bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing competency in Dentoalveolar surgery: a 3‐year study of cumulative experience in the undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Durham J. A. , Moore U. J. , Corbett I. P. , Thomson P. J. 
Published: October 2007

Aim:  To assess and observe the development of competence in oral surgical skills during a 3‐year undergraduate programme.Method:  Over a 3‐year period 75 students were followed through from the beginning of their clinical course to their Bachelor of Dental Surgery graduation and their surgical experience monitored by the use of logbooks. Their development of competence was assessed objectively through structured assessments and subjectively by a single tutor responsible for each year. Assessments were made of their ability in exodontia, pre‐surgical assessment and the surgical extraction of teeth/roots.Results:  Seventy‐three students completed the course (97%). Successful completion rates for the objective testing were 100% for both exodontia and pre‐surgical assessment. The surgical assessment, (surgical extraction of a tooth or root) had a successful completion rate of only 23% and the caseload for students was low with a mean of four teeth removed surgically upon graduation. Relationships were examined between total numbers of teeth extracted, total number of minor oral surgical procedures completed and the successful completion of the surgical competence assessment, but no significant relationships were found.Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that it is possible to achieve objectively measurable levels of competence in undergraduates undertaking oral surgery procedures. It is however, a labour and time intensive process and appropriate clinical and teaching resources are required. National co‐operation towards agreed standardised competencies should be encouraged to allow data to be pooled and more powerful analyses to occur.
General practice dentists’ knowledge of temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents
Authors: Tegelberg Å. , Wenneberg B. , List T. 
Published: October 2007

Aim:  The aim of the study was to map general practice dentists’ (GPDs) knowledge of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children and adolescents.Materials and methods:  A questionnaire was mailed to 286 Swedish dentists in the Public Dental Service and 17 TMD specialists with documented research experience. The questionnaire contained 37 statements on aetiology, diagnostics, classification, chronic pain and pain behaviour, treatment, and prognosis. Each statement was judged on a 0—10 point scale with the endpoint definitions agree or disagree.Results:  The overall response rate to the questionnaire was 87%. In 28 of all 37 statements, the TMD specialists endorsed a consensus, i.e. >75% of the specialists had the same opinion about the statement. TMD specialists differed most in opinion in the domain diagnostics and classification. In 65% of the statements, differences in knowledge between GPDs and TMD specialists were non‐significant. The greatest number of significant between‐group differences was found in the domain treatment and prognosis. Most of these statements were related to morphological factors.Conclusion:  There is a high degree of consensus in TMD knowledge amongst the TMD specialists and a high degree of agreement in knowledge between GPDs and TMD specialists. In some areas, however, TMD specialists still need to reach a consensus which is founded on evidence‐based TMD knowledge in children and adolescents and that can be used in undergraduate teaching. It is therefore important to develope and strengthen the undergraduate dental teaching in TMD and orofacial pain.
Video‐Assisted Clinical Instruction in Dentistry (VACID) enhances real‐time visualisation of clinical procedures
Authors: Fakhry Ali , Dehkordi‐Vakil Farideh H. 
Published: October 2007

Aim:  The use of Video‐Assisted Clinical Instruction in Dentistry (VACID) in the training of dental students represents an innovative teaching medium. Despite the many advantages that this teaching medium promises to offer, little objective research has been published to substantiate its purported benefits. This article examines the students’ response to the application of VACID to enhance real‐time visualisation of clinical procedures while observing live clinical procedures in periodontics.Method:  Forty third‐year dental students, observing surgical procedures during their rotation in the Department of Periodontics, were invited to participate in a survey designed to examine perceptions relating to their learning experience to using conventional and video‐assisted real‐time visualisation of clinical procedures. Students’ responses were obtained using a questionnaire administered immediately after the completion of the observational period. The survey employed attitude questions addressing both enabling and outcome criteria. Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to compare the student’s responses. An open‐ended question was also included in the survey to give students the opportunity to provide additional feedback regarding their experience and suggestions to improve on it.Results:  Results suggest that the implementation of VACID in the clinical setting improves the student’s learning experience, interest and satisfaction. Ninety per cent of students strongly agreed to have VACID implemented for their next clinical observation. Responses to the open‐ended question indicated that improved visualisation was extremely helpful in understanding the progress of clinical procedures.Conclusion:  The implementation of VACID in the clinical setting enhances real‐time visualisation of surgical procedures beyond what is offered by the conventional observational format.
ATF2 on the double – activating transcription factor and DNA damage response protein
Authors: Bhoumik Anindita , Lopez‐Bergami Pablo , Ronai Ze’ev 
Published: October 2007

SummarySignal transduction pathways play a key role in the regulation of key cellular processes, including survival and death. Growing evidence points to changes in signaling pathway that occur during skin tumor development and progression. Such changes impact the activity of downstream substrates, including transcription factors. The activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) has been implicated in malignant and non‐malignant skin tumor developments. ATF2 mediates both transcription and DNA damage control, through its phosphorylation by JNK/p38 or ATM/ATR respectively. Here, we summarize our present understanding of ATF2 regulation, function and contribution to malignant and non‐malignant skin tumor development.
Breast milk composition in a cohort of pre‐term infants' mothers followed in an ambulatory programme in Colombia
Authors: Charpak N , Ruiz JG ,   M Med Sci on behalf of the KMC team
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjectives: Describing preterm breast milk evolution and composition according to gestational age (GA) and postnatal age (PNA) in a cohort of mothers cared for in an ambulatory Kangaroo Mother Care Program (KMCP) in a developing country.Methods: A cohort involving 113 mothers who delivered ‘healthy’ preterms adequate for GA was assembled. Mothers received intensive breastfeeding support before discharge. Samples of both fore‐ and hind milk were obtained at entry into KMCP and weekly thereafter, until term. Composition was described according to PNA and postconceptional age (PCA).Results: Protein concentration varied inversely with both PCA and PNA. Fat concentration was consistently higher in hind milk than in fore milk samples of the same feed. Lactose increased steadily with PCA. Calcium/phosphorus ratios were stable, close to 2:1 and content of both was similar in samples of different PCA and PNA.Conclusion: Minerals concentration could be inadequate for preterms. Protein concentration decreases steadily to mature milk levels by the third week of PNA, regardless of birth GA. Therefore, from the third week of PNA onwards, protein content could be insufficient to satisfy needs of preterms born at 32 weeks or less. Feeding hind milk could increase caloric density and fat intake to better meet preterms’ nutritional needs.
Toni Morrison and Classical Tradition
Authors: Roynon Tessa 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article summarizes a significant new approach to the work of the African‐American novelist Toni Morrison: analysis of her widespread engagement with classical tradition. After discussing the prior critical perspectives on this subject, and highlighting the importance of the classics in Morrison's intellectual formation, it demonstrates that the author's ambivalent classicism is central to the rewriting of American history that her oeuvre enacts. I go on to show that her insistence on the interactions between African and Graeco‐Roman cultures contributes to her reinvention of classical tradition as a radical force, and I end by illuminating the implications for literary and American Studies that the recognition of her classicism must possess.
Recent Studies in Religion and Renaissance Drama
Authors: Coleman David 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAlthough early works of new historicism and cultural materialism stressed the significance of early modern religion as a context for Renaissance drama, criticism in the 1990s was largely secular in focus. However, more recent years have seen the intensive development of a school of criticism which uses the methodology of historical materialism, but analyses the religious discourses and institutional structures of early modern England. This article examines in detail some of the most recent historicist accounts of the relationship between religion and Renaissance drama.
Attraction, acquisition, retention and spatiotemporal distribution of soilborne plant pathogenic fungi by shore flies
Authors: El‐Hamalawi Z.A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAdult shore flies were experimentally shown to be aerial vectors for three soilborne plant pathogens: Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. basilici and Thielaviopsis basicola. Adult insects are attracted to sporulating cultures of the soilborne fungi investigated, as well as infected plant tissues. Shore flies acquired fungal propagules both by ingestion and surface contamination. The minimum acquisition time for propagules of soilborne fungi was 10–20 min and acquisition increased with time to reach 100% frass deposits infestation after 2 h of acquisition. The inoculum potential of the frass deposits was high considering that the number of viable spores deposited by one adult insect in a day was 2.38 × 107, 3.08 × 106 and 8.83 × 106 for V. dahliae, F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici and T. basicola, respectively. Electron microscopy investigation implicated body surface contamination as a means of viable propagule acquisition. Pathogen distribution by adult shore flies was rapid over time at 2.21 cm2 per hour per insect. The area over which the pathogen was distributed by adult shore flies increased with the increase in exposure time. The study showed that adult shore flies are efficient in the dispersal of the soilborne plant pathogen T. basicola.
Recent Faces of Moral Nonnaturalism
Authors: Cuneo Terence 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDespite having occupied a peripheral position in contemporary metaethics, moral nonnaturalism has recently experienced a revival of sorts. But what is moral nonnaturalism? And what is there to be said in favor of it? In this article, I address these two questions. In the first place, I offer an account of what moral nonnaturalism is. According to the view I propose, nonnaturalism is better viewed not as a position, but as a theoretical stance. And, second, I critically engage with three recent arguments for moral nonnaturalism offered by Russ Shafer‐Landau, Kit Fine, and Jean Hampton, respectively.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors and inflammation: take it to heart
Authors: Smeets P. J. H. , Planavila A. , Van Der Vusse G. J. , Van Bilsen M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand‐activated transcription factors acting as key regulators of lipid metabolism as well as modulators of inflammation. The role of PPARα and PPARγ in cardiac ischaemia‐reperfusion injury, infarct healing and hypertrophy is the subject of intense research. Due to the later development of PPARδ‐specific ligands, the role of this PPAR isoform in cardiac disease remains to be established. Although many studies point to salutatory effects of PPAR ligands in cardiac disease, the exact molecular mechanism is still largely unsolved. Both the metabolic (via transactivation) and the more recently discovered anti‐inflammatory (via transrepression) effects of PPARs are likely to play a role. In this review the reported, and sometimes contradictory, effects of PPAR ligands on ischaemia‐reperfusion, infarct healing and cardiac hypertrophy are critically evaluated. In particular the role of inflammation in these disease processes, the ability of PPARs to interfere with pro‐inflammatory processes, and the mechanisms of transrepression are discussed. Currently, the significance of PPARs as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease is receiving widespread attention. Accordingly, detailed understanding of the mechanisms controlling the activity of these nuclear hormone receptors is essential.
Effects of potassium channel openers in the isolated perfused hypokalaemic murine heart
Authors: Killeen M. J. , Thomas G. , Olesen S.‐P. , Demnitz J. , Stokoe K. S. , Grace A. A. , Huang C. L.‐H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAim:  We explored the anti‐arrhythmic efficacy of K+ channel activation in the hypokalaemic murine heart using NS1643 and nicorandil, compounds which augment IKr and IKATP respectively.Methods:  Left ventricular epicardial and endocardial monophasic action potentials were compared in normokalaemic and hypokalaemic preparations in the absence and presence of NS1643 (30 μm) and nicorandil (20 μm).Results:  Spontaneously beating hypokalaemic hearts (3 mm K+) all elicited early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT). Perfusion with NS1643 and nicorandil suppressed EADs and VT in 7 of 13 and five of six hypokalaemic hearts. Provoked arrhythmia studies using programmed electrical stimulation induced VT in all hypokalaemic hearts, but failed to do so in 7 of 13 and five of six hearts perfused with NS1643 and nicorandil respectively. These anti‐arrhythmic effects were accompanied by reductions in action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90) and changes in the transmural gradient of repolarization, reflected in ΔAPD90. NS1643 and nicorandil reduced epicardial APD90 from 68.3 ± 1.1 to 56.5 ± 4.1 and 51.5 ± 1.5 ms, respectively, but preserved endocardial APD90 in hypokalaemic hearts. NS1643 and nicorandil thus restored ΔAPD90 from −9.6 ± 4.3 ms under baseline hypokalaemic conditions to 3.9 ± 4.1 and 9.9 ± 2.1 ms, respectively, close to normokalaemic values.Conclusion:  These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the anti‐arrhythmic efficacy of K+ channel activation in the setting of hypokalaemia. NS1643 and nicorandil are anti‐arrhythmic through the suppression of EADs, reductions in APD90 and restorations of ΔAPD90.
Opting out or Pushed off the Edge? The Glass Cliff and the Precariousness of Women's Leadership Positions
Authors: Ryan Michelle K. , Haslam S. Alexander , Hersby Mette D. , Kulich Clara , Atkins Cate 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe glass cliff refers to the phenomenon whereby women are overrepresented in leadership roles associated with high risk and an increased chance of failure. Research into the glass cliff has focused on documenting the existence of the phenomenon and understanding the psychological processes that contribute to the appointment of women to precarious positions. This paper summarises this research and extends it by examining the implications that glass cliff positions have, both for the women who occupy them and for the organisations in which they exist. The gender‐stress‐disidentification model suggests that glass cliff positions are inherently stressful, and lead women to experience a reduced sense of organisational identification. This, in turn, has important implications for organisations in terms of reduced commitment and increased turnover. Taken together, the research presented here offers an alternative analysis of women's increasing disaffection with the workplace, which takes into account gender differences in workplace experience.
On the Emergence of Human Goal Pursuit: The Nonconscious Regulation and Motivation of Goals
Authors: Aarts Henk 
Published: October 2007

AbstractExperimental research in social psychology has discovered that human goal pursuit can emerge in the absence of conscious awareness. Whereas these goal‐priming effects are commonly explained in terms of habitual automatic processes, recent studies shed new light on the matter. Building on this recent work, this paper attempts to promote a more comprehensive understanding and examination of the potential mechanisms that enable people to pursue their goals in a nonconscious fashion. Specifically, it addresses (i) the human capacity to pursue goals without awareness of the activation and operation of the goal, even when habits are inadequate; and (ii) the fundamental role of positive affect in nonconsciously modulating the motivation of goals and their pursuit.
How Can People Be Induced to Willingly Change Their Behavior? The Path from Persuasive Communication to Binding Communication
Authors: Joule Robert‐Vincent , Girandola Fabien , Bernard Françoise 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHow can people be induced to willingly change their behavior? The present article has three main objectives. Its first purpose is to review some of the procedures pertaining to the ‘free will’ compliance paradigm. These procedures increase the likelihood that others will freely comply to one's requests (low‐ball, teasing, foot‐in‐the door, touch, and ‘you are free to’ procedures). The second objective is to introduce a theory stemming from social psychology, namely, the theory of commitment. Finally, we wish to describe the binding communication approach that can be situated at the intersection of research conducted in both the fields of communication, more specifically in the domain of persuasive communication, and the fields of commitment and free will compliance. A project carried out to encourage school children to behave in a more environmentally friendly way will be described to illustrate the approach.
New Frontiers for the Five‐Factor Model: A Preview of the Literature
Authors: McCrae Robert R. , Sutin Angelina R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Five‐Factor Model (FFM) of personality traits has been widely adopted and applied to a diverse set of issues in psychology and related disciplines. In this article, we identify a number of unresolved questions and propose new directions for research using the FFM. In clinical psychology, research is needed on the optimal ways to utilize personality assessments in psychotherapy. Acculturation studies are crucial for an understanding of the origins of national differences in trait levels. The large literatures on personality and on the self should be better integrated, adding a process perspective to trait psychology. Personality psychology should begin to transcend the individual, examining the consequences of aggregate personality traits in dyads, organizations, and nations. Applications of the FFM appear to be limited only by the creativity and industry of researchers.
Histological recurrence of autoimmune liver diseases after living‐donor liver transplantation
Authors: Haga Hironori , Miyagawa‐Hayashino Aya , Taira Kaoru , Morioka Daisuke , Egawa Hiroto , Takada Yasutsugu , Manabe Toshiaki , Uemoto Shinji 
Published: October 2007

Background:  The effects of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) on the recurrence of autoimmune liver diseases have not been well documented. Genetic similarities may be beneficial to avoid severe rejection but may facilitate the recurrence of autoimmune diseases. Because familial occurrence of autoimmune liver diseases has been documented, there is a possibility that candidates for living‐related donors may have the same disease as that of the recipients.Method:  Between November 1994 and June 2004, 50 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) (16‐non‐blood‐relative donors and 34 blood‐relative donors), and 28 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) underwent LDLT in Kyoto University Hospital.Results:  Among 35 patients with PBC who survived more than 1 year, 10 patients (29%) showed recurrent PBC, and nine of 10 patients with recurrent PBC (90%) were associated with blood‐relative donors (mean follow‐up period, 30 months; range, 2–68). Two recipients had donors with some clinical or histological characteristics of PBC, and their grafts developedrecurrent PBC. Cirrhosis or graft failure was not observed in any patients with recurrent PBC. For PSC patients who survived more than 1 year after LDLT, 13 of 22 (59%) showed PSC‐compatible histology and radiological findings (mean follow‐up period, 31 months; range, 22–71), and five died or underwent retransplantation. Human leukocyte antigen‐DR15 was positively associated with susceptibility to PSC with ulcerative colitis. One donor was revealed to have retroperitoneal fibrosis without evidence of sclerosing cholangitis.Conclusions:  Blood‐relative donors may be associated with susceptibility to recurrent autoimmune diseases. Recurrence of PSC, but not PBC, adversely affected the outcome of LDLT. Caution should be taken as blood‐relative donors can be at risk of autoimmune liver diseases.
Recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation in Japan
Authors: Yamagiwa Satoshi , Ichida Takafumi 
Published: October 2007

Although there was some initial controversy, there is now a consensus that primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) does indeed recur in both cadaveric and living donated allografts. Recurrence rate after deceased donor liver transplantation (LT) was reported to be 10.9–23% at 5 years. In the present study, we reviewed 221 PBC patients who underwent living‐donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in Japan. The 5‐year overall survival rate was 79%, and the rate of recurrence based on histological findings was 10% (7/70) after a median time of 36 months. Primary immunosuppression, withdrawal of corticosteroids and human leukocyte antigen matches were not associated with the recurrence. Recurrent PBC appears to have little impact on graft function and survival, but this may become a greater problem with longer follow up.It is noteworthy that the 10‐year survival of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) patients who underwent LDLT wasfound to be only 39.1% in Japan, whereas that of PBC was 72.9%. Factors associated with the poor prognosis include biliary strictures, hepatobiliary and colorectal malignancies, and recurrence of PSC. In our study, we reviewed 66 patients with PSC who underwent LDLT in Japan. The 5‐year survival rate was 72%, and the rate of recurrence diagnosed on histological and cholangiographic findings was 25% (11/44). Well‐defined diagnostic criteria and longer studies are required to characterize the nature of recurrent PSC and its impact on graft survival in more detail.