bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of exposure to the water-soluble fraction of crude oil on the swimming performance and the metabolic and ionic recovery postexercise in Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi)
Authors: Kennedy Christopher J. , Farrell Anthony P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe swimming performance and recovery from exercise were determined in juvenile Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) following exposure to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of North Slope crude oil for more than eight weeks. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations (mean ± standard error) at the beginning of exposures were as follows: control, 0.2 ± 0.1 μg/L; low, 9.6 ± 2.5 μg/L; medium, 40.7 ± 6.9 μg/L; and high, 120.2 ± 11.4 μg/L. Biological availability of hydrocarbons was confirmed by a significant induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 content and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. Critical swimming speed (Ucrit) was significantly reduced in fish exposed to the highest concentration of WSF for 96 h (11% ± 3.7% reduction) and at the two highest concentrations at four weeks (16% ± 3.6% and 29% ± 5.4% reductions) and eight weeks (11% ± 3.8% and 40% ± 5.7% reductions). Mortality occurred in all groups 24 h following Ucrit swim trials, with significantly higher mortalities observed in fish exposed to WSF in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (maximum mortality of 72.2% ± 5.5% in the eight-week, high-exposure group). Burst swimming alone resulted in increased plasma cortisol, lactate, Na+, and Cl− concentrations and decreased muscle glycogen levels that returned to baseline values by 24 h. An interpretation of the effect of WSF exposure on postexercise metabolic recovery was complicated by pre-exercise alterations in several parameters. The time courses and magnitudes of several key postexercise parameters, including plasma cortisol, lactate, and muscle glycogen, were significantly altered by exposure to WSF. The present study clearly shows that hydrocarbon exposure can reduce the swimming ability of fish and their ability to recover from exhaustive exercise.
Toxicity of ozonated seawater to marine organisms
Authors: Jones Adam C. , Gensemer Robert W. , Stubblefield William A. , van Genderen Eric , Dethloff Gail M. , Cooper William J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Ballast water transport of nonindigenous species (NIS) is recognized as a significant contributor to biological invasions and a threat to coastal ecosystems. Recently, the use of ozone as an oxidant to eliminate NIS from ballast while ships are in transit has been considered. We determined the toxicity of ozone in artificial seawater (ASW) for five species of marine organisms in short-term (≤ 5 h) batch exposures. Larval topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) and juvenile sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were the most sensitive to oxidant exposure, and the mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia) was the most sensitive invertebrate. Conversely, benthic amphipods (Leptocheirus plumulosus and Rhepoxinius abronius) were the least sensitive of all species tested. Mortality from ozone exposure occurred quickly, with median lethal times ranging from 1 to 3 h for the most sensitive species, although additional mortality was observed 1 to 2 d following ozone exposure. Because ozone does not persist in seawater, toxicity likely resulted from bromide ion oxidation to bromine species (HOBr and OBr−), which persist as residual toxicants after at least 2 d of storage. Total residual oxidant (TRO; as Br2) formation resulting from ozone treatment was measured in ASW and four sitespecific natural seawaters. The rate of TRO formation correlated with salinity, but dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen did not affect TRO concentrations. Acute toxicity tests with each water over 48 h using mysid shrimp, topsmelt, and sheepshead minnows yielded results similar to those of batch exposure. Addition of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) to ozonated waters resulted in TRO elimination and survival of all organisms. Our results provide necessary information for the optimization of an efficacious ozone ballast water treatment system.
Evaluation of Genotoxic effects of heavy metals and arsenic in wild nestling white storks (Ciconia ciconia) and black kites (Milvus migrans) from southwestern Spain after a mining accident
Authors: Baos Raquel , Jovani Roger , Pastor Nuria , Tella José L. , Jiménez Begoña , Gómez Gemma , González Marí J. , Hiraldo Fernando 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Studies of birds from Doñana (southwestern Spain) after the Aznalcóllar mining accident (April 1998) have reported high levels of genetic damage when compared to conspecifics from reference areas. However, potential relationships between DNA damage and metal pollution have not yet been reported. The aim of the present study was to investigate the current levels of Zn, Pb, As, Cu, and Cd and to determine if they were associated with the genetic damage observed in free-living, nestling white storks (Ciconia ciconia) and black kites (Milvus migrans) born in the Doñana area after the mining spill. Blood concentrations of heavy metals and of As were quantified and DNA damage (comet assay) was determined in 258 storks and 132 kites monitored during a four-year period (1999–2002). Correlations between these elements and genetic damage varied between species and throughout years within species. Some elements did not show any relationship with DNA damage (e.g., Pb), whereas others had a significant correlation (e.g., As in storks, and Cu and Cd in kites) or only marginal statistical effects (e.g., Zn and Cd in storks, and As in kites) in some years but not in others. These results suggest that nestling white storks and black kites were affected, in part, by the elements studied, but they alone do not satisfactorily explain the observed DNA damage. Moreover, our results show that species-specific differences should be carefully considered when planning schemes for pollution monitoring, and highlight the need for including the temporal scale into the study of the pollutants effects in the wild.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis
Authors: Faitova Jitka , Krekac Daniel , Hrstka Roman , Vojtesek Borivoj 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCell death is an essential event in normal life and development, as well as in the pathophysiological processes that lead to disease. It has become clear that each of the main cellular organelles can participate in cell death signalling pathways, and recent advances have highlighted the importance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cell death processes. In cells, the ER functions as the organelle where proteins mature, and as such, is very responsive to extracellular-intracellular changes of environment. This short overview focuses on the known pathways of programmed cell death triggering from or involving the ER.
A Hybrid Supercapacitor Fabricated with a Carbon Nanotube Cathode and a TiO2–B Nanowire Anode
Authors: Wang Q. , Wen Z. H. , Li J. H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRecently, a new hybrid supercapacitor, integrating both the advantages of supercapacitors and lithium‐ion batteries, was proposed and rapidly turned into state‐of‐the‐art energy‐storage devices with a high energy density, fast power capability, and a long cycle life. In this paper, a new hybrid supercapacitor is fabricated by making use of the benefits of 1D nanomaterials consisting of a carbon nanotube (CNT) cathode and a TiO2–B nanowire (TNW) anode, and the preliminary results for such an energy‐storage device operating over a wide voltage range (0–2.8 V) are presented. The CNT–TNW supercapacitor is compared to a CNT–CNT supercapacitor, and discussed with regards to available energy densities, power capabilities, voltage profiles, and cycle life. On the basis of the total weight of both active materials, the CNT–TNW supercapacitor delivers an energy density of 12.5 W h kg–1 at a rate of 10 C, double the value of the CNT–CNT supercapacitor, while maintaining desirable cycling stability. The combination of a CNT cathode and a TNW anode in a non‐aqueous electrolyte is proven to be suitable for high‐performance hybrid supercapacitor applications; this can reasonably be assigned to the interesting synergistic effects of the two nanomaterials. It is hoped that the results presented in this study might renew interest in the design of nanomaterials that are applicable not only to hybrid supercapacitors, but also to energy conversion and storage applications of the future.
A Supramolecular Chiroptical Switch Using an Amorphous Azobenzene Polymer
Authors: Kim M. J. , Yoo S. J. , Kim D. Y. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSupramolecular chirality has been optically induced in an achiral epoxy‐based polymer containing photoresponsive azobenzene groups. The origin of this effect is the long‐range helical arrangement of the azobenzenes, which extends through the entire thickness of the film. The helicity induced by the handedness of the laser can be reversibly switched by alternately exposing the film to a 488 nm laser with right‐ and left‐handed elliptical polarization. The chiral properties of these films have been characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy and optical rotation. After five switching cycles, the fatigue resistance is seen to depend on the absorption wavelength of the film, probably due to differences in the photoresponsive speed of the azobenzenes and the polymeric segments.
Preparation of Near‐IR Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Fluorescence‐Anisotropy‐Based Immunoagglutination Assay in Whole Blood
Authors: Deng T. , Li J.‐S. , Jiang J.‐H. , Shen G.‐L. , Yu R.‐Q. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA class of novel core/shell near‐IR fluorescent nanoparticles have been prepared through co‐hydrolysis of a hydrophobic silicon alkoxide, hexadecyltrimethoxysilane, and tetraethyl orthosilicate as the dye‐doped core, followed by the formation of a hydrophilic shell via hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate in a water‐in‐oil microemulsion. The co‐hydrolysis of hexadecyltrimethoxysilane and tetraethyl orthosilicate produces a highly hydrophobic core for the entrapment of a low‐cost near‐IR fluorescence dye, methylene blue. Experimental investigation of this particular core/shell nanoparticle in comparison with conventional dye‐doped silica nanoparticles demonstrates that the hydrophobic core enables the doped dye to exhibit enhanced fluorescence and show improved stability to dye leaching and exogenous quenchers. In contrast to rhodamine B doped silica nanoparticles, the near‐IR fluorescent nanoparticles also show negligible background fluorescence and low inner‐filtration interference in complex biological systems such as whole blood. This advantage is utilized for the development of an immunoagglutination assay method based on fluorescence‐anisotropy measurement for the detection of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in whole‐blood samples. The results reveal that increase in fluorescence anisotropy is linearly correlated with AFP concentration in the range 1.9–51.9 ng mL–1.
The impact of climate change on global river flow in HadGEM1 simulations
Authors: Falloon Pete D. , Betts Richard A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractClimate change could have significant impacts on the availability of freshwater and the frequency and severity of flooding, with major implications for society. The latest version of the Hadley Centre General Circulation Model, HadGEM1, includes the TRIP (total runoff including pathways) global river routing scheme. We have analysed the predicted changes in global river flow under the IPCC SRES A1B and A2 scenarios from HadGEM1‐TRIP simulations. Global total river flow was predicted to increase by 4–8% during the 2071–2100 period relative to 1961–1990, although there were large regional differences—for example, large increases in river flow in boreal regions and western Africa, and large decreases in river flow in southern Europe and North Africa. Significant changes in the seasonality of river flow could also occur, such as earlier peaks in spring runoff in boreal rivers due to earlier snow melt. In our simulations, large increases in monthly maximum flow and decreases in monthly minimum flow were found, although the increases in monthly maximum flow were generally larger. Thus, climate change is likely to increase the occurrence of both high and low flows, although the increased high flows could be dominant. © Crown Copyright 2006. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed‐Valent Manganese Phosphonate Cage Complexes
Authors: Shanmugam Maheswaran , Chastanet Guillaume , Mallah Talal , Sessoli Roberta , Teat Simon J. , Timco Grigore A. , Winpenny Richard E. P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe reaction of phenylphosphonic acid (PhPO3H2) with the mixed‐valent basic oxo‐centered manganese triangle [Mn3O(O2CCMe3)6(py)3] (1; where py=pyridine) in the presence of a suitable base gives four different manganese clusters depending on the identity of the base. The syntheses and structural characterization of [Mn18(μ3‐O)8(PhPO3)14(O2CCMe3)12(py)6(H2O)2] (2), [Mn7(μ3‐O)3(O3PPh)3(O2CCMe3)8(py)3] (3), [Mn9Na(μ3‐O)4(μ4‐O)2(O3PPh)2(O2CCMe3)12(H2O)2(H2O)0.67(Py)0.33] (4), and [Mn13(μ3‐O)8(OMe)8(O3PPh)4(O2CCMe3)10] (5) are described. Complexes 4 and 5 are homovalent MnIII cages, while 2 and 3 contain divalent, trivalent, and/or tetravalent ions. All the manganese centers are valence‐localized, the octahedral MnIII sites being recognizable by marked Jahn–Teller distortions. The magnetic properties of compounds 2–5 have been investigated in the polycrystalline state by magnetic susceptibility and high‐field magnetization measurements, which reveal that spin ground states vary from 0≤S≥8. AC susceptibility measurements performed on 4 and 5, in the 1.6–10.0 K ranges show the presence of out of AC susceptibility signal (χM′′) for 4, and an effective energy barrier (Ueff) for the re‐orientation of the magnetization is found to be 17 K, but for 5, the χM′′ maximum is found to be below 1.5 K.
The Nature of Halogen⋅⋅⋅Halogen Synthons: Crystallographic and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Awwadi Firas F. , Willett Roger D. , Peterson Kirk A. , Twamley Brendan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA study of the halogen⋅⋅⋅halogen contacts in organic compounds using ab initio calculations and the results of previously reported crystallographic studies show that these interactions are controlled by electrostatics. These contacts can be represented by the geometric parameters of the CX1⋅⋅⋅X2C moieties (where θ1=CX1⋅⋅⋅X2 and θ2=X1⋅⋅⋅X2C; ri=X1⋅⋅⋅X2 distance). The distributions of the contacts within the sum of van der Waals radii (rvdW) versus θi (θ1=θ2) show a maximum at θ≈150° for X=Cl, Br, and I. This maximum is not seen in the distribution of F⋅⋅⋅F contacts. These results are in good agreement with our ab initio calculations. The theoretical results show that the position of the maximum depends on three factors: 1) The type of halogen atom, 2) the hybridization of the ipso carbon atom, and 3) the nature of the other atoms that are bonded to the ipso carbon atom apart from the halogen atom. Calculations show that the strength of these contacts decreases in the following order: I⋅⋅⋅I>Br⋅⋅⋅Br>Cl⋅⋅⋅Cl. Their relative strengths decrease as a function of the hybridization of the ipso carbon atom in the following order: sp2>sp>sp3. Attaching an electronegative atom to the carbon atom strengthens the halogen⋅⋅⋅halogen contacts. An electrostatic model is proposed based on two assumptions: 1) The presence of a positive electrostatic end cap on the halogen atom (except for fluorine) and 2) the electronic charge is anisotropically distributed around the halogen atom.
Optimized Synthesis of AMPA Receptor Antagonist ZK 187638 and Neurobehavioral Activity in a Mouse Model of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
Authors: Elger Bernd , Schneider Matthias , Winter Eric , Carvelli Lucia , Bonomi Marco , Fracasso Claudia , Guiso Giovanna , Colovic Milena , Caccia Silvio , Mennini Tiziana 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPrevious structure–activity relationship studies in the search for a potent, noncompetitiveα‐amino‐3‐(3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist led to 2,3‐dimethyl‐6‐phenyl‐12H‐[1,3]dioxolo[4,5‐h]imidazo[1,2‐c][2,3]benzodiazepine (ZK 187638). However, the first synthesis had some drawbacks regarding reagents, processes, and overall yield, which furthermore decreased when the synthesis was scaled up. Therefore, we now report a new synthetic route for this compound which requires fewer steps and is suited for large‐scale production. This compound significantly relieved the symptoms of neuromuscular deficit inmndmice, a model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis with motor neuron dysfunction. After oral administration, the concentrations of the compound in the brain and spinal cord were about threefold higher than those in the plasma. In summary, this novel AMPA antagonist is accessible through an optimized synthetic route, has good neurobehavioral activity, oral bioavailability, and favorable brain penetration. This opens new possibilities for the treatment of devastating neurological diseases that are mediated by the AMPA receptor.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Antimicrobial and Haemolytic Activities of Amphiphilic Bis(phenylacetylarginine) Derivatives
Authors: Castillo José A. , Infante M. Rosa , Manresa Àngels , Vinardell M. Pilar , Mitjans Montserrat , Clapés Pere 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNovel bis(Nα‐phenylacetyl‐L‐arginine)‐α,ω‐alkanediamide dihydrochloride (bis(PhAcArg)) derivatives with antimicrobial activity were designed and synthesised by a chemoenzymatic strategy. The new structures consist of two Nα‐phenylacetyl‐L‐arginine moieties connected by an alkanediamine spacer chain of 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 methylene units through amide bonds. The key step in the chemoenzymatic strategy is the double aminolysis of the Nα‐phenylacetyl‐L‐arginine methyl ester by the corresponding α,ω‐alkanediamine catalyzed by papain in ethanolic media. The compounds synthesised were tested as antimicrobials against 15 bacterial and 8 fungal species. The antimicrobial activity and selectivity depend strongly on the spacer chain length. The bis(PhAcArg) derivative with the spacer chain of 12 methylene groups gave the lowest MIC values against Gram‐positive bacteria, whereas that with 14 methylene units was the best against Gram‐negative bacteria. Interestingly, these novel compounds showed enhanced antibacterial activity relative to the lead compound, bis(Nα‐caproyl‐L‐arginine)‐1,3‐propanediamide dihydrochloride (C3(CA)2), and moderate antifungal activity. Moreover, tests of haemolytic activity toward human erythrocytes revealed that haemolysis increases with spacer chain length. Importantly, the compounds were classified as not irritating to eyes, with the exception of the compound with the spacer chain of 14 methylene groups, which was a slight eye irritant.
The role of Src in solid and hematologic malignancies
Authors: Alvarez Ricardo H. , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Cortes Jorge E. 
Published: September 2006

Abstractc‐Src was the first protooncogene described and was among the first molecules in which tyrosine kinase activity was documented. c‐Src has been defined as a common modular structure that participates in much of the crosstalk between the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases and tyrosine kinase receptors. Understanding the structure and function of this important class of protein kinases and elucidating the molecular signaling events mediated by c‐Src are important not only for identifying the critical pathways but also for designing new strategies to block or inhibit the action of these kinases. Despite the large amount of information available on c‐Src, its precise functions in cancer remain to be elucidated. Recently, there has been renewed interest in c‐Src as a molecular target for cancer therapy, and multiple c‐Src inhibitors are entering clinical trials. In this review, the authors describe the function and expression of c‐Src in human malignancies and the novel c‐Src inhibitors and their potential applications for cancer treatment. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Fiber connections of the compact division of the posterior pallial amygdala and lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the pigeon (Columba livia)
Authors: Atoji Yasuro , Saito Shouichiro , Wild J. Martin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe compact division of the posterior pallial amygdala (PoAc) and lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL) are components of the limbic system in the pigeon brain. In this study, we examined the position and fiber connections of these two nuclei by using Nissl staining and tract‐tracing methods. PoAc occupies a central division in the posterior pallial amygdala. BSTL faces the ventral horn of the lateral ventricle and extends between A 7.25 and A 10.50. PoAc and BSTL connect bidirectionally by the stria terminalis. PoAc connects reciprocally with two nuclear groups in the cerebrum: 1) a continuum consisting of the caudoventral nidopallium, lateral part of the caudoventral nidopallium (NCVl), subnidopallium beneath NCVl, and piriform cortex and 2) rostral areas of the hemisphere, including the frontolateral and frontomedial nidopallium and the densocellular part of the hyperpallium. Extratelencephalic projections of PoAc terminate in the dorsomedial thalamic nuclei and reach the lateral hypothalamic area via the hypothalamic part of the occipito‐mesencephalic tract. BSTL also connects reciprocally with two main regions: 1) the same continuum as for PoAc projections, except the piriform cortex and 2) rostral areas of the hemisphere, including the olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens. Extratelencephalic reciprocal connections are with the substantia nigra, nucleus subceruleus dorsalis, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. The dorsomedial subdivision of the hippocampal formation projects massively to PoAc and BSTL. These findings indicate that PoAc and BSTL are important components of an interconnected neural circuit involving widespread regions of the neuraxis and mediating limbic‐visceral functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:161–182, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of primary afferent projections to the gracile nucleus of the dorsal column system of primates
Authors: Qi Hui‐Xin , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn order to reveal the somatotopic organization of the gracile nucleus of the dorsal column–trigeminal complex, neuroanatomical tracers were injected subcutaneously into various parts of the hindlimb and tail of prosimian galagos, New World monkeys, and Old World monkeys. In most cases, tracers were injected bilaterally, and into more than one body part. In six cases, two different, distinguishable tracers were injected into the same hindlimb. Brainstem and spinal cord sections were processed for tracers transported by cutaneous afferents to terminations in the gracile nuclei. Foci of terminations were related to the cell‐cluster architecture of the gracile nuclei in sections processed for cytochrome oxidase or stained for cell bodies (Nissl stain). In all taxa, terminations labeled by the injections were distributed in a patchy fashion along the rostrocaudal length of the ipsilateral gracile nucleus. Terminations were largely but not completely focused within the cytochrome oxidase dense cell clusters. Across taxa, afferents from the tail, foot, lower leg, and upper leg terminated in a mediolateral sequence within the gracile nucleus. Afferents from the glabrous skin of toes 1–5 terminated in a ventromedial to dorsolateral sequence in owl, squirrel, and macaque monkeys, but an altered arrangement was seen in the galagos, with a ventrolateral location for toe 1. The use of two tracers in squirrel monkeys indicated that terminations from adjacent toes formed adjacent and largely segregated patches. Terminations of afferents from the plantar pad (sole) of the foot tended to surround those from the glabrous toes. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:183–217, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.