bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis: A Distinctive Mode of Cell Death that Plays an Opposite Role to Mitosis in Cell Population Kinetics
Authors: KERR J. F. R. , SEARLE J. , BISHOP C. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe term apoptosis has been coined for a morphologically distinctive mode of cell death, which plays an opposite role to mitosis in controlling the size of animal tissues: it is fundamentally different from the well known phenomenon of necrosis that results from irreversible injury to cells by agents such as toxins and ischaemia.Cells affected by apoptosis condense and bud to produce many membrane‐bounded fragments in which organelles are well preserved. These are phagocytosed and digested by nearby resident tissue cells without associated inflammation; the viable cells merely close ranks. Extensive deletion of cells may thus take place without disorganisation of overall tissue architecture.Apoptosis occurs continuously in healthy animals. It is enhanced in endocrine‐dependent tissues during the reversible shrinkage that follows appropriate hormone withdrawal or administration, and it is also implicated in total and irreversible involution of tissues in normal animals, such as loss of the tadpole tail during metamorphosis and elimination of phylogenetic vestiges during embryonic development.Apoptosis takes place spontaneously and continuously in malignant neoplasms, often grossly retarding their growth, and cytotoxic drug administration and X irradiation enhance apoptosis as well as inhibiting mitosis in neoplasms; tumour regression following therapy with these agents is the result of tipping the balance between the two processes. Hyperthermia enhances apoptosis in foetal tissues and adult seminiferous tubules; its effect on apoptosis in neoplasms needs study. Cell mediated immune attack on cells induces apoptosis, not necrosis; apoptosis may thus sometimes be enhanced in neoplasms by immunological means.The features of apoptosis suggest that it is an active process of cellular self‐destruction rather than a form of cell degeneration. This carries the implication that it is genetically programmed. Further understanding of the regulation of the onset of apoptosis at the molecular level may lead to the discovery of improved methods of tumour treatment.
Spondylo‐Costal Dysplasia — Severe and Moderate Types (Report of 8 Cases)
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEight cases of spondylo‐costal dysplasia, three of severe and five of moderate types are described. In the author's opinion spondylocostal dysplasia represents a group of genetically different diseases characterised radiologically by malsegmentation of the spine and dysplastic/hypoplastic changes of the ribs.Spondylo‐costal dysplasia is a relatively common finding in severe forms of myelomenuigocoele.
Patterns of Diffusely Increased Skeletal Radiopharmaceutical Uptake
Authors: WILSON M. A. , CALHOUN F. W. , GAINES J. , GOLDSMITH S. J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn a three month review of routine radionuclide bone scans, three patterns of diffusely increased skeletal uptake were noted. The classical “superscan” with diffuse axial uptake was seen in two patients with prostatic carcinoma. Nine patients had excellent bone scans characterized by diffusely increased symmetrical axial and appendicular uptake and all had hypercalcaemia associated with either metabolic bone disease or adenocarcinoma. A third pattern, characterized by increased periarticular involvement of the appendicular skeleton, was found in patients with conditions resulting in marrow proliferation, including lymphoma.
The Pre and Postnatal Appearance of the Kidneys in Beckwith‐Wiedemann Syndrome
Authors: CARSELDINE DAVID B. , CROCKER ERNEST F. , WALKER ANTHONY G. , TRUDINGER BRIAN J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBilateral renal abnormalities in a fetus with Beckwith‐Wiedemann Syndrome were detected ultrasonically. These were confirmed and monitored postnatally by serial studies. The initial and progressive ultrasonic appearance of the kidneys is described. Ultrasound is recommended as the means of determining anatomy and detecting renal complications in these patients. It is also of value in genetic counselling.
The Small Bowel Enema in the Management of Small Bowel Obstruction
Authors: KHALEGHIAN ROWSHAN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn 16 patients with clinical evidence of bowel obstruction and complex medical histories the small bowel was radiologically studied using the intubation method. Clinically significant information which altered the management was obtained in 15 cases. The procedure was considered to be more controlled, more detailed and faster than the conventional follow‐through examination. No complications were encountered.
Local Tumour Control and its Effect Upon Survival of the Patient
Authors: DISCHE STANLEY 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFailure to control the primary tumour leads to metastasis and evidence is presented concerning patients with carcinoma of bladder and uterine cervix to suggest that treatment failure is more important as a cause of metastasis than is the occult metastasis present at time of presentation for that treatment. Increase in the local cure rate in the treatment of malignant tumours would not only give a local benefit but would lead to a considerable increase in survival.
Computed Tomographic Assessment of the Mediastinum in Patients with Lung Cancer
Authors: SHEVLAND J. E. , HOUSE A. J. , REA H. H. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT57 patients with histologically or cytologically proven lung cancer underwent computed tomography (C.T.) of the thorax as part of a staging procedure. All were considered potentially resectable.22 of these patients have been the subject of a previous report.19 patients had malignant involvement of the mediastinum, and C.T. Scanning detected 16 of these (Sensitivity = 84%). In 38 patients with a clear mediastinum, the Scan report was correct in 29 (Specificity = 76%). There were 3 false negative and 9 false positive results.
Invasive Aspergillosis Demonstrating the Air Crescent Sign: Occurrence in a Previously Healthy Alcoholic
Authors: EPLING SUSAN B. , WOODRING JOHN H. , NOBLE ROBERT C. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a previously healthy alcoholic patient is presented. The air crescent sign was extremely useful in directing the diagnostic work up and establishing the correct diagnosis. The air crescent is a result of vascular invasion by Aspergillus with subsequent infarction and necrosis. In an immuno‐compromised or alcoholic patient, the air crescent sign should suggest the possibility of invasive aspergillosis.
Association of a Persistently Retroverted Gravid Uterus with a Large Myoma
Authors: M.B. JIMMY LEE. , KHALEGHIAN ROWSHAN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA case of persistently retroverted gravid uterus associated with a large uterine myoma is presented. Laparotomy was performed to exclude an ovarian mass and to replace the uterus. Pregnancy progressed with no complication.
Limited Wegener's Granulomatosis
Authors: PERRY CLIVE , SHEVLAND JOHN E. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT6 cases of limited Wegener's Granulomatosis are presented.There were 4 males and 2 females, with a mean age of 48 years.Predominant organ systems involved were the upper and lower respiratory tracts, eyes and ears, with isolated involvement of the joints, gall bladder and adrenals.Chest Radiographic features included large rounded masses, widespread airspace consolidation, thin‐walled cystic lesions and lobar atelectasis.
Radiation Dosimetry Descriptors Applied to Four C T Scanners in New Zealand
Authors: POLETTI J. L. , WILLIAMSON B. D. P. , HERON J. C. Le 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTDoses to patients have been estimated for the four New Zealand CT Scanners, in terms of recently proposed dose descriptors. These descrip‐tors were computed tomography dose index (CTDI), multiple scan average dose (MSAD), “equivalent rectangular width (w), a figure of merit, and integral dose. X‐ray beam dose profiles, half‐value‐layer and peak kilovoltage were also determined. Dosimetry was by thermoluminescent dosimeters, pencil ionization chamber, and x‐ray films, in cylindrical solid perspex phantoms. The four scanners were all found to give comparable doses to patients.
Transdiaphragmatic Liver Hernia in Adults
Authors: AGHA FAROOQ P. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTRight sided transdiaphragmatic liver herniation is a rare type of diaphragmatic hernia. Three such cases in adults are reported. A localized hepatic herniation (type III) masquerading as pulmonary neoplasm was revealed in one, while in the other two cases liver herniation was accompanied by herniation of bowel (type III). A history of trauma was present in all three patients with a latent period between injury and discovery of diaphragmatic hernia ranging from 10–20 years. The role of current imaging modalities in arriving at the correct diagnosis is emphasized.
The Role of Contrast Angiography in Gastrointestinal Bleeding with the Advent of Technetium Labelled Red Blood Cell Scans
Authors: VLIET ANDREW H. VAN DER , KALFF VICTOR , SACHARIAS NINA , KELLY MICHAEL J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis study suggests that in cases of GI bleeding emergency angiography is likely to be more rewarding when it follows a Tc‐99m RBC scintigram which demonstrates active GI bleeding. The added advantages of angiography include more accurate anatomical localization and the possibility of therapeutic radiological intervention. These advantages should be considered in the individual patient before deciding to proceed directly to surgical intervention based on positive scintigraphy alone.Where the scintigram does not demonstrate active bleeding there is no need to perform emergency angiography, however, elective angiography may demonstrate a possible cause for bleeding.Chronic GI bleeding remains a diagnostic dilemma, however, elective angiography has a small but definite role in the diagnostic workup of these cases because of its ability to demonstrate a possible causative lesion.
The Nisbet Symposium 1984 Brain Tumours
Authors: REILLY PETER L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn the past one hundred years the surgery for brain tumours has advanced further from the mists of mythology to the limits of technology. The surgeon can approach an operation with very detailed information about the site, shape and attachments of a tumour. Microsurgical techniques have improved the operative results for benign tumours such as the acoustic neuroma. The surgical laser, and CT guided biopsy may refine the treatment of some patients still further, but we are no closer to curing gliomas. For these tumours, and for incompletely removed benign tumours, we must await a non surgical cure.
Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty: Experience at Westmead Centre
Authors: FLETCHER J.P. , SIMMONS K. , LITTLE J.M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPercutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), or “balloon dilatation”, has been used on 83 occasions in 78 patients to treat short segment stenoses or occlusions of the iliac, femoropopliteal and renal arteries. There were five immediate failures, and, of those successfully treated, patency has been maintained in 91 % for a follow‐up period ranging from one month to two years with a mean of 10 months.PTA is a valuable adjunct in the treatment of patients with peripheral vascular disease. Operation may be avoided in a significant number of patients and PTA may be the only treatment possible in patients in whom arterial reconstruction is not feasible because of poor distal vessels. Close cooperation between radiologist and vascular surgeon is essential.
Intraventricular Haemorrhage
Authors: DE CRESPIGNY L.CH. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTNeonatal echoencephalography is performed routinely in all very low birth‐weight neonates in many nurseries throughout the world. The diagnosis of a haemorrhage requires the differentiation of normal echogenic periventricular structures from haemorrhage. A classification of haemorrhage based on size alone is advocated. A separate classification is then used to assess post‐haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation by measurement of “ventricular width”. As the long term neurodevelopmental outcome of the neonate is likely to be more related to the state of the brain parenchyma than the ventricles, the limitations of ultrasound in assessing the parenchyma has resulted in other techniques being investigated to determine if they can better predict subsequent handicap.
Odontoma (Report of 8 cases)
Authors: PIEKARCZYK J. , MLOSEK K. , KOZLOWSKI K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEight cases of odontoma – three of them huge complex odontomas – are presented. The tumour is most often discovered as an incidental finding accompanying unerupted, maldeveloped or malaligned primary or secondary teeth. Odontomas usually show characteristic, easily recognisable radiographic features.
Clinical Application of Pinhole Collimator and Analog Motion Correction Device in Cholescintigram
Authors: TANGVANICH R. , BOONYAPRAPA S. , PIYACHON C. , MUTTARAK M. , ADAMS R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn cases of right upper quadrant abdominal pain where gallbladder disease is suspected, the pin‐hole collimator should be applied, when routine techniques fail to demonstrate pathology. With the aid of an analog motion correction device and the upright or decubitus position, multiple patterns of gallbladder images are summarized. These techniques have proven effective in demonstration of both normal and abnormal conditions of the gallbladder. Persistence of photon deficient area(s) in the post‐fat contracted gallbladder is characteristic of gall stone(s). Our techniques also enhance the ability to detect gall stones and improve the sensitivity and accuracy of Tc99m‐HIDA (or its derivatives) cholescintigraphy.ABSTRACTCholescintigraphy with Tc99m‐IDA (and its derivatives) has proved very useful in the diagnosis of both anatomical and functional disorders of the hepatobiliary system. However, some details can be lost by routine scanning techniques. The first hindrance is the respiratory excursion of the liver. The second factor is the small size of the image of the organs (gallbladder and common bile duct).In this presentation we describe some techniques for better delineation of the biliary system, including 1) a pin‐hole collimator to obtain better resolution of the organ images, 2) the use of an analog device to correct both vertical and horizontal motion, and 3) upright and decubitus positioning of the patient to demonstrate a layering effect of the radiopharmaceutical in the gallbladder and a change in the position of stones secondary to gravity.We have found that these techniques have improved the sensivitity and accuracy of diagnosis of biliary disease and, in particular, that of gall stones.
The Radiological Features of Henoch‐Schonlein Purpura in the Gastro Intestinal Tract
Authors: DOYLE T. , MULLANY J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYInvolvement of the G.I. tract is a common feature of Henoch‐Schonlein Purpura. The diagnosis is likely when abdominal pain and G.I. bleeding occurs in a patient with haematuria, rash and joint pains. The principal radiological features in the cases described were found in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon, and consisted of submucosal haemorrhage and subsequent ulceration.
Computerised Tomography of Keratoconus
Authors: LAWLESS MICHAEL , FRANCIS IAN C. , KAPPAGODA MEDDUMA B. , LORD GEORGE D.A. , ANDERSON IAN , KOS WALLY 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis case report shows that computerised tomography can effectively illustrate kerato‐conus. The diagnosis in a patient with visual failure, headaches and “papilloedema” became apparent on CT scanning. The CT scan appearance of keratoconus is described.
Association of a Gravid Uterus with a Myoma A Case Report
Authors: MEHER DR. CHUDAMANI , WILLIAM DR. RANJAN RAJ , REDDY DR. R. GOPAL 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA case of uterine myoma associated with a gravid uterus is presented. The myoma was lying directly over the placenta impinging upon the gestation sac. Pregnancy progressed with no complication and vaginal delivery was conducted.
Four unusual cases of Spinal Cord Compression
Authors: DOWNEY PETER R. , BROPHY BRIAN P. , SAGE MICHAEL R. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTFour cases of spinal cord compression are presented, the causes being tuberculoma, haemangioma, gouty tophus and exophytic glioma; the first three being extradural, extraosseous in location. A short discussion follows. These cases are presented to remind the reader to keep less common causes in mind when dealing with a case of spinal cord compression.
Round Atelectasis
Authors: WOODRING JOHN H. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTRound atelectasis almost always develops in the presence of pleural effusion. Radiographically, this entity has distinctive features including a rounded configuration, the comet tail sign, curvilinear air bronchograms contained within the mass, associated pleural thickening, lobar volume loss, and surrounding hyperlucency. Round atelectasis usually involves the lower lobes, but may involve any portion of the lung. Once established, round atelectasis may not resolve. Familiarity with the entity of round atelectasis may prevent unnecessary investigation and thoracotomy. We report four patients that illustrate the radiographic findings of round atelectasis.
Specific Landmarks on Radiographs as Diagnostic Tools in Determining Hip Diseases in the Cross River State of Nigeria
Authors: ANI O.E.O. , EKANDEM G.J. , SINGH S.P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA total of 200 normal radiographs of the pelvis were studied. The mean distance between the ilioischial and acetabular lines and the hip joint spaces (superior, axial and medial) were measured on each of the films obtained from the Cross River State of Nigeria. The minimum ranges for the ilioischial/acetabular distance for different age groups and sexes in the local population were worked out. Ranges for the hip‐joint spaces for both males and females were determined. Comparisons were made between local joint space measurements and those obtained from other parts of the world. The difference between the male and female ilioischial/acetabular distance was found to be insignificant except in the age group 2–12 years. The joint space difference between male and female was only significant for the medial joint space. The hip joint spaces in Nigeria are smaller than those obtained from Europe and U.S.A. From analysis it was found that protrusio acetabuli is established in Nigerians if the acetabular line projects medially beyond the ilioischial line by 1 mm or more in males and 2.5 mm or more in females. These values are much smaller than those obtained by Armbuster et al, (1978) in the U.S.A.
Chest X‐Ray Changes in A.I.D.S.
Authors: NICOLSON VIOLA , BRANSON JOHN 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPulmonary complications are common in A.I.D.S. patients, and Pneumocystis pneumonia is the most frequent. The typical pattern is a fine perihilar infiltrate going on to a more pronounced reticulonodular and sometimes to an alveolar filling pattern. This latter pattern may herald respiratory failure. Pneumocystis can cause other unusual patterns, especially when the infection is chronic or is modified by simultaneous infection by other organisms.Other bacterial pulmonary infections have an aggressive course. Tuberculosis, even with a second or subsequent infection, has the radiological changes of a primary infection.Malignancies are most commonly non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's Sarcoma. They have no characteristic appearances. The occurrence of hilar lymphadenopathy in A.I.D.S. patients without Kaposi's Sarcoma, non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, TB or Pneumocystis requires further investigation as nodes are not a feature of A.I.D.S. per se. Although occasionally seen with Pneumocystis pneumonia, lymphadenopathy is more normally seen with Kaposi's Sarcoma, non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma or tuberculosis.Because prompt and accurate treatment is essential in the immune compromised patient management of pulmonary infiltrates is based on a tissue diagnosis, either transbronchial or percutaneous biopsy.
Pneumothorax in the Aboriginal
Authors: BATESON ERIC M. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA study and comparison of the frequency and radiological manifestations of pneumothorax in adult and neonatal Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal patients was undertaken at the Royal Darwin Hospital during the period from 1976 to 1985.In the adult, primary spontaneous pneumothorax was common in the non‐Aboriginal patients but there was only one example in an Aboriginal and this could have been due to recent trauma. Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax was significantly more common in the Aboriginal patients and four were the result of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Traumatic pneumothorax was usually caused by accidental injuries in the non‐Aboriginal patients, and by deliberate injuries in the Aboriginal patients.Spontaneous pneumothorax was rare in the neonatal Aboriginal patients.
Radiographic Changes Associated with Cigarette Smoking
Authors: LANGLOIS SUZANNE LE P. , HEATH R. , LIAN‐LLOYD A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA knowledge of smoking history is of use during examination of chest radiographs'. However this history is often not readily available to the reporting radiologist. Three respiratory physicians and six radiologists were evaluated as to their ability to classify a chest radiograph as being that of a smoker or a non‐smoker using radiologic evidence alone.Despite inter‐observer variations in sensitivity and specificity of interpretation, the majority of readers could accomplish this task with an average detection accuracy of 63Vo (S.D. +/‐5.11). Detection accuracy tended to increase with an increase in pack year smoking history. Furthermore the research has shown that the appearance of thickened bronchial walls and hyperinflation are the most reliable indicators that a chest radiograph is that of a smoker.The early detection of these and other criteria could prove useful in evaluating suspicious lung changes that may otherwise be regarded as insignificant in routine viewing procedure.
Pitfalls in the Radiological Diagnosis of Malrotation
Authors: BEASLEY SPENCER W. , CAMPO JOHN F. DE 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTAccurate diagnosis of malrotation is essential if the catastrophic effects of volvulus are to be avoided.A review was conducted of 32 patients with operatively proven malrotation to evaluate the use of contrast in the pre‐operative diagnosis. Of the 28 with adequate barium study(s), two had false negative barium meals and two had false negative barium enemas. Two further cases in whom malrotation was diagnosed on barium meal but in whom no malrotation was found at laparotomy are described. Problems relating to technique and interpretation, and refinements which may be expected to reduce the likelihood of error using the barium meal and enema are discussed.An abnormally positioned duodenojejunal (D‐J) flexure is the most reliable sign of malrotation and should be identified routinely in any child having an upper gastro‐intestinal contrast study, whatever their symptoms.