bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CRCs and Transdisciplinary Research: What are the Implications for Science?
Authors: Turpin Tim 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A number of authors have recently proposed a future for science where the traditional academic mode of knowledge production, primarily organised on disciplinary lines, is largely replaced by a different mode of knowledge production that is more transient in its organisational forms.
If correct, the new mode of knowledge production has implications for the research cultures of universities, government research institutes, or industrial laboratories. But in particular, the trend has implications for research arrangements, such as Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs), because the CRCs seek to integrate, yet maintain, many of the characteristics of each sector that are likely to be significantly transformed by this new mode of knowledge production. Further, the CRCs themselves already reflect the salient characteristics proposed by this new mode of knowledge. It is therefore important to consider the impact that CRCs are having on the culture of science itself.
Policies for Transforming the Science and Innovation System in New Zealand: 1988–97
Authors: Winsley Peter , Hammond Laurie 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
In 1989, the New Zealand Government initiated a fundamental reform of its science and technology system, leading to a transformation of science management in New Zealand. The politics that transformed the New Zealand science and innovation system in the last decade have established a system that is unique among OECD countries. Its transformation continues, through increasingly sophisticated attention to definition of outcomes and evaluation of performance at the strategic level. Its commitment to policy innovation will mean that the New Zealand system continues to be worthy of analysis in the next decade.
HTSF Marketing and Customer Education: A Role for a Technology Awareness Programme?
Authors: PANDIT NARESH , SWANN G. M. 
                      PETER , WATTS TIM 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article looks at the rationale for government-sponsored technology awareness programmes in very new areas of technology, with special reference to virtual reality technology. For some high technology small firms (HTSFs) operating in new areas, marketing costs can be high even before sales are made because the HTSF has to invest in educating customers. If the pioneering firm does not appropriate the benefits of this investment because it does not make a sale—but later entrants do—then there is a positive externality that may in principle give rise to market failure. The article examines the relevance of the three traditional sources of market failure in this context. It finds that market failure provides a less compelling rationale for proactive policy than more recent evolutionary analyses of path-dependence in technology diffusion. The article shows how the optimal design of a technology awareness programme depends on the underlying economic rationale for the programme.
Innovation and the Patent Attorney
Authors: MACDONALD STUART , LEFANG BERNARD 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPatents, as one of the few quantifiable outputs of research, are increasingly being used as an indicator of the less quantifiable—innovation, and the competitiveness that is assumed to spring from innovation—on the grounds that these, too, are outputs of research. The part that patents actually play in innovation has become confused with their representational role. This article steps back from the confusion of what patents do and what patents indicate being done, to examine the nexus itself. In good patent tradition, this can be achieved by means of an indicator—the patent attorney. Increased involvement of the patent attorney in innovation would seem to be a reasonable measure of the intensification of the patent-innovation nexus. On the implications of this intensification, the article merely speculates, though with some consternation. How can the logic of the patent system sustain the argument that information is protected so that it can be disclosed when increased incentive to protect is in conflict with the incentive to disclose? What role is there for creativity and serendipity in an innovation process that is legalistic and litigious? It is even worth considering what value patents retain as indicators when growing acceptance of their association with innovation gives them a value in their own right. Indeed, this value may sometimes be so great that innovation itself is rendered irrelevant.
Reluctance to Innovate: A Case Study of the Titanium Dioxide Industry
Authors: HANSON DALLAS , STEEN JOHN , LIESCH PETER 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
An autopoietic explanation is offered to explain the reluctance of a major international manufacturer of titanium dioxide to adopt a production process that might have enabled it to retain competitive advantage. Alternative explanations which focus solely on economic considerations and innovation difficulties are discussed, but it is concluded that they are merely part of an autopoietic explanation of a cultural blanket which engulfed the organisation. To support the argument, case evidence is presented on Tioxide's operations with a focus on Burnie, Tasmania.
The United States and the Global Information Infrastructure: Orchestrator, Functionary, or Mediator?
Authors: COMOR EDWARD A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article examines the position of the American state in contemporary information and communication sector globalisation activities. Through an assessment of the role played by the United States in Uruguay Round GA TT services and intellectual property rights provisions and related global information infrastructure developments, the author argues that advancements in analytical precision and subsequent strategic opportunity can be attained by conceptualising the American state as a complex mediator of emerging national and transnational corporate-based interests.
Plant Pathology in Western Australia: The Contributions of an Australian Woman Scientist
Authors: ALLEN NESSY 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Very few women after the second World War made agricultural science their first career choice. Olga May Goss, however, in her 35 years in the Western Australian Department of Agriculture, saved more than one industry from ruin, thus contributing in no small measure to the economic prosperity of her state and her country. It was by chance that, after a serious illness, Goss was offered a post in the Department to work on plant diseases. The only woman in her Section, Goss faced personal as well as legislative discrimination; nevertheless over the years she tackled many problems confronting growers and through her research illuminated several areas of plant pathology, notably bacteriology and nematology. This article describes the career of this woman who was not only an excellent scientist but also a rare human being.
Half Way Home in Electric Vehicles: A Strategic Reassessment
Authors: McGrath Robert N. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The time originally allotted in 1990 by the California legislature for the introduction of commercializable zero-emissions vehicles is about half gone. Using frameworks developed to help analyze product substitution dynamics in emerging industries, this paper discusses the economic and market dynamics of ongoing attempts to commercialize electric vehicles, as they compete against internal combustion engine automobiles. Relative value/price, switching costs, and buyer propensity to substitute are emphasized. An assessment of forces is made and recommendations for the strategic direction of individual firms and the industry at large are offered.
Information Subsidies, Journalism Routines and the Australian Media: Market Liberalization versus Marketplace of Ideas
Authors: Butler Barbara-Ann 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Information technology is invariably equated with liberalization and greater citizen access to knowledge. However, some economies of scale made possible by technology, together with contemporary information-gathering and distribution processes, may diminish rather than enhance democratic practices. Analyses of the contributions of journalists and sources to television news reveal some consequences of technological innovation and organizational behaviour in the Australian media that justify retention of existing cross-media ownership laws restricting media barons to being princes of print or queens of screen.
Future Development of New Zealand's Science and Technology System
Authors: Winsley Peter , Couchman Paul , Gilbertson Dai 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A new science system was set up in Mew Zealand from 1989–97, and it is now time to focus on its future development. Further development of Mew Zealand's science system must be driven by a new understanding of how science and technology drives economic growth. The future enhancement of Mew Zealand's science system must be placed within a system of innovation framework, it must focus on outcomes and on differentiated technological learning and knowledge application, and it must place more emphasis on the role research plays in creating human capital. Mew Zealand must also focus more effort on policies that foster technological innovation, including through an increased focus on skill development in firms, and the development of demand-side interventions.
Explaining Television Stations' Preferences for Imported Drama Programs
Authors: Papandrea Franco 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The article attempts to explain the apparent discrepancy between strong opposition to the minimum quota for Australian domestic drama and the regular supply of domestic drama in excess of the quota. The article examines the relative profitability of domestic and imported television drama programs in the Australian market. It finds that, although successful domestic drama series are popular with audiences and are profitable to broadcasters, the high risk associated with production of new series acts as a powerful disincentive. Consequently, it is likely that without regulation fewer domestic drama programs would be produced in Australia.
Digital Television and Program Pricing
Authors: Waterman David 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
This article explores several ways that the development of digital television technology can improve pricing efficiency, or price discrimination, by program producer/distributors—especially by the movie studios. These include development of video-on-demand systems, improved quantity discounting, and of particular interest, improved segmentation of consumers according to their demands for different levels of television transmission quality. I consider HDTV and DVD as examples of quality segmentation opportunities, and conclude that the result will be more revenues for program distributors and thus increased production investments in movies and other programs.
Economies' Role in the Race Toward Digital TV
Authors: Parker Richard 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Market economics sets are a useful, indeed inescapable, hurdle that new technologies must overcome—technological innovation by itself can't assure commercial success. HDTV's future has yet to identify or create a level of consumer demand that justifies the level of investment program producers and delivery systems will have to undertake. Investments currently are defensively driven, to prevent market-position losses should consumer demand appear. Globally, arguments for HDTV seem even less developed than in advanced economies. In the interim, government regulation and arm-twisting worldwide is acting as a powerful driver, though whether historically HDTV will benefit from such efforts (as computers once did) or lose (as nuclear power has) remains uncertain. The government's role won't disappear, despite talk of ‘deregulation’; academics should spend more time examining producer and delivery-system alliances, their effects on competition, and their ultimate provision of HDTV as an economical surrogate to analog for global consumers.
Digital Television in Europe and Japan
Authors: Hart Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The decision of the FCC in the United States to select an all-digital HDTV system was a surprise to HDTV supporters in Europe and Japan. Both had adopted hybrid systems with both analog and digital features. Western Europe was quicker than Japan to move away from its previous arrangements. It dropped HD-MAC in June 1993 and moved on to create the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) group to support digital television. It also responded by increasing EU support for wide-screen standard definition television programming and manufacturing. In Japan, NHK and its allies strongly resisted the idea of abandoning MUSE Hi- Vision but some of the major consumer electronics manufacturers and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) wanted to speed up the transition to an all-digital HDTV system. NHK was able to delay adoption of all-digital HDTV approach until mid-1997. In this article, I consider these two stories separately, and then try to explain the differences in the reactions of the two regions.
Intellectual Property Rights Protection and International Trade: An Economic Survey
Authors: Hall Peter 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Intellectual properly right (IPR) protection provides incentives for innovation and consequent spillover benefits for the global economy, but it may also have anti-competitive effects. Economic theory has only recently addressed the international trade flow implications of different IPR protection regimes—including those consistent with the TRIPS agreement. The theory suggests IPR protection offers grounds for both conflict and congruence between net technology importers (mostly developing countries) and net technology exporters. Empirical evidence suggests that IPR protection influences trade and investment flows, but that economic impacts vary across nations and industries. Debate continues over crucial measurement issues.
The Intellectual Commons: A Rationale for Regulation
Authors: Dawson Andrew C. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
This article characterises the ‘intellectual commons’, and the relationship between it, commoners and the state. It is argued that in a democracy the State should adopt a steward-type role over the intellectual commons. This role dictates that regulation should be in the best interests of the commoners, without undue interference with their inherent rights and will only be justified if it is based upon a coherent rationale. Economic theory can provide such a rationale when the costs of open entry to the commons exceed the benefits. Innovative, cooperative direct regulation has the best potential for success.
Copyright, Culture and Private Power
Authors: Macmillan Fiona 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
This article considers how copyright serves concepts of culture and development. It suggests that copyright's role in relation to culture is best characterised as instrumental rather than fundamental. An indicator of this instrumental approach is the commodification of the copyright interest. The article argues that this commodification has been used by corporate interests to build an edifice of private power. The end result of this private power over cultural output is the global homogenisation of that output.
Regulating the Collective Exploitation of Copyright
Authors: Thorpe Jeremy 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Collective enforcement of copyright law is an increasingly important element in copyright-based industries. This article suggests that collective enforcement creates two forces: increased compliance with copyright laws; and a tendency for copyright collecting societies to act as monopolists. The interaction of these forces is discussed and the price and output consequences identified. From this position, using the Australian regulatory experience as a guide, the article highlights a number of regulatory shortcomings and suggests a range of principles upon which to base the regulation of copyright collecting societies.
The Role of Intellectual Property Law in Regional Commercial Unions in Europe and Asia
Authors: Blakeney Michael 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The establishment of a global multilateral trading system moderated by the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is in apparent tension with the proliferation of regional trade arrangements. A significant feature of these regional arrangements is the proposal to establish harmonised regional intellectual property systems. This intellectual property harmonisation may well operate to reconcile the countervailing strains of globalisation and regionalisation of trade. This article examines the coordination of intellectual property in regional trade arrangements in Europe, Asia and North and South America. Specifically, the article examines the intellectual property regimes of the European Union, the Central European Free Trade Agreement, the Association of South East Asian Nations and the North American Free Trade Association.
Trade, Competition and Intellectual Property
Authors: Rothnie Warwick A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
TRIPS does not lay down rules on parallel imports. Its provisions, however, do give states the discretion to apply competition rules to the exercise of intellectual property rights. The indeterminacies of competition law and its application mean that intellectual property owners lack objective criteria by which to plan their strategic uses of intellectual property. Competition policy, if not clearly and consistently worked out, may well serve to undermine the incentive effects of intellectual property.
The Knowing Nation: A Framework for Public Policy in a Post-industrial Knowledge Economy
Authors: Rooney David , Mandeville Thomas 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
As the global economy becomes more knowledge intensive and the wealth of nations more dependent on their knowledge assets being harnessed, it is essential for policy makers to have frameworks for the development and utilisation of national knowledge assets. This article argues that a policy framework can be developed through which policy initiatives in a range of policy areas can be filtered in order to meet the challenges of the knowledge economy. We have developed an approach that has previously been applied to managing intellectual capital in firms and adapted it to the public policy arena. In doing so we question policy orthodoxies such as the assumption that free trade automatically facilitates international knowledge flows, that participation in a global knowledge economy necessarily challenges national sovereignty, and that online delivery of education is necessarily a progressive strategy.
Asia-Pacific Telecommunications USOs: Current Practice and Future Options
Authors: Madden Gary , Savage Scott J. , Simpson Michael 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Access to information is essential for efficient business operation and social empowerment. Many Asia-Pacific businesses are exposed to international markets while their corresponding information requirements are not well met. Restricted information technology and telecommunications access also diminishes the ability of remote regions to generate reliable income streams. In the Asia-Pacific, several national governments have recently reviewed the notion of telecommunications universal service obligations (USOs). This review considers the adequacy of the ‘plain old telephone service’ definition for an information society characterised by market liberalisation, new technology, changing community needs, and an uncertain international environment. Several interim and proposed mechanisms for delivering USOs in the Asia–Pacific region are also discussed.
Resolving Conflict Between Cultural and Trade Policies: The Case of Australian Content on Television
Authors: Papandrea Franco 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The article examines the potential impact of a recent decision of the High Court of Australia on the effectiveness of Australian content regulation for television programmes. The High Court's decision requires non-discriminatory treatment of New Zealand television programmes in the Australian content regulation to prevent conflict with trading obligations between Australia and New Zealand. The analysis presented in the article finds that claims of serious implications for the effectiveness of the regulations are largely unfounded.
Technology Paradigms and the Innovation—Appropriation Interface: An Examination of the Nature and Scope of Plant Breeders' Rights
Authors: RANGNEKAR DWIJEN 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTTechnological change is crucial for the continued socio-economic development of a country. A number of factors underpin a society's ability to foster continuous technological change, one of which is necessarily the conditions for appropriability. These have become increasingly important since the location of technological change remains largely in the hands of organised research centres housed in large corporations. This paper examines a selection of the issues that interface between innovation and appropriability in the case of plant breeding. This industry has only lately become a subject of study, following the increasing industrialisation of farm-related activities, the technological restructuring of breeding through biotechnology, and the enhancement of the scope of intellectual property rights (IPR) in plant breeding.
Fascinated by the Future: Interpreting Australian Telecommunications Policy Debates
Authors: JOSEPH R. A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Rhetoric about the future has been a prominent theme in many areas of discussion about technology and change. As societies enter periods of change and uncertainty there is a growing need to deal with the future. This has been the case in the area of telecommunications policy in Australia but this feature of discourse is often taken for granted or not seen as problematic. This paper has two goals. First, it aims to analyse the significance of discourse about the future. This significance has a long historical precedent but it is intimately tied up with the notion of progress and technology. It has political ramifications since it functions to shore up expectations around specific interests—usually those of powerful corporations and governments. Second, it aims to relate the analysis about the future to recent Australian debates in telecommunications policy. Since many countries have been swept up in the enthusiasm for a telecommunications-based future, lessons from Australia may be very relevant. It is argued that some groups (users and consumer groups) would appear not to have had their expectations met in the areas of competition and universal service. In spite of this, some of Telecom Australia's views expressed in the 1975 planning exercise Telecom 2000 seem remarkably prescient today. This seeming paradox is discussed in terms of discourse on the future. A future based on an over reliance on technological or managerial determinism may well lock the country into a future of limited choice. It will be important that mechanisms are established to ensure that appropriate and timely choices can be made in telecommunications policy.
Management of Basic Research and Development: Lessons from the Australian Experience
Authors: HANSON DALLAS , STEEN JOHN , O'DONOHUE WAYNE 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Management of science and related basic research and development by the state is not a new phenomenon. In this paper it is argued, on the basis of recent Australian experience, that the conventional approach which assumes that the research community is a simple system is deeply flawed. Specifically, it is argued that any pattern of government funding which assumes linear relationships between funding and scientific outputs is unlikely to be productive. Further, it is suggested that a quantitative approach to research management is counter-productive to innovation. A range of ideas is used in developing a more productive set of policies for basic research and development.