bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The utility of image descriptions in the initial stages of vision: A case study of printed text
Authors: Watt Roger J. , Dakin Steven C. 
Published: February 2009

Vision research has made very substantial progress towards understanding how we see. It is one area of psychology where the three‐way thrust of behavioural measurements (psychophysics), brain imaging, and computational studies have been combined quite routinely for some years. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a relatively unusual form of computational modelling that we characterise as involving image descriptions. Image descriptions are statements about structures in images and relationships between structures. Most modelling in vision is either conceived in fairly abstract terms, or is done at the level of images. Neither is entirely satisfactory, and image descriptions are a simple formulation of age‐old ideas about a Vocabulary of image features that are detected and parameterized from actual digital images.For our example, we use the domain of the visual perception of printed text. This is an area that has been characterized by thorough, robust psychophysical experiments. The fundamental requirements of visual processing in this domain are: grouping of some parts if the image into words; at the same time segmenting words from each other. We show how these are readily understood in terms of our model of image descriptions, and show quantitatively that typographical practice, refined over centuries, is about optimum for the visual system at least as represented by our model. In addition, we show that the same notion of image descriptions could, in principle, support word recognition in certain circumstances.
Origen's Platonism. Questions and Caveats
Authors: Edwards Mark 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Auffassung in Frage, wonach Theologie und Philosophie des Origenes als wesentlich platonisch, Origenes selbst als Platoniker bezeichnet werden kann. Entgegen dieser weit verbreiteten Einschätzung wird darauf hingewiesen, daß der Begriff „Abhängigkeit“ zur Beschreibung des Verhältnisses der Theologie des Origenes und platonischer Philosophie ungeeignet ist, da Origenes selbst seine Bezugnahmen auf die Philosophie nie als bloße Gefolgschaft versteht. In der Bezugnahme frühchristlicher Theologie auf die zeitgenössische pagane Philosophie können insgesamt sieben Formen unterschieden werden, wobei die katalytische und die dialektische Form der Bezugnahme im Werk des Origenes von besonderer Bedeutung sind. Ihr Zusammenlaufen kann aufgezeigt werden an seiner Lehre von der Präexistenz der Seelen, die sich durch einen Blick auf jüdische Quellen zusätzlich erhellt.
The concept of νoῦς in the “Sethian Platonizing Treatises” of Nag Hammadi
Authors: Brankaer Johanna 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
Der Aufsatz analysiert die Belege für Vorgänge des Denkens in den sog. „sethianisch-platonisierenden“ Traktaten von Nag Hammadi. Der erste Teil untersucht die Rolle des νoῦς in der göttlichen Hierarchie. Wie in vielen anderen gnostischen Texten, kann der gesamte Äon der Barbelo als ein denkender Äon charakterisiert werden, was in gewisser Weise das Denken des ersten Prinzips betrifft. In den analysierten Texten wird häufig der mittlere Sub-Äon der Barbelo, Protophanes, mit dem νoῦς identifiziert. Während die Identifikation von Protophanes und νoῦς relativ stabil ist, scheint die Verbindung mit anderen Leveln, z.B. der Barbelo oder dem ersten Prinzip, in deutlich weniger konsistenter Weise gegeben zu sein. In einem zweiten Teil werden die Belege für die sogenannten denkenden Triaden untersucht. Hier erscheinen, grob gesagt, zwei Formen: Sein – Denken – Leben und Sein – Leben – Denken. Die erste Triade entspricht der „mythologischen“ Triade der Sub-Äonen der Barbelo, d.h. Kalyptos, Protophanes und Autogenes. Die andere Triade taucht in eher abstrakten Kontexten auf, durchaus aber in denselben Texten wie die erste Form. Dabei ist allerdings νoῦς oft durch andere Begriffe ersetzt, etwa Seligkeit oder Erkenntnis. Anschließend wird der Gebrauch des Begriffes im anthropologischen Kontext sowie in dualistischen Gegenüberstellungen untersucht. Noῦς meint dabei nicht nur eine hypostasierte Wirklichkeit, sondern auch eine menschliche Fähigkeit. Die Relationen zwischen diesen verschiedenen Ebenen bleiben jedoch unklar. Insgesamt zeigt der Gebrauch von Vokabeln des Denkens ein gewisses Interesse der gnostischen Autoren für Philosophie, aber nicht in einer Form, deretwegen man annehmen müßte, daß die Texte aus einer spezifischen und fachlich hoch entwickelten Auseinandersetzung zwischen Gnosis und platonischer Philosophie hervorgegangen sind.
Longins Ideen bei Syrian oder: Vom Denken zur Sprache
Authors: Männlein-Robert Irmgard 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
For most of the Neoplatonic philosophers the earlier Platonist philosopher Longinus was a favourite example for an oldfashioned interpretation of the ideas of Plato. Although Longinus's theories about the localization of the ideas (outside the Noῦς) gave many reasons for important discussions, e.g. in Plotinus's school in Rome, later on he was criticized for sympathizing too much with stoic theories and therefore for not being an orthodox Platonist. In this paper the fragments and testimonies about Longinus's theories on ideas are put into a philosophical context and are interpreted together with some of his more philological texts, in which he uses the same ontological premises and patterns. Here it can be seen that the philologist Longinus always gives a literal explanation, sometimes using not-Platonic terminology, to make complex philosophical texts easier to understand.
The reception of the Parmenides before Proclus
Authors: Brisson Luc 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
Der Beitrag verfolgt das Ziel zu zeigen, daß zu Beginn des 3. Jahrhunderts n.Chr. die ontologische Interpretation des Parmenides Platons weit verbreitet war, wonach das Eine aus der ersten Hypothese eine bloße Bezeichnung darstellt. Einige Interpreten haben diese Deutung in Frage gestellt und haben die erste Hypothese des Parmenides so verstanden, daß das Eine außerhalb des Seienden stehe. Nachdem zunächst Plotin diese Auffassung aufgegriffen und weiterentwickelt hatte, wird sie später zum Gemeingut der neuplatonischen Philosophie bis auf Proclus und Damascius. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht der vorliegende Artikel den zweiten Teil des platonischen Parmenides in der Interpretation von Longin und Origenes, dem Platoniker, die ebenso wie Plotin die Schule des Ammonius Saccas in Alexandria besuchten.
Oὐσíα and ὑπóσταıς in the Trinitarian Theology of the Cappadocian Fathers: Basil and Gregory of Nyssa
Authors: Corrigan Kevin 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
Der vorliegende Artikel vertritt die Auffassung, daß die Trinitätstheologie Basilius' des Großen und Gregors von Nyssa – namentlich die Hypostasenlehre – sich ganz wesentlich der Tradition christlicher Schriftexegese, dem Vermächtnis des Konzils von Nicaea sowie dem Werk des Athanasius verdankt, daß sie jedoch gleichzeitig Resultat der intellektuellen Rahmenbedingungen ihrer Zeit ist. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, wie Basilius und Gregor sich mit den philosophischen Entwürfen Plotins, Porphyrius' und Iamblichs auseinandersetzen, indem sie diese teils widerlegen, teils aber auch adaptieren und weiterführend umgestalten. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Debatte in Iamblich, De mysteriis zwischen Iamblich, der auf der Bedeutung eines ungewordenen Prinzips beharrt, und Plotin, der in seiner früheren Sicht das Eine als causa sui versteht – eine Auseinandersetzung, die sich in der Position des Eunomius widerspiegelt. Die Verknüpfung von Ursache und Verursachtem in der Theorie Plotins von der innerlichen Inhärenz des Intellekts ist damit weniger direkte Quelle für die Hypostasenlehre Basilius' und Gregors als vielmehr ein hilfreiches Gerüst aus dem „intellektuellen Klima“ der Zeit heraus, dessen sich beide Theologen bei der Entwicklung ihrer trinitätstheologischen Konzeptionen bedient haben.
Eine übersehene Etymologie des Pascha: Irenäus von Lyon und die Onomastica Sacra
Authors: Buchinger Harald 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
In two places, Irenaeus of Lyon explains the word “pascha” as meaning “liberation” or “deliverance”. As this tradition also occurs in the Onomastica Sacra, it can be identified as an etymology (and not merely an association). The two well-known etymologies of the word “pascha” drawn upon in early Christian literature, i. e., passio and transitus, are thus complemented by a third one, meaning liberatio. The appearance of this etymology in Irenaeus dates it back to the 2nd century. Later on, it not only persistently holds its place in various versions of the Onomastica Sacra but is also attested to by Theodoret of Cyrus. As a secondary finding, πάσΧα (and not πάθoς) is shown to be the lost original Greek reading of Demonstratio praedicationis 25.
Oikonomia im monenergetisch-monotheletischen Streit
Authors: Ohme Heinz 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
As this article elucidates for the first time, it can be shown that central monenergistic-monotheletic measures (Union and Psephos from 633; Typos from 648) can be understood as implementation of the ecclesiastical principle of Oikonomia. This continues the tradition established by the Alexandrian patriarch Eulogius (581-607) who systematized the Oikonomia for dogmatic questions as it was known from the controversies of the 4th and 5th century. This made it possible to accept compromises for terms and crucial words maintaining the substance of the own doctrine, leading to common declarations of faith. So, the aim for ecclesiastical unity was regarded as much more important than any quarrels and defense of the own position. Neither for the Union from 633 nor the Typos or Ekthesis it was claimed to be the final and legally valid formulation of doctrine (kύpıoν δóγμα), but (distinguishing kύpıoν δóγμα and theological explanations created as steps on the way to the kύpıoν δóγμα) considerable concessions towards Maximos Homolegetes were made. This leads to a distinctive new approach to the ecclesiastical politics of the patriarchs Sergios, Pyrrhos, Paulos and Petros which has to be reconsidered as spiritual and theological strategy. Unlike them, Maximos rejected such a concept of Oikonomia maintaining that his own theological concepts and distinctions are kύpıoν δóγμα in its proper sense. So, he exaggerated his polemics stressing that the central issues of faith would be abandoned by the declarations of his opponents. The fact that Maximos ignored the theological aims of his opponents (inspite of some considerable convergences with his own christology) casts a shadow not only over the methods and arguments of his theology, but even over his personality.
The remarkable nature of one-dimensional quasicrystal
Authors: Gao Yang , Xu Bai-Xiang 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A material is spherically uniform when its generalized Hooke´s law at each material point referred to a spherical coordinate system is the same everywhere. We study a sphere of spherically uniform linear anisotropic one-dimensional quasicrystalline material subjected to radial phonon and phason strains on its surface. For a certain range of material parameters the phonon as well as the phason stress diverges at the center. The applied phason strain does not affect the phonon field but the phason field is disturbed by the phonon strain. “White hole” at the center may occur when the sphere is subjected to uniform tension while uniform pressure may cause a “black hole”. This behavior depends only on a dimensionless material parameter and the kind of applied strain but not on its magnitude.
Restricted square-triangle tilings
Authors: Roth Johannes 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Restricted square-triangle tilings are tilings of regular squares and triangles where the number of vertex types has been limited to a subset of all possible vertex types. Such structures have recently been observed in several places: for example as strip phases in colloidal patterns on laser fields with pentagonal symmetry, and as square-pair-free tilings in patterns formed by dipolar magnetic binary colloidal mixtures. In general there are four vertex configurations: A (4 squares, 44), Z (6 triangles, 36), H (4233), and S (43433). Strip phases belong to type AHZ, square-pair-free phases to SZ, standard inflation generated quasicrystals to HSZ, and unrestricted dodecagonal random tilings to AHSZ. We study several vertex type combinations and describe the properties of the patterns generated. AHZ tilings can be mapped to binary necklaces and classified completely. A similar mapping is possible for many HS tilings. Defect-free SZ tilings can be transformed into a triangle-square-hexagon (TSH) supertiling with matching rules. Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations are used to examine the properties of several classes of restricted tilings.
Similarity versus coincidence rotations of lattices
Authors: Glied Svenja , Baake Michael 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The groups of similarity and coincidence rotations of an arbitrary lattice Γ in d-dimensional Euclidean space are considered. It is shown that the group of similarity rotations contains the coincidence rotations as a normal subgroup. Furthermore, the structure of the corresponding factor group is examined. If the dimension d is a prime number, this factor group is an elementary Abelian d-group. Moreover, if Γ is a rational lattice, the factor group is trivial (d odd) or an elementary Abelian 2-group (d even).
Are clusters physical entities?
Authors: Rösch Frohmut , Trebin Hans-Rainer 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Complex metallic alloys frequently exhibit atomic clusters as structural units. In quasicrystals, they are densely arranged retaining an overall long-range quasiperiodic translational order. Thus, clusters are geometrical entities. The often posed question is, whether these are also responsible for physical properties. Fracture experiments and simulations strongly point towards a positive answer. However, a recent analysis of experimental fracture surfaces questions a signature of the clusters. From the self-affine behavior of a model system it is shown that the findings cannot vitiate the role of the clusters in the fracture process.
Ab initio studies on orientational ordering in cubic Zn–Sc
Authors: Hatakeyama Tadashi , Nozawa Kazuki , Ishii Yasushi 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Complex cubic compounds Zn6Sc and Cd6M (M = Yb, Ca, Y, rare earth) are approximant crystals of Zn- and Cd-based quasicrystals. A low-temperature structural transition has been observed for these compounds universally and is considered to be due to orientational ordering of an atomic shell in the icosahedral cluster. To get microscopic information on structure and orientational ordering of the atomic shell in the icosahedral cluster, the first-principles structural relaxation for Zn6Sc is carried out. We obtain variety of favorable structures for different lattice constants. The results are compared with those for isostructural Cd6Ca obtained in the previous work. We stress differences between Zn6Sc and Cd6Ca and discuss their possible consequences on phase diagrams.
Ten colours in quasiperiodic and regular hyperbolic tilings
Authors: Lück Reinhard , Frettlöh Dirk 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Colour symmetries with ten colours are presented for different tilings. In many cases, the existence of these colourings were predicted by group theoretical methods. Only in a few cases explicit constructions were known, sometimes using combination of two-colour and five-colour symmetries. Here we present explicit constructions of several of the predicted colourings for the first time, and discuss them in contrast to already known colourings with ten colours.
On color groups of Bravais colorings of planar modules with quasicrystallographic symmetries
Authors: Bugarin Enrico Paolo C. , N. De Las Peñas Ma. Louise Antonette , Evidente Imogene F. , Felix Rene P. , Frettloeh Dirk 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In this work we study the color symmetries pertaining to colorings of Mn
= Z[ξ], where ξ = exp (2πi/n) for n ∈ {5,8,12} which yield standard symmetries of quasicrystals. The first part of the paper treats Mn
as a four dimensional lattice Λ with symmetry group G and a result is provided on sublattices of Λ which are invariant under the point group of G. The second part of the paper characterizes the color symmetry groups and color fixing groups corresponding to Bravais colorings of Mn
using an approach involving ideals.
Integer Cech cohomology of icosahedral projection tilings
Authors: Gähler Franz , Hunton John R. , Kellendonk Johannes 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The integer Cech cohomology of canonical projection tilings of dimension three and codimension three is derived. These formulae are then evaluated for several icosahedral tilings known from the literature. Rather surprisingly, the cohomologies of all these tilings turn out to have torsion. This is the case even for the Danzer tiling, which is, in some sense, the simplest of all icosahedral tilings. This result is in contrast to the case of two-dimensional canonical projection tilings, where many examples without torsion are known.
Modulated quasicrystals
Authors: Sing Bernd 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
There is some confusion in the literature what “modulated quasicrystals” are: Some people treat “modulated quasicrystals” and “deformed model sets” as exchangeable termini (compare [6, 9, 5]), others claim that “[…] the projection method becomes powerless against incommensurate modulated structures” (e.g., [12 p. 148]). We use a mathematical approach and propose the following classification: While deformed model sets are characterised by a deformation that does not change the location of the Bragg peaks, a modulated phase yields “satellites” in the diffraction pattern and is achieved “by enlarging the internal space” with a torus.
Stability of aperiodic crystals
Authors: Janssen Ted 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The origin and stability of quasicrystals are still heavily debated issues. One may ask the same questions about aperiodic crystals in general. For some other classes, there are answers to these questions, and it is useful to compare the situations. A short discussion is given of what is known for the various classes of aperiodic crystals.
Formation of decagonal quasicrystals in mechanically alloyed Al–Cu–Cr powders
Authors: Tcherdyntsev Victor V. , Sviridova Tatyana A. , Shevchukov Alexander P. , Kaloshkin Sergei D. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Mechanical alloying was applied to form a decagonal phase in the Al–Cu–Cr system. Elemental powders of Al67Cu20Cr13, Al75Cu10Cr15, Al65Cu24Cr11, Al69Cu21Cr10 and Al78Cu10Cr12 compositions (in at%) were mechanically alloyed in a planetary ball mill. Annealing in the temperature range of 500 to 550 °C results in the formation of binary and ternary compounds including the decagonal quasicrystalline phase that was found to be stable at least up to 800 °C and was present in various amounts in all investigated alloys. No icosahedral quasicrystalline phase was found in the samples. The maximum content (95 vol%;) of decagonal quasicrystalline phase was observed for Al69Cu21Cr10 compound annealed at 635 °C. Further increase in the annealing temperature results in the quasicrystalline phase transformation into ψ-Al65Cu25Cr10 phase, which is an approximant phase to icosahedral quasicrystal.
Similar sublattices and coincidence rotations of the root lattice A
4 and its dual
Authors: Heuer Manuela 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A natural way to describe the Penrose tiling employs the projection method on the basis of the root lattice A
4 or its dual. Properties of these lattices are thus related to properties of the Penrose tiling. Moreover, the root lattice A
4 appears in various other contexts such as sphere packings, efficient coding schemes and lattice quantizers. Here, the lattice A
4 is considered within the icosian ring, whose rich arithmetic structure leads to parametrisations of the similar sublattices and the coincidence rotations of A
4 and its dual lattice. These parametrisations, both in terms of a single icosian, imply an index formula for the corresponding sublattices. The results are encapsulated in Dirichlet series generating functions. For every index, they provide the number of distinct similar sublattices as well as the number of coincidence rotations of A
4 and its dual.
Generalized substitution rules: concepts and examples
Authors: Gummelt Petra 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Based on the standard inflation-deflation method to generate substitution tilings, we discuss two types of generalizations in the plane. Firstly, we study substitution rules which do not preserve volume and/or shape of the building blocks. Secondly, we consider prototiles with two or more different possibilities for replacement which can be chosen randomly according to certain probabilities. For illustration, we give various examples of generalized tile substitutions derived from Penrose tiles.
The Co–Ni distribution in decagonal Al69.7(4)Co10.0(4)Ni20.3(4)
Authors: Weber Thomas , Pedersen Björn , Gille Peter , Frey Friedrich , Steurer Walter 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Co—Ni distribution in d-Al69.7(4)Co10.0(4)Ni20.3(4) was investigated based on X-ray and neutron diffraction data. The structure was modelled in higher dimensional space using the ‘charge-flipping’ and ‘low-density elimination’ methods and it was quantitatively refined in three-dimensional space employing a pseudo-approximant approach. In higher-dimensional description, the Co atoms are found at the centre of one of the two symmetry independent occupation domains, enclosed by regions mainly occupied by Ni. The other occupation domain is mostly occupied by Al. In physical space Co atoms are located in the centres of small Al pentagons and form pentagonal units, which are arranged in decagonal rings. On these sites Co is partly substituted by Ni, while all other transition metal sites are occupied by Ni and to a minor degree by Al. The fraction of Co found on transition metal sites decreases with decreasing Co–Co distances, whereby Co is replaced by Ni.
Matching rules from Al–Co potentials in an almost realistic model
Authors: Lim Sejoon , Mihalkovic Marek , Henley Christopher L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We consider a model decagonal quasicrystal of composition Al80.1Co19.9 – closely related to actual structures, and using realistic pair potentials – on a quasilattice of candidate sites. Its ground state, according to simulations, is a Hexagon-Boat-Star tiling satisfying Penrose´s matching rules. In this note, we rationalize these results in terms of the potentials; the Al–Co second-neighbor potential well is crucial.
Structure refinement of a decagonal quasicrsytal of Al72Ni20Co8 by convergent-beam electron diffraction
Authors: Saitoh Koh , Murakami Hiroki , Tanaka Nobuo 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Structure refinement of a water quenched alloy of Al72Ni20Co8, which is known as a highly ordered decagonal quasicrystal, has been carried out by quantitative comparison of experimental and simulated intensities of convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns. In the present study, higher-order Laue zone reflections, whose intensities are senstively changed with atom positions, have been used for the refinement of atom position parameters in the quasiperiodic directions. The refined parameters have been compared with the results obtained by X-ray diffraction.