bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for anxiety and depression
Authors: Haynes Jonathan C. , Farrell Michael , Singleton Nicola , Meltzer Howard , Araya Ricardo , Lewis Glyn , Wiles Nicola J. 
Published: November 2005

BackgroundLongitudinal studies have been inconclusive in identifying alcohol as a risk factor for anxiety and depression.AimsTo examine whether excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for anxiety and depression in the general population, and whether anxiety and depression are risk factors for excessive alcohol consumption.MethodData were analysed from the 18-month follow-up of the Psychiatric Morbidity Among Adults Living in Private Households, 2000 survey.ResultsHazardous and dependent drinking were not associated with onset of anxiety and depression at follow-up. Binge-drinking was non-significantly associated with incident anxiety and depression (adjusted OR= 1.36, 95% CI 0.74–2.50). Abstainers were less likely to have new-onset anxiety and depression at follow-up. Anxiety and depression or sub-threshold symptoms at baseline were not associated with incident hazardous or binge-drinking at follow-up, but there was weak evidence linking sub-threshold symptoms with onset of alcohol dependence (adjusted OR=2.04, 95% CI 0.84–4.97).ConclusionsExcessive alcohol consumption was not associated with the onset of anxiety and depression but abstinence was associated with a lower risk. Sub-threshold symptoms were weakly associated with new-onset alcohol dependence.
Safety of women in mixed-sex and single-sex medium secure units: staff and patient perceptions
Authors: Mezey Gillian , Hassell Yonette , Bartlett Annie 
Published: November 2005

BackgroundThe development of single-sex medium secure units for women has been driven by concern about the vulnerability of women to sexual abuse and exploitation in mixed-sex secure settings. Less is known about how women patients and staff perceive gender segregation and their experiences in single-sex units.AimsTo examine the impact of gender segregation on the safety of women patients detained in medium secure psychiatric facilities.MethodA qualitative study was conducted involving individual interviews with 58 male and female staff and 31 women patients in single-sex and mixed-sex medium secure units throughout England and Wales.ResultsWomen patients in both types of units reported high levels of actual and threatened physical and sexual violence. Women in single-sex units reported intimidation, threats and abuse by other women patients, although they were less vulnerable to sexual abuse and exploitation and serious physical assault.ConclusionsFurther development of single-sex secure units for women may not be justified on the grounds of safety issues alone. Risk assessment of forensic psychiatric patients must include a full assessment of their safety within the psychiatric setting.
The Vitamin D Receptor Represses Transcription of the Pituitary Transcription Factor Pit-1 Gene without Involvement of the Retinoid X Receptor
Authors: Seoane Samuel , Perez-Fernandez Roman 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPituitary transcription factor-1 (Pit-1) plays a key role in cell differentiation during organogenesis of the anterior pituitary, and as a transcriptional activator for the pituitary GH and prolactin genes. However, Pit-1 is also expressed in nonpituitary cell types and tissues. In breast tumors, Pit-1 mRNA and protein levels are increased with respect to normal breast, and in MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells, Pit-1 increases GH secretion and cell proliferation. We report here that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] administration to MCF-7 cells induces a significant decrease in Pit-1 mRNA and protein levels. By deletion analyses, we mapped a region (located between −147 and −171 bp from the transcription start site of the Pit-1 gene) that is sufficient for the repressive response to 1,25-(OH)2D3. Gel mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the direct interaction between the vitamin D receptor (VDR) as homodimer (without the retinoid X receptor), and the Pit-1 promoter, supporting the view that Pit-1 is a direct transcriptional target of VDR. Our data also indicate that recruitment of histone deacetylase 1 is involved in this repressive effect. This ligand-dependent Pit-1 gene inhibition by VDR in the absence of the retinoid X receptor seems to indicate a new mechanism of transcriptional repression by 1,25-(OH)2D3.
Transcriptional Intermediary Factor 1α Mediates Physical Interaction and Functional Synergy between the Coactivator-Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 and Glucocorticoid Receptor-Interacting Protein 1 Nuclear Receptor Coactivators
Authors: Teyssier Catherine , Ou Chen-Yin , Khetchoumian Konstantin , Losson Régine , Stallcup Michael R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn previous studies transcriptional intermediary factor 1α (TIF1α) was identified as a direct binding partner and potential transcriptional coactivator for nuclear receptors (NRs) but its overexpression inhibited, rather than enhanced, transcriptional activation by NRs. Here we show that TIF1α bound to and enhanced the function of the C-terminal activation domain (AD) of coactivator associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) and the N-terminal AD of glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1). Furthermore, although TIF1α had little or no NR coactivator activity by itself, it cooperated synergistically with GRIP1 and CARM1 to enhance NR-mediated transcription. Inhibition of endogenous TIF1α expression reduced transcriptional activation by the GRIP1 N-terminal domain but not by the CARM1 C-terminal domain, suggesting that TIF1α may be more important for mediating the activity of the former than the latter. Reduction of endogenous TIF1α levels also compromised the androgen-dependent induction of an endogenous target gene of the androgen receptor. Finally, TIF1α formed a ternary complex with the GRIP1 N-terminal and CARM1 C-terminal domains. Thus, we conclude that TIF1α cooperates with NR coactivators GRIP1 and CARM1 by forming a stable ternary complex with them and enhancing the AD function of one or both of them.
Male song quality affects circulating but not yolk steroid concentrations in female canaries (Serinus canaria)
Authors: Marshall Rupert C. , Leisler Bernd , Catchpole Clive K. , Schwabl Hubert 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARYMale song complexity is a sexually selected trait found in many songbirds,including strains of the domestic canary. Studies on several species have shown that male song can affect the hormonal state of females and may also influence concentrations of maternal hormones in the yolk of their eggs. In this study, we show that the level of circulating androgens and oestrogens of female canaries, as measured in faeces, varies with the quality of male song to which they are exposed. The female-perceived quality of male canary song depends on the production of special `sexy syllables' to which females respond with more sexual displays. Using playback of synthetic song we show that females hearing songs with sexy syllables have higher levels of faecal testosterone than control females hearing songs without them. However, unlike previous studies on the canary, we found no evidence that such females laid eggs with more testosterone (or other steroids) in their egg yolks. We discuss these results in relation to the evolution of male signalling and maternal investment strategies.
Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime
Authors: Fudge Douglas S. , Levy Nimrod , Chiu Scott , Gosline John M. 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARYHagfish slime consists of mucins and protein threads that are released from slime glands and mix with seawater to produce an ephemeral material with intriguing physical properties. We recently characterized the mechanics of the slime's fibrous component, and here we report the first mechanical properties of the mucin component and the slime as a whole. Our results suggest that hagfishes can produce remarkable quantities of the slime because it is almost three orders of magnitude more dilute than typical mucus secretions. Mechanical experiments using whole slime produced in vitrodemonstrate that the slime threads dominate the slime's material properties and impart elasticity. Mucins impart viscosity at the strain rates tested and are important for rapid deployment of the slime. We also found that slime threads are tapered at both ends, which suggested to us that hagfish slime might best be modeled as a discontinuous fibre-reinforced composite. Our measurements demonstrate that the mucins are not capable of providing shear linkage between threads, but this is not necessary because the threads are long enough to span an entire slime mass. Our findings suggest that hagfish slime consists mainly of bulk seawater entrained between mucin-coated threads,and in this way functions more like a fine sieve than coherent mucus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the slime has evolved as a defense against gill-breathing predators.
Constraints on starting and stopping: behavior compensates for reduced pectoral fin area during braking of the bluegill sunfishLepomis macrochirus
Authors: Higham Timothy E. , Malas Brett , Jayne Bruce C. , Lauder George V. 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARYMany natural animal movements involve accelerating from a standstill and then stopping. Obstacles in natural environments often limit the straight-line distance available for movement, and decreased braking ability theoretically can limit speed for short distances. Consequently, braking ability can be important for avoiding collisions with obstacles and exploiting resources effectively in complex environments. A presumed morphological correlate of improved braking performance in fish is increased pectoral fin area, because most fish protract these structures as they decelerate. However, the kinematics and modulation of velocity during starting and stopping are poorly understood for most species of fish as well as most species of animals. Thus,for bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus with complete and partially ablated pectoral fins (35% original fin area), we analyzed high speed video recordings (200 images s–1) of predatory attacks with a start and stop in a short, standardized distance (40 cm). We quantified body displacement, velocity, acceleration, deceleration and several fin angle variables during each feeding. Unexpectedly, several variables including maximum velocity and maximum deceleration (grand means 72 cm s–1 and –512 cm s–2, respectively) did not change significantly with reduced pectoral fin area. The average values of braking movements of the median and caudal fins did increase with decreased pectoral fin area but lacked statistically significant differences. The primary mechanism of attaining similar braking performance with decreased area of the pectoral fins was that they were protracted significantly more (mean difference=42°) and with a significantly faster average velocity of protraction. Thus, pectoral fin area appears unlikely to be the primary constraint on braking performance for this particular task.
A stemmed acetabular component in the management of severe acetabular deficiency
Authors: Badhe N. P. , Howard P. W. 
Published: December 2005

We evaluated the use of a stemmed acetabular component in the treatment of severe acetabular deficiency during revision and complex primary total hip arthroplasty. There were 31 hips of which 24 were revisions (20 for aseptic loosening, four for infection) and the remainder were complex primary arthroplasties. At a mean follow-up of 10.7 years (6 to 12.8), no component had been revised for aseptic loosening; one patient had undergone a revision of the polyethylene liner for wear. There was one failure because of infection. At the latest follow-up, the cumulative survival rate for aseptic loosening, with revision being the end-point, was 100%; for radiographic loosening it was 92% and for infection and radiographic loosening it was 88%. These results justify the continued use of this stemmed component for the reconstruction of severe acetabular deficiency.
Long-term results of rotational acetabular osteotomy for dysplasia of the hip in adult ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy
Authors: Nagoya S. , Nagao M. , Takada J. , Kaya M. , Iwasaki T. , Yamashita T. 
Published: December 2005

We performed rotational acetabular osteotomy in order to treat dysplasia of the hip in five ambulatory adults with cerebral palsy. There was one man and four women, with a mean age of 21 years (16 to 27) who were followed up for a mean of 12 years and two months. The mean Sharp angle improved from 52° to 43°, the mean acetabular index from 30.2° to 2.8°, the mean centre-edge angle from −5.6° to 29.2°, and the mean acetabular head index from 49.2 to 88.2. There was no progression of joint degeneration and relief from pain was maintained. Our results suggest that rotational acetabular osteotomy is a valuable option for the treatment of acetabular dysplasia in adults with cerebral palsy who have incapacitating pain in the hip.
Three Mutations (p.Q36H, p.G418fsX482, and g.IVS19-2A&gt;C) in the Dual Oxidase 2 Gene Responsible for Congenital Goiter and Iodide Organification Defect
Authors: Varela Viviana , Rivolta Carina M , Esperante Sebastián A , Gruñeiro-Papendieck Laura , Chiesa Ana , Targovnik Héctor M 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Background: Iodide organification defects are associated with mutations in the dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) gene and are characterized by a positive perchlorate discharge test. These mutations produce a congenital goitrous hypothyroidism, usually transmitted in an autosomal recessive mode.
Methods: We studied the complete coding sequence of the human DUOX2 gene by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of DNA from 17 unrelated patients with iodide organification defects. Samples showing an aberrant pattern were directly sequenced. All mutations were validated by SSCP analysis. Finally, the effect of a splicing mutation was studied by construction of minigenes.
Results: Genomic DNA sequencing revealed 3 novel mutations [c.108G&gt;C (p.Q36H), c.1253delG (p.G418fsX482), and g.IVS19-2A&gt;C] and 1 previously reported mutation [c.2895-2898delGTTC (p.S965fsX994)] in 2 families with 1 (family 1) and 2 (family 2) affected members. This implies the inheritance of 2 compound heterozygous mutations, p.Q36H and p.S965fsX994 in family 1 and p.G418fsX482 and g.IVS19-2A&gt;C in family 2. The c.1253delG mutation was associated with a c.1254C&gt;A transversion. In vitro transcription analysis showed that exon 20 is skipped entirely when the g.IVS19-2A&gt;C mutation is present. The wild-type glutamine residue at position 36 is strictly conserved.
Conclusions: Two previously unknown compound heterozygous mutations in the DUOX2 gene, p.Q36H/p.S965fsX994 and p.G418fsX482/g.IVS19-2A&gt;C, are responsible for iodide organification defects in 2 unrelated families. Identification of the molecular basis of this disorder might be helpful for understanding the pathophysiology of this congenital hypothyroidism.
The Purine Synthesis Gene Prat2 Is Required for Drosophila Metamorphosis, as Revealed by Inverted-Repeat-Mediated RNA Interference
Authors: Ji Yingbiao , Clark Denise V 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
PRAT (phosphoribosylamidotransferase; E.C. 2.4.2.14) catalyzes the first reaction in de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. In Drosophila melanogaster, the Prat and Prat2 genes are both highly conserved with PRAT sequences from prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, Prat2 organization and expression during development is different from Prat. We used RNA interference (RNAi) to knock down expression of both Prat and Prat2 to investigate their functions. Using the GAL4–UAS system, Prat RNAi driven by Act5c–GAL4 or tubP–GAL4 causes variable pupal lethality (48–100%) and ∼50% female sterility, depending on the transgenic strains and drivers used. This observation agrees with the phenotype previously observed for Prat EMS-induced mutations. Prat2 RNAi driven by Act5C–GAL4 or tubP–GAL4 also results in variable pupal lethality (61–93%) with the different transgenic strains, showing that Prat2 is essential for fly development. However, Prat2 RNAi-induced arrested pupae have a head eversion defect reminiscent of the “cryptocephal” phenotype, whereas Prat RNAi-induced arrested pupae die later as pharate adults. We conclude that Prat2 is required during the prepupal stage while Prat is more important for the pupal stage. In addition, Prat and Prat2 double RNAi results in more severe pupal lethal phenotypes, suggesting that Prat and Prat2 have partially additive functions during Drosophila metamorphosis.
gon-14 Functions With Class B and Class C Synthetic Multivulva Genes to Control Larval Growth in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Chesney Michael A , Kidd Ambrose R , Kimble Judith 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Previous work showed that C. elegans gon-14 is required for gonadogenesis. Here we report that gon-14 encodes a protein with similarity to LIN-15B, a class B synMuv protein. An extensive region of GON-14 contains blocks of sequence similarity to transposases of the hAT superfamily, but key residues are not conserved, suggesting a distant relationship. GON-14 also contains a putative THAP DNA-binding domain. A rescuing gon-14∷GON-14∷VENUS reporter is broadly expressed during development and localizes to the nucleus. Strong loss-of-function and predicted null gon-14 alleles have pleiotropic defects, including multivulval (Muv) defects and temperature-sensitive larval arrest. Although the gon-14 Muv defect is not enhanced by synMuv mutations, gon-14 interacts genetically with class B and class C synMuv genes, including lin-35/Rb, let-418/Mi-2β, and trr-1/TRRAP. The gon-14; synMuv double mutants arrest as larvae when grown under conditions supporting development to adulthood for the respective single mutants. The gon-14 larval arrest is suppressed by loss of mes-2/E(Z), mes-6/ESC, or mes-4, which encodes a SET domain protein. Additionally, gon-14 affects expression of pgl-1 and lag-2, two genes regulated by the synMuv genes. We suggest that gon-14 functions with class B and class C synMuv genes to promote larval growth, in part by antagonizing MES-2,3,6/ESC-E(z) and MES-4.
The Effects of Dominance, Regular Inbreeding and Sampling Design on QST, an Estimator of Population Differentiation for Quantitative Traits
Authors: Goudet Jérôme , Büchi Lucie 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
To test whether quantitative traits are under directional or homogenizing selection, it is common practice to compare population differentiation estimates at molecular markers (FST) and quantitative traits (QST). If the trait is neutral and its determinism is additive, then theory predicts that QST = FST, while QST &gt; FST is predicted under directional selection for different local optima, and QST &lt; FST is predicted under homogenizing selection. However, nonadditive effects can alter these predictions. Here, we investigate the influence of dominance on the relation between QST and FST for neutral traits. Using analytical results and computer simulations, we show that dominance generally deflates QST relative to FST. Under inbreeding, the effect of dominance vanishes, and we show that for selfing species, a better estimate of QST is obtained from selfed families than from half-sib families. We also compare several sampling designs and find that it is always best to sample many populations (&gt;20) with few families (five) rather than few populations with many families. Provided that estimates of QST are derived from individuals originating from many populations, we conclude that the pattern QST &gt; FST, and hence the inference of directional selection for different local optima, is robust to the effect of nonadditive gene actions.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Spontaneously Express Neural Proteins in Culture and Are Neurogenic after Transplantation
Authors: Deng Jie , Petersen Bryon E. , Steindler Dennis A. , Jorgensen Marda L. , Laywell Eric D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Reports of neural transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) suggest the possibility that these cells may serve as a source for stem cell–based regenerative medicine to treat neurological disorders. However, some recent studies controvert previous reports of MSC neurogenecity. In the current study, we evaluate the neural differentiation potential of mouse bone marrow–derived MSCs. Surprisingly, we found that MSCs spontaneously express certain neuronal phenotype markers in culture, in the absence of specialized induction reagents. A previously published neural induction protocol that elevates cytoplasmic cyclic AMP does not upregulate neuron-specific protein expression significantly in MSCs but does significantly increase expression of the astrocyte-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein. Finally, when grafted into the lateral ventricles of neonatal mouse brain, MSCs migrate extensively and differentiate into olfactory bulb granule cells and periventricular astrocytes, without evidence of cell fusion. These results indicate that MSCs may be “primed” toward a neural fate by the constitutive expression of neuronal antigens and that they seem to respond with an appropriate neural pattern of differentiation when exposed to the environment of the developing brain.
Flt3-Ligand–Mobilized Peripheral Blood, but Not Flt3-Ligand–Expanded Bone Marrow, Facilitating Cells Promote Establishment of Chimerism and Tolerance
Authors: Huang Yiming , Kucia Magda , Rezzoug Francine , Ratajczak Janina , Tanner Michael K. , Ratajczak Mariusz Z. , Schanie Carrie L. , Xu Hong , Fugier-Vivier Isabelle , Ildstad Suzanne T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFacilitating cells (CD8+/TCR−) (FCs) enhance engraftment of limiting numbers of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The primary component of FCs is precursor-plasmacytoid dendritic cells (p-preDCs), a tolerogenic cell expanded by Flt3-ligand (FL). In this study, we evaluated the function and composition of FL-expanded FCs. FL treatment resulted in a significant increase of FCs in bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB). When FL-expanded FCs were transplanted with c-Kit+/Sca-1+/Lin− (KSL) cells into allogeneic recipients, BM-FCs exhibited significantly impaired function whereas PB-FCs were potently functional. A significant upregulation of P-selectin expression and downregulation of VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) were present on FL-expanded PB-FCs compared with FL BM-FCs. Stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1), and CXCR4 transcripts were significantly increased in FL PB-FCs and decreased in FL BM-FCs. Supernatant from FL PB-FCs primed HSC migration to SDF-1, confirming production of the protein product. The FL PB-FCs contained a predominance of p-preDCs and natural killer (NK)–FCs, and NK-FCs were lacking in FL BM-FCs. The impaired function for BM-FCs was restored within 5 days after cessation of treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that FCs may enhance HSC homing and migration via the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis and adhesion molecule modulation. These findings may have implications in development of strategies for retaining function of ex vivo manipulated FCs and HSCs.