bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seroprevalence of SV40‐like polyomavirus infections in captive and free‐ranging macaque species
Authors: Verschoor E.J. , Niphuis H. , Fagrouch Z. , Christian P. , Sasnauskas K. , Pizarro M.C. , Heeney J.L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground and methods  To investigate the seroprevalence of polyomavirus infections in macaques, we analyzed 1579 sera from nine different species for antibodies cross‐reactive with simian virus 40 (SV40) in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Most samples were collected from captive animals, but we also investigated a colony of free‐ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus).Results  High seropositive rates were found in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta; 74.7%), cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis; 44.8%) and Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana; 41.7%), especially in animals imported from China. Low rates were measured in cynomolgus macaques from Mauritius (8.8%), and in Barbary macaques (1.4%). Seropositivity was age‐dependent increasing to >70% in animals of 5 years and older.Conclusions  High seroprevalence rates were found in different species of macaques, dependent on their origin. Very low infection rates found in Barbary macaques and cynomolgus macaques from Mauritius suggest that these animals in the wild are not commonly infected by SV40‐like viruses.
Efficacy of three different laser wavelengths for in vitro wound healing
Authors: Evans Denise Hawkins , Abrahamse Heidi 
Published: July 2008

Background and objective: Despite contradictory reports on the effect of laser light on cell proliferation, studies have shown that appropriate doses and wavelengths of laser light are therapeutically beneficial in tissue repair and pain control. This study aimed to establish if the dose and/or wavelength influenced the biological responses of irradiated in vitro fibroblasts – 1 h after laser irradiation.Materials and methods: This study aimed to establish cellular responses of normal and wounded human skin fibroblasts to helium‐neon (632.8 nm), diode (830 nm) and Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser irradiation using one exposure of 5 or 16 J/cm2 on day 1 and again on day 4.Results: Wounded cells exposed to 5 J/cm2 using 632.8 nm showed an increase in cell migration and haptotaxis, a stable increase in the release of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), a decrease in caspase 3/7 activity, an increase in ATP viability and an increase in cell proliferation – 1 h after the final exposure. The results confirm that changes in parameters such as ATP viability, cytokine expression (IL‐6), cell proliferation (alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity) and DNA damage can be observed directly after the laser irradiation. The amount of DNA damage and cytotoxicity may be related to duration of the laser irradiation, which is dependent on the power density (mW/cm2) of each laser.Conclusion: The results indicate that 5 J/cm2 using 632.8 nm results in a stimulatory effect that is more effective than 830 and 1064 nm. The results suggest possible mechanisms by which the wavelength may potentially influence the cellular responses of wounded cells.
Risk factors for dyslipidemia in Chinese children
Authors: Liao Ying , Liu Ying , Mi Jie , Tang Chaoshu , Du Junbao 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAim: Since the mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease continues to increase, research into dyslipidemia has been emphasized in not only adults but also paediatric populations. We aimed to study the risk factors of dyslipidemia in Chinese children.Methods: Nine hundred and sixty‐two children, aged 6–18 years, in Beijing were enrolled. For each child, data were collected on body height (cm), body weight (kg), sitting height (cm), waist circumference, upper arm circumference, serum lipid levels, as well as familial history of dyslipidemia and early onset cardiovascular disease. Subgroups were determined on the basis of age and sex.Results: The prevalence rate of dyslipidemia was 11.1% (107/962). Children with dyslipidemia differed significantly from those without, in sitting height, upper arm circumference, body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐height ratio (WHR) and diastolic and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis suggested that WHR, diastolic blood pressure and positive familial history were risk factors for dyslipidemia in children.Conclusion: Sitting height, upper arm circumference, BMI, WHR, diastolic pressure and systolic pressure were significantly higher in dyslipidemic children than in normal subjects in China. BMI, WHR, diastolic pressure and familial history of dyslipidemia and early‐onset cardiovascular disease were risk factors for dyslipidemia in Chinese children.
Cardiomyopathy in newborns and infants: a broad spectrum of aetiologies and poor prognosis
Authors: Badertscher Andrea , Bauersfeld Urs , Arbenz Urs , Baumgartner Matthias R. , Schinzel Albert , Balmer Christian 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAim: This study set out to describe the initial clinical findings, morbidity, mortality and aetiology of infant cardiomyopathy focusing on potential risk factors for an adverse outcome.Methods: We retrospectively analysed clinical and laboratory findings of all patients diagnosed at our institution from 1995 to 2004 with cardiomyopathy within their first year of life.Results: Of the 35 patients, cardiomyopathy was classified as dilated in 18, hypertrophic in 14 and unclassified in 3. The aetiologies were genetic syndromes (8), metabolic diseases (5), familial isolated cardiomyopathy (3) and myopathy (1). During a median follow‐up of 1.5 years (range 0–9 years), 13 patients died from progressive heart failure and two underwent heart transplants. Estimated survival and freedom from transplant was 69, 66, 58 and 50% after 0.5, 1, 2 and 6 years, respectively. Patients with severe heart failure symptoms within the first month of life had significantly worse outcomes than patients without heart failure symptoms.Conclusion: High morbidity and poor prognosis result through progressive heart failure. Aetiology and clinical course are especially heterogeneous in infants. The most commonly identified aetiologies are genetic syndromes and metabolic diseases. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended for defining the aetiology and developing individual treatment strategies.
Denture contamination by yeasts in the elderly
Authors: Vanden Abbeele Astrid , De Meel Hèlène , Ahariz Mohamed , Perraudin Jean‐Paul , Beyer Ingo , Courtois Philippe 
Published: July 2008

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to investigate yeast carriage in healthy denture wearers by swabbing and to evaluate the effect of denture hygiene habits.Materials and methods:  Denture wearers (n = 87) without evidence of denture stomatitis or any other oral disease were investigated by separately swabbing the fitting surface of the upper denture and the corresponding palatal mucosa in contact with the appliance. In a group of volunteers, a gel without any active compound was spread on the palatal side of the denture once in every morning for 2 weeks.Results:  Screening showed Candida colonisation of upper prosthesis in 75.9% of individuals. The most frequent species isolated were Candida albicans (77.9% of the positive cultures), Candida glabrata (44.1%) and Candida tropicalis (19.1%). Carriage of more than one yeast species was found in 48.5% of the contaminated dentures. There was a statistically significant association between denture contamination and palatal mucosa colonisation (chi‐squared test: p < 0.0001). Repeated swabbings after 1 week as well as during a weekly follow‐up for 1 month confirmed the denture contamination and its degree of severity. A daily gel application produced a yeast‐count decrease to 10% of the initial value after 2 weeks (chi‐squared test: p = 0.0134 and p = 0.2841 for prosthesis and palatal mucosa, respectively).Conclusion:  This study documented the reliability of oral swabbing when investigating yeast carriage in healthy denture wearers. Moreover, just a diagnostic tool, sampling upper dentures for Candida could be the opportunity to verify the patient’s compliance to hygiene advice.
INCIDENCE OF CAMPYLOBACTER IN PROCESSED POULTRY: IS IT A CONCERN FOR HUMAN HEALTH?
Authors: KING STUART , ADAMS MICHELLE C. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT In Australia, over 15,000 cases of campylobacteriosis occur annually; however, recent findings from case‐control studies suggest that poultry may not be the primary etiological agent. To determine the incidence of Campylobacter species on Australian poultry, a qualitative and quantitative survey of different poultry products was undertaken. The qualitative study examined 428 poultry carcasses from 42 processors. Overall, 93.7% of the carcasses were found to be positive for Campylobacter species, of which 84.1% were identified as Campylobacter jejuni by hippurate hydrolysis, and 9.6% as other Campylobacter species. A longitudinal study over 6 weeks on 27 broiler carcasses from a single processor found an average Campylobacter species count of 163 cfu/cm2, with a range of 5–1,850 cfu/cm2 excluding one carcass that was negative. The real health risk of this carriage, however, cannot be determined accurately without further investigation of the presence of virulence factors and more accurate species identification.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis article identifies that the incidence of Campylobacter species on processed poultry remains at levels recognized to be potentially infectious to humans. This suggests that current changes in processing control in the Australian poultry industry primarily established for Salmonella species may not necessarily reduce all potential human pathogens to safe levels.Using current literature, this article also debates whether the simple identification of presence and absence of a particular pathogen is sufficient for assumptions to be drawn on risk of infection. The discussion questions the real role of poultry in cases of campylobacteriosis, and suggests that based on case‐history data, poultry may be not be the common cause of the disease.
Inbreeding Effects on Hatchery and Growout Performance of Pacific White Shrimp, Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei
Authors: Moss Dustin R , Arce Steve M , Otoshi Clete A , Moss Shaun M 
Published: July 2008

Abstract In animal breeding programs, selection coupled with a narrow genetic base can cause high levels of inbreeding to occur rapidly (in one or two generations). Although the effects of inbreeding have been studied extensively in terrestrial animals and to a lesser extent in aquaculture species, little is known about the effects of inbreeding on penaeid shrimp. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of inbreeding on hatchery and growout performance of the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. The experiment was conducted over 2 yr, and data from two successive generations (G2 and G3) of inbred (sibling–sibling mating) and outbred families were analyzed. There were 11 inbred and 12 outbred families in G2 and 9 inbred and 10 outbred families in G3. Inbreeding coefficients (F) for outbred and inbred families were 0.00 and 0.25, respectively, for G2 and 0.00 and 0.375, respectively, for G3. Growth rates for outbreds and inbreds were similar in both G2 and G3. Hatch rate for inbred families was 33.1% lower than for outbred families in G2 and 47.1% lower in G3. Inbreeding depression (IBD) (relative change in phenotype per 0.1 increase in F) ± 95% CI for hatch rate was −12.3 ± 10.1%. Hatchery survival for inbred families was 31.4% lower than for outbred families in G2 and 38.8% lower in G3. IBD for hatchery survival was −11.0 ± 5.7%. Growout survival was 1.9% lower for inbred families than for outbred families in G2 and 19.6% lower in G3. IBD for growout survival was −3.8 ± 2.9%. There was also a significant linear relationship between IBD estimates for survival traits and mean outbred survival. At high outbred survival, IBD was low (e.g., growout survival in G2), but IBD appeared to become more severe when outbred survival was lower. This suggests that stress (related to environment and/or life stage) may worsen IBD for survival traits. Results also indicate that moderate to high levels of inbreeding (>10%) should be avoided in commercial shrimp hatcheries because the cumulative effect of IBD on hatch rate and hatchery survival will significantly reduce postlarvae production. Thus, IBD can be significant enough to justify the use of inbreeding as a germplasm protection strategy (under certain scenarios) for genetic improvement programs.
Early intervention in bipolar disorder, part I: clinical and imaging findings
Authors: Salvadore Giacomo , Drevets Wayne C. , Henter Ioline D. , Zarate Carlos A. , Manji Husseini K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe concept of prevention is not new to psychiatry and has long been recognized in general medicine. Recent evidence has highlighted that early pharmacological and psychosocial treatment dramatically ameliorates poor prognosis and outcome for individuals with psychotic disorders, reducing conversion rates to full‐blown illness and decreasing symptom severity. Nevertheless, despite the many recent advances in our thinking about early intervention, the need for early intervention in bipolar disorder (BPD) is an area that has been relatively neglected.This review attempts to synthesize what is currently known about early intervention in BPD. We discuss methodological issues pertaining to this topic, review clinical studies that focus on high‐risk subjects as well as first‐episode patients and review findings from brain imaging studies in the offspring of individuals with BPD as well as in first‐episode patients.A companion paper discusses the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of agents with neurotrophic and neuroplastic properties, with a particular emphasis on lithium and valproate.
Motives for substance use among young people seeking mental health treatment
Authors: Hides Leanne , Lubman Dan I. , Cosgrave Elizabeth M. , Buckby Joe A. , Killackey Eoin , Yung Alison R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAims: To explore substance use motives among young people seeking mental health treatment.Methods: Participants consisted of 103 young people seeking mental health treatment, who had used drugs or alcohol in the past year. The young people completed a 42‐item substance use motives measure based on the Drinking Motives Measure for their most frequently used substance in the past year.Results: Exploratory factor analysis of the substance use motives scale indicated the young people reported using substances for positive and negative drug effects, to socialize with their peers, and to cope with a negative affect. They did not report using substances for enhancement or conformity motives. Coping motives predicted the presence of a current substance use disorder.Conclusions: The findings support the need for integrated treatment approaches within mental health settings, particularly targeted at young people with co‐occurring mental health and substance use problems.
Family‐based interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed preadolescents: an open‐treatment trial
Authors: Dietz Laura J. , Mufson Laura , Irvine Holly , Brent David A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAim:To conduct an open‐treatment trial to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and clinical outcomes of using a family‐based adaptation of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Adolescents with a sample of preadolescents (ages 9–12) presenting for outpatient treatment for depression.Methods:Sixteen preadolescents who met criteria for a depressive disorder according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition participated in this open‐treatment trial of family‐based interpersonal psychotherapy (FB‐IPT). Parents chose whether their preadolescents should receive FB‐IPT only (n = 10) or FB‐IPT with antidepressant medication (n = 6). Pre‐ and post‐treatment assessments included clinician‐administered measures of depression and global functioning, and parent‐ and child‐reported anxiety symptoms.Results:FB‐IPT was associated with high treatment compliance rates (88%) and was associated with significant decreases in preadolescents' depressive and anxiety symptoms. Preadolescents who received FB‐IPT only were as likely as those receiving FB‐IPT and medication to have significant reductions in depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms, and to experience significant improvement in global functioning. Parents were more likely to choose combination treatment when their depressed preadolescents had a comorbid anxiety disorder.Conclusions:Further research on FB‐IPT is needed to establish its efficacy as compared with usual outpatient treatment, its ability to be disseminated to child clinicians with varying levels of training and in adequately powered randomized controlled trials that can detect group differences.
Early intervention with difficult to engage, ‘high‐risk’ youth: evaluating an intensive outreach approach in youth mental health
Authors: Schley Carsten , Ryall Victoria , Crothers Leanne , Radovini Sandra , Fletcher Karen , Marriage Karen , Nudds Simon , Groufsky Catherine , Yuen Hok Pan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground: Although intensive outreach (IO) models such as assertive community treatment and intensive case management have a strong evidence base in adult psychiatry, their effectiveness in the early intervention sector is unknown.Aim: To explore client characteristics and treatment effects in a group of difficult to engage, ‘high‐risk’ young people, seen by the Intensive Mobile Youth Outreach Service (IMYOS, ORYGEN Youth Heath) in Western Metropolitan Melbourne.Methods: The clinical files of 47 clients were audited, targeting demographic and treatment outcome data prior to and during IMYOS involvement.Results: Clients typically presented with traumatic childhoods, disrupted education, repeated treatment dropout, poor mental health and ‘high‐risk’ behaviours. Results showed a significant reduction in risk to self and others between referral and discharge, and significantly lower admissions rates and inpatient days compared with the 9 months prior to referral.Conclusions: IO might be an effective early intervention strategy to minimize risk of harm and decrease hospitalization in young people. However, conclusions are provisional as there was no control group included in this study. Further study is required, perhaps with a waiting list control.
A theoretical approach to using human footprint data to assess landscape level conservation efforts
Authors: Haines Aaron M. , Leu Matthias , Svancara Leona K. , Scott J. Michael , Reese Kerry P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractConservation organizations are increasingly being held accountable for identifying and documenting measures of conservation success. We propose the use of human land‐use spatial data to aid in the assessment of conservation efforts by monitoring qualitative change in the human footprint (i.e., spatial land‐use measures of negative anthropogenic activity) within a hypothesis‐driven framework to assess the effects of conservation efforts (i.e., positive anthropogenic activity). If human footprint data show that implemented conservation strategies mitigated or reduced negative anthropogenic influences, then a potential conservation approach is working. In contrast, if the implementation of conservation strategies did not mitigate or reduce the human footprint, then new conservation approaches may need to be developed or old ones refined. Human footprint data may offer great potential for assessing conservation efforts when used as part of a larger conservation monitoring strategy.
SU‐DD‐A3‐01: Integration of KV Image‐Guidance with Arc Therapy for Radiotherapy of the Prostate
Authors: Moseley D , Sharpe M , Craig T , Jaffray D 
Published: July 2008

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of on‐line kV image‐guidance and fluoroscopic monitoring during arc therapy. Method and Materials: A pelvis phantom with anthropomorphic prostate and seminal vesicles was implanted with 3 gold fiducial markers. CBCT imaging was performed before and during delivery of a prostate treatment plan using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Both CBCT images were assessed for image quality based on noise. The gold fiducials were segmented in the guidance CBCT volume and subsequently localized in each projection image taken during the VMAT delivery. Since the phantom is rigid and was not moved between images, no movement of fiducials in each projection image is expected. Any movement was defined as tracking error. A clinical action level of 3 mm was used to designate if the tracking error was significant. Results: CBCT image noise (1 S.D.) increased from 10.4 HU to 20.6 HU due to increased scatter onto the kV detector as well as interference patterns induced by the MV beam pulses. The frame‐by‐frame tracking error below a 3mm clinical action level was 96.6% for the CBCT acquired for setup correction before the VMAT delivery. This value decreased to 88.7% for the CBCT volume captured concurrently with the VMAT delivery. Conclusion: Arc therapy promises to deliver highly conformal dose distributions quickly and efficiently. Simultaneous kV imaging allows for the capture of a residual image as well as an opportunity for fluoroscopic monitoring of the patient's position during treatment. CBCT image quality is degraded during VMAT delivery but image quality is still suitable for assessment of residual setup error as well as intra‐fraction motion.Research sponsored by Elekta Synergy Research Group.
SU‐DD‐A4‐05: An Analysis of Signal‐To‐Noise Ratio Differences Between the New High‐Sensitivity, Microangiographic Fluoroscope (HSMAF) and a Standard Flat‐Panel Detector (FPD)
Authors: Jain A , Kuhls‐Gilcrist A , Rudin S , Bednarek D 
Published: July 2008

Purpose: To explain the difference in the measured signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) for a new high‐resolution detector with that for a standard FPD. Method and Materials: We measured a ratio of 4.3 between the SNR2 of an FPD (194 μm pixels) and HSMAF (35 μm pixels). This ratio cannot be explained by the pixel areas alone since the FPD pixel area is 30.7x larger than that of the HSMAF. To explain this disparity, we investigated the role of instrumentation‐noise and the x‐ray conversion phosphor (600 and 300 μm thick CsI:Tl for the FPD and HSMAF, respectively) considering differences in absorption efficiency, Swank factor and blur. Point spread functions (PSF's) were derived from measured presampled line spread functions (assuming isotropic blur), and the effect was analyzed by convolving with a simulated Poisson‐distributed x‐ray image. The calculated SNR2 ratio was compared to the measured SNR2 ratio for a practical range of exposures (1–100μR). Results: The difference between SNR2 of the detectors was largely accounted for by considering detector characteristics in addition to pixel size. The increase in SNR2 from optical blur was about 8 times greater for the HSMAF than for the FPD, since the signal was spread across more of the smaller pixels for the HSMAF. With consideration of the effect of absorption efficiency and Swank factor on SNR, the calculated SNR2 ratio agreed well with that measured (4.6 versus 4.3, respectively). Conclusion: The measured SNR depends not only on pixel area, but also to a large extent on phospher characteristics. Despite having a much lower number of incident x‐ray photons per pixel, the SNR2 of the HSMAF was much closer to that of the FPD because of a greater spread of light quanta over a larger number of pixels.(Support: NIH Grants R01‐NS43924, R01‐EB002873, Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation).