bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN THE MOUSE AFTER X-RAY STERILIZATION
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The ovaries of mature mice were X-irradiated directly, the rest of the body being screened with lead. Complete sterilization almost always resulted at a level of 945 r, and in all animals irradiated at 1890 r.
2. Short periods of vaginal cornification recur at increasingly irregular intervals after irradiation, but within 25–56 days vaginal cornification becomes continuous for 5–62 days. The smears then become anoestrous in type.
3. In animals irradiated at 1890 r the uterus had involuted considerably by the end of the experimental period of 14 weeks, but was still significantly heavier than that of spayed littermates.
4. Changes in the weight of the body, the adrenal glands and the pituitary are similar to those which occur in the X-irradiated rat.
ROLE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX REGENERATED AFTER ENUCLEATION IN THE RESISTANCE AGAINST HISTAMINE SHOCK
Authors: BROGI M. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The resistance of rats to the injection of histamine has been studied quantitatively by determining the LD 50 for this substance in normal and adrenalectomized rats, and in rats whose adrenals had been enucleated 2 months previously.
2. The LD50 for adrenalectomized rats is about one-fiftieth, and for enucleated rats greater than one-third of that for normal animals. The LD50 for adrenalectomized rats injected with 100 μg of adrenaline was similar to that of enucleated rats.
3. The administration of 100 μg of adrenaline to enucleated animals significantly increased their resistance to histamine, but did not bring it back to normal values; the difference between enucleated and normal rats thus appeared to be related, in part, at least, to the absence of the medullary secretion; no data are available to account for the rest of the difference.
THE BIOASSAY OF THYROTROPHIC HORMONE ON NEWBORN RATS
Authors: REISS JEAN M. , WYATT AUDREY F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A new method for the bioassay of thyrotrophic hormone is described. Newborn rat litter-mates are used as test objects. The method is easily carried out and achieves a reasonable degree of precision with fewer animals than used in other methods.
FAILURE OF ADRENALECTOMY TO INTERFERE WITH ERGOTOXINE-INDUCED INTERRUPTION OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN THE RAT
Authors: SHELESNYAK M. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The absence of the adrenal gland does not alter the response of the pseudopregnant or pregnant rat to ergotoxine. A single subcutaneous injection of ergotoxine ethanesulphonate interrupts early pregnancy and curtails pseudopregnancy. The disturbance in the oestrogen-progesterone balance, which is induced by ergotoxine, is not mediated through the adrenal.
THE FERTILITY OF MALE RATS AFTER MODERATE AND AFTER SEVERE HYPOTHERMIA
Authors: GOLDZVEIG S. A. , SMITH AUDREY U. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Male rats which had been exposed to a combination of hypoxia, hypercapnia and cold, and in which body temperature had fallen to between + 15° and + 20° C, showed reduced sex drive and fertility during the subsequent 1–2 weeks.
2. Male rats further cooled until respiration and circulation had been arrested for 1 hr, and until the body temperature was between 0° and + 1·5° C, showed reduced sex drive and fertility for 8 weeks after reanimation.
3. In rats exposed to severe hypothermia, developing spermatozoa and spermatids were damaged, but not the spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the majority of seminiferous tubules. Recovery was well advanced by the 8th week.
4. During the first week after cooling a high proportion of the epididymal spermatozoa became decapitated. Their acrosomes were distorted and their mid-pieces and tail sheaths disrupted.
LACTATION IN THE RAT AFTER HYPOPHYSIAL POSTERIOR LOBECTOMY
Authors: BENSON G. K. , COWIE A. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ablation of the posterior lobe of the pituitary in the lactating rat abolished the milk-ejection reflex so that the pups could only be reared if injections of oxytocin were given to the mothers twice daily. When, however, these posterior lobectomized rats became pregnant a second time, parturition was normal and the milk-ejection reflex was sufficiently restored for the rats to rear their litters without oxytocin being administered. The animals, however, continued to exhibit diabetes insipidus. Measurements of residual neurohypophysial tissue showed that hypertrophy of the neural stalk had occurred after posterior lobectomy.
These findings are discussed in relation to recent studies on the site of formation and the liberation of posterior-pituitary hormone(s) after hypophysectomy.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE HUMAN PHARYNGEAL HYPOPHYSIS
Authors: BOYD J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A derivative of the pharyngeal extremity of Rathke's pouch, with structural features closely resembling those of the adenohypophysis, was found in fifty-three human embryos and foetuses. This pharyngeal hypophysis grows during prenatal life and usually possesses a rich vascularization. In silver impregnated material nerve fibres derived from branches of the spheno-palatine ganglion could be followed into the pharyngeal hypophysis. The recorded findings and a survey of the literature suggest that the pharyngeal hypophysis is constantly present in man, and that its cells can differentiate, as do those of the adenohypophysis.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOME ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS IN URINE
Authors: HOLNESS N. J. , LUNNON J. BARBARA , GRAY C. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The two α-ketolic steroids R3 and R4, previously described by de Courcy, Bush, Gray & Lunnon [1953], and which lack the Δ4-3-keto group, have been identified as tetrahydrocortisol (5β-pregnane-3α:11β:17α:21-tetrol-20-one) and tetrahydrocortisone (5β-pregnane-3α:17α:21-triol-11:20 dione). The Δ4-3-ketone, X3, is shown to be identical with Reichstein's compound E (Δ4-pregnene-11β:17α:20β21-tetrol-3-one). X4 has chromatographic properties resembling Reichstein's compound U (Δ4-pregnene-17α:20β:21-triol-3:11-dione).
THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN RESTRAINT HYPOTHERMIA AND IN ADAPTATION TO THE STRESS OF RESTRAINT
Authors: BARTLETT R. G. , MILLER M. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The role of the adrenal cortex in restraint-induced hypothermia and in adaptation to the stress of restraint was investigated.
There was an increase in ascorbic acid and a less marked increase in the cholesterol content of the adrenals accompanying 1 week's exposure to the stress of light restraint to produce adaptation, as well as a decrease in the adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol levels accompanying restraintinduced hypothermia, but changes in adrenocortical activity were probably not of sufficient magnitude to account for either the increased thermostability after the adaptive procedure or the thermolability of the animals exposed to the short-term stress.
It was also demonstrated that after a 7-day exposure to light restraint (to produce adaptation), adrenalectomized animals, maintained with isotonic salt solution or DCA, could not maintain a normal body temperature when restrained in the cold. Cortisone, whether administered alone or with DCA, permitted these adrenalectomized, adapted animals to maintain essentially normal body temperatures when exposed to restraint in the cold, indicating that adaptation had occurred.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNALLY ADMINISTERED CORTISONE AND ACTH UPON THE PANCREAS OF THE FOETUS
Authors: LEE J. , RING P. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
ACTH was administered to pregnant rabbits in doses of 5, 3 and 1·5mg twice daily from the 19th to 26th day of pregnancy. Cortisone 4 mg/kg daily was given to rabbits from the 20th to 27th day of pregnancy.
The maternal administration of ACTH (except in the lowest doses) was associated with a high foetal mortality, and few of the liveborn rabbitssurvived. Cortisone produced a similar mortality and a marked depression of birth weight.
Sections of the pancreas of foetal rabbits showed early maturation and associated degeneration of the islet tissue. The changes after the administration of cortisone were more marked than those following ACTH.
ACTH 0·4 mg twice daily, or cortisone 1 mg daily, was given to rats from the 13th to 20th day of pregnancy. Little effect on foetal mortality or average foetal weight was observed, but there was a marked variation in the weight of rats in the same litter in the cortisone-treated group. Some reduction in the amount of islet tissue at birth was seen, but premature maturation was only seen in one 19-day foetus.
An attempt has been made to relate the changes produced in the foetal pancreas by the maternal administration of ACTH and cortisone to those seen in the foetus of the diabetic mother.
SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE AND SERUM LIPID CHANGES IN THE BABOON (PAPIO URSINUS)
Authors: VAN ZYL A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A study comprising 258 duplicate estimations of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI), total lipids, total cholesterol, lipid phosphorus and cholesterol/lipid phosphorus (C/P) ratios has been made in eleven adult female baboons during forty-one menstrual cycles. Comparison of these results with ninety-six corresponding estimations on thirteen adult male baboons observed over the same period indicates that:
(a) The serum PBI and serum lipids in the female baboon fluctuate in rhythm with the phases of the menstrual cycle. Cyclical changes are not present in the male.
(i) Serum PBI rises from the time of ovulation and reaches a peak just before perineal rest.
(ii) Serum cholesterol rises from ovulation to the mid-point of deturgescence and drops rapidly afterwards to its initial level.
(iii) Lipid phosphorus rises steadily during turgescence, reaching a maximum level after ovulation, and declines slowly to a minimal value at perineal rest and menstrual bleeding.
(iv) The C/P ratio drops gradually during turgescence to ovulation and rises subsequently in deturgescence.
(v) No rhythmic tendency of statistical significance was observed in total serum lipids.
(b) The iodine/albumin ratio remains about constant during the entire cycle.
(c) No reciprocal relationship was found between the PBI and cholesterol of any of the other serum fat fractions.
The changes in serum PBI and serum lipids in the baboon's menstrual cycle differ from those described in the human female.
SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE AND SERUM LIPID CHANGES IN THE BABOON (PAPIO URSINUS)
Authors: VAN ZYL A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Serial analyses of serum PBI and serum lipids have been carried out on baboons during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation. One baboon aborted in the course of pregnancy.
The serum PBI is markedly elevated throughout pregnancy in the baboon (from 4·1 ± 0·3 μg/100 ml. to 5·4 ± 0·9 μg/100 ml.), whereas all the serum lipid fractions decrease significantly: cholesterol from a mean value of 138 ± 80 to 118 ± 11·8 mg/100 ml., and lipid phosphorus from 9·6 ± 0·8 to 8·2 ± 0·4 mg/100 ml. (means ± 2 s.d.).
After parturition the PBI decreases to the original level of 4·4 ± 0·7 μg/100 ml., whereas all lipid fractions increase (639 ± 26·3 mg/100 ml. total lipids, 169 ± 7·3 mg/100 ml. cholesterol and 11·2 ± 1·5 mg/100 ml. lipid phosphorus). The cholesterol/lipid phosphorus (C/P) ratio seems to rise slightly from 14·4 ± 1·1 during the menstrual cycle, to 14·9 ± 1·4 in pregnancy and to 15·2 ± 1·9 in lactation.
The patterns of serum PBI and lipid before or after abortion in one baboon were similar to those observed during normal pregnancy and lactation.
While serum lipids in the pregnant baboon follow a pattern which is the reverse of that described in human pregnancy, the serum PBI pattern is similar to that of women.
GRAFTS OF OVARIAN MEDULLARY TISSUE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: INGRAM D. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
It has been suggested that oocytes may develop from cells in the ovarian medulla. In order to test this hypothesis autografts of ovarian medulla were transplanted to various sites in fifty-five sexually mature rabbits. Tissue was recovered in only eighteen instances, but even these grafts were reduced in size. No oocytes were seen. In a further ten animals it was shown that grafts of cortical tissue persisted after medullary grafts had disappeared. It is concluded that medullary tissue cannot survive in the absence of the ovarian cortex.
Five animals from which medullary tissue was recovered had uteri which were not as atrophic as the uteri of spayed controls. It is suggested that ovarian medullary tissue may secrete oestrogen, but that this capacity is soon lost in the absence of the follicular apparatus.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX HORMONE STATUS ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO CHLOROFORM-INDUCED NECROSIS OF THE RENAL TUBULES
Authors: CULLIFORD D. , HEWITT H. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Adult male mice of two strains developed extensive necrosis of the renal tubules after exposure to low concentrations of chloroform vapour. Adult females showed no renal damage after equivalent exposures.
2. Adult females became fully susceptible to necrosis after treatment with androgens. The susceptibility of males was greatly reduced by treatment with oestrogens.
3. Castration removed the susceptibility of the males in one strain but did not completely remove it in another. The residual susceptibility of castrates was abolished by adrenalectomy.
4. Male mice under 11 days old were insusceptible to necrosis even after massive doses of androgen. Between 11 and 30 days they were susceptible if given androgen. Thereafter they became spontaneously susceptible.
5. Liver damage occurred in nearly all exposed mice and was not correlated with sex hormone status.
6. Susceptibility could be induced in gonadectomized mice by methyl testosterone, testosterone propionate, dehydroepiandrosterone and progesterone, and by large doses of cortisone acetate.
7. Preliminary exposure to carbon tetrachloride completely protected susceptible males against renal damage by chloroform.
THYROID, SALIVARY AND HARDERIAN GLANDS IN MICE EXPOSED TO HEAT
Authors: HELLMANN K. , COLLINS K. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A reduction in the uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland has been measured in inbred and F1 hybrid mice reared in a hot environment (91 ± 1° F dry bulb, 85 ± 1° F wet bulb).
Rapid concentration of 131I occurs in the submaxillary glands following its intraperitoneal injection. Two and three-quarter hr after injection the submaxillary glands from heat-exposed mice had a higher 131I content than those from control counterparts. The inverse relationship between uptake of 131I by thyroid and salivary glands in heat-exposed and control mice is probably due to partition of the injected iodide between the tissues.
A significant decrease in the weight of the Harderian glands, allowing for small decreases in body weight, was found in the mice reared in the hot environment.
THE RELATION OF ENDOGENOUS MELANOPHORE-EXPANDING HORMONE TO HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN XENOPUS LAEVIS
Authors: MUNDAY K. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Xenopus laevis responds to injected adrenaline by an increase in the level of blood sugar. This increased blood sugar is apparently derived from liver and not from muscle glycogen.
2. Blood-sugar levels of Xenopus equilibrated on a black background (BB) and on a white background (WB) are statistically different throughout 6 months' starvation (P<0·05). On prolonged starvation for 14–16 months the lower blood-sugar level recorded in WB animals is not statistically different from that in BB animals (P> 0·10).
3. Xenopus shows a marked excitation hyperglycaemia, which is thought to be due to secretion of endogenous adrenaline. This hyperglycaemia is greatest in animals kept on a white background.
4. Xenopus equilibrated on black and white backgrounds show different hyperglycaemic responses to similar doses of adrenaline (P < 0·01). Compared with their own 'control-distilled water injection' levels, WB animals show an increase of blood sugar 40% higher than BB animals.
5. If melanophore-expanding hormone ('B') is an effective agent in decreasing the hyperglycaemic response to adrenaline, the greater effective level of circulating hormone in BB animals, together with their relatively reduced glycaemic response, supports the view that endogenous 'B' hormone plays a role in normal carbohydrate metabolism.
THE ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF THE EXTRA-UTERINE WEIGHT GAIN OF PREGNANT MICE
Authors: DEWAR A. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The extra-uterine weight gain of pregnancy in mice was maintained after removal of the ovaries and placentae (by hysterectomy) by giving progesterone alone in apparently physiological concentrations. Cessation of treatment was followed by a fall in weight, as after parturition or pseudo-parturition; the degree of protection against the weight loss and the subsequent loss occurring after treatment were each proportional to the quantity of the hormone given. Stimulation of luteal activity by gonadotrophin after hysterectomy without spaying in pregnancy similarly prevented the loss of weight. Progesterone implants in non-pregnant mice caused a steady weight gain of a similar order to the extra-uterine weight increase of pregnancy, accompanied by anoestrus; removal of the tablets precipitated a rapid return of weight to initial levels and a return to oestrus. These and subsidiary findings support a hypothesis that the weight increase during pregnancy in the mouse is under the control of ovarian progesterone, the luteal activity being maintained by the presence of placentae in the uterus (probably by placental luteotrophin).
Oestrogens, in the quantities given, were incapable of maintaining the weight after hysterectomy in pregnancy, with or without removal of the ovaries, and had no potentiating effect upon suboptimal quantities of progesterone. Oestrogens, therefore, appear neither to play any part in the weight gain of pregnancy nor to exhibit luteotrophic activity.
Hysterectomy in the mouse was not observed to prolong the life of the corpora lutea of pregnancy.
COMPARATIVE ANTIOESTROGENIC POTENCIES OF PROGESTERONE AND ESTERIFIED 17α-HYDROXY-PROGESTERONE IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: LIPSCHUTZ A. , JADRIJEVIC D. , MARDONES ELVIRA , FIGUEROA S. , GIRARDI SILVIA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Five different antioestrogenic activities inherent in progestational compounds such as the antifibromatogenic, antihysterotrophic and antiluteinizing actions, the prevention of the oestrogen-induced opening of the vaginal membrane, and the counteracting of alopecia, have been investigated in the guinea-pig in experiments with 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and its caproate and acetate.
These antioestrogenic properties are either not inherent in the above-mentioned compounds, or only inherent to a slight degree. The very slight antioestrogenic potency of 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone is not increased by esterification with either caproic or acetic acid.
The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.
A STUDY OF THE PROTEINS IN THE FOLLICULAR FLUID OF THE COW
Authors: CARAVAGLIOS R. , CILOTTI R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The protein composition of the follicular fluid of the cow has been investigated.
Paper electrophoresis showed that the protein components were qualitatively similar to those of blood serum, although there were some quantitative differences. Thus albumin levels are greater in follicular fluid than in serum, while α2- and γ2-globulins are lower in the former. β-Lipoproteins are not detectable in the follicular fluid. The ratio between total proteins and some glycoproteins is similar in both fluids.
The significance of these results in relation to the origin of the follicular fluid is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF SEX HORMONES ON THE AVIAN LIVER
Authors: CAMPBELL J. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Liver function in male fowls as assessed by a modified sodium bromosulphthalein clearance test, is noticeably impaired 1–1½ hr after a sublethal dose of the hepatotoxic alkaloid, seneciphylline, and is greatly impaired at 4–4½ hr. Between this period and 24 hr, the clearance curve returns to more normal values, but is now of the female type, and this alteration in the mode of excretion of the dye persists for at least 5 days after a single administration of the alkaloid.
2. Previous treatment with diethylstilboestrol protects the male bird's liver to a considerable degree against the hepatotoxic effect of the alkaloid.
3. On the evidence of liver clearance curves, male birds receiving repeated weekly sublethal doses of seneciphylline return to normal much more quickly if previously treated with stilboestrol than control birds not so treated; they also gain weight at a faster rate.
4. It is suggested that within reasonable limits of liver damage, the accumulation of oestrogen, through the inability of the liver to excrete it and its retention in inflamed cells, may be beneficial in that it helps to protect against further damage, and also may encourage repair processes.
STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF SEX HORMONES ON THE AVIAN LIVER
Authors: CAMPBELL J. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. In the male fowl spontaneous repair of the liver, damaged by repeated doses of the alkaloids of Senecio jacobaea L., takes place extremely slowly, if at all.
2. Females subjected to the same treatment tend to recover.
3. In both sexes, but particularly in the male, massive doses of stilboestrol continuously absorbed from pellet implants initiate and speed up liver regeneration.
4. The hypothesis is advanced that the impaired ability of the damaged liver to conjugate and inactivate oestrogen is advantageous in so far as the raised oestrogen level stimulates repair processes in that organ.
THE BEHAVIOURAL AND VAGINAL RESPONSE OF THE SPAYED EWE TO OESTROGEN INJECTED AT VARIOUS TIMES RELATIVE TO THE INJECTION OF PROGESTERONE
Authors: MOORE N. W. , ROBINSON T. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Three trials, each using seventy-two ovariectomized Suffolk cross-bred ewes, were conducted to determine the interaction on the behavioural and vaginal response of varying the time of injection of oestradiol benzoate (ODB; dose levels 16, 20 and 25 μg in oil) relative to that of progesterone (six injections each of 6 mg in oil, spread over 3 days).
When ODB was injected before or during the period of progesterone treatment no ewe was served, and the vaginal response was partially suppressed. Maximal behavioural responses were observed when ODB was injected 24–48 hr after the final injection of progesterone. Responses decreased as this interval increased. Maximal vaginal responses were observed when ODB was injected 48 hr or more after the final injection of progesterone. Vaginal sensitivity did not decline with increase in this interval.
For assay purposes, using both criteria, it is necessary to inject oestrogen 48 hr after cessation of progesterone treatment in order to obtain a maximal response.
THE IN VITRO METABOLISM OF MAMMARY GLAND SLICES IN THE PRESENCE OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY LOBE EXTRACTS RICH IN MELANOPHORE-DISPERSING ACTIVITY
Authors: BRADLEY T. R. , MITCHELL G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Slices cut from mammary glands of rats and mice during gestation and lactation were incubated in vitro in the presence of pig posterior pituitary lobe extracts rich in melanophore-dispersing ('B') activity. Slices taken in early lactation but not during gestation or late lactation showed increased net gas evolution compared with control slices. Similar tissue from rabbits and guinea-pigs did not give rise to this effect, nor did slices of other tissues taken from lactating rats.
The increased net gas evolution was not observed in the absence of glucose from the incubation medium. Treatment of the 'B' extract with NaOH or hypophysectomy of the rats prior to use decreased the response.