bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation by carbohydrate and clofibric acid of palmitoyl‐CoA chain elongation in the liver of rats
Authors: Kudo Naomi , Toyama Tomoaki , Mitsumoto Atsushi , Kawashima Yoichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRegulation of palmitoyl‐CoA chain elongation (PCE) and its contribution to oleic acid formation were investigated in rat liver in comparison with stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD). Hepatic PCE activity was induced by the administration of 20% wt/vol glucose or fructose in the drinking water of normal rats. In streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats, the activities of both PCE and SCD were suppressed, and fructose, but not glucose, feeding caused an increase in the activities of both enzymes. Treatment of normal rats with clofibric acid in combination with carbohydrate further increased PCE, but not SCD, acitivity. FA analysis of hepatic lipids revealed that the proportion of oleic acid (18∶1n−9) increased upon administration of carbohydrate or clofibric acid. The treatment of rats with clofibric acid in combination with carbohydrate greatly increased the proportion of 18∶1n−9. A significant correlation was observed between PCE activity and the hepatic proportion of 18∶1n−9 (r2=0.874, Pº0.01), whereas the relationship between SCD activity and the proportion of 18∶1n−9 was not significant (r2=0.552, P>0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that carbohydrate induces PCE as well as SCD activity to increase the hepatic 18∶1 content in rat liver, and the increased PCE activity seems to be responsible for the further increase in 18∶1n−9 when carbohydrate is administered in combination with clofibric acid.
Marine lipid‐based liposomes increase in vivo FA bioavailability
Authors: Cansell Maud , Nacka Fabienne , Combe Nicole 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLiposomes made from an extract of natural marine lipids and containing a high n‐3 PUFA lipid ratio were envisaged as oral route vectors for FA supplements in order to increase PUFA bioavailability. The absorption of FA in thoracic lymph duct‐cannulated rats, after intragastric feeding of dietary fats in the form of liposomes or fish oil, was compared. Lipid and FA analyses were also performed on feces. Five mole percent α‐tocopherol was added to fish oil and incorporated into the liposome membrane. The influence of α‐tocopherol on FA lymph recovery was also investigated. In vivo, FA absorption in rats was favored by liposomes (98±1%) compared to fish oil (73±6%). In the same way, the DHA proportion in lymph was higher after liposome ingestion (78%) than after fish oil ingestion (47%). However, phospholipid (PL) concentration in lymph was not affected by the kind of dietary fat ingested, suggesting a PL regulation due to de novo TAG synthesis. The influence of the intramolecular distribution of n‐3 PUFA in dietary lipids (TAG and PL) on the intramolecular FA distribution in TAG of chylomicrons was also investigated. The results obtained showed that the distribution of n‐3 PUFA esterified on the sn‐2 of chylomicron TAG depended on the lipid source administered. All these results correlated, at least partly, with in vitro liposome behavior under conditions that mimic those of the gastrointestinal tract. As a whole, this study pointed out that marine PL may constitute an attractive material for the development of liposomes as oral PUFA supplements.
Maternal dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters hepatic triacylglycerol and tissue fatty acids in hatched chicks
Authors: Cherian Gita , Ai Wu , Goeger Mary P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of feeding CLA to hens on newly hatched chick hepatic and carcass lipid content, liver TAG accumulation, and FA incorporation in chick tissues such as liver, heart, brain, and adipose were studied. These tissues were selected owing to their respective roles in lipid assimilation (liver), as a major oxidation site (heart), as a site enriched with long‐chain polyunsaturates for function (brain), and as a storage depot (adipose). Eggs with no, low, or high levels of CLA were produced by feeding hens a corn‐soybean meal‐basal diet containing 3% (w/w) corn oil (Control), 2.5% corn oil +0.5% CLA oil (CLA1), or 2% corn oil +1.0% CLA oil (CLA2). The egg yolk content of total CLA was 0.0, 1.0, and 2.6% for Control, CLA1, and CLA2, respectively (P<0.05). Maternal dietary CLA resulted in a decrease in chick carcass total fat (P<0.05). Liver tissue of CLA2 chicks had the lowest fat content (P<0.05). The liver TAG content was 8.2, 5.8, and 5.1 mg/g for Control, CLA1, and CLA2 chicks, respectively (P<0.05). The chicks hatched from CLA1 and CLA2 incorporated higher levels of cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA in the liver, plasma, adipose, and brain than Control (P<0.05). The content of 18∶0 was higher in the liver, plasma adipose, and brain of CLA1 and CLA2 than Control (P<0.05), but no difference was observed in the 18∶0 content of heart tissue. A significant reduction in 18∶1 was observed in the liver, plasma, adipose, heart, and brain of CLA1 and CLA2 chicks (P<0.05). DHA (22∶6n−3) was reduced in the heart and brain of CLA1 and CLA2 chicks (P<0.05). No difference was observed in carcass weight, dry matter, or ash content of chicks (P>0.05). The hatchabilities of fertile eggs were 78, 34, and 38% for Control, CLA1, and CLA2, respectively (P<0.05). The early dead chicks were higher in CLA1 and CLA2 than Control (18 and 32% compared with 9% for Control), and alive but not hatched chicks were 15 and 19% for CLA1 and CLA2, compared with 8% for Control (P<0.05). Maternal supplementation with CLA leads to a reduction in hatchability, liver TAG, and carcass total fat in newly hatched chicks.
Production and protein kinase C activation of diacylglycerols containing polymethylene‐interrupted PUFA
Authors: Morishige Jun‐ichi , Takai Yoshimichi , Hirano Kaoru , Tanaka Tamotsu , Satouchi Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSciadonic acid (20∶3, Δ‐5c,11c,14c) is a polymethylene‐interrupted PUFA (PMI‐PUFA) that is present in conifer seeds and known to be incorporated into animal cells and to accumulate in membrane PI as a substitute for arachidonate. In this study, we investigated whether PI having sciadonate could serve as source of DAG that could activate protein kinase C (PKC). When Swiss 3T3 cells cultured with sciadonic acid were stimulated with 100 nM of bombesin, 1‐stearoyl‐2‐sciadonoyl‐glycerol (G) and 1‐stearoyl‐2‐arachidonoyl‐G were produced. The net increments of these two molecular species of DAG reflected the levels of the two molecular species in the PI in the cells. When cells cultured with juniperonic acid (20∶4, Δ‐5c,11c,14c,17c) were stimulated 1‐stearoyl‐2‐juniperonoyl‐G was produced in proportion to the level of this molecular species in PI in the cells. We also examined PKC activation by synthetic DAG using a partially purified PKC fraction from rat brain and found that both 1‐stearoyl‐2‐sciadonoyl‐G and 1‐stearoyl‐2‐juniperonoyl‐G could activate PKC comparably to 1‐stearoyl‐2‐arachidonoyl‐G. These results indicate that 1‐stearoyl‐PI having these C20 PMI‐PUFA residues can serve as sources of potential signaling molecules.
Decreased serum adiponectin in adolescents and young adults with familial primary hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Lin Lian‐Yu , Liau Chiau‐Suong , Yang Wei‐Shiung , Su Ta‐Chen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDecreased serum adiponectin is associated with dyslipidemia. However, serum adiponectin status has never before been studied in patients with familial‐related severe primary hypercholesterolemia (FRSPH). The aim of this study is to measure serum adiponectin level in a group of young patients with FRSPH and determine its correlation with insulin‐resistant status. Twenty‐three patients with FRSPH [average LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C)=250.8 (190–610) mg/dL] without clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome as well as 46 healthy (control) adolescents and young adults (<30 yr old) were included. The serum adiponectin, fasting sugar, insulin, lipids, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and anthropometrical indices such as body mass index and waist circumference were obtained. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was calculated to estimate the insulin resistant status. Compared with healthy controls, patients with FRSPH had a significantly lower mean serum adiponectin level (7.7±1.8 μg/mL vs. 10.1±4.3 μg/mL, P=0.013). After adjustment for HOMA and associated covariates, multiple linear regression analysis showed that patients with FRSPH are significantly associated with hypoadiponectinemia. Compared with healthy controls, patients with FRSPH had a significantly lower mean serum adiponectin level (7.7±1.8 μg/mL vs. 10.1±4.3 μg/mL, P=0.013). After adjustment for HOMA and associated covariates, multiple linear regression analysis showed that patients with FRSPH are significantly associated with hypoadiponectinemia. The serum adiponectin levels are lower in young patients with FRSPH without clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome. The mechanism of hypoadiponectinemia in patients with FRSPH is probably independent of insulin resistance.
Effects of a diet high in plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers (dietary portfolio) on circulating sterol levels and red cell fragility in hypercholesterolemic subjects
Authors: Jones Peter J. , Raeini‐Sarjaz Mahmoud , Jenkins David J. A. , Kendall Cyril W. C. , Vidgen Edward , Trautwein Elke A. , Lapsley Karen G. , Marchie Augustine , Cunnane Stephen C. , Connelly Philip W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPlant sterols, soy proteins, viscous fibers, and nuts are advised for cholesterol reduction, but their combined effect on plant sterol absorption has never been tested. We assessed their combined action on serum sterols in hyperlipidemic subjects who were following low‐saturated fat diets before starting the study and who returned to these diets post‐test. The 1‐mon test (combination) diet was high in plant sterols (1 g/1,000 kcal), soy protein (23 g/1,000 kcal), viscous fiber (9 g/1,000 kcal), and almonds (14 g/1000 kcal). Fasting blood was obtained for serum lipids and sterols, and erythrocytes were obtained for fragility prior to and at 2‐wk intervals during the study. The combination diet raised serum campesterol concentrations by 50% and β‐sitosterol by 27%, although these changes were not significant after Bonferroni correction; near‐maximal rises were found by the end of the first week, but no change was found in red cell fragility despite a 29% reduction in the LDL cholesterol level. No significant associations were observed between changes in red cell fragility and blood lipids or sterols. We conclude that plant sterols had a minimal impact on serum sterol concentrations or red cell fragility in hyperlipidemic subjects on diets that greatly reduced their serum lipids.
Effects of a water‐soluble phytostanol ester on plasma cholesterol levels and red blood cell fragility in hamsters
Authors: Ebine Naoyuki , Jia Xiaoming , Demonty Isabelle , Wang Yanwen , Jones Peter J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a novel water‐soluble phytostanol anolog, disodium ascorbyl phytostanyl phosphate (DAPP), on plasma lipid levels and red blood cell fragility in hamsters fed atherogenic diets. For 4 wk, 50 male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed a semipurified diet without added cholesterol (noncholesterol, group 1), or a semipurified diet with 0.25% cholesterol (cholesterol‐control, group 2). Groups 3–5 were fed the cholesterol‐control diet with an addition of 1% phytostanols (diet 3), 0.71% DAPP (DAPP 0.7%, diet 4), or 1.43% DAPP (DAPP 1.4%, diet 5). Diets 4 and 5 provided 0.5 and 1% phytostanols, respectively. Supplementation of 0.71 and 1.43% DAPP decreased plasma total cholesterol concentrations by 34 (P<0.001) and 46% (P<0.001), respectively, in comparison with the cholesterol‐control group, whereas free stanols reduced (P=0.007) plasma cholesterol concentrations by 14%. Similarly, non‐HDL‐cholesterol concentrations were reduced by 39 (P<0.001) and 54% (P<0.001) in hamsters supplemented with DAPP 0.7% and DAPP 1.4%, respectively, relative to the cholesterol‐control group. The hypocholesterolemic effect of DAPP 1.4% was threefold stronger than that of free stanols. In hamsters supplemented with DAPP 1.4%, plasma TG concentrations were 45% lower (P=0.018) than in cholesterol‐control‐fed hamsters, whereas no such beneficial effect was observed in the free stanol group. Erythrocyte fragility was unaffected by DAPP or free phytostanols. Results of the current study demonstrate that DAPP lowers cholesterol more efficiently than free stanols, without an adverse effect on erythrocyte fragility in hamsters.
Simultaneous quantification of free fatty acids, free sterols, squalene, and acylglycerol molecular species in palm oil by high‐temperature gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection
Authors: Nang Lau Harrison Lik , Puah Chiew Wei , Choo Yuen May , Ma Ah Ngan , Chuah Cheng Hock 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses a rapid GC‐FID technique for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of FFA, MAG, DAG, TAG, sterols, and squalene in vegetable oils, with special reference to palm oil. The FFA content determined had a lower SE compared with a conventional titrimetric method. Squalene and individual sterols, consisting of β‐sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, and cholesterol, were accurately quantified without any losses. This was achieved through elimination of tedious conventional sample pretreatments, such as saponification and preparative TLC. With this technique, the separation of individual MAG, consisting of 16∶0, 18∶0, and 18∶1 FA, and the DAG species, consisting of the 1,2(2,3)‐ and 1,3‐positions, was sufficient to enable their quantification. This technique enabled the TAG to be determined according to their carbon numbers in the range of C44 to C56. Comparisons were made with conventional methods, and the results were in good agreement with those reported in the literature.
Preferential effect of lead exposure during lactation on non‐essential fatty acids in maternal organs
Authors: Lim Sun‐Young , Loewke James , Doherty John D. , Salem Norman 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study determined the effects of lead exposure during the lactational period on maternal organ FA compositions in rat dams that were fed either an n−3 adequate (n−3 Adq) or deficient (n−3 Def) diet prior to conception. On giving birth, dams were subdivided into four groups in a 2×2 design with n−3 FA supply and Pb exposure as the dependent variables. Pb acetate (0.2 wt%) was administered in the drinking water from the time they gave birth to weaning 3 wk later. Following weaning, the dams were decapitated. and the liver, plasma, kidney, brain, and retina analyzed for FA composition. The n−3 deficient diets markedly decreased the percentages of total n−3 FA, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and increased total n−6 FA including both arachidonic (AA) and n−6 docosapentaenoic acids in all tissues (P<0.05). The principal effects of Pb occurred in the liver and plasma, where 20–32% losses in total FA concentration concurrent with increased relative percentages of AA (P<0.05) were observed. In kidney, the percentages of AA and DHA also increased after Pb exposure (P<0.05) with lesser effects in the nervous system. There was a diet x Pb interaction for liver, plasma, and retinal 20‐C n−6 PUFA (P<0.05). Generally, shorter‐chain saturated and monounsaturated FA concentrations were decreased after Pb exposure. An analysis of the changes in the tissue concentrations induced by Pb indicated that the increases in the percentages of PUFA likely reflected a preferential loss of non‐EFA. The mechanisms by which Pb affects saturated and monounsaturated FA concentration are unknown.
Fish oil fatty acid esters of phytosterols alter plasma lipids but not red blood cell fragility in hamsters
Authors: Demonty Isabelle , Ebine Naoyuki , Jia Xiaoming , Jones Peter J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn an attempt to combine the hypocholesterolemic properties of plant sterols with the hypotriglyceridemic action of fish oil FA, plant sterols have recently been esterified to fish oil n−3 PUFA. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of plant sterols esterified to n−3 PUFA on plasma lipid levels and erythrocyte fragility. For 5 wk, male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed diets varying in cholesterol and plant sterol content: (i) Noncholesterol (semipurified diet with no added cholesterol or plant sterols) (ii), Cholesterol (0.25% cholesterol) (iii), Sterols (0.25% cholesterol plus 1% nonesterified plant sterols), or (iv) Fish oil esters of plant sterols (0.25% cholesterol plus 1.76% EPA and DHA sterol esters, providing 1% plant sterols). The addition of fish oil esters of plant sterols to the cholesterol diet decreased (P=0.001) plasma total cholesterol levels by 20%, but nonesterified plant sterols did not have such a beneficial impact. In addition, non‐HDL cholesterol concentrations were 29% lower in hamsters fed fish oil esters of plant sterols than in hamsters fed nonesterified plant sterols (P<0.0001). Despite higher (P<0.0001) plant sterol levels in whole erythrocytes of hamsters fed nonesterified plant sterols and fish oil esters of plant sterols compared with hamsters fed no plant sterols, no difference was observed in erythrocyte fragility. The present results show that EPA and DHA esters of plant sterols have a hypocholesterolemic effect in hamsters, and that these new esters of plant sterols exert no detrimental effect on erythrocyte fragility.
Distribution of 22∶6n−3 newly synthesized from 18∶3n−3 into glycerolipid classes from tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Bell Michael V. , Dick James R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution of D5‐22∶6n−3 following ingestion of a pulse of D5‐18∶3n−3 was measured quantitatively by GC‐negative chemical ionization MS in lipid classes from liver, cecal mucosa, and brain from rainbow trout to further our understanding of the processes determining accretion and turnover of 22∶6n−3 in fish. The accretion of D5‐22∶6n−3 was expressed in two ways, as percent enrichment and as ng D5‐22∶6n−3/μg 22∶6n−3/mg D5‐18∶3n−3 eaten. In cecal mucosa at 2 d post‐dose, PC was the most enriched lipid class followed by PE and then TAG. Enrichment fell in all lipid classes in cecal mucosa from 2 to 7 d post‐dose of D5‐18∶3n−3. In liver, PC was also the most enriched lipid class at 2 d, but in this tissue all lipid classes were more enriched in D5‐22∶6n−3 by 7 d. When expressed in terms of the 22∶6n−3 content of the different lipid classes, TAG became relatively less important in cecal mucosa and more important in liver. Over a time course of 3 to 35 d, the percent enrichment of D5‐22∶6n−3 in liver peaked at 7 d in PC, PE, PS, and PI and fell rapidly in TAG from 3 d. PC from liver was the most enriched lipid class at 3 and 7 d, and thereafter PE was the most enriched lipid class. However, TAG had the highest specific activity at all times except 7 d. In brain, the enrichment of D5‐22∶6n−3 was very low in all lipid classes at 3 d and increased progressively to 35 d with PC and PE similarly enriched. TAG from brain had the highest specific activity at all times. This study is the first to present quantitative information on rates of accretion and depletion of newly synthesized 22∶6n−3 into the main lipid classes of fish tissues.
Plasma kinetics of free and esterified cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolemia: Effects of simvastatin
Authors: Santos Raul D. , Chacra Ana P. M. , Morikawa Aleksandra , Vinagre Carmen C. , Maranhão Raul C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of both free and esterified forms of cholesterol contained in a emulsion that binds to LDL receptors (LDE) in subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), and the same subjects under the effects of high‐dose simvastatin treatment, as compared with a control normolipidemic group (NL). Twentyone FH patients (44.0±13.0 yr, 12 females, LDL cholesterol levels 6.93±1.60 mmol/L) and 22 normolipidemic patients (44.0±15.0, 10 females, LDL cholesterol levels 3.15±0.62 mmol/L) were injected intravenously with 14C‐cholesteryl ester and 3H‐cholesterol. FH patients were also evaluated after 2 mon of 40 or 80 mg/d simvastatin treatment, and plasma samples were collected over 24 h to determine the residence time (RT, in h) of both LDE labels, expressed as the median (25%; 75%). The RT of both 14C‐cholesteryl ester and 3H‐cholesterol were greater in FH than in NL [FH: 36.0 (20.5; 1191.0), NL: 17.0 (12.0–62.5), P=0.015; and FH: 52.0 (30.0; 1515.0); NL 20.5 (14.0–30.0) P<0.0001]. Treatment reduced LDL cholesterol by 36% (P<0.0001), RT of 14C‐cholesteryl ester by 49% (P=0.0029 vs. baseline), and 3H‐cholesterol RT by 44% (P=0.019 vs. baseline). After treatment, the RT values of 14C‐cholesteryl ester in the FH group approached the NL values (P=0.58), but the RT of 3H‐cholesterol was still greater than those for the NL group (P=0.01). The removal of LDE cholesteryl esters and free cholesterol was delayed in FH patients. Treatment with a high dose of simvastatin normalized the removal of cholesterol esters but not the removal of free cholesterol.
Distribution of cholesterol sulfate and its anabolic and catabolic enzymes in various rabbit tissues
Authors: Cui Yongxi , Iwamori Masao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCholesterol sulfate (CS) recently has been shown to be involved in signal transduction pathway. To evaluate its functional significance, we determined the concentration of CS, and the specific activities of cholesterol sulfotransferase and CS sulfatase in various tissues of rabbit, and compared them with the concentration of sulfoglycolipids in rabbit tissues. CS was present in the epithelia and mucosa, but not in the tunica muscularis, of the digestive tract, trachea, uterine endometrium and uterine cervix. It was also present in lung, spleen, kidney, prostate, skin, hair, and nail at relatively high concentrations. Its concentration in the uterine endometrium was nine times higher in pseudopregnant rabbits than in nonpregnant rabbits because of activation of cholesterol sulfotransferase and inhibition of CS sulfatase in the pseudopregnant rabbits. Sulfoglycolipids were not detected in the uterine endometria of either nonpregnant‐or pseudopregnant rabbits. However, sulfoglycolipids were detected at relatively high concentrations in the cerebrum, cerebellum, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, testis, and kidney of rabbits and thus the tissues in which both sulfolipids were detected were the gastrointestinal tract and kidney. In the digestive tract, the concentration of CS decreased in the order esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, but that of sulfatide increased in the same order, indicating distribution of CS in the squamous epithelium. In addition, both CS and sulfatide were detected in the serum. On the other hand, CS sulfatase activity was detected in all tissues examined, even in hair, from which the enzyme was liberated by brief sonication, and its highest specific activity was deteted in the liver. The specific activity of cholesterol sulfotransferase varied among the tissues examined and was found to be significantly high in the esophageal epithelium and the uterine endometrium of pseudopregnant rabbit, indicating involvement of cholesterol sulfation in the formation of epithelium.