bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Dihydroergotamine Mesylate Administered Via a Novel (Tempo™) Inhaler
Authors: Shrewsbury Stephen B. , Cook Robert O. , Taylor Glyn , Edwards Ceri , Ramadan Nabih M. 
Published: February 2008

Objective.— We investigated the pulmonary absorption of dihydroergotamine (DHE) mesylate and compared the safety, pharmacokinetic, and metabolic profile of 4 different doses of orally inhaled DHE delivered by the Tempo™ Inhaler (MAP Pharmaceuticals Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA) with 1.0 mg intravenously (IV) administered DHE in 18 healthy subjects.Methods.— Safety was measured by monitoring adverse events, vital signs, electrocardiograms, spirometry, and changes in biochemical and hematological laboratory values. Liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine plasma DHE levels while Cmax, tmax, AUC0‐6, AUC0‐48, AUC0‐inf, and t1/2 of parent DHE and the major bioactive metabolite, 8′OH‐DHE. Pharmacokinetic parameters and qualitative spectrograms for DHE and metabolites for all treatment groups were compared after inhaled DHE (MAP0004) and IV DHE 1.0 mg. Geometric means and 90% confidence intervals of log‐transformed data were calculated and the ratio of means compared.Results.— Inhaled DHE resulted in rapid systemic absorption with pharmacokinetic parameters of both parent DHE and 8′OH‐DHE similar to those achieved after a 3‐minute IV infusion. Post‐peak (tmax∼12 minutes) DHE concentrations achieved after 4 actuations (∼0.88 mg respirable dose) of MAP0004 were comparable to those detected after IV administration. The systemic exposure to DHE after 6 actuations of MAP0004 was slightly greater than that achieved after IV administration (geometric mean AUC0‐inf ratio = 1.24).Conclusion.— The 4‐actuation delivery was well tolerated and provided systemic levels of DHE and 8′OH‐DHE slightly lower than IV administration and predicted levels.
Induction of Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters
Authors: Alhomsi Khaled , Selig Martin , Sustic Tonci , Katrangi Eyad , Weissig Volkmar , Laposata Michael 
Published: February 2008

Background:  Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), nonoxidative products of ethanol metabolism, are formed by the esterification of fatty acids and ethanol. Alcoholic subjects have high levels of FAEE in the circulation as well as in organs and tissues, especially those most often damaged by ethanol abuse. Our previous studies showed a significant synthesis of FAEE by human mononuclear cells within seconds of exposure to physiologic doses of ethanol. In addition, FAEE inhibited phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated interleukin‐2 production and calcium (Ca2+) influx into human mononuclear cells. FAEE also caused a rapid increase in the intracellular cAMP. The mechanism by which alcohol suppresses the immune system remains undetermined.Objectives:  To evaluate the morphological and physiological effects of FAEE on human mononuclear cells and to study the impact of FAEE on cell viability.Methods:  Mononuclear cell fractions of human white blood cells (WBC) were incubated with physiological doses (25 and 50 μM) of ethyl oleate, a representative FAEE, for 15, 30, 60, 120 or 180 minutes. Morphological changes were evaluated by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was measured as a physiological indicator of necrosis. Physiological changes were also evaluated by western blots performed on whole‐cell lysates of treated and untreated cells and by DNA electrophoresis.Results:  Significant morphological changes were detected in cells exposed to FAEE by both light and TEM. Concentration and time‐dependent increases in the rates of apoptosis and necrosis were found by light microscopy and by LDH release, respectively, following 60 minutes exposure to 25 or 50 μM FAEE. One‐hour 50 μM FAEE exposure caused activation of the caspase cascade, as demonstrated by Poly (ADP‐ribose) Polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and significant DNA damage as a result of necrosis in human mononuclear cells.Conclusions:  These studies provide evidence to support the toxic effects of FAEE on intact human mononuclear cells. The results from our studies also show that both apoptosis and necrosis are modes of cell death in FAEE‐treated human mononuclear cells. This may be an important mechanism in alcohol‐induced immunosuppression.
Prefrontal Cortex Volumes in Adolescents With Alcohol Use Disorders: Unique Gender Effects
Authors: Medina Krista Lisdahl , McQueeny Timothy , Nagel Bonnie J. , Hanson Karen L. , Schweinsburg Alecia D. , Tapert Susan F. 
Published: February 2008

Background:  Adolescents with alcohol use disorders (AUD) have shown smaller prefrontal cortex (PFC) volumes compared with healthy controls; however, differences may have been due to comorbid disorders. This study examined PFC volumes in male and female adolescents with AUD who did not meet criteria for comorbid mood or attention disorders.Methods:  Participants were adolescents aged 15 to 17 who met criteria for AUD (n = 14), and demographically similar healthy controls (n = 17). Exclusions included any history of a psychiatric or neurologic disorder other than AUD or conduct disorder. Magnetic resonance imaging scans occurred after at least 5 days of abstinence from alcohol or drugs. Overall PFC volumes and white matter PFC volumes were compared between groups.Results:  After controlling for conduct disorder, gender, and intracranial volume, AUD teens demonstrated marginally smaller anterior ventral PFC volumes (p = 0.09) than controls, and significant interactions between group and gender were observed (p < 0.001 to p < 0.03). Compared with same‐gender controls, females with AUD demonstrated smaller PFC volumes, while males with AUD had larger PFC volumes. The same pattern was observed for PFC white matter volumes.Conclusions:  Consistent with adult literature, alcohol use during adolescence is associated with prefrontal volume abnormalities, including white matter differences. However, adolescents with AUD demonstrated gender‐specific morphometric patterns. Thus, it is possible that gender may moderate the impact of adolescent alcohol use on prefrontal neurodevelopment, and the neurodevelopmental trajectories of heavy drinking boys and girls should be evaluated separately in longitudinal studies.
Affective Circuitry and Risk for Alcoholism in Late Adolescence: Differences in Frontostriatal Responses Between Vulnerable and Resilient Children of Alcoholic Parents
Authors: Heitzeg Mary M. , Nigg Joel T. , Yau Wai‐Ying Wendy , Zubieta Jon‐Kar , Zucker Robert A. 
Published: February 2008

Background:  Children of alcoholics (COAs) are at elevated risk for alcohol use disorders (AUD), yet not all COAs will develop AUD. The 2 primary aims of this study were to identify neural activation mechanisms that may mark protection or vulnerability to AUD in COAs and to map the same activation patterns in relation to risk behavior (externalizing or internalizing behavior).Methods:  Twenty‐two adolescent COAs were recruited from an ongoing community longitudinal study of alcoholic and matched control families. They were categorized as either vulnerable (n = 11) or resilient (n = 11) based on the level of problem drinking over the course of adolescence. Six other adolescents with no parental history of alcoholism, and no evidence of their own problem drinking were recruited from the same study and labeled as low‐risk controls. Valenced words were presented to the participants in a passive viewing task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Activation to negative versus neutral words and positive versus neutral words were compared between groups. Behavior problems were assessed with the Youth Self‐Report (YSR).Results:  The resilient COA group had more activation of the orbital frontal gyrus (OFG), bilaterally, and left insula/putamen than the control and vulnerable groups, in response to emotional stimuli. In contrast, the vulnerable group had more activation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and less activation of the ventral striatum and extended amygdala, bilaterally, to emotional stimuli than the control and resilient groups. The vulnerable group had more externalizing behaviors which correlated with increased dorsomedial prefrontal activation and decreased ventral striatal and extended amygdala activation.Conclusions:  These results are consistent with dissociable patterns of neural activation underlying risk and resiliency in COAs. We propose that the pattern observed in the resilient COAs represents an active emotional monitoring function, which may be a protective factor in this group. On the other hand, the vulnerable group displayed a pattern consistent with active suppression of affective responses, perhaps resulting in the inability to engage adaptively with emotional stimuli.
Noradrenaline Reduces Ischemia‐Induced Arrhythmia in Anesthetized Rats: Involvement of α1‐Adrenoceptors and Mitochondrial KATPChannels
Authors: IMANI ALIREZA , FAGHIHI MAHDIEH , SADR SAYYED SHAHABEDDIN , KESHAVARZ MANSOOR , NIARAKI SOMAYEH SADEGHI 
Published: February 2008

Introduction:We have evaluated the part played by the mitochondrial ATP‐sensitive potassium (mKATP) channels on effect of α1‐adrenoceptor activation by noradrenaline in ischemia‐induced ventricular arrhythmia.Methods and Results:Anesthetized rats were subjected to 25 minutes of regional ischemia, and infarct size (IS) and ischemia‐induced ventricular arrhythmia were measured. Group I served as saline control with ischemia (n = 9). In group II (n = 9), the ischemic period was preceded by three short episodes of ischemia, followed by reperfusion. In group III, noradrenaline (2 μg/kg, IV, n = 9) was injected prior to ischemia. In group IV, an α1‐adrenoceptor blocker (prazosin, 0.5 mg/kg, IV, n = 6) was administrated prior to noradrenaline injection. In Groups V and VI, rats received a specific mitochondrial KATPchannel inhibitor [5‐hydroxydecanoic acid (5‐HD), 10 mg/kg, IV, n = 6] prior to or after noradrenaline injection. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and noradrenaline markedly reduced incidences of ventricular fibrillation (VF) (0%, 0% vs. 55.5% in control, P < 0.05) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) (11%, 44.5% vs. 100% in control, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05), duration of VF + VT (3 ± 1 seconds, 4.7 ± 2.1 seconds vs. 52.9 ± 6 seconds in control, P < 0.001), number of VF + VT episodes (1.7 ± 1.7, 5.75 ± 2.4 vs. 60.5 ± 8 in control, P < 0.001), severity of arrhythmias (0.3 ± 0.3, 1.7 ± 0.5 vs. 3.9 ± 0.3 in control rats, P < 0.001 and P < 0.01), and IS (13.6 ± 1.8%, 18.2 ± 1.5% vs. 49.6 ± 2.4% in control, P < 0.001). Administration of prazosin or 5‐HD prior to or after noradrenaline injection intensified incidences of VF (66.6%, 66.6% and 50%, P < 0.05) and VT (100%, 100%, and 100%, P < 0.05), duration of VF + VT episodes (70.2 ± 10.5 seconds, 69.8 ± 6.75 seconds, and 60.8 ± 14.9 seconds, P < 0.001), number of VF + VT episodes (56 ± 16.4, 67 ± 11, and 45 ± 3.5, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.05), severity of arrhythmias(3.8 ± 0.3, 4 ± 0.5, and 3.7 ± 0.2, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.01), and IS (45.5 ± 3%, 46.8 ± 3.4%, and 43 ± 2.5%, respectively, P < 0.001) compared with the noradrenaline‐treated group.Conclusion:Prazosin or 5‐HD treatment eliminated the beneficial effects of noradrenaline on arrhythmogenesis and infarct size.
Endothelin‐1 Modulates the Arrhythmogenic Activity of Pulmonary Veins
Authors: UDYAVAR AMEYA R. , CHEN YAO‐CHANG , CHEN YI‐JEN , CHENG CHEN‐CHUAN , LIN CHENG‐I , CHEN SHIH‐ANN 
Published: February 2008

Objective:Endothelin‐1 has important cardiovascular effects and is activated during atrial fibrillation. Pulmonary veins (PVs) play a critical role in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether endothelin‐1 affects PV arrhythmogenic activity.Methods:Conventional microelectrodes were used to record the action potentials (APs) and contractility in isolated rabbit PV tissue specimens before and after the administration of endothelin‐1 (0.1, 1, 10 nM). The ionic currents of isolated PV cardiomyocytes were investigated before and after the administration of endothelin‐1 (10 nM) through whole‐cell patch clamps.Results:In the tissue preparation, endothelin‐1 (1, 10 nM) concentration dependently shortened the AP duration and decreased the PV firing rates. Endothelin‐1 (10 nM) decreased the resting membrane potential. Endothelin‐1 (0.1, 1, 10 nM) decreased the contractility and increased the resting diastolic tension. In single PV cardiomyocytes, endothelin‐1 (10 nM) decreased the PV firing rates from 2.7 ± 1.0 Hz to 0.8 ± 0.5 Hz (n = 16). BQ‐485 (100 μM, endothelin‐1 type A receptor blocker) reversed and prevented the chrono‐inhibitory effects of endothelin‐1 (10 nM). Endothelin‐1 (10 nM) reduced the L‐type calcium currents, transient outward currents, delayed rectifier currents, transient inward currents, and sodium–calcium exchanger currents in the PV cardiomyocytes with and without pacemaker activity. Endothelin‐1 (10 nM) increased the inward rectifier potassium current, hyperpolarization‐induced pacemaker current, and the sustained outward potassium current in PV cardiomyocytes with and without pacemaker activity.Conclusion:Endothelin‐1 may have an antiarrhythmic potential through its direct electrophysiological effects on the PV cardiomyocytes and its action on multiple ionic currents.
The Effect of Electrogram Duration on Quantification of Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms and Dominant Frequency
Authors: STILES MARTIN K. , BROOKS ANTHONY G. , JOHN BOBBY , SHASHIDHAR, M.D.  , WILSON LAUREN , KUKLIK PAWEL , DIMITRI HANY , LAU DENNIS H. , ROBERTS‐THOMSON ROSS L. , MACKENZIE LORRAINE , WILLOUGHBY SCOTT , YOUNG GLENN D. , SANDERS PRASHANTHAN 
Published: February 2008

Introduction: Sites of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) and highest dominant frequency (DF) have been proposed as critical regions maintaining atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to determine the minimum electrogram recording duration that accurately characterizes CFAE or DF sites for ablation without unduly lengthening the procedure. Methods and Results: Fourteen patients with AF undergoing catheter ablation had high‐density (498 ± 174 points) biatrial mapping performed during AF before ablation. At each point, 8‐second electrograms were recorded. CFAE characterization using the NavX software provided a representation of electrogram complexity (CFE‐mean). CFE‐mean for each point from 7‐, 6‐, 5‐, 4‐, 3‐, 2‐, and 1‐second subsamples were compared with the index 8‐second CFE‐mean. Offline spectral analysis defined DF as the frequency with greatest power, and DF of subsamples were compared with index DF. Index 8‐second electrogram CFE‐mean was 114 ± 20 ms for right atria and 102 ± 17 ms for left atria (P = 0.01); DF was 5.7 ± 0.8 Hz for right atria and 6.0 ± 0.8 Hz for left atria (P = 0.02). Means from shorter electrograms were nonsignificantly decreased for CFE‐mean and overestimated for DF (P < 0.001). Mean absolute differences between subsampled and index values ranged from 3.3 to 20.1 ms for CFE‐mean and 0.11 to 1.18 Hz for DF. Subsampled electrograms deviating >10% from index values ranged from 2.5 to 56% for CFE‐mean and 3.5 to 41% for DF. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.992 to 0.788 for CFE‐mean and 0.897 to 0.233 for DF. Unacceptable differences from index values were found with CFE‐mean and DF from electrograms <5 seconds. Conclusion: Electrograms of ≥5‐second duration are required to accurately characterize CFAE and DF sites for ablation.
Impairment of the Atrial Substrates by Chronic Cigarette Smoking in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: TUAN TA‐CHUAN , CHANG SHIH‐LIN , TAI CHING‐TAI , LIN YENN‐JIANG , HU YU‐FENG , LO LI‐WEI , WONGCHAROEN WANWARANG , UDYAVAR AMEYA R. , CHIANG SHUO‐JU , CHEN YI‐JEN , TSAO HSUAN‐MING , UENG KWO‐CHANG , CHEN SHIH‐ANN 
Published: February 2008

Background: Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The impact of smoking on the right and left atrial substrates is unknown. Methods: This study included 88 patients (age 50 ± 13 years, M/F = 71/17) who underwent four pulmonary veins isolation (PVI) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). The mean voltage and total activation time of the individual atria were obtained by using a NavX mapping system, and were compared between the patients with and without a previous smoking history. The dose effect was evaluated by the smoking intensity‐duration, defined as the number of packs per day plus how many years they had been smoking. Results: The right atrial (RA) mean voltage was lower in the patients with a previous history of smoking than in those without a history of smoking (1.92 ± 0.49 vs 2.17 ± 0.56 mV, P < 0.05). The left atrial (LA) mean voltage was similar between the two groups (1.73 ± 0.67 vs 1.82 ± 0.48 mV, P = 0.488). Further, the total activation time of the RA was longer in the patients with a previous history of smoking than in those without a history of smoking, but not so for the LA. Furthermore, the voltage reduction in the RA was related to the smoking intensity‐duration (Pearson's correlation, r = 0.650, P < 0.001). Conclusions: In patients with atrial fibrillation, the RA mean voltage and total activation time were significantly correlated to smoking and had a dose‐dependent effect.
Global Nurse Migration Today
Authors: Brush Barbara L. 
Published: February 2008

Purpose

:
To examine emerging trends in global nurse migration and those effects on nurse workforce planning and development efforts in select donor and recipient countries.
Design and Methods

: This integrative literature review is an analysis of current literature (journal articles, media, and press releases) and data from various sources (PUMS, NSSRN, CGFNS, Nurse & Midwifery Council) to explicate new trends in nurse migration.
Findings

: Rapid changes in nurse migration are significantly challenging nurse workforce management efforts in both donor and recipient nations.
Conclusions

: As the market demand for nurses around the globe escalates, the changes and consequences associated with nurse migration are increasingly in need of policy solutions that indicate the needs and motivations of all stakeholders.
Searching for the Intervention in Intervention Research Reports
Authors: Conn Vicki S. , Cooper Pamela S. , Ruppar Todd M. , Russell Cynthia L. 
Published: February 2008

Purpose

: Precisely described interventions in nursing research reports are essential as a foundation for nursing practice and to facilitate future research. The purpose of this project was to characterize the intervention descriptions in nursing intervention research reports.
Design and Methods

: Quantitative content analysis was used to analyze intervention descriptions in reports published in English‐language general nursing journals during 2005. Normative analysis was used to examine reports for details related to intervention content and delivery. Physical unit analysis was used to compare relative amounts of article space devoted to intervention description vs. other methodological details.
Findings

: Results were tabulated for 141 research articles published in 27 journals. Analysis indicated incomplete reporting of intervention details in many articles. Dose and dosing frequency were rarely completely defined. Delivery setting and interventionist were frequently not indicated, and the professional credentials of nurse interventionists were often unclear. While descriptions of interventions involving substances or devices were typically detailed, the specifics of psychological, educational, behavioral, and systems‐level interventions were often lacking. Intervention descriptions averaged 7.27% of total article space, whereas nonintervention methodological descriptions averaged 20.74% of space. Of studies examined, only 38 (27.0%) reported enough detail to potentially replicate the study or translate the intervention into practice.
Conclusions

: Intervention descriptions in general nursing journals lack sufficient detail to provide the evidence basis for practice.
Evaluating Home Health Care Nursing Outcomes With OASIS and NOC
Authors: Schneider Julia Stocker , Barkauskas Violet , Keenan Gail 
Published: February 2008

Purpose

: To determine the sensitivity and responsiveness of the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) and the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) to the effects of home healthcare nursing interventions.
Methods

: A quasi‐experimental before‐after study was conducted using a sample of 106 home healthcare participants referred to one of seven participating Midwest home healthcare agencies for treatment of a cardiac condition. Patient outcomes data were collected at home healthcare admission and discharge using OASIS and NOC. Nursing intervention data were collected at each visit using the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). Intervention intensity was calculated by totaling the number of NIC interventions provided over the episode of care.
Findings

: Neither OASIS nor NOC were sensitive to the effects of home healthcare nursing as measured by intervention intensity. The OASIS was not responsive to clinically discernable changes in patient outcomes; while the NOC was responsive to patient status change in the outcome categories including activities of daily living, cardiopulmonary status, coping, and illness management behavior.
Conclusions

: Outcome measures that are more condition‐specific and discipline‐specific are more responsive to the effects of home healthcare nursing. Further research is needed to identify and refine outcome measures that are sensitive and responsive to the effects of nursing care in home health and other nursing settings.
Clinical Relevance

: The use of outcome measures that are more sensitive and responsive to nursing are more effective in guiding nursing practice.
Predictors of Health‐Related Quality of Life 3 Months After Traumatic Injury
Authors: Lee Bih‐O , Chaboyer Wendy , Wallis Marianne 
Published: February 2008

Purpose:
Examination of predictors of health related quality of life (HRQoL) with a focus on the ability of illness representations to predict HRQoL 3 months after hospital discharge in patients who experienced moderate to severe traumatic injury.
Design and Method:
A prospective predictive study, using a survey design was undertaken to identify predictors of HRQoL. Telephone interviews were conducted 3 months after patients were discharged from the hospital. Demographic and clinical data and two scales: the Chinese Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised (IPQ‐R, Trauma) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF‐36) were used in this study. Simultaneous multiple regressions were used to identify predictors of HRQoL.
Findings:
A total of 114 participants completed the survey. The most frequently reported symptoms were pain, weight loss, strength loss, and fatigue. The illness representations that scored the highest were Illness coherence, Controllability, and Consequences. The average SF‐36 physical summary score was lower than the average mental summary score. Role (physical) had the lowest scores on the physical subscale and vitality had the lowest scores on the mental subscale. Significant predictors of the physical summary score were identity, consequences, timeline (acute/chronic), age, and injury severity score (ISS), and for the mental summary score predictors were identity, emotional representations, and timeline.
Conclusions:
Illness representations can be used to predict HRQoL 3 months after traumatic injury. These findings can help clinicians to understand illness perceptions of patients with traumatic injury, and help provide a foundation for an interventional program to help patients have better HRQoL following traumatic injury.
Clinical Relevance:
By understanding patients' illness representations, clinicians could provide information related to postinjury care to facilitate more congruent representations between expectations and real situations. By helping patients understand the important role early interventions might play in their recovery, clinicians might help patients develop more positive cognitive representations.