bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional distribution of sulphate in rocks and soils of Britain
Authors: Forster A. , Culshaw M. G. , Bell F. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The damaging effect of sulphate salts on concrete is well known and is usually a problem encountered by concrete structures buried below the water-table in sulphate-bearing soils. Although some individual sulphate-bearing soils, such as London Clay, are well known, little attempt has been made to consider sulphate-bearing soils on a regional basis. The environmental geology and other mapping projects carried out by the British Geological Survey have enabled geotechnical databases to be
compiled which can be used as a basis for an examination of the regional distribution of the sulphate-bearing rocks and soils of Britain. The occurrence of sulphate in geological formations is examined and a five part division of geological formations with regard to sulphate attack potential is suggested, which can be used as a guide when specifying the sulphate test requirement for a site investigation.
Construction problems and building control
Authors: Sutherland J. A. , Allen J. C. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
With statutory duties for health and safety, United Kingdom building control departments are in a unique position to encourage and demand good engineering practice. This is particularly so in Scotland where the legislation requires plans to be agreed before construction can commence. Published Codes of Practice leave little leeway regarding basic structural design. However, geotechnical engineering does not lend itself to such rigid rules and requires an experienced engineer or geologist to produce a workable and economic design. It is important, therefore, that large building control departments have the expertise to examine critically submissions for approval. The Building Control Department within the City of Glasgow District Council includes a small Ground Engineering Unit with such a capability. The primary function of this unit relates to the geotechnical aspects of warrant submissions, but it can be called in during construction where health and safety problems arise of a geotechnical nature.
The part played by a geotechnical section of a building control department before and during construction is considered. Other areas in which the information held by such a section can be used to benefit the community as a whole are highlighted. Problems with geotechnical submissions are outlined and a framework for minimum, acceptable presentation discussed.
Engineering geology of soils in highway construction: a general overview
Authors: Perry J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

By its linear nature, a major highway is likely to encounter a large variety of geological materials with different engineering properties. Therefore, highway designers and contractors are faced with materials having different properties and
in situ
characteristics, requiring different methods of investigation, types of design and ways of handling. They are also required to maximize the use of these materials. Technical methods are available for achieving this objective,
particularly for applications in general fills, capping and slope stability. The input from engineering geology in the construction process is an important element in achieving the best use of materials.
Geogrid reinforced piled road over peat
Authors: Barry A. J. , Trigunarsyah Bambang , Symes T. , Younger J. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The construction of roads over up to 11 m of peat in East Sumatra has required extensive engineering investigations. Environmental constraints in a sensitive undeveloped forest area required the use of a combination of locally available materials combined with geogrids to produce a satisfactory solution.
Previous difficulties with road construction in this terrain are discussed, together with the design of the geogrid reinforced raft and the field trials which resulted in substantial changes to the design and construction procedures to provide a practical and economic solution.
Application of evaporative dewatering methods to allow the use of wet fills in the construction of earthworks
Authors: Thomas B. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Delays to earthworks construction and difficulties in winning material potentially suitable for fill commonly occur in the UK due to adverse climatic conditions, especially where wet fills comprise a major proportion of the earthworks. The moisture content of wet fills is such that the materials cannot be compacted to the required dry density or maximum voids content. If the moisture content could be reduced, then the materials may become acceptable and be incorporated into current earthworks specifications.
Depending on the soil type, wet fills may variously be treated by consolidation with or without drainage, by mixing with lime addition, or by evaporative drying. Research was undertaken in developing methods to accelerate the evaporative dewatering of fine-grained soils. Dewatering was examined using appropriately scaled test plots and full-scale trials. This led to the development of a mathematical model of the evaporative dewatering process which uses readily determined soil dewatering parameters. The model was validated against the test data and used to describe the dewatering process under laboratory and field conditions. The application of the dewatering model for estimating the optimum dewatering conditions for earthworks fill is described. The method may reduce the amount of ‘unsuitable’ soil sent to a tip, with the potential for substantial cost savings on large earthworks contracts.
Petrographical examination of road construction materials
Authors: West G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Petrographical examination of road construction materials has been employed at the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) in a wide range of research applications. These include the search for polish-resistant roadstones for surfacings, research into ‘clean, hard and durable’ aggregates for use in bitumen macadam roadbase, and in the investigation of alkali-silica reaction in concrete road pavements. After briefly reviewing earlier work, the paper describes these applications and
concludes that petrographical examination of road construction materials is most effective when it is made with a specific objective in mind, rather than in an attempt to provide generalized information, Some remarks are made about the need to standardize rock nomenclature in petrographical description.
Potential of grouting methods to prevent and compensate for tunnelling-induced settlement of London Clay
Authors: Kimmance J. P. , Linney L. F. , Stapleton M. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Tunnelling beneath a congested urban area leads inevitably to the settlement of structures located in the ground above. In the past settlement has been allowed to take place and remedial work has been undertaken to make good any damage which has occurred. Grouting techniques have sometimes been used as a remedial measure to restore structures to their original elevation. Advances in grouting techniques, together with advances in monitoring, have led to the use of grouting in a compensation mode, whereby grout injection is carefully balanced against ground loss, such that settlement is not allowed to reach the surface. This method has been used in the USA and continental Europe, but so far has not been used in the UK. The development of grouting techniques used to remediate or compensate for ground settlement are reviewed and the results presented of a trial undertaken in London to investigate the viability of this technique.
Influence of geological structures in slope stability analyses for opencast mining and quarry excavations
Authors: Cojean R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The influence of structural features on slope stability in rock masses is analysed, with particular reference to opencast mining and quarrying. Various failure mechanisms are illustrated at different scales. The primary importance of the method of modelling rock masses is highlighted, with discussion about the need to emphasize either the continuous or discontinuous properties of the rock masses. The choice of mechanical parameters for the joints, as well as the rock material, is significant and a slight variation may alter the mode of failure of the slope. There is therefore a need for further investigation into the geological description and mechanical analysis of rock masses. In many instances, sound judgement by an experienced engineering geologist is required to identify the relevant features of the rock mass and to assess the mechanical behaviour that may operate.
The role of the engineering geologist in construction
Authors: Eddleston M. , Murfin R. E. , Walthall S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A current trend is the requirement for complex civil engineering projects to be carried out to very short time-scales. These projects often involve difficult and protracted planning consultations. This leads to increased pressure on all the professionals involved to work at a very fast, though erratic, pace that is dictated by others. This is particularly the case with the collection and utilization of information about the ground that is required for the design and construction phases of projects. Large changes in scope and detail often occur due to a wide range of environmental, technical, financial and other external factors.
The engineering geologist plays a crucial part in the management of projects that are to be completed successfully to time and within budget. This paper discusses key areas in which engineering geologists can significantly affect the outcome of a project and also factors that may influence the professional development of engineering geologists in future years.
Investigation, hazard assessment and remediation of existing landfills
Authors: Marsh A. H. , Garnham A. 
Published: April 2008

Disposing of waste to land is an activity as old as the human race itself. Any ancient deposits still in existence are now principally of archaeological interest. However, with the advent of the industrial revolution the volume of man's waste started to rapidly increase and with it the problems.
In Britain and other similar developed countries the nature and composition of waste has evolved over the decades, reflecting contemporary industrial and domestic practices. Perhaps the most significant such trend concerns the gradual change from the relatively high-density, low putrescible content of Victorian and early to mid-twentieth century waste, when it was the practice to burn domestic waste and dispose of the ashes, to modern unburnt, low-density, highly putrescible domestic waste. The 1950s and 1960s witnessed the most rapid period of change in this respect.
The manner in which waste has been disposed of to land has similarly undergone a process of gradual evolution, but with three key events taking place in the UK in modern times. Historically, waste has been disposed of either heaped on the ground, with the natural strata beneath remaining essentially undisturbed, or in convenient holes previously excavated for other purposes, generally quarries of one sort or another. In the latter case the waste abuts natural strata in the side walls and, often different, strata or the groundwater table beneath.
Any attempts to engineer the containment of waste and control the spread of pollution from it were the exception not the rule until the Control of Pollution
Landfills and associated leachate in the greater Durban area: two case histories
Authors: Bell F. G. , Sillito A. J. , Jermy C. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Two waste disposal sites in the greater Durban area used for codisposal of solid and liquid wastes are considered. One site is still operational and the other has been closed for a number of years.
An investigation of Site 1 revealed that much of the area is covered by Berea Red Sand. However, the clay content of much of this formation means that it generally has a low permeability. The sandstones and tillite which occur beneath the sand also are of low permeability or are virtually impermeable. This is necessary when the character of the leachate produced is considered. The very high values, for example, of chemical oxygen demand are attributable to a large extent to the disposal of
hop waste. Accordingly the leachate is conveyed from a sump at the toe of the landfill to a sewerage works.
At site 2 very little has been done since its closure to ensure that leakage from the landfill does not pollute the surrounding ground or surface waters. It was suspected that this was occurring. Small non-perennial and perennial streams occur in the area of the site. The site itself is underlain by sandstones and tillite. These rocks have been weathered to form a mantle of residual soil of variable thickness which is overlain by colluvium on the valley slopes and alluvium in the valley
floor. An investigation was undertaken to determine the extent of the pollution and revealed that a plume extended some 300 m downstream of the leachate pond. Two main remedial measures were proposed. First, a subsoil drain should be constructed immediately downstream of the landfill site. This should be located in bedrock, its purpose being to intercept seepage from the landfill. The drain should lead into a pump chamber that would remove polluted water which would then be conveyed to the
sewer system. Secondly, to make doubly sure that the pollution was contained, a cement-bentonite cut-off trench, founded in bedrock, should be constructed 3 m downstream of the subsoil drain.
Remidial containment measures for a peat bog landfill site
Authors: McShane K. , Gregory B. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Many landfill sites in Northern Ireland have been formed by infilling waste in low-lying bog areas, without any containment or control measures being incorporated. Typical of this is a working landfill site at Drumlough Moss in County Down, which has an area! extent of approximately 20 ha. It has been in operation for over 30 years and is situated on a peat bog, known locally as a ‘moss’, in an interdrumlin hollow.
Pollution of the nearby River Lagan, which is the major river flowing through the city of Belfast, was traced to the site. Consequently remedial measures had to be designed and constructed to provide effective containment so as to minimize future risks associated with the site. An understanding of the engineering geology and hydrogeological aspects of the site were critical and this paper describes those aspects and their influence on the design and construction of the works, not least of which was the selection of appropriate construction techniques.
Survey and containment of contaminated underwater sediments
Authors: Degen B. T. A. J. , Deibel I. K. , Maurenbrecher P. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The underwater sediments of the waterways, lakes and harbours of the Netherlands are sufficiently contaminated in many areas to necessitate their removal or isolation. The degree and nature of contamination and the general extent can be determined by sampling methods. To determine the thicknesses and distribution of the contaminated layers, shallow reflection geophysical surveys can be used in many situations, especially if previous erosion or dredging has created a slightly overconsolidated layer relative to subsequent deposition. The method is also used to aid investigation with respect to quantity control for sand placement to contain contaminated sediments
in situ
and to determine the depositional modes of hydraulically transported contaminated spoil in repository basins. Repository design for the Ketelmeer Lake allows for a certain amount of contaminant loss to the environment. The principal criterium is to significantly lessen contamination by 50%. Complete isolation would only improve the drop in contamination levels by a further small percentage.
Use of geophysical surveys during the planning, construction and remediation of landfills
Authors: Reynolds John M. , Taylor David I. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
There are growing environmental pressures over the development, use and remediation of closed landfill sites throughout the UK, as well as overseas. There is also a reluctance to use direct investigative methods for fear of compromising the integrity of the landfill cap and liner systems. Consequently, there is an increasing role for geophysical surveys to be undertaken that are technically reliable, cost-effective and environmentally benign.
Geophysical surveys have been proven to be successful in the assessment of site suitability during the planning stage. For example, evidence of former mining, adverse geological structure, soft zones and areas with anomalous permeability may be detected. Geophysics can be used for mapping the thickness of mineral liners during the construction phase. Closed landfill sites can be investigated geophysically without invasion of the structure to determine the location of margins and the depth of fill, map possible leachate ponding and migration, and to assess the integrity of mineral and artificial liners, etc.
It is concluded that with current developments in data acquisition, processing, display and interpretation of geophysical data, the scope of environmental applications where multi-method geophysical surveys can be used is increasing rapidly. The range of geophysical methods currently available provides a powerful suite of investigative tools which complement direct observations.
Settlement of Beddingham Landfill
Authors: Di Stefano A. B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Traditionally, the settlement of landfills has been empirically determined by observation and measurement conducted on landfills after final restoration. Since measurements undertaken in this manner do not normally commence until several years after the commencement of deposition, settlement characteristics immediately after placement cannot be determined. Further, the range of typical settlement values currently adopted, 10–35% of deposited waste thickness, is too great to enable accurate planning and design of restoration profiles.
A long-term research programme has been instigated, utilizing pressure cells buried within the refuse mass as landfilling progresses, to enable the determination of settlement characteristics from immediately after deposition has taken place through to final waste stabilization several decades into the future.
The programme has been running for approximately two years to date, and the data collected in the first year are presented, together with a preliminary analysis.
The construction of clay liners for landfills
Authors: Clark R. G. , Davies G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Correct liner installation is fundamental to the construction of a containment landfill. The significance of material properties and the requirements of field placement and compaction are presented. The principle of demonstrating by means of construction quality assurance (CQA) that a mineral liner has been placed in accordance with the design requirements is discussed. Procedures are reviewed and the technical requirements of a landfill project that appertain to the CQA work are outlined.
Geotechnical investigations for a deep radioactive waste repository: drilling
Authors: Ball T. G. , Beswick A. J. , Scarrow J. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Comprehensive geotechnical investigations of potential repository sites for deep disposal of low- and intermediate-level solid radioactive wastes at Sellafield, Cumbria and Dounreay, Highland Region included drilling and testing cored boreholes up to 2000 m deep. The drilling technology used combines geotechnical site investigation procedures with oil and gas drilling technology and mineral exploration wireline methods to produce high-quality continuous cores. The drilling programmes are closely linked to geophysical and hydrogeological and geochemical test schedules. At Sellafield, deep boreholes are drilled with standard diesel electric and mechanical oilfield land rigs modified with top-drive units for heavy-duty wireline coring and sensitive mud control, well control and automatic drilling systems. Lorry-mounted site investigation rigs are used for shallow boreholes which have been drilled for pump testing and
in situ
stress measurements. At Dounreay a hydraulic top-drive mining exploration rig was used for deep drilling. Triple tube corebarrels have been used throughout which include uPVC liners for core protection. By October 1994, 31 boreholes had been drilled, with over 19 km cored out of a total depth of 26'/2 km. A summary of the equipment and procedures adopted is presented together with some comments on the application of these experiences to future geotechnical investigations.
Geotechnical investigations for a deep radioactive waste repository:
in situ
stress measurements
Authors: Christiansson R. , Scarrow J. A. , Whittlestone A. P. , Wikman A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Comprehensive geotechnical investigations of potential repository sites for deep disposal of low- and intermediate-level solid radioactive wastes at Sellafield, Cumbria and Dounreay, Caithness included drilling and testing cored boreholes up to 2000 m deep. The investigation at Sellafield included the measurement of
in situ
stresses using the overcoring technique at various depths in a 250 m deep, vertical borehole drilled from the surface. The measuring instrument and method used for overcoring had, therefore, to perform reliably under high hydrostatic heads.

The equipment used to carry out these measurements was the Swedish Borre Probe. Previous work with this equipment has been carried out in slim holes and hard crystalline rocks. In contrast, this project required
in situ
stress measurements to be taken in a relatively large-diameter borehole, drilled in weak sedimentary rocks by wireline drilling techniques, and consequently, significant adaptations to the installation equipment.

The paper describes the adaption of the Borre Probe and its successful application in this project up to the end of 1992. Possible future applications of the technique are discussed.
Evaluation of clays as linings to landfill
Authors: Murray E. J. , Rix D. W. , Humphrey R. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The use of remoulded natural clays as low-permeability barriers or as part of multiple-layered lining systems to landfill cells is widespread. Geotechnical considerations in the evaluation of possible sources of clay and the design and construction of clay liners are addressed.
A study made of individual geological deposits within Lincolnshire is outlined and use of the term ‘material suitability’ to define the potential of a deposit to form a low-permeability barrier is discussed. A scheme for classifying deposits as unsuitable, marginal or suitable based primarily on plasticity data and variability is discussed and examples from the classification study are presented.
The term ‘acceptability in earthworks’ is also introduced and relates to the requirement to place acceptance limits on the proposed lining material to achieve the desired low-permeability barrier and to ensure the practicality of constructing the lining. The use of the moisture condition value (MCV) test in the assessment of acceptability and control of earthworks is discussed. The requirement of a maximum allowable permeability for a clay lining dictates the upper limit to the acceptable MCV range while the shear strength would usually dictate the lower limit.