bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation of Spring Cut Italian Ryegrass as Round Bale Silage: Effect of Stage of Maturity on Ensiling Characteristics and Forage Nutritive Value
Authors: Andrighetto I. , Berzaghi P. , Cozzi G. , Gottardo F. , Zancan M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpring cut Italian ryegrass was harvested at two different stages of maturity: lake vegetative (EARLY) and flowering (LATE). The wilted forage was round baled and then ensiled by wrapping in plastic film. EARLY harvest reduced dry matter (DM) yield significantly as compared to LATE (5.6 vs. 10.5 t ha−1; P < 0.01). However, forage quality both before and after ensiling was better for EARLY with higher crude protein (CP) and non‐structural carbohydrates content and a lower amount of cell walls (NDF). Higher pH and the fermentation characteristics confirmed the poor quality of LATE silage, having higher content of butyrate, propionate and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen and a lower concentration of lactic acid.Dry matter intake of EARLY silage by sheep (average 65.0 ± 7.3 kg LW) fed solely forage ad libitum was 37 % higher than LATE (1386 vs. 1011 g DM day−1; P < 0.05) due to its better palatability and digestibility. In vivo DM digestibility of EARLY silage was 76.1 % while it decreased to 58.2 % for LATE silage. Estimated metabolizable energy content of EARLY silage (11.5 MJ kg−1 DM) was 29 % higher than LATE (8.9 MJ kg−1 DM) resulting as similar to the reference value of a high quality perennial ryegrass silage. The forage conservation system of ensiled round bales is effective and recommended when spring cut Italian ryegrass is harvested at an early stage of maturity.
Establishment, Development and Yield of Forage Legumes and Grasses as Cover Crops in Grain Corn in Eastern Canada
Authors: Abdin O. A. , Coulman B. E. , Cloutier D. C. , Faris M. A. , Smith D. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInterseeded cover crops can minimize soil erosion, increase organic matter and nutrient levels and the yield of subsequent crops. However, their performance is very sensitive to local conditions. Field experiments were conducted at two Quebec locations in 1993 and 1994 in order to evaluate the potential use of forage legumes and grasses as interseeds in corn in eastern Canada. Twelve forage species were evaluated. Fall rye (Secale cereal L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), a mixture of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam), a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and ryegrass, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis Lam.), black medic (Medicago lupulina L.), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.), strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), annual alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) were seeded at two planting dates (10 and 20 days after corn emergence). The control treatments were: hand weeding, chemical weeding and non‐weeded. Early seeded forages established better and had higher biomass accumulation than the late seeded ones. In the presence of larger weed populations, the interseeded forages did not develop well due to competition with the weeds. At Macdonald crimson clover provided good soil cover while Persian clover, fall rye and alfalfa provided relatively little cover. Strawberry clover and hairy vetch did not provide early ground cover due to their late development. Forage mixtures of red or white clover and rye grass established well and achieved high populations at the end of the growing season. Fall rye provided good early ground cover but senesced by the middle of the season. The better establishment and early germination of crimson clover caused a 19% reduction in corn grain yield in 1993. In 1994 none of the cover crops caused a reduction in corn yield.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid Spray and Basal Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Productivity and Fatty Acid Composition of Rapeseed‐Mustard
Authors: Khan N. A. , Ansari H. R. , Samiullah  
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo field experiments were conducted during] 994‐95 to study the effect of spray of 10−5 M GA3 at 40 days after sowing on mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.) cv. Varuna grown with basally applied 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha−1 (Expt. 1) and 0,15, 30 and 45 kg P ha−1 (Expt. 2) on pod number per plant, seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index and fatty acid composition of oil. No significant difference between water and GA3 spray was found when basally applied nitrogen was 0 or 40 kg N ha−1. N80 proved to be the best for yield characteristics. In another experiment on phosphorus, GA3 and 30 kg P ha−1 individually enhanced the yield, but interaction of GA3 and P remained non‐significant. The fatty acid composition of oil in both experiments was significantly affected only by nitrogen and phosphorus treatments for oleic acid and erucic acid. It was found that return in the form of yield was more for every kg applied fertilizer under GA, spray treatment. The response was more for N fertilizer in comparison to P. GA3 at a low level of fertilization significantly increased the return from fertilization.
Crop Management Effects on Pre‐and Post‐Anthesis Changes in Leaf Area Index and Leaf Area Duration and their Contribution to Grain Yield and Yield Components in Spring Cereals
Authors: Peltonen‐Sainio P. , Forsman K. , Poutala T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeasonal changes in leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD, i.e. LAI integrated over cumulated degree days) have a marked effect on crop productivity. Three case experiments were conducted at Suitia (60°11′N) and Viikki (60°13′N) Experimental Farms, University of Helsinki, Finland, to evaluate the possibilities of accelerating pre‐an thesis expansion of leaf area and modifying pre‐ and post‐anthesis LAD in spring cereals through crop management. Effects of time of incorporation of a green manure crop residue into the soil [conventional tillage (autumn ploughing and seed bed preparation in the spring), conservation tillage (sole spring tillage) with and without a green manure crop, common vetch (Vicia saliva I.)]and N fertilizer rate (0, 50, 100kg N ha−1) on LAI and pre‐ and post‐anthesis LAD in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied in exp I; green manuring (common vetch) and N fertilizer rate (0,40, 70,110,150kg N ha−1) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and wheat in exp II; and foliar application of chlormequat chloride (CCC) and ethephon in oat lines (dwarf, naked, modern, landrace) differing in canopy structure in exp III. Time of incorporation of the green manure crop residues into the soil (exp I), green manuring (exp II), N fertilizer rate (exps I and II), and selection for crop growth type (exp III), but not CCC and ethephon, modified LAI and LAD in spring cereals by affecting the rate of pre‐anthesis expansion and post‐anthesis reduction in leaf area rather than by markedly prolonging the growth period. High rates of N fertilizer accelerated expansion of leaf area, especially prior to stem elongation, and resulted in high pre‐anthesis LAD due to enhanced tiller growth (exps I and II) and more tillers per main shoot (exp I). Green manuring increased leaf expansion from the tillering stage most when combined with high N rate, and especially in barley (exp II), but no such effects were found in exp I. Use of a high N fertilizer rate (exps I and II) and green manuring (exp II) also resulted in high post‐anthesis LAD. Such modifications enabled higher rates of grain‐ and head‐filling, and in exp I contributed to increased head weight and grain yield. Selection for inherent differences in growth type provided an additional possibility for manipulation of canopy structure and yield formation.
Effect of Alternative Cropping Systems on Yield and Advantage in Direct Seeded Upland Rice Areas in Indian Sub‐tropics
Authors: Sarkar R. K. , Chakraborty A. , Bala B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn experiment was conducted during rainy season (April‐August) of 1994 and 1995 to assess the performance of rice, maize, sesame, greengram and blackgram grown in sole and intercropping system on Gangetic alluvial upland (Entisol) in West Bengal. India. All intercropping systems except sesame + rice had higher total productivity in terms of rice equivalent yield and net returns than all the sole crops. However, maximum advantage was obtained from paired row planted maize blackgram system followed by maize + sesame, maize + blackgram and paired row planted rice + blackgram. Paired row planted maize + blackgram increased land use efficiency (42%), rice equivalent yield (2955 kg ha−1), monetary return (Rs. 7294 ha−1), income equivalent ratio (1.22), monetary advantage (Rs. 3701 ha−1) compared with other cropping systems, which proved to be the most efficient system. The same treatment also indicated a modest competitive ratio (4.65:0.21) and gave a good value for the product of crowding coefficient (8.28).
Effect of Varied N‐fertilization on Yield Formation of Winter Wheat under Particular Consideration of Mainstems and Tillers
Authors: Maidl F.‐X. , Sticksel E. , Retzer F. , Fischbeck G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo‐year field trials with winter wheat in nine N‐fertilizer treatments were conducted in southern Bavaria to investigate the basis of yield stability and yield superiority of N‐fertilization strategies with emphasis on N‐application during stem elongation. In measurements of individual plants the contribution of mainstems and tillers to yield formation was examined. While grain yield showed only slight differences, significant differences between harvest indices were observed among the fertilizer treatments. High harvest indices were regularly recorded in low stand densities. Individual plant analysis proved that early N‐application led to high stand densities which intensified reduction processes during ear development. N‐fertilization with emphasis on stem elongation lessened reduction processes. Low yield of tillers was mainly attributed to a low grain number per ear. Differences in grain yield between mainstems and tillers could not be modified by means of N‐fertilizer treatment. Highest yields on mainstems as well as on tillers were recorded in N‐fertilizer treatment with emphasis on stem elongation. This study demonstrates that an excessive initiation of yield components causes an unproductive consumption of resources which is detrimental to yield formation. It is concluded that optimum N‐fertilizer treatment should aim at plant stands with strong individual plants which can be achieved by emphasis of N‐fertilization during stem elongation. The stimulation of the initiation of yield organs is of minor importance as compared to a decrease of reduction process.
Yield and Persistence from Mixtures of a Winter Hardy and a Verticillium Wilt Resistant Lucerne Cultivar
Authors: Stout D. G. , Acharya S. N. , Hall J. W. , Broersma K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn British Columbia, Lucerne stand persistence is reduced by inadequate disease resistance, winter hardiness, or both. We evaluated the possibility that persistence could be improved by sowing mixtures of winter hardy and verticillium wilt (VW) resistant cultivars. Our hypothesis was that dry matter yield of mixtures of two Lucerne cultivars could be calculated simply from the proportion of each cultivar in the mixture and their yield in pure stand. A winter hardy cultivar, Beaver, was grown in mixtures with each of three VW (caused by Verticillium albo‐atrum Reinke & Berthier) resistant cultivars (WL316, Sparta, or Barrier) in proportions of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0. The yield of a mixture of two cultivars could be calculated from the proportion of each cultivar in the seed mixture and their yields in monoculture. In the absence of a winter where severe injury to Lucerne stands occurred, the VW‐resistant cultivar Barrier yielded about 2 t ha−1 year−1 more than the more winter hardy Beaver.
Potassium Release from Soil Clays by Diammonium Phosphate, Ammonium Bicarbonate and Ammonium Chloride
Authors: Zia M. S. , Rahmatullah M. S. , Ali A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe have studied the release of potassium (K) by diammonium phosphate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride from Ca‐saturated clay fractions of four Aridisols (Bhalwal, Gujiana, Miranpur and Pacca series), one Inceptisols (Miani series) and one Alfisol (Pindorian series). The six soil clay fractions contained mica, kaolinite smectites as their major mineral components and vermiculite and chlorite as minor constituents. Total K in the soil clays ranged from 2.65 to 3.55%. Of total K, 2–3% in the soil clays was extracted by the three extractants: diammonium phosphate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride. However, there was significant (P < 0.01) main and interactive effect of soil x extractant on the amount of K extracted from soil clays. Potassium extracted from the soil clays was described by the Elovich equation. Amount of K extracted by the three extractants from six soil clays, except in Pindorian series, followed the order: ammonium bicarbonate > ammonium chloride > diammonium phosphate.The profound influence of bicarbonate, chloride and phosphate anions on differential K replacement behaviour of NH4can be an important factor for K nutrition of plants in arid region soils.
Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur Application on Yield and Fatty acid Composition of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Oil
Authors: Joshi N. L. , Mali P. C. , Saxena Anurag 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of nitrogen and sulphur on the yield and fatty acid composition of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) oil were studied in a field experiment. Significantly higher grain and oil yields were obtained with N and S application. Applications of nitrogen up to 60 kg ha−1 and sulphur up to 40 kg ha−1 favourably influenced the grain yield. Increasing levels of N decreased the oil content while application of sulphur improved the oil content. The contents of linoleic and linolenic acid were maximum (16.82 and 8.73%, respectively) with 60 kg N along with 40 kg S ha−1. No use of fertilizers led to higher contents of undesirable fatty acids such as palmitic (hypercholesterimic) and erucic (do not have food value) acids.
Genistein and Daidzein Concentrations and Contents in Seedling Roots of Three Soybean Cultivars Grown under Three Root Zone Temperatures
Authors: Pan B. , Smith D. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDaidzein and genistein are plant‐to‐bacterium signal compounds involved in soybean nodule formation. They can induce nod gens expression in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The objective of this study was to determine whether the production of signal molecules was affected by low root zone temperatures (RZTs) in a manner that varied among soybean cultivars. Daidzein and genistein concentrations of soybean seedling roots were measured at three RZTs by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicated that daidzein content and concentration per plant were higher at 15 and 17.5°C than those at 25°C. AC Bravor had higher daidzein contents and concentrations than did Maple Glen and KG20. At 17.5°C. KG20 had higher genistein content and concentration levels than Maple Glen, and no difference existed for the two cultivars at 15 and 25 C. Daidzein contents and concentrations of Maple Glen and AC Bravor increased with harvest time. However, for cultivar KG20, the content and concentration decreased at 19 days after inoculation. Genistein contents and concentrations of the three cultivars increased under each RZT up to the last harvest. There was an interaction between soybean cultivar and RZT for root genistein and daidzein contents and concentrations. The content and concentration of daidzein in soybean seedling roots were much higher (more than five times) than those of genistein.
Potential and Actual Yields of Potato at Different Elevations and in Different Seasons in Subtropical Southwest China
Authors: He W. , Struik P. C. , Wang J. , Zhang X. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPotential potato yields of nine spring and five autumn seasons at elevations ranging from 150 to 2650 m asl in subtropical China were assessed by a simple growth model and compared with attainable and experimental (actual) yields. Generally, both potential and actual yields were higher at higher elevation because of cooler temperatures and longer growing periods. The spring crops showed higher potential and actual yields but had lower light use efficiencies than the autumn crops, especially at higher altitudes. Specific relationships were given for relevant potential and attainable yields over altitudes and seasons. Light use efficiency declined with ascending elevation during the autumn season. The ratio actual: potential yields (range0.25–0.56) and the ratio actual: potential light use efficiency (range 0.34–0.70) were low because of drought stress, hot temperatures in the low elevations, presence of diseases and pests, low quality seed, and lack of adequate fertilization.
Growth and Yields of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) as Influenced by Seed Characters, Soil Moisture and Season of Planting
Authors: Sangakkara U. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is an important food legume grown under rainfed conditions in the tropics. However, the yield of this crop varies widely in most tropical ecosystems due to crop and environmental factors. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of seed characteristics, soil moisture at planting and the season of crop establishment on growth and yield parameters of cowpea as these influence the productivity of the crop. Growth and yield of cowpea plants grown from small seeds with a high conductivity of their lea‐chates were significantly lower than those grown from large seeds. Root growth of seedlings was most prominent under moderate soil moisture levels. Low soil moisture retarded root growth by reducing dry weights and suppressing the development of laterals. Shoot growth was more sensitive to increasing soil moisture stress than root growth. Planting cowpea in the wet season produced the highest yields. Within a season, growth and yield were higher when the crop was planted early. Establishment of the crop later in the season produced better quality seeds measured in terms of germination after controlled deterioration.
Effect of Seed Soaking on Seedling Vigour, Growth and Yield of Rice
Authors: Jeyabal A. , Kuppuswamy G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStudies were conducted over two years to evaluate the effect of seed soaking with biodigested slurry, zinc sulphate, Azospirillum, phosphobacteria and phytohormone in rice. The result of pot culture study showed that seed soaking in a combination of biodigested slurry. Azospirillum, phosphobacteria, zinc sulphate and phytohormone improved seedling characteristics such as plumule length, radicle length, biomass and seedling vigour. The N uptake increased by 11.8% at seedling stage (30th day). Soaking of seeds in a combination of nutrients enhanced the growth and yield attributes. Seed soaking in this combination of nutrients increased the grain yield by 8.8 % over unsoaked seeds. Uptake of N, P and K also enhanced by various soaking treatments. Uptake of zinc was not influenced by soaking treatments. The study indicated that seed soaking in a combination of organic, inorganic nutrient and biofertilizers is a good pre‐sowing technique for rice.
The Effect of Bradyrhizobium Strains on Monocropped and Intercropped Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Biomass and Protein
Authors: Martin R. C. , Astatkie T. , Cooper J. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIntercropping soybeans with corn can produce yields of silage comparable to monocrops of corn but with a higher protein concentration. To maximize N2‐fixation by soybeans, it is important to use a strain of bradyrhizobium that is well adapted to local soil and climate conditions. In 1991 and 1992 an experiment was conducted in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada, to compare a locally isolated bradyrhizobium strain. NS1 with a commercial strain (COM). Corn‐soybean intercrops and soybean monocrops were grown and various response variables were measured to assess the efficacy of each strain. NS1 proved to be superior to the commercial strain of bradyrhizobium in both intercrops and monocrops when soybean plant protein concentration, soybean seed protein concentration and soybean seed biomass yield were measured. For intercrop protein yield and intercrop protein concentration NS1 outperformed COM only in monocrops. Protein yields per hectare of soybeans grown in either system were higher when NS1 was used as an inoculant. No differences were observed between inoculants in biomass yields of soybeans grown in either system. Since soybeans only contributed 28.5% to the total biomass of intercrops, the biomass of the corn probably masked the differences between the two inoculants for intercrop protein yield and concentration. However, even under the stressful conditions for soybean plants associated with intercropping, soybean protein concentrations and yields when grown in intercrops were higher for the NS1 strain of bradyrhizobium. It appears that selection of a locally adapted strain of inoculant for soybeans can prove useful in both monocropping and intercropping systems.
Physiological Factors Limiting Grain Growth in Wheat Ears Cultured in Sucrose Solution
Authors: Arora A , Singh V. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDetached wheat ears (15 days post‐anthesis) were cultured in liquid nutrient medium containing different sucrose concentrations (2. 6 and 10%). The volume of solution taken up was highest from 2% sucrose solution and decreased with increasing sucrose concentration. Grain development in terms of grain weight, glumes and rachis weight, nitrogen and protein content showed a linear increase in these variables over 11 days. Dry weight per grain increased with the sucrose level in the medium and the reduced uptake of solution did not decrease the moisture percentage of the grain. The culture of ears decreased the solution pH more with 2% than with 10% sucrose. Addition of 0.5% chloramphenicol to the culture solution had no adverse effect on grain weight, rather it prevented contamination and maintained a higher pH of the solution.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid Spray during Ontogeny of Mustard on Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Yield Characteristics
Authors: Khan N. A. , Ansari H. R. , Samiullah  
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a field trial conducted during 1993–1994, mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.) cv. Varuna was sprayed with either deionised water or 10−5 M GA3 at 40 (vegetative stage), 60 (flowering stage) or 80 (pod fill stage) days after sowing (DAS) to select the suitable growth stage for spray for augmenting productivity of the crop. Shoot length per plant, leaf number per plant, leaf area per plant, dry weight per plant and leaf area index and accumulation of N, P and K were recorded at 100 DAS. Pods per plant, seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index and seed yield merit were computed at harvest. Growth, NPK accumulation and yield were maximal when spraying was done at 40 DAS. However, spraying at 40 and 60 DAS gave at par values for most of the growth and yield parameters. It was also noted that there was a significant difference in spray treatment at different growth stages only when G A, was sprayed and not when water was sprayed.
Wheat Seed Presoaking for Improved Germination
Authors: Ahmad Shahbaz , Anwar Muhammad , Ullah Hameed 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeed presoaking improves wheat germination under marginal moisture conditions. The duration of seed presoaking was studied at The University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, using 10 wheat varieties. Seed presoaking beyond 12 h does not improve germination further, and beyond 21 h, germination rate is drastically reduced.