bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE LOSS OF FUSION IN ADULTS WITH INTRACTABLE DIPLOPIA (CENTRAL FUSION DISRUPTION)
Authors: PRATT‐JOHNSON J. A. , TILLSON G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPeople over the age of 10 years can lose their fusion ability. This acquired disruption of fusion gives rise to intractable diplopia without suppression. An involuntary vertical bobbing movement of the non‐fixing eye, present only with both eyes open, occurs at or near the angle of superimposition. This appears to be a unique and characteristic sign of acquired disruption of fusion and was present in all cases. Other causes of diplopia are mentioned and differentiated. Acquired central fusion disruption usually results from serious head injury. Partial recovery may occur but is unlikely. Sensory deprivation of at least 31/2 years' duration due to poor vision in one eye resulting from a traumatic cataract and sometimes subsequent uncorrected unilateral aphakia caused loss of fusion in 15 patients. The practical implications with regard to intraocular lenses and unilateral aphakia is discussed. Less commonly, vascular, neoplastic and presumed inflammatory lesions in the mid‐brain area cause central fusion disruption.
WHO REMEMBERS THE FIRST PROFESSOR OF OPHTHALMOLOGY?
Authors: LITTLEWOOD ROSS 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe cradle of modern ophthalmology was the Joseph's Academy which still stands in Vienna's ninth district. History records some famous names from the academic lineage which flourished there in the nineteenth century, but few people have heard of Joseph Barth, who became the first professor of ophthalmology in 1773. A biography of Joseph Barth is presented.
Visual acuity development: A study of preterm and full‐term infants
Authors: Searle Cathie M. , Horne Susan M. , Bourne Katrina M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractVisual acuity was measured in both preterm and full‐term infants by means of forced‐choice preferential looking. The ages of infants tested ranged from one month to 12 months. The results of both groups were considered and compared in terms of natal and conceptional age. The data suggested that preterm infants show visual responses equivalent to their full‐term counterparts by nine months of age. Trends indicate that visual acuity development in healthy preterm infants appears to be accelerated when compared with full‐term infants of the same post‐conceptional age.
Keratoconus: diagnosis and management
Authors: FeRACO Michael Lawless , Douglas J , Phil Anthony J. Phillips M. , FRACO Mark Loane 
Published: November 2007

AbstractKeratoconus is a common condition whose clinical features represent a common effect on the cornea of a number of diverse processes. This review deals with the clinical signs and accompanying histological and biochemical changes within the cornea, evaluates the significance of associated ocular and systemic conditions and assesses the incidence and prevalence of the disorder.The wider ophthalmic community shares in the treatment of keratoconus, so the general principles of contact lens fitting associated with this difficult condition are examined and the specific protocol used at the Flinders Medical Centre is presented. When contact lenses are not tolerated or an adequate improvement in visual acuity is not achieved, surgery is the next option, so a full assessment is made of the risks and benefits of penetrating keratoplasty. Older techniques, such as thermokeratoplasty and lamellar keratoplasty, are examined and the new technique of epikeratophakia is evaluated.
Conal anaesthesia: a new approach to retrobulbar anaesthesia
Authors: Buttery Robert , Wise Gordon 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe have set out critically to assess the current percutaneous technique of retrobulbar anaesthesia. Access to the confined space within the muscle cone is limited by the globe itself and the medially directed lateral orbital wall. By approaching the retrobulbar muscle space with a curved needle through the inferior conjunctival sac these anatomical constraints are overcome. This technique is referred to as conal anaesthesia. A quantitative comparison of the two techniques demonstrates that the conal approach produces more reliable and effective muscle block with faster onset of action than conventional percutaneous anaesthesia. The conal approach is safe and offers advantages with its ease of application, excellent anaesthesia and akinesis and through its rapid and consistent results.
Experimental compounds to lower intraocular pressure
Authors: Podos Steven M. , Camras Carl B. , Serle Janet B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA need exists for new ocular hypotensive agents that are more efficacious and that have fewer side effects than those now clinically used. Laser‐induced glaucoma in monkeys is an excellent model to test potential new drugs that lower intraocular pressure (IOP). A variety of agents that act through secondary messenger systems or via enzymes to lower IOP are being investigated in primates. Several alpha‐adrenergic agonists and antagonists are effective ocular hypotensive agents in monkeys and humans. Para‐aminoclonidine, an alpha, agonist, inhibits the transient post‐laser rise of IOP in humans. Prostaglandin F2α‐1‐isopropyl ester significantly reduces IOP when tested in multiple dose fashion in glaucomatous monkey eyes and glaucoma patients. Modified carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, designed to enhance intraocular penetration, reduce IOP in the monkey model and in ocular hypertensive patients in single‐dose studies when given topically. Studies show that forskolin and vanadate are less promising agents for glaucoma therapy.
Cyclitic glaucoma
Authors: Brooks Anne M. V. , Glenys Grant AAIPP, MOPS, RBI  , Young T. , Newton A. , Gillies W. E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA series of patients is presented showing the widely variable clinical behaviour of different groups of patients who share the common features of cyclitic glaucoma. These cyclitic glaucomas may be classified:1. Glaucomatocyclitic crises: unilateral or bilateral. This condition presents acutely, almost always in males with a strong tendency to spontaneous resolution but a liability to subsequent recurrence. Some cases are slow to resolve and may recur frequently.2. Heterochromic cyclitis: glaucoma infrequently complicates heterochromic cyclitis and then with only a mild rise in intraocular pressure (IOP).3. Chronic cyclitis: unilateral or bilateral. This is more common in females often presenting with a high rise in IOP which may be difficult to control medically.An insidious form of chronic cyclitis occurs in middle‐aged, blue‐eyed females, often with sarcoid, and is likely to progress to profound visual loss if unrecognised.
A comparison of the efficacy of betaxolol and timolol in ocular hypertension with or without adrenaline
Authors: Clark J. B. , Brooks A. M. V. , Harper C. A. , Mantzioros N. , Gillies W. E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBetaxolol hydrochloride, a selective beta:‐adrenergic blocker, is claimed to be less likely to aggravate chronic obstructive airways disease than timolol maleate, a nonselective beta‐blocker. It is not clear which drug is more effective in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) and how each acts in combination with topical adrenaline. To assess this we conducted a randomised clinical trial on ocular hypertensive patients. Both betaxolol and timolol produced a significant fall in IOP though not in all patients. No significant difference was found between betaxolol and timolol. The addition of dipivefrin gave an additional fall in some eyes only. No significant difference was found between the addition of dipivefrin and adrenaline. Some fellow eyes had a fall in IOP when dipivefrin was added to timolol. It is important to assess the response carefully in each individual eye when using betaxolol or timolol or when adding additional medication.
Mycobacterium chelonae keratitis
Authors: Richardson Peter , Crawford Geoffrey J. , Smith David W. , Xanthis Colin P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA case of Mycobacterium chelonae keratitis is described. As with any infective keratitis, appropriate treatment depends upon rapid and accurate microbiological assessment of corneal scraping. Acid‐fast stains such as Ziehl‐Nielson should be performed, particularly in chronic corneal ulcers, as only these stains will distinguish mycobacteria from the more common diphtheroid organisms. The mycobacterium chelonae organism was sensitive only to tetracyclines.
Expulsive choroidal haemorrhage—A clinical and pathological review
Authors: Whitehouse Geoffrey M. , Filipic Marijan , Francis Ian C 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper describes two cases of expulsive choroidal haemorrhage (ECH) where the final corrected visual acuity was 6/5. The management of one case consisted simply of vitrectomy; and the other of suprachoroidal drainage of blood followed by vitrectomy. The pathological findings in a series of eyes enucleated following ECH are also described. The literature is reviewed with regard to the aetiology, pathology and management of ECH.
A survey of hereditary aspects of pigmentary retinal dystrophies
Authors: Dickinson Pamela , Mulhall Lin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA study of 707 cases of retinitis pigmentosa and choroideraemia presenting over 12 years were classified according to their modes of inheritance‐439 autosomal recessive (62%), 193 autosomal dominant (27%), 75 X‐linked (10.7%). The patients with autosomal recessive transmission included 58 Usher syndrome, 12 Laurence‐Moon‐Bardet‐Biedl syndrome and 33 Leber's congenital amaurosis. Another 37 had an early onset with macular degeneration and 31 were of late onset with pericentral dystrophy. Forty two were offspring of consanguineous parents. Of 193 individuals (78 families) with autosomal dominant inheritance, 20% had night blindness from early childhood. With X‐linked transmission, 33 males and 31 female carriers comprised the retinitis pigmentosa group and eight males and three carrier females, choroideraemia. Almost all this X‐linked group were of British ancestry. Of patients originating from the Mediterranean area, 94% had autosomal recessive disease.
Subretinal new vessel recurrence in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Constable Ian J. , Walker Louise N. , McAllister Ian L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLaser photocoagulation with argon or krypton is currently used to treat selected patients with age‐related macular degeneration and sudden visual loss from subretinal new vessel formation. In 102 consecutive cases, treated over two years, closure of the vessels was achieved without additional major visual loss in 79% when assessed at two months. Early failure occurred in 21% and was due either to selection of cases with central location or failure to close the new vessel. Later failures due to recurrent subretinal new vessel formation or progression of other macular degenerative changes has occurred in a further 28% so far. Although controlled clinical trials show a significant benefit of treatment, the overall impact of these few successes on the population with macular degeneration is small. Further understanding of the mechanism of subretinal new vessel formation is urgently required. Areas under investigation include the response of injured retinal pigment epithelium, choroid and retina and cellular production of facilitatory factors including proteases and fibronectin.
Detection and recognition of visual field defects resulting from lesions involving the visual pathways
Authors: FRACO P. C. Wellings 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA prospective study of visual field defects associated with lesions of the visual pathway was carried out using kinetic and suprathreshold static stimuli with a view to establishing the most effective screening method for these field defects. The 215 abnormal fields so obtained showed that all field defects due to lesions of the visual pathways are detectable within 30 degrees of fixation and that not only is central field testing mandatory in excluding such a field defect, but more peripheral field testing alone is ineffecve. This study also revealed that when kinetic fields are charted, it is probably not worthwhile searching for scotomata other than within the most central part of the field. Furthermore, where outer and inner isopter depression is not coextensive, inner isopters are always depressed more than outer isopters when the field defect is due to a lesion of the visual pathway.
The scotopic threshold response in diabetic retinopathy—a preliminary report
Authors: Aylward G. W. , Billson F. A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe scotopic threshold response (STR) and the scotopic b‐wave of the electroretinogram were recorded in a group of 30 patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Retinopathy was assessed using colour stereo fundus photography and an adaptation of the Airlie House classification scheme. Wide‐angle fundus fluorescein angio‐graphy was also performed and angiograms were graded for the presence of leakage and capillary non‐perfusion. The STR was reduced in those eyes with retinopathy of grade 3 or above compared with eyes with retinopathy of grade 2 or below. There was a significant correlation between the amplitude of the STR and: (1) the grade of retinopathy; and (2) fluorescein leakage. There was no correlation between the b‐wave amplitude and the severity of retinopathy. The STR may have a role as a screening test for diabetic retinopathy.
The role of penetrating keratoplasty and epikeratoplasty in the surgical management of keratoconus
Authors: FRACO Michael A. Lawless , MD Richard C. Troutman 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA series of 86 penetrating keratoplasties for kerataconus was analysed. The surgery, using an 8.2 mm donor cornea into an 8.0 mm recipient opening, was performed between January 1983 and January 1986. The donor cornea was secured by two opposing continuous sutures, placed at full corneal thickness under surgical keratometry control. Both sutures were removed on average 30 weeks after surgery. The mean postoperative sutures out astigmatism was 5.4 dioptres (range 0 to 19.0), and following astigmatism surgery in 17 eyes, the mean astigmatism was 4.3 dioptres (range 0 to 10.5). Graft reaction occurred in 11.6% but was cleared medically in all cases and no corneas were lost. One month after suture removal, with spectacle correction, 45.5% of the primary group achieved vision of 6/6, 90.7% were 6/9 or better, and 97.7% were 6/12 or better. Comparing these results with recently published data on epikeratoplasty, for the treatment of keratoconus, it is evident that penetrating keratoplasty offers the best means whereby the eye can obtain its full visual potential.
Acute non‐haemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to coxsackievirus A24
Authors: MD Anne M. V. Brooks , MB Percy H. Cowen , PhD John A. Marshall , Msc Wendy A. Leong , BSc Vicki Bitsianis , ARMIT Maurice Evered , BSc Margery L. Kennett 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTwo cases of acute non‐haemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to coxsackievirus A24 (CA24) are described. These are the first Australian isolates. The presentation was as a severe conjunctivitis in otherwise healthy adults who had not travelled outside Australia. The course was of short duration and self‐limiting, with no long‐term sequelae. The isolates could not be neutralised by antiserum prepared against prototype CA24 but were identified by immune electron microscopy and complement fixation.
Update and implications from the Newcastle diabetic retinopathy study
Authors: Mitchell Paul , MBBS Paul Moffitt 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOver 11 years from 1977 a large study of diabetic retinopathy has been conducted in Newcastle and in 1988, 5519 diabetic subjects had been assessed. Where possible, all had retinal photography. Prevalence rates for any retinopathy, proliferative retinopathy and maculopathy were assessed in relation to the known duration of diabetes for subjects diagnosed before or after age 30 years. These data indicate a peak of retinopathy prevalence in the second or third decade of diabetes with slightly lower rates in longer survivors. Treatment with insulin was associated with a higher retinopathy prevalence. Incidence rates for the new development of background retinopathy in previously unaffected subjects show a peak late in the first decade of diabetes in young‐onset cases, while in the older‐onset group, the peak occurs in the second decade of diabetes. Over all, 8% of diabetics without retinopathy developed it per year. The implications of this data for the routine management of diabetic patients is discussed and the current recommendations for retinal screening by the Australian Diabetes Society are outlined.
The prevention of diabetic retinal and renal basement membrane thickening in mice by islet cell allografts
Authors: Gillies M. C. , Mandel T. E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe effect of fetal islet cell allografts on retinal capillary (RCBMT) and glomerular (GBMT) basement membrane thickening in diabetic mice was studied, as well as the effect of diabetes on the anterior lens capsule and the inner lamina of Descemet's membrane. CBA mice rendered diabetic with streptozotocin received fetal pancreatic islet cell grafts from C3H and BALB/c donors four weeks after induction of diabetes with an additional late transplant group receiving C3H grafts after six months of diabetes. After 12 months animals with successful grafts were examined for RCBMT along with untreated diabetics (UD, n % 4) and normals (N, n % 9). Untreated diabetics had significantly increased RCBMT (167.1 ± 12.1 vs 129.2 ± 24.3 nm, p% 0.05) and GBMT (278 ±11 vs 248 ± 6 nm, p% 0.004) compared to normals. All graft recipients had RCBMT similar to normal and significantly less than untreated diabetics: BALB/c (n % 7), 123.8 ± 21.0, p% 0.02; C3h early (n % 5), 126.6 ± 21.7, p% 0.05; C3H late (n % 4), 134.4 ±16.9, p % 0.03. The same was true for GBMT; 250 ± 10 nm, p % 0.02 for BALB/c recipients, 250 ± 8 nm, p% 0.04 for early and 255 ± 9 nm, p% 0.02 for late C3H recipients. GMBT in six month biopsies of normals and prospective late graft recipients were well below these levels. The anterior lens capsule and inner lamina of Descemet's membrane were not thickened in diabetic mice compared to normals, suggesting that factors associated with proximity to the circulation, apart from hyperglycaemia, may also be important in the generation of basement membrane thickening. This study supports the notion that islet cell allografts should prevent the long‐term retinal and renal complications of diabetes if performed early in the disease.
Aspects of growth hormone control in diabetes
Authors: Hyer S. L. , Kohner E. M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractGrowth Hormone (GH) has been implicated in the development of retinal new vessels that characterise diabetic proliferative retinopathy. Formerly, pituitary ablation was successful in causing such new vessels to regress but this approach has been largely superseded by panretinal photocoagulation. A clearer understanding of the GH abnormalities in diabetes might not only shed light on the process of retinal new vessel formation but could also provide a means for pharmacological suppression of GH in those patients not fully responding to laser photocoagulation. In this review, GH control in diabetes is considered with particular reference to studies in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
Retinopathy of prematurity: approaches to surgical therapy
Authors: Machemer Robert , DeJuan Eugene 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRetinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vaso‐proliferative disease with infiltration of the vitreous gel. Contraction of the infiltrate results in traction detachment with typical peripheral trough formation. Cryotherapy inhibits proliferation in the active stages of the disease (Stage 3, ‘plus’). With development of traction detachment involving the macula (Stage 48) encircling buckling procedures should first be tried. Closed vitrectomy is considered when high retinal detachment and opacification by vitreous strands occur. The surgical technique is described. Anatomical (64%) and functional (43%) successes are reasonably high for Stage 4 cases, but disappointing (anatomical 40%, functional 16%) for Stage 5 ROP. Open funnels of detached retina fare better than closed ones. It is probably best to perform surgery not before the cicatricial stage, i.e. six months after birth.
Infectious crystalline keratopathy
Authors: Sutton Gerard L. , Miller Ross C. , Robinson Lyon P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA 76‐year‐old patient was found to have a crystalline keratopathy with no evidence of acute inflammation in her right corneal graft. The patient had been on long‐term topical steroids. Subsequent microscopy of the graft demonstrated pockets of Gram‐positive cocci with a paucity of inflammatory cells. This is the tenth reported case of infectious crystalline keratopathy, first reported by Gorovoy in 1983.‘It does not always occur in corneal grafts, but the use of long‐term topical steroids, together with an epithelial defect, allows the microorganism, usually Streptococcus viridans, to invade the corneal strorna and replicate along the lamellar planes, unhindered by the usual inflammatory response. Retrospective analysis of this patient's history suggests that she has suffered the same keratopathy in previous corneal grafts. Treatment involves cessation of steroids, antibiotic cover and often a repeat penetrating keratoplasty. If this is required, the lowest possible dose of steroid cover should be used with prolonged use of topical antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of infectious crystalline keratopathy in Australia.
Adult vitelliform macular degeneration: a clinical spectrum
Authors: Greaves A. H. , Sarks J. P. , Sarks S. H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAdult vitelliform macular degeneration (adult Best's disease) has a spectrum of clinical appearances which may include focal macular pigment clumps as well as the more typical small, yellow lesions. We surveyed 81 patients with this diagnosis retrospectively. Ages ranged from 36 to 87 years, with an average age of 67 years. Males and females were almost equally represented. Median visual acuity at presentation was 6/12 for eyes with yellow lesions, and 619 for eyes with pigment clumps. Of 17 cases followed for an average of 3.6 years, there was a decrease in visual acuity of two lines or more in five cases. A significant proportion of patients also had other manifestations of age‐related macular degeneration. Adult vitelliform macular degeneration probably falls within the spectrum of age‐related macular degeneration.
The development and management of neovascular glaucoma
Authors: Brook Anne M. V. , Gillies W. E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPatients with neovascular glaucoma (NVG) often present with neovascularisation of the iris (NVI) already established and prompt energetic treatment of these patients is needed to reverse or stabilise the condition with possible retention of some visual function. In this series if the ocular media were still clear panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) caused regression of NVI in about 60% of cases and if a persistent rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) were still present this could be dealt with by drainage operation, Molteno implant or cyclophotocoagulation. If the media were already opaque or NVI did not regress then a Molteno implant or cyclophotocoagulation was used to reduce the IOP, preserving corneal endothelial function so that a comfortable eye could be obtained. Some regression of the NVI process was likely with time if the IOP were controlled by surgical treatment. Of 32 patients reviewed here, 20 patients developed NVG following a central retinal vein occlusion; in six patients NVG followed diabetic proliferative retinopathy, in five it followed arterial occlusion, and in one it followed an old traumatic retinal detachment. In those patients where NVG followed venous or arterial occlusion the common risk factors were always present. Patients were usually under treatment for their systemic condition but this treatment should be reviewed.