bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test–Retest Reliability of Independent Measures of Phonology in the Assessment of Toddlers' Speech
Authors: Morris Sherrill R. 
Published: January 2009

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess the temporal stability of 5 independent measures of phonological skill: phonetic inventory (initial, final), word shape, syllable structure level, and the index of phonetic complexity.

Method
Ten toddlers with typical development participated in two 20-min play sessions within a 1-week period. Test–retest reliability for each measure was determined.

Results
Syllable structure level and index of phonetic complexity achieved high test–retest reliability. Word-final phonetic inventory and word shape analyses had moderate but not significant reliability. Word-initial phonetic inventory was not reliable.

Discussion
Twenty-minute conversational speech samples were insufficient to obtain reliable results for all measures. Practitioners may want to obtain more extensive sampling when using a phonetic inventory for diagnosis or progress monitoring purposes. Reliable measures within the constraint of a 20-min session, syllable structure level and index of phonetic complexity provide summarized information concerning the phonetic and syllabic characteristics of a child’s speech. Syllable structure level places less emphasis on accurate phonetic transcription, making it a good option for speech that is difficult to transcribe.
Accelerating Preschoolers' Early Literacy Development Through Classroom-Based Teacher–Child Storybook Reading and Explicit Print Referencing
Authors: Justice Laura M. , Kaderavek Joan N. , Fan Xitao , Sofka Amy , Hunt Aileen 
Published: January 2009

Purpose
This study examined the impact of teacher use of a print referencing style during classroom-based storybook reading sessions conducted over an academic year. Impacts on preschoolers' early literacy development were examined, focusing specifically on the domain of print knowledge.

Method
This randomized, controlled trial examined the effects of a print referencing style on 106 preschool children attending 23 classrooms serving disadvantaged preschoolers. Following random assignment, teachers in 14 classrooms used a print referencing style during 120 large-group storybook reading sessions during a 30-week period. Teachers in 9 comparison classrooms read at the same frequency and with the same storybooks but used their normal style of reading.

Results
Children whose teachers used a print referencing style showed larger gains on 3 standardized measures of print knowledge: print concept knowledge, alphabet knowledge, and name writing, with medium-sized effects.

Clinical Implications
The convergence of the present findings with those of previous efficacy studies indicates that print referencing intervention can be used confidently as an approach for facilitating print knowledge in preschool-age children. Speech-language pathologists can serve an important role in supporting preschool educators as they use this evidence-based technique with pupils in their classrooms.
Japanese Quail: An Efficient Animal Model for the Production of Transgenic Avians
Authors: Poynter Greg , Huss David , Lansford Rusty 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe ability to generate transgenic mice has been a powerful tool in studying functional genomics, and much of our knowledge about developmental biology has come from the study of chicken embryology. Unfortunately, the availability of molecular genetic techniques, such as transgenics and knockouts, has been limited for developmental biologists using avian animal models. Efforts to develop a system for the rapid production of transgenic chickens have met with many obstacles, including high animal husbandry costs and long generational times. Recently, the Japanese quail has proven to be an excellent model organism for the production of transgenic avians using lentiviral vectors. The relatively small size of the adults, short time to sexual maturity, and prodigious egg production of the Japanese quail make development of transgenic lines less labor- and space-intensive compared to chickens. The high degree of homology between chicken and quail genomes allows researchers to design highly specific DNA constructs for the production of transgenic birds. In addition, transgenic quail offer all of the advantages of the classic avian developmental model system, such as the ability to readily produce quail:chick transplant chimeras. Finally, Japanese quail are ideal for in ovo imaging of embryos expressing fluorescent reporters introduced from a transgene and/or electroporation. Here, we provide detailed methods for generating transgenic quail using high-titer lentivirus.
The Crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis: A New Model for Arthropod Development
Authors: Rehm E. Jay , Hannibal Roberta L. , Chaw R. Crystal , Vargas-Vila Mario A. , Patel Nipam H. 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe great diversity of arthropod body plans, together with our detailed understanding of fruit fly development, makes arthropods a premier taxon for examining the evolutionary diversification of developmental patterns and hence the diversity of extant life. Crustaceans, in particular, show a remarkable range of morphologies and provide a useful outgroup to the insects. The amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis is becoming established as a model organism for developmental studies within the arthropods. In addition to its phylogenetically strategic position, P. hawaiensis has proven to be highly amenable to experimental manipulation, is straightforward to rear in the laboratory, and has large numbers of embryos that are available year-round. A detailed staging system has been developed to characterize P. hawaiensis embryogenesis. Robust protocols exist for the collection and fixation of all embryonic stages, in situ hybridization to study mRNA localization, and immunohistochemistry to study protein localization. Microinjection of blastomeres enables detailed cell-lineage analyses, transient and transgenic introduction of recombinant genetic material, and targeted knockdowns of gene function using either RNA interference (RNAi) or morpholino methods. Directed genome sequencing will generate important data for comparative studies aimed at understanding cis-regulatory evolution. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones containing genes of interest to the developmental and evolutionary biology communities are being targeted for sequencing. An expressed sequence tag (EST) database will facilitate discovery of additional developmental genes and should broaden our understanding of the genetic controls of body patterning. A reference genome from the related amphipod crustacean Jassa slatteryi will shortly be available.
Microinjection of RNA and Morpholino Oligos into Lamprey Embryos: Figure 1.
Authors: Nikitina Natalya , Bronner-Fraser Marianne , Sauka-Spengler Tatjana 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONLampreys are one of the most basal animals in which many of the true vertebrate characteristics (e.g., neural crest, placodes, segmented brain, skull, paired sensory organs, pharyngeal skeleton) are present. Studying the molecular and developmental mechanisms responsible for the formation of these structures in lamprey and higher vertebrates can provide insight into how these vertebrate characteristics evolved. The relative ease of obtaining mature adults and embryos makes this animal an ideal model for investigations into early vertebrate evolution. In addition, studies of features that are unique to lampreys can provide insights into mechanisms of parallel evolution. Lamprey embryos are particularly amenable to injection techniques. Like zebrafish and Xenopus embryos, they have double chorions and are resistant to surface-tension-induced rupture when removed from liquid. They can therefore be injected in a dry dish; this eliminates the need to support the embryo while performing injections and makes the procedure very rapid. Also, a single ovulating female can contain up to 100,000 eggs, so the number of injectable embryos per fertilization is not a limiting factor. Finally, the second division lasts for several hours, providing a very large injection window. This protocol describes how to microinject RNA and morpholinos into lamprey embryos for genetic modification studies.
DiI Cell Labeling in Lamprey Embryos
Authors: Nikitina Natalya , Bronner-Fraser Marianne , Sauka-Spengler Tatjana 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONLampreys are one of the most basal animals in which many of the true vertebrate characteristics (e.g., neural crest, placodes, segmented brain, skull, paired sensory organs, pharyngeal skeleton) are present. Studying the molecular and developmental mechanisms responsible for the formation of these structures in lamprey and higher vertebrates can provide insight into how these vertebrate characteristics evolved. The relative ease of obtaining mature adults and embryos makes this animal an ideal model for investigations into early vertebrate evolution. In addition, studies of features that are unique to lampreys can provide insights into mechanisms of parallel evolution. Lamprey embryos are particularly amenable to injection techniques. Like zebrafish and Xenopus embryos, they have double chorions and are resistant to surface-tension-induced rupture when removed from liquid. They can therefore be injected in a dry dish; this eliminates the need to support the embryo while performing injections and makes the procedure very rapid. Also, a single ovulating female can contain up to 100,000 eggs, so the number of injectable embryos per fertilization is not a limiting factor. This protocol describes how to label lamprey embryo cells by microinjecting the fluorescent dye DiI (1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) to study cell fate during development.
Antibody Staining of Parhyale hawaiensis Embryos
Authors: Rehm E. Jay , Hannibal Roberta L. , Chaw R. Crystal , Vargas-Vila Mario A. , Patel Nipam H. 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe great diversity of arthropod body plans, together with our detailed understanding of fruit fly development, makes arthropods a premier taxon for examining the evolutionary diversification of developmental patterns and hence the diversity of extant life. Crustaceans, in particular, show a remarkable range of morphologies and provide a useful outgroup to the insects. The amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis is becoming established as a model organism for developmental studies within the arthropods. This protocol provides a simplified protocol for antibody staining of P. hawaiensis embryos. The method also works well for other arthropods and phyla. Fixed embryos are rehydrated, washed, blocked with normal goat serum, and incubated overnight with primary antibody. Embryos are then washed and incubated with a peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody that binds to the primary antibody. A subsequent histochemical reaction produces a black stain in those cells where antibodies have localized.
In Situ Hybridization of Labeled RNA Probes to Fixed Parhyale hawaiensis Embryos
Authors: Rehm E. Jay , Hannibal Roberta L. , Chaw R. Crystal , Vargas-Vila Mario A. , Patel Nipam H. 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe great diversity of arthropod body plans, together with our detailed understanding of fruit fly development, makes arthropods a premier taxon for examining the evolutionary diversification of developmental patterns and hence the diversity of extant life. Crustaceans, in particular, show a remarkable range of morphologies and provide a useful outgroup to the insects. The amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis is becoming established as a model organism for developmental studies within the arthropods. This protocol describes in situ hybridization of fluorescein- or digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled RNA probes to fixed P. hawaiensis embryos. Standard techniques of molecular biology should be used to produce an appropriate template for generation of antisense RNA probes. RNA-labeling mixes designed to produce fluorescein- or DIG-labeled RNA probes using T3, T7, or SP6 RNA polymerases are commercially available. Probes should be purified using QIAGEN RNeasy columns or similar means. Considerations for double-labeling experiments using both fluorescein- and DIG-labeled RNA probes are included.
Tricks with tetramers: how to get the most from multimeric peptide–MHC
Authors: Wooldridge Linda , Lissina Anna , Cole David K. , Van Den Berg Hugo A. , Price David A. , Sewell Andrew K. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe development of fluorochrome‐conjugated peptide–major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimers in conjunction with continuing advances in flow cytometry has transformed the study of antigen‐specific T cells by enabling their visualization, enumeration, phenotypic characterization and isolation from ex vivo samples. Here, we bring together and discuss some of the ‘tricks’ that can be used to get the most out of pMHC multimers. These include: (1) simple procedures that can substantially enhance the staining intensity of cognate T cells with pMHC multimers; (2) the use of pMHC multimers to stain T cells with very‐low‐affinity T‐cell receptor (TCR)/pMHC interactions, such as those that typically predominate in tumour‐specific responses; and (3) the physical grading and clonotypic dissection of antigen‐specific T cells based on the affinity of their cognate TCR using mutant pMHC multimers in conjunction with new approaches to the molecular analysis of TCR gene expression. We also examine how soluble pMHC can be used to examine T‐cell activation, manipulate T‐cell responses and study allogeneic and superantigen interactions with TCRs. Finally, we discuss the problems that arise with pMHC class II (pMHCII) multimers because of the low affinity of TCR/pMHCII interactions and lack of ‘coreceptor help’.
Immunomagnetic separation of normal rat testicular cells from Roser’s T‐cell leukaemia cells is ineffective
Authors: Hou Mi , Andersson Margareta , Zheng Chengyun , Sundblad Anne , Söder Olle , Jahnukainen Kirsi 
Published: January 2009

SummaryElimination of contaminating malignant cells is crucial to avoiding cancer relapse in association with transplantation of autologous spermatogonial stem cells. In the clinical setting, there is presently no effective procedure for separating testicular cells from cancer cells. Here, CD4, a selective surface marker for Roser’s rat leukaemic T‐cells, was utilized to eliminate cancer cells from testicular cell samples from leukaemic piebald variegated (PVG) rats by magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS). All animals receiving MACS‐selected testicular cells died within 14–15 days. Only one‐third of the contaminating leukaemic cells could be removed from testicular samples. An increase in antibody concentration enhanced the proportion of leukaemic cells removed from 27 to 49%. Variations in the cell size and expression of surface antigens on testicular leukaemic cells were the major obstacles to purification based on this marker. It is concluded that MACS does not prevent transmission of leukaemia to syngenic PVG rats when cells from leukaemic testes are used for testicular cell transplantation.
Anatomy of a subaqueous ice‐contact fan and delta complex, Middle Pleistocene, North‐west Germany
Authors: WINSEMANN JUTTA , HORNUNG JAHN J. , MEINSEN JANINE , ASPRION ULRICH , POLOM ULRICH , BRANDES CHRISTIAN , BUßMANN MICHAEL , WEBER CHRISTIAN 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a detailed analysis of the high‐resolution facies architecture of the Middle Pleistocene Porta subaqueous ice‐contact fan and delta complex, deposited on the northern margin of glacial Lake Weser (North‐west Germany). A total of 10 sand and gravel pits and more than 100 wells were examined to document the complex facies architecture. The field study was supplemented with a ground‐penetrating radar survey and a shear‐wave seismic survey. All collected sedimentological and geophysical data were integrated into a high‐resolution three‐dimensional geological model for reconstructing the spatial distribution of facies associations. The Porta subaqueous fan and delta complex consist of three fan bodies deposited on a flat lake‐bottom surface at the margin of a retreating ice lobe. The northernmost fan complex is up to 55 m thick, 6·2 km wide and 6·5 km long. The incipient fan deposition is characterized by high‐energy flows of a plane‐wall jet. Very coarse‐grained, highly scoured jet‐efflux deposits with an elongate plan shape indicate a high Froude number, probably >5. These jet‐efflux sediments are deposited in front of a large ∼3·2 km long, up to 1·2 km wide, and up to 25 m deep flute‐like scour, indicating the most proximal erosion and bypass area of the jet that widens and deepens with distance downstream to the region of maximum turbulence (approximately five times the conduit diameter). Evidence for subsequent flow splitting is given by the presence of two marginal gravel fan lobes, deposited in front of 1·3 to 2·5 km long flute‐like scours, that are 0·8 to 1 km wide and 7 to 20 m deep. In response to continued aggradation, small jets developed at the periphery of these bar‐like deposits and filled in the low areas adjacent to the original superelevated regions, locally raising the depositional surface and characterized by large‐scale trough cross‐stratified sand and pebbly sand. The incision of an up to 1·2 km wide and up to 35 m deep channel into the evolving fan is attributed to a catastrophic drainage event, probably related to a lake outburst and lake‐level fall in the range of 40 to 60 m. At the mouth of this channel, highly scoured jet‐efflux deposits formed under hydraulic‐jump conditions during flow expansion. Subsequently, Gilbert‐type deltas formed on the truncated fan margin, recording a second lake‐level drop in the range of 30 to 40 m. These catastrophic lake‐level falls were probably caused by rapid ice‐lobe retreat controlled by the convex‐up bottom topography of the ice valley.
Prevalence and predictors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in adults with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Hamilton E. J. , Rakic V. , Davis W. A. , Chubb S. A. P. , Kamber N. , Prince R. L. , Davis T. M. E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAims  To determine the prevalence and biochemical/hormonal determinants of osteopenia and osteoporosis in adults with Type 1 diabetes.Methods  One hundred and two patients (52 female, 50 male) with Type 1 diabetes aged 20–71 years underwent cross‐sectional assessment of biochemical/hormonal markers of bone metabolism, and bone mineral density (BMD) measurement at forearm, hip and spine using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry. BMD data were available for 102 age‐ and gender‐matched population‐based control subjects.Results  After adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI), osteopenia and osteoporosis were more common at the spine in males with Type 1 diabetes than in control subjects (P = 0.030). In Type 1 males, after adjustment for age and BMI, BMD, T‐ and Z‐scores at the hip, femoral neck and spine were lower compared with age‐matched control subjects (P ≤ 0.048). Female Type 1 patients and control subjects had similar BMDs and T‐ and Z‐scores at all sites. On multiple linear regression analysis, which adjusted for the natural logarithm of the sex hormone binding globulin concentration, smoking status and alcohol consumption, and (for women) menopausal status, each of BMI, serum ionized calcium and serum alkaline phosphatase (negatively) were independently associated with BMD at the hip and femoral neck in Type 1 diabetic subjects.Conclusions  Adult males with Type 1 diabetes have reduced bone density at the hip, femoral neck and spine when compared with age‐matched control subjects. Impaired bone formation may occur in Type 1 diabetes.
An assessment of the accuracy and usability of a novel optical wound measurement system
Authors: Bowling F. L. , King L. , Fadavi H. , Paterson J. A. , Preece K. , Daniel R. W. , Matthews D. J. , Boulton A. J. M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAims  Measurement of wound size can predict healing and provide information to guide treatment. This study assesses a novel optical wound imaging system that creates a three‐dimensional image of the ulcer.Methods  Using a new camera‐based digital system and traditional elliptical wound measurements, 36 foot ulcers from 31 patients (aged 44–94 years, median 70 years) were examined during a 12‐week period at two centres. Median diabetes duration was 18 years (range 6–56 years). Seventeen percent had Type 1 diabetes, 93% had peripheral neuropathy and 57% had peripheral artery disease. Twenty‐five were reviewed consecutively, resulting in 76 ulcer examinations. Median ulcer size was 94 mm2, with size ranging from 3.1 to 2195 mm2.Results  Pearson, Spearman and Kendall rank coefficients showed a strong correlation (in all cases P < 0.001) between digital measurements of wounds against traditional hand‐measured estimates. Intra‐observer variation of wound length using digital elliptical measurement (DEM) gave a coefficient of variation of < 3.0%. Interobserver variation of wound length using DEM was < 6.5%. Variation from a standard known‐size wound area was < 8.0% across 30 trials.Conclusions  This study shows a strong correlation between digital and traditional measurement techniques. The system can be easily deployed in routine clinical practice, providing an objective visual record, allowing remote in‐depth analysis.
Preschoolers' Emotion Regulation Strategy Understanding: Relations with Emotion Socialization and Child Self‐regulation
Authors: Cole Pamela M. , Dennis Tracy A. , Smith‐Simon Kristen E. , Cohen Laura H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPreschool‐age children's ability to verbally generate strategies for regulating anger and sadness, and to recognize purported effective strategies for these emotions, were examined in relation to child factors (child age, temperament, and language ability) and maternal emotion socialization (supportiveness and structuring in response to child distress). The relation between strategy understanding and actual self‐regulation was also examined. In a sample of 116 boys and girls, 4‐year‐olds recognized and generated strategies for anger more than 3‐year‐olds but 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds recognized and generated strategies similarly for sadness. Age effects for strategy generation were explained by expressive language skill. Maternal support in response to child distress was related to strategy recognition and generation but in different ways. Maternal structuring was related only to strategy generation for anger. Child strategy understanding of anger and sadness predicted different child behaviors when children had to deal with frustration alone. The findings suggest that emotion regulation strategy understanding can be assessed in young children and that such understanding has implications for self‐regulatory behavior.