bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Life Cycle of Phytomonas elmassiani (Migone) in East Africa
Authors: VICKERMAN KEITH 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A leptomonad flagellate found in large numbers in the latex of the asclepiad plant Pergularia extensa in East Africa has been identified as Phytomonas elmassiani (Migone). The flagellate is believed to undergo cyclical development in the lygaeid bug Oncopeltus famelicus which feeds on Pergularia. Following the ingestion of infected latex by the insect, the flagellates on reaching the midgut enter a growth phase and increase in size to form giant leptomonads. These probably then migrate to the salivary glands of the bug, possibly by boring through the gut wall, haemocoel and walls of the salivary glands. The salivary gland forms represent a multiplication phase in the life‐cycle, and numerous small metacyclic forms are produced which are then injected into a plant host to initiate a new infection.Also infecting the midgut of Oncopeltus famelicus is another trypanosomatid, Blastocrithidia familiaris (Gibbs). It is characterised by the possession of an undulating membrane and the habit of budding off leishmania bodies from its anterior end.These bodies are resistant and serve in the transmission of the parasite from bug to bug.The two flagellates of Oncopeltus famelicus are readily distinguished from one another, not only on morphological grounds but also on their behaviour in vitro. B. familiaris can be cultivated on a monophasic glucose‐peptone broth. It then loses its undulating membrane but retains its budding habit. Phytomonas elmassiani will not grow on this medium but when inoculated into a diphasic peptone blood‐agar medium the latex forms will undergo development comparable to their insect midgut phase.The plant trypanosomatids appear to form a well‐defined group bearing little similarity to the monogenetic insect flagellates of the “crithidia” type. It is suggested that the culture form Strigomonas (=Crithidia) oncopelti, allegedly parasitic in asclepiads and Oncopeltus fasciatus, might be simply an insect parasite, its original plant association being quite fortuitous.
Agar Techniques for Colonizing and Cloning Trichomonads
Authors: SAMUELS ROBERT 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Agar media have been used in plates, Burri tubes, and sealed slide preparations to grow trichomonads as clonal colonies. Periodic observation of slide‐culture colonies confirmed their origin from single organisms as clones. Axenic cultures of Trichomonas vaginalis (3 strains), T. gallinae (2 strains), T. gallinarum (1 strain), Tritrichomonas augusta (5 strains), Trit. foetus (4 strains), Trit. suis (?) (6 strains), Pentatrichomonas hominis (1 strain), and an undescribed porcine form were used successfully. Urinary and vaginal specimens with T. vaginalis were also plated directly from patients. In all trials, organisms were recovered from colonies for broth culture and re‐plating.Colonies of the two strains of T. gallinae showed constant differences in their growth under the same conditions. Plated T. vaginalis have shown zones of growth inhibition in tests against drug‐impregnated discs.
Le Genre Trimyema Lackey et les Caracteristiques Structurales des Ciliés Trichostomatida
Authors: FAURÉ‐FREMIET E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The longitudinal kineties of the holotrich ciliate Trimyema marinum each bear only three widely spaced cilia; but these cilia are located at identical horizontal levels so that they comprise three helicoidal ciliary bands running around the anterior pole of the organism. The two kineties whose cilia are found most anteriorad, located in a right dorso‐lateral position on the body, are exceptional, however: they are prolonged anteriorly, bearing numerous short additional cilia.These two “polykineties” wind clockwise around a kind of apical disc; their distal extremities continue to curve, dipping into a “prebuccal invagination” in which they may be said to constitute a vestibular ciliature.In spite of its rather unique characteristics, the curious anatomy of this ciliate does conform to the organizational type recognized for holotrichs of the order Trichostomatida.
Excystation of the Poultry Coccidium, Eimeria acervulina
Authors: DORAN DAVID J. , FARR MARION M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Using intervals up to 5 hours, attempts to excyst sporozoites of Eimeria acervulina from intact oocysts in vitro were unsuccessful.Examination of crop, gizzard, and intestinal contents of chicks fed large numbers of sporulated oocysts indicated that (1) no obvious change in the oocysts occurred in the crop, (2) a high percentage of the sporocysts were quickly released from the oocysts in the gizzard, (3) the sporozoites escaped from the liberated sporocysts in the duodenum and jejunum, and (4) the action of the digestive juice was apparently on the sporocysts rather than on the oocysts.In vitro attempts to excyst sporozoites from free sporocysts with various pancreatic preparations in the absence of bile produced low or insignificant percentages of excystation. In the presence of bile, bile salts, and other surface‐active agents, the action of the pancreatic preparations was greatly increased. The heaviest suspension of motile, nonaggregating sporozoites was obtained with 0.25% trypsin 1–300 in 5% chicken bile at pH 7.6.
Fine Structure of the Oral Apparatus of the Gymnostome Ciliate Chlamydodon pedarius
Authors: KANEDA MASAO 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The oral apparatus of the gymnostome ciliate Chlamydodon pedarius is composed of a membranous system, a pharyngeal basket and pharyngeal tube. The membranous system outlines the cytostome; its outer part is connected with the pellicular and sub‐pellicular membranes, forming a circular groove along the outer margin of the cytostome; its inner part bends and extends to the cytopharynx, forming an oral cavity. The membranous system consists of a membrane combining the pellicular and sub‐pellicular membranes and just beneath it is a layer of randomly intertwining filaments about 20 mμ in diameter. The pharyngeal basket is composed of triangular trichites and long ones. They are normally 11 to 13 in number. The triangular trichites are connected with the long ones by fibers. Each of the triangular trichites has a quasi‐conical form, about 1.5 μ in width at its basal portion and about 2.5 μ in height, and is made up of an outer dense sheath and a central less dense part. Each of the long trichites is whip‐shaped and extends into the endoplasm for about 35 μ. They surround the pharyngeal tube, and their posterior ends are gathered into a triangular or a circular form by means of a fiber. Each of the long trichites consists of a bundle of about 700 filaments arranged in an almost hexagonal pattern. Each filament is about 20 mμ in diameter and seems to be linked with others by six fine fibrils. The pharyngeal tube is composed of lamellae about a hundred in number. The lamellae are about 30 mμ in thickness and about 40 mμ apart from each other. The substance of the lamellae appears to be largely‐structureless, although some very fine, short fibrils randomly arranged can be distinguished in longitudinal sections.It is concluded that the component parts of the oral apparatus may come from different origins. Each of the long trichites composing the pharyngeal basket may originate from about 80 kinetosomes, and the lamellae composing the pharyngeal tube and the membranous system may arise from the sub‐pellicular membrane.
Nucleic Acid Digestion and Macronuclear Form in Cannibal Blepharisma, New York University Strain*
Authors: TULCHIN N. , HIRSHFIELD HENRY I. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cannibal giant Blepharisma undulans americanus, NYU strain, grown in mass culture, showed increased numbers of macronuclear lobes and greater variability in their number, compared to the bacteria‐fed form. Feulgen and methyl greenpyronin preparations stained both the DNA and RNA of the cannibals and of the ingested forms within the food vacuoles.During the first 3 to 6 hours of digestion, macronucleus and deoxyribonucleic acid disappear from the food vacuole; during the last 6 hours the ribonucleic acid disappears from the food vacuole; DNA and RNA are therefore presumed to be digested and absorbed.
Survival of Tritrichomonas foetus Stored at −28 and −95°C After Freezing in the Presence of Glycerol*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. , ANDERSEN FERRON L. , LOSCH MARJORIE BRAUN , NOTZOLD RICHARD A. , MEHRA KRISHNA N. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tritrichomonas foetus survived much better on extended storage at ‐95 than at ‐28d̀C following slow freezing in the presence of 1.0 M glycerol. There was no significant difference between these temperatures in survival up to 8 days, but thereafter the protozoa continued to die off slowly at ‐28d̀, whereas their numbers remained essentially constant at ‐95d̀ for 128 to 256 days. The trichomonads' motility was much better after storage at ‐95d̀ than after storage at ‐28d̀, and fresh cultures could be initiated from the former much more readily.Other constituents of the suspending medium besides glycerol affect the survival of the protozoa upon freezing. Survival was much better when the protozoa were frozen in the original Diamond's trypticase‐yeast extract‐maltose‐cysteine‐ascorbic acid‐serum medium in which they had been grown than when they were frozen in physiological salt solution or in fresh Diamond's medium. There was no significant difference between survival in the latter two suspending media. The speed and time of centrifugation needed to remove the trichomonads from the medium in which they had been grown had no effect on their survival upon subsequent freezing. Presumably some product or products of the trichomonads' metabolism have an additional protective action which supplements that of glycerol.When frozen in the original Diamond's medium in which they had been grown plus 1.0 M glycerol, an average of 15% of the trichomonads were alive after 128 days' storage at ‐28d̀ and an average of 38% were alive at ‐95d̀C. When frozen in physiological salt solution plus 1.0 M glycerol, these percentages were 8% and 12% respectively.
Ophryoglena faurei* n. sp. (Ciliata Hymenostomatida Ophryoglenidae) Cycles de Reproduction
Authors: SAVOIE ALBERT 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ophryoglena faurei is a large ophryoglena distinguished by a long theront, either cylindrical or pearshaped, by a very bulky, often lengthened trophont and by a voluminous tomont.During fasting, physiological changes cause a secondary and temporary encystment of the theront which lasts for 15–18 days at 18°C. Then the theront becomes globular and cytolyzes. Feeding induces the usual physiological reproductive cycles. Production of 4 and 8 tomites is the result of primary cycles happening before secondary encystment. The secondary cycles induced by feeding of the secondary theront, after its encystment, are characterized by the production of 2 or 4 tomites.If the theront is fed after being starved for about 10 days the resultant trophont encysts and delivers only one theront. The size of this theront is the more reduced as the starvation of the original theront has been longer. The small theronts are able to attain the original major forms but only after several successive alimental cycles and without any secondary encystment of theronts.
Teratological Chloroplast Structures in Euglena gracilis Permanently Bleached by Exogenous Physical and Chemical Agents*
Authors: MORIBER L. G. , HERSHENOV BETTY , AARONSON S. , BENSKY BARBARA 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Euglena gracilis strain Z rendered permanently apochlorotic by several chemical and physical agents contains bodies similar in size to normal plastids. Some of these bodies contain lamella‐like structures; others contain crista‐like structures. The lamella‐ and crista‐like structures are made up of 2 electron‐dense layers separated by an electron‐lucent layer.These structures are compared to normal lamellae and it is suggested that apochlorotic cells contain lamellae that lack the thicker, inner electron‐dense layer, or more likely, that the apochlorotic condition prevents two discs from fusing to produce the thicker inner electron‐dense layer which contains the photosynthetic pigments.
Nuclear‐Transfer Studies on Induced Increases in Streptomycin Resistance of Amoeba proteus
Authors: COLE R. J. , DANIELLI J. F. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The responses of a strain of Amoeba proteus to conditions which could give rise to induced increases in resistance to streptomycin have been investigated. An indirect selection method, based on survival time in high concentrations of streptomycin, was devised. All attempts to obtain substrains with enhanced sensitivity or enhanced resistance by indirect methods were unsuccessful. It was therefore concluded that increases in resistance observed as a result of other treatments were likely to be the result of adaptation of a majority of individuals, rather than selection of pre‐existing resistant variants. Direct treatment with regularly increased concentrations of streptomycin led to a 10‐fold increase in resistance of large cultures. Nuclear transfers were made by the de Fonbrune technique to produce resistant nucleus/normal cytoplasm, and normal cytoplasm/resistant nucleus combinations. Examination of the descendants of these ‘crosses’ showed that the resistance was nuclear dependent and not influenced by the cytoplasm. The resistance proved transitory, disappearing slowly during continued culture without further contact with streptomycin.These results are discussed with reference to possible mechanisms responsible for the increase in streptomycin resistance and its mode of origin.
An African Bat Trypanosome in Stricticimex brevispinosus Usinger, 1959*
Authors: Van Den BERGHE L. , CHARDOME M. , PEEL E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A trypanosome of the broad type belonging to the T. megadermae group has been discovered in the insectivorous bat, Hipposideros caffer Sundevall. No new specific name is proposed for the trypanosome. Bugs, Stricticimex brevispinosus Usinger 1959, were found infected with the bat blood forms in the stomach. Development was most active in the hindgut, the metacyclic trypanosomes being found in the rectal ampulla.Transmission must occur by contamination as is the case for T. lewisi (fleas), T. cruzi (bugs), and T. grayi (Glossina palpalis flies). With this contaminative type of infection now sufficiently established, it is highly probable that all trypanosomes known from Cheiroptera are transmitted in the same way which is classical for the trypanosomes belonging to the T. lewisi group defined by Hoare.
An Electron Microscope Study on Regeneration of Trichocysts in Paramecium caudatum*
Authors: YUSA AYERE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A study of regeneration of trichocysts in Paramecium caudatum was made in the electron microscope. Organisms, from which trichocysts were removed en masse with electric current, were allowed opportunity to regenerate their lost organelles before they were prepared for microscopical examination of developing stages.Thin sections of organisms from various regeneration periods demonstrate clearly the endoplasmic origin and development of trichocysts. The first stage seen is a membrane‐limited, endoplasmic vesicle enclosing an homogeneous mass, the primordium, within which appears a minute, point condensation of greater electron density. This is subsequently elaborated as a closely packed system of linearly oriented fibrous elements (30–50 Å)—the first definitive sign of the presumptive trichocyst. By progressive utilization of the intra‐vesicular primordial matter in association with apparently continuous provision of the building material by extra‐vesicular biosynthetic activity, the form and structure of the juvenile trichocysts recognizable as a system of closely packed, multi‐layered, fibrous sheets become increasingly evident. The basic structural patterns extend also into the now developing tip. Further growth and differentiation involving the transition of its gross shape from oval to oblong effect a second notable morphological transformation: the formation of a dense U‐shaped cortex enclosing a lightly stained center. Full maturation of the trichocyst includes the formation of the cap, disappearance of the limiting membrane, reduction and ultimate loss of the dense cortex with simultaneous assumption of light electron stain homogeneity of the body, and elaboration of the characteristic periodic striation of the tip. These neo‐formative events, which also occur—although with reduced frequency—in normal vegetative forms, in conjugating pairs, and in dividing organisms, are concluded prior to the final positioning of the organelle in the bipolar ciliary meridian.The implications of these findings are discussed in light of current hypotheses concerning the role of the nucleus and ciliary basal bodies in the genesis of cortical organelles.
Cephaloidophora carpilodei n. sp. and C. pinguis n. sp., Gregarines of a Xanthid Crab in Hawaii*†
Authors: BALL GORDON H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Carpilodes rugatus from Coconut Island, off the windward side of Oahu, was infected to the extent of 65% with intestinal gregarines. Infection was frequently heavy, especially with the intracellular stages. Two new species of Cephaloidophora are described. C. carpilodei n. sp. showed multiple infections in single host cells; as many as three fully developed trophozoites were found in one intestinal epithelial cell of the mid‐gut. C. pinguis n. sp. was markedly different morphologically from C. carpilodei. In both species, intracellular development was prolonged with eventual production of septate trophozoites larger than the host cell. The gregariousness of the hosts was believed to facilitate intraspecific infection.Although other species of Xanthid crabs from the immediate vicinity were examined for gregarines, the other host species either were not parasitized or they contained gregarines belonging to species different from those found in C. rugatus. This was true even of host species placed in the same genus. Failure of these parasites of C. rugatus to become established in other species of Xanthids living in such close proximity is evidently due to biochemical or physiological barriers in the latter forms.
Life‐Cycle of Trypanosoma conorhini. Influence of Temperature and Other Factors on Growth and Morphogenesis
Authors: DEANE MARIA P. , KIRCHNER ELFRIEDE 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In continued observations on the in vitro growth and multiplication of the bloodstream trypanosome stage of Trypanosoma conorhini, a better medium was found for cultivating these forms at 37°C, but no subcultures could be obtained. The infectivity for mice of the blood type trypanosomes grown in vitro was comparable to that of the metacyclic trypanosomes. The only reproducing forms of T. conorhini found in the vertebrate were in the trypanosome stage.It was also found that the in vitro reversion of the bloodstream trypanosome into crithidia, such as occurs in the invertebrate host and in the usual diphasic culture medium, is dependent on at least two factors: if incubated at 25–28° reversion did not occur in any of the liquid media tried (all containing blood serum and hematin or hemoglobin), unless total blood was part of the inoculum or washed red blood cells were added to the media; on the other hand, no reversion was seen, even in the presence of red blood cells if the cultures were incubated at 37°.
Attempted Passive Immunization of Young Calves Against Eimeria bovis
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two experiments attempted to produce passive immunity against Eimeria bovis coccidiosis in Holstein‐Friesian calves. Immune serum concentrated by a freezing technique, or serum globulin obtained by a precipitating technique from immune calves, was injected intravenously or intraperitoneally into young calves. Four calves received concentrated immune serum injected intravenously on the day of oral inoculation with sporulated oocysts and again 7 and 14 days later. Four calves were given intravenous injections with some of the same serum on the 7th and 14th days after inoculation and 4 others were given a single similar injection with the same serum 14 days after inoculation.Three calves in a second experiment received intraperitoneal injections of serum globulins in increasing amounts every 3 days for 2 weeks. The calves were then orally inoculated with sporulated oocysts one week after the last globulin injection. Some calves receiving immune serum had an anaphylactoid reaction characterized by increased respiration rate, dyspnea, coughing, and salivation; however, all affected calves recovered spontaneously within 2 hours. Calves receiving serum globulin had no reactions.Coccidiosis developed in all of the calves in spite of the injection of immune serum or globulin presumed to carry the immune factor. There was no detectable difference in the rate of oocyst discharge or in clinical symptoms between treated and control calves; therefore, no evidence of passive immunity was observed.
Ultrastructure of Lamblia duodenalis. I. Body Surface, Sucking Disc and Median Bodies
Authors: Cheissin E. M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The body surface, sucking disc and median bodies of Lamblia duodenalis have been studied on ultrathin sections in the electron microscope. The body is covered by a pellicle, displaying a striated structure in the area of the sucking disc. The striation is due to 150 Å thick dense ridges which are spaced in distances of 200–400 Å. The ridges are formed by the internal pellicular membrane and have a triangular cross section with a very dense apex. They are arranged concentrically and run parallel to the surface of the sucking disc lobes. Anteriad to the nuclei in the median line a space is free of ridges. The margin of the sucker is elevated above the body forming a sharp crest of the ridged pellicle.This crest is the inner wall of a marginal groove delimiting the sucker from the body. The outer margin is circumscribed by a fold in the body tapering to the posterior end. A ventral groove containing the two ventral flagella lies in the median line. The movement of the ventral flagella pushes the medium through the marginal and ventral grooves thus producing vacuum in the sucker area.The median bodies are composed of numerous 150 Å thick tubular fibrils. They differ in their ultrastructure from the parabasal apparatus in other flagellates and have nothing in common with the kinetoplasts. Their functional significance awaits elucidation.
Morphological and Taxonomic Studies on Mammalian Trypanosomes. X. Revision of the Systematics
Authors: HOARE CECIL A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Previous attempts to dismember the genus Trypanosoma, by creating additional genera or subdividing it into subgenera, failed to gain acceptance, but, in the case of mammalian trypanosomes, the arrangement of species into informal groupings found more general recognition. However, as subordinate groups tend to multiply with advances in our knowledge, the classification of these trypanosomes threatens to become too unwieldy. It is therefore proposed to give assemblages of allied species a formal taxonomic status, by subdividing the genus Trypanosoma into subgenera, corresponding to previous minor groupings, but retaining the two major sections. The subgenera and their type‐species are as follows:A. Section STERCORARIA, with 4 subgenera:1. Megatrypanum subgen.n.: Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri; 2. Herpetosoma Doflein: Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi; 3. Schizotrypanum Chagas: Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi; 4. Endotrypanum Mesnil & Brimont: Trypanosoma (Endotrypanum) schaudinni.B. Section SALIVARIA, with 4 subgenera:5. Duttonella Chalmers: Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax;6. Nannomonas subgen.n.: Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense; 7. Pycnomonas subgen.n.: Trypanosoma (Pycnomonas) suis; 8. Trypanozoon Lühe: Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei.