bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blending Incremental and Stratified Layering Techniques to Produce an Esthetic Posterior Composite Resin Restoration with a Predictable Prognosis
Authors: KLAFF DAVID 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTComposite resin restorations play an ever‐increasing role as routine restorations in everyday clinical practice. However, the long‐term prognosis of these restorations is still widely debated and open to question. The restorative protocols are still evolving, whether for direct or indirect placement, and little evidence is available in the scientific literature as to the ideal choice of site, technique, and category for placement. This article discusses the problems encountered and suggests a clinical restorative protocol to optimize composite resin placement.
effects of sequential versus continuous irradiation of a light‐cured resin composite on shrinkage, viscosity, adhesion, and degree of polymerization
Authors: Koran P. , Kürschner R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT Objective: This in vitro study compar ed different properties of a resin composite using a two‐step light‐curing method and a conventional continuous curing approach. Materials and Methods: Five different tests were performed on specimens of resin composite. Fifty‐five specimens of 3.5‐mm thickness were divided among 11 different test groups that varied in light‐curing protocols. Top and bottom surface hardness were measured after curing. Adhesion of composite to pretreated metal surfaces was tested using 36 specimens irradiated with four different curing methods. Linear and volumetric shrinkage of adhesion specimens were measured using a linometer. Measurements of viscosity were performed on 10 specimens during polymerization. Finally, the dynamics of polymerization during two‐step versus continuous light‐curing were evaluated by measuring the residual monomer concentration in each specimen after different irradiation. Results: Surface hardness depended on the total dose of light delivered, but not on how the light was delivered. Concerning adhesion, the results indicated that marginal adhesion was weakened by fast polymerization and was improved with a low‐intensity pre‐polymerization period. The results of the shrinkage test indicated less shrinkage a t the beginning of the process with the lower intensity light. However, at completion of polymerization, the total shrinkage did not differ significantly between groups. Also, during the curing process, the same viscosity changes occurred in the resin composite regardless of the irradiation method used. Finally, by the 40‐second completion point, specimens made with either two‐step or continuous light‐curing had reached a similar 90% degree of polymerization. Conclusions: With an adequate total irradiation dose, the properties of resin composite cured with a two‐step approach were as good as or better than those obtained using a conventional continuous curing method. Moreover, marginal adaptation was improved by two‐step polymerization, which could be explained by the ability of the material to flow during the early stages of the curing process.
REDUCED LIGHT ENERGY DENSITY DECREASES POST‐GEL CONTRACTON WHILE MAINTAINING DEGREE OF CONVERSION IN COMPOSITES
Authors: Sakaguchi R.L. , Berge H.X. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of curing‐light energy density on degree of conversion and polymerization contraction stress of a hybrid composite resin. Materials and Methods: Specimens of Bisfil P (Bisco, Inc., Schaumburg, Illinois) were fabricated. The specimens were 5.4 mm in diameter by 1.7 mm in thickness. Five groups of six specimens were cured using different light‐intensity protocols. The control group had the highest light intensity, at 337 mW/cm2. Three groups were light‐cured with modified light intensities, which were 71%, 49%, and 34% of the control intensity. In these four groups, the composite was light‐cured for 40 seconds, with only the intensity of the light varying. In the fifth group, specimens were irradiated for 20 seconds with a reduced intensity (241 mW/cm2), followed by 20 seconds at high intensity (337 mW/cm2). A light guide was positioned at 7 mm from the top surface of each specimen during the polymerization. Linear polymerization contraction was measured using electrical strain gauges positioned at the bottom of the specimens. One day after curing, specimens were polished to 600‐grit, and chips were removed with a scalpel from the top and the bottom surfaces of each of the samples to evaluate the degree of conversion using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: The control group (337 mWlcm2) had the highest degree of conversion at top and bottom surfaces. The degree of conversion of the specimens cured with the two‐step method was not significantly different from the values of those cured at either higher or lower intensity for 40 seconds. The linear contraction strain for the specimens cured with the two‐step method was not significantly different from that of the sample cured at the lower intensity for 40 seconds. Also, the post‐gel contraction strain increased linearly as the intensity of the light increased. Conclusions: The degree of conversion was more sensitive to changes in light intensity at the bottom of the composite than at the top. Also, strain was linearly related to light intensity (i.e., greater intensity = more strain). Finally, the specimens cured with the two‐step method showed a 21.8% reduction from the contraction strain predicted from a light energy density calculation.
MO‐D‐M100J‐03: Reducing the Sensitivity of IMPT Treatment Plans to Setup Errors and Range Variations
Authors: Unkelbach J , Chan T C Y , Bortfeld T 
Published: July 2007

Purpose: Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) has the ability to deliver highly conformal dose distributions to tumors of complex shape. However, the accuracy of IMPT treatment plans is potentially compromised by various uncertainties, including setup errors and variations of the range of a proton beam in the patient. Method and Materials: We present two treatment planning concepts for IMPT which incorporate uncertainties into the optimization. The first approach minimizes the expectation value of the deviation of delivered dose and prescribed dose, assuming the delivered dose depends on several random variables that model the uncertainty. The second approach minimizes the maximal dose deviation that can occur. Results: It is shown that these methods can utilize the physical characteristics of the proton beam to make treatment plans relatively insensitive to a particular type of uncertainty.A treatment plan optimized while accounting for range uncertainties avoids placing a bragg peak directly in front of the OAR. Instead, the lateral fall‐off of the pencil beam is utilized in order to avoid the risk of overdosing the OAR. In addition, the dose distributions delivered by individual beams are relatively homogeneous in beam direction. This ensures tumor coverage and homogeneity.On the other hand, treatment plans optimized by accounting for setup errors (modeled as a rigid translation of the entire patient) utilize the distal fall‐off at a transition of OAR and tumor. In addition, the dose distributions delivered by individual beams avoid steep dose gradients perpendicular to the beam direction to ensure tumor homogeneity.Robustness of a treatment plan with respect to both setup error and range variations is possible to a limited degree only, since both types or uncertainty favor conflictive treatment plans. Conclusion: The presented methods are valuable to make IMPT treatment plans insensitive to various types of uncertainty.
TU‐D‐L100F‐04: Current NIH and NCI Initiatives Using Imaging Biomarkers
Authors: Clarke L 
Published: July 2007

Imaging as a biomarker for drug response is becoming an increasing important area of research. There are many sources of uncertainty in the use of imaging as a biomarker for the assessment of drug response. For example, biological variability is a factor that is drug, organ, tumor and patient dependent and thus best addressed through carefully designed clinical trials such as those proposed using and NCI and an NIH wide biomarker initiatives.http://www.fda.gov/oc/mous/domestic/FDA‐NCI‐CMS.htm).http://www.fnih.org/Biomarkers%20Consortium/Biomarkers_home.shtml.However there is also measurement variability associated with the imaging data collection and analysis across different commercial platforms and uncertainty in the performance of different software tools employed to measure therapy response, such as the measurement of change in image‐related computer extracted features over time. These hardware and software sources of uncertainty often force an increase in the size of clinical drug trials, and ideally should not be a variable in measurement of drug response. The development of standardized methods to physically characterize these sources of uncertainty would stimulate the development of improved imaging methods and software tools as recommended by a recent Trans Agency Workshop organized by NIST:http://usms.nist.gov/workshops/bioimaging.htm.This presentation will review current and potential funding opportunities for medical physicists to become engaged in the development of imaging systems and methods and related imaging standards that have the potential of being used in imaging trials for drug and therapy response.
TU‐D‐BRB‐01: The Road to (Training and Practice Of) the Medical Physicist of the Future
Authors: Masten J , Limmer J , Gilley D , Herman M 
Published: July 2007

There are a number of changes pending that will impact the practice of medical physics and those who are called “medical physicist.” Recent changes in the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations have impacted the training and experience requirements for medical physicists to practice in programs licensed by the NRC and Agreement States. The pending CARE Act legislation in Congress will require that Providers utilize individuals, who meet Federal education and credentialing standards, to perform the technical components of medical imaging and radiation therapy in order to participate in federal health programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and other programs administered by the Department of Health and Human Services. These minimum standards may be met by states requiring licensure. After 2012, the American Board of Radiology (ABR) goal for eligibility for certification will require graduation from a CAMPEP‐accredited medical physics training program. All of these will impact how one qualifies to be a medical physicist and how they practice. This session will address these issues.Speakers:Jeffrey Masten, JD: Update and impact of the CARE Act.Jeffrey Limmer, MS Ed, MSc, DABR, — Past methods used to promote licensure in the existing states and the differences and similarities in these regulations.Debbie Gilley, — Review and Impact of Existing State Licensure and Differences in NRC and Agreement State Training and Experience Requirements.Mike Herman, Ph.D. — Future certification and credentialing in the post‐CARE ra and post‐2012 ABR (activities of MPRTP and TG133).
Multidrug Resistance Proteins Do Not Predict Benefit of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Completely Resected Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial Biologic Program
Authors: Filipits Martin , Haddad Vincent , Schmid Katharina , Huynh Anh , Dunant Ariane , André Fabrice , Brambilla Elisabeth , Stahel Rolf , Pignon Jean-Pierre , Soria Jean-Charles , Popper Helmut H. , Le Chevalier Thierry , Pirker Robert 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of our study was to determine whether multidrug resistance proteins (MRP) are of prognostic and/or predictive value in patients who were enrolled into the International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial (IALT).
Experimental Design: Expression of MRP1 and MRP2 was immunohistochemically assessed in tumor specimens obtained from 782 IALT patients. Prognostic and predictive analyses were based on Cox models adjusted for clinical and pathologic variables.
Results: MRP1 expression was considered positive in 364 (47%) patients and MRP2 expression in 313 (40%) patients. MRP2-positive patients had a significantly shorter overall survival than MRP2-negative patients in the total patient population [adjusted hazard ratio for death, 1.37; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.09-1.72; P = 0.007]. There was no significant association between MRP1 expression and overall survival. Neither MRP1 nor MRP2 predicted response to adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
Conclusions: MRP2 expression is an independent prognostic factor in patients with completely resected non–small cell lung cancer but neither MRP1 nor MRP2 was of predictive value in patients enrolled into the IALT.
Combined Therapeutic Effects of Vinblastine and Rapamycin on Human Neuroblastoma Growth, Apoptosis, and Angiogenesis
Authors: Marimpietri Danilo , Brignole Chiara , Nico Beatrice , Pastorino Fabio , Pezzolo Annalisa , Piccardi Federica , Cilli Michele , Di Paolo Daniela , Pagnan Gabriella , Longo Luca , Perri Patrizia , Ribatti Domenico , Ponzoni Mirco 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Vinblastine and rapamycin displayed synergistic inhibition of human neuroblastoma-related angiogenesis. Here, we studied the antitumor activity of vinblastine and rapamycin against human neuroblastoma.
Experimental Design: Cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis were evaluated by measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation, bromodeoxyuridine uptake, and phosphatidylserine exposure, respectively. The in vivo sensitivity of neuroblastoma cells to vinblastine and rapamycin was determined in orthotopic neuroblastoma-engrafted mice. Angiogenesis was assessed by the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay.
Results: Each compound alone was able to induce a dose-dependent significant inhibition of cell proliferation, with a dramatically enhanced antiproliferative effect for the drugs used in combination. A marked G2-M cell cycle arrest with a nearly complete depletion of S phase was associated. The combined treatment triggered an increased apoptosis compared with either drug tested alone. A significant inhibition of tumor growth and microvessel area was obtained in neuroblastoma-bearing mice when treated with vinblastine or rapamycin alone, and a more dramatic effect with the combined treatment, compared with control mice. The therapeutic effectiveness, expressed as increased life span, was statistically improved by the combined therapy, compared with mice treated with either drug tested separately. Histologic evaluation of primary tumors showed that the combined treatment inhibited proliferation and angiogenesis and induced apoptosis. Combined treatment of neuroblastoma cells and neuroblastoma-bearing mice with vinblastine and rapamycin induced the down-modulation of both vascular endothelial growth factor production and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression. In the chorioallantoic membrane assay, angiogenesis induced by human neuroblastoma biopsy specimens was significantly inhibited by vinblastine and rapamycin.
Conclusions: These results may be relevant to design new therapeutic strategies against neuroblastoma.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Affect Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Immunogenicity
Authors: Nencioni Alessio , Beck Julia , Werth Daniela , Grünebach Frank , Patrone Franco , Ballestrero Alberto , Brossart Peter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPurpose: Histone deacetylases (HDAC) modulate gene transcription and chromatin assembly by modifying histones at the posttranscriptional level. HDAC inhibitors have promising antitumor activity and are presently explored in clinical studies. Cumulating evidence in animal models of immune disorders also suggests immunosuppressive properties for these small molecules, although the underlying mechanisms remain at present poorly understood. Here, we have evaluated the effects of two HDAC inhibitors currently in clinical use, sodium valproate and MS-275, on human monocyte-derived DCs.Experimental Design: DCs were generated from monocytes through incubation with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4. DC maturation was induced by addition of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. DC phenotype, immunostimulatory capacity, cytokine secretion, and migratory capacity were determined by flow cytometry, mixed leukocyte reaction, ELISA, and Transwell migration assay, respectively. Nuclear translocation of RelB, IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-3, and IRF-8 were determined by immunoblotting.Results: HDAC inhibition skews DC differentiation by preventing the acquisition of the DC hallmark CD1a and by affecting the expression of costimulation and adhesion molecules. In addition, macrophage inflammatory protein-3β/chemokine, motif CC, ligand 19–induced migration, immunostimulatory capacity, and cytokine secretion by DCs are also profoundly impaired. The observed defects in DC function on exposure to HDAC inhibitors seem to reflect the obstruction of signaling through nuclear factor-κB, IRF-3, and IRF-8.Conclusions: HDAC inhibitors exhibit strong immunomodulatory properties in human DCs. Our results support the evaluation of HDAC inhibitors in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
Creativity, identity and healing: participants' accounts of music therapy in cancer care
Authors: Daykin Norma , McClean Stuart , Bunt Leslie 
Published: July 2007

This article reports on findings from a study of the accounts of people participating in music therapy as part of a programme of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in supportive cancer care. The article outlines the perceived effects of music therapy, which shares many characteristics with CAM therapies as well as offering a distinct contribution as a creative therapy. Hence in this article we draw on theories and writings from the sociology of CAM as well as those relating to music, healing and aesthetics in order to explore participants' accounts. The importance of identity and the role of creativity in processes of individuation are key themes emerging from the analysis. While music and creativity are often seen uncritically as resources for health and well-being, we draw attention to the challenges and complexity of diverse responses to music, framed by personal biographies that are in turn often situated within socially constructed notions of aesthetics. We argue that in research on music therapy, as well as other CAM therapies, issues of identity can be key to an understanding of questions of therapeutic impact.
Clinical medication review by a pharmacist of elderly people living in care homes: pharmacist interventions
Authors: Alldred David P , Zermansky Arnold G , Petty Duncan R , Raynor David K , Freemantle Nick , Eastaugh Joanne , Bowie Peter 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the rate and nature of pharmacist interventions following clinical medication review of elderly people living in care homes.

Setting
Care home residents aged 65+ years, prescribed at least one repeat medication, living in nursing, residential and mixed care homes for older people in Leeds, UK.

Method
Analysis of data from care home residents receiving clinical medication review in the intervention arm of a randomised controlled trial. Intervention outcomes for each medicine were evaluated for each resident.

Key findings
Three-hundred and thirty-one residents were randomised to receive a clinical medication review and 315 (95%) were reviewed by the study pharmacist; 256 (77%) residents had at least one recommendation made to the general practitioner. For the 2280 medicines prescribed, there were 672 medicine-related interventions: medicines for cardiovascular system (167 (25%)), nutrition and blood (121 (18%)), central nervous system (113 (17%)) and gastrointestinal conditions (86 (13%)) accounted for 487 (73%) of medicine-related interventions. There were 75 non-medicine-related interventions. The most common interventions were ‘technical’ (225 (30%)), ‘test to monitor medicine’ (161 (22%)), ‘stop drug’ (100 (13%)), ‘test to monitor conditions' (75 (10%)), ‘start drug’ (76 (10%)), ‘alter dose’ (40 (5%)) and ‘switch drug’ (37 (5%)). Recommendations to stop a medicine were most common for CNS drugs (32 (32%)). The most common medicine to be recommended to be started was calcium and vitamin D (45 (59%)). Following a recommendation to test to monitor a medicine, 23 (14%) medicines required a change.

Conclusions
This study has demonstrated that clinical medication review by a pharmacist can identify medicine problems in approximately 80% of care home residents, requiring intervention in 1 in 4 of their prescribed medications.
A description of patients presenting with minor illness in community pharmacies in southern Chile
Authors: Akesson Carin , Paulos Claudio , Marín Francisco , Salazar Cecilia 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Objective
To describe the characteristics of patients presenting with minor illness in community pharmacies in southern Chile.

Setting
The study was carried out in three community pharmacies belonging to a major chain in the south of Chile, during eight consecutive days in each pharmacy between June and July 2003.

Method
A questionnaire was designed and completed, by a pharmacy student, who observed patients suffering from any of the eight symptoms or conditions of nasal congestion, cough, dys-menorrhoea, head lice, diarrhoea, constipation, heartburn and acne, attending the sample community pharmacies during the observation period.

Key findings
A total of 678 presentations was registered, the patients were mainly female (64.9%) and adults (68.8%). In almost half (46.2%) of the presentations, the patients sought help for the symptom of cough. The sex of the patients was associated with the condition presented, but not the kind of attention sought. Females, more frequently than males (44.8% versus 32.4%), came to the pharmacy on behalf of another person. In a majority of the consultations (57.5%), the patient sought a recommendation on how to deal with his/her health problem, rather than asking for a product by name. The pharmacist carried out the service personally in only 2.4% of the cases and the patients were referred to a physician in less than 1% of the cases. The reason most frequently indicated (38.2%) by the individuals who sought help for their health problems was prompt attention.

Conclusion
An average of 28 patients daily sought help for one of the target conditions and in almost half of the cases this was for the symptom of cough. A cause of concern is the very low frequencies with which patients were attended to by the pharmacist or referred to a physician, leaving the choice of treatment in the hands of the pharmacy assistant or the patient.
Depilatory effects of certain chemicals during the first hair growth cycle in sucking mice
Authors: Panaretto B. A. , Tunks D. A. , Munro S. 
Published: July 2007

The chemicals were administered, subcutaneously, orally or topically. Generally, the depilation produced in the mice by mimosine or cyclophosphamide differed from that produced by the steroid analogues tested. In the first 2 cases almost completely naked mice were commonly seen, while in the steroid-treated groups the complete inhibition of all hair fibres was rare. This is discussed in relation to the effects of the same compounds on wool growth in sheep. When related to body weight, the doses of cyclophosphamide (62 mg/kg0.75) and dexamethasone (5-10 mg/kg0.75), that depilated mice in our experiments were in good agreement with those reported to inhibit the growth of wool fibres in some sheep. An example of synergism in depilatory effect between dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide is also presented. The time of onset and the initial spread over the body of the 2nd hair cycle in depilated mice was observed.