bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ecological analysis of sociodemographic factors associated with the incidence of salmonellosis, shigellosis, and E. coli O157:H7 infections in US counties
Authors: CHANG M. , GROSECLOSE S. L. , ZAIDI A. A. , BRADEN C. R. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYIdentifying county-level sociodemographic and economic factors associated with the incidence of enteric disease may provide new insights concerning the dynamics of community transmission of these diseases as well as opportunities for prevention. We used data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, the U.S. Census Bureau, and the Health Resources and Services Administration to conduct an ecological analysis of 26 sociodemographic and economic factors associated with the incidence of salmonellosis, shigellosis, and E. coli O157:H7 infections in US counties for the period 1993 to 2002. Our study indicates that race, ethnicity, place of residence, age, educational attainment, and poverty may affect the risk of acquiring one of these enteric bacterial diseases. The lack of specificity of information regarding salmonellae and shigellae serotypes may have led to less specific associations between community-level determinants and reported incidence of those diseases. Future ecological analyses should use serotype-specific data on incidence, which may be available from laboratory-based surveillance systems.
Disciplining and Disinfecting Working-Class Readers in the Victorian Public Library
Authors: Roberts Lewis C. 
Published: October 2008

In an uncharacteristic burst of rhetoric and emotion, the 1849 Select Committee on Public Libraries implored:Shall we therefore abandon the people to the influence of a low, enfeebling, and often pestilential literature, instead of enabling them to breathe a more pure, elevated, and congenial atmosphere? (viii)The means of bringing about such a literate atmosphere was the funding of a system of public libraries, institutions freely open to all, but especially aimed at working-class readers. These institutions would provide access to books unavailable to the working-class reading public. In providing such access, the libraries were also to ensure that books would be free of the “pestilential” influences of the “low” kinds of texts commonly available to the working class. The public library was thus to purify, elevate, and disinfect working-class reading.
The Poetry of Architecture: Browning and Historical Revivalism
Authors: Humble Nicola 
Published: October 2008

In book five ofsordello(1840), Browning images the process of historical change in architectural terms. History is a building to be destroyed and rebuilt by successive generations:… at his arm's wrench,Charlemagne's scaffold fell; but pillars blenchMerely, start back again — perchance have beenTaken for buttresses: crash every screen,Hammer the tenons better, and engageA gang about your work, for the next ageOr two, of Knowledge, part by Strength and partBy Knowledge! (5: 221–28)The metaphor engages with the nineteenth century's great preoccupation with the historically-determined nature of architectural form — its sense that, as Owen Jones declared in 1856, “architecture is the material expression of the wants, the faculties, and the sentiments, of the age in which it is created” (5). The Classical-Gothic opposition that structured most contemporary debates about aesthetic value in architecture is economically encapsulated by Browning in the mutation of the collapsed Classical pillars into Gothic buttresses. It is the economy of the reference that indicates Browning's easy familiarity with those contemporary architectural debates. He makes use of architectural images and ideas in a number of poems, a fact that has gone relatively unremarked in Browning studies. The theme occurs throughoutSordelloand is a major element in “Old Pictures in Florence” and “Bishop Blougram's Apology.” His interest in architecture, I contend, derived, like that of most of his contemporaries, from his preoccupation with history. I intend to examine the precise manifestation of that interest and the ways in which he illuminated, synthesized, and rejected elements of the architecture debates, which reveal much about the particular nature of his concern with history.
Twin births, sex of children and maternal risk of endometrial cancer: A cohort study in Norway
Authors: ALBREKTSEN GRETHE , HEUCH IVAR , THORESEN STEINAR , KVÅLE GUNNAR 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective. To explore whether twin births and sex of children influenced maternal risk of endometrial cancer, possibly with effect modification by age. Design. Population‐based prospective study. Study population. A total of 1,094,017 parous Norwegian women aged 30–74 years, including 3,356 endometrial cancer cases. Among the 27,158 mothers of twins, 101 cases occurred. Methods. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in Poisson regression analyses of person‐years at risk. Results. Women ever having experienced a twin birth had an overall higher risk of endometrial cancer than women with singleton births only (IRR=1.26, 95% CI=1.03–1.53). Women with twin boys appeared to be the main contributor to the overall elevated risk (IRR=1.57, 95% CI=1.15–2.14). The risk estimates for women with twin girls or sex‐nonconcordant twins were close to unity (IRR of 1.09 and 1.12, respectively). However, age‐specific analyses revealed an elevated risk also in women with twin girls, but only before age 55 years (IRR=1.92, 95% CI=1.27–2.89); a lower risk was seen at older ages (IRR=0.41, 95% CI=0.19–0.92). The risk estimates for twin boys and sex‐nonconcordant twins were consistently observed across age groups. The effect modification by age was statistically significant (p = 0.0024). No association was found with sex of children in singleton mothers. Conclusion. Mothers of twin boys had a significantly higher risk of endometrial cancer than women with singleton births only, whereas women with twin girls had an elevated risk before age 55 years. No significant association was seen with sex‐noncordant twins, neither overall nor within age groups.
Domestic violence prior to and during pregnancy among Pakistani women
Authors: KARMALIANI ROZINA , IRFAN FARHANA , BANN CARLA M. , MCCLURE ELIZABETH M. , MOSS NANCY , PASHA OMRANA , GOLDENBERG ROBERT L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective. Abuse of women has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Data about abuse from developing countries are scarce, especially from Muslim societies. Our objective was to investigate domestic violence before and during pregnancy among women in an urban area of Pakistan. Design. Population‐based cohort study. Setting. An urban community in Hyderabad, Pakistan. Population. Thousand three hundred and twenty‐four pregnant women at 20–26 weeks gestation. Methods. Socio‐demographic and reproductive history data were obtained through structured interviews. We used a modified World Health Organization screening instrument to assess women's experience of domestic violence. Measures. Physical, sexual, and verbal abuse and demographic characteristics. Results. The majority of women had received some schooling and in most households the husbands were employed; by Pakistani standards, they were middle class. Young maternal age, having an unemployed husband and one with other wives/partners, and having had a prior pregnancy were significant predictors of abuse. In the six months prior to and/or during pregnancy, 51% reported experiencing verbal, physical or sexual abuse. Twenty percent reported physical or sexual abuse alone. Sixteen percent of women considered suicide as a response to the abuse. Conclusions. Domestic violence is common among urban Pakistani women of reproductive age, suggesting a need for universal screening during antenatal care, and for support and referral. Further research is needed to determine factors that place women at greatest risk, and to assess the impact of domestic violence on pregnancy outcomes.
The Stockholm classification of stillbirth
Authors: VARLI INGELA HULTHÉN , PETERSSON KARIN , BOTTINGA ROGER , BREMME KATARINA , HOFSJÖ ALEXANDRA , HOLM MARIA , HOLSTE CAROLA , KUBLICKAS MARIUS , NORMAN MARGARETA , PILO CHRISTINA , ROOS NATHALIE , SUNDBERG ANDERS , WOLFF KERSTIN , PAPADOGIANNAKIS NIKOS 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective. To design and validate a classification system for audit groups working with stillbirth. The classification includes well‐defined primary and associated conditions related to fetal death. Design. Descriptive. Setting. All delivery wards in Stockholm. Population. Stillbirths from 22 completed weeks in Stockholm, Sweden. Methods. Parallel to audit work, the Stockholm stillbirth group has developed a classification of conditions related to stillbirth. The classification has been validated. Main outcome measure. The classification and the results of the validation are presented. Result. The classification with 17 groups identifying underlying conditions related to stillbirth (primary diagnoses) and associated factors which may have contributed to the death (associated diagnoses) is described. The conditions are subdivided into definite, probable and possible relation to the death. An evaluation of 382 cases of stillbirth during 2002–2005 resulted in 382 primary diagnoses and 132 associated diagnoses. The most common conditions identified were intrauterine growth restriction/placental insufficiency (23%), infection (19%), malformations/chromosomal abnormalities (12%). The ‘unexplained’ group together with the ‘unknown’ group comprised 18%. Validation was done by reclassification of 95 cases from 2005 by six investigators. The overall agreement regarding primary diagnosis was substantial (kappa=0.70). Conclusions. The Stockholm classification of stillbirth consists of 17 diagnostic groups allowing one primary diagnosis and if needed, associated diagnoses. Diagnoses are subdivided according to definite, probable and possible relation to stillbirth. Validation showed high degree of agreement regarding primary diagnosis. The classification can provide a useful tool for clinicians and audit groups when discussing cause and underlying conditions of fetal death.
Differences in heparan sulfate production in cervical fibroblast cultures from women undergoing term and preterm delivery
Authors: ÅKERUD ANNA , DUBICKE AURELIJA , SENNSTRÖM MARIA , EKMAN‐ORDEBERG GUNVOR , MALMSTRÖM ANDERS 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective. An extensive remodeling of the human cervical connective tissue occurs throughout pregnancy, with a decrease in the total concentration of collagen and proteoglycans. We hypothesized that the profound changes in proteoglycan production in the cervix would be seen in corresponding cervical fibroblasts as well. Methods. Cervical biopsies were obtained from five non‐pregnant women, five women undergoing elective Cesarean section, six women directly after spontaneous term parturition and four directly after spontaneous preterm parturition. By explant technique, fibroblasts were cultured from the biopsies. Subcultures of the primary fibroblasts were treated with antibodies to heparan sulfate proteoglycans and labeled with radioactive sulfate. The labeled proteoglycans were purified by ion‐exchange chromatography and separated by gel electrophoresis. Results. Proteoglycan production was reduced by 50% in fibroblasts obtained from term and preterm women. In comparison to equivalent control cultures from non‐pregnant women, this decline was significant. Production of the proteoglycans biglycan and perlecan was similar in term partal and preterm partal cell cultures. Biglycan production was significantly reduced (by 40%) and perlecan production was significantly induced (by 60%) compared to control cultures. Fibroblast cultures established from women with preterm delivery had significantly higher production of heparan sulfate proteoglycans than those obtained from non‐pregnant donors. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans were localized to cell membranes and intracellular compartments. Conclusions. The changes in proteoglycan production in the human pregnant cervix can also be seen in corresponding cervical fibroblasts. Term partal and preterm partal cells differed from their non‐pregnant counterpart, which suggests a role for proteoglycans in cervical ripening.
Mid‐trimester serum relaxin concentrations and post‐partum pelvic floor dysfunction
Authors: HARVEY MARIE‐ANDRÉE , JOHNSTON SHAWNA L. , DAVIES GREGORY A.L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives. To compare mid‐trimester serum relaxin concentration (SRC) in primiparous women with or without pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD – stress urinary incontinence (SUI), genital prolapse). Design. Nested observational cohort study. Setting. Urogynecology clinic of affiliated University hospital. Population. Primiparous women one to four years post‐partum, who had, at time of index pregnancy, participated in a prospective observational study looking at mid‐trimester serum relaxin and preterm delivery. Methods. Relaxin had been obtained during the index pregnancy at 24 and 28 weeks. Primiparous women who had not given birth to a subsequent child were contacted and asked to return for a single visit assessing pelvic floor function. Main outcome measures. Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system (POPQ) and Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI‐6). Results. Fifty women participated, of whom 40 delivered vaginally. Seventeen (34%) women had prolapse and 23 (46%) had stress incontinence. Relaxin was slightly higher (not significantly) in women with PFD than in those without. Relaxin concentration declined significantly more rapidly from 24 to 28 weeks in incontinent women, after adjusting for baseline and obstetrical factors. Conclusions. In contrast to previous reports, mid‐gestation relaxin tended to be higher and fall significantly faster in women with PFD. Acknowledging relaxin's effects on collagen turnover, our findings explore the association between childbirth and PFD.
First trimester uterine artery Doppler in women with previous pre‐eclampsia
Authors: PREFUMO FEDERICO , FRATELLI NICOLA , GANAPATHY RAMESH , BHIDE AMAR , FRUSCA TIZIANA , THILAGANATHAN BASKARAN 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective. To assess the role of first trimester uterine artery Doppler in pregnancies previously complicated by pre‐eclampsia. Design and setting. Case‐control study in two tertiary referral hospitals. Sample. A total of 56 singleton pregnancies in women with a previous pregnancy complicated by pre‐eclampsia (Group 1). For each case, two parous controls (Group 2) and two nulliparous controls (Group 3) with normal pregnancy outcome were matched. Methods. Doppler examination of the uterine arteries at 11–14 weeks’ gestation. Main outcome measures. Mean uterine artery resistance index (UtARI) and notching. Pregnancy outcome. Results. UtARI did not vary significantly between the three groups (0.73, 0.70 and 0.71, respectively). Women in Group 1 had a significantly higher prevalence of uterine artery notching than those in Group 2 (73 vs 57%, p = 0.04). In Group 1, the UtARI and prevalence of notching was not significantly increased when pregnancies were subsequently complicated by pre‐eclampsia (p = 0.60 and 0.61, respectively). However, in 12 pregnancies requiring delivery before 37 weeks due to pre‐eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, abruption or intrauterine fetal death, the UtARI was significantly higher than in the 44 pregnancies with normal outcome (p = 0.04). A combination of UtARI and notching showed sensitivities up to 75% and negative predictive values up to 88% for adverse outcome before 37 weeks. Conclusions. In pregnancies following a previous gestation complicated by pre‐eclampsia, first trimester uterine artery Doppler findings are similar to those observed in nulliparous women. In these high‐risk women, a combination of UtARI and notching can predict the risk of adverse outcome before 37 weeks.
Second trimester neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin as a potential prediagnostic marker of preeclampsia
Authors: D'ANNA ROSARIO , BAVIERA GIOVANNI , GIORDANO DOMENICO , TODARELLO GIOVANNA , CORRADO FRANCESCO , BUEMI MICHELE 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNeutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations, a product of neutrophils, were investigated in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Prospectively collected data and late second trimester (24–26 weeks) serum samples from 48 women who subsequently developed preeclampsia (PE) and 96 control women with uncomplicated pregnancies were compared. Serum NGAL values, as determined by quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay, were significantly increased in the preeclamptic compared to the control women: 76.9 ng/ml (interquartile range 39.7–96.5) versus 16.0 ng/ml (interquartile range 11.2–24.4) (p<0.001), and were positively correlated to blood pressure and proteinuria, showing a high sensitivity (75%) and specificity (94.5%). The results suggest that serum NGAL might be involved in the pathophysiology of PE and could be a marker for this syndrome.
Polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1‐beta promoters with possible gene regulatory functions increase the risk of preterm birth
Authors: HOLLEGAARD MADS VILHELM , GROVE JAKOB , THORSEN POUL , WANG XIAOBIN , MANDRUP SUSANNE , CHRISTIANSEN MICHAEL , NORGAARD‐PEDERSEN BENT , WOJDEMANN KAREN R. , TABOR ANN , ATTERMANN JORN , HOUGAARD DAVID MICHAEL 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective. To investigate the relation between 19 selected single nucleotide polymorphisms in three cytokine genes, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA), interleukin 1‐beta (IL1B) and interleukin 6 (IL6) and preterm birth (<37 weeks’ gestation). Design. Case‐control association study. Sample. A total of 117 singleton pregnant Danish Caucasian women, including 62 preterm birth cases and 55 controls (birth ≥37 weeks). Methods. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan probes and traditional sequencing. Descriptive statistics were carried out with Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon rank‐sum test. All genetic data were tested for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and analyzed using logistic regression, 2×2 proportions or χ2. Haplotypes were estimated for each gene and permutation used for association testing. Results. Women carrying the TNFA −857 C>T rare allele (T) and those homozygous for the IL1B −31 T>C and IL1B −511 C>T rare alleles (C and T) have an increased risk of preterm birth with OR 3.1 (95% CI: 1.0‐10.3) and OR 6.4 (95% CI: 1.3‐60.5), respectively. Two estimated TNFA haplotypes were associated with preterm birth with OR 3.1 (p = 0.037) and OR 2.7 (p = 0.045). Conclusion. Polymorphisms in the cytokine genes TNFA and IL1B may increase the risk of preterm birth, possibly by a dysregulation of the immune system in pregnancy.
Significance of preoperative serum CA‐125 levels in the prediction of lymph node metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: KIM HEE SEUNG , PARK NOH HYUN , CHUNG HYUN HOON , KIM JAE WEON , SONG YONG SANG , KANG SOON BEOM 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective. To investigate preoperative serum CA‐125 levels as a predictive factor for evaluation of lymph node metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Medical records at Seoul National University Hospital. Population. Ninety‐nine patients with epithelial ovarian cancer between January 2004 and March 2007. Methods. The significance of the preoperative serum CA‐125 level for the prediction of lymph node metastasis was determined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, McNemar's test and logistic regression analysis. Clinical prognostic factors affecting survival were evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier analysis with the log‐rank test and Cox's proportional hazard analysis. Results. The ROC curve showed the best cut‐off value (535 U/mL) of the preoperative serum CA‐125 level with regard to sensitivity (70.0%) and specificity (83.1%). Imaging studies combined with the preoperative serum CA‐125 level showed the highest sensitivity (90.0%), whereas imaging studies alone showed the highest specificity (89.8%) for the prediction of lymph node metastasis. FIGO stage III–IV, the preoperative serum CA‐125 level (≥535 U/mL) and lymph node involvement on imaging studies were significant factors for the prediction of lymph node metastasis (p <0.05). Suboptimal debulking surgery and lymph node metastasis were poor prognostic factors for progression‐free survival and overall survival, respectively (p <0.05). Conclusions. The preoperative serum CA‐125 level (≥535 U/mL) may be important for the prediction of lymph node metastasis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Furthermore, it can be helpful in selecting patients who should undergo systemic lymphadenectomy for the detection of hidden lymph node metastasis.
Vascular complication after insertion of a subcutaneous contraceptive implant
Authors: MOURTIALON PASCAL , TIXIER HERVÉ , LOFFROY ROMARIC , MAILLART JEAN‐CHRISTOPHE , CALMELET PASCAL , DELLINGER PATRICK , VANWYMEERSCH SERGE , EL HASSANI RACHID , DOUVIER SERGE , SAGOT PAUL 
Published: October 2008

AbstractImplanon® is a reliable method of contraception widely used in France and around the world. Cases of difficulties encountered in inserting or removing the implant have been described. We report the first case of an insertion accident that led to occlusion of the right brachial artery and required exploratory vascular surgery.
Subgroups of preterm delivery in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study
Authors: MORKEN NILS‐HALVDAN , MAGNUS PER , JACOBSSON BO 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe preterm deliveries in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort (MoBa) study were divided into subgroups: spontaneous preterm delivery, iatrogenic preterm delivery, multiple pregnancies, congenital malformations and intrauterine fetal deaths (IUFD). Records were linked with the Medical Birth Registry of Norway in order to permit identification of the different subgroups. The first 53,711 included pregnancies in the MoBa study were analyzed. Spontaneous preterm delivery accounted for 42% and iatrogenic preterm delivery for 28% of all preterm deliveries. Other important contributors to preterm delivery were multiple pregnancies (16%), congenital malformations (8.6%) and IUFD (5.2%). In conclusion, the subgroup composition of the preterm population in the MoBa study is similar to previously published data regarding both different and similar populations and is well suited for future studies of this complex obstetric entity.