bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The secular variation of terrestrial magnetism in Siberia
Authors: Weinberg Boris 
Published: February 2008

There exists no summary of magnetic determinations actually made in Siberia. Hansteen's “Untersuchungen ueber den Magnetismus der Erde” is now quite out of date, and Sabine's classical “Contributions to Terrestrial Magnetism,” No. XIII, did not comprise the considerable amount of observations made in the first half of the seventies of the last century by Fritsche, Miller, and Scharnhorst, and, in this century, by Voznesenskij, Smirnov, the Author and his co‐workers, and by other observers.The insufficiency of even Sabine's work now can be easily seen, for instance, from Table I, which gives the number of magnetic observations in the zone of Siberia between parallels of latitude 45° and 60° North and between the meridians 60° and 135° East of Greenwich, either published or in press; D denotes the magnetic declination, I, the inclination, and H, the horizontal intensity.
Results of atmospheric‐electric observations made at Sobral, Brazil, during the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919
Authors: Mauchly S. J. , Thomson Andrew 
Published: February 2008

1. In accordance with the general plan of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington for making magnetic and atmospheric‐electric observations to determine the nature and magnitude of the respective effects associated with solar eclipses, parties equipped for this purpose were sent by the Department to several points located in the belt of totality of the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919. One of these parties, in charge of Mr. D. M. Wise, proceeded to northeastern Brazil, where it was thought possible, from a consideration of the various factors entering into the matter, to find a suitable location. Fig. 1 shows the general relation of this region to the eclipse and especially to the belt of totality.LOCATION OF STATION AND LOCAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF ECLIPSE.
Magnetic observations at Bulawayo, May 28–30, 1919
Authors: Goetz Rev. E. 
Published: February 2008

Below are given the results of the magnetic observations which I took on May 28, 29, and 30, 1919, in connection with the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, and in accordance with the program and forms received from the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.I think I made a mistake in undertaking too much. After sixteen years of continued stay in this country one ought not to do things which are quite possible to a younger man and not expect to feel it. On the 29th I was very tired. I had given up the idea of taking contact observations. At the last moment a friend offered to take them, and I tried to get my telescope ready for him. Unhappily the 29th turned out to be a cloudy day. From 9 to 11 o'clock (local time), I tried in vain to focus my telescope for him at rare moments when I got a fleeting glimpse of the Sun. At eleven I gave it up and went back to my magnetic hut. I found the fiber broken. I had prepared for this emergency. But as the morning was very windy the new fiber developed a twist which took the better part of the hour to get rid of. In consequence I fear my preliminary determinations were rather hurried.
Results from magnetic east‐west paths around the Earth
Authors: Peters W. J. 
Published: February 2008

In the preliminary analysis of the Earth's magnetic field for 1922 by Dr. Louis A. Bauer,1 it was found desirable to ascertain how an east‐west path around the Earth would close that was everywhere throughout its length perpendicular to the direction of the compass needle, or to the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field. The considerations involved and the method adopted in constructing eleven such paths are given in these notes, together with the results.The actual tracing of a path with the required accuracy, exactly magnetic east or exactly magnetic west, on land and over sea, presents many practical difficulties. Periodical time changes all along the path introduce uncertainties. Over land, local disturbances2 interfere and cities and other constructional culture obstruct the necessary surveying operations, while over the seas, where the only available method at present is to continue the path on a non‐magnetic ship, ocean currents and leeway affect the closure sought, not only by precisely the sum of their components perpendicular to the path, but also by shifting the path in regions of critical or steep gradients of the declination, and thereby introducing errors in its direction. The tracing of a path upon isogonic charts of the world is free from these sources of error though subject to others. Local disturbances have been effaced in the smooth isogonics, and time changes are taken care of in the reduction to a common epoch. Cultural detail, ocean currents and winds no longer enter the problem. Hence the plotted closure of a circuit extending exactly magnetic east or west around the Earth depends in this method only upon the systems of magnetization represented by the particular isogonics and upon the accuracy with which data can be scaled from the chart or plotted thereon. Unfortunately, the errors of plotting usually accumulate. It is possible to compute the closure of the path by a long process involving repeated approximations, provided that the magnetic declination is given as an analytical function of the latitude and longitude. The work entailed, however, renders this method practically useless.
Calm and disturbed days
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

There seems to be a difference of opinion regarding the utility of investigating the disturbed as well as the calm days.At Lu‐kia‐pang, in addition to the diurnal ranges which have been published in the Bulletin only since 1909, as has been done at Eskdalemuir since 1916, the last 18 years at Zi‐ka‐wei have been studied from this point of view for declination and for the horizontal, vertical, north, and west components. We venture to give some details regarding the case of the horizontal component, confining our study to the three seasons of four months.
The lunar‐diurnal magnetic variation and its relation to the solar‐diurnal variation
Authors: Egedal J. 
Published: February 2008

The lunar‐diurnal magnetic variation is not large, but still the study of the phenomenon may be of interest, as it may throw light on some other geophysical problems.At present it is not claimed that the observed lunar‐diurnal variation is due to a direct magnetic effect of the Moon, although such an effect may exist. Assuming the magnetic state of the Moon to be similar to that of the Earth, the variation produced in this way on our magnets would be very small, and of a type different from that observed. The action of the Moon must therefore be indirect, and it may be a screen‐effect or the effect of attractive forces acting on the Earth. Even if solar‐diurnal variations are produced by electric particles coming from the Sun, it is not probable that the Moon, acting on those particles, could produce a variation like that observed. It is therefore natural to expect that the lunar‐diurnal magnetic variation originates from the mechanical action of the Moon on the Earth and her atmosphere.
Report on magnetic storm of July 7 and 8, 1928, as recorded at the Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory and on accompanying aurora observed at Brandywine, Maryland
Authors: Hartnell Geo. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N.; longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)A magnetic storm of the first magnitude, characterized by a sudden beginning, great intensity, and short duration, began at 23h 30m G.M.T., July 7, and continued until 11h 00m G.M.T., July 8. The ranges were: Declination, 4° 00′; horizontal intensity, 1270+ gammas; vertical intensity, 642+ gammas, perhaps two or three times as great. The maximum value of declination, 10° 00′.6, was at 5h 48m July 8, and the minimum, 6° 00′.4, at 6h 34m on the same day. The maximum value of horizontal intensity was 19119 gammas at 1h 10m July 8, with a minimum value of less than 17849 gammas, at which point the record went off sheet. In vertical intensity the maximum value recorded was 54932 gammas at 2h 02m July 8, with a minimum value of less than 54290, when the record went off sheet. The storm was accompanied by a fine display of aurora and serious interference with telegraph and telephone transmission.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1929
Authors: Ulrich F. P. 
Published: February 2008

February 17–18, 1929—This storm began gradually, being active several hours before large fluctuations were recorded. From 10h to 19h on February 17 the curves show considerable motion but relatively slow so that the curves can be clearly followed at all times.February 26–28, 1929—This storm had a very definite point of beginning. The storm was of magnetic character (1) for nearly a day before it shows the features of a (2) day. From 12h to 21h, February 27, and from 7h to 15h, February 28, considerable activity was recorded, particularly rapidly around 14h February 28 for about one hour. The light was increased at 17h February 27 so that the curves can be followed at all times.
In appreciation of the work of James Percy Ault of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism
Authors: Wright Fred E. 
Published: February 2008

Disaster on the sea rarely strikes singly. The explosion that destroyed the ship Carnegie on November 29, 1929, in Apia, took also the life of its commander, Captain James Percy Ault, under whose direction all scientific work was being done and to whose initiative and enthusiasm the success of the expedition was primarily due.The cruise that ended so tragically was the seventh cruise of the Carnegie. During the past twenty years it covered more than than three hundred thousand miles; the results obtained on its cruises over the seven seas are the most important contributions that have been made to terrestrial magnetism and electricity. The ship was a floating laboratory and was thoroughly equipped for geophysical work at sea; its records are, in many respects, of pioneer character, establishing new methods of approach.
A comparison of sunspot‐numbers, terrestrial‐magnetic activity, and long‐wave radio signal‐strength
Authors: Austin L. W. 
Published: February 2008

The figure shows a comparison of the monthly averages of sunspot‐numbers, terrestrial‐magnetic activity (horizontal range) as measured at Cheltenham (Maryland), and the daytime radio field‐strength of signals received in Washington from the transmitting stations FYL at Bordeaux, France (f = 15.9 kc, λ = 18,900 m) and DFW at Nauen, Germany (f = 23.4kc, λ = 12,800m).The resemblance of the sunspot‐curve to the other three is not close, but the similarity in the changes in magnetic activity to those in daylight signal‐strength seems to be. unmistakable. The resemblance of the Bordeaux signal‐curve to that of the magnetic activity seems closer even than the resemblance between the two signal‐curves. The deep drop of both the magnetic and signal‐values in November (more rarely in December) is especially striking. This early winter drop in signals has often been noticed, and in the case of transmission between Europe and America, has been sometimes ascribed to the proximity of the signal‐path to the area of Arctic darkness. It now appears that this and other seasonal variations both in magnetic activity and east‐west long‐wave signal‐strength may be due to common causes.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory June to December, 1929
Authors: Johnston H. F. 
Published: February 2008

(Longitude 30° 09′.1 S.; longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 44m E. of Gr.)November, 1929—In addition to the mild storm on November 2, there was a small sudden commencement on the earth‐current and magnetic records at 18h 21m November 26.
Communication de l'observatoire magnétique à Godhavn
Authors: Par Olsen Joh. 
Published: February 2008

Dans un rapport1 relatif aux travaux magnétiques de Danemark M. la Cour a mentionné 5 points d'importance pour les travaux de l'observatoire à Godhavn. Sans suivre le numérotage de M. la Cour les cinq points sont les suivants: (a) Enregistrement toutes les minutes (T.M.G.) de la force magnétique avec un écart de l'heure exacte plus petit que deux secondes; (b) observations tout à fait simultanées des valeurs des éléments magnétiques; (c) diminution de la confusion des traces des trois éléments sur le papier photographique; (d) détermination exacte des valeurs de base des variomètres en dépit des grandes et fréquentes variations du champ magnétique terrestre dans les régions polaires, (e) détermination exacte de la valeur d'échelle des variomètres.On donne ci‐dessous quelques renseignements sur la manière dont on a envisagé ces questions.
The magnetic section of the Sverdlovsk Observatory in “Wyssokaja Dubrowa”
Authors: Sitnoff  
Published: February 2008

In the year 1929, the Magnetic‐Meteorological Observatory in Sverdlovsk was forced to share the fate of many other observatories. On account of the installation of electric‐tram service in the city of Sverdlovsk, the Observatory was obliged to transfer its magnetic section to a new site, namely, to a point 33 km to the east of the city known as “Wyssokaja Dubrowa” about 2 km distant from the Kossulino station on the Omsk Railway Line.Shortly before the inauguration of the tram‐service in November 1929, an overground wooden hut was erected for housing the magnetograph and accessories, in which the darkroom is surrounded by a corridor for the purpose of thermal insulation. In addition, a dwelling‐house for the observer and other structures were built. In December, the Edelmann magnetograph which had been in use at the Sverdlovsk Observatory since 1904, was transferred to “Wyssokaja Dubrowa.“
Atmospheric‐electric survey in the vicinity of Washington, D.C.
Authors: Johnston H. F. , Wait G. R. 
Published: February 2008

Atmospheric‐electric observations obtained through a survey in the District of Columbia and vicinity, indicate the existence of high‐, medium‐, and low‐conductivity areas. Approximately normal high total conductivity‐values, on the average 2.3×10−4 E.S.U., were found in regions outside the District of Columbia. This value is about three times that for the low‐conductivity region which is roughly included by the District boundary‐lines, except for an extension towards the city of Baltimore. The total air‐earth current tends towards equality over all three regions; this was interpreted to mean that the factor causing subnormal conductivity is operative to only small altitudes. The results suggest that atmosphereic pollution may be a large factor in producing small conductivities in the low area and that the subnormal values at the Washington Observatory of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, 16 meters above the surface of the ground, are in addition affected by a lower rate of ionization than are those nearer the Earth's surface.When the total air‐earth current is computed from the potential gradient and the total conductivity, true values will be obtained only at stations where there are undisturbed equipotential surfaces. Where disturbances exist in the equipotential surfaces, a reduction‐factor for conductivity as well as for potential gradient will be required in order to compute true values of air‐earth current for the reduction‐factor station. The reduction‐factor for the conductivity as recorded at the Washington Observatory, based on the series of intercomparisons with all survey‐stations reported upon, is about 4; this large value is due probably to the unusual height of the apparatus above the surface of the ground. For measurements of potential gradient and of the conductivity made at similar heights above the ground and sufficiently near each other, probably no great error results by assuming a value of unity for the reduction‐factor, that is, when the air‐earth current is computed from the potential gradient and conductivity.
Ordre du jour préliminaire de la réunion de la Commission Internationale de Magnétisme et d'Électricité Atmosphérique à Innsbruck du 21 au 23 Septembre 1931
Authors: la Cour D. 
Published: February 2008

Sur la demande du Président j'ai l'honneur de convoquer les membres de la Commission à une réunion qui aura lieu à Innsbruck du 21 au 23 septembre 1931. Le Bureau de la Commission mettra les points suivants à l'ordre du jour:(I) Rapport du Président)II) Election de nouveaux membres
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory September 1930 to March 1931
Authors: Parkinson W. C. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S.; longitude, 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)November 13–15, 1930—This moderate storm began with a sharp sudden commencement, there being an increase of thirty γ in horizontal intensity. There were irregular but small fluctuations until the end of the storm.
Preliminary report of the magnetic observations made during the aeroarctic expedition Graf Zeppelin, 1931
Authors: Ljungdahl Gustaf S. 
Published: February 2008

The magnetic work during the arctic expedition of the airship Graf Zeppelin in July 1931 was undertaken for the purpose of studying the possibilities of making magnetic measurements under the conditions involved and of obtaining as valuable observations as possible.A preliminary report of the results is here presented. In the reduction of the observations, I hope later to have the privilege of utilizing the registrations of Sloutzk and Matotchkin Shar. It is to be noted that the present values have not been reduced. The geographical positions have been fixed by interpolation from the time‐records. The positions as given in Tables 1 and 2 are preliminary. They will be recalculated and in a later, more complete, report probably somewhat corrected.
Apia observatory
Authors: Glover P. W. 
Published: February 2008

A magnetic storm of not violent character was recorded at the Apia Observatory (latitude 13° 48′.4 south, longitude 171° 46′5 west) on October 29–30, 1931, The commencement was not of the “sudden” type, but developed gradually, the time being 7h 30m G. M. T. on the 29th. The ranges between the extreme maxima and minima were: Declination, 7′.0; horizontal intensity, 79γ. The range in vertical force is not known owing to the vertical‐force variometer being out of action.The H‐trace fell jerkily by 52γ to a minimum at 11h 30m, after which there was a rise to the greatest recorded maximum by 58γ, which was reached at 12h 48m. This was followed by a fall of 78γ to a minimum at 15h 34m, which was followed by a series of small maxima and minima in which at 6h 12m on the 30th was the extreme minimum, 79γ below the greatest maximum. At 10h 02m on the 30th occurred the second largest maximum, 77γ above the extreme minimum, after which the disturbance gradually died away.
The magnetic survey of New Zealand
Authors: Farr C. Coleridge , Skey Henry F. 
Published: February 2008

L. A. Bauer's connection with such magnetic work as has been done in New Zealand was continuous from 1895 until ill health prevented him from taking so active an interest in these things.We remember well, in the days before observational work on the magnetic survey of New Zealand was begun, his support in the proposals that were being put forward, and how intensely valuable that support was when matters had advanced enough (about 1897) to bring the proposal before the notice of the New Zealand Government.
Secular change of the Earth's magnetism
Authors: Hazard Daniel L. 
Published: February 2008

It is appropriate at this time to review briefly the development of our knowledge of the secular change of the Earth's magnetism, particularly in the United States, in view of Bauer's lifelong interest in the subject and his noteworthy contributions to it.Henry Gellibrand, professor of mathematics at Gresham College, England, is credited with the discovery of the fact that the magnetism of the Earth changes with time. On June 12, 1634, he made a careful determination of the magnetic declination at Diepford, about three miles southwest of London Bridge, and got a value of 4° 06′ east, where Borough and Norman had found 11° 15′ east in 1580. He announced his discovery in “A Discourse Mathematicall on the Variation of the Magneticall Needle, together with its Admirable Diminution Lately Discovered,” published in 1635.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory January to June 1932
Authors: Parkinson W. C. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S.; longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)May 29–30, 1932— The storm of May 29–30, 1932, was the only magnetic storm of any magnitude recorded at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory during January to June 1932. The beginning of the storm was recorded at 11h 16m in D and in Z and at 11h 15m in H, its ending being May 30 at 8h 12m as recorded in D and Z and at 8h 17m as recorded in H. The ranges were: D, 24′.0; H, 173γ; Z, 151γ.
Notes on the July 1932 meeting of the Committee on Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, to discuss magnetic units
Authors: Kennelly Arthur E. 
Published: February 2008

Purpose and Scope—The purpose of this communication is to lay before readers of TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AND ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY an unofficial historical outline of the international actions on C. G. S. magnetic units during the last five years, up to and including those of the Committee on Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature (S. U. N. Committee) at its recent meeting in Paris, July 9, 1932,—together with certain deductions that seem to follow there from. For more precise and authentic information, reference may be made to the official minutes of these various meetings, which are too lengthy to be included here.Brief historical outline of C. G. S. magnetic units up to 1925—Gauss showed in 1833 how to reduce terrestrial magnetic observations with suspended magnets to absolute measure, that is, to units of length, mass, and time, Weber, cooperating with him, extended the scope of these researches in 1840 and 1851. They employed the millimeter‐milligram‐second (M. M. S.) system. Magnetic observatories began to keep records in these units about 1845. The rapid growth of electric telegraphy in 1860, created a demand among telegraph engineers for electrical units. At a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (B. A.) in 1861, a paper was presented by the telegraph engineers Clark and Bright, pointing out the need for scientific measurements and units in that field. The first B. A. committee was then appointed to report upon “Standards of electrical resistance” It issued several annual reports and continued until 1867. It recommended the adoption of units in the meter‐gram‐second (M. G. S.) absolute system. It issued standard B. A. resistance‐coils, and standard condensers in that system, as ohms and microfarads, respectively. It proposed the volt, approximately at its present unit magnitude; but did not reach the stage of issuing standards of electromotive force.
The magnetic character of the year 1932 and the numerical magnetic character of days, 1930–1932
Authors: van Dijk G. 
Published: February 2008

The annual review of the “Caractère magnétique de chaque jour” for 1932 has been drawn up in the same manner as for the preceding years.1 Forty‐eight observatories contributed to the quarterly tables, forty‐four of them sent complete data.Table II of the annual review, containing the mean character of each day and each month, the lists of calm days and disturbed days, and the days recommended for reproduction are reprinted here.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1933
Authors: Hershberger John 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N.; longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)October 7—This storm began with a sudden increase in declination of 40 minutes, followed immediately by a decrease of 58 minutes. This was accompanied by minor changes in the horizontal and vertical intensities, which, however, remained relatively undisturbed until about 9h 30m. Then the two intensity‐components decreased rapidly, all the elements reaching their minimum values at about 11h 10m. Then they gradually returned to their normal values.