bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short Implants Placed One‐Stage in Maxillae and Mandibles: A Retrospective Clinical Study with 1 to 9 Years of Follow‐Up
Authors: Maló Paulo , De Araújo Nobre Miguel , Rangert Bo 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  The use of short implants (7–8.5 mm) has historically been associated with lower survival rates than for longer implants. However, recent clinical studies indicate that short implants may support most prosthetic restorations quite adequately, but still clinical documentation is sparse.Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to report on the placement of short Brånemark implants, testing the hypothesis that short implants in atrophied jaws might give similar long‐term implant survival rates as longer implants used in larger bone volumes.Materials and Methods:  This retrospective clinical study included 237 consecutively treated patients with 408 short Brånemark implants supporting 151 fixed prostheses. One hundred thirty‐one of the implants were 7‐mm long, and 277 were 8.5‐mm long. Final abutments were delivered at the time of surgery, and final prostheses were delivered 4 to 6 months later.Results:  One hundred and twenty six of the 7‐mm implants (96%) have passed the 1‐year follow‐up; 110 (84%), the 2‐year follow‐up; and 88 (67%), the 5‐year follow‐up. Five implants failed in four patients before the 6‐month follow‐up, giving a cumulative survival rate of 96.2% at 5 years. The average bone resorption was 1 mm (SD=0.6 mm) after the first year and 1.8 mm (SD=0.8 mm) after the fifth year of function.Two hundred sixty nine of the 8.5‐mm implants (97%) have passed the 1‐year follow‐up; 220 (79%), the 2‐year follow‐up; and 142 (51%), the 5‐year follow‐up. Eight implants failed in seven patients before the 6‐month follow‐up, giving a cumulative survival rate of 97.1% at 5 years. The average bone resorption was 1.3 mm (SD=0.8 mm) after the first year and 2.2 mm (SD=0.9 mm) after the fifth year of function.Conclusions:  The cumulative survival rates of 96.2 and 97.1% at 5 years for implants of 7.0‐ and 8.5‐mm length, respectively, indicate that one‐stage short Brånemark implants used in both jaws is a viable concept.
Guided Bone Augmentation around a Titanium Bone‐Anchored Hearing Aid Implant in Canine Calvarium: An Initial Comparison of Two Barrier Membranes
Authors: Sommerlad Susan , Mackenzie Deborah , Johansson Carina , Atwell Rick 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  The placement of a bone‐anchored hearing aid (BAHA) implant in young children may be hampered by the presence of thin, poor‐quality calvarial bone. The use of extraskeletal guided skull bone augmentation around the titanium implant is one potential solution.Purpose:  To compare the effectiveness of a collagen membrane BioSISt (Cook Biotech Inc., Lafayette, IN, USA) and a PGA/PLA barrier membrane, Osseoquest (W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ, USA) in promoting extraskeletal bone formation, when combined with cancellous bone graft, around a titanium implant in the canine calvarium. The quality and quantity of bone tissue was compared.Materials and Methods:  A 4‐mm titanium BAHA implant was placed in the cranial parietal bone of 11 dogs. The implant protruded from the bone surface by a measured distance. Two groups, each of three dogs, received an implant, cancellous bone graft, and either a BioSISt or Osseoquest membrane. Three dogs received implant and bone graft (positive controls), and two received an implant only (negative controls). Samples were retrieved at 3, 6, and 9 months after placement. Undecalcified histologic and histomorphometric assessments were made of the augmented bone thickness, and bone gain factors were calculated for each sample group.Results:  The process of osseointegration of the implants was ongoing and increased over time. Bone generation occurred with both test membranes and the early trabecular bone that formed, matured, and remodelled to compact bone at 9 months. BioSISt membrane samples showed superior quality and quantity of augmented bone compared with Osseoquest samples that exhibited thinner bone with persistent inflammation. Quantitatively, the BioSISt samples showed statistically greater new bone contact and bone area than both the positive and negative controls, whereas Osseoquest samples did not. The bone gain factor was statistically greater for BioSiSt samples when compared to the positive and negative controls whereas the Osseoquest samples were not.Conclusions:  In this study, the collagen BioSISt membrane promoted bone formation of superior quality and quantity compared with the polyglycolic/polylactic acid‐based Osseoquest membrane and positive and negative controls over 9 months. Further investigation of the use of the collagen BioSISt membrane for cranial bone augmentation is warranted.
Strychnine‐Sensitive Glycine Receptors Mediate Analgesia Induced by Emulsified Inhalation Anaesthetics in Thermal Nociception but Not in Chemical Nociception
Authors: Chen Yan , Dai Ti‐jun , Zeng Yin‐ming 
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  The present study was designed to investigate the role of strychnine‐sensitive glycine receptors in analgesia induced by emulsified inhalation anaesthetics. After having established the mice model of analgesia by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injections of appropriate doses of ether, enflurane, isoflurane or sevoflurane, we injected different doses of strychnine intrathecally and then observed the effects on the tail‐flick latency using the tail‐withdrawal test and the writhing times and acetic acid‐induced writhing test. In the tail‐withdrawal test, all four emulsified inhalation anaesthetics (intraperitoneally) significantly increased the tail‐flick latency (P < 0.01) compared with baseline, and the increase of tail‐flick latency induced by four emulsified inhalation anaesthetics can be abolished by intrathecally injected strychnine. In the acetic acid‐induced writhing test, writhing times inhibition induced by subcutaneous administration of four emulsified inhalation anaesthetics was not effected by intrathecal strychnine (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 µg). The data presented in this study suggest that glycine receptors are specifically involved in mediating the analgesic effect of ether, enflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane on thermal‐induced nociception but not chemcially induced nociception.
Prolonged Effects of Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) Microsphere‐Containing Huperzine A on Mouse Memory Dysfunction Induced by Scopolamine
Authors: Wang Chaoyun , Zhang Taiping , Ma Hongmei , Liu Juntian , Fu Fenghua , Liu Ke 
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  Huperzine A is an anticholinesterase and cognitive enhancer, which is able to alleviate the symptoms of memory dysfunction in the mouse. The fast metabolization rate and narrow therapeutic spectrum makes it unfit for clinical use. Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) microsphere as delivery system effectively maintains the blood concentration of huperzine A by a slow‐release effect over a long time. In the present article, we investigated the prolonged protective effect of microsphere‐containing huperzine A on memory dysfunction induced by scopolamine. Spectrophotometric assay was used to determine the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and passive avoidance tests to evaluate memory performance. The results show that a bolus dose of microsphere‐containing huperzine A (at a dose of 300 µg/kg or 600 µg/kg) administered intramuscularly can effectively maintain drug activity and significantly decrease the activity of AChE from day 3 to 14, the strongest effect seen on day 3 and 7. Accompanying the reduction of the activity of AChE, microsphere‐containing huperzine A (300 µg/kg or 600 µg/kg) remarkably increased transfer latency time and no transfer response on the second trial through mitigating the memory impairments induced by scopolamine as compared to the scopolamine model group. Microsphere‐containing huperzine A showed cognitive enhancing properties and anticholinesterase activity and may thus be a candidate for treatment of memory impairment.
Identification of genetic variations of exon 2 of BoLA‐DQB gene in five Chinese yellow cattle breeds
Authors: Wang K. , Sun D. X. , Zhang Y. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryOne hundred and eighty animals from five Chinese yellow cattle breeds were used to identify genetic variations in the exon 2 of BoLA‐DQB by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing analysis. A total of 35 alleles of BoLA‐DQB including 19 newly identified ones were found. The number of alleles represents differences in breeds, indicating genetic variations among different breeds. The number of new alleles identified in this study suggests that the number of BoLA‐DQB alleles is greater than what has been reported. The estimation of the average rate of synonymous (dS) and non‐synonymous (dN) substitution in the exon 2 of BoLA‐DQB showed there was a higher ratio of dN to dS substitutions in the peptide‐binding site region, and such differences were significant in all five breeds P < 0.01).
A three‐base‐deletion polymorphism in the upstream non‐coding region of human interleukin 7 (IL‐7) gene could enhance levels of IL‐7 expression
Authors: Song H. , Nakayama E. E. , Likanonsakul S. , Wasi C. , Iwamoto A. , Shioda T. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryInterleukin 7 (IL‐7) is a key factor in the survival, development and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. Elevation of plasma IL‐7 has been reported in several lymphopenia cases such as HIV‐1 patients. After patients started to receive antiretroviral drugs and their CD4+ cell counts had recovered, IL‐7 in plasma decreased to normal levels. There are considerable variations in the levels of plasma IL‐7 as well as the rate of CD4+ T‐cell restoration. Although pre‐treatment plasma IL‐7 levels have been shown to be prognostic for the rate of post‐treatment CD4+ T‐cell restoration, the mechanisms responsible for the variations in plasma IL‐7 and rate of CD4+ T‐cell restoration are still completely unknown. In the study here, we searched for genetic polymorphisms that might affect levels of IL‐7 gene expression. For this purpose, we used 1658‐bp PCR‐amplified fragments of the IL‐7 gene containing 1470 bp of the upstream non‐coding region obtained from 151 Japanese and 234 Thai subjects. We found two novel human genetic polymorphisms in the upstream non‐coding region of the IL‐7 gene. The luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that one of those polymorphisms could increase the gene expression of IL‐7. We speculate that this polymorphism, a three base ATC deletion just upstream of an out‐of‐frame ATG codon in the upstream non‐coding region of the IL‐7 gene, reduces the efficiency of translation from the upstream, out‐of‐frame ATG, resulting in increased translation efficiency from the authentic ATG of IL‐7. Although the frequency of this allele is very low, it would be interesting to analyse this polymorphism in HIV‐1‐infected individuals with different rates of immune reconstitution after treatment with a highly active antiretroviral therapy.
National Survey of Hemapheresis Practice in Hungary 2001–2004
Authors: Belák Mihály , Jákó János 
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  In the current study, the authors evaluated data provided by Hungarian hemapheresis centers to the National Health Insurance (NHI) organization between 2001 and 2004 with the intention of having costs reimbursed. The primary objective of the present study was to rank data by frequency of indications of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). Furthermore, we compared frequency data with the Canadian TPE Registry and reviewed medical evidence regarding the adequacy of applying TPE at chosen indications based on data in literature.It was concluded that the number of TPEs (and thus the reimbursed costs) increased steadily year by year. It is worth considering the difference between the five most frequent indications of TPE in Hungary or in Canada. Clinicians tend to apply TPE in many cases as a last resort treatment of many diseases unresponsive to conventional therapy. Consequently, there are many illnesses for which the value of TPE is still questionable (or unproven) and its use is considered investigational or experimental. Nevertheless, cumulative medical experience does not always confirm the adequacy of TPE in all treatments, retrospectively. Thus, limited financial resources oblige clinicians to be judicious in providing apheresis services.
COMPLETE RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TIME‐DEPENDENT FOOD PRODUCTS
Authors: TIU C. , BOGER D. V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRheological data are presented for three mayonnaise samples. The material shows pseudoplastic behaviour, and also exhibits a yield stress and time‐dependent characteristics. Mayonnaise data are used to demonstrate how the time‐dependent behaviour of a food product can be completely characterized using a simplified kinetic and rheological model.
Introduction: current practice in acid‐related disorders in Asian countries, and workshop background, design and goals
Authors: CHAN F. K. L. , GOLD B. D. , KINOSHITA Y. , CHAN A. O.‐O. , WONG M.‐S. R. , MAKMUN H. D. , OVARLARNPORN B. , VIVATVAKIN B. , LIN J.‐T. , SHEU B.‐S. , CHANG W.‐H. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA workshop on acid‐related disorders in paediatric and elderly populations was held in Asia in 2006 to raise awareness that: (i) these particular age groups require special consideration in their disease management; (ii) to clarify what issues need to be addressed in these populations and (iii) to reach a consensus on recommendations for the management of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease and other acid‐related disorders in children and the elderly.Of note, acid‐related disorders, particularly gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in these populations are less well recognized and studied than those in the adult population between the ages of 20 and 60 years.A distinguished faculty of practicing gastroenterologists and key opinion leaders from several Asian countries and the United States were thus enlisted to address these issues in the workshop.
Review article: update on gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in children
Authors: GOLD B. D. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryIt is critical for the clinician who cares for children to distinguish between normal physiological gastro‐oesophageal reflux (GER), and signs and symptoms that occur due to the persistent reflux, defined as gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).The underlying natural history of physiological GER in the paediatric population up to about 12 years of age, is quite distinct from normal reflux in adults. Conversely, the underlying pathophysiology of GERD in both age groups is for the most part similar.Regurgitation symptoms, which peak by 4‐6 months of age, appear to resolve commonly by 12‐18 months of life. However, there is a growing body of evidence that demonstrates that GERD may not be outgrown in a subset of children. In practice, many clinicians include an empiric therapeutic trial of an H2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) or proton pump inhibitor accompanied by symptom resolution for the diagnosis of GERD. GERD‐associated symptoms in the paediatric population range from regurgitation, often accompanied by arching and irritability, to feeding refusal, and/or poor growth to respiratory symptoms such as nocturnal and/or chronic cough. Upper endoscopy with biopsy may be useful in documenting the presence and severity of macroscopic and microscopic mucosal abnormalities, as well as excluding other disorders such as eosinophilic oesophagitis.Conservative management, particularly useful in mild GERD, consists of positioning during and after feeds, a 2‐ to 4‐week trial of hydrolysate formula, addition of cereal to formula, and smaller, more frequent feeds. Among the current pharmacotherapeutic options available in the United States (US), the prokinetic agent metaclopramide and the acid‐inhibitory agents (H2RAs, proton pump inhibitors) are the most widely prescribed. Numerous clinical investigations in both adults and children demonstrated that the proton pump inhibitors are more effective than the H2RAs in the relief of GERD symptoms and healing of erosive oesophagitis. The safety profile of the proton pump inhibitors in children is excellent with no significant adverse events observed either in the short‐ or long‐term (>5.5 years continuous use). Finally, surgical procedures for GERD may also be indicated in certain circumstances.
Review article: management issues in acid‐related disorders in the elderly
Authors: KINOSHITA Y. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe population of Japan is rapidly ageing and this, along with the Westernization of the diet, is expected to increase the prevalence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease.Issues that call for attention by Asian gastroenterologists in the management of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in the geriatric population include functional changes associated with ageing, such as a lower sensitivity to acid stimulation or pain leading to more atypical presenting symptoms vs. greater severity of disease, common swallowing problems, polypharmacy, and the slower metabolism of the drugs by the kidney.The optimal management of acid‐related disorders in the elderly will need to adequately address all these issues.
Review article: building an algorithm for the management of geriatric acid‐related disorders in Asia
Authors: CHAN F. K. L. , KINOSHITA Y. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe special needs of the elderly must be considered in the treatment of acid‐related disorders in older patients. Workshop participants discussed the Genval workshop report algorithm as a step toward building a consensus on the management of elderly patients in Asia.The consensus reached is summarized as follows:(i) old age alone is an indication for endoscopic investigation of reflux symptoms;(ii) elderly patients should undergo endoscopy when they present with acid reflux symptoms;(iii) a biopsy‐based test for Helicobacter pylori should be performed if endoscopy is done, and eradication of H. pylori is warranted as it will reduce the risk of peptic ulcers and may retard the progression of early precancerous gastric lesions;(iv) it is not recommended to routinely take additional biopsies for histology in patients with H. pylori infection in the absence of any macroscopic suspicious lesions;(v) patients with reflux disease LA grade B or below should be started on a standard‐dose proton pump inhibitor for 4–8 weeks, and then followed by step‐down to on‐demand therapy;(vi) patients with LA grade C or above reflux oesophagitis should be initially given standard‐dose proton pump inhibitor therapy for at least 8 weeks and then continue with maintenance proton pump inhibitor therapy.
Kant's Formula of the End in Itself: Some Recent Debates
Authors: Denis Lara 
Published: February 2007

AbstractKant's formula of the end in itself commands that one treat humanity in oneself and in others always as an end and never merely as a means. Interest in, and debate concerning, this formulation of the categorical imperative has been growing among Kantians and ethicists more generally. After an overview of this formulation and Kant's argument for it, this piece outlines several areas of current debate. It then explores some dominant and emerging positions regarding two questions: the identity of the end in itself, and the relation between the end in itself and the value of other things.
The impact of OSHA recordkeeping regulation changes on occupational injury and illness trends in the US: a time-series analysis
Authors: Friedman Lee S , Forst Linda 
Published: February 2007

Objectives:The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII), based on Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) logs, indicates that the number of occupational injuries and illnesses in the US has steadily declined by 35.8% between 1992–2003. However, major changes to the OSHA recordkeeping standard occurred in 1995 and 2001. The authors assessed the relation between changes in OSHA recordkeeping regulations and the trend in occupational injuries and illnesses.Methods:SOII data available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for years 1992–2003 were collected. The authors assessed time series data using join-point regression models.Results:Before the first major recordkeeping change in 1995, injuries and illnesses declined annually by 0.5%. In the period 1995–2000 the slope declined by 3.1% annually (95% CI −3.7% to −2.5%), followed by another more precipitous decline occurring in 2001–2003 (−8.3%; 95% CI −10.0% to −6.6%). When stratifying the data, the authors continued to observe significant changes occurring in 1995 and 2001.Conclusions:The substantial declines in the number of injuries and illnesses correspond directly with changes in OSHA recordkeeping rules. Changes in employment, productivity, OSHA enforcement activity and sampling error do not explain the large decline. Based on the baseline slope (join-point regression analysis, 1992–4), the authors expected a decline of 407 964 injuries and illnesses during the period of follow-up if no intervention occurred; they actually observed a decline of 2.4 million injuries and illnesses of which 2 million or 83% of the decline can be attributed to the change in the OSHA recordkeeping rules.
Leishmaniasis
Authors: Piscopo Tonio V , Mallia Azzopardi Charles 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Epidemiology, disease patterns, immunology, diagnosis, treatment and control measures of leishmaniasis are described. Various issues relating to leishmaniasis are highlighted: the relative lack of importance given to this disease compared with other infections, climate change and its possible impact on extension of endemicity of this infection, and new diagnostic tests which are improving diagnosis, especially in resource poor areas. Other important aspects discussed include the potential for newer oral therapy to change the way this disease is managed; Leishmania–HIV coinfection and groups at risk; and development of an effective vaccine.
Prevalence of coeliac disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a clinic based population
Authors: Goh C , Banerjee K 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
Although the association between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and coeliac disease is well known, the presenting features and clinical characteristics of the two diseases when they coexist are less well documented.

Methods
All patients with T1DM attending a paediatric diabetes clinic in London, UK, were screened for coeliac disease by serological testing for coeliac antibodies (antiendomysial and either/both tissue transglutaminase and antigliadin). Antibody positive patients were reviewed and their presenting symptoms, tissue biopsy result and coexisting morbidities investigated. Glycaemic control, growth and the effect of a gluten-free diet on these variables were also evaluated.

Results
Of the 113 patients with T1DM, 7 (6.2%) tested antibody positive. Jejunal biopsy confirmed coeliac disease in 5 of the 7 (4.4%) patients. Coeliac disease presented atypically or silently in the majority of cases with an unpredictable interval between diagnosis of diabetes and coeliac disease presentation. Coeliac disease did not appear to affect growth. Mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were not significantly raised in subjects (9.87%) compared with matched controls without coeliac disease (9.08%) (p = 0.249). Analyses of the effect of a gluten-free diet on growth and HbA1c were limited. Of the seven subjects, two suffered other autoimmune diseases.

Conclusion
Coeliac disease presents atypically and unexpectedly in children and adolescents with T1DM. This, along with the strong association between the two diseases, supports the regular screening of coeliac disease among these patients. The value of a gluten-free diet cannot be commented on from this study alone although other studies show it reduces the risk of complications.