bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ultrastructural study of cell death in the CA1 pyramidal field of the hippocapmus in rats submitted to transient global ischemia followed by reperfusion
Authors: De Souza Pagnussat Aline , Faccioni‐Heuser Maria Cristina , Netto Carlos Alexandre , Achaval Matilde 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn the course of ischemia and reperfusion a disruption of release and uptake of excitatory neurotransmitters occurs. This excitotoxicity triggers delayed cell death, a process closely related to mitochondrial physiology and one that shows both apoptotic and necrotic features. The aim of the present study was to use electron microscopy to characterize the cell death of pyramidal cells from the CA1 field of the hippocampus after 10 min of transient global ischemia followed by short reperfusion periods. For this study 25 adult male Wistar rats were used, divided into six groups: 10 min of ischemia, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h of reperfusion and an untouched group. Transient forebrain ischemia was produced using the 4‐vessel occlusion method. The pyramidal cells of the CA1 field from rat hippocampus submitted to ischemia exhibited intracellular alterations consistent with a process of degeneration, with varied intensities according to the reperfusion period and bearing both apoptotic and necrotic features. Gradual neuronal and glial modifications allowed for the classification of the degenerative process into three stages: initial, intermediate and final were found. With 3 and 6 h of reperfusion, slight and moderate morphological alterations were seen, such as organelle and cytoplasm edema. Within 12 h of reperfusion, there was an apparent recovery and more ‘intact’ cells could be identified, while 24 h after the event neuronal damage was more severe and cells with disrupted membranes and cell debris were identified. Necrotic‐like neurons were found together with some apoptotic bodies with 24 h of reperfusion. Present results support the view that cell death in the CA1 field of rat hippocampus submitted to 10 min of global transient ischemia and early reperfusion times includes both apoptotic and necrotic features, a process referred to as parapoptosis.
Distribution of potassium ion and water permeable channels at perivascular glia in brain and retina of the Largemyd mouse
Authors: Rurak Jennifer , Noel Geoffroy , Lui Leona , Joshi Bharat , Moukhles Hakima 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe dystroglycan protein complex provides a link between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Defective O‐glycosylation of α‐dystroglycan (α‐DG) severs this link leading to muscular dystrophies named dystroglycanopathies. These are characterized not only by muscle degeneration, but also by brain and ocular defects. In brain and retina, α‐DG and ECM molecules are enriched around blood vessels where they may be involved in localizing the inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir4.1, and aquaporin channel, AQP4, to astrocytic endfeet. To investigate in vivo the role of ECM ligand‐binding to glycosylated sites on α‐DG in the polarized distribution of these channels, we used the Largemyd mouse, an animal model for dystroglycanopathies. We found that Kir4.1 and AQP4 are lost from astrocytic endfeet in brain whereas significant labeling for these channels is detected at similar cell domains in retina. Furthermore, while both α‐ and β1‐syntrophins are lost from perivascular astrocytes in brain, labeling for β1‐syntrophin is found in retina of the Largemyd mouse. These findings show that while ligand‐binding to the highly glycosylated isoform of α‐DG in concert with α‐ and β1‐syntrophins is crucial for the polarized distribution of Kir4.1 and AQP4 to functional domains in brain, distinct mechanisms may contribute to their localization in retina.
Catch crop strategy and nitrate leaching following grazed grass‐clover
Authors: Hansen E. M. , Eriksen J. , Vinther F. P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCultivation of grassland presents a high risk of nitrate leaching. This study aimed to determine if leaching could be reduced by growing spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as a green crop for silage with undersown Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) compared with barley grown to maturity with or without an undersown conventional catch crop of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). All treatments received 0, 60 or 120 kg of ammonium‐N ha−1 in cattle slurry. In spring 2003, two grass‐clover fields (3 and 5 years old, respectively, with different management histories) were ploughed. The effects of the treatments on yield and nitrate leaching were determined in the first year, while the residual effects of the treatments were determined in the second year in a crop of spring barley/perennial ryegrass. Nitrate leaching was estimated in selected treatments using soil water samples from ceramic cups. The experiment showed that compared with treatments without catch crop, green barley/Italian ryegrass reduced leaching by 163–320 kg N ha−1, corresponding to 95–99%, and the perennial ryegrass reduced leaching to between 34 and 86 kg N ha−1, corresponding to a reduction of 80 and 66%. Also, in the second growing season, leaching following catch crops was reduced compared with the bare soil treatment. It was concluded that the green barley/Italian ryegrass offers advantages not only for the environment but also for farmers, for whom it provides a fodder high in roughage and avoids the difficulties with clover fatigue increasingly experienced by Danish farmers.
Community based measures for managing mild cognitive impairment: The Osaki–Tajiri Project
Authors: MEGURO Kenichi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA cross‐sectional study of aged patients with mild cognitive impairment in a local community was undertaken to investigate the clinical features of the condition, in addition to a longitudinal study to research its progression to cognitive deficit. Impairment of the basic functions of attention and executive function was confirmed, as opposed to impairment in the cognitive domain itself. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings showed a pattern close to that of healthy persons in their 80s, rather than that of patients with cognitive deficit. The results of the longitudinal study showed more progression to cognitive deficit when the clinical dementia rating was 0.5 in domains other than memory. No effects of lifestyle, internal diseases or psychosocial intervention were confirmed. In progression to Alzheimer's disease, generally low cognitive function and general atrophy were involved, whereas frontal lobe function, atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes, white matter changes and cerebral infarction were related to progression to vascular dementia. Excessive dependence on primary prevention should be avoided for aged patients with mild cognitive impairment; rather, secondary prevention, using clinical dementia rating, psychological testing and MRI are desirable.
Cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive training for mild dementia
Authors: MIMURA Masaru , KOMATSU Shin‐ichi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCognitive deficits caused by dementing illnesses are chronic and progressive problems, which should be tackled both by biological and non‐biological approaches. Among the various techniques of non‐biological approaches (cognitive rehabilitation), centered is cognitive training intervention for individuals with dementia. Cognitive training is further divided into two different types of setting: group and individualized. Among group training techniques, the reality orientation training and day care/day services are known to have evidence‐based efficacy. Individually tailored cognitive training aims to directly and explicitly improve cognitive functioning of people with dementia specifically in the early stages. Increasing evidence demonstrates the efficacy of various individualized training programs for dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, three techniques, known as spaced retrieval, dual cognitive support and procedural memory training, have shown promise in their ability to enhance learning in people with dementia. In addition, recent studies have suggested that a combination of pharmacotherapy and cognitive training may benefit individuals with AD. Cognitive training appears to be particularly effective for people with mild memory impairment who are on cholinergic treatment. It is now widely accepted that the theoretical framework of ‘errorless learning’ is also a guiding principle in the realm of cognitive training for people with dementia. Although the effect of factors, namely effort (effortfulvseffortless) and stimulus features (perceptualvsconceptual), has not been fully determined, error elimination during learning sessions is essential for favorable outcomes.
Alzheimer pathology during the past 100 years
Authors: YAMAGUCHI Haruyasu 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn the present review, I look back upon the 100‐year history of Alzheimer pathology. The significance of senile plaque formation was shown in the early 1900s, but was argued further in the 1990s after the identification of β‐amyloid protein. Neuropathological studies on a large number of brains from both non‐demented and demented subjects demonstrated the process of transformation from normal aging to Alzheimer‐type dementia, which includes both the presenile and senile form. Recently, lifestyle issues, such as food, exercise and environment, have been shown to influence Alzheimer pathology (plaque and tangles) in the brains of experimental animals. Such studies are expected to contribute to the eventual development of a curative treatment for Alzheimer‐type dementia.
Photoprotection and xanthophyll‐cycle activity in three marine diatoms1
Authors: Dimier Céline , Corato Federico , Tramontano Ferdinando , Brunet Christophe 
Published: September 2007

Light is one of the most important factors affecting marine phytoplankton growth, and its variability in time and space strongly influences algal performance and success. The hypothesis tested in this work is that the activity of the xanthophyll cycle and the development of nonphotochemical quenching could be considered a functional trait of algal diversity. If this hypothesis is true, a relationship must exist between fast‐activated pigment variations linked to photoprotective behavior and the ecology of the species. This assumption was tested on three diatoms: Skeletonema marinoi Sarno et Zingone, Thalassiosira rotula Meunier, and Chaetoceros socialis Lauder. These three diatoms occupy different ecological niches. Strains of these diatoms were subjected to five changes in irradiance. Xanthophyll‐cycle activity, quantum yield of fluorescence, and electron transport rate were the main parameters determined. There were marked interspecific differences in xanthophyll‐cycle activity, and these differences were dependent on the light history of the cells. Chaetoceros socialis responded efficiently to changing irradiance, which might relate to its dominance during the spring bloom in some coastal areas. In contrast, T. rotula responded with a slower photoprotection activation, which seems to reflect its more offshore ecological distribution. The photoresponse of S. marinoi (a late‐winter coastal species blooming in the Adriatic Sea) was light‐history dependent, becoming photoinhibited under high light when acclimated to low light, but capable of reaching a high photoprotection level when acclimated to moderate light. Our hypothesis on the photoprotection capacity as a functional trait in microalgae seems to be validated given the results of this study.
Portfolio Choice over the Life‐Cycle when the Stock and Labor Markets Are Cointegrated
Authors: BENZONI LUCA , COLLIN‐DUFRESNE PIERRE , GOLDSTEIN ROBERT S. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTWe study portfolio choice when labor income and dividends are cointegrated. Economically plausible calibrations suggest young investors should take substantial short positions in the stock market. Because of cointegration the young agent's human capital effectively becomes “stock‐like.” However, for older agents with shorter times‐to‐retirement, cointegration does not have sufficient time to act, and thus their human capital becomes more “bond‐like.” Together, these effects create hump‐shaped life‐cycle portfolio holdings, consistent with empirical observation. These results hold even when asset return predictability is accounted for.
Multimarket Trading and Liquidity: Theory and Evidence
Authors: BARUCH SHMUEL , ANDREW KAROLYI G. , LEMMON MICHAEL L. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTWe develop a new model of multimarket trading to explain the differences in the foreign share of trading volume of internationally cross‐listed stocks. The model predicts that the trading volume of a cross‐listed stock is proportionally higher on the exchange in which the cross‐listed asset returns have greater correlation with returns of other assets traded on that market. We find robust empirical support for this prediction using stock return and volume data on 251 non‐U.S. stocks cross‐listed on major U.S. exchanges.
Episodic Liquidity Crises: Cooperative and Predatory Trading
Authors: CARLIN BRUCE IAN , LOBO MIGUEL SOUSA , VISWANATHAN S. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTWe describe how episodic illiquidity arises from a breakdown in cooperation between market participants. We first solve a one‐period trading game in continuous‐time, using an asset pricing equation that accounts for the price impact of trading. Then, in a multi‐period framework, we describe an equilibrium in which traders cooperate most of the time through repeated interaction, providing apparent liquidity to one another. Cooperation breaks down when the stakes are high, leading to predatory trading and episodic illiquidity. Equilibrium strategies that involve cooperation across markets lead to less frequent episodic illiquidity, but cause contagion when cooperation breaks down.
Liquidity Coinsurance, Moral Hazard, and Financial Contagion
Authors: BRUSCO SANDRO , CASTIGLIONESI FABIO 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTWe study the propagation of financial crises among regions in which banks are protected by limited liability and may take excessive risk. The regions are affected by negatively correlated liquidity shocks, so liquidity coinsurance is Pareto improving. The moral hazard problem can be solved if banks are sufficiently capitalized. Under autarky a limited amount of capital is sufficient to prevent risk‐taking, but when financial markets are open capital becomes insufficient. Thus, bankruptcy occurs with positive probability and the crisis spreads to other regions via financial linkages. Opening financial markets is nevertheless Pareto improving; consumers benefit from liquidity coinsurance, although they pay the cost of excessive risk‐taking.
Liquidity or Credit Risk? The Determinants of Very Short‐Term Corporate Yield Spreads
Authors: COVITZ DAN , DOWNING CHRIS 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTEmploying a comprehensive database on transactions of commercial paper issued by domestic U.S. nonfinancial corporations, we study the determinants of very short‐term corporate yield spreads. We find that liquidity plays a role in the determination of spreads but, somewhat surprisingly, credit quality is the more important determinant of spreads, even at horizons of less than 1 month. These results are robust across a variety of proxies for liquidity and credit risk, and have important implications for the literature on the modeling of corporate bond prices.
Liquidity Premia and Transaction Costs
Authors: JANG BONG‐GYU , KEUN KOO HYENG , LIU HONG , LOEWENSTEIN MARK 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTStandard literature concludes that transaction costs only have a second‐order effect on liquidity premia. We show that this conclusion depends crucially on the assumption of a constant investment opportunity set. In a regime‐switching model in which the investment opportunity set varies over time, we explicitly characterize the optimal consumption and investment strategy. In contrast to the standard literature, we find that transaction costs can have a first‐order effect on liquidity premia. However, with reasonably calibrated parameters, the presence of transaction costs still cannot fully explain the equity premium puzzle.
Lid margin split in the surgical correction of epiblepharon
Authors: Hwang Sang Won , Khwarg Sang In , Kim Jong Hyun , Kim Nam Ju , Choung Ho‐kyung 
Published: September 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To describe the technique of splitting the lid margin combined with the excision of redundant skin and muscle during the surgical correction of epiblepharon and to report its clinical outcome.Methods:  A combined procedure that included splitting the lid margin to repair lower eyelid epiblepharon was performed on 31 eyes of 19 consecutive patients. Lid margin splitting was performed along the grey line on the medial third or half of the lower eyelid by making a 1 mm‐deep incision. Having made a transverse subciliary skin incision and a dissection between the tarsus and the orbicularis oculi muscle, the subcutaneous tissue of the superior edge of the incision was secured to the tarsus with interrupted sutures to evert the cilia. An excision of the redundant skin and orbicularis tissue was made and the skin was closed. The patients were followed for direct inspection of the wound, the split lid margin, the direction of the lashes and the status of the cornea.Results:  The mean postoperative follow‐up period was 29.4 weeks. Symptoms disappeared in all patients. In 30 eyelids of 19 patients the cilia did not touch the cornea, even in the down‐gaze. In one eyelid the cilium touched the medial conjunctiva, but not the cornea. The cosmetic outcome of the lower lid was satisfactory in all cases and the wounds of the split lid margin healed without scarring. To date, there have been no complications such as wound dehiscence, ectropion or eyelid retraction.Conclusions:  The lamellar splitting of the lid margin is a beneficial addition to the repair of prominent lower lid epiblepharon, especially on the medial aspect of the eyelid. This simple technique ensures easier eversion of the cilia in epiblepharon repair, without disturbing the posterior lamella or causing unfavourable results.
Screening for cystoid macular oedema in children with uveitis using the retinal thickness analyser
Authors: Maca Saskia M. , Garhofer Gerhard , Kiss Christopher , Barisani‐Asenbauer Talin 
Published: September 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  This study aimed to investigate the retinal thickness analyser (RTA) as a means to identify the presence of cystoid macular oedema (CMO) in children with uveitis, whether the course of CMO can be monitored using this method, and whether there is a trend towards a correlation between macular oedema and visual acuity (VA) in children.Methods:  This prospective, cross‐sectional study with observer‐blinded analysis included 25 eyes. Standardized testing for best corrected distance VA (d‐VA), near (reading) VA (n‐VA) and slit‐lamp examination were conducted. Using the RTA, a 3 × 3‐mm scan of the macula was obtained, which was then used to discern CMO and calculate mean foveal thickness (MFT).Results:  Macular scanning was possible in all children. Cystoid macular oedema was discerned in 10 eyes (40%) and ruled out in 15. In CMO eyes, d‐VA was 0.5 Snellen and n‐VA was 2 Jaeger; neither result differed significantly from those in eyes without CMO. Mean foveal thickness correlated with n‐VA (r = 0.511, p = 0.015), but not with d‐VA (r = 0.271, p = 0.191). After 3 months of tailored therapy, CMO was still detectable in six eyes. Changes in d‐VA in the CMO and non‐CMO groups were 3 ± 2.1 and 0.8 ± 1.8 Snellen, respectively; changes in n‐VA were 1 ± 1.4 and 0.1 ± 0.3 Jaeger, respectively. Changes in MFT were − 244.8 ± 137.4 µm and − 0.8 ± 18.1 µm, respectively. A statistically significant correlation was found between the changes in MFT and n‐VA (r = 0.629), but not with that in d‐VA (r = 0.292).Conclusions:  We used the RTA to establish the presence or absence of CMO according to measurements of the macular region. Our findings show that CMO is a common complication in children with uveitis and can be present even in cases with good d‐VA. Mean foveal thickness as measured with the RTA correlates indirectly with n‐VA.
Oral health‐related quality of life in patients with dental anxiety
Authors: Mehrstedt Mats , John Mike T. , Tönnies Sven , Micheelis Wolfgang 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectives:  To investigate the frequency of impaired oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients with dental anxiety.Methods:  OHRQoL was measured with the German version of the 14‐item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) developed by Slade and Spencer (1994) in 173 adult patients with dental anxiety [Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) score 15 or above and Dental Fear Survey (DFS) score 60 or above]. The OHIP summary scores were characterized with an empirical cumulative distribution function and compared with the level of impaired OHRQoL in the general population (n = 2026, age: 16–79 years). In addition, OHIP item prevalences (responses ‘fairly often’/’very often’) were compared between patients and population subjects. The correlation between DAS, DFS and OHIP scores was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient.Results:  A median value of 1 and a 90th percentile value of 13 were observed for general population subjects. In contrast, patients with phobic dental anxiety had a median OHIP‐14 of 21 and the 90th percentile of 40. All problems mentioned in the OHIP‐14 were more prevalent in patients than in population subjects. The most frequently occurring items in patients were ‘self‐conscious’, ‘life in general was less satisfying’, and ‘feeling tense’ with prevalences of 50% or greater. In contrast, these items had prevalences of only 1–3% in the general population. A low to moderate relationship between OHRQoL and both dental anxiety measures (DAS and DFS) was observed (r = 0.25/0.26, P < 0.01).Conclusions:  Patients with dental anxiety/fear suffer considerably from impaired OHRQoL and the degree of this impairment is related to the extent of dental anxiety/fear.
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the 24-item Dysfunctional Attitude Scale
Authors: Tajima Miyuki , Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Numa Hatsue , Kawamura Yoshiya , Okada Yoshie , Sakai Yoshie , Miyake Yuko , Ono Yutaka , Power M. J. 
Published: September 2007

Background:The 24-item Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-24) is a short version of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, which is a self-report inventory for depressogenic schemata.Objective:The object of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the DAS-24 (DAS-24-J).Methods:Subjects consisted of non-clinical sample 1 (248 university students), non-clinical sample 2 (872 Japanese company employees) and a clinical sample (59 depressed out-patients).Results:Internal consistency was satisfactory in all three samples, Cronbach’s α coefficient being higher than 0.85. Test–retest reliability was satisfactory in non-clinical sample 1. The interclass correlation coefficient was 0.79 and there was no significant difference in the average score of DAS-24-J between the two points. The DAS-24-J showed satisfactory concurrent validity with the Japanese Irrational Belief Test-20 (r= 0.76); Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire – Revised total (r= 0.46), negative (r= 0.53) and positive (r=−0.41); and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (r= 0.44 for non-clinical sample, r= 0.63 for clinical sample). The clinical sample showed a significantly higher DAS-24-J score than non-clinical sample 2. According to a factor analysis combining all three samples, three factors were extracted: factor 1 (11 items) corresponded with ‘achievement’ in the original version, factor 2 (6 items) with ‘self-control’ and factor 3 (5 items) with ‘dependency’.Conclusion:The DAS-24-J is a reliable and valid instrument to measure depressogenic schemata in Japanese.