bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accurate Oil Saturation Determination and Monitoring in a Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Harness Paul , Shotts Noel , Hemingway Jim , Rose David , van der Sluis Roy 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The ability to determine oil saturation changes through time in the Kern River field is critical to heat management and optimization of reserves depletion. The Kern River reservoir is a complex multi-layered fresh water braided river deposit undergoing varying stages of thermal recovery. In the past, the practice had been to selectively core when new well locations were identified. An alternative to open hole core saturation measurements is the Carbon Oxygen Ratio (COR) log, which yields accurate and repeatable data that can be used to identify and monitor reserves depletion.
In this field, time-lapse 4D oil saturation images are being generated from a grid of several hundred observation wells. Over 360,000 feet of COR data have been acquired. The project is realizing accuracies comparable to core data — bore out from a database containing 36,000 feet of core. In 1993, nine observation wells were drilled and cored. After casing was cemented in place, the wells were logged immediately to reduce uncertainties associated with subsequent production. Full field monitor logging was implemented in 1996 and again in 1997. Small changes in the COR oil saturation measurement over time are being monitored with a measurement precision of +/- 3.2 saturation units (su) with a confidence level of 95%. The highly accurate and precise data were made possible in part by reservoir conditions, well bore conditions, and a process improvement program incorporating all major steps from acquisition to data processing. A shared database tracked progress and monitored quality throughout the project. The project deliverables were in digital form only.
Log-to-core data comparisons, steps to determine precision and accuracy, as well as time-lapse 4D images showing reservoir dynamics, will be discussed.
Coiled Tubing Fatigue Damage on Floating Vessels
Authors: Yang Y.S. , Avakov V.A. , Smith D.E. , Martin J.R. , Wu J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A PC computer model has been developed that accurately predicts the effect of floating vessel heave on coiled tubing fatigue life. This model shows that CT fatigue failures can occur in innutes or hours due to vessel heave if not correctly planned for and considered during operations.
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Cost Effective Measures to Reduce VOC on an Industry Level
Authors: Tvedt Arne Moe , Furuholt Edgar , Pettersen Geir 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
VOC, the volatile hydrocarbons, tend to evaporate in the whole product chain from the oil production facility to the end user of the products. Loading operations, from offshore loading to gasoline filling on the car, are often the largest contributors. In Norway, the offshore loading of crude oil causes more than 50 % of the total VOC emissions. Norway's goal is to reduce VOC emissions with 30 % in 1999 compared to 1989. According to present prognoses, the emissions will instead increase 10–20 %. The offshore industry is therefore under strong pressure to reduce its VOC emissions.
Statoil, as the world's leading operator of offshore loading tankers, has therefore pioneered development of two technologies/concepts for reducing the VOC emissions from offshore loading. Equipment manufacturers and 16 other oil companies cooperate in the effort. One technology/concept is based on recovery of the VOC in an absorption tower with subsequent routing back to the oil cargo. A cargo loss of 0.2–0.6 % is therefore eliminated with a potential to lift the market value of the cargo accordingly. For this technology to really result in reduced total VOC emissions, the onshore oil terminals must be able to utilize the actual content of light fractions in the crude oil. The other concept is based on condensation and storage of the VOC onboard the tanker for use as fuel in the ship main machinery instead of heavy fuel oil and/or diesel, reducing emissions and fuel costs. The reduction potential for the two concepts is estimated to 70–80 %.
Full-scale pilot equipment will be tested onboard two tankers in the next 2–3 years. If these pilots are successful, equipment will be installed on the offshore loading ships in the first few years of the next century. The offshore industry will thereby make its contribution in Norway's effort in reaching its goals for reduction in VOC emissions.
Introduction of New Environmental Technologies as a Result of MILJØSOK
Authors: Furuholt Edgar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Norwegian oil production will increase from the current 3.2 Mbbl/day to some 4 Mbbl/day within the next five years and the gas production will more than double to about 80 billion Sm3 per year. Due to this increased production level, the emissions to air and discharges to sea will increase if the relative emissions, i.e. emissions pr ton oil equivalent (toe), are unaltered.
MILJØSOK was established in early 1995 as a cooperative forum on environmental issues between the authorities and the industry. The aim was that Norway should continue to be a leading nation regarding environmentally benign production, transport and distribution of oil and gas. MILJØSOK proposed ambitious goals for reduction of emissions and discharges.
Statoil is currently evaluating how the MILJØSOK ambitions can be met on Statoil operated fields and has identified a number of emission reducing projects. Several projects have already been implemented both on existing platforms and on new field developments.
From our experience, we feel that technology will be available to reach the ambitious goals. The challenge will be to reach them at an acceptable cost.
Low Temperature Distillation Technology
Authors: Delgado Antonio J. , Sørensen Per 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The uncontrolled discharge of Oil Based Muds (OBMs) and oily drilled cuttings has become an unacceptable practice in most drilling operations due to growing environmental concerns and the release of new environmental legislation.
Thermal treatment (Low Temperature Distillation) techniques, especially developed for the treatment of E&P drilling muds, have proven to be unique in the efficient recovery of mineral oil from the drilling muds, and in the area of compliance with local, national, and international environmental law.
Contract Plan - Adapting the Safety Case to Land Based Geophysical Operations
Authors: Châtenay Allan R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
On July 6, 1988, the Piper Alpha disaster in the North Sea resulted in the deaths of 165 workers. The Public Inquiry into the Piper Alpha Disaster1 lead by the Hon Lord Cullen recommended that offshore operators in controlled waters be required by regulation to submit a Safety Case outlining the application of the company's Safety Management System (SMS) in respect of each of their installations.
Lord Cullen also recommended that "the principal regulations in regard to offshore safety should take the form of requiring that the stated objectives are met rather than prescribing that detailed measures are to be taken."
Initial attempts at implementing Safety Cases on land based geophysical operations resulted in bulky, complex documents that were difficult for field based managers to use. Simplifying and shrinking the size of the early Safety Cases and expanding their scope to include all aspects of the business has resulted in a greater level of acceptance and success at implementation of the Safety Case for land based geophysical operations.
A New Method for Well Specific Risk Analysis in Drilling Operations
Authors: Andersen Lasse Berg , Veire Gunnar , Røkke Borgar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the development and the application of a new method for well specific risk analysis. The methodology development is a part of an overall company strategy that aims to optimise the risk management process in order to strengthen the basis for decision making and promote the application of the ALARP principle in the planning phase of drilling projects.
The first step in the methodology development process consisted of decomposing a set of predefined hazards on the basis of a thorough understanding of the phenomenon physics. The second step was to systematise all influencing parameters and establish a quantitative system that provides an overall numerical risk factor related to the hazards. Finally, a user friendly computer program was developed and the new methodology tested and calibrated.
The critical factors of the drilling operation are systematically reviewed and evaluated quantitatively by an expert panel consisting of drilling engineers, contractor representatives, and risk analysts. Instant visualisation of critical factors in response to the expert panel's risk evaluations contributes to promote discussions on risk reducing measures and alternative solutions. Over a period of time the operating companies that apply this tool will build up a database of risk evaluated drilling operations that will form the basis for in situ comparison of the risk level associated with new drilling projects. Moreover, the database records will strengthen the basis for formal development and re-evaluation of the risk acceptance criteria in order to help reaching the overall company safety goals. Experiences with this new method shows that it is easy to understand and apply, pinpoints critical factors and parameters, secures the transfer of experience, creates a well structured analysis process that is suitable for direct decision making, and it promotes efficient communication between drilling engineers and risk analysts.
Deep Sea Subsea Wells: DHSCSSV or Not
Authors: Chamoux Patrick 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a review of the various hazards threatening production subsea wellheads in deep seas (typically 1000m or more) as well as an attempt at assessing the resulting risks (consequences and expected frequency of hazardous events occurring). Relevant hazards may be external (dragging anchors or dropped objects, etc.) or directly linked to well reentry activities. A method aiming at evaluating the benefit possibly offered by the installation of a Down Hole Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve (DHSCSSV or SCSSV) was devised. This risk assessment method allows for the sub-sea configuration of the development and intervention philosophy, and offers guidance for the decision whether or not to install SCSSV in the wells. As there is no one single answer to this question, typical applications will be presented.
Evolutionary Environmental Management of Drilling Discharges: Results Without Cost Penalty
Authors: Hanni G. , Hartley J. , Munro R. , Skullerud A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Drilling with invert emulsion drilling fluids in most areas of the North Sea has dramatically improved drilling efficiency. Unfortunately, the discharge of drilled cuttings coated with invert fluids has also resulted in detrimental environmental effects at the seabed. Over the last 20 years in the North Sea the use of invert drilling fluids has evolved from diesel based through low toxicity mineral oils to synthetic fluids. The evolution of these fluids has been driven by technical, environmental and occupational health considerations, and by governing regulations.
This paper describes how, through environmental management, a North Sea operator has dramatically reduced the discharge of cuttings associated fluids and the relative environmental effects, while still retaining the drilling and cost efficiencies of invert drilling fluids.
The various techniques & technologies used to achieve sustained, progressive reductions in discharges are described and field evidence is presented to document the improvement in relative environmental effects from these changes.
The case is made for a proactive approach to drilling environmental issues, and for an evolutionary environmental management system which produces the desired environmental results in a cost effective manner.
Guidance for Air Operations Supervisors
Authors: Richard D. M. , Celin R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The E&P Forum has issued an Aircraft Management Guide to provide guidance on the management of aviation support to Petroleum Industry operations. A Questionnaire/Checklist has also been issued to aid the audit of aircraft contractors.
To supplement these publications, a Guidance for Air Operations Supervisors has also been produced. Its purpose is to provide additional guidance to local management staff who may be called upon to supervise aircraft operations but who, themselves, are unlikely to be technically qualified in the Air Transport Field.
This Guide provides information on the scope of the task, duties and responsibilities, together with the training and competencies required. It also provides advice on the monitoring of aviation contracts including the use of Performance Indicators. It emphasises the link with the nominated Aviation Adviser, to maximise the value of his visit and to facilitate continuous liaison. Equally importantly, it provides advice and checklists to enable local oversight, including the audit of contractors and facilities, to cover the sometimes lengthy periods between visits by the Aviation Adviser.
Although there is no substitute for professional advice and audit by a qualified Aviation Adviser, the Aircraft Management Guide together with the Guidance for Air Operations Supervisors provides an excellent basis for the Management of Aircraft Operations in the Oil Industry. This paper underlines the Role of the Air Operations Supervisor.
Operational Safety Case for an FPSO Based Production Facility in Egypt
Authors: Ibrahim M. , Thompson I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Zaafarana Oil Company (Zafco) operate the Zaafarana Oil Field, located in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. It consists of a not normally manned wellhead platform tied into a floating production, storage and offloading facility (FPSO), which is permanently located in the field. Cargo offloading to an export tanker takes place about every 4 weeks.
In addition to the normal risk of fire and explosion there were perceived high risks with respect to the close proximity of the busy shipping lane, regular cargo offloadings and marine/production interfaces.
The company therefore completed a ‘Safety Case’ for the operation, similar in principle to that of a Safety Case for a North Sea operation. This included covering hardware and management systems, the principles of a temporary refuge (TR) and risks being ALARP (as low as reasonably practical) - this was the first of its type undertaken in Egypt.
The paper outlines the methodology and results of the Safety Case. The significant major hazards of the FPSO operation are listed and examples of their estimated likelihood and potential effects are shown. The criteria applied in assessing the risks are same as would be applied in the U.K.
Some very effective hardware and management risk reduction measures were implemented that enabled risks to be reduced to ALARP levels, these are be explained.
The paper summarizes how the ‘Safety Case’ demonstrated that the risks to various groups working on the facilities were at a level which are acceptable and comparable to international standards. Thus providing a final justification for continual safe operations.
Finally, introducing the concept and result of the Safety Case to the multi cultured workforce, comprising marine background and production personnel, was a crucial requirement for Zafco. This was necessary to ensure that the assumption made in HSE management were a reality. Examples of how this was achieved are given.
An Engineering Project's Guide to Risk Based Design
Authors: Moorfield Derek 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents an approach to facility design for "offshore fast track" development projects and demonstrates how risk and safety issues are dealt with at the onset of the development where little time and detail are available. The objective of this risk based approach is to be pro-active in providing input to the design team such that the design naturally develops to prevent, mitigate and control major hazards. Reactive risk assessments tend to provide "surprises" which lead to costly redesign modifications which impact project budgets and schedules.
Experience with Tripod BETA Incident Analysis
Authors: Gower-Jones A. D. , van der Graaf G. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Tripod-BETA is an approach to the analysis of incidents using the Tripod Theory of Accident Causation and the Hazard and Effect Management Process. It has been in operational use for two years and the advantages of the structured approach can be seen.
The practical use of the application has demonstrated that by conducting the investigation in three phases, analytical techniques can be applied at an early stage. Feedback from analysis provides the investigators with the means to validate findings, confirm the relevance of hazard management measures and identify new investigation possibilities.
The Tripod-BETA method promotes thorough incident investigation with clear, concise and consistent reporting.
Wellness Programmes in Petrotrin: The EAP Perspective
Authors: Remy Lionel 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the findings of a wellness programme implemented by Petrotrin's Employee Assistance Programme department as part of the corporate Health, Safety and Enviroment (HSE) strategy. The author defines wellness as "any programme which stimulates and encourages employees to take personal responsibility for improving their psycho-bio-socio-cultural functioning thus improving their general competence in work and non-work areas."
The paper also reviews the relationship between Petrotrin's Employee Assistance Programme and organizational goals. Based on quantitative and qualitative methodologies, research data is presented on the factors which militate against wellness in Petrotrin. The findings from six major interventions are also presented and analyzed.
The author concludes that there is economic value to be derived as a result of implementing wellness programmes. Specifically, wellness programmes are proposed as an effective strategy to contain health care and failure costs which are related to the frequency and severity of illnesses both on and off the job. The project described in this paper has made a significant contribution to the integrated HSE programme which began in 1995.
Maintenance of Quality Assurance and Management in an Expanding Healthcare Unit of a West African Oil Company
Authors: Kpiasi O. , Bode-Law F. , Faweya T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Good-quality healthcare may take place in a variety of settings, be provided by a variety of agents and its management usually requires a complex pattern of coordination, training, evaluation, and sustenance. Expansion of healthcare services could task providers causing "quality spillage" if the processes of change are not critically managed. The effects of this spillage become more detrimental when the healthcare system is in the more highly competitive and quality-sensitive Oil and Gas sector of a developing country.
The Medical Department of Chevron Nigeria Limited is one of the essential supporting units of Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL), a part of Chevron Corporation -an International Oil Company based in San Francisco. In order to maintain a healthy, stable and committed workforce, the company provides a qualitative comprehensive healthcare for her employees and dependants (totalling 15,000) at various locations. In the recent past, due to unavailability, poor access, questionable quality of medical care and uncontrollable medical bills, the company resorted largely to an in-house healthcare service. The recruitment of highly trained specialists that primarily function as General Practitioners and also double as Consultants in their various specialties provides both preventive and curative healthcare services. This is complemented by highflyers in Nursing, Laboratory Science, Imaging and Medical records. The resultant advantages and measurable processes were found to be beneficial to both the customer (employee), and the purchaser (employer) of these services. A tremendous increase in patient load and high demand for this qualitative service led to initiation of SINGLE CLINIC VISIT for patients from long distance, SUPERVISED DRUG REFILL for some controlled medical conditions, HEALTH PROMOTION AND AWARENESS PROGRAM to reduce disease incidence. More unique modifications in the provision of quality services such as medical records computerization are in the pipeline as the two new hospitals come on board in the new year.
The focus of this paper is on the initiation of quality healthcare services in CNL Medical; how we hope and plan to sustain this in the face of expansion, transition and change; to explore and assess the existing unique quality initiatives in our medical unit, using this to determine the way forward.
AIDS Amplification and World Bank Projects in Developing Countries
Authors: Krieger Gary R. , Balge Marci Z. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The potential impacts of a major infrastructure project to public health in a developing country can be substantial due to the rapid infusion of men, money and material. This problem can be particularly severe for HIV / AIDS transmission and amplification. Historically, there has not been a set of generally accepted standard guidelines or checklists to direct the public health impacts evaluation of large infrastructure projects, in developing countries. Both the impacts and potential remediation measures have generally been viewed through a health sector or disease specific perspective and have not necessarily considered the overall potential available to the infrastructure sector to positively impact and improve the quality of life and affect disease rates.
In The World Bank s recent guidelines for large-scale infrastructure projects, "Bridging Environmental Health Gaps" (BEHG), there is an attempt to develop a new approach between the traditional definition of "public health," with its disease specific focus, and "environmental health", which implies a broader context that encompasses non-disease issues. This approach emphasizes the potential linkages between infrastructure-related activities and overall environmental health in specific sectors, e.g., housing, sanitation, urban development, water and transportation. Transportation issues are an area of specific concern and scrutiny, since long-haul truckers in Sub-Saharan Africa are a known vector for HIV/AIDS transmission and amplification. Based upon the new World Bank guidelines, this paper describes the evaluation, analysis and proposed interventions for this problem within the context of a proposed, multilaterally funded, transnational pipeline project in Sub-Saharan Africa.