bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of calcium carbimide in relapse prevention counselling: results of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: ANNIS HELEN M. , PEACHEY JOHN E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe effect of combining relapse prevention counselling with use of an alcohol‐sensitizing drug was examined. Fifty‐six alcoholic subjects who participated in a clinical trial of the short‐acting alcohol sensitizing drug, citrated calcium carbimide, were randomly assigned to: (i) a Physician Advice condition in which subjects took the drug within a context designed to reinforce the medical management of their drinking problem; and (ii) a Relapse Prevention condition in which subjects were instructed to pair use of the drug with planned entry into high risk drinking situations and to gradually reduce reliance on the drug by developing alternative coping behaviour patterns. As predicted, subjects receiving carbimide in conjunction with relapse prevention counselling showed significant growth in internal attribution for change; whereas those receiving carbimide under more traditional medical management showed no movement toward internality. On measurement of alcohol consumption at 6, 12 and 18 months follow‐up, there was some indication of superior maintenance of treatment gains at 18 months post‐treatment for subjects who had received relapse prevention counselling, although the effect did not reach a conventional level of significance (F = 2.82; P < 0.06). The findings are interpreted as consistent with a cognitive social‐learning analysis of the maintenance of behaviour change.
Exposure to passive smoking among bar staff
Authors: JARVIS MARTIN J. , FOULDS JONATHAN , FEYERABEND COLIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe median saliva cotinine concentration in 42 non‐smoking bar staff in central London and Birmingham was 7.95 ng/ml, indicating a nicotine intake of about 0.6 mg per day. Pubs appear to give rise to exceptionally heavy exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Passive smoking in pubs is of concern for its impact both on customers and on those for whom the pub is a place of work.
Risk‐taking behaviour on the decline in intravenous drug users
Authors: RONALD P. J. M. , ROBERTSON J. R. , ROBERTS J. J. K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn order to assess behaviour changes among intravenous drug users we interviewed 51 IVDUs attending a general practice in Edinburgh. The data obtained was compared with equivalent data gathered in 1986. We were able to show that significant changes in injecting behaviour have occurred and have been maintained over time. A decrease in HIV seroprevalence in this group was also found. The primary drugs of abuse are benzodiazepines and pharmacological opiates, a fact which has important implications for the medical authorities.
Systems analysis of a drug dependency service in London: St George's Hospital
Authors: GHODSE A. H. , McCARTNEY J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractElements of a systems approach to analysing service delivery are outlined. A specific example–St George's Hospital Addiction Behaviour Department–is detailed. Dynamics of the system–from the client's perspective and the workers viewpoint–demonstrate some of the ways in which emotional conflict surrounding the task is handled. The conclusions focus on what might constitute adaptive resolution of systems dilemmas as well as highlighting the public‐health concerns relating to AIDS which, we argue, compromise the primary task of an addiction service at the present time.
Temazepam misuse in a group of injecting drug users
Authors: RUBEN SUSAN M. , MORRISON CLIVE L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIt is well recognized that many injecting drug users are poly‐drug users. The intravenous use of Temazepam has become popular recently. In response to the ease of misuse, the pharmaceutical industry produced a formulation that would be as ‘resistant’ as possible to injecting. The preparation is a gel‐fitted formulation, one proprietary name being Temazepam Gelthix. General Practitioners have been encouraged to prescribe gel‐filled capsules to potential drug misusers in order to reduce the harm Temasepam can cause by its misuse. This study of 23 Temazepam injectors shows that the group still find the gel‐filled preparation readily injectable. It appears to be more problematic in causing medical complications including superficial thrombophlebitis, abscesses and deep venous thrombosis. Temazepam misuse can cause drug users to become more chaotic. The study group recognize this and suggest there should be stricter control on the supply of Temasepam to drug dependents. General Practitioners, who are the main source of Temazepam prescribing, require additional training in prescribing to drug users.
Types of alcoholics: concurrent and predictive validity of some common classification schemes
Authors: BABOR THOMAS F. , DOLINSKY ZELIG S. , MEYER ROGER E. , HESSELBROCK MICHIE , HOFMANN MICHAEL , TENNEN HOWARD 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study evaluated the discriminative power and predictive validity of five common typological schemes used to classify alcoholics for theoretical or clinical purposes. A heterogeneous sample of 321 alcoholics was classified according to primary vs secondary alcoholism, parental alcoholism, Jellinek's gamma‐delta distinction, gender, and subtypes derived from MMP1 profiles. A prospective longitudinal cohort design was employed to compare the relative ability of these typologies to differentiate alcoholics according to natural history, alcohol‐related consequences, response to treatment, and post‐treatment adjustment. The findings indicate that while ‘one‐dimensional’ typologies discriminate subgroups in terms of etiological variables, presenting symptoms, and drinking patterns, none of the classification systems emerges as a strong predictor of outcome status. In addition, these typologies do not discriminate well with respect to the alcoholic's drinking patterns and presenting symptoms, except in areas closely connected with the model (e.g. alcoholics with antisocial personality (ASP) indicate more social problems related to alcohol use than do primary alcoholics). Because there is a great deal of overlap among certain subtypes identified within different typological models (e.g. alcoholics with primary ASP tended to have, a positive family history and a gamma pattern of impaired control), we hypothesize that empirical clustering techniques that search for naturally occurring commonalities among alcoholics may be a better way to identify homogeneous subtypes.
Alcohol placebos: You can only fool some of the people all of the time
Authors: HAMMERSLEY RICHARD , FINNIGAN FRANCES , MILLAR KEITH 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSome data from three studies of the acute psychological effects of alcohol are presented. After blind administration subjects could often tell that they had consumed alcohol, presumably because of its physiological effects. About 50% of subjects who received placebo alcohol felt slightly drunk and guessed that they had received alcohol. But, subjects who had actually received alcohol rated themselves as more drunk and were much more likely to guess that they had received alcohol. Subjects could also approximately estimate how much alcohol they had drunk. These findings suggest that the effects of unblinding should be considered when alcohol is administered in placebo designs. True blind placebo administration may only be possible when achieved BAL is <40 mg/100 ml.
Social intervention against AIDS among injecting drug users
Authors: FRIEDMAN SAMUEL R. , NEAIGUS ALAN , JARLAIS DON C. DES , SOTHERAN JO L. , WOODS JOYCELYN , SUFIAN MERYL , STEPHERSON BRUCE , STERK CLAIRE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMany drug injectors continue to engage in behaviors that lead them to become infected with HIV in spite of a wide variety of public health programs. In addition, many persons have begun to inject drugs in spite of knowing the risks of AIDS. The inadequacy of current efforts to prevent these behaviors suggests that additional forms of intervention should be attempted. We suggest that social interventions be tried to complement current programs (almost all of which have an individual focus). Evidence that social factors such as peer pressure and the social relations of race affect risk behavior is presented. Social interventions that are discussed include organizing drug injectors against AIDS in ways analogous to those in which gays organized against the epidemic, and finding ways to change large‐scale social relationships that predispose people to inject drugs.
Methadone maintenance and the human immunodeficiency virus: current issues in treatment and research
Authors: WARD JEFF , DARKE SHANE , HALL WAYNE , MATTICK RICHARD 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the changes that have occurred in methadone maintenance programmes in response to the advent of HIV and the adoption of harm minimization policies, and the implications of these changes for research. A need for the use of more rigorous research methods is identified and recommendations are made that take into account both the ethical and practical difficulties of conducting research in this area. Both old, unanswered questions that have resurfaced with the recent massive growth in methadone programmes in some countries, and new questions that need to be answered in order to improve the effectiveness of methadone maintenance in the fight against HIV infection are identified as future areas in need of research.
Assessing AIDS prevention for injecting drug users; some methodological considerations
Authors: STIMSON GERRY V. , POWER ROBERT 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere is an urgent need to develop strategies aimed at reducing the spread of HIV infection amongst injecting drug users. It is essential that any such initiatives are monitored and evaluated. It is the contention of this paper that evaluation should be rigorous, flexible and comparative. To achieve this we need to examine the basic principles of evaluation, both in terms of service delivery and process evaluation, as well as outcome measures. In the evaluation task it is important to distinguish clearly and unequivocally between implementation and impact, aims and objectives. At the practical level, researchers need to give due consideration to liaison with agency staff. Methodologically, issues such as demonstrating impact and rival explanations must be addressed. The paper concludes by proposing and illustrating a model for evaluation that has particular relevance to community‐base initiatives aimed at reducing the spread of HIV infection.
Charting the epidemic: the case study of HIV screening of injecting drug users in San Francisco, 1985–1990
Authors: MOSS A. R. , VRANIZAN K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHIV screening for drug users in treatment began in San Francisco in 1985, and was followed by street screening, community outreach, bleach distribution and other intervention programs. The HIV seroconversion rate fell from 4.5% per year in 1985–86 to 1.7% per year in 1987–88 and has remained stable at about 2% per year since 1988. While this decline cannot be attributed to specific programs, the broad spectrum of interventions in San Francisco appears to be keeping the new infection rate low. Future programs should aim at reducing heterosexual HIV transmission, at intervening with multiply‐diagnosed drug users, and at providing service to homeless and other very poor drug‐using groups.
Family history of alcoholism in the United States: prevalence and demographic characteristics
Authors: HARFORD THOMAS C. 
Published: January 2006

The Data Notes Series is edited by Dr Bridget Grant, Chief of Biometry of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismAbstractNational estimates of the prevalence of family history for alcoholism in the USA were investigated using a general population sample of 43809 respondents 18 years of age and older. Approximately 38% of the total sample reported a positive history for alcoholism. Positive reports were highest for Native Americans and lowest for Asian Americans.
The effect of a ‘recall‐system’ in the treatment of alcoholic patients
Authors: SCIVOLETTO SANDRA , DE ANDRADE ARTHUR GUERRA , CASTEL SAULO 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn a service specializing in alcohol and drug abuse in Brazil, a ‘recall system’ was developed in order to decrease the drop out level, which is high in this kind of treatment. The effect of this procedure was measured in two groups: in the 82 patients with the ‘recall system’, the drop out rate after 12 months was 45%. In 227 patients without this system the drop out rate was 84%. The difference in drop out rate was significant (p < 0.01) only during the first 6 months of treatment.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

Books reviewed in this article: Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behaviour WILLIAM R. MILLER & STEPHEN ROLLNICK Cocaine, AIDS, and Intravenous Drug Use SAMUEL R. FRIEDMAN, DOUGLAS S. LIPTON & BARRY STIMMEL (Eds) Drug Addiction and AIDS N. LOIMER, R. SCHMID & A. SPRINGER (Eds) Growing Up in Smoke LYNN MICHELL Contributions to the Psychology of Addiction GERARD M. SCHIPPERS, SYLVIA M. M. LAMMERS & CAS P. D. R. SCHAAP (Eds) Behavioural and Biochemical Issues in Substance Abuse B. STIMMEL (Ed.)
The opening of a high care hostel for problem drinkers
Authors: BRETHERTON HARRIET 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper gives a personal and practice based account by one of the Team Leaders of the opening of a high‐care hostel for problem drinkers in North London. The hostel, Rugby House, was set up to provide detoxification and assessment facilities for thirteen residents. It was pan of the Rugby House Project, an alcohol agency in the voluntary sector. The paper explores the processes involved in setting up a new project; how the new paid employees turn a committee's vision into practice; how a group of individuals become a team; the importance of clarity about boundaries and underlying values and assumptions; the need for openness about negative as well as positive feelings; and the recognition that some of the experiences of staff will resonate with those of the residents for whom giving up drinking is a major life change.
Estimating the trend of the epidemic of drug use in Italy, 1985–89
Authors: REZZA GIOVANNI , DORRUCCI MARIA , FILIBECK UMBERTO , SERAFIN IRINUS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe used data from different sources to estimate the extent and the trend of the epidemic of drug use in Italy in the second half of the ‘80s. During the study period, the number of subjects attending drug dependency units increased from 13 905 to 61 689. Mortality and morbidity indicators showed an increase in both drug related deaths (mainly from overdose) and AIDS cases reported in injecting drug users, particularly among older subjects. However, the number of young adults detected as drug users at the army recruitment remained virtually stable from 1986 on. These findings suggest that both demand and availability of treatment increased through the years 1985–89, and that clinical consequences of drug use related behaviour have become an important public health priority.
Socio‐economic versus obstetric risk factors for drug addiction in offspring
Authors: NYBERG KARIN , ALLEBECK PETER , EKLUND GUNNAR , JACOBSON BERTIL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo possible risk factors for drug addiction were weighed against each other: (1) perinatal factors associated with obstetric medication at time of birth; and (2) factors associated with familial socio‐economic conditions at time of birth. The subjects comprised 200 amphetamine addicts and 200 opiate addicts born in Stockholm 1945–1966. In a matched case control study, addicts were compared to their siblings with regard to possible obstetric risk factors by means of conditional logistic regression controlling for socio‐economic level and civil status. Administration of opiates, barbiturates and nitrous oxide to mothers during labour was associated with drug addiction in offspring, hence confirming results from earlier studies. In a cohort study the risk associated with birth at a given hospital and familial socio‐economic level was analysed by means of loglinear analysis using 7100 controls from the general population. For amphetamine addicts, a low socio‐economic level at time of birth might be of importance for the infant subsequently becoming an addict. This could not be demonstrated for the opiate addicts. An uneven distribution of births among the hospitals, most pronounced for the amphetamine addicts, is in agreement with the hypothesis that obstetric practices may be risk factors for adult drug addiction.
Severity of DSM‐III‐R alcohol dependence: United States, 1988
Authors: HASIN DEBORAH S. , CLICK HILLARY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOne method of subtyping alcohol dependence is according to severity. Over 4000 respondents in a US national survey who met criteria for DSM‐III‐R alcohol dependence were classified as mildly, moderately or severely dependent, and the characteristics of each group were examined. The proportion of males was higher in the moderate and severe groups, and the greatest proportions of cases were concentrated in the younger ages in all three groups. A clear increasing gradient from the mild to severe group was found for early age at first drink, heavy alcohol consumption, family history of alcohol problems, social pressure to reduce drinking, and helpseeking, treatment or AA for drinking. Implications for further analyses are discussed.
Methodological considerations in the diagnosis of coexisting psychiatric disorders in substance abusers
Authors: WEISS ROGER D. , MIRIN STEVEN M. , GRIFFIN MARGARET L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe authors reviewed the diagnostic methodology in 14 studies that examined the prevalence of coexisting psychiatric disorders in substance abusers. There was widespread variation among the studies in the timing of patient interviews, the nature of the interviews themselves, and abstinence criteria required before another psychiatric disorder could be diagnosed. These differences were reflected in some of the study results. The authors describe how variations in methodology can affect the diagnoses patients receive. They also suggest more specific abstinence criteria, based on the substances of abuse and the specific disorders being diagnosed.
Adolescent drug use in Wales
Authors: SMITH CHRISTOPHER , NUTBEAM DON 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAs part of a larger survey of health‐related behaviours, 2239 15–16‐year‐olds in Wales provided information on their use of eight different types of drugs. Key findings indicate that just over a fifth of this age group report to having tried drugs at some time, while a tenth say they have done so within the past month. The most frequently reported substances were marijuana, solvents and glue, and psilocybin. Few of the young people reported multiple or regular drug use. The prevalence of drug use was higher for pupils from single parent families, and more boys than girls reported using psilocybin. The reliability and validity of self‐report data are discussed, and the implications of the findings for health education programmes considered.
Changes in criminal activity after entering methadone maintenance
Authors: BELL JAMES , HALL WAYNE , BYTH KAREN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe impact of different approaches to methadone maintenance on the level of crime committed by heroin addicts was examined in a cohort of addicts entering methadone treatment. The cohort comprises three groups: 72 subjects (group 1) who were approved for treatment and referred to a long‐term programme which tolerated continued illicit drug use in treatment; 159 subjects (group 2) who were referred to an abstinence orientated programme from which clients who continued to use heroin were expelled; and 84 subjects who were rejected as unsuitable or failed to complete the assessment process. Official records of convictions were used to calculate conviction rates in thepre‐ and post‐assessment periods. Differences between groups in conviction rates for drug and property crimes were analysed using Poisson regression. Three variables—age, sex and age of first criminal conviction—were significant predictors of conviction rates and all analyses controlled for these variables. Most of the rejected subjects entered treatment during the study period and it was, therefore, not possible to interpret differences between treated and untreated subjects. Among those who entered treatment, property offence rates actually rose, due to a significant increase in conviction rates in group 2. Subjects in group 1 were retained significantly longer in treatment than those in group 2. Among those who remained in treatment less than 12 months, most offences occurred after leaving treatment. When conviction rates were adjusted for time spent in treatment, the differences between the clinics disappeared. Remaining in treatment in either clinic was associated with a progressive reduction in the rate of convictions; for each year of treatment, the adjusted rate of property offences fell by a factor of 0.69 [95% Cl (0.62, 0.78)]. Retention in treatment, rather than entry to treatment, is the key to reducing the criminal involvement of addicts. Programmes with low retention are less effective in achieving this goal. To be most effective, methadone programmes should be orientated towards encouraging clients to remain in treatment.
A method for producing alcohol placebos
Authors: GLAUTIER STEVEN , TAYLOR COLIN , REMINGTON BOB 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA method for producing placebo drinks that are hard to discriminate from alcoholic drinks is described. Subjects received a series of paired comparisons, each involving a distinctively flavoured alcoholic drink and one of six different placebo versions of it. Following each such comparison, rating scales were used to record the ‘alcoholic strength’ and ‘sensory intensity’ of a placebo drink relative to the alcoholic drink. The procedure was replicated using another distinctive alcoholic drink and another set of placebos. Based upon a multivariate analysis of subjects' ratings, the version of the placebo that was most difficult to discriminate from it's corresponding alcoholic drink was identified for both alcoholic drinks. The method is intended to be a general one for producing placebo versions of alcoholic drinks which do not differ on any dimensions which can be shown to be important in producing a response.
Passive smoking—some further legal issues for employers
Authors: HOWARD GILLIAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn the past year there have been several important developments concerning passive smoking including the publication of two authoritative books;1,2 two important UK cases3,4 which will affect all future personal injury claims for passive smoking and the first successful passive smoking claim for State Accident Disablement Benefit.5 Worldwide, the Australia Federal Court6 confirmed that there is unequivocal scientific evidence that passive smoking is harmful to health. This judgement is particularly significant for the UK as it was the testimony of two leading experts, Professor Nicholas J. Wald and Sir Richard Doll, whose evidence helped convince the Judge about the harmful health effects of passive smoke. Within the European Community several newly‐adopted Directives7 may well require employers to adopt a more rigorous approach to smoking restrictions. In particular, an EC Resolution in 19898 requires Member States to ban smoking in all public places. This has been given important legal backing by the European Court of Justice9 which may force Member States to adopt the Resolution whether they like it or not! Other measures concerning tobacco products are currently being reviewed by the Commission.