bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting refining losses in rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran oil
Authors: Mishra Arvind , Gopalakrishna A. G. , Prabhakar J. V. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractComponents of rice bran oil have been assessed for their effect on refining losses. Rice bran oil used in the study had the following (percent) analysis: free fatty acids, 6.8; phosphatides, 1.25; wax, 2.85; monoglycerides, 1.67; diglycerides, 4.84, and oryzanol, 1.85; the rest (80.74) was mostly triglycerides. The phosphatides and mono‐ and diglycerides had no noticeable effect on refining losses at levels of up to 2% in the oil. Waxes and oryzanol increased the refining losses substantially. In model experiments where these were incorporated into peanut oil individually and in combination, the wax at as low a level as 1% increased the refining losses by about 80% more than control and the refining losses increased with concentration of wax. Oryzanol had a similar effect. When wax and oryzanol were present together in the oil, the effect was synergistic—the refining losses were higher than the sum of their individual effects. Phosphatides, mono‐ and diglycerides tended to reduce the adverse effect of wax and oryzanol. The main components responsible for higher than normal refining losses in rice bran oil have been identified as wax and oryzanol.
Oleochemical surfactants and lubricants in the textile industry
Authors: Proffitt Thomas J. , Thomas Patterson H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the published literature on the uses of oleochemical surfactants and lubricants in the textile industry with a dual emphasis on textile technology and effects that oleochemicals can have on that technology. Oleochemical derivatives are used in the textile industry as surfactants, emulsifiers, wetting agents, antistatic agents, softeners, antimicrobial agents, water and oil repellents, antisoil agents, lubricants, cohesive agents and dyeing assistants. The relationship between the amount of fatty acid derivatives consumed in textile operations and global fiber production is discussed. Small amounts of oleochemicals acting at interfaces are invaluable in their effects on textiles. Oleochemical surfactant chemical and physical properties of importance in textile operations are described, and the relationships between certain properties of oleochemicals and their performance on textile fibers are reviewed. The basic principles and technology of spin finishes and textile processing aids are discussed. The effects of oleochemical surfactants in dyeing and as finishing agents for textile fibers are described briefly. The conclusion presents the prognosis for the future of oleochemicals in the textile industry.
THE CORRESPONDENCE OF THOMAS HOBBES: SOME NEW ITEMS
Authors: MALCOLM NOEL , TOLONEN MIKKO 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThis article presents the full text of a hitherto unpublished letter to Hobbes, and provides details of three other items from his correspondence which have not survived. The unpublished letter is from the Oxford academic Thomas Barlow, thanking Hobbes for a copy of Hobbes's De homine; that copy also survives, and details are given of Barlow's critical annotations on it. Where the three non-extant letters are concerned, some information about them has been gleaned from entries in nineteenth-century dealers' and auctioneers' catalogues; in one case, a letter concerning telescopes from the marquess of Newcastle, those details are supplemented by other evidence, from Newcastle's household papers. Finally, some alleged items of Hobbes's correspondence are described and discounted, and two new manuscripts of known letters are listed.
Active Labour Market Policy and Unemployment Scarring: A Ten-year Swedish Panel Study
Authors: STRANDH MATTIAS , NORDLUND MADELENE 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPrevious studies have shown mixed results concerning the effects of participation in active labour market policy programmes (ALMPs) on the longer-term scars in the form of poor income development and low job stability following the end of an unemployment spell. Most previous studies, however, have been limited both in the time frame used and to particular programmes. We argue that human capital investments are long-term investments and should therefore also be investigated from a long-term perspective. ALMP training and ALMPs as subsidised employment also represent different types of human capital investments that may produce effects that are differently distributed over time. In order to handle these issues, this article uses a longitudinal register-based dataset in which all long-term (more than six months) unemployed Swedes in 1993, who had no labour market problems in 1992, were followed for ten years. We found positive effects of ALMP participation concerning both the probability of reaching pre-unemployment incomes and a reduction in the hazard of exiting the labour market, while the effect on the probability of having an unemployment-free year was mixed. The effects of the two forms of ALMPs were differently distributed over time, with ALMP employment having an immediate effect that decreased relatively quickly and ALMP training having a longer-term effect.
Computer-aided-symbolic dynamic modeling for Stewart-platform manipulator
Authors: Lin J. , Chen C.-W. 
Published: June 2008

SUMMARYThe Stewart platform manipulator is a fully kinematic linkage system that has major mechanical differences from typical serial link robots. It is a six-axis parallel robot manipulator with a high force-to-weight ratio and good positioning accuracy that exceeds that of a conventional serial link robot arm. This study examines the dynamic equations and control methodology for a Stewart platform. Because manual symbolic expansion of Stewart platform robot dynamic equations is tedious, time-consuming, and prone to errors, an automated derivation process is highly desired. The main goal of this work is to present an efficient procedure for computer generation of dynamic equations for a Stewart platform manipulator. As MATLAB has a powerful signal processing toolbox along with symbolic processing capabilities and is widely used as a common technical computing environment in many universities and research laboratories, the objective of this study was to develop a MATLAB-based approach for symbolic computation for a parallel linked robot. Additionally, a computed-torque control methodology is utilized for such a structure. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control methodology.
Plasma vitamin C: what does it measure?
Authors: Ness AR , Khaw KT , Bingham S , Day NE 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To examine the association between self-reported consumption of foods and plasma vitamin C levels.Design:A cross-sectional analysis of dietary data and plasma vitamin C levels. Subjects placed the following foods into frequency categories: fresh fruit, leafy greens, other vegetables, fatty fish, other fish, chicken, meat, meat products, eggs, cheese and brown bread. The six frequency categories ranged from ‘never’ to ‘at least daily’. Plasma vitamin C was measured by fluorometric assay.Setting:A population-based cohort study in Norfolk, UK.Subjects:598 men and 566 women aged 45–74 years not taking vitamin supplements.Results:Plasma vitamin C was positively correlated with intake of fresh fruit (r = 0.29 in men and r = 0.25 in women, P < 0.001), leafy greens (r = 0.20 in men P < 0.001, r = 0.13 in women P < 0.01), other vegetables (r = 0.20 in men P < 0.001, r = 0.14 in women P < 0.01) and brown bread (r = 0.28 in men, r = 0.17 in women, P < 0.001) and negatively associated with intake of meat products (r = −0.13 in men P = 0.02, r = −0.10 in women P < 0.01). The difference in plasma vitamin C between never and daily eaters of brown bread was 13.6 μmol l−1 in men and 9.9 μmol l−1 in women, P < 0.001Conclusions:These data suggest that plasma vitamin C is not only a marker of foods rich in vitamin C but of certain patterns of food consumption. Such patterns are likely to be population specific and might explain inconsistencies in biomarker–disease associations.
Transcriptional regulation of PSA-NCAM mediated neuron–glial plasticity in the adult hypothalamus
Authors: Parkash Jyoti , Kaur Gurcharan 
Published: June 2008

AbstractGonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-secreting neurons in mammal's project principally to the median eminence-arcuate (ME-ARC) region where they make contact with basal lamina and open into the pericapillary space of the primary hypophyseal portal plexus. In the present study we report the expression of polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) on the cell bodies of GnRH-secreting neurons and on glial cells in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) of the hypothalamus in both the proestrous and diestrous phases of cycling rats, using dual immunohistofluorescent staining. Regulation of PSA-NCAM occurs via regulation of PSA biosynthesis by the polysialyltransferase enzyme (PST-1). Therefore, we studied the expression of PST mRNA and GnRH in GnRH-releasing cell bodies by combining fluorescent in situ hybridization with immunohistofluorescence, and expression of PST mRNA in the mPOA using northern blotting. We observed dynamic upregulation of PSA-NCAM on GnRH cell bodies in the proestrous phase, accompanied by enhanced expression of PST-1 mRNA. The present results indicate that PSA-NCAM has a permissive role in the structural remodeling of GnRH neurons. Enhanced expression of mRNA encoding PST-1 in the proestrous phase indicates that the biosynthesis of PSA and, thus, PSA-NCAM is regulated at the transcriptional level.
Fat Infiltration in Muscle: New Evidence for Familial Clustering and Associations With Diabetes
Authors: Miljkovic‐Gacic Iva , Wang Xiaojing , Kammerer Candace M. , Gordon Christopher L. , Bunker Clareann H. , Kuller Lewis H. , Patrick Alan L. , Wheeler Victor W. , Evans Rhobert W. , Zmuda Joseph M. 
Published: June 2008

Objective: Increased fat infiltration in skeletal muscle has been associated with diabetes. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) can be used to measure muscle density, which reflects the lipid content of skeletal muscle such that greater fat infiltration in skeletal muscle is associated with lower muscle density. The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to fat infiltration in skeletal muscle has not been assessed. Therefore, our aim is to determine genetic and environmental contributions to measures of skeletal muscle composition, and describe their associations with type 2 diabetes in multigenerational families of African ancestry.Methods and Procedures: Peripheral QCT (pQCT) measures of skeletal muscle density were obtained for the calf in 471 individuals (60% women; mean 43 years) belonging to eight large, multigenerational Afro‐Caribbean families (mean family size 51 individuals; 3,535 relative pairs).Results: The proportion of variance in muscle density due to additive genetic effects (residual heritability) was 35.0% (P < 0.001) and significant covariates (age, gender, BMI, and parity) explained 55.0% of the total phenotypic variation in muscle density. Muscle density was lower (P < 0.001) in 62 diabetics (69.5 mg/cm3) than in 339 nondiabetics (74.3 mg/cm3) and remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI (P = 0.005) or age, gender, and waist circumference (P = 0.01).Discussion: Our results provide new evidence that ectopic lipid deposition in skeletal muscle is a heritable trait and is associated with diabetes, independent of overall and central obesity in families of African heritage. Genome‐wide screens and candidate gene studies are warranted to identify the genetic factors contributing to ectopic deposition of skeletal muscle fat.
New mutations in C1GALT1C1 in individuals with Tn positive phenotype
Authors: Karamatic Crew Vanja , Singleton Belinda K. , Green Carole , Parsons Stephen F. , Daniels Geoff , Anstee David J. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryTn polyagglutination results from inactivating mutations in C1GALT1C1, an X‐borne gene encoding a core 1 β3‐galactosyltransferase‐specific molecular chaperone (cosmc) required for the functioning of T‐synthase (β 1,3‐galactosyltransferase), a glycosyltransferase essential for the correct biosynthesis of O‐glycans. This study found novel inactivating mutations (Glu152Lys, Ser193Pro and Met1Ile) in the coding sequence of C1GALT1C1 in three Tn positive individuals and a complete lack of C1GALT1C1 cDNA expression was observed in an additional Tn positive individual. In addition, expression of ST6GALNAC1, which encodes (α‐N‐acetyl‐neuraminyl‐2,3‐β‐galactosyl‐1, 3)‐N‐acetylgalactosaminide α‐2,6‐sialyltransferase 1 and gives rise to sialyl‐Tn antigen, was present at comparable levels in normal and Tn‐positive human erythroblasts. Expression studies of wild‐type and Tn positive C1GALT1C1 cDNA in the Jurkat cell line confirmed that the amino acid substitutions observed in Tn are inactivating. Analysis of the transcriptome of cultured normal and Tn positive erythroblasts revealed numerous differences in gene expression. Reduced transcript levels for fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) and plexin D1 (PLXND1), and increased levels for aquaporin 3 (AQP3) were confirmed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. These data show that alteration of O‐glycan structures resulting from T‐synthase deficiency is accompanied by altered expression of a wide variety of genes in erythroid cells.
CD39 is incorporated into plasma microparticles where it maintains functional properties and impacts endothelial activation
Authors: Banz Yara , Beldi Guido , Wu Yan , Atkinson Ben , Usheva Anny , Robson Simon C. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryPlasma microparticles (MPs, <1·5 μm) originate from platelet and cell membrane lipid rafts and possibly regulate inflammatory responses and thrombogenesis. These actions are mediated through their phospholipid‐rich surfaces and associated cell‐derived surface molecules. The ectonucleotidase CD39/ecto‐nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase1 (E‐NTPDase1) modulates purinergic signalling through pericellular ATP and ADP phosphohydrolysis and is localized within lipid rafts in the membranes of endothelial‐ and immune cells. This study aimed to determine whether CD39 associates with circulating MPs and might further impact phenotype and function. Plasma MPs were found to express CD39 and exhibited classic E‐NTPDase ecto‐enzymatic activity. Entpd1 (Cd39) deletion in mice produced a pro‐inflammatory phenotype associated with quantitative and qualitative differences in the MP populations, as determined by two dimensional‐gel electrophoresis, western blot and flow cytometry. Entpd1‐null MPs were also more abundant, had significantly higher proportions of platelet‐ and endothelial‐derived elements and decreased levels of interleukin‐10, tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 2. Consequently, Cd39‐null MP augment endothelial activation, as determined by inflammatory cytokine release and upregulation of adhesion molecules in vitro. In conclusion, CD39 associates with circulating MP and may directly or indirectly confer functional properties. Our data also suggest a modulatory role for CD39 within MP in the exchange of regulatory signals between leucocytes and vascular cells.
Enduring consequences of parenting for risk behaviors from adolescence into early adulthood
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: June 2008

.

Roche K. M.,
Ahmed S. &
Blum R. W.
(
2008
)

,
66
,
2023
–
2034
.

DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.009
.
Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child behavior and maternal adjustment: evidence from a large, randomized trial
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: June 2008

.

Kramer M. S.,
Fombonne E.,
Igumnov S.,
Vanilovich I.,
Matush L.,
Mironova E.,
Bogdanivich N.,
Tremblay R. E.,
Chalmers B.,
Zhang X. &
Platt R. W.
,
for the PROBIT study group
(
2008
)

,
121
,
e435
–
e440
.

DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007‐1248
.
Objective  The objective of this study was to assess the long‐term effects of breastfeeding on child behaviour and maternal adjustment.Methods  We followed up children who were in the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial, a cluster‐randomized trial of a breastfeeding promotion intervention based on the World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative. A total of 17 046 healthy, breastfeeding mother–infant pairs were enrolled from 31 Belarussian maternity hospitals and affiliated polyclinics; 13 889 (81.5%) were followed up at 6.5 years. Mothers and teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and supplemental questions bearing on internalizing and externalizing behavioural problems. Mothers also responded to questions concerning their relationships to their partner and child and their breastfeeding of subsequently born children.Results  The experimental intervention led to a large increase in exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months (43.3% vs. 6.4%) and a significantly higher prevalence of any breastfeeding at all ages up to and including 12 months. No significant treatment effects were observed on either the mother or the teacher Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ratings of total difficulties, emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, or prosocial behaviour or on the supplemental behavioural questions. We found no evidence of treatment effects on the parent's marriage or on the mother's satisfaction with her relationships with her partner or child, but the experimental intervention significantly increased the duration of any breastfeeding, and mothers in the experimental group were nearly twice as likely to breastfeed exclusively the next‐born child for at least 3 months.Conclusions  On the basis of the largest randomized trial ever conducted in the area of human lactation, we found no evidence of risks or benefits of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding for child and maternal behaviour. Breastfeeding promotion does, however, favourably affect breastfeeding of the subsequent child.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients admitted with heart failure
Authors: Iversen K. K. , Kjaergaard J. , Akkan D. , Kober L. , Torp‐Pedersen C. , Hassager C. , Vestbo J. , Kjoller E. ,   The ECHOS‐Lung Function Study Group
Published: June 2008

Abstract.Objective.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important differential diagnosis in patients with heart failure (HF). The primary aims were to determine the prevalence of COPD and to test the accuracy of self‐reported COPD in patients admitted with HF. Secondary aims were to study a possible relationship between right and left ventricular function and pulmonary function.Design.  Prospective substudy.Setting.  Systematic screening at 11 centres.Subjects.  Consecutive patients (n = 532) admitted with HF requiring medical treatment with diuretics and an episode with symptoms corresponding to New York Heart Association class III‐IV within a month prior to admission.Interventions.  Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured by spirometry and ventricular function by echocardiography. The diagnosis of COPD and HF were made according to established criteria.Results.  The prevalence of COPD was 35%. Only 43% of the patients with COPD had self‐reported COPD and one‐third of patients with self‐reported COPD did not have COPD based on spirometry. The prevalence of COPD in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (i.e. LVEF ≥45%) was significantly higher than in patients with impaired LVEF (41% vs. 31%, P = 0.03). FEV1 and FVC were negatively correlated with right ventricular end‐diastolic diameter and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and FVC positively correlated with systolic gradient across the tricuspid valve.Conclusion.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is frequent in patients admitted with HF and self‐reported COPD only identifies a minority. The prevalence of COPD was high in both patients with systolic and nonsystolic HF.
Architectural complexity of a carbonate transgressive systems tract induced by basement physiography
Authors: MATEU‐VICENS GUILLEM , POMAR LUIS , TROPEANO MARCELLO 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThree‐dimensional exposure of the Plio‐Pleistocene Calcarenite di Gravina Formation around Matera Horst, Italy, permits analysis of the architecture and internal complexities of carbonate sedimentary bodies around a palaeoisland. Spatial organization of the different lithosomes, along with their skeletal composition, sedimentary structures and bedding patterns, helps decipher the key factors that controlled platform architecture and distribution of heterogeneities: basement physiography, type and loci of carbonate production, bottom currents and changes in accommodation. Relative sea‐level changes resulted from high‐frequency glacioeustatic cycles that punctuated an overall tectonically induced transgression. Topographic relief, fragmentation of the limestone basement and wave energy controlled lithoclastic supply. Basement physiography and relative sea‐level changes determined the area available for carbonate‐producing biotas, and thus the amount and type of skeletal sediments. On the moderately dipping south‐western margin, waves and associated currents re‐distributed the lithoclasts derived from coastal abrasion. Bioclasts mostly derived from epiphytic seaweed production in the shoreface. Infralittoral prisms resulted from downdip transport (progradation) and longshore transport, which controlled along strike continuity of the prisms. Where basement continuity was interrupted at the margin of the palaeoisland, a lithoclastic fan was deposited from dumping sediments carried by shore‐parallel currents. Fan‐shaped skeletal bodies coalesced to form an apron on the steeper northern side of the palaeoisland, when a structural platform was flooded and epiphytic carbonates were shed. Red algae contribution depended on the available oligophotic area which, in turn, was controlled by high‐frequency sea‐level cycles, basement physiography and apron aggradation. The internal architecture of this apron resembles a low stand wedge but it accumulated during transgression. Deeper‐water, contour‐parallel currents formed a lithosome at the foot of the structural relief. Interpreted as drift deposits, it is composed of shallow‐water benthonic skeletal components, planktonic foraminifera and some limeclasts.
Expression Patterns in Mouse Embryos of Neuroleukin/Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Isomerase and Autocrine Motility Factor Receptor
Authors: Repiso A. , Andrés R. , Climent F. , Ureña J. M. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryThe pattern of expression by using in situ hybridization in whole mouse embryos of the neuroleukin/glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase (NK/GPI) gene and its receptor (AMF‐R) is reported. NK/GPI expression was first seen at embryonic day 9 whereas AMF‐R was detected at embryonic day 8; both were detected up to day 12 with NK/GPI showing peaking in the limbs around day 11. The main regions of expression are limb buds, spinal cord and brain. This work contributes to understanding how both proteins act in the development of somatosensory and motoric neural structures.