bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Things Are Different Down Here”: The 1955 Perfect Circle Strike, Conservative Civic Identity, and the Roots of the New Right in the 1950s Industrial Heartland
Authors: Anderson David M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe article examines the history of the violent 1955 Perfect Circle strike to join the growing body of labor history scholarship that rejects the existence of a postwar “labor-management accord.” Contrary to previous depictions of a postwar “class peace,” the small-town industrial Midwest stood as a key battleground between unionized workers and competitive-sector employers such as the Indiana-based Perfect Circle Corporation, a small, family-owned manufacturer, a model welfare capitalist firm, and one of the nation's leading automotive parts producers. Driven by their desire to hold down labor costs and their own antistatist ideology, Perfect Circle's owners had opposed the New Deal and, by the late 1930s, had shed their previous provincialism to join the national political coalition of business conservatives in the National Association of Manufacturers to secure the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947. During the Cold War era, even while they were extending their political reach and expanding their operations overseas, Perfect Circle's owners sought to forge labor-management unity by promoting a quaint vision of “heartland consensus,” a conservative civic identity that management was convinced would render unions unnecessary. As with many business conservatives, Perfect Circle owners tried to rid their plants of unions by tapping into an interlocking network of well-financed right-wing policy groups to mount an extensive employee educational program and public relations campaign in defense of “free enterprise.” Despite Perfect Circle's vigorous efforts to undercut unionization, by 1953 the majority of workers at all four of its east-central Indiana plants voted to affiliate with the United Auto Workers (UAW). Conflict between labor and management culminated in the violent 1955 strike, in which Perfect Circle handed the UAW a decisive defeat while enjoying widespread support from the regional and national press. The strike became a conservativecause célèbreduring the 1957 national “right-to-work” campaign and a centerpiece of the Senate's 1958 McClellan “Labor Rackets” hearings, which launched Barry Goldwater's bid for the 1964 presidency. The article concludes that Perfect Circle and many other employers not only continued to contest unions in the 1950s but also played a neglected but important role in the formation of the New Right.
“We Must Bring Together a New Coalition”: The Challenge of Working-Class White Ethnics to Color-Blind Conservatism in the 1970s
Authors: Deslippe Dennis 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis essay examines working-class white ethnics' rejection of middle-class suburbanite notions of racial innocence, meritocratic individualism, and idealized equality in post-Civil Rights America. Most scholarly attention on white ethnics has tended to dwell on well-documented racism or on their crass embrace of programs earned by others' hard-fought activism (a kind of “me-tooism”). I argue that these interpretations do not adequately capture the complex and often contradictory expressions of “ethniclass” identity in a decade characterized by working-class revolt, backlash, and retreat. I focus on white ethnic leaders allied with the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs (headed by civil rights veteran Msgr. Geno Baroni); seizing on the capacious definition of “disadvantage” common in the early 1960s, they worked with African Americans and others for increased job training, formed coalitions with organized labor, and lobbied for expanded affirmative action. As they stumbled to construct an economic vision beyond the fading deindustrializing cities from which mainstream liberals seemed disconnected with their version of “rights consciousness,” ethnic leaders articulated positions based on an unwieldy mix of principle and parochialism that defies easy generalization. Given the waning of the white ethnic movement by the late 1970s, their significance lies less in legislative or policy gains and more in their imprint on civic and popular discourse in a period where, despite its powerful effects in the corridors of power, color-blind conservatism fails to capture the views of a majority of white Americans today.
From the Expanding to the Outer Circle: South Koreans learning English in South Africa
Authors: Rooy A. S. Coetzee-Van 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTLearners of English from ‘Expanding Circle’ countries like South Korea find new opportunities of advancing their English. There is a considerable body of knowledge about the experiences of students who go abroad to continue to learn their language of choice in a natural setting where it is the dominant language. The current position of English as the most dominant international language results in a new phenomenon related to language learning abroad. It is reported that children, and sometimes families, travel abroad to countries where they believe they could improve their English proficiency. This phenomenon seems to be particularly true for learners of English in traditional Expanding Circle contexts, for example, South Korea, where the increase in the status of English is widely reported in academic.
An evaluation of task-based learning (TBL) in the Japanese classroom
Authors: Burrows Christian 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTA study of the need for attention to cultural aspects of task-based learning and teaching of English as a foreign language. In recent years applied linguistics has seen a move away from a linguistic syllabus to one built around the sequencing of real-life, communicative tasks. This shift, it is argued, offers a richer exposure to language use, while providing the motivation required for students to build on their existing language repertoire. Proponents claim this use of the language satisfies what is known about second language acquisition, by furnishing contexts that make the learning process closer to real-life language situations, as: ‘People of all ages learn languages best, inside or outside a classroom, by not treating the languages as an object of study, but by experiencing them as a medium of communication.’ (Long & Robinson, 1998:18)
Native Reactions to Non-Native Speech: A Review of Empirical Research
Authors: Eisenstein Miriam 
Published: November 2008

Recent research considers native reactions to various aspects of non-native speech and associated judgments regarding such speakers. The studies discussed here view listeners, speakers, and language from a variety of perspectives employing both objective and subjective research paradigms. Interlocutor variables which have been found to influence linguistic perceptions include age, social status, degree of bilingualism, and educational level. Even the linguistic sophistication of the listener may be important.Studies of error gravity, which treat the perceived seriousness of error types in learners' interlanguage, may now be contrasted with data from several related and unrelated languages. The relative intelligibility of language samples has also been investigated as has the role of comprehension in the information of linguistic judgments.Research reflecting listeners' personal impressions and reactions shows that non-natives tend to be downgraded in contexts ranging from the classroom to the workplace. This area of experimentation would be enhanced by exploration of the issues through studies in natural sociolinguistic contexts.
Deductions from some artificial refractive index profiles based on the elementary functions
Authors: Heading J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe familiar W.K.B.J. method expresses in terms of elementary functions approximate solutions of second order differential equations in normal form that otherwise have no analytical solutions expressible in terms of the standard elementary or transcendental functions. Proofs of the connexion formulae required to trace these approximate solutions across transition points are usually derived by comparison with known functions such as the Airy integral or Bessel functions, or by an appeal to the Stokes phenomenon in the complex plane. A new device is developed for the synthesis of refractive index profiles with transition points, and yet yielding solutions in terms of the elementary functions. These are then used to derive the W.K.B.J. connexion formula by means of a novel limiting process based on solutions considered only along the real z-axis. The method is obviously more complicated than the more usual approach, but contains special features throwing new light on the connexion formula across a single transition point.
Complementary variational principles for φiv = f(φ)
Authors: Anderson N. , Arthurs A. M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractComplementary variational principles are developed for boundary-value problems with field equations φiv = f(φ) in (0, 1) subject to φ(0) = φ(1) = 0, φ′(0) = φ′(1) = 0. The theory is applied in the non-linear case f(φ) = – keφ and accurate variational solutions, which are simple polynomials in x, are obtained.
The Response of a Non-Linear Electric Circuit to an Impulse
Authors: Nuttall A. K. , Hartree D. R. , Porter A. 
Published: November 2008

Some apparent anomalies in oscillograms obtained in the course of electrical impulse tests of a material used in the construction of lightning arresters have led to a fuller investigation of the behaviour of the test circuit as applied to the study of a material with a non-linear voltage-current characteristic.This investigation has been carried out by evaluation of solutions of the equations of a simplified form of the circuit numerically and by means of the differential analyser, and by further oscillograms taken under conditions suggested by the behaviour of these solutions.The apparent anomalies which originally gave rise to the investigation have been shown to be a real feature of the response of the circuit, and not a spurious effect due to the recording apparatus, and the study of the initial response of the circuit to the impulse leads to the interpretation of another feature of the oscillographic records which had been previously regarded as an instrumental error.
Regular polynomial matrices having relatively prime determinants
Authors: Barnett S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIt is shown that a necessary and sufficient condition that two regular polynomial matrices T, U have relatively prime determinants is that the equation TX + YU = E, where E is a constant matrix, has a unique solution with the degrees of X, Y less than the degrees of U, T respectively. This is a generalization of a well-known theorem for scalar polynomials. An alternative form for the condition in terms of the non-vanishing of a determinant, corresponding to the resultant of two scalar polynomials, is also obtained together with an equivalent determinant of lower order.
The fields of an arbitrarily moving dipole
Authors: Ellis J. R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe 4-dimensional tensor calculus is used to derive the retarded fields of an accelerated electric dipole of constant moment. Following the analogous case of the accelerated charge, it is shown that the result can be expressed concisely in terms of ordinary three-vectors. The radiation field is discussed for important cases including that of the slowly moving dipole. Cases are cited to exhibit the existence of a forward beam of radiation for uniform circular motion.
Franz Neumann's integral of 1848
Authors: Love E. R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThree generalizations of Neumann's integral connecting the two kinds of Legendre function are obtained. They are not subject to restrictions that some parameter be integral, as the original formula and various known extensions of it all appear to be. These known extensions are exhibited as quite particular cases of the chief generalization obtained; and even when this generalization is specialized to the ‘unassociated’ Legendre functions of non-integral order it still seems to be new. Generalizations of Rodrigues's formula and of the orthogonality property are auxiliary results involved.
An approximation to the motion of two rotating electrical doublets in a plane
Authors: Taylor P. A. 
Published: November 2008

We may summarize our conclusions as follows. If the rotating doublets have quite different angular velocities
initially, then they repel each other with a force (R) given bywhereandø1 and ψ1 being the (constant) angular velocities of the two doublets.If the doublets have the same angular velocities initially, and the same moments of inertia, then over a certain range of r we havewhereand ω is the common value of the angular velocities of the doublets. When the doublets correspond to hydrogen atoms in their principal quantum orbits, the range of distance becomes 5 Å. to 50 Å. and the formula for R reduces toThis is a law of force of the type found empirically by Lennard-Jones for helium, neon, and argon. The attractive term in this formula is larger than the attractive terms found by Lennard-Jones. The repulsive term, however, which leads to a “diameter” of 3·31 Å., is in very satisfactory agreement with the repulsive terms found by Lennard-Jones.
A note on integral functions
Authors: Paley R. E. A. C. 
Published: November 2008

1. Let f(z) denote an integral function of finite order ρ. We writeIt has been shown thatwhere hρ is a constant which depends only on ρ. We are naturally led to enquire whether some equation of the form (1.1) may be true with lim sup replaced by lim inf. In this note we show that the reverse is true. We construct an integral function of zero order for whichThe proof may easily be modified to construct a function of any finite order or of infinite order for which (1.2) is satisfied.
The Symmetric Derivative and its application to the Theory of Trigonometric Series
Authors: Verblunsky S. 
Published: November 2008

1. Letbe a numerical series. If for sufficiently small h > 0 the seriesis convergent, we can form the upper and lower limits of J (h) as h → 0. These limits are called respectively the upper and lower sums (R, 1) of the series (1). For the purposes of the present paper it will be convenient to consider a more extended definition of these upper and lower sums. We shall suppose that for sufficiently small h the series J (h) is summable by Poisson's method. We denote the Poisson sum by PJ (h). The upper and lower limits of PJ (h) as h → 0 will be called the upper and lower sums (R, 1) of the series (1).
Note on a new power-angle diagram for alternators
Authors: Ingram W. H. 
Published: November 2008

In an alternating current motor (of simplest type) the internal E.M.F. e, the terminal tension e, the useful electrical power transformed p and the rotor phase angle φ are connected by the known formulain whichwhere r is the resistance and l the self-inductance of the armature and ω the angular velocity of the rotor.
An integral which occurs in statistics
Authors: Ingham A. E. 
Published: November 2008

1. In this note we give a direct evaluation of the integralwhose value has been inferred from the theory of statistics. Here A = Ap = (αμν) and C = Cp = (Cμν) are real symmetrical matrices, of which A is positive definite; there are ½ p (p + 1) independent variables of integration tμν (1 ≤ μ ≤ ν ≤ p), and tμν is written also as tνμ for symmetry of notation; in the summation ∑ the variables μ, ν run independently from 1 to p; k is a real number. A word of explanation is necessary with regard to the determination of the power |A − iT|−k. Since A is positive definite and T real and symmetric, the roots of the equation
The limits of classical scattering
Authors: Blackett P. M. S. 
Published: November 2008

The methods of geometrical optics provide an approximate solution of the equation of wave propagation, if the following condition, given by De Broglie, is satisfied. If V is the phase velocity, λ the wave-length, l the direction of greatest increase of V, and θ the angle between l and V, then the condition is thatthat is, the relative change of V over a distance of the order of θ must be small†.
The Stopping Power of Hydrogen Atoms for α-Particles according to the New Quantum Theory
Authors: Gaunt J. A. 
Published: November 2008

An α-particle passing through a gas loses velocity because it gives up energy to the gaseous atoms. If we can calculate the average energy transferred to an atom, the stopping power of the gas follows immediately. The earlier theories, by Thomson and Darwin, took account of only the close collisions, in which the α-particle actually passes through the atom. Bohr, however, in 1913, took into account the transfers of energy to atoms at distances from the track considerably larger than atomic dimensions. His calculation was purely classical, and dealt with an atomic, model in which the electrons were capable of simple harmonic motions. The result was in very satisfactory agreement with experiment. For atoms containing each a single electron, with mass μ, charge ε, and natural period ω, Bohr's formula iswhere − dT/dx is the rate of loss of energy by an α-particle whose charge is E, and velocity v; N is the number of atoms per c.c.; and γ = 1·123.
An extended form of Kronecker's theorem with an application which shows that Burgers' theorem on adiabatic invariants is statistically true for an assembly
Authors: Thomas L. H. 
Published: November 2008

The following paper is in two parts.In Part 1 it is shown that Kronecker's theorem can be extended in the formIf is greater than ηfor all sets of integers l1, l2, … l3 less in absolute value than K/σ and not all zero, l also being an integer, then, for any x1, x2 … x3, an integer q less than l/(ησ8) can be found such that qv1–x1, qv2–x2…qv3–x4 all differ from integers by less than σ;. K, L depend only on s.It is an immediate corollary that ifis greator than for all sets of integers l1, l2… l3, l less in absolute value than K/σ and not all zero while F(v1, v2… v3), l less in absolute value than K/σ and not all zero while F(v1, v2… v3, v) is periodic period 1, in v1, v2 … v3,v, then T can be found between 0 and such thatWhere K, L depend on s, and N on s and the bounds of
Limiting forms of the frequency distribution of the largest or smallest member of a sample
Authors: Fisher R. A. , Tippett L. H. C. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe limiting distribution, when n is large, of the greatest or least of a sample of n, must satisfy a functional equation which limits its form to one of two main types. Of these one has, apart from size and position, a single parameter h, while the other is the limit to which it tends when h tends to zero.The appropriate limiting distribution in any case may be found from the manner in which the probability of exceeding any value x tends to zero as x is increased. For the normal distribution the limiting distribution has h = 0.From the normal distribution the limiting distribution is approached with extreme slowness; the final series of forms passed through as the ultimate form is approached may be represented by the series of limiting distributions in which h tends to zero in a definite manner as n increases to infinity.Numerical values are given for the comparison of the actual with the penultimate distributions for samples of 60 to 1000, and of the penultimate with the ultimate distributions for larger samples.
Rotational Specific Heat and Rotational Entropy of Simple Gases at Moderate Temperatures
Authors: Sutherland G. B. B. M. 
Published: November 2008

It is well known that the rotational specific heat of a diatomic gas is given bywhere R is the gas constant, σ = h2/8π2AKT, h is Planck's constant, T is the absolute temperature, K is Boltzmann's constant, and A is the moment of inertia of the molecule.
The inner shell ionization of atoms by electron impact
Authors: Burhop E. H. S. , Massey H. S. W. 
Published: November 2008

Calculations have been made of the cross-section for ionization of the inner shells of atoms by electron impact in the cases of the K-shells of nickel, silver, mercury and of the three L-shells of silver and mercury.The agreement with experiment is reasonably good for the K-shell ionization, but only fair in the case of the rather meagre experimental data available for the L-shell. The values obtained for the relative ionization in the K- and L-shells are in good agreement with those to be expected from experiment.
Absorption and coincidence experiments with 198Au
Authors: Feather N. , Dainty J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe radiation from 198Au (half-value period 2·76 ± 0·02 day) have been studied, by absorption and coincidence methods, in a wide variety of experimental conditions. For the most part the results confirm those obtained by other investigators, but, in addition, a fairly intense γ-radiation of about 65 KeV. energy has been detected. This radiation has been distinguished from the weaker fluorescent K X-radiation of mercury, emitted as the result of internal conversion of one of the γ-rays of 198Au, and it has been shown that it is not the K X-radiation of platinum. Disintegration of 198Au by K-electron capture, if it occurs at all, cannot take place in more than about 15% of all disintegrations.
The Passage of β-rays through matter
Authors: Eddy C. E. 
Published: November 2008

1. The form of the absorption curves of homogeneous β-rays in aluminium has been investigated by means of a Geiger counter. It is found, in agreement with Schonland, that the main portion of the curve is linear, with pronounced initial and final flattenings. Similar initial flattenings were found for copper and silver, but not for gold.2. The range of β-rays emergent at different angles has been determined, and it appears that the loss of range is due to the increased path consequent upon scattering.3. Some evidence has been obtained of the angular distribution of plurally scattered particles, and of the existence of a most probable angle of scattering, similar to that found for α-rays by Geiger.
The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a stratified medium
Authors: Hartree D. R. 
Published: November 2008

The equations of propagation of electromagnetic waves in a stratified medium (i.e. a medium in which the refractive index is a function of one Cartesian coordinate only—in practice the height) are obtained first from Maxwell's equations for a material medium, and secondly from the treatment of the refracted wave as the sum of the incident wave and the wavelets scattered by the particles of the medium. The equations for the propagation in the presence of an external magnetic field are also derived by a simple extension of the second method.The significance of a reflection coefficient for a layer of stratified medium is discussed and a general formula for the reflection coefficient is found in terms of any two independent solutions of the equations of propagation in a given stratified medium.Three special cases are worked out, for waves with the electric field in the plane of incidence, viz.(1) A finite, sharply bounded, medium which is “totally reflecting” at the given angle of incidence.(2) Two media of different refractive index with a transition layer in which μ2 varies linearly from the value in one to the value in the other.(3) A layer in which μ2 is a minimum at a certain height and increases linearly to 1 above and below, at the same rate.For cases (2) and (3) curves are drawn showing the variation of reflection coefficient with thickness of the stratified layer.Case (3) may be of some importance as a first approximation to the conditions in the Heaviside layer.