bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting the impacts of global environmental changes on tropical forests
Authors: Lewis Simon L. , Malhi Yadvinder , Phillips Oliver L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRecent observations of widespread changes in mature tropical forests such as a rise in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, and above-ground biomass, suggest that ‘global change’ agents may be affecting tropical forests far from the deforestation fronts. However, consensus has yet to emerge over the robustness of these changes and the environmental drivers that may be causing them. This chapter focuses on the second part of this debate. Ten potential widespread drivers of environmental change are identified: temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, climatic extremes (including El Niñno-Southern Oscillation events), atmospheric CO2 concentrations, nutrient deposition, O3/acid depositions, hunting, land-use change, and increasing liana numbers. Each is expected to leave a unique ‘fingerprint’ in tropical forests, as drivers directly force different processes, have different distributions in space and time and may affect some forests more than others (e.g., depending on soil fertility). Testable a priori predictions of forest responses are presented to help ecologists attribute particular changes in forests to particular causes. Finally, this chapter discusses how these drivers may change and the possible future consequences for tropical forests.
Late twentieth-century trends in the structure and dynamics of South American forests
Authors: Lewis Simon L. , Phillips Oliver L. , Baker Timothy R. , Lloyd Jon , Malhi Yadvinder , Almeida Samuel , Higuchi Niro , Laurance William F. , Neill David A. , Silva J. Natalino M. , Terborgh John , Lezama Armando Torres , Martínez Rodolfo Vásquez , Brown Sandra , Chave Jerome , Kuebler Caroline , Vargas Percy Núnez , Vinceti Barbara 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWidespread recent changes in the ecology of old-growth tropical forests have been documented, in particular an increase in stem turnover (pan-tropical), and an increase in above-ground biomass (neotropical). Whether these changes are synchronous and whether changes in growth are also occurring is not known. This chapter reports assesses changes from fifty long-term plots from across South America spanning 1971-2002. The key findings are significant increases in: basal area (BA: sum of the cross-sectional areas of all trees in a plot) (by approximately 0.10 square meters per hectare per year); stand-level BA growth; stand-level BA mortality; stem density (about 0.94stems per hectare per year); stem recruitment; and stem mortality. The gain terms (BA growth, stem recruitment) consistently exceeded the loss terms (BA loss, stem mortality) throughout, suggesting that whatever process is driving these changes was already acting before the plot network was established. Long-term, simultaneous increases in growth, BA and stem density imply a continent-wide increase in resource availability which is affecting productivity and forest dynamics. Changes in incoming solar radiation, increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2, and temperature increases, may all have increased resource supply over recent decades, accelerating growth and dynamics in the world's largest tropical forest.
Modelling the past and the future fate of the Amazonian forest
Authors: Cowling Sharon A. , Betts Richard A. , Cox Peter M. , Ettwein Virginia J. , Jones Chris D. , Maslin Mark A. , Spall Steven A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter contrasted HadCM3LC simulations of Amazonian forest at the Last Glacial Maximum (21 kya) and a Younger Dryas-like period (13-12 kya) with predicted responses of future warming to provide estimates of the climatic limits under which the Amazon forest remains relatively stable. Simulations indicate that despite lower atmospheric CO2 concentrations and increased aridity during the LGM, Amazonia remains mostly forested, and that the cooler climate of the Younger Dryas-like period in fact causes a trend towards increased above-ground carbon balance relative to today. The vegetation feedbacks responsible for maintaining forest integrity in past climates (i.e. decreased evapotranspiration and reduced photorespiration) cannot be maintained in the future. Although elevated atmospheric CO2 contributes to a positive enhancement of plant carbon and water balance, decreased stomatal conductance and increased plant and soil respiration cause a positive feedback that amplifies localised drying and climate warming. The Amazonian forest appears to be presently near its critical resiliency threshold, and even minor climate warming may be sufficient to promote deleterious feedbacks on forest integrity.
Ecological hypercycles—covering a planet with life
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEcological hypercycles are auto-catalytic processes by which different organisms (or guilds) improve each others environments. For example, autotrophs producing material of use to decomposers and the decomposers releasing nutrients which are reused by the autotrophs. Such an auto-catalytic process clearly has a positive Gaian effect, and is one of several reasons for expecting life to cover quickly most of a planet's surface once it has evolved. Environmental stochasticity makes it unlikely that ecologies restricted to a small area of a planet will survive for a geological period of time. However, once widespread, life may have a long drawn out end on a dying planet, with some cells surviving for at least millions of years after the biogeochemical cycles returned to being mere geochemical cycles.
Carbon sequestration
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWhile traditionally ecology textbooks only discuss the short term carbon cycle, the role of life has been crucial in the geological long term carbon cycle through processes such as silicate weathering. Arguments have been put forward for the co-evolution of CO2 levels and terrestrial plants — with adaptations to lower CO2 levels allowing large leaves to evolve. It seems clear that on Earth without the effect of life our planet would currently have a temperature which would rule out he survival of eukaryotic life. This suggests that carbon sequestration has a positive Gaian effect. However, this is probably a local conclusion which cannot be generalized to all other planets. More generally, these ideas illustrate the importance of biomass as a key feature of global ecologies. The effects of vegetation (or plankton) on carbon cycles are more directly linked to available biomass than species richness.
Nutrient cycling as an emergent property
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractArguments based on both in vitro and in silico models suggest that biogeochemical cycles will readily evolve on planets with life, along with many of the putative fundamental processes described in this book. Artificial life models illustrate the potential for these emergent cycling systems to have a positive Gaian effect. The well-known potential for exponential growth in unconstrained ecological systems suggests that these emergent systems will often regulate their environments around low nutrient states (biotic plunder), rather than at states which optimize productivity. In this context, it makes sense to define Gaia in relation to prolonged habitability of a planet, but not as a process which maximises biological productivity.
STRING FIELD THEORY AND GAUGE THEORIES
Authors: Mariño Marcos 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows that both Chern-Simons gauge theories and matrix models with polynomial potentials can be realized as open string theories. To show that Chern-Simons theory and matrix models with polynomial potentials are open string theories the strategy is to prove that these gauge theories describe the spacetime dynamics of topological open strings on certain backgrounds. To do this, string field theory is used. Some basic ingredients of the cubic string field theory introduced by Witten (1986) to describe the spacetime dynamics of open bosonic strings are described. The same model is used to describe topological strings. In bosonic open string field theory, the worldsheet of the string is considered to be an infinite strip parameterized by a spatial coordinate and a time coordinate.
THE DIRICHLET PROBLEM I. WEAK SOLUTIONS
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with a systematic study of the questions of existence, uniqueness, and main properties of the solutions of the PME by concentrating on the first boundary-value problem posed in a spatial domain Ω, which is a bounded subdomain of ℝd, d ≥ 1. It focuses on homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, u = 0 on ∂Ω, in order to obtain a simple problem for which a fairly complete theory can be easily developed as a first stage in understanding the theory of the PME. This is called the homogeneous Cauchy-Dirichlet problem, or more simply, the homogeneous Dirichlet problem.
CONTINUITY OF LOCAL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses a main issue of the theory, namely, the continuity of the solutions for times t &gt; 0. The equation treated in this chapter is a generalized version of the GPME. The question of continuity is introduced in Section 7.1. The precise problem and conditions are stated in Section 7.2; the main result, Theorem 7.1, asserts the uniform equicontinuity of bounded solutions with a definite modulus of continuity that depends only on the bounds on the data and the structural conditions of the equation. The proofs are organized in Sections 7.3 and 7.4. The continuity result is a major component of the theory, and the proof is rather long and difficult. The application to the weak solutions constructed in Chapter 5 and the questions of initial and boundary regularity are discussed in Section 7.5. Once continuity is proved, the natural question is to know how regular the solutions of the PME and related equations are. A first step in that direction is Hölder continuity which is proved for the PME in Section 7.6. A much simpler proof of continuity in the case of one space dimension is presented in Section 7.7. The existence of classical positive solutions is briefly discussed in Section 7.8. Continuity is a typical property of parabolic equations, linear or nonlinear, and even degenerate equations like the PME enjoy this property. But there are limits in the direction of so-called singular coefficients. Examples of those limits are given in Section 7.9.
THE PME AS AN ABSTRACT EVOLUTION EQUATION. SEMIGROUP APPROACH
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses the problem of the construction of solutions of the GPME by viewing it as an abstract evolution equation, or more precisely as an ordinary differential equation with values in a Hilbert or Banach space. The outline of the chapter is as follows. Section 10.1 deals with the theory of maximal monotone operators in Hilbert spaces. Section 10.2 introduces time discretizations and the concepts of mild solutions and the accretive operators in Banach spaces. Section 10.3 applies the theory of accretive operators to the filtration equation. The chapter ends with some new ideas of mass transportation and gradient flows and a review of different extensions to more general equations where new concepts of solution are needed.
ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOUR II. DIRICHLET AND NEUMANN PROBLEMS
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter contains a complete study of the large-time behaviour of solutions of the porous medium equation, ut = Δum with m &gt; 1, posed in a bounded domain of the n-dimensional space with homogeneous boundary conditions. Asymptotic profiles are obtained and full proofs of the convergence results are given. Section 20.1 looks at the theory for non-negative solutions, while Section 20.2 covers the general theory without a sign restriction. This study is used to exhibit some of the most common concepts and techniques used in establishing the asymptotic behaviour as t → ∞ of solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. The main ideas involved are rescaling, the existence of special solutions, a priori estimates, ω-limits, and Lyapunov functionals.
The Imperfect Reality of Persons
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the claim of early Buddhists, especially Vasubandhu and Abhidharma, to espouse reductionism as a theory of personal identity. A comparison of the Buddhist no-self theory with Hume and Parfit is explored. Various criticisms of reductionism from within the Indian tradition are mentioned.
2 Investor Engagement
Authors: Martin Roderick , Casson Peter D. , Nisar Tahir M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractInvestor engagement ranges across a spectrum, from indirect/laissez-faire relations to direct investor involvement in specific areas of management practice. The methods of engagement range from informal discussion, the preferred mode of engagement, through to formal methods, such as shareholder resolutions. Investor engagement is placed in the context of other influences on management behaviour. Strategy and innovation are two areas of management practice where investors have especially high incentives to intervene.
3 Institutional Investor Engagement Propensity
Authors: Martin Roderick , Casson Peter D. , Nisar Tahir M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDifferent types of institutional investors have different propensities to engage, influenced by the regulatory environment, the size and distribution of their portfolios, their time horizons, and the financial incentives of fund managers, as well as by corporate performance. The chapter identifies the costs and benefits of engagement. USS Limited is examined as a case study of a major pension fund, with an articulated investment philosophy.
Coping with Crime
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the different options available to victims of crime towards the end of the old regime — personal retribution, community justice, infrajudicial methods, the assistance of a cunning man/woman and sorcery, or recourse to the emergent formal systems of police and policing. It moves on to challenge traditional notions of a distinction between the French and English models of 18th-century police. The English had no militarized police like the French maréchaussée, but while the English liked to stress their liberty and freedom from despotic European police, in London and Paris there were significant similarities.
Measuring a Problem
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
There had been some piecemeal collection of criminal statistics at least as early as the late 17th century, but the early 19th century was a golden age for various forms of social statistics. From the 1830s men like Adolphe Quetelet began publishing analyses of criminal behaviour and patterns of crime across Europe. The early statisticians were not blind to some of the problems, particularly the ‘dark figure’ of unreported crime. The police were able to use the figures to demonstrate police efficiencies and problems; but for many contemporaries, the statistics served primarily to generate concerns by identifying crime as a broad and growing problem. The chapter also notes how historians have used and interpreted the statistics, and have heatedly debated their value for assessing patterns of murder, theft, and violence.
National Paths: Common Patterns
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter draws together the key arguments of the book. It stresses how across the period studied, experts exchanged ideas and governments looked at what seemed to work elsewhere and sought to adapt policing and penal institutions and practices to their own use. It rehearses the role of media representation and of moral entrepreneurs in the changing perceptions of crime and criminals, and what to do about them. It critically revisits the theoretical work of Elias and Foucault, and concludes with the warning that the concepts, practices, and structures of the criminal justice systems developed in Europe since the Enlightenment are enormously powerful; they are not neutral, and they can be used for good or ill.
Preliminaries
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter provides necessary preliminaries on functional analysis, comparison results, and the fundamentals of the PME. Section 1.2 provides the basic information on the equation that will serve as background material for the book. The some comparison results are presented. These results are discussed in more detail and the main facts are recalled in Section 1.3, since they are essential in the derivation of the estimates. Additional information is supplied in the appendices at the end.
Smoothing effect and time decay fromLporMp
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of boundedness for the same equation when the initial data are chosen in the Lebesgue space Lp, p Ɛ (1, ∞). It is assumed that m &gt; mc. The results are based on a very delicate phase-plane analysis of the existence of certain types of self-similar solutions. This technique will play a big role in later chapters and the analysis is presented in Section 3.2. The technique allows us to extend the functional setting in a natural way from the Lebesgue spaces into the Marcinkiewicz spaces Mp(R n). Using this machinery, a special solution is developed in Section 3.3 that replaces the ZKB in the present context and allows us to establish the smoothing effect from Mp into L ∞ in Section 3.4. This effect is easily extended into a similar effect that takes place.
Subcritical range of the FDE. Critical line. Extinction. Backward effect
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter studies the smoothing effect and decay rates for the FDE in the subcritical range m &lt; mc, and also for the critical exponent mc = (n - 2)/n. While advancing some of the results, which are valid for the whole subcritical range m &lt; mc, it focuses on the case m &gt; 0. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 5.2 contains the proof of extinction of solutions in the Marcinkiewicz space Mp* (R n), that is characterized as the natural extinction space among all the spaces Mp (R n) and Lp (R n). Section 5.3 considers the question of necessary conditions and the continuity of the extinction time T as a function of u0. Section 5.4 deals with the construction of the global self-similar solutions that increase their space decay rate for positive time. Section 5.5 explains how and where whole mass is lost in the process of extinction. Section 5.6 studies forward effects when dealing with the critical exponent m = mc with starting space L1. Finally, Section 5.7 discusses extinction as a form of blow-up after a suitable change of variables.
10 Bacchylides 10. 11–35
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter deals with the central part of Bacchylides' ode, in which the poet is concerned with the achievements of his Athenian victor. No account is given of the severely damaged beginning, with the problem of the victor's name, or of the sententious end. The chapter focuses on fitting supplements into the lacunae in 20-35.
14 Dactylo-epitrites in Bacchylides
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines two questions of Bacchylides' metrical practice in his dactylo-epitrites: the admission of short anceps and the observance of the lex Maasiana. It excludes from consideration the ten minor fragments preserved in quotation as being unreliable material; the fragmenta dubia; and conjectural supplements, except for a very few which appear inevitable. It also excludes all ancipitia which are the last syllable of a period.
Introduction: Generic Groundwork
Authors: Harrison S.J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter presents an account of ancient genre theory (basically Aristotelian ideas about appropriate form matching appropriate content) and surveys modern genre theory to find models for the idea of generic enrichment, looking at the question of generic complexity and interaction in the work of Conte, Cairns, Fowler, and other genre theorists. It proposes a set of generic signposts or repertoire which signal the presence of a genre in a work, either as its generic base (‘host’) or as an episodic modal (‘guest’) from another literary kind.
3 Cicero's ‘Stomach’: Political Indignation and the Use of Repeated Allusive Expressions in Cicero's Correspondence
Authors: Hoffer Stanley E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the Ciceronian letter collection, a rare and precious example of an informal and almost spontaneous writing style among the Roman elite, and how much Cicero's epistolary style reflects casual spoken Latin among the elite. In some of Cicero's letters to Atticus, his thoughts and manner of expression from day to day, even hour to hour, can sometimes be tracked. The degree to which the collection is still only a formalized literary representation of actual conversation is discussed by focusing on a prominent feature of Cicero's letters — the use of repeated allusive expressions — paying special attention to expressions that refer to resentment and suppressed indignation (often involving the word stomachus). Such features are analysed as their tendency to cluster together, their tendency to be used at rhetorical turning-points and in connection with epistolary content and style, and, most notably, their tendency to have loaded political significance in expressing resentment at the despotism of Julius Caesar and other dynasts. The chapter aims to show how one can simultaneously analyse Cicero's intimate letters both as rare windows into casual Latin conversation and as masterpieces of literary construction in the epistolary genre.
9 The Epistula in Ancient Scientific and Technical Literature, with Special Reference to Medicine
Authors: Langslow D. R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical survey of a selection of ancient letters which form part of scientific and technical literature, and considers certain particular questions under the following four, interrelated, headings: the content of the letter, with regard to its ostensible purpose, and its subject-matter, length, and degree of technicality; the identity and standing of the letter's professed author and recipient; the function of the letter-form; and the style of the letter. Both Greek and Latin letters are examined, along with testimonia and surviving examples. The emphasis throughout is on epistulae relating in some way to (human) medicine or medical texts, but comparisons and contrasts are drawn with letters transmitted in the context of other technical disciplines and with letters of other types altogether.
11 Alciphron's Epistolarity
Authors: König Jason 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines Alciphron's Letters, which portray a world of longing and loss, a world of fragile happiness and comic disillusionment. There are four books: Letters from Fishermen, Farmers, Parasites, and Courtesans. Each of those four groups reveals through its letters its own desires and sufferings, its own extravagant dreams and bathetic failures. Two themes (as far as they can be separated) are particularly prominent: precarious or failed aspiration to material gain, love, or physical comfort; and precarious or failed aspiration to social advancement or role-swapping. The second of those preoccupations leads to an impression of interconnection between the different parts of the work, in the many letters where characters express their desire to cross from membership of one group to another. The unrealistic character of the characters' dreams is matched by the inaccessibility and unreality of Alciphron's world for its readers. This chapter asks how far the text's epistolary form works to intensify its thematic obsessions, with a particular emphasis on formal issues using the work of Janet Altman as a starting-point.