bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KALMAN FILTER ESTIMATION AND PREDICTION OF DAILY STREAM FLOWS: I. REVIEW, ALGORITHM, AND SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS1
Authors: Bergman M. J. , Delleur J. W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAn important class of models, frequently used in hydrology for the forecasting of hydrologic variables one or more time periods ahead, or for the generation of synthetic data sequences, is the class of autoregressive(AR) models. As the AR models belong to the family of linear stochastic difference equations, they have both a deterministic and a stochastic component. The stochastic component is often assumed to have a Gaussian distribution. It is well known that hydrologic observations (e.g., stream flows) are heavily affected by noise. To account explicitly for the observation noise, the linear stochastic difference equation is expressed in state variable form and an observation model is introduced. The discrete Kalman filter algorithm can then be used to obtain estimates of the state variable vector. Typically, in hydrologic systems, model parameters, system noise statistics and measurement noise statistics are unknown, and have to be estimated. In this study an adaptive algorithm is discussed which estimates these quantities simultaneously with the state variables. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by using simulated data.
DESIGN AND IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR DIVERSION AT COAL CREEK MINE1
Authors: Bowles David S. , Grant James L. , Humphries William E. , O'Hayre Arthur P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA diversion system has been designed to carry the flow from East Fork of Coal Creek around the area proposed for mining at Thunder Basin Coal Company's (TBCC) Coal Creek mine in Campbell County, Wyoming. This paper describes the field and analysis procedures necessary to prepare the diversion design and impact evaluation, and the innovative concepts developed for the diversion system design to minimize impacts on downstream channel stability. Under the proposed diversion system design, water from the East Basin of Coal Creek will be diverted at two locations. At one location, flow will be impounded by a small dam and decanted by a pump through a pipeline into East Fork at the location of the second diversion. At this location, a training dike will be placed across the stream channel to divert flows into a diversion channel. Gravity flow along the diversion channel will deliver water to a playa area which will be converted into a detention basin by placing a small dam across its southern end. Flows up to the magnitude of the 24‐hour 2‐year peak flow will be passed directly through the detention basin into Middle Fork with negligible attenuation of flow rates. For less frequent events, water will be stored in the detention basin in order to prevent velocities in Lower Middle Fork from exceeding the maximum permissible velocity above which scouring may occur. Evaporation and seepage losses from the diversion system were estimated to be small and should be more than offset by the addition of water from the playa drainage basin into the Coal Creek drainage.Velocities predicted for the Lower Middle Fork after‐the diversion is constructed are expected to be low enough that significant erosion of the channel is not expected to occur.
WETLAND BOUNDARIES IN THE NEW JERSEY PINELANDS: ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AND DELINEATION1
Authors: Roman Charles T. , Zampella Robert A. , Jaworski Andrew Z. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWetland protection regulations and guidelines often require the delineation of precise wetland boundaries on a case‐by‐case basis. In this study, conducted in the New Jersey Pinelands, an ecological characterization of vegetation composition, soil and hydrologic relationships along upland to wetland Pinus rigida ‐ dominated transittions provided the basis for a multiparameter approach to wetland boundary delineation. The transitional data set was analyzed by direct gradient analysis, cluster analysis and ordination. It is concluded that vegetation composition can be a principal factor in delineating wetland boundaries along natural upland to wetland transitions. However, where distinct vegetation changes are not observed, a feature of our study sites, a multiparameter approach should be used.
ESTIMATES OF THE ECONOMIC VALUE PRODUCTIVITY OF IRRIGATION WATER IN PAKISTAN FROM FARM SURVEYS1
Authors: Hussain Rana Zakir , Young Robert A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTData from two cross‐sectional surveys totaling over 2000 farmers in Pakistan are analyzed with regression techniques to estimate the value productivity of irrigation water and related resources. Returns to irrigation water vary by province, but in general are found to be high relative to estimated costs of obtaining water. Salinity of water supplies is an important productivity depressant. The results will be useful in determining the economic feasibility of various means for augmenting supplies and for improving delivery and application efficiencies.
ORGANIZATION OF THE WATER POLICY PROCESS “FROM THE BOTTOM UP”: THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH EXPERIMENT1
Authors: Harrison David C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The water policy process should weight and integrate a full range of social, economic and environmental considerations in defining the public interest. In practice, isolated elements of this process are performed by the existing legislative, administrative and judicial processes. Neither individually nor together do they do all of it. Until the political process defines the public interest, perceptions will persist that we do not have national water policy or a unified process for developing it.We have yet to mount a legitimate organizational attack on the problem of policy coordination and institutional fragmentation on a national scale. Experience with the U.S. Water Resources Council and Title II river basin commissions taught that we must develop a better understanding of the roles of public policy and policy leadership in a democratic society. We must specifically go beyond putting administrative agencies together to talk about water management to putting the main constituencies together to talk about water policy.The political and economic leadership of the Red River Valley of the North have undertaken to provide unified policy direction for water use and management for their 60,000‐square‐mile region. The guiding concept was provided by the author, who also intervened in the role of organizer. An enthusiastic constituency formed for the process when it was established that the process began at the local level and it was the Valley's own responsibility to make it work.This paper describes the approach used to organize the policy process in the Red River Valley and analyzes the response. It concludes that the bottom‐up philosophy of this administration will readily take root if prototype initiatives like the Red can be undertaken elsewhere and if our political and economic leadership, who must take the initiative, receive guidance and support at the local level and on a regional scale, It concludes that the “basin approach” will prove valid if “local statesmen” acquire the means to institutionalize it.
MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT AQUIFER SYSTEM IN MISSISSIPPI: GEOHYDROLOGIC DATA COMPILATION FOR FLOW MODEL SIMULATION1
Authors: Arthur J. K. , Taylor R. E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: As part of the Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer System Analysis (GC RASA) study, data from 184 geophysical well logs were used to define the geohydrologic framework of the Mississippi embayment aquifer system in Mississippi for flow model simulation. Five major aquifers of Eocene and Paleocene age were defined within this aquifer system in Mississippi.A computer data storage system was established to assimilate the information obtained from the geophysical logs. Computer programs were developed to manipulate the data to construct geologic sections and structure maps. Data from the storage system will be input to a five‐layer, three‐dimensional, finite‐difference digital computer model that is used to simulate the flow dynamics in the five major aquifers of the Mississippi embayment aquifer system.
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR QUANTIFYING INSTREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS1
Authors: Estes Christopher C. , Orsborn John F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Present guidelines for selecting a method to determine instream flow requirements and evaluating the validity of the results from a particular method are insufficient. This paper contributes to the efforts of researchers to develop a guide and critique for instream flow methods.A review of instreani flow methods and recommendations for their application is supplemented by a summary of a comparison of four independent analyses. The four analyses: the Physical Habitat Simulation System approach of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Montana Method by Tennant, and two methods by Orsborn (Maximum Spawning Area Flow and Maximum Spawning Area) represent resource intensive and simplistic data collection and analysis methods. Each analysis was used to independently determine flows to support spawning by chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Willow Creek, Alaska.Results of these analyses indicate that each method can be used independently or collectively to generate instream flow recommendations, if calibrated to the site or area studied. Once adjusted to the species and basin of interest, methods similar to the Montana and two Orsborn methods should be used to determine flow recommendations for areas where competition for water is minimal. The Instream Flow Incremental Methodology or similar methods should be applied when competition for water is keen or when detailed evaluations of the responses of species/life phases to flow variations are required.
FECAL COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS IN RUNOFF FROM A GRAZED, RECLAIMED SURFACE MINE1
Authors: Boyer D. G. , Peny H. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe relatively scarcity of flat or moderately sloping land in Central Appalachia make reclaimed surface mined lands attractive for agricultural uses. A reclaimed surface coal mine in southern West Virginia was placed under grazing management during the 1984 and 1985 growing seasons. Discharge was collected from summer‐grazed watersheds of about 2.8 ha and 8.9 ha and analyzed, by the membrane‐filtration method, for fecal coliforms (FC). Prior to grazing, in 1984, FC counts were < 20/100 ml. During the grazing season, FC ranged from <0/100 ml to> 1000/100 ml in 1984 and from 0/100 ml to > 2500/100 ml in 1985. FC counts remained high during warm periods for several months after grazing ceased. It was concluded that the bacteriological quality of receiving streams was impacted by grazing the reclaimed area and recommended standards for point sources were often exceeded; however, the FC counts did not appear to be any greater than what would have been expected from grazed, undisturbed areas. Reclaimed surface mine areas in Appalachia have the potential to be a valuable “flat land” resource and grazing appears to be an alternative post mine land use that affects bacteriological water quality in a similar manner as “natural” pastures. However, good management practices may be necessary to avoid bacterial contamination of adjacent bodies of water.
ASSESSING FLUSHING‐FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR BROWN TROUT SPAWNING GRAVELS IN STEEP STREAMS1
Authors: Kondolf G. M. , Cada G. F. , Sale M. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFlushing flows are re1eses from dams designed to remove fine sediment from downstream spawning habitat. We evaluated flushing flows on reaches proposed for hydroelectric diversions on seven streams in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, with wild populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta). The stream reaches are steep (average map slopes range from 7 to 17 percent), are dominated by boulder cascades, and afford few opportunities for gravel deposition. Methods for estimating flushing flows from flow records, developed from studies in other localities, produced widely differing results when applied to the study streams, probably reflecting differences in the hydrologic and geomorphic characteristics of the streams on which the methods were developed. Tracer gravel experiments demonstrated that all sampled gravels were washed out by the flows of 1986, a wet year. Size analyses of gravel samples and hydraulic data from field surveys were used in tractive‐force calculations in an attempt to specify the flow required to flush the gravels. However, these calculations produced some unrealistic results because the flows were nonuniform in the study reaches. This suggests that the tractive‐force approach may not be generally applicable to small, steep streams where nonuniform flow conditions prevail.
SIMULATION OF REGIONAL GROUND WATER FLOW IN BEDROCK, SOUTHWESTERN NEW YORK‐NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA1
Authors: Gould Gerald , Siegel D. I. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of steady‐state three‐dimensional computer simulations to determine the hydrogeologic setting of formation water in the hydrocarbon producing formations of southwestern New York and northwestern Pennsylvania. Recharge areas for the regional ground water flow systems in the study area are the Valley Heads Moraine and Allegheny uplands; discharge areas are Lakes Erie and Ontario to the north and the northern margin of the Appalachian basin to the south.Simulated ground water flow in all model layers moves north from the ground water divide on the Valley Heads Moraine towards Lake Erie at a rate from 10−‐6 to 10−‐3 ft/day. South of the divide intermediate‐scale and local‐scale flow systems occur in the upper 4000 feet of the stratigraphic section and the directions of ground water flow diverge towards major rivers and other topographically low areas.
PUBLIC INFORMATION AND CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT1
Authors: Grisham Alice 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Public information, an important contributer to citizen involvement in the governmental decision making process, has traditionally been given a low priority by government agencies. However, citizens are becoming increasingly concerned about governmental decisions that affect their lives and are demanding more information about governmental activities, including information about water resource issues, Because of this active citizen interest and involvement, the role of public information in increasing citizen awareness is becoming more important.Government officials and professionals should recognize that public information efforts also play an important role in achieving increased credibility and respect for their agencies. Once an agency recognizes the importance of public information and decides to initiate a public information program, careful planning is required to develop a program that addresses the needs of both the citizens and the agency. Two of the most flexible and cost effective ways to get information to the publié are through publications and public meetings. Both can be easily adapted to suit the needs of specific audiences and projects.A successful public information program can be carried out at a relatively low cost, but it requires a substantial amount of time and energy. The commitment of time and energy for this purpose is a good investment, however, because an effective public information program can play a significant role in improving the quality of governmental decisions through the increased involvement of the citizenry.
REELFOOT LAKE SEDIMENTATION RATES AND SOURCES1
Authors: McIntyre Sherwood C. , Naney James W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The three basins of Reelfoot Lake, which is located in northwestern Tennessee, were investigated using the Cs‐137 tracer technique to determine rates of sediment deposition and to estimate the time before the basins will fill with sediment. Blue Basin, the largest of the three basins with 2922 ha, had an average annual sedimentation rate of 0.9 cm/yr from 1984 to 1984. The basin will become too shallow for most boating and recreational activities in about 200 years. Buck Basin, the central basin with 774 ha, had an average annual sedimentation rate of 1.1 cm/yr and will become too shallow for most recreational uses in about 100 years. Upper Blue Basin, the most upstream and smallest basin with 439 ha, had an average annual sedimentation rate of 1.7 cm/yr and will become too shallow for most recreational uses in about 60 years.Two important sources of sediment to Reelfoot Lake are erosion from a large number of soybean fields and channelization of many of the streams that flow into the lake. Changes in land management that would reduce erosion could increase the time the lake would remain usable for recreational activities.
WATER AUCTIONS AS AN ALLOCATION MECHANISM IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA1
Authors: Simon Benjamin , Anderson David 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During recent years many countries have moved to rationalize the management of state owned or state controlled resources. In Victoria, Australia, water, in particular, has received a great deal of attention. Subsidies to construct, operate, and rehabilitate irrigation facilities have been reduced, and there have been numerous consolidations of small water supply authorities to achieve economies of scale. In addition, Victoria has taken the unusual step of using auctions to allocate new irrigation water entitlements.The six water auctions that took place during 1988 and early 1989 were perceived as an efficient and equitable mechanism to allocate limited water supplies to their highest value use. While the agricultural areas where the different auctions occurred were similar, there was substantial variation in the prices paid, which reflects varying demands for additional irrigation water.This paper will discuss the following topics: the auction process used and the results of the auctions, the efficiency of the auction procedures, and the factors influencing the demand for additional irrigation water in the different auctions. In addition, the implications of using auctions to allocate water supplies for future water management in Victoria will be discussed.
MODELING STUDIES FOR PLANNING: THE GREEN BAY PROJECT1
Authors: Martin James L. , Richardson William L. , McCutcheon Steven C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A major contaminant monitoring and modeling study is underway for Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Monitoring programs in support of contaminant modeling of large waterbodies, such as for Green Bay, are expensive and their extent is often limited by budget limitations, laboratory capacity, and logistic constraints. Therefore, it is imperative that available resources be used in the most efficient manner possible. This use, or allocation of resources, may be aided through the application of readily available models in the planning stages of projects.To aid in the planning effort for the Green Bay project, a workshop was held and studies designed to aid in the allocation of resources for a year‐long intensive field study. Physical/chemical and food chain models were applied using historical data to aid in project planning by identifying processes having the greatest impact on the predictive capability of mass balance models. Studies were also conducted to estimate errors in computed tributary loadings and in‐Bay concentrations and contaminant mass associated with different sampling strategies. The studies contributed to the overall project design, which was a collaborative effort with many participants involved in budgeting, field data collection, analysis, processing of data, quality assurance, data management and modeling activities.
HYDROCLIMATIC VARIABILITY IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS1
Authors: Changnon David , McKee Thomas B. , Doesken Nolan J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The spatial and temporal variability of hydroclimatic elements were investigated in the central and northern Rocky Mountains (Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming) during the 1951–1985 period. The three hydroclimatic elements studied were total water‐year (October 1‐September 30) streamflow (ST), winter (October 1‐March 31) accumulated precipitation (PR), and April 1 snowpack (SN). An analysis of 14 virgin watersheds showed wide spatial djfferences in the temporal variability of SN, PR, and ST, and these were found to be caused largely by basin exposure to moist air flows. The more stable (low variability) basins were those exposed to prevailing northerly to westerly flow, while unstable (high variability) basins were exposed to occasional southwesterly to southeasterly moist flow. Snowpack was the better indicator of ST in 11 of the 14 watersheds, explaining 37 to 87 percent of the ST variance.Analysis of the spatial variability, based on all SN and PR data from across the study area, revealed 11 discrete climatic regions. Both SN and PR exhibited coherent regions of stable and unstable temporal variability. The average variability between stable and unstable regions differed by a factor of two, and the differences were best explained by the exposure of the mountain barrier to moist air flows.
THE PRACTICE OF COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM MODELING1
Authors: Nix Stephan J. , Moffa Peter E. , Davis Daniel P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A combined sewer system is a complex system subject to the dynamic stimuli of precipitation, runoff pollution loads, and sanitary wastes. The system response is a random series of pollutant loads to a receiving water. In many localities, these discharges create considerable water quality problems. Mathematical models can and have played a useful role in predicting the behavior of combined sewer systems and evaluating abatement strategies.Based on the authors' experiences over the past several years, this paper explores some of the positive and negative aspects of using deterministic mathematical models to simulate the behavior of combined sewer systems. A case study follows a discussion on modeling objectives, limitations of modeling, model selection, establishing model credibility, and many other considerations necessary in modeling and simulating these systems.