bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tiv Proverbs as a Means of Social Control
Authors: Bergsma Harold M. 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionOf all the verbal art forms employed by the Tiv, such as singing, story-telling, and proverbs, the last are the most consistently used in everyday situations. Elders today often converse by means of proverbs to prevent young listeners from understanding what they are talking about, for many youngsters have not learned the use of proverbs because they have been to school or away from home for extended periods and have thus lost touch with ‘archaic’ usages.Proverbs are employed in a variety of situations: to control activities without the use of force, as devices for shaming, for getting out of difficult situations without losing face, as a means of praise, in prophetic utterances, and as general explanations for that sphere of Tiv environment which is beyond comprehension, especially illness or ‘acts of God’.
Taaken Sàmàarii: a Drum Language of Hausa Youth
Authors: Ames David W. , Gregersen Edgar A. , Neugebauer Thomas 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionThis collaboration began when Ames and Gregersen met in Zaria, the capital of one of the old Hausa kingdoms in northern Nigeria. Gregersen, an anthropological linguist, was collecting material for a grammar of Hausa language, and Ames was making an anthropological study of the status and role of professional musicians.
Economic models and having children: some evidence from Kwahu, Ghana
Authors: Oppong Christine , Bleek Wolf 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis paper is concerned with aspects of reproduction and fertility among the Kwahu of southern Ghana, an Akan sub-group, and more particularly among the members of a lineage in one rural town characterised by profound socio-economic change and differentiation. Fragments of the field data presented are taken from a larger corpus of materials focusing on family life, sexuality and birth control collected during the early 1970s.The data discussed here pertain to people's decisions whether or not to practise contraception, to have abortions, to carry pregnancies to full term – in short, whether or not to regulate their fertility by traditional and modern chemical and mechanical methods. We note as we proceed why some individuals will terminate a pregnancy at all costs, even risking life and health to do so, and why others have a fatalistic or casual approach to the results of their activities and the outcome of their pregnancy. These materials are presented within the context of a brief account of some current problems encountered in micro-economic demographic modelling exercises based on rational decision-making premisses, and of recent attempts to build bridges between ethnographers and economists.
Chiefship and the history of Nyavingi possession among the Bashu of eastern Zaire
Authors: Packard Randall M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphNyavingi possession has had a long and varied history among the peoples who occupy the borderlands of northern Rwanda, south-western Uganda and eastern Zaire. Jim Freedman (1974, 1979), Who has studied the cult's early history and diffusion, has suggested that Nyavingi, or Nyabingi, as it is more frequently spelled, initially emerged in association with the rule of the Bashambo clan in the ancient kingdom of Ndorwa, although its role as a religious support for Bashambo rule may only date from the collapse of Ndorwa and the establishment of Bashambo kingdoms to the west of Lake Bunyoni in Kigezi and in the Mutara district of Rwanda at the end of the eighteenth century. While it is perhaps impossible to define the exact role which Nyavingi played in the Bashambo states, Freedman suggests that, at least in the successor states, Nyavingi represented a powerful spirit of a deceased female ancestor of the Bashambo. Hopkins (1969) notes, in addition, that, as a result of its support of Bashambo rule in northern Rwanda, Nyavingi became a focus of local resistance to Tutsi political expansion into the region.
Women's agricultural production and political action in the Cameroon Grassfields
Authors: Diduk Susan 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphOn that day if you had seen me, you would not have known me; dirty cap with feathers and a long stick, since doesn't fear send a walking stick forward? I put dirty clothes on and I looked like ‘massa’ [my husband]. I even wore plant leaves around my neck so as to make all men [people] put their minds to this [problem].…Today fombuen doesn't march because there isn't trouble but if cows come again they will join! Women know the sound of the whistle and they will leave their cooking pots on the fire. [A Kedjom Ketinguh woman who participated in the 1958 fombuen march to Bamenda]
Religion and ethnicity in the arts of a Limba Chiefdom
Authors: Ottenberg Simon 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis article examines the major visual and performing arts of one society and explores what changes have occurred to them over roughly one hundred years as a consequence of external religious and ethnic forces. This is a holistic, processual view of a people's arts in a particular region, providing a model to balance the excellently detailed studies of specific art forms which now exist for Africa. Using a holistic view we will raise certain issues concerning changes in African art. One of the most significant is the interrelationship of ethnicity and religion. Scholars (Bravmann, 1974, 1983; Prussin, 1986) have written extensively on the influence of Islam on African art, but have not seriously raised the question of the ethnic factor associated with Islam, which is equally important. In the case of Islam and its carriers there is a delicate intermixing of religion and ethnicity which is at issue and needs exploration. Further, the holistic approach employed here brings to the fore the reasons behind the wide range of responses to change of the various art forms of a people. Why do some syncretise, some disappear and others remain unchanged? Again, the holistic view allows us to ask to what extent the arts of a people merely reflect forces of change, or do they play roles in leading and directing it? The approach requires considerable background history, which is presented below.
Creating a text: alternative interpretations of Gonja drum history
Authors: Goody Esther , Goody Jack 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDrum chants in Damongo (northern Ghana) are recited in a ‘deep’ Gonja that few understand. In transcribing them (and thereby creating a text), the potential for variant interpretations is very great, as is shown by comparing a sample of J. A. Braimah's rendering with one prepared with the help of the drummers by Esther Goody in 1964-65. The text J. A. Braimah published supports a particular view of Gonja's past.
Prehistory and Ideology in Zimbabwe
Authors: Garlake P. S. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphZimbabwe has adopted the name of the Shona state, centred on the city of Great Zimbabwe, which flourished between five and eight hundred years ago, and whose ruined stone walls are one of the most remarkable monuments in Africa. Great Zimbabwe was a considerable human achievement, evidence of the acquisition and management of a huge and docile labour force, of prolonged political stability and economic prosperity.When the British South Africa Company occupied the country in 1890 the monument became the subject of considerable settler polemic and controversy. While its origins were still uncertain Cecil Rhodes recognized the considerable propaganda value that evidence of ancient foreign settlement, preferably white and successful and with Biblical origins, would have. It would give a precedent and respectability to the conquest and a promise of similar prosperity to the settlers and investors in the new colony. Rhodes acquired many antiquities from Great Zimbabwe, and initiated excavations at the site and searches of the archives of Rome and Lisbon for documents referring to it. He himself sought parallels to its art in the museums of Cairo. He also commissioned eminent mining engineers to determine the origins and yield of the ‘ancient gold workings’ in the country. Finally, he had Richard Hall, an enthusiastic propagandist of the settler cause in newspapers, lectures and exhibitions, and a fanatical advocate of immensely old Biblical origins for Great Zimbabwe, appointed curator of the Ruins expressly to instruct important visitors in his theories.
Models of arithmetic and subuniform bounds for the arithmetic sets
Authors: Lachlan Alistair H. , Soare Robert I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt has been known for more than thirty years that the degree of a non-standard model of true arithmetic is a subuniform upper bound for the arithmetic sets (suub). Here a notion of generic enumeration is presented with the property that the degree of such an enumeration is an suub but not the degree of a non-standard model of true arithmetic. This answers a question posed in the literature.
Laver indestructibility and the class of compact cardinals
Authors: Apter Arthur W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUsing an idea developed in joint work with Shelah, we show how to redefine Laver's notion of forcing making a supercompact cardinal κ indestructible under κ-directed closed forcing to give a new proof of the Kimchi-Magidor Theorem in which every compact cardinal in the universe (supercompact or strongly compact) satisfies certain indestructibility properties. Specifically, we show that if K is the class of supercompact cardinals in the ground model, then it is possible to force and construct a generic extension in which the only strongly compact cardinals are the elements of K or their measurable limit points, every κ ∈ K is a supercompact cardinal indestructible under ∈-directed closed forcing, and every κ a measurable limit point of K is a strongly compact cardinal indestructible under κ-directed closed forcing not changing ℘(κ). We then derive as a corollary a model for the existence of a strongly compact cardinal κ which is not κ+ supercompact but which is indestructible under κ-directed closed forcing not changing ℘(κ) and remains non-κ+ supercompact after such a forcing has been done.
Prehistoric Canals in the Salt River Valley, Arizona
Authors: Schroeder Albert H. 
Published: April 2006

One of the greatest concentrations of the Hohokam in the desert of southern Arizona was in the region of Phoenix where the westerly flowing Salt River was tapped to supply the arable lands with water.Many theories have been woven about these prehistoric canals which lined the valley and were plainly visible to the first settlers in 1866. As is only natural, the early pioneers noted, followed, and reused many of the Hohokam canals. Through such close association, the farmer and hydraulic engineer became curious as to the story behind them.
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos: Las Flores, Tampico
Authors: Littmann Edwin R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemical and microscopic examination of the material from successive floors of Mound A, Las Flores, Tampico, indicates that each building unit consisted of a lime-aggregate forming a monolithic mass, with subsequent plastering, essentially as at Comalcalco, Tabasco.
Stratigraphic Tests in the Everglades National Park
Authors: Goggin John M. 
Published: April 2006

The chronological picture in the Glades Area of southern Florida is based on the combined sequences for three subareas, Calusa, Okeechobee, and Tekesta (Goggin, 1947). The Tekesta sequence is perhaps most detailed, being the result of site seriation and of stratigraphic testing at Upper Matecumbe Key (Goggin and Sommer, 1949). Even in this sub-area, however, further stratigraphic work is needed to fill out the picture.An attempt was made to supply the necessary details during three days in January and February, 1949, when archaeological tests were conducted in the Everglades National Park, specifically on the headwaters of Shark River and in the Cape Sable area at the extreme southern tip of the state. The National Park Service was represented in this work by J. C. Harrington, Regional Archaeologist; Willard Dilley, Park Naturalist; and Paul Barnes, Ranger. Dr. John W. Goggin of Miami, Ripley Bullen of the Florida Park Service Archaeological Survey, and the writer made up the balance of the personnel.
Beveled or “Rotary” Points
Authors: Smith Arthur George 
Published: April 2006

Campbell and Ellis in their article on the Rio Grande Atrisco Sites (American Antiquity Vol. 17, No. 3, 1952) say: “Perhaps the most interesting characteristic of the type (5 out of 8 specimens) is its tendency to show a definite rifling or beveling which would presumably insure its whirling in flight.” This is an amazing statement to find in a serious report made by two competent modern archaeologists.Beveling the edges of points is a very ancient trait. Fluted points have been found with beveled edges. However the reason for this beveling was not to insure the spinning of the shaft in flight; beveling is not productive of that effect. In fact, aerodynamically, there is not enough force generated against the surface of these bevels on any point small enough to serve as an arrow or atlatl dart tip, to spin the shaft. Spinning is achieved by the set of the feathering, but we know of no use of unfeathered arrows on this continent. Even the early atlatl darts seem to have been feathered at the nock end.
An Eden-Scottsbluff Burial in Northeastern Wisconsin
Authors: Mason Ronald J. , Irwin Carol 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1959 the Neville Public Museum, Green Bay, Wisconsin, discovered and excavated a cremation burial site near the base of the Door Peninsula in northeastern Wisconsin. Associated with the cremated remains of a human being were fire-cracked rocks, the fire-shattered fragments of large quartzite bifacial implements, and projectile points of Eden and Scottsbluff types. A possible Turin type of side-notched flint projectile point was also in association. The site is on the crest of a fossil beach equatable with the Main Algonquin lake stage of the Green Bay-Lake Michigan basins, thus establishing a maximum possible age for the cultural features. That the artifacts and burial are post-Lake Algonquin by not more than about 2500 years is indicated by typological comparisons of the artifacts with radiocarbon-dated assemblages in the High Plains, usually regarded as the center of the Eden-Scottsbluff complex. An age of 6500 to 4000 B.C. is suggested for the burial.
Interpreting the Function of Primitive Implements
Authors: Sonnenfeld J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractReconstruction of the subsistence relationship existing between prehistoric man and his environment has been handicapped by the difficulty of ascribing reasonably precise function to many of his tools. This study began as an attempt to interpret the function of the enigmatic celt; it developed into a field experiment which included the testing of a series of stone hoes in an effort to prove or disprove the existence of prehistoric implements with the hoe function. Inherent difficulties and limitations in the functional approach to implement testing and interpretation are indicated.
Phosphorus Content of the Texas Street “Hearths”
Authors: Cruxent J. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAnalysis of phosphorus content of three “hearth” samples and two control samples does not support the claim that the Texas Street “hearths” are the result of man's activity. In fact, the absence of high phosphorus content of the “hearths” is considered to be strong evidence that the site was not occupied by man.
More's Attic Nights: Sir Thomas Move's Use of Aulus Gellius' ‘Nodes Atticae’
Authors: Schoeck R. J. 
Published: April 2006

That More read and referred to Aulus Gellius has apparently escaped the attention of such More scholars as R. W. Chambers and J. H. Lupton, though there are at least two allusions to or citations of the Noctes Atticae in More's Correspondence; and at least once in his History of Richard HI (though in the Latin only) and more than once in his Debellation of Salem and Bizance More gives evidence of his familiarity with the Noctes Atticae.Although Aulus Gellius was apparently not translated during More's lifetime, and indeed not until quite late in the story of English translations from the classics, there are numerous Latin editions after the editio princeps of 1469—and none can question the accessibility of such a Latin work to the humanists of More's day.
Everie Woman in her Humor
Authors: Cutts John P. 
Published: April 2006

Everie Woman in her Humor has received very little critical attention since J. Quincy Adams' study of the play in its relation to The Dumb Knight in 1913. There he stated:Since Machin's Dumb Knight was written for these Children [the Children of His Majesty's Revels] in 1607-8, since his three eclogues were affixed to Barkstead's Mirrha in 1607, since Every Woman is exactly the type of play acted by the Children, and since it was published in 1609, I am inclined to believe that it dates from about 1607, and that it probably belonged to the repertory of the Whitefriars troupe.
Peter Bruegel and the Duke of Alba*
Authors: Ferber Stanley 
Published: April 2006

When dealing with artists active during periods of crises and turmoil, it is not only desirable, but advantageous for art historians to examine their works within the given historical context. There arc few artists to whom this approach can be applied more beneficially than to Peter Bruegel, the Elder.Living his last years (d. 1569) in Brussels during a period of intense conflict between Netherlandish Protestants and the forces of Catholic Spain, during a period when religious motives and nationalist interests were barely discernible from each other, it would be surprising indeed if so acute an observer of his surroundings as Bruegel did not give specific visual expression to the events of his time.
Sidney, Tessier, Batchelar and A Musicall Banquet: Two Notes
Authors: Doughtie Edward 
Published: April 2006

Two small nuggets of information have come to light which would not seem important in themselves did not their implications touch on matters of more general interest concerning music and literature in the Renaissance. At any rate, it seemed to me that they deserve more than a footnote. Both are connected one way or another with Sidney and with Robert Dowland's anthology of English and continental lute-songs, A Musicall Banquet (1610).One of the composers represented in A Musicall Banquet, along with John Dowland and Giulio Caccini, is Daniell Batchelar. Batchelar's contribution is a setting of a poem by the Earl of Essex, ‘To plead my faith’ (No. VI).
Thomas Traherne and Hermes Trismegistus
Authors: Marks Carol L. 
Published: April 2006

Among Renaissance Platonists, the texts ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus provoked both adulation and controversy. Scholars variously considered the texts precious repositories of ancient wisdom; labeled them frauds; or, more cautiously, suggested they were partly corrupt, partly wise. The first step towards enlightenment came in 1614, when Isaac Casaubon challenged the authenticity of the hermetic texts. Except by ignoring Casaubon, no one thereafter could believe (as William Baldwin could in 1555) that ‘of all the Philosophers’ Hermes was ‘not onely the most excellent, but also the most auncient.’No longer coeval with Moses, no longer indeed assured of personal existence, Hermes came in the seventeenth century to occupy an equivocal position. On the one hand, Casaubon's argument was far too convincing to be denied; on the other, the traditional reputation of Hermes, in Marsilio Ficino's influential words, ‘Primus… Theologiae Autor,’ was far too popular to die a swift and decisive death.
Traditional Myths and Historian's Myths: Variations on the Singwaya Theme of Mijikenda Origins
Authors: Spear Thomas T. 
Published: April 2006

African myths of origin have long both fascinated and perplexed historians. Naively taken as fact, they have led historians to create their own myths, such as the Hamitic Myth and its corollary, Sudanic Civilization. The most radical corrective has been to dismiss origin myths altogether on the anthropologial rationale that all myths are simply cultural charters and bear little resemblance to historical fact. By so doing, however, quite frequently we uncritically dismiss our sole source for the history of African peoples prior to the nineteenth century. The task, then, is to try to sift the historical wheat from the mythical chaff in order to recover as much valid historical evidence as possible from origin myths without violating the canons of historical method.A case in point is the Singwaya tradition of Mijikenda and other Kenyan coastal peoples' origins. The Singwaya tradition is one of the most frequently cited and discussed myths of origin of African peoples. Most of the discussion, however, has taken place in a void, because the myth concerns peoples about whom we have known very little and whose traditions have been collected only fragmentarily at best. Its appeal has lain in the fact that this tradition has been collected dozens of times from the 1840s to the present from virtually all the coastal peoples, including the Bajun, the Pokomo along the Tana River, the nine different Mijikenda peoples, the Segeju, the lowland Taita, and two Mombasa Swahili groups. Its widespread distribution has caused the tradition to have a fatal fascination for historians.The first collections of traditions of origin for the coastal peoples were made in the latter half of the nineteenth century by Krapf, Rebmann, Guillain, Burton, Wakefield, New, and Taylor, the earliest missionaries and travelers in the Mijikenda area. These collections were sketchy, and although they mentioned northerly origins they did not specifically mention Singwaya. Starting with Hollis' earliest collections in 1897, the traditions rapidly acquired greater detail. Collections by Johnstone, Platts, MacDougall, Champion, Pearson, Werner, Osborne, Sharpe, Weaving, Hobley, Griffiths, Dammann, Kayamba, and Prins among various coastal peoples all relate a common theme: that the Pokomo, the Taita, seven of the nine Mijikenda peoples, the Segeju, and the Kilindini and Jomvu Swahili all shared common origins in a place called Singwaya located on the southern Somali coast; that they were driven from there by an invasion of the Galla; and that they migrated south in several groups to their present areas of settlement.
The National Archives of Cameroon
Authors: Austen Ralph A. 
Published: April 2006

As of July, 1973, the National Archives of Cameroon were located in two offices: a main branch at the capital, Yaoundé, and a second collection at Buea, the former British West Cameroon capital. Both centers are open to researchers during normal government office hours. Access to the Yaoundé collection requires no special formalities for any bona fide academic researcher (manuscript documents are closed to individuals working on their own private economic or legal affairs). To work in Buea it is necessary to have the written permission of the Yaoundé Director of Archives. Documents are considered ‘open’ if they are more than thirty years old. Conditions of work in both centers are reasonably comfortable and pleasant. Relatively few scholars are usually to be found in the reading rooms, and documents are produced fairly rapidly and in generous quantities.These are all to be found in Buea: they cover the period beginning with the earliest British administration in 1914. Files for the Buea Residency (covering both the Bamenda and the southern regions of former West Cameroon) are well catalogued. Efforts were also being made to catalogue files from subordinate administrative centers. Some material relevant to the British administration of Cameroon is also to be found in various Nigerian archives.