bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes in Adult Offspring of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Clausen Tine D. , Mathiesen Elisabeth R. , Hansen Torben , Pedersen Oluf , Jensen Dorte M. , Lauenborg Jeannet , Damm Peter 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—The role of intrauterine hyperglycemia and future risk of type 2 diabetes in human offspring is debated. We studied glucose tolerance in adult offspring of women with either gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or type 1 diabetes, taking the impact of both intrauterine hyperglycemia and genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes into account.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The glucose tolerance status following a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was evaluated in 597 subjects, primarily Caucasians, aged 18–27 years. They were subdivided into four groups according to maternal glucose metabolism during pregnancy and genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes: 1) offspring of women with diet-treated GDM (O-GDM), 2) offspring of genetically predisposed women with a normal OGTT (O-NoGDM), 3) offspring of women with type 1 diabetes (O-type 1), and 4) offspring of women from the background population (O-BP).
RESULTS—The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes (impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose) in the four groups was 21, 12, 11, and 4%, respectively. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes were 7.76 (95% CI 2.58–23.39) in O-GDM and 4.02 (1.31–12.33) in O-type 1 compared with O-BP. In O-type 1, the risk of type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes was significantly associated with elevated maternal blood glucose in late pregnancy: OR 1.41 (1.04–1.91) per mmol/l.
CONCLUSIONS—A hyperglycemic intrauterine environment appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes in adult offspring of primarily Caucasian women with either diet-treated GDM or type 1 diabetes during pregnancy.
Squatting Amplifies Pulse Pressure Increase With Disease Duration in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Philips Jean-Christophe , Marchand Monique , Scheen André J. 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate pulse pressure changes according to duration of type 1 diabetes and to assess the influence of posture.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We performed continuous measurement of blood pressure with a Finapres device during a 3 × 1 min posture test (standing, squatting, standing) in 159 type 1 diabetic patients divided into four groups according to diabetes duration (≤10, 11–20, 21–30, and &gt;30 years, groups 1–4, respectively) and compared the results with those of age-matched nondiabetic subjects.RESULTS—Pulse pressure progressively increased according to type 1 diabetes duration (P &lt; 0.0001), especially in women, but not in age-matched nondiabetic subjects (NS). Pulse-pressure increase from group 1 to group 4 was amplified in the squatting position (from 50 ± 17 to 69 ± 14 mmHg) compared with standing (from 44 ± 15 to 55 ± 12 mmHg).CONCLUSIONS—Pulse pressure increases according to type 1 diabetes duration more in women than in men, and the squatting position sensitizes such pulse-pressure increase in both sexes.
Evaluation of the Self-Administered Indicator Plaster Neuropad for the Diagnosis of Neuropathy in Diabetes
Authors: Tentolouris Nicholas , Achtsidis Vasilis , Marinou Kyriaki , Katsilambros Nicholas 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the inter-rater reliability between patient and health care provider of the indicator plaster neuropad (IPN) in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy and the feasibility of the IPN.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 156 patients with diabetes were examined. At the same visit, the IPN was evaluated by the health care provider. Afterward, the IPN with written instructions for its use and evaluation for self-testing at home were provided together with a questionnaire asking for the easiness of the IPN.
RESULTS—Neuropathy was diagnosed in 56.9% of the participants by the health care provider. The k statistic to measure overall agreement between patient and health care provider of the IPN was very good: 0.88 (95% CI 0.85–0.91). The indicated instructions and the IPN were evaluated as easy by the patients.
CONCLUSIONS—The high degree of reliability and the easiness of the IPN suggest that it is proper for self-testing for the identification of peripheral neuropathy.
Spatial patterns of microsite colonisation on two young lava flows on Mount Hekla, Iceland
Authors: Cutler N.A. , Belyea L.R. , Dugmore A.J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractQuestions: How does vegetation first establish on newly‐formed lava substrates? Do very small (cm) and meso‐scale (m) variations in the physical environment influence this process and subsequent vegetation development?Location: Mount Hekla, southern Iceland (64°00’ N, 19°40’ W).Methods: Data on vegetation structure and the incidence of ‘safe sites’ suitable for colonisation were collected from high and low points on the surfaces of lava flows emplaced during the 1991 and 2000 A.D. eruptions of Mount Hekla. Effects of flow age and meso‐topographic position on vegetation structure (moss cover, patch density, stem length) were assessed by two‐way analyses of variance. The distributions of colonisation events and available safe sites were analysed using point pattern techniques.Results: Rapid colonisation of the lava surface was observed, despite stressful environmental conditions. The 1991 and 2000 flows differed significantly in vegetation structure, but there were no significant differences in moss cover, patch density and stem length between ‘high’ and ‘low’ sites.Conclusions: Colonisation events are invariably associated with small‐scale irregularities on the surface of the lava. The colonisation process appears to be spatially random. Development of the moss ‘carpet’ proceeds by vertical thickening and lateral growth and coalescence of moss patches that establish in ‘safe sites’. This process is rapid, with close to 100% of available safe sites exploited within 20 years. Topographic position makes no difference to the very early stages of vegetation development and cannot be used to ‘forecast’ the later stages of development.
Clock genes may influence bipolar disorder susceptibility and dysfunctional circadian rhythm
Authors: Shi Jiajun , Wittke‐Thompson Jacqueline K. , Badner Judith A. , Hattori Eiji , Potash James B. , Willour Virginia L. , McMahon Francis J. , Gershon Elliot S. , Liu Chunyu 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSeveral previous studies suggest that dysfunction of circadian rhythms may increase susceptibility to bipolar disorder (BP). We conducted an association study of five circadian genes (CRY2, PER1‐3, and TIMELESS) in a family collection of 36 trios and 79 quads (Sample I), and 10 circadian genes (ARNTL, ARNTL2, BHLHB2, BHLHB3, CLOCK, CRY1, CSNK1D, CSNK1E, DBP, and NR1D1) in an extended family collection of 70 trios and 237 quads (Sample II), which includes the same 114 families but not necessarily the same individuals as Sample I. In Sample II, the Sibling‐Transmission Disequilibrium Test (sib‐tdt) analysis showed nominally significant association of BP with three SNPs within or near the CLOCK gene (rs534654, P = 0.0097; rs6850524, P = 0.012; rs4340844, P = 0.015). In addition, SNPs in the ARNTL2, CLOCK, DBP, and TIMELESS genes and haplotypes in the ARNTL, CLOCK, CSNK1E, and TIMELESS genes showed suggestive evidence of association with several circadian phenotypes identified in BP patients. However, none of these associations reached gene‐wide or experiment‐wide significance after correction for multiple‐testing. A multi‐locus interaction between rs6442925 in the 5′ upstream of BHLHB2, rs1534891 in CSNK1E, and rs534654 near the 3′ end of the CLOCK gene, however, is significantly associated with BP (P = 0.00000172). It remains significant after correcting for multiple testing using the False Discovery Rate method. Our results indicate an interaction between three circadian genes in susceptibility to bipolar disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fuzzy logic‐based optimal control of a catalytic reformer
Authors: Manamalli D. , Kanagasabapathy P. , Dhivya K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCatalytic naphtha reforming is an important process carried out in refineries for upgrading low‐octane naphtha to high‐octane gasoline. A reformer can meet many product demands through its wide range of design and flexibility in operation. This work deals with fuzzy logic‐based optimization of a catalytic reformer. This optimization requires an accurate process model that is valid over wide range of operating conditions. In this work, a simple kinetic model has been developed. This model gives the temperature and concentration profiles of three important hydrocarbons (naphthenes, paraffins, and aromatics) across the reactors. A fuzzy logic‐based optimal control scheme has been developed to maximize the aromatics yield, subject to constraints in inlet temperature of the reactors. Four fuzzy logic systems, one in forward path and three in feedback path, have been developed to give setpoints for temperature control loops of the three reactors. Finally, the results are compared with the conventional control scheme and the better performance of fuzzy logic‐based control is validated. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New generation layered nanocomposites derived from ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate and naturally occurring graphite
Authors: Jacob George Jinu , Bandyopadhyay Abhijit , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNew ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate (EVA, with 60% vinyl acetate content) based nanocomposites were prepared with graphites modified by various techniques and a commercially available expanded graphite (EG). The infrared spectra and the surface energy measurements indicated better oxidation and higher surface energy of the graphite modified by mixed acids followed by high temperature treatment (GO). Interlayer space and surface area were increased as a result. EG possessed higher surface area. GO was found to distribute in finer tactoids of average thickness of 25 nm in the matrix, as compared with the unmodified graphite (UG), having average tactoid thickness more than 40 nm along with aggregation. EG also showed finer dispersion in the EVA matrix with some network formation. The dynamic mechanical and the mechanical properties were superior at the 2 wt % concentration of the GO, beyond which the improvement was less, possibly because of aggregation of GO. Greater EVA‐GO interaction at 2 wt % concentration was also supported from the swelling analysis, thermal conductivity, and the thermo‐oxidative degradation data of the hybrid composites. The melt viscosity was lower at 2 wt % GO concentration. EG based nanocomposites registered similar properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Homopolymer and copolymers of 4‐cyanophenyl acrylate with glycidyl methacrylate: Synthesis, characterization, thermal properties, and determination of monomer reactivity ratios
Authors: Vijayanand P. S. , Kato S. , Satokawa S. , Kojima T. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe acrylic monomer, 4‐cyanophenyl acrylate (CPA), was synthesized by reacting 4‐cyanophenol dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) with acryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine as a catalyst. The homopolymer and copolymers were synthesized by using free‐radical techniques. Characterization by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis confirms the chemical structure. The solubility of the polymers was tested in various polar and nonpolar solvents. The polydispersity index values of polymers suggest a strong tendency for chain termination by disproportionation in all cases, and the tendency increases with the increasing GMA content in the feed. The initial decomposition temperatures for poly(GMA) (188°C), poly(CPA‐co‐GMA) (280°C), and poly(CPA) (290°C) reveal that the thermal stability of the copolymer increases with an increase in CPA content. DSC analysis showed Tg for poly(CPA) (25°C), poly(GMA) (74°C), and copolymer (0.4007 : 0.5993) (39°C) indicates that Tg of the copolymers decreases with the increase in CPA content. The copolymer composition was determined using 1H NMR spectra. The monomer reactivity ratios were determined by the application of linearization methods such as Fineman‐Ross (r1 = 0.5806, r2 = 0.6651), Kelen‐Tudos (r1 = 0.5442, r2 = 0.6472), and extended Kelen‐Tudos methods (r1 = 0.5372, r2 = 0.6352). The reactivity ratio values indicate that the copolymerization has a tendency to alternation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Novel poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐polyurethane‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) tri‐block copolymers through atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Tharanikkarasu Kannan , Verma Hemant , Jang Wonbong , Lee Seok Kyu , Seo Jongchul , Baek Sanghyun , Han Haksoo 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPoly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐polyurethane‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) tri‐block copolymers have been synthesized successfully through atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate using telechelic bromo‐terminated polyurethane/CuBr/N,N,N,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine initiating system. As the time increases, the number‐average molecular weight increases linearly from 6400 to 37,000. This shows that the poly methyl methacrylate blocks were attached to polyurethane block. As the polymerization time increases, both conversion and molecular weight increased and the molecular weight increases linearly with increasing conversion. These results indicate that the formation of the tri‐block copolymers was through atom transfer radical polymerization mechanism. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectral results of the triblock copolymers show that the molar ratio between polyurethane and poly (methyl methacrylate) blocks is in the range of 1 : 16.3 to 1 : 449.4. Differential scanning calorimetry results show Tg of the soft segment at −35°C and Tg of the hard segment at 75°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Strain rate effect on crystallinity variations in the double yield region of polyethylene
Authors: Manzur Angel 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe double yield phenomenon was studied using numerous specimens uniaxially deformed up to different elongations of linear low‐density polyethylene samples. Extruded samples prepared under different conditions were deformed at 1, 10, and 50 mm/min. The crystallinity under stressed state was calculated using the wide‐angle X‐ray scattering technique. The crystallinity degrees of the samples without deformation were less than 55%. This parameter, as a function of the elongation, presented a multistep behavior. An increment before the first yield point and a decrement after this point; then, at higher elongation values around the second yield point, another decrement and an abrupt increment. The behavior was more notorious at intermediate and lower strain rates. The results around the second yield point were interpreted in terms of melting of the less perfect crystallites followed by a recrystallization process. These experimental findings show that the partial melting–recrystallization process is one of the main mechanisms of the double yield phenomenon. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Copolymerization of tetracyclododecene or norbornene with styrene in the presence of Ni(II) complex/MAO catalytic system: First example for transition metal catalyzed copolymerization of tetracyclododecene with styrene
Authors: Ogata Kenichi , Nishimura Naoya , Yunokuchi Tomoshige , Toyota Akinori 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe first example for transition metal catalyzed copolymerization of tetracyclododecene (TD) with styrene as well as of norbornene (NB) with styrene was achieved by the use of nickel(II) complex in the presence of MAO. High cyclic olefin contents of these copolymers were showed by 1H NMR measurements. Their GPC curves are all unimodal and Mw/Mn ratio of both homo‐ and copolymer samples are rather narrow value. These results show that these homo‐ and copolymerization take place at a single active site. The cyclic olefin content in these copolymers could be changed by changing the comonomer feed ratio. TD/styrene copolymers showed higher Tg value than that for NB/styrene copolymers and the Tg value were increases with an increase of TD content. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Nondegradative microextrusion of resorbable polyesters for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications: The cases of poly‐lactic‐acid and poly‐caprolactone
Authors: Perale G. , Pertici G. , Giordano C. , Daniele F. , Masi M. , Maccagnan S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn recent years biodegradable polymers, particularly polyesters such as the poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL), have gained high interests for their applicability in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields where they're used for manufacturing various different resorbable devices, from tissue engineering scaffolds to controlled drug release systems. Despite many positive characteristics, processability of these materials still remains a critical issue as they easily tend to degrade during manufacturing. In this article we aimed to assess microextrusion as a nondegradative process for manufacturing PLA and PCL. The results we experimentally obtained, that are hereby presented, set a new point in the on‐going debate on degradation during processing of resorbable polymers as they allow to affirm that microextrusion leaves unmodified molecular weight distributions without producing any evident reductions in mean molecular weight. Microextrusion thus represents a risk‐free high molecular weight polymer processing solution for obtaining nondegraded products within pharmaceutical and biomedical production lines, such as for scaffolds for tissue engineering applications or drug delivery. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Glomerular Hypertrophy in Offspring of Subtotally Nephrectomized Ewes
Authors: Brandon Amanda E. , Boyce Amanda C. , Lumbers Eugenie R. , Zimanyi Monika A. , Bertram John F. , Gibson Karen J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe have shown that fetuses whose mothers underwent subtotal nephrectomy (STNx) before pregnancy had high urine flow rates and sodium excretions, but lower hematocrits, plasma chloride, and plasma renin levels compared with controls. To see if these functional differences in utero persist after birth and are the result of altered renal development, we studied 8 lambs born to STNx mothers (STNxL) and 10 controls (ConL) in the second week of life. These lambs were of similar body weights, nose–rump lengths and abdominal girths. Their kidney weights were not different (ConL 36.1 ± 1.9 vs. STNxL 39.8 ± 3.3 g), nor were kidney dimensions or glomerular number (ConL 423,520 ± 22,194 vs. STNxL 429,530 ± 27,471 glomeruli). However, STNxL had 30% larger glomerular volumes (both mean and total, P < 0.01) and there was a positive relationship between total glomerular volume and urinary protein excretion (P < 0.05) in STNxL. Despite this change in glomerular morphology, glomerular filtration rate, tubular function, urine flow, and sodium excretion rates were not different between STNxL and ConL, nor were plasma electrolytes, osmolality, and plasma renin levels. Thus while many of the functional differences seen in late gestation were not present at 1–2 weeks after birth, the alteration in glomerular size and its relationship to protein excretion suggests that exposure to this altered intrauterine environment may predispose offspring of mothers with renal dysfunction to renal disease in adult life. Anat Rec, 291:318–324, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular dynamics and tissue interactions of the dura mater during head development
Authors: Gagan Jeffrey R. , Tholpady Sunil S. , Ogle Roy C. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDuring development and growth of the neurocranium, the dura mater regulates events in the underlying brain and overlying skull by the release of soluble factors and cellular activity. Morphogenesis of the cranial bones and sutures is dependent on tissue interactions with the dura mater, which control the size and shape of bones as well as sutural patency. Development of the brain also involves interactions with dura mater: secretion of stromal derived factor 1 (SDF‐1) is a critical event in directing migration of the external granular layer precursors of the cerebellar cortex and the Cajal‐Retzius (CR) cells of the cerebral cortex. The dura mater is also required for growth of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Wnt1Cre/R26R transgenic reporter mice were used to study the origin and fates of the cells of dura mater during head development. The dura mater of mammals is derived entirely from the cranial neural crest. Beginning around neonatal day 10 (N 10), the dura mater is infiltrated by cells derived from paraxial mesoderm, which later come to predominate. Over the course of infancy, the neural crest–derived cells of the dura mater become sequestered in niche‐like distribution characteristic of stem cells. Simultaneously, dura mater cells underlying the sagittal suture migrate upward into the mesodermally‐derived mesenchyme separating the parietal bones. Although initially the parietal bones are formed entirely from paraxial mesoderm, the cellular composition gradually becomes chimeric and is populated mainly by neural crest–derived cells by N 30. This occurs as a consequence of osteoblastic differentiation at the dura mater interface and intravasation of neural crest–derived osteoclastic and other hematopoietic precursors. The isolated cells of the dura mater are multipotent in vitro, giving rise to osteoblasts, neuronal cells and other derivatives characteristic of cranial neural crest, possibly reflecting the multipotent nature of dura mater cells in vivo. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:297–304, 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthetic tissue biology: Tissue engineering meets synthetic biology
Authors: Sia Samuel K. , Gillette Brian M. , Yang Genevieve J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe propose the term “synthetic tissue biology” to describe the use of engineered tissues to form biological systems with metazoan‐like complexity. The increasing maturity of tissue engineering is beginning to render this goal attainable. As in other synthetic biology approaches, the perspective is bottom‐up; here, the premise is that complex functional phenotypes (on par with those in whole metazoan organisms) can be effected by engineering biology at the tissue level. To be successful, current efforts to understand and engineer multicellular systems must continue, and new efforts to integrate different tissues into a coherent structure will need to emerge. The fruits of this research may include improved understanding of how tissue systems can be integrated, as well as useful biomedical technologies not traditionally considered in tissue engineering, such as autonomous devices, sensors, and manufacturing. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:354–361, 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.