bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Simple Math of Royalties and Drug Competition During the 180-Day Generic Exclusivity Period
Authors: Drake Keith M , McGuire Thomas G 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In drug patent litigation settlements, the plaintiff brand commonly licenses the defendant generic to sell before patent expiry. Some agreements require the generic to pay the brand royalties. Despite the superficial flow of payments, royalty terms may function as part of an anticompetitive “reverse payment” made to the generic in exchange for delayed entry. Typically, the brand launches its own authorized generic (AG) during the first-to-file generic’s 180-day exclusivity period so initially there are two generic competitors. A royalty structure that deters the brand’s AG launch reduces the number of entrants to one, conveying net value to the generic by allowing it to capture the entire generic market, potentially inducing it to delay its entry. Royalties usually have no place in a brand–generic agreement between rational actors. However, our simple model shows that when royalties are conditioned on the brand’s AG launch, a range of royalty rates exists that conveys net value to the generic by deterring the brand from rationally introducing an AG. Royalty terms that are conditioned on the brand’s AG launch thus raise a red flag that the agreement is a pay-for-delay. Although the numbers are small, publicly available materials on industry experience corroborate this conclusion.
Pneumoperitoneum and Chilaiditi syndrome: navigating a diagnostic conundrum
Authors: Bourakkadi Idrissi Mehdi , Dkhissi Younes 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chilaiditi sign represents a rare condition marked by the interposition of the bowel between the diaphragm and liver, mimicking pneumoperitoneum on radiological imaging. The syndrome manifests with gastrointestinal symptoms and is often confused with more serious conditions. This case report presents a rare instance of Chilaiditi syndrome, initially misdiagnosed as pneumoperitoneum based on chest X-ray findings. The patient, a 61-year-old woman, arrived at the emergency department complaining of acute epigastric pain. Initial tests, including a chest X-ray, suggested pneumoperitoneum, but a subsequent contrast-enhanced abdominal CT-scan revealed the interposition of the right colon between the liver and diaphragm, characteristic of Chilaiditi sign. The patient’s symptoms, including abdominal pain and diarrhea, were consistent with Chilaiditi syndrome. The patient was treated successfully with intravenous antibiotics and fluids, showing significant improvement within 48 hours. The report highlights the importance of differentiating Chilaiditi syndrome from other acute abdominal conditions to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention.
Philosophical Protreptic and the Preface to Luke’s Gospel
Authors: Hubbard Jeffrey M 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This article compares the preface of Luke’s Gospel to Philo’s preface to De Abrahamo and Arrian’s preface to his arrangement of the sayings of Epictetus. Scholars have usually sought ancient comparanda to Luke’s preface in order to identify the Gospel’s genre. This study moves beyond this traditional question of form (‘What ancient works bear the closest resemblance to the structure of Luke 1:1–4?’) and on to the question of function. The selected works of Philo and Arrian participate in different genres, but both belong to the rhetorical category of ‘philosophical protreptic’, a piece of writing intended to compel the reader towards a particular moral vision. I argue that Luke’s preface exhibits unexplored similarities with the prefaces of Arrian and Philo and can itself be fruitfully read as a kind of philosophical protreptic. This has implications for how we theorize about Luke’s audience and social situation.
Broad-band noise and quasi-periodic oscillation characteristics of the X-ray pulsar RX J0440.9+4431
Authors: Li P P , Tao L , Ma R C , Ge M Y , Zhao Q C , Zhao S J , Zhang L , Bu Q C , Kong L D , Tuo Y L , Ji L , Zhang S , Qu J L , Zhang S N , Huang Y , Ma X , Ye W T , Shui Q C 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a comprehensive timing analysis on the Be/X-ray binary pulsar RX J0440.9+4431 using observations from NICER and Insight-HXMT during the 2022–2023 outburst. The power density spectrum (PDS) of RX J0440.9+4431 exhibits typical aperiodic variability in X-ray flux across a wide frequency range. During a supercritical accretion state, we detect quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) at 0.2–0.5 Hz in the light curves of five pulses for RX J0440.9+4431. The observed QPOs manifest during flares, while the flares appear at the peaks of the pulse profiles on a time-scale of seconds and are primarily caused by an increase in hard photons. These flares can be explained by increased material ingestion in the accretion column at a fixed phase, primarily generating hard photons. Alternatively, an increase in accretion rate, independent of phase, may result in highly beamed hard photons within the accretion column, causing the flares. We argue the origin of QPOs to instabilities within the accretion flow. Additionally, we find that the break frequencies in the noise power spectra align well with $\propto L_{\mathrm{x}}^{3 / 7}$ across three orders of magnitude in the luminosity, which points to a relatively strong magnetic field in RX J0440.9+4431, estimated to be ~1013 G.
Revisiting the TeV flare of PKS 2155-304 in 2006
Authors: Tan Hong-Bin , Liu Ruo-Yu , Böttcher Markus 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
Blazars, a subclass of active galactic nuclei (AGN), are known to be bright γ-ray sources, frequently exhibiting active (flaring) periods. Blazar PKS 2155-304 is a high synchrotron-peaked BL Lac object located at redshift z = 0.116. On 2006 July 28, an extremely remarkable outburst of VHE γ-ray emission from this blazar was reported by the H.E.S.S. experiment, with an average flux more than 10 times the low-state level. The variability time-scale of this extraordinary flare was as short as approximately 200 s. In order to guarantee the transparency of the emission region for TeV photons, the fast variability demands an extremely high Doppler factor δD &gt; 50 of the jet within the classical one-zone model, leading to the so-called ‘Doppler factor crisis’. Here, we demonstrate that the stochastic dissipation model, which is a multiblob scenario for blazars, can self-consistently explain the giant TeV flares of PKS 2155-304 and the low-state emission before and after the flares, in terms of both multiwavelength spectral and variability characteristics. The required Doppler factor in this model can be as low as 20, which is a reasonable and typical value for blazar jets. The obtained model parameters may shed some light on the physical properties of the relativistic jet.
Transients obscured by dusty discs
Authors: Kochanek C S 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
Dust absorption is invoked in a number of contexts for hiding a star that has survived some sort of transient event from view. Dust formed in a transient is expanding away from the star and, in spherical models, the mass and energy budgets implied by a high optical depth at late times make such models untenable. Concentrating the dust in a disc or torus can in principle hide a source from an equatorial observer using less mass and so delay this problem. However, using axisymmetric dust radiation transfer models with a range of equatorial dust concentrations, we find that this is quite difficult to achieve in practice. The polar optical depth must be either low or high to avoid scattering optical photons to equatorial observers. Most of the emission remains at wavelengths easily observed by JWST. The equatorial brightness can be significantly suppressed for very discy configurations with little polar optical depth – but only by a factor of ∼2 for polar optical depths of τp = 1 and ∼5 for τp = 0.1 even for a very high optical depth disc (τe = 1000) viewed edge-on. It is particularly difficult to hide a source with silicate dusts because the absorption feature near 10 µm frequently leads to the emission being concentrated just bluewards of the feature, near 8 µm.
Thinking about default enrollment lowers vaccination intentions and public support in G7 countries
Authors: Banerjee Sanchayan , John Peter , Nyhan Brendan , Hunter Andrew , Koenig Richard , Lee-Whiting Blake , Loewen Peter John , McAndrews John , Savani Manu M 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Policymakers often face a conundrum between being transparent about policies and ensuring that those policies are effective. This challenge is particularly relevant for behavioral nudges, which are not usually disclosed. Rather than avoiding transparency, we suggest that policymakers encourage citizens to reflect on nudges to help them understand their own views and align those views with their behaviors. Using data from an online survey experiment with 24,303 respondents in G7 countries, we examine the impact of reflection on a hypothetical default nudge policy for COVID-19 booster appointments. Contrary to expectations, participants say they would be less likely to get the booster when automatically enrolled compared with a control condition. Similarly, encouraging citizens to think about the status quo (baseline) policy also reduces intentions for boosters. These interventions have no effect on approval of the policy. Further, encouraging people to think about automatic enrollment decreases approval of the policy and further decreases their intentions to get vaccinated. These findings suggest that reflection on a nudge can increase backlash from a nudge and also elicit policy disapproval, thereby aligning policy support with behavioral intentions.
Theory of CP angle measurements
Authors: Soni Amarjit 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the early 1980s Sanda-san and collaborators wrote key papers on the direct and clean determination of the unitarity angle ϕ1(β). This motivated many of us to analogously come up with ways for direct and clean determinations of the other two unitarity angles, ϕ2(α) and ϕ3(γ). This paper describes the current status of these direct determinations as well as our expectations for when Belle-II has 50 ab−1 of luminosity and LHCb is upgraded. In particular, it is emphasized that, for direct determination of ϕ3, Belle-II should be able to handle final states in D0 or $\bar{D}^0$ Dalitz decays, which contain one π0 (which are difficult for LHCb); then they may make further inroads in improving the accuracy of the ϕ3 determination. Early lattice inputs for constraining the unitarity triangle (UT) are briefly recalled. Its crucial role in supporting the Kobayashi–Maskawa theory of CP violation is emphasized. Over the years significant progress has been made in lattice methods and the latest constraints from these for the UT will be discussed, as well as the compatibility with current direct determinations and some comments on the future outlook.
Macrophage exosomes modified by miR-365-2-5p promoted osteoblast osteogenic differentiation by targeting OLFML1
Authors: Hou Caiyao , Zhang Yujue , Lv Zhaoyong , Luan Yurun , Li Jun , Meng Chunxiu , Liu Kun , Luo Xin , Chen Liyu , Liu Fengzhen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the bone immune microenvironment, immune cells can regulate osteoblasts through a complex communication network. Macrophages play a central role in mediating immune osteogenesis, exosomes derived from them have osteogenic regulation and can be used as carriers in bone tissue engineering. However, there are problems with exosomal therapy alone, such as poor targeting, and the content of loaded molecules cannot reach the therapeutic concentration. In this study, macrophage-derived exosomes modified with miR-365-2-5p were developed to accelerate bone healing. MC3T3-E1 cells were incubated with the culture supernatants of M0, M1 and M2 macrophages, and it was found that the culture medium of M2 macrophages had the most significant effects in contributing to osteogenesis. High-throughput sequencing identified that miR-365-2-5p was significantly expressed in exosomes derived from M2 macrophages. We incubated MC3T3-E1 with exosomes overexpressing or knocking down miR-365-2-5p to examine the biological function of exosome miR-365-2-5p on MC3T3-E1 differentiation. These findings suggested that miR-365-2-5p secreted by exosomes increased the osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1. Moreover, miR-365-2-5p had a direct influence over osteogenesis for MC3T3-E1. Sequencing analysis combined with dual luciferase detection indicated that miR-365-2-5p binded to the 3'-UTR of OLFML1. In summary, exosomes secreted by M2 macrophages targeted OLFML1 through miR-365-2-5p to facilitate osteogenesis.
Remote monitoring of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a low disease activity state: a mixed methods evaluation across six hospitals in London, UK
Authors: Watson Kathryn , Sheldon Helen , Pallari Elena , Arumalla Nikita , Olive Rachel R , Boiko Olga , Aznar Camille , Adams Emma-Jayne , Bosworth Ailsa , Demetriou Len , Martin Melanie , Palmer Mary-Ann , Sinclair Polly , Smith Emily J , Sevdalis Nick , Walker Andrew , Garrood Toby 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objectives
This study evaluated the scale-up of a remote monitoring service, capturing monthly Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease scores and patient-generated text messages, for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA; in remission or with low disease activity) attending routine outpatient clinics across six hospitals. We explored patients and staff experiences and implementation outcomes.

Methods
A pragmatic, mixed methods approach was used, with active patient involvement throughout. We undertook a rapid review, analysed service-level data, and conducted a patient survey and patient and staff interviews, informed by the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behaviour (COM-B) and Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) theoretical frameworks.

Results
The review included 37 articles, covering themes of patient and clinician acceptability, engagement, feasibility and clinical impact. Service-level data (n = 202) showed high levels of patient engagement with the service. The patient survey (n = 155) showed patients felt the service was easy to use, had confidence in it and felt it improved access to care. Patient interview (n = 22) findings mirrored those of the survey. Motivating factors included increased responsiveness and ease of contact with clinical teams. Views from staff interviews (n = 16) were more mixed. Some implementation barriers were specific to roll-out sites. Prioritization of staff needs was emphasized.

Conclusion
Patients were positive about the service and engagement was high. Staff views and engagement were more mixed. Results suggest that equal levels of patient and staff engagement are required for sustainability. These findings further our understanding of the implementation challenges to scaling remote monitoring interventions for patients with rheumatoid arthritis in routine care settings.
Therapeutic strategies and outcomes in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: an international multicentre retrospective study
Authors: Bortoluzzi Alessandra , Fanouriakis Antonis , Silvagni Ettore , Appenzeller Simone , Carli Linda , Carrara Greta , Cauli Alberto , Conti Fabrizio , Costallat Lilian Teresa Lavras , De Marchi Ginevra , Doria Andrea , Fredi Micaela , Franceschini Franco , Garaffoni Carlo , Hanly John G , Mosca Marta , Murphy Elana , Piga Matteo , Quartuccio Luca , Scirè Carlo Alberto , Tomietto Paola , Truglia Simona , Zanetti Anna , Zen Margherita , Bertsias George , Govoni Marcello 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The management of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) poses considerable challenges due to limited clinical trials. Therapeutic decisions are customized based on suspected pathogenic mechanisms and symptoms severity. This study aimed to investigate therapeutic strategies and disease outcome for patients with NPSLE experiencing their first neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestation.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study defined NP events according to the American College of Rheumatology case definition, categorizing them into three clusters: central/diffuse, central/focal and peripheral. Clinical judgment and a validated attribution algorithm were used for NP event attribution. Data included demographic variables, SLE disease activity index, cumulative organ damage, and NP manifestation treatments. The clinical outcome of all NP events was determined by a physician seven-point Likert scale. Predictors of clinical improvement/resolution were investigated in a multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results
The analysis included 350 events. Immunosuppressants and corticosteroids were more frequently initiated/escalated for SLE-attributed central diffuse or focal NP manifestations. At 12 months of follow-up, 64% of patients showed a clinical improvement in NP manifestations. Focal central events and SLE-attributed manifestations correlated with higher rates of clinical improvement. Patients with NP manifestations attributed to SLE according to clinical judgment and treated with immunosuppressants had a significantly higher probability of achieving clinical response (OR 2.55, 95%CI 1.06–6.41, P = 0.04). Age at diagnosis and focal central events emerged as additional response predictors.

Conclusion
NP manifestations attributed to SLE by clinical judgment and treated with immunosuppressants demonstrated improved 12-month outcomes. This underscores the importance of accurate attribution and timely diagnosis of NPSLE.
The Corporate ‘Failure to Prevent’ Principle in the UK Bribery Act 2010: Philosophical Foundations of Economic Crime
Authors: Korotana Shabir 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This article discusses the new corporate offence of corporate ‘failure to prevent’ bribery found in section 7(1) of the UK Bribery Act 2010 and the nature of consequential corporate liability. It discusses the nature of corporate vicarious liability, strict liability, and the identification doctrine and identifies the philosophical foundations of the principle of corporate failure to prevent bribery. The philosophical foundation of corporate liability emanating from the principle of the corporate offence is not based on the principles of corporate vicarious liability, strict liability or the identification doctrine. Liability attaches directly to the corporation because the rationale behind the legislation is to eliminate the culture of corporate bribery both domestically and extra-territorially. Section 7(2) affords a corporation a legal defence against its failure to prevent bribery if it can demonstrate that it had implemented adequate procedures to prevent individuals associated with it from undertaking such behaviour.
The Right to Citizenship of Rohingya Children of Bangladeshi Descent Under International Human Rights Law
Authors: Sabuj Mohammad 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Since the outbreak of violence and persecution against Rohingyas in 2017 they have been fleeing Myanmar and taking refuge in Bangladesh. A significant number of them are married to a Bangladeshi citizen and their children are entitled to Bangladeshi citizenship by descent. However, these Rohingya children are not being registered as Bangladeshi citizen. As a result, a significant number of Rohingya children have become stateless. As Bangladesh is not a party to the statelessness conventions statelessness of these Rohingya children cannot be legally addressed under these conventions. This article explores the citizenship rights of these Rohingya children outside of these conventions. It argues that, although Bangladesh is not a party to the statelessness conventions it is a party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and other international human rights treaties under which it is obliged to grant citizenship status to the Rohingya children born to a Bangladeshi parent.
Empowering Faculty to Incorporate Large Language Models in Nursing Education Using a Delegation Framework
Authors: Blomquist Jason , Llewellyn Sarah , Alderden Jenny , Connor Kelley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) can support nursing education but pose questions of validity, reliability, and ethical use. This article proposes using the five rights of nursing delegation framework by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing to teach nursing students about the appropriate use of LLMs in health care and nursing education. Nursing faculty can teach students how to assess the validity and reliability of the information provided by LLMs, document its use, and reference and cite information appropriately.
“I Don't Believe That One”: A Qualitative Study of Undetectable = Untransmittable Views Among Older Adults Living With HIV in South Carolina
Authors: Addo Prince Nii Ossah , Brown Monique J. , Nkwonta Chigozie A. , Kaur Amandeep , James Titilayo , Qiao Shan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Undetectable = Untransmittable (U = U) means that people with HIV who achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively zero risk of sexually transmitting the virus to others. However, research on how U = U is perceived by older adults living with HIV (OAH) is currently lacking. This study explored U = U views among OAH. From October 2019 to February 2020, we conducted open-ended interviews with 24 OAH recruited at an HIV clinic in South Carolina. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. We employed thematic analysis in this study. Three themes emerged from the analysis: (a) Conflicting beliefs in U = U; (b) Use condoms regardless; and (c) Fear of HIV reinfection. Despite strong scientific evidence supporting U = U, some OAH do not believe in U = U. This lack of belief could deprive OAH of the benefits U = U offers. Therefore, it is vital to educate OAH about U = U to enhance their understanding and belief in U = U.
Ultrasonic Fasciotomy for the Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciopathy: A Prospective Study
Authors: Kruse Ryan C. , Volfson Elena 
Published: February 2024

Objective:
To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of an ultrasonic fasciotomy for plantar fasciopathy.

Design:
Prospective observational study.

Setting:
Tertiary care academic medical center.

Participants:
Patients with chronic plantar fasciopathy refractory to standard, conservative treatments were included in this study.

Interventions:
Patients underwent ultrasonic fasciotomy of the plantar fascia.

Main Outcome Measures:
The primary outcome measures were change in visual analog scale at 12 and 52 weeks post-procedure compared with baseline as well as patients' self-reported satisfaction with the procedure.

Results:
Sixty-seven patients were included. There was a significant improvement in visual analog scale at all follow-up time points, with an average overall improvement of 5.87 (P < 0.0001). 94% of patients reported satisfaction with the outcomes of their procedure at 12 and 52 weeks. No procedural complications were seen.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that an ultrasonic fasciotomy is a safe and effective treatment option for chronic plantar fasciopathy, with continued symptom improvement and a high degree of patient satisfaction up to 52 weeks post-procedure.

Clinical Relevance:
These findings suggest that an ultrasonic fasciotomy should be considered for patients with chronic plantar fasciopathy refractory to conservative treatments.