bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An epidemiological study of holoprosencephaly from a regional congenital anomaly register: 1995–2004
Authors: Ong S. , Tonks A. , Woodward E. R. , Wyldes M. P. , Kilby M. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackgroundAdequate contemporary information to counsel patients with a prenatal diagnosis of holoprosencephaly is lacking. We addressed this using data from the West Midlands Congenital Anomaly Register (WMCAR), a population‐based malformation register, during a time where technological improvements have been stable and anomaly screening is well established.MethodsCases were defined using the ICD 10 code for holoprosencephaly. Cases of livebirths, stillbirths and termination at all gestations were included in the study. The diagnosis was verified by a pathology or definitive radiological report with cross validation from the regional pathology, clinical genetics, cytogenetics and fetal medicine databases.ResultsThere were 113 cases reported of holoprosencephaly for the years 1995–2004. This represents a prevalence of 1.7 per 10 000 births and terminations, with no change in prevalence over time. There was a decreased risk of holoprosencephaly in the white population [white vs. nonwhite; RR 0.53(0.36–0.79)]. Karyotypical abnormality was noted in 46% of cases where the karyotype was known. Trisomy 13 was the most common chromosomal abnormality. Correct allocation of a diagnosis of holoprosencephaly by ultrasound occurred in 77% of cases, with another 12% having a severe intracranial abnormality but was not reported as holoprosencephaly. In 4%, a prenatal diagnosis of holoprosencephaly was not made. Termination of pregnancy was performed in 80% of all cases.ConclusionHoloprosencephaly is a morbid condition associated with significant secondary etiologies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secondary infertility as a late complication of vesico‐amniotic shunt therapy
Authors: Kamphuis M. M. , Lim F. , Klumper F. J. , Oepkes D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveVesico‐amniotic shunting can be used for the treatment of fetal obstructive uropathy. However, the procedure is associated with a significant risk of complications. We report a case of a complicated vesico‐amniotic placement, where a vesico‐amniotic shunt ultimately resulted in, fortunately reversible, infertility.CaseA 36‐year‐old multigravida was referred to our center at 13 weeks' gestation for the evaluation of fetal lower urinary obstruction. A vesico‐amniotic shunt placement requiring several attempts was performed. A few weeks later premature rupture of the membranes occurred. At the request of the parents, the pregnancy was terminated at 22 weeks'gestation. The patient visited us again for secondary infertility, which turned out to be caused by a shunt left behind in the uterus, acting as an IUD. After hysteroscopic removal, she soon became pregnant again.ConclusionThis case illustrates the importance of careful documentation relating to each and every operation, of all materials used and what was retained in the patient. At delivery, obstetric staff should be completely aware of the prenatal treatment procedures performed, to ensure that no foreign objects are left by oversight, inside the patient's body. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in psychotropic medication use among U.S. adults
Authors: Paulose‐Ram Ryne , Safran Marc A. , Jonas Bruce S. , Gu Qiuping , Orwig Denise 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo examine trends and prevalence of prescription psychotropic medication use among noninstitutionalized US adults.MethodsPrescription medication data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 1988–1994; n = 20 050) and the 1999–2002 NHANES (n = 12 060), two nationally representative cross‐sectional health examination surveys, were examined for persons aged ≥17 years.ResultsThe age‐adjusted prevalence of psychotropic medication use increased from 6.1% in 1988–1994 to 11.1% in 1999–2002 (p < 0.001). This was due to more than a three‐fold increase in antidepressant use (2.5%, 1988–1994 vs. 8.1%, 1999–2002 (p < 0.001)). Significant increases between time periods for antidepressant use were seen for all age, gender, and race‐ethnic groups although increases were less pronounced for males than females and non‐Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans than non‐Hispanic whites. Prevalence of use remained relatively constant from 1988–1994 to 1999–2002 for anxiolytic/sedative/hypnotic (ASH) medications (3.5–3.8%), antipsychotics (0.8–1.0%), and antimanic agents (0.3–0.4%). The age‐adjusted prevalence of multiple psychotropic medication use increased from 1.2% in 1988–1994 to 3.1% in 1999–2002 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsPsychotropic medication use among US adults increased since 1988–1994, specifically of antidepressants. Increases varied by gender and race‐ethnicity indicating under‐utilization for non‐Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans compared to non‐Hispanic whites for both males and females. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure‐properties correlations in dynamically vulcanized nanocomposite thermoplastic elastomers based on PP/EPDM
Authors: Naderi Ghasem , Lafleur Pierre G. , Dubois Charles 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThermoplastic vulcanized (TPV) nanocomposites were prepared in a laboratory mixer using EPDM, polypropylene of different viscosities, maleic anhydride modified polypropylene, an organo‐clay, and a sulfur‐based curing system. Based on the obtained results from X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter, and mechanical properties, the microstructure of the prepared nanocomposites was found to be sensitive to the viscosity difference between the two phases and the clay content. X‐ray diffraction and TEM images of the TPV nanocomposites showed that clay was nearly exfoliated and randomly distributed into the polypropylene phase. The SEM photomicrographs of the dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer samples showed that the rubber particles were dispersed through the polypropylene in form of aggregates and their size increased with the introduction of clay. The nanoscale dimensions of the dispersed clay resulted in a significant improvement of the tensile modulus of the TPV nanocomposite samples, from 20 to 90% depending on clay content and the viscosity ratio of PP/EPDM. In the PP nanocomposites, the clay layers act as nucleating agents, resulting in higher crystallization temperature and reduced degree of crystallinity. Moreover, the oxygen permeability in the TPV nanocomposites was found to be lower than in unfilled but otherwise similar materials. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:207–217, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Synthesis, thermal properties, and flame retardance of the epoxy‐silsesquioxane hybrid resins
Authors: Lu Tingli , Chen Tao , Liang Guozheng 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEpoxy/silsesquioxane‐OH (EP‐SDOH, ED) hybrid resins were prepared from cyclohexyl‐disilanol silsesquioxane (SDOH) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A via the reaction between silanol and the oxirane group, with the cobalt naphthanate as a catalyst. It was found that incorporation of SDOH allows the reaction between oxirane ring and SiOH, and the silsesquioxane cage structure can be the main chain or as the side chain of the hybrid resin. The EP‐SDOH hybrid resins with various SDOH contents were cured by 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulphone, and the curing reaction was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The curing characteristics of EP‐SDOH hybrids had been observed to be influenced by the content of SDOH in the hybrid. The differential scanning calorimetry thermograms indicated that the EP‐SDOH hybrid exhibited a higher initial temperature, peak temperature, as well as final temperature than those of the pure epoxy resin when cured by the same curing agent 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulphone. The curing kinetic parameters were calculated by using the Ozawa method and the results indicated that EP‐SDOH hybrids possess the same curing mechanism as the pure epoxy resin. The properties of the cured EP‐SDOH hybrid resins such as the glass transition temperature (Tg), dynamic mechanical analysis, thermal stability, as well as the flame retardance were also investigated, and the results showed that introducing silsesquioxane‐OH unit into epoxy resin successfully modified the local structure, made the chain stiffness, restrict the chain mobility, and eventually improved thermal stability and flame retardance of epoxy resin. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:225–234, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Reactive modification of PBT with applications in low density extrusion foaming
Authors: Jeong Byeong Joon , Xanthos Marino 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBy contrast to polyethylene terephthalate (PET), extrusion foaming of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) to medium–low densities has been seldom reported in the literature. In this study, a commercial linear PBT resin was reactively modified in a batch mixer to a branched structure with a higher molecular weight (MW) and a broader molecular weight distribution (MWD) as evidenced by rheological analysis. Chain branching was also accomplished by single screw extrusion, where the competing degradation reaction needed to be taken into account. Optimization of the extrusion operational conditions, which also involved the use of suitable consititutive equations, led to the production of a branched resin with viscoelastic characteristics suitable for low density extrusion foaming by injection of physical blowing agents (PBA). The branched product made under the optimized conditions showed good foamability. The effect of pressure drop rate on cell nucleation rate and the effect of the crystallization rate on cell density and cell morphology are examined. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:244–253, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Optimal start‐up control of injection molding barrel temperature
Authors: Yao Ke , Gao Furong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt is desirable to control injection molding barrel temperatures to set‐point with a minimal start‐up time and near‐zero overshoot for productivity and product quality. This paper, based on time optimal control, developed a start‐up procedure leading to the optimal heating up profile with the shortest rising time with small overshoot. The design parameters are obtained automatically through one simple open‐loop test. Experiments show that the proposed control achieves the design purpose under different conditions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:254–261, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Flame retarding effects of nanoclay on wood–fiber composites
Authors: Guo G. , Park C.B. , Lee Y.H. , Kim Y.S. , Sain M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis research article focuses on investigating the effects of nanoclay particles on the flame retarding characteristics of wood–fiber/plastic composites (WPC) using ASTM D635. The processing aspects of nanocomposites with WPC are presented. The processing techniques for controlling the degree of exfoliation and the cost aspect are also described. It turns out that the coupling agent used for wood–fibers is also effective for the exfoliation of clay, and therefore, no additional cost is required. This research indicates that the structure of nanocomposites (i.e., the degree of exfoliation) and the clay content used have a large impact on the flame retardancy of WPC. The flame retardancy is investigated as a function of these parameters. Based on this, a cost‐effective way to improve flame retardancy of WPC is presented. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:308–313, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Studies of thermal oxidative degradation of polypropylene impact copolymer using the temperature rising elution fractionation method
Authors: Nakatani Hisayuki , Manabe Norio , Yokota Yoshimitsu , Minami Hiroaki , Suzuki Shoutarou , Yamaguchi Fumitaka , Terano Minoru 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThermal oxidative degradation of polypropylene impact copolymer has been studied with its fractions obtained using the temperature rising elution fractionation method. The fractions were analyzed using 13C NMR, Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry measurements, and the chemical structure, isotacticity, conformation and melting point were investigated. It is found that these fractions are composed of a homopolymer or a polymer blend of polypropylene, polyethylene and ethylene–propylene copolymer. The thermal oxidative degradation of each fraction was carried out at 130 °C, and the degradation progress was estimated by the change of molecular weight distribution (from gel permeation chromatography curves). The rate of degradation is found to be dominated by the content of tertiary CH bonds (propylene unit) and the existence of 31 helix conformation corresponding to a crystalline polypropylene part in each fraction. The latter is more evident leading to the degradation reaction path with a lower activation energy. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
WI‐PHI: A weighted yeast interactome enriched for direct physical interactions
Authors: Kiemer Lars , Costa Stefano , Ueffing Marius , Cesareni Gianni 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHow is the yeast proteome wired? This important question, central in yeast systems biology, remains unanswered in spite of the abundance of protein interaction data from high‐throughput experiments. Unfortunately, these large‐scale studies show striking discrepancies in their results and coverage such that biologists scrutinizing the “interactome” are often confounded by a mix of established physical interactions, functional associations, and experimental artifacts. This stimulated early attempts to integrate the available information and produce a list of protein interactions ranked according to an estimated functional reliability. The recent publication of the results of two large protein interaction experiments and the completion of a comprehensive literature curation effort has more than doubled the available information on the wiring of the yeast proteome. This motivates a fresh approach to the compilation of a yeast interactome based purely on evidence of physical interaction. We present a procedure exploiting both heuristic and probabilistic strategies to draft the yeast interactome taking advantage of various heterogeneous data sources: application of tandem affinity purification coupled to MS (TAP‐MS), large‐scale yeast two‐hybrid studies, and results of small‐scale experiments stored in dedicated databases. The end result is WI‐PHI, a weighted network encompassing a large majority of yeast proteins.
Snow‐cover in th British Isles in January and February of the severe winters of 1940, 1941 and 1942
Authors: Lewis Lilian F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe occurrence of snow‐lying at the morning observation hour has been reported at a number of stations in the British Isles since 1912 and at a larger number since 1914. By 1940 the number of stations recording this element had increased to approximately 300 in Great Britain alone. Thus the net‐work of stations is now fairly close. The majority of the observing stations are on moderately low ground, that is below 500 ft. above m.s.l. Variations in the duration of snow‐cover in the British Isles are great from year to year and in many of the winter months of the present century the number of days of snow‐lying on low ground has been few. The three consecutive winters of 1940, 1941, and 1942 were, however, unusually severe; the snowfall was considerable and the number of days of snow‐lying comparatively large. In this paper maps showing the distribution of the number of days of snow‐lying for each of the six months January and February, 1940, 1941 and 1942 are given and the different distributions are discussed in relation to the mean temperature, the amount and frequency of snow‐fall and the period of the month at which the snow occurred. In conclusion the entire absence of days with snow‐lying at the majority of stations, in February, 1943, is noted.
Variations in wind velocity near the ground
Authors: Carruthers Nellie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInformation about wind velocity is generally obtainable in the form of mean hourly velocity and highest velocity in a gust at the level of the recording anemometer which, where possible, has an effective height (judged by the quality of exposure) approaching an agreed standard of 10 m. (33 ft.). For various purposes, estimates of both mean velocity and gustiness at other heights and in other exposures are often required. A summary is given here of relevant literature, in preparation of which I am much indebted to Dr. C. E. P. Brooks, both for his wide selection of works on the subject and for his helpful discussion and criticism.The article deals first with variations in mean velocity with increase of height above the ground, and then with gustiness and its relation to change of mean velocity and height. Next, seasonal and diurnal variations in gustiness are considered and the effect of changes in direction of the mean wind. A general approximate law for variation of wind velocity with height is suggested and tables are given for estimation of velocities at other than the height of observation; the article concludes with a paragraph on range of wind velocity.The wind velocities here considered are those in the lowest layers of the atmosphere, extending from ground level to a height of about 500 m. Where possible measurements of height are given in metres, velocity in metres per second, and temperature gradient in degrees Fahrenheit per metre (an upward increase is regarded as positive), these units being those of most frequent occurrence in the literature examined.
Thermal characteristics of a hertfordshire frost‐hollow
Authors: Hawke E. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecords of temperature over a 13‐year period in a Hertfordshire valley which has been described as possessing the most “continental” thermal climate yet investigated instrumentally in the British Isles are summarised, discussed, and compared with data from other stations. Among the facts brought to light are that only two of the 156 calendar months from 1930 to 1942 passed without ground frost on the valley floor; that screen frosts occur even in July and August; and that the mean night minimum temperature is at or below 32°F. for about three‐fifths of the year on the grass and for about two‐fifths of the year in the screen. Three examples of a diurnal range slightly exceeding 50°F. are examined in the light of Fourier analysis; statistical evidence is advanced to show that the probable limiting value for such ranges over a long series of years may be put at not less than 55–56°F. Thermograms are reproduced illustrating the greatest recorded daily variations, as well as the effects of katabatic winds and turbulence in the valley.
Investigation of heptakis(2,6‐di‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with flavonoid glycosides by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Yu Zhan , Cui Meng , Yan Cunyu , Song Fengrui , Liu Zhiqiang , Liu Shuying 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe non‐covalent complexes between three flavonoid glycosides (quercitrin, hyperoside and rutin) and heptakis(2,6‐di‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin (DM‐β‐CD) were investigated by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI‐FTICR‐MS). The 1:1 complexation of each flavonoid glycoside (guest) to the DM‐β‐CD (host) was monitored in the negative ion mode by mixing each guest with an up to 30‐fold molar excess of the host. The binding constants for all complexes were calculated by a linear equation in the order: DM‐β‐CD:quercitrin > DM‐β‐CD:rutin > DM‐β‐CD:hyperoside. A binding model for the complexes has also been proposed based on the binding constants and tandem mass spectrometric data of these complexes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and theoretical investigation on binary semiconductor clusters of B/Si and Al/Si
Authors: Sun Zhang , Yang Zheng , Gao Zhen , Tang Zichao 
Published: February 2007

AbstractASi (A = B and Al; n = 1–6) binary cluster anions were generated by laser ablation of samples composed of mixtures of Si and A (A = B and Al), and studied in the gas phase by tandem time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Some abundant ions are present in the mass spectrum, indicating that the clusters with these ions have stable structures. The structures of ASi clusters were investigated theoretically by the density functional theory (DFT) method and the energetically lowest‐lying structures were obtained. The binary clusters BSi and AlSi, with the same number of n, share different geometric structures except for ASi with n = 1 and 6, which have the same geometric structures in the ground state. For all the anionic clusters ASi, the lower spin state is lower in energy than the higher spin state in their optimized structures except for the linear ASi− anions, for which the triplet state is lower in energy than the singlet. Calculations of the bonding energy (BE), energy gain (Δ) and HOMO‐LUMO energy gaps confirm that the cluster ASi has a very stable structure, which agrees well with the experimental results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discontinuity of trichopteran (caddisfly) communities in regulated waters of the clearwater river, Idaho, U.S.A.
Authors: Munn Mark D. , Brusven M. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRiverine trichopteran (caddisfly) communities were sampled seasonally at eight locations over a two‐year period to determine if a multiple‐level release hydroelectric dam created a faunal discontinuity along the longitudinal profile of the Clearwater River in northern Idaho. The confluence of a non‐regulated river with a regulated reach provided an unusual opportunity to examine the recovery of community parameters in a semi‐regulated river.A marked discontinuity in the caddisfly community occurred in the regulated reach immediately below the dam, reflected by greatly reduced diversity and abundance values, and by shifts in functional relationships. These faunal changes are primarily attributable to the modified temperature, discharge, and food resources induced by river regulation. The non‐regulated river exerted a major mitigative effect on the trichopteran fauna below its confluence with the regulated reach, despite maintenance of semi‐regulated conditions. Trichopteran community parameters approached near normal levels concomitant with partial reductions in flow fluctuations, and partial recovery of temperature and food resources. In addition, the non‐regulated river provided an important colonization pathway for riverine species to enter the semi‐regulated lower reaches.
Channel sedimentation within the urbanized river Tame, U.K.
Authors: Thoms M. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study examines the distribution and composition of fine sediment within the gravel‐bed substrate of the channelized River Tame, within and below the Birmingham conurbation, United Kingdom. A freeze coring technique was employed to collect undistributed volumetric samples, to a depth of 30‐40 cm, providing information not only on the gross deposit but also on the vertical structure of the river bed in terms of textural and geochemical properties.The urbanized substrate differs from that of the natural river, both in terms of the volume of matrix sediment present, which is less than ‚expected’︁, and in the size characteristics of the coarse framework and finer matrix components. Moreover heavy metal concentrations within the urbanized matrix sediment are up to 3000 times greater than background levels and maximum concentrations are shown to occur at a depth of more than 15 cm within the substrate.