bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and PSA velocity for prostate cancer detection in men aged <50 years
Authors: Sun Leon , Moul Judd W. , Hotaling James M. , Rampersaud Edward , Dahm Phillipp , Robertson Cary , Fitzsimons Nicholas , Albala David , Polascik Thomas J. 
Published: January 2007

Many of the papers in this section are specifically related to the complexities of PSA testing and prostatic biopsy. Increasingly PSA testing has become a constituent part of urological practice, and although most would maintain that its is the best urological marker for prostate cancer that we have, its failings have led us to examine its performance in microscopic detail, to help us to use it better for detecting prostatic cancer.In the same way, high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia has become important in our understanding of the progression of the pathology of prostate cancer. Several papers in this section re‐emphasise the importance of this finding, and suggest that it remains a highly significant indicator of the likely development of prostate cancer.OBJECTIVETo identify threshold values of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels and PSA velocity (PSAV) to optimize the assessment of the risk of prostate cancer in young men, as prostate cancer is detected increasingly in men aged <50 years.PATIENTS AND METHODSData for a group of 12 078 men, including 1622 with prostate cancer, were retrieved from the Duke Prostate Center Database. Based on the latest date for a PSA assay, these men were divided into two age groups of <50 and ≥ 50 years, with 904 and 11 174 men in each group, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) of PSA and PSAV were calculated and the cancer risk was assessed.RESULTSThe prevalence of prostate cancer was 4.4% (40 men) for men aged <50 years and 14.2% (1582 men) for men aged ≥ 50 years. For the group with cancer the median PSA in men aged <50 years was significantly lower than that in men aged ≥ 50 (1.3 vs 6.3 ng/mL, P < 0.001). ROC curves of PSA and PSAV showed a breakpoint at a PSA level of 2.3 ng/mL and a PSAV of 0.60 ng/mL/year for men aged <50 years. Both the sensitivity and specificity in the younger group at a PSA level of 2.5 ng/mL were higher than in the older group.CONCLUSIONSIn men aged <50 years the operating characteristics of PSA are more sensitive and specific than in older men. Diagnostic PSA levels in men aged <50 years are significantly lower than suggested by guidelines. Using a 2.0–2.5 ng/mL PSA level threshold for biopsy in men aged <50 years and a PSAV threshold lower than the traditional 0.75 ng/mL/year is reasonable in contemporary practice. Further studies are warranted to validate these thresholds.
Spermatogenesis in the contralateral testis of patients with testicular germ cell cancer: histological evaluation of testicular biopsies and a comparison with healthy males
Authors: Dieckmann Klaus‐Peter , Linke Jörg , Pichlmeier Uwe , Kulejewski Magdalena , Loy Volker 
Published: January 2007

Associate EditorMichael G. WyllieEditorial BoardIan Eardley, UKJean Fourcroy, USASidney Glina, BrazilJulia Heiman, USAChris McMahon, AustraliaBob Millar, UKAlvaro Morales, CanadaMichael Perelman, USAMarcel Waldinger, NetherlandsOBJECTIVETo assess histologically signs of testicular dysgenesis (TD) in the contralateral testes of patients with testicular germ cell tumours (GCTs) and to compare these findings with the spermatogenetic quality in healthy men, as the contralateral testis is considered to be involved with dysgenetic features such as poor sperm production, and accordingly, GCTs are hypothesized to be part of the ‘TD syndrome’ (TDS). One testicular biopsy is thought to represent spermatogenesis in the entire testis. We evaluated this view by using testicular two‐site biopsies.PATIENTS AND METHODS2318 patients with testicular GCT had a contralateral testicular two‐site biopsy. Testicular biopsies taken on forensic autopsy from 1388 presumably healthy men served as controls. Spermatogenesis was rated histologically according to a modified Johnsen score. Clinical factors were recorded to explore associations with reduced spermatogenesis. Differences in spermatogenesis scoring results among two‐site biopsies were noted. Statistical analysis involved Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney and Jonckheere–Terpstra tests for comparing patients and controls, and for studying associations with clinical factors. Classification and regression‐tree analysis was used to explore multivariate associations.RESULTSHistologically, patients had significantly poorer spermatogenesis than healthy men. Clinically, hypospermatogenesis was significantly associated with testicular atrophy, undescended testes, male infertility, and advanced clinical stage; 5.4% of cases (95% confidence interval 4.43–6.27) had discordant findings of >2 points on double biopsy and 9.8% had differences of 1 point. Discordance was significantly associated with poor spermatogenesis and testicular atrophy.CONCLUSIONSWe confirmed histologically that there is markedly reduced spermatogenesis in the contralateral testes of patients with GCT. This result lends credence to the view that GCT is part of the so‐called TDS. But as hypospermatogenesis is associated with advanced clinical stage, impairment of sperm production might at least partly be acquired secondary to the endocrine activity of GCT. There were clinically relevant discordant results on double biopsy in 5.4%, predominantly in infertile patients and in atrophic testes. Thus the histological evaluation of male infertility is best done by multiple biopsies.
Analysis of progression and survival after 10 years of a randomized prospective study comparing mitomycin‐C and bacillus Calmette‐Guérin in patients with high‐risk bladder cancer
Authors: Gårdmark Truls , Jahnson Staffan , Wahlquist Rolf , Wijkström Hans , Malmström Per‐Uno 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVETo report the 10‐year follow‐up of a study randomizing between instillations of bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) and mitomycin‐C (MMC) for treating high‐risk and not muscle‐invasive urinary bladder cancer to assess progression, the need for more aggressive treatment and survival (cancer‐specific and overall), as many of the published studies comparing different treatments for disease that is not muscle‐invasive have a short follow‐up.PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween 1987 and 1992, 261 patients were included; they had frequently recurring Ta/T1G1–G2, T1G3 or primary Tis‐dysplasia. The patients were randomized to treatment with either 40 mg of MMC or 120 mg of BCG (Danish strain 1331) given weekly for 6 weeks, then monthly up to a year and finally every third month for a further year. The 250 evaluable patients were followed using hospital files and national registers on causes of death.RESULTSThe median follow‐up for survivors was 123 months. The disease progressed in 58 (23%) of the patients, 34 in the MMC group and 24 in the BCG group (P = 0.26). Of the 140 patients who died, 68 were in the BCG and 72 in the MMC group (log‐rank P = 0.98); most (95, 68%) died from other causes.CONCLUSIONBased on the follow‐up of the present patients it cannot be concluded that the drugs originally administered, MMC or BCG, differed in their effect on progression, need for subsequent treatment or survival.
Winter severity limits red fox populations in Eurasia
Authors: Bartoń Kamil A. , Zalewski Andrzej 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAim  We investigated geographical variation in the density of the red fox in relation to climatic variables, habitat productivity and seasonality to identify those factors that were the best predictors of fox density.Location  Published data on red fox abundance were collated from 69 locations over Europe and Asia.Methods  Using generalized linear models and the information‐theoretic approach, we analysed the contribution of climatic measures (winter and summer temperature, mean snow depth and duration), primary productivity and seasonality indices [based on the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) index] to account for variation in red fox density.Results  Red fox density in winter ranged from 0.001–2.8 individuals km−2; the average density was 0.21 individuals km−2. Variation in red fox density was best explained by the winter temperature and seasonality. Density decreased with declining winter and summer temperatures, increasing degree of seasonality and increasing duration of snow cover. There was no relationship with habitat productivity.Main conclusions  Our results indicate that winter climatic conditions and seasonality, but not habitat productivity, may limit red fox density in Eurasia. One explanation for the limitation of the red fox population may be the fox's physiological capability to cope with abiotic conditions. Concurrently, the severity of winter may lead to reduced availability of the fox's prey. That, together with a shorter reproductive period may result in lower reproductive output as well as lower survival of adults and cubs.
The Nature of Unemployment among Young Men in Urban Ethiopia
Authors: Serneels Pieter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates the nature of unemployment among young men in urban Ethiopia and finds that it is concentrated among relatively well‐educated first‐time job seekers who aspire to a public sector job and spend on average close to four years in unemployment. This is consistent with a segmented labor market model where youngsters queue in unemployment for a good job, as confirmed by an empirical test of the theoretical prediction. We observe a negative (causal) relationship between household welfare and both the incidence and duration of unemployment, indicating that unemployment is concentrated among the relatively worse off urban households, which from a national perspective represent the middle classes, and find suggestive evidence that part of this effect is due to malnutrition during childhood. Job search through social networks is only effective after one has become unemployed, suggesting that networks provide insurance only after exposure to the risk.
Growth, Employment and Taxation with Distortions in the Goods and Labour Market
Authors: Roeger Werner 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
This paper analyses taxation in the presence of distortions in goods and labour markets in an endogenous growth model. The government disposes of capital, labour and consumption taxes. It is shown that the market solution leads to suboptimally low levels of growth and employment. However, available tax instruments are sufficient to attain the first-best growth path in this economy. The paper further explores the relative distortion of capital and labour taxes. For plausible parametrisations of the model, lowering capital taxes dominate reductions in labour taxes in welfare terms.
Methodological evolution and clinical application of C.G. Jung's Word Association Experiment: a follow‐up study
Authors: Vezzoli Caterina , Bressi Cinzia , Tricarico Giorgio , Boato Paolo 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  We became interested in the clinical application of the Word Association Experiment (AE) when we decided to use Jung's theory of complexes in the psycho‐diagnostic evaluation and treatment of patients applying to our Psychotherapy Out‐patients Unit (Psychiatric Clinic, Milan University).In psychopathological situations, complexes with a particularly high emotional charge become autonomous and disturbing, inhibiting the ego's functions. The representations and affective states corresponding to these complexes become dominant, conditioning the expression of symptoms and the subject's relational modes.In this experimental study we started out from the basic theory that our psycho‐therapeutic work should lead to a progressive change in the patient's initial complex set up. Jung's Word Association Experiment allows us to identify those words which indicate and stimulate a specific activation of the complexes for each subject via specific markers of complexes. We therefore decided to determine whether AE, administered during the first phase of clinical‐diagnostic evaluation and after one year of treatment, revealed any changes occurring in the patients' set up of complexes.
17‐β‐Estradiol‐mediated activation of extracellular‐signal regulated kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase B‐Akt and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor phosphorylation in cortical synaptoneurosomes
Authors: Dominguez Reymundo , Liu Roulan , Baudry Michel 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn addition to its well‐known activational mechanism, the steroid hormone 17‐β‐estradiol (E2) has been shown to rapidly activate various signal transduction pathways that could participate in estrogen‐mediated regulation of synaptic plasticity. Although the mechanisms underlying these effects are not clearly understood, it has been repeatedly suggested that they involve a plasma membrane receptor which has direct links to several intracellular signaling cascades. To further address the question of whether E2 acts directly at the synapse and through membrane‐bound receptors, we studied the effects of E2 and of ligands of estrogen receptors on various signaling pathways in cortical synaptoneurosomes. Our results demonstrate that E2 elicits N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor phosphorylation and activates the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt signal transduction pathways in this cortical membrane preparation. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the presence of a membrane‐bound estrogen receptor responsible for these effects in cortical synaptoneurosomes. Our study demonstrates that E2 directly acts at cortical synapses, and that synaptoneurosomes provide a useful system to investigate the mechanisms by which E2 regulates synaptic transmission and plasticity.
The structure of human collapsin response mediator protein 2, a regulator of axonal growth
Authors: Stenmark Pål , Ogg Derek , Flodin Susanne , Flores Alex , Kotenyova Tetyana , Nyman Tomas , Nordlund Pär , Kursula Petri 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAxonal growth cone guidance is a central process in nervous system development and repair. Collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP‐2) is a neurite extension‐promoting neuronal cytosolic molecule involved in the signalling of growth inhibitory cues from external stimuli, such as semaphorin 3A and the myelin‐associated glycoprotein. We have determined the crystal structure of human tetrameric CRMP‐2, which is structurally related to the dihydropyriminidases; however, the active site is not conserved. The wealth of earlier functional mapping data for CRMP‐2 are discussed in light of the three‐dimensional structure of the protein. The differences in oligomerisation interfaces between CRMP‐1 and CRMP‐2 are used to model CRMP‐1/2 heterotetramers.
Stopover duration of Palearctic passerine migrants in the western Sahara – independent of fat stores?
Authors: SALEWSKI VOLKER , SCHAUB MICHAEL 
Published: January 2007

Birds on migration spend much more time on stopover sites to refuel for the next migration step than aloft, but empirical data on stopover duration are rare, especially for Palearctic trans‐Sahara migrants whilst crossing the desert. Previous studies suggest that stopover duration of fat birds in oases is much shorter than that of lean birds. During 2003 and 2004 capture–recapture data of migrating passerines from two inland oases in spring and from one coastal site in autumn in Mauritania, West Africa, were analysed to test whether the probability of being a transient and the stopover duration depend on fuel stores at first capture. The application of capture–recapture models revealed that during autumn migration at the coast the proportion of transients (individuals that stop over only for 1 day) was relatively high (77–90%) in three out of four species investigated and stopover duration was short (1.9–4.6 days). In the inland oases in spring, transients were detected in only four out of 12 analyses. Stopover duration was longer than at the coast in autumn and surprisingly long in some species with durations of up to 30 days. Models taking into account the initial fat load of birds on the first capture occasion were, with one exception, never the most parsimonious ones. This indicates that the time spent after and before capture at the stopover site did not depend on the fat stores at first capture. Therefore, we cannot confirm the assumption that birds arriving at stopover sites in the desert with low fat loads stay longer than birds that arrive with high fat loads.
Photography in Pink Classrooms
Authors: Ashburn Liz 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe teaching of photography provides many opportunities to attack the assumption of universal heterosexuality, which is central to our society, in order to provide space for other sexualities such as gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender. This article is based on many years of lecturing in art schools and focuses on the classroom teaching of photography. It offers four perspectives for the expression of sexuality and possible change through the opening up of the curriculum to allow the inclusion of homosexual and queer art in the cultural capital of society; strategies to oppose heteronormativity; ways of treating students in the classroom in order to gain social justice in regard to sexual preference and finally the social benefits to all when heteronormativity is replaced with more equitable understandings, which could lead to a more inclusive community.
Sapphos to Baby Dykes: A Photo‐Essay
Authors: Lee Amelia ,   the young women of LIK:T
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe LIK:T Young lesbian and Bisexual Women's Project have done a substantial piece of work looking at role models and aspirations of young lesbians and bisexual women through art.The aim of the project was to try and break down isolation, and to raise the aspirations of young lesbian and bisexual (LB) women, as often as a group, LB women have a hidden history/herstory.The work was done over a number of months, including a consultation event in Manchester with lesbian and bisexual women across the generations; a research trip to the Glasgow Women's Library (and their Lesbian Archive); and a number of pieces put together at other events around the country by our roving reporters/photographers.The exhibit created includes six posters designed by the young women involved, and a photo collection of lesbian and bisexual women from across the generations, with accompanying interviews about their loves, lives and everything.
Experimental Investigation of Eclogite Rheology and Its Fabrics at High Temperature and Pressure
Authors: ZHANG J. , GREEN H. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEclogite plays an important role in mantle convection and geodynamics in subduction zones. An improved understanding of processes in the deeper levels of subduction zones and collision belts requires information on eclogite rheology. However, the deformation processes and associated fabrics in eclogite are not well understood. Incompatible views of deformation mechanism have been proposed for both garnet and omphacite. We present here deformation behaviour of eclogite at temperatures of 1027–1427 °C, confining pressures of 2.5–3.5 GPa, and strain rates of 1 × 10−5 s−1 to 5 × 10−4 s−1. We obtained a power‐law creep for the high temperature and pressure deformation of a ‘dry’ eclogite (50 vol.% garnet, 40% omphacite and 10% quartz) with A = 103.3 ± 1.0, n = 3.5 ± 0.4, ΔE =403 ± 30 KJ mol−1 and ΔV = 27.2 cm3 mol−1. The two principal minerals of eclogite have greatly different strengths. Progressive increase of garnet results in a smooth increase in strength. Analysis by electron back‐scattered diffraction shows that: (1) garnet displays pole figures with near random distributions of misorientation angle under both dry and wet conditions; (2) omphacite shows pronounced lattice preferred orientations (LPOs), suggesting a dominant dislocation creep mechanism. Further investigation into the water effects on eclogite show: (3) water content does not influence the style of omphacite fabric but increases slightly the fabric strength; (4) grain boundary processes dominate the deformation of garnet under high water fugacity or high shear‐strain conditions, yielding a random LPO similar to that of non‐deforming garnet, despite the strong shape preferred orientation (SPO) observed. {110} [001] slip may dominate the deformation of rutile. Quartz displays complicated and inconsistent LPOs in eclogite. These results are remarkably similar to observations from deformed eclogites in nature.
Starting a Home Hemodialysis Program
Authors: Moran John , Kraus Michael 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHome hemodialysis is not a new therapy; rather it is a therapy in which interest has been rekindled due to both the continually growing end‐stage renal disease population and concern about poor outcomes in patients on conventional thrice‐weekly in‐center dialysis. The practical issues to be considered when starting a home hemodialysis center are presented, including the choice of equipment, patient selection and training, home set‐up, dialysis prescription, and patient follow‐up. We outline the steps required to start a program that will be successful for patients, caretakers, and providers alike.
Is There More to Living Than Not Dying? A Reflection on Survival Studies in Dialysis
Authors: Bargman Joanne M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe publication of the CHOICE study, which compared survival of US hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients, has re‐opened the debate about the relative merits of the two dialysis modalities. The principal focus of the research and associated commentary, however, is about which modality is associated with the longest life expectancy. What appears to be missing, however, in the quagmire of propensity scores, comorbidity and confounding factors is that outcomes other than duration of survival must be addressed in discussions of the merits of renal replacement therapies. Home dialysis is very different from in‐center hemodialysis, and each therapy has advantages and disadvantages that will have different implications for each patient. Given that overall survival is comparable between home peritoneal dialysis and in‐center hemodialysis, we need to stop focusing so much on survival time and let the informed patient choose the modality.