bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle Functional Deficits After Tourniquet Ischemia
Authors: Jacobson Mark D. , Pedowitz Robert A. , Oyama Brian K. , Tryon Brian , Gershuni David H. 
Published: June 2007

The contractile properties of the rabbit tibialis anterior muscle were studied 48 hours after an ischemic episode induced by pneumatic tourniquet compression of the thigh. Forty animals were divided into five groups, each of which had continuous ischemia of either 1, 2, or 4 hours, or a total of 2 or 4 hours of ischemia interrupted by 10 minutes of reperfusion at 1-hour intervals. Con tralateral limbs served as controls. Muscle contractile properties were tested by stimulation of the peroneal nerve distal to the site of tourniquet compression. Peak tetanic tension in the 1-hour group did not differ signifi cantly from controls. In the 2- and 4-hour groups, peak tetanic tensions were 31 % and 2% of controls, respec tively, and twitch tensions were 25% and 1 % of controls, respectively. Hourly reperfusion intervals had no sig nificant effect on maximum tetanic or twitch tension compared with continuous ischemia for either 2 or 4 hours. Clinically significant muscle dysfunction may be in duced by 2 or more hours of pneumatic tourniquet ap plication. Hourly reperfusion intervals may not improve skeletal muscle function distal to the tourniquet. How ever, reperfusion intervals could still affect muscle that is compressed beneath the cuff. Tourniquet-induced contractile deficits may interfere with postoperative functional recovery.
Biomechanical and Histologic Assessment of a Controlled Muscle Strain Injury Treated with Piroxicam
Authors: Obremsky William T. , Seaber Anthony V. , Ribbeck Beth M. , Garrett William E. 
Published: June 2007

This study was designed to observe the effect of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory piroxicam on a controlled muscle strain injury in the rabbit model. The tibialis an terior tendons of 90 New Zealand White rabbits were detached at their distal insertions, and the right tendon was stretched to the yield point of the deformation curve. One group of 50 rabbits received piroxicam treat ment and the others received no treatment. At 1, 2, 4, and 7 days the parameters of muscle function, tensile strength, and histology were examined. Muscle con tractile force was significantly greater in the piroxicam- treated group at Day 1, but no difference was noted at any other time period. Tensile strength was not signifi cantly different at any time period in either group. His tology revealed delayed degradation of damaged tissue and slowed regeneration of muscle tissue at the injury site in the piroxicam-treated group. Piroxicam and other antiinflammatories are fre quently given to athletes being treated for muscle strain injuries to control pain through their effect on the in flammatory process. This study demonstrates that pi roxicam does not adversely influence the recovery of contractile and tensile strength in a followup period of 1 week. Therefore, antiinflammatory treatment may be beneficial early in the course of muscle injury.
Arthroscopic Bankart Repair Versus Nonoperative Treatment for Acute, Initial Anterior Shoulder Dislocations
Authors: Arciero Robert A. , Wheeler James H. , Ryan John B. , McBride John T. 
Published: June 2007

A prospective study evaluating nonoperative treatment versus arthroscopic Bankart suture repair for acute, ini tial dislocation of the shoulder was undertaken in young athletes. All patients met the following criteria: 1) sus tained an acute first-time traumatic anterior dislocation, 2) no history of impingement or occult subluxation, 3) the dislocation required a manual reduction, and 4) no concomitant neurologic injury. Thirty-six athletes (average age, 20 years) met the criteria for inclusion. Group I patients were immobilized for 1 month followed by rehabilitation; they were allowed full activity at 4 months. Group II patients underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair followed by the same protocol as Group I. Group I consisted of 15 athletes. Twelve patients (80%) developed recurrent instability; 7 of the 12 have required open Bankart repair for recurrent instability. Group I consisted of 21 patients; 18 patients (86%) had no recurrent instability at last followup (average, 32 months; range, 15 to 45) (P = 0.001). One patient in Group II has required a subsequent open Bankart repair to treat symptomatic recurrence (P = 0.005). In this study, arthroscopic Bankart repair significantly reduced the recurrence rate in young athletes who sustained an acute, initial anterior dislocation of the shoulder.
Fractures of the Sesamoid Bones of the Thumb
Authors: Dong Paul R. , Seeger Leanne L. , Shapiro Matthew S. , Levere Scott M. 
Published: June 2007

Stability of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint is pro vided by the collateral ligament proper, the accessory collateral ligament, the proximal and distal palmar liga ments, and the palmar plate. The adductor pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis muscles also provide soft tissue support and insert on the proximal phalanx of the thumb by way of the sesamoid bones. Fractures of the meta carpophalangeal joint sesamoid bones are uncom mon but are often associated with sporting injuries during which the joint is acutely hyperextended. Rou tine anteroposterior and lateral radiographs may be unremarkable, and oblique views are often necessary to document the fracture. We report eight cases of fracture of the thumb meta carpophalangeal joint sesamoid. Seven were isolated sesamoid fractures, and one was associated with a metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation. None of the fractures were evident on anteroposterior radiographs, but all were seen in the oblique projection. Six fractures were treated with splint or cast immobilization for 2 to 3 weeks, and two were taped. Clinical followup of the seven patients with isolated sesamoid fracture at 6 to 8 weeks revealed pain-free normal function. One patient could not be reached for followup.
Arthroscopic Findings Associated with Roof Impingement of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft
Authors: Watanabe Bruce M. , Howell Stephen M. 
Published: June 2007

Nineteen patients with roof impingement of an anterior cruciate ligament graft had their grafts inspected during second-look arthroscopy. The diagnosis of roof im pingement was suspected from the clinical findings of an effusion, extension deficit, recurrent instability, or an terior knee pain. The diagnosis was confirmed when a portion of the tibial tunnel was anterior to the tibial in tersection of the slope of the intercondylar roof on a lateral roentgenogram of the fully extended knee. Dur ing second-look arthroscopy the impinged anterior cru ciate ligament graft had one or more of the following features: fractured bundles, guillotined remnants at the tibial insertion, parallel fragmentation of an uninter rupted graft, fibrous nodule, or an extrusion of graft ma terial at the outlet of the notch. We hypothesize that these changes in the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament graft are caused by mechanical injury from roof impingement. Clinical Relevance. One should suspect that a patient with an effusion, extension deficit, recurrent instability, or anterior knee pain after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may have roof impingement. A lateral roentgenogram in full extension is diagnostic if the tibial tunnel is anterior to the intercondylar roof. The surgeon should be aware that impinged grafts can have a variety of arthroscopic appearances in addition to the previ ously reported fibrous nodule or Cyclops lesion.
One hundred years of???
Authors: McDermott John 
Published: June 2007

Marxian socialism has bequeathed contradictory ideas about the course of capitalist development. There is "the proletariat," the anticipation that workers were being simplified into a uniform mass, living at the bottom of society, and "having no country of their own." On the other hand, there is an historical tendency for the relations and even the forces of production to become more deeply social in character, ultimately to burst the confining integument of private property and capitalism itself. Modem socialism continues to be influenced by echoes of that proletariat, but has tended to ignore opportunities provided by the increasingly social character of our mode of production, assuming that those are tasks to be taken up on some distant tomorrow. If the decline of socialism is to be radically reversed, the proletarian echo will have to be muted even further, and the increasing socialization of the mode of production taken up as an existing threat and a striking opportunity. The expectation of a revolutionary proletariat neither can nor does function as the underpinning for socialist strategies of change. Of course, that is not the same thing as socialist sensitivity to the very poor and to inequality generally, but the two are often confused. If there were such a thing as proletarianization, then a realistic and ultimately dominant political movement could be based upon it, but contemporary socialist sympathy for the poor and the denied has much more morality than strategy to it, and to that extent does not supply a sufficiently acute political perspective. I am not saying, "Devil take the poor," nor denying their permanence while capitalism still exists. But an anticapitalist transformation of society now requires a different socialist fulcrum.
Profitability in Business Cycle Theory and Forecasting
Authors: Van Lear William 
Published: June 2007

Given the important connections among profitability, investment, and economic activity, a profitability indicator can be used to assess where the economy is in the business cycle. Rising profitability suggests that the economy is on a secular growth path, while a peak or fall in profitability suggests that growth is slowing and the economy is headed for recession. One measure of profitability is to divide total business sector profit by total wages paid to labor. Let this variable be called the PW ratio. This paper's research shows that the PW ratio leads recessions, and that it takes two to six quarters of decline in PW before the onset of recession. PW clearly peaks in stage three of the business cycle. The evidence demonstrates that the PW ratio compares favorably with other indicators used by forecasters. The paper concludes that wages are not responsible for squeezing profits until stage seven on average, and fluctuations in profit over the cycle exceed that of wages and the gap grows in late expansion.
Nursing in the Nineties: The Holistic Nurse Caring Process
Authors: Wolff Peggy Illig , Lunt Jane Yetter 
Published: June 2007

Nursing in the nineties offers nurses many possibilities by synthesizing conventional approaches of the nursing process with newer perspectives of holistic health. The holistic nurse caring process is one way nurses can merge these two methods. The holistic nurse caring process suggests shifts in terminology and meaning for each of the five focal areas: from assess to access, nursing diagnosis to state of being, planning/goals to purpose, intervention to respond/influence, and evaluate to state of being. The access phase of the holistic nurse caring process utilizes a tool, the Holistic Nurse Access Tool. The tool is presented to offer nurses other possible ways to more fully connect with others. Each of the proposed phases is described.
Coping with Racism: Asian Employers in the Inner-City
Authors: Ram Monder 
Published: June 2007

The growth of minority enterprise in recent years has attracted much interest. However, the concern with ethnic minority business formation has led to a neglect of issues beyond the initial business entry decision, most importantly, survival in the context of racism and intense competition. This paper explores the issue of business survival by examining the market and managerial settings of 50 Asian employers in the typical inner-city area of Wolverhampton, England. Despite operating in the `open' market, many employers still faced severe racial constraints which thwarted the development of their businesses. In managing these constraints, the family was an important though not uncomplicated resource. It could also act as a brake upon management and `rational' modes of operation. Furthermore, the `family' label masked the differential nature of gender relations within Asian firms and obscured the critical de facto managerial roles played by women at work. Business survival in such cases therefore is a complex social process that needs to be set against a context of racism and gender relations.
Occupational Advantage in the Eighties: An Analysis of the Lifetime Earnings of Men
Authors: Johnson Daniel H. , Makepeace Gerald H. 
Published: June 2007

Changes in lifetime earnings potential for men by occupation and socio-economic group are reported for data from the New Earnings Survey. Previous work on the distribution of earnings is augmented, most notably by examining earnings in the 'long run' rather than current earnings and by considering the impact of unemployment on earnings streams. The mean of lifetime earnings across occupations grew by 2.6 per cent although the pattern of growth was uneven and the dispersion of lifetime earnings increased substantially. The analysis for socio-economic groups show that the main beneficiaries are the 'managers', 'professional' and 'intermediate non-manuals'. When the effects of unemployment are taken into account, every group except 'foremen and supervisors' improved their position relative to the 'unskilled', but the extent of the improvement increased with the value of lifetime earnings.
Representative Government and Special Interest Politics
Authors: Lohmann Susanne 
Published: June 2007

In any society characterized by diversity and specialization, each citizen - the butcher, the baker, the candlestick-maker - is a special interest on some dimensions of public policy and a member of the general public on many other dimensions. Each citizen enjoys being at the receiving end of special interest handouts even at the expense of inefficiencies imposed on general public. But relative to the status quo involving inefficient redistribution on most dimensions of public policy, including many dimensions on which the citizen is a member of the general public, the vast majority of citizens would surely be better off if the government did not cater to special interests at all. With this common interest in place, why do democratic societies have such a hard time ridding themselves of special interest politics? This article argues that the driving force underlying special interest politics is an information asymmetry: each citizen has a precise idea about the special interest handouts she is receiving and a vague idea about the price she is paying, as a member of the general public, for inefficient redistribution. I explain why special interest politics are ultimately impervious to reform (though we can tame them at the margin); I examine the trade-offs inherent in reform efforts (what it costs to tame them); and I spell out why special interest politics can be a Good Thing (why we should not tame them all the way even if we could).
Invited review: Enteric bacteria, lipopolysaccharides and related cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease: biological and clinical significance
Authors: Caradonna L. , Amati L. , Magrone T. , Pellegrino N.M. , Jirillo E. , Caccavo D. 
Published: June 2007

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) [inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)] are both characterized by an exaggerated immune response at the gut associated lymphoreticular tissue level. Such an abnormal and dysregulated immune response may be directed against luminal and/or enteric bacterial antigens, as also supported by murine models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) caused by organisms such as Citrobacter rodentium and Helicobacter hepaticus. Bacterial endotoxins or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been detected in the plasma of IBD patients and an abnormal microflora and/or an increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa have been invoked as cofactors responsible for endotoxemia. At the same time, the evidence that phagocytosis and killing exerted by polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes and the T-cell dependent antibacterial activity are decreased in IBD patients may also explain the origin of LPS in these diseases. In IBD, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been detected in elevated amounts in mucosal tissue and/or in peripheral blood, thus suggesting a monocyte/macrophage stimulation by enteric bacteria and/or their constituents ( e.g. LPS). On these grounds, in experimental models and in human IBD, anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies and interleukin receptor antagonists are under investigation for their capacity to neutralize the noxious effects of immune mediators. Finally, the administration of lactobacilli is beneficial in human IBD and, in murine colitis, this treatment leads to a normalization of intestinal flora, reducing the number of colonic mucosal adherent and translocated bacteria.
LPS-induced mucin expression in human sinus mucosa can be attenuated by hCLCA inhibitors
Authors: Hauber Hans-Peter , Goldmann Torsten , Vollmer Ekkehard , Wollenberg Barbara , Hung Hsiao-Ling , Levitt Roy C. , Zabel Peter 
Published: June 2007

Background: hCLCA1 is a member of the calcium-activated chloride channel family and is associated with disease-inducible mucus expression. Niflumic acid (NFA) and a closely related chemical structure are reported inhibitors of calcium-activated chloride channels and endotoxin-inducible mucus expression in the mouse. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that hCLCA1 may be involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced mucin up-regulation in human airways. We also investigated the effect of NFA and MSI-2216 on LPS-induced mucin up-regulation. Materials and Methods : Explanted human airways and the muco-epidermoid cell line Calu-3 were stimulated with LPS. Different concentrations of NFA or MSI-2216 were added to LPS-stimulated airway mucosa and Calu-3 cells. Expression of hCLCA1 and MUC5AC mRNA and protein was quantified in human airways using real-time PCR and PAS staining. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed for quantification of inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils) in the submucosa of the airways. Expression of hCLCA1 protein in Calu-3 cells was analysed by FACS. Results: LPS significantly induced hCLCA1 and MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression in human airway mucosa ( P < 0.05). NFA and MSI-2216 significantly decreased LPS-induced mucus expression in explanted airway mucosa in a dose-dependent manner ( P < 0.05). In Calu-3 cells, LPS significantly increased hCLCA1 surface expression whereas intracellular expression was significantly decreased ( P < 0.05). In Calu-3 cells, NFA and MSI-2216 also significantly reduced MUC5AC mRNA expression ( P < 0.05). Conclusions: These data suggest that hCLCA1 may play a role in LPS-induced mucin expression in human airway mucosa. Calcium-activated chloride channel inhibitors significantly decreased LPS-induced mucus expression both ex vivo and in vitro . Therefore, blocking of hCLCA1 may offer a therapeutic approach to reduce bacterial-induced mucus hypersecretion.
Dehydration in the terminal patient: Perception of hospice nurses
Authors: Andrews Maria R. , Levine Alan M. 
Published: June 2007

Recent discussion about the care of the terminally il patient has focused on the appropriateness of with holding and with drawing food and fluid and on the discomfort of the dehydrated state. Evidence is mounting that suggests that dehydration in this group of people is not painful, but rather may be more comfortable than hydration by means of IV fluids or enteral and parenteralfeedings. This study examines the relationship between the experience of hospice nurses in observing terninal dehydration and their perception of this state. The scores for the degree of positive perception of dehydration are compared for the experienced and nonexperienced groups of nurses. This study suggests that those hospice nurses who have observed terminal dehydration have a more positive perception of this state than those who have not.
Dose Dependency of Fluvastatin Pharmacokinetics in Serum Determined by Reversed Phase HPLC
Authors: Siekmeier R. , Lattke P. , Mix C. , Park J.-W. , Jaross W. 
Published: June 2007

Background: Fluvastatin is an inhibitor of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, effectively lowering serum cholesterol concentrations. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed that determined the pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin in healthy individuals after administration of 40 and 80 mg fluvastatin. Methods: The method was linear for serum concentrations between 10 ng/mL and 5,000 ng/mL, showing good coefficients of variations and sample stability. After administration of 40 mg fluvastatin, the mean values of the area under the serum concentration vs time curve (AUC), the maximum serum drug concentration (C,,4a), the time to reach CmaX (t.aJ, and the serum elimination half-life time were 528.5±8.8 ng/mL'h, 149.6 ±6.0 ng/mL, 60.0±30.0 minutes, and 108.0±7.9 minutes, respectively. The corresponding values for a dose of 80 mg fluvastatin were 1417.7 ±79.2 ng/mLh, 1024.7 +1085.1 ng/mL, 60.0 ±1.2 minutes, and 106.0 ±3.6 minutes, respectively. Doubling of the dose from 40 mg to 80 mg caused an overproportional increase of AUC and Cmax. Results and Conclusion: Results suggest that the measurement of fluvastatin serum concentrations by means of HPLC provides reliable data within the broad range of physiological serum concentrations. The pharmacokinetic data after administration of high doses (80 mg) showed an overproportional increase of AUC and Cm,,, suggesting a saturation of the hepatic first-pass effect. Thus, in patients treated with additional substances interfering with fluvastatin metabolism, fluvastatin serum concentrations should be analyzed.
Comparative Effects of ACE Inhibitors and an Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Atherosclerosis and Vascular Function
Authors: Sun Yi-ping , Zhu Bo-qing , Browne Amanda E. M. , Pulukurthy Satyavardhan , Chou Tony M. , Sudhir Krishnankutty , Glantz Stanton A. , Deedwania Prakash C. , Chatterjee Kanu , Parmley William W. 
Published: June 2007

Background: Both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-IS) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS) provide vascular protection. This study was designed to compare ACE-IS with widely differing tissue affinity (captopril and quinapril) and an ARB (losartan) on vascular protection against the adverse effects of high cholesterol.Methods and Results: Forty-two New Zealand rabbits on a 0.5% cholesterol diet were ran-domized into control, captopril (10 mg/kg/d), quinapril (0.3 mg/kg/d), and losartan (8 mg/kg/d) groups for 14 weeks. Captopril, quinapril, and losartan significantly attenuated aortic lipid lesions (P = 0.001). Captopril and quinapril were more effective than losartan in preserving vascular relaxation.Conclusions: Captopril, quinapril, and losartan had similar protective effects against atherogenesis. Captopril and quinapril were more effective than losartan in preserving vascular function. Increased bradykinin by ACE inhibition may be responsible for this improved vascular endothelial function.