bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid redox sulfur recovery options, costs, and environmental considerations
Authors: Dalrymple Dennis A. , Trofe Timothy W. , Evans James M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLiquid redox chemistry has been employed for sulfur removal and recovery applications since the 1950's. The first process was the Stretford process, which was used commercially in the United Kingdom in the 1960's as a replacement for the iron sponge process in the treatment of sour town gas. The Stretford process has been joined in the United States' marketplace by several other liquid redox processes including the Unisulf, Sulfolin, LO‐CAT, SulFerox, and Hiperion processes. This paper describes the chemistry and engineering options available with each process, as well as the environmental and cost considerations associated with these processes.
Soil gas survey techniques for the investigation of underground storage tanks
Authors: Schlender Michael H. , Rowe Jerry 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe sampling and analysis of near surface soil gas has shown great promise for the investigations of underground storage tanks. Trace to elevated concentrations of volatile organic components in soil gas samples have been used to identify source areas near buried tanks and map the migration of releases in groundwater and in the vadose zone. Soil gas surveys are also an effective tool to position soil borings, excavations, and monitoring wells, while support equipment (drilling rigs, backhoe, etc.) is still on site. Two examples are presented where soil gas surveys were used to direct the investigation of underground storage tanks.
Oil recovery and waste reduction by microwave radiation
Authors: Fang C. S. , Lai Daniel M. C. , Chang Bruce K. L. , Klaila W. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOil‐in‐water and oil‐water‐solid emulsions, by‐products of various industrial operations, often are environmental concerns. Laboratory and field tests have shown that these emulsions can be demulsified and separated into their individual layers by microwave radiation. The data also show that microwave separation is faster than gravity separation and can be faster than conventnal heating at many conditions. After separation of emulsion into water, slop and oil layers, water can be discharged and oil is collected for recycle. The volume of slop is much smaller than the original volume of emulsion, therefore, the oily waste to be disposed is greatly reduced.The zeta potential of oily droplets in water was measured and found that it is reduced by microwave radiation. This indicates that microwave provides heating and reduction of zeta potential in demulsification.
Effluent treatment for alcohol distillery: Thermal pretreatment with energy recovery
Authors: Lele S. S. , Rajadhyaksha P. J. , Joshi J. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStillage from cane molasses based alcohol distillery was thermally treated at 160 to 250°C at high pressure and in the absence of air. A solid charred residue was precipitated that was easily separated by gravity filtration from a liquid suitable for anaerobic digestion or wet oxidation. The charred residue was comparable with typical lignite coal in terms of carbon content and calorific value. Effects of temperature and pH on COD reduction, biodegradability, and filterability were studied.
Bench‐scale testing of high‐temperature desulfurization sorbents
Authors: Gangwal S. K. , Harkins S. M. , Woods M. C. , Jain S. C. , Bossart S. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExtrudates of regenerable mixed‐metal oxide sorbents including zinc ferrite, copper‐modified zinc ferrite, and zinc titanate were prepared and tested for their potential to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from coal gasifier gas in a high‐temperature high‐pressure (HTHP) fixed‐bed reactor. Reductions in H2S concentration from > 10,000 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to < 1 to 50 ppmv were achieved depending on sorbent, reactor temperature, and steam concentration. Zinc ferrite showed no apparent loss in capacity over 15 sulfidation‐regeneration cycles, but underwent significant strength reduction at 5% steam due to soot formation. Zinc titanate exhibited excellent strength and capacity retention at 5% steam and temperatures up to 735°C.
Pressure swing adsorption for VOC recovery at gasoline loading terminals
Authors: Pezolt Daniel J. , Collick Scott J. , Johnson Herbert A. , Robbins Lanny A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVolatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from gasoline storage and distribution facilities are coming under increased scrutiny in both the United States and Europe. The recently passed European Community stage 1 directive for gasoline emissions has established an emissions limit of 35 grams total organic compounds (TOC) per cubic meter gasoline loaded (35 g TOC/m3). Similarly, the United States Environmental Protection Agency Standard 40 CFR Part 63 has established an emission limit of 10 mg TOC per liter of gasoline loaded (10 g TOC/m3). The German TA‐Luft standard, the most stringent known gasoline emission regulation, has set an emissions limit of 150 mg TOC (excluding methane) per cubic meter of loaded product (0.15 g TOC/m3).The Dow Chemical Company has successfully applied the SORBATHENERegistered Trademark of Radian International LLC.
Solvent Vapor Recovery Unit technology, a pressure swing adsorption process, to meet these increasingly stringent gasoline and light hydrocarbon vapor emission standards. Working through technology licensees (Radian International LLC, Austin, Texas and McTay Engineering, Bromborough, United Kingdom), a field trial demonstrating 99+% recovery efficiencies has been conducted at a major U.S. gasoline, storage and distribution terminal, and the first commercial SORBATHENE gasoline vapor recovery unit has been installed at a major storage and distribution terminal in Leeds, United Kingdom.
An experimental study of flue gas desulfurization in a pilot spray dryer
Authors: Ollero Pedro , Salvador Luis , Cañadas Luis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMore than 45 experimental tests have been conducted on a 10,000 Nm3/h spray‐drying desulfurization pilot plant. The effects of SO2 and fly ash concentration, Ca/S ratio, approach to saturation temperature, unit load changes, and the utilization of seawater as make‐up water on both spray dryer behavior and treated flue gas properties were analyzed. This experimental study allows us to reach some conclusions about how to achieve optimum operating conditions and to assess the impact of spray drying on a downstream ESP.
DuPont soil washing technology program and treatment of arsenic contaminated soils
Authors: Legiec I. A. , Griffin L. P. , Walling P. D. , Breske T. C. , Angelo M. S. , Isaacson R. S. , Lanza M. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper summarizes a case study involving a site with inorganic arsenic‐contaminated soils. Detailed soil characterization studies involving sequential extraction testing indicated that the arsenic was primarily associated with the organic fraction and the iron oxide/manganese oxide fraction of the soil. A preliminary treatability study demonstrated that adequate leaching of arsenic was possible. Alkaline leaching was specific for arsenic. Future plans include a program of bench‐scale treatability and field pilot studies focusing on soil washing technology application.
Upgrading the performance of groundwater VOC air strippers
Authors: Nelson Alan D. , Schmitt Ralph J. , Dickeson Dan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRocketdyne's Santa Susana Field Laboratory has been treating groundwater to remove chlorinated solvents since 1987. Six air stripping treatment installations, using vapor‐phase carbon to control air emissions, have consistently met effluent quality standards over nine years of operation. In 1995, Rocketdyne embarked on an inspection and maintenance program to thoroughly check tower equipment and packing condition and to improve treatment efficiency using new packing technology now available.Baseline removal efficiency measurements were made on one large‐capacity air stripper, which was then shut down for inspection. The original random packing was found to be fouled, and had settled too far below the level of the spray nozzle. The packing was removed, and replaced with a newer, high‐efficiency packing. As a result, single‐stage removal efficiency for trichloroethylene increased from 98.5% to > 99.6%.Aside from demonstrating the improvement attainable by upgrading the packing media, Rocketdyne's maintenance program also highlighted the critical importance of proper liquid distribution. At one point, the refurbished air stripper was overpacked, resulting in concentration of the water spray near the center of the packed section. The liquid distribution was found to remain grossly nonuniform even after the water had trickled down over 8.2 meters of packing in a 91‐cm diameter column.
Whole effluent toxicity reduction by ozone
Authors: Ball Brandon R. , Brix Kevin V. , Brancato Mary Sue , Allison Mick P. , Vail Shaundelle M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn investigation of the effects of ozone and ozone‐induced hydroxyl radical on reducing whole effluent toxicity is discussed relative to the application of ozone for industrial water treatment. Results from operation of an ozone system treating industrial effluent from a lead/zinc mine in Colorado are presented. The mine discharges 1,000 gpm (227 m3/hr) of wastewater and has historically exceeded Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) limits. On occasion, it has exceeded numeric limits for copper, ammonia, and cyanide.Based on test results, an applied ozone to COD ratio of 3:1 by weight and a contact time of 30 minutes was found to be effective for reducing whole effluent toxicity at pH 11 but not at pH 7, indicating oxidation by hydroxyl radical to be the dominant mechanism responsible for toxicity reduction. At an applied ozone to COD ratio of 3:1 and a pH of 11, toxicity was reduced with survival increasing improved from 0 percent survival to 100 percent survival for Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) based on 48‐hour and 96‐hour WET tests, respectively. This application rate of ozone with a 99 percent mass transfer efficiency was also effective in reducing total cyanide from an average of 0.45 mg/L to less than 0.05 mg/L and COD from 28 mg/L to 9 mg/L. The rate of ammonium nitrogen oxidation appeared to follow first‐order kinetics; however, the rate of oxidation was decreased significantly by the presence of COD.
Reductive dehalogenation of trichloroethylene using zero‐valent iron
Authors: Gotpagar J. , Grulke E. , Tsang T. , Bhattacharyya D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReductive dehalogenation of hazardous organics using zero‐valent metals is a promising technology. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of feed concentration, initial pH, metal loading and particle size of metal on the degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE), using zero‐valent iron. The degradation rate was found to be first order with respect to the organic molecule, thus the conversion was independent of initial TCE concentration. The amount of TCE degraded at any given time was found to be directly proportional to the dissolved iron in solution. The metal surface area plays a crucial role in the process. Two fold increase in the pseudo first order rate constant was obtained when the metal particle size was decreased from 370 μ m by factor of 2.5. For iron surface area per unit volume (S/V) of solution < 1000 m−1, the TCE degradation rate constant increased linearly with S/V ratio.
Ultraviolet/oxidation treatment of explosive wastewaters using a commercial process
Authors: Hempfling Craig 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center evaluated the performance of two pilot‐scale ultraviolet/oxidation systems for treatment of nitroglycerin production wastewater, Solarchem Environmental Systems and Peroxidation Systems, Inc. A commercial‐scale system was purchased from Solarchem and its performance compared to that of the pilot‐scale system using standard reaction kinetics procedures. The first‐order reaction rate expression for nitroglycerin decomposition was developed for the commercial‐scale Solarchem system.Studies were conducted using the commercial‐scale UV/oxidation system to determine the treatment by‐products from nitroglycerin decomposition. Nitroglycerin and partially nitrated derivatives of nitroglycerin, inorganic nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia, and total organic carbon analyses were conducted to determine the extent of nitroglycerin decomposition and probable by‐products.Studies were also conducted on nitroguanidine wastewater to determine the effectiveness of UV/oxidation wastewater treatment for the nitroguanidine production process.
Compliance strategy for cyanides in petroleum refinery wastewater: Part 1—source characterization and treatment
Authors: Urban David , Frisbie Seth , Croce Sarita 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA small (< 8,000 m3/day, < 50,000 bbl/day) petroleum refinery was having difficulty in complying with the 200 μg/L total cyanide limit in its NPDES permit. In addition, extensive cyanide corrosion was found during a turnaround of the fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU). Finally, the refinery was facing a NPDES permit renewal, in which the new total cyanide limit was expected to be 1.0 μg/L, the water quality standard for marine waters. The refinery, therefore, had both environmental and economic incentives for reducing cyanide in its FCCU process wastewater. The refinery undertook a multi‐faceted approach to its cyanide problem, including consideration of source treatment, stripped sour water treatment, end‐of‐pipe treatment optimization, and discharge permit modification. This paper addresses the source characterization and treatment activities that were conducted as a part of the strategy.Although the generation of cyanide in the FCC process is well documented, quantification of cyanides has historically been difficult due to analytical interferences from the high levels of sulfides in condensate streams from the unit. Measurements of cyanide by traditional analytical methods can be in error by orders of magnitude, and proper implementation of control technologies can be a guessing game. As a result, effective control techniques such as polysulfide injection are often avoided because of potential process upset.Modified analytical techniques for cyanide (both free and total) and thiocyanate in refinery sour water and hydrocarbon liquids were developed. Water and hydrocarbon samples from the FCCU product distillation and gas compression systems were analyzed with these techniques, and a cyanide mass balance was developed. From the results, the following conclusions were drawn:

With certain process configurations, cyanides can spread far beyond the immediate condensate streams.
The amount of cyanide generated in an FCCU may be higher than normally anticipated.
Simple modifications to the existing system have the potential to substantially reduce cyanides, especially iron‐complexed cyanides.
Source treatment with polysulfide can be optimized with these improved analytical techniques.
Polysulfide treatment at non‐traditional, less risky locations may be adequate for meeting effluent discharge requirements.
The degree of treatment required will also depend on final NPDES permit limitations. Negotiation of favorable limits can substantially reduce treatment needs.

Follow‐up studies to further optimize cyanide control are planned.
Countercurrent absorption of CO2in a real flue gas into aqueous alkanolamine solutions in a wetted wall column
Authors: Suda Taiichiro , Iijima Masaki , Tanaka Hiroshi , Mitsuoka Shigeaki , Iwaki Toru 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe countercurrent absorption of CO2from the flue gas into aqueous alkanolamines has been studied using wetted wall column equipment connected to the stack of a power plant. The absorption rates of CO2into aqueous alkanolamines were measured at 40°C, 10kPa partial pressure, and 2m3/h of gas flow rate. From the rate of absorption and the absorption equilibrium results, the secondary amines have as large overall mass transfer coefficients as monoethanolamine. However, the coefficients of the hindered and tertiary amines are small even though the absorbed amounts of CO2at equilibrium are large. The CO2concentration profiles in a wetted wall column were estimated, and these results are due to the absorption process in connection with the degree of carbamate formation.
Recovery, reuse, and recycle of water in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities
Authors: Degenova John , Shadman Farhang 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper summarizes the benefits and risks associated with water re‐use and recycling in the semiconductor industry. The specific items that will be covered in this paper are: characterization of the spent rinse‐water types, the composition range of key impurities, different recycling strategies, and water conservation methods. Discussion will include the development of new purification methods for the removal of organic impurities, and the development of a computer model for simulating the effects of recycle.
Rapid evaluation and installation of a low cost water treatment scheme at a superfund site
Authors: Singh Anu , Adams Carl E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWastewater treatment technologies were evaluated for a Superfund Site located in the southern United States to pretreat approximately 3 million gallons of on‐site contaminated water to meet POTW pretreatment requirements. A low cost water treatment scheme was developed, designed, installed, and the contaminated water was successfully treated in a 16 week period. The Site included two earthen ponds containing hazardous sediments to be dredged and remediated, and water, contaminated with organics, oil and grease (O&G), and heavy metals. A four week, on‐site investigation was conducted to characterize and quantify pond contents and develop a cost‐effective, rapid method of treating the contaminated pond water. Rapid installation and start‐up of the selected treatment technology was required to meet the pond closure schedule.
NOX PEMS experience on operating ethylene furnaces
Authors: Croy Robert L. , Simpson Cynthia Wyman , Tipton Dennis B. , Sinha Pinaki , Lashier Mark E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Phillips 66 Sweeney Refinery and Petrochemical Complex is a highly integrated complex consisting of refining, chemicals, and ethylene units. The Complex received a Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) Flexible Permit to install predictive emissions monitors (PEMS) at eight furnaces of Ethylene Unit 22.Unit 22 produces approximately 1.8 million pounds per day of ethylene. Hydrogen in the fuel gas fluctuates between 20% and 80% depending on economics and the operational status of upstream and downstream units. Maintaining consistent fuel gas hydrogen levels and unit upsets made it difficult to train the models. The PEMS is certified and has been in full operation since March 1996. The difficultes and successes of the PEMS certification process is discussed in this paper.
Kinetics of NO absorption in aqueous iron (II)thiochelate solutions
Authors: Shi Yao , Wang Hai , Chang Shih‐Ger 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFerrous thiochelate solutions were used to absorb NO from flue gas. The absorption rates were studied as a function of pH with a double‐stirred reactor at 50°C. The rate constants of five ferrous thiochelates: Fe2+(dimercaptosuccinate)2, Fe2+(dithioloxalate)2, Fe2+(aminoethanethiol)2, Fe2+(cysteine)2, Fe2+(penicillamine)2, reacted with NO at pH5.5 and pH 7.0, have been determined. The implications of the kinetic data on the use of these iron thiochelate additives in wet flue gas desulfurization scrubbers: limestone, lime, and sodium, for simultaneous SO2 and NOx removal is discussed.
Carbon dioxide—the premier environmental challenge of our time
Authors: Jaske Robert T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAmong the sessions scheduled for the Diamond Jubilee Meeting in Washington Oct. 31‐Nov. 3, 1983, there will be a session on “Global Environmental Effects, Carbon Dioxide Problem from an Energy Policy Perspective.” The following paper draws from materials to be presented at the session, and from data developed for a position paper for the Coordinating Committee on Energy of the AAES by Ralph Rotty, Institute for Energy Analysis. Those engineers who wish to learn more about the problem are invited to the session.
Selective absorption of hydrogen chloride from flue gases in the presence of sulfur dioxide
Authors: Kyte W. S. , Bettelheim J. , Nicholson N. E. , Scarlett J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDetailed results of static and dynamic experiments to determine the vapor‐liquid equilibrium for HCl and the co‐absorption of hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide in concentrated solutions of calcium chloride.
Biological treatment of a landfill leachate in sequencing batch reactors
Authors: Ying Wei‐Chi , Bonk Robert R. , Lloyd Vernon J. , Sojka Stanley A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA landfill leachate is treated, after mixing with chemical manufacturing wastewaters, by activated carbon adsorption. Biotreatment of the combined wastewater in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) reduced the carbon requirement by 90%. Excellent treatment efficiency was consistently achieved under a variety of operating conditions: wastewater TOC, feed rate, hydraulic retention time, MLSS, organic loading, temperature, and cycle time. The SBR performance was unaffected when wastewater feeding was suspended during weekends and holidays. Results obtained in 1‐L SBRs were reproduced in 12‐L and 500‐L units. The experimental data served as the basis for design of a full‐scale SBR‐adsorption system. The integrated wastewater treatment system would produce a better quality effluent at a lower overall cost. Biodegradation rates for some of the more persistent wastewater constituents were enhanced in batch bioreactors which were supplemented with strains of bacteria isolated from the landfill site.
An alternative RBC design‐second order kinetics
Authors: Opatken Edward J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn alternative design method was used employing 2nd order kinetics and good engineering practice to specify a RBC process for secondary treatment.The kinetics of the RBC process had previously been shown to follow a second order rate expression when the disappearance of soluble biochemical oxygen demand (sBOD) is correlated with time (2). This relationship was combined with other RBC process limitations to design an RBC system based on achieving final effluent sBOD requirements of less than 10 mg/L of soluble BOD (sBOD). This alternative design approach can be used to determine:

The number of shafts
The number of stages
The shafts in each stage
The sBOD in each stage
The effect on performance by diurnal variations in flow from 50 to 200% of design flow
When oxygen transfer governs the kinetics
This paper demonstrates the technique employed to design the RBC plant using second order kinetics and the rationale behind each step in the design process.
Treatment of a petrochemical wastewater in sequencing batch reactors
Authors: Hsu E. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe response of sequencing batch reactors (SRB's) in an industrial application was investigated. Four bench‐scale SBR's and a bench‐scale conventional activated sludge unit were operated with wastewater from a petrochemical complex. In terms of the degradation of BOD material and nitrification, the performance of the SBR's was comparable or slightly superior to that of the conventional activated sludge unit. However, for high strength wastes with BOD5 > 300 mg/l and under organic shock loading conditions, effluent from an SBR may have a high solids content as a result of abundant dispersed‐cells growth. The SBR reacted well to a series of phenolic shock loadings; phenols were degraded from initial concentrations ranging from 200 to 950 mg/l to <0.1 mg/l. A model of the SBR, which incorporated the Monod kinetics, was presented as a design aid.