bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The concentrations of aldrin and dieldrin and their photoisomers in the atmosphere
Authors: Baldwin Michael K. , Bennett David , Beynon Kenneth I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAir samples taken in 1973 at a point remote from areas of organochlorine pesticide usage, Bantry Bay in S.W. Ireland, were analysed for aldrin and dieldrin in the vapour state and in association with particupate matter. In addition, some of the samples were analysed for the photoisomers of aldrin and dieldrin, and for pp'‐DDT, 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐di‐(4‐chlorophenyl) ethylene (pp'‐DDE) and pp'‐IDE. Detection and quantitation of all compounds were by gas‐liquid chromatography with electron capture detection (g.l.c./e.c.). Confirmatory evidence for the presence of dieldrin and pp'‐DDE was obtained with some samplesusing gas‐liquid chromatography with mass fragmento‐graphic detection (g.l.c./m.f.). Dieldrin was detected in all seventeen samples of air taken, but the mean concentration was 0.36 ng/kg and the range of concentrations was 0.06–1.60 ng/kg. Aldrin was not detected in the samples examined, neither were the two photoisomers. Only pp'‐DDE of the pp'‐DDT group of compounds was detected in the nine samples examined, and the apparent mean concentration was 0.14 ng/kg. None of the compounds was detected in particulate matter.
Resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in a DDT‐resistant strain of Boophilus microplus
Authors: Nolan James , Roulston William J. , Harry Wharton R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe susceptibility of a standard reference strain of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, to a group of synthetic pyrethroids, has been compared with that of a DDT‐resistant strain. Cross resistance has been demonstrated in laboratory and field tests.
Residues of zineb and ethylene thiourea in orchard treated pears and commercial pear products
Authors: Ripley Brian D. , Simpson Charles M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractZineb and ethylene thiourea (ETU) residues were monitored in Bartlett pears after spraying with zineb (5.04 kg a.i./ha). Zineb dissipated seven times faster in the first 10 days after application than in the subsequent days of the study; ETU residues ranged from 0.02 to 0.01 mg/kg over the 21 day trial. A 3–6% conversion of ethylene‐bisdithiocarbamate to ETU was found upon boiling treated pears. Analysis of randomly selected commercially canned pears and baby food pear purée showed no zineb residues but LT0.05 mg ETU/kg was present in four of the six samples of baby food.
Tracing insecticide spray droplets by sizes on natural surfaces. The state of the art and its value
Authors: Uk Solang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecent trends in integrated chemical and biological pest control call for further refinement of the effectiveness of existing chemical pesticides by more efficient spray application. One aspect of improving spray efficiency is by the use of the correct range of droplet sizes. In this way the volume of spray, and the amount of active ingredient used, particularly in ultra‐low volume techniques, can be further optimised, and when combined with correct application time, gives maximum biological efficiency with minimum disturbance of the environment. This necessitates a study of the size spectrum of droplets deposited on rigorously defined biological targets which in turn calls for an investigation of suitable tracer methodology. Additional details of the previously published fluorescent particle method are discussed, and its reappraisal shows that it is a unique method capable of estimating droplet sizes on all biological surfaces, especially insect larvae. The reversibly soluble fluorescent pigment method based on the relative balance between soluble and insoluble state of the pigment proves highly successful in imprinting fluorescent droplets on broad leaves, particularly on cotton.
Experimental chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of filariasis
Authors: Lämmler Georg 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper describes some of the current methods used for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents against filarial parasites. These are based on the extensive previous experience of experimental chemotherapy of filariasis and of the development of new rodent and non‐rodent filarial models. A review on the chemotherapeutic activity and micro‐ or macro‐filaricidal potency of some well‐known or recently developed filaricidal drugs is given, based on results obtained with Litomosoides carinii infection of Mastomys natalensis. Corresponding information on the chemo‐prophylactic activity of filaricides is presented and discussed, with regard to the relevancy and need for the further development and evaluation of anthelmintics in filarial infections.
The effect on earthworm populations of methods of spraying benomyl in an apple orchard
Authors: Stringer Austin , Lyons Clive H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCompared with high volume (2240 litre/ha) sprays, low (560 litre/ha) and ultra‐low volume (45 litre/ha) sprays of benomyl were less toxic to earthworms. The decrease in populations was proportional to the quantity of fungicide deposited on the ground; regression lines, probit (% reduction) on log (fall out in g/ha), are given for populations of Lumbricus terrestris and all species together. The reduction in numbers was similar for all species except L. terrestris and Allolobophora longa, L. terrestris was more susceptible to the deposits than the other species; A. longa was less affected, probably because it was in summer diapause.
The actions of pyrethroids upon the peripheral nervous system and associated organs in the locust
Authors: Clements Alan N. , May Theresa E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe actions of a number of pyrethroids upon the crural nerve, chordotonal organs and skeletal muscles of the desert locust were investigated. The compounds were principally 3‐phenoxybenzyl esters (with or without an α substituent), and particular attention was given to fenvalerate and related compounds. Four different effects were observed, both during the early stages of intoxication of intact locusts and during perfusion of physiological preparations with low concentrations of the pyrethroids. The type of effect produced was determined by the molecular structure of the pyrethroid. Knockdown activity was associated with one particular effect, and it is suggested that it is the type of action caused by a pyrethroid, rather than its rate of penetration into the insect, that determines whether or not it will have knockdown activity.
Skin damage of meyer lemon by fumigation with 1,2‐dibromoethane (EDB)
Authors: Swaine Gordon , Corcoran Robert J. , Cranny Anne E. , Davey Marguerite A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMeyer lemons are susceptible to skin damage by EDB vapour. The damage can be caused by excessive vapour concentration during fumigation. Residual fumigant desorbed from fibreboard cartons containing the fruit is also of major importance in relation to damage where post‐fumigation ventilation is restricted. The damage was minimised by a period of 4 h ventilation in the chamber after fumigation using the standard treatment of 18 g EDB/m3 for 2 h at 21°C.
The nature of bound residues derived from triforine in barley plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Decallonne Jacques R. , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe shoots of barley plants root‐treated with [3H]‐triforine fungicide (uniformly labelled in the piperazine ring) were analysed 30 days after treatment. Methanol extraction left a solid plant residue which contained 33% of the total 3H which had been incorporated into the shoots. Methanol acidified with hydrochloric acid extracted a further 18% of the triforine‐derived bound residues as N‐[2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐(piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl]formamide (8%), and piperazine (10%). In the plants, these compounds had thus been complexed to plant constituents. Hot dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) extracted a further 13% of the total 3H, leaving a solid residue (mainly cellulose) which contained 2% of 3H, perhaps incorporated into the cellulose. Evaporation of the solvent from the DMSO extract gave a solid, the radioactivity of which (13%) could not be extracted by methanol. A part (7%) of this radioactivity could be released by successive hydrolysis with amyloglucosidase and β‐glucosidase, which generated a complex mixture of polar and water soluble unknown radioactive compounds not including piperazine. These latter compounds would be the products of extensive metabolism of triforine (and its metabolite piperazine) bound to, or incorporated into starch. Most (11%) of the radioactivity of this solid could be released by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, which also generated a complex mixture of polar and water soluble unknown radioactive compounds not including piperazine; a part (4%) of them could have been associated with lignin in the plant.
Effects of DDT on the cockroach nervous system at three temperatures
Authors: Gammon Derek W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSome effects of DDT on the cockroach nervous system have been correlated with poisoning symptoms, using free‐walking cockroaches with implanted electrodes. Experiments at 16.5°C and 32°C used LD95 doses and at 25°C, an estimated LD95. DDT had excitant actions on each nerve studied; cercal afferent and efferent neurones, and abdominal interneurones. The effects on the central nervous system became more marked as temperature was reduced, despite the smaller quantity of DDT employed, but the excitant actions on the peripheral nervous system were not quantified. It is suggested that the effects of DDT on the cockroach nervous system could account for the negative temperature coefficient of toxicity of DDT.
Residues of carbon tetrachloride and 1,2‐dibromoethane in cereals and processed foods after liquid fumigant grain treatment for pest control
Authors: Jagielski Jan , Scudamore Keith A. , Heuser Stanley G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResidues of halogenated hydrocarbon ‘liquid’ fumigants occurring in cereals and their products as a result of use for insect control continue to be of concern in technologically advanced as well as developing countries. Carbon tetrachloride and ethylene dibromide residues remaining in wheat, maize, barley and sorghum shortly after fumigation, during storage for periods of up to 1 year and after processing have been determined, with the fumigants applied either as liquids or vapours. Amounts of residues occurring in bread made from wheat containing residual fumigants were also measured. Current methods of use of these fumigants are discussed with reference to the results of these experiments and interim recommendations are made for post‐ treatment handling of cereals.
Plant membranes under dry conditions
Authors: Simon Eric W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn dry seeds membrane phospholipids adopt a quite, different orientation (the hexagonal phase) to that found in the membranes of cells in growing plants (the lamellar phase). As a seed imbibes water early in germination the phospholipids must change from the hexagonal to the lamellar configuration. Biophysical and biological data indicate that this change occurs as the water content reaches 20–30% of fresh weight. During the early phase of imbibition and before membrane integrity is fully established, solutes leak out of imbibing seeds, and it is suggested that this period could be used to advantage if it is wished to insert hormones, micronutrients or pesticides into seed cells.
The detection and distribution of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide‐resistant Myzus persicae (Sulz.) in Britain in 1976
Authors: Sawicki Roman M. , Devonshire Alan L. , Rice Adrian D. , Moores Graham D. , Petzing Stephanie M. , Cameron Anne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExamination of the enzyme that determines the level of resistance to organophosphorus insecticides and carbamates in Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and bioassays were used to establish the frequency and resistance levels of resistant aphids on outdoor crops in Britain in 1976. The biochemical tests, staining esterase‐4 after electrophoresis and total esterase determination, were more sensitive than bioassays. However the dip‐test, a simple, rapid and inexpensive bioassay designed to detect resistance and its different levels gave satisfactory results which warrant its use where biochemical detection of resistance is not possible. Carboxylesterase activities of M. persicae collected in 1976 fell into three groups: low, moderate and high, and these were correlated with differences in tolerance to dimethoate, demeton‐S‐methyl and pirimicarb. Aphids with low esterase activity were susceptible(S). Those with the moderately active enzyme (R1) had five‐ to seven‐fold resistance to the two organophosphorus insecticides and were marginally resistant (about two‐fold) to pirimicarb. The insects with the most active esterase (R2) were strongly resistant to dimethoate (resistance factor, RF × 126) and moderately resistant to demeton‐S‐methyl (RF × 17) and pirimicarb (RF × 8). Some R1, but no S aphids survived the recommended dose of demeton‐S‐methyl on field crops probably because they were under the lowest leaves and therefore protected from direct contact with the spray. Laboratory tests demonstrated that these R1 aphids tolerated the residual deposit and systemic dose present in the leaves of the treated potato‐plants. This enabled their numbers to recover in treated fields much faster than the susceptible insects which could do so by immigration only when the residual dose in the plant was no longer toxic. R1 aphids were common throughout the country particularly in eastern England where susceptible aphids were rare, but in the Shardlow area of Derbyshire susceptible aphids were in the majority throughout the summer. R2 aphids were found only in samples from the west of Scotland and northern England. The implications of the presence of aphids with different levels of resistance for aphid control are discussed.
Photolysis of dichlofluanid
Authors: Clark Terence , Watkins David A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDichlofluanid was found to be degraded by ultraviolet light in methanol, benzene and acetone solution. The products from acetone solution included N,N‐dimethyl‐N′‐phenylsulphamide, phenyl isocyanate, phenyl isothiocyanate and dimethylamidosulphonyl chloride. G.c.‐m.s. studies further indicated the presence of bis(dichlorofluoromethyl) disulphide, 1‐(dichlorofluoromethylthio)propan‐2‐one and 1‐(dichlorofluoromethylsulphonyl)propan‐2‐one. In‐vitro tests against Botrytis cinerea showed that irradiation decreased the activity of dichlofluanid and that synergism did not occur.
Pesticides in cereal production
Authors: North John J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA cereal grower will normally attempt to maximise his returns from resources used without prejudicing the future. Historically, for the control of weeds, pests and diseases growers have preferred husbandry methods and the use of ‘resistant’ varieties. Economic pressures, technical developments and subsequent changes in farming systems demand more reliance on pesticides. The adoption of the Common Agricultural Policy and the relatively higher cereal prices improve the cost: benefit ratio from their more extensive use. Additionally, quality standards arising directly or indirectly from EEC legislation, where these can be influenced by pesticide application, will further encourage their routine application. In the longer term, increased fixed costs will encourage the grower to insure against crop losses by the use of prophylactic pesticide applications where appropriate. New systems of production to reduce fixed costs will be adopted, probably involving further use of pesticides. Growers will always wish to contain variable costs as far as is possible: as better forecasting of disease and pest epidemics is developed prophylactic treatments will be discarded. Examples of the economic benefits or penalties of adopting alternatives to pesticides are given.
Some fundamental considerations of controlled release
Authors: McFarlane Neil R. , Pedley Jeffrey B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral physicochemical factors which can influence the interactions between pest and pesticide are described. These relate mainly to the pesticides partition, reaction and diffusion processes. The combination of diffusion and partition processes in controlled release formulations is examined in some detail via theoretical consideration of encapsulated material. Extensive control of release can be obtained this way with the release time ranging from minutes to years. The advantages and disadvantages of controlled release are discussed and the relevance of theoretical considerations of this type to commercial objectives is touched upon.
Progress towards the integrated control of sugar cane pests
Authors: Fewkes Derek W. , Greathead David J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSugar cane is an important tropical and sub‐tropical crop that occupies large areas of land around sugar factories capable of processing 5000 to 15 000 tonnes of cane per day. These areas are usually kept continuously under the same crop, about one‐tenth to one‐third of the land being ploughed and replanted with sugar cane every year. The major pests of sugar cane are rats, stalk borers, white grubs and froghoppers. Other important pests include root‐feeding nematodes, top borers, scale insects, planthoppers and soldier fly. Chemical control is practised to some extent against most of these pests, although biological control is the most common method of combating stalk‐borers and has had other notable successes, particularly in Hawaii and Mauritius. Rats are controlled with baits incorporating poisons such as anticoagulants, endrin or zinc phosphide. Aerial applications of insecticide sprays, dusts or granules are used against some stalk‐borers (azinphos‐methyl), froghoppers (omethoate, propoxur, vamidothion, methidathion, monocrotophos, malathion, carbaryl, gamma‐HCH) and plant hoppers (malathion, fenitrothion, endrin). White grubs, soldier fly (crude HCH, dieldrin) and nematodes [1,2‐dibromoethane (EDB), 1,2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane (DBCP), aldicarb] are usually controlled with soil applications of the appropriate chemicals. The use of chemical control is restricted in some areas because it is too costly and in other areas because of its possibly adverse effects upon the natural or biological control of other pests. Historically, pest control in sugar cane has tended to develop towards a simple integrated system, making use of cultural methods in conjunction with chemicals or exotic parasites and predators. Increasingly, allowance has been made for the contribution of indigenous natural enemies to the prevention of crop losses by a more careful, selective use of insecticides.
Pest control in coffee
Authors: Bardner Richard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCoffee pests have been estimated to cause losses of about 13% of the world yield but are most serious in Africa, particularly where Arabica coffee is grown. Coffee pests are normally indigenous and except for the berry borer beetle (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) there has been little movement between the main production areas. There is a great variety of pests but because the crop is perennial, evergreen and only grown in areas without climatic extremes, pest populations only rarely become intolerable, being held in check for most of the time by parasites, predators and diseases. Routine spraying of insecticides in coffee plantations is undesirable for these kill parasites and predators and often result in pest outbreaks. An effective but simple integrated control system has been evolved over many decades in East Africa, using a combination of cultural, biological and chemical control. Pest numbers are monitored continuously by growers and insecticides are used as selectively as possible. The system is ideally suited to areas where labour is cheap but technology is expensive.
Response of susceptible and resistant peach‐potato aphids Myzus persicae (Sulz.) to insecticides in leaf‐dip bioassays
Authors: Sawicki Roman M. , Rice Adrian D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe response of susceptible (S), moderately resistant (R1) and strongly resistant (R2) peach‐potato aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) to organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides was tested by a leaf‐dip bioassay. The aphids were placed on potato leaves (dipped in insecticide solutions 1–2 or 24 h before infestation) and their mortality examined 48 h later. R1 aphids were virtually susceptible to most of the carbamates, demephion and acephate, but were slightly to moderately resistant (2.1–9.4 times) to permethrin, cypermethrin and (S)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (1R)‐cis‐3‐(2,2‐dibromovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (I), (NRDC 161), to 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐2‐methylquinolin‐4‐yl dimethylcarbamate (II), (Hoechst 25 682) and demeton‐S‐methyl. R2 aphids resisted more strongly or very strongly (between 65 and 1280 times) the pyrethroids, demeton‐S‐methyl (×94), II (×83) and demephion (×9), and were slightly to moderately (2–5 times) resistant to acephate, pirimicarb, ethiofencarb and 2‐(dimethylcarbamoyloxyimino)‐3‐methoxyimino‐N,N‐ dimethylbutyramide (III), (DPX 3853). Both resistant strains were susceptible to nitrilacarb [4,4‐dimethyl‐5‐(methylcarbamoyloxyimino)pentanenitrile] complex (1:1) with zinc chloride (IV), (AC 85 258). The implications of these results in terms of practical aphid control are discussed.
Effect of temperature on the toxicity of low concentrations of methyl bromide to diapausing larvae of the warehouse moth Ephestia elutella (Hübner)
Authors: Bell Christopher H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe performance of low concentrations of methyl bromide against diapausing larvae of Ephestia elutella at 15 and 25°C was assessed in extended exposure periods. At concentrations of 1.9 mg litre−1 and below, test batches required higher concentration‐time (ct) products for 100% kill at 25°C than at 15°C. The minimum concentration at which the concentration: time relationship still applied was between 1.3 and 1.9 mg litre−1 at 15°C, whereas at 25°C it was between 2.7 and 4.0 mg litre−1. For many individuals within each population sample, however, lower concentrations at moderate dosage levels remained lethal. At 25°C, a ct product of about 90 mg litre−1 h gave between 53 and 77% kill at 6.1, 4.0, 2.7 and 1.9 mg litre−1. The trends observed suggest that the most tolerant members of the population have an enhanced ability to detoxify methyl bromide at the higher temperature. The implications of the results for the build‐up of resistance and for practical control measures are discussed.
The structure and properties of O‐ethyl O‐isopropyl O‐(5‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl) phosphorothioate and by‐products in the technical product
Authors: Konečný Václav , Kováč Štefan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe structure and some chemical and physical properties of a new insecticide O‐ethyl O‐isopropyl O‐(5‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl) phosphorothioate (I) and by‐products present in the technical product are described. The structures of I and the by‐products were proved by infrared, ultraviolet, 1H‐n.m.r., Raman and mass spectrometry.