bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘Anatomy’ of Female Child Sexual Abuse: Who does what to Young Girls?
Authors: Romans Sarah E. , Martin Judy L. , Anderson Jessie C. , O'shea Martine L. , Mullen Paul E. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: This paper aims to describe the characteristics of sexually abusive acts experienced by female children in order to identify those perpetrators who inflict intrusive and repeated child sexual abuse (CSA). Method: Data were collected from a random New Zealand sample of women aged 18 to 65 years who reported CSA, and a similar number of non-abused comparison women. Information on the perpetrator, the type of CSA, and perpetrator strategies were cross-tabulated. Results: The perpetrators were usually young men, well known to the victim or her family. Greater CSA intrusiveness was statistically associated with greater CSA frequency. Father/stepfather abusers were most likely to perpetrate intrusive and frequent CSA. However, family associates and non-paternal relatives were numerically more often reported as perpetrators than fathers/stepfathers. Stranger-perpetrators featured infrequently. Conclusion: We conclude that the most frequent and invasive CSA comes from someone well known to the child, particularly a family member or trusted friend. A focus by the courts or health professionals on either incest only (i.e. CSA between biological relatives) or ‘stranger danger’ will overlook the large categories of CSA perpetrated by secondary relative and family friend abusers.
The Development of a Patient Satisfaction Measure for Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Parker Gordon , Gladstone Gemma , Wright Murray , Robertson Sadie 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To describe the first stage of development of a patient satisfaction form designed for psychiatric outpatients. Method: An initial 62-item questionnaire was completed by 172 patients, who were asked to assess the importance of a number of practice and practitioner features in contributing to their satisfaction. Results: Mean scores prioritised the psychiatrist respecting the rights of the patient; appointment and billing arrangements were of intermediate importance, while amenity issues were rated as unimportant. When rankings across the several practices were examined, very high levels of agreement were demonstrated, supporting the likely validity of the overall rankings. Four underlying domains were identified by factor analysis, the principal one being defined by respect for confidentiality, by support and adequate communication. The three remaining factors were contributed to more by practice (e.g. billing arrangements, amenities) than by practitioner features. Conclusion: We consider how a refined and modified version of the measure might be developed for use by both individual practitioners and group practices, as well as being used as a formal QA component activity.
Jumping the Gun: Firearms and the Mental Health of Australians
Authors: Dudley Michael , Cantor Chris , de Moore Greg 
Published: November 2007

Objectives: The aims of this study were to (i) survey mental health-related correlates of firearms ownership and availability in Australia, and (ii) assess possible causal relationships between civilian gun deaths, gun availability and mental disorders. Method: Available data regarding firearms ownership, injuries and deaths were reviewed as well as studies of (i) gun ownership, suicide and homicide, and (ii) gun control laws and suicide. Results: Findings indicated that 85% of firearm deaths are triggered by distress, as opposed to crime. Most firearm homicides are intrafamilial or involve familiar persons. Firearm suicide rates, athough tapering off in recent years, continue to rise among certain groups. It was also found that: (1) Beyond reasonable doubt, a causal relationship exists between gun ownership and firearm suicides and homicides. The role of method substitution is controversial, but is probably less important among the young. (2) Outside the United States, legislation may be useful in reducing firearm and possibly overall suicide rates. (3) If firearm owners are representative of the community, then 15–20% suffer from a psychiatric disorder at any time. While a modest increase in risk of firearms misuse exists for this group, especially those with a history of substance abuse or violence, concern also arises regarding those with mental disorders who access firearms because owners have not secured them. No uniform definition or way of verifying self-reports exists for gun licence applicants regarding these issues. Conclusions: Further regulation of firearm safety and availability is warranted. Public health measures include improved surveillance regarding firearm events, advocacy for appropriate firearm legislation, and better education and communication about firearms.
Mental Health Status of a Latin American Community in New South Wales
Authors: McDonald Robert , Vechi Carmen , Bowman Jenny , Sanson-Fisher Robert 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To determine the levels and predictors of psychological distress within a Latin American community in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Method: Participants (n=184) were interviewed in their homes by a bilingual interviewer using a specially prepared questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results: Of the 13 independent variables examined, two demographic and two immigrant-related variables were significantly associated with an above-threshold score: marital status, employment status, perceived discrimination, and dissatisfaction with life in Australia. Conclusions: Compared to results from other community surveys, the levels of psychological distress within this Latin American community appear to be relatively high.
Pathological Laughing and Crying
Authors: Dark Frances L. , McGrath John J. , Ron Maria A. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To review the clinical features, neurobiological correlates and treatment of pathological laughing and crying. Method: Selective literature review. Results: Attacks of involuntary, irresistible laughing or crying have long been recognised as sequelae of brain damage. There is controversy about the clinical features of these attacks, the stimuli that provoke them and their relation to affective disorder. The pathophysiology of pathological laughing and crying is still unclear. It can occur in the presence of focal as well as diffuse brain disease. Treatment with antidepressant medications has been found to be of benefit in patients with cerebrovascular disease and multiple sclerosis. Conclusions: Clinicians should remain vigilant for these symptoms, and offer effective treatments, such as antidepressants, where indicated. Further research is needed to delineate the underlying neurobiological correlates of pathological laughing and crying. The efficacy of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions requires critical evaluation.
Psychological Morbidity in Obstetric-Gynaecology Patients: Testing the Need for Expanded Psychiatry Services in Obstetric-Gynaecology Facilities
Authors: Phillips Nicole , Dennerstein Lorraine , Farish Stephen 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The present study set out to determine general levels of distress, anxiety and depression in an obstetric-gynaecology inpatient population and to ascertain levels of patient satisfaction with services. Method: 200 English-speaking consecutive admissions to the hospital filled out a package of questionnaires consisting of a demographic data form, the 30-item General Health Questionnaire, the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Inventory to Diagnose Depression and a Patient Satisfaction with Services Questionnaire. 134 packages were fully completed. Results: The most significant findings were: first, that high levels of anxiety prevailed, with approximately 1/3 of patients at or above the 75th percentile for anxiety levels; and second, that those patients born in non-English speaking countries were significantly more dissatisfied with their care. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that there is a need for increased awareness of and further research into the psychological needs of obstetric-gynaecology patients.
Development of radar glacier zones on the King George Island ice cap, Antarctica, during austral summer 1996/97 as observed in ERS-2 SAR data
Authors: Braun Matthias , Rau Frank , Saurer Helmut , Gobmann Hermann 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBased on a time series of European remote-sensing satellite (ERS-2) synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images from 1996/97, ablation on the King George Island (Antarctica) ice cap is documented. Snowmelt patterns were monitored by mapping the dynamic evolution of radar glacier zones and their boundaries. On the ice cap, all major radar glacier zones except the dry-snow radar zone were identified during the observed period While winter was characterized by a frozen-percolation radar zone, the ablation season was characterized by wet-snow and bare-ice radar zones. A striking bright backscatter signature indicated the presence of a highly reflective zone in the lower parts of the wet-snow zone. It was attributed to a phase 2 melt (P2) radar zone, which is characterized by a metamorphosed and roughened surface of a melting snow cover. Due to the absence of simultaneously acquired ground-truth information, concurrent meteorological data proved to be essential for interpreting the SAR images. Although the maximum elevation of the ice cap does not exceed 680 ma.s.L, ablation patterns obviously reflect altitudinal control. Melt onset up to 530 m a.s.l. was initiated by an advection event at the end of October 1996. A wet snowpack on the entire ice cap corresponds with a prolonged period of high temperatures in January 1997. However, the highest parts of the ice cap were affected by occasional melt-freeze cycles. The transient snowline at the end of February was determined as being at 250 m a i l. This late-summer snowline was regarded as an approximation of the equilibrium-line altitude for the 1996/97 ablation season.
Wind propagation to snow observed in laboratory
Authors: Sokratov S. A. , Sato A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNon-uniformity of a temperature field in a 30 cm deep artificial snow cover in a wind tunnel was produced by keeping a selected cross-section, perpendicular to the wind direction, at a temperature different to that in the cold room. Quasi-steady-state temperature distributions in the snow around this cross-section were observed with and without wind, and were significantly different. The difference was attributed to the influence of an air flux inside the snow cover. The mechanism of this influence is discussed. Several temperature conditions and wind speeds over the snow surface were studied. It was concluded that the wind produced the air flux in the pore space of snow, and the air-flux velocity increases with wind speed. The calculated values of the horizontal air-flux velocity in the pore space of snow were of the order of l0–2 m s"1 and decreased with depth.
Verification of geophysical models in Alpine permafrost using borehole information
Authors: Vonder Mühll Daniel S. , Hauck Christian , Lehmann Frank 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAt two permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps a range of geophysical methods were applied to model the structure of the subsurface. At both sites, borehole information was used to verify the quality of the model results. On the Murtèl-Corvatsch rock glacier (2700 m a.s.L; upper Engadine) a 58 m deep core drilling was performed in 1987. D. c resistivity measurements, refraction seismics, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and gravimetric surveys allowed the shape of the permafrost table beneath the marked surface microtopography to be determined and the lateral extent of a deeper shear horizon to be established The validity of each method was verified by the borehole information (cores, density log and temperature). A coherent model of the rock-glacier structure was developed. At the Schilthorn (2970 m a.s.L; Bernese Oberland), it was not clear whether permafrost is in fact present. Various geophysical surveys (d.c. resistivity tomography, refraction seismics, GPR and EM-31) gave results that were not typical of permafrost environments. A 14 m percussion drilling revealed warm permafrost and a very low ice content. These geotechnical and geothermal data allowed reinterpretation of the geophysical results, improving modelling of ground conditions. The paper demonstrates that in the difficult terrain of Alpine permafrost, boreholes may be critical in calibration and verification of the results of geophysical methods. The most useful combinations of geophysical techniques proved to be (a) seismics with d.c. resistivity, and (b) gravimetry with GPR.
Mass balance of Xiao Dongkemadi glacier on the central Tibetan Plateau from 1989 to 1995
Authors: Fujita Koji , Ageta Yutaka , Jianchen Pu , Tandong Yao 
Published: November 2007

AbstractData on the mass balance of Xiao Dongkemadi glacier in the Tanggula mountains, central Tibetan Plateau, were obtained over 5 5 years from 1989 to 1995. These are the first continuous mass-balance data for a continental-type glacier on the Tibetan Plateau, where the glacier accumulates during the summer monsoon (summer-accumulation-type glacier). Mass-balance vs altitude profiles were steeper in the negative than in the positive mass-balance years. This is considered to have resulted from the effect of summer accumulation. The annual mass balance is compared with air temperature, precipitation, and black-body temperature in the area including the glacier, which is calculated from infrared radiation observations by theJapanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite. It was found that the interannual variation in the glacier mass balance was not closely related to maximum monthly mean air temperature, while it did have a relatively good correlation with maximum monthly mean black-body temperature.
Glacier monitoring within the Global Climate Observing System
Authors: Haeberli Wilfried , Cihlar Josef , Barry Roger G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe fluctuation of mountain glaciers is recognized as a high-confidence indicator of air-temperature trends and as a valuable element of a strategy for early detection of possible Man-induced climate changes. The Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate therefore recommended that glacier mass and area be monitored as part of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) established in 1992 by the World Meteorological Organization, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Council of Scientific Unions. A tiered Global Hierarchical Observing Strategy was developed to be used for all GCOS terrestrial variables. According to this system of tiers, the regional to global representativeness in space and time of the records relating to glacier mass and area should be assessed by more numerous observations of glacier length changes as well as by compilation of regional glacier inventories repeated at time intervals of a few decades, the typical dynamic response time of smaller mountain glaciers.During the 1970s, Fritz Müller directed the Permanent Service on the Fluctuations of Glaciers and the Temporary Technical Secretariat for the World Glacier Inventory. These two bodies were combined in 1986 to form the World Glacier Monitoring Service, which is now responsible for internationally coordinated glacier monitoring, working in close collaboration with the World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder.
Towards a palaeoclimatic model of rock-glacier formation in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Frauenfelder Regula , Kääb Andreas 
Published: November 2007

AbstractClimate and its long-term variability govern ground thermal conditions, and for this reason represent one of the most important impacts on creeping mountain permafrost. The decoding and better understanding of the present-day morphology and distribution of rock glaciers opens up a variety of insights into past and present environmental, especially climatic, conditions on a local to regional scale. The present study was carried out in the Swiss Alps using two different approaches: (1) kinematic analysis of specific active rock glaciers, and (2) description of the altitudinal distribution of relict rock glaciers. Two theoretical shape concepts of active rock-glacier morphology were derived’ a"monomorphic" type, representing presumably undisturbed, continuous development over several millennia and a ˚polymorphic" type, reflecting a system of (possibly climatically affected) individual creep streams several centuries old. The topoclimatic-based inventory analysis indicated an average temperature increase at relict rock-glacier fronts of approximately +2°C since the time of their decay, which is a sign of rock-glacier ages reaching back to the Alpine Late Glacial. The temperature difference of some tenths of a degree Celsius found for active/inactive rock glaciers is typical for the bandwidth of Holocene climate variations. These results confirm the importance of Alpine rock glaciers as highly sensitive indicators of past temperature evolution.
First results and interpretation of energy-flux measurements over Alpine permafrost
Authors: Mittaz Catherine , Hoelzle Martin , Haeberli Wilfried 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe interaction of energy-exchange processes between the atmosphere and the Earth surface determines the surface temperature regime. It is of fundamental importance to the question whether frozen ground exists at a given site and how rapidly it may decay in response to a climatic perturbation. To further our understanding of these processes, measurements concerning near-surface energy-exchange processes were initiated in January 1997 on creeping permafrost at a high mountain site, Murtèl-Corvatsch, upper Engadin, Swiss Alps. Data on all important energy-balance fluxes were collected. In this paper, we present ground-temperature and energy-balance measurements from Murtèl-Corvatsch for a 2 year period, 1997–99. We will examine the relative importance of the energy-balance components and discuss special problems relating to the coarse surface layer. The results indicate a non-zero energy budget, with a positive deviation of up to 78 W m 4 in winter and a negative deviation of up to –130 W nT2 in summer. We propose that this overall imbalance of the energy-exchange fluxes, as well as the significant difference between mean annual surface and ground temperatures/can be explained by unmeasured advective energy fluxes that occur within the layer of large boulder blocks at the top of the permafrost.
Spatial gradients in snow layering and 10 m temperatures at two EPICA-Dronning Maud Land (Antarctica) pre-site-survey drill sites
Authors: Holmlund P. , Gjerde K. , Gundestrup N. , Hansson M. , Isaksson E. , Karlöf L. , Nman M. , Pettersson R. , Pinglot F. , Reijmer C. H. , Stenberg M. , Thomassen M. , van de Wal R. , van der Veen C. , Wilhelms F. , winther J.-G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDuring the 1997/98 field season, Sweden, Norway and The Netherlands performed a pre-site survey for EPICA in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. This paper summarizes the results and pays special attention to the high spatial gradients found in snow layering and temperatures. The sites were "Camp Victoria" (CV) on Amundsenisen (76° S, 8° W; 2400 m a.s.l.), approximately 550 km from the coast, and "Camp Maudheimvidda" (CM) on Maudheimvidda (74° S 13° W; 362 m a.s.L), some 140 km from the coast.The drilling programme included both medium-long firn/ice cores and shallow firn cores. These were analysed by means of δ18O, DEP, ECM,β activity, density, and ion content. The combined results suggests a mean annual accumulation rate of 60 mm. we. for CV and 220 mm. we. for CM.Variability measurements of spatial snow layering were performed at two scales; over tens of kilometres by radar and over a few metres by pits and high-resolution radar soundings. Results, as measured by relative standard deviation, were typically 10% on the polar plateau and as high as 50% near the coast.The 10 m temperature measurements were –38.5°C (std dev. = 0.5°) for CV and –17.6°C (std dev.=0.15°) for CM.Snow chemistry was sampled at each medium-long-core drill site. Comparison of δ18O profiles from snow pits and the uppermost part of the CV medium-long core showed large variations. Mean δ18O valuesover 2 m profiles varied between 41.6%, and 39.7%o within a horizontal distance of 50 m.
A conceptual model for pancake-ice formation in a wave field
Authors: Shen Hayley H. , Ackley Stephen F. , Hopkins Mark A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt is well known that waves jostle frazil-ice crystals together, providing opportunities for them to compact into floes. The shape of these consolidated floes is nearly circular, hence the name: pancakes. From field and laboratory observations, the size of these pancakes seems to depend on the wavelength. Further aggregation of these individual pancakes produces the seasonal ice cover. Pancake-ice covers prevail in the marginal ice zone of the Southern Ocean and along the edges of many polar and subpolar seas. This theoretical paper describes conceptually the formation process of a pancake-ice cover in a wave field. The mechanisms that affect the evolution of the entire ice cover are discussed. Governing equations for the time-rate change of the floe diameter, its thickness and the thickness of the ice-cover are derived based on these mechanisms. Two criteria are proposed to determine the maximum floe size under a given wave condition, one based on bending and the other on stretching. Field and laboratory observations to date are discussed in view of this theory.
Effects of regional fast-ice and iceberg distributions on the behaviour of the Mertz Glacier polynya, East Antarctica
Authors: Massom R. A. , Hill K. L. , Lytle V. I. , Worby A. P. , Paget M.J. , Allison I. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn observational account of research carried out in July-August 1999 shows that grounded iceberg and related fast-ice distributions, and periodic "break-outs" of fast ice (in winter as well as at other times), have an important impact on the size and behaviour of the Mertz Glacier polynya, East Antarctica, and a smaller polynya to the east. Analysis of satellite and in situ data shows that a semi-constant "stream" of thick broken-out fast ice and other large floes from the east extends westwards from north of the glacier terminus to form a compact barrier to the net west-northwesterly export of ice formed in the polynya. An annual fast-ice promontory to the west further narrows the outlet path. As a result of this and high ice-production rates, the polynya periodically "back-fills", significantly reducing the open-water area present. Intervening "flush-outs" by synoptic storm events clear the polynya region to some extent before it back-fills again. This cycle continued from mid-March until early October in 1999, when a significant change in the regional ice drift occurred. A preliminary comparison with data from 1998 indicates that the timing and magnitude of the processes may vary interannually. Similar morphological features were also observed in 1963 (on a declassified photoreconnaissance satellite image).