bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culture of
Campylobacter jejuni
with Sodium Deoxycholate Induces Virulence Gene Expression
Authors: Malik-Kale Preeti , Parker Craig T. , Konkel Michael E. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter jejuni
, a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium, is a leading bacterial cause of human food-borne illness. Acute disease is associated with
C. jejuni
invasion of the intestinal epithelium. Further, maximal host cell invasion requires the secretion of proteins termed
Campylobacter
invasion antigens (Cia). As bile acids are known to alter the pathogenic behavior of other gastrointestinal pathogens, we hypothesized that the virulence potential of
Campylobacter
may be triggered by the bile acid deoxycholate (DOC). In support of this hypothesis, culturing
C. jejuni
with a physiologically relevant concentration of DOC significantly altered the kinetics of cell invasion, as shown by gentamicin protection assays. In contrast to
C. jejuni
harvested from Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar plates,
C. jejuni
harvested from MH agar plates supplemented with DOC secreted the Cia proteins, as judged by metabolic labeling experiments. DOC was also found to induce the expression of the
ciaB
gene, as determined by β-galactosidase reporter, real-time reverse transcription-PCR, and microarray analyses. Microarray analysis further revealed that DOC induced the expression of virulence genes (
ciaB, cmeABC, dccR
, and
tlyA
). In summary, we demonstrated that it is possible to enhance the pathogenic behavior of
C. jejuni
by modifying the culture conditions. These results provide a foundation for identifying genes expressed by
C. jejuni
in response to in vivo-like culture conditions.
RecO Is Essential for DNA Damage Repair in
Deinococcus radiodurans
Authors: Xu Guangzhi , Wang Liangyan , Chen Huan , Lu Huiming , Ying Nanjiao , Tian Bing , Hua Yuejin 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Here we present direct evidence for the vital role of RecO in
Deinococcus radiodurans
's radioresistance. A
recO
null mutant was constructed using a deletion replacement method. The mutant exhibited a growth defect and extreme sensitivity to irradiation with gamma rays and UV light. These results suggest that DNA repair in this organism occurs mainly via the RecF pathway.
The Eyewall-Penetration Reconnaissance Observation of Typhoon Longwang (2005) with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Aerosonde
Authors: Lin Po-Hsiung , Lee Cheng-Shang 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In this paper, a successful eye-penetration reconnaissance flight by an unmanned aerial vehicle, Aerosonde, into Typhoon Longwang (2005) and the preliminary analyses of the collected data are presented. The 10-h flight is diagnosed through four flight legs. The wind field measured along flight leg 1 provides the tangential and radial wind profiles from the outer perimeter into the eye of the typhoon at the 700-hPa layer. A vertical sounding was taken in the eye along flight leg 2 and the derived surface pressure in the eyewall is close to the estimates made by the local weather agencies. Along flight leg 3, the strongest winds during the whole flight mission were measured. These in situ wind measurements by Aerosonde are consistent with the winds observed by the Hua-lien Doppler weather radar. The maximum 10-min (1 min) wind along flight leg 3 when Aerosonde was flying around the eyewall region is 58.6 m s−1 (62 m s−1). The maximum sustained surface wind derived from this maximum wind speed is also close to the estimates made by the local weather agencies. In conclusion, this successful mission demonstrates that the Aerosonde with a trained crew can play a role in severe weather monitoring and the Aerosonde’s measurement can serve as an independent check for Doppler radar wind retrieval.
Shedded neuronal ICAM-5 suppresses T-cell activation
Authors: Tian Li , Lappalainen Jani , Autero Matti , Hänninen Satu , Rauvala Heikki , Gahmberg Carl G. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIntercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) bind to leukocyte β2 integrins, which, among other functions, provide costimulatory signals for T-cell activation. ICAM-5 (telencephalin) is expressed in the somadendritic region of neurons of the mammalian brain. The receptor for ICAM-5 is the integrin LFA-1, a major leukocyte integ-rin expressed in lymphocytes and microglia. In conditions of brain ischemia, epilepsy, and encephalitis, the soluble form of ICAM-5 (sICAM-5) has been detected in physiologic fluids. Here, we report that sICAM-5 attenuates the T-cell receptor-mediated activation of T cells as demonstrated by the decreased expression of the activation markers CD69, CD40L, and CD25 (IL-2R). This effect is most clearly seen in CD45ROLow (naive), and not in CD45ROHigh (memory) T cells, and is most effective early in priming, but not in the presence of strong costimulatory signals. Furthermore, sICAM-5 promotes the mRNA expression of the cytokines TGF-β1 and IFN-γ, but not TNF. The formation of sICAM-5 is promoted by activated T cells through the cleavage of ICAM-5 from neurons. This suggests that ICAM-5 is involved in immune privilege of the brain and acts as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis
Authors: Khorana Alok A. , Kuderer Nicole M. , Culakova Eva , Lyman Gary H. , Francis Charles W. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is elevated in cancer, but individual risk factors cannot identify a sufficiently high-risk group of outpatients for thromboprophylaxis. We developed a simple model for predicting chemotherapy-associated VTE using baseline clinical and laboratory variables. The association of VTE with multiple variables was characterized in a derivation cohort of 2701 cancer outpatients from a prospective observational study. A risk model was derived and validated in an independent cohort of 1365 patients from the same study. Five predictive variables were identified in a multivariate model: site of cancer (2 points for very high-risk site, 1 point for high-risk site), platelet count of 350 × 109/L or more, hemoglobin less than 100 g/L (10 g/dL) and/or use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, leukocyte count more than 11 × 109/L, and body mass index of 35 kg/m2 or more (1 point each). Rates of VTE in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively, were 0.8% and 0.3% in low-risk (score = 0), 1.8% and 2% in intermediate-risk (score = 1-2), and 7.1% and 6.7% in high-risk (score ≥ 3) category over a median of 2.5 months (C-statistic = 0.7 for both cohorts). This model can identify patients with a nearly 7% short-term risk of symptomatic VTE and may be used to select cancer outpatients for studies of thromboprophylaxis.
A new perspective: molecular motifs on oxidized LDL, apoptotic cells, and bacteria are targets for chronic lymphocytic leukemia antibodies
Authors: Lanemo Myhrinder Anna , Hellqvist Eva , Sidorova Ekaterina , Söderberg Anita , Baxendale Helen , Dahle Charlotte , Willander Kerstin , Tobin Gerard , Bäckman Eva , Söderberg Ola , Rosenquist Richard , Hörkkö Sohvi , Rosén Anders 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe restricted immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire found in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) implies a role for antigen(s) in the leukemogenesis. The nature of the antigens has, however, not been characterized, although examples of autoantigens have been demonstrated. We have analyzed a panel of 28 CLL cell lines and primary cultures, producing monoclonal Ig with different Ig heavy-chain variable region gene usage and mutational status, including several complementarity determining region 3 homology subset members. Using mass-spectrometry, immunoassays, or protein macroarrays, we have discovered novel antigens binding to CLL Igs. These antigens included cytoskeletal proteins vimentin, filamin B, and cofilin-1, but also phosphorylcholine-containing antigens (eg, Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharides and oxidized low-density lipoprotein [oxLDL]). Additional new antigens identified were cardiolipin and proline-rich acidic protein-1. Remarkably, these antigens represent molecular motifs exposed on apoptotic cells/blebs and bacteria, and several CLL Igs bound to apoptotic Jurkat cells. In conclusion, these intriguing data, showing a limited target structure recognition, indicate that CD5+ CLL B cells are derived from a cell compartment that produces “natural antibodies,” which may be instrumental in elimination and scavenging of apoptotic cells and pathogenic bacteria.
Financial Implications of Plans to Combat Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in an Orthopaedic Department
Authors: Hassan K , Koh C , Karunaratne D , Hughes C , Giles SN 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to calculate retrospectively the cost of MRSA infections in the elective and trauma orthopaedic population in Rotherham District General Hospital in a 3-month period during 2005. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 686 patients were admitted to the orthopaedic wards and the surgical wounds 10 patients became infected with MRSA. RESULTS The cost of these infections when extrapolated over 12 months was £384,000 excluding staff costs. CONCLUSIONS The key in the fight against MRSA in the hospital setting is multifactorial and requires a combination of measures. Our solution is: cohort nursing; non-selective screening of all admissions to the orthopaedic wards; use of a polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic tool; ring-fencing of beds; and separate wound dressing rooms for each ward. The total cost is projected to be £301,000.
Clean and Green: Saving Water in the Operating Theatre
Authors: Jehle Karlheinz , Jarrett Nick , Matthews Shaun 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION There is a growing trend to use alcohol-based hand disinfectants in clinical practice. In addition to their antibacterial efficacy, these disinfectants offer an alternative to traditional surgical hand disinfection agents that can save water in the operating theatre. MATERIALS AND METHODS The amounts of water and soap used during traditional surgical hand disinfection with antiseptic soap preparations were measured and water usage over a 1-year period was estimated. Costs of traditional disinfection agents were compared with alcohol-based agents. RESULTS One surgical hand disinfection episode with traditional agents used 18.5 l of water. During 15,500 procedures performed at our institution over a 1-year period, 931,938 l of water were used which could have been saved had alcohol-based agents been used. Cost per episode of hand disinfection depends on the amounts used and is not higher compared to traditional agents. CONCLUSIONS The benefits of using an alcohol-based surgical hand disinfectant may include significant water savings, in addition to previously published advantages of improved efficacy. When deciding on the method of surgical hand disinfection, careful thought should be given to the use of water as a resource. Surgeons should be aware of the environmental impact of their profession.
Specificity of the jump‐to‐conclusions bias in deluded patients
Authors: Peters Emmanuelle R. , Thornton Patricia. , Siksou Lea. , Linney Yvonne. , MacCabe James H. 
Published: January 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate the specificity of the ‘jump‐to‐conclusions’ (JTC) bias in delusions.MethodsThirty‐seven psychotic patients were divided into two separate groupings: (1) deluded versus non‐deluded individuals and (2) individuals with and without a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Groups were compared on three reasoning tasks (‘Beads’ task, Wason's 2–4–6 task, and Wason's selection task).ResultsDeluded participants had a tendency to show a JTC bias on data‐gathering tasks, but no differences were found with the schizophrenia diagnosis grouping. There were no differences between any groups on tasks of general reasoning and probability judgments.ConclusionThe results suggest that JTC is specific to delusions rather than diagnosis, and to data gathering rather than a general deficit in reasoning.
Genetic Variants in the UCP2-UCP3 Gene Cluster and Risk of Diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
Authors: Hsu Yi-Hsiang , Niu Tianhua , Song Yiqing , Tinker Lesley , Kuller Lewis H. , Liu Simin 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are involved in body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. Genetic variants in the UCP2-UCP3 gene cluster, located on chromosome 11q13, may play a significant role in the development of type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted a comprehensive assessment of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 70-kb UCP2-UCP3 gene cluster in relation to type 2 diabetes risk in a prospective, case-control study nested in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, an ethnically diverse cohort of postmenopausal women including Caucasian, African, Hispanic, and Asian American subjects. We genotyped 14 tag SNPs in 1,584 incident type 2 diabetes case and 2,198 control subjects matched by age, ethnicity, clinical center, time of blood draw, and length of follow-up.
RESULTS—We identified a haplotype set (rs591758-rs668514- rs647126-rs1800006, spanning the UCP2-UCP3 intergenic and UCP3 regions) as significantly associated with greater type 2 diabetes risk (nominal P = 0.0011, permutation P = 0.046) in Caucasian women, especially among overweight Caucasians (BMI &gt;25 kg/m2) (nominal P = 0.0006, permutation P = 0.032). Compared with the most common haplotype (h1010 as the referent), haplotype h0001 (19.5% in control subjects) had odds ratios of 2.0 (95% CI 1.13–3.37) in Caucasians and 3.8 (1.44–9.93) in Caucasian overweight women. Similar haplotype–type 2 diabetes association was also observed among Hispanic women who were overweight.
CONCLUSIONS—These findings suggest a role of UCP2-UCP3 gene cluster haplotypes in diabetes; in particular, the effects of the high-risk haplotypes were more apparent in overweight Caucasian women. These data warrant further confirmation in future prospective and experimental studies.
Effect of Glycemic Exposure on the Risk of Microvascular Complications in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial—Revisited
Authors: Lachin John M. , Genuth Saul , Nathan David M. , Zinman Bernard , Rutledge Brandy N. ,   for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE— The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (Diabetes 44:968–983, 1995) presented statistical models suggesting that subjects with similar A1C levels had a higher risk of retinopathy progression in the conventional treatment group than in the intensive treatment group. That analysis has been cited to support the hypothesis that specific patterns of glucose variation, in particular postprandial hyperglycemia, contribute uniquely to an increased risk of microvascular complications above and beyond that explained by the A1C level.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We performed statistical evaluations of these models and additional analyses to assess whether the original analyses were flawed.
RESULTS— Statistically, we show that the original results are an artifact of the assumptions of the statistical model used. Additional analyses show that virtually all (96%) of the beneficial effect of intensive versus conventional therapy on progression of retinopathy is explained by the reductions in the mean A1C levels, similarly for other outcomes. Furthermore, subjects within the intensive and conventional treatment groups with similar A1C levels over time have similar risks of retinopathy progression, especially after adjusting for factors in which they differ.
CONCLUSIONS— A1C explains virtually all of the difference in risk of complications between the intensive and conventional groups, and a given A1C level has similar effects within the two treatment groups. While other components of hyperglycemia, such as glucose variation, may contribute to the risk of complications, such factors can only explain a small part of the differences in risk between intensive and conventional therapy over time.
Intellectual Handicap in Contemporary Psychiatry
Authors: Einfeld Stewart L. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To apprise readers of the ‘state of play’ in the psychiatry of intellectual handicap. Method: A review was conducted of relevant journals and conference abstracts covering a range of scientific aspects of intellectual disability. Those developments considered to be most significant were summarised. In addition, consideration is given to issues relevant to the politics of disability affecting psychiatric practice in Australia. Results: There have been considerable developments in our understanding of the pathogenesis of intellectual handicap in pharmacotherapy and the behavioural therapies, in the taxonomy of psychopathology, in epidemiology, in delineation of behaviour phenotypes, and in assessment and measurement of psychopathology. Conclusion: Intellectual handicap and psychiatry have had a chequered relationship in Australia, but the two fields are now clearly moving again to a closer and more productive collaboration. Recent scientific advances have provided a stimulating environment for this increased activity and interest.
A Prospective Psychotherapy Outcome Study
Authors: Krawitz Roy 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To assess the outcome of 31 patients treated in a day and semi-residential psychotherapy setting. Method: Patients had moderate to severe personality difficulties and were referred when current therapy was insufficient or because of the severity of their problems. Eighty-one percent had a Cluster C and 19% a Cluster B (Borderline) Personality Disorder diagnosis (DSM-III-R). Therapy was psychodynamically and feminist-informed and included a sociopolitical dimension. Rating scales used were the Symptom Checklist 90, Goal Attainment Scale, Global Assessment Scale and measures of health resource usage, which were completed pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 4-, 12- and 24-month follow-up. Results: Mean duration of therapy was 4 months (68 therapy days). All clinical rating scales demonstrated marked improvements following treatment (p < 0.0001) which were sustained at 2-year follow-up. There were also improvements of health resource usage. Conclusions: The results document the clinical efficacy of psychotherapy in this setting, provide support for the philosophy of practice, and suggest that psychotherapy outcome can be evaluated at reasonable financial cost in many settings.
A Survey of Social Outcome in Schizophrenia in Tasmania
Authors: Kirkby Kenneth , Daniels Brett , Jones Ivor , McInnes Michelle 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To survey the social outcome of patients with schizophrenia attending State mental health facilities in southern Tasmania. Method: Using the Statewide Mental Health Register, patients using inpatient and outpatient facilities who received a diagnosis of schizophrenia between 1981 and 1988 were identified (n = 771), and demographic and illness measures, and admissions and length of inpatient stay were compiled. The Life Skills Profile (LSP) was completed by mental health personnel for the 247 who were regular attenders or inpatients in 1991. Results: Social morbidity as indexed by the LSP was highest in psychiatric hospital inpatients and patients in long-term rehabilitation programs, and lower in patients attending community centres. The majority of patients in suburban settings and attending community centres lived with their families, whereas patients in the inner city or in the rehabilitation service were mainly in hostel accommodation or living alone. Patients with schizophrenia attending State services were of a similar age range but had a longer duration of illness and more admissions, and had spent more days in hospital than patients who were not in regular contact with the service. Conclusions: The distribution of social morbidity in schizophrenia confirms that the public health system is supporting a group with high social morbidity. Patients with the highest morbidity are receiving the highest levels of care and intervention.
Clozapine in the Management of Bipolar and Schizoaffective Manic Episodes Resistant to Standard Treatment
Authors: Mahmood Tariq , Devlin Mike , Silverstone Trevor 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To test the efficacy of clozapine in treatment-resistant manic episodes. Clinical picture: Three cases, two with bipolar disorder (manic) and one of schizoaffective disorder (manic), were treated with clozapine. Treatment: Clozapine was used after the failure of standard antipsychotics and mood stabilisers. Outcome: All three cases were successfully treated. Conclusion: A controlled trial of clozapine in treatment-resistant bipolar and schizoaffective manic episodes is indicated.
Use of Psychotropic Medications in Breastfeeding Women: Acute and Prophylactic Treatment
Authors: Austin Marie-Paule V. , Mitchell Philip B. 
Published: January 2008

Objectives: The postnatal period is a time of increased onset and relapse of mental illness. It poses a clinical dilemma, as many mothers requiring medication acutely or prophylactically will also choose to breast feed. The present paper first reviews the safety of psychotropes in breast-fed infants and the usefulness of prophylaxis for women at risk of postpartum affective relapse and, second, provides guidelines in the use of psychotropic drugs in breast-feeding women. Methods: A Medline review was conducted reviewing all papers published during the period 1993–1998 (and their associated bibliographies) on the use of psychotropes in breast-feeding women and the prophylactic usefulness of medications in women at risk of affective postpartum relapse. Results: Findings are based on case reports and small, mostly uncontrolled studies. Both tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and specific serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) appear to be relatively safe in breast feeding. Antidepressants commenced in the early postpartum period may reduce depressive relapse. While prophylactic lithium appears to significantly reduce relapse of affective psychosis in the puerperium, there have been no studies of the anticonvulsants in the puerperium. Finally, high dose antipsychotics should be avoided, as they may be associated with long-term adverse sequelae in the infant. Conclusions: On the basis of current knowledge, the use of SSRIs, TCA, carbamazepine, sodium valproate and short-acting benzodiazepines in breast feeding is relatively safe. If lithium is to be used, close collaboration with a paediatrician is essential. The long-term risks of antipsychotics, especially at high doses, remain to be clarified. Before a decision can be made, the risk-benefit ratio must be clearly outlined and discussed with the mother and her partner.