bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General health of elderly institutionalised and community‐dwelling Brazilians
Authors: Deco Camila Porto de , Santos Jarbas Francisco Fernandes do , Cunha Vicente de Paula Prisco da , Marchini Leonardo 
Published: July 2007

Objective:  To evaluate the heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose and other important indicators of the general health of an elderly population of São José dos Campos, Brazil.Materials and methods:  A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 150 institutionalised and 150 community‐dwelling individuals aged 60 years or more. The parameters evaluated were heart rate, blood pressure and blood glucose. The elderly also answered a questionnaire about osteoporosis, falls, physical exercising, participation in social events, type of foods ingested, Alzheimer and Parkinson’s diseases and medication.Results:  The institutionalised elderly showed an average heart rate of 75.1, while that of the community‐dwelling elderly was 76.7. The percentage of systolic hypertension in the institutionalised and community‐dwelling groups was 36% and 30% respectively, while diastolic hypertension showed a percentage of 40% and 57%, and diabetes was 32% and 30%. Among the institutionalised and community‐dwelling groups, 13.3% and 21.3% respectively, reported osteoporosis, 31.3% and 42.7% falls, 7.3% and 24% exercised regularly, 4% and 69.3% participated regularly in social events, 58.7% and 51.3% reported eating solid foods, and 13.3% and 2%, respectively, suffered from Alzheimer’s disease. Parkinson’s disease was reported by 2% in both groups. The institutionalised elderly reported taking an average of 3.2 medications, while among community‐dwelling elderly this number was 1.8.Conclusion:  The entire sample presented a high prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and osteoporosis. No significant differences were found in the systemic health of the elderly institutionalised and community‐dwelling groups. However, the latter group reported more frequent falls, participation in social events and exercised regularly.
Shock heating by Fanaroff–Riley type I radio sources in galaxy clusters
Authors: Brüggen M. , Heinz S. , Roediger E. , Ruszkowski M. , Simionescu A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Feedback by active galactic nuclei (AGN) is frequently invoked to explain the cut-off of the galaxy luminosity function at the bright end and the absence of cooling flows in galaxy clusters. Meanwhile, there are recent observations of shock fronts around radio-loud AGN. Using realistic 3D simulations of jets in a galaxy cluster, we address the question what of fraction of AGN energy is dissipated in shocks. We find that weak shocks that encompass the AGN have Mach numbers of 1.1–1.2 and dissipate at least 2 per cent of the mechanical luminosity of the AGN. In a realistic cluster medium, even a continuous jet can lead to multiple shock structures, which may lead to an overestimate of the AGN duty cycles inferred from the spatial distribution of waves.
Phase analysis of the cosmic microwave background from incomplete sky coverage
Authors: Chiang Lung-Yih , Naselsky Pavel D. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Phases of the spherical harmonic analysis of full-sky cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature data contain useful information complementary to the ubiquitous angular power spectrum. In this Letter we present a new method of phase analysis on incomplete sky maps. It is based on Fourier phases of equal-latitude pixel rings of the map, which are related to the mean angle of the trigonometric moments from the full-sky phases. It has an advantage for probing regions of interest without tapping polluted Galactic plane area, and can localize non-Gaussian features. This method is therefore very useful for detection of departure from Gaussianity and statistical isotropy in the CMB.
Multiple dynamical components in Local Group dwarf spheroidals
Authors: McConnachie Alan W. , Peñarrubia Jorge , Navarro Julio F. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The dwarf spheroidal (dSph) satellites of the Local Group have long been thought to be simple spheroids of stars embedded within extended dark matter haloes. Recently, however, evidence for the presence of spatially and kinematically distinct stellar populations has been accumulating. Here, we examine the influence of such components on dynamical models of dwarf galaxies embedded in cold dark matter haloes. We begin by constructing a model of Andromeda II, a dSph satellite of M31 which shows evidence for spatially distinct stellar components. We find that the two-component model predicts an overall velocity dispersion profile that remains approximately constant at ∼10−11 km s−1 out to ∼1 kpc from the centre; this is despite wide kinematic and spatial differences between the two individual components. This prediction can be validated by detailed spectroscopic analysis of this galaxy. The presence of two components may also help to explain oddities in the velocity dispersion profiles of other dSphs; we show that velocity dispersion profiles which appear to rise from the centre outwards before levelling off – such as those of Leo I, Draco, and Fornax – can result from the gradual transition from a dynamically cold, concentrated component to a second, hotter, and more spatially extended one, both in equilibrium within the same dark halo. Dwarf galaxies with two stellar components generally have a leptokurtic line-of-sight velocity distribution which is well described by a double Maxwellian. This may be contrasted with other dynamical explanations such as a radially dependent anisotropy in the stars' orbits. Interestingly, we find that multiple equilibrium components could also provide a potential alternative origin for ‘extra-tidal’ stars (normally ascribed to tidal effects) in situations where corroborating evidence for tides – such as elongation of the main body of the dwarf in the orbital direction or velocity gradients across its face driven by protruding tidal tails – may be lacking.
Studying Ancient Israelite Ritual: Methodological Considerations
Authors: Bergen Wesley 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAny adequate account of ancient Israel and its texts must include a study of its ritual practices. Most of what we would term ‘religion’ in that society was made up of regular events and the rituals that accompanied them. Harvest was celebrated with festivals, the slaughter of animals for food became sacrifice rituals, death was accompanied by mourning rituals, etc. Studying these rituals is necessary yet difficult. Using recent theory from anthropology and textual study, numerous new studies have taken up these challenges. Using the study of animal sacrifice as its primary example, this essay explores the problems and prospects of the study of Israel's rituals.
Nonhomogeneous Strain From Sparse Marker Arrays for Analysis of Transmural Myocardial Mechanics
Authors: Kindberg K. , Karlsson M. , Ingels N. B. , Criscione J. C. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Background: Knowledge of normal cardiac kinematics is important when attempting to understand the mechanisms that impair the contractile function of the heart during disease. The complex kinematics of the heart can be studied by inserting radiopaque markers in the cardiac wall and study the pumping heart with biplane cineradiography. In order to study the local strain, the bead array was developed where small radiopaque beads are inserted along three columns transmurally in the left ventricle. Method: This paper suggests a straightforward method for strain computation, based on polynomial least-squares fitting and tailored for combined marker and bead array analyses. Results: This polynomial method gives small errors for a realistic bead array on an analytical test case. The method delivers an explicit expression of the Lagrangian strain tensor as a polynomial function of the coordinates of material points in the reference configuration. The method suggested in this paper is validated with analytical strains on a deforming cylinder resembling the heart, compared to a previously suggested finite element method, and applied to in vivo ovine data. The errors in the estimated strain components are shown to remain unchanged on an analytical test case when evaluating the effects of one missing bead. In conclusion, the proposed strain computation method is accurate and robust, with errors smaller or comparable to the current gold standard when applied on an analytical test case.
DNA Damage Induces Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT)–Associated Promyelocytic Leukemia Bodies that Preferentially Associate with Linear Telomeric DNA
Authors: Fasching Clare L. , Neumann Axel A. , Muntoni Alessandra , Yeager Thomas R. , Reddel Roger R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The linear chromosomes of vertebrates terminate in telomeres that consist of a tandemly repeated hexameric sequence, 5′TTAGGG3′. Telomeres form a protective loop structure (t-loop), which is thought to prevent them from being recognized as a double-strand break. Approximately 10% of human tumors prevent shortening of their telomeres by using a recombination-mediated alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. ALT-positive human cells contain extrachromosomal telomere repeat (ECTR) DNA that may either be circular or linear. It has been proposed that ECTR may be generated by recombination events involving the t-loop. A proportion of the cells within ALT-positive cell populations contain promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies that contain telomeric DNA and telomere-binding proteins that are called ALT-associated PML bodies (APB). Although the presence of APBs is very useful for determining whether tumors and cell lines use the ALT mechanism, the function of APBs is unknown. It has previously been shown that telomeric DNA is particularly susceptible to damage by hydrogen peroxide and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. We report here that these DNA-damaging agents induce both linear and circular ECTR DNA in ALT cells and increase the proportion of cells that contain APBs. We partially purified APBs and showed that the telomeric repeat DNA they contain is predominantly linear. We propose that a function of APBs is to sequester linear telomeric DNA. [Cancer Res 2007;67(15):7072–7]
Adaptation to Real Motion Reveals Direction-selective Interactions between Real and Implied Motion Processing
Authors: Lorteije Jeannette A. M. , Kenemans J. Leon , Jellema Tjeerd , van der Lubbe Rob H. J. , Lommers Marjolein W. , van Wezel Richard J. A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Viewing static pictures of running humans evokes neural activity in the dorsal motion-sensitive cortex. To establish whether this response arises from direction-selective neurons that are also involved in real motion processing, we measured the visually evoked potential to implied motion following adaptation to static or moving random dot patterns. The implied motion response was defined as the difference between evoked potentials to pictures with and without implied motion. Interaction between real and implied motion was found as a modulation of this difference response by the preceding motion adaptation. The amplitude of the implied motion response was significantly reduced after adaptation to motion in the same direction as the implied motion, compared to motion in the opposite direction. At 280 msec after stimulus onset, the average difference in amplitude reduction between opposite and same adapted direction was 0.5 μV on an average implied motion amplitude of 2.0 μV. These results indicate that the response to implied motion arises from direction-selective motion-sensitive neurons. This is consistent with interactions between real and implied motion processing at a neuronal level.
Strategic Modulation of Cognitive Control
Authors: Lungu Ovidiu V. , Liu Tao , Waechter Tobias , Willingham Daniel T. , Ashe James 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The neural substrate of cognitive control is thought to comprise an evaluative component located in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and an executive component in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The control mechanism itself is mainly local, triggered by response conflict (monitored by the ACC) and involving the allocation of executive resources (recruited by the PFC) in a trial-to-trial fashion. However, another way to achieve control would be to use a strategic mechanism based on long-term prediction of upcoming events and on a chronic response strategy that ignores local features of the task. In the current study, we showed that such a strategic control mechanism was based on a functional dissociation or complementary relationship between the ACC and the PFC. When information in the environment was available to make predictions about upcoming stimuli, local task features (e.g., response conflict) were no longer used as a control signal. We suggest that having separate control mechanisms based on local or global task features allows humans to be persistent in pursuing their goals, yet flexible enough to adapt to changes in the environment.
How the Camel Lost Its Hump: The Impact of Object Typicality on Event-related Potential Signals in Object Decision
Authors: Hauk O. , Patterson K. , Woollams A. , Cooper-Pye E. , Pulvermüller F. , Rogers T. T. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Using an object decision task, event-related potentials (ERPs), and minimum norm current source estimates, we investigated early spatiotemporal aspects of cortical activation elicited by line drawings that were manipulated on two dimensions: authenticity and typicality. Authentic objects were those that match real-world experience, whereas nonauthentic objects were “doctored” by deletion or addition of features (e.g., a camel with its hump removed, a hammer with two handles). The main manipulation of interest for both authentic and nonauthentic objects was the degree of typicality in the object's structure: typical items are composed of parts that have tended to co-occur across many different objects in the perceiver's experience. The ERP pattern revealed a significant typicality effect at 116 msec after stimulus onset. Both atypical authentic objects (e.g., a camel with its hump) and atypical nonauthentic objects (e.g., a jackal with a hump) elicited stronger brain activation than did objects with typical structure. A significant effect of authenticity was observed at 480 msec, with stronger activation for the nonauthentic objects. The factors of typicality and authenticity interacted at 160 and 330 msec. The most prominent source of the typicality effect was the bilateral occipitotemporal cortex, whereas the interaction and the authenticity effects were mainly observed in the more anterior bilateral temporal cortex. These findings support the hypothesis that within the first few hundred milliseconds after stimulus presentation onset, visual-form-related perceptual and conceptual processes represent distinct but interacting stages in object recognition.
Impaired Perceptual Memory of Locations across Gaze-shifts in Patients with Unilateral Spatial Neglect
Authors: Vuilleumier Patrik , Sergent Claire , Schwartz Sophie , Valenza Nathalie , Girardi Michele , Husain Masud , Driver Jon 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Right hemisphere lesions often lead to severe disorders in spatial awareness and behavior, such as left hemispatial neglect. Neglect involves not only pathological biases in attention and exploration but also deficits in internal representations of space and spatial working memory. Here we designed a new paradigm to test whether one potential component may involve a failure to maintain an updated representation of visual locations across delays when a gaze-shift intervenes. Right hemisphere patients with varying severity of left spatial neglect had to encode a single target location and retain it across an interval of 2 or 3 sec, during which the target was transiently removed, before a subsequent probe appeared for a same/different location judgment. During the delay, gaze could have to shift to either side of the remembered location, or no gaze-shift was required. Patients showed a dramatic loss of memory for target location after shifting gaze to its right (toward their “intact” ipsilesional side), but not after leftward gaze-shifts. Such impairment arose even when the target initially appeared in the right visual field, before being updated leftward due to right gaze, and even when gaze returned to the screen center before the memory probe was presented. These findings indicate that location information may be permanently degraded when the target has to be remapped leftward in gaze-centric representations. Across patients, the location-memory deficit induced by rightward gaze-shifts correlated with left neglect severity on several clinical tests. This paradoxical memory deficit, with worse performance following gaze-shifts to the “intact” side of space, may reflect losses in gaze-centric representations of space that normally remap a remembered location dynamically relative to current gaze. Right gaze-shifts may remap remembered locations leftward, into damaged representations, whereas left gaze-shifts will require remapping rightward, into intact representations. Our findings accord with physiological data on normal remapping mechanisms in the primate brain but demonstrate for the first time their impact on perceptual spatial memory when damaged, while providing new insights into possible components that may contribute to the neglect syndrome.
Neural Correlates of Concreteness in Semantic Categorization
Authors: Pexman Penny M. , Hargreaves Ian S. , Edwards Jodi D. , Henry Luke C. , Goodyear Bradley G. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
In some contexts, concrete words (CARROT) are recognized and remembered more readily than abstract words (TRUTH). This concreteness effect has historically been explained by two theories of semantic representation: dual-coding [Paivio, A. Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45, 255–287, 1991] and context-availability [Schwanenflugel, P. J. Why are abstract concepts hard to understand? In P. J. Schwanenflugel (Ed.), The psychology of word meanings (pp. 223–250). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991]. Past efforts to adjudicate between these theories using functional magnetic resonance imaging have produced mixed results. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we reexamined this issue with a semantic categorization task that allowed for uniform semantic judgments of concrete and abstract words. The participants were 20 healthy adults. Functional analyses contrasted activation associated with concrete and abstract meanings of ambiguous and unambiguous words. Results showed that for both ambiguous and unambiguous words, abstract meanings were associated with more widespread cortical activation than concrete meanings in numerous regions associated with semantic processing, including temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices. These results are inconsistent with both dual-coding and context-availability theories, as these theories propose that the representations of abstract concepts are relatively impoverished. Our results suggest, instead, that semantic retrieval of abstract concepts involves a network of association areas. We argue that this finding is compatible with a theory of semantic representation such as Barsalou's [Barsalou, L. W. Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 22, 577–660, 1999] perceptual symbol systems, whereby concrete and abstract concepts are represented by similar mechanisms but with differences in focal content.
Haptic Simulation of Manipulator Collisions Using Dynamic Proxies
Authors: Mitra Probal , Niemeyer Günter 
Published: July 2007

Haptic simulations aim to create an immersive, interactive computer generated environment, using haptic devices to render forces to the user based on interactions in the virtual world. In many applications, these simulations must be capable of handling interactions between multiple users, multiple hands, and complex virtual tools. In particular, consider the example of simulating two-handed robotic surgery, where each hand independently directs its own surgical robot to manipulate a tool. Traditionally only quasi-static, point-like proxies are used to represent the human in virtual environments. In previous works, we proposed dynamic proxies to improve upon this notion. Giving the proxy first order, velocity based dynamics makes it massless but capable of producing crisp dynamic interaction forces. With this paper, we generalize the proxy concept to the case of independent, multiple degree-of-freedom virtual manipulators, by giving the proxy not only first-order dynamics, but its own kinematic properties as well. Like real robots, the virtual manipulators' tips track the user and master motion while generating force feedback. Interactions between the virtual arms and with other objects are implemented as geometric constraints on the tip velocities, and solved in a linearly constrained least-squares minimization. A stability proof is given in terms of passivity. The approach is demonstrated on an actual two-handed haptic console, running a real-time simulation of a pair of six degree-of-freedom virtual manipulators with cylindrical links.
Analyzing Ordinal Scales in Studies of Virtual Environments: Likert or Lump It!
Authors: Gardner Henry J. , Martin Michael A. 
Published: July 2007

Likert scaled data, which are frequently collected in studies of interaction in virtual environments, demand specialized statistical tools for analysis. The routine use of statistical methods appropriate for continuous data in this context can lead to significant inferential flaws. Likert scaled data are ordinal rather than interval scaled and need to be analyzed using rank based statistical procedures that are widely available. Likert scores are “lumpy” in the sense that they cluster around a small number of fixed values. This lumpiness is made worse by the tendency for subjects to cluster towards either the middle or the extremes of the scale. We suggest an ad hoc method to deal with such data which can involve a further lumping of the results followed by the application of nonparametric statistics. Averaging Likert scores over several different survey questions, which is sometimes done in studies of interaction in virtual environments, results in a different sort of lumpiness. The lumped variables which are obtained in this manner can be quite murky and should be used with great caution, if at all, particularly if the number of questions over which such averaging is carried out is small.
Bakhtin, Green, and the Imagining of King Saul
Authors: Bodner Keith 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis is an introduction to and brief interpretation of a collection of papers first delivered in November 2006 at a section meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature in Washington DC. The section was entitled "Bakhtin and the Biblical Imagination," and the particular subject under review was a monograph by Professor Barbara Green, How Are the Mighty Fallen? A Dialogical Study of King Saul in 1 Samuel (JSOTS 365; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2003).
Response to Barbara Green, How Are the Mighty Fallen?
Authors: Birch Bruce 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBarbara Green's monograph, How Are the Mighty Fallen?, opens new vistas for the interpretation of 1 Samuel. After a summary of some basic points of Green's work, she is engaged following three categories that she sets out for her readers: (1) 1 Samuel as part of the Deuteronomistic History addressing an exilic audience; (2) the reading strategy of Mikhail Bakhtin; (3) the attempt at a "co-authorial" reading based on Green's commitment to "biblical spirituality." Green is largely successful in her enterprise as she evokes dialogue in her readers and holds out to them, as does Bakhtin, the "unfinalizable" nature of language.