bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are within‐individual causes of delinquency the same as between‐individual causes?
Authors: Farrington David P. , Loeber Rolf , Yin Yanming , Anderson Stewart J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies of the causes of delinquency have been based on between‐individual correlations. This paper aims to study the causes of delinquency by comparing within‐individual and between‐individual correlations of risk factors with delinquency.MethodA total of 506 boys in the oldest sample of the Pittsburgh Youth Study were followed up in seven data waves between ages 13.8 and 17.8 on average.ResultsPoor parental supervision, low parental reinforcement and low involvement of the boy in family activities were the most important causes of delinquency according to forward‐lagged within‐individual correlations. Poor housing was positively related to delinquency for boys living in bad neighbourhoods but not for boys living in good neighbourhoods.ConclusionsForward‐lagged within‐individual correlations provide more valid information about the causes of delinquency than do between‐individual correlations. Peer delinquency was the strongest correlate of delinquency according to between‐individual correlations but was not a cause of delinquency according to forward‐lagged within‐individual correlations. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
How many of the offspring born to teenage fathers are produced by repeat serious delinquents?
Authors: Wei Evelyn H. , Loeber Rolf , Stouthamer‐Loeber Magda 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionRecent studies have found an association between teenage fatherhood and delinquency. Yet, it is not clear whether there is a dose–response relationship between the severity of delinquency and teenage fatherhood. This paper quantifies the public health impact of serious delinquency on the risk of impregnation and teenage fatherhood among urban, adolescent males.MethodsUsing data up to age 19, rates of sexual activity, impregnation and father‐hood are compared among three groups: minor/non‐delinquents, moderate delinquents and repeat serious delinquents.ResultsThe results demonstrate a dose–response relationship between delinquency and age of onset of sexual activity, whereby more serious delinquents began having sex at younger ages. By age 19, almost half of repeat serious delinquents (46.7%) had caused a pregnancy, and nearly a third (31.4%) had fathered children. Rates of impregnation and fatherhood were twice as high among repeat serious delinquents compared with moderate and minor/non‐delinquents. Repeat serious delinquents were also more likely than others to father multiple children; of the children produced by teenage fathers in this study, almost two‐thirds (65%) were fathered by repeat serious delinquents. During late adolescence, repeat serious delinquents continued to be at greater risk for fathering children, as they were continuing to have unsafe sex more frequently and with more partners.ConclusionsRepeat serious delinquents comprise a crucial but hard‐to‐reach population for family planning services and parenthood education. Programmes and services for teenage pregnancy prevention need extra funding and efforts to address this population, in terms of both the primary prevention of pregnancy and the prevention of repeat pregnancies. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The targets of violence committed by young offenders with alcohol dependence, marijuana dependence and schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders: findings from a birth cohort
Authors: Arseneault Louise , Moffitt Terrie E. , Caspi Avshalom , Taylor Alan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground:Estimates of who is most at risk from violence by people with mental illness rest mainly on identified patient samples. This study, without such selection bias, examined the targets of violence committed by young adults with as‐yet untreated alcohol dependence, marijuana dependence, or schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders, to determine the extent to which their victims were co‐residents or non‐household members.Methods:In a total birth cohort of 21‐year‐olds (n = 956), past‐year prevalence of alcohol dependence, marijuana dependence and schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders were diagnosed using standardized DSM‐III‐R interviews. None of the people with schizophrenia‐spectrum disorder has been hospitalized in the past year. Past‐year violence and victim targets were measured using self‐reports.Results:Compared with controls, cohort members with substance dependence or schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders had higher prevalence and frequency rates of assault against co‐residents, against non‐household members, and also robbery and gang fights. Out of 39, five individuals with schizophrenia‐spectrum disorder committed violent street crimes. Persons with substance dependence had similar proportions of violence against co‐resident and non‐household members, but persons with schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders tended to victimize co‐residents more than others.Conclusions:At the age when they are most likely to contribute to the community's violence burden, young untreated offenders with alcohol or marijuana dependence or with schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders assault not only co‐residents, but others as well, and commit violent street crimes. Families, schoolteachers and primary care physicians have an important potentially preventive role in early identification and treatment of the disorders. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Risk assessment as collective clinical judgement
Authors: Murphy Denis 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionRisk assessment occupies an increasingly important position in psychiatry. This paper contends that collective judgement is the optimal method of assessing risk.The meaning of riskRisk has a dual meaning: emotional and judgemental.Risks faced by staffAssaults, threats and survival anxiety.The effects of danger on the groupStaff wariness and resistance, attribution of blame.The ambiguous taskFor a group to function well it must have a clear task. Custodial roles can lead to ambiguity.The emotions of larger groupsExternally directed hostility, internal homogenization of views.Social defencesRituals can develop in forensic institutions, as well as militarism.Anti‐therapeutic cultureSadism may develop where a marked power differential develops.The role of the leaderDanger intensifies the feelings about leaders, perhaps idealization, perhaps disaffection. Leaders and others need to agree on risk assessment or fragmentation will occur.The modification of riskThe assessment of risk may modify it. Mutual hostility must be reduced. Dialogue and understanding are needed.A climate for risk assessmentThe environment should be less authoritarian and more democratic, so that patients can join a group and internalize its values. Reflective space is also required.ConclusionsRisk assessment is best described in terms of human endeavour, not in the language of scientific measurement. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Childhood predictors of adult criminality: are all risk factors reflected in childhood aggressiveness?
Authors: Huesmann L. Rowell , Eron Leonard D. , Dubow Eric F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundEarly aggressive behaviour is one of the best predictors of adult criminality.AimTo assess the degree to which family background variables, parental beliefs and behaviour and child intelligence predict child aggression and adult criminality.MethodData were used from the Colombia County Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal study of 856 children in third grade in New York, in 1959–60. Adult measures of criminal behaviour, child measures taken at age eight, child peer‐nominated aggression, child's peer‐nominated popularity, child's IQ and parental measures at eight years were used.ResultsAggressive children were less intelligent, less popular, rejected more by their parents, had parents who believed in punishment, were less identified with their parents' self‐image and were less likely to express guilt. As adults, more aggressive children with parents who were less well educated, experienced more marital disharmony and who seldom attended church were most at risk for arrest. However, after the effect of early aggression was controlled, most effects disappeared and only parents having a strong belief in punishment added significantly to risk of arrest by age 30; the only fact that then reduced the risk of arrest was having parents who attended church often. Both parental authoritarianism and child IQ reduced the risk of conviction for arrested children.DiscussionLevel of aggression at age eight is the best predictor of criminal events over the next 22 years. A clear implication is that the risk for criminality is affected by much that happens to a boy before he is eight years old. Preventive interventions need to target risk factors that appear to influence the development of early aggression. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Evaluation of a group intervention for convicted arsonists with mild and borderline intellectual disabilities
Authors: Taylor John L. , Thorne Ian , Robertson Alison , Avery Ginny 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe extent to which people with intellectual disabilities (ID) set fires is difficult to ascertain. However, services working with people with ID and offending or quasi‐offending histories are increasing the amount of attention that they give to this difficult and perplexing issue. This is due to the real and perceived threat that it presents to society and the seriousness with which it viewed by the criminal justice system.AimAgainst this background there is very little available in the research literature concerning treatment interventions for fire‐setting behaviour in this client group, and even less regarding their effectiveness.MethodIn the current study 14 men and women with mild and borderline ID, convictions for arson and detained in a hospital low secure service were offered and completed a broadly cognitive behavioural, approximately 40‐session group‐based intervention. The treatment was aimed primarily at reducing fire interest and attitudes associated with fire‐setting behaviour. Participants were assessed pre‐ and post‐treatment on a number of fire‐specific, anger, self‐esteem and depression measures.ResultsFollowing treatment, significant improvements were found in all areas assessed, excepting depression. Despite the limitations of the study design, the results provide encouragement and some guidance to practitioners who are required to develop interventions for this challenging, yet much neglected client group. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A comparison of offenders with intellectual disability across three levels of security
Authors: Hogue Todd , Steptoe Lesley , Taylor John L. , Lindsay William R. , Mooney Paul , Pinkney Lisa , Johnston Susan , Smith Anne H.W. , O'Brien Gregory 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground A number of authors have described, with disparate results, the prevalence of people with intellectual disability and their characteristics, in a range of offender cohorts defined by service use. These have included high security, a range of criminal justice services and community services. There is a need for research comparing cohorts of offenders with intellectual disabilities across different settings.Aim and hypothesis To conduct such a comparison and test the hypothesis that severity of characteristics measured will be highest in highest levels of residential security.Method A clinical‐record‐based comparison a offenders with intellectual disability in high security (n = 73), medium/low security (n = 70), and a community service (n = 69).Results Groups were similar in age and tested IQ levels. Early psychiatric service contact had been more likely in the lower security groups. In line with the hypothesis, more complex presentations, in particular comorbid personality disorder, was more likely in the highest security group. Both fatal and non‐fatal interpersonal violence convictions were significantly related to group, with more in the high security group sustaining a conviction both at the index offence and prior to that. Over 50% of all groups had at least one conviction for a sexual offence. A regression model accounting for 78% of the variance was made up largely of disposal variables (Mental Health Act status and probation) and indications of antisocial traits (criminal damage, lifetime conviction for murder and ICD‐10 personality disorder classification).Conclusions and implications for practice The authors show that context of sampling affects most relationships between intellectual disability (ID) and offending when the methods for measuring ID are held constant. The results also present several questions on the relationship between risk, services available in an area and referral to higher security. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A developmental test of the general deviance syndrome with adjudicated girls and boys using hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis
Authors: Blanc Marc Le , Bouthillier Christiane 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundOver the last 40 years, numerous studies have proposed that various deviant behaviours are part of a latent construct now labelled ‘general deviance’ by criminologists or ‘problem behaviour’ by psychologists. During that period, many studies have documented the presence of specific forms of deviance. However, no study has tested these two opposing views simultaneously, particularly with longitudinal data.AimsThe objectives of this paper are the cross‐cultural replication of the construct of general deviance for a French‐speaking adjudicated sample of girls and boys and, specifically, the developmental replication of the general deviance syndrome.MethodThe age of onset is used as a developmental indicator of deviance instead of measures of participation or frequency.ResultsThe results of EQS hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses supported the existence of the construct of general deviance. In addition, there is no gender gap in the structure of the general deviance syndrome. This paper reports a comprehensive test of the general deviance syndrome because of the use of 45 deviant behaviours and nine types of deviance classified into four categories. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The probabilities of sex offender re‐arrest
Authors: Broadhurst Roderic , Loh Nini 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundEstimates of the probabilities of re‐arrest for sex offenders apprehended in Western Australia between April 1984 and December 1994 are reported.Population and methodOf the 116,151 distinct male persons arrested for the first time from 1984–94, 2785 were identified with at least one sex offence. Subjects on average were followed up for 5.7 years and assessed by criminal record, Aboriginality, bail status, age, occupation and penal intervention. Three criteria, rearrest for any, repeat sex or a violent offence are used to summarize the ‘careers’ of sex offenders.ResultsOverall ultimate probabilities of rearrest for any offence were 0.61, for a repeat sex offence 0.33 and for a violent offence 0.51. Probabilities of re‐arrest for non‐Aboriginal offenders were lower for all definitions. Younger offenders, Aborigines and those with prior arrest for non‐sex offences had higher probabilities for any or violent rearrest but older offenders tended to have higher probabilities of repeat sex offending. Community supervision and imprisonment significantly reduced the ‘rate’ or speed of re‐arrest.DiscussionActuarial risk assessments for low‐probability high‐consequence events such as dangerous recidivism are useful for identifying groups with a high probability of rearrest, assisting management of these groups and evaluating penal interventions. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Predictive, concurrent, prospective and retrospective validity of self‐reported delinquency
Authors: Jolliffe Darrick , Farrington David P. , Hawkins J. David , Catalano Richard F. , Hill Karl G. , Kosterman Rick 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe self‐report method is widely used to measure offending. Previous studies suggest that it is generally valid, but that its validity may be lower for blacks than for whites.AimTo assess the validity of self‐reported offending in relation to court referrals, and to investigate how it varies with types of offences, sex and race.MethodAnnual court and self‐report data were collected between ages 11 and 17 for eight offences in the Seattle Social Development Project, which is a prospective longitudinal survey of 808 youths.ResultsSelf‐reports predicted future court referrals. Predictive validity was highest for drug offences, for males and for whites, and lowest for females and Asians. The probability of youths with a court referral reporting offences and arrests was highest for drug offences, for males, for whites and for blacks. Retrospective ages of onset agreed best with prospective ages for drug offences, Asians and whites. More Asians than blacks or whites failed retrospectively to report offences that had been reported prospectively.ConclusionsThe validity of self‐reports of offending was high, especially for drug offences, for males and for whites. Contrary to prior research, validity was high for black males. It was lowest for Asian females. Sex and race differences in validity held up after controlling for socioeconomic status. Differential validity probability did not reflect police bias. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Children admitted to high security (special) hospital
Authors: Dimond Claire , Butwell Martin 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionThe Special Hospitals in England provide psychiatric treatment in high security. The aim of this study was to examine the demographics and background characteristics of children admitted to high security hospitals in England, using the special hospital case register.MethodForty‐six children (the subject group) were admitted to a high security hospital under the MHA (1983) classification of disorder of mental illness and/or psychopathic disorder between 1983 and 1999, 33 (72%) of whom were male. A comparison group of adults was matched on sex, legal classification of detention and MHA 1983 classification of disorder.ResultsThe children were admitted for a similar range of offences to those of the comparison group. However, the children had received convictions for criminal damage and violence at a significantly earlier age, they were more likely to have experienced a change in carer during their childhood, been placed in a children's home and were less likely to be living with a family member on their 16th birthday. Children admitted to special hospital experience a lot of disruption in their childhood and are extremely high users of multi‐agency services as they grow up.DiscussionIssues are raised regarding how to provide a developmentally sensitive service for children who require high security care. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Referred to high secure care: determinants of a bed offer/admission and placement after one year
Authors: Berry Adrian , Larkin Emmet , Taylor Pamela , Leese Morven , Watson Neil , Duggan Conor 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe admission process to high secure care ought to ensure that those admitted (a) receive mental health care that meets their needs and (b) that this is provided at an appropriate level of security.AimsA study was undertaken to test the effectiveness of the gate keeping process according to these two criteria.MethodAll referrals for admission to Rampton high security hospital over one year were examined and, in addition, all women, all Anglo‐Caribbeans and a random 50% sample of the Caucasian male majority were selected for interview. Each case was followed up for 12 months following the panel decision to determine his/her placement at that time.ResultsOf 138 referred, 56 (41%) were initially offered a bed although nearly half (66) had been subsequently admitted by the end of the study period. Seriousness of mental disorder and offence were independently associated with admission. After one year, one third of those admitted were no longer in high secure care.ConclusionsThe variables predictive of admission (i.e. seriousness of both mental disorder and offence) suggest that the decision‐making process was valid. Placement at 12 months tended to endorse the decision not to offer a bed, but it is more difficult to interpret the reverse as short admissions to high security for those who left within 12 months may have been appropriate. There was no apparent advantage in having a panel reviewing the decision of the assessing clinician. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Motivating factors for male forensic patients with personality disorder
Authors: Sainsbury Louise , Krishnan Gopi , Evans Chris 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionTreatability is currently a crucial component for detention under the Mental Health Act (England and Wales) for the Psychopathic Disorder (personality disorder) classification and there is continuing debate about the nature and assessment of treatability of individuals with personality disorder. Previous research has identified motivation to engage in treatment as a significant factor in the assessment of treatability; however, motivation is not a static predictor but a state of readiness or eagerness to change, which may fluctuate from one time or situation to another. While previous studies have explored factors within the individual that are used to assess treatability, this study aims to explore what, if any, aspects of an inpatient forensic setting influence patients' motivation to engage in treatment.MethodThe study examines patients' experiences of engaging in treatment in an inpatient forensic Personality Disorder Directorate using a qualitative approach to identify possible service‐, ward‐ and therapist‐level influences on patients' motivation to engage.ResultsPreliminary categories were identified across the data, including: support, treatment, safety, external belief, belonging, internal motivation and therapeutic relationship.ConclusionsImplications for the service are identified and areas for further qualitative exploration are highlighted. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Understanding sexual offending in schizophrenia
Authors: Drake Christopher R. , Pathé Michele 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundStudies have found an elevated incidence of violent sexual offences in males with schizophrenia. The relationship between sexual offending and psychiatric illness is, however, complex and poorly defined.AimsThe aim of the present article is to delineate possible mechanisms that underlie offensive sexual behaviour in schizophrenia that can be used as a framework for assessing and treating these behaviours. A review of research pertaining to the aetiology of sexual deviance in schizophrenia was conducted, focusing in particular on the role of early childhood experiences, deviant sexual preferences, antisocial personality traits, psychiatric symptomatology and associated treatment effects, the impact of mental illness on sexual and social functioning, and other potential contributory factors.Towards a typologyIt is proposed that schizophrenic patients who engage in sexually offensive activities fall into four broad groups: (1) those with a pre‐existing paraphilia; (2) those whose deviant sexuality arises in the context of illness and/or its treatment; (3) those whose deviant sexuality is one manifestation of more generalized antisocial behaviour, and (4) factors other than the above. This classification provides a useful framework for evaluating and treating sexually offensive behaviours in schizophrenic patients. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.