bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assembling a Global Vaccine Development Pipeline for Infectious Diseases in the Developing World
Authors: Serdobova Irina , Kieny Marie-Paule 
Published: July 2006

Commercial realities have drastically reduced private investment in the development of new public health tools, but increased awareness of this situation has resulted in the emergence of a variety of research-based, nonprofit organizations. We reviewed current vaccine developments and developed a framework for efficient research and development investments in this area. We have identified several key “push” and “pull” forces within the vaccine research and product development environment and have examined their impacts on the process. These forces affect the global vaccine pipeline, which is composed of all individual vaccine initiatives and global partnerships (i.e., stakeholders), All of these research and development stakeholders must work together to establish and promote a global, sustainable research and development pipeline that delivers optimal vaccines and immunization technologies.
Low Birthweight and Asthma Among Young Urban Children
Authors: Nepomnyaschy Lenna , Reichman Nancy E. 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We assessed whether the association between low birthweight and early childhood asthma can be explained by an extensive set of individual- and neighborhood-level measures. Methods. A population-based sample of children born in large US cities during 1998–2000 was followed from birth to age 3 years (N=1803). Associations between low birthweight and asthma diagnosis at age 3 years were estimated using multilevel models. Prenatal medical risk factors and behaviors, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and neighborhood characteristics were controlled. Results. Low-birthweight children were twice as likely as normal birthweight children to have an asthma diagnosis (34% vs 18%). The fully adjusted association (OR= 2.36; P<.001) was very similar to the unadjusted association (OR= 2.48; P<.001). Rates of renter-occupied housing and vacancies at the census tract–level were strong independent predictors of childhood asthma. Conclusions. Very little of the association between low birthweight and asthma at age 3 can be explained by an extensive set of demographic, socioeconomic, medical, behavioral, and neighborhood characteristics. Associations between neighborhood housing characteristics and asthma diagnosis in early childhood need to be further explored.
Television Viewing and Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity Among Multiethnic Residents of Low-Income Housing
Authors: Bennett Gary G. , Wolin Kathleen Y. , Viswanath K. , Askew Sandy , Puleo Elaine , Emmons Karen M. 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We evaluated the association between television viewing and pedometer-determined physical activity among predominantly racial/ethnic minority residents of low-income housing in metropolitan Boston in 2005. Methods. We used mixed models to analyze the association between reported hours of television viewing and pedometer-determined steps per day among 486 adults. We also examined whether television viewing was associated with the achievement of 10000 steps per day. Results. There was a mean 3.6 hours of average daily television watching. In multivariable analyses, each hour of television viewing on an average day was associated with 144 (95% confidence interval [CI]= −276, −12) fewer steps per day and a decreased likelihood of accumulating 10 000 steps per day (odds ratio [OR]=0.84; 95% CI=0.71, 0.99). Weekday and weekend television viewing were each also associated with fewer steps per day. Conclusions. Average daily television viewing was associated with reductions in total pedometer-determined physical activity levels (approximately 520 steps per day) in this lower-income sample. As part of a comprehensive physical activity promotion plan, recommendations to reduce television viewing should be made.
Effects of Summer and Winter Birth on Growth of Lambs in a Population of Feral Sheep
Authors: Réale Denis , Boussés Patrick 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The feral sheep of Ile Longue, Kerguelen Archipelago, reproduce twice a year, in summer and winter lambing seasons. We studied effects of birth season on lamb growth (body mass for both sexes and horn length for males) during 3 consecutive years. Lambs of the summer cohort (January–February) grew rapidly during the 3 months following birth, ceased growth during winter (May–September), and resumed growth in spring. Growth was slow during the first 2 months of life for the winter cohort (July–August); winter lambs were lighter than summer lambs at the same age. By the end of winter, when environmental conditions improved, rapid growth of winter lambs allowed them to compensate for their mass deficit. Female lambs tended to be heavier than males early in life, but males achieved greater body mass by the 5th month of age. Significantly larger body mass of males versus females occurred earlier in the winter cohort than the summer cohort. These results suggest that sexual dimorphism may be limited under unfavorable conditions and sexes may allocate energy for growth differently.
Real‐time decision making and aggressive behavior in youth: a heuristic model of response evaluation and decision (RED)
Authors: Fontaine Reid Griffith , Dodge Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractConsiderable scientific and intervention attention has been paid to judgment and decision‐making systems associated with aggressive behavior in youth. However, most empirical studies have investigated social–cognitive correlates of stable child and adolescent aggressiveness, and less is known about real‐time decision making to engage in aggressive behavior. A model of real‐time decision making must incorporate both impulsive actions and rational thought. The present paper advances a process model (response evaluation and decision; RED) of real‐time behavioral judgments and decision making in aggressive youths with mathematic representations that may be used to quantify response strength. These components are a heuristic to describe decision making, though it is doubtful that individuals always mentally complete these steps. RED represents an organization of social–cognitive operations believed to be active during the response decision step of social information processing. The model posits that RED processes can be circumvented through impulsive responding. This article provides a description and integration of thoughtful, rational decision making and nonrational impulsivity in aggressive behavioral interactions. Aggr. Behav. 32:1–21, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biocomposites synthesized from chemically modified soy oil and biofibers
Authors: Tran Phuong , Graiver Daniel , Narayan Ramani 
Published: July 2006

AbstractComposites with good mechanical properties were prepared from chemically modified soy oils and biofibers without additional petroleum‐based polymers. These composites were prepared from maleic anhydride and epoxide functionalized soybean oils that were cured in the presence of various biofibers (e.g., kenaf, kayocell, protein grits, and solka‐floc) by a flexible amine catalyst. Rigid thermosets characterized by a high‐crosslink‐density network and a high gel fraction were obtained. Fourier transform infrared was used to follow the cure reaction via the disappearance of the characteristic anhydride adsorptions. Composites with high tensile strength and low elongation were obtained when kenaf fibers were treated with (2‐aminoethyl)‐3‐aminopropyl‐trimethoxysilane and then added to the epoxidized/maleated soy matrix and cured with hexamethylenediamine. These biobased composites could provide inexpensive epoxy resin alternatives for a wide variety of industrial applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 69–75, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of novel polythiophenes containing poly(ethylene oxide) side chains
Authors: Qi Li , Sun Ming , Dong Shaojun 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThiophene copolymers and their derivatives with poly(ethylene oxide) side chains were synthesized. The starting monomers were 3‐hexylthiophene and 2‐(3‐thienyl) ethanol with poly(ethylene oxide) grafted to the side chains. New functionalized polythiophenes were prepared by both chemical oxidation with FeCl3 and electropolymerization. The conjugating polymers were characterized. The structures of the polythiophene derivatives agreed with the design. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1803–1808, 2006
Amino‐capped aniline trimer/epoxy resin intercrosslinked networks
Authors: Yang Xiaojun , Jiang Yanbin , Zhao Tong , Yu Yunzhao 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn amino‐capped aniline trimer (ACAT) in emeraldine base form was reacted with an epoxy resin to produce intercrosslinked networks. The quinoid structure of the ACAT was able to crosslink on curing and, thus, led to a very high glass‐transition temperature of the cured resin. The epoxy resin cured with the ACAT showed superior thermal properties over the resins cured with p‐phenylenediamine and 4,4′‐diamino diphenylamine. These findings were based on differential scanning calorimetry, IR, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis data. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 222–226, 2006
Nonequilibrium morphology development in seeded emulsion polymerization. IV. Influence of chain transfer agent
Authors: Stubb Jeffrey M. , Sundberg Donald C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe performed a series of experiments to study the effect of a chain transfer agent, n‐dodecyl mercaptan (n‐DM), on the development of morphology in composite latex particles. The morphologies were determined using a combination of transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and surfactant titration. The polymer molecular weights were reduced up to 10‐fold with n‐DM levels up to 1.4% in the monomer. The addition of n‐DM can increase the extent to which second‐stage polymer domains are formed within the interior regions of the seed particles, but this is only expected under specific conditions. Numerical simulations support this conclusion. We also observed that the reduction in the molecular weight of the second‐stage polymer did not significantly increase the extent of phase separation and morphology rearrangement within the particles. The overall effect on the morphology was limited. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 945–957, 2006
Active species in hydroperoxide decomposition by hindered amine light stabilizers and its reactivity with phenol
Authors: Yamashita Hiroshi , Banno Katsunori , Ohkatsu Yasukazu 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHydroperoxide decomposition by hindered amine light stabilizers (HALSs) is an important process producing active HALS derivatives and has been studied energetically. The decisive active species of the decomposition, however, has not been proposed yet. In this article, HALS nitrosonium that forms in the decomposition of a hydroperoxide by HALSs and a ring‐opening product of the nitrosonium, a nitroso compound, are proposed as active species for hydroperoxide decomposition. Furthermore, the reactivity of the nitrosonium with phenols is discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1310–1317, 2006
Crosslinking of cotton cellulose in the presence of serine and glycine. II. Pore structures and agent distribution
Authors: Chen You‐Jen , Chen Jui‐Chin , Yao Wei‐Hua , Chen Cheng‐Chi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSerine and glycine are selected as coreactants to combine with dimethylol‐dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU). We found that the pore structures of DMDHEU‐crosslinked cottons are changed. DMDHEU alone has lower values of equilibrium absorption, structural diffusion resistance constant, and rate constant, but higher value of activation energy than do DMDHEU–serine and DMDHEU–glycine. On the other hand, DMDHEU–serine has higher values of structural diffusion resistance constant and lower values of equilibrium absorption and rate constant than does DMDHEU–glycine; however, the hydroxyl group contained in serine has the higher affinity toward direct dye resulting in the decrease in the value of activation energy. The expansion patterns of cross section show that the degree of the expansion of the DMDHEU‐crosslinked fiber is lower than that of the DMDHEU–serine‐ and DMDHEU–glycine‐crosslinked fibers. The distribution of crosslinking agents on the crosslinked fabrics reveals the slightly higher surface distribution of DMDHEU–serine and DMDHEU–glycine. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1578–1584, 2006
Modification of a carbon/carbon composite with a thermosetting resin precursor as a matrix by the addition of carbon black
Authors: Ko Tse‐Hao , Kuo Wen‐Shyong , Han Wen‐Teng , Day Tzy‐Chin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCarbon/carbon composites were made through the pyrolysis of stabilized PAN felt and phenolic resin with the addition of 5 or 10 wt % carbon black to the matrix and then heat treatment at 600–2500°C. The effects of adding carbon black to the matrix precursor on the physical properties, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the resultant composites were investigated. Adding carbon black not only reduced the weight loss but also limited the shrinkage of the resultant composites. Adding carbon black also accelerated the formation of carbon basal planes in the matrix. At 2500°C, the crystalline stacking height in the composite with 10 wt % added carbon black was 200% greater than that with no additive. The flexural strength of the composite also increased from 15 to 42 MPa (almost 300%). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 333–337, 2006
Dynamic mechanical properties of conductive carbon black‐reinforced closed cell microcellular oil‐extended EPDM rubber vulcanizates: Effect of blowing agent, temperature, frequency, and strain
Authors: Mahapatra S. P. , Tripathy D. K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDynamic viscoelastic properties of Vulcan XC 72 (excess conductive carbon black)‐reinforced solid‐ and closed‐cell microcellular controlled long chain branching grade oil‐extended EPDM (Keltan 7341A) rubber vulcanizates were studied at four frequencies of 3.5, 11, 35, and 110 Hz, and at a temperature range of −100 to 160°C.The effect of blowing agent (ADC 21) loading on storage modulus (E′) and loss tangent (tan δ) was studied. The log of storage modulus bears a linear relationship with the log of density for both solid and microcellular rubber. Relative storage modulus (E/E) decreases with decrease in relative density (ρf/ρs). Both E′ and tan δ were found to be dependent on frequency and temperature. The master curves of the storage modulus versus log temperature‐reduced frequency were formed by superimposing E′ results and by using shift factors calculated by Arrhenius equation. Strain‐dependent isothermal dynamic viscoelastic properties were carried out for dynamic strain amplitude of 0.08–7%. Cole–Cole plots of microcellular vulcanizates show a circular arc with blowing agent (density). Empirical relationship between tan δ versus E′ is found to be linear, whose slope is independent of blowing agent loading or density. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1600–1608, 2006
Synthesis of nanosized poly(ethyl acrylate) particles via differential emulsion polymerization
Authors: Liu Jianmin , Pan Qinmin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNanoparticles of poly(ethyl acrylate) were synthesized via a semibatch differential emulsion polymerization method with potassium persulfate as the initiator and sodium dodecyl sulfate as the surfactant. The effects of the reaction temperature, aging time, and surfactant/initiator/monomer ratios on the polymer particle sizes were investigated. Poly(ethyl acrylate) with particle sizes of less than 20 nm was synthesized under mild conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1609–1614, 2006
Development of high‐definition aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone photoresists for cathode ray tubes
Authors: Swei Jason , Talbot Jan B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAqueous photoresists that are capable of higher resolutions than are currently employed by the cathode ray tube (CRT) industry were developed by combining photoactivators, which activate at shorter UV wavelengths with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Two photoactivators were synthesized: 4,4′‐diazido‐2,2′‐biphenyl disodium disulfonate (DABP), which has a maximum absorbance at 264 nm, and 4,4′‐diazido‐2,2′‐biphenylethane disodium disulfonate (DABPE), which has a maximum absorbance at 258 nm. The PVP/DABP and PVP/DABPE photoresists successfully imaged a pattern with resolution as small as 4.4 μm with photoactivator concentrations greater than 20% of the PVP concentration. Addition of silane and emulgen greatly improved the performance of the photoresists with more uniform coatings of thicknesses of up to 1.4 μm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1637–1644, 2006
Characterization of [poly(ethylene oxide)]LiClO–Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 composite polymer electrolytes with poly(ethylene oxide)s of different molecular weights
Authors: Wang Yan‐Jie , Pan Yi , Wang Li , Pang Ming‐Jie , Chen Linshen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA group of (PEO)LiClO4–Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 [where PEO is poly(ethylene oxide)] composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) films was prepared by the solution‐casting method. In each film, the ethylene oxide/lithium ratio of 8 and the Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 concentration of 15 wt % were fixed, but the number‐average molecular weight of PEO was varied (from 5–7 × 104 to 106, 2.2–2.7 × 106, 3–4 × 106, 4–5 × 106, and 5.5–6 × 106). Several techniques, including X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were used to characterize the CPE films. LiClO4 had a strong tendency to complex with PEO, but Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 was instead dispersed in the PEO matrix. DSC analysis revealed that the amorphous phase was dominant in the CPE films, although the PEOs before use were quite crystalline. An SEM study showed smooth and homogeneous morphologies for the films with low‐molecular‐weight PEO and dual‐phase characteristics for those with high‐molecular‐weight PEO. The EIS results indicated that the CPE films were all ionic conductors, and the conducting behavior obeyed the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) equation. The parameters in the VTF equation were obtained and discussed with respect to the PEO molecular weights and the crystallinities of the CPE films. Of all the films, the one with PEO with the smallest number‐average molecular weight of 5–7 × 104 had the maximum conductivity, that is, 1.590 × 10−5 S/cm at room temperature and 1.886 × 10−3 S/cm at 373 K. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1328–1334, 2006
Stress relaxation of woodfiber–thermoplastic composites
Authors: Bhattacharyya Debes , Manikath James , Jayaraman Krishnan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWoodfiber–polypropylene and woodfiber–waste polyethylene composites have been produced by injection molding and by hot pressing the thermoplastic between woodfiber mats. The stress relaxation under constant strain in these composites has been studied at 25, 50, and 80°C. The results have been compared with similar experiments performed on neat thermoplastics. It is interesting to note that the presence of woodfibers as reinforcement in the composites restricts the stress relaxation, but their effectiveness decrease with the increase in ambient temperature. Composites made by hot pressing the woodfiber mat and the thermoplastic are found to exhibit a lesser amount of relaxation than those made by injection molding the same combination. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 401–407, 2006
Effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone and carbon nanotubes on magnetorheological properties of iron‐based magnetorheological fluids
Authors: Pu Hong Ting , Jiang Feng Jing , Yang Zhenglong , Yan Biao , Liao Xin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMagnetorheological (MR) fluids based on glycol, iron powder, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared. Effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone and carbon nanotubes on sedimentation stability and magnetorheological properties were studied. It is found that the synergetic effects of PVP and CNTs improve the sedimentation stability significantly, and the addition of CNTs reduces the sedimentation velocity and increases the equilibrium sedimentation ratio of the magnetizable particles in MR fluids remarkably. The addition of PVP can reduce the sedimentation velocity of the magnetizable particles, but cannot increase the equilibrium sedimentation ratio and will not change the up trend of apparent viscosity with the increasing intensity of the external magnetic field. When the PVP content is lower, the increment of original apparent viscosity of the MR fluids at zero‐intensity of magnetic field is inconspicuous, and their values of apparent viscosity under magnetic field are similar. However, the apparent viscosity of the MR fluids increases tremendously when the contents of PVP increase to certain degree. The results show that the synergetic effects of PVP and CNTs not only improve the sedimentation stability of the MR fluid but also promote its magnetorheological effect. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1653–1657, 2006
Synthesis and properties of metal complexes of radiation grafted carboxyl containing copolymers
Authors: Turmanova Sevdalina , Vassilev Krassimir , Atanassov Atanas 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMetal complexes of copolymers based on polyacrylic acid radiation grafted onto films of low density polyethene were prepared by complex‐forming with solutions of salts of FeCl3.6H2O, CuCl2.2H2O, CoCl2.6H2O, NiCl2.6H2O, VOSO4.5H2O, Na2MoO4.2H2O, Na2WO4.2H2O, and NH4VO3. The introduction of metal ions was found to depend mainly on the degree of grafting of acrylic acid and was from 0.5 to 5.0 mass%. These complexes were characterized by IR, UV spectroscopy, and EPR. The moisture content of the materials obtained changed linearly with the degree of grafting of acrylic acid and was from 9.0 to 80.0%. The introduction of the MoO22+ and WO22+ towards carboxylic groups lead to increasing the thermal stability of the metal complexes of the copolymers compared to the initial grafted films. The modified acrylate copolymers were studied in reactions of catalytic oxidation of cyclohexene. The activities of the complexes obtained towards cyclohexene epoxidation can be arranged in the following order: PAA–MoO22+ > PAA–VO2+ > PAA–VO > PAA–WO22+, while for the reaction of cyclohexene hydroxylation the order was—PAA–Co2+ > PAA–Cu2+ > PAA–Fe3+ > PAA–Ni2+. The contents of cyclohexene oxide and 2‐cyclohexene‐1‐ol reached 38.5% and 7.5%, respectively.
© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1658–1665, 2006
Anthranilic acid assisted preparation of Fe3O4–poly(aniline‐co‐o‐anthranilic acid) nanoparticles
Authors: Chao Danming , Lu Xiaofeng , Chen Jingyu , Zhang Wanjin , Wei Yen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMagnetic Fe3O4–poly(aniline‐co‐o‐anthranilic acid) nanoparticles were prepared by a novel and simple method: anthranilic acid assisted polymerization. The synthetic strategy involved two steps. First, Fe3O4 nanoparticles capped by anthranilic acid were obtained by a chemical precipitation method, and then the aniline and oxidant were added to the modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles to prepare well‐dispersed Fe3O4–poly(aniline‐co‐o‐anthranilic acid) nanoparticles. Fe3O4–poly(aniline‐co‐o‐anthranilic acid) nanoparticles exhibited a superparamagnetic behavior (i.e., no hysteresis loop) and high‐saturated magnetization (Ms = 21.5 emu/g). The structure of the composite was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectra, X‐ray powder diffraction patterns, and transmission electron microscopy, which proved that the Fe3O4–poly(aniline‐co‐o‐anthranilic acid) nanoparticles were about 20 nm. Moreover, the thermal properties of the composite were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, and it showed excellent thermal stability.
© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1666–1671, 2006