bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Regional Fat Distribution and Health Risk Factors in Middle‐Aged White and African American Women: The Healthy Transitions Study
Authors: Lovejoy Jennifer C. , Smith Steven R. , Rood Jennifer C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Both ethnicity and menopause appear to influence intra‐abdominal fat distribution. This study evaluated intra‐abdominal fat distribution and obesity‐related health risks in perimenopausal white and African American women.Research Methods and Procedures: Baseline data from a longitudinal study of changes in body composition and energy balance during menopause are reported. Healthy women (55 African Americans and 103 whites) who were on no medication and had at least five menstrual cycles in the previous 6 months were recruited. Body composition was assessed by DXA, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were assessed by computed tomography scan. SAT was divided into deep and superficial layers demarcated by the fascia superficialis.Results: African American women were slightly younger (46.7 ± 0.2 vs. 47.7 ± 0.2 years, p = 0.002) and fatter (42.4% ± 1.0% vs. 39.4% ± 0.8% body fat, p = 0.02) than white women. In unadjusted data, African Americans had significantly more total abdominal fat and total, deep, and superficial SAT than whites. After adjustment for percent body fat and age, only total and superficial SAT remained significantly higher in African Americans. VAT although slightly less in African American women, did not differ significantly by race. In multiple regression analysis, VAT was the strongest predictor of serum lipids, glucose, and insulin in women of both races, although superficial SAT was significantly associated with fasting glucose in whites.Conclusions: Middle‐aged African American women have larger SAT depots, adjusted for total body fatness, but do not differ from white women with regard to VAT. The complexity of the relationship between abdominal fat and metabolic risk is increased by ethnic differences in such associations.
Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure during Long‐Term Weight Loss in the Obese: The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) Intervention Study
Authors: Sjöström C. David , Peltonen Markku , Sjöström Lars 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Recently we reported a complete relapse in the blood pressure (BP) of obese subjects despite a maintained 16% weight loss over 8 years. This relapse is now analyzed as a function of several variables. Pulse pressure (PP) is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular mortality. We now examine the development of PP in the obese and whether it can be modified by weight‐reducing gastric surgery.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 1157 patients treated with gastric surgery and 1031 obese controls (body mass index of 41.0 ± 4.6 kg/m2 [mean ± SD], age 48 ± 6 years) were followed for 5.5 ± 2.1 (range 3 to 10) years. To separate the effect of weight change from effect of time on BP, the patients were divided in cohorts based on follow‐up time.Results: Gastric surgery resulted in a maximum weight loss after 1 year that was followed by a moderate relapse. After 5.5 years, weight loss in the intervention group was 18 ± 11% of initial body weight. Very little weight change was seen in controls. Systolic BP decreased in the intervention group during the first 6 months but had relapsed to control values at last examination. The adjusted change in PP was +4.7 mm Hg in obese controls but +2.9 mm Hg in the intervention group (p < 0.001). Final BP values were more closely related to follow‐up time and ongoing weight increase than to initial body weight or initial weight loss.Discussion: Effects of time (aging) and weight change per year on BP can be separated. An early increase in PP could be observed in the obese. This increase could be modified by weight‐reducing gastric surgery.
Anti‐lipolytic Effects of Insulin in African American and White Prepubertal Boys
Authors: Gower Barbara A. , Herd Sara L. , Goran Michael I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Relative to whites, African Americans have lower circulating triglycerides (TG) and greater highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol. The metabolic basis for this difference is not known. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that insulin‐induced suppression of free fatty acids (FFA) results in lower serum TG in African American versus white prepubertal children.Research Methods and Procedures: Insulin, FFA, and TG were determined at baseline and during a frequently sampled, intravenous glucose tolerance test in eight African American and eight white prepubertal males pair‐matched for whole‐body insulin sensitivity.Results: Baseline TG was lower in African Americans (0.43 ± 0.10 vs. 0.79 ± 0.37 mM/L; mean ± SD; p < 0.01). African Americans had higher peak insulin (218 ± 102 vs. 100 ± 30 pM/L; mean ± SD; p < 0.01) and a greater acute insulin response (9282 ± 4272 vs. 4230 ± 1326 pM/L × 10 minutes; mean ± SD; p < 0.05). FFA and TG values determined at the FFA nadir were lower in African Americans (0.26 ± 0.02 vs. 0.30 ± 0.03 mEq/L; mean ± SD; p < 0.01 for FFA nadir and 0.49 ± 0.07 vs. 0.77 ± 0.33 mM/L; mean ± SD; p < 0.05 for TG). Among all subjects, FFA nadir was correlated with peak insulin (r = −0.54; p < 0.05). After adjusting for FFA nadir, neither baseline nor postchallenge TG differed with ethnicity (p = 0.073 and 0.192, respectively). The ethnic difference in FFA nadir disappeared after adjusting for peak insulin (p = 0.073).Discussion: These data suggest that hyperinsulinemiainduced suppression of FFA among African Americans is a determinant of lower TG in this group.
Modest Lifestyle Intervention and Glucose Tolerance in Obese African Americans
Authors: Racette Susan B. , Weiss Edward P. , Obert Kathleen A. , Kohrt Wendy M. , Holloszy John O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Previous studies have demonstrated the benefit of short‐term diets on glucose tolerance in obese individuals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of modest lifestyle changes in maintaining improvements in glucose tolerance induced by short‐term energy restriction in obese African Americans with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus.Research Methods and Procedures: An intervention group (n = 45; 47 ± 1 year [mean ± SE]), 105 ± 4 kg; body mass index: 39 ± 1 kg/m2) received an energy‐restricted diet (943 ± 26 kcal/d) for 1 week, followed by a lifestyle program of reduced dietary fat (−125 kcal/d) and increased physical activity (+125 kcal/d) for 1 year. Body weight and plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and C‐peptide during an oral glucose tolerance test were measured at baseline, 1‐week, and 4‐month intervals. A control group (n = 24; 48 ± 1 year; 110 ± 5 kg; body mass index: 41 ± 2 kg/m2) underwent these measurements at 4‐month intervals.Results: No changes in weight or glucose tolerance were observed in the control group. The intervention group had significant (p < 0.05) improvements in body weight and glucose tolerance in response to the 1‐week diet, which persisted for 4 months (p < 0.001 vs. control for change in weight). A total of 19 subjects (42%) continued the intervention program for 1 year, with sustained improvements (weight: −4.6 ± 1.0 kg; p < 0.001 vs. control; oral glucose tolerance test glucose area: −103 ± 44 mM · min; p < 0.05 vs. control).Discussion: A modest lifestyle program facilitates weight loss and enables improvements in glucose tolerance to be maintained in obese individuals with abnormal glucose tolerance. However, attrition was high, despite the mild nature of the program.
Weight Loss Attempts and Attitudes toward Body Size, Eating, and Physical Activity in American Indian Children: Relationship to Weight Status and Gender
Authors: Story Mary , Stevens June , Evans Marguerite , Cornell Carol E. , Juhaeri  , Gittelsohn Joel , Going Scott B. , Clay Theresa E. , Murray David M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study examined dieting, weight perceptions, and self‐efficacy to eat healthy foods and engage in physical activity and their relationships to weight status and gender among American Indian elementary schoolchildren.Research Methods and Procedures: Data for this study were collected as part of the baseline examination for the Pathways study. Participants were 1441 second‐ through third‐grade American Indian children in 41 schools representing seven tribes in Arizona, New Mexico, and South Dakota who filled out a questionnaire and had heights and weights taken.Results: Forty‐two percent of the children were overweight or obese. No differences were found between overweight/obese and normal weight children for healthy food intentions or self‐efficacy. Heavier children (especially those with body mass index > 95th percentile) were more likely to have tried to lose weight or were currently trying to lose weight. No gender differences were found. Normal weight children chose a slightly heavier body size as most healthy compared with overweight/obese children.Discussion: The results indicate that children are concerned about their weight and that weight modification efforts are common among overweight American Indian children. School, community, and family‐based programs are needed to help young people adopt lifelong healthful eating and physical activity practices.
Assessment of Free‐Living Physical Activity in Humans: An Overview of Currently Available and Proposed New Measures
Authors: Schutz Yves , Weinsier Roland L. , Hunter Gary R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe number of physical activity measures and indexes used in the human literature is large and may result in some difficulty for the average investigator to choose the most appropriate measure. Accordingly, this review is intended to provide information on the utility and limitations of the various measures. Its primary focus is the objective assessment of free‐living physical activity in humans based on physiological and biomechanical methods.The physical activity measures have been classified into three categories:
. Measures based on energy expenditure or oxygen uptake, such as activity energy expenditure, activity‐related time equivalent, physical activity level, physical activity ratio, metabolic equivalent, and a new index of potential interest, daytime physical activity level.
. Measures based on heart rate monitoring, such as net heart rate, physical activity ratio heart rate, physical activity level heart rate, activity‐related time equivalent, and daytime physical activity level heart rate.
. Measures based on whole‐body accelerometry (counts/U time).
Quantification of the velocity and duration of displacement in outdoor conditions by satellites using the Differential Global Positioning System may constitute a surrogate for physical activity, because walking is the primary activity of man in free‐living conditions.A general outline of the measures and indexes described above is presented in tabular form, along with their respective definition, usual applications, advantages, and shortcomings. A practical example is given with typical values in obese and non‐obese subjects. The various factors to be considered in the selection of physical activity methods include experimental goals, sample size, budget, cultural and social/environmental factors, physical burden for the subject, and statistical factors, such as accuracy and precision.It is concluded that no single current technique is able to quantify all aspects of physical activity under free‐living conditions, requiring the use of complementary methods. In the future, physical activity sensors, which are of low‐cost, small‐sized, and convenient for subjects, investigators, and clinicians, are needed to reliably monitor, during extended periods in free‐living situations, small changes in movements and grade as well as duration and intensity of typical physical activities.
Larger Amounts of Visceral Adipose Tissue in Asian Americans
Authors: Park Yong‐Woo , Allison David B. , Heymsfield Steven B. , Gallagher Dympna 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is recognized as an important risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Several studies have reported less VAT in African Americans compared with whites. As little is known about the levels of VAT in Asians, we compared whole‐body VAT in Asian Americans with European Americans.Research Methods and Procedures: VAT was measured using whole‐body multislice magnetic resonance imaging in 54 women (18 Asian Americans, 36 European Americans) and 53 men (19 Asian Americans, 34 European Americans) with body mass index (measured in kilograms per square meter) < 30. Data were analyzed by multiple regression modeling.Results: Asian American women had higher log‐transformed VAT compared with European American women (p < 0.05), after adjusting for age and total body fat. There was a significant age by race interaction such that race differences in VAT were most evident over the age of 30 years. No differences in VAT could be detected between Asian American and European American men, even after adjusting for potential covariates, including total adiposity. %Discussion: These data are the first to demonstrate higher amounts of VAT in healthy Asian Americans, a finding that suggests normative VAT values or standards derived from whites may not be applicable to Asians.
The Expression of SPARC in Adipose Tissue and Its Increased Plasma Concentration in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Takahashi Masahiko , Nagaretani Hiroyuki , Funahashi Tohru , Nishizawa Hitoshi , Maeda Norikazu , Kishida Ken , Kuriyama Hiroshi , Shimomura Iichiro , Maeda Kazuhisa , Hotta Kikuko , Ouchi Noriyuki , Kihara Shinji , Nakamura Tadashi , Yamashita Shizuya , Matsuzawa Yuji 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Adipocytes secrete various cytokines and matrix proteins. Several of them precipitate in obesity‐associated diseases, including atherosclerosis. In the current study, we have examined the expression of secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) in adipose tissue and its significance in obesity and coronary artery disease (CAD).Research Methods and Procedures: The SPARC mRNA expressions both in vivo and in vitro were detected by Northern blot analysis. Plasma SPARC concentrations were measured by enzyme immunosorbent assay. First, we investigated the plasma SPARC levels of 88 unrelated adult Japanese subjects (62 men and 26 women; average age: [± SD] 50 ± 12 years; body mass index [BMI]: 16 to 46 kg/m2). Additionally 31 subjects with CAD diagnosed by coronary angiography (20 men and 11 women) were also investigated.Results: Human adipose tissues expressed abundant SPARC mRNA. SPARC expression in adipose tissues was upregulated in obese db/db mice. Markedly enhanced expression of SPARC mRNA was observed in 3T3‐L1 fibroblasts during adipocyte differentiation. Consistent with these results, plasma SPARC levels proved a positive correlation with BMI in humans (r = 0.27; p < 0.01). Interestingly, plasma SPARC concentrations were significantly elevated in age‐ and BMI‐matched subjects with CAD (p < 0.05).Discussion: SPARC was expressed in adipose tissues and its expression was enhanced in obese mice. In human, plasma SPARC levels were elevated in obesity and CAD patients. This elevated SPARC may be involved in the progression of CAD.
Stability of Adiposity Phenotypes from Childhood and Adolescence into Young Adulthood with Contribution of Parental Measures
Authors: Campbell Peter T. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Malina Robert M. , Rao D. C. , Pérusse Louis , Bouchard Claude 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The stability of several indicators of body composition and adipose tissue distribution over 12 years was quantified.Research Methods and Procedures: The participants were 77 boys and 76 girls who were evaluated along with their parents at baseline as children and adolescents (8 to 18 years of age) and remeasured as young adults 12 years later. Indicators of body composition included the body mass index, fat mass, fat free mass, percentage of body fat, sum of six skinfolds (SF6), and the first principal component of six age‐adjusted skinfold residuals. Relative adipose tissue distribution was represented by the second principal component of skinfold residuals and a trunk‐to‐extremity skinfold ratio, adjusted for SF6.Results: Partial interage correlations, controlling for initial age and length of follow‐up, were 0.65 and 0.59 for the body mass index, 0.59 and 0.64 for fat mass, 0.65 and 0.57 for fat free mass, 0.50 and 0.57 for percentage of body fat, 0.66 and 0.44 for SF6, 0.64 and 0.42 for the first principal component of six age‐adjusted skinfold residuals, 0.19 and 0.31 for the second principal component of skinfold residuals, and 0.41 and 0.47 for trunk‐to‐extremity skinfold ratio, adjusted for SF6, in men and women, respectively. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the significant partial R2 values of parental measurements on the prediction of their offspring in young adulthood ranged from 2% to 9%.Discussion: The results indicate moderately high stability of indicators of body composition and somewhat lower stability of measures of adipose tissue distribution. Overall, parental measures offer less predictive value than do measures of childhood and adolescent body composition and adipose tissue distribution.
Leptin Levels Are Associated with Fat Oxidation and Dietary‐Induced Weight Loss in Obesity
Authors: Verdich Camilla , Toubro Søren , Buemann Benjamin , Holst Jens Juul , Bülow Jens , Simonsen Lene , Søndergaard Susanne Bonnichsen , Christensen Niels Juel , Astrup Arne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the relationship between fasting plasma leptin and 24‐hour energy expenditure (EE), substrate oxidation, and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) in obese subjects before and after a major weight reduction compared with normal weight controls. To test fasting plasma leptin, substrate oxidations, and SPA as predictive markers of success during a standardized weight loss intervention.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐one nondiabetic obese (body mass index: 33.9 to 43.8 kg/m2) and 13 lean (body mass index: 20.4 to 24.7 kg/m2) men matched for age and height were included in the study. All obese subjects were reexamined after a mean weight loss of 19.2 kg (95% confidence interval: 15.1–23.4 kg) achieved by 16 weeks of dietary intervention followed by 8 weeks of weight stability. Twenty‐four‐hour EE and substrate oxidations were measured by whole‐body indirect calorimetry. SPA was assessed by microwave radar.Results: In lean subjects, leptin adjusted for fat mass (FM) was correlated to 24‐hour EE before (r = −0.56, p < 0.05) but not after adjustment for fat free mass. In obese subjects, leptin correlated inversely with 24‐hour and resting nonprotein respiratory quotient (r = −0.47, p < 0.05 and r = −0.50, p < 0.05) both before and after adjustments for energy balance. Baseline plasma leptin concentration, adjusted for differences in FM, was inversely related to the size of weight loss after 8 weeks (r = −0.41, p = 0.07), 16 weeks (r = −0.51, p < 0.05), and 24 weeks (r = −0.50, p < 0.05).Discussion: The present study suggests that leptin may have a stimulating effect on fat oxidation in obese subjects. A low leptin level for a given FM was associated with a greater weight loss, suggesting that obese subjects with greater leptin sensitivities are more successful in reducing weight.
Impact of Weight Reduction on Early Carotid Atherosclerosis in Obese Premenopausal Women
Authors: Mavri Alenka , Stegnar Mojca , Sentočnik Jožica T. , Videčnik Viktor 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the extent of carotid atherosclerosis and the effect of weight loss on carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT) in obese premenopausal women.Research Methods and Procedures: In 43 obese premenopausal women who participated in a 3‐month weight reduction program with a hypocaloric diet, IMT was measured by B‐mode high‐resolution ultrasound at entry and after 5 months of follow‐up. Blood samples were analyzed at entry, after intervention, and after 5 months of follow‐up. Nineteen lean women served as control subjects.Results: At entry, common carotid IMT (0.72 vs. 0.59 mm), carotid bulb IMT (0.90 vs. 0.71 mm), and overall mean IMT (0.81 vs. 0.65 mm) were greater in obese women than in lean women (all p < 0.01). After dietary intervention decreases in blood pressure, low density lipoprotein to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, and an increase in tissue‐type plasminogen activator activity levels were observed. These effects persisted after follow‐up in 14 women who maintained reduced weight. Reduction in carotid bulb IMT (to 0.81 mm, p < 0.01) and overall mean IMT (to 0.79 mm, p < 0.05) was observed in this subgroup. No significant change of carotid IMT was detected in eight women who regained weight. Changes in IMT were associated independently and significantly with changes in body mass index, low density lipoprotein to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 antigen.Discussion: Obese premenopausal women had greater IMT than did age‐matched lean controls. It seems that this early atherosclerotic changes may be reversed by normalization of body weight.
Independent Influences of Central Fat and Skeletal Muscle Lipids on Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Furler Stuart M. , Poynten Ann M. , Kriketos Adamandia D. , Lowy Andrew J. , Ellis Bronwyn A. , Maclean Elizabeth L. , Courtenay Brett G. , Kraegen Edward W. , Campbell Lesley V. , Chisholm Donald J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Insulin resistance is closely associated with two disparate aspects of lipid storage: the intracellular lipid content of skeletal muscle and the magnitude of central adipose beds. Our aim was to determine their relative contribution to impaired insulin action.Research Methods and Procedures: Eighteen older (56 to 75 years of age) men were studied before elective knee surgery. Insulin sensitivity (M/ΔI) was determined by hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp. Central abdominal fat (CF) was assessed by DXA. Skeletal muscle was excised at surgery and assayed for content of metabolically active long‐chain acyl‐CoA esters (LCAC).Results: Significant inverse relationships were observed between LCAC and M/ΔI (R2 = 0.34, p = 0.01) and between CF and M/ΔI (R2 = 0.38, p = 0.006), but not between CF and LCAC (R2 = 0.0005, p = 0.93). In a multiple regression model (R2 = 0.71, p < 0.0001), both CF (p = 0.0006) and LCAC (p = 0.0009) were independent statistical predictors of M/ΔI. Leptin levels correlated inversely with M/ΔI (R2 = 0.60, p = 0.0002) and positively with central (R2 = 0.41, p = 0.006) and total body fat (R2 = 0.63, p = 0.0001).Discussion: The mechanisms by which altered lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle influences insulin action may not be related directly to those linking central fat and insulin sensitivity. In particular, it is unlikely that muscle accumulation of lipids directly derived from labile central fat depots is a principal contributor to peripheral insulin resistance. Instead, our results imply that circulating factors, other than nonesterified fatty acids or triglyceride, mediate between central fat depots and skeletal muscle tissue. Leptin was not exclusively associated with central fat, but other factors, secreted specifically from central fat cells, could modulate muscle insulin sensitivity.