bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The hearthhold in pastoral Fulbe society, central Mali: social relations, milk and drought
Authors: de Bruijn Mirjam 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn pastoral Fulbe society in central Mali women had and in some degree still have an important social and economic role, concentrated on a milk economy organised through a special female-headed, women-centred unit called by the Fulbe fayannde, or ‘hearthhold’. In a society of semi-nomadic pastoralists who live most of the year in small social units, social relations and networks are very important, perhaps even crucial to the success of their main survival strategy, which is transhumant cattle-keeping. In the literature on the Fulbe this social unit has received relatively little attention. An analysis from the perspective of the ‘hearthhold’ sheds new light on property and gender relations in Fulbe society in general.Drought has had an enormous impact on the situation of the Jallube studied in this article. Economic change—a switch to agriculture and production for the market—has brought about a shift of focus for the men. Economically, milk is no longer essential for them, and hence the fayannde loses its importance; socially, too, the role of the fayannde, as symbolised by milk, is changing. For women the erosion of the fayannde is serious: an analysis of marriage gifts shows how important the fayannde is not only to the social organisation of the Jallube but also to their economic viability. In times of stress this importance may be greater for women than for men. The decline of the fayannde may lead to a transformation of gender relations, the marriage ceremony and women's social security—changes that the return of the rains or the re-establishment of herds may not reverse.
Making a profit, making a living: commercial food farming and urban hinterlands in north-west Nigeria
Authors: Swindell K. , Iliya M. A. , Mamman A. B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe article explores the nature and development of commercial food farming during the 1990s around Sokoto, and its reliance on a floating labour force, something which is not unique to that city but is part of Nigeria's nationwide farming boom, focused on urban and regional markets. The evidence collected from the Sokoto hinterland suggests a new buoyancy in commercial agriculture and an inflow of investment, as under the present economic and political conditions the elites and managerial classes have moved into farming as private and state contracting has proved less rewarding. Large-scale grain and fadama farming and food trading have a long history, but now they are embedded in new analytical categories which indicate a strengthening of capitalist relations of production, and there are signs that a wide spectrum of interests believe capital accumulation can be achieved in the agricultural sector. There are big profits in food fanning provided the farmer has sufficient capital to invest and can meet recurrent labour costs. In the 1990s medium-size farms, especially on irrigated lowland represent a significant shift towards capitalist agriculture, at least in the short term. The introduction of motorised pumps via the World Bank's Agricultural Development Projects marks a substantial innovation in irrigated farming, which also has a long history and has yielded food surpluses traded over a wide area. It is plain that the farmers who have benefited most from partial mechanisation and the surge in food prices are the better-off small commodity producers in the villages, often linked by descent or clientage with traditional rulers and/or politicians, together with the new urban managerial classes.
Bigger than men? Gender relations and their changing meaning in Kipsigis society, Kenya
Authors: von Bülow Dorthe 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article examines why Kipsigis women today appear strong and determined although colonisation and commoditisation have led to an increase in their subordination. Inspired by studies that link cultural ideas about gender with actual social relations, I investigate how Kipsigis ideas about female and male interact with production relations. I argue that gender relations and meanings attributed to gender have altered radically during this century, and that changed economic and political circumstances have led to new struggles over the meaning and interpretation of gender ideologies. The article demonstrates how Kipsigis women manage to negotiate control over household resources by referring to and manipulating customary ideas about status and rights within the house property complex practised in pre-colonial society.
Women's organisations among the Kipsigis: change, variety and different participation
Authors: Sørensen Anne 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe article argues that the great economic transformations which have occurred in Kipsigis society, particularly since the turn of this century, have fundamentally changed the ties women establish among themselves at the local level, outside the close family and the household. The ways in which women live and work together, as wives and mothers, have changed in a way which seriously undermines the collective sanctions of female solidarity across households. In this process of change women's indigenous ways of associating have developed other forms and new women's organisations have emerged with governmental and other ‘outside’ support. The article deals primarily with changes in the co-operative efforts in which Kipsigis women have traditionally engaged. Its focus is on women's neighbour-hood-level work groups, but it also examines other and more recent local-level groups and organisations that deal with different aspects of women's lives.
Elections and political legitimacy in Kenya
Authors: Throup David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThough it began independence as a deeply divided society after the trauma of Mau Mau, Kenya maintained one of the open political systems in Africa despite its formal one-party status. National elections provided a device by means of which new blood could be incorporated into the regime. More recently growing economic difficulties and the insecurity of President Moi have greatly intensified authoritarian tendencies. Elections have increasingly been rigged in order to sustain Moi's narrow power base. As elsewhere in Africa the regime gave in to the demands for multi-party politics but the first such elections produced a highly fragmented political scene.
A Mass Secondary Burial from Northern Arizona
Authors: Olson Alan P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA secondary burial of at least 30 individuals was excavated on Polacca Wash south of the Hopi Reservation in Arizona. This burial does not match either the prehistoric or contemporary Hopi pattern and cannot be duplicated in the recorded habits of surrounding tribes. Slight evidence favors a prehistoric placement. The formal arrangement of the burial, with skulls around the periphery and the remainder of the bones within the outline, suggests a magico-religious rite.
The Small Side-Notched Point System
of the Northern Plains
Authors: Kehoe Thomas F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree point types, and the several varieties of each, make up the Small Side-notched Point System of the northern Plains. The earliest type is the Avonlea, appearing with large-scale communal bison hunting in the northern Plains early in the Christian era. The Avonlea type is replaced after ca. A.D. 700 by the Prairie Sidenotched type, which may have been derived from the Middle Woodland Besant points that were contemporary with Avonlea. The final northern Plains type of point is the Plains Side-notched, present from ca. A.D. 1300 to the historic period. It is suggested that the Avonlea point may have been brought by Athabascans, the Prairie Sidenotched may have been an Algonkian type, and the Plains Side-notched may have been of Mississippian derivation.
Obsidian Dates from Temesco, Valley of Mexico
Authors: Dixon Keith A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper reports a series of obsidian hydration dates from Temesco, a small Terminal Late Preclassic ceremonial site in the Valley of Mexico. Temesco is located in the Texcoco Plains, an area which may have played a key role in the emergence of the elaborate Classic Period Teotihuacan civilization. Analysis of ceramics and cross-dating with radiocarbon dates from Cuicuilco suggest that Temesco was a short-span site of the first century B.C. Confidence in this conclusion is reinforced by obsidian dates as an independent line of evidence giving approximately the same result.
A Kokopelli Effigy Pitcher from Northwestern New Mexico
Authors: Lambert Marjorie F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSince effigy vessel forms and anthropomorphic and/or realistic designs on pottery are rare in the prehistoric northern Anasazi area, the Gallup Black-on-white vessel herein reported is extraordinary in that it combines a large so-called bird-form pitcher with both modeled and painted characteristics of Kokopelli, the Humpbacked Flute Player. The vessel, dating ca. A.D. 1000-1150, came from an unnamed Pueblo III site, southwest of the Chaco Canyon, near the McKinley-Sandoval County line, northwestern New Mexico.
Stone Images in Southern Colorado
Authors: Dondelinger N. W. , Tatum R. M. 
Published: April 2006

Despite the familiar abundance of archaeological material in the Southwestern region of the United States, there is a notable paucity of anthropomorphic images of stone. The most significant of such figures which have come to the attention of the archaeologist are those unearthed by Alfred V. Kidder, at the Pecos ruins in New Mexico. Inasmuch as no previous reports of stone images in southern Colorado have come to our attention, the purpose of the present article is to direct attention to the presence of effigies in this state.In view of the fact that images have been found in New Mexico, it seems plausible that similar objects should exist in southern Colorado. In the course of a survey of the region we have found many indications of an influx of Southwestern culture. Pottery, basketry, and stone artifacts which bear a strong resemblance to those of more southerly tribes have been noted.
Diagonal Flaking from Kotzebue, Alaska
Authors: Giddings J. L. 
Published: April 2006

The illustrated blade fragment (Fig. 22) turned up in a purchased lot of archaeological specimens at Kotzebue, in 1941. It appears to be the tip of a long, thin blade broken clean near the middle. It is diagonally flaked from translucent, smoky chalcedony, a material which shows up occasionally in sites of the Kobuk River region. The Yumalike flaking, in some cases all the way across the blade leaving each face rounded rather than longitudinally ridged, is not, however, reported from other sites in Alaska.This object was offered for sale along with various artifacts of types common in our excavations. The Eskimo to whom they belonged said they had been all collected and saved for some time by members of his family.
Conjectures on the Independent Development of the Mogollon Culture
Authors: Rinaldo John 
Published: April 2006

In recent years, questions and arguments about the Mogollon culture have grown hotter. Southwestern archaeologists have split into two camps, one pro- and the other anti-Mogollon. The main argument seems to be whether or not the Mogollon culture was ever a separate entity with a development distinct from the Hohokam and Anasazi cultures, and, if the Mogollon was a separate entity, should it be granted the same independent taxonomic status as the Hohokam and Anasazi?Much work remains to be done in the Mogollon culture and one can not make too many dogmatic statements. But in this article, I propose to set forth some conjectures which will at least use the available data and which may clarify the situation somewhat.Much of the discussion about the separateness of the Mogollon has hinged on the problem of dating the earliest known phases of this culture, namely, the San Francisco, the Georgetown, and pre-Georgetown.
The Ceramic Sequence in the Etowah Drainage, Northwest Georgia
Authors: Wauchope Robert 
Published: April 2006

Pottery obtained during 1938–40 in northwest Georgia establishes a ceramic sequence which I shall preview here, since the war delayed even a preliminary analysis of this material for so many years and the final publication will be a long time in preparation.I am grateful to the University of Georgia and the State Department of Natural Resources, sponsors of the WPA survey which obtained the materials discussed here, for permission to present this preliminary report on the ceramics of the Etowah Drainage. I am also indebted to the Tulane University Council on Research for a grant which enabled Mrs. Wauchope and me to study the pottery in Georgia during the summer of 1946, and to Dr. Arthur R. Kelly, Ocmulgee National Monument, for many official and personal courtesies extended to us during our stay in Macon.I shall employ the designations for archaeological stages used by Ford and Willey in An Interpretation of the Prehistory of the Eastern United States, since these make it unnecessary to refer frequently to many different individual components in chronologically related areas.
Preservation of the Kuaua Mural Paintings
Authors: Bliss Wesley L. 
Published: April 2006

Because of the interest in the mural paintings from Kuaua pueblo, it is felt advisable to present a complete report on the field and laboratory processing of these. Although two articles were published in El Palacio in 1935 and 1936 on the removing and processing of the murals, the detailed procedure has not been published as a unit in a scientific report. The processing of the Kuaua murals had no precedent to follow. As it is possible that similar finds will occur in future excavations, the processes developed for coping with the problem at Kuaua may be of aid. These processes may be varied to meet conditions involving other types of paintings.The Kuaua ruins, now known as the Coronado State Monument, are situated on the western side of the Rio Grande two air miles northwest of the business section of Bernalillo, New Mexico. They lie in the Tiguex province of the central Rio Grande.
Pictographs from Tramping Lake, Manitoba
Authors: Stanton M. S. 
Published: April 2006

In presenting the accompanying sketches and observations, it must be stated that they were taken from a layman's viewpoint, and some significant details may have been omitted in one or two instances. Data were not collected with the thought of scientific publication, but since it is believed there has been no previous recording of Indian pictographs from a locality as far north in Manitoba as the occurrence here described, the following brief observations are presented at the suggestion of Dr. Douglas Leechman of the National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.The pictographs occur on the west side of the north arm of Tramping Lake, Manitoba (Fig. 36). They are about one mile north of the wide part of Tramping Lake, at approximately 54°43’ N. latitude and 100°05′ W. longitude. Tramping Lake lies between Wekusko (Herb) Lake on the east and Reed Lake on the west and is a portion of the Grass River system, one of the early canoe routes of the area. Peter Pond has referred to this canoe route on his map, dated 1785, as the “middle road to Hudson's Bay.“
Mescal Knives from Southern Nevada
Authors: Baldwin Gordon C. 
Published: April 2006

A number of mescal knives have been found throughout the southwestern United States, but very few of these have been adequately described in print. As the use or non use of this distinctive type of implement may in the future be of aid in establishing cultural affiliations and migrations of peoples, a brief description of two of these unusual pieces is presented below.The first of these mescal knives came from a small cave, or rock shelter, located about three and one-half miles southeast of the former town of St. Thomas, Nevada, at the foot of Bitter Spring Wash, where the latter enters the Virgin River. This site is now forever covered beneath the waters of Lake Mead, backed up behind Boulder Dam. The cave was excavated in 1936 by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees under the direction of Junior Foreman Fay Perkins and under the supervision of the National Park Service.
To Facilitate Cooperation in the Identification of Mammal Bones from Archaeological Sites
Authors: Gilmore Raymond M. 
Published: April 2006

I have just completed the examination of about 20,000 fragments of mammal bones comprising seven archaeological collections. One collection contained 13,293 fragments, another, 2745 and a third, 2109. The localities represented ranged from Coahuila, Mexico, to western Pennsylvania, and the greater part of six months was required to make the identifications.Such work, involving great numbers of specimens from many localities and a wide variety of local habitats, constitutes a problem for both the zoologist and the archaeologist. It is also a special problem for institutions which consent to identify such collections. To facilitate cooperation in such identifications, I offer the following suggestions to the archaeologist.
The Manitunik Eskimo Culture of East Hudson's Bay
Authors: Quimby George I. 
Published: April 2006

Archaeologically, the east coast of Hudson's Bay is an unexplored area. There never has been scientific excavation undertaken in this region, although the Eskimo inhabitants have been plundering the “Tunit” graves and old tent sites for many years. However, some archaeological information based upon collections from the Belcher Islands and Port Harrison, is available. In 1921-24 Dr. Knud Rasmussen and Dr. Therkel Mathiassen obtained, collections from the Belcher Islands and Port Harrison for the Fifth Thule Expedition. Mr. J. Kenneth Doutt of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, secured additional artifacts from the Belcher Islands in 1938, which have been described and analyzed by Dr. Diamond Jenness. In the summer of 1939, the writer secured archaeological materials from Eskimos on Tukarak and Inetelling Islands in the Belcher Group.Although all of the artifacts from the east Hudson's Bay region have been excavated by Eskimos, the reasonably specific provenience, and lack of other data lend some scientific value to these collections.
Culture Dynamics in Eastern Massachusetts
Authors: Bullen Ripley P. 
Published: April 2006

Sufficient work has been done in eastern Massachusetts to permit the formulation of working hypotheses regarding temporal changes in certain traits of the material culture of the aborigines. While the present data seem to show reliable trends, modifications in interpretation will undoubtedly be necessary upon additional excavation.The chronological framework of the scheme presented here has been built on the basis of variations in shape of the projectile points found in various stratigraphic zones in the ground. Although the number of specimens from any one zone of a site is small, repetition of the phenomena is significant. Larger artifacts have been used when available to supplement and check the chronology based upon projectile points. Unfortunately, such major artifacts are extremely rare. Pottery has been correlated with projectile points by formulating ceramic periods. The author alone is responsible for classification of specimens and for any conclusions and suggestions presented.
The Dry Prong Site, East Central Arizona
Authors: Olson Alan P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of large structures termed great kivas has been excavated at Point of Pines, Arizona. To add to the sequence of these kivas a site was excavated in 1959 on one of the upper tributaries of Eagle Creek, 16 miles northeast of Point of Pines. The site complex included a great kiva and five attached rooms, a U-shaped masonry pueblo, scattered storage units, trash deposits, a reservoir, and agricultural terraces. The kiva was rectangular with an encircling bench, a stepped entrance, two possible floor resonators, and a post pattern suggesting a polygonal roof support. The ceramic content of the site places it late in the Reserve phase which is dated from A.D. 1000 to 1150.This particular kiva type appeared during late Three Circle phase and had a distribution centered in the upper San Francisco and Blue River valleys. The antecedents for the structure seem to lie in the general Mogollon great kiva tradition. The surrounding areas were examined for possible contributions to the complex; ceramic evidence of contact was present but no definite source for the introduction was found. The presence of a number of Anasazi traits plus the direction of Reserve phase cultural change suggests a northern source for this kiva form.
Waterfall Cave, Southern Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: Ascher Robert , Clune Francis J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis cave in the Sierra Madre Occidental was excavated to obtain information from a little-known region which might help clarify problems of Mexican-Southwestern contacts. The excavation produced ten burials with associated mats and blankets, only a few artifacts, and both cultivated and gathered plant remains. Stylistic elements of Mogollon and Casas Grandes pottery and the cultivated plants suggest a beginning date of A.D. 1000; the lack of European artifacts, a terminal date of 1600. The death complex is interpreted by analogy with modern Tarahumara practices. The use of the cave is described in terms of a series of events and episodal analysis is presented as a way of operationalizing the conjunctive approach.
Routes to Bering Strait
Authors: Chard Chester S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMaximum glaciation in eastern Siberia, the final glaciation, the mountainous area, and the land area exposed by moderate lowerings of sea level are plotted on a map to illustrate that two routes from northeast Asia to northwest North America were available for human movements. The southern route along the coastal shelf may have played a more significant role in the initial settlement of the New World than did the northern route along the Arctic shore.
Investigations in Western South Dakota and Northeastern Wyoming
Authors: Hughes Jack T. 
Published: April 2006

The field work on which this report is based was carried out during the summer of 1948 by a field unit of the Missouri Valley Project, River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution. The unit consisted of Mr. J. M. Shippee and myself; we were assisted during part of the time by Messrs. H. F. Wilson, S. J. Phelps, and R. F. Worden of Hot Springs, South Dakota. Investigations covered the four-month period from June 1 through September 29.Five proposed reservoir sites in the Cheyenne Basin were investigated more or less intensively. All are Bureau of Reclamation projects, in various stages of development, located in or near the Black Hills of western South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming. Angostura Reservoir received much more thorough exploration than the others; work at this site forms the basis for the present report. Edgemont and Keyhole reservoirs are omitted because the data from them have not yet been evaluated. Pactola and Johnson Siding reservoirs, alternate projects, were unproductive and require no discussion.
Travertine Vase in the Guatemala National Museum
Authors: de Borhegyi Stephen F. 
Published: April 2006

In the superb Dieseldorff collection, located in the Guatemala National Museum is an effigy vase hitherto unpublished which is thought worthy of description and comment.This vase, Museum number 5923, represents,a kneeling monkey; most probably a spider monkey (Fig. 81, a, b). The pear-shaped vase represents the body. The head and arm projects in full relief from the wall of the vessel, while the legs and a part of the tail are in somewhat lower relief. The monkey is clasping his long, curled tail by both hands above his head. Part of the rim, the left arm, and part of the tail are broken off (see Fig. 82, a, b.) Minor details such as fingers, eyes, and mouth were made by incising and grooving. The height of the vase is 14 cm. It is of unknown provenience but is thought to have been found near San Pedro Carcha (Alta Verapaz) by the late E. P. Dieseldorff.