bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel and Distinct Operational Principles of Intralaminar Thalamic Neurons and Their Striatal Projections
Authors: Lacey Carolyn J. , Bolam J. Paul , Magill Peter J. 
Published: April 2007

Neurons of the intralaminar thalamus, including central lateral (CL) and parafascicular (Pf) nuclei, innervate the cortex and striatum and are important for cognitive, sensory, and motor processes. We tested the hypothesis that CL and Pf neurons provide functionally distinct inputs to the striatum. We performed recordings of single CL and Pf neurons in anesthetized rats and, after juxtacellularly labeling the neurons, their somatodendritic features and synaptic connections were characterized.All CL neurons (n= 31) discharged classic low-threshold Ca2+spike bursts during cortical slow-wave activityin vivo. In contrast, Pf neurons (n= 52) rarely fired such bursts, but instead discharged groups of spikes at relatively low frequencies. The activity of CL and Pf neurons was often temporally coupled to cortical slow oscillations. Identified CL neurons possessed archetypal “bushy” dendrites and preferentially established synapses with dendritic spines (91% of synapses) of striatal projection neurons. Pf neurons possessed “reticular-like” dendrites, and, on average, preferentially established synapses with dendritic shafts (63%) in striatum, although connectivity was markedly heterogeneous across neurons. Two of the six Pf neurons studied exclusively targeted dendritic shafts, whereas another neuron almost exclusively (97%) targeted spines. The remaining three neurons preferentially targeted dendritic shafts (53–70%).Thus, the fundamental properties of CL and Pf neurons differ (the latter do not express the typical operational principles of thalamic relay neurons), and they provide different temporally patterned inputs to distinct striatal targets. This mechanistic diversity likely underpins the transmission of specific and discrete information from intralaminar thalamic nuclei to striatal and cortical targets.
Alcoholics in Acute Medical Settings Have Increased Risk for other Drug, Mood, and Personality Disorders
Authors: Stewart Scott H. 
Published: April 2007

Objective: Brief medical management and alcohol pharmacotherapy are effective treatments for alcoholic participants enrolled in randomized controlled trials, and this suggests that alcoholism treatment may be delivered successfully in medical settings. However, medical patients may differ from clinical trial participants in ways that suggest a need for more intensive alcoholism treatment. To explore this possibility, this study evaluated the prevalence of mental health disorders in the U.S. population stratified by alcoholism and recent hospitalization or emergency room use. Methods: Data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions were analyzed. Subjects with information on alcohol use disorders, emergency room use, hospitalization, and several mental health diagnoses were included ( n = 41,961). Methods appropriate for complex survey data were used to determine the relative risk for mental health diagnoses as a function of a current alcohol use disorder and receipt of acute medical care (hospitalization or emergency room visits) within the past year. Results: Results showed that, relative to alcoholic adults who did not have an emergency room visit or hospitalization, alcoholic adults with use of these services had an increased prevalence of personality disorders, depression, and other drug use disorders. Conclusion: Research is needed to evaluate if these and other differences will lead to poorer treatment outcomes for this group relative to the more selected populations included in medical management efficacy trials.
Self-Reported Allergies and Their Relationship to Several Axis I Disorders in a Community Sample
Authors: Patten Scott B. , Williams Jeanne V. A. 
Published: April 2007

Objective: Several community studies have identified associations between allergies and depressive symptoms. In this study, we evaluated the association between self-reported allergies and several Axis I disorders in a community population. Method: The data source was the 2002 Canadian Community Health Study. This study included the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and collected self-report data about food and environmental allergies. Crude associations were estimated and logistic regression was subsequently used to adjust for demographic variables. Results: Self-reported allergies to food and non-food allergies were associated with mood and anxiety disorders, but not to substance dependence. The adjusted odds ratio for major depression in subjects reporting food allergies was 1.8 (95% CI 1.5–2.3) and for other allergies was 1.5 (95% CI 1.2–1.7). Associations of comparable strength were observed for bipolar disorder and for panic disorder/agoraphobia. The association with social phobia was statistically significant, but not as strong. Conclusions: Cross-sectional epidemiological data are most useful for descriptive purposes. This study is the first to confirm the presence of an association between allergies and mood and anxiety disorders, as opposed to symptom ratings, in a general population sample. Substance use disorders are not associated with self-reported allergies.
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in the Treatment of Delusional Parasitosis
Authors: Mercan Sibel , Altunay Ilknur Kivanc , Taskintuna Nilgun , Ogutcen Ozgur , Kayaoğlu Semra 
Published: April 2007

Introduction: Delusional parasitosis (DP) is a rare delusional disorder in which patients believe that they are infected with parasites, worms, insects, or bacteria. Antipsychotics are the preferred treatment in these patients. Method: Case series in which we summarize six patients with DP treated with atypical antipsychotic medications including amisulpride, olanzapine, and risperidone. Results: One patient had a myocardial infarction after being given amisulpride, and several patients did not adjust well. Parenterally administered antipsychotics, particularly risperidone, were the most effective treatment in this series of patients with DP. Conclusion: Patients with DP can be difficult to treat; however, parenterally administered antipsychotics appear to produce better results in these patients.
Major Depressive Disorder with Anger Attacks and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Fraguas Renerio , Iosifescu Dan V. , Bankier Bettina , Perlis Roy , Clementi-Craven Nicoletta , Alpert Jonathan , Fava Maurizio 
Published: April 2007

Objective: Depression and anger have been separately associated with cardiovascular risk factors. We investigated if major depressive disorder (MDD) with concomitant anger attacks was associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Method: We measured total serum cholesterol, glycemia, resting blood pressure, and smoking parameters in 333 (52.9% women) MDD non-psychotic outpatients, mean age of 39.4 years. MDD was diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview (SC1D) in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R). The presence of anger attacks was established with the Massachusetts General Hospital Anger Attacks Questionnaire. Results: In a logistic regression analysis, anger attacks were independently associated with cholesterol levels ≥ 200mg/dL (odds ratio [OR], 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18–3.94) and years of smoking >11 (OR, 2.59; 95%CI, 1.32–5.04). Conclusions: MDD with anger attacks was significantly associated with increased cholesterol levels and years of smoking.
Effect of Practice on a Novel Task—Walking on a Treadmill: Preadolescents With and Without Down Syndrome
Authors: Smith Beth A , Kubo Masayoshi , Black David P , Holt Kenneth G , Ulrich Beverly D 
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose
The authors propose that preadolescents with Down syndrome (DS) initially adapt to contexts that challenge their stability by increasing stiffness and impulse but, with practice, they will continue to adapt, but in the opposite direction, by decreasing stiffness and impulse. The purpose of this study was to explore changes in stiffness and impulse values of participants with DS after sufficient, task-specific practice distributed over time in a motivating environment.

Subjects
Eight preadolescents with DS and 8 preadolescents with typical development (TD) participated.

Methods
At pretest and posttest visits, participants walked over ground at their preferred speed and on a treadmill at 40%, 75%, and 110% of their over-ground speed. Practice included 4 sessions of treadmill walking at 75% of over-ground speed for 12 minutes, with approximately 800 strides per leg per session.

Results
The preadolescents with DS had reduced stiffness and impulse values following walking practice while still producing kinematic patterns uniquely different from those of their peers with TD.

Discussion and Conclusion
Preadolescents with DS can adjust their dynamic resources, both upward and downward. With practice, they can maintain stability while improving efficiency, producing stiffness and impulse values more like those of their peers with TD.
Polyarylene Networks via Bergman Cyclopolymerization of Bis‐ortho‐diynyl Arenes
Authors: Smith D. W. , Shah H. V. , Perera K. P. U. , Perpall M. W. , Babb D. A. , Martin S. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBis‐ortho‐diynylarene (BODA) monomers, prepared from common bisphenols in three high yielding steps, undergo free‐radical‐mediated thermal polymerization via an initial Bergman cyclo‐rearrangement. Polymerization is carried out at 210 °C in solution or neat with large pre‐vitrification melt windows (4–5 h) to form branched oligomers containing reactive pendant and terminal aryldiynes. Melt‐ and solution‐processable oligomers with weight‐average molecular weight Mw = 3000–24 000 g mol–1 can be coated as a thin film or molded using soft lithography techniques. Subsequent curing to 450 °C affords network polymers with no detectable glass transition temperatures below 400 °C and thermal stability ranging from 0.5–1.5 % h–1 isothermal weight loss measured at 450 °C under nitrogen. Heating to 900–1000 °C gives semiconductive glassy carbon in high yield. BODA monomer synthesis, network characterization and kinetics, processability, thin‐film photoluminescence, and thermal properties are described.
On estimating the water content of gas in equilibrium with gas hydrate or ice
Authors: Mohammadi Amir H. , Richon Dominique 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExperimental data for water content of gases and petroleum fluids in equilibrium with gas hydrates/ice are rare and scarce. This is partly due to the fact that water content is very low at these conditions, and, hence, generally very difficult to measure. Furthermore, reaching hydrate/ice equilibrium is a very time‐consuming process. Fortunately, estimation of corresponding water content in equilibrium with meta‐stable liquid water is easier. Expressions have been developed, based on equality of fugacity in equilibrium phases for relating water content in equilibrium with gas hydrates/ice, to corresponding water content in equilibrium with metastable liquid water. The results of this method are then compared with some experimental data reported in the literature. These results show that using only data on corresponding water content in equilibrium with metastable liquid water can lead to relatively acceptable predictions of water content in equilibrium with gas hydrates/ice. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Relationship of lipid secretion and particle size to diffuse interstitial change in pneumoconiosis: A pathogenetic perspective
Authors: Heppleston A. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSimple pneumoconiosis due to compact particles, notably in coal workers, sometimes departs from its customary focal formations and a more diffuse distribution of dust‐impregnated fibrosis is superimposed. To account for this change, which may be reflected in the acquisition of radiologically irregular opacities in addition to rounded ones, attention is directed first toward type II alveolar epithelium. These cells come early into contact with inhaled particles and the lipid secretion provoked prevents their characteristic aggregation, so they remain in a more dispersed state and the consequent fibrotic reaction then tends to become diffuse. Second, submicron particles appear to act not from within the alveolus like the more usual larger ones, but after direct passage through type I epithelium into the interstitium, where lacking focal accumulation they are able to produce diffuse changes. Complexities, however, remain, among which are coalescence of focal lesions as their severity increases and interplay of agents producing interstitial fibrosis in the general population.
Medical appraisal during health hazard evaluations involving workers exposed to lead
Authors: Sharp Gerald B. , Gosai Kam , Finklea John F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo evaluate the medical aspects of the Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) program of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 170 lead‐related HHE reports published through 1984 were examined. The percentages of HHEs conducting basic medical examination procedures justified by elevated environmental exposure to lead at worksites were as follows: blood or urine lead level testing, 57%; medical history taking, 55%; physical examinations, 23%; CBCs, 18%; and urinalysis, 7%. The HHE program has primarily focused on whether or not environmental worksite hazards are present at the time of the evaluation and not on ascertaining whether there is evidence of adverse health effects attributable to past worksite exposures. The program has not focused on minimizing adverse health effects when they exist or on providing a series of building blocks for health effects research. More clearly defined HHE program goals and a logic for deciding when and how medical examinations should be performed during HHEs need to be developed.
Epidemiology of coca and alcohol use among high‐altitude miners in argentina
Authors: Schinder E. O. M. , Ruder A. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA medical survey of 107 high‐altitude miners was conducted in Argentina in 1976–1977. Daily chewing of coca leaves was reported by 70 (65%) respondents. Another 15 (14%) used coca occasionally. Weekly alcohol drinking was reported by 36 (34%) respondents, and 14 (14%) drank occasionally. Thirty‐five of the weekly drinkers were also daily users of coca. Habitual users did not differ from other workers in mean age or total number of years worked. Daily use of coca was significantly higher among miners with a heavy work load as compared with those having a moderate‐to‐light work load (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.24); it was also higher among those who had worked only underground rather than always or ever aboveground (OR 7.25), among those working as drillers or cart pushers as opposed to other tasks (OR 6.56), and among Mestizos and Indians compared with whites (OR 3.33). Weekly alcohol use was significantly higher among miners with a heavy work load (OR 6.49), those always working underground (OR 5.57), and those working as drillers or cart pushers (OR 3.67). Adjusting for possible confounding effects of these parameters on each other, the significant associations with habituation were clearly work site, work load, and task.
Drug testing: Technical complications of a complex social issue
Authors: McCunney Robert J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo control the adverse effects of substance abuse, urinary drug testing has become common practice in some occupational settings. Although it is virtually impossible to assess accurately the impact of drug abuse at work, increased accidents and absenteeism as well as impaired productivity have been attributed to drug abuse. The major analytical techniques used to screen for illegal drug use are thin‐layer chromatography and enzyme‐ and radioimmunoassays. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry is uniformly recommended to confirm any positive screening test. The major technical problem in interpreting screening tests is that the presence of a substance in the urine indicates merely exposure to the drug, not necessarily intoxication, habituation, or addiction. Since no certifying criteria are available to insure quality control among laboratories performing urinary drug testing, results may vary widely. In fact, a study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control suggests that poor performance of some laboratories may adversely affect the treatment of drug abuse. The Federal Rehabilitation Act (1973, section 504) prohibits discrimination against the handicapped, which includes both drug abuse and alcoholism. Legal challenges to urinary drug testing have focused on issues related to the right to privacy and freedom from unreasonable searches. Because of the wide‐ranging legal, ethical, and medical ramifications of drug‐screening programs, careful review of these issues is recommended before an organization establishes such a program.
Assessment and management of occupational risks in the nordic (scandinavian) countries
Authors: Holmberg Bo , Lundberg Per 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOccupational health standards in the Scandinavian countries are of national concern and may thus vary from country to country. There is an internordic collaboration in the scientific criteria work, but there are also national formal procedures for standard setting. There is a greater tendency to accept eye, nose, or throat irritations as indices of harm than the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) does. For organic solvents, neurotoxicity has been focused on for many years, although the differences between values in the ACGIH list and in the Nordic countries have diminished. Occupational standard setting in the Nordic countries is much influenced by technological feasibility and socioeconomic criteria. Sweden has a formalized procedure for the underlying scientific and transscientific assessments.
Screening Vs. Individual detection of industrial fluorosis: A decision analysis model
Authors: Morabia Alfredo , Rey Paule , Bousquet Arnaud 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn preventive medicine and occupational health, decision‐makers face uncertainty, divergent opinions, and varying needs. In the Swiss aluminum industry, screening for industrial fluorosis illustrates how decision analysis and cost‐effectiveness analysis can provide rational and explicit models of decision‐making in such contexts. Data on fluoride‐exposed potroom workers are used to compare the cost‐effectiveness of two strategies: mass screening of fluorosis versus individual detection of the disease on the basis of the worker's symptoms. A decision‐analysis and a sensitivity analysis are performed to assess the impact of the screening program for different levels of expected prevalence of the disease. The optimal decision, in economic terms, is the one that minimizes the pension and screening‐related costs and maximizes the number of years of full working capacity. Swiss data suggest that a diagnosis of clinical fluorosis is unlikely before 10 years of exposure to fluoride. Between 10 and 30 years of exposure to fluoride, mass screening may be more cost‐effective than individual detection of the disease, even when the expected prevalence of the disease in a given industrial setting is less than 10%.
Occupational cancer mortality in Illinois white and black males, 1979‐1984, for seven cancer sites
Authors: Mallin Katherine , Rubin Marsha , Joo Esther 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA death certificate mortality odds ratio study of seven cancer sites was conducted by using 1979‐1984 data on Illinois deaths in white and black males. Cancer sites selected include stomach, pancreas, lung, prostate, bladder, brain, and non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. This surveillance study was undertaken to detect occupational associations that might suggest further avenues of research. Some of the occupations and industries found to have elevated cancer risks and that are consistent with previous studies include: brickmasons and stonemasons (stomach); metal workers (pancreas, lung); photoengravers and lithographers (pancreas); butchers (lung); locomotive operators and truck drivers (lung): farmers (prostate, brain, non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma); mechanics and repairers, especially auto mechanics (prostate); physicians (brain); glass products manufacturing workers (brain); and communications industry (brain) and chemical plant workers (non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas). It was also noted that for black males, the death certificate occupational data are of limited usefulness due to the high percentage of missing or inexact information. The Division of Vital Records in the State of Illinois should make an effort to improve the reporting of this data through additional training of the funeral directors and hospital clerks who collect this information and by follow‐up of incomplete or missing data.
Silica exposure and silicosis among ontario hardrock miners: III. Analysis and risk estimates
Authors: Muir D. C. F. , Julian J. A. , Shannon H. S. , Verma D. K. , Sebestyen A. , Bernholz C. D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn epidemiological investigation was undertaken to determine the relationship between silicosis in hardrock miners in Ontario and cumulative exposure to silica (free crystalline silica–‐α quartz) dust. This report describes the analytic method and presents the risk estimates.
Chest X‐rays in hypersensitivity pneumonitis: A metaanalysis of secular trend
Authors: Hodgson Michael J. , Parkinson David K. , Karpf Michael 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA metaanalysis of published reports of outbreaks of hypersensitivity pneumonitis was undertaken. A statistically significant substantial decline was seen in the sensitivity of chest X‐rays (percent of positive in cases of disease) for the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis over the years 1950–1980. Chest X‐rays were also less likely to be abnormal where a population‐based approach to the diagnosis of disease had been undertaken. Such declines in the diagnostic “sensitivity” of a test may be related to secular trends in knowledge and recognition of disease or to changes in the disease itself. Standardization of chest X‐ray interpretation alone, even if successful, may not resolve the issue of accurate diagnosis of interstitial lung disease.