bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helpful and Unhelpful Parts of the Superior Petrosal Triangle
Authors: Wendell Todd N. 
Published: May 2006

BACKGROUNDThe root of zygoma—head of malleus line may guide to the internal auditory canal, but few anatomic studies address its accuracy.HYPOTHESESThe precision of measurements is excellent, the “superior petrosal triangle” components (foramen spinosum, root of zygoma, and head of malleus) have a consistent relationship and accurately guide to Bill's bar, and distances correlate with pneumatization.METHODSForty‐one bequeathed adult human cranial base specimens (82 temporal bones) were dissected in a surgical manner.RESULTSMeasurements had excellent repeatability. The root of zygoma—head of malleus reference line always projected onto or posterior to Bill's bar, but distances measured had wide ranges. No measurement correlated with pneumatization.CONCLUSIONThe root of zygoma—head of malleus line extends onto or posterior to Bill's bar. Measurement guides to the head of the malleus are not predictable.
Relationship between the Superior Attachment Type of Uncinate Process and Presence of Agger Nasi Cell: A Computer‐Assisted Anatomic Study
Authors: Ercan Ibrahim , Ömür Çakir Burak , Sayin Ibrahim , Başak Muzaffer , Turgut Suat 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVEThe uncinate process (UP) is an important anatomic landmark in frontal recess surgery. Its superior attachment shows great anatomic variability. The agger nasi (AN) cell is another important structure that affects frontal recess anatomy and there is a close neighborhood between them. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between superior attachment type of UP and the presence of AN cell.STUDY DESIGNA retrospective anatomical study.METHODComputed tomography scans were evaluated of 486 sides of 243 patients who had had paranasal sinus. In 125 (26%) sides, the superior attachment of the UP could not be identified. In the remaining 361 (74%) sides, the prevalence of superior attachment of UP types and the presence of AN cell in each side were recorded. The results were evaluated with χ2 test.RESULTSThe AN cell was found in 290 (80.3%) of 361 sides. The prevalence of AN cell according to superior attachment of UP types were 79.6% for type 1/2, 90.1% for type 3, 71.4% for type 4, 86.5% for type 5, and 83.3% for type 6. The presence of AN cell according to superior attachment types of UP was not statistically significant (χ2 = 3.54, P = 0.315).CONCLUSIONSThe AN cell was found to be present in 80.3% of the cases. However, the relationship between the presence of the AN cell and the superior attachment types of UP was not statistically significant.
Leukotriene C4 Synthase A‐444C Gene Polymorphism in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Gülçin Eskandari Hatice , Ünal Murat , Görüroĝlu Öztürk Özlem , Vayisoĝlu Yusuf , Muşlu Necati 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVETo determine the frequency of leukotriene C4 synthase A‐444C polymorphism in allergic rhinitis patients.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGA prospective, randomized, case‐controlled study. Blood samples were obtained from 85 patients with allergic rhinitis and 95 healthy individuals. After the extraction of DNA from the blood samples, the leukotriene C4 synthase A‐444C polymorphism was studied by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction method.RESULTSThe AC and CC genotype frequencies were statistically higher in the study group (P = 0.048 and P = 0.037, respectively). In addition, the AC polymorphism carried an increased risk of developing allergic rhinitis (odds ratio = 2.18, 95% confidence interval, 1.173–4.053, P = 0.014).CONCLUSIONThe C allele of the leukotriene C4 synthase gene increases the risk of developing allergic rhinitis.SIGNIFICANCEThe leukotriene C4 synthase A‐444C gene polymorphism is important in susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and this is the first study of this gene polymorphism in allergic rhinitis.
Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa is Associated with an Unfavorable Evolution after Surgery for Chronic Sinusitis and Nasal Polyposis
Authors: Bendouah Zohra , Barbeau Jean , Hamad Walid Abou , Desrosiers Martin 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVESTo determine whether biofilm‐forming capacity of bacteria demonstrated in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has an impact on persistence of the disease following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).METHODThirty‐one bacterial strains recovered from 19 patients with CRS at least 1 year post‐ESS. Evolution of disease was assessed by questionnaire and endoscopy as favorable or unfavorable. The bacteria were cultured on a 96‐well culture plaque and a semi‐quantitative method using crystal violet to quantify biofilm production was used.RESULTSTwenty‐two of 31 samples produced a biofilm thicker or equal to the positive control. Biofilm production was noted in 6/10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 8/10 Staphylococcus aureus, and 8/11 coagulase‐negative staphylococci. Biofilm formation was associated with a poor evolution for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, but not coagulase‐negative staphylococcus.CONCLUSIONThere is a correlation between in vitro biofilm‐producing capacity by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and unfavorable evolution after ESS, suggesting a role for biofilm production in chronic sinusitis.
The Microcirculation of Skeletal Muscle in Aging
Authors: PAYNE GEOFFREY W. , BEARDEN SHAWN E. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTMicrovascular structure and function are key aspects of tissue and organ health. At approximately 40% of total body mass, skeletal muscle contains more microvessels than any other organ system in the body. Moreover, skeletal muscle is the most dynamic tissue in the body with the capacity to increase blood flow and metabolic rate 30‐ to 50‐ fold. Aging is associated with decrements in microvascular function and exercise tolerance that are poorly understood. Here, experts in their respective fields of microvascular structure and function are brought together to review the current state of knowledge regarding microvascular adaptations to aging. Reviews are drawn from human and animal studies and focus on age‐related changes in sympathetic nervous system control of microvessels, capillary hemodynamics and oxygen pressure, microvascular network structure and functional integration, microvascular reactivity, whole muscle perfusion, and cellular contacts and inflammation.
Effect of Inflammation on the Aging Microcirculation: Impact on Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow Control
Authors: PAYNE GEOFFREY W. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTTo meet the metabolic demands of skeletal muscle, the vasculature supplying these vascular beds has to be connected to respond in a coordinated uniform manner, thus providing the necessary oxygen and nutrients during increased activity. The skeletal muscle microcirculation is the major resistance network controlling vascular blood supply and it is the integrity of the endothelium lining the blood vessels that is paramount in facilitating this action. Aging is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with significant increases in inflammatory agents that negatively impact the vasculature. Several inflammatory agents such as cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐α), advanced glycation products (AGEs), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) along with storage cells for inflammatory mediators (mast cells) are associated with a chronic “low‐grade inflammation” state that has been observed over the course of the aging process. Current research suggests that these age‐related increases in inflammatory agents can disrupt the microvascular endothelium and thus impair blood flow. This impairment could exacerbate the common age‐related disease states such as hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and sarcopenia, leading to increased mortality and morbidity.
What do universities want from publishing?
Authors: Pinfield Stephen 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTAt a simple level, universities want publishing to support and further their mission to carry out research and teaching. However, at a detailed level there are major differences within and between universities, which mean there will be different wants and expectations of publishing. Bearing in mind these complexities, this paper examines universities' various requirements as producers, purchasers and consumers of publications. Some of the key wants of universities include impact, affordability, quality and access. The merits of the established system of subscription‐based journal publishing and the emerging system of open‐access publishing and dissemination are discussed in relation to universities' wants.
Scholarly communication in the digital environment: what do authors want?
Authors: Rowlands Ian , Nicholas Dave , Huntington Paul 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis article reports on a large‐scale international survey of authors' perception and experience of the journals system conducted by ciber in association with National Opinion Polls (NOP). It explores the factors that inform authors' decisions where to publish and, in particular, which groups of readers they perceive to be most important. It probes readership behaviour and the values that underlie authors' attitudes towards copyright and emerging business models, notably open access. It is concluded that many aspects of author behaviour are highly conservative and that a significant shift towards open access is, in the short to medium term, highly unlikely.
High expression of ubiquitin carboxy‐terminal hydrolase‐L1 and ‐L3 mRNA predicts early recurrence in patients with invasive breast cancer
Authors: Miyoshi Yasuo , Nakayama Satoshi , Torikoshi Yasuhiro , Tanaka Satoshi , Ishihara Hideki , Taguchi Tetsuya , Tamaki Yasuhiro , Noguchi Shinzaburo 
Published: May 2006

The present study investigated the mRNA expression level of ubiquitin c‐terminal hydrolase (UCH)‐L1 and ‐L3 in breast cancer tissue and aimed to elucidate its association with tumor characteristics and patient prognosis. UCH‐L1 and UCH‐L3 mRNA levels in invasive breast cancer (n = 100) were determined by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and their relationship with various clinicopathological characteristics of breast tumors as well as patient prognosis were studied. UCH‐L3 mRNA level was significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissue compared to adjacent normal breast tissue (P < 0.005), and UHC‐L1 mRNA level also showed a non‐significant increase in tumor tissue compared to adjacent normal breast tissue. Both UCH‐L1 and UCH‐L3 mRNA levels were significantly higher in high histological grade tumors than in low histological grade tumors (P < 0.001 and P < 0.005, respectively). High UCH‐L1 mRNA level was significantly associated with negative estrogen receptor status (P < 0.05) and negative progesterone receptor status (P < 0.05). Patients with both UCH‐L1 and UCH‐L3 mRNA high tumors showed a significantly poorer prognosis than those in the UCH‐L1 or UCH‐L3 mRNA low group (P < 0.005). These observations that UCH‐L3 mRNA level is upregulated in breast cancer tissue, and breast tumors with both UCH‐L1 and UCH‐L3 mRNA high expression are associated with a poor prognosis, suggest the possible involvement of UCH‐L1 and UCH‐L3 in the pathogenesis and progression of breast cancer. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 523– 529)
Expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 is correlated with poor prognosis in human gastric cancer
Authors: Matsukawa Yasuko , Semba Shuho , Kato Hirotaka , Ito Akihiko , Yanagihara Kazuyoshi , Yokozaki Hiroshi 
Published: May 2006

Overexpression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) protein, a known repressor of gene transcription, has been reported to be associated with biological malignancy of prostate cancer and several other cancers. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of EZH2 and analyze its relationship with the clinicopathological features of human gastric cancers. Expression levels of EZH2 mRNA and protein were examined in 13 gastric cancer cell lines and in 83 surgically removed human gastric cancer tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of the 83 tissue samples and corresponding non‐cancerous gastric mucosa showed that EZH2 was more highly expressed in the cancerous than in the non‐cancerous tissues, and the expression levels of EZH2 were highly correlated with tumor size, depth of invasion, vessel invasion, lymph node metastasis and clinical stages. Univariate analysis of survival rate calculated by the Kaplan‐Meier method revealed that gastric cancer patients with high‐level EZH2 expression had poorer prognosis than those expressing no or low levels of EZH2 (P = 0.0271). These findings suggest that overexpression of EZH2 may contribute to the progression and oncogenesis of human gastric cancers, and thus immunohistochemical study of EZH2 expression may serve as a new biomarker for predicting the prognosis of gastric cancers. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 484 – 491)
DNA damage and altered gene expression of enzymes for metabolism and DNA repair by tamoxifen and toremifene in the female rat liver
Authors: Hashiba Masamichi , Kasahara Toshihiko , Kim Sung Yeon , Shibutani Shinya , Degawa Masakuni 
Published: May 2006

Effects of hepatocarcinogenic TAM and non‐hepatocarcinogenic TOR on the formation of hepatic DNA adducts and on the gene expression of hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzymes and DNA repair enzymes/proteins were comparatively examined in female Sprague‐Dawley rats treated with TAM (20 or 40 mg/kg/day, i.g.) or TOR (40 mg/kg/day, i.g.) for 1, 2 or 8 weeks. Hepatic TAM‐DNA adducts were formed even after 1 week of treatment with TAM at either dose, and the adduct levels increased in a dose‐ and treatment period‐dependent manner, whereas no DNA adducts were detected in any of the TOR‐treated rats. Conversely, TAM and TOR showed almost the same capacity for increasing the gene expression of drug‐metabolizing enzymes responsible for metabolic activation and detoxification, at least up to the 2‐week treatment mark. Accordingly, differences in DNA adduct formation between TAM‐ and TOR‐treated rats would not be primarily dependent on the capacity for inducing hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzymes. In addition, a drastic increase in the gene expression of cytochrome P4503A2 (CYP3A2), an activation enzyme of TAM, by the 8‐week treatment with TAM might have contributed to the increased formation of DNA adducts. Gene expressions of DNA repair enzymes/proteins responsible for a nucleotide excision repair system were not significantly changed in any of the rats treated with either drug. The present findings suggest that the difference between TAM and TOR in hepatocarcinogenic potency is dependent on the capacity to form DNA adducts rather than modulating the expression of drug‐metabolizing enzymes and DNA repair enzymes/proteins. (Cancer Sci2006; 97: 468– 477)
Determination of the site of tracheal tube impingement during nasotracheal fibreoptic intubation*
Authors: Marfin A. G. , Iqbal R. , Mihm F. , Popat M. T. , Scott S. H. , Pandit J. J. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThis study examines the incidence and site of tracheal tube impingement during nasotracheal fibreoptic intubation, and the efficacy of anticlockwise tube rotation to overcome the problem. Forty‐three patients underwent fibreoptic‐assisted nasotracheal intubation using a preformed nasal tube, and a second fibrescope was used to observe any obstruction to passage of the tracheal tube. Impingement occurred in 10 cases, with the most common site being the right arytenoid cartilage. Rotation resulted in successful intubation in all 10 cases, but proximal rotation did not always result in an equal degree of rotation at the tube tip. We conclude that the site of impingement for nasotracheal intubation with preformed nasal tubes is located at the posterior structures of the laryngeal inlet and that anticlockwise rotation is a simple and effective solution.
The effect of the withdrawal of rofecoxib on prescribing patterns of COX‐2 inhibitors in Scotland
Authors: Williams D. , Singh M. , Hind C. 
Published: May 2006

BackgroundConcerns have been raised regarding the cardiovascular safety of the COX‐2 inhibitors. In September 2004, rofecoxib was withdrawn from the market as a result of concerns regarding its cardiovascular safety.Aims & MethodsWe set out to examine the effect of the withdrawal of rofecoxib on the prescription of other COX‐2 inhibitors and nonselective nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (nsNSAIDs) in Scotland, using a national prescription database.ResultsThe withdrawal of rofecoxib led to an initial increase in the prescription of celecoxib as prescribers presumably switched to this alternative agent. However, this rise was short‐lived, presumably as a result of concerns that the safety concerning rofecoxib may be a class effect. A parallel increase in the prescription of diclofenac and ibuprofen was also noted, suggesting that prescribers were prescribing these medications as alternatives to COX‐2 inhibitors.ConclusionsWhile prescribers and their patients may have initially interpreted safety concerns regarding rofecoxib to be drug specific, prescribers appear to have interpreted this effect to be class specific.
Degradation and humification of maize straw in soil microcosms inoculated with simple and complex microbial communities
Authors: Liebich J. , Schloter M. , Schäffer A. , Vereecken H. , Burauel P. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryMicrobial communities are responsible for soil organic matter cycling and thus for maintaining soil fertility. A typical Orthic Luvisol was freed from organic carbon by thermal destruction at 600°C. Then the degradation and humification of 14C‐labelled maize straw by defined microbial communities was analysed. To study the role of microbial diversity on the humification of plant material, microcosms containing sterilized soil were inoculated with a natural microbial community or with microbial consortia consisting of bacterial and fungal soil isolates. Within 6 weeks, 41 ± 4% of applied 14C‐labelled maize straw was mineralized in the soil microcosms containing complex communities derived from a soil suspension, whilst the most efficient communities composed of soil isolates mineralized less than 35%. The humification products were analysed by solution state 13C‐NMR‐spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The analyses of humic acids extracts by solution state 13C‐NMR‐spectroscopy revealed no difference in the development of typical chemical functional groups for humic substances during incubation. However, the increase in specific molecular size fractions of the extracted humic acids occurred only after inoculation with complex communities, but not with defined isolates. While it seems to be true that redundancy in soil microbial communities contributes to the resilience of soils, specific soil functions may no longer be performed if a microbial community is harshly affected in its diversity or growth conditions.
Impact of crop residue location on carbon and nitrogen distribution in soil and in water‐stable aggregates
Authors: Coppens F. , Merckx R. , Recous S. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryOne of the main effects of soil tillage is that it determines the distribution of crop residues in the soil profile. Little information is available on how this affects the distribution of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the soil and more specifically in soil aggregates, as in general the contribution of other effects of tillage (i.e. mechanical disturbance) cannot be distinguished. A laboratory experiment was conducted with repacked soil columns to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of soil aggregate stabilization and storage of organic C in relation to residue location. Double‐labelled oilseed rape residues (13C and 15N) were incorporated in the 0–10 cm soil layer or left on the soil surface. The soil columns were incubated for 33 weeks at 20°C. Artificial rain events followed by evaporation imposed several dry‐wet cycles on the soil‐residue system. Spatial separation of surface‐placed residues from the soil slowed down the decomposition rate compared with incorporated residues. This resulted, in the short term, in a large fraction of residue fragments at the soil surface (equivalent to 52% of carbon applied). In contrast, initial crop residue location did not significantly affect incorporation of residue‐C in soil aggregates (only 10–12% of carbon applied), as new C entered the aggregate fractions mainly as soluble C. However, concentrations of residue‐derived C and N were greater and aggregation increased near the soil surface with mulch, which in the longer term can modify physical and biological properties of the upper cm of the soil.
The complement regulatory proteins CD55 (decay accelerating factor) and CD59 are expressed on the inner acrosomal membrane of human spermatozoa as well as CD46 (membrane cofactor protein)
Authors: Cummerson J. A. , Flanagan B. F. , Spiller D. G. , Johnson P. M. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe complement regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59 are expressed on the plasma membrane of human spermatozoa, whereas CD46 is only on the inner acrosomal membrane (IAM) which becomes surfaced exposed after the acrosome reaction when sperm assume fertilisation‐competence. CD55 & CD59, two glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins, have been detected previously in some studies also in the acrosomal region of chemically fixed spermatozoa but never demonstrated at this site on unfixed spermatozoa. Dual labelling immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy on fresh unfixed spermatozoa, with minimal subsequent time to fixation, has shown CD55 to be markedly expressed on the IAM, more than on the plasma membrane. However, unlike for CD46, CD55 displayed patchy staining over the acrosome, with some variation between individual spermatozoa. All IAM‐associated CD55 was localised within GM1‐containing lipid rafts. CD59 was expressed also on the IAM, but in a pronounced granular pattern with more variation observed from one spermatozoa to another. Both CD55 & CD59 were released from the IAM by PI‐PLC, demonstrating them to be GPI‐anchored. Analysis of acrosome‐reacted spermatozoal CD55 by Western blotting revealed a novel single 55 kDa protein lacking significant oligosaccharides susceptible to glycosidases. Antibody‐induced membrane rafting and release of CD55 & CD59 in vitro may have influenced previous results. Significant coexpression of CD55 & CD46 on the IAM suggests some functional cooperation at this site.
T‐bet is essential for the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Nath Narender , Prasad Ratna , Giri Shailendra , Singh Avtar K. , Singh Inderjit 
Published: May 2006

SummaryExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is mediated by myelin‐specific CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells, while recovery from the disease is associated with the presence of Th2 cells. Here we used animals with targeted deletion of the T‐bet gene to determine its role in the progression of EAE. T‐bet regulates the production of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) in CD4+ and natural killer cells, and CD4+ T cells from T‐bet‐deficient mice were unable to differentiate into a Th1 phenotype. Moreover BALB/c mice deficient in T‐bet were resistant to the induction of EAE disease, with minimal inflammatory infiltrates in the central nervous system. These mice were resistant to EAE induction even when PLP(180−199) peptide specific effector T cells from BALB/c wild type were transferred to BALB/c T‐bet‐deficient mice. This resistance to EAE is may be caused by the production of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) from the spleen cells upon ex vivo stimulation with PLP(180−199) peptide and in vivo presence in the central nervous system. There was no difference in the recall responses in spleen cells from T‐bet‐deficient and wild type mice; however, less secretion of IFN‐γ was observed from primed splenocytes. The expression of IFN‐γ was less in the central nervous system of T‐bet‐deficient mice whereas IL‐10 was significantly higher in T‐bet‐deficient as compared to wild type mice. These data indicate that T‐bet genes play a critical role in maintaining the encephalitogenic nature of CD4+ T cells in autoimmune responses during EAE disease progression.