bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palm oil refining
Authors: Gibon Véronique , De Greyt Wim , Kellens Marc 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCrude palm oil is rich in minor components that impart unique nutritional properties. The most relevant are tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E) and carotenoids (α‐ and β‐carotene). Palm oil is generally refined by the physical process, which is preferred over the chemical process since high acidity (up to 5%) can lead to excessive loss of neutral oil in the soapstock after alkali neutralization. The quality of the crude oil is to be considered as it can greatly affect the efficiency of the refining process and the quality of the end‐products. The deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) is a good indicator of the capability of palm oil to be successfully refined. Beside commodities, especially refined oils open a market for new high‐quality products like golden palm oil, red palm oil, white soaps, fractionated products (CBE), etc. Optimization of the deodorization technology and of the process conditions for a maximal retention of natural characteristics without affecting the quality of the palm oil is an important challenge.
The complex interplay of palm oil fatty acids on blood lipids
Authors: Hayes Kenneth C. , Khosla Pramod 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe cholesterol‐raising potential of saturated fats has been noted for 50 years, but how they function and which among the saturated fats are most to blame is only now becoming apparent. The focus has shifted from saturated fats to individual fatty acids and the total composite of fatty acids (SFA, MUFA, PUFA) that comprise our daily fat intake. An adequate intake of both PUFA and SFA may be needed for the ideal LDL/HDL ratio in blood, as both contribute to the regulatory balance in lipoprotein metabolism. Palm oil, by virtue of its fatty acid composition equally balanced between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, impacts blood lipids in different ways, depending on an individual's lipid profile. Recently, the realization that partially hydrogenated fats (containing trans fatty acids) have adverse health effects has necessitated finding alternative fat sources that provide specific functional characteristics without compromising health. The immediate solution would seem to be blending appropriate natural saturated and polyunsaturated fats to meet the combined requirements for food technology and energy metabolism. In technical situations where a higher‐melting point fat is needed, as in margarines, shortenings, and frying oil, palm oil – or more specifically palm olein – would appear to be the fat of choice for blending with unsaturated oils.
Stereochemistry and Construction of Tetrasubstituted Chiral Carbon Centers in Intramolecular Pd‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Chirality Transfer Reactions
Authors: Kawai Nobuyuki , Lagrange Jean‐Marie , Uenishi Jun'ichi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA PdII‐catalyzed cyclization for the construction – from chiral allylic alcohols – of tetrahydropyrans containing tetrasubstituted chiral carbons proceeded stereospecifically by 1,3‐chirality transfer through a syn‐SN2′ type process. The chiral 2,2,6‐trisubstituted tetrahydropyrans 5 and spiro hydropyrans 6 were obtained in high yields under mild reaction conditions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Toward a more complete understanding of the reciprocity of liking effect
Authors: Montoya R. Matthew , Insko Chester A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIt is proposed that the reciprocation of interpersonal attraction is a multifaceted process involving affective, cognitive, and behavioral elements, and that reciprocation can be interpreted using interdependence theory. Two studies investigated whether expressed attraction implies benevolent intentions and whether such intentions are differentially critical to reciprocated affective and behavioral attraction. Study 1 (N = 52) demonstrated that (a) an admirer's expressed attraction suggests an admirer's benevolent intentions toward the target, and (b) that benevolent intentions mediate reciprocated affective and behavioral attraction. Study 2 (N = 173) found a difference between affective and behavioral attraction: affective attraction was reciprocated in all cases; but behavioral attraction was not reciprocated when stated behavioral intentions were not consistent with intentions implied by the expressed attraction. Results support an interdependence theory perspective as particularly important for understanding why and what type of reciprocated attraction will occur. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Procedural justice in authority relations: the strength of outcome dependence influences people's reactions to voice
Authors: van Prooijen Jan‐Willem , van den Bos Kees , Wilke Henk A. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this article, we study how the strength of outcome dependence, defined as the extent to which people's outcomes depend on authority's decisions, influences their reactions to voice or no‐voice procedures. We suggest that in situations where people are strongly outcome dependent they assume that the authority may not consider their views, and therefore voice procedures exert less influence on people's procedure judgments than in situations where they are not strongly outcome dependent. Findings of two experiments corroborate this line of reasoning: In strongly outcome dependent situations, recipients' procedure judgments are influenced less strongly by voice versus no‐voice procedures than in moderate or weak outcome dependent situations. Furthermore, these effects were found for both pre‐decision voice (Experiment 1) and for post‐decision voice (Experiment 2). It is concluded that strong outcome dependence decreases the value‐expressive function of voice opportunities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on Direct Electrochemistry of Glucose Oxidase Stabilized by Cross‐Linking and Immobilized in Silica Nanoparticle Films
Authors: Liu Hongyun , Hu Naifei 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGlucose oxidase (GOD) in SiO2 nanoparticle films was cross‐linked by glutaraldehyde (GA), forming GOD‐GA‐SiO2 films on the surface of pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrodes. GOD in the GOD‐GA‐SiO2 films showed a pair of well defined and quasi‐reversible cyclic voltammetric peaks at −0.48 V vs. SCE in pH 7.0 buffers. Scanning electron microscopy of the films demonstrated that the interaction between GOD and GA/SiO2 would make the morphology of dry GOD‐GA‐SiO2 films very different from that of SiO2 and GOD‐SiO2 films. IR spectroscopy confirms that the GODs in the films are indeed cross‐linked through GA, and GA in the films greatly improves the film stability. UV‐vis and IR spectroscopy suggest that the enzyme is not denatured by cross‐linking in the films. The comparative bioelectrocatalytic study with free flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in SiO2 films indicates that GOD in the films retains its biocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation. All these results show that SiO2 nanoparticle films not only provide a favorable microenvironment for the native GOD to exchange electrons directly with underlying electrodes, but also supply a matrix for stabilizing GOD when combined with GA.
Self‐report versus interview assessment of purging in a community sample of women
Authors: Mond J. M. , Hay P. J. , Rodgers B. , Owen C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective and MethodsAgreement between self‐report and interview assessment of purging behaviours was examined in a community sample of women with a high level of eating disorder symptoms (n = 324) who completed both the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q).ResultsOf 46 individuals who reported any use of self‐induced vomiting or laxative misuse on the questionnaire, 19 (41.7%) denied these behaviours when subsequently questioned in a face‐to‐face interview. These individuals had lower levels of eating disorder psychopathology, functional impairment and general psychological distress, than participants who reported purging on both the questionnaire and at interview (n = 27).ConclusionsThe assumption of interview superiority in the assessment of specific aspects of eating disorder psychopathology should not be uncritically accepted. Caution should be exercised in drawing conclusions concerning the level of agreement between self‐report and interview assessment of purging based on research in clinical samples. © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Adverse relationship processes: the attempts of women with Bulimia Nervosa symptoms to fit the perceived ideal of intimate partners
Authors: Schembri Charlene , Evans Lynette 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjectiveThis study drew together research on anxious attachment, self‐silencing, self‐consciousness during sexual activity and bulimic symptoms.MethodA mixed community/university sample of 225 women aged 18–63 (M = 30.24, SD = 10.44) and involved in an intimate relationship completed questionnaires.ResultsAdverse relationship processes were significantly associated and each was also associated with bulimic symptoms. Self‐consciousness during sexual activity was the best predictor of bulimic symptoms, followed by anxious attachment. Self‐silencing was redundant when the other relationship processes were included in the regression. General psychopathology mediated the association between self‐silencing and bulimic symptoms, and partially mediated associations between bulimic symptoms and both anxious attachment and self‐consciousness during sexual activity.DiscussionWomen with bulimic symptoms attempt to change themselves by engaging in adverse processes in intimate relationships to meet the perceived expectations of their partners. Targeting these relationship processes in therapy might further add to the success of relationship‐oriented treatments (e.g. Interpersonal Therapy). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Spatial and temporal diversity for debris‐flow meteorological control in subarctic oceanic periglacial environments in Iceland
Authors: Decaulne Armelle , Sæmundsson Þorsteinn 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSlopes in fjord environments of Iceland are prone to debris‐flow initiation, responding to a wide variety of meteorological triggering factors, such as rain on snow, rapid snowmelt, long‐lasting rainfall or intense rainfall. If all fjord regions have similar debris flows with regards to their magnitude, their meteorological control is diverse both in space and in time. Debris flows in Northwest Iceland are triggered mostly by rain‐on‐snow and long‐lasting rainfall, while snowmelt is more characteristic in North Iceland, and rainfall has a clear impact in East Iceland. Most debris‐flow events occur on a single slope, and only a few are recorded at the same time in different regions. Observations of the threshold values underline the diversity of debris‐flow initiation, occurring with huge amounts of sudden water supply as well as with very moderate ones. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface lowering rates of uplifted limestone terraces estimated from the height of pedestals on a subtropical island of Japan
Authors: Matsukura Yukinori , Maekado Akira , Aoki Hisashi , Kogure Tetsuya , Kitano Yoshihiko 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn Kikai‐jima, south‐western Japan, many pedestal rocks have developed on the surface of Holocene raised coral‐reef terraces with known dates of emergence. Pedestals are formed just under boulders, which are considered to have been transported by tsunami and settled on a reef flat before emergence. On the assumption that boulders protect the underlying limestone terrace from rainfall solution, the rate of surface lowering of these limestone terraces was evaluated from the height of pedestals and the period of their formation. The result showed that the mean lowering rate over 6000 years is 205 mm/ky. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A universal metric for sequential MIMO detection
Authors: Kuhn Christian , Goertz Norbert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractConventionally, detection in multiple‐antenna systems is based on a tree‐search or a lattice‐search with a metric that can be computed by recursively accumulating the corresponding metric increments for a given hypothesis. For that purpose, a multiple‐antenna detector traditionally applies a preprocessing to obtain the search‐metric in a suitable form. In contrast to that, we present a reformulation of the search‐metric that directly allows for an appropriate evaluation of the metric on the underlying structure without the need for a computationally costly preprocessing step. Unlike the traditional approach, the new metric can also be applied when the system has fewer receive than transmit antennas. We present simulation results in which the new metric is applied for turbo detection involving the list‐sequential (LISS) detector that was pioneered by Joachim Hagenauer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific extra chromosomes occur in a modal number dependent pattern in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Heerema Nyla A. , Raimondi Susana C. , Anderson James R. , Biegel Jaclyn , Camitta Bruce M. , Cooley Linda D. , Gaynon Paul S. , Hirsch Betsy , Magenis R. Ellen , McGavran Loris , Patil Shivanand , Pettenati Mark J. , Pullen Jeanette , Rao Kathleen , Roulston Diane , Schneider Nancy R. , Shuster Jonathan J. , Sanger Warren , Sutcliffe Maxine J. , van Tuinen Peter , Watson Michael S. , Carroll Andrew J 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChildren with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and high hyperdiploidy (>50 chromosomes) are considered to have a relatively good prognosis. The specific extra chromosomes are not random; extra copies of some chromosomes occur more frequently than those of others. We examined the extra chromosomes present in high hyperdiploid ALL to determine if there were a relation of the specific extra chromosomes and modal number (MN) and if the extra chromosomes present could differentiate high hyperdiploid from near‐triploid and near‐tetraploid cases. Karyotypes of 2,339 children with ALL and high hyperdiploidy at diagnosis showed a distinct nonrandom sequential pattern of gain for each chromosome as MN increased, with four groups of gain: chromosomes 21, X, 14, 6, 18, 4, 17, and 10 at MN 51–54; chromosomes 8, 5, 11, and 12 at MN 57–60; chromosomes 2, 3, 9,16, and 22 at MN 63–67; chromosomes 1, 7 13, 15, 19, and 20 at MN 68–79, and Y only at MN ≥≥80. Chromosomes gained at lower MN were retained as the MN increased. High hyperdiploid pediatric ALL results from a single abnormal mitotic division. Our results suggest that the abnormal mitosis involves specific chromosomes dependent on the number of chromosomes aberrantly distributed, raising provocative questions regarding the mitotic mechanism. The patterns of frequencies of tetrasomy of specific chromosomes differs from that of trisomies with the exception of chromosome 21, which is tetrasomic in a high frequency of cases at all MN. These results are consistent with different origins of high hyperdiploidy, near‐trisomy, and near‐tetrasomy. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why don't we detect more fraud?
Authors: Singleton Tommie W. , Singleton Aaron J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWith the recent spate of financial scandals, many have asked: Why don't financial auditors detect more fraud? Although the general public doesn't realize it, financial audits are actually not very effective at detecting fraud. We need to do something very different: a fraud audit. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New guidance on SOX 404
Authors: Weirich Thomas R. , Rouse Robert W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe internal control requirements of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX) have been called the most significant change in public company auditing since the advent of the federal securities laws. But do the costs—or companies struggling to meet those requirements—outweigh the benefits of SOX? That's the motivation for important new guidance recently issued. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlated ab initio quantum chemical calculations of di‐ and trisaccharide conformations
Authors: Gould Ian R. , Bettley Hoda Abdel‐Aal , Bryce Richard A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHigh level correlated quantum chemical calculations, using MP2 and local MP2 theory, have been performed for conformations of the disaccharide, β‐maltose, and the trisaccharide, 3,6‐di‐O‐(α‐D‐mannopyranosyl)‐α‐D‐mannopyranose. For β‐maltose, MP2 and local MP2 calculations using the 6‐311++G** basis set are in good agreement, predicting a global minimum gas‐phase conformation with a counterclockwise hydrogen bond network and the experimentally‐observed intersaccharide hydrogen bonding arrangement. For conformations of 3,6‐di‐O‐(α‐D‐mannopyranosyl)‐α‐D‐mannopyranose, MP2/6‐311++G**, and local MP2/6‐311++G** calculations do not provide a consensus prediction of relative energetics, with the MP2 method finding large differences in stability between extended and folded trisaccharide conformations. Local MP2 calculations, less susceptible to intramolecular basis set superposition errors, predict a narrower range of trisaccharide energetics, in line with estimates from Hartree–Fock theory and B3LYP and BP86 density functionals. All levels of theory predict compact, highly hydrogen‐bonded conformations as lowest in energy on the in vacuo potential energy surface of the trisaccharide. These high level, correlated local MP2/6‐311++G** calculations of di‐ and trisaccharide energetics constitute potential reference data in the development and testing of improved empirical and semiempirical potentials for modeling of carbohydrates in the condensed phase. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Determination of cefquinome in pig plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Maes A. , Meyns T. , Sustronck B. , Maes D. , De Backer P. , Croubels S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of cefquinome in animal plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS). Cefadroxil is used as internal standard. For plasma, the sample preparation includes a simple deproteinization step with a Microcon® filter. This allows detecting the unbound cefquinome concentration, which is correlated with the concentration in other body fluids, such as BAL fluid. To be able to detect the total plasma concentration, deproteinization with acetonitrile, followed by a back‐extraction of actonitrile with dichloromethane was performed. The BAL fluid is centrifuged to precipitate floating particles. Chromatographic separation is achieved on a PLRP‐S column using 0.005% formic acid and methanol as mobile phase. For plasma, good linearity was observed in the range of 5–2500 ng ml−1 for both the unbound and total concentration. The response in BAL fluid was linear in the range of 4–1000 ng ml−1. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was set at 5.00 ng ml−1 for plasma and at 4.00 ng ml−1 for BAL fluid. The limit of detection (LOD) was 3.12 ng ml−1 and 0.41 ng ml−1 for the unbound and total concentration in plasma, respectively, and was 1.43 ng ml−1 for BAL fluid. The method was shown to be of use in a pharmacokinetic study in pigs, where the correlation between cefquinome concentrations in plasma and BAL fluid of pigs was studied. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizational career development is not dead: a case study on managing the new career during organizational change
Authors: Lips‐Wiersma Marjolein , Hall Douglas T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNew forms of careers have received increased attention in contemporary organizational research. A prominent focus in this research has been whether and how, in an increasingly unpredictable career environment, individuals are taking responsibility for their own career development. The implication is that career is becoming less central to organizational management practices. At the same time there is evidence that organizational changes typically described in this literature (such as delayering the organization in a quest for flexibility) have had a negative impact on career progress, resulting in resistance to change. The implication here is that career concerns are more central to organizational management practices. This in‐depth qualitative case study examines whether individuals do in fact take more responsibility for their career development during times of organizational change. We also examine whether this does indeed mean that the organization takes less responsibility for career management. Our data indicate that individuals are, in fact, taking more responsibility for their own careers. At the same time we found that the organization in our case study also became more actively involved in career development and management. However, this active approach did not resemble traditional top‐down career management and development. To us, the pattern of organizational and individual career development actions appear to constitute a kind of ‘organizational dance,’ a highly interactive mutual influence process, in which both parties are at once the agent and the target of career influence. Strengths and limitations of the study are discussed, as are directions for future research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Participants' appraisals of process issues and the effects of stress management interventions
Authors: Nielsen Karina , Randall Raymond , Albertsen Karen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIt has been argued that traditional quasi‐experimental approaches to evaluation do not adequately measure, or take account of, perceptual processes that could contribute to the effectiveness of organizational‐level interventions. Using longitudinal data with added process measures at time 2 gathered from 11 intervention projects in Denmark, this paper used structural equation modelling (n = 462) to explore the impact of employees' direct appraisals of the intervention itself on intervention outcomes. Perceived influence on the content of interventions was directly linked to voluntary participation in these interventions. Participants' appraisals of the activities within an intervention were found to fully mediate the relationships between exposure to interventions and outcome measures (changes in working conditions, behavioural stress and job satisfaction). The results of the study indicate that employees' appraisal of the intervention itself can play an important role in determining the success or failure of a variety of organizational‐level interventions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An effective high‐speed countercurrent chromatographic method for preparative isolation and purification of mollugin directly from the ethanol extract of the Chinese medicinal plant Rubia cordifolia
Authors: Lu Yanbin , Liu Rui , Sun Cuirong , Pan Yuanjiang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe medicinal plant Rubia cordifolia has been used widely in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for its antibacterial, antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities. In this study, a preparative high‐speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) method for isolation and purification of the bioactive component mollugin directly from the ethanol extract of R. cordifolia was successfully established by using light petroleum (bp 60–90°C)/ethanol/diethyl ether/water as the two‐phase solvent system. The upper phase of light petroleum/ethanol/diethyl ether/water (5:4:3:1 v/v) was used as the stationary phase of HSCCC. Under the optimum conditions, 46 mg of mollugin at 98.5% purity, as determined by HPLC, could be yielded from 500 mg of the crude extract in a single HSCCC separation. The peak fraction of HSCCC was identified by 1H NMR and 13C NMR.