bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications
Authors: Eaton Kent 
Published: October 2005

The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications. Edited by
Guillermo O'Donnell, Jorge Vargas Cullell, and Osvaldo M. Iazzetta.
Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004. 288p. $55.00 cloth,
$25.00 paper.The primary goal of this unique and compelling book is to provide the
theoretical and empirical foundations for what the authors hope will be a
new wave of interest in the quality of democracy. At the heart of the book
is a reaction against the minimalist definitions of democracy that in the
past two decades have come to dominate not just the regime literature but
also the democracy promotion work of a whole host of external donors in
what Guillermo O'Donnell calls the East and South. While more
countries have been able to sustain minimally democratic political regimes
than early pessimists feared, the paramount failings of democracy
nevertheless have been of growing concern to academics and citizens alike.
According to the argument advanced in this book, understanding the
performance of these new democracies—and identifying strategies for
strengthening democracy—requires that we move beyond regime type
“toward other spheres where political power is exercised” (p.
1). In much of Latin America, for example, political regimes experienced
democratization while many of the state's authoritarian legacies were
maintained more or less intact. In addition to conceptualizing democracy
in a richer and more complex way, the book goes on to show how this more
comprehensive view of democracy can be measured and evaluated, which it
does by describing an actual democracy audit in one important Latin
American case: Costa Rica.
Paths to Democracy: Revolution and Totalitarianism
Authors: Gill Graeme 
Published: October 2005

Paths to Democracy: Revolution and Totalitarianism. By
Rosemary H. T. O'Kane. New York: Routledge, 2004. 288p. $110.00
cloth, $33.95 paper.In this book, Rosemary O'Kane seeks to restore a political
dimension to the comparative historical analysis of paths to democracy.
Reacting against the focus upon social structure that has been so
prominent in the analysis of democratic and nondemocratic regime
trajectories, she attempts to provide an explanation of the paths to the
contemporary situations of three countries, France, Germany, and Russia.
She argues that these cases contrast with one another in ways that help to
illuminate a range of hypotheses generally accepted about the relationship
between democracy, on the one hand, and such variables as economic crisis,
economic growth, industrialization, and urbanization, on the other. In
broad terms, she sees the cases contrasting in the following ways: Russia
contrasts with France and Germany in respect to democracy, Germany with
France and Russia in respect to revolution, and France with Germany and
the Soviet Union in respect to totalitarianism.
Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle
Authors: Kugler Richard L. 
Published: October 2005

Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern
Battle. By Stephen Biddle. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
2004. 312p. $37.50.Stephen Biddle has written a worthy book on the never-ending debate
over why land wars are won and lost. It contributes to the academic
literature, and his policy judgments deserve attention. He puts forth the
theory that “force employment” (i.e., doctrine for using
military forces in battle) plays a major role in determining outcomes, as
big a role as the size of contending forces and the sophistication of
their technologies. He further argues that modern employment doctrine,
which enables skilled ground forces to negate the effects of lethal fires
against them, was born in late World War I, when attackers finally
overcame entrenched defenses. A skilled operations research analyst of
tactical battles, Biddle offers a multimethod approach that combines
logical reasoning, case studies, mathematical models, statistical
analysis, and dynamic simulations. His book can be read by nonspecialists,
but many of its technical discussions (e.g., Lanchester equations) require
expert knowledge.
No End in Sight: The Continuing Menace of Nuclear
Proliferation
Authors: Harkavy Robert E. 
Published: October 2005

No End in Sight: The Continuing Menace of Nuclear
Proliferation. By Nathan E. Busch. Lexington: The University Press of
Kentucky, 2004. 512p. $40.00.This new work on the core issue of nuclear proliferation is somewhat
unique in its focus and organization. Most of the works on this subject
have a virtually standard organization involving a country-by-country
breakdown of the most recent and most likely proliferators (India,
Pakistan, Israel, Iraq, Iran, North Korea, etc.), according to their
motives (why they want to go nuclear) and their capacity to do so, either
by themselves or with the help of existing nuclear powers. The focus of
these works is, therefore, on what often is called “horizontal
proliferation,” having to do with the addition of extra members to
the “nuclear club.” Regarding the Cold War superpowers, the
United States and former USSR, there has been a largely separate
literature devoted to “vertical proliferation,” and associated
arms control measures and possibilities, in the context of nuclear
deterrence theories and concepts. The uniqueness of Nathan Busch's
book is that he combines these two genres, treating various aspects of the
nuclear programs of the long-existent large nuclear powers, as well as the
emerging nuclear programs of Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and so on as an
integrated subject.
National Governance and the Global Climate Change Regime
Authors: Durant Robert F. 
Published: October 2005

National Governance and the Global Climate Change Regime. By
Dana R. Fisher. Latham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. 206p. $69.00
cloth, $27.95 paper.Debate continues among scholars in a variety of disciplines over the
impact (positive, negative, or neutral) of transboundary environmental
problems on the sovereignty of nation-states, especially in the developing
world (see, for example, Karen Litfin, ed., The Greening of
Sovereignty in World Politics, 1998). Expanding this debate to
“economically advanced or postindustrial nations,” sociologist
Dana Fisher addresses three important questions in her book. First, what
is the role of the nation-state relative to other actors (civil society,
market, and scientific) in negotiating international agreements when
transnational environmental issues are involved? Second, how best can the
disparate reactions of governments to the development of these
international environmental pressures be explained? Third, how does the
interaction of international and national factors affect the substance of
international agreements?
Egalitarian Capitalism: Jobs, Incomes and Growth in Affluent
Countries
Authors: Hall Peter V. 
Published: October 2005

Egalitarian Capitalism: Jobs, Incomes and Growth in Affluent
Countries. By Lane Kenworthy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation,
2004. 222p. $32.50.Two decades of rising wage and household earnings inequality in the
world's wealthiest nations make the guiding question of Lane
Kenworthy's book both timely and important: “[M]ust
we give up on the vision of a dynamic and productive yet relatively
egalitarian form of capitalism?” (p. 1). To answer this question,
Kenworthy presents a careful comparative analysis of income inequality in
the countries of northwestern Europe, North America, and Australia during
the 1980s and 1990s. He shows that there is not necessarily a trade-off
between equality and income growth, although there may be a trade-off
between equality and some categories of employment growth. Hence, he
argues that with an updated, pro-employment version of the welfare state,
we need not give into growing disparity in advanced capitalist societies.
Whether this will be desired by all and achieved remains to be seen;
nevertheless, the book is an important antidote to the “there is no
alternative” type of thinking that pervades much contemporary
discourse on economic globalization.
Global Institutions and Social Knowledge: Generating Research at the
Scripps Institution and the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission,
1900s–1990s
Authors: Campbell David F. J. 
Published: October 2005

Global Institutions and Social Knowledge: Generating Research at
the Scripps Institution and the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission,
1900s–1990s. By Virginia M. Walsh. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
2004. 208p. $50.00 cloth, $20.00 paper.What is the interrelating link between institutions and knowledge,
primarily scientific knowledge? Conventional international relations
literature focuses typically on the impact of knowledge on institutions.
Virginia Walsh's interest, however, is to “turn the causal
arrow” by focusing on the “institutional dimension” of
knowledge creation: How do global political and economic, but also
epistemic, institutions shape knowledge generation? (pp. 4–5, 38,
128, 130). Here, the scientific disciplines qualify as epistemic
institutions (p. 34). From that point of departure, underscoring an
institutional perspective, the emphasis concentrates on the
“institutional mechanisms” through which knowledge is being
formed. Groups leverage institutional mechanisms to “generate
knowledge and fix beliefs” for the purposes of 1) establishing
common understandings, 2) repairing uncertainties, and 3) directing
inquiry by “fixing its direction” (pp. 3, 9, 38).
Men, Militarism, and UN Peacekeeping: A Gendered Analysis
Authors: Karns Margaret P. 
Published: October 2005

Men, Militarism, and UN Peacekeeping: A Gendered Analysis. By
Sandra Whitworth. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2004. 225p. $49.95.The rapid expansion in United Nations peacekeeping operations in the
1990s has inevitably led to official and scholarly scrutiny of their
efficacy and shortcomings. Sandra Whitworth offers a critical eye and
questions of gendered analysis by studying the subjects of the UN's
peacekeeping operation in Cambodia, whose presence often meant greater
insecurity as well as the (mis)conduct of soldiers from Canada—a
country historically linked to major peacekeeping contributions—in
Somalia. Using these two case studies, Whitworth highlights a basic
contradiction inherent in peacekeeping that stems from its heavy reliance
on soldiers whose training emphasizes masculine traits of violence,
homophobia, racism, and aggression, yet whose tasks as peacekeepers
require limiting violence to self-defense and providing a benign,
altruistic presence. She uses gender analysis to examine these
contradictions, to challenge peacekeeping's association with
alternatives to military violence, to show how peacekeeping forces can
increase local people's insecurity, rather than alleviating it, and
to critique the use of soldiers for missions requiring unsoldierly
skills.
Media and the Path to Peace
Authors: Kraidy Marwan M. 
Published: October 2005

Media and the Path to Peace. By Gadi Wolfsfeld. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2004. 284p. $70.00 cloth, $26.99 paper.While the role of the mass media during conflict and war has been the
subject of numerous studies in the field of mass communications, there is
a paucity of research on mass media during peace processes. Media and
the Path to Peace is an important step in remedying this lack. A
study such as this confronts an unfortunate reality: The news media are
attracted to war and conflict, while peace processes make for paltry news
footage and thus are for the most part undercovered by the news media.
Indeed, it is Gadi Wolfsfeld's thesis that news values and peace
processes are inherently contradictory.
Proteomic Profiling of Escherichiacoli Proteins under High Cell Density Fed‐Batch Cultivation with Overexpression of Phosphogluconolactonase
Authors: Wang Yonghui , Wu Shiaw‐Lin , Hancock William S. , Trala Robin , Kessler Michelle , Taylor Alexander H. , Patel Pramatesh S. , Aon Juan C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn this study, we used proteomics to better understand the growth on glucose of Escherichia coli in high cell density, fed‐batch cultures and the response to overexpression of plasmid‐encoded 6‐phosphogluconolactonase (PGL). Using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry, at least 300 proteins were identified in the cytosolic fraction of the six time points used to monitor the fermentation. The relative abundance changes of selected proteins were obtained by comparing the peak area of the corresponding peptides at a particular m/z (mass over charge ratio) value. During the time course of samples collected during the rapid growth achieved under batch and fed‐batch conditions, both the control and recombinant E. coli strains showed up‐regulation of proteins participating in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, particularly acetyl‐CoA synthetase (AcCoAS), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and succinyl‐CoA synthetase (SuccCoAS). In the recombinant strain culture, fumarase was up‐regulated until 35 h after inoculation but was not in the control strain culture. In addition, the proteomic measurement detected up‐regulation of three well‐characterized binding transport proteins in both control and recombinant strains. The up‐regulation of TCA cycle enzymes is consistent with the increase in growth rate observed in the cell culture. In addition, up‐regulation of these proteins demonstrated the importance of both the pentose‐phosphate shunt and TCA cycle to the increased biosynthetic activity required by a high level protein synthesis. This study shows the potential of proteomics using shotgun sequencing (LC/MS of tryptic digests) to measure global changes in protein abundance during a fermentation process and will facilitate the development of robust manufacturing systems.
Clarification of Yeast Cell Suspensions by Depth Filtration
Authors: Chandler Martin A. , Zydney Andrew L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDepth filtration can be very attractive for initial clarification because of low capital costs and ease of operation. However, there is currently no fundamental understanding of the effects of the filter pore size and morphology on the overall capacity and filtrate quality. The objective of this study was to examine the flux, capacity, and filtrate turbidity of a series of depth filters with different pore size ratings and multilayer structures for the filtration of yeast cell suspensions. Data were analyzed using available fouling models to obtain insights into the flux decline mechanisms. Filters with small pore size provide high filtrate quality at low capacity, with the reverse being true for the larger pore sizes. The multilayer structure of commercial depth filters leads to improved performance, although the choice of layer properties is critical. The highest capacity was achieved using a multilayer filter in which the upper layer allows significant yeast cell penetration into the filter matrix but still protects the retentive layer that is needed for a high quality filtrate.
Alkaline Protease Production by an Isolated Bacilluscirculans under Solid‐State Fermentation Using Agroindustrial Waste: Process Parameters Optimization
Authors: Prakasham R. S. , Rao Ch. Subba , Rao R. Sreenivas , Sarma P. N. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAlkaline protease production using isolated Bacillus circulans under solid‐state fermentation environment was optimized by using Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) experimental design (DOE) methodology to understand the interaction of a large number of variables spanned by factors and their settings with a small number of experiments in order to economize the process optimization. The software‐designed experiments with an OA worksheet of L‐27 was selected to optimize fermentation (temperature, particle size, moisture content and pH), nutrition (yeast extract and maltose), and biomaterial‐related (inoculum size and incubation time) factors for the best production yields. Analysis of experimental data using Qualitek‐4 methodology showed significant variation in enzyme production levels (32000–73000 units per gram material) and dependence on the selected factors and their assigned levels. Validation of experimental results on alkaline protease production by this bacterial strain based on DOE methodology revealed 51% enhanced protease production compared to average performance of the fermentation, indicating the importance of this methodology in the evaluation of main and interaction effects of the selected factors individually and in combination for bioprocess optimization.
Confocal Optical System: A Novel Noninvasive Sensor To Study Mixing
Authors: Vallejos Jose R. , Kostov Yordan , Marten Mark R. , Rao Govind 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA novel confocal optical system to study mixing time in small‐scale bioreactors is presented. The system is designed to monitor fluorescence upon tracer addition from a localized confocal volume of 0.21 mL within a glass vessel. The key elements of the fluorescence‐based confocal system are a pinhole, a lens, an APD (Avalanche photodiode) detector, and light filters. The optical technique was validated by comparison with a pH‐based technique. Finally, the optical sensor was tested and a real cultivation media (i.e., spent mammalian cell media) was used to measure mixing time in a 12.5‐mL stirred transparent vessel. High accuracy, easy results interpretation, and low costs are the three most attractive characteristics of the sensor. Because of its noninvasive nature and versatility, the results suggest that the confocal system is a promising tool to perform mixing time studies in stirred vessels.
Enhanced Lycopene Productivity by Manipulation of Carbon Flow to Isopentenyl Diphosphate in Escherichia coli
Authors: Vadali Ravishankar V. , Fu Yuchun , Bennett George N. , San Ka‐Yiu 
Published: October 2005

AbstractLycopene is a useful phytochemical that holds great commercial value. In our study the lycopene production pathway in E. coli originating from the precursor isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) of the non‐mevalonate pathway was reconstructed. This engineered strain of E. coli accumulated lycopene intracellularly under aerobic conditions. As a next step, the production of lycopene was enhanced through metabolic engineering methodologies. Various competing pathways at the pyruvate and acetyl‐CoA nodes were inactivated to divert more carbon flux to IPP and subsequently to lycopene. It was found that the ackA‐pta, nuo mutant produced a higher amount of lycopene compared to the parent strain. To further enhance lycopene production, a novel mevalonate pathway, in addition to the already existing non‐mevalonate pathway, was engineered. This pathway utilizes acetyl‐CoA as precursor, condensing it to form acetoacetyl‐CoA and subsequently leading to formation of IPP. Upon the introduction of this new pathway, lycopene production increased by over 2‐fold compared to the ackA‐pta, nuo mutant strain.
Extracellular Production of Human Parathyroid Hormone as a Thioredoxin Fusion Form in Escherichia coli by Chemical Permeabilization Combined with Heat Treatment
Authors: Fu Xiang‐Yang , Tong Wang‐Yu , Wei Dong‐Zhi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA pET system encoding the fusion protein gene of thioredoxin (Trx) and human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) was introduced into Escherichia coliBL21 (DE3). Recombinant Trx‐hPTH fusion protein was expressed in soluble form in the cytoplasm of the E. colitransformant. To recover Trx‐hPTH from the E. coli culture efficiently, a novel tactic was developed by adding Triton X‐100 into the fermentation culture at the exponential growth phase of E. coli and by heat treatment of the culture at the end of the fermentation. A concentration of 1% (v/v) Triton X‐100 was added into the culture at the same time as IPTG addition after optimization. Under these conditions, addition of Triton X‐100 had little effect on the cell growth, but more than 75% of the total recombinant Trx‐hPTH was released into the fermentation broth. Also, a much higher volumetric yield of recombinant Trx‐hPTH could be obtained with protein release compared to yield without protein release. Simultaneously, owing to the highly thermal stability of Trx‐hPTH fusion protein, heat treatment of the fermentation broth at 80 °C for 15 min at the end of fermentation was employed for primary purification. Results demonstrated that heat treatment not only boosted further release of the recombinant Trx‐hPTH fusion protein into the fermentation broth but also precipitated/denatured most of the nontarget proteins released in the broth. The tactics described herein integrated the fermentation process with subsequent recovery steps and thus provided a valuable and economical method for the production of Trx‐hPTH and maybe some other Trx fusions in E. coli.
Separation of Genomic DNA from Plasmid DNA by Selective Renaturation with Immobilized Metal Affinity Capture
Authors: Cano Tony , Murphy Jason C. , Fox George E. , Willson Richard C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn contrast to proteins, many nucleic acids can undergo reversible modification of their conformations, and this flexibility can be used to facilitate purification. Selective renaturation with capture is a novel method of removing contaminating genomic DNA from plasmid samples. Plasmid DNA quickly renatures after thermal denaturation and cooling (or alkaline denaturation followed by neutralization), whereas genomic DNA remains locally denatured after rapid cooling in mismatch‐stabilizing high ionic strength buffer. Partially denatured genomic DNA can be selectively bound to a metal chelate affinity adsorbent through exposed purine bases, while double‐stranded renatured plasmid DNA is not bound. Using this method we have readily achieved 1,000,000‐fold clearance of 71 wt % contaminating E. coli genomic DNA from plasmid samples.
Effect of Amino Acids on Acrylamide Formation and Elimination Kinetics
Authors: Claeys Wendie L. , de Vleeschouwer Kristel , Hendrickx Marc E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe effect of amino acids other than asparagine on acrylamide (AA) formation/elimination kinetics was studied in an asparagine‐glucose model system (0.01 M, pH 6) heated at temperatures between 140 and 200 °C. Addition of cysteine or lysine to the model significantly lowered the AA yield, whereas addition of glutamine had a strong promoting effect and of alanine a rather neutral effect on the AA formation. This was also reflected by AA formation/elimination kinetics, which for all model systems studied could be modeled by two consecutive first‐order reactions. The ratio of the elimination to the formation rate constant increased from the systems to which glutamine or alanine was added, over the control model system, to the model systems that contained lysine or cysteine.
Oil Wastes as Unconventional Substrates for Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI
Authors: Nitschke Marcia , Costa Siddhartha G. V. A. O. , Haddad Renato , G. Gonçalves Lireny A. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Contiero Jonas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractOil wastes were evaluated as alternative low‐cost substrates for the production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI strain. Wastes obtained from soybean, cottonseed, babassu, palm, and corn oil refinery were tested. The soybean soapstock waste was the best substrate, generating 11.7 g/L of rhamnolipids with a surface tension of 26.9 mN/m, a critical micelle concentration of 51.5 mg/L, and a production yield of 75%. The monorhamnolipid RhaC10C10 predominates when P. aeruginosa LBI was cultivated on hydrophobic substrates, whereas hydrophilic carbon sources form the dirhamnolipid Rha2C10C10 predominantly.