bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On ‘Bad Law’ and ‘Good Politics’: The Politics of the ICJ Genocide Case and Its Interpretation
Authors: RAJKOVIĆ NIKOLAS 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe discontent within legal ranks over the recent judgment of the International Court of Justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro can be described as nothing other than poignant. The stylized characterization voiced privately by many critics is that the judgment amounted to ‘bad law’ and ‘good politics’; that the Court's ruling had been profoundly influenced by Serbia's fragile domestic politics and hence this worked silently to constrain the Court's rationale and lawmaking. Sadly, critics opine, this political intrusion into the sanctuary of lawmaking produced a judgment that now denies the ‘universal’ deterrent which the Genocide case could have provided. This article, however, takes direct issue with axiomatic interpretations of what constitutes ‘bad law’ and ‘good politics’ in the Genocide case, and argues instead that an antithetical characterization of law with politics proves fundamentally misleading when analysing the Genocide judgment, overlooking the inherent association between law and politics in complex cases that have now become ‘bread and butter’ for international lawyers. In sum, this article will argue, the judgment should not be written off using the dichotomy of ‘bad law’ and ‘good politics’, but rather should invoke critical reflection within the academic discipline and professional practice on the problems of politics which constitute and hence unavoidably permeate cases that emerge from calamitous failures of international politics. The hardening of the fictional boundary between law and politics may provide a convenient gambit for those advocating the ascendancy of international law. However, it is argued, obfuscating the political swamp which is ‘international justice’ cannot make a juridical pasture no matter how much authoritative or ‘learned’ ink is spent; and this is perhaps the key lesson which should be discerned by legal experts from the Genocide case as a whole.
The Identity Crisis of International Criminal Law
Authors: ROBINSON DARRYL 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe general narrative of international criminal law (ICL) declares that the system adheres in an exemplary manner to the fundamental principles of a liberal criminal justice system. Recent scholarship has increasingly questioned the adherence of various ICL doctrines to such principles. This article scrutinizes the discourse of ICL – the assumptions and forms of argumentation that are regarded as sound reasoning with appropriate liberal aims. This article argues that ICL, in drawing on national criminal law and international human rights law, absorbed contradictory assumptions and methods of reasoning. The article explores three modes by which the assumptions of human rights liberalism subtly undermine the criminal law liberalism to which the system aspires. These modes include interpretive approaches, substantive and structural conflation, and ideological assumptions. The identity crisis theory helps to explain how a system that strives to serve as a model for liberal criminal justice systems has come to embrace illiberal doctrines that contradict the system's fundamental principles.
CBT for People with Intellectual Disabilities: Emerging Evidence, Cognitive Ability and IQ Effects
Authors: Taylor John L. , Lindsay William R. , Willner Paul 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHistorically people with intellectual disabilities have not been offered or received cognitive behavioural interventions that have been shown to be effective for mental health and emotional problems experienced by those without such disabilities. This is despite many people with intellectual disabilities having life experiences that potentially result in them having an increased risk to such problems. This paper discusses whether such therapeutic disdain is justified based on the evidence that is available and emerging concerning the application of cognitive behavioural interventions for this population. Issues concerning access to services, the ability of people with intellectual disabilities to engage in and benefit from the cognitive components of CBT, and the effect of cognitive abilities and IQ level on treatment effectiveness are explored in relation to this question.
Differential Diagnosis of Paradoxical Vocal Fold Movement
Authors: Koufman Jamie A. , Block Christie 
Published: October 2008

Purpose
To present the differential diagnosis of paradoxical vocal fold movement (PVFM) and its distinguishing features.

Methods
The authors provide an overview of PVFM by drawing from 30 years of clinical and research experience, and relating that experience to literature in this area.

Conclusion
PVFM is characterized by inappropriate adduction of the vocal folds during inspiration. PVFM is an uncommon and sometimes confusing cause of airway obstruction. The resultant obstruction may be intermittent or continuous, mild or severe. Most patients with PVFM have a specific etiology—inflammatory, neurological, neoplastic, iatrogenic, or psychological—that influences type of treatment and outcome.
Expository Discourse in Adolescents With Language Impairments: Examining Syntactic Development
Authors: Nippold Marilyn A. , Mansfield Tracy C. , Billow Jesse L. , Tomblin J. Bruce 
Published: October 2008

Purpose
This study examined syntactic development in a large cohort of adolescents. At kindergarten, each participant had been identified as having specific language impairment (SLI), nonspecific language impairment (NLI), or typical language development (TLD).

Method

The participants (
n
= 444) had a mean age of 13;11 (years;months; range = 12;10–15;5). Language samples were elicited in 2 genres, conversational and expository, and analyzed for mean length of T-unit and subordinate clause production.

Results
Mean length of T-unit and the use of nominal, relative, and adverbial clauses were greater during the expository task than the conversational task for all groups. Thus, even the SLI and NLI groups produced longer sentences containing greater amounts of subordination when speaking in the expository genre than in the conversational genre. No group differences were revealed by the conversational task. However, on the expository task, the TLD group outperformed both the SLI and NLI groups on mean length of T-unit, and the TLD group outperformed the NLI group on relative clause use.

Conclusions
Speech-language pathologists may wish to employ expository discourse tasks rather than conversational tasks to examine syntactic development in adolescents.
An agent-based model contrasts opposite effects of dynamic and stable microtubules on cleavage furrow positioning
Authors: Odell Garrett M. , Foe Victoria E. 
Published: October 2008

From experiments by Foe and von Dassow (Foe, V.E., and G. von Dassow. 2008. J. Cell Biol. 183:457–470) and others, we infer a molecular mechanism for positioning the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. Computer simulations reveal how this mechanism depends on quantitative motor-behavior details and explore how robustly this mechanism succeeds across a range of cell sizes.
The mechanism involves the MKLP1 (kinesin-6) component of centralspindlin binding to and walking along microtubules to stimulate cortical contractility where the centralspindlin complex concentrates. The majority of astral microtubules are dynamically unstable. They bind most MKLP1 and suppress cortical Rho/myosin II activation because the tips of unstable microtubules usually depolymerize before MKLP1s reach the cortex. A subset of astral microtubules stabilizes during anaphase, becoming effective rails along which MKLP1 can actually reach the cortex. Because stabilized microtubules aim statistically at the equatorial spindle midplane, that is where centralspindlin accumulates to stimulate furrow formation.
Toeplitz operators and localization operators
Authors: Engliš Miroslav 
Published: October 2008

We show that for any localization operator on the Fock space with polynomial window, there exists a constant coefficient linear partial differential operatorDDsuch that the localization operator with symbolffcoincides with the Toeplitz operator with symbolDfDf. An analogous result also holds in the context of Bergman spaces on bounded symmetric domains. This verifies a recent conjecture of Coburn and simplifies and generalizes recent results of Lo.
Dynamics of strongly damped wave equations in locally uniform spaces: Attractors and asymptotic regularity
Authors: Yang Meihua , Sun Chunyou 
Published: October 2008

This paper is dedicated to analyzing the dynamical behavior of strongly damped wave equations with critical nonlinearity in locally uniform spaces. After proving the global well-posedness, we first establish the asymptotic regularity of the solutions which appears to be op- timal and the existence of a bounded (in

H

l
u

2

(

R

N

)
×

H

l
u

1

(

R

N

)

H^2_{lu}(\mathbb {R}^N)\times H^1_{lu}(\mathbb {R}^N)

) subset which attracts exponentially every initial

H

l
u

1

(

R

N

)
×

L

l
u

2

(

R

N

)

H^1_{lu}(\mathbb {R}^N)\times L^2_{lu}(\mathbb {R}^N)

-bounded set with respect to the

H

l
u

1

(

R

N

)
×

L

l
u

2

(

R

N

)

H^1_{lu}(\mathbb {R}^N)\times L^2_{lu}(\mathbb {R}^N)

-norm. Then, we show there is a

(

H

l
u

1

(

R

N

)
×

L

l
u

2

(

R

N

)
,

H
ρ
1

(

R

N

)
×

H
ρ
1

(

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N

)
)

(H ^1_{lu}(\mathbb {R}^N)\times L^2_{lu}(\mathbb {R}^N), H^1_\rho (\mathbb {R}^N)\times H^1_\rho (\mathbb {R}^N))

-global attractor, which reflects the strongly damped property of

Δ

u
t

\Delta u_t

to some extent.
Novel Chimeric β-Lactamase CTX-M-64, a Hybrid of CTX-M-15-Like and CTX-M-14 β-Lactamases, Found in a
Shigella sonnei
Strain Resistant to Various Oxyimino-Cephalosporins, Including Ceftazidime
Authors: Nagano Yukiko , Nagano Noriyuki , Wachino Jun-ichi , Ishikawa Keiko , Arakawa Yoshichika 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

The plasmid-mediated novel β-lactamase CTX-M-64 was first identified in
Shigella sonnei
strain UIH-1, which exhibited resistance to cefotaxime (MIC, 1,024 μg/ml) and ceftazidime (MIC, 32 μg/ml). The amino acid sequence of CTX-M-64 showed a chimeric structure of a CTX-M-15-like β-lactamase (N- and C-terminal moieties) and a CTX-M-14-like β-lactamase (central portion, amino acids 63 to 226), suggesting that it originated by homologous recombination between the corresponding genes. The introduction of a recombinant plasmid carrying
bla
CTX-M-64
conferred resistance to cefotaxime in
Escherichia coli
, and the activities of cefotaxime and ceftazidime were restored in the presence of clavulanic acid. Of note, CTX-M-64 production could also confer consistent resistance to ceftazidime, which differs from the majority of CTX-M-type enzymes, which poorly hydrolyze ceftazidime. These results were consistent with the kinetic parameters determined with the purified CTX-M-64 enzyme. The
bla
CTX-M-64
gene was flanked upstream by an IS
Ecp1
sequence and downstream by an
orf477
sequence. The sequence of the 45-bp spacer region between the right inverted repeat (IRR) of IS
Ecp1
and
bla
CTX-M-64
was exactly identical to that of IS
Ecp1
-
bla
CTX-M-15-like
. Moreover, the presence of a putative IRR of IS
Ecp1
at the right end of truncated
orf477
is indicative of an IS
Ecp1
-mediated transposition event in the
bla
CTX-M-64
gene. The emergence of CTX-M-64 by probable homologous recombination would suggest the natural potential of an alternative mechanism for the diversification of CTX-M-type β-lactamases.
Optimized Elution of Daptomycin from Polymethylmethacrylate Beads
Authors: Weiss Brian D. , Weiss Elizabeth C. , Haggard Warren O. , Evans Richard P. , McLaren Sandra G. , Smeltzer Mark S. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
We demonstrate that xylitol can be added to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement to enhance the elution of daptomycin in terms of both the peak and sustained release of antibiotic. We also demonstrate that a PMMA-xylitol formulation optimized for daptomycin can be used to enhance the elution of both vancomycin and gentamicin.
Genotypic versus Phenotypic Characterization, with Respect to β-Lactam Susceptibility, of
Haemophilus influenzae
Isolates Exhibiting Decreased Susceptibility to β-Lactam Resistance Markers
Authors: Sevillano David , Giménez María-José , Cercenado Emilia , Cafini Fabio , Gené Amadeo , Alou Luis , Marco Francesc , Martínez-Martínez Luis , Coronel Pilar , Aguilar Lorenzo 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Among 165 Spanish
Haemophilus influenzae
isolates with mutations in the
ftsI
gene (
ftsI

+

) (2005 to 2007), 73% were β-lactamase negative and 26.7% were positive. The proportion of β-lactamase-negative isolates to β-lactamase-positive isolates was 2:1 to 4:1 in general, versus 1:3 in pediatric hospitals. Among 44 β-lactamase-positive strains, 8 strains produced ROB-1 (5 from the pediatric hospital). β-Lactamase-positive
ftsI

+

strains were phylogenetically closer than were β-lactamase-negative strains.
Tissue Accumulation of Cephalothin in Burns: a Comparative Study by Microdialysis of Subcutaneous Interstitial Fluid Cephalothin Concentrations in Burn Patients and Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Dalley Andrew J. , Lipman Jeffrey , Deans Renae , Venkatesh Bala , Rudd Michael , Roberts Michael S. , Cross Sheree E. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Burn tissue sites are a potential source of bacteremia during debridement surgery. Burn injury is likely to affect the distribution of antibiotics to tissues, but direct evidence of this is lacking. The aim of this study was to directly evaluate the influence of burn trauma on the distribution of cephalothin to peripheral tissues. We used subcutaneous microdialysis techniques to monitor interstitial fluid concentrations of cephalothin in the burnt and nonburnt tissues of adult patients with severe burns following parenteral administration of 1 g cephalothin for surgical prophylaxis. Analogous simultaneous studies conducted with healthy adult volunteers provided reference tissue concentration data. Equivalent tissue exposures were seen for burn and nonburn sites, giving overall median interstitial cephalothin concentrations (from 0 to 240 min) of 2.84 mg/liter and 3.06 mg/liter, respectively. A lower overall median interstitial cephalothin concentration of 0.54 mg/liter was observed for healthy individuals, and the patient nonburnt tissue and volunteer control tissue cephalothin concentrations exhibited significantly different data distributions (
P
< 0.001; Kolmogorov-Smirnov nonparametric test). The duration of tissue residence for cephalothin was longer for burn patients than for healthy volunteers. The results demonstrate the potential fallibility of using healthy population models to extrapolate tissue pharmacodynamic predictions from plasma data for burn patients.
Pharmacokinetics of BILR 355 after Multiple Oral Doses Coadministered with a Low Dose of Ritonavir
Authors: Huang Fenglei , Drda Kristin , MacGregor Thomas R. , Scherer Joseph , Rowland Lois , Nguyen Thuy , Ballow Charles , Castles Mark , Robinson Patrick 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The pharmacokinetics and safety of BILR 355 following oral repeated dosing coadministered with low doses of ritonavir (RTV) were investigated in 12 cohorts of healthy male volunteers with a ratio of 6 to 2 for BILR 355 versus the placebo. BILR 355 was given once a day (QD) coadministered with 100 mg RTV (BILR 355/r) at 5 to 50 mg in a polyethylene glycol solution or at 50 to 250 mg as tablets. BILR 355 tablets were also dosed at 150 mg twice a day (BID) coadministered with 100 mg RTV QD or BID. Following oral dosing, BILR 355 was rapidly absorbed, with the mean time to maximum concentration of drug in serum reached within 1.3 to 5 h and a mean half-life of 16 to 20 h. BILR 355 exhibited an approximately linear pharmacokinetics for doses of 5 to 50 mg when given as a solution; in contrast, when given as tablets, BILR 355 displayed a dose-proportional pharmacokinetics, with a dose range of 50 to 100 mg; from 100 to 150 mg, a slightly downward nonlinear pharmacokinetics occurred. The exposure to BILR 355 was maximized at 150 mg and higher due to a saturated dissolution/absorption process. After oral dosing of BILR 355/r, 150/100 mg BID, the values for the maximum concentration of drug in plasma at steady state, the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to the dose interval at steady state, and the minimum concentration of drug in serum at steady state were 1,500 ng/ml, 12,500 h·ng/ml, and 570 ng/ml, respectively, providing sufficient suppressive concentration toward human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Based on pharmacokinetic modeling along with the in vitro virologic data, several BILR 355 doses were selected for phase II trials using Monte Carlo simulations. Throughout the study, BILR 355 was safe and well tolerated.
Evaluation of Screening Methods To Detect Plasmid-Mediated AmpC in
Escherichia coli
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, and
Proteus mirabilis
Authors: Tan Thean Yen , Ng Lily Siew Yong , He Jie , Koh Tse Hsien , Hsu Li Yang 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

There are currently no standardized phenotypic methods for the screening and detection of AmpC enzymes. This study aimed to evaluate different methods to detect AmpC enzymes in
Escherichia coli
,
Klebsiella
spp., and
Proteus
spp., comparing the results from two disk-based methods and an agar dilution method. AmpC activity was determined for 255 clinical isolates by use of a three-dimensional enzyme assay combined with a multiplex PCR assay for plasmid-borne
ampC
genes. These results were compared against a disk-based inhibitor assay using various combinations of cefpodoxime and cefoxitin as antibiotic substrates and boronic acid or cloxacillin as an AmpC inhibitor. The presence of enzyme induction by disk approximation was evaluated using imipenem, cefoxitin, and amoxicillin-clavulanate as inducing agents against ceftazidime. Finally, an agar dilution assay was performed, using cefoxitin with and without added cloxacillin. AmpC activity was present in 49.8% of test isolates, 93.7% of which were positive for plasmid-borne
ampC
genes. CIT-like enzymes were predominant in
E. coli
, and DHA-like enzymes were predominant in
Klebsiella
spp. The disk-based inhibitor tests performed better than the agar dilution assay, while detection of AmpC by disk induction had a poor sensitivity. The cefoxitin-cloxacillin disk combination provided the best overall performance, with a sensitivity and specificity of 95%. This study confirmed the accuracy of disk-based inhibitor screening for AmpC enzymes, which proved reliable at detecting CIT- and DHA-like plasmid-borne
ampC
genes. The methods are simple enough for introduction into clinical microbiology laboratories.
Activity of T-705 in a Hamster Model of Yellow Fever Virus Infection in Comparison with That of a Chemically Related Compound, T-1106
Authors: Julander Justin G. , Shafer Kristiina , Smee Donald F. , Morrey John D. , Furuta Yousuke 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Treatment with the nucleoside analog T-1106 was previously shown to be effective in a hamster model of yellow fever virus (YFV) disease, even though it had only slight activity in cell culture. In the study described in this report, the activity of T-705, a chemically related compound currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of influenza (FDANews 4:1, 2007), was tested against YFV in cell culture and in the hamster model. The antiviral efficacy of T-705 in cell culture occurred at a concentration of 330 μM, which was more than threefold lower than the concentration at which T-1106 had antiviral efficacy, as determined by a virus yield reduction assay and confirmed by a luciferase-based ATP detection assay. Time-of-addition studies revealed that addition of T-705, T-1106, or ribavirin at 0, 4, 8, or 12 h after virus challenge was effective in inhibiting virus in Vero cells, suggesting that these three agents have similar mechanisms of action in cell culture. Because of its more potent activity in cell culture, it was anticipated that T-705 treatment of hamsters infected with YFV would result in protection from disease. Significant improvements in survival and disease parameters were seen in infected animals when T-705 was administered orally at a dose of 200 or 400 mg/kg of body weight per day when it was given twice a day for 8 days. Significant improvements were also observed with a dose of 400 mg/kg/day when treatment initiation was delayed as late as 3 days after virus inoculation. Although the dose of T-705 required for efficacy in hamsters is higher than that of T-1106 required for efficacy, T-705 treatment is effective in significantly improving disease parameters in YFV-infected hamsters, which may indicate its potential utility in the treatment of YFV disease in humans.
Chloroquine Is Grossly Overdosed and Overused but Well Tolerated in Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Ursing Johan , Kofoed Poul-Erik , Rodrigues Amabelia , Bergqvist Yngve , Rombo Lars 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

High chloroquine doses are commonly prescribed in Guinea-Bissau. Double-dose chloroquine has been shown to be more efficacious (92% efficacy) than the standard dose (80% efficacy). However, chloroquine is toxic when overdosed, and it was not known if the high doses prescribed in Guinea-Bissau were taken or whether they caused adverse effects. We aimed to determine the dosage of chloroquine commonly prescribed, the doses commonly taken, and whether concentration-dependent adverse events occurred in routine practice. Chloroquine prescriptions by eight physicians and chloroquine intake by 102 children were recorded. Chloroquine intake and adverse events were assessed by questioning. Chloroquine concentrations in whole blood were measured. The median total chloroquine dose prescribed and that reportedly taken were 81 and 77 mg kg
−1
, respectively. The total dose was usually split into two to three daily doses of 6.6 mg kg
−1
each. These were taken unsupervised for a median of 5 days. Forty percent of the study children had chloroquine concentrations in the same range as those found in a previous study in which double the normal dose (50 mg kg
−1
) of chloroquine was taken. Only 3/102 children had
Plasmodium falciparum
in the blood at the time of diagnosis and treatment. No severe adverse events were reported. No adverse events were associated with higher chloroquine concentrations. High doses of chloroquine are commonly taken and well tolerated in Guinea-Bissau. Malaria diagnostics are poor, and chloroquine is commonly prescribed to children without parasitemia. Use of high-dose chloroquine is concurrent with an exceptionally low prevalence of chloroquine-resistant
P. falciparum
.
Antifungal Susceptibilities among Different Serotypes of
Cryptococcus gattii
and
Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Thompson George R. , Wiederhold Nathan P. , Fothergill Annette W. , Vallor Ana C. , Wickes Brian L. , Patterson Thomas F. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

We measured antifungal activity against 128 cryptococcal isolates (86 of
C. neoformans
and 42 of
C. gattii
) to determine if differences in serotype susceptibility exist. Contrary to previous results, we found no serotype susceptibility differences. Isavuconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole demonstrated excellent potency against each isolate and serotype, including isolates with reduced fluconazole susceptibilities.
Susceptibility of
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG Vaccine Strains to Antituberculous Antibiotics
Authors: Ritz Nicole , Tebruegge Marc , Connell Tom G. , Sievers Aina , Robins-Browne Roy , Curtis Nigel 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium bovis
BCG is one of the most commonly administered vaccines. Complications, including disseminated BCG disease, are rare but increasingly reported in immunodeficient children. There is growing recognition of the importance of differences between BCG vaccine strains. We determined the susceptibilities of five genetically distinct BCG vaccine strains to 12 antituberculous drugs.