bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of methods to estimate the prevalence of ovine Johne's infection from pooled faecal samples
Authors: Toribio J‐ALML , Sergeant ESG 
Published: August 2007

Objective  To compare estimates of ovine Johne's infection prevalence produced by several alternate methods based on pooled faecal culture (PFC) results with prevalence estimates based on individual faecal culture (IFC).Procedure  Seven methods for estimating prevalence of infection based on PFC results were incorporated in a computer program, including methods for imperfect test sensitivity and specificity, for variable pool size and a Bayesian method that incorporates prior knowledge about test performance and prevalence. These methods were then used to analyse PFC data at one observation 30 months post‐vaccination in a field trial of a killed vaccine for the control of OJD, undertaken on three farms in New South Wales.Results  Prevalence estimates, for three methods that assume a perfect test, were close to the IFC estimate, whereas for three other methods that assume an imperfect test, the estimated prevalence was generally higher than the IFC estimate. In comparison, the Bayesian approach produced more variable estimates that were substantially higher than the IFC estimate when an inappropriately high prior estimate of prevalence was used.Conclusion  Despite the limitations of each method, two methods provided accurate and reasonable estimates of the prevalence assessed by IFC in all instances, and are appropriate for the analysis of data from this vaccine trial. One of these methods also has the advantage of allowing for variable pool size. However, further research is needed to develop a method that will simultaneously account for variation in pool size and in test sensitivity and specificity.
Comparison of ELISA and CFT assays forChlamydophila abortusantibodies in ovine sera
Authors: McCauley LME , Lancaster MJ , Young P , Butler KL , Ainsworth CGV 
Published: August 2007

Objective To compare the sensitivity and specificity ofChlamydophila abortusantibody assays, to find a suitable serological assay for testing sheep for export.Design Comparison of results from known positive and negative sheep populations.Procedure Fifty‐five positive and fifty negative sera were analysed by four enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), three using recombinant antigens based on the chlamydial polymorphic outer membrane proteins (POMP90‐3, POMP90‐4, POMP80‐90) and one using a synthetic peptide based on chlamydial major outer membrane proteins (MOMP‐P). They were also analysed by complement fixation tests (CFT) using crude antigens from chlamydia isolated from an Australian sheep, a Californian parakeet and a Texan turkey. Assay sensitivity and specificity were expressed as point estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Results were compared using McNemar's test for paired samples.Results ELISA sensitivity ranged from 70 to 98% and complement fixation test sensitivity from 60 to 96%; with POMP90‐3 > POMP90‐4 > CFT (parakeet) > CFT (turkey) > POMP80‐90 > MOMP‐P > CFT (sheep). There was no significant difference from POMP90‐3 to POMP80‐90 (P > 0.05). ELISA specificity ranged from 88 to 100% and CFT specificity was 100% for all three antigens; with CFT and POMP90‐4 > MOMP‐P > POMP80‐90 > POMP90‐3. There was no significant difference from CFT to POMP80‐90 (P > 0.05). Changing the CFT cut‐off from 1:32 to 1:4 substantially reduced the specificity with little improvement in sensitivity.Conclusion  Assays using POMP90‐4, POMP80‐90, CFT (parakeet) and CFT (turkey) had equivalent sensitivity and specificity; none of the ELISAs were more specific than any CFT. The POMP80‐90 ELISA is recommended as an alternative to CFT (parakeet) but as its specificity is not ideal the search for a more specific assay should continue.
Topical Effects of Fluoride in the Reversal and Prevention of Dental Decay
Authors: Featherstone John D. B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper briefly reviews the clinical evidence for, and the science behind, the topical effects of fluoride in the inhibition and reversal of dental caries. Fluoride from topical sources such as drinking water, mouthrinses, dentifrice, and office‐ applied gels and foams inhibits demineralization and enhances remineralization. Inhibition of demineralization occurs when fluoride diffuses into the tooth and adsorbs to the crystal surfaces, protecting them from further acid attack. During times when the plaque pH is raised by salivary buffering, remineralization takes place through calcium and phosphate diffusing to the crystal surfaces in the subsurface lesion and building a new veneer on the remaining crystal remnants in the lesion. Fluoride speeds up this process, is incorporated together with calcium and phosphate, and leaves the crystal much more acid resistant. Remineralization is the body's natural caries repair process.
Systemic Benefits of Fluoride and Fluoridation
Authors: Newbrun Ernest 
Published: August 2007

AbstractClinical trials, animal studies, and in vitro tests demonstrate effectiveness of exposure to topical (posteruptive) fluoride in caries prevention and reduction of enamel dissolution. However, careful analyses of human epidemiologic data on caries increments, following communal water fluoridation, show unquestionably that fluoride has an important preemptive effect on caries in permanent teeth, particularly on pit and fissure surfaces. These preemptive or systemic benefits also apply to the use of fluoride supplements or fluoridated salt when used continuously during the period of tooth formation. The role of systemic fluoride in caries prevention is neither “minimal” nor “of borderline significance.” On the contrary, it is a major factor in preventing pit and fissure caries, the most common site of tooth decay. Maximal caries‐preventive effects of water fluoridation are achieved by exposure to optimal fluoride levels both pre‐ and posteruptively.
Pre‐ and Posteruptive Fluoride: Do Both Actions Control Caries?
Authors: Burt Brian A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDiscussion, which can get spirited, has been going on about fluoride's primary mode of action for some years. In the early days of fluoride research, it was assumed that the anticaries benefits of fluoride came from preeruptive effects; however, posteruptive action was soon evident. Today the primacy of the posteruptive hypothesis is hardly questioned; remaining questions concern the role of preeruptive fluoride. We are in the age of evidence‐based dentistry, where we expect scientific evidence to shape our conclusions. In this cursory look at the data from fluoride studies, the data to support the posteruptive hypothesis are consistent from laboratory to epidemiology; findings in human populations support the mechanisms of action that have been demonstrated in the laboratory. With the preeruptive hypothesis, there is some evidence in support; however, the data are not consistent across the different areas of study. As a result, the posteruptive hypothesis can be readily adopted as the primary mechanism for fluoride's anticariogenic action. Preeruptive fluoride may have some anticaries action; but when the evidence‐based philosophy is applied, the inconsistencies around the preeruptive hypothesis make it hard to adopt.
Part 1: Chapter 3 Svalbard's geological frame
Authors: Brian Harland W. 
Published: August 2007

This chapter gives an outline of the geology of Svalbard, an introduction to the principles applied in this work and a preview of the interpretations and conclusions that have come out of these studies.
The key position of Svalbard in relation to other Arctic lands is shown in a Polar projection (Fig. 3.1).
3.1 The space frame: Svalbard's structural frame
3.1.1 Solid outcrops
The conventional geological map of Svalbard shows in outline the outcrop areas according to age. (Fig. 3.2). Although rock ages are matters of interpretation, the diagrammatic map is at least consistent with the conclusions in this work. It differs from most maps in the larger outcrop of Vendian rocks within the basement. The outcrop pattern ignores Quaternary deposits, i.e. it is a solid geology map. It is diagrammatic because detail is impossible to show on this scale. The larger ice masses which obscure the exposure are also diagrammatic.
3.1.2 Regional descriptive sectors
Because the intention in this work is generally to describe rocks before interpreting their history and so not to begin with too many assumptions, the rocks are described in Part 2 of this work in the eight sectors or regions (Chapters 4 to 11) as shown in Fig. 3.3. Their boundaries are not fixed because it is convenient to treat some geological matters together in one chapter, even when they might overlap onto another. They are not terranes. Where strata are described the succession is presented as observed with the youngest at the top (as
Part 1: Chapter 5 Eastern Svalbard Platform
Authors: Harland W. B. , Kelly Simon R. A. 
Published: August 2007

The Platform sequence (of younger rocks) i.e. latest Devonian, Carboniferous/Tournasian through Albian (and excluding Tertiary strata on land at least) appears once to have extended east of Spitsbergen in one sheet of which little now remains above sea level. It comprises two supergroups: Bünsow Land and Nordenskiöld Land.
The map (Fig. 5.1) illustrates that each of the islands rests on a much larger shelf, no deeper than 100 m and that with the exception of the outlying islands of Kong Karls Land and Hopen the 100 m isobath contains them within the Spitsbergen shallows.

In these circumstances, it would appear to be somewhat fortuitous as to what strata are preserved above sea level and it is perhaps remarkable that, if relatively thin strata with a maximum combined and exposed thickness in the area from (Tournaisian) through ?Barremian of
c
. 2 km, some representatives occur on each island with neither younger nor older rocks. If we plot the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, say the Rhaetian stage, it occurs at the top of the east Spitsbergen, south Nordaustlandet and south Edgeøya outcrops at heights respectively of about 550, 350 and 500 m a.s.l., at about 0-100 m at Kong Karls Land and at 370-300 m in Hopen. Thus departures from sea level over distances of 350 km N to S and 200 km E to W hardly exceed 500 m with average gradients of perhaps 300 m in 300 km - about half a degree. It is therefore reasonable on present evidence exposed above
Chapter 6 Northern Nordaustlandet (and associated Islands Storoya, Kvitoya)
Authors: Brian Harland W. 
Published: August 2007

Nordaustlandet is the second largest island in the Svalbard archipelago. It has been generally inaccessible by ship because of polar pack ice except for the west coast, or in exceptional summers. Exploration has therefore been limited. The major part of the interior is covered by two large ice caps: Vestfonna and (the large) Austfonna which forms all of the southern coastline in the eastern part of the island. Pre-Devonian, mostly Precambrian outcrops of solid rock extend along the northern and northwestern seaboard. Wahlen-bergfjorden divides the west coast with post-Devonian rocks cropping out to the south of it. These have already been referred to in Chapter 5 so that the main object in this chapter is to outline what is known of the older rocks. Because of the ice caps covering the major part of the island, exposures, especially in the north and east, are often isolated on promontories along the highly indented coastline (Fig. 6.1).
After the early visit by Parry in 1828 research was largely by Swedish geologists with A.E. Nordenskiold's sledge journeys in 1861, 1866, 1869 and 1873.
A Swedish initiative led to the Russo-Swedish Arc of Meridian Survey along both sides of Hinlopenstretet. During the period 1899 to 1902 (De Geer 1923; Nathorst 1910) and later the Swedish-Norwegian expedition based at Sveanor in Murchisonfjorden (Kulling 1932) resulted in a thorough study of the Hecla Hoek rocks (Kulling 1934).
Alongside this were a series of multidisciplinary expeditions from Oxford University in 1924, 1935-36 and 1951. Sandford accompanied the
Chapter 11 Southern Svalbard:Bjørnøya and submarine geology
Authors: Harland W. Brian , Geddes Isobel , Doubleday Paul A. 
Published: August 2007

The area south of Spitsbergen (about 76°31'N) to latitude 74°N, and between longitudes 10°E and 35°E, by which Svalbard was first defined, contains the small island of Bjørnøya (Bear Island, Bären Insel) and the rest is sea (Fig. 11.1).
The 500 m isobath conveniently separates the edge of the Barents shelf from the Norwegian Sea Basin which runs south from Spitsbergen between 14° and 16°30'E. To the east, the large shallow area, Spitsbergenbanken, less than 100 m deep, supports Bjørnøya at its southwestern end, extends northeast to Hopen and joins Edge°ya. It is separated from Spitsbergen to the north by the Storfjordyrenna and to the east by Hopendjupet. These submarine valleys appear to drain westwards into the ocean deep with deltaic fronts convex westward.
This chapter focuses first on Bjørnøya which though small is a key outcrop in the Barents Sea and distinct in many respects from Spitsbergen being about 250 km distant. The chapter then surveys a little of what is known of the surrounding sub-sea area.
Bjørnøya (20 km N-S and 15 km E-W), as the southern outpost of Svalbard, has long been a key to Svalbard geology since it is generally free all year from tight sea ice. But though its location is convenient, its cliffs generally bar access. Indeed there are very few places where landing by other than inflatable dinghy are feasible. After the island had been claimed by a Norwegian syndicate in 1915 mining of Tournaisian coal began in 1916 and exported over 116000
Chapter 12 Pre-Vendian history
Authors: Harland W. Brian , Butterfield Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2007

It so happens that rocks of Vendian age are extensive and are well exposed in Svalbard. This applies especially to early Vendian, i.e. Varanger, with two distinctive glacial horizons as are treated in the Chapter 13. The Early Varanger (Smalfjord) episode can be correlated in most sections and so provides a reference horizon which serves approximately to identify pre-Varanger rocks. The pre-Vendian rocks have yet to show such good correlation characters. Therefore in Svalbard it is convenient to consider pre-Vendian successions together. Their distribution is shown in the map (Fig. 12.1).
Some pre-Vendian sequences are punctuated by unconformities. Moreover, the sequences contain both high-grade metamorphosed and highly deformed rocks as well as undeformed fossiliferous strata. Therefore it is of interest to determine any Preeambrian diastroph-ism and even tectonothermal events. The term proto-basement was introduced (Harland 1997) to distinguish a Preeambrian basement, that formed in (say) Proterozoic time, from the ubiquitous basement formed by Early to mid Paleozoic tectogenesis, but made largely of Preeambrian rocks. It is to distinguish proto-basement within the basement underlying Devonian and Carboniferous strata. Proto-basement from such a study (structural, stratigraphic, isotopic) is shown in darker ornament in Fig. 12.1 and discussed in Section 12.3.
Were the spatial relationships between these localities originally as now, intense tectonism, metamorphism and magmatism would suggest a division of Preeambrian history in Svalbard by such events. But Svalbard, small though it is on a global scale, comprises three or more distinct provinces which in Preeambrian and early Paleozoic times may have
Chapter 14 Cambrian-Ordovician history
Authors: Harland W. Brian 
Published: August 2007

Cambrian-Ordovician history is well documented in Svalbard with late Early Cambrian faunas and a range of Ordovician faunas to provide a basis for correlation. Not so extensive as Vendian, the rocks crop out in four areas: (i) only slightly deformed strata in the youngest Hecla Hoek (Oslobreen) Group in northeastern Svalbard yield especially rich Early to Mid-Ordovician faunas, (ii) The Hornsundian Geosyncline in south Spitsbergen with more variable facies and tectonic complications also exhibits Early Cambrian and Canadian strata, (iii) The Bjornoya succession reveals a marked hiatus between Vendian and Early and Mid-Ordovician strata, (iv) In western Svalbard the lack of Cambrian and Early Ordovician strata marks a distinct Mid Ordovician tectono-thermal event to be followed by ?Late Ordovician and Early Silurian strata. Indeed the above four areas correspond to distinct terranes which, having different affinities especially with areas in Greenland, give evidence of relatively distant areas and environments of formation. Evidence of Cambro-Ordovician volcanism is not recorded.
Figure 14.1 lists the successions in the four areas mentioned according to the classification of rock units as abstracted from chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, where their regional settings may be found. The outcrops are plotted on Fig. 14.2. The northeastern Svalbard strata are separated by Hinlopenstretet. This waterway divides Ny Friesland and Olav V Land in Spitsbergen from northwestern Nordaustlandet and occupies a syncline, but the successions although differently named are essentially continuous. In southern Spitsbergen the fjord Hornsund separates the successions to the south in Sorkapp Land
Chapter 15 Silurian history
Authors: Harland W. Brian 
Published: August 2007

Treatment in this chapter of the Silurian episode in the history of Svalbard must be different from that of the preceding and succeeding chapters because the stratal record is quite minimal - a fact that corresponds to the widespread Caledonian tectogenesis (Fig. 15.1). Indeed, Svalbard was subjected to mid-Paleozoic orogeny which has often obscured the earlier history. This chapter, therefore, concentrates on the tectonic story even where it overlaps earlier and later history and in turn the preceding and succeeding chapters overlap to some extent with the sedimentary record.
Historically the metamorphic rocks were first regarded as Archean. Holtedahl (1914) demonstrated their Caledonian nature first in northwestern Spitsbergen and later regionally (Bailey & Holtedahl 1938). It was, however, then a paradigm of tectonic thinking, perhaps by analogy with Wales, that the Caledonian Orogeny was conceived as deforming an Early Paleozoic geosyn-cline (Cambrian through Silurian). This was evident in early interpretations of Scandinavian, Greenland and North American mapping as well as in Svalbard. It was commonly thought that those geosynclines would begin with an initial Cambrian unconformity. Gradually, however, it became clear that the 'Caledonian' geosynclines were more complex and in each of the areas referred to above the major part of the sedimentary pile was found to be Precambrian, often with no great sedimentational break to herald the Phanerozoic Era.
Latterly interest has focused on distinguishing, within the Caledonized Precambrian successions, relicts of earlier pre-Cale-donian mainly Proterozoic orogenies referred to here as proto-basement. In contrast to the 80 million years
Chapter 17 Carboniferous-Permian history of Svalbard
Authors: Harland W. Brian , Geddes Isobel 
Published: August 2007

Rocks formed in these two periods do not easily divide at their mutual boundary and it is convenient to treat them together. In doing so we are addressing perhaps the best known and most conspicuous formations of Svalbard. Few geologists have been to the archipelago without noticing fossils and making some observations on these rocks. We are therefore embarking on a substantial study. A three-fold division of Paleozoic rocks in Svalbard is convenient in which Silurian and Devonian or middle Paleozoic history, dominated by Caledonian events, is followed by a Late Paleozoic interval of increasingly stable conditions which show little impact from Variscan, Ellesmerian or Uralian events elsewhere. This contrast applies conspicuously in Permian western Arctic regions.
The Carboniferous-Permian outcrops are shown on Fig. 17.1. These rocks are the lower element in the Post-Devonian cover sequence divided between the Spitsbergen Basin and the Eastern Platform and Bjørnøya.
The outcrops are disposed in two main areas in Spitsbergen and one in Bjørnøya. The Spitsbergen Basin was at first divided into troughs by inherited N-S faults. These then coalesced and extended throughout Spitsbergen.
The present outcrop pattern resulted (i) from Late Cretaceous tilting with loss by erosion to the north, burial to the south and wide E-W exposure across the middle.
(ii) A linear belt along the west coast, brought to the surface by folding and uplift along the Cenozoic West Spitsbergen Orogenic Belt from Kongsfjorden to Hornsund. Outcrops are frequently controlled by overthrusting from the west.
(iii) The Bjørnøya Carboniferous outcrop
Chapter 19 Jurassic-Cretaceous history
Authors: Harland W. Brian , Kelly Simon R. A. 
Published: August 2007

Jurassic-Cretaceous follows Triassic history with minor change. It was an interval dominated by deposition of marine muds, silts and sands, with occasional non-marine environments on advancing deltas (Parker 1967; Harland 1973a; Kelly 1988). Subdued topography contrasted with Triassic and Paleogene terrains. But there was also Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous intrusion of basic sills and volcanism in eastern Svalbard. Figure 19.1 shows the distribution of Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits in Svalbard.
The two periods (208-65 Ma) span 143 million years but the stratal record for this interval totals only 1700 m of which more than half was deposited in Albian time. The Jurassic-Cretaceous rocks of the eastern platform, presently cropping out on some islands, represent a relict of a once continuous sheet of strata, which is still preserved extensively across much of the Barents Shelf.
The Triassic-Jurassic boundary is marked by seemingly continuous facies from Rhaetian to Toarcian; but then follows a contrast between the main Spitsbergen Basin (which hardly subsided) and the Eastern Platform. The contrasting areas of east and west Svalbard were divided by the continuing activity along the Billefjorden lineament. To the east, subsidence permitted a complex and variable sequence resulting from deltas from the east (marine and non-marine) through Liassic to mid-Bathonian time. To the west there was little evident subsidence and only condensed deposits of the uppermost Wilhelmoya Formation were washed by shallow seas. This part of the story concluded the history of the Kapp Toscana Group.
A Late Bathonian marine transgression transformed east and
Freedom of Information and Healthcare Data — The First UK Appeal: Common Services Agency v the Scottish Information Commissioner
Authors: Gertz Renate 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOn the 1st of December 2006, the Court of Session in Edinburgh issued the first decision on Freedom of Information and health data regarding a request for information on incidences of childhood leukemia, in the range of 0 - 14 years, by year and census ward from 1990 to 2003 for the Dumfries and Galloway postal areas. The case, which provides an example for the collision course between the Freedom of Information and Data Protection regime, had been anticipated as a landmark decision, however, due to several problems and inconsistencies it sadly failed to meet those expectations.