bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protecting Shallow Aquifer During Entire Well Lifecycle Through Integral Formations Isolation
Authors: Ahmed Ahmed Hassan , Srivastava Manish , Al Hosani Ahmed , Ali Mohamed Saleh 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Restoration of the cap rock to ensure lateral isolation as barrier is crucial to avoid any contamination of shallow aquifer(s). As per federal Law shallow aquifer shall be protected from hydrocarbon and water bearing formations during entire well life cycle. Attention should be paid to the sub-surface barriers starting from design of a new well till the phase of permanently plugged and abandoned (P&A) where the intention of never being re-use or re-enter the well.
Keeping in mind the risk of contamination of aquifers a detailed requirement has been established to ensure the isolation between water or hydrocarbon formation(s) and shallow aquifer(s) during design and construction phases by achieving integral annulus cement.
During the operation phase the barriers are monitored and validated, in case of abnormality diagnostics are performed to mitigate the risk.
At the end of well life cycle, it must be permanently P&Aed. A documented process has been implemented with enough, type and position of well barriers to prevent undesired hydrocarbon flow from reservoir to the aquifer or to surface.
A robust well integrity management system has enabled the delivery of high quality of wells. This includes proper monitoring and verification of barriers during the well construction process.
This has ensured protecting shallow aquifer from any source of inflow thereby complying to the local regulations that requested to first detect source of inflow, hydrocarbon formation that shall be protected. at the time of P&A the sealing formation in between them shall have a good cement in addition to that wellbore shall be plugged with a material that provide sealing, bonding and durability as the well will not be reentered. The process ensures capturing information for the well, right from the construction stage, any changes happened during the well intervention and till the P&A stage.
During the operations stage the barriers are monitored and tested to ensure that they are performing as required.
Implementing the robust process has ensured that the contamination of the shallow aquifers is minimized and ensured no loss of valuable hydrocarbon to these aquifers.
The process flow has been based to ensure compliance with the local Federal law and build on the international practices with inputs from local condition and lesson learnt. The process also has inputs from the concession holders to make the process cost effective and robust.
Evaluating New Chemical Treatments to Decrease Water Soluble Organic (WSO) Content from Produced Water Discharge
Authors: Venancio F. , Oliveira A. , Silva S. C. , Kina A. Y. , Mutch K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
During the offshore disposal of produced water, an oil sheen is sometimes visible at the surface, even when the oil content is within acceptable limits. Water Soluble Organics (WSO) are well known as one of the main causes of the appearance of sheen. The most common approach to inhibiting sheening is the acidification of oil, where some organic acid is added prior the oil treatment system. However, high acid volumes (3–5 tons/day at 500-ppm dosage) raise asset integrity concerns. This work investigates a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to acidification for sheen control. Two products were tested: Product A, an advanced emulsion breaker with integrated WSO removal properties for treatment of crude oils, and Product B, a flocculant agent with integrated WSO removal properties for treatment of produced water. With Product A, the results showed a 55% WSO reduction compared to the blank, compared with a 40% reduction with the emulsion breaker upon acidification. With Product B, the results showed a 98% WSO reduction against 71% with a reference flocculant only. Combined, these new products can potentially decrease WSO levels of the disposed produced water and inhibit the appearance of sheen. This is an alternative protocol to the acidification method currently used in offshore platforms to avoid sheen appearance. The far lower dosages (80 and 40 ppm for Products A and B, respectively) compared to the acid treatment (around 500 ppm) could reduce the overall integrity management risk, the chemical demand by 83%, and the Scope 3 CO2 emissions by up to 90%.
An Economic Nano-Clay for Produced Water Barium Reuse to Precipitate Sulfate in Seawater
Authors: Hou J. , Huang T. , Aljurred N. W. , Alghunaimi F. I. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The presence of sulfate ions in seawater represents potentials of scaling and formation damage problems in upstream applications when combined with high concentrations of calcium, barium or strontium ions often found in formation waters. It has been proved that barium ions are effective to precipitate sulfates as BaSO4. In oil production processes, underground barium ions will be produced out with formation water. Barium concentrations in produced water can be up to thousands ppm. It is economic and eco-friendly to reuse the barium to precipitate sulfates in seawater.
This work provides a nano-sized aluminum hydro-silicate clay as the adsorbent to capture and release barium for reuse. The barium concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to evaluate barium adsorption/desorption efficiencies. In a specific barium reuse workflow, first, the adsorbents were immersed in produced water (barium ions from 100 ppm to 2,000 ppm) for the adsorption of barium. Then the nano-clay with barium was collected by centrifuge and immersed into a low sulfate water. The solutions were shaken for a certain time to release barium ions. After the nano-clay was removed, a high barium concentration water was obtained. Next the water was mixed with seawater to precipitate sulfates as BaSO4.
After optimizing the adsorption/desorption of barium ions on the nano-clay at different pH conditions, it is found the nano-clay will capture barium in a weak base environment (pH 9~11) with adsorption amount 100% higher than at medium condition. And more than 20% barium ions on the adsorbent is released in a weak acid condition (3~5). The results also presented the nano-clay successfully collected barium ions from a barium solution of 500 ppm, and the collected barium ions were reused to precipitate sulfate as BaSO4 by mixing with seawater (sulfate &gt; 4000 ppm, total dissolved solid &gt; 50,000 ppm).
This work intends to provide an economic nano-clay and an effective procedure to reuse barium from oil field produced waters to precipitate sulfate in seawater. The sulfate removed waters can be used for hydraulic fracturing, drilling fluid, waterflooding, and other oilfield applications. This work simultaneously treats the sulfate containing seawater and barium containing produced water with lower cost and more friendly impact on the environment.
Intelligent Water Conformance: A Novel Relative Permeability Modifier for Carbonate Formations
Authors: Wang Xiaolan , Spurr Naima , Gray Billy , Lant Kim 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Excessive production of water and aqueous fluids from oil and gas wells could pose problems such as reduced well productivity and increased operational costs. The relative permeability modifier (RPM) is an effective solution compared to other conventional water control methods to reduce associated processing and disposal costs, while also extending the productive life of the well. Instead of indiscriminately shutting off fluid flow into the wellbore, the RPM fluid is pumped into the formation and targets only the water phase of the produced fluids, and not the hydrocarbons. As a result, water production is selectively restricted while oil and gas production continues unimpeded.
Currently, most RPM technologies applied in the field are intended for sandstone formations. This paper illustrates a newly developed RPM specifically designed to address water control for carbonate reservoirs (RPM-T). The RPM developed in this work has been rigorously tested under varying temperature, concentration, and mineralogy conditions. Fluid compatibility, packed-bed and core-flow testing have been performed to develop this RPM-T for water conformance.
The ability of the potential RPM-T candidates to confine water flow was screened by carbonate sand-packed columns. Laboratory core flow testing was performed using carbonate core plugs to measure regain permeability from 200°F to 300°F. Laboratory results indicate RPM-T can reduce permeability to water by more than 85% while having minimal impact on the permeability to oil (oil permeability maintaining &gt; 80%). RPM-T also showed excellent thermal stability by registering its effectiveness at 300°F and above. The novel RPM-T developed in this work was shown to work for both carbonate and sandstone formations. This implies a greater versatility in application and reduction in surface inventory for mixed-lithology fields.
The RPM-T improves well economics by significantly reducing costs due to water treatment, disposal, and conventional workovers, while increasing oil or gas production through enhanced drawdown and hydrocarbon inflow. It also enables reduced CO2 emissions due to smaller volumes of produced water for surface treatment, handling, and disposal.
Handling 200,000 BWPD in Yasuni National Park by Using an Integrated Plug & Play Horizontal Pumping System with Skid Package
Authors: Sotomayor A. , Orna C. , Leon F. , Pancho J. , Jaramillo L. , Ruales F. , Zumbana V. , Pintado C. , Claudio L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This work involved developing a solution to handle 200,000 BWPD of produced water in the middle of the Yasuni National Park, which is an important and sensitive area as it has the greatest biodiversity per square meter on Earth.
The exploitation block is the third oil producer field in Ecuador with 58,000 BOPD and 200,000 BWPD and it is located more than 200 km away from the main production facilities. It is not economically feasible to transport this high volume of water, therefore, the water must be reinjected in disposal wells.
To enhance the water injection process, a horizontal pumping system (HPS) on a skid package including full instrumentation, valves, and piping was designed to have one piece of equipment for easy transportation and relocation. To perform the correct formation water disposal, a set of HPS was designed. Each HPS system can handle up to 17,000 BWPD with 2,700 psi in differential pressure.
The integrated proposed solution simplifies installation, operation, and maintenance, especially in remote locations. To handle the full amount of formation water, 20 HPS systems for the injection process were installed in two locations in the Block. All the systems are working together to reinject formation water in disposal wells.
The HPS on the skid package has added additional advantages: Minimized onsite civil and mechanical construction: As the entire system is assembled in the shop, only the suction and discharge pipelines are connected in the field. Health, safety, and environmental (HSE) risks are also minimized.Savings in river transportation: Up to 60% savings in transportation costs were achieved. In addition, the boat trip reduction avoided 320 t of CO2 emissions to the environment for the 20 HPS on skid package systems acquired.Minimized footprint: The on-skid system avoided causing permanent damage to 1700 m2 in the field as all the traditional required civil constructions activities were avoided.Easy installation and relocation: The designed system has a plug-and-play setup and can be relocated easily due to its flexible and mobile design.Cost reduction: The HPS on skid system has reduced the cost by up to 30% compared with a traditional HPS system installed over a civil foundation in this remote field.
This work introduced a solution to manage considerable amounts of daily produced water in remote and environmentally sensitive locations by using the integrated plug-and-play HPS with a skid package.
Leveraging Produced Water to Reduce Freshwater Demand in Hydraulic Fracturing Operations
Authors: Ba Saloom Salem , Ba Geri Mohammed , Suhail Mohamed 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This study aims to enable the reuse of produced water in hydraulic fracturing by evaluating the performance of high-viscosity friction reducers (HVFRs) in high total dissolved solids (TDS) produced brines. The goal is to reduce the dependence on freshwater resources.
Produced water samples from the Permian Basin and freshwater were used to formulate HVFR and PEO fluids. Laboratory investigations were conducted to assess viscosity, friction reduction, breaker compatibility, and formation damage at temperatures up to 280°F. Field trials validated the performance.
Engineered HVFRs achieved effective rheological profiles and 78% friction reduction in in 121,000 ppm salinity brine, comparable to freshwater. Compatibility with breakers was demonstrated with complete degradation at 150°F. Regained conductivity testing showed HVFR fluids caused less permanent formation damage compared to polyethylene oxide (PEO) gels. Minimal formation damage was observed. Field implementations exhibited reduced operational risks, lower chemical costs, and eliminated freshwater demand. With customized HVFR systems, produced water can reliably replace freshwater for hydraulic fracturing. This reduces environmental impacts and water management costs. The study provides guidance on developing optimized fracturing fluids from produced water. Field evidence demonstrates that transitioning to these sustainable produced water systems is operationally feasible.
This is the first study to systematically optimize and validate HVFR and PEO chemistry in high TDS produced water from unconventional assets. The tailored formulations enable the effective reuse of produced water in fracturing operations, reducing reliance on freshwater. This provides a more sustainable, low risk, and cost-effective alternative to conventional fracturing fluids.
Use of GRE as MOC for High Pressure Produced Water Disposal Pipeline
Authors: Al Wahedi Faisal , Gupta Kapil Kumar , Khalil Hesham , Al Shouly Wael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
During the process of extraction of oil from onshore or offshore oil reservoir, produced water is also extracted as byproduct from the reservoir along with crude and associated gas. This Produced water (PW) is separated from oil and gas in crude oil separation train. Crude oil is further treated in multistage separation and desalting / dehydrator. Produced water which is typically separated in crude oil trains and is routed to Produced Water Treatment (PWT) package where it is further processed to meet the required injection water quality, either it is disposed to the aquifer and / or used for water injection in reservoirs.
Produced water generally contains dissolved gases (at equilibrium conditions) such as Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), Carbon dioxide (CO2) along with various salts coming from reservoir such as Chlorides, Sulfate, Bicarbonate etc. All such constituents make the produced water highly corrosive in nature and mandate appropriate material selection and corrosion management which may lead to increase in
CAPEX by using exotic material and associated increase in cost of construction. OPEX to manage integrity and maintenance cost during service life as well as respective HSE & integrity risks.
All the above are triggers for escalation of project cost and if there is disposal produced water pipeline operating at high injection pressure then this cost can escalate further.
Insight into the Impact of Land Use/Land Cover Change on the runoff incorporating hydrological modelling in the water regime for the watershed
Authors: Sharma Ankita , Krishan Radha , Kour Kuljit , Nikam Bhaskar R. , Bagri Dhirendra Singh 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Land and water are the two essential natural resources for human survival. Land Use/Land Cover is an important parameter governing the hydrology of a region. Increased human interventions have caused different modifications in the land cover, directly or indirectly affecting the hydrological cycle and processes in the long run. Raising urban and rural growth leads to an increase in the runoff by diminishing the perviousness of the region. Distributed hydrological modelling provides an efficient way to evaluate such changes by allowing quantification of streamflow patterns and distribution of hydrological components throughout the watershed. Remote sensing has the potential to be a more accurate tool for collecting spatial and temporal databases for studying hydrological processes. This study helps researchers to convey their ideas to the development of data collection and data extraction techniques, adoption of appropriate workflows for assembling multiple datasets, and analysis of the time-series impact of urbanisation on the watershed's runoff potential.
Developing and standardizing a tool to assess the health education needs of diabetic patients at Jazan Armed Forces Hospital
Authors: Abdelwahid Hassan Ali , Dahlan Hesham Mohammed , Mojemamy Gassem Maoudhah , Al-Harbi Turki Jazi , Indarkiri Nouf Yasin , Tourkmani Ayla Mohammed 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To develop a tool for identification of health education needs of individuals living with diabetes in Jazan Armed Forces Hospital (JAFH) and to standardize the questionnaire by assessment of its reliability and validity.
Methods
A cross-sectional design was used in the present work, which included 303 participants living with diabetes. An expert panel in family medicine and endocrinology created a comprehensive and mutually exhaustive questionnaire that covered every potential area of health education needs. It included five socioeconomic questions and a 5-point Likert scale (15 items) to determine the participants' needs for health education. To assess the Likert scale's reliability, Cronbach's alpha was used. The exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the Likert scale's construct validity.
Results
The total number of males was 123 (40.6%) and that of females was 180 (59.4%). Their ages had a mean of 55.9 ± 12.9, ranging from 18 to 94 years. The reliability of the 15-item Likert scale was 83%, and it increased to 90% when the redundant items (n = 5) were eliminated. The test had 86% test-retest reliability when repeated. Also, the final 10-item Likert scale has significant face, content, and construct validity. Two components with Eigenvalues over one (generic knowledge about diabetes and diabetes and travel) could be extracted out of the 10-item Likert scale.
Conclusion
The final 10-item Likert scale offers a good degree of validity and reliability for determining the health education needs of individuals living with diabetes. The two Likert scale components and their contributing items were identified from the questionnaire, which is standardized and helpful in both practice and research, in order to ascertain patients' needs and develop structured health education programs.
A Multi Feature Fusion Search for Facial Expression Recognition Based on Classical Extraction Methods
Authors: Appati Justice Kwame , Wunake Patrick 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

The ability to recognize emotional expressions from faces has become an essential component of human-computer interaction (HCI). Recently Oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF (ORB) and Local Binary Patterns (LBP) was used to overcome the limitations of DNN excessive hardware specifications requirements, considering the low hardware specifications used in real-world scenarios. There still exists drawbacks with LBP and ORB, in that LBP is not as resistant to image noise. LBP descriptors are invariant to changing lighting conditions and partial occlusion. Also, when a fixed threshold is utilized under challenging lighting conditions, the ORB algorithm is constrained by its incapacity to extract feature points. We propose a Multi Feature Fusion For Facial Expression Recognition using the algorithms Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), Histogram Oriented Gradient (HOG), ORB, and LBP. This study proposes a combinatorial blending of least three of these algorithms by looking at the merits of one over the other, also to obtain a novel technique out of the combinatorial schemes, and still obtain better performance of the recognition rates. The proposed method was evaluated on the Extended Cohn Kanade (CK+) and Japanese Famele Facial Expression (JAFFE), and the 2013 Facial Expression Recognition (FER2013) datasets. Based on the merits of our proposed feature extraction schemes, this study explored their respective feature extractions to obtain their individual extracted features from the descriptors. The individual features were then fused together to obtain our multi fused feature, the fused features were then passed onto the classifier for training of our models and image recognitions tasks. This study showed that the proposed algorithm performed well compared to existing state of the art.
Inter-Brain Neural Correlates of Self–Other Integration in Joint Statistical Learning
Authors: Wang Jun , zheng zheng 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

While statistical learning has often been investigated in an individual context, it remains unclear whether humans are able to integrate information from both the self and from another to build a collective representation of regularities. Here, we investigated the dynamic self–other integration process and its multi-brain mechanism by recording EEG activity simultaneously from dyads. Participants (N = 112) each responded repeatedly to one half of a fixed stimulus sequence either with an active partner (i.e., joint context) or with a passive observer (i.e., baseline context). At individual level, we found that a significant statistical learning effect in the joint context characterized by decreased trends in reaction time (RT) and intra-brain neural responses (e.g., ERPs and functional connectivities) as well as a subsequent modulation by an insertion of an interference sequence. At dyad level, Brain-to-Brain Coupling (BtBC) in the theta band first showed an increasing trend followed by a subsequent modulation, providing direct neural evidence for the occurrence of a dynamic self–other integration process. Critically, the strength of BtBC was negatively correlated with RT and positively correlated with intra-brain functional connectivities. These findings suggest that BtBC serves as a crucial neural correlate of self–other integration underpinning the joint statistical learning effect, and that statistical regularity can both implicitly and spontaneously modulate the occurrence of the self–other integration process.
Metabolic armouring of CAR and TCR T cells
Authors: Papa Sophie , Page Robert , Martinez Olivier , Larcombe-Young Daniel , Bugallo-Blanco Eva , Perucha Esperanza 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Cancer immune therapy with engineered immune cells is standard of care in certain hematologic malignancies. However, solid tumor outcomes in clinical trials are lagging significantly behind. Engineered T cells face a myriad of challenges within the tumor microenvironment, one of which is competition for metabolites and a carbon source for adenosine triphosphate generation. Glucose is the main source of carbon for cellular metabolism, and it is critically limited in the microenvironment of solid tumors due to poor vascularization and competition with tumor cells for uptake. Here, we aimed to overcome this limitation by equipping T cells with the capability to use an alternative carbon source. We demonstrate that fructose can act as an alternative carbon source for T cells modified with chimeric antigen receptors or T cell receptors and the expression of glucose transporter 5. This simple manipulation is highly compatible with clinical development approaches to optimize cell therapy outcomes.