bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Microbial Flora of the Vagina and its Relationship to Bacteriuria in Diabetic and Non‐Diabetic Women
Authors: WILLIAMS D. N. , KNIGHT A. H. , KING HELEN , HARRIS D. M. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe vaginal and urinary flora have been studied in 57 diabetic and 33 non‐diabetic patients.In both populations, no correlation was found between urogenital symptoms and colonisation of the vagina. There was no greater prevalence of potentially pathogenic organisms in diabetic patients, even when control was poor. However, although not statistically significant, group B streptococci were isolated more frequently from poorly controlled diabetics.Bacteriuria was not significantly more common in diabetics.Gram‐negative bacilli were found in the vagina significantly more often in bacteriuric patients; the prevalence of such organisms being four‐fold greater after the menopause.
The Nitrofurans as Sperm Immobilising Agents: their Tissue Toxicity and their Clinical Application
Authors: ALBERT PETER S. , MININBERG DAVID T. , DAVIS JOSEPH E. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryNitrofurantoin sodium and nitrofurazone in certain critical concentrations have the ability to cause sperm immobilisation.Intraoperative vas irrigation with these solutions in 24 patients have produced sterility in the immediate postoperative period.
The Management of Pyocystis following Ileal Conduit Urinary Diversion in Children
Authors: STEVENS PETER S. , ECKSTEIN HERBERT B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary27 cases of pyocystis following ileal conduit urinary diversion are discussed.In those cases not responding to medical treatment, vagino‐vesicostomy is recommended as an alternative to cystectomy.The operation of prophylactic vagino‐vesicostomy at the time of the original diversion is discussed.
Prolonged Bladder Distension in the Treatment of the Unstable Bladder
Authors: WHITFIELD H. N. , MAYO M. E. 
Published: November 2008

Summary11 patients underwent 12 prolonged bladder distensions for bladder instability.In no case did the cystometrogram revert from an unstable to a stable pattern, though 6 patients noted symptomatic improvement which was attested as moderate by 2 and marginal by 4.
The Nature of the Abnormality in Bladder Neck Obstruction
Authors: BATES C. P. , ARNOLD E. P. , GRIFFITHS D. J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryWe have compared the pressure exerted by the bladder neck at rest with the bladder pressure generated during micturition in a series of 26 male patients, 13 unobstructed and 13 obstructed at the bladder neck.We find that the degree of obstruction caused by a bladder neck cannot be determined from the pressure it exerts at rest and that this pressure is too low to explain the resistance of the obstructive bladder neck to dilation by the high pressures generated during voiding. It follows that the obstruction is functional in nature and is caused by a tightening of the bladder neck during micturition.In addition, we find that shape of the urethral resistance relation is quite different in unobstructed and obstructed patients and deduce that, during micturition, an obstructive bladder neck forms a narrow nozzle of approximately constant diameter, usually about 2 mm (6F).
The Influence of Vesical Distension on Urethral Resistance to Flow: the Expulsion Phase
Authors: GHONEIM M. A. , FRETIN J. A. , GAGNON D. J. , SUSSET J. G. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe influence of vesical distension of the urethral pressure profile was studied in female dogs, using a model in which the bladder and urethra were separated.There was a reduction in the urethral resistance involving its smooth and striated muscle components. This reduction was completely blocked by ganglion blocking agents. Atropine did not influence these changes. Propranolol could only partially block this reflex.The other possible mechanisms that could be involved were discussed.
Cysts of the Prostate
Authors: FISCHELOVITCH J. , MEIRAZ D. , LAZEBNIK. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary2 rare cases of prostatic cysts are described. The first was considered to be a congenital cyst originating in the Müllerian system and the second a large retention cyst of the prostate.The problems arising from the present classification of prostatic cysts are briefly noted.
Equivocal Pelvi‐ureteric Obstruction
Authors: WHITAKER ROBERT H. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA series of 40 studies have been used to assess whether or not there is obstruction in the pelviureteric region in 27 kidneys. The perfusion test which is discussed has provided an answer in all cases where the technique was possible and allowed a logical decision to be taken concerning management.
The Therapeutic Application of Hyperthermia in the Bladder
Authors: ENGLAND H. R. , ANDERSON J. D. , MINASIAN H. , MARSHALL V. R. , MOLLAND E. A. , BLANDY J. P. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryExperience with 10 cases of hyperthermic irrigation of the bladder suggests that irrigation with saline at 80°C for 10 to 15 min will stop bleeding and destroy epithelium and muscle layers without causing visceral injury or systemic disturbance.It may be preferable to cystectomy in certain poor‐risk patients, or in those who refuse cystectomy for fear of impotence.
Sexual Function in Hypospadiacs
Authors: KENAWI M. M. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe sexual function of 82 patients treated for hypospadias was assessed. It was concluded that the sexual function in these patients was unsatisfactory only following incomplete or incorrect surgery. The aim of surgery should be to achieve a straight penis with an adequate urethral lumen and a urethral orifice situated at the tip of the glans. Proper assessment of chordee and meticulous care in surgical technique are the prerequisites for success. They are the only preventive measures of the physical, psychic, sexual and social handicaps to which hypospadiacs are subjected.
The Immunological Integrity of Matrix Substance A and its Possible Detection and Quantitation in Urine
Authors: MOORE SHEILA , GOWLAND G. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThere would seem to be no doubt that most stone‐forming patients at some time during the course of their disorder excrete substances not present in normal urine. However, considerable doubt must now exist that “Matrix Substance A” is a single antigenic entity or that its presence is confined to the active formation of renal calculi.
Hypernephroma with Polycythaemia: a Postoperative Complication
Authors: MENZIES‐GOW N. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA case of acute renal failure following radical nephrectomy for hypernephroma in a 72‐year‐old man is presented. It is postulated that this was a direct result of vascular weakness from pre‐operation treatment of the overdistended vessels by repeated venepuncture over too short a period, with resultant loss of vascular tone.
Urinary Infection and Prostatectomy
Authors: JACKAMAN F. R. , CHISHOLM G. D. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe incidence of urinary infection before and after operation for benign prostatic hypertrophy has been reviewed in 140 patients.Repeated screening for bacteriuria was used throughout the hospital admission. Infection was present in 24% before operation and there was a significant correlation between the incidence of infection and the duration of preoperative catheterisation.Postoperative infection developed in 31 % and there was no relation between this incidence and the type of prostatectomy; specific antibacterial therapy was significantly more effective in eradicating urinary infection acquired after operation than before. At the time of discharge from the ward, 10% had infected urine, but only 3% of patients had persistent infection at follow‐up 6 weeks after operation.
Measurement of the Volume of Residual Urine using 131I‐Hippuran and the Gamma Camera
Authors: KALIS E. , LIKOURINAS M. , DERMENTZOGLOU F. , SAMARA B. , GOULANDRIS N. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA modification of the method of determining the volume of residual urine in the bladder using 131I‐Hippuran and the gamma camera is described. The method was applied to 26 patients with either normal or impaired renal function and proved to be both reliable and accurate.
Percutaneous Suprapubic Cystostomy after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: COOK J. B. , SMITH P. H. 
Published: November 2008

Suprapubic cystostomy was, for many years, the treatment of choice in the management of prostatic hypertrophy with retention of urine; for many patients it was the only treatment. Its use in patients following spinal cord injury was discussed by Thomson Walker (1917) and by Vellacott and Webb‐Johnson (1919).The formal cystostomy had many disadvantages but these were largely overcome by the Riches technique (1943). Gradually, however, with the advent of latex catheters and antibiotic therapy the technique of intermittent catheterisation (Guttmann and Frankel, 1966) became more fashionable. It is, however, time‐consuming and satisfactory only in those units with numbers of well‐trained medical and nursing staff.The introduction of the Bard suprapubic catheter (the suprapubic angiocath, 1966, S. P. Bard‐Davol Ltd) allowed us to reconsider the virtues of percutaneous suprapubic catheterisation (Smith, Cook and Robertson, 1969) in the hope that its use would save nursing and medical time and that the preservation of the integrity of the urethra would minimise both infective complications and the possibility of external sphincter spasm. We report our results in our first 43 patients treated with either the Bard catheter or with a Braunperitoneal dialysis catheter which is somewhat more rigid and has proved more reliable.
Trigonal Cyst in Childhood
Authors: TACCIUOLI M. , LAURENTI C. , RACHELI T. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryTrigonal cysts are a rare congenital abnormality and only 18 cases have been described since 1889. There appears, however, to be some controversy regarding this number since, according to some authors, several of the cases reported were probably ureteroceles. Only 4 cases of trigonal cysts in infancy, including the present one, have been reported.A case of trigonal cyst is described in a 7‐year‐old girl with secondary bilateral ureteric dilatation, left ureteric reflux and a non‐functioning left kidney.Reference is made to 3 cases of trigonal cysts in children reported in the literature.
Leukoplakia associated with Renal Tuberculosis in the Chemotherapeutic Era1
Authors: BYRD RICHARD B. , VINER NICHOLAS A. , OMELL GARY H. , TRUNK GARY 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe association of renal tuberculosis and leukoplakia of the renal pelvis was quite conimon in the prechemotherapy era of tuberculosis but has apparently not been seen since effective drugs became available.Despite a prompt response of the tuberculosis to chemotherapy the leukoplakia formation with intermittent passage of keratinised material continued.Surgical removal of the accumulated material was of no lasting benefit.
Urodynamics in Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Authors: ANIKWE R. M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Synchronous urinary flow and pressure studies were carried out on 51 male subjects of whom 12 were normal subjects and 39 had benign prostatic hypertrophy with varying degrees of bladder outlet obstruction.A urodynamic scoring system was evolved for accurate and objective diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction. The minimum urethral resistance was found to be the most valuable single urodynamic parameter for the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction. Hitherto this urodynamic parameter was determined through tedious calculations.In the course of the present study a new instrument, the Urethroresistance, was devised for the direct recording of urethral resistance during micturition.
A Radioisotope Method of Assessing Uretero‐ureteric Reflux
Authors: O'REILLY P. H. , LAWSON R. S. , SHIELDS R. A. , TESTA H. J. , EDWARDS E. CHARLTON , CARROLL R. N. P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A simple radioisotope method of assessing the presence and type of uretero‐ureteric reflux in incomplete duplication of the upper urinary tract is described.The application of the technique in 2 cases in demonstrated.It is suggested that this simple, non‐invasive, non‐toxic technique may possess some advantages over conventional methods of evaluating this condition.
Bone Scanning and Plasma Phosphatases in Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: O'DONOGHUE E. P. N. , CONSTABLE A. R. , SHERWOOD T. , STEVENSON J. J. , CHISHOLM G. D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Bone scanning with 99mTc‐Sn‐HEDP, radiographic skeletal survey and determination of plasma acid and alkaline phosphatase values were carried out in a consecutive series of 90 untreated patients with carcinoma of the prostate. 99mTc‐Sn‐HEDP provided satisfactory bone imaging and was convenient in use.The addition of bone scanning to radiographic survey increases the detection rate of skeletal metatases by 16%.Radiography increases the accuracy of bone scanning by identifying false positive scans due to benign disease and false negative scans when there are diffuse symmetrical bony metastases.The plasma phosphatases alone are less accurate staging tests. The acid phosphatase data support the validity of scan positive—X‐ray negative findings. Bone scan abnormalities due to secondary deposits usually precede elevation of plasma alkaline phosphatase.
The Role of Bone Scanning in the Assessment of Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: McGREGOR B. , TULLOCH A. G. S. , QUINLAN M. F. , LOVEGROVE F. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Fifty new cases of carcinoma of the prostate were assessed prior to treatment to determine the incidence of bony metastases. The radioisotope bone scan was the most sensitive method of detecting metastases and of localising them. It was twice as accurate as the serum acid phosphatase estimation. Skeletal X‐rays were the least accurate method. Forty‐six per cent of patients had abnormal bone scans at presentation.The histological grade of the tumour correlated well with the bone scan. The higher the grade, the more likely was the bone scan to be abnormal. There is need for greater accuracy in detecting metastases, and the bone marrow acid phosphatase estimation, either alone or in conjunction with the bone scan, may provide this accuracy.
Outflow Obstruction in Neuropathic Bladder Dysfunction: The Neuropathic Urethra
Authors: SUNDER G. SHAM , PARSONS K. F. , GIBBON N. O. K. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Urethral pressure profiles were recorded in a series of patients with traumatic lesions of the spinal cord producing vesico‐urethral dysfunction. Patients were classified into groups depending upon the relationship of the lesion to the sympathetic outflow to the bladder and urethra from the spinal cord. Using alpha‐adrenergic blocking agents, the smooth muscle contribution to the maximum urethral pressure was ascertained in each group and differences in both the configuration of the profile, and the smooth muscle component, were found.Increases in the maximum urethral pressure in response to a change in posture were also investigated, and the extent of the increase found to vary according to the level of the spinal lesion in respect of the sympathetic outflow, and with the integrity of the sacral cholinergic reflex arcs.The hypothesis that these changes may be due to urethral “decentralisation supersensitivity” from alterations in circulating catecholamine levels is suggested.
Prediction of Renal Recovery in Hydronephrotic Kidneys
Authors: IBRAHIM AHMED , ASHA HASSAN ABU 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Urine produced by obstructed kidneys was analysed in 35 cases. In the absence of infection by urea splitting organisms, estimation of urinary pH of hydronephrotic kidneys was found to be a reliable method for determination of recovery potential.After removal of obstruction, radiological recovery was almost complete when the pH was lower than 6.Obstructed kidneys producing urine with a pH between 6–7. 1 showed only partial radiological recovery after surgical correction.All kidneys that showed no function on IV urography and those found at operation to possess only a very thin shell of cortex to justify nephrectomy were found to have urinary pH near 7. 3 or more, implying inability of those kidneys to acidify urine.Urinary specific gravity and sodium concentration of obstructed kidneys were not reliable in prediction of renal recovery.
Ureteric Reimplantation for Vesico‐Ureteric Reflux in the Adult
Authors: DOUNIS A. , DUNN M. , SMITH P. J. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A retrospective study of 32 adult patients undergoing ureteric reimplantation for reflux has been carried out.Reflux and reimplantation in relation to urolithiasis, pregnancy, renal failure, hypertension and bladder neck obstruction have been discussed. Eighty‐four per cent of patients with primary reflux had pyelonephritic scarring compared with only 34% of patients where reflux was secondary.Reimplantation has been technically successful in preventing reflux in every patient in this series, with 18 patients (65%) becoming symptom free. Pyelonephritis, hypertension and renal failure were not significantly improved but no progressive changes were observed in the follow‐up period after reimplantation.
Renal Mobility in Women Attending a Pyelonephritis Clinic and in Controls
Authors: THOMSON W. N. T. , INNES J. A. , MUNRO J. F. , GEDDES A. M. , PRESCOTT R. J. , MUROCH J. McC. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The range of vertical renal mobility was established in a group of 129 healthy female subjects and compared with the range of mobility observed in 236 female patients attending a pyelonephritis clinic.The mobility was significantly greater on the right side in both groups and both kidneys moved significantly more in the patient group than in the controls. Excessive mobility could not be directly related to bacteriologically confirmed infection, renal pain or IVP abnormality.Nephroptosis remains an enigma and excessive renal mobility must not be interpreted in isolation.
Diuresis Renography in Equivocal Urinary Tract Obstruction
Authors: O'REILLY P. H. , TESTA H. J. , LAWSON R. S. , FARRAR D. J. , EDWARDS E. CHARLTON 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A trial of the value of diuresis renography in equivocal upper urinary tract obstruction is presented.Fifty‐two patients were examined by standard renorgraphy and renography under a diuretic provocation.The results indicate that the technique is of considerable value in making the vital distinction between dilatation on the excretion urogram due to atonicity and that caused by a genuine obstruction.A quantitative index of the response to diuresis reflecting the degree of impedance to flow is described—the Diuresis Excretion Index.Diuresis renography is recommended in the evauation of the patient with equivocal urinary tract obstruction.
Experience with Anteromedian (12 O'Clock) External Urethral Sphincterotomy in 100 Male Subjects with Neuropathic Bladders
Authors: III W. F. WHITMORE , FAM B. A. , YALLA S. V. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— One hundred male spinal cord injured patients have now undergone anteromedian (12 o'clock) external urethral sphincterotomy alone or in combination with transurethral incision or resection of the bladder neck.The functional effect of this procedure has been documented by voiding cystourethrogram and urodynamic studies.The morbidity and clinical results including blood loss and loss of reflex erections are reviewed.The short‐term clinical results suggest that this is the best of currently available techniques to lower external urethral sphincter resistance.
The Management of Indwelling Catheters
Authors: BROCKLEHURST J. C. , BROCKLEHURST SUSAN 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Eighteen geriatric patients with indwelling catheters were observed for a total of 393 weekly urine specimens. The effects of a 1 week course of antibiotics/chemotherapeutic agent followed by urinary antiseptics for 6 weeks, and also of regular bladder washouts, were noted.All urine specimens were infected except 24% during antibiotic treatment and 9% during antiseptics and 6% after washouts. Only washouts reduced the extent of catheter blockage.There was little difference in the time in situbetween silastic and latex Foley catheters—only 31% of silastic remaining for longer than 4 weeks. Bard‐Roberts catheters were the least satisfactory. Catheter leakage was not affected by urinary pH.Further developments in long‐term catheter management are needed.
Alpha‐Adrenergic Agents in Urinary Disorders of the Proximal Urethra: Part II. Urethral Obstruction due to “Sympathetic Dyssynergia”
Authors: AWAD S. A. , DOWNIE J. W. , KIRULUTA H. G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Lower urinary tract obstruction in patients with neurological lesions can be due to “sympathetic dyssynergia”.The obstruction can be at the level of the external sphincter.Phentolamine (i.v.) used during the voiding cystourethrogram helps to make the diagnosis.Phenoxybenzamine therapy produced improvement in 10 of 18 patients.As a rule, patients had to continue on the drug to maintain their response.
Immunological Studies of Testicular Tissue in Oligozoospermic and Azoospermic Patients*
Authors: TAYLOR T. A. , SCOTT D. G. , ANDERSON C. K. , JONES N. , STEWART P. A. H. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Testicular biopsies from 6 oligozoospermic and 12 azoospermic patients were examined histologically and immunohistologically. Evidence of maturation arrest and of Type II allergic reactions involving tubular basement membranes was found in all oligozoospermic patients. No evidence of an immune reaction was found in 9 azoospermic patients with maturation arrest. Unilateral or bilateral germ cell aplasia with evidence of mixed Type II and III or Type III and IV reactions was present in 2 oligozoospermic and 2 azoospermic patients.The findings have been interpreted to indicate that maturation arrest and germ cell aplasia may occasionally be linked in a chain of immunological events, initiated possibly by damage to tubular basement membranes. No correlation was demonstrable between the histological and immunohistological findings and indirect immunofluorescent tests for sperm antibodies. It is suggested that testicular biopsy is a potentially hazardous procedure in the investigation of infertility, and that prepubertal testicular tissues as well as sperm be used as antigens in the immunological investigation of infertility
A New Urinary Test for Stone “Activity”
Authors: HALLSON P. C. , ROSE G. ALAN 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Rapid evaporation of urine to osmolarity 1200 results in a high incidence of envelope Wedellite and calcium phosphate crystals. The Wedellite crystals closely resemble those seen in untreated urine samples of stone formers.The incidence of crystalluria produced by these tests is higher in the stone formers than in the normal subjects, reduced by thiazides and increased by cellulose phosphate; combined thiazide and cellulose phosphate therapy was most effective in reducing crystalluria.Simple calcium and oxalate concentration products were calculated and did not correlate well with incidence of calcium oxalate crystalluria. Although the product is important, inhibitors of crystal formation must be equally important.It is postulated, but not proven, that the evaporation tests may indicate normal subjects at risk to stone formation when exposed to chronic dehydration and whether a stone former is still metabolically active.
Pre‐operative Arterial Embolisation in Renal Carcinoma
Authors: ARKELL D. G. , COTTER K. PAULE , FITZ‐PATRICK J. D. , SHAW R. E. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Nephrectomy for carcinoma is often accompanied by moderate or severe bleeding but this may be reduced by prior occlusion of the renal artery.Embolisation with fresh autologous clot is rendered ineffective by rapid lysis. In vitro experiments showed that the clot could be stabilised by the addition of epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA).By injecting stabilised clot into the renal artery, satisfactory devascularisation of kidney and tumour was achieved in 10 patients.