bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intercalibration of Research Survey Vessels on Lake Erie
Authors: Tyson Jeffrey T. , Johnson Timothy B. , Knight Carey T. , Bur Michael T. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Fish abundance indices obtained from annual research trawl surveys are an integral part of fisheries stock assessment and management in the Great Lakes. It is difficult, however, to administer trawl surveys using a single vessel−gear combination owing to the large size of these systems, the jurisdictional boundaries that bisect the Great Lakes, and changes in vessels as a result of fleet replacement. When trawl surveys are administered by multiple vessel−gear combinations, systematic error may be introduced in combining catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data across vessels. This bias is associated with relative differences in catchability among vessel−gear combinations. In Lake Erie, five different research vessels conduct seasonal trawl surveys in the western half of the lake. To eliminate this systematic bias, the Lake Erie agencies conducted a side-by-side trawling experiment in 2003 to develop correction factors for CPUE data associated with different vessel−gear combinations. Correcting for systematic bias in CPUE data should lead to more accurate and comparable estimates of species density and biomass. We estimated correction factors for the 10 most commonly collected species age-groups for each vessel during the experiment. Most of the correction factors (70%) ranged from 0.5 to 2.0, indicating that the systematic bias associated with different vessel−gear combinations was not large. Differences in CPUE were most evident for vessels using different sampling gears, although significant differences also existed for vessels using the same gears. These results suggest that standardizing gear is important for multiple-vessel surveys, but there will still be significant differences in catchability stemming from the vessel effects and agencies must correct for this. With standardized estimates of CPUE, the Lake Erie agencies will have the ability to directly compare and combine time series for species abundance.
Comparative Abundance, Survival, and Growth of One Wild and Two Domestic Brown Trout Strains Stocked in Michigan Rivers
Authors: Wills Todd C. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Stocking is commonly practiced to create, sustain, or enhance fisheries, but comprehensive evaluations of stocking success are rare. I assessed the relative abundance, survival, and growth of three strains of brown trout Salmo trutta that were stocked as sympatric populations into six rivers to evaluate relative stocking performance from 1997 to 2000. Stocked brown trout from wild broodstock were initially smaller but were more abundant and had higher survival and growth rates than fish from two domestic strains. However, on average, the densities and biomass of all stocked brown trout were lower than the densities and biomass of unclipped resident brown trout. Fisheries managers must consider the performance of individual stocked brown trout strains, as well as the performance of stocked brown trout in general, when implementing or reviewing brown trout stocking programs.
Evaluation of a Gastric Lavage Method on Juvenile Pallid Sturgeon
Authors: Wanner Greg A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Because of the endangered status and limited knowledge of the early life history of the pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus, I tested the safety and efficiency of a nonlethal method for investigating the food habits of age-2 juvenile pallid sturgeon. Pallid sturgeon were fed a mixture of live prey items, including earthworms Lumbricus terrestris, red worms Alloloborpha calliginosa, meal worms Tenebrio molitor, and wax worms Galleria mellonella. Gastric lavage was performed on two test groups; a third group did not undergo gastric lavage but was held as a control (N = 30 fish per group). Over a 60-d test period, no mortality was observed. No significant differences were detected in relative condition and growth in length between the two lavaged groups and the control group over the 60-d test period. The efficiency of the gastric lavage procedure was tested on 29 age-2 juveniles, and food items were recovered from 100% of the fish with food in their stomachs. The average recovery rate for all food items combined was 74.9% by number and 73.7% by weight. Gastric lavage was determined to be a safe method for recovering food items from juvenile pallid sturgeon. More research is needed to test the efficiency of the method in recovering natural prey in the field.
An Evaluation of the Accuracy of Age Estimation Methods for Southern Lake Michigan Alewives
Authors: LaBay Steven R. , Lauer Thomas E. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An evaluation of otoliths, scales, vertebrae, and opercles taken from southern Lake Michigan alewives Alosa pseudoharengus was conducted to identify the best structure for estimating age. Based on percent agreement and coefficient of variation analyses, ages estimated from otoliths were significantly more precise than ages estimated from other structures. Mean frequency counts of annuli on scales, vertebrae, and opercles tended to overestimate the relative abundance of young fish and underestimate the relative abundance of older fish more than those of otoliths. Length frequency histogram analysis of alewives collected in 2003 corroborated the accuracy of otolith age estimates. The mean time necessary to estimate alewife ages did not differ significantly between structure types. Based on their precision, accuracy, and time efficiency, otoliths are recommended for estimating ages of southern Lake Michigan alewives.
Evaluation of a Modified Bag Limit for Walleyes in Wisconsin: Effects of Decreased Angler Effort and Lake Selection
Authors: Fayram Andrew H. , Schmalz Patrick J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We evaluated a modified daily bag limit for walleyes Sander vitreus to determine whether management goals were achieved. The modified bag limit consisted of no minimum length limit but allowed a daily harvest of only one walleye longer than 356 mm. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources implemented the single-fish, 356-mm regulation in 1997 on a number of lakes in northern Wisconsin that were previously subject to a 381-mm minimum length limit. The intent of the regulation was to increase the harvest of smaller walleyes in order to increase growth, spawning stock abundance, and harvest rate in lakes characterized by high densities of slow-growing walleyes. We examined the effects of the regulation in light of variables associated with walleye populations, the walleye fishery, and tribal harvest. All lakes included in our evaluation are located within the ceded territory of northern Wisconsin, where tribal harvest of walleyes, which is regulated differently than angler harvest, occurs annually. The daily bag limit for walleyes ranged between two and five, depending on the level of tribal harvest. Walleye fishery characteristics measured before 1997 (381-mm limit) and after 1999 (single-fish, 356-mm limit) demonstrated an increased angler harvest rate and a decreased mean length of harvested walleyes. However, we found none of the desired changes in walleye population characteristics. In addition, we found no evidence that lakes that were changed to the single-fish, 356-mm regulation were characterized by slower growth than those that retained the 381-mm regulation. The single-fish, 356-mm regulation requires increased harvest to achieve the desired changes to walleye population characteristics. Our results suggest that a significant decline in angler effort over time, in conjunction with the possibility that the lakes selected to receive the single-fish, 356-mm regulation did not exhibit particularly slow walleye growth, acted to offset increases in harvest rate and played a role in the general failure of this regulation to meet its goals.
Uncooled infrared photodetectors in Poland
Authors: Piotrowski J. , Piotrowski A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe history and present status of the middle and long wavelength Hg1-xCdxTe infrared detectors in Poland are reviewed. Research and development efforts in Poland were concentrated mostly on uncooled market niche.Technology of the infrared photodetectors has been developed by several research groups. The devices are based on mercury-based variable band gap semiconductor alloys. Modified isothermal vapour phase epitaxy (ISOVPE) has been used for many years for research and commercial fabrication of photoconductive, photoelectromagnetic and other devices. Bulk growth and liquid phase epitaxy was also used. At present, the fabrication of IR devices relies on low temperature epitaxial technique, namely metalorganic vapour phase deposition (MOCVD), frequently in combination with the ISOVPE.Photoconductive and photoelectromagnetic detectors are still in production. The devices are gradually replaced with photovoltaic devices which offer inherent advantages of no electric or magnetic bias, no heat load and no flicker noise. Potentially, the PV devices could offer high performance and very fast response. At present, the uncooled long wavelength devices of conventional design suffer from two issues; namely low quantum efficiency and very low junction resistance. It makes them useless for practical applications. The problems have been solved with advanced 3D band gap engineered architecture, multiple cell heterojunction devices connected in series, monolithic integration of the detectors with microoptics and other improvements. Present fabrication program includes devices which are optimized for operation at any wavelength within a wide spectral range 1–15 μm and 200–300 K temperature range. Special solutions have been applied to improve speed of response. Some devices show picoseconds range response time. The devices have found numerous civilian and military applications.
Advanced features of SCD’s uncooled detectors
Authors: Fraenkel A. , Mizrahi U. , Bykov L. , Adin A. , Malkinson E. , Zabar Y. , Seter D. , Gebil Y. , Kopolovich Z. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSCD has recently presented an uncooled detector product line based on the high-end VOx bolometer technology. The first FPA launched, BIRD, is a 384×288 (or 320×240) configurable format with 25 μm pitch. Typical NETD values for these FPAs range at 50 mK with an F/1 aperture and 60 Hz frame rate. These detectors also exhibit a relatively fast thermal time constant of approximately 10 ms.In this paper we elaborate on the special advanced features that were incorporated within the ROIC and supporting algorithms. In this framework we have addressed two important issues: the power consumption and the time span between shutter activations. Minimum power consumption is a critical issue for many un-cooled applications. SCD has addressed this by introducing the “power-save” concept accompanied with flexible dilution architecture. The paper will present recent results exhibiting the various advantages.One of the limiting factors on the performance of uncooled detectors is their vulnerability to ambient drift. Usually, even minor temperature fluctuations are manifested as high residual non-uniformity (RNU) or fixed pattern noise (FPN). As a result frequent shutter operations must be applied, with the risk of blocking the scenery in critical time frames. The challenge is thus twofold: to increase the time span between shutter corrections and achieve better control of its activation.For this purpose BIRD provides two complementing mechanisms: A real-time (frame-by-frame) ambient drift compensation accompanied by an RNU prediction mechanism. The paper will discuss these features in detail and present illustrative system implementations.
Uncooled thermo-mechanical detector array with optical readout
Authors: Torun H. , Urey H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper reports a novel uncooled infrared FPA whose performance is comparable to the cooled FPA’s in terms of noise parameters. FPA consists of bimaterial microcantilever structures that are designed to convert IR radiation energy into mechanical energy. Induced deflection by mechanical energy is detected by means of optical methods that measure sub nanometer thermally induced deflections. Analytical solutions are developed for calculating the figure of merits for the FPA. FEM simulations and the analytical solution agree well. Calculations show that for an FPA, NETD of < 5 mK is achievable in the 8–12 μm band. The design and optimization for the detectors are presented. The mechanical structure of pixels is designed such that it can be possible to form large array size FPA’s. Microfabrication of the devices to improve the performance further, employs low cost standard MEMS processes.
Quantum structures for multiband photon detection
Authors: Perera A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe work describes multiband photon detectors based on semiconductor micro-and nano-structures. The devices considered include quantum dot, homojunction, and heterojunction structures. In the quantum dot structures, transitions are from one state to another, while free carrier absorption and internal photoemission play the dominant role in homo or heterojunction detectors. Quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) detectors can tailor the response wavelength by varying the size of the well. A tunnelling quantum dot infrared photodetector (T-QDIP) could operate at room temperature by blocking the dark current except in the case of resonance. Photoexcited carriers are selectively collected from InGaAs quantum dots by resonant tunnelling, while the dark current is blocked by AlGaAs/InGaAs tunnelling barriers placed in the structure. A two-colour infrared detector with photoresponse peaks at ∼6 and ∼17 μm at room temperature will be discussed. A homojunction or heterojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HIWIP or HEIWIP) infrared detector, formed by a doped emitter layer, and an intrinsic layer acting as the barrier followed by another highly doped contact layer, can detect near infrared (NIR) photons due to interband transitions and mid/far infrared (MIR/FIR) radiation due to intraband transitions. The threshold wavelength of the interband response depends on the band gap of the barrier material, and the MIR/FIR response due to intraband transitions can be tailored by adjusting the band offset between the emitter and the barrier. GaAs/AlGaAs will provide NIR and MIR/FIR dual band response, and with GaN/AlGaN structures the detection capability can be extended into the ultraviolet region. These detectors are useful in numerous applications such as environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, battlefield-imaging, space astronomy applications, mine detection, and remote-sensing.
Characterization of semiconductor laser frequency chirp based on signal distortion in dispersive optical fiber
Authors: Krehlik P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the paper, the simple method of laser chirp parameters estimation is presented. It is based on measuring time-domain distortions of chirped signal transmitted through dispersive fiber and finding laser chirp parameters by matching measured distortions to calculated ones. Experiments undertaken with 1.55 μm telecommunication grade distributed feedback (DFB) lasers and standard single-mode fiber are described, together with some practical remarks on measurement setup and main conclusions.
CW mode locked Nd:YVO4 laser pumped by 20-W laser diode bar
Authors: Jabczyński J. , Żendzian W. , Kwiatkowski J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe efficient cw mode locking (cw-ML) regime was demonstrated in Nd:YVO4 laser by means of saturable absorber mirror (SAM). The 0.3-at.% Nd3+ doped 10-mm-long YVO4 crystal end pumped by 20-W diode module with a beam shaper was applied as a gain medium located in the close vicinity to the rear flat mirror of the first arm of Z-type resonator of 316 cm total length with two curved mirrors of 100-cm curvature radii. The SAM of 2%-saturable absorptance and saturation fluence of 50 μJ/cm2 was mounted at the opposite end of a resonator. The developed “dynamically stable” cavity design mitigates detrimental role of thermal aberration in gain medium, enforcing clean perfect mode locking even for the highest pump densities. The cw-ML pulses with 47.5 MHz repetition rate and pulse durations in the range of 15–20 ps were observed for a wide range of pump powers and output coupler losses. In the best case, for 32% of output coupler transmission, up to 6.2 W of average power with near 35% slope efficiency was achieved. The thresholds for Q-switched ML, cw-ML regimes were 2.67 W and 6.13 W of pump power, respectively. For the maximum pump power of 20 W we obtained 133 nJ of pulse energy with 16-ps pulse duration, resulting in a peak power higher than 8 kW. The threshold energy density at SAM giving the QML regime was estimated to be about 30 μJ/cm2, threshold of cw-ML regime was 220 μJ/cm2.
Emerging Strategies for Beta Cell Encapsulation for Type 1 Diabetes Therapy
Authors: Toftdal Mette Steen , Grunnet Lars Groth , Chen Menglin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDiabetes is a prevalent chronic disease affecting millions of people globally. To address this health challenge, advanced beta cell therapy using biomaterials‐based macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale encapsulation devices must tackle various obstacles. First, overcoming foreign body responses is a major focus of research. Strategies such as immunomodulatory materials and physical immunoshielding are investigated to reduce the immune response and improve the longevity of the encapsulated cells. Furthermore, oxygenating strategies, such as the use of oxygen‐releasing biomaterials, are developed to improve oxygen diffusion and promote cell survival. Finally, yet importantly, promoting vascularization through the use of angiogenic growth factors and the incorporation of pre‐vascularized materials are also explored to enhance nutrient and oxygen supply to the encapsulated cells. This review seeks to specifically highlight the emerging research strategies developed to overcome these challenges using micro and nanoscale biomaterial encapsulation devices. Continuously improving and refining these strategies make an advance toward realizing the improved therapeutic potential of the encapsulated beta cells.
Large‐Scale, Vertically Aligned 2D Subnanochannel Arrays by a Smectic Liquid Crystal Network for High‐Performance Osmotic Energy Conversion
Authors: Liu Junchao , Li Chao , Jia Pan , Hao JunRan , Gao Longcheng , Wang Jingxia , Jiang Lei 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe osmotic energy, an abundant renewable energy source, can be directly converted to electricity by nanofluidic devices with ion‐selective membranes. 2D nanochannels constructed by nanosheets possess abundant lateral interfacial ion‐exchange sites and exhibit great superiority in nanofluidic devices. However, the most accessible orientation of the 2D nanochannels is parallel to the membrane surface, undoubtedly resulting in the conductivity loss. Herein, first vertically aligned 2D subnanochannel arrays self‐assembled by a smectic liquid crystal (LC) network that exhibit high‐performance osmotic energy conversion are demonstrated. The 2D subnanochannel arrays are fabricated by in situ photopolymerization of monomers in the LC phase. The as‐prepared membrane exhibits excellent water‐resistance and mechanical strength. The 2D subnanochannels with excellent cation selectivity and conductivity show high‐performance osmotic energy conversion. The power density reaches up to about 22.5 W m−2 with NaCl solution under a 50‐fold concentration gradient, which is among with ultrahigh power density. This membrane design concept provides promising applications in osmotic energy conversion.
Modeling enzymatic and electrochemical cascade reactions at the three‐phase interface enzyme electrode
Authors: Zou Siyu , Xiao Jie , Feng Xinjian 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe enzyme electrode based on enzymatic and electrochemical cascade reactions is a golden approach for detecting various biomarkers. How the interfacial architectures of a promising three‐phase interface enzyme electrode can influence the cascade reactions and electrode performance, however, remains unclear. In this study, a mathematical model has been developed to describe intraphase and interphase mass transfer, coupled with cascade reactions. The results reveal that the interfacial architectures determine the mass transfer of oxygen (substrate of oxidase) and H2O2 (enzymatic product) in the cascade reactions, hence affecting the electrode current. Generally, thinner pore walls facilitate the mass transfer of oxygen, thereby enhancing the enzymatic kinetics and H2O2 production. Meanwhile, smaller pore sizes shorten the diffusion pathway of H2O2 to the electrode surface, thereby increasing the electrocatalytic reaction rate. This work provides an efficient in silico tool for the design of high‐performance three‐phase enzyme electrodes.
Introduced gas regulating fast and highly exothermic reactions with in situ gas generation in microreactors
Authors: Liu Saier , Shang Minjing , Xue Xiao , Li Guangxiao , Su Yuanhai 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe oxidation of cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone with nitric acid as a fast and highly exothermic process was hard to control at low molar ratios of oxidant to organic substrate even in microreactors. Process of runaway gas generation was observed due to the local hot spots, which decreased the selectivity of adipic acid. Additional gas was introduced into microreactors before the reaction, changing the previous wave annular flow to the uniform slug flow. Through the microscopic high‐speed photography and CFD simulation, it was found that the internal convection made the reactant molecules in the aqueous slug distribute evenly instead of gathering near the interface before, thus eliminating the local hot spots and stabilizing the hydrodynamic characteristics. The reaction performance was evaluated under different conditions, and a higher adipic acid selectivity of 93.6% was achieved at a molar ratio of 6.7 with the combination of microreactors and conventional reactors.
Management of acute airway compromise secondary to cricoid chondroma
Authors: Song A. , Shahid M. B. 
Published: March 2024

SummaryThe presentation of acute and rapidly deteriorating airway pathology can be a highly challenging situation for any hospital team. Cricoid chondromas are a challenging and potentially unfamiliar airway pathology requiring the combined expertise of anaesthetists, ear, nose and throat surgeons and a wider peri‐operative team familiar with managing airway emergencies. Airway lesions which cause rigid and fixed stenosis require careful management and present additional challenges compared to soft tissue lesions. An important consideration in fixed airway stenosis is the external diameter of tracheal tubes compared to the diameter of the airway at its narrowest point. These are challenging cases to manage and a multi‐disciplinary approach to the safe management of unfamiliar and critical airway pathology should be adopted.