bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Complex Deposition in Adult Male Sprague–Dawley Rats Chronically Immunized with GnRH
Authors: Vargas Louis , Sewell Richard , Marshall Aileen , Galatioto Josephine , Tsong Yun‐Yen , Catterall James F. , Hunnicutt Gary R. 
Published: October 2005

ProblemThis study was undertaken to evaluate whether the anti‐GnRH antibodies and immune complexes (IC) generated by immunization with GnRH‐TT cause cellular damage within the animal.Method of studyChronic immunization of rats with GnRH‐TT injected i.m. was followed by tissue/organ analysis for immune complex deposition by immunofluorescence microscopy. Two groups were studied: (1) those immunized throughout the experiment until their ultimate demise, and (2) those given a chance to recover from the effects of chronic immunization before final analysis.ResultsGnRH‐TT was effective in stopping spermatogenesis, which resumed after withdrawal of the immunogen. Most tissues from chronically immunized animals were not significantly different than controls, however the kidneys of treated animals exhibited a higher accumulation of IC. Despite increased IC deposition, pathologic effects were not detected at the cellular level.ConclusionsGnRH‐TT is an effective immunocontraceptive although the accumulation of glomerular IC represents a potential deleterious side effect.
Comparative Immunohistochemical Study of M‐CSF and G‐CSF in Feto–Maternal Interface in a Multiparity Mouse Model
Authors: Litwin Silvana , Lagadari Mariana , Barrientos Gabriela , Roux María Estela , Margni Ricardo , Miranda Silvia 
Published: October 2005

ProblemMultiparity status has been found to bring beneficial effects both to the maintenance of pregnancy and to the offspring; however, these effects have not been fully explained. We have previously reported that placentae obtained from multiparous females belonging to a syngeneic mouse crossbreeding showed an important increase in the number of placental macrophages, suggesting that they might constitute a protective subpopulation. Taking into account that macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF) and granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) have proved to modulate macrophage activity and that both factors and/or their receptors have been found at feto–maternal interface, in this paper we analyzed the presence of M‐CSF and G‐CSF in placental tissue employing the same multiparity mouse model in order to investigate the influence of parity status on local immunoregulation factors of macrophage activity.Method of studyThree groups of mice (CBA/J × CBA/J) were analyzed: Primiparous Young, 3.0 ± 0.5 months old (PY); Primiparous Old, 8.5 ± 0.5 months old (PO) and Multiparous Old, 8.5 ± 0.5 months old, with three to four previous pregnancies (MO). The presence of M‐CSF and G‐CSF in placental tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Cytokeratin (CK) and vimentin (VIM) expression and PAS staining were also studied.ResultsThe three groups showed a similar immunostaining pattern for M‐CSF in the whole placental trophoblast, while the expression of G‐CSF was significantly higher only in the spongy zone in the MO group. Furthermore, all the MO placentae showed 5–11 layers of cells adjacent to the decidua, where G‐CSF and M‐CSF were highly detected. Conversely, they constituted a thin layer in PY and PO placentae. These cells were proved to be CK(+) and VIM(−) thus demonstrating their trophoblast origin. In addition, the layers closer to the decidua were also PAS+ suggesting that they could be interstitial cells, a type of invading trophoblast.ConclusionsIn our mouse model, we observed an increase in the expression of G‐CSF in placental spongiotrophoblast cells in multiparous females, which have been previously proposed as progenitors of the interstitial cells. Furthermore, this is the first report that indicates that parity status increases trophoblast invasion inducing a proliferative effect of the invading cells on the maternal tissue. We suggest that M‐CSF and G‐CSF secreted by these invading cells could favor the recruitment of macrophages to the trophoblast and might modulate their activity inducing a switch to a protective, non‐inflammatory population.
A Review of a Preventable Poison: Pediatric Lead Poisoning
Authors: Erickson Lori , Thompson Teri 
Published: October 2005

PURPOSE.  A review of lead poisoning in pediatric populations enables nurses to increase their knowledge base about lead poisoning and to further the work on the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating childhood lead poisoning as a public health issue in the United States. CONCLUSION.  Nurses should be aware of and use the variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies that are available to address pediatric lead poisoning. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Prevention, education, and evidence‐based treatment plans can decrease the occurrence of pediatric lead poisoning.
Family‐Centered Nursing Care of the Perinatally Infected Mother and Child Living with HIV Infection
Authors: Weglarz Mary , Boland Mary 
Published: October 2005

ISSUES AND PURPOSE.  The cohort of children with perinatally transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is now entering young adulthood. One issue for nurses caring for this group living with a treatable chronic illness is the need to provide services that both prevent mother‐to‐child transmission and support antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. Using a case composite, this article describes the care of the perinatally HIV‐infected woman and her child with HIV infection. CONCLUSION.  A multigenerational family‐centered nursing approach to HIV care both facilitated a mother accepting care and treatment for herself and her child and improved the adherence of the family to their individual ARV treatment regimens. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Care of the family with multigenerational perinatally transmitted HIV infection requires that nurses build on their expertise in chronic illness, expand their interventions, and remain flexible.
EFFECT OF VARIETAL DIFFERENCES AND POLISHING OF RICE ON QUALITY PARAMETERS OF IDLI
Authors: KUMAR CHANDINI S. , RAO E. RATI , PRAKASH JAMUNA 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT The effect of varietal differences and polishing of rice on quality parameters of “idli,” an Indian fermented product, were studied. In addition, the functional properties of decorticated (whole and split) black gram (Phaseolus mungo Roxb.), were also determined. Two varieties of raw rice, “Jaya” and “Minilong,” and one variety of parboiled rice “Ponni” with two degrees of polishing (high and low) were selected. Idlis were prepared following standard procedures. Variations were observed in water and fat absorption capacities of two black gram samples. Emulsification capacity ranged from 102 to 110 mL/100 g. Foam capacities at different pH range were similar, but foam stability differed as a function of time. The pH of the fermented batter was between 4.1 and 4.8. Rice with a lesser degree of polishing fermented better with higher batter volume and microbial count, lesser shear value and gave softer idlis. However, sensory analysis revealed that idlis prepared with low‐polish rice scored significantly lower for appearance and color quality compared with products prepared with high‐polish rice. Significant differences were observed in the quality of flavor of all products. It can be concluded that the quality characteristics of Idli were influenced by the variety of rice and the degree of polishing, but the two types of black gram used, whole and split, had no effect.
Stability of
Second-Order Asymmetric Linear Mechanical Systems With Application to Robot
Grasping
Authors: Shapiro Amir 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This technical correspondence presents a surprisingly simple analytical criterion for the stability of general second-order asymmetric linear systems. The criterion is based on the fact that if a symmetric system is stable, adding a small amount of asymmetry would not cause instability. We compute analytically an upper bound on the allowed asymmetry such that the overall linear system is stable. This stability criterion is then applied to robot grasping arrangements which, due to physical effects at the contacts, are asymmetric mechanical systems. We present an application of the stability criterion to a 2D grasp arrangement.
Resonance response of submerged, acoustically excited thick and thin shells
Authors: Gaunaurd G. C. , Werby M. F. 
Published: October 2005

We study the elastodynamic spectral response of thick and thin shells in water when they undergo resonance scattering caused by the incidence of sound waves that impinge upon them at selected aspects. All the shells considered are elastic, air-filled, and of cylindrical and prolate spheroidal shapes. Their thickness is intentionally varied three orders of magnitude from very thick (i.e., h≡1−b/a=90%) to very thin (i.e., h=0.1%), so that the effects of shell stiffness on their scattering behavior can be quantitatively analyzed and understood. The quantities a and b are the outer and inner shell radii, respectively. Material composition effects are studied by comparing various metals such as steel and aluminum. The shell motions are described by the exact equations of elastodynamics in all cases, so that comparisons may be drawn concerning the regions of applicability of pertinent shell theories. For the spheroidal shells no exact solution is possible, thus, we have presented results based on an extended T-matrix method that still makes use of the exact 3-D equations of elastodynamics to describe the shell vibrations.
For a wide range of shell thicknesses and compositions, we have computed the positions of the poles of the scattering amplitudes, in the complex frequency plane x1. Here, x1 is k1a, where k1=ω/c1, ω is the angular frequency of the incident wave, c1 is the sound speed in the outer medium, and a is the shell’s outer radius. These poles group themselves in certain families and give rise to surface waves that circumnavigate the shell, either in the water side (Franz or SEM-type poles or waves) or inside the shell metal (Rayleigh/whispering gallery waves for solid bodies, or Lamb momentless and flexural waves for shells). This latter set of waves is the least attenuated and the most dominant. We have shown how the pole families affect the spectral shape of the form function, and that of it’s partial waves, with their interacting modal backgrounds and resonances. As the shells become thinner, only one-pole family is shown to remain within the displayed boundary of the complex x1 plane. This single-pole family becomes responsible for the generation of the first-order set of symmetric/antisymmetric Lamb waves in the shell. All these concepts are illustrated with many examples which show the crucial importance of the pole-position diagrams to understand the spectral behavior of the form function, and the way it reveals information about the shell and the types of waves it supports on its surfaces. A transition from the rigid to the soft background is observed as the shells become very thin, and it is used to properly isolate the resonances of very thin shells. Extensions of these spectral results to the time domain are forthcoming.
Repeated TTS exposures in monkeys: Alterations in hearing, cochlear structure, and single-unit thresholds
Authors: Lonsbury-Martin B. L. , Martin G. K. , Bohne B. A. 
Published: October 2005

The findings of a number of studies investigating the effects of excessive sound on hearing have indicated that the correspondence between behavioral, physiological, and histological measures of noise-induced hearing loss may be markedly dependent upon the sensitivity of the particular measure. Recent studies demonstrating significant changes in the responses of single auditory neurons following brief exposures to pure tones suggest that single-unit activity may be a sensitive indicator of physiological insult to the organ of Corti’s sensory cells. In addition, the long-lasting nature of the changes in neural responsiveness suggests that each temporary threshold shift (TTS) episode may produce an increment of damage to the ear that eventually contributes to a measurable permanent threshold shift (PTS). A logical extension of this implication is the proposal that repeated episodes of TTS would first affect single-unit thresholds, and that such damage would eventually manifest itself as PTS.
A test of this notion was peformed by repeatedly exposing monkeys to short-lasting TTS sounds for many months. Behavioral thresholds were monitored using a reaction-time task before and after each inducement of TTS. Two subjects participated in exposure sessions for 18 months, while the remaining monkey was exposed to identical stimuli for 6 months. At the end of behavioral testing, the monkeys were prepared for chronic recording from single cells of the cochlear nucleus. Following the recording period, cochleas were prepared for examination as plastic-embedded whole mounts. Flat preparations of the cochlear duct were made and the position and extent of damage to the organ of Corti and myelinated nerve fibers was determined. No elevations in behavioral threshold were noted for the monkey receiving 6 months of sound-exposure experience, while for both subjects exposed for 18 months, a significant high-frequency hearing loss became apparent during the final months of exposure. For damaged ears, the thresholds of ipsilateral cochlear nucleus units were elevated for characteristic frequencies (CFs) corresponding to the frequency regions where behavioral thresholds were shifted. Thresholds for units with high-frequency CFs in the animal exposed for 6 months also demonstrated a loss in sensitivity. Histological examination of the cochleas of monkeys with permanent hearing losses revealed corresponding damage to the high-frequency region of the organ of Corti. The monkey exposed for 6 months, which demonstrated only elevated unit thresholds, also had high-frequency lesions. These findings suggest that even with lengthy recovery periods between exposure episodes, each brief exposure contributed to the anatomical damage observed within a given ear.
Photoreceptor for Curling Behavior in
Peranema trichophorum
and Evolution of Eukaryotic Rhodopsins
Authors: Saranak Jureepan , Foster Kenneth W. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT

When it is gliding, the unicellular euglenoid
Peranema trichophorum
uses activation of the photoreceptor rhodopsin to control the probability of its curling behavior. From the curled state, the cell takes off in a new direction. In a similar manner, archaea such as
Halobacterium
use light activation of bacterio- and sensory rhodopsins to control the probability of reversal of the rotation direction of flagella. Each reversal causes the cell to change its direction. In neither case does the cell track light, as known for the rhodopsin-dependent eukaryotic phototaxis of fungi, green algae, cryptomonads, dinoflagellates, and animal larvae. Rhodopsin was identified in
Peranema
by its native action spectrum (peak at 2.43 eV or 510 nm) and by the shifted spectrum (peak at 3.73 eV or 332 nm) upon replacement of the native chromophore with the retinal analog
n
-hexenal. The in vivo physiological activity of
n
-hexenal incorporated to become a chromophore also demonstrates that charge redistribution of a short asymmetric chromophore is sufficient for receptor activation and that the following isomerization step is probably not required when the rest of the native chromophore is missing. This property seems universal among the Euglenozoa, Plant, and Fungus kingdom rhodopsins. The rhodopsins of animals have yet to be studied in this respect. The photoresponse appears to be mediated by Ca
2+
influx.
Comparative Gene Genealogies Indicate that Two Clonal Lineages ofCryptococcus gattiiin British Columbia ResembleStrains from Other Geographical Areas
Authors: Kidd Sarah E. , Guo Hong , Bartlett Karen H. , Xu Jianping , Kronstad James W. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTCryptococcus gattiihas recently emerged as a pathogen of humans and animals in the temperate climate of Vancouver Island, British Columbia (B.C.). The majority (∼95%) of the isolates from the island belong to the VGII molecular type, and the remainder belong to the VGI molecular type. The goals of this study were to compare patterns of molecular variation amongC. gattiiisolates from B.C. with those from different areas of the world and to investigate the population structure using a comparative gene genealogy approach. Our results indicate that theC. gattiipopulation in B.C. comprises at least two divergent lineages, corresponding to previously identified VGI and VGII molecular types. The genealogical analysis of strains suggested a predominantly clonal population structure among B.C. isolates, while there was evidence for sexual recombination between different molecular types on a global scale. We found no geographic pattern of strain relationships, and nucleotide sequence comparisons revealed that genotypes among isolates from B.C. were also present among isolates from other areas of the world, indicating extensive strain dispersal. The nucleotide sequence diversity among isolates from B.C. was similar to that among isolates from other areas of the world.
DNA-Bound Bas1 Recruits Pho2 To Activate
ADE
Genes in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Som Indrani , Mitsch Rebecca N. , Urbanowski Jennifer L. , Rolfes Ronda J. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT

Expression of the genes in the
ADE
regulon of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is repressed by the presence of purine bases in the extracellular medium and derepressed when cells are grown in the absence of purines. Derepression requires the transcriptional activators Bas1 and Pho2, as well as the biosynthetic intermediates 5′-phosphoribosyl-4-succinocarboxamide-5-aminoimidazole (SAICAR) and 5′-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxamide- 5-aminoimidazole (AICAR). In this study, we investigated if nuclear localization and binding to promoter DNA by the activators are regulated by purines. Using indirect immunofluorescence, we found that Bas1 is localized to the nucleus under both repressing and derepressing conditions. Importantly, we detected Bas1 bound to promoter DNA under both conditions using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays at several
ADE
promoters (
ADE1
,
ADE2
,
ADE4
, and
ADE5,7
) and
HIS4
. We analyzed the binding of Bas1 to wild-type and mutant sequences of the
ADE5,7
promoters in vivo, and found that Bas1 binds independently to each of its two binding sites. Pho2 was not required for the association of Bas1 with chromosomal DNA, but it was required for an increase in Bas1-immunoprecipitated DNA. The presence of Pho2 at promoters was dependent on Bas1 and occurred only under derepressing conditions when the
ADE
genes are transcribed at elevated levels. We propose a model for regulation of the
ADE
genes in which DNA-bound Bas1 is inactive due to masking of its activation domain and Pho2 binds poorly to promoters when cells have sufficient purine nucleotides. Upon limitation for purines, the SAICAR/AICAR regulatory signal is transmitted to the nucleus to increase Bas1 and Pho2 interaction, recruiting Pho2 to promoters and freeing the activation domains for transactivation.
SUR L'ÉQUATION DE CAUCHY–RIEMANN TANGENTIELLE DANS UNE CALOTTE STRICTEMENT PSEUDOCONVEXE
Authors: LAURENT-THIÉBAUT CHRISTINE 
Published: October 2005

We search a cohomological and a geometrical characterization of the open subsets of a strictly pseudoconvex boundary in a Stein manifold on which one can solve the tangential Cauchy–Riemann equation in all bidegrees.On cherche une caractérisation cohomologique et géométrique des ouverts du bord d'un domaine strictement pseudoconvexe relativement compact d'une variété de Stein sur lesquels on peut résoudre l'équation de Cauchy–Riemann tangentielle en tout bidegré.
INTUITION OF FAMILY ENTREPRENEURS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCES
Authors: KAKKONEN MARJA-LIISA 
Published: October 2005

Many business problems do not appear in ideal conditions. Sometimes decisions have to be made very quickly, or there is no explicit knowledge regarding a problem, or there is neither enough time nor enough information. Therefore, entrepreneurs are not always equipped to make the necessary decision or to solve the problem. A successful entrepreneur needs to rely more often on intuition in making decisions and in solving problems. Intuition can be considered, for example, as a sudden awareness of knowledge. Using this type of knowledge, a person knows facts or relations, but without knowing why.Previous studies have described the nature of intuition and they have also addressed the intuitive abilities of managers, but the actual use of intuition remains a relatively unchartered research area, as well as the intuition of entrepreneurs. The study reported here is an attempt to broaden our understanding of the intuition of family entrepreneurs. The purpose was to explore through interviews what family entrepreneurs understood by intuition and to establish what kinds of situational factors were involved in experiencing and applying intuition.
Sequential activation of p38 and ERK pathways by cGMP-dependent protein kinase leading to activation of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3
Authors: Li Zhenyu , Zhang Guoying , Feil Robert , Han Jiahuai , Du Xiaoping 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIntegrin activation (inside-out signaling) in platelets can be initiated by agonists such as von Willebrand factor (VWF) and thrombin. Here we show that a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38, plays an important role in the activation of integrin αIIbβ3 induced by VWF and thrombin. A dominant-negative mutant of p38, p38AF, inhibits αIIbβ3 activation induced by VWF binding to its receptor, the platelet glycoprotein Ib-IX (GPIb-IX), and p38 inhibitors diminish platelet aggregation induced by VWF or low-dose thrombin. The inhibitory effect of p38 inhibitor is unlikely to be caused by the previous suggested effect on cyclo-oxygenase, as inhibition also was observed in the presence of high concentrations of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, aspirin. VWF or thrombin induces p38 activation, which is inhibited in cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG)-knockout mouse platelets and PKG inhibitor-treated human platelets, indicating that activation of p38 is downstream from PKG in the signaling pathway. p38AF or p38 inhibitors diminish PKG-induced phosphorylation of extracellular stimuli-responsive kinase (ERK), which also is important in integrin activation. Thus, p38 plays an important role in mediating PKG-dependent activation of ERK. These data delineate a novel signaling pathway in which platelet agonists sequentially activate PKG, p38, and ERK pathways leading to integrin activation.