bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Participation in continuing professional development by Victorian dental practitioners in 2004
Authors: Hopcraft MS , Marks G , Manton DJ 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground:  Continuing professional development (CPD) has been long considered an integral component of professional practice across a range of health professions. It is believed to ensure the maintenance of practitioner clinical competence and knowledge of current concepts. This study investigated the participation in and attitudes of Victorian dental personnel to CPD activities.Methods:  A self‐administered cross‐sectional survey of a random sample of registered dental care providers (n = 451) was conducted from March to June 2005 using an anonymous, postal, self‐administered questionnaire.Results:  The response rate was low (48.1 per cent). Nearly 90 per cent of respondents attended a CPD course in 2004, with the mean hours of attendance ranging from 8.3 to 36.9 hours, depending on registration category. Nearly half of the dentists attended more than 20 hours of CPD courses, while less than 20 per cent of prosthetists attended more than 15 hours of CPD courses. Three‐quarters of respondents supported mandatory CPD as a condition of registration.Conclusions:  There was a high level of participation in continuing professional development activities by surveyed Victorian dental care providers in 2004, although more than half of the dentists and specialists, and nearly two‐thirds of therapists, hygienists and prosthetists would fail to meet the new DPBV mandatory requirements for CPD.
Bond strength test: role of operator skill
Authors: Adebayo OA , Burrow MF , Tyas MJ 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground:  Test method, substrate material and operator variability are factors known to affect bond strength test outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine if, with increasing experience, individual operator skill in material handling influenced microshear bond strength outcomes.Methods:  This retrospective study used data collected from six preliminary tests carried out successively on enamel microshear bond strength for two adhesives: Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray) and Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE) by one operator. Mean and median microshear bond strength values, standard deviations and coefficients of variation for each adhesive test group were calculated and assessed.Results:  A gradual increase in mean microshear bond strengths, a decrease in standard deviations and coefficients of variation over time for both adhesives and a progressively more uniform distribution of microshear bond strength results recorded in individual test sets was observed. The results suggest an improvement in bonding reliability as experience is gained.Conclusions:  Operator skill in material handling appears to play a critical role in determining the outcome of bond strength testing. This same skill is probably relevant when using an adhesive for the first time clinically. It is important that clinicians become familiar with new adhesives in order to achieve optimal outcomes.
Quarter of a century of change: caries experience in Australian children, 1977–2002
Authors: Armfield JM , Spencer AJ 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground:  The establishment of the evaluation programme of the Australian School Dental Scheme has led to continuous surveillance of child oral health extending from 1977 to the present day. The aims of this study were to examine the state of child oral health in Australia in 2002 and to explore longer term trends across the quarter of a century of recorded surveillance activity.Methods:  Caries data were obtained for children who were enrolled in the School Dental Services of each state and territory for the years 1977–2002. Data collection derived from routine examinations within the School Dental Service with oral examinations carried out by dentists and dental therapists.Results:  There were considerable declines in caries experience between 1977 and the mid to late 1990s, with mean decayed, missing and filled deciduous teeth (dmft) for 6‐year‐old children decreasing from over 3 in 1977 to approximately 1.6 in 1996, and permanent 12‐year‐old decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) decreasing from 4.8 in 1977 to 0.89 in 1998. However, since the mid to late 1990s, deciduous 6‐year‐old dmft has increased by 24 per cent and 12‐year‐old DMFT has increased by almost 15 per cent. Reductions in caries experience of those children with the most disease have also ceased, and between 1999 and 2002 an increase in the Significant Caries Index occurred.Conclusions:  Improvements in the oral health of Australian children halted during the mid 1990s, after which caries experience has increased. It is important that we understand the changes taking place and their causes, so that action can be taken to halt any further possible declines in child oral health.
Relationship between quantitative assessments of salivary buffering capacity and ion activity product for hydroxyapatite in relation to cariogenic potential
Authors: Aiuchi H , Kitasako Y , Fukuda Y , Nakashima S , Burrow MF , Tagami J 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground:  The ion activity product for hydroxyapatite (IpHA) is a comprehensive parameter reflecting pH, calcium and phosphate ion concentration in saliva which govern the degree of saturation with respect to the dissolving tooth mineral. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between quantitative assessments of salivary buffering capacity and IpHA in relation to cariogenic potential.Methods:  Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 33 patients, and the initial pH of samples was measured using a hand‐held pH meter. Then samples were titrated with 0.1 N HCl to evaluate buffering capacities and divided into three groups (high, medium and low). After measuring concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in the samples, IpHA was calculated using the values of the ion concentrations and pH. Differences in the mean pH values, the concentrations of calcium, phosphate ions and log[IpHA] among three groups were analysed using the Kruskal Wallis and the Mann‐Whitney non‐parametric test, p < 0.05.Results:  After HCl 50 μL titration, there were statistical differences of the mean pH and IpHA among each buffering capacity group. Moreover, after 50 μL HCl titration, there was an excellent correlation between the buffer capacity and log[IpHA].Conclusions:  The pH change for saliva after HCl titration has a significant influence on the rate of IpHA.
Oral impact of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease: a case report
Authors: Liberali SAC 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground:  This case report describes the dental management of a 30‐year‐old male with cerebral palsy and dyspraxia. Recall examination identified multiple erosive carious lesions despite previous oral hygiene and dietary related instruction. A comprehensive approach to patient management was required to identify the aetiological factors associated with the continued loss of tooth structure.Methods:  The identification of the aetiological factors required a detailed medical history and clinical examination, as well as liaison with the patient’s general medical practitioner. Preventive measures were adopted prior to restorative intervention in order to stabilize and remineralize the dentition.Results:  Medical intervention for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and a targeted prevention programme resulted in remineralization of all carious exposed dentine with stabilization of the dentition.Conclusions:  Patients with cerebral palsy are known to have a higher incidence of GORD as well as problems with swallowing, vomiting and recurrent chest infections. Long‐term gastric acid attacks can contribute to dental erosion, and dental professionals may be the first to diagnose silent GORD. The successful treatment of erosion caused by GORD requires a multidisciplinary and minimal intervention approach.
The Bochner-flat cone of a CR manifold
Authors: David Liana 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe construct a Kähler structure (which we call a generalised Kähler cone) on an open subset of the cone of a strongly pseudo-convex CR manifold endowed with a one-parameter family of compatible Sasaki structures. We determine those generalised Kähler cones which are Bochner-flat and we study their local geometry. We prove that any Bochner-flat Kähler manifold of complex dimension bigger than two is locally isomorphic to a generalised Kähler cone.
A generalized Gaeta’s theorem
Authors: Gorla Elisa 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe generalize Gaeta’s theorem to the family of determinantal schemes. In other words, we show that the schemes defined by minors of a fixed size of a matrix with polynomial entries belong to the same G-biliaison class of a complete intersection whenever they have maximal possible codimension, given the size of the matrix and of the minors that define them.
Hypertranscendance des systèmes aux différences diagonaux
Authors: Hardouin Charlotte 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with criteria of algebraic independence for the derivatives of solutions of diagonal difference systems. The key idea consists in deriving from the commutativity of the differentiation and difference operators a sequence of iterated extensions of the original difference module, thereby setting the problem in the framework of difference Galois theory and finally reducing it to an exercise in linear algebra on the group of divisors of the involved elliptic curve or torus.
Instability
of Nanofluids in Natural Convection
Authors: Tzou D.
Y. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Instability of natural convection in nanofluids is investigated in this work. As a result of Brownian motion and thermophoresis of nanoparticles, the critical Rayleigh number is shown to be much lower, by one to two orders of magnitude, as compared to that for regular fluids. The highly promoted turbulence, in the presence of nanoparticles for as little as 1% in volume fraction, significantly enhances heat transfer in nanofluids, which may be much more pronounced than the enhancement of the effective thermal conductivity alone. Seven dominating groups are extracted from the nondimensional analysis. By extending the method of eigenfunction expansions in conjunction with the method of weighted residuals, closed-form solutions are derived for the Rayleigh number to justify such remarkable change by the nanoparticles at the onset of instability.
Stability Analysis of an Inflatable Vacuum Chamber
Authors: Barton Sean A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA lightweight “inflatable” tensioned-membrane-structure vacuum container is proposed and its stability is analyzed. The proposed structure consists of a pressurized lobed cylindrical “wall” surrounding a central evacuated space. Stability is analyzed by discretizing the system and diagonalizing the second derivative of the potential energy. The structure is found to be stable when the pressure in the wall is greater than a critical pressure. When membranes are nonelastic, the critical pressure is found to be greater than the pressure required for equilibrium by a factor of 4∕3. When membranes have only finite stiffness, a first-order correction to the critical pressure is found. Preliminary experimental data show that a stable structure can be made in this way, and that the observed critical pressure is consistent with theory. It is also found that such structures can be designed to have net positive buoyancy in air.
Elastic Stress and Magnetic Field Concentration Near the Vertex of a
Soft-Ferromagnetic 2D Compound Wedge
Authors: Hasanyan Davresh , Qin Zhanming , Librescu Liviu 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The problem of elastic stress and magnetic field concentration near the vertex of a compound wedge is modeled and investigated. The wedge is made of two isotropic dielectric soft-ferromagnetic materials and is immersed in a static magnetic field. The technique of eigenfunction series expansion is applied on the components of the elastic displacement field and the induced magnetic potentials near the vertex. It is shown that in this region, the magnetic susceptibility and the applied magnetic field have a strong influence on the elastic stress and magnetic field concentration. The results are instrumental toward actively controlling the stress concentration intensity via the applied magnetic field.
Variations of tandem repeat, regulatory element, and promoter regions revealed by wheat–rye amphiploids
Authors: Tang Zong-Xiang , Fu Shu-Lan , Ren Zheng-Long , Zhou Jian-Ping , Yan Ben-Ju , Zhang Huai-Qiong 
Published: May 2008

To better understand the evolution of allopolyploids, 4 different combinations between wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.) including 12 F1hybrids and 12 derived amphiploids were analyzed and compared with their direct parental plants by PCR analysis using 150 wheat SSR (single sequence repeat) markers and by FISH analysis using a rye-specific repetitive sequence (pSc200) as a probe. Nine SSR markers amplified rye-specific fragments whose sizes ranged from 471 bp to 1089 bp. These fragments contain regulatory elements and (or) promoters. Some of these fragments were amplified from all 24 progenies, while others were amplified from a subset of the progenies. The disappearance of rye-specific fragments from some progenies was caused by sequence elimination or DNA modification. Marker Xgwm320 amplified a new fragment (403 bp), a rye-specific tandem repeat, from some of the progenies. Twenty-eight SSR markers displayed microsatellite variation in progenies derived from ‘Chinese Spring’ × ‘Jinzhou-heimai’, but none of the 150 SSR markers displayed microsatellite variation in the progenies derived from the other three combinations. FISH signals of pSc200 were eliminated from one telomere/subtelomere of 4 chromosomes of ‘Kustro’ during allopolyploidization and expanded in amphiploids derived from ‘Chinese Spring’ × ‘AR106BONE’. Thus, allopolyploidization in wheat–rye can be accompanied by rapid variation of tandem repeats, regulatory elements, and promoter regions. The alterations of repetitive sequence pSc200 indicate coordination between the constituent genomes of the newly formed amphiploids. Different genetic backgrounds of parents appear to affect genome changes during allopolyploidization.
The Ripe Moment for Civil Society
Authors: Aljets Diana , Chacko Betsie , Jessop Maria 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article explores whether and how civil society engagement in a peace process can 'ripen' the conditions and facilitate the success of a peace process. The activities and methods of the Inter-religious Council of Sierra Leone are examined for their impact on each stage of the peace process with a view to shedding light on how civil society can help create the ripe conditions for formal peace negotiations, be an effective participant in negotiations, as well as improve the sustainability of a peace agreement.
Possible Aerosol Effects on Lightning Activity and Structure of Hurricanes
Authors: Khain A. , Cohen N. , Lynn B. , Pokrovsky A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAccording to observations of hurricanes located relatively close to the land, intense and persistent lightning takes place within a 250–300-km radius ring around the hurricane center, whereas the lightning activity in the eyewall takes place only during comparatively short periods usually attributed to eyewall replacement. The mechanism responsible for the formation of the maximum flash density at the tropical cyclone (TC) periphery is not well understood as yet. In this study it is hypothesized that lightning at the TC periphery arises under the influence of small continental aerosol particles (APs), which affect the microphysics and the dynamics of clouds at the TC periphery. To show that aerosols change the cloud microstructure and the dynamics to foster lightning formation, the authors use a 2D mixed-phase cloud model with spectral microphysics. It is shown that aerosols that penetrate the cloud base of maritime clouds dramatically increase the amount of supercooled water, as well as the ice contents and vertical velocities. As a result, in clouds developing in the air with high AP concentration, ice crystals, graupel, frozen drops and/or hail, and supercooled water can coexist within a single cloud zone, which allows collisions and charge separation. The simulation of possible aerosol effects on the landfalling tropical cyclone has been carried out using a 3-km-resolution Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) mesoscale model. It is shown that aerosols change the cloud microstructure in a way that permits the attribution of the observed lightning structure to the effects of continental aerosols. It is also shown that aerosols, which invigorate clouds at 250–300 km from the TC center, decrease the convection intensity in the TC center, leading to some TC weakening. The results suggest that aerosols change the intensity and the spatial distribution of precipitation in landfalling TCs and can possibly contribute to the weekly cycle of the intensity and precipitation of landfalling TCs. More detailed investigations of the TC–aerosol interaction are required.
Infrared Radiance Modeling by Optimal Spectral Sampling
Authors: Moncet Jean-Luc , Uymin Gennady , Lipton Alan E. , Snell Hilary E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper describes a rapid and accurate technique for the numerical modeling of band transmittances and radiances in media with nonhomogeneous thermodynamic properties (i.e., temperature and pressure), containing a mixture of absorbing gases with variable concentrations. The optimal spectral sampling (OSS) method has been designed specifically for the modeling of radiances measured by sounding radiometers in the infrared and has been extended to the microwave; it is applicable also through the visible and ultraviolet spectrum. OSS is particularly well suited for remote sensing applications and for the assimilation of satellite observations in numerical weather prediction models. The novel OSS approach is an extension of the exponential sum fitting of transmittances technique in that channel-average radiative transfer is obtained from a weighted sum of monochromatic calculations. The fact that OSS is fundamentally a monochromatic method provides the ability to accurately treat surface reflectance and spectral variations of the Planck function and surface emissivity within the channel passband, given that the proper training is applied. In addition, the method is readily coupled to multiple scattering calculations, an important factor for treating cloudy radiances. The OSS method is directly applicable to nonpositive instrument line shapes such as unapodized or weakly apodized interferometric measurements. Among the advantages of the OSS method is that its numerical accuracy, with respect to a reference line-by-line model, is selectable, allowing the model to provide whatever balance of accuracy and computational speed is optimal for a particular application. Generally only a few monochromatic points are required to model channel radiances with a brightness temperature accuracy of 0.05 K, and computation of Jacobians in a monochromatic radiative transfer scheme is straightforward. These efficiencies yield execution speeds that compare favorably to those achieved with other existing, less accurate parameterizations.
Eastern Equatorial Pacific Forcing of ENSO Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies*
Authors: Zhang Xuebin , McPhaden Michael J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Previous studies have described the impacts of wind stress variations in the eastern Pacific on sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. However, these studies have usually focused on individual El Niño events and typically have not considered impacts on La Niña—the cold phase of the ENSO cycle. This paper examines effects of wind stress and heat flux forcing on interannual SST variations in the eastern equatorial Pacific from sensitivity tests using an ocean general circulation model over the period 1980–2002. Results indicate that in the Niño-3 region (5°N–5°S, 90°–150°W) a zonal wind stress anomaly of 0.01 N m−2 leads to about 1°C SST anomaly and that air–sea heat fluxes tend to damp interannual SST anomalies generated by other physical processes at a rate of about 40 W m−2 (°C)−1. These results systematically quantify expectations from previous event specific numerical model studies that local forcing in the eastern Pacific can significantly affect the evolution of both warm and cold phases of the ENSO cycle. The results are also consistent with a strictly empirical analysis that indicates that a wind stress anomaly of 0.01 N m−2 leads to ∼1°C SST anomaly in the Niño-3 region.
Spatial and Temporal Trends in Sunshine Duration over Western Europe (1938–2004)
Authors: Sanchez-Lorenzo Arturo , Calbó Josep , Martin-Vide Javier 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This work analyzes sunshine duration variability in the western part of Europe (WEU) over the 1938–2004 period. A principal component analysis is applied to cluster the original series from 79 sites into 6 regions, and then annual and seasonal mean series are constructed on regional and also for the whole WEU scales. Over the entire period studied here, the linear trend of annual sunshine duration is found to be nonsignificant. However, annual sunshine duration shows an overall decrease since the 1950s until the early 1980s, followed by a subsequent recovery during the last two decades. This behavior is in good agreement with the dimming and brightening phenomena described in previous literature. From the seasonal analysis, the most remarkable result is the similarity between spring and annual series, although the spring series has a negative trend; and the clear significant increase found for the whole WEU winter series, being especially large since the 1970s. The behavior of the major synoptic patterns for two seasons is investigated, resulting in some indications that sunshine duration evolution may be partially explained by changes in the frequency of some of them.
Phase 1 study of the oral isotype specific histone deacetylase inhibitor MGCD0103 in leukemia
Authors: Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Assouline Sarit , Cortes Jorge , Estrov Zeev , Kantarjian Hagop , Yang Hui , Newsome Willie M. , Miller Wilson H. , Rousseau Caroline , Kalita Ann , Bonfils Claire , Dubay Marja , Patterson Tracy-Ann , Li Zuomei , Besterman Jeffrey M. , Reid Gregory , Laille Eric , Martell Robert E. , Minden Mark 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
MGCD0103 is an isotype-selective inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) targeted to isoforms 1, 2, 3, and 11. In a phase 1 study in patients with leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), MGCD0103 was administered orally 3 times weekly without interruption. Twenty-nine patients with a median age of 62 years (range, 32-84 years) were enrolled at planned dose levels (20, 40, and 80 mg/m2). The majority of patients (76%) had acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). In all, 24 (83%) of 29 patients had received 1 or more prior chemotherapies (range, 0-5), and 18 (62%) of 29 patients had abnormal cytogenetics. The maximum tolerated dose was determined to be 60 mg/m2, with dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea observed at higher doses. Three patients achieved a complete bone marrow response (blasts ≤ 5%). Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated absorption of MGCD0103 within 1 hour and an elimination half-life in plasma of 9 (± 2) hours. Exposure to MGCD0103 was proportional to dose up to 60 mg/m2. Analysis of peripheral white cells demonstrated induction of histone acetylation and dose-dependent inhibition of HDAC enzyme activity. In summary, MGCD0103 was safe and had antileukemia activity that was mechanism based in patients with advanced leukemia.