bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Making water’: the hydrogeological adventures of Britain’s early mining engineers
Authors: Younger Paul L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The earliest detailed technical descriptions of British mining practices still in existence (which date from the late 17th and early 18th centuries) dedicate many paragraphs to the problems posed by the unwanted ingress of ground water into underground workings. Excessive water in working areas seriously hinders production. More importantly, sudden inrushes of ground water to underground workings are a significant mortal hazard. In view of the problems experienced with water ingress to workings, the main preoccupations of the early mining engineers were utterly practical, focusing on the efficient removal of water which could not be prevented from entering the workings (by simple bailing, by adit drainage or by pumping), and on efforts to minimize water ingress in the first place (by the use of tubbing in shafts and the use of rock barriers and dams in working areas). Occasionally, the mining engineers took time to reflect upon the origins of the water they encountered in their work. In their writings we find some of the earliest accurate conceptualizations of issues of ground water origin, driving heads, hydraulic gradients (including vertical upward gradients) and natural heterogeneities in water quality. So successful were these early mining engineers in their endeavours that they bequeathed most of the technological basis for the development of large-scale public-supply ground water abstractions, and much of the basis for the geotechnical control of ground water during construction projects, from about 1820 onwards. By the late 19th Century, mining engineers concerned with ground water management became gradually isolated once more within their own specialist domain, where they went on to develop a vernacular hydrogeology of their own, replete with its own key concepts and vocabulary. Nevertheless, occasional interchanges of experience between mining and the water industry have continued to enrich both sectors down to the present day.
Chalybeate springs at Tunbridge Wells: site of a 17th-century new town
Authors: Fuller J. G. C. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Among Wealden towns Tunbridge Wells is comparatively new. Before the Civil Wars of the 1640s there was no village here, nor any name on a map. Chance finding of chalybeate springs a few miles south of Tunbridge (now
Tonbridge
) attracted attention at Court, and even gynaecological interest. Curiously, this provides explanations both for the supposed virtues of the waters and the founding of a summer resort. By repute, the springs were discovered in 1606, though this story was already 160 years old before it first appeared in print. Verifiable facts indicate that Thomas Neale, FRS, (1641–1699) was the main agent in organizing the nascent resort’s amenities, beginning in 1676 with plans to construct a chapel or assembly room. The springs themselves issue from Lower Cretaceous Wealden beds, a few feet above the Wadhurst Clay, in a shallow valley formed by the headwaters of the River Grom. Siderite (iron carbonate or chalybite) abounds in these formations.
British hydrogeologists in North Africa and the Middle East: an historical perspective
Authors: Lloyd J. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The main British hydrogeological contributions to a very extensive area are referenced and it is concluded that notable contributions have been made to the understanding of regional sedimentary basin hydrodynamics. The British hydrogeological involvement in much of the area, however, has unfortunately been less than that of the French, principally because of past colonial influences.
British attempts to develop groundwater and water supply on Gibraltar 1800–1985
Authors: Rose Edward P.F. , Mather John D. , Perez Manuel 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The 6 km
2
peninsula of Gibraltar is unusual hydrogeologically as, in effect, a small but high limestone island, subject to a Mediterranean climate of cool wet winters and warm dry summers. Provision of an adequate water supply for its town and garrison has been a continuing problem, particularly as the population has grown from about 3000 in the 18th century to over 30 000 by the end of the 20th. The narrow peninsula is dominated by the Rock, a mass of Lower Jurassic dolomite and limestone whose main ridge has peaks over 400 m high. Early supplies of potable water were from roof and slope rainwater runoff, and from shallow wells in the Quaternary sands that cover ‘shales’ flanking the Rock at low levels. Intermittent hydrogeological studies through the 19th and 20th centuries, notably in association with the British Geological Survey in 1876, 1943–1952, and 1974–1985 attempted to develop inferred groundwater resources within the sandy isthmus which links the Rock to southern Spain and in the Rock itself. Problems resulted from inadequate understanding of the geology, of recharge, of the behaviour of aquifers containing saline water at depth and of the need to protect aquifers from pollution. Failure to extract adequate groundwater led to development of a separate supply of saline sanitary water to reduce demand for potable water and innovative attempts to improve slope catchment of rainwater, before near-total commitment to desalination for potable supplies in 1993.
Jack Ineson (1917–1970) The instigator of quantitative hydrogeology in Britain
Authors: Downing R. A. , Gray D. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Jack Ineson will always be associated with introducing quantitative methods to British hydrogeology. A geologist with a sound knowledge of mathematics and statistics, unusual for the time, he seized the opportunity in 1948 to apply to British aquifers the burgeoning theory of well hydraulics initiated by Theis. Ineson’s career was mainly spent with the Geological Survey of Great Britain, now the British Geological Survey, but in the period 1965–1970 as Chief Geologist of the Water Resources Board. It was, however, a relatively short career with the start postponed by the Second World War and tragically truncated in June 1970 as a direct consequence of his experiences in the war.
Groundwater in a national water strategy, 1964–1979
Authors: Downing R. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Water Resources Board was formed in 1964, an outcome of the Water Resources Act of 1963. Its remit was to advise the Government and the new river authorities on ‘the proper use of water resources in England and Wales’. It made three major regional studies of water resources and, in 1973, advocated a national water strategy. The Water Resources Board was disbanded in 1974 following the reorganization of the water industry under the Water Act of 1973 which created the regional water authorities. In the 1970s, a decline in the rate of population growth together with an economic recession reduced the demand for water and the Board’s proposals were not fully implemented. After 1974 the Central Water Planning Unit continued the Water Resources Board’s role until it too was disbanded in 1979.
Late Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen: insights from synthesis of existing data from the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping belt
Authors: Zhao Guochun , Sun Min , Wilde Simon A. , Guo Jinghui 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping mountain belt constitutes the middle segment of the Trans-North China Orogen, which separates the North China Craton into the Eastern and Western Blocks. The belt consists of the high-grade Hengshan and Fuping complexes, and the intervening low- to medium-grade Wutai Complex. Previous tectonic models assumed that the high-grade complexes were an older basement (Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic) to the low-grade Wutai Complex. However, new geochronological data show that the emplacement of granitoid rocks and eruption of volcanic rocks in the Wutai Complex occurred essentially coeval with or slightly earlier than intrusion of the tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic (TTG) suites in the Hengshan and Fuping complexes. New isotopic data also reveal the widespread presence of Palaeoproterozoic granitoid rocks in these complexes. Structural and metamorphic data demonstrate similar tectonothermal histories for the three complexes, which are characterized by peak medium- to high-pressure metamorphism accompanied by the development of thrusting, isoclinal folding (F
2
) and penetrative foliations, followed by near-isothermal decompression and cooling and retrogression associated with the formation of large-scale ductile shear zones and asymmetrical folds (F
3
) with nearly vertical axial planes. These geochronological, structural and metamorphic data suggest that the tectonic evolution of the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping mountain belt may not be related to local interaction of the three complexes, as suggested in earlier models, either through closure of a Wutai rift or collision between a Wutai arc and the Hengshan and Fuping micro-continental blocks. Instead, they may represent elements of a single Late Archaean to Early Palaeoproterozoic magmatic arc that was subsequently incorporated into the Trans-North China Orogen along which the Eastern and Western blocks amalgamated to form the North China Craton at around 1.85 Ga.
Basement heterogeneity in the Cathaysia crustal block, southeast China
Authors: Fletcher Chris J. N. , Chan Lung. S. , Sewell Roderick J. , Campbell S. Diarmad G. , Davis Donald W. , Zhu Jieshou 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Isotope signatures and
T
DM
model ages in Hong Kong and neighbouring Guangdong Province have indicated that the basement of the Cathaysia Block is probably an amalgamation of narrow crustal slices, ranging in age from latest Archaean to Mesoproterozoic. Inheritance ages from zircons contained within Mesozoic volcanic and plutonic rocks also show Proterozoic and Archaean components. Regional gravity survey studies display NNE- to NE-trending Bouguer anomalies that are indicative of sharp changes in rock densities at middle and lower crustal levels. The anomalies displayed on the gravity profile from Guangdong to Hong Kong have been modelled as narrow slices of Archaean and Proterozoic crust. A substantial E-W-trending Bouguer anomaly, which largely parallels the trend of the foliation in the Proterozoic schists of the region, is present to the east of Guangzhou. It is proposed that the basement of the Cathaysia Block consists of an amalgamation of NE- to NNE-trending Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic and Archaean crustal terranes, which in places have retained the pre-amalgamation E-W-trending tectonic fabric. The discontinuities between the basement terranes, and the E-W structures have strongly influenced the geological evolution of the Phanerozoic sequences and igneous complexes in southeast China. These are most obviously manifest in the regional NE-trending fault and shear zones that displace the cover sequences.
Cretaceous palaeomagnetism of Indochina and surrounding regions: Cenozoic tectonic implications
Authors: Chi Cung Thuong , Dorobek Steven L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Results of a detailed palaeomagnetic study of Cretaceous-age volcanic, intrusive and sedimentary rock formations from southern Vietnam (24 sites, 163 core samples) are presented. The palaeomagnetic and supplementary rock magnetic studies indicate that magnetite and titanomagnetite are the predominant magnetic carriers in the volcanic and intrusive rock samples, whereas hematite is the principal carrier in the red-beds. The mean palaeomagnetic direction of twenty-one sites from southern Vietnam yields
D
= 14.5°,
I
= 33.3°,
α
95
= 6.3°,
k
s
/
k
g
= 1.04, which corresponds with a VGP at
λ
= 74.2°N,
φ
= 171.1°E,
A
95
= 5.9°. Comparison of the pole with the Eurasia mean Cretaceous palaeopole shows that relative to Eurasia southern Vietnam has experienced a southward displacement of 6.5° ± 5.1°, but with insignificant rotation since the Cretaceous.

Previously reported Cretaceous palaeomagnetic data, combined with new palaeomagnetic data from this study and analysis of regional structural trends, indicate that Sundaland can be divided into several fault-bounded tectonic domains (Shan-Thai, Indochina, offshore Sundaland), each with a different rotation and/or translation history. Such differential motion might explain, for example, Oligocene transtension and basin formation in the Gulf of Thailand and central onshore Thailand (between the Shan-Thai and Indochina blocks). Our data combined with previously acquired palaeomagnetic data across Southeast Asia, also suggest that, during the Cenozoic, Indochina and parts of Sundaland underwent complex internal deformation and did not behave as a rigid block.
Ichnotaxonomy and ichnostratigraphy of chambered trace fossils in palaeosols attributed to coleopterans, ants and termites
Authors: Genise Jorge F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Most recorded trace fossils in palaeosols are burrows and chambers attributed to bees, ants, termites and coleopterans. Ichnogenera attributed to bees are grouped in the ichnofamily Celliformidae, whereas those attributed to ants, termites and coleopterans are included herein in the new ichnofamilies Pallichnidae, Krausichnidae and Coprinisphaeridae respectively. Shape, type of wall, fillings and associated burrows of chambers are the main morphological ichnotaxobases used for this classification; they are weighed with regard to the behaviour and architecture of the supposed trace-makers. Coprinisphaeridae are spherical, pear-shaped or ovoid structures, having active or passive fillings and constructed walls. The ichnogenera included are:
Fontanai, Coprinisphaera, Eatonichnus, Monesichnus, Teisseirei
and
Rebuffoichnus
, attributed to coleopterans. The similar Pallichnidae show lined or structureless walls, and include
Pallichnus, Fictovichnus
and
Scaphichnium
, also attributed to coleopterans. The Krausichnidae constitutes trace fossils composed of chambers of different shapes interconnected by burrow systems of inconsistent diameter or isolated chambers associated with burrow systems of different diameters. The Krausichnidae include
Attaichnus, Parowanichnus, Krausichnus, Archeoentomichnus, Tacuruichnus, Vondrichnus, Fleaglellius, Termitichnus
and
Syntermesichnus
, attributed to ants and termites. The stratigraphic ranges of insect ichnotaxa in palaeosols are reviewed and compared with the body fossil record of potential tracemakers, revealing that in most cases insect trace and body fossils show similar ranges. As stated by earlier authors, the Cretaceous was a critical period during which the oldest body fossils of dung-beetles, bees, termites and ants are recorded, whereas the trace fossils of these groups are recorded from this period or shortly after, during Cenozoic times.
Motion of the Ontong Java Plateau in the hot-spot frame of reference: 122 Ma-present
Authors: Kroenke L. W. , Wessel P. , Sterling A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

A new model of Pacific absolute plate motion between 140 and 0 Ma, generated in the fixed hot-spot frame of reference, has been used to track palaeogeographic positions of the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) from the time (
c.
122 Ma) and location (
c.
43°S) of its formation to its present location north of the Solomon Islands. The resulting OJP seafloor flow-line suggests that changes in Pacific plate motion, passage over hot spots and Pacific Rim tectonism all have influenced the continuing structural development and deformation of the plateau. Satellite-derived gravity, bathymetry and Rayleigh-wave tomography potentially reveal the structural fabric of the OJP and adjoining Nauru Basin, including the orientation of probable fracture zones, location of possible relict spreading centres and the presence of a thick lithospheric root, as well as possible later hot-spot-related modification of the fabric. The most recent phase of OJP deformation, which began about 6 Ma, accelerated at 2.6 Ma and continues today, has resulted in the uplift of the islands of Malaita and Santa Isabel, and the formation of the Malaita Anticlinorium, with slip along the old fracture zones possibly triggering submarine canyon formation on the NE side of the OJP. This collision-related deformation also is probably responsible for the ongoing uplift and tilting of the islands of Nauru and Banaba NE of the OJP high plateau.
Calcareous nannofossils from ODP Leg 192, Ontong Java Plateau
Authors: Bergen J. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Middle Miocene-upper lower Aptian calcareous nannofossils were recovered from Sites 1183–1187 drilled by Ocean Drilling Project Leg 192 on the Ontong Java Plateau. Nannofossil biostratigraphy indicates the presence of six unconformities among the five Leg 192 sites. These are: (1) between the lowermost Albian and upper middle Albian; (2) between the upper Albian and middle Coniacian; (3) within the lower Maastrichtian; (4) between the lower upper Maastrichtian and basal Danian; (5) within the upper Palaeocene; and (6) between the Oligocene and Miocene.
Previous drilling before Leg 192 on the Ontong Java Plateau and in the SW Pacific (Legs 30 and 130) indicated two episodes for major emplacement of basement during the earliest Aptian and Turonian. The Leg 192 drilling was not able to confirm either of these episodes, but instead indicated that the emplacement of basement on the Ontong Java Plateau was relatively continuous from the latest early Aptian to latest Aptian. Results from Sites 1184 and 1185 indicate the possibility of another magmatic episode during the middle Eocene (Zone NP16).
Origin and evolution of magmas on the Ontong Java Plateau
Authors: Fitton J. Godfrey , Godard Marguerite 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The Early Cretaceous Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) represents by far the largest igneous event on Earth in the last 200 Ma and yet, despite its size, the OJP’s basaltic crust appears to be remarkably homogeneous in composition. The most abundant rock type is a uniform low-K tholeiite, represented by the Kwaimbaita Formation on Malaita and found at all but one of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) drill sites on the plateau and in the adjacent basins. This is capped by a thin and geographically restricted veneer of a slightly more incompatible-element-rich tholeiite (the Singgalo Formation on Malaita and the upper flow unit at ODP Site 807), distinguished from Kwaimbaita-type basalt by small but significant differences in Sr-, Nd- and Pb-isotope ratios. A third magma type is represented by high-Mg (Kroenke-type) basalt found in thick (> 100 m) successions of lava flows at two drill sites (ODP Sites 1185 and 1187) 146 km apart on the eastern flank of the plateau. The high-Mg basalt is isotopically indistinguishable from Kwaimbaita-type basalt and may therefore represent the parental magma for the bulk of the OJP. Low-pressure fractional crystallization of olivine followed by olivine+augite+plagioclase can explain the compositional range from high-Mg Kroenke-type to Kwaimbaita-type basalt. The Singgalo-type basalt probably represents slightly smaller-degree, late-stage melting of an isotopically distinct component in the mantle source. Primary magma compositions, calculated by incremental addition of equilibrium olivine to aphyric Kroenke-type basalt glass, contain between 15.6% (in equilibrium with Fo
90
) and 20.4% (Fo
92
) MgO. Incompatible-element abundances in the primary OJP magma can be modelled by around 30% melting of a peridotitic primitive-mantle source from which about 1% by mass of average continental crust had previously been extracted. This large degree of melting implies decompression of very hot (potential temperature >1500°C) mantle beneath very thin lithosphere. The initiation of an exceptionally large and hot plume head close to a mid-ocean ridge provides the best explanation for the size, homogeneity and composition of the OJP, but is difficult to reconcile with the submarine eruption of virtually all of the basalt so far sampled.
Large igneous province magma petrogenesis from source to surface: platinum-group element evidence from Ontong Java Plateau basalts recovered during ODP Legs 130 and 192
Authors: Chazey William J. , Neal Clive R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A total of 16 Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) basalt samples from Ocean Drilling Program Legs 192 and 130 were analysed for major, trace and platinum-group elements (PGEs; Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt and Pd). Major- and trace-element compositions determined by our study confirm Leg 192 shipboard analyses that indicated a new group of more primitive or ‘Kroenke-type’ basalts, with higher MgO, Ni and Cr, and lower incompatible-element, abundances than the more common Kwaimbaita-type basalts. The PGE abundances quantified here extend the range of the continuum of compositions found in previously analysed OJP basalts and are similar to those present in some komatiites. The PGEs, therefore, cannot be used to differentiate definitively between OJP basalts groups. The two samples analysed from Leg 130 (one from Site 803 and one from Site 807) are akin to the Kwaimbaita-type basalts.
Low-temperature alteration has not affected Pd abundances in the Leg 192 basalts as it has in the Solomon Island and the Leg 130 samples. Elemental abundances and ratios along with petrography reveal that the OJP basalts have not experienced sulphide saturation. Positive correlations of Ir and Ru with Cr and Ni attest to the lithophile behaviour of the PGEs and lend more credence to studies suggesting compatibility of these elements in oxide and silicate phases, such as Cr-spinel and olivine. Estimates of sulphur abundance in the mantle, degree of partial melting and pressure of melt initiation were used in conjunction with the model of Mavrogenes & O’Neill to calculate a minimum initial excess temperature of +185–+235°C (1465–1515°C at 3.5–4.0 GPa) above ambient mantle for the OJP source. This is in broad agreement with a fossil geotherm preserved in megacrysts and peridotite xenoliths found in pipe-like intrusives of alnöite that outcrop on the island of Malaita, Solomon Islands. Using the PGEs as a guide, the OJP basalts were modelled using a three-source component melt mix: a 10% garnet peridotite melt of primitive mantle composition, which then passed through the garnet-spinel transition and melted a further 20%, a 30% partial melt of fertile upper mantle and 0–1% of outer core material. The core component was included only in the plume source, and the ratio of plume source to upper mantle source was 19: 1. It is evident from this study that the PGE contents of at least some of the OJP basalts are too high to be generated by primitive mantle sources alone. A PGE-enriched component is required and we suggest that this is outer core material. While a sulphide-rich mantle component could also increase the PGE abundances (assuming that the sulphide is exhausted during partial melting), the sulphur-undersaturated nature of these basalts argues against this. Variations in the amount of outer core in the source (from 0 to 1 wt%) and degree of fractional crystallization can account for the entire range in PGE abundances of OJP basalts.
Accretionary-lapilli-bearing pyroclastic rocks at ODP Leg 192 Site 1184: a record of subaerial phreatomagmatic eruptions on the Ontong Java Plateau
Authors: Thordarson Thor 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Detailed analysis of lithologies and lithofacies associations within the 337.7 m thick basement volcaniclastic succession, recovered during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 192 at Site 1184 on the Ontong Java Plateau, shows that in bulk it is made up of pyroclastic deposits of phreatomagmatic origin. The succession is essentially made up of two lithologies: lapilli tuff (59% of the total recovered core length) and tuff (34%), consisting almost entirely of juvenile clasts (>97%) and containing significant amounts of matrix-supported accretionary and/or armoured lapilli clasts. The evidence indicates that the succession was formed by at least six (and perhaps as many as 10) major phreatomagmatic eruptions that were subaerial and associated with the main phase of volcanism on the Ontong Java Plateau.