bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of MCNP5 and EGS4 for the simulation ofin vivostrontium XRF measurements
Authors: Zamburlini M. , Byun S. H. , Pejović‐Milić A. , Prestwich W. V. , Chettle D. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn order to optimize x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) experiments, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations provide a valuable tool that allows different system setups and experimental conditions to be explored in a controlled way. Electron gamma shower (EGS4) and Monte Carlo N‐Particle5 (MCNP5) are two widely used MC programs that simulate the photon and electron transport in great detail and allow for the simulation of an arbitrary experimental geometry. Tested in 2001 by Al‐Ghorabieet al.,1earlier versions of these programs failed in reproducing the outcome of a platinum XRFin vivomeasurement. The authors found that the discrepancy between measured and simulated results could be attributed to the free electron approximation made by the programs in simulating the Compton scattering. More recent versions of EGS4 and MCNP have updated their treatment for photon transport at low energies and have included Doppler broadening in the Compton profile. In this study we test the capability of these new versions of EGS4 and MCNP in reproducing the outcome of anin vivostrontium XRF measurement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical and phase characterisation of ceramic pigments
Authors: Gazulla M. F. , Gómez M. P. , Barba A. , Orduña M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to extend a methodology established by the authors for characterising ceramic pigments. Ceramic pigments can be classified according to the American Dry Color Manufacturers' Association (DCMA) classification. The pigments used most frequently in the ceramic industry belong to five DCMA classes: Class III: Corundum‐hematite, Class XI: Rutile‐cassiterite, Class XII: Sphene, Class XIII: Spinel, and Class XIV: Zircon. Specific analytical methods have been established in this study to characterise the chemical composition and phases of types of pigments from these classes, using x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry for chemical characterisation and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) for phase analysis. Sample preparation in the form of beads for the XRF measurement was optimised by determining the most appropriate sample/flux ratio for each type of pigment. Calibration and validation standards were prepared from mixtures of reference materials, as no pigment reference materials are available. The validation standards have then been used to validate the proposed methodology for the chemical and phase characterisation of a representative sample of ceramic pigments from the foregoing five DCMA classes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary composition and echolocation call design of three sympatric insectivorous bat species from China
Authors: Ma Jie , Liang Bing , Zhang Shuyi , Metzner Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStudying the diet of echolocating, insectivorous bats can provide important insights into their foraging behaviors and ecological constraints they are facing. By examining an extensive data set covering a period of 2 years, the present study identifies the dietary composition of three sympatric insectivorous bat species in rural areas of Beijing municipality. Each species clearly has different preferences for particular food items. Greater horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, preferred to catch nocturnal, actively flying insects, mostly moths (Lepidoptera), and to a lesser percentage flies (Diptera), beetles (Coleoptera), and flying ants and termites (Hymenoptera). Other nocturnal insects which do not exhibit any perceptible wing movements, such as true bugs (Homoptera), or strictly diurnal insects that hardly ever fly in the dark, such as grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and dragon‐ and damselflies (Odonata), were never found in droppings of horseshoe bats. Large mouse‐eared bats, Myotis chinensis, preferentially glean relatively large terrestrial prey of the order Coleoptera (mostly carabid beetles) and Orthoptera, whereas greater tube‐nosed bats, Murina leucogaster, consume predominantly smaller, diurnal Coleoptera (mostly soldier beetles, Cantharidae, and ladybugs, Coccinellidae). Our findings also indicate previously not described, significant spectro‐temporal differences in the echolocation signals of M. chinensis and M. leucogaster. The results suggest that in our study area the dramatic differences in the dietary composition of these three bat species are mainly based upon differences in their foraging behaviors, including differences in their echolocation signal structure. The dietary data provide important background information for conservational efforts, such as habitat protection.
Acyl moieties modulate the effects of phospholipids on β‐carotene uptake by Caco‐2 cells
Authors: Yonekura Lina , Tsuzuki Wakako , Nagao Akihiko 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe intestinal absorption of carotenoids is though to be mediated by the carotenoid assembly in mixed micelles, followed by its transfer into the enterocytes and subsequent secretion to the lymph as chylomicron particles. In the present study we investigated the effects of phospholipids and lysophospholipids with diverse fatty acyl moieties on the uptake of β‐carotene solubilized in mixed micelles by Caco‐2 cells. Compared with phospholipid‐free mixed micelles (NoPL), those containing long‐chain PC inhibited β‐carotene uptake (16∶0, 18∶1‐PC≅16∶0, 18∶2‐PC<14∶0, 14∶0‐PC≅16∶0, 14∶0‐PC <16∶0, 16∶0‐PC<NoPL). However, mixed micelles containing medium‐chain PC enhanced β‐carotene uptake (NoPL<8∶0, 8∶0‐PC<12∶0, 12∶0‐PC<10∶0, 10∶0‐PC), and short‐chain PC did not affect the uptake. Among the lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) class, a marked increase of β‐carotene uptake by medium‐to‐long‐chain LysoPC was observed (NoPL<12∶0‐LysoPC<14∶0‐LysoPC<18∶1‐LysoPC<16∶0‐LysoPC), although short‐to‐medium‐chain LysoPC (6∶0‐LysoPC to 10∶0‐LysoPC) did not affect β‐carotene uptake. The long‐chain 16∶0,18∶1‐PC increased the β‐carotene efflux from cells and drastically changed the β‐carotene UV‐visible absorbance spectrum, compared with those of NoPL micelles. The acyl moieties of long‐chain PC may interact with the carotenoid in the micelle interior, shifting the β‐carotene partition toward the micellar phase. Medium‐chain PC and long‐chain LysoPC, which have nearly equivalent hydrophobicities, may enhance β‐carotene uptake through their interaction with the cell membrane.
Soy protein containing isoflavones favorably influences macrophage lipoprotein metabolism but not the development of atherosclerosis in CETP transgenic mice
Authors: Asakura Leiko , Cazita Patrícia M. , Harada Lila M. , Nunes Valéria S. , Berti Jairo A. , Salerno Alessandro G. , Ketelhuth Daniel F. J. , Gidlund Magnus , Oliveria Helena C. F. , Quintão Eder C. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe possibility that soy protein containing isoflavones influences the development of experimental atherosclerosis has been investigated in ovariectomized mice heterozygous for the human CETP transgene and for the LDL‐receptor null allele (LDLr+/− CETP+/−). After ovariectomy at 8 wk of age they were fed a fat/cholesterol‐rich diet for 19 wk and divided into three experimental groups: dietary unmodified soy protein containing isoflavones (mg/g of diet), either at low‐dose (Iso Low, 0.272, n=25), or at high‐dose (Iso High, 0.535, n=28); and the atherogenic diet containing an isoflavone‐depleted alcohol‐washed soy protein as a control group (n=28). Aortic root lipid‐stained lesion area (mean μm2×103±SD) did not differ among Iso Low (12.3±9.9), Iso High (7.4±6.4), and controls (10.7±12.8). Autoantibody titers against plasma oxidized LDL did not differ among the experimental groups. Using the control mice as the reference value (100%), in vitro mouse peritoneal macrophage uptake of labeled acetylated LDL‐cholesterol was lower in the Iso High (68%) than in the Iso Low (85%) group. The in vitro percent removal by exogenous HDL of labeled unesterified cholesterol from macrophages previously enriched with human [4‐14C]‐cholesteryl oleate acetylated LDL was enhanced in the Iso High group (50%). In spite of these in vitro potentially antiatherogenic actions, soy protein containing isoflavones did not modify the average size of lipid‐stained area in the aortic root.
Effects of cis‐9, trans‐11, CLA in rats at intake levels reported for breast‐fed infants
Authors: Turpeinen A. M. , von Willebrand E. , Salminen I. , Linden J. , Basu S. , Rai D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCLA intake in exclusively breast‐fed infants is close to levels found to have physiological effects in animals. However, in the majority of studies mixtures of CLA isomers have been used and the independent effects of the major CLA isomer in human milk, cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA, at the intake level in exclusively breast‐fed infants have hardly been studied. We therefore studied the effects of cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA on plasma lipids and glucose, immune function, and bone metabolism in growing rats. Thirty male Sprague‐Dawley rats (n=10/group) were fed either 20 mg/kg/d cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA and 20 mg/kg/d sunflower oil (CLA20), 40 mg/kg/d cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA (CLA40), or 40 mg/kg/d sunflower oil (placebo) for 8 wk. No significant differences between groups were found in plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, C‐reactive protein, or lipid peroxidation. Liver fat content was lowest in the CLA20 group. In vitro interleukin 2 (IL‐2) production increased, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL‐1β, prostaglandin E2, and leukotriene B4 production decreased in the CLA20 group. No differences between groups were detected in IL‐4, IL‐6, or interferon gamma production, plasma osteocalcin, insulin‐like growth factor, or urinary deoxypyridino line crosslinks. Plasma tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase 5b activity was significantly increased in the CLA40 group. The results indicate anti‐inflammatory effects and enhanced T‐cell function for the CLA20 group. No adverse effects were seen in the CLA20 group, whereas indications of increased bone resorption rate were observed in the CLA40 group.
1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐(ω‐oxo)acyl‐sn‐glycerols from shark oil and human milk fat are potential precursors of PAF mimics and GHB
Authors: Hartvigsen Karsten , Ravandi Amir , Harkewicz Richard , Kamido Hiroshi , Bukhave Klaus , Hølmer Gunhild , Kuksis Arnis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study examines the feasibility that peroxidation and lipolysis of 1‐O‐alkyl‐2,3‐diacyl‐sn‐glycerols (DAGE) found in shark liver oil and human milk fat constitutes a potential source of dietary precursors of platelet activating factor (PAF) mimics and of gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Purified DAGE were converted into 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycerols by pancreatic lipase, without isomerization, and transformed into 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐oxoacyl‐sn‐glycerols by mild autooxidation. The various core aldehydes without derivatization, as well as the corresponding dinitrophenylhydrazones, were characterized by chromatographic retention time and diagnostic ions by online electrospray mass spectrometry. Core aldehydes of oxidized shark liver oil yielded 23 molecular species of 1‐O‐alkyl‐sn‐glycerols with short‐chain sn‐2 oxoacyl groups, ranging from 4 to 13 carbons, some unsaturated. Autooxidation of human milk fat yielded 1‐O‐octadecyl‐2‐(9‐oxo)nonanoyl‐sn‐glycerol, as the major core aldehyde. Because diradylglycerols with short fatty chains are absorbed in the intestine and react with cytidine diphosphate‐choline in the enterocytes, it is concluded that formation of such PAF mimics as 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐(ω‐oxo)acyl‐sn‐glycerophosphocholine from unsaturated dietary DAGE is a realistic possibility. Likewise, a C4 core alcohol produced by aldol‐keto reduction of a C4 core aldehyde constitutes a dietary precursor of the neuromodulator and recreational drug GHB, which has not been previously pointed out.
Docosahexaenoic acid levels in the lipids of spotted mackerel Scomber australasicus
Authors: Osako Kazufumi , Saito Hiroaki , Hossain Mohammed Anwar , Kuwahara Koichi , Okamoto Akira 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe lipid and FA compositions of various organs and of the stomach contents of Scomber australasicus were analyzed. DHA was characteristically the major FA of all the major lipid classes of all organs except for liver TAG. The mean DHA contents of the various organs accounted for more than 17% of the total FA (TFA), whereas those in the stomach contents, originating from the prey, fluctuated and were generally low. In particular, the DHA levels in the TAG from all organs of S. australasicus accounted for up to 17% of TFA, even though it is a neutral depot lipid. S. australasicus contained markedly high levels of DHA, even though it is a small‐sized Scombridae species, and its high levels of DHA were close to those in large‐sized highly migratory tuna species. Furthermore, DHA levels in its muscle TAG were consistently high, compared with those in the visceral TAG, which might be directly influenced by the prey lipids. These phenomena suggest that long‐distance migration has a close relationship with high accumulation of DHA in fish tissues, since S. australasicus is reported to migrate in offshore water, similar to highly migratory tuna species. Additionally, the physiological selective accumulation of DHA in the muscle during migration is caused by in vivo metabolism of FA in the vascular system, suggesting that DHA is poorly used as a source of migration energy, though it is provided abundantly through the prey lipids.
Marine reservoir correction for the Pacific coast of central Japan using 14C ages of marine mollusks uplifted during historical earthquakes
Authors: Shishikura Masanobu , Echigo Tomoo , Kaneda Heitaro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study we utilize marine shell samples from two levels of historically uplifted sessile mollusk assemblages and raised wave-cut benches to evaluate the marine reservoir correction (ΔR) for the Pacific coast of central Japan. Elevation measurements of the uplifted marine shells indicate that the lower assemblage emerged during the 1923 Taisho Kanto earthquake (M7.9), whereas uplift of the upper assemblage is most likely but less confidently ascribed to the 1703 Genroku Kanto earthquake (M8.2). Radiocarbon dating of carefully selected samples from the upper and lower assemblages yielded very similar ΔR values of 82 ± 33 and 77 ± 32 yr, respectively. We regard the former ΔR value as a representative and more reliable value given the uncertainty in correlation of the upper assemblage with the 1703 earthquake. This result is consistent with previously reported ΔR values for the Pacific coast of south-central Japan and areas around the Sea of Japan that are influenced by warm ocean currents. Radiocarbon dating of coseismically uplifted shells can aid in estimating marine reservoir ages in the tectonically active Japan Islands.
A CULTURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIAN PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Authors: JACKSON MYLES W. 
Published: February 2007

Making modern science: a historical survey. By Peter J. Bowler and Iwan Rhys Morus. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. viii+528. ISBN 0-226-06861-7. $25.00.The morals of measurement: accuracy, irony and trust in late Victorian electrical practice. By Graeme J. N. Gooday. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xxv+285. ISBN 0-521-43098-4. L40.Victorian relativity: radical thought and scientific discovery. By Christopher Herbert. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2001. Pp. xv+302. ISBN 0-226-32733-7. $21.00.Engineering empires: a cultural history of technology in nineteenth-century Britain. By Ben Marsden and Crosbie Smith. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave and Macmillan, 2005. Pp. xi+351. ISBN 0-333-77278-4. L58.The electric vehicle: technology and expectations in the automobile age. By Gijs Mom. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Pp. xiii+423. $54.95.When physics became king. By Iwan Rhys Morus. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. xii+303. ISBN 0-226-54202-5. $25.00.Masters of theory: Cambridge and the rise of mathematical physics. By Andrew Warwick. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Pp. xiv+572. ISBN 0-226-87374-9. $95.00.Over the past three decades, a growing number of historians of science and (to a lesser extent) historians of technology have offered compelling cultural histories that depict the inextricable links between the content of scientific and technological knowledge and the context in which it was created. Rather than assuming at face value that science is a trans-temporal body of knowledge, these historians describe the scientific enterprise as being culturally contingent. Most of the socio-cultural histories of science of the 1980s and 1990s were synchronic, focusing on various aspects of science and culture during a relatively short span of time. As important and successful as those studies were, a number of historians feared that the discipline was losing sight of the longue durée. Precisely because scientific theories and practices can be successful over long periods of time and throughout different cultures, micro-histories with a penchant for contextualizing, while necessary, seemed insufficient. The question was then raised: could the analytical tools and historiographies offered by these earlier microanalyses be applied diachronically? A number of recent works discussed in this review article have answered this question with a resounding ‘yes.’ By focusing on macro-historical themes, such as pedagogy, standardization, imperialism, credibility, and trustworthiness, these works detail the importance of science and technology to Victorian society, and illustrate how the social relations typical of the period shaped physical and technical knowledge.
Tonsillectomy return-to-theatre rates demonstrate a monthly and seasonal variation: an analysis of 256 799 patients
Authors: Chadha N K 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective:To explore whether the incidence of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage requiring a return to theatre demonstrates a monthly or seasonal variation.Design:Retrospective, cross-sectional study including all 256 799 tonsillectomies performed between April 2000 and March 2005 in NHS trusts in England.Outcome measures:Return-to-theatre rates for each calendar month and each three-month ‘season’, over the five-year study period.Results:A statistically significant association was found between the calendar month and the proportion of patients requiring a return to theatre for post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage (p=0.005). There was a bimodal seasonal distribution peaking in the winter and summer months, with winter rates significantly higher than spring rates (p=0.0104).Conclusions:The incidence of severe post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage showed monthly and seasonal variations. This is clearly a multi-factorial problem. However, in patients at high risk of bleeding or of the complications of bleeding, consideration should be given to performing tonsillectomy at a time of year of lower incidence.
Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic, persistent cough: is there an association?
Authors: Talaat M , Gad M S , Magdy E A , Aggag S M , Nour Y A 
Published: February 2007

Introduction: Chronic, persistent cough is a common clinical problem, the cause of which sometimes remains unidentifiable.Aims: To study a potential association between Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic, persistent cough.Materials and methods: A clinical observational study with symptom analysis, including 162 patients whose main presenting complaint was chronic, persistent cough of unidentifiable cause (study group) and 42 patients with chronic, non-specific laryngopharyngeal manifestations not including chronic cough (control group).Results: Active H pylori infection was present in 86.4 per cent (140/162) of patients in the chronic cough group, as opposed to 45.2 per cent (19/42) of the control group, as confirmed by detection of H pylori antigen in stool specimens. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). There was a significant improvement of the chronic cough of 75.4 per cent (98/130) of patients after successful H pylori eradication using appropriate medical therapy (p<0.001).Conclusions: Helicobacter pylori infection may lead to laryngopharyngeal irritation, with several clinical manifestations including chronic, persistent cough. However, the exact mechanism of this requires further research.
Post-traumatic pulsatile tinnitus: the hallmark of a direct carotico-cavernous fistula
Authors: Lerut B , De Vuyst C , Ghekiere J , Vanopdenbosch L , Kuhweide R 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFollowing trauma to her right frontal region, a 68-year-old woman suffered bilateral, benign, paroxysmal, positional vertigo and a left-sided, longitudinal petrosal bone fracture, with secondary facial palsy and ossicular luxation. From the onset, the patient complained of pulsatile, left-sided tinnitus. After eight weeks, she developed left-sided ocular symptoms, progressing from conjunctival hyperaemia and orbital oedema to an abducens nerve palsy, and ultimately to heart failure.The case and the final diagnosis of carotico-cavernous fistula are discussed. Guidelines are proposed for a diagnostic approach to pulsatile tinnitus and for the optimal management of patients presenting with pulsatile tinnitus associated with ocular symptoms.
Pneumocephalus as a delayed mastoidectomy complication
Authors: Jégoux F , Godey B , Riffaud L , Morandi X 
Published: February 2007

We report the case of a 43-year-old woman who presented with a spontaneous pneumocephalus, 37 years after a mastoidectomy. Clinical examination showed a cerebrospinal fluid leak, meningeal herniation in the superior part of the middle ear, and an audible noise from her ear when she stood up due to the entrance of air into the cranium. A computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed the complete destruction of the tegmen tympani and the pneumocephalus in the temporal lobe. The patient underwent an emergency operation via a double middle-ear and subtemporal approach. The meningoencephalocoele and pneumocephalus were probably due to long term pressure upon too thin a tegmen tympani.Pneumocephalus should be considered as a potential delayed post-operative complication of middle-ear surgery. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scanning supply accurate information and enable a planned surgical approach; they also allow a pathophysiological understanding and a correlation between the clinical signs and the radiological and peri-operative findings.
A neural-network approach to high-precision docking of autonomous vehicles/platforms
Authors: Wong Joseph , Nejat Goldie , Fenton Robert , Benhabib Beno 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYIn this paper, a Neural-Network- (NN) based guidance methodology is proposed for the high-precision docking of autonomous vehicles/platforms. The novelty of the overall online motion-planning methodology is its applicability to cases that do not allow for the direct proximity measurement of the vehicle's pose (position and orientation). In such instances, a guidance technique that utilizes Line-of-Sight- (LOS) based task-space sensory feedback is needed to minimize the detrimental impact of accumulated systematic motion errors. Herein, the proposed NN-based guidance methodology is implemented during the final stage of the vehicle's motion (i.e., docking). Systematic motion errors, which are accumulated after a long-range motion are reduced iteratively by executing corrective motion commands generated by the NN until the vehicle achieves its desired pose within random noise limits. The proposed guidance methodology was successfully tested via simulations for a 6-dof (degree-of-freedom) vehicle and via experiments for a 3-dof high-precision planar platform.