bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUE OF COMMON CARP AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING1
Authors: Goldstein Robert M. , DeWeese L. Rod 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTCommon carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from four sites in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), selenium (So), and zinc (Zn). Concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole body. Generally, trace element concentrations were the greatest in livers while concentrations in whole bodies were greater than those in muscle for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and concentrations in muscle were similar to whole body for As and Se. Concentrations of Cr were lower in liver than either muscle or whole body. Correlations between liver and whole body concentrations were stronger than those between liver and muscle concentrations, but the strongest correlations were between muscle and whole body concentrations. Examination of tissue concentrations by collection sites suggested that, for a general survey, the whole body may be the most effective matrix to analyze.
EROSION ON LOGGING ROADS IN REDWOOD CREEK, NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Rice Raymond M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRoad‐related erosion was estimated by measuring 100 randomly located plots on a 180 km road network in the middle reach of R'dwood Creek in northwestern California. The estimated erosion ratn of 177 m3km‐1was contrasted with two earlier studies in nearby parts of the same watershed. A sizable proportion of the great reduction in erosion from that reported in the earlier studies is attributed to changes in forest practice rules. Those changes have resulted in better placement and sizing of culverts and, especially, to less reliance on culverts to handle runoff from logging roads.
USE OF A VIEWER BOX IN SECCIII DISK MEASUREMENTS1
Authors: Smith David G. , Hoover Creighton M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWe used a closed‐ended viewer box in the measurement of Secchi depth and compared the results with simultaneous naked‐eye measurements. We have shown that use of such a viewer box increases Secchi depth measurement by removing the interfering effects of water surface glare and glitter. A viewer box also increases between‐observer precision. Measurements made both with and without the viewer box are slightly greater on the shady side of the boat than on the sunny side; the latter is the preferred side if Secchi data are to be related to other optical properties. As expected, the difference between viewer box and naked eye measurements increases with increasing wave height but not with increasing illuminance. Because of the lack of uniformity in the way Secchi depth is estimated, and the inherent optical problems with current Secchi depth procedures, an appeal is made for production of a standardized protocol for Secchi observations, including the use of a closed‐ended viewer box on the sunny side of the boat.
GROUNDWATER GEOCHEMISTRY IN THE SEMINOLE WELL FIELD, CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA1
Authors: Boyd Robert A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe City of Cedar Rapids obtains its municipal water supply from four well fields in an alluvial aquifer along the Cedar River in east‐central Iowa. Since 1992, the City and the U.S. Geological Survey have cooperatively studied the groundwater‐flow system and water chemistry near the well fields. The geochemistry in the alluvial aquifer near the Seminole Well Field was assessed to identify potentially reactive minerals and possible chemical reactions that produce observed changes in water chemistry. Calcite, dolomite, ferrihydrite, quartz, rhodochrosite, and siderite were identified as potentially reactive minerals by calculating saturation indexes. Aluminosiicate minerals including albite, Ca‐montmorillonite, gibbsite, illite, K‐feldspar, and kaolinite were identified as potentially reactive minerals using hypothetical saturation indexes calculated with an assumed dissolved aluminum concentration of 1 microgram per liter. Balanced chemical equations derived from inverse‐modeling techniques were used to assess chemical reactions as precipitation percolates to the water table. Calcite dissolution was predominate, but aluminosilicate weathering, cation exchange, and redox reactions also likely occurred. Microbial‐catalyzed redox reactions altered the chemical composition of water infiltrating from the Cedar River into the alluvial aquifer by consuming dissolved oxygen, reducing nitrate, and increasing dissolved iron and manganese concentrations. Nitrate reduction only occurred in relatively shallow (3 to 7 meters below land surface) groundwater near the Cedar River and did not occur in water infiltrating to deeper zones of the alluvial aquifer.
NEW METHODS OF MODELING WATER AVAILABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE: THE U.S. CORNBELT1
Authors: Strzepek Kenneth M. , Major David C. , Rosenzweig Cynthia , Iglesias Ana , Yates David N. , Holt Alyssa , Hillel Daniel 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on new methods of linking climate change scenarios with hydrologic, agricultural an water planning models to study future water availability for agriculture, an essential element of sustainability. The study is based on the integration of models of water supply and demand, and of crop growth and irrigation management. Consistent modeling assumptions, available databases, and scenario simulations are used to capture a range of possible future conditions. The linked models include WATBAL for water supply; CERES, SOYGRO, and CROPWAT for crop and irrigation modeling; and WEAP for water demand forecasting, planning and evaluation. These models are applied to the U.S. Cornbelt using forecasts of climate change, agricultural production, population and GDP growth.Results suggest that, at least in the near term, the relative abundance of water for agriculture can be maintained under climate change conditions. However, increased water demands from urban growth, increases in reservoir evaporation and increases in crop consumptive use must be accommodated by timely improvements in crop, irrigation and drainage technology, water management, and institutions. These improvements are likely to require substantial resources and expertise. In the highly irrigated basins of the region, irrigation demand greatly exceeds industrial and municipal demands. When improvements in irrigation efficiency are tested, these basins respond by reducing demand and lessening environmental stress with an improvement in system reliability, effects particularly evident under a high technology scenario. Rain‐fed lands in the Cornbelt are not forced to invest in irrigation, but there is some concern about increased water‐logging during the spring and consequent required increased investment in agricultural drainage. One major water region in the Cornbelt also provides a useful caveat: change will not necessarily be continuous and monotonic. Under one GCM scenario for the 2010s, the region shows a significant decrease in system reliability, while the scenario for the 2020s shows an increase.
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN A SHALLOW COASTAL ESTUARY DURING THE WINTER SEASON1
Authors: Barbé Donald E. , Cruise James F , Crowder Keely 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This project analyzes suspended sediment flux through the upper Barataria basin in Louisiana during the winter season defined from November through April. The Barataria is a shallow coastal estuary located in southeastern Louisiana. The controls exerted by environmental parameters (such as wind or atmospheric pressure) in wetlands‐shallow bay ecosystems on transport of water and sediment were examined. Water samples were taken at a bayou (which serve as the inlet for flow to the estuary) on a regular basis. These samples were analyzed for total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids. Velocity, depth, temperature, salinity, conductivity, and meteorological measurements were all recorded at the time of each sampling. A multi‐parameter field probe was employed to continually monitor turbidity, water level, conductivity, and temperature during frontal events. These data were used in a regression analysis to examine the factors that drive carbon flux in the region.Investigations have determined that synoptic climate and prevailing weather conditions explain much of the variations in water levels, flow circulation patterns, salinity, and suspended sediment. Relatively small amounts of sediment appear to leave the estuary during normal tidal activity, but winter storm fronts result in significant fluxes of sediment in both up‐basin and down‐basin directions.
Ewing family of tumours involving the vulva and vagina: report of a series of four cases
Authors: McCluggage W Glenn , Sumathi Vaiyapuri P , Nucci Marisa R , Hirsch Michelle , Cin Paola Dal , Wells Michael , Flanagan Adrienne M , Fisher Cyril 
Published: June 2007

Background:Ewing’s sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (pPNET) are now regarded as two morphological ends of a spectrum of neoplasms, characterised by a t(11;22) or other related chromosomal translocation involving the EWS gene on chromosome 22 and referred to as Ewing family of tumours (EFTs). EFTs are extremely rare in the vulva and vagina, a review of the literature revealing only 13 previously reported possible cases, most of which have not had molecular confirmation. In this study, four new cases of EFTs involving the vulva (three cases) or vagina (one case) are reported.Results:The tumours occurred in women aged 19, 20, 30 and 40 years and ranged in size from 3 to 8 cm. Morphologically, all neoplasms had a lobulated architecture and were composed of solid aggregates of cells. In one case, occasional rosettes were formed. In all the tumours, there was diffuse membranous staining with CD99; nuclear positivity with FLI-1 was present in two cases. Three cases were focally positive with the broad-spectrum cytokeratin AE1/3, all were diffusely positive with vimentin and all were desmin negative. In two cases, a t(11;22) (q24;q12) (EWSR1-FLI-1) chromosomal translocation was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-PCR (one case) and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) (one case), and in another case a rearrangement of the EWSR1 gene on chromosome 22 was demonstrated by FISH. In the other case, a variety of molecular studies did not reveal a translocation involving the EWS gene but this tumour, on the balance of probability, is still considered to represent a neoplasm in the EFTs. Follow-up in two cases revealed that one patient developed pulmonary metastasis and died and another is alive without disease at 12 months.Conclusions:This report expands the published literature regarding EFTs involving the vulva and vagina and stresses the importance of molecular techniques in firmly establishing the diagnosis, especially when these neoplasms arise at unusual sites.
The subsystem approach to enhancing small processor operating systems
Authors: Lane Malcolm G. 
Published: June 2007

Operating systems for small processors often do not take full advantage of a small processor's resources. The implementation of a subsystem to enhance the standard operating system has proved to be an effective method to increase the utilization of a small processor's resources.
Several different subsystems for small processors are discussed. The advantages of using the subsystem approach in a small processor environment are given.
The design of a space efficient compiler
Authors: Donegan Michael K. 
Published: June 2007

Writing a compiler for a small machine with minimal software support can be quite difficult because the program is long and debugging aids are usually inadequate. In addition, the usual techniques for compiler writing tend to produce programs which are quite large when compared to, for example, a BASIC interpreter. This frustrates efforts for producing compilers on small machines. We describe a method which can be used to reduce the size of a compiler and simultaneously provide good debugging tools. The resulting compiler sacrifices little in terms of execution speed (in part because compilers on minicomputers are often I/O bound). We have used this method to write an MPL [1] compiler for a Microdata 32/S minicomputer. The compiler requires approximately 12K bytes of memory as opposed to 32K bytes required by the compiler produced by the manufacturer, and compiles at essentially the same speed. Appendix II outlines the syntax of the MPL language and is included to illustrate the size of the language being compiled. MPL is based on PL/I and is quite similar to the PL/M* [2] language developed by the INTEL Corporation.
The method described here uses an interpretive language for writing the compiler. Thus the interpreter is the only machine language program written. We coded the interpreter in MPL and used a cross compiler to compile it, however, the interpreter could have been easily coded in assembly language. Figure 1 illustrates the savings of the interpretive language over machine code. The procedure IF_STAT is typical of a routine which might appear in a recursive descent compiler for MPL. The gain in space occurs because machine language instructions carry too much information content when applied to a special purpose (such as compiling). Note for example that a subroutine call for the Microdata requires 6 bytes, but all that is really needed is an opcode to indicate a call and a byte to indicate which of a few subroutines is to be called.
PEIRCE
Authors: Solomon Martin K. , Kirshen Carl D. 
Published: June 2007

PEIRCE is an interactive relational database management system intended for mini and microcomputers, with an extensible command facility, QUERY, based on Codd's relational algebra and supporting a clerk oriented interface.
PEIRCE contains three major independent on-line modules: DBA, QUERY, and CSU.
DBA provides the data definition and data dictionary facilities and is discussed in Section 2.
QUERY provides both a relational algebra data manipulation language and a clerk oriented interface. QUERY is also discussed in Section 2.
Command sequences are discussed in Section 3.
We discuss the virtual file facilities of PEIRCE (which include the updating of virtual files) in Section 4.
The underlying storage structure, namely entry order sequence with secondary indexes, was chosen primarily with simplicity of recovery in mind and is discussed in section 5.
In Section 6 we discuss the control commands IF and FOR, which help to conveniently avoid having a host language facility.
We conclude in Section 7 by describing further work planned on PEIRCE.
An annotated bibliography of background material on text manipulation
Authors: Reid Brian K. , Hanson David 
Published: June 2007

This is the first ACM conference specifically devoted to text manipulation, but there have been good papers and books on the topic published in the past. To help define the state of the field as of the time of this first conference, we have assembled this small annotated bibliography listing classic or important past work on text manipulation, including material on text editing, document formatting, typography, graphic communication, writing style, string and pattern matching, and other problems of interest to researchers in this field. Ben Schneiderman of the University of Maryland and Chris Fraser of the University of Arizona have provided us with some of the annotations of papers on text editing.
In a bibliography like this one it is impossible to include every relevant paper, or even every important paper. We in general have chosen to include those that have been influential, are widely available, and are also reasonably current. We have additionally included a number of papers and books that supply background knowledge about relevant applications areas that might not be widely known to computer scientists.
Graph evolution
Authors: Leskovec Jure , Kleinberg Jon , Faloutsos Christos 
Published: June 2007

How do real graphs evolve over time? What are normal growth patterns in social, technological, and information networks? Many studies have discovered patterns instatic graphs, identifying properties in a single snapshot of a large network or in a very small number of snapshots; these include heavy tails for in- and out-degree distributions, communities, small-world phenomena, and others. However, given the lack of information about network evolution over long periods, it has been hard to convert these findings into statements about trends over time.Here we study a wide range of real graphs, and we observe some surprising phenomena. First, most of these graphs densify over time with the number of edges growing superlinearly in the number of nodes. Second, the average distance between nodes often shrinks over time in contrast to the conventional wisdom that such distance parameters should increase slowly as a function of the number of nodes (likeO(logn) orO(log(logn)).Existing graph generation models do not exhibit these types of behavior even at a qualitative level. We provide a new graph generator, based on a forest fire spreading process that has a simple, intuitive justification, requires very few parameters (like the flammability of nodes), and produces graphs exhibiting the full range of properties observed both in prior work and in the present study.We also notice that the forest fire model exhibits a sharp transition between sparse graphs and graphs that are densifying. Graphs with decreasing distance between the nodes are generated around this transition point.Last, we analyze the connection between the temporal evolution of the degree distribution and densification of a graph. We find that the two are fundamentally related. We also observe that real networks exhibit this type of relation between densification and the degree distribution.
The rapport multimedia conferencing system
Authors: Ahuja S. R. , Ensor J. Robert , Horn David N. 
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the design and initial implementation of the Rapport multimedia conferencing system, which supports interactive, real-time, distributed conferences among two or more users. Using computers connected by data and voice networks, this system creates an environment in which many sorts of meetings can take place, including telephone conversations, discussions among colleagues, and lectures. Rapport provides new opportunities for meetings, allowing a user to interact with distant colleagues and to participate in several conferences concurrently at his or her workstation. The system allows many existing computer programs to be used, unmodified, within its conferencing environment. Thus computer-generated data and displays are available to the conferees for manipulation and editing, enhancing the exchange of information during meetings. Although Rapport does not encourage a particular methodology of meeting conduct, such specialized support can be built using Rapport.
The paper outlines Rapport's conference abstraction and the model on which it is based — the “virtual meeting room.” It then presents an overview of Rapport's architecture, discusses the system's environmental requirements, and concludes by mentioning some of our plans for future work with Rapport.
38 Offices
Authors: Panko Raymond R. 
Published: June 2007

There is considerable interest within office automation for the creation of methodologies to describe the needs of offices and build tools to support those needs. Most of the analysis, design, and implementation methodologies, however, involve only a single type of support — the creation of tools to automate procedures found in the office. Although the procedures to be supported are generally less well structured than the procedures supported by classic data processing, the focus is still on procedures.
These procedurally-oriented methodologies are likely to work extremely well in only one kind of office, which the author and Sprague have called the Type I department [10]. There is another general category of offices, Type II, that handles the firm's nonroutine information processing chores. Examples are the offices of top executives, the offices of line managers, legal departments, and engineering departments. In these offices, procedures exist, but immediately jumping from functional analysis and goals to the analysis of procedures is not likely to be helpful. First, the procedures in these offices are usually few, so their automation is not likely to bring extensive gains. Second, the strategies that Type II offices do need are likely to be professionally complex and nonprocedural. To strong a procedural focus in a methodology could blind analysts to the real needs of the office.
Two studies were conducted in an attempt to test a broader analysis methodology that the author had earlier proposed to study Type II offices as well as Type I offices. While it was concluded that there were differences in Type I and Type II office support, it was found that people in both kinds of offices tended to pick mundane applications. A major goal for the future should be to find ways to help office principals articulate more visionary goals that can be made possible because of computer support.
Type II offices present a major problem to designers of office methodologies. The traditional procedural analysis skills taught in systems analysis and office analysis methodologies are not likely to be central to the needs of the office. The strategies that must be designed and supported, rather, are likely to depend very heavily on the professional content of the work being done in that office. It is possible that the office analyst in the future will be less a driving force in the design of support systems than a catalyst to help users define their own needs — just as designers of decision support systems are increasily helping managers define their own data needs [13]. Critical success factors and external contribution analysis are likely to be only preludes to comprehensive methodologies to help office principals define their goals and strategies.
Distributed software personnel when, how and why?
Authors: Webster Roger 
Published: June 2007

It is obvious that as computer technology moves more and more towards distributed processing - a centralized EDP support structure will not be effective. The future of computer processing will utilize distributed microcomputing technology. As depicted in Figures 1, 2, and 3, the future computer processing environments will have microcomputers connected to minicomputers and minis connected to mainframes. Complete computer networking, microcomputers on every executive's desk, relational data structures and office automation will dominate the business environment.
The majority of the action in computer information processing will be taking place on the desk tops of executives in the “interactive office”. The imminent question will not be “Should EDP distribute software personnel” - but, “When do I distribute and how do I divide the information systems responsibilities?”