bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surfactant properties of purified polyglycerol monolaurates
Authors: Kato Tomoharu , Nakamura Takeshi , Yamashita Masatsugu , Kawaguchi Masami , Kato Tadaya , Itoh Takahito 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of purified polyglycerol monolaurates (PGML), such as di‐, tri‐, tetra‐, and pentaglycerol monolaurates, were synthesized, and their surfactant properties in aqueous solutions were examined. The surfactant properties of PGML were compared with those of n‐dodecyl polyoxyethylene monoethers (C12EOn) to examine the function of the hydrophilic part of these compounds. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values and the surface tension at CMC of PGML and C12EOn increased linearly with an increase in the number of glycerol and oxyethylene units, respectively; the slope of the increase was greater for PGML than C12EOn. The minimum surface area per molecule of PGML was smaller than that of C12EOn at the air/aqueous solution interface. The initial foam heights of the surfactants at the CMC increased with an increase in the number of glycerol or oxyethylene units, and the foam heights of PGML were consistently higher and more stable than those of C12EOn. Detergency depended on a reduction in interfacial tension. Triglycerol monolaurate showed the lowest interfacial tension and the highest detergency among all the surfactants tested. Overall, the PGML showed better performance in all the surfactant properties tested than C12EOn. It is noteworthy that the surfactant properties of PGML having few glycerol units (di‐ to tetraglycerol monolaurates) are on par with those of C12EOn having many oxyethylene units (hexa‐ and octaoxyethylene). These results suggest that PGML having a secondary hydroxyl group on every glycerol unit of the hydrophilic part could be more hydrophilic than C12EOn; this characteristic feature guaranteed the superior surfactant properties of PGML.
Synthesis of β‐bromoethoxylates and β‐chloroethoxylates from olefinic fatty methyl esters
Authors: Singh Sukhprit , Singh Bhupinderpal 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOlefinic fatty methyl esters [undec‐10‐enoate (1), octadec‐Z‐9‐enoate (2), methyl‐12 hydroxy octadec‐Z‐9‐enoate (3)], on reaction with an N‐halosuccinimide (4–5)—i.e., N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS; 4) or N‐chlorosuccinimide (NCS; 5)—in the presence of diols such as mono‐, di‐, tri‐, and tetraethylene glycols (6–9), gave the respective β‐bromo‐ or β‐chloroethoxylates (11–34).
Aging of oily soils on textile materials: A literature review
Authors: Chi Yong‐Seung , Obendorf S. Kay 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLiterature covering the problems of oily soil aging on textile materials is reviewed. Difficulty of soil removal and discoloration of oily soiled fabrics were the main problems of aged oily soil reported by researchers. Yellowing of fabrics is attributed mainly to residual oily soils although there are other causes. Oxidation of unsaturated oils was suggested as the cause of problems related to aging of oily soils; thus, the autoxidation mechanisms of unsaturated lipids are an important part of this review. The effects of aging on oily soil removal are attributed to this oxidation of unsaturated oils, wicking of oils into small capillaries within the yarn structure, and possible chemical linkages of aged oils with fibers. Thus, included in this review are studies on the interactions between lipid oxidation products and proteins that suggest interaction between aged oily soils and fiber substrates.
Aspects of polymer use in detergents
Authors: Bertleff Werner , Neumann Peter , Baur Richard , Kiessling Dieter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecent developments in polymer builders and specialty polymers (i.e., soil shield and soil release agents, dye transfer inhibitors) for detergents are reviewed. Attention focuses on polycarboxylates as detergent processing auxiliaries as well as detergent actives under low‐temperature washing conditions.
Preferential loss of visceral fat following aerobic exercise, measured by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Louise Thomas E. , Brynes Audrey E. , McCarthy John , Goldstone Anthony P. , Hajnal Joseph V. , Saeed Nadeem , Frost Gary , Bell Jimmy D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to use whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) together with biochemical and anthropometric measurements to study the influence of regular moderate exercise with no dietary intervention on adipose tissue distribution in nonobese healthy women. We found significant decreases in both total (28.86±2.24 vs. 27.00±2.27 liters, P<0.05) and regional fat depots (visceral fat: 1.68±0.21 vs. 1.26±0.18 liters, P<0.01) using whole‐body MRI despite no significant change in body weight, body mass index, or the waist‐to‐hip ratio. Interestingly, no changes in body fat content were found using anthropometry or impedance. There was a significant increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.58 ±0.06 vs. 1.66±0.08 mmol/L P<0.02) following exercise although there were no changes in other blood lipids such as triglycerides. In summary, moderate aerobic exercise over a period of 6 mon resulted in a preferential loss in visceral fat in nonobese healthy women, and this may help to explain some of the health benefits associated with regular and moderate physical activity.
A comparison of lycopene and astaxanthin absorption from corn oil and olive oil emulsions
Authors: Clark Richard M. , Yao Lili , She Li , Furr Harold C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of different oils on the absorption of carotenoids was investigated in mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rats. Sixteen treatment emulsions containing increasing concentrations of either lycopene (LYC) or astaxanthin (AST) (5, 10, 15, 20 μmol/L) were prepared with olive oil or corn oil and continuously infused into the duodenum of the rat. Absorption of carotenoids into the mesenteric lymph duct was determined. Absorption of LYC and AST from both oils increased with the amount infused into the duodenum. The average recovery of AST in the lymph from the olive oil emulsion was 20% but was decreased to 13% from emulsions containing corn oil. Lycopene was not as well absorbed as AST. The average recovery of LYC was 6% from olive oil emulsions but only 2.5% when infused with corn oil. The LYC used in this study was isolated from tomato paste and was primarily in the all‐trans form. We did not observe any significant isomerization of all‐trans LYC to 9‐cis LYC during absorption. We conclude that the type of oil with which a carotenoid is consumed can influence its absorption.
Recent advances in infant cognition: Implications for long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation studies
Authors: Colombo John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe assessment of cognitive function in early life has recently become an issue for consideration in long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) supplementation studies. This article reviews the various means by which such assessment has been done in past LC‐PUFA supplementation studies and provides some background on recent advances in the measurement of infant cognition that may need to be considered when planning or designing future supplementation studies. These include (i) consideration of the specificity of LC‐PUFA effects on cognition, (ii) inclusion of multiple tasks or levels of measurement as outcome measures, and (iii) a stronger emphasis on developmental processes in the design of such studies.
Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on retinal development: Cellular and molecular aspects
Authors: Politi Luis , Rotstein Nora , Carri Nestor 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have recently shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is necessary for survival and differentiation of rat retinal photoreceptors during development in vitro. In cultures lacking DHA, retinal neurons developed normally for 4 d; then photoreceptors selectively started an apoptotic pathway leading to extensive degeneration of these cells by day 11. DHA protected photoreceptors by delaying the onset of apoptosis; in addition, it advanced photoreceptor differentiation, promoting opsin expression and inducing apical differentiation in these neurons. DHA was the only fatty acid having these effects. Mitochondrial damage accompanied photoreceptor apoptosis and was markedly reduced upon DHA supplementation. This suggests that a possible mechanism of DHA‐mediated photoreceptor protection might be the preservation of mitochondrial activity; a critical amount of DHA in mitochondrial phospholipids might be required for proper functioning of these organelles, which in turn might be essential to avoid cell death. Müller cells in culture appeared to be involved in DHA processing: they took up DHA, incorporated in into glial phospholipids, and channeled it to photoreceptors in coculture. Both Müller cells, when cocultured with neuronal cells, and the glial‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protected photoreceptors from cell death. These results suggest that glial cells may play a central role in regulating photoreceptor survival during development through the provision of trophic factors. The multiple effects of DHA on photoreceptors suggest that in addition to its structural role, DHA might be one of the trophic factors required by these cells.
Stable isotope approaches, applications, and issues related to polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism studies
Authors: Emken E. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of stable isotope tracers for investigating fatty acid metabolism in human subjects has increased substantially over the last decade. Advances in analytical instrumentation, commercial availability of labeled substrates, and safety considerations are major reasons for this increased use of stable isotope tracers. Several experimental design options are available for using either deuterium or carbon‐13 as tracers for fatty acid and lipid studies. Options include feeding a pulse dose of labeled fat or a mixture containing two or more labeled fats. Multiple doses of the labeled fat can be fed at timed intervals to increase enrichments. Administration by injection or continuous intravenous infusion is an alternative. Another option is to use diets containing foods from plants that have slightly higher natural carbon‐13 enrichment. Each basic experimental design has its specific strengths, and the best choice of experimental design depends on the study objectives. Stable isotope studies have been used to address a variety of questions related to unsaturated fatty acid metabolism in humans. Examples are provided that illustrate the use of stable isotopes to investigate oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid, desaturation of linoleic and linolenic acids in infants and adults, incorporation of long‐chain n−6 and n−3 fatty acids, bioequivalency of linolenic acid in primates, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of arachidonic acid in living rat brain, and effect of triacylglycerol structure on absorption. Radioisotope and stable isotope tracer studies in animals and humans are responsible for much of our understanding of fatty acid and lipid metabolism. However, tracer studies have limitations, and there are some unresolved issues associated with isotope studies. Examples of unresolved issues are quantification of isotope data, validity of in vivo fatty acid metabolite results, kinetic modeling, subject variability, and use of blood lipid data as a reflection of tissue lipid metabolism. Resolving these issues, developing novel methodology, and applying stable isotope tracer methods to questions related to PUFA metabolism are broad areas of interesting and challenging research opportunities.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid supply with human milk
Authors: Sauerwald T. U. , Demmelmair H. , Koletzko B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk may derive from diet, liberation from maternal body stores, or endogenous synthesis from precursor fatty acids. The contribution of each of these sources has not been studied in detail. Although maternal diet is a key factor affecting human milk composition, other factors such as gestational age, stage of lactation, nutritional status, and genetic background are known to influence the fat content and fatty acid composition in human milk. Both linoleic and α‐linolenic acids, the essential fatty acids, are present in human milk, as are several other n−6 and n−3 longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are required for optimal growth and development of infants. The fatty acid profile of human milk from lactating women of different countries is remarkably stable, but there is variability in some of the components, such as docosahexaenoic acid, which is mainly due to differences in dietary habits. Tracer techniques with stable isotopes have been valuable in assessing the kinetics of fatty acid metabolism during lactation and in determining the origin of fatty acids in human milk. Based on these studies, the major part of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk seems not to be provided directly from the diet but from maternal tissue stores.
Isomeric fatty acids: Evaluating status and implications for maternal and child health
Authors: Craig‐Schmidt Margaret C. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract“Isomeric fatty acids” is a term that refers to the trans‐ and positional isomers formed during hydrogenation of naturally occurring oils. The purposes of this paper are as follows: (i) to summarize potential exposure of infants to isomeric fatty acids by reviewing estimates of isomeric fatty acids in the maternal diet, in human milk, and in infant formula/infant foods, and (ii) to evaluate the evidence for adverse effects of isomeric fatty acids on infant development with respect to growth and essential fatty acid status. Estimates of the intake of trans‐fatty acids vary widely both within and across populations. Current estimates of trans‐fatty acids in the North American population are 4–11% of total fatty acids or 3–13 g/(person·d), whereas in Mediterranean countries in which olive oil is the primary fat and in Far Eastern countries in which little commercially hydrogenated fat is consumed, per capita consumption of trans‐fatty acids is <1–2 g/d. The trans‐fatty acid content of human milk reflects the cross‐cultural variation in the maternal diet, with trans‐fatty acids in human milk samples ranging from 6 to 7% in North America to <0.5% in Hong Kong. Trans‐fatty acids are transferred from the maternal diet through the placenta to the developing fetus or through milk to the breast‐fed infant. In some studies, plasma trans‐fatty acids are inversely related to birth weight and head circumference. The hypothesis that dietary trans‐fatty acids could inhibit biosynthesis of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms and thus affect infant development is supported by studies demonstrating an inverse correlation of plasma trans‐fatty acids with n−3 and n−6 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infants. However, no such relationship has been observed in human milk. A definitive answer concerning a potentially adverse effect of dietary trans‐fatty acids on infant development awaits future studies.
The intestinal mucosa as a target for dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Donnet‐Hughes A. , Schiffrin E. J. , Turini M. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral studies have reported beneficial effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on various aspects of both human and animal health, and particular reference has been made to their effects on systemic immune responses. Both immune stimulation and immune suppression have been reported, with the outcome dependent on the type of PUFA, the target cell, as well as the immune competence of the cells before exposure. The systemic and the mucosal immune systems are discrete entities, which have evolved specific approaches in the defense of the host. The latter comprises several interconnected tissues, which communicate with one another through the action of soluble mediators and the trafficking of cellular components. After the oral mucosa, the intestinal epithelium and its associated gutassociated lymphoid tissue are the primary targets of dietary components. Absorption of dietary PUFA and its incorporation into intestinal tissues has been well studied, but the consequences of these events in relation to local immune responses have received little attention. This article describes some of the immune mechanisms operating at this barrier and, where possible, pinpoints areas for which a modulatory role for PUFA has already been demonstrated. Although not an exhaustive treatise of the subject, it is hoped that this review will foster research into the specific interaction between dietary PUFA and cell populations comprising the intestinal barrier.
Pancreatic β‐cell α2A adrenoceptor and phospholipid changes in hyperlipidemic ratsadrenoceptor and phospholipid changes in hyperlipidemic rats
Authors: Clément L. , Kim‐Sohn K. ‐A. , Magnan C. , Kassis N. , Adnot P. , Kergoat M. , Assimacopoulos‐Jeannet F. , Pénicaud L. , Hsu F. ‐F. , Turk J. , Ktorza A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe previously showed that a 48‐h intravenous lipid infusion in rats induces pancreatic β‐cell hypersensitivity to catecholamines. Our aim was to study the lipid‐related changes that may account for such hypersensitivity in pancreatic islets. We show here that a 48‐h increase in plasma FFA alters the binding characteristics of β‐cell α2 adrenoceptors in rats. Lipid infusion decreases pancreatic norepinephrine (NE) turnover rate by 28%, reflecting a reduction of pancreatic NE stores. Following lipid infusion, the density of α2 adrenoceptor binding sites is significantly lower and receptor affinity higher, both in islet homogenates (by three‐ and fivefold, respectively) and isolated whole β‐cells (by two‐ and sixfold, respectively). These changes correlate with the elevated insulin response to glucose found in lipid‐infused rats. We also found a modification of islet phospholipid content, particularly in phosphoethanolamine species containing infused FA such as palmitate, oleate, stearate, and linoleate. This may account for the modifications in receptor affinity. These results suggest that hyperlipidemia‐associated pathologies such as diabetes and obesity not only may result from alterations of metabolic pathways but also may be a consequence of early modifications in nervous firing rates and signal transduction pathways.
Base‐catalyzed derivatization methodology for FA analysis. Application to milk fat and celery seed lipid TAG
Authors: Destaillats Frédéric , Angers Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, an alternative base‐catalyzed methodology for the facile derivatization in mild conditions of lipid TAG prior to FA analysis is proposed. Reagents were prepared by proton exchange between potassium tert‐butoxide and either ethanol, n‐propanol, n‐butanol, or 2‐methoxyethanol and used for the synthesis, at 40°C for 15 min, of the corresponding derivatives, which were directly analyzed by GC. This methodology can be used on a routine basis and has been applied to standard and complex natural lipid samples. Tripalmitin was used to determine optimal reaction conditions; and bovine milk fat, containing C4 to C22 acids, and celery (Apium graveolens) seed oil, characterized by a high level of petroselinic acid, were comparatively analyzed as their ethyl, n‐propyl, n‐butyl, and 2‐methoxyethyl esters.
Trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA increases liver and decreases adipose tissue lipids in mice: Possible roles of specific lipid metabolism genes
Authors: Warren J. M. , Simon V. A. , Bartolini G. , Erickson K. L. , Mackey B. E. , Kelley D. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough consumption of CLA mixtures has been associated with several health effects, less is known about the actions of specific CLA isomers. There is evidence that the t10,c12‐CLA isomer is associated with alterations in body and organ weights in animals fed CLA, but the mechanisms leading to these changes are unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two commonly occurring isomers of CLA on body composition and the transcription of genes associated with lipid metabolism. Eight‐week‐old female mice (n=11 or 12/group) were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with 0.5% c9,t11‐CLA or t10,c12‐CLA isomers or 0.2% of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist fenofibrate for 8 wk. Body and retroperitoneal adipose tissue weights were significantly lower (6–10 and 50%, respectively), and liver weights were significantly greater (100%) in the t10,c12‐CLA and the fenofibrate groups compared with those in the control group; body and tissue weights in the c9,t11‐CLA group did not differ from those in the control group. Livers from animals in the t10,c12‐CLA group contained five times more lipids than in the control group, whereas the lipid content of the fenofibrate group did not differ from that in the control group. Although fenofibrate increased the mRNA for PPARα, t10,c12‐CLA decreased it. These results suggest that PPARα did not mediate the effects of t10,c12‐CLA on body composition. The CLA isomers and fenofibrate altered mRNA levels for several proteins involved in lipid metabolism, but the most striking difference was the reduction of mRNA for leptin and adiponectin in the t10,c12‐CLA group. These initial results suggest that changes associated with energy homeostasis and insulin action may mediate the effects of t10,c12‐CLA on lipid metabolism.
Dietary CLA affects lipid metabolism in broiler chicks
Authors: Du M. , Ahn D. U. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA total of 120 three‐wk‐old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three diets containing 0, 2, or 3% CLA and fed for 5 wk. Fat content and FA composition of liver, plasma, and feces were analyzed. Key enzymes involved in FA synthesis and catabolism in liver, TG, cholesterol, and FFA content of plasma were also determined. Dietary CLA increased TG, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol levels in plasma. The increased plasma TG level could be caused by increased FA synthesis in the liver after CLA feeding, because the activity of FA synthase in the liver increased after dietary CLA treatment. Dietary CLA changed the FA composition of feces but had no effect on fat content. Compared to the amounts of linoleic and linolenic acids present in the control diet, the amounts excreted into the feces of CLA‐treated birds were significantly higher. Liver weights of broilers significantly increased after CLA feeding, but there was no difference in liver fat content among the different CLA treatments. CLA treatment did not influence total FFA content in plasma; however, there was a significant difference in the composition of FFA. Dietary CLA reduced the content of linoleic and arachidonic acids in both plasma and liver.