bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy Entrepreneurs: The Third Dimension in American Foreign‐policy Culture
Authors: Khan M. A. Muqtedar 
Published: October 2008

“The Great oil boom was an event so profoundly and broadly influential that it provides the key to understanding the surge of Islam.” — Daniel Pipes, 1983.“Yet it is naive to attribute the Islamic revival mainly to oil.” — John Esposito, 1985.“Yes, I did publish a book in 1983, In the Path of God, suggesting that the resurgence of Islam in the 1970s resulted from the boom in oil wealth. At this point I don't know what causes fundamentalism‥[It] may be too complicated for us to figure out.” — Daniel Pipes, 1994.“In the long run, many academics were proved right.” — David D. Newsom, 1995‐96.
The Future Israeli‐Palestinian Relationship
Authors: Ma'oz Moshe , Khatib Ghassan , Dakkak Ibrahim , Yossi Katz MK , Sayigh Yezid , Schiff Ze ‘ev , Shamir Shimon , Shikaki Khalil 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTIn this concept paper, the Joint Working Group on Israeli‐Palestinian Relations‐a group of influential Palestinians and Israelis that has been meeting periodically since 1994 to discuss final‐status issues in the Israeli‐Palestinian negotiations‐explores the future relationship between the two societies after the signing of a peace agreement. The paper considers a relationship based on total separation between the two societies and states as neither realistic nor desirable. Instead, it envisages a future relationship based on mutually beneficial cooperation in many spheres, conducive to stable peace, sustainable development, and ultimate reconciliation. The basis for such a relationship must be laid in the process and outcome of the final‐status negotiations and in the patterns of cooperation established on the ground.Efforts at cooperation and reconciliation cannot be pursued apart from their political context. The paper argues that the only feasible political arrangement on which a cooperative relationship can be built is a two‐state solution, establishing a genuinely independent Palestinian state alongside of Israel. The resolution of final‐status issues must be consistent with the sovereignty, viability, and security of both states.The paper then proceeds to describe several models for the relationship between the two states and societies. It advocates a model of close cooperation, but proposes that this relationship be built in stages. The scope and speed of expanding and institutionalizing cooperative activities must be determined by experience‐by the extent to which such activities meet the needs of both parties, enhance mutual trust, and reduce inequalities between the parties.Finally, the paper discusses three avenues for promoting a cooperative relationship based on equality, reciprocal benefit, and mutual trust and respect: the development of functional ties and civil‐society institutions across national borders; programs directed toward attitude change and stereotype reduction; and efforts to close the economic and political gap between the two societies.
My Family Memories of Marjorie Grice‐Hutchinson in Malaga, Southern Spain
Authors: Cervera Navas Leonardo 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.  Marjorie Grice‐Hutchinson is well‐known for her contributions to economic science. However, very few people outside Malaga (the city in the south of Spain where she lived most of her life) are aware of the philanthropic activities that she and her father undertook in the years that preceded and followed the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939).Thanks to the efforts of Marjorie and her father, many survived political murder during the Spanish Civil War, tuberculosis, or starvation. Besides, thanks to the charity school that Marjorie and her father opened, many girls of the area received some education, overcoming the secular analphabetism and misery lasting generations.These lines are meant to honor the memory of a prestigious economist from a different perspective and with the purpose that future generations know the way she helped other human beings (including my own family) in a totally unselfish way.
Osteogenesis distraction and platelet‐rich plasma: combined use in restoration of severe atrophic mandible. Long‐term results
Authors: Robiony M. , Zorzan E. , Polini F. , Sembronio S. , Toro C. , Politi M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this paper is to report long‐term results on the use of autologous bone graft and platelet‐rich plasma in alveolar distraction osteogenesis (DO) for restoration of severe atrophic mandible. We tested the efficacy as to reabsorption of bone volume, peri‐implant reabsorption, implant survival and success rate.Materials and methods: Twelve patients were treated. The surgical procedure consisted in mixing autologous bone, harvested from the iliac crest, with autologous platelet concentrate (APC) and in filling the distraction gap with this graft. After a latency of 15 days, a distraction rate of 0.5 mm/day was followed. After a 60‐day period of consolidation, the distraction device was removed and implants were placed simultaneously. The abutment connection was accomplished after 6 months. In addition, every patient was evaluated clinically and radiographically annually for 5 years.Results: Planned alveolar height was reached in 11 out of 12 patients. The total number of implants positioned was 47. At the time of implant positioning, the mean decrease of total bone volume was 2.3%. The mean peri‐implant resorption was 0.40 mm at the time of abutment connection, 0.61 mm 1 year after implant loading and 1.51 mm after 5 years. After 5 years of follow‐up, the mean rate of vertical bone loss was 18.7%. Instead, the implant survival and success rates were 97.9% and 91.5%, respectively.Conclusions: Long‐term results allow us to confirm the combination of autologous bone‐platelet gel with alveolar DO as an effective and predictable procedure in restoration of severe atrophic mandible.
Clinical management of HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection
Authors: Pozza Renee 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPurpose:The purpose of this study was to review the current management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in persons coinfected with HIV.Data sources:Comprehensive review of current scientific literature derived from electronic databases, article bibliographies, and conference abstracts.Conclusions:HCV treatment is feasible in the individual coinfected with HIV; however, therapy is complex and requires intensive monitoring and support to achieve the outcome of viral eradication. New strategies to improve HCV treatment rates, adherence to therapy, and virological response rates are needed in this patient population.Implications for practice:Nurse practitioners are crucial to the management of the HIV/HCV–coinfected patient. This patient population requires detailed clinical monitoring, education, side effect management, and strategies to improve adherence to therapy.
Diastolic heart failure: State of the science on best treatment practices
Authors: Redderson Lindsey Austin , Keen Crystal , Nasir Laura , Berry Diane 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this article is to increase awareness among nurse practitioners (NPs) of the current state of the science on diastolic heart failure (DHF), the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for DHF, and pathophysiology, diagnosis, and nonpharmacological and pharmacological management of DHF.Data sources: The articles included in the review of the state of the science were retrieved by a search of PUBMED literature using the following key search terms: heart failure, diastolic heart failure, preserved systolic function, heart failure management, treatment of diastolic heart failure, treatment of diastolic dysfunction, and treatment of preserved systolic function. Current published guidelines from the ACC and AHA were reviewed to establish clinical recommendations for patients with DHF.Conclusions: The state of the science and clinical recommendations for DHF are in the early stages compared to those for systolic heart failure (SHF). The need for more randomized clinical trials on nonpharmacological and pharmacological management and the development of standardized guidelines for DHF patients are clearly apparent.Implications for practice: Both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic management are effective and necessary to control the clinical signs and symptoms of DHF and improve overall quality of life. Successful tailoring of a treatment plan to suit each individual patient’s needs and including the family are important for the NP to consider.
The CD8 T-Cell Response against Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Is Directed toward a Broad Repertoire of Epitopes from both Early and Late Antigens
Authors: Gredmark-Russ Sara , Cheung Evelyn J. , Isaacson Marisa K. , Ploegh Hidde L. , Grotenbreg Gijsbert M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTInfection of mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) robustly activates CD8 T cells, but only six class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted epitopes have been described to date for the widely usedH-2bhaplotype mice. To explore the specificity and kinetics of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in MHV-68-infected C57BL/6 mice, we screened for H-2Kb- and H-2Db-restricted epitopes using a set of 384 candidate epitopes in an MHC tetramer-based approach and identified 19 new epitopes in 16 different open reading frames. Of the six known H-2Kb- and H-2Db-restricted epitopes, we confirmed a response against three and did not detect CD8 T-cell-specific responses for the remaining three. The peak of the CD8 T-cell response to most peptides occurs between 6 and 10 days postinfection. The respective MHC tetramer-positive CD8 T cells display an activated/effector phenotype (CD62Lloand CD44hi) and produce gamma interferon upon peptide stimulation ex vivo. MHV-68 infection in vivo elicits a response to multiple viral epitopes, derived from both early and late viral antigens, illustrating a far broader T-cell repertoire and more-rapid activation than those previously recorded.
Poor-Prognosis Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer Identified by Histopathologic Subclassification
Authors: Webster Lucy R. , Lee Shu-Fen , Ringland Clare , Morey Adrienne L. , Hanby Andrew M. , Morgan Graeme , Byth Karen , Mote Patricia A. , Provan Pamela J. , Ellis Ian O. , Green Andrew R. , Lamoury Gillian , Ravdin Peter , Clarke Christine L. , Ward Robyn L. , Balleine Rosemary L. , Hawkins Nicholas J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Identification of biologically and clinically distinct breast cancer subtypes could improve prognostic assessment of primary tumors. The characteristics of “molecular” breast cancer subtypes suggest that routinely assessed histopathologic features in combination with limited biomarkers may provide an informative classification for routine use.
Experimental Design: Hierarchical cluster analysis based on components of histopathologic grade (tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism, and mitotic score), expression of ER, cytokeratin 5/6, and HER2 amplification identified four breast cancer subgroups in a cohort of 270 cases. Cluster subgroup membership was compared with observed and Adjuvant! Online predicted 10-year survival. Survival characteristics were confirmed in an independent cohort of 300 cases assigned to cluster subgroups using a decision tree model.
Results: Four distinct breast cancer cluster subgroups (A-D) were identified that were analogous to molecular tumor types and showed a significant association with survival in both the original and validation cohorts (P &lt; 0.001). There was a striking difference between survival for patients in cluster subgroups A and B with ER+ breast cancer (P &lt; 0.001). Outcome for all tumor types was well estimated by Adjuvant! Online, with the exception of cluster B ER+ cancers where Adjuvant! Online was too optimistic.
Conclusions: Breast cancer subclassification based on readily accessible pathologic features could improve prognostic assessment of ER+ breast cancer.
Cisplatin-Resistant Neuroblastoma Cells Express Enhanced Levels of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Are Sensitive to Treatment with EGFR-Specific Toxins
Authors: Michaelis Martin , Bliss Jennifer , Arnold Sonja C. , Hinsch Nora , Rothweiler Florian , Deubzer Hedwig E. , Witt Olaf , Langer Klaus , Doerr Hans W. , Wels Winfried S. , Cinatl Jindrich 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Neuroblastomas frequently show expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and may therefore be susceptible to EGFR-targeted therapies. Here, EGFR expression and functionality was investigated in parental chemosensitive neuroblastoma cell lines (UKF-NB-3, IMR-32, NLF, SH-SY5Y) and their cisplatin-resistant sublines (UKF-NB-3rCDDP1000, IMR-32rCDDP1000, NLFrCDDP1000, and SH-SY5YrCDDP500). Moreover, the EGFR antibody cetuximab, the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor Tyrphostin B46, and recombinant EGFR-targeted toxins were investigated for their influence on the viability and growth of neuroblastoma cells.
Experimental Design: EGFR expression and function was measured by flow cytometry or Western blot. Cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Apoptosis was examined by immunostaining for active caspase-3 or cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Cellular binding of FITC-labeled immunotoxins was studied by flow cytometry, and cellular uptake was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy.
Results: The EGFR-targeted antibody and growth factor toxins scFv(14E1)- Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA) and TGF-α-ETA exerted anti-cancer effects in neuroblastoma cell lines that were insensitive to cetuximab or EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, adaptation of chemosensitive neuroblastoma cells to cisplatin increased EGFR expression and sensitivity to both recombinant toxins. Treatment of chemosensitive neuroblastoma cells with cisplatin reversibly increased EGFR expression, whereas cisplatin-resistant cells showed enhanced EGFR expression independent of the presence of cisplatin. Combination treatment with scFv(14E1)-ETA or TGF-α-ETA and cisplatin exerted significantly improved anticancer effects compared with either single treatment in parental neuroblastoma cells, cisplatin-resistant sublines, and primary cultures.
Conclusions: EGFR-targeted cytotoxic reagents such as scFv(14E1)-ETA and TGF-α-ETA represent promising candidates for further development as antineuroblastoma agents, especially in combination with cisplatin.
Neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis in sisters
Authors: Cabrera-Gómez JA , Ramón-Pérez L , Saiz A , Llerena-Fernández P , Fernández-Fernández L , Ercilla G , Grass-Fernández D , Robinson-Agramonte MA , Romero-García K , Macías-Betancourt R , Galvizu-Sánchez R , Otero-Motolá C , Sojo-Gómez M , Aguilar-Arias C , Rodríguez-Cordero M , González-Quevedo A 
Published: October 2008

Introduction The association of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has been reported, but details of the cases were not described. We report two Venezuelan Caucasian sisters with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. Results Patient 1 fulfilled McDonald, et al. criteria with HLA A*24; B*07,*15; DRB1*01,*16 (DR2 positive). Patient 2 fulfilled the NMO revised criteria of Wingerchuck, et al. with HLA A*02,*24; B*07,*40; DRB1*04,*08, similar to Canadian aboriginal NMO cases and the Yukpa population from Venezuela. Conclusion These cases confirmed the coexistence of NMO and MS in sisters, and further studies are needed to understand the genetic linkage between these diseases.
Human protein S inhibits the uptake of AcLDL and expression of SR-A through Mer receptor tyrosine kinase in human macrophages
Authors: Liao Dan , Wang Xinwen , Li Min , Lin Peter H. , Yao Qizhi , Chen Changyi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHuman protein S is an anticoagulation protein. However, it is unknown whether protein S could regulate the expression and function of macrophage scavenger receptor A (SR-A) in macrophages. Human THP-1 monocytes and peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and then treated with physiological concentrations of human protein S. We found that protein S significantly reduced acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL) uptake and binding by macrophages and decreased the intracellular cholesteryl ester content. Protein S suppressed the expression of the SR-A at both mRNA and protein levels. Protein S reduced the SR-A promoter activity primarily through inhibition in the binding of transcription factors to the AP-1 promoter element in macrophages. Furthermore, human protein S could bind and induce phosphorylation of Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (Mer RTK). Soluble Mer protein or tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A effectively blocked the effects of protein S on AcLDL uptake. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the level of protein S was substantially increased in human atherosclerotic arteries. Thus, human protein S can inhibit the expression and activity of SR-A through Mer RTK in macrophages, suggesting that human protein S is a modulator for macrophage functions in uptaking of modified lipoproteins.
Discovery and implementation of transcriptional biomarkers of synthetic LXR agonists in peripheral blood cells
Authors: DiBlasio-Smith Elizabeth A , Arai Maya , Quinet Elaine M , Evans Mark J , Kornaga Tad , Basso Michael D , Chen Liang , Feingold Irene , Halpern Anita R , Liu Qiang-Yuan , Nambi Ponnal , Savio Dawn , Wang Shuguang , Mounts William M , Isler Jennifer A , Slager Anna M , Burczynski Michael E , Dorner Andrew J , LaVallie Edward R 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Background
LXRs (Liver X Receptor α and β) are nuclear receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. LXR activation causes upregulation of genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), including ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters, in macrophage and intestine. Anti-atherosclerotic effects of synthetic LXR agonists in murine models suggest clinical utility for such compounds.

Objective
Blood markers of LXR agonist exposure/activity were sought to support clinical development of novel synthetic LXR modulators.

Methods
Transcript levels of LXR target genes ABCA1 and ABCG1 were measured using quantitative reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction assays (qRT-PCR) in peripheral blood from mice and rats (following a single oral dose) and monkeys (following 7 daily oral doses) of synthetic LXR agonists. LXRα, LXRβ, ABCA1, and ABCG1 mRNA were measured by qRT-PCR in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), monocytes, T- and B-cells treated ex vivo with WAY-252623 (LXR-623), and protein levels in human PBMC were measured by Western blotting. ABCA1/G1 transcript levels in whole-blood RNA were measured using analytically validated assays in human subjects participating in a Phase 1 SAD (Single Ascending Dose) clinical study of LXR-623.

Results
A single oral dose of LXR agonists induced ABCA1 and ABCG1 transcription in rodent peripheral blood in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Induction of gene expression in rat peripheral blood correlated with spleen expression, suggesting LXR gene regulation in blood has the potential to function as a marker of tissue gene regulation. Transcriptional response to LXR agonist was confirmed in primates, where peripheral blood ABCA1 and ABCG1 levels increased in a dose-dependent manner following oral treatment with LXR-623. Human PBMC, monocytes, T- and B cells all expressed both LXRα and LXRβ, and all cell types significantly increased ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression upon ex vivo LXR-623 treatment. Peripheral blood from a representative human subject receiving a single oral dose of LXR-623 showed significant time-dependent increases in ABCA1 and ABCG1 transcription.

Conclusion
Peripheral blood cells express LXRα and LXRβ, and respond to LXR agonist treatment by time- and dose-dependently inducing LXR target genes. Transcript levels of LXR target genes in peripheral blood are relevant and useful biological indicators for clinical development of synthetic LXR modulators.
Fak56 functions downstream of integrin alphaPS3betanu and suppresses MAPK activation in neuromuscular junction growth
Authors: Tsai Pei-I , Kao Hsiu-Hua , Grabbe Caroline , Lee Yu-Tao , Ghose Aurnab , Lai Tzu-Ting , Peng Kuan-Po , Van Vactor David , Palmer Ruth H , Chen Ruey-Hwa , Yeh Shih-Rung , Chien Cheng-Ting 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Background
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) functions in cell migration and signaling through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. Neuronal function of FAK has been suggested to control axonal branching; however, the underlying mechanism in this process is not clear.

Results
We have generated mutants for the Drosophila FAK gene, Fak56. Null Fak56 mutants display overgrowth of larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Localization of phospho-FAK and rescue experiments suggest that Fak56 is required in presynapses to restrict NMJ growth. Genetic analyses imply that FAK mediates the signaling pathway of the integrin αPS3βν heterodimer and functions redundantly with Src. At NMJs, Fak56 downregulates ERK activity, as shown by diphospho-ERK accumulation in Fak56 mutants, and suppression of Fak56 mutant NMJ phenotypes by reducing ERK activity.

Conclusion
We conclude that Fak56 is required to restrict NMJ growth during NMJ development. Fak56 mediates an extracellular signal through the integrin receptor. Unlike its conventional role in activating MAPK/ERK, Fak56 suppresses ERK activation in this process. These results suggest that Fak56 mediates a specific neuronal signaling pathway distinct from that in other cellular processes.
Analysis of the early response to TSST-1 reveals Vβ-unrestricted extravasation, compartmentalization of the response, and unresponsiveness but not anergy to TSST-1
Authors: Waclavicek Martina , Stich Norbert , Rappan Ingrid , Bergmeister Helga , Eibl Martha M 
Published: October 2008

AbstractStaphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) is the major cause of toxic shock syndrome and is important in the pathophysiology of staphylococcal septic shock. Our study about the biological effects of TSST-1 in the rabbit 3 and 6 h and 7 days postinjection provides evidence that TSST-1 induces leukopenia, lymphopenia, and monocytopenia as a result of extravasation of cells in a Vß-unrestricted manner. Cells in the circulation, reduced significantly in numbers, show the same phenotypic distribution as before TSST-1 injection. Three hours post-in vivo TSST-1 injection, we demonstrated compartmentalization of the response. By quantitative RT-PCR, the induction of mRNA expression of TH1 and inflammatory cytokines in the spleen and lung and a complete lack of induction in PBMC could be shown. Proliferation assays revealed that 3 h after TSST-1, PBMC were neither activated nor responsive to in vitro restimulation, even when IL-2 was added. In contrast, 7 days later, PBMC and spleen cells were anergic: showing no response to TSST-1 but a vigorous response upon addition of IL-2. The results presented extend our understanding of the pathophysiology of toxic and septic shock as a result of superantigen toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Demonstration of compartmentalization of the response proves that erroneous conclusions could be drawn by the exclusive analysis of PBMCs. The results reveal further that in nonresponsiveness to the antigen, different immunological mechanisms may be operational. Measurements of the induction of cytokine gene activation provide important complementary information to that of serum cytokine levels.