bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A national standardization program for spectrophotometry
Authors: Billmeyer Fred W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Council for Optical Radiation Measurements proposes, with the collaboration of the National Bureau of Standards, to create and put into operation a national standardization program for ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared wavelength‐range spectrophotometers used for colorimetric and analytical measurements. The purpose of the program is to improve the shockingly poor performance exhibited by a large group of spectrophotometers in a collaborative reference program, shown elsewhere to correspond to about ten times poorer group accuracy than the inherent precision of the instruments. The central concept of the proposed national standardization program is to provide consistency with the NBS of a laboratory's capability for making accurate spectrophotometric measurements, in contrast to the traditional concept of the “traceability” to the NBS of the calibration of a material standard.
Color‐match changes between the fovea and the perifovea
Authors: Viénot Françoise 
Published: June 2007

AbstractColor matches related to various retinal areas are explored systematically. When viewing a 30° bipartite field, the observer match is a balance between a peripheral and a central match, slightly in favor of the peripheral assessment. The macular pigment is responsible for most of the changes observed between the foveal matches and the peripheral ones. Some quantitative modeling is carried out, and an analysis of variance reveals the existence of additional factors in one of the three observers tested.
The thermochromic properties of the ceramic colour standards
Authors: Compton J. Anne 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThermochromism is a reversible change oftransmittance, reflectance, or absorptance induced by a change of temperature. Photochromism is the corresponding effect induced by optical radiation. These effects can occur in the use of reflectance standards, as they may undergo a considerable temperature rise when subjected to the polychromatic irradiation used by many measuring instruments. An investigation of any thermochromic (and photochromic) properties of the twelve Ceramic Colour Standards is described. It is shown that thermochromic effects are only significant to a very small extent in about half of the standards and not at all in the remainder, while there is no evidence of any photochromism.
Geometrical alignment errors in the measurement of prismatic retroreflectors
Authors: Eckerle K. L. , Hsia J. J. , Liggett W. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMeasurements of the coefficient of luminous intensity R for prismatic retroreflectors contain errors due to misalignment of the photometric range and samples. A procedure for assessing these errors has been developed for the two‐orientation hexagon‐cube clear prismatic retrore‐flector that is included in the NBS Measurement Assurance Program (MAP) for retroreflection. This procedure involves experiments in which the geometrical setting of the range is deliberately varied so that the dependence of R on small variations in the geometry can be estimated. These experiments followed a fractional factorial design. Bounds on the uncertainties in the observation angle α, the two components of the entrance angle β1 and β2, and the rotation angle ϵ can be used to bound the corresponding uncertainty in R due to geometrical effects. Results of this experiment are reported along with some repeated measurements of R for an internal NBS MAP. Similar coefficients have been reported previously for retroreflective bead sheeting, and their implication is discussed.
Atdn: Toward a uniform color space
Authors: Benzschawel Terry , Guth S. Lee 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTo derive a uniform chromaticity space for small color differences, we applied compressive intensity‐response functions of the form ρ = In/(σ + In) to each of the four color signals from the T (red vs. green) and D (blue vs. yellow) mechanisms of the ATD vector model for color vision. The values of σ and n for each response were optimized by computer iteration to provide reasonably uniform color spaces (ATDN) for describing the color‐discrimination data of MacAdam [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 32, 246‐274 (1942)] and Pointer [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 64, 750–759 (1974)]. To determine how well ATDN accounts for large color differences, we transformed the coordinates of the Munsell renotation system to ATDN space. Origin‐bound radial lines and origin‐centered circles in ATDN are about equivalent to those of CIELAB in approximating iso‐hue and iso‐sat‐uration contours of the Munsell system. A computer program written in BASIC that can be used to transform 1931 CIE X, Y, Z values to points in ATDN space is included as an appendix.
Matching large color differences with achromatic and chromatic surrounds
Authors: Fuchida T. , Cowan W. B. , Wyszecki Gunter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA color‐difference‐matching experiment was carried out using a computer‐interfaced video‐display system. Two reference color stimuli (i) and (j), and one test stimulus (i,j) surrounded by a large achromatic or chromatic stimulus were presented on the video screen. An observer was asked to adjust the test stimulus until he perceived it to have a color precisely “half way” between the colors of the given reference stimuli. A satisfactory half‐way color was the one that produced perceptually equal color differences between (i) and (i,j) and (j) and (i,j) and simultaneously made these color differences as small as possible. Although the given color difference between the test stimuli (i) and (j) was generally quite large (100–200 just‐perceptible color‐difference steps) with the achromatic surround condition, the color‐difference matching required to obtain the desired half‐way color did not present any serious difficulties to the observer. The uncertainty of the chromaticity point of the half‐way color was established by an ellipse of small to moderate size surrounding the mean chromaticity setting. The orientation and shape of the uncertainty ellipse was comparable with the orientation and shape of uncertainty ellipses obtained by other investigators studying color‐difference matching involving much smaller color differences. The unexpected and noteworthy result of the present study lies in the location of the chromaticity point of (i,j) relative to those of (i) and (j) as a function of surround color. The location of (i,j) depends on the saturation of the surround stimulus but not its hue. Some speculative explanations of the observed results are offered.
Simplified method of calculating legendre coefficients for computing optical properties of colorants
Authors: Mehta K. T. , Shah H. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Kubelka‐Munk (K‐M) theory is widely used for instrumental colour measurement and colorant formulation in modern colour technology. The K‐M theory is derived with certain assumptions and hence has several limitations. A more rigorous theory called the many‐flux (M‐F) technique was recently proposed by Mudgett and Richards to overcome the limitations of the K‐M theory. Application of the M‐F technique requires lengthy computations and hence is not suitable for industrial organizations for day‐to‐day work. It has been shown that the limitations of the K‐M theory and the complexity of the M‐F technique can be significantly reduced if simple equations are developed to calculate Legendre coefficients. Empirical equations to calculate Legendre coefficients (an/ao, n = 1,2) are developed. The validity and utility of these equations have been confirmed by computing K‐M scattering coefficients and phase functions, and comparing them with those computed using Mie‐theory values. The use of these equations to determine the values of refractive index of colorants is also shown. The work reported in this article simplifies to some extent the computation of reflectance using the M‐F technique and enable the estimation of K‐M scattering coefficients with change in size of pigments. Utility of the proposed equations is established by computing reflectance by the M‐F technique and comparing it with values obtained by using rigorous Mie equations for Legendre coefficients.
Color‐vision theory and linear models of color vision
Authors: Massof Robert W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article presents an overview of linear color‐vision models and presents a review of a general vision theory that provides for the derivation of linear models from an initial set of basic assumptions. The general theory specifies that the input and output terms of linear color‐vision models are to be regarded as stimulus and sensory perturbations, respectively, rather than as absolute stimulus and sensory magnitudes. The general theory also specifies that the weighting coefficients of linear color‐vision models correspond to first‐order derivatives of some set of nonlinear functions that represent the state of the visual system. The general theory provides a unifying framework that connects linear color‐vision models with linear models for spatial and temporal aspects of vision.
Formulation of a standard deviate observer by a nonlinear optimization technique
Authors: Ohta Noboru 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA standard deviate observer (SDO) has been formulated that can predict the average color mismatches of metameric color pairs by 20 Stiles' observers. A nonlinear optimization technique, rather than a statistical analysis, has been employed to derive it. The colorimetric characteristics of the present SDO are compared with those of SDOs previously proposed.
Wavelength discrimination with a chromatically alternating stimulus
Authors: Uchikawa Keiji , Ikeda Mitsuo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWavelength‐discrimination functions were measured with monochromatic stimuli of 410–660 nm at equal luminance of 220 td, presented as temporally alternating fields at the frequencies of 0.5–12.0 Hz. When the alternation frequency was less than 1.0 Hz, wavelength discrimination was the same at all test wavelengths as that obtained by the classical bipartite‐field method. As the frequency was raised, the discrimination thresholds increased more near 450–470 nm than at other wavelengths, and tritanopic‐like wavelength‐discrimination functions were obtained at frequencies higher than 4.0 Hz. Our results may be explained by the notion that the blue‐cone mechanism has poorer temporal resolution than the red‐and green‐cone mechanisms.
Using color to separate reflection components
Authors: Shafer Steven A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn computer vision, the goal of which is to identify objects and their positions by examining images, one of the key steps is computing the surface normal of the visible surface at each point (“pixel”) in the image. Many sources of information are studied, such as outlines ofsuifaces, intensity gradients, object motion, and color. This article presents a method for analyzing a standard color image to determine the amount of interface (“specular”) and body (“diffuse”) reflection at each pixel. The interface reflection represents the highlights from the original image, and the body reflection represents the original image with highlights removed. Such intrinsic images are of interest because the geometric properties of each type of reflection are simpler than the geometric properties of intensity in a black‐and‐white image. The method is based upon a physical model of reflection which states that two distinct types of reflection–interface and body reflection–occur, and that each type can be decomposed into a relative spectral distribution and a geometric scale factor. This model is far more general than typical models used in computer vision and computer graphics, and includes most such models as special cases. In addition, the model does not assume a point light source or uniform illumination distribution over the scene. The properties of tristimulus integration are used to derive a new model of pixel‐value color distribution, and this model is exploited in an algorithm to derive the desired quantities. Suggestions are provided for extending the model to deal with diffuse illumination and for analyzing the two components of reflection.
On the measurement of haze
Authors: Billmeyer Fred W. , Chen Yuan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPossible pitfalls and errors in the measurement of haze by ASTM Method D 1003 are pointed out and discussed. This property is an important measure of the optical clarity of plastic films and sheets. Although special hazemeters are usually used for the measurement, it is demonstrated that accurate haze measurements can be performed by using widely available integrating‐sphere spectrophotometers. Additional advantages of obtaining both spectrophotometric and goniophotometric data for the characterization and interpretation of haze are pointed out.
Color aspects of reagents used visually in clinical analysis
Authors: Genshaw M. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractReagent strips are clinical chemistry tests that are quick and convenient to use. Some require the user to compare the color of a test pad to that of a color chart to obtain an assay result. Quantitative color measurement has great value in the development and use of reagent strips. It permits an accurate assessment of the visual performance of the reagents. Reagents for urine specific gravity, hemoglobin, urobilinogen, and glucose are illustrative of the chemistries and colors of reagent strips. Quantitative visual measurements, computer formulated color charts, and the effects of the illuminant, observer, and background color are discussed.
Development of the 1929 munsell book of color: A historical review
Authors: Berns Roy S. , Billmeyer Fred W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDespite worldwide acceptance and usage of the Munsell color order system, accurate documentation of the experimental conditions associated with the original visual scaling experiments has not existed in the archival literature. Discussion with several coworkers involved in these scaling experiments has enabled us to provide a substantial portion of this documentation.
Finding appropriate colors for color displays
Authors: de Corte W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new methodology and a supporting algorithm to determine high‐contrast sets of colors for use on a color CRT are described. The method is unique in that the generated colors not only are highly contrasting, but are also ergonomically optimal. Using real data, the performance of the present method is compared to an extended version of the Carter and Carter algorithm. Finally, an integrated methodology is discussed. The latter methodology could simultaneously determine optimal phosphor luminances and chromaticities, as well as optimal values for the ambient chromaticity.
Colour and appearance in nature part II. Colour and appearance of flowering plants and animals
Authors: Hutchings John B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractColour and appearance of flowering plants and animals are discussed in terms of the three driving forces for colouration discussed in Part I. They are: first, the need to absorb incident radiation; second, the combination of reflection properties and visual characteristics; and third, incidental colouration caused because a biochemical, which has been optimised by an organism, happens to be coloured. Pigments and structures have evolved in both plants and animals to optimise colouration. Many flowering plants have evolved in conjunction with different flying creatures to enable pollination to occur. There are only two principles in animal colouration: Either the animal does not want to be seen or he does want to be seen (or does not mind being seen). The mechanisms by which these aims can be achieved are varied. There are three “dimensions” to the visual impact, or total appearance, which one animal has upon another: They are colour, pattern, and behavioural display.
Colour and appearance in nature part III. Color and appearance of homo sapiens
Authors: Hutchings John B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe principles of human colouration are very similar to those applying to other organisms, as outlined in the first and second articles of this series. The races of man are coloured differently for the very good reasons of adaptation to our environment, and any deviation from what is considered our normal colour is a good guide to the state of our wellbeing. Human beings have evolved and adapted to a reproductive sexual environment as well as to a climatological environment. Neanderthal man, at the start of the homo sapiens line, included ceremony and colour in his life pattern, and anthropologists have identified a basic colour triad used in body painting. There are various types of decoration and many motives to use colour, but it seems that body colour and decoration in general have remained vitally important to man's culture, enjoyment, and fear of life through the succeeding ages.
The determination of optical absorption and scattering in translucent porcelain
Authors: Johnston William M. , O'Brien William J. , Tien Tseng‐Ying 
Published: June 2007

AbstractReflectance and transmittance theories have been used to calculate the optical absorption and scattering within materials. For these calculations, the incorporation of corrections for interfacial reflections has not been universally applied, and when corrections have been incorporated, the value used for the diffuse internal reflection coefficient has often been based on theoretical considerations. A method of incorporating interfacial‐reflection corrections is presented. The importance of the incorporation of such corrections, with the proper value for the internal reflection coefficient, is clearly demonstrated for both reflectance and transmittance theories. The limitation of transmittance theory to materials with a scattering power (SX) of greater than 0.5 is also demonstrated for collimated illumination, unless an independent determination is made of the internal reflection coefficient.
the scientific aesthetics of charles henry
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe question of a fundamental aesthetics and, derivable from it, a harmony based on rational principles, is an old one. A remarkable attempt at an answer is that provided some 100 years ago by the French “psychobiophysicist” Charles Henry (1859–1926). In 1888 he published a color circle and an aesthetic protractor with which a systematic evaluation of colors and forms for their aesthetic qualities was possible. Both the circle and the protractor, were based on Henry's psychophysiological principles of dynamogeny and inhibition. A theory of rhythm was added by Henry related to prime numbers or their reciprocal fractions. Thus, an aesthetics founded upon what Henry considered to be sound scientific principles resulted. Henry's ideas and theories had a considerable impact on contemporary neo‐impressionist artists, particularly George Seurat and Paul Signac.
Increased optical damage resistance of Zr:LiNbO3 crystals
Authors: Sun Liang , Guo Fengyun , Lv Qiang , Yu Haitao , Li Hongtao , Cai Wei , Xu Yuheng , Zhao Liancheng 
Published: June 2007

AbstractZr: LiNbO3 crystals has been grown. The crystal composition and phase are analyzed by X‐ray diffration. The optical damage resistance ability of Zr: LiNbO3 crystals is studied by the Sénarmont compensation method and the transmitted beam pattern distortion method. The saturated value of the birefringence change of 6 mol% Zr: LiNbO3 crystal is 1.01×10‐4, which is seven times smaller than that of congruent pure LiNbO3 crystal. The results of UV‐Visible and IR absorption spectra of Zr: LiNbO3 crystals powerfully confirm that the optical damage resistance threshold concentration of the Zr4+ ions doped in LiNbO3 crystals is about 6 mol% in the melt. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Identification of Adducts Formed in the Reactions of 2′‐Deoxyguanosine and Calf Thymus DNA with Glutaraldehyde
Authors: Olsen Raymond , Backman Josefin , Molander Paal , Klika Karel D. , Kronberg Leif 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGlutaraldehyde (1,5‐pentanedial) is a widely used industrial chemical that has been found to be mutagenic in bacteria and mammalian cells. It has been claimed that glutaraldehyde forms adducts with 2′‐deoxyguanosine, 2′‐deoxyadenosine and 2′‐deoxycytidine, but until recently none of the adducts had been identified. In a very recent contribution from our laboratories, the structures were determined of three glutaraldehyde adducts formed in the reaction with 2′‐deoxyadenosine, and it was shown that one of the adducts is formed in calf thymus DNA. In the current work, we have studied the reaction of glutaraldehyde with 2′‐deoxyguanosine and calf thymus DNA in aqueous buffered solutions. Among the numerous adducts formed in the reaction with 2′‐deoxyguanosine, six compounds were found to be stable and could be isolated by semi‐preparative liquid chromatography and identified by UV absorbance and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric studies. Adduct dG350b, comprising two diastereomers, was found to be derived from one unit of glutaraldehyde which has been transformed to a tetrahydropyran ring so that C‐2 and C‐6 of the ring are attached to N‐1 and N2 of the purine unit resulting in a bridged structure. The adducts dG349a and b are analogous to dG350b, but the oxygen atom in the bridgehead position has been replaced by a nitrogen atom resulting in a piperidine ring. Adducts dG349a and b bear a diastereomeric relationship to one another and were not only separable, but were configurationally assigned. Adduct dG599, also comprising two diastereomers, is similar to dG349a and b, but the nitrogen atom in the piperidine ring in this case is the exocyclic amino nitrogen atom of another 2′‐deoxyguanosine unit. It was found that adducts dG350b and dG349a and b were formed in calf thymus DNA. Plausible mechanisms for the formation of these adducts are presented.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Probing Receptor–Anion Interactions by Ratiometric Chemosensors Containing Pyrrolecarboxamide Interacting Sites
Authors: Chen Chun‐Lin , Lin Tzu‐Pin , Chen Yen‐Shiu , Sun Shih‐Sheng 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe have designed and synthesized a series of molecular probes integrating both an amide and a pyrrole functionality for anion‐recognition and ‐sensing. The interactions between these probe molecules and various anions have been investigated to elucidate the influence of electronic effects on the anion‐recognition site. Changes in the UV/Vis and fluorescence spectra in the presence of anions reveal that probes 1–5 typically display a strong response to cyanide. Moreover, the appearance of the ratiometric phenomenon upon interaction with anions further enhances spectral differentiation for anion‐sensing. The mechanism for the reaction between the probe molecules and the anions has been further explored by 1H NMR titration experiments. Anions strongly interacting with probes and producing large changes in the UV/Vis and fluorescence spectra during the titration usually result in deprotonation of the amide group, whereas weakly interacting anions initially form hydrogen bonds with amide and pyrrole NH groups followed by deprotonation at higher anion concentrations. The weakest anions, however, form only two or four hydrogen bonds with the amide and pyrrole N–H groups during the titrations. Moreover, both probes 2 and 3 are able to recognize cyanide in a semi‐aqueous environment with extremely high selectivity. The formation of covalently bonded cyanohydrin derivatives from cyanide addition to an electron‐deficient amide carbonyl center is attributed to the effectiveness of probes 2 and 3 in a semi‐aqueous environment.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)