bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the immune response to trivalent split influenza vaccine in children with solid tumors
Authors: Bektas Omer , Karadeniz Ceyda , Oguz Aynur , Berberoglu Semha , Yilmaz Neziha , Citak Caglar 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurposeTo assess the immune response to influenza vaccine in children with solid tumors receiving chemotherapy or under the influence of chemotherapy.MethodsForty‐five children (aged 1–18) with solid tumors on chemotherapy or within 6 months of completion of chemotherapy were included in the study. The children received two doses of intramuscular trivalent split influenza vaccine with 1 month apart in November–December 2003 (children <4 age 0.25 ml; >4 age 0.5 ml). Antibody titer was detected in the pre‐vaccination and 4‐week post‐vaccination sera by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) method. Immune responses were measured as protective, geometric mean titers (GMT), and fourfold rises in HI titers.ResultsWe revealed that the post‐vaccination GMT for each of the three antigens in patients with solid tumors has increased significantly (P < 0.05). A fourfold rise in the percentage of post‐vaccination antibody titers has been detected as 84.4% for H1N1, 77.8% for H3N2, 60% for B. Stratification of patients as on active chemotherapy or being within 6 months of completion of chemotherapy in terms of fourfold rise in antibody titers exposed a statistically significant difference for only B (P = 0.34). Post‐vaccination protective rates were between 86 and 97%.ConclusionsDue to the interruptions in treatment caused by influenza infections, and economic benefits of the vaccine, we suggest that inactivated influenza vaccine should be applied as two doses annually in patients with solid tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:914–917. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A phase II study of imatinib mesylate in children with refractory or relapsed solid tumors: A Children's Oncology Group study
Authors: Bond Mason , Bernstein Mark L. , Pappo Alberto , Schultz Kirk R. , Krailo Mark , Blaney Susan M. , Adamson Peter C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackgroundImatinib mesylate is a small molecule inhibitor of certain tyrosine kinases, most notably the chimeric bcr‐abl fusion protein found in CML. It also inhibits KIT and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinases in vitro. Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, desmoplastic small round cell, and synovial sarcomas often overexpress KIT or the PDGF receptor. A phase II study of imatinib in children and young adults with select solid tumors was performed.ProcedurePatients less than 30 years of age with refractory or recurrent Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, desmoplastic small round cell, synovial sarcomas or GIST were eligible. Imatinib was administered daily for 28 day courses at a dose of 440 mg/m2/day. Responses were assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (RECIST).ResultsSeventy eligible patients, 48 male and 22 female, were enrolled and 59 were evaluable for response. Only one partial response was seen among 24 patients with Ewing sarcoma. There were no other objective responses. Hemorrhagic pleural effusions occurred in seven patients with pulmonary lesions, four of whom had progressive disease at the time of the hemorrhage. Intratumoral bleeding was reported in three additional patients.ConclusionImatinib as a single agent at a dose of 440 mg/m2/day demonstrated little or no activity as a single agent in children with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, or desmoplastic small round cell tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:254–258. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Process for preparing a nylon‐6/ clay/acrylate rubber nanocomposite with high toughness and stiffness
Authors: Dong Weifu , Zhang Xiaohong , Liu Yiqun , Gui Hua , Wang Qingguo , Gao Jianming , Song Zhihai , Lai Jinmei , Huang Fan , Qiao Jinliang 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA novel nylon‐6/clay/acrylate rubber ternary nanocomposite has been prepared using a process developed by the authors. The process consists of two steps: firstly, an acrylate rubber/clay composite (ARCC) was manufactured by spray‐drying a mixture of clay slurry and irradiated acrylate rubber latex; secondly, the nylon‐6/unmodified clay/acrylate rubber ternary nanocomposite was prepared by blending ARCC and nylon‐6. It has been found that the acrylate rubber particles and clay platelets can help each other to disperse or exfoliate in the nylon‐6 matrix. The silicate layers without organic treatment are exfoliated with the aid of irradiated acrylate rubber particles and the irradiated acrylate rubber particles are uniformly dispersed in the matrix with the aid of clay platelets. The novel nanocomposite prepared using the new process shows simultaneously high impact strength, high flexural modulus and high heat distortion temperature. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Diterpenoids and flavonoids from the fruits of Vitex agnus‐castus and antioxidant activity of the fruit extracts and their constituents
Authors: Hajdú Zsuzsanna , Hohmann Judit , Forgo Peter , Martinek Tamás , Dervarics Máté , Zupkó István , Falkay György , Cossuta Daniel , Máthé Imre 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFrom the n‐hexane fraction of the fruits of Vitex agnus‐castus, two labdane‐type diterpenes, vitetrifolin B and C, were isolated by means of multiple chromatographic separations, together with the previously identified rotundifuran, vitexilactone and the sesquiterpene spathulenol. From the EtOAc fraction, eupatorin was identified for the first time, besides the known casticin, penduletin, vitexin and orientin. The n‐hexane, EtOAc and MeOH–H2O fractions of the MeOH extract of Agni‐casti fructus were subjected to in vitro antioxidant assays. The EtOAc extract displayed a significant concentration‐dependent effect when tested by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrasyl (DPPH) free radical assay (IC50 = 68 µg/mL) and against the autooxidation of a standard rat brain homogenate (IC50 = 14 µg/mL). The MeOH–H2O fraction was less active with 3643 µg/mL (DPPH test) and IC50 = 125 µg/mL (rat brain homogenate), while the n‐hexane phase proved to be inactive. The main flavonoid constituents of the EtOAc extract, casticin, vitexin and orientin were assayed for antioxidant activity and found that only casticin possesses a marked lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect (IC50 = 0.049 mm) compared with that of the positive control ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0.703 mm). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The helm wind of corssfell, 1937‐1939
Authors: Manley Gordon 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo years' study of the Helm Wind of the N. Pennines has led to certain conclusions, based on reconnaissance methods and direct observations, with which the somewhat contradictory features of earlier descriptions can be reconciled.The Helm Wind and its accompaniments form one example of a group of phenomena found in various parts of the world. In each case when a wind blows transverse to a range of mountains, a marked increase in the strength of the wind is noted by surface observers down the leeward slope and for a varying distance across the lowlands below, compared with that which prevails over the country as a whole.It is shown that this local increase in wind force arises inasmuch as the air descends the slopes to the lowlands with a velocity of the same order as that which would otherwise obtain in the free air at the summit level. Taking all the observations into account it appears that the circumstances necessary are (1) the existence of a sufficiently vigorous surface current with, by inference, a well‐developed inversion at a height which provisionally must be not more than three times that of the range from its base; (2) the crest of the range should be fairly even, and the leeward slope of the range must not be too steep or too broken‐up. The phenomena then resembles those which occur at a submerged weir with inclined faces; a “standing‐wave” is formed in the surface stream to leeward of the range. Vigorous downward and upward currents are found which may be dangerous to aircraft, but which may also be utilised. The conclusions reached are borne out by other authorities.Further study and investigation by more intensive methods on the ground, by the use of wind tunnels, and by gliders, would appear to be worth while. It is proposed to publish a further paper on certain aspects of the phenomenon.
A further note on Antarctic pressure waves
Authors: Loewe F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Pressure deviations from the monthly average and the 12‐hourly and 36‐hourly pressure variations at Cape Denison show a better correlation with those occurring earlier than with those which occur later at the eastern station Cape Evans than at the western station Cape Denison. This result corroborates Simpson's conception of antarctic pressure waves. Comparison of 12‐hourly and 36‐hourly pressure variations at Cape Denison with those at Queen Mary Land further west gives a less conclusive indication of a westward propagation of pressure waves on the border of the Antarctic continent south of the Indian Ocean.
The relation between wind direction in the middle troposphere and the incidence of thundery conditions and rainfall in england in summer
Authors: Douglas C. K. M. , Moorhead J. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStatistical tables for Kew, Cheshire and Plymouth for the months May to August, averaged for the period 1941 to 1945, bring out the importance of rains of thundery origin, generally moving from some southerly point. Over a large area which undoubtedly extends from the S.E. Coast to the Mersey, more than half the summer rain is of thundery type. Winds in the southeast quadrant at medium levels are outstanding for frequency of thunder and for rainfall amounts. Reasons are given for this, and some outstanding cases are briefly described. An appendix discusses the definition of “frontal” thunderstorms.
On periods and symmetry points in pressure as aids to forecasting
Authors: Walker Gilbert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract(a) The movements of the atmosphere are on such a scale as to produce much coherence between the pressures on successive days. Persistence is especially marked in high values of pressure, which usually last for a week or thereabout, and will appear on a graph as surges.(b) Two surges m days apart will make a considerable contribution to the computed amplitude of a wave whose period is m days; and a third surge or hollow at an appropriate time may further increase it. Thus mere coherence produces an appreciable amount of periodicity.(c) The existence of coherence in pressure series makes the ordinary Schuster criterion for “reality” inapplicable. A test suitable for harmonic analysis follows from a previous paper by the author, but one adapted for correlograms is much needed.(d) The amount of periodicity to be expected in a coherent random series may be examined theoretically or experimentally. It does not differ appreciably from that found in actual pressure series. Hence if a wave system appears there is no special ground for expecting the continuation which is necessary as the basis of a weather forecast. During a stretch of 144 days there was no evidence that a periodicity of, say, p days observed over a stretch of 3p days had any appreciable tendency to persist over another 3p days.(e) Surges and hollows also tend to make points of positive or negative symmetry, and experiments with coherent random series produce as much symmetry as we find in actual pressure series. Thus the symmetry that is observed, like the periodicity, is due to ordinary atmospheric conditions; and even when the symmetry is strongly marked continuity cannot be relied upon to justify prediction.
Barometric lows of cyprus
Authors: El‐Fandy M. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRegeneration of shallow secondaries, stationary near Cyprus for some time, is brought about by the approach of a stream of polar air from eastern Europe, or Asia Minor. The process is quite marked and common, and represents the main mechanism underlying the development of deep depressions in the eastern Mediterranean in winter.Successive cold fronts become traceable on the charts, and shallow thundery depressions, which travel with the general circulation round the main barometric minimum, sometimes develop in the polar air over Egypt; but the system of isobars and fronts is not Norwegian, and while the low can be regarded as orographic in origin, the associated weather is generally analogous to squall phenomena rather than to the development of a depression, and can be treated on the lines suggested by Margules.These regenerated lows are usually accompanied by the occurence of a strong south‐east current over Iraq. This phenomenon has, however, been regarded as a topographical effect; the current being mainly induced to flow parallel to the general run of the plateau of Iran under the effect of convergence into the Cyprus Iows.The present work also endeavours to show that the known seasonal features of the Mediterranean, which are associated directly with the southward extension from summer to winter of the zone of barometric depressions and accompanying westerly winds over the Atlantic and Europe, and with the formation in summer of the great continental low of Asia, are also influenced, at least in the eastern areas, by the Sudan low in the transitional seasons, and by the Siberian anticyclone in winter.
The variability of the mean daily temperature at selected Canadian stations
Authors: Longley Richmond W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the results of the calculation of the standard deviations of the mean daily temperature at selected Canadian stations. The figures present further proof that winter temperatures are more variable than summer temperatures, and that a water surface moderates the temperature extremes of stations under its influence. The results also give further weight to a hypothesis advanced in a preceding paper that the changes in Canada from winter to summer conditions and vice versa tend to occur abruptly and not in a smooth curve.
The forms of ice‐clouds
Authors: Ludlam F. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe observation of the forms of high clouds suggests that ice clouds usually arise at humidities representing saturation with respect to water and therefore at a considerable supersaturation with respect to ice, which in combination with a sparsity of effective nuclei leads to the rapid growth and high falling‐speed of the few ice particles. Recent theoretical and experimental investigations, principally by German meteorologists, fully support this view, and a brief account of their work is given in Part I of the present paper. In Part II it is shown how the new views provide an explanation of the distinctive fibrous structures of ice‐clouds, and give additional insight into the nature of cirrus uncinus and zig‐zags, of mixed clouds and of virga or fallstreifen, and also into the processes which bring about the decay of cumulonimbus and the formation of mammato‐clouds. Possible practical applications include that of dispersing natural clouds and the production of rain by the use of artificial ice nuclei.
The estimation of large‐scale vertical currents from the rate of rainfall
Authors: Bannon J. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe depressions of middle and high latitudes cause the raising of large masses of air from low to high levels in the troposphere.As the air is lifted it soon becomes cooled below its saturation temperature and its surplus water vapour condenses into cloud particles and later into rain or other forms of precipitation.Thus the rate of rainfall is a rough measure of the rate of lifting, or the upward velocity, of the air above.It is shown here how this measure may be made more precise when it is certain that the lifting process is on a large scale and comparatively uniform and not influenced by local instability effects.Examples of the application of the method are given, and it appears that upward velocities of from 10 to 20 cm. per second (i.e. 9 to 17 km, per day), are usual in the active depressions often experienced over the North Atlantic.
The frequency of snow‐cover in Sweden and Finland and its relation to temperature
Authors: Cardis Honora T. , Hogg W. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDaily values of the percentage frequency of snow‐lying have been computed for 17 Swedish and 7 Finnish stations. A relationship has been established between these frequencies and the dates of the beginning and end of the period with mean temperature below freezing point. Using this relationship, a method is described for estimating the frequency of snow‐lying on any date anywhere in Sweden and Finland.A tendency is mentioned for southern Sweden to be less frequently snow‐covered about the middle of February than in late January or late February.
Report on the weather of the borneo‐celebes region, 1946
Authors: Wood C. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEarly in 1946, a small group of R.A.F. meteorologists took over the weather station at Balikpapan, on the east coast of Borneo. The airstrip was the half‐way house on the Singapore‐Darwin and Batavia‐Manila routes; aircraft touching down at this isolated point brought valuable information concerning the weather in regions normally off the beaten track. This paper is the record of the pilots' inflight reports and the observed meteorological phenomena at the airstrip.
A note on the adiabatic lapse rate for saturated air at temperatures below 0°C
Authors: Bannon J. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractI t is generally acknowledged that super‐cooled water drops can exist at temperatures far below freezing and are of common occurrence in cloud. In many cases, therefore, it is to be expected that a s saturated air rises, as for instance in a large cumulus cloud, its surplus water vapour, over and above its saturation water vapour content, will condense into super‐cooled water drops and not into ice particles.But a mass of air, at temperatures below freezing, ascending and condensing its surplus water vapour into super‐cooled water drops, will cool a t a rate different from that when the surplus water vapour condenses into ice. This is because the latent heat of vaporisation of water is less that the latent heat of sublimation of ice, and also because the pressure of saturated water vapour is less over ice than over water.Thus, since less heat is released on condensation into water than on condensation into ice, the adiabatic lapse fate of saturated air condensing its surplus water vapour into super‐cooled water drops, would be expected to be greater than that for air releasing its surplus water vapour to ice. This appears to be so, at any rate to temperatures as low as about 245 to 250°A.; below 245°A., the different behaviour of the saturated vapour pressures over water and ice respectively probably reverses the magnitudes, though the differences in the two lapse rates are small.Tables are given below for the computation of the two saturated adiabatic lapse rates, assuming that the heat content of the solid or liquid water is negligible compared with that of the air. It is also shown how to make the necessary (small) corrections to these saturated lapse rates to allow for the heat content of the condensed water vapour. The cumulative effect of the difference between the two lapse rates is shown to result in a temperature difference of about I°C. between the tops of super‐cooled water and ice clouds respectively, after convecting through 10,000 ft. above freezing level.
Atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Frost R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvidence which has accumulated shows that the classical theory of atmospheric turbulence which assumes thatKthe coefficient of eddy diffusion is constant with height is inadequate to explain the observed variations of wind and temperature with height. It was shown however by the present writer, 1946, that ifKcould be represented by a certain power law of the height above the surface it was possible to account for many of the complicated problems of atmospheric diffusion near the earth's surface. In the present paper it is shown that with this power law representation ofKit is possible to give a quantitative treatment of the approach of the surface wind to the geostrophic wind. The angle of veer between the surface wind and the isobars is found to be independent of the roughness of the surface and to be dependent only upon the stability. The diurnal variation of wind speed and direction at various heights is discussed on the basis of the present theory and is shown to be in accordance with observations.
The fine structure of wind in the free air
Authors: Durst C. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe fine structure of wind at heights of about 5,000 feet and 20,000 feet is examined by means of smoke puffs released at the appropriate height and followed in a camera obscura. These puffs are released over the camera at short intervals during a period of an hour.It is found that there are fluctuations in the wind of the free air, the periods of which are 5 to 15 minutes. In the cases considered the vector standard deviations of the fluctuations range from 0·5 knots to 3·5 knots. On making similar calculations from five‐minute mean winds measured from surface anemograms, fluctuations of the same order of magnitude are found. The fluctuations at 5,000 feet are found to be correlated with similar fluctuations at 7,000 and 10,000 feet.The observations are of necessity made in clear air. It is believed the fluctuations would be greater in some types of cloud.No obvious connection has as yet been found between the magnitudes of the fluctuations and the wind speed or the source of the air or the temperature structure.
Local rainfall variations in bath and the surrounding district
Authors: Balchin W. G. V. , Pye Norman 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDetails of the organization and an introduction to the observations made during the micro‐climatological survey of Bath and district (undertaken with the aid of a grant from the Leverhulme Research Fellowship foundation and the assistance of numerous voluntary observers) have already been published in the Quarterly Journal (Vol. 73, p. 297). The following paper discusses in greater detail the data collected on local rainfall variations in the area.
Some experiments on the condensation of water vapour at temperatures below 0°c
Authors: Fournier D'albe E. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe study of the condensation of water vapour at temperatures below 0°C. has been continued in a laboratory investigation along lines similar to those pursued by Regener, Findeisen and Cwilong. An apparatus has been developed which allows for the ultramicroscopic observation of the behaviour of individual condensation nuclei when fogs are formed in a small volume of air subject to sudden cooling by expansion. An attempt has been made by the use of only small expansions to simulate as closely as possible the conditions of temperature and humidity prevailing in the atmosphere. Particular attention has been paid to the problems of distinguishing between water droplets and ice crystals and of determining the conditions necessary for the formation of the latter. The apparatus has been used to examine not only the nuclei normally present in outdoor air but also various artificially produced nuclei, in an attempt to throw some light on the physical properties which may influence their behaviour.