bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANTITHYROID AND GOITROGENIC ACTIVITY OF MILK
Authors: BROADHEAD G. D. , PEARSON I. B. , WILSON G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Fresh and dried milk samples obtained during 1960–64 have been examined for antithyroid and goitrogenic activity in rats. In acute experiments milk caused a depression in the uptake of 131I. Samples taken during the spring months were most active in this respect. The iodine content of milk was not responsible for this depression. Calcium and fat in the amounts present in milk caused a decrease in uptake of 131I and the calcium content of milk was highest in the spring. In experiments involving feeding fresh or dried milk for 3 months neither thyroid enlargement nor interference with thyroid hormone synthesis was produced regularly though occasional samples caused some minor changes. There was no consistent evidence for goitrogenic activity in milk.
THE TIMING OF THE NEURAL STIMULUS WHICH LEADS TO OVULATION IN THE SHEEP
Authors: ROBERTSON H. A. , RAKHA A. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ovulation in the sheep could be blocked by chlorpromazine used as a neural blocking agent. The neural stimulus leading to the release of sufficient gonadotrophin to cause ovulation was shown to occur within 2 hr. after the onset of oestrus.
AN IMPROVED ASSAY FOR PARATHYROID HORMONE, OBSERVING THE RISE OF SERUM CALCIUM IN THYROPARATHYROIDECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: CAUSTON ANN , CHORLTON BERNICE , ROSE G. ALAN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Previous methods of assay of parathyroid hormone have been reviewed and none has been found to be entirely satisfactory.
A new assay has been evolved in which the ability of the test substance to raise the serum calcium in rats has been measured as before, but in which combined removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, by blunt dissection, has been used. The range of the new assay is 2–65 U.S.P. units.
The additional removal of the thyroid gland led to a considerable reduction in the scatter of the results and the new assay method is statistically acceptable.
THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN, GLUCAGON AND ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE ON THE PLASMA GLUCOSE AND FREE FATTY ACIDS OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: HEALD P. J. , McLACHLAN P. M. , ROOKLEDGE K. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The level of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in both laying and immature non-laying hens was not markedly decreased by intravenously injected amounts of glucose sufficient to double the level of plasma glucose for 15–30 min. This was true for fasting and for fed birds. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) given i.v. to laying birds produced a definite increase in the levels of plasma FFA and glucose in doses of 60 i.u./kg. Daily doses of long-acting ACTH given i.m. for 3 days to laying birds produced a marked increase in plasma glucose accompanied by a pronounced fall in plasma FFA. Insulin markedly lowered the plasma glucose level in both mature and immature birds and caused a large and immediate increase in plasma FFA. Glucagon also induced a marked increase in plasma FFA accompanied by a rise in plasma glucose. The effects of insulin and glucagon were not abolished by pretreating the birds with reserpine or hexamethonium bromide. It is concluded that the effect of glucagon on plasma FFA is probably a result of a direct action on avian adipose tissue and that insulin may promote a similar response by an increased release of glucagon from the pancreas.
INTERRELATION BETWEEN HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN INHIBITORY ACTIVITY IN PLASMA AND URINE AND THE RATE OF URINARY GONADOTROPHIN EXCRETION
Authors: YAMASHITA I. , HILLMAN JANET C. , REISS M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The interrelation of urinary and plasma human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) inhibitors and the urinary excretion rate of gonadotrophin was studied in ten physically and mentally retarded young males.
It was found that the HCG-inhibitory principles had no effect when assayed against the boys' own urinary gonadotrophins.
The excretion rate of urinary gonadotrophin was found to be independent of the presence of urinary or plasma HCG-inhibitors, which in turn were not related to the boys' physical development.
Certain similarities between the properties of the plasma and urinary HCG-inhibitor and deproteinized pineal extracts are discussed.
GROWTH-PROMOTING AND LUTEOTROPHIC ACTIVITIES OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: HARTREE ANNE STOCKELL , KOVAČIĆ NADA , THOMAS MARJORIE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Human growth hormone prepared by Raben's (1959) method was chromatographed on various ion exchangers and the resulting fractions were assayed for growth-promoting, luteotrophic and immunological activity. A critical quantitative study of the biological activities of the fractions showed that there were significant differences between their ratios of growth-promoting to luteotrophic potency. The luteotrophic activity of some of the preparations was slightly higher than that of the 2nd International Ovine Prolactin Standard.
THE ACCUMULATION OF MATERNAL PHOSPHATE IN THE BRAIN, LIVER AND BONE OF FOETAL AND NEWBORN RABBITS FROM NORMAL AND THYROID-DEFICIENT MOTHERS
Authors: MYANT N. B. , GAMBLE J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
If pregnant rabbits are treated with methylthiouracil from the 10th to 44th day after conception, there is little effect on the growth or phosphorus content of brain, liver or bone of the foetuses.
In newborn animals from mothers treated with methylthiouracil there is a marked decrease in the rate of growth and of deposition of P in bone, a small decrease in brain and little or no effect in liver.
The concentration of total P in the milk is not affected by treating the mother with methylthiouracil.
Inorganic 32P was injected into the mothers 24 days after conception, and the distribution of 32P in liver and bone and in brain phospholipid followed from the 29th to 44th day after conception. The results suggest that more than half the P incorporated into brain phospholipids during the first 14 days of post-natal life is derived from stores of P in the tissues of the newborn animal acquired in utero.
AUGMENTATION BY CHLORMADINONE OF THE UTERINE WEIGHT RESPONSE TO HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN INTACT IMMATURE RATS
Authors: HARPER M. J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Administration of chlormadinone, an orally active progestational agent without significant oestrogenic activity, to intact immature female rats did not affect either ovarian or uterine weight significantly compared with controls. A single injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) caused a 73 % increase in uterine weight in 24 hr. over the control value. This dose significantly increased ovarian weight and although it caused some stimulation of follicular development, ovulation during this time did not occur.
When animals were treated with chlormadinone for 8 days, and received HCG on the 8th day, uterine weight was 170% greater than in the controls and 56% greater than with HCG alone. The uterine weight produced was similar to that found in animals treated with mestranol, a potent oestrogen, and HCG. In ovariectomized animals HCG did not affect uterine weight, while the small increase produced by chlormadinone was unaltered when HCG also was given.
Mechanisms are discussed by which this augmentation of the uterine response to HCG might be produced. It seems most likely that chlormadinone administration causes storage of endogenous gonadotrophin in the pituitary, and that the exogenous gonadotrophin acts as the 'trigger' for the release of stored hormone, probably by a direct action on the hypothalamus.
THE EFFECT OF STEROIDS AND RELAXIN ON ACID PHOSPHATASE IN THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS OF THE OVARIECTOMIZED MOUSE
Authors: MANNING J. P. , STEINETZ B. G. , BUTLER MARGARET C. , PRIESTER SARA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The histochemical changes in acid phosphatase activity of the pubic joint of ovariectomized mice treated with various hormones have been studied. Oestrogen administration resulted in marked increase in acid phosphatase activity of the osteoclasts, osteocytes, chondroclasts, young chondrocytes and chondroblasts in addition to bone resorption and transformation of the hyaline cartilage caps of the pubic bones into fibrocartilage. Relaxin, progesterone and cortisone acetate failed to influence the quantity or distribution of the enzyme in the pubic joint of mice primed with oestrogen. Progesterone and cortisone inhibited ligament formation produced by relaxin in oestrogen-treated animals. The results are discussed in relation to the activities of the hormones on the symphysis pubis of the mouse.
THE SERUM INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS PATTERN DURING THE AUGMENTED INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST IN ACROMEGALY
Authors: MASSARA F. , CAMANNI F. , MOLINATTI G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A study has been made of the inorganic serum phosphorus pattern in twenty-one acromegalic subjects during the 'augmented insulin tolerance test'.
The serum phosphorus curve differed from normal in an elevated fasting level and, more especially, a reduction in the maximum fall. The latter anomaly is far more marked and constant than those found in the blood-sugar curve, and would thus seem to be a reliable criterion for the 'activity' of acromegaly.
THE METABOLISM OF CORTISOL BY HUMAN EXTRA-HEPATIC TISSUES
Authors: JENKINS J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The extra-hepatic metabolism of cortisol in man has been studied in vitro by incubation of [4-14C]cortisol with tissue slices.
Kidney tissue was the most active, followed by prostate; thyroid, skeletal muscle and synovial membrane were much less effective. Cortisone was quantitatively the predominant metabolite but C-20-reduced derivatives of cortisol and cortisone were also present. There was evidence for the oxidation of the side chain by kidney and prostate, but no ring A-reduced compounds were found.
Kidney slices did not reduce the 11-oxo group of cortisone but this reaction proceeded readily with liver slices.
Some evidence for extra-hepatic metabolism of cortisol in vivo by the tissues of the forearm was obtained by infusing [4-14C]cortisol into the brachial artery.
THE INDUCTION OF MAMMARY GROWTH IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED GOAT
Authors: COWIE A. T. , TINDAL J. S. , YOKOYAMA A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Mammogenesis has been studied in hypophysectomized goats (nine completely and four incompletely hypophysectomized). In the absence of the pituitary, hexoestrol alone or in combination with progesterone failed to stimulate the growth of the mammary gland or to prevent regression of the already developed mammary gland. In the ovariectomized-hypophysectomized goat considerable mammary lobulo-alveolar growth can be promoted by administering hexoestrol and progesterone in combination with prolactin (ovine), growth hormone (bovine) and adrenocorticotrophin.
METABOLISM OF PROGESTERONE IN THE PIG-TAIL MONKEY (MACACA NEMESTRINA)
Authors: JEFFERY J. d'A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The metabolic fate of administered progesterone (pregn-4-en-3,20-dione) has been investigated in three pig-tail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina).
Androsterone (3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one) was a quantitatively important urinary metabolite. Metabolites were also found in substantial amounts in fractions corresponding to pregnanediol and to more polar compounds, but 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol itself was not a major urinary metabolite.
THE HUMAN ADRENAL GLAND WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE VASCULATURE
Authors: DOBBIE J. W. , SYMINGTON T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The internal anatomy, particularly the vasculature, of the human adrenal was investigated with the help of three-dimensional reconstruction models supplemented by stereo-angiography. A definite pattern of positional relationship was shown to exist between the cortex, medulla and venous drainage, and on this basis the adrenal should be considered as a tripartite structure consisting of a head, a body and a tail region. The disposition of the longitudinal muscle bundles in the adrenal veins follows a definite pattern in each region of the gland. The muscular veins lie almost entirely within sleeves of cortical tissue. The selective gathering of the muscle bundles into the medulla-facing segment of the veins in certain regions of the gland is described. The effect of this muscular arrangement on the venous sinuses which pass between the muscle bundles was investigated and considered to be one of closure. Elastic tissue was demonstrated in the medullary venous sinuses; it is suggested that together with the muscle bundles both constitute a musculo-elastic organ capable of intermittent explosive release of hormones from the venous sinuses into the central vein. The hitherto neglected effect of the unique venous sytem on the function of the cortex was examined. Its possible role in the morphological changes of the adult cortex in response to stress, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and in adrenal pathology is considered.
THE CORPUS LUTEUM OF THE SHEEP: EFFECT OF THE REMOVAL OF EMBRYOS ON LUTEAL FUNCTION
Authors: MOOR R. M. , ROWSON L. E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The surgical removal of embryos from the uteri of sheep at selected stages from the 5th to the 15th day of pregnancy provided a method of studying the functional relationship between the embryo and the corpus luteum. The cyclical life-span of the corpus luteum was not affected by the presence of embryos in the uterus provided that they were removed by the 12th day after oestrus. However, a delay in the removal of the embryos until day 13, 14 or 15 resulted in a marked extension of luteal function. These findings indicate that the luteotrophic effect exerted by the embryo first becomes essential for the maintenance of the corpus luteum of pregnancy after day 12 and are in close agreement with previous results obtained by the transplantation of embryos.
INHIBITION OF BOVINE GROWTH HORMONE ACTIVITY BY ACETYL PROTEINS
Authors: SONENBERG M. , MONEY W. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Bovine growth hormone (BGH) was acetylated with acetic anhydride under a variety of conditions and the optimal conditions defined to obtain a growth hormone inhibitor. Acetyl BGH as well as acetyl thyrotrophin, acetyl bovine serum albumin and acetyl lactalbumin in equivalent doses inhibited the growth response of hypophysectomized and intact rats to unmodified bovine growth hormone. N-acetyl dl-proline and O-acetyl dl-serine of many amino and hydroxyl acetyl amino acids also inhibited BGH but in a higher molar dose than that of the acetyl proteins.
PROLACTIN-LIKE ACTIVITY IN THE PITUITARY GLAND OF FISHES AND AMPHIBIANS?
Authors: CHADWICK A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The pituitaries of three species of cartilaginous fish, 11 species of bony fish and two species of amphibian were subjected to pigeon-crop and rabbit mammary-gland tests for prolactin-like activity. Both pituitary homogenates and partially purified pituitary extracts were investigated.
Positive reactions were observed with pituitaries from all species tested, though there were invariably marked differences from the normal response produced by injections of purified sheep prolactin. These differences suggest that a principle is present in lower vertebrate pituitaries which has some, but not all, of the characteristics of higher vertebrate prolactin. The secretory stimulatory element responsible for the onset of milk secretion in the target organ is absent, but the proliferative element responsible for growth of the gland during a response is already demonstrable.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF CASTRATED RABBITS
Authors: YOUNG B. A. , FOSTER C. L. , CAMERON E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ultrastructure of the rabbit adenohypophysis is described at increasing time-intervals after castration. An early effect of castration was the appearance of large numbers of degranulated or partially degranulated cells in both the pars distalis proper and the zona tuberalis. These cells were similar in general shape and granule size to the type 3 and 3z cells of the normal rabbit adenohypophysis. Characteristically these cells show a dilatation of the cisternae of the ergastoplasm and a prominent Golgi zone. 284 days after castration the partially degranulated cells were very large and their dilated cisternae were up to 1·3 μ in diameter and more spherical in form.
Since the cells most affected by castration were similar in all respects to the type 3 and 3z cells described in normal rabbits, they are considered to be the gonadotrophs.
ANDROGEN SYNTHESIS BY THE TESTES AND ADRENAL GLANDS OF RATS POISONED WITH CADMIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: FAVINO A. , BAILLIE A. H. , GRIFFITHS K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Androgen synthesis after administration of cadmium chloride to rats has been studied histologically, histochemically and biochemically. Incubation in vitro of testicular tissue removed 10 days after cadmium administration revealed markedly decreased testosterone synthesis. After 100 and 150 days, testosterone synthesis in vitro had increased progressively and significantly, but there was a marked decrease in the testosterone: androstenedione ratio. Surviving Leydig cells, giving typical histochemical reactions for 3β-, 16β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, were observed under the tunica albuginea immediately after cadmium poisoning. Fifty days after the cadmium treatment, mesenchymal cells, giving a histochemical 3α- and 16α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reaction, but no other hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reaction of normal Leydig cells, grew into the testes from the tunica albuginea. Weight, citric acid and fructose contents of seminal vesicles of cadmium-treated rats fell nearly to castration levels, but showed some degree of recovery thereafter. Studies in vitro on adrenal tissue from cadmium-poisoned rats suggested that the rate of testosterone biosynthesis from pregnenolone was increased.
THE EFFECTS OF TREATMENT WITH GONADOTROPHINS OR WITH OESTROGEN ON THE THYROID GLAND OF THE IMMATURE RAT
Authors: BROWN-GRANT K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland increased 72 hr. after the injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMS) into immature female rats whether ovulation occurred or not. PMS failed to produce this effect in male rats but oestrogen administration increased 131I uptake in both male and female immature rats, suggesting that oestrogen was responsible for the effect of PMS in females. Both PMS and oestrogen may increase the uptake of radioactive phosphate by the thyroid of female but not male rats; oestrogen may stimulate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion in immature female rats. These effects of oestrogen in the female made it impossible to determine whether the 'ovulatory surge' in luteinizing hormone secretion in PMS-treated rats was associated with an increased secretion of TSH or not.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND β-GLUCURONIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE RAT UTERUS DURING EARLY PREGNANCY
Authors: MANNING J. P. , MELI A. , STEINETZ B. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Uterine alkaline phosphatase and β-glucuronidase activity were assayed during the first 8 days of pregnancy in rats after unilateral tubal ligation and section. The results were as follows. Alkaline phosphatase increased in the pregnant horn from days 5 to 8 while the activity of the nonpregnant horn remained unaltered. This enhanced phosphatase activity was localized exclusively at the implantation sites. β-Glucuronidase steadily decreased during the first 8 days of pregnancy in both the gravid and non-gravid horns. The occurrence of a 'peak' in β-glucuronidase activity during the oestrogen surge on day 4 of pregnancy reported previously by Prahlad (1962) was not observed.
The results are discussed in relation to an interaction between the implanting blastocyst and the hormonally conditioned uterus.
COMPARISON OF THE MILK-EJECTING POTENCIES OF OXYTOCIN AND DEAMINO-OXYTOCIN IN LACTATING WOMEN
Authors: ALTHABE O. , ARNT I. C. , BRANDA L. A. , CALDEYRO-BARCIA R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The milk-ejecting potencies of deamino-oxytocin and oxytocin were compared by means of recordings of intramammary pressure in lactating women.
No difference in milk-ejecting potency was found between the two peptides in one woman 16 months after delivery; at this time her blood did not inactivate either of the peptides.
In other women on the third day post partum, deamino-oxytocin was found to be 1·5 times as potent as oxytocin (w/w). At this stage, the blood of the patients inactivated oxytocin (half life: 10 min.) but not deamino-oxytocin; this effect accounts only in part for the difference in potency between the two peptides.
THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS HORMONES ON AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN THE RING DOVE (STREPTOPELIA RISORIA)
Authors: VOWLES D. M. , HARWOOD D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The aggressive and defensive behaviour of the ring dove was studied in response to a model predator and to another member of the same species. During a single breeding cycle defensive behaviour increased rapidly just before laying, reached a second peak at the time of hatching, and declined as the squabs became independent. Cocks showed aggressive behaviour to other doves throughout the cycle, but this response reached a peak soon after laying, and declined at the time of hatching.
The effects of seven daily injections of oestrogen, progesterone, progesterone plus oestrogen, testosterone, and prolactin were studied. In both sexes prolactin and progesterone (with and without oestrogen) increased defensive behaviour towards a predator; in hens these hormones also increased defensive behaviour towards other birds. In cocks, however, prolactin had no effect on the response to other doves; progesterone (with and without oestrogen) increased aggressiveness, and oestrogen increased nest-cooing.
Single injections of the same hormones produced similar effects, with the exception that testosterone and oestrogen in hens caused a temporary (1–5 hr.) increase in defensive behaviour. The latency of most hormonal effects was 30 min. to 2 hr., although the injections were intramuscular. This suggests a direct effect on central nervous mechanisms. Progesterone had a latency of 12–18 hr., suggesting an indirect effect.
INSULIN CONTENT AND ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE HUMAN FOETAL PANCREATIC ISLET
Authors: ADESANYA T. , GRILLO I. , SHIMA K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The occurrence of insulin in the developing human pancreatic islet was investigated histochemically and by immunoassay. A parallel histochemical study of enzymes in each foetal pancreas was also made.
Oxidative enzymes and the phosphatases, glucose-6-phosphatase and acid phosphatase were localized in pancreatic islet cells from foetuses of 80 mm. crown-rump (CR) length onwards.
Insulin was demonstrated both by the fluorescent antibody technique and by immunoassay in the pancreatic extracts of all foetuses of over 80 mm. CR length. No insulin was present in the extract of the pancreas of a 35 mm. foetus. Since β-granulation occurred in foetuses of 90–110 mm. CR length it became obvious that insulin formation starts before β-granulation.
SUPPRESSIVE ACTION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS ON THE SECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: PECILE A. , MÜLLER E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of cortisol (5 mg./100 g. body weight administered for 10 days) on the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary was studied in 30-day-old female rats. The results indicate that the suppressive action of cortisol on GH secretion is not due to a reduced availability of the hormone in the pituitary but to an impairment of the release mechanism(s) as shown by the lack of GH release in response to insulin hypoglycaemia and by the marked decrease of GH-releasing activity in the hypothalamus of cortisol-treated rats.