bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fats and oils as chemical intermediates: Present and future uses
Authors: Pryde E. H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCurrently, fats and oils possess about 40% of the paint binder, 50% of the surfactant, and 15% of the plasticizer markets. Other markets considered here, with estimated fats and oils percent share of these markets in parentheses, are: adhesives (1%), Agrichemicals (10%), engineering thermoplastics (2%) and synthetic lubricants (20%). With the expected growth for these markets and with fats and oils retaining the same percent share, an additional 3000 million pounds of fats and oils would be needed in 1990. In the likely event that the fats and oils share is accelerated, an additional 7500 million pounds would be required. These requirements could be met by an additional 10 or 25 million acres of soybean production, respectively, which can be easily attained by U.S. agriculture or by diversion of other crops or animal fats from edible use or export.
Rapid method for determination of wax in sunflowerseed oils
Authors: Brimberg U. I. , Wretensjö I. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA rapid estimate of wax content in sunflower seed oil may be obtained by heating the oil to 130 C and subsequent cooling in ice for 10 to 15 min. Microcrystalline waxes are then formed. They are quantified by measuring increased turbidity with a sensitive turbidity meter. Calibration is made with thoroughly dewaxed oil to which known amounts of wax are added, and the turbidity increase is determined after 10 minutes at 0 C. The method has been compared with modified cold test, comprising visual inspection after 24 hours at 0 C and after 5 days at 20 C. The rapid tubidimetric method is superior to cold test in predicting the tendency of oils to precipitate small amounts of wax after long‐time storage.
Analysis of traces of anionic detergents in oils and fats
Authors: Rek J. H. M. , Appel A. C. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA method to analyze oils and fats for anionic detergents, mainly sodium lauryl sulphate (NaLS), has been developed. After extracting the detergent from the oil, a chloroform‐soluble complex with methylene blue is formed, and the concentration of this complex is determined spectrophotometrically. The method was found suitable for oils and fats containing 0.05 to 5.0 mg NaLS per kg. The analysis can only be used to assess fully refined oils and fats because partly refined and commercially available products may contain minor components and emulsifiers also solubilizing methylene blue into chloroform.
HPLC of triglycerides
Authors: Herslöf B. , Podlaha O. , Töregård B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTriglyceride separation was investigated on a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column using two different solvent systems. Complete separation of model compounds differing by two methylene groups was achieved. Partial or complete separation was also observed in critical pairs; for example, the different types of triglycerides consisting of palmitic and oleic acids. This observation was confirmed on natural oils (coconut oil, palm kernel oil).
2‐Ethoxyalkanoic acid: A co‐product during synthesis of long chain α,β‐unsaturated acid
Authors: Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad M. U. , Osman S. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA co‐product occurring during synthesis of long chain α,β‐unsaturated acid by dehydrohalogenation of α‐halogenated acid by alcoholic alkali, previously unidentified, has been characterized as 2‐ethoxy‐alkanoic acid. Its structure has been established by combustion data as well as by spectral methods.
Laparoscopic Intraluminal Surgery for Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Authors: Franklin Morris E. , Portillo Guillermo , Treviño Jorge M. , Gonzalez John J. , Glass Jeffrey L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIntroductionIntraluminal surgery began with the advent of endoscopy. Endoscopic endoluminal surgery has limitations; and its failure results in conventional open or laparoscopic interventions with increased morbidity. Laparoscopy‐assisted intraluminal surgery is a novel alternative to open or laparoscopic surgery for a failed endoscopic endoluminal technique, minimizing the associated complications. Endoscopic resection of early gastric and duodenal cancers is restricted by the limited view of the endoscope, insufficient number of instrument channels, and inability to have adequate margins of resection without risking perforation. These cancers potentially can be treated by laparoscopy‐assisted intraluminal surgery without resorting to major gastric or duodenal resection. This procedure is relatively easy to perform and oncologically effective. We present the experience of the Texas Endosurgery Institute (TEI) in treating early gastric and duodenal cancers, including large malignant polyps and carcinoid tumors, with laparoscopy‐assisted endoluminal surgery.Materials and methodsThe data for all patients with early gastric and duodenal cancers who underwent laparoscopy‐assisted endoluminal surgery at TEI between 1996 and 2007 were prospectively recorded. All of the patients had been referred by the endoscopist as noncandidates for endoscopic resection. We prospectively collected data on preoperative diagnosis, operating time, estimated blood loss, postoperative complications, histopathology, and recurrence rate. All patients underwent endoluminal port placement under direct visualization after a pneumoperitoneum was established. Operations were performed in conjunction with upper endoscopy for assistance with port placement under endoluminal visualization, insufflation, and specimen retrieval. After the intraluminal portion of the operation was completed, the endoluminal port sites were closed with laparoscopic intracorporeal suturing.ResultsFrom 1996 to 2007, a total of 12 patients underwent laparoscopic endoluminal surgery. All cases were completed successfully, including 5 resections of early gastric cancer (stage I), 3 wedge resections of carcinoid tumor, 2 resections of duodenal adenocarcinoma, and 2 resections of a malignant polyp at the gastroesophagic junction; all the cases were completed with disease‐free margins. No recurrence of the original pathology have been reported, and the complications were minimal.ConclusionLaparoscopic intraluminal surgery for early gastric and duodenal cancer is a feasible alternative to open conventional therapies; and it is associated with a lower incidence of incisional hernia formation and a lower infection rate.
Annoyances, Disruptions, and Interruptions in Surgery: The Disruptions in Surgery Index (DiSI)
Authors: Sevdalis Nick , Forrest Damien , Undre Shabnam , Darzi Ara , Vincent Charles 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies have investigated disruptions to surgical process via observation. We developed the Disruptions in Surgery Index (DiSI) to assess operating room professionals’ self‐perceptions of disruptions that affect surgical processes.MaterialsThe DiSI assesses individual issues, operating room environment, communication, coordination/situational awareness, patient‐related disruptions, team cohesion, and organizational issues. Sixteen surgeons, 26 nurses, and 20 anesthetists/operating departmental practitioners participated. Participants judged for themselves and for their colleagues how often each disruption occurs, its contribution to error, and obstruction of surgical goals.ResultsWe combined the team cohesion and organizational disruptions to improve reliability. All participants judged that individual issues, operating room environment, and communication issues affect others more often and more severely than one’s self. Surgeons reported significantly fewer disruptions than nurses or anesthetists.ConclusionAlthough operating room professionals acknowledged disruptions and their impact, they attributed disruptions related to individual performance and attitudes more to their colleagues than to themselves. The cross‐professional discrepancy in perceived disruptions (surgeons perceiving fewer than the other two groups) suggests that attempts to improve the surgical environment should always start with thorough assessment of the views of all its users. DiSI is useful in that it differentiates between the frequency and the severity of disruptions. Further research should explore correlations of DiSI‐assessed perceptions and other observable measures.
Determination of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for Early Maturation in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Haidle Lisa , Janssen Jennifer E. , Gharbi Karim , Moghadam Hooman K. , Ferguson Moira M. , Danzmann Roy G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTo identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing early maturation (EM) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a genome scan was performed using 100 microsatellite loci across 29 linkage groups. Six inter-strain paternal half-sib families using three inter-strain F1 brothers (approximately 50 progeny in each family) derived from two strains that differ in the propensity for EM were used in the study. Alleles derived from both parental sources were observed to contribute to the expression of EM in the progeny of the brothers. Four genome-wide significant QTL regions (i.e., RT-8, -17, -24, and -30) were observed. EM QTL detected on RT-8 and -24 demonstrated significant and suggestive QTL effects in both male and female progeny. Furthermore, within both male and female full-sib groupings, QTL on RT-8 and -24 were detected in two or more of the five parents used. Significant genome-wide and several strong chromosome-wide QTL for EM localized to different regions in males and females, suggesting some sex-specific control. Namely, QTL detected on RT-13, -15, -21, and -30 were associated with EM only in females, and those on RT-3, -17, and -19 were associated with EM only in males. Within the QTL regions identified, a comparison of syntenic EST markers from the rainbow trout linkage map with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) genome identified several putative candidate genes that may influence EM.
Changing trends in intracranial abscesses secondary to ear and sinus disease
Authors: Tandon S , Beasley N , Swift A C 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectives:To review the management, causative organisms, morbidity and mortality of intracranial abscesses secondary to sinus and ear disease.Study design and setting:Retrospective, case note review of suppurative intracranial complications of ear and sinus disease in patients admitted to a regional neurosurgical centre between 1980 and 2004. These data were compared with published material from the same region from 1950–1979.Results:There was a marked reduction in the mortality rate and the number of intracranial abscesses secondary to chronic ear disease, comparing the two time periods. However, there was little change in the percentage of sinus-related abscesses treated and in their symptoms, signs, abscess location and long term morbidity. Microbiology results showed that streptococcal species predominated as causative organisms, with a high percentage of anaerobic bacteria in otogenic abscesses.Conclusion:Despite improved outcomes, a high index of suspicion for intracranial complications of ear or sinus disease should be maintained in the presence of appropriate signs and symptoms.
Honey as topical prophylaxis against radiochemotherapy-induced mucositis in head and neck cancer
Authors: Rashad U M , Al-Gezawy S M , El-Gezawy E , Azzaz A N 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim:To evaluate the efficacy of pure natural honey as prophylaxis against radiochemotherapy-induced mucositis, through clinical scoring of oral and oropharyngeal mucositis, and culturing of pathogenic oral and oropharyngeal microbes.Patients and methods:The study was done in Assiut University Hospital, Egypt, between January 2005 and July 2006. Forty patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer were entered into the trial. Enrolled patients were randomised to either the treatment group, receiving concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy (with a significant area of directly visible oral and/or oropharyngeal mucosa included in the radiation fields) plus prior topical application of pure natural honey, or the control group, receiving concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy without honey. Patients were evaluated clinically every week to assess development of radiation mucositis. Aerobic cultures and candida colonisation assessment were undertaken, via oral and oropharyngeal swabs, prior to and at the completion of irradiation, and when infection was evident.Results:In the treatment group, no patients developed grade four mucositis and only three patients (15 per cent) developed grade three mucositis. In the control group, 13 patients (65 per cent) developed grade three or four mucositis (p < 0.05). Candida colonisation was found in 15 per cent of the treatment group and 60 per cent of the control group, either during or after radiotherapy (p = 0.003). Positive cultures for aerobic pathogenic bacteria were observed in 15 per cent of the treatment group and 65 per cent of the control group, during or after radiotherapy (p = 0.007).Conclusion:This study shows that prophylactic use of pure natural honey was effective in reducing mucositis resulting from radiochemotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer.
ENT cases seen at a local ‘walk-in centre’: a one year review
Authors: Rourke T , Tassone P , Philpott C , Bath A 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim and method:This retrospective study reviewed the ENT-related cases seen, and the discharge or transfer outcomes, at both a local ‘walk-in centre’ and the respective emergency department, over one year in Norwich.Results:Of the 7657 ENT cases seen at the walk-in centre, the commonest conditions included tonsillitis or pharyngitis, otalgia, cough, and deafness. In comparison, 1586 patients were seen at the emergency department, and the commonest conditions were epistaxis and throat foreign bodies. Of the ENT cases seen at the walk-in centre, 85.4 per cent were treated and discharged. Of the 14.6 per cent referred to other healthcare providers, 11.1 per cent were to the general practitioner. In comparison, the emergency department discharged 41.2 per cent and referred 58.8 per cent to other healthcare providers.Conclusion:This study indicates that ENT cases may constitute a large proportion of patients seen in walk-in centres, and that the case types seen may differ from those presenting to emergency departments. It also indicates that walk-in centres may potentially be assessing, treating and discharging 85.4 per cent of ENT patients seen.
Total laryngopharyngoesophagectomy with gastric transposition reconstruction: review of long-term swallowing outcomes
Authors: Kelly A M , Drinnan M J , Savy L , Howard D J 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim:The aim of this review was to examine long-term swallowing and eating outcomes following laryngopharyngoesophagectomy with gastric pull-up reconstruction.Methods:Ten patients underwent clinical examination and completed the performance status scale for head and neck questionnaire and also a gastric pull-up swallowing questionnaire designed for this review. Nine of the 10 patients underwent videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing.Results:One patient had a stricture at the orogastric anastomosis, and one patient had bilateral tongue immobility secondary to XIIth nerve palsies. Eight participants reported eating a normal diet, and five reported not limiting their eating environment. Regurgitation, slower eating and reduced capacity were the most common functional limitations.Conclusions:These results support previous opinions that the gastric pull-up procedure has good swallowing outcomes, and indicate that such outcomes continue in the long term.
Cartilage ‘shoe’: a new technique for stabilisation of titanium total ossicular replacement prosthesis at centre of stapes footplate
Authors: Beutner D , Luers J C , Huttenbrink K B 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectives:After tympanoplasty using a total ossicular replacement prosthesis, many unsatisfactory hearing results are due to dislocation of the prosthesis.Material and methods:We developed a cartilage guide for stabilising the total ossicular replacement prosthesis in the oval window niche. An oval-shaped piece of cartilage measuring 2.5 × 3.5 mm with a central hole was precisely punched out of a thin cartilage plate. The cartilage was placed in the oval niche, and its hole centred the prosthesis on the stapes footplate.Results:Hearing results in 52 patients confirmed acoustically the effectiveness of this method of total ossicular replacement prosthesis stabilisation on the stapes footplate. Subsequent ‘second-look’ surgery revealed stable ingrowth of the cartilage ‘shoe’ into the oval niche.Conclusion:Such a cartilage shoe might address one of the causes of unsatisfactory hearing following ossicular chain reconstruction with a total ossicular replacement prosthesis.
Evaluation of surgeons' marking of excision margins for superficial facial skin cancer lesions
Authors: Ghosh S , Duvvi S , Goodyear P , Reddy E , Kumar A 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIntroduction:We established a series of exercises that evaluated surgeons' marking of excision margins, and we sought to identify factors influencing such marking.Methods:Twenty-four participants were asked to draw preset margins (3, 4, 5, 8 or 10 mm) on a series of life-size images representing noncosmetically and cosmetically sensitive facial sites, and also to draw circles of set diameters (3, 5 and 8 mm) on white paper. Margins were measured with vernier callipers calibrated to 0.05 mm.Results:In the small margin (3 mm) and noncosmetically sensitive exercises, the mean margins drawn were greater than required. When a 10 mm margin was required in cosmetically sensitive areas and nonsensitive areas, the margin was consistently underestimated in the former group by all participants (p < 0.05).Conclusion:Surgeons marking facial lesions for excision should use a measurement of scale, in order to eliminate the inherent tendency to underestimate the margin required for large excisions and for cosmetically sensitive areas.
Expansile properties of otowicks: an in vitro study
Authors: Clamp P J 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective:To determine the expansile and absorptive properties of the expandable ear wick when tested with commonly prescribed ear drop preparations.Design:This in vitro study assessed wick expansion and absorption of drops when different ear drop preparations were applied. Nine commonly used ear drop preparations were tested (Gentisone HC, Sofradex, Otomize, Betnesol, Exocin, Canesten, Locorten-Vioform, EarCalm and ichthammol glycerin) with a standard expandable ear wick.Main outcome measures:Weight, length and width of otowick following exposure to ear drops.Results:There was a marked difference in the absorption and expansion of the otowick when different drops were used. This corresponded to the aqueous or oil base of each preparation. All aqueous ear drop preparations (i.e. Gentisone HC, Sofradex, Otomize, Betnesol, Exocin and EarCalm) produced similar rates of absorption into, and expansion of, the otowick. The oil-based ear drop preparations (i.e. Canesten, Locorten-Vioform and ichthammol glycerin) failed to expand the wick and showed poor rates of absorption into the wick.Conclusion:Expandable ear wicks should only be used in conjunction with aqueous ear drops. When using expandable otowicks as an adjunct to treating fungal otitis externa, acetic acid ear drops should be prescribed, as all other anti-fungal drops are oil-based.
Assessing the heritability of anorexia nervosa symptoms using a marginal maximal likelihood approach
Authors: Mazzeo S. E. , Mitchell K. S. , Bulik C. M. , Reichborn-Kjennerud T. , Kendler K. S. , Neale M. C. 
Published: May 2008

BackgroundAssessment of eating disorders at the symptom level can facilitate the refinement of phenotypes. We examined genetic and environmental contributions to liability to anorexia nervosa (AN) symptoms in a population-based twin sample using a genetic common pathway model.MethodParticipants were from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel (NIPHTP) and included all female monozygotic (MZ; 448 complete pairs and four singletons) and dizygotic (DZ; 263 complete pairs and four singletons) twins who completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) assessing DSM-IV Axis I and ICD-10 criteria. Responses to items assessing AN symptoms were included in a model fitted using the marginal maximum likelihood (MML) approach.ResultsHeritability of the overall AN diagnosis was moderate [a2=0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.0–0.50] whereas heritabilities of the specific items varied. Heritability estimates for weight loss items were moderate (a2=0.31–0.34) and items assessing weight concern when at a low weight were smaller (0.18–0.29). Additive genetic factors contributed little to the variance of amenorrhea, which was most strongly influenced by unshared environment (a2=0.16, e2=0.71).ConclusionsAN symptoms are differentially heritable. Specific criteria such as those related to body weight and weight loss history represent more biologically driven potential endophenotypes or liability indices. The results regarding weight concern differ somewhat from those of previous studies, highlighting the importance of assessing genetic and environmental influences on variance of traits within specific subgroups of interest.
A taxometric analysis of health anxiety
Authors: Ferguson E. 
Published: May 2008

BackgroundA long-standing issue in the health anxiety literature is the extent to which health anxiety is a dimensional or a categorical construct. This study explores this question directly using taxometric procedures.MethodSeven hundred and eleven working adults completed an index of health anxiety [the Whiteley Index (WI)] and indicated their current health status. Data from those who were currently healthy (n=501) and receiving no medical treatment were examined using three taxometric procedures: mean above minus below a cut (MAMBAC), maximum eigenvalue (MAXEIGEN) and L-mode factor analysis (L-MODE).ResultsGraphical representations (comparing actual to simulated data) and fit indices indicate that health anxiety is more accurately represented as a dimensional rather than a categorical construct.ConclusionsHealth anxiety is better represented as a dimensional construct. Implications for theory development and clinical practice are examined.