bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of starvation on the vitellogenesis, ovarian development and fecundity in the ectoparasitoid, Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Dong Sheng‐Zhang , Ye Gong‐Yin , Yao Peng‐Cheng , Huang Yao‐Liang , Chen Xue‐Xin , Shen Zhi‐Cheng , Hu Cui 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA female‐specific protein, vitellogenin (Vg), and its corresponding egg vitellin (Vt) are identified in the ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Both native Vt and Vg have a molecular mass of about 350 kDa, which is composed of two subunits of approximately 190 kDa and 165 kDa under reducing and denaturing conditions (sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). An indirect sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay developed with both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against N. vitripennis Vt. Vg was first detected in the hemolymph on the 10th day after parasitism, and was first observed in oocytes on the 12th day. In adults deprived of food, the highest hemolymph Vg level occurred at the time of adult eclosion and the highest level of Vt in ovaries was found at 30 h after eclosion. In contrast, feeding adults with 20% sucrose resulted in the reduction of Vt uptake by ovaries and the extension of life span, but had little effect on Vg production. Deprived of hosts, starvation of female wasps had no significant effects on ovariole growth and oocyte maturation before the wasps died. However, starvation of female wasps supplied with hosts accelerated the wasps laying progeny into hosts, but resulted in a decrease of total progeny production by comparison with wasps fed with 20% sucrose.
The integrated use of chemical insecticides and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), for the control of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Cuthbertson Andrew G. S. , Mathers James J. , Northing Phil , Prickett Anthony J. , Walters Keith F. A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe integration of chemical insecticides and infective juveniles of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Wesier) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), to control second instars of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was investigated. Using a sand bioassay, the effects of direct exposure of S. carpocapsae for 24 h to field rate dilutions of four insecticides (spiromesifen, thiacloprid, imidacloprid and pymetrozine) on infectivity to Galleria mellonella larvae were tested. Although all chemicals tested, except spiromesifen, produced acceptable nematode infectivity rates, they were all significantly less than the water control. The effect of insecticide treatment (dry residues of spiromesifen, thiacloprid and pymetrozine and soil drench of imidacloprid) on the efficacy of the nematode against B. tabaci was also investigated. Nematodes in combination with thiacloprid and spiromesifen gave higher B. tabaci mortality (86.5% and 94.3% respectively) compared to using nematodes alone (75.2%) on tomato plants. There was no significant difference in B. tabaci mortality when using the chemicals imidacloprid, pymetrozine and spiromesifen in conjunction with nematodes compared to using the chemicals alone. However, using thiacloprid in combination with the nematodes produced significantly higher B. tabaci mortality than using the chemical alone. The integration of S. carpocapsae and these chemical agents into current integrated pest management programmes for the control of B. tabaci is discussed.
Influence of light and habitat on predation of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae by the waterbugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
Authors: Sana Nabaneeta , Aditya Gautam , Bal Animesh , Saha Goutam K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe influence of light and habitat structure on the predation of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae by the common heteropteran water bug, Diplonychus (=Sphaerodema) annulatus, D. rusticus and Anisops bouvieri was assessed in the laboratory. It was revealed that water bugs predate more in presence of light than in dark conditions. While A. bouvieri consumed more prey in structured conditions, D. annulatus and D. rusticus consumed more prey in open conditions. The selection of prey size as well as the respective numbers varied between predators and treatments significantly. Prey vulnerability (PV), an indicator of predatory efficiency, was highest for D. annulatus, moderate for D. rusticus and low for A. bouvieri. Prey consumption and PV values under different treatment conditions indicate that for belostomatid water bugs D. annulatus and D. rusticus, the order of prey consumption under different habitat and light/dark combinations is light open > dark open > light vegetated > dark vegetated. In the case of the backswimmer, A. bouvieri, the order of prey consumption appeared to be light structured > dark structured > light open > dark open. These findings were consistent with resource‐partitioning by water bug species sharing the same guild. If the observed results are extended to natural settings the efficiency of these predators in controlling mosquito populations will vary with the structural complexity of habitats and the intensity of light.
Phylogenetic analyses of some genera in Oedipodidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) based on 16S mitochondrial partial gene sequences
Authors: Yin Xiang‐Chu , Li Xin‐Jiang , Wang Wen‐Qiang , Yin Hong , Cao Cheng‐Quan , Ye Bao‐Hua , Yin Zhan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBased on the 16S mitochondrial partial gene sequences of 29 genera, containing 26 from Oedipodidae and one each from Tanaoceridae, Pyrgomorphidae and Tetrigidae (as outgroups), the homologus sequences were compared and phylogenetic analyses were performed. A phylogenetic tree was inferred by neighbor‐joining (NJ). The results of sequences compared show that: (i) in a total of 574 bp of Oedipodidae, the number of substituted nucleotides was 265 bp and the average percentages of T, C, A and G were 38.3 %, 11.4%, 31.8% and 18.5%, respectively, and the content of A+T (70.1%) was distinctly richer than that of C+G (29.9%); and (ii) the average nucleotide divergence of 16S rDNA sequences among genera of Oedipodidae were 9.0%, among families of Acridoidea were 17.0%, and between superfamilies (Tetrigoidea and Acridoidea) were 23.9%, respectively. The phylogenetic tree indicated: (i) the Oedipodidae was a monophyletic group, which suggested that the taxonomic status of this family was confirmed; (ii) the genus Heteropternis separated from the other Oedipodids first and had another unique sound‐producing structure in morphology, which is the type‐genus of subfamily Heteropterninae; and (iii) the relative intergeneric relationship within the same continent was closer than that of different continents, and between the Eurasian genera and the African genera, was closer than that between Eurasians and Americans.
Early intravitreal bevacizumab for non‐ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Rensch Florian , Jonas Jost B. , Spandau Ulrich H. M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the effect of early intravitreal bevacizumab injections for the treatment of macular oedema caused by non‐ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).Methods:  The study included 25 patients (25 eyes) with macular oedema caused by non‐ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion, who received three intravitreal injections of 1.5 mg bevacizumab with an interval of 6 weeks between the injections. Mean duration of central retinal vein occlusion prior to the first injection was 4.2 ± 3.6 days. All patients were re‐examined 1, 3 and 6 months after the first injection. The main outcome parameters were visual acuity and macular thickness, as measured by optical coherence tomography.Results:  Mean visual acuity improved significantly from 0.97 ± 0.40 logMAR at baseline to 0.70 ± 0.42 logMAR (P = 0.007) at 1 month, 0.69 ± 0.46 (P = 0.006) 3 months and 0.69 ± 0.52 (P = 0.015) 6 months after the first injection. Mean central retinal thickness decreased significantly from 530 ± 152 μm at baseline to 347 ± 127 μm (P < 0.001) at 1 month, 370 ± 165 μm (P < 0.001) 3 months and 346 ± 129 μm (P < 0.001) 6 months (P < 0.001) after the first injection. The increase in visual acuity correlated significantly (P < 0.01) with the decrease in macular thickness. Mean intraocular pressure was 14.2 ± 3.2 mmHg at baseline and did not differ significantly from the measurement obtained at 1 month (P = 0.59), 3 months (P = 0.88) and 6 months after the first injection (P = 0.65).Conclusion:  Intravitreal bevacizumab injections given shortly after onset of non‐ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion may result in a significant increase in vision and a corresponding decrease in macular oedema.
Three‐dimensional angiographic imaging of leakage in branch retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula Margarethe , Stock Geraldine , Pruente Christian , Ahlers Christian 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to image branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) but lacks information about leakage dynamics and perfusion status. Topographical angiography (TAG) is capable of providing this information and has been described previously in age‐related macular degeneration. This study evaluates TAG in BRVO.Methods:  We included 56 eyes of 40 consecutive patients with BRVO and a reduction in central vision. Two groups were established based on whether argon laser coagulation was performed or not. A standardized follow‐up was performed. The chorioretinal fluorescence pattern was reconstructed following TAG. Quantitative measurements were also performed.Results:  TAG performed from indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) showed smaller lesion size (LS) compared to fluorescein angiography (FA) (mean difference: early phase = −1.6 mm2, late phase = −1.8 mm2). The extent of mean LS from early to late phase increased by 0.8 mm2 in FA and by 0.6 mm2 in ICGA. TAG could visualize different degrees of leakage topographically.Conclusion:  TAG gives new insights into the pathophysiology of BRVO: it enables the visualization of dynamics of leakage and the demonstration of the effects of intravasal stasis. Furthermore, TAG is less impaired by masking phenomena than FA. Functional retinal imaging shows distinct advantages over OCT: quantification of leakage activity is possible using TAG.
An epidemiological study of football (soccer) injuries in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Azubuike S O , Okojie O H 
Published: October 2008

Background:The increase in popularity of soccer and expectations from players make significant numbers of soccer injuries conceivable. Concerns have been expressed about the demand placed on the modern-day footballer and translation of these physical and mental demands into injuries. Despite the popularity and importance of the game of soccer in Benin, no detailed study on the occurrence of soccer injury has been carried out.Objective:The study sets out to describe and assess the determinants and effects of soccer injuries.Methodology:Seven clubs (196 players) from the premiership, professional, national and state amateur clubs were studied using a descriptive cross-sectional study design. A pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire and key informants interview guide were used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis, with significant levels generally taken at 5% level of significance.Results:A total of 196 players sustained 204 injuries with a prevalence rate of 81.6%. More injuries were recorded during matches (46.1%) than during training (36.8%). Injuries occurring by body contact constituted 62.3% of the total injuries. The ankle (25%) was the most affected site, followed by the knee (20.1%), while sprain injury (33.3%) and strain (13.2%) were the commonest injury types. Moderate injury (28.9%) was the highest form of severity recorded. Recurrent injury accounted for 38.8% of injuries, occurring more in training (44.9%) than in matches (36.7%). A greater percentage (86.8%) of the injuries were traumatic in nature, with tackling (44.6%) being the commonest mechanism. Defenders (34.3%) and strikers (31.4%) had higher injury occurrence. The association between the player’s role and the mechanism of injury was significant (p = 0.02), while that between weather condition and injury type was very significant (p = 0.004). Moreover, the association between experience and mechanism of injury was extremely significant (p<0.001). The study also shows that injury has economic, physical and psychological impacts on players.Conclusion:A prevalence rate of 81.6% was recorded. Sprain was the leading injury type, while the ankle was the most affected anatomical site. Factors such as weather, previous injury, experience, role, and activity tend to influence injury occurrence. Soccer injury also has economic, physical and psychological implications. It is therefore recommended that preventive measures such as adequate treatment of injuries, full rehabilitation after injuries, use of protective equipment, appropriate exercises and warm-ups, continual team education on injury managements and skill improvement, etc., be utilised and enforced to protect this group of sport workers.
Must EU Borders have Doors for Refugees? On the Compatibility of Schengen Visas and Carriers' Sanctions with EU Member States' Obligations to Provide International Protection to Refugees
Authors: Lax Violeta Moreno 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWhereas the EU is developing a highly protective Common European Asylum System in purported compliance with the Geneva Convention, it is also displaying growing reluctance to provide unhindered access to it to those in need. The question of physical access to protection is ambiguously dealt with within EU law. On the one hand, it appears that entry to the Schengen zone has been designed disregarding refugees' entitlement 'to special protection'. Prior to admission, refugees seem to have been assimilated to the broader class of (potentially illegal) immigrants and thus required to submit to general immigration conditions, including visa. On the other hand, some isolated EU law rules give the impression that refugees are to be exonerated from normal admittance requirements.This article intends to show how, 'in the light of present day conditions,' a contextual, dynamic and teleological interpretation of Articles 31 and 33 of the Geneva Convention as well as of Articles 3 ECHR and 2(2) of Protocol 4 ECHR require that the second set of EU rules be appropriately furthered.
Comments on Gouvernement de la Communauté française and Gouvernement wallon (Case C-212/06 of 1 April 2008) and Eind (Case C-291/05 of 11 December 2007)
Authors: Martin  
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the Gouvernement de la Communauté française and Gouvernement wallon case, the Court of Justice was mainly faced with the question of the applicability of the Community law provisions governing free movement of persons in "internal situations" i.e., situations in which EU citizens who are nationals of the host Member States, may not invoke the protection of Community law due to the lack of a cross-border element. The Court resists the call of its AG, but its reply does not give a definitive answer to the situation of those nationals who have exercised, to some extent, their right to free movement. In the Eind case, the Court was confronted with the question whether the third country family member of a national of the host Member State, who has no right of residence in that State, nevertheless enjoys a right of family reunification there upon the return of that national from another Member State where he exercised his right to free movement. The Court answers that question positively, but its legal reasoning is questionable.
Mechanisms of resistance to 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine in human cancer cell lines
Authors: Qin Taichun , Jelinek Jaroslav , Si Jiali , Shu Jingmin , Issa Jean-Pierre J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (DAC) is approved for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, but resistance to this agent is common. In search for mechanisms of resistance, we measured the half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DAC and found it differed 1000-fold among a panel of cancer cell lines. The IC50 was correlated with the doses of DAC that induced the most hypomethylation of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE; R = 0.94, P < .001), but not with LINE methylation or DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), 3a, and 3b expression at baseline. Sensitivity to DAC showed a low correlation (R = 0.44, P = .11) to that of 5-azacytidine (AZA), but a good correlation to that of cytarabine (Ara-C; R = 0.89, P < .001). The 5 cell lines most resistant to DAC had a combination of low dCK, hENT1, and 2 transporters, and high cytosine deaminase. In an HL60 clone, resistance to DAC could be rapidly induced by drug exposure and was related to a switch from heterozygous to homozygous mutation of DCK. Transfection of wild-type DCK restored DAC sensitivity. DAC induced DNA breaks as evidenced by H2AX phosphorylation and increased homologous recombination rates by 7- to 10-fold. These results suggest that in vitro resistance to DAC can be explained by insufficient incorporation into DNA.
Critical role of class IA PI3K for c-Rel expression in B lymphocytes
Authors: Matsuda Satoshi , Mikami Yohei , Ohtani Masashi , Fujiwara Mari , Hirata Yasuko , Minowa Akiko , Terauchi Yasuo , Kadowaki Takashi , Koyasu Shigeo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe fact that the Xid mutation of Btk impairs the ability of pleckstrin homo-logy domain of Btk to bind phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-trisphosphate, a product of class IA phosphoinositide-3 kinases (PI3Ks), has been considered strong evidence for the hypothesis that Btk functions downstream of PI3Ks. We demonstrate here that the Xid mutation renders the Btk protein unstable. Furthermore, class IA PI3K- and Btk-deficient mice show different phenotypes in B-cell development, collectively indicating that PI3Ks and Btk differentially function in BCR signal transduction. Nevertheless, both PI3K and Btk are required for the activation of NF-κB, a critical transcription factor family for B-cell development and function. We demonstrate that PI3Ks maintain the expression of NF-κB proteins, whereas Btk is known to be essential for IκB degradation and the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. The loss of PI3K activity results in marked reduction of c-Rel and to a lesser extent RelA expression. The lentivirus-mediated introduction of c-Rel corrects both developmental and proliferative defects in response to BCR stimulation in class IA PI3K-deficient B cells. These results show that the PI3K-mediated control of c-Rel expression is essential for B-cell functions.
TERC and TERT gene mutations in patients with bone marrow failure and the significance of telomere length measurements
Authors: Du Hong-Yan , Pumbo Elena , Ivanovich Jennifer , An Ping , Maziarz Richard T. , Reiss Ulrike M. , Chirnomas Deborah , Shimamura Akiko , Vlachos Adrianna , Lipton Jeffrey M. , Goyal Rakesh K. , Goldman Frederick , Wilson David B. , Mason Philip J. , Bessler Monica 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare inherited form of bone marrow failure (BMF) caused by mutations in telomere maintaining genes including TERC and TERT. Here we studied the prevalence of TERC and TERT gene mutations and of telomere shortening in an unselected population of patients with BMF at our medical center and in a selected group of patients referred from outside institutions. Less than 5% of patients with BMF had pathogenic mutations in TERC or TERT. In patients with BMF, pathogenic TERC or TERT gene mutations were invariably associated with marked telomere shortening (≪ 1st percentile) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In asymptomatic family members, however, telomere length was not a reliable predictor for the presence or absence of a TERC or TERT gene mutation. Telomere shortening was not pathognomonic of DC, as approximately 30% of patients with BMF due to other causes had PBMC telomere lengths at the 1st percentile or lower. We conclude that in the setting of BMF, measurement of telomere length is a sensitive but nonspecific screening method for DC. In the absence of BMF, telomere length measurements should be interpreted with caution.
The evolution of prompt reaction to adverse ties
Authors: Van Segbroeck Sven , Santos Francisco C , Nowé Ann , Pacheco Jorge M , Lenaerts Tom 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Background
In recent years it has been found that the combination of evolutionary game theory with population structures modelled in terms of dynamical graphs, in which individuals are allowed to sever unwanted social ties while keeping the good ones, provides a viable solution to the conundrum of cooperation. It is well known that in reality individuals respond differently to disadvantageous interactions. Yet, the evolutionary mechanism determining the individuals' willingness to sever unfavourable ties remains unclear.

Results
We introduce a novel way of thinking about the joint evolution of cooperation and social contacts. The struggle for survival between cooperators and defectors leads to an arms race for swiftness in adjusting social ties, based purely on a self-regarding, individual judgement. Since defectors are never able to establish social ties under mutual agreement, they break adverse ties more rapidly than cooperators, who tend to evolve stable and long-term relations. Ironically, defectors' constant search for partners to exploit leads to heterogeneous networks that improve the survivability of cooperators, compared to the traditional homogenous population assumption.

Conclusion
When communities face the prisoner's dilemma, swift reaction to adverse ties evolves when competition is fierce between cooperators and defectors, providing an evolutionary basis for the necessity of individuals to adjust their social ties. Our results show how our innate resilience to change relates to mutual agreement between cooperators and how "loyalty" or persistent social ties bring along an evolutionary disadvantage, both from an individual and group perspective.
Colonic diaphragm disease without significant non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use: a case report
Authors: Roche Jo C , Morris-Stiff Gareth , Champ Carrie , Williams Geraint T , Lewis Michael H 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Colonic diaphragm disease is an uncommon condition usually associated with the long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Case presentation
A 48-year-old woman presented as an emergency patient with abdominal pain and vomiting. Past medical history included inflammatory bowel disease of ulcerative colitis type for which she was taking azathioprine and prednisolone. On examination, she was shocked with signs of peritonism. Following resuscitation, she was taken for a laparotomy upon which a small amount of turbid fluid was identified but there was no direct evidence of an intra-abdominal perforation. A peritoneal lavage was performed and she was taken to the intensive care unit. A repeat laparotomy was performed on the sixth postoperative day, following a clinical deterioration and again no leak was identified. Given the history of ulcerative colitis, the perforation was presumed to be of colonic origin and a total colectomy and ileostomy was performed. Histopathological examination of the colectomy specimen revealed extensive colonic diaphragm disease with 30 thin-walled diaphragms, one of which reduced the lumen to a pin-hole. No perforation was identified.

Conclusion
To the best of the our knowledge, this is the first report of the development of colonic diaphragm disease in the absence of a history of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ingestion. Given the history of ulcerative colitis we believe that the disease may have arisen as a result of the healing of the underlying inflamed colon rather than as a direct effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.