bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The High Plains and Their Utilization by the Indian
Authors: Wedel Waldo R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper re-examines the thesis, which still persists in some quarters, that limited surface-water supplies, scarcity of through-flowing streams, a generally harsh environment, and shortage of wood for tipi poles, stakes, and fuel, because they precluded year-round occupation of the High Plains, would also have made regular seasonal residence and through-travel by pedestrians extremely difficult or impossible. A review of historic Indian occupation and natural resources, notably distribution and nature of the water supplies, suggests that seasonal residence patterns were entirely feasible for prehorse Indians, and that travel in and through the region, except in times of severe drought or winter storms, would have been practicable for experienced plainsmen, even on foot. The potential significance to archaeology of the larger perennial springs in and around the shortgrass country is noted.
The Extent and Content of Poverty Point Culture
Authors: Webb Clarence H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLate Archaic developments along the Gulf Coast and up the Mississippi Valley, after 2000 B.C., contributed a substantial base for the Poverty Point culture. New coastal and inland discoveries bring the total number of Poverty Point sites to 34, with many additional possibilities.A study of 70,000 artifacts from the type-site is reported; the known cultural content is increased by numerous new traits. The thesis is advanced that Formative elements of Mesoamerican origin, including ceremonial organization, massive mound construction, village planning, ceramics, figurines, advanced lapidary industry, and probable agriculture, enriched the basic Archaic culture and contributed to subsequent cultural developments in the valley.
Grand Canyon Dams, Split-Twig Figurines, and “Hit-and-Run” Archaeology
Authors: Jett Stephen C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1966 and 1967, amateurs unearthed a number of split-twig figurines in Stanton Cave in the Grand Canyon’s Marble Gorge. A number of these figurines are described, including one which is perhaps the finest ever discovered. It is documented that these finds by amateurs were stimulated by publication about this site in popular periodicals. It is also argued, using the Grand Canyon as an example, that survey and salvage in connection with large dam construction is never a substitute for long-range study of the archaeology and its environmental context, and that salvage cannot be considered as a benefit justifying dam construction but only as an alleviation of some of the dam damage.
A Glacial Kame Wolf Mask-Headdress
Authors: Baby Raymond S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA worked wolf cranium discovered in burial association at a Glacial Kame site near Russells Point, Ohio, is interpreted as part of an animal mask-headdress. This is the first record of the use of such paraphernalia by the Glacial Kame People, and probably one of earliest evidences of ceremonialism in the Ohio Valley.
Barren Ground Caribou (Rangifer arcticus) from an Early Man Site in Southeastern Michigan
Authors: Cleland Charles E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe identification of a phalanx of a barren ground caribou (Rangifer arcticus) from the Holcombe site in southeastern Michigan is perhaps the earliest association of man and an animal species in the eastern United States. This phalanx was excavated from a small pit which contained four fragments of unifacially worked artifacts, a number of plano-convex spalls typical of the Holcombe lithic complex, and a small amount of beech charcoal. Association of this site with a beach of glacial Lake Algonquin places its occupation at approximately 9200 B.C.
Early Milling Stone Horizon (Oak Grove), Santa Barbara County, California: Radiocarbon Dates
Authors: Owen Roger C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRadiocarbon dates of 6880, 6980, 7270, and 6380 B.P. have been obtained for an Early Horizon site (Oak Grove) in the region of Santa Barbara, California. These dates permit the definite association of many cultural features which have previously been denied for the Oak Grove complex: a partial maritime economy, a core-and-flake industry, bone and shell technology, the use of asphaltum, and flexed burials. It is unlikely that the Early Horizon in Santa Barbara was sedentary to any degree.
Core Drilling in an Archaeological Site
Authors: Price John C. , Hunter Richard G. , McMichael Edward V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMethods used in taking drill cores at a deeply stratified archaeological site in Kanawha County, West Virginia, are reported. A site exposed by river-bank erosion was tested with six cores, and additional deeper levels of probable human occupation were found. The site limits were determined, and evidence was gathered which suggests that the site was originally on an island. This work indicates that core drilling at similar sites in alluvial valleys would be a useful archaeological technique.
Exchange Systems among the Ancient Maya
Authors: Tourtellot Gair , Sabloff Jeremy A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMost studies of trade in the Maya area of Mesoamerica have been descriptive examinations of exchanged objects and have relied heavily on ethnohistoric sources. This paper, on the other hand, relies mainly on archaeological data and offers several hypotheses about the socio-political significance of intra- and inter-community exchange systems.It is proposed that in the relatively uniform environment of the Maya Lowlands, subsistence arti-facts and goods were generally exchanged within communities while prestige artifacts were exchanged between communities. This hypothesized situation is contrasted with the environmentally differentiated Mexican Highlands where subsistence items were traded widely. Following the theoretical leads of M. Coe, Webb, and Fried, we offer the hypothesis that prior to the introduction of foreign influences, the lack of differential access to basic resources among the ranked social groups of the Maya Lowlands did not stimulate the development of the state in this area.
Albert Spaulding and Archaeological Method and Theory
Authors: Cowgill George L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMy object here is to list and briefly discuss the themes which seem most important and most valuable in Albert Spaulding's contributions to archaeological method and theory. I have not attempted to be biographical, to deal with his substantive contributions to North American prehistory, or to be exhaustive in mentioning every good idea and useful suggestion he has put into print. My discussion is also incomplete because the flow of major contributions has not ceased. Al is still busy trying new things (Spaulding 1976) and assessing current archaeological fashions with clarity, vigor, and reason (Spaulding 1973,1974).
A Comment on Curren's “Potential Interpretations of ‘Stone Gorget’ Function”
Authors: Starna William A. 
Published: April 2006

Curren (1977) presents an interesting and provocative hypothesis regarding the “potential” function of “stone gorgets.” Nevertheless, there are some serious problems with his thesis that require comment.Initially, there is a danger in the rather simplistic association drawn between form and function. To claim a functional similarity because there is a morphological similarity between stone gorgets and contemporary ceramic tools called “ribs” is a risky procedure. One does not need to go very far to demonstrate analogous examples. For instance, if I were to show a surveyor a stone “plummet,” I would most likely elicit the response, “ a surveyor’s plummet in stone?” If I were to present an unsuspecting archaeologist with a surveyor’s plummet, I might hear, “plummets (net sinkers or bolas] in brass?” In contrast to the paper under disucssion, Ahler’s (1971) important study is a sophisticated treatment of the problems involved in equating form with function.
The Decline and Rise of Mesopotamian Civilization: An Ethnoarchaeological Perspective on the Evolution of Social Complexity
Authors: Yoffee Norman 
Published: April 2006

The typological schemes constructed by many archaeologists to explain the rise and fall of civilizations have neither accounted for the processual changes involved in the evolution of social complexity nor contributed to the development of a comparative method for considering regularities and variation in social behavior. This paper begins with a review of the foundations on which archaeologists have based their conceptions of social evolution. A critical test of the assumptions of “evolutionism” is then provided by case studies in Mesopotamian civilization in which materials from both preliterate and literate times are examined. Using ancient, emic documentation that is recovered as part of the archaeological record, such studies may logically be termed ethnoarchaeological. It is suggested that the customary analogy between social change and biological evolution is inappropriate and that a new problem orientation will facilitate more productive research into the dynamics of social evolution.You would be surprised at the number of years it took me to see clearly what some of the problems were which had to be solved. . . . Looking back, I think it was more difficult to see what the problems were than to solve them, as far as I have succeeded in doing, and this seems to me rather curious.Charles DarwinWhen we define a word we are merely inviting others to use it as we would like it to be used . . . the purpose of definition is to focus argument upon fact and . . . the proper result of good definition is to transform argument over terms into disagreements about fact, and thus open arguments to further inquiry.C. Wright Mills
Occupational Specialization at Tikal, Guatemala: Stoneworking-Monument Carving
Authors: Haviland William A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA recent article in American Antiquity discusses evidence for occupational specialization among the Classic Maya at Tikal, Guatemala. The purpose of this paper is to amplify that discussion through review of the artifactual evidence for stoneworking and monument carving as a specialized occupation at Tikal. It is suggested that this occupation was confined to a specific family line within a lineage, the members of which were artisans engaged in a variety of occupational specialties.
Room 44, Wupatki: Rejecting False Profits
Authors: Reyman Jonathan E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeveral solar alignments were found for the east window of Room 44 at Wupatki. Analysis shows that these alignments were the accidental products of National Park Service construction and not the intended design of the original builders of the pueblo. This analysis provides an excellent example of the problems inherent in archaeoastronomical and architectural studies at "reconstructed" and stabilized sites.
A Reappraisal of the Roles of Technology and Organization in the Origin of Civilization
Authors: Carneiro Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe view that technological advance was the prime cause of the early civilizations is examined and rejected. Instead, it is argued that civilization was an organizational solution to specific social and ecological problems. Even where technology gave an impetus to the rise of civilization, it can be shown that the tools or weapons involved were themselves developed in response to societal demands. Thus, the invention of the steam engine, which led to the Industrial Revolution, can be traced back to the need by feudal states in Europe to cope with a severe shortage of labor. This interpretation is presented, not as a repudiation of cultural materialism, but as an elaboration on it.
New Directions for the Children of Hurst
Authors: Berry Mary Frances 
Published: April 2006

The five articles in this volume make clear the overriding significance of J. Willard Hurst (1910–1997) to the burgeoning field of U.S. legal history. They leave no doubt as to his contributions to interdisciplinary social science research, to collegial and supportive exchanges with budding scholars, and attest to the overall intellectual breadth and sensitivity of Hurst's scholarly persona.It is indeed true, as these essays conclude, that U.S. legal history in a sense really begins with Hurst. The barren, dry bones and husks on the terrain, before him, made American legal history, an appendage to English legal history, terra incognita for most historians and other scholars. He almost single-handedly made legal experience a necessary part of social and economic history.
Neutral Ti Catalysts for the Intramolecular Hydroamination of Alkenes
Authors: Müller Carsten , Loos Christian , Schulenberg Nikola , Doye Sven 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNeutral titanium complexes are well known precatalysts for the inter‐ and intramolecular hydroamination of alkynes. In this publication, we show the capability of several neutral titanium complexes to catalyze intramolecular hydroamination reactions of alkenes. The corresponding pyrrolidine and piperidine products are formed in yields up to 97 %. Among the substrates used, only geminally disubstituted amino alkenes are successfully cyclized. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A survey of vocational status 10 years after traumatic head injury
Authors: Kim J. A. , Colantonio Angela 
Published: April 2006

AbstractProductivity is one of the components of occupational performance in occupational therapy. Thus, work status is an important area to address after head injury. Many studies on long‐term outcomes after head injury document return to work post injury but often do not report the nature of employment after injury. The aim of this study was to examine change in vocational status 10 years after head injury and explore participants' perception of how this injury affected career plans. Eighty‐three out of 100 subjects were traced 10 years post injury from a large trauma centre in Canada. Of these, 59 agreed to participate in a telephone interview where data on employment were collected. Occupations before and after injury were coded using three indices (Hollingshead Index, Blishen Socioeconomic Index for Occupations, and the Pineo Socioeconomic Classification of Occupations). The study shows that, on average, subjects who are employed before and after injury stay at the same level of vocational status or improve slightly. Younger age (p<0.05) and being male (p<0.10) were associated with an increase in status. Six major themes on how injury affected career plans emerged. It is recommended that greater attention be given to coding occupations in research, clinical work and follow‐up studies of head injured subjects. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Changes of Nuclear Matrix Proteins Following the Differentiation of Human Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells
Authors: Zhao Chun-Hong , Li Qi-Fu , Zhao Yan , Niu Jing-Wen , Li Zhi-Xing , Chen Jin-An 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells were induced into differentiation by 5 mmol/L hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). Their nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs) were selectively extracted and subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis. The results of protein patterns were analyzed by Melanie software. The spots of differentially expressed NMPs were excised and subjected to in situ digestion with trypsin. The maps of peptide mass fingerprinting were obtained by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, and were submitted for NCBI database searches by Mascot tool. There were twelve spots changed remarkably during the differentiation induced by HMBA, nine of which were identified. The roles of the regulated proteins during the MG-63 differentiation were analyzed. This study suggests that the induced differentiation of cancer cells is accompanied by the changes of NMPs, and confirms the presence of some specific NMPs related to the cancer cell proliferation and differentiation. The changed NMPs are potential markers for cancer diagnosis or targets for cancer therapy.
Effect of 5-Azacytidine on the Protein Expression of Porcine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vitro
Authors: Ye Neng-Sheng , Zhang Rong-Li , Zhao Yan-Feng , Feng Xue , Wang Yi-Ming , Luo Guo-An 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stem cells that show a vital potential in the clinical application for cell transplantation. In the present paper, proteomic techniques were used to approach the protein profiles associated with porcine bone marrow MSCs and investigate the regulation of MSC proteins on the effect of 5-azacytidine (5-aza). Over 1,700 protein species were separated from MSCs according to gel analysis. Compared with the expression profiling of control MSCs, there were 11 protein spots up-regulated and 26 down-regulated in the protein pattern of 5-aza-treated cells. A total of 21 proteins were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, among which some interesting proteins, such as alpha B-crystallin, annexin A2, and stathmin 1, had been reported to involve in cell proliferation and differentiation through different signaling pathways. Our data should be useful for the future study of MSC differentiation and apoptosis.
Mean flow generation by topographic Rossby waves
Authors: De Verdiere Alain Colin 
Published: April 2006

This paper makes use of the ease of modelling topographic Rossby waves in a laboratory context to investigate the ability of these waves to generate strong zonal mean flows when the geostrophic (f/H) contours are closed. A zonally travelling wave is forced in a narrow latitude band of a ‘polar beta plane’. Stronger signals occur when the motion of the driving is retrograde and at the phase speed of the gravest free modes. An important zonal westward mean flow occurs in the free interior while a compensating eastward jet is found at forced latitudes. The dependence of the mean flow strength upon the wave steepness indicates that genuine rectification processes are indeed taking place when the fluid is stirred by purely oscillating devices.This general tendency for topographic Rossby waves to transfer energy to zonal components is first analysed theoretically by investigating a side-band instability mechanism within an unforced fluid. Among the products of the interactions between a primary wave of wavenumberkand its side bands of wavenumberk± δk, the zonal flow is prominent. Wave steepnesses of order (|δk|/|k|)½only are required for zonal energy to grow whereas non-zonal components of scale longer or shorter than the primary wave need huge steepnesses [of order (|δk|/|k|−3/2] for amplification. This supplements the earlier notion that ‘nearly zonal’ waves may be generated by weak resonant interaction.For gentle driving certain classical aspects of Rossby wave propagation can be checked against the experiments. The linear theory provides also a convenient framework to discuss the meridional structure of the wave-induced Reynolds stress. For more energetic driving, a test of the potential vorticity mixing theory can be carried out and sheds further light upon the rectification mechanisms.
Calculation of the steady flow through a curved tube using a new finite-difference method
Authors: Dennis S. C. R. 
Published: April 2006

A numerical method is described which is suitable for solving the equations governing the steady motion of a viscous fluid through a slightly curved tube of circular cross-section but which is also applicable to the solution of any problem governed by the steady two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations in the plane polar co-ordinate system. The governing equations are approximated by a scheme which yields finite-difference equations which are of second-order accuracy with respect to the grid sizes but which have associated matrices which are diagonally dominant. This makes them generally more amenable to solution by iterative techniques than the approximations obtained using standard central differences, while preserving the same order of accuracy.The main object of the investigation is to obtain numerical results for the problem of steady flow through a curved tube which corroborate previous numerical work on this problem in view of a recent paper (Van Dyke 1978) which tends to cast doubt on the accuracy of previous calculations at moderately high values of the Dean number; this is the appropriate Reynolds-number parameter in this problem. The present calculations tend to verify the accuracy of previous results for Dean numbers up to 5000, beyond which it is difficult to obtain accurate results. Calculated properties of the flow are compared with those obtained in previous numerical work, with the predictions of boundary-layer theory for large Dean numbers and with the predictions of Van Dyke (1978).
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the conjunctiva
Authors: Arora Ritu , Monga Sumit , Mehta Dinesh K , Raina Usha K , Gogi Anuj , Gupta S Datta 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFibrous histiocytomas are mesenchymal tumours composed of cells with fibroblastic to histiocytic differentiation. They can occur in any part of the body including the orbital tissues. To date, there are 18 cases of fibrous histiocytoma arising from the corneoscleral limbus reported in the literature. Eleven of these were classified as benign, and the rest were malignant fibrous histiocytomas. Benign fibrous histiocytomas have been reported in the orbit, eyelid, episclera and conjunctiva. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma has been well described in the orbit, but rarely as a primary conjunctival tumour. The rarity of the tumour makes its diagnosis and management a challenge. Herein, the clinicopathological features of a case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma are presented and its management with wide excision and cryotherapy followed by ocular reconstruction with amniotic membrane transplant is discussed.
Improving Horizontal Well Productivity Using Novel Technology and Optimization of Drilling Fluids
Authors: Qudaihy D. S. , Al Nughaimish F. N. , Sunbul A. H. , Ansari A. A. , Hembling D. E. , Al-Faraj O. A. , Voll B. A. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Horizontal wells have dominated conventional wells because of their increased production rates, improved recovery efficiency, increased reservoir drainage area, and delayed gas and water coning. However, nonuniform-flow profiles can result in premature water/gas production, loss of production and reserves, and a decrease in profitability, which will shorten the life, and defeat the purpose, of a horizontal well.
This paper describes a new production-technology system that will optimize production, delay water/gas coning, eliminate/minimize annular flow, and ensure uniform inflow along the lateral at the cost of a minute pressure drop in long,high-rate horizontal wells. A case history is presented in which this production technology, combined with sand-control technology, has resulted in significant savings for the operator and improved production in off shore horizontal oil wells.
Economic modernisation and social change: evidence from Mumford, a Ghanaian fishing village
Authors: Ninsin Kwame A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe coastal village of Mumford has doubled in population since 1948, and in the space of ten years has seen its fishing fleet change from sailing canoes to outboard motors and then to fishing vessels. The article examines four issues. First, the changes in fishing technology; second, an analysis of the changes andcontinuities in the structures of production and in the ownership ofthe instruments of production. Thirdly, it discusses the way the local economy has been incorporated into Ghana's formal capitalist economy, and considers some of the responses to that incorporation. Finally, it examines some of the key socio-economic implications for Mumford society, such as indebtedness, social organisation, a falling literacy rate and changing social consciousness.