bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interfacial Mechanics and Macroscopic Failure in Titanium-Based Composites
Authors: Clyne TW , Feillard P , Kalton AF 
Published: March 2009

Results are presented for Ti-6Al-4V containing silicon carbide (SiC) monofil-aments having duplex (carbon plus TiB2) coatings. Single fiber pushout testing has been used to study the debonding and frictional sliding characteristics under shear loading, with and without the residual radial compressive stress being reduced by applied in-plane tension. It is shown by finite element method (FEM) modeling that it is important to take account of thermal residual stresses when interpreting data from these tests. Prior heat treatments causing interfacial reaction tend to raise the resistance of the interface to debonding and sliding. This is correlated with data from tension testing of composites under axial and transverse loading, with continuous Poisson's ratio monitoring. The behavior under transverse loading is particularly sensitive to the mechanical response of the interface. The presence of interfacial reaction layers tends to inhibit the development of interfacial debonding and void formation under transverse loading, but causes embrittlement and leads to a reduced strain to failure.
The behavior under transverse load has also been studied with superimposed thermal cycling between 400 and 700⪤gC. Strain histories have been monitored using scanning laser extensometry. Under these conditions, thermal stresses have a pronounced influence on the behavior. Many of the steady-state creep characteristics can be successfully modeled on the basis of matrix creep being controlled by volume-averaged stresses (predicted using the Eshelby method), with stress relaxation processes simulated via a variable stress-free temperature. However, the behavior tends to be influenced from a relatively early stage by interfacial damage development. Interfacial debonding and damage, promoted by a combination of opening mode stress from the applied load and shear stress from differential thermal contraction (particularly towards the specimen edges), soon starts to influence the strain history and has a strong influence on the rupture strain. In sharp contrast to the room temperature behavior, the heavily reacted specimens exhibited delayed onset of interfacial damage and a much longer lifetime, although the final strains to failure were similar. These results are considered in terms of stress fields and interfacial properties.
Spatial Data Technologies for Environmental Management Within the Department of Energy (DOE): Issues and Applications
Authors: Albers BJ , Nalezny CL , Purdy CB , Singhroy VH 
Published: March 2009

The US Department of Energy (DOE) manages the Nuclear Weapons Complex, a national network of research laboratories and production facilities. For 45 years, the Complex has supplied the US with nuclear materials for weapons and fuel. However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union and an accumulated excess of nuclear materials, production has dramatically decreased and the DOE is faced with the challenge of processing wastes and remediating environmental contamination at Complex facilities.
Spatial data technologies, particularly remote sensing systems, the Global Positioning System (GPS), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), can aid in detecting, characterizing, and monitoring hazardous and radioactive wastes. This paper discusses the role of spatial data technologies in DOE's environmental mission and gives examples of their current application within the Complex. Specific barriers inhibiting the use of the technologies within the DOE are identified and proactive measures to address them are recommended. A principal recommendation is the development of a spatially explicit model for environmental data.
Basic Data Requirements for Ground-Water GIS Systems
Authors: Hall PL 
Published: March 2009

Traditionally, most GIS investigations present data from surficial aquifers in a 2-D plane and neglect data from boreholes and wells because it adds a third dimension to the data. This 2-D information is useful for determining surficial geology, soils and vegetation cover, all of which influence recharge and non point ground-water contaminants from pesticides and fertilizers. Using traditional GIS systems for the development of multi-layered ground water models is cumbersome and does not adequately deal with the third (depth) dimension.
However, most input data available for ground-water investigations comes from borehole logs and water well records frequently obtained as a result of a variety used for site characterization. Because of the three-dimensional nature of these data, ground water analysis should be carried out by ground-water professionals using programs designed for this specific purpose. The resulting output can be imported into GIS systems and then used by other professionals in planning, health, agriculture, and a variety of environmental applications.
Environmental Remote Sensing of Military Exercise Areas in Germany
Authors: Kühn F , Hörig B 
Published: March 2009

Large areas once used by foreign troops and the National People's Army of the former East Germany are being released for civilian or other use. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the present state of these areas. There are numerous problems that will have to be dealt with when this land is converted to other uses, since contamination and other environmental damage resulting from decades of military use is considerable. Many kinds of environmental damage are present. Apart from the risks emanating from unexploded or buried munitions, the most common problems include contamination of the soil and ground water by petroleum products and other hazardous substances, impairment of the vegetation, destruction of the natural soil horizons and erosion damage.
A combination of remote sensing and geochemical techniques was applied for site characterization during the course of investigations in a military training area. Satellite and airborne remote sensing data were evaluated, followed by groundchecks. The field studies included spectroradiometric measurements to determine the reflection properties of contaminated soil and vegetation as well as collection and analysis of soil and ground water samples to verify the results of remote sensing data.
This paper presents an overview of the evaluation of aerial photographs and satellite data, results of geochemical investigations, and discusses the combined application of remote sensing techniques and traditional investigation methods for this type of site characterization.
Application of Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata to Laboratory Data and the Site Characterization Process
Authors: Hansen DT 
Published: March 2009

This paper examines sources of supporting information for data that is collected in a monitoring program were samples are collected repetitively to detect change in some parameter over time. The development of a monitoring program goes through several steps, including site characterization, site selection, sampling, and analysis. This process involves the evaluation and development of a large amount of information, which generally has not accompanied the reported tabular data. The lack of this information has often limited the application and use of the tabular data.
GIS is a valuable tool for analyzing data collected in monitoring programs with other spatial themes. To support the transfer and use of spatial data, the Federal government has adopted content standards for digital geospatial metadata. The intent of these standards is to provide sufficient information for the application and use of a spatial data set.
We have developed large sets of that have been underused frequently because the information about this data was either not available or too insufficient to make a decision on the usefulness of the data. In part, this is because of the design of the data systems used to store the reported data values. Additional notes, site descriptions, and comments on a particular parameter were often abbreviated for storage with the tabular data. Retrievals of the data have not identified the associated quality control/ quality assurance documents. Additional information describing the sampling site and sampling procedure were not associated with the sampling data.
With the systems and software tools that are currently available, all appropriate information about a sampling program can be available to the user. This information can be associated with the data regardless of the data format. This paper examines the content of information that should be available to document a long-term monitoring program addressing agricultural drainage issues in the San Joaquin Valley of California. This monitoring program is attempting to identify changes in the concentration of selected constituents in drainage water, surface streams, and wildlife on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley.
Alcohol Use and Downhill Ski Injuries: A Pilot Study
Authors: Meyers AR , Perrine MW , Caetano R 
Published: March 2009

This study was designed to determine (1) skiers' drinking behavior, (2) the relationship between ski injuries and alcohol use, and (3) the feasibility of field studies of alcohol consumption and skiing.
There were interviews with 389 injured and 899 randomly selected uninjured adult skiers at a northeastern U.S. resort. Interviews probed demographics; skiing abilities and experiences; assessments of sensation, thrill, and excitement seeking; interest in new experiences; opinions of alcohol's effects on ski performance; and 24-h drinking histories. Breath alcohol concentration (BAC) was measured by an evidentiary-quality device.
Participation rates were 76% injured and 86% uninjured skiers. Six percent of all skiers had BACs &gt; 0, and 34% reported alcohol use within 24 h of interviews. Younger skiers were more likely to have drunk within 24 h of interviews. Injured skiers were more likely to report that they generally do not drink while skiing, but also were more likely to have used alcohol within 24 h of the interviews. There was no association between injury risk and BAC.
Data suggest (1) a strong relationship between alcohol use and ski injury; (2) a need for educational countermeasures, with special attention to skiers who do not normally drink when they ski, and (3) the feasibility of more conclusive field studies of ski injuries and alcohol use.
Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death During Downhill Skiing and Mountain Hiking
Authors: Burtscher M , Mittleman MA , Nachbauer W , Philadelphy M , Likar R 
Published: March 2009

Previous studies demonstrated an increased risk of cardiac events, for example, sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs), during vigorous exercise. However, such events seem to be provoked particularly in people who are normally sedentary. Only a few investigations deal with SCDs during downhill skiing or have drawn comparisons with other types of mountain sports.
Therefore, we analyzed the fatalities during mountain sports in Austria from 1985 through 1993. The number of persons involved in mountain sports was compiled on the basis of a representative Austrian-wide survey taken in 1984 and in the 1989 microcensus. SCDs are defined as unexpected, nontraumatic events that lead to death within 1 h after the onset of symptoms.
In nine years (1985 to 1993), 157 SCDs occurred during downhill skiing and 361 during mountain hiking. About 90% of all SCDs were attributed to men over 34 years of age. The mountain-sport-related SCD risk to male nonmembers of mountaineering associations, over 34 years of age, was 2.2 (1.7 to 3.0) for skiers and 4.2 (3.5 to 5.1) for hikers, when compared with the SCD risk (1.0) for the entire Austrian male population (after adjustment for age and exposure time). However, a great increase in risk for skiers was observed above the age of 50. In contrast, a diminished risk was found for hikers and for skiers who practiced mountain sports more regularly. Therefore, regular physical activity may be considered the best prevention, especially for the main risk group.
Ski Binding Minimum Retention Requirements
Authors: Crawford RP , Mote CD 
Published: March 2009

The goals of the study were to quantify how well weight, the product of weight and leg length, and measures of leg strength predict the minimum ski binding retention requirements (MRR) and assess how skier ability, the skiing maneuver, ankle and knee flexions, weight bearing, mean rectified electromyography (MREMG) in the thigh, and concomitant force/moment (F/M) components affect the MRR. Joint flexions at the ankle and knee, MREMG, and F/M components between the binding and the ski were measured in 36 subjects during aggressive skiing. Distributions of the maximum F/M components from run-to-run were used to conclude the MRR for each skier.
Skier weight (W) and weight multiplied by leg length (W x lk) predicted the forward bending moment at the boot top MRR with higher correlation than the varus/valgus and internal/external twisting moment at the knee MRR. The MRRs were essentially independent of skiing ability and the skiing maneuver employed. The maximum F/M components typically occurred during moderate ankle and knee flexion and weight bearing and reduced substantially during conditions of low or high ankle flexion, knee flexion, and weight bearing. The maximum internal/external twisting moments measured during skiing were a strong function of the forward/backward bending and varus/valgus moments. These results offer a basis for the design of ski bindings and binding adjustment standards that may help to reduce the incidence and severity of injuries related to binding function.
Analysis of Skiing Accidents Involving Combined Injuries to the Medial Collateral and Anterior Cruciate Ligaments
Authors: Hull ML 
Published: March 2009

Two types of ligament injuries common in skiing are both isolated anterior cruciate (ACL) and medial collateral (MCL), frequently in combination with ACL. Based on research related both to ligament injury mechanics and two-mode release binding function, the purpose of this paper was to critically assess the ability of two-mode release bindings to prevent combined MCL/ACL injuries. Making this assessment entailed several steps. First the loads typically transmitted by the knee during falls in which combined injury occurred were determined. Because more than one load was transmitted, the next step was to discern which of the loads was more damaging. Finally, heel-toe type bindings were evaluated for their potential to release in response to damaging loads.
The conclusions from these steps were that combined MCL/ACL injuries typically occur in forward-twisting-type falls where the primary loads are external axial and valgus moments at the knee. Of these two loads, an external axial moment is more damaging than a valgus moment both to the MCL when the joint is intact and to the ACL when the MCL is damaged. Heel-toe type bindings offer release sensitivity to this moment. Because bindings offer the release sensitivity to protect against many combined MCL/ACL injuries, the release level of the toepiece in twist is an important factor in the prevention of these injuries.
Asbestos Penetration Test System for Clothing Materials
Authors: Bradley OD , Stampfer JF , Sandoval AN , Heath CA , Cooper MH 
Published: March 2009

For hazardous work such as asbestos abatement, there is a need to assess protective clothing fabrics and seam constructions to assure an adequate barrier against hazardous material.
The penetration of aerosols through fabrics usually is measured by challenging fabric samples with an aerosol stream at a constant specified airflow. To produce the specified airflow, pressure differentials across the samples often are higher than exist in a work environment. This higher airflow results in higher aerosol velocities through the fabric and, possibly, measured penetration values not representative of those actually experienced in the field. The objective of the reported work was to develop a test method that does not require these higher airflows.
We have designed and fabricated a new system that tests fabric samples under a low, constant, specified pressure differential across the samples. This differential is adjustable from tenths of a mm Water Gauge(hundredths of an inWG) to over 25-mmWG (1-inWG). The system operates at a pressure slightly lower than its surroundings. Although designed primarily for asbestos, the system is equally applicable to the testing of other aerosols by changing the aerosol generator and detector. Through simple modification of the sample holders, the test apparatus would be capable of evaluating seam and closure constructions.
A Modified Version of Proposed ASTM F23.20.05: Correlation with Human Body Experiments on Static Propensity
Authors: Gonzalez JA , Rizvi SA , Crown EM , Smy PR 
Published: March 2009

A modification of the proposed ASTM Test Method for Evaluating Triboelectric (Static) Charge Generation on Protective Clothing Materials (F23.20.05) procedure has been developed to measure peak potentials and energies from a capacitor, as well as peak potentials and decay rates from specimen surfaces charged by triboelectrification. The test system simulates a clothed human body rubbing an insulated surface and touching a grounded object, generating a spark of several thousand volts.
Experiments following both the proposed ASTM method and its modification were conducted at both 0% and 20% relative humidity (RH) and room temperature. Several one- and two-layer fabric systems were tested, including combinations of aramid/PBI, aramid/carbon, aramid/FR viscose, non-FR cotton and FR cotton.
Data from both tests were regressed with peak potentials obtained during human-body experiments. At 0% RH, regression coefficients (R2) were 0.85 and 0.28 for peak potentials and charge decays from fabric surface (proposed ASTM F23.20.05), respectively. For peak potentials and energies (modified version), R2 were 0.92 and 0.86, respectively. At 20% RH, R2 were 0.86 and 0.34 for peak potentials and charge decays (proposed ASTM), respectively, and 0.94 and 0.87 for peak potentials and energies (modified ASTM), respectively. Thus, it seems that measuring the peak potentials and energies from charged fabric systems using the new device and procedure can be considered sufficient to predict with high accuracy the static propensity of protective clothing systems in real-life conditions.
A Study of New and Existing Bench Top Tests for Evaluating Fabrics for Flash Fire Protective Clothing
Authors: Torvi DA , Dale JD , Ackerman MY , Crown EM 
Published: March 2009

A study of bench top tests for thermal protective fabrics was undertaken to answer questions about the interpretation of data from these tests, and to evaluate suggested modifications to existing tests. Fixed duration tests using either skin simulant or copper disk heat flux sensors may be a useful alternative to existing bench top tests. However, more work is required before fixed duration tests can be implemented. While predictions of times to third degree burns for bench top test require the use of the Henriques' burn integral, the Stoll second degree burn criterion was found to predict times to second degree burns reasonably close to predictions made using Henriques' burn integral for many bench top test exposures.
It was also found that the heat fluxes used in bench top tests may not be indicative of those in actual flash fires. Current tests which utilize a planar geometry were also found to adequately represent the heat transfer in the more complex geometry of the human body during these exposures.
Skiing Collision Accidents: Frequency and Types of Injuries
Authors: Burtscher M , Philadelphy M 
Published: March 2009

Accidents involving collisions on a ski slope often lead to severe injuries and represent a particular problem due to the great difficulty of establishing guilt. Surveys of relative accident frequency and of the type of injury incurred by victims and causers of collisions were the goals of our investigation.
Members of the Alpine Gendarmerie recorded the skiing collision accidents in Austria from 1986 to 1991 and the authors carried out the data analyses.
Serving as a further basis for computations were the micro-census results of 1989 and the yearly figures recorded for transport of persons on cable cars and ski lifts.
From 1986 to 1991 in Austria 5743 persons were injured in collision accidents on ski slopes—most of them severely. Based on the recorded events, one of 4500 skiers was involved in a collision in 1989. The relative collision frequency between 1986 and 1991 has increased by more than 60%. The victims of collisions were injured much more frequently than the causers (93% versus 25%). The main group of collision causers consists of teenaged and young adult males. While in a “normal” skiing accident the lower extremities are the leading areas of injury, collision accidents lead frequently to multiple injuries involving mainly the head. In the group of collision victims, every second child had a head injury.
The serious consequences of such collisions are understandable with a view to the kinetic energy of the moving skier. While on a long-term basis pedagogic-didactic measures have to be implemented to prevent such accidents, on a short-term basis technical and organizational measures are more important.
Ski Field Injuries: The Snowboarders
Authors: Lamont MK 
Published: March 2009

Snowboarding is a growth sport and its participants are competing with downhill skiing for a share of the piste (or ski field). The totally different style of the snowboarders, their age, and their desire to perform tricks make them an additional, at-risk group using a ski field. Because there are now a number of competing piste users, it is important to delineate injury rates from ski field rate (incorporating all people on the ski field), or skier rate—that is, those participating in downhill skiing, or snowboarders. The increase in telemark skiing—spreading from its origins in Norway—will add another dimension to the piste competition, and another subgroup of ski field injuries.
Snowboarders present different injury patterns, having almost the same incidence of leg and arm injuries, compared with downhill skiers, who sustain almost twice as many leg as arm injuries. The injured snowboarder is younger than the injured skier, and the snowboarder is more likely to be male. Regrettably, the New Zealand data do not allow an analysis of injury rates for snowboarders because the composition of the total snowboarding population is unknown.
Epidemiology of Skiing Injuries in a Large Italian Ski Resort During 1988–1992
Authors: Molinari M , Bertoldi L , Zucco P 
Published: March 2009

A retrospective analysis of 6067 injuries that occurred in a large Dolomite area during the 1988–92 ski seasons is presented.
The injuries are divided into two subgroups, year and age, with adults and children showing important differences regarding injury pattern. The absolute number of injuries increased as the number skier visits increased, while the incidence of injuries decreased. Collision injuries increased in the children's group only. In the adult group, soft tissue injuries increased, due primarily to the greater number of knee sprains (46.5%), while upper extremity injuries decreased. In the children's group, fractures accounted for the majority of injuries (63%), increasing slightly for the lower leg, while head injuries represented more than 13% of total injuries.
The authors suggest the need for a greater effort in research into better materials, improved information and safety campaigns, in the physical training of skiers, in improving ski areas, in quick emergency care, and in continuous ski area patrolling.