bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the impact of informal caring
Authors: Orbell Sheina , Hopkins Nicholas , Gillies Brenda 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA factor‐analysis of caregiving impact appraisals amongst a community‐derived sample of informal carers of elderly people revealed two negative (care work strain and relationship dissatisfaction) and two positive (care work satisfaction and care lifestyle satisfaction) scales. Validity was assessed by means of concurrent correlations with levels of assistance with daily living tasks provided by carers and levels of behaviour problems exhibited by elderly dependents. Criterion validity was considered in relation to two important carer outcomes; willingness to care and a standardized measure of strain. Each of the four scales was significantly associated with concurrently assessed willingness to care. Care work strain and relationship dissatisfaction were associated with concurrently measured strain symptomology. Evidence of 6‐month predictive validity was obtained for the care work strain scale.
Variations in job strain across nursing and social work specialties
Authors: Marshall Nancy L. , Barnett Rosalind C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes and compares the sources of job strain experienced by staff in different nursing and social work specialties, using measures developed to assess job quality in these occupations. Data come from a random sample of 285 women employed as protective (child abuse) social workers, psychiatric social workers, medical social workers and social workers working in social service agencies, in schools, with the elderly or as licensed practical nurses working in hospitals or nursing homes. These occupational specialties vary in their level of overload, decision authority, challenge and helping others. These variations are associated with variations by specialty in worker health. Specifically, protective social workers reported significantly greater job strain and significantly greater psychological distress. School, medical, psychiatric and social service social workers reported the best job conditions and significantly better physical health and lower levels of psychological distress.
Impact of work environment characteristics on work‐related stress and depression in emergency medicine residents: A longitudinal study
Authors: Revicki Dennis A. , Gallery Michael E. , Whitley Theodore W. , Allison E. Jackson 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examined the effect of work environment characteristics on work‐related stress and depression in emergency medicine residents. Data were collected from three cohorts of emergency medicine residents between 1989 and 1991 and followed to 1992. There were 556 first year, 369 second year and 192 third year medical residents in this ongoing study. Each year, residents were administered mail surveys including the Work‐Related Strain Inventory, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and scales assessing task–role clarity and work group support. Regression analyses indicated that work‐related stress and first year depression were significant predictors of depression in the second residency year (r2 = 0.32). and In the third residency year, women and those with high work‐related stress had more depression (r2 = 0.38). Results also showed that residents with low task–role clarity were most likely to report depression, even when work group support was strong. These findings suggest that task and role conflict and work‐related stress contribute to symptoms of depression in emergency medicine residents.
Community psychology and politics
Authors: Smail David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIf community psychology is to profit from its experience to develop an accurate and consistent theory of the effect on individuals of societal pressures, it will need to review reflexively its own position in relation to politics and empowerment. Despite an inspirational and at times positively grandiose rhetoric, psychologists are in fact in no particularly powerful position to influence the factors which cause personal distress, and should not, through a pretence of therapeutic potency, ‘psychologize’ the notion of ‘empowerment’ and reinforce therapeutic ideals which are in fact destructively normative. Without attempting to appropriate politics, community psychology can, however, offer an essentially scientific analysis of power and distress, which may have therapeutically ‘demystifying’ qualities as well as important political implications for the wider society.
‘community psychology and politics’ by David Smail
Authors: Rappaport Julian 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDemystification, eschewing roles that disempower others and enhancing accessibility to the tools of knowledge, are consistent with the aims of community and applied social psychology. Although a focus on psychological empowerment can be a distraction from the need for actual power, it can also enhance it. Psychologists who avoid victim blaming and individual causal attribution biases can contribute to the discourse about social change. This requires both a reinterpretation of the known facts, and a reframing of social analysis. Social scientists and professionals are today's theologians and priests. Our power lies in our legitimation as interpreters of social reality. Teaching the psychology of empowerment, participative decision making and informed consent can influence the powerful as well as the powerless.
Unemployment, social support and health complaints: A longitudinal study of stress in East German refugees
Authors: Schwarzer R. , Jerusalem M. , Hahn A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMigrants have to deal with a number of stressors, among them tenacious job search and the constitution of a new social network. Prolonged unemployment and lack of social support can result in impaired health. A sample of 235 East Germans was investigated at three times during two years following their transition to West Berlin in 1989, after the breakdown of the communist system. The majority found a job during this time and succeeded to adapt psychosocially. Those, however, who remained unemployed were worse off in terms of self‐reported health. This stress—health relationship was moderated, however, by social support. Within the group of migrants who suffered from long‐term joblessness, social support exerted a longitudinal buffer effect. At Wave 3, frequent physical symptoms were reported only by migrants who neither held a job nor received support. In a longitudinal causal model, the employment status affected mainly health complaints, but also social support. The relationship between health and support was found to be reciprocal over time.
An evaluation of the short‐term impact of a media‐based substance abuse prevention programme
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Pokorny Steven B. , Kohner Katherine , Bennetto Loisa 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA state‐wide substance abuse prevention programme, entitled KidsInTouch, incorporated a multifaceted approach involving: (a) media‐based interventions; and (b) parent training workshops. KidsInTouch was targeted at parents and their children, ages five to 12 years. The media‐based interventions attempted to increase children's and parents' awareness and knowledge about substance abuse and prevention. In addition, the intervention advertised and solicited audience participation in parent training workshops. Parents participating in the parent training workshops, in comparison to the control parents, evidenced significant improvement in both alcohol and other drug knowledge and parenting skills. The implications of using the media and involving children and their parents in substance abuse prevention programmes are discussed.
Psychological distress in the local hillsborough or ‘host’ community following the Hillsborough football stadium diaster
Authors: Wright John C. , Binney Valerie , Kunkler Jane 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes levels of psychological distress and accounts of disaster among the local host community following the Hillsborough Football Stadium disaster. Thirty‐two participants were interviewed 4–6 months after the event. Rates of psychological distress symptoms were high in the sample as measured by PTSD (DSM III criteria), Impact of Events Scale (IES) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐28). The study also explores the relationships between levels of exposure, levels of distress and participants' accounts of the disaster. Implications for community outreach projects after disasters are discussed.
Coping use versus effectiveness as moderating the stress—strain relationship
Authors: Bar‐Tal Yoram , Spitzer Ada 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper takes another look at coping as a moderator of the stress—strain relationship by assessing the extent of correspondence between subjects' use of various coping behaviours and their perception of their helpfulness (coping effectiveness). The use of four coping strategies and the perception of their helpfulness, as well as the stress and psychological distress of 79 subjects whose spouses were hospitalized, were assessed by questionnaires. The results show that when applying coping effectiveness scores, problem‐focused coping and avoidance coping moderate the stress—strain relationship. Coping use scales revealed that only positiveappraisal coping reduced psychological distress.
Surveying the drug service users' perspective through self‐help groups
Authors: Toumbourou John , Hamilton Margaret , Smith Richard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSurvey data is presented from a questionnaire designed and distributed through Victorian drug self‐help groups. This survey yielded 203 returns representative of Melbourne metropolitan admissions to drug treatment services on the variables of sex and region. The survey is examined both from the perspective of its methodological potential for providing entry to this hard‐to‐access population and also on the basis of its findings. Questioning of this sample concerning the difficulties they had encountered when seeking help revealed that the most frequently listed difficulties were waiting periods for access to services. Respondents that had previously used particular services were asked how beneficial they had found these services: Respondents most frequently listed self‐help groups, residential and methadone services as beneficial and least frequently listed medical (hospital casualty) and doctor services as beneficial. Stepwise logistical regression revealed six variables significantly predicting selfhelp treatment. Those reporting having sought self‐help groups were predicted by more frequently listed problems with alcohol and ‘over the counter’ drugs, reports of having sought counselling services and more frequently reported difficulties due to a lack of information and admission restrictions when seeking services. Despite a number of methodological weaknesses identifiable in the survey, experience with this project suggested collaboration between researchers and those active in self‐help networks as a useful model for future research into the drug service users perspective. Such collaboration should, however, begin at an earlier phase than occurred in the present study.
Suicide in rural communities
Authors: Gallagher Anthony G. , Sheehy Noel P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe public image of rural areas being characterized by social stability, integration, and supportive interpersonal networks has been challenged with recent evidence showing a large increase in the suicide rate in these areas. Increases have been reported for a number of European countries, including Sweden, Denmark, Scotland, and Ireland. This paper reviews the evidence relating to those groups at risk of suicide. The group at most risk of committing suicide in rural areas is males between the ages of 25 and 60, who are unemployed and live alone, and who have a history of psychological disturbance. These findings are discussed in relation to the psychological implications of socio‐economic changes brought about by changes in the Common Agriculture Policy of the European Community.
Excess disability and malignant social psychology: A case study of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Sabat Steven R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn in‐depth case study was undertaken to assess the effects of what Kitwood has termed ‘malignant social psychology’ on the observed behaviour of an Alzheimer's disease sufferer. Interviews were conducted with the spouse and observations were made in an adult day‐care centre, where staff members were also interviewed. Abilities that the spouse reported to be absent at home were readily observed at the day‐care centre, lending support to Brody's idea of excess disability, i.e. disability not due to disease alone. Furthermore, forms of malignant social psychology existed in the home environment but did not exist in the day‐care centre. Excess disability and its absence coincided with the presence and absence of aspects of malignant social psychology. The sufferer's behaviour was found to be affected not only by the extant neuropathology, but also by social relationships.
Beyond the qualitative paradigm: A framework for introducing diversity within qualitative psychology
Authors: Henwood Karen , Pidgeon Nick 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe case for qualitative research in psychology is considered. We argue against the idea that qualitative research is merely a matter of technique or method, and question the utility of viewing it as a unitary paradigm. Rather, the links between epistemology, methodology, and method are explored within three theorized strands of qualitative inquiry, making reference to illustrative projects. Each strand is organized around a different approach to the issues of justifying and warranting psychological knowledge: (1) reliability and validity; (2) generativity and grounding; and (3) discourse and reflexivity. These are exemplified in Miles and Huberman's ‘data display’ model, Glaser and Strauss' method of ‘grounded theory’, and in various forms of ‘discourse’ analysis. Reflections upon points of contact between the three strands address two main issues: (1) rendering research publicly accountable; and (2) challenging relativism.
What do you get when you cross a scapegoat with a trojan horse: A special edition?
Authors: Curt Beryl 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAny short commentary is necessarily going to be partial in the various senses in which that can be understood. Here, partiality will be owned as the concentration upon limited aspects of a multifaceted phenomenon. To find a special edition on ‘Qualitative Social Psychology’ is an event. The focus here will be on two analytic moments of that event: concept and actualization.
Accounting for the fear of schizophrenia
Authors: Levey Susan , Howells Kevin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResearch over the last three decades has demonstrated that a substantial minority of both professional and lay people have negative and rejecting attitudes towards the mentally ill. We argue that these attitudes may, in part, be a function of a tendency to perceive the mentally ill as somehow inherently dangerous and liable to violence. The evidence for the association between schizophrenia and violence suggests that although people with schizophrenia may be somewhat more likely to act violently than members of the general public, the magnitude of the differential is not sufficient to explain the perceived association. Alternative explanations for the correlation are therefore considered. Specifically, the influences of the media, errors in information processing and the process of stereotyping in accounting for the development of a perceived association between schizophrenia and violence are examined. Finally, the implications for enhancing the acceptance of people with schizophrenia into the community are discussed.
Peer group processes and adolescent health‐related behaviour: More than ‘peer group pressure’?
Authors: Hopkins Nick 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper argues that ‘peer group pressure’ conveys an individualistic and hence inadequate account of the group processes involved in adolescents' adoption of health‐related behaviours such as smoking and drinking. We describe traditional analyses of adolescent peer processes, illustrate how these contain a series of individualistic assumptions about peer interactions/social influence processes, and describe how these structure the analysis of adolescent health‐related behaviour and health education interventions. We highlight the inadequacies of these analyses, outline an alternative and draw out its implications for health education.
Aggression of police officers as a function of temperature: An experiment with the fire arms training system
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Van Der Steen Jaap , Koppelaar Leendert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe impact of temperature on police officers' tension, perception, and behaviour in police—offender interactions was investigated. It was hypothesized that increased temperature results in: (1) increased tension; (2) a negative impression of the offender; and (3) aggressive behaviour. The findings confirmed these hypotheses. Finally, some implications of the results are discussed.
Identity and injustice: Exploring women's participation in collective action
Authors: Kelly Caroline , Breinlinger Sara 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study is an investigation into the social psychological factors associated with women's reported participation in a range of different types of political action in the context of gender relations. At time 1,610 women were asked to rate their readiness to participate in various actions and to provide measures of social beliefs. Factor analysis extracted four types of action: participation in women's groups, collective protest, informal participation, and individual protest. One year later, at time 2, a subgroup of the same women were asked to say how much they had actually participated over the previous 12 months. Reported participation was related to gender identity, collective relative deprivation, efficacy, collectivist orientation, and identification as an activist. Regression analysis showed that identification as an activist was by far the most powerful correlate of participation, followed by gender identity; and that gender identity also played a role in moderating relationships between reported participation and other predictor variables. These findings show the important role of identity processes underlying participation in collective action and suggest the need to develop interaction models of participation.
Reporting experiences of panic: Sex differences in a community survey
Authors: Birchall Helen M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis report aims to look at whether the results of a community survey of the prevalence of panic attacks and panic disorder could be influenced by a possible sex difference in the willingness to return screening questionnaires and to acknowledge psychiatric symptoms. The results suggest that men are less likely to return questionnaires, and that this effect is more marked in the younger age groups. This could indicate that an important group of people is being under‐represented in prevalence figures for panic and possibly other psychiatric diagnoses.
Computer game playing in adolescence: Prevalence and demographic indicators
Authors: Griffiths Mark D. , Hunt Nigel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractComputer game playing is a popular activity among adolescents yet there have been no systematic studies in the U.K. on its prevalence and its demographics. A questionnaire study was undertaken with 387 adolescents (12–16 years of age) to establish the time spent playing computer games, who they first started playing with, the reasons why they first started and why they play now and negative consequences of play. Results revealed that for many adolescents, home computer game playing can take up considerable time with 7% of the sample playing for at least 30 hours a week. Although there were no differences between males and females in who played computer games, it was established that males were found to play significantly more regularly than females.
Teenagers and illicit drug use—expanding the ‘user vs non‐user’ dichotomy
Authors: McCusker Christopher G. , Roberts Glynne , Douthwaite Julie , Williams Elwyn 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study examines proximal and distal factors associated with the use and non‐use of illegal substances within a sample of 860 teenagers in North Wales. Arguing that there is predictive utility in expanding the traditional ‘users vs non‐users’ design dichotomy, four groups are identified — resistant and vulnerable non‐users and experimental and repeated users. ‘Person’ variables (life satisfaction, deviance, hopelessness and drug‐related attributions) appeared to primarily differentiate the vulnerable group from their resistant counterparts and identify this, as yet non‐using group, with user samples. It is suggested that these variables might represent ‘risk’ factors for illicit substance use and that the group design employed suggests they precede, rather than follow as a consequence of, illicit drug use. Like their resistant counterparts however, the vulnerable group are differentiated from user samples on some lifestyle and context indices. It is argued that these represent ‘protective’ influences in an otherwise at‐risk group of non‐users. Variables associated with an escalation of illicit drug use are discussed in considering the differences between the experimental and repeated user groups. Apart from the more proximal factor of drug‐related attributions, ‘person’ variables appeared less involved here. Repeated users did however, tend to use a greater number of drugs, have a greater proportion of friends who also used illegal substances and significantly fewer had a Welsh cultural identity.
Assessment of male and female behaviour in the employment interview
Authors: Van Vianen Annelies E. M. , Van Schie Els C. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPersonality assessment has a great impact on the outcomes of the selection interview. Women are perceived to have personality characteristics which are different from men. It is doubtful whether these sex stereotyped personality characteristics are based on real differences in verbal and nonverbal behaviour between men and women. Previous studies have shown the influence of sex stereotypes on interview‐outcomes. In this study, the relationship between verbal and nonverbal behaviour of male and female applicants and their personality assessment has been investigated. Results show that males and females are assessed stereotypically based on their sex, but also based on their behaviour. For females, a feminine or masculine assessment is of special importance for her chance of selection. The less feminine is a woman's assessment the more likely she is to be accepted as an eligible candidate by the selection board. These accepted women show ‘female’ behaviour as well as ‘male’ behaviour.
Green movement in a newly industrializing area: A survey on the attitudes and behaviour of the Hong Kong citizens
Authors: Chan Ricky Yee‐Kwong , Yam Esther 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBased on the ecological scale of Maloney et al. (1973, 1975), the present study is aimed to test the relationship between environmental attitudes and behaviour in a more rigorous manner. In doing so, 552 Hong Kong citizens were interviewed and several salient findings were generated. First, along with what is proposed by literature, verbal commitment was found to be the most immediately relevant predictor for one's self‐reported actual environmental behaviour. Second, when compared between knowledge and affect, the latter was noted to be far more powerful in explaining the self‐reported actual environmental behaviour. This highlights that the government should rely more on emotional than cognitive appeal for spelling out environmental messages. Lastly, the findings also suggested the inclusion of other non‐attitudinal factors for predicting the environmental behaviour.