bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Medical School for Rural Doctors
Authors: Inoue Kazuo , Matsumoto Masatoshi , Sawada Tsutomu 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT:
Context: Jichi Medical School (JMS) is the first and only medical school in Japan that was founded exclusively to graduate/prepare rural doctors. Purpose: To evaluate the long‐term effect of JMS on the nationwide distribution of doctors. Methods: Data from the Japanese population census of 1995 and from the Japanese physician census of 1994 were combined for use in this study. We extracted the JMS graduates from the physician census and compared the distribution of JMS graduates to that of non‐JMS graduates. JMS graduates have an obligation to work in rural areas for 9 years after graduation. Therefore, we divided them into those doctors who were either “under rural duty” or “after rural duty.”Findings: JMS graduates were more likely than non‐JMS physicians to practice in rural municipalities. The percentage of JMS graduates practicing under rural duty in communities meeting at least 1 of 4 possible criteria for being considered rural was 2.7 times greater than the percentage of non‐JMS graduates in such communities. The percentage of JMS graduates practicing after rural duty in communities meeting at least 1 rural criterion was 2 times that of non‐JMS graduates. The JMS graduates accounted for only 0.7% of all the physicians in Japan. However, they accounted for 4.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, and 3.0% of the physicians in small population, remote, mountain, and medically underserved municipalities, respectively. Conclusions: The goal of JMS to produce rural doctors in Japan has made an impact on doctor distribution nationwide.
Squid Protein Effect on Growth of Four Penaeid Shrimp
Authors: Cruz‐Ricque L. Elizabeth , Guillaume Jean , Cuzon Gérard ,   AQUACOP
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe growth response to supplementation of mixed diets with a protein extracted from frozen squid (squid protein fraction: SPF) was tested at levels of 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 16.0% in the diet in four species of shrimp: Penaeus stylirostris, P. vannamei, P. monodon and P. indicus. In P. stylirostris and P. vannamei, growth rates were significantly improved by SPF even at the lowest level of supplementation. Improvement was obtained only with 6 and 16 percent in P. monodon, while no significant response was observed in P. indicus. The growth promoting effect of SPF at 16% of the diet could be explained by its nutritional value, particularly by its amino acid content, although all diets were supposed to be well balanced in all known nutrients. However, at lower levels the results obtained seemed to be due to the unknown growth factor (UGF) already mentioned in previous reports.
Feeding Larval Red Drum on Microparticulate Diets in a Closed Recirculating Water System1
Authors: Holt G. Joan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA feeding protocol was developed for red drum larvae based on combining a commercial microparticulate diet (Kyowa Fry Feed) with live prey (rotifers) in a closed, water reuse system. In five trials, growth and survival were measured on larvae reared on a combination of live and microdiet for 1–5 d and then microdiet alone. Results in each trial were compared to control larvae reared on live rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and brine shrimp nauplii Artemia salinas. The most satisfactory combination was feeding live food and microdiet together for the first five days and then completely discontinuing live prey, eliminating the need to feed brine shrimp to the larvae. Growth rates of larvae fed progressively larger sizes of the microdiet were as good as larvae reared on live prey. Both groups metamorphosed to the juvenile stage at less than one month. Survival rates on the five day live food and microdiet combination were a remarkable 60% from egg to the juvenile stage. The successful weaning of red drum to microdiets paves the way to produce a semipurified diet to test nutrient requirements of larval fish.
Improved Seed Production of Goldstriped Amberjack Seriola lalandi under Hatchery Conditions by Injection of Triiodothyronine (T3) to Broodstock Fish
Authors: Tachihara Katsunori , El‐Zibdeh Mohammad Khalil , Ishimatsu Atsushi , Tagawa Masatomo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSurvival of the seed of goldstriped amberjack Seriola lalandi was consistently enhanced by intramuscular injection of triiodothyronine (T3) to the broodstock fish at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Survival rates at the time of transfer to net cages (35 d after hatching) were 2.6–5.0% for the T3 treatment while only 0.3–2.1% for the control. Survival rates 36 mo after hatching was estimated to be 12 times higher in the T3‐treated group (1.1%) than in the control (0.09%). T3 concentration in newly spawned eggs increased from control levels of 0.3–1.0 ng/g to 68–127 ng/g 2 d after injection and subsided with successive spawns. T3 concentration in the treated larvae was about 360 times higher than in the control upon hatching (29 np/p vs 0.08 ng/g), but became indistinguishable from the control 6 d after hatching. These results indicate injection of T3 to the broodstock of S. lalndi to be of practical value in aquaculture of the species.
Spawning Frequency Analysis of Wild and Pond‐Reared Pacific White Shrimp Penaeus vannamei Broodstock under Large‐Scale Hatchery Conditions
Authors: Palacios Elena , Racolta Ilie S. , de la Paz Acuacultores 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSecond generation Penaeus vannamei broodstack, pond‐reared and wild populations, were compared for spawning frequency and several variables associated with reproductive performance. For this purpose, 470 pond‐reared and 237 wild‐caught individually tagged females were stocked with males of the same origin in ten maturation tanks in a commercial hatchery, and several productivity variables were recorded over time. Results of the analysis indicate that wild shrimp had higher mating and spawning frequencies compared to pond‐reared broodstock. The number of nauplii per spawn was higher for wild shrimp, but fertilization and hatching rates were higher for pond‐reared spawners. A larger proportion of nonmating females were found in pond‐reared shrimp; whereas, wild females had a higher potential for multiple matings. The spawn quality (fertilization and hatching rates, percentage of viable spawns, and number of nauplii) in consecutive matings did not decline substantially. The present study indicates that selection of females with multiple spawning capabilities can be an important commercial strategy to improve nauplii production over the short term. Pond‐reared broodstock can be an adequate source for applying this strategy because of their year‐round availability and an overall acceptable reproductive performance.
Comparison of Three Culture Methods for the Intensive Culture of Northern Quahog Seed, Mercenaria mercenaria
Authors: Pfeiffer Timothy J. , Rusch Kelly A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA number of approaches have been utilized for growing bivalve hatchery seed (1 mm) to a size suitable for field planting (< 8 mm) but few have been directly compared. This study evaluated the growth and survival of northern quahog seed in three different culture systems and two different stocking densities. The three systems were: 1) a stacked‐tray unit with downward water flow; 2) traditional upweller culture units with water flowing upward without seed bed expansion; and 3) upweller culture units with water flowing upward at fluidization velocities to provide seed bed expansion. The two stocking densities were 1.0 and 3.0 g whole wet weight clam/cm2 respectively. During each trial period the seed clams were fed a 1% daily ration (% dry weight algae per wet weight clam per day) of the cultured diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. After 14 d of culture at the 1.0 g whole wet weight/cm2 stocking density, seed clams (4.4 ± 0.6 mm initial shell length) under fluidized‐flow condition exhibited better growth (0.54/d), and a greater final shell length (5.9 ± 1.0 mm). At the high density stocking conditions, after 28 d of culture, seed clams (4.2 ± 0.6 mm initial shell length) in the fluidized‐flow culture conditions again exhibited better growth rate (0.031/d) and a greater final shell length (6.0 ± 1.0 mm). The preliminary evaluation of fluidized‐flow for seed clam culture in land‐based nurseries indicates its potential as a suitable alternative to raceway, downwelling, or traditional forced‐flow culture methods.
Sediment Quality in Arkansas Bait Minnow Ponds
Authors: Tepe Yalcin , Boyd Claude E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSediment cores were collected from 7‐yr‐old, 20‐ to 25‐yr‐old, and 30‐ to 35‐yr‐old ponds at a bait minnow farm at Lonoke, Arkansas, USA. Average depths of soft sediment (S and M horizons) were 8 cm in young ponds, 12 em in intermediate‐age ponds, and 26 cm in old ponds. Organic carbon concentrations in sediment were low to moderate (1–2%) and carbon to nitrogen ratios were wide (20–50). Phosphorus and sulfur concentrations increased as ponds aged. Most of the phosphorus (78.9%) was in organic form, but sulfur was primarily inorganic in form (presumably iron sulfide). There appears to be two major problems associated with sediment accumulation over time. Deep, soft sediment interferes with pond management and especially with harvest. High phosphorus concentration in old sediment may contribute to dense phytoplankton blooms by supplying phosphorus to the water. Sodium nitrate treatment did not increase the rate of sediment organic matter decomposition in laboratory trials and would not be expected to enhance the degradation of sediment organic matter in ponds. The best method for improving the condition of bottoms in older bait minnow ponds probably is to remove the sediment.
Immune Response and Resistance to Stress and Edwardsiella ictaluri Challenge in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Fed Diets Containing Commercial Whole‐Cell Yeast or Yeast Subcomponents
Authors: Welker Thomas L. , Lim Chhorn , Yildirim‐Aksoy Mediha , Shelby Richard , Klesius Phillip H. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract Dietary supplementation of yeast or yeast subcomponents (YYS) as commercial preparations of β‐glucan (MacroGard®; Biotec‐Mackzymal, Tromsø, Norway; and Betagard A®; Aqua‐In‐Tech, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA), mannan oligosaccharide (Bio‐Mos™ Aqua Grade; Alltech, Nicholasville, KY, USA), or whole‐cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Levucell SB20®; Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Milwaukee, WI, USA) at the manufacturer’s recommended levels was evaluated on the physiological performance of juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Fish were fed YYS diets for 4 wk, followed by 2 wk of control diet. Fish were sampled at the end of each feeding period (4 and 6 wk) to measure hematological and immune parameters and growth and to determine the effects of dietary β‐glucan on resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri infection and to low‐water stress (6 wk). Supplementation of YYS in diets did not affect growth performance, hematology, or immune function. Survival from E. ictaluri infection was from 5 to 17.5% higher in fish fed YYS diets than in the control group, but the increases were not significant. Some improvement in stress resistance was observed in YYS‐fed catfish after exposure to low‐water stress. Stress reduction in fish fed diets supplemented with yeast subcomponents has been reported previously, but thus far, no explanation has been proposed for this effect. The present study and the previously published research suggest that dietary YYS supplementation does not appear to improve resistance of channel catfish to E. ictaluri.
Effect of Daily Feeding Ratio on Growth and Body Composition of Subadult Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Fed an Extruded Diet during the Summer Season
Authors: Cho Sung Hwoan , Lee Sang‐Mok , Park Byum Hee , Ji Sung Choon , Choi Cheol Young , Lee Jin Hwan , Kim Yi Cheong , Lee Jong Ha , Oh Sung‐Yong 
Published: March 2007

Abstract A 10‐wk feeding trial to determine the effect of daily feeding ratio on growth and body composition of subadult olive flounder fed the extruded pellet (EP) was performed during the summer season. Thirteen flounder (an initial body weight of 319 g) per tank were distributed into fifteen 500‐L flow‐through tanks. Five treatments of feeding ratio in 5% decrement were prepared in triplicate: 100 (satiation), 95, 90, 85, and 80% of satiation. Fish in the control group (100% of satiation) were hand‐fed to apparent satiation twice a day. Then, feed allowance in the rest of the four groups was determined based on average feed consumption of fish in the control group. Weight gain of fish fed to 100% of satiation was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed to 85 and 80% of satiation but not significantly (P > 0.05) different from that of fish fed to 95 and 90% of satiation. Serum total protein, glucose, and glutamic pyruvic transaminase were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by feeding ratio but triglyceride and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase were. In considering these results, it can be concluded that optimum daily feeding ratio for growth of subadult olive flounder seemed to be 90% of satiation when fish were fed the EP twice a day during the summer season.
Growout of Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei, Stocked into Production Ponds at Three Different Ages
Authors: Zelaya Oscar , Rouse David B. , Davis D. Allen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study was designed to determine the production characteristics of the Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeusvannamei,stocked into grow‐out ponds at three different sizes and ages. To meet this goal, three groups of postlarvae (PL) were obtained. The first group was placed in a nursery system for 21 d (N21), the second for 14 d (N14), and the third was stocked directly into ponds (DS). Shrimp from each nursery treatment (three tanks per treatment) were pooled and then subdivided for stocking into four replicate 0.1 ha ponds per treatment, another four ponds were stocked directly (DS) with PL8. All 12 ponds were stocked on the same day at a density of approximately 35 PL/m2, and cultured over a 16‐wk period and then drain harvested. After harvest, mean average weights (15.4, 16.9, and 14.9 g), survivals (63, 62, and 64%), FCRs (2.7, 2.5, and 2.7), and average yields (3592, 4005, and 3374 kg/ha) were determined for N21, N14, and DS, respectively. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were observed among treatments. Regardless of nursing time, nursed juveniles did not differ significantly in production characteristics from shrimp stocked directly from the hatchery.
Experimental Studies to Evaluate Larval Survival of the Fire Shrimp, Lysmata debelius, to the Juvenile Stage
Authors: Palmtag Matthew R. , Holt G. Joan 
Published: March 2007

Abstract Many coral reefs are threatened because of anthropogenic impacts such as destructive fishing methods for marine ornamentals. The marine ornamental industry is currently almost completely dependent upon wild collections. The development of commercially feasible methods to culture ornamental species could help to reduce the need for wild‐collected specimens and reduce pressure on coral reefs. Advances in larval rearing and nutrition would help overcome the bottlenecks that impede the commercial production of many marine ornamental species. This article focuses on research for improving the production of the fire shrimp, Lysmata debelius. Experiments were performed with larval fire shrimp to evaluate (1) the importance of essential fatty acid enrichment of live prey (rotifers and Artemia) and (2) feeding penaeid shrimp muscle tissue to improve survival to metamorphosis. We also provide the fatty acid composition of Day‐1 posthatch fire shrimp larvae. The enrichment of live prey with docosahexaenoic acid did not improve larval growth, survival, or time to metamorphosis, but larvae fed live prey together with pureed penaeid shrimp muscle had survival rates of 9.8 ± 1.2%. The data and protocols developed in this study provide a foundation and baseline for future fire shrimp larval studies.
Gonadal Development and Differentiation in Cultured Juvenile Winter Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus
Authors: Fairchild Elizabeth A. , Rennels Nathan , Howell W. Huntting , Wells Roger E. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, is currently being evaluated as a stock enhancement candidate in New Hampshire, USA; however, little is known about the gonadal development or the sex ratio of cultured juveniles. To determine the size at gonadal differentiation, 327 cultured fish ranging from <20 to 110 mm total length (TL), in 10‐mm‐TL size classes, were examined histologically. Gonads had differentiated into testes and ovaries in fish ≥41 mm TL (98%), whereas the majority of fish (81%) smaller than 40 mm TL possessed undifferentiated gonads. A total of 313 cultured fish >40 mm TL were analyzed for sex ratio. In 2003, 67 females and 164 males were identified, yielding a sex ratio that was significantly skewed toward male (χ2= 40.7, df = 1, P < 0.001). This trend held true when cultured fish were sorted by age and length, with the exception of those fish 61–70 mm TL. This aberration probably was because of a small sample size in this length category. However, in both the 2004 and the 2005 cultured populations, flounder sex did not deviate from a 1:1 ratio (2004 χ2= 0.12, df = 1, P= 0.724 and 2005 χ2= 0.02, df = 1, P= 0.881). The 2003 data suggest that environmental or genetic factors may affect winter flounder sex determination; rearing manipulation studies in the hatchery are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Bilingual Language Processing
Authors: Desmet Timothy , Duyck Wouter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the psycholinguistic research concerning the processes and representations that bilinguals use while processing language. We review the lexical, semantic, and syntactic levels of bilingual processing. The main conclusion from this review is that the different languages of bilinguals strongly influence each other during processing. Therefore, we end with a brief overview of some recent research about how bilinguals are able to keep this interference under control. Throughout the review we will point towards promising future developments.
DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
Authors: SHERIDAN DESMOND 
Published: March 2007

The last century has witnessed groundbreaking advances in clinical medicine across the entire diagnostic and therapeutic range, but inequities in access to these advances and innovations continue to be a major challenge to our societies. Innovations are often initiated by "eureka" moments of discovery, but realising their full potential depend on a process of continuous incremental innovation and interaction involving complex networks. When developing systems that reward, encourage, and sustain medical advances, policy makers must recognise four important factors. First, "incremental" and "continuous" innovation is as important as "breakthrough" innovation. Second, investment across the entire innovation process is needed. Third, the ability of physicians to work across a wide range of scientific fields at "the bench and bedside" is critical to continuous innovation. And fourth, final medical advance that can result from an initial discovery may not be obvious and only occur following interaction with experts and innovations in other fields.
DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION IN CANCER MEDICINE
Authors: SIKORA KAROL 
Published: March 2007

Great strides have been made in the field of cancer medicine towards understanding the fundamental biology of cancers. Impressive treatments have emerged, resulting in markedly prolonged survival for many patients. These advances mean that, within the next 20 years, cancer could become a chronic disease rather than a death warrant. But that promise depends on sustained investment in innovation, and on society's willingness to pay for that innovation. Realising this promise might be a problem for Europe where investment in medical science remains low compared to the United States which is driving global innovation in cancer technology (providing 55% of global funding for cancer although it only has 5% of the global cancer population) and where innovation is rewarded. If Europe is to continue to play a leading role in cancer medicine, it needs greater investment in R&D with an environment that supports and rewards innovation.
INNOVATION MODELS IN THE BIOPHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR
Authors: ATTRIDGE JIM 
Published: March 2007

The innovation process in the biopharmaceutical sector is influenced by long business cycles, multiple stakeholders and complex interactions. Early models of the innovation process are inadequate to capture the complexity of innovation in the life sciences sector. In particular, narrow classifications which describe innovations as "radical" or "incremental" are not particularly useful when considered in the context of the complex patterns of interrelated innovations observed in practice.Many partial models of the innovation process which equate innovation to inventive research, patenting and product development fail to recognise that innovation is a cyclical and business-driven process and underscore the final phase of the innovation process, namely, achieving timely market diffusion and adoption of innovations to benefit patients and innovators. Innovation is sustained if it is appropriately rewarded. Investment in the science base alone without appropriate reward system for innovations is unlikely to promote renewed competitiveness in the European biopharmaceutical industry.
Gender Differences in UVB-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis, Inflammation, and DNA Damage
Authors: Thomas-Ahner Jennifer M. , Wulff Brian C. , Tober Kathleen L. , Kusewitt Donna F. , Riggenbach Judy A. , Oberyszyn Tatiana M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The American Cancer Society reports the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in males to be thrice the incidence in females. This increased squamous cell carcinoma incidence has been attributed to men accumulating more sun exposure and using less sun protection than women. To date, there have been no controlled studies examining the effect of gender on skin tumor development following equal doses of UVB. Gender differences in UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis were examined using the Skh-1 mouse model. After chronic exposure to equal doses of UVB, male mice developed tumors earlier and had more tumors than female mice; tumors in male mice tended to be larger, and the total tumor burden was greater than in females. In addition, tumors in males were of more advanced histologic grade compared with those of female mice. To evaluate the contribution of differences in inflammation and DNA damage to differences in skin carcinogenesis, male and female Skh-1 mice were exposed once to 2,240 J/m2 UVB and examined 48 h after exposure. Surprisingly, male mice developed less of an inflammatory response, as determined by skin fold thickness and myeloperoxidase activity, compared with females. Interestingly, male mice showed more cutaneous oxidative DNA damage than the females and lower antioxidant levels. These results show a gender bias in skin carcinogenesis and suggest that the gender difference in tumor development is more influenced by the extent of oxidative DNA damage and antioxidant capacities than by inflammatory response. [Cancer Res 2007;67(7):3468–74]