bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Live imaging of fluorescent proteins in chordate embryos: From ascidians to mice
Authors: Passamaneck Yale J. , Di Gregorio Anna , Papaioannou Virginia E. , Hadjantonakis Anna‐Katerina 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAlthough we have advanced in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms intrinsic to the morphogenesis of chordate embryos, the question of how individual developmental events are integrated to generate the final morphological form is still unresolved. Microscopic observation is a pivotal tool in developmental biology, both for determining the normal course of events and for contrasting this with the results of experimental and pathological perturbations. Since embryonic development takes place in three dimensions over time, to fully understand the events required to build an embryo we must investigate embryo morphogenesis in multiple dimensions in situ. Recent advances in the isolation of naturally fluorescent proteins, and the refinement of techniques for in vivo microscopy offer unprecedented opportunities to study the cellular and molecular events within living, intact embryos using optical imaging. These technologies allow direct visual access to complex events as they happen in their native environment, and thus provide greater insights into cell behaviors operating during embryonic development. Since most fluorescent protein probes and modes of data acquisition are common across species, we have chosen the mouse and the ascidian, two model organisms at opposite ends of the chordate clade, to review the use of some of the current genetically‐encoded fluorescent proteins and their visualization in vivo in living embryos for the generation of high‐resolution imaging data. Microsc. Res. Tech. 69:160–167, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the asymptotic value of the choice number of complete multi‐partite graphs
Authors: Gazit Nurit , Krivelevich Michael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe calculate the asymptotic value of the choice number of complete multi‐partite graphs, given certain limitations on the relation between the sizes of the different sides. In the bipartite case, we prove that if n0 ≤ n1 and logn0 ≫ loglogn1, then $ch(K_{n_{0},n_{1}}) = (1 + o(1)) {{\rm log}_{2}n_{1} \over {\rm log}_{2}x_{0}}$, where x0 is the unique root of the equation $x - 1 - x^{k-1 \over k} = 0$ in the interval $[1, \infty)$ and $k = {{{\rm log}_{2}n_1} \over {{\rm log}_{2}n_0}}$. In the multi‐partite case, we prove that if $n_{0} \leq n_{1} \ldots \leq n_{s}$, and n0 is not too small compared to ns, then $ch(K_{n_{0}, \ldots, n_{s}}) = (1 + o(1)) {{\rm log}_{2}n_{s} \over {\rm log}_{2}x_{0}}$. Here x0 is the unique root of the equation $sx -1 - {\sum_{j=0}^{s-1}} \; x^{k_{j}-1 \over k_j} = 0$ in the interval $[1, \infty)$, and for every $0 \leq i \leq s - 1$, $k_{i} = {{\rm log}_{2} n_{s} \over {\rm log}_{2} n_{i}}$. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 52: 123–134, 2006
A characterization of weakly four‐connected graphs
Authors: Jordán Tibor 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA graph G = (V, E) is called weakly four‐connected if G is 4‐edge‐connected and G − x is 2‐edge‐connected for all x ∈ V. We give sufficient conditions for the existence of ‘splittable’ vertices of degree four in weakly four‐connected graphs. By using these results we prove that every minimally weakly four‐connected graph on at least four vertices contains at least three ‘splittable’ vertices of degree four, which gives rise to an inductive construction of weakly four‐connected graphs. Our results can also be applied in the problem of finding 2‐connected orientations of graphs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 52: 217–229, 2006
Motheaten (me/me) mice deficient in SHP‐1 are less susceptible to focal cerebral ischemia
Authors: Beamer Celine A. , Brooks Diane M. , Lurie Diana I. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe have demonstrated previously that the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐1 seems to play a role in glial development and is upregulated in non‐dividing astrocytes after injury. The present study examines the effect of loss of SHP‐1 on the CNS response to permanent focal ischemia. SHP‐1 deficient (me/me) mice and wild‐type littermates received a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At 1, 3, and 7 days after MCAO, infarct volume, neuronal survival and cell death, gliosis, and inflammatory cytokine levels were quantified. SHP‐1 deficient me/me mice display smaller infarct volumes at 7 days post‐MCAO, increased neuronal survival within the ischemic penumbra, and decreased numbers of cleaved caspase 3+ cells within the ischemic core compared with wild‐type mice. In addition, me/me mice exhibit increases in GFAP+ reactive astrocytes, F4‐80+ microglia, and a concomitant increase in the level of interleukin 12 (IL‐12) over baseline compared with wild‐type. Taken together, these results demonstrate that loss of SHP‐1 results in greater healing of the infarct due to less apoptosis and more neuronal survival in the ischemic core and suggests that pharmacologic inactivation of SHP‐1 may have potential therapeutic value in limiting CNS degeneration after ischemic stroke. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presence of calpain‐induced proteolysis in retinal degeneration and dysfunction in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension
Authors: Oka Takayuki , Tamada Yoshiyuki , Nakajima Emi , Shearer Thomas R. , Azuma Mitsuyoshi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine if calpain‐induced proteolysis was associated with retinal degeneration or dysfunction in the rat acute ocular hypertensive model. Acute glaucoma was produced by elevation of IOP to 120 mm Hg for 1 hr. Retinal degeneration was evaluated by H&E staining and apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining in histologic sections of retina. Electroretinogram (ERG) was carried out to evaluate changes in functionality. Activation of calpains was determined by casein zymography and immunoblotting. Total calcium in retina was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Proteolysis of α‐spectrin, tau, cdk5, and p35 (a regulator of cdk5) were evaluated by immunoblotting. The thickness of inner plexiform layer (IPL) and inner nuclear layer (INL), and the number of cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) decreased after ocular hypertension. Numerous cells in the INL stained positive for TUNEL and some cells in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) showed TUNEL staining. The a‐wave in ERG was temporarily decreased after ocular hypertension and then recovered to normal. In contrast, the b‐wave was completely lost. Calpains were activated after ocular hypertension. Activation of calpains was associated with increased calcium in retina. Calpain‐dependent proteolysis of α‐spectrin, tau, and p35 were observed in retina after ocular hypertension. The results suggested that increased calcium and subsequent proteolysis by activated calpains was associated with the death of inner retinal cells due to acute ocular hypertension in the rat model. Calpain inhibitors may be candidate drugs for treatment of retinal degeneration and dysfunction resulting from glaucoma © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiobjective optimization of tibial locking screw design using a genetic algorithm: Evaluation of mechanical performance
Authors: Hsu Ching‐Chi , Chao Ching‐Kong , Wang Jaw‐Lin , Lin Jinn 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBreakage or loosening of locking screws may impair fracture fixation or bone healing in locked nailing of tibial fractures. Bending strength and bone holding power, two important design objectives of locking screws, may conflict with each other. The present study used multiobjective optimization with a genetic algorithm to investigate the optimal designs with respect to these two objectives. Three‐dimensional finite element models for analyzing bending strength and bone holding power of locking screws were created first. Through use of a Taguchi L25orthogonal array, two objective functions were developed by least‐squares regression analyses. Then, the trade‐off solutions between the two objectives known as Pareto optima were explored by a weighted‐sum aggregating approach under geometric constraints. The objective functions, reliably reflecting the finite element results, were valid for multiobjective studies. The Pareto fronts of the screws with 4.5‐mm and 5.0‐mm outer diameters were similar. The “knee” region of the Pareto front, characterized by the fact that a small improvement in either objective will cause a large deterioration in the other objective, might be the favored choice of optimal designs. The commercially available locking screws compared with the Pareto optima were found to be dominated designs and could be improved. In conclusion, the multiobjective optimization with a genetic algorithm was useful for optimization of locking screw design with many variables and conflicting objectives. Choosing an optimal design requires a thorough knowledge of the inherent problems. This method could reduce the time, cost, and labor associated with the screw development process. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Measuring the degree of pointedness of a closed convex cone: a metric approach
Authors: Iusem Alfredo , Seeger Alberto 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe introduce the concept of radius of pointedness for a closed convex cone in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. Such radius measures the degree of pointedness of the cone: the bigger the radius, the higher its degree of pointedness. We also discuss the question of measuring the degree of solidity of a closed convex cone. Pointedness and solidity radiuses are related to each other through a simple duality formula. Explicit computations are carried out for several classical cones appearing in the literature. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Factorization of functions in H1(ℝn) and generalized Morrey spaces
Authors: Komori Yasuo , Takahiro Takahiro 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe prove a factorization theorem for functions in H 1(ℝn ) using generalized Morrey spaces. As a corollary of our result we show that if the commutator of Coifman, Rochberg and Weiss [b , T ] is bounded on the generalized Morrey spaces, then b is a BMO function. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Automorphisms of curves and their role in Grothendieck–Teichmüller theory
Authors: Schneps Leila 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe goal of this article is to consider the role played by finite‐order elements in the mapping class groups and special loci on moduli spaces, within the framework of Grothendieck–Teichmüller theory, and in particularly in the genus zero case. Quotienting topological surfaces by finite‐order automorphisms induces certain morphisms between moduli spaces; we consider the corresponding special homomorphisms between mapping class groups. In genus zero, these morphisms are always defined over ℚ, so that the canonical outer Galois action on profinite genus zero mapping class groups respects the induced homomorphisms. For simplicity, we consider only the subgroup $ \widehat {GT} ^1 _{0,0} $ of elements F = (λ , f ) ∈ $ \widehat {GT} $ with λ = 1 and conditions on the Kummer characters ρ 2(F ) = ρ 3(F ) = 0. We define a subgroup $ \widehat {GS} ^1 _{0,0} $ ⊂ $ \widehat {GT} ^1 _{0,0} $ by considering only elements of $ \widehat {GT} ^1 _{0,0} $ respecting these homomorphisms on the first two levels in genus zero. Our main result states that the subgroup $ \widehat {GS} ^1 _{0,0} $, which is thus defined using only properties occurring in genus zero, possesses many remarkable geometric Galois‐type properties not visibly satisfied by $ \widehat {GT} $ itself, the most striking of which is that it is also an automorphism group of the profinite mapping class groups in all genera. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Topography of putaminal degeneration in multiple system atrophy: A diffusion magnetic resonance study
Authors: Seppi Klaus , Schocke Michael F.H. , Prennschuetz‐Schuetzenau Kathrin , Mair Katherina J. , Esterhammer Regina , Kremser Christian , Muigg Armin , Scherfler Christoph , Jaschke Werner , Wenning Gregor K. , Poewe Werner 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThere is neuropathologic evidence that, in early stages of the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA‐P), the putamen shows a distinct topographical pathology affecting predominantly the dorsolateral and caudal regions while leaving the rostral to midparts almost intact. We investigated the topographic profile of putaminal degeneration in MSA‐P patients in vivo by means of diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), which has been shown to reveal abnormalities in the basal ganglia of patients with MSA‐P compared to patients with PD and healthy controls. For this purpose, regional trace of the diffusion tensor (rTrace(D)) values were determined in the entire, anterior, and posterior putamen in 15 patients with probable MSA‐P, in 20 patients with PD, and in 11 healthy volunteers matched for age and disease duration. MSA‐P patients had significantly higher rTrace(D) values in entire, anterior, and posterior putamen compared to both controls and PD patients. Trace(D) values were significantly higher in the posterior compared to the anterior putamen in the MSA‐P group. There were no significant differences between posterior and anterior putamen in both the control and PD group. Our study demonstrates prominent involvement of the posterior putamen in early disease stages of MSA‐P in vivo by assessing putaminal diffusivity with the help of DWI. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Determination of natural abundance 15N–1H and 13C–1H dipolar couplings of molecules in a strongly orienting media using two‐dimensional inverse experiments
Authors: Deepak H. S. Vinay , Joy Anu , Suryaprakash N. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNMR spectra of molecules oriented in liquid crystals provide homo‐ and heteronuclear dipolar couplings and thereby the geometry of the molecules. Several inequivalent dilute spins such as 13C and 15N coupled to protons form different coupled spin systems in their natural abundance and appear as satellites in the proton spectra. Identification of transitions belonging to each spin system is essential to determine heteronuclear dipolar couplings, which is a formidable task. In the present study, using 15N1H and 13C1H HSQC, and HMQC experiments we have selectively detected spectra of each rare spin coupled to protons. The 15N1H and 13C1H dipolar couplings have been determined in the natural abundance of 13C and 15N for the molecules pyrazine, pyrimidine and pyridazine oriented in a thermotropic liquid crystal. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximizing the ratio of two convex functions over a convex set
Authors: Benson Harold P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to present an algorithm for globally maximizing the ratio of two convex functions f and g over a convex set X. To our knowledge, this is the first algorithm to be proposed for globally solving this problem. The algorithm uses a branch and bound search to guarantee that a global optimal solution is found. While it does not require the functions f and g to be differentiable, it does require that subgradients of g can be calculated efficiently. The main computational effort of the algorithm involves solving a sequence of subproblems that can be solved by convex programming methods. When X is polyhedral, these subproblems can be solved by linear programming procedures. Because of these properties, the algorithm offers a potentially attractive means for globally maximizing ratios of convex functions over convex sets. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Working together: Lessons learned from school, family, and community collaborations
Authors: Cohen Robert , Linker Julie A. , Stutts Liza 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRecent advances in treatment modalities and the manner in which services are organized have made it possible to serve children with severe emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD) in a more responsive and less restrictive manner. Current approaches rely on collaboration among child‐serving agencies as well as between parents and service providers. In this article, we explore the role of schools in collaborative efforts on behalf of children with EBD. The demands on school personnel in local school districts are examined, the elements required for effective collaboration are articulated, and an exemplary model of comprehensive collaboration is described. Impediments to effective collaboration are summarized, and suggestions for how to create and sustain reliable partnerships are offered at the level of individual provider and child‐serving organization. Attention is given to contextual factors, such as financing and organizational structure, and also to programmatic issues. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 419–428, 2006.
Reactive attachment disorder: Implications for school readiness and school functioning
Authors: Schwartz Eric , Davis Andrew S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSchool readiness and functioning in children diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) are important issues due to the dramatic impact RAD has on multiple areas of development. The negative impact of impaired or disrupted early relationships, characterized by extreme neglect, abuse, parental mental illness, domestic violence, and repeated changes in caregivers is examined. A key component of social and emotional development is self‐regulation, which is a critical variable in school readiness and is often impaired in children with RAD. Highlighted topics include the academic and school areas which may exacerbate attachment disturbances as well as ways in which teachers and other school professionals can encourage the development of more productive relationships. Interventions are provided which lead to greater success in school for these children. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 471–479, 2006.
Personal fables, narcissism, and adolescent adjustment
Authors: Aalsma Matthew C. , Lapsley Daniel K. , Flannery Daniel J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe relationship among three personal fables (omnipotence,invulnerability,personal uniqueness), narcissism, and mental health variables was assessed in a large, cross‐sectional sample of adolescents drawn from Grades 6 (n= 94), 8 (n= 223), 10 (n= 142), and 12 (n= 102). Participants responded to the New Personal Fable Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Children's Depression Inventory, three indices of suicidal ideation, an inventory of delinquent risk behaviors, the Global Self‐Worth scales from the Self‐Perception Profiles for Children and for Adolescents, and two subscales from the Self‐Image Questionnaire for Young Adolescents. The results showed that omnipotence and narcissism strongly counterindicated internalizing symptomatology, and were robust predictors of positive mental health and adjustment. Invulnerability was strongly associated with risk behaviors. Personal uniqueness was strongly associated with depression and suicidal ideation, a relationship that increased with age. Hence, personal fable ideation is a multidimensional construct with differential implications for adolescent mental health. Adolescent fables of invulnerability and personal uniqueness are risk factors for externalizing and internalizing symptoms, respectively, while “narcissistic omnipotence” is associated with competence. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 481–491, 2006.
The neuropsychological basis of childhood psychopathology
Authors: Davis Andrew S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA clear link exists between neurological dysfunction and psychopathology in children, as evidenced by research on the sequelae of developmental childhood brain impairment, the neuropsychological investigation of children with psychiatric disorders, and neuroimaging research. Understanding the neuropsychological basis of a disorder helps teachers, parents, and children better understand the etiology of the disorder and guide classroom interventions. Additionally, identifying morphological markers of childhood mental disorders may lead to earlier and more successful interventions. This article reviews the neuropsychological relationships between brain impairment and childhood mental disorders as well as investigates the biological basis for some common childhood disorders seen in the schools. Emphasis is placed upon the underlying neurological and neuropsychological deficits that constitute disorders, and implications for practitioners are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 503–512, 2006.
Synthesis and radical polymerization behavior of bifunctional vinyl monomer derived from N‐vinylacetamide and p‐chloromethylstyrene
Authors: Iwamura Takeru , Nakagawa Tomoyuki , Endo Takeshi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe radical polymerization of N‐(p‐vinylbenzyl)‐N‐vinylacetamide (1) prepared by the reaction of N‐vinylacetamide with p‐chloromethylstyrene was carried out by using radical initiators such as AIBN or BPO in benzene, chlorobenzene, or bulk. As a result, poly 1 was successfully isolated by dialysis (yield, 10–36%). The crosslinking reaction of poly 1 was carried out at 60–100 °C for 8 h. By using a radical initiator such as AIBN or BPO (3 mol %), the crosslinking reaction proceeded (yield, 63–79%). Moreover, the crosslinking reaction of poly 1 proceeded at 100 °C without a radical initiator in 50% yield. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2714–2723, 2006
Nanostructured latexes made by a sequential multistage emulsion polymerization
Authors: Lee D. I. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA series of linear and lightly crosslinked nanostructured latices was prepared by a sequential multistage semicontinuous emulsion polymerization process alternating styrene (S) and n‐butyl acrylate (BA) monomer feeds five times, that is ten stages, and vice versa, along with several control latices. Transmission electron micrographs of the RuO4‐stained cross sections of nanostructured and copolymer latex particles and films showed that their particle morphologies were not very different from each other, but the nanostructured latex particles were transformed into a nanocomposite film containing both polystyrene (PS) and poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PBA) nanodomains interconnected by their diffuse polymer mixtures (i.e. interlayers). The thermal mechanical behaviors of the nanostructured latex films showed broad but single Tgs slightly higher than those of their counterpart copolymer films. These single Tgs indicated that their major component phases were the diffuse interlayers and that they behaved like pseudopolymer alloys. The minimum film formation temperatures of nanostructured latices capped with PBA and PS, respectively, were 15 °C lower than and equal to those of their counterpart copolymer latices, but their Tgs were about 10 °C higher. Consequently, nanostructured latices enabled us to combine good film formation with high strengths for adhesives and coatings applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2826–2836, 2006