bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total strain FE model for reinforced concrete floors on piles
Authors: Hofmeyer H. , Van den Bos A. A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA finite element (FE) model using a total strain material model has been developed to predict the behavior of warehouse reinforced concrete floors on piles. The material model (not the FE model itself) was calibrated to material tests. The FE model for the floor structure was checked with full‐scale experiments. For a warehouse, punching load optimization and surface crack control are important design factors. It is concluded that if calibrated material models are used, total strain‐based FE models are able to indicate surface crack width and punching strength for several types of reinforcement. Furthermore, it is concluded that it is possible to develop a total strain material model from material tests. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An alternative approach for assessing eccentricities in asymmetric multistory buildings. 1. Elastic systems
Authors: Georgoussis George K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA simple hand method for assessing modal eccentricities of multistory structures with partial symmetry is presented. The concept of the modal center of rigidity is introduced and the determination of eccentricities of the first two modal shears is obtained by means of an equivalent one‐story eccentric system. The method is based on Southwell's formula for calculating a lower bound of the fundamental frequency and is applicable to uniform structures composed of different types of bents, such as walls, rigid frames, coupled walls and wall–frame assemblies. These structures do not belong to the special class of proportionate buildings for which dynamic properties can be accurately obtained by analyzing two simpler systems: a multistory torsionally uncoupled counterpart of the actual structure and an associated one‐story coupled system. The accuracy of the proposed method is illustrated in a parametric study that includes common types of mixed‐bent‐type multistory structures and comparisons are made with the results obtained by three‐dimensional dynamic analyses on discrete member models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of the processes of change in two science teachers educators' thinking
Authors: Greensfeld Hava , Elkad‐Lehman Ilana 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study examined the processes of change in thinking as a means of learning about the professional development of two science teacher educators. A qualitative methodology was used. The main research tool was a semistructured in‐depth interview. The primary data analyzed came from two science teacher educators, selected from a broader set of seven. Findings emphasize the importance of questions regarding the knowledge possessed by teacher educators and of the questions regarding the role of science teacher educators. That is, the knowledge of an expert science teacher educator was more than a list of givens; it was personal and context‐bound. This study contributes new insight into the processes of teacher educators' professional development and change in their thinking. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1219–1245, 2007
Nonlinear solution methods for infinitesimal perfect plasticity
Authors: Wieners C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe review the classical return algorithm for incremental plasticity in the context of nonlinear programming, and we discuss the algorithmic realization of the SQP method for infinitesimal perfect plasticity. We show that the radial return corresponds to an orthogonal projection onto the convex set of admissible stresses. Inserting this projection into the equilibrium equation results in a semismooth equation which can be solved by a generalized Newton method. Alternatively, an appropriate linearization of the projection is equivalent to the SQP method, which is shown to be more robust as the classical radial return. This is illustrated by a numerical comparison of both methods for a benchmark problem.
Correction of Ulnar Claw Hand by a Loop of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Motor for Lumbrical Replacement
Authors: SHAH ATUL 
Published: September 2007

The current dynamic procedures for correction of ulnar claw hand are extensor carpi radialis longus many tail graft, palmaris longus four finger many tail graft and extensor by pass operation. Each of these procedures takes a minimum of one and a half hours and needs extensive post operative re-education and training. These procedures employ a graft of plantaris tendon, fascia lata or extensor tendon, with the disadvantages of operating at another site and adhesion of grafts. The procedure described in this article obviates these disadvantages. The operation is simple to perform and has given good results even when performed at leprosy camps where no extensive re-education physiotherapy was available. This operation also tends to correct the reversal of transverse arch. The technique and observations are discussed in detail.
Vibration Disease of the Capitate
Authors: JAMES E. T. R. , BURKE F. D. 
Published: September 2007

There are four previous cases of isolated avascular necrosis of the capitate in the literature. This report describes a fifth, and the first to be associated with vibration. A paint sprayer presented with wrist pain, tenderness over the capitate and radiological changes of avascular necrosis of the capitate. Following mid-carpal arthrodesis, he returned to work. The role of trauma and a pre-existing ligamentous abnormality of the wrist in the aetiology of this condition is discussed.
Instituting the science of mind: intellectual economies and disciplinary exchange at Harvard's Center for Cognitive Studies
Authors: COHEN-COLE JAMIE 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFocusing on Harvard's Center for Cognitive Studies as a case, this article uses economies of research tool exchange to develop a new way of characterizing cross-disciplinary research. Throughout its life from 1960 to 1972, the Center for Cognitive Studies hosted scholars from several disciplines. However, there were two different research cultures at the Center. With its directors and patrons committed to a philosophy that equated creative science with eclectic search for and invention of new tools, the Center's initial interdisciplinary research culture emphasized the exchange of ideas and methods. Several years later, once its work was well under way, the Center's culture became multidisciplinary. Rather than emphasizing the sharing, invention, location, discussion and stabilization of new research techniques, the Center's multidisciplinary economy involved researchers working in parallel.
Standardizing wounds: Alexis Carrel and the scientific management of life in the First World War
Authors: SELCER PERRIN 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis essay analyses the development of the Carrel-Dakin treatment for infected wounds during the First World War to explore the relationship between industrialized warfare and experimental medicine, the politics of standardization, and the relationship between the theories and practices of physiology and scientific management. It first describes the intellectual and institutional context from which Alexis Carrel's wound research emerged: experimental medicine and the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Next the story moves to the experimental laboratory hospital on the Western Front and the quantification of wounds. Then it considers the propaganda and training campaign in support of the method at the War Demonstration Hospital located on the institute's New York City campus. The de-skilling inherent in the standardization of surgical practice was a response to the incompetence of inexperienced military surgeons, but also an attempt to restructure the medical profession into a hierarchical organization capable of being administered by elite scientist–physicians. Underlying the narrative is the paradox of simultaneous segregation of the biological and the social through laboratory practices and their conflation through the organic analogy.
Inhibition by soya isoflavones of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function: possible relevance for the beneficial effects of soya intake
Authors: Rotondo Serenella , Krauze-Brzósko Katarzyna , Manarini Stefano , Martelli Nicola , Pecce Romina , Evangelista Virgilio , Benedetta Donati Maria , Cerletti Chiara 
Published: September 2007

Lower CVD incidence is reported in Asian populations consuming soya-containing food. As polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are involved in the risk of CVD, we investigated the modulatory effect of soya isoflavones on several PMN functions and their molecular mechanismsin vitro. PMN, isolated from blood from healthy subjects, were tested upon activation with 1 μm- n-formyl-methyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) for superoxide anion production (ferric cytochrome c reduction) and released elastase (chromogenic test). PMN homotypic aggregates stimulated by fMLP or P-selectin in dynamic conditions were detected by optical microscopy. PMN, mixed with thrombin-activated, washed platelets, formed cell aggregates, measured by flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of Pyk2, a focal adhesion kinase, was studied by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with specific antibodies. Genistein, daidzein and equol inhibited superoxide anion production (IC500·25 (sem0·1), 21·0 (sem4·2) and 13·0 (sem2·8) μm, respectively); the release of elastase was prevented by genistein (IC5063 (sem17) μm). PMN homotypic aggregates, stimulated by fMLP, were significantly reduced (24 (sem12) and 51 (sem14) % of control) by 100 μmgenistein and equol. P-selectin-induced aggregates were reduced to 19 (sem6), 44 (sem10) and 28 (sem9) % of control by 100 μmgenistein, daidzein and equol, respectively. Genistein, daidzein and equol also significantly reduced mixed platelet-PMN aggregates (IC504·0 (sem0·9), 57 (sem6) and 66 (sem23) μm, respectively). In PMN challenged by fMLP or P-selectin, activation of Pyk2 was prevented by isoflavones. The cardioprotective effect of soya-containing food might be linked to reduction of PMN activation and PMN-platelet interaction, novel targets for the biological effects of soya isoflavones.
Memory and executive impairment in schizophrenia: comparison with frontal and temporal brain damage
Authors: Ornstein T. J. , Sahakian B. J. , McKenna P. J. 
Published: September 2007

BackgroundAlthough poor neuropsychological test performance is well documented in schizophrenia, how closely it resembles that seen in patients with brain damage in terms of cognitive failures in daily life and stability over time has been little studied.MethodThirty patients with chronic schizophrenia, 24 patients with frontal or temporal brain damage and 30 healthy controls were given a battery of memory and executive tests. Carers of the two patient groups also completed questionnaires rating memory and executive failures in daily life. Testing was repeated 6 weeks later.ResultsThe schizophrenia and the brain-damaged patients were significantly impaired on most, but not all tests. The degree of carer-rated memory or executive failure was similar in the two groups, but the schizophrenia patients were rated as having significantly more executive failures than memory failures, whereas the brain-damaged patients showed the reverse pattern. Both groups of patients showed similar consistency of performance across sessions.ConclusionsNeuropsychological impairment in schizophrenia resembles that seen in patients with brain damage, not only in terms of overall severity, but also in terms of stability and the degree to which poor test performance translates into cognitive failures in daily life.
Topologically-directed navigation
Authors: Rawlinson David , Jarvis Ray 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYRecent advances in simultaneous localization and mapping permit robots to autonomously explore enclosed environments and, subsequently, navigate to selected positions within them. But, for many tasks, it is more useful to immediately navigate to goals in unexplored environments, without a map. This is possible if a human director can describe the ideal route to the robot using grounded symbols that both parties can perceive directly.In this paper, a mobile robot is autonomously navigated to many locations in a cluttered laboratory environment by a variety of routes. A series of topological navigation instructions are provided in advance by the director, in a form that can be expressed verbally and translates easily to software representation. The instructions are based on the perception of spatial affordances available to the robot, namely nearby junctions and edges in a pruned Generalized Voronoi Diagram. The operator can generate the instructions by viewing or imagining the environment without any measurements. Only three to five instructions are needed to navigate anywhere in our laboratory. The instructions contain only topology. No spatial measurements or environmental data such as landmarks are provided to the robot.
The diverse CB1and CB2receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin
Authors: Pertwee R G 
Published: September 2007

Cannabis sativais the source of a unique set of compounds known collectively as plant cannabinoids or phytocannabinoids. This review focuses on the manner with which three of these compounds, (−)‐trans‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC), (−)‐cannabidiol (CBD) and (−)‐trans‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ9‐THCV), interact with cannabinoid CB1and CB2receptors. Δ9‐THC, the main psychotropic constituent of cannabis, is a CB1and CB2receptor partial agonist and in line with classical pharmacology, the responses it elicits appear to be strongly influenced both by the expression level and signalling efficiency of cannabinoid receptors and by ongoing endogenous cannabinoid release. CBD displays unexpectedly high potency as an antagonist of CB1/CB2receptor agonists in CB1‐ and CB2‐expressing cells or tissues, the manner with which it interacts with CB2receptors providing a possible explanation for its ability to inhibit evoked immune cell migration. Δ9‐THCV behaves as a potent CB2receptor partial agonistin vitro. In contrast, it antagonizes cannabinoid receptor agonists in CB1‐expressing tissues. This it does with relatively high potency and in a manner that is both tissue and ligand dependent. Δ9‐THCV also interacts with CB1receptors when administeredin vivo, behaving either as a CB1antagonist or, at higher doses, as a CB1receptor agonist. Brief mention is also made in this review, first of the production by Δ9‐THC of pharmacodynamic tolerance, second of current knowledge about the extent to which Δ9‐THC, CBD and Δ9‐THCV interact with pharmacological targets other than CB1or CB2receptors, and third of actual and potential therapeutic applications for each of these cannabinoids.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 199–215; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442; published online 10 September 2007
Neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor in health and disease
Authors: Parker S L , Balasubramaniam A 
Published: September 2007

We briefly survey the current knowledge and concepts regarding structure and function of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor and its agonists, especially as related to pharmacology of the receptor and its roles in pathological processes. Specific structural features are considered that could be responsible for the known compartmentalization and participation of the receptor in cell and tissue organization. This is further discussed in relation to changes of levels of the Y2 receptor in pathological conditions (especially in epilepsy and drug abuse), to endocytosis and recycling, and to participation in wound healing, retinopathy and angiogenesis. Properties of the receptor and of Y2 agonists are considered and reviewed in connection to the negative regulation of transmitter release, feeding, mood and social behavior. The possible involvement of the Y2 receptor in diabetes, carcinogenesis and bone formation is also reviewed.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 420–431; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707445; published online 10 September 2007
Failure of antioxidants to protect against angiotensin II‐induced aortic rupture in aged apolipoprotein(E)‐deficient mice
Authors: Jiang F , Jones G T , Dusting G J 
Published: September 2007

Background and purpose:Oxidative stress may be involved in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Previous studies indicate that antioxidants protect against AAA formation during chronic angiotensin (Ang) II infusion in apolipoprotein E‐deficient (ApoE0) mice. We here examine if these protective effects also occurred in aged ApoE0mice.Experimental approach:Male ApoE0mice (50–60 weeks) were randomly divided into 4 groups: saline, Ang II (1000 ng kg−1 min−1for 4 weeks), Ang II plus antioxidants (0.1% vitamin E in food plus 0.1% vitamin C in drinking water), and Ang II plus losartan (30 mg kg−1 day−1).Key results:Exogenous Ang II increased systolic blood pressure by 40 mmHg and resulted in the formation of pseudoaneurysms (rupture and extramural haematoma) in the abdominal aorta in 50% of animals. True aneurysmal dilatation was rarely observed. Antioxidants decreased systemic oxidative stress (plasma malondialdehyde), but had only minor effects on aortic rupture, relative to the complete prevention by losartan. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) expression in atherosclerotic plaques and at the sites of rupture. Antioxidants did not affect tumour necrosis factor‐α‐stimulated MMP‐9 release from U937 cells. In addition, antioxidants had little effects on Ang II‐induced renal dysfunction.Conclusions and implications:In contrast to previous findings in younger mice, antioxidants had only minor effects on Ang II‐induced aortic rupture in aged mice. Our results demonstrate that the pathological features of the aneurysmal remodelling induced by Ang II in old ApoE0mice are distinct from those of human AAA.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 880–890; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707449; published online 10 September 2007
Current status of scrapie.
Authors: Saegerman C. , Vanopdenbosch E. , Berkvens D. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Despite being controlled in many developed countries, scrapie remains endemic in many parts of the world. Economic losses result from mortality and culling of small ruminants and from market restrictions. Moreover, it is difficult to develop all-inclusive guidelines that could establish a scrapie-free status for a country. Unfortunately, the global picture remains incomplete because in many countries confusion still remains regarding the clinical picture of scrapie and information is not available owing to the absence of adequate epidemiosurveillance networks. Currently, the predominant theory is that PrPSc is the infectious agent where host genetic factors play a central role. The precise transmission routes of scrapie and their relative contributions to the overall transmission intensity remain poorly documented and the physiopathology is not fully understood. However, it is evident that the purchase of female sheep from scrapie flocks, sharing pastures with scrapie flocks, sharing breeding rams and genetic host susceptibility are the main risk factors for the spread of the disease. A better understanding of the epidemiology of scrapie would greatly aid the development and evaluation of control and eradication strategies that were mainly based on selective depopulation of infected animals and genetically susceptible and/or related animals and also on the biosecurity and the use of selective genetic breeding programmes in healthy flocks. Some numbers of a new transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) form in small ruminants (atypical scrapie) have meanwhile been identified by TSE rapid testing using an assay, which also recognizes comparatively less proteinase K-resistant PrPSc. Uncertainties remain regarding the pathogenesis of this new TSE form, as well as regarding its potential transmissibility within the affected species and to other species. Thus far, no bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases have been confirmed in sheep under natural conditions (a report of vertical transmission after experimental infection merits attention), but two historical cases of BSE in goats born in the 1990s have been identified. Currently BSE must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of scrapie. The development of prevention and control programmes should be assisted by new scientific findings.
Sources and epidemiology of
Streptococcus uberis
, with special emphasis on mastitis in dairy cattle.
Authors: Zadoks R. N. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Streptococcus uberis
is an important cause of mastitis in dairy cattle around the world. The organism has also been associated with mastitis in goats, sheep, camels and buffaloes, and with a variety of other conditions in ruminants and non-ruminant species.
S. uberis
has been reported in humans but the accuracy of its identification is debated. Many extra-mammary sources harbour
S. uberis
, including body sites, the gastro-intestinal tract, soil, water, forage and insects. Faecal shedding by cows may be needed to maintain
S. uberis
in the environment. Because of its occurrence in the environment and because of its epidemiology,
S. uberis
is considered an environmental organism. In addition,
S. uberis
can spread as contagious pathogen. Evidence for environmental and contagious modes of transmission derived from management data and molecular typing studies is reviewed. Potential mechanisms of host-adaptation are discussed, and results from field studies on treatment are interpreted in the context of a proposed conceptual framework, which encompasses environmental and contagious manifestations of
S. uberis
mastitis. Vaccine development strategies and current control measures are summarized. The relative importance of transmission mechanisms and control measures differs between herds and geographic areas. Standard mastitis prevention measures may reduce the prevalence of contagious
S. uberis
mastitis, resulting in a shift to predominantly environmental
S. uberis
mastitis. Overemphasis on environmental mastitis may result in a re-emergence of contagious mastitis.
Diagnosis of
Babesia equi
infection: an update on the methods available.
Authors: Kumar S. , Kumar R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Equine babesiosis, a tick-transmitted haemoprotozoan disease caused by
Babesia equi
, is globally distributed and poses a serious threat in international movement of horses. The earlier conventional sero-tests available were not sufficient for sensitive and specific diagnosis of the latently infected equids. Hence, in the last decade, new improved diagnostic methods were designed for accurate and rapid diagnosis. Demonstration of parasites in the blood collected from a carrier animal by blood smear examination or by
in vitro
cultivation technique is an absolute and reliable method of confirmation. These techniques are not very sensitive and, recently, geographically conserved genes in
B. equi
genome (
ema
-1 and
ema
-2) were exploited using PCR (and nested PCR) and DNA probes. These techniques proved to be an efficient tool in specific diagnosis, but are limited to well-equipped laboratories. Many different serodiagnostic tests have been described, such as complement fixation test (CFT), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A remarkable improvement in ELISA has been made and problems associated with native antigen were overcome by production of recombinant antigen. Competitive inhibition ELISA (CI-ELISA; a specific monoclonal-antibody-based assay) has proved to be highly sensitive and specific and has recently been prescribed by Office International des Epizooties (OIE) as a test for international trade. Latex agglutination test (LAT) and immunochromatographic test (ICT) are the new standardized tests based on specific recombinant antigen and much quicker than the other available diagnostic tests: further validation may, however, be required.