bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limb joint surface areas and their ratios in Malagasy lemurs and other mammals
Authors: Godfrey Laurie R. , Sutherland Michael R. , Paine Robert R. , Williams Frank L. , Boy Donald S. , Vuillaume‐Randriamanantena Martine 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSurface areas of humeral and femoral heads scale largely as a function of body size. However, differences in the relative sizes of these articular surfaces are correlated with differential joint mobility and force transmission through fore‐ and hindlimbs. They can therefore assist interpretation of the positional behavior of extinct species. In this paper, we document variation in ratios of humeral head surface area to femoral head surface area among extant primates and other mammals. We then examine a group of extinct primates: the subfossil lemurs of Madagascar. Many Malagasy le murs, including some giant extinct species with very long forelimbs and short hindlimbs, have relatively small humeral heads and large femoral heads. We explore the adaptive implications of this pattern. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tigaran (Point Hope, Alaska) tooth drilling
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H. , Brauer Jaymie , Gordon‐larsen Penny 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn a sample of 48 adult Tigarans (1300–1700 A.D.) from Point Hope, Alaska, 33 exhibited various degrees of periodontal disease, which, in 25, resulted in tooth loss (Schwartz, unpublished data). Although extreme examples of tooth wear were prevalent in the sample, carious infection was noted in only one individual, in whom the lower central incisors (I1s) had been affected. In the left I1 infection had spread through the root's apex into the alveolar bone, causing an abscess. The buccal (labial) side of the root of this tooth, just below the crown, bears a shallow, relatively flat‐bottomed depression, with a small perforation into, as well as a second hole that fully penetrates, the root canal. Both of these features appear to have been produced by an implement, and, as they are associated with a diseased tooth, and ritualistic tooth shaping or drilling of any sort was, and is, not practiced among Arctic groups, their purpose was probably therapeutic. As such, this specimen appears to represent a case of precontact New World Arctic dentistry. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Statistical study of sexual dimorphism in the human fetal sciatic notch
Authors: Holcomb Susan M. C. , Konigsberg Lyle W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWhether human fetal skeletal remains exhibit sexual dimorphism has been the subject of considerable debate. Most attention in this debate has focused on the greater sciatic notch of the ilium, since it is a gross morphological characteristic with known sex differences in the adult and is easily seen in fetal skeletal remains. Unfortunately, previous traditional morphometric analyses of the fetal sciatic notch have led to ambiguous results. The purpose of this study is to determine whether differences between the sexes can be discerned when modern morphometric techniques are applied to the fetal sciatic notch. Photographs of the ventral side of 133 fetal ilia of known age and sex from the Trotter Collection of Washington University were digitized, and the trace coordinates used for all subsequent analyses. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there is significant sexual dimorphism in the anterior to posterior location of the maximum depth of the sciatic notch, but that the depth of the notch itself is not dimorphic. While there is significant sexual dimorphism in the shape of the sciatic notch, the amount of overlap between males and females is too great for the sciatic notch to be used as a reliable indicator of sex. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Class I HLA antigens in two long‐separated populations: Melanesians and South Amerinds
Authors: Bhatia Kuldeep K. , Black Francis L. , Smith Thomas A. , Prasad Madhuri L. , Koki George N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractClass I HLA antigens have been compared in 5,835 Melanesians of Papua New Guinea and 2,028 Amerindians of South America. The sample includes 50 PNGMel ethnolinguistic groups and 22 SAmlnd groups. Both carry 15 serologically defined antigens and an undefined C allele. Except for A2 in Papua New Guinea and Cwl in South America, these antigens are widely distributed in their respective populations. Nine (A2 and A24, B39, B60 and B62, and Cwl, Cw3, Cw4, and Cw7) are common to both. This commonality suggests that these two populations derive from an ancestral population with less polymorphism than modern East Asians. In both populations several theoretically possible haplotypes were absent, and other haplo‐types were in positive disequilibrium in both. The parallels in disequilibria suggest that haplotypes are subject to selective forces acting on the level of allelic interaction. Based on three locus haplotype frequencies, the PNGMel groups form five clusters with internally typical linguistic and geographic characteristics and a miscellaneous category, but Samlnd groups show no cluster. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subfossil Indri indri from the Ankarana Massif of northern Madagascar
Authors: Jungers William L. , Godfrey Laurie R. , Simons Elwyn L. , Chatrath Prithijit S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSubfossil specimens of Indri indri have been recovered recently from the Ankarana Massif cave system in the far north of Madagascar. Taken together with material from the central highland site of Ampasamba‐zimba, the range of this species appears to have once included much of the northern half of the island and to have extended north and west beyond the eastern rainforest (not unlike Hapalemur simus). It is probable that forest corridors connected the subfossil localities to the current range at some time in the past. Climatic desiccation (fluctuating or long‐term) and/or human degradation of the environment may have created the disjunct distributions of living and subfossil I. indri. It is also possible that I. indri once included populations or subspecies that were better adapted to dry forest, woodland, or mosaic environments, habitats very different from those occupied by their living conspecifics. Such adaptive diversity would have been similar to that of Propithecus diadema which today has subspecies in the montane forests and one (P.d. perrieri) in the dry forests of the northeast. These discoveries add new information on range extensions to the distributional database for the primates of Madagascar, and illustrate the piecemeal process of their extinctions. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Status and diet in precontact highland ecuador
Authors: Ubelaker D. H. , Katzenberg M. A. , Doyon L. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExcavation at the Ecuadorian highland site of La Florida in suburban Quito revealed six deep shaft tombs yielding high‐status individuals (n = 9) as well as apparent sacrifices and other low‐status individuals (n = 23). Determination of sex and age at death of the recovered skeletal remains resulted in a sample of 32 individuals aged from approximately 7 to 50 years of age. The sample of 18 individuals over the age of 18 years included 14 females and 4 males. Temporally, the remains are assigned to the Chaupicruz Phase (circa 100 to 450 AD) of the Regional Developmental Period. In this study, we analyze stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen from human bone in order to compare the diets of the high‐ and low‐status individuals. Stable carbon isotope analyses were carried out on preserved protein and biological apatite (bioapatite), and stable nitrogen isotope analyses were carried out on preserved protein. There is a statistically significant difference in δ13C between the two groups for both protein and mineral sources of carbon with evidence for the greater consumption of maize in the high‐status group. There is no significant difference in δ15N between the two groups, nor is there a significant difference in the spacing between protein and mineral δ13C values between the two groups. Ethnohistorical evidence for the 16th century AD provides the expectation that the only dietary difference was the higher consumption of animal protein by the elite. There is no evidence for this based on the bone chemistry data from La Florida. Instead, the isotope data, along with the archaeological evidence, indicate that the major dietary difference during the Chaupicruz Phase was the greater intake of maize by the elite, probably in the form of beer (chicha). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of body size and social context on the arboreal activities of lowland gorillas in the Central African Republic
Authors: Remis Melissa 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe objectives of this 27 month study were to document the positional behaviors used by lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Central African Republic and to compare the effects of body size dimorphism on the use of arboreal substrates. During this study, despite their great size, all gorillas used trees regularly. Predictions concerning the relationship of body size to arboreal behavior were generally upheld. Small branch and suspensory activities were rare for silverbacks. Females used smaller and multiple substrates and suspensory postures more frequently than males. Although females foraged in the periphery of trees, males stayed close to the cores and rarely used terminal branches.In addition to body size, this study found that party size, social rank, and tree structure all influence an animal's substrate choice and subsequent positional activities. Lone males typically remained in the cores of trees where substrates are large. Group males may have been forced to use all parts of trees because others were present. Lone males used small crown trees which provided easy access to terminal branch foods. Males and females foraging together used larger trees (containing more feeding sites) than single sex groups. Female positional behavior may have been affected by the presence of males. When apart from males, females used the cores of trees and larger substrates more than when foraging with males. As habitat and social context both influence substrate use, they should be considered essential components of body‐sized based interpretations of the behavior of fossil or extant species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maxillary sinusitis in Medieval Chichester, England
Authors: Boocock P , Roberts C. A. , Manchester K 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMaxillary sinusitis is a common medical complaint, affecting more than 30 million people per year in the United States alone. Very little palaeopathological work on this disease has been carried out, probably because of the enclosed nature of the sinuses in intact skulls and the lack of a suitable method for examination. This study tested the hypothesis that maxillary sinusitis was more common in people with leprosy than in people without it in Medieval England. The prevalence of maxillary sinusitis by age and sex was recorded in 133 individuals, some diagnosed as being leprous, derived from a later Medieval (12th to 17th centuries AD) urban hospital population at Chichester, Sussex, England using both macroscopic and endoscopic methods of examination. Of the 133 individuals with one or both sinuses available for examination, 54.9% (73) had evidence of bone change within the sinuses. There was no difference in prevalence between those with leprosy and those without, although clinical studies suggest that over 50% of lepromatous leprous individuals may develop sinusitis. Comparison with another study on Medieval British sites with a 3.6% prevalence (3 of 83) indicates that the prevalence at Chichester is much greater. The problems with diagnosing sinusitis are addressed and reasons behind the high frequency in this study are discussed. Aetiological factors predisposing to maxillary sinusitis are considered with reference to possible environmental conditions prevailing in the later Medieval period in Britain. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomechanics of the hip and birth in early Homo
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA complex of traits in the femur and pelvis of Homo ereclus and early “erectus‐like” specimens has been described, but never satisfactorily explained. Here the functional relationships between pelvic and femoral structure in humans are explored using both theoretical biomechanical models and empirical tests within modern samples of diverse body form (Pecos Amerindians, East Africans). Results indicate that a long femoral neck increases mediolateral bending of the femoral diaphysis and decreases gluteal abductor and hip joint reaction forces. Increasing biacetabular breadth along with femoral neck length further increases M‐L bending of the femoral shaft and maintains abductor and joint reaction forces at near “normal” levels. When compared to modern humans, Homo erectus and early “erectus‐like” specimens are characterized by a long femoral neck and greatly increased M‐L relative to A‐P bending strength of the femoral shaft, coupled with no decrease in hip joint size and a probable increase in abductor force relative to body size. All of this strongly suggests that biacetabular breadth as well as femoral neck length was relatively large in early Homo. Several features preserved in early Homo partial hip bones also indicate that the true (lower) pelvis was very M‐L broad, as well as A‐P narrow. This is similar to the lower pelvic shape of australopithecines and suggests that nonrotational birth, in which the newborn's head is oriented transversely through the pelvic outlet, characterized early Homo as well as Australopithecus. Because M‐L breadth of the pelvis is constrained by other factors, this may have limited increases in cranial capacity within Homo until rotational birth was established during the late Middle Pleistocene. During or after the transition to rotational birth biacetabular breadth decreased, reducing the body weight moment arm about the hip and allowing femoral neck length (abductor moment arm) to also decrease, both of which reduced M‐L bending of the proximal femoral shaft. Variation in femoral structural properties within early Homo and other East African Early Pleistocene specimens has several taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basicranial flexion, relative brain size, and facial kyphosis in Homo sapiens and some fossil hominids
Authors: Ross Callum , Henneberg Maciej 
Published: February 2006

AbstractComparative work among nonhominid primates has demonstrated that the basicranium becomes more flexed with increasing brain size relative to basicranial length and as the ‐upper and lower face become more ventrally deflected (Ross and Ravosa [1993] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 91:305–324). In order to determine whether modern humans and fossil hominids follow these trends, the cranial base angle (measure of basicranial flexion), angle of facial kyphosis, and angle of orbital axis orientation were measured from computed tomography (CT) scans of fossil hominids (Sts 5, MLD 37/38, OH9, Kabwe) and lateral radiographs of 99 extant humans. Brain size relative to basicranial length was calculated from measures of neurocranial volume and basicranial length taken from original skulls, radiographs, CT scans, and the literature. Results of bivariate correlation analyses revealed that among modern humans basicranial flexion and brain size/basicranial length are not significantly correlated, nor are the angles of orbital axis orientation and facial kyphosis. However, basicranial flexion and orbit orientation are significantly positively correlated among the humans sampled, as are basicranial flexion and the angle of facial kyphosis. Relative to the comparative sample from Ross and Ravosa (1993), all hominids have more flexed basicrania than other primates: Archaic Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, and Australopithecus africanus do not differ significantly from Modern Homo sapiens in their degree of basicranial flexion, although they differ widely in their relative brain size. Comparison of the hominid values with those predicted by the nonhominid reduced major‐axis equations reveal that, for their brain size/basicranial length, Archaic and Modern Homo sapiens have less flexed basicrania than predicted. H. erectus and A. africanus have the degree of basicranial flexion predicted by the nonhominid reduced major‐axis equation. Modern humans have more ventrally deflected orbits than all other primates and, for their degree of basicranial flexion, have more ventrally deflected orbits than predicted by the regression equations for hominoids. All hominoids have more ventrally deflected orbital axes relative to their palate orientation than other primates. It is argued that hominids do not strictly obey the trend for basicranial flexion to increase with increasing relative brain size because of constraints on the amount of flexion that do not allow it to decrease much below 90°. Therefore, if basicranial flexion is a mechanism for accommodating an expanding brain among non‐hominid primates, other mechanisms must be at work among hominids. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linking teratogen information service and birth defects registry databases to improve knowledge of birth defect status
Authors: Archer Natalie P. , Langlois Peter H. , Case Amy P. , Wolfe Lori J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough teratogen information services (TISs) obtain maternal exposure information from their callers, such services often do not know if the pregnancies were affected by a birth defect. This study attempted to improve the completeness of this information for Texas Teratogen Information Service (TTIS) callers by linking their records with the Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR) and Texas birth certificates (TBCs).METHODSA total of 344 expectant mothers called TTIS with expected dates of delivery between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2001. These pregnancies were linked with TBDR and TBC data. The percentages of pregnancies with known birth defect information both before and after the linkage were compared.RESULTSThe TTIS originally collected birth defect status information for 101 of the 344 callers (29.4%) and 0.6% of all 344 callers or 2.0% of callers with birth defect status information had a pregnancy affected by a birth defect. Linking TTIS records with TBDR and TBC data helped to raise the percentage of callers with birth defect status information from 29.4% to 71.5%. Among those callers, the percentage known to have birth defects increased from 2.0% to 4.1%. The sensitivity of TTIS follow‐up calls in identifying birth defects was 50%, and the specificity was 100%.CONCLUSIONSLinking TTIS caller records with TBDR and TBC data significantly increased both the percentage of pregnancies with birth defect status information and the percentage of pregnancies identified as affected by birth defects. Such linkage may be a good approach by which TISs can increase the completeness of their birth defect status information. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Teratology public affairs committee position paper: Maternal obesity and pregnancy
Authors: Scialli Anthony R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCompared to normal‐weight women, obese women have an increased risk of infertility and pregnancy complications. The most consistently described pregnancy complications are hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes mellitus, thromboembolic events, and cesarean section. Fetal and neonatal complications may include congenital malformations, macrosomia, and shoulder dystocia. The literature suggests that women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 have approximately double the risk of having a child with a neural tube defect (NTD) compared to normal‐weight women, and the increased risk associated with higher maternal body weight does not appear to be modified by folic acid supplementation. The Public Affairs Committee of the Teratology Society supports the public health initiatives identified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2004 and the research initiatives identified by the National Institutes of Health in 2004. The Public Affairs Committee recommends that clinicians counsel women about appropriate caloric intake and exercise and that health‐care providers educate parents about appropriate childhood nutrition. Breast‐feeding should be encouraged based on evidence of a protective effect against childhood obesity, as well as other health advantages. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microwaves modify thermoregulatory behavior in squirrel monkey
Authors: Adair Eleanor R. , Adams Barbara W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSquirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) trained to regulate environmental temperature (Ta) behaviorally were exposed in the far field of a horn antenna to ten‐minute periods of 2,450 MHz CW microwaves. Incident power density ranged from 1 to 22 mW/cm2. The corresponding specific absorption rate (SAR), derived from temperature increments in saline‐filled styrofoam models, ranged from 0.15 to 3.25 W/kg. Controls included exposure to infrared radiation of equivalent incident energy and no radiation exposure. Normal thermoregulatory behavior produces tight control over environmental and body temperatures; most monkeys select a Ta of 34–36°C. Ten‐minute exposures to 2,450 MHz CW microwaves at an incident power density of 6–8 mW/cm2 stimulated all animals to select a lower Ta. This threshold energy represents a whole‐body SAR of 1.1 W/kg, about 20% of the resting metabolic rate of the monkey. Thermoregulatory behavior was highly efficient, and skin and rectal temperatures remained stable, even at 22 mW/cm2 where the preferred Ta was lowered by as much as 4°C. No comparable reduction in selected Ta below control levels occurred during exposure to infrared radiation of equal incident power density.
Induction of calcium‐ion efflux from brain tissue by radiofrequency radiation: Effect of sample number and modulation frequency on the power‐density window
Authors: Blackman C. F. , Benane S. G. , Elder J. A. , House D. E. , Lampe J. A. , Faulk J. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChanges have been found in calcium‐ion binding to brain tissue exposed in vitro to a specific power density (0.83 mW/cm2) of 147‐MHz radiation, amplitude modulated by a 16‐Hz sine wave. This report replicates and extends this previous work. To define more precisely the range of effective power densities, two different numbers of samples were treated in a Crawford cell. In one series, four brain tissues were exposed at a time; in the other series, four brain tissues plus six dummy loads were exposed together. While the four‐sample configuration produced a narrow power‐density window, the ten pseudosample configuration resulted in a broader power‐density window. The reason for the sample‐number dependence is unresolved, but may be due to interactions between samples and field distortions caused by the close spacing. The ten pseudosample configuration was used to test for the presence and range of a power‐density window at a sinusoidal modulation frequency of 9 Hz. The response curve at 9 Hz was essentially identical to the results for 16‐Hz sinewave modulation.
Microwave‐induced pressure waves in a model of muscle tissue
Authors: Olsen Richard G. , Hammer Wayne C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMicrowave‐induced mechanical stress waves were studied in simulated muscle tissue. Pulsed microwave energy at 5.655 GHz induced pressure waves that were recorded with a hydrophone transducer. Each pulse produced a peak power density greater than 1.5 kW/cm2. Microwave absorption measurements within the model showed energy deposition to be mostly confined to a region within 2 cm of the irradiated surface. The average specific absorption rate (SAR) at the surface of the sample was about 100 W/kg. The microwave‐induced stress wave propagated at a velocity of 1,600 m/sec with peak pressures of approximately 300 pascals and was detectable after having traveled a total distance of 0.61 m on a path that included two reflections at model‐container interfaces.