bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land erosion and associated evolution of clay minerals assemblages from soils to artificial lakes in two distinct climate regimes in Portugal and Brazil
Authors: Fonseca R. , Barriga F. J. A. S. , Tazaki K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractGiven that reservoirs contain most of the leached materials from soils, we have studied the sediments accumulated in the bottom of two groups of reservoirs developed under different climatic conditions and thus with contrasting rates of weathering/erosion regimes. Through detailed comparative study of clay minerals of the parent rocks and soils with the clay fractions of the dam sediments, we have concluded that, during cycles of erosion-transport-deposition, the leached materials have complex transformation mechanisms, making them much more active in the environment. All clay-mineral groups are well represented in the reservoir sediments, including abundant mixed-layer and partly disordered minerals. Moreover, the sediments are nutrient-rich and potentially useful as agricultural fertilizers and hence in reversing the declining soil productivity in some regions.
R⩾1-type illite-smectite formation at near-surface temperatures
Authors: Sandler A. , Saar H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA series of thin clayey beds topping shallow marine cyclothems was sampled from a Turonian succession in Israel and was analysed by XRD for the mineralogical composition of its clay fraction. The main goal was to search for potential relations between short-term shallowing and possible emergence events and clay mineralogy. The bulk (<2 μm), coarse (0.2–2 μm) and fine (–0.2 μm) clay fractions of a unique clay bed, dominated by R⩾1-type I-S were analysed for their chemical composition and dated by the K-Ar method. The fine clay fraction was dated at ~5 m.y. younger and the bulk clay to be slightly older than the known stratigraphic age, which means that the clay is mostly authigenic and formed at low-temperature, near-surface conditions. This is supported by the geological history of the region and by the variability of the clay assemblages and I-S composition within ~30 m vertical distance, neither of which indicates evidence for high temperatures. The sedimentological analysis suggests that the clay bed was deposited at marginal marine marshes where evaporated sea water turned into an alkaline solution of high K concentration. This is apparently the first study to provide convincing evidence for low-temperature, early diagenetic formation and preservation of I-S with R1-type, or similar ordering.
Oxygen-dependent ATF-4 stability is mediated by the PHD3 oxygen sensor
Authors: Köditz Jens , Nesper Jutta , Wottawa Marieke , Stiehl Daniel P. , Camenisch Gieri , Franke Corinna , Myllyharju Johanna , Wenger Roland H. , Katschinski Dörthe M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe activating transcription factor-4 (ATF-4) is translationally induced under anoxic conditions, mediates part of the unfolded protein response following endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and is a critical regulator of cell fate. Here, we identified the zipper II domain of ATF-4 to interact with the oxygen sensor prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3). The PHD inhibitors dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) and hypoxia, or proteasomal inhibition, all induced ATF-4 protein levels. Hypoxic induction of ATF-4 was due to increased protein stability, but was independent of the ubiquitin ligase von Hippel–Lindau protein (pVHL). A novel oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domain was identified adjacent to the zipper II domain. Mutations of 5 prolyl residues within this ODD domain or siRNA-mediated down-regulation of PHD3, but not of PHD2, was sufficient to stabilize ATF-4 under normoxic conditions. These data demonstrate that PHD-dependent oxygen-sensing recruits both the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and ATF-4 systems, and hence not only confers adaptive responses but also cell fate decisions.
Making sense of zebrafish neural development in the Minervois
Authors: Ghysen Alain , Dambly-Chaudière Christine , Raible David 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe meeting 'From sensory perception to motor output: genetic bases of behavior in the zebrafish embryo' was held at Minerve (South of France) on March 16–18, 2007. The meeting site was beautifully situated in the heart of the Minervois wine country, and its remoteness promoted conversations and interaction over the course of the program. The meeting covered neurogenesis and eye development on day 1, ear and lateral line development on day 2, and brain connectivity and behavior on day 3. Underlying all sessions, however, ran the growing importance of live imaging, an approach that takes full advantage of the transparency of fish embryos and early larvae, as illustrated by several movies and links in this report.
Glucosamine prevents in vitro collagen degradation in chondrocytes by inhibiting advanced lipoxidation reactions and protein oxidation
Authors: Tiku Moti L , Narla Haritha , Jain Mohit , Yalamanchili Praveen 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) affects a large segment of the aging population and is a major cause of pain and disability. At present, there is no specific treatment available to prevent or retard the cartilage destruction that occurs in OA. Recently, glucosamine sulfate has received attention as a putative agent that may retard cartilage degradation in OA. The precise mechanism of action of glucosamine is not known. We investigated the effect of glucosamine in an in vitro model of cartilage collagen degradation in which collagen degradation induced by activated chondrocytes is mediated by lipid peroxidation reaction. Lipid peroxidation in chondrocytes was measured by conjugated diene formation. Protein oxidation and aldehydic adduct formation were studied by immunoblot assays. Antioxidant effect of glucosamine was also tested on malondialdehyde (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS]) formation on purified lipoprotein oxidation for comparison. Glucosamine sulfate and glucosamine hydrochloride in millimolar (0.1 to 50) concentrations specifically and significantly inhibited collagen degradation induced by calcium ionophore-activated chondrocytes. Glucosamine hydrochloride did not inhibit lipid peroxidation reaction in either activated chondrocytes or in copper-induced oxidation of purified lipoproteins as measured by conjugated diene formation. Glucosamine hydrochloride, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited malondialdehyde (TBARS) formation by oxidized lipoproteins. Moreover, we show that glucosamine hydrochloride prevents lipoprotein protein oxidation and inhibits malondialdehyde adduct formation in chondrocyte cell matrix, suggesting that it inhibits advanced lipoxidation reactions. Together, the data suggest that the mechanism of decreasing collagen degradation in this in vitro model system by glucosamine may be mediated by the inhibition of advanced lipoxidation reaction, preventing the oxidation and loss of collagen matrix from labeled chondrocyte matrix. Further studies are needed to relate these in vitro findings to the retardation of cartilage degradation reported in OA trials investigating glucosamine.
Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Authors: Hutcheson Iain R , Knowlden Janice M , Hiscox Steve E , Barrow Denise , Gee Julia MW , Robertson John F , Ellis Ian O , Nicholson Robert I 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) therapies is an emerging clinical problem. The efficacy of anti-EGFR therapies can be influenced by the presence of heregulins (HRGs), which can bind erbB3/4 receptors and can activate alternative signalling pathways. In the present study we have examined whether HRG signalling can circumvent EGFR blockade in an EGFR-positive tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) breast cancer cell line.

Methods
Tam-R cells, incubated with the selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839), were exposed to HRGβ1 and the effects on erbB receptor dimerization profiles and on activation of associated downstream signalling components were assessed by immunoprecipitation, western blotting and immunocytochemistry. The effects of HRGβ1 on gefitinib-treated Tam-R cell growth and invasion were also examined, and HRGβ1 expression levels were assessed in breast cancer tissue by immunohistochemistry to address the potential clinical relevance of such a resistance mechanism.

Results
In Tam-R cells, HRGβ1 promoted erbB3/erbB2 and erbB3/EGFR heterodimerization, promoted ERK1/2 and AKT pathway activation and increased cell proliferation and invasion. Gefitinib prevented HRGβ1-driven erbB3/EGFR heterodimerization, ERK1/2 activation and Tam-R cell proliferation, but HRGβ1-driven erbB3/erbB2 heterodimerization, AKT activation and Tam-R cell invasion were maintained. A combination of gefitinib and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 effectively blocked HRGβ1-mediated intracellular signalling activity, growth and invasion in Tam-R cells. Similarly, targeting erbB2 with trastuzumab in combination with gefitinib in Tam-R cells reduced HRGβ1-induced erbB2 and ERK1/2 activity; however, HRGβ1-driven AKT activity and cell growth were maintained while cell invasion was significantly enhanced with this combination. In clinical tissue all samples demonstrated cytoplasmic tumour epithelial HRGβ1 protein staining, with expression correlating with EGFR positivity and activation of both AKT and ERK1/2.

Conclusion
HRGβ1 can overcome the inhibitory effects of gefitinib on cell growth and invasion in Tam-R cells through promotion of erbB3/erbB2 heterodimerization and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signalling pathway. This may have implications for the effectiveness of anti-EGFR therapies in breast cancer as HRGβ1 is enriched in many EGFR-positive breast tumours.
IFN-α regulates Toll-like receptor-mediated IL-27 gene expression in human macrophages
Authors: Pirhonen Jaana , Sirén Jukka , Julkunen Ilkka , Matikainen Sampsa 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIL-27 is a novel member of the IL-12 cytokine family. IL-27 has pro- and anti-inflammatory properties, and it controls the responses of adaptive immunity. It promotes the differentiation of naïve Th cells and suppresses the effector functions of Th17 cells. Biologically active IL-27 is a heterodimer composed of EBV-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and p28 proteins. We report that TLR-dependent expression of IL-27 in human macrophages is mediated by IFN-α. Stimulation of macrophages with agonists for TLR3 {polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]}, TLR4 (LPS), or TLR7/8 (R848) results in concurrent expression of EBI3 and p28. The p28 expression is inhibited with neutralizing anti-IFN-α antibodies. Unlike poly(I:C), LPS, and R848, TLR2 agonist (S)-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-N-palmitoyl-(R)-Cys-(S)-Ser(S)-Lys4-OH trihydrochloride does not stimulate macrophages to produce IFN-α, and therefore, it is not able to turn on the expression of p28. There is an IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) in the p28 gene promoter. IFN-α enhances the expression of IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) in macrophages and induces binding of IRF-1 to the p28 ISRE site. The data provide a mechanistic basis for the IFN-α-mediated activation of IL-27. The data emphasize a role of IFN-α in immune responses, which rely on the recognition of pathogens by TLRs.
Blockade of chronic graft-versus-host disease by alloantigen-induced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in nonlymphopenic hosts
Authors: Giorgini A , Noble A 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are well known to suppress immunopathology induced in lymphopenic animals following T cell reconstitution, including acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) post-bone marrow transplantation. The regulatory potential of this subset in nonlymphopenic hosts and in chronic, Th2-mediated GVHD is less clear. We have generated alloantigen-specific cells from CD4+CD25+ populations stimulated with MHC-disparate dendritic cells and found them to express a stable Treg forkhead box p3+ phenotype with enhanced suppressive activity mediated by cell contact. When transferred into nonlymphopenic F1 hosts, nonspecific Tregs proliferated as rapidly as CD4+CD25− cells but displayed distinct growth kinetics in vitro. Tregs, expanded in response to alloantigen in vitro, displayed greatly enhanced suppressive activity, which was partially antigen-specific. They were effective inhibitors of chronic GVHD, blocking donor cell engraftment, splenomegaly, autoantibody production, and glomerulonephritis. CD25+ and CD25− cells were equally susceptible to inhibition by immunosuppressive drugs targeting TCR signaling and rapamycin, but Tregs were resistant to inhibition by dexamethasone. The data indicate that alloantigen-driven expansion, rather than homeostatic proliferation, is key to the effectiveness of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in GVHD and suggest that cellular therapy with alloantigen-induced Tregs in combination with glucocorticoid treatment would be effective in prevention of chronic GVHD after immune reconstitution.
Scholastic Achievements of Childhood Leukemia Patients: A Nationwide, Register-Based Study
Authors: Harila-Saari Arja H. , Lähteenmäki Päivi M. , Pukkala Eero , Kyyrönen Pentti , Lanning Marjatta , Sankila Risto 
Published: August 2007

PurposeStudies concerning the scholastic achievement of survivors of childhood leukemia have yielded controversial results. We studied the school marks of childhood leukemia survivors in a register-based study.Patients and MethodsThree hundred seventy-one patients with a diagnosis of leukemia before the age of 16 years who were born between 1974 and 1986 and alive on their 16th birthday were identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry. Five matched controls were sought for each patient from the Population Register Center of Finland. Information on the ninth-grade school report was obtained from Statistics Finland. The overall mark average and the marks (scale 4 to 10) for mother tongue, foreign language, mathematics, and physical education were compared between the patients and controls.ResultsThe ninth-grade school report was obtained by 97.6% of the patients and 98.5% of the controls. The patients whose treatment included cranial irradiation had a lower overall mark average (mean difference, −0.24; 95% CI, −0.33 to −0.15) and lower marks for all assessed school subjects compared with their controls. Of the patients treated with chemotherapy alone, only the females with leukemia diagnosed before 7 years of age had lower school marks than their controls. The biggest difference was observed in the marks for foreign language among the irradiated females diagnosed at a young age (mean difference, −1.0; 95% CI, −1.25 to −0.74).ConclusionLeukemia treatment that includes cranial irradiation impairs scholastic achievement. It is noteworthy that treatment of leukemia with chemotherapy alone impairs school performance only in females diagnosed before school age.
Trastuzumab-Related Cardiotoxicity: Calling Into Question the Concept of Reversibility
Authors: Telli Melinda L. , Hunt Sharon A. , Carlson Robert W. , Guardino Alice E. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeTo assess the spectrum and reversibility of the cardiotoxicity observed in the adjuvant trastuzumab trials.DesignThe design and efficacy of the major adjuvant trastuzumab trials was assessed, including the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-31, North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831, Herceptin Adjuvant, Breast Cancer International Research Group 006, and Finland Herceptin trials. The cardiotoxicity data were evaluated with a focus on the follow-up cardiac evaluations of women who were diagnosed with cardiotoxicity. Proposed mechanisms of trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity were considered. The natural history of congestive heart failure (CHF) was reviewed with the goal of placing the trastuzumab experience in context.ResultsUp to 4% of patients enrolled onto the adjuvant trastuzumab trials experienced severe CHF during treatment. In these trials, early stopping rules that identified an unacceptable level of cardiotoxicity were never reached. Despite this, a large number of patients on these trials experienced some form of cardiotoxicity that ultimately required discontinuation of trastuzumab. Approximately 14% of patients in the NSABP B-31 trial discontinued trastuzumab because of asymptomatic decreases in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Results of follow-up cardiac evaluations of patients diagnosed with any degree of cardiotoxicity in the NSABP B-31 trial document that a clinically significant proportion of patients have sustained decrements in their LVEF to less than 50%.ConclusionAdjuvant trastuzumab provides substantial benefits to patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive breast cancer, however, competing immediate and long-term cardiovascular risks are a great concern. Continued cardiac follow-up of these women is of critical importance.
Receipt of Appropriate Primary Breast Cancer Therapy and Adjuvant Therapy Are Not Associated With Obesity in Older Women With Access to Health Care
Authors: Buist Diana S.M. , Ichikawa Laura , Prout Marianne N. , Yood Marianne Ulcickas , Field Terry S. , Owusu Cynthia , Geiger Ann M. , Quinn Virginia P. , Wei Feifei , Silliman Rebecca A. 
Published: August 2007

Purpose Many studies have reported body mass index (BMI) increases the risk of breast cancer recurrence and breast cancer–specific mortality. Few studies have reported or examined whether breast cancer treatment differs by BMI. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between BMI at breast cancer diagnosis and receipt of appropriate primary tumor therapy and adjuvant therapy. Methods We identified 897 women age ≥ 65 years diagnosed with stage I or II breast cancer from 1990 to 1999 at five health care organizations. We used medical records to confirm demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, comorbid conditions, and to calculate BMI at diagnosis (< 25 kg/m2, n = 328; 25 to < 30 kg/m2, n = 305; 30 to < 35 kg/m2, n = 188; ≥ 35 kg/m2, n = 76). We defined primary therapy based on National Guidelines as receiving breast-conserving surgery with radiation therapy and axillary node dissection, simple mastectomy with axillary node dissection, or modified radical mastectomy (73% overall); adjuvant therapy was defined as receipt of hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, or both (60% overall). Results The median BMI was 26.7 kg/m2 (range, 14.6 to 61.2). The proportion of women receiving primary therapy and adjuvant therapy was lowest for women less than 25 kg/m2 (69% and 56%, respectively) and greatest for obese I (78% and 64%, respectively). There were no differences in receipt of primary or adjuvant treatment across BMI in univariate or multivariable models (after adjusting for age, stage, comorbidity, diagnosis year, and hormone receptor positivity). Conclusion Receipt of appropriate primary therapy and adjuvant therapy is not associated with BMI in older women with access to health care. Additional research in larger samples and more diverse settings is needed.
Limitations of Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Metaphyseal Bone Density Measurements
Authors: Lee David C. , Gilsanz Vicente , Wren Tishya A. L. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Context: Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measurements are frequently obtained to assess cancellous bone density in the appendicular skeleton. Large variations in bone morphology associated with skeletal development may limit the interpretation of pediatric pQCT studies based on a single slice.
Objective: The objective of the study was to characterize the variability in trabecular bone density values along the length of the metaphysis.
Design: The design was an analysis of pQCT bone density data.
Setting: The study was conducted at a hospital radiology department.
Patients: The study included 35 children with cerebral palsy aged 6–12 yr.
Main Outcome Measure: Variations in cancellous bone density along the length of the proximal tibial metaphysis were measured.
Results: The patterns of decay in metaphyseal trabecular bone density were different in all subjects, and the density changed from the physis to the shaft at a rate of 16.8 ± 8.2% per 1 mm (range 8.6–37.9% per 1 mm). The slopes of the density curve drastically changed in some children over a short period of 6 months. Even with a high correlation (r2 = 0.88) between the density of a slice located a fixed distance from the growth plate and the overall mean metaphysis density, the respective changes in density over 6 months were only moderately correlated (r2 = 0.58).
Conclusions: These results underscore the difficulty in interpreting metaphyseal pQCT bone density measurements from a single slice and highlight the need for developing pQCT acquisition techniques that provide more representative bone density determinations in the appendicular skeleton of children.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)-Thyroperoxidase Antibody Relationships Demonstrate That TSH Upper Reference Limits May Be Skewed by Occult Thyroid Dysfunction
Authors: Spencer C. A. , Hollowell J. G. , Kazarosyan M. , Braverman L. E. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Context: The setting of the TSH upper reference limit impacts the diagnosis of mild hypothyroidism and is currently controversial.
Objective: Our objective was to evaluate factors influencing the TSH reference range.
Design: Nonpregnant subjects aged 12 yr and older from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III were used to study the relationships between TSH, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibodies in different ethnic groups.
Results: TPOAb prevalence was lowest (&lt;3%) when TSH was between 0.1 and 1.5 mIU/liter in women and between 0.1 and 2.0 mIU/liter in men and progressively increased to above 50% when TSH exceeded 20 mIU/liter. TSH reference range parameters (2.5th, 50th, and 97.5th percentiles) were analyzed according to thyroid antibody status, race/ethnicity, and age for the 14,202 subjects made up of non-Hispanic Blacks (B), non-Hispanic whites (W), and Mexican-Americans (M) who did not report thyroid disease or taking thyroid-altering medications and whose total T4 was within the reference range. For each age group of each ethnicity, the inclusion of antibody-positive subjects increased TSH medians and upper limits (97.5th percentiles). The TSH upper limit was lower for the entire B cohort vs. W or M. However, this difference was lost when age cohorts with a similar prevalence of TPOAb (B age 40–49 yr vs. W and M age 20–29 yr) were compared.
Conclusions: Ethnic differences in TSH were not present when populations with the same relative frequency of thyroid antibodies were compared. TSH upper reference limits may be skewed by TPOAb-negative individuals with occult autoimmune thyroid dysfunction.