bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood Predictors of Young-Onset Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Franks Paul W. , Hanson Robert L. , Knowler William C. , Moffett Carol , Enos Gleebah , Infante Aniello M. , Krakoff Jonathan , Looker Helen C. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Optimal prevention of young-onset type 2 diabetes requires identification of the early-life modifiable risk factors. We aimed to do this using longitudinal data in 1,604 5- to 19-year-old initially nondiabetic American Indians.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—For type 2 diabetes prediction, we derived an optimally weighted, continuously distributed, standardized multivariate score (zMS) comprising commonly measured metabolic, anthropometric, and vascular traits (i.e., fasting and 2-h glucose, A1C, BMI, waist circumference, fasting insulin, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressures) and compared the predictive power for each feature against zMS.
RESULTS—In separate Cox proportional hazard models, adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity, zMS and each of its component risk factors were associated with incident type 2 diabetes. Stepwise proportional hazards models selected fasting glucose, 2-h glucose, HDL cholesterol, and BMI as independent diabetes predictors; individually, these were weaker predictors than zMS (P &lt; 0.01). However, a parsimonious summary score combining only these variables had predictive power similar to that of zMS (P = 0.33). Although intrauterine diabetes exposure or parental history of young-onset diabetes increased a child’s absolute risk of developing diabetes, the magnitude of the diabetes-risk relationships for zMS and the parsimonious score were similar irrespective of familial risk factors.
CONCLUSIONS—We have determined the relative value of the features of the metabolic syndrome in childhood for the prediction of subsequent type 2 diabetes. Our findings suggest that strategies targeting obesity, dysregulated glucose homeostasis, and low HDL cholesterol during childhood and adolescence may have the most success in preventing diabetes.
Variants in the Cav2.3 (α1E) Subunit of Voltage-Activated Ca2+ Channels Are Associated With Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians
Authors: Li Muller Yunhua , Hanson Robert L. , Zimmerman Collin , Harper Inge , Sutherland Jeff , Kobes Sayuko ,   the International Type 2 Diabetes 1q Consortium, Knowler William C. , Bogardus Clifton , Baier Leslie J. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE— Linkage to type 2 diabetes has been reported on chromosome 1q21-25 in Pima Indians. Fine mapping identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the CACNA1E gene associated with this disease. CACNA1E encodes the voltage-dependent calcium channel Cav2.3 Ca2+, and mice lacking this channel exhibit impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. Therefore, CACNA1E was investigated as a positional candidate gene.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— CACNA1E was sequenced, and 28 SNPs were genotyped in the same group of Pima subjects who had been analyzed in the linkage study. Allele-specific expression was used to functionally evaluate a variant in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR).
RESULTS— A novel G/A variant in the 3′-UTR was associated with young-onset type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 2.09 per copy of the G-allele [95% CI 1.31–3.33], adjusted P = 0.001) and had an effect on the evidence for linkage at chromosome 1q21-25 (P = 0.004). Among 372 nondiabetic Pima subjects who had undergone metabolic testing, the risk allele was associated with reduced insulin action including increased fasting, 30, 60, and 120 min plasma glucose concentrations and increased fasting plasma insulin during an oral glucose tolerance test (all P &lt; 0.01), as well as a decreased rate of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal at both physiologically and maximally stimulated insulin concentrations (both P &lt; 0.002). Functional analysis of this variant showed that the nonrisk allele had a 2.3-fold higher expression compared with the risk allele.
CONCLUSIONS— A functional variant in CACNA1E contributes to type 2 diabetes susceptibility by affecting insulin action. This variant partially explains the linkage to type 2 diabetes on chromosome 1q21-25 in Pima Indians.
Hyperinsulinemia Rapidly Increases Human Muscle Microvascular Perfusion but Fails to Increase Muscle Insulin Clearance
Authors: Eggleston Emma M. , Jahn Linda A. , Barrett Eugene J. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Transport of insulin from the central circulation into muscle is rate limiting for the stimulation of glucose metabolism. By recruiting muscle microvasculature, insulin may promote its own movement into muscle interstitium. We tested whether in humans, as in the rat, insulin exerts an early action to recruit microvasculature within skeletal muscle. We further hypothesized that expansion of the microvascular volume of muscle would enhance muscle insulin clearance.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Microvascular volume, total blood flow, and muscle insulin and glucose uptake (forearm balance method) were measured in 14 lean, healthy volunteers before and during a 2-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (1 mU · kg−1 · min−1). Microvascular volume was measured using contrast-enhanced ultrasound.
RESULTS—Forearm muscle microvascular volume increased within 20 min of insulin infusion (P &lt; 0.01), whereas an effect to increase total forearm flow was not observed until 100 min. Forearm insulin uptake increased with physiological hyperinsulinemia (15 ± 3 and 87 ± 13 fmol · min−1 · 100 ml−1 basal vs. last 40 min of clamp, P &lt; 0.001). However, the extraction fraction and clearance of insulin declined (P = 0.02, for each), indicating saturability of muscle insulin uptake at physiological hyperinsulinemia.
CONCLUSIONS—Skeletal muscle contributes to peripheral insulin clearance both in the basal state and with physiological hyperinsulinemia. Insulin promptly expands human muscle microvascular volume but only slowly increases blood flow. Despite increased microvascular volume available for insulin uptake, muscle insulin clearance decreases significantly. These findings are consistent with the presence of a saturable transport mechanism facilitating the transendothelial transport of insulin into human muscle.
Protective Effects of Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Inactivation Against Peripheral Nerve Dysfunction and Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Loss in Experimental Diabetes
Authors: Kellogg Aaron P. , Wiggin Tim D. , Larkin Dennis D. , Hayes John M. , Stevens Martin J. , Pop-Busui Rodica 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Activation of the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway with secondary neurovascular deficits are implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The aim of this study was to explore the interrelationships between hyperglycemia, activation of the COX-2 pathway, and oxidative stress and inflammation in mediating peripheral nerve dysfunction and whether COX-2 gene inactivation attenuates nerve fiber loss in long-term experimental diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Motor and sensory digital nerve conduction velocities, sciatic nerve indexes of oxidative stress, prostaglandin content, markers of inflammation, and intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density were measured after 6 months in control and diabetic COX-2–deficient (COX-2−/−) and littermate wild-type (COX-2+/+) mice. The effects of a selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, on these markers were also investigated in diabetic rats.
RESULTS—Under normal conditions, there were no differences in blood glucose, peripheral nerve electrophysiology, markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and IENF density between COX-2+/+ and COX-2−/− mice. After 6 months, diabetic COX-2+/+ mice experienced significant deterioration in nerve conduction velocities and IENF density and developed important signs of increased oxidative stress and inflammation compared with nondiabetic mice. Diabetic COX-2−/− mice were protected against functional and biochemical deficits of experimental DPN and against nerve fiber loss. In diabetic rats, selective COX-2 inhibition replicated this protection.
CONCLUSIONS—These data suggest that selective COX-2 inhibition may be useful for preventing or delaying DPN.
Strengthened fixed point property and products in ordered sets
Authors: Niederle Josef 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Strengthened fixed point property for ordered sets is formulated. It is weaker than the strong fixed point property due to Duffus and Sauer and stronger than the product property meaning that A × Y has the fixed point property whenever A has the former and Y has the latter. In particular, doubly chain complete ordered sets with no infinite antichain have the strengthened fixed point property whenever they have the fixed point property, which yields a transparent proof of the well-known theorem saying that doubly chain complete ordered sets with no infinite antichain have the product property whenever they have the fixed point property. The new proof does not require the axiom of choice.
Modal operators on bounded commutative residuated ℓ-monoids
Authors: Rachůnek Jiří , Šalounová Dana 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Bounded commutative residuated lattice ordered monoids (Rℓ-monoids) are a common generalization of, e.g., Heyting algebras and BL-algebras, i.e., algebras of intuitionistic logic and basic fuzzy logic, respectively. Modal operators (special cases of closure operators) on Heyting algebras were studied in [MacNAB, D. S.: Modal operators on Heyting algebras, Algebra Universalis 12 (1981), 5–29] and on MV-algebras in [HARLENDEROVÁ,M.—RACHŮNEK, J.: Modal operators on MV-algebras, Math. Bohem. 131 (2006), 39–48]. In the paper we generalize the notion of a modal operator for general bounded commutative Rℓ-monoids and investigate their properties also for certain derived algebras.
Relative purity over noetherian rings
Authors: Bican Ladislav 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
In this note we are going to show that if M is a left module over a left noetherian ring R of the infinite cardinality λ ≥ |R|, then its injective hull E(M) is of the same size. Further, if M is an injective module with |M| ≥ (2λ)+ and K ≤ M is its submodule such that |M/K| ≤ λ, then K contains an injective submodule L with |M/L| ≤ 2λ. These results are applied to modules which are torsionfree with respect to a given hereditary torsion theory and generalize the results obtained by different methods in author’s previous papers: [A note on pure subgroups, Contributions to General Algebra 12. Proceedings of the Vienna Conference, June 3–6, 1999, Verlag Johannes Heyn, Klagenfurt, 2000, pp. 105–107], [Pure subgroups, Math. Bohem. 126 (2001), 649–652].
Strongly almost convergent generalized difference sequences associated with multiplier sequences
Authors: Esi Ayhan , Tripathy Binod 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Let Λ = (λk) be a sequence of non-zero complex numbers. In this paper we introduce the strongly almost convergent generalized difference sequence spaces associated with multiplier sequences i.e. w
0[A,Δm,Λ,p], w
1[A,Λm,Λ,p], w
∞[A,Δm,Λ,p] and study their different properties. We also introduce ΔΛm-statistically convergent sequences and give some inclusion relations between w
1[Δm,λ,p] convergence and ΔΛm-statistical convergence.
Rate of approximation for the Bézier variant of Balazs Kantorovich operators
Authors: Gupta Vijay , Zeng X. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
In the present paper we study the Bézier variant of the well known Balazs-Kantorovich operators L
n,α(f,x), α ≥ 1. We establish the rate of convergence for functions of bounded variation. For particular value α = 1, our main theorem completes a result due to Agratini [Math. Notes (Miskolc) 2 (2001), 3–10].
Non-homeomorphic density topologies
Authors: Wroński Stanisław 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
In [ANISZCZYK, B.-FRANKIEWICZ, R.: Non homeomorphic density topologies, Bull. Polish Acad. Sci. Math. 34 (1986), 211–213] the authors constructed 2c non-homeomorphic density topologies tied to the concept of measure. In [WROŃSKI, S.: The number of non-homeomorphic I-density topologies. Institute of Mathematics of Polish Academy of Sciences. Preprint 482, December 1990, XXXIV Semester in Banach Center, Theory of Real Functions] an analogous construction has been given for topologies tied to the concept of category. Here we present a generalization containing both the results mentioned above. This generalization based only on the topological ideas is independent of the concept of measure or category.
Strong laws of large numbers for weighted sums of
$$\tilde \rho $$
-mixing random variables
Authors: Cai Guang-hui 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Strong laws are established for linear statistics that are weighted sums of a
$$\tilde \rho $$
-mixing random sample. The results obtained generalize the results of Baxter et al. [SLLN for weighted independent indentically distributed random variables, J. Theoret. Probab. 17 (2004), 165–181] to
$$\tilde \rho $$
-mixing random variables.
Different kinds of sufficiency in the general Gauss-Markov model
Authors: Kornacki Andrzej 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Sufficiency is one of the fundamental notions in mathematical statistics. In connection with the general linear Gauss-Markov model GM (y,Xβ, σ
2
V), there are some modifications of this notion such as linear sufficiency (Baksalary and Kala, Drygas) invariant linearly sufficiency (Oktaba, Kornacki, Wawrzosek) and quadratic sufficiency (Mueller). All these variants denote such transformations of the model GM that preserve properties essential in statistical inference. In the present paper we give mutual relations between above three classes of statistics.
Some new sequence spaces defined by lacunary sequences
Authors: Savas Ekrem , Karakaya Vatan 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
It is natural to expect that lacunary almost convergence must be related to the some concept of lacunary almost bounded variations in the some view as almost convergence is related to almost bounded variation. The purpose of this paper is to examine this new concept in some details. Some inclusion theorems have been established.
Nanostructure‐Dependent Vertical Charge Transport in MEH‐PPV Films
Authors: Huang Y.‐F. , Inigo A. R. , Chang C.‐C. , Li K.‐C. , Liang C.‐F. , Chang C.‐W. , Lim T.‐S. , Chen S.‐H. , White J. D. , Jeng U‐S. , Su A.‐C. , Huang Y.‐S. , Peng K.‐Y. , Chen S.‐A. , Pai W.‐W. , Lin C.‐H. , Tameev A. R. , Novikov S. V. , Vannikov A. V. , Fann W.‐S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe correlation between morphology and charge‐carrier mobility in the vertical direction in thin films of poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (MEH‐PPV) is investigated by a combination of X‐ray reflectivity (XRR), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), fluorescence optical microscopy (FOM), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy (PLE), as well as time‐of‐flight (TOF) and transient electroluminescence (TrEL) techniques. The mobility is about two orders of magnitude greater for drop‐cast films than for their spin‐cast counterparts. Drop‐casting in the presence of a vertical static electric field (E‐casting) results in films with an additional increase in mobility of about one order of magnitude. While PL and PLE spectra vary with the method of film preparation, there is no correlation between emission spectra and charge‐carrier mobility. Our XRR measurements on spin‐cast films indicate layering along the film depth while no such structure is found in drop‐cast or E‐cast films, whereas FESEM examination indicates that nanodomains within drop‐cast films are eliminated in the E‐cast case. These observations indicate that carrier transport is influenced by structure on two different length scales. The low mobility observed in spin‐cast films is a direct result of a global layered structure with characteristic thickness of ca. 4 nm: in the absence of this layered structure, drop‐cast films with inherent nanoscale heterogeneities (ca. 20 nm in size) exhibit much better hole mobility. Elimination of nanodomains via electric‐field alignment results in further improved charge mobility.
New Family of Ruthenium‐Dye‐ Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Solar Cells with a High Solar‐Energy‐Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Chen K.‐S. , Liu W.‐H. , Wang Y.‐H. , Lai C.‐H. , Chou P.‐T. , Lee G.‐H. , Chen K. , Chen H.‐Y. , Chi Y. , Tung F.‐C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA new type of ruthenium complexes 6–8 with tridentate bipyridine–pyrazolate ancillary ligands has been synthesized in an attempt to elongate the π‐conjugated system as well as to increase the optical extinction coefficient, possible dye uptake on TiO2, and photostability. Structural characterization, photophysical studies, and corresponding theoretical approaches have been made to ensure their fundamental basis. As for dye‐sensitized solar cell applications, it was found that 6–8 possess a larger dye uptake of 2.4 × 10–7 mol cm–2, 1.5 × 10–7 mol cm–2, and 1.3 × 10–7 mol cm–2, respectively, on TiO2 than that of the commercial N3 dye (1.1 × 10–7 mol cm–2). Compound 8 works as a highly efficient photosensitizer for the dye‐sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cell, producing a 5.65 % solar‐light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency (compare with 6.01 % for N3 in this study), a short‐circuit current density of 15.6 mA cm–2, an open‐circuit photovoltage of 0.64 V, and a fill factor of 0.57 under standard AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm–2). These, in combination with its superior thermal and light‐soaking stability, lead to the conclusion that the concomitant tridentate binding properties offered by the bipyridine‐pyrazolate ligand render a more stable complexation, such that extended life spans of DSSCs may be expected.
Agglomeration and adhesion free energy of paracetamol crystals in organic solvents
Authors: Ålander Eva M. , Rasmuson Åke C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe agglomeration of paracetamol during crystallization in different pure solvents has been investigated. Narrowly sieved crystals were suspended as seeds and allowed to grow and agglomerate at constant supersaturation and temperature. Particles from each experiment were examined by image analysis and multivariate data evaluation, for the number of crystals per particle. From the resulting number distribution, parameters defining the “degree of agglomeration” were extracted. The degree of agglomeration among the product particles is fairly low in water, methanol, and ethanol, while it is substantial in acetone particularly, but also in acetonitrile and methyl ethyl ketone. Surfaces of large, well‐grown paracetamol crystals have been characterized by contact angle measurements. The surface free energy components of different crystal faces have been estimated using Lifshitz–van der Waals acid–base theory. The data are used for estimation of the solid–liquid interfacial free energy of each face in the solvents of the agglomeration experiments and the corresponding crystal–crystal adhesion free energy of pairs of faces. The degree of agglomeration in different solvents does correlate to the free energies of adhesion. This supports the hypothesis that the influence of the solvent on the crystal agglomeration relates to physico‐chemical adhesion forces between crystal faces in the solution. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 53, 2007
Two‐phase flow patterns in large diameter vertical pipes at high pressures
Authors: Omebere‐Iyari N. K. , Azzopardi B. J. , Ladam Y. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe flow pattern characteristics for a mixture of naphtha and nitrogen in a 52‐m high, 189‐mm diameter vertical pipe at 20 and 90 bar are reported. Time varying, void fraction and pressure variations along the riser were measured. For the former, gamma densitometers were employed. It was found that the classic slug flow pattern was not present in these experiments. The observed flow patterns are classified as bubble, intermittent, semiannular, and annular. All the methods for flow pattern transitions in vertical two‐phase flow tested against the present experiments give poor predictions. The identification and delineation of flow patterns using probability density function distribution of the cross‐sectionally averaged void fraction is consistent with the methods of employing pressure gradient fluctuations and structure velocity. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 53, 2007
Smoking increases the risk of venous thrombosis and acts synergistically with oral contraceptive use
Authors: Pomp Elisabeth R. , Rosendaal Frits R. , Doggen Carine J.M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe results of studies investigating the relationship of smoking with venous thrombosis are inconsistent. Therefore, in the MEGA study, a large population‐based case–control study, we evaluated smoking as a risk factor for venous thrombosis and the joint effect with oral contraceptive use and the factor V Leiden mutation. Consecutive patients with a first venous thrombosis were included from six anticoagulation clinics. Partners of patients were asked to participate and additional controls were recruited using a random digit dialing method. Participants completed a standardized questionnaire. Individuals with known malignancies were excluded from the analyses, leaving a total of 3,989 patients and 4,900 controls. Current and former smoking resulted in a moderately increased risk of venous thrombosis (odds ratio (OR)current 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI95) 1.28–1.60, ORformer 1.23, CI95 1.09–1.38) compared with nonsmoking. Adjustment for fibrinogen levels did not substantially change these risk estimates. A high number of pack‐years resulted in the highest risk among young current smokers (OR≥20 pack‐years 4.30, CI95 2.59–7.14) compared with young nonsmokers. Women who were current smokers and used oral contraceptives had an 8.8‐fold higher risk (OR 8.79, CI95 5.73–13.49) than nonsmoking women who did not use oral contraceptives. Relative to nonsmoking noncarriers, the joint effect of factor V Leiden and current smoking led to a 5.0‐fold increased risk; for the prothrombin 20210A mutation this was a 6.0‐fold increased risk. In conclusion, smoking appears to be a risk factor for venous thrombosis with the greatest relative effect among young women using oral contraceptives. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rheological modeling of the tensile creep behavior of paper
Authors: DeMaio A. , Patterson T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPaper is a networked structure of randomly bonded fibers. These fibers are composed of naturally occurring polymeric materials (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin). Polymeric materials such as these exhibit viscoelastic deformation, and as a result, creep under an applied stress. A rheological model has been developed to predict the tensile creep behavior of paper under a uni‐axial stress. Specifically, the focus of this model was to predict creep strain using only stress, time, and efficiency factor (effectiveness of bonding). This rheological model offers insight into creep behavior (drawing from molecular creep mechanisms) and separates total strain from creep into initial elastic, primary creep, and secondary creep components. Interfiber bonding is taken into account through the use of an efficiency factor which represents how effectively bonding is distributing load throughout the fiber network of the paper. As a result, this model makes it possible to predict the creep behavior of paper over a range of bonding levels, induced by mechanical changes in bonded area or chemical modification of specific bond strength, using creep data from paper at any single level of bonding. This utility is retained as long as the fibers and the orientation of the fibers are not changed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007