bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test Method for Evaluating Motion between the Polymeric Articulating Surface and the Tibial Tray of Modular Total Knee Systems
Authors: Kirkpatrick LA 
Published: March 2009

Anatomic loads that are exerted on the tibial component can result in forces which exert compressive, tensile, and shear stresses in the modular connection between the articular surface and the tibial tray. Stability, as well as strength of the onnection, are important to the long-term function of the implant. Consequently, new modular knee designs should be subjected to rigorous analysis and testing to evaluate the modular connection stability.
Component tolerances and locking mechanism design are important to the stability of the interlock. Stability of the interlock is important when evaluating the ability of the design to limit relative motion and the generation of material debris. A static testing technique has been utilized to quantify the amount of relative motion that may occur between the articulating surface and the tibial tray. The method applies a transverse load to the locking mechanism in the plane of the articular surface/tibial tray interface while relative displacement versus load information is collected. With sufficiently low forces, multiple loadings may be applied to the same components for statistical analysis. Tests with displacements ranging from 0.13 to 0.56 mm have shown standard deviation ranges of 0.6 percent to 8.6 percent.
A plot of the force versus displacement data is useful in the analysis of the locking mechanism performance. Regions of movement, or sliding, between the components are indicated by a relatively low slope in the curve. A relatively high slope will indicate regions of stiffness of the mechanism. The results may then be used to compare the performance of the specimens with clinically successful designs.
Test Method Comparing Torsional Fatigue of Modular Acetabular Components
Authors: Lambert RD , McLean TW 
Published: March 2009

The acetabular component is the focus of new testing methods dedicated to the development of improved total hip prostheses. Test methods had previously been developed to assess the performance of the femoral component in both the static and dynamic modes. These methods were designed in accordance with standards generated by such organizations as ASTM, ISO, and by research institutions. However, acetabular components were generally tested in the static mode to evaluate engagement strength and torsional resistance of the liner. While these tests are important and give a measure of the mechanical integrity of the device, they do not fully address clinical performance.
From retrieved components, it appears that a loose or failing locking mechanism allows torsional forces to transfer through the liner causing liner abrasion, burnishing, and in some cases degradation of the locking mechanism itself. Success of the device may be further compromised by the biological response to debris created by micromotion between the mating components. This study was undertaken to assess the rotational stability of the acetabular liner in a dynamic mode. Several acetabular component designs were torsionally fatigued at ±2.5 Nm at a rate of 3–5 hertz for 10 million cycles. The test components exhibited liner micromotion ranging from 0.059° to 2.89°, and damage to the nonarticulating interface and locking mechanism of tested liners was visually identified.
This method for dynamic testing of acetabular components provides an understanding of the performance of the device under torsional fatigue conditions. It demonstrates the importance of a rotationally stable liner, as damage to the nonarticulating interface of tested liners is similar to damage reported in the literature for retrieved components. Further, it determines the endurance of the liner locking mechanism when subjected to dynamic torsional forces.
Fundamentals of Metals Ignition in Oxygen
Authors: Wilson DB , Stoltzfus JM 
Published: March 2009

Ignition is associated with the thermal energy input into the system occurring at a rate faster than thermal energy is being lost to the surroundings. The solution of an idealized model for ignition at a plane metal surface characterizes the material in terms of the property thermal inertia, kpc. The thermal inertia for six metals Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni and Ti, at their ignition temperatures is compared to the relative burn resistance of the metals in terms of BRmp, BRbp threshold pressure, resistance to ignition by particle impact and frictional heating ignition, pv. Thermal inertia is in agreement and appears to be suitable property for characterizing metals ignition. In addition, considerations for relaxing the assumptions associated with the idealized model are described and thermal inertia is still a valid characterization for the material.
The five measures associated with burning do not describe the dynamic system at ignition, nor is the build-up of a condensed product layer addressed by either the ideal model or relaxed model. The effect of this product layer is qualitatively discussed in terms of a Van Heerden diagram for the system. The mechanisms for providing sufficient circulation within the product layer and their representation in terms of dimensionless groups is described. The need for property data and mixing rules (for alloy properties) is pointed out.
Criteria for Water Penetration Testing
Authors: Choi ECC 
Published: March 2009

A major function of the envelope of a building is to protect the interior from weather and to provide a comfortable environment inside the building. Recently, there have been significant advancements in construction techniques and material science relating to building envelope construction. The information (the amount of wind and rain) required for the weathertightness design and testing of a building envelope is not as developed. There is no rational approach to obtain such criteria and the values used in the current practices involve significant uncertainties.
This paper proposes the use of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach to obtain the intensity of wind-driven rain which impinges a building's faces. This wind-driven rain intensity and the associated wind pressure are estimated systematically using CFD method and extreme-statistics analysis. Results of the analysis, which give the criteria for water penetration testing for a building envelope, are obtained as a function of the return period. This method is applied to a sample rectangular building situated in Sydney, Australia, and finds that the testing pressure is significantly higher than the value currently specified in ASTM E331-86.
The Application of Local Weather Data to the Simulation of Wind-Driven Rain
Authors: Galitz CL , Whitlock AR 
Published: March 2009

Due to the mismanagement of penetrating water, many masonry walls deteriorate long before the end of their intended life-span. The amount of penetrating water is dependent upon the permeability characteristics of the facade and the severity of wind-driven rain. Therefore, it would be useful to designers to know more precisely the environment in which their structures will be subjected, and also for investigators to have accurate means for assessing the performance of structures through the use of non-destructive water testing.
Current standards include methods for water test chamber, spray rack, and calibrated nozzle testing. Typically, these methods differ in water flow rates, impact velocity of water, air pressure differential and duration. These tests historically have not allowed the variation of testing parameters to compensate for realistic site conditions. The use of appropriate weather data can greatly improve the relevance of such testing.
This paper explores the conversion of published weather data to testing parameters which can be used to simulate weather conditions. Included is an analysis of the dynamics of rainfall and its impact on surfaces of various orientation. The analysis is based on the effects of wind speed, direction, surface orientation, and rainfall intensity. Also discussed are the appropriateness of water chamber, spray rack, and spray nozzle testing, with regards to accurate rainfall simulation.
The New Low Nitrogen Steel LNS — A Material for Advanced Aircraft Engine and Aerospace Bearing Applications
Authors: Berns H , Ebert F-J , Zoch H-W 
Published: March 2009

Development tendencies for future aircraft jet engines require new design concepts for rolling element bearings because of an overall increase of loads, temperatures, rotational speeds and the use of new high temperature lubricants.
This paper reviews some of the key parameters which in the past led to the development and application of the known aircraft bearing steels such as M50, M50 NiL and recently Cronidur 30®(AMS 5898). The performance limits of the currently used aerospace bearing steels and the increasing demands on bearing performance for future aerospace applications gave the impact to the design of a new corrosion resistant steel grade of the nitrogen alloyed type, which is suitable for case hardening by nitrogen — the so called “Low nitrogen steel (LNS)”.
The development of the alloy (U.S. pat. 5,503,797), the attainable properties and the corresponding heat treatment process are presented. Achievable hardness, case depth, residual stress pattern and corrosion resistance prove the new “LNS” to be a promising candidate for the next generation of aircraft engine bearings and for advanced, integrated bearing-gear-shaft design concepts.
High-Temperature Accelerant Arson—Revisited
Authors: Keltner NR , Hasegawa HK , White JA 
Published: March 2009

In the 1980's, there were a number of unusual arson fires involving very fast fire growth and in some cases premature structural failure. These characteristics posed great risks for fire fighters. The evidence, such as melted steel, indicated that a high temperature accelerant was involved. To support their investigation into these fires, the Seattle Fire Department organized a large scale demonstration. An accelerant with characteristics similar to rocket propellant was used to initiate a fire in a 1900 m2 room in a single story building. The accelerant produced peak heat fluxes of 250–300 kW/m2 in approximately five seconds. Approximately two minutes after ignition of the accelerant, there was an apparent backdraft event and then flashover occurred. The building was heavily involved within four minutes.
From this demonstration, the Seattle Fire Department developed and distributed information to help other fire departments recognize certain characteristics of this type of arson and modify their procedures to protect their personnel.
Science, Science Policy, and Risk-Based Management
Authors: Midgley LP 
Published: March 2009

Recent national awareness of the economic infeasibility of remediating hazardous waste sites to background levels has sparked increased interest in the role of science policy in the environmental risk assessment and risk management process. As individual states develop guidelines for addressing environmental risks at hazardous waste sites, the role of science policy decisions and uncertainty must be carefully evaluated to achieve long-term environmental goals and solutions that are economically feasible and optimally beneficial to all stakeholders. Amendment to Oregon Revised Statute 465.315 (1995; Oregon House Bill 3352) establishes policy and Utah Cleanup Action and Risk-Based Closure Standards (R315-101) sets requirements for risk-based cleanup and closure at sites where remediation or removal of hazardous constituents to background levels will not be achieved. This paper discusses the difficulties in effectively integrating potential current and future impacts on human health and the environment, technical feasibility, economic considerations, and political realities into environmental policy and standards, using these references as models.
Substantive revision of policy and processes requires the managing of science policy to prevent layering of biased assumptions within the risk assessment and risk management processes. The challenges facing process change are many, and include both technically complex and politically sensitive issues. Techniques such as probabilistic risk assessment and decision analysis can be used to quantitate risks and tradeoffs, and introduce a degree of reasonableness and objectivity to the risk assessment and management processes. However, the achievement of meaningful change will also require confronting subjective emotional issues and the development of total systems which will ultimately produce the desired results. This paper considers the role of both objective and subjective criteria in the risk-based closure and management processes and makes suggestions for improving the system by which these sites may be reclaimed.
The Design and Fabrication of a Calibrated Hot Box Apparatus
Authors: Gatland SD , Goss WP , Curcija D 
Published: March 2009

A second generation research calibrated hot box was designed and constructed at the University of Massachusetts's Building Energy Research Laboratory. The hot box was built to meet the test methodologies specified in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Methods C 976 [1] for calibrated hot boxes and C 1199 [2] for fenestration system hot box test methods.
The hot box has the capability of simulating both parallel and perpendicular weather side wind directions on building assemblies, including fenestration (window and door) systems. The weather side chamber has a temperature range of -23.3 °C to 60 °C (-10 °F to 140 °F) and the room side chamber has a temperature range of 21.1 °C to 60 °C (70 °F to 140 °F). The design, fabrication, and instrumentation are described in detail.
Thermal Imbalance in Hot Box Apparatus and In-Situ Measurements
Authors: Bisiol B , Campanale M , De Ponte F , Moro L 
Published: March 2009

Starting from the measurement principle for the determination of thermal resistance of a building element in the laboratory (guarded hot box method) and in-situ, possible testing errors are considered, in particular those due to temperature nonuniformity and imbalance between the metering and guard section. Almost all in-situ measurements are carried out in non-steady-state conditions, nevertheless imbalance problems are similar to those of such steady-state test methods as the guarded hot box.
Temperature non-uniformity on the surfaces of the specimen generates an uncertainty in the definition of the surface temperature itself, but, as a consequence, there is an associated potential temperature imbalance.
The scope of this work is to verify the semi-empirical expressions introduced in two documents of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN, Comité Européen de Normalisation) with those for guarded hot plate apparatus, analytically obtained and experimentally verified by Woodside and those analytically obtained for guarded hot box apparatus. Next, the application of the CEN expression to assess the effect of temperature non-uniformities was checked: for this purpose some homogeneous and layered structures have been analysed by the finite difference method.
Comparison of Experimental and Analytical Methods to Evaluate Thermal Bridges in Wall Systems
Authors: Desjarlais AO , McGowan AG 
Published: March 2009

Twelve ASTM C0236 guarded hot box experiments have been performed on wall systems containing a variety of thermal bridges. All of the wall systems included steel framing. Six walls also had a concrete block wall system and a concrete slab to simulate a wall/floor intersection. Thermal bridges included in the wall systems included steel studs, steel tracks, steel stud/track joints, fasteners (steel framing system), concrete slab, metal bolts and angle iron, and brick ties (concrete block wall).
Two-dimensional finite difference modelling was also employed to characterize the wall systems. The experimental test data was used to tune and ultimately validate the computer simulation model. The average variation between the tested and simulated wall system R-Values was 3.3% and ranged from -3.4 to +7.4%. The model was then used to determine the thermal impact of each individual thermal bridge.
Beside the standard complement of temperature sensors that are traditionally used for these laboratory experiments, additional sensors were installed near each thermal bridge to define the area and magnitude of the thermal distortion caused by the thermal bridge. These thermal bridges were analytically simulated and the additional heat flux due to each thermal bridge was computed.
This paper summarizes the experimental and analytical analyses used to characterize the wall systems and concentrate on the thermal impact each type of thermal bridge has on the overall performance of the wall systems.
A Variability Study on the ASTM Thin Slicing and Scaling Test Method for Evaluating the Long-Term Performance of an Extruded Polystyrene Foam Blown with HCFC-142b
Authors: Fabian BA , Graves RS , Hofton MR , Yarbrough DW 
Published: March 2009

The ASTM accelerated aging test method for unfaced foamboard insulation that is based on slicing and scaling has been used on an extruded polystyrene product blown with HCFC-142b. The test method including specimen preparation was carried out at three laboratories. The participating laboratories used different means to prepare thin test specimens. Thin slices of foamboard with and without surface skins were tested in order to assess the effect of skins on the aging process.
Measured values for the apparent thermal conductivity, ka, were used to calculate time average ka for life-times of 10, 20, and 40 years. The time-average ka, from the three laboratories differed by less than 2.5% for 1.5-inch-thick product and less than 2% for 2.0-inch-thick product. The ka for slices with skin on one surface were less than ka of slices of the core foam.
A Review of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Properties, Performance and New Applications
Authors: Greeley TR 
Published: March 2009

For over thirty years expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation products have been utilized and accepted by the construction industry as cost effective insulation for roof, wall and foundation applications. During the last several years a number of innovative applications utilizing EPS have been developed which provide creative and cost effective solutions for a variety of residential construction and civil engineering applications.
Residential construction has been dominated by wood stud building technology for over a 150 years. In the past ten years energy and resource conservation requirements and issues within the lumber industry have prompted renewed interest in alternative construction technologies. The most prominent of these are steel stud framing, insulated concrete walls, and structural insulated panels. All of these require the use of foam insulation to create successful energy efficient housing. A discussion is provided explaining insulated concrete form (ICF) systems and structural insulated panels (SIPs) and how the properties of EPS foam are suited to meet the unique requirements of these systems.
In addition ASTM Standard Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene (RCPS) Thermal Insulation (C 578) is discussed. It is the guide for polystyrene foam manufacturers and end users. It provides the specifications for the minimum performance which can be expected from various classifications of polystyrene foam. An understanding of these specifications can eliminate problems and confusion when using these materials. By following the specification, EPS materials can be ordered by type and specific application requirements.
Geosynthetics, products used below grade, including geomembranes, geotextiles and geogrids have been developed over the past twenty years. Now Geofoam EPS, a lightweight fill material, is available to assist civil engineers in stabilizing weak soil conditions in a variety of below grade applications. A brief history of the development and applications for Geofoam is provided.
Modeling and Experimental Evaluation of the Thermal Insulation Properties of Mineral Wool Products at High Temperature
Authors: de Dianous P , Pincemin F , Boulet P , Jeandel G 
Published: March 2009

We have studied radiative transfer through insulating materials made of fibres and slugs (modeled respectively as infinite cylinders and spheres) at elevated temperatures. The same theoretical analysis is used for both fibers and spheres: Kerker-Mie theory is applied to determine the radiative coefficients of each type of particle, from the bulk glass complex refractive index and the fiber and slug diameter spectrum. Average radiative coefficients are determined for both fibers and slugs. The independent scattering hypothesis enables us to derive the total radiative coefficients of the whole material using a mass weighted average.
The radiative transfer equation is solved for a one-dimensional problem, using the multiflux approximation. The conductive part is determined using a semi-empirical formula. The coupling between conduction and radiation is accounted for.
This radiative model is applied to mineral wool products at room and elevated temperatures (400°C). Materials made of glass or rock fibers are considered. Special attention is given to fibrous materials with slugs.
We show that radiative heat transfer reaches a minimum for given fiber and slug diameters. We study the respective contribution of fibers and slugs to radiative transfer as a function of the mean diameter and the amount of slugs present in the fibrous material.
Calculated fluxes are compared to experimental ones measured on industrial rock and glass wool products for temperatures ranging from 24 to 400°C. The calculations are performed using the diameter spectra of fibers and slugs measured for these products. The influence of fiber orientation is also studied to better fit experimental data.
A Model for the Settling of Attic Loose-Fill Insulations
Authors: Svennerstedt B 
Published: March 2009

An analytical model for settling of attic loose-fill thermal insulation can be helpful for both interpretation and prediction of observed settling behaviour. The prediction of the settling process in a model is also valuable, when estimating the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of the loose-fill insulation after a certain life time.
This paper presents a mathematical model for settling of attic loose-fill thermal insulation, which has been developed from a four element model representing three settling factors. These factors are insulation density, climate of the attic and vibrations of the building structure. One element represents moisture change of the attic loose-fill insulation material and another element represents vibrations of the building structure.
Settling data from ten years of field observations were used to obtain coefficients needed by the model. The resulting equations were used to predict the amount of settling for cellulose fibre and mineral fibre insulations for a 30 year perod.