bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Eckenfelder W. Wesley ,   Updated by Staff
Published: September 2006

AbstractThere is a scarcity of safe and good quality water at present and this problem will become more prevalent in the future. Sewage is the spent water supply of a community. Treatment of these spent waters (wastewater) is the focus of this article. Because of large equipment and land requirements, capital costs for wastewater‐treatment plants are high. A collection system that conveys both sanitary and storm flows must be designed to deal with high peak flows at a treatment plant.Wastewater treatment technologies differ from each other in terms of their principles, scope of application, speed, and economy. Waste treatments begins with minimization of wastes as a primary measures and then is followed by physical, chemical, electrical, thermal, and biological treatments. All of these options are discussed. Tertiary, or advanced, treatments convert water processed by the above technologies into good quality water that can be used for different purposes such as drinking, industrial, and medicinal uses. Alternative biological processes include lagoon and aerated lagoons, activated sludge, fixed‐film processes, rotating biological contactors, anaerobic, and aerobic treatments. Managing the removed pollutants (sludge) is also detailed. Newer technologies for wastewater treatment are addressed, eg, ultrasonic radiation, ionizing radiation, conducting polymers, use of zeolites. Storm‐water control is an important issue and EPA permitting regulations for control are given. Other disposal considerations that are not based on sewers include septic tanks, package units, and boat waste. Health and safety are also discussed.
Waxes
Authors: Leray Claude 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A review of waxes is provided, including classification, source, composition, production, testing, and applications. Waxes are generally classified according to source, such as natural waxes derived from animals or vegetables; mineral waxes derived from petroleum, coal, and peat; and synthetic waxes derived through polymerization of feed stocks, such as ethylene, methylene, and α‐olefins. The composition varies widely among the different classifications. Most of the natural waxes are mixtures with long‐chain alcohols, long‐chain carboxylic acids, and long‐chain esters as the major constituents. Waxes derived from coal and peat are similar, while the petroleum waxes consist almost exclusively of long‐chain hydrocarbons. Petroleum‐derived waxes are produced in massive quantities throughout the world. The synthetic waxes are generally low molecular weight polymers, with ethene polymers being the largest volume product. Since all waxes are fairly complex mixtures, physical properties are often used to describe the products. Uses vary from consumer products, such as chewing gum, cosmetics, and candles, to industrial applications, such as hot‐melt adhesives for carton sealing, flow modifier for plastic resins, and process additive for suspension polymerization.
Microfluidic modeling and design for continuous flow in electrokinetic mixing‐reaction channels
Authors: He Xiang , Hauan Steinar 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAdvances in microfluidics have inspired novel designs of LoC systems with integrated functionality and improved thermal and mass‐transfer characteristics. As important functional subsystems of LoC, microfluidic reaction systems can significantly reduce the need for space, materials, and energy, and often have shorter response times. Iterative design studies require accurate and fast models for subsystems. Here, we present two PFR‐network‐based models and a method of lines model for reaction subsystems. These two models employ two different discretization methods to reduce the set of PDEs into a system of coupled ODEs. We use our model to analyze an example micro mixing‐reaction system. The results illustrate how reaction channel length and the electric potential difference influence the product yields and selectivities. These models are ready to be combined other subsystem models for the design of integrated LoC systems.
Polyelectrolyte complex membranes based on two anionic polysaccharides composed of sodium alginate and carrageenan: The effect of annealing on the separation of methanol/water mixtures
Authors: Kim Sang‐Gyun , Lee Ki‐Sub , Lee Kew‐Ho 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThrough the complexation of two anionic polysaccharide blends composed of sodium alginate and carrageenan with divalent calcium ions, polyelectrolyte complex membranes were prepared. The effects of annealing on the structure of the polyelectrolyte complex membranes and on their performance at removing water from a methanol mixture were investigated and discussed. The annealed membranes exhibited a change in their crystallinity. The change was due to a rearrangement of polymer chains, which was induced by a deformation of the chelate structure and intramolecular or intermolecular interactions between the polysaccharides. Because of the effects of annealing on the resulting membranes, water components almost penetrated the membranes to the permeate side in the vapor permeation process. Moreover, the membrane performances were gradually enhanced as the operating temperature increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5781–5788, 2006
Effect of porosigen on the swelling behavior and drug release of porous N‐isopropylacrylamide/poly(ethylene glycol) monomethylether acrylate copolymeric hydrogels
Authors: Lee Wen‐Fu , Lin Yu‐Hung 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA series of porous thermoreversible hydrogels were prepared from N‐isopropylacrylamide (90 mol %) and poly(ethylene glycol) methylether acrylate (10 mol %), which was derived from poly(ethylene glycol) monomethylether, N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide, and porosigen, or poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) with different molecular weights (MWs). The influence of pore volume in the gel on the physical properties, swelling kinetics, and solute permeation from these porous gels was investigated. The results show that the surface areas, pore volumes, and equilibrium swelling ratios for the porous gels increased with increasing MW of PEG, but the shear moduli and effective crosslinking densities decreased with increasing MW of PEG. The results from the dynamic swelling kinetics show that the transport mechanism was non‐Fickian. The diffusion coefficients of water penetrating into the gels increased with increasing pore volume of the gels. In addition, we also studied solute permeation through the porous gel controlled by temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5490–5499, 2006
Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of side‐chain cholesteric liquid‐crystalline polymers containing menthyl groups
Authors: Du Bing‐Guang , Hu Jian‐She , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Xiao Lin‐Jiu , Wei Ke‐Qi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA series of new cholesteric liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes (P1–P5) derived from menthyl groups were synthesized. The chemical structures of the monomers and polymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and elemental analyses. The mesomorphic properties and thermal behavior were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The influence of the polymer structure on the thermal behavior was discussed. The monomer diosgeninyl 4‐allyloxybenzoate exhibited a typical cholesteric oily‐streak texture and a focal‐conic texture. Polymers P1–P5 showed thermotropic liquid‐crystalline properties. P1 displayed a smectic fan‐shaped texture, P2–P5 showed a cholesteric Grandjean texture, and P6 and P7 did not show mesomorphic properties. The experimental results demonstrated that the glass‐transition temperature and the clearing temperature decreased, and the mesomorphic properties weakened with an increasing concentration of menthyl units. Moreover, P1–P5 exhibited wide mesophase temperature ranges and high thermal stability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:5559–5565, 2006
Isothermal and nonisothermal melt crystallization kinetics of a novel poly(aryl ether ketone ether ketone ketone) containing a meta‐phenyl linkage
Authors: Qiu Zhaobin , Yang Wantai 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe isothermal and nonisothermal melt crystallization kinetics of a novel poly(aryl ether ketone ether ketone ketone) containing a meta‐phenyl linkage (PEKEKmK) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The Avrami equation was used to analyze the isothermal crystallization kinetics of PEKEKmK. The crystallization mechanism did not change within the crystallization temperature range, but the crystallization rate decreased with an increase in the crystallization temperature. The equilibrium melting point, T, was determined to be 327°C according to the Hoffman–Weeks equation. Moreover, the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of PEKEKmK was also investigated by the Avrami equation as modified by Jeziorny. It was found that the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of PEKEKmK could be described well by this method at various cooling rates, although the parameters n and Zc did not have the same clear physical meaning as for isothermal crystallization kinetics. The thermal properties and crystallization characteristics of PEKEKmK were compared with those of all‐para PEKEKK(T) and PEKEKK(T/I) with a T/I ratio of 1. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4775–4779, 2006
PP/LDPE blends produced by reactive processing. I. Grafting efficiency and rheological and high‐elastic properties of [PP/LDPE]‐g‐IA melts
Authors: Pesetskii S. S. , Jurkowski B. , Krivoguz Y. M. , Tomczyk T. , Makarenko O. A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractItaconic acid (IA) was grafted onto polypropylene/low‐density polyethylene (PP/LDPE) blends. The ratio of polymeric components was varied from 100 : 0 to 0 : 100. The effect of the variation in the ratios of the components on grafting efficiency and concomitant side processes was studied. Grafting of IA (1 wt %) was initiated by 2,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐di(tert‐butyl peroxy)‐hexane (0.3 wt %) and was carried out in an extruder reactor equipped with a dynamic mixer. An increase in the PP content of the blend led to a lower yield of the grafted product. With low concentrations of LDPE in the blend (up to 25 wt %), grafting efficiency was observed to increase, and this increase was greater in comparison with the additive rule. Between 25 and 99 wt % of LDPE in the blend, grafting efficiency rose monotonically with LDPE concentration. At or below an LDPE content of 25 wt %, the melt flow index (MFI) of [PP/LDPE]‐g‐IA would increase unlike with PP‐g‐IA systems. But a small quantity of PP (below 25 wt %) in the [PP/LDPE]‐g‐IA blends would result in a decreased MFI unlike with LDPE‐g‐IA. The dependence of swell index and melt strength on the ratio of polymeric components in [PP/LDPE]‐g‐IA blends also was investigated. ©2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5095–5104, 2006
Impacts of impregnation with boron compounds on surface roughness of woods and varnished surfaces
Authors: Örs Yalçın , Atar Musa , Keskin Hakan , Çolakoğlu Mustafa H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis study determines the effects of the process of impregnation of boron compounds on the surface roughness of Oriental beech, Scotch pine, Oriental spruce, and Uludağ fir woods and varnished surfaces. For this purpose, samples are prepared according to ASTM D 358 and impregnated according to ASTM D 1413‐99 with a 5.5% solution of boric acid (Ba), borax (Bx), and Ba with Bx (Ba + Bx) and varnished with synthetic varnish (Sv) and water‐based varnish (Wb) in accordance with ASTM D 3023. The surface roughness is determined according to ISO 4287 and TS 930 standards. The results indicate that the surface roughness is the highest in Uludağ fir, Wb, and Bx and the lowest in Oriental spruce, Sv, and Ba + Bx. For the combination of wood, impregnation material, and varnish, the surface roughness is the highest in Oriental beech with Bx and Wb and the lowest in Scotch pine with Ba + Bx and Sv. The surface roughness is less in impregnated samples than unimpregnated samples and in impregnated and varnished samples than impregnated and unvarnished samples. According to these results, boron compounds decrease the surface roughness of varnishes and wood materials. Thus, impregnation of wood with boron compounds decreases the surface roughness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4952–4957, 2006
Biologically active polymers. IV. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of tartaric acid polyamides
Authors: Kenawy El‐Refaie , Abdel‐Hay Fouad I. , Shahada Lamies , El‐Shanshoury Abd El‐Raheem R. , El‐Newehy Mohamed H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNew bactericidal polyamides with quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salts were prepared, and their antimicrobial activities were explored. The polyamides were synthesized by the polycondensation of diethyl‐l‐tartrate or chloromethylated diethyl‐l‐tartrate with ethylenediamine in dry absolute ethanol. The polyamides were modified to yield polymers with either quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salts. The polymers were characterized with elemental microanalysis and 1H‐NMR and IR spectra. The antimicrobial activity of the polymers bearing onium salts was studied against Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomones aeruginosa, Shigella sp., and Salmonella typhae), Gram‐positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus), and a fungus (Trichophytum rubrum) by the cut‐plug and viable‐cell‐count methods. Although all the polymers showed high antibacterial activity, some had no antifungal activity. The tributyl phosphonium salt of the polyamide was more effective against both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria than the triethyl ammonium and triphenyl phosphonium salts of the polyamide. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4780–4790, 2006
ESR study of hydroxyl alkoxyamine (HMPAP) in DMF and tert‐butylbenzene
Authors: Yin Meizhen , Krause Tilo , Habicher Wolf D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHydroxyl alkoxyamine (HMPAP) in DMF and in tert‐butylbenzene with oxygen as a scavenger was studied with electron spin resonance spectroscopy. From kinetics studies performed at 120°C, it was found that the rate constant of CO bond homolysis was smaller in DMF than in tert‐butylbenzene. The difference in the behavior could be related to the formation of an activated six‐membered intermediate formed through intramolecular H‐bonding in tert‐butylbenzene and the disruption of H‐bonding in the polar solvent DMF. This led to alteration of the equilibrium constant between the alkoxyamine and the corresponding nitroxide and C‐centered radical in DMF and decreased initiating efficiency for the controlled/living radical polymerization using HMPAP as initiator. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4116–4120, 2006
Application of DMEU/SiO2 gel solution in the antiwrinkle finishing of cotton fabrics
Authors: Huang K. S. , Nien Y. H. , Hsiao K. C. , Chang Y. S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this experiment, cotton fabrics were treated by padding, drying, and curing with an antiwrinkle finishing reagent, dimethylolethylene urea (DMEU), in combination with different concentrations of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and isopropanol (IPA) at various volumes. The treated fabrics were studied to determine the effects of adding TEOS and IPA. They were also analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods to examine the binding between SiO2 and DMEU. The results showed that hydrogen bonds formed between SiO2 and DMEU. TEOS was found to improve the antiwrinkle properties, tensile strength retention, and yellowing of the treated fabrics, although their softness was slightly reduced. The solvent IPA was shown to decrease the tensile strength of treated fabrics, although it improved their antiwrinkle properties. We observed only one stage of pyrolysis in untreated cotton fabrics, whereas the treated fabrics showed two stages. In addition, the fabrics treated with TEOS showed improved heat resistance. Our findings demonstrated that cotton fabrics showed excellent antiwrinkle properties and high tensile strength, when treated with a finishing solution composed of DMEU, 3% TEOS, IPA and water, followed by predrying and curing. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4136–4143, 2006
Blend films of O‐carboxymethyl chitosan and cellulose in N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide monohydrate
Authors: Zhuang X. P. , Liu X. F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTo introduce N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMMO) process to prepare antibacterial lyocell fiber, the blend films of O‐carboxymethyl chitosan (O‐CMCS) and cellulose were prepared. O‐CMCS in aqueous suspension with particles having a surface mean diameter of 2.24 μm was blended with cellulose in NMMO hydrate. The blend films with different O‐CMCS content were prepared with the blend solutions. SEM confirmed that O‐CMCS remained within the cellulose film in the particle. The mechanical properties of the blend films show little increased value when O‐CMCS was less 5%; however, it decreased sharply when O‐CMCS was over 8%. Thus, the optimum O‐CMCS content may give a good combination of antibacterial action and mechanical properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4601–4605, 2006
Comparing reinforcement strategies for epoxy networks using reactive and non‐reactive fortifiers
Authors: Calzia Kevin J. , Forcum Anne , Lesser Alan J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractImprovements in physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of an epoxy network are made with the use of a unique class of molecules that reinforce the network at the molecular scale. These molecules are commonly referred to as antiplasticizers or fortifiers. In this contribution, two types of fortifiers are incorporated into the model epoxy network. One, dimethyl methylphosphonate, is a simple additive while the other, diethyl phosphoramidate, contains a reactive amine and is cured as part of the network. The two approaches provide some unique differences in the physical and mechanical properties of the networks. Several mechanisms of fortification are discussed and correlated to the observed properties. In addition, it is shown that the fortifiers improve the rheological characteristics of the epoxy resin and act as fire‐retardants in the cured network. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4606–4615, 2006
Post‐extrusion solid‐state polymerization of fully drawn polyester yarns
Authors: Agrawal Ashwini K. , Mhaisgawali Vilas T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPost‐extrusion solid‐state polymerization (SSP) of a commercial fully drawn filament yarn (FDY) of poly(ethylene terephthalate) was carried out at 220°C, 230°C, and 240°C for a duration of 30 min to 2 h under inert atmosphere. Molecular weight of the solid‐state polymerized polyester filaments was increased from 1.67 × 104 gm/mol to a maximum of 2.61 × 104 gm/mole for the sample subjected to 240°C for 2 h. The kinetics of the SSP in the highly oriented crystalline FDY polyester filaments was investigated using an empirical relation between initial molecular weight and time of SSP and was found to be greatly enhanced, compared to amorphous unoriented polyester chips. Though the free annealing (i.e., under no tension) of samples at high temperature during solid‐state polymerization had a detrimental effect on the orientation of the FDY yarn, the simultaneous increase in the molecular weight compensated the loss in mechanical properties to a great extent. Application of tension during SSP was found to improve the mechanical properties of the SSP yarn by a small value. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5113–5122, 2006
Studies on blends of natural rubber and ethylene propylene diene rubber modified with phosphorylated cardanol prepolymer: Processability, physico‐mechanical properties, and morphology
Authors: Menon A. R. R. , Sonia T. A. , Sudha J. D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe melt processability and physico‐mechanical properties of blends of natural rubber (NR) and ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) containing different dosages (0–10 phr) of phosphorylated cardanol prepolymer (PCP) were studied in unfilled and china‐clay‐filled mixes. The plasticizing effect of PCP in the blends was evidenced by progressive reduction in power consumption of the mixing and activation energy for melt flow with an increase in the dosage of PCP. The PCP‐modified blend vulcanizates showed higher tensile properties and tear strength despite a decrease in the chemical crosslink density (CLD) index. This is presumably due to the formation of a crosslinked network structure of PCP with the rubbers and improved dispersion of the filler particles in the rubber matrix, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Thermogravimetric analysis showed an increase in thermal stability of the blend vulcanizate in presence of 5 phr of PCP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5123–5130, 2006
Dynamic mechanical properties in blends of poly(styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene) with aromatic hydrocarbon resin
Authors: Wu Caiyun , Wu Guozhang , Wu Chifei 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe damping properties in blends of poly(styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene) (SIS) and hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbon (C9) resin were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis. SIS exhibited two independent peaks of loss factor (tan δ) corresponding to the glass transition of polyisoprene (PI) and polystyrene (PS) segments, respectively. The addition of hydrogenated C9 resin had a positive impact on the damping of SIS. With the increasing softening point and content of the resin, the main tan δ peak shifted to higher temperatures and the useful damping temperature range was broadened. Addition of mica or PS was found to widen the effective damping range evidently in the high‐temperature region, especially when PS was mixed in the solid state. It was concluded that the dispersed PS domains played a role of reinforcing fillers at low temperatures and served as a polymer component with a tan δ peak due to its glass transition at the high temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:4157–4164, 2006
Interfacial studies on the surface modified aramid fiber reinforced epoxy composites
Authors: Wu Ju , Cheng Xian‐Hua 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this work, solutions of rare earth modifier (RES) and epoxy chloropropane (ECP) grafting modification method were used for the surface treatment of aramid fiber. The effect of chemical treatment on aramid fiber has been studied in a composite system. The surface characteristics of aramid fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The interfacial properties of aramid/epoxy composites were investigated by means of the single fiber pull‐out tests. The mechanical properties of the aramid/epoxy composites were studied by interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). As a result, it was found that RES surface treatment is superior to ECP grafting treatment in promoting the interfacial adhesion between aramid fiber and epoxy matrix, resulting in the improved mechanical properties of the composites. Meanwhile, the tensile strengths of single fibers were almost not affected by RES treatment. This was probably due to the presence of reactive functional groups on the aramid fiber surface, leading to an increment of interfacial binding force between fibers and matrix in a composite system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:4165–4170, 2006