bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytokine production in response to Epstein‐Barr virus infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro
Authors: WHITTINGHAM SENGA , NASELLI GAETANO , HARRISON LEONARD C. , BOYD ANDREW W. , CEBON JONATHAN , JACK IAN 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTo obtain a better understanding of the immune response to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), we measured the cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α/β, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), IL‐6 and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) in the conditioned medium of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 healthy adults before and at 48 h and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks following infection in vitro with EBV. Cultures were examined for regression of outgrowths of nascent virus‐transformed B cells, and populations of cells in the cultures were analysed by flow cytometry.TNF‐α/β was not detected in infected or non‐infected cultures. In infected cultures assayed at the nominated times, the highest levels of IL‐2 were detected at 48 hours, IFN‐γ at 1 week, IL‐6 at 2 weeks and GM‐CSF between 2 and 4 weeks. IL‐6 and GM‐CSF, but not IL‐2 or IFN‐γ, were detected in non‐infected cultures but at lower levels than in infected cultures. Nine of the 10 healthy adults showed regression of outgrowths of virus‐transformed B cells and, of these, seven had antibodies to the EBV capsid antigen (VCA). Strong regression was associated with sequential increases in IL‐2, IFN‐γ, and low levels of IL‐6 and GM‐CSF. Absent or weak regression was associated with an undetectable level of IL‐2, a low level of IFN‐γ, high levels of IL‐6 and GM‐CSF and an increased frequency of cells bearing the phenotype CD20 and HLA‐DR in the final weeks of culture. The percentage of cells with a phenotypic marker for natural killer cells remained constant in all cultures over the 4 week period, and there was a modest decrease in the percentage of T cells in both infected and non‐infected cultures. The demonstration of different temporal profiles of cytokines is in accord with a programmed cellular immune response to EBV infection which could serve as a model to study the events that modulate the inflammatory response to EBV.
Multiple levels of post‐transcriptional regulation of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1) in an epithelial cell line
Authors: WHITELOCK J. M. , PAINE M. L. , GIBBINS J. R. , KEFFORD R. F. , O'GRADY R. L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMultiple levels of regulation of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1; MMP‐1), have been demonstrated in a clonal rat epithelial cell line (A5P/B10). Secreted enzyme could not be demonstrated in culture medium from A5P/B10 cells but, using antibodies specific for collagenase, the enzyme was detected within the cytoplasm and on the surface of the cells. A probe for rat collagenase could not detect a signal for mRNA in the cytoplasm while nuclear run‐on data demonstrated that the gene for collagenase was being transcribed. Incubating the cells with 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) significantly increased cytoplasmic mRNA levels and slightly increased the intensity of staining in permeabilized cells, but collagenase activity was still not detected in the conditioned medium. This indicated that the protein was being synthesized by the TPA‐treated cells but was not being secreted into the medium. These data suggest that the secretion of collagenase may be regulated both following transcription and after the completion of translation and it is suggested that multiple levels of control may be operating to determine the rate of collagenase release and hence, the rate of collagen turnover.
Immunosuppressive antibody treatment prolongs graft survival in two murine models of segmental pancreas transplantation
Authors: PURCELL LISA J. , MOTTRAM PATRICIA L. , MANDEL THOMAS E. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySuccessful pancreas transplantation requires the suppression of both allograft rejection and recurrence of autoimmune disease. In order to study treatments to suppress these two responses, separate models were developed for pancreas allograft rejection and autoimmune disease. In the first model, the diabetic state was induced with streptozotocin in CBA mice prior to the transplantation of pancreas grafts from BALB/c donors. In the absence of autoimmune disease, control mice rejected their grafts in 26 days (median). Antibody treatments (anti‐lymphocyte serum and anti‐CD4) significantly prolonged allograft survival beyond this time, but not to the extent we have previously reported in the heart graft model. NOD/Lt mice spontaneously developed autoimmune diabetes, and recurrence of disease was seen in isografts at 9.5 days (median). Antibody treatments significantly delayed disease recurrence, with anti‐CD4 being the most effective. Heart allografts (CBA donors) in NOD/Lt recipients were rejected within 17 days (median), and the anti‐CD4 treatment had a moderate effect in delaying graft survival (median 28 days). Anti‐lymphocyte serum did not prolong graft survival. Thus antibody treatment was effective in delaying both rejection and the recurrence of autoimmune disease in segmental pancreas grafts. However, the same doses were not effective in delaying heart rejection in the NOD/Lt model, so it would appear that treatments which inhibit autoimmune disease may not prevent allograft rejection.
Recombinant fowlpox virus vaccines for poultry
Authors: BOYLE D. B. , HEINE H. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe intensive poultry industries rely heavily upon the use of vaccines for disease control. Viral vector based vaccines offer new avenues for the development of vaccines for effective disease control in poultry. Techniques developed for the construction of recombinant vaccinia viruses have been readily adapted to the construction of recombinant viruses based on fowlpox virus (rFPV). The ability to insert several genes into the large genome of fowlpox may enable the development of multivalent vaccines and vaccines incorporating immune response modifiers such as lymphokines. Newcastle disease, avian influenza, infectious bursal disease and Marek's disease antigens expressed by rFPV have been shown to be effective vaccines in poultry. None appear, however, to provide a substantial improvement in vaccine efficacy. Recombinant FPV will be a valuable adjunct to conventional vaccines currently in widespread use. Whether rFPV or other vector based vaccines can circumvent the problems of vaccination in the presence of high maternally derived antibodies is yet to be resolved. The observation that avipoxvirus recombinants may be suitable for the vaccination of non‐avian species provides an added dimension to vaccines based on FPV or other avipoxviruses. Recombinant FPV will find a useful role in poultry disease control when used in conjunction with conventional vaccines.
Bovine herpesvirus‐1 vaccines
Authors: HURK SYLVIA VAN DRUNEN LITTEL‐van den , TIKOO SURESH K. , LIANG XIAOPING , BABIUK LORNE A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryVaccination has been important in controlling a wide variety of viral and bacterial infections of man and animals. Vaccines to herpesvirus infection of cattle are no exception. The present review describes the different types of conventional vaccines that have been used to date and furthermore describes the novel approaches which are presently being implemented to develop more effective vaccines. These include subunit vaccines as well as genetically engineered modified live deletion mutants. Both these novel vaccine approaches appear to be more efficacious than conventional vaccines. Furthermore, these vaccines provide an additional dimension for control and eradication of infection by providing an opportunity to develop companion diagnostic tests to differentiate infected animals from vaccinated animals. This review summarizes these developments as well as present knowledge regarding the important host defence mechanisms required for preventing infection and aiding recovery from infection.
Vaccination against Lucilia cuprina: The causative agent of sheep blowfly strike
Authors: EAST IAIN J. , EISEMANN CRAIG H. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, is responsible for over 80% of cases of blowfly strike in Australia and the tosses in production and sheep deaths due to flystrike exceed S200 million per annum. Traditional methods of control are becoming less effective because of the blowfly's resistance to insecticides and thus other methods of control are necessary. In general, sheep develop very little immunity to flystrike even after repeated infestation, however vaccination against L. cuprina has shown considerable potential for controlling flystrike. The most successful sources of antigens have been the larvae's secreted proteases and several extracts from gut or peritrophic membrane. Immunization with these antigens results in retardation of larval growth and in some cases larval mortality. On sheep immunized with peritrophic membrane extracts, the growth retardation appears to be caused by a blocking of the peritrophic membrane which results in the larvae being starved of nutrients. The prospects for vaccine development and the remaining barriers to be overcome are discussed.
Immunological approaches to fertility regulation in domestic livestock
Authors: SCARAMUZZI R. J. , CAMPBELL B. K. , MARTIN G. B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAntibodies to hormones have been used extensively to study endocrine regulation of reproduction and in recent times they have been commercially exploited as therapeutic agents to manipulate reproduction. Despite the release of two commercial products, little is known about the mechanism of action of immunoneutralization. The presence of hormone‐binding antibodies in the circulation and the detection of hormone antibody complexes in blood has led investigators to suggest a vascular site of action for immunoneutralization. However, a vascular site of action is difficult to reconcile with some of the known effects of immunoneutralization to the boar taint steroid (5α‐androst‐16‐en‐3‐one) to androstenedione and to gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone. In this paper we review some of our recent research into the mechanism of action of androstenedione immunoneutralization. We suggest that hormonal immunoneutralization of androstenedione may take place in the extracellular compartment or within the plasma membrane where antibodies to androstenedione may bind to a specific steroid‐binding protein in the plasma membrane of granulosa cells.
Effect of cationization on anti‐hapten antibody responses in sheep and mice
Authors: ALTMANN K. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe effect on anti‐hapten immune responses of altering the isoelectric point of hapten‐carrier conjugates by cationization was examined in sheep and mice. No adjuvants were employed in these studies. In sheep the cationization of ovalbumin‐dinitropheny1 (OVA‐DNP) resulted in an enhanced primary anti‐dinitropheny1 (DNP) response. The secondary anti‐DNP responses were not consistently greater for animals primed with cationized (CAT) OVA‐DNP than in animals primed with OVA‐DNP. Similar results were obtained with mice immunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐DNP or CAT BSA‐DNP. Mice and sheep primed with OVA‐DNP failed to mount an anamnestic response following secondary immunization with CAT OVA‐DNP. Failure of a cationized hapten‐carrier to stimulate a secondary anti‐DNP response following priming with uncationized hapten‐carrier was also observed in mice using BSA‐DNP as the model antigen.
Interferon‐gamma and interleukin‐4 in human Leishmania donovani infections
Authors: KEMP MICHAEL , KURTZHALS JØRGEN A. L. , KHARAZMI ARSALAN , THEANDER THOR G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryClinical and immunological similarities between Leishmania donovani infections in humans and L. major infections in mice suggest that some of the pathophysiological mechanisms are the same in the two conditions. Both infections can result either in a fatal systemic disease or in a self‐limiting infection with few and mild symptoms. In the murine model the outcome of the infection is critically related to the cytokines produced by T lymphocytes activated by leishmanial antigens. Activation of the IFN‐γ producing Th1 subset of CD4 positive T cells results in cure and survival, whereas activation of the IL‐4 secreting Th2 subset results in a progressive disease with fatal outcome. A similar Th1/Th2 dichotomy in the cytokine response to L. donovani may exist in humans, and may have influence on the outcome of infection. In murine leishmaniasis the levels of IL‐4 and IFN‐γ at the time of infection can direct the T cell response into Th1 or Th2 type. If similar mechanisms operate in humans, the outcome of L. donovani infections may depend on the local cytokine environment in which early activation of Leishmania specific T cells takes place. Cytokines secreted by cross‐reactive memory T cells, activated by antigens from the invading micro‐organism, may contribute to determine this environment.
Inhibitory mechanisms of antibody production by nitrogen oxides released from activated macrophages during the immune response: Relationship to energy consumption
Authors: TAKAGI KUNIAKI , NUKAYA IKUEI , YASUKAWA KIYOSHI , SUKETA YASUNOBU 
Published: July 2007

SummaryWe investigated the relationship between the sensitivity of mouse splenocytes in immune response to nitrogen oxides and energy consumption rate of the cells. Macrophage‐like cells (Mm 1) pretreated with lL‐6 served as the source of the nitrogen oxides. The antibody production of both 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl‐keyhole limpet haemocyanin‐primed splenocytes and B cell hybridomas was markedly reduced; about 20–40% of splenocytes and B cell hybridomas were killed by co‐culture with IL‐6‐treated Mm 1. Cell viability and antibody production were completely restored by the addition of NG‐monomethyl L‐arginine to the culture medium. The cytotoxicity of the nitrogen oxides was correlated with the distance between effector and target cells. Under conditions of low cytotoxicity, antibody production by B cell hybridomas was suppressed by the nitrogen oxides, this suppression not being correlated with the reduction in cell growth. The sensitivity of the target cells differed in co‐cultures of antigen‐primed splenocytes and B cell hybridomas with IL‐6‐treated Mm 1. The nitric oxide‐sensitivity of the cells corresponded to their 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reducing activity and ATP consumption rate. These findings suggest that nitrogen oxides act as regulatory molecules in immune response in three ways: cytostasis, reduction of cell growth and suppression of antibody synthesis.
Phenotype of T cells, their soluble receptor levels, and cytokine profile of human breast milk
Authors: EGLINTON BRETT A. , ROBERTON DONAL M. , CUMMINS ADRIAN G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryHuman breast milk has important immunoprotective and immunosuppressive functions for an infant. The purpose of this study was to extend the phenotype of milk cells and to measure soluble T cell receptor levels and cytokines in milk, and to compare these with neonatal and adult blood. Milk T cells had a more equivalent CD4: CD8 ratio than blood; milk CD4 T cells mainly expressed the CD45RO (antigen primed/memory) phenotype; milk CD8 cells had an equivalent CDllb:CD28 suppressor; cytotoxic phenotype; and milk T cells had 2‐3‐fold higher percentages of activated CD4 IL‐2R and CD8 HML‐1 or CD8 VLA‐1 cells than blood. Soluble IL‐2R, CD4 and CD8 concentrations were lower in milk than adult blood, although relatively increased when compared to the lower T cell concentration in milk. Breast milk contained high levels of IFN‐γ but low levels of other measured cytokines compared to blood. These distinct differences of T cells and their soluble products are likely to influence an infant's immune system.
Measurement of cellular microbicidal activity against Pneumocystis carinii in vitro
Authors: CHEERS CHRISTINA , PAOLINI RITA , HOUSSAMI SOUHEIR 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAs Pneumocystis carinii cysts cannot be cultivated for enumeration of colony forming cells, two alternative approaches to measuring killing of P. carinii by mouse peritoneal cells were investigated. The cells tested were either normal resident peritoneal cells, or cells which were elicited by intraperitoneal injection of the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. The latter population showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Listeria organisms and enhanced production of H2O2 in the presence of P. carinii, cysts from immunosuppressed rats. To assess killing of P. carinii, cysts were mixed with peritoneal cells at a ratio of 10:1, and after intervals of incuabation the peritoneal cells were lysed by saponin treatment. The viability of the cysts was assessed by staining with vital dyes or by uptake of tritiated uridine over 7 h incubation. Viability of cysts was unaffected by saponin treatment, and there was agreement between the two techniques that the elicited peritoneal cells killed approximately twice the number of cysts over a 20 h incubation period compared to normal resident peritoneal cells.
Cloning, sequencing, expression and inflammatory activity in skin of ovine interleukin‐8
Authors: SEOW H‐F. , YOSHIMURA T. , WOOD P. R. , COLDITZ I. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryOvine IL‐8 (oIL‐8) cDNA was obtained by probing a spleen cell cDNA library with human IL‐8 (hIL‐8) cDNA. The oIL‐8 cDNA was 1434 base pairs long with a single open reading frame encoding a 101 amino acid precursor protein of relative molecular mass 11 268. The inferred amino acid sequence has 78, 82, 84 and 67% similarity with human, rabbit, porcine and guinea‐pig IL‐8, respectively. By analogy with the most prevalent form of hIL‐8, a 72 amino acid form of oIL‐8 was expressed as a fusion protein containing glutathione‐S‐transferase and purified by affinity chromatography on a glutathione‐Sepharose column yielding 8 mg IL‐8/L broth culture. The fusion protein lacked chemotactic activity for ovine neutrophils, whereas the 72 amino acid form of oIL‐8 was equipotent with rhIL‐8. At 6 and 24 h after intradermal injection of 10−1 mol oIL‐8, there was intense accumulation of neutrophils, and very mild accumulation of eosinophils, CD5, CD4 and T19 (a σδ5 TCR subset) cells but not CD8 cells. The availability of roIL‐8 and its cDNA probes will permit the role of this important member of the IL‐8 family of chemotactic cytokines to be determined in inflammatory diseases of sheep.
A flow cytometric study of cell death: Failure of some models to correlate with morphological assessment
Authors: BRYSON GREGORY J , HARMON BRIAN V. , COLLINS RUSSELL J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe balance between cell death and cell proliferation is a significant factor in the growth kinetics of normal and neoplastic tissues. Distinction between the two major forms of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis, is now recognized as important in understanding mechanisms regulating cell survival. A recent approach in the study of apoptosis has been the use of flow cytometry. with some reports indicating that, when stained with propidium iodide (PI), the DNA of apoptotic cells has decreased fluorescence compared with that of viable cells. In this study, we investigated a flow cytometric procedure which used the simultaneous analysis of DNA content and 90° light scatter (90LS). Significant differences in the PI staining pattern and a shift in 90LS were observed when apoptotic death, occurred at different stages of the cell cycle. Importantly, such differences only allowed accurate/quantification of apoptosis when it occurred in G1. While necrosis could be distinguished from apoptosis when examined during its early stages, a similar staining pattern to that found with apoptosis was observed when necrosis was examined during its latter stages. The results indicate that the measurement of DNA staining cannot be exclusively relied upon to detect apoptosis occurring in all models. However it is useful in the investigation of this process when the death occurs in G1, in that the method offers a rapid means for quantification.
Putative functional domain within ORF2 on the Mycobacterium insertion sequences IS900 and IS902
Authors: DORAN T. J. , DAVIES J. K. , RADFORD A. J. , HODGSON A. L. M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryRepeated DNA sequences have been identified in a range of mycobacterial species and have been implicated in the increased virulence of some of these species, namely, Mycobacierium paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. silvaticum. Here we present a case to suggest that the insertion sequences IS900 and IS902 encode a protein from a putative gene positioned on the complementary strand to their transposase genes. Based on amino acid homology analyses, this open reading frame (ORF2) could encode a transport protein. The ORF2 protein thus IS900 and IS902, may have a role in the increased pathogenicity of M. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. silvaticum from an M. avium background.
β2 Integrin independent neutrophil recruitment and injury in anti‐GBM glomerulonephritis in rabbits
Authors: TIPPING P. G. , CORNTHWAITE L. J. , HOLDSWORTH S. R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe role of the β2 integrin cell adhesion molecules (CAM) in directing neutrophil accumulation and injury in acute anti‐glomerular basement membrane antibody induced glomerulonephritis (anti‐GBM GN) was assessed in rabbits by in vivo inhibition of CD 18 dependent neutrophil/endothelial cell interactions using a monoclonal anti‐CD 18 antibody. Rabbits given horse anti‐rabbit GBM antibody developed significant glomerular neutrophil influx (2.9 ± 0.1 neutrophils per glomerular cross‐section [c/gcs], normal 0.1 ± 0.1 c/gcs, P= 0.002) and proteinuria (1389 ± 257 mg/16 h, normal 15± 4mg/16 h, P= 0.0015) after 16 h. Rabbits rendered neutropenic (< 500 neutrophils/μL) by mustine hydrochloride, or complement depleted by cobra venom factor, did not develop glomerular neutrophil accumulation and had markedly reduced proteinuria after anti‐GBM antibody, demonstrating complement‐induced neutrophil recruitment is a major mechanism of glomerular injury in this model. Anti‐CD 18 antibody treatment of rabbits developing anti‐GBM GN abrogated dermal neutrophil influx in response to intradermal injection of fMLP and zymosan activated serum. Treated rabbits achieved levels of anti‐CD 18 antibody in their serum which saturated the binding sites on rabbit neutrophils in vitro, and their circulating neutrophils had saturated anti‐CD 18 antibody binding in vivo. However, glomerular neutrophil influx (3.5 ± 0.4 c/gcs) and proteinuria (1210 ± 428 mg/16 h) were both unaffected. Thus, in this model of antibody‐initiated complement and neutrophil‐dependent glomerular injury, in which neutrophil transmigration across the endothelium is not required, effective functional inhibition of β2 integrin CAM in vivo did not reduce glomerular injury or glomerular neutrophil influx. These studies demonstrate that β2 integrin CAM are not a requirement for neutrophil accumulation and glomerular injury in anti‐GBM GN in rabbits.