bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Validation of Induction Heat Treatment Processes Utilizing 2D and 3D Computer Simulation
Authors: Russell Collin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper will address practical aspects of developing induction heat treatment processes – induction hardening processes in particular. Examples will be presented to illustrate methods of improving inductor and process designs utilizing computer simulation. A number of everyday challenges encountered by heat treatment practitioners will be addressed, specifically challenges related to metallurgical and mechanical quality. The value of utilizing computer simulation will be demonstrated in these real-world solutions through the revelation of subtle facets of induction heat treatment that cannot otherwise be physically observed or measured.
Principles of Heat Treatment Processes Modeling
Authors: Wołowiec-Korecka Emilia 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study deals with the fundamentals of intelligent computer-aided processes in thermal and thermochemical treatments. The aim of this study is the improvement of the conformity of the actual post-treatment properties with the assumed properties, thereby improving the repeatability of the process results. A detailed study was conducted involving low-pressure carburizing and low-pressure nitriding. The principal objective of the literature review was to better understand the cause-and-effect relationship in these processes and to develop a methodology of designing functional and effective processes of low-pressure thermal and thermochemical treatment, using effective computation methods. The paper contains a synthetic presentation of modeling methods, in particular of artificial intelligence methods; it also analyses the opportunities and threats associated with the methods.
Effects of Deformation and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Supare Ashish , Jadhav Shital , Patil Sandip , Powar Amit , Farane Bhagwan , Singh Rajkumar 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Ti-6Al-4V alloy is characterized to be sensitive to heat treatment and deformation. This paper focuses on microstructural evolution and variation in mechanical properties with respect to the deformation and change in the heat treatment cycle. Different heat treatment cycles such as mill annealing, solution treatment and beta solution treatment followed by annealing were carried out on deformed and undeformed Ti-6Al-4V samples. Heat treated samples were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Also different mechanical tests (i.e. tensile test, fracture toughness test) were conducted and results were analyzed. Large variation in mechanical properties and microstructures were found out with different heat treatment cycles. Fracture toughness was found to be high for beta solution treatment samples than the mill annealed and solution treated samples and the reason for the same has been analyzed.
Torsional Fatigue Behavior of Through Surface Hardened Low Hardenability Steel Compared to Gas Carburized SAE 8620 Steel
Authors: Govier Erin M. , Glass Matthew , Larsen James 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A new technology has been introduced to the North American market as a potential replacement for conventional gas carburizing. This new approach, called Through Surface Hardening (TSH) technology, utilizes a low hardenability (LH) steel and induction hardening to create a contoured hardened pattern, similar to a traditional gas carburizing process. In this study, TSH-processed and conventional gas-carburized SAE 8620 fatigue samples were subjected to reverse torsional loading, generating comparative stress to cycle curves. This paper outlines the torsional fatigue performance and metallurgical characteristics of each process type.
Effective Ways of Joining Using Induction Heating Technology
Authors: Larrabee Scott R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Induction heating is a very controlled and cost effective way of heating parts for bonding or joining applications. This presentation will talk about what induction is and why manufacturers are switching to induction over other heating processes for their joining and bonding needs. Applications covered include brazing and soldering, weld pre-heating, seam welding, shrink fitting, hard surfacing alloy bonding, adhesive and paint curing, heat staking, and heat sealing. Advantages to manufacturers include flexibility to process a variety of parts with relatively rapid changeover, efficient use of energy, time, and shop floor space, and economical processing of both large continuous production runs or small batch jobs.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Analysis of Rapidly Heat Treated M-42 High-Speed Steels
Authors: KarthikBabu R.N. , Sarvesh R. , Rajendra Prasad A. , Swaminathan G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
M-42 is Molybdenum-series high speed steel used as a cutting tool material because of its hot hardness and toughness properties. With the better hot hardness and wear resistance, M-42 is one of the most widely used tool materials for cutting tools. These Molybdenum steels are heat treated conventionally in four steps viz., preheating, austenitizing, quenching along with two stages of tempering. The main step in heat treatment, austenitizing is done with the aid of salt bath furnace by heating the tool steel to the austenitizing temperature (1260°C) with three stages of preheating. This method is often a time consuming process with most of the time and energy utilized for the achievement of the required temperature. This study deals with the rapid heat treatment of the aforementioned M-42 steel samples by the action of microwaves from a hybrid microwave furnace. The quenching is done as of in a conventional method using a neutral salt bath maintained at a temperature of 550 °C. Comparison between the rapidly heat treated specimen and the conventionally heat treated specimen With similar dimensions is carried out. The tempering processes for both the specimens were carried out conventionally. Mechanical properties such as hardness, microstructure, etc., are compared between the conventional and the rapid heat treated specimens. Scanning electron microscopy was also taken to study the grain refinement of the microwave heat treated steel specimen at a higher magnification. The comparison between the properties and the microstructure revealed minute changes in mechanical properties of the rapid heat treated specimen and also resulted in the marked drop of the heating time and the energy saving thereby reducing the costs incurred for the heat treatment process.
Specifying Nitriding Process Requirements
Authors: Chatterjee Madhu S. , Ruxanda Roxana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Discovering microstructural features of white layer in a nitrided part has appealed to many scientists and researchers. A slight change in microscopic properties can bring a huge difference in their macro-scale behavior. A thorough knowledge of the compound (the white layer) and of the diffusion zone will enable materials scientists to monitor the grain size (the phases within the material), which alter the macro-scale toughness and strength and finally the amount of porosity. Unlike carburizing, which is a more matured technology, nitriding specifications are genetically stated as surface hardness and hardness at depths. No constituents or type and percent of compounds are mentioned. This paper will attempt to address methodologies used to identify different constituents of both the compound and the diffusion layers of a nitrided part. Three different materials have been heat treated for this study. Three different methods of investigation were used: optical microscopy, electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). This is the beginning of a series of investigations which are underway. In this article, information already known will be the starting point. In future articles, more in depth investigation of the white layer and of the diffusion zone will be shown.
Obtaining Nadcap Accreditation— Helping You Pass Your Audit
Authors: Durham Nathan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
With the integral role that heat treatment plays in our everyday lives – from the tools we use to the planes in which we fly – the quality and safety of these products and the processes used to create them is of the utmost importance. As such, the Nadcap accreditation process and Aerospace Material Specification (AMS) standards help ensure consistent, high-quality standards are adhered to for aerospace products. We have found from customers who heat treat aerospace products that a variety of questions and challenges can arise about the Nadcap accreditation process. To aid in and help simplify this process, we have curated recommended best practices and steps from those who have undergone Nadcap accreditation. This presentation provides tips on preparing for the internal and official Nadcap audits, including networking with other suppliers and having acceptable quality system approval. It also discusses where to locate key documents and specifications that help you prepare for the audit process. Reviewing common nonconformances from past years can help heat treaters develop a better understanding of specifications and requirements
Choosing the Proper Heat Resistant Alloy Based on Application Criteria
Authors: Glasser Marc 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In today’s competitive world of globalization and low cost manufacturing, it is essential that when engineering a job, to get it right the first time. This is especially true for capital equipment with a high cost and long expected lifetimes. It is even more critical, when the equipment must operate at high temperatures, and different potential for failure exists. In order to do it right the first time, engineers must understand high temperature properties, and incorporate these principles into the decision making process for materials. Some of these properties are intrinsic, some are affected by environment, and some are governed by thermodynamic and kinetic changes to the material at the operating temperatures. All must be considered.
RA 602 CA— An Alloy for the Highest Temperature Processes
Authors: Glasser Marc 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
RA 602 CA (also known as 602 CA and NiCroFer 6025, which are trademarks of VDM) is one of the best heat resistant alloys. It has excellent creep strength even at high temperatures, and oxidation resistance up to 2250°F. It is being used in an increasing number of new applications in the toughest of high temperature environments with success.
Retiring Paper-Based Maintenance Systems in Commercial Heat Treating Shops
Authors: Jones Roger A 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
It hardly needs to be said that for commercial heat treat companies, the furnace with its components is the most important piece of equipment in the shop. The furnace is a workhorse often functioning around the clock, year in and year out. With care, a furnace can give decades of productive service; proper and timely maintenance of furnace systems is therefore critical to the success of the heat treat enterprise. Recognizing this fact, software that provides an automated system of reminders and records for both planned and unplanned maintenance tasks becomes a worthwhile investment.
Everything You Wanted To Know About AMS2750E but Were Afraid To Ask
Authors: Schulze Jason 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
AMS2750E describes the testing of Pyrometry on Industrial Ovens, furnaces and other thermal processing equipment and related instruments. Products which are heat treated through thermal processing equipment cannot be individually verified for conformance without destructive testing. Samples representing the hardware being processed are typically distributed throughout the production load and destructively tested post cycle. Some processes do not utilize samples as the process is stable enough or the thermal process has no need for testing. Ensuring stable and repeatable process parameters within the thermal processing equipment is imperative to ensure results of the heat treatment are conforming. This is done through Pyrometry. Pyrometry gains industry acceptance and conformance through AMS2750E. This specification covers all aspects of pyrometry.
Hydroprime Modular Plants Provide Low Cost, Reliable Hydrogen for Heat Treating
Authors: Shahani Goutam H. , Finley Kyle , Lyda Larry , Moroz Grzegorz , Onelli Nick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Gas mixtures containing hydrogen are used as a protective atmosphere in many heat treating processes including annealing, brazing and sintering. Hydrogen in conjunction with nitrogen or argon, carbon monoxide, methane provides protective and oxide reducing properties of furnace atmosphere to enhance the physical and chemical properties of heat treated metal products. This paper provides an overview of a unique steam methane reformer, employing an integrated heat recovery system, which reduces the cost and improves the reliability of hydrogen supply. This modular plant can produce 0.15 – 0.3 MMSCFD of 99.999 % hydrogen at 200 psig. This system offers a flexible hydrogen supply solution to heat treating market, which has demonstrated excellent results in actual commercial operation worldwide.
Next Gen Technology—Wearables and Predictive Maintenance in Heat Treatment
Authors: Sherwin Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Sustainable Heat Treatment requires getting the most from all the available assets in a Heat Treat operation. If run to breaking point, burn-out literally can occur in people and equipment. Making smarter choices by utilizing emerging Wearable technology and Next gen maintenance technology can help avoid this catastrophic situation and produce optimized returns through creating more productive people and equipment.
Technology and Advancements in Analog and Digital Control
Authors: Miller Steve 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Modern technological advancements make it easier to achieve accurate control to meet AMS2750E and CQI9 requirements. Today’s Industrial technologies have advanced rapidly alongside electronic innovations that improve accuracy and control. In years past there was a difficulty associated with accuracy from translating or updating older existing controls to new modern process controls due to the level of complexity and cost involved. Today, equipment manufacturers are integrating a variety of new technologies to improve the accuracy of monitoring. This presentation looks at some of the old and new technologies and recent innovations for improving input accuracy for analog and digital signals.
Determination of the Cause of Low Temperature Charpy Toughness Values in ASTM A350 LF2 Flanges
Authors: Nissan Andrew B. , Baker Kirk C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recent destructive analysis of six ASTM A350 LF2 flanges has revealed vastly different low temperature (-50°F) Charpy impact toughness from 4 J (3 ft-lbs) to greater than 298 J (220 ft-lbs). These relatively low strength flanges, minimum 248 MPa (36 ksi) yield and 483-655 MPa (70-95 ksi) tensile strength, had nominally the same yield and UTS despite the difference in toughness. Detailed chemical and microstructural analysis was undertaken to elucidate the cause of the toughness range. The majority of the flanges had aluminum additions and a fine grain size with the toughness differences mostly explained by the cooling rate after normalizing with the still air cool showing the lowest toughness and the fastest air cooled sample the highest. For flanges of this strength level a quench and temper operation is not required to obtain good low temperature toughness but forced air cooling after normalizing is a minimum cooling rate to ensure good toughness and overall strength.
Microstructure and Failure Analysis of Austenitic Fe-Ni Alloys and Ni-Cr-Fe Alloys for Furnace Alloys and Fixtures
Authors: Wang Anbo , Sisson R.D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The heat-treating industry is in need of heat-treatment furnace materials and fixtures that have a long service life and reduced heat capacity. Failure mechanisms on the effect of prolonged exposure to carburization heat treatment have been investigated. RA330, RA602CA, 304L, 316L and Inconel 625 alloys were selected to study the anti-corrosion properties. The alloys were exposed to 0.7%C carburizing atmosphere at around 900°C for 3 months, 6months, and 12months. Based on microstructural analysis of components that were used until failure in carburization furnace application, it was found that the primary reason for failure was the excessive carburization that leads to “metal dusting” and subsequent cracking. In addition, metallographic analysis indicated that “flake offs” of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys were mainly graphite and chromium carbides. In this paper the failure analysis of industrial components will be presented. In addition, the preliminary analysis of microstructural development during long term exposure experiments in an industrial carburizing furnace will be presented. These samples were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffraction.
Ten New Trends in Heat Treatment— Global Prospective
Authors: Kowalewski Janusz 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Heat treatment comprises a series of operations involving heating, holding, and cooling of materials in the solid state for the purpose of obtaining certain desirable metallurgical, mechanical, or physical properties. The driving forces behind developing new heat treatment technologies are reducing the overall process time, minimizing its environmental footprint, minimizing distortion, lowering material cost, and lowering the cost of furnace operations. This paper discusses ten global trends that are driving technology development in the heat treating industry.
Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of AISI 41B30 Forgings in As-Forged and Normalized Condition
Authors: Milicevic Dusan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An attempt was made to characterize microstructure, mechanical properties and cleanliness of continuous cast as rolled billets versus microstructure, mechanical properties and cleanliness of the forging in normalized condition, upset forged from AISI 41B30 modified chemistry billets. Two forgings were compared, one in as forged condition and one in normalized or heat treated condition. Upsets were produced by upsetting only one end of the billet by hydraulic press. Samples from cold portion of the forgings, near the flange location and from flanges were taken and examined. Results of microstructure, mechanical properties and hardness are presented. Normalizing cycle did not improve mechanical and impact properties. Low impact and ductile properties are results of Widmanstätten structure and continue to be present in the final product. Low impact and ductile properties of this structure might not be the best solution for dynamically loaded parts.
Energy Savings through Steady State Control
Authors: Mooney Chris 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Energy Savings through Steady State Control Modern heat treat companies are faced with challenges trying to balance work-flow, processing time, and production/energy costs. Unnecessarily long processing times induce extra costs when an automated process cannot tell the true temperature of a load and the engineer must increase soak times to accommodate. These increased soak times use more energy and increase overall production costs. Typically, control or load thermocouples in an oven or furnace only show the wall temperature, and normally only parts of the load. However, the real interest is in what temperature the load actually has reached inside and when is the temperature uniform throughout the whole work piece. Normally, to accommodate for this lack of knowledge in a ramp/soak program, the dwell-time is extended to ensure that the temperature is uniform without truly knowing. Instead, using a method for predicting load uniformity, or Steady State Control, would save time, energy, and, most importantly, money.
Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling for Furnace Design and Improvements
Authors: Waligora Ronald E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a widely acceptable tool for design simulations of systems. The cost of software, educated engineers, and user friendly interfaces allow for CFD products to be a viable solution in many applications of industrial furnace designs. This paper will focus on some of the ways CFD analysis has improved furnace designs, decreased the time to delivery, and meet tighter process tolerances of the heat treatment of materials.
Countermeasures for Various Defective Phenomenon in the Heat Treatment Process
Authors: Ichitani Katsumi , Arita Yuji 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Because quench oil deterioration varies depending on the operating conditions, maintaining constant performance is difficult. Various defective phenomena occur in response to changes in the quench oil degradation. In this paper, we will examine how the oil condition, cooling performance, brightness and carbide growth are effected by various defective phenomena such as oil oxidation, thermal decomposition etc. In doing so we would like to introduce important points in managing and setting operating conditions to optimize the performance of quench oils.
Controlled Cooling as an Alternative to Normalizing/Isoannealing Heat Treatment of Case Carburizing Grade Steel Forgings
Authors: Bajaj Priyanshu , Chatterjee Pallav , Pathak Udayan B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Case carburizing grade steel forgings are often normalized or iso-annealed to improve machinability. The aim here is to get a uniform ferrite-pearlite microstructure and controlled, uniform hardness. Since during forging material is above austenitizing temperature, controlled slow cooling after trimming can give similar results. In this work, the effect of forging temperature and cooling rate at different stages on microstructure is studied. Further the effect of this process on machinability and distortion behavior of gears during case carburizing is studied. It was observed that the controlled cooled gear blanks had coarse grain size resulting in superior machinability, and no change was observed in the distortion behavior of the gears during case carburizing.
Quenching Process Analysis of an Aluminum Cylinder Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Cantu-Perez Alberto , Mariella Karlo , Colás Rafael , Espinosa Luis , Rodriguez Omar , Keer Arturo 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Metallurgical properties required in aluminum alloys are highly dependent on the cooling uniformity during the quenching process. Non-uniformity during cooling is associated with piece distortion and failure. Although the quenching process is considered the most critical step during alloy heat treating, quench tank design is still based mainly on experience. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) offers detailed understanding of the complex behavior of fluid flow and its impact on part cooling. Detailed cooling rates can then be used to predict part metallurgical properties. Although computational fluid dynamics are being used increasingly in quench tank design, there is still considerable imprecision due to assumptions that must be made. In this work, cooling curves are obtained for a 25 mm diameter 6061 aluminum cylinder probe under different conditions. Results are also obtained numerically via computational fluid dynamics. Results show the suitability for designing quench systems based on CFD simulations.