bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre-design evaluation of disused quarries as landfill sites
Authors: Lyle P. , Gibson P. J. , Woodside A. R. , Woodward W. D. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper outlines how faults and fracture zones may be detected with use of a total field precession magnetometer during the initial and preliminary stages of the assessment of disused quarries as possible landfill sites. The technique has been applied across a range of lithologies and can help in the more accurate assessment of potential pollutant conduits.
The use of standard permeability tests for natural liners and tensile tests for synthetic liners in the pre-design evaluation phase are discussed. The approximate costs of using such tests and geomagnetic profiling in pre-design evaluation are discussed.
Permeability considerations about rock foundation on waste disposal
Authors: Foyo A. , Tomillo C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The use of the traditional permeability test (the water pressure test) to analyse the permeability of rock foundations for waste disposal, is not applicable in all materials because the high pressures used in the test may produce hydraulic fracturing. This paper describes a new permeability test, called the low pressure test or LPT, which is used to obtain the true permeability of a waste disposal foundation on weak and impervious rock. Finally, the results obtained with the use of the LPT to analyse the permeability of a waste disposal foundation are described.
Geomembrane landfill liners in the real world
Authors: Mollard S. J. , Jefford C. E. , Staff M. G. , Browning G. R. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper provides an introduction to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes, emphasizing some practical aspects essential for the successful installation of such liners at landfill sites. Installation procedures are discussed, including quality of the sub-grade, methods of laying panels, seaming techniques and destructive and non-destructive methods of testing. The need for construction quality assurance (CQA) is highlighted as a means to minimize leakage and to ensure that geomembrane liners function as specified throughout the life of the landfill facility.
Disposal of radioactive wastes in argillaceous formations
Authors: Horseman S. T. , Volckaert G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
One option presently under investigation internationally for the disposal of the hazardous by-products of the nuclear fuel cycle is the construction of underground repositories in low-permeability argillaceous rock formations. The host-rock represents the most important barrier to the migration of radionuclides to the surface environment. The performance of this geological barrier will depend on a wide variety of factors, including the degree of compaction and diagenetic alteration of the rock during burial, affecting plasticity and response to deformation, stress history which determines some important structural attributes (faults, fissures, etc.), mineralogy and chemistry which are primary factors influencing radionuclide sorption and mobility, and the thickness and lithological variability of the low-permeability sequence. Our paper provides a brief overview of these considerations and identifies a number of areas of uncertainty, including our, as yet, incomplete knowledge of the precise mechanisms of groundwater movement in clay-rich media, possible departures from Darcy's Law, the occurrence of long-term transient flow, the role of ‘coupled flow’ phenomena, and the difficult problem of gas migration within the host-formation.
Geotechnical core and rock mass characterization for the UK radioactive waste repository design
Authors: Rawlings C. G. , Barton N. , Løset F. , Vik G. , Bhasin R. K. , Smallwood A , Davies N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The NGI method of characterizing joints (using JRC, JCS and ø
r
) and characterizing rock masses (using the Q-system) have been and are currently being used extensively in geotechnical consultancy projects. One such project recently completed for UK Nirex Ltd included the logging of 8 km of 100-mm-diameter drill core from boreholes up to 2 km in depth. Preliminary rock reinforcement designs were derived from the Q-system statistics, which were logged in parallel with JRC, JCS
and ø
r
. The data from the NGI method of characterizing joints and the Q-system for characterizing rock masses have also been used as the basis for UDEC-BB numerical modelling of the proposed cavern excavations for the disposal of solid, low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes. The purpose of this numerical modelling was to investigate the stability of rock caverns and in particular the rock reinforcement requirements (giving predicted bolt loads and rock deformations),
the extent of the disturbed zone (joint shearing and hydraulic aperture) with respect to cavern orientation, the effect of various pillar widths, and the effect of the cavern excavation sequence.
Prediction of groundwater flow around an underground waste repository
Authors: Zhao J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Leakage and transport of waste in a waste repository is generally through the circulation of groundwater flow. Waste repository design, therefore, requires the study of the hydraulic performance of the surrounding rock masses in the presence of groundwater. Rock mass permeability, conductivity and flow rate at various depths can be predicted by hydrogeological data of the joint frequency, joint aperture, stress joint closure relationship and water-table, obtained at shallow subsurface exploration. Predictions using an improved hydraulic model show that the permeability of a rock mass decreases with increasing depth; the groundwater flow into and around the repository, however, increases with repository depth until it reaches a maximum rate. The groundwater flow stabilizes or decreases after the peak rate due to joint closure of the rock mass surrounding the repository under high
in situ
stress.
A model for adsorption of organic species by clays and commercial landfill barrier materials
Authors: Davies M. C. R. , Railton L. M. R. , Williams K. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The adsorptions of four carboxylic acids and phenol onto three substrates have been examined. It has been demonstrated that modifying montmorillonite with the diethyl ammonium ion increases the adsorption of the acids at the higher concentration. The amount of adsorption cannot be explained simply by consideration of adsorbate solubilities in water, but depends on more complex interactions between adsorbate-adsorbent and solvent. A model to predict the adsorptive lifetime of a barrier has
also been developed.
Development of a lined landfill site adjacent to a major potable supply river
Authors: Apted J. P. , Philpott M. , Gibbs S. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The site at Pen-Y-Bout is based on a deep clay pit in Ruabon Marl and is on a piece of land almost completely surrounded by a loop in the River Dee, a major source of potable water. The proposals for developing a landfill at the site required two stages of investigation with particular regard being given to permeabilities and groundwater flow. A strategy for landfilling was developed that took into account the need to protect the Dee with particular emphasis being given to leachate control. In addition, the requirements for landfill liners in terms of current guidance were also considered.
Engineering geological and legal aspects involving proposals for a large waste disposal facility in The Netherlands
Authors: Maurenbrecher Pieter Michiel 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In the densely populated area of the Netherlands proposals for a waste disposal tip can involve drawn-out legal proceedings before permission is granted. A case history is given in which the author acted as advisor for one of the objectors to the scheme and hence gives insight into shortcomings in the quite extensive environmental laws concerning, amongst other items, waste disposal facilities. The licensing authorities for such a scheme are the municipal and provincial authorities who, in this instance, are also supporters of the scheme. Such authorities, hence, do not maintain an unbiased role. High-court arbitration procedures are also outlined and the role of an expert witness. To date, the proposers of the scheme have not been successful in being granted a licence, in part, due to the proposer trying to precede new environmental laws before their ratification by Parliament.
Landfill failure survey: a technical note
Authors: Roche David 
Published: April 2008

A survey of reported pollution incidents and other modes of failure affecting landfill waste disposal sites has been undertaken, and the key results are summarised here. A questionnaire survey was made of selected representative organizations in the waste management industry in England and Wales, including operators, regulators and specialists, and the results from which constitute a substantial database. The majority of the sites included in the survey have been active during the past 20 years. Currently active sites and recently commenced sites are included.
The Initial Survey comprised around 1000 sites. Of this sample, about one in six sites had suffered a significant pollution incident or failure which has required substantial remedial treatment (see Fig. 1(a)). Landfill gas migration was the most frequent form of problem, identified affecting nearly 1 in 10 sites. Surface water pollution incidents affected more than 1 in 20 of the sites and groundwater pollution more than 1 in 40 sites (see Fig. 2(a)).
For Stage 2, a more detailed questionnaire survey has been undertaken. The survey targeted over 200 selected representative members in the waste management industry. The survey now takes account of around 4000 landfill sites.
The findings of the more detailed survey essentially confirm the results of the initial survey, although with the much larger sample the trends are modified in certain respects.
Of the larger sample, about 1 in 20 sites have suffered a significant pollution incident or failure which has required substantial remedial treatment (see Fig. 1(b)). This indicates a lower
Electrical imaging and its application in engineering investigations
Authors: Barker R. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Recent developments in electrical tomography field acquisition and data inversion technology have resulted in the production of electrical images which more accurately mirror the subsurface than is possible with conventional resistivity surveys. The technique is particularly suitable for engineering site investigation where understanding complex subsurface structure in detail is important. This is demonstrated with examples of its application in determining depth to bedrock, in resource and contaminants studies and in monitoring subsurface fluid flow.
Novel regularized inversion of VLF(R) data and coincident radar sections over a probable fault affecting Carboniferous sedimentary rocks in the Saar region, Germany
Authors: Beamish D. , Clasen D. , Greenwood P. G. , Peart R. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Coal mining induced subsidence along the surface trace of faults has caused extensive damage and consequent expense in parts of the Saar, Germany. An ongoing CEC assisted project was established to determine an efficient strategy for the detection of fault traces, prior to undermining, involving geological mapping, lineament analysis and surface and borehole geophysics. We present VLF(R) and GPR (multi-frequency) results from three traverses, 10 m apart, crossing a suspected fault that was subsequently proved by inclined core drilling. The modelled resistivity distribution (VLF) indicates a dipping, blind conductive zone of limited depth extent, while the radar sections reveal a well defined anomalous zone separating contrasting lithologies on either side of the fault. Additional geophysical data (EM conductivity and DC gradient array mapping and sounding) provide supportive evidence of the faulting.
The application of electromagnetic techniques to environmental geophysical surveys
Authors: McNeill J. Duncan 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Conventional DC resistivity techniques have been applied for many years to a variety of environmental geophysical applications. More recently electromagnetic techniques, with different advantages (and disadvantages) compared with conventional DC, have been used effectively to measure the resistivity (or its reciprocal, the conductivity) of the earth. Electromagnetic techniques can be broadly divided into two groups. In frequency-domain instrumentation (FDEM) the transmitter current varies sinusoidally with time at a fixed frequency. In most time domain (TDEM) instrumentation the transmitter current, while still periodic, is a modified symmetrical square wave.
Multicomponent geophysical surveys over completed landfill sites
Authors: Fenning P. J. , Williams B. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Engineering geophysics can play a useful role in assisting the engineering geologist in mapping subsurface features and in particular the targeting of boreholes for detailed investigation. Frequently the problem of the geophysicist is the selection of the most cost-effective technique prior to commencing geophysical surveys at site. At landfill sites the usual problems are location of the subsurface margins, shape of subsurface margins and determination of fill thickness. The physical properties of the landfill material are usually not known and are difficult to measure in the laboratory. A comprehensive multi-component geophysical survey has been carried out using a wide range of geophysical survey techniques profiled across a concealed landfill margin in Southern England to assess the effectiveness of geophysical techniques in solving the above problems. Interpretation of the results indicates that electrical techniques such as inductive conductivity and galvanic resistivity, are the most cost-effective for providing the required information. The results of the more expensive gravity surveys also provide a very effective means of determining the features of the landfill but the physical properties of the landfill prevent the ground penetrating radar and seismic refraction techniques from providing diagnostic information.
The detection of cavities using the microgravity technique: case histories from mining and karstic environments
Authors: Bishop I. , Styles P. , Emsley S. J. , Ferguson N. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The presence of mining-related cavities (workings, shafts and tunnels) or karstic (solution cavities and sinkholes in limestone) within the top 100 m in the rock mass restricts land utilisation, and their migration to the surface may damage property or services or cause loss of life. Confirmation of features marked on existing plans prior to design and construction may be sufficient but it is often necessary to determine the detailed sub-surface structure. The standard method of site
investigation is to drill a pattern of boreholes to locate the spatial extent of any cavities. However, unless the spacing is less than the cavity dimensions it is possible to miss it completely. A cavity may be filled with air, water, or collapse material resulting in a contrast in physical properties which may be detected using appropriate geophysical methods. One powerful technique is microgravity which locates areas of contrasting sub-surface density from surface measurements of the earth’s gravity. Although the method is fundamentally simple, measurement of the minute variations in gravity (1 in 10
8
) requires sensitive instruments, careful data acquisition, and data reduction and digital data analysis. Final interpretation must be performed in conjunction with independent information about the site’s history and geology. This paper presents three examples in both mining and karstic environments demonstrating that microgravity is a very effective technique for detecting
and delineating cavities in the sub-surface.
The potential of on-shore multichannel high-resolution shallow seismic techniques when applied to coastal site investigation
Authors: Brabham P. J. , McDonald R. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A combined seismic P-wave refraction and shallow high-resolution multichannel common midpoint (CMP) reflection approach to onshore coastal site investigations in the UK is described, using case studies from two sites on the South Wales coast. The land-based surveys are performed within the inter-tidal zone, using a 24-channel seismic acquisition system, targeting to a depth of interest of 50 m.
Reflection events from rockhead and lithological boundaries within the overlying unconsolidated sediments are clearly imaged using CMP stacked data. The reflection data show a dominant frequency around 550 Hz, which combined with seismic velocities averaging 1600 m/s, produces a quarter-wavelength vertical resolution of 0.7 m. Comparisons of hammer, buffalo gun and detonator sources are made, and their relative suitability for high-resolution shallow reflection surveys within the inter-tidal zone is discussed.
For successful interpretation of shallow reflection data, the necessity of additional rockhead depth control from seismic refraction surveying and/or borehole data is emphasized. Additional depth control is of particular importance if the acoustic contrast between deeply weathered rockhead and overlying sediments is low. Combined refraction and reflection surveys are a relatively inexpensive way of providing information on rockhead topography, rock structure and sediment stratigraphy. Such information is invaluable to the coastal engineer in both the design and location of engineering structures.
The use of geophysics at the new airport, Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong
Authors: Covil C. S. , James J. W. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The new Hong Kong Airport at Chek Lap Kok is to be constructed on a 1248 hectare offshore reclamation platform. The design and construction of the airport platform are strongly influenced by the marine geology. A model of the marine geology, as well as a comprehensive understanding of the geotechnical properties of the materials, were essential to the design and construction of the platform and airport structures. 1100 km of seismic reflection survey were carried out to investigate the superficial deposits over the airport site. This was complemented by over 230 boreholes and 400 piezocone tests. This information, along with knowledge of the regional geology, formed the basis for the production of an interpreted 3D digital model of the marine geology.
The paper describes the interpretation in developing a consistent model of the marine geology and a framework upon which the engineering decisions can be made. It explains how the seismic interpretation was calibrated using other geotechnical data such as boreholes and penetration tests. The paper makes reference to the engineering decisions that were based partly on the interpretation of the seismics, such as the estimation of settlement and the identification of areas requiring further site investigation. The seismic surveys were also valuable in identifying the more critical areas and horizons in which to install comprehensive suites of instrumentation. It proved a useful and reliable technique in establishing the presence of unconformities linked with palaeosol crusts within the superficial deposits, which had a large effect on the stability of the advancing reclamation tip face.
Electrical resistivity imaging systems for ground investigations, with particular reference to dissolution features in Chalk areas
Authors: Rigby-Jones J. , Matthews M. C. , McDowell P. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The collection of high-quality resistivity data using conventional systems is time-consuming, particularly where large areas are to be surveyed at small electrode spacings. With the advent of modern computer controlled resistivity meters, used in conjunction with multicore takeout cables and switched electrode arrays, two-dimensional resistivity imaging systems have been developed. These systems lend themselves to the search for small-scale, near-surface, anomalies due to their improved accuracy and resolution over more conventional equipment and their ability to produce true resistivity modelled images. Near surface dissolution features in the Chalk can produce variations in ground resistivity and this paper discusses the field trials of two resistivity imaging systems at the known locations of such features. The results are compared to those obtained using conventional resistivity equipment and related to ground truth data obtained by drilling.
Shallow over-water seismic reflection surveys for determining inland waterways sediment distribution in The Netherlands
Authors: Degen B. T. A. J. , Herbschleb J. , Maurenbrecher P. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Shallow reflection geophysical surveys were carried out using high-frequency pipeliner equipment to determine sediment distributions in inland waterways. The method gives sufficient resolution for most situations such as rivers, canals, harbours and disposal basins to adequately assess both the quantity and locality of sediment types for both pre- and post-dredging operations. Examples of different case histories in the Netherlands are given including some instances where such techniques are less successful.
Geoscience information systems are used to both store, process, enhance, analyse and interpret the data. Specially developed modules in the geoscience information system allows the determination of the quantity of pollution and presentation in map form the degree and extent of the polluted sediment layers. Maps are produced immediately following the surveys on-board the survey vessels.
The acquisition of geophysical wireline logging data as part of the UK Nirex Ltd investigations of a potential radioactive waste repository at Sellafield, Cumbria
Authors: Gunning A.P. , Pearson R. A. , Emsley S. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
UK Nirex Ltd is currently carrying out an investigation of the Sellafield area of West Cumbria to assess the potential for a radioactive waste repository. The investigation includes the drilling of deep boreholes to acquire data for site characterization and safety assessment. Geophysical wireline logging takes place at intervals within the drilling schedule and includes the use of the latest ‘state-of-the-art’ technology. Acquisition is carried out under a rigorous quality control regime in order to generate quality assured data sets which are then processed to generate additional information. Wireline data is used extensively in the acquisition programme and in the verification of results. The data is also used by interpretation teams to assist in geological and hydrogeological interpretation and rock mass assessment.
Integrated study of fracture systems in southern Zimbabwe
Authors: Shedlock S. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn areas of shallow crystalline bedrock lineaments have been commonly targeted for the siting of water boreholes, although the nature of these extensive geological features is not fully understood. The study employing borehole geophysical techniques attempted to examine the hydro-geological conditions arounda typicallineament and to help explain the reasons for dry boreholes drilled close to these features.Both vertical and inclined drilling were undertaken in the vicinity of the lineament and the rock characteristics were investigated by both borehole geophysics and core inspection. The study showed a distinct rock quality variation across the lineament which marked the contact between a more massive, friable granite and a weathered granite.Crosshole seismic tomography suggested, in this case, that the lineament represented a displacement fracture with a downthrow of around seven metres. This displacement could account for the considerable disparity in water levels observed across a relatively short distance and confirmed that fracturing controlled the yield of the boreholes.