bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoting Child Well-Being Through Early Intervention: Findings from the Chicago Longitudinal Study
Authors: Reynolds Arthur J. , Mersky Joshua 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents evidence from the Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS) on the impacts of the Chicago Child-Parent-Center (CPC) program, which provides educational and family support services to economically disadvantaged children and their parents from preschool through third grade. It describes its basic philosophy and service model, and highlights some of the salient effects attributed to the CPCs, including impacts on child maltreatment and child welfare services. The program theory is then linked to the estimated effects by detailing the hypothesized mechanisms of change through which the intervention operates. The implications of findings for tailoring effective prevention programs and child welfare policy are discussed.
The Effect of Children on the Income Status of Female-Headed Households: An Intercountry Comparison
Authors: Ozawa Martha N. , Lee Yongwoo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the degree to which the number of children lowers the income status of female-headed households. The US situation is compared with that of other industrialized countries. In the United States, female heads of households are relatively well educated, have a relatively larger number of children, and are more likely to work. At the descriptive level, their after-tax income status is the highest among those in these six countries. Yet, after public and private income transfers are distributed, their income status plunges to the second lowest, next only to Canadians’. In the Nordic and European countries, social policy interventions have improved the income status of households with children, particularly female-headed households. The provision of various forms of public income transfers, including children’s allowances, maternity benefits, Social Security benefits, unemployment insurance, and workers’ compensation, has effectively smoothed out the distribution of disposable household income, mitigating the impact of children on the income status of female-headed households in these countries.
Ethics and Qualities of Life
Authors: Kupperman Joel J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis book looks at what enters into ethical judgment and choice. Interpretation of a case and of what the options are is always a factor, as is a sense of the possible values at stake. Intuitions also enter in, but often are unreliable. For a long time it seemed only fair that oldest sons inherited, and it struck few people as unfair that women were not allowed to attend universities. A moral judgment is putatively part of a moral order in a society that any reasonable person would accept. But what counts as “reasonable” is generally contestable. The unreliability of intuitions leads naturally to ethical theory. Kantian, contractualist, and consequentialist theories all have some important truth in them, but not the whole truth. Contractualism lacks the resources required for a fully determinate account of what counts as “reasonable.” Broad general rules are important to Kant and are at the center of everyday morality. But can Kantian ethics explain why they have to have this central role? Our evolving social contract now contains elements (e.g., the rejection of racism and sexism) that once would have seemed counter-intuitive to most people. But could consequentialists have predicted with entire confidence the consequences of social changes that we now think were desirable? The last part of this book contains a double argument. One is that ethical theory is employed by humans in a state of semi-ignorance of relevant factors, grasping at likely truths and evolved intuitions. The other is that consequentialist considerations have a major role at the fundamental level, but much more in justification or criticism than in ethical discovery.
Introduction
Authors: Kupperman Joel J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the term “qualities of life”, as well as the contrast between the practice of ethical thought and ethical theory. It then elucidates the book's strategy, which seeks to lessen the tension between complexity and readability in two ways. The first is by explaining the meanings of the eight key terms used in the book; the second is through the management of references.
The Relevance of Construal and Valencing to Good Choice
Authors: Kupperman Joel J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe previous chapters explored processes that are important to virtue ethics, but that on the problem-solving-software view of ethics would be seen largely as stage setting. This chapter argues that, even on the problem-solving-software view, they are not merely stage setting but in fact can be a crucial part of ethical decision. It addresses the question of why philosophers who take the problem-solving-software view usually ignore this. One reason is that the recent philosophical literature tends to dwell on examples in which factors of construal and valencing can be taken for granted and thus ignored.
The Importance of Character
Authors: Kupperman Joel J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that character is not merely a part of the stage setting for ethical judgment, but in fact often plays a crucial role in the quality of judgment. It begins by discussing what character is and how it is related to virtues. It then covers the causal role of character traits in behavior, the formation and dominance of character, and style and attitude as factors in choice.
Evaluating Scientists: Examining the Effects of Sexism and Nepotism
Authors: Wray K. Brad 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines a variety of contexts in which scientists evaluate their peers and the impact such evaluations have on science. Section 4.2 draws the distinction between implicit and explicit judgments of competence and give examples of each sort of judgment. Section 4.3 reviews a number of studies that suggest scientists are influenced by nonepistemic values when they make explicit judgments of competence. In particular, scientists are affected by sexism and nepotism. Section 4.4 examines the epistemic consequences of scientists' biased explicit judgments of competence and focus on the adverse effects of nepotism. Section 4.5 explains why scientists are not prone to the same problems when making implicit judgments of competence.
Is Logical Empiricism Committed to the Ideal of Value‐Free Science?
Authors: Roberts John T. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that logical empiricism is (implicitly) committed to rejecting the ideal of value-free science. Section 7.2 explains the meaning of the logical empiricist approach to philosophy of science. Section 7.3 discusses the meaning of the ideal of value-free science. Section 7.4 returns to the logical empiricist approach to philosophy of science and fills in a few more details. Section 7.5 considers and rejects an argument that seems to show that the logical empiricist approach to philosophy of science must be committed to the ideal of value-free science. Section 7.6 presents the main argument of the chapter, and concluding remarks are offered in Section 7.7.
The Value Ladenness of Scientific Knowledge
Authors: Doppelt Gerald 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines post-Kuhnian insights and debates concerning the relativity of scientific knowledge and their impact on rationality, objectivity, and realism. The focus on scientific knowledge will take us to the nub of the question of whether science is, or can be, “value free.” The claim that science, as we know it, is not and cannot be value free, while gaining an almost theological status for many scholars today, obscures several distinct dimensions of science and the roles different sorts of values may or may not play in each of these dimensions.
From Fieldwork to Facts to Firearms Control: Research and Advocacy Toward Stricter Firearms Control Legislation in South Africa
Authors: King Maylene Shung , Proudlock Paula , Michelson Lori 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Firearms were found to be a major cause of injury and death among children in the 5- to 18-year-old age group and the leading cause of death in young men in their late teens in South Africa. In the 1990s, the high incidence of firearm deaths and injuries spurred government policy and law reform, culminating in a new Firearms Control Act, which replaced the ineffective and outdated Arms and Ammunition Act. This chapter considers the role research played in this complex process by examining the activities and impact of a research and advocacy project undertaken by an academic policy research organization called the Child Health Policy Institute (CHPI) at the University of Cape Town. The chapter describes the political context within which the project was initiated; outlines the research findings and how they were disseminated and utilized in relation to the law reform process; describes the law reform process and broader advocacy strategy related to it; and reflects on lessons learned.
Six Constructing a Usable Past
Authors: Murphy Andrew R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter attends more closely to the competing ways of constructing and drawing on the past that each type of jeremiad employs. The chapter opens with a consideration of the U. S. Supreme Court's decision in Abington v. Schempp(1963), which outlawed public school prayer. It goes on to explore the uses of the past in traditionalist jeremiads, focusing on traditionalist appeals to nostalgia and an American Golden Age. The progressive jeremiad looks to the past as well, seeking to renarrate founding principles in language appropriate to changing times. Thus the progressive jeremiad is not concerned so much with the way “things really were” in the past, and even less in casting the future into the mold of the past. But the progressive jeremiad's past, containing such a powerful founding promise, is equally constructed, and equally mythic. Both types of jeremiads construct a past in accord with their fundamental political values and agenda, and in doing so call forth critical counternarratives from their political opponents.
Knowledgeable Adults’ Experiences and Perspectives
Authors: Haight Wendy , Ostler Teresa , Black James , Kingery Linda 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the perspectives and experiences of knowledgeable adults. Child welfare workers, other community professionals (educators, counselors, law enforcement personnel, and substance misuse treatment providers), and foster parents described their experiences with families involved with methamphetamine. They described children's exposure to environmental danger, chaos, neglect, abuse, loss, and isolation. They believe that children develop anti-social beliefs and practices such as lying and stealing, drug misuse and violence. They described children as displaying psychological, emotional, and social disturbances. They also described individual variation in functioning across children that they attributed, in part, to individual, familial, and community characteristics. They noted a need for effective child mental health services in rural areas, and substance misuse treatment for their parents.
Conceptual and Empirical Bases of Life Story Intervention for Rural Foster Children
Authors: Haight Wendy , Ostler Teresa , Black James , Kingery Linda 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes the conceptual and empirical bases of Life Story Intervention: a six- to eight-month-long, individualized program for school-aged children. It is evidence-based and draws on the American Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry guidelines for intervention with children who have experienced trauma, clinical discussions of substance-involved families, narrative therapy, and research on community- and relationship-based interventions. It also draws upon indigenous, oral narrative traditions in rural Illinois. It provides children with an opportunity to develop a supportive relationship with a healthy, reliable adult who can help them to express their feelings, and interpret and contextualize their experiences, including troubling or traumatic memories. It is delivered to children in their homes and communities by local professionals (e.g., social workers, child welfare workers, educators) who take on one child or two siblings and who are supervised by PhD- or MD-level licensed clinicians experienced in working with traumatized children.
Implementing Life Story Intervention
Authors: Haight Wendy , Ostler Teresa , Black James , Kingery Linda 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes implementation issues for Life Story Intervention, including child eligibility, identification and recruitment of participating community professionals, the setting of the intervention, and assessing children. It also discusses the phases of the intervention: relationship-building, co-constructing the child's life story and termination. Also presented are the caregiver component, communication with child welfare professionals, and supervision of community professionals implementing the intervention. Challenges to implementing Life Story Intervention and suggested strategies are described.
Paradox
Authors: Baggett Jerome P. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter reflects on an inherent paradox of religious traditions. Characterized by both stasis and flux, traditions conserve cultural meanings for new generations of people who, in reinterpreting these as novel situations require, ultimately alter those very meanings. To comprehend this is to grasp more fully the perennial and dynamic nature of religious faith. This pushes us to acknowledge two additional points. The first is that the analytical categories we frequently utilize in investigating religious traditions must also adapt if we are truly to do justice to tradition's paradoxical character. The second point is that the ending of one iteration of a religious tradition is often tantamount to the beginning of another.
Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Barber Sotirios A. , Fleming James E. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
What is the nature of the US Constitution? How ought it to be interpreted? Ronald Dworkin famously argued that fidelity in interpreting the Constitution as written calls for a fusion of constitutional law and moral philosophy. Sotirios A. Barber and James E. Fleming take up that call, arguing for a philosophic approach to constitutional interpretation. In doing so, they systematically criticize competing approaches — textualism, consensualism, originalism, structuralism, doctrinalism, minimalism, and pragmatism — that aim and claim to avoid a philosophic approach. They show that none can responsibly avoid philosophic reflection and choice in interpreting the Constitution. At the same time, Barber and Fleming demonstrate that a philosophic approach, properly understood, does not turn its back on traditional sources of constitutional meaning. It is in fact the most defensible approach to constitutional text and history. They emphasize that the philosophic approach is a fusion of approaches. Within such a fusion, interpreters would view text, intentions, consensus, structures, and doctrines not as alternatives to but as sites of philosophic reflection and choice about the best understanding of our constitutional commitments. Nor does the philosophic approach demand that judges and other interpreters of the Constitution become philosophers. It demands only that interpreters think self-critically and take public responsibility for the moral choices that they inevitably make in faithfully interpreting the Constitution. The book offers both a succinct overview of approaches to constitutional interpretation and a powerful argument for a philosophic approach.
Textualism and Consensualism
Authors: Barber Sotirios A. , Fleming James E. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The textualist says we can find what the Constitution means by consulting the plain words of the constitutional document. The consensualist consults a current social consensus on what the words of the document mean. This chapter treats these approaches together because both claim to consult conventional understandings of the meanings of the words. It concludes that the textualist and the consensualist reason, not from plain words or social consensus, but from a conception of democracy that is controversial enough to require a philosophic defense — a defense that textualists and consensualists would but cannot responsibly avoid. The chapter also distinguishes a plain words version of textualism from an abstract version of textualism, showing that the latter is equivalent to the philosophic approach. It sketches a preliminary view of the philosophic approach and previews objections that it would be undemocratic, un-American, dangerous, and/or fruitless.
Social Communication About Specific Persons
Authors: Craik Kenneth H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the ongoing social communication process through which news, observations, and impressions about an individual circulate along that person’s reputational network via chat, gossip sessions, occasions of qualified privilege, and more formal means. In the network interpretation of reputation, the daily ebb and flow of information through the media of various forms of communication and discourse will be deemed the “discursive reputation,” referring to what is said about the person. Reputational networks are activated by social communication. In everyday life, we are surrounded by and awash in chat and gossip, and much of it is about specific persons. Much of what we know about most individuals we claim to know is indirect in this sense, derived from everyday, informal surveillance.
Introduction
Authors: Saposnik Arieh Bruce 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter explains the book's central foci—the ways in which Zionism's vision of a new Hebrew nation was translated into the concrete institutions, practices, and rituals that generated a national entity in Palestine. This is placed within the context of the existing literature on the history of Zionism and the Jewish community of Palestine and is framed in terms of the implications of this study for understanding nationalism, secularization, and Jewish modernity. In this context, the chapter sets out the three principal areas in which the book seeks to shed new light. These include chronology (an earlier dating of the formative years to the prewar decade); the relationship between the new Hebrew culture of Palestine and traditional Jewish cultures; and a thicker description of what that culture entailed, based in a methodology that incorporates discourse and imagery with praxis and ritual.
The Uganda Affair
Authors: Saposnik Arieh Bruce 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of the “Uganda proposal” on Zionist cultural activity in Palestine. The small Zionist Yishuv (prestate community) was deeply divided between supporters and opponents of a British offer of what some understood to be Jewish statehood in East Africa. In the bitter debate that ensued, political‐organizational divisions and personal rivalries fused with ideological discord and divergent visions of Jewish nationhood and the future national culture. Both sides considered their opponents to be exemplars of “exilic” thinking, evidence of Jewish disease, and lack of a healthy national constitution. Ultimately, the chapter argues, the controversy helped to give new form to the discourse of Zionism in Palestine and to the character of the Yishuv's public spaces, as holidays and community celebrations were given the form of a national liturgy.
A Mother Tongue in the Fatherland
Authors: Saposnik Arieh Bruce 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with the centrality of the Hebrew language in the creation of the Yishuv's culture. Aside from the goal of establishing linguistic unity in a multilingual reality, the language was also deemed critical in molding the character of Palestine's “Hebrews”—the men and women who were to constitute the new nation. Accent and mannerism were considered reflections of central elements of the new culture, shaping new masculinities and femininities and placing the Hebrews in their new “Oriental” environment. Educational institutions, new popular songs, journalism, fashion, theater, and more were all enlisted in the effort to fashion a new Hebrew‐speaking person in a national Hebrew public sphere. Rooted in part in Jewish mystical tradition in which Hebrew was deemed a cosmically creative force, the Hebrew language emerges as a leading tool in the formation of the nation.
Beauty Out of Zion?
Authors: Saposnik Arieh Bruce 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The principal focus of this chapter is the creation in 1906 of the Bezalel art school and museum. In its organizational structure as in the content of its art, Bezalel reflected the growing centrality of Palestine for Zionism and the increasing bond between Palestine and the Hebrew language. Bezalel would quickly emerge as an icon and a center of Hebrew culture. Its founder, Boris Schatz, conceived of Bezalel as a national temple and of art as the basis for a new Torah—highlighting the struggle to forge a transformed sense of sacred and profane that informed many Zionist undertakings. The Palestine office, established in 1908 and headed by Arthur Ruppin, became not only a further marker of Palestine's new prominence in Zionist thinking and praxis but also the fulcrum of a close alliance and eventually a near identity of interests between the Zionist Organization and the Yishuv.
Conclusion
Authors: Saposnik Arieh Bruce 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The concluding chapter revisits the process that led, within little more than a decade, from a sense of impending “national death” to the emergence of a budding national entity. Aimed at a thorough recasting of Jewishness in the modern world, the Zionist project in Palestine had set a deeply revolutionary transformation in motion. It was one, however, that maintained a complex relationship with the traditions it had renounced and, while secularizing, also sought to create a new national sacrality. The chapter places this undertaking in the contexts of modern Jewish politics, the interconnectedness of “culture” and “politics,” and a methodology that combines the study of mentalities with their tangible manifestations in the form of cultural practice, in the process shedding light on the nature of culture as a historical force and on the combined workings of the traditional and the new in the making of modern nationalism.
7 Determining the Sources of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
Authors: Ramadan Tariq 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines scriptural sources in an attempt to understand what they tell us about the role of the Universe, creation, and the human and social contexts in the elaboration of Islamic law and jurisprudence. It analyzes revelations in the Quran that refer to the created Universe, elements of Nature, and the “signs” that pervade it. It is shown that inference in scripture follows exactly the same logic as seen with the scholars of fundamentals (al-usûliyyûn), from ash-Shâfi'î to ash-Shâtibî, about establishing links between texts, expressive contexts, and, more broadly, social and human environments: the search for the effective cause (al-'illah), the explanatory principle of an observation, a sign from the real endowed with meaning. All this echoes the research carried out in the human sciences about observing constants in the behavior of men and societies.
4 World, Incorporated
Authors: Clark Andy 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of niche construction, which is defined as the activities, choices, and metabolic processes of organisms, through which they define, choose, modify, and partly create their own niches. The discussion then turns to human cognitive niche construction. Debates concerning ‘the extended mind’ and the BRAINBOUND vs EXTENDED models of the mind are considered.