bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of N‐heterocyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons on survival, reproduction, and biochemical parameters in Daphnia magna
Authors: Feldmannová M. , Hilscherová K. , Maršálek B. , Bláha L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractN‐heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N‐PAHs) belong among newly identified classes of environmental pollutants with relatively high toxic potential. N‐PAHs have been detected in air, soil, marine environments, and freshwater sediments. The N‐PAHs are present at lower concentrations than their nonsubstituted analogues but their greater solubility would lead to greater bioavailibity and potential for toxic effects. Here we present results of acute and chronic toxicity in traditional aquatic invertebrate ecotoxicological model (Daphnia magna) along with assessment of biochemical responses. Studied biomarkers in D. magna exposed to N‐heterocyclic derivatives included glutathione levels and activities of detoxication and antioxidative enzymes glutathione S‐transferase and glutathione peroxidase. Phenanthrene and 1,10‐phenathroline were the most toxic of all tested compounds (EC50 < 6 μM after 48 h exposure) and all tested N‐PAHs suppressed reproduction of Daphnia magna. The data suggest that N‐PAHs can induce oxidative stress in D. magna. The significant decline of glutathione content was found in animals treated with acridine, 1,10‐phenanthroline, benzo(h)quinoline, phenantridine, and phenazine. Significant decrease of GPx activities relative to controls was found for all tested compounds except of phenanthrene and phenazine. Activities of GST increased after exposure to phenanthridine, phenazine, and benzo(h)quinoline, and declined in D. magna treated with phenanthrene (significant at one concentration) or anthracene (not significant). Our results confirmed significant acute as well as chronic toxicities of N‐PAHs as well as potential of biochemical parameters to be used as early warning signals of toxicity in Daphnia magna. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 425–431, 2006.
Impact of five selected xenobiotics on isolated ammonium oxidizers and on nitrifying activated sludge
Authors: Dokianakis S. N. , Kornaros M. , Lyberatos G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSewage treatment plants (STPs) are usual receptors of xenobiotic compounds that have to be cotreated with municipal wastewaters before being discharged to the water environment. The presence of organic contaminants, such as surfactants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and their primary degradation products in the influents of STPs may inhibit irreversibly sensitive biological processes, such as nitrification. The first step of nitrification, i.e., the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite (nitritification), is particularly sensitive. Inhibition of this step under uncontrolled conditions may completely inhibit biological nitrogen removal. The aim of this work was to study the possible inhibitory effect of five selected xenobiotics on (a) a mixed culture of ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria isolated from activated sludge and (b) nitrifying activated sludge directly. The xenobiotics that were tested include nonylphenols (NP), nonylphenolethoxylates (NPEO), linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), as a representative phthalate ester, and the PAH phenanthrene. Remarkable inhibitory effects for all tested compounds were observed in this study even at xenobiotic concentrations as low as 1 mg/L. The observed inhibition of xenobiotics on nitrifying activated sludge was less pronounced, because of the masking effect exerted by the sludge flocs, but was still significant for many of the tested substances at concentrations up to 10 mg/L. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 310–316, 2006.
Toxicity of nonylphenol on the cnidarian Hydra attenuata and environmental risk assessment
Authors: Pachura‐Bouchet S. , Blaise C. , Vasseur P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlkylphenols and their derivatives, alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs), are synthetic chemicals of concern owing to their endocrine properties. Nonylphenol (NP) is a critical APE metabolite because of its recalcitrance to biodegradation, toxicity, and ability to bio‐accumulate in aquatic organisms. Studies of NP effects in vertebrates demonstrated estrogenic disrupting properties in fish, birds, reptiles, and mammal cells in which NP displaces the natural estrogen from its receptor. Less is known on its toxicity toward invertebrates. Effects on reproduction have been reported, but toxicity on development has been poorly documented thus far. We investigated NP toxicity on survival and regeneration of the freshwater coelenterate Hydra attenuata. Hydra is known for its regenerative capacity and its sensitivity to chemical pollution. It has been used for over 20 years to screen for teratogenicity of chemicals (Johnson et al. (1982) Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 2:263–276). Our results showed that hydra appeared as one of the most sensitive species to acute and chronic toxicity of NP compared to several freshwater invertebrates. Regeneration was disrupted at NP concentrations lower than those affecting survival. Toxicity thresholds of NP for aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates are also reported and discussed in the context of environmental risk assessment and of water quality objectives recommended for surface waters in industrialized countries. NP levels have decreased during the last decade because of a voluntary agreement of surfactant producers and users. At present, concentrations of NP found in surface waters are far below 1 μg/L in Europe, but can reach several μg/L when wastewater treatment plant inefficiency occurs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 388–394, 2006.
Brain and gonadal aromatase as potential targets of endocrine disrupting chemicals in a model species, the zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Hinfray N. , Palluel O. , Turies C. , Cousin C. , Porcher J. M. , Brion F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMany chemicals in the aquatic environment are able to adversely affect in vitro brain and ovarian aromatase expression/activity. However, it remains to be determined if these substances elicit in vivo effect in fish. With the view to further understanding possible effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on aromatase function, we first developed methods to measure brain and ovarian aromatase expression/activity in a model species, the zebrafish, and assessed the effect of estradiol (E2) and androstatrienedione (ATD), a steroidal aromatase inhibitor. We showed that CYP19b gene was predominantly expressed in the brain whereas in the ovary CYP19a mRNA level was predominant. Moreover, aromatase activities (AA) were higher in brain than in ovary. In adult zebrafish, E2 treatment had no effect on aromatase expression/activity in brain, whereas at larval stage, E2 strongly triggered CYP19b expression. In the ovaries, E2 led to a complete inhibition of both CYP19a expression and AA. Exposure to ATD led to a total inhibition of both brain and ovarian AA but had no effect on CYP19 transcripts abundance. Together, these results provide relevant knowledge concerning the characterization of aromatase in the zebrafish, and reinforce the idea that brain and ovarian aromatase are promising markers of EDCs in fish and deserve further in vivo studies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 332–337, 2006.
Temporal variation in an immune response gene (MHC I) in anadromous Salmo trutta in an Irish river before and during aquaculture activities
Authors: Coughlan James , McGinnity Philip , O'Farrell Brian , Dillane Eileen , Diserud Ola , de Eyto Elvira , Farrell Killian , Whelan Ken , Stet René J.M. , Cross Thomas F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSeveral studies have documented the genetic effects of intraspecific hybridization of cultured and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). However, the effect of salmon aquaculture on wild congeners is not so well understood. Diseases, introduced or increased in incidence by salmon aquaculture activities, may have an impact on co-occurring wild sea trout (Salmo trutta L.), as implied by the steep decline in sea trout numbers in many Irish, Scottish, and Norwegian rivers since the late 1980s, which may be linked to sea lice infestations associated with marine salmonid farming. Our data suggest that salmon farming and ocean ranching can indirectly affect, most likely mediated by disease, the genetics of cohabiting sea trout by reducing variability at major histocompatibility class I genes. We studied samples of DNA extracted from scales of sea trout in the Burrishoole River, in the west of Ireland, before and at intervals during aquaculture activities. In these samples, allelic variation at a microsatellite marker, tightly linked to a locus critical to immune response (Satr-UBA), was compared with variation at six neutral microsatellite loci. A significant decline in allelic richness and gene diversity at the Satr-UBA marker locus, observed since aquaculture started and which may indicate a selective response, was not reflected by similar reductions at neutral loci. Subsequent recovery of variability at the Satr-UBA marker, seen among later samples, may reflect an increased contribution by resident brown trout to the remaining sea trout stock.
The use of catch statistics to monitor the abundance of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in the sea
Authors: Skilbrei Ove T. , Wennevik Vidar 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Catch statistics and scale samples were collected from a gillnet fishery targeting escaped farmed salmonids between 1 October and 28 February each year from 2001 to 2004 in Hordaland County, western Norway. Fish were classified into different groups, or escape incidents, using catch per unit effort (cpue) and size distribution of the catch from different geographical subregions. Reported escape incidents of both rainbow trout and salmon appeared to be followed by peaks in the cpue lasting four to six weeks, but a large proportion of the catch of escaped salmon appeared to stem from unreported, small-scale escape events. The wide size-range of fish caught suggests that the escapees originated from different escape incidents, and the variability between regions suggests that most catches were of local origin. Genetic comparisons among three groups of escapees indicated that DNA profiling may facilitate identification in monitoring programmes of escapees originating in different genetic groups. A low incidence of wild fish was found in the catches. Provided the conservation status of local wild salmonid stocks is taken into account, a fishery targeting escaped farmed salmonids may reduce the numbers of escapees, thus lowering the risk of introgression with wild salmon populations and removing potential sources of sea lice. Information on the relative abundance of escapees in the sea would also be provided by a fishery targeting escapees.
Postpartum hemorrhage today: ICM/FIGO initiative 2004–2006
Authors: Lalonde A. , Daviss B.A. , Acosta A. , Herschderfer K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPostpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the main cause of maternal mortality. Yet, even though solutions have been identified, governments and donor countries have been slow to implement programs to contain the problem. While poverty and low educational level remain the underlying cause of PPH, the current literature suggests that active management of the third stage of labor can prevent it. The International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) are attempting to address the chronic PPH crisis by educating their members on best practices and on troubleshooting where resources are inadequate. Some studies found oxytocin to be preferable to misoprostol in settings where active management is the norm. However, secondary clinical effects may prove more troublesome with oxytocin than with misoprostol, and misoprostol may prove to be more practical and equally effective in low‐resource settings. Two new interventions are also proposed, the anti‐shock garment and the balloon tamponade.
Abortion, social inequity, and women's health: Obstetrician‐gynecologists as agents of change
Authors: Gasman N. , Blandon M.M. , Crane B.B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUnsafe abortion persists as a serious health problem for women. It is rooted in poverty, social inequity, and denial of women's basic human rights. As experience from Latin America and other regions demonstrates, obstetrician‐gynecologists can be leaders in supporting reproductive rights and access to safe abortion, through their professional societies and also by way of their roles as providers, academicians, and advocates. Ob‐gyns are often most effective when working in partnership with women's organizations, lawyers, and other stakeholders.
Legal issues impacting women's access to care in the United States—the malpractice insurance crisis
Authors: Hale R.W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractProfessional liability insurance costs have increased rapidly in the last 10 years in the United States, while availability of companies offering professional liability insurance has decreased. The result is that ob‐gyn physicians are changing their practice patterns. Many are no longer performing difficult or complex surgical procedures while others have stopped caring for obstetrical patients. Some physicians are retiring early or moving to other localities where there are less liability concerns. These changes all impact on the availability of health care for women. In addition, these problems have become a concern of medical students, and this is reducing the numbers considering a career in ob‐gyn. Even where ob‐gyns are available, hospitals and insurance carriers are limiting their ability to practice the wide range of procedures for which they were trained. Although legislative efforts to correct the problems are proposed, very few have been enacted. The end result is that women's health care has been threatened and will continue to face shortages and restrictions.
The effect of Fed monetary policy regimes on the US interest rate swap spreads
Authors: Huang Ying , Chen Carl R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper analyzes the asymmetric impacts of various economic shocks on swap spreads under distinct Fed monetary policy regimes. The results indicate that (a) during periods of aggressive interest rate reductions, slope of the Treasury term structure accounts for a sizeable share of the swap spread variance although default shock is also a major player. (b) On the other hand, liquidity premium is the only contributor to the 2‐year swap spread variance in monetary tightening cycles. (c) The impact of default risk varies across both monetary cycles and swap maturities. (d) The effect of interest rate volatility is generally more evident in loosening monetary regimes.
Trends in performance of Turkish durum wheats derived from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in an irrigated West Asian and North African environment
Authors: BARUTÇULAR C. , KOÇ M. , TIRYAKIOĞLU M. , YAZAR A. 
Published: July 2006

Turkey is one of the most important durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) producers in West Asia and North Africa (WANA). There appears to have been a lack of progress in wheat yields in WANA over recent decades. Most of the modern cultivars grown in WANA are related to crosses produced by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). During 1999 and 2000, a chronological set of 11 cultivars related to CIMMYT crosses was evaluated using two irrigation regimes near Şanlıurfa, Turkey.Average yields ranged from 386 g/m2 (local cultivar, Karakılçık-33) to 614 g/m2 (Ege-88). When wheat cultivars were grown with irrigation until physiological maturity, cessation of irrigation near anthesis reduced average grain yields of all cultivars by 6·2–25·7%. Since the introduction of the first generation of CIMMYT cultivars in 1975, CIMMYT grain yields have increased by about 0·60% per year compared with that of Karakılçık-33. This rate increased up to 1·08% per year until 1988. No further progress in yield was measured for varieties released in the 1990s. The average rate was 0·76% per year. After the introduction of the CIMMYT cultivars, yield changes fitted better in a quadratic function. Compared with Karakılçık-33, the yield increases of CIMMYT cultivars have resulted from an increase in harvest index associated with reduced height and the development of more and heavier grains. Grain quality traits decreased with the introduction of the first CIMMYT cultivar but recovered slightly thereafter with no clear trend. The results are discussed with consideration of breeding priorities and specific WANA conditions.
Testing Compliance Theories: Towards US Obedience of International Law in the Avena Case
Authors: PULKOWSKI DIRK 
Published: July 2006

Eyal Benvenisti and Moshe Hirsch (eds.), The Impact of International Law on International Cooperation: Theoretical Perspectives, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0521835542, 330 pp., £55.00 (hb).Markus Burgstaller, Theories of Compliance with International Law, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff, 2005, ISBN 9004141936, 244 pp., €98.00 (hb).Constanze Schulte, Compliance with Decisions of the International Court of Justice, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0199276722, 500 pp., £75.00 (hb).Science is organized common sense where many a beautiful theory was killed by an ugly fact.Thomas H. Huxley
New Approaches to the History of International Law
Authors: BAXI UPENDRA 
Published: July 2006

Anthony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty, and the Making of International Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521828929, 356 pp., £60.00 (hb).Gerry Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0521827612, 414 pp., £65.00 (hb).
Road safety and drink‐driving: the knowledge and opinions of male and female adolescents
Authors: MOORE ANYA , CONNOR BRIAN H. , PAPDAKIS ELIM , FREEBODY PETER 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper reports on a structured questionnaire survey of high school students from years 8, 9 and 10 and their knowledge and opinions on issues relating to general road safety and drink‐driving. A representative sample of this larger group was then interviewed in more depth. The results are discussed in terms of previous surveys of adolescents' attitudes and knowledge on these issues and the educational questions that arise in the light of reported sex differences.
The demand for alcohol in Australia
Authors: HAQUE MOHAMMED O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBeers, wines and spirits differ in price, alcohol content, colour, taste and smell. These affect market demand. This paper gives an overview of consumption patterns of some broadly defined alcohol items in Australia, using data from a major household expenditure survey. Total expenditure elasticities for various alcohol items have been estimated from a new Engel function which can be called the double semi‐log Engel function. Beer had the lowest elasticity, whereas the values for wine and spirits were much higher, placing them in the ‘luxury’ category. The percentage changes in demand due to changes in total expenditures and total expenditure inequalities were also calculated. It showed that the per capita changes in demand for beer and wine were inaccurate unless income distribution was considered. This technique can also be used to determine the level of consumption demand for various alcohol items.
The contribution of Wernicke's encephalopathy to alcohol‐related cerebellar damage
Authors: PHILLIPS STEPHEN C. , HARPER CLIVE G. , KRIL JILLIAN J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMid‐sagittal histological sections of the cerebellar vermis were prepared for light microscopy from six patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy, 13 alcoholics and 16 normal controls. From Nissl stained sections, the Wernicke's encephalopathy group was found to have a significant 29% lower Purkinje cell count relative to controls, while the alcoholic group had a non‐significant 10% lower cell count. The degree of shrinkage of the molecular layer paralleled the degree of Purkinje cell loss. Damage to the medullary layer in the form of shrinkage in Nissl sections and torpedo formation in silver sections did not correlate as well with Purkinje cell loss. Thiamine deficiency would seem to be a significant contributing factor to the neuropathology of cerebellar damage seen in alcoholism. The presence or absence of cirrhosis of the liver was also found to influence the degree of Purkinje cell loss.
Quality assurance in drug and alcohol treatment: the development of standards for treatment content
Authors: MATTICK RICHARD P. , GRENYER BRIN F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe need for minimum standards of service delivery in drug and alcohol treatment agencies is outlined, and the Australian standards developed to date are discussed. It is argued that such standards are insufficient to assure the efficacy of treatment approaches used in treatment agencies, although they are an important and necessary precursor to the implementation of patterns of optimum care. The nature of optimum care standards is outlined and one methodology for developing optimum standards is described.
Women with alcohol problems: a psycho‐social perspective
Authors: BAILY SALLY 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper, women's alcohol use and related problems are examined and special reference is given to the various psycho‐social factors involved. The need for a special treatment approach for women is discussed and the lack of knowledge in this area highlighted. The areas of alcohol relapse and women‐only groups are explored as possible areas for future development and research.
Motivation and addiction behaviour: a psychological perspective
Authors: SAUNDERS BILL , WILKINSON CELIA 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper traditional ideas about motivation and the addiction behaviours are critically considered. It is proposed that rather than viewing motivation as a static quality that clients either have or have not, motivation is more usefully perceived as the balance between the costs and benefits of undertaking any behaviour, juxtaposed with the costs and benefits of ceasing the behaviour. It is also proposed that confrontation approaches, rather than inducing motivation, actually increase the client's resistance. Motivational interventions therefore need to be based on a client‐generated inventory of problems and concerns rather than a therapist‐dictated one. A decision‐making framework for motivational intervention is emphasized and the effectiveness of motivational strategies based on this paradigm is considered.
Gambling: the psychology of a non‐drug compulsion
Authors: DICKERSON MARK 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn 1968 an editorial in the British Medical Journal rejected the view that compulsive or pathological gambling should be included under the rubric of illness. Exactly 20 years later an invited paper to the same journal noted that the problem was an addictive behaviour or dependency disorder and listed the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic criteria. The following review critically evaluates some of the key conceptual and research developments during the intervening period.
Two‐month follow‐up on callers to a telephone quit smoking service
Authors: BORLAND RON , HILL DAVID 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe results of a 2‐month follow‐up on a sample of individuals who rang a telephone quit smoking service to get advice on how to quit smoking are reported. Calls were in response to large‐scale media campaigns carried out in Victoria each year from 1984 through 1986. The calls to the service came more from women than men and tended to come from better educated white collar workers. There were few differences in short‐term quit rates as a function of basic demographic variables. There was some evidence that after 3 years of campaigning a greater proportion of telephone service users were making a major effort to quit and that younger smokers at whom the campaign was directed were more likely to quit.