bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Distinctive Personality Traits in Alcoholics
Authors: Cowan Lawrence , Auld Frank , Bégin Paul E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA picture‐preference test designed to measure ten traits believed to characterize alcoholics was administered to 106 alcoholics, 15 neurotics, and 80 normals. As predicted, alcoholics had higher scores on this test than normals or neurotics. The mean score of the neurotics was virtually the same as the mean of the normals. Whatever is measured by this test reliably distinguishes alcoholics from both neurotics and normals.
An Investigation of an Alcoholism Rehabilitation Halfway House: II The Complex Question of Client Motivation
Authors: Orford Jim , Hawker Ann 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe hypothesis was tested that relatively low levels of motivation for change were responsible for the link between youth, or early‐complicated alcoholism, and premature departure from residence at an alcoholism halfway house. Two measures of motivation were used, which differed in the degree of directness of questioning. The hypothesis was not confirmed. Although younger men were less likely to support the goal of abstinence, early‐complicated alcoholics put more, rather than less, emphasis upon the disadvantages of their drinking, and neither measure of motivation was related to length of stay, ft is concluded that a simple concept of motivation for change is untenable and an alternative set of concepts, based upon Janis and Mann's decision‐making model, are proposed.
Patterns of Intra‐familial Drug Use*
Authors: Anais H. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAdolescent drug use was studied in relation to the extent and patterns of drug use within the family. A total of 539 adolescent homes were included in the sample. Each family member (i.e. adolescent, mother, father) was questioned separately about his/her drug use practices. Evidence of sex patterning (mother‐daughter, father‐son) in the use of drugs was found. For every family member, multiple drug use was common with the use of one drug being associated with greater use of certain other drug categories. Considering each pair of family members separately (Le, mother‐father, mother‐adolescent, and father‐adolescent), significant associations were found between family members in their use of (1) the same drugs and (2) different drugs. It was shown that these latter cross‐drug relationships between family members (e.g. father's use of cigarettes and adolescent's use of alcohol) could be entirely accounted for by the observed tendency for family members to use the same drugs, and the tendency toward multiple drug use by each family member. The findings were interpreted in terms of imitative learning by adolescents of specific drug use through parental example, and the generalization of this learning to the use of other drug categories.
A Belfast Study of the Prediction of Outcome in the Treatment of Alcoholism *
Authors: Blaney Roger , Radford Inge S. , MacKenzie Gilbert 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThere are two main alcoholism treatment facilities serving the Belfast area, one being a general psychiatric hospital and the other a specialised unit. Alcoholic patients who had been hospitalised in each, numbering 114 and 104 respectively, were successfully followed up with the aim of establishing whether it was possible to predict the outcome of treatment on the basis of certain variables. It was concluded that the variables investigated did not show a strong or consistent enough association with outcome to provide a reliable method of prediction.
Functions and Varieties of Explanations of Recreational Drug Use
Authors: Dorn Nicholas 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis article looks at the way we try to explain recreational drug use. Some functions of explanations are the reduction of uncertainty when faced with new phenomena; justification for our existing values and behaviour; advancement of the interests of occupational groups; and generation of policies for social control.A variety of explanations of drug use are mentioned, involving individual, social and economic perspectives and focusing on “causes” in the past, the present and the future.Research has not much contributed to our understanding of recreational drug use because it has restricted itself to examination of the past histories of individuals. Only when we analyse experience and behaviour as purposive and located within a social context will we be able to improve the quality of our explanations and of our social policies.
Mortality among Homeless Men
Authors: Alstrom C. H. , Lindelius Rolf , Salum Inna 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe mortality in a series of 6,032 homeless men in Stockholm was investigated. The observation period was up to 3 years.The observed number of deaths amounted to 327 compared to the expected 86·7, corresponding to an excess mortality ratio of about 4. Mortality was raised for all the causes of death studied. Most striking, however, was excess mortality from accidents and diseases of the digestive and respiratory systems.Accidental deaths were remarkably numerous, indicating that these are largely correlated to the social consequences of abuse. The same applies to deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis. Excess mortality from suicide was lower than that found in some earlier studies. This discrepancy is discussed.In comparison with the general population the high mortality from diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver and pancreatitis shows that many medically serious cases of alcoholism are included in the “Homeless Men” group.
Social Class, Length of Treatment Contacts and the Outpatient Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Kalb Melvyn 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPrevious research has indicated that one of the prime factors in determining the kind of outpatient treatment the alcoholic receives is his social class. Concomitantly it has also been shown that how long the alcoholic stays in treatment varies with his social class. The issues become therefore: (1) Does the alcoholic's social class effect the kind of outpatient treatment he receives regardless of how long he remains in treatment? (2) Does length of treatment contact effect the kind of treatment given to the alcoholic regardless of his social class?By controlling for the variables of social class and length of treatment contacts, the results of this study indicated that when the alcoholic patient attended for three or less treatment sessions (low treatment contact), his social class was not significantly related to the discipline of the therapist he saw, whether medication was prescribed, or whether he attended A.A. concomitant with his clinic treatment. When, however, the alcoholic patient attended for ten or more sessions (high treatment contact), social class was significantly related to all outpatient dependent variables studied.In addition, the findings indicated that for the middle class alcoholic, length of treatment contact was unrelated to the kind of outpatient treatment received, while for the low social class alcoholic, the kind of outpatient treatment received covaried with the length of treatment contact. These findings suggest that the factors that keep middle class alcoholics in treatment appear to lie outside of the patient‐clinic interaction, while for the low social class patients such interactions play a significant role in determining whether they continue in or drop out of treatment.The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of “matching” the needs of the alcoholic and particularly the low social class alcoholic to a particular therapeutic program at a very early point in treatment. Such attempts, it is believed, would reduce the high clinic attrition rate and foster a more favorable prognosis.
Illegal Drug Use by Israeli Youth
Authors: Harrison Joseph 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDuring January, 1974 and February, 1974, the illegal use of drugs by Israeli youth was evaluated through interviews. Those interviewed included psychiatrists, chemists, government officials, police, drug users, prostitutes, and others directly involved. In addition, interviews were carried out with the goal of understanding the totality of the situation, and these discussions were with Israeli writers, philosophers, sociologists, and students familiar with the socio‐psychological picture of modem Israel. Conclusions indicate strong fears by government personnel that drugs may affect national security status, yet tend to support the view that Israel's drug problem is not intense.
Production, Consumption and Recent Changes of Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAccurate and reliable data on alcohol consumption and the production of alcoholic beverages are available mainly for western industrial countries.The consumption of each beverage type is highly concentrated in regions in which they are part of an established drinking culture. The rise of such a culture is based on both socio‐economic and natural conditions of the production of the respective beverage type.Of the three beverage groups which are distinguished by international statistics, production and consumption of wine is most clearly concentrated in certain wine areas, whereas the prevalence of beer is independent of the production of grain. Spirits are mostly consumed in countries where also grain production is voluminous.This is interpreted so that a large part of present day beer consumption takes place in new circumstances and is not tied to old traditions and beer drinking cultures. The consumption of wine is still traditional to a much greater degree.
Female Alcoholics: Correlation between Sociomedical Variables
Authors: Medhus Asbjörn 
Published: January 2006

Summary The proband group consists of 71 female alcoholics subjected to compulsory treatment by the Temperance Board. The correlation between 10 variables is recorded. Corrective training, gonorrhoea, recorded criminal offences, age 34 or younger at the first compulsory treatment represent a cluster of sociomedical symptoms. Also included to some extent are: at least five convictions for drunkenness and 0‐class (= not insured for daily sickness allowance) or disability pension. Another and independent correlation is found between frequent sickness periods and at least one long period of public assistance.
Alcoholism Disease Concept and Loss of Control Revisited*
Authors: Glatt M. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecent criticism of the applicability of the disease concept, the medical model and “loss of control”, to alcoholism, all seem in part to be based on semantic “man‐of‐straw” arguments. If each of the terms “disease”, “medical”, “alcoholism”, “loss of control” is equated with organic physical changes only, such criticism might perhaps be justified—with the proviso that knowledge on alcoholism at present is still far from complete. These criticisms, however, lose much of their basis if the terms “disease”, “medical”, “alcoholism”, and “loss of control” are taken to include psychosomatic and psycho‐social factors as well as physical ones. Medical men are concerned with psychological and social, as well as physical, conditions. If “loss of control” is viewed as a multi‐factorial condition affected by psychological and social, as well as physico‐chemical factors, the finding that under certain favourable psychological and social conditions some alcoholics can drink in moderation for shorter or longer periods, becomes easily understandable‐this, however, by no means affects the basic applicability of the “loss of control” concept, the alcoholics' inability to drink safely in moderation for very long, and the advisability of adhering to the principle of total abstinence.
Criminality Among Homeless Men
Authors: Lindelius Rolf , Salum Inna 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA group consisting of 202 Swedish male citizens who, during 1969, were registered with a special Bureau for Homeless men, was investigated in regard to criminality. The persons studied were followed‐up for a 3‐year observation period.Compared to the general population there was a marked excess registration in the Criminal Register. Even the crime recurrence rate was high. Only a few persons, however, had been guilty of serious crimes with an element of violence, such as manslaughter, robbery with violence or rape.The fact that severe criminality is not particularly common in alcoholics is also reflected in the legal consequences. In view of the high rate of recidivism and the fact that the sentences often concerned several crimes simultaneously these were usually relatively mild.For one fourth of the persons registered, criminality had started before the age of 20, i.e. at an age when alcoholism had probably not attained its maximum degree of severity. Among those alcoholics who become criminal at an early age both alcohol abuse and criminality may be manifestations of other factors which contribute to the development of a deviating behavioural pattern.
An Education Program in Alcoholism for Social Workers: Its Impact on Attitudes and Treatment‐Oriented Behavior
Authors: Manohar Velandy , Roches Joyce Des , Ferneau Ernest W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Marcus questionnaire, consisting of 40 statements, was administered to social workers who participated in a training program. Of the 100 copies distributed, 53 were returned by 42 social workers who presented three types of attendance patterns. The two groups that completed only one questionnaire, either before or after the program, had significantly more negative attitudes. The group that completed both questionnaires (Group B) had uniformly more positive attitudes than either of the other two groups. One factor (concerning the socioeconomic status of alcoholics) shifted in a negative direction in Group B. This change is not believed to be maladaptive.The positive attitudes expressed by Group B might be evidence of intellectual sophistication instead of absence of moralistic sentiment (Pittman and Sterne 1965). Their attitudes may also have been affected by the awareness that they were being researched (Cisin and Cahalan 1970). The four objectives of the training program were substantially accomplished by Group B.Our results prompted changes in the social service department. The education program prompted a referral arrangement that would ease the flow of patients from hospital wards to the alcoholism clinic of Boston City Hospital. Three trainees were instructed in the counseling of alcoholics in an outpatient setting. A new program was developed following the guidelines set up by the education program; 17 counsellors of alcoholics worked on the wards of Boston City Hospital under the supervision of 13 social workers.Greater involvement was also made in direct care. Four social workers are being supervised in casework with alcoholics by a staff member of the alcoholism division of Boston City Hospital. One of the social workers who attended the course joined the alcoholism division staff as a group leader.We are left with one big, unresolved question: How do we involve those who are most ambivalent or have negative attitudes in training programs? It appears that the most consistent participants are those with more positive attitudes to begin with. Another important consideration is the role of graduate schools in preparing students studying social work for casework with alcoholics.
Risk‐Taking and Drug Dependence
Authors: Booth Gisela , Gossop Michael 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDifferences in risk‐taking behaviour between intravenous and oral abusers of drugs were studied by means of three questionnaires. The hypothesis that intravenous users are most risky was not confirmed. When data were analysed into component variables, e.g. health, driving, money, etc., oral users were found to be significantly more risky than intravenous users in situations involving money. Implications of these findings, and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Reflections on the Positive Consequences of Illicit Drug Usage by the Younger Generation
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper starts with the basic assumption that together with its dysfunctional consequences illicit drug usage by the young has led to some positive societal developments. This paper attempts to identify and describe these positive developments. Accordingly there seems to be: (1) less glorification of medication in general; (2) more adequate controls in the realm of drug production, distribution and research; (3) an awareness of inconsistencies, in the existent drug laws, their enforcement, both of which resulted in attempts at making both the existing laws and their enforcement less arbitrary.
Towards a Three‐process Learning Theory of Alcoholism
Authors: Wilson Allan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAn etiological theory of alcoholism stimulus response learning, social learning, and physiological dependence and withdrawal phenomena is outlined. Two extreme types of alcoholic are described and held to anchor a continuum on which any case of alcoholism can be located: the “screwed‐up” alcoholic whose alcoholism is largely attributable to inappropriate social learning, and the “precipitated” alcoholic whose alcoholism can largely be explained by stimulus–response learning. A system of criteria by which “precipitated” and “screwed‐up” alcoholics can be differentiated is detailed, and an experimental paradigm for testing the theory is described.
Values associated with Marijuana Use among College Students
Authors: Mercer G. W. , Kohn Paul M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractResponses to questions about marijuana use and to the Rokeach Value Survey were obtained from 54 male and 69 female undergraduates. Heavy users valued broadmindedness and imaginativeness more, and obedience less than did nonusers and light users. Nonusers ranked family security higher than did light users and heavy users, and heavy users considered freedom more important than did nonusers. Sex differences suggested conventional sex‐role identifications plus a female preoccupation with equality. Marijuana use × sex interactions occured with two inter‐personal values. In these cases, men seemed to mellow, and the women to harden with marijuana use. No differences in value hierarchies were found between those who stopped using the drug and those who had never used it. Also, no differences were found, when use level was controlled for, between the value hierarchies of those who slopped using marijuana and those who continued to use it. The findings are discussed and future research directions are suggested.
Maintenance Dosage as a Critical Factor in Methadone Maintenance Treatment*
Authors: Siassi Iradj , Angle Burleigh P. , Alston Dominick C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study concentrates on methadone dosage as a critical factor influencing abuse of other psychoactive drugs (including alcohol) by patients maintained on methadone. The study population were patients who remained on methadone for at least two years. The effects of dosage level on a group of 46 patients (low dosage n=27, ×= 48.32; high dosage n = 19, ×= 86.43) is reported. Significant increases (p < 0.01) were found in the abuse of barbiturates, ataractics, and alcohol for the low dosage group. Dosage level had no significant relationship with heroin and amphetamine abuse. These results suggest that higher doses of methadone may provide the patients with a generalized central nervous system depressive effect.
A Specialised Treatment Service for Young Problem Drinkers (16–30 years): Treatment results obtained during the first six months of the treatment programme
Authors: Fischer Jay , Coyle Brian 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA lack of treatment services designed for young problem drinkers as well as their poor prognosis when seen at alcoholism treatment facilities, where the predominant age of patients is 35 to 50 was noted. In order to obviate this problem, a special programme consisting of twice‐weekly group therapy was established to meet the treatment needs of young patients aged 16 to 30, whose primary or secondary problem was alcohol abuse. Encouraging results with respect to continued attendance, reduced drug and/or alcohol consumption and improved social functioning were obtained during the first six months of the treatment programme.
Alcoholism in Italy: An outline highlighting some special features
Authors: Bonfiglio Giovanni , Falli Silvana , Pacini Antonella 
Published: January 2006

SummaryStatistics are given to define the dimensions of alcoholism in Italy with data on consumption, cirrhosis of the liver and alcoholic psychosis. Up‐to‐date figures are compared with those of the preceding years. The results of personal researches follow, with a particular study of the interrelations of alcoholic intoxication and arteriosclerosis. Drug therapy of the withdrawal syndrome and of alcoholomania is also illustrated.
Effects of Deprivation and Pre‐loading on the Experimental Consumption of Tea by Alcoholics and Social Drinkers
Authors: Williams Robert J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAn analogy was drawn between the so‐called compulsive behaviours af over‐eating and over‐drinking. A study of drinking by alcoholics and social drinkers (of a non‐alcoholic drink) was based on the example of experiments which have analysed the differential effects of various environmental cues on over‐eating.During repeated ‘tea taste’ sessions which alternated deprivation and preloading experimental conditions, a differential pattern of consumption was recorded from 14 hospitalised alcoholics and 14 normal drinkers from the local community. The normal drinkers drank significantly more of their overall tolal consumption when deprived (63 per cent) but the alcoholics drank similar quantities whether deprived (51·7 per cent), or preloaded (48·3 per cent).
Factors Associated with Undergraduate Marijuana Use in Cork
Authors: Parfrey P. S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTo examine cigarette, alcohol and drug use among undergraduates in University College, Cork a preceded questionnaire was mailed to 1 in 7 (458) students, chosen systematically. The response rate was 97 per cent. Twenty‐three per cent of males and 13 per cent of females have taken marijuana at least once. Student use of marijuana was significantly related to leisure money available, belief in a God, frequency of attendance at religious services, attitudes to marriage partner drinking and to misdemeanour considered most serious. It appears that peer group pressures as illustrated by friends' drug taking, siblings' drug taking, encouragement by friends to take drugs and faculty, had a greater influence on student marijuana use than family related factors. Current cigarette use, pattern of drinking behaviour, use of other drugs and attitude to future marijuana use also had significant associations with marijuana‐related behaviour.
Outcome Evaluation of a Hospital‐based Alcoholism Treatment Programme
Authors: Wilson Allan , White John , Lange Donald E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe present paper describes the outcome evaluation of a hospital‐based treatment programme for chronic ‘skid‐row’xs alcoholics. Patients who had been detoxified were randomly assigned either to the Alcoholism Treatment Programme or to a comparison facility elsewhere in the community. A 34‐item questionnaire was administered prior to assignment to treatment, and parallel forms of the questionnaire were administered at 5, 10 and 15 month intervals following discharge from treatment. The techniques of data reduction and analysis are described, and the results of these analyses reported. The use of the results obtained to direct systematic programme development is described.