bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Au(I)‐Catalyzed Cyclization of tert‐Butyl Carbonates Derived from Homopropargyl Alcohols: A Catalytic Alternative to Cyclic Enol Carbonates.
Authors: Kang Ji‐Eun , Shin Seunghoon 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclization of 2‐Chloro‐N‐(2‐pyridinyl)nicotinamides to 5‐Oxo‐5, 6‐Dihydrodipyrido[1,2,‐a:3′,2′‐e]pyrimidin‐11‐ium Chlorides.
Authors: Fernandes Elisa L. , Magalhaes Alvicler , Paes Karla C. , de Souza Marcus V. N. , Vasconcelos Thatyana R. A. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Self‐Organized, Rodlike, Micrometer‐Scale Microstructure of Tb3Sc2Al3O12—TbScO3 :Pr Eutectic.
Authors: Pawlak Dorota A. , Kolodziejak Katarzyna , Turczynski Sebastian , Kisielewski Jaroslaw , Rozniatowski Krzysztof , Diduszko Ryszard , Kaczkan Marcin , Malinowski Michal 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Substituted Bipyridine and Phenylpyridine Ligands
Authors: Labat Laurence , Lamère Jean‐François , Sasaki Isabelle , Lacroix Pascal G. , Vendier Laure , Asselberghs Inge , Pérez‐Moreno Javier , Clays Koen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo new ruthenium(II) complexes of formula [Ru(bpy)2(L1)][PF6] and [Ru(bpy)2(L2)][PF6]2 are reported. HL1 is a (nitrophenyl)ethenyl‐substituted phenylpyridine ligand, and L2 is the bipyridine analogue of HL1. The X‐ray crystal structure of [Ru(bpy)2(L1)][PF6] has been solved, and the compound is found to crystallize in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The electronic spectrum of the cyclometalated derivative [Ru(bpy)2(L1)][PF6] exhibits a low‐lying transition that is red‐shifted from 454 to 546 nm relative to that of the parent bipyridine‐based complex, which reveals an important charge‐transfer character. To support this assumption, the nonlinear optical properties were investigated by the hyper‐Rayleigh scattering technique and indicate a molecular static hyperpolarizability (β0) equal to 230 × 10–30 cm5 esu–1. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
1,3,5‐Triazapenta‐1,3‐dienes: Useful Building Blocks for the Synthesis of1,2‐Dihydro‐1,3,5‐triazines and Oligonitriles
Authors: Heße Nadine , Fröhlich Roland , Wibbeling Birgit , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich 
Published: July 2006

Abstract1,3,5‐Triazapentadienes 1, prepared from amidines and imidoyl chlorides 2, have been used as nucleophilic building blocks for the reactions with various electrophilic reagents. With aldehydes 4 1,2‐dihydrotriazines 3 were obtained, whereas ketones 5 gave 3 or 1,3,5‐triazahexa‐1,3,5‐trienes 6, depending on the substitution pattern of 1. Acyl chlorides 7 reacted with 1 to give 1‐oxa‐3,5,7‐triazahepta‐1,3,5‐trienes 8; in a similar manner imidoyl chlorides 2 gave rise to the formation of the new 1,3,5,7‐tetraazahepta‐1,3,5‐trienes 9. Treatment of N‐benzoylbenzimidoyl chloride 10 with 1 afforded the 1‐oxa‐3,5,7,9‐tetraazanona‐1,3,5,7‐tetraenes 11, or, depending on the substitution pattern, their ring‐tautomeric compounds 12 with 1,2‐dihydrotriazine structures.1‐Oxa‐3,5‐diazinium salt 13 as cyclic electrophile produced, when treated with 1g, 1‐oxa‐3,5,7,9,11‐pentaazaundeca‐1,3,5,7,9‐pentaene (14), a long oligonitrile with push‐pull substitution pattern. All new compounds were completely characterized including X‐ray diffraction for each type, indicating rather twisted three‐dimensional structures for the open‐chain compounds. The relative energies of 1,3,5‐triazapentadiene isomers were studied by DFT calculations [level: B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p)], as well as the ring‐chain tautomerism of selected examples. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Non‐neurogenic urinary retention (Fowler's syndrome) in two sisters
Authors: Podnar Simon , Barbič Matija 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAimsTo report for the first time occurrence of obstructed voiding due to excessive activity of the urethral sphincter (US) muscle in two sisters with polycystic ovaries (Fowler's syndrome).MethodsIn both patients precise micturition history was obtained. In addition, clinical neurological and gynecological examinations, cystometry, urethral pressure profile measurements, gynecological ultrasound, measurement of gonadotropic hormone levels, and concentric needle electromyography (EMG) of the US muscle were performed.ResultsBoth sisters reported symptoms of severely obstructed voiding. Clinical examination, and filling cystometries were normal. Urethral pressures were increased (99–134 cm water). The first sister was not able to void, and the urinary flow was slow and intermittent in the second on voiding studies. Profuse complex repetitive discharges and decelerating burst activity were found on concentric needle EMG of the US in both of them. Both sisters had increased LH/FSH ratio (2.96 and 2.64), and ultrasonographic abnormalities compatible with polycystic ovaries.ConclusionsDiagnosis of Fowler's syndrome was made in both sisters. Due to very low incidence rate of this syndrome (0.2/100.000 per year), we think that it is highly unlikely to find it in two sisters just by chance. We suggest that the probable explanation is a genetic predisposition to polycystic ovaries, with which this condition has been shown to be associated. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:739–741, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrochemically Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes and their Application to Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Baibarac Mihaela , Lira‐Cantú Mónica , Oró‐Solé Judith , Casañ‐Pastor Nieves , Gomez‐Romero Pedro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractElectrochemical polymerization of N‐vinyl carbazole (VC) on carbon nanotube (CNT) films was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in LiClO4/acetonitrile solutions. Comparing the cyclic voltammograms recorded on a blank Pt electrode with those obtained when single‐ or multi‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT or MWNT) films were previously deposited onto the Pt electrode, a downshift of the VC reduction peak potential is observed in the latter case. The influences of monomer concentration, type of solvent, and supporting electrolyte on the polymerization conditions and electrochemical properties of these composite materials are also investigated. The morphological aspects of poly(N‐vinyl carbazole) (PVC)‐functionalized CNTs are revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. A covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes with PVC is invoked as a result of attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR‐IR) spectroscopic studies. Using PVC‐functionalized CNTs as a positive electrode and an electrolytic solution containing LiPF6, the charge–discharge characteristics of the rechargeable lithium cells are determined. High specific discharge capacity (≈45 and 115 mA h g−1) is reported for PVC‐functionalized single‐ and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes, respectively.
POLYGYNY, REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS AND CHILD HEALTH IN RURAL ETHIOPIA: WHY MARRY A MARRIED MAN?
Authors: GIBSON MHAIRI A. , MACE RUTH 
Published: July 2006

Summary.This study examines the reproductive success of men and women in rural Ethiopia as a function of their marital status, specifically by comparing polygamously and monogamously married individuals. In line with predictions from evolutionary theory, polygamy is beneficial to male reproductive success (i.e. producing larger numbers of surviving offspring). The success of polygamously married females depends on wife rank: the first wives of polygamous husbands do better than monogamously married women and much better than second or third wives. These effects are mirrored in child nutritional status: the children of second and third wives have lower weight for height. Due to potential, largely unmeasurable differences in marriageability (quality) between individuals, it was not possible to support a model of either resource-holding polygyny combined with female choice or female coercion into unwanted marriages. First wives of polygamously married men marry at a younger age and attract a higher brideprice, suggesting that both the males and females in the marriage are likely to be of higher quality (due to wealth, family status or some other factor such as beauty). Unions that end up monogamous are likely to be between slightly lower quality individuals; and second and third wives, who marry at the oldest ages and attract the lowest brideprice, may be ‘making the best of a bad job’. The relatively long gap between first and second marriages may mean that first wives of highly marriageable males can enjoy considerable reproductive success before their husbands marry again.
EFFECT OF FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES ON MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD CONTINUATION IN VIETNAM
Authors: DO MAI P. , KOENIG MICHAEL A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary.Access to and quality of services have increasingly been the focus of family planning programme managers, implementers and researchers in the developing world. In Vietnam, a country characterized by recent significant achievements in family planning, not much is known about the linkages between service accessibility and quality and contraceptive behaviour. Data for this study come from the Vietnam 1997 Demographic and Health Survey, with individual contraceptive use information recorded in the calendar section. Measures of access to and quality of services come from the Community/Health Facility Questionnaire, with key informant interviews and facility visits. The study focuses on the effects of the outreach programme and commune health centres on contraceptive method discontinuation for three modern, temporary methods: the IUD, oral pills and condoms. Longer travel time to commune health centres is found to be associated with significantly increased risks of first- and all-method discontinuation for any reason, while residence in communities with higher quality health centres is associated with significantly lower risks of method discontinuation. Access to and quality of the outreach programme are, in contrast, not significant determinants of method discontinuation for any reason. Similar results are found for first- and all-method discontinuation for service-related reasons. The effects of programmatic factors are more pronounced among older women and during the first three months of method use. This study provides evidence for the importance of family planning services for contraceptive method continuation in Vietnam. The results also highlight the need for a thorough evaluation of the family planning outreach programme in terms of its facilitation of women’s continued use of contraception.
The resonant nonlinear Schrödinger equation in cold plasma physics. Application of Bäcklund–Darboux transformations and superposition principles
Authors: LEE J.-H. , PASHAEV O.K , ROGERS C. , SCHIEF W.K. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract.A system of nonlinear equations governing the transmission of uni-axial waves in a cold collisionless plasma subject to a transverse magnetic field is reduced to the recently proposed resonant nonlinear Schrödinger (RNLS) equation. This integrable variant of the standard nonlinear Schrödinger equation admits novel nonlinear superposition principles associated with Bäcklund–Darboux transformations. These are used here, in particular, to construct analytic descriptions of the interaction of solitonic magnetoacoustic waves propagating through the plasma.
Precursors and prodromata of schizophrenia: findings from the Edinburgh High Risk Study and their literature context
Authors: CUNNINGHAM OWENS D. G. , JOHNSTONE EVE C. 
Published: July 2006

Background. In schizophrenia research, ‘high risk’ traditionally referred to studies of the offspring of schizophrenic parents at genetically enhanced risk of illness development. Sixteen major high-risk studies have been undertaken although only six followed through to formal illness so data on prediction remain weak. Recently, ‘high risk’ has widened to encompass individuals considered ‘at risk’ by having ‘high risk mental states’, regardless of family history, in whom initiation of early treatment is postulated to improve outcome.Method. The major familial high-risk studies are reviewed from the perspective of the Edinburgh High Risk Study of Schizophrenia (EHRS), with emphasis on prediction.Results. Familial high-risk studies have established multiple biological markers, the most reproducible of which relate to neuromotor development and cognition, especially aspects of memory/learning. Although most are probably not specific, they support a neurodevelopmental hypothesis. Family and environmental variables point largely to secondary or indirect associations. Pre-illness, non-specific affective symptomatology may be of greater predictive power than most psychotic phenomena.Conclusions. Traditional high-risk designs embody many problems but are able to distinguish non-specific markers from illness predictors, and are ideally suited to exploring the evolution of schizophrenia both clinically and biologically (especially with imaging techniques). The EHRS supports the view that greater specificity may accrue to cognitive domains as precursors of predictive utility.
A prospective evaluation of the cost of psoriasis in Spain (EPIDERMA project: Phase II)
Authors: Carrascosa JM , Pujol R , Daudén E , Hernanz‐Hermosa JM , Bordas X , Smandia JA , Ferrándiz C 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective  To estimate the direct and indirect costs related to psoriasis in Spain.Methods  We performed a 12‐month, multicentre, prospective longitudinal and observational study. Overall expense of care was assessed as the sum of direct and indirect costs.Results  A total of 797 patients with varying demographics and different degrees of severity of psoriasis were included in the study. The mean total cost of psoriasis, including direct and indirect items, was 1079€ per patient and year. The major sources of expenditure were prescription drugs (46.6%), followed by medical activities (34.5%). Mean costs in patients with moderate and severe psoriasis were approximately 1.5 and 2.5 times higher than in those with mild psoriasis, respectively.Conclusions  In Spain, psoriasis is associated with substantial costs both to the National Health System and to the patients.
Nonlinear Thermodynamics and Social Science Modeling: Fad Cycles, Cultural Development and Identificational Slips
Authors: Khalil Elias L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe paper argues that the application of nonlinear dynamics borrowed from thermodynamics for the study of the evolution of institutions amounts to an identificational slip. While the paper welcomes the importation of techniques from the natural sciences, thermodynamic feedback is simply an inappropriate technique for the study of evolutionary change. Thermodynamic feedback is only appropriate for the study of social dynamics like mob behavior, stock market gyrations, and fad cycles. One should rather appeal to the evolution of species‐as recorded by change of gene frequency and phenotypic traits—as the appropriate metaphor for the study of evolution of culture—as manifested by change of rules and principles and their consequent order.
The Socioeconomic Position of Gay Men: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Hewitt Christopher 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUsing data from national surveys, studies of gay men, and obituaries, the socio‐economic position of gay men is examined. The evidence shows that gay men have higher incomes than heterosexual men, and that they are highly concentrated in certain occupations. The difference between the occupational distribution of gay and straight men is as great as that between men and women. The economic position of gay men appears to result from several factors in addition to discrimination. Gay economic power and gay preferences for economic dealings with other gays serve to shield them from antigay bias.
The Reform of Medical Malpractice Law:
Authors: Olsen Reed Neil 
Published: July 2006

Abstract.The major stimulus for the extensive, state level, reform of medical malpractice during the past two decades was the widespread belief in amalpractice crisis.The perception of a crisis arose in the 1960s largely because of what was viewed as sudden and dramatic increases in the malpracticeliability of physicians.However, historical data demonstrate that the common perception that physician liability increased suddenly and dramatically beginning in the 1960s Is incorrect. Sincemalpractice reformhas been based upon the false premise that the medical malpractice liability system, previously working smoothly, was in disarray, the soundness of much of the malpractice reform which has occurred in the past two decades is questioned.
The Social Norms of Discrete Consumer Exchange
Authors: Maxwell Sarah 
Published: July 2006

Abstract Social norms have been recognized as an important influence in long‐term relational exchange between firms. It is here argued that social norms are equally important in short‐term discrete exchange that takes place between firms and consumers. The norms of consumer exchange are, however, of a different kind. To clarify the difference, a classification system is presented. Based on the classification, the social norms of discrete consumer exchange are defined and a method of quantifying these norms is proposed. This method should help in the ongoing effort to understand how the social macro‐environment influences individual behavior in dyadic exchange.Gundlach, Achrol, and Mentzer (1995)) note a recent shift in the marketing research paradigm toward a concern for the social determinants of economic exchange behavior. As they point out, this shift requires the analysis of often ambiguous concepts. One of these concepts is that of the social norm. Marketing researchers have recognized that social norms are a valuable explanatory variable. Their influence has been depicted in marketing models (e.g., Bagozzi 1978: Kalapurakal. Urbany, and Dickson 1992), tested in relational exchanges (e.g., Dant and Schul 1992; Heide and John 1992; Kaufmann and Stern 1988), and cited in the marketing orientation literature (e.g. Hurley and Hull 1998: Slater and Narver 1995).The focus here is on the social norms of economic exchange, a subset of the social norms of a given society. In economic exchange, the investigation of social norms has considered primarily the norms of long‐term, relational transactions common in inter‐firm exchange. Little‐research has considered the social norms of the more short‐term, discrete transactions common in exchanges between businesses and consumers. However, Kaufmann and Stern (1988: 535) suggest that norms “exist in all exchange behavior, from very discrete transactions to highly relational exchange.”The identification of the social norms of discrete consumer exchange is important to the understanding of the social structure of markets. On a practical level, it also helps marketers minimize consumer hostility. For example, consumers were outraged when Merck distributed its AIDS drug through a channel that charged a 37% markup (Wall Street Journal,May 7, 1996: B1). Merck did not consider the social norms that evidently sanction a 300% markup by consulting firms but not a 37% markup by distributors of pharmaceuticals. To avoid such blundering infractions of social norms. it behooves sellers to understand the social norms of discrete consumer exchange.
Phase II Study of Pomegranate Juice for Men with Rising Prostate-Specific Antigen following Surgery or Radiation for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Pantuck Allan J. , Leppert John T. , Zomorodian Nazy , Aronson William , Hong Jenny , Barnard R. James , Seeram Navindra , Liker Harley , Wang Hejing , Elashoff Robert , Heber David , Aviram Michael , Ignarro Louis , Belldegrun Arie 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPurpose: Phytochemicals in plants may have cancer preventive benefits through antioxidation and via gene-nutrient interactions. We sought to determine the effects of pomegranate juice (a major source of antioxidants) consumption on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression in men with a rising PSA following primary therapy.Experimental Design: A phase II, Simon two-stage clinical trial for men with rising PSA after surgery or radiotherapy was conducted. Eligible patients had a detectable PSA &gt;0.2 and &lt;5 ng/mL and Gleason score ≤7. Patients were treated with 8 ounces of pomegranate juice daily (Wonderful variety, 570 mg total polyphenol gallic acid equivalents) until disease progression. Clinical end points included safety and effect on serum PSA, serum-induced proliferation and apoptosis of LNCaP cells, serum lipid peroxidation, and serum nitric oxide levels.Results: The study was fully accrued after efficacy criteria were met. There were no serious adverse events reported and the treatment was well tolerated. Mean PSA doubling time significantly increased with treatment from a mean of 15 months at baseline to 54 months posttreatment (P &lt; 0.001). In vitro assays comparing pretreatment and posttreatment patient serum on the growth of LNCaP showed a 12% decrease in cell proliferation and a 17% increase in apoptosis (P = 0.0048 and 0.0004, respectively), a 23% increase in serum nitric oxide (P = 0.0085), and significant (P &lt; 0.02) reductions in oxidative state and sensitivity to oxidation of serum lipids after versus before pomegranate juice consumption.Conclusions: We report the first clinical trial of pomegranate juice in patients with prostate cancer. The statistically significant prolongation of PSA doubling time, coupled with corresponding laboratory effects on prostate cancer in vitro cell proliferation and apoptosis as well as oxidative stress, warrant further testing in a placebo-controlled study.