bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wear behavior of plasma nitrided AISI 420 stainless steel
Authors: Brühl Sonia P. , Charadia Raúl , Sanchez Carlos , Staia Mariana H. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Martensitic AISI 420 stainless steel was plasma nitrided using a DC N2 – H2 pulsed discharge, after thermal treatment at two different tempering temperatures. Sliding wear behavior was determined by means of a ball-on-disk tribometer at room temperature and without lubrication. Wear volume was calculated from the information provided by an optical profilometer and wear scars were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results indicated that the nitrided samples exhibited improved wear resistance when compared to the untreated specimens, but corrosion resistance was diminished due to the presence of the outer nitrided layer. However, when this layer was removed mechanically considerable improvement in the corrosion resistance was achieved without impairing the wear resistance of the whole system, which was 200 % higher compared to the wear resistance of the non-nitrided specimens.
Hot extrusion of α and α/β-brass alloys
Authors: Reetz Björn , Reimers Walter 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The investigations aim at the control of the formability and the strength of hot extruded brass alloys through choosing the appropriate hot extrusion parameters. Different α-brass and α/β-brass alloys, namely CuZn10, CuZn20, CuZn37 and CuZn40Pb2, were hot extruded and subsequently investigated by means of microscopy, X-ray diffraction and mechanical testing.
The investigations show that the strength and formability of the extrudates are strongly affected by the hot extrusion parameters which determine the grain sizes and the textures of the extrudates. Additionally in the cases of CuZn37 and CuZn40Pb2, multiple phase transformations arise during the hot extrusion process and affect the resulting properties. The bcc β-phase content especially depends on the extrusion temperature, deformation degree and deformation rate.
Modeling of isothermal bainite formation based on the nucleation kinetics
Authors: van Bohemen Stefan M. C. , Sietsma Jilt 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Using a new approach to modeling bainite nucleation, the kinetics of isothermal bainite formation have been calculated under the assumption of displacive growth. The nucleation rate is assumed to depend on the number density of potential nucleation sites N
i, a factor λ accounting for autocatalytic nucleation, and an activation energy Q*. Compatible with the theory for athermal martensite nucleation, N
i is assumed to be proportional to the driving pressure. Analogous to the Koistinen – Marburger model for martensite formation, the average volume of bainitic sub-units is assumed to be constant over the extent of the transformation and the growth of sub-units is very fast, and thus the change in fraction is directly related to the nucleation rate of bainite. The model results in an analytical expression for the fraction bainite as a function of time that contains only two adjustable parameters: a (temperature independent) autocatalytic parameter λ and a rate parameter κ, which has a temperature dependence that is mainly governed by Q*. The calculations are compared with experimental fraction curves measured isothermally with dilatometry for the carbon steels C45, C50 and C60 at a range of temperatures. From the best agreement between the calculations and the experimental data it follows that Q* decreases linearly with temperature, which is consistent with other bainite nucleation models. By austenitizing steel C60 at different temperatures it is found that λ depends on the austenite grain size: when the austenite grain size is increased, λ becomes larger.
Multi-scale mechanical characterization of a freestanding polymer film using indentation
Authors: Liu Kuo-Kang , Wan Kai-tak 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A thin circular film is clamped at the periphery. An external mechanical force is applied to the film center via either a shaft with a spherical cap or a ball bearing with a specific weight. The deformed geometry allows the materials parameters of the film to be assessed for a wide range of length scales. Solid mechanics models are derived for a multi-scale deformation range as the film experiences (i) indentation or Hertzian contact, (ii) plate-bending, (iii) membrane-stretching, and (iv) large deformation. The method caters to ultrathin membranes where conventional macroscopic tensile tests might potentially damage the sample films. Thin film adhesion-delamination can also be characterized by the same set-up. Experiments were conducted for a range of polymer films.
Pop-in effect in Ge- and Si-coated single-crystalline Si
Authors: Nagy Péter M. , Vad Kálmán , Csik Attila , Kálmán Erika 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In nanoindentation tests the pop-in effect is a sudden increase in penetration depth without an increase in load, caused by some special effect because of the smaller specific volume of the high-pressure phase in Si. It has been investigated in Si samples covered with 20, 50, 100 and 150 nm thick layers of amorphous Si or Ge in single and multiple load events. The impressions caused by the indentation were imaged by atomic force microscopy. The characteristics of the load curves and the shape of the indented impressions are correlated. Our experiments provide a consistent evaluation of the Young's modulus and hardness of the samples and consistent data on the exact shape of the indent impressions. The dependence of the variation of the magnitude and spatial distribution of the relaxed volume on the composition and thickness of the sputtered layer is discussed.
Mechanical and tribological behaviour of carbon nanotube brushes
Authors: Jarzącbek Dariusz , Rymuza Zygmunt , Wada Takenori , Ohmae Nobuo 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Carbon nanotube brushes of micrometre range height were deposited on a silicon substrate and tested by use of atomic force microscopy. The cantilever's tips were made of silicon or steel. Firstly, the effect of the structure of carbon nanotubes on indentation (mechanical behaviour) in normal direction to the substrate was studied. Moreover, to examine nanotribological properties, sliding in the lateral direction to the substrate was studied. We also studied how the resonance frequency of vibration of one kind of microfork changes with the depth, to examine the connection between friction force and depth of the measurement. Finally, a mathematical model of the mechanical and tribological properties of carbon nanotube brushes was elaborated.
Measurement of the isothermal sections at 700 and 427 °C in the Al – Mg – Ni system
Authors: He Cuiyun , Du Yong , Chen Hai-Lin , Ouyang Hongwu 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
This work focuses on the experimental investigation of the ternary Al – Mg – Ni system at 700 and 427 °C by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis. Only one ternary phase τ1 (Ni2Mg3Al) with a composition of about 15.5 at.% Al, 49.5 at.% Mg, and 35 at.% Ni was observed at both 700 and 427 °C. At 700 °C, the binary NiAl phase dissolves about 17 at.% Mg and the Ni2Mg phase dissolves up to about 10 at.% Al. At 427 °C, NiAl and Ni2Mg were found to dissolve the third element in appreciable quantities. Ni2Al3 was also observed dissolving up to about 2.5 at.% Mg. The isothermal sections at 700 and 427 °C are presented.
Compound heterozygous deletions of PMP22 causing severe Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease of the Dejerine‐Sottas disease phenotype
Authors: Al‐Thihli Khalid , Rudkin Teresa , Carson Nancy , Poulin Chantal , Melançon Serge , Der Kaloustian Vazken M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDejerine‐Sottas disease (DSD) is a particular phenotype of the Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease spectrum that is genetically heterogeneous. It represents a severe form of hypertrophic axonal and demyelinating neuropathy. Although it is predominantly inherited as an autosomal recessive condition, autosomal dominant inheritance has also been described. To date, the autosomal recessive forms of DSD are classified into several CMT type 4 (CMT4) subclasses based on allelic heterogeneity. We present a 7‐year‐old boy with a severe form of CMT disease consistent with the autosomal recessive phenotype of DSD. He was found to be a compound heterozygote for mutations in the PMP22 gene resulting in homozygous deletion of exons 2 and 3. The maternally inherited allele was the typical 1.5 Mb deletion involving PMP22 seen with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP). The paternally inherited allele was a deletion of exons 2 and 3. Both parents presented with a typical clinical picture of HNPP. To our knowledge, this is the first patient reported with large deletions involving both PMP22 alleles. Our patient has also developed severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a clinical feature not previously reported with CMT or DSD. The correlation of the phenotype and the molecular defects observed in this patient may set a new subcategory in the classification of DSD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel subtype of congenital generalized lipodystrophy associated with muscular weakness and cervical spine instability
Authors: Simha Vinaya , Agarwal Anil K. , Aronin Patricia A. , Iannaccone Susan T. , Garg Abhimanyu 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCongenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by extreme paucity of adipose tissue from birth, and early onset of metabolic complications related to insulin resistance. Mutations in three genes, 1‐acylglycerol 3‐phosphate‐O‐acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2), Berardinelli Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy 2 (BSCL2), and Caveolin‐1 (CAV1) are associated with the three subtypes of this disorder, CGL1, CGL2 and CGL3, respectively. We report two siblings of Hispanic origin who displayed characteristic features of CGL such as generalized loss of subcutaneous fat from birth, acanthosis nigricans, acromegaloid habitus, umbilical prominence, hepatosplenomegaly, hypoleptinemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. However, no disease causing variants were detected in the DNA sequence of AGPAT2, BSCL2 or CAV1 genes. Further, whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the two siblings revealed marked loss of subcutaneous, intraabdominal and intrathoracic fat like in other patients with CGL, but preservation of bone marrow fat which is invariably lost in all patients with CGL1 and CGL2, but not in the patient reported with CGL3. They also had generalized muscle weakness during infancy and early childhood associated with a nearly fivefold increase in serum creatine kinase (CK) levels, but with normal muscle biopsy and electrophysiologic studies. Both patients were also found to have atlantoaxial dislocation requiring surgical intervention. Thus, this pedigree represents a novel subtype of CGL characterized by generalized loss of body fat but with preservation of bone marrow fat, congenital muscular weakness and cervical spine instability. The genetic basis of this novel subtype remains to be determined. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, Omani type: Further definition of the phenotype
Authors: van Roij Mirjam H.H. , Mizumoto Shuji , Yamada Shuhei , Morgan Tim , Tan‐Sindhunata M.B. , Meijers‐Heijboer H. , Verbeke J.I.L.M. , Markie David , Sugahara Kazuyuki , Robertson Stephen P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSpondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED), Omani type (OMIM 608637) is a recessively inherited skeletal dysplasia previously described in two distantly related families from the Republic of Oman. The phenotype consists of short stature, severe kyphoscoliosis, arthritic joints (elbows, wrists, knees), secondary large joint dislocations, rhizomelia, fusion of carpal bones and mild brachydactyly. Affected individuals were homozygous for a missense mutation, R304Q in CHST3 that encodes the enzyme chondroitin 6‐O‐sulfotransferase‐1 (C6ST‐1). This enzyme mediates the sulfation of proteoglycans, particularly chondroitin sulfate (CS), in the extracellular matrix of cartilage. Here we describe the identification of a mutation (857T > C predicting the substitution L286P) in CHST3 in a Turkish family and extend the clinical phenotype of SED‐Omani type to include congenital joint dislocation, club feet, ventricular septal defect, deafness, metacarpal shortening and accessory carpal ossification centers. Fibroblasts and urine obtained from affected patients demonstrated negligible levels of 6‐O‐sulfated GalNAc residue in CS. Furthermore, the 6‐O‐sulfotransferase activity of cloned C6ST‐1 into which the L286P mutation had been introduced was dramatically reduced, confirming the pathogenicity of this substitution. These results indicate that the clinical consequences of a deficiency of 6‐O‐sulfation in CS can be varied and that a clinical spectrum may exist similar to that seen in other skeletal dysplasias characterized by disorders of proteoglycan sulfation. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Candidate region linkage analysis in twins discordant or concordant for depression symptomatology
Authors: Christiansen L. , Tan Q. , Kruse T.A. , McGue M. , Christensen K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractGenetic risk factors contribute considerably to both clinical affective disorders and subsyndromal mood level. There is moreover evidence to suggest that the genetic basis of bipolar disorder and unipolar depression overlap to some extent, and several linkage analyses have suggested evidence for a common susceptibility locus in affective disorders on chromosome 12q24. In this study we investigated the chromosome 12 candidate region for linkage to the mean level of depression symptomatology, over a 10‐year follow‐up, using a highly informative sample of concordant and discordant twin pairs selected from 4,731 participants of the Longitudinal Study of Ageing Danish Twins. Our results showed suggestive evidence of linkage to this region with a peak LOD score of 1.91 for marker D12S1634 located at 148 cM, and thus indicates that the previously identified disease locus at 12q24 is also a general vulnerability locus affecting the normal range of mood. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel pyridine‐bis(ferrocene‐isoxazole) ligand: synthesis and application to palladium‐catalyzed Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions under copper‐ and phosphine‐free conditions
Authors: Feng Zhijun , Yu Shuyan , Shang Yongjia 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe present here the first synthesis and application to Sonogashira reaction of pyridine‐bis(ferrocene‐isoxazole) Pd(II) complex 5, prepared from 2,6‐bis‐(5‐ferrocenylisoxazole‐3‐yl)pyridine. Under copper‐ and phosphine‐free conditions, the stable complex 5 efficiently catalyzed the cross‐coupling of aryl halides with terminal alkynes in DMF–H2O with TBAB as an additive, hexahydropyridine as base and affording internal arylated alkynes in moderate to excellent yields. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical and morphological properties of epoxy resins modified by poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)
Authors: Xu Yajuan , Liao Gongxiong , Gu Tiesheng , Zheng Liang , Jian Xigao 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA series of blends have been prepared by adding a novel thermoplastic poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) in varying proportions to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA) cured with p‐diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). All the blends showed two‐phase structures characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Addition of the PPESK resulted in great enhancement of glass transition temperatures (Tg) both in the epoxy‐rich phase and in the PPESK‐rich phase by reason of the special structure of PPESK. There was moderate increase in the fracture toughness as estimated by impact strength. Fracture mechanisms such as crack deflection and branches, ductile microcracks, ductile tearing of the thermoplastic, and local plastic deformation of the matrix were responsible for the increase in the fracture toughness of the blends. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Grafting of maleic anhydride onto polyethylene through a green chemistry approach
Authors: Shen Yanhan , Qi Rongrong , Liu Qiaochu , Wang Yanling , Mao Yapeng , Yu Juan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe grafting of a polymer can lead to the improvement and modification of the polymer and thus expand its applications. Grafting methods include solution grafting in organic solvents, melt grafting at high temperatures, and light grafting with radioactive sources. These methods have their advantages and disadvantages. The disadvantages include waste treatment, consumption of energy, and so on. In this study, a hydrothermal process which is called the green approach, was developed to prepare graft copolymers. The effect of various factors on the grafting degree was investigated in detail. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Sexual devolution in plants: apomixis uncloaked?
Authors: Noyes Richard D. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThere are a growing number of examples where naturally occurring mutations disrupt an established physiological or developmental pathway to yield a new condition that is evolutionary favored. Asexual reproduction by seed in plants, or apomixis, occurs in a diversity of taxa and has evolved from sexual ancestors. One form of apomixis, diplospory, is a multi‐step development process that is initiated when meiosis is altered to produce an unreduced rather than a reduced egg cell. Subsequent parthenogenetic development of the unreduced egg yields genetically maternal progeny. While it has long been apparent from cytological data that meiosis in apomicts was malfunctional or completely bypassed, the genetic basis of the phenomenon has been a long‐standing mystery. New data from genetic analysis of Arabidopsis mutants1 in combination with more sophisticated molecular understanding of meiosis in plants indicate that a weak mutation of the gene SWI, called DYAD, interferes with sister chromatid cohesion in meiosis I, causes synapsis to fail in female meiosis and yields two unreduced cells. The new work shows that a low percentage of DYAD ovules produce functional unreduced egg cells (2n) that can be fertilized by haploid pollen (1n) to give rise to triploid (3n) progeny. While the DYAD mutants differ in some aspects from naturally occurring apomicts, the work establishes that mutation to a single gene can effectively initiate apomictic development and, furthermore, focuses efforts to isolate apomixis genes on a narrowed set of developmental events. Profitable manipulation of meiosis and recombination in agronomically important crops may be on the horizon. BioEssays 30:798–801, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Involvement of IL‐2 in homeostasis of regulatory T cells: the IL‐2 cycle
Authors: Yarkoni Shai , Kaminitz Ayelet , Sagiv Yuval , Yaniv Isaac , Askenasy Nadir 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA large body of evidence on the activity of regulatory T (Treg) cells was gathered during the last decade, and a similar number of reviews and opinion papers attempted to integrate the experimental findings. The abundant literature clearly delineates an exciting area of research but also underlines some major controversies. A linear cause–result interpretation of experimental maneuvers often ignores the fact that the activity of Treg cells is orchestrated with the effector T (Teff) cells within an intricate network of physiological immune homeostasis. Every modulation of the activity of the effector (cytotoxic) immune system revolves to affect the activity of regulatory (suppressive) cells through elaborate feedback loops of negative and positive regulation. The lack of IL‐2 production by innate Treg cells makes this cytokine a prime coupler of the effector and suppressive mechanisms. Here we attempt to integrate evidence that delineates the involvement of IL‐2 in primary and secondary feedback loops that regulate the activity of suppressive cells within the elaborate network of physiological immune homeostasis.©2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc BioEssays 30:875–888, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impact of Weak CH⋅⋅⋅Rh Interactions on the Structure and Reactivity of trans‐[Rh(CO)2(phosphine)2]+: An Experimental and Theoretical Examination
Authors: Montag Michael , Efremenko Irena , Cohen Revital , Leitus Gregory , Shimon Linda J. W. , Diskin‐Posner Yael , Ben‐David Yehoshoa , Martin Jan M. L. , Milstein David 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe crystal structure of the new cationic RhI complex trans‐[Rh(CO)2(L)2]BF4 (L=α2‐(diisopropylphosphino)isodurene) was found to exhibit a nonlinear OCRhCO fragment and weak intramolecular CH⋅⋅⋅Rh interactions. These interactions, which have also been shown to occur in solution, have been examined by density functional theory calculations and found to be inextricably linked to the presence of the distorted OCRhCO fragment. This linkage has also been demonstrated by comparison with a highly similar RhI complex, in which these CH⋅⋅⋅Rh interactions are absent. Furthermore, the presence of these weak interactions has been shown to have a significant effect on the reactivity of the metal center.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of the Ln3Si1.25Se7 (Ln: Pr, Nd and Sm) Compounds.
Authors: Gulay L. D. , Lychmanyuk O. S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure/High‐Temperature Studies on the Stannides RENiSn (RE: Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) and REPdSn (RE: La, Pr, Nd).
Authors: Riecken Jan F. , Heymann Gunter , Hermes Wilfried , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Huppertz Hubert , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: August 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetism, Magnetotransport and Magnetic Structure of ThCu3Mn4O12, Prepared at Moderate Pressures.
Authors: Sanchez‐Benitez Javier , Martinez‐Lope Maria J. , Alonso Jose A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Diagram of the B—B2O3 System at 5 GPa: Experimental and Theoretical Studies.
Authors: Solozhenko Vladimir L. , Kurakevych Oleksandr O. , Turkevich Vladimir Z. , Turkevich Dmitry V. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Vanadium Orthoborate VBO3.
Authors: Haberer Almut , Huppertz Hubert 
Published: August 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.