bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction and Variability in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean with and without an Annual Cycle
Authors: Bates Susan C. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Many previous studies point to a connection between the annual cycle and interannual variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. To investigate the importance of the annual cycle in the generation of tropical Atlantic variability (TAV) as well as its associated coupled feedback mechanisms, a set of controlled experiments is conducted using a global coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (GCM) in which the climatological annual cycle is modified. An anomaly coupling strategy was developed to improve the model-simulated annual cycle and mean sea surface temperature (SST), which is critical to the experiments. Experiments include a control simulation in which the annual cycle is present and a fixed annual cycle simulation in which the coupled model is forced to remain in a perpetual annual mean state. Results reveal that the patterns of TAV, defined as the leading three rotated EOFs, and their relationship to coupled feedback mechanisms are present even in the absence of the annual cycle, suggesting that the generation of TAV is not dependent on the annual cycle. Each pattern of variability arises from an alteration of the easterly trade winds. Results suggest that it is the presence of these winds in the mean state that is the determining factor for the structure of the coupled ocean–atmosphere variability. Additionally, the patterns of variability persist longer in the simulation with no annual cycle. Most remarkable is the doubling of the decay phase related to the north tropical Atlantic variability, which is attributed to the persistence of the local wind–evaporation–sea surface temperature (WES) feedback mechanism. The author concludes that the annual cycle acts to cut off or interrupt conditions favorable for feedback mechanisms to operate, therefore putting a limit on the length of the event life cycle.
Tropical Pacific Climate and Its Response to Global Warming in the Kiel Climate Model
Authors: Park W. , Keenlyside N. , Latif M. , Ströh A. , Redler R. , Roeckner E. , Madec G. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A new, non-flux-corrected, global climate model is introduced, the Kiel Climate Model (KCM), which will be used to study internal climate variability from interannual to millennial time scales and climate predictability of the first and second kind. The version described here is a coarse-resolution version that will be employed in extended-range integrations of several millennia. KCM’s performance in the tropical Pacific with respect to mean state, annual cycle, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is described. Additionally, the tropical Pacific response to global warming is studied.
Overall, climate drift in a multicentury control integration is small. However, KCM exhibits an equatorial cold bias at the surface of the order 1°C, while strong warm biases of several degrees are simulated in the eastern tropical Pacific on both sides off the equator, with maxima near the coasts. The annual and semiannual cycles are realistically simulated in the eastern and western equatorial Pacific, respectively. ENSO performance compares favorably to observations with respect to both amplitude and period.
An ensemble of eight greenhouse warming simulations was performed, in which the CO2 concentration was increased by 1% yr−1 until doubling was reached, and stabilized thereafter. Warming of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) is, to first order, zonally symmetric and leads to a sharpening of the thermocline. ENSO variability increases because of global warming: during the 30-yr period after CO2 doubling, the ensemble mean standard deviation of Niño-3 SST anomalies is increased by 26% relative to the control, and power in the ENSO band is almost doubled. The increased variability is due to both a strengthened (22%) thermocline feedback and an enhanced (52%) atmospheric sensitivity to SST; both are associated with changes in the basic state. Although variability increases in the mean, there is a large spread among ensemble members and hence a finite probability that in the “model world” no change in ENSO would be observed.
Cloud and Water Vapor Feedbacks in a Vertical Energy-Balance Model with Maximum Entropy Production
Authors: Wang Biao , Nakajima Teruyuki , Shi Guangyu 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA vertically one-dimensional model is developed with cloud fraction constrained by the maximum entropy production (MEP) principle. The model reasonably reproduces the global mean climate with its surface temperature, radiation and heat fluxes, cloud fraction, and lapse rate. The maximum convection hypothesis in Paltridge’s models is related to the MEP principle, and the MEP state of climate is approximately equivalent to that with the maximum lapse rate. The sensitivity investigation about the model assumptions and the prescribed parameters show that the model is considerably robust in simulating the global mean climate. With the MEP constraint, the feedbacks of cloud and water vapor to external forcings, such as changes of CO2 concentration, solar incidence, and surface albedo, are evaluated. While water vapor always behaves as a strong positive feedback, cloud feedbacks to the different forcings are different, in both magnitude and sign. The modeled feedback of cloud fraction to the forcing resulting from surface albedo variation seems in good agreement with the observed seasonal variation of the global cloud fraction.
Accuracy in Mooring Motion Temperature Corrections
Authors: Meinen Christopher S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Moored temperature sensors, whether fixed or profiling, routinely need to be corrected to remove the signals associated with the vertical motion of the sensors when the moorings “blow over” in strong flow events (for profiling sensors the problems occur only at the upper end of the profiling range). Hydrographic data are used to estimate the accuracy with which moored temperature sensors in the Gulf Stream can be corrected for mooring motion aliasing using standard correction techniques, and the implications for other ocean regions are discussed. Comparison with hydrographic data and coincident inverted echo sounder (IES) data from the Synoptic Ocean Prediction Experiment (SYNOP) shows that the errors inherent in mooring motion corrected temperatures during significant pressure deflections are potentially 2–3 times as large as previous estimates based on a smaller dataset of observations in the Kuroshio at approximately the same latitude in the Pacific. For sensors with a nominal level of 400 dbar and a typical root-mean-square pressure deflection of 150 dbar, accuracy limits of up to 0.7°C on the “corrected” temperatures are applicable. Deeper sensors typically have smaller accuracy bounds. There is a suggestion that the presence of a mode water layer near the nominal depth of the shallowest sensor can result in much higher errors in mooring motion corrected temperature data. The accuracy estimates derived herein should apply not only to moorings deployed in the Gulf Stream but also to all currents that exhibit similar velocity amplitudes and thermal gradients such as the Agulhas or Kuroshio.
Impact of Satellite Observations on the Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasts of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System
Authors: Goerss James S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) were evaluated for a number of data assimilation experiments conducted using observational data from two periods: 4 July–31 October 2005 and 1 August–30 September 2006. The experiments were designed to illustrate the impact of different types of satellite observations on the NOGAPS TC track forecasts. The satellite observations assimilated in these experiments consisted of feature-track winds from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites, Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) total column precipitable water and wind speeds, Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) radiances, and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and European Remote Sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2) scatterometer winds. There were some differences between the results from basin to basin and from year to year, but the combined results for the 2005 and 2006 test periods for the North Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins indicated that the assimilation of the feature-track winds from the geostationary satellites had the most impact, ranging from 7% to 24% improvement in NOGAPS TC track forecasts. This impact was statistically significant at all forecast lengths. The impact of the assimilation of SSM/I precipitable water was consistently positive and statistically significant at all forecast lengths. The improvements resulting from the assimilation of AMSU-A radiances were also consistently positive and significant at most forecast lengths. There were no significant improvements/degradations from the assimilation of the other satellite observation types [e.g., Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) winds, SSM/I wind speeds, and scatterometer winds]. The assimilation of all satellite observations resulted in a gain in skill of roughly 12 h for the NOGAPS 48- and 72-h TC track forecasts and a gain in skill of roughly 24 h for the 96- and 120-h forecasts. The percent improvement in these forecasts ranged from almost 20% at 24 h to over 40% at 120 h.
Magnitude and Source of Compensation in Two Situations of Distributive Injustice'
Authors: Törnblom Kjell Y. 
Published: June 2008

A structural and propositional elaboration is presented of work in the area of distributive justice. An experiment is designed to test selected hypotheses derived from that elaboration. The main objec tives of the present study are: (1) to examine the amounts of compensation sought by subjects in two situations of injustice (Under/Over and Under/Just); (2) to examine whether the amount of compensation sought will differ in accord with the magnitude of injustice, when the latter is varied through a manipulation of relative inputs; (3) to examine whether subjects prefer to exact compensation directly from the source of injustice or from an 'experimental fund'; and (4) to examine whether the amount of compensation will differ in two situations, one in which compen sations can only be obtained from the source of injustice (Forced condition), and the other in which a choice can be made between taking from either the source or from an 'experimental fund' (Choice condition). A 2 x 2 factorial design was employed with the two situations of injustice and the two conditions of compensation alternative comprising the independent variables. The results suggest a different set of predictions than those of J. Stacy Adams with regard to the rank order of injustice situations in terms of the magnitude of motivation to reduce injustice they generate. In addition, some theoretical and methodological implications are substantiated with regard to the suggestion that a given situation of injustice may vary in its magnitude, as determined by the structure of the parti cular 'minor' type involved. The results further show that subjects in the most unjust situation (Under/Over) are likely to retaliate directly against the source of injustice, while subjects in the least unjust situation (Under/Just) prefer compensation from an avail able experimental fund. Finally, subjects in the Under/Over-Choice condition exacted more money from the source of injustice than did subjects in the Under/Over-Forced condition, while subjects in the Under/Just-Choice condition took less from the source than subjects in the Under/Just-Forced condition.
From Level of Aspiration to Cognitive Dissonance, or, What the Middle Class Worries About
Authors: Israel Joachim 
Published: June 2008

Social psychological theory has to a large extent been the psycho logy of the 'social' and not the sociological explaination of psycho logical phenomena and processes. In this article we attempt an analysis of the societal conditions seen as the neglected context of social psychological theories ranging from level of aspiration to cognitive dissonance. Three reasons for the choice of these theories are given (1) the author's own research in the field, (2) the coherence in these theoretical frameworks, and (3) the neglect of the societal relevance of the processes studied. A main thesis is that the people who developed these theories be lieved they were about human beings in general. when they reflected the problems of an academic middle class in a highly competitive social setting, in which man is viewed as the sole proprietor of his capacities which he tries to exchange on the academic market place for a fair remuneration. The ideology of individualistic and competi tive liberalism is implicit in all these mentioned psychological theo ries. They are assumed as 'natural' and accepted without reflexion. Had this pre-theoretical bias been understood by those who devel oped the psychological theories their worries would have been different and their theories may have had a critical function and therefore an impact on society. The article therefore is not so , much a criticism of social psychological theories, as an attempt at criticism of ideology.
Notes on Alcohol and the State
Authors: Mäkelä Klaus , Viikari Matti 
Published: June 2008

This article is a slightly shortened version of a paper presented at the IX Nordic Congress of Sociology held at Lund, Sweden, 15- 18 August 1976. It represents an attempt to determine the place of alcohol in society through the state and political processes. The attempt should primarily be viewed in relation to the different traditions of social alcohol research. At the same time, it may be regarded as an example of a study aiming to illustrate factors determining the relationship of the state to a given social pheno menon - in the present instance, to alcohol. In the first section of this article, several factors are presented for consideration with regard to determining the over-all place of alcohol in any given society: the dominant use values of alcohol, the economic processes involved in the production and distribution of alcohol, the social circumstances and economic resources deter mining the structure of private consumption, and the social conse quences of drinking. Subsequently, the different traditions of social alcohol research are characterized according to the factors which they bring prominently to the fore in the determination of the role of alcohol in society. In the second section of this article, the general tasks of the capitalist state are discussed, and four kinds of interests relative to alcohol are derived from these: state fiscal interests, interests of industrial policy, interests of public order, and social policy interests. In the next four sections, attention is paid to the forms which each of the aforementioned interests take under different circum stances and as to how each interest should be described. At the same time, we have made an attempt to localize those objective factors which determine the relative importance of each interest under different social conditions. The last section contains some general speculation as to the relationship of the state to alcohol under Nordic pre-capitalism, concurrence capitalism and monopoly capitalism.
Unequal Exchange and Uneven Development in Social Life: Continuities in a Structural Theory of Social Exchange
Authors: Burns Tom R. 
Published: June 2008

The paper takes up two basic concepts in a structural theory of social exchange: the structuring of exchange systems and unequal exchange. The latter is conceptualized in terms of structural consequences of ex change activity. The two concepts are used to analyze the role of exchange activity in the production and reproduction of social structure and cor responding exchange systems. The intentional structuring of exchange systems is the focus of the second part (Structuring exchange systems) with two examples from inter national political economy: the structuring of England/Portugal trade re lations in the seventeenth century and the formation of Bretton Woods economic institutions. The third part (Social structure and unequal ex change) examines the reciprocal relationship between social structure and unequal exchange processes. A general model is formulated and applied to exchange systems at different societal levels: husband/wife exchange. capitalist employer/labor exchange, and exchange between enterprises of developed and those of less developed countries. The fourth part (Ques tions for the future) refers to two matters for future research: the trans formation of unequal exchange systems and the role of social context in structuring the logic of social action and meaning in exchange activity.
Epistemology and the Problem of Materialism
Authors: Thomsen Hans Jørgen 
Published: June 2008

Marxists have often been of the opinion that the natural sciences on the one hand and the social and humanistic sciences on the other were follow ing two fundamentally different logics of research, because their respec tive objects were fundamentally different. The following pages are wntten on the basis of the opposite opinion, i.e. that the objects of the natural sciences versus the social and humanistic sciences can be seen as incorpo rated parts of the same totalizing logic, which is established as part of and along with the emergence of the logic of capitalist society. History and nature are then no longer fundamentally different, although in reality they might still appear to be so. On the contrary, with the development of capitalistic technology, historical dimensions as well as consciousness are - so to speak - transported into natural materiality, at the same time as the natural processes, too, begin to act historically, although not quite as a matter of consciousness as Descartes presented it, but perhaps as Hegel and Marx did. In this perspective the ecological problem is also about the fact that new and unforeseen types of processes appear in nature (i.e. unforeseen from the point of view of a postulated, forever valid logic in 'practice' on the one hand, as well as from the point of view of eternal natural laws/dialectics just as postulated on the other). To understand this a genuinely Marxist, critical-materialistic reflection is demanded, which can give the grounds for the emergence of these new fields of problems in social as well as natural sciences. Once more the Marxist dialectics will be able to unveil the rational essences as well as the ideological veilings of new sciences like ecology, cybernetics, theory of value, etc., which are the scientific reflections of these changes. The following pages are just a slender contribution as they try to recon struct the contents of meaning in Marx's concepts of nature in an attempt to enable actual Marxist science as the only possible one to accomplish an emancipatorily oriented acquisition of the new phenomena, of which the above-mentioned sciences-to put it pointedly-are in fact nothing but symptoms.
Contemporary Capitalism and the Critique of Political Economy: Methodological Aspects
Authors: Kosonen Pekka 
Published: June 2008

Recent changes in capitalism, especially the increasing role of the state, have brought up the question of the relationship of these changes to the general theory of capitalism. This also applies to a theory such as Marx's critique of political economy. The critique of political economy can be viewed as a theory which exposes the basic nature of the capitalist mode of production: it is the theory of a specific - the capitalist - social formation. The specificity of capitalism finds explanation in its predominant value and capital relations. Now, in the presentation of the critique of political economy, in Marx Capital , one should place emphasis on certain metho dological solutions. In the first place, the presentation proceeds from the most abstract concepts to the most concrete, a movement which consti tutes the crux of Marx's dialectic method. Secondly, we can distinguish between different levels in the presentation: the internal laws of capitalism and their mode of realization. This means that Marx not only revealed the laws of capitalism but also indicated how they find expression. In addition, it should be pointed out that Capital is not merely an abstract-logical discourse, rather we must also take into account, on the one hand, the relationship of the logical to the historical in Capital, and the laws of development which demonstrate the contradictory development of capi talism on the other. Monopoly theory has dealt with the question of how free competition was transformed into monopoly capitalism. This transformation is locat ed on the level of the realization of the laws of capitalism, since the laws themselves (the internal nature of capitalism) do not change. In explain ing the genesis of the monopoly it is necessary to analyze the exacerba tion of the contradictions derived from capitalism's laws of development. Generally speaking, the question of the relationship of the historical de velopment of the capitalist mode of production to the critique of political economy can be called the historicity problem. In its resolution, one must take into account the fact, first of all, that theories of the new stages of the development of capitalism have their own historical preconditions (in particular, precursory empirical research), and secondly, that in spite of its pivotal position, the critique of political economy is not in itself suffi cient for explaining transformations; it must be linked to other theories.
Individual Consumption in Capitalism. An Exercise in the Logic of Capital
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka 
Published: June 2008

This is a systematic analysis of the apparent contradictions of private consumption - growing discrepancy between productive potential and actual needs, the degenerating quality of consumption and so on - within the frame of Marx's critique of political economy. Similar analyses of other material and social areas of everyday life such as ideology, technolo gy, forms of consciousness, etc. are referred to as a 'subsumptive ap proach'. By this is meant a theoretical standpoint that sees the capitalist social form as the subsumptive agent that renders the fundamental social deter minants to every sphere of social life. An exercise is undertaken in order - to see what the formal social determinants of consumption are in the capitalist mode of production. For this reason the determinants of con sumption are analysed in the reproductive circuit of individual capital. The- implications and limitations of this analysis are discussed with respect to problems relating to the theoretical stipulations of the subsumption ap proach and the empirical study of the apparent contradictions of con sumption.