bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated metabolic costs while resting on water in a surface feeder: the Black‐legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla
Authors: HUMPHREYS ELIZABETH M. , WANLESS SARAH , BRYANT DAVID M. 
Published: October 2006

Measurements of the energy costs of individual behaviours provide insights into how animals trade‐off resource allocation and energy acquisition decisions. The energetic costs while resting on water are poorly known for seabirds but could comprise a substantial proportion of their daily energy expenditure. We measured the cost of resting on water in Black‐legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, a species which does not fly during the night and for which estimating energy expenditure while resting on the water is therefore important. Their resting metabolic rate on water at 12.5 °C was at least 40% higher compared with resting at the same temperature in air. This indicates that, at comparable temperatures, metabolic costs are elevated for birds resting at sea compared with on land. We argue that Kittiwakes meet much of this extra thermoregulatory demand by dedicated metabolic activity. During the winter months, their costs are likely to be even higher owing to lower sea temperatures. Accordingly, we suggest that migration to milder latitudes, following breeding, will provide enhanced benefits, particularly to seabirds such as Kittiwakes which rest on the sea surface during darkness.
Seasonal resource tracking by Amazonian hummingbirds
Authors: COTTON PETER A. 
Published: October 2006

Many ecological theories predict a close match between food resources and the number and diversity of consumers but comparatively few empirical studies have simultaneously quantified seasonal variation in an entire assemblage and its resource base. Hummingbirds provide an excellent model system to examine this relationship because their primary food resource is conspicuous and easily quantified. Over a 2‐year period I used mist‐netting and direct observation of birds feeding at flowering plants to record the abundance of 16 species of hummingbird in lowland Amazonian rainforest. Although there was very little annual variation in temperature and daylength, both rainfall and river level showed significant seasonal variation. At the study site this resulted in an annual flood lasting for over 5 months, inundating much of the area to a depth of 2 m. I recorded marked seasonal patterns in flowering phenology and arthropod abundance, which correlated with river level and rainfall, respectively. In turn, these seasonal fluctuations in resource abundance correlated very closely with variation in hummingbird species richness, hummingbird abundance and the total biomass of hummingbirds in the assemblage. This study is the first to demonstrate tracking of seasonal resource variation in equatorial rainforest and provides evidence that hummingbirds are sensitive to resource availability at spatial and temporal scales much greater than previously documented.
Ownership Concentration in Privatized Firms: The Role of Disclosure Standards, Auditor Choice, and Auditing Infrastructure
Authors: GUEDHAMI OMRANE , PITTMAN JEFFREY A. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTWe rely on a unique data set to estimate the impact of disclosure standards and auditor‐related characteristics on ownership concentration in 190 privatized firms from 31 countries. Accounting transparency can help alleviate the agency conflict between minority investors and controlling shareholders, which is evident in the extent of ownership concentration, since the expropriation of corporate resources hinges on these private benefits remaining hidden. After controlling for other country‐level and firm‐level determinants, we find weak (no) evidence that extensive disclosure standards (auditor choice) reduce ownership concentration. In contrast, we report strong, robust evidence that ownership concentration is lower in countries with securities laws that specify a lower burden of proof in civil and criminal litigation against auditors, consistent with Ball's [2001] predictions. Collectively, our research implies that minority investors worldwide value legal institutions that discipline auditors in the event of financial reporting failure over both the presence of a Big 5 auditor and better disclosure standards. Re‐estimating our regressions on a broad sample of western European public firms provides similar evidence on all of our predictions.
Effects of APOE and CHRNA4 genotypes on retinal nerve fibre layer thickness at the optic disc and on risk for developing exfoliation syndrome
Authors: Ritland Jon Ståle , Utheim Tor Paaske , Utheim Øygunn Aass , Espeseth Thomas , Lydersen Stian , Semb Svein Ove , Rootwelt Helge , Elsås Tor 
Published: October 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate whether CHRNA4 and APOE genotypes influence retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness at the optic disc, intraocular pressure (IOP) and the development of exfoliation syndrome (XFS).Methods:  A sample of 88 healthy adults (aged 50–75 years) genotyped for polymorphisms of APOE and CHRNA4 underwent an eye examination including slit‐lamp examination and fundus photography, as well as measurements of visual acuity, refraction, IOP and RNFL thickness at the optic disc by optical coherence tomography. The Fisher−Boschloo unconditional full multinomial test and two sample t‐tests were used in the statistical analyses.Results:  There was no correlation between CHRNA4 and APOE genotypes and average RNFL thickness at the optic disc in the two eyes. Mean IOP in the eyes of APOE2 carriers was 13.18 mmHg, whereas that in the eyes of non‐APOE2 carriers, at 14.82 mmHg, was significantly higher (p = 0.014). Exfoliation syndrome was found in one or both eyes in 15 persons. The presence of XFS was less likely in CC carriers of the CHRNA4 gene than in TT and TC carriers (p = 0.049).Conclusions:  We found no significant difference in RNFL thickness at the optic disc in the different genotype carriers of the APOE and CHRNA4 genes, and thereby no evidence for increased loss of ganglion cells in the retina as an effect of these genes. APOE2 carriers had significantly lower IOP than non‐APOE2 carriers. However, both values are within the normal range and RNFL thickness measurements at the optic disc showed no difference between these two groups. In our study population, CC carriers of the CHRNA4 gene were less likely to develop XFS.
Acute bipolar mania: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of co‐therapy vs. monotherapy
Authors: Smith L. A. , Cornelius V. , Warnock A. , Tacchi M. J. , Taylor D. 
Published: October 2006

Introduction:  The aim of this meta‐analysis was to systematically review the effectiveness of co‐therapy compared with monotherapy for people with bipolar mania.Method:  MEDLINE, Embase, Psychinfo, The Cochrane Library and reference lists of retrieved studies were searched without language restrictions for randomized controlled trials evaluating co‐therapy compared with monotherapy for acute bipolar mania. Each trial was assessed for susceptibility to bias. Data on mania outcomes, withdrawals, extrapyramidal symptoms and weight were extracted and pooled effect estimates summarized as relative risks (RR) or differences in mean values (MD) where appropriate.Results:  Eight eligible studies were included (1124 participants). Significant reductions in mania (Young Mania Rating Scale, YMRS) scores were shown for haloperidol, olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine as co‐therapy compared with monotherapy with a mood stabilizer. For atypical antipsychotics combined, the pooled difference in mean scores was 4.41 (95% CI: 2.74, 6.07). Significantly more participants on co‐therapy met the response criterion (at least 50% reduction in YMRS score), RR 1.53 (1.31, 1.80). With some drugs, co‐therapy decreased tolerability compared with monotherapy, and resulted in greater weight gain. There were insufficient data to compare one co‐therapy regimen with another.Conclusion:  The addition of antipsychotic treatment to established mood‐stabilizer treatment is more effective than mood‐stabilizer treatment alone.
Interleukin‐24, RANTES and CCR5 gene polymorphisms are not associated with chronic adult periodontitis
Authors: Savarrio L. , Donati M. , Carr C. , Kinane D. F. , Berglundh T. 
Published: October 2006

Background and Objective:  Cytokines, such as interleukin‐10, and related genetic polymorphisms, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible correlation between chronic periodontitis and genetic polymorphisms coding for two interleukin‐10 related chemokines [interleukin‐24 and regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES)] as well as a RANTES receptor [CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)].Material and Methods:  A single‐blind, two‐centre, case‐controlled study was carried out with test patients from the Clinic of Periodontics, Göteborg University, and from the Department of Periodontology, Glasgow University, and control subjects from the undergraduate clinics of both schools. Blood samples were collected from 106 patients (56 women and 50 men, mean age 51.7 yr) with generalized, severe chronic periodontitis and from 69 periodontally healthy subjects (37 women and 32 men, mean age 53.3 yr). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the genetic coding for interleukin‐24, RANTES and CCR5. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between the test and control groups using Fischer's exact test at the 5% level of significance.Results:  There were no statistically significant differences between patients with chronic periodontitis and control subjects, regarding genotype distribution or allele frequency, irrespective of smoking status, in the combined Glasgow and Gothenburg cohort or in the specific location cohorts. The allele frequencies for healthy and control subjects for RANTES gave a p‐value of 0.80 (allele G was 58.8% in healthy subjects and and 54.4% in subjects with periodontitis), for interleukin‐24 the p‐value was 0.90 (allele T was 56.2% in healthy subjects and and 54.9% in subjects with periodontitis) and for CCR5 the p‐value was 0.90 (the wild‐type allele was 85% in healthy subjects and and 82.7% in subjects with periodontitis).Conclusion:  The interleukin‐24, RANTES and CCR5 polymorphisms investigated are not associated with chronic periodontitis.
NEGATIVE THERAPEUTIC REACTION
Authors: Tindle Kate 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
For the last 80 years the term ‘negative therapeutic reaction’ has been used by psychoanalysts and psychotherapists to define the phenomenon of improvement followed by deterioration of a client's psychological or symptomatic condition, apparently in response to their therapist's interventions. Negative therapeutic reaction has been the subject of many papers written by these practitioners, who in various ways have attempted to clarify and understand what goes wrong in such therapeutic encounters.This paper summarises the ideas of many psychoanalytic writers and practitioners who have worked throughout the span of the twentieth century, and up to the present day. Various aspects of negative therapeutic reaction are explored, such as alternative definitions of the concept, possible origins of NTR, the impact of the therapeutic relationship, and treatment implications. These ideas are compared and discussed, drawing mainly on the object relations theories of Fairbairn (1943), and illustrated through examples from myth, literature, research and clinical vignettes.
Winter bat activity in the Canadian prairies
Authors: Lausen C.L. , Barclay R.M.R. 
Published: October 2006

Periodic arousal from hibernation among mammalian hibernators is poorly understood. In bats, arousal is often associated with flight. We acoustically monitored two rocky areas along the Red Deer River in southeastern Alberta for bat activity in autumn, winter, and spring months. We found bats to be active in all months and at unexpectedly cold temperatures (coldest activity –8 °C). Bats were active even when ambient temperatures remained below 0 °C during the day and night. We documented Myotis ciliolabrum (Merriam, 1886), Myotis evotis (H. Allen, 1864), and Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois, 1796) flying outside hibernacula in winter. Active E. fuscus that we captured in mid-winter of 2004–2005 weighed less than bats captured in the fall, but masses ranged from 14.0 to 21.0 g, indicating that some individuals still had fat reserves. Captured individuals were of various ages, with a male bias. Using radiotelemetry, we located the first natural rock-crevice hibernacula for male and female E. fuscus in the Canadian prairies. Winter roosts were narrow, deep rock crevices or erosion holes located in steep valley walls. We found evidence to suggest that dehydration may be a driving force for winter flights.
Responses of crayfish to a reflective environment depend on dominance status
Authors: May H.Y. , Mercier A.J. 
Published: October 2006

Previous work has shown that the reflection from aquarium walls can modify several aspects of crayfish behaviour, but only if the crayfish are socialized. Such socialization is known to generate a dominance hierarchy composed of dominant and subordinate animals. The present study was conducted to determine whether or not behavioural responses to reflection depend on dominance status. Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) were maintained in pairs for 2 weeks to establish dominance ranks and were subsequently observed in an aquarium in which half of the walls were lined with mirrors and the other half were lined with nonreflective plastic. Dominant crayfish spent more time on the reflective side of the aquarium than on the nonreflective side, and they spent more time in reflective corners than in nonreflective corners. Dominant crayfish also turned more frequently on the reflective side and crossed the tank more frequently toward reflective walls. Such differences in behaviour were not observed for subordinate crayfish or for crayfish that had been isolated for 2 weeks. Subordinate crayfish exhibited more reverse walking on the reflective side of the aquarium than on the nonreflective side, but crayfish in the other groups did not. Thus, responses of crayfish to reflection depend on dominance status.
Survival of Steller sea lions in Alaska: a comparison of increasing and decreasing populations
Authors: Pendleton Grey W. , Pitcher Kenneth W. , Fritz Lowell W. , York Anne E. , Raum-Suryan Kimberly L. , Loughlin Thomas R. , Calkins Donald G. , Hastings Kelly K. , Gelatt Thomas S. 
Published: October 2006

Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)) populations have had differing dynamics in different regions of Alaska over the past 30 years. The western population (west of 144°W, near Cape Suckling) declined by approximately 85% between the 1970s and 2000, while the eastern population has increased at a rate of over 3%/year. Past research has indicated that the decline in the western population likely resulted from decreased juvenile survival and smaller declines in adult female survival and reproduction. Based on repeated observations (1987–2003) of sea lions branded as pups at Marmot Island (58.216°N, 151.840°W; western population; branded in 1987–1988) and at the Forrester Island rookery complex (54.859°N, 133.539°W; eastern population; branded in 1994–1995), we used mark–resight analyses to estimate age-specific survival probabilities. Juvenile sea lion survival probability at Marmot Island from 1988 to 1991 was lower than survival estimates at that location in the 1970s (assumed stable population) and lower than juvenile survival at Forrester Island from 1995 to 1998 (increasing population). Adult female survival at Marmot Island from 1992 to 2003 was only slightly reduced compared with that in the 1970s but was substantially lower than that at Forrester Island (1999–2003). In addition, and contrary to the typical pattern (e.g., Forrester Island), adult female survival probabilities at Marmot Island were indistinguishable from adult male survival probabilities. This suggests that regardless of which factors altered the dynamics of the western Steller sea lion population, they differentially affected females.
Biomechanics of rheotaxis in six teleost genera
Authors: Blake Robert W. 
Published: October 2006

Biomechanical, behavioural, and morphological adaptations affecting lift and drag on tropical stream fish (five loricariids and one gyrinocheilid) are analyzed. The drag on fish attached to a surface is directly measured for the first time, allowing the lift coefficient to be inferred. Mean drag coefficients (0.2–0.9, based on projected frontal area) are 2 to 30 times the equivalent frictional coefficients for laminar flow for smooth blisters attached to a surface. Fineness ratios (total length / maximal height, l/h = 6.7–9.0), flattening (maximal body width / maximal height, b/h = 0.9–2.0), and lengthening (distance from end of rostrum to maximal height / total length, x/l = 0.17–0.22) are similar to optimal values for technical bodies of low drag (smooth blisters attached to surfaces: 10, 2, and 0.3 for l/h, b/h, and x/l, respectively). The station-holding ability of Gyrinocheilus aymonieri (Tirant, 1883) (closed oral sucker) is compared with that of the loricariids (open oral suckers) using live and dead slipping velocities (Vliveand Vdead; water velocity at which live and dead fish first move backwards against the current, respectively) measured on a smooth Perspex®surface. Gyrinocheilus aymonieri has the greatest station-holding ability (Vlive= 59.1 cm·s–1, Vlive– Vdead= 45.7 cm·s–1). Fish with high Vdeadand low Vlive– Vdeadvalues rely more on frictional devices (e.g., spines and odontodes) for station-holding than on oral suction (e.g., fish of the genera Otocinclus Cope, 1871 and Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803), whereas those with low Vdeadand high Vlive– Vdeadvalues place a greater emphasis on suction (e.g., G. aymonieri and the genus Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858). Stream fishes maximize slipping speed through high densities (1.06–1.15 g·cm–3), high frictional coefficients (0.12–1.2 on a Perspex®surface), and high rheotactic suction pressures (26–173 Pa). In addition, a negative lift coefficient of –0.5 is calculated for the genus Chaetostoma von Tschudi, 1846.
Geochemistry and mineralogy of the regolith profile over the Aries kimberlite pipe, Western Australia
Authors: Singh Balbir , Cornelius Matthias 
Published: October 2006

Residual regolith over the Aries kimberlite pipe, situated in the central Kimberley Block of Western Australia, consists of lateritic duricrust, mottled zone, upper saprolite, lower saprolite and saprock. Duricrust and mottled zone are dominated by goethite and kaolinite while saprolite consists mostly of smectite with minor amounts of mica and serpentine. Most kimberlite indicator minerals except chromite have been weathered. Kimberlitic rock fabric is preserved in the regolith up to the top of saprolite.
Chromium, Ni, Co, Cu, Nb, Zr, Ti, P and rare earth elements (REE) are significantly enriched in the mottled zone and duricrust relative to the saprolite and fresh kimberlite. Vanadium, Sb, As, Mo and U, derived from the sediments and basaltic rocks around the pipe, are also enriched. Goethite partly hosts Cr, Ni, and Co, and Nb and REE are associated with anatase. The clay fractions of the mottled zone and saprolite contain significant quantities of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Zr, Ga, Ti, Nb, Zn and REE. A suite of six trace elements comprising those associated with ultramafic rocks (Cr and Co) and felsic rocks (Nb, La, Sm and P) can readily distinguish the kimberlitic laterite from that derived from ultramafic or felsic rocks.
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Imatinib and Its Main Metabolite in Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Delbaldo Catherine , Chatelut Etienne , Ré Micheline , Deroussent Alain , Séronie-Vivien Sophie , Jambu Aurore , Berthaud Patrice , Le Cesne Axel , Blay Jean-Yves , Vassal Gilles 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Purpose: This study explored factors affecting the pharmacokinetic variability of imatinib and CGP 74588, and the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlations in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
Experimental Design: Thirty-five patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors received 400 mg of imatinib daily. Six blood samples were drawn: before intake, during 1- to 3- and 6- to 9-hour intervals after intake on day 1, and before intake on days 2, 30, and 60. Plasma imatinib and CGP 74588 concentrations were quantified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, and analyzed by the population pharmacokinetic method (NONMEM program). The influence of 17 covariates on imatinib clearance (CL) and CGP 74588 clearance (CLM/fm) was studied. These covariates included clinical and biological variables and occasion (OCC = 0 for pharmacokinetic data corresponding to the first administration, or OCC = 1 for the day 30 or 60 administrations).
Results: The best regression formulas were: CL (L/h) = 7.97 (AAG/1.15)−0.52, and CLM/fm (L/h) = 58.6 (AAG/1.15)−0.60 × 0.55OCC, with the plasma α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) levels indicating that both clearance values decreased at a higher AAG level. A significant time-dependent decrease in CLM/fm was evidenced with a mean (+SD) CGP 74588/imatinib area under the curve (AUC) ratio of 0.25 (±0.07) at steady state, compared with 0.14 (±0.03) on day 1. Hematologic toxicity was correlated with pharmacokinetic variables: the correlation observed with the estimated unbound imatinib AUC at steady-state (r = 0.56, P &lt; 0.001) was larger than that of the total imatinib AUC (r = 0.32, NS).
Conclusions: The plasma AAG levels influenced imatinib pharmacokinetics. A protein-binding phenomenon needs to be considered when exploring the correlations between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Bcl-2 Expression as a Predictive Marker of Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer Treated with Taxane-Based Chemotherapy
Authors: Yoshino Tateki , Shiina Hiroaki , Urakami Shinji , Kikuno Nobuyuki , Yoneda Tatsuaki , Shigeno Kazushi , Igawa Mikio 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis, and its overexpression is associated with hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Bak and Bax are in the Bcl-2 family and counteract the antiapoptotic function of Bcl-2. Taxane-induced (paclitaxel and its analogue docetaxel) phosphorylation of Bcl-2 abolishes the potential antiapoptotic effect of Bcl-2. We hypothesized that (a) survival benefit in HRPC patients treated with taxanes is determined by the presence of Bcl-2 protein and (b) altered expression of Bak and Bax protein caused by genetic mutation is associated with biological aggressiveness of prostate cancer.
Experimental Design: Forty localized prostate cancer and 30 HRPC cases were used in this study. Surgical specimens of localized prostate cancer and biopsy specimens of HRPC were used for immunostaining of Bcl-2, Bak, and Bax as well as DNA extraction. Mutations in the Bak and Bax genes were screened by single-strand conformational polymorphism, and confirmed by direct DNA sequencing.
Results: Bcl-2–positive HRPC showed longer cause-specific survival in comparison with the counterparts. Multivariate analysis revealed that the level of Bcl-2 expression before treatment with taxane-based chemotherapy was an independent predictor for cause-specific survival (P &lt; 0.01) and baseline prostate-specific antigen level was an independent predictor for progression-free survival (P &lt; 0.01). Bax gene mutation was found in only one HRPC specimen.
Conclusions: Bcl-2 expression in addition to prostate-specific antigen measurement before treatment could identify HRPC patients who may benefit from taxane-based chemotherapy. Mutation of the Bak and Bax genes is a rare event in prostate cancer.