bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Constitutionalization of Social Rights in Italy, Germany, and Portugal: Legislative Discretion, Minimal Guarantees, and Distributive Integration
Authors: Lucherini Francesco 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn an international social rights debate disproportionately focused on English-speaking countries, redundant emphasis has been placed on justiciability. While constitutionalization does challenge stable relations between powers, especially in the post-colonial and developing world, solid insights for a workable interpretative method can be derived from continental Europe, where the difficulties typically associated with justiciability have long been settled. The constitutions of Italy, Germany, and Portugal take socioeconomic democracy seriously, tempering socialist claims and refuting libertarian stances, and have managed to spur a legitimate judicial increment of substantive equality. Through a threefold comparison, this paper describes the peculiarities of these fundamental texts across the spectrum of possible constitutional design choices, and draws from comparative constitutional caselaw to highlight a cross-national convergence on a set of interpretative standards. These blend together a strong safeguard of legislative discretion with justiciable minimal guarantees, and a value-assertive orientation of balancing coextensive with the integrationist function of constitutionalized social and economic rights.
Understanding the Political Party Think Tank Landscape: A Categorization of Their Functions and Audiences
Authors: Vande Walle Britt , de Lange Sarah L. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPolitical party think tanks (PPTTs) are important to the performance of parties' core functions. Despite their importance, they have largely escaped academic attention. To understand the role of PPTTs in contemporary politics, we develop a typology of their key functions (distinguishing between political party and think tank functions), and target audiences (distinguishing between internal and external target groups). Based on a comprehensive literature review and 22 in-depth interviews with leading representatives of PPTTs in the Netherlands and Flanders, we identify four types of PPTTs: Party Assistants, Party Supporters, Party Promoters and Party Intellectuals. The characteristics of the four types of PPTTs are illustrated through the analysis of four paradigmatic cases: the Study Centre Open Vld as an example of a Party Assistant, the Scientific Bureau GroenLinks as an example of a Party Supporter, the Renaissance Institute as an example of a Party Promoter, and the TeldersFoundation as an example of a Party Intellectual.
Damage characteristics of fused silica under low-temporal coherence light
Authors: Shan Chong , Kong Lingbao , Li Fujian , Cui Yong , Ji Lailin , Zheng Quan , Rao Daxing , He Ruijing , Zhao Xiaohui , Zhao Yuanan , Sui Zhan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The damage characteristics of fused silica were investigated under low-temporal coherence light (LTCL). It was found that the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of fused silica for the LTCL was lower than that of the single longitudinal mode pulse laser, and for the LTCLs, the LIDTs decrease with the increasing of laser bandwidth, which is not consistent with the temporal spike intensity. This is due to the nonlinear self-focusing effect and multi-pulse accumulation effect. The specific reasons were analyzed based on theoretical simulation and experimental study. This research work is helpful and of great significance for the construction of high-power LTCL devices.
An Edgewood-type Hirnantian fauna from the Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern margin of Laurentia
Authors: Jin Jisuo , Harper David A.T. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSilicified brachiopods from Hirnantian strata in three sections of the lower Whittaker Formation, Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada, yielded a moderately diverse, Edgewood-type Hirnantian fauna, consisting of 13 species: Biparetis paucirugosus, Brevilamnulella laevis, Dalmanella edgewoodensis, Drabovia noixella, Eospirigerina putilla, Epitomyonia paucitropida, Epitomyonia sekwiensis, Glyptorthis papillosa new species, Gnamptorhynchos orbiculoidea, Katastrophomena mackenzii new species, K. parvicardinis, Parastrophina cf. P. minor, and Skenidioides sp. Compared to the typical Edgewood fauna of the American Midcontinent, Brevilamnulella laevis has a notably smaller shell than B. thebesensis, and is interpreted as a deeper-water form. The strong faunal affinity of the Mackenzie Mountains fauna to the Edgewood-type Hirnantian fauna is indicated by the occurrence of Biparetis, Brevilamnulella, Eospirigerina, and Gnamptorhynchos. In addition to the Edgewood type area within Laurentia, Biparetis, Eospirigerina, and Gnamptorhynchos are characteristic taxa that also occur in the Ellis Bay Formation (Hirnantian) of Anticosti Island. Multivariate and network analyses strongly support the differentiation between an Edgewood-type Hirnantian fauna in Laurentia and peri-Laurentia and the typical Hirnantia fauna of the Kosov Province in Gondwana, peri-Gondwana, South China, Kazakhstan terranes, Avalonia, and Baltica.UUID: http://zoobank.org/7ff8f8c8-52d1-4527-acae-9bacd2e8b914
Use of temporary tracheostomy occlusion to reduce the risk of sternal wound infection after sternotomy in congenital cardiac surgery
Authors: Azimzadeh Julien B. , Sidell Douglas R. , Balakrishnan Karthik , Mathew Roshni , Asija Ritu , Rutter Michael J. , Meister Kara D. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjective:To describe a method of reducing the risk of sternal wound infection after sternotomy in children with a pre-existing tracheostomy. To report our outcomes using this method from 1 January, 2013 to 31 August, 2023.Methods:We describe a method for temporarily occluding the tracheal stoma with a removable implant with the primary goal of reducing the risk of sternotomy wound infection by preventing soilage due to tracheostomal secretions. We then performed a retrospective review of all children who underwent temporary tracheostomal occlusion between 1 January, 2013 and 31 August, 2023 at our quaternary care children’s hospital. Clinical variables were extracted from the hospital medical records. The rates of antibiotic use and minor and major complications during the period when the stoma plug was in place were recorded.Results:Totally, 19 patients underwent tracheal stoma plugging prior to sternotomy and were included in our analysis. There were two cases of sternal wound infection; one case occurred while the stoma plug was in place, and one developed four days following plug removal. There was one minor complication, with one patient requiring stoma revision via serial dilation at bedside at the time of recannulation. There were no deaths.Conclusion:Temporary occlusion of the tracheal stoma with an impermeable plug is a viable option for reducing the risk of sternal wound infection in children with a pre-existing tracheostomy who are undergoing sternotomy.
Towards a Non-Use Regime on Solar Geoengineering: Lessons from International Law and Governance
Authors: Gupta Aarti , Biermann Frank , van Driel Ellinore , Bernaz Nadia , Jayaram Dhanasree , Kim Rakhyun E. , Kotzé Louis J. , Ruddigkeit Dana , VanDeveer Stacy D. , Wewerinke-Singh Margaretha 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn recent years, some scientists have called for research into and potential development of ‘solar geoengineering’ technologies as an option to counter global warming. Solar geoengineering refers to a set of speculative techniques to reflect some incoming sunlight back into space, for example, by continuously spraying reflective sulphur aerosols into the stratosphere over several generations. Because of the significant ecological, social, and political risks posed by such technologies, many scholars and civil society organizations have urged governments to take action to prohibit the development and deployment of solar geoengineering techniques. In this article we take such calls for a prohibitory or a non-use regime on solar geoengineering as a starting point to examine existing international law and governance precedents that could guide the development of such a regime. The precedents we examine include international prohibitory and restrictive regimes that impose bans or restrictions on chemical weapons, biological weapons, weather modification technologies, anti-personnel landmines, substances that deplete the ozone layer, trade in hazardous wastes, deep seabed mining, and mining in Antarctica. We also assess emerging norms and soft law in anticipatory governance of novel technologies, such as human cloning and gene editing. While there is no blueprint for a solar geoengineering non-use regime in international law, our analysis points to numerous specific elements on which governments could draw to constrain or impose an outright prohibition on the development of technologies for solar geoengineering, should they opt to do so.
The Impossible Dream — Panmixia
Authors: Stark Alan E. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis study starts with a simple model by which Hardy-Weinberg proportions are attained in a single generation while maintaining gene frequencies. The question of differentiating between random and non-random mating is explored by simulation. Sample mating proportions are generated using the model as base. The difficulty of differentiating between random and non-random mating is illustrated.
A Post‐Launch Summary of the Science of NASA's Psyche Mission
Authors: Dibb Steven D. , Asphaug Erik , Bell James F. , Binzel Richard P. , Bottke William F. , Cambioni Saverio , Christoph John M. , Elkins‐Tanton Linda T. , Jaumann Ralf , Lawrence David J. , Oran Rona , O’Rourke Joseph G. , Polansky Carol , Weiss Benjamin P. , Wieczorek Mark , Williams David. A. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAstronomical observations indicate that asteroid (16) Psyche is a large, high‐density (likely >3,400 kg·m−3), metal‐rich (30–55 vol. %) asteroid. Psyche may be remnant core material or it could be a primordial, undifferentiated metal‐rich object. We discuss the science objectives of the upcoming Psyche mission, which will employ three instruments (the Magnetometer, Multispectral Imager, and Gamma‐Ray and Neutron Spectrometer) and will use Doppler tracking of the spacecraft to explore the asteroid. This mission will shed light on the nature and origins of metal‐rich objects in the solar system and beyond, including the cores of the terrestrial planets.
Tracking Progress Toward Urban Nature Targets Using Landcover and Vegetation Indices: A Global Study for the 96 C40 Cities
Authors: Martin Greta K. , O’Dell Katelyn , Kinney Patrick L. , Pescador‐Jimenez Marcia , Rojas‐Rueda David , Canales Robert , Anenberg Susan C. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAccess to urban natural space, including blue and greenspace, is associated with improved health. In 2021, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group set 2030 Urban Nature Declaration (UND) targets: “Quality Total Cover” (30% green area within each city) and “Equitable Spatial Distribution” (70% of the population living close to natural space). We evaluate progress toward these targets in the 96 C40 cities using globally available, high‐resolution data sets for landcover and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We use the European Space Agency (ESA)'s WorldCover data set to define greenspace with discrete landcover categories and ESA's Sentinel‐2A to calculate NDVI, adding the “open water” landcover category to characterize total natural space. We compare 2020 levels of urban green and natural space to the two UND targets and predict the city‐specific NDVI level consistent with the UND targets using linear regressions. The 96‐city mean NDVI was 0.538 (range: 0.148, 0.739). Most (80%) cities meet the Quality Total Cover target, and nearly half (47%) meet the Equitable Spatial Distribution target. Landcover‐measured greenspace and total natural space were strong (mean R2 = 0.826) and moderate (mean R2 = 0.597) predictors of NDVI and our NDVI‐based natural space proximity measure, respectively. The 96‐city mean predicted NDVI value of meeting the UND targets was 0.478 (range: 0.352–0.565) for Quality Total Cover and 0.660 (range: 0.498–0.767) for Equitable Spatial Distribution. Our translation of the area‐ and access‐based metrics common in urban natural space targets into the NDVI metric used in epidemiology allows for quantifying the health benefits of achieving such targets.
Abrupt Geographic Shift in Hydrogen Isotope Ratios of Meteoric Water Across the Western Andes, Peru
Authors: White Emily J. , Cassel Elizabeth J. , Breecker Daniel O. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractQuantitative isotopic paleoaltimetry has been applied in regions where Rayleigh distillation controls isotopic lapse rates. Air mass mixing and moisture recycling are viewed as complicating factors. We show here that, because of such effects, a cross‐Andean transect of meteoric water δD values precisely marks the geographic position of the Western Cordillera crest. This modern water signal is also recorded in Pliocene‐Pleistocene hydrated volcanic glass δD values. δD values between the Pacific coast and Western Cordillera exhibit no trend up to 2.5 km elevation and 100 km inboard, consistent with an arid climate in which Amazonian moisture is topographically blocked and Pacific moisture is efficiently recycled. The result is a large δD lapse rate (−98‰/km) and an abrupt horizontal δD shift (2‰/km) at the Western Cordillera crest. Therefore, we conclude that cross‐orogen δD transects could locate the ancient Western Cordillera crest.
Tectono‐Stratigraphic Evolution of the Kerguelen Large Igneous Province: The Conjugate William’s Ridge‐Broken Ridge Rifted Margins
Authors: Magri L. , Whittaker J. M. , Coffin M. F. , Hochmuth K. , Gürer D. , Williams S. , Bernardel G. , Uenzelmann‐Neben G. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractExtensive investigation of continental rift systems has been fundamental for advancing the understanding of extensional tectonics and modes of formation of new ocean basins. However, current rift classification schemes do not account for conjugate end members formed by Large Igneous Province crust, referring to thick mafic crust, sometimes including continental fragments. Here, we investigate the rifting of William's Ridge (Kerguelen Plateau) and Broken Ridge, components of the Kerguelen Large Igneous Province now situated in the Southeast Indian Ocean, and incorporate these end members into the deformation migration concept for rifted margins. We use multichannel seismic reflection profiles and data from scientific drill cores acquired on both conjugate margins to propose, for the first time, a combined tectono‐stratigraphic framework. We interpret seismic patterns, tectonic features, and magnetic anomaly picks to determine an across‐strike structural domain classification. This interpretation considers the rift system overall to be “magma‐poor” despite being located proximal to the Kerguelen plume but suggests that syn‐rift interaction between the Kerguelen mantle plume and the lithospheric structure of William's Ridge and Broken Ridge has controlled the along‐strike segmentation of both conjugates. We integrate seismic reflection and bathymetric data to test the hypothesis of predominantly transform motion, between the Australian and Antarctic plates, in Late Cretaceous and Paleogene time.
Modulation of Western South Atlantic Marine Heatwaves by Meridional Ocean Heat Transport
Authors: Goes Marlos , Dong Shenfu , Foltz Gregory R. , Goni Gustavo , Volkov Denis L. , Wainer Ilana 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMarine heatwaves and cold spells are extreme surface temperature events that have been associated with adverse societal and ecosystem impacts in several regions around the globe. Predicting these events presents a challenge because of their generally short‐lived nature and dependence on air‐sea interactions, both locally and remotely. Here we analyze oceanic propagating features that promote the occurrence of marine heatwaves and cold spells in the western subtropical South Atlantic. The main interannual feature detected from satellite sea level data since 1993 shows a westward propagating zonal pattern with a periodicity of 3–5 years. The pattern has a significant in‐phase correlation with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the western South Atlantic, explaining 82% of the daily extreme warm (90th percentile) and cold (10th percentile) SST anomalies and consequently modulating interannual variations in the intensity and duration of marine heatwave and cold spell events. It is found that meridional oceanic advection plays an important role in the regional heat budget associated with the westward‐propagating mode, modulating the meridional exchange of tropical (warm) and extratropical (cold) waters in the western subtropical South Atlantic region and thereby setting a baseline for temperature extremes on interannual timescales. This propagating mode is well correlated (r > 0.6) with the strength of the meridional overturning circulation at 25°S and 30°S with a lag of approximately 3–9 months. The lagged response provides a potential source of predictability of extreme events in the western South Atlantic.
Variability of Fine‐Scale Chlorophyll Fronts in the Tīkapa Moana Te Moananui ā Toi Hauraki Gulf, Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Lhériau‐Nice Alexandre , Della Penna Alice 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAotearoa New Zealand's marine environment is heavily impacted by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Little is known about the effect of ENSO on oceanographic properties in the area or their consequences on the distribution of marine organisms. Here we characterize the spatio‐temporal variability of fine‐scale fronts (<10 km) in the area of the Tīkapa Moana Te Moananui ā Toi Hauraki Gulf (HG) and investigate how it is impacted by dominant wind direction, seasonality, and ENSO phase. We processed satellite Ocean‐Land Color Instrument images from 2016 to 2022 with a fit‐for‐purpose version of the Belkin and O'Reilly frontal detection algorithm. We find coherent shifts in the position of fine‐scale features depending on the ENSO phase, with El Niño isolating the gulf sub‐regions and La Niña connecting them together. Overall, fronts tend to co‐locate with the 70 and 40 m isobaths in the outer and inner HG respectively, and their locations shift close or away from shore in response to changes in dominant wind direction. Furthermore, offshore frontal occurrences increase during winter and spring, and nearshore ones increase during summer and autumn. Our results sketch a first assessment of the distribution of fine‐scale features in a biologically important yet understudied region.
Tropical Cyclone Changes in Convection‐Permitting Regional Climate Projections: A Study Over the Shanghai Region
Authors: Buonomo Erasmo , Savage Nicholas , Dong Guangtao , Becker Bernd , Jones Richard G. , Tian Zhan , Sun Laixiang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractChanges in tropical cyclones due to greenhouse‐gas forcing in the Shanghai area have been studied in a double‐nesting regional model experiment using the Met Office convection‐permitting model HadREM3‐RA1T at 4 km resolution and the regional model HadREM3‐GA7.05 at 12 km for the intermediate nest. Boundary conditions for the experiment have been constructed from HadGEM2‐ES, a General Circulation Model (GCM) from the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), directly using high‐frequency data for the atmosphere (6‐hourly) and the ocean (daily), for the historical period (1981–2000) and under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (2080–2099). These choices identify one of the warmest climate scenarios available from CMIP5. Given the direct use of GCM data for the baseline, large scale conditions relevant for tropical cyclones have been analyzed, demonstrating a realistic representation of environmental conditions off the coast of eastern China. GCM large scale changes show a reduction in wind shear in addition to the expected strong increase in sea‐surface temperature. Tropical cyclones from the 4 km historical simulation have a negative bias in intensity, not exceeding Category 4, and a wet bias in the rainfall associated with these cyclones. However, there is a clear improvement in cyclone intensity and rainfall at 4 km in comparison with the 12 km simulation. Climate change responses in the 4 km simulation include an extension of the tropical cyclone season, and strong increases in frequency of the most intense cyclones (approximately by a factor of 10) and associated rainfall. These are consistent with the results from the 12 km simulation.
Roles of Thermal Forced and Eddy‐Driven Effects in the Northward Shifting of the Subtropical Westerly Jet Under Recent Climate Change
Authors: Sheng Chen , Wu Guoxiong , Liu Yimin , He Bian 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe zonal‐mean subtropical westerly jet (SWJ) in boreal winter shows a significant northward shift trend under recent climate change. Previous studies proposed thermal forcing—represented by the thermal wind associated with the temperature gradient—and the driving effect of the eddy momentum flux (EMF) convergence that leads to the eddy‐driven jet as explanations for this process; however, their relative importance in influencing the SWJ shift requires further investigation. In this study, we examined the roles of thermal forced and eddy‐driven jet components in the zonal‐mean northward SWJ shift. We also investigated the role of Hadley circulation because its poleward boundary is related to the zonal‐mean SWJ. Results suggest that thermal forced component plays a major role, while EMF‐driven component plays a secondary role. Specifically, the subtropical warming, which is primarily influenced by enhanced adiabatic downward motion of the Hadley circulation, increases the meridional temperature gradient and the associated thermal wind poleward of the SWJ. It also reduces atmospheric static stability aloft and converges the EMF on the poleward side of the climatological SWJ. Enhanced meridional temperature gradient and EMF convergence on the poleward side push the SWJ northward. Results from further mathematical analysis indicate that thermal forced and eddy‐driven zonal wind components account for 72% and 28% of the shift distance, respectively. In addition to elucidating the relative importance of thermal and EMF forcings, this study emphasizes the critical role of the subtropical warming driven by the intensified local descending branch of the Hadley circulation in shifting the zonal‐mean SWJ.