bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Low Spending or Low Income a Better Indicator of Whether or Not a Household is Poor: Some Results From the 1985 Family Expenditure Survey
Authors: McGregor P.P.L. , Borooah V.K. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe identification of the poor in this paper follows that of most contemporary applied work and consists of comparing a scaler indicator of welfare with a predetermined minimum level. The data is provided by the 1985 Family Expenditure Survey. Two measures of welfare are developed, one based on income which reflects the entitlement analysis of poverty and the other on expenditure, reflecting the standard of living. Households ranked very low by expenditure are considerably less likely to be ranked highly by income than vice versa. Further doubt on the rankings suggested by the income measure is provided by ownership of consumer durables. The expenditure measure suggests that the number of poor retired individuals is more than three times that implied by the income measure. The instability of the latter measure suggests that more confidence can be placed on assertions based on evidence employing the expenditure measure.
Supporting ‘Needs-Led’ Services: Implications for Planning and Management Systems (A case study in mental handicap services)
Authors: McGrath Morag , Grant Gordon 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTMany of the principles of the Community Care White Paper (DoH, 1989) bear a striking resemblance to the Welsh mental handicap strategy launched six years earlier (Welsh Office, 1983). This paper considers the lessons to be learnt from the Welsh strategy for the development of needs-led services as promulgated by the White Paper. Similarities and differences between the two policy initiatives are first identified before considering the conceptual basis of needs-led services. Attention is drawn to two interdependent dimensions of needs-led services, user participation and management delegation, as a means of depicting three underlying models, each with different value stances. By drawing from a case study of one area in Wales, an attempt is made to test the expectations for needs-led services in terms of local planning and management requirements of the three models against the experiences of those charged with putting them into practice. Implications for the White Paper are explored in connection with user involvement strategies and assessment and care management processes.
Education Reform in Northern Ireland: Maintaining the Distance?
Authors: McKeown Penny , Connolly Michael 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to investigate the extent to which education reform in Northern Ireland has developed along separate lines and to comment on the degree to which a part of the UK can move independently with respect to key social policies. The next section will examine in more detail the unique features of education in Northern Ireland, following which it will discuss the main elements of the legislation. In doing so, we will draw comparisons with the themes underpinning recent developments in Britain.
Sex, Sharing and the Distribution of Income
Authors: Davies Hugh , Joshi Heather 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTIt is customary to assume that income is redistributed between the sexes within the family. This article investigates alternative assumptions about sharing within the family and their effects on the distribution of income. Using data from the UK Family Expenditure Survey for 1968 and 1986, we contrast two assumptions about sharing within the family; the conventional assumption of equal sharing or ‘pooling’, and an alternative of ‘minimum sharing’. Under each assumption, we examine the composition of extreme quintiles of the income distribution, and compute the numbers of men and women falling below an arbitrary ‘poverty line’. The contribution to inequality of the net transfers between the sexes and other sources of income is also examined. We estimate that resource transfers (other than for housing) between spouses could, if all income is pooled, account for about one third of married couples’ pooled incomes in 1986 and about 56 per cent of the inequality of married women's incomes (in 1968, 56 per cent and 50 per cent respectively). Taking the bottom quintile of pooled income as an arbitrary ‘poverty line’, we calculate that 15 per cent of married people would have been below this line in 1986 if all incomes were pooled. On the minimum sharing assumption, 52 per cent of married women, but only 11 per cent of married men would have been under the line.
Council House Sales, Residualisation and Afro Caribbean Tenants
Authors: Peach Ceri , Byron Margaret 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the 1980s, about 30 per cent of the council housing stock of Great Britain was sold to sitting tenants. The popular areas for purchase and the popular types of property were semi-detached and terraced houses rather than flats or maisonettes, away from the large conurbations. The types of household most likely to buy were married couples with adult children in skilled occupations. This large scale selling of council housing led to the fear of a residual poor population, living in flats in inner cities. Since nearly half of Afro Caribbean households were living in council housing and since their pattern of housing was the obverse of the types that sold in large numbers, it was thought that they would be among the residualised households. The paper reports on field survey and special GHS data which show that Afro Caribbeans are more rather than less willing to buy their council homes, once property type has been controlled for. It also argues that, in some circumstances, the right to buy may act against residualisation. However, a particularly residualised group appears to be Caribbean single mothers in high rise blocks.
Rawlsian Justice and the Financing of the National Health Service
Authors: McCreadie Claudine 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTJohn Rawls' ATheory of Justicewas published in Britain in 1972. The summation of many years' work by Professor Rawls, it has stimulated widespread admiration and criticism. In this article Rawls' theory is summarized briefly together with some of the major criticisms that have been made of it. An attempt is then made to apply one of Rawls' principles of justice to the question of health services financing, using as a case study the recommendations of an advisory panel of the British Medical Association, which reported in 1970. These recommendations involved extending the private sector in medical care, on the argument that the flow of resources to the National Health Service would increase and, despite possible greater inequalities, result in an improvement in the level of care for all. Judged by the Rawlsian principle, these recommendations are not found likely to represent a just solution to the question of health service financing.
Patterns of Income and Expenditure within Families
Authors: Piachaud David 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTIntra-familial income distribution and the new economics of the family are discussed and questions raised concerning the distribution of income and expenditure within families. Using data from the Family Expenditure Survey 1977 for couples, the incomes and expenditures of the man and the woman are analysed. While incomes are generally highly unequal and expenditures on certain commodities are heavily concentrated on one partner, expendtiure patterns bore no clear relationship to the relative shares of the man and the woman in total income.
Deciding about Supplementary Pensions: A Provisional Model
Authors: Kerr Scott A. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTResearch into the non-claiming of supplementary pensions and related means-tested benefits has indicated that there are six general cognitive factors which can be used to explain the phenomenon. However, previous research has been hindered by both conceptual and methodological problems. This paper presents the results of a feasibility study designed to construct and to determine the empirical validity of a cognitive model incorporating these six factors which would account for differential claiming. Substantive research findings are discussed as are the assumptions underlying the model.
Fair Employment in Cookstown? A Note on Anti-Discrimination Policy in Northern Ireland
Authors: Osborne Robert D. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis note describes a recent investigation carried out by the Northern Ireland Fair Employment Agency into the employment practices and policies of Cookstown Council. The evidence from this investigation is used to illustrate and discuss briefly aspects of social policy analyses of Northern Ireland, the prospects for returning powers to local government, and the work of the Fair Employment Agency. Finally, some contrasts are made with anti-discrimination policy in Britain.
Freedom and the Welfare State: A Multi-Dimensional Problem
Authors: van den Brink-Budgen Roy 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRobert Goodin has recently argued that the welfare state increases rather than reduces freedom. This paper examines the meanings of both ‘welfare state’ and ‘freedom’ and argues that the relationship between the two is much more complex than Goodin suggests. The welfare state is seen as a multi-dimensional phenonemon, capable of being defined exclusively or inclusively. Goodin's use of the term ‘freedom’ is unpacked into four distinct components: negative freedom, opportunity, autonomy and moral paternalism. Accordingly, an assessment of the welfare state must include an evaluation of its various programmes, policies and the perceptions of these against separated components of ‘freedom’. It becomes, therefore, on both sides of the analysis a multi-dimensional problem.
Restructuring the Welfare State: An Analysis of Public Expenditure, 1979/80–1984/85
Authors: Robinson Ray 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTSince the election of the Thatcher Government in 1979, public expenditure on the welfare state has undergone a series of changes. The nature of change has, however, often been obscured by the use of inadequate and misleading statistical data. This paper presents a systematic examination of public expenditure on education, health care, housing and social security over the period 1979/80 to 1984/85. It shows that, contrary to much political rhetoric, the major changes in the welfare state have not always arisen from reductions in programme expenditures, but from changes in the composition of expenditure. It is the latter that has often increased economic inequality and can be legitimately referred to as ‘restructuring’.
Paradigms of Poverty: A Rehabilitation of B.S. Rowntree
Authors: Veit-Wilson J. H. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTRowntree is widely regarded as having originated in 1901 the ‘scientific’ definition of poverty as the minimum income level required for physical subsistence. He is quoted as defining ‘secondary poverty’ above this income level as mismanagement. Critics of this approach confuse Rowntree's use of concepts with his discussion of causes, and they overlook Rowntree's own explanation that his concept of poverty was relativistic life-style, and that his distinction between primary and secondary poverty was a heuristic device to convince individualists that the life-style of the poor was at least in part caused by low income and not by improvidence. Townsend's major life work in defining and measuring poverty as relative deprivation is usually presented as overthrowing Rowntree's paradigm. The paper shows that Rowntree's early views and methods have been widely misunderstood by later authors, and it argues that the evidence necessitates a reconsideration of Rowntree's position, which would show Townsend's achievement as a paradigmatic shift not from absolutist to relativistic models of poverty but from relativistic models based on standards prescribed by expert observers to relativistic models based on standards derived from the whole population by social surveys.
What is the Role of the Consumer in Health Care?
Authors: Shackley Phil , Ryan Mandy 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTRecent government policy in the UK National Health Service (NHS) has carried with it an implicit assumption that greater consumer involvement in health care is both desirable and beneficial. This may be the case in theory, but in practice there are substantial barriers to consumers becoming more involved in health care. Following a consideration of the role the government envisages for consumers in the NHS, the extent to which it is possible for consumers to fulfil this role, and more fundamentally whether they want to fulfil it, are discussed. It is argued that because of the extent of the breakdown of consumer sovereignty in health care, the doctor–patient (agency) relationship assumes a particularly important role. The theory of agency and its application to health care is then discussed and a number of important issues highlighted. A review of the literature on the extent of consumer involvement in health care precedes the conclusion in which the key issues raised in the article are brought together.
Postmodernism, Welfare and Radical Politics
Authors: Fitzpatrick Tony 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article argues that postmodernist theory is something which students of social policy should neither accept uncritically nor dismiss out of hand. Firstly, the article takes issue with the responses made to postmodernist theory by Ramesh Mishra and Peter Taylor-Gooby. Secondly, it argues that the ideas loosely known as ‘reflexive modernisation’ constitute a more measured and critical response, though such ideas are likely to be of little use to social policy research in the absence of any reference to a left-right spectrum. Thirdly, it argues that by combining reflexive modernisation with a left-right spectrum, a decentred conception of welfare emerges which could be of value to a radical left politics. Finally, it argues for a Citizen's Income as a reform proposal which has the potential to establish such a system of decentred welfare.
The Curious Case of Post-Fordism and Welfare
Authors: Carter John , Rayner Mary 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe post-Fordist welfare state thesis is premised upon the economic and technological changes seen in Britain and elsewhere over the last twenty-five years. Its regulationist variant though goes further and locates welfare shifts within a broader account of the transformed accumulation regime. This amounts to a useful intellectual framework within which to consider social policy developments.This article however, argues that the post-Fordist case is ultimately misleading as it works with an overly restrictive picture of welfare and pays insufficient attention to non-class social divisions. It overemphasises historical disjunctures in the development of welfare and in doing so misses important areas of continuity. This is compounded by a linked tendency to assume rather than demonstrate the actual transformation of the various services. The evidence from education provides only limited support for the predictive aspects of the model. It also confirms the need for sensitive causal accounts of welfare change.
Coping Strategies, Housing Careers and Households With Negative Equity
Authors: Forrest Ray , Kennett Tricia 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe prolonged and pervasive recession in the UK property market has produced significant numbees of households with unsecured housing debt – negative equity. These homeowners are typically recent, first-time buyers and are concentrated in the southern core regions of Britain. Various aggregate estimates exist of the numbers of households with unsecured debt and the amounts of money involved; little is known, however, about individual experiences of negative equity. Here, in-depth interview data are drawn on to explore the different strategies adopted by households in varying social and financial circumstances. Findings are related to more general changes in housing market behaviour and to broader theoretical debates about the growth of home ownership.
Programming of hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression in rats by maternal dietary protein content during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Cripps Roselle L. , Martin-Gronert Malgorzata S. , Archer Zoe A. , Hales C. Nick , Mercer Julian G. , Ozanne Susan E. 
Published: January 2009

Epidemiological studies show a link between low birthweight and increased obesity. In contrast, slow growth during the lactation period reduces obesity risk. The present study investigates the potential underlying mechanisms of these observations. Rats were established as follows: (i) control animals [offspring of control dams fed a 20% (w/v) protein diet], (ii) recuperated animals [offspring of dams fed an isocaloric low-protein (8%, w/v) diet during pregnancy and nursed by control dams], and (iii) postnatal low protein animals (offspring of control dams nursed by low-protein-fed dams). Serum and brains were collected from fed and fasted animals at weaning. Expression of hypothalamic energy balance genes was assessed using in situ hybridization. Recuperated pups were smaller at birth, but caught up with controls by day 21 and gained more weight than controls between weaning and 12 weeks of age (P&lt;0.05). At 21 days, they were hypoleptinaemic compared with controls in the fed state, with generally comparable hypothalamic gene expression. Postnatal low protein offspring had significantly lower body weights than controls at weaning and 12 weeks of age (P&lt;0.001). At 21 days, they were hypoglycaemic, hypoinsulinaemic and hypoleptinaemic. Leptin receptor gene expression in the arcuate nucleus was increased in postnatal low protein animals compared with controls. Consistent with hypoleptinaemia, hypothalamic gene expression for the orexigenic neuropeptides NPY (neuropeptide Y) and AgRP (Agouti-related peptide) was increased, and that for the anorexigenic neuropeptides POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) and CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) was decreased. These results suggest that the early nutritional environment can affect the development of energy balance circuits and consequently obesity risk.
The protein–small-molecule database, a non-redundant structural resource for the analysis of protein-ligand binding
Authors: Wallach Izhar , Lilien Ryan 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Motivation: An enabling resource for drug discovery and protein function prediction is a large, accurate and actively maintained collection of protein/small-molecule complex structures. Models of binding are typically constructed from these structural libraries by generalizing the observed interaction patterns. Consequently, the quality of the model is dependent on the quality of the structural library. An ideal library should be non-biased and comprehensive, contain high-resolution structures and be actively maintained.
Results: We present a new protein/small-molecule database (the PSMDB) that offers a non-redundant set of holo PDB complexes. The database was designed to allow frequent updates through a fully automated process without manual annotation or filtering. Our method of database construction addresses redundancy at both the protein and the small-molecule level. By efficiently handling structures with covalently bound ligands, we allow our database to include a larger number of structures than previous methods. Multiple versions of the database are available at our web site, including structures of split complexes—the proteins without their binding ligands and the non-covalently bound ligands within their native coordinate frame.
Availability: http://compbio.cs.toronto.edu/psmdb
Contact: izharw@cs.toronto.edu; lilien@cs.toronto.edu
Lost and abandoned nets in deep-water gillnet fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic: retrieval exercises and outcomes
Authors: Large Philip A. , Graham Norman G. , Hareide Nils-Roar , Misund Robert , Rihan Dominic J. , Mulligan Myles C. , Randall Peter J. , Peach David J. , McMullen Philip H. , Harlay Xavier 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Large, P. A., Graham, N. G., Hareide, N-R., Misund, R., Rihan, D. J., Mulligan, M. C., Randall, P. J., Peach, D. J., McMullen, P. H., and Harlay, X. 2009. Lost and abandoned nets in deep-water gillnet fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic: retrieval exercises and outcomes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 323–333. The methods used and the results, including estimates of ghost catches present at the time of retrieval, from Irish and UK (England and Wales) gillnet retrieval exercises carried out in deep-water gillnet fisheries west of the British Isles are described. Summaries of the exercises are currently found only in the grey literature, and there is a need to make them more widely available to the scientific community. The fisheries are currently principally for anglerfish (mainly Lophius piscatorius), along with a small bycatch of deep-water sharks [mainly leafscale gulper shark (Centrophorous squamosus) and Portuguese dogfish (Centroscymnus coelolepis)]. The methods used and the results from retrieval exercises in the Norwegian Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossus) gillnet fishery are also presented. It is suggested that the efficiency of the Norwegian retrieval gear (which was used in all but one of the retrieval exercises described) be investigated under a range of conditions using an attached underwater camera. The outcomes from this could be used to improve the design of retrieval gear and future gillnet retrieval survey/mitigation exercises. Suggestions are made to improve the format and interpretation of results from future retrieval surveys and to enhance their value to fishery managers and stock assessment scientists. The importance of the continued need for structured gillnet retrieval exercises in deep-water gillnet fisheries is emphasized, and suggestions are made for conducting future studies.
The benefits of species-based management of sympatric mud crabs migrating to a common fishing ground
Authors: Jirapunpipat Kanchana , Yokota Masashi , Watanabe Seiichi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractJirapunpipat, K., Yokota, M., and Watanabe, S. 2009. The benefits of species-based management of sympatric mud crabs migrating to a common fishing ground. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 470–477. The issue of effective fisheries management in sympatric species of mud crab of the genus Scylla on a local fishing ground is examined. A simple model is developed that allows the calculation of yield-per-recruit (YPR) based on deterministic body growth of two ideal coexisting crab species and their survival after migration to a fishing ground under two different fishing strategies. First, the basic strategy is traditional species-aggregated fishing, which does not distinguish the start of fishing and fishing effort among species. Therefore, the species-aggregated fishing strategy can be treated as if only a single species existed despite the coexistence of separate crab species on the fishing ground. This is in common use, because species discrimination of mud crabs is difficult. Second, an alternative strategy of species-based fishing is proposed, in which two fishing parameters are controlled depending on the demographic variables of each species. The application of the model to several combinations of individual growth rate (k) and natural mortality (M) between two species demonstrates that YPR for species-based management is larger than for species-aggregated fishing. Numerical simulations suggest that species-based fishing is advantageous even when fishing is controlled for only one species and the parameters of the other species are unknown. These findings could be applied not only to the effective management of sympatric mud crabs, but also to other overlapping species.