bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MARIJUANA DECRIMINALIZATION RESEARCH
Authors: INCIARDI JAMES A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIt can be argued that any objective reexamination of the marijuana laws and reformulation of public policy should necessarily be undertaken within some type of cost/ benefit perspective. As such, a paradigm might be structured which could examine the costs and benefits of the criminalization of marijuana vs. the benefits and costs of its decriminalization. On the one hand, there are the psychosocial costs of marijuana use which include any effects which might flow from the use of the drug. What the benefits of marijuana use might be, beyond the euphoric states and feelings of well being it offers, are yet to be fully determined. Yet by contrast. there are the human, social, and economic costs which flow from the criminalization of marijuana use. It is argued in this commentary that this paradigm can be used as a guide for decriminalization research. A variety of data sets and historical issues are briefly examined which fall within the parameters of this paradigm, and a series of research protocols which flow from the paradigm are addressed.
A LONGITUDINAL PERSPECTIVE ON PATTERNS OF CRIME
Authors: McCORD JOAN 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article addresses the possibility of prospectively identfying chronic criminal offenders using identifiers available to the criminal justice system. Data were collected as part of a longitudinal study of the lives of men who were in a delinquency prevention program in the early 1940s. For the half who were randomly assigned to the treatment group, a discriminant function correctly identified 67% of the men as recidivists or nonrecidivists. When tested on the control group, it correctly sorted 76% of the men. The author argues that although prospective identification of recidivists may be possible, legal action based on predictions would be wrong.
ALIENATION IN PRISON
Authors: POOLE ERIC D. , REGOLI ROBERT M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article focuses on alienation among prison guards by examining the nature of the work relations between guards and fellow guards, inmates, and prison administrators. Data for the project were derived from both questionnaire and interview sources. The independent effects of the three forms of work relations on five types of alienation were assessed through an examination of standardized regression coefficients estimated from a fully recursive model of the variable relationships. We found that negative evaluations of work relations resulted in increased levels of alienation experienced by guards.
ADOLESCENT MARIJUANA AND ALCOHOL USE
Authors: JAQUITH SUSAN M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMost tests of differential association theory focus on the basic relationships rather than the causal process specified by the theory. This study provides a more thorough test of Sutherland's differential association hypothesis by deriving and testing a causal model of alcohol and marijuana use among adolescents. The findings provide strong support for the causal process specified by differential association theory. However, two unexpected findings suggest that the theory may have to be modified to account for the differential impact of peer pressure, independent of internalized definitions, on individual behavior and for the differential impact of specific primary groups on the formation of individual definitions.
CRIME AND DRUG‐USING BEHAVIOR
Authors: McBRIDE DUANE C. , McCOY CLYDE B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to examine the ecological perspective as an explanation of criminal and drug‐using behavior and to present data from a pilot study on the areal distribution of crime and drugs. We found that individuals engaged in narcotics use, those engaged in criminal behavior, and those engaged in both resided in the same area of the community. Those who used other types of drugs were less likely to reside in the same areas as those engaged in criminal behavior. Thus, we concluded narcotics users and criminals were drawn from the same population and both behaviors may be produced by the same environmental variables, rather than have an individual causal relationship.
PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR “LAW AND ORDER”: Interrelationships with System Affirmation and Attitudes Toward Minorities
Authors: CORBETT MICHAEL 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study deals with interrelationships among system affirmation, intoler‐ance of minorities or minority viewpoints. and support for a tough role for the police and courts in the criminal justice system. Using data from a survey of “Middletown” (Muncie, Indiana), all three of these concepts are‐as expected‐moderately highly interrelated. Those high in system affir‐mation are also high in intolerance, and they are high in support for a tough role for the police and courts. Further, combining system affirmation and intolerance measures into typologies accentuates the independent effects of these concepts on a hard‐line approach to “law and order” issues.
SUICIDE AS MURDER AT COMMON LAW: Another Chapter in the Falsification of Consensus Theory
Authors: HOFFMAN DENNIS E. , WEBB VINCENT J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe debate among advocates of consensus, pluralist. and Marxist views of the origins of criminal law continues to occupy a central position in contemporary theoretical criminology. This article assesses these positions through a historical inquiry into the law‐making and‐enforcing processes surrounding self‐murder or suicide. Historical data on the criminalization and depenalization of suicide indicate that economic and fiscal interests shaped suicide laws, but these laws were unenforceable because of popular resistance. The significance of these findings for criminological theory is that laws generally thought to be based on consensus were instead grounded in conflict and struggle.
DIFFERENTIAL RATES OF RURAL‐URBAN DELINQUENCY: A Social Control Approach
Authors: LYERLY ROBERT RICHARD , SKIPPER JAMES K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOfficial statistics and numerous sociological studies indicate that rural areas generate lower rates of delinquency than do urban areas. This study attempts to explain these differential rates by drawing on the social control theory of Hirschi. Questionnaires were administered to a rural and an urban juvenile detention center population to investigate both extent of delin‐quency involvement and degree of commitment to five institutional orders: family, church, school, peers, and formal authority. As hypothesized, the rural sample reported significantly less delinquent activity than the urban sample. Control theory also received support from the data. A strong inverse relationship was found between commitment and delinquency. When intro‐duced as a control variable, commitment specified the original relationship between locality and delinquency. The specified relationships were strongest for rural youth with high commitment and for urban youth with low commitment.
OFFICIAL CRIME DATA: Lag in Recording Time as a Threat to Validity
Authors: KLEINMAN PAULA HOLZMAN , LUKOFF IRVING FABER 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOfficial reports are the preferred measure of criminal activity when the goal is to understand whether criminal justice clients are less involved in crime in the posttreatment than in the pretreatment period. However, even this preferred method has drawbacks. Data presented here show that there is a recording time lag in official crime data. At times, the gap between time of crime commission and entry of the offense onto the subject's police record is considerable. Data collected in a short span of time after the treatment period are likely to underestimate crime committed in that period. Consequently, findings of change in the level of involvement in crime should be interpreted with caution.
PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATION AMONG FEMALE SUBURBAN ADOLESCENTS
Authors: RATHUS SPENCER A. , SIEGEL LARRY J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe female population of a suburban high school in a Northeastern metropolitan region (n = 837) was administered the MMPI‐168 and additional surveys in order to explore the relationships between scale 4 (Psychopathic Deviate) and other variables, using multivariate techniques. Results of three multiple discriminant analyses between high and normal scorers on scale 4 suggest that high scorers are typified by a variety of delinquent experiences, low self‐esteem, family and residential disruptions, and personality disorder. MMPI‐168 response sets are not so influential as target variables in discriminating the criterion groups.
PRESTIGE OF JOURNALS IN CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Authors: SHICHOR DAVID , O'BRIEN ROBERT M. , DECKER DA VID L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe prestige of professional journals is an important element in the academic world because of the relationship of journal prestige to the careers of individuals and to the reputations of academic institutions. This study investigates the system of journal prestige in the field of criminology and criminal justice, using the ratings of professional journals obtained from a sample of respondents who are members of professional associations in criminology and criminal justice. The results show that there is a relatively high degree of agreement about the relative prestige of journals in the field, despite the fact that criminology and criminal justice is a multidisciplinary field involving professionals from a wide variety of occupational settings.
PERIODICAL PRESTIGE IN CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: A Comment
Authors: POOLE ERIC D. , REGOLI ROBERT M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study examines the problems involved in measuring prestige of periodicah in criminology and criminal justice via subjective evaluations. An alternative measure of journal eminence based on citation frequency is developed. The differences in journal rankings derived from these contrasting methods are assessed.
DERIVATIVE DEVIANCE The Cases of Extortion, Fag‐Bashing, and Shakedown of Gay Men
Authors: HARRY JOSEPH 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDerivative deviance is defined as the victimization of stigmatized persons because of their inability to avail themselves of the protections of civil society without threat of discrediting. Whether there is a preexisting relationship between the victim and the victimizer affects the possible forms of victimization. When there is no preexisting relationship, victims must he identified by culturally accepted understandings of which places are deviant and what deviants look like. In these cases, the principal forms of victimization are assault and robbery. When there is a preexisting relationship, greater knowIedge of the victim's significant others permits the more sophisticated victimization of extortion. However, to the extent the victim has reference groups who are also deviant, he is often able to resist extortion attempts. Extortion attempts were found typically to arise our of preexisting relationships among our gay male respondents.
ANALYZING URBAN CRIME DATA: Deterrence and the Limitations of Arrests per Offense Ratios
Authors: CHILTON ROLAND 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPolice reports of Index crimes, arrests, and population estimates for 1960 through 1977 for 49 U.S. cities are used to compare trends in arrest rates, crime rates, and the arrests per crime (A/C) ratio‐a measure sometimes correlated with crime rates to assess the deterrent effect of arrest. Since the correlation of the A/C ratio with the crime rate can produce tautological results in a trend analysis. comparisons of trends for crime rates and arrest rates for specific cities are examined. The results do not support a deterrence hypothesis. but indicate that the A/C ratios for some of the nation's largest cities are unstable over time and sensitive to changes in reporting practices. The analysis illustrates the pitfalls encountered when data limitations are overlooked and underscores the need for more dependable measures of crime, apprehension, and punishment.
TESTING THE DETERRENT EFFECT OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: A Reduced Form Approach
Authors: YUNKER JAMES A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThere are three principal alternative explanations for the dramatic rise in crime over the last 15 years: (I) the retirement of capital punishment; (2) socioeconomic trends; (3) random social shocks starring with the Kennedy assassination in 1963. This article reports a statistical test of the second of these explanations. On balance, the results are unfavorable to it. The statistical test involves the extrapolation of a predicted homicide rate obtained from a reduced form regression equation estimated over the capital punishment era into the postcapital punishment era. The predicted homicide rate (based on socioeconomic variables) continues the long‐run secular decline pattern after 1962, while the actual homicide rote rises precipitously. The article concludes with a brief argument that the capital punishment moratorium seems somewhat more plausible than the social shock theory as an explanation for the crime increase.
The Social Scientist and Rehabilitative Crime Policy
Authors: GOTTFREDSON MICHAEL R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTSocial scientists are in a quandary about crime policy. On the one hand, the tools of their discipline incline them naturally toward a search for the causes of differences in delinquent behavior, an inclination which appears to be supportive of the potential for rehabilitative components to crime policy. Both the premise of determinism and the methodology of differentiation are intellectually compatible with the prospects for rehabilitation, because both are requisites for a crime control strategy that seeks the impact of purposeful changes in the lives or attitudes of delinquents on subsequent behavior. On the other hand, social scientists are being confronted with a number of arguments that question the utility for social policy of adherence to these assumptions. The validity of some of these arguments is explored briefly in this article. They are found to suffer from an erroneous conception of the logic of determinism, an underdevelopment of the notion of deterrence, or an artifactual conception of the requisites for rehabilitation.
The Seriousness of Crime Revisited: Have Attitudes Toward White‐Collar Crime Changed?
Authors: CULLEN FRANCIS T. , LINK BRUCE G. , POLANZI CRAIG W. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTSocial commentators have often observed that the public is indifferent to white‐collar criminality. However, the growing attention that white‐collar crime has received in recent years raises the possibility of changes in the public's perceptions of such violations. By replicating Rossi et al.'s survey in 1972 of the seriousness of 140 offenses, the present research presents data indicating that white‐collar crime has increased in seriousness more than any other offense category, but that it is still viewed as less serious than most other forms of illegality. When different types of white‐collar crime were analyzed, we found considerable variation in ratings, with high a degree of seriousness attributed to offenses involving physical harm. Further, while all categories of white‐collar criminality increased in seriousness, attitudinal changes have been particularly apparent toward two types, Violent and Corporate Price‐Fixing.
Make‐Believe Families and Homosexuality Among Imprisoned Girls
Authors: PROPPER ALICE M. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTMethodological issues associated with measuring homosexuality and make‐believe families were examined. A clear operational definition of each was then used to measure their incidence and relationship to each other. Data from the staff and inmates of three coed and four all‐female training schools indicated that homosexuality and make‐believe families were as prevalent in coed as in female institutions, and that most make‐believe family groupings consisted of asexual sister‐sister and mother‐daughter relationships. Homosexual marriages were rare, and girls who did not adopt make‐believe family roles were just as likely to report homosexual experiences as those who were in families. Thus, correlations between homosexual experiences and being in a make‐believe family were weak and negative. Explanations are suggested for the nonobvious findings and the results are compared to other reports in previous literature.
The Accuracy of Public Beliefs about Crime Further Evidence
Authors: WARR MARK 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTCriminologists largely agree that public beliefs about crime are inaccurate, and some seem willing to abandon crime reduction as a policy goal in favor of strategies which directly affect public perceptions of crime. Yet direct tests of the accuracy of public beliefs about crime are rare. In a sample survey of Tucson adults, respondents were asked to estimate the percentage of Tucson juveniles who had committed each of fifteen offenses (i.e., the categorical rates of the offenses) and the offender sex ratio for each offense. Responses were compared with self‐reported data from students in three Tucson high schools. Among the fifteen offenses there is remarkable agreement between the perceived categorical rates, sex ratios, and the self‐reported figures. Taken in conjunction with earlier studies, these findings suggest that strategies designed to reduce the social consequences of crime by altering public beliefs about crime are unlikely to succeed unless they are accompanied by true reductions in the crime rate.
Siblings and Delinquent Behavior: An Exploratory Study of a Neglected Family Variable
Authors: WILKINSON KAREN , STITT B. GRANT , ERICKSON MAYNARD L. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis exploratory article examines the relation between sibling structure (sex of siblings and birth order) and self‐reported delinquency. The processes of contrast and imitation, conceptual notions derived from research on sibling structure and sex roles, are used to guide this exploration. Considerable variation in delinquency by sibling status was identified. There are indications that an interaction effect exists between birth order and sex of siblings relative to rates of delinquency.
Effects of Court Officials on Sentence Severity: Do Judges Make a Difference?
Authors: FRAZIER CHARLES E. , BOCK E. WILBUR 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe present article examines the effects on sentencing of a number of variables measuring court actors and their traits. Sentencing patterns were shown to vary substantially from judge to judge but the differences were found to be related more to the types of cases judges received than to sentencing styles of individual judges. Independent of traditional sociodemographic traits of offenders and legal variables, individual judges do not appear to sentence differently. Moreover, when we estimated equations which included judicial background characteristics, there were no discernible independent effects. These findings differ from both informed intuition and inferences one might draw from previous research. Consideration of subcultures of justice and cases on which court officials disagree about sentences may help explain differences between present and past research.
An Analysis of the Prosecution of Shoplifters
Authors: FEUERVERGER ANDREY , SHEARING CLIFFORD D. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis article examines the decisions to prosecute shoplifters by Canadian retail investigators. A hypothetical case method that permits a statistical simulation of an experimental design is used. The findings support recent research which indicates that both the value of the item and the age of the suspect are the most important predictors of investigators' decisions to prosecute. In addition, our results identify admission of the offense and the suspect's appearance as important predictors of these decisions. In general, characteristics of the offense rather than of the offender are found to be most important factors in the decision‐making process. Further, the results support the argument that investigators' decisions tend to maximize company profit. How‐ever, profit maximization is revealed as an unintended conse‐quence of these decisions.
Victim and Offense Characteristics: Impact on Police Investigative Decision‐Making
Authors: BYNUM TIM S. , CORDNER GARY W. , GREENE JACK R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTResearch on police decision‐making has traditionally focused on the street‐level police officer's decision to arrest. This decision has often been characterized as one having low visibility and is thus highly discretionary. Although the on‐scene arrest is dramatic and fits the popular conception of policing, a great deal of police work involves follow‐up investigations of citizen complaints. While decisions about the level of investigative effort to be applied to a particular complaint are also of low visibility and are highly discretionary, they have been the object of little research. Though it might be expected that these investigative decisions would be determined almost exclusively by the level of evidence available, previous research suggests that the personal characteristics of the victim or complainant also affect these decisions. Findings from this study indicate that victim characteristics differentially affect the investigative decision in various types of criminal complaints. Discussion focuses on the need in future research to consider extra‐legal characteristics of victims and suggests an approach for such analyses.
Adam Smith and White‐Collar Crime: Some Research Themes
Authors: JESILOW PAUL 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe allegation often made in regard to studies of white‐collar crime is that they tend to take the form of unrelated case materials devoid of hypotheses or theory. This article suggests that the radical criminologists fail to come to grips with this issue because of preconceived ideas about the relationship of economic structure and upper‐world criminal activity. The works of Adam Smith offer a number of interesting propositions that can form a framework for empirical investigation in the area of white‐collar crime. Smith's most fundamental hypothesis was that there would be an increase in violations by persons in power if there was interference with what he designated as pure capitalism.
The Radicals and the Rehabilitative Ideal, 1890‐1930
Authors: JENKINS PHILIP 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis article studies radical and socialist reactions to rehabilitative or discretionary penology in the early twentieth century. Far from foreshadowing the ideas of modern radical criminology, early leftists tended to support the rehabilitative idea very strongly, despite the logical contradictions this presented. I attempt to explain the naivete of early radicals in accepting the claims of the new penology at face value. In particular, an explanation is sought in the common reliance of both socialism and positivism on Darwinian ideas and a shared belief in materialism and determinism.
Sex Differences in Self‐Report Delinquency
Authors: CANTER RACHELLE J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis study describes the distribution, nature, pattern, and magnitude of sex differences in self‐report delinquency. A national probability sample of 1725 youths, ages 11‐17, was interviewed using a comprehensive measure of self‐report delinquency including serious and violent crimes. Major findings include (1) small but consistent sex differences in numerous delinquent behaviors and in most types of delinquent behavior due to higher offense frequencies of males and greater numbers of male offenders, (2) generally similar patterns of male and female delinquency (r = .82), (3) sex differences in the proportion of high‐frequency offenders, (4) few interaction effects of sex with other demographic variables, and (5) stable sex differences in certain delinquent acts across a decade.