bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atlas of Antarctica: Topographic Maps From Geostatistical Analysis of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data
Authors: Luyendyk Bruce 
Published: October 2006

The shape of the Antarctic continent was only determined after the mid‐twentieth century to any reasonable accuracy by a combination of spotty geodetic surveys, aerial photography and satellite imagery. The advent of satellite radar altimetry late in that century allowed mapping the geoid of the ocean basins. The result was a new understanding of the tectonics and evolution of the ocean basins.Now, a few researchers have applied radar altimetry to determining the shape and ice mass of the Antarctic. Ute Herzfeld's book represents a monumental effort to map the topography of the coastal regions of Antarctica to high accuracy by these means.
The Initiation, Propagation, and Arrest of Joints and Other Fractures
Authors: Schultz Richard A. 
Published: October 2006

The growth of joints is a fundamental issue in structural geology and related disciplines since joints exert a profound influence on the strength, deformability geophysical properties, and hydrologic characteristics of a rock mass. Joints in large igneous intrusions such as granitic plutons can provide exceptionally fine views of joint surface topography that are of interest to studies of joint propagation, interaction, and arrest.On the other hand, layered sedimentary sequences present opportunities to investigate the influence of heterogeneous layer thicknesses on joints, as well as properties involved with geometry and spacing of joints as they attempt to propagate laterally across and vertically through the sequence. Because the geometries and characteristics of subsequent geologic phenomena, such as faults, folds, and fluid‐bearing fracture networks, are influenced by those of the joints, field‐based studies of joint growth and pattern development are necessary prerequisites to clearly understand the later joint‐dependent phenomena.
Survey explores active tectonics in northeastern Caribbean
Authors: Carbó; A. , Córdoba D. , Muñ Martín A. , Granja J. L. , Dávila J. Martín , Pazos A. , Catalán M. , Gómez M. , Brink U. ten , Von Hilldebrandt C. , Payero J. 
Published: October 2006

There is renewed interest in studying the active and complex northeastern Caribbean plate boundary to better understand subduction zone processes and for earthquake and tsunami hazard assessments [e.g., ten Brink and Lin, 2004; ten Brink et al., 2004; Grindlay et al., 2005]. To study the active tectonics of this plate boundary, the GEOPRICO‐DO (Geological, Puerto Rico‐Dominican) marine geophysical cruise, carried out between 28 March and 17 April 2005 (Figure 1), studied the active tectonics of this plate boundary.Initial findings from the cruise have revealed a large underwater landslide, and active faults on the seafloor (Figures 2a and 2c). These findings indicate that the islands within this region face a high risk from tsunami hazards, and that local governments should be alerted in order to develop and coordinate possible mitigation strategies.
Convention sets next steps on climate change efforts
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Delegates from more than 180 countries have adopted rules for implementing the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and also have agreed to two separate decisions that set in motion the next steps for international efforts to mitigate climate change.More than 9000 participants discussed the future of the Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol at the United Nations Climate Change Conference, which was held 28 November through 10 December in Montreal, Canada.
Intelligent design is not science, U.S. judge rules
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

A Pennsylvania school district may not mandate the teaching of ‘intelligent design’ because the concept is not science and cannot be uncoupled from its religious roots in creationism, a U.S. federal judge ruled on 20 December.U.S. District Judge John E. Jones III ruled that the Dover, Pa., school board's policy on intelligent design violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which forbids the government from establishing a state religion, and also violates the Pennsylvania state constitution.
‘Intelligent Design’ Poses continued threat to science
Authors: Geissman John W. 
Published: October 2006

Science education in the United States has been the subject of more than usual attention, especially since 1 August 2005 when President George W. Bush stoked the fire by responding to a reporter's question about the teaching of ‘intelligent design’ (ID) in science classrooms by saying that “both sides ought to be properly taught…so people can understand what the debate is about.”Prior to the 20 December 2005 ruling against the teaching of ID in public schools, by U.S. District Judge John E. Jones III in the Pennsylvania case Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, anti‐evolutionists and ID proponents seemed to be enjoying a new momentum in the aftermath of President Bush's statements. William Dembski, senior fellow with the Discovery Institute's Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture in Seattle, Wash., a group that supports intelligent design, wrote on 4 August 2005 at http://www.designinference.com that President Bush “is to be commended for his courage, wisdom, and foresight” for supporting the teaching of ID alongside evolution.
EPA considers reducing toxics release reporting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is considering three rule changes that would reduce the frequency and thresholds for reporting of toxic chemical releases by industrial facilities.The EPAs Toxics Release Inventory, established in 1988, contains information on about 650 chemicals released by various industries. Available online, the database is searchable by zip code and is used by a wide range of individuals, including scientists, emergency responders, and conservationists.
Scientific coring in the Lake Tahoe basin
Authors: Verosub Kenneth L. 
Published: October 2006

Lake Tahoe ranks among the largest, oldest, and deepest lakes in North America. In addition, the lake is located at a major tectonic boundary These factors make the Lake Tahoe basin an exciting natural laboratory for studying the interaction between tectonics and climate in a high‐altitude temperate setting.A recent meeting to explore the potential benefits of a comprehensive program of scientific coring in the Lake Tahoe basin attracted 67 researchers from 28 institutions. The meeting was supported by a grant from the Drilling, Observations, and Sampling of the Earth's Continental Crust (DOSECC) consortium with additional funding provided by the John Muir Institute for the Environment and the Tahoe Environmental Research Center at the University of California, Davis, the Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of California, San Diego, the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nev, the Academy for the Environment of the University of Nevada, Reno, and the U.S. Geological Survey.
Expedition reveals changes in Lau Basin Hydrothermal System
Authors: Ishibashi Jun‐ichiro , Lupton John E. , Yamaguchi Toshiyuki , Querellou Joel , Nunoura Takuro , Takai Ken 
Published: October 2006

TheValu Fa Ridge (VFR) in the southern Lau Basin—located behind the westward‐dipping Tonga‐Kerrnadec subduction zone—was one of the earliest targets to b e explored for hydrothermal activity in the southwestern Pacific Ocean (Figure l).In 1989, the French‐German dive program NAUTILAU (Nautile‐lan) discovered active hydrothermal fields venting high‐temperature fluids with high acidity accompanied by massive ore deposits in this area [Fbuquet et al., 1993].In September–October 2004, the SWEEP VENTS (Southwestern Edge of Pacific hydrothermal vents) expedition explored and sampled the hydrothermal systems of the VFR using the deep submergence research vehicle (DSRV) Shinkai 6500. The 2004 Shinkai dives focused on the geobiological and geochemical character of the deep‐sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems of the Valu Fa Ridge and shed new light on these hydrothermal fields 15 years after their discovery These 2004 dives were the first to revisit this area, and have been followed by further dive programs and continued research.
The first cluster and double star symposium
Authors: Escoubet Philippe , Masson Arnaud , Laakso Harri , Taylor Matthew , Goldstein Melvyn 
Published: October 2006

Cluster, a joint project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA, is the first mission that is composed of four spacecraft flying in formation, and thus the first able to separate spatial and temporal features inside smallscale plasma structures within, and the boundaries between, many regions of the Earth's upper atmosphere (from 19,000–119,000 kilometers altitude).During the past two years, the Cluster mission has been enhanced by the Double Star (DSP) mission, a magnetospheric mission composed of two satellites that is a joint project between the China National Space Administration (CNSA) and ESA.The orbits have been chosen so that interesting conjunctions occur frequently between Cluster and the two DSP satellites. Conducting coordinated studies using simultaneous Cluster and Double Star observations increases the overall scientific return from both missions.
Initiative addresses subsurface energy and environment problems
Authors: Bodvarsson Gudmunder S. , Majer Ernest L. , Wang Joseph S. Y. , Colwell Frederick , Redden George 
Published: October 2006

Members of the geoscience community are cooperating in conceptualizing fundamental, crosscutting research to address major obstacles to solving energy and environmental problems related to the subsurface, through the SECUREarth initiative, which began in 2004. Addressing problems, such as reliable nuclear waste storage and safe carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration, are critical to maintaining an economical and safe energy supply and clean environment.A recent workshop in Golden, Colo., helped to further the development of the SECUREarth (Scientific Energy/Environmental Crosscutting Underground Research for Urgent Solutions to Secure the Earth's Future) initiative by identifying the key scientific challenges in the geosciences, as well as to target possible approaches for overcoming roadblocks.
Detecting volcanic events in the northeast Pacific
Authors: Dziak R. , Chadwick B. , Cowen J. , Baker E. , Embley R. , Bohnenstiehl D. , Resing J. 
Published: October 2006

On 27 February 2005, one of the largest submarine earthquake sequences ever recorded in 12 years of real‐time seismoacoustic monitoring of the northeastern Pacific Ocean occurred at the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JFR) Endeavour segment (Figure 1).On the basis of available information, an oceanographic expedition was quickly organized to investigate the site for magmatic activity and hydrothermal discharge. The research vessel T.G. Thompson arrived on site and began water column and seafloor surveys just seven days after the onset of earthquake activity, the most rapid response cruise to the JFR yet organized. However, no evidence of plume generation or a seafloor eruption was found.
Asimow, Jahren, and Randerson receive 2005 James B. Macelwane Medal
Authors: Eiler John , Asimow Paul D. , Dove Patricia M. , Jahnren A. Hope , Trumbore Susan , Randerson James T. 
Published: October 2006

It is my great pleasure to present my friend and colleague, Paul Asimow, recipient of one of this year's three James B. Macelwane Medals. Paul is a petrologist interested in the origins and evolution of basaltic magmas, and he is being recognized for a series of profoundly insightful papers on the energetics of decompression melting and how it controls the compositions of the oceanic crust and upper mantle.The significance of what Paul has done comes from the simplicity of the question that first inspired him: How should we describe the way the mantle melts as it upwells during convection? The importance of the problem is obvious; this is how the Earth makes most of its crust, and so it is the starting point for most of geology But does it sound like something we already understand? Wasn't I taught this as an undergraduate? Paul's first and perhaps most important contribution was to recognize, as a second‐year graduate student working with Ed Stolper [California Institute of Technology (Caltech),Pasadena],that the explanation of mantle melting we were telling each other was a Rube Goldberg device masquerading as physical theory.
Improving flood forecasting in international river basins
Authors: Hossain Faisal , Katiyar Nitin 
Published: October 2006

In flood‐prone international river basins (IRBs), many riparian nations that are located close to a basin's outlet face a major problem in effectively forecasting flooding because they are unable to assimilate in situ rainfall data in real time across geopolitical boundaries. NASA's propose Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, which is expected to begin in 2010, will comprise high‐resolution passive microwave (PM) sensors (at resolution ∼3‐6 hours, 10 x 10 square kilometers) that may provide new opportunities to improve flood forecasting in these river basins.Research is now needed to realize the potential of GPM. With adequate research in the coming years, it may be possible to identify the specific IRBs that would benefit cost‐effectively from a preprogrammed satellite‐based forecasting system in anticipation of GPM. Acceleration of such a research initiative is worthwhile because it could reduce the risk of the cancellation of GPM [see Zielinski, 2005].
Report evaluates importance of coral reefs and mangroves
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: October 2006

Thirty percent of the world's coral reefs are seriously damaged, and possibly no pristine reefs remain, according to a 24 January report by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) issued in the wake of the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.“The Indian Ocean tsunami brought a lot of attention to coral reefs and mangroves,” said Sue Wells, lead author of the report, In the Front Line: Shoreline Protection and other Ecosystem Services from Mangroves and Coral Reefs. “Were they badly damaged? Did they play a role in buffering damage on shore?”
Are claims of global warming being suppressed?
Authors: Crowley Thomas J. 
Published: October 2006

Over the last few years, I have heard many rumors that climate science relevant to the global warming discussion is being suppressed by the Bush Administration. One cannot do much about third‐hand information. However, on 29 January, the New York Times published a front page article on NASA efforts to suppress statements about global warming by James Hansen, director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.A claim by one government scientist, though, no matter how distinguished, still requires examples from other scientists before a general conclusion can be drawn about the overall scope of the problem. But if the charges are more widespread, then some government scientists might be reluctant to make such claims, because they might feel that their positions were jeopardized. Therefore, an alternate way may be needed to determine the scope of the issue, while still safeguarding government workers from possible retaliation.
New AGU fellows
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Fellows of AGU are members who have attained acknowledged eminence in the Earth and space sciences.The Fellows Committee on 14 January 2006 elected 45 members to join the ranks of AGU Fellows. Candidates for Fellow are nominated by colleagues and then vetted by the relevant Sections, who forward the top nominees to the Fellows Committee. The Fellows Committee, which consists of 11 Fellows, receives about twice the number of nominations as can be elected: no more than 0.1% of the AGU membership can be elected each year. The committee meets to review the forwarded nominations and decides who will be elected for the year.
Outstanding student paper awards, 2005 Fall Meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The following members received Outstanding Student Paper Awards at the 2005 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif. (Winners in other sections and focus groups will be announced in subsequent issues of Eos).Igor Lacan, University of California, Berkeley Potential for loss of breeding habitat for imperiled mountain yellow‐legged frog (Rana muscosa) in High Sierra Nevada Mountain water bodies due to reduced snowpack: Interaction of climate change and an introduced predator.
The congressional fellowship as an ethnographic extravaganza
Authors: Trapani Josh 
Published: October 2006

I knew my undergraduate degree in anthropology would come in handy one day. I never guessed, though, that with a Ph.D. in geology and two years of postdoctoral experience under my belt (and my anthropology days far behind), AGU would choose me for a year‐long, total‐immersion ethnographic extravaganza of my very own.I have been dropped into the proverbial wilds, to live among the natives to attempt to understand their culture in all its byzantine ritual, hierarchy, and ceremony.
AGU gives ocean research briefings to Congress
Authors: O'Riordan Catherine 
Published: October 2006

AGU held separate briefings on 8 February for members and staff of the U.S. House of Representatives and of the Senate about AGU's position statement that calls for renewing investment in ocean research.The statement, which was adopted by the AGU Council in December 2005, supports the integrated research, infrastructure, and education findings of the 2004 U.S. Ocean Commission Report.AGU President John Orcutt, and Steve Bohlen, Joint Oceanographic Institutions president and chair of the panel that prepared the statement, noted ways in which ocean research and education contribute to U.S. innovation and competitiveness. They provided examples of recent discoveries, trends in ocean research, and their application to society
Proposed U.S. budget request reduces funding for some science agencies
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Federal non‐defense research and development (R&D) would receive a small boost under the Bush Administration's Fiscal Year 2007 budget request, which was released on 6 February. However, science conducted and funded by agencies not highlighted in the president's American Competitiveness Initiative would get only small increases or even large cuts if these budgets are approved by Congress (see Eos 87(7) 2006).House of Representatives Science Committee Ranking Member Rep. Bart Gordon (D‐Tenn.) said, “There appear to be cuts in science and technology research that more than offset the targeted increases of the president's competitiveness initiative.”
Educators learn the latest about small bodies in the solar system
Authors: Buratti Bonnie J. 
Published: October 2006

The past decade has heralded the advance of both scholarship and exploration of small bodies in the solar system. Once relegated to subsidiary status, asteroids, comets, and now Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) have come into their own as planetary scientists have become aware of their importance for understanding the origins of the solar system. Because these objects are believed to be debris remaining from the earliest periods of planet formation, they may offer clues to the physical conditions and architecture of the early solar system.The key role impact processes have played in the evolution of the Earth and other planets has also been recognized. Earth‐crossing objects have caused mass extinctions in the past, and comets are now believed to have delivered significant amounts of volatiles and prebiotic material to the inner solar system. NASA has supported this blossoming field of study by sending several missions to comets and asteroids, and by establishing special programs to study them.
Comment on “Satellite altimetry and the intensification of Hurricane Katrina”
Authors: Sun Donglian , Gautam Ritesh , Cervone Guido , Boybeyi Zafer , Kafatos Menas 
Published: October 2006

In a recent Eos article, Scharroo et al. [2005] reported that the dynamic sea topography anomalies along the track of Hurricane Katrina were the most prominent factors causing the intensification of Katrina as it passed over these anomalous regions in the Gulf of Mexico. They show that the sea surface temperature (SST) in the entire Gulf of Mexico was uniformly ∼30°C and was not associated with the rapid intensification of Katrina.We partly agree with their findings based on the results of dynamic topography associated with Katrina's intensification; however, we do not concur with their idea that SST was not linked with the rapid intensification of Katrina. Here, we show the significant impact of high SST anomaly in the Gulf on Katrina's rapid intensification and the role of anomalous SST in governing the air‐sea interactions during its intensification.
Reply to Comment on “Satellite altimetry and the intensification of Hurricane Katrina”
Authors: Scharroo Remko , Smith Walter H. F. , Lillibridge John L. 
Published: October 2006

In their comment on our Eos article [Scharroo et al., 2005], Sun et al. [this issue] conclude that sea surface temperature (SST) had a significant impact on the rapid intensification of Hurricane Katrina. Although SST may have played some role, we want to stress that dynamic topography is a more reliable proxy than SST for upper ocean heat content, which is ultimately responsible for the cyclone's intensification.As evidence of the impact of SST on sea level pressure (SLP), Sun et al. [this issue, Figure 1c] present the outcome of model simulations in which the SST over the Gulf of Mexico was raised by as much as 2°C. After a two‐day lag, this comparatively large increase in SST caused SLP to decrease by a mere 10 millibar. However, since the SST along Katrina's track across the Gulf of Mexico varied by no more than 1°C, whereas the SLP dropped by about 90 millibar (Figure 1), their results actually indicate that the impact of SST on the hurricane intensification was neither rapid nor significant. Moreover, the perceived correlation between SST and SLP was very weak.
Avoiding the theory trap when discussing evolution
Authors: Morrison David 
Published: October 2006

Public opinion polls tell us that we are losing the battle to explain the nature of evolution and its central role in science. One problem, I believe, is letting the opponents of evolution frame the discussion to our disadvantage. Framing involves the selective use of language or context to trigger responses, either support or opposition. As a prime example, we undercut our communications efforts with many nonscientists by defending the ‘theory of evolution.’Theory is the wrong word to use in addressing the public. In the contemporary U.S., theory means a hunch or idea that has not been established by evidence. It is thus no surprise that polls show that nearly three‐quarters of U.S. people think that “evolution is commonly referred to as the theory of evolution because it has not yet been proven scientifically.” Those who advocate adding “only a theory” disclaimers in textbooks know that to call evolution a theory is sufficient to undermine its acceptance.
European ice satellite replacement approved
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

The European Space Agency (ESA) will build and launch a new CryoSat spacecraft to study polar and sea ice, the agency announced on 24 February. The first CryoSat was lost on 8 October 2005 when the rocket and spacecraft fell into the ocean north of Greenland due to problems with the rocket launcher.At a 23–24 February meeting of the ESA's Earth Observation Programme Board, the agency received permission from its member states for CryoSat‐2, which will have the same mission objectives as the satellite it replaces.