bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the Ag (x) Antigen in Medico‐Legal Investigations
Authors: Hirschfeld J. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. Data are presented showing that the Ag (x) antigen may be a useful marker in genetic studies with particular reference to its application in paternity cases, where it gives a theoretical exclusion rate of 8.14% for the Swedish population.So far 906 families with 2491 children have been typed for Ag (x) of which 294 families with 815 children are ‘critical’. The only three exceptions to the postulated mode of inheritance where no exceptions in other systems also occurred were found in one and the same family material comprising only 17 ‘critical’ families with 55 children.An additional advantage of the Ag (x) antigen as a marker in paternity cases is that this antigen appears well‐developed already at birth and does not seem to be passively transferred from the mother to her child. No association was found between the Ag (xy) system and the ABO‐, MN‐, Rh‐, Hp‐, Gc‐ and Gm (Gma and Gmx) systems.
Complement Inactivation by Contaminants of Ethanol‐Precipitated Fibrinogen
Authors: Siegel A. , Lüscher E. F. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. 1. Human fibrinogen obtained from ACD‐plasma by ethanol precipitation in the cold is capable of inactivating human and guinea pig complement. This activity is found in crude, as well as in highly purified products, as long as they are prepared by the alcohol procedure; it is absent in salt‐precipitated fibrinogen.2. After ammonium sulphate precipitation of ethanol‐fibrinogen, the complement‐inactivating activity can be isolated from the supernatant. Two components are thus obtained, which were further purified by ion‐exchange chromatography and gel‐filtration. Both are proteins, one of them precipitates with the euglobulins.3. The two components have the following properties:Component A. α1‐globulin; devoid of esterolytic activities; heat labile (30 min at 56°C); sedimentation constant similar to albumin (4.6S); inactivates preferentially C'4.Component B. α2‐globulin; sedimentation constant (uncorr.) 5S; hydrolyses TAMe as well as ATEe; stable for 30 min at 56°C; inactivates predominantly C'2.4. The possible significance as well as the origin of these substances and their possible relationship to certain components of the C'1 complex are discussed.
The Anti‐D Content of IgG Preparations for Use in the Prevention of Rh Haemolytic Disease
Authors: Hughes‐Jones N. C. , Stevenson Mary 
Published: March 2009

Summary. Anti‐D concentrations in IgG preparations for use in the prevention of haemolytic disease of the newborn have been estimated by direct labelling of the IgG with 125I and by an indirect method using 125I‐labelled antiglobulin.The concentrations ranged from 50–2000 μg anti‐D/ml for total protein concentrations of 10–16 g/100 ml in the IgG preparations.
Contributions to the Study of Plasminogen: High Purification of Human Plasminogen
Authors: Stoian Florica Ionescu , Istrati Maria 
Published: March 2009

Summary. By means of series chromatography on Sephadex G‐100 gel columns the authors have prepared highly purified human plasminogen from human plasma. Initially, the plasma proteins are fractionated on Sephadex G‐100 columns utilizing 0.002 M alkaline arginine solution pH 9 as eluent; enzyme‐active effluents are precipitated at pH 6 with 1% solution of acetic acid; partly purified plasminogen precipitate is dissolved in 0.15 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.6.The plasminogen solution is further submitted to chromatography on two series of Sephadex G‐100 columns, using 0.15 M saline phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.6, as eluent.The highly purified plasminogen resulting from the effluents which form the descending slope of the elution curves on the last column series is lyophilized, and has a specific activity of 18 cas. U/mg of protein.The lyophilized preparation is immunoelectrophoretically and electrophoretically homogeneous; acrylamide‐agarose mixed gel electrophoresis shows a single band. Tiselius free electrophoresis of the plasminogen 0.8% solution in saline phosphate buffer pH 7.6 shows a single sharp peak.The plasminogen preparation is soluble at neutral pH, and at acid pH in saline buffer solutions. The preparation possesses the required characteristics for structural studies.
Demonstration of Leucocyte Isoantigens on Skin Cells by Means of Immune Adherence1
Authors: Melief C. J. M. , van der Hart Mia , Engelfriet C. P. , Eysvoogel V. P. , van Loghem J. J. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. By means of the immune adherence assay it was shown that specific leucocyte isoantigens present on lymphocytes, granulocytes and fibroblasts are also demonstrable on epidermal cells. This suggests that the transplantation antigens of lymphocytes are present on all nucleated cells.The immune adherence assay with epidermal cells is a simple and sensitive method and can, therefore, be used for the selection of donors for organ transplantation.
Serological Findings in ABO Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: VLAHOVIC V. , BELEZNAY O. , JURETIC M. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. Isohemagglutinating activity of sera from group 0, Rh‐positive pregnant women were tested against infant's father erythrocytes using two agglutination techniques.Isohemagglutinin titers obtained by the dextran technique are considerably higher than those obtained by agglutination in saline. In samples of sera treated with mercapto‐ethanol this difference is even more marked.The presence of high isohemagglutinins titer in maternal pre‐partum sample of serum occurring together with a lower titer or absence of free isohemagglutinins in the corresponding umbilical cord serum has been found to be closely related to the severity of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn.
The Serological Specificity of the Sensitising Antibodies in ABO Heterospecific Pregnancy of the Group 0 Mother
Authors: Voak D. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. The use of absorption and elution studies on the eluates from the sensitised red cells of group A and group B infants of group O mothers revealed that some of the eluates contained mixtures of antibodies with varying affinities for A and B cells.Some of these antibodies gave agglutination reactions with only A or B cells although they would combine with both cells as demonstrated by absorption and elution studies.The case examples studied demonstrate the heterogeneity of the antibodies that may be implicated with ABO H.D. Thus some eluates contained only specific antibodies while others contained mixtures of specific and crossreacting or just cross‐reacting antibodies.The excess of group O mothers associated with the occurrence of ABO H.D. appears to be due to the quantity of antibodies capable of crossing the placenta rather than with the serological specificity of these antibodies.
The Pathogenesis of ABO Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Voak D. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. A study of the pathogenesis of ABO HD is essentially a study of the interrelationships of the maternal IgG anti‐A/anti‐B antibodies with the various components of the ‘protective mechanism’.There is an equilibrium of IgG antibodies across the placenta and thus, ABO HD occurs more frequently in cases with high titre IgG antibodies than in cases with low titre IgG antibodies.The foetal blood group substance ‘protects’ the infants by competing with the red cells for the incompatible antibodies. Small amounts of the homologous blood group substance reduce the IgG anti‐A/anti‐B reaction with A/B red cells and the degree of inhibition increases as the antigenic strength of the red cells decreases.Possible reasons for the difference in combining power of the various adult and foetal red cells are discussed.A small deficiency of non‐secretor infants and fathers was observed and the possible roles of secretor status in ABO HD are discussed.
Haemagglutination and Haemagglutination‐Inhibition Reactions of Extracts from Snails and Sponges
Authors: Khalap S. , Thompson T. E. , Gold E. R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The results of agglutination and agglutination‐inhibition experiments with two spong extracts (Axinella sp. and Cliona celata) and three snail extracts (Achatina granulata, Theba pisana and Helicella uirgata, banded form) are reported.The extracts which show D‐galactose specificity and are also inhibited by sugars related to D‐galactose or containing it, have been subdivided into 1. a subgroup with no blood group specificity to which belong Axinella sp., Cliona celata and Ricinus communis extract and 2. another subgroup with B‐like specificity to which belong extracts of Helicella virgata (banded form), Bandeiraea simplicifolia and Fomes fomentarius extracts.Extracts of subgroup 1. but not of subgroup 2. are inhibited by Pn XIV poly‐saccharide. In spite of anti‐B‐like specificity, extracts belonging to subgroup 2. are just as well or even better inhibited by NAcgal than by D‐galactose.The extracts of Achatina granulata and Theba pisana lack D‐galactose specificity. Achatina granulata extract was inhibited by NAcgal, NAcglu and NANA; Theba pisana extract only by NANA.Theba pisana extract agglutinated only neuraminidase‐treated red cells, Helicella virgata (banded form) extract only enzyme‐treated B cells.
The HL‐A Transplantation System
Authors: Thorsby E. , Lindholm A. , Sandberg L. , Staub‐Nielsen L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwo new HL‐A specificities are described, FJH* and FJH‐AJ, which are the result of a subdivision of antigen FJH (W27) of the 2nd segregant series. The results obtained also indicate that the HL‐A antigen AJ (W20)is heterogeneous and consists of 3 ‘new’ specificities from the 2nd series; HL‐AS‐AJ, AA‐AJ and LND‐AJ. AJ has previously tentatively been assigned to a 3rd series of HL‐A antigens. Available evidence suggests only 2 segregant series of HL‐A antigens.
Universality of Anti‐A and Anti‐B Human Isolysins1
Authors: Daufi L. , Rondell P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA simple, sensitive agar‐well Lest for the detection and quantification of hemolysis is described and applied to a survey of anti‐A and Anti‐B isolysins in hitman sera. The isolysins were present in all the sera in which they should be expected according to 1, andsteiner's rule, thus indicating, with a high degree of confidence, that both anti‐A and anti‐B isolysins are as universal in healthy human adults as the corresponding isoagglutinins.
Studies on Trypsin Treatment of Red Cells with Special Reference to Differences between Trypsin Preparations
Authors: Heistø H. , Jensen Leila , Knuds F. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red cells were treated with 20 different trypsin preparations. When the red cells were used for detecting Rh‐antibodies, the trypsins gave comparable results provided the solutions had the same trypsin activity as measured by Anson units.When testing for warm haemolysins, the effect on the red cells was dependent on the activity as measured by Anson units of the single trypsin preparation, but there were great differences between trypsin preparations which indicates some kind of qualitative differences between these latter. The findings also suggest that there are differences in specificity between warm haemolysins from different people.
Observations of the Number of Available c, D, and E Antigen Sites on Red Cells
Authors: HUGHES‐JONES N. C. , GARDNER BRIGITTE , LINCOLN P. J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The number of available antigen sites within the Rh system were estimated using trace‐labelled antibodies. The results were as follows, given as the number of sites per red cell: c‐antigen: on cc cells, 70,000–85,000: on Cc, 37,000–53,000; D sites on cells of phenotype ‐D‐: 110,000–202,000; E‐antigen sites showed considerable heterogeneity depending on phenotype as well as source of anti‐E, and estimates varied between 450 and 25,600; e‐antigen: on eE cells, 13,400 and 14,500: on ee cells, 18,200 and 24,400.The average equilibrium constants of the antibodies were: anti‐E, 4 × 108 1/mol; anti‐e, 2.5 × 108 1/mol; anti‐c, 3.2 × 107 and 5.6 × 107 1/mol.
Persistent Mixed Field Polyagglutinability
Authors: Myllylä G. , Furuhjelm U. , Nordling S. , Pirkola Anna , Tippett Patricia , Gavin June , Sanger Ruth 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The red cells of a 28‐year‐old healthy group O donor, Mr. O.S. (OS‐cells), have persisted, over 4 years of investigation, in showing mixed field polyagglutinability. About 50% of the red cells are agglutinated by the great majority of human sera from adults, by some seed and snail extracts and by the serum of various animals. The cells further show a certain affinity for anti‐A reagents which can be distinguished from that of true A cells. The sialic acid content of the polyagglutinable fraction of the cells is decreased with consequent reduction in their electrophoretic mobility. Inhibition tests show that the disturbance involves n‐acetyl‐d‐galactosamine.Both absorption and in uino survival tests showed that not only the agglutinable but also the cells are abnormal. The available family gives no clue to whether the condition is genetic.The polyagglutinable reaction of OS‐cells, which is not due to anti‐T but may be due to anti‐Tn or an antibody at present indistinguishable from it, is compared with that of other types of polyagglutinability.
The Electrophoretic Mobility of Tn Polyagglutinable Erythrocytes
Authors: Gunson H. H. , Betts J. J. , Nicholson J. T. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA reduction in net surfare charge of approximately 50–60% has been shown by electrophoretic studies on the two examples of red cells possessing Tn polyagglutinability. Also, both cells exhibited enhancement of Rh antigen reactivity and were agglutinated in saline suspension by incomplete anti‐Rh sera. The polyagglutinable population increased from 30–65% during a four‐month period in one patient, suggesting that this condition was acquired and progressive.
Hemagglutinin from the Snail Eobania vermiculata
Authors: Bizot M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryFrom Eobania vermiculata extract we have been able to obtain two agglutinins: an agglutinin with anti‐A (anti‐AEv) activity which behaves like an anti‐a‐N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine and, an additional antibody‐like substance which reacts on human red cells of any ABO blood group.
Specificity of Limulus polyphemus Agglutinins for Erythrocyte Receptor Sites Common to M and N Antigenic Determinants
Authors: Cohen E. , Roberts S. C. , Nordling S. , Uhlenbruck G. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The ability of human erythrocytes to absorb Limulus polyphemus (Horseshoe Crab) agglutinins was demonstrated to be significantly reduced by prior coating of erythrocytes with rabbit anti‐M or anti‐N antibodies. Inhibition of Limulus agglutinin absorption could also be demonstrated using heterozygous MN cells coated with either anti‐M or anti‐N. Normal rabbit serum did not reduce the absorption of Limulus agglutinins. However, human MN mucoid substances, extracted from stromata, inhibited agglutination of human erythrocytes by Limulus agglutinins, as well as rabbit anti‐M and anti‐N.These experiments suggest that the N‐acetyl‐neuraminyl (NANA) receptor site for Limulus agglutinins, designated anti‐NANAI,P, is common to both M and N antigenic determinants. The NANA‐specific site cannot, therefore, be used to differentiate N from M antigens.
Removal of Leukocytes from Whole Blood and Erythrocyte Suspensions by Filtration through Cotton Wool
Authors: Diepenhorst P. , Sprokholt R. , Prins H. K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using the filtration method described earlier, leukocytes were removed from units of fresh whole blood and erythrocyte suspensions (hematocrit 50%). After filtration, the units were stored for one or two weeks.Units of whole blood and erythrocyte concentrates were stored for periods up to three weeks, the leukocytes were then removed by filtration, and the units were stored for another week.During the storage period, the following parameters were measured: pH and concentrations of ATP + ADP, 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate, hemoglobin and potassium (Hb and K+ in the cell‐free supernatant).The parameters used in the present study indicate that removal of leukocytes by filtration did not cause significant alteration to stored whole blood and erythrocyte concentrates, compared to unfiltered blood stored for the same time.
Immunization of Rh‐Negative Volunteers by Repeated Injections of Very Small Amounts of Rh‐Positive Blood
Authors: Jakobowicz Rachel , Williams Leslie , Silberman Freda 
Published: March 2009

Summary11 Rh‐negative volunteers were repeatedly given very small doses of Rh‐positive cells; 8 were given doses of 0.01 ml and 3 were given doses of 0.1 ml on each occasion. Under this regime, 7 volunteers developed Rh antibodies; 1 was doubtfully immunized; and in 3 people, Rh antibodies could not be demonstrated. In these non‐responders, even increased booster doses appear to have no effect.
The Occurrence of Weak IT Red Cell Antigen Among Melanesians
Authors: Booth P. B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A proportion of Melanesians possess an outstandingly weak IT antigen. Their red cells are IT negative in the sense that cord bloods are I negative. Of Papuan coastal dwellers, 15.4% of 532 subjects tested were IT weak. This proportion is not constant among Melanesian ethnic groups. Of 419 New Guinea Highlanders, none was IT weak. Similarly, of 171 Caucasians tested, all had normal IT content. The phenomenon can be demonstrated on Melanesian cord bloods, and family studies confirm the genetic basis, ITw presumably reflecting a recessive homozygous state.The place of IT in the Ii system remains obscure, but the demonstration of genetic variation in this antigen independent of I and i strength, and occurring frequently in certain ethnic groups, clearly reveals hitherto unsuspected complexity.
The Gerbich Blood Group System, Especially in Melanesians
Authors: Booth P. B. , McLoughlin K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Investigations of the Gerbich blood group system in Melanesians of Papua/ New Guinea are described. Over 50% of members of certain population groups are Gerbich negative, and anti‐Gea (‘naturally‐occurring’) is present in about 10% of Ge (a‐) people. The distribution of populations with high Ge (a‐) incidence is not explicable at present.A Gerbich antibody (anti‐Ge 1) with a new specificity has been investigated, and the following phenotypes are now distinguishable: Ge 1, 2, 3 (some Melanesians and almost all others), Ge ‐1, 2, 3 (some Melanesians), Ge ‐1, ‐2, 3 (‘Yus’ type, not found in Melanesians), Ge ‐1, ‐2, ‐3 (Gerbich negatives).
Observations on the Thermal Optimum, Saline Agglutinating Activity and Partial Neutralization Characteristics of IgG Anti‐A Antibodies
Authors: Voak D. , Abu‐Sin A. Y. , Downie D. M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Titration studies with IgG anti‐A antibodies revealed similar activity at both 4 and 37°C. The saline activity of IgG anti‐A antibodies generally increased as the papain titre increased with both cord and adult A1 and A2 cells. Sera with papain titres >256 had saline titres in the range 32–256 at 37°C.Estimations of the IgG anti‐A content of ‘immune’ anti‐A sera made by titration following partial neutralization revealed a decreasing quantitation of the results with increasing saline IgG anti‐A titre, as shown by comparison to the 2‐ME method.
Chemical Analyses of Variable Regions of Heavy and Light Chains of Cold Agglutinins1
Authors: Gergely J. , Wang A. C. , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The variable regions of cold agglutinins with anti‐I and anti‐Pr specificities were investigated by N‐terminal amino acid sequencing and by analyses of pyrrolidone‐carboxylic acid‐blocked peptides after digestion of polypeptide chains with Nargase. Results showed that the heavy chains of four IgM anti‐I cold agglutinins are exclusively VHI subgroups and their light chains are exclusively VKII subgroup. In contrast, the light chains of two cold agglutinins with anti‐Pr specificity are not VKII, while their heavy chains are not restricted to a single subgroup.The amino acid sequences at the first hypervariable region of light chains (positions 25–35) are similar in two of the four anti‐I cold agglutinins. These sequences are different from that of the light chain of another cold agglutinin with anti‐Pr specificity. These results support the concept that only antibodies with the same specificity can share similar primary structure at their antigen combining sites.
HL‐A Typing in Families of Potential Kidney Recipients
Authors: Sybesma J. P. H. B. , Overbeeke Marijke , Borst‐Eilers Else , Heynen Cobi J. J. , de Planque B. A. , Zegers B. J. M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. HL‐A typing was performed in 22 potential kidney recipients, 35 parents and 87 siblings.Homozygosity for one or two HL‐A antigens was present in about half of the patients with a phenotypic incomplete HL‐A pattern. In 12 patients 23 HL‐A identical siblings were found.In one patient recombination of the paternal first and second locus of the HL‐A system was observed. Mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) were carried out with 3 sibs and an unrelated donor. A difference at the first HL‐A locus was accompanied by a weak mixed lymphocyte reactivity, while a difference at the second HL‐A locus gave rise to a strong MLR. Our findings support the hypothesis of two MLR loci localized closely to the HL‐A loci.
Sa 1, a Possible New HL‐A Specificity Found in the Japanese Population
Authors: Nakayama E. , Itakura K. , Yakura H. , Aizawa M. , Kuroda M. , Hanada K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A possibly new HL‐A specificity, associated with W22, was found in the Japanese. Population and family studies indicate that the gene Sa 1 (frequency 0.0771) behaves as a ‘new’ allele at FOUR sublocus. A case of crossing over between the LA and FOUR loci of the HL‐A system was also described.The HL‐A system of leukocyte antigens is the major histocompatibility system in man, and exhibits a remarkable degree of allelic polymorphism [6, 8, 9]. The 5th Histocompatibility Workshop was devoted to an anthropological survey of HL‐A throughout the world, and 54 different populations were studied by the participating laboratories [7]. These studies have shown that each ethnic group possesses its own characteristic HL‐A profile. Also remarkable is the higher frequency of the unknown HL‐A antigens of the FOUR series in Orientals [1, 10, 12, 13]. Screening for antibodies with cells of Japanese, therefore, will offer a chance of detecting sera against unknown factors.The present study reports the presence of antibody against a possibly new HL‐A specificity, Sa 1, associated with W22, found in the sera of some Japanese multiparous women. In addition, a case of crossing over between the LA and FOUR loci of the HL‐A system is presented.
Distribution of ABO and Rh(D) Phenotypes in Uganda
Authors: Ssebabi E. C. T. , Nzaro E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Nineteen African tribes living in Uganda have been studied for ABO and Rh(D)antigens. High incidences of group A (41%), group B (30%), and group O (51%) were found in the tribes of West Nile, Busoga‐Bukedi, and Karamoja, respectively. Genetical mixing showing a southwestward ‘cline’ is apparent. The northern, eastern and central regions have less Rh(D)‐negative than the western region. The incidence of Rh(D)‐negatives increases from the north (less than 2%) to the south (about 6%).In the Kampala area, incidence is A 27%, B 20%, O 48%, AB 5%, and Rh(D)‐negative 2%. It is recommended that transfusion of blood without Rh(D)typing be discouraged. The practice would be more dangerous in the western region of Uganda.