bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MAMMOGENIC ACTIVITY OF MIROESTROL
Authors: BENSON G. K. , COWIE A. T. , HOSKING ZENA D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The mammogenic potency of miroestrol, an oestrogenic substance isolated from the tuberous roots of the leguminous plant Pueraria mirifica, was estimated as 0·70 (with 5% fiducial limits of 0·40 and 1·18) relative to oestradiol in the ovariectomized rat, and as 2·2 (with 5% fiducial limits of 1·2 and 4·9) relative to oestrone in the mouse. The effects of miroestrol on the body weight and weights of the endocrine glands, with the exception of the thyroid in the rat, were qualitatively similar to those of oestradiol and oestrone. In the rat oestradiol (0·1 μg/day) inhibited the increase both in body weight and thyroid weight that occurred after ovariectomy, whereas miroestrol (0·1 μg/day) inhibited only the increase in body weight.
THE EFFECT OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS ON SEXUAL MATURITY
Authors: ROBSON J. M. , BOTROS M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) to immature female mice inhibts the development of sexual maturity, as shown by opening of the vagina and the occurrence of vaginal oestrus. The weight of the sex organs of treated animals is well below that of controls. There is little or no effect on body growth. Given to mature female mice, the drug depresses the weight of the sex organs. These effects are not due to decreased sensitivity of the gonads to gonadotrophin, or of the uterus and vagina to oestrogen. Similar effects have been obtained with iproniazid and other amine oxidase inhibitors, all hydrazides. Iproniazid produced a marked increase in the weight of the spleen with deposits of pigment giving a positive Prussian blue reaction.
5-HT and iproniazid produced much less striking effects when given to immature male mice; there was with both drugs a significant increase in the weight of the adrenals.
THE EXCRETION OF INDIVIDUAL 17-KETOSTEROIDS BY NORMAL FEMALES
Authors: JAMES V. H. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The urinary excretion of individual 17-ketosteroids by a series of eighteen normal female subjects has been determined using enzyme hydrolysis and quantitative paper chromatography. The results are compared with those obtained by other workers, and their significance is discussed. In two cases, the results of stimulation with adrenocorticotrophic hormone were studied; the most striking effect was a disproportionate increase in the excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF OXYTOCIN IN RETARDING MAMMARY INVOLUTION: STUDY IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: MEITES J. , HOPKINS T. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
On the 4th day after parturition lactating rats were hypophysectomized and their litters removed. Control rats were injected only with physiological saline for the next 10 days, and showed pronounced regression of the mammary parenchyma and no secretion. When oxytocin was injected together with prolactin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) for 10 days, mammary secretion, often with duct engorgement, was observed in twenty-two out of twenty-four rats, whereas only three out of fourteen rats given prolactin and ACTH showed slight secretory activity. Lobule-alveolar structure was significantly better preserved in the former rats. The combination of oxytocin, prolactin and cortisol acetate was also more effective than prolactin and cortisol acetate in maintaining secretory function and in retarding mammary involution. These results in hypophysectomized rats, as well as similar findings previously reported by us in intact rats, demonstrate that the favourable effects of oxytocin in maintaining secretory activity and retarding mammary involution are exerted directly on the mammary gland.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION OF PREGNANETRIOLS BY SPREAD-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: STÁRKA L. , MALÍKOVÁ JITKA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method for the determination of urinary pregnanetriol is described which, by utilizing many features of the Fotherby & Love modification (1960) of Stern's method (1957) and by separation of pregnanetriol isomers by spread-layer chromatography of alumina, enables individual pregnanetriols and pregnanediol to be measured concomitantly.
A METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION OF MIROESTROL FROM PUERARIA MIRIFICA
Authors: JONES H. E. H. , POPE G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A method is described for the isolation of miroestrol from Pueraria mirifica in about 50% overall yield.
2. Details of the oestrogenic potency of two derivatives of miroestrol are given.
3. Evidence is presented for the existence of a second, more water-soluble oestrogen in P. mirifica, and preliminary results are given of assays for oestrogen content of various parts of the P. mirifica plant and of other species of Pueraria.
VARIATIONS IN THE WEIGHT OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF THE FIELD VOLE, MICROTUS AGRESTIS
Authors: CHITTY HELEN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Mean weights are given for the adrenal glands of 1167 male and 806 female voles from naturally fluctuating populations at Lake Vyrnwy, Wales, during 1952–58.
2. Although the mean standardized adrenal weights of both males and females varied from year to year, no consistent relationship with population trend could be found, except that females from expanding populations tended to have the heaviest adrenals.
3. The adrenal weights increased seasonally each year from low values in the spring to maxima in midsummer and decreased again to low values in the autumn.
4. This fluctuation was exhibited not only by breeding animals but also by those that were sexually immature. It therefore seems unlikely that the seasonal enlargement is entirely a direct effect of gonadal activity, though it may be due to changes in social behaviour during the breeding season.
5. In each month the adrenals of pregnant or lactating females were heavier than those of nulliparous animals of the same body weight.
PROTEIN BINDING OF CORTISOL IN HEALTH AND IN PREGNANCY
Authors: BOOTH MOLLIE , DIXON P. F. , GRAY C. H. , GREENAWAY J. M. , HOLNESS N. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The binding of plasma cortisol to transcortin at 37° c was studied in normal men and in non-pregnant and pregnant women. The mean concentrations of transcortin were 8, 11·5 and 14 × 10−7 moles/l. and the percentages of the binding sites occupied by cortisol were 45, 24 and 40%, respectively. The mean values of the equilibrium constants were 2·9, 1·8 and 4·6 × 107 l./mole, suggesting that there might be a qualitative difference in transcortin from the three groups. The mean concentration of diffusible cortisol was 1·12 μg./100 ml. in men and 0·65 μg./100 ml. in non-pregnant and pregnant women.
The significance of these findings is discussed.
X-RAY STERILIZATION OF IMMATURE FEMALE RATS
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Judged by the absence of germ cells, direct X-irradiation of ovaries of weanling rats at a level of 3150 and 4400 r leads to sterilization. Sterilization was often incomplete following exposure to 2200 r.
The animals were kept under observation for 12 weeks after irradiation. Daily vaginal smears were taken after the rupture of the vaginal closure membrane.
The age at which the vagina opened was about the same in animals sterilized at the age of 21–29 days as in their litter-mate controls. The rupture of the closure membrane was somewhat delayed in animals exposed to 4400 r at 18–20 days, and in unilaterally ovariectomized animals exposed to 4400 r at 23–26 days.
Complete atrophy of the uterus did not occur within the experimental period of 12 weeks. The degree of involution corresponded to that of the ovaries.
Changes in body weight and the weight of the pituitary and thymus were similar to those observed in adult rats following X-ray sterilization.
2. Treatment with gonadotrophins immediately after X-irradiation (at the age of 19–24 days) led to a less rapid breakdown of the vaginal closure membrane in rats exposed to 4400 r than in either similarly treated litter-mates exposed to 3150 r or their non-irradiated controls.
3. Treatment with gonadotrophins during the 5 days preceding X-irradiation (at the age of 23–26 days) was followed by an increase in subsequent secretion of oestrogen, as judged by the pattern of vaginal smears and the weight of the uterus.
THE EFFECT OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND OF AN AMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR ON EXPERIMENTAL DECIDUOMATA IN MICE
Authors: LINDSAY D. , POULSON E. , ROBSON J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Investigations were carried out to study the mechanism by which 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors interfere with pregnancy, using the experimental decidual reaction in mice.
The results suggest that both 5-HT and an amine oxidase inhibitor, HP. 1325 (2,2′-(p-phenylenedioxy)-di-(ethyl hydrazinium (1+) chloride)), interfere with the endocrine activity of the ovary, particularly the corpus luteum, since their toxic effects on deciduomata are reversed by progesterone. In addition, 5-HT also has a direct toxic effect on decidual tissue.
THE FAILURE OF THE ADRENALS TO RESPOND TO COLD STRESS DURING THIAMINE DEFICIENCY
Authors: BHAGAT B. , LOCKETT MARY F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The adrenal glands of thiamine-deficient mice weighed more than those of normal mice and responded to adrenocorticotrophic hormone, but not to cold stress, by further hypertrophy.
2. Concomitant effects of thiamine deficiency were: (a) absence of change in pain threshold; (b) increased tolerance to intravenously injected acetylcholine; (c) increased storage of adrenaline in the adrenals; (d) decreased sensitivity of the vascular bed to noradrenaline but not to adrenaline.
3. Injections of adrenocortical extract prolonged the lives of thiamine-deficient animals exposed to a cold environment.
PANCREATIC ISLET CELLS IN THE NORMAL AND CoCl2-TREATED GUINEA-PIG. A FINE STRUCTURAL STUDY
Authors: ESTERHUIZEN A. C. , LEVER J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The islets of Langerhans were studied by light and electron microscopy in the normal and cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-treated guinea-pig.
2. Within the guinea-pig islets, the α cells occur singly or in groups. The β cells are present in large majority and the α/β-cell ratio is normally 1:5.
3. In electron micrographs the α granules are smaller, more electron dense and more homogeneous than the β granules, many of which may have an eroded 'moth-eaten' appearance.
4. Scantily granulated forms of both α and β cells are common but in normal islets the agranular 'C' cells of Bensley (1911) were not identified.
5. Following a single intravenous injection of CoCl2 (25 mg./kg. body weight):
(a) No adverse changes were detected in the α cells; in fact the staining for tryptophan by the post-coupled benzylidene method was more intense 2½ hr. after treatment.
(b) By 24 hr. after injection many of the β cells appeared to be adversely affected as indicated by some degree of inter-membranous mitochondrial vacuolation, partial degranulation, cytoplasmic vacuolation and the appearance of cytoplasmic lipid droplets.
(c) The exocrine tissue showed dilatation of its endoplasmic reticulum and a general reduction in the clear definition of cytoplasmic membranes in electron micrographs.
6. After two CoCl2 injections a reduced number of secretory granules was observed in many of the α cells, and in some of these cells degenerative changes similar to those reported in the β cells (5b above) could be detected.
7. In all CoCl2-treated guinea-pigs, the following additional cytological features were noted:
(a) A preponderance of the small-sized over the larger secretory granules in many α cells.
(b) Long double membranous sheets of granular endoplasmic reticulum in the α cells.
(c) Short bristle-like processes extending into intercellular spaces from the surfaces of a few α cells.
(d) The presence of cells lacking any specific secretory granules. These features are discussed.
8. The fine structure of the pancreatic vasomotor nerves is described and discussed.
THYROID FUNCTION IN RATS SELECTIVELY BRED FOR EMOTIONAL ELIMINATION
Authors: FEUER G. , BROADHURST P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The incorporation of 131I into the thyroid and the secretion of labelled thyroid hormones from the gland have been studied in living animals and in vitro in rats of both sexes from the Maudsley Reactive and Non-reactive strains, selectively bred for emotional defecation.
2. The rate of uptake of 131I in living animals differed significantly in the two strains, being slower in the high defecating strain than in the low defecating one.
3. The rate of excretion of thyroid hormones from the gland was also different in these rats both in vivo and in vitro; it was slower in the high defecating than in the low defecating strain.
4. The size of the thyroids differed significantly; the wet weights of the gland of the rats of the high defecating strain were higher than those of the low defecating strain.
5. The water content of the thyroids of the high defecating strain was higher than in the low defecating strain.
6. Histology of the thyroids showed that the glands of the high defecating rats contained proportionately less secretory epithelium and more colloid and intercellular tissue than the glands of the low defecating rats.
7. The thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) content of the serum and the pituitary differed in the two strains. In the high defecating strain the level of TSH in the serum was lower and in the pituitary higher than that in the low defecating animals.
THE EFFECT OF SURGICAL THYROIDECTOMY ON LIGHT-INDUCED OESTRUS IN FERRETS
Authors: MARSHALL W. A. , THOMSON A. P. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. In two series of ferrets, a total of twenty-one animals, it has been shown that surgical thyroidectomy delays light-induced oestrus in winter.
2. The onset of normal spring oestrus is also delayed by thyroidectomy.
3. The time between the appearance of the first signs of light-induced oestrus and the development of full oestrus is the same in normal and thyroidectomized animals.
THE EFFECT OF MALNUTRITION AND OF OCCLUDING THE HEPATIC BLOOD SUPPLY ON THE REMOVAL OF TRITIATED CORTICOSTEROIDS
Authors: FOY J. M. , SCHNIEDEN H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Acute occlusion of the blood supply to the liver decreases inactivation of tritiated cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone. In malnourished animals which had lost approx. 25% of their initial body weight, only cortisol inactivation was decreased.
HYALURONIDASE, CORTICOSTEROIDS AND THE ACTION OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONE ON THE URINARY BLADDER OF THE FROG
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The intercellular material of the epithelium of the frog bladder gave a positive staining response for mucopolysaccharides, but bovine testicular hyaluronidase had no effect on its permeability to water or sodium.
2. The hyaluronidase inhibitor 53k decreased the response of the bladder to oxytocin without affecting the normal rate of sodium transport.
3. Cortisol but not aldosterone also reduced responses to oxytocin.
4. Both cortisol and 53k were only effective when placed on the serosal side of the bladder.
5. These results are discussed in relation to the possible mode of action of neurohypophysial hormones.
URINARY EXCRETION OF ANDROST-16-EN-3α-OL LEVELS IN NORMAL SUBJECTS, AND EFFECTS OF TREATMENT WITH TROPHIC HORMONES
Authors: BROOKSBANK B. W. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Data are presented on the urinary excretion of androst-16-en-3α-ol by normal human subjects over the age span 4–86 years. The figures range from < 100 to 2630 μg./24 hr. in males, and < 100 to 1100 μg./24 hr. in females, the mean for men of 16–45 years being nearly three times that for women of the same age.
The effect on urinary androstenol and 17-oxosteroids of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and of corticotrophin (ACTH) have been compared in three normal young men and two women. Marked elevation of androstenol excretion occurred after ACTH in both sexes, while HCG administration resulted in an increased urinary output of androstenol and 17-oxosteroids only in two of the men and not in the women tested in either phase of the menstrual cycle.
Intramuscular injection of androstenol itself (20 mg.) resulted in increased levels of androstenol in the urine equivalent only to a very small proportion of the injected dose.
The metabolic origin of androstenol is discussed in the light of the results presented and of those of other investigators. It seems likely that androstenol arises not primarily from testosterone but mainly from an adrenal precursor.
ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION IN RATS AFTER LESION OF THE PITUITARY STALK
Authors: KOVÁCS K. , DÁVID MARGIT A. , LÁSZLÓ F. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Lesions were made in the pituitary stalk of rats, and the functional capacity of the hypophysial-adrenocortical axis of animals suffering from diabetes insipidus was studied. Eight days after the operation the weight, histological structure and histologically demonstrated lipid content of the adrenals had not changed. Whereas operative stress and unilateral adrenalectomy caused no ascorbic acid depletion in the contralateral adrenals, administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone induced a significant decrease. The corticosterone content of the adrenal venous blood decreased moderately, whilst in vitro the adrenal slices secreted less corticosterone than normally. Secretion of aldosterone by the adrenals of animals with lesions was not different from that of controls. When large doses of corticosterone were administered adrenal atrophy occurred in both operated and control rats.
It is concluded that the functional capacity of the hypophysial—adrenocortical axis is decreased 8 days after the destruction of the pituitary stalk, although the production of hormones by the adrenal cortex does not cease completely; one must be cautious in assessing the functional state of the adrenal glands since the methods used for their evaluation do not always give comparable results.
THE OVARIAN PRODUCTION OF A PREGNANETRIOL PRECURSOR
Authors: FOTHERBY K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
During the normal menstrual cycle the excretion of pregnanetriol increased on the day that the excretion of oestrone and oestradiol reached a maximum during the follicular phase. Pregnanediol excretion did not begin to increase until 2 days later. The excretion of pregnanetriol reached a peak and began to decrease before that of pregnanediol. Thus the pattern of pregnanetriol excretion was different from that of the excretion of oestrogens or pregnanediol.
Progestational steroids in a dose which inhibited ovulation prevented the rise in both pregnanetriol and pregnanediol excretion during the second half of the menstrual cycle.
The administration of oestradiol dibenzoate to two subjects did not affect pregnanetriol excretion.
It is suggested that the increased amounts of pregnanetriol excreted during the second half of the menstrual cycle arise from a precursor of pregnanetriol, most probably 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, secreted by the ovary.
INTERRELATION BETWEEN PROGESTERONE, 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND HP 1325 IN THE DECIDUAL RESPONSE IN OVARIECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: LINDSAY D. , POULSON E. , ROBSON J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experiments were carried out to study quantitatively in ovariectomized mice the relationship between the dosage of progesterone and the formation of decidual tissue, and to determine whether this relationship would be modified by simultaneous administration of either 5-hydroxytryptamine or an amine oxidase inhibitor HP 1325. As neither of these drugs produced any change in the decidual response at two different levels of progesterone, their toxic effects are probably due to interference with the endocrine activity of the ovary.
THE INFLUENCE OF OVARIAN HORMONES ON SOME CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE UTERINE WASHING OF THE RAT AND RABBIT
Authors: HEAP R. B. , LAMMING G. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Uterine washings were recovered from intact rats and rabbits at different stages of the reproductive cycle and from spayed animals, some of which were treated with ovarian hormones. The washings were analysed for several chemical constituents.
In the rat at oestrus there was a marked increase in both the amount of uterine fluid and in several chemical constituents of the uterine washing (sodium, potassium, nitrogen, carbohydrate). Similar significant increases were shown in spayed rats treated with oestradiol. The uterine washing from the rabbit contained significantly greater amounts of potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen and carbohydrate during the luteal phase (pseudopregnancy) than at oestrus. These increases were confirmed in spayed groups treated with progesterone alone or with oestradiol + progesterone and also with oestradiol replacement therapy which was probably caused by excessive dosage. These findings showed that ovarian hormones affected the composition of uterine washings and their significance is discussed.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF DERIVATIVES OF DITHIOCARBAMOYLHYDRAZINE ON GONADOTROPHIC ACTIVITY IN THE BODY FLUIDS OF PREGNANT MARES
Authors: SCHMIDT-ELMENDORFF H. , LORAINE J. A. , BELL E. T. , WALLEY J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Serum and urinary gonadotrophin assays have been performed in three pregnant mares. The assays were conducted by the mouse uterus and mouse ovarian weight tests and the results expressed in terms of the international standard for Pregnant Mare's Serum Gonadotrophin as i.u. per litre.
Gonadotrophic activity was detected in the urine as well as in the serum of all three animals but the values in urine were much lower than those in serum.
Derivatives of dithiocarbamoylhydrazine, administered orally early in pregnancy, had no pronounced effect on the gonadotrophin levels in either serum or urine.
THE ANTI-HORMONE RESPONSE IN PIGEONS
Authors: IOVINO A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adult pigeons when given extended treatment with beef anterior pituitary extract will become refractory to the prolactin and gonadotrophic portions of the extract. Refractoriness to prolactin is indicated by the failure of the crops of the immunized birds to continue to respond, with typical hyperplasia, to the prolactin entity of the administered extract. That an antigonadotrophic factor is produced in the immunized adult pigeons is suggested by the finding that the spermatogenic activity in these birds was much less than that noted in birds receiving short-term treatment with anterior pituitary extract. In addition, the serum of the immunized birds significantly reduced the effects of the anterior pituitary extract on average size of ovarian follicles and hypertrophy of the epididymis in immature pigeons.
EFFECT OF OESTRADIOL-17β ON CLEAVAGE, NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN SEA URCHIN, STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS, EMBRYOS
Authors: JOLLEY W. B. , MARTIN W. E. , BAMBERGER J. W. , STEARNS L. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Oestradiol-17β at a concentration of 3 × 10−3 m inhibits cleavage in sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) embryos. This inhibition is accompanied by a reduction in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and little change in ribonucleic acid (RNA).
The effects of oestradiol-17β upon the incorporation of glycine-1-14C and glycine-2-14C into the purines of DNA and RNA and the incorporation of glycine-2-14C into serine were studied. The incorporation of glycine-1-14C and glycine-2-14C into RNA was reduced, but the incorporation of glycine-2-14C into DNA was increased considerably over that of the controls. The incorporation of glycine-2-14C into serine was also accelerated by oestradiol. A possible explanation of the action of oestradiol-17β is offered.
The moderate effect upon RNA is not surprising because there is little or no synthesis of this compound from the time of fertilization to blastulation under normal conditions.