bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free exchange of weather data secure for now
Authors: White M. Catherine 
Published: October 2006

A resolution adopted by the World Meteorological Organization reinforcing the free and open international exchange of weather data is being lauded by the U.S. research community. The resolution, which was adopted on June 25 at the WMO's Twelfth Congress in Geneva, settled a divisive debate—at least for now—that strikes at the heart of international cooperation in scientific research.“The resolution protects the whole scientific community from having an international body adopt a restrictive practice that could eventually spread to other data sets,” according to Richard S. Greenfield, Director of the NSF's Division of Atmospheric Sciences. In particular, the resolution ensures free and unrestricted access to all data and products exchanged under WMO auspices for non‐commercial use by the research and education communities.
Atlas contributes to geomagnetic reversal record debate
Authors: Athanassopoulos Joanna D. E. , Fuller Mike , Dunn Robert , Williams Ian 
Published: October 2006

The intensive reexamination of reversal records underway has led to the creation of the Atlas of Reversal Records, which presents at least 115 records in a standard form.For each record an Excel file provides information on the publication reference, type of rock, site latitude and longitude, name and age of the transition, polarity, and the sedimentation rate, if available. The data for each record include the stratigraphic height, declination, inclination and intensity, and the sequence of the virtual geomagnetic poles. Figures 1, 2, and 3 show the data for the Steens Mountain record as they are presented in the atlas.
Unclassified data
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Navy is declassifying and releasing into the public domain all data collected by the Navy's Geodetic Satellite (GEOSAT‐A). The altimetry information will be turned over to NOAA for public distribution. These data will allow scientists to study the geology of the seafloor and the “topography” of the ocean's surface from 72°S–72°N latitude.From GEOSAT's launch in March 1985 until its failure in January 1990, the satellite carried a radar altimiter sensor to collect precise measurements of the the satellite's altitude.
[Comment on “Solar wind mechanism suggested for weather and climate change”] Weather and climate changes arising from solar wind effects on thunderstorm electrification
Authors: Vonnegut B. , Moore C. B. 
Published: October 2006

In “Solar Wind Mechanism Suggested for Weather and Climate Change” [Eos, August 9,1994], Brian A. Tinsley suggests that solar activity is modulating weather and climate through the effects it produces on the Earth's fair‐weather electric field. This may well be true. It is questionable, however, whether the fair‐weather electric field is strong enough to cause ice crystal formation in clouds by electrofreezing, as he has assumed.From Pruppacher [1973], it is evident that demonstrations of electrofreezing involve electric fields about a thousand times more intense and a million‐fold more energetic than the electric field Tinsley believes is causing the formation of ice crystals in clouds. Acceptance of the idea that the fair weather field plays a significant role in the glaciation of clouds must await demonstrations that electrofreezing can be produced by electric fields of less than 100 Vm−1.
USGS staff reduction
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey reports that it is undergoing a reduction‐in‐force and reorganization that will release a large pool of well trained, experienced, productive staff. Staff to be released will include geologists, geophysicists, chemists, computer staff, cartographic and graphics experts, and a variety of administrative and support staff. Released employees will be available for employment in October 1995.Potential employers are urged to contact regional offices of the Division for information and resumes of available staff, beginning September 1.
U.S. House finishes appropriations, NASA authorization
Authors: Putnam Scott 
Published: October 2006

From July 24–August 4, the U.S. House of Representatives finalized its version of the Fiscal Year 1996 (FY96) federal appropriation, for the period October 1, 1995 through November 30, 1996. As reported in the August 1 issue of Eos, science programs were not exempted from the overall budget cutting.In brief, the House proposed to reduce NOAA's appropriation by 10% from 1995; NASA's by 5%; the EPA's by 33%; and NSF's by 6%. The USGS emerged with only a 3% reduction. The USGS appropriation actually increased, but the National Biological Survey was folded into it. For the most part, basic research was preserved in each agency's appropriation, and spending cuts were taken in administration and downsizing of missions.
The Physics of Glaciers, 3rd Edition
Authors: Bahr David 
Published: October 2006

At one time or another, who among us has not marveled at the beauty of the snow and ice‐covered Alps, or admired the tenacity of polar explorers and the adventurous spirits of climbers on the glacier‐clad summits of the high Himalaya? The fascination of distant ice covered expanses has enlisted more than a few recruits into the ranks of glaciologists, but many, if not most, of today's students of glaciology are a slightly less romantic and more mathematical lot, attracted by the quantitative world of physics and the applied sciences of polar climatology, ice mechanics, and snow hydrology.Once a relatively quiet branch of geophysics filled with venturesome climbers capable of reaching the objects of their study, glaciology is now a field that is fueled by a rapid influx of talent, technology, and new ideas due to the increasingly acknowledged relationships between global climate, sea level, and ice sheets. While the understanding of glacier processes has seen significant progress, as a result there is also a sense of being overwhelmed by the voluminous and sometimes speculative theories and field observations associated with an expanding discipline.
Updated ocean data made available to ocean scientific community
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The World Ocean Atlas 1994, which provides new climatologies of major ocean parameters and related data, is now available in print, on CD‐ROM in ASCII format, or on Exabyte tape from the NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). The atlas provides global analyses of ocean temperature, salinity, oxygen, oxygen saturation, apparent oxygen utilization, phosphate, nitrate, and silicate on a one‐degree, latitude longitude grid for standard depth levels from the sea surface to 5500 m depth. The ocean profile data sets from which the gridded fields were derived are also included in the package.The five‐volume atlas supersedes the Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, which was published by Levitus in 1982. Many of the new data that are included—particularly those from countries other than the United States—have been received in recent years through the efforts of the Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Project. The goal of this project is to increase the volume of digital historical oceanographic data accessible to the worldwide research community.
Metamorphic Crystallization
Authors: Frost B. Ronald 
Published: October 2006

Metamorphic petrology is the study of solid‐state, physical, and chemical changes that take place within the crust of the Earth and other planets. The major tool of modern petrologists is equilibrium thermodynamics, which allows prediction of the mineral assemblages that are likely to be stable at a given pressure and temperature, or conversely, to estimate pressure and temperature of equilibration for given mineral assemblages.Nonequilibrium thermodynamics can be used to study a different set of conditions: metamorphic textures or zoning patterns in minerals, features that form from the interplay of diffusion, nucleation, kinetics, surface, and strain energies. This method is used to determine whether an assemblage formed at peak temperature or during retrogression and to monitor the pressure‐temperature history of a rock.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Five presentations in the Hydrology Section were named Outstanding Student Papers at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.Gwynn R. Johnson was honored for her presentation of “Solvent Rushing of an LNAPL Contaminated Soil.” She received her bachelor's degree in May 1993 and is now completing her master's degree (under the guidance of M.D. Annable, P.S.C. Rao, and K. Hatfield) in the Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences at the University of Florida.
Free data offered to researchers studying the Mediterranean
Authors: Brasseur Pierre 
Published: October 2006

Several data products, analysis software packages, and visualization tools have been released by the The Mediterranean Oceanic Data Base (MODB), a group that prepares hydrographic data sets and climatological fields for distribution to scientists working in the Mediterranean Sea.The climatological distributions of temperature and salinity in the Mediterranean that are available account for the regional properties of the water masses(Figure 1). These measurements should help refine the Mediterranean sector of the Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean published by S. Levitus in 1982. The Mediterranean gridded fields are represented in ASCII format on a 1/4‐degree grid and 19 levels on the vertical. The data sets also include the hydrographic profiles from which the analyzed fields were derived.
Pulling the rug out from under California: Seismic images of the Mendocino Triple Junction Region
Authors: Trehu Anne M. ,   Mendocino Working Group
Published: October 2006

The active tectonic regime of northwestern California changes abruptly from transform motion to subduction at the Mendocino Triple Junction. Northward migration of the triple junction has been a major factor in the tectonic history of the continental margin of California since the Oligocene and continues at present. Understanding the effects of triple junction migration on the structure of the crust and upper mantle in this region is therefore necessary for reconstructing the geologic evolution of the continental margin of California and accurately assessing seismic hazards associated with the San Andreas fault system and the Cascadia subduction zone.In 1993 and 1994 a network of large‐aperture seismic profiles was collected to image the crustal and upper‐mantle structure beneath northern California and the adjacent continental margin. The data include approximately 650 km of onshore seismic refraction/reflection data, 2000 km of off‐shore multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection data, and simultaneous onshore and offshore recording of the MCS airgun source to yield large‐aperture data. Scientists from more than 12 institutions were involved in data acquisition.
Gravimeters available
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A limited number of available NAVOCEANO gravimeters are being made available for U.S. academic scientific research. The high cost of purchasing gyrostabilized gravimeters and the increasing need for scientists to have access to these instruments has led to a collaboration between the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, and the U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research.A joint committee established by the funding agencies coordinates all activities among users regarding requirements and schedules for gravimeter use. Use of the gravimeters entails a government‐approved overhead charge tied to the length of time that a gravimeter is used in the field, with the funds used to support gravimeter operations.
Lake drilling sites for continental paleoclimate research sought
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A Lake Drilling Task Force has been formed to solicit initial planning documents from the international continental paleoclimate community for a global network of lake drilling sites. The Task Force will use these documents to develop a 5–10 year program for retrieving 50 to 500 m of continuous cores from a wide variety of sedimentary archives that includes drilling sites in remote areas.The task force was formed in July following a recent workshop, “Continental Drilling for Paleoclimatic Records,” held in Potsdam, Germany. The workshop was sponsored by Past Global Changes (PAGES), a core project of the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program based in Bern, Switzerland, and the GeoForschungsZentrum, a large‐scale research center for fundamental Earth science founded in Potsdam, Germany, in 1992.
Section concerns addressed at Spring Meeting
Authors: Bales Roger C. 
Published: October 2006

To keep abreast of current issues and plan future activities, Hydrology Section President Steve Burges brought a full agenda to the Executive Committee meeting held in Baltimore last May. The following highlights of that meeting are offered to keep you informed about what's new in the Hydrology Section.To communicate scientific results more effectively to the press at the Fall and Spring Meetings, section Press Officer Harry Lins is organizing a media‐interest session that can highlight both science and policy aspects of a subject. Such a session will also help communicate scientific results to a more general audience. Special session convenors are also encouraged to open their session with a 5–10‐minute introduction that highlights important issues to be presented in subsequent papers. These introductions are intended mainly for press representatives and nonspecialists in the audience. In general, the press is not well versed on water issues, and there is often less press interest in hydrology than in other areas of geophysics.
Deep blast
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

From southern New Mexico to the Great Slave Lake of Canada, scientists from the United States and Canada recently detonated 10 underground chemical explosions to generate a clearer picture of the Earth's crust and upper mantle. Called Project Deep Probe, the experiment is designed to see through the crust and into the upper mantle to a depth of 300 miles.In the United States, Earth scientists from Rice University, Purdue University, and the University of Oregon are participating in the project. “Researchers hope to get a picture of the upper mantle beneath the Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau, to understand the role the mantle played in formation and uplift,” says Alan Levander of Rice. To enhance that “picture,” 750 portable seismographs were placed along a roughly north‐south line extending from Crownpoint, New Mexico to Edmonton, Alberta. The seismic recordings will be used to enhance weak seismic waves that penetrated the upper mantle.
Hubble finds EGGs in an eagle's nest
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Focusing the Hubble Space Telescope and its wide field planetary camera (WFPC) on a nebula 7000 light years away, astronomers have spied some newborns emerging from their EGGs.The newborns are stars rising from evaporating gaseous globules (EGGs) in, appropriately enough, the Eagle Nebula(right). The EGGs—which appear as bulbous bumps protruding from the surface of these cosmic stalagmites of hydrogen and dust—are incubators of new stars, according to Jeff Hester and colleagues from the Arizona State University.
Earth interactions now inviting submissions
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

You may now submit articles to an exciting, new electronic journal copublished by AGU, the American Meteorological Society, and the Association of American Geographers.Earth Interactions will exploit the capabilities of electronic communication technology to add value to the publication of research results in the interdisciplinary Earth system sciences. The journal particularly encourages submissions that deal with interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere in the context of global issues or global change.
Progress?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Scientists who were once protected by the hammer and sickle are now being bludgeoned with them, according to a report published in November by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Thousands of scientists, professors, and science teachers who had been affiliated with the communist regimes of Central and Eastern European nations are being purged from academic institutions under the premise of righting a perceived historical wrong.More than 3,000 scientists in Bulgaria, as well as 884 university professors and 10,000 teachers in the German state of Saxony, have lost their jobs in the past 5 years. Nearly 6% of all Czech faculty members also have been fired. The purges—which are more reminiscent of the communist past than of a democratic future—are the result of government‐sanctioned programs to weed out public employees who may have received their positions due to their Communist affiliation.
Robert G. McQueen (1924–1994)
Authors: Brown J. Michael , Shankland Thomas J. 
Published: October 2006

Robert “Bob” McQueen, who applied the methods of shock wave compression to study the behavior of Earth materials at high pressure and temperature, died October 18, 1994, after a brief illness. He had been an AGU Fellow since 1988.Bob grew up in Des Moines, Iowa, and graduated from high school in 1942. He briefly attended Stanford until he was called into service in 1943. He resumed study at Denver University in 1946 and completed a masters degree in mathematics in 1949. He was hired as a weapons designer by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1949 during the defense research expansion triggered during the emerging cold war. Bob's interest in the Earth's interior developed in the 1950s when he began to study equations of state of metals and silicates using shock waves.
Hot new understudy
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

To calibrate a new set of instruments for the study of volcanoes, researchers are turning their sights to a local power plant.Last week, researchers from Los Alamos National Laboratory worked with the Public Service Company of New Mexico to study emissions from the stacks of a power‐generating station as a stand‐in for a real volcano. The geologists and geochemists are developing a remote sensing system that uses spectrometry and LIDAR (light detection and ranging) to analyze volcanic emissions, and Public Service's San Juan Generating Station releases many of the same constituent gases. Essentially, the researchers are trying to perfect techniques of detecting the presence and concentrations of such gases as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and hydrochloric acid in the vented discharges from active volcanoes.
Bathing in new landscapes
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

It would be a rock climber's dream, were it accessible. But this 1600‐meter cliff is more likely to be descended than ascended. It is hundreds of meters below the sea.Two hundred kilometers off the Gulf Coast of Florida, along the edge of the continental shelf, nature has built a mile‐high precipice by piling up the refuse of millions of years of marine life. The carbonate‐rich shells of sea creatures resist erosion, but every so often enough cool fresh water seeps from the low‐lying Florida mainland to the lower face of the slope and dissolves the carbonate. As the sea floor weakens, it collapses violently, creating sheer cliffs as steep as 45°.
Sea change
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

It's been 550 million years since the Earth has had an ocean composition quite like today's, according to a Johns Hopkins researcher. Contradicting the idea that the composition of ocean water has not changed much since the dawn of life, geochemist Lawrence Hardie asserts that the amounts of certain ingredients in seawater change over geologic time.Studying ancient limestones and salt deposits, Hardie has observed that the concentration of salts in seawater fluctuates over time because of fluctuations in the two primary sources feeding the oceans: rivers and hydrothermal vents. Since hydrothermal water is 100 times as salty as river water, any change in the flow from these vents above mid‐ocean volcanic ridges can cause a radical change in seawater composition. The variations in heat and water released from hydrothermal vents lead to changes in concentrations of magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sulfates.
Communication means survival, policymakers say
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

First it was a solitary voice. That voice was joined by others and became a chorus. Now it is a cacophony, and unless you spent this winter in Antarctica or the South Pacific, you have heard it by now.It is the sound of scientists and policymakers exhorting their colleagues to insert themselves into the national budget debate before they get shut out for good. The underlying messages are simple. First, the philosophical battle is over, and those who would cut the federal budget deficit have won. Second, scientists can no longer afford to live in a political vacuum.
Clinton delivers bare bones plan for 1997 budget
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

Congress and the White House have yet to finish negotiating and haggling over the U.S. federal budget for 1996, but the calendar and the law say that they ought to start thinking about 1997.On February 5, President Bill Clinton issued a preliminary budget plan for 1997 that reflected his fiscal priorities as they were last stated in January, before budget talks with congressional Republicans broke down. Required by law to propose a spending plan by the first Monday in February, Clinton delivered to Congress what he termed a “thematic document,” one that gives a minimally detailed outline of how the federal government should spend the taxpayers' money in 1997.
Section concerns addressed at Fall Meeting
Authors: Bales Roger C. 
Published: October 2006

To keep abreast of current issues and to plan future activities, Hydrology Section President Steve Burges brought a full agenda to the Executive Committee meeting held in San Francisco December 13, 1995. The following highlights of the meeting are offered to keep you informed about what's new in the Hydrology Section.At the 1995 AGU Fall meeting there were 741 hydrology presentations in 62 sessions. Fifty‐five percent of these were in poster form. Over the past 3 years posters have gained acceptance by the hydrology community, and because they can reach a larger audience and can be viewed all day, they are the preferred medium for many presenters. In San Francisco our section continued the Outstanding Student Paper Awards Program that we initiated at the 1995 AGU Spring meeting. Up to 5% of papers given by student colleagues can be recognized as outstanding. Members who can help evaluate student papers in one or more sessions at the Spring Meeting are encouraged to volunteer. To do so, contact section Secretary Roger Bales (roger@hwr.arizona.edu).