bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface modifications of Ti6Al4V by a picosecond Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Trtica M.S. , Radak B.B. , Gakovic B.M. , Milovanovic D.S. , Batani D. , Desai T. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractInteraction of a Nd:YAG laser, operating at wavelengths of 1064 nm (23.6 J cm−2 fluence) or 532 nm (25.9 J cm−2 fluence), and pulse duration of 40 ps, with a titanium-based medical implant Ti6Al4V alloy was studied. Surface damage thresholds were estimated to be 0.9 J cm−2 and 0.25 J cm−2 at laser wavelengths 1064 nm and 532 nm, respectively. At both laser wavelengths, the energy absorbed was mostly converted into thermal energy, forming craters, albeit about 50 times deeper at 1064 nm than at 532 nm. Periodic surface structures (PSS) were also formed with both laser wavelengths, concentric, and radial at micrometer scale (3 µm to 15 µm period), parallel at nanometer scale (800 nm period with the 1064 nm laser, 400 nm with the 532 nm laser). In the case of the 532 nm laser, the concentric structures enlarge their period with accumulating laser pulse count. These features can help roughening of the implant surface and improve bio-compatibility.
Mean specific intensity of radiation in cylindrical and spherical plasmas
Authors: Fisher V.I. , Almiev I.R. , Weingarten L.L. , Maron Y. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe present an easy-to-use formula for mean (space- and direction-average) specific intensity of radiation in uniform spherical and cylindrical plasmas, which are not under external irradiation. This formula has high accuracy in any spectral interval dν taken in continuum as well as within a spectral line of any profile, including overlapping lines and lines on a pedestal of intense continuum in any spectral range. The formula considerably accelerates self-consistent computations of the radiation field and the distribution of ions over their ionization degrees and quantum states. It may also be used for computations of any radiation dependent-quantity, for example, the photoionization probability.
The Content of Political Participation: Letters to the Editor and the People Who Write Them
Authors: Cooper Christopher , Knotts H. Gibbs , Haspel Moshe 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTLetters to the editor are an important but poorly understood form of voluntary political participation. To learn more about the content of letters to the editor and the characteristics of the people who write them we conducted a content analysis of 1,415 randomly selected printed letters from eight newspapers from 2002 to 2005. We also matched the letter writers from our sample to demographic and political information contained in a state voterfile.
Measuring Governance and Corruption through the Worldwide
Governance Indicators: Critiques, Responses, and Ongoing Scholarly
Discussion
Authors: Apaza Carmen R. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTSince 1996 the World Bank Institute and the Research Department of
the World Bank have been developing six governance indicators called
the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). The six dimensions of
governance include control of corruption, measuring perceptions on
corruption. Based on the literature review as well as the data
itself, this paper concludes that the conceptual and empirical
issues on building governance indicators constitute an ongoing
project.
Gladiator, Violence, and the Founding of
a Republic
Authors: Thomassen Lasse 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTRidley Scott's 2000 film
Gladiator presents a view of the transition
from dictatorship to the republic that one also finds in the
discourses of certain political leaders today. I argue that we can
learn about violence and the founding of a republic from an analysis
and, especially, a critique of Gladiator.
Creating Political Order: Maintaining Student Engagement
through Reacting to the Past
Authors: Lightcap Tracy 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTSurveys indicate that there is more interest today in politics among
college students than has been the case in the recent past. This
article describes a multidisciplinary freshman seminar aimed at
using that interest to promote student engagement and the Reacting
to the Past simulations at the course's center.
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Teaching International
Law: Using the Tools of the Law School Classroom in Political
Science
Authors: Zartner Dana 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTAs the world has grown more interconnected, many political science
programs have added courses on international law, international
organizations, the laws of war and peace, international human
rights, and comparative judicial politics. While in many cases these
are relatively new offerings within international studies, all of
these subjects have long been part of the law school curriculum.
There is, therefore, a long pedagogical history to be examined in
terms of the techniques and content used in law schools to teach
these courses. This paper examines a number of these techniques and
discusses how they may be used in political science courses to
enhance student learning opportunities.
Teaching Wisdom to Interest: Book Five of Plato's
Republic
Authors: Lukes Timothy J. , Scudder Mary F. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTWe suggest that Book Five of the Republic, where
Plato discusses the status of women in the guardian class, is a
superb source of Platonic insight. For it is precisely the
discussion of women that is most vulnerable to co-optation by the
modern vernacular of interest, a vernacular to which the
Republic is vehemently opposed. If students
come to appreciate an alternative perspective regarding this most
sensitive of modern issues, the full impact of the Socratic approach
is available to them.
Out of Cite! How Reference Managers Are Taking Research
to the Next Level
Authors: Muldrow Jason , Yoder Stephen 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTTimes change, and so do research methods; gone are the days of
researching with index cards. While academics may be slow to adopt
emerging citation technology, the reference manager field is blazing
ahead. This article explains what reference managers are, addresses
their emergence in and potential impact on academe, and profiles a
newcomer to the field: Zotero. We close by surveying and contrasting
Zotero's features with those of its staunchest competitors: EndNote
and RefWorks.
THE 2008 CAMPAIGN AND THE FORECASTS
DERAILED
Authors: Campbell James E. 
Published: January 2009

The October 2008 issue of PS published a symposium
of presidential and congressional forecasts made in the summer
leading up to the election. This article is an assessment of the
accuracy of their models.On September 8, 2008, the Trial-heat Forecasting Model predicted that
in-party candidate Senator John McCain would receive 52.7% of the
national two-party popular presidential vote. The forecast of a
victory of modest proportions for Senator McCain reflected his
having a five-percentage-point lead over Senator Barack Obama in
Gallup's early September, post-convention poll (49% to 44%) and the
Bureau of Economic Analysis' August report of a 3.3% GDP growth rate
in the second quarter of the year, about average for a second
quarter election year economy.
THE PRIMARY MODEL IN 2008
Authors: Norpoth Helmut 
Published: January 2009

The October 2008 issue of PS published a symposium
of presidential and congressional forecasts made in the summer
leading up to the election. This article is an assessment of the
accuracy of their models.The Primary Model predicted that Barack Obama would win a narrow
victory with 50.1% of the major-party vote. Obama surpassed that
forecast by just a little more than one standard error (2.5). How
come the model came as close as it did with a forecast issued as
early as January? What prevented it from coming even closer? And
what might be done to improve the model?
RACE BLUNTS THE ECONOMIC EFFECT? THE 2008 OBAMA
FORECAST
Authors: Lewis-Beck Michael S. , Tien Charles 
Published: January 2009

The October 2008 issue of PS published a symposium
of presidential and congressional forecasts made in the summer
leading up to the election. This article is an assessment of the
accuracy of their models.In summer 2008, our Jobs Model forecast a Democratic presidential
candidate two-party popular vote share of 56.6%, which would deliver
the incumbent party the biggest defeat of any post-World War II
contest (Lewis-Beck and Tien 2008). However, we argued, from our analysis of
different experimental and observational evidence, that this
unprecedented victory would be prevented by racially intolerant
voters. We estimated the net racial cost of being a black candidate
and corrected our overall forecast downward to 50.1% for Barack
Obama. The unparalleled economic crisis, initiated after the release
of our summer forecasts, prompted a reconsideration; the unique
shock to the economy was no ordinary campaign perturbation. We
calculated that the ensuing boost to anti-incumbent economic voting
would add approximately two percentage points to the opposition;
therefore, we issued a public revision of our forecast to 52.0 % for
Obama (Lewis-Beck 2008).
We are pleased that this final forecast fell so close to the actual
result of 53.5%. Nevertheless, we contend the actual result should
have been much closer to our original forecast. Given the dismal
state of the polity and the economy prior to the election, the Obama
victory should have been much bigger, as we show below.
THE ECONOMY AND THE PRESIDENTIAL VOTE IN
2008
Authors: Erikson Robert S. , Wlezien Christopher 
Published: January 2009

The October 2008 issue of PS published a symposium
of presidential and congressional forecasts made in the summer
leading up to the election. This article is an assessment of the
accuracy of their models.Prior to the 2008 presidential election we provided forecasts of the
final vote relying on a model containing only two variables: (1) the
cumulated weighted growth in leading economic indicators (LEI)
through the thirteenth quarter of the sitting president's term; and
(2) the incumbent party candidate's share in the most recent
trial-heat polls. The novelty is the reliance on the advanced
reading of the economy from the quarter ending in March of the
election year. (The exact equation and the exact forecast change as
the poll readings get closer to the election.) Our final forecast
(Erikson and Wlezien 2008)
based on trial-heat polls in August was that Barack Obama would win
52.2% of the two-party popular vote. This turned out to be quite
close to the Election Day outcome of 53.5% (as of December 2), a
little more than one percentage point above what we predicted.
INCUMBENCY, NATIONAL CONDITIONS, AND THE 2008
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Authors: Holbrook Thomas 
Published: January 2009

The October 2008 issue of PS published a symposium
of presidential and congressional forecasts made in the summer
leading up to the election. This article is an assessment of the
accuracy of their models.The Incumbency and National Conditions Model predicted that John
McCain would receive 44.3% of the two-party presidential vote; he
ended up with 46.6% (at this writing, November 13, 2008), yielding a
prediction error of 2.4 points. This error is slightly smaller than
the mean absolute value of the out-of-sample forecasts from 1952 to
2004 (2.68), so the 2008 election result is not anomalous in the
context of this model. The addition to the model of the 2008 outcome
does not generate many important changes to the coefficients, except
that the significance of incumbency interaction went from 0.08 to
0.02 and the standard error and adjusted R2 of the model
both indicate a slight improvement in fit.
Timing is everything: Antiretroviral nonadherence is associated with impairment in time-based prospective memory
Authors: WOODS STEVEN PAUL , DAWSON MATTHEW S. , WEBER ERICA , GIBSON SARAH , GRANT IGOR , ATKINSON J. HAMPTON ,   THE HIV NEUROBEHAVIORAL RESEARCH CENTER GROUP
Published: January 2009

AbstractNonadherence to combination antiretroviral (ARV) therapies (cART) is highly prevalent and significantly increases the risk of adverse human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease outcomes. The current study evaluated the hypothesis that prospective memory—a dissociable aspect of episodic memory describing the ability to execute a future intention—plays an important role in successful cART adherence. Seventy-nine individuals with HIV infection who were prescribed at least one ARV medication underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological and neuromedical evaluation prior to completing a 1-month observation of their cART adherence as measured by electronic medication monitoring. Nonadherent individuals (n= 31) demonstrated significantly poorer prospective memory functioning as compared to adherent persons (n= 48), particularly on an index of time-based ProM (i.e., elevated loss of time errors). Deficits in time-based prospective memory were independently predictive of cART nonadherence, even after considering the possible influence of established predictors of adherence, such as general cognitive impairment (e.g., retrospective learning and memory) and psychiatric comorbidity (e.g., depression). These findings extend a nascent literature showing that impairment in time-based prospective memory significantly increases the risk of medication nonadherence and therefore may guide the development of novel strategies for intervention. (JINS, 2009,15, 42–52.)
Emotional incontinence and executive function in ischemic stroke: A case-controlled study
Authors: TANG W.K. , CHEN YANGKUN , LAM WYNNIE W.M. , MOK VINCENT , WONG ADRIAN , UNGVARI GABOR S. , XIANG Y.T. , WONG KA SING 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFrontal and basal ganglia infarcts and executive dysfunction are thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of poststroke emotional incontinence (PSEI). The study examined whether patients with PSEI have more frontal and/or basal ganglia infarcts and impairment in executive function. A total of 516 Chinese patients with acute ischemic stroke consecutively admitted to the acute stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong were screened for PSEI 3 months after the index stroke. According to Kim’s criteria, 39 (7.6%) had PSEI. Thirty-nine stroke patients without PSEI served as matched control group. The PSEI group had significantly more frontal and/or basal ganglia infarcts, had lower Chinese Frontal Assessment Battery scores, required more time to complete the Stroop Test, and made more omission and commission errors in the Go–NoGo test. There was no significant correlation between frontal or basal ganglia infarcts and executive function. The correlation between frontal infarct and severity of PSEI was .420. Further follow-up and functional imaging studies are warranted to explore the relationship between PSEI, brain infarcts, and executive dysfunction. (JINS, 2009, 15, 62–68.)
Sustained attention is associated with left ventricular ejection fraction in older adults with heart disease
Authors: JERSKEY BETH A. , COHEN RONALD A. , JEFFERSON ANGELA L. , HOTH KARIN F. , HALEY ANDREANA P. , GUNSTAD JOHN J. , FORMAN DANIEL E. , SWEET LAWRENCE H. , POPPAS ATHENA 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPoor cardiac pumping efficiency has shown to lead to cognitive impairments in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The current study examined the relationship between left ventricular ejection fraction and sustained attention and inhibitory processes measured by the Adaptive Rate Continuous Performance Task and the Go/No-go test. Participants were 67 older outpatients (age 68.5 ± 7.4) with a range of CVD. Associations between cognition and ejection fraction were examinedvialinear regression analysis. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that lower ejection fraction is significantly associated with decrements in sustained attention and vigilance. Overall, the results provide support for the hypothesis that a change in cardiac pumping leads to decrements in some aspects of attention; however, inhibitory processes are relatively spared. (JINS, 2009,15, 137–141.)
The cognitive effects of hepatitis C in the presence and absence of a history of substance use disorder
Authors: HUCKANS MARILYN , SEELYE ADRIANA , PARCEL TIFFANY , MULL LISA , WOODHOUSE JONATHAN , BJORNSON DANELL , FULLER BRET E. , LOFTIS JENNIFER M. , MORASCO BENJAMIN J. , SASAKI ANNA W. , STORZBACH DANIEL , HAUSER PETER 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine whether infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with cognitive impairment beyond the effects of prevalent comorbidities and a history of substance use disorder (SUD). Adult veterans were recruited from the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center into three groups: (1) HCV+/SUD+ (n = 39), (2) HCV+/SUD− (n = 24), and (3) HCV−/SUD− (n = 56). SUD+ participants were in remission for ≥90 days, while SUD− participants had no history of SUD. Groups did not significantly differ in terms of rates of psychiatric or medical comorbidities. Procedures included clinical interviews, medical record reviews, and neuropsychological testing. Significant group differences were found in the domains of Verbal Memory, Auditory Attention, Speeded Visual Information Processing, and Reasoning/Mental Flexibility (p ≤ .05). Post hoc comparisons indicated that HCV+/SUD− patients performed significantly worse than HCV−/SUD− controls on tests measuring verbal learning, auditory attention, and reasoning/mental flexibility, but only HCV+/SUD+ patients did worse than HCV−/SUD− controls on tests of speeded visual information processing. Results indicate that chronic HCV is associated with cognitive impairment in the absence of a history of SUD. The most robust deficits appear to be in verbal learning and reasoning/mental flexibility. (JINS, 2009, 15, 69–82.)
Task switching in mild cognitive impairment: Switch and nonswitch costs
Authors: SCHMITTER-EDGECOMBE MAUREEN , SANDERS CHAD 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe ability to switch rapidly and fluidly between tasks is an important component of many everyday activities. In this study, we used a predictable, externally cued task-switching paradigm to investigate executive control processes in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants were 26 individuals with amnestic MCI and 26 healthy older adult (OA) controls. In the mixed-task trials, participants switched between classifying whether a digit was odd/even or a letter was a consonant/vowel on every fourth trial. In the single-task trials, participants completed only the digit task or letter task throughout the entire block. Task switching costs were decomposed intononswitch costs, which reflect the dual nature of the task, andswitch costs, which reflect set-shifting abilities. The results revealed that the MCI group was not affected more than the healthy OAs by the requirement of keeping two tasks sets active in working memory (nonswitch costs). In contrast, the cost of switching between the two tasks was significantly greater for the MCI group compared with the OA controls (switch costs). Future research is needed to better understand the nature and implications for daily living of the greater switch costs found for individuals with MCI. (JINS, 2009,15, 103–111.)
Diagnostic utility of the NAB List Learning test in Alzheimer’s disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Authors: GAVETT BRANDON E. , POON SABRINA J. , OZONOFF AL , JEFFERSON ANGELA L. , NAIR ANIL K. , GREEN ROBERT C. , STERN ROBERT A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMeasures of episodic memory are often used to identify Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) List Learning test is a promising tool for the memory assessment of older adults due to its simplicity of administration, good psychometric properties, equivalent forms, and extensive normative data. This study examined the diagnostic utility of the NAB List Learning test for differentiating cognitively healthy, MCI, and AD groups. One hundred fifty-three participants (age: range, 57–94 years;M= 74 years;SD,8 years; sex: 61% women) were diagnosed by a multidisciplinary consensus team as cognitively normal, amnestic MCI (aMCI; single and multiple domain), or AD, independent of NAB List Learning performance. In univariate analyses, receiver operating characteristics curve analyses were conducted for four demographically-corrected NAB List Learning variables. Additionally, multivariate ordinal logistic regression and fivefold cross-validation was used to create and validate a predictive model based on demographic variables and NAB List Learning test raw scores. At optimal cutoff scores, univariate sensitivity values ranged from .58 to .92 and univariate specificity values ranged from .52 to .97. Multivariate ordinal regression produced a model that classified individuals with 80% accuracy and good predictive power. (JINS, 2009,15, 121–129.)
Dimensions of postconcussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injuries
Authors: AYR LAUREN K. , YEATES KEITH OWEN , TAYLOR H. GERRY , BROWNE MICHAEL 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe dimensions of postconcussive symptoms (PCS) were examined in a prospective, longitudinal study of 186 8 to 15 year old children with mild traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Parents and children completed a 50-item questionnaire within 2 weeks of injury and again at 3 months after injury, rating the frequency of PCS on a 4-point scale. Common factor analysis with target rotation was used to rotate the ratings to four hypothesized dimensions, representing cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. The rotated factor matrix for baseline parent ratings was consistent with the target matrix. The rotated matrix for baseline child ratings was consistent with the target matrix for cognitive and somatic symptoms but not for emotional and behavioral symptoms. The rotated matrices for ratings obtained 3 months after injury were largely consistent with the target matrix derived from analyses of baseline ratings, except that parent ratings of behavioral symptoms did not cluster as before. Parent and child ratings of PCS following mild TBI yield consistent factors reflecting cognitive and somatic symptom dimensions, but dimensions of emotional and behavioral symptoms are less robust across time and raters. (JINS, 2009, 15, 19–30.)
Viral lysis of Phaeocystis pouchetii: Implications for algal population dynamics and heterotrophic C, N and P cycling
Authors: Haaber Jakob , Middelboe Mathias 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A model ecosystem with two autotrophic flagellates, Phaeocystis pouchetii and Rhodomonas salina, a virus specific to P. pouchetii (PpV) and bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates was used to investigate effects of viral lysis on algal population dynamics and heterotrophic nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization. Lysis of P. pouchetii by PpV had strong positive effects on bacterial and HNF abundance, and the mass balance of C, N and P suggested an efficient transfer of organic material from P. pouchetii to bacterial and HNF biomass through viral lysis. At the same time, the degradation of P. pouchetii lysates was associated with significant regeneration of inorganic N and P resulting in 148 μg N l−1 and 7 μg P l−1, corresponding to 78% and 26% of lysate N and P being mineralized to NH4+ and PO43−, respectively. These results showed that the turnover of viral lysates in the microbial food web was associated with significant N and P mineralization, supporting the current view that viral lysates can be an important source of inorganic nutrients in marine systems. In the presence of R. salina, the generated NH4+ supported 11% of the observed R. salina growth. Regrowth of virus-resistant P. pouchetii following cell lysis was observed in long-term incubations (150 days), and possibly influenced by nutrient availability and competition from R. salina. The observed impact of viral activity on autotrophic and heterotrophic processes provides direct experimental evidence for virus-driven nutrient generation and emphasizes the potential importance of the viral activity in supporting marine primary production.