bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Much Lucrative Drilling A Level 5 Multilateral Well Can Be In A Gas Condensate Reservoir From Offshore Platforms?
Authors: Khosravani M. J. , Saeedi F. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMultilateral well technology has been deployed in different parts of the world. The main motivations for drilling multilateral wells are, to increase drainage area which improves hydrocarbon recovery and then to minimize the cost by sharing the motherbore.South Pars gas field is located in Persian Gulf and is known as the largest gas field in the world; this field is extended into the Qatar territorial water where it is called the North Field. The reservoir in South Pars field includes four producing layers, K1, K2, K3 and K4; the ordinary trajectory of wells in this field is a 42 degree slant path that touches all of these layers and it culminates in a commingled production after all. But problem arises here, on the flanks, where the level of WGC is too high that K3 and K4 are inundated with water and there is no enough production from two other layers then it calls for finding another way to extend the production period. In this case the role of multilateral wells becomes highlighted and those conventional wells can be substituted by their novel multilateral forms.In this study, a bi-lateral well was designed using offset well data and related software. The design includes different drilling and completion options. In the next step the cost of this well was estimated. A full field reservoir simulation model was implemented in order to investigate the gas production improvement of the proposed well.Finally it turned out that, though the drilling cost of the bi-lateral well was increased by 37% in comparison with the original monobore well, the total gas production will be improved by 40%.
Lost Circulation Material Selection, Particle Size Distribution and Fracture Modeling with Fracture Simulation Software
Authors: Whitfill Don 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Lost circulation costs operators millions of dollars annually. Generally speaking, the drilling industry handles lost circulation much as it did 40 years ago. A significant effort has taken place to understand the mechanics behind lost circulation, what new tools can be developed to help locate the thief zone and what new steps can be taken to minimize or eliminate this problem.
Controlling circulation loss during well construction is more than just selecting the proper type of lost circulation material (LCM). A fully engineered approach is recommended. This approach incorporates borehole stability analysis, equivalent circulating density (ECD) modeling, leak-off flow-path geometry considerations, drilling fluid and LCM material selection to help minimize effects on ECD, on-site monitoring using pressure while drilling (PWD), connection flow monitoring techniques, and timely application of LCM and treatments. In many cases, the success or failure of LCM will be largely dependent on the decisions taken and methods employed when using the LCM.
A major service company has engineered solutions designed to reduce drilling non-productive time (NPT) due to lost circulation. A multi-disciplinary menu of services and tools is available to support the planning and application stages. Specialty software is used during the planning stage leading to the application of unique products and systems during the delivery stage. A feasibility study by technology specialists may include a wide range of tools during the planning stage to support data acquisition, modeling and design of the application stage.
Planning services include hydraulics and fracture characterization modeling to assess expected ECD and their effect on potential lost circulation intervals. The fracture characterization modeling for borehole stress treatments uses a module added to a hydraulics modeling software package that estimates both the expected fracture width and the particle size distribution (PSD) required to plug the induced fracture and prevent propagation. Application services may include delivery of specialized lost circulation materials and systems in either a preventive (pretreatment and/or borehole stress treatments to strengthen the wellbore) or corrective mode (mitigating lost circulation and, where possible, providing additional wellbore strength).
Drilling to the Extreme: The Micro-Coring Bit Concept
Authors: Deschamps B. , Desmette S. , Delwiche R. , Birch R. , Azhar J. , Naegel M. , Essel P. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The growing interest in deeply buried reservoirs increasingly leads operators into extreme drilling conditions characterized by high hydrostatic pressure (over 20.000 psi) and high temperatures (over 300 °F), combined with hard formations (high CCS– 40,000+ psi). Drilling in such environments requires specific adaptations of well design and in equipment selection. Additionally, these wells present multiple issues in well control, drilling and completion operations, and make the entire operation technically more complex and financially more risky.
Referencing the specific example of drilling operations, the great depths and increased formation compaction leads to very low rates of penetration (ROP) and considerably extended operation time.
These low ROPs equate to low depth of cut, and as a direct consequence the typical size of the drilled cuttings recovered at the shakers is extremely low (0.020 to 0.20 mm). This makes the cuttings irrelevant for the purpose of geological identification of the formations. This situation occurs with both impregnated diamond and PDC drill bits in these applications at low ROPs.
If the downhole conditions (HPHT) exceed the MWD or LWD specifications, accessing critical geological information will necessarily require a challenging coring job, dramatically increasing the operation time and thus the cost of the well.
In order to solve these problems, TOTAL S.A. and Diamant Drilling Services (DDS) developed a specific drill bit which generates micro-cores of formations during conventional drilling operations (from 10 to 40mm diameter depending upon application).
This paper presents the different steps of the Micro-Coring Bit (MCB) development, starting with a description of the intial design concept.
The experimental results of the drilling tests are presented. These tests validated the theoretical approach and led to the development of the first generation prototypes.
Finally the first case histories (6″ PDC bit application for Total Indonesia, Tunu DX32 well – 8 ½″ Impreg bit application in exploratory environment) are reported, demonstrating the feasibility of the concept and highlighting the real benefits in terms of ROP improvement and cuttings quality.
Potential of Ultra High—Speed Drill String Telemetry in Future Improvements of the Drilling Process Control
Authors: Hovda Sigve , Wolter Henrik , Kaasa Glenn-Ole , Ølberg Tor Stein 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Drill string telemetry technology allowing reliable data transmission at speeds up to 57,600 bits per second has recently been utilized on two separate offshore locations in the Norwegian North Sea. The results from these deployments prove that a reliable technology exists for high-bandwidth, bi-directional communication between the downhole sensors and surface. This technology overcomes the existing industry challenge related to low bandwidth and time lag associated with mud pulse telemetry.
The drilling industry is facing substantial challenges as the remaining petroleum reserves are found in more and more complex environments. Slow overall drilling progress and considerable time and costs related to unproductive time are often seen in the challenging wells needed to tap these reserves. The traditional way of controlling the drilling process seems to have reached its limits.
The high-speed telemetry drill pipe technology gives access to large amounts of high-resolution data in real-time. The data can be divided into two main groups drilling process data and formation evaluation data.
This paper will primarily focus on the drilling process data and how downhole data can be used in real-time to improve the drilling process. Further, the paper will discuss several drilling operations which can be significantly improved by using high-resolution data in real-time. Short- and medium-term potential benefits will be considered. Required further development of the technology will be discussed together with its practical applications. The paper will also focus on how drill string telemetry technology will be a key enabler for future coupling between downhole sensors and surface control systems. This will open up for more automation of the different drilling processes and a real step change in drilling process control.
Achieving Long-Term Zonal Isolation in Heavy-Oil Steam Injection Wells: A Case History
Authors: Kulakofsky David S. , McMillon Mike 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The world's ever increasing demand for energy has forced operators to go after more difficult reservoirs. These challenging reservoirs place a greater demand on the cement sheath's ability to maintain a long term seal. To form an initially successful annular cement seal, effective mud removal is required. If effective mud removal can be achieved, the resultant cement sheath should be elastic and resilient enough to survive future downhole thermal stresses. Cyclic steam injection presents some of the harshest conditions under which a cement sheath's resilience and elasticity can be put to the test.
Derived from the industry's latest innovative science in sheath durability, a third generation cement design has been developed for a California heavy oil field. The paper will discuss the evolution from the initial wells to the improvements made for the second generation and the extensive testing and qualification process that went into the third generation slurry design. Best practices and lessons learned are covered.
Gas-Tight Rotary-Shouldered Connection Riser Simplifies Intervention
Authors: Griffin Richard , Plessis Guillaume , Chin David , Dale James 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
This paper presents the development of a completion and workover riser that incorporates a modified second-generation rotary-shouldered connection (RSC). This double-shouldered connection features a high-pressure, gas tight, metal-to-metal radial seal, a secondary back-up resilient sealing barrier and additional modifications to cope with subsea conditions. The comprehensive effort to design, test and qualify the completion and workover riser for offshore conditions in Australia and Africa is detailed. Results from extensive finite element analysis, laboratory tests, manufacturing processes and field results are presented.
The results of a 15-month project are the design, testing, manufacture and deployment of a performance validated, RSC completion and workover riser system. The riser was successfully placed into service and utilized on the Enfield and Chinguetti oil, gas and water injection wells located offshore Western Australia and West Africa.
The purpose of developing the RSC completion and workover riser was to create a cost effective and efficient riser system to meet the requirements of the innovative well completion system used on the Enfield and Chinguetti wells. The gas-tight, metal-to-metal seal RSC riser is robust, easy to handle, light weight and has a smaller deck footprint than conventional dual-bore risers.
Extended Reach Drilling ERD Design in Deepwater Application
Authors: Rudi Rubiandini Ing. R. S. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Characteristic difference between Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) well and conventional directional well often cause problem in drilling an ERD well. Drag, torque, and hook load force that occur in an ERD well is higher than conventional well, because of long Horizontal Displacement and near 90° lateral inclination angle which are characteristics of an ERD well. Three critical parameters are affected by that characters, those parameters are: drill string design, casing design, and hydraulic design.
Drill string design optimization in ERD well is analyzed based on four basic parameters, those are: neutral point, torque force, hook load force, and axial force. Casing design optimization is analyzed from hook load force that occurs when picking up and slacking off. For casing design, there are three alternative methods: conventional method, casing floatation or negative weight method, and partial floatation method. Hydraulic design optimization is analyzed base on cutting concentration, mud weight, and drill string rotary speed.
Rig specification in drilling an ERD well is based on minimum requirement for rig hookload, rig drawwork, and pump power. Software with 3D trajectory visualization feature has been developed to calculate tubular and hydraulic design sensitivity regarding to friction force and pipe composition. In a study case, ERD method will be applied for deep water drilling process to extent the cluster system range. By using the developed software, calculation result gives information about ERD design optimization for similar case.
Dynamic Killing Parameters Design in Underground Blowout Well
Authors: Rudi Rubiandini Ing. R.S. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
It can't be denied that oil and gas industry is very interesting business with very high risk, especially drilling both exploration and exploitation well drilling. Blowout occurred at middle of 2006 that is now still cannot be handled. It's known as Mud Eruption from X-1 well. This made a longer historical of blowout well accident in Indonesia.
Basic difference about this eruption is the blowout fluids made from hot-brine-water mixed with shale and appear in surface as hot mud. Problem to handling mud at surface and poor condition of X-1 well had causing the operation to control the blowout directly going to relief well. Relief well technology is drill new well to shut uncontrolled blowout well, which is cannot be handled just by ordinary killing and pressure control operation.
Killing blowout well through relief well, called Dynamic Killing, is to inject fluid from relief well to the blowout well, commonly water or high dense fluid, in order to make pressure at blowout well exceed formation pressure, so fluid flow will be stopped.
Blowout case in X-1 classified as underground blowout with mud as erupted fluid, then killing operation done with higher density mud. This paper will discuss about optimization and design killing operation parameters such as kill mud density, kill rate, point of injection also pipe sizing by considering pressure losses, pump capacity and killing time.
Measuring Drill Pipe Buckling Using Continuous Gyro Challenges Existing Theories
Authors: Weltzin Tore , Aas Bjarne , Andreassen Espen , Lindland Martin 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Drill pipe buckling affects the industry in many operational aspects, like motor sliding problems, liner running, or weigh transfer for downhole equipment activation.
The authors believed the existing non rotating buckling theories applied in drilling software needed challenging, by physically measuring buckling in a realistic setup of well geometry and drill string sizes, and comparing the results with the buckling theories.
The tests were performed in a 2020 mMD research well, with a build-up and 60° tangent geometry. Various configurations of a tapered string with 5" and 3 1/2" drill pipe, as well as drill collars were used.
A novel approach was using a high accuracy continuous gyro to measure the string geometry changes (i.e. buckling), and both downhole and topside tension devices were applied to measure weight transfer.
Several datasets recording buckling and weight transfer were obtained; the gyro measurements of drill pipe geometry changes clearly demonstrated the onset and type of drill pipe buckling.
Weight transfer was also measured under different buckling states and demonstrated that lockup occurs before reaching a helically buckled state. This might alter operational practice regarding design of running strings.
The results have been compared with predictions from buckling models, and necessary model enhancements suggested.
The work has potential to improve buckling and weight transfer models. The potential outcome will be more accurate prediction for sinusoidal and helical buckling, and their effects on weight transfer. Ultimately, this will lead to better decision making and understanding in drilling and completion operations.
Eyewitness confidence and latency: Indices of memory processes not just markers of accuracy
Authors: Brewer Neil , Weber Nathan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDespite the well‐documented fallibility of eyewitness memories, they influence a variety of judgments and decisions by police, lawyers and the courts. Accordingly, psychologists have tried to identify variables that may help ‘corroborate’ the accuracy of witnesses' testimony. Variables considered by memory researchers to be reliable markers of memory (e.g. confidence and decision latency) have been examined, occasionally endorsed, but more commonly rejected as useful indices of the integrity of witnesses' memories. We examine the history of these attempts to isolate reliable eyewitness memory markers, and why it is that researchers interested in exactly the same issues have reached quite different conclusions about the utility of these memorial markers. We argue that, perhaps in their continuing attempts to find decisive practical solutions, researchers and legal practitioners may have focused too much on techniques or solutions that suggest unreasonable expectations of human memory systems, and too little on refining, and then exploiting, the faithful markers of memory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory, logic and data: Paths to a more coherent eyewitness science
Authors: Wells Gary L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBuilding a better scientific literature on eyewitness reliability is a continuous process. The articles in this special issue of Applied Cognitive Psychology are timely and well‐reasoned reflections on the need to learn from the history of the area, recognize the unique ways in which the legal system operates, and develop better theory. The current article comments on these articles and embellishes on some of these points. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Synthesis of Substituted Selenophenes Based on the First Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Tetrabromoselenophene
Authors: Tùng Đǎng Thanh , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRegioselective Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions of tetrabromoselenophene allow a convenient synthesis of aryl‐substituted selenophenes. High yields were obtained using a novel biaryl‐monophosphine ligand. The first tetra(1‐alkynyl)selenophene was prepared in one step by a Sonogashira reaction of tetrabromoselenophene.
An algorithm for the use of surrogate models in modular flowsheet optimization
Authors: Caballero José A. , Grossmann Ignacio E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this work a methodology is presented for the rigorous optimization of nonlinear programming problems in which the objective function and (or) some constraints are represented by noisy implicit black box functions. The special application considered is the optimization of modular process simulators in which the derivatives are not available and some unit operations introduce noise preventing the calculation of accurate derivatives. The black box modules are substituted by metamodels based on a kriging interpolation that assumes that the errors are not independent but a function of the independent variables. A Kriging metamodel uses non‐Euclidean measure of distance to avoid sensitivity to the units of measure. It includes adjustable parameters that weigh the importance of each variable for obtaining a good model representation, and it allows calculating errors that can be used to establish stopping criteria and provide a solid base to deal with “possible infeasibility” due to inaccuracies in the metamodel representation of objective function and constraints. The algorithm continues with a refining stage and successive bound contraction in the domain of independent variables with or without kriging recalibration until an acceptable accuracy in the metamodel is obtained. The procedure is illustrated with several examples. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Decontamination of sulfur mustard and sarin on titania nanotubes
Authors: Prasad G. K. , Mahato T. H. , Singh Beer , Ganesan K. , Srivastava Anchal. R. , Kaushik M. P. , Vijayraghavan R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDecontamination reactions of sulfur mustard and sarin were studied on the surface of titania nanotubes and the data were compared with that of bulk titania. Before the reaction studies, titania nanotube samples were made by using hydrothermal method and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, N2 BET, X‐ray diffractometry, and thermogravimetry. Soon after that, titania nanotube samples were exposed to sulfur mustard and sarin separately at room temperature (30°C) and the reactions were monitored by gas chromatography, whereas the reaction products were characterized by GC‐MS. The data explore the role of hydrolysis reactions and surface reactions for the decontamination of both sulfur mustard and sarin. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Teen workers' exposures to occupational hazards and use of personal protective equipment
Authors: Runyan Carol W. , Vladutiu Catherine J. , Rauscher Kimberly J. , Schulman Michael 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundPrior research indicates that working adolescents seek care for the toxic effects of on‐the‐job chemical and environmental hazard exposures.MethodsThis cross‐sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of 866 adolescent workers in the retail and service sector examines their exposures, personal protective equipment (PPE) use, and training.ResultsTwo‐thirds of respondents were exposed to continuous, very loud noise, 55% to thermal hazards and 54% to chemical hazards. Few teens reported using any PPE, though those who had been trained reported somewhat higher usage.ConclusionsTeens working in the retail and service sectors experience a variety of chemical, thermal, biologic and noise exposures. Efforts to eradicate such exposures need to be complemented by increased provision of PPE and appropriate training in their use by employers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:735–740, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of hearing conservation programs on incidence of noise‐Induced hearing loss in Canadian workers
Authors: Davies Hugh , Marion Steve , Teschke Kay 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundNoise exposure remains one of the most ubiquitous of occupational hazards. Hearing conservation program legislation and the programs themselves were designed to lower risk of resulting occupational noise‐induced hearing loss, but there has been no broad‐based effort to assess the effectiveness of this policy.MethodsThe incidence of a 10‐dB standard threshold shift was examined in a group of Canadian lumber mill workers, using annual audiogram series obtained from the Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia for the period 1979–1996 and using Cox proportional hazard models.ResultsMean cumulative noise exposure was 98.1 dB‐years. The audiograms from 22,376 individuals, among whom there were 2,839 threshold shifts of 10 dB or greater (i.e., a “standard threshold shift”), were retained in multivariable analyses. After adjusting for potential confounders, continuous use of hearing protection, and initial hearing tests later in the study period, the risk for standard threshold shift was reduced by 30%. Risk increased sixfold, however, in those with the highest noise exposure.ConclusionsHearing conservation programs may be effective in reducing overall incidence of hearing loss. In the absence of noise control at source, however, highly exposed workers remain at unnecessary risk. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:923–931, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.