bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Quarter Century of Court Psychiatry
Authors: Messinger Emanuel , Apfelberg Benjamin 
Published: March 2007

This study surveys a quarter of a century of continuous opera tion of the Psychiatric Clinic of the Court of General Sessions of New York County. The statistical findings are based on some 71,000 examinations of approximately 57,000 persons involved in felonies. Most of these persons are not significantly psychotic, neurotic, or even intellectually deficient in the ordinary clinical sense. Approximately 1.5 per cent are psychotic; less than 1 per cent are significantly neurotic; about 2.5 per cent are mental defec tives. Thus, only about 5 per cent of all persons convicted of felonies need to be considered for special treatment for psychotic, neurotic, or mentally deficient states. The remaining 95 per cent of serious offenders—at least in our jurisdiction—tend to show more or less severe character disorders. Over the 26-year period of this study, the only significant fluc tuation in incidence of major character disorders occurs in the group psychiatrically designated as pathologic (or sociopathic) personalities. The percentage of pathologic personalities appre hended for felonious crimes tends to fluctuate in accordance with sociologic, economic, and legal factors, rather than as a result of any significant variation in the personality configuration of the delinquency-prone population. The personality classifications developed by the Clinic are listed and described in two categories: Major Character and Behavior Disorders (seven subgroups), and Lesser Character and Behavior Disorders (twelve subgroups). 1 Walter Bromberg and Charles B. Thomp son, "The Relation of Psychosis, Mental Defect and Personality Types to Crime," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, May-June, 1937, pp. 70-89. 2 John H. Cassity, "Personality Study of 200 Murderers," Journal of Criminal Psycho pathology, Jan., 1941, pp. 296-304. 3 The words psychoneurosis and neurosis are used interchangeably—a standard psychi atric practice. They refer to degrees of nerv ous disorder which do not significantly im pair an individual's contact with, or appre ciation of, reality.
Runaways in History
Authors: Lipschutz Mark R. 
Published: March 2007

Although running away is a glorified part of American folk tradition, today's runaway runs afoul of a host of laws, including those which make the act itself illegal. The changes in the social and legal status of youth which contributed to this situation originated in the nineteenth century. In the seventeenth century, the concept of childhood came to be recog nized. Childhood was followed by "youth"—the period when the young ster left home to learn a trade. With the coming of the industrial revolution, however, employment opportunities for youths declined. They began to stay at home and in school longer; at the same time youth was perceived as a stage in life rather than a point on a continuum. Against this background G. Stanley Hall, at the turn of the twentieth century, created the concept of adolescence, which has since been firmly established as a stage of life peculiar to Western society. Runaways and vagrants were largely responsible for the birth of the child-saving movement, which paralleled these changes in social status. Runaway youths drew the attention of Charles Loring Brace, founder of the child-saving movement. Brace's revolutionary notion-that bad youths could be reformed—brought about legal reforms, including reformatories, child welfare laws, and juvenile courts. Despite the barriers resulting from this redefined legal and social thought, there have been three great Periods of running away in this century: the Great Depression, World War II, and the recent "flower child" era. Studies of the youths during and between these periods indicated a recurring theme: rupture in the nuclear family. If family pressure is the most common "push" encouraging a youth to leave, there may at the same time be a strong "pull": an enticing support group of runaway youths. When the peer-support system reaches a "take-off" point, the lure of running is so great that little "push" is required.
Police Personality: A Jungian Perspective
Authors: Hanewicz Wayne B. 
Published: March 2007

Analyses of the "police personality" have often blurred a useful distinc tion between exclusivity and commonality-between traits possessed only by police, on the one hand, and traits possessed by people who become police officers but who may become something else, on the other. There is persuasive evidence that the police officer does share with other police -and other specific groups-traits ranging through several dimensions of personality. The Jungian conceptual framework, as reflected in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), provides a synthesizing, explanatory, and predic tive scheme for the common traits identified by other, independent ("non- Jungian") investigators. An analysis of other research on the police per sonality shows it to be remarkably similar to MBTI theoretical statements. The MBTI may be a useful tool in training, counseling, and organizational change, but it is limited as an exclusive instrument for selection.
"Media access in the Third World": A case study of a Jordanian radio program
Authors: Ayish Muhammad Ibrahim 
Published: March 2007

Although access to channels of communication has been an important issue in national and international communication, it has rarely been addressed as such in an exclusively Third World context. Research about media in the Third World seems to perpetuate a mostly obsolete image regarding the current situations of communication systems in those countries. With respect to the question of access, the dominant notion governing our thinking of Third World media reflects an elitist public institutional control over access to those media. Such notion is usually criticized for being wholistic and incapable of accounting for the specific differences characterizing different media systems around the world. Taking the daily Jordanian call-in radio program "Direct Broadcasting (DB)" as a case study, the author sought to examine how public access to this program seems to reverse some of our conventional perceptions of Third World media. Although the results of the study showed a good number of DB segments to be dominated by actors associated with public institutions, private citizens were also involved in the program. While the involve ment of public sector actors was receptive (as targets of phone calls), private citizens accessed the program as initiators of information. The study also found that the majority of calls broadcast over the program was on developmental subjects pertaining to the daily needs of citizens. The study also revealed that the role of DB broadcasters has been either facilitative or inactive in a good number of cases rather than active or interrogative. The main conclusion of this study is that, while broadcasting structures in the Third World remain institutionally affiliated with governments, access to the airwaves by actors not associated with the public sector is possible, though on a controlled basis.
From Third World to First World: new roles and challenges for development communication
Authors: Melkote Srinivas R. 
Published: March 2007

The terms development and development communication have been, almost always, synonymous with the needs and problems of developing nations or the Third World. In the First World, these terms have not been readily used or easily recognized. The reasoning behind this has been that an industrially advanced country does not have significant problems dealing with development. This may not always be true. An advanced country has pockets of underdevelopment. Second, an industrially advanced country may have other unique problems that have arisen after development. These problems of "overdevelopment" that have occurred during the post-industrial stage may prove to be as dysfunctional as the problems of underdevelopment. This study will review the problems of underdevelopment and overdevelopment in the First World using mostly the United States of America as a case study. The role and challenges for communication will be discussed with specific reference to the above mentioned problems using the knowledge gained from research in the Third World.
Democratization of communication as a utopia
Authors: Hujanen Taisto 
Published: March 2007

This article is a case-study of the Finnish radio reform in the middle of the 1980's which resulted in the introduction of commercial radio in the country after 50 years of public monopoly. The study considers the radio reform as a discursive formation and focuses on a specific form of utopian discourse which is termed as democratization of communication. The author links his analysis of utopian discourse with Mannheim's classic sociology of knowledge and adopts from him the idea of the concreteness of utopias, i.e. the emphasis on situationality and social conditioning of utopias. What makes utopian discourse a relevant object of study, according to the author, is the way the utopias and utopians challenge the taken for granted character of a given social order, reproduced and maintained, for instance, by the practices of everyday knowledge. As to the discursive construction of the Finnish radio reform, the author's main conclusion is that the democratic utopia of communication was used to break the historical dichotomy between public and commercial broadcasting. Only the re-articulation of this dichotomy made it possible for the advocates of deregulation to gain wide popular and political support for their intentions.
Action research in health promotion
Authors: Whitehead Dean , Taket Ann , Smith Pam 
Published: March 2007

Objectives This article aims to define what is action research and where it fits in with health promotion practice, through drawing upon associated literature and personal action research experience. It also seeks to investigate the possible reasons why it is that health promotion researchers have not readily taken on the processes of action research strategies. Rationale The place of action research in health promotion programmes is an important yet relatively unacknowledged and understated activity. It has proven to be very popular with other professional groups, such as in the education, management and social sciences. In terms of health service activity, it is widely established in the fields of nursing and mental health and is beginning to establish itself in medicine. While there are a few health promotion examples to draw upon, they tend to be isolated, dated and often lie outside of the mainstream literature. It is suggested that this continuing state of affairs denies many health promotion researchers a valuable resource for managing effective change in practice. Conclusion The authors suggest that action research is both a valid and important research method for health promotion researchers, who are advised to further consider its merits in future studies. This article draws attention to the National Health Service (NHS) South West Regional Office-commissioned Our Healthier Nation: Improving the Competence of the Workforce in Health Promotion participatory action research project, as a means of promoting and validating action research strategy. The authors were all actively involved in this project.
Talking about baby walkers: Insights about health education from the field
Authors: Woods Amanda , Hapgood Rhydian , Bentley Elaine , Kendrick Denise , Dyas Jane 
Published: March 2007

Objective To explore the perceptions and experiences of health visitors and parents of health education approaches to baby walker use. Design An exploratory focus group study to inform the development of an educational intervention to reduce baby walker use. Five groups were conducted. One group consisted solely of health visitors, one of antenatal parents and three of parents of children under 5 years of age. Setting Focus groups took place in the East Midlands area of the UK. Deprived and nondeprived areas were chosen by their 'Jarman' score and parent and toddler groups at local community facilities in these areas were invited to take part. Health visitors working within these areas were asked to participate, as were parents from these areas attending a hospital antenatal group. Method A purposive sampling strategy was used to recruit 43 professional and parent participants so that there was a mixture of baby walker users and nonusers, living and working in deprived and nondeprived areas. The five focus group interviews lasted for approximately one hour, were facilitated by the authors (AW, RH) tape recorded and transcribed and the transcriptions analysed by extracting the themes which emerged using the data management package NUD*IST. Results A number of common themes emerged including the dilemmas which arise in the health education consultation; how markets drive parental choices and the literature available; how parents and health visitors perceive each other in the consultation and the difficulties of explaining risks in a way which is understandable. Conclusion There are difficulties in the health education consultation which arise between parents and health visitors that need to be aired and addressed. There is a need for more training and support for health visitors and for them to be provided with evidence-based information which can be used in their daily practice. More research is required which looks at the respective experiences of parents and health visitors in the health education consultation.
Developing an e-based postgraduate programme in public health and health promotion: Masters in Population Health Evidence, MPHe
Authors: Heller Richard F 
Published: March 2007

The Masters in Population Health Evidence (MPHe: www.mphe.man.ac.uk) is the first fully web based Masters course in Public Health in the UK. The programme aims to develop skills and competencies in population health underpinned by an evidence-based approach through active, self-directed and problem-based learning methods. The course is aimed at a range of health professionals and covers a range of core and optional units including health promotion and the basic sciences for population health.
National survey of the new smoking cessation services in England
Authors: Pound Elspeth , Coleman Tim , Cheater Francine , McNeill Ann 
Published: March 2007

Objective To examine the early implementation of the new National Health Service (NHS) smoking cessation services and assess implications for their future. Design Quantitative study. Setting NHS smoking cessation services in England, spring 2001. Method Postal survey of all smoking cessation coordinators (managers) in England. Results The response rate was 69 per cent. Three quarters of the coordinators reported that no prior smoking cessation services had existed in their area, 42 per cent had no experience of running clinical services for patients, and one in five reported employing very few or no smoking cessation advisors with previous clinical experience in smoking cessation or any other field. Some coordinators were experiencing difficulties in recruiting and retaining staff, the most common reasons being short-term funding or the lack of appropriate experience. Nevertheless, almost 60 per cent of the coordinators reported that the smoking cessation services were working at full capacity at the time of the survey. Services were offering a range of smoking cessation interventions that were mostly in line with the evidence base. Conclusion Evidence based smoking cessation services were set up across England within a short period of time. The majority of staff employed initially had little or no previous experience relevant to their posts and large numbers have been trained in smoking cessation skills. As ring- fenced funding of smoking cessation services came to an end in March 2003, it is important not to lose this substantive investment in skills and infrastructure and ensure that the services are incorporated into mainstream funding, with a proper career structure for smoking cessation service staff.
Health indicators in a prison population: Asking prisoners
Authors: Lester Carolyn , Hamilton-Kirkwood Laurence , Jones Nicholas K. 
Published: March 2007

Objective To collect information on health determinants directly from prisoners, complementary to a needs assessment. Design Self-completion multiple-choice questionnaire to a sample based on alternate cells. " Setting Her Majesty's Prison (HMP) Cardiff. Method Three hundred men received questionnaires with an offer of confidential help, which was accepted by two. Questions included qualifications, previous occupation, drug, alcohol and medical history, smoking, perceived threats, worries, diet, exercise, drugs in prison, access to services, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale. Results Of 133 (44 per cent) who responded, more than half had left school prematurely. Thirty-three (25 per cent) drank 90 alcohol units or more weekly before prison and 91 (68 per cent) used illegal drugs, with 44 (33 per cent) using in prison. Of the 112 (84 per cent) who smoked, 89 (79 per cent) wished to quit. Ninety-one (68 per cent) never took vigorous exercise, and 83 (62 per cent) ate less than three portions of fruit and/or vegetables daily. Only 41 (35 per cent) were within the normal HAD range for both anxiety and depression. Conclusion This study highlights concurrent high levels of adverse health determinants in prisoners. Targeting these determinants should improve health and decrease the chance of returning to criminality on release.
Improving children's problem eating and mealtime behaviours: An evaluative study of a single session parent education programme
Authors: Fraser Kim , Wallis Marianne , John Winsome St 
Published: March 2007

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a 'single session' group, early intervention, multidisciplinary, education programme (entitled the Fun not Fuss with Food group programme) designed to improve children's problem eating and mealtime behaviours. Design A quasi-experimental time-series design incorporating data collection, twice before and twice following the intervention. Setting A health district within the southeast region of Queensland, Australia. Method Data were collected using the Children's Eating and Mealtime Behaviour Inventory - Revised (CEBI-R) and the Family Demographic Questionnaire. Results Parents who attended the Fun not Fuss with Food group programme reported significant improvements in their child's problem eating and mealtime behaviours and reported reductions in parental concerns regarding their child's eating and mealtime behaviours. Conclusion A single session, early intervention, group education programme for families with children with problem eating and mealtime behaviours is appropriate and effective. Therefore, early intervention group education programmes should be considered as a strategy for this client group.
An exploratory study to investigate cognitive-motivational variables as predictors of health behaviours in adolescents
Authors: Tyc Vida L , Nuttbrock-Allen Deanna , Klosky James L , Ey Sydney 
Published: March 2007

Objective This study examines the relation between cognitive-motivational variables and self-reported health behaviours among adolescents. Design Cross-sectional survey of adolescents via questionnaires delivered in classrooms. Setting One large junior high school and two senior high schools located in the Memphis area. Method Data from 257 7th to 12th graders were used to determine their practice of health behaviours as well as their perceptions of health status and vulnerability, optimism and rebelliousness/risk taking. Results Adolescent males and females who were less rebellious and had better health perceptions reported healthier behavioural practices. A stronger significant inverse relationship between perceived vulnerability and health behaviour scores was found for females. Optimism was significantly and positively correlated with health behaviour scores only among females. Adolescents in lower grades obtained higher health behaviour scores than adolescents in higher grades. Males had higher rebelliousness scores than females. Demographic and cognitive- motivational variables accounted for 26 per cent of the variance in health behaviour scores. Conclusion Cognitive-motivational factors should be considered when designing health promotion programmes for adolescents.
Learning to be interdisciplinary: An action research approach to boundary spanning
Authors: Muñoz Karen , Jeris Laurel 
Published: March 2007

Objective This study explored challenges and barriers that need to be addressed in a preprofessional educational setting to provide opportunities for boundary spanning that leads to family-centred interdisciplinary service provision. Design The design employed in this study was participatory action research, an inductive approach. Setting The study took place during a semester-long, one-credit elective graduate seminar course. Method The study included five faculty members and eight graduate students from the fields of audiology, speech-language pathology, and rehabilitation counselling. Data gathering techniques used included observation, dialogue, and reflection. Results Three themes were identified as important in providing an environment conducive to collaboration between professionals and families, namely: 1 the need for acceptance of differing perspectives, 2 empowerment and its contribution to the process of inquiry, and 3 self-awareness in the learning process and the resultant increase in awareness of others. Conclusion While all participants confirmed the importance of trust, empowerment, low risk, and clear definition of process goals, both faculty and students found it extremely difficult to break out of their familiar routines. Given how difficult it was to surface and test assumptions in this context, these findings provided insight into the challenges interdisciplinary teams will face when they try to work with families as equals in the treatment decision-making process.
Whooping cough
Authors: Linthwaite Peter 
Published: March 2007

THE Department of Health have identified the need for a major health education campaign aimed at increasing the rate of immunisation against whooping cough, and therebydecreasingits incidence, particularly in view of a predicted upturn in Autumn 1985. The Health Education Council is developing this campaign to be run later this year, the first stage of which was to commission preliminary research to examine attitudes, knowledge and behav iour in this area. The results would be used to help identify the appropriate form and content of the materials to be used, but quite apart from this particular use, this research, has a wider interest value — and perhaps further applications. This article describes the research and some of the main findings with this in mind. (MORI — Market and Opinion Research International — were commissioned to undertake the research, and the HEC has received their report 'Attitudes towards Whooping Cough Immunisation' by Brian Gosschalk and Lynn Cherkas, — now lodged in the HEC library).