bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Database Model for Drilling Data Storage
Authors: Opsahl Runar , Eide J-O. , Lorås D. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The main motivation for storing drilling data is to use them for post-analysis and efficient planning. Conventional drilling data storage systems often exhibit two major shortcomings that make such use difficult: In the first place, the data is often stored with depth as the primary key. Such a depth-based storage strategy may cause loss of valuable data if the depth is miscalculated at the time of recording, or when there is no steady depth progression. It also makes it difficult to analyse situations where the depth is set backwards due e.g. to sidetracking or to drilling of cement. Another problem is the amount of data collected during a drilling operation. This soon becomes unmanageable if there is no structured way of extracting information from such data.
This paper outlines a database model for drilling data storage, which aims at providing a high degree of data availability for efficient post-analysis. It also suggests an organisational model that should be adhered to in order to utilise the database efficiently.
Corrosion Control Cook Inlet Platforms
Authors: Hedborg C.E. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
In 1968 the average production of crude oil in California was about one million barrels per day, of which 227,000 b/d or 22% was produced offshore. By comparison the California crude oil offshore production was only 77,000 b/d in 1958. The California offshore oil industry has therefore seen a threefold increase during this ten-year period. For the year 1968 the average daily Alaska production was 181,000 b/d of which 143,000 b/d or 79% was produced offshore. From these figures it is obvious that oil produced on State and Federal OCS leases is becoming an increasingly produced on State and Federal OCS leases is becoming an increasingly important source of domestic crude oil.
To produce this oil, steel production platforms having room for up to 48 wells, living facilities for about 100 men and costing between $15,000,000 and $21,000,000 are being built. In many cases these platforms will be required to last twenty years. The only way that steel can survive for this length of time in a marine environment is to utilize all the technological knowledge that is available in the field of corrosion control.
In Cook Inlet, as in other offshore areas, cathodic protection is used to control corrosion. However, in Cook Inlet the corrosion engineer's job is made more difficult by unusually high tidal velocities and drifting ice. This paper will discuss problems encountered by Union Oil Company engineers in protecting the Monopod and Grayling platforms in Cook Inlet.
Development of a Petroleum Engineering Electronic Journal
Authors: Barnett A. A. , Russell J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new petroleum electronic journal with on-line submission, review, and distribution will provide an additional and needed outlet for technological developments. The primary objective of the journal will be to provide a medium for rapid exchange of up-to-date advances in petroleum engineering. The Electronic Journal of Petroleum Engineering (E-JPE) will take substantially less time to publish as it will decrease the time required by traditional reviewing, printing, and distributing processes and will allow for more widespread participation of international reviewers. E-JPE will be developed in phases that will allow "debugging" and incremental distribution and participation. Papers will lose many of the size constraints associated with hard copy publications and will not be limited to a fixed number of yearly volumes. Publication costs will be lower than for traditional hardcopy journals because the costs of printing and mailing will be eliminated. E-JPE will provide a more efficient avenue for the exchange of ideas among its authors, editors, and readers through electronic networking systems. Developing an electronic journal will put the industry at the forefront of technical publishing and pave the way into the next century.
Intelligent Interfaces for Fracturing Simulators: Part I—System Overview and Design
Authors: Xiong Hongjie , Sherry K. J. , Lancaster D. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
There are several powerful 3-D (and pseudo 3-D) numerical simulators available in the industry for designing hydraulic fracture treatments. With each model, the accuracy of the simulation results depends heavily on the input data used. Thus, it is important to prepare a complete and accurate input data file for these simulators. This can be difficult to do, however, not only because a lot of data items are required, but also because many decisions have to be made.
Using artificial intelligence methods, we have developed a powerful and interactive software application that uses a series of friendly and intelligent interfaces to acquire the large amount of data needed by fracture simulators. In these interfaces, the user is guided through a series of screens specific to his problem. More importantly, the system helps the user make many decisions, such as selecting fracturing fluids and additives, selecting proppants, and selecting pumping schedules and pumping techniques. The system includes several databases from which a considerable amount of information can be accessed automatically, such as typical formation data, fluid rheology, and proppant conductivities. The system also provides a powerful expert help facility. In addition, based on the fracture simulation results, the system produces data sets that can be used to run reservoir performance simulators and economics software.
This paper is the first of two papers which will summarize our work – how to design and implement the intelligent interface system that we call STIMULATION EXPERT. This paper analyzes the requirements of different users, outlines the purpose and the system structure, and describes the system. The second1 of the two papers will describe the implementation and application of the system in detail.
This system can be used to help engineers design hydraulic fracture treatments. The methodology described in both papers can be used to develop other similar software for different types of simulators in the industry.
A PC-Windows-Based Program for Geostatistical Modeling Application
Authors: Wu G. G. , Yang An-Ping 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a technically advanced, user-friendly, PC-Windows™ based reservoir simulation tool (SIMTOOLS) that allows construction of realistic reservoir models using a geostatistical approach. This PC-Windows based product has three application tools: digitizing, mapping and geostatistics. It has been designed primarily to enable reservoir engineers to apply the geostatistical gridding technique in mapping and reservoir simulation practices.
Integrated Formation Evaluation With Regression Analysis
Authors: Hawkins J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A comprehensive formation evaluation method is presented which integrates log, core and well test data on a reservoir using regression analysis. The method employs a capillary pressure curve model correlating four reservoir variables: porosity, water saturation, permeability and capillary pressure. Porosity and saturation are estimated by conventional log analysis, permeability is obtained from empirical correlations with logs (usually porosity) and capillary pressure is directly related to height above the water level.
Depth profiles of the four variables are adjusted by regression analysis constrained by the capillary pressure curve model. Results of the regression include: An estimate of the water level,Improved profiles of the four variables which are consistent with both log analysis and capillary pressure theory,Adjusted log analysis parameters,Complete synthetic capillary pressure curves for each depth level,Relative permeability curves (drainage) generated from the capillary pressure curves, andEstimated effective permeability to hydrocarbons and to water opposite the wellbore.
These results are then integrated with well test data by comparing effective permeabilities from 6. above with the test results. If there is a mismatch, it may be necessary to rerun the regression in order to honor all of the datasets.
The method is illustrated with log, core and test data from an offshore Gulf of Mexico well.
3D Scientific Visualization of Reservoir Simulation Post-Processing
Authors: Sousa M. C. , Miranda-Filho D. N. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a 3D visualization software designed at PETROBRÁS and TecGraf/PUC-RJ in Brazil for the analysis of reservoir engineering postprocessing data. It offers an advanced functional environment on graphical workstations with intuitive and ergonomic interface. Applications to real reservoir models show the enriching features of the software.
New PC-Based Software for Multiphase Flow Calculations
Authors: Aziz Khalid , Petalas Nicholas 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new multiphase flow analysis and design system for DOS-based personal computers is described. Examples are also presented and analyzed using different multiphase flow techniques. These techniques are investigated using flow map and three-dimensional pressure surface comparisons and a new mechanistic model is discussed which attempts to overcome many of the problems associated with existing multiphase flow analysis methods.
Variance Simulation: A Practical Alternative to Monte-Carlo Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Tortike W. S. , Frimpong Samuel 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The technique of variance simulation is introduced here as an adjunct or an alternative to Monte-Carlo simulation for the practical evaluation of outcome distributions in petroleum engineering as a consequence of uncertain inputs. Both methods allow one to establish the probability of a desired function falling within a range of extremes, by establishing the output distribution. However, not only is the method by which the output distribution is attained different in each of the two cases, but the variance simulation also supplies the component variance for each of the uncertain inputs. In other words, it provides a measure of simultaneous sensitivity of the output to the combined effect of all the uncertainties, and the rate at which the sensitivity changes with increasing uncertainty in the data. This extra information is a key to deteπnining the relative value gained per unit expenditure on data to improve the quality of the input variables. It can be applied equally to economic or technical evaluations.
As variance simulation requires the evaluation of second order system moments, the object function must be continuous so that numerical derivatives can be calculated. The method is demonstrated by illustrating the effect on payout and economic limit of decline data containing quantifiable uncertainty. The uncertain data affect the values of the well operating cost, the hyperbolic constant, the initial decline and oil rate in the case of a hyperbolic decline. The uncertainty is defined as a normal or log-normal distribution about a mean value with a defined coefficient of variance. The moment output distribution is compared to an equivalent Monte-Carlo analysis of the same data, and the component variance is tabulated. The results show that variance simulation can be used to examine mean estimates, the total variance and the probability of success or failure, and can be used as an alternative to Monte-Carlo simulation, while providing additional information for decision making in the form of component variance and bias.
Buy don’t Build – What does that Mean for a Software Developer?
Authors: Little Todd , Rahi M. Ahsan , Sinclair Craig 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The buzz-phrase of the 90's in the petroleum industry has become "Buy, don’t Build". For an end user in an oil company, this generally means acquiring application software rather than developing it internally. For a software developer, either within an oil company or with a software vendor, the concept of "buy don’t build" can apply to software toolkit components and can expedite the development of an application as well as reduce future support requirements.
This paper presents several software tools and the process by which they were evaluated for use in a commercial petroleum engineering application (DeskTop VIP). It highlights the tendency in the software development process to underestimate the complexity of the development process, as well as to underestimate the value of the services provided by a software tool. Ultimately, the decision of "buy don’t build" should be an economic decision. As a slogan, it reminds us that whenever one considers building or developing new software, one should also consider the possibility that buying off-the-shelf software could cost less in the long run and bring a product to completion quicker.
Software Licenses: Good Fences Make Good Neighbors
Authors: McCreary J. G. , Woodyard A. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Software licenses are the foundation for building win-win relationships between software vendors and clients. The basis for a good contract is that it is beneficial to both parties. A good foundation will cement the responsibilities and obligations of the parties after areas of agreement have been negotiated. Unfortunately, software licenses do not always reflect what is best for all. Some clauses are definitely for the benefit of the vendor while others are required by a prudent client. The resulting contract is then a matter of reasonable compromise to achieve a good business relationship.
Major issues of warranty, liability, training, support, and payment may be in conflict. Topics such as maintenance, testing, patents, extent of use, and return of software are often overlooked or addressed unevenly.
Operations and Accounting: Can’t Both Needs Be Satisfied With One Production Management System?
Authors: Schacht C. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Production Management Systems should have the ability to support operations as well as accounting, but many systems today, both internally developed and purchased, do not meet this requirement. This paper addresses issues and problems from the perspective of Production Operations and their associated needs and requirements. A major concern of production operations is the maximization of profit which involves the optimization of production and the minimization of the expenses involved. Timely and accurate information provides some of the basis on which management makes decisions related to daily operations and future planning and budgeting. Supporting systems are essential for data gathering and subsequent retrieval for meaningful analysis and decision making.
Cost Savings through Effective Use of Network Resources
Authors: Fife Leslie D. , Henry Stephen R. , Frost Kevin I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The role of computers has become increasingly important for oil and gas field research and operations support. Today, the computer network is an integral part of the increasingly complex computing environment that exists in many companies. Computer networks allow users to efficiently share information, software, and hardware to support critical global communication needs. Because users are able to share software and hardware, the use of computer networks can also result in significant cost savings.
This paper describes typical network loading and demand levels for shared software applications on a computer network that has been used for several years.
On the Human Aspect of Cold Climate Operations
Authors: Lawrence N.A. 
Published: December 2007

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The recent surge of activity above the Arctic Circle has attracted great attention to geology, topography, transportation, ice, and all manner of technical problems. In the rush to take advantage problems. In the rush to take advantage of the resources awaiting us, we tend to forget we are planning for a 25–50 year life of the facilities we build. Someone must stay and live on the site to operate and communicate. It's time to examine our Arctic areas as places to live on a permanent or semi-permanent basis. permanent or semi-permanent basis. This paper is intended to explore a few of the more obvious problems, note the state of the arts as at present, and to some degree, offer a glimpse of future developments.
In order to limit the area of reporting, the discussion herein will deal with only the Arctic Coastal Area.

Background
Referring to the Northland, Robert Service, the Poet Laureate of the Yukon, wrote the following:
"I am the land that listens, I am the land that broods; Steeped in eternal beauty, crystalline waters and woods. Long have I waited lonely, shunned as a thing accurst, Monstrous, moody, pathetic, the last of the lands and the first; Visioning camp-fires at twilight, sad with a longing forlorn, Feeling my womb o'er-pregnant with the seed of cities unborn.
This is the Law of the Yukon, that only the Strong shall thrive; That surely the Weak shall perish, and only the Fit survive. Dissolute, damned and despairful, crippled and palsied and slain, This is the Will of the Yukon,— Lo, how she makes it plain!"
In the preparation of this paper, the author was able to refer to his youth which was spent in the Turner Valley Oil Fields, and to a short-lived career as a roughneck. This career was cut short by a collision with a piece of drill stem which hospitalized him long enough to convince him that further education would be wonderful.
A Methodology Using Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Modeling To Optimize Roller Cone Bits Hydraulics
Authors: King Isabelle , Wells M. R. , Pessier R. C. , Besson Alain 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Conventional roller cone bit hydraulics optimization techniques focus on minimizing circulation losses to deliver maximum power or impact force to the bit. Little emphasis has been placed on optimizing the bottom hole cleaning process by itself, even though it is highly influential in both penetration rate and bit life. Optimization of bit and bottom hole cleaning requires the elimination or minimization of flow stagnation in the open spaces between the rolling cones and the enhancement of shear flow and turbulent pressures across the hole bottom. Better understanding of this flow opens the door for improved bit design and better allocation of hydraulic energy to improve the efficiency with which the bit and hole bottom surfaces are kept free of cuttings and fines.
This paper presents the results of a numerical study of the highly turbulent, three-dimensional flow surrounding an 8 1/2″ IADC 517 class roller cone rock bit. The computations were performed using a three-dimensional finite element computer code (N3S). Numerical predictions were verified by full-scale laboratory experiments consisting of wet paint flow visualization tests on the exposed surfaces of the bit, high-speed photography of plastic particles to determine flow velocities and measurements of the mean and fluctuating pressures on the borehole bottom.
A similar approach has been used successfully to improve nozzle arrangements and bit geometry on easier-to-model PDC bits. This paper verifies that the same methodology is applicable to the more complex and highly disturbed flows around a roller cone rock bit and may bring about comparable improvements.
Field Measurements of Casing Tension Forces
Authors: Quigley M. S. , Lewis D. B. , Boswell R. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Tension forces acting on individual casing joints were accurately measured while installing 10,150 ft of 9–5/8 in × 47 ppf casing and 11,900 ft of 11–7/8 in × 71.8 ppf casing. A unique Casing Load Table (CLT) placed between the rotary table and the casing spider weighed the casing string as it hung from the spider slips. Strain gages attached inside the pin ends of selected casing joints directly measured tension force on those joints. A highspeed computer data acquisition system (DAS) automatically recorded data from all of the sensors. Several casing joints were intentionally subjected to extreme deceleration in order to determine upper limits for dynamic tension forces. The data clearly show effects of wellbore friction and casing handling conditions.
Over 250 megabytes of data were collected for 408 casing joints during the two casing jobs. In every case, tension forces in the casing during maximum deceleration were considerably less than expected. Peak tension forces caused by setting the casing slips were typically no more than 5 % greater than tension forces in the casing at rest. In some cases, the highest tension forces occurred when the casing lifted out of the slips.
A New Formula for Elasto-Plastic Collapse Strength of Thick-Walled Casing
Authors: Kuriyama Yukihisa , Mimaki Toshitaro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the development of a theoretical formula for elasto-plastic collapse strength. The estimated collapse strength by this formula was compared with the Finite Element Analysis for bifurcation problems. This FEA had been tested its accuracy by many experiments.
Newly developed formula is based on the stress distribution of heavy wall cylinder and the evaluation of rigidity for clad pipe. This formula found to have enough accuracy for Diameter to Thickness ratio (D/t) from 24 to 12.
API 5C3 and 5C5 formulas were compared with this theoretical formula. As a result, the safety factor of API 5C3 in the "yield collapse" region is extremely small and the prescribed external pressure of API 5C5 using actual yield strength instead of SMYS may exceed the collapse strength of actual casing.
Designing Efficient Well Abandonment Procedures in the OCS-Gulf of Mexico To Include the Permanent Disposal of NORM Waste
Authors: Young D. R. , Scaife W. W. , Mueller S. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As Gulf of Mexico reservoirs are depleted, well abandonments are becoming a greater financial liability to operators in offshore waters. Some of the liability can be offset by developing more efficient abandonment procedures that can utilize wellbores for the disposal of NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material).
In the offshore area, well abandonments can be a significant expense due to the cost of workover rigs. Development of abandonment procedures which do not involve a workover rig can reduce the overall cost of the operation. With minor modifications, these cost effective procedures can be designed to include the downhole disposal of NORM.
In addition to controlling costs, an equally important issue for well abandonments and NORM disposal is the overall integrity of the operation. If the procedure is improperly designed and develops problems, an operator can be exposed to many long term safety and environmental risks. In many cases, the expense associated with these risks can far outweigh any short-term savings. With proper design, NORM disposal can be included in offshore well abandonments without compromising the integrity of either operation.