bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The School of the Future-Now
Authors: Howard Eugene R. 
Published: March 2007

If we are really serious about equality of opportunity, we shall be serious about individual differences, because what constitutes oppor tunity for one man is a stone wall for the next. If we are to do justice to the individual, we must seek for him the level and kind of education which will open his eyes, stimulate his mind and unlock his potentiali ties. We should seek to develop many educational patterns—each geared to the particular capacities of the student for whom it is designed. But though the educational patterns may differ, the goals remain much the same for all: enabling each young person to go as far as his aptitude will permit in fundamental knowledge and skills, and moti vating him to continue his own self-development to the full along similar lines.
Conference Recommendations
Authors: Kassof Allen 
Published: March 2007

In December 1965, Princeton University was the site of a Conference on Foreign Language and Area Studies: A Guide for School and College Programs. The purpose of the con ference—attended by teachers and other special ists from all educational levels—was to consider the best ways to bring contemporary knowledge of foreign areas and their cultures into school and college curricula. The papers given at the conference were pub lished in the Spring 1966 issue of the Educa tional Record. Because of the evident relevance of the conference topic to the theme being developed herein, the editor of the BULLETIN was granted permission to reprint the confer ence recommendations and the paper given by Professor Morse, which begins on page 18.
Student Exchange Programs
Authors: Michigan Association of Secondary School Principals  
Published: March 2007

Few people are likely to dispute the goals that student exchange programs are pointed toward. But such programs fre quently suffer from the limita tions of one of their greatest virtues: The voluntary associa tion of young people and adults in both school and community settings is a maturing experience for everyone involved; at the same time it is not always an association that submits to orderly and customary administrative practices. The Michigan Association of Secondary School Principals main tains a Student Exchange Com mittee to provide information and advice in just such circum stances to principals and schools. For this purpose, the Committee prepared some years ago a pam phlet containing guidelines for working with exchange programs. The BULLETIN is pleased to be able to present here, where prin cipals in every state can have access to it, the newly revised edition of this booklet.
Educational Reform and the Principal
Authors: Cunningham Luvern L. 
Published: March 2007

A well-known college of education dean, Luvern Cunningham took last year off to think through some of the unprecedented problems that face U.S. public education. This article summarizes some of his conclusions. Already on record as questioning the value of universal compulsory education, Cunningham here ana lyzes several other controversial proposals for education reform, including the voucher ex periment planned for 1971 by the federal Office of Economic Opportunity. Although this article is nearly twice as long as the usual BULLETIN piece, the editors chose to publish Cunningham's paper in full because it represents the considered judgment of a respected establishment figure who now believes that we are at a watershed where public educa tion must change or die.
Quasi Nondestructive Elemental Analysis of Solid Surface in Liquid by Long-pulse Laser Ablation Plume Spectroscopy
Authors: Sakka Tetsuo , Oguchi Hisayuki , Masai Satoru , Ogata Yukio H 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Emission spectroscopy of laser ablation plume can be applied to in situ elemental analysis of solid surface in liquid, especially if the laser pulse with the pulse width of 150 ns is used. The long nanosecond pulse not only suppresses the disadvantageous broadening and deformation of spectral line profiles usually observed when short nanosecond pulses are used but also greatly suppresses the material removal from analyte surfaces. The latter is also an important advantage for the application to surface analysis.
Effect of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding on Thermolysis of Dioxetane: Unusual Instability of Bicyclic Dioxetanes Bearing a Hydroxynaphthyl Group with Vicinal Substitution Pattern
Authors: Hoshiya Naoyuki , Watanabe Nobuko , Ijuin Hisako K , Matsumoto Masakatsu 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Dioxetanes bearing a 1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl group 4(OH) or 2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl group 5(OH) were found to be significantly unstable thermally in contrast to their methoxynaphthyl-analogs 4(OME) and 5(OME). The marked instability of 4(OH) and 5(OH) was attributed to the intramolecular hydrogen bonding of a hydroxy group on the naphthalene ring.
Hyperbaric Oxygen in Diabetic Gangrene Treatment
Authors: Baroni Giancarlo , Porro Tommaso , Faglia Ezio , Pizzi Gianluigi , Mastropasqua Arturo , Oriani Giorgio , Pedesini Giorgio , Favales Favales 
Published: March 2007

We treated a group of 18 hospitalized adult diabetic patients (all with retinopathy, 17 with symptomatic neuropathy, and 6 with macroangiopathy) presenting with gangrenous lesions of the foot by a combined regime consisting of strict metabolic control, daily debridement of necrotic tissues, and daily hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatments given in a multiplace oxygen chamber. Another group of 10 adult subjects with comparable foot lesions (all with retinopathy, 9 with symptomatic neuropathy, and 4 with macroangiopathy) was treated in exactly the same way except for HBO. In the test treatment group, 16 patients were healed, and the remaining 2 showed no improvement and later underwent amputation.
The number of HBO treatments required for healing was significantly related to the size of gangrenous lesions. In the non-HBO-treated group, only 1 patient improved, 5 of 10 showed no change, and 4 of 10 worsened until leg amputation was unavoidable. Comparison of the two groups by X2-test revealed a highly significant difference (P = .001). In practical terms, HBO treatment drastically reduced leg amputations in patients so treated in the last 3 yr compared with earlier and current figures for patients not receiving HBO treatment.
Black West Indian and Matched White Diabetics in Britain Compared With Diabetics in Jamaica: Body Mass, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Disease
Authors: Kennedy Cruickshank J , Alleyne Sylvan A 
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to compare the prevalence of obesity, high blood pressure, diabetic vascular disease, and risk factors 1) in Black West Indians who had emigrated to Britain (WIB) with those in Whites in England and 2) among diabetic Jamaicans in Jamaica. Seventy-seven consecutive WIB patients were matched for age, sex, known duration of diabetes, and type of treatment of diabetes with 74 Whites from the same diabetes clinic in England. In Jamaica, a systematic random sample (95 women, 36 men) was studied. There was no difference in age at diagnosis between WIBs and Jamaicans.
Effort chest pain (possible angina) was less frequent in WIBs (9%) or Jamaicans (3%) than in Whites (25%). Cigarette smoking was more common in WIBs than in Whites but still low in Jamaicans. Body mass index was greatest in WIB women (85%), significantly more than in matched White (52%) or Jamaican women (45%); 40% of White men and WIB men were obese, significantly more than Jamaicans (15% obese). Systolic blood pressure was similar, but diastolic blood pressure was significantly greater in WIBs than in matched White subjects. The prevalence of casual hypertension was high (&gt;40%) in all groups, often despite treatment.
Cataracts were significantly more frequent in WIB and Jamaican groups than in Whites. Total background retinopathy after correcting for duration of diabetes did not differ between groups, and there were no significant differences in other complication rates. Levels of HbA1 were lower in Whites than in the other groups. Regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure was most consistently related to complications, particularly retinopathy, independent of ethnic group and duration.
These results suggest variation in large-vessel rather than small-vessel disease between groups and that high blood pressure and obesity remain the major challenges to management.
Superiority of Radiobinding Assay Over ELISA for Detection of IAAs in Newly Diagnosed Type I Diabetic Children
Authors: Levy-Marchal Claire , Bridel Marie-Pascale , Sodoyez-Goffaux Françoise , Koch Michel , Tichet Jean , Czernichow Paul , Sodoyez Jean-Claude 
Published: March 2007

Objective
Liquid- or solid-phase assays have been used for insulin autoantibody (IAA) determination, and the method of IAA measurement has not been standardized.

Research Design and Methods
IAAs were determined by radiobinding assay (RBA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in two large age-matched groups of nondiabetic and newly diagnosed insulin-dependent (type I) diabetic children.

Results
Positivity for IAA by RBA (≥ to nondiabetic mean + 3SD) was 2 of 178 (1.1%) and 55 of 173 (32%) in nondiabetic and diabetic children, respectively. Prevalence of IAA by RBA was significantly higher in the youngest age-group (63% between 0-4 yr). Positivity for IAA by ELISA was 1 of 178 (0.6%) and 8 of 169 (4.7%) in nondiabetic and diabetic children, respectively. Concordance rates between both assays were 0 of 3 (0%) in control subjects and 5 of 58 (8.6%) in diabetic children.

Conclusions
We conclude that RBA is more appropriate than ELISA for IAA detection at the onset of the disease. In addition, because available data suggest that IAAs detected by RBA only are high-affinity antibodies, it is tempting to speculate that IAAs reflect a mature immune reaction against endogenous insulin.
Vitamin E Reduction of Protein Glycosylation in Diabetes: New Prospect for Prevention of Diabetic Complications?
Authors: Ceriello Antonio , Giugliano Dario , Quatraro Antonio , Donzella Claudio , Dipalo Giovanni , Lefebvre Pierre J 
Published: March 2007

Objective
This study evaluated the possibility of inhibiting protein glycosylation in vivo with vitamin E.

Research Design and Methods
Two groups of 10 insulin-requiring diabetic patients, matched for duration of disease and metabolic control, received daily vitamin E supplementation of 1200 and 600 mg, respectively, for 2 mo. A third group of 10 diabetic patients, matched for duration of disease and metabolic control, served as the control group and received placebo. Fasting plasma glucose, mean daily plasma glucose, fasting labile HbA1, and glycosylated proteins were measured in the basal state and after 1 and 2 mo of treatment. In addition, hyperglycemic clamp studies were performed in basal state and after 1 mo of vitamin E administration in all patients.

Results
Glycemic indices did not show any significant changes during the study, whereas fasting labile HbA, and glycosylated proteins decreased significantly after 1 and 2 mo in patients on vitamin E administration. Stable HbA1 decreased after 2 mo. Mean glycemic incremental area in the hyperglycemic clamp procedure was similar before and after treatment, whereas a significant reduction in mean labile HbA1 incremental area was found after vitamin E supplementation. A significant difference was also found in both fasting and incremental labile HbA1 levels, stable HbA1, and glycosylated proteins between the two groups of diabetic patients on the two doses of vitamin E; the diabetic patients who received the higher dose of vitamin E showed the greater reduction. No significant changes in these parameters were observed in diabetic patients on placebo administration.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate that vitamin E administration may reduce protein glycosylation in diabetic subjects independently of changes in plasma glucose, an effect that may be due to the inhibition of labile glycosylation, the first step of the Maillard reaction. Long-term studies will help establish the usefulness of vitamin E administration for the prevention of diabetic complications.
Age-Related Differences in Case-Fatality Rates Among Diabetic Patients With Myocardial Infarction: Findings from National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1979–1987
Authors: Cooper Richard S , Pacold Ivan V , Ford Earl S 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To determine age-related differences in case-fatality rates among diabetic patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Published studies have demonstrated 60% higher case-fatality rates during acute MI among diabetic patients compared with those without diabetes. However, many previous reports have been of insufficient size to examine the effect of age on mortality and have not been drawn from a representative sample of hospitals. The National Hospital Discharge Survey provides data on discharge diagnosis and vital status from a random sample of ∼ 500 short-stay American hospitals.

Research Design and Methods
In this analysis, people with acute MI listed as the first diagnosis on the discharge sheet were studied. Any mention of diabetes mellitus on the discharge sheet was used to stratify the patients into those with and without diabetes.

Results
Age-adjusted case-fatality rates were identical in patients with and without diabetes for both sexes: 16.1 vs. 16.3 in men and 18 vs. 18.2 in women, respectively. Mortality rates were, however, higher among the younger patients with diabetes. Ratios of the case-fatality percentage by 10-yr age-groups (age 35-75 yr) and ≤ 75 yr old for diabetes versus no diabetes were 1.7, 1.8, 1.2, 0.9, and 0.9 for men and 2.4, 1.2, 1.1, 1, and 0.9 for women.

Conclusions
Diabetes thus appears to increase the in-hospital mortality risk with acute MI disproportionately in the younger age-groups, particularly among men, and does not appear to be a marker of increased risk among the elderly.
Severe Amnesia After Hypoglycemia: Clinical, Psychometric, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlations
Authors: Chalmers John , Risk Margaret T A , Kean David M , Grant Robin , Ashworth Bryan , Campbell Ian W 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To determine the correlation between clinical, psychometric, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings after an episode of hypoglycemic coma resulting in amnesia.

Research Design and Methods
Detailed psychometric assessment, especially memory testing, performed with MRI in a man with severe amnesia after hypoglycemic coma.

Results
Psychometric testing confirmed impaired immediate recall. MRI findings were consistent with a lesion in the left temporal lobe.

Conclusions
This is the first description of MRI in determining the neurological damage in hypoglycemic coma.
Intra-Arterial Urokinase Infusion in Diabetic Patients With Rapidly Progressive Ischemic Foot Lesions
Authors: Vannini Pietro , Ciavarella Adolfo , Mustacchio Anna , Rossi Cristina 
Published: March 2007

Objective
The effectiveness of local intra-arterial thrombolysis by urokinase was evaluated in eight non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with angiographic evidence of infrapopliteal occlusive disease and rapidly progressive foot lesions.

Research Design and Methods
With an electric peristaltic pump, urokinase was infused for 96 h by a 5-6 F catheter introduced into the femoral artery and placed immediately above the occluded infrapopliteal arteries. After baseline, angiography was repeated at 24- to 48-h intervals and at conclusion of the treatment.

Results
Six patients showed immediate improvement of clinical symptoms. Angiography revealed the reestablishment of blood flow in collateral vessels of the leg and foot in the dorsal pedal artery in three patients and in the plantar arch in two. Recanalization of the major arteries of the trifurcation was not achieved. After 12 mo of follow-up, all limbs were salvaged, although four patients required vascular reconstruction to further improve foot perfusion and complete healing.

Conclusions
Intra-arterial urokinase, which opens collateral and smaller vessels of the leg and foot in patients with diabetes, may be effective in improving blood flow in lower extremities and in making the patient a better candidate for vascular surgery.
Increasing Incidence of Hypoglycemic Coma in Children With IDDM
Authors: Egger Matthias , Gschwend Sylvia , Smith George Davey , Zuppinger Klaus 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To examine the incidence of hypoglycemic coma in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) over 8 yr from 1981 to 1988 and to investigate the importance of residual β-cell function of HbA1 levels and other variables as risk factors for hypoglycemic coma.

Research Design and Methods
The study consisted of 155 children with IDDM aged &lt; 16 yr at study entry. Mean age at onset of diabetes was 7.9 yr (range 1.1–15.6 yr). We made a prospective assessment of hypoglycemic coma episodes, with a standardized questionnaire, over a total observation time of 816.6 person-yr. Three monthly clinical and laboratory examinations, which included determinations of C-peptide and HbA1 levels, were conducted. We compared children with hypoglycemic coma (cases) with children without hypoglycemic coma (controls) in a case-control analysis matched for diabetes duration. Yearly incidence of hypoglycemic coma, calculated as the number of subjects having an attack in 1 yr divided by the cumulative number of person-years for that year, was measured. Univariate and multivariate odds ratios were calculated from logistic regression.

Results
Over the first 4 yr, the average yearly incidence was 4.4/100 person-yr compared with 7.4/100 person-yr during the later 4 yr (P &lt; 0.0001). This tendency was accompanied by intensification of insulin treatment with an increase in the mean number of daily injections and a decrease in mean HbA1 levels. In the case-control analysis, absent residual β-cell function was the most important risk factor for hypoglycemic coma (adjusted odds ratio 7.8, 95% confidence intervals 2.0–31.2), followed by near-normal HbA1 levels (adjusted odds ratio 4.5, 95% confidence intervals 1.9–10.5).

Conclusions
In this group of children, improvement of glycemic control apparently led to an increase in the incidence of severe hypoglycemia. In children with recurrent hypoglycemic coma and undetectable C-peptide levels, it may be safer to aim for somewhat less tight glycemic control.
Quality Assurance for Blood Glucose Monitoring in Health-Care Facilities
Authors: Walker Elizabeth A , Paduano Darlene J , Shamoon Harry 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To describe the practice of quality assurance (QA) for capillary blood glucose monitoring (CBGM) in health-care facilities.

Research Design and Methods
Descriptive survey data were collected from a purposive sample of 378 health-care providers, who use CBGM and direct CBGM QA programs, from acute- and chronic-care facilities in 47 states. Subjects completed a 36-item multiple-choice survey about QA practices for CBGM by providers.

Results
Only 53.4% of respondents reported a multidisciplinary advisory group to assist in decision making for the CBGM program. Almost one-third reported no clinical laboratory involvement in their QA program. Over 70% of respondents reported inclusion of all clinical areas in the CBGM program. Comparison of results of the same patient sample by laboratory reference method and CBGM system was done routinely by only 43.6% of respondents. Scheduled proficiency testing was reported by 33.4%. Only 5.8% of respondents reported the coexistence of a CBGM advisory group, full participation of the laboratory, and quarterly proficiency testing. Over 50% of respondents reported a patient charge for CBGM.

Conclusions
When survey results are compared with regulatory and accreditation standards, it is evident that a wide gap exists. Resources to bridge this gap may be scarce in many facilities. Further research is needed to determine minimal QA standards for CBGM that provide for optimal patient outcomes.
Visceral Afferent Neuropathy in Diabetic Gastroparesis
Authors: Rathmann Wolfgang , Enck Paul , Frieling Thomas , Gries F Arnold 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To determine whether a lack of symptoms in diabetic patients with gastrointestinal motility disorders is associated with visceral afferent neuropathy.

Research Design and Methods
We investigated cerebral evoked potentials (EPs) after esophageal stimulation in 10 patients with motor dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and in 10 healthy control subjects. All patients had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (5 men, 5 women, age range 31–60 yr, diabetes duration 8–36 yr, 10 of 10 with polyneuropathy, 6 of 10 with cardiac autonomic neuropathy). Their esophageal and gastric motor disorders had been diagnosed by scintigraphy, and gastrointestinal stenosis had been excluded by gastroscopy. Only 2 patients had severe symptoms, whereas 6 patients complained of minor discomfort (distension, bloating), and 2 patients were symptom free.

Results
EPs were recorded after electrical stimulation of the esophagus (32 cm from the incisors) at intensity just above the perception threshold. All control subjects exhibited regular EPs at 0.1 ms/30 mA stimulation intensity. In 6 diabetic patients, no EPs were detected at 0.1 and 0.3 ms/30 mA, and the perception thresholds were significantly elevated. In 4 patients with normal perception threshold, EPs of regular shape but decreased amplitude were recorded. These patients had mild or severe gastroparetic complaints.

Conclusions
These data show for the first time an association between a lack of symptoms in diabetic gastrointestinal motility disorders and visceral afferent neuropathy.