bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Water-Cut in Challenging Flow Conditions using Infrared Technology
Authors: Al-Saiyed M. A. , Warsi S. A. , Phillips J. E. , Gilani S. K. , Zareef M. A. , Lievois J. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The success of field management depends on the accuracy and availability of well performance data. Continuous monitoring provides information so that corrective action can be taken in a timely manner to better manage expensive well assets by maintaining well potential, managing water conformance and increasing the well life. Accurate water-cut monitoring can significantly reduce the dead well number by providing the data to implement timely corrective action.
Methods for measuring water-cut values range from conventional hand sampling to cutting edge technology. Saudi Aramco's traditional well testing practices, utilizing a test trap at a GOSP, limit the information available due to the infrequent tests for an individual well, usually exceeding one month or more. Test trap data also has inherent error built in, due to averaging and human error. What is needed is real-time, in-line and accurate water-cut monitoring.
When considering technologies for monitoring watercut, factors such as accuracy, data transfer rate, and cost play major roles. This paper presents how an infrared meter provides an accurate and cost effective means to monitor water-cut in complex wells. The infrared monitoring device is an in-line real-time monitoring system that provides accurate water-cut even, in very challenging flow conditions. A pilot test of the infrared water-cut meter was successfully conducted in a major oil field in Saudi Arabia. Results from this test will be included in the paper.
Proposed Methodology to Predict Electric Power Requirements for ESP Wells in a Heavy Oil Field - A Case Study
Authors: Brito Rosmer , Montero Jacobo 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This paper describes the methodology used to determine the electric power requirements of all the ESP systems to be installed over a period of study (2007-2017) in the Icotea-Misoa heavy oil reservoir, Urdaneta West field, Venezuela, in order to ensure a reliable and safe electric supply to cover the field development plan. The methodology used consisted in: selection of a representative sample of the ESP wells population; running several sensitivities on the ESP and well performance using an industry proved ESP software for the most critical cases of reservoir, equipment and production conditions; tabulate and analyze the data obtained from the simulations with statistical techniques to determine the most probable electric power requirement range as well as its tendency over time; finally, generate relationships between the electric power consumption and different production parameters (total production rate, oil and water production rates, reservoir pressure, productivity index and sand production) to predict the power requirements changes with time. The results will be used by the operating company to decide whether the existing surface electrical facilities are sufficient for the field development plan, or if a KVA capacity expansion is required. One of the main conclusions from the study was that the required electric power capacity was being overestimated, based on simple predictions using only historical consumptions or non-statistical methods. The methodology applied led to a more reliable prediction of the power consumption per well. This will allow the company to better estimate the required facilities and hence, reduce the expected costs of investment required.
Injection Wells with Integrity Challenges on the NCS
Authors: Vignes Birgit , Tonning Stein A. , Aadnoy Bernt S. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The indications of several well integrity failures on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) was the motivation for a study to investigate the possible involved mechanism of well integrity issues on the NCS. The study will include water injectors, gas injectors and CO2 injectors.
This paper describes a number of technical well integrity issues, identifying critical elements such as design failures, corrosion problems, tubing leakage, operational factors and degradation of barrier elements like cement problems, casing issues and elastomeres failures in injection wells.
The study includes a selection of new and old injection wells from different facilities and operating companies at the NCS. The paper will also present some production or injection wells in depleted oil and gas fields that are reused as injection wells.
Well integrity and control of the barrier status is considered as an important HSE factor that limits integrity incidents, leaks and well control situations. Knowledge of the well status enables the companies to take the right actions in a proactive manner and thereby prevent potential losses and expenses and to ensure "healthy" & safe wells.
Standardizing the Approach for Offshore Pipeline Lifetime Extension
Authors: Franklin J. G. , Stowell B. E. , Jee T. P. , Hawkins M. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
With increasing maturity of the offshore oil and gas industry, the requirement to operate a pipeline beyond its original design life is becoming commonplace. This requirement has been driven by enhanced recovery techniques and the widespread tie-in of new developments into existing infrastructure. Yet the approaches taken by operators to prove a pipeline fit for operation beyond its original lifetime have differed in the general methodology and in the level of detail. This has generated concerns for both pipeline operators and the regulatory authorities over what is appropriate and sufficient. In response to this, ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) has established a working group, convened by Jee Limited, to investigate and develop a best practice specification for pipeline lifetime extension.
This paper presents a recommended approach to pipeline lifetime extension, identifying the key data and information that has to be gathered and the elements of assessment necessary to give the technical credibility required to ensure a continued high level of safety. Two case studies are included which demonstrate historical approaches to pipeline lifetime extension.
3D Multiple Attenuation in the F-XY Domain: A Case History from Abu Dhabi
Authors: Maroof M. S. Ben , Nahhas M. S. Al , Soroka W. L. , Leveque A. , Spitz S. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Multiples are successfully removed from seismic data to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in a 3D land dataset acquired in Abu Dhabi. The process aims at removing in user specified spatial-temporal windows only that multiple energy (surface or inter-bed), interfering with particular primary seismic events. The anti-multiple is designed in the f-xy domain and applied prestack, on constant offset time migrated data volumes. Subtraction of the multiple events from the original seismic data is shown to produce an improved subsurface seismic image that is more suitable for interpretation and attribute analysis.
The ability to remove multiple events without affecting the primary signal is a crucial issue in seismic processing, as spurious energy at a target level leads to suboptimal images and adds uncertainty to reservoir characterization. The state of the art in attenuating multiple arrivals involves a two steps process. First the multiples are predicted via a data driven technique. Then the predicted events are matched to the multiples actually present in the data and removed with some matching filter. The removal assumes that the kinematics of the multiple events are correctly derived and that the prediction locates them correctly in time and space.
The technique applied on the Abu Dhabi dataset focuses on a particular family of reverberating events that invade the target area. This is a marked difference with respect to general techniques that try to predict the whole multiple wavefield. The technique requires the strong impedance contrast that generates the multiple (surface related or internal) to be reasonably flat. When this requirement is met the prediction of the multiple is simple and avoids all shortcomings of general techniques such as SRME with irregular acquisition geometries, poor signal to noise ratio or variable near surface effects. Moreover we believe that this requirement is often met in the Arabic Peninsula.
Extending the Range of Multiphase Metering to Challenging High Water Cut Gas-Lifted Wells: TOTAL ABK Field Application
Authors: Costa David , Couput Jean-Paul , Hollaender Florian , Pinguet Bruno , Koshy Thomas 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Flow metering using conventional separation-based technologies in low-pressure high gas rate environments typical of gas-lifted wells is a very difficult operation. Owing to low retention times of the gas, the quality of separation and existing instrumentation is often doubtful leading to an under-estimate of liquid rates. An aggravating factor is that such wells are often producing at high water-cuts, thus leading to significant uncertainty on oil rates.
To solve such metering challenges with a large majority of their wells operating above 95% gas fraction under metering conditions and water cuts often higher than 90 %, TOTAL ABK has evaluated different well testing & monitoring strategies based on multiphase metering use.
A compact dual-energy gamma-ray Venturi multiphase flow meter (MPFM) was selected and placed under field trial to assess whether this technology could reduce the uncertainty on oil production by removing any impact of imperfect separation. 20 tests were performed considering 15 wells over a period of 10 days to assess MPFM performance and repeatability in a wide range of conditions.
In most cases, it was found that the meter's performance compares favorably with that of the test separator located in line. Furthermore, the high-frequency high-resolution output of the meter allowed the operator to assess well efficiency and stability and to understand the behavior of the gas lift system. It was shown that such wells have a tendency to behave erratically at very high frequency, leading to fast and significant variations of the well productivity that could not be captured by conventional means and could potentially lead to erroneous results as well as sub-optimal well performance.
The field test proves that the multiphase metering solution used in this trial can be used successfully and is presenting a reliable alternative or complement to conventional test separators for flow metering in low-pressure high water cut wells under gas lift, providing operational flexibility and additional information of interest to optimize well productivity.
Correlations for Optimum Separation Pressures for Sequential Field Separation System
Authors: AL-Jawad Mohammed S. , Hassan Omar F. 
Published: November 2008

ABSRACT
A study has been done to find the optimum separators pressures of separation stations. Stage separation of oil and gas is accomplished with a series of separators operating at sequentially reduced pressures. Liquid discharged from a higher pressure separator into the lower pressure separator. The set of working separators pressures which yield maximum recovery of liquid hydrocarbon from the well fluid is the optimum set of pressures which is the target of this work.
Computer model is used to find the optimum separators pressures. The model employs the Peng-Robinson equation of state for volatile oil. Application of this model shows good improvement of all objective functions for many oils(1).
Mathematical correlations for estimating optimum set of pressures have been deduced from the model to provide simple and quick tool to find the optimum stages pressures. Many tests have been achieved with many volatile samples at different conditions to prove the validity of these correlations.
How to Ensure That Required Metering Uncertainty are Kept to a Minimum During Operation
Authors: Smørgrav Alf E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
With the very high price per barrel/m3 of oil of today it is of almost importance that the measurement uncertainty is kept at its absolute minimum, and the illustration below talk for itself. Even at a dollar price of $ 120.00 per barrel an increase in uncertainty will cost the oil Companies a fortune annually.
This paper will give an insight in how the uncertainty of a metering system could / should be evaluated and examined at regular intervals in order to maintain the confident in the reported volume / mass flow figures that has been produced or sold.
The following issues will be discussed in this paper ➢System Installation Supervision and Commissioning Services.➢Maintenance and Operations Contracts➢Maintenance and Operational Excellence through Customized On-Site Services.➢Training Schools.➢Spares and Parts Management Solutions.➢Consulting Services➢System Modification and Upgrades
Advances in Tight Gas Completions - Noel Tight Gas Project
Authors: Kovalsky Keith , Kelly Patrick 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The Noel project has successfully employed unconventional fracing approaches and open hole horizontal wells to begin development of the Cadomin Formation in the Noel field in Canada. The Cadomin is a very difficult reservoir to exploit given that the reservoir is under pressured, has very low permeability and porosity. The formation is also deep and the drilling is made expensive by the abrasive nature and hardness of the rocks. The project appraisal team made extensive use of reservoir simulation, Microseismic frac mapping and production logging to understand the reservoir and the well performance in order to optimize the well design. A "do learn do" approach has allow the Noel team to make several step changes in well performance during the project appraisal phase.
Application of Well Testing for Well Deliverability Forecasting in Volatile Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Sanni M. O. , Gringarten A. C. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on the factors affecting well deliverability in volatile oil reservoirs producing at flowing bottomhole pressure below bubble point pressure and methods of mitigating well productivity decline due to "gas blockage" when volatile oil reservoirs are producing at flowing bottomhole pressure below bubble point pressure.
For this purpose, actual well producing at flowing bottomhole pressure below bubble point pressure was modelled using a one-dimensional single well compositional reservoir simulation, with velocity-dependent relative permeabilities functions of Capillary Number (Nc) and Forchheimer parameter (β). The model was then used to investigate oil productivity impairment due to "gas blockage" near the wellbore and the use of vertical hydraulic fractures and horizontal wells to mitigate the impairment to flow of the oil phase due to "gas blockage".
The result shows that end point relative permeability of oil phase and oil fluid composition are the most important factors affecting productivity of volatile oil reservoirs producing below bubble point pressure.
This study suggests in volatile oil reservoirs, both vertical hydraulic fractures and horizontal wells are best implemented early in the wells life to delay the time when the flowing bottomhole pressure drops below the bubble point pressure, hence improving ultimate recovery.
A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Mendes Deise D. , Mello Marcelo Feijó , Ventura Paula , De Medeiros Passarela Cristiane , De Jesus Mari Jair 
Published: November 2008

Objective: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most common psychotherapy approach for the treatment of PTSD. Nevertheless, previous reviews on the efficacy of several types of psychotherapy were unable to detect differences between CBT and other psychotherapies. The purpose of this study was to conduct systematic review on the efficacy of CBT in comparison with studies that used other psychotherapy techniques. Method: Databases were searched using the following terms: posttraumatic stress disorder/stress disorder, treatment/psychotherapy/behavior cognitive therapy, randomized trials, and adults. Randomized clinical trials published between 1980 and 2005 and that compared CBT with other treatments for PTSD was included. The main outcomes were remission, clinical improvement, dropout rates and changes in symptoms. Results: The 23 clinical trials included in the review comprised 1,923 patients: 898 in the treatment group and 1,025 in the control group. CBT had better remission rates than EMDR (RR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.16; 0.79; p = 0.01) or supportive therapies (RR = 0.43; 95%CI: 0.25; 0.74; p = 0.002, completer analysis). CBT was comparable to Exposure Therapy (ET) (RR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.58; 1.40; p = 0.64), and cognitive therapy (CT) (RR = 1.01; 95%CI: 0.67; 1.51; p = 0.98) in terms of efficacy and compliance. Conclusions: These findings suggest that specific therapies, such as CBT, exposure therapy and cognitive therapy are equally effective, and more effective than supportive techniques in the treatment of PTSD.
Higher Rate of Major Depression among Blood Donor Candidates Infected with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1
Authors: Stumpf Bárbara P. , Carneiro-Proietti Anna Bárbara , Proietti Fernando A. , Rocha Fábio L. ,   INTERDISCIPLINARY HTLV RESEARCH GROUP (GIPH)
Published: November 2008

Objective:Viral infections have been previously associated with psychiatric disorders. This work aimed to study the relationship between the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and depression.Method:A case-control study with prevalent cases was conducted from April 2004 to June 2005. Participants were from a public transfusion center in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The base population was composed of blood donor candidates infected with HTLV-1 (asymptomatic carriers), followed-up in a cohort study. As a control group, HTLV-1 seronegative blood donors were selected in a random fashion. Study participants underwent psychiatric evaluation using a structured diagnostic instrument, the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI), to estimate the rate of depression. The interviewer was unaware of participants' HTLV-1 serostatus. The co-variables studied were gender, age, formal education, personal income, and the presence of other psychiatric diagnoses. Logistic regression was used to examine the relation between HTLV-1 infection and depression.Results:The final sample was composed of 74 individuals infected with HTLV-1 and 24 uninfected controls. The rate of depression was significantly higher in HTLV-1 carriers when compared with controls (39% vs. 8%; p-value = 0.005). HTLV-1 infection was independently associated with depression (OR = 6.17; CI 95% = 1.32–28.82).Conclusions:The results showed a higher rate of depression in HTLV-1 infected individuals. It was not possible to determine whether depression was related to knowledge of chronic retroviral infection or related to a biological effect of the retroviral infection.
Coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with the initial and the early stage of chronic renal failure
Authors: Bartnicki Piotr , Stolarek Robert , Rysz Jacek 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The recent clinical data indicate that the initial and the early stages of chronic renal failure (CRF) may lead to increased incidence of cardiovascular complications and increased extent of coronary artery disease (CAD). This retrospective study was aimed to determine the effects of coexisting diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2) and the extent of atherosclerosis in coronary vessels in patients with mildly reduced kidney function (glomerular filtration rate GFR = 89–60 ml/min) and moderately reduced kidney function (GFR = 59–30 ml/min). The study patients included 53 subjects with creatinine concentration above 120 μmol/l as a cut-off level for the initial stage and compensated CRF. The distributions of coronary artery stenosis were also analysed with respect to DM-2 coexistence and levels of haemoglobin glikolised (HbA1c). The odds ratio of pathological changes in coronary arteries in patients with GFR = 44–30 ml/min, with respect to the number of affected vessels — only one, more than one or more than two — were 7.22, 4.90 and 3.55, respectively. In CRF patients with GFR = 60–89 ml/min the odds ratio of one, more than one and more than two vessels with stenosis and CAD was 1.93, 1.70 and 1.53, respectively. DM-2 was not related to the risk of significant coronary artery stenosis and did not enhance the pre-existing changes in the study setting. Our results demonstrate that the initial and the early stages of CRF were significant risk factors for coronary stenoses and for enhancing the pre-existing changes.
A new approach to nickel electrolytic colouring of anodised aluminium
Authors: Zemanová Matilda , Chovancová Marta , Krivošík Pavol 
Published: November 2008

AbstractEnergy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyse nickel on anodic aluminium surfaces after stripping the anodic aluminium oxide. The metal was electroplated at the bottom of the pores of anodised aluminium during electrolytic colouring in solutions without (Watts) and with (citrate) complexing agents, respectively. A relation between the anodic-cathodic processes, changes of the structure and composition of the coating in dependence on the used solution were studied. A morphology study performed after stripping the anodic aluminium oxide revealed the crucial influence of the anodic process/cycle and the complexing agent on the nickel structure on the aluminium surface. Off-time of half-way rectified current influenced the nickel deposition in the pores of anodic alumina negatively.
Représentations des littératies plurilingues, de l’immersion en français et des dynamiques identitaires chez des parents chinois
Authors: Dagenais Diane , Moore Danièle 
Published: November 2008

Abstract:Focusing on the study of representations constructed by Chinese families in a large city in Western Canada, this article examines parents’ perceptions of the literacy practices of their multilingual children enrolled in French immersion programs. The authors consider how discursive identity construction has multiple prisms that enable families to surpass minority group designations and participate as citizens in Canadian democracy without renouncing their inherited affiliations. An analysis of their discourse provides a tool for understanding how representations are constructed and transform social thinking, revealing the close relationship between the dynamics of representation and identity.
Minority Language Development and Literacy among Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), Refugees, and Wartime Communities
Authors: Yoder Joan Bomberger 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: This article describes how minority language development and literacy activities were facilitated in a wartime context for Southern Sudanese language groups, particularly through the use of workshops. It also presents the voices of the language speakers themselves as they reflect on this process. A background discussion considers the importance of minority languages, education in times of war, and resources for minority language development and literacy. The activities of assessment, orthography formation, and writers’ training are then described as they were implemented in a workshop context. The concluding section of the article provides an update on multilingual education developments in Southern Sudan and notes some strengths and weaknesses of a workshop approach in stressed contexts.