bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decentralization in Recent Soviet Administrative Practice
Authors: Swearer Howard R. 
Published: April 2006

The Soviet Union, as an administrative state par excellence, is a Parkinsonian nightmare. Although the leadership is armed with broad powers and unhampered by formal restraints in its control of the bureaucracy, it is nevertheless hard pressed to keep the huge administrative structures of the Soviet system efficient and responsive to central direction. The success or failure of a regime depends in large measure on how effectively it can get its policies translated into action by the bureaucracy.Most schematic descriptions of the Soviet system by Western commentators, especially those written in the early 1950's, emphasized the division of the state into several highly centralized, vertically structured, and functionally specialized administrations—party, police, armed forces, and the economic bureaucracy. Within these broad categories there was frequently even further vertical-functional fractionization. For example, within the industrial bureaucracy there were various specialized ministries and a separation between planners and managers.
Presidential Address: “The Peoples of Asia”—Science and Politics in the Classification of Ethnic Groups in Thailand, China, and Vietnam
Authors: Keyes Charles 
Published: April 2006

On a visit to a northern province in the 1950s, Hô Chí Minh, who had spent many years during the war with the French living with upland peoples in northern Vietnam, asked local authorities how many ethnic groups were found within the province. Professor Đang Nghiêm Van, the doyen of ethnologists in Vietnam, has written that President Ho received the following response:The “scientific” project of ethnic classification undertaken for political purposes in Vietnam beginning in 1958 was comparable directly (and not unrelated) to a similar project undertaken in China in the 1950s.
Safety
Authors: Prugh Richard W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn recent years, state and federal authorities have begun requiring chemical and petrochemical companies to develop process safety management policies and practices that are intended to protect workers and the public from chemical accidents. An objective of this section is to provide information that is pertinent to accident prevention, with particular emphasis on chemical process safety. Of particular concern is the continuing trend toward increased efficiency of processes and reduction in hazards to the environment, by reducing the formation of wastes and undesired by‐products. This effort requires close approach to temperature and pressure limits, and special safety systems typically are required to ensure safe operation. Thus, another objective of this section is to provide an understanding of the many variables involved in reactions and handling of chemicals, to shown how these variables can be quantified with respect to safety criteria, and to present illustrations of their application to process safety.
Refrigeration
Authors: Dincer Ibrahim 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This article deals with the technical aspects of refrigerants, refrigeration systems and applications, and food cooling and refrigeration. It covers the refrigerants; alternative refrigerants; refrigeration system components, and auxiliary equipment and their technical and operational aspects; refrigeration cycles/systems; thermoelectric refrigeration; thermoacoustic refrigeration; solar refrigeration, etc; food cooling and freezing systems; cool and cold storage; control atmosphere; as well as refrigerant transport. Some practical details are also provided for better understanding the refrigeration cycles–systems and their applications.
Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Tomasko David L. , Guo Zhihua 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA supercritical fluid is characterized as a gas that is pressurized and heated to a compressed fluid state, which is above both the critical pressure and temperature. In this state, density and subsequently solvent strength and transport properties are highly adjustable by modest changes in temperature and pressure. Complex phase behavior and interactions with materials can occur. This behavior can be examined experimentally and described successfully by molecular thermodynamics. Carbon dioxide and water are two substances used frequently as supercritical fluids. The former, which may be used independently or in the presence of various cosolvents, is predominantly used because of its environmentally benign nature and low cost. The latter is used because of its efficiency in destroying hazardous aqueous pollutants and hydrothermal synthesis. Numerous supercritical fluid processes have been commercialized, including coffee and tea decaffeination, supercritical water oxidation, and supercritical fluid chromatography. Process research and development involving supercritical fluids are progressing in many diverse areas, including extraction, membrane filtration, polymerization, particle formation, cleaning and drying, and applications in microelectronic engineering.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of a de novo interstitial chromosome 10q22 deletion
Authors: Tzschach Andreas , Krause‐Plonka Ines , Menzel Corinna , Knoblauch Andreas , Toennies Holger , Hoeltzenbein Maria , Radke Michael , Ropers Hans‐Hilger , Kalscheuer Vera 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInterstitial deletions of 10q are rare, and only one patient with a deletion confined to chromosome band 10q22 has been reported so far. We report on a 2 6/12‐year‐old girl with a constitutional interstitial deletion of one homologue of 10q [karyotype: 46,XX,del(10)(q22.2q22.3)de novo]. Our patient had muscular hypotonia, developmental delay, growth retardation, mild facial dysmorphism, and hypoplastic labia minora. The precise location and extent (3.6 Mb) of the deletion was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 16 YAC and BAC clones. The clinical features in our patient are remarkably similar to the previously reported patient with a 10q22.2 deletion. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late Chachapoya population structure prior to Inka conquest
Authors: Nystrom Kenneth C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeological and ethnohistorical documents suggest that the Chachapoya region was inhabited by a number of distinct sociopolitical groups that only united in the face of their common enemy, the Inka. The purpose of this research is to quantify the amount of internal genetic differentiation and levels of extraregional gene flow during the Late Chachapoya period, in order to obtain a better understanding of the genetic relationship between these presumed ethnic groups. Craniometric data were collected from three Late Chachapoya samples (Laguna Huayabamba, Kuelap, and Laguna de los Cóndores), in order to understand the genetic relationships between the groups and facilitate our understanding of Late Chachapoya population structure. Genetic differentiation among these series ranged from 0.047 (heritability = 1.0) to 0.090 (heritability = 0.55). The Relethford‐Blangero residuals indicate that the Laguna Huayabamba and Laguna de los Cóndores populations were receiving greater than average external gene flow, while Kuelap was receiving less than average external gene flow. The correspondence between biological and archaeological data in the investigation of prehistoric ethnic identity is discussed. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of OH‐functionalized magnetic nanogels under UV irradiation
Authors: Gong Peijun , Yu Jiahui , Sun Hanwen , Hong Jun , Zhao Sufang , Xu Dongmei , Yao Side 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA novel preparation method of net magnetic polymer nanogels with swollen shell was developed. UV‐induced photopolymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was performed in the magnetite aqueous suspension, free of any additive to obtain monodisperse magnetic nanogels with swollen shell. Owing to the step‐growth polymerization of the monomer, the particle size of magnetic nanogels can be conveniently manipulated by changing the irradiation time and the volume of the monomer dropped. The crystalline structure of Fe3O4 core and chemical composition of PHEMA magnetic nanogels were characterized by using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Particle sizes, size distributions of magnetic nanogels in swollen state and dry state were measured by photo‐correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The morphology of swollen magnetic nanogels and that of polymer capsules obtained from magnetic nanogels etched by hydrochloride acid were observed by TEM. The high magnetizations and superparamagnetic behaviors of naked Fe3O4 and magnetic nanogels at room temperature were confirmed by the measurement of hysteresis curves. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1283–1290, 2006
Preparation of nanopolyethylene wire with carbon nanotubes‐supported Cp2ZrCl2 catalyst
Authors: Dong Xiaochen , Wang Li , Jiang Guohua , Sun Tianxu , Zhao Zhenrong , Yu Haojie , Chen Tao 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNanowires were prepared by ethylene polymerization in situ with carbon nanotubes (CNTs)‐supported Cp2ZrCl2 catalyst. It was found that the metallocene catalyst was first adsorbed on the surface of the CNTs and then the polymerization of ethylene was initiated. The resulting PE could encapsulate on the surface of the CNTs to form nanowire. The diameter of nanowire could be controlled easily by the polymerization conditions. The possible mechanism of formation of nanopolyethylene wire is proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1291–1294, 2006
2‐methoxyestradiol inhibits differentiation and is cytotoxic to osteoclasts
Authors: Maran A. , Gorny G. , Oursler M.J. , Zhang M. , Shogren K.L. , Yaszemski M.J. , Turner R.T. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract2‐Methoxyestradiol (2‐ME), a naturally occurring metabolite of 17β‐estradiol, is highly cytotoxic to a wide range of tumor cells but is harmless to most normal cells. However, 2‐ME prevented bone loss in ovariectomized rats, suggesting it inhibits bone resorption. These studies were performed to determine the direct effects of 2‐ME on cultured osteoclasts. 2‐ME (2 µM) reduced osteoclast number by more than 95% and induced apoptosis in three cultured osteoclast model systems (RAW 264.7 cells cultured with RANKL, marrow cells co‐cultured with stromal support cells, and spleen cells cultured without support cells in media supplemented with RANKL and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF)). The 2‐ME‐mediated effect was ligand specific; 2‐hydroxyestradiol (2‐OHE), the immediate precursor to 2‐ME, exhibited less cytotoxicity; and 2‐methoxyestrone (2‐MEOE1) the estrone analog of 2‐ME, was not cytotoxic. Co‐treatment with ICI 182,780 did not antagonize 2‐ME, suggesting that the cytotoxicity was not estrogen receptor‐dependent. 2‐ME‐induced cell death in RAW 264.7 cells coincided with an increase in gene expression of cytokines implicated in inhibition of differentiation and induction of apoptosis. In addition, the 2‐ME‐mediated decrease in cell survival was partially inhibited by anti‐lymphotoxin(LT)β antibodies, suggesting that 2‐ME‐dependent effects involve LTβ. These results suggest that 2‐ME could be useful for treating skeletal diseases in which bone resorption is increased, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis and cancer metastasis to bone. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 425–434, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct measurements of the addition and recombination of acrylate radicals: Access to propagation and termination rate constants?
Authors: Lalevée J. , Allonas X. , Fouassier J. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAcrylate radicals produced by the addition of an aminoalkyl radical to five acrylate monomers were directly observed by transient absorption spectroscopy, which allowed us to easily follow their chemical reactivity. It was possible (1) to characterize their absorption in the visible part of the spectrum, (2) to calculate their absorption properties, (3) to determine the energy barriers of the addition through quantum mechanical calculations, (4) to monitor the kinetics of the subsequent addition to another monomer unit, and (5) to follow the recombination of two acrylate radicals. These two latter points could mimic the propagation and termination reactions of polymerization‐propagating acrylate radicals. Methacrylate and acrylonitrile radicals were also studied. The obtained results were in good agreement with the propagation rate constants determined by the well‐established pulsed laser polymerization techniques. Our method could likely provide rapid access to both the propagation and termination rate constants in suitable systems and appears to be powerful and promising for studying and comparing the reactivities of different acrylate monomer structures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3577–3587, 2006
A Tale of Two Cities: Community Psychobehavioral Surveillance and Related Impact on Outbreak Control in Hong Kong and Singapore During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Epidemic
Authors: Leung Gabriel M. , Quah Stella , Ho Lai-Ming , Ho Sai-Yin , Hedley Anthony J. , Lee Hin-Peng , Lam Tai-Hing 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectives:To compare the public's knowledge and perception of SARS and the extent to which various precautionary measures were adopted in Hong Kong and Singapore.Design:Cross-sectional telephone survey of 705 Hong Kong and 1,201 Singapore adults selected by random-digit dialing.Results:Hong Kong respondents had significantly higher anxiety than Singapore respondents (State Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI] score, 2.06 vs 1.77; P < .001). The former group also reported more frequent headaches, difficulty breathing, dizziness, rhinorrhea, and sore throat. More than 90% in both cities were willing to be quarantined if they had close contact with a SARS case, and 70% or more would be compliant for social contacts. Most respondents (86.7% in Hong Kong vs 71.4% in Singapore; P < .001) knew that SARS could be transmitted via respiratory droplets, although fewer (75.8% in Hong Kong vs 62.1% in Singapore; P < .001) knew that fomites were also a possible transmission source. Twenty-three percent of Hong Kong and 11.9% of Singapore respondents believed that they were “very likely” or “somewhat likely” to contract SARS during the current outbreak (P < .001). There were large differences between Hong Kong and Singapore in the adoption of personal precautionary measures. Respondents with higher levels of anxiety, better knowledge about SARS, and greater risk perceptions were more likely to take comprehensive precautionary measures against the infection, as were older, female, and more educated individuals.Conclusion:Comparative psychobehavioral surveillance and analysis could yield important insights into generic versus population-specific issues that could be used to inform, design, and evaluate public health infection control policy measures.
Conjunctival Colonization of Infants Hospitalized in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Raskind Craig H. , Sabo Barbara E. , Callan Deborah A. , Farrel Patricia A. , Dembry Louise-Marie , Gallagher Patrick G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectives:To determine the frequency of conjunctival colonization, identify the colonizing flora, and correlate culture results with physical findings in infants in a NICUDesign:Surveillance study.Setting:Level III NICU of a large university teaching hospital.Patients:All infants admitted for longer than 24 hours during a 26-week period.Methods:Weekly bacterial conjunctival cultures were performed for all infants. The conjunctival appearance at the time of culture was recorded. The frequency, identity, and correlation of culture results with physical findings were determined.Results:One thousand ninety-one cultures were performed for 319 infants: 133 (42%) had no positive cultures and 186 (58%) had at least one positive culture. Culture analysis revealed that 411 (38%) were positive and yielded 494 isolates comprising more than 18 bacterial species. Bacteria most commonly isolated included coagulase-negativeStaphylococcus(CoNS) (75%), viridans group streptococci (8.7%),Staphylococcus aureus(3.8%),Enterococcusspecies (2.6%), andSerratia marcescens(2.4%). The frequency of non-CoNS isolates increased significantly during the first 6 weeks of patient hospital stay (6% [1 to 3 weeks] to 12% [4 to 6 weeks];P= .01), with an increasing trend to 15 weeks (18%). Correlation of bacteriologic results with physical findings demonstrated that infants with non-CoNS isolates exhibited conjunctival edema, erythema, or exudates more frequently than did infants with CoNS alone (30% vs 13%;P= .0001).Conclusions:Conjunctival colonization was common among infants in a NICU. Prolonged hospitalization predisposes to colonization with potentially pathogenic organisms. Physical findings were more likely in patients with non-CoNS conjunctival isolates.
Estimate of the Annual Number of Percutaneous Injuries Among Hospital-Based Healthcare Workers in the United States, 1997–1998
Authors: Panlilio Adelisa L. , Orelien Jean G. , Srivastava Pamela U. , Jagger Janine , Cohn Richard D. , Cardo Denise M. ,   NaSH Surveillance Group,   the EPINet Data Sharing Network
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:To construct a single estimate of the number of percutaneous injuries sustained annually by healthcare workers (HCWs) in the United States.Design:Statistical analysis.Methods:We combined data collected in 1997 and 1998 at 15 National Surveillance System for Health Care Workers (NaSH) hospitals and 45 Exposure Prevention Information Network (EPINet) hospitals. The combined data, taken as a sample of all U.S. hospitals, were adjusted for underreporting. The estimate of the number of percutaneous injuries nationwide was obtained by weighting the number of percutaneous injuries at each hospital by the number of admissions in all U.S. hospitals relative to the number of admissions at that hospital.Results:The estimated number of percutaneous injuries sustained annually by hospital-based HCWs was 384,325 (95% confidence interval, 311,091 to 463,922). The number of percutaneous injuries sustained by HCWs outside of the hospital setting was not estimated.Conclusions:Although our estimate is smaller than some previously published estimates of percutaneous injuries among HCWs, its magnitude remains a concern and emphasizes the urgent need to implement prevention strategies. In addition, improved surveillance could be used to monitor injury trends in all healthcare settings and evaluate the impact of prevention interventions.
In Vitro Assessment of Chlorhexidine Gluconate–Impregnated Polyurethane Foam Antimicrobial Dressing Using Zone of Inhibition Assays
Authors: Bhende Shubhangi , Spangler Daniel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:To evaluate an antimicrobial dressing consisting of hydrophilic polyurethane foam with chlorhexidine gluconate for activity against several antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates as well as American Type Culture Collection reference strains using zone of inhibition assays.Methods:Sterile foam samples with chlorhexidine gluconate and untreated controls were transferred onto inoculated agar plates. Plates were incubated at 35°C to 37° C for 24 hours and examined for zones of inhibition around the foam samples.Results:Polyurethane foam with chlorhexidine gluconate showed antimicrobial activity in vitro against all of the challenge organisms including antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates.Conclusion:The data from this in vitro study support the hypothesis that polyurethane foam with chlorhexidine gluconate has an antimicrobial effect against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species, as well as Candida species.
Inapparent Outbreaks of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia An Ecologic Analysis of Prevention and Cohort Studies
Authors: Hurley James C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:To compare ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rates and patterns of isolates across studies of antibiotic and non-antibiotic methods for preventing VAP.Design:With the use of 42 cohort study groups as the reference standard, the prevalence of VAP was modeled in two linear regressions: one with the control groups and the other with the intervention groups of 96 VAP prevention studies. The proportion of patients admitted with trauma and the VAP diagnostic criteria were used as ecologic correlates. Also, the patterns of pathogenic isolates were available for 117 groups.Results:In the first regression model, the VAP rates for the control groups of antibiotic-based prevention studies were at least 18 (CI95, 12 to 24) per 100 patients higher than those in the cohort study groups (P< .001). By contrast, comparisons of cohort study groups with all other control and intervention groups in the first and second regression models yielded differences that were less than 6 per 100 and not significant (P> .05). For control groups with VAP rates greater than 35%, the patterns of VAP isolates, such as the proportion ofStaphylococcus aureus,more closely resembled those in the corresponding intervention groups than in the cohort groups.Conclusions:The rates of VAP in the control groups of the antibiotic prevention studies were significantly higher than expected and the patterns of pathogenic isolates were unusual. These observations suggest that inapparent outbreaks of VAP occurred in these studies. The possibility remains that antibiotic-based VAP prevention presents a major cross-infection hazard.
Endotoxin-Like Reactions With Intravenous Gentamicin Results From Pharmacovigilance Tools Under Investigation
Authors: Hauben Manfred , Reich Lester 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:To apply two data mining algorithms (DMAs) to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) reports that involved endotoxin-like reactions with intravenous gentamicin to determine whether a signal of disproportionate reporting of these events would have been generated concurrently with surveillance based on clinical observation.Design:Multi-item gamma-Poisson shrinker (MGPS) and proportional reporting ratios (PRRs) were used. Data used for data mining consisted of an extract of the FDA AERS database. Previously published details of clusters of endotoxin-like reactions to intravenous gentamicin were used to select adverse events for data mining.Results:The first signal of disproportionate reporting with any relevant event occurred in 1998, the year in which the outbreak was identified and evaluated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the FDA. In 1997, there were only 6 reports of rigors in the AERS; this jumped to 68 in 1998. In 1998, a signal was generated for endotoxic shock with PRRs but not with MGPS, based on one case.Conclusions:The two DMAs generated signals concurrently with the influx of reports. It would have been difficult for safety reviewers to ignore an increase in rigors by traditional methods of safety surveillance; therefore, DMAs might not have had a great deal to offer in this instance. If data mining were considered as a second-line defense to diligent clinical observations under similar circumstances, simple disproportionality methods such as PRRs might be more useful than DMAs such as MGPS when commonly cited thresholds are used.