bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relativistic single-electron wavepacket in quantum electromagnetic fields: quantum coherence, correlations, and the Unruh effect
Authors: Lin Shih-Yuin , Hu Bei-Lok 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Conventional formulation of QED since the 50s works very well for stationary states and for scattering problems, but with newly arisen challenges from the 80s on, where real time evolution of particles in a nonequilibrium setting are required, and quantum features such as coherence, dissipation, correlation and entanglement in a system interacting with its quantum field environment are sought after, new ways to formulate QED suitable for these purposes beckon. In this paper we present a linearized effective theory using a Gaussian wavepacket description of a charged relativistic particle coupled to quantum electromagnetic fields to study the interplay between single electrons and quantum fields in free space, at a scale well below the Schwinger limit. The proper values of the regulators in our effective theory are determined from the data of individual experiments, and will be time-dependent in the laboratory frame if the single electrons are accelerated. Using this new theoretical tool, we address the issues of decoherence of flying electrons in free space and the impact of Unruh effect on the electrons. Our result suggests that vacuum fluctuations may be a major source of blurring the interference pattern in electron microscopes. For a single electron accelerated in a uniform electric field, we identify the Unruh effect in the two-point correlators of the deviations from the electron’s classical trajectory. From our calculations we also bring out some subtleties, involving the bosonic versus fermionic spectral functions.
Anomaly constraints for heterotic strings and supergravity in six dimensions
Authors: Basile Ivano , Leone Giorgio 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The landscape of six-dimensional supergravities is dramatically constrained by the cancellation of gauge and gravitational anomalies, but the full extent of its implications has not been uncovered. We explore the cancellation of global anomalies of the Dai-Freed type in this setting with abelian and simply laced gauge groups, finding novel constraints. In particular, we exclude arbitrarily large abelian charges in an infinite family of theories for certain types of quadratic refinements, including a specific one defined in the literature. We also show that the Gepner orientifold with no tensor multiplets is anomaly-free for a different choice, as well as a number of heterotic models with and without spacetime supersymmetry in six dimensions. The latter analysis extends previous results in ten dimensions to some lower-dimensional settings in the heterotic landscape.
Revisiting metastable cosmic string breaking
Authors: Chitose Akifumi , Ibe Masahiro , Nakayama Yuhei , Shirai Satoshi , Watanabe Keiichi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Metastable cosmic strings appear in models of new physics with a two-step symmetry breaking G → H → 1, where π1(H) ≠ 0 and π1(G) = 0. They decay via the monopole-antimonopole pair creation inside. Conventionally, the breaking rate has been estimated by an infinitely thin string approximation, which requires a large hierarchy between the symmetry breaking scales. In this paper, we reexamine it by taking into account the finite sizes of both the cosmic string and the monopole. We obtain a robust lower limit on the tunneling factor $$ {e}^{-{S}_B} $$

e

−

S
B

even for regimes the conventional estimate is unreliable. In particular, it is relevant to the cosmic string interpretation of the gravitational wave signals recently reported by pulsar timing array experiments.
Dark sector glueballs at the LHC
Authors: Batz Austin , Cohen Timothy , Curtin David , Gemmell Caleb , Kribs Graham D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We study confining dark sectors where the lightest hadrons are glueballs. Such models can provide viable dark matter candidates and appear in some neutral naturalness scenarios. In this work, we introduce a new phenomenological model of dark glueball hadronization inspired by the Lund string model. This enables us to make the most physically-motivated predictions for dark glueball phenomenology at the LHC to date. Our model approximately reproduces the expected thermal distribution of hadron species as an emergent consequence of hadronization dynamics. The ability to predict the production of glueball states heavier than the lightest species significantly expands the reach of long-lived glueball searches in MATHUSLA compared to previous simplified estimates. We also characterize regions of parameter space where emerging and/or semivisible jets could arise from pure-glue dark sectors, thereby providing new benchmark models that motivate searches for these signatures.
Improved Standard-Model prediction for KL → ℓ+ℓ−
Authors: Hoferichter Martin , Hoid Bai-Long , de Elvira Jacobo Ruiz 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We present a comprehensive calculation of the KL → γ∗γ∗ form factor in dispersion theory, using input from the leptonic decays KL → ℓ+ℓ−γ, $${K}_{L}\to {{\ell}}_{1}^{+}{{\ell}}_{1}^{-}{{\ell}}_{2}^{+}{{\ell}}_{2}^{-}$$, the hadronic mode KL → π+π−γ, the normalization KL → γγ, and the matching to asymptotic constraints. As key result we obtain an improved determination of the long-distance contribution to KL → ℓ+ℓ−, leading to the Standard-Model predictions Br[KL → μ+μ−] = $${7.44}_{-0.34}^{+0.41}$$ × 10−9, Br[KL → e+e−] = 8.46(37) × 10−12, and more stringent limits on physics beyond the Standard Model. We provide a detailed breakdown of the current uncertainty, and delineate how future experiments and the interplay with lattice QCD could help further improve the precision.
Elastic Kink-Meson scattering
Authors: Evslin Jarah , Liu Hui 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In classical field theory, radiation does not reflect off of reflectionless kinks. In quantum field theory, radiation quanta, called mesons, can be reflected. We provide a general analytical formula for the leading order amplitude and probability for the elastic scattering of mesons off of reflectionless quantum kinks. In the case of the Sine-Gordon model we verify that, due to a cancellation of six contributing processes, our general formula yields an amplitude of zero, as is required by integrability.
Instanton NDA and applications to axion models
Authors: Csáki Csaba , D’Agnolo Raffaele Tito , Kuflik Eric , Ruhdorfer Maximilian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We present a simple set of power counting rules which allows us to easily estimate calculable instanton effects up to $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(1) factors. We apply the resulting Instanton NDA to examine the effects of small instantons on various axion models. We confirm that mechanisms that increase the axion mass via small instantons generically also lead to an enhancement of misaligned instanton contributions to the axion potential, deepening the axion quality problem. For generic models, new sources of CP violation in the UV must be absent in order to raise the axion mass above the QCD prediction. However, we find that ZN and composite axions are UV-safe against these misalignment effects. Axion GUT models are also insensitive to UV contributions at the GUT scale, unless a very large number of extra states are introduced below this scale.
On the breakdown of eikonal approximation and survival of Reggeization in presence of dimension-5 Higgs-gluon coupling
Authors: Fucilla Michael , Nefedov Maxim A. , Papa Alessandro 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We consider the one-loop effective vertex for the interaction of a gluon with a Reggeized gluon and a Higgs boson in the infinite-top-mass limit, which is described by a dimension-5 non-renormalizable operator. This vertex enters the calculation of differential cross sections for the forward inclusive production of a Higgs boson in high-energy proton-proton collisions, possibly in association with a backward jet or identified hadron, in a framework where next-to-leading logarithms of the energy are resummed to all orders. The effective vertex is extracted from the high-energy behavior of two-to-two amplitudes for the Higgs production in parton-parton collisions and relies on the validity of the Regge form for these amplitudes. We find that the usual eikonal approximation (Gribov prescription) for the Regge limit and the known region-expansion technique in this limit lead to an incomplete result for the amplitude. The discrepancy is traced back to the non-renormalizable nature of the involved operator. However, the Regge limit of the exact QCD amplitude agrees with the Regge-pole exchange form at one loop, nontrivially supporting the Reggeization hypothesis.
Functional myelin in cognition and neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Khelfaoui Hasni , Ibaceta-Gonzalez Cristobal , Angulo Maria Cecilia 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn vertebrates, oligodendrocytes (OLs) are glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of neurons. The myelin sheath plays a crucial role in the transmission of neuronal information by promoting the rapid saltatory conduction of action potentials and providing neurons with structural and metabolic support. Saltatory conduction, first described in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), is now generally recognized as a universal evolutionary innovation to respond quickly to the environment: myelin helps us think and act fast. Nevertheless, the role of myelin in the central nervous system, especially in the brain, may not be primarily focused on accelerating conduction speed but rather on ensuring precision. Its principal function could be to coordinate various neuronal networks, promoting their synchronization through oscillations (or rhythms) relevant for specific information processing tasks. Interestingly, myelin has been directly involved in different types of cognitive processes relying on brain oscillations, and myelin plasticity is currently considered to be part of the fundamental mechanisms for memory formation and maintenance. However, despite ample evidence showing the involvement of myelin in cognition and neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by cognitive impairments, the link between myelin, brain oscillations, cognition and disease is not yet fully understood. In this review, we aim to highlight what is known and what remains to be explored to understand the role of myelin in high order brain processes.
The Achievement Set of Generalized Multigeometric Sequences
Authors: Karvatskyi Dmytro , Murillo Aniceto , Viruel Antonio 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe study the topology of all possible subsums of the generalized multigeometric series$$k_1f(x)+k_2f(x)+\dots +k_mf(x)+\dots + k_1f(x^n)+\dots +k_mf(x^n)+\dots ,$$

k
1

f

(
x
)

+

k
2

f

(
x
)

+
⋯
+

k
m

f

(
x
)

+
⋯
+

k
1

f

(

x
n

)

+
⋯
+

k
m

f

(

x
n

)

+
⋯
,

where $$k_1, k_2, \dots , k_m$$

k
1

,

k
2

,
⋯
,

k
m

are fixed positive real numbers and f runs along a certain class of non-negative functions on the unit interval. We detect particular regions of this interval for which this achievement set is, respectively, a compact interval, a Cantor set and a Cantorval.
On the Transport of Currents
Authors: Bonicatto Paolo 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn this work, we consider some evolutionary models for k-currents in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$

R

d

. We study a transport-type equation which can be seen as a generalisation of the transport/continuity equation and can be used to model the movement of singular structures in a medium, such as vortex points/lines/sheets in fluids or dislocation loops in crystals. We provide a detailed overview of recent results on this equation obtained mostly in (Bonicatto et al. Transport of currents and geometric Rademacher-type theorems. arXiv:2207.03922, 2022; Bonicatto et al. Existence and uniqueness for the transport of currents by Lipschitz vector fields. arXiv:2303.03218, 2023). We work within the setting of integral (sometimes merely normal) k-currents, covering in particular existence and uniqueness of solutions, structure theorems, rectifiability, and a number of Rademacher-type differentiability results. These differentiability results are sharp and can be formulated in terms of a novel condition we called “Negligible Criticality condition” (NC), which turns out to be related also to Sard’s Theorem. We finally provide a new stability result for integral currents satisfying (NC) in a uniform way.
Analysis of Deep Generative Model Impact on Feature Extraction and Dimension Reduction for Short Utterance Text-Independent Speaker Verification
Authors: Farhadipour Aref , Veisi Hadi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSpeaker verification is a biometric-based method for individual authentication. However, there are still several challenging problems in achieving high performance in short utterance text-independent conditions, maybe for weak speaker-specific features. Recently, deep learning algorithms have been used extensively in speech processing. This manuscript uses a deep belief network (DBN) as a deep generative method for feature extraction in speaker verification systems. This study aims to show the impact of using the proposed method in various challenging issues, including short utterances, text independence, language variation, and large-scale speaker verification. The proposed DBN uses MFCC as input and tries to extract more efficient features. This new representation of speaker information is evaluated in two popular speaker verification systems: GMM-UBM and i-vector-PLDA methods. The results show that, for the i-vector-PLDA system, the proposed feature decreases the EER considerably from 15.24 to 10.97%. In another experiment, DBN is used to reduce feature dimension and achieves significant results in decreasing computational time and increasing system response speed. In a case study, all the evaluations are performed for 1270 speakers of the NIST SRE2008 dataset. We show deep belief networks can be used in state-of-the-art acoustic modeling methods and more challenging datasets.
Interobserver variability in preclinical assessment of collision variables following traffic accidents
Authors: Hetz Michael , Rosch Julius , Unger Thomas , Struck Manuel F. , Schaser Klaus-Dieter , Kleber Christian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Traffic accidents persist as a leading cause of death. European law mandates the integration of automatic emergency call systems (eCall). Our project focuses on an automated injury prediction device for car accidents, correlating technical and epidemiological input data, such as age, gender, seating position, impact on the passenger compartment, seatbelt usage, impact direction, EES, vehicle class, and airbag deployment. This study aims to explore interobserver variability in data collection quality in real accident scenarios. The assessment will evaluate the impact of user training and measure the time needed for data collection to inform user recommendations for the prehospital assessment.
Insights from this study can aid in evaluating the ability of different professional groups to identify potential accident-independent parameters at accident scenes. This includes, among other things, relaying information to dispatchers at rescue control centers, also within the context of telemedicine approaches.

Methods
During group sessions, real accident scenarios were presented both before and after a training presentation. Participants, including laypersons, accident research staff, emergency services, hospital physicians, and emergency physicians, visually assessed injury prediction parameters within a time limit. Training involved defining and explaining parameters using accident images. The study analyzed participant demographics, prediction accuracy, and time required, comparing assessment quality between professional groups and before and after training.

Results
In summary, the study demonstrates that training had a significantly positive impact on the quality of assessment for technical accident parameters. The processing time decreased significantly after training. A notable training effect was observed, particularly for the parameters of rigid collision object, affected passenger compartment, energy equivalent speed (EES), and front and side airbags. It was recommended that individuals without prior knowledge should receive training on assessing EES. Overall, it was evident that technical parameters following a traffic accident can be well assessed through training, irrespective of the professional group.

Conclusion
Significant differences in the assessment quality of technical accident parameters were observed based on technical and medical expertise. After user training, interdisciplinary differences were reconciled, and all professional groups yielded comparable results, indicating that training can enhance the assessment abilities of all participants in the rescue chain, while the time required for assessing accident parameters was significantly reduced with training.
Comparative durability tests of preservative-treated and chemically modified wood – Assessment and classification on the basis of different decay tests
Authors: Brischke Christian , Bollmus Susanne , Emmerich Lukas 
Published: April 2024

AbstractNot before the year 2016, the European standard system did allow for classifying the durability of treated wood in addition to natural durability of untreated wood species. After its latest revision, EN 350 (2016) allows a durability classification of solid wood and wood-based materials with the help of five durability classes (DC) between ‘very durable’ (DC 1) and ‘non-durable’ (DC 5). However, different test methods, assessment measures, and calculation methods can be used for durability classification. This inevitably leads to different assessments of the biological durability of wood. This study aimed therefore on a comparative durability classification of preservative-treated and chemically modified wood (here: treated with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea, DMDHEU) using different laboratory and field test methods. Durability classes of the tested timbers differed not only between tested materials, but depended also on the applied test, assessment, and calculation method. In this respect, the use of relative values (x-values), i.e., mass loss (ML) or MOE loss data compared with a non-durable reference material can help to harmonize the classification and make DCs more comparable. The use of relative values can also help to reduce the effect of varying virulence of test fungi, activity of test soil substrates, and the climate-induced hazard of test sites.
Gestational age at birth and type 1 diabetes in childhood and young adulthood: a nationwide register study in Finland, Norway and Sweden
Authors: Metsälä Johanna , Risnes Kari , Persson Martina , Veijola Riitta , Pulakka Anna , Heikkilä Katriina , Alenius Suvi , Gissler Mika , Opdahl Signe , Sandin Sven , Kajantie Eero 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Children and adults born preterm have an increased risk of type 1 diabetes. However, there is limited information on risk patterns across the full range of gestational ages, especially after extremely preterm birth (23–27 weeks of gestation). We investigated the risk of type 1 diabetes in childhood and young adulthood across the full range of length of gestation at birth.

Methods
Data were obtained from national registers in Finland, Norway and Sweden. In each country, information on study participants and gestational age was collected from the Medical Birth Registers, information on type 1 diabetes diagnoses was collected from the National Patient Registers, and information on education, emigration and death was collected from the respective national register sources. Individual-level data were linked using unique personal identity codes. The study population included all individuals born alive between 1987 and 2016 to mothers whose country of birth was the respective Nordic country. Individuals were followed until diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, death, emigration or end of follow-up (31 December 2016 in Finland, 31 December 2017 in Norway and Sweden). Gestational age was categorised as extremely preterm (23–27 completed weeks), very preterm (28–31 weeks), moderately preterm (32–33 weeks), late preterm (34–36 weeks), early term (37–38 weeks), full term (39–41 weeks; reference) and post term (42–45 weeks). HRs and 95% CIs from country-specific covariate-adjusted Cox regression models were combined in a meta-analysis using a common-effect inverse-variance model.

Results
Among 5,501,276 individuals, 0.2% were born extremely preterm, 0.5% very preterm, 0.7% moderately preterm, 4.2% late preterm, 17.7% early term, 69.9% full term, and 6.7% post term. A type 1 diabetes diagnosis was recorded in 12,326 (0.8%), 6364 (0.5%) and 16,856 (0.7%) individuals at a median age of 8.2, 13.0 and 10.5 years in Finland, Norway and Sweden, respectively. Individuals born late preterm or early term had an increased risk of type 1 diabetes compared with their full-term-born peers (pooled, multiple confounder-adjusted HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.07, 1.18; and 1.15, 95% CI 1.11, 1.18, respectively). However, those born extremely preterm or very preterm had a decreased risk of type 1 diabetes (adjusted HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45, 0.88; and 0.78, 95% CI 0.67, 0.92, respectively). These associations were similar across all three countries.

Conclusions/interpretation
Individuals born late preterm and early term have an increased risk of type 1 diabetes while individuals born extremely preterm or very preterm have a decreased risk of type 1 diabetes compared with those born full term.

Graphical Abstract
The In-Ga-Sb association of the post-Variscan Zn-Pb-Ag vein deposit at Lautenthal, Upper Harz Mountains, Germany: sphalerite mineral chemistry
Authors: Graupner Torsten , Henning Sören , Goldmann Simon , Fuchs Sebastian , Stedingk Klaus , Liessmann Wilfried , Birkenfeld Sven 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe Lautenthal sphalerite-galena vein deposit is part of the world-class Upper Harz Pb-Zn-Ag district in the Harz uplift block of the Paleozoic Variscan fold belt in Germany. Its sphalerite-dominated mineral association was studied using bulk-ore chemistry, electron probe microanalysis, and laser ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry. Gallium and locally In are the main high-tech-relevant trace elements hosted by sphalerite, with up to 150 ppm Ga and up to 380 ppm In in hand-picked sphalerite samples (mean In/Zn, 0.70 × 10−3). Ore concentrates (≤ 50 kg) contain up to 65 ppm Ga and up to 109 ppm In (mean In/Zn, 0.36 × 10−3). Accessory Fe-Co-rich gersdorffite-1 occurs in the earlier quartz-sulfide ore stage and Sb-rich gersdorffite-2 in the later carbonate-sulfide stage. Enrichment patterns of In are either defined by overprinting textures in the Fe-richer sphalerite-1 of the earlier stage, or relate to primary growth zoning in Fe-poor sphalerite-2 of the later stage. Using the sphalerite geothermometer GGIMFis, formation temperatures (median) of sphalerite-1 were estimated at ~ 230 °C for the Lautenthal orebody and at ~ 175 °C for the Bromberg orebody, which may indicate lateral T-zonation for the earlier ore stage. Sphalerite-2 data indicate formation temperatures of ~ 185 °C (median). Copper-bearing brines of the carbonate-sulfide stage with assumed temperatures of ~ 250 °C initiated replacement of In-poor sphalerite-1 by chalcopyrite and remobilization of Zn and trace elements. Indium-rich sphalerite-2 occurs associated with calcite and fine-grained galena. A direct spatial or temporal link of ore formation to a magmatic-hydrothermal system is unlikely, which contrasts to In-rich epithermal and tin-polymetallic vein deposits worldwide.