bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Volume‐dependent osmolyte efflux from neural tissues: regulation by G‐protein‐coupled receptors
Authors: Fisher Stephen K. , Cheema Tooba A. , Foster Daniel J. , Heacock Anne M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe CNS is particularly vulnerable to reductions in plasma osmolarity, such as occur during hyponatremia, the most commonly encountered electrolyte disorder in clinical practice. In response to a lowered plasma osmolarity, neural cells initially swell but then are able to restore their original volume through the release of osmolytes, both inorganic and organic, and the exit of osmotically obligated water. Given the importance of the maintenance of cell volume within the CNS, mechanisms underlying the release of osmolytes assume major significance. In this context, we review recent evidence obtained from our laboratory and others that indicates that the activation of specific G‐protein‐coupled receptors can markedly enhance the volume‐dependent release of osmolytes from neural cells. Of particular significance is the observation that receptor activation significantly lowers the osmotic threshold at which osmolyte release occurs, thereby facilitating the ability of the cells to respond to small, more physiologically relevant, reductions in osmolarity. The mechanisms underlying G‐protein‐coupled receptor‐mediated osmolyte release and the possibility that this efflux can result in both physiologically beneficial and potentially harmful pathophysiological consequences are discussed.
Exercise in Migraine Therapy—Is There Any Evidence for Efficacy? A Critical Review
Authors: Busch Volker , Gaul Charly 
Published: June 2008

Background.—Some migraine patients find that regular exercise helps in reducing the frequency of headache attacks. In addition, exercise in migraine is recommended from many headache experts. However, most of these recommendations refer to some anecdotal reports or observational studies in literature stating that regular exercise can reduce the frequency and severity of migraine.Objective.—The purpose of this review is to investigate whether recommendations for exercise in migraine are based on sufficient data to cope with requirements of an evidence‐based modern migraine therapy. The review summarizes and discusses all available trials on this topic.Results.—Eight studies und 4 case reports investigated the therapeutic role of aerobic exercise on migraine headache. Some results are controversial regarding the efficacy of sports intervention in migraine. The majority of studies did not find a significant reduction of headache attacks or headache duration and only indicate a reduction of pain intensities in migraine patients due to regular exercise. The grade of recommendation of exercise in migraine based on evidence based medicine (EBM)‐criteria is presently B‐C. But due to methodological limitations, the available data are insufficient for a final statement on this topic.Conclusions.—To further recommend exercise in migraine based on EBM‐criteria, more studies are imperative. Future studies should adhere to the rules for randomized clinical trials in pharmacological migraines prophylaxis. Implications for further studies are given.
Continuous Opioid Therapy (COT) is Rarely Advisable for Refractory Chronic Daily Headache: Limited Efficacy, Risks, and Proposed Guidelines
Authors: Saper Joel R. , Lake III Alvin E. 
Published: June 2008

Intractable pain, headache or otherwise, is a devastating and life‐controlling experience. The need to effectively and aggressively control pain is a fundamental tenet of clinical care. In the past several years, increasing advocacy for continuous opioid therapy has become an important, if not controversial, theme in the development of treatment guidelines and teaching programs. Ironically, the increasing willingness of physicians to prescribe scheduled opioids for their headache and pain patients has occurred in the absence of compelling data demonstrating efficacy or long‐term safety. To the contrary, two meta‐analyses on chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) and one long‐term uncontrolled study on headache patients demonstrate a relatively small number of patients benefiting from the treatment. Recent neuroscience data on the effects of opioids on the brain raise serious concern for long‐term safety and also provide the basis for the mechanism by which chronic opioid use might induce progression of headache frequency and severity. Significant adverse effects, including influence on sexual hormonal balances, physical and psychological dependence, the development of opioid‐induced hyperalgesia, and cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death that can be seen with standard dosages of methadone, make a strong argument against widespread use of continuous opioid therapy (COT) in otherwise healthy young and middle‐aged headache patients.We believe that COT should be used in rare circumstances for chronic headache patients, and propose initial guidelines for selecting patients and monitoring treatment. The physician should be well versed in the details of opioid prescribing, administration, and monitoring, and should be prepared to discontinue opioids when clinical justification, patient behavior, or failure to achieve therapeutic goals make discontinuance necessary.
Examining the Utility of In‐Clinic “Rescue” Therapy for Acute Migraine
Authors: Morey Veronica , Rothrock John F. 
Published: June 2008

Background.— Management options currently are limited for patients with acute migraine whose symptoms prove refractory to self‐administered therapy.Objective.— To evaluate the clinical utility and cost‐effectiveness of a management program offering in‐clinic “rescue” treatment for patients with acute migraine.Methods.— Two hundred consecutive migraine patients presenting to a university‐based headache clinic were randomized to receive either optimal self‐administered medical therapy for acute migraine (“standard therapy”) or similar therapy plus the option of in‐clinic parenteral drug administration should self‐administered therapy prove ineffective (“rescue therapy”). Patients randomized to the latter group were restricted to a maximum of 2 “rescue visits” per month, and all patients were followed for one year. Patients “rescued” in clinic were contacted by telephone 24 hours following treatment to evaluate their treatment response. The primary analysis involved a comparison of the number of emergency department (ED) visits for headache recorded within each group over the one‐year period of study. For all ED visits in the rescue group and for a randomly selected and equal number of ED visits within the standard group, the direct costs associated with those visits were assessed, and the direct costs of all in‐clinic rescue visits also were recorded and analyzed.Results.— The 2 groups studied were similar in terms of age, gender ratio, migraine subtype, migraine‐related disability status at baseline and type/extent of medical insurance coverage. Over the one‐year study period, the rescue group recorded 423 in‐clinic rescue visits and reported 27 ED visits for headache treatment. The standard therapy group reported 73 ED visits (27 vs 73 visits; P < .01). The total direct costs associated with ED visits were $45,330 for the rescue group (mean $1690 per ED visit) and (by extrapolation from the sample selected) $147,971 for the standard therapy group (mean $2027 per ED visit). The total direct cost of the 423 “rescue visits” was $33,647 (mean $80 per visit). In 79% of the 423 rescue encounters, the patients involved reported no residual functional disability 24 hours following treatment. Of those in the rescue group who sought in‐clinic rescue, 89% reported themselves “very satisfied” with such management.Conclusion.— Providing the alternative of in‐clinic “rescue” for acute migraine refractory to self‐administered therapy offers an attractive alternative for patients and appears to substantially lower use of an ED for headache treatment and the cost associated with that use.
Integration of adult generated neurons during epileptogenesis
Authors: Zhao Chuan‐Sheng , Overstreet‐Wadiche Linda 
Published: June 2008

Summary Adult generated neurons in the dentate gyrus become functionally integrated into the existing hippocampal circuit by forming synapses with mature neurons. It is now well established that seizure activity increases neural proliferation, but only recently has the fate of seizure‐induced newborn neurons been examined. An emerging consensus proposes that newborn neurons are highly sensitive to their environment, such that synaptic integration is profoundly altered following insults such as seizures. Whether these changes contribute to or counteract epileptogenesis is a subject of great interest because neurogenesis provides a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the functional integration of adult generated granule cells in the normal rodent hippocampus, and describe how this process can be altered during epileptogenesis.
Structural changes for adult‐born dentate granule cells after status epilepticus
Authors: Shapiro Lee A. , Ribak Charles E. , Jessberger Sebastian 
Published: June 2008

Summary Status epilepticus (SE) not only results in an increased number of newly generated neurons in the dentate gyrus but also leads to structural alterations of many of these newborn granule cells. One of the structural changes involving newly generated dentate granule cells is the formation of hilar basal dendrites that persist on mature granule cells and integrate into synaptic circuitry. SE also causes other newborn granule cells to migrate ectopically into the hilus, and these cells also integrate into synaptic circuitry. This article will describe these structural alterations of granule cells found in the dentate gyrus after SE and will also discuss the time course of these events and possible underlying causes.
Comparative assessment of normal and methoxypolyethylene glycol–modified murine red cells on swimming endurance and hippocampal injury in hypoxic mice
Authors: Tan YingXia , Ji ShouPing , Li SuBo , Wang JieXi , Jin XiaoPan , Zhang YangPei 
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: Membrane grafting of methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) provides a unique strategy in preventing the immunologic recognition in blood transfusion. mPEG‐modified red blood cells (mPEG‐RBCs) have acceptable in vitro properties and provide a useful solution to problems with clinical blood matching. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the physiologic normality of mPEG‐RBCs in mice.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Mouse RBCs were withdrawn via cardiac bleed and modified with 1.0 mmol per L mPEG with succinimidyl propionate linker. The fluorescein‐labeled mPEG‐RBCs were then transfused into recipient mice for in vivo survival analysis. At the same time, the exsanguine mouse model was produced, and mice were transfused with mPEG‐RBCs. The effects of mPEG‐RBC transfusion on the hemoglobin (Hb) level, swimming endurance capacity, and hypoxic‐ischemic injury in hippocampal pyramidal cells of exsanguine mice were investigated.RESULTS: mPEG‐RBCs showed the same in vivo survival curve and t½ as those of untreated RBCs. Transfusion of mPEG‐RBCs could elevate Hb level of exsanguine mice and improve their swimming endurance capacity, and histologic studies showed that mPEG‐RBCs could also restore the hypoxic‐ischemic injury of hippocampal pyramidal cells in exsanguine mice, which were similar with control RBCs. That is, mPEG‐RBCs functioned in a similar fashion to untreated RBCs in exsanguine mice. Therefore, these results revealed that mPEG‐RBCs had normal oxygen‐carrying capacity.CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the results confirmed that mPEG‐RBCs could perform their in vivo function of carrying O2 and improve some physiologic indexes of exsanguine mice, and the physiologic normality of mPEG‐RBCs provides new findings for clinical use.
Fatal hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn associated with anti‐Jra
Authors: Peyrard Thierry , Pham Bach‐Nga , Arnaud Lionel , Fleutiaux Sophie , Brossard Yves , Guerin Bénédicte , Desmoulins Isabelle , Rouger Philippe , Le Pennec Pierre‐Yves 
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: Jra is a high‐prevalence red cell (RBC) antigen. The clinical significance of anti‐Jra is controversial. When hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) occurred, most reported cases were clinically mild. We report the first case of fatal HDFN due to anti‐Jra.CASE REPORT: A 28‐year‐old Caucasian woman with transfusion history was monitored at the 29th week of pregnancy (G4P1). An ultrasound scan showed fetal cardiomegaly and hepatomegaly. An antibody directed against a high‐prevalence antigen was detected, but without conclusive identification. An emergency cesarean section was performed at the 36th week. The newborn was hydropic and showed severe anemia. Death occurred 30 hours after birth.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serologic methods were performed to investigate the mother's RBCs and serum. An in vitro functional cellular assay and semiquantitative measurement of anti‐Jra were used to determine the clinical significance of the antibody.RESULTS: Anti‐Jra was identified in the serum and Jr(a−) phenotype was confirmed. The anti‐Jra titer was 1024, with predominant immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and minor IgG4 subclasses. The functional cellular assay was consistent with an antibody unlikely to cause HDFN. Semiquantitative measurement of anti‐Jra showed a reactivity equivalent to a 25 IU per mL (5 µg/mL) concentration of anti‐D, a value associated with a significant risk of HDFN.CONCLUSION: This is the first documented case of fatal HDFN due to anti‐Jra. Therefore, we recommend close monitoring of pregnant women with a high‐titer anti‐Jra, especially those with an incompatible transfusion history and/or multiple pregnancies. This case report provides new arguments about the clinical significance of anti‐Jra in the transfusion setting.
Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in at‐risk blood donors in Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Piron Maria , Vergés Mireia , Muñoz José , Casamitjana Natàlia , Sanz Sergi , Maymó Rosa María , Hernández José Manuel , Puig Lluís , Portús Montserrat , Gascón Joaquim , Sauleda Sílvia 
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: The increasing arrival of Latin Americans to Europe and, particularly, to Spain has led to the appearance of new pathologies, such as Chagas disease, a zoonotic infection endemic to rural areas of Central and South America. In the absence of the triatomid vector, one of the main modes of transmission of Chagas disease in nonendemic regions is through blood transfusion.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The Catalonian Blood Bank has implemented a screening program for Chagas disease in at‐risk blood donors and has performed a study to determine the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the donor population. The two commercial tests used in all samples were the ID‐PaGIA Chagas antibody test (DiaMed) and the bioelisa Chagas assay (Biokit).RESULTS: Overall seroprevalence was 0.62 percent, with 11 donors confirmed positive among the 1770 at‐risk donors studied; the highest rate (10.2%) was in Bolivian donors. Interestingly, 1 of the 11 positive donors was a Spaniard who had resided various years in a Chagas disease endemic area. Furthermore, 1 of the positive donors presented detectable parasitemia.CONCLUSION: The results of this study emphasize the need for T. cruzi screening in at‐risk blood donors in nonendemic countries. An important finding is the relevance of including in the at‐risk category persons who have resided in, but were not necessarily born in, an endemic region. If T. cruzi screening is not routinely performed in all donations, it remains highly dependent on proper identification of at‐risk donors during the predonation interview.
Transfusion‐related immunomodulation by platelets is dependent on their expression of MHC Class I molecules and is independent of white cells
Authors: Aslam Rukhsana , Speck Edwin R. , Kim Michael , Freedman John , Semple John W. 
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: Transfusion‐related immunomodulation (TRIM) has been correlated with the presence of white cells (WBCs) in blood transfusions, but the role of components such as platelets (PLTs) in mediating TRIM has not been extensively examined. We designed a murine PLT transfusion model to study whether leukoreduced PLTs mediate TRIM effects.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: CBA recipient mice were administered four weekly transfusions of either fresh (4 hr) or aged (24 and 72 hr) donor leukoreduced PLTs from allogeneic BALB/c mice and then transplanted with skin grafts from donor‐matched mice. TRIM was measured by comparing the times to graft rejection and these were correlated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody development measured by flow cytometry.RESULTS: Compared with nontransfused control recipients, four transfusions of fresh, extremely leukoreduced (<0.05 WBCs/mL), allogeneic PLTs significantly (p < 0.002) reduced the recipient's ability to reject donor‐matched skin grafts (survival >49 days compared with <14 days in nontransfused controls) despite the presence of high‐titered serum IgG donor antibodies. In contrast, however, aged PLTs or fresh PLTs devoid of MHC Class I molecules were unable to affect skin graft survival nor stimulate antibody production. The PLT age‐related inability to induce TRIM was shown to be due to loss of PLT‐associated MHC Class I molecules; soluble supernatant MHC molecules that were transfused were unable to induce TRIM.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that fresh PLTs can induce TRIM independently of WBCs due to their MHC antigen expression whereas aging results in loss of MHC and ability to mediate TRIM. The findings support the concept that either active MHC removal from fresh PLTs or passive removal by, for example, storage, may reduce any deleterious effects of TRIM in transfusion recipients.
Two MER2‐negative individuals with the same novel CD151 mutation and evidence for clinical significance of anti‐MER2
Authors: Karamatic Crew Vanja , Poole Joyce , Long Shannon , Warke Nicole , Colavecchia Connie , Burton Nicholas , Moulds Marilyn , Schlanser Gloria , Wilson Laura , Noumsi Ghislain , Moulds Joann M. , Moulds John J. , Daniels Geoff 
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: MER2 (RAPH1), the only antigen of the RAPH blood group system, is located on the tetraspanin CD151. Only four examples of alloanti‐MER2 are known. We report here two new examples of alloanti‐MER2, in women of Pakistani and Turkish origin, one of whom showed signs of a hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) after transfusion of 3 units of red cells (RBCs).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Standard serologic methods were used. A monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) was used to assess the potential clinical significance of one of the antibodies. All exons and flanking intronic sequences of CD151 were amplified and sequenced. A homology model for CD151 second extracellular loop (EC2) was constructed based on the crystal structure of CD81.RESULTS: RBCs of both patients did not react with alloanti‐MER2, and neither of their antibodies reacted with MER2‐negative RBCs. The MMA results suggested that the antibody that appeared to have caused an HTR had the potential to be clinically significant. Both patients were homozygous for a 511C>T mutation in CD151 encoding an Arg171Cys change. This change did not result in any significant structural rearrangement in the protein model.CONCLUSIONS: Two MER2‐negative patients with anti‐MER2 are homozygous for the same novel mutation encoding an amino acid substitution in the EC2 of CD151. One of the antibodies may have been responsible for an HTR, and crossmatch‐compatible RBCs should be recommended for transfusion to patients with anti‐MER2.
Demographic correlates of psychotic‐like experiences in young Australian adults
Authors: Scott J. , Welham J. , Martin G. , Bor W. , Najman J. , O'Callaghan M. , Williams G. , Aird R. , McGrath J. 
Published: June 2008

Objective:  Psychotic‐like experiences (PLE) in the general community are common. The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence and demographic correlates of PLE in young adults.Method:  The sample consisted of 2441 subjects aged 18–23 years. Subjects completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the 21‐item Peters Delusional Inventory (PDI). Associations between age, gender, hallucinations and delusions were examined using logistic regression.Results:  Both CIDI hallucinations and delusions predicted high scores on the PDI. Younger age was significantly associated with endorsement of CIDI delusions [odds ratio (OR) = 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48–0.92) and with PDI total scores (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.55–0.83). Women were significantly more likely to endorse items related to hallucinations (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.14–1.95) but not delusions.Conclusion:  PLE are common in young adults. The mechanisms underpinning the age and gender gradients in PLE may provide clues to the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders.
Spontaneous diabetes mellitus in captive Mandrillus sphinx monkeys: a case report
Authors: Pirarat N. , Kesdangsakolwut S. , Chotiapisitkul S. , Assarasakorn S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractCase history  The two obese mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) showed clinical signs of depression, anorexia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, glucosuria, proteinuria and ketonuria. Septic bed sore wounds were noted on both fore and hind limbs.Results  Histopathological study revealed severe islet amyloidosis in both mandrills. Immunohistochemical study using polyclonal anti‐cat amylin antibody confirmed derivation of the islet amyloid from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Cardiomyopathy and myocardial fibrosis were also evident.Conclusions  The present study documents diabetes mellitus in two obese mandrills. Diabetes in these animals had features very similar type 2 diabetes mellitus of humans, including the development of severe, IAPP‐derived islet amyloidosis. The mandrill may, therefore, serve as an animal model of human type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Development‐dependent expression of calreticulin in the brain and other tissues of the Japanese monkey, Macaca fuscata
Authors: Higashino A. , Kageyama T. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackground  Calreticulin (Crt) is a molecular chaperone localized to endoplasmic reticulum lumen. The protein is involved in the correct folding of glycoproteins and its cellular level changes depending on various physiologic conditions.Methods  To clarify the Crt level in various tissues of the Japanese monkey during postnatal development, an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay system that we have established was applied.Results and Conclusions  Calreticulin is distributed ubiquitously in various tissues. Its level in the heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney was high in newborns and decreased in juveniles and adults. In various cerebral areas, Crt was present in the gray matter but scarcely found in the white matter. The Crt levels in the cerebral areas were low in newborns and increase in juveniles and adults. These distribution and developmental changes in Crt might be correlated with the quality control of glycoproteins that are synthesized in respective tissues.