bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of fibrolytic enzymes and an inoculant on in vitro degradability and gas production of low‐dry matter alfalfa silage
Authors: Kozelov Lazar K , Iliev Fedosko , Hristov Alexander N , Zaman Shah , McAllister Tim A 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of polysaccharide‐degrading enzymes (a cellulase and a xylanase) alone or in a combination with a bacterial inoculant on fermentation parameters and in vitro degradability and gas production of low‐dry matter (DM) alfalfa silage. First cut alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), harvested at about 5% bloom stage [260 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)] was ensiled in laboratory‐scale silos without preservatives or preserved with formic acid, a cellulase (Cell), a xylanase, a cellulose/xylanase enzyme combination (Cell/Xyl), a lactic acid bacteria‐based inoculant (Inoc), and a mix of Inoc and Cell (Inoc/Cell). Triplicate silos were opened on days 1, 3, 7, 15 and 60.RESULTS: Silage pH and ammonia N and total free amino acids concentrations were the lowest (P < 0.05) for the formic acid silage. Inoc and Inoc/Cell produced the highest (P < 0.05) lactate concentration in the 60‐day silage. In vitro degradability of silage DM was not affected (P = 0.998) by treatment, but amylase‐treated neutral detergent fiber degradability was increased (P < 0.05) by formic acid. Compared with the control (51.3 mL 100 mg−1 silage DM), all treatments except Cell/Xyl increased (P < 0.001) the 24 h cumulative gas production.CONCLUSIONS: Overall, enzyme and lactic acid bacteria‐based preparations had minor effects on silage fermentation in this experiment. The increased cumulative gas production indicates some preservation or liberation of fermentable organic matter with most treatments tested. It is not clear, however, to what extent this effect would impact silage ruminal degradability in vivo. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Stop‐flow comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography with pneumatic switching
Authors: Oldridge Nathan , Panic Ognjen , Górecki Tadeusz 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA new method for performing comprehensive GC×GC in the stop‐flow mode is presented. A device was used to pneumatically stop the flow in the first dimension (1D) (by applying pressure pulses at the junction between the two columns), while flow was maintained in the second dimension (2D). This allowed for better preservation of resolution in the 1D of the GC×GC chromatograms, and the extension of the 2D's separation space, reducing or eliminating the extent of wraparound. When increased flow rates in the 2D were used, sensitivity enhancements were also observed.
Accumulating resampling (modulation) in comprehensive two‐dimensional capillary GC (GC×GC)
Authors: Blumberg Leonid M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDuring each sampling period, an accumulating resampler (modulator) in comprehensive 2‐D chromatography accumulates all eluite from the first‐dimension column and reinjects the whole or a portion of the accumulated material into the second‐dimension column. The detrimental effect of the resampling on peak capacity of a 2‐D separation comes from the broadening of the peaks along the first‐dimension due to the resampling itself and due to the subsequent peak reconstruction. Sampling density (ρS) of resampling is the number of sampling periods per standard deviation of a peak at the outlet of the first‐dimension column. It is shown that a simple formula describes the peak broadening as a function of ρS at any (even practically too low or too high) ρS, for the peaks of any (not necessarily Gaussian) shape, for a wide class of peak reconstruction techniques, and for any 2‐D separation (GC×GC, LC×LC, etc.). In capillary GC×GC, optimal ρS (ρS,Opt) depends on the type of the peak reconstruction and on the degree of the gas decompression along the second‐dimension column. When reconstructing using linear interpolation, ρS,Opt = 0.7 at large and ρS,Opt = 0.5 at small gas decompression. The choice of exact optimal conditions is not critical. Thus, two‐fold departure of actual ρS from ρS,Opt in either direction (under‐ or oversampling) causes only 10% drop in the net peak capacity of GC×GC. The quantitative effect of a much greater undersampling is also evaluated.
Combinatorial treatment of photothermal therapy using gold nanoshells with conventional photodynamic therapy to improve treatment efficacy: An in vitro study
Authors: Kah James Chen Yong , Wan Rachel Cheng Yi , Wong Ker Yi , Mhaisalkar Subodh , Sheppard Colin James Richard , Olivo Malini 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveBoth photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PTT) therapy have proven to be effective treatment strategies for cancer, but the approach of combining them into a single treatment modality may offer better treatment efficacy. We compare the treatment efficacy of such combined treatment with the individual treatment.Study Design/Materials and MethodsWe perform the individual PDT, PTT and combined treatment under selected in vitro condition with our low light dose of 1.44 J/cm2 and compare their cell viability using crystal fast violet assay.ResultsCompared to PDT and PTT alone which can reduce cell viability to 30.9% and 44.0% respectively, the combined treatment under a single irradiation can further reduce the cell viability to 17.5%.ConclusionA combined PDT and PTT treatment appears to be a more effective treatment strategy compared to conventional PDT or emerging PTT treatment. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:584–589, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catheter‐Free 120W lithium triborate (LBO) laser photoselective vaporization prostatectomy (PVP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Authors: Spaliviero Massimiliano , Araki Motoo , Page Jay B. , Wong Carson 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIntroduction and ObjectiveWe evaluate the safety and efficacy of catheter‐free LBO laser PVP for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).MethodsWe prospectively evaluated our initial LBO laser PVP experience and the need for urethral catheterization.ResultsSeventy consecutive patients were identified. 49 (70%) were discharged without (C−) and 21 (30%) were discharged with (C+) a urethral catheter. There were no significant differences in pre‐operative parameters, including age (C−: 65±10 vs. C+: 69±9 years), AUASS (C−: 22±6 vs. C+: 21±6), Qmax (C−: 10±4 vs. C+: 8±3 ml/second), PVR (C−: 62±105 vs. C+: 57±82 ml) and prostate volume (C−: 65±35 vs. C+: 86±53 ml). There were no significant differences in laser time and energy usage. AUASS, Qmax and PVR values showed significant improvement within each group (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences between the two groups. All were outpatient procedures. 2/70 (2.9%) patients required catheter reinsertion in C+. The overall incidence of adverse events was low and did not differ between the two groups.ConclusionsOur experience suggests that catheter‐free LBO laser PVP is safe and effective for the treatment of LUTS secondary to BPH. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:529–534, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and Study of a Coupling Agent for Photocurable Hybrid Thiol/Ene/Cationic Formulations
Authors: Ortiz Ricardo Acosta , Valdéz Aida E. Garcia , Duarte Lydia Berlanga , Santos Ramiro Guerrero , Flores Luis Rodolfo Ovando , Soucek Mark D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIt is demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the resulting polymers can be enhanced by adding a coupling agent to a hybrid thiol/ene/cationic system. The coupling agent was a hybrid monomer with methacrylic and epoxycyclohexyl groups linked by a tetramethyldisiloxane moiety. The methacrylic group of the coupling agent reacted in a first stage with the components of the thiol/ene system obtaining a polymer functionalized with epoxycyclohexyl groups. This polymer could react further with the epoxy monomer of the cationic system to form a copolymer. The viscoelastic properties of the obtained polymers were compared by DMA, finding an increment in the storage modulus of the polymers with the coupling agent, ranging from 18 to 67%.magnified image
A Directly Patternable, Click‐Active Polymer Film via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Im Sung Gap , Kim Byeong‐Su , Lee Long Hua , Tenhaeff Wyatt E. , Hammond Paula T. , Gleason Karen K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractClick‐active surfaces patterned at 200 nm resolution are demonstrated using the dual functional polymeric film, poly(propargyl methacrylate) (PPMA). The commercially available monomer of propargyl methacrylate (PMA) is polymerized in a single step by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). FT‐IR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm retention of the click‐active acetylene functional group in the bulk and surface of the iCVD film, respectively. Treating substrates with silane coupling agents prior to deposition results in grafting of iCVD PPMA polymers onto various inorganic surfaces. This grafting technique provides the chemical and mechanical stability required for the PPMA layer to survive the subsequent wet chemical steps used for click functionalization. Successful attachment of an azido‐functionalized coumarin dye is demonstrated. Moreover, the PPMA film displays direct positive‐tone sensitivity to e‐beam irradiation, which enables e‐beam patterning without the use of a resist layer. Direct e‐beam exposure of the multifunctional PPMA iCVD layer results in a 200 nm pattern to which quantum dot nanoparticles are selectively conjugated on the substrates by click chemistry.magnified image
Preparation and thermal properties of zirconium tungstate/copper composites
Authors: Yan X. , Cheng X. , Xu G. , Wang C. , Sun S. , Riedel R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractZrW2O8/Cu composites were prepared by the powder metallurgy method. Electroless plating was used to deposit copper on ZrW2O8 powder before sintering. The thermal expansion and thermal conductivity of composites were measured in the temperature range from 25 oC to 200 oC and compared with those predicted from various theoretical models. The results show that the coefficient of thermal expansion of ZrW2O8/ Cu composites with a different volume fraction of ZrW2O8 is greater than the theoretically calculated value. The thermal conductivities of ZrW2O8/ Cu composites increase with a higher copper content and decrease upon elevated temperature. The thermal conductivity of composites with a different volume fraction of ZrW2O8 is lower than the theoretically calculated value.
Durability‐based design for endurance strength of hydroforming tools
Authors: Groche P. , Elsenheimer D. , Berger C. , Kaiser B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHydroforming tools must be designed fatigue resistant because in case of tool rupture high costs for repair and production downtime occur. Available guidelines for lifetime estimation of cyclically loaded parts usually are of general nature. In order to examine their applicability to the special concerns of hydroforming tools, stress states occuring during operation were investigated by means of numerical simulation. Basing on the results, specimen geometries were developed, representing a typical stress state. The estimated durability was calculated using the “FKM‐guideline”. The real durability was determined experimentally in form of Wöhler‐graphs. Eventually calculation and experiments were compared. Hence, the qualtity of the lifetime prediction was evaluated and correction factors were proposed.
Verschleißfeste Beschichtungen von Aluminium‐Stahl‐Hybridstrukturen mittels thermischer Spritztechnik
Authors: Tillmann W. , Vogli E. , Rüther B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMittels Hochgeschwindigkeitsflammspritzens werden Aluminium‐Hybridstrukturen aus Al Zn 5,5 Mg Cu 1,5 (ENAW7075) und einer NiCrBSi Schicht bzw. einer Cr3C2 25NiCr‐Schicht erzeugt. Die beiden Hybridstrukturen werden metallographisch und metallurgisch hinsichtlich Härte, Oberflächenrauhigkeit, Verschleißbeständigkeit und Schichtdichte untersucht und miteinander verglichen.
Schleifbearbeitung von Hart‐Weich‐Verbunden – Finite‐Elemente‐Simulation des Schleifprozesses von hybriden Schichtverbunden
Authors: Biermann D. , Würz E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Teilprojekt TP8 „Schleifbearbeitung von Hart‐Weich‐Verbunden”︁ des Graduiertenkollegs 1378 vorgestellt. Dabei soll ein angepasster Schleifprozess für die Herstellung von symmetrischen, geradgenuteten Keramik‐Hartmetall‐Verbundbohrwerkzeugen für die Gusseisenzerspanung im Durchmesserbereich unterhalb von 20 mm geschaffen werden. Dieser soll mit Hilfe von experimentellen Untersuchungen und dem Einsatz der Finite‐Elemente‐Methode für die Schleifbearbeitung von Keramik‐Hartmetall‐Verbundbohrwerkzeugen optimiert werden. Des Weiteren wird ein Ansatz für die Simulation des Schleifprozesses von hybriden Schichtverbunden dargestellt, der als Grundlage für eine Finite‐Elemente‐Simulation der Schleifbearbeitung von Keramik‐Hartmetall‐Verbundbohrwerkzeugen dienen soll.
Beeinflussbarkeit der Bauteilgestalt durch Prozessstellgrößen beim Außenlängsdrehen von AlSi9Cu3 ‐ GJS400 Parallelverbunden
Authors: Denkena B. , Boehnke D. , Dege J. , Hajibeik N. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBei einer Prozessauslegung für Werkstoffverbunde sind zur Sicherstellung der geforderten Bauteilqualität charakteristische Wechselwirkungen zu berücksichtigen. Insbesondere bei Parallelverbunden, bei denen beide Werkstoffe alternierend bearbeitet werden, unterscheidet sich die Zerspanbarkeit des Verbundes maßgeblich von der Zerspanbarkeit der homogenen Einzelwerkstoffe. In Abhängigkeit des Verbundpartners können bei identischem Werkstoff signifikant unterschiedliche Oberflächentopografien resultieren. Die Gestalt rotationssymmetrischer Verbundbauteile ist primär durch Radiusfehler sowie durch Übergangsfehler bestimmt. Neben unterschiedlicher Werkzeug‐ und Bauteilabdrängung wird der Radiusfehler vor allem durch verschiedenartige Oberflächenfeingestalten in den einzelnen Werkstoffbereichen verursacht. Für eine Prozessauslegung sind daher stellgrößenabhängige Zerspankraftunterschiede, die Oberflächentopographie sowie deren Messmethoden zu berücksichtigen.
A mortar method for energy‐momentum conserving schemes in frictionless dynamic contact problems
Authors: Hesch Christian , Betsch Peter 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn the present work the mortar method is applied to planar large deformation contact problems without friction. In particular, the proposed form of the mortar contact constraints is invariant under translations and rotations. These invariance properties lay the foundation for the design of energy‐momentum time‐stepping schemes for contact–impact problems. The iterative solution procedure is embedded into an active set algorithm. Lagrange multipliers are used to enforce the mortar contact constraints. The solution of generalized saddle point systems is circumvented by applying the discrete null space method. Numerical examples demonstrate the robustness and enhanced numerical stability of the newly developed energy‐momentum scheme. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matched interface and boundary (MIB) for the implementation of boundary conditions in high‐order central finite differences
Authors: Zhao Shan , Wei G. W. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHigh‐order central finite difference schemes encounter great difficulties in implementing complex boundary conditions. This paper introduces the matched interface and boundary (MIB) method as a novel boundary scheme to treat various general boundary conditions in arbitrarily high‐order central finite difference schemes. To attain arbitrarily high order, the MIB method accurately extends the solution beyond the boundary by repeatedly enforcing only the original set of boundary conditions. The proposed approach is extensively validated via boundary value problems, initial‐boundary value problems, eigenvalue problems, and high‐order differential equations. Successful implementations are given to not only Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin boundary conditions, but also more general ones, such as multiple boundary conditions in high‐order differential equations and time‐dependent boundary conditions in evolution equations. Detailed stability analysis of the MIB method is carried out. The MIB method is shown to be able to deliver high‐order accuracy, while maintaining the same or similar stability conditions of the standard high‐order central difference approximations. The application of the proposed MIB method to the boundary treatment of other non‐standard high‐order methods is also considered. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived stress in occupational therapy students
Authors: Pfeifer Teresa A. , Kranz Peter L. , Scoggin Angela E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine perceived stress of entry‐level master's occupational therapy (OT) students enrolled at a Texas university. A total of 29 students including nine men and 20 women participated in the study. Questionnaires and interviews were used for data collection. The participants were interviewed during the end of the first and second year of the entry‐level master's programme in OT. Questionnaires, given at the same time, contained demographic data, open‐end questions and force choice questions rated on a Likert scale. The results indicated that the majority of students (66.4%) rated their current level of stress as above average or the highest in their lives. The students expressed feelings of being overwhelmed, confused regarding course expectations and wanted more hands‐on experience. When responding to how they managed stress, more than half of the students in the study took an active approach by utilizing exercise. Limitations of the study include using a non‐standardized questionnaire, a small number of participants, and that the participants did not represent diversity and were for the most part Hispanic. It is recommended that future research address the cultural and generational issues that may affect perceptions of stress and how students cope with stress. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abundant expression of CXCL9 (MIG) by stromal cells that include dendritic cells and accumulation of CXCR3+ T cells in lymphocyte‐rich gastric carcinoma
Authors: Ohtani H , Jin Z , Takegawa S , Nakayama T , Yoshie O 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe neoplastic environment is generally regarded as an immunosuppressive milieu. However, a group of cancers are characterized by the abundance of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Here we examined the possible roles of chemokines in the formation of lymphoid stroma in lymphocyte‐rich gastric carcinomas (GCs), including EBV+ cases and conventional GCs. Regardless of EBV positivity, TILs in lymphocyte‐rich GCs predominantly expressed CXCR3, while its ligand CXCL9 was abundantly expressed by stromal cells and a portion of cancer cells. CXCL9+ stromal cells were judged to include dendritic cells, because they partly co‐expressed fascin, DC‐sign, CD83, DC‐lamp or HLA‐DR. T cells in close contact with CXCL9+ cells showed frequent labelling of Ki‐67 (approximately 10%), suggesting the immunostimulatory activity of CXCL9+ stromal cells. The T‐cell zone of the regional lymph nodes of lymphocyte‐rich GCs also abounded with CXCR3+ T cells and CXCL9+ stromal cells. This indicated a close similarity between cancer stroma and regional lymph nodes of lymphocyte‐rich GCs. Quantitative RT–PCR also confirmed the strong expression of CXCR3, CXCL9 and IFNγ in lymphocyte‐rich GCs. In contrast, conventional GCs contained less abundant CXCR3+ T cells and few CXCL9+ stromal cells. Collectively, the CXCL9–CXCR3 axis plays a pivotal role in the formation of lymphoid stroma in lymphocyte‐rich GCs. Given similar findings in the regional lymph nodes, the lymphoid stroma of lymphocyte‐rich GCs may represent a tertiary lymphoid tissue with predominantly Th1‐shifted immune responses. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen scavengers and sensitizers for reduced oxygen inhibition in radical photopolymerization
Authors: Höfer Michael , Moszner Norbert , Liska Robert 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOxygen inhibition in the free‐radical photopolymerization of (meth)acrylates is one of the most challenging problems in thin film application. Apart from the utilization of an inert gas atmosphere, additives reducing oxygen inhibition due to production of new propagating centers are used. In the present study, a more straightforward approach to reduce oxygen inhibition by photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen and subsequent scavenging of these species by selective singlet oxygen trappers was investigated. The potential of 1,2‐dions conventionally used as type‐II photoinitiators for visible light polymerization to function as singlet oxygen generators was verified in sensitized steady state photooxidation experiments in solution. A set of furan and anthracene derivatives were tested as oxygen scavengers and their corresponding relative reaction rates were determined. The ability of these sensitizer/scavenger systems to reduce oxygen inhibition in practical applications was studied in photo‐DSC‐experiments. In thin film polymerization (investigated by ATR‐FTIR), the formation of insufficiently cured surfaces could be prevented by the usage of singlet oxygen trappers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6916–6927, 2008
Dichlorovanadium (IV) complexes with salen‐type ligands for ethylene polymerization
Authors: Białek Marzena , Czaja Krystyna 
Published: September 2008

AbstractVanadium complexes with tetradentate salen‐type ligands were first time explored in ethylene polymerizations. The effects of the vanadium complex structure, the alkyl aluminum cocatalysts type (EtAlCl2, Et2AlCl, Et3Al, and MAO), and the polymerization conditions (Al/V molar ratio, temperature) on polyethylene yield were explored. It was found that EtAlCl2 in conjunction with investigated vanadium complexes produced the most efficient catalytic systems. It was shown, moreover, that the structural changes of the tetradentate salen ligand (type of bridge which bond donor nitrogen atoms and type of substituent on aryl rings) affected activity of the catalytic system. The complexes containing ligands with cyclohexylene bridges were more active than those with ethylene bridges. Furthermore, the presence of electron‐withdrawing groups at the para position and electron‐donating substituents at the ortho position on the aryl rings of the ligands resulted in improved activity in relation to the systems with no substituents (with the exception of bulky t‐Bu group). The results presented also revealed that all vanadium complexes activated by common organoaluminum compounds gave linear polyethylenes with high melting points (134.8–137.6 °C), high molecular weights, and broad molecular weight distribution. The polymer produced in the presence of MAO possesses clearly lower melting point (131.4 °C) and some side groups (around 9/1000 C). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6940–6949, 2008