bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intermetallics in Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Hort N. , Huang Y. , Kainer K. U. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntermetallic phases can be found in almost every magnesium alloy. These intermetallic compounds play a very important role in optimizing the microstructure and mechanical properties. The present paper reviews the effects of intermetallics in magnesium alloys mainly based on their stabilities: dissolvable intermetallics at low temperatures and thermal stable intermetallics at elevated temperatures. The effects of intermetallics are discussed in the age hardenable and creep resistant magnesium alloys, separately. Finally, the further investigations are remarked on the intermetallics, including their precipitation processes, crystal structures and crystallographic orientation relations with magnesium matrix. The aim is to supply useful information in developing new wrought and creep‐resistant magnesium alloys which will be used in the powertrain at elevated temperatures.
Robust iterative learning control design for batch processes with uncertain perturbations and initialization
Authors: Shi Jia , Gao Furong , Wu Tie‐Jun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA robust iterative learning control (ILC) scheme for batch processes with uncertain perturbations and initial conditions is developed. The proposed ILC design is transformed into a robust control design of a 2‐D Fornasini–Marchsini model with uncertain parameter perturbations. The concepts of robust stabilities and convergences along batch and time axes are introduced. The proposed design leads to nature integration of an output feedback control and a feedforward ILC to guarantee the robust convergence along both the time and the cycle directions. This design framework also allows easy enhancement of the feedback and/or feedforward controls of the system by extending the learning information along the time and/or the cycle directions. The proposed analysis and design are formulated as matrix inequality conditions that can be solved by an algorithm based on linear matrix inequality. Application to control injection packing pressure shows the proposed ILC scheme and its design are effective. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to metal working fluids: Sporadic or under reported?
Authors: Gupta Amit , Rosenman Kenneth D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundOccupational exposure to metal working fluids (MWF) is common with over 1.2 million workers in the United States involved in machine finishing, machine tooling, and other metalworking operations. MWF is a known cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). Recent reports of outbreaks of hypersensitivity HP secondary to exposure to MWF are reported.DesignCases were identified through the Occupational Disease surveillance system in the State of Michigan and from referrals for evaluation to the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at Michigan State University (MSU). Each patient underwent a clinical examination including an occupational history, lung function studies, radiographic imaging, and in some cases lung biopsies. Following the diagnosis of definite HP, an industrial hygiene investigation was carried out, which included a plant walk‐through, and review of the “Injury and Illness” log. Air monitoring and microbial sampling results were reviewed.ResultsAs part of Michigan's mandatory surveillance system for occupational illnesses, seven cases of suspected HP were identified in 2003–2004 from three facilities manufacturing automobile parts in Michigan. Each plant used semi‐synthetic MWFs, and conducted a MWF management program including biocide additions. Two facilities had recently changed the MWF before the cases arose. Growth of mycobacteria was found in these two MWFs. Breathing zone samples for particulates of two employees in plant A (two cases) ranged from 0.48 to 0.56 mg/m3. In plant B (four cases), two employees' sampling results ranged from 0.10 to 0.14 mg/m3. No air sampling data were available from plant C.ConclusionHypersensitivity pneumonitis due to exposure to MWFs is under‐recognized by health care providers, and current surveillance systems are inadequate to provide a true estimate of its occurrence. HP arose from environments with exposures well below the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for MWF, and in one case from exposures well below the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit (REL). The sporadic nature of reports of HP in relationship to MWF probably represents a combination of workplace changes that cause the disease and inadequate recognition and reporting of the disease when it does occur. Physician awareness of HP secondary to MWF and an effective medical surveillance program are necessary to better understanding the epidemiology and prevention of this disease. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parental exposure to lead and small for gestational age births
Authors: Chen Pau‐Chung , Pan I‐Jen , Wang Jung‐Der 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies about the effect of lead exposure on adverse birth outcomes are still inconsistent and few studies estimate the relationship between parental lead exposure and small for gestational age (SGA) infants. An occupational cohort study to assess whether parental lead exposure would be related to decreased birth weight and shortened gestational ages of their offspring was conducted. Whether higher lead exposure doses would increase risks of low birth weight (LBW), preterm delivery, and SGA births was also investigated.MethodsA Program to Reduce Exposure by Surveillance System—Blood Lead Levels (Press‐BLLS) was established in Taiwan in July 1993. The names of workers exposed to lead was collected from this occupational blood‐lead notification database. The birth outcomes of their offspring were determined by linking to the Taiwan birth registration database from 1993 to 1997. Only singleton births whose parental blood‐lead concentrations were tested during pregnancy or prior to conception, or within a 1‐year span before these two periods were included.ResultsAmong 1,611 eligible births, 72 births were LBW, 74 were preterm deliveries, and 135 were SGA. Maternal blood‐lead concentrations (PbBs) equal to or more than 20 µg/dl had a higher risk of mothering a SGA child (risk ratio (RR) = 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15–3.83).ConclusionsAdditional evidence of the effects of lead on adverse birth outcomes, especially for SGA births is reported. Maternal exposure to lead plays a more important role in the adverse effect on birth outcome than does paternal exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk of lung cancer from exposure to dusts and fibers in Leningrad Province, Russia
Authors: Baccarelli Andrea , Khmelnitskii Oleg , Tretiakova Maria , Gorbanev Sergey , Lomtev Alexei , Klimkina Irina , Tchibissov Vladimir , Averkina Olga , Rice Carol , Dosemeci Mustafa 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundExposures to several dusts and fibers (DFs) have been established or suggested as etiologic factors for lung cancer.MethodsTo investigate lung cancer risk in relation to exposure to DFs, we identified 540 pathologically‐diagnosed lung cancer cases and 582 controls from the 1993–1998 autopsy records of the 88 hospitals of Leningrad Province, Russia. Lifetime job‐specific exposure measurements were available for 15 organic, 15 man‐made and 28 natural‐inorganic agents.ResultsIn male workers, increased risks were found for linen dust (OR = 3.68, 95% CI 1.00–13.6, adjusted for age, smoking and residence), and unspecified DFs (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.07–1.94). Small non‐significant excess risks were observed for quartz dust (OR = 1.27; 95% CI 0.83–1.93) and man‐made vitreous fibers (MMVFs) (OR = 1.82, 95% CI 0.88–3.75). In female subjects, risks were non‐significantly associated with paper dust (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 0.74–4.20), and unspecified DFs (OR = 1.52, 95% CI 0.77–3.03).ConclusionsThe study showed increased lung cancer risk for selected categories of DFs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Non‐Nucleosides: 7‐ and 1,3‐Substituents of New Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐ones on Antiviral Activity
Authors: Hilmy Khalid Mohammed Hassan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of non‐nucleosides 9–47 were synthesized. Compounds 1–4 were reacted with formic acid (85%) to afford compounds 5‐8. Then, the latter compounds were reacted with alkyl halides a–f (2‐bromopropane, 2‐bromobutane, benzyl bromide, benzyl chloromethyl ether, chloromethyl ethyl ether, phenacyl bromide) in the presence of NaH in dry DMF to give the desired compounds 9–47, which were evaluated for activity against herpes simplex virus type‐II (HSV‐II).
In Vitro and in Vivo Antimalarial Activity of Derivatives of 1,10‐Phenanthroline Framework
Authors: Yapi Ange‐Désiré , Valentin Alexis , Chezal Jean‐Michel , Chavignon Olivier , Chaillot Bernard , Gerhardt Roseline , Teulade Jean‐Claude , Blache Yves 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of trisubstituted 1,10‐phenanthrolines was prepared. These compounds exhibited mild to high biological activities in vitro both toward chloroquino‐resistant FcB1‐Columbia and FcM29‐Cameron strains and Nigerian chloroquino‐sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Cytotoxicity of the most active compounds was estimated showing that one compound (10) exhibited a selective activity against malaria parasite (selectivity indexes of 52 and 144). Antiplasmodial activity of this derivative was optimized by N‐10 alkylation and the phenanthrolinium salt (15) submitted to an in vivo study using mices infected by P. vinckei petteri showing an ED50 of 7.86 mg/kg/day.
Now that i think about it, i'm in the mood for laughs: decisions focused on mood
Authors: Caruso Eugene M. , Shafir Eldar 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFour studies examined the impact that thinking about mood can have on people's choices. In Study 1, participants who were asked to suppose they were in good, bad, or neutral moods were more likely to choose a silly comedic movie over an otherwise more attractive drama, compared to others who had not thought about mood. Similar patterns were observed when people introspected about how they felt before making a hypothetical choice (Study 2) or an actual choice (Study 3). In Study 4, participants who pursued mood‐relevant information chose to see a comedic play more often than those who had not focused on such information. Thinking about their own mood appears to increase decision makers' concern with the hedonic consequences of decisions, thereby promoting mood regulatory activities and altering preference, possibly in favor of suboptimal outcomes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of time on pleasure with chosen outcomes
Authors: Ritov Ilana 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEmotional reactions, such as regret and disappointment, are associated with the comparison of an obtained outcome with what might have been. Past research revealed that these counterfactual comparisons affect one's pleasure with the outcome, at least in the short term. However, whether such effects are transient or long lasting is unknown. The present research explores the time course of outcome evaluation, by eliciting ratings of pleasure with a specific real choice at two points in time. In three experimental studies, pleasure with a small gift immediately following the gift's selection was compared to pleasure with the gift 4 to 8 weeks later. The results indicate that satisfaction with a chosen outcome, unlike satisfaction with a randomly assigned one, decreases in the long term. These findings are compatible with the assumption that under some conditions the impact of forgone options on the evaluation of decision outcomes does not diminish, and may even increase with time. A fourth study, a survey of people's retrospective evaluation of their choice of undergraduate major, yielded compatible results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clomiphene and hypospadias on a detailed level: Signal or chance?
Authors: Meijer Willemijn M. , de Jong‐Van den Berg Lolkje T.W. , van den Berg Marjan D. , Verheij Joke B.G.M. , de Walle Hermien E.K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDClomiphene, a drug used to induce ovulation, is chemically related to diethylstilbestrol (DES). DES is associated with vaginal cancer and infertility among daughters and with hypospadias among second‐generation male offspring. Because clomiphene has a long half‐life and metabolites have been found in feces up to 6 weeks after administration, fetal exposure is possible if the mother took this drug prior to becoming pregnant.METHODSCase‐control analyses were performed to investigate the association between clomiphene exposure and hypospadias. Cases were all male subjects registered in the European Concerted Action on Congenital Anomalies and Twins (EUROCAT) Northern Netherlands registry for congenital anomalies with nonsyndromal hypospadias. Controls were all male children born without hypospadias, including those with chromosomal and monogenic defects. Logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).RESULTSOf 392 cases, 7 (1.8%) were exposed to clomiphene compared with 64 of 4538 controls (1.4%). For penoscrotal hypospadias, we found that the OR was significantly increased (6.08; 95% CI, 1.40–26.33); for the mild and moderate forms of hypospadias, the ORs were not increased.CONCLUSIONSBecause penoscrotal hypospadias is rare, the effect is diluted when all forms of hypospadias are studied as a group. Therefore, our study stresses the importance of studying birth defects on as detailed a level as possible. Other studies should be conducted to confirm our findings. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of ligustilide in rat blood and tissues by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Shi Yunfeng , He Langchong , Wang Sicen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed to study the pharmacokinetics of ligustilide following oral administration to rats. The method was used for the analysis of samples taken from rats. Biological samples were prepared by liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) using an n‐hexane–ether (2:1) solvent mixture for a sample clean‐up step and analyzed by GC/MS with a quadrupole MS detector in selected ion monitoring mode (m/z 190). The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range 0.172–8.60 µg/mL (r > 0.99) for blood samples and a different range (r > 0.99) for different tissue samples. The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.0 ng/mL or 1.0 ng/g (three times the signal–noise ratio). Within‐ and between‐day precision expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD) for the method was 1.58–3.88 and 2.99–4.91%, respectively. The recovery for all samples was >80%, except for liver samples (>70%). The main pharmacokinetic parameters obtained were: Tmax = 0.65 ± 0.07 h, Cmax = 1.5 ± 0.2 µg/mL, AUC = 34 ± 6 h µg/mL and Ka = 3.5 ± 0.6/h. The experimental results showed that ligustilide was easily absorbed, but its elimination was slow, from 3 to 12 h after oral administration. The concentrations of ligustilide in rat cerebellum, cerebrum, spleen and kidney were higher than those in other organs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of foscarnet (trisodium phosphonoformate) in pharmaceutical preparations by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection
Authors: García Javier , Márquez Apolonia , Ruiz Rosa , López Luis F. , Claro Carmen , Lucero María Jesús 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn isocratic high‐performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of foscarnet in isoosmotic sodium chloride aqueous solution. The mobile phase consisted of mixture of methanol:water (30:70 v/v), containing 1 mm tetrahexylammonium hydrogen sulphate at pH 5.80. The analyte was separated on a reversed‐phase C18 column packed with 4 µm spherical particles of octadecylsilane. Hydrochlorothiazide was used as internal standard. UV detection at 232 nm allowed a quantification limit of 50 µg/mL. The assay was linear from 50 to 4000 µg/mL. The coefficient of variation was ≤2.52% for intra‐assay precision and ≤3.49% for inter‐assay precision. The deviation from the nominal value ranged from −0.57 to 0.47% for the same‐day accuracy and from −0.75 to 3.06% for day‐to‐day accuracy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of diethylstilbesterol residues in chicken and liver tissues
Authors: Xu ChuanLai , Chu XiaoGang , Peng ChiFang , Liu Liqiang , Wang Liying , Jin ZhengYu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the quantitative detection of the diethylstilbesterol (DES). Polyclonal rabbit antisera, raised against protein conjugate diethylstilbesterol‐mono‐caroxyl‐propyl‐ethyl‐bovine‐serum‐albumin (DES‐MCPE‐BSA), were utilized in immobilized antibody‐based and competitive immunoassays. Assay conditions, including concentrations of antisera and horseradish peroxidase, (HRP)‐DES, were optimized. The effects of incubation time, surfactant concentration, ionic strength and pH of the medium were also investigated. The typical calibration curve gave an average IC50value of 2.4 ng/mL, calibration range from 0.2 to 30.5 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.07 ng/mL. The specificity of the assay was tested against DES structurally related compounds, and the assay proved highly selective for DES. Assay performance was validated using spiked chicken meat and liver tissue samples. Moreover, it was compared with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The ion pair for quantification of DES wasm/z267.4/251.4, and the linear equation of DES wasy= 0.1033x+ 0.0126 (r= 0.9960). The two analytical methods can be applied to monitor DES and other steroid residues in foods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of cocaine and cocaethylene in urine by solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Yonamine Mauricio , Saviano Alessandro Morais 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn order to evaluate recent cocaine exposure or its coingestion with ethanol, a simple and sensitive solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) procedure for determination of cocaine and cocaethylene in urine was developed and validated. A polydimethylsiloxane fibre (100 µm) was submersed in the urine sample for 20 min under magnetic stirring after alkalinization with solid buffer (NaHCO3:K2CO3, 2:1). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was used to identify and quantify the analytes in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). The limits of quantification were 5.0 ng/mL for both analytes. Good inter‐ and intra‐assay precision was also observed (coefficient of variation <9%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of honokiol and magnolol in Magnolia officinalis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Wu Yu‐Tse , Lin Lie‐Chwen , Tsai Tung‐Hu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn optimized high‐performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC‐MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of honokiol and magnolol in Magnolia officinalis. Honokiol and magnolol were separated from the extracts using a reversed‐phase C18 column with a mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (75:25, v/v) at a flow‐rate of 0.8 mL/min. Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode was used for all sample quantification by the precursor‐ion/product ion pair m/z 265 → m/z 224 for honokiol and m/z 265 → m/z 247 for magnolol. Validation data showed that this method has good linearity (r2 > 0.995) over the concentration range of 0.0025–0.5 µg/mL for honokiol and magnolol, and both intra‐ and inter‐day variability were acceptable within 15% at the lowest concentrations for this method. This proposed method provides excellent specificity, higher sensitivity and shorter run time than conventional methods and was applied successfully to determine the contents of honokiol and magnolol in M. officinalis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of coenzyme Q10 in human seminal plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography and its clinical application
Authors: Li Ke , Shi Yonghui , Chen Suang , Li Wei , Shang Xuejun , Huang Yufeng 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the analysis of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in human seminal plasma was developed and applied to investigate its clinical significance as a reference index relating to oxidative stress and infertile status of spermatozoa. After precipitation of proteins in seminal plasma with methanol, CoQ10 and coenzyme Q9 (CoQ9; internal standard) were extracted with hexane. The supernatant after centrifugation was evaporated to dryness with nitrogen at 45°C. The residue was re‐dissolved in isopropanol. HPLC separation of the sample solution was performed on a Lichrospher C18 column with a mobile phase composed of isopropanol–methanol–tetrahydrofuran in the ratio of 55:39:6 (v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Under the chromatographic conditions described, the CoQ10 and CoQ9 had retention times of approximately 5.83 and 4.97 min, respectively. The peaks were detected at UV 275 nm. Good separation and detectability of CoQ10 in human seminal plasma were obtained. The method was linear in the range 0.01–10.00 µg/mL. The relative standard deviations within‐ and between‐assay for CoQ10 analysis were 0.85 and 1.86%, respectively. The average recoveries were 94.1–99.0% for the human seminal plasma samples. The CoQ10 levels in seminal plasma of 195 patients and 23 control subjects were studied. CoQ10 concentrations in the two populations were: 37.1 ± 12.2 ng/mL in the fertile group and 48.5 ± 20.4 ng/mL in the infertile group. The large difference (p < 0.01) between the fertile and infertile populations is evident. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC study of tissue distribution of loganin in rats
Authors: Li Xiaona , Wang Qiao , Zhang Lantong , Xu Lei , Yin Wei 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA rapid, sensitive and selective high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for determination of loganin in rat tissues. Samples were prepared based on a simple protein precipitation. Separation of loganin was achieved on a reversed‐phase C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water (16:84, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 236 nm and the temperature of the column was kept at 30°C. The method was applied to study tissue distribution of loganin in rats after a single administration of loganin at a dose of 20 mg/kg. The highest level was observed in kidney, then in stomach, lung and small intestine. The lowest level was found in brain. The peak levels were attained at 90 min in most tissues. It was indicated that kidney was the major distribution tissue of loganin in rats, and that loganin had difficulty in crossing the blood–brain barrier. It was also found there was no long‐term accumulation of loganin in rat tissues.