bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lithium treatment and kidney function
Authors: Vestergaard P. , Amdisen A. 
Published: August 2007

Two years after a survey of the kidney function in 237 patients given long‐term lithium treatment the patients were invited for re‐examination. Of 184 patients who came for the reexamination 147 had continued lithium treatment; in 37 patients the treatment had been discontinued. The lithium‐treated patients were compared with a group of 68 manic‐depressive patients who were about to be given prophylactic lithium treatment but who had not yet started.Neither the patients who continued nor the patients who had discontinued lithium showed any deterioration of glomerular filtration rate as assessed through determination of the 24‐h creatinine clearance and the serum creatinine concentration; mean values in the lithium‐treated patients were the same as mean values in patients not yet given lithium. Impairment of renal water reabsorption, revealed by increased 24‐h urine volume and decreased urine osmolality after DDAVP, had progressed in the patients who continued lithium treatment, and multiple regression analysis revealed the duration of treatment and the serum lithium level to be significant predictor variables. In the patients who had discontinued lithium the changes in renal water handling had decreased. The urine volume was the same as that found in the patients not yet given lithium; maximum urine osmolality had not become fully normalized.Side effects such as thirst, nycturia, tremor, diarrhoea, oedema, and weight gain were found with the same frequency at the second as at the first examination in the patients who had continued lithium. In the patients who had discontinued lithium they were infrequent or absent.
Duodenal ulcer, suicide, psychopathology and alcoholism
Authors: Knop J. , Fischer A. 
Published: August 2007

The incidence of suicide in a consecutive series of 1,000 patients, who underwent Billroth II resection for duodenal ulcer, has been estimated. After an observation period of 21–29 years 13.7% of those who had died had committed suicide. The psychiatric morbidity in this ulcer group was found to be very high. Among the psychiatric diseases alcoholism was dominating, but also non‐psychotic conditions such as neurosis and psychopathy were frequent. Fifty per cent of the persons who had committed suicide were alcoholics, and the alcohol abuse seemed to develop after surgery.Gastric resection for duodenal ulcer may have pathogenetic importance in the development of alcoholism, which is known as a predictor of suicide. The importance of considering psychiatric disturbances in the postoperative follow‐up is stressed.
Child psychiatric advice to legal authorities concerning custody and post‐divorce visiting rights
Authors: Brun G. , Rump K. J. , Teilmann P. 
Published: August 2007

The need of the judicial system for psychiatric and psychological examination of parents and children prior to decisions concerning custody and visiting rights is illustrated. Further, the possibility of establishing collaboration with legal authorities is discussed. Most child psychiatric and child psychological clinics in Denmark declared themselves willing to take part in the investigation carried out during 1975 and 1976. Within this period the legal authorities referred 232 cases.The indication for expert advice is discussed. Our suspicion that the parties in these selected cases often were suffering from serious mental disorders was confirmed. The difficulties of evaluating the child's views are described. The authors conclude that it is impossible to fix a lower limit for the age at which children are to be heard in court. The legal decision usually accorded with the conclusion drawn from the statement. The investigation resulted in the establishment of a more permanent collaboration of lawyers and psychiatric examiners with regard to custody and visiting rights.
Biogenic amines and depression (Introduction to symposium)
Authors: Agurell S. 
Published: August 2007

The involvement of biogenic amines ‐ primarily noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5‐HT) ‐ in depressive disorders was suggested by the finding more than twenty years ago that imipramine possessed antidepressant properties and concomitantly altered the availability of NA in the brain. Since then, numerous antidepressants closely related chemically and pharmacologically to imipramine have been introduced. It has generally been assumed that these “tricyclics” alleviate depression by influencing the neurotransmitters (NA, 5‐HT) at crucial receptor sites in the brain. Thus, the “biogenic amine hypothesis of depression” postulates that depression is due to a reduced functional activity of one or more brain amines. The tricyclics appear to be antidepressants due to their inhibition of the neuronal reuptake of NA in the brain.A decade ago, Carlsson, Coppen, Lapin, van Praag and others suggested that compounds selectively affecting the 5‐HT uptake mechanism might be more effective antidepressants. This symposium will describe the clinical and preclinical results with zimelidine ‐ the first 5‐HT‐selective uptake inhibitor.
Classification of depression
Authors: Angst J. , Grigo H. , Lanz M. 
Published: August 2007

Depression is an aetiologically unspecific reaction pattern of the human organism to psychological or physical changes. It can occur in all forms of psychiatric disorders. The depressive symptomatology in itself does not allow a valid classification. Nosology must take into account aetiology, pathogenesis, and the course. The former two are mostly unknown. Considering the restricted value of all classifications of depressive syndromes the concepts must be validated by external criteria (e.g. genetic, biochemical, neurophysiological criteria, and response to treatment).In this paper a classification based on the course and genetic criteria of depression is proposed. In a preliminary study the clinical diagnoses of 100 depressive patients are compared with the classification based on diagnostic criteria of Feighner et al., Taylor and Abrams, as well as on DSM‐III.
Zimelidine vs maprotiline in depressed outpatients A preliminary report
Authors: D'Elia G. , Hällström T. , Nyström C. , Ottosson J.‐O. 
Published: August 2007

Outpatients with endogenous depression diagnosed according to the research diagnostic criteria of Feighner et al. were randomly referred to treatment with zimelidine (100 mg b.i.d., group Z) or maprotiline (75 mg b.i.d., group M). Patients who did not respond to treatment by day 28 were crossed over to the other drug. This preliminary report comprises results up to day 28 and includes antidepressive effect as rated by CPRS and globally, side effects, clinical chemistry and ECG. Ratings were double‐blind at days 0, 7, 14 and 28, and a washout period of 4–7 days preceeded the trial.Group Z includes 27 and group M 28 patients with equal distribution of sex, age, duration of present episode, initial severity, etiology and previous course.There were 11 dropouts in group M and 5 in group Z due to side effects or treatment failure. On the other hand, 8 patients in group Z had to cross over to the other drug versus 2 in group M.According to the total CPRS score and the global score the antidepressive effect was somewhat better in group Z at 2 weeks but similar at 1 and 4 weeks. Group Z is less sedative but still seems to have a better anti‐anxiety effect.Side effects were on a low level. There was a greater number of patients in group Z who complained of nausea, vomiting, loose stools, sleep disorder and sweating, and in group M dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness and accomodation difficulties.Chemical analyses and ECG showed slight and inconsistent changes.
Zimelidine vs. amitriptyline vs. placebo in a double‐blind study
Authors: Georgotas A. , Bush D. , Gershon S. 
Published: August 2007

Zimelidine, a new antidepressant compound structurally different from the tricyclics, is a potent and selective 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor which has been found an effective antidepressant in previous clinical trials. In this study, zimelidine was administered to one out of three subjects in a 60‐patient double‐blind controlled trial. This was part of a large multicenter study, performed in the United States of America. Patients were selected mainly from the Midtown Manhattan area in New York City. Following at least one week of placebo, patients were randomly assigned to zimelidine, amitriptyline or placebo for four weeks. Initial dosage of zimelidine was 25 mg t.i.d., later increased over the period of four weeks to 100 mg t.i.d.The rating instruments were the Hamilton Depression Scale (21 item version), the Beck Self‐Rating Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale. The side effects were recorded by active questionning according to a side effect inventory. Vital signs, laboratory work including ECG and plasma levels, were performed weekly.At the time of the report, two‐thirds of our study is completed and data regarding comparative efficacy of zimelidine vs. amitriptyline vs. placebo, as well as relative incidence of side effects is reported.*
A follow‐up study of operated transsexual females
Authors: Sørensen T. 
Published: August 2007

Not nearly as many female as male transsexuals have been operated on in Denmark, although the incidence of male and female applicants has equalized during recent years. Information from the literature is sparse and mostly casuistic. Since 1956, when the first female transsexual in Denmark was operated on, 30 females ‐ examined by us ‐ have applied for permission to have sex‐change operations and to change their first name. The majority of sex‐change applicants in this country have been assessed at the Rigs‐hospital. Among the applicants eight were recommended for sex‐modifying surgery and have subsequently been followed up. The average for the follow‐up period is 5 years.Postoperatively, most of the patients resumed work and also got female partners. However, they often had considerable problems at work and in their life together with a partner. Likewise, if there are children within the partnership, tensions between the transsexuals and the children are in evidence. All the patients had had sexual relationships postoperatively, but for most of them there had been both psychical and physical problems. Seventy‐five per cent found that sex‐reassignment involved severe practical and social problems; however, only one of the patients regretted the operations.It is emphasized that surgery is a symptomatic treatment and the rational reason for the operation is to strengthen the defence of the female against an insecure gender identity. With relation to an earlier proposed hypothesis by the author to the effect that the most conspicuous trait in female transsexualism is a phallic character, it is concluded that the postoperative result is best, when the phallic character is fairly well‐modulated, whereas the postoperative course is more problematic for patients with an alloplastic character and patients threatened with psychosis. With regard to the last two groups it is recommended to desist from operation.
Direct assessment of depression by microcomputer
Authors: Carr A. C. , Ancill R. J. , Ghosh A. , Margo A. 
Published: August 2007

A self‐rating depression questionnaire based on the Hamilton Depression Questionnaire was given directly by a microcomputer to 43 controls and 125 depressed patients. Scores obtained from the two groups differed very significantly; choosing an appropriate cut‐off point, the computer‐delivered questionnaire accurately detected the presence of depression.The severity of depression in the patients, as indicated by their scores, correlated significantly with assessments of severity by qualified clinicians.Patients commented favourably on the procedure, and the medical and nursing staff found it instructive and helpful.The use of this technique appears practicable and further evaluation is in progress.
The Influence of Group Therapy on Schizophrenia
Authors: Malm Ulf 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpuse of this study was to test the hypothesis that addition of one year of communication‐oriented group therapy to a regime of neuroleptics and social skills training leads to greater improvement than neuroleptics and social skills training alone.The design was a controlled comparison over two years.Diagnostic criteria were autism, thought disturbances and ego‐disturbances and the patients’disorders were probably representative of a fairly broad spectrum of semi‐chronic schizophrenic syndromes.Eighty patients entered the study, and by randomization they were allocated to the therapy or the control group. Of the 40 patients in each group 34 completed the two‐year study. Of the 34 patients in the therapy group 23 completed‐the one year of group therapy.Treatment started in residential care and continued in open care. All patients received fluphenazine depot and social skills training.The assessment concerned symptoms and signs, social function in the community, life events, course of illness variables such as relapse rate, and a global evaluation of remission.The effectivity of neuroleptics in reducing symptoms and signs in the acute episode was confirmed. The two year outcome showed that the addition of group therapy had increasd the improvement in factors and items related to emotional communication and anhedonia, increased free‐time activities, and entries and reentries into the social field. There were more remissions in the therapy group among patients without continuous psychotic symptoms. In patients with continuous psychotic symptoms the remission rate was low in both groups. No adverse effects were shown. Despite absence of remission in more than half of the patients nearly all could be discharged.Communication‐oriented group therapy as used here, may be considered as an elementary, unsophisticated form of psychotherapy that can be applied at almost any psychiatric treatment center both in hospitals and outpatient care.The outcome pattern suggests that this kind of group therapy cannot replace neuroleptic drugs, but increases the improvement from drugs and social skills training.
Life Events and Mental Disorder in an Urban Female Population
Authors: Samuelsson Sverker 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSamuelsson, B.S. Life events and mental disorder in an urban female population Acta psychiat. scand.A comprehensive population study of women i n Gothenburg, Sweden was carried out in 1968‐1969. Altogether 800 women participated in the psychiatric study. Four age strata were studied i.e. women born i n 1930, 1922, 1918 and 1914. The same women were re‐studied in 1974‐1975 (participation rate 84.6%) establishing (1) prevalence of mental disorder, (2) six‐year incidence of mental disorder, (3) one‐year incidence of mental disorder, (4) occurrence of undesirable life events and (5) connections between life events and one‐year incidence of mental disorder.The average prevalence rate was 13.4% for mental disorder with functional impairment, exceeded in lower social groups, by the divorced and the recently widowed. Depressive disorders were most common and autonomic disturbances were the most frequent symptoms. The six‐year incidence of mental disorder with functional impairment was 19.5% with raised rate for the divorced and the childless. Undesirable life events increased with the number of children, and decreased with age. The one‐year incidence rate decreased with increasing age. The one‐year incidence of mental disorder was increased with the amount of undesirable life events.
EEG abnormalities in chronic alcoholism related to age
Authors: Jóhannesson G. , Berglund M. , Ingvar D. H. 
Published: August 2007

EEG was studied in SO chronic alcoholics (age 45 ± 10 years). All EEGs were classified visually. In addition, a manual analysis from a fronto‐central (F3‐C3 or F4‐C4) lead and a temporo‐occipital (T5‐O1 or T6‐O2) lead was done in 42 cases to obtain the mean frequency of the 6–12 Hz band.The visual classification correlated well with the frequency analysis in the anterior (rs = ‐0.57, P < 0.001) and in the posterior (rs = 0.61, P < 0.001) leads and there was a high positive correlation between the frontal and occipital lead (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). Half of the records were abnormal. There was a significantly higher proportion of abnormal EEGs in the youngest and oldest patient groups compared with the remainder. EEG‐abnormality was significantly related to early start of abuse (before 25 years, P < 0.05). The findings suggest that alcohol abuse in the teens or early twenties is accompanied by a considerably greater risk of brain damage than alcoholism beginning after 25. However, an alternative explanation, i.e. that the EEG abnormality may represent cerebral dysfunction predisposing to alcoholism is not excluded.
The influence of the process of urbanization on the prevalence of neurosis
Authors: Vázquez Barquero J. L. , Muñoz P. E. , Jaúregui V. Madoz 
Published: August 2007

An analysis is made of the influence of urbanization in a rural community of the North of Spain on the prevalence of neurosis. The methodology followed was based on a two‐phase cross‐sectional analysis of a representative sample of the population above the age of 15 years.We found that while the “urban” area was associated with a high prevalence of neurosis (male = 8.5%, female = 21.4%), in the “rural”, and especially the “isolated” areas the prevalence was very low (“rural”: male = 4.5%, female = 14.5%; “isolated”: male = 3.6%, female = 12%). This high neurotic morbidity in the urban area was found to be significantly associated with the group of people characterized as young, single, with a low social and educational level, and with a non‐skilled manual profession. Our results also show that the place of residence does not significantly influence the prevalence of the different types of neurosis.
Long‐term lithium treatment and psychological functions
Authors: Lund Y. , Nissen M. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2007

A group of 50 long‐term lithium‐treated outpatients were investigated with psychological examinations in order to study cognitive and emotional functions (memory, attention, speed, loss of effort, level of processing, productivity, and reactivity).The test results were compared with the general norms for the test applied. In average the test results were within the normal range. The inter‐test variations which quantitatively and qualitatively characterize the performance of the lithium‐treated patients indicate a relative lowering of the level of memory and perceptual processing as well as loss of effort when compared to the level of attention, productivity, and emotional reactivity.These findings support the hypothesis of a lithium‐determined delay of the rate of information processing, a hypothesis which may be related to a neuropsychological model of the level of arousal.
Depressive equivalents: a clarification using the Rorschach test
Authors: De Bertolini C. , Magni G. , Ferruzza E. , Bianchin G. 
Published: August 2007

The authors present a study on 20 patients of uncertain diagnostic placement admitted to a neurological department.The patients are characterized by an atypical clinical neurological symptomatology and the absence of organic pathology. Through psychiatric examination and the Rorschach tests, which show some characteristic and constant aspects, the authors arrive at the diagnosis of depressive equivalents.It is emphasized that the Rorschach test offers a useful contribution to the often difficult diagnosis of these clinical pictures.
The mental health of early mother separated women
Authors: Kennard J. , Birtchnell J. 
Published: August 2007

A community based research project was undertaken to discover whether early mother separation was related to adult mental disorder. A population sample of 73 women aged 40–49, who experienced continuous mother absences in excess of 1 year due either to family difficulties (n= 42) or external factors (n= 31), were interviewed about early life experiences and mental health. Controls (n= 69) matched for parental social class and age at father death were similarly interviewed. Three self‐administered tests, the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire, a modified Zung Depression Scale and the Navran Dependency Scale of the MMPI were also completed.It was shown that separation alone was unrelated to adult psychopathology or mental disorder. Poor preseparation maternal relationships, both alone and in combination with two or more changes of care plus unsatisfactory replacement care, contributed to an increase in psychiatric morbidity and psychopathology.
Differential evaluation of outcome in schizophrenia
Authors: Nyman A. K. , Jonsson H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTState of health, work and social relations functioning as outcome measures in 95 survivors out of 110 schizophrenic probands proved to be only moderately intercorrelated at follow‐up 6‐9 years after first hospital admission. Total sick‐leave time was the only treatment measure mirroing combined outcome, while the hospital treatment variables were connected only to working and self‐supporting ability. Among social competence data, only living in partnership, and producing children after falling ill were associated with a favourable outcome. Self‐reports and simple judgements by near relatives in response to precise questions provided relable information. Attitude questions were completely unrelated to outcome. Outcome did not vary with type of initial symptomatoloty (regressive/non‐regressive) but long duration of regression meant an unfavourable outcome. A better outcome in women as to social competence, working ability and degree of psychopathology stresses the necessity of noting the sex composition of materials in prognostic investigations.
Dexamethasone suppression test in a pluri‐diagnostic approach: its relationship to psychopathological and clinical variables
Authors: Kasper S. , Beckmann H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT– Using a pluridiagnostic approach, the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was studied in 67 depressed inpatients in its relationship to diverse clinical variables. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD), the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), the Newcastle Index, the Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAM‐D), and the Bf‐s self rating questionnaire were applied.Fifty‐two per cent of endogenous depressed (ICD), 51 % of major depressive (RDC) and 53 % of endogenous depressed (Newcastle) patients demonstrated dexamethasone nonsuppression (DSTN) with a value above 110 nm/l. Six per cent of neurotic depressed (ICD), 9 % of minor depressive (RDC) and 23 % of neurotic depressed (New‐castle) patients were dexamethasone nonsuppressors. Significantly higher values (after P‐correction) for DSTN could be detected in severity ratings as measured with Newcastle (P < 0.001) and HAM‐D global score (P < 0.001) and also for HAM‐D factor 4 (somatic complaints, P= 0.001). All the other evaluated variables did not discriminate between patients with dexamethasone suppression and with nonsuppression.
Sexual function and dysfunction in younger married alcoholics
Authors: Jensen S. Buus 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT– Sexual dysfunction in male and female alcoholic addicts was evaluated in a comparative study of 60 married alcoholics and an age‐matched control group from a general practitioner's clinic. 63% of the alcoholic men reported sexual dysfunction ‐ mainly erectile and libido disorders ‐ compared with 10% in the control group. The frequency of sexual dysfunction in alcoholic women did not differ from that in controls. Approximately 25% of the women who reported sexual dysfunction had reduced libido. The male alcoholics claim the aversive treatment. (Antabus®), to be the causative factor, and considered their problem began as soon as they started treatment. There was no change in masturbation or coital frequency in the month before and after initiation of treatment.The study discusses present knowledge of relevant etiological factors in sexual function and dysfunction in alcoholics ‐ implicating a multifacetted therapeutic approach.