bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of an Automatic Soil Sampler
Authors: SNEATH R. W. , PHILLIPS V. R. , INSKIP P. E. , HALL J. E. , PRICE J. S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA recently introduced EC Directive requires that soils receiving sewage sludge should be sampled to a greater depth (250 mm) than previously.The Water Research Centre foresaw the difficulties that could arise for responsible Authorities if they were to cope with the extra workload and maintain the quality of sampling, and therefore it funded the development of an automatic sampler.This report traces the development of the sampler which was mounted on an all‐terrain vehicle, and illustrates its suitability for the task by reporting one year's operating experiences. Work rates have been up to eight times those with hand sampling.A production machine from the first batch is also described.
Use of the Streaming Current Detector at Langsett Water‐Treatment Works
Authors: BISHOP S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA major capital programme is being undertaken by Yorkshire Water to rebuild its water‐treatment plants.Despite good process design, more stringent standards mean that process control, in particular chemical dosing, has become increasingly important.This paper describes the investigation of chemical dosing control using streaming current detection, which was initially applied at Langsett water‐treatment works as a means of controlling the ferric sulphate dose in the clarification process.Following this successful application, further evaluation was carried out using streaming current detection to control the polyelectrolyte dose in the sludge thickening process.
The Sirofloc Process at Redmires Water‐Treatment Works
Authors: HOME G. P. , STOCKLEY M. , SHAW G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe first use of the Sirofloc process in an operational water‐treatment works, outside Australia, was commissioned in 1988 by Yorkshire Water at Redmires, Sheffield. The plant represents a major advancement in the development of a new type of treatment process for drinking water.This paper describes the new treatment process and the method and reasons adopted in developing a full‐scale plant. The first four months of operation are reviewed, with particular attention to the water quality produced and the performance of the plant. Further areas for development in improving the performance of the process are identified.
Design and Implementation of the River Sheaf Comprehensive Flood‐Alleviation Scheme
Authors: YOUNG D. R. , CROSS J. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe River Sheaf Comprehensive Flood‐Alleviation Scheme is a flood‐defence scheme promoted by the Yorkshire Region of the National Rivers Authority. The scheme will improve 5.2 km of main river from a 1‐in‐5 year standard to a 1‐in‐50 standard at an overall cost of £3.1 million over the next four years. The hydrological, hydraulic and benefit/cost analyses have been carried out by the National Rivers Authority. Balfour Maunsell were commissioned to carry out the detailed structural design, prepare and administer contracts and supervise construction. The paper covers the preliminary design work and the detailed design of Phase I of the scheme.
Environmental Control Measures at Greengairs Landfill Site
Authors: PHILPOTT M. J. , REID R. C. , DAVIES J. N. , LAST S. D. , BOLDON J. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper describes a programme of infilling, the first phase of which will bring an immediate improvement to the amenity of Greengairs village and will screen the subsequent filling operations from view. The landfill is technically advanced, being designed as an engineered leachate attenuation site but including full back‐up control facilities. These take the form of a full underdrainage blanket under the first two phases, which will collect attenuated leachate and allow confident predictions of the site's behaviour for the design of subsequent phases.A landfill gas‐collection and control system was incorporated in accordance with laid‐down guidelines.Other factors which have significant environmental effects are the control of site surface waters and their interaction with groundwater, mine drainage, and the receiving waters.
Diversion of the River Calder at Welbeck: An Engineering and Environmental Challenge
Authors: McDONALD C. , RICKARD C. E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Welbeck reclamation and landfill project (near Wakefield) is reclaiming over 1.5 km2 of former aggregate and colliery workings through the creation of a new landform. This is to incorporate millions of tonnes of colliery spoil and controlled (i.e. household, trade) wastes, and to avoid the need for disposal on less suitable sites elsewhere.The scheme is already under way, but the proposed diversion of the River Calder to one side of the site would more than double its capacity for landfill. In environmental terms, the project has been seen as the creation of a new river corridor, rather than simply the diversion of a river channel.The paper outlines the engineering of the river diversion, which is routed for about 2 km through varied and difficult ground conditions, and gives a number of examples of the priority attached to landscape and after‐use factors, and their intrinsic importance in design.
Waste Stabilization Ponds: A Viable Alternative for Small Community Treatment Systems
Authors: MARA D. D. , MILLS S. W. , PEARSON H. W. , ALABASTER G. P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWaste stabilization ponds are widely used in many European countries, such as France and Germany, for the treatment of wastewater from mainly small communities. There would seem to be no reason why they should not also be a suitable treatment process for populations of under 2000 in the UK. The relative advantages and disadvantages of ponds are compared to other small community treatment systems, such as rotary biological contactors, biological filters and reed‐bed systems, particularly in relation to effluent standards with respect to algae, nutrient removal and relative costs.
Plumbosolvency Effects and Control in Hard Waters
Authors: COLLING J. H. , CROLL B. T. , WHINCUP P. A. E. , HARWARD C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA laboratory lead‐pipe rig has been used to support Anglian Water's successful orthophosphate dosing programme to reduce plumbosolvency. The hard waters in the region generally fall into low or high plumbosolvency categories according to the types of crystalline deposit formed. To improve the cost‐effectiveness of plumbosolvency control, the effects of temperature, phosphate doses, blending and alternation of these waters were investigated.Initial phosphate concentrations must be above 0.6 mg P/l (as phosphorus) to establish plumbosolvency control. Subsequently, phosphate doses may be reduced, provided that dosing is continuous and sufficient phosphate reaches the extremities of the distribution system. When high and low plumbosolvency waters are blended before distribution, both (or the mixture) must be phosphate dosed. However, where waters alternate in distribution, laboratory studies have shown that low plumbosolvency deposits are more stable, resulting in low lead concentrations. The high plumbsolvency of some hard waters may be due to the presence of low concentrations of humic substances.
Land‐Surface Zoning for Groundwater Protection
Authors: ADAMS B. , FOSTER S. S. D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA procedure for land‐surface zoning, related to the protection of groundwater against both point and diffuse pollution, is described. The procedure is based upon two independent elements:(i) Division of the entire land surface on the basis of the aquifer pollution vulnerability, which relates to protection of groundwater resources; and(ii) A series of special protection areas for individual sources, in which various potentially polluting activities are either prohibited or strictly controlled.The procedure is hydrogeologically based, but not so complex as to be unworkable in practice. For resource protection three classes of formation type are defined, with a further subdivision on the basis of depth to saturated aquifer. In the case of diffuse pollution, it will also be necessary to consider the nature of the soil cover in the area where the polluting activity occurs. For source protection, up to four special protection areas are specified, and the criteria used to define them are discussed.
Physicochemical Aspects of Activated Sludge in Relation to Stable Foam Formation
Authors: KOCIANOVA E. , FOOT R. J. , FORSTER C. F. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe presence of stable foams can seriously impair the ability of an activated sludge to produce a high‐quality effluent. This paper examines how the physicochemical characteristics of the solids are related to foam formation and describes how the foaming potential of full‐scale plants can be assessed. It also confirms that Microthrix parvicella can exhibit a variable morphology and shows that these variations are related to the physicochemical properties that characterize foam‐forming solids.
Landfill Lining for Leachate Containment
Authors: SEYMOUR K. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThere is an increasing need for engineered liners to prevent the escape of leachate and to control the migration of landfill gas. This has been influenced by new European and UK legislation and codes of practice.General principles of site design are explained, followed by a review of the advantages and disadvantages of different liner systems, including mineral liners (natural clay, mudrocks and soil/bentonite admixtures), geomembranes and composite liners.The need for conservative factors of safety in site design and high standards of quality control, involving full‐time supervision and independent certification of the installation works, are considered essential to ensure the effectiveness of the barrier.There is no one ideal liner material. Composite mineral/geomembrane liners provide the highest degree of security against leakage and, as such, should be considered as ‘the norm’rather than for use only in particularly high‐risk situations.
Assessing the Health Risks of Sea Bathing
Authors: WHEELER D. , ALEXANDER L. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the scientific basis of epidemiological research into marine bathing water quality in the UK, and places it in the context of policy development for the water industry and regulatory agencies in Europe. Results of the latest UK studies employing internationally recognized methods are reviewed, together with the output of other studies including those based on the use of healthy adult volunteers. It is concluded that methods based on captive volunteer populations may have merit in inland waters used by defined groups of recreational users. However, there is no epidemiologically defensible way of linking the output of such methods to the results of more conventional techniques for assessing risks in marine recreational waters. This observation may have implications for the formulation of new standards for bathing water quality in Europe.
Contamination of the Chalk Aquifer by Chlorinated Solvents: A Case Study of the Luton and Dunstable Area
Authors: LONGSTAFF SARAH L. , ALDOUS P. J. , CLARK L. , FLAVIN R. J. , PARTINGTON J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA detailed investigation of contamination by chlorinated solvents of the Chalk Aquifer underlying the towns of Luton and Dunstable was undertaken to assess the extent, causes and mechanisms of pollution. The research programme incorporated land‐use surveys, regional groundwater surveys, monitoring of groundwater abstraction points and aquifer profiling by means of the drilling of observation boreholes, the analysis of the recovered core material and the depth sampling of these and other boreholes.Low‐level solvent contamination of the Chalk Aquifer was found to be widespread with ‘hotspots’of higher concentrations. At the drilling sites, both the saturated and unsaturated zones were contaminated with solvents, although free product was not observed. The presence of an additional contaminant, oil, at some sites was noted to influence the distribution of solvents within the aquifer.Clean‐up of the aquifer is not a practical option, and treatment of the groundwater at the abstraction points has been adopted.
Hot‐Water Supply System Utilizing Waste Heat from a Sludge Incineration Plant
Authors: KAYANO Y. , SAGAI M. , TAKENAKA K. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a system for supplying hot water for a small community by utilizing the waste heat generated during the incineration of sludge at a site on Rokko Island, which is a new artificial island built inside the port of Kobe, Japan.The system was designed to use the heat from the hot water, produced during the cleansing of exhaust gases in the scrubber system of the sludge incineration plant, by recycling it via a heat exchanger in order to supply the occupants of neighbouring apartment complexes with clean hot water. The system has been in operation since 1988. On a yearly average the water supplied is 20° hotter than normal tap water, helping to reduce considerably the use of city gas.
Controlling Diffuse Pollution of Groundwater from Agriculture and Industry
Authors: HARRIS R. C. , SKINNER A. C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe greatest threat of contamination to groundwater resources is posed by pollutants from diffuse sources, yet legislation in the UK has until recently been focused on point sources. The problem of widespread pollution from industrial sources is described and compared with that from agriculture. The legislative controls available under the Water Resources Act 1991 are outlined, and the approach adopted by the National Rivers Authority in its Groundwater Protection Policy is discussed with respect to the concept of groundwater vulnerability.
Long‐Term Experiment of Applying Sludge Fertilizer to Agricultural Land
Authors: NOGUCHI H. , ITO H. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTYokohama city has developed facilities to dry and granulate digested sludge, and has been producing and selling sludge fertilizer since 1977. Concurrently, investigations have been carried out on the continuous use of sludge fertilizer with respect to its nutrient value and the influence of heavy metals.Four types of fertilizer and eight types of crop were used in the test. The nutrient values and other aspects were compared statistically for assessment.It was found that (a) sludge fertilizer had the same nutrient value as organic fertilizer, (b) there was minimal transfer of heavy metals from sludge to crops, and (c) sludge fertilizer could be used continuously over a long period.
Health‐Risks Assessment of Dinghy Sailing in Avon and Exposure to Cyanobacteria (Blue‐Green Algae)
Authors: PHILIPP R. , BATES A. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIn 1990, the health hazards associated with cyanobacteria attracted widespread interest. In this study, the risks associated with dinghy sailing on two water reservoirs in Avon were examined when the National Rivers Authority concentration threshold for ‘a potential to cause harm’was exceeded at one of these sites. No unusual illnesses were identified and the patterns of reported minor health symptoms were similar at each site. These patterns were also similar to those found amongst freshwater dinghy sailors in Hampshire when the NRA cyanobacteria threshold was exceeded, and similar to patterns of minor morbidity identified amongst dinghy sailors in marine waters when the EC bathing water quality standards are met. The consistency of these findings from three different studies suggests that present Royal Yachting Association guidelines for dinghy sailors are adequate to safeguard their health from cyanobacteria exposure.
Mathematical Models and Engineering Design
Authors: THOMPSON G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe role of mathematical models in engineering design is no longer that of simply automating techniques which were previously carried out manually. Throughout industry models are now becoming accepted as one of the main decision support systems to managers. This is certainly the case in engineering design for managing the environment. We are rapidly moving into the age of expert systems and hydro‐informatics, where the primary aim of most models is decision support. In this paper the role of the models in modern practice is reviewed and illustrated by case histories.
Stage‐Discharge Functions for Two‐Stage Channels: The Impact of New Research
Authors: ACKERS P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResearch into two‐stage channels carried out in the large flood channel facility at Wallingford has shown that the conventional approach to their hydraulics over‐estimates their conveyance when in flood. This is because of the interaction between the main channel flow and the slower moving flood plain flows which, traditionally, has been ignored. A new design procedure has therefore been developed allowing for this effect. This has important implications in respect of the stage‐discharge functions for rivers and bermed drainage channels, and especially on the extrapolation of observed flows to greater depths. The newly developed hydraulic design method is provided as an Appendix.
Upgrading Biological Filter Effluents Using the TF/SC Process
Authors: PARKER D. S. , BRISCHKE K. V. , MATASCI R. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe trickling filter/solids contact process has been shown to be an excellent means of upgrading biological filter plants in North America, and about 100 plants have been built since 1979 in both cold and warm climates, and on both large and small works. A variety of effluent requirements has been satisfied consistently, including monthly average BOD and SS concentrations of 10 mg/l and 10 mg/l respectively. Key design features are described, including the use of an aerated solids contact tank to flocculate dispersed solids. Also, a flocculator‐clarifier with special design features allows the use of high overflow rates and smaller sedimentation tanks.
Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Sludge in The Netherlands
Authors: Van VOORNEBURG F. , Van VEEN H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the sludge treatment and disposal operation in The Netherlands where the total volume of sludge is increasing and the sales potential is falling due to stringent quality requirements. The sludge can no longer be recycled to agriculture and has to be dumped on land. The techniques available for this purpose make sludge disposal much more expensive.A meticulous analysis of the entire sludge chain seems to be necessary to control the costs and minimize the environmental impact, and a start has recently been made on the formulation of ideas in this context.
Assessment of the February 1990 Flooding in the River Tay and Subsequent Implementation of a Flood‐Warning System
Authors: FALCONER R. H. , ANDERSON J. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBetween 4 and 7 February 1990, exceptionally high river flows on the River Tay resulted in widespread flooding of land and property. Roads and railway lines were rendered impassable, and villages and farms were isolated for a prolonged period. In the Tay Valley, 42 km of flood banks were overtopped and 34 km2 of land were inundated.This paper describes the extent and effects of the flooding and reviews the relevance of various factors in terms of their likely contribution to the magnitude of flooding. Flood‐mitigation measures are discussed with particular attention being given to the implementation of a flood‐warning system for the Tay Valley.
Evaluation and Development of a Thermophilic Aerobic Digester at Castle Donington Sewage‐Treatment Works
Authors: EDGINGTON RACHEL , BSc S. CLAY 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn investigation into the practicality of thermophilic aerobic digestion has been in progress at Castle Donington since 1989. The work has been carried out in a glassed steel insulated digester of 123 m3 capacity. Both auto‐entraining and blower‐assisted venturi systems have been evaluated.Both aeration systems were able, under favourable conditions, to remove at least 50% of the sludge COD. It was found that the additional flexibility of the blower venturi combination was necessary to accommodate crude sludges varying from 2% to 12% dry solids.Originally the plant was intended to operate at above 55C with a 10‐day retention period. In practice retention periods at this temperature have been at least 15 days. The process has proved relatively susceptible to inhibition and requires the air supply to be closely matched to the load.The revenue costs have been, at best, around 47.3/tDS. This is competitive with small‐scale anaerobic digestion, but not with the large digestion centre approach widely used in the UK. Unless pasteurization becomes a requirement for agricultural disposal, thermophilic aerobic digestion is unlikely to find wide use in this country.
Recreational Use of Coastal Waters: Development of Health‐Related Standards
Authors: PIKE E. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBasic questions which must be answered before standards for protecting the health of recreational users of water can be developed are considered. These questions are then used to assess the ways in which such standards and guidelines have been developed in North America and Europe. Only the North American guidelines have used epidemiological investigations to define risks to health, and other standards are apparently arbitrary. All the standards considered are directed primarily at bathing, although other water sports may involve greater or lesser degrees of contact with water and hence different risks. The statistical difficulties in defining both the central levels of counts of faecal indicator bacteria and their variability are discussed, because these affect the way in which standards are drafted and implemented. The point is made that only longterm improvements in marine disposal schemes can improve microbiological conditions and reduce risks to health, and that the main benefit of standards is to point out where such improvements are needed.
Laboratory Investigation into the Performance of an In‐Sewer Vortex Flow Regulator
Authors: PARSIAN H. , BUTLER D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAspects of the hydraulic performance of an in‐sewer vortex regulator have been studied. These devices are increasingly used in stormwater management schemes, but their characteristics under a variety of prototypical situations have not been widely disseminated. The study used a full‐size laboratory mockup of a section of sewer and associated manhole with facilities for measuring discharges of up to 60 1/s. The performance of a typical vortex flow regulator was investigated under both steady and unsteady flow conditions. The steady head‐discharge relationship revealed the expected ‘kick back’region (during rising head); however, this was less pronounced during falling head. Under unsteady conditions, vortex initiation was affected and a hysteresis effect was noted. The influence of downstream surcharge was significant at lower upstream heads. Theoretical comparison showed that to obtain equivalent performance, an orifice of 62% of the diameter of the vortex regulator would be required, and 25% savings in storage could be made.