bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Power in Latin America: An Overview of Its Present Status
Authors: Luddemann Margarete K. 
Published: March 2007

The pivotal role energy plays in national economics not only converts the access to sources of supply into a vivid issue of foreign policy concern, but also causes an understandable preoccupation with investment capabilities and self-sufficiency. A report prepared by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1974 predicted a bright future for nuclear energy in the i developing countries and encouraged use of this form of energy after numerous field studies.A nation that commits itself to nuclear energy by purchasing nuclear power-generating technology but not fuel cycle facilities incurs the risk of becoming dependent upon the supplier country because a quick switch to alternative sources of supply is difficult in cases of curtailment of fuel.
Ecuador: Putting an End to Ghosts of the Past?
Authors: Bustamante Fernando 
Published: March 2007

In 1991, Ecuador's foreign policy had to deal with the revival of its old border conflict with Peru. Nevertheless, this time the situation offered some hope — in contrast to previous occasions, the most recent being the Paquisha incident in 1982 — that the longstanding impasse between the two countries, which had hindered closer cooperation and greater integration for decades, might be nearing some sort of resolution at last.During the first two years of his administration, President Rodrigo Borja and his Foreign Minister Diego Cordovez were primarily concerned with incorporating Ecuador into some of the Latin American efforts at international cooperation — political, economic, and commercial — which had emerged during the 1980s, such as the Rio Group, or which had been redefined and advanced in new, more creative forms, such as those exemplified by the Cartagena Group, the Asociación Latinoamericana de Integratión (ALADI), the proposed Andean Free Trade Zone, and the like.
Argentina: Deepening Alignment with the West
Authors: Russell Roberto , Zuvanic Laura 
Published: March 2007

In July 1989, as Carlos Menem awaited his inauguration as president, Argentina was experiencing a situation very different from that of the early days of the Alfonsín administration. Much water had passed over the dam since the transition. The crunch of economic crisis — and the failure of the Radical administration to overcome it even minimally — had brought economic questions to center stage and relegated political claims to second place. In this setting, Argentina's new foreignpolicymakers put aside the practice, set by their predecessors, of standing on principle. From the beginning, their rhetoric emphasized three keywords realism, pragmatism, and “normality,” — as the basis of a policy which focused on the economy (Argentina, 1989a: 1).According to Domingo Cavallo:The national interest, in the kind of historical circumstances now prevailing, is most dramatically manifest by economic and social demands. Thus, foreign policy will be realistic and seek to create a better political relationship with the friendly countries of the world in order to resolve Argentina's urgent economic and social problems (Argentina, 1989b: 2)
Coca, The State, and the Peasantry in Bolivia, 1982-1988
Authors: Healy Kevin 
Published: March 2007

Polttical Conflicts between Bolivia and its peasantry over the production and distribution of the coca leaf during the 1980s is the focus of this essay. The first section describes several of Bolivia's comparative disadvantages (among Andean producer nations) for waging effective coca leaf control programs. Following is an analysis of the interplay and results of specific statepeasant conflicts during the 1982-1988 period of civilian democratic rule. To give a Bolivian contextual backdrop to these conflicts, aspects of the national political culture which shape the terms and conditions of the struggle over controversial drug-related issues are explained. A final section presents a brief analysis of the Chapare region's prospects for a successful coca leaf eradication program.Explanations for the Bolivian government's ineffectual campaign against the coca leaf and cocaine industry range from its status as a weak state to its fragile and deteriorating economy (Healy, 1986). Bolivia's political system holds the world record for changes in government by way of the coup d'etat.
Perspectives on Canada and Latin America: Changing Context... Changing Policy?
Authors: Schuyler George W. 
Published: March 2007

For too long, Canada has seen this Hemisphere as our house; it is now time to make it our home... That is the purpose of our policy.Joe Clark, Secretary of State for External Affairs (1990)Canada, Long-Oriented toward Europe and the Commonwealth, seeks to expand its involvement in Latin America. The development of a coherent Canadian policy for Latin America will depend on a variety of domestic and external factors, among them the Canada-United States relationship, rapid global change, and North American economic integration. Such a policy must reflect Canadian values and concerns — the importance of the collective welfare as well as individual good, the peaceful negotiation of disputes, and the acceptance of cultural, political, and ideological diversity.
Elections and Democratization in Nicaragua: The 1990 Elections in Perspective
Authors: Williams Philip J. 
Published: March 2007

The February 1990 elections in Nicaragua were hailed by the popular media and the US administration as signaling the country's rejection of authoritarian rule in favor of Western-style democracy. Most commentators interpreted the results in Nicaragua as part of a worldwide trend triggered by events in Eastern Europe. According to the conventional wisdom, as long as the Sandinistas handed over power, including control of the military and security forces, democracy would flourish in Nicaragua.While competitive elections may be a necessary condition for democracy, they certainly are not a sufficient one. Throughout history, countless elections have been held, yet relatively few have contributed much of anything to the consolidation of democratic rule. Elections can serve a number of functions other than the public contestation of power. For example, they can be used to legitimize an incumbent regime, diffuse political opposition, or respond to foreign pressure.
After Miami: The Summit, the Peso Crisis, and the Future of US-Latin American Relations
Authors: Wiarda Howard J. 
Published: March 2007

As the Miami Summit of Western Hemisphere heads of state concluded on 11 December 1994, excessive optimism — even euphoria — seemed to be everywhere in the air. For once, the United States and Latin America seemed to be in agreement on basic policy, rather than, as so often in the past, in each other's hair/face or at each other's throats. There was general agreement about the goals of democracy, free trade, and open markets; the vexatious Cuba issue had been skillfully shunted aside.However, more than that, the Miami Summit appeared to augur a new era in US-Latin American relations based on consensus and a common agenda of human rights, democracy, transparency, the environment, government reform, social equity, and a free market environment.
Trade Liberalization and Growth: Recent Experiences in Latin America
Authors: Agosin Manuel R. , Ffrench-Davis Ricardo 
Published: March 2007

In recent years, many Latin American countries (LACs) have embarked upon trade liberalization drives. This article reviews the radical changes in trade policy which this has entailed, together with the current and foreseeable results, and offers some policy recommendations regarding complementary measures.The first sustained experience with trade liberalization in recent decades was in Chile, which launched a process in the 1970s that, by the end of that decade, had made its economy one of the most open in the world.
Provincial Participation in Canadian Foreign Relations
Authors: Rutan Gerard F. 
Published: March 2007

We do not feel that it is dangerous or harmful to the federation if provinces enter into relationships with other nations to develop for example educational or similar programs.Hon. Harry E. Strom, Premier of Alberta, in a letter to the authorWithin the past decade a perennial and intriguing problem concerning Canadian foreign relations has gained new prominence. Can the government of Canada as empowered under Heading VI (Section 91) of the British North America Act (1867) conclude contractual relations with foreign states when the terms of such contractual relations can be given legal implementation only by legislation of the provinces in areas reserved to them under heading VI (sections 92 and 93) ? Or more precisely, since certain classes of legislative subjects are specifically reserved to the provinces, can the individual province then engage in “foreign relations” vis-á-vis those reserved subjects?With the signing of the Franco-Quebec Agreements of 15 September 1967, which provided for increased cultural, scientific, and technological cooperation between France and Quebec, and the developments leading up to and flowing from this Accord, the problem of the role and extent of provincial powers in regard to foreign relationships again came to the fore.
La Virgen de las Mercedes en la Isla de Santo Domingo
Authors: Lovatón Ramón Lugo 
Published: March 2007

En aquella remota época, cuando la mayor parte de España estaba en poder de los árabes, cuando bajo el yugo de los sarracenos innumerables fieles cristianos sufrían en tierras moras amarguísima esclavitud, con grave peligro para la salvación de sus almas y seguridad de sus vidas, la Augusta Reina de los Cielos, atenta a tan graves males, ocurrió en su infinita caridad para redimir a los cautivos.Como el célebre San Agustín, famoso Obispo de Hipona, autor de las Confesiones, en sus fecundos Soliloquios, el bienaventurado Pedro Nolasco, cuyo corazón estaba lleno de piedad, meditaba en los medios a escoger para librar a los cristianos cautivos o disminuir las penas de su cautividad. Y se consagró de tal manera, que la Santísima Virgen, apareciéndosele, expresóle que tanto Ella como su unigénito Hijo, aceptaban se fundase una orden de religiosos que se encargara de la liberación de los cautivos cristianos del poder otomano simbolizado por la Media Luna y guiado por los principios de Mahoma.
Canada in Caribbean America: Technique for Involvement
Authors: Harbron John D. 
Published: March 2007

The Canadian involvement in Caribbean America—and by this I automatically include the Hispanic Caribbean, French, and Dutchspeaking places, as well as the English-speaking Commonwealth Caribbean—has followed two traditional streams.The first is Canada's private sector involvement—substantial Canadian commitments in some countries like Jamaica, Guyana, and the Dominican Republic, typically concentrated in extractive industries and banking. The second is with the public sector, in Commonwealth Caribbean islands, but with a mix of Canadian private/public roles in some important cases.More diffusely spread, the public sector side includes capital grants and loans made through governments or international banks to develop new private industry, as well as for genuine public sector and social development schemes. The latter would include government-to-government aid, for example, assistance to the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica or the University of Guyana, teacher training programs, CUSO (Canadian University Service Overseas) community work, the missionary role of the various Canadian churches, chiefly the Roman Catholic.
“The Human Comedy” in El reino de este mundo
Authors: Pontiero Giovanni 
Published: March 2007

Critics have written at some length about the “magic realism” in Alejo Carpentier's novels and his original treatment of historical material and peculiar concept of time. Without wishing to ignore the importance of these aspects in a close examination of Carpentier's vision of life in a New World setting, something more can be said about his ingenious choice and use of source material.In a novel like El reino de este mundo (1949) the extraordinary liveliness of the narrative depends, ultimately, upon a subtle interweaving of historical and fictional material and the care taken in selecting the former. Carpentier has a scholar's eye for the interesting source, and the narrative techniques he develops here prompted an accurate judgment from Juan Marinello who described his recent novels as “casos cumplidos de sabiduría y creación.”
National Planning, University Autonomy, and the Coordination of Higher Education: Latin American Points of View
Authors: Waggoner George R. 
Published: March 2007

In the United States in recent years in almost every state there has been a strong move toward more centralized coordination and control of higher education, a movement growing out of the rapidly rising costs of higher education as well as, perhaps, some public disillusion with the universities. This move toward centralized control means, of course, a shift of power away from individual universities.A group in the Institute of Higher Education at Berkeley (Glenny et al., 1971) strongly favors coordination of universities; Lewis Mayhew (1972) of Stanford predicts that many states will opt for centralized control rather than coordination. The long tradition in the United States of nonacademic control of individual universities through boards of trustees made up of business and professional people rather than academic leaders probably has made the shift to centralized control by the nonacademic boards of entire state systems of colleges and universities more acceptable within and without the universities than has been true in most other countries where the legal decision-making power, the administrative and academic autonomy of the university, has been in the hands of members of the academic community.
The Origins of the American Banking Empire in Latin America: Frank A. Vanderlip and the National City Bank
Authors: Mayer Robert 
Published: March 2007

The world's a battle-ground for allGo forth and conquer if you willBut if you win or if you fall,Be each, please God, a gentleman.With these ringing words, Colonel Henry L. Kincaide, at the 1913 Convention of the American Manufacturers Export Association, urged his fellow manufacturers into battle. The adversaries were England and Germany; the prize, world trade (Faulkner, 1924; Beard, 1934; Williams, 1959; LaFeber, 1963).The speech came at an opportune time, because just three months later Congress was to pass the Federal Reserve Act and thus sanction a trade aid for which exporters had been lobbying for many years-the legal establishment of American branch banks in foreign countries (Chandler, 1911; Holmes, 1912; Bankers Magazine, 1913; Ring, 1913).
Post-Emancipation Race Relations: Some Caribbean and American Perspectives
Authors: Lowenthal David 
Published: March 2007

To compare race relations is even harder than to compare systems of slavery. However variously slavery may be defined, it is at least systematized—that is, slave trading, labor, provisioning, punishment, rebellion, and manumission are viewed as clear-cut categories, often formally codified and self-consciously compared with conditions elsewhere.In race relations none of this is true. Race itself may refer to anything from a linguistic community to a genealogically isolated population, and contexts shift through time as well as across cultures. In the narrower sense, races, as distinct from ethnic elements, are not even groups; individual behavior and self-images are not congruent with external identifications. Relationships considered “racial” may be limited to certain public or legal institutions in one society, but in another may include psychological responses in most realms of life. In short, race relations can be compared only in the context of entire social systems.
An Analysis of the Consejo Nacional de Mujeres del Peru
Authors: Schipske Evelyn G. 
Published: March 2007

It has been noted (Tanner, 1970: 23) thata woman growing up under American ideas of liberty in government and religion, having never blushed behind a Turkish mask, nor pressed her feet in Chinese shoes, can not brook any disabilities based on sex alone, without a deep feeling of antagonism with the power that creates it.And so it is in analyzing the women's movement in Latin America that one cannot tolerate any “disabilities” of women on the basis of sex, without a deep feeling of antagonism with the culture which creates them.As de observes, “Latin countries… keep women in subjection less by the rigor of the laws than by the severity of custom.” Upon examination, one finds that Latin American culture is by nature deeply rooted in sexism and male chauvinism and is maintained by institutions such as the church and the patriarchal governments.
Somatic mutations in four novel genes contribute to homologous recombination deficiency in breast cancer: a real‐world clinical tumor sequencing study
Authors: Huang Yongsheng , Qiu Yuntan , Ding Linxiaoxiao , Ren Shuwei , Jiang Yuanling , Luo Jiahuan , Huang Jinghua , Yin Xinke , Fu Sha , Zhao Jianli , Hu Kaishun , Liao Jianwei 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBreast cancers involving mutations in homologous recombination (HR) genes, most commonly BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2), respond well to PARP inhibitors and platinum‐based chemotherapy. However, except for these specific HR genes, it is not clear which other mutations contribute to homologous recombination defects (HRD). Here, we performed next‐generation sequencing of tumor tissues and matched blood samples from 119 breast cancer patients using the OncoScreen Plus panel. Genomic mutation characteristics and HRD scores were analyzed. In the HR genes, we found that BRCA1/2 and PLAB2 mutations were related to HRD. HRD was also detected in a subset of patients without germline or somatic mutations in BRCA1/2, PLAB2, or other HR‐related genes. Notably, LRP1B, NOTCH3, GATA2, and CARD11 (abbreviated as LNGC) mutations were associated with high HRD scores in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, functional experiments demonstrated that silencing CARD11 and GATA2 impairs HR repair efficiency and enhances the sensitivity of tumor cells to olaparib treatment. In summary, in the absence of mutations in the HR genes, the sensitivity of tumor cells to PARP inhibitors and platinum‐based chemotherapy may be enhanced in a subset of breast cancer patients with LNGC somatic mutations.
A deep‐learning workflow to predict upper tract urothelial carcinoma protein‐based subtypes from H&E slides supporting the prioritization of patients for molecular testing
Authors: Angeloni Miriam , van Doeveren Thomas , Lindner Sebastian , Volland Patrick , Schmelmer Jorina , Foersch Sebastian , Matek Christian , Stoehr Robert , Geppert Carol I , Heers Hendrik , Wach Sven , Taubert Helge , Sikic Danijel , Wullich Bernd , van Leenders Geert JLH , Zaburdaev Vasily , Eckstein Markus , Hartmann Arndt , Boormans Joost L , Ferrazzi Fulvia , Bahlinger Veronika 
Published: March 2024

AbstractUpper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare and aggressive, yet understudied, urothelial carcinoma (UC). The more frequent UC of the bladder comprises several molecular subtypes, associated with different targeted therapies and overlapping with protein‐based subtypes. However, if and how these findings extend to UTUC remains unclear. Artificial intelligence‐based approaches could help elucidate UTUC's biology and extend access to targeted treatments to a wider patient audience. Here, UTUC protein‐based subtypes were identified, and a deep‐learning (DL) workflow was developed to predict them directly from routine histopathological H&E slides. Protein‐based subtypes in a retrospective cohort of 163 invasive tumors were assigned by hierarchical clustering of the immunohistochemical expression of three luminal (FOXA1, GATA3, and CK20) and three basal (CD44, CK5, and CK14) markers. Cluster analysis identified distinctive luminal (N = 80) and basal (N = 42) subtypes. The luminal subtype mostly included pushing, papillary tumors, whereas the basal subtype diffusely infiltrating, non‐papillary tumors. DL model building relied on a transfer‐learning approach by fine‐tuning a pre‐trained ResNet50. Classification performance was measured via three‐fold repeated cross‐validation. A mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.67–0.99), 0.8 (95% CI: 0.62–0.99), and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.65–0.96) was reached in the three repetitions. High‐confidence DL‐based predicted subtypes showed significant associations (p < 0.001) with morphological features, i.e. tumor type, histological subtypes, and infiltration type. Furthermore, a significant association was found with programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) combined positive score (p < 0.001) and FGFR3 mutational status (p = 0.002), with high‐confidence basal predictions containing a higher proportion of PD‐L1 positive samples and high‐confidence luminal predictions a higher proportion of FGFR3‐mutated samples. Testing of the DL model on an independent cohort highlighted the importance to accommodate histological subtypes. Taken together, our DL workflow can predict protein‐based UTUC subtypes, associated with the presence of targetable alterations, directly from H&E slides.
Hydrogen‐Bond‐Based Polymer‐Ammonium Intermediates Induced Buried Interface Engineering for High‐Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Xin , Luo Ruixi , Yu Chen , Xu Xiuwen , Zhu Weixu , Min Yonggang , Cai Ning 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPerovskite interfaces where defects enrich are pivotal for both device efficiency and stability. Herein, a high‐molecular‐weight polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) is proposed as a robust multi‐functional interlayer to engineer the buried interface. Besides the well‐known defect passivation, perovskite crystallization is intriguingly modulated via the formation of hydrogen‐bond‐based polymer‐ammonium intermediates (e.g., PVP‐FA+ or PVP‐MA+, where MA and FA are methylamine and formamidine, respectively). The interaction energies derived from density functional theory calculations (−34.5, −26.8, and −9.9 kcal mol−1 for PVP‐FA+, PVP‐MA+, and PVP‐Pb2+) suggest that PVP predominately interacts with ammonium cations to form the intermediates, thus largely excluding other chemical interactions and retarding the perovskite crystallization. As such, the hydrophilic PVP interlayer leads to spontaneous perovskite spreading yet a counterintuitively similar nucleation density with respect to the hydrophobic poly[bis(4‐phenyl)(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), a change of preferred crystal orientation, improved crystallinity, and remarkably suppressed non‐radiative recombination. These conducive effects jointly minimize the open‐circuit voltage loss and give rise to superior power conversion efficiency for small‐area and large‐area devices.