bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Impact of Clubhouse Membership On Quality of Life and Treatment Utilization
Authors: Warner Richard , Huxley Peter , Berg Terry 
Published: June 2007

A group of clubhouse users matched with similar patients (not clubhouse users) in a neighbouring area were compared in terms of quality of life (Lancashire Quality of Life Profile), service utilization and treatment costs over a two year period. The clubhouse group achieved a reasonable employment status and good social relationships, and advantages in subjective well-being favoured the clubhouse group. Over two years the pattern of service utilization and costs also favoured the clubhouse group. When the two groups were disaggregated for employment status the group with least treatment utilization and lowest costs was the employed clubhouse group.
Health Economics Research: An Emerging Pharmacy Practice Discipline
Authors: Clark Timothy T. , Zbrozek Arthur S. , Rehder Terry L. 
Published: June 2007

The pharmaceutical industry offers the pharmacist a unique practice alternative in the area of health economics research (HER). This article will briefly describe why HER is important, the key elements involved, and a description of how the pharmacist can play a role in developing HER. HER is a form of technology assessment and has been developed due to needs brought about by changes in the financial aspect of health care. It involves several points of concentration including the identification of the economic impact of therapeutic interventions, the separation of costs of a disease from the costs of therapy, determination of the economic impact of side effects, assessment of therapy's impact on patients' quality of life, and differentiation of costs from charges. The most often used economic tools in HER are cost effectiveness (CEA), cost benefit (CBA), and cost utility (CUA) analyses. Quality of life (QofL) considerations are a component of HER. They are important from the perspectives of the clinician as well as the patient's and often the insurance carrier, the managed health care organization, or the patient's employer. QofL measurements are made with several types of instruments including general health rating scales or batteries of tests or through health state utilities. HER data may be collected either prospectively or observationally. Quality-of-life research data may only be collected prospectively. HER crosses the boundaries of several sciences resulting in a multidisciplinary approach to technology assessment using principles from therapeutics, epidemiology, accounting, finance, the decision sciences, and the economic impact of new and existing technology. The concerns of drug decision makers with the issues of therapeutic outcomes, quality of care, impact on the pharmacy budget, the possibility of reducing or increasing other costs within the institution and the manufacturers' contractual terms, will increase. As a result, the necessity for HER is obvious. HER, as it relates to therapeutics, is in its developmental stages; it will, however, continue to evolve. The pharmacist can play a role and make significant contributions in the development of HER to determine the mechanics, assumptions and techniques of this research area. The pharmacist's background easily creates a contributing role within HER as a result of the diverse application of specialized training.
Progress in research into the neurobiological bases of schizophrenia: A review and commentary
Authors: Stirling John 
Published: June 2007

Schizophrenia is a severe, often disabling, and sometimes enduring psychiatric disorder. Ever since its characterisation as a mental illness at the beginning of this century, its nature, course and aetiology have been the subject of debate. As understanding of genetic mechanisms, brain biochemistry, and the relationship between brain structure and function has recently developed, researchers are now making considerable progress in their attempts to unravel some of the neurobiological factors of importance in the development, manifestation, and treatment of schizophrenia. Current research in three main areas of interest is described in this review paper. Findings from genetic research suggest that, in many cases, schizophrenia may have a neurodevelopmental origin, which is, in turn, influenced by genetic factors. Biochemical research indicates that disturbances to the functioning of several brain neurotransmitters may collectively contribute to the changes in behaviour that are identified as the signs and symptoms of the condition. Neuropsychological research reinforces the view that schizophrenia is not a unitary condition, and that disturbances to discrete networks of neurons may be responsible for different sub-types of the disorder.
A role for Insulin-like growth factor 2 in specification of the fast skeletal muscle fibre
Authors: Merrick Deborah , Ting Tao , Stadler Lukas Kurt Josef , Smith Janet 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Fibre type specification is a poorly understood process beginning in embryogenesis in which skeletal muscle myotubes switch myosin-type to establish fast, slow and mixed fibre muscle groups with distinct function. Growth factors are required to establish slow fibres; it is unknown how fast twitch fibres are specified. Igf-2 is an embryonically expressed growth factor with established in vitro roles in skeletal muscle. Its localisation and role in embryonic muscle differentiation had not been established.

Results
Between E11.5 and E15.5 fast Myosin (FMyHC) localises to secondary myotubes evenly distributed throughout the embryonic musculature and gradually increasing in number so that by E15.5 around half contain FMyHC. The Igf-2 pattern closely correlates with FMyHC from E13.5 and peaks at E15.5 when over 90% of FMyHC+ myotubes also contain Igf-2. Igf-2 lags FMyHC and it is absent from muscle myotubes until E13.5. Igf-2 strongly down-regulates by E17.5. A striking feature of the FMyHC pattern is its increased heterogeneity and attenuation in many fibres from E15.5 to day one after birth (P1). Transgenic mice (MIG) which express Igf-2 in all of their myotubes, have increased FMyHC staining, a higher proportion of FMyHC+ myotubes and loose their FMyHC staining heterogeneity. In Igf-2 deficient mice (MatDi) FMyHC+ myotubes are reduced to 60% of WT by E15.5. In vitro, MIG induces a 50% excess of FMyHC+ and a 30% reduction of SMHyC+ myotubes in C2 cells which can be reversed by Igf-2-targeted ShRNA resulting in 50% reduction of FMyHC. Total number of myotubes was not affected.

Conclusion
In WT embryos the appearance of Igf-2 in embryonic myotubes lags FMyHC, but by E15.5 around 45% of secondary myotubes contain both proteins. Forced expression of Igf-2 into all myotubes causes an excess, and absence of Igf-2 suppresses, the FMyHC+ myotube component in both embryonic muscle and differentiated myoblasts. Igf-2 is thus required, not for initiating secondary myotube differentiation, but for establishing the correct proportion of FMyHC+ myotubes during fibre type specification (E15.5 - P1). Since specific loss of FMyHC fibres is associated with many skeletal muscle pathologies these data have important medical implications.
MAK-4 and -5 supplemented diet inhibits liver carcinogenesis in mice
Authors: Penza Marialetizia , Montani Claudia , Jeremic Marija , Mazzoleni Giovanna , Hsiao WL Wendy , Marra Maurizio , Sharma Hari , Di Lorenzo Diego 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Maharishi Amrit Kalash (MAK) is an herbal formulation composed of two herbal mixtures, MAK-4 and MAK-5. These preparations are part of a natural health care system from India, known as Maharishi Ayur-Veda. MAK-4 and MAK-5 are each composed of different herbs and are said to have maximum benefit when used in combination. This investigation evaluated the cancer inhibiting effects of MAK-4 and MAK-5, in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

In vitro assays: Aqueous extracts of MAK-4 and MAK-5 were tested for effects on ras induced cell transformation in the Rat 6 cell line assessed by focus formation assay. In vivo assays: Urethane-treated mice were put on a standard pellet diet or a diet supplemented with MAK-4, MAK-5 or both. At 36 weeks, livers were examined for tumors, sera for oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and liver homogenates for enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and NAD(P)H: quinone reductase (QR). Liver fragments of MAK-fed mice were analyzed for connexin (cx) protein expression.

Results
MAK-5 and a combination of MAK-5 plus MAK-4, inhibited ras-induced cell transformation. In MAK-4, MAK-5 and MAK4+5-treated mice we observed a 35%, 27% and 46% reduction in the development of urethane-induced liver nodules respectively. MAK-4 and MAK4+5-treated mice had a significantly higher ORAC value (P < 0.05) compared to controls (200.2 ± 33.7 and 191.6 ± 32.2 vs. 152.2 ± 15.7 ORAC units, respectively). The urethane-treated MAK-4, MAK-5 and MAK4+5-fed mice had significantly higher activities of liver cytosolic enzymes compared to the urethane-treated controls and to untreated mice: GPX(0.23 ± 0.08, 0.21 ± 0.05, 0.25 ± 0.04, 0.20 ± 0.05, 0.21 ± 0.03 U/mg protein, respectively), GST (2.0 ± 0.4, 2.0 ± 0.6, 2.1 ± 0.3, 1.7 ± 0.2, 1.7 ± 0.2 U/mg protein, respectively) and QR (0.13 ± 0.02, 0.12 ± 0.06, 0.15 ± 0.03, 0.1 ± 0.04, 0.11 ± 0.03 U/mg protein, respectively). Livers of MAK-treated mice showed a time-dependent increased expression of cx32.

Conclusion
Our results show that a MAK-supplemented diet inhibits liver carcinogenesis in urethane-treated mice. The prevention of excessive oxidative damage and the up-regulation of connexin expression are two of the possible effects of these products.
Enediyne compounds - new promises in anticancer therapy
Authors: Gredičak Matija , Jerić Ivanka 
Published: June 2007

Enediyne compounds - new promises in anticancer therapyScientists of all kinds have long been intrigued by the nature, action and potential of natural toxins that possess exceptional antibacterial and anticancer activities. These compounds, named enediynes, are among the most effective chemotherapeutic agents known. Often compared with intelligent weapons, due to the unique structure and sophisticated mechanism by which they destroy double-helical DNA, enediyne antibiotics are nowadays the most promising leaders in the anticancer therapy. Apart from their diversity, enediyne compounds share some structural and functional similarities. One fragment of a structure is responsible for the recognition and transport, another part acts as molecular trigger while the third, reactive enediyne unit, undergoes Bergman cycloaromatization and causes DNA breakage. Members of the enediyne family are already in clinical use to treat various cancers, but more general use is limited by their complex structure, which makes them formidable targets for synthetic chemists. There are three main approaches in the design of new enediyne-related compounds: improvement of enediyne "warheads", increasing the selectivity and control of chemical or photo-induced activation. This paper gives an overview of naturally occurring enediynes, their mode of action and efforts undertaken to design artificial enediyne-related DNA cleaving agents.
Spectrophotometric determination of pefloxacin mesylate in pharmaceuticals
Authors: Basavaiah Kanakapura , Prameela Hullikal , Somashekar Bankavadi 
Published: June 2007

Spectrophotometric determination of pefloxacin mesylate in pharmaceuticalsA spectrophotometric method is described for assay of pefloxacin mesylate (PFM) in bulk drug and in tablets. The method is based on back extraction of the bromophenol blue dye at pH 5.2 from the dye-drug ion pair followed by measurement of the dye absorbance at 590 nm. The working conditions of the method were investigated and optimized. Beer's law plot showed a good correlation in the concentration range of 0.15-1.25 μg mL-1.Sensitivity indices such as molar absorptivity, limits of detection and quantification are reported. Intra-day and inter-day precision, and accuracy of the methods were established according to the ICH guidelines, and theervalues were in the range of -1.7 to 1.8% with RSD values ranging from 1.0 to 1.1%. The method was successfully applied to the assay of PFM in tablet preparations with recoveries varying from 97.5 to 101.9%, with standard deviation in the range of 0.6 to 1.9. The results were statistically compared with those of the reference method by applying Student'st-test andF-test. Accuracy evaluated by means of the spike recovery method, range from 97.0 to 106.0%, with precision better than 3%.
Micellar liquid chromatographic analysis of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde in injectable formulations
Authors: Rizk Mohamed , Ibrahim Fawzia , Hefnawy Mohamed , Nasr Jenny 
Published: June 2007

Micellar liquid chromatographic analysis of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde in injectable formulationsAn accurate, sensitive and selective reversed-phase micellar liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous determination of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde. This method was applied in different injectable formulations containing diclofenac, piroxicam, lincomycin and clindamycin. The method showed excellent linearity in the range of 10-100 μg mL-1and 1-20 μg mL-1with the limit of detection (S/N = 3) 0.25 μg mL-1(2.3 x 10-6mol L-1) and 0.12 μg mL-1(1.13 x 10-6mol L-1) for benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde, respectively. The suggested method was successfully applied to the analysis of the studied drugs in bulk with average recoveries of 100.1 ± 1.0% for benzyl alcohol and 100.4 ± 1.6% for benzaldehyde, and to the determination of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde in injectable formulations with the respective average recoveries of 99.8 ± 0.3 and 100.0 ± 0.4%.
Mediation gone wild: How three minutes put an ADR party behind bars
Authors: Young Michael D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMichael D. Young, of Los Angeles, read that soft‐porn producer Joe Francis was put in jail in Florida for his conduct at a civil mediation during a federal suit Francis was defending. The suit alleged that Francis used underage girls in his notorious Girls Gone Wild videos. Young tracked down the documents in the case, and provides Alternatives' readers with a full chronology of the events leading to Francis's Mediation Spring Break in a federal penitentiary. The reach of the judge's rulings about the mediation raises many questions
An automated current‐awareness service for public libraries
Authors: Davis Charles H. , Hiatt Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe results of an SDI demonstration in a public library situation are reported. Modified second summaries of the Dewey Decimal Classification schedule were used as reading interest checksheets, and the resulting profiles were matched against recent acquisitions using an IBM 7040 computer and a FORTRAN IV program.Output, which consisted of basic bibliographic information, was printed out under the names and addresses of the participating patrons. Both user response and time and cost data indicate the feasibility of such a service.
An analytical model of a library network
Authors: Nance Richard E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNetworks and network models of industrial and military systems have received much attention in operations research literature. The extension of network modeling to library networks provides some interesting twists of the usual models. A general library network is offered, a mathematical statement of the network problem is given, and the solution of the problem is discussed. An example of the use of the model in evaluation and design situations is provided. The necessity for further work in both theoretical and applied areas is cited in the summary.
Towards a metascience of information: Informatology
Authors: Otten Klaus , Debons Anthony 
Published: June 2007

AbstractArguments are advanced to suggest that information and operations on information are phenomena, the principles of which provide the basis for a meta‐science of information (informatology). The fundamental character of the phenomena is evidenced in the operations executed during the processing and communication functions. The role of the metascience is dictated by several factors, namely, the need for a common basis upon which all information‐oriented specialized sciences and technologies can be understood and studied, a common framework and language for all scientists and technologists concerned in some form or other with information, and the need to integrate various theories that concern themselves with the phenomena of information on one side and man's relationship to the phenomena on the other side. The content of the postulated metascience of information is circumscribed by a list of specific questions and problems for which the science has to provide answers and solutions. It is suggested that an educational concept responsive to the needs of metascience of information be developed and implemented.
The potential usefulness of catalog access points other than author, title, and subject
Authors: Cooper William S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLibrary patrons who wish to obtain a known document with which they have had prior personal contact often cannot remember the standard author‐title‐subject information about it with sufficient accuracy to be able to look it up easily in present‐day card catalogs. However, they may remember a surprising amount of such “nonstandard” information as the color of the document's cover or its approximate length. Could this type of “nonstandard” information be profitably exploited in computerized catalogs of the future? Such facilities, if available, would surely be used, for according to catalog usage surveys a majority of today's library patrons seek known documents, and of these, a substantial minority possess nonstandard information. In this report, the results of a memory experiment to test the memorability of various types of nonstandard information are described and analyzed. A ranking according to relative memorability and potential retrieval usefulness of various nonstandard book features is given. It is estimated that if the average patron's nonstandard information were exploited by appropriate retrieval strategies, he would only have to search through roughly one five‐hundredth as many documents as in a random search. This reduction factor is great enough to make nonstandard information potentially useful in many situations.
Effects of cataloging volume at the library of congress on the total cataloging costs of American research libraries
Authors: Kochen Manfred , Segur A. Bertrand 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHow should the library community organize its efforts to keep up with a cataloging volume that grows at about 5% per year? The decision is modeled as the problem of selecting the optimal value of a single variable, s, which is the fraction of all cataloging done centrally. It is assumed that the library community has B titles to catalog, and that the G (where G=s·B) most widely acquired titles will be cataloged centrally (e.g., at the Library of Congress), the cataloging records then being distributed to all libraries that have acquired each of the G titles. The other variables used in the model are the distribution of “popularity” among titles and the costs of cataloging books centrally or locally. The optimal s value is first determined in the general case. Then numerical estimates of the present situation are made, which indicate that s=100% is optimal now, meaning that everything (820 titles per day) should be cataloged centrally. At that rate, it is estimated that all cataloging could be done for $0.88 million per day, compared to the $1.07 million that is now being spent with s=40%. It is suggested that this potential savings of over $0.1 million per day, due to decreased duplication of effort by local libraries, could easily justify the use of a computer system to allow the value of s=100% to be reached.
John desmond bernal—Evangelist of science (1901–)
Authors: Schultz Wallace L. , Shultz Claire K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA brief biographical sketch of J. D. Bernal, physicist and sociologist is presented. The sketch stresses the particular thread of Bernal's activities that relate to scientific communication and information science. Bernal is designated an evangelist because he felt science should be taken to the masses, to solve social ills. He was one of the first to emphasize the role of communication in promoting both science and its use to benefit mankind.
Automatic processing of foreign language documents
Authors: Salton Gerard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExperiments conducted over the last few years with the SMART document retrieval system have shown that fully automatic text processing methods using relatively simple English language analysis tools are as effective for document indexing, classification, search, and retrieval as the more elaborate manual methods normally used. The present study describes an extension of the SMART procedures to German language materials. A multilingual thesaurus is used for the analysis of documents and search requests, and tools are provided which make it possible to process English documents against German queries, and vice versa. The methods are evaluated and it is shown that the effectiveness of the mixed language processing is approximately equivalent to that of the standard process operating within a single language only.
A format for the standardized citation of both published and unpublished documents
Authors: Windsor Donald A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA citation format for both published and unpublished documents has four main components: author, title, reference, and date. The author component has three subcomponents: author's name, his organizational element, and his institution. The reference component has two subcomponents: type of document and address. The accession number is not a part of the citation but an addendum to it. Numbers that belong in the citation are usually put on the document when it is generated; accession numbers are usually assigned to the document after it has been generated. The date of a document can be either the date of writing, release, copyright, incrimination, receipt, or assignment. Style is considered independent of format. This citation format model is readily adaptable to punched paper tape or to computer printout and enables clerical personnel with a minimum of training to cite virtually any published or unpublished document.
A solution to the ASIS file management system exercise using PL/I and three general purpose systems
Authors: Higgins Timothy , Mays Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe ASIS file management system exercise was completed using three available general purpose systems, interfaced with specific PL/I programs. The three general purpose systems were (1) permuted index system; (2) index N system; and (3) information grouping logic text search system (IGL).