bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curcumin modulation of IFN‐β and IL‐12 signalling and cytokine induction in human T cells
Authors: Fahey Angela J. , Adrian Robins R. , Constantinescu Cris S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCurcumin is a polyphenol derived from the dietary spice turmeric. It possesses diverse anti‐inflammatory and anti‐cancer properties. Curcumin has been shown to exhibit an inhibitory effect on the production of inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes and has inhibited the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in association with a decrease in interleukin 12 (IL‐12) production and signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) activation. The type I interferon (IFN) IFN‐has the ability to suppress IL‐12. Both IL‐12 and IFN‐α/β signal through the activation by phosphorylation of STAT4. Our aim was to investigate the effects of curcumin on the ability of T cells to respond to IL‐12 or IFN‐α/β. We report that curcumin decreases IL‐12‐induced STAT4 phosphorylation, IFN‐γ production, and IL‐12 Rβ1 and β2 expression. IFN‐β‐induced STAT4 phosphorylation, IL‐10 production and IFN receptor (IFNAR) subunits 1 and 2 expression were enhanced by curcumin. Curcumin increased IFN‐α‐induced IL‐10 and IFNAR1 expression. Prior exposure to curcumin decreased IFN‐α‐induced IFNAR2 expression and did not modify the level of IFN‐α‐induced pSTAT4 generation. Thus, the effect of curcumin on STAT4 activation in T cells is dependent upon the stimulus to which the T cells have been exposed.
Structure and function of the human calcium‐sensing receptor: insights from natural and engineered mutations and allosteric modulators
Authors: Hu Jianxin , Spiegel Allen M. 
Published: October 2007

IntroductionThe CaR is a unique family 3 GPCRArchitecture of the CaRNaturally occurring inactivating mutations associated with FHH and NSHPTNaturally occurring activating mutations associated with ADH and Bartter's syndrome type VAllosteric modulators of the CaR and their therapeutic potentialsConcluding remarksAbstractThe human extracellular Ca2+‐sensing receptor (CaR), a member of the G protein‐coupled receptor family 3, plays a key role in the regulation of extracellular calcium homeostasis. It is one of just a few G protein‐coupled receptors with a large number of naturally occurring mutations identified in patients. In contrast to the small sizes of its agonists, this large dimeric receptor consists of domains with topologically distinctive orthos‐teric and allosteric sites. Information derived from studies of naturally occurring mutations, engineered mutations, allosteric modulators and crystal structures of the agonist‐binding domain of homologous type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor and G protein‐coupled rhodopsin offers new insights into the structure and function of the CaR.
DLC‐1:a Rho GTPase‐activating protein and tumour suppressor
Authors: Durkin Marian E. , Yuan Bao‐Zhu , Zhou Xiaoling , Zimonjic Drazen B. , Lowy Douglas R. , Thorgeirsson Snorri S. , Popescu Nicholas C. 
Published: October 2007

Introduction
Expression of DLC family proteins
Features of DLC family protein domains
Biological functions of DLC‐1
Genetic analysis of DLC‐1 function
The DLC family proteins in cancer
Conclusions and future directions

AbstractThe deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC‐1) gene encodes a GTPase activating protein that acts as a negative regulator of the Rho family of small GTPases. Rho proteins transduce signals that influence cell morphology and physiology, and their aberrant up‐regulation is a key factor in the neoplastic process, including metastasis. Since its discovery, compelling evidence has accumulated that demonstrates a role for DLC‐1 as a bona fide tumour suppressor gene in different types of human cancer. Loss of DLC‐1 expression mediated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms has been associated with the development of many human cancers, and restoration of DLC‐1 expression inhibited the growth of tumour cells in vivo and in vitro. Two closely related genes, DLC‐2 and DLC‐3, may also be tumour suppressors. This review presents the current status of progress in understanding the biological functions of DLC‐1 and its relatives and their roles in neoplasia.
Tissue engineering of blood vessel
Authors: Zhang Wen Jie , Liu Wei , Cui Lei , Cao Yilin 
Published: October 2007

Introduction
Components of blood vessel
Principle of vessel engineering
Seeding cells sources
Biodegradable scaffolds
Vessel engineering in vitro
Clinical applications
Future perspectives

AbstractVascular grafts are in large demand for coronary and peripheral bypass surgeries. Although synthetic grafts have been developed, replacement of vessels with purely synthetic polymeric conduits often leads to the failure of such graft, especially in the grafts less than 6 mm in diameter or in the areas of low blood flow, mainly due to the early formation of thrombosis. Moreover, the commonly used materials lack growth potential, and long‐term results have revealed several material‐related failures, such as stenosis, thromboembolization, calcium deposition and infection. Tissue engineering has become a promising approach for generating a bio‐compatible vessel graft with growth potential. Since the first success of constructing blood vessels with collagen and cultured vascular cells by Weinberg and Bell, there has been considerable progress in the area of vessel engineering. To date, tissue‐ engineered blood vessels (TEBVs) could be successfully constructed in vitro, and be used to repair the vascular defects in animal models. This review describes the major progress in the field, including the seeding cell sources, the biodegradable scaffolds, the construction technologies, as well as the encouraging achievements in clinical applications. The remaining challenges are also discussed.
Calcium‐associated mechanisms in gut pacemaker activity
Authors: Nakayama Shinsuke , Kajioka Shunichi , Goto Kazunori , Takaki Miyako , Liu Hong‐Nian 
Published: October 2007

Introduction

AbstractA considerable body of evidence has revealed that interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), identified with c‐Kit‐immunoreactivity, act as gut pacemaker cells, with spontaneous Ca2+ activity in ICC as the probable primary mechanism. Namely, intracellular (cytosolic) Ca2+ oscillations in ICC periodically activate plasmalemmal Ca2+‐dependent ion channels and thereby generate pacemaker potentials. This review will, thus, focus on Ca2+‐associated mechanisms in ICC in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including auxiliary organs.
Integrin regulation of caveolin function
Authors: Salanueva Iñigo J. , Cerezo Ana , Guadamillas Marta C. , Del Pozo Miguel A. 
Published: October 2007

Introduction
Caveolae mediate signalling through direct and indirect mechanisms
Signalling pathways at rafts: targeting by integrins
Integrin triggered CEMM internalization is mediated by caveolae
Dual role of caveolin Y14 phosphorylation: endocytosis vs. cell migration
Conclusions

AbstractCaveolae are unique organelles that are found in the plasma membrane of many cell types. They participate in various processes such as lipid recycling, cellular signalling and endocytosis. A variety of signalling molecules localize to caveolae in response to various stimuli, providing a potential mechanism for the spatial regulation of signal transduction pathways. Caveolin‐1, a constitutive protein of caveolae, has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth, lipid trafficking, endocytosis and cell migration. Phosphorylation of caveolin‐1 on Tyr 14 is involved in integrin‐regulated caveolae trafficking and also in signalling at focal adhesions in migrating cells. In this review, we focus on recent studies that describe the role of caveolin‐1 in integrin signal transduction, and how this interplay links extracellular matrix anchorage to cell proliferation, polarity and directional migration.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐2, caveolins, focal adhesion kinase and c‐Kit in cells of the mouse myocardium
Authors: Cho Woo Jung , Chow Ava K. , Schulz Richard , Daniel Edwin E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) may play roles at intracellular and extracellular sites of the heart in ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Caveolins (Cav‐1, ‐2 and ‐3) are lipid raft proteins which play roles in cell sig‐nalling. This study examined, using immunohistochemistry and two photon confocal microscopy, if MMP‐2 and caveolins co‐localize at the plasma membrane of cardiac cells: cardiomyocytes (CM), fibroblasts (FB) and capillary endothelial cells (CEC) in the left ventricle (LV) of the Cav‐1+/+ and Cav‐1−/− mouse heart. In Cav‐1+/+ mouse LV MMP‐2 and Cav‐1 co‐localized at CM plasma membranes, and at multiple locations in FB and CEC. MMP‐2 co‐localized with Cav‐2 only at CEC. MMP‐2 co‐localized with Cav‐3 at CM plasma membranes and Z‐lines, and partially at FB and CEC. In Cav‐1−/− LV Cav‐1 and MMP‐2 were absent or reduced everywhere. Cav‐2 appeared at CEC despite the absence of Cav‐1. Cav‐3 appeared at CM plasma membranes and Z‐lines, FB and CEC. Also, FAK in FB and c‐Kit in interstitial Cajal‐like cells (ICLC) were completely absent. By transmission electron microscopy in Cav‐1+/+, regular size caveolae (Cav) were at CEC, irregular size Cav were at CM and a few were at FB. In Cav‐1−/− there were few Cav at CM and FB and some at CEC. To conclude, MMP‐2 is closely associated with caveolins at FB and CEC as well as at CM. Also, MMP‐2 is closely associated with FAK at FB and c‐Kit at ICLC. Thus, Cav‐1 expression is not necessary for Cav‐2 expression. Cav‐3 or Cav‐3 with Cav‐2 has the capability to make Cav.
The calcium‐sensing receptor and its interacting proteins
Authors: Huang Chunfa , Miller R. Tyler 
Published: October 2007

IntroductionSignalling by the Ca receptorDistinct effects of angiotensin II and Ca receptorsReceptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPS)FilaminPotassium channelsOther CaR‐interacting proteinsConclusionsAbstractSeven membrane‐spanning, or G protein‐coupled receptors were originally thought to act through het‐erotrimeric G proteins that in turn activate intracellular enzymes or ion channels, creating relatively simple, linear signalling pathways. Although this basic model remains true in that this family does act via a relatively small number of G proteins, these signalling systems are considerably more complex because the receptors interact with or are located near additional proteins that are often unique to a receptor or subset of receptors. These additional proteins give receptors their unique signalling ‘personalities’. The extracellular Ca‐sensing receptor (CaR) signals via Gαi, Gαqand Gα12/13, but its effects in vivo demonstrate that the signalling pathways controlled by these subunits are not sufficient to explain all its biologic effects. Additional structural or signalling proteins that interact with the CaR may explain its behaviour more fully. Although the CaR is less well studied in this respect than other receptors, several CaR‐interacting proteins such as filamin, a potential scaffolding protein, receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) and potassium channels may contribute to the unique characteristics of the CaR. The CaR also appears to interact with additional proteins common to other G protein‐coupled receptors such as arrestins, G protein receptor kinases, protein kinase C, caveolin and proteins in the ubiquitination pathway. These proteins probably represent a few initial members of CaR‐based signalling complex. These and other proteins may not all be associated with the CaR in all tissues, but they form the basis for understanding the complete nature of CaR signalling.
Re‐modelling ‘hostile’ milieu of diseased myocardium via paracrine function of transplanted cells or relaxin
Authors: Du Xiao‐Jun 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWhile the approaches of regenerating cardiac muscle remain undetermined, recent evidence indicates that paracrine function of transplanted cells contributes significantly to the beneficial effects of cell therapy. Combination of such paracrine function of grafted cells with extracellular matrix remodelling by relaxin represents a promising complement to cell‐based therapy for cardiac repair and muscle regeneration.
The effect of systemic tetracycline on resorption of dried replanted dogs' teeth
Authors: Sae‐Lim V. , Wang C. Y. , Choi G. W. , Trope M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract— The use of systemic penicillin after an avulsion injury has been recommended to decrease the occurrence of resorption complications. Tetracycline antibiotics have been reported to possess anti‐resorptive propemes in addition to their anti‐microbial actions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate histologically the effect of systemically administered tetracycline and amoxicillin on the inhibition of resorption due to attachment damage after replantation of dogs' teeth. Thuty‐one roots from the teeth of four beagle dogs were endodontically treated to inhibit subsequent inflammatory root resorption of pulpal origin. They were then extracted and left to bench dry for 1 h to ensure severe periodontal ligament damage before replantation. For the teeth in the experimental groups, two dogs were given tetracycline hydrochloride and the other two dogs were given amoxicillin, administered orally, on the day of extraction/replantation and for the following 6 days.The control group were teeth in these animals treated in the same manner but where no antibiotics had been given. After 12–16 weeks, the dogs were sacrificed and histological sections were prepared and evaluated for complete healing, inflammatory and replacement root resorption, and the groups were compared. It was shown that healing in the amoxicillin and the control groups was poor (10.90% and 11.28%, respectively), while for the tetracycline group, 35.45% showed complete healing. Individual teeth with over 50% complete healing sites were considered as having good healing, and sigdicantly more of these teeth were found in the tetracycline group (5 of 11 teeth) compared to the amoxicillin (1 of 11 teeth) or control group (1 of 8 teeth).
Tube‐like mineralization in the dental pulp of traumatized primary incisors
Authors: Holan G. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract— Mineralization in the pulp is a common finding in permanent as well as primary teeth and is associated with caries, aging, traumatic injuries and systemic conditions. This article describes an unusual pattern of pulpal calcification. A tube‐like calcified structure formed in the dental pulp of primary incisors following mild traumatic injuries. It was studied by clinical, radiographic and histologic evaluation and by scanning electron microscopy.The tube‐like structure was found to estend along the entire length of the pulp canal. Generally it was separated from the root dentin by normal pulp tissue, but was connected to the dentin in some sites. It had the histologic appearance of osteodentin with cell inclusions in a ring‐like formation that was incomplete in places. The scanning electron microscope study showed rough inner and outer surfaces of a tube‐like structure with openings that seemed to be dentinal tubules.
Prevalence of oral disease among adults with primary HIV infection*
Authors: Owotade FJ , Shiboski CH , Poole L , Ramstead CA , Malvin K , Hecht FM , Greenspan JS 
Published: October 2007

Objective:  To explore the type and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among adults with primary HIV infection (PHI) compared with HIV‐negative adults at high risk for HIV disease, and in relation to HIV viral load.Methods:  We conducted standardized oral examinations to identify specific oral mucosal lesions among adults with PHI, both pre‐seroconversion and post‐ seroconversion‐recently infected, compared with HIV‐negative adults. We compared the group with oral lesions to those without oral lesions with respect to HIV‐RNA load and CD4 + T‐cell count.Results:  Among 115 adults (predominantly men), pseudomembranous candidiasis was the most common oral lesion among those with PHI, and was found in 4% of the 23 participants in pre‐seroconversion and in 9% of 69 participants with post‐seroconversion recent infection, compared with none found among 23 HIV negatives. Among those with PHI, the median viral load was higher and the median CD4 + T‐cell count lower among the 15 participants with an oral lesion of any type than among the 77 participants without oral lesions (P = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively).Conclusion:  This finding suggests that individuals with PHI who have oral lesions may be more likely to transmit HIV because of their higher viral load.
Differential gene expression profiles of normal human parotid and submandibular glands
Authors: Sun Q‐F , Sun Q‐H , Du J , Wang S 
Published: October 2007

Background:  Parotid and submandibular glands have different properties including characteristics of the secreted saliva and tumor incidences. The differences in properties of parotid and submandibular glands are not clear from a genetic viewpoint.Objective:  To study differential gene expression profiles between normal human parotid and submandibular glands.Materials and methods:  Three pairs of normal parotid and submandibular glands were obtained. RNA was extracted from these samples. After reverse transcription, the cDNA was in vitro‐transcribed to produce biotin‐labeled cRNA. The purified biotin‐labeled cRNA samples were hybridized to microarray chips.Results:  Among the 54 675 tested transcripts, 47 transcripts were upregulated at least twofold in the parotid gland compared with the submandibular gland, including tumor‐associated genes (pleiotrophin, WNT5A, ABCC1) and transport‐associated genes (SLCO1A2, SLC13A5, KCNJ15). Ninety‐eight transcripts were upregulated at least twofold in the submandibular gland compared with the parotid gland, including the chloride channel CFTR and mucin‐associated genes that belong to the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway (GalNAc‐T4, GalNAc‐T7 and GalNAc‐T13). Quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis of nine differentially expressed genes confirmed the microarray results.Conclusion:  This study revealed the different gene expression profiles of normal human parotid and submandibular glands, providing a genetic basis for their differing properties.
Outcome of childhood ulcerative colitis at 2 years
Authors: Howarth LJ , Wiskin AE , Griffiths DM , Afzal NA , Beattie RM 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAim: Ulcerative Colitis (UC) has an incidence of 1.4 per 100 000 in childhood. There is a paucity of data regarding outcome particularly with the increased use of early immunosuppression. This study reviews outcome at 2 years in a cohort with UC referred to a single centre.Method: Patients were recruited on the basis of a diagnosis made between 2000 and 2003 as a consecutive cohort. All had UC according to standard clinicopathological criteria. Children with indeterminate colitis were excluded. Follow‐up data was collected at 2 years by case notes review.Results: Thirty‐two children are reported. The median age at diagnosis was 11 years (range 2–16). All were treated with corticosteroids and 5‐ASA derivatives at diagnosis. The majority of patients (94%, 30/32) received more than one course of steroids. By 2 years azathioprine use was high with 75% (24/32) of patients on treatment for steroid‐dependent disease. There were 6 extra‐intestinal manifestations and 8 disease related complications occurring in 12 patients (38%). The colectomy rate was 9% (3/32) for unresponsive disease.Conclusion: There is a high need for Azathioprine in childhood UC. Colectomy rate at 2 years was around 10%. Extra‐intestinal manifestations and disease related complications are common.
Evaluation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires in identifying children with neurosensory disability in the Magpie Trial follow‐up study
Authors: Yu Ly‐Mee , Hey Edmund , Doyle Lex W , Farrell Barbara , Spark Patsy , Altman Doug G , Duley Lelia ,   on behalf of the Magpie Trial Follow‐Up Study Collaborative Group
Published: October 2007

AbstractAim: To evaluate performance of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (full ASQ), and a shortened version (short ASQ), in detecting children with severe neurosensory disability in the Magpie Trial follow‐up study.Methods: All children, born to women in the Magpie Trial and selected for follow‐up, with a completed full 30 items and/or short 9‐items ASQ were included in this analysis. Sensitivity and specificity, corrected for verification bias, were computed to assess detection ability.Results: Of the 2046 children who completed a full ASQ, 406 (19.8%) failed the assessment, 54 of whom had confirmed neurosensory disability. Adjusted sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence intervals) were 87.4% (62.9–96.6%), and 82.3% (80.5–83.9%), respectively. Two of the five domains in the full ASQ (Fine Motor and Problem Solving) contributed little to detection ability. Sensitivity and specificity for the short ASQ were 69.2% and 95.7%, respectively.Conclusions: Sensitivity of the full ASQ for severe neurosensory disability is generally good, and does not appear to be much reduced by restricting questions to three out of the five domains. The short ASQ reported here reduced performance, although this might be improved by a different choice of questions or scoring system.
Complexity of foetal alcohol or drug neuroimpairments
Authors: Elgen I , Bruaroy S , Laegreid LM 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAims: To describe children exposed to street drug during pregnancy (SDE) and compare these with children suffering from Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) regarding growth, somatic health and neuroimpairments.Methods: In the region, Hordaland county an information program was carried out to educate health‐care and social workers on symptoms and signs of SDE and FAS/FASD and referral was encouraged for suspected cases. Referred children received a neuropaediatric evaluation, and were categorized as FAS/FASD and SDE children.Results: Among the referred children 50 were diagnosed with SDE and 47 children were diagnosed with FAS/FASD. SDE children had increased risk of neonatal abstinence symptoms but were somatic healthy and had no growth restriction and were performing well academically. Almost all children in both groups met the criteria of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).Conclusion: Children exposed to drugs are somatic healthy but have increased risk of neuroimpairments such as ADHD.
Aerobic fitness, fatness and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents
Authors: Eisenmann Joey C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe paediatric obesity epidemic is well documented. Recently, there has also been the emergence of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) among children and adolescents. Although it is well known that obesity is linked to the metabolic syndrome in youth, the role of physical activity and fitness on the metabolic syndrome is unclear. The purpose of this review was to examine the concepts of and associations between fitness, fatness and the MetS in children and adolescents. In general, the association between fatness and the MetS (or components of the MetS) is stronger than those for fitness. Furthermore, the correlation between fatness and the MetS remains significant after controlling for fitness, whereas the correlation between fitness and MetS does not remain significant after controlling for fatness. When subjects are cross‐tabulated into categories (fat‐fit, etc.), there is good evidence that fitness attenuates the MetS score among fat children and adolescents. The reasons for these observations possibly involve genetics, adipocytokines and mitochondrial function. Further study is needed to understand the role of physical activity and other environmental factors on this phenomena. In addition, longitudinal studies of the fat‐fit phenotype are required and should include measurements of the hormonal mileau, adipokines and the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle during childhood and adolescence.