bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacotherapeutics of Chloramphenicol in Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Sisodia Chatur S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Since its discovery in 1947, chloramphenicol has enjoyed a prominent place in the veterinarian's drug arsenal. Some of the reasons for its popularity are: (1) Antimicrobial activity—effective against a variety of infective pathogens, including staphylococci, salmonellae, pasturellae, Bordetella, Haemophilus, coliform organisms, chlamydiae, and rickettsiae, many of which may be resistant to other antimicrobial agents; (2) Kinetic properties—allowing production and maintenance of effective therapeutic concentrations in body fluids and tissues, with a practicable dosage schedule in most species; (3) Safety—toxic reactions to chloramphenicol encountered thus far in animals have not warranted any serious limitations on its use in veterinary medicine.
Disposition of Oxytetracycline in the Bovine Genital Tract: Systemic vs Intrauterine Administration
Authors: Masera Jesse , Gustafsson Borje K. , Afiefy Monier M. , Stowe Clarence M. , Bergt Greg P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The distribution of oxytetracycline (otc) in genital tissues, uterine secretions, milk, and plasma was examined after systemic (im) and intrauterine (iu) administration at various intervals after administration in normal-cycling diestrous cows and in cows with chronic endometritis. The im route resulted in otc concentrations in endometrium and uterine secretions that were higher than were concentrations in plasma and milk over 72 hours. Twenty-four hours after im administration, otc concentrations in tissues of the genital tract (ovaries, oviducts, myometrium, serosa, cervix, and vagina), muscles, and udder were 100% higher than were concentrations in plasma. The iu administration resulted in a high concentration in the endometrium and uterine cavity over the 72-hour posttreatment period. The plasma concentrations were considerably lower than after the im injection, indicating a lesser absorption from the uterus than from the im injection site. This was more pronounced in cows with endometritis. Elimination from plasma and milk occurred in 24 hours. Contrary to results of the im route, the iu route did not result in detectable concentrations in genital tissues apart from the endometrium 24 hours after administration.
Mechanisms of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions in Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Eckhoff Gary A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rapid advances in research in basic pharmacology and the productivity of the pharmaceutical industry have resulted in the introduction of many new drugs for the veterinary profession. The availability of such a large number of drugs has stimulated their concomitant use with the hope that maximum therapeutic effectiveness will be achieved. Indeed, modern therapeutics in veterinary medicine often necessitates the simultaneous administration of several drugs. With the increased use of multiple drug therapy has come the problem of drug interactions, which necessitates greater professional awareness and responsibility on the part of the veterinarian. Drug interactions are essentially a problem of modern medicine.
Persistence of Pseudorabies Virus in Infected Swine
Authors: Beran George W. , Davies E. Bryan , Arambulo Primo V. , Will Loren A. , Hill Howard T. , Rock Daniel L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The persistence of pseudorabies virus (prv) in pigs clinically recovered from the disease was detected by culture of tissue fragments. Weanling pigs were infected by intranasal instillation of 200,000 plaque-forming units of a strain of prv isolated from sick pigs in Iowa, and virus was recovered from them 6 weeks to 13 months later. Tonsil, trigeminal ganglia, or pooled trigeminal ganglia and olfactory and optic nerve tissue were most consistently the source of virus.
The tissue-fragment culture technique was compared with a co-culture technique for detection of virus in tissue specimens from the recovered pigs. Use of these procedures provided the means to detect prv in pigs for periods longer than previously recognized.
Tissue Residue Depletion and Recycling of Sulfamethazine in Swine
Authors: Whipple D. M. , Samuelson G. , Heath G. E. , Showalter D. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sulfamethazine was fed to weanling pigs at the rate of 100 g/ton of ration for 98 days to investigate the depletion rate of the drug from the plasma and edible tissues of swine. The mean plasma concentration of sulfamethazine for 21 treated pigs peaked at 10.8 ppm on day 77 of the 98-day treatment period. The concentration of sulfamethazine in kidney, liver, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous fat was at or below 0.1 ppm within 7 days after withdrawal of medicated feed. Depletion of sulfamethazine from the tissues and plasma of the treated pigs showed a linear relationship with time when values were plotted on a semilogarithmic graph. Six of seven untreated pigs that were placed in the pens formerly occupied by the treated pigs accumulated drug residues in their kidney and liver tissues. Sulfamethazine concentrations in these tissues were at or above 0.1 ppm in 5 to 14 days.
Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Vaccine for the Prevention of Rhinotracheitis, Caliciviral Disease, and Panleukopenia in Cats
Authors: Povey R. Charles , Koonse Howard , Hays Merlin B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An inactivated vaccine for the prevention of feline viral rhinotracheitis (fvr), caliciviral disease, and panleukopenia has been developed. The efficacy of this vaccine for protection against fvrand caliciviral disease was assessed by vaccination of 41 cats and challenge of immunity with either fvrvirus or feline calicivirus (fcv), strain 255. All vaccinated cats developed serum neutralizing (sn)antibody (mean sn50 1:45.5) to fvrvirus, and 95% developed antibody (mean sn50 1:8.1) to fcv, strain 255. Following fvrchallenge, the mean cumulative score of clinical signs was 1.1 for vaccinated cats versus 22.2 for controls. Following fcvchallenge, the mean scores were 2.7 for vaccinates and 17.5 for controls. Immunogenicity of the panleukopenia fraction was demonstrated by the development of neutralizing antibody titers >1:8 in all 21 vaccinates that were tested.
Volvulus of the Large Colon in the Horse
Authors: Barclay William P. , Foerner Joseph J. , Phillips Thomas N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Volvulus of the large colon was diagnosed at surgery in 25 horses during a 4-year period. Two horses had a recurrence of the condition after successful correction. Mucosal necrosis was found to be a grave prognostic sign, as it was a consistent finding in horses that died at the time of surgery. Long-term colon dysfunction was not clinically evident in surviving horses.
Salmonellosis and Arizonosis in the Reptile Collection at the National Zoological Park
Authors: Cambre Richard C. , Green D. Earl , Smith Elizabeth E. , Montali Richard J. , Bush Mitchell 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prevalence of Salmonella and Arizona organisms in the reptile collection at the National Zoological Park was investigated. Culture of specimens from 317 reptiles, while live or at necropsy, yielded 117 positive results, for an overall infection rate of 37%. Snakes had the highest rate, 55% (69 of 125); lizards had an intermediate rate, 36% (46 of 129); and turtles and tortoises had the lowest rate, 3% (2 of 63). Twenty-four serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis, 1 of S choleraesuis, and 39 of Arizona hinshawii were represented.
While clinical illness was never directly attributed to infection with these organisms, pure cultures of Salmonella and Arizona were recovered at necropsy from some reptiles with gross and/or histologic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, and blood vessels. However, numerous other concurrent diseases and management problems were often considered the immediate cause of death, with Salmonella and Arizona being ready and significant opportunistic pathogens contributing to the demise of the reptiles.
Edema Disease in a California Sea Lion
Authors: Diamond Sheldon S. , Raflo Charles P. , Beleau Marshall H. , Cadwell Gaye A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Edema disease, similar to that occurring in swine, was diagnosed in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The prominent features included a thickened, edematous stomach wall and generalized fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles. A beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli, serotype 0147:Κ•:Η52, was the predominant organism isolated from the gastrointestinal tract. The organism caused fatal infection when administered orally and intraperitoneally to mice.
Hypoglycemia-Ketonemia in a Pregnant Bitch
Authors: Jackson R. F. , Bruss Μ. L. , Growney P. J. , Seymour W. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A case of hypoglycemia accompanied by ketonemia and ketonuria in a pregnant dog was investigated. Temporary remission of signs occurred following parenteral administration of glucose. Permanent remission followed delivery of the fetuses. Abnormal results were not obtained from 5 carbohydrate challenge tests performed on the patient subsequent to the delivery.
Warfarin Anticoagulation in the Horse
Authors: Scott E. A. , Byars T. D. , Lamar A. Μ. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The hematologic and clinical effects of anticoagulation with warfarin were documented in 4 horses. All of the animals had thrombophlebitis (external jugular vein). Measures of coagulation were monitored, with a prothrombin time of 1.5 to 2.5 x base-line value being used as the effective range of anticoagulation.
Recanalization was achieved in 2 of 4 cases. Hemorrhage, both subcutaneous and through a surgical incision, was a complication. Vitamin K1, an antidote to warfarin toxicosis, was administered intravenously to reverse anticoagulation and to control hemorrhage.
Pancreatic Function in Domestic Cats with Pancreatic Fluke Infection
Authors: Fox John N. , Mosley John G. , Vogler George A. , Austin James L. , Reber Howard A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-one of 290 cats (10.7%) from the area around St Louis, Mo, were infected with Eurytrema procyonis. In some cats, the pancreas was severely affected, with almost complete atrophy and fibrous replacement of the gland. Both bicarbonate and protein secretions were impaired, although clinically evident pancreatic insufficiency was not seen.
Torsion of the Spermatic Cord in a Horse
Authors: Pascoe John R. , Ellenburg T. V. , Culbertson M. R. , Meagher D. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 360-degree torsion of the left spermatic cord was diagnosed in a 2½-year-old Quarter Horse colt. Clinical signs included abdominal discomfort, with slight elevations in heart and respiratory rates. The scrotum on the left side was moist and edematous. The left testicle was enlarged, firm, and retracted slightly toward the abdominal cavity. The colt resented palpation of the testicle. On rectal palpation, the left vaginal ring and the structures passing through the ring were edematous and painful to pressure. Surgical correction was achieved by emasculation. The tail of the epididymis and an elongated portion of the body of the epididymis were attached to the left testicle by an unduly long mesorchium. The caudal ligament of the epididymis and the proper ligament of the testis were elongated. These anatomic variations may have predisposed to torsion of the spermatic cord.
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response in the Diagnosis of Inner Ear Injury in the Horse
Authors: Marshall A. E. , Byars T. D. , Whitlock R. H. , George L. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Brainstem auditory evoked response (baer) testing was done to evaluate inner ear/VIIIth cranial nerve (CN8) function in the horse. The baer test consisted of stimulating the auditory system with clicks and recording far-field responses of the brainstem auditory components via cutaneous electrodes and a signal averaging system. The normal response was shown to be a series of waves occurring within the first 10 msec after the stimulus click. Functional loss of the auditory receptor organ (cochlea) or CN8 results in loss of the entire response on the side of the injury. Because of the anatomic relationships of the peripheral auditory and vestibular systems, trauma to one will injure the other. Therefore, auditory testing (baer tests) may be used to advantage in the diagnosis of peripheral vestibular disease.
The baer test was used in a horse that had signs suggestive of vestibular dysfunction or a brain lesion. The test helped to demonstrate a unilateral inner ear/CN8 lesion and to discount the probability of a more central lesion.
Waste Anesthetic Gas Exposures to Veterinarians and Animal Technicians
Authors: Wingfield Wayne E. , Ruby Darrell L. , Buchan Roy M. , Gunther Bobby J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A survey of veterinarians was conducted in an 11-county region of eastern Colorado to determine the extent of usage of inhalation anesthetics and to measure exposures of veterinarians and their assistants to waste anesthetic gases. The survey indicated that inhalation anesthetics were used in 80.8% of the 210 practices. Exposures to waste anesthetics in veterinary practices were far less than reported in human hospitals. Waste anesthetic concentrations were affected by size of the patient, type of breathing system, and use of scavenging systems. Dilution ventilation had no effect on breathing zone concentrations. The endotracheal tube and occasionally the anesthetic machine were the major sources of leakage of anesthetic gases.
Effect of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus on Conception in Cattle
Authors: Whitmore H. L. , Zemjanis R. , Olson J. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Sixty adult dairy cows were used to study the effect of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus on conception when inoculated with the virus within 2 hours after breeding. Fifteen cows were assigned at random to each of 4 groups. Group I (control) cows were given 3 ml of diluent in the uterus; group II (seropositive) cows were given 3 ml of bvd virus in the uterus; group III (seronegative) cows were given 3 ml of bvd virus in the uterus; and group IV (seronegative) cows were given 3 ml of bvd virus orally and 3 ml intranasally. At 35 days after breeding, the cows were slaughtered, their reproductive tracts were recovered, and pregnancy rates were recorded.
The pregnancy rates for groups I, II, III, and IV were 67%, 60%, 27%, and 67%, respectively. The group III pregnancy rate was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that for the control group. However, the similarity of rates for groups I, II, and IV indicates that bvd virus does not inhibit conception when cattle are infected by natural routes or when virus is infused into the uterus of seropositive cows at the time of breeding. These results indicate that bvd virus is not a major cause of repeat breedings in cattle.
Hypoglycemia in Four Dogs with Sepsis
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Loar Andrew S. , Hribernik Thomas N. , McGrath Renee K. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Hypoglycemia in association with severe sepsis was diagnosed in 4 dogs. Other causes of hypoglycemia were considered and eventually ruled out. The use of insulin/giucose determinations were not of consistent value to confirm or eliminate the presence of an insulin-secreting tumor. Successful treatment of the septic conditions in 2 dogs coincided with a return to normal blood glucose content.
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in the Semen and Genital Organs of a Semen-Donor Bull
Authors: Larsen A. B. , Stalheim O. H. V. , Hughes D. E. , Appell L. H. , Richards W. D. , Himes E. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, the cause of Johne's disease, was isolated from the feces of a donor bull in an artificial insemination stud. During isolation and observation for 21 months, the organism was recovered from all of 26 fecal samples and from 8 of 31 semen samples. At necropsy, it was isolated from the intestine and adjacent lymph nodes, lung, spleen, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland but not from the testicles. We concluded that routine fecal cultures at bull studs will reveal infected bulls before they become genitally infected and shed M paratuberculosis in semen.
Prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in Florida
Authors: Burridge M. J. , Puhr D. M. , Hennemann J. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A serologic study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (blv) infection in dairy and beef cattle in Florida. Using the agar gel immunodiffusion test with a glycoprotein antigen, 47.8% of 7,768 dairy cattle and 6.7% of 4,911 beef cattle were found to have antibodies to blv. The prevalence of blv antibodies increased significantly (P<0.0001) with increasing age. After data were adjusted for age, prevalence of blv antibodies was significantly associated with dairy breed (P<0.05) but not with species (Bos taurus and B indicus) or sex.
Risk Factors Related to the Prevalence of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Webber Jonathan J. , Selby Lloyd A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A cross-sectional epizootiologic study was conducted by mailed questionnaire to determine how the prevalence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) related to selected predisposing causes. The prevalence of ibk in Missouri during the summer of 1978 was 4.97 cases/100 cattle, with 45% of respondents reporting cases of ibk. A higher prevalence of ibk was associated with calves and yearlings, Hereford and Hereford-cross cattle, back-grounding cattle operations, and herds with a history of ibk. Vaccination of mature cattle against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis was associated with significantly higher prevalence of ibk in calves. A significantly lower prevalence of ibk was associated with dairy cattle operations, older cattle, and the winter months. There was no association between the prevalence of ibk and locale, nutrient supplementation, pasture management, use of vaccines other than infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parasite prophylactic measures, or fly control measures.
Intraocular Granulomas Associated with Tuberculosis in Primates
Authors: West C. Sue , Vainisi Samuel J. , Vygantas Charles M. , Beluhan Frank Z. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Intraocular granulomas associated with tuberculosis were observed in 2 subhuman primates (Ateles geoffroyi and Macaca mulatta). Bacterial cultures from lung tissues at the time of necropsy confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium bovis and M tuberculosis, respectively. The absence of generalized clinical signs in spite of systemic dissemination of the organisms in these cases and the public health significance of tuberculous infections emphasize the importance of proper observation and diagnostic procedures in primate colonies and display collections.
Botulism in an Oregon Dairy Cow Herd
Authors: Gray Thomas C. , Bulgin Marie S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Of 18 sick cows in a 100-cow dairy herd in Oregon, 14 died despite treatment. The cows were being fed high-moisture whole corn and alfalfa and rye haylage from pit silos. Signs of illness were anorexia, severe depression, and reduced milk production. Necropsy revealed only hyperemia of the abomasal mucosa and dilated, gas-filled large intestine. On the basis of response to treatment, laboratory findings, necropsy findings, and herd history, a tentative diagnosis of botulism was made. This diagnosis was confirmed by results of mouse inoculation tests. Injections of extract from the corn killed mice that were not protected by botulinum antitoxin.
Ataxia in four horses with equine infectious anemia
Authors: McClure Jill J. , Lindsay William A. , Taylor Wayne , Ochoa Ricardo , Issel Charles J. , Coulter Steve J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 4 horses with equine infectious anemia (eia), the predominant clinical sign was ataxia. Other clinical and laboratory findings often associated with eia included weight loss, anemia, pyrexia, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhages, hypergammaglobulinemia, and high activity of biliary epithelial enzymes. Neuropathologic findings were nonsuppurative granulomatous ependymitis, meningitis, and encephalomyelitis and plasmacytic-lymphocytic infiltration of the brain and spinal cord. The onset of neurologic signs corresponded to the acute stage of infection in at least 2 horses, and the signs developed at least 18 months after infection in 1 case. Cerebrospinal fluid from 3 of the horses contained high concentrations of protein and white cells, although changes in 1 horse may have been associated with a prior traumatic attempt to collect csf. By comparison, csf from 3 ponies inapparently infected with eia was normal. Active production of anti-eia antibody in the csf was suspected on the basis of serologic findings.
Effect of low carrier gas flows (50% oxygen/50% nitrous oxide) on inspired oxygen tension in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Haskins Steve C. , Knapp Robert G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Low carrier gas flows of 50% oxygen/50% nitrous oxide were evaluated with regard to their effect on inspired oxygen (PIo2) and carbon dioxide (PIco2) tension during maintenance inhalational anesthesia in dogs, using a circle-system anesthetic machine. A total flow rate of 15 ml/min/kg was associated with a PIo2 of 230 ± 25 mm of Hg and a PIco2 of 0.4 ± 0.4 mm of Hg after 4 hours of methoxyflurane anesthesia. End-tidal carbon dioxide, minute volume ventilation, and ventilation frequency did not change during the 4 hours. Lower total flow rates were associated with collapse of the reservoir bag, or a PIo2<200 mm of Hg, or both.
Four types of occult Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs
Authors: Rawlings C. A. , Dawe D. L. , McCall J. W. , Keith J. C. , Prestwood A. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Occult heartworm infection, ie, infection with adult Dirofilaria immitis in the absence of circulating microfilariae, was detected in dogs with prepatent infection, unisexual heartworm infection, drug-induced sterility of adult heartworms, and an immune-mediated infection. In the immune-mediated occult infection, female heartworms contained microfilariae that were antigenically similar to circulating microfilariae but were in a privileged site inasmuch as the intrauterine microfilariae were not coated with circulating antimicrofilarial immunoglobulin G. Transplantation of these female worms into heartworm-negative dogs resulted in microfilaremia.
The role of cats in human rabies exposures
Authors: Diesch Stanley L. , Hendricks Stanley L. , Currier Russell W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In the United States during 1979, 140 rabid cats and 184 rabid dogs were reported by the Centers for Disease Control, US Public Health Service. Surveillance of human rabies prophylaxis in 1980 revealed that 22.6% of the persons treated had been exposed to cats; 27.8% of all animals examined for rabies in the United States were cats. In 1979, the Iowa and Minnesota State Departments of Health provided consultation for 267 persons potentially exposed to rabid cats. Rabies prophylaxis was recommended for 128 of those potentially exposed. Sixty-four had been exposed to fluorescent antibody test-positive cats and an equal number had been exposed to cats not available for examination. On the basis of available data, it can be concluded that cats serve as an important host species for rabies and a source of serious human exposure. Increased rabies vaccination of cats is advocated to decrease the prevalence of this disease in cats and consequent human exposure.