bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaginal reconstruction: An algorithm approach to defect classification and flap reconstruction
Authors: Pusic Andrea L. , Mehrara Babak J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVaginal defects from oncologic resection present a complex array of reconstructive challenges. Increased use of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy demands uncomplicated wound healing. As patients are being diagnosed at earlier stages of disease and at younger ages, maintenance of sexual function and body image are fundamental goals. This review provides an algorithm approach to defect classification and flap reconstruction. Carefully appreciation of the specific defect facilitates flap choice. There are two basic defect types partial (Type I) and circumferential defects (Type II) 1. These defect types can be further subclassified. Type IA defects are partial and involve the anterior and/or lateral wall. Type IB defects are also partial, but involve the posterior vaginal wall. Type IIA defects are circumferential, involving the upper two‐thirds of the vagina. Type IIB defects represent circumferential, total vaginal resection, most commonly following pelvic exenteration. Using this method of defect classification, three pedicled flaps can be used to successfully reconstruct the majority of defects: the Singapore (or pudendal thigh) flap, the rectus flap, and the gracilis flap. With appropriate flap choice and a multidisciplinary approach to patient care, rapid wound healing, restoration of the pelvic floor, and re‐establishment of sexual function may be most reliably achieved. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:515–521. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstruction of maxillectomy and midfacial defects with free tissue transfer
Authors: Santamaria Eric , Cordeiro Peter G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe maxillary bones are part of the midfacial skeleton and are closely related to the eyeglobe, nasal airway, and oral cavity. Together with the overlying soft tissues, the two maxillae are responsible to a large extent for facial contour. Maxillectomy defects become more complex when critical structures such as the orbit, globe, and cranial base are resected, and reconstruction with distant tissues become essential. In this article, we describe a classification system and algorithm for reconstruction of these complex defects using various pedicled and free flaps. Most defects that involve resection of the maxilla and adjacent soft tissues may be classified into one of the following four types: Type I defects, Limited maxillectomy; Type II defects, Subtotal maxillectomy; Type III defects, Total maxillectomy; and Type IV defects, Orbitomaxillectomy. Using this classification, reconstruction of maxillectomy and midfacial defects may be approached considering the relationship between volume and surface area requirements, that is, addressing the bony defect first, followed by assessment of the associated soft tissue, skin, palate, and cheek‐lining deficits. In our experience, most complex maxillectomy defects are best reconstructed using free tissue transfer. The rectus abdominis and radial forearm free flap in combination with immediate bone grafting or as an osteocutaneous flap reliably provide the best aesthetic and functional results. A temporalis muscle pedicled flap is used for reconstruction of maxillectomy defects only in those patients who are not candidates for a microsurgical procedure. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:522–531. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete rehabilitation of the mandible following segmental resection
Authors: Schrag Christiaan , Chang Yang‐Ming , Tsai Chi‐Ying , Wei Fu‐Chan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSegmental resection of the mandible leads to significant patient morbidity. Loss of mandibular support to the teeth, tongue and lip causes dysfunctional mastication, swallowing, speech, airway protection and oral competence. Patients also suffer disfigurement following segmental mandibulectomy because the mandible is an important aesthetic landmark. The degrees to which dysfunction and disfigurement occur depend both on the location of the mandibular segment removed and the amount of surrounding soft tissue excised.Between January 1985 and December 2004, 780 fibula osteoseptocutaneous flaps have been used for head and neck reconstruction at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. The fibula flap has proven to be the bony flap of choice because it has a lengthy bicortical segment of bone available, a reasonably long vascular pedicle, large diameter vessels, good bone quality, and is easily contoured with multiple osteotomies. The flap can be harvested while ablation is being performed. In addition, a reliable, mobile, thin skin component can always be included to address the soft tissue reconstructive requirements. A chimeric design employing a portion of the soleus muscle can provide further reconstructive options.Ideally complete rehabilitation of the mandible involves placement of titanium osseointegrated implants, which allow dental restoration. Primary placement of implants is preferred in patients without cancer. Selection of candidates to receive osseointegrated implants is paramount. The temporomandibular joint remains a challenge to reconstruct adequately. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:538–545. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HIV‐1 encephalopathy among perinatally infected children: Neuropathogenesis and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Mitchell Charles D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHIV‐1 encephalopathy among perinatally infected children in the United States was initially defined by a classic triad of findings that included: (1) developmental delay, (2) secondary or acquired microcephaly, and (3) pyramidal tract neuromotor deficits. The most severe form of this disorder typically occurred among young children who developed rapidly progressive disease in concert with profound immunosuppression, and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonitis (PCP). The neuropathogenesis of this disorder appears to involve a cascade of viral products, various cytokines and chemokines, and neurotransmitters which promote ongoing inflammation, excitation, and overstimualtion of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate type receptor (NMDAR) system. These subsequently lead to neuronal injury and death secondary to apoptosis or necrosis, astrocytosis, as well as dentritic and synaptic damage. The frequency of the most severe forms of encephalopathy among children has dropped dramatically since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Of concern, however, is the possibility that a more insidious form of this disorder may be occurring presently among older vertically infected children as a result of inadequate penetration of HAART agents into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This paper will review what published data there is as yet that bears on this question. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:216–222. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurocognitive outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease: Current findings and contemporary endeavors
Authors: Gerson Arlene C. , Butler Robert , Moxey‐Mims Marva , Wentz Alicia , Shinnar Shlomo , Lande Marc B. , Mendley Susan R. , Warady Bradley A. , Furth Susan L. , Hooper Stephen R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGiven the rise in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in both children and adults, CKD has recently been targeted as a public health priority. Childhood onset kidney disease is generally a noncurable and progressive condition that leads to kidney failure by early adulthood. Fortunately, improved identification of kidney problems allows for early intervention, which is thought to slow progression toward end‐stage renal disease. In addition, medical interventions for pediatric end‐stage renal disease have also improved, allowing children to take advantage of lifesaving renal replacement treatments such as dialysis and kidney transplantation. In spite of improvements in identification and treatment, CKD causes both direct and indirect insults to a variety of organ systems. This paper reviews recently published studies pertaining to the neurocognitive and psychosocial impact of CKD on children of various ages and at various stages of kidney failure. Specific attention is focused on summarizing peer reviewed research that describes associations between kidney functioning and cognitive functioning, language acquisition, visual spatial abilities, memory, and executive functioning. In addition, peer reviewed research describing psychosocial outcomes associated with CKD related to academic achievement, social‐behavioral functioning, and quality of life are summarized. The authors also identified disease‐specific factors that likely mediate neurocognitive outcomes (e.g., anemia, hypertension, cardiovascular) and endorse the importance of continued interdisciplinary research collaborations that will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for improved neurocognitive functioning after transplantation. The authors conclude this review by describing a multicenter, prospective, longitudinal, National Institutes of Health funded study that is currently examining the developmental outcomes of children with mild to moderate CKD. The authors speculate that the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Prospective Cohort Study (CKiD) findings will provide additional evidence‐based guidance for clinicians and researchers working with children and adolescents with deteriorating kidney function to improve medical and developmental outcomes. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:208–215. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Etiology of strokes in children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: DeBaun Michael R. , Derdeyn Colin P. , McKinstry Robert C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe most devastating complication of sickle cell anemia is cerebral infarction, affecting ∼30% of all individuals with sickle cell anemia. Despite being one of the most common causes of stroke in infants and children, the mechanism of cerebral infarction in this population has not been extensively studied and is poorly understood. Multiple, synergistic factors are important in the pathogenesis of stroke including the hemodynamic effects of cerebral arterial occlusive disease, viscosity, chronic and acute anemia and acute medical events. This review focuses on the relationship between these factors in order to provide a foundation for further study of the etiology of strokes in this high‐risk population. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:192–199. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurophysiological evaluation of trigeminal and facial nerves in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Kokubun Norito , Hirata Koichi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCranial neuropathy is clinically uncommon in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), but there is little information on the neurophysiological examination of cranial nerve involvement. To determine the incidence of trigeminal and facial nerve involvement in patients with CIDP, the direct response of the orbicularis oculi muscle to percutaneous electric stimulation of the facial nerve and the blink reflex (induced by stimulation of the supraorbital nerve) were examined in 20 CIDP patients. The latency of the direct response was increased in 12 patients (60%) and an abnormal blink reflex was observed in 17 patients (85%). There was no correlation between electrophysiological findings and the latencies of the direct and R1 responses and disease duration or clinical grade in CIDP patients. Nevertheless, the prevalence of subclinical trigeminal and facial neuropathy is extremely high in patients with CIDP when examined by neurophysiological tests. Muscle Nerve 2006
Chemical oxidation stability and anhydrous proton conductivity of polyimides/phosphoric acid/imidazole blends
Authors: Pu Hongting , Tang Liming 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolyimides (PIs) based on 3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylicdiphenyl ether dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone and 4,4′‐methylenedianiline were synthesized. They are easily dissolved in many strong and polar solvents like dimethylformamide, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone, and dimethylsulfoxide. A new kind of anhydrous proton conducting system based on PI/H3PO4 and PI/H3PO4/imidazole (Imi) blends was prepared. The chemical oxidation stability of the composite membranes was studied. The flexible PIs have better chemical oxidation stability. The addition of phosphoric acid can accelerate the degradation process of PIs, while the addition of Imi in PI/H3PO4 blends can greatly improve their chemical oxidation stability, which becomes much better than that of pure PIs. The proton conductivity of PI/H3PO4 blends is still lower compared with that of polybenzimidazole/H3PO4 blends. After the addition of Imi, the anhydrous proton conductivity of PI/H3PO4 blends increases significantly with increasing Imi content. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of an iodine treatment on the structure and physical properties of Bombyx mori silk fibroin fiber
Authors: Khan Majibur Rahman , Gotoh Yasuo , Miura Mikihiko , Morikawa Hideaki , Nagura Masanobu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSilk fibroin (SF) fiber from the Bombyx mori silkworm was treated with a 1.23 N iodine/potassium iodide (I2–KI) aqueous solution, and the structure and physical properties were investigated to elucidate the effects of the iodine treatment. The SF fiber absorbed polyiodide ions such as I and I by immersion in the I2–KI solution, and the weight gain of the SF fiber increased with the treatment time; it became saturated at about 20 wt % after 40 h. The results of the weight gain, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction measurements suggested that polyiodide ions mainly entered the amorphous region. Moreover, a new sharp reflection in the meridional direction, corresponding to a period of 7.0 Å, was observed and indicated the possibility of the formation of a mesophase structure of β‐conformation chains. Dynamic viscoelastic measurements showed that the molecular motion of the crystalline regions at about 220 °C was enhanced and shifted to lower temperature by the introduction of polyiodide ions. This indicated that the iodine component weakened the hydrogen bonding between the SF molecules forming the β‐sheet structure and caused molecular motion of the crystal to occur more easily with heating. With heating above 270 °C, the iodine component introduced intermolecular crosslinking to SF, and the melt flow of the sample was inhibited. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3418–3426, 2006
Diversity in fertility patterns in Guatemala
Authors: De Broe Sofie , Hinde Andrew 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study investigates urban and rural fertility trends in Guatemala up to 2002. It also aims to establish, using the theory of diffusion as its theoretical framework, the extent to which ethnicity and ethnic diversity are associated with geographical patterns in local‐level fertility after controlling for socio‐economic indicators. Data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 1987, 1995–96 and 1998–99, the National Maternal and Child Health Survey of 2002 and the Census of 2002 were used. P/F ratios were calculated and used as an analytical tool and quality control measure of the data in order to establish the timing of changes in fertility patterns as measured by age‐specific fertility rates (ASFRs) based on exact exposure in four‐year periods from 1972 to 2002. Finally, the 2002 census data were used to analyse and model fertility at the municipio‐level using ordinary least squares regression. The results suggest a steady but very slow decline in fertility from 1972 until the mid‐1990s. Both the P/F ratios and ASFRs calculated using the Maternal and Child Health Survey and Census of 2002 show a sharp decline in fertility since 1998. The regression results for the census data suggest an independent and significant effect of ‘proportion of indigenous people’ and an almost significant effect of ethnic diversity on fertility at the municipio‐level. The very slow decline in fertility in Guatemala until fairly recently can be attributed to the fact that Guatemala has been lagging behind in terms of socio‐economic development and the additional challenge of having a culturally very diverse and segregated population, preventing the spread of modern reproductive ideas and behaviour. The accelerated fertility decline since the end of the 1990s seems likely to be associated with the widespread availability and increased uptake of family planning following declining fertility desires among its indigenous population. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transnational citizens or circulating semi‐proletarians? A study of migration circulation between Sweden and Asia, Latin America and Africa between 1968 and 2002
Authors: Tollefsen Aina , Lindgren Urban 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTheoretically significant research on transnational migrations has usually been based on in‐depth qualitative studies with detailed case study data linked to specific contexts. The concept of transnationalism has been used to capture and theorise enduring and complex interchanges of people, things and ideas between places, regions and/or countries, that are separated by borders, and usually by large physical distances. Transnationalism has also been linked to accounts of intense forms of international migration under globalisation, often in contexts of unequal power relations. Rather few studies have tried to grasp the phenomenon in larger samples, examining its importance and characteristics over time in different migratory contexts. While sharing theoretical and epistemological understandings from the transnational research field, this paper explores the phenomenon by analysing a comprehensive set of quantitative data on long‐distance frequent movers between Sweden and Asia, Latin America and Africa. By looking at the most mobile of all migrants in this South–North context, the paper explores the characteristics and scope of transnational migrations. The analyses show that transnational circulators, defined here as individuals who have migrated three times or more between Sweden and these regions, constitute a very small proportion of all South–North migrants over a 35‐year period. They are more likely than other groups to be highly educated, male, low‐income earners and Swedish citizens. These results contrast with other studies where transnational mobility of the highly skilled is often associated with successful career migration and high income groups. The conclusion of this paper is that, despite the high qualification level of circulators, long‐distance circulation between Sweden and the global South is associated with negative income and labour market situations. The paper also questions the relevance of the concept of transnationalism itself in this specific context. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fertility transition in Ghana: looking back and looking forward
Authors: Agyei‐Mensah Samuel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIt is widely accepted that while the fertility transition is underway in sub‐Saharan Africa, the pattern of change differs widely in both time and space. This paper examines the case of Ghana, regarded as the vanguard in the West African fertility transition. Based largely on analyses of Demographic and Health Survey data as well as localised studies, significant patterns emerge. One puzzling finding is that the increase in modern contraception usage has not kept pace with the declines in fertility. The paper suggests that this mismatch can be explained either by an increase in induced abortions, reduced exposure to sexual relations (perhaps due to HIV), or misreporting of contraceptive use. The paper also highlights the considerable geographical diversity in the ongoing fertility transition. The Northern region is still in the pre‐transition stage, with little decline in fertility to date. In contrast, the pace of decline has been very rapid in the Greater Accra region. The factors underlying these patterns and the future trajectory of the fertility transition are discussed. It is argued that the fertility transition may be more leisurely in the near future than in the recent past. Among the factors working against future fertility decline are the stability in the infant mortality rate, the stall in fertility desires, and the low patronage of modern contraceptives especially in rural areas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding dual‐track urbanisation in post‐reform China: conceptual framework and empirical analysis
Authors: Shen Jianfa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper examines dual‐track urbanisation in China, consisting of spontaneous urbanisation and state‐sponsored urbanisation. The paper first develops a consistent interpretative framework of urbanisation in pre‐reform and post‐reform China. The key components in the framework include the mode of industrialisation, central and local states, urban and rural economies, urban and rural citizens, the hukou system and global linkages. Dynamic changes in these components and their interactions drive the urbanisation process in China. The paper then examines how each of the two tracks of urbanisation contributed to the urbanisation process that occurred in China between 1982 and 2000. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanostructure formation in polymer thin films influenced by humidity
Authors: Gliemann Hartmut , Almeida Arlete Tavares , Petri Denise Freitas Siqueira , Schimmel Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe influence of relative humidity (RH) during the film preparation on the surface morphology and on the material distribution of the resulting technical polymer blend films consisting of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly (vinyl butyral) (PVB) is investigated by atomic force microscopy. Both pure polymers and polymer blends with different compositions of PVB/PMMA dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) were used. Polymer films prepared under dry conditions (RH < 20%) are compared with those that have the same polymer composition but were prepared under increased humidity conditions (RH > 80%). The films consisting of the pure polymers showed a nonporous surface morphology for low‐humidity preparation conditions, whereas high‐humidity preparation conditions lead to porous PVB and PMMA films, respectively. These pores are explained as the result of a breath figure formation. In the case of the polymer blend films containing both polymers, porous or phase‐separated surface structures were observed even at low‐humidity conditions. A superposition of the effects of phase separation and breath figure formation is observed in the case of polymer blend films prepared under high‐humidity conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images taken before and after the treatment with ethanol as a selective solvent for PVB indicate that PMMA is deposited on top of a PVB layer in the case of the low‐humidity preparation process whereas for high‐humidity conditions the silicon substrate is covered with a PMMA film. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical study of Java bytecode programs
Authors: Collberg Christian , Myles Ginger , Stepp Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe present a study of the static structure of real Java bytecode programs. A total of 1132 Java jar‐files were collected from the Internet and analyzed. In addition to simple counts (number of methods per class, number of bytecode instructions per method, etc.), structural metrics such as the complexity of control‐flow and inheritance graphs were computed. We believe this study will be valuable in the design of future programming languages and virtual machine instruction sets, as well as in the efficient implementation of compilers and other language processors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.