bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE AUGMENTED INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST FOR DETECTING INSULIN RESISTANCE
Authors: FRASER R. , JOPLIN G. F. , OPIE L. H. , RABINOWITZ D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. An augmented insulin tolerance test and its normal response is described; after a standard preparation, 11·1 u. of soluble insulin/m.2 of body surface is injected intravenously, and the level of blood sugar followed for 2 hr.
2. The degree of insulin resistance, in such states as acromegaly, can be indexed by the sum of the blood sugar values, as mg./100 ml., at 60, 90 and 120 min. after insulin. In normal subjects the mean 'insulin resistance index' was 92 (range 62–142). The test is valid only if the fasting blood sugar is normal.
3. Results are reported in: (a) twelve 'untreated' acromegalics in all of whom the test showed an abnormal insulin resistance index (mean 173 and range 144–228); (b) fourteen treated acromegalics (after gold-198 or yttrium-90 implants), in eight of whom the insulin resistance index was normal, although only five were judged to be in full clinical remission; (c) twelve subjects with gross but 'simple' obesity in whom the test results were nearly as abnormal as those of the 'untreated' acromegalics (mean insulin resistance index 159 and range 119–221).
4. The test can be used to assess the 'activity' of acromegaly and its response to treatment, provided the subject is not also grossly obese.
THE DETERMINATION OF ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS IN BLOOD: OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELIABILITY OF A SIMPLE FLUORIMETRIC METHOD FOR CORTISOL
Authors: BRAUNSBERG HANNELORE , JAMES V. H. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A simple method for the determination of cortisol in human plasma has been improved and studied in detail. The specificity for cortisol was increased by an additional partition of the extract between benzene and water. This did not obviate the use of a preliminary petrol partition to remove some material interfering with the determination. Quenching or potentiation of fluorescence by impurities is common, and an 'internal standard' technique, consisting of addition of cortisol to parallel plasma samples, was adopted in an attempt to improve the accuracy of the method. Careful cleaning of all glassware is essential for satisfactory accuracy. A preliminary estimate of precision indicates that plasma cortisol concentrations of 2 μg./100 ml. are distinguishable from zero, but satisfactory precision (error ≤ 15%, P = 0·05), at concentrations of 10 μg./100 ml. or greater, still requires samples of 8 ml. of plasma.
THE ANTIDIURETIC PHASE OF WATER METABOLISM IN RATS AFTER LESIONS OF THE PITUITARY STALK
Authors: KOVÁCS K. , LÁSZLÓ F. A. , DÁVID MARGIT A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experiments are reported to determine whether in the rat decreased content of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system influences the oliguric phase which develops following destruction of the pituitary stalk. It was found that if on the day following destruction of the stalk the animals were neurohypophysectomized, the oliguric phase did not develop. The transitory water retention also did not occur when the stalk was destroyed in rats deprived of water for 8 days before the operation. No oliguric phase developed in totally hypophysectomized rats, or in those which had been neurohypophysectomized.
The evidence obtained seemed to indicate that in the development of transient water retention following destruction of the hypophysial stalk, ADH released from the degenerating hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system has an important role.
PERMEABILITY AND RESPIRATION EFFECTS OF THYROIDAL HORMONES ON THE ISOLATED BLADDER OF THE TOAD BUFO BUFO
Authors: MATTY A. J. , GREEN K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
l-Thyroxine and 3,5,3′-triiodo-l-thyronine in concentrations of 10−8 m to 10−5 m were shown to increase the oxygen uptake and water transfer down an osmotic gradient in the isolated urinary bladder of Bufo bufo. The increase in water transport after treatment with thyroxine and triiodothyronine was related linearly to the log dose. The increase in O2 uptake and water movement in equimolar concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were similar but the responses to the latter were more rapid.
Substitution of sodium ions by choline in the incubation medium resulted in a fall of oxygen uptake by the bladder, and a slight lowering of water loss. When thyroxine was added, oxygen uptake increased to the same extent in both media but only in sodium saline did water loss increase greatly.
Specific enzyme inhibitors prevented the thyroxine-induced increase in water loss across the isolated toad bladder, indicating that metabolic energy is necessary for this alteration in permeability.
Triiodothyronine and thyroxine caused an increased water loss across the isolated toad bladder when placed on either the mucosal or serosal surface.
Two analogues of the thyroid hormones, 3,5,3′-triiodothyroacetic acid and 3,5,3′,5-tetraiodothyroacetic acid, caused an extremely rapid, but transient, movement of water across the bladder; their action and that of triiodothyronine and thyroxine is compared.
An hypothesis is proposed tentatively to account for the mode of action of thyroxine on the permeability of the isolated toad bladder, taking into account the close relationship between increases in water permeability and metabolism, particularly that involving sodium transport.
EFFECT OF CRF ON MAINTENANCE OF THE ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC FUNCTION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY GRAFTS
Authors: CRITCHLOW V. , LIPSCOMB H. S. , GUILLEMIN R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Rats were hypophysectomized and their own anterior pituitary glands transplanted under the kidney capsule. Effects of chronic administration of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), lysin-vasopressin and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) on the adrenocorticotrophic activity of the pituitary grafts were studied using as criteria the concentration of ACTH in the grafts, resting levels of circulating plasma corticosterone, adrenal weight and also response of the graft to a challenge dose of CRF measuring plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels 12 min. later. The results show that prolonged administration of CRF has maintained synthesis of ACTH by the transplanted pituitary as well as its ability to release ACTH when acutely stimulated by CRF. These results were not duplicated by the administration of lysin-vasopressin or α-MSH in conditions identical to the ones used for studying CRF, and using doses equivalent to the vasopressor and melanophoretic activities of this particular preparation of CRF.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF HORMONE ADMINISTRATION ON BODY WEIGHT AND ON TIBIAL EPIPHYSIAL CARTILAGE WIDTH IN INTACT, HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: THOMPSON HELEN E. C. CARGILL , CREAN G. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effects of feeding, hormone administration, unilateral nephrectomy and adrenalectomy on width of tibial cartilage and total body weight in intact and hypophysectomized young male rats were measured.
2. Unilateral nephrectomy and adrenalectomy have no effect on the cartilage width of both intact and hypophysectomized rats, although adrenalectomy causes a loss in weight in the intact rat.
3. Intact rats, both young and adult, fed enough to maintain but not to put on weight, show a reduction of cartilage width to hypophysectomized levels.
4. Growth hormone alone (1 mg. and 3 mg./day for 14 days) causes a marked increase in cartilage width but only a 50–60% increase in total body weight in the hypophysectomized rat.
5. Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH: 2 i.u./day for 14 days) causes a significant reduction in both cartilage width and total body weight in the hypophysectomized rat.
6. Thyrotrophin (TSH: 1 i.u./day) and Prolactin (1 mg. and 2 mg./day) caused significant increases in both total body weight and cartilage width in the hypophysectomized rat.
7. Luteinizing hormone (LH: 0·01 mg./day) together with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH: 1·0 mg./day) caused a significant increase in body weight, but had no effect on cartilage width in the hypophysectomized rat.
8. Both doses of combined hormones (growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, FSH and LH administered together) caused a marked increase in cartilage width and a smaller increase in total body weight in the hypophysectomized rat.
SIZE AND PRODUCTION RATE OF THE OESTRADIOL AND OESTRONE MISCIBLE BODY POOL OF A HEALTHY WOMAN
Authors: MORSE W. I. , CLARK A. F. , MACLEOD S. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Tracer doses (1 μg.) of tritiated oestradiol-17β were administered to a healthy 36-year-old woman on the 19th day of a 29-day ovulatory cycle and the 6th day of the following cycle. Urine was collected for 5 days after each injection and was assayed for oestradiol, oestrone, oestriol and for radioactivity in these oestrogen fractions. The data were used to calculate the size of the oestradiol-plus-oestrone miscible body pool (approx. 227 μg. on day 19 and 61 μg. on day 6).
There was evidence that the label was mixed throughout most of the pool within a few hours of its injection.
The percentages of injected radioactivity excreted with the three oestrogens studied were similar for both studies. The oestriol recovery was greater than that reported by other investigators following injections of massive doses of oestradiol. The calculated endogenous production rate of oestradiol was approximately 165 μg./day on day 19 and 93 μg./day on day 6. The findings also indicated that oestrone and oestradiol were the source of essentially all endogenously produced oestriol.
THE EFFECT OF OESTROGEN AND THYROXINE ON THE BLOOD VOLUME OF THE DOMESTIC COCK
Authors: GILBERT A. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The influence of thyroxine and oestrogen on blood, plasma and erythrocyte volumes of the domestic fowl was investigated. During the 1st week of oestrogen treatment the haematocrit values, erythrocyte and blood volumes decreased significantly. After 2 weeks, plasma volume increased, blood volume returned to normal, and erythrocyte volume remained at its previously low value. The simultaneous injection of thyroxine with oestrogen prevented these changes, and in this respect thyroxine is antagonistic to oestrogen. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the possible mode of action of these two hormones.
THE EFFECT OF HOUSING CONDITIONS AND SIMPLE EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES UPON THE CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL IN THE PLASMA OF RATS
Authors: BARRETT A. M. , STOCKHAM M. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The concentration of corticosterone in the plasma of rats has been determined by a spectrophotofluorimetric method.
Animals housed in single cages, undisturbed for 18 hr. prior to testing show reproducible levels of 5·5 μg./100 ml. plasma. Rats housed in groups of 20 under the same conditions exhibit mean levels of 9·5 μg./100 ml.
Non-specific stimuli such as environmental change, noise, handling, weighing and intraperitoneal injections all produce marked increases in plasma corticosterone levels which remain supernormal for at least 2 hr.
The variation in the literature reports of 'resting' plasma corticosterone levels is discussed in the light of the present findings.
SUPEROVULATION IN THE IMMATURE RAT FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH PMS ALONE AND INHIBITION OF PMS-INDUCED OVULATION
Authors: ZARROW M. X. , QUINN D. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Superovulation can be induced in the immature rat by PMS alone or PMS followed by HCG. Treatment with PMS alone caused an initial average response of 2·8 ova at an age of 20 days and a maximum average response of 70·8 ova at age 28. Treatment with PMS and HCG resulted in an initial average response of 0·3 ova at age 18 days and an average maximum of 61 ova at 22 days of age. A marked drop to approximately 8–10 ova was noted at 45 days of age following both types of treatment. Hypophysectomy revealed that the pituitary gland was necessary for the release of ova following injection of PMS alone. Removal of the pituitary gland as late as 52 hr. after injection of PMS prevented ovulation. Inhibition of ovulation by treatment with dibenamine, SKF-501, atropine and 'Nembutal' following injection of PMS alone led to the concept that superovulation following PMS involves a neural link that is responsible for the endogenous release of LH.
THYMUS AND INFLAMMATION
Authors: GIRERD R. J. , DI PASQUALE G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The reversal of cortisone action on formaldehyde arthritis reported by Csaba, Törő, Horváth, Ács & Mold (1962) after thymectomy in the rat did not occur using either the cotton pellet, the granuloma pouch or the acute paw-oedema procedures. Thymectomy alone caused a reduction of inflammation in both the cotton pellet and the granuloma pouch methods but had no effect on acute formaldehyde-induced paw-oedema. It is concluded that the thymus is not essential for the anti-inflammatory activity of cortisone.
INFLUENCE OF MASSAGE OF THE SEMINAL VESICLES AND AMPULLAE AND OF COITUS ON WATER DIURESIS OF THE RAM
Authors: PEETERS G. , DEBACKERE M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Massage of the seminal vesicles and ampullae was carried out 68 times during 35 diuresis experiments on 6 sexually mature rams. The animals had received a hydrating dose of water. In 52 cases (76%) definite inhibition of water diuresis was observed accompanied by increased concentrations of chloride, sodium and potassium in the urine. Ejaculation was observed after 42 stimuli (61%).
The influence of coitus on water diuresis was studied on 5 rams in 24 experiments. In 17 cases out of 48 (35%) coitus caused definite inhibition of water diuresis together with increased concentrations of chloride, sodium and potassium in the urine. These antidiuretic responses were weaker than those observed after massage of the seminal vesicles and ampullae. Evidence of ejaculation was obtained after coitus on 37 occasions (77%).
The antidiuretic action of physiological doses of oxytocin was very low. The inhibition of urine flow induced by massage of the seminal vesicles and ampullae or coitus could be imitated by intravenous injection of physiological doses of ADH. The mean antidiuretic effects in response to massage were matched by injection of 3–4 mu. Pitressin. The mean antidiuretic effects induced by coitus were equivalent to 2 mu. Pitressin.
It is concluded that there is a release of ADH in response to massage of the seminal vesicles and ampullae. There is some evidence that a similar phenomenon occurs during coitus.
THE OVARY OF THE 13-LINED GROUND SQUIRREL (CITELLUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS MITCHELL) AFTER ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: JONES I. CHESTER , HENDERSON I. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
This paper gives an account of a re-investigation of the work of Groat (1943, 1944). It shows that, apart from animals dying from extraneous causes, the female ground squirrel in anoestrus, some 5 weeks after adrenalectomy, is in good condition, grows, prefers tap-water, and has electrolyte concentrations in blood and muscle similar to those of control animals. In the absence of the adrenals, new tissue appears in the ovaries and, more rarely, in extra-ovarian sites, and reasons are given for considering it to be adrenocortical both in form and function. The origin of this presumptive adrenocortical tissue and the implications of its formation are discussed.
UNIT ACTIVITY IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS OF THE CYCLIC FEMALE RAT: EFFECT OF GENITAL STIMULI AND PROGESTERONE
Authors: BARRACLOUGH C. A. , CROSS B. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Unit activity in the hypothalamus and other diencephalic regions was recorded with stereotaxically oriented steel microelectrodes in adult female rats under light urethane anaesthesia.
Spontaneous firing rates of neurones varied from < 1/10 sec. to > 50/sec., but the majority fired at 1–10/sec. Some variations in the pattern of firing are described.
Acceleration of firing rate was most readily induced by pain stimuli (64% of neurones) and then by cold (60%), probing the cervix (47%), smell (20%), light (5%) and noise (3%) in that order. A minority of neurones were inhibited by the stimuli.
Many neurones responded to several different stimuli, most commonly by accelerating to cervical probing, cold and pain. Inhibitory convergence was also observed, e.g. blockade of the response to cervical probing by an olfactory stimulus, and inhibition by cervical probing of the response to cold or pain.
The proportion of neurones excited by smell in prooestrous rats was more than double that in oestrous or dioestrous rats. Oestrous rats had relatively more neurones which were unresponsive or inhibited by the test stimuli.
Slow intravenous injection of 400 μg. progesterone induced a selective depression of the response of lateral hypothalamic neurones to cervical probing. The effect was maximal at about 30 min. and full recovery occurred in 1 hr.
The possible significance of these observations is discussed with particular reference to the neural control of luteotrophin secretion.
THE ADRENAL CORTEX AND RENAL SODIUM AND POTASSIUM EXCRETION IN THE NEWBORN RAT
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effects of an aldosterone blocking agent (SC-11927) and of corticotrophin, aldosterone and cortisol on renal function were tested on infant rats aged 1 to 17 days.
2. SC-11927 had no effect on the Na/K ratio in the urine of rats until they were 12 days old.
3. d-Aldosterone depressed the Na/K ratio on the 1st day after birth, potassium concentration increased but a decrease in sodium concentration was not seen until the 6th day.
4. Cortisol elevated the Na/K ratio on the 1st day after birth, both sodium and potassium concentration increased. At 6 days potassium concentration alone was increased.
5. Corticotrophin did not affect the composition of the urine until the animals were 12 days old when the potassium concentration increased.
THE CONVERSION OF PROGESTERONE INTO TESTOSTERONE BY THE MOUSE OVARY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ADRENAL X ZONE DEGENERATION
Authors: VINSON G. P. , JONES I. CHESTER 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Using incubation techniques, with progesterone as precursor, the capacity of the mouse ovary to form steroids was examined. Ovaries were taken from three groups of mice: (1) immature mice, (2) mature virgin females, (3) primigravid animals. The formation of the following steroids was suggested by the analytical methods used: 16-oxooestrone, 17-epioestriol, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 20α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone. Yields were very small from the ovaries of immature mice. The yields of oestrogens were greatest from ovaries of mature virgin females and of testosterone from those of pregnant mice. The factors contributing to the disappearance of the X zone of the adrenal gland during first pregnancy are discussed. It is concluded that one major factor is the secretion of testosterone by the ovary of the gravid mouse.
A RAPID METHOD FOR MEASURING 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN URINE
Authors: METCALF MARY G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A simplified method for the estimation of the urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids which contain a keto or a hydroxyl group in the 20 position, is described. The method is rapid, is suitable for the analysis of large numbers of samples, and can be used reliably in the presence of glucose. Normal values are given.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF PERMANENT HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS ON REPRODUCTION AND LACTATION IN RATS
Authors: AVERILL R. L. W. , PURVES H. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The recovery, growth, reproductive and lactational performances of rats in which thermal hypothalamic lesions had been made in one of seven different placements are described. Small medial lesions failed to alter any of the observed functions while small lateral lesions were followed by a high postoperative death rate, impaired growth, lowered mature live weight, elevated incidence of prolonged gestation and of stillbirths after normal gestations, and uniform failure of operated animals to lactate after parturition.
Two large anterior lesions are described following both of which lactation failure was again present, but other functional impairments were not always similar to those described for rats with the small lateral lesions.
These results are described in relation to earlier findings and to the possibility of differential location of mechanisms within the hypothalamus responsible for control over the endocrine factors implicated in the functional disturbances.
THE EFFECT OF GONADOTROPHIC HORMONES ON YOUNG RAT OVARIES GROWN IN ORGAN CULTURE
Authors: PAVIĆ DESANKA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The influence of the anterior pituitary gland on young rat ovaries in culture was studied by explanting the two organs together. As controls ovaries were grown together with fragments of lung and kidney. The effect of the anterior pituitary was compared with that of the addition, in various concentrations, of pure FSH and of 'Gestyl' to the culture medium of organ cultures of ovaries.
In control explants the number and size of the larger actively growing oocytes increased. The preservation of the germinal epithelium depended on the presence of the ovarian capsule and on the size of the periovarian space.
The anterior pituitary stimulated the proliferation of follicular and stromal cells and induced the formation of more large follicles. This effect increased with pituitaries taken from older animals and when less medium was used for the cultures.
In all concentrations used FSH caused the disappearance of the oocytes from growing and from primordial follicles.
In the higher concentration used 'Gestyl' only induced hypertrophy in cells of the germinal epithelium in a few explants and was otherwise ineffective.
THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISOL ON FOOD INTAKE AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN SHEEP
Authors: BASSETT J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Some metabolic effects of cortisol were investigated in non-pregnant ewes fed either ad lib. or on a restricted ration.
Cortisol (25 mg./day) administered for a period of 21 days stimulated the voluntary food intake of fat ewes offered food ad lib. Higher levels of cortisol (50 and 75 mg./day) administered for similar periods subsequently had little additional effect on voluntary food intake, but an even greater cortisol dose (150 mg./day) resulted in a marked decline in voluntary food intake. Ewes fed a constant restricted ration did not refuse food at any time during cortisol administration.
Urinary nitrogen excretion was increased during cortisol administration but sequential increases in the cortisol dose failed to increase urinary nitrogen excretion proportionately above the level attained during administration of 25 mg. cortisol/day.
The blood glucose level was elevated progressively as the level of cortisol administered was increased. Similarly, tolerance for a glucose load was impaired progressively.
Only very small changes in blood ketones and plasma free fatty acid levels were observed during cortisol administration.
The changes in blood glucose during cortisol administration cannot be accounted for by changes in gluconeogenesis, and it is suggested that they reflect a progressive impairment of glucose utilization relative to the blood glucose level, though not a reduction in total glucose utilization.
STUDIES ON ARTIFICIAL CRYPTORCHIDISM: MORPHOLOGICAL AND QUANTITATIVE CHANGES IN THE SERTOLI CELLS OF THE RAT TESTIS
Authors: CLEGG E. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The response of the Sertoli cell to cryptorchidism has been studied in bilaterally cryptorchid rats.
2. The Sertoli cell nuclei increase significantly in number between the 10th and 21st postoperative day. This increase is accompanied by a significant decrease in nuclear size; it is considered that these changes may be the result of amitotic division.
3. The Sertoli cells appear to be phagocytic and are able to ingest directly introduced particulate matter (Indian ink), and possibly degenerated spermatogonia and spermatocytes.
4. The part played by this property of the Sertoli cells in the pathogenesis of the testicular changes in cryptorchidism is considered.