bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permeation characteristics of and extractables from gamma‐irradiated and non‐irradiated plastic laminates for a unit dosage injection device
Authors: Kim‐Kang Heasook , Gilbert Seymour G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPotential migrants were isolated by Soxhlet extraction from plastic laminates used to make a single‐use injection system. The concentrated extracts were then subjected to GCIMS analyses and about 22 compounds were identified. The majority of these appeared to be oligorners derived from polyethylene. Other compounds included monomers, oligomers. cross‐linking agents, processing aids such as fatty acids, plasticizers and anti‐slip agents. Three major new compounds were identified in the Soxhlet extract of gamma‐irradiated test laminates, all of which were considered to be reaction products of nonanedioic acid with alkoxy radicals. The effect of irradiation on the profile of potential migrants and the permeabilities of the laminates were also evaluated. The amount of extractives was determined using food simulating solvents such as n‐heptane, 8% alcohol and water. Minimal changes were observed in the extractives from gamma‐irradiated laminates compared with non‐irradiated laminates. The oxygen permeability was significantly reduced after gamma irradiation, while the average water vapour transmission rate was not significantly changed after irradiation.
Development of a mathematical model for the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the water vapour permeability of plastic films
Authors: Samaniego‐Esguerra Christine M. , Robertson Gordon L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe water vapour permeability constants of three flexible films (LDPE, PET and a laminate of both films) were determined at 20, 30 and 40 °C and from 55 to 90% relative humidities. The relationship between permeability and temperature followed the Arrhenius model for the three films. The relative humidity also influenced the permeability of the films. A mathematical model describing permeance (P/X ‐ the permeability of laminates or films) as a function of external relative humidity and temperature was developed. The model can be used to predict the permeance of the three films at different temperatures and relative humidities.
The effect of temperature and vibration on emulsion stability of mayonnaise in two different package types
Authors: Mackson Jeffery P. , Singh S. Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMayonnaise in two different packages was compared for its susceptibility to vibration‐induced breakdown. The researchers investigated the effect of truck vibration on emulsion stability and compared two different package systems.The containers were 32 oz glass and 32 oz polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Mayonnaise was conditioned at three different temperatures (40°, 72° and 100 °F), for three time periods (21, 26 and 36 days), and vibrated at normal and worst‐case transportation g levels. Emulsion stability was quantified by specific gravity, percentage of surface oil, and qualitatively rated by a visual pass/fail test. The specific gravity measure positively correlated to surface oiling. Glass containers showed a higher rate of emulsion failure at the worst‐case vibration levels. No consistent difference in emulsion breakdown was found between plastic and glass at the normal transportation g levels.
Determination of the Resistance to Light of Polyethylene Shrink Films Used for Pallet Loads
Authors: Mullot Patrice , Veaux Michel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe shrink films used to fix the loads on pallets are subjected to outdoor exposure and, particularly, to temperature changes and light. The resistance to photodegradation of these films must be taken into account in the design of a quality certificate.The natural degradation of the films was carried out in the natural environmental testing station in Bandol (south of France). The climate of this area represents the conditions encountered around the Mediterranean (moisture, temperature and radiant energy), which are as severe as those in most temperate countries.The accelerated tests were made at 60°C in a Sairem‐Cepap 12/24 cabinet comprising four mercury gas‐filled arc lamps of the mean pressure type. The quality of the light is representative of natural photoageing. Any radiation of wavelength lower than 290 nm, which is absent from the solar spectrum, is carefully eliminated. The light sources radiate light rich in photons that have wavelengths between 290 and 450 nm, and provide one of the main factors of degradation. The intensity of emission and the spectral composition were constant during 5000 h.Three kinds of films of 120 μm thickness were tested:(i) four films with ‘medium’ protection against sunshine (6 months resistance in a very sunny country);(ii) four films with ‘high’ protection against sunshine (12 months resistance in a very sunny country);(iii) one reference film without any protection.A film was considered acceptable if its mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) did not fall more than 50% after exposure to natural radiations for 6 or 12 months, respectively.Comparative tests have shown that for these particular kinds of polyethylene films, exposure to natural radiations at Bandol for 6 or 12 months is equivalent to an accelerated ageing in a Sairem‐Cepap cabinet of 350 or 500 h, respectively.
What institutional kitchens require of packages
Authors: Räty Maija , Järvi‐Kääriäinen Terhen , Leppänen Annukka 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA theme interview study technique was used to investigate the requirements of institutional kitchens on packages. The interviewees included experts in the food and packaging industries as well as workers in staff restaurants and school dining rooms. Packages containing milk, juice, vegetables and convenience food products were studied.This study shows that the packages did not always function in a satisfactory way. The biggest problem seemed to be the weight of the package and the opening mechanism. The workers are mainly female and therefore 20 kg is too heavy for lifting. It is also important that the package can be disposed of easily. A good package is easy to open and reclose. Reclosing, in particular, proved to be problematic. It is important that the package can be reclosed properly. A problem with packages filled with convenience food is that they are often too full and the food boils over hen heated.
Procedure to determine optimum dimensions of packages
Authors: Marcondes Jorge A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA mathematical method to establish the optimum relationships between geometrical dimensions of containers is outlined, comprising several shapes and fabrication processes of packages. The relationship between dimensions settles one priority for the cost of packaging material used, given a fixed volume of product to be packed.The method employs the minimization of a function of geometric variables. The function minimized is directly related to the amount of packaging material used to fabricate the packaging item. Two examples of the application of the method are shown to illustrate the procedure, and a list of the optimum relationships between the dimensions of several shapes of containers is presented. This procedure is of primary importance for packaging designers and requires some knowledge of differential calculus.
Gas transmission properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films studied under subambient and ambient conditions for modified atmosphere packaging applications
Authors: Doyon Gilles , Gagnon Jean , Toupin C. , Castaigne Francois 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine the gas transmission properties of three polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films mostly used as overwrap for fresh produce under subambient and ambient conditions (5–40°C). Three different kinds of curves or groups of data are presented: gas transmission rates, activation energy measurements and the permeability coefficient. Hydrophobic by nature, the PVCs are not affected in their gas transmission properties (O2, CO2) by the moisture level. Reliable gas transmission data were obtained with method variability (≤9%) over a wide range of temperature. Regression constants, activation energies for prediction equations and permeability ratios (CO2/O2) are presented for the three films. Greater uniformity in test procedures, and the presentation of permeability data normalized to 1 μm instead of 1 mil would simplify comparative studies within and between countries, laboratory services and from the scientific literature. More research is needed to study the wide variety of polymers available under subambient conditions.
Optimization of folding box manufacture: Part one
Authors: Pelli T. , Grosz P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cost of producing folding boxboard cartons is dependent on a number of factors, among the most important of which are: machine costs, material costs and overheads.In estimating costs, decisions must be made that are often based on experience rather than on a precise knowledge of he facts. The use of an expert system can provide a more effective tool and procedure than that used currently.Part one of this report illustrates the effects of some of the variables, while part two describes the OPTICALC expert system devised by the authors.
Optimization of folding box manufacture: Part two
Authors: Pelli T. , Grosz P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cost of producing folding boxboard cartons is dependent on a number of factors, among the most important of which are: machine costs, material costs and overheads.In estimating costs, decisions must be made that are often based on experience rather than on a precise knowledge of the facts. The use of an expert system can provide a more effective tool and procedure than that used currently.Part one outlined the effect of the variables. This part of the report describes the OPTICALC expert system devised by the authors.
Effect of organic vapour interaction on permeation rate through polymer films
Authors: Theodorou Efthimios , Paik James S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe permeability coefficients (P) of linalool, citral ethyl butyrate, d‐limonene and octanal permeating through LDPE and ionomer films were measured alone as individual and as a component of a mixture at a temperature of 23 °C and in saturated water vapour. Values of P for ionomer film were approximately two orders of magnitude below those for LDPE for the compounds tested. Both PET and PETG films were found to be much better barriers against the compounds tested than LDPE and ionomer films. In general, the permeability, diffusion and solubility coefficients (P. D, and S) values measured in mixture were substantially less than the values obtained individually. Permeability behaviour of these compounds at low concentrations in the mixture was similar to that of permanent gases. Reduction of solubility coefficients in mixture permeation was greater with the higher solubility coefficients. These results provide a better understanding of the mechanism of vapour diffusion through polymers.
Tensile Properties of Cold‐formable Aluminium‐Plastics Laminate Films
Authors: Giannakakos Panos N. , Yam Kit L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe work was based on the need to develop a horizontal form/fill/seal pouch machine to produce retortable meal‐and‐ready‐to‐eat pouches for the military. The pouch‐forming process can be considered as cold‐forming involving non‐uniform biaxial stretching of the film. Tensile properties are well‐established characteristics of films, which can be used to describe their deformation ability.An Instron Universal Testing Machine was used to measure the tensile properties of ten cold‐formable aluminium‐plastics laminate films, with structure of PET/AI/PP or OPP/AI/PP, in which the aluminium foil thickness ranged from 10 to 51 μ. The data showed that elongation of the films was not affected significantly by separation speed. All the films failed at or very close to maximum peaks of the load‐elongation curves. Because of the orientation of the OPP layer, the tensile properties were found to depend on whether the films containing OPP were stretched in the machine direction or in the transverse direction. The aluminium layer was the most critical factor in determining the maximum elongation of the entire laminate film, and the elongation‐at‐break of the films ranged from 25 to 45%. The load‐at‐break values of the films increased linearly with increasing aluminium thickness, and values of the tensile properties versus aluminium thickness curves extrapolated at zero thickness provided a measure of the strength of the plastic layers in the lamination. There was synergism between the laminate layers allowing the aluminium layer to stretch more than the normal elongation.
A performance study for two portable data recorders used to measure package drop heights
Authors: Graesser Linda K. , Singh S. Paul , Burgess Gary 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the error in measuring package drop heights using the drop height recorder developed by Dallas Instruments and the environmental data recorder developed by Instrumented Sensor Technology. The shock measuring capabilities of the two recorders were also studied. Drops were made onto the bottom, edge and corner orientations from heights of 18, 24, 30 and 36 inches. The study concluded that the drop height recorder predicts the drop height most accurately and with the least variation using its 'zero‐g' channel. Both recorders show much larger variations in predicted values (up to 30%) when using the recorded acceleration‐time data. The edge and corner orientation drop heights are generally underestimated by both, owing to the inability of the accelerometers to differentiate between partial rotation on impact and vertical travel.
Comparison between lateral, longitudinal, and vertical vibration levels in commercial truck shipments
Authors: Singh S. Paul , Antle John R. , Burgess Gary G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe widespread use of tractor trailers for the shipment of packaged products has brought about the need to be able to quantify accurately the nature of the shipping environment as it pertains to damage. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of lateral and longitudinal vibration to vertical levels measured in the same truck trailer travelling over the average USA highway. Four truck‐trailer shipments, two with light loads and two with heavy loads, were instrumented with accelerometers and recording equipment. From the data acquired, power spectral density plots were developed. The results showed that below 20 Hz, lateral and longitudinal vibration levels were generally much lower than vertical levels, but at frequencies above 20 Hz, all three were similar. The more heavily loaded trucks showed higher lateral and longitudinal levels of vibration than the lightly loaded ones.
Preservation of freshness of rainbow trout fillets packaged with carbon dioxide‐nitrogen gas mixture (studies on gas‐exchange packaging of fresh fish, part 2)
Authors: Yasuda Matsuo , Nishino Hajime , Tanaka Mikio , Chiba Tokiko , Nakano Hisako , Yokoyama Michio , Ogawa Shinji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGas‐exchange packaging was applied to preserve freshness of rainbow trout fillets. The fillets were packaged in pouches of coextruded laminate (ethylene vinyl acetate/ polyvinylidene chloride‐polyolefin) with a carbon dioxide‐nitrogen gas mixture (N2 : CO2 = 6 : 4). Other fillets were wrapped with polyvinyl chloride film as a reference group. Changes in sensory score of colour and flavour, K‐value and bacterial counts of the fillets were investigated during storage at 5°C.After 2 days the fillets wrapped with polyvinyl chloride film lost their gloss. In addition, an amine‐like odour was detected after 3 days. The gas‐packaged fillets, however, showed little change in colour, flavour and bacterial counts, and retained their fresh appearance for 3 days.
Water sorption and water vapour diffusion in food‐grade plastics packaging materials: Effect of a polymeric plasticizer
Authors: Kalaouzis Panagiotis J. , Demertzis Panagiotis G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is recognized that packaging has a profound effect on the ultimate quality of food products reaching the consumer. So, the selection of proper packaging materials has become one of the major problems of the food technologist. In the field of flexible packaging one of the most important properties is water vapour/package interaction. Inverse gas chromatography has been used to study water sorption of polyvinylchlor‐ide and poly(vinylidene chloride‐vinylchloride) plasticized with different amounts of a polymeric plasticizer (poly(adipate ester)) at temperatures between 25°C and 50°C. It was found that the specific retention volume of water increases with decreasing temperature and increasing amount of plasticizer into the polymeric mixtures. The effect of temperature on water sorption behaviour is more pronounced compared with that of plasticizer addition. The thermodynamic parameters of water/polymer interaction, namely free energy, entropy, enthalpy and activity coefficient were calculated. Values were interpreted on the basis of an active‐site absorption model. The Van Deemter equation was found to be applicable to these systems and was used to determine diffusion coefficients and activation energies for diffusion. Diffusion coefficient values increase with increasing amounts of plasticizer and this increase is accompanied by a decrease in the activation energy for diffusion.
Bruising of apples in four different packages using simulated truck vibration
Authors: Singh S. Paul , Burgess Gary , Xu Ming 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the effects of truck vibration and packaging systems on the bruising of apples. The study investigated four different types of interior packaging, the foam tray, the paper pulp tray, and two different paperboard partition/box combinations. Testing was done on a vibration table using a random controller driven by a power density spectrum simulating truck trailers with leaf‐spring and air‐cushion suspensions travelling on expressways. The results showed that the foam tray was the best type of interior packaging followed by the paperboard partitions. The paper pulp tray produced the highest levels of damage. The air‐cushion truck suspension showed larger damage levels than the leaf‐spring suspension for all package types.
Effects of electron beam irradiation on commercial polypropylene: Kinetic study of antioxidant degradation
Authors: Bourges F. , Bureau G. , Pascat B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe long‐term influence of electron beam irradiation on food packaging materials (OPP) was studied. After irradiating the material at dose levels of 2, 5 and 10 kGy, we have shown a partial or complete disappearance of the antioxidant (Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168) over time and a release of five new compounds resulting from antioxidant degradation. All of these degradation compounds have been identified and quantitatively analysed in relation to post‐irradiation time and absorbed dose. These results allow an explanation of the antioxidants' behaviour during storage of the irradiated polypropylene at room temperature.
Effects of electron beam irradiation on antioxidants in commercial polyolefins: Determination and quantification of products formed
Authors: Bourges F. , Bureau G. , Dumonceau J. , Pascat B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of electron beam irradiation on antioxidants present in food packaging materials (OPP and LDPE) was studied. After irradiating the materials at dose levels of 2, 5,10 and 25 kGy, we have shown a partial disappearance of the antioxidant (Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076 and Irgafos 168) and a release of three compounds resulting from the antioxidants degradation related to the irradiation dose. Two of these degradation compounds have been analysed quantitatively: the 2,4‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐phenol and the 2,6‐di‐tert ‐butyl‐p‐benzoquinone. The third compound is a phosphate resulting from a phosphite stabilizer (Irgafos 168).
Factors affecting the suitability of aluminium‐foil trays for microwave oven heating: Comparison with plastic trays
Authors: Ahvenainen R. , Heiniö R.‐ L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe suitability of shallow aluminium trays (thickness of food layer 20 mm) for heating of different casseroles in microwave ovens was extensively studied. The effects of the shapes and sizes of the trays, the initial temperature and the type of oven were tested systematically for the usability of the aluminium trays, the required heating time and heating results. The results were compared with those obtained using CPET trays. It was also investigated whether incorrect placing of an aluminium tray in the oven would cause risk situations, such as arcing.It was found that, when used correctly, aluminium trays are suitable for heating of both frozen and chilled casserole products in a microwave oven. Especially in the case of frozen products, aluminium trays are more suitable than plastic trays. The post‐heating quality can be improved by packaging of foods in an aluminium tray instead of a plastic tray. The shape of the trays also has an important role. Aluminium trays are better suited than plastic trays for heating in a combination oven.
Feasibility of using a non‐destructive ultrasonic technique for detecting defective seals
Authors: Song Yoonseok , Yam Kit L. , Lee Hae Ok 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe feasibility of using a non‐destructive ultrasonic technique for detecting defective seals was studied. It was found that ultrasonic velocity could be used to distinguish defective seals (containing wrinkles, voids, minute amounts of carrot, beef pieces, moisture or bentonite as contaminants) from a good seal. Also, there was a systematic correlation between ultrasonic velocity and the levels of contaminant.
Selecting a waste management option using a life‐cycle analysis approach
Authors: Kirkpatrick Neil 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSolid‐waste management, and in particular the disposal of used packaging, is currently the subject of much topical debate. This is driven by both consumer and legislative pressures. Consumers see used packaging as a highly visible element of municipal solid waste, complaining of excessive packaging and low levels of recycling. Legislators, perhaps in pandering to the views expressed by consumer bodies, have been active within the CEC and individual Member States by introducing (or proposing) legislation or similar regulatory tools and targets to facilitate a greater diversion of used packaging from disposal by landfill to alternative solid‐waste management practices, in particular recycling, which are widely accepted to have a lower impact on the environment.In this paper the relative environmental profiles of pursuing alternative solid‐waste management practices to disposal by landfill are explored, focusing not just on solid waste per se but also on associated considerations of energy consumption and emissions, which are invariably overlooked as factors contributing to the environmental impact of solid‐waste management practices.
Practical experiences of sensory investigations into the packaging of vegetables
Authors: Selman J. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe market for modified atmosphere foods continues to grow throughout Europe. This paper highlights some of the practical research studies carried out at the Campden Food and Drink Research Association during recent years. Vegetables referred to include potatoes, mushrooms, Brussels sprouts, calabrese, carrots, bean sprouts, watercress, diced onions, lettuce and mixed lettuce, and mixed vegetables. In all cases sensory evaluations of appearance were carried out on these vegetables packed in different atmospheres and in different packaging films, but only some results are included here in detail. Reference is made to a new industry guideline document for the good manufacturing and handling of modified atmosphere packed food products, and also to the use of active packaging.