bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RCRA leapfrog: How statistics shape and in turn are shaped by regulatory mandates
Authors: Cameron Kirk M. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDuring the past ten years, a statistical program applicable to RCRA groundwater monitoring data has been developed with input from regulators, geologists, regulated individuals, and a small group of professional statisticians. At first driven by the RCRA regulations, the evolution of the statistical program now often influences changes in regulatory requirements, which in turn affect opinions on the best statistical approach for addressing the requirements. This article describes that evolution and the issues that have emerged over the years. In the following article, Dr. Robert Gibbons, another of the professional statisticians involved in the debate, responds to comments made in this article.
Phytoremediation experimentation with the herbicide bentazon
Authors: Conger Robert Mark , Portier Ralph J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn experiment was performed on six species of trees to determine the feasibility of remediating groundwater contaminated with an agricultural herbicide, bentazon, at a site in southern Louisiana. Fate studies on bentazon support that it is translocated to the plant leaves where it is degraded by photolysis to lower‐order derivative compounds within short periods of time. Both transpiration observations and dosing tests suggest that the most favorable phreatophyte and tolerant specie of tree to bentazon exposure was the black willow (Salix nigra).
Two decision analysis approaches: Choosing a chemical analysis method
Authors: Henriksen Anne DePiante 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article illustrates how two different decision analysis (DA) methods can be used to assist in making environmental remediation decisions. The two DA methods are Multiattribute Utility Theory (MAUT) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). MAUT and AHP differ greatly in their underlying philosophies. MAUT employs an interval scale and constructs utility functions that quantify the total utility to the decision maker of each technology alternative; AHP employs a ratio scale and uses pairwise comparisons to produce a final ranking of the alternatives that reflects the decision maker's comparative preferences. In this study, the same technology was ranked first by both methods; however, the remaining rankings did not agree. Also, statistical analysis indicated that some score differences may be statistically insignificant. These results are presented and discussed along with a comparison of the features, advantages, and disadvantages of these two DA approaches.
New regulatory structure being considered for devices containing radioactivity
Authors: Kelly Brian A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has established a Working Group to evaluate methods for improving control of devices containing radioactivity in industry. These devices include radiography equipment and moisture/density gauges. The Working Group was the result of a number of incidents in which these devices were inadvertently shipped to scrap dealers and steel recycling facilities. The resulting release of radioactivity when the devices were processed has cost millions of dollars to clean up. This article discusses the Working Group's conclusions and the potential impact of these conclusions on the remediation industry. It also makes recommendations for both current and prospective owners of devices containing radioactivity on how to prepare for regulatory changes likely to occur as a result of the Working Group's conclusions.
A Laboratory Assessment of an Innovative Technology for the Detection of DNAPLs
Authors: Davey Christine A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA promising new technology for the detection of dense nonaqueous phase liquids, or DNAPLs, is cosolvent injection/extraction. Cosolvents, such as alcohols, are injected into the subsurface and interact with DNAPLs to increase their aqueous solubility, which increases recovery of the chemicals. A laboratory assessment was performed to determine if incorporating this technology with cone penetrometers could provide a useful sampling tool for DNAPL detection. A cone penetrometer was modeled in the laboratory by injecting and extracting small quantities of ethanol and propylene glycol at low concentrations into a homogeneous sand reactor contaminated with a residual saturation of tetrachloroethene (PCE). Experimental test results show that this technology is extremely sensitive to the vertical placement of the sampler, but is capable of enhancing PCE solubility while recovering most of the alcohol injected. Field testing of this technology will provide the next step in determining the feasibility of this technology for DNAPL detection.
Evaluating a Site for Natural Attenuation: EPA Region IV's New Guidance
Authors: Smith Christopher S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNatural attenuation has recently been recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as an appropriate remedy for sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents. Because natural attenuation does not require active remediation, it is considerably less expensive than other groundwater remedies. However, as laid out in EPA's recently released guidance, careful, systematic evaluation of natural attenuation must be conducted to ensure that the remedial approach is appropriate for a given site. The guidance requires that data be collected to demonstrate that natural attenuation is occurring and a fate‐and‐transport model must be conducted to estimate the extent to which a contaminated plume will ultimately migrate. Finally, the proponent of natural attenuation must be prepared to conduct long‐term groundwater monitoring to verify that natural attenuation is controlling plume migration and that human health and the environment are not adversely affected.
Introduction to Therm Net Technology
Authors: Watson Mike , Wiberg Dan , Kasevich Ray 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Introduction to Therm Net technology is an overview of how radio frequency (RF) beating can be implemented to enhance conventional remediation technologies. Included in the article is a case study of a project conducted in March 1996 at a gasoline release site. The project consisted of a “hot spot” application to reduce BETX concentrations to achieve site closure. The application consisted of RF heating, soil vapor extraction, and groundwater ventilation. A bench scale study was also conducted to measure the effects that RF heating and vapor extraction had on the removal of PAH constitutents from a coal tar sludge. Up to 100 percent reductions were observed for some of the constituents in the study. Also included is a graphical representation of temperature versus vapor pressure for contaminants typically encountered at remediation sites, illustrating that as temperature increases, the removal rate increases.
Easing the Pain for Disputants: Fundamentals of Environmental Mediation
Authors: Smith Diane R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract“If we don't change the way we are going, we will end up where we are headed,” the saying goes. Well, with respect to environmental disputes, we are changing the way we are going, and we are doing it primarily through mediation. We are reaching for and finding cooperative, collaborative, and less expensive ways of solving problems. We are using mediation to eliminate or minimize the side effects of environmental issues and problematic sites. We are avoiding or dramatically reducing the “transactional” costs that have devastated so many persons and businesses involved in environmental problems. And we are finding ways to utilize collective intelligence and minimize collective damage through mediation. It's definitely good business.
Laser‐induced fluorescence and fast gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with subsurface thermal extraction of organics: Field analytical technologies for expediting site characterization and cleanup
Authors: Robbat Albert , Kenny Jonathan E. , Smarason Sigurdur , Pepper Jane Wu , Wright Andrew O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article describes new field‐based technologies that support the Dynamic Workplan/Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Program employed to better characterize hazardous waste sites at lower cost. A laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) probe was designed and field‐tested with a cone penetrometer (CP) for investigating petroleum contaminants present at under‐ground tank farms. The LIF produced real‐time quantitative data for naphthalene and semiquantitative results for total petroleum hydrocarbons and diesel range organics. Two different projects are described employing fast gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in the field. A 70‐foot heated transfer line and probe were used in combination with a cone penetrometer to thermally extract (TE) subsurface soil‐bound semivolatile organics. In the second project, soil samples were collected by a GeoprobeTM and brought to the surface for analysis. The direct measurement TECP data produced semiquantitative results while the more conventional means of collecting and analyzing samples produced risk analysis quality data in the field. A new set of mass spectrometry algorithms provided the technology breakthrough for identifying and quantifying a wide range of Environmental‐Protection‐Agency‐listed target compounds in the presence of high levels of matrix (petroleum) interferents under fast, 7 min/sample, GC conditions.
Recent applications of phytoremediation technologies
Authors: Zodrow John J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough the application of microbe biotechnology has been successful with petroleum‐based constituents, microbial digestion has met with limited success for widespread residual organic and metal pollutants located above the potentiometric surface. Vegetation‐based remediation, on the other hand, shows potential for accumulating, immobilizing, and transforming low levels of persistent contamination from the subsurface. Agricultural bioremediation, called geobotany or phytoremediation, relies on the remediating abilities of contaminant‐accumulating plants to remove contamination from soil or groundwater.In natural ecosystems, plants act to filter and metabolize substances generated by nature. Phytoremediation affirmatively applies this process to help clean up contamination created by artificial means. Plants have proven effective at remediating areas contaminated with organic chemical wastes such as petroleum products, solvents, wood preservatives, pesticides, and metals. Phytoremediation is not the best technology for every site but has shown success with lead, cadmium, zinc, and radionuclides. The phytoremediation process takes much longer than conventional methods to clean a site and is dependent upon the type and degree of contamination. Concentrations must be within a narrow range of tolerable levels and the presence of the contamination must be at the appropriate depth.Nevertheless, phytoremediation offers an effective alternative to conventional, engineered remedial plans that usually involve costly activities like excavation, treatment, and disposal of soil or pump‐and‐treat technologies for groundwater. Phytoremediation also seems to be a promising new technology for the treatment of stormwater, industrial wastewater, and sewage. The relative low costs of capital for start‐up together with negligible operations and maintenance costs provide a strong incentive for further investigation and development of phytoremediation projects.
Augmenting in‐situ remediation by soil vapor extraction with six‐phase soil heating
Authors: Heine Kevin S. , Steckler David J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use and performance of soil vapor extraction (SVE) as an in‐situ remedial technology has been limited at numerous sites because of both geologic and chemical factors. SVE systems are not well suited to sites containing low permeability soils or sites contaminated with recalcitrant compounds. Six‐phase soil heating (SPSH) has been developed by the Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (Battelle) to enhance SVE systems. The technology utilizes resistive soil heating to increase the vapor pressure of subsurface contaminants and to generate an in‐situ source of steam. The steam strips contaminants sorbed onto soil surfaces and acts as a carrier gas, providing an enhanced mechanism by which the contaminants can reach an extraction well.Full‐scale applications of SPSH have been performed at the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in Aiken, South Carolina; at a former fire training site in Niagara Falls, New York; and at Fort Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska. At each site, chlorinated solvents were present in low permeability soils and SPSH was applied in conjunction with SVE. The results of the three applications showed that SPSH is a cost‐effective technology that can reduce the time required to remediate a site using only conventional SVE.
Communication at inactive hazardous waste sites
Authors: Scrudato Ronald J. , Wunderlich Michele , Weston Sandra 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe remediation of inactive hazardous waste sites frequently involves a protracted negotiation with the respective state or federal agency and the entity responsible for creating the site and paying the costs. At orphaned sites, decisions are made almost exclusively by agency staff. Most of remedial decisions are made with little input or participation by the interested public. The public usually receives information in a highly technical and difficult‐to‐understand format after decisions are made. This ineffective form of communication can lead to mistrust and delays or changes in the remediation process.Effective public participation requires multidirectional modes of communication that provide for active and full involvement by all interested parties. At the present time, most agencies pay minimal attention to the needs of the interested public, often leaving area residents suspicious and dissatisfied with the overall program. There is an opportunity to significantly improve the public participation component of the federal Super‐fund program through reauthorization. Subtle changes in the program can result in a significant increase of the public's sense of participation and overall satisfaction.
Defining a successful superfund clean‐up: A community representative's perspective
Authors: Trieste Marion 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe successful use of the Superfund program involves developing partnerships with all of the stakeholders early in the process. Citizens living near Superfund sites are the primary stakeholders, falling victim to many health risks and economic costs. When equipped with technical advisors, citizens can play a primary role in the remediation decisions being made at hazardous waste sites. This article illustrates the important role and impact of concerned citizens living near the Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation Superfund site in Saratoga Springs, New York. The Superfund program was used successfully at this site in a number of ways, mainly in that it provided technical advisors through a technical assistance grant (TAG) for the citizens, which resulted in a thorough and conclusive remedial investigation.
Treatment of MTBE using fenton's reagent
Authors: Ray Asim B. , Selvakumar Ariamalar 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article addresses the removal of methyl tertiary‐butyl ether (MTBE) from water, using Fenton's Reagent. Although complete mineralization of MTBE by Fenton's Reagent was not achieved, greater than 99 percent destruction of MTBE was realized. This was accomplished at a Fe+2:H2O2 ratio of 1:1 and 1 hour of contact time. In all tests, twice the stoichiometric ratio of H2O2 to MTBE was used. The major by‐products were tertiary‐butyl alcohol, tertiary‐butyl formate, and acetone with traces of 2‐methyl‐1‐propene (isobutylene). While small quantities of O2 evolved, no significant quantity of CO2 gas was detected.
Modeling natural attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination using alternate electron acceptors: Case study comparing bioplume iii with BIOSCREEN
Authors: Akins Candy R. , Striegel Jami A. , Sanders Dee Ann , Veenstra John N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNatural attenuation holds great promise as a cost‐effective means of remedying groundwater contamination at petroleum spill sites: this is particularly true at sites with sufficient background concentrations of alternate electron acceptors (nitrate and/or sulfate). The study reported in this article compared the results of a new Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) numerical model (BIOPLUME III) with an updated EPA analytical model (BIOSCREEN Version 1.4) used to predict natural attenuation at an underground fuel spill site in Oklahoma. High background sulfate concentrations were shown to result in unrealistic predictions from both BIOSCREEN and BIOPLUME III. BIOSCREEN could be easily used with a data set not significantly enlarged from that used in a routine leaking fuel tank investigation. BIOPLUME III was much more difficult to use and did not yield reliable results. Results of this study indicate that the additional complexity of the BIOPLUME III model is not justified for simple sites.
Internet focus groups and mailing lists for the environmental professional in site risk assessment and remediation
Authors: Guerin Turlough F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 1957, four computers across the United States were linked to form the first version of what we now know to be the Internet. The Internet has grown way beyond what anyone working in the U.S. Department of Defense's special project team, Advanced Research Projects Agency or DARPA, more than 40 years ago, could ever have imagined. Yet despite the phenomenal growth of Internet users, and access to information in all fields of endeavor, finding genuinely useful and helpful Internet resources is still a challenge. Knowledge sharing in contaminated site assessment and remediation is increasing and this is occurring through several mechanisms and at many levels. International collaboration on site contamination and remediation issues is becoming evident at the highest level between countries. Lower‐level interactions between organizations and individual practitioners are also increasing. Formation of partnerships in implementing site assessment and remediation solutions are becoming evident and there are now numerous websites, resulting from these collaborations, providing free access to completed reports and related materials. Internet mailing lists contribute to sharing of knowledge at all these levels but particularly encourage contributions from practitioners and those out there “doing the work” and often without the time to write up their contributions, though these can be substantial.
Life cycle ofArctopsyche ladogensis(trichoptera) in a regulated Norwegian river
Authors: Brittain John E. , Bildeng Rune 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe life cycle of the net‐spinning caddisfly,Arctopsyche ladogensis(Kolenati), was studied at a site 25 km below a major catchment transfer dam on the large Norwegian river, the Glomma. The site experiences 25–50% of pre‐impoundment flows during winter and at times during summer. The sampling frequency varied between 2 and 3 weeks in mid‐summer to every 2 months during winter. There were five larval instars. In the fifth instar there was a clear size bomodality, the females being larger than the males. Pupae were present during the spring flood. The adult flight period extended from early June until mid‐July. There was a mixture of one‐ and two‐year life cycles, with a semivoltine cycle dominating. Such life cycle flexibility is advantageous in adapting to changed temperature and flow regimes in regulated river systems.
Long‐term changes of macroinvertebrate communities in relation to flow variations: The river Glen, Lincolnshire, England
Authors: Bickerton M. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTaxa and community relationships with flow were investigated using National Rivers Authority macroinvertebrate sampling records from a total of 45 sites in the River Glen catchment and daily flow records, taken over the period 1976–1994. Four sites (two upstream and two downstream of an interbasin transfer outflow) were studied in detail. Community analyses of summer samples (41 records from 1977 to 1994) showed April mean flow and low flows in the same summer as sampling to be the best predictors of macroinvertebrate community type. Comparison of the frequency of individual taxa in summers when flows were above or below the flow sustained by the inter‐basin transfer (0.107 m3 s−1) showed a relatively high number of taxa, including Sailidae, Molannidae, Planorbis spp. and Haliplidae, to be more frequent in low‐flow summers, whereas other taxa, including Rhyacophilidae and Leptophlebidae, were more frequent in high‐flow summers, differences apparently related to position in the catchment and variability in the development of marginal macrophytes. The implications of altering flow regime on habitat and macroinvertebrate communities are discussed, and the suitability of National Rivers Authority biological records for developing long‐term flow‐preference relationships for individual taxa are considered.
Impact assessment of regulation at the reach level using macroinvertebrate information from mesohabitats
Authors: Armitage Patrick D. , Pardo Isabel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe environmental effects of stream regulation are often assessed with reference to changes in river benthos, and biotic scores and indices have been used to summarize data on faunal community structure and richness. Although they have their use in presenting complicated data in a simplified form, they often do not detect the more subtle effects of regulation. In lowland regions the regulation of rivers is most often due to water abstraction, channelization and the construction of weirs or sluices. The effects of this form of stream regulation may sometimes be particularly difficult to demonstrate with conventional biological assessment techniques. In this study we examine a length of stream regulated with sluice gates using conventional techniques and test the applicability of the mesohabitat method (categorization of reaches on the basis of their substratum types) in describing changes brought about by regulation. Conventional biological assessment techniques were unable to demonstrate the regulation effects. This was because, although changes had occurred along the reach, these were not associated with a significant change in scores and indices based on family richness. The changes were subtle and were most clearly revealed by clustering techniques and analysis of variance. Most of the change was due to altered physical habitat and this was reflected in the proportions of mesohabitats above and below the sluice gates. The association of mesohabitats with particular faunal assemblages allows an assessment of the overall effects of habitat change on the composition of the faunal community.