bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Roles of the World Health Organization in Tropical Disease Research
Authors: GODAL TORE 
Published: December 2006

The World Health Organization represents a unique focus of health for countries, particularly in the developing world, and its mission has been to emphasize the importance of primary health care throughout the world. Perhaps less appreciated is the fact that this effort has been supported in the past 10 years by a series of special programs designed to develop new tools and strategies, or “interventions,” ultimately to improve the primary health care effort. This requires new tools, new tools require new knowledge, and new knowledge requires research. To the question of how relevant research is likely to be to the practical goals of an international organization like WHO, let me remind you that it is precisely research that made it possible to discard the enormously expensive “iron lungs” used for poliomyelitis victims, and to develop effective and inexpensive vaccines to prevent the disease.The aims of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), as is implicit from its title, is two‐fold. In an area poorly served by research priorities in the developed nations, one aim is to establish through research and development new weapons against tropical and parasitic diseases primarily in the developing world. The second objective is the training and strengthening of biomedical research capability in tropical countries. Under the leadership of WHO'S Director General, Dr. Halfdan Mahler, and now Dr. H. Nakajima, and my predecessor, Dr. Adetokunbo Lucas, we have tried to build up a strong scientific program, not so much to be measured in financial resources, but in human resources. Scientists from all over the world, fieldworkers, sympathetic officials in ministries of health, development experts, and a dedicated WHO Secretariat have all given generously of their knowledge and time to this program and have dedicated major portions of their activities to problems of tropical diseases. The program started with a scientific approach to six major diseases—malaria, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, filariasis and leprosy—and was intent on bringing the most advanced knowledge of immunology, pharmacology and epidemiology to the tropical diseases. The program is now moving to encompass areas ranging from molecular biology and biotechnology to field research and applications to control. The challenge remains.
Neurokinin Receptor‐mediated Regulation of [Ca]i and Ca‐sensitive Ion Channels in Mammalian Colonic Muscle
Authors: MAYER E. A. , SUN X. P. , SUPPLISSON S. , KODNER A. , REGOLI M. , SACHS G. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, these findings suggest the following:
On the Existence of Group Topologiesa, b
Authors: COMFORT W. W. 
Published: December 2006

Results obtained by and with Dieter Remus are recapitulated and advanced as follows: If G is an Abelian group or a free group, and if |G|=γ≥ω, then G has 22γ‐many Hausdorff topological group topologies that are totally bounded, and an equal number that are not; each class contains an antichain of cardinality 22γ, and each class contains a chain of length β iff the power set ?(γ), partially ordered under inclusion, admits a chain of length β.As to pseudocompact group topologies, the groups ⊕γQ serve as test spaces in this sense: If some group G with |G|=γ≥ω has a pseudocompact group topology of weight α, then so does ⊕γQ; in case the P‐space topology of {0, 1}α has density character (log α)ω (as is the case if the singular cardinals hypothesis is assumed), then the free Abelian group ⊕γZ is also a test space when α > ω.Several unsolved questions are listed.
Cellular Processing and Proteoglycan Nature of Amyloid Precursor Proteinsa
Authors: ROBAKIS NIKOLAOS K. , VASSILACOPOULOU DIDO , EFTHIMIOPOULOS SPIROS , SAMBAMURTI KUMAR , REFOLO LAWRENCE M. , SHIOI JUNICHI 
Published: December 2006

Amyloid β protein (β/A4 or Aβ), the main protcinaceous component of the amyloid depositions of the Alzheimer's brain, derives from the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Cleavage of the amyloid precursor by at least two distinct secretase activities produces soluble secreted APP. The major secretase cleavage (site I) takes place between Aβ 16 and 17, while the minor cleavage (site II) takes place after Aβ Lys 28 and may produce potentially amyloidogenic secreted APP. Full‐length cellular APP is cleaved by secretase intracellularly in the Trans‐Golgi Network (TGN) or in post‐Golgi vesicles. The resultant soluble APP is transported to the plasma membrane and exocytosed.The biological activity of the APP is still not completely understood, although it seems to act as a cell adhesion molecule. Recent studies have shown that in glioma cells, most of the soluble secreted APP occurs as a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). In addition, full length APP CSPG has been detected in neuroblastoma and fibroblast cells as well as on the surface of glioma cells, and in human brain. These results suggest that the proteoglycan nature of the APP proteins may be important for their biological function.
Explicit Metrization
Authors: SHORE S. D. , SAWYER LAURIE J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a brief, nontraditional introduction to the historically important metrization theorems from 1910 to 1951. The intent is to show an evolution of ideas that lead to proofs for these results and that demonstrate how these theorems develop as a common thread. In this development it is suggested that the idea of distance function arises easily in the context of geometry and it is argued that this provides an avenue for developing the basic topological notions of convergence and neighborhood. In this setting strategies for constructing distance functions are provided and it is shown explicitly how these constructions can be used to give simple proofs of the classical theorems of Alexandroff and Urysohn (1923), Urysohn and Tychonoff (1925), Frink (1937), and Nagata, Smirnov, Bing (1951).
The Homeomorphism Extension Theorem for βω\ω
Authors: VAN DOUWEN ERIC K. , VAN MILL JAN 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTCH implies that every homeomorphism of nowhere dense closed P‐sets in βω\ω can be extended to an autohomeomorphism of βω\ω. CH also implies that every closed P‐set of weight at most c of a compact zero‐dimensional F‐space is a retract.
THE X‐RAY BACKGROUND
Authors: HASINGER GÜNTHER 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe progress in the measurement and understanding of the X‐ray background is reviewed here with particular emphasis on a discussion of their implication on large‐scale structure. New and important constraints on large‐scale structure are obtained from measurements of the smoothness of the XRB. Recently the first discovery of a signal in the angular correlation function of the XRB could be announced. Finally, new information on the evolution of clusters of galaxies could be obtained from medium‐deep ROSAT surveys.
Gamma‐ray bursts and the structure of the Galactic halo
Authors: PODSIADLOWSKI PHILIPP , REES MARTIN J , RUDERMAN MALVIN 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTWe have systematically investigated Galactic models for classical gammaray bursts (GRBs) in which gamma‐ray bursters are ejected from the Galactic disk. It is relatively easy to construct models in which the predicted GRB sky distribution is isotropic and consistent with the present BATSE data if the outer halo is not spherically symmetric. The bursters must receive a velocity kick larger than ∼ 600–700 km s−1 at birth and remain active bursters for at least 109 yr. We suggest strongly magnetized neutron stars with magnetic fields of order 1015 G as possible sources of classical GRBs.
An Internal Friction Model for an Unusually Large Second Derivative of the Pulsar Rotation Rate
Authors: Shibazaki N. , Hirano S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe millisecond pulsar 1620 – 26 in the globular cluster M4 exhibits an unusually large second derivative of the pulse frequency1,2, which together with the other pulse timing parameters yields the braking index of 4 × 107. To understand this extreme behavior of the pulsar rotation, we consider the effect of a superfluid‐crust coupling in the neutron star interior on the crust rotation. The frictional coupling between superfluid and crust becomes unstable when the temperature of the star falls down below a critical temperature. Then, the frictional instability develops a limit cycle4 The temperature increase in a part of the limit cycle enhances friction between the crust and the superfluid so largely and accelerates the angular momentum transfer from the superfluid to the crust so rapidly that the crust rotation is even spun up. This rapidly growing friction can produce an extremely large second derivative in the crust rotation rate as observed in PSR 1620 – 26.
Alzheimer's Disease and Apolipoprotein E in Italya
Authors: SORBI S. , NACMIAS B. , FORLEO P. , PIACENTINI S. , AMADUCCI L. 
Published: December 2006

Recent studies have provided evidence of association of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 allele and late onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Epidemiological studies have established allelic variation at the ApoE locus. We have analyzed the ApoE gene polymorphism in a sample of 416 Italian subjects. Our data confirm a significant association between ε4 allele and sporadic AD. The frequency of ε4 allele in early onset familial AD patients was comparable to control values suggesting that ε4 allele does not represent a risk factor for early onset familial AD (EOFAD). Moreover, we found a not‐previously reported association between ApoE ε2 allele and sporadic AD and EOFAD. We included in this study two EOFAD families with the APP717 Val → Ile mutation in the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) gene on chromosome 21.In any of the EOFAD families there was a significant effect of the ApoE genotype on the age of onset with the exception of one of the two mutated EOFAD families in which the 2 allele delays the age of onset.
Immortalized Neural Cells from Trisomy 16 Mice as Models for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: FREDERIKSEN K. , THORPE A. , RICHARDS S. J. , WATERS J. , DUNNETT S. B. , SANDBERG B. E. B. 
Published: December 2006

The trisomy 16 mouse (Tsl6) is a general accepted animal model for both Downs syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, the efficacy of this model is severely hampered by the fact that Tsl6 is lethal after about 18–20 days of gestation. Chimeras, long‐term tissue culture and neural transplantation of Tsl6 material have previously been used to overcome this limitation presented by death in utero of the Tsl6. In this paper we describe a new strategy to overcome this limitation, i.e. immortalization of primary cells from Tsl6 mice with retrovirus‐mediated gene transfer of a temperature sensitive immortalizing oncogene. By this method we have obtained a total of 21 stable cell lines from Tsl6 hippocampus, Tsl6 cortex, normal hippocampus, and normal cortex. So far, two of the cell lines have been karyotyped and as expected, the cell line immortalized from Tsl6 embryos has retained three copies of chromosome 16. We are currently characterizing these cell lines with respect to expression of APP, T‐antigen, Nestin, GFAP, NF and Map‐2. Moreover, the processing and secretion of APP fragments are being investigated by immunoblotting.In summary, we have immortalized CNS cells from Tsl6 mice and we expect that these cell lines will be useful as in vitro and in vitro models for studying various aspects of the pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
The Gleason Cover of a Flow
Authors: BALL RICHARD N. , HAGLER JAMES N. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTWe prove the existence and uniqueness of projective covers in the category of flows with perfect flow maps. The main point is that Gleason's classical results on the existence and uniqueness of the projective cover of a compact Hausdorff space hold when all spaces are equipped with (a fixed monoid of continuous) actions and all maps are required to respect them.
A Bitopological View on Weight and Cardinality in Almost Stably Locally Compact Spaces
Authors: BROWN LAWRENCE M. , DIKER MURAT 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe class of almost stably locally compact topological spaces is defined and a bitopological characterization obtained. Bounds for the biweight and cardinality of bitopological spaces involved in this characterization are established and applied to give bounds for the weight and cardinality of almost stably locally compact spaces.
Borel Groups of Low Descriptive Complexity
Authors: van ENGELEN FONS 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTLet X be a zero‐dimensional first category absolute Borel set of ambiguous class two. Then X can be given the structure of a topological group if and only if X is homogeneous and X=X x X. Thus, within the ambiguous class two, zero‐dimensional groups only occur at the low levels, and the indecomposable levels of the hierarchy of difference classes DαΣ02 in 2ω.
Factorization of Metrizability
Authors: HUNG H. H. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTA general method of factorization in introduced. It consists of, first, the weakening of the concept of an open base or that of a network, and, second, the restoration to the weakened concept its full vigor. Thus, every time, we have the restorative + the weakened concept = the original concept. The workings of the method are exceedingly simple. Its field of applications goes well beyond metrizability. Results include an improvement of Heath and Aull on the developability and metrizability of semistratifiable spaces. We also have that every Nagata space has a metrizable dense subset.
On the Problem of Weak Reflections in Compact Spaces
Authors: KOVÁR MARTIN MARIA 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper we present, among others, an improvement of Hušek's characterization of the spaces with the weak compact reflection. Our main results are as follows: A topological space has a weak reflection in compact spaces iff the Wallman remainder is finite. If a θ‐regular or T1 space has a weak compact reflection, then the space is countably compact. A noncompact θ‐regular or T1 space which is weakly [ω1, ∞)r‐refinable, has no weak reflection in compact spaces.
On the Space of Homeomorphisms of a Compact n‐manifold
Authors: WONG RAYMOND Y. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTIn the study of the space of homeomorphisms H(M) (with identity on the boundary) of a compact n‐manifold M (modulo its boundary), the major unsolved problem is whether H(M) an absolute neighborhood retract. If the answer is affirmative, then it must be homeomorphic to a Hilbert manifold when combined with known results in infinite‐dimensional topology. It turns out that there is a simple reduction of the problem to the case M being an n‐ball B. That is, if H(B) is an absolute retract, then H(M) is an absolute neighborhood retract. We intend to concentrate on the study of H(B) and prove that there is dense subset of the space of homeomorphism of the Hilbert cube Q such that each of its member is a finite composition of homeomorphisms that are either Lie in H(B) or act in the direction complementary to B.
All You Can't Eat: Derrida'S Course, "Rhétorique Du Cannibalisme" (1990–1991)
Authors: Krell David Farrell 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn 1990–1991 Jacques Derrida taught a seminar in Paris involving the scientific-philosophical notebooks of the German Romantic writer and thinker Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg, 1772–1801). The present article offers an account of that seminar, which was entitled, "The Rhetoric of Cannibalism."
The Persistence of Mudejar Islam? Alonso de Luna (Muhammad Abū 'l- Āsī), the Lead Books, and the Gospel of Barnabas
Authors: Wiegers Gerard A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article deals with the origins of a famous group of Muslim texts, the so-called Gospel of Barnabas, a pseudoepigraphic piece of anti-Christian polemics in the form of a gospel, and the so-called Lead Books, found in Granada at the end of the sixteenth century. The authorship of these forgeries is controversial, but they seem to have their roots in medieval and renaissance mudejar and Morisco Spain. This essay situates the question of authorship against the background of the transition of mudejar to Morisco culture and deals with the Islamic names of some of those responsible for the texts: the Moriscos Alonso del Castillo (al-Jabbis), his son-in-law Miguel de Luna (al-Ukayhil), and their grandson and son Alonso de Luna (Muhammad Abū 'l- Āsī). New light is shed on the latter's travels to Rome and Istanbul and his Inquisition trial in 1618, as well as on his involvement in the Gospel of Barnabas and the Sacromonte Lead Book affairs.
St. John's Nocturnal Beloved Could Have Been Named “Layla”
Authors: López-Baralt Luce 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSt. John of the Cross silences the names of his feminine poetic alter egos. In this essay, I propose a symbolic name for the nocturnal lover of Noche oscura del alma: Layla. In Arabic layl means “night,” and this is the name of the woman Qays loved to the point of madness, according to the famous pre-Islamic legend. Forced to part from his beloved, Qays goes to the desert and writes desperate love verses to her until he feels so spiritually transformed in Layla that he is Layla herself. As “Majnūn Layla,” or “Layla's fool,” the Lover no longer needs the Beloved's physical presence. Sufi mystics like Rūmī read this legend in terms of the mystical union, transforming Layla into the symbol of the dark night of the soul. St. John of the Cross is much indebted to Islamic mystical symbolism, and he closely follows the Islamic symbolism of the dark night in his poem.
ELECTROKINETIC CONSIDERATIONS OF MECHANOELECTRICAL TRANSDUCTION*
Authors: Teorell Torsten 
Published: December 2006

Summary1. An electrokinetic mechanoelectrical transducer analog has been subject to detailed analysis. The model consists of a two‐compartment model of a pressure sensitive “cell” bounded by a membrane, which can be represented as a microporous, elastic structure containing fixed charge groups. This ion and water‐permeable membrane is supposed to be polarized by a more or less constant electric current. The model is metastable in the sense that it can be stimulated both with changes of the electric current and/or by changes of a pressure gradient. Some modifications have now been introduced into an earlier, simpler version of this “membrane oscillator” in order to simulate certain physiological conditions. The result presented have been obtained by analog computation.2. Stimuli with electrical current pulses and externally applied pressure pulses evoke similar “action potential” responses, demonstrating the intimate coupling between the driving forces in this electrokinetic model (i.e. the chemical potential gradient, the electrical potential gradient and the pressure gradient).3. It is shown that the artificial transducer elicits a static response to maintained, constant pressure stimuli in the form of repetitive “action potentials.” The relation impulse frequency vs. stimulus strength is largely linear and analogous to many of those reported in the physiological literature on pressoreceptors, i.e. external pressure produces a “frequency modulation” of the evoked action potentials.4. The frequency response to pressure stimuli of increasing repetition rate shows that the artificial transducer is insensitive to high‐frequnecy vibrations, that it shows “pararesonance” behavior at intermediate frequencies and a dynamic type response at low repetition rates (in the latter case the response, in the main, occurred at high rates of change of the increasing pressure stimuli; on the other hand, during the decline of the stimuli a “postexcitatory depression” could be observed).5. With the background of existing concepts in receptor physiology a hypothetical “1‐step process” (direct coupling between pressure‐effect and electrical response) and a “2‐step process” (involving a primary “generator potential”) was discussed. The artificial transducer model demonstrated that the generator potential type of response and the oscillatory response type can belong to one and the same system, the difference only arising from a different degree of damping. A method is outlined which can discriminate between the 1‐step and the 2‐step process, based on the pattern of the firing level and the undershoot level of the action potentials.6. The role of the polarizing, electric “resting current” is considered as being a manifestation of the existence of a biochemically driven “fuel cell.”
MULTI‐PURPOSE TELEVISION
Authors: Benschoter Reba Ann 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe closed circuit television tools I have discussed here will soon be available to our entire medical school as part of a Biomedical Communications Center which will incorporate and coordinate existing services and explore new methods of communication as well.I believe that closed circuit television–especially two‐way television–will be a valuable tool in our medical education, service and research. It is also logical that its effectiveness will be measured in direct proportion to the amount of careful planning put into the selection of the best system, the determination of the most appropriate uses, and the encouragement of faculty and student interest and participation.
THE LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF GASTRIC PROTEASES
Authors: Klotz Arthur P. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryHuman gastric juice contains at least three different proteases which have been separated by column chromatography. Gastricsin is most probably one of these separated by this method. Proteolytic activity occurs over a pH range of approximately 0.5 to 4.0 in this composite protease mixture. Separation of the activities of individual proteases in gastric juice by simple pH control is not possible by current methods. Individual substrate differences may eventually lead to relatively simple methods of separation. Our usual laboratory procedures provide a partial summation of total gastric protease activity.The radioactive iodinated albumin method for protease measurements is a satisfactory and relatively simple laboratory procedure that can be applied to undiluted gastric juice. Results are related to a standard of purified pepsin of known specific activity and can therefore be reported in pepsin units.Clinical application of this method demonstrates that (1) protease is always present when acid is present; (2) Histalog stimulates the release of protease; (3) anticholinergic drugs may sometimes block the release of free acid but not protease; and (4) selective alteration of acid and protease appears to depend upon the intensity of pharmacologic stimulation or blockade of the vagus nerve.Clinical application of this method demonstrates that synthetic sulfated amylopectin has significant antipeptic activity both in vitro and in vivo.