bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A CYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ACID PHOSPHATASE AND NUCLEASE ACTIVITY IN THE PLASTID OF CLOSTERIUM ACEROSUM1
Authors: Cook Philip W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Acid phosphatase activity in Closterium acerosum has been studied using the Gomori and the azo dye procedures. A modification of the Gomori method was used for detecting the distribution of acid nucleases. The plastid is the major site of acid phosphatase activity luhich may be primarily within pyrenoids, between pyrenoids, or throughout the plastid. The Gomori procedure showed activity within the pyrenoids or in the central core of the plastid, whereas the azo dye method showed activity throughout with an occasional tendency to be localized near the ends. No other cytoplasmic activity was ob‐served but evidence for occasional activity in the nucleus is presented. Alkaline phosphatase could not be detected. Acid nuclease activity, which results in the degradation of DNA, RNA, and RNA‐Core, has been found in both the nucleus and the plastid. Plastid activity is heat labile, whereas nuclear activity is only slightly diminished after 5 min at 100 C. The results arc interpreted as indicating at least 2 acid phosphatases and 2 nucleases in C. acerosum. The findings are discussed with respect to the distribution of similar enzymes in other organisms.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF THE EDIBLE SEAWEED PORPHYRA TENERA. II. NUTRITION OF CONCHOCELIS1
Authors: Iwasaki Hideo 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The nutrition of the free‐living phase of Conchocelis of P. tenera was studied axenically. Conch‐ocelis preferred NO3, as nitrogen source. Urea and NH4 in low concentration, asparagine, and lysine were very good N sources. Several other amino acids were also utilized but growth was less abundant. Inorganic and organic phosphates were utilized; they were required at relatively low concentrations. Glycerophosphate gave excellent growth in a comparatively wide range of concentrations (0.1‐5 mg P %). The optimal Ca concentration was 10‐100 mg %. Needs for boron, manganese, zinc, strontium, rubidium, lithium, and iodine were demonstrated. The iodine effect was remarkable (peak growth with 1μg %); the effective concentration range was very narrow. Iron, cobalt, and bromine seemed to be adequately supplied as impurities of the macro‐nutrients. A modified artificial medium (ASP12I) for the Conchocelis phase is presented.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON THE CYANELLES OF GLAUCOCYSTIS NOSTOCHINEARUM ITZIGSOHN1
Authors: Hall William T. , Claus George 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Ultrastructural studies conducted on the intracellular symbiont of Glaucocystis nostochinearum Itz., a unicellular alga with a debated taxonomic position, have shown that the endosymbiont, although somewhat aberrant, is a blue‐green alga. Due possibly to its intracellular habitat, it lacks the characteristic cyanophycean double‐layered cell wall and the cells appear to be completely naked, bound only by a single plasma membrane. The protoplasm of the cell is differentiated into the lamellated chromatoplasm, which contains the photosynthetic pigments and polyphosphate granules, and a nonlamellar ccntroplasm, in which the nucleic material is dispersed. The usual cyanophycean organelles, as well as the different vacuoles and granules, with the exception of the formed bodies, are missing. Approximately 10% of the cells sliows a peculiar homogeneous area at one tip, the nature of which is unknown. Binary fission of the organism is mentioned. Since this cyanelle has not yet been classified, we name it Skujapelta nuda nov. gen., nov. sp.; and because of its structural peculiarities we find it necessary to create a new family for it, Skujapeltaceae in the order Chroococcales.
EFFECT OF LYSOZYME (MURAMIDASE) ON MARINE AND FRESHWATER BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE1
Authors: Fulco Lucia , Karfunkel P. , Aaronson S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYMarine blue‐green algae, Lyngbya Lagerheimii, Microcoleus chthonoplastes, Plectonema terebrans, Agmenellum quadruplicatum, and freshwater blue‐green algae, Anacystis nidulans, Anabaena variabilis, Nostoc muscorura, and Oscillatoria sp. treated with lysozyme (muramidase) formed spheroplasts but not protoplasts. The time needed for spheroplast induction varied with the species. Approximate internal osmotic pressures of the blue‐green algae were determined. Marine algae generally had a higher osmotic pressure than freshwater algae.
ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF MONOSTROMA FUSCUM (POSTELS ET RUPRECHT) WITTROCK1
Authors: Dube Maurice A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Results of the study of Monostroma fuscum from Son Juan Island, Washington, fully support the separation of the species M. fuscum from Monostroma sensu Wittrock into a taxon including M. obscurum. It would appear from this and previous studies that the M. obscunim‐M. fuscum complex is clearly Ulvacean. The characteristics of the complex include (1) alternation of morphologically similar haploid and diploid generations; (2) production of biflagellate gametes and quadriflagellate zoospores; (3) a uniseriate form in early ontogeny; (4) thallus development progressing through a vesicular stage that, as a result of localized degenerative processes, opens at a size of less than I cm into a monostromatic blade; (5) cells elongated perpendicular to the plane of the thallus and with rotund‐truncate ends: (6) a single elongate plastid, thickened at the opposite poles of the cell and thinner in the equatorial region of the cell; (7) a thallus composed of cells with relatively inelastic walls; and (8) discrete discharge pores. The chromosome number of Monostroma fuscum is n =9. The first division of the zoosporangium nucleus is meiosis I.
POLYMORPHISM IN MASTOGLOIA1
Authors: Stoermer E. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Cells in a ‐wild population of a species belonging to the diatom germs Mastogloia may form frustules of 2 strikingly different morphologic types during their vegetative life cycle. Total conversion from coarsely structured morphologic form to a more finely structured form takes place during a single division; hence no inter gradations between the 2 forms are evident. Intact frustules with 1 valve of each type leave no reasonable doubt of the ability to make the change.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON ALDOLASE ACTIVITY IN MARINE PLANKTONIC ALGAE, AND THEIR EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE1
Authors: Antia Naval J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Fructose diphosphate aldolase activity was examined in acetone powders and cell‐free extracts of 15 photoautotrophically grown marine planktonic species belonging to 6 algal divisions as follows: Chlorophyta: Tetraselmis maculata, Dunaliella tertiolecta; Chrysophyta: Monochrysis lutheri, Isochrysis galbana, Prymnesium parvum, Coccolithus huxleyi; Bacillariophyta: Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Skeletonema costatum, Cyclotella nana; Cryptophyta: Cryptomonas sp., Rhodomonas lens, Hemiselmis virescens; Pyrrophyta: Amphidinium carteri; Cyanophyta: Anacystis marina, Agmenellum quadruplicatum. Indications of the types of aldolase (Rutter's classes) present in each alga were obtained from comparative studies of the effects of pH and of the following reagents on the activity: ethylenediamine tetraacetate, dithiothreitol, p‐chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate. Type I (higher plant‐animal type) aldolase only was indicated in the 2 chlorophytes, in I chrys‐ophyte (M. lutheri), and in 1 bacillariophyte (P. tricornutum), while the remaining algae appeared to contain either exclusively or principally Type II (bacterial‐fungal type) aldolase. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
TETRASPORA, CHLOROSACCUS, AND PHAEOSPHAERA, A UNIQUE EXAMPLE OF PARALLEL EVOLUTION IN THE ALGAE1
Authors: Rhodes Russell G. , Stofan Paul E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The similarity among Tetraspora, Chlorosaccus, and Phaeosphaera, belonging to the Chlorophyceae, Xanlhophyceae, and, Chrysophyceae, adds to the concept of parallel evolution among algal classes. Not only are all 3 genera characterized by colonial organization, nonmotile vegetative cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix, but the genera are also found in the same habitat. Further, the characteristic pseudocilia of Tetraspora cells are also found in colonics of Phaeosphaera. Morphological features of pseudocilia of Tetraspora and the nature of papillae in Chlorosaccus are also presented.
DISTRIBUTION OF TWO SPECIES OF LAMINARIA AS RELATED TO SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS1
Authors: Druehl Louis D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The distributions of Laminaria saccharina and the long and short stipe forms of L. groenlandica about Vancouver Island were correlated with temperature, salinity, and water motion. The 2 forms of L. groenlandica were absent from areas of high temperature and low salinity. The long stipe form was restricted to areas of heavy surf and the short stipe form to areas of moderate surf. L. saccharina was absent from areas subjected to surf. These observations were subjected to laboratory and field tests involving gametophytes and sporophytes of both species. The distributions of the 2 forms of L. groenlandica can be explained on the basis of temperature and salinity distributions: both forms require low temperature and high salinity for survival. L. saccharina has a wide range of tolerance to temperature and salinity; surf appears to be the controlling agent.
SILICATE UPTAKE AND SILICA SHELL FORMATION BY SYNCHRONOUSLY DIVIDING CELLS OF THE DIATOM NAVICULA PELLICULOSA (BRÉB.) HILSE1,2,3
Authors: Busby William F. , Lewin Joyce 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Cells of the freshwater diatom Navicula pelliculosa were induced to divide synchronously by the addition of excess silicate (20 mg Si/liter) to a culture which had been silicate‐starved for 14 hr. After a 3‐ to 4‐hr lag period, characterized by rapid silicate uptake (6.5 mg Si/liter/4 hr) and silica shell formation, the cell number then doubled in the succeeding 2‐3 hr. This system promises to have significance in the study of silicon metabolism, transport phenomena, and silica deposition.
STUDIES IN SOME FOLIOSE RED ALGAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST. I. CRYPTONEMIACEXE1
Authors: Abbott Isabella A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Pacific coast species of the red algae Halymenia and Cryptonemia are described Of the 8 previously reported species of Halymenia 3 (H. abyssicola Dawson, H. megaspore Dawson, H refugiensis Dawson) hive been placed in synonymy with other species. Halymenia hollenbergii from southern California is described as new; H cocinea is transferred from Schizymenia (and includes Aeodes gardneri Kylin) and H. templetonii is a transfer from Weeksia.Five species of Cryptonemia are described; one of them, C. taylorii from the Revillagigedo Archipelago, as new. Wider distribution ranges are given for the remaining species, C. ovalifolia, C. obovata, C. bore alis and C. angustata. Keys to genera of the west coast Cryptonemiaceae and to the species of Halymenia and Crypronemia are provided.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON GROWTH OF SINGLE CELLS OF COCCOID BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE
Authors: van Baalen Chase 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Initiation of growth (lag) and subsequent growth to visible colonies was examined for single cells of several coccoid blue‐nreen algae under controlled incuba‐tion conditions. At 30 or 39 C, with tungsten or fluorescent illumination, organisms such as Agmenel‐lum quadruplicatum, strains PR‐6 and strain BG‐J, showed no evidence of lag associated with initiation of growth. The final colony count was within 20% of the expected number derived from cell counts and serial dilutions. For Anacystis nidulnns, Tx 20, a new medium C, 10 with EDTA as chelator was developed. In this medium groiuth of single cells at 39 C was excellent with quantitative recovery and no evidence of lag. At 30 C, however, Tx 20 showed anomalous behavior, lag and nonquantitative cell recovery. This behavior at 30 C is not yet understood.
RHODOSORUS MARINUS GEITLER: A NEW ADDITION TO THE MARINE ALGAL FLORA OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
Authors: Ott Franklyn D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYRhodosorus marinus Geitler, previously known only from the Old World, is reported from material collected in the Florida Keys, thus taking its place with Chroothece richteriana Hansgirg in Wittrock and Nordstedt and Porphyridium cruentum (S. F. Gray) Nägeli as the third member of the Porphyridiales known for the marine algal flora of the Americas. Its apparent sensitivity to bright light, tolerance of high salinities, and possible confusion in identification, under certain conditions, with the red pigmented, coccoid, blue‐green algae, are noted.
FREEZE‐DRYING OF BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES1
Authors: Rogers Tom D. , Scholes Vernon E. , Schlichting Harold E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYCultures of Anabaena cylindrica Lemm. and Eucapsis sp. were harvested, freeze‐dried, and prepared for electron microscope studies. A comparison of the freeze‐dried preparations was made with control specimens not freeze‐dried. Fixation and embedding were according to the Ryter and Kellenberger technique. The photosynthelic thylakoids of the freeze‐dried cells were more distinct and less distorted than those of the control cells. Freeze‐dried Eucapsis sp. cells exhibited a prominent mucous capsule, whereas in the nonfreeze‐dried, no such capsule could be discerned.
ARAGONITE IN HALIMED A AND TYDEMANIA (ORDER SIPHON ALES)12
Authors: McConnell Duncan , Colinvaux Llewellya Hillis 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The mineral component of the marine green algal genus Halimeda is the orthorhombic calcium carbonate (aragonite); its presence appears to be a generic characteristic. Tydemania expeditionis also precipitates aragonite in contradistinction to species of the red alga Corallina wliich precipitate calcium carbonate of the hexagonal form (calcite). The analyses are based on x‐ray diffraction methods. Although other inorganic substances arc present, the amounts are minor and probably represent contaminants. Specimens that are to be studied for mineral components should not be stored in formalin.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF OEDOGONIUM. III. MICROTUBULAR ELEMENTS IN THE CHLOROPLASTS OF OE. CARDIACUM12
Authors: Hoffman Larry R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The expansive, reticulate cliloroplasts of the filamentous green alga Oedogonium tardiacum were found to contain microtubular elements with an outside diameter of about 270 A. These microtubules have been examined in the chloroplast stroma of vegetative cells, zoospores, zoospore germlings, and eggs. They may occur singly or, more commonly, in groups or bundles of 2 to as many as 30. In longitudinal section these microtubules show a regular pattern of slightly oblique cross striations and the margins appear rough. They bear little structural resemblance to the more familiar and slightly smaller microtubules found in the cytoplasm external to the cliloroplasts. Their overall appearance suggests that each is constructed of 2 helically wound, ribbon‐like units that are approximately 155‐175 A broad and 45‐55 A thick. The 2 units of this proposed double helix appear to lie in juxtaposition at a pitch of 17‐27 deg. The dimensions of each unit, or helix, are such that it could conceivably be constructed of 3 filamentous subunits similar to those already described in the literature for other microtubular elements.
A NEW SPECIES OF NITELLA (CHARACEAE) BELONGING TO THE NITELLA FLEXILIS SPECIES GROUP IN NORTH AMERICA12
Authors: Tindall Donald R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY A new species of Nitella belonging to the N. flexilis species group is described. The neiu species shows definite relationships to N. flexilis, N. opaca, N. missouriensis, and N. mirabilis. Relationships of the new species to N. acuminata are also discussed.
THE OCCURRENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF ENDOSYMBIOTIC CHLOROPLASTS IN THE DIGESTIVE GLANDS OF HERBIVOROUS OPISTHOBRANCHS1
Authors: Taylor Dennis L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Intact algal chloroplasts have been found in the digestive glands of 5 species of Opisthobranchia belonging to the order Saccoglossa. Preliminary studies on 3 of these confirm their endosymbiotic nature. It is suggested that the occurrence of these endosymbiotic organelles may be widespread among related species of Saccoglossa. Their independent functional existence supports the view that chloroplasts possess a system of nonchromosomal inheritance.
THE PIGMENTS OF THE ZOOXANTHELLAE SYMBIOTIC WITH THE INTERTIDALANEMONE, ANEMONIA SULCATA1
Authors: Taylor Dennis L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe photo synthetic pigments of the zooxanthellae found in the endodermal tissues ofAnemonia sulcatahave been identified by column chromatography and spectrophotometry analysis. They appear to be identical with those found among free‐living species of Dinophyceae as well as the zooxanthellae of Pacific Madreporaria and Tridacnidae, and confirm the taxonomic relationship which tills symbiont has in common with these organisms.
SIMPLE CONDITIONS FOR GROWTH OF UNICELLULAR BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE ON PLATES1, 2
Authors: Allen Mary Mennes 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The efficiencies of plating of 2 cultures of unicellular blue‐green algae, 1 coccoid and 1 rod‐shaped, were studied systematically. Reproducible colony growth and accurate viable counts are dependent on the use of a low agar concentration, and on the sterilization of the agar separately from the mineral components of the medium.
THE DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY OF GONGROSIRA DEBARYANA1
Authors: Andrews Hollings T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The development and asexual cycle of Gongrosira debaryana have been studied in unialgal culture. Zoospores may settle singly and develop a Pleurotham‐mon‐like thallus, or they may clump and so produce a thallus characteristic of Gongrosira. It is suggested that Borzi's Pleurothamnion papuasicum be considered a synonym of Gongrosira debaryana.
A UNIQUE COLONIAL MARINE CENTRIC DIATOM, COENOBIODISCUS MURIFORMIS GEN. ET SP. NOV.1
Authors: Loeblich Alfred R. , Wight William W. , Darley W. Marshall 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY A new colonial centric marine diatom, Coenobio‐discus muriformis gen. et sp. nov. (family Coscinodiscaceae) has been found in San Diego Bay, San Diego, California. The colony is composed of a single layer of 200‐530 cells linked girdle to girdle by a compartmentalized matrix. The colony has the shape of a slightly concavo‐convex disk approximately 400 μ. in diameter. Each cell is about 10 μ, in diameter and the valves have many structural features in common with those of Thalassiosira. The organic matrix contains 6‐11 partitions that radiate from each cell, forming a number of extracellular chambers. The organic matrix does not contain chitin or cellulose as a major constituent. Histochemical similarities are found with the capsular and tubular material of previously described diatoms. The colonies reproduce without passing through a unicellular vegetative stage.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF POLYSIPHONIA DENUDATA (DILLWYN) KÜTZING IN CULTURE1
Authors: Edwards Peter 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The sequence of somatic phases in the life history of the red alga Polysiphonia denudata has been determined in unialgal culture, using supplemented seawater media. Tetraspores gave rise to sexual plants bearing either antheridia or carpogonia in 50 days. Fertilization occurred within 1 week and the fertilized carpogonium developed to produce the mature carposporophytic phase in approximately another week. Carpospores formed by the carposporophyte germinated to produce the tetrasporangium‐bearing phase, which released tetraspores in 44 days, thus completing the life history in 31/2% months. No deviations from this pattern have so far been observed.
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH ENVIRONMENT ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ALGAE: LIGHT INTENSITY12
Authors: Brown Thomas E. , Richardson Frances L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Measurements were made of growth, pigmentation, photosynthesis, respiration, quinone Hill reaction, cell morphology, and structure as a function of growth light intensity for various algae. These processes showed varying degrees of dependency upon light intensity and are discussed with reference to algal classification. Eighteen algae, examples from 10 taxonomic divisions, were studied.
B12 SPECIFICITY OF MARINE CENTRIC DIATOMS1, 2
Authors: Guillard Robert R. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Twenty‐one species (23 isolates) of marine diatoms were examined for their capacity to utilize analogs of cyanocobalamin for growth at the ecologically significant concentration of 4 ng 1‐1. Yields due to the analogs were compared to those produced by B12. Responses of the various clones to the analogs were not all‐or‐none, but varied continuously; thus, assigning the clones to the conventional B12 specificity types is a convenient but arbitrary classification. The use of 10 and 1% levels of response is suggested for such classification. At the 10% level of response, 11 clones had coliform, 4 lactobacillus, and 8 mammalian specificity patterns. At the 1% response level, 14 had coliform, 5 lactobacillus, and 4 mammalian specificities. All clones exceed the 10% response level on all benzimi‐dazole‐containine analogs tested. Few clones showed definite enough patterns of response to make them potentially useful for differential bioassay. The clones suggested are clone 675‐D (Bidclulphia sp.?), clone F;‐3 (Fragilaria sp.?), and the estuarine clone of Cyclotella nana (3H).
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF SPONGIOCHLORIS TYPICA IN CULTURE12
Authors: McLean Robert J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The physiological changes in the green alga Spongiochloris typica were followed in liquid and agar for 8 weeks. Agar cultures changed drastically in lipid content, pigment composition, and heat and desiccation resistance. Changes in liquid cultures were gradual and not as extreme as those of agar cultures. However, rate and extent of dry‐weight increments were similar in liquid and on agar. Liquid cultures are seemingly more stable in the physiological responses than are agar cultures where the environmental changes are conspicuous.
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN PTEROCLADIA PYRAMIDALE1
Authors: Stewart Joan G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Seven Pacific species of Pterocladia and European collections of P. capillacea were examined. Ten morphological criteria were assessed in specimens of P. pyramiclale from 10 intertidal and subtidal populations in San Diego, California. The observations obtained from these populations were compared with descriptions and specimens of P. complanata from southern and Baja California; P. mexicana, P. robusta, P. okamurai, and P. okamurai f. densa from the Galapagos Islands and Baja California; and P. tenuis and P. densa from Japan. All these taxa were found conspecific with P. pyramidale. Pterocladia capillacea from Europe, using the same characters, was not distinct from the Pacific assemblage. These two taxa should be united under the name of Pterocladia capillacea (Gmelin) Bornet & Thuret (1876).Pterocladia capillacea (= P. pyramidale) grows under varied conditions and exhibits various growth forms accordingly, in southern California. Variation between several forms seems related to the degree of exposure to light, temperature, and surf action; such forms are recognizable in herbarium collections from other parts of the world. Abundant fertile material occurs in southern California.