bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rhetorik ‐ alte und neue Disziplin
Authors: Lachmann Renate 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPlurifunctionality of rhetoric guaranteed its survival and promoted its renascence as modern discipline. There are four aspects of rhetoric to be pointed out: 1. rhetoric as the art of persuasive speech; 2. rhetoric as a doctrine (including its institutionalisation); 3. rhetoric as a descriptive apparatus; 4. rhetoric as a normative authority. The latter two aspects allow to define rhetoric as a secondary grammar and its function as that of a metatext. In the process by which a culture organizes itself the rhetorical text achieves the status of a metatext and thus comes into the same level as those texts through which a cultural system attempts to describe itself. Rhetoric describes and prescribes procedures for the construction of communicative forms and communicative situations in which speech is used for various purposes; that is, it takes on the task of making language functional. The dichotomous conception of language which rhetoric developed at its very beginning motivates the dichotomy between aesthetic (poetic) and practical functions of language. Rhetoric as a secondary system with normative claims and internalized (social and aesthetic) values becomes a decisive factor in the attempt of a culture to organize its lingual and communicative system, on the one had because of the deeply rooted dichotomy, on the other because of the tendency of rhetoric to build up a unified language with definite features and clear functions on the basis of the dichotomous scheme. Rhetoric as metatext, including its normative and descriptive functions, collapses in the 18th century, due to a new system of aesthetic values. The criticism of rhetoric is based on concepts of creativity and originality and a new evaluation of lingual questions. Thus the function of rhetoric as a stabilizing force is overthrown. The cultural context develops new decriptive systems with inherent normativity: stylistics, semantics, theory of literature, linguistic poetics, new (semiotic) rhetoric. The new disciplines retrace the path of rhetoric toward the stabilization of the unified language.
Ist die Kameralistik eine untergegangene Wissenschaft?
Authors: Bog Ingomar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSubject of this essay is the question [is kameralismus a lost science?] In contrast to the transformation of energy from one to other forms, once developed solutions of social, economic or political problems are capable to work again in other historical situations with similar circumstances. Although the possible number of combinations of those problems is very great, we argue that the whole assemble of feasable solutions is limited.Kameralismus, which was a theoretical answer to particular historical problems in economy and society, has developed many important elements of modern economic thinking. With the purpose to increase the welfare of nations (societies) Kameralismus dealt with economic growth, full employment, stabilization of prices, economic freedom, a just distribution of incomes and economic security.It would be a mistake to identify Kameralismus and Protektionismus, most kameralistic theorists submitted protectionism only as one agent to increase the welfare, pursuing a surplus in the balance of payments. A particular issue of Kameralismus was the problem of saving, credit and investment. In similar historical situations ‐ compared with the situation of the German Empire after the Thirty Years War ‐ for example after the First World War or in the Great Depression of the thirties, similar solutions and similar theoretical approaches have been discussed. Therefore it was no accident that J. M. Jeynes devoted his [General Theory] to the Kameralists. Even for many problems of the underdeveloped countries Kameralismus may prepare fruitful answers. So Kameralismus is still alive.
Astrophysik contra Astronomie
Authors: Krafft Fritz 
Published: October 2006

Abstract[Astrophysics contra astronomy] means the displacement of astrometry and stellar astronomy as the main and solely conceded branches of astronomy by the new astrophysics. This displacement started with the introduction of spectroscopic and photometric methods of observation in astronomy founded by J. C. F. Zoellner and W. Huggins in the late 1850s. It was Zoellner, too, who gave the methodical and intrumental foundations of the new branch called consciously [Astrophysik] by him, because it gives insight into the [physical constitution] of the celestial bodies ‐ whereas the traditional astronomy (or: astrophysics according to the older meaning) had been studying only the motions of the stars and other celestial bodies and refusing searches for the [physical constitution] (named [physical astronomy], [physische Astronomie]) as speculations not being proper to a member of the guild of astronomers. Until the middle of the nineteenth century this guild was led by F. W. Bessel who (in the first half of this century) together with other members of his school brought forth the fundamental results of celestial mechanics and observational astronomy based on Newtonian physics (mechanics) extended to objects outside the solar system. Therefore already in the end of the 18th century, J. Chr. Lichtenberg had called astronomy the [paradigmatic] branch of all natural sciences; and therefore, Zoellner had to confirm the extension of the possibilities of experience (transmitted by the light of the celestial bodies) through the same methodical certainty. The new methods, however, made their way only tardily (especially in Germany), but later on, indeed, they pushed back the traditional branches of astronomy into the background ‐ resuscitated only by new astrophysical formulations of old questions previously refused by traditional astronomy.
Disziplinentwicklung und Wissenschaftstransfer ‐ Deutschsprachige Psychologen in der Emigration
Authors: Ash Mitchell G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract(Discipline development and the transfer of science ‐ German‐speaking psychologists in the emigration). In this essay recently developed ideas from the social history of science, in particular the notion that there are historically conditioned „national professional styles”︁ in science, are applied to the transfer of psychological theory ‐ and of scientific psychologists ‐ from German‐speaking lands to the United States before and after 1933. After an overview of the scope and structure of the emigration in psychology, an analysis of the transfer process is offered focusing upon Gestalt theory.
Über die Aufhänge‐ und Anzeigevorrichtung der ägyptischen Waage der Pharaonenzeit
Authors: Jenemann Hans R. 
Published: October 2006

A number of different and partly contradictory interpretations about the suspension and the indicator system of the ancient Egyptian balance has been given so far. In this article previous explanations of these devices are presented and critically considered; at the same time the balance of the Egyptians is included in the complete evolution of this instrument. Based on original Egyptian colour drawings on papyrus taken from the Book of the Death and considering weighing techniques, it is stated that all interpretations given so far are not capable of providing a satisfactory explanation of the function of these devices.The interpretation given already in 1888 by Sir Flinders Petrie comes closest to the real function of the indicator system: According to his assumption the device consisted of a solid pointer attached to the beam, in relation to which a plumbline was observed after the oscillations had stopped. This interpretation, however, has to be varied or to be complemented by taking into consideration the special drawing technique of the ancient Egyptians: Processes were drawn in a reproduction technique which consisted in the simultaneous combination of a top view and a side view. A new hypotheses about the function of the suspension and the indicator system of the ancient Egyptian balance is presented, which has the advantage of agreeing completely with the Egyptian drawing technique and which, in addition, ensures optimum precision of the weighing procedure.
Vom Denken in Analogien
Authors: Poser Hans 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnalogy as a scientific method has been criticized during the last decades; only for heuristic purposes it has been accepted. On the other side especially proportional analogies have a long tradition in European thought since Plato and Aristotle, for, as Aristotle puts it, analogies allow a connection between different and unbridgeable ontological areas. As examples for such connections the analogia entis of Thomas of Aquino and the Kantian Analogies of Experience are discussed. They give us hints for a new view of analogies, which during the Middle Ages were not only of heuristic value, but were accepted as a proof: Analogies do not only produce hypotheses, moreover, they build up new views of the world, they are the background of paradigms, for they create structures by introducing similarities and proportions.
Zur Verwendung physiologischer Analogien bei der Entstehung der experimentellen Psychologie
Authors: Gundlach Horst 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the middle of the 19th century, a disfavourable attitude towards the use of analogies prevailed in physiology and in psychology. The emerging experimental psychology nonetheless turned to analogies, two of which are discussed: the attempt to elucidate the construct “sensation”, and reaction time measurement.
Lingua realis, lingua universalis und lingua cryptologica: Analogiebildungen bei den Universalsprachen des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Strasser Gerhard F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis historical analysis treats the formation of universal languages with the help of analogy in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the early part of the 16th century, abbot Johannes Trithemius suggested a universal language as an extension of a cryptographic system he had proposed. Trithemius's process suggests a triangular relationship among a lingua cryptologica, which stands at the root of his system, a lingua realis – an existing language (almost exclusively Latin) that served as a point of departure, and a lingua universalis, which was developed from that base. Trithemius's ideas remained, however, rather isolated for the balance of the 16th century since other scholars were preoccupied with the search for the lingua Adamica. It was not until Bacon and Descartes discussed the phenomenon of universal communication that new universal languages were proposed. The concept of analogy can be seen in a number of mid‐17th century written‐communication methods that were based on an existing language. After various Jesuits had devised preliminary systems, Athanasius Kircher, Johann Joachim Becher and the young Leibniz – all going back to Trithemius – began again with a lingua cryptologica, used a lingua realis (Latin) as an intermediary and reference language, and developed a lingua universalis as they understood it. All three universal languages could be expressed in a mathematical‐combinatorial system, which Becher transcended by proposing a graphic, binomial method purportedly even more universally acceptable than the simply numerical systems of transmission. In all these instances we are actually dealing with reverse analogies, for what had been conceived as a system of secret communication became adapted to a universal, written exchange, thereby differing substantially from such 19th century creations as Martin Schleyer's Volapük or Dr. Zamenhof's Esperanto, the only universal language that is widely used in our times.
Das erste zoologische Kompendium in der Zeit der Renaissance: Edward Wottons Schrift „Über die Differenzen der Tiere”︁
Authors: Bäumer Änne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe English physian Edward Wotton wrote the first zoological compendium in the time of the Renaissance. As a convinced representative of Renaissance‐Humanism Wotton strictly applied Aristotelian methodological principles to Aristotelian facts. In this way he tried to make Classical Antiquity complete; the Renaissance of ancient zoology is here tantamount to a new beginning. Wotton's achievement is in the first place to have provided a good summary of the whole of ancient zoological knowledge to which he added a few observations of his own. He carried through the Aristotelian concept of differentiation by many distinguishing features more strictly than Aristotle himself and all subsequent authors. In this way he attained the first zoological system, which influenced all later systematic attempts. The main Aristotelian groups are further subdivided and the Zoophyta are separated for the first time as an independent group. Wotton used a practical indexation method and got rid of an excess of detail in the text, adding critical annotations to each chapter. By means of the two indices, one of the names and the other of the parts of animal, Wotton tried to improve the precision of nomenclature and by this the identification of the objects under examination. His critical position on fabulous animals reveals his progressive mind.
Zwischen Arbeitslosigkeit und Berufsverbot: Die deutschsprachige Ärzte‐Emigration nach Palästina 1933–1945
Authors: Kröner Hans‐Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhen the National‐Socialists started their restrictive measures against Jewish civil servants and professionals in 1933, they caused a wave of emigration only to be surpassed by the one following the Anschluß of Austria and the ‘November pogrom’ in 1938. Due to their great number, jewish doctors were to become the main object of Nazi persecution in the professional group. Up until 1935 Palestine was their main destination of immigration. In 1935 the British Mandatory Government passed a numerus clausus which mainly cut down the licensing of newly arrived doctors. The article deals with the social problems caused by the mass immigration of a highly qualified professional group in Palestine and with the fight against the restrictive measures of the mandatory Government. A short retrospective glance is cast at the situation in Palestine before 1933. Finally an outlook is given at the impact of this immigration on the health system in Israel.
EURATOM, ENEA und die nationale Kernenergiepolitik in Deutschland
Authors: Stamm‐Kuhlmann Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEURATOM was created by politicians who put the advancement of European integration above all other goals. However, the science and energy policies of the individual member states were still largely conceived within a national framework. After its official establishment, EURATOM began to develop a life of its own. Significant conflicts arose between national and EURATOM interests as the records of the German Foreign Office and the German Ministry of Atomic Energy demonstrate. German scientists, engineers and business leaders preferred the more liberal approach to the development of nuclear energy taken by OEEC and its affiliate, the European Nuclear Energy Agency ENEA. In conjunction with the IAEA in Vienna, however, EURATOM performed a particularly useful service in helping to control the proliferation of fissionable material.
Physikalische Prinzipien und praktischer Maschinenbau im industriellen Zeitalter
Authors: Zweckbronner Gerhard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the case of technical sciences the question about interrelation of science and engineering refers to at least two aspects: What kind of interrelation does exist between natural sciences and engineering and between technical sciences and engineering? This paper brings into focus how technical sciences transform physical principles for to apply them to practical engineering. However, technical sciences do not only transform physical principles, and engineering is not merely applied natural science. On the contrary technical sciences have their autonomous subjects and methods of investigation.
Der Organismus im Spiegel physiologischer Forschungen und diagnostischer Verfahren
Authors: Lohff Brigitte 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFor a century and a half medicine depended increasingly on graphic registration methods and clinical images. Technical developments were not the only condition for that. In the middle of the 19th century the scientists got another perspective of their research‐object — the organism. This concept of an experimental and more physical medicine led to the idea, that the graphic curve registrated by an apparatus was identical with the inner organic processes. Consequently, connected with this principle of visualization, the diagnostic and the therapeutic strategies were influenced, and also the comprehension of illness.
Die Entdeckung des Unbewußten um 1900: Wissenschaftshistorische Anmerkungen zu Sigmund Freud
Authors: Schott Heinz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Discovery of the Unconscious by Henri F. Ellenberger has become a common topic in the historiography of (dynamic) psychiatry. But many users of this term have still the opinion that Sigmund Freud was the unique discoverer. In reality there was a scientific context at the fin de siècle, which corresponded intensively with Freud's original concepts and formed their implications (e.g. Darwinism, Neurophysiology). Besides well‐documented synchronic analogies Freud implanted diachronic traditions within his psychoanalytic theory. Especially, his main work The Interpretation of Dreams implies Greek mythology as well as natural philosophy of romanticism. Freuds special concepts like ‘transfer’ and ‘resistance’ have to be analysed as historical metaphors.
Die Verlegung der Berliner Sternwarte nach Babelsberg — ein konservativer Neubeginn
Authors: Dick Wolfgang R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn 1913 the Berlin Observatory was moved from the center of the city to Babelsberg on the outskirts of Berlin, now part of Potsdam. The new observatory was considerably larger in size and with respect to its staff, and it had got a completely new equipment. At that time it was the most modern astronomical observatory in Germany and possibly even in Europe. However, the scientific results achieved afterward were not comparable to that of other institutions, especially in the USA. A main reason was the conservative concept for the observatory, drawn up by Wilhelm Foerster and his colleagues, and restricting the work to classical fields of astronomy. Foerster's successor Hermann Struve tried to follow rather strictly this concept as well as the traditions of his family of astronomers. This led to conflicts with his collaborators Eugen Goldstein, Erwin Finlay Freundlich and Paul Guthnick, who were interested rather in astrophysics than in the classical problems.
Geographischer und astrologischer Zonenbegriff in der Antike
Authors: Hübner Wolfgang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe five (or seven) zones are treated during Greek‐Roman antiquity in geography and theoretical astrology as well. Although there is no use of them in astrological prognostication, they occur in the ascending scale of the twelve planetary houses. The common planetary order (moon ‐ Mercury ‐Venus ‐ sun ‐ Mars ‐ Jupiter ‐ Saturn) owes its widespread success primarily to its symmetry on both sides of the central sun, but the twofold vertical mesotes‐pattern in the heaven seems to be invented according to the horizontal symmetry of the five geographical zones surrounding the terrestrial equator.
Wissenschaftsgeschichte mit oder ohne System? Ein methodologischer Rückblick auf das DFG‐Projekt Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Germanistik im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Ries Thorsten 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmong the more recent developments in the historiography of the sciences accounts involving the systems theory by Niklas Luhmann have shown quite prolific in terms of published results and sources. The article investigates the hold of the theoretical grounds of systems theory for the several applications in the field of the history of German literary Scholarship, i. e. the Germanistik, and for this reason expands on the related project conducted by the German Research Society (DFG). In the course of this examination several cruces of theory transfer, especially concerning systems theory towards historiography, will be addressed, such as a deficit in operational application, the essentially ahistoric design of systems theory and its questionable inherent presuppositions on the processes of science.
Structure–activity relationship studies of a series of peptidomimetic ligands for α4 β1 integrin on Jurkat T‐leukemia cells
Authors: Liu Ruiwu , Peng Li , Han Huijun , Lam Kit S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstractα4β1 integrin is a therapeutic target for inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and lymphoid cancers. A series of peptidomimetic ligands based on the Nle‐D‐I motif have been synthesized and their binding affinities (IC50) to activated α4β1 integrin on Jurkat T‐leukemia cells have been determined using a cell adhesion assay. One of the 51 ligands, 18, has been determined to have an IC50 of 0.6 nM and has a more than twofold increase of binding affinity than the initial lead compound 1. Extensive SAR studies provide important information for further ligand optimization, which has served as a foundation for studies that ultimately led to identification of a potent ligand with an IC50 of 2 pM. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 595–604, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The influence of diuretics on the excretion and metabolism of doping agents part iv—caffeine
Authors: Delbeke F. T. , Debackere M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe urinary excretion of caffeine in humans was followed over a period of 36 h after the oral administration of ANIMINE®, a formulation containing caffeine‐α‐naphthylacetate.The excretion of caffeine was not as markedly affected by the urinary pH as was found with stimulant amines. Excretion peaks were obtained 1‐2 h after the ingestion and the total amount of unchanged caffeine excreted during 12 h varied from 0.57 to 1.51 per cent.The ingestion of the diuretics acetazolamide or furosemide 2 h after caffeine resulted in a urine‐flow dependent and consequently increased caffeine excretion during 2–4 h post‐diuretic. This increase paralleled the increase in urine volume resulting in no meaningful differences in caffeine concentration compared to normal conditions.
Pharmacokinetics of indoramin and its 6‐hydroxylated metabolite after repeated oral dosing
Authors: Pierce D. M. , Franklin R. A. , Warrington S. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of indoramin and its active 6‐hydroxylated metabolite have been studied in healthy male volunteers after repeated oral dosing with 37.5 mg twice daily for 2 weeks. Plasma concentrations of indoramin accumulated, on average, three to four‐fold above those anticipated on the basis of the kinetics after the first dose, though steady state was achieved by the end of the first week and no further increase was observed after 2 weeks. The degree of accumulation was consistent between subjects, with a highly significant (p < 0.001) correlation between the concentration 2 h after a single dose and the average steady‐state concentration. Possible explanations for the accumulation of indoramin are discussed. Plasma concentrations of 6‐hydroxyindoramin, in contrast, did not accumulate on multiple dosing. At steady state, concentrations of the metabolite, as represented by the AUC0–8h, were approximately 30–40 per cent of those of the unchanged drug. Since the two compounds are approximately equipotent the metabolite may accounts for 25 per cent of the hypotensive activity of indoramin during a typical clinical regime of 37.5 mg twice daily.