bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurotics to Tribal Psychoanalysts
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at shamanism from a psychological perspective. Eighteenth- and 19th-century explorers of Siberia and arctic North America frequently mentioned what appeared to them as extreme nervousness and mental instability of indigenous populations. European observers noted that trivial things or movements, such as a sudden exclamation, an unexpected move, a knock, or a bird flying nearby, sometimes easily drove native northerners to what such writers called hysterical fits. To the Western explorers, such scenes looked abnormal. So did incidents of natives running away to the woods or mountains and remaining there for a few days. This chapter looks at the experience of Russian ethnographer Waldemar Bogoras, who conducted research among the Chukchi and Yupik natives, the indigenous inhabitants of the northeast of Siberia. Shamanism became an important part of his observations. According to his accounts, the shamans he encountered were a weird, abnormal, or at least irritable folk.
Power Plants
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the relationship between shamanism and psychedelic culture, focusing on the experience of investment banker R. Gordon Wasson and his Russian-born wife, Valentina, with mushrooms. Valentina and Gordon eventually embarked on their lifelong quest to explore the role of mushrooms in the histories and folklore of different cultures. When Valentina died of cancer in 1958, Gordon continued this quest alone. Eventually, his explorations evolved into research on possible links between hallucinogenic mushrooms and early religion. What came out of this research was a small community of scholarship that brought together people who believed that plant hallucinogens gave rise to human spirituality in archaic times; essentially, Wasson and his colleagues added a new hallucinogenic dimension to shamanism studies. That “psychedelic scholarship,” which was closely linked to the counterculture of the 1960s, not only informed the debates about shamanism among academics but also aroused and fed public interest in shamanism.
Case Study
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAs what was learned from Chapter 6, studies that compare older sampling techniques to newer ones sometimes are necessary to advance the science of plant ecology. This chapter presents another comparison of techniques to challenge very commonly used rangeland sampling techniques. In terms of measuring and monitoring native and non-native plant species richness in grassland habitats, never has such a study been so urgently needed. The inertia of rangeland sampling techniques is extremely apparent in the literature.
Quantifying Trends in Space and Time
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMost of all, this book has focused on accurately quantifying the spatial patterns of plant diversity. This is often attempted with a combination of remote sensing data, plot sampling techniques, and interpolations from spatial models, which provide “a snapshot” of plant diversity patterns (with some quantified levels of uncertainty). This chapter describes the ultimate challenge as plant ecologists measure and predict (model) changes in plant diversity in space and time — “the movie.” The “Holy Grail” in ecological research is to develop field and modeling techniques to detect and quantify patterns in space and time and to explicate underlying mechanisms. This chapter also discusses the theoretical and analytical challenges of such research, and concludes with lessons learned from the book.
Ernest Hemingway's Media Relations
Authors: North Michael 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter suggests that the most relevant institutional background for Hemingway's fiction is advertising and not journalism. It shows that much of Hemingway's “journalistic” writing was in fact not factual reporting at all but rather impressionistic columns about fad and fashion. From this background, a definition of Hemingway's fictional practice is derived that questions the common wisdom that finds it sharp, economical, and direct. Instead, the chapter suggests that Hemingway's writing is often repetitious and redundant because he values social fidelity rather than faithfulness to fact.
Being REASONABLE
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates, in a historical and cultural perspective, the meaning of the word reasonable, and in particular, of the phrases reasonable man and reasonable doubt, which play an important role in Anglo-American law. Drawing on studies of the British Enlightenment such as Porter (2000), it traces the modern English concept of “reasonableness” back to the intellectual revolution brought about by the writings of John Locke, who (as Porter says) “replaced rationalism with reasonableness, in a manner which became programmatic for the Enlightenment in Britain”. The chapter also argues that the meaning of the word reasonable has changed over the last two centuries and that as a result, the meaning of phrases like reasonable man and beyond reasonable doubt has also changed. It further argues that since these phrases were continually in use for over two centuries and became entrenched in Anglo-American law as well as in ordinary language, and since the older meaning of reasonable is no longer known to most speakers, the change has, generally speaking, gone unnoticed. The chapter also shows how the meaning of the English word reasonable differs from that of the French word raisonable, and how semantic differences of this kind reflect differences in cultural ideals, traditions, and attitudes.
The “Cultural Baggage” of English and Its Significance in the World at Large
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the significance of the “cultural baggage” of English in a world in which English is increasingly functioning as a global lingua franca. It discusses the use of English by international organizations and bodies such as ASEAN, and its use in international law and international aviation. It explores the links between Anglo/English cultural scripts, conversational routines, and culture-specific values, and it shows the dangers inherent in regarding English as a “culture-neutral” medium of international communication. It also discusses the implications of the historically shaped cultural content of English for the practical — and immensely important — issues of intercultural communication and cross-cultural education.
2Tragic Virgil
Authors: McGill Scott 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the (probably) earliest extant full-length Virgilian cento, Hosidius Geta's Medea, which takes the form of a tragedy. The aim is to explore how Geta accomplishes the feat of turning Virgil's verses into a tragic poem, and to approach that subject through the lens of genre, as well as of allusion. Focus lies upon interpreting the formal and thematic adaptation of Virgil to a drama on Medea, the use of Virgilian lines to allude to Ovidian and Senecan tragedy, and the intertextual relationship between the cento and Virgil's Aeneid 4, the story of Dido.
Conclusion
Authors: McGill Scott 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book has sought to cast light upon the ancient Virgilian centos, texts that have met with limited critical attention, particularly in the Anglophone world. While always remaining cognizant of the centos' strangeness, which indeed is a sine qua non of interpreting them, the study has taken them seriously as legitimate objects of critical inquiry. Primary among the historical and literary topics examined in the book is allusion. The aim has been to explore how one can read the allusiveness of the individual centos, and in the process to investigate broader issues in the field of allusion studies.
3 Constitution
Authors: Olson Eric T. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter is about the view that we are material things constituted by organisms; this view is advocated by Baker, Shoemaker, and others. Each of us is made of the same matter as an organism, but our persistence conditions or essential properties preclude our being organisms ourselves. This goes together with the general view that qualitatively different objects can be made of the same matter at once: constitutionalism. Constitutionalism is supported by arguments involving the persistence of artifacts. It is argued, however, that the view faces the thinking‐animal problem, that it rules out any principled account of when one thing constitutes another, that it cannot explain why our boundaries lie where they do, and that it conflicts with a popular claim about synchronic identity.
4 Brains
Authors: Olson Eric T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the view that we are literally brains. It argues that the view is best supported by the claim that brains are the primary subjects of mental properties, giving a “thinking‐brain problem” analogous to the thinking‐animal problem that supports animalism. The brain view is shown to have implausible consequences about our identity through time, and to presuppose that something is a part of a thinking being if and only if it is directly involved in that being's mental processes. It is then argued that the notion of direct involvement is too interest‐relative to give this principle any useful content, and that the principle is in any case unfounded.
Deliberate Heresies: New Religious Myths and Rituals as Critiques
Authors: Palmer Susan J. , Bromley David G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that myth and ritual in NRMs are oppositional in nature, challenging the status quo with “deliberate heresies”. Examples from the Rajneesh, The Family, the Raelians, Unificationism, and others illustrate the spontaneous, improvisational “concocted” quality of NRM myths and rituals since their founder-prophets are myth-makers. The research on myth and ritual conducted by scholars in new religious studies is surveyed, and the various theoretical and disciplinary approaches to understanding the meaning and function of these two forms of religious expression in established traditions are outlined. Finally, practical teaching exercises designed to help students research NRMs and understand the qualities and function of myth and ritual are proposed.
The spectrum auction fiasco
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a history and analysis of wireless spectrum auctions, one of the most blatant examples of companies paying far more for an asset than any conceivable market or strategic value. Most telecommunications companies, whether large or small, framed the issue of needing the option of becoming a wireless player. Thus, despite all efforts at estimating the value of the spectrum rationally, companies try to outbid each other to obtain the spectrum licenses. Telecommunications companies took on a high debt load to finance their purchases making it impossible for them to invest in networks to offer new services. Their auction victories contributed to the decline of economic activity and the lowering of stock prices.
How Language Crimes Are Created
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes the three contexts in which law enforcement and the prosecution can create the illusion that a crime has been (or is being) committed: the recording, the police interrogation, and the trial. Four sequential steps for eliciting inculpatory speech from targets in undercover cases are outlined, noting the common problems that law enforcement encounters at each step. It is noted how recorded conversation differs from the written language of legal briefs and transcripts. The power of the undercover agent, like that of the police interrogator, is seldom recognized by targets who are being secretly taped.
Overlapping, Ambiguity, and the Hit and Run in a Solicitation to Murder Case: Texas v. T. Cullen Davis
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This much-publicized trial took place in 1979 in Fort Worth, Texas. A millionaire oil equipment producer was accused of soliciting the murder of his ex-wife and the judge in his divorce proceedings. Tape recordings of his conversations with an employee, who was working undercover with law enforcement, were the main evidence used against Davis. The contextualized linguistic analysis of these tapes helped lead to his acquittal.
Retelling, Scripting, and Lying in a Murder Case: Florida v. Alan Mackerley
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In this 2002 trial, the cooperating witness, an acquaintance of the target, used the best conversational strategy available when there is little other evidence that might lead to a conviction. This undercover technique is common and perfectly legitimate but in this case it encountered some problems. The chapter shows how his scripting and lying strategies failed.
Manipulating the Tape, Interrupting, Inaccurate Restatements, and Scripting in a Murder Case: Florida v. Jerry Townsend
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In 1978, a number of prostitutes were murdered in the South Florida area. The police interviewed Jerry Townsend, a mentally weak drifter, four times, during which he admitted to many of the crimes. The tape recording of these interviews reveals the most blatant case of police interrogation imaginable.
Latin Word Order
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractReading a paragraph of Latin without attention to the word order entails losing access to a whole dimension of meaning, or at least using inferential procedures to guess at what is actually overtly encoded in the syntax. This book introduces the linguistic concepts, formalism, and analytical techniques necessary for the study of Latin word order. It then presents and analyzes a representative selection of data in sufficient detail to foster both an intuitive grasp of the often rather subtle principles controlling Latin word order and a theoretically grounded understanding of the system that underlies it. Combining the rich empirical documentation of traditional philological approaches with the deeper theoretical insight of modern linguistics, this book aims to reduce the intricate surface patterns of Latin word order to a simple and general cross-categorical system of syntactic structure which translates more or less directly into constituents of pragmatic and semantic meaning.
If Sons, Then Heirs
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Christianity is understood to be a “universal” religion that transcends the particularities of history and culture, including differences related to kinship and ethnicity. This portrait of Christianity has been maintained by an interpretive tradition that claims that Paul eliminates ethnicity or at least separates it from what is important about Christianity. This study challenges that perception. Through an examination of kinship and ethnic language in Paul's letters, this book demonstrates that notions of peoplehood and lineage are not rejected or downplayed by Paul; instead they are central to his gospel. Paul's chief concern is the status of the gentile peoples who are alienated from the God of Israel. Ethnicity defines this theological problem, just as it shapes his own evangelizing of the ethnic and religious “other”. According to Paul, God has responded to the gentile predicament through Christ. Using the logic of patrilineal descent, Paul constructs a myth of origins for gentiles: through baptism into Christ the gentiles become descendants of Abraham, adopted sons of God and coheirs with Christ. Although Jews and gentiles now share a common ancestor, Paul does not collapse them into one group. They are separate but related lineages of Abraham. Kinship and ethnicity work well in Paul's arguments, for at the same time that they present themselves as natural and fixed, they are also open to negotiation and reworking. This paradox renders them effective tools in organizing people and power, shaping self-understanding and defining membership. This analysis demonstrates that Paul's thinking is immersed in the story of a specific people and their God. He speaks not as a Christian theologian, but as a 1st-century Jewish teacher of gentiles responding to concrete situations in the communities he founded.
Introduction
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter lays the groundwork for the rest of the study by articulating the thesis of the book and then addressing several key issues. The book argues for a new way to read kinship and ethnic language in Paul that dismantles the contrast between a universal, “non-ethnic” Christianity and an ethnic, particular Judaism. Paul uses the discourses of kinship and ethnicity to construct a myth of origins for gentile Christ-followers and relies on the logic of patrilineal descent to create a new lineage for the gentiles, a lineage which links gentiles through Christ to the founding ancestor, Abraham. The chapter reviews scholarship on Paul, distinguishing between traditional readings and various strands of the “new perspective”. It addresses the issue of the audience of the letters, discusses the translation of Ioudaioi as “Jews“ or “Judeans”, and outlines a specific theoretical position which treats kinship and ethnicity as social constructs that nevertheless carry authority in defining collective identity.
Ranking Ethnic Peoples: “First the Jew, Then the Greek”
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines several passages in which Paul links Jews and gentiles (or Greeks) together, establishing a common ground but also maintaining a separation between them. Their connection is made possible by common ancestry and a shared God: gentiles-in-Christ and Jews are all descendants of Abraham, peoples of the God of Israel. But Paul does not join the two groups into one, nor are the two groups equal. Indeed, Paul maintains a hierarchy between the two, placing Jews at the top (first the Jew and then the Greek). The tension created by this arrangement is crucial to Paul's argument in Romans 9-11, where he outlines his understanding of God's larger plan for salvation of both peoples. The impartiality of God and the olive tree metaphor are critical themes in communicating this plan. Aggregative arguments allow Paul to simultaneously unify and distinguish gentiles and Jews, to rank the latter over the former, and to cultivate a tension between them which propels his version of salvation history, ultimately bringing about the salvation of both peoples.
Does Volunteering Foster Physical Health and Longevity?
Authors: Oman Doug 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers a scientific perspective and reviews available evidence on how volunteering affects health and longevity. It focuses on formal volunteer work — performed through a school, hospital, library, or environmental, political, or other organization. Formal volunteer work stands in contrast to more casual or unorganized helping activities, often termed ‘informal helping’, such as giving directions to a stranger or serving as a caregiver for a family member or a neighbour. The chapter's primary focus is on physical health outcomes, although it also cites evidence linking volunteering with improved mental health and subjective well-being. First, it describes the mechanisms by which volunteering might affect physical health, as well as moderating factors that might strengthen or weaken these influences. Next, it reviews empirical evidence suggesting that volunteering may indeed provide physical and mental health benefits. It concludes by discussing some practical implications and needs for further research.
Forgiveness and Health: A Review and Theoretical Exploration of Emotion Pathways
Authors: Witvliet Charlotte V. O. , McCullough Michael E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses the possible health connections of forgiveness, which is defined as an unusual expression of altruistic love that can only occur after a person has first suffered harm from an offender. Forgiveness is an act of gift giving to the undeserving offender that attempts to overcome injustice with goodness and potentially to edge out negative feelings associated with the transgression with prosocial emotions like empathy, compassion, and love. Based on emotion theory, the chapter identifies forgiveness as a positively valent low-arousal emotion (like peace and calm) and the opposite, ‘unforgiveness’, as a negatively valent high-arousal emotion (like fear and anger). Forgiveness as an antidote to negative responses to transgression and research on the negative health effects of hostility, stress, rumination, and suppression, along with ways in which forgiveness can counter these effects, is presented.
Close Relationships and Health Through the Lens of Selective Investment Theory
Authors: Brown Stephanie L. , Brown R. Michael , Schiavone Ashley , Smith Dylan M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reviews a program of research that was designed to explore the health benefits of helping or giving support to others. This work was inspired by a new evolutionary theory of altruism, selective investment theory (SIT), which recasts the functional significance of social bonds as designed by natural selection to promote adaptive instances of giving. SIT assumes that social bonds enable individuals to suppress self-interest so that they can reliably prioritize and promote the well-being of another, even at a cost to the self. In this way, the social bond resolves the motivational conflict inherent in deciding whether to promote self versus other interests. The chapter describes the results of four studies that demonstrate the health benefits of helping others, including decreased mortality risk, recovery from depressive symptoms following spousal loss, and relief from cardiovascular stress. It concludes with a discussion of promising new directions for future research in this area.
4 Supplication and Greek Law
Authors: Naiden F. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter deals with the regulation of supplication in Classical Athens. For the most part regulations formalize supplication, but sometimes regulations alter supplication in order to make it conform to the political system. This process of accommodation also occurs outside Athens at federal shrines and at shrines in the territory of the Spartan Alliance. The relation between supplication and intercommunal norms also changes in the Classical Period, as revealed by Thucydides' treatment of the supplication made by the Plataeans to the Spartans in Book 3 of his history.
5 Supplication, Republic, and Principate
Authors: Naiden F. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows how the Romans devise a more complex relation between supplication and the law, notably in court. Here again, supplication molds itself both to the political system and to moral and legal norms, notably the concept of mercy, almost entirely missing from Athenian supplication but crucial for Roman supplication in wartime. Meanwhile, magistrates and then emperors replace the courts and assemblies of Athens as the characteristic supplicandi. From the late Republic onwards, the Romans regulate and restrict supplication at temples, effectively replacing it with supplication at the emperor's statue — in other words, supplication to the chief magistrate. The Romans also use supplication as a form of appeal against mistaken verdicts and as a means of rectifying inadequate legislation.