bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis: Disorders
Authors: Su Helen C , Lenardo Michael J 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Apoptosis is an orderly physiological process of programmed cell death widely used in the body for remodelling organs during growth and development and for eliminating cells that are no longer needed or that are a threat to the organism. In the immune system, apoptosis serves to return the body to its normal state by limiting the magnitude and duration of lymphocyte responses to invading pathogens. Defective apoptosis in either mice or humans leads to disturbed lymphocyte homeostasis and potentially the development of autoimmunity or neoplasia.
The Fragile
X
Syndrome
Authors: Davidovic Laetitia , Tournier Barthélémy , Khandjian Edouard W 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation affecting approximately 1/7000 females and 1/4000 males worldwide. The syndrome is due to the silencing/dysfuntion of a single gene, the
FRAGILE X MENTAL RETARDATION 1
gene, and affected patients display a variety of physical and mental abnormalities. In the last 15 years, research advances in the fragile X syndrome field have lead to a better understanding of its molecular basis as well as of the pleiotropic phenotypic effects caused by the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein.
Preimplantation Diagnosis
Authors: Anver Kuliev , Rechitsky Svetlana , Yury Verlinsky 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Preimplantation diagnosis is testing for a causative gene before pregnancy, allowing the preselection of unaffected embryos before implantation into the uterus. It has currently become an alternative to prenatal diagnosis, providing an option for at‐risk couples to have unaffected children of their own without facing the risk of a pregnancy termination after prenatal diagnosis. It is presently also the practical means in assisted reproduction technology (ART) to improve the
in vitro
fertilization (IVF) effectiveness. Most recently this technology was applied for preimplantation HLA typing to improve the access to the HLA identical stem cell transplantation, and will in future contribute to the development of the cellular therapy for genetic and acquired disorders.
Feminist Perspectives on Human Genetics and Reproductive Technologies
Authors: Dickenson Donna L 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFeminism offers two separate but equally important insights about human genetics and the new reproductive technologies. First, feminism is concerned with ways in which these new technologies have the potential to exploit women while seeming to offer women greater reproductive freedom. Second, feminism draws our attention to the ways in which decisions about genetic testing and reproductive choice take place in the context of relationship.
Human Cloning
Authors: McLaren Anne 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Cloning means producing genetically identical organisms, identical either to each other or to some preexisting organism. Human cloning could be used to produce early embryos genetically identical to a patient, in order to derive immunologically compatible stem cells for the treatment of the patient's disease (therapeutic cloning); or, if cloned embryos were transferred to a woman's uterus, they could produce babies genetically identical to each other or to some progenitor (reproductive cloning).
Dolly and Polly
Authors: Petersen Alan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDolly, born in 1996, achieved notoriety by being the first mammal to be cloned from the nucleus of a fully differentiated cell, taken from the udder of an adult sheep. Polly, born a year after Dolly, was not only cloned but was also genetically transformed; that is, she carried an introduced gene that codes the protein factor IX, which is involved in blood clotting, which has huge therapeutic value.
Sex Selection
Authors: Davis Dena S 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
People have always attempted to influence the sex of their children. Until recently, prenatal screening followed by abortion of the undesired fetus was the only effective method, and most people who used that method did it to avoid the birth of girls. Today, preconception sex selection is becoming available, and people in the West are more likely to want to ‘balance’ their families than to avoid girls. These developments raise new questions about the ethics of sex selection.
Nazi Movement and Eugenics
Authors: Weindling Paul 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Pre‐war Nazi ideas about the need to keep the population free from the burden of ‘unfit’ persons led first to eugenic measures and then to a widespread sterilization program. This paved the way for coercive euthanasia and finally the Holocaust, both of which were (to the shame of the science) exploited as research material by the German geneticists of the day.
Eugenics: Contemporary Echoes
Authors: Duster Troy 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Eugenics, the attempt to influence human breeding in the collective to ‘better’ human genetic stock, was popular between 1890 and 1938 in both the United States and Europe. Latent and subtle elements of eugenic thinking still persist in genetic screening and testing, and in genetic‐marker profiles of criminal suspects in forensic science.
Genetics in Contemporary Germany
Authors: Nippert Irmgard 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Although medical genetics as a discipline has been successfully reinstitutionalized in postwar Germany, there has been more resistance to developments in modern genetics in Germany than in most other West European and North American countries. The main reason for this resistance is the still prevalent painful collective memory of past scientific excesses and abuses inflicted against people with genetic conditions during the Third Reich.
Intelligence Tests and Immigration to the United States, 1900–1940
Authors: Allen Garland E 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Measuring innate (genetically determined) mental traits was a major part of the psychometric movement in the early decades of the twentieth century. Low test scores (given as an intelligence quotient, or IQ) were used by eugenicists to lobby in the US Congress for restricting immigration of those claimed to be genetically inferior in IQ.
Genetic Registers
Authors: Kerzin‐Storrar Lauren 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The term ‘genetic registers’ has been used to describe a range of entities, including databases of research cases and samples, sources of epidemiological data and clinical record systems; however, the current usage refers to a genetic service that proactively offers genetic counseling and long‐term follow‐up to extended families affected by specified genetic conditions, over generations. While having a primary aim of promoting ongoing access to genetic counseling services to all family members at risk, the nature of a proactive, family‐based service necessitates careful attention to potentially controversial issues.
Genetic Counseling: Nondirectiveness
Authors: Wolff Gerhard 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Nondirectiveness in genetic counseling is an attitude that, in practice, tries to avoid the pitfalls of directiveness by respecting client autonomy as far as possible. It has its roots in humanistic psychology, but its development has been poorly recognized in human genetics; therefore it is often misinterpreted and misunderstood.
Predictive Genetic Testing: Psychological Impact
Authors: Evers‐Kiebooms Gerry , Claes Erna , Denayer Lieve , Decruyenaere Marleen 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Predictive genetic tests are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) tests that predict the future of an asymptomatic person in regard to a specific disease that runs in the family. They require an adequate multidisciplinary counseling approach because the test result has consequences for the psychological wellbeing of the testees and their family.
Down Syndrome: Antenatal Screening
Authors: Reynolds Tim 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Antenatal screening for Down syndrome involves the application of noninvasive measurements (blood tests or ultrasound scanning) taken early in pregnancy to determine whether a fetus is likely to be affected by Down syndrome, to allow identification of a small proportion of pregnancies (usually around 5%) in which to carry out an invasive diagnostic test (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis). Restriction of the invasive test is advisable because there is a risk of iatrogenic fetal loss as a result of the diagnostic test.
Genetic Susceptibility
Authors: Emslie Carol , Hunt Kate 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Genetic susceptibility is the presence of inherited genetic factors in an individual that confer increased risk for a particular disease, but do not, by themselves, cause the disease. Therefore, genetic susceptibility is only one component in the etiology of common diseases such as coronary heart disease. The risk of passing on common diseases to offspring is difficult to predict because of complex interactions between different genes, and between behavioral, environmental and genetic factors.
Population Carrier Screening: Psychological Impact
Authors: Gollust Sarah E , Wilfond Benjamin S 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The main psychological consequences of carrier screening for recessive diseases include anxiety and confusion, particularly misunderstanding the significance of the carrier state. Studies of cystic fibrosis carrier screening suggest that patients' willingness to undergo testing and their psychological responses to testing are malleable, influenced by factors relating to program design and presentation of information.
Human Genetics: Ethical Issues and Social Impact
Authors: Sharpe Neil F , Carter Ronald Frederick 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Although genetic testing provides information that gives some degree of control over a potentially devastating situation, restrictive test licensing and prohibitively expensive fees may deny patients' access to genetic testing services. A comparative analysis of genetic testing for breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, hereditary hemochromatosis and Canavan disease is useful to review the social, ethical and legal implications for medical care and research.
Genetic Age: A Vision
Authors: Kreiner Thane 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Genetic information is transforming research paradigms and spawning new economic trends. Powerful technologies entering the research market have a potential impact upon many industrial segments, ultimately enabling consumers to use genetic information and the consequent understanding of human variation to enhance their quality of life. Societies must proactively address challenges such as privacy and nondiscrimination while ensuring that the Information Age's ‘digital divide’ is not reproduced as a ‘genetic gap’ in the Genetic Age.
Stored Genetic Material: Use in Research
Authors: Skene Loane 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe use of stored genetic material depends on how it was obtained and the consent that was given by the original person. If that person was fully informed and consented to the material being used in research, it is lawful to use it in research following guidelines for ethical conduct. If consent was not or cannot be obtained, the legal authority to use the material is less clear and research should be done only on anonymized and unlinked samples.
Animal Rights: Animals in Genetics Research
Authors: Wise Steven M 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThere are over a million species of animal with a staggering array of cognitive abilities. To determine whether it should be legal to use an animal in transgenic research, one must look to the animal, to the research and to the manner in which the animal is required to live as the result of being a research subject, and consider whether it would be legal to use an incompetent human in a similar situation, and why.
Cloning of Animals in Genetic Research: Ethical and Religious Issues
Authors: Linzey Andrew , Barsam Ara 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
There are major ethical and religious objections to the cloning of animals in genetic research. Chief among these are the violation of the intrinsic worth of animals, the use of animals as though they had only an instrumentalist value and, not least of all, the substantial harm caused to individual sentients.
Olfactory Receptors
Authors: Giorgi Dominique , Gaillard Isabelle , Rouquier Sylvie 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe sense of smell is mediated by olfactory receptors belonging to the seven‐transmembrane G‐protein‐coupled receptor superfamily. They are expressed at the surface of the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons that emerge in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity, and for some of them in mature spermatozoa. The specific binding of odorant ligands initiates signals transmitted to the central nervous system through different relays, allowing an individual to identify precisely a particular odour. In mammals, olfactory receptors are encoded by a large multigene family of about 1000 members whose evolution of the number of functional genes is related to species‐specific olfactory needs and to olfactory ability.
Functional Complementation
Authors: Fujiki Yukio 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Many studies on gene cloning, particularly on genes with a very low level of expression, have benefited from so‐called functional cloning of genes, mostly complementary DNAs in mammals, by phenotype‐complementation assay, using cell mutants deficient in biological pathways. One successful gene‐cloning study utilized a rapid functional complementation assay of mammalian somatic cell mutants.
Expression Analysis
In Vivo
Authors: Balling Rudi , Müller Werner 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Analyzing gene expression
in vivo
is an unresolved technical task. Finding ways to see genes expressed without disturbing a complex organism is best done by inserting easily detectable marker genes into the genome, by replacing one copy of the endogenous gene and subsequently observing its expression under the microscope or through very sensitive CCD cameras.
Herpes Simplex Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy
Authors: Fink David J , Glorioso Joseph C 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a human pathogen that naturally establishes a life‐long latent infection of human peripheral sensory neurons. Genetically modified recombinant HSV vectors have been constructed that are incapable of replication, but nonetheless efficiently infect and establish a latent‐like state in neurons
in vitro
and
in vivo
without the ability to reactivate. These vectors can be used to transfer and express genes in the nervous system using natural expression mechanisms already present in the virus genome. These products are designed to modify the structure and/or function of neuronal elements, and represent a novel therapeutic strategy for diseases of the nervous system.
Diabetes Mellitus: Gene Therapy
Authors: Barbu Andreea R , Welsh Nils 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Gene therapy in diabetes mellitus can be defined as the transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to somatic cells to understand, treat or prevent the disease. For many gene therapy strategies in the treatment of diabetes, successful transduction of insulin‐producing cells is a prerequisite. Therefore, much effort is currently directed in developing efficient and nontoxic vectors for gene transfer in pancreatic insulin‐producing β‐cell. If available, these gene therapy tools could prevent the autoimmune β‐cell destruction in type 1 diabetes by protecting the remaining β‐cell mass in newly diagnosed diabetics or in prediabetic individuals at a high risk of becoming diabetic. Such an approach may also prove useful for promoting islet–graft survival after transplantation in diabetic patients. Alternatively, attempts are being made to genetically engineer cells to become artificial β‐cells. Such cells could conceivably compensate for the lost endogenous β‐cell mass and restore a regulated insulin secretion.
Meiosis
Authors: Tease Charles , Hultén Maj A 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMeiosis is a specialized type of cell division that occurs only in the testis and ovary. The principal function of meiosis is to produce gametes (eggs and sperm) that have the haploid number of chromosomes. In humans, this represents a reduction from 46 (23 pairs) to 23 chromosomes (one complete set). Meiosis is also important for producing genetic variation in gametes.
Mammalian Sex Chromosome Evolution
Authors: Dorus Steve , Wyckoff Gerald J , Lahn Bruce T 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The two mammalian sex chromosomes (the X and the Y), although highly dissimilar in sequence content, evolved from a pair of autosomes. Differentiation of the two sex chromosomes during evolution was initiated by the suppression of X–Y recombination, followed by the degeneration (as well as male specialization) of the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome.
Chromosome Rearrangement Patterns in Mammalian Evolution
Authors: Wienberg Johannes , Müller Ludwig Stefan 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Closely related species often have the same or similar karyotypes. This has been demonstrated with salivary gland chromosomes of different
Drosophila
species, in which the sequence of rearrangements that occurred during evolution can often be traced. This also seems to be true for mammalian chromosomes. Therefore, the inspection of chromosomal changes with molecular defined probes by fluorescence
in situ
hybridization interpretation of the single or multiple steps that changed genomes during evolution.
Comparative Cytogenetics Technologies
Authors: Müller Stefan , Wienberg Johannes 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Great efforts have been made in vertebrate comparative genomics, especially comparing human with domestic animals and biomedical model species. Comparative genome analysis is providing an increasingly valuable tool in various fields of basic and applied genome research, such as the prediction of candidate gene loci in biomedical animal models, identification of quantitative trait loci and for evolutionary studies. For the future, this approach also promises to assist in the understanding of relationships between chromosome evolution and disease.
Comparative Chromosome Mapping: Rodent Models
Authors: Davis Lisa M , Liechty Melissa C , Hozier John C 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A comparative chromosome map of two species describes the groups of genes and chromosome segments that have maintained physical proximity to each other on a chromosome since the species diverged and throughout subsequent evolution. Usually a comparative map describes the chromosomal homologies between two species using one species as a reference organism for one or more others.
Chromosome 10
Authors: Sarafidou Theologia , Moschonas Nicholas K 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Human chromosome 10 (HC10) corresponds to about 4.2% of the total genome length. Eighty‐five of the 754 protein coding genes mapped to HC10 are associated with more than 100 genetic diseases. Susceptibility loci for 17 common multifactorial diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, type 1 diabetes and schizophrenia map to HC10.
Chromosome 12
Authors: Montgomery Kate , Kucherlapati Raju 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Human chromosome 12 is a submetacentric chromosome that contains 4.5% of the genetic material in the genome. It is characterized by gene clusters including those encoding homeobox C, type II keratins and proline‐rich proteins. The final sequence of Human chromosome 12 has been published and annotated (Scherer
et al
., 2006).
Evolutionary Thinking in the Medical Sciences
Authors: Stearns Stephen C 
Published: October 2007

AbstractEvolutionary thinking in medicine draws both on the phylogenetic history ofHomo sapiensand on the dynamics of natural selection and genetic drift to give insight into antibiotic resistance, vaccine production, variation in drug response and reproductive biology. In the future, evolutionary developmental genetics promises to contribute to limb and nerve regeneration, and evolutionary functional genomics to aging, senescence and the correlates of mental disease.
Sociobiology, Evolutionary Psychology, and Genetics
Authors: Bateson Patrick 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Much of human behavior, including violence and those activities thought to be characteristic of each sex, has been attributed to the heritage of human evolution. These ideas have stimulated much discussion but have been criticized for playing down the interplay between the developing individual and the environment. In modern times, its clearest expression has been in the writings of the sociobiologists and the evolutionary psychologists.
Public Understanding of Genetics: The Deficit Model
Authors: Turney Jon 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
‘Public understanding of genetics’ is a problematic term. Calls for more education need to be examined carefully to tease out assumptions about who decides what people need to know about genetics and what effect the knowledge might have. A range of studies challenge the ‘deficit’ approach to public understanding, which tends to assume that the goal is abolishing ignorance, in pursuit of approval. A more nuanced approach is called for, taking account of what people already know about science and society as well as technical matters, and how they would prefer to interact with scientists and decision‐makers.
Citizens' Jury on Genetic Testing for Common Disorders
Authors: Longley Marcus J 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
It is important to discover the views of lay members of the public on genetic testing, which is a topic of intense popular interest, although the scientific, as well as ethical, legal and social issues are complex. The citizens' jury described here allowed 15 members of the public in Wales, UK, to hear, cross‐examine and debate a variety of perspectives on the topic over 4 days, and their recommendations (28 in all) provide a challenging agenda for health policy makers and clinicians alike, and a useful insight into the perspectives and priorities of lay people.
Darwin and the Idea of Natural Selection
Authors: Dover Gabriel 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Natural selection is a consequence of differences in reproductive success among distinctly unique individual phenotypes living in a given generation, resulting in the differential representation of genes in the next generation. The reproducing, transient phenotype, not the eternal, ‘selfish’ gene, is the active unit of selection. The evolved, complex relationship between genotype and phenotype is largely unknown, and hopes for, or fears of, genetic determinism of human behavior are premature.
Narrative Ethics
Authors: Brock Stephen C 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Narrative ethics is one approach to medical ethics of the clinical encounter. Narrative ethics is the form of medical ethics that accounts for personal identity experienced as life‐narrative. It expands the scope of ‘beneficence’ as it is usually manifest by the professional in the clinical encounter. It is a tool in the phenomenological analysis of illness experiences with the potential for influencing professional practice.
Bioethics: Practice
Authors: Elliott Carl , Johnston Josephine 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBioethics is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses academic bioethics, clinical bioethics and health policy. Contemporary currents in bioethics emphasize the significance of practical experience for moral judgment, the influence of narrative and rhetorical style on ethical reasoning, and the need to examine the social structures involved in the creation of power, authority and oppression.