bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Imaging by Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Imaging for In vivo Tumor Diagnosis
Authors: Golman Klaes , Zandt René in't , Lerche Mathilde , Pehrson Rikard , Ardenkjaer-Larsen Jan Henrik 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The “Warburg effect,” an elevation in aerobic glycolysis, may be a fundamental property of cancer cells. For cancer diagnosis and treatment, it would be valuable if elevated glycolytic metabolism could be quantified in an image in animals and humans. The pyruvate molecule is at the metabolic crossroad for energy delivery inside the cell, and with a noninvasive measurement of the relative transformation of pyruvate into lactate and alanine within a biologically relevant time frame (seconds), it may be possible to quantify the glycolytic status of the cells. We have examined the metabolism after i.v. injection of hyperpolarized 13C-pyruvate in rats with implanted P22 tumors. The strongly enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance signal generated by the hyperpolarization techniques allows mapping of pyruvate, lactate, and alanine in a 5 × 5 × 10 mm3 imaging voxel using a 1.5 T magnetic resonance scanner. The magnetic resonance scanning (chemical shift imaging) was initiated 24 seconds after the pyruvate injection and had a duration of 14 seconds. All implanted tumors showed significantly higher lactate content than the normal tissue. The results indicate that noninvasive quantification of localized Warburg effect may be possible. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 10855-60)
Reassessment of Id1 Protein Expression in Human Mammary, Prostate, and Bladder Cancers Using a Monospecific Rabbit Monoclonal Anti-Id1 Antibody
Authors: Perk Jonathan , Gil-Bazo Ignacio , Chin Yvette , de Candia Paola , Chen John J.S. , Zhao Yuntao , Chao Shirley , Cheong Wai , Ke Yaohuang , Al-Ahmadie Hikmat , Gerald William L. , Brogi Edi , Benezra Robert 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Id proteins are a class of dominant-negative antagonists of helix-loop-helix transcription factors and have been shown to control differentiation of a variety of cell types in diverse organisms. Although the importance of Id1 in tumor endothelial cells is well established, the expression and role of the Id1 protein in human cancer cells is controversial. To explore this issue, we developed and characterized a highly specific rabbit monoclonal antibody against Id1 to assess its expression in human breast, prostate, and bladder malignancies. Our results show that in usual types of human mammary carcinomas, the Id1 protein is expressed exclusively in the endothelium. Interestingly, we detected nuclear expression of the Id1 protein in the tumor cells in 10 of 45 cases of poorly differentiated and highly aggressive carcinoma with metaplastic morphology. Similarly, only 1 of 30 prostate cancer samples showed Id1-positive tumor cells, whereas in almost all, endothelial cells showed high Id1 expression. Intriguingly, whereas normal prostate glands do not show any Id1 protein expression, basal layer cells of benign prostate glands in proximity to tumors expressed high levels of the Id1 protein. In contrast to the lack of Id1 expression in the usual types of mammary and prostate cancers, the majority of transitional cell bladder tumors showed Id1 protein expression in both tumor and endothelial cells. These results suggest that further refinement of Id1 expression patterns in a variety of tumor types will be necessary to identify and study the functional roles played by Id1 in human neoplastic processes. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 10870-7)
Caveolin-1, Mammary Stem Cells, and Estrogen-Dependent Breast Cancers
Authors: Sotgia Federica , Rui Hallgeir , Bonuccelli Gloria , Mercier Isabelle , Pestell Richard G. , Lisanti Michael P. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Estrogen exposure is considered a significant risk factor for breast cancer development. Estrogen receptor (ER) α is expressed at low levels in normal epithelia, and its expression is dramatically up-regulated as transformation progresses during mammary hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma development. The mechanism(s) driving ERα up-regulation during mammary tumorigenesis remains unclear. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the structural protein of plasmalemmal invaginations, termed caveolae, which functions as a tumor suppressor gene. Interestingly, Cav-1 dominant-negative mutations are exclusively found in ERα-positive breast cancer samples. In support of these clinical findings, ERα expression is increased in Cav-1 (−/−) null mammary epithelia, and estrogen stimulation further enhances the growth of Cav-1-deficient three-dimensional epithelial structures. These phenotypes correlate with augmented levels of cyclin D1. In addition, Cav-1 gene inactivation induces the accumulation of a cell population with the characteristics of adult mammary stem cells. Primary cultures of Cav-1 (−/−) mammary epithelial cells exhibit premalignant changes, such as abnormal lumen formation, epidermal growth factor–independent growth, defects in cell substrate attachment, and increased cell invasiveness. Thus, Cav-1 gene inactivation promotes premalignant alterations in mammary epithelia and induces increased ERα expression levels and the up-regulation of cyclin D1. As tumor formation is a multihit process, Cav-1 mutations that occur during the early stages of mammary transformation may be a critical upstream/initiating event leading to increased ERα levels. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 10647-51)
Comportement hydrique et évolution structurale et texturale des montmorillonites au tours d'un cycle de dessiccation-humectation: partie I. Cas des montmorillonites calciques
Authors: Rhaiem H. Ben , Tessier D. , Pons Ch. H. 
Published: November 2006

RésuméL'évolution structurale et texturale ainsi que le comportement hydrique de deux montmorillonites-Ca (Wyoming et grecque) ont été éudiés par microscopic électronique à transmission (MET) et plus précisément par analyse de la diffusion aux petits angles des rayons X (DPAX). L'étude au MET a permis de montrer qu'à faible contrainte, le matériau est formé par un réseau de particules déformables délimitant des pores de grandes dimensions (~2μm). L'étude en DPAX des mêmes systèmes soumis à une contrainte de type succion a montré que: 1. Lors de la première dessiceation il y a d'abord déformation du réseau sans regroupement des particules (p ⩽ 1 bar), puis regroupement des particules face-face pour former des particules de plus grande épalsseur (p > 1 bar). On montre aussi que l'eau est essentiellement extraite de la porosité interparticulaire. 2. Lors de la réhydratation, on met en évidence qu'après dessiccation le système perd une grande partie de son aptitude à, reprendre de l'eau et que cette perte est d'autant plus importante que le niveau de dessiccation préalable a été élevé. Ceci est dû au falt qu'une partie de la porosité est réduite fi des espaces ayant la propriété de l'espace interfoliaire.
Nickel-bearing clay minerals: II. Intracrystalline distribution of nickel: an X-ray absorption study
Authors: Manceau A. , Calas G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mechanism of Ni-Mg substitution has been studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy in phyllosilicates belonging mainly to the lizardite-nepouite and kerolite-pimelite series. Two types of information were obtained: (1) Analysis of nickel K-edge spectra under high resolution confirmed that Ni atoms were substituted for Mg atoms. There was no evidence for 4-fold coordinated Ni. (2) Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was sensitive to atomic pair-correlations and gave access to the radial distribution function around Ni atoms. For all samples, this function gave two peaks. The first one was related to the (O,OH) coordination shell and analysis confirmed that Ni atoms were 6-fold coordinated. The amplitude of the second peak was very sensitive to the atomic composition of the Ni-Mg second shell. It is shown that the intracrystalline distribution of Ni is never random within the octahedral sheet; Ni atoms are segregated into domains, the minimum size of which has been calculated. In the kerolite-pimelite series the mean domain size is at least 30 Å and EXAFS could not exclude the existence of pure Ni sheets. X-ray dispersive spectroscopy combined with TEM suggested that the minerals in this series have pure Ni layers associated with pure Mg layers. In the lizardite-nepouite series, Ni atoms are segregated into specific Ni-enriched areas, the exent of which depends on the specific chemical constitution of the sample. Distribution patterns are discussed with respect to the formation mechanisms of these ore minerals.
Determination of porosity of platy materials using slit-shaped and bevelled pores
Authors: Delon J. F. , Lietard O. , Cases J. M. , Yvon J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe pore-size distribution of kaolinite has been studied by nitrogen desorption isotherms. A new method is proposed which takes account of the fact that the intraparticle or ‘internal’ area is small in comparison with the total surface area. The crystals form dihedral angles with one another, and the irregularities of the crystal edges form a slit-shaped internal pore system. When the nitrogen pressure increases, the condensed volume in the pores grows by an amount greater than predicted by de Boer's law. This excess is shown to result from capillary condensation in bevelled pores and this accounts for the main part of the intercrystalline or ‘external’ porosity. A model of condensation in bevelled capillaries has been developed and its range of validity determined.
Dissolution of apatite in North Sea Jurassic sandstones: implications for the generation of secondary porosity
Authors: Morton A. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHeavy-mineral studies on Jurassic sandstones from the central and northern North Sea areas and from the Lossiemouth Borehole (onshore NE Scotland) show that the dissolution of apatite is a function of depositional environment rather than burial depth. In the shallow marine Upper Jurassic sands of the Claymore, Clyde and Tartan Fields, and in the deeper-water Magnus sands, apatite is ubiquitous, even where burial depths exceed 3800 m. Conversely, the fluvio-deltaic sands of the Beatrice, Heather, Ninian and Murchison Fields, and of the Lossiemouth Borehole, have suffered apatite dissolution, although burial depths range from very shallow (Lossiemouth Borehole) to about 3300 m. This clearly indicates that apatite dissolution has taken place through penetration of low-pH meteoric groundwaters at a very early stage in diagenesis, and that high-temperature fluids circulating in deep burial have had little or no effect. This is in accord with patterns of mineral dissolution observed in other sedimentary basins and in the North Sea Palaeocene. Although dissolution of heavy minerals is unlikely to generate significant secondary porosity, the process is nevertheless caused by the same pore-fluids that dissolve major framework constituents. Patterns of heavy-mineral dissolution therefore provide clues to the nature of these pore-fluids. Here, the relative stability of apatite is particularly significant. The order of stability apatite > garnet > kyanite, which characterizes deep burial of North Sea sandstones, has previously been simulated experimentally using fluids of pH 8 at room temperature. This suggests that high-temperature acidic pore-fluids may not have played a significant role in the development of secondary porosity in North Sea sandstones.
Morphological characterisation of portal myofibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells in the normal dog liver
Authors: IJzer Jooske , Roskams Tania , Molenbeek Ronald F , Ultee Ton , Penning Louis C , Rothuizen Jan , van den Ingh Ted SGAM 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Hepatic fibrosis is a common outcome of hepatic injury in both man and dog. Activated fibroblasts which develop myofibroblastic characteristics play an essential role in hepatic fibrogenesis, and are comprised of three subpopulations: 1) portal or septal myofibroblasts, 2) interface myofibroblasts and 3) the perisinusoidally located hepatic stellate cells (HSC). The present study was performed to investigate the immunohistochemical characteristics of canine portal myofibroblasts (MF) and HSC in the normal unaffected liver as a basis for further studies on fibrogenesis in canine liver disease.

Results
In the formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded normal canine liver vimentin showed staining of hepatic fibroblasts, probably including MF in portal areas and around hepatic veins; however, HSC were in general negative. Desmin proved to react with both portal MF and HSC. A unique feature of these HSC was the positive immunostaining for alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and muscle-specific actin clone HHF35 (HHF35), also portal MF stained positive with these antibodies. Synaptophysin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were consistently negative in the normal canine liver. In a frozen chronic hepatitis case (with expected activated hepatic MF and HSC), HSC were negative to synaptophysin, GFAP and NCAM. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) immunogold labelling for α-SMA and HHF35 recognized the positive cells as HSC situated in the space of Disse.

Conclusion
In the normal formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded canine liver hepatic portal MF and HSC can be identified by α-SMA, HHF35 and to a lesser extent desmin immunostaining. These antibodies can thus be used in further studies on hepatic fibrosis. Synaptophysin, GFAP and NCAM do not seem suitable for marking of canine HSC. The positivity of HSC for α-SMA and HHF35 in the normal canine liver may eventually reflect a more active regulation of hepatic sinusoidal flow by these HSC compared to other species.
Four-day antithrombin therapy does not seem to attenuate hypercoagulability in patients suffering from sepsis
Authors: Gonano Christopher , Sitzwohl Christian , Meitner Eva , Weinstabl Christian , Kettner Stephan C 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Sepsis activates the coagulation system and frequently causes hypercoagulability, which is not detected by routine coagulation tests. A reliable method to evaluate hypercoagulability is thromboelastography (TEG), but this has not so far been used to investigate sepsis-induced hypercoagulability. Antithrombin (AT) in plasma of septic patients is decreased, and administration of AT may therefore reduce the acquired hypercoagulability. Not clear, however, is to what extent supraphysiologic plasma levels of AT decrease the acute hypercoagulability in septic patients. The present study investigates the coagulation profile of septic patients before and during four day high-dose AT therapy.

Methods
Patients with severe sepsis were randomly assigned to receive either 6,000 IU AT as a bolus infusion followed by a maintenance dose of 250 IU/hour over four days (n = 17) or placebo (n = 16). TEG, platelet count, plasma fibrinogen levels, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were assessed at baseline and daily during AT therapy.

Results
TEG showed a hypercoagulability in both groups at baseline, which was neither reversed by bolus or by maintenance doses of AT. The hypercoagulability was mainly caused by increased plasma fibrinogen, and to a lesser extent by platelets. Plasmatic coagulation as assessed by the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time was similar in both groups, and did not change during the study period.

Conclusion
The current study shows a distinct hypercoagulability in patients suffering from severe sepsis, which was not reversed by high-dose AT treatment over four days. This finding supports recent data showing that modulation of coagulatory activation in septic patients by AT does not occur before one week of therapy.
Trial registration: Current Control Trials ISRCTN22931023
ProCAT: a data analysis approach for protein microarrays
Authors: Zhu Xiaowei , Gerstein Mark , Snyder Michael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProtein microarrays provide a versatile method for the analysis of many protein biochemical activities. Existing DNA microarray analytical methods do not translate to protein microarrays due to differences between the technologies. Here we report a new approach, ProCAT, which corrects for background bias and spatial artifacts, identifies significant signals, filters nonspecific spots, and normalizes the resulting signal to protein abundance. ProCAT provides a powerful and flexible new approach for analyzing many types of protein microarrays.
Nonlethal Sampling of Sunfish and Slimy Sculpin for Stable Isotope Analysis: How Scale and Fin Tissue Compare with Muscle Tissue
Authors: Kelly Maureen H. , Hagar William G. , Jardine Timothy D. , Cunjak Richard A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We found that the sampling of tissues that do not result in the death of the fish, such as scale and fin tissue, may be substituted for muscle tissue in stable isotope analysis (SIA) of fishes. Comparisons were made between the values of δ13C and δ15N found in muscle tissue with the corresponding scale tissue of three sunfish species (bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, pumpkinseed L. gibbosus, and redbreast sunfish L. auritus) and with caudal fin tissue of slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus. The fish showed strong linear correlation in δ13C values between their nonlethally sampled scale or fin tissue and their muscle tissue (combined sunfish: r = 0.97; slimy sculpin: r = 0.84). Sunfish δ13C values were higher in scale tissue than in muscle tissue and required a correction factor for converting the scale values to the muscle values (regression equation: y = 1.1673x + 1.0531). Slimy sculpin δ13C fin and muscle values were similar and did not require a correction factor. The correlation of δ15N values between the tissues was also strong in both sunfish (r = 0.94) and slimy sculpin (r = 0.90). A correction factor was needed to convert δ15N values from scale to muscle in the three sunfish species (y = 0.8504x + 2.6698) and from fin to muscle in slimy sculpin (y = 1.2658x − 3.3234). Results of this study and other literature support the use of nonlethally sampled tissues for SIA of fish. These methods may be used for investigations of rare and endangered species and also allow for analysis of archived fish scales.
Historical Changes in Abundance of Floating-Leaf and Emergent Vegetation in Minnesota Lakes
Authors: Radomski Paul 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
To assess the consequences of shoreline development, whole-lake vegetation abundance of dense floating-leaf and emergent vegetation in 100 north-central Minnesota lakes was estimated from aerial photographs for selected years between 1939 and 2003. Lakes were randomly selected from three shoreland development classifications, which define statewide minimum shoreline development standards for Minnesota. The three classes, in order of increasing restrictions for development, are general development, recreational development, and natural environment. Image analysis techniques were used to estimate vegetation abundance (percent cover). Shoreline development varied by shoreland development class. Floating-leaf and emergent vegetative cover (percent of lake surface area) was significantly affected by development. Increases in shoreline development, indexed by dock sites per shoreline kilometer, reduced plant cover. A linear mixed-effects model estimated that in 2003, the mean floating-leaf and emergent vegetation cover loss from development was 6% for natural-environment lakes, 14% for recreational-development lakes, and 17% for general-development lakes. Total vegetation cover loss for north-central Minnesota lakes was estimated at 15%. Shoreline regulatory policies may need to be changed or riparian owner incentive programs added to address cumulative impacts to fish and wildlife habitat.
Radiation Recall Dermatitis with Cefotetan: A Case Study
Authors: Ayoola Ayodele , Lee Young Joo 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Radiation recall dermatitis (RRD) is an inflammatory skin reaction that occurs in a previously irradiated body part following drug administration. This phenomenon may occur from days to years following exposure to ionizing radiation. The case of a 54-year-old Caucasian woman who was initially treated with external-beam radiation to the right thoracic region following the diagnosis of a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the right lung is reported. She received four cycles of consolidated chemotherapy with docetaxel and carboplatin. Four months later, she was admitted to the hospital for acute cholecystitis and was placed on cefotetan. She developed a tender, erythematous rash on the posterior region of her right thorax 48 hours later. The drug was withdrawn, supportive care was instituted, and the patient subsequently improved. RRD should be suspected in patients who develop an erythematous rash in a previously irradiated region. To our knowledge this entity has not been associated with cefotetan previously.
Bone Loss and Fracture Risk Associated with Cancer Therapy
Authors: Guise Theresa A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify cancer therapies associated with bone loss.Explain the unique aspects of cancer therapy–associated bone loss.Screen for and manage bone loss in cancer patients.Describe the safety profile of bisphosphonate drug treatment.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Background. Cancer patients experience osteoporosis resulting from accelerated loss of bone mineral density (BMD) caused by their treatment. Such bone loss greatly increases the risk for fracture and can have other serious effects on quality of life.
Methods. In the current report, the author focuses on studies of cancer therapy-associated bone loss, its prevalence and pathogenesis, and resulting clinical impact. Options for management and prevention are also reviewed, including treatment guidelines where available.
Results. A variety of cancer therapies, including hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and glucocorticoids, affect gonadal hormone production, which increases bone resorption and decreases BMD. Such bone loss occurs more rapidly and to a greater degree than normal age-related osteoporosis, increases the risk for fracture and other morbidities, and decreases survival. Regular BMD screening and early intervention can prevent further decline in bone density and bone quality. Pharmacologic therapy with oral and i.v. bisphosphonates has been shown to slow bone loss in patients receiving cancer therapy, and the i.v. bisphosphonate zoledronic acid can increase BMD in patients with cancer treatment-related bone loss. Lifestyle changes, including supplementation with calcium and vitamin D, diet, and proper exercise, can also slow the rate of bone loss.
Conclusions. Bone loss associated with various cancer therapies significantly affects bone health. Early initiation of bisphosphonates, when indicated, and lifestyle modification can improve patient outcomes. Education of patients and health care professionals regarding the importance of this complication and effective treatment options is essential.