bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An implementation of a concurrent gang scheduler for a PC‐based cluster system
Authors: Hyoudou Kazuki , Kozakai Yasuyuki , Nakayama Yasuichi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn recent years PC‐based cluster systems have been used more and more due to their excellent cost performance and high degree of flexibility. With a view to constructing systems at lower costs and with sufficient performance capacity, we have designed and implementedFireClusterthat consists of a PC‐based cluster system in which nodes are connected via the IEEE 1394 interface. Parallel job scheduling is important to use modern multiprocessor parallel computers efficiently. For example,gang schedulingis suitable for cluster systems that provide a user‐level communication library and many gang schedulers have been implemented for such systems. However, on low‐cost cluster systems with relatively low communication performance, the communications costs associated with a gang scheduling system whereby all nodes are synchronized each time the system switches jobs can be a significant problem. Therefore, we focus onconcurrent gang schedulingand have implemented a concurrent gang scheduler for PC‐based cluster systems. The experimental results show that the system is able to perform synchronization with low communications costs, switch jobs with a low overhead, and is highly scalable to increases in the number of nodes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(3): 39–48, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20458
The process of technological competence leveraging
Authors: Danneels Erwin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTechnologies are often amenable to uses for a range of markets, but yet are often underutilized, and consequently not all value is extracted from them. This article presents a longitudinal case study of a firm that successfully applied a fungible technology to products for its served market, but was unable to tap its considerable potential in new markets. The processes of resource allocation and resource transformation inhibited technology leveraging, shaped by the presence of a competence to serve current customers (a customer competence trap) and the lack of a competence to gain access to new customers (a marketing competence gap). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robustness and uncertainty in estimates of butterfly abundance from transect counts
Authors: Gross Kevin , Kalendra Eric J. , Hudgens Brian R. , Haddad Nick M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany butterfly populations are monitored by counting the number of butterflies observed while walking transects during the butterfly's flight season. Methods for estimating population abundance from these transect counts are appealing because they allow rare populations to be monitored without capture–recapture studies that could harm fragile individuals. An increasingly popular method for estimating abundance from transect counts relies on strong assumptions about the counting process and the processes that govern butterfly population dynamics. Here, we study the statistical performance of this method when underlying model assumptions are violated. We find that estimates of population size are robust to departures from underlying model assumptions, but that the uncertainty in these estimates (i.e., confidence intervals) is substantially underestimated. Alternative bootstrap and Bayesian methods provide better measures of the uncertainty in estimated population size, but are conditional upon knowledge of butterfly detectability. Because of these requirements, a mixed approach that combines data from small capture–recapture studies with transect counts strikes the best balance between accurate monitoring and minimal injury to individuals. Our study is motivated by monitoring studies for St. Francis satyr (Neonympha mitchelli francisci), a rare and relatively immobile butterfly occurring only in the sandhills region of south‐central North Carolina, USA.
Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on protein and fat digestibility, body protein and muscular composition in high-fat-diet-fed old rats
Authors: de Heredia Fátima Pérez , Cerezo David , Zamora Salvador , Garaulet Marta 
Published: February 2007

The main objective of the present study was to examine the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on the digestive efficiency of dietary protein and fat. Second, we analysed the specific changes in muscle composition induced by the hormone. DHEA was given in the diet (0·5 %, w/w) to 75-week-old, high-fat-fed Sprague–Dawley rats (n11) for 13 weeks; age- and weight-matched rats fed on the same diet without DHEA supplementation were used as controls (n10). To determine dietary protein and fat apparent digestibility coefficients, 1-week 24 h faecal depositions were collected. In parallel, urine N was assessed. These assays were performed twice, in the short term (2-week treatment) and in the long term (13-week treatment). Body and gastrocnemius muscle compositions were also analysed. The present results show that DHEA decreased energy intake, body weight, body fat, adipocyte size and number (P < 0·001). The feed efficiency ratio indicates that DHEA-treated rats were less efficient in transforming nutrients fed into their own biomass. Also, a short-term reduction in protein digestibility (P < 0·05) and in body-protein degradation (P < 0·01) was found in DHEA-treated rats, resulting in an increased content of body protein (P < 0·05). Gastrocnemius muscles were smaller, as a result of fat (P < 0·05) but not protein reduction. In conclusion, we confirm the slimming effect of DHEA and, for the first time, we demonstrate that DHEA has an effect at the digestive level. The anti-obesity properties of DHEA could be related to a reduction in protein digestibility in the short term and a protective effect on body protein with a selective mass loss from body fat.
Blood serum interferon-γ bioactivity is low in weanling mice subjected to acute deficits of energy or both protein and energy
Authors: Hillyer Lyn M. , Maliwichi Harry E. , Woodward Bill 
Published: February 2007

The main objective of the present study was to determine the influence of acute deficits of protein and energy on the blood serum level of interferon-γ, a signature type 1 polarising inflammatory cytokine. In two 14 d experiments, male and female C57BL/6J mice, initial age 19 d, consumed a complete purified dietad libitumor in restricted daily quantities, or had free access to an isoenergetic purified low-protein diet. A zero-time control group (age 19 d) was included in the second experiment. Serum interferon-γ was assessed in both experiments by sandwich ELISA and, in the second experiment, also by a bioassay based on inhibition of proliferation by WEHI-279 B lymphoma cells. The immunoassay detected interferon-γ inconsistently in all groups (range 0–14 pg/ml; detection limits 1·5 and 0·7 pg/ml in experiments 1 and 2, respectively). By contrast, interferon-γ bioactivity was found in all animals of each group (means 339, 499, 124 and 200 pg/ml in zero-time controls, age-matched controls, low-protein and restricted intake groups, respectively; detection limit, 12 pg/ml), and the mean serum bioactivity of each malnourished group was low compared with the age-matched control (P ≤ 0·05). The present study defines the physiological serum interferon-γ bioactivity of the adolescent mouse. Moreover, to the extent achievable by way of the blood, the results reflect the influence of metabolically diverse forms of acute malnutrition on the polarising type 1 cytokine profile within lymphoid microenvironments wherein immune responses arise. Therefore, the results suggest a mechanism underlying the cell-mediated inflammatory incompetence that characterises acute, prepubescent malnutrition.
Continuous infusion of lipoic acid rapidly reduces plasma β-hydroxybutyrate with elevation of non-esterified fatty acids in broiler chickens
Authors: Hamano Yoshio 
Published: February 2007

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of α-lipoic acid (ALA) on fatty acid mobilisation and ketone body production in female broiler chickens. In the first experiment, chickens received an intravenous infusion of ALA (0, 25 or 50 mg/kg per h) for 90 min. Blood was drawn at 30 min intervals, and plasma glucose, NEFA, free glycerol and hydroxybutyrate were analysed. In the second experiment, ALA (100 mg/kg per h) was continuously infused to chickens fed or fasted for at least 24 h. Changes in plasma metabolites for 90 min were determined. In the first experiment, as shown by the response area, ALA infusion did not affect plasma glucose but increased (P < 0·05) plasma NEFA, regardless of the dose level. In contrast, plasma hydroxybutyrate was reduced at the lower infusion rate (P < 0·05). No significant changes in plasma free glycerol were observed. In experiment 2, ALA stimulated both plasma glucose (P < 0·01) and NEFA (P < 0·001) and the responses were greater than those of controls, regardless of the feeding state. The interaction between ALA and the feeding condition had a significant effect on plasma hydroxybutyrate (P < 0·01). ALA reduced plasma hydroxybutyrate, and this response was greater in the fasted birds than in those fed. Therefore, the present study found a lowering effect of ALA on plasma hydroxybutyrate level and suggests that the ALA-induced plasma NEFA increment was attributable to decreased hepatic fatty acid oxidation in chickens.
Changes in intestinal microbiota and humoral immune response following probiotic administration in brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Authors: Balcázar José Luis , de Blas Ignacio , Ruiz-Zarzuela Imanol , Vendrell Daniel , Calvo Ana Cristina , Márquez Isabel , Gironés Olivia , Muzquiz José Luis 
Published: February 2007

We studied the effect of several lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the humoral response of brown trout (Salmo trutta). LAB groups (Lactococcus(Lc.)lactisssp.lactis,Lactobacillus(Lb.)sakeiandLeuconostoc(Leu.)mesenteroides) were administered orally at 106colony-forming units/g feed to brown trout for 2 weeks, after which fish were switched to an unsupplemented feed. Blood and intestinal samples were taken from the onset of feeding supplemented diets at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. During the LAB-feeding period,Lc. lactisssp.lactis,Lb. sakeiandLeu. mesenteroidespersisted in the fish intestines, but the number of LAB slowly decreased in the intestines after changing to the unsupplemented diet. OnlyLb. lactisssp.lactisandLeu. mesenteroideswere detected at levels above 1 × 102colony-forming units/g at the end of the fourth week. In comparison to untreated control fish, the alternative complement activity in the serum was found to be significantly greater in all LAB groups at the end of the second week. Groups supplemented withLc. lactisssp.lactisandLeu. mesenteroidesexhibited an elevated level of lysozyme activity at the end of the third week, but the group supplemented withLb. sakeidid not exhibit any significant change in lysozyme activity. Serum immunoglobulin levels were higher compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference between the LAB and control groups.
p-Coumaric acid, a common dietary phenol, inhibits platelet activity in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Luceri Cristina , Giannini Lucia , Lodovici Maura , Antonucci Emilia , Abbate Rosanna , Masini Emanuela , Dolara Piero 
Published: February 2007

p-Coumaric acid (3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid; 4CA), is a ubiquitous plant metabolite with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The antiplatelet activity of this compound was analysed both ex vivo and in vitro. 4-CA, administered to rabbits for 2 weeks at the dose of 5 mg/kg, mixed with food, inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation without affecting blood coagulation. This effect was associated with a marked increase in plasma antioxidant activity, measured as ferric reducing ability of plasma, and with the reduction of thromboxane B2 production. The antiplatelet effect was confirmed by in vitro experiments on human blood: 4CA (500 μm and 1 mm) reduced ADP-induced platelet aggregation (55·2 (se 4·01) % and 35·6 (se 2·35) % relative to basal level, respectively). 4CA was able to modify platelet function, measured with PFA-100™, a shear-inducing device that simulates primary haemostasis. 4CA interfered also with arachidonic acid cascade, reducing thromboxane B2 production and lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 generation (ic50 371 and 126 μm, respectively). The data show that 4CA is an antioxidant compound with good antiplatelet activity at doses that can be obtained with dietary intervention, suggesting possible applications for primary prevention of vascular disease.
Prior to paradigm integration, the task is to resolve construct definitions of gF and WM
Authors: Birney Damian P. , Bowman David B. , Pallier Gerry 
Published: February 2007

Blair's account, like the intelligence field in general, treats many distinct constructs as if they were practically interchangeable – this is not self-evident. Paradigm integration and rationalization of redundant nomenclature are important for the continued development of understanding. The prior task is to demonstrate where synonymity of constructs across paradigms occurs, and where it fails. We present arguments why this is the case.
Human–animal connections: Recent findings on the anthrozoology of cruelty
Authors: Herzog Harold , Arluke Arnold 
Published: February 2007

Recent findings in anthrozoology – the study of human–animal interactions – shed light on psychological and social aspects of cruelty. Here we briefly discuss four areas that connect animal cruelty and cruelty directed toward humans: (1) voices of perpetrators and their audiences, (2) gender differences in cruelty, (3) cruelty as play, and (4) the putative relationship between animal abuse and interpersonal violence.
Working memory, executive function, and general fluid intelligence are not the same
Authors: Heitz Richard P. , Redick Thomas S. , Hambrick David Z. , Kane Michael J. , Conway Andrew R. A. , Engle Randall W. 
Published: February 2007

Blair equates the constructs of working memory (WM), executive function, and general fluid intelligence (gF). We argue that there is good reason not to equate these constructs. We view WM and gF as separable but highly related, and suggest that the mechanism behind the relationship is controlled attention – an ability that is dependent on normal functioning of the prefrontal cortex.
Evolutionary neuroscience: Limitations and prospects
Authors: Striedter Georg F. 
Published: February 2007

Overall, most of the reviewers agree that Principles of Brain Evolution was a welcome addition to the field, and kindly describe it as carefully researched and lucidly written. Thereafter, they note some gaps – principally, adaptive scenarios, microevolutionary studies, and computational models. I here admit to those deficiencies but explain why they exist and how they might be filled. In addition, one commentator criticizes my analysis of hominin brain evolution, and another finds my principle of “large equals well-connected” to be inconsistent with the data. I rebut those two critiques. Hopefully, this process of critique and counterpoint will stimulate some readers to pursue the mentioned thoughts and to engage in new research.
Fluid intelligence as cognitive decoupling
Authors: Stanovich Keith E. 
Published: February 2007

The dissociation of fluid cognitive functions from g is implicit in the Cattell-Horn-Carroll gF-gC theory. Nevertheless, Blair is right that fluid functions are extremely important. I suggest that the key mental operation assessed by measures of gF is the ability to sustain mental simulation while keeping the relevant representations decoupled from the actual world – an ability that underlies all hypothetical thinking.
Comparative, continuity, and computational evidence in evolutionary theory: Predictive evidence versus productive evidence
Authors: Powers David M. W. 
Published: February 2007

Of three types of evidence available to evolution theorists – comparative, continuity, and computational – the first is largely productive rather than predictive. Although comparison between extant species or languages is possible and can be suggestive of evolutionary processes, leading to theory development, comparison with extinct species and languages seems necessary for validation. Continuity and computational evidence provide the best opportunities for supporting predictions.
Money: Motivation, metaphors, and mores
Authors: Lea Stephen E. G. , Webley Paul 
Published: February 2007

Our response amplifies our case that money is best seen as both a drug and a tool. Some commentators challenge our core assumptions: In this response we, therefore, explain in more detail why we assume that money is an exceptionally strong motivator, and that a biological explanation of money motivation is required. We also provide evidence to support those assumptions. Other commentators criticise our use of the drug metaphor, particularly arguing that it is empirically empty; and in our response we seek to show how it can be submitted to test – aided by some commentaries which suggest such tests. In addition, we explain, with evidence, why we do not think that the notion of money as a generalised conditioned reinforcer provides a satisfactory alternative to the tool/drug account. The largest group of commentaries suggests alternative instincts on which the drug-like effects of money might be based, other than the reciprocation and play instincts we propose; in our response, we explain why we still prefer our original proposals, but we accept that alternative or additional instincts may indeed underlie money motivation. A final group of commentaries carries the argument further, suggesting extensions to the tool/drug model, in ways with which we are broadly in sympathy. The purpose of the tool and drug metaphors is to encourage reflection on the biological origins of money motivation, and to that extent at least we believe that they have succeeded.
Burden of acute respiratory infections in a family cohort in Iran
Authors: NAGHIPOUR M. , HART C. A. , CUEVAS L. E. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYAcute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the most important infectious cause of death, but there is less information of their burden in the community. This study describes the burden of ARI in a cohort of 50 Iranian families visited weekly over 2 months. Eighty-one out of 113 (72%) children and 29/103 (28%) adults had a total of 124 episodes of ARI. Seventy-five per cent of the episodes occurring in children were primary/co-primary compared to 40% of those in adults (P<0·01). Children were more likely to be the first symptomatic cases and infections were frequently transmitted within the family. Frequencies were lowest among adults, low among infants aged <6 months and highest among children aged <5 years (P<0·01). Winter episodes occurred more frequently in January (P<0·01). The high frequency and apparent transmissibility of ARI in this cohort highlights its enormous burden in the community.
Sharp Sobolev inequalities in the presence of a twist
Authors: Collion Stephane , Hebey Emmanuel , Vaugon Michel 
Published: February 2007

Let

(
M
,
g
)

(M,g)

be a smooth compact Riemannian manifold of dimension

n
≥
3

n \ge 3

. Let also

A
A

be a smooth symmetrical positive

(
0
,
2
)

(0,2)

-tensor field in

M
M

. By the Sobolev embedding theorem, we can write that there exist

K
,
B
>
0

K,B>0

such that for any

u
∈

H
1
2

(
M
)

u \in H_1^2(M)

,
\[

(

∫
M

|
u

|

2
⋆

d

v
g

)

2

/

2
⋆

≤
K

∫
M

A
x

(
∇
u
,
∇
u
)
d

v
g

+
B

∫
M

u
2

d

v
g

\left (\int _M\vert u\vert ^{2^\star }dv_g\right )^{2/2^\star }\le K \int _MA_x(\nabla u, \nabla u)dv_g + B\int _Mu^2dv_g

\]
where

H
1
2

(
M
)

H_1^2(M)

is the standard Sobolev space of functions in

L
2

L^2

with one derivative in

L
2

L^2

. We investigate in this paper the value of the sharp

K
K

in the equation above, the validity of the corresponding sharp inequality, and the existence of extremal functions for the saturated version of the sharp inequality.
The combinatorics of twisted involutions in Coxeter groups
Authors: Hultman Axel 
Published: February 2007

The open intervals in the Bruhat order on twisted involutions in a Coxeter group are shown to be PL spheres. This implies results conjectured by F. Incitti and sharpens the known fact that these posets are Gorenstein

∗

^*

over

Z

2

\mathbb {Z}_2

. We also introduce a Boolean cell complex which is an analogue for twisted involutions of the Coxeter complex. Several classical Coxeter complex properties are shared by our complex. When the group is finite, it is a shellable sphere, shelling orders being given by the linear extensions of the weak order on twisted involutions. Furthermore, the

h
h

-polynomial of the complex coincides with the polynomial counting twisted involutions by descents. In particular, this gives a type-independent proof that the latter is symmetric.
Harnack inequality for non-divergence form operators on stratified groups
Authors: Bonfiglioli Andrea , Uguzzoni Francesco 
Published: February 2007

We prove lower bounds for the fundamental solutions of the non-divergence form operators\[∑i,jai,j(x,t)XiXj−∂tand∑i,jai,j(x)XiXj,{\textstyle \sum _{i,j}} a_{i,j}(x,t)\,X_iX_j-\partial _t \quad \text {and}\quad {\textstyle \sum _{i,j}}a_{i,j}(x)\,X_iX_j,\]where theXiX_i’s are Hörmander vector fields generating a stratified groupG\mathbb {G}and(ai,j)i,j(a_{i,j})_{i,j}is a positive-definite matrix with Hölder continuous entries. We then prove an invariant Harnack inequality for such operators. As a byproduct we also study some relevant properties of the Green functions on bounded domains.
Literature review: decision‐making regarding slow resuscitation
Authors: Kelly Jacinta 
Published: February 2007

Aims and objectives.  Applying ethical principles as a framework, a review of the literature will be presented regarding the decision‐making process of slow codes.Background.  Slow codes are cardiopulmonary resuscitative efforts intentionally conducted too slowly for resuscitation to occur. While some authors argue that a slow code is a non‐maleficent and beneficent act towards the hopelessly ill patient, others believe that this practice is harmful and deceptive, that it disregards patient and surrogate autonomy and deprives the patient of a peaceful death.Method.  Literature review.Results.  Decision‐making surrounding cardiopulmonary resuscitation receives considerable attention in the literature. However, data relating to the decision‐making process in slow codes is sparse. One ethnographic study described the practice of slow codes as doing good and preventing harm to the patient.Conclusions.  It was evident from the literature review that slow codes, even in the most limited form, are invasive and undignified and that they prolong death and suffering. Further research is needed to examine why slow codes happen despite the availability of a do‐not‐resuscitate order.Relevance to clinical practice.  Decision‐making regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation is increasingly problematic in Ireland. The literature review suggests that clinical guidelines regarding decision‐making and cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be introduced to reduce the likelihood of slow codes occurring, but also that nurses and doctors endeavour to communicate more effectively with patients and family.