bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Endogenous Eyeblink
Authors: Stern John A. , Walrath Larry C. , Goldstein Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe endogenous eyeblink is identified as a cortically controlled response event, distinguishable from both reflexive and voluntary lid movements. It has a characteristic rate, form, and temporal distribution. These aspects of endogenous blinks are related to cognitive state variables. Allocation of attentional resources, transition points in information processing flow, and possibly processing mode, are indexed by blink parameters.
Cognitive Brain Potential Components in Adolescents
Authors: Friedman David , Brown Charles , Vaughan Herbert G. , Cornblatt Barbara , Erlenmeyer‐Kimling L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a cross‐sectional study from 70 adolescents ranging in age from 11 to 18. A paradigm was used in which background, standard auditory events (66 percent occurrence) were randomly replaced by either a change in pitch, or a missing stimulus, each occurring 17 percent of the time. Subjects were instructed to respond to one of the infrequent events, with each designated as relevant (i.e., a target) on alternate blocks of trials. Factor score analyses showed that P300 and frontal negative slow wave were larger to relevant than irrelevant events, whereas parietal positive slow wave was not. Both N200 and frontal negative slow wave showed modest age effects. Significant effects of sex, mainly for the exogenous components, were also found. These data highlight the importance of the negative task‐related potentials as correlates of development. They also point to the functional independence of P300 and slow wave and add to the evidence for the functional distinction between the frontal negative and parietal positive aspects of slow wave.
Electrodermal Habituation Speed and Visual Monitoring Performance
Authors: Vossel Gerhard , Rossmann Rainer 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious research has suggested that speed of habituation of the electrodermal orienting response is related to auditory vigilance performance. The present study investigated the relationship between habituation speed, nonspecific response frequency, and detection performance in a complex visual monitoring task. Two levels of task difficulty were employed. In the visual monitoring task, correct detections declined across blocks, and fewer signals were detected in the difficult task condition. Slow habituators detected more signals than fast habituators, but NSR‐frequency was not significantly related to the number of correct detections. The implications of these findings for different models of the relationship between habituation speed and vigilance performance are discussed.
The Effect of Stimulus Significance on Skin Conductance Recovery
Authors: Janes Cynthia L. , Strock Barbara D. , Weeks David G. , Worland Julien 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between skin conductance (SC) recovery time and stimulus meaning was investigated. Previous research has shown that a strong relationship between prestimulus electrodermal activity (prior activity) and recovery time makes it necessary to control prior activity before the relationship of recovery time and stimulus meaning can be evaluated properly. In this study prior activity was controlled by experimental design. We examined the effects of stimulus meaning on skin conductance recovery time and amplitude in 55 teenage and young adult subjects in a continuous performance paradigm. Tones were presented monaurally to left and right ears. Subjects were required to make a pedal press after any tone in the left or right ear that followed a right‐ear tone. Recovery time was computed for left‐ear and right‐ear tones not requiring a press because they had been preceded by a left‐ear tone. SC recovery was longer for signal (right‐ear) than for nonsignal (left‐ear) tones with the effects of prior SC activity and amplitude removed. These findings replicate those of a pilot study (Janes, 1982). We conclude that stimulus significance can affect SC recovery time and that in this paradigm differences in prior SC activity cannot account for the recovery time differences observed.
Neonatal Acoustically‐Elicited Cardiac Response: Modulation by State and Antecedent Stimulation
Authors: Ver Hoeve James N. , Leavitt Lewis A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigated modulation of the acoustic cardiac reflex (ACR) in human neonates. Three groups of 16 human neonates born at term were presented an abrupt cardioacceleratory auditory stimulus during awake (AW), quiet sleep (QS), and active sleep (AS) states of wakefulness. On 3/4 of the trials this stimulus was preceded by a continuous pure tone at lead times of either 100, 250, or 4000 ms. Across state, prestimulation modified the amplitude and pattern of the neonatal ACR. Relative to trials without prestimulation, the 100‐ms lead inhibited, whereas the 250‐ms and the 4000‐ms lead stimului enhanced the ACR. During AS, neonates exhibited a triphasic ACR that returned to baseline within 9 s in contrast to the sustained responses in AW and QS states. The results demonstrate central inhibitory and facilatatory control over the ACR early in postnatal life. The pattern of results is consistent with the adult pattern of acoustic startle modulation, as is the absence of significant state effects. Given data from 2‐month‐old infants suggesting an absence of inhibitory effects in acoustic modulation of cardiac startle, it appears that there are non‐linear changes in this basic sensory processing mechanism during the first months after birth.
Electrodermal Discrimination of Familiar and Unfamiliar Faces: A Methodology
Authors: Tranel Dan , Fowles Don C. , Damasio Antonio R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA study is reported which establishes a methodology for investigating the hypothesis that prosopagnosic patients, who have lost the ability to recognize faces, may nonetheless demonstrate electrodermal discrimination of familiar versus unfamiliar facial stimuli. Skin conductance response (SCR) data were recorded while neurologically‐intact, college‐aged subjects viewed slides of 8 famous, highly familiar faces and 42 unfamiliar faces. The results showed that the familiar faces elicited, on the average, much larger SCRs than the unfamiliar faces. In addition, a second group of subjects rated the familiar faces as more “significant” than the unfamiliar ones, and it is concluded that highly familiar faces are potential signal stimuli. Also, because the paradigm involves few instructions and no overt behavioral response by the subject, this methodology could be readily adapted to investigations of prosopagnosic and other brain‐damaged populations in which there is severe amnesia, aphasia, or apraxia.
The Bayesian‐Inferential Approach to Defining Response Processes in Psychophysiology
Authors: O'Connor Kieron 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim is to discuss the potential application of Bayesian inferential methods to the definition and quantification of psychophysiological responses.Current approaches to response definition and experimental design in psychophysiology usually adopt the view that physiological responses are dependent effects produced by stimulus controlled states or events (which form the independent variables). The statistical model associated with this approach does not fit psychophysiological data and leads to problems in establishing validity and reliability of effects and other measurement problems.An alternative approach is offered by inferential methods where the response activity is considered independent and the hypotheses are considered dependent variables. This approach frees the psychophysiological data from any statistical assumptions about its form and allows, via use of Bayesian Likelihood estimates, for a precise meaning to be attached to probable response parameters. However, the inferential approach does require adopting a process paradigm where behavioral or cognitive activity is isomorphic with recorded physiological activity.The inferential approach is particularly useful where a decision on the functional significance of activity is desired over relatively few trials, and seems optimal for ideographic studies where a stable measure of change within a subject over time is required.
Cardiac and Blink Reflex Concomitants of Attentional Selectivity: A Comparison of Adults and Young Children
Authors: Anthony Bruno J. , Putnam Lois E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSelective attention, often considered less efficient in young children, was examined in adults and 5‐yr‐olds using a new, startle‐probe technique. To investigate the allocation of preparatory attention at early stages of processing, we examined the modification of the startle blink reflex to irrelevant acoustic probes presented within the warning interval (WI) of a simple reaction time task. Attention was directed away from the acoustic probes and toward a vibrotactile GO signal during the 6‐s WI. Heart rate decelerated prior to the GO signal in both children and adults, implying increased attention. The two groups showed opposite patterns of blink modification, however. In adults, startle blink to the WI probes was increasingly attenuated as the GO signal approached, suggesting a selective pattern of attentional allocation. In contrast, blink amplitude increased linearly across probe positions in children, implying that preparatory attention was allocated to a wider range of sensory input.
Detection of Averaged Heart Rate Response to Tones in Human Newborns
Authors: Crowell David H. , Kapunial Linda E. , Jones Richard H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTResponse criteria for a significant averaged evoked heart rate response to 63 and 80 dB SPL tones at 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Hz were objectively defined by means of autoregressive analysis in 25 newborns (Group I). This statistical procedure for detecting significant heart rate (HR) change was based on predictions derived from heart rate activity occurring prior to onset of a stimulus. The Group I criteria were applied to HR responses of 65 newborns (Group II) averaged over 2 to 24 trials. Averaged HR changes were low for 2 trials but increasingly higher when based on the average over all 63dB SPL tones, all 80dB SPL tones, and finally, all tones; 43, 65, and 77 percent of the infants responded, respectively. For the last three conditions, the averages were based on 12, 12, and 24 trials, respectively. Results suggest that in human newborns the averaged HR response may (a) function as a reliable auditory response measure, (b) supplement other measures of neonatal responsivity to suprathreshold tones, (c) provide information on early auditory abilities and the developmental course of auditory functioning, and (d) serve as a technique for investigating cardiac orienting and the effects of behavioral teratogens on auditory functioning.
The Relation Between Rhythmic Cardiovascular Variability and Reactivity to Orthostatic, Cognitive, and Cold Pressor Stress
Authors: Hatch John P. , Klatt Keith , Porges Stephen W. , Schroeder‐Jasheway Lori , Supik Josie D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo groups of normotensive, male subjects having either a positive or negative parental history of essential hypertension were exposed to passive body tilt from horizontal to a 70° head‐up posture, while systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart period, and respiration amplitude were sampled on a beat‐by‐beat basis. Subjects also performed mental arithmetic and cold pressor tasks, and cardiovascular reactivity was expressed as change from baseline levels. The body tilt data were analyzed by cross‐spectral analysis focusing on two frequency bands, one between .06‐.1 Hz, and the other at the predominant breathing frequency. The two groups did not differ significantly in their basal levels of physiological activity or in their response to the tasks. Cross‐spectral analysis identified tilt induced changes in the power spectra and coherence spectra within the two frequency bands. These changes differed between the two frequency bands and among the various physiological response systems investigated. Larger rhythmic oscillations in heart period within both frequency bands predicted greater cardiovascular reactivity to the mental arithmetic task but not the cold pressor task. The results are discussed in terms of neural control mechanisms (e.g., vagal tone) implicated in the dynamic regulation of cardiovascular function during psychophysiological states such as stress.
Face the Beast and Fear the Face: Animal and Social Fears as Prototypes for Evolutionary Analyses of Emotion
Authors: ÖHman Arne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper applies a functional‐evolutionary perspective to fear in the context of encounters with animals and threatening humans. It is argued that animal fear originates in a predatory defense system whose function is to allow animals to avoid and escape predators. Animal stimuli are postulated to be differentially prepared to become learned elicitors of fear within this system. Social fears are viewed as originating in a dominance/submissiveness system. The function of submissiveness is to avert attacks from dominating conspecifics. Signs of dominance paired with aversive outcomes provide for learning fear to specific individuals. Data which in general are interpreted as supportive of this conceptualization are reviewed. To explain the mechanism behind the causal relationships suggested in the evolutionary analysis, an information‐processing model is presented and empirically tested. It is argued that responses to evolutionary fear‐relevant stimuli can elicit the physiological concomitants of fear after only a very quick, “unconsciousness,’ or preattentive stimulus analysis. Support for this notion is presented from backward masking studies where it is demonstrated that conditioned autonomic responses to fear‐relevant stimuli can be elicited even with masked stimuli.
Event‐Related Potentials in Chronometric Analysis of Primed Word Recognition with Different Stimulus Onset Asynchronies
Authors: Boddy John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a lexical decision experiment in which primes preceded associatively related words, unrelated words, or non‐words, N1(154 ms)‐P2(245 ms), P2, and P3 (502 ms) increased in amplitude with increasing semantic association, while N2 (340 ms) amplitude, as well as response times, showed an opposite relationship and increased with decreasing semantic association. The relationship, in each case, persisted across a range of stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs: onset‐to‐onset) from 1000 down to 200 ms.Despite the apparent dissociation of P2 and N2, it could not be unequivocally established that they reflected successive discrete phases of processing. The balance of evidence indicated that the variation of both P2 and N2 across conditions could be attributed to a widely distributed, slow negative process, which began on the N1‐P2 deflection, peaked at N2, and terminated beyond P3, and was enhanced when an automatically generated expectancy of a semantically associated word was violated. It is suggested that the negativity reflects an automatically generated enhancement of arousal that facilitates conscious processing of unexpected stimuli.
REM/NREM Discrimination via Ocular and Limb Movement Monitoring: Correlation with Polygraphic Data and Development of a REM State Algorithm
Authors: Helfand Rita , Lavie Peretz , Allan Hobson J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to develop an inexpensive, simplified home monitoring system for prescreening certain sleep complaints and for long‐term home‐based experiments. Four subjects slept in the laboratory for 3–4 nights. In addition to a standard polysomnogram, piezoelectric ceramic transducers were attached to both hands, both feet, and over the right eyelid.The sleep from 2 nights of each subject was staged according to the standard criteria. The limb transducers identified major and minor body shifts and were used to signal possible state changes. The data from the eye movement sensor was used to develop a REM‐state algorithm.Using this algorithm, REM and NREM sleep were identified with 92% (SD=0.091) and 91% (SD=0.076) accuracy, respectively. The ultimate goal is to have a bedside device programmed with the algorithm that would either store information or score the data on‐line for waking, NREM, and REM states.We conclude that a system monitoring eye movements and major body shifts is a promising approach to an economical and accurate home recording system.
P300 Development from Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Polich John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were elicited with an auditory discrimination paradigm in 20 adult subjects. The amplitude and latency of the N1, P2, N2, and P3 (P300) components were measured from each two‐trial average and successively after each two‐trial block were added to the ERP average. The dual trial‐to‐trial analysis generally demonstrated consistent component amplitudes and latencies across trials. The successive average analysis found that component amplitudes decreased significantly while their latencies remained relatively constant as additional trials were incorporated into the average. The results suggest that ERP component latencies are stable, while amplitudes decrease with increased numbers of trials. The implications for the application of P3 in the assessment of individual differences are discussed.
Stimulus Omission and Dishabituation of the Electrodermal Orienting Response: The Allocation of Processing Resources
Authors: Siddle David A.T. , Packer Jeanette S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present research investigated the effects of stimulus omission on electrodermal orienting, dishabituation. and the allocation of processing resources as assessed by reaction time (RT) to a secondary probe stimulus. All experiments employed 33 tone‐light or light‐tone (S1‐S2) pairings, and for experimental groups, S2 was omitted on 4 trials, experiment 1 (N = 24) demonstrated reliable electrodermal responding when S2 was omitted for a trial, and subsequent dishabituation when S2 was then re‐presented after SI on the immediately following trial. Experiment 1 (N=96) employed probe RT as the dependent variable. White noise probe stimuli were presented 300 ms or 1300 ms following the omission of S2 and following its onset on re‐presentation trials. Reaction time to probes presented during S2 omission was slower in experimental groups than in control groups. Reaction time on S2 re‐presentation trials was also slower in experimental groups than in control groups, but only when S3 was a tone. Experiment 3 (N=48) employed auditory and visual probes presented 1300 ms following S2 omission and S2 re‐presentation, and measured both electrodermal activity and probe RT, Some evidence of electrodermal omission responding and dishabituation was obtained. Reaction time was again slowed during the omission and re‐presentation of S2. regardless of the modality of S2 and regardless of the modality of the probe. The results are interpreted as consistent with an information‐processing approach to orienting and habituation in that they indicate that both the omission and re‐presentation of an expected stimulus command processing resources.
Changes in Heart Rate and Slow Brain Potentials Related to Motor Preparation and Stimulus Anticipation in a Time Estimation Task
Authors: Damen E.J.P. , Brunia C.H.M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBased on previous research, it was hypothesized that both the final cardiac deceleration and the late wave of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) at the end of the foreperiod of a simple reaction time task are composed of a movement‐related component and a stimulus‐anticipation component. Forty right‐handed adult female and male subjects performed a time estimation task. They had to press a button with the index‐finger at intervals of 20 to 22 seconds. After the button‐press a visual stimulus was presented, which provided Knowledge of Results (KR) about the correctness of the timing. For half the subjects the delay between button‐press and stimulus presentation was 2 s, for the other half it was 4 s. Recordings of both the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the electroencephalogram (EEG) were obtained, the latter being derived bilaterally from precentral. postcentral. and parietal sites. As was expected, cardiac deceleration was found both prior to the movement and prior to stimulus presentation in both delays. At the cortical level the movement was preceded by a Readiness Potential (RP). Stimulus presentation was preceded by a cortical negative wave, the Stimulus‐Preceding Negativity (SPN), at all positions. Precentrally and postcentrally the Stimulus‐Preceding Negativity exhibited a larger right hemisphere preponderance in the 2‐s delay than in the 4‐s delay.
Visual Evoked Potentials to Illusory Reversals of the Necker Cube
Authors: O'Donnell B.F. , Hendler T. , Squires N.K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSensory adaptation and cognitive evaluation have been proposed as explanations of illusory figure reversals. The effect of variations in the perceived orientation of a Necker cube on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) was studied to test these two hypotheses. VEPs associated with perceptual reversals and non‐reversals of a Necker cube were compared with VEPs elicited by a sequence of physically varying cubical figures. Amplitude differences in the early VEP components consistent with adaptation effects were not detected. Both types of reversals were associated with a late positive component (400–700 ms), which was smaller in amplitude in the illusory condition. The late positivity to illusory reversals was also distinguished by a broad (200–700 ms) positive component over frontal and central recording sites which was absent over Oz. These findings suggest that illusory reversals are more difficult to discriminate than physical reversals, and require additional cognitive resources for evaluation.
Temporal Dynamics of Human Auditory Selective Attention
Authors: Hansen Jonathan C. , Hillyard Steven A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from human subjects in response to short trains of rapidly presented tone pips of two frequencies. Subjects listened selectively to tones of one frequency as directed by a visual cue prior to each train and responded to occasional longer‐duration target tones of that frequency. The early negative difference (Nd) between ERPs elicited by the tones when attended versus unattended was minimal for the first stimulus in each train but developed rapidly, attaining stable values by about the third stimulus. The development of this early Nd was most rapid when two attended tones began a train. Long time‐base averages revealed the concomitant development of a standing negativity over the course of each train. In contrast, late positive ERPs distinguished attended from unattended target tones even when they occurred in the first position of a train, prior to the development of Nd. The latency of this late positivity together with the reaction time to the targets decreased substantially as the Nd developed. It was concluded that subjects can select stimuli at various stages of analysis, but employment of the early selection mechanism indexed by Nd enables an economy of processing and faster and more accurate task performance. This mode of early selection is not pre‐set in advance of a stimulus train, however, at least under the present conditions.