bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower Bone Mineral Content in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Is Linked to Female Sex, Low Insulin-Like Growth Factor Type I Levels, and High Insulin Requirement
Authors: Léger Juliane , Marinovic Daniela , Alberti Corinne , Dorgeret Sophie , Chevenne Didier , Marchal Claire Lévy , Tubiana-Rufi Nadia , Sebag Guy , Czernichow Paul 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Context: Studies on bone mineral characteristics in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have generated conflicting results.
Objective: Our objective was to investigate bone mineral characteristics in children with T1DM and to analyze their associations with bone metabolism and the IGF-I system.
Design: We recruited a cohort of Caucasian patients with T1DM for at least 3 yr and healthy children between January 2003 and June 2004.
Setting: This was a university hospital-based study.
Participants: A total of 127 patients and 319 controls aged 6 to 20 yr participated.
Methods: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was performed in patients and controls. Serum bone alkaline phosphatase, CrossLaps, IGF-I, and IGF-binding protein 3 levels were determined in patients with values analyzed using our normative data from 1150 healthy children.
Results: After adjustment for age, sex, pubertal stage, and body mass index sd score, total body bone mineral content (BMC)/lean body mass was significantly lower in patients than in controls (P &lt; 0.04). This difference was a result of the differences between the girls of the two groups. Girls with T1DM had significantly lower lumbar spine and total body BMC than control girls (P = 0.002), whereas no such difference was observed in boys. Serum bone alkaline phosphatase level was significantly lower in girls than in boys (P = 0.04). Low serum IGF-I levels and the administration of large amounts of insulin were found to have independent deleterious effects on BMC for children of all ages and both sexes, whereas disease duration and glycosylated hemoglobin levels did not.
Conclusions: A sex-related difference in the impairment of bone mineral characteristics was identified in children with T1DM. Longitudinal studies are required to investigate whether boys may gain slightly less bone mass during skeletal growth.
ON THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF SALT SOLUTIONS OF SOME RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
Authors: Inoue Toshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1) The absorption spectra of chlorides of lanthanum, cerium (trivalent), praseodymium, neodymium, Samarium and erbium were studied and compared with the works published up to the present time.
2) In studying the ultra-violet absorptions of these salts, the existence of the following bands was confirmed:
350 and 2469 Å in cerous chloride; 2600 Å in samarium chloride; 2470 Å in erbium chloride.
3) A method for the quantitative analysis for cerium and samarium by measuring their characteristic ultra-violet absorptions was described.
THE NITRILE-ESTERS OF 2-METHYLPROPENE-1,1,3,3-TETRACARBOXYLIC ACID
Authors: Urushibara Yoshiyuki , Takebayashi Matsuji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The sodium derivatives of the nitrile-esters of 2-methylpropene-1,1,3,3-tetracarboxylic acid (HOOC)2C=C(CH3)–CH(COOH)2 have been synthesized, and their properties have been compared with those of the corresponding compounds of the propene-1,1,3,3-tetracarboxylic acid series synthesized previously. It has been observed that, with one exceptional case of the 1,3-dicyano-1,3-dicarbethoxy-compounds, there exist analogies in all respects between the 2-methylpropene-tetracarboxylic acid series and the propenetetracarboxylic acid series.
The Effects of Oxygen and Peroxides on the Rate of Addition of Bromine to Cinnamic Acid in Carbon Tetrachloride
Authors: Urushibara Yoshiyuki , Takebayashi Matsuji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) The relation between the extent of addition of bromine to cinnamic acid in carbon tetrachloride and the amount of oxygen present has been shown.
(2) It has been indicated that hydrogen bromide is indifferent to the reaction of bromine with cinnamic acid in carbon tetrachloride either in presence or in absence of oxygen.
(3) The accelerating effect of benzoyl peroxide on the addition of bromine to cinnamic acid in carbon tetrachloride has been demonstrated.
(4) In all cases, namely in vacuum and in the presence of any of oxygen, benzoyl peroxide, and hydrogen bromide, the products separating out in crystals were cinnamic acid dibromide melting at 198°.
(5) All the results mentioned above were obtained from the additions in the dark at room temperature.
Studies on the Effect of Electric Field on the Viscosity of Liquids
Authors: Kimura Osamu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) A capillary viscosimeter is made, to which electric field can be applied.
(2) By means of this viscosimeter, the viscosity of benzene and hexane solution of lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acid and of cetyl alcohol is measured in the presence of electric field.
(3) The viscosity of these solutions generally increases in electric field, and the stronger the field the greater the increase. The acid with longer chain shows much more effect than one with the shorter. In a solution the effect is proportional to concentration.
(4) In lauric acid, the increase of viscosity shows a linear relation. In stearic acid, the increase ceases at a certain voltage.
(5) In cetyl alcohol the viscosity increases stepwise and the form of the viscosity-field intensity curve is independent of the nature of solvent.
(6) This electro-viscose effect is due to the orientation of molecules of solute.
(7) The irregularity of curves in stearic acid and cetyl alcohol seems to be the result from association.
Vanadium, Chromium, and Molybdenum Contents of the Hot Springs of Japan
Authors: Kuroda Kazuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) The vanadium, chromium and molybdenum contents in a number of hot springs of Japan were estimated.
(2) The molybdenum content of the mineral waters of Murasugi No. 3 was spectroscopically estimated.
The Mechanism of the Oxygen Effect on Hydrogen Bromide Reacting with Ethenoid Compounds
Authors: Urushibara Yoshiyuki , Simamura Osamu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
When hydrogen bromide acts on the ethenoid linkage in the presence of oxygen, the first change to be characterized is the formation of a bromo radical from the unsaturated molecule and the bromine atom formed from hydrogen bromide and oxygen. In the formation of the bromo radical, if the double bond is situated at the end of a chain, the bromine atom takes preferably the terminal position, and, if an asymmetric carbon atom is produced by the addition of the bromine atom, inversion is accompanied. In the second stage of the reaction the radical, according as its nature and the conditions, either takes up hydrogen atom from hydrogen bromide to form a completed addition product and another bromine atom or splits off the bromine atom to regenerate the double bond. In either case the cycle of the changes is propagated by a chain mechanism. The action of oxygen, therefore, resembles that of light quantum in a photochemical reaction proceeding with a great quantum yield.
The theory advanced in this paper is based on the experiments on the action of hydrogen bromide and oxygen on certain ethenoid compounds.
The effect of reduced nickel will be discussed in a separate paper on the basis of a quite similar mechanism.
Chemical Studies of the Western Pacific Ocean. III. Freezing Point, Osmotic Pressure, Boiling Point, and Vapour Pressure of Sea Water
Authors: Miyake Yasuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) The freezing point of sea water from the Western Pacific Ocean has been measured and a new empirical formula for the relation between freezing point and chlorinity has been obtained, which seems to be more adequate than Knudsen-Hansen’s equation.
(2) The osmotic pressure, the boiling point elevation and the depression of the vapour pressure of sea water have been calculated.
The author wishes to express his hearty thanks to Prof. T. Okada, Director of the Central Meteorological Observatory of Japan, for his kind guidance and the permission of publishing this report. He is also indebted to Mr. H. Matui for his earnest assistance throughout this work.
The Nature of the Complex Formation between Boric Acid and Organic Polyoxy Compounds
Authors: Tsuzuki Yojiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
By polarimetric observations with regard to the effects of H3BO3, Na2B4O7 and KBO2 on various polyoxy compounds the following results and conclusion were obtained.
Boric acid has a very feeble ability for complex formation with non-ionizable polyoxy compounds, such as mannit and glucose, while alkali borates show strong activity upon them. The order of the strengths is H3BO3&lt;&lt;Na2B4O7&lt;KBO2. Complex is formed between borate ion and polyhydric alcohols. Its quantity increases with increasing BO2′.
The effects of boric acid and alkali borates on ionizable polyoxy compounds, like tartaric acid and its salts, appear somewhat complicated. In this case complex formation is possible to a large extent between free boric acid and free tartaric acid (complex I). Complexes are also formed between alkali borate and alkali tartrates (complex II), but they (II) are different in structure from those formed in acidic medium (I). The complex I is formed by the action between BO2′ and alcoholic OH groups, but complex II between B(OH)3 molecule and COO′ ion.
Calcium gluconate behaves toward boric acid and borates like alkali tartrates. H3BO3 combines with the COO′ group of the gluconate, while BO2′ reacts with its alcoholic OH groups.
Thus it has been shown that the complex formation is in general based upon the reaction between molecule and ion, and not between neutral molecules nor between ions.
Studies on the Reactions between Oxides in Solid State at Higher Temperatures. I. The Reaction between Magnesium Oxide and Titanium Oxide
Authors: Tanaka Yasuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) It has been confirmed that three titanates, i.e., magnesium orthotitanate (2MgO·TiO2), metatitanate (MgO·TiO2) and dititanate (MgO·2TiO2), are formed by the solid reaction between MgO and TiO2; 2MgO·TiO2 is soluble in 4 N HCl and MgO·TiO2 in 12 N HCl, while MgO·2TiO2 is scarcely soluble even in 12 N HCl.
(2) By following the course of the reaction analytically, it has been found that the first reaction product is MgO·2TiO2, whatever the mixing ratio of the two components may be; MgO·TiO2 is formed gradually when an excess of MgO is present; and 2MgO·TiO2 is formed similarly, but with difficulty.
(3) The reaction has been proved to proceed, under various ex？erimental conditions, in the same manner, and MgO·TiO2 can never be regarded as the first reaction product.
(4) The reaction between MgO·TiO2 and TiO2 to form MgO·2TiO2 has taken place more easily than the formation of MgO·TiO2 from MgO 2TiO2 and MgO.
(5) It has been concluded that, although there exists a notable rapid initial reaction, a further reaction is controlled by the diffusion of the two components through the reaction product. The energy of activation of the diffusion process of MgO·2TiO2 formation has been estimated to be 36.0 Kilocalories per mole.
The Synthesis of Iso- and Normal Butyl Alcohols in the Presence of Calcium Carbide. (B) III. Experimental Details and Preliminary Investigations on Methanol Catalysts in the Presence of the Carbide. Dry System
Authors: Negishi Ryoji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The experimental procedure and the preparations of the catalysts used are given in detail. The effects on the activity of the carbide and of the reaction products are found to be small—if at all.
The results of the runs in dry system are tabulated, and each run is briefly described. Short discussions on the results are also given. A fuller discussion on them is reserved for a subsequent paper.
Studies on the Reactions between Oxides in Solid State at Higher Temperatures. V. The Reaction between Magnesium Oxide and Aluminium Oxide
Authors: Tanaka Yasuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) It has been found that pure MgO·Al2O3 is formed at first in this reaction, and the solid solution rich in A12O3 is formed gradually when an excess of Al2O3 is present.
(2) Although there exists a rapid initial reaction, the later reaction is controlled by the diffusion process with an energy of activation of 41.1 Kilocalories per mole.
(3) The reaction proceeds more easily with the mixtures containing an excess of MgO than with the other mixtures.
The Oxygen Effect in the Hydrogen Bromide Catalysis of the Addition Reaction of Bromine to Cinnamic Acid in Carbon Tetrachloride Solution
Authors: Simamura Osamu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
It has been found that a joint action of hydrogen bromide and oxygen accelerates the addition of bromine to cinnamic acid in carbon tetrachloride solution in the dark, whereas the reaction is retarded by either of them. The catalyzed reaction is prevented by catechol, and hydrogen chloride cannot be substituted for hydrogen bromide without the dis？ppearance of the accelerating effect. On the basis of these observations the nature of the alleged catalysis of the addition of bromine by hydrogen bromide has been elucidated. The elimination of the induction period, which is certainly attributable to the inhibitory action of oxygen, is not due to the removal of the latter. The explanation offered is that hydrogen bromide and an ethenoid compound in co-operation with the very oxygen starts a rapid chain reaction involving bromine atoms and free radicals. Also for the uncatalyzed addition of bromine to cinnamic acid in carbon tetrachloride a possibility of a mechanism involving chains has been suggested.
On the Metallo-organic Compounds. XII. Dialkyltin Sulphide R2SnS (or tri-thio-anhydro-tris-dialkylstanne-dithiol (R2SnS)3)
Authors: Harada Taichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Dialkyltin sulphide has been prepared by treating dialkyltin dihalide with KSH in absolute alcohol, saturated with hydrogen sulphide. The six-membered hetero-cyclic structure
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
and the term tri-thio-anhydro-tris-dialkylstanne-dithiol are suggested for the compound from the results of the molecular weight determination.
ON THE PRESERVATION OF THE STANDARD SOLUTION OF OXALIC ACID AND ON THE READING OF THE BURETTE
Authors: Ishimaru Saburo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1). The standard solution of oxalic acid should always be kept in a reagent bottle carefully wrapped with black paper. The solution thus preserved does not change its strength, irrespective of the presence or absence of sulphuric acid. Hence the old standard solution kept in a black bottle can as well used for titration.
(2). The method of preservation of the oxalic acid solution, described in Treadwell’s “Analytical Chemistry” is not appropriate; the addition of sulphuric acid is not only unnecessary but objectionable, because the velocity of decomposition of the oxalic acid solution kept in a colorless bottle, becomes greater with the increase in the concentration of sulphuric acid added.
(3). A convenient device for the correct reading of the burette is described.
SPECTROSCOPICAL STUDY OF AMINO-ACID ANHYDRIDES. II. LIGHT ABSORPTIONS OF SOME AMINO-ACIDS, THEIR ESTERS, PEPTIDES AND ANHYDRIDES
Authors: Shibata Yuji , Asahina Tei-ichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) Glycocoll, alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glycocoll ester, tyrosine esters, glycylleueine, glycyl-l-phenylalanine, glycyl-d,l-phenyl alanine, glycyl-l-tyrosine anhydride, tyrosine anhydride, glycyl-l-leucine anhydride, leucine anhydride, glycyl-l-phenylalanine anhydride and phenylalanine anhydride were spectrochemically studied in aqueous, alcoholic or glacial acetic acid solutions.
(2) Among these compounds only those which contain phenyl and oxy-phenyl groups in their molecules show selective light absorptions ; i.e., tyrosine, phenylalanine and their derivatives, except phenylalanine, anhydride absorb selectively.
(3) Although two phenyl groups exist in its molecule, phenylalanine anhydrid show only end absorption, perhaps due to the mutual effect of these two chromophores symmetrically situated to each other.
(4) Derivatives of either tyrosine or phenylalanine absorb identically with their mother substances.
(5) Other amino-acids, their esters, pepetides and anhydrides show no selective absorptions, as in the cases of glycocoll anhydride, alanine anhydride and sarcosine anhydride which were described in our previous paper.
(6) As for the constitution of amino-acid anhydrides, the same conclusion as was previously mentioned, may be applied again to the substances now studied, that is to say, all these anhydrides are in keto-form.
On the Equilibrium of the Radioactive Elements in the Hydrosphere. I
Authors: Kuroda Kazuo , Yokoyama Yuji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The equilibrium relationships of the radioactive elements in the hydrosphere was studied. The radium, radon, radium A, radium B, radium C, radium F (polonium), thorium X, thoron, and thorium B content of mineral springs of Masutomi was estimated, and discussed from geochemical point of view. It was found that spring B7 shows the high content of thorium X and thoron. Spring A49, on the other hand, showed the high content of radon and polonium. It was also found that the decay products of radon are contained in fresh mineral springs in considerably lower amounts compared with those expected from the radon contents.
The authors take this opportunity of heartily thanking Prof. Ken-jiro Kimura for his kind guidance in the course of this study. The cost of this research was defrayed from the Scientific Research Encouragement Grant from the Department of Education, to which our thanks are due.
Mechanisms of Agglomeration of Red Cells by High Polymer Compounds
Authors: Inokuchi Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The mechanisms of agglomeration of erythrocytes caused by hydrophilic negative polymers were investigated and the following views were proposed.
(1) Among the negative colloids, fibrous colloids show the erythrocyte agglomeration, while spherical ones do not cause it.
(2) Agglomeration by the negative colloids is caused by two actions, i. e., adsorption of these polymers upon cells and their action to join cells together. Those substances which lack either or both of these actions fail to cause the agglomeration.
(3) Fibrous structure of macromolecule favors these actions on account of the large extension of molecule and adequate flexibility of each part of the molecule in solution.
(4) The dissociated or dipol radicals of the negative polymers and amino groups of the protein of cell surface are considered to be the centres of adsorption respectively.
The Crystal Structure of Alpha-amino Isobutyric Acid
Authors: Hirokawa Sakutaro , Kuribayashi Shunsuke , Nitta Isamu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
X-ray examination of crystals of α-amino isobutyric acid shows them to be built upon a composite monoclinic unit having a=10.59 kx, b=8.97 kx, c=11.34kx, and β=94°, containing eight molecules. The space group is C2/c with all atoms being in the general positions with the following parameters which were determined by the three-dimensional Fourier analysis; nitrogen: x=0.154, y=0.100, z=0.388; carboxylic carbon: x=0.178, y=−0.025, z=0.199; α-carbon: x=0.212, y=−0.031, z=0.331; methyl carbon 1: x=0.355, =−0.027, z=0.365; methyl carbon 2: x=0.148, y=−0.167, z=0.382; oxygen 1: x=0.112, y=0.083, z=0.159; oxygen 2: x=0.224, y=−0.121, z=0.138. Bond distances are 1.26 and 1.20 kx. for carbon-oxygen, 1.52, 1.53 and 1.54 kx. for carbon-carbon and 1.49 kx. for carbon-nitrogen. There are observed a considerably close intramolecular approach between nitrogen and oxygen atoms and also close contact between two methyl groups.
The Bitter Substance, Produced in Black-rotten Sweet Potato. II. On the Constitution of Ipomoeamarone. Part 1
Authors: Ohno Takashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Ipomoeamarone is an open-chain ketone with two oxide rings and two ethylenic linkages. It gives a liquid keto-acid and oxalic acid by oxidation with potassium permanganate at room temperature, and acetone, acetic acid, oxalic acid and a liquid acid by oxidation with the same reagent at 100°.
The Crystal Structure of “Dichrochloride”, [Co(NH3)3H2OCl2]Cl
Authors: Tanito Yoshimichi , Saito Yoshihiko , Kuroya Hisao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An X-ray diffraction study of crystals of dichloro-aquo-triammine-cobalt (III) chloride eads to a hexagonal unit of structure with a=7.37 a. and c=8.75 a., containing two formula units in it. The most probable space group is D6h4−C6/mmc. For an accurate determination of the structure, the method of three dimensional Fourier series was used. The determined structure is most easily described as NiAs type, consisting of [Co(NH3)3H2OCl2]+ and Cl− ions. Two chlorine atoms are coordinated to a cobalt atom in trans-positions with respect to each other, each being 2.33 A. from the cobalt atom. The Cl-Co-Cl direction being parallel to the c-axis, the octahedral complex ions seem to have statistical azimuthal orientations in the crystal and the apparent, symmetry of the complex ion is D3h− 6m2. Such an arrangement of the complex ions in the crystal may well account for the marked red-blue dichroism of the crystals.
The Relation between the Geometrical Configurations of Inorganic Complexes and their Absorption Bands. III. A General Rule for the First and Second Bands of Co (III) Complexes
Authors: Shimura Yoichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A survey of the absorption data of the tetrammine- or bisethylenediamine-Co(III) complexes available in previous literature as well as in the author’s measurements has shown that the frequency differences of the first bands (or second bands) of the cis- and trans-isomers are closely related to the spectrochemical series of the ligands which coördinated in cis- or trans-positions. This correlation has been interpreted as the result of a trans-influence of the ligands, i.e., a trans-substitution causes a greater shift of the first band (or second band) than corresponding cis- substitution. The visible and ultraviolet absorption spectra of two isomers of [Co(NH3)4NO2·NCS]+ have been measured and the steric configurations of both ions have been determined.
The Structure of Surface-Denatured Protein. I. Molecular Weight and Surface Area of Horse Serum Albumin Molecule
Authors: Imahori Kazutomo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1. The molecular weight of the surface denatured serum albumin molecule is measured from the FA–F curve. The experiment has shown it to be about 70,000.
2. The surface area covered by one surfacedenatured serum albumin molecule is determined to be 9820 Å.2 from the compressibility measurement.
Influence of Substituent Groups on Nuclear Reactivity in Formations of Substituted Biphenyls through Reactions of Aromatic Diazo and Cognate Compounds with Aromatic Liquids. II. The Bromine Atom
Authors: Simamura Osamu , Inukai Takashi , Kurata Masaya 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of N-nitrosoacetanilide or benzenediazo hydroxide with bromobenzene gives all three isomerides of bromobiphenyls, the yields decreasing in the order ortho &gt; meta &gt; para. All the nuclear positions of bromobenzene are more reactive than benzene towards attack by the phenyl radicals.