bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Seeding Rate on Growth Duration and Accumulation and Partitioning of Dry matter in Oats
Authors: Peltonen‐Sainio P. , Järvinen P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCrop management influences considerably the three components of grain yield, growth duration, growth rate, and harvest index (HI). Effects of seeding rate on these yield components in oats (Avena sativa L.) was assessed in field experiments at the Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki, Finland (60°13′N) in 1991 and 1992. Three Finnish oat genotypes were evaluated; a long‐strawed landrace cultivar, a moderately long‐strawed modern cultivar, and a semi‐dwarf breeding line. The following traits were measured: grain yield, days from sowing to yellow ripeness, number of tillers on main shoot, phytomass, vegetative phytomass, and their growth rates (PGR and VGR, respectively), panicle weight and its filling rate (PFR), HI, leaf area index (LAI), and at intervals, dry‐matter accumulation in leaves and straw.Increases in seeding rate significantly decreased growth duration and PGR of individual plants but increased PGR on a ground area basis. Seeding rate did not, however, affect HI. When seeding rate was increased from 200 seeds m−2 to 500 seeds m−2, reductions in vegetative phytomass, panicle weight, VGR, and PFR for individual plants ranged between 20 and 40 %, depending on genotype. At ≥600 seeds m−2 differences in these components between seeding rates were modest. However, PGR, VGR, and PFR per unit ground area increased with increasing seeding rates up to 600–700 seeds m−2. Moreover, the higher the seeding rate, the higher the peak LAI (2.7 maximum) and the earlier the canopy closure. Hence, our results showed that a seeding rate of 600–700 seeds m−2, which resulted in uniculm growth habit, is advantageous in terms of grain yield at high latitudes due to higher biomass accumulation and subsequently greater interception of PAR.
Ertragsbildung von getreidereichen Fruchtfolgen und Getreide‐monokulturen in einem extensiven und intensiven Anbausystem
Authors: Panse A. , Maidl F. X. , Dennert J. , Brunner H. , Fischbeck G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractYield formation in cereal‐rich crop rotations and monocultures in an extensive and intensive crop‐management systemIn a long duration trial, conducted from 1979/80 to 1992 at TU‐Munich's research station in Roggenstein, the performance of monocultures of winter wheat, winter barley and winter rye, as well as numerous cereal‐crop rotations were compared in an extensive and intensive crop‐management system. The results obtained can be summarized as follows.Over the course of 13 years, the influence of the immediately preceding crop on the yield of the main crops was of much greater significance than the rotation as a whole. With winter wheat, no yield differences could be observed between monoculture and cereal crop rotation (if the rotation did not include oats). Oats, rape, field bean, pea, potato and maize as preceding crops, however, in crop management systems, led to, on average, an increase in yield of 13 dt/ha from the following wheat. Winter barley yields were not significantly different in monoculture, cereal crop rotations and crop rotations containing 66% cereals. Furthermore, winter rye yields were the same in monocultures and cereal crop rotations. With all cereals, intensification of fertilizing and chemical plant protection led to a considerable increase in yield, but did not diminish the effects of the preceding crop. Hence, even with the use of modern agronomical techniques it is impossible to compensate for yield losses due to crop rotation.
Comparison of Vernalization Requirements and Frost Resistance of Winter Rape Lines Derived from Double Haploids
Authors: Markowski A. , Rapacz M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVernalization requirements and cold resistance of 13 lines of winter rape derived from doubled haploids obtained by androgenesis were investigated. The degree of vernalization requirements was examined in two parallel experiments. In the first experiment seedlings aged 2 weeks were vernalized during 63 and 35 days under controlled conditions, at 5 °C. In the second experiment the natural conditions of vernalization were differentiated by sowing the plants at four different dates in spring: March 15th, April 15th, May 15th, and at the latest date excluding vernalization, June 5th. The lines examined revealed differentiation of vernalization requirements that were similar in both experiments; all the lines required a period of exposure to cold before flowering. Cold resistance of lines was estimated in two successive series at −15 °C and −17 °C. Before testing the plants were kept in natural field conditions from the beginning of September until the middle of November. Testing of cold resistance was preceded by hardening under controlled conditions. Considerable differences in cold resistance was found in the forms investigated.The results obtained do not show any relation between frost resistance and the degree of vernalization requirements, as the line characterized by the strongest winter habit of growth showed low cold resistance, whereas the lines which were closer to spring growth habit showed the highest level of cold resistance; the lines with the least vernalization requirements revealed the highest level of cold resistance. This conclusion can be confirmed by the significance of the correlation coefficients between the various indices defining the frost resistance and the indices of vernalization requirements.
Correlation Studies and Path Coefficient Analysis in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Subramanian Selvi , Subramanian M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField investigations were carried out at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, India during 1989—1990 to study the genotypic character association in sesame. The F4 and F5 generations of TSS6 X TMV3 and TMV3 X TSS6 were raised and eight genotypic characters were recorded: plant height; primary branches; secondary branches; capsule number per plant; seed number per capsule; 1000 seed—weight; oil content and seed yield per plant. Correlation studies showed that the magnitude and direction of correlation between eight pairs of traits varied with generations in both crosses involving two genotypes reciprocally. Single plant yield had a strong significant and positive relationship with capsule number in both generations of the two cross combinations indicating the close link between the two traits. The path coefficient analysis revealed that direct and indirect contributions by different traits primary branches, secondary branches, capsule number per plant, seed number per capsule and 1000—seed weight had to be considered as the most important traits in the determination of seed yield and selection of parents.
Phosphorus Accumulation and Translocation in Wheat as Affected by Cultivar and Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Papakosta Despo K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo improve nutrient management strategies in wheat more information is needed about the interaction effects among nutrients in their uptake and redistribution in the plants, in relation to different genotypes. Therefore, two bread (T. aestivum L.) and two durum (T. durum Desf.) winter wheat cultivars were grown in the field for 2 years (1986, 1987) in a silty‐clay soil under different nitrogen (N) levels, in Northern Greece. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha−1 was applied before planting or 100 kg ha−1 before planting and then 50 kg ha−1 at early boot stage. Cultivar differences in phosphorus (p) concentration were observed only in vegetative parts but not in the grain. Maximum p accumulation was observed either at anthesis or at maturity. During grain filling dry matter and p accumulation in the grain followed almost the same pattern. Phosphorus translocation efficiency of the cultivars at the 2 years ranged from 70.7 to 84.3 % and the amount of p in the grain derived from translocation 52 to 100 %. Phosphorus translocation efficiency was weakly correlated with p content in grain only in 1986, while phosphorus harvest index (PHI) was positively correlated with harvest indst (HI) both years (r = 0.82** in 1986 and 0.75** in 1987). Nitrogen application mainly affected p accumulation of the cultivars via its effect on biomass production. The split N application promoted slightly the p uptake in 1987 and this resulted in the reduction of both the contribution of the translocated p to the grain and the efficiency of p utilization for total biomass. Results indicated that p accumulation and translocation and the efficiency of p utilization in wheat were mainly determined by the genotype in relation to environmental condition of growth.
Nitrogen Fixation, Growth and Yield of Intercropped Mungbean (yigna radiataL.) and Groundnut (Aracbis bypogaeaL.) as Affected by the Genotype
Authors: Senaratne R. , Gunasekera M. T. K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract15N‐aided investigations were conducted to ascertain the Nj fixation and the nitrogen (N) contribution by mungbean (Vigna radiataL.) and groundnut (Aracbis hypogaeaL.) when intercropped with maize (Zea mays). The study involved growing seven genotypes of the above legumes with maize in alternate rows in two separate experiments. A sole crop of maize was used as the reference crop to determine N2 fixation by the15N methodology. Significant genotypic differences in pod yield and stover N content were observed in intercropped mungbean and groundnut. The percentage N derived from the atmosphere showed a genotypic variation of 31 to 45 % (7 to 10 kg N2fixed ha−1O in mungbean and 47 to 69 % (9 to 18 kg N2fixed ha−1) in groundnut. Harvest index for N varied from 58 to 77 % in mungbean and 55 to 75 % in groundnut. In groundnut, the uptake of soil N was significantly affected by the genotype. Assuming that the N contribution to the soil by the helow‐ground plant parts was negligible, the removal of seeds at maturity resulted in a negative N balance in the soil in all the genotypes of mungbean. In groundnut, some genotypes produced a positive N balance in the soil. Owing to high N2fixation capacity and low harvest index for N, groundnut showed a greater N supplementing ability than mungbean.
Significance of Seed Source on Grain Yield in Faba Beans (Vida faba L.) and Dry Peas (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Stelling D. , Malau S. , Ebmeyer E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn order to investigate the significance of seed source on yield and related characters 47 seed lots of seven faba bean varieties and 24 seed lots of five dry pea varieties were tested in three series of field trials. The grain yield of the faba bean varieties tested was considerably modified by seed source, whereas only small and nonsignificant effects of seed source were found in dry peas. In general, seed sources with a high thousand grain weight, a high protein content, high portions of undamaged and healthy seeds, and in faba beans a high degree of cross‐fertilization exhibited superior grain yields. Production of high‐performance seed proved to be the most difficult for the large‐seeded and white‐flowered faba bean varieties. Based on a tabular summary on factors affecting effects of seed source problems of seed production in both grain legumes and their impact on yield are discussed.
Agronomic Variability in Selected Triticum turgidum x T. tauschii Synthetic Hexaploid Wheats
Authors: Villareal R. L. , Mujeeb‐Kazi A. , Toro E. Del , Crossa J. , Rajaram S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo trials were conducted at the Mexican National Institute of Agricultural Research Experiment Station at Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico to investigate the nature and extent of agronomic variation in 50 synthetic hexaploid (SH) wheats (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) derived from Triticum turgidum (2n = 4x = 28. AABB) ×T. tauschii (In = 2x = 14, DD) crosses for subsequent use in wheat improvement. Plant height, spike length, days to flowering, physiological maturity, grain yield, above‐ground biomass at maturity, harvest index, yield components and test weight were determined.Significant agronomic variation was observed among the germplasm evaluated. Outstanding SH genotypes were identified with higher grain yield, above‐ground biomass at maturity, 1000‐grain weight, and spikes m−2 than the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) check cultivar Seri 82. Genotypic correlations of grain yield with other character traits show that grain m2 was the most important determinant of gram yield (r = 0.993). Data on agronomic traits subjected to complete linkage cluster analysis resulted in classifying the genotypes into two distinct phenotypic groups excluding Seri 82. Groups generally corresponded to durum progenitors of the SH with significant group differences for all characters. This demonstrates use of practical numerical analysis procedures to describe agronomic variation in representative SH genotypes. Clustering by quantitativy traits may be valuable for identification of genotypes with divergent sources for breeding and agronomic purposes.
Körner‐Amarant (Amaranthus ssp.): Anbau, Züchtung und Werteigenschaften einer alten Indio‐Pflanze
Authors: Wegerle N. , Zeller F. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Grain amaranth (Amarantbus ssp.): Cultivation, Breeding and Properties of an Old Indian Plant Current knowledge on evolution, systematics and biology, as well as on the status of genetic and breeding efforts on the grain‐amaranth species A. caudatus, A. cruentus and A, hypochondriacus are compiled. The mineral contents and nutrient composition are compared with those of wheat and maize, and the potential cultivation of these crops in Central Europe, on the basis of experimental trials, is discussed. Amaranth could become a valuable human food source in Europe
Prolonging Seed Viability in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with Calcium Chloride
Authors: Padmanabhan G. , Nagarajan M. , Manian K. , Annamalainathan K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGroundnut pods stored in gunny bags, polythene lined gunny bags, polythene lined gunny bags with fused CaCl2, mud pots, and bamboo baskets showed significant differences in germination and vigour. The increased viability of pods in polythene lined gunny bag with fused CaCl2 is attributed to low moisture content and high dehydrogenase activity. The present study showed that the viability of groundnut pods could be enhanced using desiccant like fused Calcium Chloride.
Response of Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) to Nitrogen Application
Authors: Khan M. M. A. , Samiullah  , Afaq S. H. , Afridi R. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA pot experiment was conducted on Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) to study the effect of urea nitrogen and select the optimum dose required for its vegetative and reproductive growth, leaf NPK content, yield of fruit and fruit solasodine. Urea was applied at 0.0, 0.45, 0.90, 1.35, 1.80 and 2.25 g N per pot which contained 3.5 kg soil. Seeds were sown directly in pots and plant samples were drawn at fortnightly intervals for recording growth and yield parameters. In addition, solasodine content in fruit and N, P and K in leaves were also estimated. The results showed that all the parameters were influenced by N. In general, N at 1.80 g per pot was optimal.
Effect of Shading on Nodule Growth and Sugar Distrihution in Faha Bean (Vicia Faba L.)
Authors: XiA M. Z. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important grain legume world wide, yet the relationship between light intensity and nodule development and N2 fixation has received minimal attention. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of shading on faba bean growth, seed yield, nodule development, and the distribution of total N and total sugar among plant parts. Seeds of the V. faba cultivar Xichang Dabai were sown in pots at Xichang. China, in 1986–90. The plants subjected to 50 % and 20 % shading for 145 d had thinner and taller main stem than the control, and fewer flowers, pods, and seeds. Poor dry weight of organs and less developed underground parts were recognized. Shading caused the deficiency of photosynthate (supply), subsequently less nodules formed poorer fresh weight of nodules was produced and nodule senescing advanced. Total N and total sugar contents per plant and in roots, stems and leaves were consistently lower under shading regimes, but the contents in nodules did not change significantly. It seems that the insufficient photosynthate supply limited both N and C metabolism in shading plants by first limiting growth of the whole plant and nodule, and that the lower total N content in faba bean plant under shading regime was attributed to an decreased effective nodule mass and advanced nodule senescing.
Vergleichende Feldversuche mit Land‐ und Zuchtsorten von Durumweizen (Triticum turgidum var. durum) unter verschiedenen ökologischen Bedingungen im Mittelmeerraum
Authors: Kyzeridis N. , Biesantz A. , Limberg P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Comparative trials with durum‐wheat landraces and cultivars in different ecological environments in the mediterranean region Durum‐wheat landraces (local varieties) and cultivars (released varieties) were examined for grain yield and some qualitative traits in three environments in 1985 and 1986. The purpose of this research was the preservation of the local genetic material and its use in durum‐wheat breeding programmes in mediterranean countries. It was confirmed that, during the graining period (heading to yellow ripeness), the landraces were more resistant to drought and high temperatures than the cultivars. A short graining period led to a sharp rise in the percentage of protein. On the other hand, the protein content decreased when the grain yield increased. Contrary to the cultivars, the vitrousness of some landraces was not negatively influenced by high soil moisture during the graining period. These landraces combined high grain yield with a high percentage of vitrous kernels and can be considered as valuable gene material for breeding purposes.
Transpiration Dynamics in Cadmium‐Treated Soybean (Glycine max L.) Plants
Authors: Leita L. , Marchiol L. , Martin M. , Peressotti A. , Vedove G. Delle , Zerbi G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSoybean (Glycine max L.) plants, cv Richland, were grown during 30 days in a nutrient solution. After this period the plants were treated with a 50 μM Cd(NO3)2 solution. Sap flow rate and stomatal conductance were monitored during 4 consecutive days; at the end of this period relative water content and stomatal width and length were determined on fully expanded leaves. On the second day from the Cd treatment sap, flow rate and stomatal conductance in the treated plants were reduced to 60% of the control plants. Stomatal conductance kept on decreasing up to the fourth day. Cadmium decreased the leaf relative water content and the reduction in the stomatal closure was supported by an increase in the L/W ratio of the stomata. Root water uptake should be the primary mechanism reduced by Cd stress in soybean, and this reduction is consistent with the decrease in transpiration rate and with the stomatal closure.
Effect of Irrigation, Mulch and Nitrogen on Yield and Composition of Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis L. subsp. haplocalyx var. piperascens) Oil
Authors: SAXENA ANURAG , SINGH J. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffects of irrigation, mulch and nitrogen on yield and composition of Japanese mini (Mentha arvensis L. subsp. haplocalyx Briq. var piperascens) oil were studied using a replicated experiment. Two harvests were obtained 120 davs atter planting and 75 davs after the first harvest. Significantly higher drv matter and essential oil yields were obtained with frequent irrigations (50 mm Cumulative Pan Evaporation), application of mulch and Nitrogen. The economic optimum rate of N was 215 Kg ha‐1. The essential oil from the first harvest was richer in menthol (78.8%) than the oil obtained from second harvest (75.2%). Soil moisture extraction was maximum between 15 and 30 cm soil depths. Consumptive use, water use efficiency and moisture use rate‐were maximum under higher irrigation levels and mulch application which reflect that more availability of moisture in soil profile with frequent irrigations and application of mulch.
Regulation of Correlative Senescence in Arachis hypogaea L. by Source‐Sink Alteration through Physical and Hormonal Means
Authors: Ghosh A. K. , Biswas A. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAmongst the plants (Arachis hypogaea) subjected to differential reproductive manipulations, the leaf levels of chlorophyll and sugar and the dry weight of the aerial plants increased more (except sugar level in defruited plant) in the deflorated plants than either in the defruited or control plants, and the order of senescence was: control > defruited > deflorated. Seed yield per plant increased in deflorated plants as a result of increase in the number of pods (sink size) and reduction in the sink strength (seed wt per pod). While 75 % defoliation caused a decrease in all the parameters relating to senescence (chlorophyll, protein, reduced nitrogen, sugar and dry wt), 25% defoliation caused a slight decrease of chlorophyll level of leaf and aerial plant weight. However, the level of protein and reduced nitrogen in the leaf and sugar in the stem increased by the latter (through 25% defoliation). Defoliation up to 25% reduced seed yield by only 2%. Whereas the level of chlorophyll and aerial plant dry weight were not significantly changed by either kinetin or ABA, the level of protein and reduced nitrogen in the leaf and sugar level in both leaf and stem increased by kinetin. GA3 increased almost all the parameters studied. All the three phytohormones increased the yield, mainly by increasing the sink size rather than the sink strength. It is concluded that the aerial flowers are more lethal than the underground fruits in inducing whole plant senescence where the leaf senescence is uncoupled from fruit maturation in normal condition possibly due to sink limitation.
The First Step Towards a Decision‐support System for Sugar‐beet Growing: Selection of a Basic Growth Model
Authors: Smit A. B. , Struik P. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFour simulation models were tested for their suitability as a basic growth model in a decision support system for sugar beet growing in The Netherlands. SUCROS and SUBEMO are complex, mechanistic models; LINTUL and PIEteR are relatively simple regression models including causal relationships at a higher level of integration. All four models are dynamic, i.e. they calculate daily development and production rates.The selected model had to be able to predict root and sugar yields accurately and to correct for suboptimal water contents of the soil. It should be possible to include location‐specific data and new modules, e.g. for nitrogen fertilization or plant density. Finally, the farmer should be able to collect the required input data easily and cheaply.The tests showed that PIEteR predicted root and sugar yields best, partly because it contained water‐balance corrections, based on location‐specific soil characteristics. PIEteR could not be applied universally because of its regression character at a high level of integration, but it met the requirements specified.