bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of high altitude on the growth of children of high socioeconomic status in Bolivia
Authors: Stinson Sara 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe physical growth of middle to upper class children of primarily European ancestry attending the private French School in Laz Paz, Bolivia is described and analyzed to determine how high altitude affects growth in this group of children. The sample consists of 323 children, most between the ages of 8 and 14, who reside at altitudes between 3200 and 3600 meters, but who have spent different amounts of time at high altitude. Comparisons between children who differ in their exposure to high altitude, and comparisons between French School children and other samples of high and low altitude children were used to assess the effect of high altitude on growth. Children who had lived all their lives at high altitude were found to be smaller in terms of general body size than those who had spent the shortest amount of time at high altitude, confirming the results of previous investigations of child growth in the Andes. Most studies of indigenous Andean populations have found that chest dimensions relative to stature increase with altitude, but it is not clear that this same trend exists in Bolivian French School children. Although exposure to high altitude does affect the growth of French School children, their height is essentially the same as that of Guatemalan children of high socioeconomic status. Within the age range studied, the effect of high altitude is small relative to that of other environmental factors and genetic factors, even in these children of high socioeconomic status.
Periodontal disease in the prehistoric Ipiutak and Tigara skeletal remains from Point Hope, Alaska
Authors: Costa Raymond L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo large groups of prehistoric Eskimo skeletons from Point Hope, Alaska, were evaluated for dental wear and several measures of periodontal disease. Occlusal attrition was found to increase steadily with increasing age. Crown height decreased proportionately. Assessing periodontal disease by inspecting apparent alveolar recession was judged ineffective due to possible supereruption. Infrabony pockets, the result of severe localized periodontal disease indicated that in Ipiutak people between the ages of 25 and 30, and Tigara people between 35 and 40, more dental sites were affected by periodontal disease than were not. This suggests a cultural, genetic, or dietary difference between the two groups. Male/female differences were slight in all parameters studied.
Aging changes in thickness of the proximal femoral cortex
Authors: Ericksen M. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study explores age‐related thinning of cortical bone in an area of the femur that is becoming of increasing clinical interest. It is based on measurements of medial‐lateral and posterior‐anterior radiographs of the proximal one‐third of the right femur, below the greater trochanter. The study population consisted of 458 skeletons from the Terry collection and included approximately equal numbers of blacks and whites, males and females, aged 20 to 98 years. Cortical thicknesses were measured at 11 levels, beginning with a line drawn perpendicular to the linea aspera at the level of the inferior border of the greater trochanter.The four quadrants (medial, lateral, anterior, posterior) differed in amount of change with age. In general, except for the relatively thick medial cortex, intertrochanteric levels showed less change than subtrochanteric levels. It is postulated that this is because the greatest remodeling activity takes place in trabecular rather than cortical bone in the intertrochanteric region. The anterior and posterior cortex showed the most regular and greatest amount of thinning with age. In males at lower levels, there was little or no loss in either medial or lateral cortex, but females showed considerable loss after the sixth decade. It is suggested that a stress‐related “maintenance” factor retards cortical thinning in these quadrants.A review of the literature suggests that age‐related cortical loss in the femur may have been accelerated in archaeological population, compared with modern groups.
Robust and least‐squares orthogonal mapping: Methods for the study of cephalofacial form and growth
Authors: Olshan Andrew F. , Siegel Andrew F. , Swindler Daris R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA method is presented for the description and analysis of cephalofacial form and growth using two‐dimensional coordinate data. The procedure permits the identification of shape differences at specific cephalofacial coordinate locations without reliance upon conventional cephalometric landmarks. The resulting size‐standardized coordinates can be analyzed by statistical methods for further data exploration. Two methods of shape transformation—least‐squares and robust fitting—are described and compared. An example of the utility of the technique for cephalofacial growth studies is provided.
Relationships among ontogenetic, static, and evolutionary allometry
Authors: Cheverud James M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship between ontogenetic, static, and evolutionary levels of allometry is investigated. Extrapolation from relative size relationships in adults to relative growth in ontogeny depends on the variability of slopes and intercepts of ontogenetic vectors relative to variability in length of the vector. If variability in slopes and intercepts is low relative to variability in length, ontogenetic and static allometries will be similar. The similarity of ontogenetic and static allometries was tested by comparing the first principal component, or size vector, for correlations among 48 cranial traits in a cross‐sectional ontogenetic sample of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago with a static sample from which all age‐ and sex‐related variation had been removed. The vector correlation between the components is high but significantly less than one while two of three allometric patterns apparent in the ontogenetic component are not discernable in the static component. This indicates that there are important differences in size and shape relationships among adults and within ontogenies.Extrapolation from intra‐ or interspecific phenotypic allometry to evolutionary allometry is shown to depend on the similarity of genetic and phenotypic allometry patterns. Similarity of patterns was tested by comparing the first principal components of the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlation matrices calculated using standard quantitative genetic methods. The patterns of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental allometry are dissimilar; only the environmental allometries show ontogenetic allometric patterns. This indicates that phenotypic allometry may not be an accurate guide to patterns of evolutionary change in size and shape.
The humerus of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis: A primitive anthropoid
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Simons Elwyn L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo complete humeri of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis have been recovered from Oligocene deposits in the Fayum Province of Egypt. These new specimens support previous interpretations of the locomotor adaptations of this species and indicate that A. zeuxis was a robust, slowly moving arboreal quadruped. While the previously described distal articular region of the humerus is virtually identical with the same region in many extant ceboids and the Miocene hominoid Pliopithecus vindobonensis, the more proximal parts of the humerus show many primitive “prosimianlike” features not found in the limbs of extant anthropoids. The primitive features include the absence of a distinct deltoid plane, a broad shallow bicipital groove, a large brachialis flange, and an entepicondylar foramen. In most features, the humerus of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis is more primitive than the hypothetical last common ancestor of extant cercopithecoids and hominoids based on neontological comparisons. This supports other lines of evidence indicating that the hominoids from the Egyptian Oligocene are morphologically ancestral to both Old World monkeys and apes.
Village composition implied by a paleodemographic life table: The Libben Site
Authors: Howell Nancy 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLovejoy and colleagues excavated some 1327 skeletons deposited around 800 to 1100 A.D. at a site near Lake Erie in Ohio, called Libben. Examination of the implications of the life table presented for the living group which produced the cemetery shows that it would have had to be an extremely young population, in which many of the children would be orphans, in which the adults would have had to work hard and effectively to support the group, and almost none of whom would have lived long enough to become grandparents.The unusual and implausible features of the population structure can be interpreted as direct evidence on prehistoric living conditions, or alternatively, as a caution that the life table may include sources of error or bias.
The pre‐Columbian dog from Arica, Chile
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Focacci Guillermo , Santoro Calogero 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBurials and mummies of dogs from the Arica, Chile, area are described. It is concluded that these dogs were brought to this area 2500 years ago by shepherds from the highlands and are still present, relatively unchanged.
The contribution of time and local geography to craniofacial variation in Nubia's Batn el Hajar
Authors: Van Gerven Dennis P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWhile the history of Lower Nubia has traditionally been explained in terms of racial migrations and mixture, recent studies of craniofacial variation have emphasized the biological continuity in Lower Nubia over the past 12,000 years. Carlson and Van Gerven for example have demonstrated a trend among the populations for changes in craniofacial form that are best explained by changing masticatory function and in situ evolution independent of major racial migrations. The purpose of the present research is to extend the analysis of craniofacial variation in Lower Nubia to a culturally and geographically distinctive region to the south known as the Batn el Hajar. Data for Lower Nubia were obtained in the field from 44 Meroitic, 94 X‐Group, and 36 Christian crania during the 1964 Colorado Expedition to Nubia. Data from the Batn el Hajar were obtained from 188 crania excavated in 1979 at the Christian site of Kulubnarti which spans the entire Christian era from 550 to 1450 +.Analysis of 12 metric variables using discriminant function revealed two sources of variation. The first is temporal and reflects the pattern of facial reduction previously reported for Lower Nubia. The second is geographic and suggests a morphological convergence between the people of Kulubnarti and Lower Nubia during late Christian times. This convergence reflects the southward migration of Lower Nubian Christians following the annexation of Lower Nubia by Islamic Egypt in the middle 15th century.
Amino acid analysis of bone from a possible case of prehistoric iron deficiency anemia from the American Southwest
Authors: Von Endt David W. , Ortner Donald J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt is possible that dietary conditions can result in the production of abnormal bone protein. For example, a heavily maize‐dependent diet could be deficient in one or more essential amino acids necessary to normal human biochemistry and consequently necessary for normal bone protein synthesis. Amino acid analysis of bone tissues, thus, could provide a useful diagnostic tool in paleopathology. To test this potential we have compared the amino acid analyses of bone samples from a prehistoric Southwest Indian child exhibiting porotic hyperostosis with samples taken from (1) two children's skeletons lacking bone lesions but from the same area and time, (2) a modern child who died from accidental causes, and (3) adult human compact bone. Analytical results of the nonpathological prehistoric specimens were virtually identical to that of the modern infant, indicating remarkable preservation of bone protein. The pathological bone sample differed from the three control specimens by having as much as 25% less of those amino acids containing hydroxyl group and acidic side chains. We interpret the amino acid profile for the diseased child as indicating the presence of a greater proportion of helical protein (or less noncollagenous protein) as well as a lowered degree of hydroxylation of proline and lysine. One explanation for our data is that protein biosynthesis is altered in the child exhibiting porotic hyperostosis, and either some proteins important in the early phases of mineralization are not produced in sufficient quantity, or some necessary enzyme cofactors (e.g., dietary ferrous ions) are missing. We conclude that our data are compatible with, but do not prove, the hypothesis that the porotic hyperostosis exhibited by the Southwest Indian child is the result of iron deficiency anemia.
Allometry and adaptation in the catarrhine postcranial skeleton
Authors: Steudel Karen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeven measurements were taken on the postcranial skeleton of 249 specimens representing ten species of catarrhine primates and tested to determine their relationship with size. Size was measured as skeletal weight on each individual.It was found that the interspecific line based on the entire sample was in some cases determined not only by morphological adjustments for size variation but also by changes in locomotor adaptations of differently sized species within the sample. It is suggested that it is consequently preferable to study allometric relationships within a species or within a group of species that differ in size but are similar in their mode of locomotion.The allometric analysis reveals some interesting patterns within the data. Limb lengths scaled with either negative allometry or isometry over the entire sample. Within the species groups isometry was the rule except for pongid femurs, which showed negative scaling. Humerus length scaled at the same rate in pongids as in cercopithecoids but had a slightly higher intercept value. While colobines and cercopithecines scaled at similar rates for all seven dimensions, the colobine line was shifted to a position above that for cercopithecines in every case. It is suggested that this is a result of adaptation for leaping in the former group. Other implications of the allometric results are discussed.
Cortical bone loss and measurements of the second metacarpal bone. I. Comparisons between adult Guamanian Chamorros and American caucasians
Authors: Plato C. C. , Wood J. L. , Norris A. H. , Garruto R. M. , Yanagihara R. T. , Chen K.‐M. , Gajdusek D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe amount of radiographically detectable cortical bone, as determined by measurements of the second metacarpal, was evaluated in 42 male and 45 female Guamanian Chamorros and compared with the degree of bony demineralization in U.S. Caucasians participating in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging of the Gerontology Research Center. All Chamorros were individually matched to the Caucasian participants for age, sex, and menopause status. Chamorros of both sexes showed bilateral asymmetry in bone measurements and in the amount of cortical bone. Both Chamorro and Caucasian males had longer second metacarpals and more cortical bone than females. Caucasian males, however, had longer and larger second metacarpals than Chamorro males. Despite differences in the length and total width, Chamorro and Caucasian participants generally showed no significant differences in the amount of cortical bone or percent cortical area in the second metacarpal, suggesting that larger bones may not always indicate greater cortical mass. Although cross‐sectional data suggested apparent age differences in the onset and rate of bone loss between Chamorros and Caucasians, the numbers of participants were too small to allow meaningful age‐by‐age statistical comparisons.
The dental morphology of Pima Indians
Authors: Scott G. Richard , Potter Rosario H. Yap , Noss John F. , Dahlberg Albert A. , Dahlberg Thelma 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFourteen morphologic crown traits were observed in a sample of 1528 Pima Indians of south‐central Arizona. Pima dentitions are characterized by high frequencies of shoveling, incisor winging, the hypocone, the lower canine distal accessory ridge, cusp 6, and the protostylid. They exhibit low frequencies of the metaconule and lower premolar multiple lingual cusps and moderate frequencies of the canine tubercle, Carabelli's trait, cusp 7, and lower second molars with four cusps and X groove patterns. When Pima crown trait frequencies were compared to those of 13 Southwest Indian samples, their closest affinities were to other Uto‐Aztecan groups, the Papago and Hopi. The Pima are most divergent from Athapaskans and are also clearly removed from Yuman speaking groups and the Zuni. In general, the pattern of dental morphologic variation in the Southwest corresponds closely to linguistic divisions.
True grit: A microwear experiment
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Covert Herbert H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecently we noted the effects of experimental diets on microscopic dental wear in the American opossum and concluded that it might prove difficult to distinguish the microwear produced by an insectivorous diet from that produced by some kinds of herbivorous ones. We also noted that wear caused by gritty diets and those containing plant opal, although they might be confused with one another, are easily distinguished from other sorts of dietary wear. Our conclusions have been challenged on the basis that possibly we did not allow sufficient time in the experiments for diagnostic wear patterns to emerge. Additional data reported here show that this is not so. Even in our n “control” animals, fed a relatively soft unabrasive diet, enough time elapsed to produce significant dental wear.A new technique is described which for the first time allows the study of changing patterns of microscopic wear in a living animal over a period of time, thus allowing each animal to serve as its own control. A solution containing a broad‐spectrum proteolytic enzyme when applied to the teeth of an anesthetized animal removes the proteinaceous coat (pellicle) which will otherwise obscure wear scratches. Precision dental impressions can then be made which reveal the details of the pattern of microwear on the teeth.
Measurements of tooth wear among Australian Aborigines: I. Serial loss of the enamel crown
Authors: Molnar Stephen , McKee Jeffrey K. , Molnar Iva 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe dental casts made from Aboriginal children during the course of a longitudinal growth study in Central Australia provided material for analyzing tooth wear under known environmental conditions. The wear facets produced on the occlusal surfaces were clearly preserved on the dental stone casts and recorded the progress of enamel attrition from ages 6 to 18. These casts were photographed and traced by electronic planimetric methods that automatically recorded the location and size of wear facets on the first and second permanent molars. These areas of worn tooth surface were compared to the total tooth surface. The worn surface was regressed on age to calculate wear rates of each tooth. Discriminant analyses were also performed to determine the significance of dental attrition differences between the sexes at each age group. The total wear on each tooth was highly correlated with age as expected but females wore their teeth at a significantly higher rate than males. The mandibular molars wore more rapidly than maxillary teeth in both sexes. The discriminant analysis successfully grouped 91% of the cases according to age and sex. Pattern of wear, the location, and size of wear facets also differed between age groups and sex. The questions of why there is a difference between male and female wear or why there is greater wear on one arch or arch region have no ready answers. The differing rates and pattern of dental wear do suggest that arch shape and growth rates may be the answer though it has yet to be tested. However, the occlusal surface wear is useful for age estimation in a population and provides a record of shifting masticatory forces during growth.
Social class, admixture, and skin color variation in Mexican‐Americans and Anglo‐Americans living in San Antonio, Texas
Authors: Relethford John H. , Stern Michael P. , Gaskill Sharon P. , Hazuda Helen P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSocial class may act in different ways as a barrier to gene flow in urban populations, depending on ethnicity. We test the hypothesis that biological variation is affected by social class subdivision using skin reflectance data collected for 393 Anglo‐American and 930 Mexican‐American adults in the major urban population of San Antonio, Texas. Two socioeconomic groups were sampled for the Anglo‐American population: a middle‐income transitional group and a high‐income suburban group. In addition, we sampled a third socioeconomic group for Mexican‐Americans: a low income barrio. Sex and age effects on skin color are minimal. Social class has no effect on skin color variation for Anglo‐Americans, whereas there is a highly significant effect on social class subdivision for Mexican‐Americans. Admixture estimates were derived from skin reflectance data and show that the proportion of native American ancestry decreases as social class increases.
Consequences of first pregnancy in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Wilson Mark E. , Walker Margaret L. , Gordon Thomas P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFemale primates have been thought to be reproductively dis‐advantaged during their early reproductive years. In order to assess the effects of first pregnancy on a female's subsequent reproductive activity, the breeding records of female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) living in provisioned, outdoor‐housed, social groups were examined with respect to age of sexual maturity. Of the 78 colony‐born females contributing to the analysis, 20.5% had their first parturition at 36 months of age. The majority of females, 73.1%, had first parturition at 48 months; 6.4% did so at 5 years of age. Of the early‐maturing females, 75% were from high‐ranking matriarchies. But high social rank did not guarantee early first parturition, as 55.6% of the females from high‐ranking matriarchies had first birth at 48 months. An examination of outcomes of successive pregnancies revealed that both early‐ and typical‐maturing females experienced a significant decline in live births, owing to a significant increase in sterile years, for the reproductive year following a successful first parturition. This decline was even more pronounced for early‐maturing females. The frequency of birth tragedies remained constant throughout the second and succeeding pregnancies. Thus, the capacity to conceive was reduced for some females in the reproductive year following their first pregnancy. Those females that did conceive in the year following a successful first pregnancy had a significantly longer interbirth interval between their first and second parturitions than between subsequent parturitions. Sex of offspring at first parturition did not influence reproductive outcome in the following year. The nutritional costs of lactation associated with a successful first pregnancy may preclude or delay ovulation the following year, and this effect may be greater for young females that are still in a growth phase at first pregnancy. Although these early‐maturing females had proportionally fewer live births during their second reproductive year, they were equal to their age‐mates when compared on the basis of offspring produced by a female at any given age. In addition, since early‐maturing females have offspring entering the breeding pool a full year earlier, they may not necessarily be reproductively disadvantaged.