bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity Correlates in Adolescent Girls Who Differ by Weight Status
Authors: Ward Dianne S. , Dowda Marsha , Trost Stewart G. , Felton Gwen M. , Dishman Rod K. , Pate Russell R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study compared correlates of physical activity (PA) among African‐American and white girls of different weight groups to guide future interventions.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 1015 girls (mean age, 14.6 years; 45% African‐American) from 12 high schools in South Carolina who served as control subjects for a school‐based intervention. Post‐intervention measures obtained at the end of ninth grade were used. PA was measured using the Three‐Day PA Recall, and a questionnaire measured social‐cognitive and environmental variables thought to mediate PA. Height and weight were measured, and BMI was calculated. Girls were stratified by race and categorized into three groups, based on BMI percentiles for girls from CDC growth charts: normal (BMI < 85th percentile), at risk (BMI, 85th to 94th percentile), and overweight (BMI ≥ 95th percentile). Girls were further divided into active and low‐active groups, based on a vigorous PA standard (average of one or more 30‐minute blocks per day per 3‐day period). Mixed‐model ANOVA was used to compare factors among groups, treating school as a random effectResults: None of the social‐cognitive or environmental variables differed by weight status for African‐American or white girls. Perceived behavioral control and sports team participation were significantly higher in girls who were more active, regardless of weight or race group. In general, social‐cognitive variables seem to be more related to activity in white girls, whereas environmental factors seem more related to activity in African‐American girls.Discussion: PA interventions should be tailored to the unique needs of girls based on PA levels and race, rather than on weight status alone.
Understanding Reporting Bias in the Dietary Recall Data of 11‐Year‐Old Girls
Authors: Ventura Alison K. , Loken Eric , Mitchell Diane C. , Smiciklas‐Wright Helen , Birch Leann L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study describes patterns of bias in self‐reported dietary recall data of girls by examining differences among girls classified as under‐reporters, plausible reporters, and over‐reporters on weight, dietary patterns, and psychosocial characteristics.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants included 176 girls at age 11 and their parents. Girls’ weight and height were measured. Three 24‐hour dietary recalls and responses to psychosocial measures were collected. Plausibility cut‐offs for reported energy intake as a percentage of predicted energy requirements were used to divide the sample into under‐reporters, plausible reporters, and over‐reporters. Differences among these three groups on dietary and psychosocial variables were assessed to examine possible sources of bias in reporting.Results: Using a ±1 standard deviation cut‐off for energy intake plausibility, 50% of the sample was categorized as plausible reporters, 34% as under‐reporters, and 16% as over‐reporters. Weight status of under‐reporters was significantly higher than that of plausible reporters and over‐reporters. With respect to reported dietary intake, under‐reporters were no different from plausible reporters on intakes of foods with higher nutrient densities and lower energy densities and were significantly lower than plausible reporters on intakes of foods with lower nutrient densities and higher energy densities. Over‐reporters reported significantly higher intakes of all food groups and the majority of subgroups, relative to plausible reporters. Under‐reporters had significantly higher levels of weight concern and dietary restraint than both plausible reporters and over‐reporters.Discussion: Techniques to categorize plausible and implausible reporters can and should be used to provide an improved understanding of the nature of error in children's dietary intake data and account for this error in analysis and interpretation.
Prevalence of Obesity in Elementary Schoolchildren Living in Northeast Attica, Greece
Authors: Papadimitriou Anastasios , Kounadi Dionysia , Konstantinidou Maria , Xepapadaki Paraskevi , Nicolaidou Polyxeni 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the prevalence of obesity and obesity trend in schoolchildren living in Northeast Attica, Greece.Research Methods and Procedures: Mean (standard deviation) and median weight and BMI were calculated in 4131 (2054 boys and 2077 girls) 6‐ to 11‐year‐old Greek schoolchildren living in Northeast Attica between November 2003 and April 2004. Two hundred thirty‐six (95 boys, 141 girls) immigrant children also participated in the study. The secular trend for obesity was determined comparing our data with those of a similar study performed in 1994.Results: Of boys, 27.8% were overweight, and 12.3% were obese. For girls, the corresponding values were 26.5% for overweight and 9.9% for obesity. There was an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the last 10 years in both sexes. For boys, overweight increased by 4.2% and obesity by 2.9%, whereas, for girls, overweight increased by 3.8% and obesity by 1.6%. Overweight and obesity were less prevalent in the immigrant children compared with their Greek peers. For immigrant boys, overweight was 15.9% and obesity was 7.9%, and for immigrant girls, overweight was 15.2% and obesity was 8.7%.Discussion: Greek schoolchildren living in Northeast Attica present a high prevalence of overweight and obesity and a positive secular change in the prevalence of obesity.
Do Energy Density and Dietary Fiber Influence Subsequent 5‐Year Weight Changes in Adult Men and Women?
Authors: Iqbal Sofia I. , Helge Jørn W. , Heitmann Berit L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We examined whether associations between dietary components and, in particular, energy density (ED) predicted subsequent 5‐year weight changes.Research Methods and Procedures: The present longitudinal population study was part of the Danish World Health Organization Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) and the 1936 cohort dietary studies. Effects of components were studied in relation to subsequent 5‐year weight changes in 862 men and 900 women, 30 to 60 years old. Linear multiple regression analyses were conducted.Results: Mean 5‐year changes in body weight (BW) were 1.2 ± 3.9 and 1.3 ± 4.6 kg for men and women, respectively. In general, neither ED nor any of the dietary components was associated with subsequent change in BW. In women, ED was positively associated with weight gain among the obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and inversely associated with weight gain in normal‐weight women (BMI < 25 kg/m2) (p = 0.01). However, in men there was a non‐ significant inverse trend between ED and weight gain in the obese and no significant interaction.Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first prospective study to examine the associations between ED and subsequent changes in BW, and despite a general belief that ED is a major determinant of obesity, the present study did not generally lend support for an association. However, among certain subgroups, an energy‐dense diet may be a risk factor for weight development.
Cold Exposure Suppresses Serum Adiponectin Levels through Sympathetic Nerve Activation in Mice
Authors: Imai Junta , Katagiri Hideki , Yamada Tetsuya , Ishigaki Yasushi , Ogihara Takehide , Uno Kenji , Hasegawa Yutaka , Gao Junhong , Ishihara Hisamitsu , Sasano Hironobu , Oka Yoshitomo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Several lines of evidence suggest important roles for adiponectin in glucose and lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms regulating serum adiponectin levels and adiponectin production are still not completely understood. Our aim was to determine whether adiponectin synthesis is physiologically regulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).Research Methods and Procedures: Mice were exposed to cold (4 °C) for 12 hours and for 24 hours with or without inhibition of noradrenaline synthesis or pan‐β adrenergic function, followed by measurement of serum adiponectin concentrations and levels of adiponectin and uncoupling protein (UCP) 1 expressions in various white adipose tissues (WATs).Results: Cold exposure significantly reduced serum adiponectin concentrations without changing body weights or WAT sizes in either subcutaneous or intra‐abdominal fat tissues. The serum adiponectin reduction was associated with a decrease in adiponectin mRNA expression in subcutaneous, epididymal, and mesenteric fat tissues. In these adipose tissues, UCP1 expression was markedly enhanced, suggesting SNS activation in these tissues. Administration of α‐methyl‐p‐tyrosine or a combination of SR59230A and propranolol reversed the cold‐exposure‐induced decreases in serum adiponectin concentrations and adiponectin mRNA expression in these tissues. In contrast, in retroperitoneal fat, the effects of cold exposure on adiponectin and UCP1 expressions were strikingly weak but were not reversed by SNS inhibitors.Discussion: SNS physiologically regulates serum adiponectin levels and adiponectin synthesis in WATs in vivo, although responsiveness to SNS stimulation differs markedly among WATs. Sympathetic activation might be involved in development of the metabolic syndrome by modulation of serum adiponectin concentrations.
Early Obesity and Age‐Related Mimicry of Metabolic Syndrome in Female Mice with Sex Hormonal Imbalances
Authors: Sairam M Ram , Wang Min , Danilovich Natalia , Javeshghani Danesh , Maysinger Dusica 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the relationship of early obesity to metabolic syndrome during sex hormonal imbalances in mutant female mice at different ages.Research Methods and Procedures: Hormonal imbalances, accumulation and nature of adipose tissue, food intake, glucose tolerance, and expression of candidate genes and markers of inflammation were studied by comparing wild‐type, null, and haploinsufficient follitropin receptor knockout female mice at different ages.Results: Follitropin receptor deletion in mice produced null females that are infertile and haploinsufficient mice that undergo accelerated biological aging. Both types of mutants with sex hormonal imbalances have central obesity without hyperphagia, but circulating leptin is elevated. Adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy is attributed to elevated peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ expression. Adiponectin protein levels increase in fat tissue and plasma. Only mutants but not controls acquire age‐dependent decline in glucose tolerance with high insulin and altered pancreatic β cells. Changes in inflammation markers, decreased muscle insulin receptor phosphorylation, and increase of the enzyme protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B indicate insulin resistance.Discussion: In this animal model, the chronological appearance of early obesity induced by hormonal imbalances culminates in characteristics that are attributable to metabolic syndrome, including cardiovascular abnormalities. Dissection of the depot‐specific alterations and defining molecular interrelationships could help in developing targeted remedies and resolving complications and controversies related to health benefits and adversities of current hormone replacement therapy.
Visceral Obesity is Associated with High Levels of Serum Squalene
Authors: Peltola Paula , Pihlajamäki Jussi , Koutnikova Hana , Ruotsalainen Eija , Salmenniemi Urpu , Vauhkonen Ilkka , Kainulainen Sakari , Gylling Helena , Miettinen Tatu A. , Auwerx Johan , Laakso Markku 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the impact of visceral obesity on cholesterol metabolism in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: The proportion of intra‐abdominal fat (IAF) was measured by abdominal computer tomography, and serum cholesterol synthesis and absorption markers were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography in 109 normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. Insulin action was measured with the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. The gene encoding squalene synthase (farnesyl‐diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1) was screened with the single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing.Results: Cholesterol synthesis markers correlated positively with IAF (r = 0.213 to 0.309, p ≤ 0.027) and negatively with the rates of insulin‐stimulated whole‐body glucose uptake (r = −0.372 to −0.248, p ≤ 0.010). However, serum squalene, the first measured precursor of cholesterol synthesis, showed a positive correlation with IAF (r = 0.309, p = 0.001) without any association with subcutaneous fat or insulin sensitivity. Variation in the farnesyl‐diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 gene did not explain elevated serum squalene levels in viscerally obese subjects. From the cholesterol absorption markers, cholestanol was associated negatively with IAF and positively with whole‐body glucose uptake (p < 0.05).Discussion: High serum squalene levels are associated with visceral obesity but not with subcutaneous obesity. Whether this finding is causally connected to visceral obesity remains to be established.
Comparison of Body Fat Composition and Serum Adiponectin Levels in Diabetic Obesity and Non‐diabetic Obesity
Authors: Kim Chulsik , Park Jina , Park Jongsuk , Kang Eunseok , Ahn Chulwoo , Cha Bongsoo , Lim Sungkil , Kim Kyungrae , Lee Hyunchul 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Clinical aspects of diabetes and obesity are somewhat different, even at similar levels of insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in body fat distribution and serum adiponectin concentrations in diabetic and non‐diabetic obese participants. We were also interested in identifying the characteristics of insulin resistance in these two groups, particularly from the standpoint of adiponectin.Research Methods and Procedures: Adiponectin concentrations of 112 type 2 diabetic obese participants and 124 non‐diabetic obese participants were determined. Abdominal adipose tissue areas and midthigh skeletal muscle areas were measured by computed tomography. A homeostasis model assessment of the insulin resistance score was calculated to assess insulin sensitivity. The relationships among serum adiponectin, body fat distribution, and clinical characteristics were also analyzed.Results: Both abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat areas were higher in the non‐diabetic obese group, whereas midthigh low‐density muscle area was higher in the diabetic obese group. The homeostasis model assessment of the insulin resistance score was similar between groups, whereas serum adiponectin was lower in the diabetic obese group. Abdominal visceral fat (β = −0.381, p = 0.012) was a more important predictor of adiponectin concentration than low‐density muscle (β = −0.218, p = 0.026) in cases of non‐diabetic obesity, whereas low‐density muscle (β = −0.413, p = 0.013) was a better predictor of adiponectin level than abdominal visceral fat (β = − 0.228, p = 0.044) in diabetic obese patients.Discussion: Therefore, factors involved in pathophysiology, including different serum adiponectin levels and body fat distributions, are believed to be responsible for differences in clinical characteristics, even at similar levels of insulin resistance in both diseases.
Skeletal Muscle Fat Oxidation Is Increased in African‐American and White Women after 10 days of Endurance Exercise Training
Authors: Cortright Ronald N. , Sandhoff Kimberly M. , Basilio Jessica L. , Berggren Jason R. , Hickner Robert C. , Hulver Matthew W. , Dohm G. Lynis , Houmard Joseph A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is associated with lower rates of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation (FAO), which is linked to insulin resistance. FAO is reduced further in obese African‐American (AAW) vs. white women (CW) and may also be lower in lean AAW vs. CW. In lean CW, endurance exercise training (EET) elevates the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle. Therefore, we determined whether EET would elevate skeletal muscle FAO similarly in AAW and CW with a lower lipid oxidative capacity.Research Methods and Procedures: In vitro rates of FAO were assessed in rectus abdominus muscle strips using [1‐14C] palmitate (Pal) from lean AAW [BMI = 24.2 ± 0.9 (standard error) kg/m2] and CW (23.6 ± 0.8 kg/m2) undergoing voluntary abdominal surgery. Lean AAW (22 ± 0.9 kg/m2) and CW (24 ± 0.8 kg/m2) and obese AAW (36 ± 1.2 kg/m2) and CW (40 ± 1.3 kg/m2) underwent 10 consecutive days of EET on a cycle ergometer (60 min/d, 75% peak oxygen uptake). FAO was measured in vastus lateralis homogenates as captured 14CO2 using [1‐14C] Pal, palmitoyl‐CoA (Pal‐CoA), and palmityl‐carnitine (Pal‐Car).Results: Muscle strip experiments showed suppressed rates of FAO (p = 0.03) in lean AAW vs. CW. EET increased the rates of skeletal muscle Pal oxidation (p = 0.05) in both lean AAW and CW. In obese subjects, Pre‐EET Pal (but not Pal‐CoA or Pal‐Car) oxidation was lower (p = 0.05) in AAW vs. CW. EET increased Pal oxidation 100% in obese AAW (p < 0.05) and 59% (p < 0.05) in obese CW. Similar increases (p < 0.05) in post‐EET FAO were observed for Pal‐CoA and Pal‐Car in both groups.Discussion: Both lean and obese AAW possess a lower capacity for skeletal muscle FAO, but EET increases FAO similarly in both AAW and CW. These data suggest the use of EET for treatment against obesity and diabetes for both AAW and CW.
Intensive Weight Loss Program Improves Physical Function in Older Obese Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Miller Gary D. , Nicklas Barbara J. , Davis Cralen , Loeser Richard F. , Lenchik Leon , Messier Stephen P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Physical function and body composition in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA) were examined after intensive weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: Older obese adults (n = 87; ≥60 years; BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) with symptomatic knee OA and difficulty with daily activities were recruited for a 6‐month trial. Participants were randomized into either a weight stable (WS) or weight loss (WL) program. Participants in WL (10% weight loss goal) were prescribed a 1000 kcal/d energy deficit diet with exercise 3 d/wk. WS participants attended health information sessions. Body composition and physical function (Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index, 6‐minute walking distance, and stair climb time) were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Statistical analysis included univariate analysis of covariance on 6‐month measurements using baseline values as covariates. Associations between physical function and body composition were performed.Results: Body weight decreased 8.7 ± 0.8% in WL and 0.0 ± 0.7% in WS. Body fat and fat‐free mass were lower for WL than WS at 6 months (estimated means: fat = 38.1 ± 0.4% vs. 40.9 ± 0.4%, respectively; fat‐free mass = 56.7 ± 0.4 vs. 58.8 ± 0.4 kg, respectively). WL had better function than WS, with lower Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index scores, greater 6‐minute walk distance, and faster stair climb time (p < 0.05). Changes in function were associated with weight loss in the entire cohort.Discussion: An intensive weight loss intervention incorporating energy deficit diet and exercise training improves physical function in older obese adults with knee OA. Greater improvements in function were observed in those with the most weight loss.
Adult Obesity and Number of Years Lived with and without Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Silva M. Carolina Pardo , De Laet Chris , Nusselder Wilma J. , Mamun Abdulah A. , Peeters Anna 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the differences in number of years lived free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and number of years lived with CVD between men and women who were obese, pre‐obese, or normal weight at 45 years of age.Research Methods and Procedures: We constructed multistate life tables for CVD, myocardial infarction, and stroke, using data from 2551 enrollees (1130 men) in the Framingham Heart Study who were 45 years of age.Results: Obesity and pre‐obesity were associated with fewer number of years free of CVD, myocardial infarction, and stroke and an increase in the number of years lived with these diseases. Forty‐five‐year‐old obese men with no CVD survived 6.0 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.1; 8.1] fewer than their normal weight counterparts, whereas, for women, the difference between obese and normal weight subjects was 8.4 years (95% CI: 6.2; 10.8). Obese men and women lived with CVD 2.7 (95% CI: 1.0; 4.4) and 1.4 years (95% CI: −0.3; 3.2) longer, respectively, than normal weight individuals.Discussion: In addition to reducing life expectancy, obesity before middle age is associated with a reduction in the number of years lived free of CVD and an increase in the number of years lived with CVD. Such information is paramount for preventive and therapeutic decision‐making by individuals and practitioners alike.
Anthropometric Measures, Body Composition, Body Fat Distribution, and Knee Osteoarthritis in Women
Authors: Abbate Lauren M. , Stevens June , Schwartz Todd A. , Renner Jordan B. , Helmick Charles G. , Jordan Joanne M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Increased BMI is a well‐recognized risk factor for radiographic knee osteoarthritis (rKOA); however, the contributions of the components of body composition, body fat distribution, and height to this association are not clear.Research Methods and Procedures: We examined 779 women ≥45 years of age from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. Body composition was assessed using DXA, and rKOA was defined as Kellgren‐Lawrence grade ≥2. Logistic regression models examined the association between rKOA and the fourth compared with the first quartiles of anthropometric, body composition, and fat distribution measures adjusting for age, ethnicity, and prior knee injury.Results: The adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval of BMI and weight were 5.27 (3.05, 9.13) and 5.28 (3.05, 9.16), respectively. In separate models, higher odds of rKOA were also found for fat mass [4.54 (2.68, 7.69)], percent fat mass [3.84 (2.26, 6.54)], lean mass [3.94 (2.22, 6.97)], and waist circumference [4.15 (2.45, 7.02)]. Waist‐to‐hip ratio was not associated with rKOA [1.45 (0.86, 2.43)], and percent lean mass was associated with lower odds [0.20 (0.11, 0.35)]. Taller women had higher odds of rKOA after adjustment for BMI [1.77 (1.05, 3.00)].Discussion: This study confirms that BMI and weight are strongly associated with rKOA in women and suggests that precise measurements of body composition and measures of fat distribution may offer no advantage over the more simple measures of BMI or weight in assessment of risk of rKOA.