bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN ATMOSPHERES ON THE QUALITY OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED CHICKEN MEAT DURING FROZEN AND NON‐FROZEN STORAGE
Authors: JURDI D. , MAST M. G. , MacNEIL J. H. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe effects of different storage atmospheres (100% CO2, 30% CO2, N2, or air) on several characteristics of high‐fat and low‐fat mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) were investigated. Samples were stored at 5°C for up to 10 days or at −20°C for 2 months. The use of 100% CO2 repressed the total aerobic bacterial numbers of MDCM when held at 5°C. Numbers of anaerobic organisms were reduced for only the high‐fat MDCM stored at 5°C. TBA values of high‐fat MDCM stored under N, at 5°C and −20°C were lower than those of all other treatments. Storage under CO2 ‐enriched atmospheres caused significant (P > 0.05) decreases in pH. However, this effect was not apparent after prolonged storage. Gardner L values of samples exposed to 100% CO1 were higher and a+ values were lower than other treatment samples. Percent metmyoglobin in high‐fat MDCM increased with storage time at −20°C. None of the samples showed any detectable metmyoglobin reducing activity. Oxygen uptake rate after addition of high‐fat MDCM homogenates decreased with time; no effect was observed with low‐fat MDCM. Samples frozen immediately after treatment with the various gases had better keeping quality than those held for 3 days at 5°C prior to freezing.
USE OF PRERIGOR BEEF FOR FROZEN GROUND BEEF PATTIES
Authors: JACOBS D. K. , SEBRANEK J. G. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT‐Differences in palatability, cooking characteristics, and storage effects were determined between conventionally processed ground beef patties and patties formulated immediately after slaughter (pre‐rigor). Carcasses were split, the left sides processed immediately and the right sides processed after 48 hr aging. Freezer tunnel shrink, storage shrink, cooking loss, proximate analysis, pH, color, rancidity, and taste panel evaluations were made at 30‐day intervals. Major differences include an elevated pH and decreased cooking loss for prerigor patties. Taste panels of > 100 consumers gave higher scores for prerigor patties on evaluations of tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability.
EFFECTS ON QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF HOLDING ROCK LOBSTERS IN SLUSH ICE BEFORE TAILING
Authors: BREMNER H. ALLAN , VEITH GAYLENE 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTTaste panel evaluation, yield measurements and analytical tests were carried out on the frozen stored (−18°C) tail flesh from southern rock lobsters (Jasus novaehollandiae Holthius) which had been tailed while live (no holding period in slush ice) or after being held in slush ice (O°C) for periods of 1, 18 or 48 hr before being tailed. The taste panel results did not reveal any differences in the organoleptic quality of frozen lobster flesh subjected to various holding periods in slush ice or with subsequent frozen storage at −18°C for up to 40 wk. Holding lobsters in slush ice for 48 hr resulted in a lower yield of cooked tail flesh, whereas holding for 18 hr did not affect the yield of cooked tail flesh or its edible quality.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN FRESH AND IN CANNED SWEET POTATOES
Authors: LOPEZ A. , WILLIAMS H. L. , COOLER F. W. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe content of 16 essential elements was determined in fresh and canned sweet potatoes by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The elemental content of fresh sweet potatoes was compared with that of canned sweet potatoes. All data were analyzed statistically. There were significantly lower amounts of copper, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, silicon, and zinc in canned sweet potatoes than in fresh sweet potatoes and no significant differences in calcium, chloride, iron, manganese, and sodium between the fresh and canned samples. Percentages of the established and estimated RDA's show that fresh and canned sweet potatoes are relatively good sources of potassium and relatively fair sources of copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and phosphorus. Retention of elements in the canned sweet potatoes ranged from 53% to 92%. When the content of elements in the canned syrup is considered, element retention was virtually 100%.
METHODOLOGY FOR ENERGY RECOVERY FROM LOWER TEMPERATURE EXHAUST AIRSTREAMS OF FOOD PLANTS
Authors: LAZAR M. E. , FARKAS D. F. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTA cross flow plate air to air heat exchanger module of simplified design was constructed to obtain cost and operating data. The fabrication of corrugated metal spacers was found to be a major cost. Therefore design criteria were developed for a simple “do‐it‐you” self” corrugation system. Extrapolation of prototype costs to full size installations shows that a payback of 6 months or less is possible for typical food plant installations.
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION UPON BOSTWICK CONSISTENCY OF TOMATO CONCENTRATE
Authors: MARSH GEORGE L. , BUHLERT JAMES E. , LEONARD SHERMAN J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe change in Bostwick consistency of tomato juice with change in solids during concentration was found to be related to the water‐insoluble solids (WIS): total solids (TS) ratio and to the viscosity of the serum of clarified juice. These characteristics were found to be widely variable among new tomato cultivars. The slope of the concentration curve was found to be primarily dependent upon the WIS/TS ratio. The locus of the concentration curve, on the other hand, was found to be dependent on both WIS/TS ratio and serum viscosity, and could be located by Bostwick consistency of the juice and initial solids content. The influence of these characteristics on processing and Bostwick consistency of tomato paste is discussed.
SORGHUMS WITH IMPROVED TORTILLA MAKING CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: KHAN M. N. , ROONEY L. W. , ROSENOW D. T. , MILLER F. R. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTColor of tortillas prepared from grain of 38 sorghum cultivars by a laboratory procedure varied, from a light yellowish to dark‐greenish brown. The cooking time and grinding properties of sorghum were affected by kernel size, texture, and structure. Corneous sorghum kernels required longer cooking time than soft, floury kernels. Native sorghums of Honduras and Guatemala with white or colorless pericarp without a testa gave the lightest color tortillas, and had the best overall potential for use in tortilla production. Considerable variation exists among white sorghums. Brown sorghums as expected, produced unacceptable brown‐green tortillas with poor taste. Red sorghums, produced tortillas with a dark, unacceptable color. A simple alkali test using five kernels was used to screen white seeded sorghums from the world collection for alkali color formation. Good correlation between the alkali test and tortilla color was obtained. The test is useful in breeding programs to select sorghum with improved potential for use in tortillas and other high pH products.
ENERGY USE QUANTIFICATION IN THE CANNING OF CLINGSTONE PEACHES
Authors: CARROAD P. A. , SINGH R. P. , CHHINNAN M. S. , JACOB N. L. , ROSE W. W. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThermal and electrical energy usages in a California clingstone peach cannery were monitored to establish energy consumption levels and to identify energy intensive unit operations. Representative processing lines were instrumented with orifice plates for steam flow measurements and with electric watt transducers for electrical power monitoring to yield actual consumption values. Steam use in the lye peelers and retorts accounted for 98% of all energy consumed, indicating that further examination of these operations for modification or equipment redesign should be a first priority for energy conservation. Pumping of liquids and dry conveying of fruit and waste material accounted for 61% of all electrical energy use. Electrical energy use amounted to only 2% of the total energy used, however, on an equivalent fossil fuel use basis.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE pH OF HOME‐CANNED PEPPERS
Authors: SAPERS G. M. , CARRÉ J. , DiVITO A. M. , PANASIUK O. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe influence of recipe and raw material on the pH of home‐canned peppers was investigated. Acidification levels specified in typical recipes were compared with those found in similar commercial products having acceptable pH values. Green and red peppers representing 12 varieties were analyzed for pH, acidity, and response to acidulation in the raw state and after canning with and without added vinegar. Hungarian Wax and Sweet Cherry peppers were more highly buffered than the other cultivars analyzed, requiring the addition of 1 tbsp vinegar (5% acidity) per pint jar of canned product to reduce the pH to or below 4.6. No less than that quantity of vinegar should be added.
PILOT SCALE ULTRAFILTRATION OF CLARIFIED ALFALFA JUICE
Authors: KNUCKLES BENNY E. , EDWARDS RICHARD H. , MILLER RAYMOND E. , KOHLER GEORGE O. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTPilot scale ultrafilter units were tested for use in concentrating and Purifying soluble alfalfa leaf protein solutions. Tubular and hollow fiber type units with noncellulosic membranes were employed. Operating temperature was generally maintained at 10° C because of microbial growth and precipitation of the heat labile protein at higher temperatures. Higher permeation rates and lower protein losses were obtained with the tubular unit. Concentrating the clarified alfalfa juice to 1/10 of the original volume produced protein concentrates containing about 50% crude protein and 10% ash. Diafiltration of the clarified alfalfa juice until the permeate volume was 10 times the original sample volume resulted in products containing 70–76% protein. Although diafiltration removed more than 86% of the orthodihydroxy phenolic compounds, the dried protein products were tan colored.
CALCIUM BINDING TO SNAP BEAN WATER‐INSOLUBLE SOLIDS. CALCIUM AND SODIUM CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: VAN BUREN J. P. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTA limit of calcium binding on insoluble solids of canned beans is approximately 10,000 mg/kg. This amount is increased in snap beans that undergo a low temperature blanch. Sodium chloride de creases the binding of calcium and the firmness of the canned beans.
FATTY ACID ESTERS AND CARBONATES IN GRAPE DRYING
Authors: BOLIN H. R. , STAFFORD A. E. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTTests were conducted to determine the effect of different treatment variables on grape drying rate: changes in fatty acid ester and carbonate levels, and the effectiveness of potassium carbonate as compared to sodium carbonate. Methyl oleate‐potassium carbonate (1:l) increased drying rates during the first 8 days; an excess of carbonate further accelerated drying. A 10%:2% potassium carbonate: methyl oleate dip doubled the drying rate compared to a 2%:2% dip. Sodium carbonate was less effective than potassium. Treatment with increasing carbonate levels increases drying rates.
Breast feeding: success or failure
Authors: Houston Mary J. 
Published: December 2006

Awareness of the important role of breast feeding in child health and the reproductive cycle, which is well documented elsewhere, necessitates an examination of the changing practice of breast feeding. This paper reviews these changing practices both in Western and developing societies, examines the problems which lead to lactation failure, and looks at factors related to success in breast feeding.In the light of the need for practical help for successful breast feeding, the present system of support both in hospital and at home is then discussed. An alternative system of structured home support for post‐natal women, which has been shown to increase the success rate of breast feeding, is outlined. The way in which this system acts is discussed and the implications for both mothers and health staff are considered.
Bereavement and the elderly: a critical review with implications for nursing practice and research
Authors: Dimond Margaret 
Published: December 2006

Loss is a common occurrence in the lives of the elderly. One of the most profound losses is the death of a spouse. Yet, frequent and predictable as this event is for older adults, we know very little about the grieving process or the resolution of grief among this age group. For nurses who care for older clients an understanding of loss and bereavement is important in order to provide appropriate and timely support.In this paper the nature of grief and bereavement behaviour is discussed beginning with the earliest empirical work done in 1930 and including a synopsis of six major variations of grief. A comprehensive review and critique of current investigations provides the basis for suggesting that, because of flaws in conceptualization and design, there are substantial limits on the relevance of existing knowledge of grief for an understanding of this phenomenon among the aged bereaved.A beginning theoretical integration and discussion of key concepts related to bereavement and the elderly is provided. This discussion is summarized in a proposed model. The paper concludes with suggestions for nursing research and practice.
An investigation into the validity of specifying 5‘O’ levels in the General Certificate of Education as an entry requirement for the education and training of district nurses
Authors: Jarvis Peter , Gibson Sheila J. 
Published: December 2006

District nursing, like many other professionalizing occupations, has stipulated that possession of five ordinary level GCE passes might constitute one criterion of entry. This paper reports a longitudinal study over four intakes of district nurse students in one teaching centre and examines the relationship between selection criteria, in particular educational achievement prior to entry to the course, and the students’ achievement during this.The research explored the relationship between educational achievement prior to commencing their course of study and the level of academic and practical performance during it. Additionally, other factors, including the results of aptitude and personality tests, were examined to see if they would provide indication of the level of the students’ grades during training. No factors were discovered that might provide an adequate basis for selection, which raises questions about trying to specify any pre‐requisite for selection other than state registration and appropriate professional experience until further research has been undertaken.
Research and the standards of nursing care: What is the relationship?*
Authors: Crow Rosemary A. 
Published: December 2006

Research and standards of nursing care are looked at to see in what way they are inter‐related. The label ‘standards of care’ is said to embrace several meanings: the quality of care and the measures against which the care can be judged. For research, it is argued, concepts must be clearly defined before they can be the subject of serious study. It is thus essential that the different meanings implied by standards are separated out.After discussion on this point, whereby the different components are analysed, quality of care, standards of care and effectiveness of care are illustrated through their inter‐relationship. It is then suggested that the contribution of research to standards used as measures against which care can be judged may be either to indicate which criteria could comprise useful measures, or to indicate the limitations and constraints of the measures chosen for use.
Towards professional autonomy: a commentary on ‘Expectations and Disappointments’ in development of the Royal College of Nursing
Authors: Towell David 
Published: December 2006

The Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom has been engaged over recent years in a unique process of organizational change. Since 1973 sustained efforts have been made to mobilise widespread membership participation in shaping a new college structure which enables the Rcn to function effectively in representing the profession and in developing expertise on all aspects of nursing. A critical element has been creation of a network of ‘Rcn Centres’ to provide a professional forum in each locality.A recent study by Bridget Ramsay has followed up this process. Its title. Expectations and Disappointments, reflects the mixed views of those involved on the progress which has been made. This article provides a commentary on Ramsay's analysis against the background of the complex situation of the Rcn in the early 1970s and the considerations which led the College to adopt an innovative approach to change. Particular attention is given to the influences which have made the growth of an active and integrated ‘Rcn at local level’ quite problematic.It is suggested that the course Rcn development has taken in part reflects important elements in the nursing culture which members learn from their work in hospitals. Accordingly the Rcn experience has wider implications for the profession, not least for contemporary efforts, to achieve the greater professional autonomy necessary for nurses to implement more individualized patient care.
Coping: an essential element of nursing
Authors: McHaffie Hazel E. 
Published: December 2006

Coping: an essential element of nursingHow well a person copes is central in determining his or her well‐being, no matter how ill he or she is Without an accurate appreciation of what coping is and how it may be facilitated, attempts to help patients may be both ineffective and harmful But the subject is multifaceted and poses many problems for clinicians and researchers alike This paper attempts to synthesize available knowledge on coping from various disciplines and apply it to life as nurses know it
Law and Politics in Germany
Authors: Blair Philip 
Published: December 2006

German politics are still influenced by the tradition of legalism. Constitutional provisions often serve as criteria of political argument, and constitutional principles (e.g. the ‘social state’) and basic rights may be portrayed as programmatic ‘commandments' justifying specific political demands. The corollary is a propensity towards judicial, and thus ‘authoritative’, solutions to political disputes. The post-war establishment of the Federal Constitutional Court with comprehensive constitutional jurisdiction and easy access for the political actors has subjected major political issues to legal adjudication. Increasingly appeal to the Court has become a weapon of opposition, resorted to by the Christian Democrats to challenge such measures as the Basic Treaty with East Germany and the Abortion Reform. Despite general self-restraint vis-à-vis the political authorities, the Court has sometimes construed basic rights expansively as ‘participatory’ rights to positive government action. Recently it has been criticised for ‘conservatism’ and a tendency to restrict future legislative discretion. The ‘politicization of justice’, emerging from the judicialization of politics, could affect respect for the Court as authoritative arbiter. But it may foster a healthier relationship between politics and the law.
The 1980 Us Election and after
Authors: Williams P. M. , Reilly S. J. 
Published: December 2006

This article seeks to put the 1980 election in perspective, to discuss its significance for the future of US politics, and to estimate the likely impact of, and some possible reactions to the rapid shift of population, wealth, and political influence towards the west and south. Analysis of the 1980 election results shows a heavy defeat for the Democratic party and not merely for President Carter, but no positive mandate for conservatism. However, if a Democratic recovery were based only on Republicans over-estimating their support, it would be short-lived. For it to be lasting, the party needs to regain the intellectual initiative that it has lost, and to extend its appeal in the increasingly powerful sunbelt states. Mexican-Americans, being numerous, neglected, and strategically placed, form a likely target group. They may be harder to attract than Democratic optimists suppose.
New Histories of Political Thought for Old?
Authors: Boucher David 
Published: December 2006

Over the last few years a number of books have appeared professing to have been inspired in their methodological considerations by the writings of Quentin Skinner.1 The purpose of this essay is to offer some deliberations upon two important and connected questions. First, in what way are the new histories related to the history of histories of political thought? And, secondly, how far are we on the road to achieving a consensus on the appropriate methods for studying the history of political thought?2 Before these questions can be considered I am obliged to offer a characterization, which in the form given here is little more than a caricature, of the whole of the history of histories of political thought without entering into the detail. What I offer is an attempt to capture its unity without ignoring its diversity.
The Good Society? Implications of a Greater Participation by Women in Public Life
Authors: Evans Judith 
Published: December 2006

While the man is contending with the sterner duties of life, the whole time of the noble, affectionate and true woman is required in the discharge of her … duties … in the family circle … I believe that (women) are better than men, but I do not believe that they are adapted to the political work of this world … I would not … degrade woman by giving her the right of suffrage … because … woman as she is today, the queen of home and of hearts, is above the political collisions of this world, and should always be kept above them.1 See what a record of blood and cruelty the pages of history reveal! … The male element has held high carnival thus far … overpowering the female element everywhere, crushing out the diviner qualities in human nature … The need of this hour is not territory, gold mines, railroads, or specie payments, but a new evangel of womanhood, to exalt purity, virtue, morality, true religion, to lift man up into the higher realms of thought and action …2
One Concept of Liberty
Authors: Megone Christopher 
Published: December 2006

In this paper I argue in favour of a single conception of liberty, that picked out by Berlin as negative liberty. However, Berlin's defence of liberty so understood seems to rest on a view not open to the moral realist. The first half of the paper explains this and suggests an alternative defence compatible with such a moral position. The defence rests on an account of why we value freedom. In the second half of the paper this negative conception is defended against recent criticism from Charles Taylor. His appeal to qualitative distinctions within freedom is queried, as is the conception of the self that seems required for his outlook.
Liberalism, Unintended Orders and Evolutionism
Authors: Paul Ellen Frankel 
Published: December 2006

There is something gravely amiss about a liberalism based upon evolutionism, as F. A. Hayek bases his endorsement of the free, open, or ‘Great Society’. Such a society—one based upon individual liberty, autonomy, and free-market institutions —is not guaranteed by the evolutionary process, as Hayek's own indictment of twentieth-century totalitarianism in The Road to Serfdom amply demonstrated. In the first section of this paper, I explore some of the pitfalls for a liberalism grounded on evolutionary foundations: a relucance to tamper with existing institutions which borders on traditionalism; a tension between individualism and holism, the latter born of an evolutionist's concern for the survival of the group; and a relativism derived from evolutionism which seems ill-suited to a liberalism which values freedom. The last two sections of the paper examine some striking connections between Hayek's liberalism and that of William Graham Sumner and Herbert Spencer. While there are important differences between Hayek's and Sumner's positions, on the one hand, and Spencer's, on the other, all three suffer from a common problem: their liberalism sits uneasily upon evolutionary foundations.