bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipids in soil
Authors: Stevenson F. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAs much as 20% of soil humus occurs in the form of lipids. High values are characteristic of Podzol soils and highmoor peats. Lipids of the following types are known to be present: paraffin hydrocarbons, phospholipids, fats, waxes, fatty acids, and terpenoids. A long list of compounds have been reported; the identification of many of them require confirmation using modern analytical techniques. Some of the lipids known to occur in soil have phytotoxic properties; these may have a depressing effect on seed germination and on root and shoot growth. Waxes and similar materials may be responsible for the difficultly wettable condition of certain sands.
Alkanes in aqueous systems. I. Exploratory investigations on the accommodation of C20蜢C33 n‐alkanes in distilled water and occurrence in natural water systems
Authors: Peake E. , Hodgson G. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn order to understand more fully the mechanisms by which hydrocarbons may be mobilized for the ultimate formation of oil fields, the n‐alkane content of several aqueous systems was measured. Both laboratory and natural systems were studied.Exploratory measurements by gas liquid chromatography of total C20 to C33 n‐alkanes accommodated in distilled water, alkaline solutions, and solutions containing surfactants fell in the range of 1 to 10 mg/1. Millipore filtration markedly reduced the alkane content with a filter of 0.05 ॖ pore size removing as much as 97% of the accommodated alkanes. Alkaline solutions accommodated higher quantities of alkanes than the distilled water, but the addition of surfactants had little further effect.Natural waters had low total C20 to C33 n‐alkane content. Samples of surface waters showed values of 0.2 ॖg/1 in sea water, 0.5 ॖg/1 in lake waters, and 1.5 ॖg/1 in a river water.Coproduced oil field waters generally had a slightly higher n‐alkane content with values of 1 to 1.4 ॖg/1.Waters expressed from recent lake sediments contained up to 50 ॖg/1 of total C20蜢C33 n‐alkanes. Addition of sodium bicarbonate and surfactants to the sediment prior to expressing water had little or no effect.The data presented appear to be of geochemical significance as they indicate that water has the capacity to accommodate significant quantities of n‐alkanes in a distribution remarkably similar to that of alkanes in the reference crude oil of A.P.I. Project 6.
Chemical reactions involved in the catalytic hydrogenation of oils. III. Further identification of volatile by‐products
Authors: Kawada Tsukasa , Mookherjee B. D. , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo distinct types of hydrogenation flavor may originate from catalytic hydrogenation of fats and oils. One is the characteristic flavor developed during hydrogenation. After it is removed by deodorization, the second type of hydrogenation flavor may develop during the storage of the bland deodorized hydrogenated fat.The precursors of the characteristic flavor developed during catalytic hydrogenation were demonstrated as the hydroperoxides of the unsaturated fatty esters. A total of 37 compounds was chemically identified by the combination of infrared and mass spectrometry as the major components of the volatile by‐products developed during catalytic hydrogenation of soybean oil with nickel as catalyst. Out of the 37 compounds, 14 were hydrocarbons, eight were alcohols, one was an ester, four were aldehydes, eight were ketones, and two were lactones. The seven largest peaks of the gas chromatogram of the volatile by‐products were all alcohols and hydrocarbons. It was concluded that the characteristic flavor developed during catalytic hydrogenation appears to be due to the higher members of the aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols and the lactones.
Effect of composition and polymorphic form on the hardness of fats
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Guice Wilma A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryHardness is an important index in the performance of confectionery and other fats.Using an instrument and technique which were essentially a modification of those used in the Brinell test as applied to metals, the effect of composition and polymorphic form on the hardness of fats was investigated.It was found that the hardness of a given sample of fat was influenced by the degree of tempering to which the sample had been subjected. Hardness always increased as the components of a fat were converted to higher‐melting polymorphs. However the hardest test specimens were not obtained with the highest tempering temperatures. Presumably the use of too high a temperature in tempering melted some of the lowermelting polymorphs and allowed them to resolidify in larger crystals producing a softer matrix.Adding progressively larger amounts of one fat to another generally increased or decreased the hardness of the mixture in a more or less uniform manner. Adding small amounts of liquid oil to a hard fat greatly decreased the hardness index.Apparently the hardness index of a given fat decreases as the crystal size increases. It is believed that fats containing a sizable proportion of liquid component will become softer on prolonged storage because the presence of the liquid component makes possible a gradual increase in crystal size.
The determination of conjugatedcis‐trans andtrans‐trans methyl octadecadienoates by infrared spectrometry
Authors: Chipault J. R. , Hawkins J. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryPure conjugated methylcis‐trans andtrans‐trans octadecadienoates have been prepared and used to develop a method for the determination of these compounds by infrared spectrometry.Cis‐trans compounds alone or in the presence oftrans‐trans conjugation may be determined directly by the absorption at 10.55 μ. In the absence ofcis‐trans isomers conjugatedtrans‐trans octadienoates may be determined directly from the absorption at 10.11 μ. When both types of compounds are present however, a correction must be applied for the contribution of thecis‐trans isomers to the 10.11 μ absorption of thetrans‐trans material.
The preparation and properties of some urethane foams from castor oil and elaidinized castor oil
Authors: Yeadon D. A. , Markezich A. R. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe preparation and properties of two series of castor oil urethane foams, one from castor oil and the other from elaidinized castor oil, were investigated. The first series of foams was made from prepolymers containing 60% of castor oil prepared at increasing temperature levels to vary the degree of crosslinking in the final foams. These foams had lower tensile strengths than observed for a previously prepared foam of 60% castor oil and did not show significant differences in water resistance as crosslinking varied. They were increased nearly 100% in compressive strength with increased crosslinking and had very good shrinkage characteristics as values of only 1 to 2% were obtained.A second series of foams was prepared from 50, 60, 70, and 80% of elaidinized castor oil to compare with foams from a similar series from castor oil. This series of foams of 50 to 80% elaidinized castor oil contents was similar in density (1.7 to 6.7 lbs./cu. ft.), had improved shrinkage characteristics (11, 1, 3, and 4%, respectively), showed increased compressive and tensile strengths (up to 12.1 p.s.i. at 50% compression modulus and 34.7 p.s.i. ultimate tensile for the 60% foam formulation), and had better water‐resistance properties (411 to 155%vs. 515 to 170% water absorption) than the analogous foams from castor oil. In general, humid aging only slightly affected the values obtained for the foams and was significant in only a few instances,e.g., decreased tensile in the elaidinized castor oil series.Thus increasing crosslinks in the foam apparently did not improve water resistance but did improve shrinkage characteristics in addition to some increased strength properties, as would be anticipated. Foams from elaidinized castor oil, while similar in density and foaming characteristics to analogous foams from castor oil, exhibited less shrinkage and improved water‐resistance.
Alternation of melting points in homologous series of long‐chain compounds
Authors: Larsson Kȩre 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe different possibilities of stacking of layers in long‐chain compounds have been analyzed with reference to structural differences between even and odd members of homologous series. It has been possible to correlate packing differences with alternation of melting points and explain the alternation behavior completely on this basis. The theory can also be applied to surface films and mesomorphous phases. Alternation of en‐antiotropic transition temperatures and other physical properties are also discussed.
A miniature dishwashing evaluation method
Authors: Anstett R. M. , Schuck E. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new procedure for evaluating dishwashing products has been developed. Good precision and favorable correlation with older methods ar obtained with minimum requirements of manpower, time and materials.Hydrogenated vegetable oil shortening proves to be an ideal soil for dishaashing evaluation if the physical state of the soil is carefully controlled. With such control, it is seen that dishwashing performance is a linear function of detergent concentration. Fatty soil and its effect on foam is discussed and compared with other soils. Variations of evaluation results with water hardness are described.
Some derivatives of 5‐eicosenoic acid
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Sumrell Gene 
Published: June 2007

Abstractcis‐5‐Eicosenoic acid and its methyl ester have been epoxidized. Preparation of an hydroxylactone through lactonizaton of both the 5,6‐epoxy acid and the 5,6‐dihydroxy acid has been investigated. 5‐Eicosenoic acid has also been converted to े‐lactone through use of perchloric orp‐toluenesulfonic acid. The preparation of several other related new compounds is described.
Key operations in the wet‐rendering of peanut for the isolation of protein, oil and starch
Authors: Eapen K. E. , Kalbag S. S. , Subrahmanyan V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeparation of oil and suspended solids from peanut slurry are two important interdependent operations in wet rendering of peanuts. A 3‐way centrifuge cannot be used efficiently for the separation of the different phases due to the large volume of fibrous suspended solids in peanut slurry. Removal of suspended solids from the slurry by filtration is too slow and incomplete, as the fine particles tend to block the screen. The alternative method of centrifugal sedimentation of the suspended solids causes emulsification of the oil and results in the inefficient separation of the oil. It is shown in the paper that efficiency of the separation of oil and carbohydrate fraction from peanut by wet rendering method depends on careful conditioning of the seed.
Comparisons of the fatty acid content of cottonseed oil used in glass and iron pans
Authors: Kilgore Lois 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA half of each of 20 chickens was fried in cottonseed oil in an iron pan and the opposite halves were fried in cottonseed oil in a glass ceramic pan. Oil was reused with replenishing additions of fresh oil until ten chicken halves had been fried. In a separate experiment oil was heated intermittently in glass or in iron pans until it had been heated for a total of 47 1/2 hours. The linoleic acid content of the oil (determined chromatographically) decreased significantly with heating or frying. Oil aliquots from the iron pans were not statistically different from aliquots (treated alike) taken from the glass pans.
A method for adsorbent fractionation of cottonseed oil for experimental intravenous fat emulsions
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Brown M. L. , Zeringue H. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResults of animal screening tests of emulsified cottonseed oils of the glanded and glandless varieties justify attributing some of the undesirable effects to pigments and minor polar component. A bleaching earth‐alumina fractionation method for removal of pigments and polar components of cottonseed oil was developed whereby the triglyceride portion was obtained as an essentially pure, water‐white fraction. Bleaching earth and chromatographic alumina when used in sequence were very satisfactory adsorbents, at concentrations of 20 wt % of earth and a 1‐to‐1 wt ratio of alumina‐to‐oil. Thin‐layer chromatography indicated the presence of sterol esters in the fractionated oil, but no polar components were detected.
A gas chromatographic method for measuring rancidity in vegetable oils
Authors: Scholz R. G. , Ptak L. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple gas chromatographic procedure was developed for measuring the degree of rancidity in cottonseed oil and other vegetable oils. The procedure employs and internal standard for quantitating the amount ofn‐pentane in the oil samples and relates this quantity to organoleptic panel tests. The precision is good, and the results correlate well with panel tests. The procedure is very sensitive to detection and quantitation of oxidative changes in oils. Its use minimizes manipulation of the sample and thus avoids alteration of the rancidification products or the state of oxidation.
Occurrence and inheritance of linolenic and linoleic acids in soybean seeds
Authors: White H. B. , Quackenbush F. W. , Probst A. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe range of linolenic acid in the oil from 251 field‐grown varieties and introductions of soybeans was 4.89 to 9.28% and that of linoleic, 35.8 to 53.4%.Crosses of varieties and introductions “high” and “low” linolenic acid indicated that inheritance of both acids was quantitative rather than qualitative. Transgressive segregation, particularly to low values, was observed occasionally. However 3.35% was the lowest linolenic acid value observed. Environmental effects markedly influenced the quantity of both acids.F2 plants from one cross (P.I.80476×P.I.85671), grown in the greenhouse, showed a dissimilar type of frequency distribution for the two acids but a significant positive correlation (P<1%) between their percentages. A similar relation was not detected for field‐grown plants.
Analyses of lipids and oxidation products by partition chromatography. Fatty acid hydroperoxides
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Evans C. D. , Mcconnell D. G. , Jones E. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA liquid partition chromatographic method was developed to isolated and determine hydroperoxides in autoxidized fatty acids or their methyl esters. By the use of benzene containing 2 to 4% methanol as the mobile solvent, the hydroperoxides were separated from unoxidized fatty acids or methyl esters and from secondary and polymeric decomposition products. In the analyses of oxidized fatty acids, diethyl ether was necessary to elute the secondary decomposition products.Saponification of autoxidized fatty esters destroyed the peroxides as determined iodometrically, but the resulting acids contained a fraction which was eluted in the same position as hydroperoxide acids. Evidence showed that this fraction is a monomeric hydroxy fatty acid containing conjugated cis‐traux and trans‐trans unsaturation.Fatty ester hydroperoxides were isolated chromatographically in yields and purity comparable to those reported in the literature by countercurrent distribution. The concentrations of methyl linoleate hydroperoxide determined chromatographically were smaller than indicated by the peroxide value and diene conjugation of the autoxidized methyl linoleate.
New information on the morphology of the gossypol pigment gland of cottonseed
Authors: Moore Anna T. , Rollins Mary L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExploratory electron microscope studies of the cottonseed pigment gland demonstrate a complex internal structure in which discrete particles ranging in size from one micron to less than 0.2 micron diameter are held within a membranous meshlike network. This structure is extremely sensitive to water, and it may be the rapid swelling of the network which results in the explosive release of pigment particles from the gland on exposure to moisture. Pigment particles are spherical, of a wide range of diameters, and exhibit no birefringence in the gland or when extruded. Calculations of specific surface based on sizes of particles and density of purified gossypol (1.34) indicate surface area per gram of gossypol particles of the order of 8 square meters. Further work is indicated to determine details of the structure of the platelets, which constitute the wall of the gland, and to establish the relationship of gossypol and gossypurpurin to morphological features within the gland.
Cyclic fatty acids: Removal of aromatic acids formed during hydrogenation
Authors: Eisenhauer R. A. , Beal R. E. , Black L. T. , Friedrich J. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMonomeric fatty acids derived from the alkali treatment of linseed oil at temperatures above 200C contain cyclic (1,2‐disubstituted cyclohexadiene) and straight‐chain fatty acids. Hydrogenation converts cyclic to liquid, saturated cyclic acids that can be recovered in a pure state by crystallization. During hydrogenation (palladium catalyst) some of the unsaturated cyclic acids form aromatic fatty acids by loss of hydrogen and under some conditions are not subsequently hydrogenated. It was necessary to establish conditions for complete hydrogenation since color and oxidative stability at high temperature are inversely related to aromatic content. Previously, the preparation of cyclic acids free of aromatic acids was by hydrogenation in the presence of a high concentration of acetic acid. A further study of reaction variables established conditions to make saturated cyclic fatty acids free of aromatic without acetic acid. Factors favoring the elimination of aromatic acids include a high catalyst concentration, high temperature and pressure, good hydrogen dispersion in the liquid and good agitation.
Resume of total operation of waste treatment facility for animal and vegetable oil refinery
Authors: Seng W. C. , Kreutzer G. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA 2 year study in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has been conducted to define and treat effluent from one of Swift’s edible oil refineries. As a result of this study, the existing treatment system was modified to produce effluent suitable for discharge to the Kankakee, Ill., sanitary district and at the same time eliminate surcharges and the need for a lagoon. The treatment system consists of a skim tank which is cathodically protected, automatic pH and chemical addition control, and an air flotation cell also cathodically protected. Provisions also were made to recover the inedible oil for sale as a by‐product. The skimmings from the skim tank and from the air flotation cell are acid treated, heated, and centrifuged to recover 7–10,000 lb/day of inedible oil. Sale of recovered inedible oil can cover 60–80% of the direct costs of operation of the waste treatment system. Recent improvements in the system have reduced the cost of treatment even further and rasied effluent quality. With impressed current and chemicals, the biochemical oxygen demand is reduced from 3300 to 150, fats, oils, and greases from 2500 to 75, and suspended solids from 3000 to 150 ppm.
Development of effluent guidelines and Environmental Protection Agency research and development program for edible oils industry
Authors: Lacy William J. , Keeler George , Webster George R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the statutory basis for the establishment of effluent limitations guidelines and standards of performance for this industry including remarks on water quality standards. The Environmental Protection Agency’s research, development, and demonstration program is presented. The specific objectives, solution required, activities, and best available treatment, zero discharge concept, and total elimination of discharges (elimination of multi‐media pollution discharges) are discussed. The synopsis of two Environmental Protection Agency‐industry sponsored demonstration grants is presented. The seven most frequently asked questions and their answers regarding the water pollution control act also are introduced. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 directed that the U.S. embark upon major new efforts for controlling pollution at its source. The new Act provides for uniform effluent limitations for industrial categories and achievement dates. Congress set two interim dates of July 1, 1977, and July 1, 1983, by which different levels of treatment are to be reached. It is a timetable based upon advances in technology. For all dischargers, other then publicly owned treatment works, not later than July 1, 1977, effluent limitations are to be achieved which represent the application of the “best practicable control technology currently available.” At the same time, all publicly owned waste treatment facilities must utilize “secondary treatment,” and, if an industrial discharger sends its wastes through a publicly owned treatment works, certain “pretreatment standards” must be met. An additional requirement is that by the July 1977 date, effluent limitations may be imposed so that any state law will be met. Not later than July 1, 1983, effluent requirements must be met which represent the “best available technology economically achievable” and for publicly owned waste treatment facilities which represent the application of the “best practicable waste treatment technology.” Any other applicable pretreatment standards also must be attained by that date. Special standards for toxic substances also must be observed from that date of promulgation of regulations covering such substances.
Improved method for rosin and fatty acids in tall oil
Authors: Balder E. E. , Crowell E. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn analytical procedure is presented for determination of the rosin and fatty acid contents of tall oil products. Rosin acids are determined by titration after selective esterification of the fatty acids at room temperature with anhydrous methanolic hydrochloric acid reagent. The fatty acid content is calculated by difference from acid number and rosin acid determinations. The method presented has smaller sample requirements, shorter analysis time, greater selectivity, and improved precision above 15% rosin acid compared to standard procedures. The standard deviations for the determination of percent rosin and fatty acids have been found to be 0.30 and 0.34, respectively, over the entire concentration range. The reaction mechanism of acid catalyzed esterification is discussed with respect to the reaction rates and selectivity. The esterification variables which were investigated include catalyst concentration, sample size, reaction time, selectivity, and effect of water.
Effect of some isothiocyanates on the hydrogenation of canola oil
Authors: Abraham V. , deMan J. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSulfur compounds were added to refined and bleached canola oil before hydrogenation in the form of allyl, heptyl and 2‐phenethyl isothiocyanates, and the effects on hydrogenation rate, solid fat content and percentagetrans fatty acids were determined. The poisoning effect was most pronounced with allyl isothiocyanate and least with phenethyl isothiocyanate. As the amount of added sulfur increased, the hydrogenation rate decreased. Of the three isothiocyanates used, allyl isothiocyanate caused formation of larger amounts oftrans isomers. An increased sulfur level in the oil resulted in increased solid fat content andtrans isomer level. Allyl isothiocyanate also caused formation of larger amounts of solid fat than other isothiocyanates at all levels of sulfur addition.