bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Live-Well Conditions on Mortality and Largemouth Bass Virus Prevalence in Largemouth Bass Caught during Summer Tournaments
Authors: Schramm Harold L. , Walters Aaron R. , Grizzle John M. , Beck Benjamin H. , Hanson Larry A. , Rees Steven B. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We evaluated the effect of improved live-well conditions and the interaction of tournament stress and largemouth bass virus (LMBV) on tournament-associated mortality of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides caught during 12 summer tournaments. Improvements in live-well conditions (reduction in water temperature by 2–5°C; addition of NaCl; continuous aeration) significantly reduced initial mortality of largemouth bass from 7% to 3% (F1,11 = 10.29, P &lt; 0.01). However, postrelease mortality of fish held for 5 d in net-pens or raceways was not reduced by the improved live-well conditions and averaged 76% for all tournament fish (F1,11 = 0.09, P = 0.77). The percentage of angler-caught fish infected with LMBV at the end of tournaments (14%) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than the percentage infected in the general population (7%). The percentage of LMBV-infected fish increased during the post-tournament retention period to 64% for fish from live wells with improved conditions and 70% for fish from control live wells. Reference fish collected by electrofishing and held with tournament fish for 5 d also had high mortality (59%) and LMBV prevalence (47%), but these variables were significantly lower than those for tournament fish (mortality: F2,30 = 3.63, P = 0.04; prevalence [Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test]: P &lt; 0.01). Many of the fish also had bacterial diseases during the post-tournament period, so the effect of LMBV on postrelease mortality could not be determined. However, the higher postrelease mortality of tournament and reference fish in our study relative to that observed in previous tournaments on lakes presumed free of LMBV suggests that this newly discovered pathogen influences measurement of post-tournament mortality. Increases in LMBV prevalence after typical fishing tournaments without prolonged post-tournament fish confinement will probably be lower than those we observed, but further research on the effects of LMBV on fish released from tournaments is warranted.
Explorative Kinetic Study on the Thermal Degradation of Five Wood Species for Applications in the Archaeological Field
Authors: Vecchio Stefano , Luciano Giorgio , Franceschi Enrico 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) were performed on wood samples of different essences (fir, chestnut, poplar, linden and oak) before consolidation. A kinetic analysis was applied on the two‐steps decomposition processes occurring in all wood samples using either the multi‐heating rates Kissinger equation and the isoconversional Ozawa‐Flynn‐Wall method that enables the variation of activation energy to be determined as a function of the degree of reaction. Taking into account both decomposition temperature and activation energy for the first degradation step oak seems to be the less stable sample. The comparison of DSC curves performed in air with those in oxygen enables to consider the role of the partial pressure of oxygen in the mechanisms of both decompositions.
Heavy Metals in Marine Sediments from the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy)
Authors: Cardellicchio Nicola , Buccolieri Alessandro , di Leo Antonella , Spada Lucia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHeavy metals concentrations (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sn and Zn) have been determined monthly in surface sediments from the Mar Piccolo in Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy. a semi‐enclosed marine basin very important from a mussel‐culture point of view. In sediments, sulphides, percentage of organic carbon and redox potential were also determined to show possible correlations between metals levels and redox characteristics of marine sediments. Analytical results, elaborated by multivariate statistical techniques, confirm that sediments collected in the first inlet of Mar Piccolo, where shipbuilding activities are present, have a contamination level greater than those collected in the second inlet. For each metal, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) has been calculated as criterion to evaluate both pollution levels and metals enrichment in examined sediments: Igeo values confirm that the first inlet is an moderately polluted area from Hg and Pb. In any case, high sulphide concentrations and negative values of redox potentials bring to a conclusion that metals are present in sediments, mainly as insoluble sulphides and then as not bioavailable compounds for filter feeders organisms such as mussels.
Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Selenium and Mercury in Foodstuffs by Chemical Vapour Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Grotti Marco , Lagomarsino Cristina , Magi Emanuele 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA procedure for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, selenium and mercury in foodstuffs has been developed. After a two‐step microwave‐assisted wet digestion in closed vessels, using concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, the solution was analysed by inductively coupled plasma multichannel‐based emission spectrometry using chemical vapour generation as the sample introduction system. All steps of the procedure, such as solid sample dissolution, pre‐reduction to the suitable oxidation state, vapor generation, transport and atomization have been designed and optimised taking into account the concomitant presence of all the analytes considered. Temporal variation of analytical signals as well as interfering effects due to transition elements were also studied. Under the optimised operating conditions, the achieved detection limits for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, selenium and mercury in foodstuffs were 0.006, 0.023 and 0.018 μg g−1, respectively, allowing their determination in real samples. Precision of the analytical procedure was 6.8% for arsenic, 5.2% for selenium and 7.7% for mercury (n=7). The accuracy and reliability of the method was verified by the analysis of both standard reference materials (rice flour and spinach leaves) and real samples (natural and Se‐enriched rice).
Inhibitory and enhancing effects of piroxicam on whole blood chemiluminescence
Authors: Alexandrova Margarita L. , Bochev Petyo G. , Markova Vanya I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of piroxicam on the production of reactive oxygen species by stimulated phagocytes was studied in whole blood by a chemiluminescence (CL) technique in relation to maximum activity, localization and kinetics of radical generation. We found that piroxicam dose‐dependently inhibited total (intra‐ and extracellular) zymosan‐stimulated luminol CL (LCL) at a high stimulant concentration (p = 0.0001). Piroxicam additionally decreased cytochalasin B‐reduced LCL, which shows that the effect of the drug should be sought in the extracellular component of the response. Piroxicam inhibited the first phase of extracellular LCL in a dose‐dependent manner (p = 0.0001) and revealed itself as an enhancing agent of CL in later time intervals after the start of respiratory burst, in a model system containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and sodium azide. It enhanced LCL of a cell‐free system, i.e. influenced the CL due to HRP‐catalysed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. It also dose‐dependently inhibited the early extracellular superoxide production, evaluated by lucigenin CL (p = 0.022). Piroxicam inhibited the total fMLP‐stimulated LCL by 70% approximately and, only by about 30%, the first phase of fMLP‐stimulated extracellular LCL, which presupposes an effect on myeloperoxidase‐catalysed formation of hypochloric acid. Piroxicam slightly increased the intracellular LCL by phagocytes (p = 0.02), an effect that is probably connected with its ability to induce the release of secondary messengers in signal transduction. In conclusion, the anti‐inflammatory effect of piroxicam is probably related to the inhibition of the extracellular generation of superoxide and hypochloric acid in the early stages of phagocyte activation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on PVP hydrogel‐supported luminol chemiluminescence: 2. Luminometer calibration and potential analytical applications
Authors: Bastos Erick Leite , Ciscato Luiz Francisco Monteiro Leite , Bartoloni Fernando Heering , Catalani Luiz Henrique , Romoff Paulete , Baader Wilhelm Josef 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PVP) hydrogel‐supported luminol chemiluminescence (CL) for the automatic determination of hydrogen peroxide and the quantification of the antiradical capacity of Trolox is described. The hydrogel containing luminol and hemin is prepared directly on a 96‐well microplate and can be stored for up to 3 months without significant decrease in CL quantum yields. Furthermore, this system can also be used as a secondary light standard for the calibration of microplate luminometers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of a new red fluorescent condensed hetero‐aromatic compound: 7,20‐dimethyl‐7,20‐dihydro‐7,20‐diaza‐naphto[a]dibenzo[j,q]perylene
Authors: Fukai Takeshi , Kimura Masaru 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA coupling reaction of 5‐methylbenz[b]acridin‐12(5H)‐one (MBA) with Zn and TiCl4 provided a red fluorescent (FL) compound, as opposed to 5,5′‐dimethyl‐12,12′‐bibenzo[b]acridylidene (DMBBA), probably through photochemical cyclization and aromatization by dehydrogenation of the overcrowded intermediate DMBBA. The structure of the red FL compound was assigned to 7,20‐dimethyl‐7,20‐dihydro‐7,20‐diaza‐naphto[a]dibenzo[j,q]perylene (DANDBP) and the fluorescence efficiency for DANDBP was determined to be 0.23 ± 0.01. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fermentation process tracking through enhanced spectral calibration modeling
Authors: Triadaphillou Sophia , Martin Elaine , Montague Gary , Norden Alison , Jeffkins Paul , Stimpson Sarah 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe FDA process analytical technology (PAT) initiative will materialize in a significant increase in the number of installations of spectroscopic instrumentation. However, to attain the greatest benefit from the data generated, there is a need for calibration procedures that extract the maximum information content. For example, in fermentation processes, the interpretation of the resulting spectra is challenging as a consequence of the large number of wavelengths recorded, the underlying correlation structure that is evident between the wavelengths and the impact of the measurement environment. Approaches to the development of calibration models have been based on the application of partial least squares (PLS) either to the full spectral signature or to a subset of wavelengths. This paper presents a new approach to calibration modeling that combines a wavelength selection procedure, spectral window selection (SWS), where windows of wavelengths are automatically selected which are subsequently used as the basis of the calibration model. However, due to the non‐uniqueness of the windows selected when the algorithm is executed repeatedly, multiple models are constructed and these are then combined using stacking thereby increasing the robustness of the final calibration model. The methodology is applied to data generated during the monitoring of broth concentrations in an industrial fermentation process from on‐line near‐infrared (NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) spectrometers. It is shown that the proposed calibration modeling procedure outperforms traditional calibration procedures, as well as enabling the identification of the critical regions of the spectra with regard to the fermentation process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 554–567. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thoracic aorta endografts: Variations in practice among medical specialists
Authors: Eggebrecht Holger , Pamler Reinhard , Zipfel Burkhart , Herold Ulf , Chavan Ajay , Rehders Tim C. , Nienaber Christoph A. , Hetzer Roland , Jakob Heinz G. , Mehta Rajendra H. , Erbel Raimund 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground:Endovascular stent‐graft placement is emerging as a novel treatment option for patients with diseases of the descending thoracic aorta. However, currently no consensus guidelines exist to direct uniformity in stent‐graft procedures as well as for pre‐ and postprocedural patient management, unlike that for the management of other cardiovascular disorder. Accordingly, the aim of the present survey was to assess variations in thoracic aortic stent‐graft practice among different subspecialties in Germany.Methods:An interdisciplinary questionnaire survey was conducted among 206 departments of vascular surgery, radiology, cardiology, and cardiothoracic surgery in Germany that actively performed aortic stent‐graft placement. Data on preoperative procedure planning, logistics, practical/technical issues of stent‐graft placement, and postoperative patient management were evaluated using a standardized, self‐administered questionnaire comprising 29 items. Responses were tabulated for analysis.Results:Of a total of 206 questionnaires, 184 (89.3%) were returned with 71 (38.5%) centers reporting to have performed thoracic aortic stent‐graft placement (total number of procedures 2,267) through 1997 and 2003. The average number of stent‐graft procedures per year was 7.4 (25–75% percentile, 2.05–10.75) at participating sites, with 49% of the respondents reporting <5 procedures per year. Treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms was the predominant indication for stent‐graft placement, followed by type B‐dissection. As anticipated, marked variability existed among the different medical specialties performing stent‐graft procedures with respect to all aspects of the procedures including indication for treatment, choice of preoperative and intraoperative imaging modalities, technical equipment and perioperative management. The only consistent agreement was on the need for lifelong follow‐up after stent‐graft placement, with CT being the preferred imaging technique (90% of centers).Conclusion:The present survey documents an increasing adoption of endovascular stent‐graft placement for patients with diseases of the descending thoracic aorta in Germany. Despite this, there is a lack of consensus among the different medical specialties performing stent‐graft placement with respect to indications and technical execution of stent‐grafting. Our data supports the need for consensus practice guidelines endorsed by medical professional societies for stent‐graft procedure to standardize the growing number of thoracic stent graft procedures. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Manipulation of the Morphology of Semiconductor‐Based Nanostructures from Core–Shell Nanoparticles to Nanocables: The Case of CdSe/SiO2
Authors: Wang Zhenyang , Lu Qifei , Kong Mingguang , Zhang Lide 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe morphology of CdSe/SiO2 was manipulated from core–shell‐structured nanoparticles to nanocables by using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The growth of nanocables, with cores no more than 20 nm in diameter, is initiated by the formation of core–shell nanoparticles with SiO2 as matrix and CdSe clusters dispersed inside. After the subsequent vaporization of the SiO2 matrix, the follow‐up CdSe vapor crystallizes with the remaining CdSe clusters as nuclei to form CdSe nanowires as the furnace was cooled to 1200 °C. During the controlled cooling of the furnace, the SiO vapor re‐deposits to sheathe the nanowires. The thickness of the shell and the diameter of core were successfully controlled. The photoluminescence measurements show that the CdSe/SiO2 nanocables have strong visible‐light emission bands located at 590 and 688 nm, which are attributed to the defects induced by SiO2 sheaths nanowires and the quantum confinement effect of the CdSe, respectively. The UV/Vis absorption spectra of the naked CdSe nanowires further validate the above‐mentioned quantum confinement effect. The deterministic growth of these nanocables is very important for the design of the nanodevices based on them.
Structural, Solid‐State NMR and Theoretical Studies of the Inverse‐Coordination of Lithium Chloride Using Group 13 Phosphide Hosts
Authors: Duer Melinda J. , García Felipe , Goodman Jonathan M. , Hehn Jörg P. , Kowenicki Richard A. , Naseri Vesal , McPartlin Mary , Stead Matthew L. , Stein Robin , Wright Dominic S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe reaction of MeAlCl2 with ′PhPLi2′ in THF gives [{MeAl(PPh)3Li4⋅3 THF}4(μ4‐Cl)]−Li+ (1). The GaIII and InIII analogues, [{MeE(PPh)3Li4⋅3 THF}4(μ4‐Cl)]−Li+⋅(THF)3 (E=Ga (2), In (3)), are obtained by the in situ reactions of MeECl2 with PhPLi2 in THF. For all of the complexes, the cage anions have an unusual cubic arrangement that is similar to a zeolite, and contain large voids (ca. 17 Å). The location of the Li+ counterions in 1–3 and their coordination environment appears to subtly reflect variations in packing and lattice energy. Whereas in 1 highly mobile, loosely coordinated Li+ counterions are present, 2 and 3 contain less mobile THF‐solvated counterions within the cavities. X‐ray crystallographic and solid‐state NMR studies are reported on 1–3, together with model DFT calculations on the selectivity of halide coordination.
Polystyrene‐supported N‐sulfonylated amino alcohols and their applications to titanium(IV) complexes catalyzed enantioselective diethylzinc additions to aldehydes
Authors: Hui Xin‐Ping , Chen Chien‐An , Wu Kuo‐Hui , Gau Han‐Mou 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCrosslinked polystyrene‐supported resins 4, 7a, and 7b containing N‐sulfonylated β‐amino alcohol in 98, 20, and 40% loadings are prepared. Asymmetric diethylzinc additions to benzaldehyde employing titanium complexes of 10 mol % resins 4, 7a, or 7b are examined and the best performed 7a/Ti(O‐i‐Pr)4 catalytic system applies to various aldehydes to afford desired secondary alcohols in excellent enantioselectivities up to 95% ee. The resin 7a is reused five times, giving the product with enantioselectivities ≥86% ee and an 81% ee is obtained when the resin is used the sixth time. The used resin 7a is refreshed with 1 M HCl and the asymmetric reaction employing the regenerated resin 7a gives the product in 88% ee. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combining regio‐ and enantioselectivity of lipases for the preparation of (R)‐4‐chloro‐2‐butanol
Authors: Méndez Jonh J. , Oromi Mireia , Cervero Maria , Balcells Mercè , Torres Mercè , Canela Ramon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPreparation of 98% ee (R)‐4‐chloro‐2‐butanol was carried out by the enzymatic hydrolysis of chlorohydrin esters, using fungal resting cells and commercial enzymes. Hydrolyzes were carried out using lipases from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435®), C. rugosa, Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme® IM), Burkolia cepacia, and resting cells of Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus flavus. The influence of the enzyme, the solvent, the temperature, and the alkyl chain length on the selectivity of hydrolyzes of isomeric mixtures of chlorohydrin esters is described. Regioselectivity was higher than 95% for some of the tested lipases. Novozym 435 allowed preparation of the (R)‐4‐chloro‐2‐butanol after 15 min of reaction at 30–40°C. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defining and Measuring Optical Frequencies: The Optical Clock Opportunity— And More (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Hall John L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFour long‐running currents in laser technology met and merged in 1999–2000. Two of these were the quest toward a stable repetitive sequence of ever‐shorter optical pulses and, on the other hand, the quest for the most time‐stable, unvarying optical frequency possible. The marriage of ultrafast‐ and ultrastable lasers was brokered mainly by two international teams and became exciting when a special “designer” microstructure optical fiber was shown to be nonlinear enough to produce “white light” from the femtosecond laser pulses, such that the output spectrum embraced a full optical octave. Then, for the first time, one could realize an optical frequency interval equal to the comb’s lowest frequency, and count out this interval as a multiple of the repetition rate of the femtosecond pulse laser. This “gear‐box” connection between the radiofrequency standard and any/all optical frequency standards came just as sensitivity‐enhancing ideas were maturing. The four‐way union empowered an explosion of accurate frequency measurement results in the standards field and prepared the way for refined tests of some of our cherished physical principles, such as the time‐stability of some of the basic numbers in physics (e.g. the “fine‐structure” constant, the speed of light, certain atomic mass ratios), and the equivalence of time‐keeping by clocks based on different physics. The stable laser technology also allows time‐synchronization between two independent femtosecond lasers so exact they can be made to appear as if the source were a single laser. By improving pump–probe experiments, one important application will be in bond‐specific spatial scanning of biological samples. This next decade in optical physics should be a blast!
Synthesis of the Chiral Side Chain of Statins – Lactone versus Lactol Pathway
Authors: Tararov Vitali I. , Andrushko Natalia , Andrushko Vasyl , König Gerd , Spannenberg Anke , Börner Armin 
Published: November 2006

Abstract4‐O‐Protected (4R,6S)‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran‐2‐ones (3) derived from enantiomerically pure (3R,5S)‐3‐hydroxy‐5,6‐(isopropylidenedioxy)hexanoates (2) are frequently considered as pivotal intermediates for the synthesis of pharmacologically important statins. Remarkably, up to now no proof for this assumption can be derived from the literature. Our study revealed that only silyl‐type protecting groups can be successfully employed for 3‐O‐protection of initial ethyl (3R,5S)‐3‐hydroxy‐5,6‐(isopropylidenedioxy)hexanoate (1). After cyclization, hydroxy lactone 3b was transformed into tosylate 5b and successively into iodide 6b. The latter was converted into phosphonate 9b. All stereochemical assignments and the diastereomerical purity of the intermediates were confirmed by an X‐ray structural analysis of tosylate 5b. Surprisingly, neither tosylate 5b nor iodide 6b could be converted into corresponding nitrile 7b which is the key intermediate on the way to atorvastatin. Phosphonate 9b and aldehyde 4b are nearest intermediates to fluvastatin and rosuvastatin lactones. Unfortunately, Wittig–Horner‐reaction of phosphonate 9b under basic conditions was unsuccessful. Finally, it was not possible to oxidize hydroxy tetrahydropyranone 3b to related aldehyde 4b. Apparently the main reason for this unexpected behaviour of these compounds consists in the acidity of the hydrogen atoms in the 3‐position of the tetrahydropyranone‐2‐one ring which facilitates the fast elimination of tBuPh2SiOH and further decomposition of the pyranone core. In contrast, the desired transformations could be performed with related lactol 13 in hand. Thus, a successful alternative for the preparation of the side chain of statins was discovered. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)