bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of trace element emissions from the combustion of refuse‐derived fuel with coal
Authors: Norton Glenn A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of cocombusting refuse‐derived fuel (RDF) with coal on stack emissions of trace elements in the ash stream were reviewed. The large number of variables and uncertainties involved precluded drawing definitive conclusions regarding many of the trace elements. However, it is evident that cocombustion resulted in increased emissions of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn. Emissions of As and Ni tended to decrease when RDF was fired with coal. Modeling studies indicated that ambient levels of trace elements during cocombustion should be within acceptable limits. However, periodic monitoring of Cd, Hg, and Pb may be warranted in some instances.
Granular activated carbon pilot treatment studies for explosives removal from contaminated groundwater
Authors: Wujcik W. J. , Lowe W. L. , Marks P. J. , Sisk W. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractManufacturing activities at Army Ammunition Plants (AAPs) result in the production of organic wastewaters that contain both explosive residues and other organic chemicals. As a result of past waste practices at such plants, explosive residues may leach through the soil and contaminate groundwater. Two pilot studies were performed to evaluate the use of granular activated carbon (GAC) to treat groundwater contaminated with explosives at Badger AAP and Milan AAP. An additional goal of the Badger AAP study was to examine the potential discharge of explosives 2,4‐DNT and 2,6‐DNT from a packed column air stripper used to remove volatile organic compounds from groundwater. A laboratory method was developed for the BAAP study to permit lower detection levels for 2,4‐DNT and 2,6‐DNT (0.46μg/L and 0.017μg/L, respectively). The studies concluded that removal of explosives from groundwater using continuous flow GAC is feasible.
The B.E.S.T.® solvent extraction process treatment of soil, sediment, and sludges
Authors: Jones George R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany treatment technologies are being used or proposed to remediate hazardous wastes in sites throughout the U.S. These technologies can be broken down into four general treatment categories: destructive, fixation, biological, and separation. This paper will discuss a separation technology: the B.E.S.T. (Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment) process.
Results of field demonstrations of a newly developed pilot‐scale debris washing system
Authors: Dosani M. A. , Taylor M. L. , Wentz J. A. , Patkar A. N. , Barkley N. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNumerous hazardous waste sites in the United States are littered with metallic, masonry, and other solid debris that may be contaminated with hazardous chemicals [for example, polychlorinated biphenyles (PCBs), pesticides, lead, or other metals]. Although the majority of the debris at Superfund Sites has no potential for reuse, decontaminated debris could either be returned to the site as “clean fill” (rather than being transported offsite to a hazardous waste landfill) or, in the case of metallic debris, it could be sold to a metal smelter.Previous phases of this project have involved the development of a technology specifically for performing on‐site decontamination of debris. Both bench‐scale and pilot‐scale versions of a debris washing system (DWS) have been designed and constructed. The DWS entails the application of an aqueous solution during a high‐pressure spray cycle, followed by a turbulent wash cycle. The aqueous cleaning solution is recovered and reconditioned for reuse concurrently with the actual debris‐cleaning process, which minimizes the quality of process water required to clean the debris.This paper presents the results of bench‐scale studies and the results obtained during two field demonstrations of the DWS.
An overview of the pooled emission estimation program (peep) for potws
Authors: Leong Lawrence Y. C. , Regan Margaret M. , Kuo Jih‐Fen , Wong Elizabeth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCalifornia Air Toxics “Hot Spots” Information and Assessment Act of 1987 (AB 2588) establishes a program to develop statewide inventory of site‐specific air toxic emissions of over 500 compounds. The goals of AB 2588 are to collect emissions data, to identify facilities having localized impact, to ascertain health risks, and to notify nearby residents. Twenty‐four agencies with Publicily Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) initiated a voluntary Pooled Emission Estimation Program (PEEP) at 21 facilities for 18 unit processes. For majority of the unit processes, tests were conducted at three different facilities during each round. The target compounds were selected 21 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde and 2, 4, 6 trichlorophenol. The program collected and analyzed approximately 2060 air samples and 1220 liquid samples to develop emission factors. A QA/QC project plan which included field and laboratory elements were developed and implemented to ensure high quality data. Discussions on the data evaluation procedures, development of emission factors (the ration of the compound released to the air per total quantity of the compound entering a unit process), estimating VOC emissions from a weir using DO measurements, and an emission factor model for estimating air emissions using liquid/sludge VOC concentrations for liquid, sludge and digester gas handling treatment facilities as listed above are provided.
The quality improvement program (QIP): A new regulatory strategy for sustaining long term reductions in emissions from equipment leaks
Authors: Berglund Ronald L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDuring the remainder of this decade and into the next century, chemical and refining industries will have an unprecedented opportunity to work closely with equipment suppliers, process engineering and construction firms, maintenance personnel, regulators, and the community to improve their environmental performance while enhancing the operation of their facilities. The basis of the strategy for this change will be the new Clean Air Act, which was passed into law in November 1990. The impetus for improvement will be the Quality Improvement Program (QIP) for controlling fugitive emissions from equipment leaks. Although results from the QIP need not be incorporated into the technology of an operating chemical plant or refinery until 1999, best results can be achieved by analyzing monitoring and maintenance information obtained in the early phases of fugitive emissions activity as soon as possible, and utilizing this analysis in evaluating technology and selecting new process design configurations.
Bioremediation of petroleum wastes from the refining of lubricant oils
Authors: Prince Michael , Sambasivam Yasodha 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe results of an initial feasibility study on the bioremediation of sludge are presented. The sludge used in the study was taken from a site containing waste produced during the refining of lubricant oils to which sulfuric acid had been added. The effectiveness of bioremediation was examined using shake flask experiments with indigenous and other bacteria sources and nutrient supplementation. The initial results show limited effectiveness of biological treatment at conditions employing indigenous bacteria and low (2%) sludge concentraticws in Bushnell‐Haas media. In addition, the indigenous bacteria were seen to degrade the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene, penanthrene and pyrene which are present at some locations at the site. No apparent degradution of material was seen using conditions of high (30%) sludge concentrations in Bushnell‐Haas medium under a variety of conditions. In addition, nutrients were rapidly depleted at these sludge concentrations, with the exception of sulfates which were produced when high sludge concentrations were used.
Recycling of spent hydroprocessing catalysts: EURECAT technology
Authors: Berrebi G. , Dufresne P. , Jacquier Y. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDisposal of spent catalysts is a growing concern for all refiners. Environmental regulations are becoming stricter and State recommendations are to develop disposal routes which would emphasize recycling as much as possible, and processing the wastes as near as possible to the production center. In this context, EURECAT has developed a recycling process for the hydroprocessing catalysts used in the oil refineries (NiMo, CoMo, NiW on alumina or mixed alumina silica). The process starts with a regeneration of the catalyst to eliminate hydrocarbons, carbon and sulfur. After a caustic roasting, the material is leached to obtain a solution containing mainly molydenum (or tungsten) and vanadium and a solid containing essentially alumina, cobalt and/or nickel. Molydenum and vanadium are separated by an ion exchange resin technique. The solid is processed in an arc furnace to separate the alumina. Nickel and cobalt are separated by conventional solvent extraction to obtain pure metal. Alumina is disposed of as an inert slag. The strength of the process lies in the combination of proven technologies applied by companies whose reliability in their respective field is well known. The aspects concerning spent catalyst handling, packaging and transport are also discussed.
Low‐temperature carbon‐based process for flue‐gas cleanup
Authors: Gangwal S. K. , Howe G. B. , Spivey J. J. , Silveston P. L. , Hudgins R. R. , Metzinger J. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA low‐temperature process employing activated carbon‐based catalysts and operating downstream of the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is being developed jointly by Research Triangle Institute (RTI) and the University of Waterloo (Waterloo). The RTI‐Waterloo process is capable of removing more than 95% SO2 and 75% NOx from coal combustion flue gas. The flue gas leaving the ESP is first cooled to approximately 100°C. The SO2 is then catalytically oxidized to SO3 which is removed as medium‐strength sulfuric acid in a series of periodically flushed trickle‐bed reactors containing an activated carbon‐based catalyst. The SO2‐free gas is then reheated to approximately 150°C and NH3 is injected into the gas stream. It is then passed over a fixed bed of a different promoted activated carbon‐based catalyst to reduce the NOx to N2 and H2O. The clean flue gas is then vented to the stack. The feasibility of the process has been demonstrated in laboratory‐scale experiments using simulated flue gas. Catalysts have been identified which gave the required performance for SO2 and NOx removal with less than 25 ppm NH3 slip. Potential for producing greater than 10N H2SO4 by periodically flushing the SO2 removal reactor was also demonstrated. Cost for the RTI‐Waterloo process was competitive with conventional selective catalytic reduction (SCR)‐flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process and other emerging combined SO2/NOx removal processes.
Remediation of metal contaminated soil by EDTA incorporating electrochemical recovery of metal and EDTA
Authors: Allen Herbert E. , Chen Ping‐Hsien 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRemoval of toxic heavy metals from a soil matrix by the addition of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is an effective means of remediation. The liquid stream containing the metal and chelating agent is amenable to further treatment by electrolysis in which the metal can be separated from the chelating agent. This provides a separated metal that can be removed for reuse or treated for final disposal by conventional technologies and a reclaimed EDTA stream that can be used again for treatment of contaminated soil.Under the diffusion controlled conditions of polarography or voltammetry, we observed reduction of cadmium, copper and lead ions and their protonated EDTA complexes (MHY−), but not of the non‐protonated EDTA complexes (MY2−). Potentials applicable for metal deposition and, consequently, regeneration of the EDTA were established. To prevent electrochemical oxidation of EDTA during electrolysis we used a cell in which the anode and cathode compartments were separated by a cation exchange membrane. Tests with Pb‐EDTA demonstrated that over 95 percent recovery of both EDTA and lead could be achieved by electrolysis. The lead that was deposited onto a copper electrode was a mixture of hydrolysis products and salts and the lead could be recovered by dissolution in acid. EDTA was equilibrated with soil before addition of lead. When electrolyzed, this sample released EDTA and deposited Pb to approximately the same extent as did the samples that had not been equilibrated with soil.
Biodegradation of Xenobiotics in a fixed bed reactor
Authors: Seignez Chantal , Mottier Vincent , Pulgarin Cesar , Adler Nevenka , Péringer Paul 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe specific example of an at‐source biological wastewater treatment has been elaborated and developed. A two‐phase fixed‐bed bioreactor system was tested for its efficiency using phenol as a test substance and then, the degradation of sodium anthraquinone‐2‐sulfonate (SAS) was studied and performed.The continuous aerobic degradation of phenol or SAS as the sole source of carbon was investigated. For SAS degradation with an immobilized mixed bacterial culture, industrial activated sludge was used as inoculum, while for phenol a domestic activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant and activated Actizym‐sludge prepared with Actizym® powder were applied. In our laboratory fixed bed reactor system the adapted mixed culture was able to degrade up to 0.17 g L−1 h−1 of SAS and 0.28 g L−1 h−1 of phenol at dilution rates of 0.149 h−1 and 0.059 h−1, respectively. The removal efficiency of our two‐phase continuous bioreactor system was about 99% of primary and 90% of ultimate SAS degradation.In the adapted bacterial culture degrading SAS, pure bacterial strains were isolated and identified; three were gram negative and six were gram positive.
Parameter estimation for trace element sorption on a new granular iron oxide
Authors: Theis Thomas L. , Iyer Ramesh , Ellis Sonia K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn order to acquire information on sorptive systems suitable for predictive and design applications, it is necessary to gather and analyze data in bench or prototype reactors, the most common types being batch and packed column. In this paper, data from both types of reactor are presented and contrasted for the case of two trace elements, cadmium and chromate, sorbing to a granular form of iron oxide. The granular oxide was developed in conjunction with the ALCOA Laboratories specifically for use in column reactors.Data are analyzed using a surface coordination chemical approach and film transfer, surface and pore diffusion transport models. Governing coefficients are extracted using nonlinear optimization techniques which provide an objective interpretation of the data without the errors introduced by various linear transformations or analysis bias.Results indicate that both experimental techniques are capable of accurately measuring the equilibrium coordination constant for sorption reactions, however batch estimates for the total sorptive capacities are consistently lower than column estimates, which range from 1.1 mg/g for Cd to 3.3 mg/g for CrO4. In addition, when column adsorption and desorption data are taken together, it is possible to obtain reliable estimates of rate‐controlling parameters. This is not generally possible for batch systems under conditions representative of those encountered during environmental control.
Adsorption of selenium on hydrous alumina
Authors: Ghosh Mriganka M. , Cox Chris D. , Yuan‐Pan Jill R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdsorption of selenite (SeO) and selenate (SeO) on hydrous alumina (γ‐Al2O3) was studied using batch equilibrium experiments. pH, the single most significant parameter, affected both speciations of selenium (Se) and of surface hydroxo groups on alumina that, in turn, determined the extent of adsorption of the oxyanions. Adsorption of both anions could be described satisfactorily by the Triple Layer Model (TLM). In the presence of SO, Se (VI) adsorption decreased significantly. Fixed bed adsorbers of alumina with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 2 minutes or longer provided excellent removal of Se(IV) from dilute aqueous solutions in the pH range of 5 to 8 for a long period. Spent alumina beds were successfully regenerated with 0.25 percent NaOH solution followed by rinsing with deionized water and 0.05 M HCl. While two percent of alumina was lost per cycle on an average, the loss in adsorption capacity of regenerated alumina was insignificant.
A batch reactor for monitoring process dynamics during biodegradation of volatile organics
Authors: Skeen Rodney S. , Truex M. J. , Petersen J. N. , Hill J. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractData are presented that demonstrate a batch reactor that allows accurate monitoring of process dynamics during biodegradation of volatile organics. Using this system, many samples can be removed in a aseptic fashion, allowing frequent measurements of the concentrations of biomass, electron donors, electron acceptors, and volatile compounds. Additionally, the reactor is well instrumented, allowing the continuous monitoring of pH, oxidation/reduction potential, pressure, and temperature. The reactor is constructed entirely of materials which have minimal interaction with volatile organic compounds. It is also demonstrated that sample removal does not cause losses of volatile compounds since the sampling ports are double sealed, making use of both gastight stainless steel ball valves and Teflon‐lined septa.
CO2 capture from the flue gas of conventional fossil‐fuel‐fired power plants
Authors: Wolsky A. M. , Daniels E. J. , Jody B. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractResearch has been conducted at Argonne National Laboratory to identify and evaluate the advantages and deficiencies of several technologies, both commercially available and alternative technologies, for capturing CO2 from the flue gas of utility boilers that use air as an oxidant (the current universal practice). The technologies include chemical solvent, cryogenic, membrane, physical absorption, and physical adsorption methods. In general, technologies for capturing CO2 are expensive and energy‐intensive. Therefore, they result in a substantial overall increase in the cost of power generation. Research to improve the performance and economics of these technologies is discussed.
Radiofrequency ground heating for soil remediation: Science and engineering
Authors: Edelstein W. A. , Iben I. E. T. , Mueller O. M. , Uzgiris E. E. , Philipp H. R. , Roemer P. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRF (radiofrequency) ground heating is a method of applying heat to soil at depth and affords a way of thermally desorbing organic contaminants for surface collection and destruction. Soil can be heated to high temperatures, and thus most organic contaminants, possibly including PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), can be desorbed. Applied heat greatly accelerates release and transport of the contaminants through the soil. This method therefore represents an advance over the widely‐used method of vapor extraction. Laboratory desorption experiments demonstrate accelerated release of contaminants and non‐exponential desorption rates. Measurements of soil electrical properties show high electrical losses in iron ores (hematite and magnetite) and soils with some small salt content, which indicates a possible mechanism for RF energy deposition at high temperatures when all water has been removed from the soil. We have carried out a field test and have heated a volume to 140°C. Vacuum tube RF amplifiers are, in general, touchy and unreliable, and our 50 kW amplifier has broken down several times. We have been working on simple, inexpensive solid‐state amplifiers which can be combined to give multi‐kilowatt and, ultimately, megawatt power levels at lower cost per watt than vacuum tube amplifiers. The development of solid‐state RF power sources is important for a scaleup of RFGH systems, which should then be able to remediate, in a reasonable time, sites containing hundreds or thousands of tons of contaminated soil.
Radiolytic degradation of dioxin on soil: Optimal conditions and economic considerations
Authors: Hilarides Roger J. , Gray Kimberly A. , Guzzetta Joseph , Cortellucci Norma , Sommer Christopher 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper reports results of 2, 3, 7, 8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) destruction on artificially contaminated soil using Cobalt‐60 (60Co) gamma radiation. A standard soil (EPA SSM‐91) was artificially contaminated with 2, 3, 7, 8‐TCDD to 100 ppb. In the presence of 25 percent water, 2 percent surfactant (RA‐40™), and high irradiation dose (800 KGy), greater than 90 percent TCDD destruction was achieved resulting in a final TCDD concentration of less than 7 ppb. This paper discusses some of the factors unique to soil contamination that will influence the effectiveness of ionizing radiation. Furthermore, various aspects, including economics, that affect the feasibility of using 60Co for TCDD destruction are considered. Preliminary consideration of some key economic factors indicates that costs of a 60Co systems are competitive relative to electron beam or incineration systems.
Fatty acid separation from hydrolyzer wastewater by ultrafiltration
Authors: Dangel Robert A. , Astraukis David , Palmateer Jean 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA fatty acid emulsion wastewater containing approximately 3,500 mg/L of inedible Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) is treated at 280 L/min by ultrafiltration (UF) to yield a clear permeate with 390 mg/L FOG and a free fatty acid oil phase product. The UF flux rates are 2 m3/m2‐day, with a 3 to 7 day period of operation between membrane cleanings. The system recovers approximately 900 Kg of fatty acids per day at a cost of $1.13 per Kg recovered, including both capital and operating costs, and enables the plant to comply with its wastewater pretreatment permit for Fats, Oil and Grease.
A study of general ventilation and local exhaust ventilation in industrial premises using residence time distribution theory
Authors: Olander L. , Dessagne J. M. , Bonthoux F. , Leclerc J. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral tools enable a more or less detailed description of the general ventilation and the local exhaust ventilation in industrial premises. An intermediate approach between predictive numerical simulation and experimental determination of classical aerodynamic parameters may be based on the Residence Time Distribution theory commonly used in chemical engineering. This paper deals with results for configurations composed of a cabin with a general ventilation system (one air inlet and one air outlet ensuring a high air removal rate) and a local exhaust ventilation (one air outlet above the working area). A model is built up from a combination of elementary volumes representing the ideal flow regions such as plug flow, perfectly mixed cell and perfect mixing cell in series. The fitting of the model is carried out by comparing the model response and the experimental response of tracer gas impulse injected in the room inlet. A satisfactory description of the air flow pattern has been found for the local exhaust ventilation and general ventilation. This approach seems to be promising enough to encourage further investigations.