bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyoxyethylene oligomer distribution of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Sato Takatoshi , Saito Yoshihiro , Anazawa Ichiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThin layer chromatography with a flame ionization detection (TLC‐FID) technique was applied to the separation and determination of nonionic surfactants containing oxyethylene (OE) chains. The OE adducts with an average number of 4.2, 6.0 and 8.0 oxyethylene units were separated on Chromarod S‐II (Silica gel‐coated rods) with double development using benzene:ethyl acetate (6:4) and ethyl acetate:acetic acid:water (8:1:1). OE adducts of nonionic surfactants were well separated by the TLC‐FID method using simple and standard techniques that eliminate the need for any chemical modification.
Recent advances in detergency theory
Authors: Schwartz Anthony M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPractical detersive systems are inherently complicated, involving multiphase multicomponent soils adherent to a substrate, immersed in a multicomponent bath. Detergency is therefore not a simple colloidal effect, but the result of a large number of colloidal effects occurring simultaneously, each at its characteristic rate. To consider such systems meaningfully they are first resolved into a series of simpler model systems, each of which can usually be arranged to consist of three homogenous phases. Cleaning is the net result of the transitions of these model systems between the agglomerated (adherent) and the dispersed (separated) states. These transitions can be described and predicted in terms of well established, generally accepted concepts of modern colloid science. The resolution of typical detersive systems into their simple constituent models and the mechanisms of soil separation in these models are illustrated and discussed.
Chemical investigation of the seed‐oil ofLeucaena Glauca, Benth.
Authors: Farooq M. O. , Siddiqui M. Saleem 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe fixed oil from the seeds ofLeucaena glauca, Benth. (N. O. Leguminosae) has been studied for its component acids. The fatty acid composition, as determined by the ester‐fractionation analysis, was found to be palmitic (12.74%), stearic (5.01%), behenic (3.64%), lignoceric (0.67%), oleic (23.63%), and linoleic (54.31%). The latter unsaturated acids are the major components.
Conjugation of polyunsaturated fats: Activity of some group VIII metal compounds
Authors: DeJarlais W. J. , Gast L. E. 
Published: January 2007

abstractConjugation of methyl linoleate was studied by treatment with RHC3 orcisCl2[(C6H5)3]P2PtSnCl2. PdCl2 appeared as effective as RhCl3 in hot alcohols in conjugating linolenate but PdCl2 decomposed to metal. Both RhCl3 and the Pt‐eomplex catalyzed transesterification in alcohols, especially the latter. When the conjugation is carried out in methanol at 180 C, the Pt‐complex yielded as much as 64% conjugated dienes from linoleate in 24 hr. However, typical results inn‐butyl carbitol at 150 and 180 C were only 25–35% conjugated dienes as methyl esters with either RhCl3 or the Pt‐complex.
Reactions of peroxides: II. Reaction of carboxylic acids with iodine and peroxides
Authors: Silbert Leonard S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAroyl peroxides andt‐butylperoxy isopropyl carbonate decarboxylate aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of iodine to form iodides in high yields. The aroyl peroxides also abstract carboxylic acid hydrogen from aromatic and perfluorocarbon acids. A proposed scheme is presented for the reaction of aroyl peroxides with carboxylic acids illustrating homolytic decarboxylation as taking place in an equilibrium between a pair of acyloxy radicals. These radicals are derived from the peroxide and acid and maintained in association by hydrogen bonding and iodine complexation.
Conditions and techniques for thin layer chromatography of aflatoxins
Authors: Nesheim Stanley 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSatisfactory resolution of the four common aflatoxins, B1, B2, G1 and G2, on thin layer chromatograms has been a recurring problem. The most frequently observed cause of poor resolution and tailing of spots in the chromatograms was the variable properties of the commercial silica gel‐calcium sulfate adsorbent preparations. Variations in quality were observed even from one container to the next within single lots produced by individual manufacturers. Other variables which affected the chromatography to some degree included adsorbent particle size, concentration and nature of the calcium sulfate binder, silica gel layer thickness and moisture content, vapor phase composition in the developing chamber and the solvent used for development.
An automated method for determining tocopherol in deodorized soybean oil
Authors: Honnold Dennis D. , Brobst Kenneth M. , Tai Han 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method has been developed, utilizing the Technicon AutoAnalyzer, to determine the tocopherol content of deodorized oil. The chemistry of the Emmerie‐Engel method, based upon the reduction of ferric chloride, is utilized in the development of this automated method. The tocopherol content of soybean oil is measured relative to a standard sample of d‐α‐tocopherol. The tocopherol content as measured by this method will include any other reducing substances present in the sample to be analyzed. The standard deviation, as derived from a pooling of the variances of four deodorized soybean oil samples is ± 0.0023% at the 0.1% level.
Composition of corn oil
Authors: Beadle J. B. , Just D. E. , Morgan R. E. , Reiners R. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe composition of commercial corn oil from USA corn is remarkably constant. A total of 103 samples of refined corn oil produced over a period of 2.5 years were analyzed by the alkali isomerization procedure. Nearly 86% of the samples had an iodine value (I.V.) within one unit of the average value, 123.6. Linoleic content on a fatty acid basis, averaged 55.5%; 93% of the values were within two units of this value. All samples contained small amts of linolenic acid. This uniformity undoubtedly results from the system of corn marketing and buying which brings grain from the entire corn belt to the processing plants.A number of corn oils were analyzed by GLC. The average linoleic acid content by this method was ca. 2.5 units higher than that found by the isomerization method. This difference may occur because GLC responds to all C‐18 dienes equally while the alkali isomerization method responds only to conjugatable dienes. Possible sources of error in both methods of fatty acid analysis are discussed.Corn oil samples taken over a 16‐month period were analyzed by GLC.Although much of our experience has been with the alkali isomerization method, the GLC technique is preferred because it is simpler and yields more information on fatty acid composition. Another important advantage is that determination of the I.V. of the oil serves as a check on GLC results. The I.V. calculated from the GLC results, making allowance for 1.25% unsaponifiables in the case of corn oil, should be within a few units of the Wijs value.Oils derived commercially from corns grown in other countries are generally more saturated than those from USA corn. The I.V. of the samples examined varied from 107舑125, the linoleic acid contents from 42舑56%. The relationship between I.V. and linoleic acid content established by others from hybrid corns holds fairly well for these samples.
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) willd. The effect of storage on the epoxy content of the seed oil and trivernolin
Authors: Scott W. E. , Krewson C. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAccessions ofVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. seed from India and Pakistan varied somewhat in the amt of oil that they contained, but the oils did not vary significantly in their epoxy content. Storage of the whole seed for periods up to three years did not affect the quality of the oil, but the activity of the seed enzyme system seemed to increase with time. The data also show a rapid development of free fatty acid once the seed is ground. The epoxy content of low FFAVernonia oil and trivernolin changed only slightly when these products were stored at room temp for six months. However, the viscosity of the samples that were exposed to light increased greatly indicating changes in the physical nature of the products. Similar behavior was exhibited by both products when they were stored under nitrogen at 100C and by trivernolin at 4C.
Determination of refining loss in oil of pistacia seeds
Authors: Marcopoulos C. ‐A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe laboratory refining loss and the neutral oil content of the crude oil of Pistacia seeds are determined by the Wesson, acetone‐insoluble and chromatographic methods and the results are compared.For a variety of samples with a different free fatty acid content, the refining loss by the chromatographic method is determined and an expression for the relationship between laboratory refining loss and free fatty acid content of Pistacia oil is proposed.
Composition of jojoba seed during development
Authors: Yermanos D. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractData were taken on developing jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider) seed to determine what differences should be expected in quantity and quality of wax and meal when seed is harvested before complete maturation. Analyses were carried out for seed wt; moisture, protein, and wax contents; fatty acid and alcohol composition of the wax; and amino acid composition of the meal of seed samples collected from a natural population in Aguanga, Calif., at weekly intervals from June 20 to maturity on August 15. Wax content of the seed increased rapidly during the first 4 weeks from 13.5–40.5% and slower later, from 43.6–49.4%. Protein content of the meal increased at a slow steady rate during the entire period from 22.3–32.6%. Seed harvested 20 days prior to full maturity had essentially the same wax and protein contents as mature seed; it had lower seed wt and excessively high moisture though. The amino acid content of the meal increased considerably between the first and last sampling from 13.40–26.18% by wt. Certain amino acids increased at a faster rate than others. Whereas major changes occurred in the fatty acid composition of the wax, the alcohol composition remained unchanged throughout the sampling period.
An apparatus for the measurement of lipoxygenase activity and pentane production
Authors: Johns Elizabeth B. , Singleton John A. , Pattee Harold E. , Usda Ars 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe enzyme lipoxygenase has been demonstrated to produce pentane. However, until now no apparatus has been available to measure the pentane concomitantly with the lipoxygenase activity. Such an apparatus is described by this paper. The apparatus consists of a reaction vessel which can be sealed with a rubber septum to allow sampling for pentane production and an oxygen measuring device to determine the oxygen level of the system. The apparatus is being used to conduct in‐depth studies of the lipoxygenase enzyme and its possible role in food quality.
Copolymerizations of esters and glycerides of unsaturated C18 fatty acids with ethyl acrylate and acrylonitrile
Authors: Mayo Frank R. , Gould Constance Willard 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis work was undertaken to assay the possibilities of making useful copolymers from linseed and similar oils. Methyl esters of linoleic, conjugated linoleic, linolenic, and alkali‐cyclized linolenic acid have been copolymerized with ethyl acrylate at 60C and monomer reactivity ratios have been determined. In comparison with benzene or methyl stearate as inert diluents, all of these esters and several glycerides with conjugated or unconjugated unsaturation, and also 3,5,7‐decatriene as a model compound, retard the polymerization of ethyl acrylate. Methyl eleostearate and the decatriene are unusually strong retarders of polymerizations of styrene, acrylonitrile, and ethyl acrylate, increasing retardation in the order given. Several experiments on copolymerizations of acrylonitrile with linseed oil at 60‐130C show that the copolymerizations which incorporate much oil in the copolymer are slow but that the isolated copolymers have good drying and film‐forming properties.
Characterization of the nonvolatile compounds formed during the thermal oxidation of corn oil. II. Phthalate esters
Authors: Perkins E. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwenty compounds with molecular weights ranging from 390 to 970 have been isolated from thermally oxidized corn oil with the aid of countercurrent distribution, column, and thin‐layer chromatography. The structure of one compound was shown to be a phthalic acid esterified with an eight carbon normal and branched chain alcohol in both carboxyl groups. A similar compound was found in the products resulting from the oxidation of 2‐oleyl‐1,3‐distearin and 1‐palmityl‐2,3 diolein as well as in a fat obtained from a local drive‐in restaurant.
Lecithins and lysolecithins of wheat flour
Authors: McKillican Mary E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLecithin and lysolecithin from the bound lipid of Thatcher wheat endosperm were separated and purified by column and thin‐layer silicic acid chromatography. Lecithin was hydrolyzed with phospholipaseA (Crotalus adamanteus) and the products isolated and purified by silicic acid chromatography. The fatty acid composition of the original lecithin and lysolecithin and of the hydrolysis products was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography.The fatty acids in the beta position of the lecithin were found to be almost entirely unsaturated, whereas those in the alpha position were saturated and unsaturated in nearly equal amounts. The differences between the fatty acid composition of the original lysolecithin and that of the lysolecithin obtained by hydrolysis of lecithin with phospholipaseA suggested the presence of both alpha and beta acyl species in the naturally occurring lysolecithin.
Thermal gelation of the 12S canola globulin
Authors: Léger Lori W. , Arntfield Susan D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe nature of intermolecular forces responsible for thermal gelation of the 12S canola globulin was determined by preparing gels under a variety of environmental influences. The effects of pH, sodium salts and denaturing agents were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, small amplitude oscillatory rheology and transmission light microscopy. Gels prepared with 6% protein at alkaline pH values were superior to gels prepared under acidic conditions. Sodium salts, which promoted protein stability, had an adverse effect on gelation. The addition of guanidine hydrochloride and dithiothreitol to protein dispersions prior to heating produced inferior gels. Hydrophobic forces and electrostatic interactions were responsible for the establishment of canola gel networks. Gel stabilization and strengthening were attributed to disulfide bonding, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding.
Cultivar identification inBrassica napus L. by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography of ethanol extracts
Authors: Mailer R. J. , Daun J. , Scarth R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method has been developed to identify cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), an outcrossing species, by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based on the separation of ethanol‐extractable seed components. Defatted flour was extracted into 70% ethanol in water, and chromatography was carried out in a reversed‐phase C18 column. Optimum results were achieved with water solvent and a gradient to 50% acetonitrile, and peak detection at 210 nm and 240 nm. Trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%) was added to dissociate proteins. Extraction and chromatographic conditions were reproducible, and significant differences were found in the chromatograms of the 29 cultivars studied. The chromatographic differences between these cultivars were stable over a range of growing environments. It was possible to allocate unknown cultivars to their correct classes with the HPLC method together with discriminate analysis. This test has potential as a method of characterization for cultivar registration.
Vitamin E in foods: Determination of tocols and tocotrienols
Authors: Slover Hal T. , Lehmann Joanna , Valis Robert J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method is described for the analysis of foods for the forms of vitamin E. Detailed procedures are given for extraction, saponification and partial purification by thin layer chromatography. The individual tocopherols (both tocols and tocotrienols) are identified and estimated as their trimethylsilyl ethers by gas liquid chromatography on SE‐30 or Apiezon L at 235 C. Retention ratios are also given for separations on OV‐17. Response factors relative to didecyl pimelate as an internal standard and overall recoveries were determined for α‐tocopherol, β‐tocopherol, γ‐tocopherol, δ‐tocopherol, β‐tocotrienol and α‐tocotrienol. Sample sizes depended on tocopherol content and were usually chosen to contain 3–50 µg of the individual tocopherols. Data for a number of seeds and oils are given. The greatest variety of forms was found in barley, which contains all the forms listed above, plus γ‐tocotrienol.
Phospholipid concentration in cocoa butter and its relationship to viscosity in dark chocolate
Authors: Parsons J. G. , Keeney P. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFats extracted from chocolate liquor with a polar solvent, chloroform‐methanol, was found to be 0.65% phospholipid. The evidence indicates that the phospholipids are associated primarily with the nonfat solids since concentrations were much lower in fat recovered with nonpolar solvents, hydraulic pressing and centrifugation. Seven of the 11 commercial cocoa butters analyzed had phospholipid concentrations between 0.05% and 0.13%. The highest concentration found was 0.57%. The reduction in viscosity caused by the addition of these butters, 14% by weight, to chocolate was related to the phospholipid concentration in cocoa butter. The higher the phospholipid level, the greater was the viscosity‐reducing effect of the cocoa butter.
Distillation and solvent recovery for soybean and other oilseeds plants
Authors: Becker Kenneth W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFeatures which a modern, well designed distillation and solvent recovery system should contain in order to permit safe and profitable operation will be discussed. The technology has advanced rapidly during the past 10 years in the development of more efficient and profitable distillation and solvent recovery systems. These systems operate with less down‐time and far more efficiency than they did 20 years ago. The application of good chemical engineering practice, together with a long background of plant operations, will permit continued improvements of these systems in the future. To permit continuous development in this area it is essential that design and operating companies have a two‐way interchange of information.
Polymorphic behavior of erucic acid
Authors: Suzuki M. , Sato K. , Yoshimoto N. , Tanaka S. , Kobayashi M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPolymorphic behavior of erucic acid was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) and optical microscopy. Four individual polymorphs were observed, α1, γ1, α and γ. The single crystals of α and α1 were obtained from acetonitrile solutions. DSC and XRD studies exhibited reversible transformations between α and γ, and between α1 and γ1. The two transformations were characterized by an order (γ and γ1)‐disorder (α and α1) transformation due to melting of the aliphatic chain between acis double bond and a methyl end group, as revealed in α and γ of oleic acid. The thermodynamic stability among the four polymorphs was determined based on the transformation features and the solubility data. α1 is most stable above 25.9 C, melting at 34.0 C, α is most stable in a range of temperature between −1.0 and 25.9 C, transforming in a crystalline state to α1 at 31.2 C on heating. γ is most stable below −1.0 C. It can be concluded that the polymorphism of erucic acid is different from that of oleic acid with respect to the thermal and structural behaviors, although some similarities are revealed.
Liquid fuels fromMesua ferrea L. seed oil
Authors: Konwer Dolon , Taylor Scott E. , Gordon B. E. , Otvos John W. , Calvin Melvin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMesua ferrea L. seed oil consists of triglycerides of linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. These acids were pyrolyzed separately in the presence of different amounts of solid sodium carbonate. Pyrolysis experiments revealed that linoleic and oleic acids can be converted to hydrocarbons of a wide range of molecular weights by pyrolyzing them with even 1% by wt of sodium carbonate up to a temperature of 500°C, whereas palmitic and stearic acids can be converted to hydrocarbons only by pyrolyzing them with equivalent amounts or more of sodium carbonate up to a temperature of about 650°C.The fractions of boiling range 60–320°C of all of the pyrolytic oils were analyzed for their hydrocarbon types by the method of fluorescent indicator adsorption (FIA). The aromatic contents of the pyrolytic oils of linoleic and oleic acids were found to be much higher than those of palmitic and stearic acids. GS and GC‐MS analyses of all the saturate fractions indicated mainly normal alkanes with a carbon number range of 6 to 17.
The structures of cyclopentenyl fatty acids in the seed oils of flacourtiaceae species by GC‐MS of their 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives
Authors: Zhang J. Y. , Wang H. Y. , Yu Q. T. , Yu X. J. , Liu B. N. , Huang Z. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe structures of cyclopentenyl fatty acids in the seed oils ofHydnocarpus anthelmintica Pierre et Laness.,H. alphina Wight,H. hainanensis (Merr.) andTaraktogenos merrilliana C.Y. Wu, all belonging to the family Flacourtiaceae, have been identified by GC‐MS of the mixed 2‐substituted 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivatives. These variations are characterized by the presence of key fragments at (M‐43), (M‐55) and (M‐67), while the location of a double bond in the chain is indicated by a 12‐mass interval between the highest peaks of two adjacent homologous ion clusters. The unique fragmentation pattern coupled with the good gas chromatographic qualities of these derivatives enable convenient structure determination of cyclopentenyl fatty acids in complex mixtures.
Synthesis of four chiral pharmaceutical intermediates by biocatalysis
Authors: Patel Ramesh N. , Banerjee Amit , Szarka Laszlo J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractChiral intermediates were prepared by biocatalytic processes for the chemical synthesis of four pharmaceutical drug candidates. These include: (i) the microbial reduction of 3,5‐dioxo‐6‐(benzyloxy) hexanoic ethyl ester to (3S,5R)‐dihydroxy‐6‐(benzyloxy) hexanoic acid ethyl ester, an intermediate for a new anticholesterol drug; (ii) synthesis of (2R,3S)‐(‐)‐N‐benzoyl‐3‐phenyl isoserine ethyl ester, a taxol side‐chain synthon; (iii) the microbial oxygenation of 2,2‐dimethyl‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐6‐carbonitrile to the corresponding (3S,4S) epoxide and (3S,4R)‐trans diol, intermediates for synthesis of potassium channel opener; (iv) the biotransformation of (exo,exo)‐7‐oxabicyclo [2.2.1] heptane‐2,3‐dimethanol to the corresponding chiral lactol and lactone, intermediates for thromboxane A2 antagonist.