bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid flow and heat transfer of opposing mixed convection adjacent to downward‐facing, inclined heated plates
Authors: Kitamura Kenzo , Matsumoto Jutaro , Mitsuishi Akihiko , Misumi Toshiyuki 
Published: November 2008

AbstractExperimental investigations were carried out for opposing mixed convective flows of air adjacent to downward‐facing, inclined heated plates. The experiments covered the ranges of the Reynolds and modified Rayleigh numbers from ReL=400 to 4600 and RaL*=1.0×107 to 5.4×108, and the inclination angles from θ=15 to 75° from horizontal. The flow fields over the plates were visualized with smoke. The results showed that a separation of forced boundary layer flow occurs first at the bottom edge of the plate, and then the separation point shifts toward upstream with increasing wall heat flux, and finally, reaches the top edge of the plates. It was found that the separations at the bottom and top edges are predicted with a non‐dimensional parameter (GrLθ*/ReL2.5)=0.35 and 1.0, respectively. The local heat transfer coefficients of the inclined plates were also measured and the results showed that the minimum coefficients appear in the separation region. Moreover, it was revealed that forced, natural, and combined convective flows can be classified by the non‐dimensional parameter (GrLθ*/ReL2.5). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Pub‐ lished online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20233
Unsteady numerical investigation of back‐step three‐dimensional slots on film cooling effectiveness
Authors: Yuan He‐Peng , Zhu Hui‐Ren , Kong Man‐Zhao , Liu Hai‐Yong 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA numerical investigation was carried out to study the aerodynamics and cooling effects of a trailing edge. For a greater understanding and to learn more details, an unsteady numerical model has been proposed based on a steady model. The unsteady numerical simulation was conducted under different blowing ratios (0.5, 2.0) to show their effects on film cooling effectiveness. The computational results show that the turbulence intensity downstream of a trailing edge outlet tends to be enhanced by the unsteady flow effect. Film cooling effectiveness of an unsteady model is weaker than that obtained by a steady model. When the blowing ratio is 0.5, the mixing and intersecting of the main flow and secondary flow is rapid and fierce; with the increase of blowing ratio up to 2.0, the secondary flow plays a dominant role on the flow characteristics near the outlet of the trailing edge. The mixing and intersecting of the main flow and secondary flow become smooth. The unsteady computational results agree better with the experiment results than those of steady computation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20236
Identification and characterization of enteric adenoviruses in infants and children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis
Authors: Verma Harsha , Chitambar Shobha D. , Varanasi Gopalkrishna 
Published: November 2008

AbstractEnteric adenoviruses are important etiological agents associated with sporadic infections and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in infants and children. Fecal samples were collected from 439 hospitalized patients in the years 2005–2007 from Pune, Aurangabad, and Nagpur cities of western India to identify the most prevalent strains of enteric adenoviruses. The viruses were detected by PCR and characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The prevalence of enteric adenoviruses in patients from Pune, Aurangabad and Nagpur was found to be 9% (10/111), 7% (7/100), and 7.5% (17/228), respectively. Sequence based analysis of the partial hexon and/or fiber genes showed the presence of adenovirus serotypes 40, 41, and 31 and variations at the subgenus and strain level. Phylogenetic analysis of the adenovirus strains indicated 98–100% homology with adenovirus 40 of the UK, 96–99% with adenovirus 41 of the USA and 94–100% with adenovirus 31 of Austria. The study indicates circulation of enteric adenovirus serotypes 40 and 41 with an unreported serotype 31 in sporadic cases of gastroenteritis. This is the first report from India on the association of enteric adenoviruses with acute gastroenteritis. J. Med. Virol. 81:60–64, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular normalization of viral DNA loads on whole blood improves the clinical management of cytomegalovirus or Epstein Barr virus infections in the setting of pre‐emptive therapy
Authors: Bressollette‐Bodin Céline , Coste‐Burel Marianne , Besse Bernard , André‐Garnier Elisabeth , Ferre Virginie , Imbert‐Marcille Berthe‐Marie 
Published: November 2008

AbstractTwo quantitative duplex real‐time PCR assays were developed for co‐amplification of human albumin and cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein Barr virus (EBV) genes after automated extraction on whole blood, and compared two units for expressing viral DNA loads (copies per ml of blood or per 106 peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs)) on 1,138 positive samples. Both PCRs were characterized by high sensitivity, reproducibility, and linear range. Automated extraction by a MagNA Pure LC Instrument was shown to be more efficient when peripheral blood cell count was inferior to 5 × 109 PBLs/L. Albumin co‐amplification allows the detection of PCR inhibitors and normalization of viral load according to the number of cells calculated in the sample. The two ways of expressing viral load results were highly correlated, but quantitative differences varied in relation to variations of blood cell count. As these two viruses are highly cell associated, viral loads can be underestimated in patients with leucopenia. In the setting of pre‐emptive strategies during CMV infection, the units in which results are expressed can influence clinical management, as illustrated in this article. J. Med. Virol. 81:90–98, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversifying selective pressure on influenza B virus hemagglutinin
Authors: Shen Jun , Kirk Brian D. , Ma Jianpeng , Wang Qinghua 
Published: November 2008

AbstractInfluenza B virus hemagglutinin (HA) is a major surface glycoprotein with frequent amino acid substitutions. However, the roles of antibody selection in the amino acid substitutions of HA were still poorly understood. In order to gain insights into this important issue, an analysis was conducted on a total of 271 HA1 sequences of influenza B virus strains isolated during 1940–2007. In this analysis, phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood (PAML) package was used to detect the existence of positive selection and to identify positively selected sites on HA1. Strikingly, all the positively selected sites were located in the four major epitopes (120‐loop, 150‐loop, 160‐loop, and 190‐helix) of HA identified in previous studies, thus supporting a predominant role of antibody selection in HA evolution. Of particular significance is the involvement of the 120‐loop in positive selection, which may become increasingly important in future field isolates. Despite the absence of different subtypes, influenza B virus HA continued to evolve into new sublineages, within which the four major epitopes were targeted selectively in positive selection. Thus, any newly emerging strains need to be placed in the context of their evolutionary history in order to understand and predict their epidemic potential. J. Med. Virol. 81:114–124, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emerging GII.4 norovirus variants affect children with diarrhea in Palermo, Italy in 2006
Authors: Ramirez Stefania , Giammanco Giovanni M. , De Grazia Simona , Colomba Claudia , Martella Vito , Arista Serenella 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAlthough the genetic/antigenic heterogeneity of human noroviruses (NoVs) is impressive, a few genogroup II strains of genotype 4 (GII.4) are dominant worldwide. GII.4 NoVs evolve rapidly and in the last 15 years six epidemic variants have been identified. In 2005–2006, surveillance of sporadic viral gastroenteritis in children in Palermo, Italy, resulted in the detection of NoV strains in 20.9% of the patients admitted to hospital. By restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analysis of region A in the RNA‐dependent RNA‐polymerase (RdRp) gene, 59 NoV strains were successfully characterized. Eighty‐one percent of the strains were characterized as GII.4, 14% as GIIb/Hilversum and 5% as GI.1. Phylogenetic analysis of region A and of the ORF1/ORF2 overlapping region of the GII.4 strains recovered in Palermo in the years 2002–2006 revealed the sequential emergence of four variants, GII.4 2002, 2004, 2006a, and 2006b. The variant GII.4 2006a was detected in June and July, 2006, while the variant 2006b first appeared in August, 2006, becoming predominant thereafter. Based on these findings, the dynamics of replacement and circulation of the GII.4 NoV variants in Italy in 2005–2006 appear to have matched the temporal pattern observed in Europe during the same period. J. Med. Virol. 81:139–145, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early auditory experience‐induced composition/ratio changes of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor subunit expression and effects of D‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid chronic blockade in rat auditory cortex
Authors: Cui Yilei , Zhang Jiping , Cai Rui , Sun Xinde 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAuditory function can be affected by many factors, including environment and experience. In this study, we investigated whether early auditory experience mediates the regulation of the composition/ratio changes of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunits during development of the rat auditory cortex. We found that early sound exposure can increase expression of the NMDA receptor subunits and increase the composition/ratios of NMDA receptor subunits during the postnatal critical period. D‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid (D‐APV) could block and reverse the auditory experience‐mediated changes, and there were marked reductions in expression levels and the composition/ratios of NMDA receptor subunits. These results indicate that the experience‐dependent plasticity of the auditory cortex in the critical period during postnatal development has a marked influence on NMDA receptor expression in the rat and that changes in NMDA receptor subunit composition/ratios might mediate the early auditory experience‐dependent plasticity crucial to auditory function. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Free radical scavengers versus methylprednisolone in the prevention of experimentally induced heterotopic ossification
Authors: Vanden Bossche Luc C. , Van Maele Georges , Wojtowicz Iris , Bru Inge , Decorte Tina , De Muynck Martine , Rimbaut Steven , Vanderstraeten Guy 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe etiology of heterotopic ossification (HO) is still obscure, it is difficult to devise an effective preventive or therapeutic approach. The options for the prevention of HO are still limited. The prophylactic effect of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is insufficient. Moreover, NSAIDs increase the risk of nonunion and loosening in patients with multiple joint injuries. The present experimental study was designed to compare methylprednisolone with free radical scavengers for the prevention of HO. The model of Michelsson et al. was used to induce HO in the hind legs of 30 female New Zealand albino rabbits, weighing approx. 4 kg. The animals were randomized into three groups of 10 animals each, and received daily either placebo, a free radical scavenger cocktail [allopurinol and N‐acetylcysteine (A/A)], or methylprednisolone in a randomized, double‐blind fashion. Every four days, X‐rays were obtained to measure the thickness and the length of new bone formation at the thigh. A statistically significant difference in thickness and length of newly formed bone was found between the three groups. In the placebo group HO increased from day 16 toward a medium length of 6 mm and a median thickness of 1.5 mm. In the A/A group, no signs of HO were found. In the methylprednisolone group, only one animal presented minor HO from day 32. Both free radical scavengers and methylprednisolone were found to inhibit HO, and may be considered effective measures for the prevention of heterotopic bone formation. However, it could not be demonstrated which of the two had the strongest inhibitory effect. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 748–751, 2009
Investigation of local structure of lead‐free relaxor Ba(Ti0.70Sn0.30)O3 by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Rivera I. , Katiyar R. S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe local structure of Ba(Ti0.70,Sn0.30)O3 (BSnT) was investigated using micro Raman spectroscopy from 80 to 500 K, which indicated three local phase sequences. The dielectric spectroscopy studies illustrated freezing of polar nano‐regions (PNR) below 95 K, merger of frequency dispersion at 220 K, and the origin of polar nano‐regions at 482 K. The temperature evolution of Raman spectra, basically integrated intensity, indicates non‐ergodic relaxor phase below 100 K, mature ergodic phase between 100 and 200 K, and the existence of ergodic polar clusters until 450 K, and above paraelectric phase. The observation of local phase sequences by Raman spectra are in agreement with dielectric spectroscopy anomalies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metamictization in zircon. Part I: Raman investigation following a Rietveld approach: Profile line deconvolution technique.
Authors: Presser V. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe line profile form of Raman spectra can be analyzed using the very same approach and software used for diffractogram deconvolution via the Rietveld approach. In both cases the ‘true’ profile containing information about the sample must be separated from the instrument's profile function (and potentially from the emission profile) which can be achieved by deconvolution. In this first part of a two‐part study we demonstrate how the instrument's function can be described via a Gaussian function profile (yielding the very same result as several convoluted hat functions) using several examples (diamond, calcite, silicon and silicon carbide) for which true Raman bandwidth values are presented (assuming the true band profile to be Lorentzian). Also, asymmetrical bands can be described and analyzed via the presented deconvolution approach. The second part of this study will discuss and apply this method for studying the radiation‐induced damage in zircon grains (metamictization). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale: Presentation and clinimetric profile
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. , Nutt John G. , Stebbins Glenn T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe developed and tested a rating scale aimed to capture the essential features of dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease (PD). Although several scales assess selected attributes of PD‐dyskinesias, no comprehensive rating tool exists. Available rating scales were evaluated by the investigators and patient focus groups. Modifications were finalized into the Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS). The UDysRS has four parts: I: Historical Disability (patient perceptions) of On‐Dyskinesia impact (maximum 44 points); II: Historical Disability (patient perceptions) of Off‐Dystonia impact (maximum 16 points); III: Objective Impairment (dyskinesia severity, anatomical distribution over seven body regions, and type (choreic or dystonic) based on four activities observed or video‐recorded (28 points); IV: Objective Disability based on Part III activities (maximum 16 points). For clinimetric testing, 70 PD patients with all severities of dyskinesia were interviewed and videotaped. Twenty movement disorder experts rated the videotapes with the UDysRS. Internal consistency was examined with Cronbach's alpha. Inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability was evaluated with generalized weighted and nonweighted Kappa coefficients, and intraclass correlation coefficients. Both subjective (Sections I and II) and objective (Sections III and IV) demonstrated high internal consistency (alpha: 0.915, 0.971). Interrater reliability for the objective sections was acceptable for all items and likewise for intrarater reliability except for right leg. Reliable factor structures were found for both subjective (six factors) and objective sections (five factors). The UDysRS is a clinimetrically sound rating scale for dyskinesia in PD, demonstrating acceptable levels of internal consistency and inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability. Testing scale responsivity to treatment interventions is planned. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Effectiveness of a peer‐support community in addiction recovery: participation as intervention
Authors: Boisvert Rosemary A , Martin Linda M , Grosek Maria , Clarie Anna June 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe main purpose of the study was to determine whether a peer‐support community programme would reduce relapse rates among clients recovering from substance addictions and homelessness and result in increased perceived community affiliation, supportive behaviours, self‐determination and quality of life.Mixed methods were utilized including semi‐structured interviews, participant observation and a pretest/post‐test to evaluate changes on the quality of life rating, the Medical Outcomes Study–Social Support Survey, and the Volitional Questionnaire. Data from the prior year's permanent supportive housing programme were used for comparison of relapse rates.Significant reduction of risk of relapse was found in clients who participated in the programme. Significant differences were found on three subscales of the Medical Outcomes Study–Social Support Survey. Improvement that did not reach statistical significance was seen on the quality of life rating. Qualitative evidence supported improvements in perceived community affiliation and supportive behaviours.Evidence suggests that a peer‐supported community programme focused on self‐determination can have a significant positive impact on recovery from substance addictions and homelessness. Limitations include a small sample size and lack of a randomized control group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Nitrogen‐Rich Hyperbranched Polymers – Poly([1,2,3]‐Triazole‐[1,3,5]‐Triazine)s
Authors: Malkov Georgiy V. , Shastin Alexey V. , Estrin Yakov I. , Badamshina Elmira R. , Mikhailov Yuriy M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNovel hyperbranched poly([1,2,3]‐triazole‐[1,3,5]‐triazine)s (HBP TT) were synthesized by a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction from AB2 monomer – 2‐azido‐4,6‐bis‐prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yloxy‐ [1,3,5]‐triazine (ABPOT). The monomer contains one azide group A and two terminal alkyne units B. Thermal polymerization of ABPOT in bulk or in DMF solution leads to hyperbranched polymers containing both 1,4‐ and 1,5‐disubstituted [1,2,3]‐triazoles. The monomer was also polymerized catalytically in the presence of Cu(I) salts under mild reaction conditions in DMSO solution and in bulk affording hyperbranched poly‐[1,2,3]‐triazoles 1,4‐disubstituted only. The reactions lead to the products soluble in aprotic polar solvents like DMSO or DMF. Side reactions can proceed in a few cases, particularly: (i) homocoupling of alkyne groups, leading to the formation of insoluble products as a result of cross‐linking, (ii) isomerization of propynyloxytriazine fragments to propynyl‐ or propadienyltriazinone ones, and (iii) hydrolysis of triple bonds without the loss of solubility. Heats of formation of monomer and synthesized polymers were calculated from their combustion heats. All products were characterized by NMR‐, IR‐spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) data. The obtained results open the prospect for the use of HBP TT as the high‐enthalpy modifiers for energetic and non‐energetic binders.
The effects of impoundment and non‐native species on a river food web in Mexico's central plateau
Authors: Mercado‐Silva Norman , Helmus Matthew R. , Zanden M. Jake Vander 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHabitat modifications, non‐native species and other anthropogenic impacts have restructured fish communities in lotic ecosystems of central Mexico. Conservation of native fishes requires understanding of food web changes resulting from the introduction of non‐native species, flow alteration and other human impacts. Using δ13C and δ15N analysis of fishes and invertebrates we investigated the effects of non‐native species, and reservoirs on food webs of the Laja river ecosystem (Guanajuato, central Mexico). We estimated trophic position (TP), relative trophic niche and food web dispersion at 11 reservoir, river and tailwater sites. Reservoirs and non‐native fishes modified food webs in the Laja. Food web dispersion was greater in reservoir than in tailwater and river sites. Reservoir food webs had the greatest range of δ13C values, indicating a more diverse resource base compared to rivers. δ13C values increased with distance downstream from reservoirs, suggesting declining subsidies of river food webs by reservoir productivity. Stable isotopes revealed potential effects of non‐native fishes on native fishes via predation or competition. Non‐native Micropterus salmoides were top predators in the system. Non‐natives Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis mossambicus and Carassius auratus exhibited lowest TP in the Laja but overlapped significantly with most native species, indicating potential for resource competition. Native Chirostoma jordani was the only species with a significantly different trophic niche from all other fish. Many rivers in central Mexico share similar anthropogenic impacts and similar biotas, such that food web patterns described here are likely indicative of other river systems in central Mexico. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface excitation parameter for selected polymers
Authors: Pauly N. , Tougaard S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe surface excitation parameter (SEP) is theoretically determined for different polymers, namely, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyacetylene (PA) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), for electron energies between 300 and 5000 eV and for angles between 0 and 70o to the surface normal. We use our previous definition of SEP as the change in excitation probability of an electron caused by the presence of the surface in comparison with an electron moving in an infinite medium. The calculations are performed within the dielectric response theory by means of the QUEELS‐ε(k, ω)‐ REELS software determining the energy‐differential inelastic electron scattering cross‐sections for reflection‐electron‐energy‐loss spectroscopy (REELS). More precisely, the volume component for an infinite medium is subtracted from the calculated REELS cross‐section and in this way the surface excitation component of the cross‐section is determined and the SEP calculated. We find that the presence of an energy band gap reduces the SEP values compared to those for metals, and this decrease is larger for polymers with larger gaps. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.