bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of deontological versus consequentialist orientations on act choices and framing effects: when principles are more important than consequences
Authors: Tanner Carmen , Medin Douglas L. , Iliev Rumen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA long tradition in decision making assumes that people usually take a consequentialist perspective, which implies a focus on the outcomes only when making decisions. Such a view largely neglects the existence of a deontological perspective, which implies that people are sensitive to moral duties that require or prohibit certain behaviors, irrespective of the consequences. Similarly, recent research has also suggested that people holding “protected values” (PVs) show increased attention to acts versus omissions and less attention to outcomes. The present research investigates the role of deontological versus consequentialist modes of thought and of PVs on framing effects and act versus omission choices. In a modification of Tversky and Kahneman's (1981) risky choice framing paradigm, we manipulated the framing of the outcomes (positive, negative), as well as whether the certain outcome was associated with an act or inaction. The main results suggest that act versus omission tendencies are linked to deontological focus and PVs. Framing effects, on the other hand, are driven by a consequentialist focus. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Freestanding block overturning fragilities: Numerical simulation and experimental validation
Authors: Purvance Matthew D. , Anooshehpoor Abdolrasool , Brune James N. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe overturning fragilities of symmetric and asymmetric freestanding blocks, ranging in height from 0.54 to 3.6 m and with height‐to‐width ratios ranging from 2.1 to 6.6, are determined numerically. A probabilistic formulation regularizes the overturning responses when exposed to earthquake‐like random‐vibration waveforms. The peak amplitude of the forcing excitation (peak ground acceleration or PGA) is parameterized as a function of the block size, block shape, overturning probability, and either the PGA normalized peak ground velocity (PGV/PGA), spectral acceleration at 1 s (Sa(1)/PGA), or spectral acceleration at 2 s (Sa(2)/PGA). These later intensity measures are correlated with the duration of the predominant acceleration pulse. The overturning fragilities are compared with shake table experiments using blocks ranging in height from ∼0.2 to 1.2 m and with height‐to‐width ratios ranging from ∼2 to 10. Excitations utilized in the shake table experiments include recordings of the 1979 Imperial Valley, 1985 Michoacan, 1999 Duzce, 1999 Chi‐Chi, and 2002 Denali Earthquakes along with synthetic waveforms. The overturning fragilities accurately represent the overturning responses of blocks with simple basal contact conditions. Objects with multiple rocking points, such as precariously balanced rocks, are more fragile than predicted. Nondestructive tilting tests are used to account for blocks with complex basal contact conditions, demonstrating that these blocks overturn similarly to more slender blocks with simple contact conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic behaviour of hybrid systems made of PR composite frames coupled with dissipative bracings
Authors: Amadio C. , Clemente I. , Macorini L. , Fragiacomo M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe paper investigates the dynamic behaviour of hybrid systems made of partially restrained (PR) steel–concrete composite frames coupled with viscoelastic dissipative bracings. A numerical model that accounts for both the resisting mechanisms of the joint and the viscoelastic contribution of the dissipative bracing is introduced and briefly discussed. The model is first validated against experimental outcomes obtained on a one‐storey two‐bay composite frame with partial strength semi‐rigid joints subjected to free vibrations. A number of time‐history analyses under different earthquake ground motions and peak ground accelerations are then carried out on the same type of frame. The purpose is to investigate the influence of the type of beam‐to‐column connection and property of the viscoelastic bracing on the performance of the hybrid system. The inherent stiffness of the bare PR frame and the plastic hysteresis of the beam‐to‐column joints, which always lead to only limited damage in the joint, are found to provide a significant contribution to the overall structural performance even under destructive earthquakes. This remark leads to the conclusion that the viscoelastic bracing can be effectively used within the hybrid system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourier analysis of a class of upwind schemes in shallow water systems for gravity and Rossby waves
Authors: Mohammadian A. M. , Le Roux D. Y. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA Fourier analysis has been performed for a class of upwind finite volume schemes, including the study of phase speed, group velocity, damping and dispersion. In the first part, pure gravity waves are investigated. As expected, most upwind schemes lead to a significant damping, but they exhibit a better phase behavior than most centered schemes. In the second part, the Coriolis parameter is considered and the Rossby modes are studied. In this case, all selected upwind schemes lead to a severe damping. The numerical results are also compared with those obtained by using a slope limiter approach. It is concluded that most upwind schemes with or without slope limiters present poor results for an accurate calculation of the Rossby modes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrocortisone down‐regulates the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 in mammary cells: A possible molecular link between stress and breast cancer
Authors: Antonova Lilia , Mueller Christopher R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPsychological stress has been correlated with breast cancer development in numerous epidemiological studies. However, physiological and molecular models which may account for this association are not readily available. We have found that the stress hormone hydrocortisone (cortisol) down‐regulates the expression of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 in the nonmalignant mouse mammary cell line EPH4. This effect is concentration‐dependent, is reliant on the continuous presence of hydrocortisone, and is not affected by the addition of lactogenic hormones, or growth conditions. Hydrocortisone was also found to negate a known positive effect of estrogen on BRCA1 expression and, therefore, may interfere with estrogen‐related signaling in mammary epithelial cells. The repressive effect of hydrocortisone is diminished or lost in the mouse mammary lines HC‐11 and SP1, respectively, suggesting regulation of the BRCA1 may differ between lines. We have uncovered two promoter regulatory sites, which are involved in BRCA1 regulation by hydrocortisone, namely the RIBS and UP regulatory elements. Binding of the transcription factor GABP to both sites is lost upon hydrocortisone addition, though the levels of these factors are not altered by hydrocortisone treatment. Because BRCA1 activity is important for a number of intracellular pathways involved in prevention of tumorigenesis, its observed down‐regulation may represent a novel molecular mechanism for cortisol's involvement in breast cancer development. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promoter analysis of epigenetically controlled genes in bladder cancer
Authors: Veerla Srinivas , Panagopoulos Ioannis , Jin Yuesheng , Lindgren David , Höglund Mattias 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that regulates several genes crucial for tumor development. To identify epigenetically regulated genes in bladder cancer, we performed genome wide expression analyses of eight‐bladder cancer cell lines treated with the demethylating agents 5‐aza‐2′‐cytidine and zebularine. To identify methylated C‐residues, we sequenced cloned DNA fragments from bisulfite‐treated genomic DNA. We identified a total of 1092 genes that showed ≥2‐fold altered expression in at least one cell line; 710 showed up‐regulation and 382 down‐regulation. Extensive sequencing of promoters from 25 genes in eight cell lines showed an association between methylation pattern and expression in 13 genes, including both CpG island and non‐CpG island genes. Overall, the methylation patterns showed a patchy appearance with short segments showing high level of methylation separated by larger segments with no methylation. This pattern was not associated with MeCP2 binding sites or with evolutionarily conserved sequences. The genes UBXD2, AQP11, and TIMP1 showed particular patchy methylation patterns. We found several high‐scoring and evolutionarily conserved transcription factor binding sites affected by methylated C residues. Two of the genes, FGF18 and MMP11, that were down‐regulated as response to 5‐aza‐2′‐cytidine and zebularine treatment showed methylation at specific sites in the untreated cells indicating an activating result of methylation. Apart from identifying epigenetically regulated genes, including TGFBR1, NUPR1, FGF18, TIMP1, and MMP11, that may be of importance for bladder cancer development the presented data also highlight the organization of the modified segments in methylated promoters. This article contains supplementary material available via the Internet at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045‐2257/suppmat. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergistic antitumor activity of the novel SN‐38‐incorporating polymeric micelles, NK012, combined with 5‐fluorouracil in a mouse model of colorectal cancer, as compared with that of irinotecan plus 5‐fluorouracil
Authors: Nakajima Takako Eguchi , Yasunaga Masahiro , Kano Yasuhiko , Koizumi Fumiaki , Kato Ken , Hamaguchi Tetsuya , Yamada Yasuhide , Shirao Kuniaki , Shimada Yasuhiro , Matsumura Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe authors reported in a previous study that NK012, a 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxy‐camptothecin (SN‐38)‐releasing nano‐system, exhibited high antitumor activity against human colorectal cancer xenografts. This study was conducted to investigate the advantages of NK012 over irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT‐11) administered in combination with 5‐fluorouracil (5FU). The cytotoxic effects of NK012 or SN‐38 (an active metabolite of CPT‐11) administered in combination with 5FU was evaluatedin vitroin the human colorectal cancer cell line HT‐29 by the combination index method. The effects of the same drug combinations was also evaluatedin vivousing mice bearing HT‐29 and HCT‐116 cells. All the drugs were administered i.v. 3 times a week; NK012 (10 mg/kg) or CPT11 (50 mg/kg) was given 24 hr before 5FU (50 mg/kg). Cell cycle analysis in the HT‐29 tumors administered NK012 or CPT‐11in vivowas performed by flow cytometry. NK012 exerted more synergistic activity with 5FU compared to SN‐38. The therapeutic effect of NK012/5FU was significantly superior to that of CPT‐11/5FU against HT‐29 tumors (p= 0.0004), whereas no significant difference in the antitumor effect against HCT‐116 tumors was observed between the 2‐drug combinations (p= 0.2230). Cell‐cycle analysis showed that both NK012 and CPT‐11 tend to cause accumulation of cells in the S phase, although this effect was more pronounced and maintained for a more prolonged period with NK012 than with CPT‐11. Optimal therapeutic synergy was observed between NK012 and 5FU, therefore, this regimen is considered to hold promise of clinical benefit, especially for patients with colorectal cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of diffuse fatty infiltration of the liver on portal vein flow hemodynamics
Authors: Balci Ali , Karazincir Sinem , Sumbas Haldun , Oter Yasemin , Egilmez Ertugrul , Inandi Tacettin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the effects of various degrees of diffuse fatty infiltration of the liver on portal vein blood flow with Doppler sonography.MethodsOne hundred forty subjects were examined with color and spectral Doppler sonography. The subjects were divided into 4 groups of 35 subjects each according to the degree (normal, grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3) of hepatic fatty infiltration assessed on gray‐scale images. The portal vein pulsatility index (VPI) and time‐averaged mean flow velocity (MFV) were calculated for each subject. VPI was calculated as (peak maximum velocity − peak minimum velocity) / peak maximum velocity.ResultsVPI and MFV values were, respectively, 0.32 ± 0.06 and 16.8 ± 2.6 cm/second in the normal group, 0.27 ± 0.07 and 14.2 ± 2.2 cm/second in the group with grade 1 fatty infiltration, 0.22 ± 0.06 and 12.2 ± 1.8 cm/second in the group with grade 2 fatty infiltration, and 0.18 ± 0.04 and 10.8 ± 1.5 cm/second in the group with grade 3 fatty infiltration. There was a negative inverse correlation between the grade of fatty infiltration and both VPI (f = 55.3, p < 0.001) and MFV (f = 43.9, p < 0.001).ConclusionThe pulsatility index and mean velocity of the portal vein blood flow decrease as the severity of fatty infiltration increases. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008.
In vitro conversion of sex steroids and expression of sex steroidogenic enzyme genes in amphioxus ovary
Authors: Mizuta Takanobu , Asahina Kiyoshi , Suzuki Miwa , Kubokawa Kaoru 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSex steroids are essential hormones for reproduction in vertebrates. The existence of a sex steroidogenic pathway in invertebrates is controversial because cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes have not been detected in the genomes of an echinoderm and a urochordate. However, cloning and gene expressions of sex steroid‐metabolizing enzymes have been reported in a cephalochordate. In this study, in vitro conversion of sex steroids from pregnenolone (P5) to progesterone (P4), from 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone (17α‐P4) to 17α, 20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17α, 20β‐P) and 17α, 20α‐P, and from androstenedione (AD) to estrone (E1), estradiol‐17β (E2), and testosterone (T) were confirmed by an incubation experiment performed using14C‐labeled precursors and mature ovarian homogenates of the amphioxusBranchiostoma belcheri. In amphioxus, the ability of immature ovaries to synthesize sex steroids was much lower than that of mature ovaries. Post‐spawning, the mRNA of CYP11A significantly decreased in females. Transcripts of the CYP19 gene also declined in one‐fourth of the females after spawning, although this trend was not supported statistically. The mRNAs of CYP17 and 17β‐HSD did not change before and after spawning. Our results indicate the presence of Δ4and another derivative pathway in the amphioxus ovary and suggest that the synthesis of sex steroids, particularly estrogen synthesis, may be low in females after spawning behavior.J. Exp. Zool. 309A:83–93, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
History, power, and electricity: American popular magazine accounts of electroconvulsive therapy, 1940–2005
Authors: Hirshbein Laura , Sarvananda Sharmalie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a psychiatric treatment that has been in use in the United States since the 1940s. During the whole of its existence, it has been extensively discussed and debated within American popular magazines. While initial reports of the treatment highlighted its benefits to patients, accounts by the 1970s and 1980s were increasingly polarized. This article analyzes the popular accounts over time, particularly the ways in which the debates over ECT have revolved around different interpretations of ECT's history and its power dynamics. © 2008Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional morphology of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in moray eels
Authors: Mehta Rita S. , Wainwright Peter C. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMoray eels (Muraenidae) are a relatively large group of anguilliform fishes that are notable for their crevice‐dwelling lifestyle and renowned for their ability to consume large prey. Morays apprehend their prey by biting and then transport prey by extreme protraction and retraction of their pharyngeal jaw apparatus. Here, we present a detailed interpretation of the mechanisms of pharyngeal jaw transport based on work with Muraena retifera. We also review what is known of the moray pharyngeal jaw apparatus from the literature and provide comparative data on the pharyngeal jaw elements and kinematics for other moray species to determine whether interspecific differences in morphology and behavior are present. Rather than comprising broad upper and lower processing tooth plates, the pharyngeal jaws of muraenine and uropterygiine morays, are long and thin and possess large, recurved teeth. Compared with the muraenines, the pharyngobranchials of the uropterygiines do not possess a horn‐shaped process and their connection to the fourth epibranchial is dorsal rather than medial. In addition, the lower tooth plates do not exhibit a lateral groove that serves as a site of muscle attachment for the pharyngocleitheralis and the ventral rather than the lateral side of the lower tooth plate attaches to the fourth ceratobranchial. In all morays, the muscles positioned for protraction and retraction of the pharyngeal apparatus have undergone elongation, while maintaining the generalized attachment sites on the bones of the skull and axial skeleton. Uropterygiines lack a dorsal retractor muscle and we presume that retraction of the pharyngeal jaws is achieved by the pharyngocleitheralis and the esophagus. The fifth branchial adductor is greatly hypertrophied in all species examined, suggesting that morays can strongly adduct the pharyngeal jaws during prey transport. The kinematics of biting behavior during prey capture and transport resulted in similar magnitudes of cranial movements although the timing of kinematic events was significantly different and the duration of transport was twice as long as prey capture. We speculate that morays have evolved this alternative prey transport strategy as a means of overcoming gape constraints, while hunting in the confines of coral reefs. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of volatile components of drugs and explosives by solid phase microextraction‐ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Lai Hanh , Guerra Patricia , Joshi Monica , Almirall José R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCurrent ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) devices are used to detect drugs and explosives in the form of particles and, in cases where the vapor pressure of the drugs or explosives is sufficiently high, the gas can be sampled and detected directly. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of solid phase microextraction (SPME) as a preconcentration technique coupled to an IMS for the detection of odor signature compounds of drugs and explosives. The reduced mobilities (Ko) and IMS operating conditions for the odor signature compounds of cocaine, marijuana, and 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐methylamphetamine (MDMA) are reported for the first time. LODs, linear dynamic ranges (LDRs), and the precision of the analysis of these odor signature compounds, and the explosive taggant 2,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dinitrobutane (DMNB) were obtained by SPME‐IMS and normal IMS conditions. The systematic optimization of the IMS operating parameters for the detection of these odor compounds is also reported incorporating the use of genetic algorithms (GAs) for finding the optimal settings for the detection of these compounds of interest. These results support the case for targeting volatile components as a presumptive detection for the presence of the parent compounds of drugs and explosives. Furthermore, the IMS‐specific GA developed can be used as an optimization tool for the detection of other compounds of interest in future work.
Determination of vitexin and isovitexin in pigeonpea using ultrasonic extraction followed by LC‐MS
Authors: Fu Yujie , Zu Yuangang , Liu Wei , Zhang Lin , Tong Meihong , Efferth Thomas , Kong Yu , Hou Chunlian , Chen Liyan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA method based on ultrasonic extraction (USE) followed by LC‐MS is presented for the determination of vitexin and isovitexin in pigeonpea extracts in this study. The influential parameters of the USE procedure were optimized, and the optimal conditions were as follows: extraction solvent, 60% ethanol solution; liquid/solid ratio 10:1 (mL/g), extraction power, 250 W; temperature, 40–50°C; and three extraction cycles, each cycle 15 min. Validation of the USE method was performed in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. RSDs for extraction yields were lower than 5.85 and 8.09%, respectively. The LOD and LOQ of chromatographic determination were 0.96 and 3.2 ng/mL for vitexin and 0.84 and 2.8 ng/mL for isovitexin. The method was also successfully applied for the determination of vitexin and isovitexin in stems, leaves, and root extracts of pigeonpea. From all these results, we may conclude that the developed method is appropriate for the quality control of pigeonpea and other plant extract products developed from pigeonpea.
Determination of the enantiomeric impurity in S‐(–)pantoprazole using high performance liquid chromatography with sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin as chiral additive
Authors: Guan Jin , Yang Jing , Bi Yujin , Shi Shuang , Yan Feng , Li Famei 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA new and accurate HPLC method using sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin (SBE‐beta‐CD) as chiral mobile phase additive (CMPA) was developed and validated for the determination of R‐(+)pantoprazole in S‐(–)pantoprazole. The influences of type and concentration of CD, ACN content and buffer pH of mobile phase on the resolution and retention of enantiomers were investigated. A baseline resolution of pantoprazole enantiomers was achieved on a Spherigel C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) using ACN and 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) containing 10 mM SBE‐beta‐CD (15:85 v/v) as mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min at 20°C. The detection wavelength was set at 290 nm. The method was extensively validated in terms of accuracy, precision and linearity according to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines and proved to be robust. The LOD and LOQ for R‐(+)pantoprazole were 0.2 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively, with 5 μL injection volume. A good linear relationship was obtained in the concentration range of 0.5–6.0 μg/mL with r2 >0.999 for R‐(+)pantoprazole. The percentage recovery of the R‐(+)pantoprazole ranged from 92.1 to 101.2 in bulk drug of S‐(–)pantoprazole. The method is capable of determining a minimum limit of 0.05% w/w of R‐enantiomer in S‐(–)pantoprazole bulk samples.
Orthogonal array design for the optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of tanshinones from Danshen
Authors: Wang Longhu , Song Yanting , Cheng Yiyu , Liu Xuesong 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDifferent from the west medicine, the therapeutic effect of the traditional Chinese medicine is usually based on multifarious essential components or the combination of them instead of only one component. In this paper, a novel supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method has been developed for extracting tanshinones (dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, and tanshinone IIA) from Danshen, the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Various experimental conditions were investigated to optimize the SFE. Under the appropriate conditions, extracting at 40 MPa, and 50°C and with CO2 flow rate of 25 L/h for 1 h, SFE can achieve a better yield as well as the recoveries of the tanshinones than the conventional extraction using methanol. Moreover, the target compounds were analyzed by HPLC with a C18 RP column by gradient elution using ACN and water as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and with UV detection at 270 nm. Four calibration equations were then established and good linear relationships were shown (r2 >0.999) in the investigated concentration range. The recoveries, measured at three concentration levels, varied from 97.2 to 103.8%. The method provided in this article could be applied as an improved quality control method for Danshen products.