bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopy‐Assisted Donor Right Hepatectomy Using a Hand Port System Preserving the Middle Hepatic Vein Branches
Authors: Suh Kyung‐Suk , Yi Nam‐Joon , Kim Taehoon , Kim Joohyun , Shin Woo Young , Lee Hae Won , Han Ho‐Seong , Lee Kuhn Uk 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundThis report reviews our experience with a modified right hepatectomy (MRH) using laparoscopic or laparoscopy‐assisted techniques preserving the middle hepatic vein (MHV) branches in living donor liver transplantation.MethodsNine female donors (17–36 years) underwent a laparoscopic MRH under pneumoperitoneum (L‐MRH; n = 2) or a laparoscopy‐assisted MRH (LA‐MRH; n = 7) with a hand port device. The donors for this minimally invasive surgery were volunteers with the willingness to undergo laparoscopic surgery and recipients who were not in urgent need of transplantation. Mobilization of the right liver was performed under pneumoperitoneum in all cases. Hilar dissection and parenchymal transection were performed under pneumoperitonuem (n = 2) or with a mini‐laparotomy incision (n = 7) using an ultrasonic aspirator without the Pringle maneuver. The major MHV branches (>5 mm) were preserved using Hem‐o‐lock clips. The graft was extracted through the site of the hand port device or the mini‐laparotomy. On the back table, the MHV branches were reconstructed with an artificial vascular graft.ResultsThere were no open conversions, and the graft was transplanted without any problem in every case. The operative time for the donors was 765 min and 898 min in the L‐MRH patients, and it ranged from 310 to 575 min for the laparoscopy‐assisted surgery. None of the donors required transfusion or reoperation; they were discharged on postoperative day 8–14 with normal liver function. A major complication occurred in one donor; fluid collection along the liver resection margin with fever was treated and resolved after percutaneous drainage.ConclusionsA right hepatectomy preserving the MHV or its branches by minimally invasive techniques including total laparoscopic surgery was technically feasible. However, further refinements of the procedure are required prior to wide clinical application.
MicroRNA and Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Yang Linda , Belaguli Narasimhaswamy , Berger David H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMicroRNAs are small 19 to 22 nucleotide sequences of RNA that participate in the regulation of cell differentiation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. MicroRNAs act much like small interfering RNA, annealing with RISC, to cleave messenger RNA, and microRNAs exert translational inhibition that is incompletely understood. They are important factors in tumorigenesis and have been the subject of research in many types of cancers, including colon cancer. MicroRNAs may be abnormally down‐regulated or up‐regulated in colon‐cancer tissue. Artificial dysregulation of certain microRNAs will trigger tumorigenesis or apoptosis depending on which microRNA is manipulated. Although the natural mechanisms for the dysregulation of microRNAs is still largely unknown, one theory tested in colon cancers proposes that DNA hypermethylation leads to down‐regulation of certain microRNAs. Specific microRNA expression patterns help characterize specific cancers and may be used as a prognostication factor and in following patient response to 5‐fluorouracil chemotherapy. This article reviews the existing literature pertaining to the study of microRNA in colorectal cancer.
Evaluation of Aerosol Delivery of Nanosuspension for Pre-clinical Pulmonary Drug Delivery
Authors: Chiang Po-Chang , Alsup Jason W , Lai Yurong , Hu Yiding , Heyde Bruce R , Tung David 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are pulmonary diseases that are characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine production, and airway hyper-reactivity. Most of the effector cells responsible for these pathologies reside in the lungs. One of the most direct ways to deliver drugs to the target cells is via the trachea. In a pre-clinical setting, this can be achieved via intratracheal (IT), intranasal (IN), or aerosol delivery in the desired animal model. In this study, we pioneered the aerosol delivery of a nanosuspension formulation in a rodent model. The efficiency of different dosing techniques and formulations to target the lungs were compared, and fluticasone was used as the model compound. For the aerosol particle size determination, a ten-stage cascade impactor was used. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was calculated based on the percent cumulative accumulation at each stage. Formulations with different particle size of fluticasone were made for evaluation. The compatibility of regular fluticasone suspension and nanosuspension for aerosol delivery was also investigated. The in vivo studies were conducted on mice with optimized setting. It was found that the aerosol delivery of fluticasone with nanosuspension was as efficient as intranasal (IN) dosing, and was able to achieve dose dependent lung deposition.
Fatty Acid Desaturation and Elongation Reactions of Trichoderma sp. 1‐OH‐2‐3
Authors: Ando Akinori , Ogawa Jun , Kishino Shigenobu , Ito Taiyo , Shirasaka Norifumi , Sakuradani Eiji , Yokozeki Kenzo , Shimizu Sakayu 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe fatty acid desaturation and elongation reactions catalyzed by Trichoderma sp. 1‐OH‐2‐3 were investigated. This strain converted palmitic acid (16:0) mainly to stearic acid (18:0), and further to oleic acid (c9‐18:1), linoleic acid (c9,c12‐18:2), and α‐linolenic acid (c9,c12,c15‐18:3) through elongation, and Δ9, Δ12, and Δ15 desaturation reactions, respectively. Palmitoleic acid (c9‐16:1) and cis‐9,cis‐12‐hexadecadienoic acid were also produced from 16:0 by the strain. This strain converted n‐tridecanoic acid (13:0) to cis‐9‐heptadecenoic acid and further to cis‐9,cis‐12‐heptadecadienoic acid through elongation, and Δ9 and Δ12 desaturation reactions, respectively. trans‐Vaccenic acid (t11‐18:1) and trans‐12‐octadecenoic acid (t12‐18:1) were desaturated by the strain through Δ9 desaturation. The products derived from t11‐18:1 were identified as the conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) of cis‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoic acid and trans‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoic acid. The product derived from t12‐18:1 was identified as cis‐9,trans‐12‐octadecadienoic acid. cis‐6,cis‐9‐Octadecadienoic acid was desaturated to cis‐6,cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic acid by this strain through Δ12 desaturation. The broad substrate specificity of the elongation, and Δ9 and Δ12 desaturation reactions of the strain is useful for fatty acid biotransformation.
The Relevance of Descartes's Philosophy for Modern Philosophy of Science
Authors: Buchdahl Gerd 
Published: January 2009

SummaryI. Reputed shortcomings of Descartes as philosopher of science.II ‘Knowledge’ in mathematics and in physics. The ‘ontological’ postulates of Descartes's philosophy and philosophy of physics.III. The ‘foundations of dynamics’: ‘Newton's First Law of Motion’ and its status.IV. Descartes's conception of ‘hypothesis’: the competing claims of the ideal of the a priori in physics and the conception of retroductive inference. (The status of the mechanistic world picture.)V. Descartes's notion of ‘analysis’. The distinction between ‘procedure’ and ‘inference’. The notion of ‘induction’ and ‘understanding through models’: ‘Snell's Law of Refraction’.
The Foundation of the Geological Society of London: Its Scheme for Co-operative Research and its Struggle for Independence
Authors: Rudwick M. J. S. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisThe Geological Society of London was the first learned society to be devoted solely to geology, and its members were responsible for much of the spectacular progress of the science in the nineteenth century. Its distinctive character as a centre of geological discussion and research was established within the first five years from its foundation in 1807. During this period its activities were directed, and its policies largely shaped, by its President, George Bellas Greenough, on whose unpublished papers this account is chiefly based.The Society began as a small scientific dining club in London, but it developed rapidly into a learned society with a nation-wide membership. It became so independent in outlook and so active in research that it was felt to threaten the esteem of the Royal Society; and little more than a year after its foundation it clashed with the Royal Society (and especially with its President Sir Joseph Banks) so violently that its continued existence was for a time uncertain.Its development into a large independent society was the outcome of its ‘Baconian’ view of the importance of collecting geological facts as a surer basis for geological theories. For this purpose it initiated an ambitious scheme for co-operative research, which would unite the efforts of ‘philosophers’ with those of ‘practical men’. Only personal reasons seem to have kept the most prominent of the practical men—William Smith—from co-operating with the Society.
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion: 1609–1666
Authors: Russell J. L. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisHistorians of seventeenth-century science have frequently asserted that Kepler's laws of planetary motion were largely ignored between the time of their first publication (1609, 1619) and the publication of Newton's Principia (1687). In fact, however, they were more widely known and accepted than has been generally recognized.Kepler's ideas were, indeed, rather slow in establishing themselves, and until about 1630 there are few references to them in the literature of the time. But from then onwards, interest in them increased fairly rapidly. In particular, the principle of elliptical orbits had been accepted by most of the leading astronomers in France before 1645 and in England by about 1655. It also received quite strong support in Holland.The second law had a more chequered history. It was enunciated in its exact form by a few writers and was used in practice by some others without being explicitly formulated, but the majority, especially after 1645, preferred one or another of several variant forms which were easier to use but only approximately correct. The third law attracted less interest than the others, chiefly perhaps because it had no satisfactory theoretical basis, but it was correctly stated by at least six writers during the period under review.Between about 1630 and 1650 Kepler's Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae (in which all three laws were clearly formulated) was probably the most widely read work on theoretical astronomy in northern and western Europe, while his Rudolphine Tables, which were based upon the first two laws, were regarded by the majority of astronomers as the most accurate planetary tables available.Kepler's work certainly did not receive all the recognition it deserved, but the extent to which it was neglected has been much exaggerated.
Roman Lead Working in Britain
Authors: Tylecote R. F. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisThe exploitation of the lead resources of this country by the Romans commenced very soon after their arrival and shows every sign of being a well organized trade. Little evidence of deep mining has survived and it is probable that most of the ore was obtained by means of shallow workings, mainly in Somerset, Salop, Flintshire and Derbyshire. Although the silver content does not seem ever to have been as high as that of some well-known mines in the Mediterranean, it is clear that silver has been extracted by the Romans from some of the British lead. The lead was cast in carefully made moulds, producing pigs with inscriptions which indicate their date. These were then used for the pipes, cisterns and pewter tableware which contributed to the high standard of living of the period.
The Early Disputes between Lavoisier and Monnet, 1777–1781
Authors: Rappaport Rhoda 
Published: January 2009

The list of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier's opponents is a long and distinguished one, ranging from Joseph Priestley and Henry Cavendish to Jean-Paul Marat. Among the less distinguished members of this company is Antoine Monnet, a minor chemist and mineralogist whose fame rests in large part on the very fact that he and Lavoisier became enemies. Unlike his better-known contemporaries, Monnet remains almost wholly neglected, and no attempt has yet been made to sort out the issues in his controversy with Lavoisier; instead, Lavoisier's biographers have been content to accept Lavoisier's own version of at least a part of the affair, with the result that Monnet has emerged as the villain of the piece and Lavoisier as the injured victim. The two men probably first came into close contact in 1776 or 1777, the nature of their relationship has remained obscure for the period 1777–1780, and the situation after 1780 has been summarized by biographers in a manner resembling that of Edouard Grimaux:“ayant en main tous les documents réunis par Guettard et Lavoisier, il [Monnet] ajouta de nouvelles cartes à celles qui étaient déjà gravées, et publia, en 1780, un altas minéralogique incomplet, qu'il signa avec Guettard, tout en s'attribuant la plus grande part du travail. Il cita, il est vrai, Lavoisier comme l'auteur des seize premières cartes, mais il utilisa sans son aveu et sans le nommer les matériaux préparés pour le reste du travail, et négligea d'indiquer que les coupes placées en marge de chaque carte étaient le résultat des nivellements faits au baromètre par Lavoisier. Celui-ci en fut vivement froissé … Il trouva toujours en Monnet un adversaire obstiné qui, en 1798, attaquait encore les doctrines nouvelles en publiant une soi-disant Démonstration de la fausseté des principes des nouveaux chimistes.”
Lecture demonstrations and the real world: the case of cart-wheels
Authors: Wess Jane 
Published: January 2009

A quotation from J. T. Desaguliers, one of the foremost scientific lecturers in England until his death in 1744, contrasts the use of demonstrations to show physical principles and those designed to imitate real situations:I have indeed a Machine with brass wheels whose steel axes have very small pivots nicely made that any of the wheels set in motion will turn for the space of more than half an hour… but the use of my machine being chiefly to show how near these kinds of experiments may be brought to agree with a mathematical theory; we cannot expect that any carriage to bear weight can have so little friction. Therefore I choose to relate Monsieur De Camus's Experiments made on Models of Carriages of an inch to a Foot every way representing Carts and Waggons… because it shows us directly what is the real Friction in the carriages at present in use.
Presidential Address: Getting science across
Authors: Knight David 
Published: January 2009

‘Read until you hear the voices’; so the maxim goes for those who would engage with the Victorians. Let us try with Thomas Henry Huxley:A great chapter in the history of the world is written in the chalk. Few passages in the history of man can be supported by such an overwhelming mass of direct and indirect evidence as that which testifies to the truth of the fragment of the history of the globe, which I hope to enable you to read, with your own eyes, tonight. Let me add, that few chapters of human history have a more profound significance for ourselves. I weigh my words well when I assert, that the man who should know the true history of the bit of chalk which every carpenter carries about in his breeches-pocket, though ignorant of all other history, is likely, if he will think his knowledge out to its ultimate results, to have a truer, and therefore a better, conception of this wonderful universe, and man's relation to it, than the most learned student who is deep-read in the records of humanity and ignorant of those of Nature.
Attenuation of diabetic complications by C-phycoerythrin in rats: antioxidant activity of C-phycoerythrin including copper-induced lipoprotein and serum oxidation
Authors: Soni Badrish , Visavadiya Nishant P. , Madamwar Datta 
Published: January 2009

In the present study, the protective role of purified C-phycoerythrin (C-PE) against diabetic complications and Cu-mediated lipoprotein oxidation was evaluated. C-PE (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight per d) was administered to experimental streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic male rats for 28 d. C-PE treatment successfully ameliorated diabetic complications by decreasing food intake, organ weights, serum concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, TAG, VLDL-cholesterol, creatinine, uric acid and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), with increases in body weight, Hb, total protein, bilirubin and ferric-reducing ability of plasma values. Hepatic and renal tissues demonstrated significant decreases in TBARS, lipid hydroperoxide and conjugated diene contents, with increases in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, vitamin E and vitamin C levels. Furthermore, the 4-weekex vivoandin vitroadministration of C-PE (0·5 and 1·0 mg/ml) indicated a decrease in Cu-mediated serum oxidation. The kinetics of the LDL oxidation profile showed significant prolongation of the lag phase with declines in oxidation rate, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxide and TBARS. Results indicated the involvement of C-PE in the amelioration of diabetic complications by significant reductions in oxidative stress and oxidised LDL-triggered atherogenesis.
Changes of sugars, β-carotene and firmness of refrigerated Ataulfo mangoes treated with exogenous ethylene
Authors: MONTALVO E. , ADAME Y. , GARCÍA H. S. , TOVAR B. , MATA M. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYThe export of Ataulfo mangoes to the US market involves a mandatory hot water treatment and further handling at 13°C for 4 days. These treatments have proven to adversely affect fruit ripening, mainly in colour and flavour development, and their nutritional quality. The application of exogenous ethylene (100 μl/l of air for 12 h at 25°C) to Ataulfo mangoes that were treated with hot water after storage for 4 days at 13°C, and then transferred to 25°C for ripening, was evaluated. Sugar content, colour development and textural firmness were monitored. Control fruit were held at 25°C with no previous refrigeration or ethylene exposure; another batch was kept refrigerated for 4 days at 13°C, not treated with ethylene and ripened at 25°C. Synthesis of fructose (30 g/kg fresh weight (FW)), glucose (38 g/kg FW), sucrose (120 g/kg FW) and β-carotene (0·026 g/kg FW) in the last day of storage was greater in fruits treated with ethylene than on refrigerated mangoes (RM). Loss of firmness (9·3 Newtons) coincided with the highest pectinmethylesterase and polygalacturonase activities, 53·24 and 37·92 U/mg protein, respectively, and eventually led to collapse of cell structure. Results suggest that sugars and carotenoid content can be increased, along with an accelerated ripening by application of exogenous ethylene on mangoes that were refrigerated for 4 days.
Exopolysaccharide-producing mesophilic lactic cultures for preparation of fat-free Dahi – an Indian fermented milk
Authors: Behare Pradip , Singh Rameshwar , Singh Rudrapratap P 
Published: January 2009

Forty seven exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing mesophilic lactic acid bacteria have been isolated from Dahi and raw milk and selected cultures were evaluated for their influence on rheological and sensory properties of fat-free Dahi. Two isolates namely B-6 and KT-24 that showed promising technological attributes were identified asLc.lactissubsp.lactisstrains. B-6 produced 184±2 mg/l EPS in deproteinized whey medium compared with 193±1 mg/l by KT-24. EPS produced by B-6 was a heteropolysaccharide (consisting of glucose and mannose, 1:7·4) with molecular weight of 3·0×104 Da whereas KT-24 EPS was a homopolysaccharide (rhamnose) having molecular weight of 4·5×104 Da. Both EPS producing cultures showed significant changes in rheological and sensory properties of fat-free Dahi. Dahi prepared by these cultures was more viscous, adhesive, sticky, showed lower susceptibility to whey separation, and received higher sensory scores than Dahi prepared with non-EPS producing culture.
Japanese key words and core cultural values
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTEvery language has its own key words, which reflect the core values of the culture. Consequently, cultures can be revealingly studied, compared, and explained to outsiders through their key words. But to be able to study, compare, and explain cultures in terms of their key words, we need a culture-independent analytical framework. A framework of this kind is provided by the natural semantic metalanguage developed by the author and colleagues over the last two decades. In the present article, the author explores and analyzes six Japanese concepts widely regarded as being almost more that any others culture-specific and culturally revealing –amae, enryo, wa, on, giri, andseishin– and shows how the use of the natural semantic metalanguage (based on universal semantic primitives) helps to make these concepts clear and how it facilitates better insight into Japanese culture and society (Japanese language, Japanese culture, cross-cultural semantics, key words, core values)
Interracial Panjabi in a British adolescent peer group
Authors: Rampton M B H 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTSeveral sociologists have noted the emergence of syncretic multiracial youth cultures in Britain and addressed its political significance. Most discussion has focused on Afro-Caribbean influences, but this article considers Asian involvement by analyzing the use of Panjabi by black and white adolescents in a mixed peer group. Informant reports suggested that Panjabi crossing was common, though assessments varied according to its contexts of occurrence. Analysis of spontaneous speech reduced these to two: agonistic interactions, where Panjabi played an auxiliary role in familiar playground practices (primarily among males); and bhangra, in which predominantly white females looked toward a nascent youth culture with Panjabi at its core. Despite major differences, bilingual sponsors and nonconversational structures were crucial in both settings. Opposition to establishment hierarchy might be more a part of the interracial meaning potential of Creole, but Panjabi was important, both in managing the divisions that cross-cut youth community and in extending horizons beyond the confines of local neighborhood experience. (Ethnography of communication, ethnic relations, adolescent multilingualism, language contact, code-switching, second language learning)
New Insights Into the Lithospheric Structure of Southern Norway
Authors: Stratford W. , Thybo H. , Faleide J.I. , Olesen O. , Tryggvason A. 
Published: January 2009

Topography can result from a balance, called isostasy, between the overlying weight of the crust and the buoyancy of the mantle beneath it. The principle of isostasy was put forward almost two centuries ago as a method of explaining variations in mountain heights, and it does a good job of explaining most of the first‐order variations in the Earth's topography.For example, when the crust is in local isostatic balance, elevation increases can be compensated for by an increase in crustal thickness, which in mountainous areas is in the form of a crustal root. Called Airy isostasy, compensation through crustal roots involves a correlation between surface topography and crustal thickness. However, topography may not be solely compensated for by crustal thickness, as other mechanisms such as flexural rigidity, low mantle densities, and dynamic topography can also be in effect.