bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penetration of industrial chemicals across the skin: A predictive model
Authors: Guy Richard H. , Potts Russell O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe recently reported dermal absorption and toxicity potential of industrial chemicals is reconsidered using an alternative physicochemically based model of skin penetration. In this model, the outermost, and least permeable, component of the skin [namely, the stratum corneum (SC)] is considered to provide only a lipoidal transport pathway into the body for chemicals that come into contact with the skin. The predictive algorithm of the model is biophysically compatible with known SC properties, and is based on experimental determinations of permeability coefficients through human skin in vitro for nearly 100 compounds of widely divergent physicochemical properties. This simpler prediction results in significantly lower estimates of maximum percutaneous penetration fluxes. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lead exposure among automobile radiator repair workers and their children in New York city
Authors: Nunez Carol M. , Klitzman Susan , Goodman Andrew 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDespite a comprehensive Occupational Safety and Health Administration lead standard, exposure to lead continues in many industries. This paper describes a blood lead screening and education program for automobile radiator repair workers and their families in New York City. Results showed that 67% of automobile radiator repair workers (n + 62) in 89% of the shops tested (n + 24) had blood lead levels in excess of 25 μg/dl. The vast majority of workers had never been tested previously, and none had received health and safety training regarding occupational lead exposure. Although none of the workers' children's blood lead levels were in excess of then‐current guidelines, several had levels which may be associated with subclinical toxicity and in excess of the revised Centers for Disease Control guidelines of 10 μg/dl. This project demonstrates that lead exposure in the automotive radiator repair industry continues to be widespread and that local health departments can assist in hazard identification and remediation. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controlled short‐time terpene exposure induces an increase of the macrophages and the mast cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
Authors: Johard Urban , Larsson Kjell , Löf Agneta , Eklund Anders 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEight healthy nonsmoking volunteers underwent terpene exposure (450 mg/m3 air) on 4 different occasions within a 2 week period. Total exposure time was 12 hours. Before and after the sequences of exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. Twenty hours after the exposure there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase of the alveolar cell concentration (median pre‐exposure value 76 × 106 cells/L, post‐exposure value 126 × 106 cells/L), predominantly due to an increment of the macrophages (from 72 × 106 cells/L to 121 × 106 cells/L). The mast cells also increased from 1/10 to 5/10 visual fields. No elevated concentrations of albumin, fibronectin, hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid), and tryptase were observed. We conclude that terpene exposure, in a concentration regarded as moderate, induces an acute alveolar cellular reaction in healthy subjects. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual sex ratio of births to carbon setter fathers
Authors: Milham Samuel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn the years of 1980–1990, there were 139 birth records filed in Washington State on which father's occupation was designated as “carbon setter,” a job title specific to aluminum reduction plants of the prebake type. Fifty‐three (53) of these records specified sex of the birth as male, while 86 records specified sex of the infant as female. This gives a sex ratio of 0.381, which is a significant departure from the usual sex ratio at birth (proportion male + 0.512). Surveillance of sex ratio by paternal occupation is a simple method of monitoring for genotoxicity. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory function in workers employed in the glassblowing industry
Authors: Zuskin Eugenija , Butkovic Dragan , Schachter E. Neil , Mustajbegovic Jadranka 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA group of 80 men employed in the glassblowing industry was studied in order to investigate the effect of this occupational exposure on respiratory function. Eighty nonexposed workers were included in the study as a control group. Glassblowers had a significantly higher prevalence of chronic bronchitis, nasal catarrh, chronic sinusitis, and nasal bleeding than control workers; length of employment in the industry did not affect the prevalence of symptoms. Many of the glassblowers complained of work shift related symptoms. Measurement of lung function among glassblowers showed there were significant increases in the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the maximum flow rates at 50% and 25% of FVC on maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves (FEF50, FEF25) across the work shift. Glassblowers had significantly larger preshift FVC and forced expiratory volume in 1‐second (FEV1) measurements when compared to controls. Additionally, residual volume (RV) and RV/TLC% for the glassblowers were significantly increased while the diffusing capacity (DLCO) was normal (when compared to predicted values). Our data indicate that employment in the glassblowing industry contributes to the development of chronic respiratory findings. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mortality of urban firefighters in alberta, 1927–1987
Authors: Guidotti Tee L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe mortality experience of firefighters has been an active topic of investigation. Collateral toxicological evidence suggests that certain causes of death are likely to be associated with firefighting: lung cancer, heart disease, and obstructive pulmonary disease. To date there has not been a clear and consistent demonstration of excess risk due to occupational exposure for these outcomes, but certain other cancers, including genitourinary, colon and rectum, and leukemias, lymphomas, and myeloma, appear to be consistently elevated. A major unproven hypothesis is that risk increased following the introduction, in the 1950s, of combustible plastic furnishing and building materials known to generate toxic combustion products. Mortality by cause of death was examined for two cohorts totalling 3,328 firefighters active from 1927 to 1987 in Edmonton and Calgary, the two major urban centers in the province of Alberta, Canada, examining associations with cohort (before and after the 1950s) and years of service weighted by exposure opportunity. The study attained 96% follow‐up of vital status and over 64,983 person‐years of observation, yielding 370 deaths. Mortality from all causes was close to the expected standardized mortality ratio (96; 95% confidence limits (CL) 87, 107) as was that for heart disease (110; 95% CL 92, 131), and neither was statistically significant at the p < 0.05 level (N.S.). Excesses were observed for all malignant neoplasms (127; 95% CL 102, 155, p < 0.05) and for cancer of lung (142; 95% CL 91, 211, N.S.), bladder (315; 95% CL 86, 808, N.S.), kidney and ureter (414; 95% CL 166, 853, p < 0.05), colon and rectum (161; 95% CL 88, 271, N.S.), pancreas (155; 95% CL 50, 362, N.S.) and leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma (127; 95% CL 233, N.S.); obstructive pulmonary diseases (157; 95% CL 79, 281, N.S.). Fire‐related causes showed a marked excess (486; 95% CL 233, 895, p < 0.01), but external causes overall showed a marked excess (486; 95% CL 233, 895, p < 0.01), but external causes overall showed a significant deficit (66; 95% CL 49, 87, p < 0.05). The lung cancer excess was confined to Edmonton; there was no consistent association with duration of employment, exposure opportunity, or cohort of entry (before or after the 1950s) except that the highest risk was observed among Edmonton firefighters with over 35 weighted years. The excess of cancers of the urinary tract was observed mostly among firefighters entering service after 1950, appeared to increase with length of service and exposure opportunity, and was observed in both cities. An occupational association with heart disease and chronic pulmonary disease is not supported in this study on this population. An effect on lung cancer is not obvious, but may be present in the highest exposure group; a weak effect for lung cancer confounded by stronger effects cannot be ruled out. Associations of firefighting with cancers at genitourinary sites and with fire‐related injury are strongly suggested in this population. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fouling one's own nest revisited
Authors: McDiarmid Melissa A. , Weaver Virginia 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTransport of Hazards from the workplace to the home by workers is a previously recognized but poorly addressed public health problem. Particularly disturbing are the childhood intoxications which may result from such paraoccupational exposure. Work clothes and shoes appear to be a common vehicle for hazard transport in recently reported cases as they were in the past, although other “markers” for potential paraoccupational exposure may be derived from case reviews. These include: poor workplace hygiene, occupational intoxications in adult workers, and the “cottage industry” phenomenon. These markers are reviewed in the context of recently reported cases and strategies are suggested to mitigate these easily preventable exposures. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health characteristics by longest held occupation and industry of employment: United States, 1980
Authors: Cooper Sharon P. , Buffler Patricia A. , Lee Eun Sul , Cooper Charles J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOccupational and industrial hazards are unevenly distributed in the workplace. National estimates for selected health indices of persons aged 17 years and over in the civilian noninstitutionalized population are presented for categories of longest held occupation and industry of employment. These estimates were based on data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in the 1980 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Occupational Supplement, the first survey to collect data on longest held, in addition to current, occupation and industry of employment. Data on length of longest held job, limitation of activity, disability days, incidence of acute conditions, persons injured, hospitalizations, and utilization of medical and dental services are presented. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Five‐year follow‐up study of hearing loss at several locations within a large automobile company
Authors: Lee‐Feldstein Anna 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis longitudinal epidemiologic study was designed to investigate hearing loss over a 5‐year period among noise‐exposed employees of a large automobile company and to assess effectiveness of hearing conservation programs at locations representing the spectrum of operations (assembly, light manufacturing, heavy manufacturing and machining, metal fabrication, and founding). Based on computerized audiometric test data, the study summarizes methodology developed for measuring occupational hearing loss and its application in evaluating programs at these locations, which had maximal 8‐hr time‐weighted average (TWA) noise exposures ranging from 104 to 110 dB(A). Methods presented here provide for consideration of age and hearing level of study subjects at baseline audiogram and clearly demonstrate the extent of hearing loss during the study period. Among five study locations, the average hearing loss at 2,000–4,000 Hz in the worst‐loss ear ranged from 3.4 to 6.2 dB over the follow‐up period; after adjustment for presbycusis, the loss was less than 2 dB at all but one location, which showed a loss of nearly 4 dB. In comparison to a control group of nonnoise‐exposed employees, hearing conservation programs at four of the five locations were judged to be effective. One location, a metal fabrication plant with a large percentage of employees having an 8‐hr TWA noise exposure over 90 dB(A), was particularly noted for the effectiveness of its program. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupation and lung cancer risk among women in Northern China
Authors: Wu‐Williams Anna H. , Xu Z. Y. , Blot William J. , Dai X. D. , Louie Rachel , Xiao H. P. , Stone B. J. , Sun X. W. , Yu S. F. , Feng Y. P. , Fraumeni Joseph F. , Henderson Brian E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLifetime occupational histories were obtained in a case‐control study of 965 female lung cancer patients and 959 controls selected from the general population in Shenyang and Harbin, People's Republic of China, where most women have worked outside the home. After adjusting for smoking, we found a significantly increased risk of lung cancer associated with employment involving the manufacture of transportation equipment (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0, 2.6), in particular the manufacturing of automobiles (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.4, 6.4). Metal smelting and treatment workers were at an increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0, 2.1); the highest risks were observed among metal surfacers (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.1, 9.0) and currently employed foundry workers (OR = 13.0, 95% CI = 1.7, 99.4). On the other hand, about a 50% decreased risk of lung cancer was observed among those employed in textile industries or as leaders of state and party organizations. Based on self‐reports, exposures to coal dust and smoke from burning fuel at the workplace were also significant risk factors. The findings were similar when the analyses were confined to nonsmokers and were comparable across the major cell types of lung cancer. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational risks for primary liver cancer in Shanghai, China
Authors: Chow Wong‐Ho , McLaughlin Joseph K. , Zheng Wei , Blot William J. , Gao Yu‐Tang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUsing occupational data for over 3,400 primary liver cancer cases diagnosed between 1980 and 1984 reported to the Shanghai Cancer Registry, and employment information from the 1982 census for the Shanghai population, standardized incidence ratios were computed to generate leads to occupational risks of liver cancer. Among men, a statistically significant excess number of cases was observed for chemical processors, textile workers, wood workers, blacksmiths and machine‐tool operators, and material handlers and dock workers. Increased incidence of liver cancer also was observed among female transport equipment operators. These findings indicate that a number of similar occupations are associated with increased risk of primary liver cancer in western countries and China. Although causal inferences cannot be drawn from these data, our study adds to the limited evidence of the potential role of occupational exposures in liver carcinogenesis. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Survey of glycol ether use in Taiwan, 1991
Authors: Lin Chia‐Ku , Chen Ruey‐Yu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGlycol ethers (including glycol ether esters) are a group of solvents with medium‐high boiling points and low evaporation rates, possessing solvent characteristics of alcohol/ether functions (or ether/ester functions). They have been widely used in coatings and other industrial products for more than half a century. Recently, E‐series glycol ethers have been found to show reproductive and teratogenic toxicity, and throughout much of the world they are being replaced by the so‐called P‐series glycol ethers.In responding to the impact of the worldwide transition from E‐ to P‐series glycol ethers, the current status of glycol ether use in Taiwan was studied. This study focuses on the type and quantity of these solvents being used, worker and public knowledge about their hazards, and possible changes in government regulations being considered.In this study, we found that large quantities of E‐series glycol ethers were imported and used in Taiwan. The best estimates are: 2‐ME, 2,500 tons; 2‐EE, 1,200 tons; 2‐EEA, 5,000–8,000 tons; 2‐BE, 8,000 tons annually in 1991. For P‐series glycol ethers, only about 2,500 tons are being used. Lack of knowledge about the potential toxic effects of the E‐series glycol ethers is very common among users, regulatory agencies, academic institutes, and the general public. It is hoped that the results of this study, along with educational efforts, government regulations, and provision of technical services, will help prevent Taiwan from becoming a dumping site for these toxic chemicals. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the national cancer program and proposed reforms
Authors: Epstein Samuel S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA statement by some 68 prominent national experts in industrial medicine, carcinogenesis, epidemiology, and public health, released at a February 4, 1992 press conference in Washington, D.C., charged that the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has confused the public by repeated claims of winning the war against cancer. In fact, age standardized incidence rates have increased sharply over recent decades, while ability to treat and cure most cancers has not materially improved. Furthermore, the NCI has minimized evidence for increasing cancer rates which are largely attributed to smoking and to diet. In so doing, NCI trivializes the importance of occupational carcinogens as non‐smoking‐attributable causes of lung and other cancers, and ignores the tenuous and inconsistent evidence for the causal role of diet per se and also the important role of carcinogenic dietary contaminants. Reflecting this near exclusionary blame‐the‐victim theory of cancer causation, with support from the American Cancer Society and industry, the NCI discounts the role of avoidable involuntary exposures to industrial carcinogens in air, water, food, the home, and the workplace. The NCI has also failed to provide scientific guidance to Congress and regulatory agencies on fundamental principles of carcinogenesis and epidemiology, and on the critical need to reduce avoidable exposures to environmental and occupational carcinogens. Contrary to NCI, analysis of their $2 billion budget reveals very limited allocations for research on primary cancer prevention, and for occupational cancer which receives only $19 million annually, 1% of NCI's total budget. Problems of professional mindsets in NCI leadership—fixation on diagnosis, treatment, and basic research (much of questionable relevance) and the neglect of cancer prevention—are exemplified by the composition of the Executive President's Cancer Panel and the National Cancer Advisory Board. Contrary to the explicit mandate of the National Cancer Act, the Board is virtually devoid of recognized authorities in occupational and environmental carcinogenesis. These problems are further compounded by institutionalized conflicts of interest reflected in the composition of past Cancer Panels, and of the current Board of Overseers of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NCI's prototype comprehensive cancer center, with their closely interlocking financial interests with the cancer drug and other industries. Comprehensive reforms of NCI policies and priorities are overdue. Implementation of such reforms is, however, unlikely in the absence of further support from industrial medicine professionals, which is here solicited, besides action by Congress and concerned citizen groups. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Classification of radiographs for pneumoconiosis: The Canadian pneumoconiosis reading panel
Authors: Muir D. C. F. , Julian J. A. , Roos J. O. , Maehle W. M. , Chan J. , Mountain W. , Morgan W. K. C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA method of providing experience for readers in the classification of radiographs for pneumoconiosis is described. It is based on an exchange of films by mail, with provision for ongoing feedback of results. The effects of this feedback on reading levels is described. The method is suitable for readers who are unable to attend major centers for formal instruction, and has the additional advantage of continual monitoring of reading levels. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utility of the complete blood count in routine medical surveillance for ethylene oxide exposure
Authors: Lamontagne Anthony D. , Christiani David C. , Kelsey Karl T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe 1984 OSHA Standard for ethylene oxide (EtO) mandates medical surveillance under various circumstances. When performed, medical surveillance for EtO must include a complete blood count (CBC) with differential leukocyte count. This requirement is based on reports of EtO‐associated absolute lymphocytosis and other hematologic effects. This paper describes our experiences in providing EtO medical surveillance for a 300 bed hospital over a 6 year period. We observed an apparent relative lymphocytosis which persisted over 3–4 years in sterilization workers with documented TWA personal EtO exposures averaging 0.07 ppm. In addition, three workers had a history of acutely toxic overexposure to EtO as a result of a sterilizer malfunction. These workers became symptomatic following the high accidental overexposure, but did not show absolute lymphocytosis or altered patterns in the relative lymphocytosis. Finally, a cross‐sectional comparison of the CBC data from the EtO‐exposed workers to data from non‐EtO‐exposed hospital workers showed no significant differences, ruling out an association of the relative lymphocytosis with EtO exposure. These observations led us to review the basis for the inclusion of the CBC in routine EtO medical surveillance. Our experience, review of the literature on EtO‐associated lymphocytosis and anemia, and review of the literature on the use of the CBC with differential as a screening test suggest that the leukocyte differential may not be useful in routine medical surveillance for EtO exposure. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Youth, race, and labor: Working kids and historical ambivalence in twentieth century America
Authors: Rosner David 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAs a society, we share assumptions that exhibit a profound historical ambivalence regarding young people at work. On the one hand, we all acknowledge that there is something socially and morally reprehensible about forcing children to toil. Many of us see child labor as a vestigial remnant of the harshest aspects of the Industrial Revolution. On the other hand, we also continue to see work as a sign of the moral and social health of a community and hence, we see employment among the young as a stabilizing and redemptive activity. Especially when addressing the nation's poor, urban and African‐American populations, youth unemployment is almost universally understood as a root cause of social unrest and community breakdown. This paper outlines some of the historical arguments about children in the work force and raises the question about the national resolve to seriously address this issue. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health hazards to children in agriculture
Authors: Wilk Valerie A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChildren comprise a significant portion of the agricultural workforce and are exposed to many workplace hazards, including farm machinery, pesticides, poor field sanitation, unsafe transportation, and fatigue from doing physically demanding work for long periods. Migrant farmworker children face the additional hazard of substandard or nonexistent housing in the fields. Children account for a disproportionate share of agricultural workplace fatalities and disabling injuries, with more than 300 deaths and 27,000 injuries per year. The most common cause of fatal and nonfatal injury among children in agriculture is farm machinery, with tractors accouting for the greatest number. Remedies to the problems of child labor must take into account family economics and the need for child care. Labor law reform and rigorous enforcement of existing laws and of workplace health and safety requirements are vital to better protect the children and adults working in agriculture. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.