bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The representation dimension of domestic weakly symmetric algebras
Authors: Bocian Rafał , Holm Thorsten , Skowroński Andrzej 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Auslander’s representation dimension measures how far a finite dimensional algebra is away from being of finite representation type. In [1], M. Auslander proved that a finite dimensional algebra A is of finite representation type if and only if the representation dimension of A is at most 2. Recently, R. Rouquier proved that there are finite dimensional algebras of an arbitrarily large finite representation dimension. One of the exciting open problems is to show that all finite dimensional algebras of tame representation type have representation dimension at most 3. We prove that this is true for all domestic weakly symmetric algebras over algebraically closed fields having simply connected Galois coverings.
Kinetics of electrode reaction coupled to ion transfer across the liquid/liquid interface
Authors: Komorsky-Lovrić Šebojka , Lovrić Milivoj 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn the theoretical model it is assumed that a graphite disk electrode is covered by a thin film of solution of decamethylferrocene (dmfc) and some electrolyte CX in nitrobenzene and immersed in an aqueous solution of the electrolyte MX. Oxidation of dmfc is accompanied by the transfer of anion X
− from water into nitrobenzene since it is also assumed that cations dmfc
+ and C
+ are insoluble in water and cation M
+ is insoluble in nitrobenzene. Kinetic parameters of the electrode reaction can be determined if the total potential difference across the nitrobenzene/water interface is maintained constant by adding the electrolytes CX and MX in concentrations which are much higher than the initial concentration of dmfc in nitrobenzene.
Determination of gold, palladium and copper by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration on silica gel modified with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl group
Authors: Imamoglu Mustafa , Aydin Ali , Dundar Mustafa 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA preconcentration method of gold, palladium and copper based on the sorption of Au (III), Pd (II) and Cu (II) ions on a column packed with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl bonded silica gel is described. The modified silica gel was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and C, H, N elemental analysis. At column preconcentration, the effects of parameters such as pH, volume, flow rate, matrix constituents of solutions and type of eluent on preconcentration of gold, palladium and copper were studied. The recoveries of Au (III), Pd (II) and Cu (II) were 98.93±0.51, 98.81±0.36 and 99.21±0.42 % at 95 % confidence level, respectively. The detection limits (δ) of the elements were 0.032, 0.016 and 0.012 μg ml−1, respectively. The preconcentration method was applied for determination of gold and palladium in certified reference material SARM 7B and copper in river and synthetic seawater by FAAS. Gold, palladium and copper were determined with relative error lower than 10 %.
Synthesis and characterization of Mn-, La-Mn- and La-Ca-Mn-citrates as precursors for LaMnO3 and La1−xCaxMnO3
Authors: Petrova Nikolina , Todorovsky Dimitar , Vasileva Veselinka 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMn-, LaMn- and LaCaMn-citrates were synthesized at 60–120°C in ethylene glycol medium using chlorides or nitrates as metal sources. Their composition, IR spectra and thermal decomposition were studied. Equimolar La/Mn ratio has been established in the complex, prepared from chloride solution with the same initial composition of the metals. In the isolated three-metallic complex the molar ratio of the metals deviates from the composition in the initial solution. The final products of the heating of Mn- and mixed-metal LaMn-citrates at 1000°C are phase-homogeneous Mn3O4 (hausmannite) and LaMnO3 respectively. Parasitic phase(s) are observed in LaxCa1−xMnyO3, produced from LaCaMn-citrate.
Novel Ni−Fe-oxide systems for catalytic oxidation of cyanide in an aqueous phase
Authors: Stoyanova Maria , Christoskova Stoyanka 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCatalytic activity of mixed Ni−Fe oxide systems with respect to air oxidation of aqueous cyanide solution at 308 K was investigated. The catalysts employed were prepared by an oxidation-precipitation method at room temperature and were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy, and chemical analysis. The cyanide oxidation rate was found to be dependent on the catalyst's calcination temperature, pH of the medium, and catalyst loading. Results revealed that the catalyst calcined at 120°C is the most active where up to 90% of free cyanide (4 mM) was removed after oxidation for 30 minutes in the presence of 2.5 g/L catalyst at pH 9.5. The cyanide conversion becomes less favorable as the pH of the solution increases (with other constant parameters). The selectivity data showed that carbon dioxide is the main oxidation product, regardless of pH of the solution.
Cosmological perturbations in FRW model with scalar field within Hamilton-Jacobi formalism and symplectic projector method
Authors: Baleanu Dumitru 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The Hamilton-Jacobi analysis is applied to the dynamics of the scalar fluctuations about the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric. The gauge conditions are determined from the consistency conditions. The physical degrees of freedom of the model are obtained by the symplectic projector method. The role of the linearly dependent Hamiltonians and the gauge variables in the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism is discussed.
The impact of local spatial resistance on the movement behaviour of Tenebrio molitor L.
Authors: Jopp Fred 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAlthough the impact of vegetation and other environmental factors on the distribution of terrestrial invertebrates has been known since the 1950s, basic knowledge about their interaction with micro-landscape elements is lacking. In experimental model systems, the impact of varying local spatial resistance (LSR) on the distribution of Tenebrio molitor individuals was analysed in the laboratory. In the setups, LSR led to a reduction of the average distance covered (move step length) and a reduction of the velocity (the maximum speed ranging from 36.1 in the control groups to 20.4 [mm*step−1] in areas with a maximum LSR). Also, the covered distances per individual varied among three groups, from 2.97 m in the control to 1.11 m in areas with medium LSR to 0.88 m in areas with maximum LSR. Thus, in areas with LSR, animals were forced by their habitats to perform shorter move steps on average and covered less distance. The distance covered (i.e., dispersal performances) were not correlated with such factors as sex, weight and length of the Tenebrio individuals from other studies. Analysis of the data for net squared displacement indicated that the dispersal of the beetles did not follow a diffusion process. The move step directions of the dispersal data showed pronounced autocorrelation, which means that in contrast to other findings, the individuals were not performing a random walk. This effect was strongly dependent on the temporal resolution (i.e. grain), and was also influenced by the experimental conditions. The entire array of data showed high variability among the sub-groups (as well as many outliers), revealing nonparametric characteristics. The results showed that the specific physical configuration of suitable habitat for Tenebrio is one of the key indicators of landscape connectivity on the micro-scale.
Familial and inherited breast cancers in Lower Silesia (Poland)
Authors: Bębenek Marek , Rutkowska Anna , Błaszczyk Jerzy 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequencies of hereditary and familial breast cancers among Lower Silesian women. The questionnaires, dealing with cancer episodes in first-and second-degree relatives, were sent to 5,000 females, who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1984 and 2005. Twenty-five percent of the questionnaires were completed and returned. Their analysis and further counseling revealed that 24.9% of the responders met the criteria for familial breast cancer (FBC), including 10.5% definitive cases. Mutations in BRCA1 were detected in 32.5% and 1.9% of patients with definitive and suspected FBC, respectively. They all represented three of the abnormalities of the BRCA1 gene: 300T/G, 4153delA and 5382insC. No mutations of BRCA2 were found in material studied. Although a fraction of FBCs identified in our study was similar to those described in other European countries and in the United States, the percentages of genetic mutations seen on routine tests were relatively low. Consequently, the standardized analysis of oncological pedigree seems to be a more valuable diagnostic tool if patients with familial aggregations of breast cancer are targeted in a prophylactic context only.
Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Porous Carbon Materials
Authors: Lee J. , Kim J. , Hyeon T. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this review, the progress made in the last ten years concerning the synthesis of porous carbon materials is summarized. Porous carbon materials with various pore sizes and pore structures have been synthesized using several different routes. Microporous activated carbons have been synthesized through the activation process. Ordered microporous carbon materials have been synthesized using zeolites as templates. Mesoporous carbons with a disordered pore structure have been synthesized using various methods, including catalytic activation using metal species, carbonization of polymer/polymer blends, carbonization of organic aerogels, and template synthesis using silica nanoparticles. Ordered mesoporous carbons with various pore structures have been synthesized using mesoporous silica materials such as MCM‐48, HMS, SBA‐15, MCF, and MSU‐X as templates. Ordered mesoporous carbons with graphitic pore walls have been synthesized using soft‐carbon sources that can be converted to highly ordered graphite at high temperature. Hierarchically ordered mesoporous carbon materials have been synthesized using various designed silica templates. Some of these mesoporous carbon materials have successfully been used as adsorbents for bulky pollutants, as electrodes for supercapacitors and fuel cells, and as hosts for enzyme immobilization. Ordered macroporous carbon materials have been synthesized using colloidal crystals as templates. One‐dimensional carbon nanostructured materials have been fabricated using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as a template.
Through‐Space Conjugated Polymers Based on Cyclophanes
Authors: Morisaki Yasuhiro , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: August 2006

AbstractConjugated polymers display unique electronic and optical properties, which favor their use in applications as optoelectronic materials and molecular devices. Despite the recent remarkable progress in the chemistry of conjugated polymers, the synthesis of conjugated polymers containing cyclophane units in the main chain is limited to only a few examples. This Minireview presents recent developments in the synthesis, properties, and applications of through‐space conjugated polymers based on cyclophanes.
Readily Synthesized Chiral Sulfides as Reagents for Asymmetric Epoxidation
Authors: Badine D. Michael , Hebach Christina , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChiral oxathianes were designed, synthesized, and successfully used for asymmetric sulfur ylide mediated epoxidation. A considerable emphasis has been placed upon the design of sulfides with suitable architecture in a small number of steps (three or four). The use of (4aR,6S,8aR)‐6‐isopropenyl‐8a‐methyloctahydro‐1,4‐benzoxathiane in asymmetric epoxidation resulted in good diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity in the formation of stilbene oxide, and (2S,6S)‐2‐allyl‐2,3,3,6‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐oxathiane produced even better results. Moderate to good diastereoselectivities with essentially complete enantioselectivities were observed in the formation of alkyl–aryl‐, vinyl–aryl‐, and propargyl–aryl‐substituted epoxides. The selectivities were rationalized and supported by density functional theory calculations.
Über den Briefwechsel zwischen Karl Jaspers und Heinrich Behnke
Authors: Hartmann Uta 
Published: August 2006

AbstractOn the correspondence between Karl Jaspers and Heinrich Behnke. – In summer 1922 the mathematician Heinrich Behnke (1898–1979) attended lectures by the philosopher Karl Jaspers (1883–1969). This marked the beginning of a friendship over more than 40 years. This article will describe the essential topics of the correspondence between Jaspers and Behnke. Two topics will be pointed out: First their relationship which was characterized by their experiences and sorrows – especially during the Nazi regime. Second their discussion on researching and giving lectures. By this Jaspers' book Die Idee der Universität was the focus of interest.
The risk of second primary tumors in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after definitive radiotherapy
Authors: Kong Lin , Lu Jiade Jay , Hu Chaosu , Guo Xiaomao , Wu Yongru , Zhang Youwang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDSecond primary tumors (SPTs) have a substantial impact on survival in cancer patients. However, risk factors for SPTs have not been documented well, especially in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The objective of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate such risks in patients with NPC after they received definitive radiation treatment.METHODSThree hundred twenty‐six consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed, nonmetastatic, undifferentiated NPC who received treatment between January 1, 1994 and December 30, 1995 were analyzed. All patients were restaged in accordance with the 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging classification. There were 18 patients (5.5%) with Stage I NPC, 152 patients (46.6%) with Stage II NPC, 101 patients (31.0%) with Stage III NPC, and 55 patients (16.9%) with Stage IVA or IVB NPC at initial diagnosis. All patients received definitive radiotherapy with either Cobalt‐60 or megavoltage therapy. High‐dose‐rate brachytherapy was given to 23 patients either as part of their primary treatment or as adjuvant treatment for residual lesions.RESULTSThe median follow‐up for all patients was 5.6 years (range, 1.0–8.0 years). Seventeen patients (5.2%) developed SPTs, for an average annual rate of 1.0%, and the 5‐year cumulative incidence was 5.8%. Six SPTs were located within the radiation field. The cumulative incidence of in‐field SPTs was 0.35% at 3 years and 1.2% at 5 years, and the average annual rate was 0.35%. Eleven patients (64.7%) had tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT). Among the 14 SPTs that occurred within 5 years after radiotherapy, only 3 tumors (21.4%) occurred within the radiation field. In contrast, all 3 SPTs that occurred >5 years after radiotherapy occurred within the radiation field (P = .029). Multivariate analysis showed that age was the only independent risk factor for developing SPTs after RT for NPC. Advanced age (age ≥50 years) was associated with a 37% increased risk of developing SPTs (relative risk, 1.367; 95% confidence interval, 1.067–1.1753; P = .014). Other factors, including gender, tumor or lymph node classification, chemotherapy, total radiation dose to the nasopharynx, reirradiation, and adjuvant brachytherapy did not influence the risk of SPTs.CONCLUSIONSSPTs in patients with NPC occurred preferentially in the UADT and tended to develop within the irradiated field >5 years after patients received radiation. Older patients with NPC (age ≥50 years) may be at increased risk. Further studies with larger samples and longer follow‐up will be needed to confirm these findings. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The incidence and mortality of cutaneous melanoma in southern Germany
Authors: Lasithiotakis Konstantinos G. , Leiter Ulrike , Gorkievicz Roman , Eigentler Thomas , Breuninger Helmut , Metzler Gisela , Strobel Waltraud , Garbe Claus 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDCutaneous melanoma (CM) incidence and mortality have risen dramatically during the past 2 generations, particularly among Caucasian populations. Detailed, long‐term trends of CM in relation to clinical and pathologic characteristics in a Central European population have not been published to date.METHODSThe current study was based on 1980 patients with invasive CM diagnosed in Southern Germany during the years from 1976 to 2003 documented by the Central Malignant Melanoma Registry. The German standard population was used to calculate age‐standardized rates, and the annual percent change was estimated by using age, anatomic site, histologic type, and tumor thickness.RESULTSDuring the study period, the incidence of CM approximately was tripled for males and females, reaching 10.3 and 13.3 per 100,000 per year, respectively (P < .001). The largest increases occurred for melanoma localized on the upper limbs (annual change, 5.9% for males and 5.0% for females; P < .001) and superficially spreading melanoma (annual change, 7.8% for males and 5.9% for females; P < .001). Thin tumors (Breslow thickness <1 mm) were presented significantly more often during the study period (annual change, 9.8% for males and 6.1% for females; P < .001), predominantly in younger patients. Thick tumors and nodular melanomas were more frequent among older patients (age >70 years), particularly among males. The age‐standardized mortality decreased from 1.5 to 0.8 per 100,000 males and from 2.6 to 0.8 per 100,000 females with a significant downward trend for the female population (P < .001).CONCLUSIONSThe current results indicated which diverging trends between incidence and mortality may be explained by improved public awareness regarding suspicious pigmented lesions and the earlier detection of these tumors. Continuation of the current preventive strategy and its expansion to include older age groups in the population are warranted. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
On the BIEM solution for a half‐space by Neumann series
Authors: Antes M. Y. , Karinski Y. S. , Yankelevsky D. Z. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an approach which allows the solution of elastic problems concerning a half‐space (half‐plane) with cavities by the boundary integral equation methods using Neumann's series. To evaluate the series terms at singular points, the regular representations of singular integrals for the external problems were proven and the regular recurrent relationships for the series terms, which can be calculated by any known quadrature rule, are obtained. The numerical proposed procedure was tested by comparison with known theoretical solution and the method convergence was studied for various depths of a buried cavity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel computation of arbitrarily shaped waveguide modes using BI‐RME and Lanczos methods
Authors: Vidal A. M. , Vidal A. , Boria V. E. , García V. M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper is devoted to the parallelization of a new method for solving large, structured eigenvalue problems, which appear in the electromagnetic modal analysis of arbitrarily shaped waveguides, typically present in many modern passive devices. This new method, based on the boundary integral‐resonant mode expansion (BI‐RME) technique and in the Lanczos method (for solution of the eigenvalue problem), was recently proposed by the authors, showing important advantages in terms of CPU time and memory over previously used solutions. As it will be fully described in this paper, the parallel version of such a new method allows further important savings in the overall CPU computation time. Comparative benchmarks and scalability issues related to the implemented parallel algorithm are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the resolution of transverse stresses in solid‐shells with a multi‐layer formulation
Authors: Fiolka M. , Matzenmiller A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA locking free solid‐shell element, based on a surface orientated shell formulation, is used for a single‐layer approach as well as for a multi‐layer analysis. Locking is removed by a combination of the assumed strain and enhanced assumed strain methods. The suggested incompatible strain field enables the element to pass the patchtest for plates with a minimum of enhancement parameters. It is tested at various benchmark examples for the resolution of the transverse shear and normal stresses in thin‐walled structures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ZAP‐70 by flow cytometry: A comparison of different antibodies, anticoagulants, and methods of analysis
Authors: Best O. G. , Ibbotson R. E. , Parker A. E. , Davis Z. A. , Orchard J. A. , Oscier D. G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground:The clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is variable. ZAP‐70 expression is believed to provide prognostic information. The flow cytometric detection of ZAP‐70 is difficult because it is an intracellular antigen with weak expression in CLL. Consensus has not been reached as to the best method for measurement.Methods:We analyzed 72 CLL patient samples for ZAP‐70 expression and IgVH mutational status. Sensitivity and specificity of ZAP‐70 expression against IgVH mutational status were assessed for two clones (2F3.2 and 1E7.2) and for four methods of analysis: percentage positivity (PP), comparing test to isotype control, ratio of geometric means of test and isotype control, and percentage and ratiometric methods comparing test and T/NK cell populations. The effects of anticoagulant, collection times, and time to analysis were also evaluated.Results:Sensitivity and specificity were 85 and 88%, respectively, for Upstate PP; 70 and 88% for Caltag PP; 89 and 91% for Upstate ratio; 89 and 88% for Caltag ratio. Intraobserver variability was smaller when ZAP‐70 expression was assessed using a ratiometric approach rather than the percentage method. By 48 h, we observed an average decrease of 13% in the Caltag ratio in the heparin preserved samples compared to an increase of 3% in those collected in EDTA. Within the first 24‐h period, a greater percent variability was observed in those samples collected into EDTA compared with heparin.Conclusion:Our data support a rapid method for ZAP‐70 measurement using commercially available fixation/permeabilization reagents, a conjugated antibody, and a ratiometric method of analysis that minimizes subjective interpretation of the results. This is a method of ZAP‐70 assessment that could be included in a routine diagnostic CLL panel; however, the choice of anticoagulant and time of analysis after collection are critical factors in accurate assessment of ZAP‐70 expression. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology