bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Follow‐up study of young attenders at an alcohol unit
Authors: DOYLE H. , DELANEY W. , TOBIN J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA follow‐up study of all under 21 year olds satisfying DSM‐III‐R criteria for alcohol dependence treated as in‐patients at an alcohol treatment unit over a 10‐year period was conducted. A total of 52 individuals were identified and of these 80% (44) were traced. The mean period of follow‐up was just over 4 years. A poor outcome (no abstinence or controlled drinking for the past 6 months) was adjudged in 61.4% (27) of the cases. This was associated with indicators of early personality difficulties and unsatisfactory schooling experiences. There was considerable concurrent illicit drug use associated with continuing problem drinking. Both good and poor outcome groups initially had striking forensic histories and significant differences developed over the follow‐up period Kith the poor outcome group continuing to have marked legal problems. In addition the poor outcome group continued to make heavy demands on the medical services over the period. One person died from an alcohol related cause. Greater attention to the specific needs of this group is required and specialized treatment units for young problem drinkers is suggested.
Substance use disorder: abuse, dependence and dyscontrol
Authors: WIDIGER THOMAS A. , SMITH GREGORY T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to review the diagnostic concepts of substance abuse and substance dependence provided in DSM‐III, DSM‐III‐R, and the forthcoming DSM‐IV. The review incorporates the principles that there are no infallible criteria for identifying taken a person lacks sufficient control over the usage of a drug, that dyscontrol exists on a continuum, that substance use dyscontrol shares many formal properties with behavioral dyscontrol within other domains, and that the diagnosis of a mental disorder should be free of moralistic connotations. We conclude the paper with an alternative proposal, wherein the DSM‐IV diagnoses of abuse and dependence are collapsed within one diagnosis of substance dyscontrol disorder and physiological substance dependence is placed with the diagnoses of substance intoxication and substance withdrawal.
A digest of memory phenomena for addiction research
Authors: HAMMERSLEY RICHARD 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe implications for addiction research of recent knowledge about human memory are described. It is important that research using self‐reported data understands the limits of suck data. The nature of human memory and the selective, constructive processes of remembering provide one set of limits. Abandoning retrospective data entirely is not feasible in addiction research, for it would require the abandonment of current and prospective self‐reported data as well, as they are also subject to memory biases. Because of memory distortions, self‐reports, even by rigorous questionnaire, are biased narratives rather than incomplete but otherwise accurate evocations of past events. These limits necessitate caution and humility in the interpretation of findings, and cannot be eliminated by any particular set of research methods. There will never be a philosophers’stone which will convert self‐reported data into absolutely accurate figures of quantity, frequency and timing. Nor is it straightforward to infer social and psychological causality from the organization and timing of events as remembered.
Time course of effects of brief inhalations of nitrous oxide in normal volunteers
Authors: ZACNY JAMES P. , LICHTOR J. LANCE , COALSON DENNIS W. , APFELBAUM JEFFREY L. , FLEMMING DAVID , FOSTER VANESSA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNitrous oxide is commonly used (abused) recreationally by inhaling it in a bolus form (i.e. single or several breaths). The time course of the psychoactive effects of nitrous oxide, via this mode of inhalation, has not been adequately characterized and thus formed the basis for this study. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in four sessions, using a randomized, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled design. In each session one of the following four measures were assessed: self‐reported strength of drug effects, mood, memory and psyckomotor performance. Within sessions, subjects were exposed to four different concentrations of nitrous oxide in a randomized fashion: 0% (oxygen‐placebo), 40%, 60% and 80%. At each concentration, or “trial”, subjects took four deep breaths of the gas. Peak drug effects, as reported by our subjects, occurred within 30 seconds after the last inhalation of nitrous oxide, persisted for about a minute, and then gradually subsided to near‐baseline levels by 5 minutes post‐inhalation. Certain aspects of mood were briefly affected by nitrous oxide, generally in a dose‐related fashion with increases in visual analog scale ratings of “anxious”, “stimulated”, “coasting (spaced out)”, “lightheaded”, “confused”, and “high”. Free recall of words that had been presented between 30 and 60 seconds post‐inhalation was significantly reduced after 80% nitrous oxide, relative to oxygen‐placebo. There was a trend towards psychomotor impairment (Concentration x time: p – 0.08), as measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, with peak decrements in performance (about a minute after inhalation) being greater after 80% nitrous oxide than after 0% nitrous oxide. Our results suggest that there arc acute, albeit brief, adverse effects of inhaling bolus concentrations of nitrous oxide.
The Manjakkudi experience: a camp approach towards treating alcoholics
Authors: RANGANATHAN SHANTHI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA new approach towards treating alcoholics in a rural population is discussed in this paper. This approach is referred to as the “camp approach”. The first such camp was organized in a rural place called Manjakkudi, a village located in Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India. The first camp was held in 1989 and after that three more such camps were conducted in Manjakkudi over a period of 4 years. A total of 105 patients was treated in these camps, Though this treatment programme a similar to the main programme which we follow at T, T, Ranganathan Clinical Research Foundation in the dry, slight modifications were made to suit the rural environment. The details of the programme are discussed in this paper. Total abstinence is the goal. This paper examines the results of the Jour camps conducted at Manjakkudi and attempts to gain an insight into the factors responsible for such a gratifying outcome.
Sexual behaviour of drug injectors in London: implications for HIV transmission and HIV prevention
Authors: RHODES TIM , DONOGHOE MARTIN , HUNTER GILLIAN , SOTERI ANDROULLA , STIMSON GERRY V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe importance of sharing infecting equipment in the transmission dynamics of HIV is well established. Comparatively less is known about the sexual behaviour of drug injectors and the risks posed to themselves and their sexual partners through the sexual transmission of HIV. Findings are reported from survey‐based interviews undertaken in 1991 which investigated the sexual behaviour of 516 drug injectors, both in and out of treatment in London. The majority of respondents (80%) were sexually active in the 6 months preceding interview. During this time, respondents had a mean of 2.1 non‐commercial opposite sex partners. Most (66%) had vaginal intercourse at least once a week, although 68% never used condoms with primary partners and 34% never used condoms with casual partners. Those having sexual intercourse most often were less likely to use condoms. Many had non‐injecting sexual partners, and 62% of respondents' primary and casual partners did not inject drugs. Confirmed saliva HIV test results show 10% of respondents to be antibody positive, with a higher rate of prevalence (14% positive) among those with no experience of treatment. This group were also more likely la report casual sexual intercourse. The average rate of partner change, the high proportion of drug injectors with non‐injecting partners and the infrequency of condom use within primary and casual relationships indicates the potential for HIV transmission between injectors and their non‐injecting sexual partners. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of outreach and community‐based intervention in safer sex health promotion.
Alcohol and depression in English and American lawyer disciplinary proceedings
Authors: GOODLIFFE JONATHAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper gives a comparison of the approach of the US courts and of the Solicitor's Disciplinary Tribunal in England to disciplinary proceedings concerning lawyers suffering from alcohol dependence and/or depression. A richer case law in the USA indicates a more sophisticated approach, higher standards as to evidence and better support systems for lawyers in recovery. Useful lessons could be learned from the American experience and the experience of doctors and dentists by English lawyers.
The effect of parental alcohol problems on rates of adolescent psychiatric disorders
Authors: LYNSKEY MICHAEL T. , FERGUSSON DAVID M. , HORWOOD L. JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe relationships between parental alcohol problems and risks of psychiatric disorders including substance abuse, conduct, attention deficit, mood and anxiety disorders were examined in a birth cohort of New Zealand children studied to the age of 15 years. This analysis showed that children exposed to alcoholic parents had risks of adolescent psychiatric disorders that were between 2.2 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.4; 3.3) to 3.9 (95% CI=2.40; 6.0) times higher than children whose parents did not report alcohol problems. After adjustment for a range of confounding factors these associations tended to reduce but even after adjustment, children of alcoholic parents had rates of disorder that were between 1.6 (95% CI = 1.1; 2.6) to 3.0 (95% CI= 1.8; 4.5) times higher than the offspring of parents who did not have alcohol problems. The analysis suggested approximately linear relationships between the extent of reported parental alcohol problems and risks of disorder. There was no evidence to suggest that, in general, males responded to parental alcohol problems in a way that differed from the response of females.
What if alcoholism had not been invented? The dynamics of American alcohol mythology
Authors: MULFORD HAROLD A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay speculates on what might have been had alcoholism not been invented. The invention is viewed as a product of the ongoing myth‐making process whereby society continuously defines and redefines alcohol, seeking to integrate it into the culture in ways that allow enjoyment of its pleasures with minimum pain. Had alcoholism not been invented, (a) the myth‐making process might have yielded another simplistic explanation of drunkenness, but more likely alcohol would have remained the supposed cause; (b) the per capita alcohol consumption uptrend of some 50 years standing might not have reversed as it did in 1982; (c) chronic drunkards might still be denied life‐saving hospitalization which gains them more time for the natural reform process to work for them; and (d) local communities nationwide might have taken common‐sense actions to facilitate the natural rehabilitation process and provided more benefit to more alcoholics for less cost than treating alcoholism. It is expected that Americans will continue to drink and will continue to seek a more harmonious relationship with alcohol. The informal social controls will continue to largely constrain individual appetites for alcohol's pleasures, and most alcoholics will continue to gain control of their excessive drinking in the natural course of events with or without exposure to alcoholism treatment.
Prevalence of HIV and associated risk behaviour in attendees at a Dublin needle exchange
Authors: JOHNSON Z. , O'CONNOR M. , POMEROY L. , JOHNSON H. , BARRY J. , SCULLY M. , FITZPATRICK E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of HIV infection and assess the level of equipment‐sharing and unsafe sexual activity among attendees at a Dublin needle exchange. Using an anonymous unlinked approach, attendees were asked to complete a brief questionnaire and provide a sample of saliva for HIV testing. Of the 144 attendees eligible for inclusion during the study period, 106 agreed to participate and complete a questionnaire, a response rate of 74%. Of the 81 respondents who submitted a usable saliva sample, 14.8% were HIV positive. Half of the respondents claimed that they had not shared equipment during the preceding 28 days, but a third had shared with multiple partners. Half of the respondents claimed that they had multiple sexual partners during the preceding year, but only a quarter said that they always used condoms. The prevalence of HIV infection is similar to that found in routine linked testing of drug users in Ireland. The high level of unsafe injecting and sexual activity makes clear the need for more effective health promotion among drug users in Dublin.
Drinking problems and the position of women in Nigeria
Authors: IKUESAN BENSON A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines, against the background of society's general attitudes toward women, the special problems that arise for women who misuse alcohol in Nigeria, Both traditional and contemporary Nigerian societies idealize women. Their roles are circumscribed and they are least expected to engage in certain socially unacceptable behaviours (alcohol misuse included) that could at best only be pardoned if males were to behave in this way. Women who misuse alcohol in Nigeria therefore suffer enormous psychological and social damage, besides the physical complications experienced by alcohol misusers. They are considered as social misfits, and would in many cases end up in prostitution. Their “sins” are visited upon their children and extended family, who in turn would be under pressure to salvage the family name and image. The nature of help available to such women, and recommendations for improving that help, are discussed.
Sexual behaviour and its relationship to drug‐taking among prostitutes in south London
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL , POWIS BEVERLY , GRIFFITHS PAUL , STRANG JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe precise manner in which the use of different types of drugs is related to prostitution has not been adequately researched. This study investigates patients of drug‐taking and sexual behaviour among a group of women working as prostitutes in south London; it also looks at prostitution in which sex is offered in return for drugs, at the links between heroin, cocaine and alcohol use and sexual behaviour, and at the association between severity of dependence and sexual behaviour. All of the women in our sample (n− 51) were actively working as prostitutes. More than half of them had given sex for drugs, though this was a relatively infrequent occurrence. The majority of them were using heroin and many of them were moderately or severely dependent upon heroin. More than one‐third had shared injecting equipment after it had already been used. Almost two‐thirds reported that they only worked as a prostitute in order to fund their use of drugs (predominantly heroin), and that they would not continue working as a prostitute if they were not still using drugs. The more severely dependent upon heroin they were, the more likely they mere to report these links between heroin use and prostitution. About half of the women in our sample said that they first started to work as a prostitute in order to pay for drugs. The women who began to use heroin prior to prostitution were more severely dependent on heroin and described themselves as being trapped in prostitution by the need to maintain a supply of heroin. Very few women regularly used cocaine in association with their prostitution. There are grounds for concent about the alcohol consumption of these women. About one‐quarter of the women said that they used alcohol every day; some of them reported drinking at levels which greatly exceed recommended limits for women, and some were drinking at levels which mere likely to be physically damaging.
Overview: Demography, epidemiology and psychopharmacology–making sense of the connections
Authors: BABOR THOMAS F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis overview discusses the five papers covering demographic and prevalence issues in terms of the commonalities and differences across psychoactive substances, particularly as they pertain to the relationship between demographic factors and the prevalence of substance abuse. This overview also concerns itself with gaps in knowledge, methodological issues and future directions for research. It begins with some basic definitions and fundamental questions. A brief review of the salient points of each paper is then provided, followed by a more synthetic discussion of methodological and theoretical issues. It closes with some speculative ideas about the meaning of demographic variables for an understanding of substance abuse.
Opiate reinforcement processes: re‐assembling multiple mechanisms
Authors: BOZARTH MICHAEL A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOpiate reinforcement processes can be described within the context of operant conditioning theory. Both positive and negative reinforcing effects may motivate drug‐taking behavior, although the strongest evidence attributes drug‐taking to a simple positive reinforcement process. Empirical research has focused largely on a positive reinforcement mechanism involving the ventral tegmental dopamine system, but three additional reinforcement mechanisms can be argued on logical grounds. These other mechanisms involve neuroadaptive changes produced by chronic opiate administration and may contribute to the strong motivational impact of opiates following long‐term drug use.
Biological effects of central nervous system stimulants
Authors: HOLMAN R. BRUCE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn both animals and man, stimulants such as the amphetamines and cocaine are reinforcing and thus motivate repeated drug‐taking behaviour and leading to abuse. Although this class of drugs seems to act by different biological mechanisms in the central nervous system, it has been suggested that their action to increase dopaminergic neurotransmission is crucial to the reinforcing properties of these compounds. However, increasing evidence suggests that a number of other neurotransmitters/neuroregulators, possibly in conjunction with dopamine, are pan of the complex neurochemical systems which underlies various aspects of stimulant abuse behaviours. Examples of possible influences of noradrenaline and corticosterone will be discussed.
Nicotine withdrawal versus other drug withdrawal syndromes: similarities and dissimilarities
Authors: HUGHES JOHN R. , HIGGINS STEPHEN T. , BICKEL WARREN K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMany of the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal are similar to those of other drug withdrawal syndromes: anxiety, awakening during sleep, depression, difficulty concentrating, impatience, irritability/anger and restlessness. Slowing of the heart rate and weight gain are distinguishing features of tobacco withdrawal. Although nicotine withdrawal may not produce medical consequences, it lasts for several weeks and can be severe in some smokers. Like most other drug withdrawals, nicotine withdrawal is time‐limited, occurs in non‐humans, is influenced by instructions/expectancy and abates with replacement therapy and gradual reduction. Unlike some other drug withdrawal syndromes, protracted, neonatal or precipitated withdrawal does not occur. Whether nicotine withdrawal is associated with tolerance, acute physical dependence, greater duration and intensity of use, rapid reinstatement, symptom stages, cross‐dependence with other nicotine ligands, reduction by non‐pharmacological interventions and genetic influences is unclear. Whether nicotine withdrawal plays a major role in relapse to smoking has not been established but this is also true for other drug withdrawal syndromes.
Opiate withdrawal
Authors: FARRELL MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOpiate withdrawal is one of the longest studied and most well described withdrawal syndromes. Opiate withdrawal has been described as akin to a moderate to severe flu‐like illness. Opiate withdrawal is appropriately described as subjectively severe but objectively mild. This paper describes the mechanisms of opiate dependence and opiate withdrawal and reviews the available instruments for the measurement of withdrawal. The time course of assisted and unassisted withdrawal is described and the range of options for the management of assisted withdrawal are described. This review concludes that the most effective and least time‐ and resource‐consuming approach to opiate withdrawal will substantially contribute to the overall social management of opiate dependence.
Opiates: are there under‐utilized and unexplored areas of prevention?
Authors: STRANG JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper explores the varied and potentially conflicting goals of preventive measures as applied to opiate use. These goals relate both to the overall extent of opiate use and the amount of harm arising from this drug use. Prevention involves the control both of the supply side and the demand for opiates. Particular targets may include sharing equipment, injecting, progression to more harmful routes of administration, prevention of development of dependence, harmful sequelae of opiate use and co‐morbidity. There may be a place for manipulating the black market for opiates to channel users in directions that achieve particular prevention goals, and being more selective about targeting particular groups of users at particular times. It is the role of scientists to quantify the dimensions of harm and the likely impact on these dimensions of particular interventions. It is then up to elected representatives to determine the priorities.
The treatment of stimulant dependence
Authors: SCHUCKIT MARC A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRehabilitation efforts offered to individuals with stimulant dependence incorporate a series of maneuvers to accomplish three major goals. Following active detoxification, most clinicians attempt to: (1) increase motivation for abstinence and maintain a high level of commitment to this goal; (2) help individuals to rebuild a stable life–style without substances; and (3) actively work toward ways of decreasing the probability of relapse (relapse prevention). While these activities incorporate education, counseling, outreach to families and exposure to self–help groups (e.g. Cocaine Anonymous), numerous pharmacological approaches have been tested. Each mode of drug therapy is based on a reasonable hypothesis, but appropriately controlled and structured clinical trials have not yet revealed any pharmacological approach for rehabilitation of stimulant–dependent individuals for which the risks have been shown to outweigh the assets.