bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Cavitation Test
Authors: Davis Glen , Sarlo Mark 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a test procedure to evaluate the ability of a heavy-duty diesel engine coolant to provide protection against damage resulting from a phenomenon known as cylinder liner cavitation corrosion. The engine cavitation test procedure was developed by modifying a production OEM diesel engine to consistently produce the operating conditions that accelerate damage from cylinder liner cavitation. The resulting, 250-h test procedure was able to quantify a coolant’s ability to protect wet-sleeve cylinder liners from cavitation corrosion. Dozens of coolants were evaluated using this test procedure. The ranking of cylinder liner pit area counts from this procedure’s discrimination matrix was in agreement with the ranking of pit area results seen in high-mileage field tests. Conversely, upon investigation, an acceptable correlation could not be established between field test pit area counts and the results from a known bench test. Obtaining results in a few weeks from a short duration procedure such as this can offer a coolant formulator advantages compared to waiting for the completion of a properly conducted field test. This test procedure creates an accelerated, yet realistic level of liner cavitation that ranks protection levels of coolants being evaluated. This ranking or discrimination is often not possible in field testing because the field test is run under mild service conditions or the engine components have little tendency to promote liner pitting. In addition, the difficulty in controlling field tests often yields unusable, inaccurate results. The test procedure was shown to be repeatable within labs and reproducible between labs thus confirming the viability of this test procedure as a useful tool to assess a coolant’s ability to protect against cylinder liner cavitation damage. It is recommended that the presently developed test procedure be considered for adoption as an ASTM test method.
Genetic variation in receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ is associated with type 2 diabetes in Swedish Caucasians
Authors: Långberg Ewa-Carin , Gu Harvest F , Nordman Sofia , Efendic Suad , Östenson Claes-Göran 
Published: September 2007

Objective: Previously, it has been demonstrated that receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (RPTPσ) is involved in glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling in several animal models. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether polymorphisms in this gene influence the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans.
Design: We investigated how genetic variations in the RPTPσ gene influence susceptibility to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and T2D, in Swedish men and women.
Methods: Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed by dynamic allele-specific hybridization in a total of 1057 Swedish Caucasians including 497 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 262 subjects with IGT, and 298 patients with T2D.
Results: SNPs rs1143699, rs4807015, and rs1978237 were found to be associated with T2D. SNP rs1143699 was associated with male T2D patients when compared with NGT controls (odds ratio; OR = 1.57; P = 0.029). SNP rs4807015 showed association with T2D patients when compared with NGT controls (OR = 1.32; P = 0.025). Finally, SNP rs1978237 was associated with T2D patients when compared with NGT controls (OR = 1.59; P = 0.002). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that for SNP rs1143699 in men, C/C homozygosity conveys an increased risk of T2D (OR = 2.19; P = 0.035), while SNP rs4807015 was associated with an increased risk of T2D in both men and women (OR = 1.74; P = 0.029). SNP rs1978237 also demonstrated a risk of T2D in men and women (OR = 1.59; P = 0.026).
Conclusions: This study provides evidence for association of SNPs in the RPTPσ gene with T2D in Swedish Caucasians. SNPs rs1143699, rs4807015, and rs1978237 confer an increased risk of developing T2D.
Low sex hormone-binding globulin as a predictive marker for insulin resistance in women with hyperandrogenic syndrome
Authors: Kajaia Natia , Binder Helge , Dittrich Ralf , Oppelt Patricia G , Flor Bianca , Cupisti Susanne , Beckmann Matthias W , Mueller Andreas 
Published: September 2007

Background: The aim of the present study is to assess insulin resistance (IR) in women with hyperandrogenic syndrome, which was suggested to replace the term polycystic ovary syndrome by the Androgen Excess Society, and to evaluate whether sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) can be used as a predictive marker of IR in hyperandrogenic women.
Methods: Clinical, metabolic, and endocrine parameters were measured, and an oral glucose tolerance test was carried out. The women were classified as IR group or non-IR group, in accordance with defined cutoff points for the homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) at ≥2.5, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index at ≤ 0.33, and the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI) at ≤ 5.
Results: The women classified as having IR had a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) and free androgen index (FAI) and showed significantly lower SHBG and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, regardless of the indices used. However, with the Matsuda ISI, generally more women were diagnosed as having IR, and this group had significantly higher total testosterone and triglyceride values, as well as a higher incidence of hirsutism.
Conclusions: Women who were classified as being insulin resistant using insulin sensitivity indices showed significantly higher BMI and FAI values and lower SHBG and HDL levels. However, the Matsuda ISI may be more favorable for identifying IR in hyperandrogenic women. SHBG may serve as a predictive marker of IR in these women, particularly in those who are obese.
Elevated serum levels of adiponectin in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes and the impact of age, gender, body mass index and metabolic control: a longitudinal study
Authors: Galler Angela , Gelbrich Götz , Kratzsch Jürgen , Noack Nicole , Kapellen Thomas , Kiess Wieland 
Published: September 2007

Objective: Adiponectin plays an important role in pathophysiology of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine adiponectin concentrations in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in a longitudinal manner and to study the impact of age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and metabolic control.
Research design and methods: In this study, 88 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes were followed longitudinally. At baseline and during follow-up, serum levels of adiponectin were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay and correlated with clinical data, HbA1c and lipids. Healthy children (n = 259) were chosen as a control group.
Results: Serum adiponectin levels were significantly higher in children with type 1 diabetes compared with healthy children (13.1 vs 9.1 μg/ml at baseline, P < 0.001). Adiponectin concentrations inversely correlated with BMI s.d.s (P < 0.001). No significant difference of adiponectin levels regarding gender, diabetes duration or HbA1c was seen. Adiponectin concentrations decreased in males with type 1 diabetes during puberty (P = 0.03) while there was no significant change in females. In a subgroup of patients with new onset type 1 diabetes, adiponectin concentrations were not different from adiponectin levels in control subjects but increased during follow-up (P = 0.007). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that most important predictors of adiponectin levels in type 1 diabetes at the end of the study were adiponectin concentration at baseline (β = 0.574, P < 0.001) and BMI s.d.s (β = −0.302, P = 0.001, r2 = 0.56).
Conclusions: Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes have BMI-dependent elevated serum concentrations of adiponectin compared with healthy children.
Health-related quality of life in acromegalic subjects: data from AcroBel, the Belgian Registry on acromegaly
Authors: T’Sjoen Guy , Bex Marie , Maiter Dominique , Velkeniers Brigitte , Abs Roger 
Published: September 2007

Objective: To assess the impairment of quality of life (QoL), evaluated by the acromegaly QoL (AcroQoL) questionnaire, in patients with controlled and uncontrolled acromegaly.
Design: Cross-sectional evaluation of AcroBel, a national observational registry of acromegalic patients newly diagnosed or in follow-up.
Methods: Disease perception by the patients was evaluated by the disease-specific signs and symptoms score (SSS) and QoL was assessed by the AcroQoL questionnaire. Hormonal status was determined by central measurements of GH and IGF-I.
Results: Patients (n = 291) had a median GH of 1.43 μg/l (0.65–3.03; IQR), a median IGF-I of 231 μg/l (150–367), and a mean IGF-I z-score of +1.91 (s.d. 2.21). The AcroQoL total score in the whole group was 67.1 (51.1–78.4), with a score of 65.6 (43.8–78.1) for the physical dimension, 67.9 (53.6–80.4) for the psychological dimension, 78.6 (64.3–89.3) for personal relations and 57.1 (39.3–75) for appearance. The median SSS was 3 (1–5). There was a negative correlation between both questionnaires (r = −0.478; P < 0.001). There was no correlation between AcroQoL score and biochemical markers of disease activity. When subdividing patients into groups of biochemical control according to GH and IGF-I levels, no difference could be established for either SSS or AcroQoL scores.
Conclusions: The AcroQoL results from the AcroBel registry confirm the marked impairment of the patients’ QoL, especially in relation with appearance. A negative correlation between AcroQoL and SSS was confirmed. There was, however, no correlation between AcroQoL and biochemical markers of disease activity.
Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in conservatively treated congenital hyperinsulinism
Authors: Mazor-Aronovitch K , Gillis D , Lobel D , Hirsch H J , Pinhas-Hamiel O , Modan-Moses D , Glaser B , Landau H 
Published: September 2007

Background: Congenital hyperinsulinism (CH) is treated surgically in many centers (near-total and partial pancreatectomy for diffuse and focal disease respectively). Most patients treated with near-total pancreatectomy developed diabetes during childhood/puberty. CH patients are at increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, some being severe, which are reported to occur in 14–44% of patients from highly heterogenous cohorts. Over the last few decades, we have treated children with CH conservatively without surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the neurodevelopmental outcome of these patients.
Design and methods: The study included 21 Ashkenazi CH medically treated patients: 11 homozygotes (diffuse disease) and 9 heterozygotes with mutations on the paternal allele (presumed focal disease). The mean age was 13.7 years (range 8–23). Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed by telephone interviews of parents, using a standard questionnaire. Closest age siblings of CH patients served as controls.
Results: Ten CH patients had perinatal seizures of short duration. Four had post-neonatal seizures, which remitted entirely. During early childhood, four patients (19%) had hypotonia, eight (38%) had fine motor problems, seven (33%) had gross motor problems (clumsiness), and one had mild cerebral palsy. Three patients (14%) had speech problems. Eight patients required developmental therapy, compared to one in the control group. Most of these problems were resolved by age 4–5 years. At school age, all were enrolled in regular education, some excelled in their studies, 6 out of 21 patients (29%) had learning problems (2 out of 21 controls). None had overt diabetes.
Conclusions: Good neurodevelopmental outcome was observed in our conservatively treated CH patients, with no diabetes as reported in patients undergoing pancreatectomy.
Variable pathological and clinical features of a large Brazilian family harboring a mutation in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein gene
Authors: Naves Luciana A , Daly Adrian F , Vanbellinghen Jean-François , Casulari Luiz A , Spilioti Cristina , Magalhães Albino V , Azevedo Monalisa F , Giacomini Leonardo A , Nascimento Paula P , Nunes Rousielysson O , Rosa Joao W C , Jaffrain-Rea Marie-Lise , Bours Vincent , Beckers Albert 
Published: September 2007

Background: Germline aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) mutations occur in 15% of familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) cases. To date, studies have focused on the identification of such mutations in large international cohorts. Detailed genetic and clinical studies within AIP mutation-positive families have been limited.
Aim: To undertake a comprehensive study of a large Brazilian FIPA kindred with an E174 frameshift (E174fs) AIP mutation to assess clinical, hormonal, and radiological features in mutation carriers.
Methods: The kindred included 122 subjects across six generations; all underwent clinical examination. Genetic studies were performed to identify E174fs mutation carriers. E174fs-positive subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and hormonal assessments.
Results: Of the ten germline AIP mutation carriers, three had pituitary tumors, while seven were asymptomatic carriers. Three patients with pituitary tumors showed variability in terms of tumor phenotype (two with acromegaly, one with prolactinoma, or mixed prolactin/GH-secreting tumor) and age at diagnosis; both patients with acromegaly had poor responses to octreotide. Tumor AIP immunohistochemistry from the operated patient showed decreased expression when compared with normal tissue. Two adult subjects with normal MRI had elevated IGF-I in the absence of other causes. A 2-year-old child with the E174fs mutation and a normal MRI had premature thelarche, ovarian development, and advanced bone age in the absence of other underlying causes.
Conclusions: The penetrance of pituitary tumors in AIP mutation-positive adult subjects was 33.3%, while clinical/hormonal features were variable. The features noted in AIP-mutation carriers in this kindred suggest that clinical characteristics of such carriers may extend beyond pituitary tumors.
Human Islet-Derived Precursor Cells Are Mesenchymal Stromal Cells That Differentiate and Mature to Hormone-Expressing Cells In Vivo
Authors: Davani Behrous , Ikonomou Laertis , Raaka Bruce M. , Geras-Raaka Elizabeth , Morton Russell A. , Marcus-Samuels Bernice , Gershengorn Marvin C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Islet transplantation offers improved glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients, but transplantation of islets is limited by the supply of donor pancreases. Undifferentiated precursors hold promise for cell therapy because they can expand before differentiation to produce a large supply of functional insulin-producing cells. Previously, we described proliferative populations of human islet-derived precursor cells (hIPCs) from adult islets. To show the differentiation potential of hIPCs, which do not express insulin mRNA after at least 1,000-fold expansion, we generated epithelial cell clusters (ECCs) during 4 days of differentiation in vitro. After transplantation into mice, 22 of 35 ECC preparations differentiated and matured into functional cells that secreted human C-peptide in response to glucose. Transcripts for insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin in recovered ECC grafts increased with time in vivo, reaching levels approximately 1% of those in adult islets. We show that hIPCs are mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that adhere to plastic, express CD73, CD90, and CD105, and can differentiate in vitro into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. Moreover, we find a minor population of CD105+/CD73+/CD90+ cells in adult human islets (prior to incubation in vitro) that express insulin mRNA at low levels. We conclude that hIPCs are a specific type of pancreas-derived MSC that are capable of differentiating into hormone-expressing cells. Their ability to mature into functional insulin-secreting cells in vivo identifies them as an important adult precursor or stem cell population that could offer a virtually unlimited supply of human islet-like cells for replacement therapy in type 1 diabetes.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The Effect of Working for Pay on Adolescent Tobacco Use
Authors: Ramchand Rajeev , Ialongo Nicholas S. , Chilcoat Howard D. 
Published: September 2007

Objectives. We investigated the links between working for pay and adolescent tobacco use to determine whether working for pay increases smoking risk. Methods. We performed retrospective and prospective analyses using data from a cohort of 799 predominantly African American students in Baltimore, Md, who had been followed since the first grade. Results. At the 10th year of follow-up, when the adolescents were aged 14 to 18 years, there was a positive relationship between the time they spent working for pay and current tobacco use. This relationship was attenuated somewhat after adjustment for potential selection effects. Adolescents who spent more than 10 hours per week working for pay also tended to initiate tobacco use earlier than did their peers. Among adolescents who had not yet used tobacco, those who started to work 1 year after assessment and those who worked over 2 consecutive assessments had an elevated risk of initiating use relative to adolescents who did not start working. Conclusions. There is a strong link between working for pay and adolescent tobacco use. Policymakers should monitor the conditions under which young people work to help minimize young workers’ tobacco use and potential for initiating use.
Sexual Violence Victimization History and Sexual Risk Indicators in a Community-Based Urban Cohort of “Mostly Heterosexual” and Heterosexual Young Women
Authors: Austin S. Bryn , Roberts Andrea L. , Corliss Heather L. , Molnar Beth E. 
Published: September 2007

Objectives. We sought to examine sexual violence victimization in childhood and sexual risk indicators in young adulthood in a primarily Latina and Black cohort of “mostly heterosexual” and heterosexual women in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN). Methods. In 2000, a comprehensive survey that assessed sexual orientation, sexual risk indicators, and sexual abuse victimization was completed by 391 young women (aged 18 to 24 years) who had participated in PHDCN. We used multivariable regression methods to examine sexual orientation group differences in sexual risk indicators and to assess whether childhood sexual abuse may mediate relationships. Results. Compared with self-reported heterosexual women, self-reported “mostly heterosexual” women were more likely to report having been the victim of childhood sexual abuse, to have had a sexually transmitted infection, to report an earlier age of first sexual intercourse, and to have had more sexual partners. Childhood sexual abuse did not mediate relationships between sexual orientation and sexual risk indicators. Conclusions. Our findings add to the evidence that “mostly heterosexual” women experience greater health risk than do heterosexual women. In addition, “mostly heterosexual” women are at high risk for having experienced childhood sexual abuse.
Peer and Teacher Effects on the Early Onset of Sexual Intercourse
Authors: Brendgen Mara , Wanner Brigitte , Vitaro Frank 
Published: September 2007

Objectives. We examined the links between peer rejection and verbal abuse by a teacher during childhood with the early onset of sexual intercourse and the mediating role of delinquent behavior and low self-esteem in this context. Methods. We assessed 312 students (159 girls) in northwestern Quebec annually from kindergarten through seventh grade. Peer identifications were used to assess peer rejection and verbal abuse by teachers from kindergarten through fourth grade. In seventh grade, self-reports were used to assess delinquent behavior, self-esteem, and having sexual intercourse. Multiple sources were used to assess control variables. Results. Multiple imputation-based linear and logistic regressions showed that peer rejection was indirectly associated with a higher risk of early intercourse by its link with lower self-esteem, but only for girls. Verbal abuse by teachers during childhood was directly associated with a higher risk of early sexual intercourse and indirectly by its link with delinquent behavior. Conclusions. The results underline the importance of both peers and teachers in healthy sexual development among youths, especially for girls, and emphasize the need for targeted health and sexual education programs.
Diabetes Personal Trainer Outcomes
Authors: Nansel Tonja R. , Iannotti Ronald J. , Simons-Morton Bruce G. , Cox Christopher , Plotnick Leslie P. , Clark Loretta M. , Zeitzoff Linda 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—To assess the social-cognitive, behavioral, and physiological outcomes of a self-management intervention for youth with type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 81 youth with type 1 diabetes aged 11–16 years were randomized to usual care versus a “diabetes personal trainer” intervention, consisting of six self-monitoring, goal-setting, and problem-solving sessions with trained nonprofessionals. Assessments were completed at baseline and multiple follow-up intervals. A1C data were obtained from medical records. ANCOVA adjusting for age and baseline values were conducted for each outcome.
RESULTS—At both short-term and 1-year follow-up, there was a trend for an overall intervention effect on A1C (short-term F = 3.71, P = 0.06; 1-year F = 3.79, P = 0.06) and a significant intervention-by-age interaction, indicating a great effect among older than younger youth (short-term F = 4.78, P = 0.03; 1-year F = 4.53, P = 0.04). Subgroup analyses demonstrated no treatment group difference among younger youth but a significant difference among the older youth. No treatment group differences in parent or youth report of adherence were observed.
CONCLUSIONS—The diabetes personal trainer intervention demonstrated significant effects in A1C among middle adolescents.
Depressive Symptoms, Race, and Glucose Concentrations
Authors: Boyle Stephen H. , Surwit Richard S. , Georgiades Anastasia , Brummett Beverly H. , Helms Michael J. , Williams Redford B. , Barefoot John C. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—This study examined the associations of depressive symptoms with glucose concentrations and morning cortisol levels in 665 African-American and 4,216 Caucasian Vietnam-era veterans.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Glucose level was measured as a three-level variable (diabetes, impaired glucose, and normal). Depressive symptoms were measured by the Obvious Depression Scale (OBD) from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
RESULTS—Regression models showed significant race × OBD interactions in relation to glucose concentration (P &lt; 0.0001) and cortisol (P &lt; 0.0001). The OBD was positively associated with glucose concentration and cortisol in both racial groups. However, the magnitude of those associations was larger for African Americans. Further analyses suggested that cortisol partially mediated the race difference in the relation of depressive symptoms to glucose concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS—These results suggest that enhanced hypothalamic pituitary adrenal activity plays an important role in the relation of depressive symptoms to dysregulated glucose metabolism and may partially explain the differential effects of depressive symptoms on glucose levels in African-American and Caucasian male subjects.