bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Approach to Predicting Long-Term Toughness, Strength, and Ductility of a Cr-Mo-V Steel Alloy Using Short-Term Tests
Authors: Davis DC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Within recent years, material science researchers have attempted to develop unified or strain rate sensitive constitutive theories to characterize the mechanical behavior of metal alloys in the creep regime. Some of these theories, such as that by E. W. Hart, employ short-time load relaxation tests to obtain a unique set of material property data relating stress and plastic strain rate. Within the context of these theories, a methodology for assessing the long-term toughness, strength, and ductility of Cr-Mo-V rotor steel alloys is demonstrated in this paper using a series of short-term tests.
A Quality Control Test for Selecting Materials to Arrest Fast-Running, Full-Thickness Cracks
Authors: Crosley PB , Ripling EJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method for measuring full-thickness crack arrest fracture toughness, Ka, using crack-line wedge-loaded compact specimens is described. The unique feature of the test is that so long as the prescribed test method is followed, the data can be analyzed by a small-scale plasticity procedure, with all validity requirements being met. This simple test and analysis procedure, and the fact that every test gives useful data, makes the method suitable for quality control/quality assurance testing.
The test consists of pre-selecting a value of Ka that must be measured, identified as Kv. The specimen size and allowable limits on mouth opening displacement are selected by using Kv and the material's yield strength. The test is then conducted by driving a wedge into the specimen to develop a run-arrest event, after which the specimen is broken open and the crack length at arrest, af, is measured. If af is between 0.4W and 0.8W, Ka is calculable; if the crack length at arrest 0.5W or 0.8W, Ka Kv or Ka Kv.
Crack propagation in the plates on which the test is expected to be used occurs by tunneling. Hence Ka increases with crack extension, attaining its saturation value when the crack attains its equilibrium shape. Measuring saturation values is not needed for quality control/quality assurance testing, however. This allows the use of smaller specimens, but a K-resistance versus crack extension curve for the type of steel being tested is needed to set acceptance criteria.
Changes in Cotton Fabric Bending Properties As a Result of Laboratory Wear
Authors: Ukponmwan JO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The mechanical properties of four woven cotton fabrics have been analyzed in terms of the elastic (Go) and frictional (Co) resistance to bending deformation using a Shirley cyclic bending tester. Changes in bending properties of the cotton fabrics as a consequence of wear using an Accelerotor abrasion tester in the dry condition are illustrated. Statistical correlations between the elastic and frictional parameters of deformation and other parameters such as percentage loss in weight are shown. The correlations are shown to be highly significant between elastic flexural rigidity and frictional coercive couple parameters of the deformation and percentage loss in weight of fabrics given 25 min abrasion time. Correlations between elastic and frictional parameters of deformation before the abrasion test, and with 5 and 25 min abrasion time, are also highly significant. Relations between bending parameters, mass, thickness, density, and specific volume of these fabrics before and after abrasion are reported. The result shows that weight loss may be small as a result of short periods of accelerated wear, but the changes in the bending parameters are large.
Imaging Short Fatigue Cracks with the Gel Electrode
Authors: Baxter WJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new non-destructive inspection tool is described for tracking and recording crack growth in test coupons and structural components. The current state of development of this device, the gel electrode, is reviewed. This hand-held inspection probe can image surface fatigue cracks in iron, titanium, magnesium, and aluminum alloys. Fatigue cracks only ∼10−2 mm long can be detected, a sensitivity which surpasses that of commercially available techniques by a factor of 100. Images of short fatigue cracks are shown for each of the above alloy systems. The examples are selected to illustrate the good visibility and repeatability of the images, as is required to monitor crack growth. Included are quantitative measurements of the growth kinetics of a short (10−1 to 1 mm) crack in a prototype component.
Standard Reference Materials: NBS-ASTM Cooperation
Authors: Rasberry SD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper reviews the cooperation between ASTM and the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in a Research Associate Program to certify and distribute metal Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). Since the initiation of the program in 1975, more than 200 SRM types have been completed and made available to the technical community. Besides describing the cooperative effort, the paper summarizes the status of the metal SRM program at NBS and shows how SRMs, in general, integrate with the standards-writing activities of ASTM. While this shared activity has been very successful over the past 12 years—in fact, a model for industry-government technical cooperation—a difficult technical problem must now be resolved to assure future success. That problem is a growing shortage of classical chemists who are expert in the analytical chemical metrology needed to certify SRMs. A proposal is made that the joint work of ASTM and NBS be expanded to include addressing this serious shortage.
Certification: What It Means for Inhomogeneity and Reference Materials
Authors: Kennedy WR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A comparison is made between concepts Americans and foreigners have of the term certification. The paper discusses the requirements for a Standard Reference Material (SRM) Certificate and a Certified Reference Material (CRM) Certificate, and how what appears on the Certificate affects our concepts of homogeneity and inhomogeneity. Also discussed is why who issues a Certificate sometimes is more important than what is on the Certificate. The paper is a challenge to standardize SRM and CRM Certificates.
Metals Analysis in the Plastics Additives Industry: Quality Assurance Considerations
Authors: Nagourney SJ , Madan RK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A discussion of the methods used for the atomic spectroscopic determination of barium, cadmium, zinc, and phosphorus in vinyl stabilizers is presented. Comparison with aqueous measurements shows that the determination in organic media by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is the most desirable analytical approach for these samples. Evaluation of a variety of potential materials shows well-characterized in-house products to be viable, and even preferred, reference materials for the verification of the accuracy of these analyses. Alternative analytical techniques, interlaboratory comparisons, and the use of control charts are also discussed.
Preparation and Certification of Uranium Oxide (U3O8) Spectrometric Reference Materials
Authors: Santoliquido PM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the preparation, provisional certification, and certification of reference materials for the trace element analysis for uranium oxide (U3O8). The reference materials were prepared by the addition of solution pools containing the trace elements to a dry base of high-purity uranium oxide (U3O8) with subsequent mixing, drying, milling, and blending. Provisional certification was accomplished through an interlaboratory program in which four different laboratories analyzed the reference materials by carrier distillation d-c arc emission spectroscopy. The full certification of these reference material requires concordant results by two independent methods of analysis. Newer methods of analysis, such as graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry and inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry, unavailable when the last reference material of this type was certified, have figured prominently in the certification of newer reference materials, a project now nearing completion.
Mechanical Behavior of Nailed Joints with Various Side Member Materials
Authors: Pellicane PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Research was conducted to define and compare the mechanical behavior of nailed joints connecting solid wood to eleven commonly used side member products frequently used in construction. Two hundred twenty eight (228) joints were laterally loaded to the allowable load defined by the National Design Specifications, unloaded to zero, then loaded to failure. Solid-sawn Douglas-fir and Engelmann spruce 2 × 4 nominal dimension lumber was used as the main members, while side member materials consisted of southern pine and Douglas-fir plywood of two thicknesses, oriented strand board (OSB), hardboard, particleboard, waferboard, insulation board, gypsum board, and western red cedar solid wood siding. Nail sizes were 6d and 8d common wire nails.
Experimental load-slip curves were developed for all joints tested. Information reported includes first and second cycle secant slip modulus, loads at 0.003 in. (0.0765 mm) and 0.015 in. (0.381 mm) slip, ultimate load, and ultimate slip. Parameters are also given for empirical equations describing the load-slip behavior of the joints. Comparative statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric multi-response permutation procedures.
The results suggest that for both main member species, the strength and stiffness behaviors of OSB, waferboard, particleboard, and ¾ in. (19.05 mm) nominal southern pine and Douglas-fir plywood were statistically indistinguishable. The stiffness of joints made with the higher specific gravity main member was generally statistically superior to joints made with lower density material. Strength was much less sensitive to this parameter. Joints made with western red cedar, insulation board, and gypsum board were substantially less stiff and strong than those made with the other side member products. Hardboard joints with a 6d nail performed similarly to particleboard, OSB, waferboard, and plywood joints connected with 8d nails. This suggests that hardboard could be used in applications where nail joint resistance is important.
Cryogenic Creep Testing
Authors: McDonald LC , Hartwig KT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Cryogenic creep testing methods are examined and evaluated. Because of the difficulty in testing at cryogenic temperatures and the relatively low creep rates that are observed at temperatures below 77 K, cryogenic creep systems must have very sensitive strain measurement capabilities and be extremely stable. A 0.05% change in load or a 0.001 mV change in strain signal over a 200 h test can change the observed creep rate by as much as 10% in high-purity aluminum. An evaluation is made based on experiments using several different loading techniques; comparisons are made to the results of others. Discussions of various data collection methods, test fixtures, strain measurement methods, temperature control methods, and material dependencies are also included.
Nondestructive Density Measurements of Cylindrical Specimens by Gamma-Ray Attenuation
Authors: Tan S-A , Fwa T-F 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Nondestructive density measurement of cylindrical specimens in the laboratory has several important applications. Many specimens in civil engineering laboratory testing are usually in the form of cylinders; undisturbed soil samples and field cores of concrete and asphaltic materials are primary examples. This paper describes a nondestructive laboratory technique for density measurement that can achieve a 95% confidence limit on the order of ± 0.01 g/cm3 for a useful range of density from 0.8 to 2.7 g/cm3, relevant to the above materials. The technique uses a 5 milliCurie (mCi) Cesium 137 source with a scintillation detector and counter assembly to record the radiation transmitted through the specimen. This is converted to a density value by calibration to an empirical radiation attenuation law. The principles of the method are described with consideration to the variables of the measuring system and the specimen geometry. It is shown that for solid cylindrical specimens of the materials tested, the radiation attenuation law is satisfied to a very high degree. From the law, a diameter ratio to count ratio relationship is established. Thus detailed calibration is only necessary for specimens of one diameter to determine the density of specimens of other diameters.
Comparison of Methods for Measuring Moisture Content of Aggregate and Asphalt-Aggregate Paving Mixtures
Authors: Parker J , Brown ER 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Residual moisture in hot asphalt-aggregate paving mixtures is a function of aggregate type, environmental conditions, and production rate. This moisture is detrimental to pavement performance. Residual moisture can be controlled, but a simple method is needed to measure the moisture content of asphalt-aggregate paving mixtures during the construction process. Currently the only standardized method for determining moisture content of asphalt-aggregate mixtures is the distillation procedure (ASTM D 1461), a method generally too cumbersome for routine production testing and hence not used in field laboratories. Moisture content measurements on a variety of materials (aggregates and asphalt-aggregate mixtures) with the distillation procedure and with conventional and microwave ovens for drying were compared and analyzed. Drying with a microwave or conventional oven gives slightly higher moisture contents than the distillation procedure. Efficiency of drying is apparently the primary reason for the differences. Considering the magnitude of the observed differences in measured moisture content and the relative difficulty of the D 1461 test procedures, the microwave method is recommended for routine moisture content determination for asphalt-aggregate mixtures.
Effect of Thickness on Elasto-Plastic Deformation and Hysteretic Energy Dissipated at Crack Tip
Authors: Jendoubi K , Ranganathan N , Merah N 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA study was carried out to verify the influence of thickness on elasto-plastic deformation and the hysteretic energy dissipated at the crack tip. The analysis is based on global energy and local strain measurements that are made on 4,12, and 30 mm thick compact tension specimens. A discussion of fatigue crack growth in the plane stress and plane strain states is presented. The tests were conducted under constant ΔK at R = 0.1 and 0.5 on 2024-T351 aluminum alloy. Experimental results were compared with those obtained from linear elastic fracture mechanics and finite element methods.
Prediction of Fatigue Life of Asphalt Concrete Beams from Fracture Tests
Authors: Ramsamooj DV 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A substantial amount of experimental data is presented to verify a theoretical solution for predicting the fatigue life of asphalt concrete beams from fracture tests. The theory utilizes the principles of fracture mechanics and covers the full range of loading from low to high. The raw test data extracted from a report by Majidzadeh et al. [1] include dynamic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, critical stress-intensity factor, and fatigue life of asphalt concrete beams fabricated from over 46 different mixtures, consisting of three types of asphalts, five asphalt contents, three filler asphalt ratios, and several gradations. The fracture and fatigue tests were also conducted on one asphalt concrete mix at temperatures ranging from 16 to 35°C (35 to 95°F). The agreement between theory and experiment is excellent.
Materials for Marine Systems and Structures
Authors: Reemsnyder HS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The treatise begins with an overview on the theme of materials performance in marine systems and structures. Types and design aspects of, and materials selection for, marine structures are outlined. The welding process, fatigue resistance of weldments, corrosion fatigue of weldments, and the seawater corrosion of reinforced concrete are touched on briefly.
Mechanical Testing
Authors: Westbrook JH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This work is the third in a series of seven monographs on the Characterization of High Temperature Materials under the general editorship of M. McLean. Prior volumes related to microstructural and chemical characterization. The present volume represents the proceedings of a December 1988 seminar, sponsored and organized by the Institute of Metals through its committees on Materials Science, Materials Engineering and Continuing Education. The targeted audience is the nonspecialist who needs to know what types of tests are available, how to select the test most appropriate for his purposes, and who needs to have an appreciation of the methods of determination and analysis of the data he uses and knowledge of the status of national and international standards. As the editor points out, while the emphasis is on high temperature materials, the techniques and principles are applicable to many different material classes, and not all tests relevant to high temperature materials are conducted at high temperatures.
Normalization Method for Developing J-R Curves with the LMN Function
Authors: Landes JD , Zhou Z , Lee K , Herrera R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The normalization method has been used to develop J-R curves directly from load versus load-line displacement data without the need for on-line crack length measurement. This method, based on the original key curve-method, used the principal of load separation and an assumed functional form for the deformation function to determine a calibration equation for each specimen being evaluated. Originally the functional form was a power law with two unknown constants. A new functional form (the LMN function) containing three unknown constants is proposed for use in the method of normalization. This function requires three calibration points, one more than was needed by the power law function.
The LMN function is described in this paper, and the method for determining the three needed calibration points is given in detail. The procedure for using this new normalization method is describedin a step-by-step manner. Some results are included which show that this approach to normalization gives a J-R curve which agrees well with those developed from the elastic compliance method used in the ASTM test standards.
Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis of Rotating Machinery to Improve Reliability, Maintainability, and Readiness Through the Application of New and Innovative Techniques
Authors: Blau PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The extraordinarily long title, Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis of Rotating Machinery to Improve Reliability, Maintainability, and Readiness Through the Application of New and Innovative Techniques, indicates the degree of topic specialization inherent in this book. It is forty-first in a series of proceedings from the Mechanical Failures Prevention Group, an organization dating back to 1967 and primarily devoted to strategies for addressing hardware reliability problems in military, especially naval, equipment. The book consists of thirty-seven articles divided into seven sections: Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis; Wear; Structural Damage Assessment; Signature Analysis; Monitoring Systems; Failure Mechanisms; and Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems. This grouping of papers is one of several possible arrangements, because there were elements of some of the papers which could have made them suitable for inclusion in other categories than the ones in which they were placed. However, this kind of organizational problem is common when papers contain interdisciplinary material.
High Temperature Fatigue: Properties and Prediction
Authors: Gabb TP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
High Temperature Fatigue: Properties and Prediction is a good summary text that reviews the major topics in high temperature fatigue of laboratory specimens and its utilization in structural engineering design. The general subject matter is ferritic and austenitic steels utilized in the power generation fields and particularly smooth bar low cycle fatigue and thermomechanical fatigue response.
Application of the European Yield Model to Nailed Joints in Southern Hardwoods
Authors: Pellicane PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A study was conducted which utilized data obtained from 1056 tests of nailed joints in 18 commonly used species of southern hardwoods. The data was developed in 1950 by Scholten. This data included information regarding joint geometry, material specific gravity, discrete load-slip curves, and the ultimate load for each joint. The test specimens were laterally loaded and contained one 8d common wire nail in each joint. Joints were tested in compression at a rate of 0.07 in./min (1.78 mm/min) to ultimate load.
With a British model to predict wood embedding strength from specific gravity and nail diameter, and an estimate of nail yield strength,the European Yield Model was employed to predict the failure mode and yield load of the joints. Failure modes which create one or two theoretical plastic hinges in the nail were predicted for all joints. The data suggested that behavior modes of the joints were consistent with model predictions. Further, theoretical nail yield load showed a high correlation (r2 = 0.90) with the experimentally obtained load at 0.015 in. (0.381 mm) slip, 5% offset load, and ultimate load (joint capacity).
Models and Interactions
Authors: Mandel J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
It is shown that the usual analysis-of-variance model with interaction terms can be a hindrance to the understanding of data rather than a useful tool. An alternative model, especially useful for the analysis of interlaboratory test data, is discussed. However, the best treatment of certain types of data is obtained by an analysis that involves minimal prior assumptions. An example is discussed that illustrates the thesis of this paper.
Reliability and Life Estimation from Component Fatigue Failures Below the Go-No-Go Fatigue Life Limit
Authors: Parida N 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The true reliability and the fatigue life of a connecting link made of low-alloy high-strength steel have been estimated from go-no-go fatigue test. Tests were conducted on a sample size of 130 randomly selected from a population of different heats. Test results were statistically evaluated using binomial, log-normal, and weibull distributions; the sample reliability was compared with the reliabilities estimated from all three of these distributions. It was observed that for a go-no-go test binomial distribution is preferred for more conservative estimation of the true reliability. The results also show that the life of the link follows a Weibull distribution.
Analysis of Gas-Fired Ceramic Radiant Tubes During Transient Heating: Part I—Thermal Transient Modeling
Authors: Segall AE , Hellmann JR , Modest MF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Low profile thermocouples were used to measure the external transient temperature distributions on open-ended silicon carbide radiant tubes during cold-start heating. The measured tube and furnace temperatures were used with radiant exchange relationships for gray-diffuse surfaces and natural convection formulations to calculate quasi-static effective heat transfer coefficients along the length of the tubes. Finite-element analysis was then used with the effective heat transfer coefficients to calculate the transient temperature distribution throughout the tube. Results indicate relatively mild radial temperature distributions during the heating conditions studied and the applicability of the analysis to different tube geometries and burner systems.