bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Was Tristrams saga the Structural Model for Egils saga?
Authors: Schach Paul 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTOn the basis of certain compositional features introduced into the Tristan story by Thomas of Brittany, it has been established that the many Tristan reminiscences in Old Norse literature stem fromTristrams saga(Schach 1965). In this paper it will be argued thatTristrams sagaprovided the structural model forEgils saga.
Biblical Gothic and the configurationality parameter
Authors: Berard Stephen A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a configurationality parameter based solely on the issue of criteriality for fulfillment of the fundamental function of syntax, which is the establishment of linkage between lexemes and their grammatical relations. The two alternative linking systems discussed here are structural and morphological (S-systems and M-systems). S-systems are found in all language, whereas M-systems are found only in certain languages, and there only in isolated pockets which co-occur with specificity gaps in the respective S-system. In the past, observations about the authenticity and idiomaticness of the language of the Gothic Bible have been based on the examination of very limited phenomena as well as on subjective impressions. A general methodology is suggested here for thorough comparison of the Gothic with the Greek original. Application of this methodology to four sample chapters reveals significant and consistent variation in certain areas, although very little variation is found in the area of word order. The latter fact, along with some other considerations, suggests that Gothic had an M-system somewhat comparable to that of Koine Greek.
The Old EnglishGenesis Bpoet: Bilingual or interlingual?
Authors: Rauch Irmengard 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAlthough the celebrated 1875 conjecture of Sievers hypothesizing an Old SaxonGenesissource for the translation of the Old EnglishGenesisB (or Later Genesis) was confirmed by the 1894 find of Zangemeister, the question of the native language of the translator of the Old SaxonGenesisremains. TheGenesis Bevidence is reconsidered here from the viewpoint of contemporary empirical data to ascertain whether the translator was bilingual or interlingual, the former putatively associated with a native (Old Englishman in this case), the second with a second language learner (of Old English). The Old English data contrasted with the character of Old Saxon and configurated with extrapolations from differing cognitive strategies argue for an Anglo-Saxon provenance of theGenesis Bpoet.
Etymology of dialectal Swedishnårotandnargas reflected by Balto-Finnic loanwords: Finnishnaarmu‘scratch, scar’, Estoniannäru‘rag, tatter, frazzle’
Authors: Nilsson Torbjörn K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe Swedish dialectal wordsnårot‘worn-out’ andnarg‘a piece of wornout cloth’ have not been etymologically treated so far. I here connect them with a family of Balto-Finnic words, likewise still lacking an etymology: Finn.naarmu˜narvas(<*narwa−), Est.näru(<*narwo-) andnarvas ˜ narmas, etc. In these Balto-Finnic words, the -v- has in most attested forms undergone a sound substitution to -m-, known to have taken place in some Germanic loan words in Balto-Finnic. I propose that the above dialectal Swedish words can be explained as oldwō/wa–stems, related to West Germanic words like Ger.Narbe, OEnearwian‘to constrain’, etc. Thus, it appears that Finn,narvas-, naarmu, Est.näru, etc. are Proto-Germanic loan words in Balto-Finnic, and that the words later died out in the Germanic languages, only to be retrievable through dialectal Norwegian and North Swedish data and reconstructable through comparison with the Balto-Finnic loan words.
Molecular cloning, expression profiling and functional analyses of a cDNA encoding isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase from Gossypium barbadense
Authors: Wang Yechun , Qiu Chengxiang , Zhang Fei , Guo Binhui , Miao Zhiqi , Sun Xiaofen , Tang Kexuan 
Published: December 2008

Gossypol, a type of plant defence sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin, is synthesized from the MEP (2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate) and MVA (mevalonate) pathway in the isoprenoid biosynthetic system. The key step is the isomerization of IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) to DMAPP (dimethylallyl diphosphate), which is catalysed by IPI (IPP isomerase; EC 5.3.3.2). A full-length cDNA encoding IPI (designated GbIPI) was cloned from Gossypium barbadense by RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends). The full-length cDNA of GbIPI was 1205 bp and contained a 906 bp ORF (open reading frame) encoding a protein of 302 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 34.39 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.07. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the GbIPI has a high level of similarity to other IPIs. Southern-blot analysis revealed that GbIPI belongs to a small gene family. Expression analysis indicated that GbIPI expression is highest in stems, followed by leaves, and is lowest in roots, and that the expression of GbIPI could be induced by Verticillium dahliae Kleb, MeJA (methyl jasmonate) and SA (salicylic acid). The functional colour assay indicated that GbIPI could accelerate the accumulation of β-carotene in Escherichia coli transformants. The cloning and functional analysis of GbIPI will be useful in increasing understanding of the role of IPI in isoprenoid biosynthesis at the molecular level.
Neuroscience of Swallowing: Strategies in Rehabilitation
Authors: Miller Arthur J. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The development of strategies to rehabilitate patients with dysphagia depends on an understanding of both the underlying neuroscientific principles that control normal swallowing and how a damaged central nervous system can respond. Strategies can incorporate the sensory and motor systems, as well as use the plasticity of the cortex and neuromuscular system. Treating dysphagia could involve stimulating the sensory system more often through the two primary nerves involved with swallowing, the glossopharyngeal and superior laryngeal nerves, as well as by enhancing the trigeminal sensory input. Enhancement of the motor system can occur by using muscles in special exercises or by electrically stimulating the target muscles directly. The cortex can be modified by increased sensory input, which will adapt the sensorimotor cortex. In addition, techniques of directly stimulating the cortex hold promise for rehabilitation.
Using fMRI to Test Models of Complex Cognition
Authors: Anderson John R. , Carter Cameron S. , Fincham Jon M. , Qin Yulin , Ravizza Susan M. , Rosenberg‐Lee Miriam 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article investigates the potential of fMRI to test assumptions about different components in models of complex cognitive tasks. If the components of a model can be associated with specific brain regions, one can make predictions for the temporal course of the BOLD response in these regions. An event‐locked procedure is described for dealing with temporal variability and bringing model runs and individual data trials into alignment. Statistical methods for testing the model are described that deal with the scan‐to‐scan correlations in the errors of measurement of the BOLD signal. This approach is illustrated using a “sacrificial” ACT‐R model that involves mapping 6 modules onto 6 brain regions in an experiment from concerned with equation solving. The model's visual encoding predicted the BOLD response in the fusiform gyrus, its controlled retrieval predicted the BOLD response in the lateral inferior prefrontal cortex, and its subgoal setting predicted the BOLD response in the anterior cingulate cortex. On the other hand, its motor programming failed to predict anticipatory activation in the motor cortex, its representational changes failed to predicted the pattern of activity in the posterior parietal cortex, and its procedural component failed to predict an initial spike in caudate. The results illustrate the power of such data to direct the development of a theory of complex problem solving, both at the level of a specific task model as well as at the level of the cognitive architecture.
Parameters, Predictions, and Evidence in Computational Modeling: A Statistical View Informed by ACT–R
Authors: Weaver Rhiannon 
Published: December 2008

AbstractModel validation in computational cognitive psychology often relies on methods drawn from the testing of theories in experimental physics. However, applications of these methods to computational models in typical cognitive experiments can hide multiple, plausible sources of variation arising from human participants and from stochastic cognitive theories, encouraging a “model fixed, data variable” paradigm that makes it difficult to interpret model predictions and to account for individual differences. This article proposes a likelihood‐based, “data fixed, model variable” paradigm in which models are treated as stochastic processes in experiments with participant‐to‐participant variation that can be applied to a broad range of mechanistic cognitive architectures. This article discusses the implementation and implications of this view in model validation, with a concrete focus on a simple class of ACT‐R models of cognition. This article is not intended as a recipe for broad application of these preliminary, proof‐of‐concept methods, but as a framework for communication between statisticians searching for interesting problems in the cognitive modeling sphere, and cognitive modelers interested in generalizing from deterministic to stochastic model validation, in the face of random variation in human experimental data.
Measuring Model Flexibility With Parameter Space Partitioning: An Introduction and Application Example
Authors: Pitt Mark A. , Myung Jay I. , Montenegro Maximiliano , Pooley James 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA primary criterion on which models of cognition are evaluated is their ability to fit empirical data. To understand the reason why a model yields a good or poor fit, it is necessary to determine the data‐fitting potential (i.e., flexibility) of the model. In the first part of this article, methods for comparing models and studying their flexibility are reviewed, with a focus on parameter space partitioning (PSP), a general‐purpose method for analyzing and comparing all classes of cognitive models. PSP is then demonstrated in the second part of the article in which two connectionist models of speech perception (TRACE and ARTphone) are compared to learn how design differences affect model flexibility.
Identification of microRNA regulatory modules inArabidopsisvia a probabilistic graphical model
Authors: Joung Je-Gun , Fei Zhangjun 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMotivation: MicroRNAs miRNAs play important roles in gene regulation and are regarded as key components in gene regulatory pathways. Systematically understanding functional roles of miRNAs is essential to define core transcriptional units regulating key biological processes. Here, we propose a method based on the probabilistic graphical model to identify the regulatory modules of miRNAs and the core regulatory motifs involved in their ability to regulate gene expression.Results: We applied our method to datasets of different sources from Arabidopsis consisting of miRNA-target pair information, upstream sequences of miRNAs, transcriptional regulatory motifs and gene expression profiles. The graphical model used in this study can efficiently capture the relationship between miRNAs and diverse conditions such as various developmental processes, thus allowing us to detect functionally correlated miRNA regulatory modules involved in specific biological processes. Furthermore, this approach can reveal core transcriptional elements associated with their miRNAs. The proposed method found clusters of miRNAs, as well as putative regulators controlling the expression of miRNAs, which were highly related to diverse developmental processes of Arabidopsis. Consequently, our method can provide hypothetical miRNA regulatory circuits for functional testing that represent transcriptional events of miRNAs and transcriptional factors involved in gene regulatory pathways.Contact: zf25@cornell.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sequence progressive alignment, a framework for practical large-scale probabilistic consistency alignment
Authors: Paten Benedict , Herrero Javier , Beal Kathryn , Birney Ewan 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Motivation: Multiple sequence alignment is a cornerstone of comparative genomics. Much work has been done to improve methods for this task, particularly for the alignment of small sequences, and especially for amino acid sequences. However, less work has been done in making promising methods that work on the small-scale practically for the alignment of much larger genomic sequences.
Results: We take the method of probabilistic consistency alignment and make it practical for the alignment of large genomic sequences. In so doing we develop a set of new technical methods, combined in a framework we term ‘sequence progressive alignment’, because it allows us to iteratively compute an alignment by passing over the input sequences from left to right. The result is that we massively decrease the memory consumption of the program relative to a naive implementation. The general engineering of the challenges faced in scaling such a computationally intensive process offer valuable lessons for planning related large-scale sequence analysis algorithms. We also further show the strong performance of Pecan using an extended analysis of ancient repeat alignments. Pecan is now one of the default alignment programs that has and is being used by a number of whole-genome comparative genomic projects.
Availability: The Pecan program is freely available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/∼bjp/pecan/ Pecan whole genome alignments can be found in the Ensembl genome browser.
Contact: benedict@soe.ucsc.edu
supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Preventing the unfolded protein response via aberrant activation of 4E‐binding protein 1 by versipelostatin
Authors: Matsuo Junichi , Tsukumo Yoshinori , Sakurai Junko , Tsukahara Satomi , Park Hae‐Ryong , Shin‐ya Kazuo , Watanabe Toshiki , Tsuruo Takashi , Tomida Akihiro 
Published: December 2008

We recently isolated a macrocyclic compound, versipelostatin (VST), that exerts in vivo antitumor activity. VST shows unique, selective cytotoxicity to glucose‐deprived tumor cells by preventing the unfolded protein response (UPR). Here we show that eukaryotic initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 1 (4E‐BP1), a negative regulator of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E‐mediated protein translation, plays a role in the UPR‐inhibitory action of VST. Indeed, 4E‐BP1 is aberrantly activated by VST. This activation occurs specifically during glucose deprivation and results in profound translation repression and prevents induction of the typical UPR markers glucose‐regulated protein (GRP) 78 and activating transcription factor (ATF) 4. Our overexpression and knockdown experiments showed that 4E‐BP1 can regulate GRP78 and ATF4 expression. These mechanisms appear to be specific for VST. By contrast, rapamycin, which activates 4E‐BP1 regardless of cellular glucose availability, has only marginal effects on the expression of GRP78 and ATF4. Our present findings demonstrate that aberrant 4E‐BP1 activation can contribute to UPR preventing by VST, possibly through a mechanism that does not operate in rapamycin‐treated cells. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 327–333)
A comparison of sub‐Tenon’s with peribulbar anaesthesia in patients undergoing sequential bilateral cataract surgery
Authors: Budd M. , Brown J. P. R. , Thomas J. , Hardwick M. , McDonald P. , Barber K. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare efficacy and particularly patient preference of sub‐Tenon’s anaesthesia with peribulbar anaesthesia in patients undergoing sequential, bilateral, cataract surgery. Fifty patients were randomised to either sub‐Tenon’s or peribulbar anaesthesia for their first operation and the alternative technique for their subsequent operation. Intra‐ocular pressure was measured, globe and lid akinesia were scored, patients completed a visual rating score of injection and operative pain and their preference for anaesthesia was assessed. Intra‐ocular pressure rose significantly following peribulbar injection (p = 0.02) but was comparable at 5 min. There was no significant difference in lid or globe movement. Injection and operative pain scores were low and comparable. Both methods provided similar anaesthesia and akinesia. The majority (86%) chose the method they received first irrespective of whether it was sub‐Tenon’s or peribulbar, but 10% of patients preferred sub‐Tenon’s, disliking the facial numbness from peribulbar anaesthesia.
Reliability of the anaerobic threshold in cardiopulmonary exercise testing of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms*
Authors: Kothmann E. , Danjoux G. , Owen S. J. , Parry A. , Turley A. J. , Batterham A. M. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAnaerobic threshold (AT), determined by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), is a well‐documented measure of pre‐operative fitness, although its reliability in patient populations is uncertain. Our aim was to assess the reliability of AT measurement in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eighteen patients were recruited. CPET was performed four times over a 6‐week period. We examined shifts in the mean AT to evaluate systematic bias with random measurement error assessed using typical within‐patient error and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, 3,1) statistics. There was no significant or clinically substantial change in mean AT across the tests (p = 0.68). The typical within‐patient error expressed as a percentage coefficient of variation was 10% (95% CI, 8–13%), with an ICC of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.55–0.89). We consider the reliability of the AT to be acceptable, supporting its clinical validity and utility as an objective marker of pre‐operative fitness in this population.
The Diamedica Draw‐Over Vaporizer: a comparison of a new vaporizer with the Oxford Miniature Vaporizer
Authors: English W. A. , Tully R. , Muller G. D. , Eltringham R. J. J. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe Diamedica Draw‐Over Vaporizer (DDV) has been developed as an alternative to the Oxford Miniature Vaporizer (OMV). Both can function as draw‐over or plenum vaporizers. The performances of these two vaporizers were compared under conditions simulating intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and continuous flow (CF). Series 1 experiments were conducted with the vaporizers in water baths at 20, 25 and 30 °C. Vaporizers were tested at dial settings of 1–4% over a range of minute volumes (1.75–6 l.min−1) and flow rates (3–8 l.min−1). Series 2 experiments compared output of the vaporizers over time at ambient temperatures of 20, 25 and 30 °C. A minute volume of 6 l.min−1 (IPPV) and a gas flow of 8 l.min−1 (CF) were used with a vaporizer setting of 2%. Vapour concentrations were recorded at 5‐min intervals. In series 1 IPPV experiments, the DDV vaporizer was more accurate, producing significantly fewer vapour concentrations 0.5% more than or less than setting (p = 0.013). The OMV tended to produce more favourable results under continuous flow (p = 0.42). In series 2 experiments, the accuracy of both vaporizers was similar but consistency of output over time was better for the DDV and consistency of output according to differences in ambient temperature was better for the DDV. The OMV produced more vapour concentrations that were markedly higher than dial setting, particularly at high ambient temperatures. The DDV is a suitable alternative to the OMV with some distinct advantages. These include a larger reservoir, tendency towards greater accuracy during IPPV and improved consistency of output.
An evaluation of a groupwork intervention for teenage mothers and their families
Authors: McDonald Lynn , Conrad Tammy , Fairtlough Anna , Fletcher Joan , Green Liz , Moore Liz , Lepps Betty 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the implementation of a specific, community‐based, multi‐family group (MFG) intervention strategy (Families and Schools Together [FAST] babies) aimed at improving the outcomes for infants of teenage mothers in 11 Canadian communities. The aims of this social work group intervention were (1) to engage the teenage mothers into a socially inclusive experience that might challenge the social disapproval they often experience, (2) to enhance the mother–infant bond, while increasing feelings of parental efficacy, and (3) to enhance the social context of the teenage mother by reducing stress, social isolation and intergenerational family conflict. Groups were co‐led by teams of service users (a young mother, a grandmother of the baby of a teenage mother and a father of the baby of a teenage mother) collaborating with multi‐agency professionals (health visitors and social workers). Teams that reflected the ethnic diversity of the participating family members were trained to facilitate eight weekly group meetings. They showed respect for the young women's ‘voice’, and supported her ‘choice’ to prioritize motherhood as her defining identity. The meetings comprised a range of activities, including crafts and singing, discussion of ‘conflict scenarios’ in cross‐familial, cross‐generational groups, infant massage delivered to babies by the young mothers, grandmother support groups, and a shared community meal. Where necessary, teams made referrals for specialist help. One hundred twenty‐eight young mothers came once to 17 groups, and 90% graduated having attended a minimum of six sessions. Evaluation data from mothers and grandmothers showed positive change when comparing pre and post, based on standardized questionnaires. One‐tailed, pairedt‐tests showed statistically significant increases in parental self‐efficacy for the teenage mothers, improved parent–child bonds, reductions in stress and family conflict, and increases in social support. Given that rates of teenage pregnancy in the UK are among the highest in Europe, this paper concludes with a discussion of the feasibility and possible merits of introducing FAST babies to England.