bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of intra-uterine contraception in selected mission hospitals in India
Authors: Sadashivaiah K. , Rao M. S. Subba 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIntra-uterine contraception is a useful method of fertility control, because of its applicability at all levels of socio-economic development and it has been the mainstay of the fertility control programme in many countries.The present evaluation is based on the hospital follow-up records of 4067 IUD cases from randomly selected mission hospitals for the years 1967 and 1968. Of the insertions, 97·7% were non-post-partum, and 60% of the acceptors were from the age group 25–34 years with a median age of 29·8 years; nearly 70% had fewer than four living children. The pattern of distribution by religion is similar to that of the 1961 census figures.The average number of women months (6·7) of IUD use is very low in a follow-up study of 24 months but is more or less consistent, both by age and parity.The incidence of expulsion, removal and pregnancy was 8·2, 12·9 and 0·6 respectively for all ages and although these rates were higher with the 27½-mm loop than the 30-mm loop the differences are not statistically significant.The rates of expulsion, removals and complaints were greatest during the first 6 months of use and decreased gradually with increase in duration of use.Bleeding, or other symptoms associated with bleeding, were the main reasons for the removals.Incidence of re-insertion was higher among those aged <25 years than among those aged ≥25 years and the difference in the proportion of re-insertions between the two age groups is statistically significant.The size of the loop seems to have no bearing on the incidence of re-insertions.Total termination rates at the end of 6, 12, 18 and 24 months were 9·9, 15·2, 25·0 and 55·9 per 100 first insertions respectively.
Missed appointments at a family planning clinic
Authors: Selman Peter , Stephens Chris 
Published: July 2008

SummaryOne hundred and fifty-two women who failed to keep appointments for discussion or fitting of an IUD at a hospital clinic have been studied. Home visits were made by a social worker in an attempt to encourage the women to accept a new appointment, or make alternative plans for birth control. At the end of the study, 31 women had been fitted with an IUD, 16 had had a tubal tie, and 46 were successfully using other methods of contraception. The eventual acceptance of an IUD was found to be related to the reasons given by the women for not keeping the missed appointment.
Influence of age, birth order and reproductive compensation on stillbirth ratios
Authors: Resseguie Laurence J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis analysis was planned to produce an estimate of the effects of maternal ageing on the risk of stillbirth which would not be confounded by other biological and socio-economic factors. The basic comparison is between late fetal death ratios in second and third births for all women who experienced third single births in California in 1968. The analysis leads to the conclusion that women who experience late fetal deaths initiate more subsequent pregnancies and after shorter intervals than do women who have live births. A sharply lower risk of late fetal death for third birth than for second was found to mask age effects. It is suggested that this reduction in risk reflects the effects of successful diagnosis and treatment of conditions which produce high rates of pregnancy loss.
The status of women and fertility
Authors: Piepmeier K. B. , Adkins T. S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThere is a great deal of interest in the relation between the status of women and fertility—by humanists, academics and policy-makers concerned with bringing about fertility declines. The three aspects of women's status most frequently linked to fertility are their education, employment and type of husband-wife interaction. Research to date has not given us a clear and consistent explanation of these relationships and has not confirmed causality. The effects of these three factors on fertility vary considerably across national boundaries and even within different sectors of the same society. Some of the assumptions held by both researchers and policymakers must be re-thought in the interests of more useful future research and of sounder policy.
Zero Population Growth, Inc.: a Second Study
Authors: Barnett Larry D. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper reports the results of a sample survey of ZPG members undertaken in April 1971 to ascertain if any changes had occurred in membership attributes since the first survey in September 1970 and to investigate additional characteristics. Age, education, religion and student/ non-student status are considered in relation to length of membership of ZPG. Income, political activities, intended family size and opinions about ideal population size and population control are also examined, including attitudes towards vasectomy and abortion.It is concluded that, among members of voluntary organizations, demographic factors such as age, education, religion and sex do not possess a causal relationship with social behaviour.
Parental Age Differences
Authors: James William H. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData are presented on a representative sample of legitimate live-born first infants in England, Scotland and Wales. When they are categorized simultaneously by paternal age, maternal age and social class of the father, it is found that:(1) Mean parental age difference (father's age — mother's age) is higher in upper class births than in other births.(2) If a man is younger than his wife, he is probably more likely than otherwise to come from the lower social classes, though this conclusion becomes less secure as the age difference increases in this direction.(3) Mean parental age difference increases with paternal age and decreases with maternal age.(4) For a given paternal age, parental age difference increases with a decline in social class, and for a given maternal age, parental age difference increases with a rise in social class.(5) In general, young parents have smaller mean parental age differences than old parents.If such mating patterns are characteristic of white North Americans one would infer:(1) that the risks of neonatal death and stillbirth previously reported in association with aged paternity are the result of biological rather than sociological phenomena, and(2) that the risks of neonatal death and stillbirth previously reported in association with youthful paternity are the result of sociological rather than biological phenomena.In general, it seems that mean parental age difference is unlikely to be a fruitful clue to the aetiologies of pathological conditions unless there are simultaneous controls on the age of at least one parent and on social class.The question is raised whether age disparity between spouses is associated with childlessness as well as with perinatal death and congenital malformations.
Studies on Albinism in the South African Negro I. Intellectual Maturity and Body Image Differentiation
Authors: Manganyi Noel C. , Kromberg Jennifer G. R. , Jenkins Trefor 
Published: July 2008

SummaryTwenty-eight South African Negro albinos have been tested for intellectual maturity and body image boundary, characteristics and a comparison made with carefully matched normally pigmented controls. The albinos were found to be more intellectually mature than the controls but the control group showed slightly more diffuse body image boundary differentiation than the albino group.
Epidemiology of congenital malformations of the central nervous system in (a) Aberdeen and (b) Scotland
Authors: Baird Dugald 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe incidence of anencephalus and other malformations of the central nervous system (CNS) is much higher in the United Kingdom than in other countries of Western Europe which were not industrialized to the same extent. In the UK the incidence is highest in the unskilled manual occupational group, especially in the large cities of the North of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Standards of living have been low in these areas for many years and deteriorated sharply at the time of the worldwide industrial depression from 1928 to 1934. The population tended to be stunted in stature and to show other signs of chronic malnutrition.The cohort of women born in these years had an unusually high stillbirth rate from anencephalus (and from all other CNS malformations) from about 1946 onwards. It was highest in the early 1960s when these women were at the peak of their reproductive activity. This suggests that the severe malnutrition to which they were subjected before and soon after birth resulted in severe damage, which reduced their reproductive efficiency as demonstrated by the unusually high perinatal death rate from all CNS malformations. Not surprisingly the death rate rose sooner, lasted longer and reached a higher level in social classes IV and V than in social classes I and II. Other evidence of damage was an increase in the incidence of low birth weight babies with a corresponding increase in the perinatal death rate from this cause.In Scotland the stillbirth rate from anencephalus was approximately 2·1 per 1000 in 1948–49, 3·4 at its highest point between 1961 and 1963 and 2·1 in 1968, by which time the women born in the years of the depression had completed their childbearing. A teratogen acting during a particular period of time could not provide a satisfactory explanation for this sequence of events.
Birth order and birth rate bias: findings in a representative sample of the adult population of Great Britain
Authors: Hare E. H. , Price J. S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBirth order and family size have been studied in a representative sample (10,000) of the adult population of Great Britain. This was done to test theoretical predictions about the ways in which the birth-order distribution in a population sample will be biased by secular changes in family size. The principal predictions were that, in a sample born during a period when family size was decreasing, the distribution of birth ranks in the larger families would be biased towards an over-representation of later born subjects (i.e. those lower in birth order), while in smaller families there would be an under-representation of later born. In a sample born during a period when family size was increasing, the reverse effects would occur. It was also predicted that among subjects from large families there would be an excess of females; and that the extent of the bias due to decrease in family size would be greatest in the unskilled and least in the highly skilled social classes.The findings confirmed these predictions. The sample also showed an un-predicted excess of subjects in the middle ranks of families. It is suggested that the hypothesis of birth rate bias may be used for predicting the type of birth-order distribution to be expected in a sample of any population.
The changing pattern of a comprehensive infertility clinic
Authors: Newton John , Craig Sue , Joyce David 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe results of a comprehensive daily fertility clinic are presented for the years 1970–72, together with a 2-month schedule of investigation for the couples. Twenty-seven per cent had ovulation problems, 18% fallopian tube blockage or adhesions, 25% oligo- or aspermia and 27% were normal to investigation. The treatment of these conditions is discussed; the highest pregnancy rate was seen in those with no treatment (45%) indicating the use of reassurance after complete investigation.
Family Environment: Sibling Constellation and Social Class Correlates
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin , Walberg Herbert J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryEleven-year-old boys and their parents from southern Ontario, Canada, were used to examine relations among sibling constellation variables, social status indicators and a set of parent-sibling interaction variables which were highly predictive of mental ability performance. A two-term equation including father's occupation and either sibsize or the inverse of sibsize parsimoniously accounted for as much significant variance in the parent-sibling variables as complex many-termed equations. Within each socioeconomic group the amount of parent-sibling interaction decreased as the family size increased. It was also found that in high social status groups the amount of interaction in large families was greater than in small families from lower social status groups. By using refined environmental measures the study provides an increased understanding of the relations between social status, sibling constellation variables, family environment and cognitive performance.
Factors of Gross Motor Performance in Special Education
Authors: Broadhead Geoffrey D. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryGross motor performance data were secured from boys and girls in special education classes for the minimally brain injured. By factor analysis two gross motor factors were identified, one a strength-maturation component, and the other general motor ability. In comparison groups of educable mentally retarded children from the same school districts, the same factors were apparent, though the order of extraction was reversed.
Migration Status and Family Size
Authors: El Attar M. A. , Vaidyanathan K. E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryUsing data from the 1960 US census of population, migrant and non-migrant families are compared, over the period 1955–60, for family size in three residence groups of whites and non-whites. Migrant families in both colour groups are found to have a higher mean number of children under 6 years of age than do the non-migrants and a small differential is maintained even after indirect standardization for age of family head. Non-migrant families have a higher mean number of older children but this excess decreases after standardization. It is concluded that migration does not interfere with childbearing and that, on balance, migrants do not have fewer births.
The limits of acceptable family size in Western Nigeria
Authors: Ware Helen 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe data in this paper are drawn from interviews with a stratified probability sample of 2996 Yoruba men and women aged 17 or above living in Lagos and Western States in June–July 1973. Although drawing upon other material from the 1 ½-hour interviews the discussion concentrates upon the family size ideals of these individuals. In addition to the customary measures of ideal family size, new measures of the limits of acceptable family size are described, together with the reactions of the whole sample to a wide range of statements relating to family size and the value of children. It is shown that the smallest family which would be acceptable to any appreciable proportion of the population is four children, which would be acceptable to 18% of all respondents. Comparative data from elsewhere in the developing world are presented to show that African family size ideals are amongst the highest in the world. Age, educational and occupational differentials in perceptions of different family sizes are also discussed.
Morphological jaw differences in mentally subnormal and normal adult males
Authors: Sanderson Alan , Laycock Patrick J. , MacCulloch Malcolm M. , Girling Alan 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe shape of the mandibular symphysis was studied in four groups of adult male Caucasians, aged 18–49. The composition of the groups and their numbers were as follows: (1) Down's syndrome (20), (2) familial idiopathic subnormality (20), (3) healthy individuals, IQ range 94−120 (22), and (4) healthy individuals, IQ 130+ (22). From lateral skull radiographs, the outline of the mandibular symphysis was digitized with a D-mac pencil follower. Selected distances and angles were computed and used as variables in a canonical analysis. Plots of the canonical variates discriminated appreciably between each group. Generalized distance measurements between group means were significant for all pairs of groups except 2/3 and 3/4. The results suggest a genetic link between intelligence and symphysis shape. This hypothesis will be tested by introducing a brain-damaged group, matched in intelligence, and for length of stay in hospital, with Group 2. The finding could influence developments in human genetics and psychology.
The interval between confinements
Authors: Pollard G. N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData from New South Wales are analysed to show how the interval between confinements depends on the parity of the mother. When an average interval is calculated it is a weighted average for mothers of varying parity. The weights depend in part on the parity progression ratios and as changes in the parity progression ratios alter the composition of the population by parity, this affects the weightings used and thus affects the average interval obtained.For any interval, age of mother can be calculated at the birth of either child. When age of mother is calculated at the birth of the second child, it is found that the interval is shorter for younger mothers than older mothers. However, when age of mother is calculated at the birth of the first child, there is no significant variation in the interval with age of mother.
Physical growth of Jamaican school children who were severely malnourished before 2 years of age
Authors: Richardson Stephen A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA study is reported of physical growth of Jamaican schoolboys who had been admitted to hospital with severe malnutrition during infancy (index cases). Height, weight and head circumference of the index cases was compared with that of male siblings close in age (siblings), with unrelated classmates or neighbours matched for sex and age (comparisons) and with Jamaican or US growth standards. Index boys were significantly smaller in height and head circumference than comparisons and significantly smaller than sibs only in head circumference. Sibs were intermediate in stature to the index and comparison boys. When the boys were divided into three age groups there was evidence of complete catch-up in height and weight after 7 years of age, but catch-up was incomplete for head circumference in the oldest group. No significant differences in stature at follow-up of the index boys were found in relation to age when admitted to hospital.
Social influences on female athletic performance
Authors: Dyer K. F 
Published: July 2008

The differences between male and female performance in athletic track events at which both compete are compared. It is found that the difference between male and female performance as measured by world records is declining in all events and declining most rapidly in those events in which the differences at the present time are largest. Analysis of national track records for these same events shows considerable differences between different countries in average male/female differentials and the differences between males and females for some events in some countries is much smaller than world record differences.It is concluded that social factors such as differing degrees of encouragement and differing levels of expectation are important factors in limiting female athletic performance.
Age of marriage and divorce trends in Amsterdam during the Period 1911–71
Authors: Kop Paul P. A. M 
Published: July 2008

Instead of divorce rates per 1000 married population, the actual divorce percentages expressed as the proportion of marriages contracted in successive years since 1911 are calculated from a random sample of 3392 first marriages in Amsterdam. The results show the highest divorce percentages for younger men, decreasing from 40% if they were married at 19 years of age to 12% if they were married at 30 years of age. Women attained these values if married at 17 and 28 years of age, respectively. The divorce percentage has increased from 10% for marriages contracted in 1911 to 20% for those contracted in the period 1941–45. The linear increase suggests that about 25% of marriages contracted in the period 1966–70 will end in divorce. This trend seems to depend on changes in the median age of marriage as well as on different divorce tendencies for men marrying at different ages.It is hoped that the method of calculating divorce trends according to the year of marriage, and to specific age-groups, as used in this study, might yield more information about the range of the divorce problem than the more traditional methods of populations statistics.
A note on marital distances and movement, and age at marriage, in a group of Oxfordshire villages
Authors: Jeffries D. J , Harrison G. A , Hiorns R. W , Gibson J. B 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAn account is given of the patterns of pre-marital, marital, and post-marital movement and age of marriage according to social class among the present inhabitants of a group of Oxfordshire villages.
The mandibular symphysis in mental defect—support for a genetic link
Authors: Sanderson Alan , Laycock Patrick J. , Watson Elizabeth 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA group of 20 brain-damaged (BD) subjects was added to the canonical analysis, reported earlier, of mandibular symphysis shape, in the following groups: (1) Down's syndrome (DS), (2) familial idiopathic sub-normality (FIS), (3) intermediate intelligence (II), and (4) high intelligence (HI). Significant separations between means were found for all pairs of groups, except only II–HI. The separation between the BD and FIS groups supports the hypothesis that a genetic mechanism (pleiotropy) underlies the link between intelligence and symphysis shape, but environmental influences probably account for most of the separation between the BD and the two normal groups. The findings have implications for the study of behaviour genetics
Isonymic studies on the Griqua of the northern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Nurse G. T. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe Griqua, a people of mixed ancestry living mainly in the northern part of the Cape Province, South Africa, bear surnames of British, non-British North Western European, Khoisan, Sotho/Tswana and other Negro origin, as well as a number indicating probable descent from slaves. Bearing in mind the historical circumstances of the formation of the Griqua nation and the relative importance of pater and genitor in the social system, it is possible so to analyse these surnames as to derive a quantitative estimate of the varieties of admixture in the people. The results accord closely with, and amplify, those of a sero-genetic study, which in turn furnishes explanations for some points not amenable to isonymic analysis. The combination of both types of investigation has both provided mutual corroboration and enabled more information to be extracted than would have been possible from either type of investigation on its own.
Abortion views and practices among Danish family physicians
Authors: Gammeltoft Michala , Somers Ronald L. 
Published: July 2008

SummarySixty-seven GPs from a suburb of Copenhagen were interviewed regarding their experience with and opinion of induced abortion. The younger physicians in the sample were (a) significantly more experienced in areas of medical practice relating to abortion care, (b) significantly more positive in their attitude towards abortion, and (c) significantly more likely to emphasize the provision of contraceptive services to women undergoing pregnancy termination. Independent of the influence of age, a significant positive correlation was found between abortion attitude and the emphasis placed on providing contraception. A physician's self-perceived success in providing post-abortion contraception was found to relate in part to his/her view of the proper role to be played by a GP in abortion cases.