bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Availability of Soil N, P, K, and Mustard Yield after the Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Household Waste in Ultisols
Authors: Muktamar Zainal , Zanovid Vikra , Hermawan Bandi , Anandyawati  , Utami Kartika , Setyowati Nanik 
Published: March 2024

Ultisols are one of the dominant soil orders in Indonesia, accounting for approximately 25% of the total land area. The main problem of this soil is high aluminum (Al) saturation with low pH and plant nutrients. The study was intended to determine the effect of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) from household waste on the availability of N, P, K, and mustard yield in Ultisols. The research used a complete randomized design (CRD) with six concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer of household waste. The treatments were repeated four times. The treatment included control, 10, 20, 30,40, and 50 ml LOF in a liter of water. The study revealed that the liquid organic fertilizer from household waste increased 1.06 folds of total soil N and 1.04 folds of exchangeable-K compared to the control but did not affect available P. Also, soil pH was comparable among treatments. The greatest concentration of LOF (50 ml per liter of water) exhibited the highest yield of mustard, indicated by the highest fresh and dry shoot weight. In general, the study contributes to the development of eco-frindly agriculture.
Biochar-fortified Sil-KAB: Environment Friendly Briquette Technology to Improve Growth, Yield and Economics of Paddy
Authors: Jadhav Sagar , Sawant Yogesh , Kadao Sagar , Sarode Mayur 
Published: March 2024

Paddy is one of the most important staple foods in the world. The area under paddy cultivation is 43.79 million hectares and the production is 116.43 million tons in 2018-19. It is an important staple food consumed by 65 percent of the country's population. However, paddy cultivation is also associated with an unbalanced use of fertilizers.
A balanced use of fertilizers is essential to increase the productivity of the harvest. Broadcast application of fertilizers during the Kharif season (In India, Kharif season is popularly considered to start in June and end in October.) leads to losses due to the dissolution of fertilizers in water and leaching from the field with the flooded water, thereby increasing the fertilizer requirement. Improper application of fertilizers leads to pollution of water bodies and is not environment friendly. Applying fertilizers through deep placement reduces the loss of fertilizers and is environmentally friendly. The field trial was conducted in Bhor during the Kharif season of 2022 to study the effect of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes on growth, yield, economics and reduction of methane emissions from the paddy field. The biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes have the potential to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use. The experiment was conducted with two treatments consisting of a conventional fertilizer application and biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes. The experiment was replicated with 14 farmers in two villages of Bhor, Pune.
The results of the trial showed that the application of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes significantly increased the height of the paddy at tillering, panicle initiation and at the harvest stage. Significantly highest number of tillering hill-1, number of productive tillering hill-1, panicle length, number of filled grains panicle-1, number of total grains panicle-1, percentage of grain filling, grain yield, straw yield and net return of paddy were observed in biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes treatment. The application of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes significantly reduced methane emissions from the paddy field. The application of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes significantly improves the growth, yield and profitability of paddy in the Kharif season.
The
R
eimer–
T
iemann Reaction
Authors: Wynberg Hans , Meijer Egbert W. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

The Reimer–Tiemann reaction owes its name to two young German chemists, Karl Reimer and Ferdinand Tiemann. In 1876 they isolated and identified hydroxyaldehydes as the principal reaction products of phenol and chloroform in alkaline medium. The scope of this reaction was enlarged in 1884 by von Auwers, who discovered the chlorine‐containing cyclohexadienones as by‐products in the formylation of alkylphenols. The ring‐expansion products, namely, chloropyridines, were first noted by Ciamician when he subjected pyrroles to Reimer–Tiemann reaction conditions. Nearly half a century passed before Woodward recognized that the conversion of an alkylphenol to a substituted cyclohexadienone could lead to the synthesis of terpenes and steroids containing an angular methyl group. Although the method failed as a preparatively useful approach to the synthesis of steroids, an A/B
trans
‐fused hexahydrophenanthrene was prepared using a Reimer–Tiemann reaction. The reaction was last reviewed some 20 years ago.

It is convenient to divide the Reimer–Tiemann reaction into a normal and abnormal transformation depending on the reaction products. A normal Reimer–Tiemann reaction is one in which a phenol (or electron‐rich aromatic such as pyrrole) yields one or more aldehydes on treatment with chloroform and alkali. The abnormal Reimer–Tiemann reaction product can be subdivided further into cyclohexadienones and ring‐expansion products:

When
ortho
‐ or
para
‐substituted phenols are subjected to the Reimer–Tiemann reaction conditions, 2,2‐ or 4,4‐disubstituted cyclohexadienones may be obtained in addition to the normal products. Several alkylphenols, alkylnaphthols, and tetralols have been converted into cyclohexadienones, whereas some alkylpyrroles are converted to pyrrolines in this manner.

A variety of five‐membered rings yield ring‐expansion products when subjected to the Reimer–Tiemann reaction conditions. These products are formed in addition to the normal products.

In addition to aromatic aldehydes, cyclohexadienones, pyrrolines, and ring‐expansion products, a variety of other products have been noted, isolated, and identified in a few cases. All these by‐products are discussed.
Photocyclization of Stilbenes and Related Molecules
Authors: Mallory Frank B. , Mallory Clelia W. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

On irradiation in solution with ultraviolet (UV) light,
cis
‐stilbene undergoes reversible photocyclization to give
trans
‐4a,4b‐dihydrophenanthrene, an intermediate that can be trapped oxidatively with hydrogen acceptors such as iodine, oxygen, or tetracyanoethylene to give phenanthrene in high yield. This type of photoreaction occurs with a wide range of substituted stilbenes and related molecules, including various polycyclic and heterocyclic analogs; in addition, certain systems with a single heteroatom (nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur) in place of the central π bond undergo photocyclization, creating a new five‐membered heterocyclic ring. In some of these photocyclizing systems, the transient dihydroaromatic intermediates are trapped without added oxidants by the elimination of suitable leaving groups or by various hydrogen shifts.

Photocyclization is the preferred method for the synthesis of many different polynuclear aromatic systems.
The discovery and early development of stilbene photocyclization has been surveyed, and several other general reviews have appeared.
Chimpanzee facial symmetry: a biometric measure of chimpanzee health
Authors: Sefcek Jon A. , King James E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper reports a study of fitness indicator theory in chimpanzees. First, it establishes a theoretical perspective for the study of fitness indicator theory and the relationships among indicators of fitness in humans and other animals. Second, it describes a methodology for assessing facial fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in a sample (N = 21) of zoo chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Third, associations among chimpanzee facial FA and health are described. FA was positively associated with negative health symptoms, and negatively associated with general health. Results are discussed under the framework of good genes theory. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1257–1263, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging of Selective Nuclear Receptor Modulator‐Induced Conformational Changes in the Nuclear Receptor to Allow Interaction with Coactivator and Corepressor Proteins in Living Cells
Authors: Awais Muhammad , Sato Moritoshi , Umezawa Yoshio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSelective nuclear receptor modulators (SNRMs), which are used clinically for the treatment of NR‐related diseases, display mixed agonistic/antagonistic activity in a tissue‐selective manner depending on the cellular concentrations of coregulator proteins, that is, coactivators and corepressors. The molecular details of the SNRM function provided us with an idea for a rational method for the high‐throughput screening of SNRMs in real time in intact living cells. We have developed genetically encoded fluorescent indicators based on the principle of ligand‐induced coactivator and/or corepressor recruitment to NR ligand binding domain in single living cells. We demonstrated that an SNRM induces a distinct conformational change in the NR LBD, which is different from that induced by a full agonist or antagonist, but favorable for the recruitment of a coactivator or corepressor protein to the NR. The molecular details of an SNRM binding to a NR, and the subsequently induced conformational changes and recruitment of coregulator protein(s) are important features for the understanding of SNRM action in the living body. Our fluorescent indicators are capable of distinguishing among agonists, antagonists, and SNRMs, and can therefore serve as versatile molecular sensors that predict the pharmacological character of ligands, which is important for an accurate cure of a disease.
Correlates of referral practices of general surgeons to plastic surgeons for mastectomy reconstruction
Authors: Alderman Amy K. , Hawley Sarah T. , Waljee Jennifer , Morrow Monica , Katz Steven J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.General surgeons' attitudes toward breast reconstruction may affect referrals to plastic surgeons. The propensity to refer to plastic surgeons prior to surgical treatment decisions for breast cancer varies markedly across general surgeons and is associated with receipt of reconstruction. In this study, the authors used data from a large physician survey to examine factors associated with general surgeons' propensity to refer breast cancer patients to plastic surgeons prior to mastectomy.METHODS.The authors surveyed all attending general surgeons (N = 456 surgeons) from a population‐based sample of breast cancer patients who were diagnosed in Detroit and Los Angeles during 2002 (N = 1844 patients), with a surgeon response rate of 80%. The dependent variable was surgeon report of the percentage of their mastectomy patients in the past 2 years who they referred to plastic surgeons prior to initial surgery (referral propensity). Referral propensity was collapsed into 3 categories (<25%, 25–75%, and >75%) and regressed on the following covariates using logistic regression: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry; number of years in clinical practice; surgeons' sex; annual breast surgery volume; and hospital setting.RESULTS.Only 24% of surgeons referred >75% of their patients to plastic surgeons prior to surgery (high referral propensity). High referral propensity was associated independently with surgeons who were women (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; P = .03), high clinical breast surgery volume (OR, 4.1; P < .01), and working in cancer centers (OR, 2.4; P = .01). High‐referral surgeons and low‐referral surgeons also had different beliefs about women's preferences for reconstruction, with the low‐referral surgeons perceiving more access barriers (cost, availability of plastic surgeons) and a lower patient priority for reconstruction.CONCLUSIONS.A large proportion of surgeons do not refer breast cancer patients to plastic surgery at the time of surgical decision‐making. Surgeons who have a high referral propensity are more likely to be women, to have a high clinical breast volume, and to work in cancer centers. These data support the importance of comanagement through multidisciplinary care models. Women need more opportunities to discuss reconstructive options to make informed surgical treatment decisions about their breast cancer. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A simple error estimator for extended finite elements
Authors: Bordas Stéphane , Duflot Marc , Le Phong 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis short communication presents the idea of an a posteriori error estimate for enriched (extended) finite elements (XFEM). The enhanced strain field against which the XFEM strains are compared, is computed through extended moving least‐squares smoothing constructed using the diffraction method to preserve the discontinuity. The error estimator is the L2 norm of the difference of the XFEM strain with the enhanced strain. We prove the concept of the proposed method on a 1D example with a singular solution and a 2D fracture mechanics example and conclude with some future work based on our
paradigm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power‐Law Blinking in the Fluorescence of Single Organic Molecules
Authors: Hoogenboom Jacob P. , Hernando Jordi , van Dijk Erik M. H. P. , van Hulst Niek F. , García‐Parajó Maria F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe blinking behavior of perylene diïmide molecules is investigated at the single‐molecule level. We observe long‐time scale blinking of individual multi‐chromophoric complexes embedded in a poly(methylmethacrylate) matrix, as well as for the monomeric dye absorbed on a glass substrate at ambient conditions. In both these different systems, the blinking of single molecules is found to obey analogous power‐law statistics for both the on and off periods. The observed range for single‐molecular power‐law blinking extends over the full experimental time window, covering four orders of magnitude in time and six orders of magnitude in probability density. From molecule to molecule, we observe a large spread in off‐time power‐law exponents. The distributions of off‐exponents in both systems are markedly different whereas both on‐exponent distributions appear similar. Our results are consistent with models that ascribe the power‐law behavior to charge separation and (environment‐dependent) recombination by electron tunneling to a dynamic distribution of charge acceptors. As a consequence of power‐law statistics, single molecule properties like the total number of emitted photons display non‐ergodicity.
Developmental distribution of plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase isoforms in chick cerebellum
Authors: Sepúlveda M. Rosario , Hidalgo‐Sánchez Matias , Marcos Daniel , Mata Ana M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase (PMCA) is highly expressed in the nervous system, but little information is available about its implication in neuronal development. We have analyzed the expression and localization of different isoforms of PMCA in membrane vesicles and sections of chick cerebellum from embryonic day 10 to hatching. We found that the relative amount of each PMCA isoform and their spatiotemporal distribution in the cerebellum are directly linked to precise cellular types during the cerebellar maturation, even in a non‐neural tissue as choroid plexus. Purkinje cells contain the highest diversity of PMCA isoforms of the cerebellar cortex since the moment of its morphogenesis. From embryonic day 15, the PMCA2 was highly expressed in the whole Purkinje cell, while PMCAs 1 and 3 had a more restricted distribution in the soma and dendritic branches, and these distributions were evolving according with cell maturation. Other cellular types seem to contain a specific combination of isoforms, but with a well‐defined distribution pattern at late moments of development. Thus, PMCAs 1 and 3 were located in the soma of molecular layer interneurons, and only the PMCA2 was observed in granule cells at hatching. Furthermore, PMCA isoforms are also expressed in cellular compartments characterized by a high amount of synapses, suggesting a key role of these proteins in synaptogenesis and in the maturation of neuronal electrophysiological properties. Developmental Dynamics 236:1227–1236, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐linear seismic response analysis of soil‐structure interaction systems
Authors: Toki Kenzo , Miura Fusanori 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an effective analysis procedure for the dynamic soil‐structure interaction problem considering not only the sliding and separation phenomena but also the non‐linear behaviour of soil by the finite element method. Soil is assumed to be an elasto‐plastic material and the contact surface between the soil and structure is modelled by the joint element. The load transfer method is adopted to carry out dynamic non‐linear response analysis. The method is applied to the response analysis of a nuclear reactor building resting on the ground surface. The effects of non‐linear behaviour of soil on the safety against sliding of the structure are examined.The numerical computations reveal the following results: that the non‐linear behaviour of soil reduces the response of the system and the magnitude of sliding of the structure, and that the safety against sliding obtained by the proposed method is higher than the safety obtained by classical methods. This implies the possibility of a more rational and economical design of large structures; it can be said that the proposed method provides useful information for the stability analysis of important and large structures.
Vibration studies and tests of liquid storage tanks
Authors: Haroun Medhat A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTheoretical and experimental investigations of the dynamic behaviour of ground‐supported, deformable, cylindrical liquid storage tanks were conducted. The study was carried out in three phases: (I) a detailed theoretical treatment of the coupled liquid‐shell system for tanks rigidly anchored to their foundations; (II) an experimental investigation of the dynamic characteristics of full‐scale tanks; and (III) a development of an improved seismic design procedure.
Analysis of damaged concrete frames for cyclic loads
Authors: Meyer Christian , Roufaiel Magdy S. L. , Arzoumanidis Serafim G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA mathematical model for reinforced concrete frame members is presented, which is different from others presented in the literature in that the finite size of the plastic regions is taken into account. Moreover, the model requires the specification of only elementary material properties of steel and concrete to simulate the complete behaviour under strong cyclic loads. To facilitate the analysis of damaged concrete frames, element and global damage parameters are introduced which permit the estimation of all initial conditions from only a few basic variables which can be obtained from post‐earthquake field inspections, such as the residual roof displacement. The accuracy of the model is demonstrated in a series of three examples wherein analytical response predictions are compared with available experimental test data.
Non‐linear rocking response of model containment structures
Authors: Vaughan D. K. , Isenberg J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSmall (1/24‐ to 1/8‐size) nuclear containment structures were subjected to ground shaking from buried explosions and to oscillating forces. The apparent natural frequency or resonant frequency of rocking varies inversely with amplitude of the shaking. The present paper describes an explicit finite difference model of soil‐structure interaction induced by explosive loading. The results indicate that non‐linear rocking response is primarily a result of debonding‐rebonding and compaction of soil at the soil‐structure interface. Measurements of dynamic interface stress and post‐test inspection of the interface region tend to confirm these findings.
Dynamic stiffness of parabolic cables
Authors: Veletsos A. S. , Darbre G. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA closed‐form expression for the in‐plane horizontal stiffness of a viscously damped, uniform, inclined cable in harmonic motion is presented. The cable is presumed to be deflected in a parabolic profile at its position of static equilibrium, and all dynamic displacements are assumed to be small. The stiffness expression is valid for an arbitrary angle of inclination of the cable chord in the range between zero and 90 degrees. In addition, a simpler solution, valid over a narrower range of the parameters, is included and its accuracy examined.Comprehensive numerical data are presented and discussed, with particular emphasis on explaining the physical significance of the results and providing insight into the action of the cable and into the parameters that control it. Finally, a simple, single‐degree‐of‐freedom model is proposed which reproduces with good accuracy the salient features of the response of the prototype cable over a wide range of conditions.
Classification and rating of strong‐motion earthquake records
Authors: Iyengar R. N. , Prodhan K. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNinety‐two strong‐motion earthquake records from the California region, U.S.A., have been statistically studied using principal component analysis in terms of twelve important standardized strong‐motion characteristics. The first two principal components account for about 57 per cent of the total variance. Based on these two components the earthquake records are classified into nine groups in a two‐dimensional principal component plane. Also a unidimensional engineering rating scale is proposed. The procedure can be used as an objective approach for classifying and rating future earthquakes.
Cavitation in fluid‐structure response (with particular reference to dams under earthquake loading)
Authors: Zienkiewicz O. C. , Paul D. K. , Hinton E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe paper presents a general procedure for dealing with coupled fluid‐structure interaction under dynamic load. This incorporates a facility for dealing with a cavitating fluid and is based on the Newton displacement potential. Several solutions are obtained for two‐dimensional gravity dam problems illustrating the effects of cavitation on earthquake response and blast loading.
Constitutive model for concrete under dynamic loading
Authors: Bićanić N. , Zienkiewicz O. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA rate and history dependent numerical model for plain concrete under seismic loading conditions is proposed. The model follows the modified Perzyna's theory of elasto/viscoplasticity employing the stress rate sensitive fluidity parameter and two surfaces in the principal stress space—the discontinuity surface defining the departure from elasticity, and the strength limit surface, to serve as a damage monitoring device and to initiate the degradation of the discontinuity surface once the stress point reaches the limiting strength level. A general model concept is given, together with the detailed description of the model version, based entirely on uniaxial test data. The identification of model parameters is related to the extensive experiments by Hatano et al. Two parameter Mohr/Coulomb surfaces are chosen for the multiaxial representation of both discontinuity and the strength limit surfaces in the context of non‐linear finite element analysis.