bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divergent growth of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints in the United States, 1990–2004: Diaspora, gathering, and the East–West divide
Authors: Otterstrom Samuel M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper analyses the spatially divergent growth of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints from 1990 to 2004 in the US. The Church has been based in Utah since 1847, and its membership continues to be concentrated in the West. However, recent population trends show an ongoing diaspora throughout the country marked by local and regional clusters (or ‘gatherings’) where more rapid growth and larger relative membership sizes are evident. The Church is growing fastest in the central and eastern portions of the country, exceeding general population growth rates there. Natural increase in these areas has been greatly augmented by conversions and in‐migration. Comparisons using the Hoover index of concentration and the Duncan index of dissimilarity also show that with the regional divergence of Church growth rates, its membership distribution is slowly becoming more similar to that of the general population. Although future Church membership growth in the eastern parts of the country will probably be counterbalanced by the sheer size of population increases in the traditional Church population centres in the West, recent data show that the West has become increasingly less Mormon as conversions and natural increase have not kept pace with the migration of non‐Mormons into the region. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remarkable improvement in output power for an InAlGaN based ultraviolet LED by improving the crystalline quality of AlN/AlGaN templates
Authors: Takano T. , Fujikawa S. , Kondo Y. , Hirayama H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe use of quaternary InAlGaN is very attractive for the realization of commercially‐available low‐cost and high‐power ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes (UV‐LEDs), because highly‐efficient UV emission can be obtained from this material due to In‐segregation effects. We achieved remarkable improvements in output power from 340 nm‐band quaternary InAlGaN‐based UV‐LEDs and demonstrated high UV‐output power by using high‐quality AlN buffer templates on sapphire substrates. Threading dislocation densities (TDDs) for screw and edge‐type dislocations were 1×108cm–2 and 1×109cm–2, as observed from cross‐sectional transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. The output power of a 340 nm‐band UV‐LED was increased by approximately 7 times by reducing the full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum (FWHM) of the (10‐12) X‐ray ω‐scan rocking curve (XRC) from around 800 arcsec to 510 arcsec. As a result, we achieved a maximum output power of 7.1 mW under room‐temperature (RT) and continuous‐wave (CW) operation. From these results, we confirmed that the crystalline quality of AlN/AlGaN templates strongly affects the output power of UV‐LEDs. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Internal quantum efficiency and optical polarization analysis of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells on a ‐plane GaN
Authors: Lin E. Y. , Chen C. Y. , Lay T. S. , Wang T. C. , Tsay J. D. , Peng P. X. , Lin T. Y. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractInternal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) and anisotropic optical polarization of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQW) grown on a ‐plane (11‐20) GaN film were investigated in comparison with c ‐plane (0001) InGaN/GaN LED samples. In the temperature‐dependent and power‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectra, the IQE for a ‐plane and c ‐plane InGaN/GaN MQW were obtained. The anisotropic polarization has an angle of 120o between the maximum and minimum components for the a ‐plane InGaN/GaN MQW. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of the illumination on the spin splitting of the two‐dimensional electron gas in AlxGa1–xN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Tang N. , Shen B. , He X. W. , Han K. , Tang Y. Q. , Yang Z. J. , Qin Z. X. , Zhang G. Y. , Lin T. , Zhu B. , Zhou W. Z. , Shang L. Y. , Chu J. H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSpin splitting of the two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in AlxGa1‐xN/GaN heterostructures has been investigated by means of magnetotransport measurements under the illumination at low temperatures. The beating patterns in the oscillatory magnetoresistance originating from zero‐field spin splitting of the 2DEG are observed in this study. It is found that the spin splitting energy decreases after the illumination. It is also found that the illumination decreases the electric field at AlxGa1‐xN/GaN heterointerfaces. Based on the experiments, it is suggested that the zero‐field spin splitting of the 2DEG in AlxGa1‐xN/GaN heterostructures mainly arises from the Rashba effect. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dephasing studies of exciton fine structure in uniaxially‐strained GaN
Authors: Ishiguro T. , Toda Y. , Adachi S. , Hoshino K. , Arakawa Y. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDephasing dynamics of excitons in a GaN film grown on a ‐plane sapphire were studied by using the spectrallyresolved four‐wave‐mixing (SR‐FWM) spectroscopy. Due to the anisotropic exchange interaction originates from the anisotropic strain field of the substrate, the degenerate exciton states with the total angular moment ± 1 mix and split into their fine structures.Since each component of the exciton fine structure (EFS) is highly polarized, the polarization‐dependent SR‐FWM spectra successfully resolve the dephasing dynamics in the individual EFS resonances. The result of each EFS shows a significantly different dephasing time, suggesting that the anisotropic dephasing contribution occurs in each EFS. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhanced capture of photogenerated carriers by optimum forward bias condition in blue and green (In,Ga)N single‐quantum‐well diodes
Authors: Satake A. , Soejima K. , Aizawa H. , Fujiwara K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractVertical capture processes of photogenerated carriers in the c ‐plane blue and green (In,Ga)N single‐quantum‐well light‐emitting‐diodes have been investigated by comparing variations in photoluminescence (PL) intensity as a function of applied voltage (−10∼+4.5 V) at low temperature (20 K) under direct (λex = 380 nm) and indirect (λex = 325 nm) excitation. One striking result of the bias dependent PL intensity is that the photogenerated carriers are efficiently captured into the active layer by optimum forward bias condition. That is, with increasing forward bias, the PL intensity by the indirect excitation is strongly enhanced within a certain specific forward voltage range, while the PL intensity by the direct excitation is moderately varied. The optimum bias condition is caused by interplay of carrier capture and internal quantum efficiency. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of high‐quality thick AlGaN by high‐temperature metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Kato Naofumi , Sato S. , Sugimura H. , Sumii T. , Okada N. , Imura M. , Iwaya M. , Kamiyama S. , Amano H. , Akasaki I. , Maruyama H. , Takagi T. , Bandoh A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe growth of thick AlGaN on a c‐plane sapphire substrate covered with an AlN layer was conducted by high‐temperature (HT‐) metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The composition of AlGaN can be controlled by adjusting the growth temperature and V/III ratio. The use of an HT‐AlN template extremely improves the crystalline quality of the thick AlGaN layer. In addition, the crystalline quality measured by X‐ray diffraction and TEM showed that the FWHMs of X‐ray rocking curves (XRCs) for both tilt and twist distributions and the dislocation density in AlGaN are almost the same as those in the underlying HT‐AlN template for the Al composition from 0.2 to 1. A thick and crack‐free Al0.89Ga0.11N layer with the FWHMs of XRCs for tilt and twist distributions as narrow as 177 arcsec and 457 arcsec, respectively, were successfully grown. An extremely smooth and atomic‐size step with a RMS surface roughness as small as 0.35 nm over a 5 µm × 5 µm scan was observed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of AG(I) oxide films by combination of it RRDE and photopotential spectroscopy
Authors: Vvedenskii Alexander , Grushevskaya Svetlana , Kudryashov Dmitrii , Ganzha Sergei 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe RRDE multicycle chronoammetry makes it possible to obtain separately the partial currents of silver ionization, anodic oxide formation, and chemical oxide dissolution. In the range of low anodic potentials (0.48–0.51 V), the process of active silver dissolution from the open parts of the surface and through the pores of oxide film prevails; the phase formation current drops fast. At higher potentials (0.52–0.53 V), the phase formation current prevails and noticeably exceeds the rate of the chemical oxide dissolution. The thickness of Ag2O film rapidly increases; and the net phase formation current is close to 100% during the whole period of polarization. Ag(I) oxide is an n‐type semiconductor with an excess of silver atoms. Their concentration in the oxide film formed on monocrystalline Ag(111), Ag(110), and Ag(100) is less than in the film formed on polycrystalline Ag. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stitching interferometric metrology for steeply curved x‐ray mirrors
Authors: Yumoto Hirokatsu , Mimura Hidekazu , Kimura Takashi , Handa Soichiro , Matsuyama Satoshi , Sano Yasuhisa , Yamauchi Kazuto 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe have developed a new type of relative angle determinable stitching interferometry (RADSI) for hard x‐ray nanofocusing mirrors. The system consists of a microscope Michelson interferometer, and a large‐area Fizeau interferometer. The surface figure profile of each local area is measured by the Michelson interferometer and, at the same time, the stitching angles between neighboring shots are determined by using the large‐area Fizeau interferometer. Tests using a flat mirror were carried out for calibration. The repeatability was found to be 0.8 nm root mean square (RMS). To demonstrate the accuracy of the developed system, we measured an elliptically figured mirror used for hard x‐ray focusing. The obtained results were compared with a profile measured by another method. Both profiles were in good agreement at the subnanometer level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Etching characteristics of local wet etching of silicon in HF/HNO3 mixtures
Authors: Yamamura Kazuya , Mitani Takuro 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSilicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) wafers are promising semiconductor material to realize high speed and low power consumption electric devices. The thickness and deviation of SOI, which are required in the next generation, are 13–15 nm and ± 5%, respectively. However, it is very difficult to achieve those specifications by applying conventional machining, because plastic deformation and brittle fracture in mechanical removal mechanisms inevitably cause subsurface damage such as dislocations, vacancies, or microcracks. Moreover, the accuracy of machining is strongly affected by external disturbances, such as the vibration or thermal deformation of the workpiece and the machine, because of the contact‐removal mechanism. To solve these issues, we had developed numerically controlled local wet etching (NC‐LWE) as a novel deterministic subaperture figuring and finishing method, which utilizes localized chemical reaction between the etchant and the surface of the workpiece. We investigated the etching characteristics of local wet etching of silicon in HF/HNO3 mixtures, and it was found that there was an induction period in the case of scanning the etchant supply nozzle. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical characterisation of evaporated In2Sx buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film solar cells with SNMS and SIMS
Authors: Eicke Axel , Spiering Stefanie , Dresel Ariane , Powalla Michael 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFor the series production of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)‐based thin‐film solar cells it is desirable to replace the thin CdS buffer layer between absorber and transparent front contact by non‐toxic, low‐absorbing semiconductors. In2S3, deposited by atomic layer deposition, has already been qualified as an alternative buffer material. In this work, results of indium sulphide buffer layers deposited by thermal evaporation are presented. Pressed powders with different compositions and morphology were used for evaporation at about 720 °C, resulting in different layer compositions and cell performances. The composition of the initial powder material and of the pellets after the deposition steps was determined by XRF. The deposited In2SxOy buffer layers and the buffer/absorber interface region were analysed by SIMS and sputtered neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) depth profiling.Fine‐grained pressed In2S3 powder evaporates rather homogeneously during the entire deposition run, resulting in nearly stoichiometric In2S3 layers. S and Cl are evaporated preferentially from pellets of coarse‐grained, S‐poor In2S2.4 powder containing 2 at% Cl, leading to excess S and high Cl concentrations in the first deposited layer. The subsequent layers are S‐poor and the In/S ratios continue to increase. In all interface regions additional amounts of Se, In, and Ga are detected, which could be attributed to the Cu‐poor defect layer on top of the CIGS absorbers. The best solar cell performance with efficiences of about 13% was achieved with the S‐rich buffer layers. Stoichiometric In2S3 or S‐poor layers yield lower efficiences between 8 and 11%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of the Weibull assumption in monthly wind energy estimation
Authors: García‐Bustamante E. , González‐Rouco J. F. , Jiménez P. A. , Navarro J. , Montávez J. P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn estimation of the monthly wind energy output for the period 1999–2003 at five wind farms in northeastern Spain was evaluated. The methodology involved the calculation of wind speed histograms and the observed average wind power versus wind relation obtained from hourly data. The energy estimation was based on the cumulated contribution of the wind power from each wind speed interval. The impact of the Weibull distribution assumption as a substitute of the actual histogram in the wind energy estimation was evaluated.Results reveal that the use of a Weibull probability distribution has a moderate impact in the energy calculation as the largest estimation errors are, on average, no larger than 10% of the total monthly energy produced. However, the evaluation of the goodness of fit through the χ2 statistics shows that the Weibull assumption is not strictly substantiated for most of the sites. This apparent discrepancy is based on the partial cancellation of the positive and negative departures of the Weibull fitted and the actual wind frequency distributions.Further investigation of the relation between the χ2 and the error contribution exposes a tendency of the Weibull distribution to underestimate (overestimate) the observed histograms in the lower and upper (intermediate) wind speed intervals. This fact, together with the larger wind power weight over the highest winds, results in a systematic total wind energy underestimation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Medical World is Flat Too
Authors: Trunkey Donald D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundTom Friedman, in his book,“The World is Flat,” makes a very persuasive argument that our current economic policy transcends national boundaries. Friedman describes various processes that prove his point. These include workflow software, open sourcing, outsourcing, off‐shoring, supply chaining, in‐sourcing, and informing. The United States already outsources surgery. In this article, I give the retail surgical rates and discount rates of the US, and compare them to that of the same surgery in India, Thailand, and Singapore. Supply chaining is another example that applies to the field of medicine, particularly pharmaceuticals. Most pharmaceutical firms are located in developed countries, but 80% of the pharmaceuticals are manufactured in developing countries. A phenomenon that may be unique to the United States is that we off‐shore some of our diagnostic capabilities, primarily during out nighttime hours. Under the rubric of “Nighthawk,” X‐rays, including CT scans, are digitized and sent to Australia, Spain, and other countries during our nighttime hours. A diagnosis is made and sent back to the referring hospital in the US, usually within 30 minutes. I think an argument can be made that almost all of the issues that Friedman talks about in his book, apply to the field of medicine. Trauma care is a microcosm of medicine and uses most of the resources shared by other specialties. The trauma patient has to be identified and ambulances called, usually by 911 or similar numeric systems in other countries. The patient is transported to an emergency room, and if the injury is severe, admitted for acute care, which often requires surgery, intensive care, and ward care. When possible, the patient is discharged home, but is often sent to a rehabilitation facility or a nursing home. To improve trauma care and outcome, surgeons have turned to the organization and system approach that has been so successful in military situations.Materials and methodsAn extensive review of the surgical and public health papers relating to trauma was carried out. This article is an inventory of how trauma systems are progressing in different countries and whether they are effective. Some of the pitfalls that globalization may bring are also discussed.Results and conclusionsFor the last 100 years, there has been gradual improvement in care of the civilian patients, as a system approach similar to the military care of injured patients has been introduced and matured. These systems include prehospital care, acute care, rehabilitation; ideally, using a public health approach, preventive components are also utilized. Research is another component that is key in improving patient outcomes.
Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Standardized Technique of a Potential Stand‐alone Bariatric Procedure in Morbidly Obese Patients
Authors: Kueper Markus A. , Kramer Klaus M. , Kirschniak Andreas , Königsrainer Alfred , Pointner Rudolph , Granderath Frank A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to define a standardized technique for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in the morbidly obese patient.MethodsThere are several surgical options for the morbidy obese patient. In general, there are the restrictive procedures [e.g., laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)] and the malabsorptive procedures [e.g. laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP)]. Those techniques are already standardized. The laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) seems to have some advantages over both procedures, but it is not standardized yet, and so there can be no comparison between the different techniques. In our center we have standardized the LSG technique with respect to abdominal access and narrowness of the gastric sleeve. After dissection of the greater omentum and the short gastric vessels, the greater curvature is resected along a 34‐Fr gastric tube using the Endo‐GIA. The remaining gastric sleeve has a volume of about 100 ml.ResultsThe standardized LSG procedure is presented step by step. A comparison of operative data and early outcome with a matched group of patients with adjustable gastric banding showed no difference between the two techniques with respect to operating time, surgical complications, and weight loss 6 months after surgery.ConclusionWith our standardized LSG technique it is possible to evaluate the positive aspects of the LSG compared with other standardized bariatric procedures like LAGB or LRYGBP.
Deposition and decomposition of cattle dung in forest grazing in southern Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Hirata Masahiko , Hasegawa Nobumi , Nomura Maki , Ito Haruko , Nogami Kangoro , Sonoda Tatsunobu 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study monitored deposition and decomposition of cattle dung in a grazed young Chamaecyparis obtusa (an evergreen conifer) plantation in southwestern Japan, as a part of exploring the impacts of livestock in the forest grazing system. Animals defecated 10–19 times hd−1 day−1, producing feces of 2.2–3.5 kg DM and 33–73 g N per animal per day. The DM and N concentrations of feces ranged from 157–207 g DM kg−1 and 14.8−23.1 g (kg DM)−1, respectively. Occurrence of defecation was spatially heterogeneous, with feces being concentrated mainly on areas for resting (forest roads, ridges and valleys) and moving (forest roads and along fence lines). Decomposition of dung pats was considerably slow, showing the rates of 1.37–3.05 mg DM (g DM)−1 day−1 as DM loss. Decomposition was further slower on the basis of N release, 0.51–1.63 mg N (g N)−1 day−1, resulting in steadily increased N concentrations of dung pats with time after deposition. The results show that introduction of livestock into a forest (i.e., forest grazing) may limit nutrient availability to plants, by redistributing nutrients into areas with no vegetation (bare land and streams) and by establishing a large N pool as feces due to an imbalance between deposition and slow release, though further studies are necessary for investigating the occurrence of slow dung decomposition in other forest situations.
Acculturation and mental distress among Russian and Iranian migrants in Germany
Authors: Haasen C. , Demiralay C. , Reimer J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSeveral studies have stressed a correlation between difficulties in acculturation and mental distress or even mental disorders. The stress related to the process of acculturation can lead to depressive symptoms by way of changes in the activity of the HPA axis. However, it remains difficult to measure acculturation stress, as difficulties in acculturation strongly depend on subjective interpretations of every day experiences. The association between acculturation stress and mental distress was examined in two different migrant groups in Germany, 202 migrants of Russian and 100 of Iranian origin. In both migrant groups a significant correlation between acculturation stress and mental distress was found, yet no significant association between acculturation stress and length of residency in Germany. These findings will have to be replicated with representative samples and also with other migrant groups, both in and out of treatment. Considering the fact that the Russian sample was younger and nonetheless had relatively high acculturation stress scores, prevention of future mental health problems among migrants will have to focus on easing the process of integration into the host society.
Is alexithymia a personality trait increasing the risk of depression? A prospective study evaluating alexithymia before, during and after a depressive episode
Authors: Marchesi C. , Bertoni S. , Cantoni A. , Maggini C. 
Published: March 2008

BackgroundWhether alexithymia is a personality trait that increases the risk of major depression (MD) is still debated. In this prospective study, alexithymic levels were evaluated before, during and after a depressive episode.MethodThe alexithymic levels, the presence of MD and the severity of anxious-depressive symptoms were evaluated at intervals of about 1 month in pregnant women attending the Centers for Prenatal Care, using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).ResultsSixteen women affected by MD, 21 affected by subthreshold depression and 112 non-depressed women were included in the study. Women who developed depression, compared to non-depressed women, showed similar TAS and HADS scores during the pre-morbid phase, a significant increase in the scores during depression and a significant decrease after remission, whereas no change was observed in non-depressed women.ConclusionsOur data suggest that in pregnant women alexithymia does not represent a personality trait that increases the risk of developing a depressive episode, and they support the hypothesis that alexithymia is a state-dependent phenomenon in depressed pregnant women.