bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brightness contrast perception in the mesopic region
Authors: Freyssinier J. P. , Rea M. S. , Bullough J. D. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSubjective evaluations of brightness contrast were obtained for Munsell chips of varying hues, lightness values and sizes against a white background illuminated in turn by four white illuminants at four background luminances in the mesopic region. Chip lightness was the strongest variable, resulting in a family of monotonic functions relating brightness contrast ratings to chip lightness. At the lowest light levels a nearly linear relationship was found between chip lightness and subjective ratings. As light levels increased, the relationship became curvilinear such that at the lowest contrast, chromatic brightness became important for subjective ratings. Within the level of precision for this experiment, chip hue and size as well as the spectral power distribution of the illuminants did not significantly impact the overall brightness contrast ratings. The subjective ratings of brightness contrast were analysed as a function of the luminance contrast of the stimuli as determined by conventional photometry and by three models of mesopic vision. The response functions relating subjective rating to the stimulus characterized in terms of these models were similar to those obtained with conventional photometry.
Clinical disorders affecting mesopic vision
Authors: Petzold Axel , Plant Gordon T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractVision in the mesopic range is affected by a number of inherited and acquired clinical disorders. We review these conditions and summarize the historical background, describing the clinical characteristics alongside the genetic basis and molecular biological mechanisms giving rise to rod and cone dysfunction relevant to twilight vision. The current diagnostic gold standards for each disease are discussed and curative and symptomatic treatment strategies are summarized.
Multiple Mutations in or Adjacent to the Conserved Penicillin‐Binding Protein Motifs of the Penicillin‐Binding Protein 1A Confer Amoxicillin Resistance to Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Gerrits Monique M. , Godoy Anita P. O. , Kuipers Ernst J. , Ribeiro Marcelo L. , Stoof Jeroen , Mendonça Sergio , Van Vliet Arnoud H. M. , Pedrazzoli José , Kusters Johannes G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:  Amoxicillin‐based therapies are highly effective for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections, but the efficacy may decrease as the incidence of amoxicillin resistance is increasing. So far, the molecular mechanism underlying stable amoxicillin resistance has only been identified for a few naturally occurring amoxicillin‐resistant (AmxR) H. pylori isolates, and is mediated by mutations in penicillin‐binding protein 1A (PBP1A). In this study the molecular mechanism underlying amoxicillin resistance of seven additional AmxR H. pylori isolates has been established.Methods:  H. pylori strain 26695 (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.125 mg/l) was naturally transformed with total DNA and pbp1A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from the seven AmxR H. pylori isolates, and the MIC of amoxicillin and pbp1A gene sequence of the obtained AmxR transformants were determined.Results:  Replacement of the wild‐type pbp1A gene of H. pylori reference strain 26695 by the pbp1A gene of the AmxR H. pylori isolates resulted in an increased MIC (0.5–1.0 mg/l). Sequence analysis of the smallest PBP1A fragments able to transfer the resistance indicated that several amino acid substitutions in or adjacent to the second (SKN402−404) and third (KTG555−557) conserved penicillin‐binding protein motifs (PBP‐motifs) mediate amoxicillin resistance in H. pylori. This was confirmed by site‐directed mutagenesis using oligonucleotides that contained defined mutations in or adjacent to these PBP‐motifs.Conclusion:  In naturally occurring AmxR H. pylori isolates, amoxicillin resistance is mediated by various mutational changes located in or adjacent to the second and third PBP‐motifs of the PBP1A. Although we cannot exclude the role of the other genes in amoxicillin resistance, it is likely that multiple mutational changes in the PBP1A gene are the predominant cause of amoxicillin resistance in H. pylori. The findings of this study currently preclude the rapid detection of amoxicillin resistance in H. pylori by molecular tests.
C‐reactive protein in patients with coexistent periodontal disease and acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Czerniuk Maciej R. , Górska Renata , Filipiak Krzysztof J. , Opolski Grzegorz 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim: To evaluate periodontal disease (PD) influence on changes in high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations in patients with acute coronary syndromes and coexistent PD.Materials and Methods: Dental examinations were carried out in a group of 50 consecutive patients, less than 60 years old, hospitalized as a result of acute coronary syndromes. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of own‐constructed combined PD score (group 2: more advanced; and group 1: less advanced PD) as well as clinical attachment loss (CAL) – group 4: CAL >3 mm; group 3: CAL 3 mm. Blood samples for hsCRP estimation were taken at admission, after 10/12 days and long term after acute coronary syndromes.Results: A statistically significant decrease in hsCRP was observed among three consecutive blood sample examinations in groups 2 and 4, whereas it was only seen between examination 1 and examination 2 in groups 1 and 3.Conclusions: Although no statistically significant difference of hsCRP was found between studied groups, patients with less advanced PD, either estimated with the use of own‐constructed combined score or on the basis of CAL, have significantly longer diminution of inflammatory response monitored with hsCRP concentrations.
Global Change and Southern Africa
Authors: MEADOWS MICHAEL E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe developing nations of southern Africa have previously been identified as vulnerable to the vagaries of global change, particularly in terms of future climate change. This paper explores recent climate change scenarios for the region in terms of some representative sectors of the environment‐society interface, namely biodiversity, agriculture and related land uses, water resources and health issues. It is concluded that the impacts of predicted climate changes over the next century are likely to be very marked indeed. Biome distribution, agriculture, rangelands and water resources are highlighted as being negatively impacted in ways that will increase the vulnerability of the great majority of the region's population to natural hazards. The potential impact of these changes on the prolific biodiversity of southern Africa is clear. Holistic policy responses, incorporating both environmental and human development concerns, are required in the near future if a crisis is to be averted.
Changes in Activation States of Murine Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN) during Inflammation: a Comparison of Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Exudate PMN
Authors: Itou Takuya , Collins L. Vincent , Thorén Fredrik B. , Dahlgren Claes , Karlsson Anna 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTTo study different activation states in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in mice, we compared the function of murine PMN obtained from the bone marrow (BMPMN) with those of PMN obtained by intraperitoneal induction with thioglycolate (TGPMN) or uric acid (UAPMN). When stimulated with chemotactic peptides, e.g., formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF), WKYMVM, or WKYMVm, the TGPMN and UAPMN showed greatly enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared with BMPMN, which suggests that exudation to the peritoneum per se induces a primed state in the cells. The WKYMVm peptide was the most potent stimulant of ROS generation, and it desensitized for subsequent stimulation with fMLF or WKYMVM. This desensitization was broken by the addition of cytochalasin B. The TGPMN and UAPMN appeared to be fully primed, since no increase in response was induced by pretreatment with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). In contrast, the BMPMN response was increased 2.5- to 3-fold. The differences in oxidative responses were supported by degranulation studies. Preincubation with TNF-α promoted CR3 expression on BMPMN, and this level of expression was also enhanced by WKYMVm. In contrast, CR3 expression on untreated TGPMN and UAPMN was already similar to that on TNF-α-primed BMPMN and could be only slightly enhanced by TNF-α treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that BMPMN are in a resting state and have the capacity to become primed, while peritoneal exudate PMN are already fully primed upon isolation. These results have major implications for murine neutrophil research and show the importance of defining which PMN subsets to use when investigating murine models.
Expression of a Mitochondrial Peroxiredoxin Prevents Programmed Cell Death inLeishmania donovani
Authors: Harder Simone , Bente Meike , Isermann Kerstin , Bruchhaus Iris 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTLeishmaniapromastigote cells transmitted by the insect vector get phagocytosed by macrophages and convert into the amastigote form. During development and transformation, the parasites are exposed to various concentrations of reactive oxygen species, which can induce programmed cell death (PCD). We show that a mitochondrial peroxiredoxin (LdmPrx) protectsLeishmania donovanifrom PCD. Whereas this peroxiredoxin is restricted to the kinetoplast area in promastigotes, it covers the entire mitochondrion in amastigotes, accompanied by dramatically increased expression. A similar change in the expression pattern was observed during the growth ofLeishmaniafrom the early to the late logarithmic phase. Recombinant LdmPrx shows typical peroxiredoxin-like enzyme activity. It is able to detoxify organic and inorganic peroxides and prevents DNA from hydroxyl radical-induced damage. Most notably,Leishmaniaparasites overexpressing this peroxiredoxin are protected from hydrogen peroxide-induced PCD. This protection is also seen in promastigotes grown to the late logarithmic phase, also characterized by high expression of this peroxiredoxin. Apparently, the physiological role of this peroxiredoxin is stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and, as a consequence, inhibition of PCD through removal of peroxides.
Ellipticity Conditions of the Shallow Water Balance Equations for Atmospheric Data
Authors: Bourchtein Andrei 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNonlinear normal mode initialization equations, which provide required balance relations for atmospheric data, are considered in the generalized case of shallow water equations in arbitrary orthogonal coordinates. Using the concept of ellipticity in the sense of Douglis–Nirenberg, the conditions of well posedness of boundary value problems for balance equations are derived in the cases of constrained streamfunction, constrained potential vorticity, and constrained pressure fields.
Child Protection and the Anglican Church of Australia
Authors: Blake Garth 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTIn the last decade the sexual abuse of children by some clergy and church workers in the Anglican Church of Australia has become a serious public issue. There have been criminal convictions, civil litigation, inquiries, Church discipline and resignations. Initial responses in the 23 dioceses were reactive and inconsistent. Beginning in 2001 the General Synod took initiatives to develop national strategies to respond to this growing crisis. The culmination of these initiatives occurred at the 2004 General Synod. By the passing of several resolutions and canons the Church at a national level expressed a commitment to, and set out detailed comprehensive and uniform strategies for, the protection of children.
Static Viscoelastic Characteristics-Aggregation Structure Relationships of Monolayers at Air–Water Interface
Authors: Kajiyama Tisato , Morotomi Naoaki , Uchida Motoko , Oishi Yushi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The melting temperature, Tm of fatty acid monolayers on the water surface was evaluated from the relationships between the subphase temperature dependence of static viscoelasticities and the aggregation structure of those monolayers. Tms of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids in a monolayer state are ca. 278 K, 301 K, and 317 K, respectively. These values are 26–50 K lower than those in respective three-dimensional crystalline states. With an increase of subphase temperature, the aggregation state of those monolayers on the water surface varied from an oriented crystalline state, an unoriented crystalline one, an amorphous one and finally, a dissoluble unstable state.
Novel Thermal Deoxygenation in Bornyl α-Azohydroperoxide to Give Camphor Hydrazone. A Retro-ene Reaction Assisted by the Steric Compression Effect
Authors: Tezuka Takahiro , Otsuka Takashi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Camphor hydrazone, its dimer, and oxygen are generated from bornyl α-azohydroperoxide by thermal reaction accompanied by several other products. The retro-ene elimination mechanism is proposed.
Host–Guest Sensory System for Detecting a Variety of Organic Compounds by Variations in Pyrene Excimer and Monomer Fluorescence Intensities
Authors: Ueno Akihiko , Suzuki Iwao , Osa Tetsuo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Pyrene-appended γ-cyclodextrin in solution changes pyrene excimer and monomer fluorescence intensities associated with the conversion from its dimer into host–guest complexes. This fluorescence variation was used to detect a variety of organic compounds, and this system has been shown to be sensitive particularly to some steroid compounds.
Starburst Molecules for Amorphous Molecular Materials. 4,4′,4″-Tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine and 4,4′,4″-Tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine
Authors: Shirota Yasuhiko , Kobata Tomokazu , Noma Naoki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A novel class of starburst molecules for making amorphous glassy organic materials, 4,4′,4″-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA) and 4,4′,4″-tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine (MTDATA), are synthesized and characterized. Their electrochemical and electronic properties as well as unique solid-state morphology are described.
Removal of Fluoride Ion by a Porous Spherical Resin Loaded with Hydrous Zirconium Oxide
Authors: Suzuki Toshishige M , Chida Chiyoko , Kanesato Masatoshi , Yokoyama Toshiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new composite material based on hydrous zirconium oxide and a porous polymer resin has been prepared by the impregnation of tetra(n-butoxy)zirconium into porous polymer beads followed by hydrolysis of the alkoxide. The adsorption properties of the Zr-loaded resin for fluoride ion have been described.
A New Synthetic Route and the Structural Analysis of Ni(tsalen). (N,N′-Ethylenebis(thiosalicylidenaminato))nickel(II)
Authors: Yamamura Takeshi , Tadokoro Makoto , Kuroda Reiko 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A simple route to the nickel complex of thiosalen, Ni(tsalen), which is the correspondent of the classical salen compound, was developed. The molecular structure of Ni(tsalen) was studied also.
Transchlorination between Polychlorobiphenyl and Benzene
Authors: Shinoda Kiyonori , Yasuda Kensei , Ohta Minoru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) was transchlorinated with benzene into biphenyl and chlorobenzene in the presence of palladium(II) chloride/cerium(III) chloride supported on activated charcoal. The transchlorination proceeded smoothly for a long time at 375 °C.
Enhanced Circular Dichroism of Self-Assembled Peptidic Amphiphiles
Authors: Shimizu Toshimi , Mori Mariko , Minamikawa Hiroyuki , Hato Masakatsu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Peptidic amphiphiles self-assembled to show the marked enhancement of circular dichroism in the aggregates. This fact was interpreted as the existence of the inter- and intramolecular strong exciton coupling of the amide and imide chromophores.
Facile Production of (R)-Proline by Asymmetric Transformation of (S)-Proline
Authors: Shiraiwa Tadashi , Shinjo Kazuyuki , Kurokawa Hidemoto 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The asymmetric transformation of (S)-proline ((S)-Pro) through formation of the salt with (2S,3S)-tartaric acid achieved in the presence of 0.1 molar equivalent of butanal in butanoic acid at 80 °C to obtain (R)-Pro. The purified salt gave (R)-Pro with 100% optical purity in 85% yield.
Formation of Single Phase of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox Film by Plasma Assisted Organometallic Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
Authors: Kobayashi Kenkichiro , Ichikawa Satoshi , Okada Genji 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A film of single phase of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox is prepared on a single crystalline SrTiCO3 (100) at 923 K by the method of plasma assisted organometallic chemical vapor deposition. The c axis of the resulting film is oriented in the direction perpendicular to the substrate surface.
[4+2] Cycloaddition of 3-Cyanocyclopropene with Anthracenes
Authors: Saito Katsuhiro , Isobe Satoru , Ito Kazuaki , Kagabu Shinzo , Takahashi Kensuke 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The thermal reactions of 3-cyanocyclopropene with 9-substituted anthracenes afforded [4+2] cycloadducts. The relative rate ratio of the reaction correlated well with the substituent constants.
Enzyme-Mediated Enantioface-Differentiating Hydrolysis of Enol Esters
Authors: Matsumoto Kazutsugu , Ohta Hiromichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new type of enzymatic hydrolysis has been disclosed. A kind of yeast, Pichia miso, hydrolyzed enol esters such as 3-acetoxy-1-p-methoxybenzyloxy-2-methoxymethoxy-2-alkenes with differentiation of the enantiotopic face to afford optically active α-substituted ketones.
A Facile Method for the Cleavage of Acetals by the Combined Use of Samarium Trichloride and Chlorotrimethylsilane
Authors: Ukaji Yutaka , Koumoto Naosuke , Fujisawa Tamotsu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Cleavage of acetals by a stoichiometric or a catalytic amount of samarium trichloride and chlorotrimethylsilane in the absence of a proton source proceeded smoothly giving the corresponding carbonyl compounds in high yields.
Second Harmonic Generation by the Use of Metal to Ligand Charge-Transfer Transition of Ruthenium(II)–Bipyridine Metal Complex in Langmuir–Blodgett Film
Authors: Sakaguchi Hiroshi , Nakamura Hiroshi , Nagamura Toshihiko , Ogawa Teiichiro , Matsuo Taku 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
An alternate Y type LB multilayer capable of SHG was prepared by the use of an amphiphilic ruthenium(II) tris(2,2′-bipyridine) complex. The large angular dependence of the second harmonic light intensity and the electronic absorption of the multilayer indicated that the SHG was due to MLCT transition of the ruthenium complex.
Self-Organization of Solvophobic, Double-Chained Fluorocarbon Derivatives in Organic Media
Authors: Ishikawa Yuichi , Kuwahara Hiroaki , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A novel type of compounds which contain two fluorocarbon chains and one flexible hydrocarbon chain gave bilayer-based molecular assemblies in organic solvents. The regularity of the assemblage was supported by specific incorporation of benzene.
Reentrant Behavior of the Temperature Dependence of Resistivity of DCNQI-Cu Alloy System, [(DMe)1−x(MeBr)x-DCNQI]2Cu
Authors: Kobayashi Akiko , Kato Reizo , Kobayashi Hayao 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Reentrant resistivity behavior (metal → semiconductor → Metal) is observed at ambient pressure in the alloy system of [(DMe-DCNQI)1−x(MeBr-DCNQI)x]2Cu (x &lt; 0.1). Resistivity maximum appears around 60 K. The magnitude of the resistivity maximum is extremely sensitive to x. This anomaly resembles the anomalous pressure-induced reentrant resistivity behavior in (R,R-DCNQI)2Cu (R = CH3, CH3O).
Configuration-dependent Stereochemistry in 2,4-Dichloro-3-pentanone-Its Enol Trimethylsilyl Ether Interconversion
Authors: Shimizu Nobujiro , Matsuno Shoichiro , Tanaka Masayuki , Tsuno Yuho 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Et3N-promoted enol trimethylsilylation of meso- and dl-2,4-dichloro-3-pentanone in ether respectively shows 97% Z- and 86% E-selectivity, while Z- and E-products respectively give dl (70% de) and meso (24% de) ketones stereoselectively upon protonation.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of the Hydroxyethylene Dipeptide Isostere of Leu–Val
Authors: Nishi Takahide , Kataoka Mitsuru , Morisawa Yasuhiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The synthesis of hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere of Leu–Val, a transition-state mimic, is described. The key steps of this synthetic approach are the homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of γ-keto esters by BINAP–Ru(II) complex, and the construction of a 2(S)-isopropyl unit.
Reduction of Carbon Dioxide with Benzoin Carbanion. Conversion of the Reduction Products of Carbon Dioxide to a Mixture of Saturated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Akiyama Fuminori 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Heating under reflux of the tetrahydrofuran solution of the reduction products of carbon dioxide with benzoin carbanion in the presence of N-p-nitrophenylsydnone gave a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons.
Color Difference between Diastereomers of the Brucine Salt of Phthaloyl-threo-β-hydroxyleucine
Authors: Kuwata Shigeru , Tanaka Jumpei , Sakamoto Yoshio , Onda Norihiro , Yamada Takashi , Miyazawa Toshifumi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
When phthaloyl-threo-DL-β-hydroxyleucine was resolved using brucine as a resolving agent, yellow and white crystals were obtained. threo-L-Form was obtained from yellow crystals and threo-D-form from white ones. The appearance of yellow color is considered to be due to the stacking of benzene ring of phthaloyl group and of brucine molecule.
Racemization Suppression by Copper(II) Chloride in Peptide Synthesis by the Mixed Anhydride and Related Methods
Authors: Miyazawa Toshifumi , Donkai Tomoko , Yamada Takashi , Kuwata Shigeru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In segment couplings by the mixed anhydride and related methods, the addition of copper(II) chloride suppressed racemization completely in the same manner as in the carbodiimide method.
Stabilities of Metal Complexes of Mugineic Acids and Their Specific Affinities for Iron(III)
Authors: Murakami Tasuku , Ise Kunio , Hayakawa Minato , Kamei Shigeru , Takagi Sei-ichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Equilibria between several metal ions and mugineic acids, phytosiderophores in gramineous plants, were potentiometrically investigated in aqueous solutions and the stabilities of the complex species formed were determined. Only iron(III) formed very stable species with the quadrivalent anions of mugineic acids, and their stability constants were estimated to be 1032.5∼1033.3.
Preparation, Stereoisomerism, and Dynamic Properties of [(η5-C5H5)2Fe2(CO)2(μ-CO)(μ-SiXBut)] (X = Cl, Br, I, and Me)
Authors: Tobita Hiromi , Kawano Yasuro , Ogino Hiroshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Replacement of a hydrogen on the silylene bridge of [Cp2Fe2(CO)2(μ-CO)(μ-SiHBut)] (Cp = η5-C5H5) by a bulkier group (Cl, Br, I, or Me) caused the proportion of the trans isomer to increase from 0 to 7–38%. Dynamic 1H NMR study for the methyl derivative revealed that the ΔG‡362 K values of the process cis isomer → trans isomer and of the reversed process were 83.1 ± 1.0 and 81.7 ± 1.0 kJ mol−1, respectively.
Tetraphenylphosphonium Bromide Catalyzed Fluorodenitrations and Fluorodesulfonylations. Efficient Syntheses of m-Fluoroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Yazawa Naoto , Suzuki Hiroshi , Yoshida Yasuo , Furusawa Osamu , Kimura Yoshikazu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Meta-fluoroaromatic compounds were effectively synthesized from m-nitroaromatic or m-fluorosulfonylaromatic compounds by replacement reaction with potassium fluoride in the presence of a catalytic amount of tetraphenylphosphonium bromide.
Porcine Pancreatic Lipase Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrolysis of Esters of N-Protected Unusual Amino Acids
Authors: Miyazawa Toshifumi , Iwanaga Hitoshi , Ueji Shinichi , Yamada Takashi , Kuwata Shigeru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Porcine pancreatic lipase catalyzed the highly enantioselective hydrolysis of a kind of α-substituted carboxylic esters, i.e., the 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl esters of the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives of unusual amino acids.