bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CORTICAL RESPONSE TO A TACTILE STIMULUS DURING ATTENTION, MENTAL ARITHMETIC AND FREE ASSOCIATIONS
Authors: SHEVRIN HOWARD , RENNICK PHILLIP 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAttention to a stimulus appears to be associated with amplitude fluctuations in 100‐msec or later components of the cortical compound evoked potential (CEP). In this study, changes in amplitude and latency of the CEP to the same tactile stimulus were investigated under three conditions: attention, free associations, and mental arithmetic. In the attention condition Ss were asked to estimate varying time intervals between stimuli on a 2‐ to 6‐sec scale. Ss were 12 pairs of twins. It was found that the amplitudes of two negative electrocortical potentials were greater when Ss were estimating lengths of time intervals between stimuli than during free association or mental arithmetic. Peak latency of the second negative potential was greater in attention than in the other two conditions. Free association CEPs were distinguished by the incidence of a bursts. The results support the hypothesis that attention is associated with certain parameters of the electrocortical response and suggest which aspects of the electrocortical response are most likely to be related to attention.
SKIN POTENTIAL RESPONSES AND THE SPAN OF ATTENTION
Authors: Solley Charles M. , Thetford Paul E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTExperiment I tested whether an alerting signal would increase the span of visual attention. Female Ss (16) were presented an array of letters exposed for 2 sec by a tachistoscope. Half of the Ss had a series of trials with a loud tone contiguous with the tachistoscope, followed by a series of trials with tachistoscope only. The remaining Ss received a reverse procedure—half the trials with no tone initially, followed by tone. The group receiving only tachistoscope followed by a series of tachistoscope plus tone trials showed a significant improvement in the number of letters correctly reported. Experiment II repeated the above with skin potential (SP) recording throughout the session to test that the tone would generate a momentary state of arousal (an orienting response) and an increase in the span of attention. Tone significantly produced larger positive SP amplitudes and more diphasic SP responses, and increased the number of letters correctly reported. All differences disappeared during the second trial series.
THE EFFECT OF MEPROBAMATE ON THE SOMATIC RESPONSES OF ANXIOUS PATIENTS AND NORMAL CONTROLS
Authors: Williams James G. L. , Williams Barbara 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe skeletal muscle activity and digital volume pulse of anxious psychiatric patients and normal controls were used as measures to confirm the hypothesis that meprobamate would reduce the level of muscle activity and autonomic responsivity of the patients to that of the controls when both groups experienced a mild “stress”—delayed auditory feedback (DAF).
OPERANT CONDITIONING OF TWO STRAINS OF THE POINTER DOG1
Authors: Murphree Oddist D. , Dykman Roscoe A. , Peters John E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWithin the pointer breed of dog two strains have been developed by selective mating and line breeding. The goal is that of producing behaviorally distinct stable and unstable (nervous) strains to measure hereditary effects including dominance and sex linkage, if present. Some behavioral difference emerged early. Measures of operant conditioning and other behavioral tests have little overlap. We conclude that genetic controls are important for behavioral research, even within a single breed, and that temperamental variables have strong genetic factors as well as environmental ones.
RANDOM OUTPUT SELECTOR FOR THE LABORATORY1
Authors: Tart Charles T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA random selector, whose output is in the form of switch closures, is described. On each activation one of N outputs is selected and remains closed until the next activation. Each output is equally probable and independent of the previously selected output. The selector can be constructed from the off‐the‐shelf components of one manufacturer in approximately 1 hr.
ANALYSIS OF AUTONOMIC REACTION PATTERNS
Authors: Wilson Ronald S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAnalysis‐of‐variance models are presented for use with autonomic data. Applications are illustrated for experiments where either single variable or multiple variable autonomic recordings are obtained. The analysis provides a test of significance for both transient responses to a stimulus and the more sustained effects that persist for some time. Consistency and stability of idiosyncratic reaction patterns are expressed by intraclass correlation coefficients. Multiple group comparisons are suggested as a method of evaluating differential reaction patterns induced by separate stressors. Three independent dimensions of autonomic activity are isolated by analysis of variance: sustained activity, reactivity, and nonspecific variability. Individual Ss can be assigned scores on each dimension, and these scores can be processed by multiple regression procedures to predict Ss’ performance on other behavioral tasks or personality scales.
DIGITAL VASOMOTOR CONDITIONING AND BODY HEAT REGULATION
Authors: Teichner Warren H. , Levine Jerrold M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHuman subjects were conditioned to a tone‐shock sequence during heat or cold exposure and then given 10 trials of experimental extinction in the heat. In the heat, while exhibiting a general peripheral as well as a digital vasodilatation, vasoconstriction developed as a conditioned response; the response did not extinguish. In the cold, with general peripheral and digital vasoconstriction, vasodilatation developed as the conditioned response. Since the cold‐conditioned Ss did not recover completely from their cold exposure during the following heat equilibritun period, the extinction data of this group could not be accepted. A comparison was also made of the differences in thermoregulation and in conditioned responses of preselected Ss varying in latency of cold‐induced digital vasodilatation. Although these Ss did differ in their thermophysiological reactions, they did not differ in regard to the nature of the conditioned response developed.
THERMAL CHANGES IN PALMAR SKIN RESISTANCE PATTERNS
Authors: Neumann Eva 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn contrast to the usual description of a uniformly low basal skin resistance at the human palmar surface as compared with other parts of the body (Richter, Woodruff, & Eaton, 1943; Wilcott, 1963), the present studies reveal skin resistance patterns (SRPs) with different resistance values at different subregions of palm and forearm. The shape of these patterns is related to the season in which the experiment was performed.Three basic SRPs are described, for winter, summer, and prolonged summer heat spell, respectively: (a) an alternating pattern, (h) an oblique pattern, (c) a so‐called summer reversal pattern. The distinguishing factor for this categorization is the reciprocal electrodermal behavior of the mid‐palm and arm regions. The resistance of the palm is relatively low in the winter, intermediate in the early summer, and high in a summer heat spell, while the resistance of the arm is high in winter and summer and low in the heat spell. Experimental heating and cooling leads to independent variation of the skin resistance values at different subregions and differs as a function of the basic seasonal SRP. A follow‐up study shows that children have a less differentiated pattern, which, at all seasons tested, is similar to the oblique summer pattern of adults. The studies are considered exploratory.
DIFFERENCES AMONG AGE AND SEX GROUPS IN ELECTRODERMAL CONDITIONING
Authors: Shmavonian B. M. , Miller L. H. , Cohen S. I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFour groups, Young Males, Young Females, Aged Males and Aged Females, were run in a discrimination conditioning paradigm with a variety of autonomic and central measures. This paper deals primarily with Electro‐Dermal Responses. The findings indicate that in all measures the Young Males and Young Females show the best discriminated conditioning, followed by Aged Females and Aged Males.In the GSP there are hints that the negative wave of the response might be related to the orienting phenomena whereas the positive wave is what becomes discriminately conditioned in the experiment.A cognitive questionnaire was accurately answered in the same rank order as the conditioning, that is. Young Males, Young Females, Aged Females and Aged Males.
HEART RATE CONDITIONING IN THE CAT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES
Authors: Hein Peter L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty cats were classically conditioned using electric shock as the unconditional stimulus (US). A 1000 cps tone served as the reinforced conditional stimulus (CS+) and a 500 cps tone as the non‐reinforced conditional stimulus (CS–). The CS–US interval was 10 seconds. Data collected show a heart rate deceleration to the CS+ which is accompanied by a drop in blood pressure, respiratory apnea, a negative baseline shift of the galvanic skin potential (GSP), pupillary dilatation, a decrease of the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles of the shocked foreleg, and a low voltage fast pattern of the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of the sigmoid gyrus of the cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb. The heart rate deceleration is present after muscle paralysis with succinyl choline and it is blocked by atropine. It is presumed to be of vagal origin. Difference in CS+ and US responsivity is discussed.
CORRELATION OF SKIN POTENTIAL AND SKIN RESISTANCE MEASURES
Authors: Gaviria Bernardo , Coyne Lolafaye , Thetford Paul E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSimultaneous measurements of skin potential (SP) and skin resistance (SR) obtained from 20 male and 20 female adult subjects during 2 sessions held 2 to 9 days apart were used in studying (1) the correlation of change measurements and prestimulus level in the two measures, and (2) the amount of correlation between SP and SR using both simple difference and residual change scores in which the regression of poststimulus values on initial level (prestimulus) has been controlled.Correlations within Ss and correlations among Ss showed large individual variability, correlation differences between males and females, and high correlation between SP and SR change scores. Although the law of initial value (LIV) seemed to have little applicability to the measurement of electrodermal responses, the results underscored the need to control for contamination of change measures by initial level regardless of direction.
FEEDBACK TECHNIQUE FOR DEEP RELAXATION
Authors: Green Elmer E. , Walters E. Dale , Green Alyce M. , Murphy Gardner 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTZero firing or single‐motor‐unit firing in large forearm muscle bundles was achieved in less than twenty minutes, in seven out of twenty‐one subjects, through the use of a feedback meter which showed the subject his own electromyographic tension level. Five of these seven subjects reported body‐image illusions.The behavior of single motor units under these conditions indicates the existence of a reflex‐type neural oscillator in the striate neuromuscular domain, whose operation is gated or controlled from the central nervous system.The electronic system needed to operate the feedback meter can be assembled from standard amplifiers but standard EMG Integrator (rectifier) couplers usually must be modified in order to detect single motor unit firing. The final system is considerably more sensitive than those commercially available.
HOME AND LABORATORY DREAMS COLLECTED UNDER UNIFORM SAMPLING CONDITIONS
Authors: Weisz Robert , Foulkes David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwelve young‐adult males spent two nonconsecutive nights at the laboratory (L) and two at home (H), six in the order LHHL and six in the order HLLH. Dreams were collected under uniform sampling conditions in both settings: S was awakened by an alarm clock at 6:30 a.m. and reported any dreams he could remember into a tape recorder. Twenty dream reports were collected in the laboratory, and 18 at home. Dream reports were rated by two judges on the six dimensions isolated by Hauri et al.'s factor analysis of dream ratings. Results showed no significant differences between home and laboratory in percentage of recall, median dream word counts, and dream ratings for Vivid Fantasy, Unpleasantness, Active Participation, and Sex. Home dreams were judged to contain more Verbal Aggression (p < .02) and Physical Aggression (p < .08). It was concluded that, although impulse‐related content may be more likely to occur in home dreams than in laboratory dreams, the basic dream processes of imagination, distortion, dramatization, etc., are the same in both settings.
THE NEONATAL EVOKED HEART RATE RESPONSE AND THE LAW OF INITIAL VALUE
Authors: Hutt Corinne , Hutt S. J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo‐second long square wave tones at frequencies of 125 and 1000 Hz and 75 db sound pressure were presented to six newborn infants. Mean heart rates were computed for the 10 sec prior to and the 10 sec following stimulus onset, i.e. the prestimulus and stimulus heart rate values respectively. LIV was shown to operate strongly only in the case of the 125 Hz stimulus. Even for this stimulus, LIV depended upon the state of the infant, showing an appropriate negative correlation between prestimulus and stimulus values in regular sleep and quiet wakefulness but a slightly positive correlation in irregular sleep. In randomly selected control periods, the first 5 sec served as prestimulus values and the second 5 sec as stimulus values. Regression coefficients for these control periods did not differ significantly from those during which the stimulus was actually present. In view of the special conditions required for its demonstration, the generality of Wilder's “law” seems to be seriously questioned.
AN EVALUATION OF FOREARM BLOOD FLOW AS A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURE
Authors: Mathews Andrew M. , Lader Malcolm H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe usefulness of forearm blood flow (FBF) as a psychophysiological measure was investigated by comparing changes occurring during mental tasks in cardiovascular, sudomotor, and electromyographic measures. The measures were divided into those clearly physiologically independent and those physiologically related. ANOVA results showed that FBF, heart rate (HR), and skin conductance fluctuations (SCF) were equally reactive, and correlational analysis suggested that a close relationship existed between FBF, HR, and SCF, although correlations fell to near zero levels when intra‐individual correlations were calculated with between task variance extracted. For some experimental purposes HR response may be considered equivalent to FBF response. The relationship between EMG and FBF was more variable, and tends not to support the idea that FBF is an indirect measure of muscle activity. The reliability of FBF in normal subjects at rest was poor, although it improved when measured during a simple task, and is probably stable enough for most experimental purposes.
THE ORIENTING RESPONSE AS AN INDEX OF MASS COMMUNICATION EFFECT
Authors: Fletcher James E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA study is described of the contribution of the electrodermal response to the measurement of broadcast communication effect. A 2 × 2 mixed between‐within groups design was employed. The within groups variable was radio commercial content, while the between groups variable was production style. Electrodermal measurements included average log conductance change, number of responses, and recovery half time. Comparison measures included retention test, interestingness scales, and semantic differentials. Only average log conductance change significantly discriminated stimuli on both between and within groups variables. An explanatory model incorporating Sokolov's notion of the neuronal model and the Deutsch and Deutsch model for attention is offered.
Electrodermal Recovery Rate, Goal‐Orientation, and Aversion
Authors: Edelberg Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo distinguish between goal‐orientation and the attending activation as causes of acceleration of electrodermal recovery, 16 subjects were examined during task performance and during an activating, non‐task condition, cold pressor. Recovery limb time constants (tc) were significantly related to two activation measures, electrodermal frequency (EF) and skin conductance level (SCL). EF, SCL, and change in log conductance were similar for cold pressor and mirror tracing despite significant differences in tc values. Since, in addition, tc decreased with better performance and with increasing task complexity, goal‐orientation is considered the primary determinant of acceleration of recovery. There are characteristic individual differences in recovery rate which are relatively stable over 5 consecutive weeks. Rate constant, the reciprocal of tc, has more uniform variance and is preferred for parametric statistical analysis. A warning of shock introduced during a reaction time series caused slowing of recovery. This coupled with slow recovery during cold pressor suggests that enhanced electrodermal activity with retarded recovery may signal a defensive reaction.
Visual Sensitivity as a Function of Phase of Cardiac Cycle
Authors: Elliott Rogers , Graf Virgil 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAfter preliminary threshold determination, each of 25 Ss was given 120 trials (24 blank, 96 signal) in a visual signal detection task, with signal presentation being recorded with S's EKG. There was no relationship between hit rate and phase of cardiac cycle whether assessed over four measured phases, or as the difference in hit rate for signals presented either in the P‐wave or the QRS complex. Implications for theory are discussed.
Race Differences and Experimenter Race Effect in Galvanic Skin Response
Authors: Fisher Leslie E. , Kotses Harry 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to ascertain whether racial differences exist in the several components of the skin resistance response and to assess the importance of the role of the experimenter's race in determining the subject's responsiveness. Basal measures, GSR magnitude, and spontaneous GSR activity of 12 Negro and 12 Caucasian Ss were recorded by 2 Negro and 2 Caucasian experimental assistants matched for age, physical stature, and dress. Following a 15 min resting phase, all Ss received 14 1‐sec bursts of 75 dB white noise. Variable stimulus intervals were employed.Significant subject‐race effects, but no experimenter‐race effects, were found for base level measures. Negro Ss evidenced significantly higher basal resistance levels. Conversely, experimenter‐race effects, but no subject‐race effects, were apparent in the GSR magnitude data. White Ss showed a significantly slower rate of response magnitude decrease over trials when paired with black Es. A significant decrease in spontaneous activity over time was observed for all Ss.
The Role of Awareness in Differential Conditioning
Authors: Ross Leonard E. , Nelson Michael N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA view of the processes involved in single cue and differential skeletal conditioning is presented, and the implications for studies investigating the effects of awareness on autonomic conditioning are discussed. Skeletal conditioning studies are described which indicate that masking tasks can greatly reduce and in some cases largely eliminate differential responding, but not response acquisition per se. These effects occur even when Ss report the conditioning contingencies. The data thus suggest that Ss given masking tasks may be “functionally unaware’ during conditioning, with an attendant decrease in differential conditioning performance, even though they have knowledge of the conditioning contingencies as demonstrated by post‐experimental report.
Stimulus Intensity and Recency Contrasts and Orienting Response Strength
Authors: Edwards David C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSeveral groups of 30 college students heard sequences of noise pulses. Skin conductance response (SCR) magnitudes revealed that intensity and recency effects remain effective during habituation trials. Habituation of the SCR magnitude occurred to stimuli that were presented in a pattern composed of two intensities and to stimuli in a pattern of two interstimulus intervals though the specific differential effects of level of intensity and of recency remained clearly evident. There appeared further an enhancement of response magnitude to intense stimuli (an apparent contrast effect) when they were presented in that pattern of two intensities and compared to response to suitable control sequences. After significant but not complete habituation occurred, a reduction in stimulus intensity or of interstimulus interval reduced SCR magnitude further. The findings were discussed as supplements to Sokolov's habituation theory.
Cephalic and Digital Vasomotor Orienting Responses: The Effect of Stimulus Intensity and Rise Time
Authors: Ostar Phyllis J. , Stern John A. , Figar Stefan 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the effects of rise‐decay time and intensity (70dB; 90dB| of pure tones on cephalic and finger vascular responses. Cephalic dilation responses similar to those reported by Sokolov were obtained, as well as cephalic dilation response*, which were interpreted as attributable to startle. Cephalic constriction responses were observed at 90dB only and occurred more frequently for slow rise than for fast rise tunes which were conducive to the production of startle. The negative results with respect to (he cephalic vasomotor response, reported by most American investigators, can be rationalized from the results of the present study.
Electro‐cortical and Cardiac Rate Correlates of Psychophysical Judgment
Authors: Lang Peter J. , Gatchel Robert J. , Simons Robert F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTNine undergraduate volunteers participated in a frequency discrimination task. They were asked to rank five different pure tones, presented individually, and report their judgment several seconds after each tone terminated. Tones generally ranked correctly in frequency yielded larger fast‐cortical potential* and evoked heart rate respoases. Stimuli which occasioned frequent errors prompted a specific, negative, slow cortical wave, which could be distinguished both from eye movement artifact, and the slow wave changes associated with orienting and anticipation. The physiological data were analyzed in ternvs ot'two conceptions of the cognitive processing involved in psychophysical judgments.
An Experimental Test of Assumptions Relating to the Use of Electromyographic Biofeedbatk as a General Relaxation Training Technique
Authors: Alexander A. Barney 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐eight normal adults participated in an experimental test of two assumptions underlying the use of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback as a general relaxation training technique: (1) that trained EMG reduction in one muscle generalizes to untrained muscles; and (2) that subjective feelings of relaxation are related to EMG reduction. An experimental group received 5 sessions, during the middle 3 of which EMG biofeedback training was offered on the frontalis muscle. Throughout all sessions, EMG recordings were also taken from the forearm and lower leg, and ratings of subjective relaxation feelings were obtained at regular intervals. A control group, matched with the experimental group on baseline frontalis EMG, received 5 similar sessions without feedback. Employing a maximum p of .05, the results revealed no evidence of generalization of EMG reduction from the frontalis to the untrained sites, nor any tendency for successful frontalis EMG reduction to result in increased feelings of relaxation beyond what was obtainable from relaxing without the benefit of training. The results were interpreted as suggesting that EMG biofeedback cannot yet be accepted as a viable general relaxation training technique.