bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fiber digestion in various segments of the hindgut of horses fed grass hay or silage
Authors: MIYAJI Makoto , UEDA Koichiro , KOBAYASHI Yasuo , HATA Hiroshi , KONDO Seiji 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTWe studied in vivo fiber digestibility and fermentation parameters such as volatile fatty acid concentration and in vitro degradation in each segment of hindgut of horses fed timothy hay or silage made from the same sward. Six Thoroughbred horses were fed timothy hay or silage in equal amounts (1.6% of bodyweight per day, bodyweight mean 572 kg) every 3 h per day, then slaughtered. There were no differences between hay and silage in the concentration of the total volatile fatty acids, the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and fiber, and in vitro neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance rate in each segment. The total volatile fatty acid concentration and the apparent digestibility of dry and organic matter and fiber differed (P < 0.01) depending on the digestive segments. Both for hay and silage, the concentration of total volatile fatty acids in the digesta liquid phase largely increased (P < 0.01) from the cecum to the right ventral colon, and kept a constant value from the right ventral colon to the right dorsal colon, and then decreased from the right dorsal colon to the small colon. For dry and organic matter and fiber components, the apparent digestibility changed in the same manner from former to hinder segments of the hindgut. Regardless of diet, dry and organic matter and fiber components showed lower values in the cecum and the right ventral colon and increased (P < 0.01) largely from the right ventral colon to the left dorsal colon, then kept constant values in segments to the rear of left dorsal colon. There were no differences in in vitro NDF disappearance among cecum, ventral colon and dorsal colon.
Age‐related changes in leukocytes and T cell subsets in peripheral blood of Japanese Black cattle
Authors: TANAKA Sachi , MIYAZAWA Kohtaro , KUWANO Atsuko , WATANABE Kouichi , OHWADA Shyuichi , ASO Hisashi , NISHIDA Shigeru , YAMAGUCHI Takahiro 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTIt is well known that the immune system changes with age during development and maturation in Holstein cattle. But age‐related changes in leukocytes and T cell subsets in peripheral blood of Japanese Black cattle still remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate comparative changes of leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes, B cells and T cells) and T cell subsets (CD4+, CD8+, γδ, CD8+γδ and WC1+γδ T cells) in Japanese Black cattle aged 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 18 and 36–41 (adult) months on flow cytometry using specific monoclonal antibodies for the cell surface markers. T cell proportion was approximately 40% in 2‐month‐old cattle and decreased to 20.6% in adults. In contrast, B cell proportion significantly increased from 7.4% to 28.2% with age. In T cell subsets the percentage of CD4+ T cells significantly increased from 40.5% to 60%, but that of WC1+γδ T cell subset significantly decreased with age. The percentages of CD8+ and CD8+γδ T cells did not change. The present study details the proportional changes in leukocyte and T cell subsets with age in the peripheral blood of Japanese Black cattle and these findings are similar to those described for Holstein cattle.
Effect of bovine lactoferrin feeding on lipopolysaccharide‐induced metabolic and hormonal disturbances in preruminant calves
Authors: KUSHIBIKI Shiro , SHINGU Hiroyuki , KAWASAKI Rika , KOMATSU Tokushi , ITOH Fumiaki , WATANABE Atsushi , TOUNO Eiko , OSHIBE Akinori , KATOH Kazuo , OBARA Yoshiaki , HODATE Koichi 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTOne of the biological functions of bovine lactoferrin (LF) is modulation of the host defense system, including cytokine production and immune response. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of oral administration of LF in calves on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced metabolic and hormonal changes in inflammatory response. Thirty Holstein calves at 4 day of age were given one of three oral doses of LF (0, 1, 3 g/day) for 10 days (−10 day to −1 day). They were injected i.v. with LPS (50 ng/kg bodyweight) the day (day 0) after the end of LF treatment. Plasma samples were obtained on −10, 0 day (immediately before LPS injection), and at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after LPS injection. Plasma tumor necrosis factor‐α concentrations at 2 h after LPS treatment were lower (P < 0.05) in LF 1 g/day‐fed claves compared with LF 0 g/day (control) calves. On day 0 there were no significant group differences in plasma LF concentration. Plasma concentration of haptoglobin in control calves was elevated by LPS injection. In LF groups, plasma haptoglobin concentrations slightly increased after LPS injection, but those levels at 6–24 h were lower (P < 0.05) than in the control group. The LF treatment inhibited (P < 0.05) the reduction of plasma ferrin concentration in calves following LPS challenge. The concentration of plasma aspartate aminotransferase in calves treated with LF was lower (P < 0.05) than in control calves at 24–96 h after LPS treatment. The concentration of plasma insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) in all groups was decreased by LPS treatment, while in the LF groups the IGF‐1 level was higher (P < 0.05) than in the control group. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and insulin concentrations in LF groups were lower (P < 0.05) than in control calves at 2 h after LPS injection. These data suggest that LF has a substantial anti‐inflammatory effect on the modulation of the host defense system in preruminant calves.
Review article: Hypertonic saline use in the emergency department
Authors: Banks Colin J , Furyk Jeremy S 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHypertonic saline (HS) is being increasingly used for the management of a variety of conditions, most notably raised intracranial pressure. This article reviews the available evidence on HS solutions as they relate to emergency medicine, and develops a set of recommendations for its use. To conclude, HS is recommended as an alternative to mannitol for treating raised intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury. HS is also recommended for treating severe and symptomatic hyponatremia, and is worth considering for both recalcitrant tricyclic antidepressant toxicity and for cerebral oedema complicating paediatric diabetic ketoacidosis. HS is not recommended for hypovolaemic resuscitation.
Optimizing triage consistency in Australian emergency departments: The Emergency Triage Education Kit
Authors: Gerdtz Marie Frances , Collins Marnie , Chu Matthew , Grant Audas , Tchernomoroff Robin , Pollard Cecily , Harris Judy , Wassertheil Jeff 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective: The Emergency Triage Education Kit was designed to optimize consistency of triage using the Australasian Triage Scale. The present study was conducted to determine the interrater reliability of a set of scenarios for inclusion in the programme.Methods: A postal survey of 237 paper‐based triage scenarios was utilized. A quota sample of triage nurses (n = 42) rated each scenario using the Australasian Triage Scale. The scenarios were analysed for concordance and agreement. The criterion for inclusion of the scenarios in the programme was κ ≥ 0.6.Results: Data were collected during 2 April to 14 May 2007. Agreement for the set was κ = 0.412 (95% CI 0.410–0.415). Of the initial set: 92/237 (38.8%, 95% CI 32.6–45.3) showed concordance ≥70% to the modal triage category (κ = 0.632, 95% CI 0.629–0.636) and 155/237 (65.4%, 95% CI 59.3–71.5) showed concordance ≥60% to the modal triage category (κ = 0.507, 95% CI 0.504–0.510). Scenarios involving mental health and pregnancy presentations showed lower levels of agreement (κ = 0.243, 95% CI 0.237–0.249; κ = 0.319, 95% CI 0.310–0.328).Conclusion: All scenarios that showed good levels of agreement have been included in the Emergency Triage Education Kit and are recommended for testing purposes; those that showed moderate agreement have been incorporated for teaching purposes. Both scenario sets are accompanied by explanatory notes that link the decision outcome to the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Guidelines on the Implementation of the Australasian Triage Scale. Future analysis of the scenarios is required to identify how task‐related factors influence consistency of triage.
CREATING CASE STUDIES FOR THE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW CLASSROOM: AN EXAMPLE UTILIZING FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Dhooge Lucien J. 
Published: May 2008

Unocal's participation in any international energy development project is based on resource potential, business economics and technical expertise ‐ not political motivations. Our commitment is to the people of a host country, not to a particular party or political group.It is not possible to do business fin Burma] without directly supporting the military government and its pervasive violations of human rights.
IMAGINING THE LAW: COMMON LAW AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEM
Authors: Cantor Norman F. 
Published: May 2008

Now Doniger paced, using Kramer as an audience of one, “We are all ruled by the past, although no on understands it. No one recognizes the power of the past” he said, with a sweep of his hand.“But if you think about it, the past has always been more important than the present. The present is like a coral island that sticks above the water, but is built upon millions of dead corals under the surface, that no one sees. In the same way, our everyday world is built upon millions and millions of events and decisions that occurred in the past. And what we add in the present is trivial.
Population Dynamics of the Dioecious Amazonian Palm Mauritia flexuosa: Simulation Analysis of Sustainable Harvesting
Authors: Holm Jennifer A. , Miller Christopher J. , Cropper Wendell P. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe dioecious, tropical palm Mauritia flexuosa has high ecological and economic value, but currently some wild populations are harvested excessively, which is likely to increase. In this study, we investigated the population dynamics of this important palm, the effects of harvesting, and suggested sustainable harvesting regimes. Data were collected from populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon that were assumed to be stable. We used a matrix population model to calculate the density‐independent asymptotic population growth rate (λ= 1.046) and to evaluate harvesting scenarios. Elasticity analysis showed that survival (particularly in the second and fifth size class) contributes more to the population growth rate, than growth and fecundity. To simulate a stable population at carrying capacity, density dependence was incorporated and applied to the seedling survival and growth parameters in the transition matrix. Harvesting scenarios were simulated with the density‐dependent population models to predict sustainable harvesting regimes for the dioecious palm. We simulated the removal of only female palms and showed how both sexes are affected with harvest intensities between 15 and 75 percent and harvest intervals of 1–15 yr. By assuming a minimum female threshold, we demonstrated a continuum of sustainable harvesting schedules for various intensities and frequencies for 100 yr of harvest. Furthermore, by setting the population model's λ= 1.00, we found that a harvest of 22.5 percent on a 20 yr frequency for the M. flexuosa population in Ecuador is consistent with a sustainable, viable population over time.
Within Flood Season Variation in Fruit Consumption and Seed Dispersal by Two Characin Fishes of the Amazon
Authors: Lucas Christine M. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTMany Amazon River fishes consume fruits and seeds from floodplain forests during the annual flood season, potentially serving as important seed dispersers and predators. Using a participatory approach, this study investigated how within‐season variation in flood level relates to fruit consumption and seed dispersal by two important frugivorous fish, Colossoma macropomum and Piaractus brachypomus, in two Lower Amazon River fishing communities in Brazil. Diets of both fish species were comprised of 78–98 percent fruits, largely dominated by a few species. Diets included fruits of 27 woody angiosperms and four herbaceous species from 26 families, indicating the importance of forest and Montrichardia arborescens habitat during peak flood. A correspondence between peak fruit species richness and peak flood level was observed in one of two communities, which may reflect higher forest diversity and/or differences in selection of fishing habitat. Both fishes are seed dispersers and predators, the relative role of which did not vary by flood level, seed size, or fish size, but may vary with seed hardness. Interspecific differences in diet volume and intact seeds suggest P. brachypomus are more effective seed dispersers than C. macropomum. Overall, the spatial and temporal variation in fruit species composition and richness demonstrate plasticity in fruit consumption in relation to flood level and locally available fruits. While such diets are adaptive to the dynamic changes of Amazon floodplain habitats, the high consumption of forest fruits and seeds from mid‐ and late‐successional species suggests that floodplain forest degradation could disrupt seed dispersal and threaten local and regional fisheries.
Bimodal Pollination by Wasps and Beetles in the African Milkweed Xysmalobium undulatum
Authors: Shuttleworth Adam , Johnson Steven D. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTIt has been suggested that flowers of some plants are specialized for pollination by two unrelated species (or functional groups) of pollinators. However, evidence for ‘bimodal pollination systems’ has been extremely limited. Studies of the milkweed Xysmalobium undulatum in South Africa showed that its flowers are visited by a range of different insects (representing 18 families), but only two groups, represented by the chafer beetle Atrichelaphinis tigrina and pompilid wasps in the genus Hemipepsis, effect pollination. Experiments showed that both these pollinator groups are effective in removing and inserting pollinia. Pollinia are attached to clypeal hairs and mouthparts on the wasps and tarsal hairs and spines on the beetles. Although considerably less abundant than the beetles, Hemipepsis spp. wasps move more quickly among flowers and appeared to be more effective pollinators overall. Experimental hand‐pollinations conducted in the field showed that X. undulatum is genetically self‐incompatible and thus completely reliant on pollinators for reproduction. We conclude that X. undulatum has a bimodal pollination system, specialized for pollination by Hemipepsis pompilid wasps and the chafer beetle A. tigrina.
Distribution Patterns of Birds and Insect Prey in a Tropical Riparian Forest
Authors: Chan Eric K.W. , Yu Yat‐Tung , Zhang Yixin , Dudgeon David 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTSpatial subsidies of energy and nutrients can influence the distribution of consumers in riparian habitats. This study compared the abundance and composition of bird assemblages and the availability of volant insect prey within the riparian zone (≤ 30 m from the stream) and further inland (100–250 m away) within a secondary forest in monsoonal Hong Kong. Replicated point‐counts of birds and insect light trapping were conducted in each zone during the wet and dry season of 2006–2007. The biomass of adult aquatic insects in the riparian zone was nine to 12 times higher than inland during both seasons, however, total insect biomass (aquatic plus terrestrial insects) in the riparian zone was only 49 percent (wet season) and 18 percent (dry season) greater. More birds (both numbers of individuals and species) were recorded in the riparian zone, and this difference was particularly conspicuous during the wet season. Most of the wet‐season difference was due to the greater number of insectivorous birds in the riparian zone (123% greater than inland), and may have reflected the relative availability of adult aquatic insects. These findings confirm the importance of riparian zones as feeding habitats for forest birds, and have implications for conservation planning and setting the boundaries of protected areas.
Combined effects of hypoxia and endurance training on lipid metabolism in rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Galbès O. , Goret L. , Caillaud C. , Mercier J. , Obert P. , Candau R. , Py G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim:  To determine whether endurance training can counterbalance the negative effects of hypoxia on mitochondrial phosphorylation and expression of the long chain mitochondrial fatty acid transporter muscle carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (mCPT‐1).Methods:  Male Wistar rats were exposed either to hypobaric hypoxia (at a simulated altitude of ≈4000 m, PIO2 ≈ 90 mmHg) or to normoxia (sea level) for 5 weeks. In each environment, rats were randomly assigned to two groups. The trained group went through a 5‐week endurance training programme. The control group remained sedentary for the same time period. Muscle fatty acid oxidation capacity was evaluated after the 5‐week period on isolated mitochondria prepared from quadriceps muscles with the use of palmitoylcarnitine or pamitoylCoA + carnitine.Results:  Chronic hypoxia decreased basal (V0, −31% with pamitoylCoA + carnitine and −21% with palmitoylcarnitine, P < 0.05) and maximal (Vmax, −31% with pamitoylCoA + carnitine, P < 0.05) respiration rates, hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase activity (−48%, P < 0.05), mCPT‐1 activity index (−34%, P < 0.05) and mCPT‐1 protein content (−34%, P < 0.05). Five weeks of endurance training in hypoxia brought V0, mCPT‐1 activity index and mCPT‐1 protein content values back to sedentary normoxic levels. Moreover, in the group trained in hypoxia, Vmax reached a higher level than in the group that maintained a sedentary lifestyle in normoxia (24.2 nmol O2· min−1 · mg−1 for hypoxic training vs. 19.9 nmol O2 · min−1 · mg−1 for normoxic sedentarity, P < 0.05).Conclusion:  Endurance training can attenuate chronic hypoxia‐induced impairments in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. This training effect seems mostly mediated by mCPT‐1 activity rather than by mCPT‐1 content.
Bullous Eruption in a Patient Infected With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: De Dipankar , Kanwar Amrinder J. , Radotra Bishan D. , Narang Tarun 
Published: May 2008

A 30‐year‐old man diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection 10 years earlier, presented with large tense blisters associated with minimal itching of 10 days' duration. He had no history of oral or genital erosions or ulcerations and showed no symptoms of HIV‐related illnesses. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) had been started 6 weeks earlier when his CD4 count was 116/mL. He initially received nevirapine 200 mg once daily; after 2 weeks with no skin eruptions or other adverse reactions, the dose was increased to 200 mg twice daily. Other components of his HAART included lamivudine and stavudine. The patient was not taking any other prescription or alternative medicines. During the past year, he experienced 4 episodes of intensely itchy urticarial lesions that subsided with antihistamines. The present episode of bullous lesions was also preceded by urticarial lesions. On examination, he had multiple, large, tense bullae over relatively normal‐looking skin involving all parts of the body (Figure 1). There were a few well‐defined erosions. Nikolsky and bullae spread signs were negative, and no oral or genital erosions or ulcerations were noted. Results of a complete blood count, renal and liver function tests, and chest x‐ray were within normal limits. Skin biopsy from one of the blisters showed a subepidermal bulla filled with eosinophils and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Figure 2). The underlying dermis showed perivascular inflammatory infiltrate composed of polymorphonuclear and lymphomononuclear cells. The overall features were suggestive of bullous pemphigoid. A direct immunofluorescence test could not be done because of possible risk of cross‐infection to the operator of the cryostat. Workup for herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus infection also could not be performed. HAART was discontinued temporarily with the suspicion that it was the causative factor. The patient was started on oral prednisolone 40 mg/d and topical clobetasol propionate (0.05%). Within 1 week of treatment, he had significant improvement with almost complete disappearance of the lesions. A few small, tense vesicles continued to appear between. Once the lesions completely disappeared, the prednisolone was gradually tapered off and all the components of HAART were resumed. The patient did well without any recurrence of lesions, thus virtually excluding HAART as the cause of the bullous pemphigoid‐like eruptions. Subsequently, he did not return for follow‐up. Tense, clear fluid‐filled vesicles over normal‐looking skin with well‐defined erosions. image Subepidermal bullae containing polymorphs and eosinophils. Dermis shows perivascular inflammatory infiltrates containing eosinophils and neutrophils. Hematoxylineosin stain, original magnification ×100. image
Flank Correction for Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears on a Six-Axis CNC Hypoid Generator
Authors: Shih Yi-Pei , Fong Zhang-Hua 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Because the contact patterns of spiral bevel and hypoid gears are highly sensitive to tooth flank geometry, it is desirable to reduce the flank deviations caused by machine errors and heat treatment deformation. Several methods already proposed for flank correction are based on the cutter parameters, machine settings, and kinematical flank motion parameters of a cradle-type universal generator, which are modulated according to the measured flank topographic deviations. However, because of the recently developed six-axis Cartesian-type computer numerical control (CNC) hypoid generator, both face-milling and face-hobbing cutting methods can be implemented on the same machine using a corresponding cutter head and NC code. Nevertheless, the machine settings and flank corrections of most commercial Cartesian-type machines are still translated from the virtual cradle-type universal hypoid generator. In contrast, this paper proposes a flank-correction methodology derived directly from the six-axis Cartesian-type CNC hypoid generator in which high-order correction is easily achieved through direct control of the CNC axis motion. The validity of this flank-correction method is demonstrated using a numerical example of Oerlikon Spirac face-hobbing hypoid gears made by the proposed Cartesian-type CNC machine.
In Vitro Susceptibilities of Invasive Isolates of
Candida
Species: Rapid Increase in Rates of Fluconazole Susceptible-Dose Dependent
Candida glabrata
Isolates
Authors: Ruan Sheng-Yuan , Chu Chen-Chen , Hsueh Po-Ren 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

Voriconazole, posaconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin demonstrated potent in vitro activities against 286 invasive
Candida
isolates. Analysis of the fluconazole susceptibilities of 204 bloodstream
Candida glabrata
isolates revealed a rapid shift from susceptible (64% in 1999 to 2001 to 19% in 2007) to susceptible-dose dependent (27% in 1999 to 2001 and 75% in 2007).
Posaconazole Enhances the Activity of Amphotericin B against Hyphae of Zygomycetes In Vitro
Authors: Perkhofer Susanne , Locher Maria , Cuenca-Estrella Manuel , Rüchel Reinhard , Würzner Reinhard , Dierich Manfred P. , Lass-Flörl Cornelia 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

The in vitro activity of posaconazole plus amphotericin B against conidia and hyphae of 30 clinical zygomycetes was investigated. The combination of posaconazole with amphotericin B was found to be significantly more synergistic (40%) against hyphae (
P
< 0.05) than against conidia (10%). Antagonism was not observed.