bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wintering bird communities in newly‐formed wetland in the Yangtze River estuary
Authors: Ma Zhijun , Gan Xiaojing , Choi Chiyeung , Jing Kai , Tang Shimin , Li Bo , Chen Jiakuan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe compared wintering bird communities and their habitats among three shoals at Jiuduansha, a newly‐formed wetland in the Yangtze River estuary. The highest species richness and diversity were recorded in Shangsha, which is the highest shoal, and the highest abundance and lowest species diversity were recorded in Xiasha, which is the lowest shoal. Shangsha had the largest abundance of perching birds whereas Xiasha was the most abundant in waterbirds. Bird assemblages showed different associations with the different habitat types—perching birds were favored by reed (Phragmites australis) communities, shallow water foragers and dabbling ducks preferred sea‐bulrush (Scirpus mariqueter) communities, and moist‐soil foragers and gulls showed a preference for bare intertidal zones. All bird assemblages, however, avoided the smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) communities, which are dominated by an alien invasive plant. The composition of avian communities was related to habitat types at the three shoals. Our results suggest that the newly‐formed tidelands can provide suitable habitats for waterbirds and that the lower tidelands can attract more waterfowl than the higher tidelands. Because the shoal with low species diversity could have exclusive bird species, conservation efforts should not concentrate only on the area with high species diversity. The estuarine wetlands should be considered as a whole when conservation strategies are designed. The alien invasive plant should, moreover, be effectively controlled, to provide suitable habitats for birds.
Seaweed resources in Malaysia: Current status and future prospects
Authors: Phang S. M. 
Published: June 2006

Malaysia has an extensive coastline fringed by numerous islands, providing various habitats for the proliferation of seaweeds. The first checklist of the marine benthic algae in Malaysia was published in 1991, together with a historical account of phycological research in the region. Regular collections of seaweeds resulted in several updates reporting new records and new species. The tally of Malaysian marine algae stands at 375 specific and infraspecific taxa.
The last two decades have seen an increased interest in the commercial use of seaweeds, especially Eucheuma, Kappaphycus and Gracilaria. Eucheuma and Kappaphycus are cultured in Sabah where two factories for production of semi-refined carrageenan have been established. The inventory of Malaysian seaweeds continues. Ecological information is scarce and therefore biomass assessments of natural seaweed areas, productivity determination and phenological studies of important species should be encouraged. Only then can the status of the seaweed flora of Malaysia be assessed, and threatened species and habitats be identified.
Marine capture fisheries
Authors: Gopinath N. , Puvanesuri S. S. 
Published: June 2006

Marine capture fisheries constitute an important sector in the Malaysian economy; not only as a major food source but also as a generator of foreign exchange and employment. Rapid economic growth in recent years has resulted in a significant movement of rural manpower to industrial and urban centres, leaving a declining and aging population of fishers in the industry, particularly where the coastal fisheries are concerned. On the other hand, the offshore fishery is still relatively small though substantial Governmental efforts are being invested in pushing for a “blue water” fisheries fleet. The major problems in the growth of the offshore fishery relate not only to basic issues such as infrastructure, capital and skills, but also to the need to compete with advanced fishing nations such as Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia.
This report attempts to provide a broad overview of the fishing industry in Malaysia, particularly in relation to the health of the resources on which it is dependent. It also points out the constraints and contradictions in present resource management regimes and attempts to indicate a way forward in resolving some of them.
Coastal erosion and reclamation in Malaysia
Authors: Ghazali Nor Hisham M. 
Published: June 2006

Reclamation, a human activity that can transform an entire environment in a relatively short time, epitomizes one of the pinnacles of engineering achievement—creation of new landmass. As demonstrated by the construction of the Chek Lap Kok and Kansai airports in Hong Kong and Japan respectively, whole new islands can be created in this way and, in the process, landscapes, eco-systems and livelihoods could be altered. Considering the potential and major implications, reclamation projects call for a comprehensive assessment of environmental impacts ranging from the direct to the residual, and from the quantifiable to the intangible. Reclamation works have been carried out along Malaysia's coast since the 1950s but it was only in the 1990s that it has captured much public attention, and mostly, due to the conceptual proposals of several large scale reclamation plans along the coast of Peninsular Malaysia facing the Straits of Malacca.
This chapter describes the history of erosion control and reclamation works in Malaysia and discusses the initiatives carried out to address the problems they pose.
Biological aspects of Chew Valley and Blagdon Lakes, England
Authors: WILSON R. S. , MAXWELL T. R. A. , MANCE G. , SLEIGH M. A. , MILNE R. A. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThis paper forms a sequel to that describing the physical and chemical aspects of Chew Valley and Blagdon Lakes (Wilson et al., 1975).General accounts of the phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrophytes, littoral and benthic faunas, and fish are presented, based on surveys undertaken between 1966 and 1973.The spring diatom blooms (principally Asterionella) are correlated with silica and phosphate depletion in both lakes, while growths of blue‐green (principally Microcystis) in the summer and autumn are correlated with low values of nitrate and saline ammonia.The principal zooplankter in both lakes is Daphnia hyalina. Daphnia pulex was found very commonly in Blagdon in 1970/71, but has not been recorded since. The Daphnia in Chew are smaller in size than those in Blagdon.Blagdon is richer in abundance and number of species of littoral animals, and in macrophyte development, than is Chew. The benthos of both lakes is very similar, except that Blagdon has a well‐established population of Anodonta cygnaea, while in Chew the species has apparently only recently become established.Both lakes are maintained artificially as trout fisheries. Other fish present include eels, sticklebacks, and gudgeon. Roach and Perch are found in Chew only. An outline account of their food is given based on stomach content analysis, and shows that trout feed principally on chironomid pupae in spring, and on small fish in autumn.
Alterations of p53, BCL‐2, and hMSH2 protein expression in the normal brain tissues, gliosis, and gliomas
Authors: Hussein Mahmoud R. , El‐Ghorori Rabab M. H. , El‐Rahman Yasser G. Abd 
Published: June 2006

SummaryTumorigenesis involves alterations in the tumor suppressor genes (p53), protooncogenes (BCL‐2), and housekeeping genes (human MutS homologue‐2 (hMSH2). We hypothesized that development of gliomas is associated with alterations of p53, BCL‐2, and hMSH2 protein expression. To test our hypothesis and to examine these issues, we immunostained 60 specimens entailing normal brain tissues, gliosis, and gliomas (Grade I, II, III, IV) for p53, BCL‐2, and hMSH2 protein expression. As compared with the normal brain and gliosis, examination of the average weighted scores in gliomas (Grade I, II, III, IV, respectively) showed significant up‐regulation of: (i) p53 protein (0.0 ± 0.0; 0.0 ± 0.0; 0.9 ± 0.5; 1.6 ± 0.8; 1.7 ± 0.5; and 4.1 ± 0.8, P < 0.0001) (ii) hMSH2 (1.3 ± 0.3; 1.5 ± 0.7; 1.9 ± 1.1; 2.2 ± 0.5; 4.1 ± 1.5; and 4.7 ± 1.1, P < 0.0006), and (iii) BCL‐2 (0.8 ± 0.5; 1.9 ± 0.5; 1.9 ± 0.6; 2.0 ± 0.6; 4.4 ± 1.2; and 4.6 ± 0.8, P < 0.001). The expression values (p53, BCL‐2, and hMSH2) were statistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) in astrocytomas (Grade III) than in other gliomas. There was an insignificant negative correlation between p53 and BCL‐2 (r = −0.07, P > 0.05) and between p53 and hMSH2 (r = −0.08, P > 0.05) protein expression. Alterations of the p53, BCL‐2, and hMSH2 proteins occur during the development of these tumors.
Water relations and ethylene production as related to symptom expression in cocoa seedlings infected with defoliating and non‐defoliating isolates of Verticillium dahliae
Authors: RESENDE M. L. V. , MEPSTED R. , FLOOD J. , COOPER R. M. 
Published: June 2006

Some isolates of Verticillium dahliae can induce severe defoliation on cocoa plants and others lead to wilting then desiccation of the leaves, without defoliation. The underlying mechanisms that precede the occurrence of these two distinct responses were studied in root inoculated seedlings under glasshouse conditions.Rapid decreases in total transpiration, stomatal conductance and midday leaf water potential were closely associated with the onset of foliar symptoms, indicating that water stress is a major cause of symptom development. Water stress was most pronounced when plants were inoculated with a‘non‐defoliating’isolate. In contrast, a‘defoliating’isolate induced accumulation of ethylene in newly developed leaves, where the first symptoms generally appeared. This hormone appeared to be responsible for the accelerated senescence and defoliation, as demonstrated by reversal with the application of the ethylene inhibitor silver thiosulphate.Increased symptoms, water stress and ethylene production occurred in upper leaves and coincided with more intensive colonization of this part of the plant by the pathogen. This unusual pattern reflects the vascular anatomy of the host.
THE RELEVANCE OF MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS ON SOME FINE GRAINED SILTS TO THE STUDY OF THEIR DEPOSITIONAL PROCESS
Authors: GRIFFITHS D. H. , KING R. F. , REES A. I. 
Published: June 2006

In order to explain why the magnetic directions of naturally and artificially deposited fine silts show deviations from the direction of the ambient field a theoretical model has been postulated of the process of deposition.The deviations have been explained satisfactorily on the assumption that the sediment consists of quasi‐spherical, non‐cohesive particles which roll into hollows in the existing bed. A model of this kind provides a theoretical basis for the quantitative study of certain sedimentological questions which may be applied to the study of such problems as the apparent anomalous resistance to erosion of very fine grained sediments, their mechanism of compaction and the determination of current direction and velocity.Since it does not depend on direct observation either visual or mechanical the magnetic method may be particularly fruitful for sediments of fine silt grade where such observation is very difficult.
THE STRUCTURE OF SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS OF BRAIDED RIVERS
Authors: DOEGLAS D. J. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryA description is given of the sedimentary structures and pebble orientations of two braided rivers, the Durance and Ardkhe, whose origin, hydrology, mineralogy, and mechanical composition are already well known.Microtopographic measurements indicate uneven bedding planes. Macrostructures of the deposits show many channel or festoon laminations alternating with bar deposits, showing parallel bedding or oblique, foreset laminations.Oblique laminations (foreset lamination) occur mainly at the downstream ends of the bars along the upstream side of steep concave banks of channels running obliquely to the general valley trend.Pebbles, gravel, and coarse sand dominate over silty deposits which occur as the top layer of the flood plain and occasionally as channel fill. These silty deposits (loams) are very sandy and contain many irregular current ripple marks, distinguishing them from the heavy clay deposits of the flood plain of meandering rivers.Graded bedding is rare. Structures resembling the flute casts and load casts of turbidity currents have been observed but are uncommon. Irregular current ripple marks of horseshoe shape and erosion flow marks parallel to the current direction are common.The average orientation of the long axis of cobbles, pebbles, and coarse sand grains is normal to the current direction. The inclination of flat pebbles is upstream. Points aiding in discrimination between deposits of braided rivers and of turbidity currents are given in Table II.
SOME MIDDLE SILURIAN REEFS OF GOTLAND
Authors: MANTEN A. A. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryA number of illustrations are presented, which show some characteristics of the reefs occurring in the Upper Visby and Hogklint Beds of Gotland. These series should probably be correlated with the uppermost Llandoverian and Lower Wenlockian. Reef growth took place as the water became progressively shallower. There are no reefs in the lower part of the Upper Visby Beds, which consist of marl with limestone Ienses, and was formed in relatively deep water. No reefs occur in the uppermost Hogklint, which consists of an algal limestone formed in very shallow water.
ETUDE DU COMPORTEMENT HYDRAULIQUE DU MICA
Authors: BERTHOIS LÉOPOLD 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYThe study of the hydraulic behaviour of mica and particularly the study of the modalities of the fall of particles in a motionless liquid presents a great variety of types and a vast series of falling speeds. The observations made by Mc Nown (1953), concerning grains, show that there are various modalities.The falling speed differs greatly from that indicated by the usual sedimentation speed curves, because the calculation of the nominal diameter in which the grain is compared to a sphere differs considerably from reality.The calculation of the drag coefficient (Cn) with regard to the Reynolds number (Re) again accentuates this disparity.
STATISTICAL BASIS FOR CYCLOTHEMS: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE SEDIMENTARY SUCCESSION IN THE EAST PENNINE COALFIELD
Authors: DUFF P. MCL. D. , WALTON E. K. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYStudy of cyclic sedimentation in the Coal Measures is impeded by confused terminology and ideas. It is suggested that the first steps in the investigation of an area or sequence where cyclic sedimentation is suspected should be:(1) to determine statistically if a modal cycle is present and to define that cycle,(2) to erect a composite sequence representative of the succession.The Coal Measures of the East Pennine (Yorkshire‐Derbyshire‐Nottinghamshire) Coalfield. England, are examined to illustrate the application of this idea. The succession shows amodal cycleof non‐marine shale followed upwards by seat‐earth with secondary modes (also non‐marine sediments) made up of shale—siltstone—shale—seat‐earth and shale—siltstone and sandstone—shale—seat‐earth. Thecomposite sequencefor the whole succession is marine shale—non‐marine shale—siltstone and sandstone—non‐marine shale—seat‐earth.Consideration of cycle types, horizontal and vertical variation and thickness, lead to the suggestion that sedimentational controls played the major part in the development of the cyclic succession in the Coal Measures of the East Pennine Coalfield. Only three horizons are exceptional and suggest the possibility of regional diastrophic controls or world‐wide changes of sea level.
FACIES DELINEATION BY ACOUSTIC‐REFLECTION: NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO1
Authors: CURRAY JOSEPH R. , MOORE DAVID G. 
Published: June 2006

This study in Breton, Chandeleur, and Mississippi Sounds combines the use of bottom‐penetrating acoustic‐reflection records with lithologic descriptions of piston and gravity cores for construction of sections showing boundaries of depositional facies units. Continuous acoustic records delineate morphology of buried horizons (lithologic breaks, changes in density, water content, or degree of lithification). Lithologic descriptions give internal structure and variations of particle size, color, components such as shells and wood fragments, and consistency. With these criteria, deposits were divided into the major broad facies units of sound deposits, delta deposits, basal and barrier island sands and Pleistocene clays. Delta deposits are recognized as being of two distinct periods of the St. Bernard subdelta, which has subsided beneath Breton and Chandeleur Sounds.Probable buried distributaries of these delta phases are recognized in the records. Sand bodies connecting islands in Mississippi Sound are suggested as remnants of an extensive barrier island which fronted the area previous to the subdelta growth and had its beginnings about 7,000 B. P.
DISTINCTIVE TYPES OF RIPPLE‐DRIFT CROSS‐LAMINATION
Authors: WALKER ROGER G. 
Published: June 2006

From work on two Upper Carboniferous formations in southwest England, three morphologically distinct types of ripple‐drift cross‐lamination have been recognised. Type 1 is characterised by strong erosion of laminae on the stoss (or up‐current) side of the ripples, and absence of grading. Type 3 is characterised by an absence of erosion on the stoss sides, concentration of mud in the ripple troughs and an upward gradual decrease in grain size and amplitude of rippling. Type 2 is an intermediate form with some characteristics in common with types 1 and 3. An examination of the illustrated literature has shown that types 1 and 3 occur frequently, and that type 2 has not pre‐ viously been recorded.It is suggested that type 1 is formed in fluvial and shallow water environments at times of net deposition of sediment, and that type 3 is formed by deposition from a tur‐ bidity current. Type 2 suggests hydrodynamic conditions intermediate between fluvial or shallow water traction currents, and turbidity currents.Since all current ripples move forwards, or “drift”, it is suggested that the term “ripple‐drift” should be used to describe ripple cross‐lamination where the ripples can be seen to climb onto the stoss slope of the ripple immediately downstream, there having been a net deposition, and not merely a forward drift of sediment.
PETROLOGY OF UPPER DEVONIAN PELLETOIDAL LIMESTONES, ARROW CANYON RANGE, CLARK COUNTY, NEVADA
Authors: CARSS BRIAN W. , CAROZZI ALBERT V. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYApproximately 1,200 ft. of Devonian limestone, 900 ft. belonging to the Arrow Canyon Formation and 280 ft. to the Crystal Pass Limestone, were sampled at 2 ft. intervals.A thin‐section was prepared for each sample and examined petrographically. Polished specimens were examined also and a selected group of these slabs were investigated by X‐ray diffraction analysis to determine their gross mineralogy.The petrographic examination involved the measurement of the particle size and determination of the frequency of occurrence of all the inorganic particles such as pellets and quartz grains. The organic elements such as Amphipora, stroniatopo‐ roids, calcispheres, bryozoans, ostracods and crinoids were also counted. On the basis of these measurements the samples were divided into ten microfacies, which are calcilutite, fossiliferous calcilutite, calcilutite with pocket‐like structures, breccia‐ conglomerate, poorly sorted calcarenite, arenaceous poorly sorted calcarenite, well sorted calcarenite, arenaceous well sorted calcarenite, sandstone and bioconstructed Amphipora‐stromatoporoid limestone.The raw data were subjected to a multiple correlation analysis in order to determine the inter‐relationships of the microfacies. This information also made it possible to order the microfacies in such a way that the microfacies from the highest environmental energy was one end‐member, and the microfacies formed in the lowest environmental energy was the other end‐member.These two end‐members were deposited in the deepest and the shallowest parts respectively, of the carbonate environment.The variation in relative depth was plotted against the lithological column to give the bathymetric curve. Tangents drawn to the maxima and minima of this curve defined the degree of Juctunfion of the environmental energy. The mean of these maxima and minima values was defined as the energy index. This was also plotted against the lithological column in order to trace the evolution of the environmental energy.Near the base of the measured section the degree of fluctuation is large and the energy index also has a great range in intensity. As sedimentation progressed, the degree of fluctuation lessened and the environmental energy attained a uniformly high value. The periodicity, that is apparent in the lower portion of the section for both the degree of fluctuation and the energy index, becomes less pronounced and then disappears completely in the Crystal Pass Limestone. The increasing environ‐ mental energy and the decreasing fluctuation in the bathymetry have been interpreted as being due to the carbonate basin being slowly infilled with sediments. The deposits were subjected to prolonged periods of reworking and occasional violent disturbances such as severe storms.
THE SEDIMENTARY HISTORY OF SOME TRIASSIC CONGLOMERATES IN THE VALE OF GLAMORGAN, SOUTH WALES
Authors: BLUCK BRIAN J. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYFrom a study of maximum particle size distribution and sedimentary structures it is concluded that the Triassic conglomerates of the Vale of Glamorgan are alluvial fan deposits. A number of alluvial fans are sufficiently well preserved to be mapped, differences in the shapes of the maximum particle size isopleths, lithology and sedimentary structures leading to the interpretation that both stream flood and stream deposits are present. From details of succession an alternation of stream flood and stream deposits is demonstrated, and this is probably the result of the alternation of wet and dry periods.Variations in sphericity and in particle shape through the parameters of size and distance show that an original population of roughly 50% round, 30% disc, 15% rod and 5% blade shaped particles in the size range 5‐125 mm median diameter was subjected to stream and stream flood transport which carried disc shaped particles futher (or more swiftly) than others of the same sizes. The postulated means of trans‐ port was suspension for discs of 5‐95 mm in diameter and traction for round and rod shaped particles of equal and larger sizes.
GRAVEL FABRIC IN WOLF RUN
Authors: SEMINAR SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYSize, flatness, and orientation of both maximum projection plane and longest axis were measured on 298 particles larger than 32 mm on two gravel bars in a modern stream in southeastern Indiana. Maximum projection planes dip into the current and long axes are transverse to it. Size and flatness have little effect on orientation.