bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of 1298A > C polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Authors: Kempisty Bartosz , Bober Anna , Łuczak Marta , Czerski Piotr , Szczepankiewicz Aleksandra , Hauser Joanna , Jagodziński Paweł P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe investigated the genotype frequency of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 1298A > C polymorphism in the group of patients with bipolar disorder type I (BDI) (n = 200) and schizophrenia (n = 200) and in the control group (n = 300). Odds ratio (OR) for patients with BD and schizophrenia in 1298CC homozygous state was 3.768 (95% CI = 1.752–8.104); P = 0.0003; (P = 0.0006 after Bonferroni correction) and 2.694; (95% CI = 1.207–6.013); P = 0.0123 (P = 0.0246 after Bonferroni correction), respectively. The stratification of patients based on gender revealed significant association of 1298CC genotype with female patients only with BDI (OR = 7.293; 95% CI = 2.017–26.363; P = 0.0005).Our results confirm association of BD and schizophrenia with the 1p36.3 MTHFR locus and with the methyl group transfer using folate-dependent one-carbon pathway.
IS THE HOLOCAUST EXPLICABLE?*
Authors: BAUER YEHUDA 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
In the discussions about the Holocaust, an increasing number of commentators — theologians, writers, as well as historians — argue that ultimately the Holocaust is a mystery, an inexplicable event in human history. Various expressions are used, such as ‘tremendum’, with its theological connotations, or ‘abyss’, and many others. They all indicate a measure of final incomprehension that such a horrible event could have occurred in the midst of a supposedly civilized European society. Nazi atrocities are usually referred to as ‘beastly’, or ‘bestiality’, and very commonly as ‘inhuman’. The present paper tries to evaluate the explicability of the Holocaust from the standpoint of an historian.
Calibration of Micropipette Tips
Authors: Komarova Yulia , Peloquin John , Borisy Gary 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes an easy method for calibrating micropipette tips that have been pulled in the laboratory. It is essential to estimate the internal diameter of the pulled micropipette tip when adjusting parameters for a new puller or new type of glass tubing. A tip diameter of ~0.3 μm is optimal for the microinjection of mammalian cells in culture (e.g., CHO, PtK1, and COS-7). A 10% increase in diameter increases the delivery rate by more than 30% and can cause cell damage. A smaller tip diameter will result in frequent clogging from protein aggregates.
Preparation and Loading of Protein Samples for Microinjection
Authors: Komarova Yulia , Peloquin John , Borisy Gary 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol provides methods for the preparation of protein samples and for loading them into pulled microinjection pipettes. Stock solutions of proteins are thawed, diluted (if desired), centrifuged at high speed to remove aggregates, and kept on ice until loading. Loading into micropipettes can be done using either a “front-loading” or a “backfilling” procedure; both methods are described below.
Microinjection of Protein Samples
Authors: Komarova Yulia , Peloquin John , Borisy Gary 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for microinjecting proteins into the nucleus or cytoplasm of adherent cells. Microinjection equipment can be obtained from a number of suppliers; this protocol has been used with the Narishige IM-200 air pressure regulator and the Leitz micromanipulator. Using this system, it is possible to microinject a constant volume within a 50% difference among cells.
Spatulated end‐to‐end bile duct reconstruction in orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Buczkowski Andrzej K , Schaeffer David F , Kim Peter T.W. , Ho Stephen G.F. , Yoshida Eric M , Steinbrecher Urs P. , Erb Siegfried R. , Chung Stephen W. , Scudamore Charles H. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Biliary complications continue to be a major source of morbidity following orthotopic liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and management of biliary complications related to the technique of bile duct reconstruction.The patients were stratified into two groups: group I (n = 39) had bile duct reconstruction performed by an end‐to‐end single interrupted suture choledochocholedochostomy (EE‐CDCD) and group II (n = 38) had a spatulated end‐to‐end CDCD (spEE‐CDCD) reconstruction; both groups had an intraductal stent. The groups were similar in age, gender, liver transplant indications and Pugh score. Ten biliary complications (26%), including five bile leaks (13%) and five biliary strictures (13%), were observed in the EE‐CDCD group, while one biliary stricture (2.6%) occurred in the spEE‐CDCD group (p < 0.05). Subsequent imaging studies and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were performed less often in patients undergoing spEE‐CDCD reconstruction (p < 0.05). The technique of a spatulated end‐to‐end bile duct reconstruction provides a significant improvement in lowering biliary complication rates in liver transplant patients. Despite the modest number of cases in this study this technique shows promise and has become the technique of choice in our institution.
Cytokeratin, filaggrin, and p63 expression in reepithelialization during human cutaneous wound healing
Authors: Kurokawa Ichiro , Mizutani Hitoshi , Kusumoto Kenji , Nishijima Setsuko , Tsujita‐Kyutoku Miki , Shikata Nobuaki , Tsubura Airo 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTCytokeratin (CK), filaggrin (filament aggregating protein), and p63 expression and cellular distribution during reepithelialization has not been systemically studied in the healing stage of human cutaneous wounds. We examined these proteins by immunohistochemical methods in 12 cases of skin ulcer, using seven anti‐keratin antibodies, anti‐filaggrin, and anti‐p63 antibody. At the edge of the wound in skin ulcers, CK1 and 10 expression was reduced, while CK14, 16, and 17 expression was raised. Beneath the wound bed, all layers of the epidermal tongue, deriving from sweat ducts, were positive for CK14 and 17. Both cytokeratins were also found in basal and luminal cells of the dermal duct. CK expression by epithelia continuous with hair follicles showed that, CK14, 16, and 17 were present, and CK1 and 10 were absent. Filaggrin expression was elevated in reepithelialized epithelium. Expression of p63 expression was verified in the suprabasal layer in reepithelialized epithelia. CK, filaggrin, and p63 expression in the reepithelialization stage at the wound edge and at epidermal appendages remaining in the wound bed is undifferentiated and hyperproliferative. The presence of CK14 and 17 in the remaining epidermal appendages in the pathological wound may be important in epidermal replacement.
Genetic analysis of skin wound healing and scarring in a porcine model
Authors: Gallant‐Behm Corrie L. , Hart David A. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTContraction is a normal part of skin wound healing and wound closure; however, excessive contraction and severe scarring concern patients and physicians alike. The present study has investigated the degree and kinetics of wound contraction in a porcine model of wound healing, to elucidate the genetic and molecular basis for abnormal skin wound healing and scarring. Healing of excisional skin wounds in juvenile female Yorkshire pigs closely resembled normal healing in humans. In contrast, identical wounds in female red Duroc pigs contracted significantly more, forming hypercontracted, hyperpigmented scars. Yorkshire × red Duroc F1 animals healed without hyperpigmentation, but with significantly greater wound contraction than observed in either parent breed. To examine the genetic transmission of the hypercontractile phenotype, all F1 animals were bred to a single Yorkshire boar, generating 20 backcross animals. All backcross animals healed with significantly less contraction than the normal Yorkshire animals. These findings suggest that the genetic contribution to scar phenotype in this animal model is complex, with a limited number of major genes controlling wound contraction, and an unknown number of minor genes that appear to modulate the impact of the major genes.
IB‐MECA and Cardioprotection
Authors: Xu Zhelong , Jang Yeongho , Mueller Robert A. , Norfleet Edward A. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe adenosine A3receptor plays an important role in ischemic preconditioning. Activation of the adenosine A3receptor with its agonists induces both early and late pharmacological preconditioning through various mechanisms. As the first potent and selective adenosine A3receptor agonist, IB‐MECA (N6‐(3‐iodobenzyl)‐adenosine‐5′‐N‐methylcarboxamide) has been demonstrated to induce cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury when given before onset of ischemia by triggering pharmacological preconditioning. More importantly, IB‐MECA can also protect the heart even when administered at the onset of reperfusion after ischemia, indicating a strong likelihood that the drug may be useful for the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. However, since IB‐MECA has been reported to have lethal effects at higher concentrations, and may cause systemic hypertension in some species, further studies are needed to find the best treatment strategy to increase its therapeutic potential.
Potential Protective Properties of a Stable, Slow‐releasing Nitric Oxide Donor, GEA 3175, in the Lung
Authors: Laursen Britt Elmedal , Stankevicius Edgaras , Pilegaard Hans , Mulvany Michael , Simonsen Ulf 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTNitric oxide (NO), is known to exert vasodilatory, bronchodilatory, and antiplatelet effects, and quantitative or functional NO deficiency has been implicated in various cardio‐vascular and airway diseases. NO donors, which are drugs capable of releasing NO either spontaneously or tissue‐dependently, represent a way of increasing NO. Here, we review our current understanding of the NO donor, GEA 3175, 1,2,3,4‐oxatriazolium, 3‐(3‐chloro‐2‐methylphenyl)‐5‐[[(methylphenyl)sulphonyl]amino], hydroxide inner salt. GEA 3175 is a mesoionic 3‐aryl substituted oxatriazole‐5‐imine derivative, which is a potent, stable, slow releasing NO donor with important actions in various organ systems. In isolated guinea pig trachea, rat bronchi and bovine and human small bronchioles, GEA 3175 induces potent, long‐lasting relaxation.In vivo, in sensitized guinea pigs, GEA 3175 protects against antigen‐induced bronchoconstriction. GEA 3175 also exerts potent vasodilatory properties. In isolated human pulmonary arteries, GEA 3175 induces relaxation which is long‐lasting and more potent than in airways. In isolated systemic arteries, GEA 3175 is also a potent vasodilator. By intravenous infusion GEA 3175 reduces blood pressure similarly to nitroglycerin. Vascular and bronchiolar relaxations were shown to be mediated via NO dependent pathways. GEA 3175 is also a potent anti‐inflammatory agent. Functions of polymorphnuclear cells (PMNs) such as leucotriene B4(LTB4) — synhesis, chemotaxis and superoxide (O−2) production are inhibited by GEA 3175. GEA3175 also inhibits upregulation of E‐selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and hence adhesion of neutrophils. Another action of GEA 3175 on the endothelium is inhibition of prostacyclin release. Finally, GEA 3175 has been demonstrated to be an antiplatelet agent. Thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by GEA 3175 in a cyclic GMP‐ and vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)‐phosphorylation‐dependent manner. Thus, GEA 3175 has been demonstrated to exert bronchodilatory, pulmonary vasodilatory, antiplatelet as well as anti‐inflammatory actions. Given these actions GEA 3175 may represent a potentially useful drug. The exact mechanism whereby GEA 3175 releases NO is, however, still unknown. In addition, most of the studies so far have been performed in isolated tissue preparations. Clearly, furtherin vivostudies involving animal models are required to clarify safety issues and whether GEA 3175 can be used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and/or airway diseases.
The Effects of Rotation and Ice Shelf Topography on Frazil-Laden Ice Shelf Water Plumes
Authors: Holland Paul R. , Feltham Daniel L. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A model of the dynamics and thermodynamics of a plume of meltwater at the base of an ice shelf is presented. Such ice shelf water plumes may become supercooled and deposit marine ice if they rise (because of the pressure decrease in the in situ freezing temperature), so the model incorporates both melting and freezing at the ice shelf base and a multiple-size-class model of frazil ice dynamics and deposition. The plume is considered in two horizontal dimensions, so the influence of Coriolis forces is incorporated for the first time. It is found that rotation is extremely influential, with simulated plumes flowing in near-geostrophy because of the low friction at a smooth ice shelf base. As a result, an ice shelf water plume will only rise and become supercooled (and thus deposit marine ice) if it is constrained to flow upslope by topography. This result agrees with the observed distribution of marine ice under Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica. In addition, it is found that the model only produces reasonable marine ice formation rates when an accurate ice shelf draft is used, implying that the characteristics of real ice shelf water plumes can only be captured using models with both rotation and a realistic topography.
A Decomposition of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Authors: Sime Louise C. , Stevens David P. , Heywood Karen J. , Oliver Kevin I. C. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A decomposition of meridional overturning circulation (MOC) cells into geostrophic vertical shears, Ekman, and bottom pressure–dependent (or external mode) circulation components is presented. The decomposition requires the following information: 1) a density profile wherever bathymetry changes to construct the vertical shears component, 2) the zonal-mean zonal wind stress for the Ekman component, and 3) the mean depth-independent velocity information over each isobath to construct the external mode. The decomposition is applied to the third-generation Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3) to determine the meridional variability of these individual components within the Atlantic Ocean. The external mode component is shown to be extremely important where western boundary currents impinge on topography, and also in the area of the overflows. The Sverdrup balance explains the shape of the external mode MOC component to first order, but the time variability of the external mode exhibits only a very weak dependence on the wind stress curl. Thus, the Sverdrup balance cannot be used to determine the external mode changes when examining temporal change in the MOC. The vertical shears component allows the time-mean and the time-variable upper North Atlantic MOC cell to be deduced at 25°S and 50°N. A stronger dependency on the external mode and Ekman components between 8° and 35°N and in the regions of the overflows means that hydrographic sections need to be supplemented by bottom pressure and wind stress information at these latitudes. At the decadal time scale, variability in Ekman transport is less important than that in geostrophic shears. In the Southern Hemisphere the vertical shears component is dominant at all time scales, suggesting that hydrographic sections alone may be suitable for deducing change in the MOC at these latitudes.
Correction of X-Band Radar Observation for Propagation Effects Based on the Self-Consistency Principle
Authors: Gorgucci Eugenio , Chandrasekar V. , Baldini Luca 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
New algorithms for rain attenuation correction of reflectivity factor and differential reflectivity are presented. Following the methodology suggested for the first time by Gorgucci et al., the new algorithms are developed based on the self-consistency principle, describing the interrelation between polarimetric measurements along the rain medium. There is an increasing interest in X-band radar systems, owing to the early success of the attenuation-correction procedures as well as the initiative of the Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere to deploy X-band radars in a networked fashion. In this paper, self-consistent algorithms for correcting attenuation and differential attenuation are developed. The performance of the algorithms for application to X-band dual-polarization radars is evaluated extensively. The evaluation is conducted based on X-band dual-polarization observations generated from S-band radar measurements. Evaluation of the new self-consistency algorithms shows significant improvement in performance compared to the current class of algorithms. In the case that reflectivity and differential reflectivity are calibrated between ±1 and ±0.2 dB, respectively, the new algorithms can estimate both attenuation and differential attenuation with less than 10% bias and 15% random error. In addition, the attenuation-corrected reflectivity and differential reflectivity are within 1–0.2 dB 96% and 99% of the time, respectively, demonstrating the good performance.
Bioavailability of a commercial formulation of ivermectin after subcutaneous administration to sheep
Authors: Canga Aranzazu Gonzalez , Sahagun Ana , Diez M. Jose , Fernandez Nelida , Sierra Matilde , Garcia Juan J. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic variables of a commercial formulation of ivermectin after IV administration to sheep.
Animals—6 healthy adult sheep.
Procedures—A single dose of a commercial formulation of ivermectin (200 μg/kg) was administered IV to each sheep. After a washout period of 3 weeks, each sheep was administered ivermectin by SC injection. Plasma samples were obtained for up to 36 and up to 42 days after IV and SC administration, respectively. Ivermectin concentrations were quantified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
Results—Results obtained indicated that after IV administration, ivermectin is cleared slowly from plasma, tends to distribute and accumulate in the peripheral compartment, and is slowly eliminated from the body. After SC administration, noncompartmental analysis revealed that bioavailability of ivermectin is nearly complete (98.20%), has a slow mean absorption time of 0.96 days, and reaches a maximum plasma concentration of 19.55 ng/mL at 3.13 days.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The commercial formulation of ivermectin used in this study can be administered SC to sheep on the basis of a nearly complete bioavailability. In addition, the maximum plasma concentration and interval from SC injection until maximum plasma concentration is obtained are higher than those reported by other authors who used other routes of administration.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine in llamas
Authors: Uhrig Samantha R. , Papich Mark G. , KuKanich Butch , Mama Khursheed R. , Wagner Ann E. , Chapman Phillip L. , Hellyer Peter W. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Objective—To assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine in llamas.
Animals—6 healthy adult llamas.
Procedures—Llamas received morphine sulfate in a randomized crossover design. In phase 1, they received IV or IM administration of morphine at 0.05 or 0.5 mg/kg, respectively; in phase 2, they received IV administration of morphine at 0.05, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/kg. Plasma morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide concentrations were determined by validated methods. Body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, sedation, and analgesia were assessed and compared with plasma concentrations by regression analysis.
Results—Total body clearance was similar between IV administration of morphine sulfate at 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg (mean ± SD, 25.3 ± 6.9 mL/min/kg and 27.3 ± 5.9 mL/min/kg, respectively), and linearity was demonstrated between these doses. Bioavailability of morphine following IM administration at 0.5 mg/kg was 120 ± 30%. Body temperature and sedation increased as the dose of morphine administered increased. Heart rate was unaffected by varying doses. Respiratory rate decreased as dose increased. Analgesia was difficult to assess as a result of high individual variability. Intravenous administration of morphine at 0.25 mg/kg provided the most consistent increase in tolerance to electric stimulation. Pharmacodynamic modeling revealed a sigmoidal relationship between plasma concentration and sedation score.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Morphine was characterized by a large apparent volume of distribution and high systemic clearance in llamas. A prolonged half-life was observed with IM injection. Intravenous administration of morphine sulfate at 0.25 mg/kg every 4 hours is suggested for further study.
Prospective screening for occult cardiomyopathy in dogs by measurement of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic peptide, and cardiac troponin-I concentrations
Authors: Oyama Mark A. , Sisson D. David , Solter Phil F. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the use of measuring plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) to detect dogs with occult dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).
Animals—118 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—Dogs were prospectively examined by use of ECG; echocardiography; and evaluation of concentrations of ANP, BNP, and cTnI. Occult DCM was diagnosed by evaluation of echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions and detection of ventricular arrhythmias on ECG. Sensitivity and specificity of assays for measurement of plasma concentrations of ANP, BNP, and cTnI to detect dogs with occult DCM were determined.
Results—Occult DCM was diagnosed in 21 dogs. A concentration of > 6.21 pg/mL for BNP had a sensitivity of 95.2% and specificity of 61.9% for identifying dogs with occult DCM. In contrast, concentrations of ANP and cTnI had relatively low predictive values.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Blood-based screening for occult DCM in dogs can be accomplished by use of a BNP assay. Additional studies should be performed to optimize this method of screening dogs to detect occult DCM.