bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Note on the Paper ‘Explanation of paradoxes in Dupuit‐Forchheimer Seepage Theory,’ by Don Kirkham
Authors: Childs E. C. , Youngs E. G. 
Published: February 2008

The title of this very interesting paper [Kirkham, 1967] provides a clue to what we believe to be a misconception that has led the author to his analysis, which is in itself impeccable.It is the essential nature of an approximation that it assumes certain things that are not strictly true and that are known not to be true; otherwise it would not be an approximation but a rigorous treatment. If an admitted approximation, such as the Dupuit‐Forchheimer treatment, is then submitted to rigorous analysis as though no approximation had been made, then naturally some nonsensical results will emerge, as Muskat showed in the passage referred to by Professor Kirkham. To that extent every approximate treatment involves a paradox and is accepted as involving a paradox. If, and only if, the assumption is not too far from the truth, do the results calculated from it also prove to be sufficiently near the mark, and then, and only then, is the approximation useful.
Some Observations on Springs in Southwest Wisconsin
Authors: De Geoffroy J. , Wu S. M. , Heins R. W. 
Published: February 2008

The present study follows two papers [De Geoffroy et al., 1967, 1968] that describe a spring sampling technique used for the geochemical coverage of a large area of southwest Wisconsin to detect zinc ore bodies. During the course of the geochemical survey, it became apparent that valuable hydrologie data could be collected simultaneously for a small additional cost.Little information on springs is available in the literature for Wisconsin and most parts of the United States, with the exception of the southwest portion of the country [Feth, 1953; Feth et al, 1964; Waring, 1915]. It is hoped that the present survey of springs can be a useful addition to the study of ground water in southwest Wisconsin. Samples from 7210 springs were collected within an area of 900 square miles (Figure 1) during four field seasons. The systematic procedure covering the field work has been detailed previously [De Geoffroy et al., 1967].
Criteria for the use of vertical averaging in environmental dispersion models
Authors: Galloway F. M. 
Published: February 2008

Vertical averaging, or averaging in a plane perpendicular to the mean flow, in environmental dispersion problems is desirable from the standpoint of the efficiency of computer solution. This paper presents a method based on computer solution of a model transport problem for estimating when cross‐plane averaging is appropriate. The method is applied to four examples representing typical lakes, rivers, estuaries, and the atmosphere, respectively. The results are correlated in terms of a characteristic length, velocity and turbulent diffusivity, and two dimensionless parameters that depend on the velocity and vertical diffusivity profiles. It is shown that these parameters vary over a relatively small range for the variety of examples that are considered.The appendix is available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Document W76‐003; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.
Casing depths and solute travel times to wells
Authors: Kirkham Don , Sotres M. Olga 
Published: February 2008

Travel times are computed for a solute moving by assumed piston flow in a steady state along streamlines in a phreatic (water table) aquifer in which a tube well is located to determine the influence of unscreened casing depth on travel time. Flow nets are first computed by potential theory and then travel times along sets of streamlines for 18 geometries. Parameters varied are unscreened casing depth, well radius, and thickness of aquifer, all for a fixed radius of influence. For a well radius of 10 ft (3.05 m), a radius of influence of 500 ft (152 m), an aquifer thickness of 100 ft (30.5 m), a depth of the unscreened (impervious) casing below the water table of 25 ft (7.62 m), a hydraulic conductivity of 100 ft/d (30.5 m/d), a head difference across the system of 5 ft (1.52 m), and an aquifer porosity of 0.25 the longest travel time for a solute entering at the water table is 89.3 yr, and the shortest, which is for flow along the well casing, 0.500 day. Corresponding travel times for the same geometry, except that the unscreened depth of casing is doubled from 25 ft (7.62 m) to 50 ft (15.24 m), are 106.4 yr and 2.38 days. Other times may be determined conveniently from charts that give dimensionless times t′ that are to be multiplied by a factor [ƒ/(KH)]b2, where ƒ is aquifer porosity, K is hydraulic conductivity, H is pumping drawdown depth, and b is radius of influence. The computed travel times should be useful in well design and protection from solutes, such as nitrates and acids originating from agriculture, industry, strip mines, sanitary landfills, or other groundwater pollution sources near wells.Supplementary appendix (computer program) is available with entire article in microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Document W78‐001; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.
Correction for bias in estimation of the standard deviation and coefficient of skewness of the log Pearson 3 distribution
Authors: Lettenmaier Dennis P. , Burges Stephen J. 
Published: February 2008

Estimated bias correction factors αG and αS for the coefficient of skewness and standard deviation of the log Pearson 3 distribution are presented. In contrast to similar results for other distributions commonly used in water resource applications, both αG and αS depend on the coefficient of variation Cv as well as the skew coefficient γ. The αG is not monotonie with γ for some values of Cv, and both αG and αS may assume values less than unity, unlike other commonly used distributions. It is shown that some of these differences are attributable to the peculiar forms which the probability density function of the log Pearson 3 distribution may assume.Supplement (tables) is available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. Document W80‐007; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.
Tumor vaccine therapy against recrudescent tumor using dendritic cells simultaneously transfected with tumor RNA and granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor RNA
Authors: Naka Teiji , Iwahashi Makoto , Nakamura Masaki , Ojima Toshiyasu , Nakamori Mikihito , Ueda Kentaro , Katsuda Masahiro , Miyazawa Motoki , Ishida Koichiro , Yamaue Hiroki 
Published: February 2008

Recently, dendritic cells (DC) transfected with tumor RNA have been used as a cancer vaccine. The efficacy of a cancer vaccine using DC transfected tumor RNA was examined. Of particular interest was whether a vaccine using DC transfected with recrudescent tumor RNA is effective for the treatment of a regrowing tumor after prior immunotherapy. In addition, the usefulness of co‐transfection of granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) mRNA to augment the DC vaccine was examined. CT26 tumor‐bearing mice were immunized by s.c. injection with DC transfected with CT26 mRNA (DC‐CT26). The cytotoxic activity against CT26 in mice immunized with DC‐CT26 was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001) and was augmented by GM‐CSF mRNA co‐transfection (P < 0.05), resulting in remarkable therapeutic efficacy in CT26 s.c. tumor models. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by the vaccination using DC transfected with mRNA from the recrudescent tumor showed a potent cytotoxicity against the recrudescent CT26 tumor cells, which was significantly higher than the cytotoxicity induced by the vaccination using DC‐CT26 (P < 0.05). In addition, in a recrudescent tumor model, this vaccination suppressed the regrowing s.c. tumors, and was augmented by GM‐CSF mRNA co‐transfection (P < 0.05). These results suggested that vaccination therapy using DC simultaneously transfected with whole tumor RNA and GM‐CSF mRNA could generate therapeutic immune responses even against recrudescent tumor after prior vaccination. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 407–413)
Anti‐tumor activity and tumor vessel normalization by the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor KRN951 in a rat peritoneal disseminated tumor model
Authors: Taguchi Eri , Nakamura Kazuhide , Miura Toru , Shibuya Masabumi , Isoe Toshiyuki 
Published: February 2008

We assessed the antitumor efficacy of KRN951, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, using a rat colon cancer RCN‐9 syngeneic model in which the tumor cells are transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of F344 rats. KRN951 treatments that commenced 4 days after tumor transplantation (day 4) significantly inhibited tumor‐induced angiogenesis, the formation of tumor nodules in the mesenteric windows, and the accumulation of malignant ascites. Moreover, KRN951 treatments initiated on day 14, by which time angiogenesis and malignant ascites have already been well established, resulted in the regression of newly formed tumor vasculatures with aberrant structures and also in the apparent loss of malignant ascites by the end of the study period. Quantitative analysis of the vessel architecture on mesenteric windows revealed that KRN951 not only regressed, but also normalized the tumor‐induced neovasculature. Continuous daily treatments with KRN951 significantly prolonged the survival of rats bearing both early stage and more advanced‐stage tumors, compared with the vehicle‐treated animals. The results of our current study thus show that KRN951 inhibits colon carcinoma progression in the peritoneal cavity by blocking tumor angiogenesis, ascites formation, and tumor spread, thereby prolonging survival. Moreover, these studies clearly demonstrate the therapeutic effects of KRN951 against established tumors in the peritoneal cavity, including the regression and normalization of the tumor neovasculature. Our findings therefore suggest that KRN951 has significant potential as a future therapeutic agent in the treatment of peritoneal cancers with ascites. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 623–630)
Rice JASMONATE RESISTANT 1 is involved in phytochrome and jasmonate signalling
Authors: RIEMANN MAREN , RIEMANN MICHAEL , TAKANO MAKOTO 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTJasmonic acid (JA) is an important negative regulator of light‐regulated coleoptile elongation in rice. We isolated rice JASMONATE RESISTANT 1 (osjar1) mutants from the Tos17 mutant panel by BLAST search. In far‐red and blue lights, osjar1 coleoptiles were longer if compared with the wild type (WT), indicating that OsJar1 participates in the suppression of coleoptile elongation in these light conditions, while the mutant did not show a clear phenotype in red light. The analysis of OsJar1 expression in phytochrome (phy) mutants revealed that phytochrome A (phyA) and phytochrome B (phyB) act redundantly to induce this gene by red light, presumably. Unexpectedly, blue light‐induced expression of OsJar1 gene was impaired in phyA‐deficient mutants, indicating the involvement of phyA in the blue light signalling. In WT seedlings, OsJar1 transcripts were up‐regulated transiently in response to treatment with exogenous methyl‐jasmonic acid (MeJA). The dose–response curve of the MeJA treatment showed a characteristic pattern: concentrations as low as 4.5 nm could induce OsJar1 transcription, while the gene was superinduced at a concentration of 450 µm MeJA. In summary, this paper demonstrated that OsJar1 modulates light and JA signalling in the photomorphogenesis of rice.
Nonsurgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI): grading of evidence in systematic reviews
Authors: Latthe PM , Foon R , Khan K 
Published: February 2008

Background  The guidance on SUI has not been rigorously assessed using GRADE system.Objective  To determine if the quality and results of existing systematic reviews on conservative treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) can underpin evidence‐based recommendations for practice.Study design  Review of systematic reviews.Data sources  Electronic search in PubMed, Medline (OVID 1966‐version), CINAHL, Biomed, Psychinfo, the Cochrane library, National Library for Health, the National Research Register and hand search of reference lists.Methods  Two reviewers independently selected systematic review articles in which a publicly available database was searched for randomised trials on conservative treatment of SUI and assessed them for quality of methods and results (OR and 95% CIs). The extracted information was used to classify strength of evidence as per the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system.Results  There were 13 reviews of variable quality. Quality assessment of studies included in the reviews and their findings were adequately tabulated in all but four reviews. Meta‐analysis of data was carried out in six reviews. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) and other physical treatments, estrogens and duloxetine were better than no treatment in SUI. Based on the assessment as per GRADE system, only 2/13 (15.4%) reviews were deemed to be of high quality, 8/13 (61.5%) of moderate quality and 3/13 (23.1%) of low quality. The case for recommendation of PFMT and duloxetine was strong.Conclusion  Systematic reviews of conservative treatments of SUI are not always suitable to generate robust recommendations for practice as they are weak in methodological quality or lack power to produce reliable results.
ISOLATION OF A NON‐PHAGE‐LIKE LYTIC VIRUS INFECTING AUREOCOCCUS ANOPHAGEFFERENS1
Authors: Rowe Janet M. , Dunlap John R. , Gobler Christopher J. , Anderson O. Roger , Gastrich Mary D. , Wilhelm Steven W. 
Published: February 2008

We have been working to characterize viruses that infect the HAB‐forming pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens Hargraves et Sieburth. Field samples were collected during brown‐tide events in 2002 and tested for the presence of lytic agents. Here, we describe a recently isolated, lytic virus‐like particle (VLP) that is morphologically similar to particles observed in thin sections of infected A. anophagefferens cells from natural samples. TEM and SEM have revealed VLPs consistent with the morphological characteristics of previously described Phycodnaviridae. Large icosahedral particles (∼140 nm) of similar shape and morphology dominate cell lysates and are accompanied by smaller phage‐like particles and heterotrophic prokaryotes that appear to be incurable from our cultures. To determine which of these particles interacts with the Aureococcus cells, we preserved cultures during the early stage of infection so that SEM could be used to visualize those particles that attach to the surface of naïve cultures. SEM revealed that 63% of the large icosahedral‐shaped particles attached to A. anophagefferens cells after only 30 min of exposure, while no significant frequency of attachment to the alga was observed for the phage‐like particles. The results of these observations are in contrast to previous studies, where phage‐like particles were reported to infect cells. When considered in conjunction with field observations, the results suggest that this newly isolated virus represents the dominant virus‐morphotype associated with bloom collapse and termination.
Candida albicans Adherence to Surface‐Modified Denture Resin Surfaces
Authors: Park Sang E. , Blissett Ryan , Susarla Srinivas M. , Weber Hans‐Peter 
Published: February 2008

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate two innovative methods in reducing adhesion of Candida albicans to denture base resins through modification of the surface characteristics of denture resin by incorporation of surface charge and application of a self‐bonding polymer on denture resins. Materials and Methods: Three groups were tested [Group 1: control, pure poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA); Group 2: modified PMMA (mPMMA) with 16% methacrylic acid; Group 3: pure PMMA coated with self‐bonding polymer (SBP)]. Twenty resin specimens for each group were polymerized, and four experimental subgroups for each surface type were devised, consisting of 2, 4, 6, and 12 days of incubation in C. albicans suspension. The surface area of adherent C. albicans stained with Gram's crystal violet was examined under a light microscope at 400× magnification. Four areas were photographed on each block, one on each quadrant. The images were analyzed using Scion Image 1.63 software to calculate the percent surface area containing adherent C. albicans. Kruskal–Wallis test and Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) procedure were used to compare the groups. Results: At day 2, the modified resin had statistically significantly lower levels of Candida than both the control group and the SBP group (p< 0.036). Both the mPMMA group and SBP group had statistically significantly lower levels of Candida accumulation at days 4, 6, and 12, compared to the control. Conclusions: The amount of C. albicans adhering to the resin surfaces reduced significantly with modification of surface charge and application of self‐bonding polymer. Modification of surface characteristics of polymeric biomaterials is an effective method in reducing adhesion of C. albicans to PMMA surfaces.
The Effect of Aging by Thermal Cycling and Mechanical Brushing on Resilient Denture Liner Hardness and Roughness
Authors: Hermann Caio , Mesquita Marcelo Ferraz , Consani Rafael Leonardo Xediek , Henriques Guilherme Elias Pesanha 
Published: February 2008

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aging on resilient denture liners. The aging effects were produced by using thermal cycling and mechanical brushing and were quantified as changes to surface hardness and roughness of resilient denture liners. Material and Methods: A plasticized acrylic resin (Dentuflex) and two silicone‐based (Molloplast‐B, Sofreliner MS) resilient denture liners were examined. Pre‐ and post‐test roughness and hardness measurements were recorded using a Surfcorder SE 1700 and Shore A durometer Teclock GS‐709, respectively. Sixty specimens were manufactured; half were subjected to 3000 cycles in the thermal cycler (5 and 55°C). The remaining specimens received 30,000 strokes applied by a mechanical brushing machine followed by 3000 thermal cycles. Representative specimens from each group were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were examined by multiple ANOVA, split‐plot analysis, and Tukey test (α= 0.05). Results: Shore A hardness values for Dentuflex, Molloplast‐B, and Sofreliner MS soft liners were different from each other (p < 0.05) before (79 ± 2.9; 40 ± 1.4; 33 ± 0.7) and after (80 ± 3.1; 40 ± 1; 34 ± 0.9) thermocycling. The surface roughness (in μm) of the same soft liner materials was significantly different (p < 0.05) at the start (2.2 ± 0.4; 1.6 ± 0.6; 0.2 ± 0.1) but it was not different (p > 0.05) after tooth brushing (1.7 ± 0.3; 1.7 ± 0.4; 1.9 ± 0.8) or thermocycling (1.6 ± 0.5; 1.6 ± 0.6; 1.5 ± 0.5) Conclusion: Thermal cycling promoted increased hardness for Sofreliner MS and Dentuflex. Mechanical brushing promoted wear abrasion in Sofreliner MS and Dentuflex materials. Molloplast‐B experienced no deleterious effects from either of the tests.
Cephalic arch stenosis in patients with fistula access for hemodialysis: Relationship to diabetes and thrombosis
Authors: HAMMES Mary , FUNAKI Brian , COE Fredric L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractNumerous studies have identified the fistula as the best access for hemodialysis with fewest complications. The radiocephalic fistula (RCF) is the first access of choice, but often results in poor maturation. Therefore, an increased number of brachiocephalic fistulas (BCF) have been placed. Cephalic arch stenosis (CAS) can occur in patients with fistula access. The current study was done to determine the incidence and associated comorbidities in patients with BCF or RCF who have CAS. A retrospective review of 450 hemodialysis patients in 3 outpatient hemodialysis units between July 1, 2000 and July 1, 2005 (60 months) was preformed. We reviewed demographics, medications, and indications for venograms. Interventional Radiologists reviewed the venograms for evidence of CAS. Radiology reports were screened to determine incidence of thrombosis, treatment with either angioplasty or stent placement and if a complication such as venous rupture occurred. One hundred and twenty‐seven patients had fistula access with at least 1 venogram. Of these, 30 were RCF and 97 were BCF. Cephalic arch stenosis occurred in 77% of patients with BCF and in 20% of patients with RCF. Those with diabetes had a lower rate of occurrence than those without (p<0.01). Cephalic arch stenosis led to a high rate of thrombosis (p<0.01). The probability of having multiple radiology procedures was higher with CAS than without (p<0.01). Cephalic arch stenosis is an important problem in hemodialysis patients who have fistula access, and contributes to thrombosis. Diabetes was found to have a negative association with CAS for undefined reasons. Attempts to understand this relationship are important.
Noninvasive measures of blood volume and oxygen saturation of human Achilles tendon by red laser lights
Authors: Kubo K. , Ikebukuro T. , Tsunoda N. , Kanehisa H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAim:  Spectroscopic measurement using near‐infrared spectroscopy and red laser lights was performed to investigate the blood volume (total haemoglobin; THb) and oxygen saturation (oxygenated haemoglobin saturation; StO2) of the human Achilles tendon during single and repetitive isometric contractions.Methods:  Twelve men performed isometric plantar flexion exercises at intensities of 10% (3 min), 30% (2 min), 50% (1 min) and 70% (30 s) of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). In addition, they performed 50 repetitions at 70% of the MVC with 5‐s contractions and a 5‐s gap between repetitions for 10 min. The probes were positioned on the Achilles tendon and medial gastrocnemius muscle.Results:  THb and StO2 of the Achilles tendon decreased during ‘single’ contraction at all force levels. On the other hand, after the end of the repetitive exercises, THb and StO2 of the Achilles tendon increased gradually, and remained at this level until the end of the recovery period.Conclusion:  The blood volume and oxygen saturation within the human Achilles tendon increased after the ‘repetitive’ muscle contractions, while they decreased after the ‘single’ contraction. Furthermore, the increases in blood volume and oxygen saturation within the tendon after repetitive contractions may be related to tendon repair after exercises involving mechanical loading of the tendon.
PHOTIC RELATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL DISSOCIATION OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN PINEAL COMPOSITION AND RUNNING ACTIVITY IN RATS*
Authors: Quay W. B. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— It has been shown previously that pineal composition and some of its enzyme activities in mammals appear to be responsive to light and darkness in vivo, possibly indirectly. One such possible indirect mechanism would be by whole animal activity and the sympathetic innervation of the pineal. Study of the rhythmic changes in the pineal ethanol‐soluble fraction (mostly lipid) and in whole animal running activity in normal, adult male rats in standard daily photocycle and then in continuous light, shows rapid dissociation of the two rhythms in continuous light, with pineal composition being more light‐dependent.The free‐running circadian rhythm in the male rat's running activity in both standard daily photocycle and continuous light is shown to be similar in normal and in pinealectomized animals. This negative finding is relevant with regard to an hypothesized pineal function in lower tetrapods in regulation of locomotor activity in response to solar radiation.