bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of the T‐Line® Tensymeter continuous noninvasive blood pressure device during induced hypotension*
Authors: Szmuk P. , Pivalizza E. , Warters R. D. , Ezri T. , Gebhard R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA new continuous noninvasive blood pressure measurement device, the T‐Line® Tensymeter TL100 (Tensys Medical Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) which enables avoidance of arterial cannulation has been developed. We compared the values obtained using the T‐Line values to simultaneous arterial line measurements in patients undergoing general anaesthesia with induced hypotension. Twenty‐five patients, aged 18–70 years, were studied. The T‐Line and arterial line were positioned on the contralateral wrists. Intra‐operative, real‐time, blood pressure data were electronically captured and stored on a computer. Bland–Altman plots and 95% limits of agreement show that the majority of T‐Line data points were within 5 mmHg of the arterial line measurements (67%) and agreement was within 15 mmHg in 94.6% or more of all measurements. There was virtually no distinguishable error over the course of surgery using the device. In conclusion, the T‐Line measurements correlate with arterial measurements during anaesthesia in which there were periods of both normotensive and hypotensive anaesthesia. The T‐Line Tensymeter represents a noninvasive alternative to an arterial line in cases when arterial blood sampling is not required.
Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: Part 1. Classification and pathophysiology
Authors: Morris C. G. , Low J. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryMetabolic acidaemia (pH < 7.35 not primarily related to hypoventilation) is common amongst the critically ill and it is essential that clinicians caring for such patients have an understanding of the common causes. The exclusive elimination routes of volatile (carbon dioxide), organic (lactic and ketone) and inorganic (phosphate and sulphate) acids mean compensation for a defect in any one is limited and requires separate provision during critical illness. We discuss the models available to diagnose metabolic acidosis including CO2/HCO3–and physical chemistry‐derived (Stewart or Fencl‐Stewart) approaches, but we propose that the base excess and anion gap, corrected for hypoalbuminaemia and iatrogenic hyperchloraemia, remain most appropriate for clinical usage. Finally we provide some tips for interpreting respiratory responses to metabolic acidosis and how to reach a working diagnosis, the consequences of which are considered in Part 2 of this review.
The production and emission of nitrous oxide from headwater streams in the Midwestern United States
Authors: BEAULIEU J. J. , ARANGO C. P. , HAMILTON S. K. , TANK J. L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from streams draining agricultural landscapes is estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to constitute a globally significant source of this gas to the atmosphere, although there is considerable uncertainty in the magnitude of this source. We measured N2O emission rates and potential controlling variables in 12 headwater streams draining a predominantly agricultural basin on glacial terrain in southwestern Michigan. The study sites were nearly always supersaturated with N2O and emission rates ranged from −8.9 to 266.8 μg N2O‐N m−2 h−1 with an overall mean of 35.2 μg N2O‐N m−2 h−1. Stream water NO3− concentrations best‐predicted N2O emission rates. Although streams and agricultural soils in the basin had similar areal emission rates, emissions from streams were equivalent to 6% of the anthropogenic emissions from soils because of the vastly greater surface area of soils. We found that the default value of the N2O emission factor for streams and groundwater as defined by the IPCC (EF5‐g) was similar to the value observed in this study lending support to the recent downward revision to EF5‐g. However, the EF5‐g spanned four orders of magnitude across our study sites suggesting that the IPCC's methodology of applying one emission factor to all streams may be inappropriate.
Storage and mobility of black carbon in permafrost soils of the forest tundra ecotone in Northern Siberia
Authors: GUGGENBERGER GEORG , RODIONOV ANDREJ , SHIBISTOVA OLGA , GRABE MATTHIAS , KASANSKY OLEG A. , FUCHS HANS , MIKHEYEVA NATALIA , ZRAZHEVSKAYA GALINA , FLESSA HEINER 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBoreal permafrost soils store large amounts of organic carbon (OC). Parts of this carbon (C) might be black carbon (BC) generated during vegetation fires. Rising temperature and permafrost degradation is expected to have different consequences for OC and BC, because BC is considered to be a refractory subfraction of soil organic matter. To get some insight into stocks, variability, and characteristics of BC in permafrost soils, we estimated the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method‐specific composition and storage of BC, i.e. BPCA‐BC, in a 0.44 km2‐sized catchment at the forest tundra ecotone in northern Siberia. Furthermore, we assessed the BPCA‐BC export with the stream draining the catchment. The catchment is composed of various landscape units with south‐southwest (SSW) exposed mineral soils characterized by thick active layer or lacking permafrost, north‐northeast (NNE) faced mineral soils with thin active layer, and permafrost‐affected raised bogs in plateau positions showing in part thermokarst formation. There were indications of vegetation fires at all landscape units. BC was ubiquitous in the catchment soils and BPCA‐BC amounted to 0.6–3.0% of OC. This corresponded to a BC storage of 22–3440 g m−2. The relative contribution of BPCA‐BC to OC, as well as the absolute stocks of BPCA‐BC were largest in the intact bogs with a shallow active layer followed by mineral soils of the NNE aspects. In both landscape units, a large proportion of BPCA‐BC was stored within the permafrost. In contrast, mineral soils with thick active layer or lacking permafrost and organic soils subjected to thermokarst formation stored less BPCA‐BC. Permafrost is, hence, not only a crucial factor in the storage of OC but also of BC. In the stream water BPCA‐BC amounted on an average to 3.9% of OC, and a yearly export of 0.10 g BPCA‐BC m−2 was calculated, most of it occurring during the period of snow melt with dominance of surface flow. This suggests that BC mobility in dissolved and colloidal phase is an important pathway of BC export from the catchment. Such a transport mechanism may explain the high BC concentrations found in sediments of the Arctic Ocean.
Metabolite specific effects of solar UV‐A and UV‐B on alder and birch leaf phenolics
Authors: KOTILAINEN TITTA , TEGELBERG RIITTA , JULKUNEN‐TIITTO RIITTA , LINDFORS ANDERS , APHALO PEDRO J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe measured the concentrations of ultraviolet (UV)‐absorbing phenolics varying in response to exclusion of either solar UV‐B or both solar UV‐A and UV‐B radiations in leaves of grey alder (Alnus incana) and white birch (Betula pubescens) trees under field conditions. In alder leaves 20 and in birch leaves 13 different phenolic metabolites were identified. The response to UV exclusion varied between and within groups of phenolics in both tree species. The changes in concentration for some metabolites suggest effects of only UV‐A or UV‐B, which band being effective depending on the metabolite. For some other metabolites, the results indicate that UV‐A and UV‐B affect concentrations in the same direction, while for a few compounds there was evidence suggesting opposite effects of UV‐A and UV‐B radiation. Finally, the concentration of some phenolics did not significantly respond to solar UV. We observed only minor effects on the summed concentration of all determined phenolic metabolites in alder and birch leaves, thus indicating that measuring only total phenolics concentration may not reveal the effects of radiation. Here, we show that the appropriate biological spectral weighting functions for plant‐protective responses against solar UV radiation extend in most cases – but not always – into the UV‐A region and more importantly that accumulation of different phenolic metabolites follows different action spectra. This demonstrates under field conditions that some of the implicit assumptions of earlier research simulating ozone depletion and studying the effects of UV radiation on plant secondary metabolites need to be reassessed.
Drought‐driven growth reduction in old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests of the central Apennines, Italy
Authors: PIOVESAN GIANLUCA , BIONDI FRANCO , FILIPPO ALFREDO DI , ALESSANDRINI ALFREDO , MAUGERI MAURIZIO 
Published: February 2008

AbstractProductivity of old‐growth beech forests in the Mediterranean Basin was measured by average stem basal area increment (BAI) of dominant trees at two mountain sites in the Italian Apennines. Both forests could be ascribed to the old‐growth stage, but they differed markedly with regard to elevation (1000 vs. 1725 m a.s.l.), soil parent material (volcanic vs. calcareous), mean tree age (less than 200 years vs. 300 years), and stand structure (secondary old‐growth vs. primary old‐growth forest). Drought at the two sites was quantified by the self‐calibrated Palmer Moisture Anomaly Index (Z‐index), and by the self‐calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for summer (June through August) and the growing season (May through September). Dendroclimatological analyses revealed a moisture limitation of beech BAI at interannual (water availability measured by Z‐index) and decadal scales (water availability measured by PDSI). Both BAI and water availability increased from 1950 to 1970, and decreased afterwards. Trees were grouped according to their BAI trends in auxological groups (growth‐type chronologies), which confirmed that growth of most trees at both sites declined in recent decades, in agreement with increased drought. Because BAI is not expected to decrease without an external forcing, the patterns we uncovered suggest that long‐term drought stress has reduced the productivity of beech forests in the central Apennines, in agreement with similar trends identified in other Mediterranean mountains, but opposite to growth trends reported for many forests in central Europe.
Climate change and the timing, magnitude, and composition of the phytoplankton spring bloom
Authors: SOMMER ULRICH , LENGFELLNER KATHRIN 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this article, we show by mesocosm experiments that winter and spring warming will lead to substantial changes in the spring bloom of phytoplankton. The timing of the spring bloom shows only little response to warming as such, while light appears to play a more important role in its initiation. The daily light dose needed for the start of the phytoplankton spring bloom in our experiments agrees well with a recently published critical light intensity found in a field survey of the North Atlantic (around 1.3 mol photons m−2 day−1). Experimental temperature elevation had a strong effect on phytoplankton peak biomass (decreasing with temperature), mean cell size (decreasing with temperature) and on the share of microplankton diatoms (decreasing with temperature). All these changes will lead to poorer feeding conditions for copepod zooplankton and, thus, to a less efficient energy transfer from primary to fish production under a warmer climate.
Genes and biological processes controlled by the Drosophila FOXA orthologue Fork head
Authors: Liu Y. , Lehmann M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe larval salivary glands of Drosophila express the FOXA transcription factor Fork head (Fkh) before, but not after, puparium formation. Forced expression of Fkh in late prepupae prevents the programmed destruction of the tissue, which normally occurs in the early pupa. Using Affymetrix GeneChips, we analysed changes in gene expression brought about by Fkh when expressed shortly before the normal time of salivary gland death. Genes identified as responsive to Fkh include not only cell death genes, but also genes involved in autophagy, phospholipid metabolism and hormone‐controlled signalling pathways. In addition, Fkh changed the expression of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism that are known to be target genes of the FOXAs in vertebrates. Premature loss of fkh induced by RNAi and gain of Fkh by ectopic expression at earlier times of development confirmed that genes identified in the microarray study are under normal developmental control by Fkh. These genes include Eip63F‐1, which is expressed in both salivary glands and Malpighian tubules, suggesting that Fkh controls common aspects of the secretory function of the two organs. Eip63F‐1 is one of many genes controlled by the steroid hormone 20‐hydroxyecdysone that appear to be co‐regulated by Fkh.
Characterization of inhibitors and substrates of Anopheles gambiae CYP6Z2
Authors: Mclaughlin L. A. , Niazi U. , Bibby J. , David J.‐P. , Vontas J. , Hemingway J. , Ranson H. , Sutcliffe M. J. , Paine M. J. I. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThree CYP6Z genes are linked to a major pyrethroid resistance locus in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. We have expressed CYP6Z2 in Escherichia coli and produced a structural model in order to examine its role in detoxification. E. coli membranes co‐expressing CYP6Z2 and An. gambiae P450 reductase (AgCPR) catalysed the dealkylation of benzyloxyresorufin with kinetic parameters Km = 0.13 µM; Kcat = 1.5 min‐1. The IC50 values of a wide range of compounds were measured. Pyrethroids cypermethrin and permethrin produced low IC50 values, but were not metabolized. Plant flavanoids were the most potent inhibitors. Several compounds were shown to be substrates, suggesting that CYP6Z2 has broad substrate specificity and plays an important chemo‐protective role during the herbivorous phase of the life‐cycle.
Identification of odorant‐binding proteins of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti: genome annotation and comparative analyses
Authors: Zhou J.‐J. , He X.‐L. , Pickett J. A. , Field L. M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is an important human health pest which vectors yellow fever and dengue viruses. Olfaction plays a crucial role in its attraction to hosts and although the molecular basis of this is not well understood it is likely that odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) are involved in the first step of molecular recognition. Based on the OBPs of Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae we have defined sequence motifs based on OBP conserved cysteine and developed an algorithm which has allowed us to identify 66 genes encoding putative OBPs from the genome sequence and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Ae. aegypti. We have also identified 11 new OBP genes for An. gambiae. We have examined all of the corresponding peptide sequences for the properties of OBPs. The predicted molecular weights fall within the expected range but the predicted isoeletric points are spread over a wider range than found previously. Comparative analyses of the 66 OBP sequences of Ae. aegypti with other dipteran species reveal some mosquito‐specific genes as well as conserved homologues. The genomic organisation of Ae. aegypti OBPs suggests that a rapid expansion of OBPs has occurred, probably by gene duplication. The analyses of OBP‐containing regions for microsynteny indicate a very high synteny between Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae.
Shelf life of several marine fish species of Bangladesh during ice storage
Authors: Reza Md. Shaheed , Bapary Mohammad A. J. , Ahasan Chowdhury T. , Islam Md. Nazrul , Kamal Md. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryOrganoleptic, biochemical and bacteriological aspects of five tropical marine fish such as silver jewfish, Bombay duck, big‐eye tuna, Chinese pomfret and ribbon fish stored in ice were studied. Organoleptically all fish were found acceptable for 10–13 days before becoming inedible. Proximate analysis showed that moisture content increased slightly; protein and lipid content decreased gradually and ash had little or no significant change. pH, TVB‐N, peroxide and aerobic plate count values increased with increasing storage period but the values were within acceptable range up to 10 days of storage. Changes in myofibrillar ATPase activity and solubility of these fishes showed that Ca2+ ATPase in the presence of both 0.1 m and 0.5 m KCl decreased gradually whereas no marked changes were observed in the Mg+2 ATPase activities in the presence/absence of Ca+2. Myofibrillar protein solubility of all fish samples also decreased considerably during ice storage. The decrement in Ca2+ ATPase activity and solubility indicates denaturation of myofibrillar protein of fish samples during ice storage.
Comparison of full‐fat and low‐fat cheese analogues with or without pectin gel through microstructure, texture, rheology, thermal and sensory analysis
Authors: Liu He , Xu Xue Ming , Guo Shi Dong 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe effects of pectin gel and protein base on processed semi‐solid cheese analogues were studied through microstructure, texture, rheology, thermal analysis and sensory evaluation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed differences in the microstructure of processed cheese analogues. Samples made with full‐fat contained higher concentrations of fat globules and were denser compared with low‐fat cheese analogues with or without pectin gel. The pectin gel in the products acted as a linkage with other ingredients and made the products more compact and had less cavity compared with the products without pectin gel added. On rheological analysis, the full‐fat products manifested a more solid‐like form. The storage modulus of pectin gel sample was higher than that without pectin gel. All the samples’ rheological parameters were depending on the oscillatory frequency and temperature. In low‐fat samples, pectin gel added or not affected the hardness, gumminess, chewiness and adhesiveness significantly. The pectin gel addition show positive effect to the texture profile of the low‐fat cheese analogues. Through thermal analysis, the meltability and glass transition temperature of the processed cheese analogues were measured. The low‐fat cheese analogue with pectin gel addition got the higher texture and mouthfeel scores through sensory evaluation.
Composition and functional properties of raw and electron beam‐irradiated Mucuna pruriens seeds
Authors: Bhat Rajeev , Sridhar Kandikere R , Young Chiu‐Chung , Bhagwath Arun A. , Ganesh Sanjeev 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe proximate, nutritional and functional properties of raw and electron beam‐irradiated (0–30 kGy) Mucuna seeds were investigated. Irradiation increased crude protein and crude carbohydrates significantly than crude lipid, crude fibre and energy. Raw seeds were rich in minerals and were not affected by irradiation except for magnesium and phosphorus. Amino acids of raw seeds were comparable to soyabean and FAO/WHO reference pattern and except for 30 kGy, no significant changes were seen in amino acid profile. Raw seeds were rich in unsaturated fatty acids and some of them decreased on irradiation, while linoleic acid steadily elevated (0–14.35 mg g−1 lipid). In vitro protein digestibility was dose dependent and significantly increased up to 15 kGy. Water and oil absorption capacities and foaming capacity significantly increased on irradiation, while protein solubility decreased (15 and 30 kGy) with an improvement of gelation property of seed flour. The cooking time of seeds significantly reduced on irradiation.
Colour improvement of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets by hydrogen peroxide for surimi production
Authors: Jafarpour Ali , Sherkat Frank , Leonard Brian , Gorczyca Elisabeth M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe preferred colour for surimi is white, but surimi prepared from light fillets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is slightly pink. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 1–3% v/v) with and without sodium tri‐polyphosphate (STP; 1–2% w/v) was added to a sodium carbonate bath (pH 7.0–11.5) resulting in a final pH range of 4.4–10.1 which was injected into carp fillets. After soaking and tumbling for 30 min at 4–10 °C, the fillets were evaluated for colour and water holding capacity (WHC). Fillets tumbled with treatment solution with different pH levels (7.0–11.5), but with no H2O2 or STP added, had improved colour with significantly (P < 0.05) higher L* compared with untreated fillets as the control. However, the colour improvement [(L* and colour deviation (ΔE)] was not significantly different (P > 0.05) within the pH levels (7.0–11.5) trialled. With increasing H2O2 levels (1–3%), fillets became lighter and ΔE increased significantly (P < 0.05), especially with a 3% H2O2 treatment at pH of 10.5 (adjusted pH before H2O2 addition, actual pH after H2O2 addition was 8.2). The whiteness (L*−3b*) of kamaboko produced from treated (3% H2O2, pH 10.5) common carp light fillets was not significantly different to that of kamaboko from Alaska pollock and threadfin bream. Treatments combining H2O2 (3%) with STP (1–2%) significantly reduced the L* value obtained in comparison with fillets treated with only H2O2 (3%). Similarly, fillets treated with STP (1%) alone, resulting in lower L* values, irrespective of treatment pH (7.0–11.5). WHC, an indicator of the quality of the fillet texture, increased from 816 g/kg at pH 7.0 without STP to 841 g/kg at pH 11.5 with 1% STP. Treatment with H2O2 (without STP) decreased the WHC of the fillets.
Complementary nitrogen use among potentially dominant species in a biodiversity experiment varies between two years
Authors: Roscher Christiane , Thein Susanne , Schmid Bernhard , Scherer‐Lorenzen Michael 
Published: February 2008

Summary

In plant communities, a better use of nitrogen for growth and access to additional nitrogen by N2 fixing legumes have been suggested as mechanisms that contribute to the positive relationship between species richness and above‐ground biomass production. We studied above‐ground biomass production, and plant and soil nitrogen in a biodiversity experiment using a pool of nine potentially dominant grassland species (five grasses: Alopecurus pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense, Poa trivialis; two legumes: Trifolium pratense, T. repens; two non‐legume herbs: Anthriscus sylvestris, Geranium pratense) in the second and third year after establishment.
Total above‐ground biomass and nitrogen pools increased with species richness in the second year. In the third year, the positive effect of species richness on above‐ground biomass was less pronounced but still significant, while nitrogen pools did not increase with species richness. Above‐ground nitrogen pools and biomass production were significantly lower in the third year.
Above‐ground nitrogen pools of mixtures were higher than expected from monocultures in 94% of cases and increased with the species richness of mixtures in the second year. In the third year, only 55% of the mixtures had higher nitrogen yields than expected. A significant increase in the amount of biomass produced per gram nitrogen, a decrease of soil nitrate pools and the inability of mixtures to use soil nitrate more completely than expected from monocultures indicated lower nitrogen availability in the third year. Complementary resource use was not solely dependent on the occurrence of N2 fixing legumes in mixtures, but also played a role in mixtures without legumes.
Synthesis. Our study shows that biodiversity effects through complementary nitrogen use can occur among potentially dominant grassland species. The degree of resource partitioning depends on growing conditions, with stronger complementarity effects under nutrient‐rich conditions.