bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules of nonhuman primates
Authors: Watkins David I. , Kannagi Mari , Stone Marc E. , Letvin Norman L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe usefulness of nonhuman primates in immunologically relevant research has until now been limited by difficulties in characterizing the major histocompatibility (MHC) gene products of these species. We have now biochemically characterized the MHC‐encoded class I molecules from four different species of nonhuman primates using antibodies directed against human MHC class I structures and one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing (1‐D IEF). We demonstrated the functional relevancy of this technique of MHC typing by generating virus‐specific cytotoxic T cells and assaying their cytotoxic activity against a panel of virus‐transformed cells that expressed the same or differing class I structures. Only virus‐infected cell lines expressing MHC class I antigens identical to those of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte population were lysed. This simple method of MHC class I typing using 1‐D IEF will be useful in immunological research involving nonhuman primates and in nonhuman primate colony management.
Clonal analysis of human T lymphocytes infiltrating the liver in chronic active hepatitis B and primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Meuer Stefan C. , Moebius Ulrich , Manns Michael M. , Dienes Hans P. , Ramadori Guiliano , Hess Georg , Hercend Thierry , Buschenfelde Karl‐Hermann Meyer Zum 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman T lymphocytes infiltrating the liver in chronic active hepatitis B (CAH‐B) and primary biliary cirrhosis were isolated from liver biopsy cores, cloned by limiting dilution technique and expanded in vitro. Phenotypic and functional analysis demonstrates that this tissue infiltrate represents a heterogeneous cell population. However, when compared to peripheral blood lymphocytes of the same patients, a marked enrichment for T8 cytotoxic T cells was found to exist at a local site in both types of chronic liver disease. These data provide support for the notion that liver cell injury in CAH‐B and PBC may be mediated by a common immunologic mechanism likely executed by cells of the T lineage.
Analysis of human lymphocyte protein expression I. Identification of subpopulation markers by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Authors: Willlard‐Gallo Karen E. , Houck David W. , Loken Michael R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study provides new knowledge on the changes in protein expression that differentiate the functionally and phenotypically different cells of the human immune system. Purification by flow cytometry of normal lymphocytes (both T and B cells), monocytes and granulocytes, combined with high‐resolution two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed reproducible qualitative and quantitative changes between these cell populations. Characteristic profiles of marker proteins for each cell type were identified. Determination of markers for T lymphocyte subpopulations was achieved by the comparative analysis of normal T cells separated on the basis of CD4 and CD8 expression in combination with the analysis of cells from patients with T cell chronic lymphocyte leukemia. These results suggest that the modulation or regulation of proteins is very strictly controlled in lymphoid differentiation, and that several quantitative and a few qualitative differences can give rise to completely different phenotypes. Thus, instead of detecting numerous random differences among lymphocyte protein patterns, rather stringent regulation of protein expression in each subpopulation was found.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF EXTRATHYROIDAL FEATURES OF OBESE STRAIN (OS) CHICKENS WITH SPONTANEOUS AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS
Authors: Kroemer Guido , Faessler Reinhard , Hála Karel , Boeck Guenther , Schauenstein Konrad , Brezinschek Hans‐Peter , Neu Nikolaus , Dietrich Hermann , And Rosanna Jakober , Wick Georg 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Obese strain (OS) of chickens, which is afflicted with Hashimoto‐like spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT), displays elevated T cell proliferation, interleukin (IL) 2 production and IL2 receptor expression upon mitogen stimulation, and defects in the neuroendocrine control of the immune system including elevated corticos‐teroid‐binding globulin (CBG) and a deficient increase of serum corticosterone (CN) upon cytokine injection. Recently this strain has further been shown to harbor retrovirus‐related sequences (endogenous virus no. 22, ev22) absent in healthy control strains. To determine the number of genes responsible for SAT‐associated immunodysregulation and to unravel possible ev22 associations, we analyzed the above immune and endocrine parameters in F1 hbrids and backcrosses of the autoimmune OS B15B15 with healthy inbred CB B12B12 chickens.OS‐like T cell hyperproliferation and IL2 hypersecretion in response to both con‐canavalin A and phytohemagglutinin were transmitted as autosomal dominant traits and co‐segregated in backcross animals. In vivo hyporesponse of the OS to the cor‐ticosterone‐inducing effect of cytokine preparations was inherited dominantly and the elevated CBG serum levels recessively. None of these traits appeared to be major histocompatibility complex (MHC) linked. However, while T cell abnormalities and elevated CBG serum levels were not associated with the autosomal ev22 locus, in vivo hyporesponsiveness to glucocortocoid‐inducing cytokines co‐segregated with this OS‐specific provirus.These results add to the concept of SAT as a polyetiological and plurigenetic disease and do not support our previous hypothesis that T cell hyperreactivity and immunoen‐docrine dysfunction might be functionally related.
COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MURINE INTERLEUKIN 2 (IL 2) RECEPTOR ON CYTOTOXIC AND HELPER T CELL LINES BY CHEMICAL CROSS‐LINKING OF 125I‐LABELED IL 2
Authors: Well Brian Fox , Taylor David , Ryffel Bernhard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe structure of the murine interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R), on a cytotoxic (CTLL) and a helper (HT2) cell line, has been studied by a combination of chemical cross‐linking with 125I‐labeled IL2 and immunoprecipitation with an anti‐receptor monoclonal antibody (7D4). In CTLL cells both methods detected the major 57‐kDa IL2‐binding protein and in addition the cross‐linking studies revealed the presence of a 70–75‐kDa protein associated with the high‐affinity receptor. In the HT2 cell line, however, immunoprecipitation studies revealed three additional proteins of 18, 22 and 37 kDa to the expected 50‐kDa receptor protein. Again cross‐linking studies demonstrated the presence of a 70–75‐kDa protein, which was not immunoprecipitable with the 7D4 antibody. The low molecular polypeptides in HT2 cell were associated with the low‐affinity receptor and represented most likely breakdown products of the 50‐kDa protein. Whereas the 18‐ and 22‐kDa proteins were involved in ligand binding, the 37‐kDa fragment carried the epitope recognized by the 7D4 antibody. Comparative studies with two IL2R antibodies, PC61 and 7D4, revealed that only PC61 inhibited the formation of the IL2 α/β chain complex, although both antibodies reportedly prevent the biological response to IL2. It is speculated that the 37‐kDa fragment, which reacts with the 7D4 antibody, might be involved in IL2 signal transduction. Finally there was no evidence for the existence of a high molecular weight component of the IL2R, previously described as γ chain.In summary, the two‐chain structure of the IL2R has been confirmed for both murine cell lines with some heterogeneity of the α chain. The possibility was raised that a 37‐kDa fragment of the α chain plays a role of in signal transduction.
Application of recombinant granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor has a detrimental effect in experimental murine leishmaniasis
Authors: Greil Johann , Bodendorfer Barbara , And Martin RÖLlinghoff , Solbach Werner 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of recombinant granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (rGM‐CSF) on BALB/c mice infected s.c. with the intracellular pathogen Leishmania major. Daily i.p. application of 1 μ rGM‐CSF for 21 days following the infection led to an aggravated course of the disease in most animals. In no case was a therapeutic effect observed. In vitro analysis revealed that the parasite burden was approx. 2‐ to 7‐fold higher in the infected lesions, in the lymph nodes draining the infection and in the spleens of rGM‐CSF‐treated animals than in tissues from nontreated mice. L. major‐infected macrophages obtained from chronically infected mice proliferated in the presence of rGM‐CSF in vitro without gaining antiparasitic effector function. However, antiparasitic effector function increased and macrophage growth was inhibited in the presence of recombinant interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). These data indicate that rGM‐CSF‐induced macrophage proliferation alone is not sufficient to overcome infections with intracellular pathogens like L. major, since simultaneous activation of macrophages by IFN‐γ is required.
Functional discrimination between interleukin 6 and interleukin 1
Authors: Helle Maarten , And Leonie Boeije , Aarden Lucien A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this study we have investigated the specificity of bioassays in which interleukin (IL)1 and/or IL6 are active. The thymocyte assay cannot be used to discriminate between IL1 and IL6; both monokines are active in this assay. Moreover the detection limit for both IL1 and IL6 is around 100 pg/ml. IL6 activity can be measured with a murine hybridoma cell line (B9). The detection limit for human as well as murine IL6 is about 0.5 pg/ml. The assay is specific for IL 6 and is not influenced by a variety of other cytokines except for murine IL4 which shows some activity in this assay. IL1 can be measured specifically with D10 cells. The detection limit for IL1α and IL1β is around 1 pg/ml whereas IL6 is not active in this assay at all. Upon stimulation by IL1 and/or IL2 D10 cells produce IL6. However, this IL6 does not seem to be involved in the proliferation of these cells.
Heterogeneity in the molecular defect leading to the leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Authors: Dimanche‐Boitrel Marie‐Thérèse , Guyot Anne , De Saint‐Basile Geneviéve , Fischer Main , And Claude Griscelli , Lisowska‐Grospierre Barbara 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLeukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a recessive autosomal disease characterized by life‐threatening recurrent bacterial infections, by defective functions of leukocytes and by deficient membrane expression of leukocyte adhesion glycoproteins. These proteins, LFA‐1, Mac‐1 and p150,95, are α/β1 heterodimers composed of different a chains and of a common β chain. Patients with the severe phenotype of the disease completely lack the three glycoproteins on cell surface. Previous studies showed a conserved synthesis of the LFA‐1 α chain precursor in cytosol of patients' cells and an inconstant presence of the β chain precursor. When present, precursors are in free form and not associated to α/β complexes in the cells of patients with the severe phenotype. The availability of the β chain cDNA probe allowed us to examine the β chain gene expression in the lymphoblastoid cell lines of 4 patients. On the basis of the results obtained both at protein and RNA levels we can distinguish 3 types of mutations characterized by (a) barely detectable β subunit messenger RNA and un‐detectable β precursor, (b) decreased level of β subunit mRNA and undetectable β precursor and (c) normal β subunit mRNA level and detectable p precursor of normal size.
Dilsulfide‐linked receptors for mitogenic lectins on piglet lymphocytes
Authors: Chilson Oscar P. , Kelly‐Chilson Anne E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe interaction between leucoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (L‐PHA), con‐canavalin A (Con A), soybean agglutinin (SBA) and lentil lectin (LcH) with disulfide‐linked cell surface receptors & lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes of 3‐day piglets (PMLN) was investigated. Surface radioiodinated PMLN lymphocytes were lysed with buffer containing Nonidet‐P40. The lysates were adsorbed on lectin‐agarose derivatives (or bovine serum albumin‐agarose). Eluates from the lectin‐agar‐ose derivatives were analyzed by one‐dimensional or two‐dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both under reducing and non‐reducing conditions. Among the various lectin‐binding polypeptides, L‐PHA recognizes a single 92‐kDa disulfide‐linked moiety in piglet lymphocyte lysate, comprised of polydisperse 52‐kDa subunits. In addition to this apparent homodimer, SBA, Con A and LcH bind a much less prominent 82‐kDa heterodimer comprised of 47‐kDa and 37‐kDa polypeptides; these molecules are not observed in eluates of L‐PHA. Binding of the 92‐ and 82‐kDa molecules by LcH is inhibited by methyl‐a‐D‐man‐noside. These results indicate that there are two lectin‐binding disulfide‐linked glycoproteins on lymphocytes from 3‐day piglets which bind preferentially to potent mitogens. The electrophoretic properties of these molecules, under both reducing and nonreducing conditions, as well as their lectin‐binding properties are very similar to those observed for antigen receptor molecules on lymphocytes from other species.
Role of CD2 cross‐linking in cytoplasmic calcium responses and T cell activation
Authors: Ledbetter Jeffrey A. , Rabinovitch Peter S. , Hellström Ingegerd , Hellström Karl Erik , Grosmaire Laura S. , June Carl H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relationship between the increase of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+],) in resting T cells after stimulation with monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CD2 (E rosette receptor) and the subsequent proliferation response was investigated. Although the Combination of 9.6 plus 9‐1 mAb to CD2 was both mitogenic and induced an increase in [Ca2+]i, cross‐linking of an individual CD2 mAb on the cell surface induced an increase in [Ca2+]i without directly stimulating T cell proliferation. The [Ca2+]i response from cross‐linking an individual mAb was not epitope dependent,since 21 of 21 mAb to CD2 were effective when cross‐linked with a polyclonal goat anti‐mouse Ig second step. The kinetics of calcium mobilization was highly dependent upon the procedure for cross‐linking, since the binding of biotinconjugated 9.6 mAb followed by avidin gave a large and rapid response, whereas cross‐linking of 9.6 with an anti‐x mAb, 187.1, caused a minimal response, and the cross‐linking of 9.6 followed by a polyclonal goat anti‐mouse Ig gave an intermediate response. In addition, ligation of CD2 by rosetting with sheep red blood cells alone was sufficient to cause increased [Ca2+]i. In functional studies only the procedures associated with minimal CD2 cross‐linking induced proliferation of resting T cells in combination with interleukin (IL) 2. The proliferation also required IL1 or accessory cells. Cross‐linking 9.6 on the cell surface also enhanced proliferation in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate or a CD28 mAb, 9.3, under conditions that were accessory cell independent. In contrast to the proliferation following stimulation with 9.6 plus 9−1, the combination of 9.6 plus 9‐1 F(ab′)2 fragments lost mitogenic activity. The 9.6 plus 9‐1 F(ab′)2 combination was similar to 9.6 cross‐linking in that either could induce responsiveness to recombinant IL2 or CD28 mAb 9.3. The combination of 9.6 plus 9‐1 F(ab′)2 fragments was still able to increase [Ca2+]i in T cells with slow kinetics. Together these results suggest that the binding of mAb to CD2 under conditions that cause a slow rather than a rapid increase in [Ca2+]i is associated with T cell activation. Furthermore, they suggest that in studies of T cell activation, sheep eryth‐rocyte rosette formation should not be used to isolate T cells since rosetting may effect [ca2+]i.
Transforming growth factor‐β2 down‐regulates HLA‐DR antigen expression on human malignant glioma cells.
Authors: Zuber Patrick , Kuppner Maria C. , Tribolet Nicolas De 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTransforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is known to have a potent inhibitory influence on several immune functions. It has recently been demonstrated that TGF‐β2 is identical to the glioblastoma‐derived T cell suppressor factor (G‐TsF). In the present study, human malignant glioma cell lines were incubated with various concentrations of TGF‐β2. An optimal concentration of 1 ng/ml TGF‐β2 produced a partial but significant decrease of HLA‐DR (class II) surface antigen expression on glioma cells expressing this antigen, as well as decreased levels of HLA‐DR‐specific mRNA. The surface expression of other HLA‐related molecules, such as HLA‐ABC (class I) and β2‐microglobulin, was not influenced by TGF‐β2. The suppressive effect of TGF‐β2 on HLA‐DR expression, both at the surface antigenic and cytoplasmic mRNA levels, could be completely overcome by adding relatively high concentrations (500 U/ml) of interferon (1FN)‐γ to the culture system. However, TGF‐β2 inhibited the enhancement of HLA‐DR surface expression produced by low concentrations of IFN‐γ on some cells which initially did not express these antigens. These results show that TGF‐β2 can act as a regulator of HLA‐DR antigen expression on human glioma cells.
Lymphokine mRNA and T cell multireceptor mRNA of the Ig super gene family are reciprocally modulated during human T cell activation
Authors: Paillard Florence , Sterkers Ghislaine , Bismuth Georges , Gomard Elisabeth , Vaquero Catherine 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe expression of genes, implicated in T cell proliferation as well as those coding for the three chains of the T cell receptor (TcR) and for the CD4 and CD8 molecules, has been investigated during activation of various T cell populations maintained in long‐term culture. We show that a minimal activation signal, capable of inducing inter‐leukin 2 (IL2) receptor expression without the expression of IL2 and interferon‐γ, was not associated with a down‐regulation of the messengers coding for the T cell multireceptor molecules. In contrast, a strong activation signal via the TcWCD3 complex or via the CD2 molecule resulted in a reciprocal transient up‐regulation of the messengers implicated in T cell proliferation and a down‐regulation of the messengers encoding the molecules of the TcR complex of the immunoglobulin super gene family.
Expression of CD23 antigen is not necessary for human 12‐kDa B cell growth factor‐mediated B cell proliferation*
Authors: Vazquez Aime , Mills Syivia , And Surenda Sharma , Maizel Abby L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn an attempt to understand the relationship between the CD23 antigen and the human 12‐kDa B cell growth factor (BCGF) receptor, we have undertaken studies to define the biological efficacy of 12‐kDa‐BCGF on CD23+ (Raji) and CD23− (P3HR1) human Burkitt B cell lines. Our results show that recombinant 12‐kDa‐BCGF can induce efficient [3H]thymidine incorporation and proliferation in cells of either phenotype. These results strongly suggest that a functional receptor for the 12‐kDa‐BCGF may exist independently of the CD23 molecule.
Unusual expression of CD2 in sheep: implications for T cell interactions
Authors: Mackay Charles R. , Hein Wayne R. , Brown Marion H. , Matzinger Polly 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe CD2 adhesion/activation molecule on the surface of mammalian T lymphocytes binds to a ubiquitous receptor, LFA‐3. We show that CD2 in sheep differs significantly in its expression from CD2 in humans, and this most likely relates to the high level of expression of the sheep LFA‐3 molecule. In sheep, in contrast to man, CD2 was weakly expressed on peripheral T cells and thymocytes. Moreover, a large subset of T cells identified by the monoclonal antibody T19 and considered to be γ δ receptor‐bearing T cells completely lacked the CD2 molecule. T19+ cells constituted up to 50% of peripheral blood T cells in lambs, and 20–30% of T cells in older sheep, whereas the CD4+ and CD8+ subsets, which are both CD2+, constituted relatively small subsets in peripheral blood. Only those T cells which did express CD2 adhered as “rosettes” to dendritic cells, and the localization of CD2 to the membrane junction indicated that CD2 was critical for this adhesion. However, CD2 adhesion was not necessary for CTL‐mediated killing of allogeneic target cells, since T19+ cells generated in bulk mixed lymphocyte culture were extremely efficient at killing appropriate target cells. Some of the behavioral differences between T19+ and CD4+/CD8+ subsets might be explained by the presence or absence of CD2. The results also indicate that the expression of CD2 (and LFA‐3) may differ markedly between species.
Effect of recombinant human interleukin 4 on spontaneous in vitro human IgE synthesis*
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Dong , De Weck Alain L. , Stadler Beda M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecombinant human interleukin 4 (IL4) alone enhanced the spontaneous IgE synthesis in cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from atopic patients as well as from nonatopic individuals, suggesting the existence of preactivated PBL sensitive for IL4. Preactivated cells were also obtained by stimulation with Staphyloccus aureus strain Cowan I (SAC). However, co‐stimulation of PBL by IL4 with SAC or anti‐IgM antibody and pokeweed mitogen did not result in an enhanced IgE synthesis. Optimal IL4 concentrations for the induction of IgE synthesis coincided with optimal proliferative responses in PBL. The effect of IL4 was not isotype specific, and in terms of protein even more IgG and IgM antibodies were formed. The effect of IL4 on IgE synthesis was counteracted by very low concentrations of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), suggesting that both IL 4 and IFN‐γ might be decisive cytokines for the human in vitro IgE synthesis.
Activation of the phosphatidylinositol metabolic pathway by low molecular weight B cell growth factor
Authors: Renard Dominique , Petit‐Koskas Elisabeth , Gé Elisabeth , Dugas Bernard , Poggioli Josiane , Kolb Jean‐Perre 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe possible role of phosphatidylinositol breakdown in the induction of proliferation of human activated B cells by low molecular weight B cell growth factor (LMW‐BCGF) was examined. LMW‐BCGF was found to induce a rapid rise in the concentration of inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) in [3H]inositol‐loaded B cell blasts, obtained by prior anti‐μ antibody activation. A concomitant decrease in the concentration of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate could be detected at the same time. Maximum generation of InsP, occurred within 15–30 s after the addition of the LMW‐BCGF ligand to the activated B cells, then was followed by a slow decrease and return to control values. The amount of InsP3 generated by phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis was dependent on the concentration of LMW‐BCGF. This effect was only detected in B cells already preactivated by a first signal such as anti‐μ antibody and not in resting unstimulated B cells. In contrast, under similar conditions, interleukin 2, another B cell growth‐promoting lymphokine, did not alter the rate of formation of the various phosphatidylinositol breakdown products. An augmentation of the [Ca2+], concentration was also detected in activated B cells upon addition of LMW‐BCGF and this increase could be blocked by TMB‐8, a specific inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum calcium release. Hydrolysis of phosphoinositides thus represents an essential component in the mechanism of transduction of the signal provided by LMW‐BCGF.