bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ligand binding and allostery can emerge simultaneously
Authors: Liang Jing , Kim Jin Ryoun , Boock Jason T. , Mansell Thomas J. , Ostermeier Marc 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA heterotropic allosteric effect involves an effector molecule that is distinct from the substrate or ligand of the protein. How heterotropic allostery originates is an unanswered question. We have previously created several heterotropic allosteric enzymes by recombining the genes for TEM1 β‐lactamase (BLA) and maltose binding protein (MBP) to create BLAs that are positively or negatively regulated by maltose. We show here that one of these engineered enzymes has ∼106 M−1 affinity for Zn2+, a property that neither of the parental proteins possesses. Furthermore, Zn2+ is a negative effector that noncompetitively switches off β‐lactam hydrolysis activity. Mutagenesis experiments indicate that the Zn2+‐binding site does not involve a histidine or a cysteine, which is atypical of natural Zn2+‐binding sites. These studies also implicate helices 1 and 12 of the BLA domain in allosteric signal propagation. These results support a model for the evolution of heterotropic allostery in which effector affinity and allosteric signaling emerge simultaneously.
Structural factors affecting the choice between latency transition and polymerization in inhibitory serpins
Authors: Yi Ji‐Yeun , Im Hana 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPlasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) protein family, is unique among the serpins in its conformational lability. This lability allows spontaneous conversion of the active form to a more stable, latent conformation under physiological conditions. In other serpins, polymerization, rather than latency transition, is induced under pathological conditions or upon heat treatment. To identify specific factors promoting latency conversion in PAI‐1, we mutated PAI‐1 at various positions and compared the effects with those of equivalent mutations in α1‐antitrypsin, the archetypal serpin. Mutations that improved interactions with the turn between helix F and the third strand of β‐sheet A (thFs3A) or the fifth strand of β‐sheet A (s5A), which are near the site of latency transition‐associated insertion of the reactive center loop, retarded latency conversion but did not greatly increase structural stability. Mutations that decreased interactions with s2C facilitated conformational conversion, possibly by releasing the reactive center loop from β‐sheet C. Mutations of Thr93 that filled a hydrophobic surface pocket on s2A dramatically increased structural stability but had a negligible effect on the conformational transition. Our results suggest that the structural features controlling latency transition in PAI‐1 are highly localized, whereas the conformational strain of the native forms of other inhibitory serpins is distributed throughout the molecule and induces polymerization.
Solution structure of human sorting nexin 22
Authors: Song Jikui , Zhao Kate Qin , Newman Carrie L. Loushin , Vinarov Dmitriy A. , Markley John L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe sorting nexins (SNXs) constitute a large group of PX domain‐containing proteins that play critical roles in protein trafficking. We report here the solution structure of human sorting nexin 22 (SNX22). Although SNX22 has <30% sequence identity with any PX domain protein of known structure, it was found to contain the α/β fold and compact structural core characteristic of PX domains. Analysis of the backbone dynamics of SNX22 by NMR relaxation measurements revealed that the two walls of the ligand binding cleft undergo internal motions: on the picosecond timescale for the β1/β2 loop and on the micro‐ to millisecond timescale for the loop between the polyproline motif and helix α2. Regions of the SNX22 structure that differ from those of other PX domains include the loop connecting strands β1 and β2 and the loop connecting helices α1 and α2, which appear to be more mobile than corresponding loops in other known structures. The interaction of dibutanoyl‐phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate (dibutanoyl‐PtdIns(3)P) with SNX22 was investigated by an NMR titration experiment, which identified the binding site in a basic cleft and indicated that ligand binding leads only to a local structural rearrangement as has been found with other PX domains. Because motions in the loops are damped out when dibutanoyl‐PtdIns(3)P binds, entropic effects could contribute to the lower affinity of SNX22 for this ligand compared to other PX domains.
Structural evidence for regulation and specificity of flaviviral proteases and evolution of the Flaviviridae fold
Authors: Aleshin Alexander E. , Shiryaev Sergey A. , Strongin Alex Y. , Liddington Robert C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPathogenic members of the flavivirus family, including West Nile Virus (WNV) and Dengue Virus (DV), are growing global threats for which there are no specific treatments. The two‐component flaviviral enzyme NS2B‐NS3 cleaves the viral polyprotein precursor within the host cell, a process that is required for viral replication. Here, we report the crystal structure of WNV NS2B‐NS3pro both in a substrate‐free form and in complex with the trypsin inhibitor aprotinin/BPTI. We show that aprotinin binds in a substrate‐mimetic fashion in which the productive conformation of the protease is fully formed, providing evidence for an “induced fit” mechanism of catalysis and allowing us to rationalize the distinct substrate specificities of WNV and DV proteases. We also show that the NS2B cofactor of WNV can adopt two very distinct conformations and that this is likely to be a general feature of flaviviral proteases, providing further opportunities for regulation. Finally, by comparing the flaviviral proteases with the more distantly related Hepatitis C virus, we provide insights into the evolution of the Flaviviridae fold. Our work should expedite the design of protease inhibitors to treat a range of flaviviral infections.
Crystal structure of the Streptococcus pneumoniae mevalonate kinase in complex with diphosphomevalonate
Authors: Andreassi John L. , Bilder Patrick W. , Vetting Matthew W. , Roderick Steven L. , Leyh Thomas S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStreptococcus pneumoniae, a ubiquitous gram‐positive pathogen with an alarming, steadily evolving resistance to frontline antimicrobials, poses a severe global health threat both in the community and in the clinic. The recent discovery that diphosphomevalonate (DPM), an essential intermediate in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, potently and allosterically inhibits S. pneumoniae mevalonate kinase (SpMK) without affecting the human isozyme established a new target and lead compound for antimicrobial design. Here we present the crystal structure of the first S. pneumoniae mevalonate kinase, at a resolution of 2.5 Å and in complex with DPM·Mg2+ in the active‐site cleft. Structural comparison of SpMK with other members of the GHMP kinase family reveals that DPM functions as a partial bisubstrate analog (mevalonate linked to the pyrophosphoryl moiety of ATP) in that it elicits a ternary‐complexlike form of the enzyme, except for localized disordering in a region that would otherwise interact with the missing portion of the nucleotide. Features of the SpMK‐binding pockets are discussed in the context of established mechanistic findings and inherited human diseases linked to MK deficiency.
Solution structure of HI1506, a novel two‐domain protein from Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Sari Nese , He Yanan , Doseeva Victoria , Surabian Karen , Ramprakash Jayanthi , Schwarz Fred , Herzberg Osnat , Orban John 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHI1506 is a 128‐residue hypothetical protein of unknown function from Haemophilus influenzae. It was originally annotated as a shorter 85‐residue protein, but a more detailed sequence analysis conducted in our laboratory revealed that the full‐length protein has an additional 43 residues on the C terminus, corresponding with a region initially ascribed to HI1507. As part of a larger effort to understand the functions of hypothetical proteins from Gram‐negative bacteria, and H. influenzae in particular, we report here the three‐dimensional solution NMR structure for the corrected full‐length HI1506 protein. The structure consists of two well‐defined domains, an α/β 50‐residue N‐domain and a 3‐α 32‐residue C‐domain, separated by an unstructured 30‐residue linker. Both domains have positively charged surface patches and weak structural homology with folds that are associated with RNA binding, suggesting a possible functional role in binding distal nucleic acid sites.
Home and away: the residential care, education and control of children in historical and political context
Authors: Gooch Daniel 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTChildren — particularly adolescent boys — may be placed residentially by a variety of agencies in Britain, and there is a strong tradition among the upper middle classes of boarding at private fee‐paying schools. The number of children involved, however, is diminishing, though this is as much caused by shorter stays as fewer admissions. The factors influencing this decline in residence vary from sector to sector. However, the emergence of viable alternatives to residence and the increased readiness of potential customers to exercise choice in the placement of their children is a common thread.
Parental experiences in cases of child sexual abuse: a qualitative study
Authors: Scott Dorothy A. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the themes which emerged from in‐depth interviews with parents of a small number of Australian children who were believed to have been sexually abused. The parents’ experiences in the wake of the abuse, including their involvement with three services ‐ a hospital counselling service, the statutory child protection service, and the police ‐ were explored in home interviews conducted 3 months following termination of the case by these services. The themes include: issues related to trust and authority in the casework relationship; expectations of counselling; contamination of normal sexuality in the family; the perception of the sexually abused child as‘damaged’; and relationships within their family and social network. Some of the implications for practice are discussed.
The Department of Health research studies in child protection: a response to Parton
Authors: Hughes Rupert 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper responds to the critical appraisal of the Department of Health Research Studies in Child Protection by Partem. It commends the general presentation of the context of the research but does not wholly accept the conceptual and methodological problems identified. While not disagreeing that a shift in the balance between narrowly defined child protection and family support will be difficult, the research is seen as providing helpful insights for managers and practitioners who wish to make this shift. The paper attempts to provide a different perspective of the current situation as a contribution to continuing debate.
Family support: past, present and future challenges
Authors: Tunstill Jane 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTSection 17 of the 1989 Children Act incorporates a new legal framework for the delivery of services to support children in their own homes, and is a crucial part of the act, both in its own right, and in terms of its significance for other aspects of child care such as child protection activity. However, while “children in need” represents a new legal phraseology, the policy and professional issues addressed by the clause have a long history. This paper traces the evolution of the current approach to family support, and provides a brief account of its impact on policy and practice.
Intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma. What to do?
Authors: Kreeft A. , Schellekens P.P.A. , Leverstein H. 
Published: April 2007

Keypoints• An intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma is often not recognised in pre‐treatment work‐up and frequently results in subsequent significant postoperative morbidity.• We have evaluated the literature regarding pre‐treatment work‐up and facial nerve function outcome. Two of our own cases are presented.• A minority of the intraparotid schwannomas can be removed by resection while preserving facial nerve integrity and function.• In the event of preoperative facial nerve dysfunction, tumour resection and subsequent nerve repair should be considered.• If resection of an intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma cannot be performed with preservation of facial nerve integrity and function, a wait‐and‐see policy seems justified due to the indolent behaviour of the tumour and moderate results of facial nerve reconstruction.
The modified ‘Parent's Kiss’ for the removal of paediatric nasal foreign bodies
Authors: Benjamin E. , Harcourt J. 
Published: April 2007

Keypoints• Paediatric nasal foreign bodies is a common clinical problem effecting children mainly 2–8 years of age• Often treated in A & E Departments, with little or no specialised ENT experience or equipment.• We present a simple, parent administered technique for removal of paediatric nasal foreign bodies.• The technique is safe and effective and is easy to  perform on nervous and frightened children
Apical plug technique using mineral trioxide aggregate: results from a case series
Authors: Pace R. , Giuliani V. , Pini Prato L. , Baccetti T. , Pagavino G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAim  To examine the clinical and radiographic appearance of teeth that suffered premature interruption of root development and were treated by an mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apical plug technique.Summary  Eleven teeth with immature root apices in 11 patients were treated nonsurgically by the manual application of MTA in the apical portion of the root canal under microscopic vision. Follow‐up evaluations were performed at 1–2 years after treatment.Key learning points

Mineral trioxide aggregate appears to be a valid material to obtain periradicular healing in teeth with open apices and necrotic pulps.
Ten out of 11 cases were associated with periradicular health at follow‐up evaluation.
Complex phenotype–environment associations revealed in an East African cyprinid
Authors: LANGERHANS R. B. , CHAPMAN L. J. , DEWITT T. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEnvironmental factors influence phenotypes directly, as well as indirectly via trait correlations and interactions with other environmental variables. Using nine populations of the African cyprinidBarbus neumayeri, we employed path analysis to examine direct, indirect and total effects of two environmental variables, water flow (WF) and dissolved oxygen (DO), on several morphological traits. WF and DO directly influenced relative gill size, body shape and caudal fin shape in manners consistent witha prioripredictions. Indirect effects also played an important role in the system: (1) strong, oppositely signed direct and indirect effects of WF on body shape resulted in a nonsignificant total effect; (2) DO had no direct effect on body shape, but a strong total effect via indirect effects on gill size; (3) WF indirectly influenced gill size via effects on DO. Only through examination of multiple environmental parameters and multiple traits can we hope to understand complex relationships between environment and phenotype.
THE GENUS ANDREACARUS IN AUSTRALIA (ACARINA: LAELAPIDAE†)
Authors: Domrow R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe mite genus Andreacarus, previously known only from Africa, is recorded from Australia. Two new species are described—A. radfordi sp. n. from two Tasmanian marsupials, Dasyurus quoll and Eudromicia lepida, and A. tauffliebi sp. n. from Rattus assimilis, New South Wales. A key to the four known species is given.
AUSTRALODEMUS, A NEW GENUS OF BLISSINAE FROM AUSTRALIA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HEINSIUS (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)
Authors: Slater J. A. , Sweet M. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractReasons are given for regarding Heinsius Distant as a good genus; the related genus Australodemus is described and the peculiar abdominal characters of the two genera are discussed. The new species Heinsius pallidus and Australodemus elongatus are described.
THE GENUS MESONYSSOIDES IN AUSTRALIA (ACARINA: LAELAPIDAE)
Authors: DOMROW R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe rhinonyssine genus Mesonyssoides is recorded from Australia. Four new species are described from cockatoos, parrots and lorikeets (Psittacidae) as follows—M. kakatuae sp. n. from Kakatoe roseicapilla, M. aprosmicti sp. n. from Aprosmictus erythropterus, M. platycerci sp. n. from Platycercus adscitus, and M. trichoglossi sp. n. from Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus and T. moluccanus. A key to the seven species is given. New synonymy: Mesonyssoides Strandtmann and Clifford, 1962 (October) equals Mesonyssoides Fain and Nadchatram, 1962 (July).
THE GENUS LAELAPS IN AUSTRALIA (ACARINA: LAELAPIDAE)
Authors: Domrow R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Australian rodents (all Muridae) are parasitized by thirteen species of Laelaps, including L. albycia sp. n. from Gyomys fumeus in Victoria. A key is provided for these species, which are newly assigned to three species‐groups based on morphological characters and correlated with host preferences.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MORPHOLOGY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF PENTATOMOIDEA (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) PART I. SCUTELLERIDAE
Authors: Kumar R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNew evidence from the internal male reproductive organs is presented to support a family status for Scutelleridae. From a study of nineteen genera, generalizations are made regarding the conducting chamber in Scutellerinae. Relationship of three subfamilies of Scutelleridae is discussed from a study of the genitalia of twenty three genera. The vesica is claimed to be a modification of the conjunctiva.
NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF DACINAE (DIPTERA: TRYPETIDAE) FROM NORTHERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: May A. W. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour new species, Callantra pusilla, Daculus decurtans, Strumeta aquilonis, and S. tenuifascia are described and figured. Several new locality records for some Australian Dacinae and host records for Afrodacus jarvisi (Tryon) are presented.
THE STATUS OF INSECTS INTRODUCED FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Haseler W. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe current status of insects introduced into Queensland against the weeds Opuntia spp., Lantana camara L., Xanthium pungens Wallr., and Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng is reviewed. A high degree of control over most of the Opuntia is claimed. Damage caused by insects introduced against Lantana and Xanthium is regarded as insufficient to exert any significant biological control; introduction of other species of insects against these plants is continuing. The contributions of an exotic insect. an exotic fungus and a native insect in reducing the vitality of Eupatorium are discussed.
A NEW FAMILY OF BOMBYCOIDEA (LEPIDOPTERA) BASED ON CARTHAEA SATURNIOIDES WALKER FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Common I. F. B. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Carthaea saturnioides Walk., previously referred to the Geometridae, is here assigned to a new family Carthaeidae of the Bombycoidea. The presence in the adult of 3‐segmented maxillary palpi, a strong functional haustellum, a well developed frenulum in both sexes and a relatively unspecialized wing venation, indicates that the family is one of the most primitive in the superfamily. The larva, which feeds on Dryandra (Proteaceae), has a series of prominent lateral eyespots. The early instars bear prominent scoli but these disappear in the final instar, and the setae are greatly reduced. Pupation occurs on the ground in a flimsy cocoon.
GRADES IN THE EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS
Authors: Mackerras I. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGrades of organization, of the kind recognized in vertebrates by de Beer and J. S. Huxley, are a conspicuous feature of the insects also. Four can be distinguished by well‐defined anagenetic gaps: apterygote; palaeopterous and exopterygote; neopterous and exopterygote; neopterous and endopterygote. As grades can be defined more clearly than phylogeny at higher taxonomic levels and the reverse is true at lower levels, it is suggested that a classification can be made to reflect both without confusing the user.
TRANSFER OF TYPE SPECIMENS OF STIGMODERA SPP. FROM THE GEMMELL COLLECTION OF COLEOPTERA AND A LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION
Authors: Britton E. B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractType material of three species of Stigmodera Eschscholtz, transferred from the collection of the late A. Gemmell to the Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, comprises the holotype and one paratype of S. gemmelli Deuquet and of S. rutila Deuquet, and two syntypes of S. violatra Deuquet, of which the male specimen is designated the lectotype.
SOME APHIDS OCCURRING ON ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO APHIS CRACCIVORA KOCH
Authors: White Dinah 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Aphis craccivora Koch was collected on several native host plants in central Australia. It was common on Chenopodiaceae and Papilionaceae, and was also found on plants of six other families. It is suggested that the source of swarms of A. craccivora described by other authors may extend across western New South Wales to central Australia. The endemic plants affected by the aphid are a potential reservoir of plant viruses damaging commercial crops.Other species of aphids were present in restricted areas on endemic host plants.
AN INTRODUCED PASTURE BEETLE, PLECTRIS ALIENA CHAPIN (SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINAE)
Authors: Roberts R. J. 
Published: April 2007

iThe presence of the South American pasture beetle Plectris aliena Chapin in Australia near Casino, New South Wales, is reported.Characters of use in distinguishing the adult and larval stages from those of native scarabaeids are described. The bionomics, ecology, and potential importance of the species are discussed.It is concluded that P. aliena is a species of humid‐temperate climates where it appears to be restricted to light sandy soils. The larvae may damage the roots of grasses and crops.
A PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF THE GENUS HOMOCHAETOTHRIPS, GEN. N., WITH BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) *
Authors: Sakimura K. 
Published: April 2007

iThe generic characters are defined and a key to 7 species is provided for the new genus Homochaetothrips. A new species is described. Changes in nomenclature include 6 new combinations.
THE IDENTIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF QUADRASPIDIOTUS SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) ON POME AND STONE FRUITS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Brookes Helen M. , Hudson N. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour species of Quadraspidiotus have been identified on pome and stone fruit trees in Australia, viz. Q. lenticularis (Lind.), Q. ostreaeformis (Curt.), Q. perniciosus (Comst.) and Q. pyri (Licht.). Keys differentiating these species have been provided for second instar nymphs and adult females. Both stages in the four species are described in detail and illustrated.Present known distribution of these species in the Australian States is: Q. lenticularis— South Australia only; Q. ostreaeformis—Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria; Q. perniciosus—all States; Q. pyri—Tasmania only.
NEW RECORDS AND NEW SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN MASARIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: VESPOIDEA)
Authors: Richards O. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree new species are described: Riekta angulata from Queensland and New South Wales, in the latter state occurring in the flowers of Goodenia cycloptera R. Br. with R. nocatunga Rich.; Paragia mimetica from Western Australia; P. propodealis from New South Wales. Additional records are published for Paragia decipiens Shuck from New South Wales, P odyneroides Smith from Victoria and New South Wales and of what is possibly the unknown female of P. calida Smith from Victoria.