bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archaeological Site Protection: An Integral Component of the EXXON VALDEZ Shoreline Cleanup
Authors: Wooley CB , Haggarty JC 
Published: March 2009

A major cultural site identification and protection program in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska was conducted as part of the Exxon Valdez spill response. In cooperation with state and federal agencies and Native corporations with historic preservation mandates, the four-year program was designed to identify archaeological sites in the area of the spill, determine the effect of planned cleanup on them, and mitigate impacts to sites during cleanup.
Archaeological site protection constraints, augmented by an extensive cultural resource training program, were an integral part of each shoreline-specific cleanup plan. As a result, impacts attributable to the cleanup were limited to minor disturbances and two vandalism incidents. Impacts from oiling were minimal largely because most intertidal cultural sites had lost their fragile constituents and contextual integrity as a result of prespill erosion. State and federal studies confirmed the efficacy of the site identification and protection program, finding negligible impacts attributable to either direct oiling or the cleanup at intact sites.
The Cultural Resource Program also developed innovative management strategies with implications for future emergency responses involving complex land management and site protection issues. The program greatly enhanced the knowledge of the area's history by collecting and synthesizing considerable new archaeological information.
Mehrbild-Messungen mit einem optischen Bi-Sensor-Messsystem Profilmessungen in der Strangprofil-FertigungMultiple Measurements with an Optical Bi-Sensorial System Measurement of Extruded Profiles in Manufacturing
Authors: Weckenmann Albert , Bernstein Johannes 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
Es wird eine Messmethode zur Aufnahme mehrerer Bilder mit einem optischen Bi-Sensor-Messsystem für Strangprofile vorgestellt, welches ein Schattenwurf- und ein Lichtschnittsystem integriert. Ebenso sind geeignete Methoden zur Analyse “in-line” gemessener Strangprofile vorhanden. Im Ergebnis liegen die Anforderungen an die Lichtquellen, die grundlegende Synchronisation beider Systeme und ein geeignetes Kalibrierverfahren vor. Ziel ist die echtzeitfähige Erkennung der Formabweichung des vollständigen Messobjekts.
Engineered Wetland Design and Applications for On-Site Bioremediation of PHC Groundwater and Wastewater
Authors: Wallace Scott , Davis Brian 
Published: March 2009

Summary
Engineered wetlands are an emerging technology for the on-site bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated (PHC) water. The engineering optimization of natural treatment processes shows that engineered wetlands are a viable alternative to mechanical remediation systems.
An engineered wetland incorporates a horizontal subsurface flow gravel bed reactor, lined with an impermeable liner and equipped with a Forced Bed Aeration™ system to enhance oxygen delivery. Design parameters include biodegradation rate coefficients for petroleum hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), flowrate, hydraulic residence time, and influent and required effluent concentrations.
Three field-scale applications of this technology in North America are presented. The first application is at a pipeline terminal with contact wastewater containing BTEX and ammonia. A horizontal subsurface flow engineered wetland with Forced Bed Aeration™ and a design flowrate of 1.5 m3/d treats BTEX and ammonia to non-detect concentrations at 40% and 80% of the gravel bed length, respectively. The second application is at a former refinery, where a cascade aerator and surface flow wetland (for iron removal) and horizontal subsurface flow engineered wetland with Forced Bed Aeration™ were constructed in 2003 to treat 6,000 m3/d of BTEX-contaminated extracted groundwater. This system reduces benzene concentrations from 300 μg/L (influent) to &lt;10 μg/L (effluent), and is incorporated into a Robert Trent Jones-designed golf course. The third application is at a former refinery where high ferrous iron concentrations (40 mg/L) favor an alternative design. This system, currently being commissioned, treats 1,060 m3/day of iron and BTEX-contaminated extracted groundwater using a cascade aerator, sedimentation pond, surface flow wetlands, and vertical flow oxic limestone drains. Engineered wetlands are achieving performance goals in field-scale applications, and are a robust and sustainable alternative to mechanical remediation systems.
Proinflammatory Impact of Staphylococcus Aureus Enterotoxin B on Human Nasal Epithelial Cells and Inhibition by Dexamethasone
Authors: Yu Rui-Li , Dong Zhen 
Published: March 2009

Background The pathophysiology and etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) are poorly understood. Although a potential role of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP has been detected, additional studies are needed on the impact of SE on nasal epithelial cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) on proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine releases in primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNEC) of subjects with and without CRSwNP and the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoid on it. Methods Epithelial cells of NP and inferior turbinate (IT) were cultured serum free under stimulus of SEB, and interleukin (IL)-ajra.2009.23.32521beta, respectively. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoid on the proinflammatory response was investigated by addition of dexamethasone. In situ hybridization and Western immunoblot assays were used to investigate the proinflammatory impact of SEB on IL-5 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mRNA levels and protein production in HNEC. Results Results indicate (1) stimulation of HNEC with SEB resulted in increased IL-5 and GM-CSF expression, which could be suppressed by dexamethasone (p < 0.05), and SEB at concentrations of 1-100 ng/mL effectively promoted IL-5 and GM-CSF release by HNEC (p < 0.05); (2) patients with CRSwNP showed a significantly increased expression of IL-5 and GM-CSF in HNEC than patients without CRSwNP (p < 0.05); and (3) the expression of IL-5 and GM-CSF was significantly up-regulated under the stimulus of SEB compared with IL-1β (p < 0.05). Conclusion SEB acts as a superantigen and exhibits a dramatic proinflammatory impact on HNEC, which can be inhibited by the addition of glucocorticoid.
Deleterious Effect of Smoking and Nasal Septal Deviation on Mucociliary Clearance and Improvement after Septoplasty
Authors: Karaman Murat , Tek Arman 
Published: March 2009

Objectives To investigate the effect of septal deviation, septoplasty, and smoking upon nasal mucociliary clearance by using saccharine test. Methods Included in this study were 40 patients (15 women and 25 men) who had septal deviation and septoplasty surgery performed between March and June 2006. Patients are classified into three groups: group I (n = 20) nonsmoking patients who had septoplasty surgery, group II (n = 20) smoking patients who had septoplasty surgery, and the control (n = 20) group. None of the control group has nasal breathing problem or smoking history. For determining preoperative and postoperative nasal mucociliary clearance (MCC) time, a saccharine test was performed on the patients 1 day before surgery and at the third month of postoperative control. Results Preoperative and postoperative nasal MCC time in patients of group I are statistically significantly lower than the group II (p < 0.01). Postoperative MCC time in group I and II is significantly decreased compared with preoperative MCC time, statistically (p < 0.01). Preoperative and postoperative MCC time of group I and group II is significantly higher than MCC time of the control group (p < 0.01). Conclusion Nasal septal deviation and smoking deteriorates nasal MCC time and this result can be shown easily with the saccharine test. Properly performed septoplasty surgery decreases nasal MCC time during the late postoperative period but MCC times are still longer than normal. The saccharine test can be used for following up the effect of septoplasty upon nasal mucosa.
Preoperative Prognostic Factors for Olfactory Change after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Jiang Rong-San , Su Mao-Chang , Liang Kai-Li , Shiao Jiun-Yih , Hsin Chung-Han , Lu Fung-Jou , Chen Wen-Kang 
Published: March 2009

Background Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has been considered to improve the olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. However, which factors might affect the olfactory outcome after FESS has not been well investigated. Methods A total of 70 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent FESS were enrolled in the study. The potential prognostic factors for improvement in olfaction after FESS were evaluated in these patients. On the day before FESS, the olfactory function was evaluated by a symptom score, a phenyl ethyl alcohol odor detection threshold test, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, and a short-term odor memory/discrimination test, and were reevaluated by the same methods 6 months after FESS. Results The degree of nasal obstruction, the second minimal cross-sectional area measured by acoustic rhinometry, computed tomography scores before FESS, the degree of preoperative olfactory loss indicated by threshold and identification scores, and coexistence of nasal polyps or allergic rhinitis were not significantly reliable to influence the rates of olfactory improvement after FESS. Conclusion Degree of nasal obstruction, extent of rhinosinusitis disease, and coexistence of nasal polyps or allergic rhinitis did not predicate the overall possibility of any olfactory improvement after FESS.
Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by Patients Attending a Rhinology Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Newton Jonathan R. , Santangeli Louise , Shakeel Muhammad , Ram Bhaskar 
Published: March 2009

Background There are 50,000 practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) within the United Kingdom. The current U.K. prevalence of CAM use is reported to be 25% and is rising. The national expenditure on CAM is an estimated £1.6 billion. The aim of this study was to explore the pattern of CAM use in patients attending a rhinology outpatient clinic in Aberdeen. Methods Questionnaires were provided to 100 patients over a 2-month period. The questionnaire consisted of demographic sections and whether they had ever used CAM from a list of 49 herbal and nonherbal alternative therapies. Subjects were also asked why they used CAM, where they learned of CAM, whether they found it efficacious, and whether their general practitioner was aware they were using it. Results One hundred subjects completed questionnaires. Patients attending the clinic were suffering from the most common rhinological complaints including rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Sixty-five percent of patients had ever used CAM. Women were statistically significantly more likely to use CAM than men (p = 0.012). Patients who were employed were more likely to use CAM, but there was no significant difference in CAM usage depending on marital status, social class, and age. Only 6% of patients felt CAM use was definitely ineffective. Only 43% of users of CAM had informed their doctor about its use. Conclusion CAM usage is growing in popularity. All health care professionals should be aware of this and of the potential for adverse drug reactions occurring. The dangers of noncompliance with conventional medications should be emphasized to CAM users.
Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Esthesioneuroblastoma: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Folbe Adam , Herzallah Islam , Duvvuri Umamaheswar , Bublik Michael , Sargi Zoukaa , Snyderman Carl H. , Carrau Ricardo , Casiano Roy 
Published: March 2009

Background This study reports the combined experience of the University of Miami and University of Pittsburgh with endoscopic endonasal resection of esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB). A retrospective case series review was performed in a tertiary care university hospital. Methods Twenty-three patients, 16 men and 7 women, were reviewed. Mean age was 56.6 years (15-79 years). Nineteen patients received primary endoscopic endonasal anterior skull base resection. Of these, the modified Kadish stage at presentation was A in 2 patients, B in 11 patients, C in 5 patients, and D in 1 patient. Three patients had revision surgeries for recurrent tumors. The main outcome measures were complete resection and margin assessment, short-term and long-term complications, and recurrence rate. Results Complete resection and negative intraoperative resection margins were achieved endoscopically in 17 of the primarily treated cases. The two other cases had one patient that required an additional craniotomy approach to complete the resection of a positive lateral dual margin, another patient had positive margins at the orbital apex. All patients tolerated the endoscopic procedure very well with no meningitis. There were four cerebral spinal fluid leaks. Mean follow-up period for the primarily treated cases was 45.2 months (11-152 months), all were disease free at the most recent available follow-up. Conclusion In experienced hands and carefully selected patients, endoscopic resection of ENB respects the principles of oncologic surgery, providing an adequate exposure for margin assessment as well as reliable reconstruction of the anterior skull defect with a relatively low morbidity.
Endoscopic Approach to the Infratemporal Fossa for Treatment of Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
Authors: Goyal Parul , Leung Man-Kit , Hwang Peter H. 
Published: March 2009

Background Invasive fungal sinusitis is a progressive disease that can often extend beyond the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses into surrounding soft tissue and bone. Aggressive antifungal therapy and surgical debridement are the mainstays of management. The pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa are two regions that are commonly involved in patients with invasive fungal sinusitis. When fungal disease extends to the infratemporal fossa, surgical debridement can be challenging. Traditionally, open approaches have been used for the management of disease in these areas. Advances in endoscopic skull base surgery may allow for less invasive approaches for the management of disease in the infratemporal fossa. This article describes a transnasal endoscopic approach to the infratemporal fossa for debridement of invasive fungal sinusitis. Methods Patients with invasive fungal sinusitis extending into the infratemporal fossa were treated with endoscopic debridement. Records of these patients were reviewed. Results Endoscopic debridement was performed in four patients with infratemporal fossa extension of invasive fungal sinusitis. Responsible organisms included Aspergillus, Mucor, and Candida. Adequate access and excellent visualization of the infratemporal fossa were obtained in all patients. The endoscopic anatomy and surgical technique are presented. Conclusion Endoscopic approaches have been used to manage a variety of disease processes that extend beyond the confines of the paranasal sinuses. Invasive fungal sinusitis disease with extension into the infratemporal fossa can be safely debrided via a transnasal endoscopic technique. The approach provides excellent visualization with low morbidity.
Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma: The Expanded Endonasal Approach
Authors: Hackman Trevor , Snyderman Carl H. , Carrau Ricardo , Vescan Allan , Kassam Amin 
Published: March 2009

Background Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a benign but locally aggressively vascular tumor that may involve the skull base and extend intracranially. Endoscopic excision has become the new standard for smaller tumors but remains a challenge for large tumors, leading some to advocate radiation therapy. We reviewed our experience managing JNA, specifically with respect to utility of the expanded endonasal approach (EEA) for lesions with skull base and intracranial extension. Methods All cases of JNA at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from 1995 to 2006 were reviewed with respect to tumor size and location, vascular supply and results of embolization, skull base involvement and intracranial extension, surgical approach, blood loss, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and recurrence. Results Thirty-one cases of JNA were identified. The majority of tumors were completely excised using the EEA, regardless of size or extension into adjacent compartments. Surgical excision of some tumors with intracranial blood supply was staged. Recurrence rates were not associated with extent of tumor or surgical technique. Long-term morbidity was minimal. Conclusion Most JNA, regardless of tumor extent, may be completely excised using EEA alone or in combination with minor sublabial incisions avoiding the morbidity associated with larger open approaches or postoperative radiation therapy.
Polymer‐Supported Highly Enantioselective Catalyst for Nitro‐Michael Addition: Tuning through Variation of the Number of H‐Bond Donors and Spacer Length
Authors: Tuchman‐Shukron Lital , Portnoy Moshe 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageTwo series of polymer‐bound bifunctional organocatalysts, based on chiral diamine scaffolds, were prepared by solid‐phase synthesis. The series, incorporating a single hydrogen bond donor carbamate functionality, was notably more enantioselective in the Michael reaction of acetone and nitrostyrene than the series that includes a double hydrogen bond donor urea moiety, or the polymer‐bound diamine that lacks sufficiently acidic protons. The best aminocarbamate catalyst promoted the addition of acetone to nitroolefins with enantioselectivity unmatched by known heterogeneous catalysts. Introduction of a short linear spacer between the support and the scaffold improves the activity but reduces the selectivity of the catalyst. Alternatively, an increase in the reaction yield could be induced by the benzoic acid additive.
Characteristics of a group of Hubei Golden Snub‐nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana hubeiensis) before and after major snow storms
Authors: Li Yiming , Liu Xuecong , Liao Mingyao , Yang Jingyuan , Stanford Craig B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNatural disasters can negatively affect primate population demography and social group structure. A clear understanding of these effects has important implications for wildlife conservation. The worst snow storms in nearly five decades hit portions of southern and central China between January 10 and February 6, 2008, presenting a unique opportunity to observe their immediate effects on a previously studied group of Hubei Golden Snub‐nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana hubeiensis) in temperate forests in Shennongjia Nature Reserve, Hubei Province, China. We recorded social and demographic characteristics of the group before and after the snow storms. The average group size decreased from 270 individuals before the storms to 197 individuals after the storms, a reduction of 27.2%. Adult females (30.1%), juveniles (38.1%) and infants (55.4%) suffered higher mortality than did adult males (15.7%). Despite age and sex‐based differences in mortality, the ratios of adult males to adult females, adults to immatures and adult females to immatures remained similar before and after the storms. However, higher mortality among females, juveniles and infants may reduce the group's long‐term potential for growth. Am. J. Primatol. 71:523–526, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypergolic Ionic Liquids with the 2,2‐Dialkyltriazanium Cation
Authors: Gao Haixiang , Joo Young‐Hyuk , Twamley Brendan , Zhou Zhiqiang , Shreeve Jean'ne M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGefährliche Nähe: Eine hypergole Mischung aus stabilen Verbindungen reagiert rasch oder entzündet sich bei molekularem Kontakt. Anion wie Kation einer ionischen Flüssigkeit haben einen großen Einfluss auf die hypergolen Eigenschaften und die Zündverzögerung. Im Fall des Kations 2,2‐Dialkyltriazanium sind die Nitrat‐, Chlorid‐, Nitrocyanamid‐ und Dicyanamidsalze hypergol.magnified image
Direct Aerosol Synthesis of Large‐Pore Amorphous Mesostructured Aluminosilicates with Superior Acid‐Catalytic Properties
Authors: Pega Stéphanie , Boissière Cédric , Grosso David , Azaïs Thierry , Chaumonnot Alexandra , Sanchez Clément 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn old dream comes true: A direct and environmentally benign synthetic strategy was developed for the aerosol‐based mass production of large‐pore mesostructured aluminosilicate powders (see TEM image). Although amorphous, some powders exhibit higher activity towards m‐xylene isomerization and lower coke formation than a Y‐zeolite based industrial reference catalyst.magnified image
Single‐Scan 2D Hadamard NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Tal Assaf , Shapira Boaz , Frydman Lucio 
Published: March 2009

AbstractScan and deliver: By combining imaging‐based spectral/spatial 2D radiofrequency manipulations (see scheme, left) with Hadamard‐weighting principles, 2D NMR spectra can be retrieved within a single scan (right). This approach can give homo‐ or heteronuclear correlations with an enhanced sensitivity over conventional ultrafast 2D NMR spectroscopy.magnified image
Hypergolic Ionic Liquids with the 2,2‐Dialkyltriazanium Cation
Authors: Gao Haixiang , Joo Young‐Hyuk , Twamley Brendan , Zhou Zhiqiang , Shreeve Jean'ne M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNo flame, no gain: A hypergolic mixture is composed of stable species that readily react/ignite on molecular contact. Both the anion and the cation in an ionic liquid play prominent roles in determining hypergolic properties as well as ignition delay times. With the 2,2‐dialkyltriazanium cation, salts with nitrate, chloride, nitrocyanamide, and dicyanamide anions are hypergolic.magnified image
Zweihundert Jahre Soleleitung Reichenhall–Rosenheim – Ein bayerisches Wasserbau‐Großprojekt vor dem Hintergrund der zeitgenössischen Ingenieurwissenschaft
Authors: Holzer Stefan M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn den Jahren von 1807 bis 1810, also vor zweihundert Jahren, wurde in Bayern ein wasserbauliches Großprojekt verwirklicht: Die Salzquellen in Reichenhall wurden mit der 79km entfernten, neugegründeten Saline in Rosenheim durch eine Soleleitung verbunden. Zwischen 1816 und 1817 kam noch die Verlängerung dieser Leitung von Reichenhall bis zum Salzbergwerk in Berchtesgaden zur Ausführung. Die Soleleitung und die Salzgewinnung in Rosenheim blieben bis 1958 in Betrieb. Bei beiden Soleleitungen waren erhebliche Höhenunterschiede zu bewältigen, was die Einrichtung leistungsstarker Pumpwerke erforderte. Dieser Beitrag erläutert am Beispiel der bayerischen Salz‐Pipeline den damaligen Stand der Ingenieurwissenschaft zum Themenkreis des Rohrleitungs‐ und Anlagenbaus und stellt die schnelle Adaption wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse für baupraktische Aufgaben durch deutsche Ingenieure heraus, insbesondere für die rechnerische Bemessung und Auslegung.