bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced progesterone and altered cotyledonary prostaglandin values induced by locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) in sheep
Authors: Ellis LeGrande C. , James Lynn F. , McMullen Robert W. , Panter Kip E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Feeding 300 or 400 g of dried spotted locoweed, Astragalus lentiginosus per day to 11 pregnant Columbia ewes from the 20th to the 50th days of their gestations resulted in dead and edematous fetuses. Aspartate aminotransferase values were increased, whereas serum progesterone values were significantly diminished (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner by locoweed ingestion. Cotyledonary 6-keto-prostaglandin (pg)F1α (400 g/day only) and PGF2α (300 and 400 g/day) values were significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas pge values were not affected by the treatment. Alterations in pg values in these sheep may be a mechanism for altering corpus luteum function and inducing fetal death, which would ultimately result in abortion.
Observations on transplacental infection with bluetongue virus in sheep
Authors: Richardson Carol , Taylor W. P. , Terlecki S. , Gibbs E. P. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-four ewes were inoculated with 1 of 2 strains of bluetongue virus type 4 at 40, 60, or 80 days of gestation. Two ewes aborted, 2 ewes died, and 1 was killed during the experiment, but their fetuses were recovered, At term, 2 mummified fetuses, 4 dead lambs, and 17 clinically healthy lambs were produced by 12 sheep, and the remaining 7 sheep were barren. Porencephaly and cerebellar dysgenesis were found in term lambs born to sheep inoculated at 40 and 60 days of gestation. Radiographic examination of 12 fetuses showed developmental ages far less than their chronologic age; 8 fetuses had skeletal growth-retardation lines, which were also observed in the dead lambs, A systemic lymphoreticular hyperplasia was observed in the dead lambs and in all lambs at 12 weeks of age; in 4 of the latter, granulomatous reactions were present in the liver and kidney. Lungs of the full-term lambs were reduced in weight and showed poor alveolar development and mononuclear cell infiltration, which persisted in the 12-week-old lambs. It was concluded that bluetongue virus is capable of causing not only gross abnormalities of the cns, but also generalized growth retardation and fetal lymphoreticular hyperplasia.
Epizootics of respiratory tract disease in swine in Belgium due to H3N2 influenza virus and experimental reproduction of disease
Authors: Haesebrouck F. , Biront P. , Pensaert M. B. , Leunen J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In Belgium, influenza virus was isolated from swine in 22 epizootics of respiratory tract disease in swine during 1984. In 8 of the epizootics, H3N2 influenza virus, related to the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain, was isolated. Intratracheal inoculation of the isolates induced clinical signs. It was concluded that the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain was established in the Belgian swine population and was responsible for the epizootics of respiratory tract disease in swine.
Host response to bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Dennis Michael W. , Lueker David C. , Kainer Robert A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Specific humoral and cellular immunologic responses to autologous and heterologous tumors were evaluated in 35 Hereford cows with ocular squamous cell tumors and in 6 healthy cows. Sera from 5 healthy cows and 23 ocular tumor-bearing cows were evaluated for antibody to tumor, using radioimmunoassay, passive hemagglutination, agglutination, and microagglutination assays with various soluble tumor antigen and whole tumor cell preparations. Antibody to tumor was detected in only 2 cows. Using the microagglutination assay, antibody to autologous and heterologous tumor cells was found in the sera of 2 cows inoculated intraocularly with purified, viable autologous tumor cells. Twenty-eight tumor-bearing cows and 3 healthy cows were evaluated for delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, using 5 tumor preparations; positive skin test responses were not observed.
Characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis of bovine, caprine, and ovine origin by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acids in whole-cell extracts
Authors: Chiodini Rodrick J. , Van Kruiningen Herbert J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cellular fatty acid composition of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from bovine, ovine, and caprine origin (grown on Herrold's egg yolk medium) was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (glc) and mass spectrometry and was compared with that of 19 other Mycobacterium spp. A species-specific fatty acid of M paratuberculosis was not demonstrable. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of cellular fatty acids was used to develop flow charts for the rapid identification of M paratuberculosis and other Mycobacterium spp. Two charts for distinguishing organisms were developed; one chart was based on glc alone and the other based on glc, growth rate, and chromogenicity. Seemingly, the glc was reliable for detecting Mycobacterium spp rapidly.
Combined pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in pony mares after a single intravenous and intramuscular administration
Authors: Haddad Nadim S. , Pedersoli W. M. , Ravis W. R. , Fazeli M. H. , Carson R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Healthy mature pony mares (n = 6) were given a single dose of gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight) iv or im 8 days apart. Venous blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 40, and 48 hours after iv injection of gentamicin, and at 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, and 30 hours after im injection of gentamicin. Gentamicin serum concentration was determined by a liquid-phase radioimmunoassay. The combined data of iv and im treatments were analyzed by a nonlinear least-square regression analysis program. The kinetic data were best fitted by a 2-compartment open model, as indicated by residual trends and improvements in the correlation of determination. The distribution phase half life was 0.12 ± 0.02 hour and postdistribution phase half-life was 1.82 ± 0.22 hour. The volume of the central compartment was 115.8 ± 6.0 ml/kg, volume of distribution at steady state was 188 ± 9.9 ml/kg, and the total body clearance was 1.27 ± 0.18 ml/min/kg. Intramuscular absorption was rapid with a half-life for absorption of 0.64 ± 0.14 hour. The extent of absorption was 0.87 ± 0.14. Kinetic calculations predicted that im injections of 5 mg of gentamicin/kg every 8 hours would provide average steady-state serum concentrations of 7.0 μg/ml, with maximum and minimum steady-state concentrations of 16.8 and 1.1 μg/ml, respectively.
Mechanism of thrombocytopenia in African swine fever
Authors: Edwards John F. , Dodds W. Jean , Slauson David O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pigs were inoculated with an African swine fever (asf) isolate of moderate virulence, and the changes in the number of circulating blood platelets during infection were correlated with the appearance of antiviral antibody and fluctuations in total plasma hemolytic complement concentrations. Thrombocytopenia was detected by postinoculation days (pid) 7 and 8, and antiviral antibody was detected by pid 7, using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. The total hemolytic complement concentration was moderately and transiently decreased from pid 5 to 9, but was consistently low from pid 18 to 26, Pigs inoculated with an asf virus isolate of greater virulence had a decrease in platelet counts on pid 6 and 7, and the total plasma hemolytic complement levels decreased in all pigs by pid 6 to 7. Antibody to asf virus was not detected in pigs inoculated with the more virulent isolate.
Pigs sensitized to asf viral antigen with an inactivated-viras vaccine or by previous infection with asf were challenge exposed, Sensitized pigs became clinically ill and thrombocytopenic by 24 to 72 hours earlier than did inoculated, nonsensitized pigs. Vaccinated pigs inoculated with homologous virus had lower blood virus concentrations than did nonvaccinated pigs. African swine fever virus-sensitized pigs inoculated with heterologous virus had a higher fatality rate than did nonsensitized pigs, and the pigs died peracutely, with only a few gross lesions in evidence. In vitro experiments demonstrated that asf virus antigen induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma from recovered, nonviremic pigs. Viral antigen, antibody, or complement was not demonstrable on the surface of platelets from pigs inoculated with asf virus isolate, by direct immunofluorescence testing.
Congenital skeletal malformations induced by maternal ingestion of Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) in newborn pigs
Authors: Panter Kip E. , Keeler Richard F. , Buck William B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Skeletal malformations were induced in newborn pigs from gilts fed Conium maculatum seed or plant during gestation days 43 through 53 and 51 through 61. The teratogenic effects in groups dosed during gestation days 43 through 53 were more severe than those in groups dosed during the later period, with many newborn pigs showing arthrogryposis and twisted and malaligned bones in the limbs and with 1 pig showing scoliosis and deformity of the thoracic cage. The pigs born to gilts given C maculatum during gestation days 51 through 61 had excessive flexure primarily in the carpal joints, without scoliosis or bone malalignment in the limbs.
The teratogenicity of poison hemlock depends on the alkaloid concentration and content. Based on the data presented, we speculate that γ-coniceine is the teratogenic alkaloid in the poison hemlock fed to the gilts.
Calicivirus isolation from three species of primates: An incidental finding
Authors: Smith Alvin W. , Skilling Douglas E. , Benirschke Kurt 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calicivirus isolations were made from 3 species of subhuman primates. Viruses were recovered from gingival lesions associated with periodontal disease in a spider monkey, from the oropharynx of a healthy silver leaf langur, and from the spleen of a lowland gorilla that had died of systemic coccidioidomycosis. Based on the results of cross-neutralization tests, all 3 isolates were serologically indistinguishable from a primate calicivirus Pan paniscus type 1. These isolations appeared to be incidental in nature and could not be associated causally with any specific disease entity.
Hepatobiliary transport of indocyanine green and sulfobromophthalein in fed and fasted horses
Authors: Engelking Larry R. , Anwer M. Sawkat , Lofstedt Jeanne 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fasting is associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in several species, including the horse. Studies in ponies showed that a 3-day fast decreased plasma clearance of bilirubin, cholic acid, and sulfobromophthalein (bsp). Since these organic anions are conjugated with different substrates, it is possible that observed differences in plasma clearance result from a general decrease in hepatic conjugating capacity during the animals' fasting. To test this hypothesis, the effects of a 3-day fast on plasma clearance of iv injected bsp (4.4 to 5.1 mg/kg), which is conjugated to glutathione, and indocyanine green (icg; 0.8 to 1.1 mg/kg), which is not conjugated, were studied in 10 healthy horses and 2 ponies with diverted enterohepatic circulations (indwelling T tubes). Blood samples were obtained for 30 minutes after injection, and bile samples from ponies were obtained for 3 hours. Fasting increased plasma bilirubin concentration in all animals studied (from 1.03 ± 0.337 mg/dl in control animals to 3.49 ± 1.01 mg/dl in fasted animals). Kinetic values of icg disappearance were determined from single exponential functions, and those for bsp were determined from both single and curvalinear (2-exponential) functions. Plasma clearance of bsp in fed horses (8.65 ± 1.02 ml × min−1 × kg−1) was greater than clearance of icg (3.54 ± 0.67 ml × min−1 × kg−1), results similar to those reported in dogs, cats, rats, and persons. Fasting significantly decreased fractional plasma disappearance rate of both bsp (−36%) and icg (−58%) and similarly reduced plasma clearance (bsp −48%; icg −55%). Thus, reduced conjugation does not seem to be a factor involved in organic anion retention during fasting, since clearance of icg, which is not conjugated, was reduced even greater than that of bsp, which is conjugated to glutathione. The reduction in biliary secretion of bsp (12%/3 hours) and icg (26%/3 hours) in ponies was not as great as the reduction in hepatic uptake (39% bsp, 62% icg) thus, fasting seems to affect hepatic uptake of organic anion dyes like bsp and icg greater than do processes of conjugation and/or secretion.
Effects of endotoxin on lung water, hemodynamics, and gas exchange in anesthetized ponies
Authors: Olson Neil C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of endotoxemia on lung water, hemodynamics, and gas exchange were determined in ponies breathing a mixture of halothane and 100% O2. Escherichia coli endotoxin was infused iv at 20 μg/kg of body weight for 1 hour followed by 10 μg/kg/hr the subsequent 4 hours. By 0.25 hour, endotoxin increased mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance; this was followed by a return to base-line values by 0.5 and 1 hour, respectively. A 2nd increase in pulmonary vascular resistance occurred by 5 hours of endotoxemia. During the last 2 hours of endotoxin infusion, cardiac index was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. Hematocrit was increased from 1 to 5 hours of endotoxemia, whereas, the plasma protein concentration was increased from 2 to 4 hours, indicating a loss of plasma volume. The Pao2, and Paco2 were unchanged. After 5 hours of endotoxemia, lung extravascular thermal volume, postmortem bronchoalveolar lavage albumin content, and extravascular lung water/extra vascular dry weight ratio of bloodless lungs were not increased, indicating no increase in alveolar-capillary permeability or pulmonary edema.
Application of the log-linear model in the prediction of the antinuclear antibody test in the dog
Authors: Kass Philip H. , Strombeck Donald R. , Farver Thomas B. , Ardans Alex A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To find possible associations between antinuclear antibody (ana) pattern, ana titer, and certain clinical changes and clinical laboratory test results in dogs, the veterinary medical records of 111 ana-positive and 126 ana-negative dogs were examined. Variables could not be found that had significant associations with ana pattern (unlike the results in persons), because of the predominance of 2 patterns. A log-linear model for ana titer adequately fit the observed frequency and included 2-way interactions between titer and polyarthritis, titer and hematologic disorders, and polyarthritis and lymphadenopathy.
Intranasal inoculation of chickens with encapsulated or nonencapsulated variants of Haemophilus paragallinarum: Electron microscopic evaluation of the nasal mucosa
Authors: Sawata Akira , Nakai Toyotsugu , Kume Katsumi , Yoshikawa Hiroyasu , Yoshikawa Takashi 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chickens were inoculated intranasally with encapsulated or nonencapsulated strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum. The nasal mucosa of the chickens were examined, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In chickens given the encapsulated variant, marked loss of cilia and microvilli, infiltration of leukocytes, and deposition of a mucopurulent substance were seen on the surface of the nasal mucosa; the number of microvillous cells were markedly increased, and infiltration of mast cells into the lamina propria of the mucous membrane was observed. Numerous encapsulated organisms were found near cilia and on microvillous cells, and the capsule surrounding the organisms appeared to mediate attachment of the organisms to the cilia. In contrast, the nasal mucosa of the chickens given the nonencapsulated variants changed little morphologically. A few nonencapsulated organisms were found near cilia. Colonization of the nasal mucosa by encapsulated organisms probably was essential to induce the morphologic changes seen in the nasal mucosa.
Anthelmintic activity of ivermectin against immature gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep
Authors: Todd Kenneth S. , Mansfield Manford E. , DiPietro Joseph A. , Blagburn Byron L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-four lambs of mixed breeding with mixed experimental infections of Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, and T colubriformis were allotted to 4 groups. One group (control) was given the vehicle propylene glycol, and the others were given 100, 200, or 300 μg of ivermectin/kg of body weight by mouth. Twelve days after treatment, the sheep were necropsied. The compound was > 99% effective against immature stages of 4 nematode species at all dosages, except at the 100 μg/kg dosage, where efficacy was 96% against H contortus.
Suppressive effect of nonviable Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on phytohemagglutinin-induced transformation of swine lymphocytes
Authors: Kishima Masato , Ross Richard F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of nonviable Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on transformation of swine peripheral blood lymphocytes by mitogen was investigated. Lymphocyte transformation was evaluated as incorporation of [3H]-thymidine, using a microculture system. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was grown in Friis medium, inactivated with sodium azide, and washed with phosphate-buffered saline solution. Four strains of M hyopneumoniae, strain J, strain 11, and 2 low-passage isolates (1361A, 1375C), were found to suppress phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains J, 11, and 1361A reduced lymphocyte transformation by about 50%, whereas strain 1375C reduced lymphocyte transformation by 98.7%. The suppressive effect was abrogated by heating M hyopneumoniae at 60 C or at higher temperatures for 30 minutes. Sonication of the heated M hyopneumoniae cells partially restored the suppressive effect.
Morphologic features of the cervical intervertebral disks and adjacent vertebral bodies of horses
Authors: Yovich John V. , Powers Barbara E. , Stashak Ted S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The intervertebral disks and adjacent vertebral bodies of the 2nd to 7th cervical vertebrae from 17 horses (3 months to 19 years of age) were examined grossly and by light microscopy. In each specimen, the disk tissue was fibrocartilagenous centrally and became more fibrous peripherally, but without a distinct demarcation between the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus. Demarcation between the anulus fibrosus and the dorsal longitudinal ligament was not apparent. With increasing age of the horses, cellularity of the central fibrocartilagenous portion of the disk decreased. The caudal end plates of the vertebrae had an increase in width and bone density with increasing age. In specimens from horses of all ages, the cranial end plate of the vertebrae had only a thin rim of dense bone. The cranial physis of each vertebral body was closed at 3 years of age, whereas the caudal physis of vertebral bodies was discontinuous in 6- to 9-year-old horses and was completely absent in horses ≥ 12 years.
Disruption of fibers of the anulus fibrosus by small amounts of fibrocartilage was observed in disks from 5 horses. This change was similar to a Hansen type II disk prolapse.
Erythrogram and red cell distribution width of equidae with experimentally induced anemia
Authors: Easley J. Roger 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The erythrogram (erythrocyte histogram) and red cell distribution width (rdw) were evaluated in 5 purebred horses and 1 pony of mixed breeding with experimentally induced anemia. Four horses were studied for 6 weeks after 20% of their estimated blood volume was removed on each of 2 consecutive days (40% total blood loss; acute blood-loss group). Two horses were given acetylphenyl hydrazine iv daily, until acute Heinz body hemolytic anemia was induced; the 2 horses were then evaluated for 6 weeks. One horse and the pony had 20% of their estimated blood volume removed via phlebotomy once each week for 8 weeks to induce iron-deficiency anemia (chronic blood-loss group); the horse had been partially depleted of iron before the study began. Weekly blood samples were examined for changes in the erythrogram, rdw, mean cell volume (mcv), and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Fourteen days after acute blood loss, mild increases were seen in the mcv, which persisted to day 42. The rdw was increased at day 14 and remained increased until day 42; however, the percentage increase was double that of the mcv at days 14, 21, and 28. Erythrograms had mild extensions of the right slope at days 14 to 28. Mean erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increased in all 3 groups, but individual concentrations were erratic. In the 2 horses with acute hemolytic anemia, modest increases of similar magnitude were seen in rdw and mcv. The rdw returned to pretreatment values by day 28, but mcv remained increased through day 42. The erythrogram had an extension of the right slope at days 14 and 21, and a mild shift to the right of the entire histogram was seen at day 21 in 1 horse and at day 28 in the other horse. This shift to the right persisted through day 42. In the chronic blood loss study, the horse that had been partially depleted of iron had no apparent increase in erythroid response; the rdw essentially did not change; and the mcv progressively decreased from day 21 to the end of the study (day 56); the erythrogram had a slight shift to the left from day 35 to day 56. The pony, which did not have prior iron depletion, had increased rdw and mcv at day 7; although these values were decreasing by day 56, the values continued to be higher than pretreatment values. The percentage increase of rdw was 2 to 5 times greater than that of the mcv from day 7 to day 35. Changes in the shape and position of the erythrogram were seen from day 14 to day 56. The erythrogram and rdw were useful in evaluating equine erythrocyte responses to different types of anemia.
Microscopic characteristics of genital end bulbs in the penis of bulls
Authors: Gray Bruce W. , Beckett S. D. , Henry D. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Light microscopic sections of Eponembedded bull penis were examined for nerve endings. Tissue was taken from the dorsal midline of the glans penis and from the free portion of the penis in 6 mature bulls. Genital end bulbs were identified in both regions of the penis and were located from 1 to 500 μm beneath the epithelium, with most end bulbs concentrated next to the epithelium in the glans penis. Occasionally, end bulbs were found within nerve trunks. Other encapsulated endings were not seen. Ultrastructural correlation of the light and electron microscopic appearance of spherical end bulbs and elongated end bulbs indicated that their structure was identical. Two to 6 neurites filled with mitochondria were surrounded by several layers of thin cytoplasmic lamellae. The lamellae were characterized by pinocytotic vesicles, microtubules, and a scant basal lamina. A capsule of differing thickness enclosed the end bulbs. Fewer capsular layers surrounded more superficially located end bulbs. Near the epithelium, there were gaps in the capsule. Nonmyelinated fibers were seen within end bulbs and between end bulbs and the epithelium.