bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of hilar carcinoma by bile drainage combined with internal radiotherapy using 192iridium wire
Authors: Fletcher M S , Brinkley Diana , Dawson J L , Nunnerley Heather , Williams R 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Eighteen patients with a cholangiocarcinoma involving the hilum of the liver, and one patient with a carcinoma of the gall bladder causing obstruction of the common hepatic duct, have been treated with bile drainage using a U-tube (8 patients) or a percutaneous transhepatic catheter (11 patients) followed by internal radiotherapy with 192iridium wire. The median survival is 11 months, and 9 patients (47 per cent) have survived for 12 months or longer. The addition of internal radiotherapy may be beneficial to patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma causing biliary obstruction in whom bile drainage can be established.
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for lower limb ischaemia
Authors: Campbell W B , Jeans W D , Cole S E A , Baird R N 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Forty successful percutaneous transluminal angioplasties (PTA) were performed in the iliac and femoropopliteal segments of 33 patients with lower limb ischaemia. There was immediate symptomatic relief in 37 limbs (92 per cent) although 7 relapsed and 5 patients required reconstructive arterial surgery within a month of PTA. Objective testing showed that the longer term relapse rate (median follow-up 12 months) was low (10 per cent). Despite a significant incidence of early complications and relapse, PTA provided a good long term result in the majority of patients treated.
Highly Enantioselective Epoxidation of 2‐Methylnaphthoquinone (Vitamin K3) Mediated by New Cinchona Alkaloid Phase‐Transfer Catalysts
Authors: Berkessel Albrecht , Guixà Maria , Schmidt Friederike , Neudörfl Jörg M. , Lex Johann 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the area of catalytic asymmetric epoxidation, the highly enantioselective transformation of cyclic enones and quinones is an extremely challenging target. With the aim to develop new and highly effective phase‐transfer catalysts for this purpose, we conducted a systematic structural variation of PTCs based on quinine and quinidine. In the total of 15 new quaternary ammonium PTCs, modifications included, for example, the exchange of the quinine methoxy group for a free hydroxyl or other alkoxy substituents, and the introduction of additional elements of chirality through alkylation of the alkaloid quinuclidine nitrogen atom by chiral electrophiles. For example, the well‐established 9‐ anthracenylmethyl group was exchanged for a “chiral” anthracene in the form of 9‐chloromethyl‐[(1,8‐S;4,5‐R)‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydro‐1,4:5,8‐dimethanoanthracene. The asymmetric epoxidation of vitamin K3 was used as the test reaction for our novel PTCs. The readily available PTC 10 (derived from quinine in three convenient and high‐yielding steps) proved to be the most enantioselective catalyst for this purpose known to date: At a catalyst loading of only 2.50 mol %, the quinone epoxide was obtained in 76 % yield and with 85 % ee (previously: ≤34 % ee), using commercial bleach (aqueous sodium hypochlorite) as the oxidant. To rationalize the sense of induction effected by our novel phase‐transfer catalysts, a computational analysis of steric interactions in the intermediate chlorooxy enolate–PTC ion pair was conducted. Based on this analysis, the sense of induction for all 15 novel PTCs could be consistently explained.
Solid‐pseudopapillary tumor: A report of three cases in adult males diagnosed utilizing three different modalities
Authors: Rutland Beth , Pollock Jeffrey , Thompson Lee , Tucker J. Allan , Boudreaux Carole 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSolid‐pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm of uncertain origin with low malignant potential and often indolent behavior occurring predominantly in adolescent and young women. Here we report the cases of three adult males with pancreatic masses, one with metastasis, diagnosed as solid‐pseudopapillary tumor by cytology, electron microscopy (EM), and routine histology. This neoplasm is uncommon in both males and adults and uncommonly metastasizes. The cases reported emphasize the utility of different diagnostic modalities, and here we review the diagnostic features by cytology, EM, and routine histology to correctly characterize this neoplasm. It is extremely important to correctly diagnose this indolent neoplasm due to the excellent prognosis with surgical resection. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:234–238. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endocervical component in conventional cervical smears: Influence on detection of squamous cytologic abnormalities
Authors: Ribeiro Andrea Alves , Santos Sonia do Carmo Diniz dos , de Souza e Silva Sonia Regina Rosa , Nascimento Marcilene Aparecida do , Fonsechi‐Carvasan Gislaine Aparecida , Carneiro Megmar Aparecida Santos , Rabelo‐Santos Mayra , Rabelo‐Santos Silvia Helena 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to correlate the number of endocervical cells and the number of atypical cells in cervical smears with cytological abnormalities to verify if a higher number of endocervical cells would implicate in a higher number of squamous atypical cells. In this cross sectional study, it was made a blinded review of 294 conventional cervical smears. The consensus diagnoses reached by the blinded review by three observers included 213 low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) and 81 high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). In each cervical smear were computed the number of endocervical cells and the number of squamous atypical cells, and it was established the following score: one (0–5 cells); two (6–10 cells); three (11–25 cells); four (26–50 cells); and five (more than 50 cells). Compared to the smears with an account of endocervical cells classified in score 1 (0–5 cells), an account of more than 50 endocervical cells was significantly associated to the presence of at least 10 squamous atypical cells in the cervical smears (OR 2.87 95% CI 1.54–5.35). Data from this study suggest that there is a positive association between the number of endocervical cells and the number of squamous atypical cells suggestive of SIL. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:209–212. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental myasthenia gravis in congenic mice. Sequence mapping and H‐2 restriction of T helper epitopes on the α subunits of Torpedo californica and murine acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Bellone Matteo , Ostlie Norma , Lei Sijin , Conti‐Tronconi Bianca M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmunization of mice with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo electric organ (TAChR) causes a disease similar to human myasthenia gravis (experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, EAMG). Susceptibility to EAMG correlates with the H‐2 haplotype. In this study we used overlapping synthetic peptide corresponding to the complete sequences of the α subunits from TAChR and murine muscle AChR (MAChR) to map T helper epitopes in congenic murine strains of different H‐2 haplotype. C57BL/6 and BALB/B mice (highly susceptible to EAMG) and BALB/c and CB17 mice (less susceptible to EAMG), immunized with TAChR, developed similar anti‐TAChR antibody titers and L3T4+ (T helper) cell sensitization. Different sequence segments of the TAChR α subunit were recognized by L3T4+ cells from strains of H‐2b and H‐2d haplotype. The sequence segments recognized by the H‐2d strains have the highest predicted propensity to form amphipatic α helices, while those recognized by the H‐2b strains do not.We investigated whether in EAMG T helper cells cross‐react with autologous AChR sequences, and a true break of the tolerance occurs. Overlapping synthetic peptides, corresponding to the complete sequence of MAChR α subunit, were used to test L3T4+ cell from mice immunized with TAChR. L3T4+ cell from H‐2b strains did not cross‐react with any murine peptide sequence, while L3T4+ cells from H‐2d mice were strongly stimulated by the peptide sequence Mα 304‐322, which is very similar to the homologous Torpedo peptide.
The in vitro production of cytokines by mucosal lymphocytes immunized by oral administration of keyhole limpet hemocyanin using cholera toxin as an adjuvant
Authors: Wilson A. Douglas , Bailey Michael , Williams Neil A. , Stokes Christopher R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe in vitro production of a variety of cytokines by lymphocytes isolated from spleen mesenteric lymph node (MLN), Peyer's patches (PP) and lamina propria (LP) was measured, after oral immunization with keyhole limpet hemacyanin using cholera toxin as an adjuvant. LP responses were characterized by very high levels of interleukin (IL) 4, IL 5 and IL 6 with lower levels of IL 2 and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). The PP had lower levels of IL 4, IL 5 and IL 6 than LP but higher levels of IL 2, IFN‐γ was only present at very low levels in this organ. The MLN had a pattern of cytokine production similar to the PP but did produce IFN‐γ. The spleen produced all cytokines measured except IL 5. Antibody production was characterized by IgA in the LP and PP but IgG was the dominant isotype in the spleen, the MLN was a poor source of antibody‐producing cells. We interpret the results to show that (a) the LP response to cholera toxin/keyhole limpet hemocyanin is dominated by Th2‐type cytokines compared to a lower production of Th1 type and (b) that the PP has responses typical of an organ with a high proportion of resting lymphocytes which develop mainly into Th2‐types cells. The spleen is less dominated by Th2‐type cytokines than the mucosal sites and this difference is paralleled by IgA antibody production at the mucosal sites and IgG antibody dominance in the spleen.
Experimental Borrelia burgdorferi infection in inbred mouse strains: Antibody response and association of H‐2 genes with resistance and susceptibility to development of arthritis
Authors: Schaible Ulrich E. , Kramer Michael D. , Wallich Reinhard , Tran Thao , Simon Markus M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have investigated the specific humoral immune response and its correlation to the development of disease after experimental inoculation of B, burgdorferi in different inbred strains of mice. All mouse strains tested showed high levels of specific IgM antibodies during the initial 10 days of infection. Specific IgG antibodies predominantly of the IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 isotypes were found in increasing amounts by 14 days post infection. Antibody titers peaked at days 65 and 110. Particularly low titers of specific IgM and/or IgG antibodies were detected in sera of AKR/N and B10.BR mice. Antibodies specific for numerous B. burgdorferi antigens including the outer surface proteins A (31 kDa) and B (34 kDa) and a protein(s) of molecular mass of ∼40 kDa, most probably 41 kDa (flagellin) and/or 39 kDa (p39), were induced in all inbred mouse strains within 2 weeks inoculation albeit in varying concentrations. Later during infection, the patterns of antibody specificities were much more complex. With regard to development of disease all strains of mice tested fall into three groups: (a) mice of H‐2k haplotype (AKR/N, C3H/HeJ, C3H/HeN, B10.BR) developed a chronic progressive arthritis in the tibiotarsal joints, (b) mice of H‐2 haplotypes, H‐2b (C57BL/6), H‐2j (B10.WB), H‐2r (B10.R111) and H‐2s (B10.S) developed arthritis of variable duration and intensity which was not progressive and (c) mice of H‐2d haplotype (BALB/c, DBA/2, C.B‐17, B10.D2, Cal.20), irrespective of their background genes or Igh allotype, showed no clinical signs of arthritis at any time point following inoculation of B. burgdorferi organisms. The finding of similar patterns of apparently protective antibodies in all mouse strains tested together with the striking association between the H‐2d haplotype and resistance, and between the H‐2k haplotype and the occurence of B. burgdorferi‐induced e arthritis suggest a critical role of T cells in the development of the disease in mice.
Presentation of Leishmania donovani promastigotes occurs via a brefeldin A‐sensitive pathway
Authors: Lang Thierry , Kaye Paul M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFor the presentation of Leishmania promastigotes to polyclonal CD4+ T cells, a processing period within activated macrophages of 3–4 h is required. Presentation can be inhibited by both chloroquine and brefeldin A (BFA), the latter implicating a requirement for newly synthesized MHC class II molecules. This inhibition is both reversible and specific, in that BFA did not inhibit mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulation by these infected macrophages. Immunogold labeling demonstrated that class II was associated with the parasite‐containing phagolysosome. The level of class II was not significantly altered in BFA‐treated cells in the time period studied, suggesting that antigen may exist the phagolysosome and interact with class II in another cellular compartment.
Target cell‐induced T cell activation with bi‐ and trispecific antibody fragments
Authors: Jung Gundram , Freimann Uwe , Marschall Zofia Von , Reisfeld Ralph A. , Wilmanns Wolfgang 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPreviously we proposed a concept for tumor immunotherapy in which two different bispecific antibody conjugates, an anti‐target × anti‐CD3 and an anti‐target × anti‐CD28 conjugate, induce the activation of resting human T cells upon binding to the respective tumor target cells. After in vivo application of these reagents, this model of a “target cell‐induced T cell activation” envisages the destruction of target cells by in situ activated T cells. Obviously however, for in vivo application, the use of Fc‐free antibody fragments is mandatory to prevent binding of the conjugates to Fc receptor‐positive cells which would lead to Fc‐mediated T cell activation. Here we report a simplification of published procedures for the generation of bispecific Fab‐hybrid fragments, univalent for each antigen. We demonstrate that an anti‐target × anti‐CD3/anti‐target × anti‐CD28 combination of such hybrids, as well as an identical combination of covalently coupled F(ab')2 fragments, mediate “target cell‐induced T cell activation” in an in vitro test system. Thus, these reagents may be capable of inducing an in situ activation of human T cells upon systemic in vivo application according to the concept outlined above. A trispecific conjugate with anti‐target, anti‐CD3‐and anti‐CD28 specificity appears to be unsuitable for this purpose because it activates resting T cells in soluble form without requiring immobilization through binding via its anti‐target portion.
A functional complex is formed in human T lymphocytes between the protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45, the protein tyrosine kinase p56lck and pp32, a possible common substrate
Authors: Schraven Burkhart , Kirchgessner Henning , Gaber Brigitte , Samstag Yvonne , Meuer Stefan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn vitro protein kinase assays of CD45 immunprecipitates prepared from digitonin lysates of resting human T lymphocytes resulted in exclusive tyrosine phosphorylation of a 32‐kDa protein (pp32). Reprecipitation of the in vitro phosphorylated proteins and Western blot analysis of whole CD45 immunoprecipitates employing antisera specifically directed at different protein tyrosine kinases demonstrated that the p56lck protein tyrosine kinase was responsible for in vitro phosphorylation of pp32. Since in vitro kinase assays of p56lck immunoprecipitates also resulted in phosphorylation of pp32, the present data strongly suggest that a functional complex is formed between CD45, p56lck and pp32. Such a notion is supported by the findings that phosphorylation of pp32 by p56lck correlated with expression of the CD45 molecules and that in vitro phosphorylated pp32 was completely dephosphorylated by purified CD45.
A possible novel pathway of regulation by murine T helper type‐2 (Th2) cells of a Th1 cell activity via the modulation of the induction of nitric oxide synthase on macrophages
Authors: Liew Foo Y. , Li Yun , Severn Aeison , Millott Stephanie , Schmidt Jerzey , Salter Mark , Moncada Salvador 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMurine peritoneal macrophages activated with interferon (IFN)‐γ and lipopoly‐saccharide (LPS) produce high levels of nitric oxide (NO) and are efficient in killing the intracellular protozoan parasites Leishmania major in vitro. Earlier studies have shown that NO, whose synthesis in murine macrophages is catalyzed by an inducible enzyme NO synthase, plays a major effector role in the host resistance against microbial infection. We now show that both the NO synthesis and the leishmanicidal activity can be inhibited by prior treatment of the cells with recombinant interleukin 4 (IL 4). IL 4 treatment had no effect on the binding of IFN‐γ to macrophages but prevented the induction of NO synthase in these cells activated with IFN‐γ and LPS. Since IFN‐γ is produced by murine T helper type‐1 (Th1) cells, whereas IL 4 is secreted by Th2 cells, these results suggest a novel pathway by which Th2 cells regulate an activity of Th1 cells, namely by inhibiting the induction of NO synthase. These results may also account for the mechanism by which the disease‐promoting Th2 cells counteract the host‐protective effect of Th1 cells in leishmaniasis and other intracellular parasitic diseases.
Human CD4+CD45RO+ and CD4+CD45RA+ T cells synergize in response to alloantigens
Authors: Akbar Arne N. , Salmon Michael , Ivory Kamal , Taki Shinsuke , Pilling Darrell , Janossy George 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlloantigens, unlike recall antigens, activate both CD45RA+ (naive) and CD45RO+ (memory) CD4+ cells to the same extent. These T cell subsets may therefore interact with each other in response to alloantigens on transplanted grafts. We have investigated if the ability of activated CD4+CD45RA+ and CD4+CD45RO+ T cells to produce and respond to interleukin 2 (IL2) and IL4 may be involved in this interaction. After activation, both subsets up‐regulate their IL2 receptor (IL2R) and IL4R expression, yet IL4 substantially enhanced the proliferation of the CD4+CD45RA+ but not of the CD4+CD45RO+ T cell subset, while IL2 increased the proliferation of CD4+CD45RO+ but not of the CD4+CD45RA+ T cells. Significantly, the CD4+CD45RA+ T cells synthesized two‐ to threefold more mRNA for IL2 than the CD4+CD45RO+ subset, while the CD4+CD45RO+ T cells synthesized mRNA for IL4 and interferon‐γ exclusively. The addition of IL2 to alloactivated CD4+CD45RO+ T cells further up‐regulated their production of all three lymphokine mRNA; in contrast, IL4 induced an increase in mRNA for IL2 in only the alloactivated CD4+CD45RA+ subset. The reciprocity in the ability of both these CD4+ T cells to synthesize and respond to IL2 and IL4 may provide a rationale for the regulation of lymphokine interactions in vivo. Furthermore, the synergy between these subsets in response to alloantigens, which was directly quantitated by co‐culturing CD4+CD45RA+ and CD4+CD45RO+ cells together prior to activation, may potentiate the alloreactivity against transplanted grafts in vivo.
Phagocytosis enhances murine macrophage activation by interferon‐γ and tumor necrosis factor‐α
Authors: Corradin Sally Betz , Buchmüller‐Rouiller Yolande , Mauël Jacques 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPreviously, we reported that exposure of bone marrow‐derived macrophages (MΦ) to a phagocytic stimulus in the simultaneous presence of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) induced these cells to generate nitrite (NO2−). This effect was achieved using both living (i.e. promastigotes of the protozoan parasite Leishmania enriettü) and inert (latex beads) particles. When the phagocytic stimulus was Leishmania, enhanced intracellular killing accompanied elevated NO2− secretion. As shown here, the capacity of phagocytosis to elicit NO2− production by IFN‐γ‐treated MΨ was inhibited by antibody to murine recombinant tumor necrosis factor‐α (rTNF‐α), suggesting that phagocytosis enabled IFN‐γ to activate MΨ via the induction of TNF‐α as an autocrine second signal, Mϕ NO2− production in response to rIFN‐γ and either exogenous TNF‐α or Leishmania was strongly enhanced by prostaglandin E2, consistent with such a mechanism, However, addition of either Leishmania promastigotes or latex beads to Mϕ cultures simultaneously exposed to both IFN‐γ and exogenous murine or human rTNF‐α further potentiated activation as measured by NO2− release. Furthermore, anti‐TNF antibody failed to inhibit Mϕ responses to rIFN‐γ and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of Leishmania; also exogenous rTNF‐α did not significantly affect NO2− production by IFN‐γ/LPS cultures despite a strong enhancement by Leishmania. These results suggest that phagocytosis enhances Mϕ responses by a process more complex than the sole induction of TNF‐α. Phagocytosis also increased Mϕ NO2− production elicted by IFN‐γ plus TNF‐α in L‐arginine‐deficient media. These results indicate that phagocytosis may be an important mechanism of up‐regulating Mϕ microbicidal activity, and could be particularly relevant upon arginine depletion which occurs during an inflammatory response.
A pertussis toxin‐sensitive process controls thymocyte emigration
Authors: Chaffin Karen E. , Perlmutter Roger M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlthough it is well known that essentially all peripheral T cells are derived from bone marrow progenitors that mature in the thymus, the mechanism whereby thymocytes gain access to peripheral compartments is obscure. We have learned that this process is sensitive to pertussis toxin (PT). Transgenic ict‐PT mice were generated which express the catalytic subunit of P‐T in all thymocytes. In a previous study we observed that T cell receptor signaling is unimpaired in these cells despite the virtual elimination of their G1 protein signal transduction elements through endogenous PT activity. Here we demonstrate that mature T lineage cells accumulate in ick‐PT thymuses and fail to populate peripheral lymphoid organs. The accumulating cells closely resemble normal peripheral T lymphocytes with respect to cell surface phenotype and responses to allogeneic spleen cells, yet perform poorly in in vivo homing assays. This migratory defect does not result from deficient expression of common homing receptors or alterations in intracellular cAMP concentrations. Based on these results, we propose that a novel PT‐sensitive signaling pathway, almost certainly involving a G1 protein, is required for thymocyte emigration.
Screening gene expression libraries for epitopes recognized in Mycobacterium leprae by mouse T cells
Authors: Villarreal‐Ramos Bernardo , Sanchez‐Garcia Javier , Stoker Neil , Timms Emma , Chomer Deborah , Raff Kim , Mitchison N. Avrion 
Published: March 2007

AbstractParasite expression libraries have so far been screened with antibodies, DNA probes or T cell clones. Immunity to many parasites, such as Mycobacterium leprae, is largely mediated by T cells, and so the screening of such libraries for T cell epitopes is an important step toward the development of effective vaccines and diagnostic reagents. A new method for screening of λgt11 libraries with uncloned T cell populations is presented here, which takes advantage of the fact that the recombinant proteins contain β‐galactosidase as their leader peptide; this allows them to be semipurified by means of anti‐β‐galactosidase antibodies coated on the bottom of microtiter plate wells, within which a proliferation assay can then be carried out. Optimum conditions for the assay were determined, using the M. leprae 18‐kDa antigen as a test antigen.