bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions of polyunsaturated fatty alcohols. IX. Molecular‐weight distribution of some conjugated soybean vinyl ether homopolymers
Authors: Teeter H. M. , Dorman L. C. , Harris L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe molecular‐weight distributions of several conjugated soybean vinyl ether homopolymers were studied by means of the integral fractionation technique. Polymers having number average molecular weights of 2,200, 4,800 and 10,000 prepared with stannic chloride as catalyst as well as a polymer having a molecular weight of 3,400 prepared with boron trifluoride as catalyst were included in the study. The observed distributions for all the polymers were found to approximate the socalled “most probable” distributions expected theoretically for polymers obtained by simple difunctional polymerization.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. X. Preparation of some copolymers of nonconjugated linseed vinyl ether
Authors: De Jarlais W. J. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryVinyl ethers were prepared from benzyl, 2‐phenylethyl, 3‐phenylpropyl, 2‐benzyloxyethyl, 2‐(para‐tertiary‐butylphenoxy)‐ethyl, tetrahydrofurfuryl, and 2‐cyanoethyl alcohols. The vinyl ethers, as well as 1‐methoxy‐1,3‐butadiene and cyclohexyl vinyl ether, when copolymerized with nonconjugated linseed vinyl ether produced viscous liquids that baked to films of moderate hardness and with fair resistance to alkali and acid. These copolymer films offered little improvement in hardness over similarly prepared films from nonconjugated linseed vinyl ether homopolymer. Baked films of nonconjugated linseed‐2‐ (para‐tertiary‐butylphenoxy) ethyl vinyl ether copolymers had improved alkali resistance over the homopolymer baked films and were considered to be the best of the copolymer films studied.
Dietary fat and heart disease
Authors: Rathmann Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySo far as the industry is concerned, the evidence indicating a relationship of dietary fat to heart disease presents some interesting challenges. Undoubedly it portends a change in the fat cousumption pattern toward a lowerper capita use coupled with a shift from solid fats toward a higher proportion of edible oils. Most important of all, however, is the growing recognition that fats and oils are nutritionally valuable foods, intimately related to health and well‐being, and should by no means be regarded merely as a source of calories.Although there are innumerable factors involved in the etiology of heart disease, dietary fat is an important one and fortunately is one that can be modified in whatever way proves desirable. Because the more saturated types of fats lead to higher serum cholesterol levels than do the polyunsaturated oils, and because cholesterol is somehow involved in the course of atherosclerotic heart disease, clinical tests are now in progress to determine whether prolonged use of a diet rich in these oils will lead to fewer heart attacks than does the usual American diet rich in saturated fats. So far, data are encouraging enough to merit recommendation of the modification in dietary fat to the coronary‐prone individual and to justify development of new high‐linoleate fat products by the industry.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. IV. Kinetics of catalytic and homogeneous chemical reduction
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Nowakowska Janina , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractKinetics for consecutive reactions of octadecatrienoate to octadecadienoate to octadecenoate have been studied with the aid of radioisotopic tracers and gas chromatography. Evidence for a triene to monoene shunt has been obtained. Similarly, the chemical reduction with hydrazine has been studied, but no evidence for this anomalous behavior was obtained. Methods to determine reaction rates from these kinetic measurements are discussed.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. V. Procedure of evaluating hydrogenation catalysts for selectivity
Authors: Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEquations for determining the ratio of hydrogenation rates for linolenate and linoleate acyl groups are derived from kinetic theory. They are based upon the analysis for linolenate after absorption of 0.5 mole of hydrogen by an equal mixture of linoleate and linolenate. This method finds routine application in the evaluation of hydrogenation catalysts for selectivity.
Lunaria seed oil—A rich source of C24 fatty acids
Authors: Wilson T. L. , Smith C. R. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe seed oil ofLunaria biennis (family Cruciferae) contains 21% ofcis‐15‐tetracosenoic acid. This proportion of C24‐monoethenoid acid is the highest yet reported in any seed oil. The oil also containscis‐13‐docosenoic (erucic) acid (42%).
Dialkyl esters of alpha‐sulfofatty acids
Authors: McBride J. J. , Miller E. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLower olefins, especially ethylene and propylene, have been found to add to alpha‐sulfofatty acids in the presence of boron trifluoride or its etherate to give dialkyl alpha‐sulfofatty esters. Some of the reaction variables studied include catalyst, catalyst concentration, and solvent. The esters were obtained as colorless, low melting solids after purification by low temperature crystallization.
Amino acid composition ofLesquerella seed meals
Authors: Miller Roger Wayne , Van Etten C. H. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeed meals from 14 species ofLesquerella, family Cruciferae, were analyzed for 18 amino acids. Lysine and methionine contents ranged, respectively, from 331 to 440, and 72 to 94 mg. per g. of nitrogen. When compared with 9 species ofBrassica (rape, mustard),Lesquerella seeds were higher in lysine and lower in methionine. Thirteen unidentified substances were detected by the ion‐exchange chromatographic method used to determine amino acids.
Appraisal of methods of total monoester estimation in commercial monoglycerides
Authors: Hartman L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAnalytical techniques of estimating total monoglycerides in industrial products and difficulties encountered in their estimation are critically discussed. A modification is suggested of a recently published procedure which combines the “Partition method” with the methods of Martin and of Brokawet al. A tentative method of determining total monoglycerides based on simultaneous isomerization and periodate oxidation is described.
Isothiocyanates from enzymatic hydrolysis ofLesquerella seed meals
Authors: Daxenbichler M. E. , VanEtten C. H. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEnzymatic hydrolyzates from seed meals of 17 species of the genusLesquerella, family Cruciferae, were examined for thiooxazolidones and volatile isothiocyanates. Quantitative estimates of the total volatile isothiocyanates, calculated as butenyl, ranged from 0.6 to 13.0 mg per g of solvent‐extracted meal. No thiooxazolidone was found. By means of paper chromatography, melting point, and X‐ray patterns of the thiourea derivatives, the volatile isothiocyanates, 3‐methylthiopropyl‐, 4‐methylthiobutyl‐, and 6‐methylthiohexyl‐, were shown to be present in the hydrolyzates from three species. Evidence for identity of isothiocyanates in hydrolyzates from the remaining species was obtained by paper chromatography of the thiourea derivatives.
The interaction between zinc oxide and titanium dioxide in water
Authors: Princen L. H. , DeVena Marilyn J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA mechanism is proposed for the reaction between zinc oxide and titanium dioxide in water. Between certain limits of weight ratios of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide definite increases in viscosity, pH, and sedimentation volumes with time have been observed which support the belief that tridimensional structures are formed from the individual particles. The same mechanism may be responsible for some of the thickening in emulsion paints containing these mixed pigments.
Application of urea complexes in the purification of fatty acids, esters, and alcohols. II. Oleic acid and methyl oleate from olive oil
Authors: Swern Daniel , Parker Winfred E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryOleic acid and methyl oleate of high purity (97–99%) and substantially free (0.2% or less) of polyunsaturated contaminants have been isolated in 60–70% yield from the fatty acids or methyl esters of olive oil by procedures which require only one precipitation of urea complexes (single dose of urea technique) one low‐temperature crystallization, and one fractional distillation. The best yields of the highest purity acids are obtained when saturates are removed by fractional crystallization prior to a final distillation. The urea complex separation technique can be applied directly to olive oil methanolysis reaction mixtures without prior isolation of the mixed methyl esters.Oleic acid or methyl oleate obtained by decomposition of urea complexes contains approximately 1% of polyunsaturated contaminants. After fractional distillation or crystallization to separate saturated acids the oleic content is about 90–97%. Such products are satisfactory for many uses and in their preparation low‐temperature (−50° or lower) crystallizations are not required.Solution and slurry techniques have been studied for the preparation of urea complexes from olive oil acids or esters. The former technique is preferred when a maximum of about 1,000 grams of acids or esters are to be processed. The latter is preferred for larger size experiments mainly because the volume of methanol employed is cut in half, the time is shorter, and also because yields are about 5% higher.
Application of statistical distribution formulas to triglycerides originating in tissues having regional differences in fatty acid composition
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Reiser Raymond 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVariations in triglyceride fatty acid composition are sometimes observed between different regions of the same fatty tissue in various plants and animals. When natural fats originate in such tissues, some error results if triglyceride distribution formulas are applied to anaverage fatty acid composition. An integral calculus technique has been developed to overcome this difficulty. This method has been applied to the random, restricted‐random, and 1,3‐random‐2‐random distribution hypotheses. The error resulting from such regional differences has been estimated for five natural fats originating in such heterogeneous tissues.If the relative amounts but not the types of fatty acids vary with location, regional differences do not appreciably affect the use of statistical distribution formulas. In such cases, triglyceride composition may be predicted from the average fatty acid composition without significant error. If different types of fatty acids exist in different regions, however, these differences must be taken into account to avoid large errors.
Glycerolysis of marine oils and the preparation of acetylated monoglycerides
Authors: Gruger Edward H. , Malins Donald C. , Gauglitz Erich J. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsThe glycerolysis reaction was applied to menhaden, tuna, herring, sardine, and salmon‐egg oils. Optimum reaction time for the preparation of α‐monoglycerides was found to vary, reproducibly, from 45 to 60 min., depending on the particular kind of marine oil employed. The method was suitable for the preparation of kilogram quantities.A laboratory method for the prepagation of kilogram quantities of highly pure acetylated α‐mono‐glycerides was developed. Both the glycerolysis mixtures from marine oils and their acetylated products were light in color and substantially free of odor.Thin‐layer silicic acid chromatography, as described here, was found suitable for the analysis of acetoglycerides from marine oils. The work indicated that the method may have wide use for the separation and identification of other lipid classes as well.
Studies in the development of antibacterial surfactants. II. performance of germicidal and deodorant soaps
Authors: Linfield W. M. , Casely R. E. , Noel D. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt has been shown that mixtures of hexachlorophene and trichlorocarbanilide or bithionol and trichlorocarbanilide in soap show a marked synergism with respect to antibacterial properties. In both cases the approximate ratio of 50/50 of the two components represents an optimum.Nonionic detergents enhance the antibacterial activity of trichlorocarbanilidein vitro when present at relatively low levels. At higher levels of nonionic the antibacterial agent is neutralized and loses its effectiveness.The antibacterial activity of the pair hexachlorophene‐trichlorocarbanilide extends over a wide spectrum of micro‐organisms, and synergism is shown with each test organism.High antibacterial activity of the synergistic pairs in soap is shown both inin vivo handwashing studies and in subjective deodorant tests. On the other hand, it is shown by way of several examples thatin vivo observations do not necessarily correlate within vitro bacteriological screening tests.
Search for new industrial oils. III. Oils from compositae
Authors: Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Jones Quentin 
Published: May 2007

SummaryScreening analyses of oils from seeds of 16 species of theCompositae family reveal numerous indications of unusual component fatty acids or interferences with the application of standard methods. Epoxyoleic acid is indicated in amounts from 1% to 67%. Conjugated dienes equivalent to 5% to 48% of C18 acid appear in four oils. Hydroxyl groups are found in two oils in amounts corresponding to 20% and 70% of a C18 acid.Of special interest is the oil fromDimorphotheca aurantiaca, which appears to contain some 50% of an acid with both an hydroxyl group and conjugated diene.Oil fromRudbeckia bicolor var.superba contains 76% of apparent linoleic acid and may rank among the richest sources of this acid.
Melting and dilatometric behavior of 2‐Oleopalmitostearin and 2‐Oleodistearin
Authors: Landmann Werner , Feuge R. O. , Lovegren N. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe glycerides, 2‐oleopalmitostearin and 2‐oleodistearin, which are important components of confectionery fats, were synthesized, and their melting behavior and dilatometric properties were determined.Each glyceride was found to have four melting points: 18.2, 24.5, 33.0, and 37.4°C, for 2‐oleopalmitostearin; 22.8, 30.0, 37.7, and 42.8°C, for 2‐oleodistearin. The rate of transformation of the thermodynamically unstable polymorphs at temperatures just below their melting points was found to vary from a few seconds to more than eight days.For each glyceride, expansivities were determined for three polymorphs and melting dilations for two polymorphs. Mixtures of the two glycerides were examined dilatometrically and found to behave in some respects as single components. The mixtures were readily tempered so that both components were in the same polymorphic form, and expansivities and melting dilations were obtained for mixtures in three polymorphic forms.Dilatometric data also were obtained for a sample of cocoa butter and a sample of sweet milk chocolate of the coating type.
Fatty acids analysis by high resolution nuclear spin resonance. A preliminary evaluation
Authors: Storey W. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHigh resolution nuclear spin resonance spectra of four fatty acid methyl esters have been presented and discussed from the standpoint of applying this instrumentation to the analysis of the possible eight‐component system resulting from the hydrogenation of linolenic acid. If one of the constituents other than 9‐ or 12‐oleic acid can be neglected or found by another method, the analysis seems possible. Experimental conditions for the accurate reproduction of the relative intensities of the spectral bands must first be found.
Thermoxidative and hydrolytic changes in sunflower oil used in fryings with a fast turnover of fresh oil
Authors: Cuesta C. , Sánchez‐Muniz F. J. , Garrido‐Polonio C. , López‐Varela S. , Arroyo R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe modification of a sunflower oil used for 75 repeated deep‐fat fryings of potatoes, with a fast turnover of fresh oil during frying, was evaluated by measuring the total polar components isolated by column chromatography. The total polar components increased rapidly during the first 20 fryings from 5.09±0.21 (mean±SD) mg/100 mg unused oil to 15.99±0.40, followed by minor but also significant changes until the thirtieth frying (17.99±0.41 mg/100 mg oil). The level did not increase further with continued frying. Further, the polar fraction was examined by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography. Triglyceride polymers increased from 0.10±0.01 mg/100 mg unused oil to 1.65±0.13 and 3.44±0.17 mg/100 mg oil at the twentieth and seventy‐fifth fryings, respectively. Triglyceride dimers also increased significantly from 0.75±0.12 mg/100 mg unused oil to 6.25±0.28 (mg/100 mg oil) at the twentieth frying and to 7.09±0.31 mg/100 mg oil at the thirtieth frying, with no further significant changes. Oxidized triglycerides also significantly increased, but at the twentieth frying reached a near‐steady state of 6.26 mg/100 mg oil. Diglycerides and free fatty acid levels, related to hydrolytic alteration, did not increase with continued fryings. The results indicate that during deep‐fat frying of potatoes with fast turnover of fresh sunflower oil, more thermoxidative than hydrolytic processes take place. A dramatic leap of total polar content and a change of compounds related to thermoxidative alteration of the oil were found during the first twenty fryings, followed by minor changes and by a tendency to reach a near‐steady state throughout the successive fryings.
Fatty acid composition of seed oil triglycerides inCoincya (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Vioque Javier , Pastor Julio E. , Vioque Eduardo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOil and triglyceride contents and fatty acid composition were determined for seeds in nine taxa belonging to the genusCoincya (Brassicaceae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). The oil content ranges from 11.1 to 24.6%, triglycerides from 68.7 to 88.5%. The major fatty acids were erucic (24.6–30.5%), linolenic (17.7–27.7%), linoleic (13.9–24.6%) and oleic acid (12.3–21.8%).
The relation of synergist to antioxidant in fats
Authors: Privett O. S. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCitric and ascorbic acids delayed substantially the rate of peroxide accumulation, during the induction period, of lard which contained pro‐oxidant levels ofα‐tocopherol or NDGA. While low levels (.025%) of both acids showed effective synergistic action with α‐tocopherol, higher levels were proportionately less effective.Tocopherol had a marked protective effect on ascorbic and phosphoric acids in autoxidizing lard.Evidence indicates that ascorbic and citric acid function as synergists in natural fats and oils by inhibiting the antioxidant catalysis of peroxide decomposition. This concept is discussed in relation to current theories of the mechanism of synergist action.
Effect of maleic hydrazide applied to the cotton plant on the development of free fatty acids in the seed
Authors: Lambou M. G. , Parker N. S. , Carns Harry R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe available evidence suggests that maleic hydrazide may have contributed to inhibition in the formation of free fatty acids in the seed during field exposure and the presampling period; to inhibiting the proliferation of mold on the seed at high relative humidities during storage and to reducing the rate of formation of free fatty acids; and to inhibiting the slow rate of formation of free fatty acids by the seed itself apparently in the absence of mold growth. The seed appeared to be protected for approximately 16, 20, and 20–28 weeks at 100%, 91%, and 75% R. H., respectively. The evidence seems to favor only slightly the higher concentration of treatment. However its application prior to or at defoliation seemed to have no measurable effect on the development of free fatty acids.
Direct potentiometric titration of oxirane oxygen by hydrogen chloride‐acetic acid
Authors: Durbetaki A. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA new direct potentiometric titration method for the determination of oxirane oxygen has been developed. This method is applicable to a great variety of epoxy compounds and epoxy plasticizers. Carboxyl groups do not interfere, and a greater accuracy and reproducibility are obtained than in any of the indirect methods used.
Solubility and heat stability of fat‐soluble derivatives of vitamin B6
Authors: Sakuragi Taketami , Kummerow Fred A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe heat stability of several fatty acid esters of pyridoxine and their solubility in fats was tested. Short chain fatty acid esters of pyridoxine, such as pyridoxine triacetate, and long chain saturated fatty acid esters of the vitamin, such as pyridoxine tripalmitate were almost insoluble or had a rather limited solubility in fats. An improvement in solubility was observed when pyridoxine was partially esterified with palmitic acid, fully esterified with a long chain unsaturated fatty acid, such as linoleic acid, or when it was esterified with a fatty acid of intermediate chain length (C6, C8 or C10). Free pyridoxine and the acetate were destroyed by heat when mixed in a fat and heated at 205–210°C. A profound improvement in heat stability in pyridoxine was noted when one palmitoyl group was introduced, and the ester became completely stable when it was fully esterified with a saturated fatty acid of C10 or longer chain length.
Soil removal by dishwashing detergents
Authors: Leenerts Lester O. , Pietz John F. , Elliott Jack 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA new technique for the evaluation of dishwashing detergent efficiency in terms of percentages of soil removed has been developed by the adaptation of conventional detergency laboratory equipment. The soils used are synthetic, containing ingredients encountered in home and restaurant dishwashing (egg, grease, milk, flour, etc.). The substrates to be cleaned can be varied to meet the needs of any particular test: glass, pottery, or metal. The test has been shown to be reproducible and provides a sufficiently large range of removal percentages so that minor dishwashing detergent formula variations can be measured. A correlation between this new technique and a more cumbersome and time‐consuming, semi‐practical manual plate washing method has been demonstrated.
Rigid urethane foams from hydroxymethylated castor oil, safflower oil, oleic safflower oil, and polyol esters of castor acids
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Garrett V. H. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCastor, safflower, and oleic safflower oil derivatives with enhanced reactivity and hydroxyl group content were prepared by hydroformylation with a rhodium‐triphenylphosphine catalyst, followed by hydrogenation. Rigid urethane foams prepared from these hydroxymethylated derivatives had excellent compressive strengths, closed cell contents, and dimensional stability. Best properties were obtained from hydroxymethylated polyol esters of castor acids.
Reduction of green color from soybean oil
Authors: Beal R. E. , Moulton K. J. , Black L. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe green color in a refined bleached soybean oil extracted from green soybeans was removed substantially by partially hydrogenating the oil with 1% copper chromite catalyst at 175 C and 30 psig. Hydrogenating the same oil to the identical IV (110) with 0.1% nickel at 150 C and 15 psig was ineffective.