bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravel antidunes in the tropical Burdekin River, Queensland, Australia
Authors: ALEXANDER JAN , FIELDING CHRIS 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe geological record is punctuated by the deposits of extreme event phenomena, the identification and interpretation of which are hindered by a lack of data on contemporary examples. It is impossible to directly observe sedimentary bedforms and grain fabrics forming under natural particle‐transporting, high‐velocity currents, and therefore, their characteristics are poorly documented. The deposits of such flows are exposed however, in the dry bed of the Burdekin River, Queensland, Australia following tropical cyclone‐induced floods.Long wave‐length (up to 19 m) gravel antidunes develop during short (days) high‐discharge flows in the upper Burdekin River (maximum recorded discharge near the study reach over 25 600 m3 s−1 in February 1927). Flood water levels fall quickly (metres in a day) and flow is diverted away from raised areas of the river bed into subchannels, exposing many of the high‐stage bedforms with little reworking by falling‐stage currents. Gravel bedforms were observed on the dry river bed after the moderate flows of February 1994 (max. 7700 m3 s−1) and January 1996 (max. 3200 m3 s−1). The bedforms had wave‐lengths in the range 8–19 m, amplitudes of up to 1 m with steeper stoss than lee faces and crest lines generally transverse to local peak‐discharge flow direction. The gravel fabric and size sorting change systematically up the stoss and down the lee faces. The antidune deposits form erosive based lenses of sandy gravel with low‐angle downstream dipping lamination and generally steep upstream dipping a‐b planes. The internal form and fabric of the antidune gravel lenses are distinctly different from those of dune lee gravel lenses. The erosive based lenses of low‐angle cross‐bedded gravel with steep upstream dipping a‐b planes are relatively easy to recognize and may be diagnostic of downstream migrating antidunes. The antidune gravel lenses are associated with thick (to 1 m) high‐angle cross bed sets. Ancient antidune gravel lenses may be diagnostic of episodic high‐discharge conditions and particularly when they are associated with high‐angle cross‐bedded gravelly sand they may be useful for palaeoenvironmental interpretation.
ENZYMATIC STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF VESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA. III. ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF ACID AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN ONION ROOTS INFECTED BY GLOMUS MOSSEAE (NICOL. & GERD.)
Authors: GIANINAZZI S. , GIANINAZZI‐PEARSON V. , DEXHEIMER J. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe ultrastructural distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase in 6‐week‐old onion roots infected by Glomus mosseae has been investigated cytochemically. Significant acid phosphatase activity was only observed in the little vacuolated, immature terminal arbuscule branches of the mycorrhizal fungus whilst strong alkaline α‐naphthyl phosphatase and β‐glycerophosphatase activities were localized within the vacuoles of the mature arbuscular and intercellular hyphae. In the host cells neither acid nor alkaline phosphatase distribution was modified with vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. These results are discussed in relation to previously reported mycorrhiza‐specific alkaline phosphatase (Gianinazzi‐Pearson and Gianinazzi, 1976, 1978) and the metabolism of phosphorus in vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal systems.
AUTORADIOGRAPHY OF THE DEPLETION ZONE OF PHOSPHATE AROUND ONION ROOTS IN THE PRESENCE OF VESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA
Authors: OWUSU‐BENNOAH E. , WILD A. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryUsing autoradiography a comparison was made of the depletion zones of 33P‐labelled phosphate around mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae) and non‐mycorrhizal onion roots grown in a silty clay loam for 42 days.Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the growth and 33P content of the onion plants in both irradiated and non‐irradiated soil. Successive autoradiographs showed that for the mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal roots most P uptake was within 0·2 and 0·1 cm respectively of the root surface. The effect of the mycorrhiza was similar to that of a cylinder of root hairs 0·1 cm long.
INTERACTION BETWEEN A VESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA AND RHIZOBIUM AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SOYBEAN IN THE FIELD
Authors: BAGYARAJ D. J. , Manjunath A. , Patil R. B. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryInteraction between Glomus fasciculatus and Rhizobium japonicum and their effects on soybean in the field was studied in a phosphorus deficient sandy loam soil with pH 5·6. The number, dry weight and nitrogen content of the root nodules in plants inoculated with Glomus plus Rhizobium were significantly more compared to plants inoculated with only Rhizobium. Rhizobium inoculation did not have any significant effect on sporulation of G. fasciculatus in the rhizosphere. Although soybean plants inoculated with G. fasciculatus recorded increased phosphorus content, dry weight and grain yield than uninoculated plants the differences were not statistically significant.In Rhizobium only inoculation markedly increased the nitrogen content of the plant and grain yield. Dual inoculation with both the symbionts increased significantly the dry weight of the shoot and its nitrogen content over single inoculation with either Glomus or Rhizobium. These results suggest that vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza can greatly assist nodulation and nitrogen fixation in field growth soybean inoculated with rhizobia.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC CONTRIBUTION OF FLOWERS AND SEEDS TO REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT OF AN ANNUAL COLONIZER
Authors: BAZZAZ F. A. , CARLSON R. W. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe energetic cost for a plant to produce reproductive structures is termed reproductive effort and is most frequently expressed as the ratio of reproductive biomass to total plant biomass. This expression may lead to an incorrect analysis of reproductive effort unless an account is taken of (a) the cost of producing male flowers or male flower parts, and (b) the photosynthetic contribution (reproductive assimilation) of reproductive structures to propagule production.An analysis was made of the carbon budget for reproduction in Ambrosia trifida L., based on measurements of CO2 flux, and the elaboration of seed by excised immature pollinated inflorescences in the absence of carbohydrate from the main stem. Reproductive assimilation accounted for 41 and 57 % respectively of the carbohydrate required to produce male and female inflorescences on intact plants. Individual flowers retain their ability to elaborate seed even after being removed from the parent plant at the time of pollination.
LONGEVITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF LEAVES OF A CULTIVATED ANNUAL, GLYCINE MAX MERRILL. I. LONGEVITY OF LEAVES IN RELATION TO DENSITY AND SOWING TIME
Authors: MIYAJI KEN‐ICHI , TAGAWA HIDEO 
Published: June 2006

SummaryA life‐table approach has been applied to the leaf population of the soybean plant (Glycine max Merrill) in order to determine leaf longevity, a basic factor in production of dry matter. Longevity of leaves was determined at various heights on the stems of plants grown at three densities at three different sowing times.In general, longevity increases with the height of the leaf on the stem, but the uppermost leaves have short lives due to frost‐damage. In the plants sown earlier than the standard sowing time the lowest leaves fell very rapidly as a result of physiological ageing.It was concluded that, at the densities examined, density does not show a generalized relationship with leaf longevity.At the lower nodes, most leaves fell due to physiological ageing, but those at the higher nodes suffered from noxious insects. Two typhoons had little influence on leaf longevity.
Differences in plans for living at home between temporary residents of a health‐care facility for the elderly and their family caregivers in Japan
Authors: HOSHINO Junko , HAMAHATA Akiko , MAGILVY Joan K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAim:  Older residents in Japan requiring rehabilitation often reside in health‐care facilities for the elderly (HCFE) prior to being discharged to home. The return home can be very stressful for both the elder and family caregiver. The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences in plans for home life between the residents of a HCFE who were scheduled for discharge home and their family caregivers.Method:  Semistructured interviews were conducted with eight pairs of elders and caregivers.Results:  Differences were seen in several areas, including dietary preferences, recognition of the elder’s independence, preconceptions or not knowing about the elder’s pleasurable activities, and the way of care.Conclusions:  Differences with regard to enjoyable activities for the elderly arose from a lack of understanding of the lives of the elderly on the part of their families.
Mid‐term report on St Luke’s College of Nursing’s 21st century Center of Excellence Program: Core elements and specific goals of people‐centered care
Authors: KOMATSU Hiroko 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAim:  This paper, at the halfway point of the 5 year Center of Excellence (COE) Program, aims to extract common core elements of each COE project working on the development of people‐centered care and to clarify future issues related to the COE Program through the evaluation of those elements.Methods:  All data obtained in such research activities, including records, interviews, meeting minutes, and results, are shared for each project in COE section meetings or general assemblies and the findings that are established there are accumulated. We also have set up a working group to develop the people‐centered care concept by continuously reviewing the core elements of people‐centered care based on the collected data. In order to track the projects in an orderly manner, we classified and organized the activities of the 11 COE projects based on the Process Evaluation Model and reviewed common important elements.Results:  The characteristic components, related to participation, relationships, capacity‐building, empowerment, and product (specific achievements), were extracted as common core elements of each COE project.Conclusion:  In order to maintain the sustainability of people‐centered care incorporated in communities, concrete strategies for improving economic efficiency, social significance and utility, and evaluation methods need to be developed.
Comparison of metal distributions in snow, peat, lakes and humus around a Cu smelter in western Québec, Canada
Authors: Bonham-Carter G.F. , Henderson P.J. , Kliza D.A. , Kettles I.M. 
Published: June 2006

Concentrations of metals around the Cu smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, in snow, peat, the humus horizon of soil, lake water and sediments, show generally similar spatial distribution patterns. The contours of smelter-related metal concentrations in all these media are approximately circular in shape, centred on the smelter, and elongated somewhat towards the east due to the prevailing wind direction. Close to the smelter, the concentrations are up to 1000 times greater than regional background levels. The distances at which concentrations of smelter-related metals decrease to background levels is in the range 65 ± 5 km.
The ratio of (Cu+As)/(Al+Fe) is a useful indicator of source apportionment for comparing the results between sampling media because it is independent of measurement units and maximizes the contrast between smelter and non-smelter materials. The value of the ratio, which changes as a function of distance from the smelter, reflects the mixing and dilution of emissions with non-smelter dust and aerosols.
Deposition rates of metal calculated for snow and peat integrated over the area of the smelter-centred anomaly allow estimates to be made of the amounts of metal deposited from the smelter, after correcting for deposition of background metal. The proportions of reported metal emissions accounted for by deposition within 150 km of the smelter are: Cu, 25–50%; Pb, 10–20%; Zn, 25%; As, 5%; and Cd 20–25%. Metals in excess of these proportions are probably transported outside the immediate smelter footprint, but deposition of smelter-emitted metals becomes so small at these distances, and so mixed with airborne metals from other sources, that it is difficult to discriminate between smelter and non-smelter sources in samples taken on the ground.
Anodic Oxide Growth on Tantalum with AC + DC Fields: II . Modeling and Theory
Authors: Young Lawrence , Yang Ta‐Ming , Backhouse Christopher 
Published: June 2006

The small signal ac response of the ionic conductivity process, investigated in Part I , with its inductive phase relation between ionic current and field, is a manifestation of the dependence of the ionic current density on the previous history of the film. This history dependence is probably caused by structural changes in the oxide. Equations previously formulated to predict the ionic current density for all situations were modified to account for the observed behavior by introducing a distribution of relaxation times. The type of distribution found is consistent with structural changes in a glassy oxide. The relaxation times involved in the adjustment of the structure to a new field are expected to be a function of the field, temperature, and the state of the oxide. For the present experiments, since the state of the oxide corresponded to steady state (growth at constant current and field for long enough),

τ

m

could be fitted by a function of field and temperature alone. The implications of the fact that

τ

m

was close to inversely proportional to the ionic current density independent of temperature are discussed.
Cyclical Mastalgia and Breast Cancer Risk: Results of A French Cohort Study
Authors: Plu-Bureau Geneviève , Lê Monique G. , Sitruk-Ware Regine , Thalabard Jean-Christophe 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Cyclical mastalgia is a common complaint, with a potentially important relationship to breast cancer risk. In the last decade, case-control studies have reported that cyclical mastalgia could be considered as an independent risk factor for breast cancer. The subjectivity of a retrospectively collected symptom questioned the validity of this finding. We have examined the association between cyclical mastalgia and breast cancer risk in the French cohort study of women with benign breast disease diagnosed in two breast clinics between 1976 and 1979 and followed-up until 1997. The present study was restricted to the women free of any hormonal treatment (n = 247). The mean follow-up was 16 ± 5 years, and a total of 22 breast cancers occurred during the follow-up. Using a Cox model with duration of cyclical mastalgia as a time-varying variable, the adjusted relative risk of breast cancer increased with the duration of cyclical mastalgia (P = 0.006). The corresponding relative risk for 37 months of cyclical mastalgia was 5.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.92-14.72). We show here that the conclusion still holds when the symptom cyclical mastalgia was collected prospectively in a cohort study, bringing additional evidence that cyclical mastalgia may represent an independent and useful clinical marker of increased breast cancer risk. It might be a confounding factor when assessing the effects of hormonal treatments on breast cancer risk such as hormonal replacement therapy or oral contraceptives. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(6):1229–31)
Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Binding Protein-3 and Risk of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Severi Gianluca , Morris Howard A. , MacInnis Robert J. , English Dallas R. , Tilley Wayne D. , Hopper John L. , Boyle Peter , Giles Graham G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Some recent epidemiologic studies have failed to confirm positive associations between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and the risk of prostate cancer observed in earlier studies but have reported suggestive evidence for a positive association between IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and prostate cancer risk, a result contradicting the earlier assumption that high levels of IGFBP-3 would be protective against prostate cancer. We tested the association between IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and prostate cancer risk by measuring the two peptides in plasma samples collected at baseline in a prospective cohort study of 17,049 men. We used a case-cohort design, including 524 cases diagnosed during a mean of 8.7 years follow-up and a randomly sampled subcohort of 1,826 men. The association between each peptide level and prostate cancer risk was tested using Cox models adjusted for country of birth and alcohol consumption. The risk of prostate cancer was not associated with baseline levels of IGF-I or the molar ratio IGF-I/IGFBP-3 (all odds ratios are between 0.82 and 1.08; Ptrend ≥ 0.2), whereas the risk increased with baseline levels of IGFBP-3 (Ptrend = 0.008), the hazard ratio (HR) associated with a doubling of the concentration of IGFBP-3 being 1.70 (95% confidence interval, 1.15-2.52). The HR for quartile 4 relative to quartile 1 of IGFBP-3 was 1.49 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-2.00). The HRs did not differ by tumor aggressiveness or age at onset (all Ps ≥ 0.4). In our study, high levels of IGFBP-3 but not IGF-I were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(6):1137–41)
Population-Based Case-Control Study of VEGF Gene Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk among Chinese Women
Authors: Kataoka Nobuhiko , Cai Qiuyin , Wen Wanqing , Shu Xiao-Ou , Jin Fan , Gao Yu-Tang , Zheng Wei 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major angiogenic factor involved in a number of pathologic processes, including neovascularization, a crucial step in the development of solid malignancies. Using data and specimens collected in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study conducted in urban Shanghai, China from 1996 to 1998, we evaluated the association of VEGF gene polymorphisms with breast cancer risk. Included in this study were 1,093 cases and 1,184 age-matched controls who had completed an in-person interview and donated a blood sample to the study. Polymorphisms in the promoter region (T−460C), 5′ untranslated region (C+405G), and 3′untranslated region (C936T) were genotyped using the Taqman allelic discrimination assay. No statistically significant case-control difference was found for the C+405G and T−460C polymorphisms. However, the C936T polymorphism was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Compared with CC genotype carriers, women who had the TT genotype showed a decreased risk [odds ratio (OR), 0.65; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.41-1.02], and the inverse association was restricted to premenopausal women (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.25-0.79). Six common haplotypes were identified. Compared with the most common haplotype (−460T/405C/936C), the −460T/405G/936T haplotype was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.43-1.04), particularly in premenopausal women (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.27-0.81). Our study suggests that the VEGF C936T polymorphism might be a susceptibility factor for breast cancer among Chinese women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(6):1148–52)
Barriers to Full Colon Evaluation for a Positive Fecal Occult Blood Test
Authors: Fisher Deborah A. , Jeffreys Amy , Coffman Cynthia J. , Fasanella Kenneth 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground: Failure to appropriately evaluate a positive cancer screening test may negate the value of doing that test. The primary aim of this study was to explore the factors associated with undergoing a full colon evaluation for a positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in a single Veterans Affairs center.Methods: Medical records of consecutive patients ages ≥50 years, who had a positive screening FOBT from March 2000 to February 2001, were abstracted. Patient demographics, dates of ordering and doing follow-up test(s), and adherence with scheduled procedures were collected. The primary outcome, full colon evaluation, was defined as having a colonoscopy or double-contrast barium enema plus flexible sigmoidoscopy completed within 12 months.Results: The sample (N = 538) was 98% men (58% Caucasian, 29% African-American, and 13% unknown race). Approximately 77% of the patients were referred to gastroenterology. Ultimately, only 44% underwent full colon evaluation within 12 months. Approximately 20% of the patients failed to attend a scheduled procedure. Referral to gastroenterology and adherence to follow-up appointments were associated with full colon evaluation. There was no association between African-American versus Caucasian race and full colon evaluation.Conclusions: Less than half of the patients with a positive FOBT had a full colon evaluation within 12 months. Multiple failures were identified, including lack of referral for further testing and patient nonadherence. Although the overall performance in evaluating a positive colorectal cancer screening test was poor, no racial disparity was observed. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(6):1232–5)
Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco-Associated Human Buccal Cell Mutations and Their Association with Oral Cancer—A Review
Authors: Proia Nicole K. , Paszkiewicz Geraldine M. , Sullivan Nasca Maureen A. , Franke Gail E. , Pauly John L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Reported herein are the results of a structured literature review that was undertaken to (a) determine if human buccal (mouth) cell changes are associated with smoking and smokeless (“chewing”) tobacco, (b) tabulate different buccal cell alterations that have been reported, (c) delineate buccal cell assays that have been used successfully, (d) determine whether buccal cell changes correlate with oral cancer as defined in clinicopathologic investigations, and (e) assess the feasibility of developing a high-throughput buccal cell assay for screening smokers for the early detection of oral cancer. The results of the studies reported herein have established that diverse buccal cell changes are associated with smoking and smokeless tobacco. This review documents also that buccal cells have been collected in a noninvasive manner, and repetitively for serial studies, from different sites of the mouth (e.g., cheek, gum, and tongue) and from normal tissue, preneoplastic lesions (leukoplakia), and malignant tumors. Tobacco-associated genetic mutations and nongenetic changes have been reported; a partial listing includes (a) micronuclei, (b) bacterial adherence, (c) genetic mutations, (d) DNA polymorphisms, (d) carcinogen-DNA adducts, and (e) chromosomal abnormalities. Clinical studies have correlated buccal cell changes with malignant tumors, and some oral oncologists have reported that the buccal cell changes are practical biomarkers. Summarily, the literature has established that buccal cells are useful not only for characterizing the molecular mechanisms underlying tobacco-associated oral cancers but also as exfoliative cells that express diverse changes that offer promise as candidate biomarkers for the early detection of oral cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(6):1061-77)