bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bibliometric analysis of global research trends on biomimetics, biomimicry, bionics, and bio-inspired concepts in civil engineering using the Scopus database
Authors: Sedira Naim , Pinto Jorge , Bentes Isabel , Pereira Sandra 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a bibliometrics analysis aimed at discerning global trends in research on ‘biomimetics’, ‘biomimicry’, ‘bionics’, and ‘bio-inspired’ concepts within civil engineering, using the Scopus database. This database facilitates the assessment of interrelationships and impacts of these concepts within the civil engineering domain. The findings demonstrate a consistent growth in publications related to these areas, indicative of increasing interest and impact within the civil engineering community. Influential authors and institutions have emerged, making significant contributions to the field. The United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom are recognised as leaders in research on these concepts in civil engineering. Notably, emerging countries such as China and India have also made considerable contributions. The integration of design principles inspired by nature into civil engineering holds the potential to drive sustainable and innovative solutions for various engineering challenges. The conducted bibliometrics analysis grants perspective on the current state of scientific research on biomimetics, biomimicry, bionics, and bio-inspired concepts in the civil engineering domain, offering data to predict the evolution of each concept in the coming years. Based on the findings of this research, ‘biomimetics’ replicates biological substances, ‘biomimicry’ directly imitates designs, and ‘bionics’ mimics biological functions, while ‘bio-inspired’ concepts offer innovative ideas beyond direct imitation. Each term incorporates distinct strategies, applications, and historical contexts, shaping innovation across the field of civil engineering.
Battery-powered bargains? Assessing electric vehicle resale value in the United States
Authors: Roberson Laura , Pantha Saurav , Helveston John Paul 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The resale market will play a critical role in expanding plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) adoption to middle- and lower-income households. Understanding PEV depreciation trends in comparison to those of conventional gasoline vehicles (CVs) is critical for assessing PEV affordability and informing relevant policy, such as subsidies for used PEVs. We deliver comprehensive, high-resolution estimates of value retention rates at the make-model level in the United States for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and CVs using a database of 9 million used cars listed online between 2016 and 2022. While BEVs and PHEVs have depreciated at faster rates than CVs, this trend is changing, with newer model year BEVs and those with larger ranges have significantly higher retention rates than older model years with smaller ranges. Tesla BEVs are a notable exception following the opposite trend, with earlier model years holding their value better than newer model years. Subsidized BEVs in the new market are associated with lower prices for the same model in the resale market, with the $7500 federal subsidy translating to a 3% lower resale price on average. Finally, disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic have affected affordability across all vehicles, with mean listing prices rising 37% and 39% for CVs and BEVs, respectively, from January 2020 to March 2022 in inflation-adjusted 2019 dollars.
Wearing face masks while climbing stairs influences respiratory physiology
Authors: Bar-On Ophir , Goldberg Ori , Stafler Patrick , Levine Hagit , Jacobi Eyal , Shmueli Einat , Rothschild Ben , Prais Dario , Mei-Zahav Meir 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic wearing face masks was mandatory. Nowadays, face masks are still encouraged indoors, especially in hospitals. People climbing stairs with masks describe unpredictable dyspnea. In this study, healthy adults climbed 5 floors with and without a mask. Various cardio-respiratory parameters were measured, including O2−saturation (O2−Sat) and end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), at baseline and on the top floor. Subjective indexes, such as Borg’s scale, were evaluated. Thirty-two volunteers (16 males), median age 39 years (IQR 32.5–43), median BMI = 23.6 (IQR 21.5–25.1), with good fitness levels, participated. Comparing baseline to end-activity, median (IQR): O2−Sat change was −1.0% (−2–0) without mask, versus −3.0% (−4–0) with mask, p = 0.003; EtCO2 + 7.0 (+3.3–+9) without mask, versus +8.0 (+6–+12) with mask, p = 0.0001. Hypercarbia was seen in 5 (15.6%) participants without mask, median = 48 mmHg (IQR 47.5–51), and in 11 (34%) participants with mask, median = 50 mmHg (IQR 47–54), p < 0.001. Desaturation (O2−Sat < 95%) was seen in 5 (15.6%) participants without mask, median = 94% (IQR 93%–94%), and in 10 (31%) participants with mask, median = 91.5% (IQR 90%–93%), p = 0.06. Regression analysis demonstrated that only male sex was significantly associated with abnormal EtCO2 (OR = 26.4, 95% CI = 1.9–366.4, p = 0.005). Ascent duration increased from median (IQR) of 94 s (86–100) without mask to 98 s (89–107) with mask, p < 0.001. Borg’s scale of perceived exertion (range 0–10) increased from median (IQR) of 3.0 (2.5–3.87) without mask to 4.0 (3.0–4.37) with mask, p < 0.001. To conclude, during routine daily activities, such as stair-climbing, face masks cause dyspnea, and have measurable influences on ventilation, including true desaturation and hypercapnia, especially in males.
Establishing breath as a biomarker platform—take home messages from the Breath Biopsy Conference 2023
Authors: Chou Hsuan , Godbeer Lucy , Ball Madeleine L 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The annual Breath Biopsy Conference hosted by Owlstone Medical gathers together the leading experts, early career researchers, and physicians working with breath as a biomarker platform for clinical purposes. The current topics in breath research are discussed and presented, and an overarching topical theme is identified and discussed as part of an expert panel to close the conference. The profiling of normal breath composition and the establishment of standards for analyzing breath compared to background signal were two important topics that were major focuses of this conference, as well as important innovative progress that has been made since last year, including the development of a non-invasive breath test for lung cancer and liver disease. This meeting report offers an overview of the key take-home messages from the various presentations, posters, and discussions from the conference.
A Practical Design Approach of the Tesla Turbine for Hydro Power Applications
Authors: Islam Sk. Hasan Tanvirul , Islam Mazharul , Rafee Abir Khan , Islam Tahzinul 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the global push for harnessing energy in a vast number of scenarios, the Tesla Turbine stands out as a potential niche device in various small-scale applications. This device can be fabricated rapidly, using locally available materials and conventional manufacturing operations. Despite these advantages, several technological challenges have held back the development of the Tesla Turbine. Besides, modern bladed turbines have a much broader range of applications. Another issue is that this turbine’s most recent experiments were focused on numerical tests or findings from the computational simulation. Very few studies that were conducted resulted in low-efficiency ratings. For advanced applications such as particulate flow, biomedical, and some modern machining methods that use abrasive particle-rich fluids, Tesla turbines can also be used as it is not sensitive to mixed fluids compared to conventional bladed turbines. Moreover, the construction cost of a Tesla turbine is meager compared to bladed turbines. Thus, the cost-to-performance ratio is higher than that of conventional turbines, which the authors believe could pose much interest for both further research and development.
Thermal Performance Analysis of a Rectangular Finned Heat Sink under Dust Deposition
Authors: Islam Mohammad Tarequl , Fahim Tanvir Ahmed , Ali Mohammad , Hassan Joyeb 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of dust deposition on the fin surfaces of a rectangular finned heat sink for natural convection. Therefore, experimental analysis was carried out on two cases, i.e., under fine dust and fiber dust conditions. The experiment was conducted inside a closed duct on the heat sink consisting of 17 fins. After analyzing the data and variation of temperature values at various positions of the fin surfaces, it was observed that the fine dust accumulation had a negligible effect on the thermal performance. However, fiber dust accumulation had a significant effect on the thermal performance. Moreover, the obtained values of Nusselt number were 26.68, 26.21, and 23.75 for natural convection under no dust, fine dust, and fiber dust conditions, respectively. Hence, the amount of heat dissipated by natural convection was minimal under fiber dust conditions.
Improvement of Machinability of Hardened Steel in Turning Operation Using Cryogenically Treated Cutting Tool
Authors: Tomal A N M Amanullah , Rashid A B , Sami A S , Shahriar S M , Sultana E 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Hardened steels need special cutting tools like PCBN and ceramic to be machined. But these cutting tools aren’t cost-effective and require machine tool structures that are stiff and don’t let vibrations through. The current trend is to find other, less expensive ways to make these materials easier to work with. Cryo-treating cutting tools is an effective way to improve the way the tool materials work when they are cut. Cryogenically treated tungsten carbide inserts in dry turning operations were looked at in this study. For hard turning of hardened mild steel (48 HRC), the performance of cryogenically treated Tungsten Carbide (WC) inserts was compared with that of untreated inserts in terms of chip-tool interface temperature and surface roughness under dry cutting conditions. The cutting tool (Untreated and Treated), and cutting speed (375, 512, 706 rpm) were selected as experiment parameters at a constant feed rate of 0.0841mm/rev and depth of cut 1mm. The chip-tool interface temperature analysis results revealed that temperature increases with the increasing cutting velocities. A better surface finish can be found at a higher cutting speed. The lower value of Ra was found at 1.75 μm (without cryogenic treatment) and 1.05 μm (with cryogenic treatment) for cutting speed at 706 rpm.
Topology optimization and 3D printing of a unibody quadcopter airframe
Authors: Asif Sajjid Hasan , Hasan Kamrul , Dhar N R 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The performance of any unmanned aerial vehicle largely depends upon its weight as this characteristic dictates its payload capacity and flight duration. This paper presents a multiphysics simulation method for designing a unibody quadcopter airframe with optimum weight in SolidWorks. By adopting the computer-aided topology optimization concept, the mass of the frame is decreased by 91% (from 1558.44 to 134.738 grams) after getting rid of the unwanted elements, while not compromising its structural rigidity. The efficacy of the model is assessed by finite element analysis and it is found that the stress would remain within the acceptable limit. The optimized structure shows an operating life of 1.6×105 cycles in the fatigue analysis and experiences significantly less drag force in the computational fluid dynamics test than the original airframe for several angles of attack, thus proving the superiority of the optimized frame over the initial model. Finally, additive manufacturing is performed to fabricate the optimized structure using PLA material. 3D printing through the fused deposition modeling technique is chosen since it is ideal for fabricating intricate engineering prototypes compared to orthodox manufacturing processes. While creating the frame, a 45° overhang angle is maintained to ensure the usage of less support material.
Design and Construction of a Rapid Milk Chiller Using Cold Energy Storage System in the Context of Bangladesh
Authors: Paul Aranya Aumit , Biswas Anindya , Saha Showvik , Moon Mehrab Khan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Milk is a highly sensitive product that must be collected and cooled within a few hours to reduce losses due to chemical spoilage and to preserve quality. As milk production is often remote from markets and processing facilities, milk chillers using thermal energy storage (TES) units provide the means for preserving quality through chilling during a power cut and hygienic storage before onward transportation to processing facilities and operation of the chiller at maximum thermal efficiency. This study gives an overview of thermal energy storage (TES) base rapid milk chiller. A review of TES for cold storage applications utilizing solid-liquid phase change materials has been done. Various perspectives were focused on the different stages of the work: phase change materials (PCMs), exemplification, improvement in exchange of heat, and the impact of the whole process on the quality of the milk Materials used as potential PCMs by specialists at low temperatures (less than 4 °C) are condensed and a portion of their thermo-physical properties are accounted for. The concept of planning and measuring procedures based on the determined load profile for structure day is introduced. In this design of a milk chilling unit using thermal energy storage, two cycles have been combined to get the desired cooling temperature. One is the vapor compression cycle, which can also be called the ice storage cycle. Another one is the milk chilling cycle. The main purpose of the milk chilling cycle is to keep the milk temperature between 2°C to 4°C. The comparison of using cold water with ethylene glycol (PCM) as a storage source of refrigeration for the milk cooling process based on the compressor capacity, ice storage box volume, and power consumed at the variable of cooling load is presented. Also, the effect of using cold storage to reduce the refrigeration capacity and energy saving is presented. The time duration of the milk chiller’s capacity to keep a specific amount (20 liters) of milk cool has been calculated to determine the variance and efficiency of the system compared to other milk chilling processes. Some suggestions concerning the planning of milk chiller hardware are given. Unique consideration was paid to the examination of explicit highlights of heat transfer phenomena in ice storage boxes including the appraisal of the length and the rate of ice arrangement and dissolution. The approach of estimating parts of the ice storage capacity framework incorporated into the milk chilling framework arranged in hot, wet, and dry atmospheres is exhibited. In light of the hourly cooling burden figuring that was completed utilizing Carrier’s Hourly Analysis Program, estimating the ice thermal capacity framework for various working procedures including full, chiller priority, and ice priority storage tasks for the design are displayed. At last, an examination of some operational qualities of the framework is broken down.
Design and Development of Smart Blind Stick for Visually Impaired People
Authors: Javed M O A , Rahman Z U , Saad K S K , Ashrafi M S , Akter S F , Rashid A B 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Blindness is a condition in which a person loses their ability to see because of physiological or neurological issues. This paper suggests a smart blind stick that uses modern technologies to make traveling easier for visually impaired people. Ultrasonic, light, water, and height sensors are used in the blind stick. An ultrasonic sensor is used to identify obstacles ahead of blind people. In addition, water sensors detect the presence of water and leaks when deployed in regions. One ultrasonic sensor is placed on the walking stick to classify the height of a barrier. An LDR is used to provide information about day and night. It also has GPS to help blind people track their location. Furthermore, a voice recognition system was employed to deliver the message by the human voice. Its height can be adjusted easily. After understanding customers’ demands, some ideas are added to create a product prototype. A cost analysis has been conducted, and it is discovered that mass production of the product is quite profitable. The smart blind stick is a low-cost, fast, and easy solution for blind and visually impaired people in third-world countries.
An Experimental Investigation into Wind Effect on Tall Buildings with Pentagonal Cross Section
Authors: Majumder M M H , Bhuiyan M S H , Islam M Q 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The effect of wind load is one of the very significant factors in building and structure design. An investigation has been carried out into the wind effect on a Pentagonal cross-section with an open circuit wind tunnel. The experiment was conducted at a constant flow velocity of 13.2 m/s and a Reynolds number of 4.22 x 104. The test was carried out on a single cylinder positioned facing across the flow direction at various angles of attack from 0° to 72° at a step of 9°. Each face of a pentagonal cylindrical model was divided into five tapping points and connected with inclined multi-manometers using copper capillary and plastic tubes to measure the surface static pressure on the cylinder surface. Pressure coefficients were calculated from the measured surface static pressure, which was then used to estimate the drag and lift coefficients. A significant drop of 0.52 in the drag coefficient values has been observed for the single pentagonal cylinder in comparison to that of the single square cylinder. The overall lift coefficient values of the single pentagonal cylinder are found to be lower than that of a single square cylinder except at 90. The fluctuation of the lift coefficient curve has a 90 phase shift than that of the square cylinder; however, the pattern of their variations has shown a similar trend except for the angle of attack of 00. The stagnation point was identified on the front face of the pentagonal cylinder. These findings will assist engineers and architects in designing much safer buildings.
Interactions of CaO with pure Mg and Mg-Ca alloys—an in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction study
Authors: Wiese B , Mendis C L , Tolnai D , Hort N 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
CaO additions are used as an inexpensive replacement for Ca in Mg alloys. CaO dissociation in Mg has been reported in literature without a clear mechanism as to why this occurs. In situ synchrotron radiation diffraction investigation of the melting and solidification of Mg with CaO shows, that the stability of CaO was overestimated in Mg melts compared with MgO. The experiments that were performed on the Mg-20CaO and Mg-xCa-6CaO (x = 6 and 16 wt.%) alloys, show the dissociation and formation of various phases during melting and solidification. The results indicate that Mg can reduce CaO even in the solid state, which is the opposite of that proposed by the Ellingham diagrams for stoichiometric reaction. Phase formations during the in situ experiment are compared with published thermodynamic calculations for the interaction between Mg-Ca alloys and oxides.
Assessment of precipitation and near-surface temperature simulation by CMIP6 models in South America
Authors: Reboita Michelle Simões , Willian de Souza Ferreira Glauber , Gabriel Martins Ribeiro João , Ali Shaukat 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study evaluated the performance of 50 global climate models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) in simulating the statistical features of precipitation and air temperature in five subdomains of South America during the historical period (1995–2014). Monthly precipitation and temperature simulations were validated with data from the Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation, the Global Precipitation Climatology Project, and the ERA5 reanalysis. The models’ performance was evaluated using a ranking analysis with statistical metrics such as mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s spatial correlation, annual cycle amplitude, and linear trend. The analyses considered the representation of precipitation and air temperature separately for each subdomain, the representation for all five regions together, and the joint representation of precipitation and air temperature for all five subdomains. In the Brazilian Amazon, the best-performing models were EC-Earth3-Veg, INM-CM4-8, and INMCM5-0 (precipitation), and IPSL-CM6A-LR, MPI-ESM2-0, and IITM-ESM (temperature). In the La Plata Basin, KACE-1-0-G, ACCESS-CM2, and IPSL-CM6A-LR (precipitation), and GFDL-ESM4, TaiESM1, and EC-Earth3-Veg (temperature) yielded the best simulations. In Northeast Brazil, SAM0-UNICON, CESM2, and MCM-UA-1-0 (precipitation), BCC-CSM2-MR, KACE-1-0-G, and CESM2 (temperature) showed the best results. In Argentine Patagonia, the GCMs ACCESS-CM2, ACCESS-ESM1-5 and EC-Earth3-Veg-LR (precipitation), and CAMS-CSM1-0, CMCC-CM2-HR4, and GFDL-ESM4 (temperature) outperformed. Finally, for Southeast Brazil, the models ACCESS-CM2, ACCESS-ESM1-5, and EC-Earth3-Veg-LR (precipitation), and CAMS-CSM1-0, CMCC-CM2-HR4, and GFDL-ESM4 (temperature) yielded the best simulations. The joint evaluation of the regions and variables indicated that the best models are CESM2, TaiESM1, CMCC-CM2-HR4, FIO-ESM-2-0, and MRI-ESM2-0.
The Concept of Political Legitimacy
Authors: Brinkmann Matthias 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines a broad understanding of the problem of legitimacy as the moral justification of power, which is not limited to the justification of coercion or the liberal-democratic state. It then discusses relational views which define legitimacy as the right to rule. The most plausible upshot of this paradigm is that different institutions possess different (Hohfeldian) bundles of the right to rule, which might vary from person to person and context to context. By contrast, a minimalist approach to legitimacy is defended on which legitimacy is, conceptually, merely the permission to exercise power. This entails that the problem of legitimacy is decoupled from the problem of justifying moral relations between rulers and ruled, including the problem of political obligation.
Indirect Instrumentalism
Authors: Brinkmann Matthias 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Instrumentalism claims that political legitimacy should be distributed in such a way that justice is promoted best. Building on a distinction made by consequentialists in moral philosophy, this chapter argues that instrumentalists should distinguish two levels of normative thinking about legitimacy, the critical (or foundational) and the applied (or practical) level. The crucial insight is that the content of the moral and political principles on the critical level can diverge from the content of the practical standards that should guide us in moral and political life. An indirect instrumentalism which acknowledges this distinction has significant advantages over structurally simpler forms of instrumentalism that do not; in particular, such an instrumentalism can answer various counter-examples that have been brought against the position. The chapter also answers various objections against indirect instrumentalism, for example, that it is impracticable or repugnant.