bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fertility Patterns in the South Pacific Communities
Authors: Bonham D. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYBirth rates in South Pacific Island communities are significantly lower in Australia and New Zealand than in the smaller Islands.In New Zealand the Maori (8% of the population) has a higher birth rate than the European; both are falling, the Maori by a greater percentage.Fertility rates in the age groups show marked falls over 35 years in both races. With increasing sophistication Maoris and Islanders accept modern family planning methods well, though males less than females.In Fiji an effective family planning program has shown that the population growth can be fully controlled and that socio‐economic motivation is important.The acceptability of family planning to help a national economic need appears to be more motivated by personal socio‐economic and educational factors than by racial background.
The Routine Screening of Obstetric and Gynaecological Patients for Gonorrhoea
Authors: Platts W. M. , Cresswell B. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: Between 1970 and 1973, 3,389 public hospital patients (both obstetrical and gynaecological) were screened for gonorrhoea. An unexpectedly high figure (2.4%) was obtained in the “single” group (single, separated, divorced, de facto). In the married group, the incidence was 0.7%. Results of other screening programmes throughout the world are reviewed. Relatively few of these have been reported outside North America; in those that have, the yields have been disproportionately low. The reasons for this are thought to be linked to culture methodology.Greater use of routine screening, particularly of individuals who are not in a stable marital situation, is advocated in city obstetrical and gynaecological clinics, even in areas with a medium incidence of gonorrhoea
Obstetric Outcome in Pregnancies Complicated by Recurrent Anaemia, With Observations on Iron and Folate Metabolism, Bacteriuria and Pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Fleming A. F. , Martin J. D. , Stenhouse N. S. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: Three hundred and thirty‐one pregnant women were studied to see whether moderate maternal anaemia or iron and folate deficiency in the absence of anaemia had any adverse effect on the fetus. When results from all subjects were analysed, no correlations between haematological findings and measures of fetal well‐being were apparent, except for a tendency for increased placental weight when the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was low at the end of pregnancy.However, haematological and obstetrical complications appeared to be related in 2 sub‐groups, (i) those with a history of anaemia in previous pregnancies, and (ii) those with significant bacteriuria.Patients who were anaemic in previous pregnancies tended to have persistent hypochromic anaemia in the study pregnancy; their low Hb and red cell hypochromia were associated with a history of past abortions and low birth weight in the present pregnancy. These complications were ascribed to anaemia at the time of conception and in early pregnancy.Patients with significant bacteriuria were shorter and had lower Hb on average, and the degree of red cell abnormality correlated with premature delivery and low birth weight. Both obstetric and haematological complications were likely to have been direct consequences of underlying renal tract disease, and blood film reports could be of value in assessing pregnancies complicated by bacteriuria.There was no evidence that pre‐eclampsia or hypertension from other causes was associated with anaemia, but the Hb was significantly higher in this subgroup. There was a tendency to hypersegmentation of the neutrophil polymorphs, but serum and red cell folate levels did not suggest that this was the result of folate deficiency.
Surgical Induction of Labour With and Without Oxytocin Infusion: A Prospective Study
Authors: Saleh Y. Z. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of simultaneous oxytocin infusion in physiological doses in patients in whom amniotomy had been performed to induce labour. One hundred patients were studied and, as far as possible, these were obstetrically homogeneous. In all patients, conditions favourable for induction were present.All of the 50 patients induced by amniotomy and simultaneous oxytocin infusion delivered within 24 hours (1 patient required a Caesarean section operation for fetal distress), whereas only 34 of the 50 induced by amniotomy alone did so.The study confirms the generally accepted view that 95% of patients will be delivered vaginally after surgical induction of labour. It also confirms Mac Vicar's study (1971) that 2% of patients induced by amniotomy will require Caesarean section for defective uterine activity alone.To shorten the induction‐delivery interval, amniotomy should be performed and, immediately thereafter, an oxytocin infusion commenced. In favourable cases, the oxytocin should be given by intravenous infusion in physiological doses. This requires minimal staff supervision.
Placental Sulphatase Deficiency Causing Low Urinary Oestriol Excretion in Pregnancy Complicated by Toxaemia
Authors: Chadwick John M. , Murnain Jeff R. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: A patient presenting with pre‐eclampsia in her second pregnancy was found to have persistently low urinary oestriol levels (below 2mg/24 hours) in the last trimester. Plasma progesterone estimation showed that this reading was not due to placental insufficiency, and radiological examination excluded anen‐cephaly. No drugs known to affect the measurement of urinary oestriol were being ingested.A normal male child was delivered by Caesarean section. Subsequent studies confirmed the presence of a placental sulphatase deficiency.
Proliferating Ovarian “Epithelial” Tumours: A Clinico‐Pathological Analysis of 144 Cases
Authors: Russell P. , Merkur H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: : In a 25‐year period, 144 patients with proliferating epithelial ovarian tumours were treated at the King George V Memorial Hospital. These tumours were classified according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) Histological Classification of Ovarian Tumours and subsequently divided into 4 grades of proliferation, again on histological criteria. The tumours were staged at laparotomy in accord with the recommendations of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Follow‐up data, analysed by a life‐table method, were correlated against histological type of tumour, histological grade of proliferation, clinical/laparotomy stage, and mode of surgical therapy.Stage 1 proliferating tumours may be treated by surgery alone, including unilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy in selected cases. Stage 2 and Stage 3 tumours should be treated similarly to invasive ovarian carcinomas of the same stage, despite their overall favourable prognosis.
The Effect of Intravaginal Prostaglandin F2α on Labour after Spontaneous and Artificial Rupture of the Membranes
Authors: MacLennan Alastair H. , Green Roslyn C. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: The effect on labour of 50 mg intravaginal PG F2α or a standard intravenous oxytocin regimen was compared in 2 randomised trials involving a total of 83 patients, 23 of whom had experienced spontaneous rupture of the membranes (S.R.O.M.) and 60 of whom had artificial rupture of the membranes (A.R.M.) to induce labour. In each trial, labour had not been initiated by membrane rupture alone. In both trials only 20% of the patients receiving PG F2α required further augmentation of labour with intravenous oxytocin. The mean length of labour in patients receiving PG F2α was 2.5 hours shorter in the A.R.M. trial and 3.0 hours shorter in the S.R.O.M. trial than the mean length of labour in patients receiving intravenous oxytocin (P < 0.01). In the A.R.M. trial, the PG F2α‐treated group had significantly less analgesic requirements (P < 0.001). Although more normal deliveries occurred in the patients treated with PG F2α than oxytocin in both trials, die numbers did not reach statistical significance.No side effects occurred in the PG F2α‐treated patients or their babies and this method was much preferred by patients and nursing staff alike.
Artificial Donor Insemination Frozen Versus Fresh Semen
Authors: Leeton J. , Selwood T. , Trounson A. , Wood C. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: The results of artificial insemination by fresh and frozen donor semen (A.I.D.) are reported.Life table conception results were 66.3 ±3.8 after 6 months for the fresh semen group. Similar results for 2 consecutive programmes of A.I.D. of frozen semen were 44.0 ± 4.6 and 64.2 ± 3.4, respectively. The latter group's cumulative pregnancy rate is high and probably reflects improvement in both sperm preservation and insemination techniques. Using improved freezing techniques, the results of A.I.D. with frozen semen are equal to those with fresh semen.
A Review of Women Requesting Reversal of Tubal Sterilization
Authors: Murray John 
Published: February 2008

Summary: At the Women's Hospital, Crown Street in the past 4 years 64 women who requested reversal of tubal sterilization have been studied. Some of their characteristics at the time of sterilization and the reasons for their request for reversal are examined.It would appear that relatively young women of low parity whose reasons for sterilization are primarily socioeconomic in association with an unstable martial state are those most likely to request reversal. Furthermore, postpartum sterilization in such women is more likely to lead to requests for reversal than interval sterilization.The overwhelming reason for requesting reversal is the establishment of a new marital relationship. However, there is a small group whose reason is the death of the antecedent child, usually a cot death, under the age of 6 months.
Phaeochromocytoma and Pregnancy — An Updated Appraisal
Authors: Schenker Joseph G. , Granat Menachem 
Published: February 2008

Summary: Phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy carries a considerable risk to the mother and is even more dangerous to the fetus. It should, therefore, be kept in mind as a possible cause of hypertension in pregnancy and appropriate laboratory tests undertaken.The data presented in the literature indicate that the early diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy decreases maternal mortality markedly and fetal mortality less significantly.Diagnostic measures to localize the tumour before delivery are limited; radiation exposure to the fetus will be minimized by the adjunctive use of ultrasound and CAT scanning.If the diagnosis is made before 20–24 weeks, the tumour should be excised without delay and pregnancy interrupted or allowed to continue, depending on circumstances. After the 24th week, the pregnancy should usually be continued under adequate adrenergic blockade until fetal maturity is achieved.Labour and vaginal delivery should generally be avoided. Caesarean section and careful removal of the tumour at the same time are recommended.
Pregnancy‐Associated Plasma Protein Levels at Term in Normal Pregnancy, Preeclampsia and Essential Hypertension
Authors: Griffin J. F. T. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:The levels of protein associated with pregnancy (placental specific β1 glycoprotein, SP1 and pregnancy associated ‐α2‐ globulin, α2‐PAG), immune function (complement, C3c) and inflammation (ceruloplasmin, C), were studied at term in groups of patients with normal and complicated primigravid and multigravid pregnancy. The levels of SP, and C3c were similar in all the groups studied. In patients matched for parity, the levels of α2‐PAG were significantly lower than normal in preeclamptic primigravidas and in multigravidas with a history of preeclampsia in their first pregnancy. Ceruloplasmin levels were significantly elevated in preeclampsia patients and in patients with essential hypertension. It is suggested that reduced plasma α2‐PAG may be of prognostic value and have a role in the aetiology of preeclampsia whereas increased ceruloplasmin levels may be no more than an acute phase reactant resulting from pathological changes due to hypertension.The dramatic changes in the mother during pregnancy are reflected in marked alterations in maternal plasma proteins from early postconception until after parturition. Considerable research has been carried out to establish the role of these proteins in normal pregnancy and to determine their relevance in pregnancy associated pathology. The present work was designed to assess the role of pregnancy specific β‐globulin (SP1) (Bohn, 1971) which is produced by trophoblastic tissue (Home et al., 1976), and pregnancy associated α2 globulin (α2‐PAG) which has been found in the plasma of pregnant women (MacLaren et al., 1959; Bohn, 1971; Stimson and Eubank‐Scott, 1972) and in malignancy (Stimson, 1974). In addition to these proteins, ceruloplasmin, an acute phase reactant (Goldstein et al., 1979) has been found to be elevated in pregnancy (Markowitz et al., 1955) and in autoimmune conditions (Scudder et. al., 1978). Elevated levels of ceruloplasmin have been found in severe preeclampsia by comparison with normal pregnancy (Fattah et al., 1976). To test the hypothesis that preeclampsia has an immune aetiology, the by‐product of complement activation (C3c), known to be elevated in immune complex disease (Scudder et al., 1978) was also studied in normal and complicated pregnancy.In an attempt to determine whether any of these proteins could be of relevance in pregnancy hypertension, a comparative study involving normal pregnant women, preeclampsia patients and pregnant women with essential hypertension was carried out. An additional comparison was made between plasma protein levels in primigravid preeclampsia patients. and compromised multigravidas who had a history of preeclampsia as primigravidas, to determine if any of these proteins could give an insight into a genetic predisposition of women to develop this disease.
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Steroid Hormones in Male Castrates: Site of Oestradiol Action
Authors: Goh H. H. , Karim S. M. M. , Ratnam S. S. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Four normal healthy castrated male transsexuals who were not on hormone therapy for at least 4 months volunteered for this study. Each subject received 3 infusions at weekly intervals – the first consisting of LHRH alone, the second of LHRH and oestradiol and the third of oestradiol alone. Venous blood samples were collected at 20‐minute intervals 1 hour before the start and during the whole period of infusion. Plasma concentrations of FSH, LH and oestradiol were measured by radio‐immunoassay. On an average, 100 μg of LHRH enhanced the area under the LH secretion curve by 177% and under the FSH curve by 68%. Oestradiol had a differential effect on the endogenous secretion of LH and FSH, suppressing them by 53% and 18%, respectively. Similarly, the LHRH‐stimulated release of LH was significantly inhibited to a greater extent (42%) than that of FSH (23%, P < 0.05; paired t test). Such an observation and in the light of our acceptance of the single releasing hormone theory, suggests that the differential actions of oestradiol on the secretions of FSH and LH are due to mechanisms residing in the pituitary.
Menstrual Pattern and Fertility After Treatment for Anovulatory Infertility
Authors: Thomas A. K. , Forrest M. S. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Sixty‐four patients who had been treated for anovulatory infertility and subsequently conceived were reviewed. Information was obtained on subsequent menstrual pattern, contraception used, treatment required to achieve a further pregnancy and the interval to any such pregnancy. Almost half the group had regular cycles following delivery but 2 patients had a recurrence of post oral contraceptive amenorrhoea. Most patients conceived without treatment within 2 years of the initial pregnancy but 10 again required ovulation induction. It is concluded that there is no long‐term irreversible suppression of hypothalamic function in this group of patients and, once a pregnancy has been achieved, the prognosis for future fertility without therapy is good.Anovulatory infertility generally has a favourable prognosis (Thomas and Forrest, 1980). However. follow‐up studies on menstrual function and fertility after the induced pregnancy are scarce. Nonetheless. such information is important if proper advice is to be given to the patient regarding her subsequeni fertility and contraceptive measures which may be required. With this in mind we undertook a follow‐up of patients with anovulatory infertility to ascertain their contraceptive practices and fertility after having had a pregnancy as a result of treatment. following delivery. In addition they were asked if they had conceived again and, if so, how long it took to do so and any treatment used to assist conception. At the time of follow‐up, the interval from completion of the index pregnancy to the survey varied from 1 to 7 years. Statistical analysis of the results was undertaken using Chi‐squared testing, after pooling small groups of similar data to allow for valid analysis.
The Acute Clinical Features of Retrograde Menstruation
Authors: Reti Leslie L. , Byrne G. D. , Davoren Ruth A. M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:The acute effects of retrograde menstruation were studied by endoscopy and cytology. The findings suggest that spillage of menstrual blood into the peritoneal cavity is painful. The technique of making this diagnosis is discussed and the therapeutic implications considered.Sampson (1921) suggested that menstrual blood containing fragments of endometrium might pass along the fallopian tubes in a retrograde manner and thus reach the peritoneal cavity. This phenomenon has subsequently been considered to account for the development of endometriosis (Sampson, 1921; Hughesdon, 1972) and possibly even endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary (Feroze, 1976). Any obstruction to the efflux of menstrual blood, including relative cervical stenosis, fibromyomas or congenital defects will favour retrograde menstruation.At the time of menstrual spillage onto the peritoneum does the patient experience pain? Or, is this a ‘clinically silent’ event? What proportion of the normal population have retrograde menstruation, and of those who do, what proportion have clinically detectable signs of blood in the peritoneal cavity?This study was undertaken to answer these clinical questions.
Cyproterone Acetate and the Treatment of Hirsutism
Authors: Fraser Ian S. , Shearman Rodney P. , Allen Janet K. , McCarron Gay 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Forty‐two women with hirsutism completed 12 months of treatment with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol given in a reverse sequential regimen. A highly significant improvement was recorded in the whole group using the Ferriman and Gallwey scoring system. Ten patients recorded a poor response whereas 19 recorded a good or very good result. Patients from groups with polycystic ovarian disease and idiopathic hirsutism recorded equally beneficial responses. Fasting plasma triglycerides rose significantly after 12 months. Other lipids were largely unaffected although a small fall in high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol was detected at mid‐cycle. No other biochemical abnormalities were found. Circulating levels of testosterone and 17 hydroxyprogesterone were suppressed during treatment. Side‐effects were not prominent. This appears to be a very useful medication for a clinical problem which hitherto has been difficult to treat.
Prognostic Predictions of Threatened Abortion. A Comparison Between Real‐time Ultrasound, Clinical Assessment and Urinary Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG)
Authors: Ping So Kon 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Seventy patients admitted to hospital before the 14th week of pregnancy with a diagnosis of threatened abortion were studied. A comparison of ultrasonography, clinical assessment, and urinary HCG levels revealed the superiority of ultrasound scanning in predictive accuracy and as an aid to clinical management, particularly after the 9th week of gestation.
Errors in the Measurement of Blood Pressure
Authors: Fleming Susan E. , Horvath John S. , Korda Andrew 
Published: February 2008

Summary: The effect of posture on blood pressure measurement in pregnant and non‐pregnant subjects was studied. In non‐pregnant patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, central blood pressure remained unaltered with a change from the supine to the lateral position. However in all subjects studied, an apparent decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure occurred when measured in the upper arm in the lateral position. This fall is artifactual and does not represent a change in blood pressure.It is concluded that blood pressure measurements in the lateral position are inaccurate.
Hyperprolactinaemic Amenorrhoea in Hong Kong
Authors: Tang Lawrence C. H. , Sung M. L. , Ma H. K. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: In a retrospective study of 595 patients attending the Menstrual Disorder Clinic from January, 1978 to December, 1981, 92 patients (15.5%) had raised serum prolactin (PRL) levels (>25 ng/ml) on 2 or more separate occasions with a mean (±S.E.M.) value of 67.1 ± 2.5 ng/ml. Galactorrhoea was found in 27.2% of the hyperprolactinaemic patients. Primary amenorrhoea was observed in 1 patient (1.1%) with serum PRL level of 68 ng/ml. Secondary amenorrhoea of longer than 6 months' duration occurred in 61 patients (66.3%) with mean PRL level 84.2±3.3 ng/ml. The 30 patients (32.6%) with irregular menstruation had a mean PRL level of 47.2±3.3 ng/ml.Investigations revealed that 43 patients (46.7%) had idiopathic hyperprolacti naemia, 14 patients (15.4 %) had drug induced hyperprolactinaemia and 1 patient (1.1%) had hypothyroidism; 18 patients (19.5%) had suspected pituitary microadenoma and 16 patients (17.2%) had abnormal radiographic findings. Bromocriptine treatment was given to 38 patients, 13 with abnormal tomographic findings (mean serum PRL>100ng/ml); 18 with suspected pituitary microadenoma (mean serum PRL 94±2.7 ng/ml) and 7 with idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia (mean serum PRL 65±4.7 ng/ml). All patients (38/38) responded to treatment with restoration of menstruation and cessation of galactorrhoea within 1 to 3 months. Mean PRL level was 21.6±5.2 ng/ml at the time of response. Thirteen patients subsequently became pregnant and all delivered healthy babies.
Incidence Of Post‐Operative Deep Vein Thrombosis In Gynaecological Oncology
Authors: Crandon Alex J. , Koutts Jerry 
Published: February 2008

SummaryUsing 125I‐fibrinogen scanning the incidence of post‐operative DVT amongst patients with gynaecological malignancy was shown to be 37,9% which is substantialy higher than the 10% to 15% expected in a general gynaecological population. Twenty per cent of the total group studied had isotopic evidence of bilateral venous thrombosis post‐operatively. The inaccuracy of clinical diagnosis was demonstrated, and also the need to investigate both limbs if thrombosis was suspected. The incidence of post‐operative DVT was found to be significantly lower in smokers (11.5%) compared with non‐smokers (68.4%) (p<0.00025).
Pregnancy After Renal Transplantation
Authors: Hall B. A. , Morrison J. , Keeping J. D. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe results of a series of 6 pregnancies (including 1 set of twins) in renal transplant patients are presented with a review of the relevant literature. There were no fetal anomalies or deaths, or episodes of renal compromise or graft rejection. The important complications were hypertension (4), prematurity (4) and fetal growth retardation (2).
Spontaneous Rupture Of A Uterus At 16 Weeks' Gestation
Authors: Blumenthal Norman J. , Goldberger Shmuel B. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA case report of spontaneous rupture of a normal unscarred uterus at 16 weeks' gestation due to no apparent cause is presented. This is the earliest spontaneous rupture of the uterus documented and similar cases reported in the literature are reviewed. The aetiology and methods of treatment are discussed.