bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a Taxonomy of Transatlantic Romanticism(s)
Authors: Pace Joel 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn ‘Transatlanticism Now,’ Laura Stevens suggests that scholars should construct a taxonomy of the field. This article takes its cue from Stevens and classifies existing research as well as outlines categories for future scholarship, based on where knowledge of the field runs threadbare and where there is the most pressing need for scholarly study. Future work on transatlantic romanticism must incorporate more studies of women and people of color as well as interdisciplinary and intra‐disciplinary connections (especially to transnational, transpacific, transoceanic, and postcolonial studies). The article seeks to provide the most complete survey and definition of transatlantic romanticism to date as well as a good starting point for all researching and teaching in the field. Based on a firm belief that further scholarship is needed to define this field, this article is an open call for more work on transatlantic romanticism(s) and the development of existing categories as well as new ones. The following categories are interdependent, not hierarchical; they do not seek to differentiate between, say, British and American Romanticism, but to set up comparatist frameworks that link, rather than separate, transatlantic romanticisms: ‘Imag‐I‐Nations: race, gender, colonialism, notions of national identity and the self’; ‘Circum‐Atlantic sisterhood and brotherhood: Atlantic constructs of femininity and masculinity’; ‘Revolution, Rebellion, and Reform: communities of interpreters and literary history’; ‘Transatlantic Greenery: nature, ecology, and the politics and poetics of preservation and pastoral’; ‘Trans(atlantic) migration of souls: conversations with other wor(l)ds’; ‘Transatlantic romanticisms and science: the physical and the mind’; ‘Emotion and sensibility: transatlantic discourses of sympathy, sentiment, and feeling’; ‘Transatlantic travel writing: the ethnocentric Atlantic and international interventions’; ‘Literary and cultural aesthetics and genres: influence, confluence, and difference’; and ‘Transatlantic Translation: language, diction, linguistics, and stylistics.’
How fast is the focused assessment with sonography for trauma examination learning curve?
Authors: Ma O John , Gaddis Gary , Norvell Jeffrey G , Subramanian Srikala 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjective:  Although accuracy for focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examination interpretation has been widely reported, the learning curve for FAST interpretation by emergency medicine (EM) residents who are novice to ultrasound has not been well described. The present study's objective was to analyse EM resident FAST interpretation accuracy over 18 months.Methods:  Prospective comparison of EM resident FAST interpretation accuracy for a class of nine EM residents at baseline after initial training, and then every 6 months over 18 months. Accuracy was scored after viewing the same 20 video clip images of the four anatomic views for five FAST examination cases. Three video clips had large anechoic stripe (AS) (>6 mm), four had moderate AS (6 mm ≥ AS ≥ 3 mm), two had small AS (<3 mm), and eleven had no AS (AS = 0 mm). A surgeon with 20 years of ultrasound experience confirmed the video clip interpretations. Data analysis used descriptive statistics with 95% confidence intervals.Results:  For no AS views, EM resident accuracy was 79.8% (70.3–86.9%) baseline, 91.9% (84.2–96.2%) at 12 months, and 92.9% (85.5–96.9%) at 18 months. For small AS views, resident accuracy was 27.8% (10.7–53.6%) baseline, 66.7% (41.2–85.7%) at 12 months, and 72.2% (46.4–89.3%) at 18 months. For large AS views, resident accuracy was 77.8% (57.3–90.6%) baseline, 86.1% (69.7–94.8%) at 12 months, and 100.0% (84.5–100%) at 18 months.Conclusion: Over 18 months, EM resident FAST interpretation accuracy steadily increased. By 12 months (or 35 examinations), the accuracy of EM residents novice to ultrasound approximated previously reported accuracy rates.
Electronic interface for emergency department management of asthma: A randomized control trial of clinician performance
Authors: Taylor Ben , Dinh Michael , Kwok Raymond , Dinh David , Chu Matthew , Tang Eric 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjectives:  To evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated and dynamic electronic decision support system for management of acute asthma in the ED.Methods:  A randomized trial was conducted comparing clinician performance using this electronic interface compared with paper documentation in a simulation scenario. The outcomes were documentation of asthma‐related information and consultation times.Results:  Use of this electronic interface was associated with significantly higher rates of documentation in 7 out of 10 variables, including provision of written short‐term asthma management plans. After adjustment for participant seniority, there was no significant difference in consultation times.Conclusion:  In a simulation trial, use of this electronic interface was associated with improvements in clinical and discharge documentation. Further studies are required to test this prototype in clinical practice.
Emergency department staff and susceptibility to pertussis: A seroprevalence study
Authors: Faruque M Omar , Senanayake Sanjaya , Meyer Alastair D McR , Dear Keith BG 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjective:  To determine the proportion of ED staff who are susceptible to pertussis. There was evidence that some winter leave in southern Tasmania might be a reason of pertussis infection among unimmunized staff. This results in loss of individual earning and loss of availability of staff during the peak demand periods in the ED. There is evidence in the literature that underdiagnosis and undertreatment of pertussis occurs worldwide.Methods:  All ED staff were approached to participate in this seroprevalence study. A self‐completed questionnaire was used to record pervious immunization history for pertussis. Blood samples were collected and analysed to detect and quantify immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A titres for pertussis. All confidence intervals (CI) are at 95%.Settings:  The Royal Hobart Hospital and the co‐located Hobart Private Hospital.Results:  Ninety‐seven of 106 eligible staff took part in the present study, a participation rate of 92% (CI 84–96). Ninety‐one of 97 subjects (94%, CI 87–98) believed that they had been immunized for pertussis in childhood; six subjects had either not been immunized or were unsure (6%, CI 2–13). Twenty‐three subjects (24%, CI 16–33) had been immunized as adults. There was serologic evidence of recent infection for 21 participants (22%, CI 14–31). Thirty‐one participants (32%, CI 23–42) were susceptible to pertussis on the basis of low immunoglobulin G titres.Conclusion:  ED staff should routinely be offered booster immunization for pertussis.
Diagnosis at dusk: Malignant hypertension and phaeochromocytoma in a 6‐year‐old girl
Authors: Corcoran John , Bird Chris , Side Lucy , Lakhoo Kokila , Ryan Fiona 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPhaeochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine‐secreting tumour that may arise at any age, but is particularly unusual in childhood. The case of a 6‐year‐old girl who presented with a prolonged history of general malaise, headaches and abdominal pain is reported. On examination, she was noted to have malignant hypertension. Subsequent imaging of the abdomen demonstrated a left adrenal mass, with the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma being confirmed by serial raised urinary metanephrines. Sympathetic blockade was established prior to definitive surgical treatment, resulting in complete resolution of the patient's symptoms and hypertension. Genetic screening of the family has since identified a previously undocumented missense mutation in the patient's VHL gene. The case raises the importance of routine measurement of blood pressure in all paediatric patients regardless of age, presentation or other factors.
Seromucosal Transport of Intravenously Administered Carbamazepine Is Not Enhanced by Oral Doses of Activated Charcoal in Rats
Authors: Eyer Florian , Jung Nicole , Neuberger Heidi , Witte Andreas , Poethko Thorsten , Henke Julia , Zilker Thomas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract:   The fate of carbamazepine after intravenous injection in rats (n = 24) and the influence of activated charcoal on the kinetics was investigated. After randomization to four groups (n = 6, each), plasma concentration and the quantities of carbamazepine and metabolites excreted into bile, urine and intestine were determined using an in situ perfusion model of the small intestine (Ringer's solution) with or without orally administered activated charcoal (AC+; AC–) and with or without bile duct cannulation (BD+; BD–). The cumulative amount of carbamazepine and metabolites exsorbed into the small intestine within 3.5 hr after intravenous injection was about 15% in BD– animals and about 3% in BD+ animals. About 20% of the dose was detected in the externalized bile. Activated charcoal did not influence the amount exsorbed into the small intestine. Terminal half‐life in plasma ranged from 159 min. to 194 min. within the four treatment groups without statistical significant difference (P = 0.751). Correspondingly, the area under the curve did not vary significantly and ranged between 1.13 and 1.41 g/min./l (P = 0.378). Excretion of carbamazepine and metabolites into urine varied between 3% and 6% of dose within all groups and showed close correlation with diuresis. In an identical experimental approach using a 2‐fold intestinal perfusion rate (50 ml/hr; n = 8), no fundamental changes compared to the main experiment regarding pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine were observed. The lack of effect of activated charcoal on the elimination of carbamazepine and metabolites must be contributed to the small amount of the drug being exsorbed into the intestine and may be further influenced by reduced intestinal permeability of carbamazepine and metabolites or inadequate luminal stirring.
Chronically Administered Risperidone Did Not Change the Number of Hepatocytes in Rats: A Stereological and Histopathological Study
Authors: Halici Zekai , Keles Osman Nuri , Unal Deniz , Albayrak Mevlut , Suleyman Halis , Cadirci Elif , Unal Bunyami , Kaplan Suleyman 
Published: January 2008

Abstract : Risperidone, an antipsychotic agent, has been used in the therapy of patients with acute and chronic schizophrenia. The strategy in the choice of antipsychotic agent should take into account the hepatic tolerance. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether or not the chronic administration of risperidone has a toxic effect on rat livers. Rats were divided into three groups. Low dose (n = 5) and high dose (n = 5) groups that were given 0.5 and 1 mg/kg intraperitoneal doses of risperidone daily for 6 weeks, respectively. The control group received distilled water as a vehicle. At the end of the experiment, the rats were killed, and livers were dissected out immediately and transferred into the fixation solution. Both conventional light and transmission electron microscopic tissue preparation procedures were applied to liver tissues and they were evaluated using stereological and histopathological methods; in this respect, this is the first study using stereological methods for searching the effects of risperidone on liver. There were no significant differences about the total hepatocyte number and their numerical density of rat liver between groups (P > 0.05). Stereological results were also confirmed by the histopathological findings that come from both structural and ultrastructural levels examination. The results of the current study indicate that neither low nor high doses of risperidone resulted in damage to the rat livers at cellular level. In conclusion, we did not find any evidence for hepatotoxicity of risperidone rats. Larger‐scale, prospective studies are needed in order to confirm these findings.
Genotoxicity of Tryptophol in a Battery of Short‐Term Assays on Human White Blood Cells in vitro
Authors: Kosalec Ivan , Šafranić Amalija , Pepeljnjak Stjepan , Bačun‐Družina Višnja , Ramić Snježana , Kopjar Nevenka 
Published: January 2008

Abstract:   The genotoxic effects of tryptophol (indole‐3‐ethanol), an aromatic alcohol and known secondary metabolite of the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans and other Candida spp., were studied using a battery of short‐term assays on human white blood cells in vitro. The concentration range of tryptophol tested was 0.25 mM to 2.00 mM. Lymphocyte viability and induction of apoptosis/necrosis were studied by simultaneous use of a fluorescent assay with ethidium bromide and acridine orange. Levels of primary DNA damage and dynamics of DNA repair were evaluated using the alkaline comet assay while the levels and nature of residual DNA damage were assessed by the analysis of structural chromosome aberrations, the sister chromatid exchange test and the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus assay. The results obtained suggest cytotoxic, cytostatic and genotoxic effects of the tryptophol treatment in vitro that were mainly dose‐dependent. The type and the extent of DNA lesions detected in tryptophol‐treated samples indicate the possibility that observed damage is mediated by highly reactive aldehyde metabolite and/or free radicals produced by treatment. The results show that mortality of lymphocytes in tryptophol‐treated samples was primarily caused by apoptosis. The generation of additional DNA strand breaks and cytogenetic consequences (chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei), as observed in this study, sustain the possibility that tryptophol toxicity is mediated by the formation of DNA cross‐links and aldehyde‐protein adducts. In conclusion, this preliminary study elucidates only a part of tryptophol toxicity to human cells. Because current evidence is not sufficient to obtain information relevant for human risk assessment, further in vitro and in vivo studies are essential in order to clarify remaining issues, especially to elucidate the exact mechanisms and nature of the damage produced following treatment as well to estimate possible interindividual variability in genotoxic responses to the chemical.
Response to selection for grain yield and correlated response for grain size and earliness in cowpea based on early generation testing
Authors: Padi F.K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractLarge grain size and earliness to flowering are traits critical to cowpea adoption in the West African savannahs. This study reports on the correlated response to selection in these two traits in the two populations in which selections were made primarily for grain yield potential. Further, the present study reports on the effectiveness of early generation selection for grain yield. Each of the two populations, SARC 2 and SARC 3, was derived from a cross between an adapted parent Marfo‐Tuya and an exotic breeding line that has large grain size and early flowering. Replicated yield evaluation of F5 families showed that grain yield of Marfo‐Tuya was not different from those of the highest yielding families in each population. Increases in grain size of individual families over Marfo‐Tuya were large and, the response to selection averaged 5.3 and 3.9 g/100 seeds in the SARC 2 and SARC 3 populations, respectively. Response to selection in days to flowering averaged 3 days in SARC 3, whereas response to selection was not observed in SARC 2. Retrospective selection in the F3 at 40% intensity was efficient in identifying a high proportion of elite families in each population.
Erosion and Nutrient Loss on Sloping Land under Intense Cultivation in Southern Vietnam
Authors: VAN DE NGUYEN , DOUGLAS IAN , MCMORROW JULIA , LINDLEY SARAH , THUY BINH DAO KIM NGUYEN , VAN TRAN THI , THANH LE HUU , THO NGUYEN 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTo help improve the well‐being of the local people, a joint Vietnamese‐UK team set out to establish a way of estimating soil and nutrient losses under different land management scenarios, using field data extrapolated through remote sensing and GIS, to obtain catchment‐wide estimates of the impact of land cover change. Immigration from remote provinces to the Dong Phu District of Binh Phuóc Province, about 120 km north of Ho Chi Minh City, has led to disruption of soil surface stability on easily eroded clayey sandstones, creating rapid nutrient depletion that affects crop yields and siltation in the channel of the Rach Rat river downstream. The poor farmers of the areas see crop yields drop dramatically after two or three years of cultivation due to the fertility decline. Soil loss varies dramatically between wet season and dry season and with ground cover. Erosion bridge measurements showed a mean loss of 85.2 t ha−1 y−1 under cassava saplings with cashew nuts, 43.3 t ha−1 y−1 on uncultivated land and 41.7 t ha−1 y−1 under mature cassava. The rates of erosion were higher than those reported in many other parts of Vietnam, reflecting the high erodibility of the friable sandy soils on the steep side‐slopes of the Rach Rat catchment. However, although the actual measurements provide better soil loss data than estimates based on the parameters of soil loss equations, a large number of measurement sites is needed to provide adequate coverage of the crop and slope combinations in this dissected terrain for good prediction using GIS and remote sensing.
Coastal Livelihood Transitions: Socio‐Economic Consequences of Changing Mangrove Forest Management and Land Allocation in a Commune of Central Vietnam
Authors: VAN HUE LE THI , SCOTT STEFFANIE 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the evolution of land use and mangrove forest management in a coastal commune in Central Vietnam from its early period of environmentally sound management under a common property regime, through State and cooperative management, to individual household allocation under the economic reforms of the 1990s. It analyses in particular the introduction of shrimp culture and its environmental and socioeconomic consequences. The case study demonstrates that, while opening up many economic opportunities, Vietnam's economic reforms have had uneven impacts on income inequality. Like many cases in Asia and Latin America, the disruption of common property resources – through the introduction of aquaculture as a livelihood opportunity and producer of an export crop – leaves farmers indebted and natural resources polluted. But, ironically, it was the financially better‐off aquaculture farmers, who had more capacity for risk‐taking and investing, who ended up most indebted, in comparison with poorer farmers who had already sold their ponds. The latter were less integrated into the market economy and relied more on marine product collection. This paper suggests that attention to local contexts and histories can contribute to a better understanding of the causes and consequences of environment‐poverty interfaces.
Marine Tourism in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Authors: COLLINS JOHN H. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMarine tourism is an important component of nature‐based tourism in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia. It offers a wide range of passive and active recreational activities in near‐pristine wilderness areas. Marine tourism in the region is recognised as a growth sector having expanded rapidly since 2000, and it is unusual in that growth has been limited by a lack of vehicular access points to the coast. This unplanned growth has been irregular. A marked downturn in visitation by yachts has coincided with an increase in visits by charter boats. Although only five bush camps are established along the coast, boat visits occur at approximately 216 locations that are all subject to potential environmental damage. The extent to which this unplanned industry can be sustained without jeopardising environmental, social and economic values remains open to question.
Long-Term Neuropsychological and Functional Outcomes in Stroke Survivors: Current Evidence and Perspectives for New Research
Authors: Feigin Valery L. , Barker-Collo Suzanne , McNaughton Harry , Brown Paul , Kerse Ngaire 
Published: January 2008

Aims To appraise the literature on long-term neuropsychological and functional outcomes in stroke survivors and identify the gaps, challenges and future research in this area. Background Stroke care resources are scarce, and the number of stroke survivors is likely to increase with the ageing of the population. Thus, evaluating the cost, frequency and prognostic factors of long-terms stroke functional and neuropsychological outcomes is of paramount importance for evidence-based clinical decision making, including the rationale, planning, provision and allocation of health services, and the development of effective interventions. Summary of review Stroke has an enormous physical, emotional and economic impact on the patients, families and society. However, accurate data on frequency, relationship and predictors of various long-term functional (body functioning, activity and participation) outcomes and costs of stroke are scarce, and no accurate and comprehensive data exist on long-term neuropsychological outcomes and their relationships with other functional outcomes poststroke. Conclusions There is a lack of accurate data on the frequency, relationship and predictors of various long-term functional outcomes and costs of stroke. There is a pressing need for good-quality population-based studies for evaluating the frequency and prognostic factors of long-term functional and neuropsychological outcomes of stroke in various populations. Introduction Stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide and the most frequent cause of disability in adults in many countries, having an enormous physical, psychological and financial impact on the patients, families, the health care system and society. Moreover, stroke burden is projected to increase from around 38 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost globally in 1990 to 61 million DALYs*** in 2020 ( 1 ). Although stroke mortality in Western populations has declined steadily over the last few decades, stroke incidence trends differ between countries and the overall number of stroke survivors tends to increase ( 2 ).
Epicurean and Galilean Motion in Gassendi's Physics
Authors: LoLordo Antonia 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPierre Gassendi held a Galilean theory of the motion of composite bodies. He also accepted an Epicurean theory of the motion of atoms according to which atoms can never gain or lose speed. The conjunction of these two theories is awkward and, from the point of view of physics, unfruitful. I offer metaphysical reasons why Gassendi might have thought he needed to adopt the Epicurean view of atomic motion.
Vagueness: Supervaluationism
Authors: Keefe Rosanna 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis piece gives an overview of the supervaluationist theory of vagueness. According to that theory, a sentence is true if and only if it is true on all ways of making it precise. This yields borderline case predications that are neither true nor false, but yet classical logic is preserved almost entirely. The article presents the view and some of its merits and briefly compares it with other theories of vagueness. It raises issues about higher‐order vagueness and the definitely operator and about the supervaluationist's accounts of truth and validity.