bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potential of III‐V semiconductors as terrestrial photovoltaic devices
Authors: Bosi Matteo , Pelosi Claudio 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIII‐V semiconductors, GaAs and in particular InGaP, are used in many different electronic applications, such as high power and high frequency devices, laser diodes and high brightness LED. Their direct bandgap and high reliability make them ideal candidates for the realisation of high efficiency solar cells: in the past years they have been successfully used as power sources for satellites in space, where they are able to produce electricity from sunlight with an overall efficiency of around 30%. Nowadays, the use of arsenides and phosphides as photovoltaic (PV) devices is confined only to space applications since their price is much higher than conventional Si flat panel modules, the leading PV market technology. But with the introduction of multijunction solar cells capable of operating in high concentration solar light, the area and, therefore, the cost of these cells can be reduced and will eventually find an application and market also on Earth. This article will review the situation of semiconductor solar cell materials, focusing on Si, GaAs, InGaP and multijunction solar cells and will discuss future trends and possibilities of bringing III‐V technology from space to Earth. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compensatory effect of the minor Streptomyces lividans type I signal peptidases on the SipY major signal peptidase deficiency as determined by extracellular proteome analysis
Authors: Escutia Marta R. , Val Gema , Palacín Arantxa , Geukens Nick , Anné Jozef , Mellado Rafael P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe developmentally complex bacterium Streptomyces lividans has the ability to produce and secrete a significant amount of protein and possesses four different type I signal peptidase genes (sipW, sipX, sipY and sipZ) that are unusually clustered in its chromosome. 2‐DE and subsequent MS of extracellular proteins showed that proteins with typical export signals for type I and type II signal peptidases are the main components of the S. lividans secretome. Secretion of extracellular proteins is severely reduced in a strain deficient in the major type I signal peptidase (SipY). This deficiency was efficiently compensated by complementation with any of the other three signal peptidases as deduced from a comparison of the corresponding 2‐D PAGE patterns with that of the wild‐type strain.
Automation, parallelism, and robotics for proteomics
Authors: Alterovitz Gil , Liu Jonathan , Chow Jijun , Ramoni Marco F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe speed of the human genome project (Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C. et al., Nature 2001, 409, 860–921) was made possible, in part, by developments in automation of sequencing technologies. Before these technologies, sequencing was a laborious, expensive, and personnel‐intensive task. Similarly, automation and robotics are changing the field of proteomics today. Proteomics is defined as the effort to understand and characterize proteins in the categories of structure, function and interaction (Englbrecht, C. C., Facius, A., Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen. 2005, 8, 705–715). As such, this field nicely lends itself to automation technologies since these methods often require large economies of scale in order to achieve cost and time‐saving benefits. This article describes some of the technologies and methods being applied in proteomics in order to facilitate automation within the field as well as in linking proteomics‐based information with other related research areas.
The use of mass spectrometry for the proteomic analysis of glycosylation
Authors: Morelle Willy , Canis Kévin , Chirat Frédéric , Faid Valegh , Michalski Jean‐Claude 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOf all protein PTMs, glycosylation is by far the most common, and is a target for proteomic research. Glycosylation plays key roles in controlling various cellular processes and the modifications of the glycan structures in diseases highlight the clinical importance of this PTM. Glycosylation analysis remains a difficult task. MS, in combination with modern separation methodologies, is one of the most powerful and versatile techniques for the structural analysis of glycoconjugates. This review describes methodologies based on MS for detailed characterization of glycoconjugates in complex biological samples at the sensitivity required for proteomic work.
Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), anise (Pimpinella anisum) and garlic (Allium sativum) oils against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae)
Authors: Park II‐Kwon , Choi Kwang‐Sik , Kim Do‐Hyung , Choi In‐Ho , Kim Lee‐Sun , Bak Won‐Chull , Choi Joon‐Weon , Shin Sang‐Chul 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPlant essential oils from 40 plant species were tested for their insecticidal activities against larvae of Lycoriella ingénue (Dufour) using a fumigation bioassay. Good insecticidal activity against larvae of L. ingenua was achieved with essential oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Eucalyptus smithii RT Baker, horseradish, anise and garlic at 10 and 5 µL L−1 air. Horseradish, anise and garlic oils showed the most potent insecticidal activities among the plant essential oils. At 1.25 µL L−1, horseradish, anise and garlic oils caused 100, 93.3 and 13.3% mortality, but at 0.625 µL L−1 air this decreased to 3.3, 0 and 0% respectively. Analysis by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry led to the identification of one major compound from horseradish, and three each from anise and garlic oils. These seven compounds and m‐anisaldehyde and o‐anisaldehyde, two positional isomers of p‐anisaldehyde, were tested individually for their insecticidal activities against larvae of L. ingenua. Allyl isothiocyanate was the most toxic, followed by trans‐anethole, diallyl disulfide and p‐anisaldehyde with LC50 values of 0.15, 0.20, 0.87 and 1.47 µL L−1 respectively. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Toxicity of spray and fumigant products containing cassia oil to Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae)
Authors: Kim Soon‐II , Kim Hyun‐Kyung , Koh Young‐Yull , Clark J Marshall , Ahn Young‐Joon 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of formulations of oil of cassia, Cinnamomum cassia Blume, (20 and 50 g L−1 sprays and 100% oil‐based fumigant) to adult Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes and D. pteronyssinus Trouessart was examined using contact and vapour‐phase toxicity bioassays. Results were compared with the lethal activity of three commercial acaricides: benzyl benzoate, dibutyl phthalate and diethyl‐m‐toluamide (deet). The contact toxicity of cassia oil to both dust mite species was comparable with that of benzyl benzoate but was higher than that of the other two acaricides. Sprays containing 20 and 50 g L−1 cassia oil were effective against both mite species when applied to fabric, glass, paper, plastic, tin or wood substrates. Applications of the 50 g L−1 spray to different space volumes and surface areas determined that 50–60 mg of cassia oil was needed to control dust mites in 3.4 m3 or in 1 m2. In tests with fumigant devices, toxicity varied according to the thickness of non‐woven fabric covering the device, the exposure time, the number of fumigant devices used and the volume of the space sprayed. Fumigant toxicity to adult D. pteronyssinus was more pronounced with devices enclosed in thinner (40 µm) versus thicker (45 or 50 µm) non‐woven fabric covers. A single fumigant device with a 40 µm thick non‐woven fabric cover resulted in substantial control in a space of 0.05 m3 but exhibited only moderate to weak control in spaces ≥ 0.097 m3 at 4 days after application. Two fumigant devices gave 88% mortality in a space of 1.73 m3. Cassia oil applied as sprays or in fumigant devices appears to provide effective protection of humans from house dust mites. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Planar motion and three‐dimensional structure recovery from image sequences based on a fish‐eye projection model
Authors: Miyagawa Isao , Wakabayashi Kaoru , Arakawa Kenichi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this paper we propose a factorization method that can simultaneously recover planar motion and three‐dimensional structure from image sequences captured using a fish‐eye camera. Here we assume that the fish‐eye camera moves on a plane with the optical axis perpendicular to the plane. Our method is based on a fish‐eye projection model that captures the image sequence under this planar motion. In our experiments using an imaging robot, we apply this method to images obtained indoors and show that it is an effective method for simultaneously recovering planar motion and three‐dimensional structure with a high level of accuracy. In addition, from evaluations of the precision of shape recovery we confirm that the precision with which shapes can be recovered is dependent on the angle of elevation and thereby clarify the scope within which this method is applicable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(9): 32–46, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20296
Dietary treatment in adult‐onset type II glycogenosis
Authors: Ravaglia Sabrina , Pichiecchio Anna , Rossi Miriam , Filippi Paola De , Minelli Antonella , Moglia Arrigo , Danesino Cesare 
Published: June 2006

SummaryEight patients with adult‐onset type II glycogenosis (GSD II), all carrying the IVS1−13T<G mutation, were treated with high‐protein isocaloric diet for 3 years. We evaluated the usefulness of this approach through the assessment of the skeletal muscles (by manual muscle testing, quantitative isokinetic exercise, and muscle MRI) and the respiratory function (by spirometry). Three patients with mild or moderate disease severity refused the diet and were still monitored for comparison: they showed clinical (2 patients) or clinicoradiological (1 patient) progression of muscle weakness, while respiratory function remained unchanged. Among the patients accepting the dietary treatment, muscle strength remained unchanged, as did the degree of fatty infiltration and atrophy as assessed by muscle MRI; respiratory function worsened in 2/5 patients with severe baseline respiratory dysfunction. High‐protein diet may stabilize disease progression at the skeletal muscles, but does not produce significant clinical improvements; moreover, the usefulness of this approach in patients with severe respiratory disease seems questionable.
Vertical distribution of soil nematodes in an age sequence ofCaragana microphyllaplantations in the Horqin Sandy Land, Northeast China
Authors: Jiang Deming , Li Qi , Liu Fangming , Jiang Yong , Liang Wenju 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe vertical distribution of soil nematodes down to a depth of 50 cm was studied in an age sequence of 0‐, 5‐, 10‐, and 22‐year‐oldCaragana microphyllaplantations (treatments) in the Horqin Sandy Land, Northeast China. The abundances and generic compositions of nematode fauna in five soil layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm) were analyzed. 42 genera were observed in the nematode suspensions, andAcrobeleswas the dominant genus in all treatments. The results showed that the total number of nematodes and the generic diversity in an age sequence ofC. microphyllaplantations decreased with increasing soil depth. Significant differences in the numbers of total nematodes, bacterivores (BF), plant parasites (PP), and omnivores–predators (OP) were observed between treatments and depths. BF was the most abundant trophic group in our study, followed by OP. The numbers of OP showed an obviously increasing trend with increasing age ofC. microphyllaplantation. The vertical distribution of the soil nematode communities was related to gradual changes in soil chemical properties, and it indicated thatC. microphyllaplantations have played positive roles in improving soil environmental conditions and restoring desertified ecosystems in the Horqin Sandy Land. The ecological indices selected were influenced by plantation chronosequence but not by soil depth.
A supplier development program: Rational process or institutional image construction?
Authors: Rogers Keith W. , Purdy Lyn , Safayeni Frank , Duimering P. Robert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDrawing on arguments from institutional theory, we examine the implementation and use of a supplier development program by a major North American automotive manufacturer. While all suppliers adopted the program as an apparent response to coercive institutional pressures from their customer, the study focuses on the effects of such pressures on internal information processing and the behavior of the actors involved. The study therefore addresses a significant gap in the institutional theory literature concerning the question of how managers reconcile potential conflicts between externally imposed institutional demands and internal operational efficiency constraints. Specifically, the supplier development process is conceptualized using two different approaches: one based on assumptions of rational efficiency, the other based on assumptions of institutional image construction. Five propositions were tested using quantitative data from the customer and interview data from the suppliers. Overall, the two propositions based on image construction were supported while only one proposition of the three for the rational decision making approach was partially supported. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding how a firm's institutional context influences the implementation and use of operation management strategies.
Adenosine A2Areceptors play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic cirrhosis
Authors: Chan Edwin S L , Montesinos Maria Carmen , Fernandez Patricia , Desai Avani , Delano David L , Yee Herman , Reiss Allison B , Pillinger Michael H , Chen Jiang‐Fan , Schwarzschild Michael A , Friedman Scott L , Cronstein Bruce N 
Published: June 2006

Adenosine is a potent endogenous regulator of inflammation and tissue repair. Adenosine, which is released from injured and hypoxic tissue or in response to toxins and medications, may induce pulmonary fibrosis in mice, presumablyviainteraction with a specific adenosine receptor. We therefore determined whether adenosine and its receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis.As in other tissues and cell types, adenosine is releasedin vitroin response to the fibrogenic stimuli ethanol (40 mg dl−1) and methotrexate (100 nM).Adenosine A2Areceptors are expressed on rat and human hepatic stellate cell lines and adenosine A2Areceptor occupancy promotes collagen production by these cells. Liver sections from mice treated with the hepatotoxins carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (0.05 ml in oil, 50 : 50 v : v, subcutaneously) and thioacetamide (100 mg kg−1in PBS, intraperitoneally) released more adenosine than those from untreated mice when culturedex vivo.Adenosine A2Areceptor‐deficient, but not wild‐type or A3receptor‐deficient, mice are protected from development of hepatic fibrosis following CCl4or thioacetamide exposure.Similarly, caffeine (50 mg kg−1 day−1, po), a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, and ZM241385 (25 mg kg−1bid), a more selective antagonist of the adenosine A2Areceptor, diminished hepatic fibrosis in wild‐type mice exposed to either CCl4or thioacetamide.These results demonstrate that hepatic adenosine A2Areceptors play an active role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, and suggest a novel therapeutic target in the treatment and prevention of hepatic cirrhosis.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)148, 1144–1155. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706812
Tolerance to cannabinoid response on the myenteric plexus of guinea‐pig ileum and human small intestinal strips
Authors: Guagnini Fabio , Cogliati Paola , Mukenge Sylvain , Ferla Gianfranco , Croci Tiziano 
Published: June 2006

We studied tolerance to cannabinoid agonist action by comparing the in vitro inhibition of electrically evoked contractions of longitudinal muscle from small intestine of human and guinea‐pig (myenteric plexus preparations) after 48‐h incubation with the synthetic agonist (+) WIN 55,212‐2. We also investigated the intrinsic response to the selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant in control and tolerant strips.
(+) WIN 55,212‐2 inhibited guinea‐pig (IC50 4.8 nM) and human small intestine (56 nM) contractions with similar potency before or after 48‐h incubation in drug‐free conditions; this effect was competitively antagonized by rimonabant (pA2, 8.4, 8.2). A 48‐h preincubation with (+) WIN 55,212‐2, but not with (−) WIN 55,212‐3, completely abolished the acute agonist response in both tissue preparations. The opiate K‐receptor agonist U69593 inhibited human small intestine contractions with a similar potency in control and strips tolerant to (+) WIN 55,212‐2, IC50 39 and 43 nM.
Unlike human tissue, in guinea‐pig small intestine, which has a high level of endocannabinoids, rimonabant alone increased the twitches induced by the electrical field stimulation (EC50 100 nM) with a maximal effect of 123%.
In strips tolerant to (+) WIN 55,212‐2, rimonabant markedly increased (155%) the electrical twitches in human ileum and in guinea‐pig myenteric plexus smooth muscle (133%).
This study shows tolerance can be induced to the cannabinoids' action in intestinal strips of human and guinea‐pig by long in vitro incubation with the agonist (+) WIN 55,212‐2.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 1165–1173. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706813
Critical periods in the life cycle and the effects of a severe spate vary markedly between four species of elmid beetles in a small stream
Authors: ELLIOTT J. M. 
Published: June 2006

Summary1. The chief objectives were: (i) to describe quantitatively the life cycles of four species of Elmidae,Elmis aenea,Esolus parallelepipedus,Oulimnius tuberculatusandLimnius volkmari; (ii) to use life tables to identify critical periods for survival in the life cycle of each species; (iii) to evaluate the immediate and longer‐term effects of a severe spate on densities of the four species. Monthly samples were taken over 63 months at two contrasting sites in a small stream: one in a deep section with macrophytes abundant, and the other in a shallow stony section.2. There were five larval instars forO. tuberculatus, seven forL. volkmariand six for the other two species. The life cycle of each species took 1 year from egg hatching (chiefly in June forE. aeneaandO. tuberculatus, and July for the other species) to pupation in the stream bank and a further year before the adults in the stream matured and laid their eggs. Mature adults were present in most months, but were rare or absent in January and February and attained maximum densities in April forO. tuberculatusand May for the other species.3. Laboratory experiments provided data on egg hatching and pupation periods and the number of eggs laid per female. Life tables compared maximum numbers per square metre for key life‐stages. Within each species, mortality rates between adjacent life‐stages were fairly constant among six cohorts and between sites, in spite of large differences in numbers. The only exception for all species was the high adult, but not larval, mortality during a severe spate.4. Standardised life tables, starting with 1000 eggs, identified key life‐stages with the highest mortality, namely the early life‐stages forE. aenea(36% mortality), start of the overwintering period to pupation forO. tuberculatus(41%) andL. volkmari(51%), start of pupation to the maximum number of immature adults forE. parallelepipedus(41%) and between the maximum numbers of immature and mature adults forO. tuberculatus(41%). Therefore, critical periods for survival in the life cycle differed between species, presumably because of their different ecological requirements. Similarly, the effects of the spate on adult mortality, and hence egg production, varied between species, being most severe and long‐term forE. aeneaandO. tuberculatus, less severe forE. parallelepipedusand least severe with a rapid recovery forL. volkmari. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed, but more data are required on the food and microhabitat requirements of the elmids before satisfactory explanations can be found.
Improving understanding and rigour through triangulation: an exemplar based on patient participation in interaction
Authors: Jones Aled , Bugge Carol 
Published: June 2006

Aim. In this paper, we aim to explore the benefits of triangulation and to expose the positive contribution of using ‘triangulation for completeness’ within a study of a complex concept, namely patient participation during healthcare interaction.Background. Complex concepts, such as patient participation, are often the focus of nursing research. Triangulation has been proposed as a technique for studying complexity but, although debates about triangulation are becoming more prevalent in the literature, there is little deliberation about the process through which triangulation for completeness, with its claims of forming more comprehensive and rigorous descriptions of concepts through use of multiple data sources, yields it purported benefits.Methods. A seminar series, held between 2001 and 2003, brought together researchers actively involved in the study of patient participation in healthcare consultations. The group came from diverse methodological traditions and had undertaken research with a range of informants and a range of methods.Discussion. The various studies used triangulation at different levels: within studies, across studies and across disciplines. Our examples support theoretical arguments that triangulation for completeness can lead to a more holistic understanding of a concept and can improve scientific rigour. Furthermore, we suggest that triangulation can improve research skills for individuals. Our examples suggest that the process through which understanding is enhanced is discursive and centres on discussions of convergent and unique findings; rigour is improved is through challenging findings, being encouraged to explain aspects of your research that may be taken for granted and improving transparency; and individual researcher's skills and abilities are improved is through a process of discussion and reflexivity.Conclusions. Triangulation for completeness, on various levels, can improve the quality and utility of research about complex concepts through a range of discursive processes. Developing greater opportunity to collaborate at various levels of analysis could be an important development in nursing research.
Atomistic simulation of tensile strength and toughness of cracked Cu nanowires
Authors: LUQUE A. , ALDAZABAL J. , MARTÍNEZ‐ESNAOLA J. M. , SEVILLANO J. GIL 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTVirtual tensile experiments on cylindrical copper wires of nanometric diameter were carried out using molecular dynamics techniques based on the embedded‐atom method. Transverse, atomically sharp surface cracks with circular fronts of different depths are introduced to evaluate their effect on the mechanical strength of the nanowires. The axisymmetric z‐axis of the specimen is on the 001 direction of the nanowires. The analysis shows that, at 0 K, the cracked Cu nanowires behave in a ductile manner, their strength being determined by dislocation or twinning nucleation from the crack tip. Their calculated fracture toughness ranges from 0.6 to 3 MPa√m.