bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific Competition Between Adult Females of the Hyperparasitoid Trichomalopsis Apanteloctena (Hymenoptera: Chelonidae), for Domination of Cotesia kariyai (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Cocoons
Authors: Nakamatsu Y , Harvey Jeffrey A. , Tanaka T 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The development of parasitoid wasps is dependent on the finite resources contained in a single item of resource (=host) that is frequently not much larger than the adult parasitoid. When the costs of egg production are high, and host distribution is highly aggregated, parasitoid females may spend prolonged periods guarding their eggs and host resources as an adaptive strategy to optimize their inclusive fitness. Here, we examine aggressive interactions between the females of the secondary hyperparasitoid Trichomalopsis apanteloctena (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Chelonidae), for control of cocoon clusters of their primary parasitoid host Cotesia kariyai (Watanabe) (Hymenoptera: Braeonidae). Generally, larger female hyperparasitoids were more successful at defending cocoon clusters than smaller female hyperparasitoids. However, when first encountering host cocoons, larger females behaved more aggressively toward conspecific wasps than smaller females. After occupation of a host cocoon cluster, females of similar size rarely engaged in physical combat, but both females primarily exhibited threatening behavior toward each other. However, larger females usually displaced smaller females which had initially occupied cocoon clusters. Some small females chewed through the outer cocoon silk layer to avoid being displaced by larger females and these wasps were able to continue parasitizing cocoons of C. kariyai. Extended bouts of aggression tended to reduce the number of eggs laid by the guarding female because of disruption of oviposition behavior. The relationship between the size of host cocoons and body mass in T. apanteloctena was also examined. The size of hyperparasitoid progeny was strongly correlated with host size. However, the relationship between maternal size, the number of matured eggs in her ovarioles and body mass in her offspring was not significant.
Bisphosphonates in Oncology: Rising Stars or Fallen Heroes
Authors: Van den Wyngaert Tim , Huizing Manon T. , Fossion Eric , Vermorken Jan B. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The introduction of bisphosphonates in oncology has dramatically changed the management of patients with metastatic bone disease. In this manuscript, we thoroughly scrutinize the available body of clinical trials supporting the use of bisphosphonates in this setting and review new and ongoing research. Additionally, we summarize the data showing the benefits of bisphosphonate use in the prevention of treatment-induced bone loss and the intriguing emerging evidence on the antitumor potential of some of these agents when used in the adjuvant setting. Finally, we address the need for a careful consideration of potential benefits of bisphosphonate therapy and the risk for osteonecrosis of the jaw, a recently recognized late-toxicity of their use.
Morpho-anatomical differentiation of Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. 1827. (Chenopodiaceae) populations from inland and maritime saline area
Authors: Polić Dubravka , Luković Jadranka , Zorić Lana , Boža Pal , Merkulov Ljiljana , Knežević Aleksa 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMorphological analysis of four populations of Suaeda maritima was undertaken in order to examine the variation between populations from inland and maritime saline area, as well as between the two subspecies. Variability and significance of morpho-anatomical differentiation were examined using principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant component analysis (DCA) and cluster analysis. Plants of each population exhibited halomorphic and xeromorphic characteristics. The results of PCA and DCA showed that S. maritima subsp. prostrata and S. maritima subsp. maritima could be clearly separated based on their quantitative anatomical characteristics. Based on our analysis, climate and the amount of salt and ions in the soil, are important factors that enhance the adaptive potential of S. maritima.
A novel neuroprotectant PAN-811 protects neurons from oxidative stress
Authors: Pan Weiying , Dancik Chanteé , Nelson Valery , Jiang Zhi-Gang , Lebowitz Michael , Ghanbari Hossein 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a major non-radical reactive oxygen species (ROS) could elicit intracellular oxidative damage and/or cause extracellular free calcium influx by activating the NMDA receptor or through calcium channels. In the present study, NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 fully blocked H2O2-induced neuronal cell death, whereas green tea (GT) extract containing-antioxidants only partially suppressed the neurotoxicity of H2O2. These suggest that majority of ROS overproduction is downstream of H2O2-induced calcium influx. A novel neuroprotectant PAN-811 was previously demonstrated to efficiently attenuate ischemic neurotoxicity. PAN-811 hereby fully blocks H2O2-elicited neuronal cell death with a more advanced neuroprotective profile than that of GT extract. PAN-811 was also shown to protect against CaCl2-elicited neurotoxicity. Efficient protection against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity by PAN-811 indicates its potential application in treatment of ROS-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
The tumor suppressor LZTS2 functions through the cellular samurai Katanin
Authors: Maru Yoshiro 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor (LZTS) 2 is frequently and specifically found in LOH (loss of heterozygosity) analysis in cancer. Different from other LZTS family members, it regulates the microtubule-severing protein Katanin by binding the p80 regulatory subunit of Katanin and inhibiting its interaction with microtubules. At specific phases of the cell cycle, LZTS2 suppresses cell migration and establishes proper central spindle assembly for cytokinesis. Importantly, those biological effects are mediated by the inhibitory activity of LZTS2 on Katanin. LZTS2 binding to Katanin also plays a role in Katanin transport to the midbody to control proper abscission. Therapeutic applications of the interaction between LZTS2 and Katanin in tumor cells are a potential area for future research.
Career Factors Help Predict Productivity in Scholarship Among Faculty Members in Physical Therapist Education Programs
Authors: Kaufman Regina R 
Published: January 2009

BackgroundAcademic institutions and scholars play a critical role in the development of a unique and substantive professional science and disciplinary literature. Individual and environmental characteristics influence the scholarly work of higher education faculty generally, but little is known about factors that influence scholarly productivity of physical therapist faculty members.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to identify the factors that contribute to the variability in scholarly productivity among faculty members in physical therapist education programs.DesignA cross-sectional study design was used.MethodsA survey of a representative sample of faculty members in accredited professional (entry-level) physical therapist education programs in the United States was conducted. Descriptive analysis was conducted, and 5 blocked hierarchical regression models were constructed to identify factors that help explain variability in grantsmanship, peer-reviewed publications, and peer-reviewed presentations.ResultsA usable response rate of 58% was obtained. The 520 participants displayed variability in scholarly productivity. The regression models explained half of the variance in career publishing productivity and 28% to 44% of the variance in productivity in presentations and grants. Career factors, including discipline of highest degree, appointment status, and faculty rewards, contributed most substantially to the explained variance. Several phenomena unique to physical therapy were considered in light of these findings. The multidisciplinary nature of the faculty, national trends in faculty hiring and appointment, and the status of the DPT-trained faculty cohort all may influence physical therapy faculty scholarship.LimitationsUnidentified errors in sampling or reporting may limit the results of this study.ConclusionsCareer factors generally predict the largest proportion of explained variance in scholarly productivity. Large numbers of questions remain regarding the status of scholarship and scholars in physical therapy.
Polio Eradication Efforts in Nepal
Authors: Suvedi BK 
Published: January 2009

Nepal has made tremendous effort for polio eradication. The efforts are based on the global polio eradication strategies. Despite all the efforts as per the global strategies, wild poliovirus is still present in the country. The importance of water, hygiene and sanitation is stressed as an additional strategy in still persisting areas. Key words: Poliomyelitis, Eradication, Nepal, Immunization, Surveillance. doi:10.3126/jnps.v27i2.1409 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.27(2) p.57-59
Efficacy of Albendazole and Short-Course Prednisolone Treatment in Children with One or Two Ring-Enhancing Lesions of Neurocysticercosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Swain PK , Thapalial A , Das RN , Dhaliwal MS , Subedi K 
Published: January 2009

Context: Neurocysticercosis is a endemic disease in Nepal causing social and financial burden on society and developmental problem in children. Aims: To determine the efficacy of albendazole plus oral prednisolone in children with 1 or 2 ring-enhancing lesions (by CT) on resolution of lesions and recurrence of seizure. Setting and Design: Randomized controlled open trial. Methods and Materials: Children with 1 or 2 ring-enhancing lesions < 20 mm in diameter on computed tomography scan, likely to have Neurocysticercosis, were assigned to treatment & control groups. Children assigned to the treatment group (n = 50) were given 2.0 mg/kg per day prednisolone orally for 5 days plus 15 mg/kg per day albendazole on third day for 28 days. Anti epileptic drugs were given to both groups {including Control group (n = 51)}. Statistical Analysis: The results were analysed with the use of Epi Info version 6.04 and Stata version;7 software. Results: The lesions resolved completely or partially in more children in the treated group compared with the control group (p = .04 & p = 0.03). The proportion of children who had seizures was significantly lower in the treated group compared with the control group at 6 months (10% versus 33%; p = .006) and 12 months (14% versus 38%; p = .003). Conclusion: Albendazole plus Prednisolone increased resolution of lesions on computed tomography scan and reduced the risk of subsequent recurrence of seizures among children with Neurocysticercosis. Key words: Prednisolone, Albendazole, Neurocysticercosis and Children. doi:10.3126/jnps.v27i2.1410 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.27(2) p.60-63
An Overview of Neonatal Admissions at College of Medical Sciences (COMS)
Authors: Gurubacharya SM , Gurubacharya RL 
Published: January 2009

Objective: To know the profile of newborn admissions and its outcome and the factors associated with neonatal mortality. Methods: The study included both intramural and extramural cases of 180 newborn babies admitted in nursery over a period of 6 months from 01/08/06 to 31/01/07. The relevant data were recorded on a pre-designed proforma meticulously. Results: There were 180 newborn babies during the study period. The mean birth was 2.7 kg.. Majority, 77.8 %( 140) of the babies weighed equal to or more than 2.5 kg. Low birth weight (LBW) was seen in 22.2 %( 40) babies. There were 80 %( 144) full term babies and 20 %( 36) preterm babies. Majority of the mothers in the age group between 20-30 years had incomplete antenatal check- ups. There were 86 %( 155) normal vaginal deliveries, 4.5 %( 8) forceps deliveries and 9.5 %( 17) caesarean sections. Birth/perinatal asphyxia 39(22%), prematurity 36(20%) and neonatal septicemia 30(17%) comprised of leading admissions. There were 27deaths (15%) in total.13 (7%), 8(5%) and 6(3%) babies died of severe perinatal asphyxia, neonatal septicemia and prematurity respectively. Most of the deaths occurred during the first 72 hours. Conclusions: The mean birth weight is good. The major causes of neonatal death are birth/perinatal asphyxia, prematurity and neonatal septicemia. The factors influencing neonatal mortality are low and poor antenatal care, meconium stained liquor, delay in coming to the hospital, PROM, eclampsia. The study emphasises the importance of regular antenatal care, timely referral of pregnant women with complications to appropriate centers and conducting delivery in a clean environment for lowering neonatal mortality. Key words: newborn, admission, neonatal outcome, asphyxia doi:10.3126/jnps.v27i2.1413 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.27(2) p.73-74
Childhood Middle Ear Tuberculosis–A Rare Case Report
Authors: Swain PK , Mallik SA , Thapalial A 
Published: January 2009

Tuberculosis rarely affects the middle ear cleft; the disease is a curiosity and not often considered in the differential diagnosis of otorrhea. The diagnosis is thus made too late, with resulting complications such as irreversible hearing loss and facial nerve paralysis. A case report with review of the literature is presented, emphasizing that tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic ear infection in children. In our case direct nosocomial spread of tuebrculous bacilli has been attributed. Key words: Tuberculosis; otitis media, hearing loss & facial paralysis. doi:10.3126/jnps.v27i2.1589 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.27(2) p.93-94
Japanese Encephalitis in Children admitted at Patan Hospital
Authors: Shresta SR , Awale P , Neupane S , Adhikari N , Yadav BK 
Published: January 2009

This is a hospital based retrospective study, which was done in Pediatric ward of Patan hospital. Study period was one and half year (from Srawan 2063 to 2064 poush).Data were taken from discharge book of Pediatric ward, from the record section of this hospital, and from JE surveillance office, WHO, Kathmandu. All children from 1 month to 14 years ,who were admitted in Pediatric ward with symptoms of Meningitis, Meningoencephalitis and Encephalitis were included in this study and patients more than 14 years of age and symptoms not suggestive of meningitis, meningoencephalitis or encephalitis were excluded from the study. Headache; vomiting and fever were the chief complaints of patients. Two patients died during study period. There were 16 patients with serologically confirmed Japanese encephalitis. Key words: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), arthropod borne disease, Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). doi:10.3126/jnps.v29i1.1595 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.29(1) p.17-21
Cisternal segments of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves: detailed magnetic resonance imaging–demonstrated anatomy and neurovascular relationships
Authors: Linn Jennifer , Moriggl Bernhard , Schwarz Friederike , Naidich Thomas P. , Schmid Urs D. , Wiesmann Martin , Bruckmann Hartmut , Yousry Indra 
Published: January 2009

Object
The aim of this study was to determine whether high-resolution MR imaging is suitable for identifying and differentiating among the nerve root bundles of the glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve [CN] IX), vagus (CN X), and accessory nerves (CN XI) as well as any adjacent vessels.

Methods
Twenty-five patients (50 sides) underwent MR imaging using the 3D constructive interference in steady-state (CISS) sequence, as well as noncontrast and contrast-enhanced 3D time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography. Two individuals scored these studies by consensus to determine how well these sequences displayed the neurovascular contacts and nerve root bundles of CNs IX and X and the cranial and spinal roots of CN XI. Landmarks useful for identifying each lower CN were specifically sought.

Results
The 3D CISS sequence successfully depicted CNs IX and X in 100% of the sides. Nerve root bundles of the cranial segment of CN XI were identified in 88% of the sides and those of the spinal segment of CN XI were noted in 93% of the sides. Landmarks useful in identifying the lower CNs included the vagal trigone, the choroid plexus of the lateral recess, the glossopharyngeal and vagal meatus, the inferior petrosal sinus, and the vertebral artery. The combined use of 3D CISS and 3D TOF sequences demonstrated neurovascular contacts at the nerve root entry or exit zones in 19% of all nerves visualized.

Conclusions
The combined use of 3D CISS MR imaging and 3D TOF MR angiography (with or without contrast) successfully displays the detailed anatomy of the lower CNs and adjacent structures in vivo. These imaging sequences have the potential to aid the preoperative diagnosis of and the presurgical planning for pathology in this anatomical area.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in resected epileptic dysplastic neocortex
Authors: González-Martínez Jorge A. , Möddel Gabriel , Ying Zhong , Prayson Richard A. , Bingaman William E. , Najm Imad M. 
Published: January 2009

Object
Nitric oxide has been associated with epileptogenesis. Previous studies have shown increased expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subunit NR2B receptors in epileptic dysplastic human neocortex. The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and its relation to this subunit NR2B in epileptic dysplastic tissue has never been addressed.

Methods
Ten patients with medically intractable epilepsy caused by focal cortical dysplasia (CD), and 2 patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (control group) underwent pre- and/or intraoperative invasive monitoring evaluations. Cortical samples from epileptogenic and nonepileptogenic areas were collected from each patient intraoperatively. Samples were processed for cresyl violet staining, immunocytochemical tests with nNOS, NeuN, and NR2B, and immunofluorescence analyses to evaluate colocalized immunoreactivity between nNOS and NR2B.

Results
. All samples obtained in the patients with epilepsy revealed CD in various degrees. In the nonepileptic sample group, cresyl violet staining revealed normal cortical architecture in 9 samples, but a mild degree of CD in 3. The density and intensity of nNOS-stained neurons was remarkably increased in the epileptic tissue compared with nonepileptic samples (p < 0.05). Two types of nNOS-stained neurons were identified: Type I, expressing strong nNOS immunoreactivity in larger neurons; and Type II, expressing weak nNOS immunoreactivity in slightly smaller neurons. Different from Type I neurons, Type II nNOS-stained neurons revealed immunoreactivity colocalized with NR2B antibody.

Conclusions
The overexpression of nNOS in the epileptic samples and the immunoreactivity colocalization between nNOS and NR2B may suggest a possible role of nNOS and NO in the pathophysiological mechanisms related to in situ epileptogenicity.
Limitations of the transcallosal transchoroidal approach to the third ventricle
Authors: Ulm Arthur J. , Russo Antonino , Albanese Erminia , Tanriover Necmettin , Martins Carolina , Mericle Robert M. , Pincus David , Rhoton Albert L. 
Published: January 2009

Object
The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical limitations of the transcallosal transchoroidal approach to the third ventricle.

Methods
Twenty-six formalin-fixed specimens were studied. Sagittal dissections were used to determine the anatomical relationships of the foramen of Monro, the angle of approach to landmarks, and placement of a callosotomy. Lateral ventricular dissections were performed to quantitate the forniceal anatomy.

Results
The foramen of Monro was found 1.07 ± 0.11 cm superior and slightly anterior to the mammillary bodies, 1.48 ± 0.16 cm posterosuperior to the optic recess, and 2.26 ± 0.16 cm anterosuperior to the aqueduct. Relative to the genu, a callosal incision 2.64 ± 0.53 cm long and angled 37 ± 4.3° anterior was needed to access the aqueduct, and an incision 4.92 ± 0.71 cm long and angled 49 ± 7.4° posterior was needed to access the optic recess. The fornix progressively widened within the lateral ventricle, from 1.25 ± 0.63 mm at the foramen of Monro to > 7 mm at 2 cm behind the foramen. Three zones of exposure were identified, requiring unique craniotomies, callosotomies, and angles of approach. The major limiting factors in the approach included the columns of the fornix anteriorly, the width of the fornix posteriorly, and the draining veins of the parietal cortex. The choroidal fissure opening was limited to 1.5 cm posterior to the foramen of Monro; this limited opening created an aperture effect that required an anterior-to-posterior angle, an anterior craniotomy, and an anteriorly placed callosotomy to access the posterior landmarks. In contrast, a posterior-to-anterior angle, posteriorly placed craniotomy, and posteriorly placed callosotomy were required to access anterior landmarks.

Conclusions
The transcallosal transchoroidal approach was ideally suited to access the foramen of Monro and the middle and posterior thirds of the third ventricle. Exposure of the anterior third ventricle was limited by the columns of the fornix and by the presence of parietal cortical draining veins.
Adherence of intraneural ganglia of the upper extremity to the principles of the unifying articular (synovial) theory
Authors: Wang Huan , Terrill Robert Q. , Tanaka Shota , Amrami Kimberly K. , Spinner Robert J. 
Published: January 2009

Object
Intraneural ganglia are nonneoplastic mucinous cysts contained within the epineurium of peripheral nerves. Their pathogenesis has been controversial. Historically, the majority of authors have favored de novo formation (degenerative theory). Because of their rarity, intraneural ganglia affecting the upper limb have been misunderstood. This study was designed to critically analyze the literature and to test the hypothesis that intraneural ganglia of the upper limb act analogously to those in the lower limb, being derived from an articular source (synovial theory).

Methods
Two patients with digital intraneural cysts were included in the study. An extensive literature review of intraneural ganglia of the upper limb was undertaken to provide the historical basis for the study.

Results
In both cases, the digital intraneural ganglia were demonstrated to have joint connections; the one patient in whom an articular branch was not appreciated initially had evidence on postoperative MR images of persistence of intraneural cyst after simple decompression was performed. Eighty-six cases of intraneural lesions were identified in varied locations of the upper limb: the most common sites were the ulnar nerve at the elbow and wrist, occurring 38 and 22 times, respectively. Joint connections were present in only 20% of the cases published by other groups.

Conclusions
The authors believe that the fundamental principles of the unifying articular (synovial) theory (that is, articular branch connections, cyst fluid following a path of least resistance, and the role of pressure fluxes) previously described to explain intraneural ganglia in the lower limb apply to those cases in the upper limb. In their opinion, the joint connection is often not identified because of the cysts' rarity, radiologists' and surgeons' inexperience, and the difficulty visualizing and demonstrating it because of the small size of the cysts. Furthermore, they believe that recurrence (subclinical or clinical) is not only underreported but also predictable after simple decompression that fails to address the articular branch. In contrast, intraneural recurrence can be eliminated with disconnection of the articular branch.