bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SECRETION OF IMMUNO-REACTIVE LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE BY THE HUMAN FOETAL PITUITARY IN ORGAN CULTURE
Authors: GROOM G. V. , GROOM M. A. , COOKE I. D. , BOYNS A. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Foetal human pituitaries of 8–18 weeks gestational age were maintained in tissue culture for up to 6 days. No morphological change was observed in the tissue during this period. Radioactive glucosamine was continuously incorporated into medium protein and the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and growth hormone in the medium increased with the duration of the culture. Theophylline stimulated the release of both LH and FSH consistently over the 6 days, and the total amount of each hormone released over this period was significantly greater than that in unstimulated control cultures. Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate stimulated FSH release to some extent but had no significant effect on LH release.
DIFFERENTIAL STIMULATION BY PARATHYROID HORMONE OF BONE AND KIDNEY RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
Authors: STEINBERG J. , NICHOLS G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of parathyroid extract (PTE) on the synthesis in vivo of free nucleotide and RNA were compared in rat metaphysial bone and kidney. The incorporation of 32P into chromatographically pure acid-soluble 5′-AMP and purified bulk RNA was examined at various times after PTE administration. Pulse-labelled RNA was further characterized by sedimentation in sucrose density gradients and by ribomononucleotide analysis.
In both organs the labelling of 5′-AMP and its turnover were accelerated after administration of the hormone. The pool size of free AMP of kidney was approximately 3 times that of bone; neither was affected by PTE. The specific activity of pulse-labelled kidney AMP was always greater, and hormonal stimulation of its labelling was more rapid than in bone.
Despite more extensive precursor labelling, the stimulation of renal RNA synthesis was negligible, and was delayed for several hours, the overall hormonal effect being inseparable from its effect on phosphate entry into the nucleotide precursor pool.
In bone, the hormonal stimulation of RNA labelling was immediate, and continued to increase at a linear rate for up to 12 h. Initially, stimulation of RNA polymerization accounted for the total hormonal effect, while after 4 h an increasing proportion of the total increase in RNA labelling was attributable to enhanced precursor labelling.
Newly synthesized bone RNA differed qualitatively from kidney RNA in its sedimentation properties and composition. Although the labelling of all RNA species and RNA-nucleotides in bone was stimulated by PTE, there was a proportionately greater effect on the labelling of ribosomal RNA, and an apparent shift towards GMP-rich molecules, neither change being manifest in kidney.
It is concluded that while bone and kidney share certain mechanisms, they show changes in RNA biosynthesis in response to parathyroid hormone which are both quantitatively and qualitatively different and which are in accord with the RNA requirements for the respective physiological response of each.
THE METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE BY SKIN IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION
Authors: JENKINS J. S. , ASH S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The metabolism in vitro of testosterone by normal human skin has been studied and the results have been compared with those obtained in two cases of testicular feminization. The predominant metabolite was 5α-dihydrotestosterone followed by androstenedione, androsterone, and 5α-androstanedione.
Suprapubic skin from patients with testicular feminization metabolized testosterone in a completely normal manner. There was no evidence to support the view that a failure to produce an essential metabolite of testosterone is responsible for the condition of testicular feminization.
THE ANDROGENIC RESPONSE OF THE GENITAL ACCESSORY ORGANS OF THYROXINE-TREATED AND CASTRATED RATS EXPOSED TO COLD
Authors: DAS R. P. , PERRAULT M. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The role of the thyroid in cold-induced atrophy of the genital accessory organs and the protection by treatment with testosterone against such atrophy have been evaluated in intact and castrated male rats.
Treatment with thyroxine or exposure to cold reduced the weight and some of the activities of the genital accessory organs in intact but not in castrated rats.
Testosterone propionate implants not only protected these organs from the cold-induced atrophy but also stimulated them beyond the level of intact controls kept at room temperature.
The weight and some functions of the genital accessory organs of testosterone-treated castrated rats were decreased after cold exposure. These changes were more pronounced when thyroxine was administered simultaneously.
The results suggest that the cold-induced atrophy of the accessory organs is due to the release of excess thyroid hormone and that implants of testosterone propionate can prevent this atrophy.
THE MAINTENANCE OF PREGNANCY DURING THE PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD IN MICE TREATED WITH PHENELZINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: ROBSON J. M. , SULLIVAN F. M. , WILSON CATHERINE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A number of derivatives of the mono-amine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) compound, phenelzine, have been shown to have an anti-fertility effect, when administered both before and after implantation in mice. The action of the compounds in the pre-implantation period (days 1–6) is reversed by progesterone and by prolactin; both have to be given with 0·05 μg oestradiol/mouse during days 4 and 5 to induce implantation. When the oestrogen treatment is omitted implantation is delayed by 2–3 days. This seems to be due to a transient antagonism of the action of luteinizing hormone (LH), which is necessary for the secretion of oestrogen which in turn is necessary for implantation. In addition, the MAOI compounds appear to inhibit the release of pituitary hormones necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy. In the pre-implantation period the important pregnancy-maintaining hormone seems to be prolactin, and after implantation LH seems to become the main luteotrophin.
INCREASED SEBUM SECRETION IN ADULT FEMALE RATS AFTER NEONATAL TREATMENT WITH TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE
Authors: THODY A. J. , SHUSTER S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Testosterone propionate (TP) was administered to female rats at 3 and 6 days of age. When adult the sebum secretion rate of these rats was significantly increased, although the response to TP was normal.
Neonatal androgen treatment had no effect on the preputial gland weight of adult female rats. On the other hand ovarian weight was reduced.
After ovariectomy of normal adult rats there was an increase in sebum secretion to a level comparable to that found in adult rats given TP as neonates. By contrast there was no change in sebum secretion after ovariectomy of adult rats given TP as neonates and the rate of sebum secretion in these rats was comparable to that in ovariectomized normal adults.
It is suggested that after neonatal androgen treatment the normal inhibition of the sebaceous glands by the ovaries was abolished and consequently the rate of secretion was increased. Thus the endocrine state in early life may have a lasting effect on sebaceous gland activity in the adult.
INHIBITION OF COMPENSATORY OVARIAN HYPERTROPHY IN MICE BY MELATONIN, 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND PINEAL POWDER
Authors: VAUGHAN MARY K. , BENSON B. , NORRIS J. T. , VAUGHAN G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Single injections of melatonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine or pineal powder on the day of operation significantly blocked compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in unilaterally ovariectomized mice in a dose-related fashion. Inhibition of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy by melatonin was most effective when the compound was given on the day of dioestrus and least effective on the day of pro-oestrus. These results support the conclusion that the pineal gland elaborates one or more substances which have an antigonadotrophic action in the female rodent.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE DISTRIBUTION AND SOURCE OF PROTEIN IN PREOVULATORY RAT OVARIES
Authors: LIPNER H. , SMITH M. SUSAN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The distribution and source of protein in the fluid compartments of tissues may be determined by the use of [14C]sucrose to determine the volume of the fluid compartments and 125I-labelled serum albumin ([125I]SA) to determine the distribution volume of the labelled protein. The amount of tissue protein in the ovary, the amount of protein derived from plasma, the rate of plasma protein influx into the ovary and the amount of newly synthesized protein were calculated.
Immature female rats were treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMS)when 24 days old and were given human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) 42 h later. The rats were given [14C]sucrose or [125I]SA and measurements were made. Ovaries and blood were collected 0, 3, 5, 8 and 10 h after HCG administration. At all intervals the dry weight represented 14% and water 86% of the weight of the ovary. The extracellular space increased until 8 h and then both it and the intracellular space increased. At 0 h plasma protein accounted for 17% of the total proteins. At 10 h the ovarian weight had increased by 50% to 100% of the value at 0 h and the total protein by 45% of the value at 0 h with plasma protein accounting for 27% of the total proteins, and newly synthesized protein for 16%. The increase in plasma protein was linear and accumulated at the rate of 15%/h. By this method no entrance of plasma protein into the intracellular space could be demonstrated. Newly synthesized protein appeared only after 5 h and probably represents the growth of a new crop of follicles.
THE ROLE OF PROGESTERONE IN REGULATING THE PERIOD OF SEXUAL RECEPTIVITY IN THE FEMALE HAMSTER
Authors: CIACCIO L. A. , LISK R. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Spayed female hamsters were given a 150 μg pellet of oestradiol s.c. (day 0). After s.c. placement of a 200 μg pellet of progesterone 7 days later, all animals displayed oestrous behaviour. Treatment with 200 μg progesterone suspended in propylene glycol or sesame oil, on days 4, 5 or 6 also induced an immediate period of heat but subsequent placement of a 200 μg pellet of progesterone on day 7 did not always result in oestrous behaviour. The animals did not show the lordosis response after placement of the progesterone pellet on day 7 when 200 μg progesterone in sesame oil had been given on either day 5 or 6. In contrast, when propylene glycol was employed as the vehicle, only injection on day 6 blocked oestrous behaviour on day 7.
When the same amount of progesterone in propylene glycol was administered on day 5, as injections of 50 μg each over 12 h or more, progesterone in propylene glycol was more effective in blocking oestrous behaviour on day 7. The injection on day 5 of 100 μg progesterone in propylene glycol as four injections of 25 μg over 12 h did not block oestrous behaviour on day 7. The injection of 50 μg progesterone in propylene glycol on four successive nights induced a period of sexual receptivity after each injection. These observations indicate that the duration of the insensitive condition, developing as a result of a period of progesterone-facilitated heat, is a function of the amount of hormone causing the initial receptive period, as well as the duration of progesterone stimulation.
CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA AND OTHER CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH A RAISED URINARY STEROID 11-OXYGENATION INDEX
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. , EDWARDS R. W. H. , MAKIN H. L. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Raised values of the 11-oxygenation index (11-OI) were found in 164 children, although it was only possible to record 97 fully. Seventy-four were fully diagnosed as having congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and among the others five had high 11-OI values which fell to normal by the 8th day of life and two gave high values due to methodological interference by 1-oxygenated steroids. Severe diarrhoea was associated with a raised 11-OI in ten boys and this presented difficulty in diagnosis; CAH was considered a possible diagnosis by the referring physician but was finally excluded.
Impaired adrenocortical function probably accounted for the raised 11-OI observed in six children who were never considered to have CAH. They had a variety of conditions including congenital heart disease.
Normal 11-OI values were found in six patients with adrenocortical tumours. Prednisone and prednisolone administration interfered with the determination.
THE PRODUCTION OF HORMONAL STEROIDS BY OVARIAN TISSUES OF THE CHINCHILLA (CHINCHILLA LANIGER)
Authors: TAM W. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The corpora lutea of pregnancy (primary CL), corpora lutea atretica (accessory CL), and the residual tissue (consisting of interstitial cells and a few follicles) were dissected from pregnant chinchilla ovaries, and incubated separately using [7α-3H]pregnenolone as substrate. Tritiated progesterone, 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, androstenedione, testosterone and oestradiol-17β were identified as products. [7α-3H]Progesterone was the major hormone synthesized (yield 36–85%) by the three types of ovarian tissues, but the two types of luteal tissue were more efficient in the production of this compound. Androstenedione and oestradiol-17β were also synthesized by all the tissues incubated. The large amount of androstenedione produced suggested that it was the immediate oestrogen precursor. However, the occurrence of traces of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone made it impossible to conclude whether the 4- or 5-unsaturated pathway was preferred for the synthesis of oestrogens.
Endogenous progesterone, 20α- and 20β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, and oestradiol-17β concentrations in the plasma were also determined using gas—liquid chromatography. The major hormone was again progesterone. Since abortion occurred after ovariectomy, these hormones must have been of ovarian origin.
The findings suggest that the accessory corpora lutea supplemented the primary corpora lutea in the production of hormones for the maintenance of gestation.
HORMONAL REGULATION OF RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE MOUSE MAMMARY GLAND BEFORE AND DURING LACTATION
Authors: BANERJEE M. R. , ROGERS FERNE M. , BANERJEE D. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
As measured by [3H]uridine incorporation in vivo, the low rate of RNA synthesis in the mammary gland of virgin C3H and BALB/c mice increased sixfold in the mammary tissue of 15-day pregnant mice. In the 5-day lactating gland, RNA synthesis was ten times higher than that in virgin mammary tissue. On the 10th day of lactation this increased RNA synthetic activity in the mammary gland was considerably reduced but was still twice that of the mammary tissue of virgin mice. Twenty-four hours after adrenalectomy, RNA synthesis in lactating glands was reduced by over 80%, whereas in the mammary gland before lactation, it was reduced by 20–30% only. A single i.p. injection of 250 μg of cortisol led to a threefold increase of RNA synthesis within 1 to 2 h in lactating glands of adrenalectomized mice; this was followed by a decline. Incorporation of [3H]leucine into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material from lactating mammary tissue was used as a measure of'total protein' synthesis, and [3H]leucine radioactivity determined in Ca2+−rennin precipitate of 105000 g supernatant of lactating mammary tissue homogenate was used as a measure of casein synthesis. Adrenalectomy caused a 50% reduction of 'total protein' synthesis, whereas synthesis of 'casein-like' phosphoprotein virtually stopped after the operation. The injection of cortisol into adrenalectomized mice induced a selective increase of [3H]leucine incorporation into the casein of lactating glands. The results indicate that RNA synthesis in the mammary tissue is more dependent on adrenal hormones during the functional than the structural state of differentiation. The hormonal regulation of RNA synthesis and its role in milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland in vivo is discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF CORTICOTROPHIN, GLUCOSE AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON SECRETION BY THE NASAL SALT GLAND OF THE DUCK, ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS
Authors: PEAKER M. , PEAKER STEPHANIE J. , PHILLIPS J. G. , WRIGHT A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ducks given corticotrophin (ACTH) i.m. for 5 days secreted significantly more nasal fluid in response to an i.v. injection of 0·5 m-NaCl. However, blood glucose and plasma potassium concentrations also increased in the birds given ACTH and when these changes in blood composition were produced by injecting glucose or KC1, an effect similar to that of ACTH was obtained, suggesting that glucocorticoids influence the salt gland indirectly rather than, or as well as, directly. The concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the nasal fluid were decreased by ACTH, an effect not mimicked by glucose or KC1, and this might suggest some direct influence on water movements in the salt gland. ACTH increased nasal secretion in response to a minimal stimulatory salt load approximately 15 min after i.v. injection and this increase coincided with a marked rise in blood glucose concentration.
INHIBITION OF LIPOLYSIS AND POTENTIATION OF THE HYPOGLYCAEMIC EFFECT OF INSULIN BY NON-HYPOGLYCAEMIC INSULIN DERIVATIVES
Authors: DILMAN V. M. , VASIL'EVA I. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Treatment of insulin with iodine or formaldehyde eliminates its hypoglycaemic effect but does not affect the antilipolytic properties of insulin. Pharmacological doses of iodinated insulin injected into rabbits inhibit the lipolysis caused by human growth hormone, corticotrophin, lipotrophin or fasting.
Iodinated or formaldehyde-treated insulin was found to increase the hypoglycaemic effect of exogenous native insulin. This action may be accounted for by the antilipolytic activity of these insulin derivatives. Iodinated insulin could also be shown to decrease the glycaemia after a glucose load.
The significance of increased lipolysis in the pathogenesis of a large group of pathological conditions caused by increased resistance of the hypothalamus to homeostatic inhibition is discussed.
STEROIDS OF A CHONDROSTEAN: CORTICOSTEROIDS AND TESTOSTERONE IN THE PLASMA OF THE AMERICAN ATLANTIC STURGEON, ACIPENSER OXYRHYNCHUS MITCHILL
Authors: SANGALANG G. B. , WEISBART M. , IDLER D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Double isotope derivative assays were used to determine the presence or absence of testosterone, cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone in plasma samples from two (one sexually immature and one sexually mature) male American Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill. Submicrogram levels of testosterone were detected in the dichloromethane-extractable ('free' steroid) fractions of the plasma samples from both the immature and the mature fish; the level was much higher in the plasma of the mature fish. Very low levels of 'free' cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone were also detected in the plasma of the immature fish. The presence of 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol could not be firmly established in any of the samples. Preliminary analysis for conjugated testosterone in the plasma of the immature fish failed to show any detectable enzyme-released testosterone.
INDUCTION OF TARGET ORGAN INSENSITIVITY TO TESTOSTERONE IN THE MALE GUINEA-PIG WITH CYPROTERONE
Authors: GOLDFOOT D. A. , RESKO J. A. , GOY R. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Male guinea-pigs born to females injected with cyproterone acetate (CA) from day 28 to 58 of gestation developed non-tubular hypospadiac penes and stunted seminal vesicles and prostate glands. When adult animals were stimulated with exogenous or endogenous androgens, secretory failure and only minimal growth was observed in the accessory organs. The concentrations of endogenous testosterone in systemic plasma from intact CA males were not different from those in control males, but the uptake and distribution of [1,2-3H]testosterone in castrated CA males did not conform to control values. Deficiences in mounting, intromission and ejaculatory patterns were observed in CA males compared with controls. Lordosis, the primary behavioural response used as a criterion of 'feminization', was never observed in CA males even when large concentrations of oestrogens were administered. The results suggest that target organ insensitivity to testosterone in adulthood can be the result of deficient androgenic stimulation during embryological differentiation.
THE EFFECTS OF PORCINE CALCITONIN ON RENAL FUNCTION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: SALAKO L.A. , SMITH A. J. , SMITH R. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Extracts of porcine thyroid containing calcitonin produced increases in urinary flow and urinary electrolyte content when infused or injected into anaesthetized rabbits. This response occurred more rapidly after intraaortic than after intravenous injection and was accompanied by an increase in glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance) and renal plasma flow (paraaminohippuric acid clearance).
Preparations of calcitonin failed to affect the short-circuit current in isolated frog skin.
Although an effect of calcitonin on renal tubular transport mechanisms cannot be excluded it seems likely that one mechanism responsible for the diuretic effect of this compound in the rabbit is an increase in renal blood flow.
RELATIONSHIP OF MITOSIS TO ALVEOLAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE RAT MAMMARY GLAND
Authors: DILLEY W. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
After 3 and 5 days of culture of whole rat mammary glands in the presence of insulin, or insulin plus prolactin, or insulin plus prolactin plus aldosterone, or insulin plus prolactin plus oestradiol plus progesterone, there was good correlation between the levels of alveolar development and the [3H]thymidine labelling indices. Blockage of mitosis in explants developing in medium containing insulin plus prolactin also blocked alveolar development. Alveolar development is therefore proportional to and dependent on mitotic activity in the proper hormonal environment.
BLASTOCYSTS IN THE MOUSE UTERUS: THE EFFECT OF OVARIECTOMY, PROGESTERONE AND OESTROGEN
Authors: McLAREN ANNE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of ovariectomy at different stages of early pregnancy, and the response to various amounts of exogenous progesterone and oestrogen, were studied in Q-strain mice. When the ovaries were removed on the third day of pregnancy, unimplanted blastocysts were retained in the uterus and no lysis of the zona pellucida occurred; removal on the following morning permitted lysis of the zona pellucida but again no implantation; by the afternoon the ovaries were no longer required for the initiation of implantation, but in the absence of progesterone no sites were maintained. A single dose of oestrogen eliminated all unimplanted blastocysts from the uteri of ovariectomized mice. Daily treatment with a low dose of progesterone after ovariectomy on the third day altered the appearance of the uterus but did not permit implantation unless oestrogen was also given. Under all the above conditions, some reduction in the number of embryos occurred. The maximum number of implantation sites in ovariectomized mice was achieved by daily injection of a high dose of progesterone, with no added oestrogen. An intermediate level of progesterone induced abortive implantation in mice ovariectomized on the third day, and abnormal development of implantation sites after ovariectomy on the fourth day. When the start of progesterone injections was postponed, either after ovariectomy or during lactational delay, it proved more difficult to induce implantation with the progesterone preparation alone, in the absence of added oestrogen.