bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A MAC proposal to IEEE802.11n high‐throughput WLAN for 20/40 MHz coexistence
Authors: Utsunomiya Yoriko , Tandai Tomoya , Adachi Tomoko , Takagi Masahiro 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIEEE802.11‐1999 Standard is widely known as a standard of WLAN and it has a number of amendments and supplements such as 802.11a, 802.11g, and 802.11i and also those under work in the current activities by the task groups (TGs). The one now attracting a great deal of attention is TGn, which is aimed at achieving high throughput. We are involved in this TGn standardization process. To achieve high throughput, MIMO technique is the main discussion point in the PHY layer in TGn. But another important point is the channel bundling method which extends the channel bandwidth from 20 MHz to 40‐MHz. By doubling the channel bandwidth, the data rate can be increased. But when this channel bundling method is introduced, the question of how to cope with the legacy 20‐MHz stations will arise. For this problem, we are proposing to control the 20‐MHz and 40‐MHz STAs by setting NAV to them in the MAC layer. This paper explains our coexistence proposal for the system where transmission in both 20‐MHz and 40‐MHz channel bandwidths is enabled. The performance is also examined to confirm the influence of applying our coexistence proposal. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(1): 1–12, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20335
A distinct subset of intestinal dendritic cells responds selectively to oral TLR7/8 stimulation
Authors: Yrlid Ulf , Cerovic Vuk , Milling Simon , Jenkins Christopher D. , Klavinskis Linda S. , MacPherson G. Gordon 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe intestinal innate immune system continually interacts with commensal bacteria, thus oral vaccines should induce extra/alternative activation of DC, potentially through TLR. To examine this we collected intestinal lymph DC (iL‐DC) under steady‐state conditions and after feeding resiquimod (R‐848), a synthetic TLR7/8 ligand, which we showed induces complete emptying of gut DC into lymph. iL‐DC are heterogeneous with subset‐specific functions. In this study we determined the kinetics of iL‐DC subset release, activation and cytokine secretion induced by R‐848. We show that L‐DC comprise three distinct subsets (CD172ahigh, CD172aint and CD172alow) present with similar frequencies in intestinal but not hepatic lymph. No iL‐DC express TLR7 mRNA, and only CD172a+ iL‐DC express TLR8. However, after oral R‐848 administration, output of all three subsets increases dramatically. CD172ahigh DC release precedes that of CD172alow DC, and the increased frequency of CD25high iL‐DC is restricted to the two CD172a+ subsets. After feeding R‐848 only CD172ahigh iL‐DC secrete IL‐6 and IL‐12p40. However, CD172aint and CD172ahigh DC secrete similar but markedly lower amounts when stimulated in vitro. These results highlight the importance of in vivo approaches to assess adjuvant effects on DC and give novel insights into the subset‐specific effects of an oral TLR ligand on intestinal DC.
Understanding complex environmental systems: a dual approach
Authors: Lin Zhulu , Beck M. Bruce 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn approach to interpreting field data exploiting the duality of data‐ and theory‐based models, and their associated methods of system identification, is presented. This approach seeks to overcome the respective limitations of the two branches of the duality: that theory‐based models are not unambiguously identifiable from the observations, while a well‐identified data‐based model may not be capable of a satisfactory theoretical interpretation. The purpose of the approach is thereby to gain a deeper understanding of complex, poorly defined environmental systems. Recursive methods of time‐series analysis are used to identify the data‐based models (as transfer functions) and companion recursive methods, specifically the recursive prediction error (RPE) algorithm, are employed for structure identification and parameter estimation of the theory‐based models (in ordinary differential equation forms). The results of these identification exercises for the two classes of models can be compared in terms of the macro‐parameters of the studied system's time constant and steady‐state gain. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the overall performance of the dual‐thrust approach, on an activated sludge system and an aquaculture pond. It is found that: (1) as opposed to the exclusive use of either approach alone, more is to be gained through the joint application of the two classes of models, which historically have tended to reflect quite separate, unconnected approaches to interpreting environmental systems data; (2) to some extent, identifying the structure and estimating the parameters of one type of model can be readily improved by recourse to the corresponding results for the other; and (3) reconciliation of the results from identifying the two classes of model in the parameter space—of the time constant and steady‐state gain—has significant advantages over the more familiar process of evaluating a model's performance in the terms of its (observed) state‐space features. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the amount of missing information in genetic association studies
Authors: Nicolae Dan L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMany genetic analyses are done with incomplete information; for example, unknown phase in haplotype‐based association studies. Measures of the amount of available information can be used for efficient planning of studies and/or analyses. In particular, the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between two sets of markers can be interpreted as the amount of information one set of markers contains for testing allele frequency differences in the second set, and measuring LD can be viewed as quantifying information in a missing data problem. We introduce a framework for measuring the association between two sets of variables; for example, genotype data for two distinct groups of markers, or haplotype and genotype data for a given set of polymorphisms. The goal is to quantify how much information is in one data set, e.g. genotype data for a set of SNPs, for estimating parameters that are functions of frequencies in the second data set, e.g. haplotype frequencies, relative to the ideal case of actually observing the complete data, e.g. haplotypes. In the case of genotype data on two mutually exclusive sets of markers, the measure determines the amount of multi‐locus LD, and is equal to the classical measurer2, if the sets consist each of one bi‐allelic marker. In general, the measures are interpreted as the asymptotic ratio of sample sizes necessary to achieve the same power in case‐control testing. The focus of this paper is on case‐control allele/haplotype tests, but the framework can be extended easily to other settings like regressing quantitative traits on allele/haplotype counts, or tests on genotypes or diplotypes. We highlight applications of the approach, including tools for navigating the HapMap database [The International HapMap Consortium,2003], and genotyping strategies for positional cloning studies.Genet. Epidemiol.2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing Untyped Alleles (TUNA)—applications to genome‐wide association studies
Authors: Nicolae Dan L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe large number of tests performed in analyzing data from genome‐wide association studies has a large impact on the power of detecting risk variants, and analytic strategies specifying the optimal set of hypotheses to be tested are necessary. We propose a genome‐wide strategy that is based on one degree of freedom tests for all the genotyped variants, and for all the untyped variants for which there is sufficient information in the observed data. The set of untyped variants to be tested is found using multi‐locus measures of linkage disequilibrium and haplotype frequencies from a reference database such as HapMap (The International HapMap Consortium [2003] Nature 426:789–796). We introduce a novel statistic for testing differences in allele frequencies for untyped variation that is based on linear combinations of estimable haplotype frequencies. Algorithms for finding the sets of genotyped markers to be used in testing an untyped allele, and ways of incorporating haplotypes observed in the study data but not in the reference database are also described. The proposed testing strategy can be used as the first step in the analysis of genome‐wide association data, and, because every performed test is directed to a marker, it can be used to specify the set of polymorphisms to genotype in follow‐up studies. The described methodology provides also a tool for joint analysis of data from studies done on different platforms. Genet. Epidemiol. 2006.© 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1[alpha],25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3enhances annexin II dependent proliferation of osteoblasts
Authors: Maier S.M. , Scherer S.J. , Seifert M. , Hanselmann R.G. , Schleehuber Y. , Edelmann L. , Reichrath J. , Krohne G. , Rescher U. , Seidl W. , Mutschler W. , Claes L. , Welter C. , Schartl M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCells experience a variety of physiological and non‐physiological stresses and consequently have appropriate mechanisms to deal with such deviations from homeostasis. Particularly subject to mechanical stress and shear forces are the cells that make up the bones. Osteoblastic cells can interpret this stress as a stimulus for proliferation; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. We have identified annexin II as being specifically upregulated in mechanically stressed osteoblasts and found that increased levels of this protein are necessary for 1[alpha],25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3mediated augmentation of the proliferative response of osteoblasts after mechanical stress. Our data demonstrate a novel interaction between 1[alpha],25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3and annexin II in the proliferative response of osteoblasts as well as a novel function for annexin II in the stress response. These findings may offer new therapeutic opportunities for conditions that require regenerative osteoblastic activity such as osteoporosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 679–692, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expanding role of the loss prevention professional: Past, present, and future
Authors: Hendershot Dennis C. , Murphy John F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe forty years of the Loss Prevention Symposium has paralleled the careers of several of us in the loss prevention profession. During this time period, at the Dow Chemical Company, Rohm and Haas, and many chemical companies, the role of the loss prevention professional (LPP) has expanded from a concern for fire protection engineering to a more proactive concern for process hazards and process safety management. The role of the LPP has changed primarily because of lessons learned from major chemical processing incidents that have occurred. The Loss Prevention Symposium has served as a forum for discussing these incidents and related process safety technology. For example, Flixborough (1974) demonstrated the concern for large quantities of flammable material in the process. Seveso (1976) demonstrated the necessity to review processes for reactive chemical potentials. Mexico City (1984) illustrated the hazard of large inventories of flammables, the consequences of inadequate separation distances, and the need for adequate firewater supply. Bhopal (1984) clearly emphasized the need to evaluate processes for large toxic inventories that could be released and cause harm to large populations. Pasadena (1989) reemphasized the hazards of large inventories of flammables. In 2003, the U.S. Chemical Safety Board investigated several serious dust explosion incidents that have awakened industry to the hazards of combustible dusts. The March 2005 Texas City refinery explosion has highlighted concerns for facility siting and the hazards of start‐up operations. Because the root causes of all these incidents were management system deficiencies, the current role of the LPP now focuses on the evaluation of process safety management systems as well as the evaluation of process hazards. The need for a positive safety culture to successfully implement process safety management systems has recently been recognized. This article will explore the effects of major chemical incidents on the role of the LPP past, present, and future. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Holocene Paleoclimates of India
Authors: Prasad Sushma , Enzel Yehouda 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe present a comprehensive summary of the available palaeoclimate records from India and compare the results from different proxies. The results indicate (i) fluctuating lake levels during the early Holocene. The period of relatively higher lake levels from increased precipitation efficiency was reached only ∼7.2–6.0 cal kyr BP, possibly due to increased contribution from winter rainfall; (ii) the onset of aridity in NW India could have begun as early as ∼5.3 cal kyr BP. Subsequently, there were multiple wet events but of shorter duration and smaller magnitude than during the mid Holocene; (iii) there is evidence of several short term climate events in the proxy record. However, in the absence of a rigorous chronological framework a detailed regional correlation is not possible at this stage. Finally, a comparison between marine and terrestrial records indicates that episodes of strongest and weakest monsoon winds were not always associated with wettest and driest episodes respectively in the NW Indian lakes.
Remoulding the Critical Junctures Approach
Authors: Hogan John 
Published: September 2006

Abstract.This paper improves our understanding of critical junctures, a concept employed in historical institutionalism for exploring change. However, the concept lacks rigour, weakening our ability to define critical junctures. Of late, academics have utilized other mechanisms to identify change in historical institutionalism. Thus, it is within this context that the critical junctures approach is remoulded through the specification of standards, hence reducing uncertainty as to what constitutes a critical juncture. The remoulded approach is employed here in examining change in the Irish Congress of Trade Unions' (ICTU) influence over public policy in 1987.Résumé.Cet article permet de mieux comprendre le concept de conjoncture critique, qui est utilisé en institutionnalisme historique pour explorer le changement. Ce concept, en effet, manque de rigueur, si bien qu'il est difficile de définir les conjonctures critiques. Récemment, les théoriciens de l'institutionnalisme historique ont eu recours à d'autres mécanismes pour cerner le changement. C'est dans ce contexte que nous remanions la méthode des conjonctures critiques en établissant des normes de manière à pouvoir déterminer avec plus de certitude ce qui constitue une conjoncture critique. Nous employons cette méthode remaniée pour examiner l'évolution de l'influence de l'Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) sur les politiques publiques en 1987.
The Governor General and the Prime Ministers: The Making and
Unmaking of Governments
Authors: Messamore Barbara J. 
Published: September 2006

The Governor General and the Prime Ministers: The Making and
Unmaking of Governments, Edward McWhinney, Vancouver: Ronsdale Press;
2005, pp. 193.The political drama surrounding Paul Martin's minority government
awakened media observers to the significance of the governor general, an
office long dismissed as a ceremonial vestige of colonialism. There are
remarkably few works that might enlighten them about the role. In general,
one must seek for such understanding piecemeal through historical studies.
This lays a heavy burden of responsibility on any new work purporting to,
as Edward McWhinney puts it, define “contemporary ground rules for
the exercise of the reserve, discretionary powers of the office”
(19). In this not-so-crowded field, a work by a political scientist of
McWhinney's considerable reputation could well emerge as the
authoritative work on the subject. McWhinney offers it in this spirit,
even appending some “Rules of Constitutional Prudence for a
Contemporary Governor General.” But a note of caution is in
order.
L'islam politique au sud du Sahara—identités,
discours et enjeux.
Authors: Ndiaye Papa Samba 
Published: September 2006

L'islam politique au sud du Sahara—identités,
discours et enjeux., Muriel Gomez-Perez (sous la direction de),,
Karthala, 2005, 643p.Cet ouvrage collectif se propose de présenter le
phénomène de l'islamisme au sud du Sahara. Les
contributions sont le fruit de recherches de terrain et se basent sur
l'analyse de sources écrites. Certaines des contributions ont
été sélectionnées suite à un colloque
international organisé en octobre 2002 à
l'Université Paris 7-Denis-Diderot, sous l'égide
du laboratoire de recherches Sociétés en
développement dans l'espace et dans le temps (SEDET). Le livre
est divisé en quatre parties.
Terrorisme international et marchés de violence.
Authors: Guy Jean-Philip 
Published: September 2006

Terrorisme international et marchés de violence.,
Kalulambi Pongo, Martin et Landry, Tristan, Québec : Les Presses de
l'Université Laval, Collection Nord-Sud, 2005, 144 p.La science politique : cette locution semble parfois prendre des
allures d'oxymore. Dans le contexte actuel, la recherche et les
écrits sur le terrorisme sont parfois plus politiques que
scientifiques. Le problème est important : comment étudier
scientifiquement, cette catégorie si polémique de “
terroriste ”? Martin Kalulambi Pongo et Tristan Landry
s'intéressent pourtant au “ scientifique ” de la
question. Dans Terrorisme international et marchés de
violence, Kalulambi, professeur associé au département
d'histoire de l'Université Nationale de Colombie à
Bogota, et Landry, professionnel de recherche à
l'Université Laval, tentent d'atteindre deux objectifs.
Premièrement, ils dégagent des constantes dans les diverses
guerres civiles à l'aide de la théorie des “
marchés de violence ”. Deuxièmement, ce qu'ils
ont découvert les aide à montrer les failles tant dans
l'étude de ces conflits, que dans la lutte contre-terroriste
elle-même. Leur analyse démontre qu'au-delà des
diverses motivations idéologiques, ces conflits perdurent
grâce à une logistique rationnelle centrée sur les
intérêts des acteurs en place. Les auteurs montrent en outre
que ces conflits sont aussi des moteurs du terrorisme international.
Negotiating Citizenship: Migrant Women in Canada and the Global
System
Authors: Soares Judith 
Published: September 2006

Negotiating Citizenship: Migrant Women in Canada and the Global
System, Daiva K. Stasiulis and Abigail B. Bakan, Toronto: University
of Toronto Press, 2005, pp. 233.Negotiating Citizenship is a thoughtful, well-researched and
insightful book concerned with the topical issue of citizenship and
contesting citizenship rights within the context of global capitalism. It
is a timely and comprehensive piece that interrogates and dissects
traditional theories of citizenship, and offers an alternative theoretical
perspective on the basis of examining the status and condition of foreign
domestic workers and nurses who migrate to Canada from two similar but
different regions of the world: the Caribbean and the Phillipines. In
creating the context for discussion, the work takes the reader on the
journey of these migrant women workers from their home countries in the
“Third World” where national labour markets are becoming
increasingly unable to absorb surplus labour and where they have been
adversely affected by the anti-social structural adjustment policies of
the International Monetary Fund (IMF), to the more economically developed
Canada where the state encourages them to work without providing them with
citizenship rights. By so doing, as the text points out, the Canadian
state, which still has primacy under globalization, reinforces the
vulnerability of an already vulnerable social group for which migration is
a survival strategy.
Canadian Newspaper Ownership in the Era of Convergence
Authors: Winseck Dwayne 
Published: September 2006

Canadian Newspaper Ownership in the Era of Convergence,
Walter C. Soderlund and Kai Hildebrandt, Edmonton, Alberta: University of
Alberta, 2005, pp. 194.This timely book contributes to ongoing debates in Canada about media
ownership. The opening chapters summarize government responses to
concentrated media ownership since the 1970s and survey some
academic studies on the issue. The study's carefully compiled data on
the influence of changes in ownership on content poses a strong challenge
to those who see media moguls as using the media to pursue their own
ideological and corporate agendas. Journalistic values, organizational
realities and the relentless challenge of new technologies severely
constrain such action, claim Soderlund, Hildebrandt and two others who
contribute to this volume, Ron Wagenberg and Walt Romanow. Perhaps the
best chapters in the book are those dealing with the creation by CanWest,
one of Canada's largest media organizations, of its ill-fated
National Editorial Policy and the dismissal of Ottawa Citizen
publisher Russell Mills.
Redrawing Local Government Boundaries: An International Study of
Politics, Procedures, and Decisions
Authors: Urbaniak Tom 
Published: September 2006

Redrawing Local Government Boundaries: An International Study of
Politics, Procedures, and Decisions, John Meligrana, ed., Vancouver:
University of British Columbia Press, 2004, pp. 246.Canadian readers will appreciate this book because it shows us that we
are not alone. Our perennial obsession with adjusting, sometimes
completely redrawing, local-government boundaries has its counterparts
near and far. There is a trajectory and a pattern: Senior levels of
government generally want to see local governments with larger
territories. However, the decision-making and implementation processes,
and the results of those processes, have scarcely been examined or
compared from an international perspective. Even policy makers often have
been in the dark about others' best (or worst) practices. This book
is therefore very useful.
Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War
Authors: Kinsella David 
Published: September 2006

Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War, Edward
D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2005, pp. x,
300.Research by political scientists has established, fairly conclusively,
that democratically governed states rarely go to war against each other.
There is also evidence to suggest that democracies tend not to become
embroiled in militarized disputes short of war. The policy implications of
this body of scholarly research seem clear: one path to a more peaceful
world is by encouraging, pressuring, even forcing autocratic governments
to embrace democracy. Not so fast, say Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder in
Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War, for a
glaring exception to the “democratic peace” is their finding
that societies undergoing democratic transitions may in fact be rather
warlike.