bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of cyclo‐oxygenase 2 inhibitors (COX‐2) and prescription non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) in UK and USA populations. Implications for COX‐2 cardiovascular profile
Authors: Arellano Félix M. , Yood Marianne Ulcickas , Wentworth Charles E , Oliveria Susan A , Rivero Elena , Verma Anila , Rothman Kenneth J 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundCOX‐2 and NSAIDS differ in their gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular (CV) toxicity from pharmacological, clinical and epidemiologic point of views.ObjectiveDescribe the patterns of use of NSAIDS and COX‐2 in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database in UK and the PharMetrics database in USA.MethodsWe examined the experience of 10 distinct cohorts of new users of diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, piroxicam, other NSAIDS, meloxicam, celecoxib, etoricoxib, rofecoxib and valdecoxib. The study period was 1 January 1995 through 2004 (31 March in UK and 28 February in USA). We collected information on covariates including history of upper GI disease, CV disease, hepatic disease, dosage, concomitant medication, and visits to a rheumatologist.ResultsWe identified 486 076 unique patient‐drug pairs in UK and 1 533 239 in USA. In UK population 78 201 (16%) were COX‐2 users and in PharMetrics 324 206 (21%) were COX‐2 users. Diclofenac and ibuprofen (NSAIDS), and celecoxib and rofecoxib (COX‐2) were the agents prescribed most frequently. The duration of therapy was longer among celecoxib and rofecoxib users than among other users. More COX‐2 users than NSAIDS users received concomitant gastroprotective agents (GPA), corticosteroids and anti‐platelet therapy, and had a history of thromboembolic events and hypertension. PharMetrics patients were prescribed higher doses of NSAIDS and COX‐2. The use of any single agent for more than 90 days was uncommon, but more frequent in PharMetrics. Switching was uncommon and was generally to a NSAID.DiscussionOur results confirm some previous findings from other authors such as the presence of both GI and CV channelling to COX‐2 agents but refute others, such as the frequency of drug switching between these agents. The typical use of COX‐2 agents in practice is for shorter duration, and at lower doses, than was employed in randomized clinical trials. This difference may help clarify the apparent discrepancy with respect to CV toxicity between the results from clinical trials, which showed a higher CV risk with these drugs, and non‐experimental epidemiologic studies, which showed lower or no increase in risk. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalysis and inhibition of ester hydrolysis in the presence of resorcinarene hosts functionalized with dimethylamino groups
Authors: Cevasco Giorgio , Thea Sergio , Vigo Daniele , Williams Andrew , Zaman Flora 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComplexation and catalysis of two calixresorcinarene (RES) derivatives with nucleophilic N,N‐dimethylamino functions attached to their upper rims in the hydrolysis of carboxylate and sulfonate esters of 4‐nitrophenol and 2,4‐dinitrophenol have been investigated. Rate constants obey the complexation equation:

Values of the dissociation constant (Ks) of the complexes are within the range exhibited by other systems such as cyclodextrins–ester complexes. The reactions of sulfonate esters only exhibit inhibition by the macrocyclic hosts. The reactions of the carboxylate esters exhibit catalysis and inhibition depending on the pH of the system. It is proposed that the dimethylamino function in RES3 and RES5 behaves as a nucleophile to form a reactive acylammonium species which subsequently decomposes and regenerates the catalytic amine.In the reaction of substituted phenyl acetates with RES3 the effective charge on the leaving oxygen in the complexed state (+0.88) is slightly more positive than that in the free ester (+0.70). The effective charge on the leaving oxygen in the transition structure is substantially more positive (+0.04 units) than in a model intramolecular reaction of tertiary dimethylamines with aryl esters (−0.53 units). The influence of the host on the reaction in the complex includes an electronic component which is ascribed to solvation of the transition structure of the rate‐limiting step by water molecules located within the cavity of the host. It is suggested that this solvation is stronger than that occurring in the transition state for the model intramolecular reaction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer mediated radical polymerization of asymmetrical divinyl monomers targeting hyperbranched vinyl polymers
Authors: Lin Ying , Liu Xiaohui , Li Xiuru , Zhan Jie , Li Yuesheng 
Published: November 2006

AbstractReversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mediated radical polymerizations of allyl methacrylate and undecenyl methacrylate, compounds containing two types of vinyl groups with different reactivities, were investigated to provide hyperbranched polymers. The RAFT agent benzyl dithiobenzoate was demonstrated to be an appropriate chain‐transfer agent to inhibit crosslinking and obtain polymers with moderate‐to‐high conversions. The polymerization of allyl methacrylate led to a polymer without branches but with five‐ or six‐membered rings. However, poly(undecenyl methacrylate) showed an indication of branching rather than intramolecular cycles. The hyperbranched structure of poly(undecenyl methacrylate) was confirmed by a combination of 1H, 13C, 1H–1H correlation spectroscopy, and distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer 135 NMR spectra. The branching topology of the polymers was controlled by the variation of the reaction temperature, chain‐transfer‐agent concentration, and monomer conversion. The significantly lower inherent viscosities of the resulting polymers, compared with those of linear analogues, demonstrated their compact structure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 26–40, 2007
Combined treatments of spinosad and chlorpyrifos‐methyl for management of resistant psocid pests (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) of stored grain
Authors: Nayak Manoj K , Daglish Gregory J 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe combined efficacy of spinosad and chlorpyrifos‐methyl was determined against four storage psocid pests belonging to genus Liposcelis. This research was undertaken because of the increasing importance of these psocids in stored grain and the problem of finding grain protectants to control resistant strains. Firstly, mortality and reproduction were determined for adults exposed to wheat freshly treated with either spinosad (0.5 and 1 mg kg−1) or chlorpyrifos‐methyl (2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg−1) or combinations of spinosad and chlorpyrifos‐methyl at 30 °C and 70% RH. There were significant effects of application rate of spinosad and chlorpyrifos‐methyl, both individually and in combination, on adult mortality and progeny reduction of all four psocids. Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and L. decolor (Pearman) responded similarly, with incomplete control of adults and progeny at both doses of spinosad but complete control in all chlorpyrifos‐methyl and combined treatments. In L. entomophila (Enderlein) and L. paeta Pearman, however, complete control of adults and progeny was only achieved in the combined treatments, with the exception of spinosad 0.5 mg kg−1 plus chlorpyrifos‐methyl 2.5 mg kg−1 against L. entomophila. Next, combinations of spinosad (0.5 and 1 mg kg−1) and chlorpyrifos‐methyl (2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg−1) in bioassays after 0, 1.5 and 3 months storage of treated wheat were evaluated. The best treatment was 1 mg kg−1 of spinosad plus 10 mg kg−1 of chlorpyrifos‐methyl, providing up to 3 months of protection against infestations of all four Liposcelis spp. on wheat. Copyright © The State of Queensland, Australia, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2006). Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. & Sons, Ltd.
Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple medicinal uses
Authors: Anwar Farooq , Latif Sajid , Ashraf Muhammad , Gilani Anwarul Hassan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMoringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) is a highly valued plant, distributed in many countries of the tropics and subtropics. It has an impressive range of medicinal uses with high nutritional value. Different parts of this plant contain a profile of important minerals, and are a good source of protein, vitamins, β‐carotene, amino acids and various phenolics. The Moringa plant provides a rich and rare combination of zeatin, quercetin, β‐sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol. In addition to its compelling water purifying powers and high nutritional value, M. oleifera is very important for its medicinal value. Various parts of this plant such as the leaves, roots, seed, bark, fruit, flowers and immature pods act as cardiac and circulatory stimulants, possess antitumor, antipyretic, antiepileptic, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial and antifungal activities, and are being employed for the treatment of different ailments in the indigenous system of medicine, particularly in South Asia. This review focuses on the detailed phytochemical composition, medicinal uses, along with pharmacological properties of different parts of this multipurpose tree. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the asymptotic iteration method to the exponential cosine screened Coulomb potential
Authors: Bayrak O. , Boztosun I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe present the iterative solutions of the radial Schrödinger equation for the exponential cosine screened Coulomb (ECSC) potential for any n and l quantum states by applying the asymptotic iteration method (AIM). We show that it is possible to obtain the solution as accurate as the other methods without any perturbation. Furthermore, there are no tedious mathematical difficulties and restrictions on finding the energy eigenvalues for any n and l quantum numbers. Our results are in excellent agreement with the ones published in the literature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Prenatal diagnosis of open and closed spina bifida
Authors: Ghi T. , Pilu G. , Falco P. , Segata M. , Carletti A. , Cocchi G. , Santini D. , Bonasoni P. , Tani G. , Rizzo N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo identify criteria useful for differentiating closed from open spina bifida antenatally.Patients and methodsA retrospective study of cases of spina bifida diagnosed in a referral center between 1997 and 2004.ResultsOf 66 cases of fetal spina bifida diagnosed at a median gestational age of 21 (range, 16–34) weeks, detailed follow‐up was available for 57. Of these, open defects were found in 53 (93.0%) and closed defects in four (7.0%). Closed spina bifida was associated in two cases with a posterior cystic mass with thick walls and a complex appearance, while in two cases the spinal lesion could not be clearly differentiated from an open defect, particularly at mid‐gestation. Open spina bifida was always associated with typical alterations of cranial anatomy, including the so‐called ‘banana’ and ‘lemon’ signs, while in closed spina bifida the cranium was unremarkable. When the data were available, levels of amniotic fluid alpha‐fetoprotein were always abnormally elevated with open spina bifida and within normal limits with closed forms.ConclusionIn this study 7% of cases of spina bifida diagnosed in utero were closed. The differentiation between open and closed forms is best shown by the sonographic demonstration of abnormal or normal cranial anatomy. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymerization as a means of stabilization for polystyrene
Authors: Howell B.A. , Cui Y. , Chaiwong K. , Zaho H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGeneral purpose polystyrene prepared by conventional radical techniques contains a head‐to‐head unit as a consequence of polymerization termination by radical coupling. As has been previously demonstrated, thermal stress promotes homolysis of the bond linking the head‐to‐head components. The macroradicals that were generated depolymerize rapidly to generate styrene monomer. This decomposition during processing can lead to finished articles containing objectionable levels of styrene monomer, particularly for food packaging applications in which even low levels of monomer can promote objectionable taste and aroma. Polymer containing no head‐to‐head units should not be prone to this facile decomposition. In this instance, polystyrene has been prepared by nitroxyl‐mediated polymerization of styrene monomer followed by reductive removal of nitroxyl end groups. Polymer prepared in this manner contains no head‐to‐head units and displays thermal stability much greater than that observed for conventional polystyrene. A direct comparison of the stability for the two polymers is readily available by thermogravimetric techniques. A quantitative reflection of the difference in stability is available from the rate constants for the respective decompositions. decompositions. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 12:198–203, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Transporters forL‐glutamate: An update on their molecular pharmacology and pathological involvement
Authors: Beart P M , O'Shea R D 
Published: November 2006

L‐Glutamate (Glu) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS and five types of high‐affinity Glu transporters (EAAT1–5) have been identified. The transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2 in glial cells are responsible for the majority of Glu uptake while neuronal EAATs appear to have specialized roles at particular types of synapses. Dysfunction of EAATs is specifically implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke injury, and thus treatments that can modulate EAAT function may prove beneficial in these conditions. Recent advances have been made in our understanding of the regulation of EAATs, including their trafficking, splicing and post‐translational modification. This article summarises some recent developments that improve our understanding of the roles and regulation of EAATs.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)150, 5–17. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706949
ERK1/2 MAP kinases in cell survival and apoptosis
Authors: Lu Zhimin , Xu Shuichan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractERK1/2 is an important subfamily of mitogen‐activated protein kinases that control a broad range of cellular activities and physiological processes. ERK1/2 can be activated transiently or persistently by MEK1/2 and upstream MAP3Ks in conjunction with regulation and involvement of scaffolding proteins and phosphatases. Activation of ERK1/2 generally promotes cell survival; but under certain conditions, ERK1/2 can have pro‐apoptotic functions.
iubmb Life, 58: 621 ‐ 631, 2006
Comparing two measures of quality of life for children with haemophilia: the CHO‐KLAT and the Haemo‐QoL
Authors: BRADLEY C. S. , BULLINGER M. , MCCUSKER P. J. , WAKEFIELD C. D. , BLANCHETTE V. S. , YOUNG N. L. 
Published: November 2006

Summary.  Disease‐specific measures of quality of life (QoL) for children with haemophilia are now available for use in clinical studies [Haemophilia, 10, 2004, 9–16]. One of these measures, the Canadian Haemophilia Outcomes – Kids’ Life Assessment Tool (CHO‐KLAT), was developed in Canada with emphasis on the perspectives of children [Pediatr Blood Cancer, 47, 2006, 305–11; Haemophilia, 10, 2004, 34–43]. Another, the Haemo‐QoL, was developed in Europe, with emphasis on the perspectives of clinicians [Haemophilia, 8, 2002, 47–54; Haemophilia, 10, 2004, 17–25]. While these two measures are unique and independent, researchers from both studies were collaboratively linked throughout development and testing. This study presents the results of a joint assessment of the two measures with respect to their strengths, limitations and unique contributions.The primary questions addressed were: 1 What is the relationship between the CHO‐KLAT and the Haemo‐QoL in terms of summary scores and item content? 2 What are the methodological strengths, limitations and unique contributions of each measure?We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from field testing of both measures. The analysis included a comparative assessment of the basic validity, reliability and items used in each measure. Overall, the CHO‐KLAT and the Haemo‐QoL are promising and valuable measures of QoL for children with haemophilia. Our analyses confirmed the basic psychometric properties of both tools, but identified some discrepancies between them. Additional data will allow for greater understanding of these discrepancies and lend clarity to how the tools should be used in clinical studies (separately or merged). The present recommendation is that the measures be run independently, but preferably concurrently in studies of children with haemophilia.
Dynamic recording of irrigating fluid distribution in root canals using thermal image analysis
Authors: Hsieh Y. D. , Gau C. H. , Kung Wu S. F. , Shen E. C. , Hsu P. W. , Fu E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAim  To investigate the influence of the size and the depth of insertion of irrigating needles, and the diameter of the master apical file on flow distribution during fluid irrigation in root canals.Methodology  Stepback canal instrumentation was employed on seven extracted human single canal teeth. The size of the master apical files ranged from sizes 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 to size 80 within the seven teeth, respectively. A thermal imaging system (ThermaCAM; National Instruments Co., Austin, TX, USA) was used to record the dynamic fluid distribution following root canal preparation. The dynamic fluid distribution was analysed during irrigation by insertion of different irrigating needle tips (23, 25 and 27 gauge) at various depths (3, 6 and 9 mm) from the root apex. The whole process of irrigation was recorded by a video camera and analysed by two observers separately. The success of the irrigation process was defined when the irrigant was able to flow into to the apical region immediately after injection.Results  The aqueous irrigant was flushed into the apical region when a size 27 gauge irrigating needle was placed into a size 30 canal at a point 3 mm from the apical stop. When the same needle tip was placed 6 mm from the root canal apex, successful irrigation was achieved only in the canals prepared to size 50 or larger. When a size 25 gauge irrigating needle was placed 3 mm from the working length, the canal size had to be no <45 to allow for successful irrigation. When a size 23 gauge needle was placed at the same position, the canal needed to be prepared to size 50 to allow thorough irrigation of the apex. At 9 mm from the apical stop, none of the irrigating needles could achieve successful irrigation of any canal size.Conclusion  The flow distribution of root canal irrigation can be affected adversely by large diameter irrigating needles, by greater distances between the needle tip and the apical stop, and by narrow root canals.
Evaluation of the surface free energy on root canal dentine walls treated with chelating agents and NaOCl
Authors: Dogan Buzoglu H. , Calt S. , Gümüsderelioglu M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAim  To evaluate ex vivo the effects of combined and single use of EDTA, RC‐Prep and NaOCl on the surface free energy of canal wall dentine using the captive bubble technique.Methodology  Eighteen extracted human pre‐molar teeth were sectioned at the crown and the apical third, the remaining mid‐root portion were bisected longitudinally. Thereafter, the root halves were embedded in resin blocks that exposed the dentine surface of the canal wall. The specimens were randomly assigned to six experimental groups (n = 6) after polishing. The root dentine surfaces of the first two groups were treated with 17% EDTA or RC‐Prep followed by 2.5% NaOCl irrigation. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated with either 17% EDTA, RC‐Prep or 2.5% NaOCl alone. Control specimens were irrigated with saline solution. The surface free energies of experimental groups were calculated by measuring air and octane contact angles on the canal wall dentine. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U and Bonferroni post‐tests at P = 0.05.Results  Compared with the control group; combined and single use of EDTA, RC‐Prep and NaOCl irrigation significantly decreased the surface free energy of canal wall dentine surfaces (P < 0.05). Among all groups tested, the use of NaOCl as a final flush following RC‐Prep treatment yielded increased wettability. Nevertheless, this value remained lower than that of the control group.Conclusion  Use of chelating agents alone or in combination with NaOCl decreased the wettability of root canal wall dentine.
Substance P receptor expression in healthy and inflamed human pulp tissue
Authors: Caviedes‐Bucheli J. , Gutierrez‐Guerra J. E. , Salazar F. , Pichardo D. , Moreno G. C. , Munoz H. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAim  To use radioreceptor analysis for comparing substance P (SP) receptor expression in human pulp tissue samples collected from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis, healthy pulps and teeth with induced inflammation.Methodology  Five pulp samples were obtained from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis. Another 10 pulp samples were obtained from healthy premolars where extraction was indicated for orthodontic purposes. In five of these premolars inflammation was induced prior to pulp collection. All of the samples were processed and labelled with 125I‐SP. Binding sites were identified by 125I‐SP and standard SP competition assays. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney (post‐hoc) tests were used to establish statistically significant differences between the groups.Results  Substance P receptor expression was found in all human pulp tissue samples. Most receptors were found in the group of pulps from teeth having a clinical diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis, followed by the group of pulps having induced inflammation. The least number of receptors was expressed in the group of healthy pulps. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the group of healthy pulp and both inflamed pulp groups (P < 0.01).Conclusion  Substance P receptor expression in human pulp tissue is significantly increased during inflammatory phenomena such as acute irreversible pulpitis.
The symbiosis regulator RscS controls the syp gene locus, biofilm formation and symbiotic aggregation by Vibrio fischeri
Authors: Yip Emily S. , Geszvain Kati , DeLoney‐Marino Cindy R. , Visick Karen L. 
Published: November 2006

SummarySuccessful colonization of a eukaryotic host by a microbe involves complex microbe–microbe and microbe–host interactions. Previously, we identified in Vibrio fischeri a putative sensor kinase, RscS, required for initiating symbiotic colonization of its squid host Euprymna scolopes. Here, we analysed the role of rscS by isolating an allele, rscS1, with increased activity. Multicopy rscS1 activated transcription of genes within the recently identified symbiosis polysaccharide (syp) cluster. Wild‐type cells carrying rscS1 induced aggregation phenotypes in culture, including the formation of pellicles and wrinkled colonies, in a syp‐dependent manner. Colonies formed by rscS1‐expressing cells produced a matrix not found in control colonies and largely lost in an rscS1‐expressing sypN mutant. Finally, multicopy rscS1 provided a colonization advantage over control cells and substantially enhanced the ability of wild‐type cells to aggregate on the surface of the symbiotic organ of E. scolopes; this latter phenotype similarly depended upon an intact syp locus. These results suggest that transcription induced by RscS‐mediated signal transduction plays a key role in colonization at the aggregation stage by modifying the cell surface and increasing the ability of the cells to adhere to one another and/or to squid‐secreted mucus.