis of Diels–Alder Reactions with Acrolein as Dienophile by Iron(III)-Doped Montmorillonite
Authors: Laszlo Pierre , Moison Hélène 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Acrolein is improved as a dienophile in the presence of the K10 montmorillonite exchanged with iron(III). Cycloaddition occurs with a number of dienes at room temperature and in high yield. Dienes tested include butadiene, isoprene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, 1-methoxycyclohexadiene, anthracene.
Electroless Plating through Successive Pretreatment with Aminosilane and PdCl2
Authors: Hamaya Takeo , Kumagai Yaomi , Koshizaki Naoto , Kanbe Tokuzo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Electroless nickel deposition on glass beads was carried out by a new plating method without using stannous chloride, which needs a successive pretreatment with aminosilane and PdCl2. It was presumed that metallic palladium nuclei was formed in the initial stage and initiated the plating.
Highly Selective Synthesis of Aldonolactones from Protected Alditols by Ruthenium Complex-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation. A Method of Converting Aldopentoses to Their Stereoisomers
Authors: Saburi Masahiko , Ishii Youichi , Kaji Nobutarp , Aoi Tsuneo , Sasaki Ichiro , Yoshikawa Sadao , Uchida Yasuzo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Highly selective hydrogen transfer reaction of substituted diols catalyzed by RuH2(PPh3)4 was applied to the conversion of aldopentoses into their stereoisomers via protected pentitols. Thus, the selective transformations of l-arabinose and l-ribose into protected l-lyxonolactone and d-ribonolactone, respectively, were achieved.
Unusual Stereo- and Regioselectivity Observed in Cycloadditions of the N-Titanated Azomethine Ylides Derived from t-Butyl (Benzylideneamino)acetate with α,β-Unsaturated Esters
Authors: Kanemasa Shuji , Uchida Osamu , Wada Eiji , Yamamoto Hidetoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Cycloadditions of the N-titanated azomethine ylides, derived from t-butyl (benzylideneamino)acetate, with α,β-unsaturated esters afford three different types of cycloadducts, depending upon the structure of dipolarophiles and the reaction temperature. In the reactions at room temperature, exo cycloadducts are exclusively produced, while either endo cycloadducts or regioisomeric ones are obtained in the reactions at a low temperature.
Syntheses of Novel Chitosan Derivatives Soluble in Organic Solvents by Regioselective Chemical Modifications
Authors: Nishimura Shin-Ichiro , Kohgo Osamu , Kurita Keisuke , Vittavatvong Chidchom , Kuzuhara Hiroyoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Regioselective chemical modifications of chitosan were successfully carried out in homogeneous solution under mild condition using phthalimido chitosan as a key starting material. Discrimination between the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups were also examined by O-tritylation or O-tosylation. As anticipated, the new chitosan derivatives exhibited a much improved solubility in common organic solvents.
β-Cyclodextrin Bearing Diethylenetriamine As Highly Active Phosphodiester Hydrolyzing Agent
Authors: Matsumoto Yoichi , Komiyama Makoto 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
β-Cyclodextrin bearing a diethylenetriamino residue exhibits a remarkable catalysis for the hydrolysis of bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) hydrogenphosphate and bis(4-nitrophenyl) hydrogenphosphate. The catalytic activity is almost comparable to the value of quite an active catalyst [Co(ethylenediamine)2(OH)(H2O)]2+.
Molecular Recognition of Nucleotides. Concurrent Hydrogen Bonding and Electrostatic Interactions in the Two-Point Fixation of Flavin Mononucleotide
Authors: Aoyama Yasuhiro , Mizokami Koji , Toi Hiroo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A pyridinium compound having a bisresorcinol moiety forms a two-point adduct with monoanion of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in CHCl3–CH3OH (99.7:0.3) via a pyridinium–phosphate electrostatic interaction and an isoalloxazine–bisresorcinol hydrogen bonding.
Structure of δ-Cyclodextrin 13.75H2O
Authors: Fujiwara Takaji , Tanaka Naoki , Kobayashi Shoichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Crystal and molecular structure of 13.75 hydrate of cycloamylose, δ-cyclodextrin, was studied by X-ray structure analysis. δ-cyclodextrin is not a doughnut-shaped molecule but rather elliptic, boat-shaped one.
Bad loci of free linear systems
Authors: Fernex Tommaso de , Lanteri Antonio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The bad locus of a free linear system ℒ on a normal complex projective variety X is defined as the set B( ℒ ) ⊆ X of points that are not contained in any irreducible and reduced member of ℒ. In this paper we provide a geometric description of such locus in terms of the morphism defined by ℒ. In particular, assume that dim X ≥ 2 and ℒ is the complete linear system associated to an ample and spanned line bundle. It is known that in this case B(ℒ) is empty unless X is a surface. Then we prove that, when the latter occurs, B(ℒ) is not empty if and only if ℒ defines a morphism onto a two dimensional cone, in which case B(ℒ) is the inverse image of the vertex of the cone.
Feminist Theory Across the Millennial Divide
Authors: Daly Ann 
Published: May 2006

Every so often I receive a request to anthologize my 1987 article, “The Balanchine Woman: Of Hummingbirds and Channel Swimmers” (Daly 1987), in which I used the feminist theory of the male gaze to analyze a prototypical pas de deux. So far, I have declined each one, or proposed that the article be published in tandem with “Dance History and Feminist Theory: Reconsidering Isadora Duncan and the Male Gaze,” a 1992 essay that critiqued the very theory that had enabled the earlier work (Daly 1992). While I am grateful that “Hummingbirds” made a meaningful contribution to our understanding of how feminist theory could be a useful framework for dance scholarship, I also appreciate that both feminist theory and dance studies have come a long, long way since the groundbreaking paradigm of the male gaze.When I wrote “Hummingbirds,” feminist theory was the most creative, rigorous, and productive discourse around. It articulated what had emerged as the fundamental issue of twentieth-century arts and humanities: representation. Feminist theory infused dance studies with a fresh, compelling set of questions that were quickly taken up, especially by younger scholars, critics, and artists. We were challenged to shift our angle of vision and expand the field of our vision. As a result, our critical acuity was honed, the dancing we chose to study became more inclusive, dialogue was opened with other disciplines, and dance literature as a whole grew more incisive, complex, and engaged.But no question, framework, or theory ever remains fixed. I began to question the theory of the male gaze almost as soon as “Hummingbirds” was published. When I attempted to adapt the model to my historical research on Isadora Duncan, I bumped up against its limits, which led me to other theories and more questions. It also led me to critique the then flourishing “success-or-failure” brand of feminist criticism, whose brittle, reductive analyses were not only unconvincing scholarship but problematic politics as well. So I wrote “Dance History and Feminist Theory” as a companion piece to “Hummingbirds.”
John Blacking and the Development of Dance Anthropology in the United Kingdom
Authors: Grau Andrée 
Published: May 2006

The study of dance, let alone “dance anthropology,” is still barely accepted by academia in the schools and universities of the United Kingdom. On the whole, Farnell's 1981 discussion of dance and dance education in England is still relevant. There is, however, a growing awareness among British anthropologists of the critical relevance of dance within the field of anthropology and among dance scholars of the relevance of anthropology to dance studies.In the last decade or so a number of studies that look at the state of the art within the field of “dance” anthropology have been published in the United States and in Europe (see, for example, Giurschescu and Torp [1991], Kaeppler [1991], Lange [1980], Sklar [1991], and Williams [1986]). It would be more accurate to talk about the anthropology of human movement, as do a number of the writers mentioned above, since the concept “dance,” as known in English and other cognate languages, may not be appropriate cross culturally. I find the term “anthropology of human movement,” however, rather cumbersome, and since it is “dance”—rather than martial arts or signing systems, for instance—that is usually looked at by the authors I will be referring to later, I consider the use of the term “dance anthropology” justifiable.
Peele's Hunting of Cupid
Authors: Cutts John P. 
Published: May 2006

There appears in the Stationers’ Register for 26 July 1591 the following entry:Rich[ard] Iones Entred vnto him for his copye vnder thandes of the B [ishop] of London and Mr Watkins a booke intituled the Huntinge of Cupid written by George Peele Mr of Artes of Oxeford. / Provyded alwayes that yf yt
be hurtfull to any other Copye before lycenced, then this to be voyde vjdfrom which it has been generally assumed that a play by Peele called The Hunting of Cupid was licensed. Only E. K. Chambers seems to have expressed any doubt whatsoever about its being a play. Certainly W. W. Greg, who carefully collected the known fragments of The Hunting of Cupid, was definitely of the opinion that they represented parts of a ‘play of a pastoral or mythological nature’, and thought it natural for fragments, the only part of the work extant, to be printed by the Malone Society in close succession to the society's printing of Peele's Arraignment of Paris.
Logical Grammar, Grammatical Logic, and Humanism in Three German Universities
Authors: Heath Terrence 
Published: May 2006

It has long been recognized that the literary revolution precipitated by humanists in the fifteenth and six-teenth centuries was paralleled by profound pedagogical innovations in the traditional, scholastic educational structure. In addition to new literary norms, the hussmanist pedagogues evolved linguistic structures and usages fundamentally foreign to those of their scholastic predecessors and prescribed rhetorical methods for the presentation of material which undermined medieval dialectic. Walter Ong, in his study of Pierre Ramus, says of the developments in dialectics at the turn of the sixteenth century:In terms of the established pattern, humanism forced a crisis by proposing a program, which in effect challenged the primacy of dialectic and, in so doing, impugned the whole curricular organization and the teaching profession as such, and thereby threatened the intelligibility of the whole universe.
The ‘Angel’ of English Renaissance Literature
Authors: Baker Donald C. 
Published: May 2006

They have in EnglandA coin that bears the figure of an angelStampèd in gold …(Merchant of Venice II. vii. 55-57)The scholar or casual reader whose interest is drawn to Renaissance English literature discovers very early that, in the fantastic profusion of puns and punning allusions that delighted the hearts of Englishmen in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, second in frequency only to the cuckold's horns is a thin gold coin called the angel. The uses made of it range from the casual pun ‘There's a pair of angels to guide you to your lodgings’ to elaborate metaphors which mold a scene or provide the vehicle for an entire poem, as in Donne's Elegie XI, ‘The Bracelet’.
The Rise of the ‘Right-Hand House’ in the History and Historiography of the Xhosa
Authors: Peires J.B. 
Published: May 2006

Among the Xhosa the institution of the ‘Right-Hand House’ acts both as a political charter and as an historical explanation. As a political charter it defines the relationship between the Ngqika Paramount (the Right-Hand House) of the Ciskei ‘Bantu Homeland’ and the Gcaleka Paramount (the Great House) of the Transkei Homeland. As it presently stands, the essence of this relationship is that the Ngqika Paramount recognizes the Gcaleka Paramount as his superior in rank, but without accepting any implications of practical political subordination. This position was defined by J.H. Soga, the standard authority on Xhosa history and customs, and himself an umNgqika, as follows:
By courtesy, matters affecting Xosa customs might occasionally be referred to a chief of the older [i.e., Gcaleka] branch especially when a precedent was involved, but this did not prevent the Right-Hand House from following its own line of conduct, irrespective of what that precedent might be, should it choose to do so. Laws promulgated by the court of the Gaikas [Ngqika] were not subject to interference by the Gcaleka chief.In terms of historical explanation, secondary authorities from 1846 to 1975 have singled out the privileged status of the Right-Hand House as the principal cause of Xhosa political fragmentation.Whereas historians of Africa normally agree that institutions and their myths of origin are, at least in part, susceptible to historical interpretation and reconstruction, they may justifiably be more doubtful of an historical approach which seeks to explain historical events by imputing to the past the continuous retrogressive operation of institutions which can be seen to be operating in certain ways in the present. In this regard the present exercise has two aims.
Resources for the History of Gabon in French Missionary Archives in Rome
Authors: Gardinier David E. 
Published: May 2006

The archives of two Roman Catholic congregations of French origin which have missionaries in Gabon are located in Rome: the Sisters of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception of Castres (commonly called the Blue Sisters) and the Brothers of Saint Gabriel of Saint Laurent-sur Sèvres. The Blue Sisters were founded by Emilie de Villeneuve in 1836 to improve the condition of women, in particular by educating poor and orphaned girls. The Brothers of Saint Gabriel were organized by Louis Grignion de Montfort in 1715 to provide a primary education for poor boys and were reorganized in 1821 by Gabriel Deshayes. Initially both congregations worked only in France. They entered Gabon at the request of the Holy Ghost Fathers-the sisters in 1849 and the brothers in 1900. The sisters had communities at most of the mission stations--in the Estuary at first and from the 1880s along the Ogooué river and other points in the interior. The brothers operated schools at Libreville and Lambaréné, and after the Second World War at Port-Gentil and Oyem as well. During the past century both congregations became primarily missionary bodies, with the sisters active in Africa and South America and the brothers in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. These international activities led to the transfer of their headquarters to Rome in the 1950s.The sisters who worked in Gabon prior to the Second World War included many with intelligence but few with much formal education beyond the primary grades. They spent their time in social service, health care, and elementary education. The latter included French as well as religion and the domestic arts. The sisters had much less contact with the government or the colonial administration than did the Holy Ghost Fathers, who were their ecclesiastical superiors. Though some sisters toured to provide medical aid to persons away from the mission stations, most of their contacts with Africans took place in or near the stations.
A Report on Some Archives in Equatoria Province, Sudan
Authors: Hødnebø Kjell 
Published: May 2006

Equatoria Province is the southernmost province in the Sudan. The province contains six districts, with each district having its own District Administration Archives situated in the District headquarters. Bigger towns or villages in the province have in addition their own Rural Council Archives arising from the Town Councils established in the late 1940s. There is normally only one Town Council in each district, situated in the town of the District headquarters. In some places the District Archives and the Rural Council Archives consist of files and boxes in different corners of the same storeroom and administered by the same clerk.The administration and filing systems have been inherited from the Condominium Period (1898-1956). Condominium administrative papers and public documents are thus incorporated in the papers used by the present administration. There is no sharp division between pre- and post-indepandent administrative papers; both are written in English (with a little interlude of Arabic in the 1960s) and many of the pre-independent files are still in use. In both the District and Rural Council Archives some of the files not in use are “closed.” At the time of my visit the Sudan Government had just started to bring in the closed District files to Juba, where they are under the care of the Southern Regional Ministry of Information and Culture. The open District files are under the District Commisioner, from whom permission to consult them must be obtained.After the establishment of the new Southern Regional Government in 1973, administration at the provincial level was changed. The Condominium papers from Equatoria Province were closed and made the responsibility of the Regional Ministry of Information and Culture. Thus the Condominium Archives at the Province level are not incorporated into the present administration files to the same extent as they are at the District and Town level.
Still Underused: Written German Sources for West Africa Before 1884
Authors: Jones Adam 
Published: May 2006

It is gratifying to receive compliments when one publishes books, yet I have mixed feelings about some of the kind words awarded to my two volumes of translations from seventeenth-century German sources on west Africa. What some people seem to be saying is: “Thank God I won't have to waste time learning that language!” Not only does this attitude rest on the untenable assumption that a translation is an adequate substitute for the original; it also underestimates the importance of those German works which remain untranslated.For those interested in the colonial period, of course, the German literature and archival material is very rich--not only for Togo and Cameroun, but also for other countries, notably Liberia. As soon as the Germans became politically involved in west African affairs in 1884, there appeared a whole flood of publications dealing with this part of the world; and there is also a great deal of unpublished material for the whole period 1884-1939 which urgently calls for more attention from scholars interested in the African past. This is generally recognized (the usual excuse offered for not using the German material is the difficulty of access to the Potsdam archive); yet it is seldom appreciated how much German material there is for the period before 1884.