bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Micro‐container Technique for Studying Virus Transmission by Nematodes*
Authors: VALDEz R. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPrevious methods for studying virus transmission by nematodes were improved to achieve up to 100 per cent infection when using single specimens of Xiphinema diversicaudatum(Micol.) and small petunia test plants grown in micro‐containers kept inside moist chambers. Four ml of steamed soil/sand (2:1) mixture were used during test feeding, and more was added as the plants grew. The roots were tested for infection by inoculating appropriate indicator plants and the virus was identified serologically.
Lolium Mottle Virus
Authors: Brook John A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA previously unrecorded virus with isometric particles 27 nm diameter, has been isolated from Lolium perenne L. and Cynosurus cristatus L. from Eire and from C. cristatus from Yorkshire, and named lolium mottle virus (LMV). The virus could be inoculated into cultivars of wheat, oats, barley and rye, and Lagurus ovatus L. It is symptomless in Lolium multifloriim Lam. and Phleumpratense L. Some properties of LMV are reported. The virus, though readily sap transmissible, was not transmitted by two Oulema species (Coleoptera) or by three species of aphids (Hemiptera).
Fireblight: Occurrence of Bacterial Strands on Various Hosts under Glasshouse Conditions
Authors: Eden‐green S. J. , Billing Eve 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYExudate extruded in the form of aerial strands or threads has been observed on shoots and leaves of apple, pear, hawthorn and quince infected with fijreblight under glasshouse conditions. Strands were up to 100 mm long, with diameters 6–300 μm; colourless, amber or brick red; unstable at high humidities and instantly soluble in water. Aqueous solutions gave viable bacterial counts equivalent to 107— 108cells/mm3 dry strand.The possible significance of these findings in disease epidemiology is discussed.
Continuous Breeding of Wheat Bulb Fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata(Fall.)
Authors: Jones Margaret G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYWheat bulb flies were bred successfully at all times of the year. Larvae were obtained out of season by delaying hatching; the emerging larvae successfully infested wheat seedlings kept at 15°C or below. When larval development was complete, infested plants were moved to cages in a glasshouse for pupation and adult emergence. After emergence and during the pre‐oviposition period (one month) the flies were provided with a diet of aphid honeydew, honey solution, dried milk and yeast mixture, and mammalian blood. After mating, the females were moved to lantern‐glass breeding chambers kept at about 20°C, where they laid eggs. The eggs were stored for 8 wk at 20°C followed by at least 14–16 wk at 0°C before being used to infest winter wheat seedlings. More flies were produced when plants were kept at temperatures fluctuating between 5 and 15°C than at constant temperatures of 10 and 15°C.
Effects of Thiahendazole on Verticillium Wilt of Lucerne
Authors: Dixon G. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYExperiments using thiabendazole (2‐(4‐thiazolyl) benzimidazole) for thé control of Verticillium albo‐atrum in lucerne are described. In in vitro tests thiabendazole completely inhibited fungal growth. In the glasshouse, spray treatments were ineffective but a soil drench treatment using 50 p.p.m. of active ingredient proved the most effective. In some other treatments phytotoxicity was observed. In most cultivars in a field trial there appeared to be a cumulative reduction in wilt development with further applications of fungicide: in cvs. Du Puits, Europe, Flamande and Provence the reduction occurred more quickly than in Cardinal, Emeraude, Eynsford and FD100.
The Effect of Systemic Fungicides on the Aphid Pathogen, Cephalosporium aphidicola
Authors: Wilding Neil 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDevelopment of Cephalosporium aphidicola was inhibited in vitro by the fungicides benomyl and triarimol but not by dimethirimol. However, neither triarimol nor dimethirimol inhibited the fungus in individuals of the aphid. Aphis gossypii, that fed on cucumber plants treated with the fungicides. Plants treated with benomyl were aphicidal.
Studies on the Host Range and Properties of Cocksfoot Mottle and Phleum Mottle Viruses
Authors: Benigno D. A. , A'Brook John 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYFurther studies on cocksfoot mottle and phleum mottle viruses have extended their known host ranges amongst the Gramineae, and examination of their physical properties confirms the suggestion by Walters (1969) that these viruses belong in the southern bean mosaic group of beetle‐transmitted plant viruses.
Influence of Stubble Treatment and Autumn Application of Nitrogen to Stubbles on the subsequent Incidence of Take‐all and Eyespot
Authors: Shipton P. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYCommercial‐scale field trials on farms in North Hampshire over four seasons (1963 to 1968) showed that nitrogen applied to wheat or barley stubble after harvest in the autumn failed to reduce the incidence of take‐all and eyespot in the succeeding wheat or barley crop, or produced only minor reductions in the spring which were not maintained up to the stage of crop maturity. There were no consistent significant differences in levels of disease between rate or form of nitrogen applied as urea/ammonium nitrate spray at 0, 12, 24 or 48 units/acre (1 unit/ac × 1·25 kg/ha), ammoniacal gas liquor spray at 48 units/acre and anhydrous ammonia injected at 40 units/acre. Burning‐off stubbles with high‐output flame cultivators did not significantly reduce the incidence of either disease.
Effect of ‘Dowco 275’, a New Organophosphorus Nematicide, on Potato Cyst Nematode
Authors: Whitehead A. G. , Ahmed S. N. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY‘Dowco 275’ (0,0‐diethyl 0‐(6‐fluoro‐2 pyridyl) phosphorothioate) at 2·5, 5 and 10 p.p.m. in pots of sandy loam controlled potato cyst nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.). At 5 p.p.m. the control was as effective as with aldicarb.
The Effects of Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite (Panonychus ulmi) on Yield of Apple Trees in Kent
Authors: Light W. I. St. G. , Ludlam F. A. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYYields of apple fruits over 55 mm or 2 1/4 in. in diameter of CV. Cox's Orange Pippin in orchards studied in Kent were significantly decreased in only two out of five years between 1965 and 1971 by infestations of fruit tree red spider mite. In both these years, early peak populations of the mite occurred before mid‐July.
Spread and Control of Fusarium Wilt of Carnations
Authors: Fletcher J. T. , Martin J. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSymptom production was recorded during a 31 month period in a commercial crop of carnations infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. dianthi. In the first year spread was slow but increased to approximately 12 in. (0·305 m) of bed length per month by the end of the crop.The degree of infection and colonization of the plants did not differ greatly at 18–20°C or 23–25°C, although symptoms appeared more rapidly at the higher temperature.Benomyl, applied as a drench to each plant at the rate of 1·5 g and 3·0 g/4·5 l./200 ml. suppressed symptom expression and was not markedly phytotoxic. Best results were obtained when the fungicide was applied within a week of planting into infested soil. Bioassay results of treated plants indicated a maximum level of activity within the plant 10–14 days after application.
Effects of Three Soil Fumigants on Carabidae
Authors: Critchley B. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe effects on Carabidae of using ethylene dibromide, chloropicrin or dazomet to control Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber in a sandy loam soil in field plots near Ascot, Berkshire, were assessed after treatments in 1965 and 1966. Immediate and longer term effects of the soil fumigants were estimated by pitfall trapping beetles that were active on the surface of the plots. All the compounds tested were initially toxic or repellent, as indicated by a fall in numbers trapped, with dazomet appearing to have the greatest effect soon after application. When assessed 6–8 months after treatment, ethylene dibromide appeared to have the greatest effect; this difference with time could be attributed to the larger molecular weight of ethylene dibromide allowing it to persist longer.
A Preliminary Proposal for the Detection of Barley Mildew Infection Periods
Authors: Polley R. W. , King J. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe development of powdery mildew of barley was studied during May and June in 1971 and 1972. Spore trapping data, and experiments involving the exposure of mildew‐free plants in a barley crop, established that periods when there was a high incidence of infection, with subsequent disease development, generally coincided with days on which large numbers of Erysiphe conidia were trapped above the crop. Meteorological criteria are described which have detected high risk infection periods for the two years under consideration.
Observations on Winter Survival and Diapausing Behaviour of Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) on Glasshouse Roses
Authors: French N. , Ludlam F. A. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYObservations on the diapausing behaviour of red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae (Koch)) on glasshouse roses were made during the winters of 1969–70, 1970–71 and 1971–72 in a total of 11 glasshouses on six nurseries in Kent and Sussex. In one glasshouse no diapausing forms occurred but in another nearly all mites went into diapause. In the other glasshouses different proportions of diapausing and non‐diapausing forms occurred. On the three nurseries where tests were made diapausing mites were resistant to demeton‐S‐methyl. Diapausing behaviour was not apparently affected by different methods of growing roses.
Beet Mosaic ‐ a Declining Disease in England
Authors: Heathcote G. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSurveys made by fieldmen of the British Sugar Corporation since 1946 showed that beet mosaic virus has declined in importance. Root crops in the Felsted and Spalding beet‐sugar factory districts have been most affected by the virus. Disease control in beet‐seed crops, well‐timed treatment of sugar‐beet root crops with systemic insecticides, and a decrease in the mangold crop acreage have contributed to its decline. However, common weeds, especially wild beet are persistent hosts for the virus.
Laboratory and Field Tests of Insecticides against Douglas Fir Seed Wasp (Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl)
Authors: Stoakley J. T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTests were made to select insecticides which would kill adult seed wasps in crowns of cone‐bearing Douglas ftr trees. In the laboratory, gamma BHC, malathion and diazinon were found to be active against females. In further tests, on males and females, gamma BHC and malathion were active when the insects were allowed contact with treated surfaces; fenitrothion was less active. The effectiveness of gamma BHC was partly due to fumigant action whereas malathion and fenitrothion had no fumigant effect. In separate field experiments between 1962 and 1966 in Kent and Herefordshire, gamma BHC and fenitrothion gave no control but malathion gave good control. In 1968, trees in Kent to which malathion was apphed three times at 10‐day intervals during June had about 13 per cent infestation of potentially sound seed, when assessed in September, compared with about 45 per cent infestation on unsprayed trees. Malathion plus gamma BHC did not further reduce infestation.
Control of the Take‐all Fungus by Grass Leys in Intensive Cereal Cropping
Authors: Deacon J. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYColonization of wheat roots by Gaeumannomyces graminis (syn. Ophiobolus graminis), the take‐all fungus, was slower in inverted grass turves or soils from beneath grass crops than in fallow soil. Control of the growth of G. graminis in turves was completely lost when they were sterilized and recolonized by micro‐organisms from fallow soil, and was therefore due to micro‐organisms present on the grass roots. Most, if not all, of this control is ascribed to Phialophora radi‐cicola, because the effectiveness of different turves was directly proportional to their populations of P. radicicola; fallow soil inoculated with a natural population‐level of this fungus restricted colonization of wheat roots by G. graminis.The high populations of P. radicicola in all English grasslands examined, its rapid build‐up to these levels and the considerable carry‐over on successive wheat crops after grass (Deacon, 1972) suggests a role for short‐term grass leys in the control of take‐all in intensive cereal rotations. But, grasses can partially maintain the population of G. graminis between cereal crops, and so they should not be sown immediately after a heavily‐infected crop.
Infection of Cricket Bat Willow (Salix alba var. caerulea) Sm. by Erwinia salicis (Day) Chester detected in the Field by the Use of a Specific Antiserum
Authors: Wong W. C. , Preece T. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe use of a slide agglutination test on squeezed‐out sap of cultivated cricket bat willow trees allowed rapid diagnosis of infection by Erwinia salicis in the field. By this means, infection of “classically” diseased willow trees with both red leaf and wood staining was confirmed. Trees with either red leaf or wood stain, but not both symptoms, were also shown to be infected. Symptomless infection of cricket bat willow trees was detected. E. salicis was viable in the stumps of trees felled five years previously. Some of these stumps were in an advanced state of decay and some were producing symptomless leafy shoots. Trees dying with severe die‐back symptoms and infected with Armil‐ laria mellea, were shown to be infected with E. salicis. Salix caprea and S. vitellina, two wild species of willow, were also shown to be infected.
Chemical Control of Wheat Bulb Fly in the East Midlands, 1968–70
Authors: Mathias P. L. , Roberts P. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYUnder severe infestation pressure and delayed emergence following mid‐October drilling, only dieldrin seed dressing gave an acceptable control of wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.). The control afforded by commercial seed dressings of BHC, carbopheno‐thion, chlorfenvinphos, ethion and the experimental compounds GS 13006 and pirimiphos‐ethyl, and by chlorfenvinphos granules was markedly inferior to that obtained with dieldrin seed dressing.In short‐row screening trials, bendiocarb, C 10015, C 18244, carbo‐furan, dialifor, ethoprop, iodofenphos, methiocarb, ‘Phosvel’, PPC‐3, propoxur and RD 21192 showed little promise. Phoxim and pirimiphos‐ethyl showed some promise but were not sufficiently active to warrant further study. Special seed dressing formulations of ‘Dursban’ did not overcome the inherent phytotoxicity of the compound to germinating wheat seed.
Chemical Control of Carrot Fly (Psila rosae (F.)) on Parsnip
Authors: Hill D. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDuring the past few years the recommended treatment for the control of carrot fly larvae on parsnip roots has been phorate granules applied ‘bow‐wave’ at drilling at 31b active ingredient/acre (3·36 kg/ha), followed by two foliar sprays of chlorfenvinphos each at 2 lb a.i./acre (2·24 kg/ha). This has been the standard recommendation for the control of carrot fly on carrots grown on peat soils. In a trial in 1972 this treatment gave useful control of a heavy carrot fly infestation on parsnips on a peat soil in eastern England. Protection lasted for approximately 30 weeks, after which the amount of damage increased sharply. Of the granular insecticides tested in the same trial as alternatives to phorate at drillng, chlorfenvinphos was reasonably eifective, but neither disulfoton nor diazinon gave adequate control.Two sprays of chlorfenvinphos applied later in the season to previously untreated parsnips were ineffective.Parsnips in untreated plots were heavily attacked by both first and second generation larvae; 37–40 per cent of the untreated plants were actually killed by the first generation larvae.
A Survey in England and Wales for Ring Rot of Potatoes caused by Corynebacterium sepedonicum
Authors: Lelliott R. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYRing rot is not known to occur in Gt. Britain but was intercepted at Enghsh ports in 19 consignments of ware potatoes from Europe during the period 1958–67. No ring rot was detected in a survey of 4,417 stored potato crops on farms in England and Wales made in the winters of 1967–68 and 1968–69, indicating that if the disease had been present for more than a few years prior to the survey it is most unlikely that it would have escaped detection.
Side‐Effects of Downy Mildew Fungicides on the Incidence of Hop Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca humuli)
Authors: RMoyle D. J. , Griffin M. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn a trial on 10 acres (4 ha) of hops in 1972, three downy mildew fungicides were superimposed on to a routine dinocap schedule and compared for their effects on powdery mildew control. Both mildew diseases built up to fairly high levels between the last spray applications and harvest. Copper oxychloride was significantly superior to zineb in restricting development of powdery mildew in hop cones while propineb appeared to be only slightly inferior to copper. There were no differences between fungicides for control of downy mildew.Cone yield was significantly correlated with the amount of downy mildew, but not of powdery mildew, at harvest.
Tolerance to Benomyl in Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium corymbiferum
Authors: Jarvis W. R. , Hargreaves A. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIsolates of Botrytis cinerea which grew rapidly and sporulated on media containing 1,000 p.p.m. benomyl were obtained from mummified fruits of (a) strawberry plants treated one year previously with a Benlate drench to control Verticillium dahliae, and (b) raspberry plants variously sprayed with Benlate to control B. cinerea. Isolates of Penicillium corymbiferum with the same level of benomyl tolerance were obtained from Benlate‐treated tulip bulbs. Isolates of V. dahliae were also obtained from the strawberry plants treated one year previously with Benlate drench, but they were intolerant of benomyl.
Damage to Glasshouse Lettuce by Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Chitwood and Oteifa, 1952
Authors: Winfield A.L. , Kingham H. G. , Young C. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans was associated with stunting and reduced production of glasshouse lettuce crops on several smallholdings in Cambridgeshire in 1972. Short‐duration pot experiments in which oxamyl* was used to control the nematodes showed that damage in untreated soil began soon after lettuces were transplanted. P. penetrans was probably the cause of the poor growth both in untreated soil in pots and in the commercial crops.
Factors affecting Occurrence of the Ophiobolus Patch Disease of Turf and its Control by Phialophora radicicola
Authors: Deacon J. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Phialophora radicicola is present in large amounts in most grasslands in Britain and probably restricts the occurrence of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae, the cause of ophiobolus patch disease. Its absence from turf of low pH (< c. 4‐5) could explain why such turf often develops the disease after liming. High water content of turf is also associated with the disease, but does not seem to affect P. radicicola; therefore, it possibly prevents grassses from forming new roots to replace diseased ones. Grasses show a wide range of tissue resistance to G. graminis var. avenae, which explains their reaction in the field: all species tested were apparently more resistant than wheat and oats, so this resistance might contribute to the success of P. radicicola in controlling the take‐all fungus on grasses.By implicating P. radicicola in its control, many aspects of the disease are explained, for example, its geographical distribution in Britain and development in relation to turf management.Provisional recommendations for avoiding and controlling the disease are made. These include manipulation of turf pH, inoculation with P. radicicola and more restricted use of broad‐spectrum fungicides and soil fumigants so as not to destroy the resident population of P. radicicola.
Nematode‐transmitted Viruses of Sugar Beet in England, 1965–1972
Authors: Heathcote G. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTobacco rattle virus occurs in about 10 per cent, and tomato blackring virus in about 5 per cent, of fields in England affected with Docking disorder. Leaf symptoms caused by TRV, TBRV or by both viruses together may be indistinguishable in sugar beet. Sugar‐beet plants showing TRV in June were symptomless in October and were then only half the weight of symptomless neighbouring plants. Sugar beet infected through the seed with TBRV were symptomless and not stunted under glasshouse conditions. Treatment with either ‘D‐D’ soil fumigant or the systemic nematicide methomyl decreased the proportion of plants showing TRV in the field. Although widely distributed in England, neither TRV nor TBRV seems likely to cause a serious disease of sugar‐beet crops.
The Effect of Yellow Rust and its Control on the Yield of Joss Cambier Winter Wheat
Authors: Mundy E. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYFoliar sprays of fungicides were evaluated in a field where winter wheat cv. Joss Cambier was subject to a severe natural infection of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend.). Almost complete freedom from the disease was achieved on the leaves from repeated applications of BAS 3170F. This material prevented the development of appreciable disease for up to four weeks after spraying. Other chemicals gave varying degrees of protection but most lacked persistence. Control of ear infection was less satisfactory. The untreated crop, which was heavily attacked by yellow rust, showed a yield reduction of 34 per cent compared with the crop receiving greatest protection. The relationship between yield and yellow rust at growth stage 11.1 was statistically significant; the loss of yield recorded was 0‐022 t/ha for each one per cent increase in the level of yellow rust on the flag leaf.
Verticillium Wilt Disease of Strawberry: Cultivar Reaction and Effect on Runner Health and Production
Authors: Jordan V. W. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYRunner production from strawberry plants was markedly affected by severity of verticillium wilt. Runners from 10 cultivars examined became infected by transmission of the pathogen through the stolon as well as from the soil. The ready isolation of the pathogen from symptomless parent plants and runners indicates one method by which this disease is spread to new plantations.
A Method of Turf Sampling and Extraction of Leatherjackets
Authors: Blasdale P. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAn apparatus for the extraction of leatherjackets (larvae of Tipula paludosa Meig.) from turf samples is described. Cores are retained in metal cutting cylinders and are stood turf surface downwards in dishes of cold water while heat is applied to the other end. The temperature gradient drives the leatherjackets down into the water. The system is very convenient to operate and is of acceptable efficiency.
Mediyl Bromide for Control of Bulb Scale Mite, Steneotarsonemus Jaticeps (Halb.)
Authors: Gurney Barbara , Gandy Doreen G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn small‐scale trials narcissus bulbs, cultivar Standard Value, heavily infested with bulb scale mite (Steneotarsonemus laticeps (Halb.) were treated with methyl bromide over a range of concentration x time products from 102 to 251 mg.hr/1. at temperatures between 19 and 24°C. All treatments killed both the mites and their eggs without damaging the bulbs. Fumigated bulbs flowered normally without stunting or distortion.