bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rigless Interventions to Failed Gravel-Pack Gas Wells Using New Resin Systems
Authors: Lightford S. C. , Pitoni E. , Emiliani C. N. , Devia F. , Valli V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
When a Gravel Pack Completion fails it usually results in the loss of production from the interval until a workover rig is available to re-complete the well. This paper describes two recent successful rigless interventions completed in offshore multi zone completed gas wells in the Adriatic Sea. A key factor in the successes of these remedial treatments has been application of two different chemical technologies applied to the proppant whilst it is being pumped into the well.
In the first well, production loss was caused by fines migration (fine silt ≤ 44 micron) into the 40/60 gravel pack sand, which completely plugged the screens and gravel. An intervention was performed which included sealing the existing completion, followed by re-perforating the premium screen using wire line guns. The interval was then fractured with a tip screen out design and a thru tubing screen was placed across the perforated screen. Critical to this treatment was the use of a surface modifying agent to prevent fines migration and plugging of the gravel pack. Production results have confirmed the correctness of the technical choice.
A different problem existed on the second well, which had a fracpac completion; in this case a screen failure resulted in formation sand and proppant being produced to the surface. The well was re-fractured through the hole in the screen and a newly developed resin was applied to the proppant to lock the proppant into place and thus repair the damaged screen without restricting the flow area with a secondary inner string. Unlike conventional resin coated proppant at low temperatures this new type of resin does not require confinement pressure and or the use of chemical flushes to cause the resin to set. Since the intervention, the well has been producing sand free at very close to the original PI.
In both cases these treatments have put back in production wells that in the past the only alternative was to recomplete using a workover rig. This paper will describe the treatment design, well operations performed, materials used and production performance of each well comparing this to a conventional recompleted well.
Behavior of a Scale Inhibitor Water-in-Oil Emulsion in Porous Media
Authors: Romero C. , Bazin B. , Zaitoun A. , Leal-Calderon F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of water-in-oil emulsions (w/o) to deploy scale inhibitors has been reported in the literature as an alternative to water-based squeeze treatments. The non-aqueous nature of these emulsions has the advantage to prevent water blocking, which adversely affects oil production in aqueous squeeze treatments. Placing the scale inhibitor in a w/o or "invert" emulsion has shown in some cases the additional advantage of enhancing treatment lifetime. However, results from the literature seem contradictory and highlight a poor understanding of this technology.
The present paper aims at providing further insight on emulsified scale inhibitor placement in porous media. Preliminary experiments, using a low molecular-weight biopolymer as scale inhibitor, showed low adsorption/retention in aqueous solution. Re-formulation of the product under invert emulsion was investigated to enhance inhibitor retention.
Results from coreflood experiments, in well-characterized silicon carbide (SiC) packs provided preliminary evidence of aqueous droplet adsorption as the main retention mechanism in porous media. This was expected considering the average droplet size of 0.3 μm. The mother formulation of the w/o emulsion is a concentrate, containing 80% weight of water phase and 8% weight of active scale inhibitor. It can be diluted down to 2% water phase adding the desired oil phase without loosing stability or increasing the droplet size.
These results are a promising first step towards the development of a technically and commercially viable, environment-friendly scale inhibitor technology based on w/o emulsions.
Study and Application of Small-Diameter Separate-Layer Hydraulic Fracturing Techniques for Casing-Damaged Wells
Authors: Wang Z. , Lin Y. , He J. , Zhang C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
About 9600 casing-damaged wells were identified till 2004, up to 18% of total wells in Daqing oilfield, China. The number of casing-damaged wells is increasing at a rate of 600 wells annually. So how to apply hydraulic fracturing technique for those wells is of major importance to recover and improve oil production in related mature reservoirs. A new technique called small-diameter separate-layer hydraulic fracturing is investigated for those damaged wells whose diameter is above 105 mm. Fracturing string and its matching tools are specially designed and tested, including packer and its packing element, sand jet and safety joint. Testing results show that stabilized pressure time can maintain 5~8 minutes at the testing pressure of 40-45 MPa for all tools. Mathematical model that can be used to predict stress of casing-damaged wells was developed based on the analysis of ground bearing mechanisms under casing damages. Calculation results from the model matched very well with practical testing results. Criteria of well and layer selection will be provided based on theoretical analysis. The technique can be used to hydraulic fracture multiple layer in one time.
The technique has been successfully applied to hydraulic fracture casing damage wells and is underway to deploy in Daqing oilfield. Until the end of 2004,, fourteen wells were hydraulic fractured using this new technique. The average fracturing layer is two for each well. All treatments were successful. The average number of fracturing layers was two per well, and the average fluid increase was 20 tons/day/well, and the average oil increase reached 5.0 tons/well/day.
Overcoming Formation Damage and Increasing Production Using Stackable Frac Packs and High-Conductivity Proppants: A Case Study in the Wilmington Field, Long Beach, California
Authors: Turnage K. A. , Palisch T. T. , Gleason A. M. , Escobar D. G. , Jordan J. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Most successful completions in the Wilmington Field, Long Beach, CA, must address two concerns: 1) formation sand control and 2) damage bypass / reservoir stimulation. For many years the completion strategies in this field have included some combination of conventional circulating gravel packs and fracture stimulations using resin coated sand.
Recent evaluations have demonstrated that inadequate proppant conductivity is restricting well production. This led to fracture stimulation of wells with high quality ceramic proppants. Even in a modest stress environment, ceramic proppants increase conductivity and reduce non Darcy effects, thereby resulting in more productive fracture treatments.
To bypass formation damage and increase production via fracture stimulation, while maintaining sand control in an economic fashion, an annular, stackable frac pack technique was employed. The sand control treatments were designed to be durable, low skin, and provide excellent wellbore to formation connection.
The disadvantages of frac packs and ceramic proppants are complexity and cost. In older fields where margins are tight, these disadvantages may seem to outweigh the advantages and can erroneously remove frac packs and ceramic proppants from consideration.
However, the authors found that combining simple, economical, stackable frac pack tools with ceramic proppant resulted in completions with higher production and more robust economics than prior completion practices.
Minimizing Formation Damage on Sand-Control Jobs: Case Histories
Authors: Hernandez A. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the Ecuadorian Northeast Area, sand production has been associated with high porosity. Certain zones where the M-1 Sandstone has porosity above 25 % have experienced a lot of sand production. High rate gravel packs have been successful and more than 30 jobs have been successfully performed. As a rule on new wells with porosity above 25% a gravel pack system is installed on the initial completion.
One important fact is the wellbore cleaning process. On the first jobs, several products were pumped to avoid severe losses to the formation; but due to the high permeability (above 3,000 mD) and low reservoir pressure it was not possible to control that. Therefore to minimize production impairment attributed by invasion of contaminants into the gravel pack and formation, a well bore clean out procedure with a non-acid formulation was implemented to remove potentially damaging solids, including filtering all the water to 2 microns.
After the gravel pack, a phosphonic / HF acid treatment is pumped to both clean the gravel from any debris coming on the pumping and placement process and stimulate the producing zone. This treatment has shown excellent results on production and has diminished the effect of the additional restriction created by the gravel pack.
Developing and Using Technologies to Manage and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Cain J. , Lee A. , Mingst A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Chevron shares the concerns that governments and the public have about climate change, and has developed a comprehensive program to manage its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We are employing a variety of technologies to monitor and reduce emissions from our operations, and investing in research and development to commercialize new emissions reduction options.
As examples of our efforts, we are generating electricity from geothermal power in Indonesia, solar power in the United States, wind power in the Netherlands, and cogeneration in various locations. We are reducing flaring by commercializing stranded gas in Africa. We have reforestation projects in Brazil, Australia, and the United States. We are conducting research on fuel cells, hydrogen storage technologies, and advanced battery technologies, and are involved in several programs to develop, demonstrate, and commercialize carbon dioxide capture and geologic sequestration. Additionally, we have developed the industry-leading SANGEA™ system to inventory and manage our greenhouse gas emissions, and have donated it to the American Petroleum Institute. API has made the system available, free-of-charge, to the petroleum industry.
An Integrated Water Resource Management System at Balikpapan Facility
Authors: Rustamina A. , Wiraatmaja G. , Ma'arif S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Manggar base in Balikpapan, Indonesia, one of Schlumberger's largest facilities, provides a wide range of services to the oil and gas industry. Base operation requires a large clean water supply and wastewater management program that meets Schlumberger's and the Indonesian government's regulatory environment requirements. The challenges that Schlumberger faced locally included an insufficient clean water supply from the community, the low-quality ground water, and a sensitive coastal environment.
Schlumberger established the facility in 2000 with the objective of building an integrated water resource management system that met company and governmental requirements, and was architecturally environmental friendly.
The solution consisted of building a large environmentally friendly water pond that takes advantage of the area's abundant rainwater and integrated with a pretreatment water facility, closed-loop recyclable wastewater from washing bay and sewage treatment facility. Regular monitoring and periodic environmental audits ensure the integrity of the system.
The results have been rewardingthe working environment is cost effective and healthy. In 2003, Schlumberger received an honorary "Environment Excellence Award" from the state of Balikpapan, the first ever awarded.
Simultaneous Dynamic Killing and Cementing of a Live Well
Authors: Strickler R. D. , Moore D. , Solano P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Drilling with casing is a method of drilling wells using casing as the drillstring. This method has been used in South Texas to reduce well costs. To help reduce well costs even further, underbalanced drilling seemed to have the potential of enabling the elimination of an intermediate casing string.
By drilling underbalanced, it would be possible to drill with a mud weight low enough to prevent loss of circulation in the shallow weak zones while dealing with the gas from the pay zones below. Drilling with casing eliminates the necessity of trips, thus simplifying underbalanced operations. However, once total depth (TD) was reached and drilling complete, it would be necessary to balance the well to allow cementing of the production casing string.
The challenge was to develop a way to kill the well so that the cement could be placed and allowed to set while at the same time not breaking down and losing circulation into the weak upper zones. This had to be done by having different equivalent circulating densities (ECD) and equivalent mud weights (EMW) up and down the hole throughout the circulating and cementing operation. In addition, this technique needed to be relatively simple and easily accomplished in the field. All this had to be done without shutting in the well or using chokes, since that would also cause breaking down the upper zone and result in an underground blowout. This paper describes the development of the required methodology and its successful field application in South Texas. This same technique can readily be applied elsewhere.
Development in Discharges and Emissions From Offshore Installations on the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Jarandsen B. , Skare I. , Raustein O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil and gas industry in Norway is working on several fronts to achieve reductions in discharges to sea and emissions to air. The work has resulted in substantial improvements in recent years, and the positive trend continues. This is confirmed in the Norwegian Oil Industry Association's (OLF) annual environmental report. In 2004, 99.4 per cent of chemical discharges were environmentally harmless when discharged to the marine environment, so-called yellow and green chemicals. Discharges of environmentally hazardous chemicals in the black category have been reduced by 94 per cent during the period 2002-2004 (from 35 to 2 tonnes), whereas discharges of substitution candidates (red chemicals) have been reduced by 71 per cent during the same period (from 1022 to 299 tonnes). Emissions of CO2 and NOx have been stable during the period 2001-2004, and specific emissions are substantially lower than the international average reported by the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP). OLF's environmental report is based on the emission and discharge figures reported by the companies to the "Environment Web," a joint database for the industry and the authorities. All fields on the Norwegian Continental Shelf have been included in the reporting scheme.
Working Together for Safety: A Successful Story of Cooperation
Authors: Wiig E. , Karlsen K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
"Working Together for Safety" (SfS) was established in 2000 as a project trying to remedy an unfortunate situation of mistrust and scepticism between employer and employee organisations regarding safety in the industry.
This situation had gradually come about as a result of a perceived questionable commitment to safety in some companies and organisations.
The project was established as a tripartite co-operation between employer and employee organisations and with PSA (Petroleum Safety Authority Norway) as an active observer.
The background for the project was a very tough and difficult situation, characterised by mistrust and scepticism on both sides. Through a careful selection of processes and a common commitment to creating good personal relations and trust we have managed to create a unique climate for co-operation.
The Norwegian Parliament recognised SfS in 2002 to be the Forum for Best Practice in our industry in Norway, thus changing SfS from being a project to a more permanent forum.
Through identification of Best Practices we have managed to harmonize norms and procedures to reduce risk.
As an example we have managed to establish a common Permit to Work system and a common Station Bill, including a common emergency number and emergency signals. These have been made mandatory for petroleum activities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf.
SfS was in 2005 awarded the Carolita U. Kallaur Award for Outstanding International Safety Leadership.
The paper describes the different processes by which we have achieved the agreement on common systems. Further, the paper contains a description of the process that resulted in the present working climate, which is characterised by very good personal relations and mutual trust.
Monitoring the Impact of Near-Shore Development and Production in the Arctic Beaufort Sea, Alaska
Authors: Durell G. , Neff J. , Brown J. , Trefry J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Arctic Nearshore Impact Monitoring in Development Area (ANIMIDA) project was initiated to monitor for potential impact of nearshore development and production in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska. This Program was expanded on 2004 with the five-year Continuation of ANIMIDA (cANIMIDA). Spring and summer field surveys are conducted to assess contaminant levels in sediment, water, and biota, and geophysical measurements are being made to determine the sources and fate of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons and metals. Unique ecosystems and whaling activities are also being monitored. Initial results indicate that the sediment contaminants levels are at or near background concentrations throughout Alaskan Beaufort Sea, with slightly elevated hydrocarbon levels near the Northstar production facility, but still well below concentrations of ecological concern. Localized areas with indications of inputs of anthropogenic chemicals have been identified, but the contamination has not been linked to oil and gas development and production activities. Significant natural sources of hydrocarbons and metals have been identified; rivers deliver about 80% of the annual suspended solids input to Beaufort Sea within a 2-3 week period each spring. Fish, amphipods, and clams do not show evidence of effects from or accumulation of development/production contaminants, and the data do not indicate impact on the local ecosystems or whaling operations. The monitoring techniques being employed are providing impact assessment information that can be used with a high level of confidence for the management of this unique environment.
Health, Safety, Security, and Environmental (HSSE) Competence Finds a Level Playing Field in the Industry
Authors: Waterfall K. , Young C. , Al-Anazi K. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper addresses the PetroSkills route to develop and build HSSE competence in staff, including: Structure and management of staff competenceThe economic justificationThe nature and function of Competence MapsThe contents of the HSSE competence mapsCreating Job Competence ProfilesAssessing personal competencesDeveloping and Approving Learning Events to fill competence gapsDevelopments in HSSE competenceLinkage to National / International accredited training
Integrated Operations and HSE—Major Issues and Strategies
Authors: Ringstad A. J. , Andersen K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 2004 Statoil launched a major initiative to investigate the opportunities and risks of integrated operations. The initiative has led to a number of specific projects in various areas. The present paper presents a general conceptual framework for integrated operations, and the most important HSE issues that were identified in the initial studies. The paper discusses how challenges and risks can be met, and how the results from the initial studies can be used in a future full scale implementation of integrated operations.
The suggested conceptual framework is quite simple: Work forms, work processes and MTO (Man, Technology and Organisation) are the key concepts, and the relationship between the concepts gives us a simple, robust and easy to communicate understanding of integrated operations.
Four main categories of HSE challenges were identified: 1) Work load, 2) Competence, 3) Work place design, and 4) Accident risk. The specific challenges were met in different ways in the pilot projects, but some factors seemed to be general importance: 1) A strong focus on work processes (and not on what information technology make doable), 2) Involvement of future users in the planning of new technical and organisational solutions, 3) A multidisciplinary project team, 5) Management commitment to HSE.
An important conclusion from the initial studies is that integrated operations will have beneficial effects on HSE in the industry. Challenges exist, however, and should be identified and met project before decisions on technical solutions and equipment are made. A prerequisite for this strategy is a conceptual framework that enables a common understanding and a goal-oriented implementation of integrated operations in an oil and gas company.
Detection of Health Conditions at Periodic Medical Surveillance in a Multinational Workforce
Authors: Newson-Smith M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Offshore installations within the Arabian Gulf utilise a multiethnic workforce, many of who return to their native countries during their non-working time. Given the varied standards of health care among these countries concern was raised regarding the medical control of known conditions and the possibilities of contracting serious infections illnesses during leave periods. To investigate this a review of periodic medical examinations was undertaken.
Over 3 months the health data recorded on periodic medical examinations was transferred to a database (n=1037). This included height, weight, blood pressure, haematology, hepatitis profile (B/C), urinalyis, ECG, CXR, audiometry and spirometry. Existing medical conditions were assessed for control. The data was analysed using simple descriptive statistics.
The 1037 employees came from 48 different countries the most common being India (42.9%), Egypt (15.1%), Phillipines (7.3%) and Pakistan (4.8%). Their ages ranged from 19 to 64 with a mean age of 37.3. The mean BMI was 26 with 11.3% having a BMI of 30-35 and 1.5% having a BMI &gt;35. 4.5% had raised blood pressure (systolic &gt;140mmHg or diastolic &gt;90mmHg). 4.5% had been previously diagnosed as hypertensive of whom 25.5% were suboptimally controlled. 3.2% had previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes 50% of whom were suboptimally controlled. 1% had previously undiagnosed diabetes detected at the medical. 1.4% had hepatitis B or C, the hepatitis C being predominant in Egyptians (87.5% of cases and 4.5% of Egyptians). 9.8% had NIHL and 1.2% had ECG abnormalities requiring follow up. No significant pathology was detected with CXR.
A significant proportion of diabetics and hypertensives were suboptimally controlled highlighting the prevalence of these conditions and the need to ensure appropriate medical follow up. The pattern of hepatitis C reflects the known high risk nations. The level of NIHL highlights the need for good hearing protection programmes.
Detection of health conditions at periodic medical surveillance in a multinational offshore workforce.