bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rivalry, strategic groups and firm profitability
Authors: Cool Karel , Dierickx Ingemar 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn analysis of the U.S. pharmaceutical industry during the period 1963–82 finds that a substantial decline in industry profitability is not explained by changes in the number and size distribution of firms, in segment interdependence and in strategic distance. In contrast, declining industry profitability is strongly associated with increasing rivalry. This increasing rivalry is associated with changes in strategic group structure and a concomitant shift from within group rivalry to between group rivalry.
Top executive commitment to the status quo: Some tests of its determinants
Authors: Hambrick Donald C. , Geletkanycz Marta A. , Fredrickson James W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSome top executives are more committed to the status quo—particularly to their organization's current strategy and leadership profile—than are others. Most empirical research on upper echelons treats psychological phenomena as a ‘black box’—the unobserved intervening mechanisms—that causes associations between more observable executive characteristics and organizational outcomes. In contrast, this paper attempts to directly examine the determinants of an important element of an executive's psychological orientation—commitment to the status quo (CSQ). We focus on a select set of variables which have been posited in prior research as determinants of executive CSQ, but which have not been directly tested for such a relationship. Based on a large‐scale survey methodology, results suggest that an executive's tenure in an industry is a pronounced determinant of CSQ, and has significantly more impact than organizational tenure. As expected, the firm's current performance was found to be positively related to CSQ; this relationship was stronger in high‐discretion than in low‐discretion industries. Finally, the project reaffirms a well known human tendency: incumbent CEOs tend to believe that their eventual successors should be just like them.
A theory of global strategic alliances: The case of the global auto industry
Authors: Burgers Willem P. , Hill Charles W. L. , Kim W. Chan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe theory articulated in this paper suggests that the desire to reduce demand and competitive uncertainty are two separate, important motives for alliance formation. Taking this as a starting point, we predict the configuration of horizontal alliances that we might expect to observe within an industry when firms experience these uncertainties to different degrees. An empirical test of this theory using data from the global auto industry yields results consistent with the view (1) that alliances are a device for reducing both the uncertainties that arise from unpredictable demand conditions and those that arise from competitive interdependence, and (2) that variation of demand uncertainty and competitive uncertainty across firms explains differentials in both the intensity and structure of their horizontal alliance activity.
Construct validity of some unweighted product‐count diversification measures
Authors: Lubatkin Michael , Merchant Hemant , Srinivasan Narasimhan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractConstruct validities are assessed for three simple‐to‐compute, unweighted, SIC‐based continuous diversification measures and a recently proposed two‐dimensional, SIC‐based categorical diversification measure. Two of the three continuous measures are found to correspond strongly to Rumelt's categorical measures, suggesting that these two objective and easy‐to‐calculate measures are better suited for large sample, strategy research than has previously been assumed. No support is found for the two‐dimensional measure.
Business strategy, technology policy and firm performance
Authors: Zahra Shaker A. , Covin Jeffrey G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a study of the relationships among select business strategy dimensions, technology policy dimensions, and firm performance. The research sought to identify how these variables interrelate at the bivariate and multivariate levels. Data were collected from 103 manufacturing‐based firms representing 28 mature industries. Results show that technology policy choices vary widely across firms with different business strategies, and that business strategy affects the strength of the relationship between firm performance and particular technology policies.
Why managers divest—Evidence from New Zealand's largest companies
Authors: Hamilton Robert T. , Chow Yuen Kong 
Published: June 2007

AbstractChief Executives from New Zealand's largest companies were surveyed to distinguish divesting and nondivesting companies, and to identify the relative importance of the factors and motives which led to the divestment of 208 business units in the period 1985 through 1990. The divesting companies were considerably larger and faster growing than nondivestors. The typical divestment was motivated by the need to convert unattractive assets into liquid form which could then be held to strengthen the balance sheet, or reinvested in either the core business or new areas.
Scope, timing and strategic adjustment in emerging markets: Manufacturer strategies and the case of MRI
Authors: Teplensky Jill D. , Kimberly John R. , Hillman Alan L , Schwartz J. Sanford 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examines the realized strategies of all domestic manufacturers in a growing, high technology, industrial market characterized by high levels of regulatory, demand, and technological uncertainty. These manufacturers have behaved quite differently and experienced varying levels of success in the market. A typology of entry strategies grounded in an intensive analysis of these data is presented. Specifically, it addresses the timing and scope of a firm's entry into the market, strategic adjustments over time, and the impact of these decisions on the firm's performance. It is proposed that these strategies represent trade‐offs between the risks of resource commitment and competitive preemption. Specific, testable hypotheses based on this typology are also provided.
Global, national and resource‐based strategies: An examination of strategic choice and performance in the vehicle components industry
Authors: Carr Christopher 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFor an industry facing both internationalization and impending maturity, available strategic prescriptions suggest four options which are at variance with each other. To assess the validity of competing strategic prescriptions, the outcomes of these four options are examined empirically by means of a longitudinal study of the vehicle components industry. Rather than going for strategies based on market domination, large British vehicle component companies would generally have performed better had they concentrated on resource‐based priorities; market domination has generally only proved feasible in national markets, and the outcomes of such strategies have proved little short of disastrous. Explanations are explored through a case study of one British national market leader and through international comparisons from Germany, the U.S.A. and Japan, which highlight the importance of manufacturing policies as primary sources of sustainable competitive advantage.
Stock market reactions to related diversification moves by service firms seeking benefits from information asymmetry and economies of scope
Authors: Nayyar Praveen R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractService firms may seek benefits from information asymmetry and economies of scope by diversifying. Each source of benefit is based on different underlying mechanisms and each is affected differently by implementation difficulties and service characteristics. Previous research, however, has not analyzed the relative performance effects of these two very different sources of benefits for related diversified service firms. Thus, this paper uses an integrative framework including these aspects to examine the relative performance effects of benefits from information asymmetry and economies of scope in service firms.
Innovative productivity and returns to scale in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Graves Samuel B. , Langowitz Nan S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study shows that firms in the pharmaceutical industry experience decreasing returns to scale in R & D as the level of R & D expenditures rises. The paper presents the results of our study of the innovative output of 16 pharmaceutical firms over a 19 year period. Given the strong correlation between R & D budgets and firm size, our study suggests the wave of mergers in the industry may yield less innovative productivity than managers expect.
A framework linking intangible resources and capabiliites to sustainable competitive advantage
Authors: Hall Richard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article is concerned with the role of intangible resources in business strategy. In particular it is concerned with identifying the intangible sources of sustainable competitive advantage. Sustainable competitive advantage results from the possession of relevant capability differentials. Regulatory and positional capabilities are concerned with intangible assets; functional and cultural capabilities are concerned with competencies. A framework linking intangible resources to capabilities has been devised and is used as the basis of a new technique for identifying the relative contribution which the different intangible resources make to competitive advantage. The results of the use of this technique in six case studies are reported.
Generalized vs. specific locus of control expectancies of chief executive officers
Authors: Boone Christophe , De Brabander Bert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHodgkinson (1992) recently advocated in this journal that measures of generalized control expectancies, such as the well known Rotter I‐E scale (Rotter, 1966), are not suited to study the relationship between the locus of control beliefs of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) on the one hand and strategic, structural and performance variables on the other hand. According to Hodgkinson (1992) a more specific scale, measuring strategic control expectancies, should be used in future research. We argue and empirically illustrate that such a methodology will not lead to interesting research results in the ‘strategic leadership’ domain. More specifically, measures of firm‐specific control expectancies are likely to be influenced by the CEO's perception of the situational context of the firm and are therefore not indicative of fundamental personality differences between CEOs. Consequently, such measures cannot give an answer to the basic research question whether and why the personality of CEOs plays an important role in explaining organizational behavior and performance.
Doubts about the conceptual and empirical status of context‐free and firm‐specific control expectancies: A reply to boone and de brabander
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBoone and De Brabander (1993) contend mat Hodgkinson's (1992) strategic locus of control scale will not lead to interesting research results and that researchers should continue to adopt the well known Rotter (1966) I‐E scale. Central to their argument is the assertion that responses to domain‐specific control expectancy scales, such as the strategic locus of control scale, largely reflect actors' perceptions of their current circumstances, whereas responses to the I‐E scale are a function of stable personality differences. In this reply the literature on the locus of control construct is briefly reviewed, in order to show that the accumulated empirical research evidence does not support the notion of generalized control expectancies as a simple unidimensional personality trait, but points overwhelmingly to the conclusion that control expectancies are more appropriately construed as a multidimensional, domain‐specific, cognitive variable shaped by the combined effects of disposition, prior learning experiences, reinforcement histories and current circumstances. The rationale for the development of the strategic locus of control scale is further explained, in order to clarify a number of other misconceptions.
The limits of growth of the multidivisional firm: A case study of the U.S. oil industry from 1930‐90
Authors: Ollinger Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSome scholars (Chandler, 1977; Penrose, 1959) believe that firms grow by transferring inimitable marketing, production, and research skills from one line of business to another. Extending this view and emphasizing the role of the central office of a multidivisional firm to transfer administrative skills, Williamson (1975) argues that competition among business units within the firm mimics a competitive capital market and leads to an effcient allocation of resources. Coase (1937), however, argues that firm size is limited by the costs of organizing diverse transactions and Chandler (1991) claims that growth is constrained by the technical and marketing expertise of the top managers. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the scope of the multidivisional firm is limited by the transferability of firm‐specific skills and the efficiency of capital markets. Support comes from a case study of 19 oil companies over the 1930–90 period.
Creating corporate entrepreneurship
Authors: Stopford John M. , Baden‐Fuller Charles W. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper demonstrates how the various types of corporate entrepreneurship–individual managers, business renewal and Schumpeterian, or industry, leadership–share five ‘bundles’ of attributes. Each type can exist in one firm, though at different times as the common attributes change their role and relative importance. External and internal triggers for change are examined for a sample of 10 firms in 4 European industries. The data suggest a provocative conclusion: troubled firms in hostile environments can shed past behaviors, adopt policies fostering entrepreneurship and accumulate innovative resource bundles that provide a platform on which industry leadership can be built.
The effects of industry growth and strategic breadth on new venture performance and strategy content
Authors: McDougall Patricia Phillips , Covin Jeffrey G. , Robinson Richard B. , Herron Lanny 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA sample of 123 independent new ventures was classified into four industry growthlstrategic breadth categories. High growth industry environments were found to provide a favorable environment for new ventures to achieve sales growth; however, the highest sales growth rates were exhibited by new ventures pursuing broad breadth strategies in high growth industries. One‐way ANOVA and contrast tests were also used to identify whether specific strategic variables varied across the four industry growth/strategic breadth combinations. New ventures in high growth industries chose to enter on a larger, more aggressive scale and placed more emphasis on new product development than those entering low growth industries. Broad breadth strategy ventures had higher levels of advertising and promotion expenses and placed greater emphasis on the dominance of marketing expertise in their top management team, developing new channels of distribution, and on brand name recognition. Ventures pursuing focus strategies emphasized specialty products and were less cost conscious.
Executive succession: Organizational antecedents of ceo characteristics
Authors: Datta Deepak K. , Guthrie James P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBased on 195 succession events in Business Week 1000 firms, this study examines the organizational antecedents of CEO demographic characteristics. Study findings suggest that antecedent conditions of lower firm profits and firm growth are associated with the selection of outsider CEOs. Additionally, R&D intensity is associated with the selection of CEOs having technical functional backgrounds and higher levels of education.
Exploiting globalization potential: U.S. and japanese strategies
Authors: Johansson Johny K. , Yip George S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper develops a model of global strategy that includes the constructs of industry globalization potential, the use of global strategy, the role of organization and management and the performance consequences of using global strategy. Propositions are developed as to why American and Japanese MNCs might differ in their perceptions of industry globalization potential, in their desired global strategy response, in their organizationally‐derived ability to implement global strategy and in their resulting performance. The model and arguments are examined in extensive interviews with senior executives at 36 worldwide businesses belonging to some of the largest American and Japanese MNCs. Data are analyzed using a partial least squares causal model. The results show that the Japanese firms have more globalized stategies than do the Americans, and that this factor affects their performance favorably.
Core business regulation and dual diversification patterns in the telecommunications industry
Authors: Kashlak Roger J. , Joshi Maheshkumar P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA firm is confronted with the separate decisions of product and international diversification. It is suggested that these postures are linked to external contingencies in firms who face core business regulation. A technique is developed to explain dual diversification patterns using evidence obtained from the new industry comprised of the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs).
Bilateral strategic groups: The market for nontactical navy information systems
Authors: Galbraith Craig S. , Merrill Gregory B. , Morgan George 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough recent studies of strategic groups have provided much insight into the nature of intra‐industry rivalry, most studies have focused on the strategies of seller firms. In this paper we argue that the bilateral exchange between groups of buyers and sellers in adjacent markets should be made explicit. Within this bilateral context, the market for non‐tactical Navy infomation systems is empirically examined. Strategic groups are developed for both seller and buyer industries, and the interaction between these groups are explored over time. In particular, two market interventions, the imposition of industrial funding procedures in 1984 and a Life‐Cycle requirement order in 1988, were examined with respect to their impact on seller/customer exchanges and vertical integration strategies. Significant changes in strategies were noted, and explained within a transaction cost framework.
The effect of national culture on the choice between licensing and direct foreign investment
Authors: Shane Scott 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper argues that national differences in levels of trust impact perceptions of transactions costs and thereby influence the desirability of internalization and the choice of foreign market entry mode. The paper tests this framework on industry level data from the United States Commerce Department's Benchmark Survey of operations of U.S. ‐based manufacturing multinational corporations in 1977 and 1982, and shows that cultural differences in trust do influence perceptions of transaction costs and the preference for direct foreign investment across countries.
Corporate governance and the bankrupt firm: An empirical assessment
Authors: Daily Catherine M. , Dalton Dan R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe incidence of bankruptcy has risen dramatically among firms of all types and sizes in the past decade. Little is known, however, about the effects of alternative governance structures on the propensity of an organization to file Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Relying on logistic regression for periods 5 years and 3 years prior to the bankruptcy, as well as the contemporaneous period, we examine the relationships among independent/interdependent board composition and the structure of CEO/board chairperson positions and the filing of bankruptcy. While controlling for a series of financial indicators and firm size, the results illustrate robust explanatory power for the governance variables for both lagged periods.
Oblique regular reflection of a plane shock in presence of a transverse magnetic field
Authors: Pant J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this paper the problem of oblique reflection of a plane incident shock from a rigid wall has been considered in conducting gases. The magnetic field is taken in the direction normal to the plane of flow. The properties behind the reflected shock at the point where the curvature first begins have been discussed. We assume that a first order allowable discontinuity exists at this point. Under this assumption the difference in gradients of different quantities at the point across the slip stream through the point have been obtained. Some other properties at this point have also been discussed. The phenomenon is assumed to be pseudostationary. The effect of magnetic field is also discussed.
Monte‐Carlo‐Methoden und lineare Randwertprobleme
Authors: Amann H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Monte‐Carlo‐Methode mit Informationsspeicherung zur Lösung diskreter elliptischer Randwert‐probleme wird auf den Fall inhomogener Randwertaufgaben ausgedehnt. Ferner wird gezeigt, daß wiederholte Anwendung dieses Verfahrens – d. h. eine sequentielle Monte‐Carlo‐Methode – einen konvergenten Prozeß liefert, wenn nur auf jeder Stufe genügend viele Irrwege simuliert werden.
Ermittlung stationärer schallnaher Strömungen im Absteigeverfahren aus dem Instationären
Authors: Oswatitsch K. , Leiter E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMit der neuen analytischen Charakteristikenmethode des zweiten Verfassers können stationäre schallnahe Strömungen in einer instationären Darstellung behandelt werden. Einige Ergebnisse für Keil und Kegel werden mitgeteilt und mit anderen Lösungen und Experimenten verglichen.
Über die Bewegungsgröße in der Trefftz‐Ebene der Tragflügeltheorie und in sonstigen ebenen, inkompressiblen Potentialströmungen
Authors: Kraemer K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEs wird gezeigt, daß das Integral der Bewegungsgröße in der vor langer Zeit von einem Tragflügel durchflogenen Trefftz‐Ebene keinen bestimmten Wert hat. Die Bedingungen, unter denen die Trefftzsche Theorie dennoch gültig ist, werden mitgeteilt. Es ist eine allgemeine Eigenschaft aller im Unendlichen abklingenden, inkompressiblen Potentialströmungen, daß ihre Bewegungsgröße unbestimmt ist, innerhalb gewisser Grenzen, die angegeben werden.
The general theory of isothermal elastic‐plastic deformation of polycrystals based on an analysis of the microscopic state of stress
Authors: Kafka V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe microscopic inhomogeneity of material and the ensuing inhomogeneities of stress and strain are in this study taken to represent the fundamental characteristics of polycrystals as regard the deformation properties. It is assumed on the basis of previous theoretical and experimental findings that the deformation properties of a macroscopically isotropic polycrystalline medium can well be described by the mathematical model of a material consisting of microparticles of several kinds that all have the properties of ideally elastic‐plastic Reuss materials. A comparison with experimental results of other investigators as well as of author's own indicates a good qualitative agreement.The title subject has been discussed in a preliminary communication (cf.[20].
Konstruktion achsensymmetrischer Kurven 4. Ordnung, Degeneration und Zerfall
Authors: Hassler E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEine Konstruktion zur Erzeugung von Kurven 4. Ordnung vom Geschlecht 1 erlaubt durch Zerfall und Degeneration und durch Wahl geeigneter Parameterwerte die Konstruktion eines vollständigen Systems der Typen achsensymmetrischer Kurven dritter Ordnung. Die Konstruktion bleibt ausführbar auch bei dem Übergang von Kurven ohne Singularität zu solchen mit einer Singularität. Nicht nur alle Typen achsensymmetrischer Kurven, 3. Ordnung sondern auch die Nachbarkurven 4. Ordnung können nach der entsprechenden Relation mit einem einzigen Programm von einer Rechenanlage tabelliert werden.