bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of the tritiated isotopomers of enzastaurin and its N‐des‐pyridylmethyl metabolite for use in ADME studies
Authors: Wheeler William J. , Clodfelter Dean K. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEnzastaurin (3‐(1‐methyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐4‐[1‐[1‐(2‐pyridinylmethyl)‐4‐piperidinyl]‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl]‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,5‐dione, 1), an agent with potential utility in the treatment of solid tumors, is currently in phase II clinical trials. Enzastaurin undergoes metabolism in vitro and in vivo to several products of oxidative metabolism, the major one of which is 3‐(1‐methyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐4‐(1‐piperidin‐4‐yl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,5‐dione (2). In a model study, the attempted synthesis 1‐[2H] by reaction of 1 with deuterium gas in the presence of Ir[(COD)(Cy3P)pyr]PF6 (Crabtree's catalyst) was unsuccessful. Alternatively, it was decided to prepare tritiated 2 as both a final product and the starting material for the tritiation of 1. We have reported herein a route that was developed for use in the preparation of tritium‐labeled 2‐[3H] and its successful conversion to 1‐[3H]. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating attraction compatibility in an East Texas city
Authors: Hunt Michael A. , Crompton John L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe study was undertaken in Tyler, Texas, a city of 83 000 population in which the primary tourism attraction is the Caldwell Zoo. The focus was on the compatibility of ancillary attractions to the zoo and their role in adding to the city's cumulative attraction. A sample of 1559 zoo visitors were surveyed. The results revealed that (i) there was a high degree of compatibility between the zoo and other attractions within the city; (ii) tourism spending by those travelling more than 60 miles was significantly higher than those travelling fewer than 60 miles; (iii) expenditures increased as the number of additional attractions visited increased, but started to decrease when the number of attractions totalled to five or more; and (iv) the number of additional attractions visited decreased as the distance travelled increased. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inside out: Transforming your leadership culture
Authors: McGuire John B. , Rhodes Gary , Palus Charles J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAny organizational culture holds tremendous power. Culture is a system of closely held beliefs that require certain behaviors and exclude other behaviors. It sets norms on everything in the organization. To change the organizational culture, senior leaders must begin by acknowledging their place in the culture, engaging fully in the work of advancing the leadership culture, and standing up first so that others can follow.
Change factor: Making the case for executive adaptability
Authors: Kantor Stu , Kram Kathy E. , Sala Fabio 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIf the ability to lead and manage change is the great differentiator in today's increasingly fast‐paced business environment, then executives who can adapt to change, rather than simply cope with it, will be the ones who consistently deliver outstanding results. A model to frame adaptability focuses on two dimensions: courage and curiosity. With motivation and opportunities, both can be developed.
All about people: Why leaders need to know the human side of innovation
Authors: Rosenfeld Robert B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractInnovation involves more than turning out high‐tech gadgets, and innovators are complex human beings of different backgrounds and all types. Unfortunately, innovation has hit a wall in the workplace because the human component has frequently been neglected. Organizations focus too much on the mechanics of innovation and not enough on the underlying people‐based principles. To promote innovation, leaders must first understand what drives it: people.
Experimental Analysis of the folding force in thin wall extruded cells under quasi‐static in‐plane loading
Authors: Zamani J. , Fakhri A. , Ghamsari A. K. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn most of the engineering structures, specially moving ones and generally in structures under dynamic and static loadings, energy absorber systems are implemented for preventing or reducing damages. These systems are employed in all on‐road vehicles, train wagons, airplanes and ships. Energy absorbers are subjected to two forms of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane loadings. In this paper, the effects of geometrical parameters such as thickness and height of structure and mechanical parameters such as yield stress in the cell structure are investigated. The effect of changing boundary conditions on the folding force is also investigated. According to the results, the energy absorbed by the cell, directly relates to the increase in the number of rows; the main reason of this increase is the increase in shared walls. Moreover, doubling the wall thickness has resulted in a 4.7 times higher energy absorption. In addition, the accuracy of different analytical models is compared, and the model with most precise predictions is introduced.
Theoretical and experimental analysis of plastic response of isotropic circular plates subjected to underwater explosion loading
Authors: Ashani J. Z. , Ghamsari A. K. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDynamic response analysis of structures subjected to underwater explosion (UndEx) loading has been always an interesting field of study for ship designers and metal forming specialists. Understanding the deformation and rupture mechanism of simple structures plays an important role in successful designing of a reliable structure under this kind of loading. In this paper, first the major parameters of the UndEx phenomenon (peak overpressure, impulse per unit area, dimensionless damage parameter Φ, etc.) are discussed and determined by means of available experimental relations mostly offered by R. Cole. After that, the maximum deflection of a fully clamped circular plate has been calculated using a theoretical procedure assuming two different conditions: (1) neglecting the effect of strain rate, (2) considering the strain rate sensitivity of the material.Some experiments have been conducted on 5010 aluminum circular plates, using C4 as explosive. In order to simulate reality, a fixture was designed so that the plates are loaded in air‐backed condition. Plates were fixed on top of the fixture, so the fully clamped condition which was assumed as the boundary condition was achieved. The test specimens were measured, not only their maximum deflection but also their thickness at different radii were determined. The results are compared to experimental‐based predictions offered by Nurick and Rajendran who has conducted similar experiments. The results show reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions, especially when strain rate effects are considered. In addition, two new material constants (D, q) for this special aluminum alloy are introduced.
Investigation on the stiffness and linear error of an air slide table of ultra precision machine in nano‐machining
Authors: Vahdati M. , Shokuhfar A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractUltra precision machines are new generation of machine tools. They produce more accurate pieces in size and tolerance. Various rotational or linear movement mechanisms of these machines have been consisted of two main components; stationery or rail, and moving or slider. They are separated by a pressurized air film to reduce the friction resistance between mating parts. Thus, the relative movement happens through an air film. Two main problems for such systems are stiffness and linear motion errors. These issues will affect product quality. Due to such reason, most steel and iron manufacturers are very much interested to search about their product behavior under conditions of loading them as a thrust or journal bearing.In order to study stiffness and error characteristics of the movement mechanisms in this research, there have been experimental investigations about their variation behavior, and their relationship with input parameters such as inlet air pressure, applied load. Consequently, the best performance condition was identified. Additionally, the general behavior of errors in linear motion was recognized. Also, optimum conditions were identified in order to have the least errors.
Experimental testing of reinforced concrete slab behaviour under long‐term load
Authors: Radnić J. , Matešan D. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe paper presents the results of experimental testing of reinforced concrete rectangular slab under long‐term load and unload. The slab is freely supported at corners. Reinforcement is placed in the bottom and upper zone, different in each direction. The slab was subjected to high long‐term load for a year. Afterwards, it was unloaded. Slab displacements at different points have been monitored throughout the year and a half, as well as concrete and reinforcement strains at several measuring points.
Tensile and high cycle fatigue test of copper thin film
Authors: Park J.‐H. , An J.‐H. , Kim Y.‐J. , Huh Y.‐H. , Lee H.‐J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper presents the results of tensile and high cycle fatigue tests for copper thin film. Copper films coated by Sn are often used in various electro devices. Especially, when the film is used in tape carrier package (TCP), the film is repeatedly exposed to mechanical or(and) thermal stresses which results often in the failure of the component. Therefore, to guarantee the reliability of the electrical devices using a film, tensile and fatigue characteristics of the film are important. In this study, to obtain the tensile and fatigue characteristics of the film, the specimen was fabricated by an etching process to make a smooth specimen of 2000 μm width, 8000 μm length and 15.26 μm thickness. The tensile and high cycle fatigue tests were performed with the specimen using the test machine developed by the authors. These specimens had measured values of Young's modulus (72 GPa) and a 0.2 % offset yield and an ultimate strength of 358 MPa and 462 MPa, respectively. A closed‐loop feedback control of the magnetic‐electric actuator allowed load‐controlled fatigue tests with 20 Hz frequency, in ambient environment and at two levels of mean stresses. The fatigue strength coefficient and exponent at 0.5 times of the ultimate tensile strength were 431 MPa and ‐0.0843, respectively. The fatigue strength coefficient and exponent at 0.6 times of the ultimate tensile strength were 371 MPa and ‐0.0923, respectively. The Goodman method is recommended when the fatigue life of thin film with mean stress will be estimated. The fatigue strength coefficient and exponent of copper thin film modified using Goodman method were 910 MPa and ‐0.0896, respectively.
Comparison between RVE and full mesh approaches for the simulation of compression tests on cellular metals
Authors: Oliveira B. F. , Cunda L. A. B. , Öchsner A. , Creus G. J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMetal foams are materials of recent development and application that show interesting combinations of physical and mechanical properties. Many applications are envisaged for such materials, particularly in equipments of passive safety, because of their high capacity of energy absorption under impact conditions. The damage analysis in metallic foams is a complex problem and must be performed in a finite strain context. Considering that compression is the dominant loading in impact situations, a finite deformation simulation including damage effects of a compression test on a cellular metal sample is shown in this work. The main objective of the paper is to compare simulations considering periodic boundary conditions, by means of a representative volume element (RVE) approach, with results obtained using full meshes. It is shown that, when the imposed deformation is high, the use of RVE does not describe in a proper manner the deformation that occurs at the walls of cells. This characteristic of RVE approach results in a too stiff behavior when considering load‐displacement relations. A comparison with experimental results is also presented.
On the vibration analysis of adhesively bonded hollow sphere structures
Authors: Winkler R. , Merkel M. , Öchsner A. , Günter W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMetal hollow sphere structures represent a new material group. Within the design progress classical materials are replaced by these new class when a series of physical / mechanical requirements are touched. Typical requirements are related to strength, stiffness, electrical or thermal conductivity. In this study the vibration behaviour is looked at in detail. The overall objective is a description of the dynamic response by numerical simulation. An extraordinary detailed FEM model would exceed available resources. Therefore a proper model with special descriptions for the hollow spheres, the matrix material and the interconnections has to be defined. This paper provides a proper FEM model. Results are compared with vibrations measured by a laser scanning vibrometer.
Experimental analysis of the flexural properties of sandwich panels with cellular core materials
Authors: Fiedler T. , Öchsner A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper addresses the flexural properties of sandwich structures with cellular core materials. Experimental three point bending tests are conducted in order to determine the flexural stiffness and the load‐carrying capacity of these advanced composites. In addition, the significant failure modes after exceeding the load‐carrying capacity are identified. The results of these analyses are compared for sandwich structures containing various core materials. These core materials comprise two aluminium foams, namely M‐Pore® and Alporas®, honeycomb structures and novel metallic hollow sphere structures (MHSS).
Functional analyses of neutrophil‐like differentiated cell lines under a hyperglycemic condition
Authors: Oya‐Ito Tomoko , Naitou Hirotaka , Masuda Shuichi , Kinae Naohide , Ohashi Norio 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDiabetic patients are prone to severe bacterial infections. The functional alterations of neutrophils by hyperglycemia are thought to be partially responsible for such infections. In this study, we investigated the functional changes of neutrophil‐like differentiated cell lines (dHL‐60, dTHP‐1, and dNB‐4) by treatment with 5.5 mM, 11 mM, or 35 mM of glucose. In dHL‐60 cells, the incubation with high glucose (35 mM) resulted in the enhancement of cell aggregation, the suppression of cellular fragility, the induction of reactive‐oxygen species (ROS) production by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation, and the impairment of phagocytosis. In dTHP‐1 cells, the treatment with higher glucose generated the suppression of cellular fragility and extremely impaired phagocytosis (by 35 mM), and induced ROS production due to PMA stimulation (by 11 mM). Furthermore, the higher glucose exposure to dNB‐4 cells enlarged intracellular vacuoles (by 35 mM) and induced ROS production due to PMA stimulation (by 11 mM). Since the ROS generation of those cells was enhanced only after PMA stimulation under the higher glucose conditions, glucose may have a priming effect rather than a triggering effect. These extraordinary sensitivities caused by the higher glucose treatments may reflect the dysfunction or overactivation of neutrophils.
On some versions of the element agglomeration AMGe method
Authors: Lashuk Ilya , Vassilevski Panayot S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe present paper deals with element‐based algebraic multigrid (AMGe) methods that target linear systems of equations coming from finite element discretizations of elliptic partial differential equations. The individual element information (element matrices and element topology) is the main input to construct the AMG hierarchy. We study a number of variants of the spectral agglomerate AMGe method. The core of the algorithms relies on element agglomeration utilizing the element topology (built recursively from fine to coarse levels). The actual selection of the coarse degrees of freedom is based on solving a large number of local eigenvalue problems. Additionally, we investigate strategies for adaptive AMG as well as multigrid cycles that are more expensive than the V‐cycle utilizing simple interpolation matrices and nested conjugate gradient (CG)‐based recursive calls between the levels. The presented algorithms are illustrated with an extensive set of experiments based on a matlab implementation of the methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of an occupational therapy nutrition education programme for children who are obese
Authors: Munguba Marilene Calderaro , Valdés Maria Teresa Moreno , da Silva Carlos Antonio Bruno 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate an occupational therapy nutrition education programme for children who are obese with the use of two interactive games. A quasi‐experimental study was carried out at a municipal school in Fortaleza, Brazil. A convenient sample of 200 children ages 8–10 years old participated in the study. Data collection comprised a semi‐structured interview, direct and structured observation, and focus group, comparing two interactive games based on the food pyramid (video game and board game) used individually and then combined. Both play activities were efficient in the mediation of nutritional concepts, with a preference for the board game. In the learning strategies, intrinsic motivation and metacognition were analysed. The attention strategy was most applied at the video game. We concluded that both games promoted the learning of nutritional concepts. We confirmed the effectiveness of the simultaneous application of interactive games in an interdisciplinary health environment. It is recommended that a larger sample should be used in evaluating the effectiveness of play and video games in teaching healthy nutrition to children in a school setting. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vom antiken Purgans zum modernen Laxans. “Qui bene purgat, bene curat!”
Authors: Anagnostou Sabine 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDie Abführmittel haben in der Menschheitsgeschichte eine uralte Tradition. Schon in Altertum und Antike kannten die Heilkundigen eine Fülle mehr oder minder stark abführend wirkender Drogen wie das Rizinusöl, Tamarinden sowie Euphorbiaceen‐ und Convolvulaceenharze. Die Anthranoiddrogen Aloe, Rhabarber und Senna sind seit Hunderten von Jahren in der Pharmazie als Purganzien bzw. Laxanzien im Gebrauch und bis heute nicht aus unserem Arzneischatz wegzudenken. Nach der Entdeckung Amerikas bereicherten amerikanische Laxanzien wie die Faulbaumrinde, die Jalapenwurzel und Podophyllinum wenigstens zeitweilig die europäische Materia medica. Mit dem Aufkommen der Chemiatrie entdeckten die Heilkundigen zudem zahlreiche Salze wie das noch heute offizinelle Glaubersalz als wirksame Abführmittel. Im Kontext der Entwicklung der Phytochemie mit der Isolation und Identifizierung der wirksamen Inhaltsstoffe wie die verschiedenen Anthranoide verabreichte man bevorzugt Präparate aus den besser dosierbaren Reinsubstanzen. Zugleich entwickelte die Forschung anhand der nun bekannten Strukturen neue, synthetische Arzneistoffe, die industriell produziert werden konnten und bald den Arzneimittelmarkt eroberten. Vertreter dieser Phase sind Substanzen wie Phenolphthalein, Bisadocyl und Natriumpicosulfat. Von jeher zählen die Abführmittel zu den am meisten verwendeten Arzneien. Wenn der Apotheker heute auch kaum noch Laxanzien in seiner Offizin selbst bereitet und erst recht nicht die einst so beliebten Klistiere verabfolgt, ist er bei der fachkundigen, persönlichen Beratung und Abgabe auch dieser Arzneimittelgruppe eine unersetzliche Instanz geblieben.
Laxanzien in der Pädiatrie. Therapie der Obstipation bei Kindern
Authors: Bruhn Claudia 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBei körperlich und seelisch gesunden Kindern ist eine Obstipation meist eine vorübergehende Reaktion auf äußere Einflüsse wie Nahrungsumstellung (Übergang vom Stillen zur Breinahrung) oder Ortswechsel (Urlaubsreise), die relativ leicht behandelbar ist. Bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern sind beispielsweise Suppositorien (CO2‐freisetzend, mit Glycerol oder Sorbitol) eine recht effektive Darreichungsform. Von einer chronischen Obstipation spricht man bei einer Beschwerdedauer von mehr als zwei Monaten. Sie erfordert eine ärztliche Diagnostik, da auch schwerwiegendere Ursachen (Allgemeinerkrankungen wie Hypothyreose, kolorektale Fehlbildungen, psychische Störungen) vorliegen können. Die Therapie umfasst nicht nur Medikamente (1. Wahl Macrogol), sondern auch allgemeine Maßnahmen wie Aufklärung und Beratung der Eltern, Toilettentraining und gegebenenfalls eine Ernährungsumstellung.
Laxanzien: Was ist wichtig bei der Beratung in der Apotheke? Wem empfehle ich welches Laxans?
Authors: Martin Eric 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBei der Behandlung einer Obstipation ist die öffentliche Apotheke der wichtigste und in der Mehrzahl der Fälle auch der einzige Ansprechpartner. Daraus erwächst eine große Verantwortung beim Ausschluss von Gegenanzeigen. Die zur Verfügung stehenden Präparate sind bei Beachtung der Anwendungshinweise wirksam und sicher, bedürfen aber stets einer individuellen und ursachenorientierten Auswahl.
Die Ursachen von Krebs
Authors: Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo 
Published: February 2008

AbstractInzwischen weiß man sehr viel darüber, was Zellen entarten lässt und zur Krebsentstehung führt. Ein jüngst erschienener, lesenswerter Review‐Artikel fasst dieses Wissen sehr komprimiert zusammen.
All‐trans‐retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide as initial therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Quezada Gerardo , Kopp Lisa , Estey Elihu , Wells Robert J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAcute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Treatment of pediatric APL is based on the combination of all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA), an anthracycline and cytosine arabinoside. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been studied in adults with newly diagnosed or relapsed APL with excellent response rates both when used as a single agent or in combination with ATRA or ATRA plus chemotherapy. There is little data on combination therapy with ATRA and ATO in pediatric APL. We present a case of an adolescent male with APL who was treated using ATRA and ATO without conventional chemotherapy agents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:133–135. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solid‐state blending of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with polystyrene: Extent of compatibilization and its dependence on blend composition
Authors: Schexnaydre Ryan J. , Mitchell Brian S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPolystyrene (PS) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were blended together in the solid state via cryogenic mechanical attrition (CMA) and in the melt through conventional twin‐screw extrusion. Consecutive modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and thermogravitometric analysis (TGA) investigations allowed for the quantitative estimation of the extent of blend compatibility through the accurate determination of sample composition. The extent of blend compatibility, i.e., the amount of PET calculated to have been removed from the bulk and into interphase entanglements with PS, was found to be higher for milled blends than for extruded blends. This compatibility enhancement was the most pronounced for PET‐rich blends. The other benefits of CMA are more precise compositional homogeneity through intimate mixing and the ability for more amorphous PET chains to be entangled with the amorphous PS phase at the interphase. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers