bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term Safety and Efficacy Results of Once-Daily Emtricitabine-Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Regimens in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Pediatric Subjects
Authors: Saez-Llorens Xavier , Violari Avy , Ndiweni Dalubuhle , Yogev Ram , Cashat Miguel , Wiznia Andrew , Chittick Greg , Harris Jeanette , Hinkle John , Blum M. Robert , Adda Nathalie , Rousseau Franck ,   for the FTC-203 Study Team
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to obtain long-term safety and efficacy data for antiretroviral regimens containing emtricitabine in HIV-infected pediatric subjects and confirm that a pediatric dose of 6 mg/kg once daily would provide steady-state emtricitabine concentrations comparable to those observed in adults given 200 mg of emtricitabine once daily.PATIENTS AND METHODS. HIV-infected subjects between 3 months and 16 years of age were enrolled, including 71 antiretroviral-naïve subjects and 45 antiretroviral-experienced subjects. Naive subjects received emtricitabine plus stavudine plus lopinavir or ritonavir. Experienced subjects replaced the lamivudine in their existing regimens with emtricitabine. Tolerance, safety, disease progression, and virologic and immunologic responses were evaluated.RESULTS. The Kaplan-Meier probability of persistent virologic response in the intent-to-treat population through week 164 at ≤400 copies per mL and ≤50 copies per mL was 74% and 62%, respectively. Three subjects (3%) discontinued the study for adverse events, 8 (7%) for virologic failure, and 1 died through a median follow-up of 164 weeks. The annualized incidence rate of grade 3 to 4 adverse events and grade 3 to 4 laboratory abnormalities was 6% and 3%, respectively. The annualized incidence rate of serious adverse events was 9%, with 1% attributed as related to emtricitabine. Genotypic analysis showed the emergence of the M184V mutation in 4 of the 15 subjects who experienced virologic failure through week 164. Pharmacokinetic evaluation demonstrated plasma drug exposures in these children comparable to adults receiving the approved dose of 200 mg once daily.CONCLUSIONS. These results demonstrate the safety and efficacy of emtricitabine in pediatric patients. They also support that the safety and efficacy profile of emtricitabine in children is similar to that demonstrated in adults.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Probiotics for Primary Prevention: No Clinical Effects ofLactobacillusGG Supplementation
Authors: Kopp Matthias Volkmar , Hennemuth Isabell , Heinzmann Andrea , Urbanek Radvan 
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND. The value of probiotics for primary prevention is controversial. Published trials vary considerably in study design and the applied probiotics, thereby limiting comparability of the results.OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this trial was to study the preventive effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus GG on the development of atopic dermatitis.METHODS. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective trial, 105 pregnant women from families with ≥1 member (mother, father, or child) with an atopic disease were randomly assigned to receive either the probiotic Lactobacillus GG (American Type Culture Collection 53103; 5 × 109 colony-forming units of Lactobacillus GG twice daily) or placebo. Ninety-four families (89.5%) completed the trial. The supplementation period started 4 to 6 weeks before expected delivery, followed by a postnatal period of 6 months. The primary end point was the occurrence of atopic dermatitis at the age of 2 years. Secondary outcomes were severity of atopic dermatitis, recurrent episodes of wheezing bronchitis, and allergic sensitization at the age of 2 years.RESULTS. Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed in 14 (28%) of 50 in the Lactobacillus GG group and in 12 (27.3%) of 44 in the placebo group. The risk of atopic dermatitis in children on probiotics relative to placebo was 0.96 (confidence interval 0.38–2.33). Severity of atopic dermatitis was comparable between the 2 groups. Notably, children with recurrent (≥5) episodes of wheezing bronchitis were more frequent in the Lactobacillus GG group (26%; n = 13), as compared with the placebo group (9.1%; n = 4). No difference was observed between both groups in total immunoglobulin E concentrations or numbers of specific sensitization to inhalant allergens.CONCLUSIONS. Supplementation with Lactobacillus GG during pregnancy and early infancy neither reduced the incidence of atopic dermatitis nor altered the severity of atopic dermatitis in affected children but was associated with an increased rate of recurrent episodes of wheezing bronchitis. Therefore, Lactobacillus GG cannot be generally recommended for primary prevention.
Effect of Cleft Palate Repair on the Susceptibility to Contraction-Induced Injury of Single Permeabilized Muscle Fibers from Congenitally-Clefted Goat Palates
Authors: Rader Erik P. , Cederna Paul S. , McClellan William T. , Caterson Stephanie A. , Panter Kip E. , Yu Deborah , Buchman Steven R. , Larkin Lisa M. , Faulkner John A. , Weinzweig Jeffrey 
Published: March 2008

Objective: Despite cleft palate repair, velopharyngeal competence is not achieved in ∼15% of patients, often necessitating secondary surgical correction. Velopharyngeal competence postrepair may require the conversion of levator veli palatini muscle fibers from injury-susceptible type 2 fibers to injury-resistant type 1 fibers. As an initial step to determining the validity of this theory, we tested the hypothesis that, in most cases, repair induces the transformation to type 1 fibers, thus diminishing susceptibility to injury. Interventions: Single permeabilized levator veli palatini muscle fibers were obtained from normal palates and nonrepaired congenitally-clefted palates of young (2 months old) and adult (14 to 15 months old) goats and from repaired palates of adult goats (8 months old). Repair was done at 2 months of age using a modified von Langenbeck technique. Main Outcome Measures: Fiber type was determined by contractile properties and susceptibility to injury was assessed by force deficit, the decrease in maximum force following a lengthening contraction protocol expressed as a percentage of initial force. Results: For normal palates and cleft palates of young goats, the majority of the fibers were type 2 with force deficits of ∼40%. Following repair, 80% of the fibers were type 1 with force deficits of 20% ± 2%; these deficits were 45% of those for nonrepaired cleft palates of adult goats (p < .0001). Conclusion: The decrease in the percentage of type 2 fibers and susceptibility to injury may be important for the development of a functional levator veli palatini muscle postrepair.
Prevalence of Abnormalities in Dental Structure, Position, and Eruption Pattern in a Population of Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients
Authors: Tortora Chiara , Meazzini Maria C. , Garattini Giovanna , Brusati Roberto 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To evaluate the dental characteristics of patients subjected to a protocol that included early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty (ESGAP). Design: Panoramic radiographs of 87 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and 29 with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) were evaluated. Missing and supernumerary teeth were also quantified on the cleft and noncleft side and in the maxilla and mandible. Crown and root malformations and tooth rotations were quantified. A subsample in permanent dentition was extrapolated to analyze canine eruption patterns. Results: A total of 48.8% of the UCLP patients presented with missing permanent lateral incisors in the cleft area and 6.1% contralaterally. A total of 4.9% presented with missing second maxillary premolars on the cleft site and 1.2% contralaterally. A total of 7.3% presented with supernumerary lateral incisors, and 45% of the BCLP cleft sites presented with missing lateral incisors, while 25% of the cleft sites presented second maxillary premolars agenesis. Five percent of the cleft sites presented with supernumerary lateral incisors. Evaluation of the subsample in permanent dentition showed that 15.5% had a canine retention and 4.4% of the canines had to be surgically exposed. A significant association was observed between canine inclination and retention but not with absence of the lateral incisor. Conclusions: The frequency of dental anomalies in this sample was similar to other cleft populations. As surgical trauma has been suggested to damage forming teeth, the results of this study indicated that ESGAP has no detrimental influence on subsequent dental development.
New Directions in Copyright Law and Economics
Authors: Ramello Giovanni B. , Silva Francesco 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The making of the information/knowledge society has driven a flourishing body of literature on the law and economics of copyright. This paper introduces the articles collected in the following symposium, produced by a number of scholars participating in the lively worldwide community devoted to the study of the economic role of copyright law in light of current technological change. The aim of these writings as a whole is to broaden the analytical perspective and stimulate further research, thanks to a wide selection of topics related to behavioral analysis, competition policy, insurance, cultural economics and other fields.
Identification of Tyrosine Phosphatase 2(256–760) Construct as a New, Sensitive Marker for the Detection of Islet Autoimmunity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Tiberti Claudio , Giordano Carla , Locatelli Mattia , Bosi Emanuele , Bottazzo Gian Franco , Buzzetti Raffaella , Cucinotta Domenico , Galluzzo Aldo , Falorni Alberto , Dotta Francesco 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE—The presence of autoantibodies to islet antigens GAD and/or tyrosine phosphatase 2 (IA-2) in type 2 diabetic patients (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults [LADA]) identifies subjects at high risk to develop insulin dependency. The aim of this study was to dissect humoral anti–IA-2 immune response in Caucasian LADA patients, identifying the most sensitive construct to evaluate IA-2 immunoreactivity and comparing LADA IA-2 epitope specificities to those found in type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed 177 LADA and 978 type 2 diabetic patients with different disease duration, collected in a nationwide Italian survey, the Non–Insulin Requiring Autoimmune Diabetes (NIRAD) study aimed at assessing prevalence and characteristics of autoimmune diabetes in type 2 diabetic patients and 106 newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients (53 children, 53 adults). By radioimmunoassay, we analyzed humoral immunoreactivity to seven IA-2 constructs: IA-2PTP (687–979), IA-2(761–964), IA-2(256–760), IA-2JM (601–630), IA-2IC (605–979), IA-2BDC (256–556:630–979), and IA-2FL (1–979).RESULTS—IA-2(256–760) fragment was identified as the marker with the highest sensitivity for detection of humoral IA-2 immunoreactivity in LADA patients, identifying IA-2 autoantibodies in ∼30% of GAD antibody (GADA)-positive LADA patients and in 3.4% of GADA-negative type 2 diabetic patients. LADA IA-2(256–760)A positivity was associated with an increased frequency of autoimmune diabetes HLA-susceptible genotypes and with a higher risk for developing thyroid autoimmunity compared with autoantibody-negative type 2 diabetic patients. At disease diagnosis, adult-onset type 1 diabetic and LADA patients showed a lower IA-2 COOH-terminal immunoreactivity compared with childhood-onset type 1 diabetic patients.CONCLUSIONS—IA-2 immunoreactivity in LADA patients has thus far been underestimated, and IA-2(256–760) autoantibody detection may represent a novel diagnostic tool for the identification of islet autoimmunity in these patients.
β-Cell Dysfunction in Subjects With Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Early Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Festa Andreas , Williams Ken , Hanley Anthony J.G. , Haffner Steven M. 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE—Methods to assess β-cell function in clinical studies are limited. The aim of the current study was to compare a direct measure of insulin secretion with fasting surrogate markers in relation to glucose tolerance status.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In 1,380 individuals from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study, β-cell function was assessed using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (first-phase insulin secretion; acute insulin response [AIR]), homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B), proinsulin levels, and the proinsulin-to-insulin ratio. β-Cell function was cross-sectionally analyzed by glucose tolerance categories (normal glucose tolerance [NGT], n = 712; impaired glucose tolerance [IGT], n = 353; newly diagnosed diabetes by 2-h glucose from an oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] [DM2h], n = 80; newly diagnosed diabetes by fasting glucose [DMf], n = 135; or newly diagnosed diabetes by fasting and 2-h glucose and established diabetes on diet/exercise only [DM], n = 100).
RESULTS—In Spearman correlation analyses, proinsulin and the proinsulin-to-insulin ratio were only modestly inversely related to AIR (r values from −0.02 to −0.27), and AIR was strongly related to HOMA-B (r values 0.56 and 0.58). HOMA-B markedly underestimated the magnitude of the β-cell defect across declining glucose tolerance, especially for IGT and new DM by OGTT compared with AIR. Analyses adjusting for insulin sensitivity showed that β-cell function was compromised in IGT, DM2h, DMf, and DM, relative to NGT, by 13, 12, 59, and 62% (HOMA-B) and by as much as 40, 60, 80, and 75%, using AIR.
CONCLUSIONS—Subjects with IGT and early-stage, asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients have more pronounced β-cell defects than previously estimated from epidemiological studies using homeostasis model assessment.
Kinin B1 Receptor Deficiency Leads to Leptin Hypersensitivity and Resistance to Obesity
Authors: Mori Marcelo A. , Araújo Ronaldo C. , Reis Felipe C.G. , Sgai Daniela G. , Fonseca Raphael G. , Barros Carlos C. , Merino Vanessa F. , Passadore Mariana , Barbosa Ana M. , Ferrari Bernard , Carayon Pierre , Castro Charlles H.M. , Shimuta Suma I. , Luz Jacqueline , Bascands Jean-Loup , Schanstra Joost P. , Even Patrick C. , Oliveira Suzana M. , Bader Michael , Pesquero João B. 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE—Kinins mediate pathophysiological processes related to hypertension, pain, and inflammation through the activation of two G-protein–coupled receptors, named B1 and B2. Although these peptides have been related to glucose homeostasis, their effects on energy balance are still unknown.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Using genetic and pharmacological strategies to abrogate the kinin B1 receptor in different animal models of obesity, here we present evidence of a novel role for kinins in the regulation of satiety and adiposity.
RESULTS—Kinin B1 receptor deficiency in mice (B1−/−) resulted in less fat content, hypoleptinemia, increased leptin sensitivity, and robust protection against high-fat diet–induced weight gain. Under high-fat diet, B1−/− also exhibited reduced food intake, improved lipid oxidation, and increased energy expenditure. Surprisingly, B1 receptor deficiency was not able to decrease food intake and adiposity in obese mice lacking leptin (ob/ob-B1−/−). However, ob/ob-B1−/− mice were more responsive to the effects of exogenous leptin on body weight and food intake, suggesting that B1 receptors may be dependent on leptin to display their metabolic roles. Finally, inhibition of weight gain and food intake by B1 receptor ablation was pharmacologically confirmed by long-term administration of the kinin B1 receptor antagonist SSR240612 to mice under high-fat diet.
CONCLUSIONS—Our data suggest that kinin B1 receptors participate in the regulation of the energy balance via a mechanism that could involve the modulation of leptin sensitivity.
Microstructural changes at the ultra-precision machined surface of Zn–Al based alloy
Authors: To S. , Zhu Y. H. , Lee W. B. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Using X-ray diffraction and back-scattered electron microscopy techniques, microstructural changes and phase decomposition at the ultra-precision machined surface of a Zn – Al based alloy were studied. The effects of the depth of cut on the microstructural changes were discussed in relation to the creep deformation, and the milling-induced microstructural changes. Structural evolution of the chip from the machining was studied in order to understand the ultra-precision machining induced phase decomposition. The effect of ultra-precision machining on the hardness of the surface of the alloy specimen was studied.
Study of structural and electrical properties of arsenic ferrites
Authors: Zade Prashant D. , Vanerkar Atul P. , Dharmadhikari Dattatreya M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The effect of inclusion of trivalent arsenic ions with increasing arsenic concentration on the structural, electrical and thermal properties of the system As
x
Fe3 – x
O4 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0), synthesized at ambient temperature have been studied. Thermal measurements from room temperature to 1173 K and DC resistivity measurements with activation energy calculations were used for this purpose. Thermal measurements were carried out on these value added products. This investigation provides evidence for all compounds of the system. In particular: 1) They are stable up to 473 K and further only a small loss in weight was observed for the temperature range of 473 K – 1113 K, 2) In As0.2Fe2.8O4, a strong exothermic peak was observed at around 561 K, which has been shifted to 541 K for AsFe2O4, this shows the phase transition and sample crystallization. X-ray diffraction was used for characterization and DC resistivity measurement from room temperature to 623 K shows semi conducting behavior. The present work reveals that the incorporation of As3+ ions in the lattice of magnetite results in orthorhombic symmetry for arsenic composition x = 0.2 to x = 1.0.
Flood pulsing and metacommunity dynamics in a desert riparian ecosystem
Authors: Boudell Jere A. , Stromberg Juliet C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractQuestions:1. Does flood pulsing drive metacommunity dynamics and provide insurance against catastrophic flooding in desert southwestern riparian ecosystems? 2. Do upland and wetland species in the floodplain differ in their dynamics?Location:Southwestern USA.Methods:We sampled vegetation and propagule banks in four communities along a floodplain hydrogradient. Plant species were classified as wetland or upland and community wetland indicator scores were calculated. ANOVA tested for differences between data categories amongst communities (extant vegetation and propagule banks) and soil depths. Sorensen's similarity coefficient was calculated to determine compositional similarity between vegetation and propagule banks.Results:Community propagule banks had high similarity indicating broad dispersal by flood waters. Wetland propagules were present in soils from channel bars to floodplain edges, despite declines in wetland vegetation with distance from channel. Wetland communities in propagule banks were dissimilar from those in vegetation except on channel bars. Upland species (vegetation and propagule banks) increased with distance from channel. Propagules of upland species were most abundant in the litter, and were compositionally similar to upland species in most communities.Conclusions:Flood pulsing is one mechanism that drives spatiotemporal metacommunity dynamics in dynamic desert riparian ecosystems. The homogenized regional propagule bank created by flood pulsing provides wetland species with a mechanism to escape local extinction by allowing for recoloni‐zation after flooding creates suitable establishment conditions. Upland species are able to germinate from in‐situ sources after small‐scale flooding or rainfall moistens soil. In fluctuating environments, these dynamics sustain biodiversity in the face of ongoing environmental change.
Interaction Scheme and Temperature Behavior of Energy Transfer in a Light‐Emitting Inorganic‐Organic Composite System
Authors: Neves Antonio Alvaro Ranha , Camposeo Andrea , Cingolani Roberto , Pisignano Dario 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDetermining and controlling the inter‐component excitation conversion in light‐emitting nanocomposite materials is a key factor for predicting the composite luminescence properties and for the operation of many opto‐electronic devices. Here we present an extensive study of the inter‐component energy transfer in the composite system given by ZnO particles interacting with the conjugated polymer, poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene]. The composite emission is studied upon varying the acceptor concentration, and the system temperature in the range 50–300 K. The temperature dependence of the energy transfer rate is described by a rate model, taking into account the temperature dependence of the single components nonradiative decay rates, and a dipole–surface interaction scheme in the hybrid material. The proposed model accounts very well for the experimental observation of energy transfer and can be used to predict the temperature behavior of the emission from light‐emitting nanocomposite materials.
Organization of Organic Molecules with Inorganic Nanoparticles: Hybrid Nanodiodes
Authors: Mohanta Kallol , Batabyal Sudip K. , Pal Amlan J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA monolayer of inorganic nanoparticles and a monolayer of organic molecules have been electrostatically assembled in sequence. Such assemblies or organizations exhibit electrical rectification. When the sequence of the organization is reversed, the direction of rectification becomes opposite. In both n‐type ZnO/organic and organic/n‐ZnO assemblies, electron flow is favorable from the n‐ZnO nanoparticle to the (electron‐accepting) organic molecule. While the individual components do not show any rectification, substitutes of the organic molecule tune electrical rectification. Junctions between a p‐type ZnO nanoparticle and an electron‐donating metal phthalocyanine favor current flow in the nanoparticle‐to‐phthalocyanine direction. The rectification in a junction between a nanoparticle and an organic molecule is due to the parity between free carriers in the former component and the type of carrier‐accepting nature in the latter one. By observing electrical rectification with the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope, organic/inorganic hybrid nanodiodes or rectifiers on the molecular/nanoscale have been established.
Solvent free biocatalytic synthesis of vinyl monomers by lipase immobilized on hydrogels
Authors: Chauhan Ghanshyam S. , Kanwar Shamsher S. , Kumar Rajeev , Kumar Yogesh , Chauhan Sandeep 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSimple novel research plan has been employed to tailor supports for lipase immobilization. N‐aminoethylacrylamide (N‐AEAAm) and N‐aminoethylmethacrylamide (N‐AEMAAm) were crosslinked with N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide (N,N‐MBAAm) and consequently reacted separately with acrylic acid (AAc) and methacrylic acid (MAAc). The hydrogels thus formed, consist of both amide and carboxylic functional groups. These hydrogels were characterized by nitrogen analysis, SEM, FTIR and also by water uptake studies as a function of time, temperature, pH, and the presence of additives like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). These hydrogels are environmentally sensitive. In the presence of surfactants, these hydrogels show micellization and swell to the maximum at the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the surfactants. Lipase was immobilized on these hydrogels and the one exhibiting the maximum activity was further used as biocatalyst to explore nonconventional green routes for the synthesis of some known and novel vinyl monomers. Yields obtained have been high and the immobilized lipase show high reusability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008