bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of RNA splicing defects in PITX2 mutants supports a gene dosage model of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome
Authors: Maciolek Nicole L , Alward Wallace LM , Murray Jeffrey C , Semina Elena V , McNally Mark T 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackgroundAxenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is associated with mutations in thePITX2gene that encodes a homeobox transcription factor. Several intronicPITX2mutations have been reported in Axenfeld-Rieger patients but their effects on gene expression have not been tested.MethodsWe present two new families with recurrentPITX2intronic mutations and usePITX2cminigenes and transfected cells to address the hypothesis that intronic mutations effect RNA splicing. ThreePITX2mutations have been analyzed: a G>T mutation within the AG 3' splice site (ss) junction associated with exon 4 (IVS4-1G>T), a G>C mutation at position +5 of the 5' (ss) of exon 4 (IVS4+5G>C), and a previously reported A>G substitution at position -11 of 3'ss of exon 5 (IVS5-11A>G).ResultsMutation IVS4+5G>C showed 71% retention of the intron between exons 4 and 5, and poorly expressed protein. Wild-type protein levels were proportionally expressed from correctly spliced mRNA. The G>T mutation within the exon 4 AG 3'ss junction shifted splicing exclusively to a new AG and resulted in a severely truncated, poorly expressed protein. Finally, the A>G substitution at position -11 of the 3'ss of exon 5 shifted splicing exclusively to a newly created upstream AG and resulted in generation of a protein with a truncated homeodomain.ConclusionThis is the first direct evidence to support aberrant RNA splicing as the mechanism underlying the disorder in some patients and suggests that the magnitude of the splicing defect may contribute to the variability of ARS phenotypes, in support of a gene dosage model of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.
The 5'-end transitional CpGs between the CpG islands and retroelements are hypomethylated in association with loss of heterozygosity in gastric cancers
Authors: Kim Young-Ho , Hong Seung-Jin , Jung Yu-Chae , Kim Sung-Ja , Seo Eun-Joo , Choi Sang-Wook , Rhyu Mun-Gan 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
A loss of heterozygosity (LOH) represents a unilateral chromosomal loss that reduces the dose of highly repetitive Alu, L1, and LTR retroelements. The aim of this study was to determine if the LOH events can affect the spread of retroelement methylation in the 5'-end transitional area between the CpG islands and their nearest retroelements.

Methods
The 5'-transitional area of all human genes (22,297) was measured according to the nearest retroelements to the transcription start sites. For 50 gastric cancer specimens, the level of LOH events on eight cancer-associated chromosomes was estimated using the microsatellite markers, and the 5'-transitional CpGs of 20 selected genes were examined by methylation analysis using the bisulfite-modified DNA.

Results
The extent of the transitional area was significantly shorter with the nearest Alu elements than with the nearest L1 and LTR elements, as well as in the extragenic regions containing a higher density of retroelements than in the intragenic regions. The CpG islands neighbouring a high density of Alu elements were consistently hypomethylated in both normal and tumor tissues. The 5'-transitional methylated CpG sites bordered by a low density of Alu elements or the L1 and LTR elements were hypomethylated more frequently in the high-level LOH cases than in the low-level LOH cases.

Conclusion
The 5'-transitional methylated CpG sites not completely protected by the Alu elements were hypomethylated in association with LOH events in gastric cancers. This suggests that an irreversible unbalanced decrease in the genomic dose reduces the spread of L1 methylation in the 5'-end regions of genes.
Psychosocial factors and distress: a comparison between ethnic Norwegians and ethnic Pakistanis in Oslo, Norway
Authors: Syed Hammad Raza , Dalgard Odd Steffen , Dalen Ingvild , Claussen Bjørgulf , Hussain Akthar , Selmer Randi , Ahlberg Nora 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
In the Norwegian context, higher mental distress has been reported for the non-Western immigrants compared to the ethnic Norwegians and Western immigrants. This high level of distress is often related to different socio-economic conditions in this group. No efforts have been made earlier to observe the impact of changed psychosocial conditions on the state of mental distress of these immigrant communities due to the migration process. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the association between psychological distress and psychosocial factors among Pakistani immigrants and ethnic Norwegians in Oslo, and to investigate to what extent differences in mental health could be explained by psychosocial and socioeconomic conditions.

Method
Data was collected from questionnaires as a part of the Oslo Health Study 2000–2001. 13581 Norwegian born (attendance rate 46%) and 339 ethnic Pakistanis (attendance rate 38%) in the selected age groups participated. A 10-item version of Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) was used as a measure of psychological distress.

Results
Pakistanis reported less education and lower employment rate than Norwegians (p < 0.005). The Pakistani immigrants also reported higher distress, mean HSCL score 1.53(1.48–1.59), compared to the ethnic Norwegians, HSCL score 1.30(1.29–1.30). The groups differed significantly (p < 0.005) with respect to social support and feeling of powerlessness, the Pakistanis reporting less support and more powerlessness. The expected difference in mean distress was reduced from 0.23 (0.19–0.29) to 0.07 (0.01–0.12) and 0.12 (0.07–0.18) when adjusted for socioeconomic and social support variables respectively. Adjusting for all these variables simultaneously, the difference in the distress level between the two groups was eliminated

Conclusion
Poor social support and economic conditions are important mediators of mental health among immigrants. The public health recommendations/interventions should deal with both the economic conditions and social support system of immigrant communities simultaneously.
Technology Development to Explore the Relationship Between Oral Health and the Oral Microbial Community
Authors: Starke E Michelle L , Smoot James C , Smoot Laura M , Liu Wen-Tso , Chandler Darrell P , Lee Hyun H , Stahl David A 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The human oral cavity contains a complex microbial community that, until recently, has not been well characterized. Studies using molecular tools have begun to enumerate and quantify the species residing in various niches of the oral cavity; yet, virtually every study has revealed additional new species, and little is known about the structural dynamics of the oral microbial community or how it changes with disease. Current estimates of bacterial diversity in the oral cavity range up to 700 species, although in any single individual this number is much lower. Oral microbes are responsible for common chronic diseases and are suggested to be sentinels of systemic human diseases. Microarrays are now being used to study oral microbiota in a systematic and robust manner. Although this technology is still relatively young, improvements have been made in all aspects of the technology, including advances that provide better discrimination between perfect-match hybridizations from non-specific (and closely-related) hybridizations. This review addresses a core technology using gel-based microarrays and the initial integration of this technology into a single device needed for system-wide studies of complex microbial community structure and for the development of oral diagnostic devices.
Tracheotomy does not affect reducing sedation requirements of patients in intensive care – a retrospective study
Authors: Veelo Denise P , Dongelmans Dave A , Binnekade Jan M , Korevaar Johanna C , Vroom Margreeth B , Schultz Marcus J 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Translaryngeal intubated and ventilated patients often need sedation to treat anxiety, agitation and/or pain. Current opinion is that tracheotomy reduces sedation requirements. We determined sedation needs before and after tracheotomy of intubated and mechanically ventilated patients.

Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of the use of morphine, midazolam and propofol in patients before and after tracheotomy.

Results
Of 1,788 patients admitted to our intensive care unit during the study period, 129 (7%) were tracheotomized. After the exclusion of patients who received a tracheotomy before or at the day of admittance, 117 patients were left for analysis. The daily dose (DD; the amount of sedatives for each day) divided by the mean daily dose (MDD; the mean amount of sedatives per day for the study period) in the week before and the week after tracheotomy was 1.07 ± 0.93 DD/MDD versus 0.30 ± 0.65 for morphine, 0.84 ± 1.03 versus 0.11 ± 0.46 for midazolam, and 0.62 ± 1.05 versus 0.15 ± 0.45 for propofol (p < 0.01). However, when we focused on a shorter time interval (two days before and after tracheotomy), there were no differences in prescribed doses of morphine and midazolam. Studying the course in DD/MDD from seven days before the placement of tracheotomy, we found a significant decline in dosage. From day -7 to day -1, morphine dosage (DD/MDD) declined by 3.34 (95% confidence interval -1.61 to -6.24), midazolam dosage by 2.95 (-1.49 to -5.29) and propofol dosage by 1.05 (-0.41 to -2.01). After tracheotomy, no further decrease in DD/MDD was observed and the dosage remained stable for all sedatives. Patients in the non-surgical and acute surgical groups received higher dosages of midazolam than patients in the elective surgical group. Time until tracheotomy did not influence sedation requirements. In addition, there was no significant difference in sedation between different patient groups.

Conclusion
In our intensive care unit, sedation requirements were not further reduced after tracheotomy. Sedation requirements were already sharply declining before tracheotomy was performed.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Larynx-Preservation Strategies in the Treatment of Laryngeal Cancer
Authors: Pfister David G. , Laurie Scott A. , Weinstein Gregory S. , Mendenhall William M. , Adelstein David J. , Ang K. Kian , Clayman Gary L. , Fisher Susan G. , Forastiere Arlene A. , Harrison Louis B. , Lefebvre Jean-Louis , Leupold Nancy , List Marcy A. , O'Malley Bernard O. , Patel Snehal , Posner Marshall R. , Schwartz Michael A. , Wolf Gregory T. 
Published: July 2006

Purpose To develop a clinical practice guideline for treatment of laryngeal cancer with the intent of preserving the larynx (either the organ itself or its function). This guideline is intended for use by oncologists in the care of patients outside of clinical trials. Methods A multidisciplinary Expert Panel determined the clinical management questions to be addressed and reviewed the literature available through November 2005, with emphasis given to randomized controlled trials of site-specific disease. Survival, rate of larynx preservation, and toxicities were the principal outcomes assessed. The guideline underwent internal review and approval by the Panel, as well as external review by additional experts, members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Health Services Committee, and the ASCO Board of Directors. Results Evidence supports the use of larynx-preservation approaches for appropriately selected patients without a compromise in survival; however, no larynx-preservation approach offers a survival advantage compared with total laryngectomy and adjuvant therapy with rehabilitation as indicated. Recommendations All patients with T1 or T2 laryngeal cancer, with rare exception, should be treated initially with intent to preserve the larynx. For most patients with T3 or T4 disease without tumor invasion through cartilage into soft tissues, a larynx-preservation approach is an appropriate, standard treatment option, and concurrent chemoradiotherapy therapy is the most widely applicable approach. To ensure an optimum outcome, special expertise and a multidisciplinary team are necessary, and the team should fully discuss with the patient the advantages and disadvantages of larynx-preservation options compared with treatments that include total laryngectomy.
Determination of Copper(II) Ion by Differential Pulse Voltammetry Used a Glassy Carbon Electrode with a Nafion® Film
Authors: Nakabayashi Yasuo , Imai Hiromu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The determination of Cu2+ by differential pulse voltammetry was carried out using a chemically modified electrode coated with a Nafion® film to the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GC/NAF electrode). This method, which is based on the principle of ion-exchange equilibria between Nafion® and imidazole–copper(II) complex ions, is applicable to the determination of traces of Cu2+ by a measurement of the reduction current of the Cu(II) complex ions incorporated into the Nafion® film. The procedure is as follows: immerse the GC/NAF electrode in 10 cm3 of a sample solution containing traces (concentration, &lt; 1.0 × 10−6 M) of Cu2+, 1.0 × 10−2 M of imidazole as the complexing agent, and 0.5 M of NaBr as the supporting electrolyte, and record the differential pulse voltammogram after stirring for 15 min at 25 °C. The reduction peak current obtained from this voltammogram was recoganize to be proportional to the Cu2+ concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−6 M at pH 6.0 and 1.0 × 10−8 to 1.0 × 10−7 M at pH 7.0, respectively. The relative standard deviations for the peak currents obtained from four repeated determinations were 1.2 and 1.5% for 5.0 × 10−7 M of Cu2+ at pH 6.0 and 5.0 × 10−8 M of Cu2+ at pH 7.0, respectively. The diverse metal ions which coexist with Cu2+ at pH 6.0 did not interfere up to about a 100-fold excess of Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+, except for about a 10-fold excess of Fe3+, and about a 50-fold excess of Zn2+ for the Cu2+ concentration. This method was applied to the determination of Cu2+ in both waste- and river-water samples.
Regioisomeric Formation of Acenaphtho[1,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-c][1,2,4]triazines and Their Acyclic C-Nucleoside Analogues
Authors: Rashed Nagwa , Shoukry Mahmoud , El Ashry El Sayed H 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The oxidative cyclization of the ethylidene derivative of 3-hydrazinoacenaphtho[1,2-e][1,2,4]triazine (2) gave regioselectively the angular isomer 1-methylacenaphtho[1,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-c][1,2,4]triazine (5). Its linear isomer 10-methylacenaphtho[1,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazine (4) was synthesized by the condensation of acenaphthenequinone (6) with 3,4-diamino-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole. Condensation of 2 with a number of monosaccharides afforded the respective hydrazones 9 whose oxidative cyclization gave the corresponding 1-(polyhydroxyalkyl)acenaphtho[1,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-c][1,2,4]triazine (10). Acetylation of 9 and 10 gave 3-[N-acetyl-N′-(polyacetoxyalkylidene)hydrazino]acenaphtho[1,2-e][1,2,4]triazine (11) and 1-(polyacetoxyalkyl)acenaphtho[1,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-c][1,2,4]triazine (13) respectively. Periodate oxidation of 9e gave 3-(2-oxoethylidenehydrazino)acenaphtho[1,2-e][1,2,4]triazine (14).
Stereodivergent Synthesis of Optically Active α-Hydroxy Acids via Diastereoselective Reduction of α-Keto Esters Derived from l-Quebrachitol
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko , Nishimoto Hiroyuki , Kuwata Takaaki , Ozaki Shoichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Reduction of an α-keto ester derived from chiral cyclitol, readily available from l-quebrachitol, with K-Selectride proceeded via re-face attack of the ketone with high diastereoselectivity to obtain the α-hydroxy ester in 92% de. On the other hand, reduction of the α-keto ester with K-Selectride in the presence of 18-Crown-6 took place via si-face attack of the ketone to furnish the corresponding α-hydroxy ester in 92% de. Thus both enantiomers of mandelic acid were obtained in optically pure form.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloronitrobenzene with Primary and Secondary Amines under High Pressure
Authors: Ibata Toshikazu , Zou Xinzhuo , Demura Tetsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Nucleophilic substitution of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloronitrobenzene with secondary amines such as morpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, diethylamine, and ethylmethylamine, and primary amines such as aniline, benzylamine, butylamine, isobutylamine, s-butylamine, and t-butylamine, under high pressure of 0.6 GPa at 50 °C for 1—40 h in tetrahydrofuran gave nitro group substitution products together with ortho-mono-, meta-mono-, ortho-ortho-, and ortho-meta-dichloro substitution products. The ratio of these products depends on the bulkiness and amount of amines and the reaction conditions. The selectivity of the nitro group substitution and chlorine substitution depends mainly on the bulkiness of amines.
Polarization Modulation Fourier Transform Infrared Studies of the Effects of Self-Assembly Time on the Order and Orientation of 11-Ferrocenyl-1-undecanethiol Monolayers on Gold
Authors: Sato Yukari , Frey Brian L , Corn Robert M , Uosaki Kohei 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effects of self-assembly time on the order and orientation of 11-ferrocenyl-1-undecanethiol (FcC11SH) molecular layers on gold were studied with polarization modulation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A comparison between the intensity of the asymmetric methylene stretching mode of a 1-octadecanethiol monolayer and that of the FcC11SH molecular layer confirmed that the FcC11SH molecules formed a self-assembled monolayer on the gold surface. The conformational order of the monolayer increased with longer self-assembly time as evidenced by a decrease in the vibrational frequencies of the methylene stretching modes and a decrease in the full width at half maximum of these bands. The peak area of the asymmetric methylene stretch also decreased with longer self-assembly time, implying that the FcC11SH molecules stood more erect with respect to the gold surface as the monolayer self-assembled.
Direct Evidence for the Imidic Acid Mechanism of Proton Exchange in N-Methyl Amides
Authors: Wang Wei-Hsien , Hsieh Hsing-Ching 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Proton exchange of N-methyl amides with general acid catalysis in aqueous solution was studied by NMR. Rate coefficients were determined by NMR lineshape analysis of the N-methyl protons. The imidic acid mechanism is favored by amides with electron-withdrawing substituents. Only the imidic acid mechanism is expected to show general acid catalysis, and this mechanism was observed with Brønsted α = 0.16 for the Z proton of N-methylformamide. No general acid catalysis was observed for N-methyl-2-chloroacetamide and N,N′-dimethylmalonamide which exchange protons via the imidic acid mechanism. This result is attributed to their Z conformations.
Crystal Structures of 5α,6α-Epoxy and 2,3-Dihydro Derivatives of Physalin B, a 13,14-Seco-16,24-cyclosteroid, and Their 1H NMR Spectral Analysis
Authors: Kawai Masao , Makino Bunsho , Taga Tooru , Miwa Yoshihisa , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Furuta Tsunehiro , Yamamura Hatsuo , Butsugan Yasuo , Ogawa Kiyoshi , Hayashi Mitsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
X-Ray crystallographic analysis of two steroid derivatives, 5α,6α-epoxyphysalin B and 2,3-dihydrophysalin B, have been undertaken, revealing their closely similar crystal structures to each other. Their 1H NMR spectra, as well as that of the parent compound physalin B, a 13,14-seco-16,24-cyclosteroid from Physalis alkekengi, have been analyzed based on the crystal structures of these derivatives.
Photoamination of 2-Alkoxynaphthalenes with Alkylamines via Electron Transfer and Its Application to Synthesis of 1-Alkylamino-2-tetralones
Authors: Yamashita Toshiaki , Tanabe Kimiko , Yamano Katsuhiko , Yasuda Masahide , Shima Kensuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Photoaminations of 2-alkoxynaphthalenes (1) with ammonia and primary alkylamines were performed by irradiating an acetonitrile–water solution containing 1, an amine, and m-dicyanobenzene to give 1-alkylamino-2-alkoxy-1,4-dihydronaphthalene (2) in relatively good yields. The conversion of 2 to N-acetyl-1-alkylamino-2-tetralones was performed by acetylation with Ac2O followed by a treatment with BF3·OEt2.
Preparation of Poly(thio-1,4-phenylene)s by Oxygen-Oxidative Polymerization of Diaryl Disulfides
Authors: Yamamoto Kimihisa , Jikei Mitsutoshi , Oyaizu Kenichi , Suzuki Fumiaki , Nishide Hiroyuki , Tsuchida Eishun 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Oxygen-oxidative polymerization of diphenyl disulfides with vanadyl acetylacetonate (VO(acac)2) was studied by the kinetics based on oxygen uptake. Lineweaver-Burk plots reveal that the oxidation of diphenyl disulfide is a rate-determining step for the VO-catalyzed oxidative polymerization of diphenyl disulfide. Km (Michaelis constant) and Vmax were determined to be 1.6 × 10−2 mol dm−3 and 1.5 × 10−4 mol dm−3 min−1, respectively. The polymerization rate is influenced by the oxidation potential of disulfides. The reoxidation step of the catalyst by oxygen is the rate determining step in case of the polymerization of alkyl-substituted disulfides such as bis(3-methylphenyl)disulfide, bis(2,5-dimethylphenyl)disulfide, and bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)disulfide because the oxidation step of the disulfides is facilitated due to their lower oxidation potentials.
Formation of Carboxylic Acids from Elemental Carbon and Water by Arc-Discharge Experiments
Authors: Shimoyama Akira , Ikeda Hiroyuki , Nomoto Shinya , Harada Kaoru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Mono- and dicarboxylic acids formed from elemental carbon and water by arc-discharge experiments show a systematic decreases along with an increase in the carbon number. The formation of carbon chains of these acids likely proceeded by a progressive additon of one carbon species; this process is discussed in relation to those acids found in carbonaceous chondrites.
Preparation and Properties of the Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes Bridged by an Alkoxo and an Exogenous Bridging Ligand
Authors: Nakao Yasuo , Yamashita Masato , Itoh Toshiyuki , Mori Wasuke , Suzuki Shinnichiro , Sakurai Takeshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Dinuclear copper(II) complexes, [Cu2(L1)(X)], 1—4 (X = N3−, OH−, OAc−, pyrazolate(Pz−)), [Cu2(L2)(X)], 5—8 (X = N3−, OH−, OAc−, Pz−), [Cu2(L3)(X)], 9—12 (X = N3−, OH−, OAc−, Pz−), and [Cu2(L4)(OH)], 13 have been prepared, where H3L1 is the Schiff base derived from acetylacetone and 1,3-diamino-2-propanol, H3L2 the Schiff base derived from benzoylacetone and 1,3-diamino-2-propanol, H3L3 the Schiff base derived from acetylacetone and 1,5-diamino-3-pentanol, and H3L4 the Schiff base derived from benzoylacetone and 1,5-diamino-3-pentanol. An azide ion bridges in μ-1,3-fashion for 1 (diamagnetic) and 5 with 6-5-5-6 fused-chelate-rings. On the other hand, a μ-1,1-azide bridge has been observed for 9 (coupling constant, J = −126 cm−1, H = −2JS1·S2) with a 6-6-6-6-fused-chelate ring. The relationship between the various physical properties and the structures of fused-chelate rings is discussed.
An Easy Access to Stereodefined 2-Pentenyltins by Partial Hydrogenation of 2,4-Pentadienyltins with Diazene
Authors: Nishigaichi Yutaka , Ishida Noriyuki , Takuwa Akio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Tributyl-(2-pentenyl)tins were readily prepared in high yield by hydrogenation of tributyl-(2,4-pentadienyl)tins with diazene generated from 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonohydrazide. The terminal double bond was selectively hydrogenated in the conjugated diene system. The stereochemistry of the internal double bond was completely retained.