bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative effects of five different calcium channel blockers on the atropine‐resistant contraction in electrically stimulated rabbit urinary bladder
Authors: Andersson K.‐E. , Fovaeus M. , Morgan E. , McLorie G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of the calcium channel blockers nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem, flunarizine, and lidoflazin on electrically induced contractions of isolated rabbit detrusor were compared in the absence and presence of muscarinic receptor blockade with scopolamine. All drugs had a depressant effect on the contractions both before and after scopolamine addition, nifedipine being the most potent of the calcium channel blockers. However, only nifedipine showed a significant preference for the nonmuscarinic part of the contraction, which was almost abolished at a concentration of 10−6 M. It is concluded that combined muscarinic receptor and calcium channel blockade is an effective means of inhibiting bladder contraction. Differences between calcium channel blockers may be of importance in this respect.
Urinary disorders in intervertebral disc prolapse
Authors: Sandri S. D. , Fanciullacci F. , Politi P. , Zanollo A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeurogenic bladder caused by intervertebral disc prolapse (IDP) is a well‐known condition, affecting up to 18% of patients with IDP. We present our results after studying 82 patients, 67 of whom were fully evaluated from a neurourological point of view. Neurological and urological symptoms persisted long after the neurosurgical operation had been performed. The most common finding was that of a normal‐compliance areflexic bladder associated with normal or incomplete denervation of perineal floor muscles. This pattern may be explained either by incomplete damage of the motor visceral (preganglionic, parasympathetic) fibers or by a pure sensory lesion. This explanation is confirmed by the significantly reduced positivity of the betanechol test in these cases compared to the 100% positivity results obtained in cases of low‐compliance areflexic bladder.
Electrophysiologic tests of bladder innervation as indicators of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Benvenuti F. , Tosto A. , Boncinelli L. , Rizzo M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractElectrophysiologic tests of bladder innervation are considered to be sensitive indicators 2of impaired bladder function in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). A question arose as to whether these tests could also be considered early indicators of neuropathic visceral involvement. As diabetic neuropathy is a condition involving several systems, it seemed worthwhile to investigate subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and patients with DM with several diagnostic tools: sacral evoked responses (SERs), urodynamics, peripheral nerve conduction studies, and cardiovascular autonomic function tests.In the IGT group SERs were found to be within normal limits in all subjects, whereas cardiac parasympathetic function tests were frequently found to be altered, suggesting autonomic involvement even in the presymptomatic period of the disease. In the DM group prolonged latencies of SERs were not constantly associated with urodynamic bladder dysfunctions, suggesting a difference between neurons involved in SERs and neurons actually involved in pelvic parasympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder. Furthermore the alterations of the single diagnostic tests of autonomic neuropathy appeared to be scattered among the patients without any evident relationship between one another or with the duration and the type of the disease. Results do not suggest that electrophysiologic tests of bladder innervation are early indicators of widespread autonomic neuropathic involvement.
Diuresis cystometry versus filling cystometry: The diagnostic value of diuresis cystometry in patients with frequency, urgency, and/or urge incontinence complaints
Authors: Van Venrooij Ger E. P. M. , Kamphuis Eddy T. , Wolfhagen Maurice J. H. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFilling cystometry was performed in 16 asymptomatic patients. Cystometry under high diuretic conditions (diuresis cystometry) was also performed in 37 asymptomatic patients.It appeared that diuresis cystometry is not more complicated than filling cystometry. The prevalence of detrusor instability in the asymptomatic groups is independent of the type of cystometry.Diuresis cystometry was performed in 36 patients with frequency, urgency, and/or urge incontinence, in whom the prevalence of instability during filling cystometry was comparable with that found in the asymptomatic patients. It appeared that the prevalence of instability in the symptomatic group is significantly higher than in the asymptomatic group during diuresis cystometry. This difference is even much higher with respect to the prevalence of detrusor instability with pressure rises of more than 15 cm H2O.
Changes in the nervous control of the rat urinary bladder induced by outflow obstruction
Authors: Mattiasson Anders , Ekstrom Jörgen , Larsson Bengt , Uvelius Bengt 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe influence of bladder outflow obstruction on the peripheral nervous control of the detrusor was investigated in female rats. The obstruction was performed by means of partial urethral ligation. The influence of exogenously applied drugs and electrical field stimulation was investigated after obstruction for 6 weeks. The content of noradrenaline and choline acetyltransferase was also determined as well as the density of alpha‐adrenoceptors. A significant decrease of the contractile response to alpha‐adrenoceptor stimulation was found in the obstructed bladders when compared to normal controls. Also the density of alpha‐adrenoceptors decreased in the obstructed bladders. The concentrationresponse relationship to carbachol remained unchanged, and neither were any changes seen in the relation between the cholinergic and noncholinergic components of the electrically induced, nerve‐mediated contractile response. A rightward shift of the frequencyresponse curve for the obstructed bladders was found with 50% of the maximum response occurring at 13 Hz compared to 4 Hz in the control preparations. The total amount of both noradrenaline and choline acetyltransferase had increased after 6 weeks of obstruction, but owing to the pronounced degree of hypertrophy of the bladder wall the concentrations were only approximately 30% of those in the control bladders, which also was the case after 1 and 3 weeks of obstruction.It is concluded that changes in the peripheral nervous control of the rat bladder seem to occur secondary to outflow obstruction, but also that some of the changes observed might be due to factors unrelated to innervation and receptor‐mediated functions. Whether the decreased alpha‐adrenoceptor mediated influence seen in the presence of obstruction might reflect a generally decreased adrenergic influence in the obstructed bladder remains to be established.
Intrinsic neuromuscular defects in the neurogenic bladder. VII. Neurohistochemistry of the somatically denervated male feline rhabdosphincter
Authors: Atta Mohamed A. , Elbadawi Ahmad 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have shown previously by electron microscopy that somatomotor denervation of the male feline rhabodsphincter by bilateral sacral ventral rhizotomy leads to early loss of cholinergic axons innervating its end‐plates, and to its eventual purely autonomic reinnervation by cholinergic and adrenergic axons. The present study was conducted to find out if these ultrastructural changes can be demonstrated histochemically, and whether any histochemical changes can be observed in the denervated side of the rhabodsphincter following unilateral sacral ventral rhizotomy. The material used included four normal, ten bilaterally rhizotomized, and nine unilaterally rhizotomized male cats. Specimens of the rhabdosphincter were obtained at various intervals after operation, and processed‐together with normal material‐for acetylcholinesterase in cholinergic autonomic nerves and motor end‐plates, and norepinephrine in adrenergic nerves. Two weeks after bilateral sacral rhizotomy, there were no detectable changes in either cholinergic or adrenergic elements. Eight to ten weeks postoperatively, however, there was considerable reduction or loss of staining of motor end‐plates, plus an obvious increase in the adrenergic nerve population. No changes in either cholinergic or adrenergic elements were observed 4–10 weeks after unilateral sacral ventral rhizotomy. It is concluded that neurohistochemistry is of value in detecting long‐term but not short‐term changes in the somatically denervated rhabdosphincter, and is of no value in revealing any changes that may occur in the denervated side of a unilaterally rhizotomized rhabdosphincter.
Comparative study of the motor unit potentials of the external urethral sphincter, anal sphincter, and bulbocavernosus muscle in normal men
Authors: Fanciullacci F. , Kokodoko A. , Garavaglia P. F. , Galli M. , Sandri S. , Zanollo A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMotor unit potentials (MUP) of the perineal muscles and in particular of the external anal sphincter (EA sph.), of the external urethral sphincter (EU sph.) and of the bulbocavernosus muscle (BC) have been seldom analyzed. There is no uniformity of view about amplitude and duration of MUP of these muscles. According to different authors, duration varies from 2 to 10 msec, and amplitude varies from 50 μ V to 3 mV.In this paper, we studied EMG findings of EU sph., EA sph., and BC in 37 normal men (15 BC, 12 EU sph., and 10 EA sph.). In total we recorded 239 different MUP in BC, 208 in EU sph., and 134 in EA sph. There are no differences among the three groups in amplitude (mean values about 250 μ V). On the contrary, EU sph. showed a significantly shorter duration (3.73 msec) compared to BC (5.58 msec) and EA sph. (5.07 msec). Polyphasic potentials range from 2.3% to 5.9%. Gosling et al (Br J Urol 53:35–41, 1981) has shown that the striated muscle of EU sph. is made of fibers smaller than those of adjacent periurethral muscles. Possibly, motor units are smaller.
Urethral pressure variations in women with neurourological symptoms: II. Relationship to urethral smooth muscle
Authors: Kulseng‐Hanssen S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSimultaneous urethrocystometry and electromyography from the urethral striated muscle during bladder filling was performed on female patients complaining of neurourological symptoms. Their maximum urethral pressure varied between 20 and 84 cm H2O. To study the effect of the urethral smooth muscle on the urethral pressure variations, a bilateral pudendal block was applied successfully in 12 patients. It was found that in 1 patient the urethral pressure variations were caused by the urethral striated muscle only, in 4 patients they were caused mainly by the urethral striated muscle, in 2 other patients they were caused equally by urethral striated and smooth muscle, and finally in 5 patients mainly by urethral smooth muscle. By eliminating the urethral striated muscle activity by pudendal block the maximum urethral pressure was reduced 20 to 84%.
Urethral pressure variations in women with neurourological symptoms: III. Relationship to urethral wall venous plexus
Authors: Kulseng‐Hanssen S. , Stranden A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty‐five women were investigated in order to find out if the urethral submucous venous plexus may influence urethral pressure variations. Urethral and bladder pressure were measured with a microtip transducer catheter. Electromyography (EMG) and integrated EMG from the urethral striated muscle were recorded using a concentric needle electrode. Blood volume in the urethral submucous venous plexus was measured with a urethral photopletysmograph probe. In 9 women without neurourological symptoms, during squeezing there was increased urethral striated muscle activity, increased urethral pressure and decreased blood volume. When they were asked to void the opposite was found.In 16 patients with marked urethral pressure variations a negative correlation was found between the maximum urethral pressure and the photopletysmograph tracing. In 7 of 8 patients a negative correlation was found also between the integrated EMG tracing and the photopletysmograph tracing, but a positive correlation was found between the maximum urethral pressure and the EMG of the urethral striated muscle. In 1 of the 8 patients no correlation was found between EMG activity and maximum urethral pressure and between EMG activity and the photopletysmograph tracing.The results demonstrate that the urethral venous plexus becomes emptied secondary to contractions of the urethral striated and/or smooth muscle and filled with blood secondary to relaxation of the same muscles. Hence, the urethral venous plexus does not influence the urethral pressure actively.
Trigone sensitivity testing is a measure of exteroceptive function
Authors: Klein Lester A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe trigone sensitivity test, a complementary test to cystometry, has been proposed as a method for distinguishing certain clinical disorders. Pressure is applied to the trigone region of the bladder by pulling upon a Foley catheter with the balloon inflated and the amount of force needed to induce an urge to void is recorded. Although the trigone sensitivity test has been proposed as a test of exteroceptive function, it is possible that deeper receptors, perhaps proprioceptors, are actually responsible for the awareness of the urge to void during the study. The present investigation compared the trigone sensitivity test with provoked detrusor contraction in 107 patients. The findings indicate that variations in the two responses occur independently of each other. It is concluded that different neural pathways are responsible for the two functions. The hypothesis that exteroceptive and not proprioceptive nerves are being measured during trigone sensitivity testing is supported by these findings.
Urinary incontinence detection in elderly inpatient men
Authors: O'Donnell Pat D. , Sutton Laurie , Beck Cornelia , Finkbeiner Alex E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrinary incontinence is a serious medical and social problem affecting approximately 40% of elderly inpatients. Evaluating the extent of the illness and response to therapy requires an accurate method for quantitative measurement of urinary incontinence. Quantitative parameters of urinary loss include the frequency and volume of urinary incontinence. A telemetric incontinence detection instrument designed to measure incontinence frequency is described and the instrument is compared with a standard „wet check”︁ incontinence detection technique. The electronic instrument appears to be an accurate method for detection of urine loss and is nonobtrusive to the patients.
Surface spectrofluorometry of the rabbit urinary bladder
Authors: Levin Robert M. , Ruggieri Michael R. , Hypolite Joseph A. , Malkowicz S. Bruce , Wein Alan J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractProper function of the urinary bladder is dependent on the delivery of a normal supply of blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the tissue. The smooth muscle elements of the bladder utilize metabolic energy in the form of ATP and other high‐energy compounds to support bladder contraction. One of the first metabolic indications of contractile activity would be alterations in the oxidative state (redox) of the tissue, which is reflected by the NADH/ NAD ratio. NADH is a metabolic intermediate synthesized during substrate metabolism and utilized during energy production and utilization. We have studied NADH metabolism in the in vitro bladder strip preparation utilizing a surface spectrofluorometer. This instrument monitors NADH fluorescence in tissue preparations with the use of an optical fiber probe placed on the serosal surface of the strip. The bladder strips displayed rhythmic contractile activity. This was correlated with alterations in NADH fluorescence. There was an excellent correlation (correlation coeficient of 0.986) between the frequency of the spontaneous activity of both contraction and fluorescence. An increase in tension was followed (in seconds) by a decrease in fluorescence. The basal NADH fluorescence was modulated by metabolic inhibitors as would be expected by their metabolic actions: Anoxia and sodium azide (metabolic inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation) produced a marked increase in the redox state (NADH fluorescence), whereas DNP (a mitochondrial uncoupler) produced a marked decrease. Bethanechol stimulated an increase in tension and a reduction in fluorescence.The above findings suggest that NADH surface spectrofluorometry reflects NADH metabolism in the detrusor smooth muscle and that fluctuations in such spectra correlate well with functional activity. NADH surface spectrofluorometry displays potential as a noninvasive method of monitoring one aspect of detrusor metabolism.
Muscarinic receptor subtypes in human and rabbit bladder
Authors: Ruggieri Michael R. , Bode Donald C. , Levin Robert M. , Wein Alan J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSubtypes of muscarinic receptors have been proposed by several investigators, based on differences in the potency of muscarinic agonists in various tissues. Development of selective muscarinic agonists and antagonists for the urinary bladder would be extremely useful since side effects of the presently used drugs often limit their clinical usefulness. Direct investigation of muscarinic receptor subtypes by radioligand binding techniques has recently become possible. The muscarinic antagonist pirenzepine distinguishes between a high affinity and low affinity binding site in several tissues. Results of the present investigation indicate that only the low affinity pirenzepine binding site is present in both human and rabbit bladder. Muscarinic receptor linked biochemical responses (increased phosphatidyl inositol turnover and inhibition of adenyl cyclase) were also consistent with the presence of only the low affinity pirenzepine binding receptor subtype in both human and rabbit bladder.
Urinary bladder reformation: Regeneration or dilatation?
Authors: Gasser Thomas C. , Larsen Erik H. , England Douglas M. , Graversen Peder H. , Dørflinger Torben , Madsen Paul O. , Bruskewitz Reginald C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn an earlier study, urinary bladder regeneration was investigated. For that purpose, 15 dogs were subjected to total or subtotal cystectomy, and a silicone rubber prosthesis was nestled in the trigone and covered with polyglycolic acid mesh. After 3–5 months, a newly formed urinary reservoir was found in six dogs. Since transitional cell epithelium and smooth muscle were identified in the wall of the reservoir, it was concluded that bladder regeneration had probably occurred. However, the possibility of distention of the trigone to form the new cavity could not be ruled out.Therefore, six additional dogs were subjected to subtotal cystectomy, ileal loop, and temporary artificial bladder implantation. The edges of the bladder resection were marked with nonabsorbable sutures. In three fully evaluable dogs a urinary cavity was identified. This was mainly formed by trigonal distention. While the epithelium had regrown over a small area of fibrous tissue found at the dome of the reservoir, no smooth muscle regeneration was found.It is concluded that the new reservoir was formed by trigonal dilatation rather than by regeneration.
Urethral pressure variations in women with and without neurourological symptoms
Authors: Kulseng‐Hanssen S. , Kristoffersen M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSimultaneous urethrocystometry was performed in 93 females without and 174 patients with neurourological symptoms. Both populations were divided into three age groups. The urethral pressure variation (ΔMUP) was calculated as the difference between the highest and the lowest maximum urethral pressure observed during 1 minute. In all age groups, both the highest and the lowest maximum urethral pressure recorded during bladder filling were significantly higher in the normal females than in the patients. There was, however, no significant difference in the degree of ΔMUP between normal females and patients in the different age groups. Typical urethral pressure variation was also observed during physiological bladder filling. Thus, urethral pressure variation in itself is a physiological phenomenon. With less difference between the lowest maximum urethral pressure and the bladder pressure, the possibility of leaking urine is increased. A urethral pressure decrease may therefore cause leakage in a patient but not in a normal female. More than 50% of the normal females had a urethral pressure variation of more than 20 cm H2O. The previous definitions of urethral pressure variations (unstable urethral pressure, urethral instability), which describe the condition as pathologic when the pressure varies more than 10, 15, or 20 cm H2O, can therefore no longer be considered useful.
Selective sacral cryoneurolysis in the treatment of patients with detrusor instability/hyperreflexia and hypersensitive bladder
Authors: Awad Said A. , Flood Hugh D. , Acker Kelly L. , Clark A. John 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing selective sacral cryoneurolysis, we treated 28 patients with detrusor instability (DI), hypersensitive bladder (HSB), or detrusor hyperreflexia (DH). A cystometrogram (CMG) was done before and after percutaneous, transsacral infiltration of a sacral nerve root with bupivacaine until a dominant root was identified as judged by a 50% or greater increase in the maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), and/or a 50% or greater decrease in the peak intravesical pressure at the time of the first unstable contraction (P1). The volume at first desire to void (VDV) was also noted. The dominant root was then blocked with a cryoprobe.In the non‐neurologic group (20), the mean MCC was increased by 61% and the mean P1 decreased by 21%. The VDV was increased significantly. Clinically, 16 out of 17 patients had good or excellent results and one had poor results when followed from 1 to 10 months. The mean duration of effect was 4.8 months. Eleven patients had repeat neurolysis, usually with comparable results. In the neurological patients (8) there was a 165% increase in mean MCC and a 40% fall in P1. In six patients followed up for 1.5–10 months the results were good or excellent in five and poor in one with a mean duration of effect of 3.6 months. Transient sensory side effects were common in the non‐neurological patients, and this combined with the need for repeat treatments may have affected patient compliance.It is concluded that selective sacral cryoneurolysis has a useful role in the management of the patient with DI/DH or HSB who has failed to respond to pharmacotherapy.
Sacral evoked potentials in normal women and in women with stress incontinence
Authors: Fanciullacci F. , Sandri S. , Politi P. , Garavaglia P. F. , Catanzaro F. , Zanollo A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecently, using electromyographic techniques, Swash, Snooks, and Henry [1985] and Smith and Warrel [1985] described disorders of perineal floor innervation in patients with foecal incontinence and stress urinary incontinence. Another means to determine the integrity of pelvic floor innervation is the measurement of the bulbo‐cavernosus reflex latency. We performed sacral evoked potentials (SEP) in women, recording the EMG response by surface electrodes at the level of the anal sphincter. With this method, we studied 28 normal women and 31 with stress incontinence. Orienting the electrodes at the anal level always in the same faction (the active electrode on the right side), we obtained, in every case, a constant shape of SEP. This can help in doubtful cases. There was a statistical difference of SEP latencies in the two groups of women (32.9 msec and 38.92 msec, respectively). We concluded that in women with stress incontinence, there is an impairment of the pelvic floor innervation.