bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of fumigants during vacuum fumigation. I. — Penetration of methyl bromide into boxes of dates
Authors: Brown W. Burns , Heuser S. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe penetration of fumigants into packages during treatment by various methods employing reduced pressures, as well as at atmospheric pressure, can be studied by measuring gas concentrations. A ‘penetration factor’ is defined, which allows comparison of the effectiveness of penetration in different methods of treatment. Preliminary laboratory tests with methyl bromide have been carried out, mainly on boxes containing tightly compressed dates. The ‘sustained‐vacuum’ method, as normally used, gave higher penetration factors at the centres of boxes of dates in three hours than the method in which an air‐fumigant mixture is introduced to the evacuated chamber. Very low penetration factors were obtained in this period in tests at atmospheric pressure. It was found that, after a period of fumigation at reduced pressure, release of the vacuum produced very high concentrations at the centres of boxes. It is suggested that utilization of this effect in a modified vacuum‐fumigation procedure should result in increased efficiency. The ‘air‐washing’ technique for the removal of fumigant at the end of a treatment has also been examined.
Manufacture of algal chemicals. V.—Laboratory‐scale isolation of D‐glucose from laminarin
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. , Woorward F. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for the isolation of D‐glucose from laminarin has been worked out on the laboratory scale, with a view to the ultimate development of a process suitable for large‐scale production. Laminarin is hydrolysed quantitatively to D‐glucose by heating an 18% (w/w) solution of the polysaccharide in 0.05 N‐hydrochloric acid at 135° in an autoclave for one hour. The resulting hydrolysate is neutralized and decolorized, and the glucose is crystallized from water as the monohydrate.The production of glucose from laminarin is closely related to the commercial production of crystalline dextrose by the acid hydrolysis of starch.
Studies on the blood proteins of hyperimmune horses. I.—The effect of high concentrations of phenolic substances on the proteins of plasma
Authors: Harms A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWork carried out on the combination of plasma proteins with higher concentrations of phenolic substances than those normally used for preservation has indicated the formation of easily dissociated complexes. The complex formed with albumin is very much less soluble in neutral salt solutions than the original protein. This observation has formed the basis for a new process for the purification of antitoxic and antibacterial sera, and this process is described. The bearing of the results on the formation of antibodies during the hyperimmunization of horses is discussed.
The effect of aggregation on diffusion of gases and vapours through soils
Authors: Flegg P. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of aggregate size upon the relationship between diffusion coefficient of gases through porous media and the porosity has been investigated. Over the range of aggregate sizes used, no differences were found. The presence of moisture in the soil was found to exert an influence directly related to the amount of water present, irrespective of the degree of aggregation of the soil. When the reduction in porosity due to the presence of water is calculated, the observations made fit the curve for air‐dry soils with fairly good agreement.
Vegetable oils. II. further studies of seed oils of various Strophanthus Species
Authors: Gunstone F. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe component acids of the seed oils of three Strophanthus species [S. sarmentosus (forest form), S. hispidus and S. courmontii] have been determined, and it is shown that 9‐hydroxyoctadec‐12‐enoic acid is present in each seed oil.
A chromatographic examination of the minor constituents of various tree zones
Authors: Hillis W. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe methanol extracts of the bark, phloem, sapwood and heartwood zones of 22 species representing II families were examined chromatographically with three different solvents. The trees examined included some without heartwood, one with a wide sapwood, and others with heartwood of pathological and normal origin. The extracts were shown to be complex mixtures, but a ready comparison of the distribution of the minor constituents throughout one tree, and between different samples, was made possible by means of the partition chromatograms. An examination of the kinos and of extracts of the leaves and roots of certain eucalypts failed to reveal any special part played by them. Information from the chromatograms assisted the identification of rutin and ellagic acid.
The storage of flour in jute bags treated with insecticides
Authors: Atkins W. G. , Greer E. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments are described in which flour stored in jute bags, the fabric of which had been impregnated with insecticides, was exposed to infestation by the species Ephestia kühniella, Ptinus tectus and Tribolium confusum. The use of 1% (w/w) of DDT in the fabric provided good protection against the first two named, and fair, but by no means absolute, protection against T. confusum. Transfer of insecticide to the flour occurred to an extent sufficient to be classed as contamination.
The tocopherol content of farm feeding‐stuffs
Authors: Brown Fred 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe amounts of the individual tocopherols in some common farm feeding‐stuffs have been determined and the presumable vitamin‐E potencies of the feeding‐stuffs calculated from them. Grass, clover and Iucerne contained 10‐40 mg. of tocopherol/100 g. of dry matter, and it has been shown that the concentration in grass fell to a low level as the plant matured. Only minute amounts of tocopherols were present in root crops. Barley, maize, oats and wheat contained 1‐7 mg. of tocopherols/100 g., but the vitamin‐E activity of these crops was lower than the total tocopherol‐content might suggest, because of the presence of appreciable amounts of the less active β‐ and γ‐compounds. The bearing of the results on naturally‐occurring muscular dystrophy in farm animals is discussed.
The vitamin‐b group in white fish meal
Authors: Pritchard H. , Wraige D. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of standard white fish meal, typical of that produced on a large scale for animal feeding in this country, have been tested for their content of eight members of the vitamin‐B complex and the average figures obtained compared with those widely scattered throughout the literature. It was found that white fish meal will supply, to rations for animal feeding, significant quantities of the known members of the vitamin‐B group, in addition to protein of high biological value.
The seed fat of the kerguelen cabbage (Pringlea Antiscorbutica)
Authors: Hatt H. H. , Szumer A. Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seed fat of the Kerguelen cabbage, an isolated member of the Cruciferae, has been analysed. The fatty acids have been found to include erucic acid as a major component (13.5%). cis‐II‐Eicosenoic acid is also present in approximately equal amount (13.8%), together with linolenic acid (30.3%) and linoleic acid (20.1%). Other acids are present in smaller amounts.Analysis of the fat has been made by ester distillation and also by amplified distillation of the methyl esters of the saturated acids and of the hydrogenated acids. The merits of the two methods are compared. The oxidation of the monoenoic acids to dihydroxy‐acids with performic acid is a convenient method for their characterization.
Flavour assessment of sugar solutions
Authors: Chappell Gweneth M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn untrained tasting panel reported that sucrose was the most acceptable sugar, maltose the least acceptable, fructose the sweetest and lactose the least sweet.With added flavouring oils a higher concentration proved acceptable and there was more uniformity of opinion. Flavouring agents differed in their appeal to members of the panel.The addition of very small amounts of common salt to flavoured sugar solutions apparently increases the strength of the added flavour, the sweetness of the solution and, to some persons, its acceptability. Stronger flavours masked the taste of salt, weaker ones did not. More than half the panel found that higher concentrations of sugar enhanced the flavour of orange and lemon oil.
The effect of variety, storage and locality on the ascorbic acid content of the potato tuber
Authors: Allison R. M. , Driver C. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTubers of 20 varieties of potato grown in New Zealand have been analysed for ascorbic acid content at harvest and at monthly intervals during storage in a commercial‐type clamp, in two successive years. Variety was a significant factor in causing differences in the ascorbic acid content of potatoes, and these differences were reflected in the response of the different varieties to storage. An increase in ascorbic acid after prolonged storage has been found and this is discussed with reference to temperature variations, sampling methods and metabolism during storage.
The component fatty acids of elephant‐seal oil: Variations and relationship to blubber fats of other seals
Authors: Winter G. , Nunn W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe work reported deals with the variations in composition of seal‐blubber fats in general and with that of elephant‐seal blubber in particular. The iodine values of the blubber fats of elephant seal varied between 98 and 153. Although there appears to be a tendency for the iodine value to be higher during the winter months, the results of detailed analyses failed to show any correlation of the fat composition with seasonal changes or the physiological state of the animal. The compositions of the blubber fats from other seal species are similar to those observed for the elephant seal, indicating that no distinct feature of blubber‐fat composition can be attributed to any one species.The results presented show that the saturation and desaturation processes during the depot‐fat metabolism are in the main confined to acids of chain length greater than C18.The distribution of the unsaturated fatty acids in seal‐blubber fats is similar to that in whale‐blubber fats.
The vitamin‐B content of foodstuffs fumigated with methyl bromide
Authors: Clegg K. M. , Lewis S. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of methyl bromide on some of the B‐vitamins, both in aqueous solution and in foodstuffs, has been studied. From analyses of the bromide residues, it appeared that some reaction had occurred in those solutions of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide that had been treated with high concentrations of methyl bromide. Likewise, a slight loss of nicotinamide was found on chemical analyses of the solution, and was confirmed by the appearance of an N1‐methylnicotinamide‐like substance. In milled wheat, the nicotinic acid, thiamine and riboflavin values were not diminished after treatment with various concentrations of methyl bromide, or by fumigation at different moisture contents. Similarly, no loss was found in a range of foodstuffs, including groundnuts, whole wheat, barley, peas, beans, maize and rice, when treated at concentration‐time products far higher than those normally used in practical fumigation.
Rigor mortis in beef
Authors: Marsh B. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the onset of rigor mortis in the longissimus dorsi muscle of the ox, thus extending similar observations previously made on rabbit muscle. The changes in pH and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content accompanying the physical manifestations of rigor are described. As in rabbit muscle, the development of inextensibility accompanies the dephosphorylation of ATP, and, provided the ultimate pH is low, the fall in pH runs parallel to these changes. The rate of decrease in pH is almost identical with that in rabbit muscle at physiological temperature, but differs appreciably from it at lower temperatures. The results are discussed in relation to the time required for the completion of the onset of rigor mortis in commercial chillers.
The stability of vitamin A in animal feeding‐stuffs
Authors: Davies Alan W. , Worden Alastair N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe stability of vitamin A in mixed rations has been studied under a variety of storage conditions. With vitamin A, added in the form of cod‐liver oil (C.L.O.), stability is greater in a mash of medium particulate size than in one of coarse particulate size; this effect has been constant when light, temperature and the nature of the container, with corresponding variations in the degree of exposure to atmospheric oxidation, have been varied. The destructive action of mineral salts on this form of vitamin A has been confirmed, and found to be reversed by the addition of gelatin. The stability of vitamin A in cod‐liver oil is greater in the presence of fish meal or liver meal, but less in the presence of dried brewer's yeast, than in the presence of various cereal products. ‘Cubing of the diet’ asserts a protective action on vitamin‐A palmitate. In the particular conditions of our experiments, the stability of vitamin‐A palmitate is greater than that of vitamin A in the form of C.L.O. when added to a mixed meal.
The properties of the algal chemicals, II.—some derivatives of laminarin
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe solubilization of the cold‐water‐insoluble form of laminarin from Laminaria cloustoni frond has been investigated. The hydroxyethyl, hydroxylpropyl and carboxymethyl ethers of laminarin have been prepared in good yield, and solutions of these in water show no sign of precipitation after being set aside for several weeks. The benzyl ether is water‐insoluble. Laminarin triacetate, tribenzoate and tricarbanilate have also been prepared; these esters are insoluble in water but soluble in a wide range of organic solvents. A series of laminarin sulphates, containing from 2.15 to 0.20 sulphate groups per glucose unit, have been prepared, and the more highly sulphated esters are water‐soluble.
The non‐volatile organic acids of grass
Authors: Hulme A. C. , Richardson A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe non‐volatile organic acids are extracted from grass and separated from amino‐acids, sugars, etc., by ion‐exchange chromatography. The acid‐containing fractions displaced from the anion‐exchange columns are further separated by partition chromatography on buffered silica gel.One of the acids present is proved to be quinic acid. By means of filter‐paper chromatography, the presence of succinic, malic, malonic, and citric acids is indicated, thus confirming earlier work. Chlorogenic acid, not previously reported in grass, was also shown to be present. At least two other acids, whose identities are not established, are present, one of which appears to be allied constitutionally to quinic acid.
The colorimetric determination of benzene hexachloride in insect tissues
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Standen H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBenzene hexachloride may be determined by hydrolysing it to trichlorobenzene, nitrating to trichlorodinitrobenzene and converting this into chlorodinitroresorcinol by hydrolysis with aqueous caustic soda. Under these conditions the main colour‐producing compound is 6‐chloro‐2: 4‐dinitroresorcinol, but 2‐chloro‐4: 6‐dinitroresorcinol and 5‐chloro‐2: 4‐dinitroresorcinol may also contribute to the colour. Benzene hexachloride is separated from fats in insect tissues by percolating through a column packed with kieselguhr and a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and oleum.
Superphosphate production: The influence of various factors on the speed of reaction and the composition of the product
Authors: Nunn R. J. , Dee T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of acid concentration, acid/rock ratio, and fineness of grinding on the interaction between Moroccan phosphate rock and sulphuric acid, in the preparation of superphosphate, have been studied.An organic‐solvent technique has been used to follow the course and the rate of the chemical reactions. This method has been adopted because the precise composition of the superphosphate cannot be found by the analysis of water extracts, since interaction occurs between unchanged phosphate rock and free acids during the extraction.Results are given in the form of Tables and graphs.
A chemical study of the fruits of three south africanXimeniaspecies, with special reference to the kernel oils
Authors: Ligthelm S. P. , Horn D. H. S. , Schwartz H. M. , Von Holdt M. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe average composition of the fruits was found to be: fruit pulp 81%, hull 4% and kernel 15%. The high acidity of the fruit juice, 8.6%, was accounted for entirely by citric acid. The kernels contained 64‐65% of oil, 18‐20% of protein and 4% of fibre. In addition to the acids already found by other workers, a tetracosenoic and an octacosenoic acid were isolated from the kernel oils and a hydroxyoctadecanoic acid was found in the hydrogenated acid mixture from one species. The component acids of the oils from the three species, which were similar in composition, included oleic acid (32.5‐40.5%), ximenynic acid (22‐24.3%), tetracosenoic acid (3.0‐7.0%), hexacosenoic (ximenic) acid (3.5‐8.7%), octacosenoic acid (4.7‐12.2%) and triacontenoic (lumequeic) acid (3.0‐7.0%).
Bitter principles of the cucurbitaceae. I.—Observations on the chemistry of cucurbitacin a
Authors: Enslin P. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBitter principles have been isolated as solid foams from the fruits of several members of the Cucurbitaceae. Four bitter principles, provisionally named cucurbitacin A, B, C and D, were obtained in the crystalline state. The nature of the functional groups of cucurbitacin A, C28H40O8, was investigated and a detailed study of its hydrogenation has been carried out.
The carotene, carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of some Scottish seaweeds
Authors: Owen E. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSome species of brown, green and red seaweeds collected in south‐east Scotland have been analysed for carotene, total xanthophylls (other than fucoxanthin) and total chlorophyll. A land plant, the common dockweed, was analysed for comparison. Carotenoids were extracted from the saponified samples with ethanol and light petroleum, and estimated by absorptiometry in a Unicam spectrophotometer. Carotene was isolated from xanthophylls by chromatography on alumina and determined separately. Total chlorophyll was measured similarly, at the point of maximal absorption in the red region of the spectrum, in a methanol extract of the plant material. In the brown algae, carotene was found to be usually more abundant than xanthophylls. The red and green algae resembled land plants in having less carotene than xanthophylls. Ratios of xanthophylls to carotene and of total chlorophyll to total carotenoids in brown, green and red algae were similar to ratios calculated from the data of Seybold & Egle, though the concentrations of both green pigments and carotenoids were less in the present samples than in species of the same name examined by Seybold & Egle. It is concluded that, like land plants, marine algae contain amounts of carotenoids that are related much more nearly to the amount of chlorophyll than to the major constituents of the plant's dry matter.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. VII.‐The isolation of d‐mannitol from perennial rye‐grass (lolium perenne)
Authors: Harwood V. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe presence of D‐mannitol in perennial rye‐grass (Lolium perenne) has been demonstrated. It is extracted, along with much carbohydrate material, on treatment of the fresh grass with boiling water. The mannitol can be separated chromatographically on a charcoal column.
Determination of fat peroxides in the presence of phospholipids
Authors: Hartman L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA colorimetric method of estimating fat peroxides in materials such as animal tissues has been developed, which is free from interference by phospholipids. The peroxides are reduced with ferrous chloride in benzene‐methanol solution and the amount of ferric iron produced is determined by the addition of 2 : 6‐dichlorophenolindophenol and pyro‐phosphoric acid. The extent of phospholipid interference with the ferric thiocyanate method of peroxide estimation has been measured by comparison with the new method. This interference has been found on the whole appreciable owing to the solubility of phospholipids in solvents used for fat extraction.
Through‐circulation drying of seaweed. IV.—A graphical desiǵan method for continuous multi‐staǵae driers
Authors: Gardner R. G. , Mitchell T. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA graphical design method is proposed for calculating the drying time, throughput rates and specific evaporation for double‐ and triple‐stage conveyor through‐circulation driers. The method is illustrated with examples based on the unit wet‐bulb depression drying curves forLaminaria cloustonistipe and frond.
The chrysanthemumcarboxylic acids. VII.—Catalytic hydrogenation of the chrysanthemic acids
Authors: Harper S. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe chrysanthemic acids are catalytically hydrogenated to the stereoisomeric dihydro‐chrysanthemic acids. These acids are characterized, and esterified with allylrethrolone and propylrethrolone to give a series of esters for insecticidal testing.
Fumigation of agricultural products. X.—Sorption of carbon disulphide by wheat and flour
Authors: El Rafie M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrevious accounts of the damage to wheat and wheat products caused by carbon disulphide fumigation are partly contradictory, and rarely describe accurate chemical measurements of sorption or the moisture content of the sorbent. The sorption is found to be critically dependent on moisture content, with a minimum sorption at about 14% of water. The sorption of carbon disulphide is even lower than that of methyl bromide, and seems to be mainly physical in origin. Most of the sorbed fumigant is recoverable, the remainder is held chiefly in the bran and endosperm. At high moisture contents, the seed‐coat no longer inhibits sorption, which tends to the same limit as that exhibited by wholemeal flour.
Post‐mortem changes in the lenses of fish eyes: Assessment of storage time and fish quality
Authors: Love R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe eye lenses of fish stored for increasing lengths of time in ice become progressively turbid. The cause of this turbidity is shown to be the diffusion of water through the corneas into the intra‐ocular fluid, followed by gradual hydration of the lens. In iced fish kept in a room of fairly constant air temperature, it was found possible by examination of 20 or more lenses to assess the storage time with an error of not more than 1 day. The limitations of the method are discussed.
The detection of washed eggs
Authors: Brooks J. , Hale H. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral methods have been proposed for the detection of washed eggs. It is known that washing reduces the amount of potassium chloride on the shell and increases the electrical resistance of a drop of water subsequently placed on the shell. The method based on resistance has been examined in detail, and a search has been made for new methods. It was found that washing also tends to deplete the surface of the shell of magnesium, but the most promising method was based on the photochemical reduction of silver chloride on a test paper exposed to ultra‐violet light. A sensitive and semi‐quantitative form of chloride test is described.