bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of discharge and temperature variation in determining invertebrate community structure in a regulated river
Authors: Jackson H. M. , Gibbins C. N. , Soulsby C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper quantifies patterns of discharge and temperature variation in the regulated river Lyon and the adjacent, unregulated river Lochay (Scotland) and assesses the importance of these patterns for benthic invertebrate community structure. Invertebrates were sampled at sites in each catchment in autumn, winter and spring during the 2002–2003 hydrological year. Metrics were used to characterize the discharge and temperature regimes in the period immediately preceding invertebrate sample collection. Metric values were then used in a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of the invertebrate sample data, in order to assess the significance of individual metrics and the overall importance of flow and temperature variability for community structure. The variance in the invertebrate data explained by this CCA was compared to that from a CCA using a range of environmental data from the sites (stream‐bed algal cover, channel hydraulic, sedimentary and water quality characteristics). This comparison allowed assessment of the relative importance of environmental variables versus hydrologic and thermal regimes.Invertebrate communities in the Lyon were relatively poor and uneven, with Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Coleoptera poorly represented. Distinct site and seasonal clusters were evident in the CCA ordination biplots, with Lyon and Lochay sites separated in dimensions represented by geometric mean sediment size, water temperature and algal cover. The cumulative variance values from ordinations using the discharge and temperature metrics were consistently highest, suggesting that differences in invertebrate communities showed a stronger relation to patterns of discharge and temperature variability than to the broader suite of environmental conditions. Although there were marked thermal differences between sites, temperature metrics appeared no more important than discharge metrics in explaining differences in invertebrate community structure. A number of the temperature and discharge metrics appeared similarly important, suggesting that no one aspect of the hydrothermal regime was any more important than others in helping to understand differences in invertebrate community between the study sites. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Routing complexity of faulty networks
Authors: Angel Omer , Benjamini Itai , Ofek Eran , Wieder Udi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne of the fundamental problems in distributed computing is how to efficiently perform routing in a faulty network in which each link fails with some probability. This article investigates how big the failure probability can be, before the capability to efficiently find a path in the network is lost. Our main results show tight upper and lower bounds for the failure probability, which permits routing both for the hypercube and for thed‐dimensional mesh. We use tools from percolation theory to show that in thed‐dimensional mesh, once a giant component appears—efficient routing is possible. A different behavior is observed when the hypercube is considered. In the hypercube there is a range of failure probabilities in which short paths exist with high probability, yet finding them must involve querying essentially the entire network. Thus the routing complexity of the hypercube shows an asymptotic phase transition. The critical probability with respect to routing complexity lies in a different location than that of the critical probability with respect to connectivity. Finally we show that an oracle access to links (as opposed to local routing) may reduce significantly the complexity of the routing problem. We demonstrate this fact by providing tight upper and lower bounds for the complexity of routing in the random graphGn,p. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
A new non‐randomized model for analysing sensitive questions with binary outcomes
Authors: Tian Guo‐Liang , Yu Jun‐Wu , Tang Man‐Lai , Geng Zhi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe propose a new non‐randomized model for assessing the association of two sensitive questions with binary outcomes. Under the new model, respondents only need to answer a non‐sensitive question instead of the original two sensitive questions. As a result, it can protect a respondent's privacy, avoid the usage of any randomizing device, and be applied to both the face‐to‐face interview and mail questionnaire. We derive the constrained maximum likelihood estimates of the cell probabilities and the odds ratio for two binary variables associated with the sensitive questionsviathe EM algorithm. The corresponding standard error estimates are then obtained by bootstrap approach. A likelihood ratio test and a chi‐squared test are developed for testing association between the two binary variables. We discuss the loss of information due to the introduction of the non‐sensitive question, and the design of the co‐operative parameters. Simulations are performed to evaluate the empirical type I error rates and powers for the two tests. In addition, a simulation is conducted to study the relationship between the probability of obtaining valid estimates and the sample size for any given cell probability vector. A real data set from an AIDS study is used to illustrate the proposed methodologies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of vaccine efficacy and the vaccination threshold
Authors: Yip Paul S. F. , Watson Ray , Chen Qizhi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the effect of imperfect vaccination in a susceptible–infected–removal (SIR) epidemic model. The minimum proportion of the population that needs to be vaccinated to prevent a major epidemic depends on the vaccine efficacy and the basic reproductive rate for the SIR model, allowing for imperfect and variable vaccination. Martingale theory is used to derive estimates and associated standard errors for these parameters. Asymptotic properties of the resulting estimators are investigated. Data for a mumps outbreak are used as an illustrative example. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microevolution in genomic short sequence repeats of Candida albicans in non‐neutropenic patients
Authors: Al‐Aidan Al Waleed , Goessens Wil , Lemmens‐den Toom Nicole , Al‐Ahdal Mohammed , van Belkum Alex 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe genome of the yeast Candida albicans harbours many genomic short sequence repeats (SSRs). These are stable upon transition of colonization to infection in immune‐compromised patients. We show here that in non‐neutropenic patients this transition may coincide with variation in several of the SSRs. This may have implications for stage‐specific expression of C. albicans pathogenicity factors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A late-glacial transition from Picea glauca to Picea mariana in southern New England
Authors: Lindbladh Matts , Oswald W. Wyatt , Foster David R. , Faison Edward K. , Hou Juzhi , Huang Yongsong 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPicea is an important taxon in late-glacial pollen records from eastern North America, but little is known about which species of Picea were present. We apply a recently developed palynological method for discriminating the three Picea species in eastern North America to three records from New England. Picea glauca was dominant at ∼ 14,500–14,000 cal yr BP, followed by a transition to Picea mariana between ∼ 14,000 and 13,500 cal yr BP. Comparison of the pollen data with hydrogen isotope data shows clearly that this transition began before the beginning of the Younger Dryas Chronozone. The ecological changes of the late-glacial interval were not a simple oscillation in the position of a single species' range, but rather major changes in vegetation structure and composition occurring during an interval of variations in several environmental factors, including climate, edaphic conditions, and atmospheric CO2 levels.
Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on cellular adhesion molecule expression and tissue myeloperoxidase activity in diabetic mice with sepsis
Authors: Chiu Wan-Chun , Hou Yu-Chen , Yeh Chiu-Li , Hu Ya-Mei , Yeh Sung-Ling 
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effect ofn-3 fatty acids on adhesion molecules and tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in diabetic mice with sepsis. Diabetes was induced by a streptozotocin injection. Mice with blood glucose levels exceeding 2000 mg/l were considered diabetic. Diabetic mice were assigned to two groups with a medium-fat (10 %, w/w) diet either provided by soyabean oil (SO,n30) or fish oil (FO,n30).n-3 fatty acids provided 4·3 % of the total energy and then-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio was 1:2 in the FO diet. After feeding the respective diet for 3 weeks, all mice had sepsis induced by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and were killed at 0, 6 or 24 h after CLP, with ten mice at each time-point. The result showed that compared with the SO group, FO group had lower PGE2and TNF-α levels in peritoneal lavage fluid after CLP. Lymphocyte CD11a/CD18 expressions were higher at 6 h, whereas the percentage was lower at 24 h in the SO group than in the FO group. Neutrophil CD11b/CD18 expressions were significantly higher in the SO group than in the FO group at 0 h. The FO group had lower organ MPO activities at various time-points after CLP when compared with those of the SO group. The present findings suggest that compared with the diabetic mice fed SO, a low-dosen-3 fatty acid supplementation may attenuate leucocyte adhesion and infiltration into tissues in diabetic mice complicated with sepsis.
Ellagic acid inhibits IL-1β-induced cell adhesion molecule expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Yu Ya-Mei , Wang Zhi-Hong , Liu Chung-Hsien , Chen Chin-Seng 
Published: March 2007

Expression of cell adhesion molecules by endothelium and the attachment of monocytes to endothelium may play a major role in atherosclerosis. Ellagic acid (EA) is a phenolic compound found in fruits and nuts including raspberries, strawberries, grapes and walnuts. Previous studies have indicated that EA possesses antioxidant activityin vitro. In the present study, we investigated the effects of EA on the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, the translocation of NFκB and expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule (E-selectin) induced by IL-1β in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We found that EA significantly reduced the binding of human monocytic cell line, U937, to IL-1β-treated HUVEC. The production of reactive oxygen species by IL-1β was dose-dependently suppressed by EA. Supplementation with increasing doses of EA up to 50 μmol/l was most effective in inhibiting the expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin. Furthermore, the inhibition of IL-1β-induced adhesion molecule expression by EA was manifested by the suppression of nuclear translocation of p65 and p50. In conclusion, EA inhibits IL-1β-induced nuclear translocation of p65 and p50, thereby suppressing the expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin, resulting in decreased monocyte adhesion. Thus, EA has anti-inflammatory properties and may play an important role in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Use and outcome of online health information services: a study among Scottish population
Authors: Harbour Jenny , Chowdhury Gobinda G. 
Published: March 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report on a research designed to find out how people in Scotland access and use online health information.Design/methodology/approachIt is based on a survey of two sets of population in Glasgow – a group of 64 users from the general public and a group of 24 post graduate students from a university in Glasgow.FindingsUse of the Internet for health information was found to be much lower in Scotland than in the previous UK studies particularly those using online surveys. It was noted that people searched online health information for themselves, family and friends. Healthy eating, exercise and alternative medicine were the most commonly sought topics. Approximately half the survey participants felt online health information influenced their treatment.Originality/valueThe study incorporates both Internet users and non‐users, as well as proficient internet users, and therefore provides a more balanced view.
Analysis of the behaviour of the users of a package of electronic journals in the field of chemistry
Authors: Borrego Angel , Urbano Cristóbal 
Published: March 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to analyse the behaviour of the users of a package of electronic journals using the data of consumption per IP address.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyses the data of consumption at the University of Barcelona of 31 electronic journals of the American Chemical Society (ACS) in 2003. Data of sessions, articles downloaded and abstracts viewed were analysed.FindingsMost of the consumption was concentrated at a few IP addresses, and most of the users made little use of the information available. There was found to be a greater dispersion of the consumption of electronic information than of information on paper. Finally, it was determined that the number of abstracts viewed is a good predictor of the number of regular users of a journal.Originality/valueThe paper offers new data on behaviour in the consumption of electronic information and presents a method for determining the number of regular users of a journal from the number of articles viewed.
Developing a qualitative understanding of university‐corporate education partnerships
Authors: Ryan Lindsay 
Published: March 2007

PurposeCollaborations between universities and industry to develop and deliver customised corporate education programs are increasing. The purpose of this paper is to assist managers to make an informed decision on the structure and approach to their corporate education programs by exploring a range of qualitative factors in university‐corporate education partnerships.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents the findings of a series of qualitative interviews with six senior corporate managers from diverse industries and three university managers on the factors they regard as important in university‐corporate education partnerships.FindingsThe research highlights the needs for both universities and corporations to take the time to learn and understand the requirements and expectations of each other and, as in any good relationship, provide flexibility to accommodate these requirements and expectations. The research findings are intended to provide a starting‐point for understanding the nature of the working relationship between universities and corporations in order to successfully develop and deliver corporate education programs in industry.Originality/valueMost papers on university‐corporate education partnerships are based on opinion or case studies. The originality of this research provides an objective insight into factors that influence the success of university‐corporate education partnerships.
From stakeholders to institutions: the changing face of social enterprise governance theory
Authors: Mason Chris , Kirkbride James , Bryde David 
Published: March 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to set out the current theoretical landscape of social enterprise governance. It considers the two theories of governance currently advocated in the social enterprise literature – stakeholder and stewardship theories. Furthermore, it asserts the utility of neoinstitutional theory in analysis of social enterprise governance.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology employed was critical review and application of the prevailing governance theory in a social enterprise context.FindingsThe prevailing institutional theory offers a great deal in explaining the governance dynamic in these organisations. The influence that values, symbols and cultural norms have upon organisation structure are not fully encompassed in social enterprise governance theory. Rather, it has been adapted and diluted to fit different explanations of governance, such as stakeholder and stewardship theory.Research limitations/implicationsInstitutional theory offers an alternative lens with which to analyse social enterprise governance. This paper advocates institutional analysis of governance as an alternative method of mapping social enterprise governance, testing existing concepts such as isomorphism within the third sector, and new conceptual research.Originality/valueThe paper consolidates the governance theory currently attributed to social enterprise governance, and puts forward an alternative theory that considers the influence of institutional pressures upon governance arrangements. It adds to the governance literature by suggesting a deeper analysis of institutional factors upon governance structure. It also adds to the growing literature that focuses on the governance of social enterprise as a distinct form of organisation in the third sector.
Spotlight on Ross Campbell
Authors: Powell Sarah 
Published: March 2007

PurposeThis paper seeks to present an interview with Ross Campbell, a Melbourne, Australia‐based crisis management practitioner, focusing on the development of crisis management as distinct from risk management.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses an interview to explain the importance of investment in crisis management and outlines what is involved.FindingsThe paper offers examples of good crisis management practice and looks at some cases of failure to anticipate and prepare for potential crises.Originality/valueThe paper warns that such failures can not only damage corporate resources and reputations, but can also result in an organization's demise. The paper also lays particular emphasis on the need for a timely and efficient message strategy.
Google Scholar – friend or foe?
Authors: Taylor Stephanie 
Published: March 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to review and summarise the service offered by Google Scholar (GS).Design/methodology/approachThis is the first of two articles on GS, the second of which will explore the ways that UK libraries are dealing with Google. Both deal with the subject with particular reference to document supply.FindingsThe article finds that on a practical level, GS has some work to do, but has the potential to be a useful resource. However, the implications of the presentation and branding of the search environment raise some important concerns. On a conceptual level, the question is a little more difficult. GS raises some important questions for library‐based document delivery services about the ongoing role of the library as the hub at the centre of this service.Originality/valueThe article provides a useful overview of today's hot topic which includes a list of resources for further reading and help.
Using weather derivatives to hedge precipitation exposure
Authors: Leggio Karyl B. 
Published: March 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to demonstrate the use of weather derivatives to hedge firm exposure to previously unmanageable risk events caused by natural phenomenon such as excessive rainfall.Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts a case study approach to meet the objectives above, focusing on golf courses in the Midwest USA, which provide perfect examples of businesses with seasonal cash flows.Findings – It is shown that a firm can reduce its revenue volatility by up to 80 per cent. Weather derivatives are important additions to firm portfolios of risk management tools. Purchasing weather derivatives will improve the owner's ability to forecast revenues and assure expenditure coverage, both important goals for a small business owner.Practical implications – Many firms find the uneven revenue streams associated with their industry to be difficult to manage. One of the primary risks faced by firms is exposure to weather phenomena. With the introduction of weather derivatives, firms can now hedge their exposure to climatologic events. The application for weather derivatives is quite limitless. Weather derivatives are a relatively new product, and most firms are either unaware of their existence or believe them to be complicated. It is an industry that may experience explosive growth in the coming years.Originality/value – This paper demonstrates the use of derivatives to hedge exposure to climatic events.
Experiencing institutionalization: the development of new budgets in the UK devolved bodies
Authors: Ezzamel Mahmoud , Hyndman Noel , Johnsen Åge , Lapsley Irvine , Pallot June 
Published: March 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to examine an early stage of the institutionalization of accounting practices in devolved UK governments, concentrating on: the construction by devolved bodies of a “rational” set of planning and budgeting documents; the extent of homogeneity/heterogeneity in organizational response to seemingly similar institutional pressures; and politicians' cognition of accounting numbers.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses neo‐institutional theory to examine the planning and budgeting documents of the devolved bodies and material gathered from semi‐structured interviews.FindingsThe findings point to a process of nested translations, from mission through aims and objectives to targets, with accounting numbers present only in the last stage whereby time‐bounded targets are formulated and used to assess achievements. Because of the negotiations around the diverging interests of actors, the translation process is neither linear nor stable.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the literature by: examining the emergence and use of new accounting and budgeting systems in political organizations; understanding the experience of institutionalization of accounting practices; and exploring the impact of accounting reform on political deliberation and joined‐up government.
Culture and service predisposition among hospitality students in Switzerland and Scotland
Authors: Johns Nick , Henwood Judy , Seaman Claire 
Published: March 2007

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to investigate the impact of ethnic/national culture on service predisposition, using Lee‐Ross's Service Predisposition (SP) Survey, plus items from Hofstede's IBM attitudes survey and from the Chinese Values Survey.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consisted of international students studying hospitality management at two hotel schools in Switzerland and one in Scotland. The questionnaire was administered to all who had recently completed an internship as part of their programme of study. The two Swiss schools produced 179 usable questionnaires and the Scottish school, 98. Thus data were obtained from students from many different nationalities, and effects due to differences in organisational culture or teaching methods were controlled.FindingsSignificant relationships were found between the SP components and the Chinese value dimensions. The Hofstede cultural dimensions showed anomalous results. The biggest differences within the sample were those between the Scottish and Swiss sites, and most of these were concerned with SP components rather than value dimensions. European, rather than Asian respondents were responsible for most of these differences, but there were some significant cultural differences between individuals of different nationalities.Research limitations/implicationsStudents were used as subjects, and this may have influenced the results. Observed differences in service predisposition seemed more dependent on personal values, although there was some cultural element. The locations and nature of the internships may also have influenced the results.Practical implicationsThis study has increased understanding of how culture affects service attitudes, how training affects service predisposition, and hence how staff teams could be managed and recruited.Originality/valueEffects of culture on customers' service perceptions have been widely studied, but there has been little research into the impact of culture on service delivery or front‐line staff. This study helps to fill this gap.