bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Betaine Supplementation to Feeds of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Reared at Extreme Salinities
Authors: Saoud I P , Davis D A 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Shrimp production worldwide has increased dramatically, and optimal sites are no longer abundant. New farms are being constructed in areas where water salinity and ion composition are suboptimal. Aquaculturists and feed suppliers are attempting to alleviate ion nonequilibriums through nutrition. One nutritive supplement that has been marketed is the amino acid betaine. The present work evaluated the effects of betaine as a feed supplement on the survival and growth of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared at extreme salinities (0.5 or 50‰). Juvenile Pacific white shrimp (mean individual weight, 0.18 g) were reared in 16 tanks: eight tanks held water at 0.5‰, and eight held water at 50‰. Shrimp were maintained for 8 weeks in four replicate tanks from each salinity treatment and offered feed with or without a betaine supplement. Survival (75–89%) and final weights (2.8–3.5 g) were typical for this species reared in indoor systems, but there was no significant influence of the presence of betaine. However, there was a significant influence of salinity on growth. These results suggest that betaine supplementation to practical diets designed for Pacific white shrimp does not improve production at extremely low or high salinities.
Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Ceftriaxone, Gatifloxacin, and Levofloxacin Against Streptococcus pneumoniae with the Use of Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Frei Christopher R. , Burgess David S. 
Published: October 2005

Study Objective. To evaluate the pharmacodynamics of four intravenous antimicrobial regimens—ceftriaxone 1 g, gatifloxacin 400 mg, levofloxacin 500 mg, and levofloxacin 750 mg, each every 24 hours—against recent Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates.Design. Pharmacodynamic analysis using Monte Carlo simulation.Data Source. The Surveillance Network (TSN) 2002 database.Measurements and Main Results: Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates (7866 isolates) were stratified according to penicillin susceptibilities as follows: susceptible (4593), intermediate (1986), and resistant (1287). Risk analysis software was used to simulate 10,000 patients by integrating published pharmacokinetic parameters, their variability, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions TSN database. Probability of target attainment was determined for percentage of time above the MIC (%T>MIC) from 0–100% for ceftriaxone and area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC):MIC ratio from 0–150 for the fluoroquinolones. For ceftriaxone, probability of target attainment remained 90% or greater against the three isolate groups until a %T>MIC of 70% or greater, and it remained 90% or greater against susceptible and intermediate isolates over the entire interval (%T>MIC 0–100%). For levofloxacin 500 mg, probability of target attainment was 90% at an AUC:MIC ≥ 30, but the curve declined sharply with further increases in pharmacodynamic target. Levofloxacin 750 mg achieved a probability of target attainment of 99% at an AUC:MIC ratio ≥ 30; the probability remained approximately 90% until a target of 70 or greater, when it declined steeply. Gatifloxacin demonstrated a high probability (99%) of target attainment at an AUC:MIC ratio ≥ 30, and it remained above 90% until a target of 70.Conclusion. Ceftriaxone maintained high probability of target attainment over a broad range of pharmacodynamic targets regardless of penicillin susceptibility (%T>MIC 0–60%). Levofloxacin 500 mg maintained high probability of target attainment for AUC:MIC ratios 0–30; whereas, levofloxacin 750 mg and gatifloxacin maintained high probability of target attainment for AUC:MIC ratios 0–60. Rate of decline in the pharmacodynamic curve was most pronounced for the two levofloxacin regimens and more gradual for gatifloxacin and ceftriaxone.
Drug Adherence: Effects of Decreased Visit Frequency on Adherence to Clozapine Therapy
Authors: Patel Nick C. , Crismon M. Lynn , Miller Alexander L. , Johnsrud Michael T. 
Published: October 2005

Objective. To study the effects of visit frequency on drug‐adherence parameters subsequent to the change in the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐mandated monitoring of white blood cell counts from weekly to every 2 weeks (biweekly) after 6 months of clozapine therapy.Methods. Paid prescription claims records for clozapine from September 1, 1995–August 31, 2001, were extracted Texas Medicaid Vendor Drug Program database. Two groups of subjects were identified: subjects treated before and those treated after the FDA labeling change in monitoring frequency, which occurred on April 1, 1998. Prescription claims records for each subject were assessed for 365 days after the initial 6 months of therapy. Adherence measures included persistence, medication possession ratio (MPR), and time taking clozapine.Results. Subjects receiving weekly hematologic monitoring had significantly higher rates of persistence (0.79 ± 0.35 vs 0.70 ± 0.38, p<0.001) and MPRs (0.75 ± 0.36 vs 0.66 ± 0.38, p<0.001) and continued to take clozapine longer (p<0.002) compared with subjects receiving biweekly monitoring. Fewer subjects in the weekly monitoring group discontinued clozapine therapy during the 1‐year study period (49.4% vs 57.9%, p=0.008). Similar results were observed when cohorts were matched according to age, sex, and index clozapine dosage.Conclusion. Significant effects of visit frequency on adherence to clozapine therapy were noted. For patients inadequately adherent to therapy, an increase in visit frequency may improve adherence, and based on these results, the extra visits do not need to be with a physician or have any specific purpose other than contact with a provider.
Preparation of [1‐(Methoxymethylcarbamoyl)ethyl] Phosphonic Acid Bis‐(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl) Ester: A Useful Intermediate in the Synthesis of

Z

‐Unsaturated

N

‐Methoxy‐

N

‐Methylamides
Authors: Smith Amos B. , Beiger Jason J. , Davulcu Akin H. , Cox Jason M. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

n
‐Butyl lithium

Ethanamine,
N
,
N
, ‐diethyl

Ethanol, 2,2,2‐trifluoro‐

Ethylphosphonic acid bis‐(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)ester

1,1,1,3,3,3,‐Hexamethyldisilazane

Methanamine,
N
‐methoxy‐, hydrochloride

Methanol, trichloro‐, carbonate

N
‐Methoxy‐
N
‐methylcarbamoyl chloride

[1‐(Methoxymethylcarbamoyl)ethyl]phosphonic acid bis‐(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl) ester

Phosphonic dichloride

Pyridine
(

R

S

)‐(+)‐2‐Methyl‐2‐propanesulfinamide
Authors: Weix Daniel J. , Ellman Jonathan A. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

(1
S
,2
R
)‐(−)‐
cis
‐1‐Amino‐2‐indanol

3,5,‐Di‐
tert
‐butyl salicyladehyde

(1
S
,2
R
)‐1‐[(2‐Hydroxy‐3,5‐di‐
tert
‐butylbenzylidiene)amino]indan‐2‐ol

(
R

S

)‐(+)‐
tert
‐Butyl‐
tert
‐butanethiosulfinate

Vanadyl bis‐acetylacetonate

Di‐
tert
‐butyl disulfide

Hydrogen peroxide

Ammonia

Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate

Lithium

Chloroacetic acid

(
R

S

)‐(+)‐2‐Methyl‐2‐propanesulfinamide
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Europium‐Doped ZnS: Long‐Lasting Phosphorescence from Aligned Nanowires
Authors: Cheng B. C. , Wang Z. G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractQuasi‐aligned Eu2+‐doped wurtzite ZnS nanowires on Au‐coated Si wafers have been successfully synthesized by a vapor deposition method under a weakly reducing atmosphere. Compared with the undoped counterpart, incorporation of the dopant gives a modulated composition and crystal structure, which leads to a preferred growth of the nanowires along the [01$\bar 1$0] direction and a high density of defects in the nanowire hosts. The ion doping causes intense fluorescence and persistent phosphorescence in ZnS nanowires. The dopant Eu2+ ions form an isoelectronic acceptor level and yield a high density of bound excitons, which contribute to the appearance of the radiative recombination emission of the bound excitons and resonant Raman scattering at higher pumping intensity. Co‐dopant Cl– ions can serve not only as donors, producing a donor–acceptor pair transition with the Eu2+ acceptor level, but can also form trap levels together with other defects, capture the photoionization electrons of Eu2+, and yield long‐lasting (about 4 min), green phosphorescence. With decreasing synthesis time, the existence of more surface states in the nanowires forms a higher density of trap centers and changes the crystal‐field strength around Eu2+. As a result, not only have an enhanced Eu2+ 4f65d1–4f7 intra‐ion transition and a prolonged afterglow time been more effectively observed (by decreasing the nanowires' diameters), but also the Eu2+ related emissions are shifted to shorter wavelengths.
Inter‐ and Intramolecular Interactions in Some Supramolecular Photochemical Systems
Authors: Delahaye S. , Loosli C. , Liu S. X. , Decurtins S. , Labat G. , Neels A. , Loosli A. , Ward T. R. , Hauser A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn supramolecular systems, the interaction between different units modulates their photophysical properties. a) For platinum(II) complexes with ligands that have extended π systems, π‐stacking and direct metal–metal interactions result in the formation of excimers with characteristically red‐shifted luminescence. Time‐resolved emission spectra show clear evidence of dual luminescence. b) In phthalocyanines to which electron‐donating tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) groups have been fused, the luminescence is strongly quenched by intramolecular electron transfer. The luminescence can be switched on by oxidation of the TTF groups. c) The luminescence of ruthenium tris‐bipyridyl derivatives is strongly influenced by the environment. Linked to biotin, the luminescence quantum yield of such a complex is enhanced by 30 % upon binding to avidin. Furthermore, the binding to avidin induces a circular‐dichroism signal from the π–π* transition of the initially racemic ruthenium tris‐bipyridyl derivative.
A comparative study of UVP and LDA techniques for pulp suspensions in pipe flow
Authors: Wiklund Johan A. , Stading Mats , Pettersson A. Johan , Rasmuson Anders 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFor the first time, noninvasive measurements in pulp suspensions at consistencies ranging from 0.74%(w/w) up to 7.8%(w/w) have been performed simultaneously using ultrasound velocity profiling (UVP) and laser doppler anemometry (LDA) in an experimental pipe flow loop. Results show that both techniques can be used to determine the plug flow velocity with good agreement in much more concentrated pulp suspensions than what has been reported so far in the literature. Instantaneous velocity profiles have been obtained noninvasively in pipe flow using the UVP technique, and it is shown that combined with simultaneous pressure drop measurements, the UVP technique can be used to determine the yield stress in‐line. Results further show that LDA works, with limited penetration depth of up to several millimeters, even in strongly opaque systems, such as in 7.8%(w/w) pulp. Deviating results were however obtained in the near wall region and more work is needed. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Coalescence in a surfactant‐less emulsion under simple shear flow
Authors: Nandi Arup , Mehra Anurag , Khakhar D. V. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractShear‐induced coalescence is investigated in a neutrally buoyant, surfactant‐less oil‐in‐water emulsion containing an electrolyte. Emulsion drops are large enough for Brownian motion–induced coalescence to be negligible. The emulsion is subjected to a simple shear flow in a tangential Couette apparatus with a rotating inner cylinder, and the evolution of the drop size distribution with time is obtained using optical microscopy and image analysis. The effect of varying the shear rate and the dispersed phase holdup is studied. The evolving drop size distributions become bimodal with increasing coalescence and are not found to be self‐similar. A population balance model with an empirical coalescence efficiency (ratio of the actual coalescence rate to the Smoluchowski rate) function containing four fitting parameters describes the time evolution of the experimental drop size distribution reasonably well. The coalescence rate, inferred qualitatively from the measured drop size distributions at different times as well as obtained from the fitted coalescence efficiency, is found to increase with increasing shear rate and dispersed‐phase holdup. The coalescence efficiency also increases with holdup, although it decreases with increasing shear rates. The fitted coalescence efficiency results indicate the existence of a critical drop diameter of 12 μm at which the coalescence efficiency is maximum. The computed magnitude of the coalescence efficiency is of the order of 10−2 for all cases and is about 100‐fold larger than that obtained earlier for surfactant‐stabilized emulsions. The results indicate that coalescence in surfactant‐less emulsions is qualitatively different from that in emulsions containing surfactant. The experimental findings are discussed in the light of recent theories and experimental work in this field. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Optimal design of azeotropic batch distillation
Authors: Mussati M. C. , Aguirre P. A. , Espinosa J. , Iribarren O. A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis study explores integrating models with different degrees of detail for optimizing azeotropic batch distillation systems. A detailed dynamic model is used from outside the optimization program both to verify feasibility of the design and to update the parameters needed by the optimization model. The updated parameters are the constant relative volatilities between pseudo‐components, used in a binary Fenske–Underwood–Gilliland‐type model. The approach was used to optimize the design of a batch process for the recovery of spent isopropyl alcohol, which works cyclically to separate the excess water, satisfying an environmentally acceptable specification, and using cyclohexane as entrainer, which in turn is recovered in the same process and recycled. The approach permitted optimizing the batch sizes, number of separation stages, the reflux ratios of a piecewise constant multilevel reflux policy, the extent of each separation, and the size of the intermediate cuts to be recycled, with affordable computation and problem setup times. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Connexin 26 variants and auditory neuropathy/dys‐synchrony among children in schools for the deaf
Authors: Cheng Xing , Li Li , Brashears Shanda , Morlet Thierry , Ng San San , Berlin Charles , Hood Linda , Keats Bronya 
Published: October 2005

AbstractGenetic and auditory studies of 731 children with severe‐to‐profound hearing loss in US schools for the deaf and 46 additional children receiving clinical services for hearing loss ranging from moderate to profound demonstrated that mutations in the connexin 26 (GJB2) and connexin 30 (GJB6) genes explain at least 12% of those with nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness. Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) testing to detect functional outer hair cells indicated that 76 of the children had emissions and therefore may have (as yet unconfirmed) auditory neuropathy/dys‐synchrony (AN/AD). Five of these children with OAEs were GJB2 homozygotes or compound heterozygotes with the genotypes 35delG/35delG, W77X/W77X, 35delG/360delGAG, 35delG/V95M, and V84M/M34T. In particular, unilateral AN/AD was confirmed in a child with moderate hearing loss and the 35delG/V95M genotype. Detecting OAEs in individuals with GJB2 mutations suggests that lack of functional gap junctions as a result of GJB2 mutations does not necessarily destroy all outer hair cell function. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial vertebral segmentation defects, Sprengel anomaly, and omovertebral bone with variable expressivity
Authors: Kaissi Ali Al , Chehida Farid Ben , Gharbi Hassan , Ghachem Maher Ben , Hendaoui Lotfi , Hennekam Raoul C.M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA 10‐year‐old boy was found to have an unusual presentation of the Sprengel anomaly, omovertebral bones, and segmentation defects of the vertebral column at the cervical, thoracic, and sacral level. In addition, he showed hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, webbing, and hypoplasia of the thenar and hypothenar areas. He had moderate mental delay. In addition to the segmentation defects and omovertebral bones, radiological studies showed a small pelvis and 11 pairs of ribs. Some of the features were present in the mother, and minimal symptoms were present in the father. The parents were consanguineous. A paternal cousin had segmentation defects, omovertebral bones, and a Sprengel deformity as well, although with milder presentation than the proband. We were unable to find a similar combination of manifestations in literature. The familial occurrence is best compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance, showing wide variability of expression. It is possible that the more notable signs in the proband can be explained by homozygosity for the disorder. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of four homoleptic titanium silanolates
Authors: Mansfeld Dirk , Schürmann Markus , Mehring Michael 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFour titanium silanolates Ti(OSiR2R′)4 (1, R = Ph, R′ = tBu; 2, R = R′ = Ph; 3, R = R′ = iPr; 4, R = Me, R′ = tBu) were synthesised starting from Ti(OiPr)4 and the corresponding silanol, and their thermally induced decomposition was studied. Colourless single crystals of Ti(OSiPh$_{2}^{\rm {t}}$Bu)$_{4}{\cdot}{2 \over 3}$CHCl$_{3}{\cdot}{1 \over 3}$C7H8 ($1{\cdot}{2 \over 3}$CHCl$_{3}{\cdot}{1 \over 3}$C7H8) were obtained from a mixture of chloroform and toluene (1:1) at −20 °C. The compound crystallizes in the space group R3 c with Z = 18. The metal atom shows an almost ideal tetrahedral coordination, as is demonstrated by the OTiO angles of 108.4(1)–111.1(1)°. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of Monte Carlo simulations to study the effect of poor compliance on the steady state concentrations of valproic acid following administration of enteric‐coated and extended release divalproex sodium formulations
Authors: Ahmad Alaa M. , Douglas Boudinot F. , Barr William H. , Reed Ronald C. , Garnett William R. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDivalproex sodium extended‐release (Depakote® ER) is a once daily (QD) formulation for valproic acid that was developed to improve patient compliance and to reduce side effects compared with the standard twice‐daily (BID) delayed release (DR) formulation (Depakote® tablets). However, there are concerns of potential sub‐therapeutic concentrations following delayed or missed doses or toxic concentrations with replacement doses for the ER and DR formulations. Simulations can be used to investigate the effect of poor compliance on drug concentrations, which may not be possible to do in a study population for ethical or practical reasons. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the effect of different patterns of poor compliance on ER QD and DR BID were systematically characterized. Non‐linear binding of valproic acid to albumin was incorporated into the model, and the results were based on total and unbound VPA for comparison. The effect of poor compliance is less significant on DR BID compared with ER QD. Dosing recommendations in the case of a missed or delayed dose are both formulation and dose dependent. Since total VPA concentrations show higher inter‐individual variability and tend to under‐estimate the effect of poor compliance; the use of unbound VPA concentrations may offer an advantage in therapeutic monitoring. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Eg5 Inhibitors
Authors: Sarli Vasiliki , Huemmer Stefan , Sunder‐Plassmann Nils , Mayer Thomas U. , Giannis Athanassios 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHuman Eg5 is a mitotic kinesin that is essential for bipolar spindle formation and maintenance during mitosis. Recently, the discovery of compounds that inhibit Eg5 and cause mitotic arrest has attracted great interest, due to their potential use as the next generation of antimitotics. Here, we present the synthesis and biological investigation of 3,4‐dihydrophenylquinazoline‐2(1H)‐thiones as selective and potent Eg5 inhibitors.
Easy Oxidation and Nitration of Human Myoglobin by Nitrite and Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Nicolis Stefania , Pennati Andrea , Perani Eleonora , Monzani Enrico , Sanangelantoni Anna Maria , Casella Luigi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe modification of human myoglobin (HMb) by reaction with nitrite and hydrogen peroxide has been investigated. This reaction is important because NO2− and H2O2 are formed in vivo under conditions of oxidative and nitrative stress, where protein derivatization has been often observed. The abundance of HMb in tissues and in the heart makes it a potential source and target of reactive species generated in the body. The oxidant and nitrating species produced by HMb/H2O2/NO2− are nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrite, which can react with exogenous substrates and endogenous protein residues. Tandem mass analysis of HMb modified by stoichiometric amounts of H2O2 and NO2− indicated the presence of two endogenous derivatizations: oxidation of C110 to sulfinic acid (76 %) and nitration of Y103 to 3‐nitrotyrosine (44 %). When higher concentrations of NO2− and H2O2 were used, nitration of Y146 and of the heme were also observed. The two‐dimensional gel‐electrophoretic analysis of the modified HMbs showed spots more acidic than that of wild‐type HMb, a result in agreement with the formation of sulfinic acid and nitrotyrosine residues. By contrast, the reaction showed no evidence for the formation of protein homodimers, as observed in the reaction of HMb with H2O2 alone. Both HMb and the modified HMb are active in the H2O2/NO2−‐dependent nitration of exogenous phenols. Their catalytic activity is quite similar and the endogenous modifications of HMb therefore have little effect on the reactivity of the protein intermediates.
Synthesis, X‐ray Crystal Structure and Thermal Decomposition Character of Semicarbazidium 3,5‐Dihydroxy‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenolate Hemihydrate
Authors: Hong‐Yan Chen , Tong‐Lai Zhang , Jian‐Guo Zhang 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA new compound, semicarbazidium 3,5‐dihydroxy‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenolate hemihydrate (SCDHTNP·0.5H2O), was synthesized by the reaction of the aqueous solutions of semicarbazide with trinitrophloroglucinol. Its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, DSC and TG‐DTG techniques. The crystal is monoclinic with space group P2C1/n and the empirical formula C7H9N6O10.50. The unit cell parameters are: a=1.3791(3) nm, b=0.9256(2) nm, c=2.0468(4) nm, β=106.93(3)°, V=2.4995(9) nm3, Z=8, Dc=1.835 g/cm3, Mr=345.20, F(000)=1416, s=0.945, μ(Mo Kα)=0.174 mm‐1. The final R and wR are 0.0401 and 0.0896. Its structure consists of two semicarbazidium cations, two 3,5‐dihydroxy‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenolate anions and one crystal water molecule, which are interconnected by electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds into layer structure, making the title compound very stable. Under a linear heating rate, the thermal decomposition processes of SCDHTNP·0.5H2O have one endothermal dehydration stage and two intensive exothermic decomposition stages at 178‐241°C to evolve abundant gas products.