bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of Surface Resistivity Methods
Authors: Schwartz F. W. , McClymont G. L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGenerally the geology of the Breton area of Alberta consists of a 5‐to 125‐ft (1.5‐ to 38.1‐m) veneer of glacial till overlying sandstone and sandy shale units of the Paskapoo Formation. These sandstone units are locally important aquifers. Glacial drift in the Hastings Lake area varies in thickness from 100 to 200 ft (30.5 to 61.0 m) and overlies the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, which consists of bentonitic shale, siltstone and coal units with minor sandstone units. Ground‐water yields from drift and bedrock in this area are generally less than 30 gpm (113.6 1/m).Resistivity soundings were completed at 68 and 65 stations in the Breton and Hastings Lake areas, respectively. Profile maps from the Breton area are characterized by broad areas with apparent resistivity values greater than 100 ohm‐ft (3048 ohm‐cm). Qualitative evaluation of the resistivity soundings and existing borehole data indicated that the high resistivity values resulted from a thick resistive sandstone aquifer less than 25 ft (7.6 m) from ground surface. A reasonably well‐defined resistivity pattern was evident on the profile maps of the Hastings Lake area with the highest resistivity values coming from stations located in the hummocky moraine south of the lake. Sounding curves and borehole data indicate that an increase in the sand content of the drift is responsible for these values. However, local variability in the drift lithology produces anomalies in the resistivity patterns. In addition to providing useful information on the geology of an area, surface resistivity methods provide a rapid and relatively inexpensive tool to aid in planning more detailed ground‐water studies because of their ability to detect inhomogeneities in the subsurface environment.
Development of a Device for Measuring the Transverse Motion of a Saw-Wire
Authors: Mizuno Masahiro , Iyama Toshirou , Kikuchi Shinya , Zhang B. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The transverse motion of a saw-wire affects the cutting surface geometry in wire-saw slicing. To evaluate the magnitude of the wire transverse motion under no-slurry and no-workpiece conditions, which should be minimized before starting the slicing process, a high accuracy, noncontact device has been developed. The measuring head of the device is composed of a laser diode module and a dual-element photodiode between which a saw-wire is placed for measurement. This paper elucidates the appropriate positional configurations of the photosensitive surface of the dual-element photodiode and the laser beam focal point with respect to the 160μm diameter wire in the laser beam direction. Furthermore, a measurement experiment is carried out on a wire-saw machine under no-slurry and no-workpiece conditions. The paper reports and discusses the critical issues, such as measurement sensitivity, linearity, and accuracy.
Validation of tissue microarray technology in endometrioid cancer of the endometrium
Authors: Fons Guus , Hasibuan Siti M , van der Velden Jacobus , ten Kate Fiebo J W 
Published: July 2006

Aim:To validate tissue microarray (TMA) for endometrial cancer by comparing immunohistochemical staining results of triplicate core biopsies on TMA with the results of full-section analysis.Methods:The study material consisted of slides and selected tissue blocks of 41 patients with endometrioid cancer of the endometrium. A TMA was constructed. Both the TMA and the slides were stained with the same antibodies against progesterone receptor (PR), oestrogen receptor, p53 and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Concordance between results was expressed as the κ statistic.Results:Concordance between the staining results of TMA and whole slides was good for PR (κ = 0.69), oestrogen receptor (κ = 0.78), p53 (κ = 0.81) and EMA (κ = 0.72). Concordance between the results on TMA and slides depends on the number of assessable cores per tumour. Three assessable cores per case result in outcomes that are at least 94% similar to those achieved using conventional tissue sections with a two-class scoring system. This is independent of focal or diffuse staining patterns.Conclusion:TMA is a useful tool for further analysis of the molecular pathways in endometrial cancer. The effect of selection has to be taken into account when the prognostic value of protein expression on TMA is determined.
Temporal artery biopsy… Who needs one?
Authors: Davies C , Frost B , Eshan O , McLain A D , Shandall A 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Objective
To review a 10 year period of temporal artery biopsies, using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 criteria: a five point scoring system for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA).

Design
Population based, retrospective cohort analysis.

Setting
One district general hospital in the United Kingdom, over one decade.

Participants
All patients who underwent temporal artery biopsy from July 1994 to June 2004.

Main outcome measures
ACR score and temporal artery biopsy result.

Results
During the 10 year period 111 patients were identified. The median (range) age at presentation was 71 (29–85) years. Seventy five patients had an initial ACR score of three or four at presentation. There were 20 positive biopsy specimens. In 19 of these cases at least three of the other criteria were positive so there was already sufficient clinical information for a confident diagnosis. In only one case did the positive result influence the diagnosis by changing the ACR score from two to three. In our series, corticosteroid treatment before biopsy did not significantly reduce the yield of the biopsy.

Conclusions
The ACR score of three or more has a sensitivity of 93.5% and specificity of 91.2% for the diagnosis of GCA. Using these criteria, 68% of patients had sufficient clinical features when referred to make a confident diagnosis of GCA. Temporal artery biopsy was therefore unnecessary in this group. In the remaining group (ACR score ⩽2) there was one positive biopsy. The biopsy only changed the diagnosis in this one case—less than 3% of the uncertain cases and less than 1% of the total cases. Using the ACR criteria and restricting biopsy to those cases in which it might change the diagnosis will reduce the number of biopsies by two thirds without jeopardising diagnostic accuracy.
When is arthritis reactive?
Authors: Hamdulay S S , Glynne S J , Keat A 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Reactive arthritis is an important cause of lower limb oligoarthritis, mainly in young adults. It is one of the spondyloarthropathy family; it is distinguishable from other forms of inflammatory arthritis by virtue of the distribution of affected sites and the high prevalence of characteristic extra-articular lesions. Many terms have been used to refer to this and related forms of arthritis leading to some confusion. Reactive arthritis is precipitated by an infection at a distant site and genetic susceptibility is marked by possession of the HLA-B27 gene, although the mechanism remains uncertain. Diagnosis is a two stage process and requires demonstration of a temporal link with a recognised “trigger” infection. The identification and management of “sexually acquired” and “enteric” forms of reactive arthritis are considered. Putative links with HIV infection are also discussed. The clinical features, approach to investigation, diagnosis, and management of reactive arthritis are reviewed.
Environmental Discourses
Authors: Mühlhäusler Peter , Peace Adrian 
Published: July 2006

Discourses concerned with the perceived global environmental crisis have increased dramatically over the past couple of decades. This review consists of an ethnographic analysis of the principal components of environmental discourses as well as a discussion of the approaches employed to analyze them. These include linguistic discourses (ecolinguistics, ecocritical linguistics, discourse analysis) as well as approaches developed within other disciplines (anthropology, literary studies, philosophy, and psychology).Over the years, the structural properties of environmental discourses have developed into a distinct discourse category. It remains unclear to what extent the numerous environmental discourses and metadiscourses significantly contribute to improving the health of the natural environment.
Recognition of Breast Cancer Cells by CD8+ Cytotoxic T-Cell Clones Specific for NY-BR-1
Authors: Wang Wei , Epler Jennifer , Salazar Lupe G. , Riddell Stanley R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractImmunotherapy for breast cancer using cytotoxic T cells (CTL) is hindered by the lack of well-characterized breast cancer antigens that are expressed in most breast tumor cells and recognized by CD8+ CTL. A recently described breast tissue differentiation antigen, NY-BR-1, is expressed in &gt;80% breast tumors and elicits a humoral response in a subset of breast cancer patients. To identify potential NY-BR-1 epitopes that are recognized by CTL, CD8+ T cells were stimulated in vitro with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with NY-BR-1 peptides that were predicted to bind to HLA-A2. In multiple normal female donors and breast cancer patients, specific CD8+ CTL responses were detected by enzyme-linked immunospot assay against several NY-BR-1 peptides after two cycles of stimulation. CD8+ CTL clones against three NY-BR-1 epitopes were isolated and recognized peptide-pulsed target cells with high avidity. T-cell clones specific for one of the NY-BR-1 epitopes (p904) also recognized breast tumor cells expressing NY-BR-1, NY-BR-1− cells transfected with a cDNA encoding the NY-BR-1 protein, and autologous dendritic cells pulsed with opsonized NY-BR-1+ breast tumor cells. Taken together, these results show that the p904 epitope derived from NY-BR-1 is efficiently processed and presented endogenously and identify NY-BR-1 as a promising target for T-cell–based immunotherapy for breast cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6826-33)
CD80 in Immune Suppression by Mouse Ovarian Carcinoma–Associated Gr-1+CD11b+ Myeloid Cells
Authors: Yang Rongcun , Cai Zhong , Zhang Yuan , Yutzy William H. , Roby Katherine F. , Roden Richard B.S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn elevated number of Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells has been described in mice bearing transplantable tumors, and has been associated with immune suppression. We examined the role of such myeloid suppressor cells in mice bearing the spontaneously transformed syngeneic mouse ovarian surface epithelial cell line, 1D8. We observed high levels of CD80 expression by Gr-1+CD11b+ cells from spleen, ascites, and tumor tissue of mice bearing 1D8 ovarian carcinoma, whereas CD40 and CD86 were absent. CD80 expression was not detected on Gr-1+CD11b+ cells from naïve mice. However, the expression of CD80 by Gr-1+CD11b+ cells from naïve mice was promoted by coculture with 1D8 cells. Because irradiated 1D8 cells, but not 1D8-conditioned medium, up-regulate CD80 expression by Gr-1+CD11b+ cells, this phenomenon likely requires direct interaction. Gr-1+CD11b+ cells derived from 1D8 tumor–bearing mice provided significant suppression of antigen-specific immune responses, but Gr-1+CD11b+ cells from naïve mice did not. Both short interfering RNA–mediated knockdown and genetic knockout of CD80 expression by Gr-1+CD11b+ cells of 1D8 tumor–bearing mice alleviated the suppression of antigen-specific immune responses. Suppression via CD80 on Gr-1+ CD11b+ myeloid cells was mediated by CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells and required CD152. CD80 knockout or antibody blockade of either CD80 or CD152 retarded the growth of 1D8 tumor in mice, suggesting that expression of CD80 on Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells triggered by 1D8 ovarian carcinoma suppresses antigen-specific immunity via CD152 signaling and CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells. Thus, CD80-dependent responses to myeloid suppressor cells may contribute to tumor tolerance and the progression of ovarian carcinoma.(Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6807-15)
Pim-3, a Proto-Oncogene with Serine/Threonine Kinase Activity, Is Aberrantly Expressed in Human Pancreatic Cancer and Phosphorylates Bad to Block Bad-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Li Ying-Yi , Popivanova Boryana K. , Nagai Yuichiro , Ishikura Hiroshi , Fujii Chifumi , Mukaida Naofumi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Pancreatic cancer still remains a serious health problem with &lt;5% 5-year survival rate for all stages. To develop an effective treatment, it is necessary to identify a target molecule that is crucially involved in pancreatic tumor growth. We previously observed that Pim-3, a member of the proto-oncogene Pim family that expresses serine/threonine kinase activity, was aberrantly expressed in human and mouse hepatomas but not in normal liver. Here, we show that Pim-3 is also expressed in malignant lesions of the pancreas but not in normal pancreatic tissue. Moreover, Pim-3 mRNA and protein were constitutively expressed in all human pancreatic cancer cell lines that we examined and colocalized with the proapoptotic protein Bad. The ablation of endogenous Pim-3 by small hairpin RNA transfection promoted apoptosis, as evidenced by increases in a proportion of cells in the sub-G1 fraction of the cell cycle and in phosphatidyl serine externalization. A proapoptotic molecule, Bad, was phosphorylated constitutively at Ser112 but not Ser136 in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and this phosphorylation is presumed to represent its inactive form. Phosphorylation of Bad and the expression of an antiapoptotic molecule, Bcl-XL, were reduced by the ablation of endogenous Pim-3. Thus, we provide the first evidence that Pim-3 can inactivate Bad and maintain the expression of Bcl-XL and thus prevent apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cells. This may contribute to the net increase in tumor volume or tumor growth in pancreatic cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6741-7)
4-Nitroquinoline-1-Oxide Induces the Formation of Cellular Topoisomerase I-DNA Cleavage Complexes
Authors: Miao Ze-Hong , Rao V. Ashutosh , Agama Keli , Antony Smitha , Kohn Kurt W. , Pommier Yves 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
RecQ helicase BLM-deficient cells are characteristically hypersensitive to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). We recently reported that isogenic BLM-deficient cells (PNSG13) are more sensitive than BLM-complemented cells (PNSF5) to camptothecin, which specifically traps topoisomerase I cleavage complexes (Top1cc). We now report that PNSG13 are also 3.5-fold more sensitive to 4NQO compared with PNSF5 and that 4NQO induces higher levels of Top1cc and reduced histone γ-H2AX in PSNG13 than in PNSF5. Similarly, 4NQO induces more Top1cc in primary fibroblasts from a patient with Bloom syndrome than in normal human fibroblasts. 4NQO also induces Top1cc in colon cancer HCT116 and HT29 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. Of note, distinct from camptothecin, the Top1cc produced by 4NQO accumulate progressively after 4NQO addition and persist following 4NQO removal. The Top1cc induced by 4NQO are detectable by alkaline elution. To examine the functional relevance of the Top1cc induced by 4NQO, we used two stable topoisomerase I small interfering RNA (siRNA) cell lines derived from HCT116 and MCF7 cells. Both topoisomerase I siRNA cell lines are resistant to 4NQO, indicating that Top1cc contribute to the cellular activity of 4NQO. Collectively, these data show that 4NQO is an effective inducer of cellular Top1cc. Because 4NQO does not directly trap Top1cc in biochemical assays, we propose that active metabolites of 4NQO trap Top1cc by forming DNA adducts. Induction of Top1cc and histone γ-H2AX by 4NQO may contribute to the cellular effects of 4NQO, including its selective activity toward RecQ helicase BLM-deficient cells.(Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6540-5)
Epigenetic Silencing of the PTEN Gene in Melanoma
Authors: Mirmohammadsadegh Alireza , Marini Alessandra , Nambiar Sandeep , Hassan Mohamed , Tannapfel Andrea , Ruzicka Thomas , Hengge Ulrich R. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) seems to be an important tumor suppressor gene in melanoma. Because the PTEN gene is only infrequently deleted or mutated, and because the PTEN protein is low to absent in a significant number of melanomas, we investigated alternative methods of epigenetic silencing. We did quantitative positional methylation analysis (pyrosequencing) on 37 sera from melanoma patients and on 21 pairs of corresponding sera and melanoma specimens in addition to Taqman reverse transcription-PCR. We report significant positional PTEN promoter methylation in 62% of circulating DNA isolated from sera of patients with metastatic melanoma. The percentage of methylation of a selected CpG island in blood showed a correlation with methylation levels in the corresponding melanoma tissue. Moreover, high percentages of PTEN methylation were associated with low PTEN transcription levels. Using the demethylation agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, reduced methylation and a corresponding increase in PTEN protein were observed in BLM melanoma cells, leading to reduced AKT activity in an in vitro kinase assay. In summary, epigenetic PTEN silencing seems to be a relevant mechanism of inactivating this tumor suppressor gene in melanoma that may promote melanoma development by derepression of the AKT pathway. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13); 6546-52)
The Primary Cilium in Cell Signaling and Cancer
Authors: Michaud Edward J. , Yoder Bradley K. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The primary cilium is a microtubule-based antenna-like structure that emanates from the surface of virtually all cells in the mammalian body. It is anchored to the cell by the basal body, which develops from the mother centriole of the centrosome in a manner that is coordinately regulated with the cell cycle. The primary cilium is a sensory organelle that receives both mechanical and chemical signals from other cells and the environment, and transmits these signals to the nucleus to elicit a cellular response. Recent studies revealed that multiple components of the Sonic hedgehog and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α signal transduction pathways localize to the primary cilium, and that loss of the cilium blocks ligand-induced signaling by both pathways. In light of the major role that these pathways play in numerous types of cancer, we anticipate that the emerging discoveries being made about the function of the primary cilium in signaling pathways that are critical for embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in adults will also provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(15): 6463-7)
Association of MutantTP53with Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres and Favorable Prognosis in Glioma
Authors: Chen Yu-Jen , Hakin-Smith Vicky , Teo Mario , Xinarianos George E. , Jellinek David A. , Carroll Thomas , McDowell David , MacFarlane Martin R. , Boet Ronald , Baguley Bruce C. , Braithwaite Antony W. , Reddel Roger R. , Royds Janice A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe molecular basis for alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), a prognostic marker for glioma patients, remains unknown. We examined TP53 status in relation to telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) in 108 patients with glioblastoma multiforme and two patients with anaplastic astrocytoma from New Zealand and United Kingdom. Tumor samples were analyzed with respect to telomerase activity, telomere length, and ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies to determine their TMM. TP53 mutation was analyzed by direct sequencing of coding exons 2 to 11. We found an association between TP53 mutation and ALT mechanism and between wild-type TP53 and telomerase and absence of a known TMM (P &lt; 0.0001). We suggest that TP53 deficiency plays a permissive role in the activation of ALT. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6473-6)
'Mission In Christ's Way': The Way of Which Christ?
Authors: Robinson Gnana 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAll Churches and Missionary Movements in different parts of the world assert without hesitation that in all that they do, they follow the way of Jesus Christ. But the gross injustice in international economic dealings promoted by the so-called 'Christian Nations' in the world and the consequent widening of the gap between the rich and the poor in the world, the discrimination of people on the basis of creed, class, race and colour practised by many Christians and the power-struggle and corruption found in many local churches make the world wonder, the way of which Christ these Christians follow! The image of the Biblical Jesus is that of the Servant-leader, crowned with thorns, who emptied himself of all worldly riches, pomp and power and laid down his life as a ransom for many. Since the time of Emperor Constantine, this thorn-crowned servant Jesus is turned into a gold-crowned King, an anti-Christ with the face of 'Mammon', the idol of riches and power. Since one cannot worship God and Mammon at the same time, it is mandatory on the part of us all faithful Christians, to introspect ourselves and decide, the way of which Christ we want to follow.
Continuity and Discontinuity in Conversion Stories
Authors: Speelman Gé 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this article, I focus on continuity and discontinuity between religious traditions, as perceived by converts. I interviewed six converts: three Muslims who became Christian, three Christians who converted to Islam. They reflect on their experiences with their 'old' and 'new' religion. What were the changes they underwent? What remained the same? In their stories, they often conclude that God remained a constant presence in their life, even if they did not experience this at an earlier stage.
Cutaneous wound healing is impaired in hemophilia B
Authors: Hoffman Maureane , Harger Anna , Lenkowski Angela , Hedner Ulla , Roberts Harold R. , Monroe Dougald M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We used a mouse model to test the hypothesis that the time course and histology of wound healing is altered in hemophilia B. Punch biopsies (3 mm) were placed in the skin of normal mice and mice with hemophilia. The size of the wounds was measured daily until the epidermal defect closed. All wounds closed in mice with hemophilia by 12 days, compared with 10 days in normal animals. Skin from the area of the wound was harvested at different time points and examined histologically. Hemophilic animals developed subcutaneous hematomas; normal animals did not. Macrophage infiltration was significantly delayed in hemophilia B. Unexpectedly, hemophilic mice developed twice as many blood vessels in the healing wounds as controls, and the increased vascularity persisted for at least 2 weeks. The deposition and persistence of ferric iron was also greater in hemophilic mice. We hypothesize that iron plays a role in promoting excess angiogenesis after wounding as it had been proposed to do in hemophilic arthropathy. We have demonstrated that impaired coagulation leads to delayed wound healing with abnormal histology. Our findings have significant implications for treatment of patients with hemophilia, and also highlight the importance of rapidly establishing hemostasis following trauma or surgery.