bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possibilities for the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment and dementia
Authors: Burke David , Hickie Ian , Breakspear Michael , Götz Jürgen 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe human brain has a remarkable capacity for plasticity, but does it have the capacity for repair and/or regeneration? On the basis of controversial new evidence we speculate that the answer may be ‘yes', and suggest that clinicians should therefore approach cognitive impairment and dementia with a new, cautious optimism.
Antipsychotic prescribing for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia
Authors: Soyinka Ayodeji , Lawley David 
Published: April 2007

Aims and MethodTo review the quality of information and advice contained in correspondence from old age psychiatrists to general practitioners (GPs) regarding the prescription of antipsychotic drugs for the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Discharge summaries (n=22) and subsequent out-patient review letters were examined and compared with evidence-based guidelines in two phases of an audit cycle; first in 2002 and latterly in 2005.ResultsPractice was below acceptable standards during both phases of the audit cycle, with an actual drop in the quality of explicit advice given to GPs in 2005, despite national publicity about the issues and guidance from the Royal College of Psychiatrists.Clinical ImplicationsThe prescription of antipsychotic drugs is associated with an adverse prognosis for people with dementia. As such, it is imperative that such treatment is regularly reviewed and time limited. Old age psychiatrists need to ensure that this message is communicated to their primary care colleagues.
Phase II Trial of Infusional Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, Mitomycin, and Dipyridamole in Locally Advanced Unresectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: SWOG S9700
Authors: Isacoff William H. , Bendetti Jacqueline K. , Barstis John J. , Jazieh Abdul-Rahman , Macdonald John S. , Philip Philip A. 
Published: April 2007

Purpose To test the hypothesis that dual biochemical modulation of fluorouracil (FU) in combination with mitomycin improves the survival of patients with pancreas cancer. Patients and Methods Eligibility included stage II or III unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, performance status of 0 to 2, and adequate organ function. Treatment included FU 200 mg/m2/d via continuous intravenous infusion for 4 weeks followed by 1 week of rest; leucovorin 30 mg/m2 administered via intravenous bolus infusion on days 1, 8, 15, and 22, followed by 1 week rest; mitomycin 10 mg/m2 intravenous bolus infusion every 6 weeks for a total of four doses. Dipyridamole 75 mg was administered orally three times daily during the FU administration. Results Fifty patients (median age, 61 years; 23 males, 27 females) with localized unresectable pancreatic cancer were eligible for this trial. Twenty-seven patients survived past 1 year for a 1-year survival probability of 54% (95% CI, 40% to 68%). Overall, the objective response rate was 26% (confirmed and unconfirmed) in the 47 patients with measurable disease, with two complete responders. Six of the responding patients underwent curative successful resection of the tumor. The most common toxicity to treatment was stomatitis. Three patients had reversible hemolytic uremic syndrome. Five patients experienced grade 4 toxicity. There were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusion Potential improvement in survival and resectability of localized unresectable pancreatic cancer may be attained without radiation. The strategy of dual biochemical modulation of FU warrants additional investigation in a randomized fashion.
We Should Desist Using RECIST, at Least in GIST
Authors: Benjamin Robert S. , Choi Haesun , Macapinlac Homer A. , Burgess Michael A. , Patel Shreyaskumar R. , Chen Lei L. , Podoloff Donald A. , Charnsangavej Chuslip 
Published: April 2007

Purpose Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) are insensitive in evaluating imatinib-treated gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Response by Choi criteria, a 10% decrease in size or a 15% decrease in density on contrast-enhanced CT, correlated well in a small training set of patients who showed response as measured by positron emission tomography, and was more predictive of time to tumor progression (TTP) than response by RECIST. This study was designed to validate these observations in an independent data set. Patients and Methods Fifty-eight patients with imatinib-treated GISTs were evaluated by RECIST and Choi criteria. TTP was compared with TTP in the training set. Patients were analyzed initially with follow-up to 28 months, extended to 60 months for survival analysis. Results Patients who met Choi response criteria on CT at 2 months had significantly better TTP than those who did not (P = .0002), whereas response group by RECIST was not significantly correlated with TTP. Even when the 98 patients from both sets were analyzed together, the response group by RECIST did not correlate significantly with TTP, whereas response group by Choi criteria did correlate significantly with TTP. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was also significantly correlated with response group by Choi criteria (P = .04), but not with response group by RECIST. Conclusion Choi response criteria are reproducible, more sensitive, and more precise than RECIST in assessing the response of GISTs to imatinib mesylate. Response by Choi criteria, unlike response by RECIST, correlates significantly with TTP and DSS. Response by Choi criteria should be incorporated routinely into future studies of GIST therapy. We should desist using RECIST, at least in GIST.
Pain Management in Hospitalized Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Goldberg Gabrielle R. , Morrison R. Sean 
Published: April 2007

Purpose To assist cancer centers in improving pain management, we conducted a systematic review of institutional interventions designed to improve the assessment and treatment of pain in hospitalized cancer patients. Methods We performed a MEDLINE search for all English-language articles published from January 1966 through February 2006 using the medical subject headings terms of pain or pain measurement and outcome assessment (health care) or quality assurance (health care). Selected bibliographies were also searched. Studies were reviewed if they included clinical interventions directed at improving the treatment of cancer pain across an institution or nursing unit. Meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials or other controlled studies were included where possible. If no such trials were identified, then the best evidence available from studies with other designs was included. Results Five interventions were identified. These interventions included professional and patient education, instituting regular pain assessment (pain as a vital sign), audit of pain results and feedback to clinical staff, computerized decisional support systems, and specialist-level pain consultation services. Most studies were small in size and used quasiexperimental pre-post test designs. Successes were reported in increasing patient satisfaction, increasing documentation of pain intensity, and improving nurses’ knowledge and attitudes. No study reported successful interventions that consistently improved patients’ pain severity. Conclusion Although professional knowledge and attitudes about pain and nursing pain assessment rates have been shown to be improvable, no systematic, hospital-wide intervention has yet to be associated with improvement in pain severity. Future research on the development of new interventions, perhaps targeted specifically at physicians, is urgently needed.
Open-Label Phase III Trial of Panitumumab Plus Best Supportive Care Compared With Best Supportive Care Alone in Patients With Chemotherapy-Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Van Cutsem Eric , Peeters Marc , Siena Salvatore , Humblet Yves , Hendlisz Alain , Neyns Bart , Canon Jean-Luc , Van Laethem Jean-Luc , Maurel Joan , Richardson Gary , Wolf Michael , Amado Rafael G. 
Published: April 2007

Purpose Panitumumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We compared the activity of panitumumab plus best supportive care (BSC) to that of BSC alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who had progressed after standard chemotherapy. Patients and Methods We randomly assigned 463 patients with 1% or more EGFR tumor cell membrane staining, measurable disease, and radiologic documentation of disease progression during or within 6 months of most recent chemotherapy to panitumumab 6 mg/kg every 2 weeks plus BSC (n = 231) or BSC alone (n = 232). Tumor assessments by blinded central review were scheduled from week 8 until disease progression. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included objective response, overall survival (OS), and safety. BSC patients who progressed could receive panitumumab in a cross-over study. Results Panitumumab significantly prolonged PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.54; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.66, [P < .0001]). Median PFS time was 8 weeks (95% CI, 7.9 to 8.4) for panitumumab and 7.3 weeks (95% CI, 7.1 to 7.7) for BSC. Mean (standard error) PFS time was 13.8 (0.8) weeks for panitumumab and 8.5 (0.5) weeks for BSC. Objective response rates also favored panitumumab over BSC; after a 12-month minimum follow-up, response rates were 10% for panitumumab and 0% for BSC (P < .0001). No difference was observed in OS (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.22), which was confounded by similar activity of panitumumab after 76% of BSC patients entered the cross-over study. Panitumumab was well tolerated. Skin toxicities, hypomagnesaemia, and diarrhea were the most common toxicities observed. No patients had grade 3/4 infusion reactions. Conclusion Panitumumab significantly improved PFS with manageable toxicity in patients with chemorefractory colorectal cancer.
Cytotoxicity of Dimethylacetamide and Pharmacokinetics in Children Receiving Intravenous Busulfan
Authors: Hempel Georg , Oechtering Doris , Lanvers-Kaminsky Claudia , Klingebiel Thomas , Vormoor Josef , Gruhn Bernd , Boos Joachim 
Published: April 2007

Purpose To assess the cytotoxicity and the exposure of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) in children during high-dose therapy with an intravenous (IV) formulation of busulfan containing the potentially hepatotoxic and neurotoxic DMA as a solvent. Patients and Methods Eighteen children aged 0.9 to 17.3 years (median age, 4.0 years) received IV busulfan in 15 doses of 0.7 to 1.0 mg/kg busulfan containing overall DMA amounts of between 5 mmol (437 mg) and 70.5 mmol (6,142 mg) per dose. Plasma concentrations of DMA and busulfan were quantified and analyzed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Four different leukemic cell lines were incubated with DMA, and cytotoxicity was assessed in comparison with busulfan as well as in a combination reflecting the ratio in the formulation. Results Maximal plasma concentrations of DMA up to 3.09 mmol/L were observed. No accumulation of the solvent occurred. Instead, the trough levels decreased over the 4 treatment days. The population pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a clearance of 86.9 mL h−1 kg−1 ± 27% that increased to 298 mL h−1 kg−1 on the fourth day and a volume of distribution of 469 mL kg ± 22% (population mean ± interindividual variability). DMA volume of distribution correlated with the volume of distribution of busulfan. The cytotoxicity of DMA in vitro was 3 orders of magnitude lower than that of busulfan. No synergism was observed. Conclusion The lack of accumulation of DMA confirms that there is no safety concern related to the DMA content in this IV busulfan formulation. The contribution of DMA to the antileukemic effect of the formulation seems to be limited.
Dvořák's Reception in Liberal Vienna: Language Ordinances, National Property, and the Rhetoric of Deutschtum
Authors: BRODBECK DAVID 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAntonín Dvořák emerged into public consciousness in Vienna in late 1879, at a time of crisis within multinational Austria's German-speaking bourgeoisie. The German Liberals had recently fallen from power in the central government and were replaced by a coalition dominated by clerical, conservative, and Slavic parties. This sudden change in fortune initiated a gradual transformation in liberal ideology. Although the liberals' nationalist project had traditionally been of the “civic,” not “ethnic” variety, with a German liberal identity theoretically available to persons of any ethnicity who professed Bildung and Deutschtum, many increasingly adopted a particularist project of German nationalism, involving a decided defense of Nationalbesitzstand (national property). A comparative reading of the Dvořák reception among Viennese critics during the last decades of the nineteenth century suggests that much of what was seen to be at stake in the Czech composer's music was what did and did not count as “German.” Whereas Eduard Hanslick, critic for the Neue Freie Presse, consistently upheld traditional liberal ideology on this question, Theodor Helm's criticism in the Deutsche Zeitung stood more in line with the newer German-nationalist project. More than that, throughout his writings on Dvořák the younger critic seemed very much aware of acting the part of German-nationalist counterbalance to the more traditional liberal-nationalist Hanslick. Although Hanslick was the more powerful figure among the liberal elite, in many ways by the 1890s Helm had come to be more representative of the broader segment of Vienna's educated and semieducated middle classes.
The Place of Translation in Jerusalem's Criminal Trial Court
Authors: Braverman Irus 
Published: April 2007

The court-appointed translator is largely an invisible actor in the legal space. The Israeli context provides an extreme example of this invisibility: apart from a general statutory definition of the court's obligation to translate criminal proceedings, the work of translation in the Israeli courtroom is mostly unregulated by state law, rendering it highly susceptible to informal manifestations. This article offers a critical empirical investigation into the micropractices of translation performed in the Jerusalem criminal trial court in 2002. On the face of things, the court-appointed translator performs a technical task in the everyday working of the court. Expected to mediate between the defense, the prosecution, and the judiciary, the translator is usually not perceived as an active participant in the legal procedure. Problematizing this perception, the article examines the multiple tasks of court-appointed translators in the Jerusalem criminal trial court, thereby challenging traditional court roles and legal perceptions. Not exactly court officials yet also not outsiders to the courtroom, the translators exercise a mixed bag of formal and substantive roles. They act not only as linguistic intermediaries, but also as intermediaries between formal legalities and commonsense discourses.
The article is divided into three parts. The first part sketches three primary linguistic challenges, as those are identified by the translators interviewed for this study. The second part of the article adds the perspective of other court practitioners so as to depict a dynamic picture of the particular loyalties of the translators. Finally, the third part of the article examines the liminal, "third space," of translation. Precisely for its extreme articulation of sovereign ideologies, the Israeli/Palestinian setting provides an intriguing geohistorical context within which to think about translation. This last part ties the article together by highlighting the dynamic relationship between language, law, and space, as these are constructed and subverted through practices of translation within the particular setting of the Jerusalem courtroom.
Standard Gibbs energy of formation of Pb2Ru2O6.5
Authors: Jacob K.T. , Saji V.S. , Waseda Y. 
Published: April 2007

Lead ruthenate is used as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for both oxygen evolution and reduction and as a conducting component in thick-film resistors. It also has potential applications in supercapacitors and solid oxide fuel cells. However, thermodynamic properties of the compound have not been reported in the literature. The standard Gibbs energy of formation has now been determined in the temperature range from 873 to 1123 K using a solid-state cell incorporating yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as the electrolyte, a mixture of PbO + Pb2Ru2O6.5 + Ru as the measuring electrode, and Ru + RuO2 as the reference. The design of the measuring electrode is based on a study of phase relations in the ternary system Pb–Ru–O at 1123 K. For the reaction,the standard enthalpy of formation and standard entropy at 298.15 K are estimated from the high-temperature measurements. An oxygen potential diagram for the system Pb–Ru–O is composed based on data obtained in this study and auxiliary information from the literature
Capecitabine in Combination with Novel Targeted Agents in the Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer: Underlying Rationale and Results of Clinical Trials
Authors: Tripathy Debu 
Published: April 2007

Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Provide the biological basis for using capecitabine in combination therapy.Describe the results of trials assessing capecitabine in combination with the biological response modifiers trastuzumab and bevacizumab in the setting of metastatic breast cancer.Detail the other molecularly targeted agents that are being studied in combination with capecitabine in this setting and the rationale for these investigations.CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
BAC Clones Related to Prognosis in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma: An Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Study
Authors: Hirasaki Shigeo , Noguchi Tsuyoshi , Mimori Koshi , Onuki Junko , Morita Keiko , Inoue Hiroshi , Sugihara Kenichi , Mori Masaki , Hirano Takashi 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Purpose.
The prognosis of patients with esophageal carcinoma is poor. To identify genomic alterations associated with poor patient prognosis, we analyzed whole DNA copy number profiles of esophageal squamous carcinomas (ESCs) using array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH).

Materials and Methods.
Twenty-one operated and two biopsied cases of esophageal squamous cancer were examined for study. Each sample was laser microdissected to obtain pure cancer cell populations. The extracted DNA was analyzed using aCGH.

Results.
One of the most representative alterations was a previously reported amplification at 11q13.3. In addition, some novel alterations, such as deletion of 16p13.3, were identified. Of the 19 patients who were reassessed more than 5 years after the operation, nine were still living and 10 had died from disease recurrence. When aCGH profiles from the surviving group and the deceased group were compared, significant differences were recognized in 68 of 4,030 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones. Almost half of these clones were present at nine limiting regions in 4q, 13q, 20q, and Xq. For 22 of these 68 BAC clones, there also was a significant difference in the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, using the log-rank test, when comparing patients who had an alteration in a particular clone with those who did not.

Conclusions.
aCGH study of esophageal squamous cancer clearly identified BAC clones that are related to the prognosis of patients. These clones give us the opportunity to determine specific genes that are associated with cancer progression.
Cancer of Unknown Primary Site: Missing Primary or Missing Biology?
Authors: Pentheroudakis George , Briasoulis Evangelos , Pavlidis Nicholas 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) ranks as the fourth most common cause of cancer deaths and represents both a diagnostic and a management challenge. In CUP, the regression or dormancy of the primary tumor, the development of early, uncommon, systemic metastases, and the resistance to therapy are hallmarks of this heterogeneous clinical entity. Still, no consensus exists on whether CUP is simply a group of metastatic tumors with unidentified primaries or a distinct entity with specific genetic/phenotypic aberrations that define it as “primary metastatic disease.” In this review, we present karyotypic analyses as well as the single-gene, single-protein studies done on the expression of oncogenes, tumor- or metastasis-suppressor genes, as well as angiogenesis effectors. These studies show frequent expression of oncoproteins, lack of activating epidermal growth factor receptor/c-Kit mutations or amplification, uncommon presence of tumor- or metastasis-suppressor gene mutations and highly active angiogenesis in CUP. Informative as they may be, these data have been observed in several solid tumors of known primary and failed to identify a CUP-specific molecular signature. The latter, if it exists, probably consists of a multigene expression pattern not captured by single-gene studies. Gene and protein microarray technologies offer promise for the unraveling of complex genetic programs that would either identify each CUP's primary tissue of origin or instead define the CUP-specific molecular signature. Confirmation of one of the two hypotheses would either improve primary disease–oriented therapy or develop CUP-oriented treatments targeting molecular aberrations that drive neoplastic growth/dissemination.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Preliminary Antitumor Activity of Sorafenib: A Review of Four Phase I Trials in Patients with Advanced Refractory Solid Tumors
Authors: Strumberg Dirk , Clark Jeffrey W. , Awada Ahmad , Moore Malcolm J. , Richly Heike , Hendlisz Alain , Hirte Hal W. , Eder Joseph P. , Lenz Heinz-Josef , Schwartz Brian 
Published: April 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the mechanisms of action of sorafenib.Discuss the safety and toxicity data from phase I trials of sorafenib.Evaluate phase I and II trials of sorafenib with activity data.Discuss future areas for research in the development of this drug.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Sequential, Alternating, and Maintenance/Consolidation Chemotherapy in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Grossi Francesco , Aita Marianna , Follador Alessandro , Defferrari Carlotta , Brianti Annalisa , Sinaccio Graziella , Belvedere Ornella 
Published: April 2007

Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the new chemotherapy design strategies (i.e., sequential, alternating, and maintenance/consolidation chemotherapy).Identify potential advantages and drawbacks of these new strategies in advanced NSCLC.Discuss the results of clinical trials testing sequential, alternating, and maintenance/consolidation chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC.CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com