bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOIL‐MOISTURE EFFECTS OF CONVERSION OF SAGEBRUSH COVER TO BUNCHGRASS COVER1
Authors: Shown L. M. , Lusby G. C. , Branson F. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTPrecipitation, soil moisture, runoff, and vegetation were measured on two, 5‐ to 10‐acre, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) watersheds and two, equally small, beardless bluebunch wheatgrass (Agrophron inerme) watersheds that were converted from big sagebrush in 1967. The watersheds are located near Wolcott, Colorado, at an elevation of 7,200 feet, and are mantled with 2 to 3 feet of silty clay soils. Annual precipitation was about 13.5 inches; about 9 inches occurred as rain or snow from April through October and about 4.5 inches accumulated as a snowpack from November through March. Evapotranspiration was about 2 inches greater in 1968 and 1 inch greater in 1969 from the sagebrush watersheds than from the grass watersheds. With a mature stand of grass in 1970 and 1971 the differences in evapotranspiration were within the range of differences measured during the 3‐year calibration period when all four watersheds were sagebrush. Water use was similar in the top 1 foot of soil but slightly more water was used by the grass in the 1‐ to 2‐foot zone and more water being used by the sagebrush below 2 feet. Soil‐water potential data indicated that only the big sagebrush used a small amount of water from the fractured shale at depths below 40 inches. Sagebrush used more water in August and September than the grass.
ALTERNATIVE FUTURES USING THE WOLLMAN‐BONEM MODELS1
Authors: McFarland James W. , Hyatt M. Leon 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAlternative futures are defined to be mutually consistent alternative combinations of assumed sets of future conditions. Alternative futures are employed in conjunction with the Wollman‐Bonem model to project future water use. The model solutions under different alternative futures provide an indication of the direction and relative magnitude of changes in water use, both in quantity and quality, that may result from changes in policy‐influenced variables, technology, and other data. The Wollman‐Bonem model is employed in this paper as a tool to illustrate the alternative futures concept. The model can best be cast as an economic model. The model solutions are not given as a set of formal projections, but as various possible water‐use‐over‐time curves. This should aid in disspelling the erroneous idea that it is possible to make distant projections of water use as a single curve. Multiple curves suggest that water use is really a function of many variables.
THE OPTIMAL TIME TO START THE OPERATION OF A DESALTING PLANT IN ISRAEL1
Authors: Fishelson Gideon 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe study contains the methodology of finding the optimal time to start the operation of a desalting plant or any other non conventional source of water for agricultural use in Israel. The essence of the methodology is the moving equilibrium price and quantity of agricultural products. The market of agricultural products is represented by a single demand curve and a supply curve which is derived from the agricultural sector production function. Both the demand for and the supply of agricultural products functions are shifting over time. The marginal value product of water is the critical value that determines the optimal time of a desalting plant. The study is static in the sense that dynamic aspects per se are not dealt with‐e.g. learning by doing of building and operating desalting plants. The empirical results although used for illustrative purposes can be used as reference points for other detailed and more ‘exact’ studies on water desalination.
MEASURING IMPACTS OF WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTS ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Baker Janet K. , Dee Norbert , Finley James R. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThe parameters and the measurement procedures described in this paper are seen as being part of the first stage in development of the human environment assessment process. Additional parameters need to be identified, and methods of measuring impacts reflected by the parameters must be developed and refined. Considerations of the human environment and those elements of the natural environment that are of importance to people must be included as an integral part of the environmental impact assessment process. Therefore, there is a need for continuing to identify parameters of the human environment and to develop methods of measuring impacts so that these considerations will become a well‐integrated part of the environmental impact assessment process.
FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF A MISSISSIPPI DEAD‐END CANAL SYSTEM1
Authors: Paulson Oscar L. , Pessoney George F. , Battalora Harold , Williams Randall , Eastman John , Pruitt Gary 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study of residential canal system on the Mississippi Gulf Coast and adjacent natural water bodies was conducted to determine the relationship in flushing characteristics between man‐made and natural systems. The comparison was based on measurements of temperature, salinity, conductivity, coliform, pH, transparency, biological oxidation demand, dissolved oxygen, bathymetry, tides, water velocity, and Rhodamine dye concentrations.The results indicate that coliform bacteria increase with increasing distance of stations from St. Louis Bay and dissolved oxygen decreases in a similar manner. Biological oxidation demand was low at all stations; showing no differences between natural and man‐made systems. The canal system Studied was shallower than adjacent water bodies and water velocities in the canal system are a function of tidal amplitude while velocities in the river are affected by both tides and runoff. The other parameters measured show little or no differences between natural and man‐made systems, but reflect overall seasonal changes.Flushing rates between the residential canal systems and an adjacent natural system are equivalent on the basis of decline in dye concentrations measured over a five‐day period.
A NEW APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING IRRIGATION CONVEYANCE LOSSES AND THEIR ECONOMIC EVALUATION1
Authors: Palacios Enrique V. , Day John C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In this paper a new methodology for estimating conveyance efficiency within irrigation systems is presented. Based on statistical analysis of daily water releases from the source of supply and deliveries to the farmers in an irrigation district in Mexico, a linear model is obtained for estimating conveyance efficiency and two component factors. One of these factors points out the relative importance of the operational losses (i.e., losses due to water management), and the second shows the importance of the fixed losses which can be attributed to the average flow through the canal network without variations.In the last part of this paper, an analysis of the expected benefits and costs accruing from system improvement permits derivation of a decision rule which may be used for analyzing the economic feasibility of lining in‐place canals.
A CLOSED WATER REUSE SYSTEM FOR POWER PLANT COOLING AND DIGESTER HEATING1
Authors: Chiu Yishu , Guey‐Lee William 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A model consisting of closed water reuse and productive use of various types of wastes for energy generation is presented. The sewage after treatment would be used as the cooling water for power plants, and the condenser discharge therefrom be used as heating water for sludge digesters. The water is then purified for municipal water supply for continuous use. The advantages of this system are that water resources and energy are conserved while various types of wastes including waste heat are controlled.With a preliminary system analysis, it appears that the design for power plant based on the total heating value of wastes and digester capacity based on sewage sludge generation is feasible in terms of acquisition and full utilization of various types of wastes as generated in a single metropolitan area. The system as shown in this design is in balance among various factors such as the generation rate of municipal refuse, municipal sewage, waste heat in the condenser discharge, and raw sewage sludge.
EFFECTS OF A RECREATIONAL IMPOUNDMENT ON NEARBY NATURAL LAKES: A CASE STUDY1
Authors: Hoffman James I. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Completion of a 1270 acre recreational impoundment (Legend Lake) in the glacial sands of Menominee County, Wisconsin, produced geochemical and hydrologic alterations in some nearby natural lakes. The impoundment was produced by the construction of three dams, one of which proved to be temporary, connecting 9 natural lakes and ponds of 383 acres with 951 acres of flooded lands. Water levels were raised 3–15 feet within the impounded area. Much of the flooded area was peat rich wetland associated with the prior drainage. Water depths are less than 15 feet in 70% of the impoundment.Three seepage lakes, located less than 1/2 mile from the impoundment, experienced shoreline flooding, shoreline and soil erosion, some tree kills, and increased turbidity. These lakes also experienced concentration increases in several chemical constituents which indicate an influx of impoundment water through a regional alternation in the groundwater flow paths. The three lakes were connected by canals, and a 2.3 cfs gravity drain with an auxiliary pumping station was built to return excess water to the outflow of the impoundment.Future projects of this type would benefit from a more extensive hydrologic and geochemical analysis prior to initiation. Had environmental assessments been required at the time of this development, as they now are in Wisconsin for similar projects, some of the problems encountered might have been alleviated.
HEAVY RAINFAL RELATIONS OVER CHICAGO AND NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS1
Authors: Vogel John L. , Huff Floyd A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Detailed studies of rainfall frequency and pattern relations were made over the Chicago urban region and the surrounding six Illinois counties (Cook, DuPage, Kane, Will, Lake, and McHenry). These studies utilized raingage records from an urban network of National Weather Service raingages in the region, primarily for the period 1949 to 1974. Frequency distributions of point rainfall were obtained for periods from 5 minutes to 72 hours and recurrence intervals of 6 months to 50 years. These results indicated a spatial pattern of short‐duration heavy rainfall frequencies related to urban‐lake effects, particularly in the huge industrial region over the southern portion of Chicago.The time distribution within heavy rainstorms over the urban region was determined, and it was found that the point rainfall relations over the urban region were similar to a 12‐year sample of a dense raingage network over a rural area in central Illinois. The characteristics of heavy rainfall over northeast Illinois were also studied through the use of heavy, 1‐day storms. A total of 87 storms, capable of producing local flooding, were analyzed to determine 1) the frequency distribution of storm centers, 2) seasonal and diurnal distribution of storms, and 3) orientation and movement of storms.
EXPERIENCE WITH THE 303‐208‐201 STUDY RELATIONSHIPS1
Authors: Dobrowolski Frank , Grillo Leonard 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The current 201 study by the Bergen County Sewer Authority illustrates possibilities for improving the currently defined relationships between 201, 208 and 303 studies.The Bergen County Sewer Authority serves 115 square miles in northeast New Jersey, providing sewerage service to 507,000 people in 43 municipalities. Its STP discharges to the Hackensack River, a tidal estuary recently classified as Water Quality Limited, and which receives significant non‐plant loading.The subject 201 study is concurrent with 208 and 303 planning by NJDEP. Preliminary evaluations show that detailed 201 work can affect the conclusions of 303 and 208 studies, and that a wider (environmental ‐ social as well as economic) interpretation of cost‐effectiveness can demand re‐examination of prior assumptions and decisions, a task not typically part of 208–303 work.Increased flexibility is needed in applying 303 and 208 recommendations to defining 201 studies and NPDES permit criteria, particularly in analysis of water use objectives, water quality parameters and future flows, loadings and facility costs. Further, perception of alternatives can be clarified by broadening analysis of costs and control and plant strategies. Inclusion of 201 planning at all stages of regional planning can synergistically improve the total planning process.
DECISION‐MAKING IN THE DEVLOPMENT OF URBAN WATERFRONTS FOR PARK/BUSINESS USE1
Authors: Hanna John W. , Philipp Steven F. , Mullins Gary W. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract: Opportunities for the development of an amalgam of park and leisure‐oriented commercial establishments in urban‐core waterfont settings exist in many U.S. cities. Public awareness of the need to enhance the environmental quality of these waterfont areas has resulted in a demand for planning and implementation action. However, the lack of understanding of urban political systems has been an inhibiting factor in the development of this park/ business concept.The major factors that influence the decision‐making process leading to the development of urban‐core waterfronts for park/business use are identified inthis paper. Understanding this decision‐making process can aid project implementation and avoid waste of planning effort in time, dollars, and productivity.
RESOURCE DEMANDS FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE YELLOWSTONE RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Knapp Jerry W. , Leistritz F. Larry 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on the development of a mathematical model for forecasting energy development in the Yellowstone study area for the years 1985 and 2000, and determining the associated economic demands for water, land, labor, capital, and mineral resources. The study was prepared for use by the Missouri River Basin Commission in conducting a comprehensive, “Level B” planning study of the water and related land resources in the Yellowstone River Basin.The study results indicate that the amount of coal development in the Yellowstone study area will depend primarily upon state and federal energy policies and regulations. Policies related to slurry pipeline transportation of coal will be particularly important in determining the level and pattern of future energy development in the area. Coal production under the “most probable” scenario is expected to increase from about 40 million tons in 1976 to 163 million tons per year by 1985, and 513 million tons in the year 2000.Consumptive water use for energy development in the study area could be as much as 556,000 acre‐feet per year by the year 2000 (under the high scenario). A parametric analysis was conducted on the 1985 most probably scenario to determine the influence on the study results of variations in the delivered price of water. Water requirements were reduced by nearly one‐fourth as water costs increased from zero to over $750 per acre‐foot.
METHODOLOGY AND EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES OF THE RESPONSE FUNCTION OF SORGHUM TO IRRIGATION AND SOIL MOISTURE1
Authors: Bielorai H. , Yaron D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a methodology for the estimation of response functions of crops to irrigation and soil moisture. A system analysis framework is applied to describe the relationships involved. Two subsystems are distinguished, with the first one involving the relationship between irrigation decision variables and soil state variables, and the second involving the relationship between soil state variables and crop yield.A method for tracing and predicting soil moisture profile variations over time and depth is presented, and empirical estimates of the response function of grain sorghum to soil moisture are derived. In the specification of the response function the concept of “critical days” is applied with a “critical day” being defined as one where the soil moisture is depleted below a certain critical level. The paper provides empirical evidence for the usefulness of the approach
ALTERNATIVES FOR GROUND WATER LAW CHANGE IN ARIZONA1
Authors: Fleming Robert B. , Foster Kennith E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Western state water resources are drawing increasing attention because of prolonged drought, pound‐water overdraft and an ever‐increasing awareness of insufficient Colorado River water to supply a growing population and meet industrial demand. Arizona is no exception, and the alarming decline in ground‐water levels has prompted the Arizona State Legislature to adopt legislation establishing the Ground‐Water Management Study Commission to recommend legislative action by 1979.This paper summarizes Arizona's ground water legislative history and discusses possible alternatives for change. The authors address specific issues facing the State and offer a set of possible Commission recommendations.
DEMAND PROJECTIONS CONSIDERING CONSERVATION1
Authors: Sonnen Michael B. , Evenson Donald E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Prediction of future water demands depends on the degree to which conservation effects can be anticipated. A model developed for the Corps of Engineers shows that choosing a numerical conservation target to be achieved is more meaningful and yields more predictable results than price or price elasticity manipulations.The method developed and then applied to the Kaneohe Bay region of Oahu considers the following determinants of demand: geographic distribution of the users, indoor and outdoor requirements, time ‐ by year and month of the year, precipitation, historical unit usage rates, gross and irrigable acreage of land uses, price for water, elasticity of demand with respect to price, source of the water supply (local private supplies vs. agency supplies), and the percentage conservation savings anticipated in each future period in indoor and outdoor uses of water in each of 40 possible land uses.While developed for use in Hawaii, the model is applicable generally.
IMPROVING IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE INDUS BASIN1
Authors: Johnson Sam H. , Kemper W. Doral , Lowdermilk Max K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Over half of the water delivered from the canal system to the watercourses managed by the farmers is not made available to the farmers' crops in Pakistan. Most of this water loss is due to loss of water through the banks of the watercourses. Lack of maintaining these banks and lack of cleaning the watercourse is a result of inadequate organization of the 10 to 150 farmers who use the watercourse, and a deficiency of knowledge concerning the amount of their water which is being lost.Various methods of watercourse improvement have been evaluated including concrete and masonry linings and simple earthen improvements of the ditches with concrete control structures, junctions, and turnouts. With the cost of labor low in Pakistan, the earthen improvements with concrete structures appear to be the best investment.Farm water management improvement programs have been implemented in most of the provinces which include this type of watercourse improvement, land leveling and advice to the farmers on how and when to irrigate his crops to optimize his production.The rate at which personnel can be trained to help the farmers implement these improved water management practices is limiting the rate of implementation.
DETERMINISTIC‐SYSTEMIC RELATIONSHIPS IN OVERLAND FLOW ANALYSIS1
Authors: Butler Stanley S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An analysis of storm runoff is presented, giving primary attention to deterministic‐systemic relationships. So that system aspects can be emphasized, other aspects are kept simple; analysis is made for uniform rainfall on a strip of uniform width, limiting direct applicability to small areas.Two relationships between excess rain and time of concentration, one based on hydraulic parameters, the other on hydrologic characteristics, are combined in a solution for peak discharge. The hydraulic expression gives the interrelationship of time of concentration, excess rain, friction, length, and slope. The hydrologic relationship is achieved by converting ordinary intensity‐duration curves to corresponding excess rain intensity‐duration curves, thereby interrelating excess rain, time of concentration, and loss characteristics. The resulting solution for peak discharge allows for systemic feedback among both hydraulic and hydrologic parameters.
THE EFFECTS OF CHLORINE, ELEVATED TEMPERATURE AND EXPOSURE DURATION OF POWER PLANT EFFLUENTS ON LARVAL WHITE PERCH Morone americana (Gmelin)1
Authors: Hall Lenwood W. , Burton Dennis T. , Margrey Stuart L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Chlorine‐temperature interaction studies with various exposure times were conducted on 25–day old larval white perch, Morone Americana, using total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations of 0.0, 0.15, and 0.30 mg/1 TRC in combination with ΔTs of 2, 6, and 10 C above a base temperature of 18 C. Larval fish were exposed to the chlorine‐temperature test conditions for exposure periods of 0.08, 2.0 and 4.0 hours. After each respective exposure period, chlorine concentrations were decayed naturally over a 1.0 to 1.5 hour period to < 0.01 mg/1 TRC; temperatures were decayed over a 4 hour period to 2.0 C above the base temperature. These test conditions were used to simulate chlorine and temperature conditions encountered in power plant discharge canals and near field receiving streams.The interactions of chlorine, ΔT and exposure duration as factors which caused death up to 36 hours after the exposure periods were established by regression model techniques. An initial interaction model showed that ΔT was not a factor which contributed to death. A predictive model for chlorine and exposure duration was constructed which showed that potential impact to larval white perch from chlorine at power facilities with once through cooling systems can be minimized by 1) using short duration exposures (< 1 hour) to chlorine in plants that chlorinate intermittently or 2) by rapid mixing in the receiving stream in plants that chlorinate on a low level (< 0.05 mg/1) continuous basis. Similar considerations should be given to cooling tower blowdown which contain chlorinated water.
A PARAMETRIC MODEL CALIBRATED WITH A PHYSICALLY BASED MODEL FOR RUNOFF PREDICTION FROM UNGAGED STREAMS1
Authors: Bond Frederick W. , Chery Donald L. , Simpson Eugene S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Recent developments in the numerical solution of the governing partial differential equations for overland and channel flow should make possible physically based models which predict runoff from ungaged streams. However, these models, which represent the watershed by sets of intersecting planes, are complex and require much computer time. Parametric models exist that have the advantage of being relatively simple, and once calibrated are inexpensive to use and require limited data input. In this study, a procedure was developed for calibrating a parametric model against a physically based model, utilizing base areas of one acre and one square mile, with the expectation that base areas can be combined to model real watersheds.Simulation experiments with the physically based model showed that, for the one‐acre base area, the dominant parameter (cell storage ratio, K) related to the slope and friction of the planes, whereas for one square‐mile areas, the dominant parameters (K plus a lag factor, L) relate to channel properties. These parameters decreased exponentially as rainfall intensity increased.