bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treated incidence of first‐episode psychosis in the catchment area of EPPIC between 1997 and 2000
Authors: Amminger G. P. , Harris M. G. , Conus P. , Lambert M. , Elkins K. S. , Yuen H.‐P. , McGorry P. D. 
Published: May 2006

Objective:  To identify the treated incidence of psychosis in catchment of the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC), Melbourne, Australia.Method:  Cases were aged 15–29 years with a first episode of a psychotic disorder accepted into EPPIC between 1997 and 2000. Age‐ and sex‐specific incidence rates per 10 000 person‐years were calculated in 5 year age bands. Rate ratios were used for age group comparisons.Results:  The age‐specific treated incidence of first‐episode psychosis in 15–29‐year old individuals was 16.7 per 10 000 person‐years in males, and 8.1 per 10 000 person‐years in females. The incidence was highest in 20–24‐year‐old males and in 15–19‐year‐old females. For both sexes, incidence rates were significantly lower in the 25–29‐year age group.Conclusions:  The incidence of psychosis in the catchment of EPPIC was higher than previously reported, especially in female teenagers. Peak rates in 15–24 year olds suggest a youth model approach to early psychosis may be indicated.
Depression and pain: an overview
Authors: Williams Lana J. , Jacka Felice N. , Pasco Julie A. , Dodd Seetal , Berk Michael 
Published: May 2006

Background:Depression and pain are both burdensome ailments that affect a major proportion of the population. It is evident that depression and pain frequently coexist, with treatment and outcome implications.Objective:To review the literature on the nature, prevalence and co-morbidity of depression and pain, the biological and psychological mechanisms involved and treatment options, thus presenting a broad overview of the current information available.Methods:Relevant sources were identified from PubMed and Medline databases using a combination of keywords including depression, pain, prevalence, co-morbidity, biological and psychological mechanisms, serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, amygdala, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), antidepressant and psychological therapy.Results:It is evident from the research that depression and pain are common co-morbidities. Pain as a physical symptom of depression affects approximately 65% of patients, leading to less favourable outcomes and greater health care utilization. Moreover, depression is a common feature in chronic pain patients and can affect pain threshold and tolerance. Evidence from biological and psychological studies has revealed mechanisms that link chronic pain to depression. Several classes of anti-depressants and psychological interventions have been used successfully in the treatment of somatic symptoms of depression and for a variety of pain syndromes.Conclusions:Pain and depression are linked by overlapping phenomenology, neurobiology and therapy. They are mutually interacting, and the interaction has significant treatment and outcome implications.
Functional neuroimaging studies in mood disorders
Authors: Haldane Morgan , Frangou Sophia 
Published: May 2006

Background:Our understanding of the neural circuitry involved in mood disorders is rapidly expanding through the ever-increasing application of functional brain imaging techniques.Objectives:A selective review of functional neuroimaging studies in patients with primary mood disorders was undertaken in order to identify points of commonality and controversy in the existing literature.Methods:Articles published between 1980 and July 2005 were identified using a range of keywords from relevant on-line databases and key journals.Results:Increased activity within limbic regions has been consistently associated with depressive states and may also be present in manic states too. Dorsal and ventral prefrontal regions appear compromised as suggested by emerging evidence of cortical inefficiency within prefrontal regions or reductions in their connectivity with limbic areas. Most of the functional changes observed are at least partly reversible following clinical remission although deficits in prefrontal regions may be state-related.Conclusions:Despite the use of disparate functional imaging modalities, there is a convergence of findings, and the results described do not appear to differ between unipolar and bipolar depression. However, further data are required in order to fully determine the functional changes occurring during manic states. Future work will also need to elucidate the effects of medication, the utility of specific cognitive tasks, and blood oxygenation level-dependent interactions within these affective states.
Effects of oral functional training for nutritional improvement in Japanese older people requiring long‐term care
Authors: Kikutani Takeshi , Enomoto Reiko , Tamura Fumiyo , Oyaizu Kaoru , Suzuki Akira , Inaba Shigeru 
Published: May 2006

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral functional training and nutrient supplements to improve the nutrition of malnourished elderly people in a nursing home.Background:  Malnutrition is a frequent problem in the elderly requiring long‐tem care; however, it is not clear whether oral functional training can be effective to improve nutrition.Subjects and methods:  Fourteen subjects of 82 residents (mean age 85.7 ± 6.2 years) in a nursing home, who had a serum albumin level of ≤3.8 g/dl and understood the purpose of this study, were randomly divided into two groups of seven: one group served as the supplement group (mean age 87.0 ± 4.9 years) to which a high‐calorie and high‐protein diet was provided, and the other as the oral training plus supplement group (mean age 84.6 ± 10.1 years) to which oral functional training was given by a dental hygienist once a week as well as the above diet. Nutritional status was evaluated using serum biochemical values as indices at 4 months after the start of the intervention.Results:  In the supplement group, serum albumin was 3.44 ± 0.36 g/dl at the start of the study (before intervention) and 3.24 ± 0.45 g/dl at 4 months after intervention. In the oral training plus supplement group, it was 3.56 ± 0.22 g/dl before intervention and significantly increased to 3.70 ± 0.33 g/dl after intervention (p < 0.05: Wilcoxon signed‐rank test).Conclusion:  Nutritional supplements alone were not adequate, but with oral functional training to maintain and improve feeding function, nutritional improvement in the elderly could be observed.
Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria on the tongue dorsum of elderly people
Authors: Tachibana Masayo , Yoshida Akihiro , Ansai Toshihiro , Takata Yutaka , Akifusa Sumio , Fukuhara Masayo , Hamasaki Tomoko , Okuda Katsuji , Takehara Tadamichi 
Published: May 2006

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of oral bacteria on the dorsum of the tongue. In addition, the relationship between the number of teeth and the microflora present on the coating of the tongue in a population of 85‐year‐old people was assessed.Subjects and methods:  Two hundred and five individuals (89 males, 116 females) from the same geographical area who were 85 years of age were examined. Five periodontopathic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Treponema denticola) and one cariogenic bacterium (Streptococcus mutans) were analysed using a polymerase chain reaction assay of tongue samples from the population.Results:  Periodontal bacteria‐positive individuals have more teeth than that of periodontal bacteria‐negative people. Between the periodontal bacteria‐positive and ‐negative individuals, there were significant differences in the mean number of teeth for P. gingivalis (p < 0.0001), T. denticola (p < 0.001), F. nucleatum (p = 0.002), and T. forsythia (p = 0.005), while there were no significant differences for A. actinomycetemcomitans (p = 0.998) or S. mutans (p = 0.147).Conclusions:  A wide range of species, including anaerobes, was detected in 85‐year‐old subjects. It was found that the detection of periodontal bacteria on the tongue coating increased with the number of teeth. There was a positive relationship between the tooth number and periodontopathic bacteria, except for A. actinomycetemcomitans.These results suggest that tongue care is essential for preventing oral disease and needs to be part of any oral care programme in elderly people.
The stellar dynamics of spiral arms in barred spiral galaxies
Authors: Patsis P. A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A dynamical mechanism is proposed that explains the spiral structure observed frequently as a continuation of the bars in barred spiral galaxies. It is argued that the part of the spirals attached to the bar is due to chaotic orbits. These are chaotic orbits that exhibit for long time intervals a 4:1-resonance orbital behaviour. They are of the same type of orbit as is responsible for the boxiness of the outer isophotes of the bar in cases like NGC 4314, as indicated by Patsis, Athanassoula & Quillen. The spirals formed this way are faint with respect to the bar, open as they wind out, and do not extend over an angle larger than π/2. A possible continuation of the spiral structure towards larger angles can be due to orbits trapped around stable periodic orbits at the corotation region. We present a family of stable, banana-like periodic orbits, precessing as EJ increases, that can play this role.
Leflunomide: a possible alternative for gangciclovir sensitive and resistant cytomegalovirus infections
Authors: Sudarsanam T D , Sahni R D , John G T 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The search for newer more cost effective treatments for infectious diseases remains a challenge. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, which is especially common in the immunosupressed, is an important challenge for treating physicians. Gangciclovir's cost is a major hurdle in developing countries. Leflunomide is cheaper and is easily given orally. It works by a novel mechanism inhibiting virion assembly. It also has immunosuppressive properties. It and has been shown to be effective in both gangciclovir sensitive as well as resistant cases of CMV infection. Given these considerations we believe that leflunomide is an exiting new drug for CMV infection. However, hepatotoxicity and teratogenicity are known side effects. The exact dose and duration of treatment for CMV infection, for secondary prophylaxis, and in situations of gangciclovir resistance need further study.
Bayesian models for pooling microarray studies with multiple sources of replications
Authors: Conlon Erin M , Song Joon J , Liu Jun S 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundBiologists often conduct multiple but different cDNA microarray studies that all target the same biological system or pathway. Within each study, replicate slides within repeated identical experiments are often produced. Pooling information across studies can help more accurately identify true target genes. Here, we introduce a method to integrate multiple independent studies efficiently.ResultsWe introduce a Bayesian hierarchical model to pool cDNA microarray data across multiple independent studies to identify highly expressed genes. Each study has multiple sources of variation, i.e. replicate slides within repeated identical experiments. Our model produces the gene-specific posterior probability of differential expression, which provides a direct method for ranking genes, and provides Bayesian estimates of false discovery rates (FDR). In simulations combining two and five independent studies, with fixed FDR levels, we observed large increases in the number of discovered genes in pooled versus individual analyses. When the number of output genes is fixed (e.g., top 100), the pooled model found appreciably more truly differentially expressed genes than the individual studies. We were also able to identify more differentially expressed genes from pooling two independent studies inBacillus subtilisthan from each individual data set. Finally, we observed that in our simulation studies our Bayesian FDR estimates tracked the true FDRs very well.ConclusionOur method provides a cohesive framework for combining multiple but not identical microarray studies with several sources of replication, with data produced from the same platform. We assume that each study contains only two conditions: an experimental and a control sample. We demonstrated our model's suitability for a small number of studies that have been either pre-scaled or have no outliers.
The generation and gender shifts in medicine: an exploratory survey of internal medicine physicians
Authors: Jovic Emily , Wallace Jean E , Lemaire Jane 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Two striking demographic shifts evident in today's workforce are also apparent in the medical profession. One is the entry of a new generation of physicians, Gen Xers, and the other is the influx of women. Both shifts are argued to have significant implications for recruitment and retention because of assumptions regarding the younger generation's and women's attitudes towards work and patient care. This paper explores two questions regarding the generations: (1) How do Baby Boomer and Generation X physicians perceive the generation shift in work attitudes and behaviours? and (2) Do Baby Boomer and Generation X physicians differ significantly in their work hours and work attitudes regarding patient care and life balance? Gen Xers include those born between 1965 and 1980; Baby Boomers are those born between 1945 and 1964. We also ask: Do female and male Generation X physicians differ significantly in their work hours and work attitudes regarding patient care and life balance?

Methods
We conducted exploratory interviews with 54 physicians and residents from the Department of Medicine (response rate 91%) and asked about their perceptions regarding the generation and gender shifts in medicine. We limit the analyses to interview responses of 34 Baby Boomers and 18 Generation Xers. We also sent questionnaires to Department members (response rate 66%), and this analysis is limited to 87 Baby Boomers' and 65 Generation Xers' responses.

Results
The qualitative interview data suggest significant generation and gender shifts in physicians' attitudes. Baby Boomers generally view Gen Xer physicians as less committed to their medical careers. The quantitative questionnaire data suggest that there are few significant differences in the generations' and genders' reports of work-life balance, work hours and attitudes towards patient care.

Conclusion
A combined qualitative and quantitative approach to the generation shift and gender shift in medicine is helpful in revealing that the widely held assumptions are not necessarily reflective of any significant differences in actual work attitudes or behaviours of Boomer and Gen X physicians or of the younger generation of women entering medicine.
Xenoestrogenic activity in blood of European and Inuit populations
Authors: Bonefeld-Jorgensen Eva C , Hjelmborg Philip S , Reinert Thayaline S , Andersen Birgitte S , Lesovoy Vladimir , Lindh Christian H , Hagmar Lars , Giwercman Aleksander , Erlandsen Mogens , Manicardi Gian-Carlo , Spanò Marcello , Toft Gunnar , Bonde Jens Peter 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundHuman exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is ubiquitous and found in all individuals. Studies have documented endocrine disrupting effects and impact on reproduction. The aim of the present study was to compare the level of xenoestrogenic activity in serum of groups with varying POP exposure, and to evaluate correlations to the POP biomarkers, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE).MethodsThe study included 358 men: Greenlandic Inuit's, Swedish fishermen, and Warsaw (Poland) and Kharkiv (Ukraine) inhabitants. Xenoestrogenicity of serum extracts alone (XER) and XER competitive (XERcomp) effect on 17β-estradiol induced estrogen receptor (ER) transactivity were assessed in the hormone free, lipophilic serum fraction containing the POPs using the MVLN human breast cancer cell line.ResultsNo agonistic XER activity was exhibited for Inuit serum samples, while 12 – 24% of the European samples had detectable agonistic XER activity. On the contrary, 71% of Inuit serum samples antagonized XERcomp compared to 7 – 30 % in the other regions. XER and XERcomp were not or weakly correlated to the two POP markers. XER activity of Inuit samples was negatively associated to levels of CB-153 andp,p'-DDE. For the Warsaw group a positive and negative correlation between XER andp,p'-DDE and estradiol equivalence level and CB-153 levels was found.ConclusionNo strong consistent association between xenoestrogenic net activity and the two POP markers was found. The results showed that the selected POP markers alone can not predict the integrated xenoestrogenic serum activity. Correlations to the POP markers were found at the extreme edge; the Inuit's and Warsaw study groups eliciting high frequency of samples with ER antagonistic and agonistic activity, respectively. We suggest that the variation in xenoestrogenic serum activity reflects differences in POP exposure mixture, genetic factors and/or life style factors.
Sexually dimorphic gene expression that overlaps maturation of type II pneumonocytes in fetal mouse lungs
Authors: Simard Marc , Provost Pierre R , Tremblay Yves 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundIn human, respiratory distress of the neonates, which occurs in prematurity, is prevalent in male. Late in gestation, maturation of type II pneumonocytes, and consequently the surge of surfactant synthesis are delayed in male fetuses compared with female fetuses. Although the presence of higher levels of androgens in male fetuses is thought to explain this sex difference, the identity of genes involved in lung maturation that are differentially modulated according to fetal sex is unknown. We have studied the sex difference in developing mouse lung by gene profiling during a three-day gestational window preceding and including the emergence of mature PTII cells (the surge of surfactant synthesis in the mouse occurs on GD 17.5).MethodsTotal RNA was extracted from lungs of male and female fetal mice (gestation days 15.5, 16.5, and 17.5), converted to cRNA, labeled with biotin, and hybridized to oligonucleotide microarrays (Affymetrix MOE430A). Analysis of data was performed using MAS5.0, LFCM and Genesis softwares.ResultsMany genes involved in lung maturation were expressed with no sex difference. Of the approximative 14 000 transcripts covered by the arrays, only 83 genes presented a sex difference at one or more time points between GDs 15.5 and 17.5. They include genes involved in hormone metabolism and regulation (i.e. steroidogenesis pathways), apoptosis, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and lipid metabolism with four apolipoprotein genes. Genes involved in immune functions and other metabolisms also displayed a sex difference.ConclusionAmong these sexually dimorphic genes, some may be candidates for a role in lung maturation. Indeed, on GD 17.5, the sex difference in surfactant lipids correlates with the sex difference in pulmonary expression of apolipoprotein genes, which are involved in lipid transport. This suggests a role for these genes in the surge of surfactant synthesis. Our results would help to identify novel genes involved in the physiopathology of the respiratory distress of the neonates.
Fe-MCM-41 for N2O Decomposition and Reduction with Methane
Authors: Tian Yan , Ogawa Erika , Ikuo Akira , Shishido Tetsuya , Zhang Quinghong , Wang Ye , Takehira Katsuomi , Hasegawa Sadao 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The catalytic activities for N2O decomposition and selective reduction with methane were studied on Fe-MCM-41 prepared by direct hydrothermal synthesis (DHT) and template ion exchange (TIE) methods. Fe-MCM-41-DHT showed higher activity than those prepared by TIE and impregnation methods. The high activity of Fe-MCM-41-DHT is caused by the formation of highly isolated and tetrahedrally coordinated iron-oxo species.
Political Institutions in Liberia
Authors: Ellis George W. 
Published: May 2006

Liberia will long be a source of permanent interest to the government and people of the United States, not only because it was founded and fostered by American citizens, but because there is going on there in the interest of the African races one of the unique struggles in modern state-building, in an endeavor to perpetuate in West Africa a government fashioned after the American democracy in which liberty shall be limited and regulated by law.Under the most unfavorable circumstances the Liberian people have entered upon a grave and stupendous undertaking. The high political ideas and principles which they represent, the ardor and fidelity with which they have maintained them for nearly three quarters of a century against European opposition and in the midst and in the presence of the overwhelming numbers and dissimilar civilization of their African kinsmen, entitle them to the sympathetic consideration and good will of all liberty-loving nations.
The Physiology of Politics: Presidential Address, Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association
Authors: Lowell A. Lawrence 
Published: May 2006

Our organization is known as the Political Science Association, and yet the subject to which it is devoted lacks the first essential of a modern science—a nomenclature incomprehensible to educated men. Other sciences employ terms of art which are exact because barbarous, that is remote from common usage, and therefore devoid of the connotations which give to language its richness and at the same time an absence of precision. But the want of an exact terminology is not the only defect of our subject. It suffers also from imperfect development of the means of self-expansion. The natural sciences grow by segmentation, each division, like the severed fragments of an earthworm, having a vitality of its own. Thus in zoölogy and botany we hear of cytology, histology, morphology and physiology, expressions which correspond, perhaps, with aspects of our own ancient, yet infantile, branch of learning.The first of the divisions already mentioned, cytology, deals with the cell as the unit of structure, and bears thus an analogy to the study of man as an individual, a social being by nature, no doubt, but considered from this point of view as a separate personality; to some extent at least as an end in himself. It corresponds rather to psychology than politics. Histology, if I am correctly informed, is concerned with the tissues made by the organic connection of many cells, the substances of which the body is formed, and by means of which its manifold operations are conducted. We may fancy that it has its counterpart in sociology, that science of which the late Gabriel Tarde remarked that it was named before its birth, although the time had come when it ought to be born.