bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF SOME PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS ON THE ELECTRIC ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN AND SLEEP CYCLE PATTERN OF THE CAT
Authors: Okuma Teruo , Fujimori Masamoto , Hayashi Akio , Nakamura Keisuke 
Published: March 2008

Summary1) The effects of chronic administration of psychotropic drugs such as imipramine, atropine sulfate, chlorpromazine, perphenazine, levomepromazine, pentobarbital sodium, chlordiazepoxide, neostigmine and reserpine on the electric activity of the brain and sleep cycle pattern were investigated using adult cats carrying chronically implanted electrodes.2) Modification of sleep cycle pattern by chronic administration of the psycho‐tropic drugs was classified into 5 types (Type I, II, III, IV, V).3) Chronic administration of 7 mg/kg/day of imipramine increased the slow activity in the neocortical and limbic structures and also enhanced the fast activity in the amygdaloid nucleus. It also suppressed the occurrence of the activated sleep (S‐A) period almost completely (S‐A suppressing effect) and increased the amount of spindle and slow wave stage (S‐2 stage) (Type‐V modification). The amount of S‐A stage increased transiently at the time of discontinuation of the drug.4) Atropine sulfate, 3 mg/kg/day, has the effects on both the electric activity of the brain and sleep cycle pattern similar to those of imipramine (Type‐V), though it was slightly weaker at this dosage.5) Chlorpromazine 4 mg/kg/day caused both synchronization of the neocortical activity and increase in the total amount of sleep particularly that of S‐2 stage without significant change in the amount of S‐A stage (Type‐II). The same drug, 7 mg/kg/day, enhanced the fast activity and spikes in the amygdala and hippocampus. The medication increased the amount of A and S‐1 stages and decreased those of S‐2 and S‐A stages (Type‐III).6) Perphenazine, 1.3 mg/kg/day, and levomepromazine, I mg/kg/day, increased the amount of S‐1 and S‐2 stages but they also had a slight S‐A suppressing effect (Type‐IV).7) Chronic administration of 13 mg/kg/day of pentobarbital sodium increased total amount of sleep particularly those of S‐1 and S‐2 stages with a slight suppression of S‐A stage (Type‐I). A temporary reduction of the amount of sleep was observed at the time of discontinuation of the drug. The effect of 3 mg/kg/day of chlordiazepoxide on sleep cycle pattern was similar to that of pentobarbital (Type‐I), though it was less remarkable than the latter.8) Neostigmine, 0.3 mg/kg/day, caused a reduction in the amount of S‐2 and S‐A stages and increased those of A and S‐1 stages (Type‐III). No increase in the amount of S‐A stage was observed. Reserpine, 1.5 mg/kg/day, also caused a remarkable suppression of S‐2 and S‐A stages during the period of medication (Type‐III).9) The mode of action of these psychotropic drugs was discussed.
EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS UPON THE EYE MOVEMENTS WITH CLOSED EYES
Authors: Shimazono Y. , Ando K. , Tanaka T. , Hayashi M. , Sakamoto S. , Eguchi T. , Nakamura H. , Kamiya H. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn 45 normal subjects changes in the horizontal eye movements following the administration of psychotropic drugs have been studied.1. Following the administration of amobarbital (250 mg, i.v.) and chlorpromazine (1.0mg/kg, i.m.), rapid eye movements (R) decreased gradually until they disappeared altogether.2. LSD25 (0.5 or 1.0γ/kg, i.m.) produced increase of R in 80% and markedly increased incidence and amplitude of slow movements (S) in about a half of the subjects. These large, slow pendular movements appeared fairly continuously and rhythmically in the subjects exhibiting mainly euphoria, disinhibition and ecstasy.3. Following the administration of psilocybin (3mg, i.m.), similar pendular movements could also appear, but the duration of each slow movement tended to be longer.4. Methamphetamine (9mg, s.c.) and epinephrine (0.005–0.01 mg/kg, s.c.) decreased S and increased R, but later than 20 minutes after the injection of epinephrine S appeared transiently.5. The mechanism of action of the substances on the development of the different groups of the eye movements were discussed on the basis of these data.LSD25 and psilocybin offered by Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. were used in the above studies.
A Discussion of the Neurophysiological Basis of Disturbances in Consciousness: A Case Report in the Pons Tumor
Authors: HIRAI Tomio , NOMURA Hiroshi , SEKINO Toshiko 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA case has been presented in which EEG desynchronization in deep coma followed lesions of the middle pontine structures. The involvement of the middle pontine structures was confirMed by the pathological findings. The authors conclude therefore that the middle pontine structures have the neuronal functions of influencing cortical potentials and inducing EEG desynchronization.
Experimental Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Its Electrophysiological Effects on the Visual Pathway in Cats
Authors: IKEDA Terutika 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCats were observed during and after CO exposure. Evoked potentials were measured in the visual pathway, and the results are as follows:During CO exposure, the cortical evoked potential, especially postsynaptic elements, was greatly diminished, but its changes were reversible. Cortical presynaptic potential did not decrease during CO exposure, but afterward progressively decreased within several days. While the cortical potential were reduced after CO exposure, the lateral geniculate potential was intact or increased and the direct cortical response remained unchanged. These changes were coincidental with the histological findings that the degeneration was mainly located in the optic radiation fibers and the demye‐linisation progressed for some time after CO exposure.
A Case of Bobble‐head Doll Syndrome Associated with Psychopathic Behaviors
Authors: NISHIURA Nobuhiro 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 16‐year‐old boy with peculiar movement of head, hands and trunk with rhythmic oscillation, 1 to 2 per second forward and backward was reported. This tic‐like movement said to have developed after he has suffered from an unknown severe febrile illness. On pneumoencephalogram striking enlargement of lateral ventricles and communicating cavum septi pellucidi were demonstrated. The boy made a remarkable recovery, following a right ventriculoauri‐culostomy with insertion of a Pudenz valve. Hence, the bobbing tremor might be considered to be nonspecific manifestations of hydrocephalus which presumably causes pressure upon basal ganglia or other extrapyramidal structures.Of clinical interest is an association with psychopathic tendency such as frequent vagrancy, confabulatory tendency, collecto‐mania and emotional instability which was not found in the previous cases. These personality changes might be considered from the same viewpoints as the bobbing tremor in which disturbance of basal ganglia seems to play an important role. The bobble‐head doll syndrome is a peculiar neuropathologi‐cal disorder which seems to be one of the extrapyramidal disturbances, but this bobbing tremor is a unique one; the head bobbing movement disappears or at least markedly decreases, following surgical relief of hydrocephalus. As stated Nellhaus4), this is considered to be reversible “tic”.
Untersuchung von geistig Gestörten im höheren Lebensalter und Betrachtungen über das Problem von Spätschizophrenie
Authors: SUGIMOTO Naoto , YASHIKI Takashi , MIWA Tokuhisa , HIRABAYASHI Kanji 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA Study on Aged Psychotic Patients and Consideration of Late Schizophrenia
An Electron Microscopic Study of Axonal Changes in the Cerebellum of Diphenyl‐Hydantoin Intoxicated Rats. –the Formation of the So‐called “Honeycomb Structure” in the Axoplasm –
Authors: ITO Koichi , MIYAGISHI Tsutomu , TAKAHATA Naohiko 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe cerebellum of DPH intoxicated rats were studied. Various types of unusual structures including vacuoles, tubules and honeycomb structures were observed in the axons of the granular cell layer. Though the observations of these structures, it was concluded that there are two types of honeycomb structures and that a developmental sequence of stage from vacuoles to honeycomb structures exists, which can be summarized as follows:Stage 1: Vacuoles with fine granules on their membranes appear showing some relations with the mitochondria.Stage 2: From the vacuoles one or more tubules with fine granules spirally arrayed thereon sprout and gradually lengthen.Stage 3: The lengthened tubules are assembled and arrayed in parallel and the cut‐ends of tubules show honeycomb structures.Stage 4: Each of the lengthened tubules swells torturously, as a result another type of honeycomb structure is seen.
Accumulation of Mercury in the Brains of Two Autopsy Cases with Chronic Inorganic Mercury Poisoning
Authors: TAKAHATA Naohiko , HAYASHI Hideo , WATANABE Shinya , ANSO Takeo 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe brains of two autopsy cases from long term mercury mine workers were studied histopathologically, histochemically and by electron microscopy and neutron activating analysis Histopathologically, any specific changes were not observed.The mercury in the brains showed a high concentration; high in the cerebral cortex and the substantia nigra, low in the spinal cord and in the cauda equina. By histo‐chemical analysis, small granules of mercury were seen scattered in the cytoplasm of nerve cells, in particular in the Purkinje cells. Electron microscopy revealed electron dense granules in the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells which were assumed to correspond to mercury granules.Jt was concluded that the nervous tissue in the case of chronic inorganic mercury poisoning keeps high concentration of mercury over a long period whereas morphophysiological normally is well retained.
Changes in Blood Ammonia Levels Induced by Electro‐Stimulation of the Hypothalamus in Rabbits
Authors: HIGASHIMURA Teruhiko , MATSUDA Yoshihiro , KAMIYA Shigenori 
Published: March 2008

SummaryChanges in blood ammonia levels induced by intracerebral electrical stimulation were studied in rabbits with permanently implanted electrodes in the hypothalamus and the thalamus.Stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus for a period of two hours resulted in blood ammonia levels 1.5 to 2 times as high as those of the non‐stimulated controls, but after a 6‐hour stimulation period these levels returned to equal those of the controls, and after a 12‐hour stimulation period of the same nucleus they tended to become less.Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area or the centre médian nucleus of thalamus elicited no significant change in blood ammonia levels.The possibility that ammonia metabolism in the liver may be modified through some functional linkage between the brain and the liver was suggested.
Non‐effective Group with L‐DOPA on Parkinsonism
Authors: IZUMI Kanji , INOUE Naohide , KUROIWA Yoshigoro 
Published: March 2008

Summary(L‐DOPA was supplied from Kyowa Hakko Co., Ltd. and from Dai‐Ichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.)An effectiveness of L‐DOPA on 41 cases; 39 with idiopathic parkinsonism and 2 with olivopontocerebellar atrophy with parkinsonism, was observed. A comparison was made on several factors between 10 markedly and 9 non‐effective cases. It was found that there is a relationship between the effectiveness of L‐DOPA and an appearance of pyramidal signs which observed in all non‐effective whereas only in two out of 10 markedly effective cases. Discussions were made on the idiopathic parkinsonisms which accompany pyramidal signs and are refractive to L‐DOPA.
Differential Recall of Affective and Non‐Affective Phrases Among Schizophrenics, Neurotics and Normals*
Authors: YAMAGUCHI Takashi , JAMES Robert L. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA sample of 27 schizophrenics, 21 neurotics and 64 normals have been investigated by means of an English version of the Stories Test. The following statements summarize our findings: 1) No marked difference of either affective or non‐affective target phrases is noticed between the neurotics and their normal controls. In contrast with this negative finding, the schizophrenics in comparison with their normal controls have significantly lower scores on all the target phrases, particularly on the affective phrases. Thus, the present study has replicated the schizophrenics' decrements on the affective phrases shown earlier by the Japanese subjects. Also, the results of the present study have replicated those of the earlier study with the Japanese patients in regard to the effect of the obviousness of the emotion portrayed in the Stories Test. 2) The schizophrenics with sudden onset tend to show decrements only on the affective phrases, whereas those with insidious onset are inclined to show decrements on the both affective and non‐affective phrases. This difference between the two groups of schizophrenics with different acuteness of onset on the Stories Test had been unknown to us previously.Particular attention is paid to this discrepancy in decrements between the acute and chronic schizophrenics on the target phrases, when the roles of psychopathology and affect in memorization of short stories are discussed. It is also suggested by the present comparative results, obtained on a relatively small sample, that the Stories Test may be a simple and useful instrument in the diagnosis and, in particular, in the prognosis of schizophrenia. (The present manuscript was prepared by the principal investigator‐ alone in Japan, after the investigation was carried out with his co‐investigator's assistance, in U.S.A.).
Opsoclonus‐Myoclonus Syndrome in Acute Cerebellar Ataxia –Clinical and electrophysiological observations of an adult case–
Authors: TAMURA Kiyoshi , KUROIWA Yoshigoro 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThis is a report of opsoclonus and somatic myoclonus associated with acute cerebellar ataxia. The cardinal feature is the acute onset, after the brief prodromal symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, of dramatic cerebellar ataxia with opsoclonus and somatic myoclonus. The pathophysiological basis for this phenomenon is postulated.
An Autopsied Unusual Case of Pick's Disease
Authors: MITSUYAMA Yoshio , TAKAMATSU Isao 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThis report presents findings from an unusual case of Pick's disease that was characterized by existence of choreo‐athetoid movements and frequent epileptic seizures in the clinical course, and, neuropathologi‐cally, by the absence of “wedge‐shaped” localized atrophy and fibrillary gliosis in the affected region in spite of thirteen years' clinical course.These findings are compared to those of other case of unclassifiable presenile dementia.
A Comparative Psychiatric Study on the Narcotic Addicts in Seoul, Korea
Authors: CHO Yup 
Published: March 2008

SummaryPsychiatric and socio‐psychiatric problems of 1,388 narcotic addicts discharged during a 4 year period (January 1, 1966‐December 31, 1969) from Seoul Municipal Mental Hospital are investigated and discussed.

The number of narcotic addicts is decreasing year by year. Admission rates are thus decreasing rapidly. On the contrary, there is a prominent tendency of transition from narcotic addicts to non‐narcotic, habit‐forming drug users.
Only 0.73% are teenagers and average ages of the addicts are 42.88 in males and 35.73 in females. There is a preponderance in the middle age group. New addicts are few and repetitively readmitted cases are usual.
Pure narcotic addicts are 28.94%, non‐narcotic, habit‐forming drug users are 26.94%, and mixed users are 31.56%. In 1969, narcotic addicts and mixed users decreased to 11.38% and 12.19% respectively. Non‐narcotic drug users increased to 54.48%. Among the narcotic drugs, heroin is the most frequently used, while barbiturates and meprobamate are most frequent among the non‐narcotic drugs. Narcotic drugs are mostly purchased in smuggling dens and non‐narcotic drugs are easily bought at drugstores. Abstinence syndromes were mild.
Characteristic findings in addicts were irregular and distorted marital life, poor economic status and criminal occupations.
Psychological conflicts were 68.90% of various motives of the first episodes. Among them interpersonal conflicts were most important. 72.98% became addicted during the course of self‐treatment of physical illness. In such cases, narcotic drugs were used as omnipotent drugs.
A characteristic psychopathological feature of Korean narcotic addicts was that they became addicted during the course of treatment of physical illness or psychological instability, rather than as a manifestation of antisocial behavior.
An Autopsy Case of Brain Stem Encephalitis with Spinal Cord Involvement
Authors: SHIRABE Teruo , TATSUTA Emiko , KUROIWA Yoshigoro , TANAKA Kenzo 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAn autopsy case was presented of brain stem encephalitis diagnosed clinically. A patient was taken ill with headache and double vision. He developed character change, dysphagia, dysarthria, nuchal rigidity and spastic quadriparesis with intermittent fever, following the disappearance of double vision. These symptoms and signs progressed slowly with transient remissions. He died at the age of thirty‐five years, three years and six months after the onset. On neuropathological examination, there were chronic inflammatory lesions together with demyelination and gliosis in the hypothalamus, lower end of the internal capsule, optic chiasm, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The clinicopathological features of our case were most similar to those of brain stem encephalitis described by Iizuka. However, the spinal cord involvement was severe in our case. Viral studies examined were all negative, despite that the neuropathological findings were suggestive of some viral infection.
Fine Structural Changes of the Rabbit Brain in the Cardiazol‐Convulsion
Authors: KOIZUMI Junzo , SHIRAISHI Hiroyasu 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, hypothalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and hippocampus of the rabbit during the status epilepticus induced by the cardiazol injection were examined under the electron microscope, and were compared with the normal materials. Various fine structural alterations are observed in the neurons of the examined regions, especially in those of the hippocampal and hypothalamic regions. In the nerve cell cytoplasm of these regions, ribosomes are diffusely scattered all over the cytoplasmic matrix losing their original arrangement. The synaptic vesicles have a tendency to be distributed unevenly or to be lumped together in the synaptic boutons there. Glycogen granules in both the neurons and the glial cells of all the examined regions disappear completely. These findings might bs due to an energy exhaustion in the brain metabolism by the convulsive activity.
EEG Abnormality in Fisher's Syndrome
Authors: SHIBASAKI Hiroshi , IGISU Hideki , KUROIWA Yoshigoro 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA case with syndrome of acute ophthal‐moparesis, ataxia and areflexia (Fisher) was described with special attention to the EEG abnormalities consisting of diffuse slowing. From the rhythmic appearance, bilateral synchrony, wide antero‐posterior distribution and blocking by visual attention of the slow waves, the deep‐seated origin of the abnormal discharges was postulated. The relevant literature was reviewed in regard to the cerebral involvement in this syndrome as well as in Guillain‐Barre syndrome.
Characteristics in Emotional Behavior of the Rat with Bilateral Olfactory Bulb Ablations
Authors: UEKI Showa , NURIMOTO Seiichi , OGAWA Nobuya 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe general activity and emotional responses to various stimuli of the rats with olfactory bulb ablations (O.B. rat) were investigated in comparison with those of the rats with either septal or amygdaloid lesions. The results are summarized as follows:1. The rat gradually became to exert hyperemotional responses to various stimuli, following bilateral removal of the olfactory bulb. This hyperemotionality remained unchanged for a long period of time. The rat with septal lesions, on the contrary, exhibited hyperemotionality immediately after lesioning, but the hyperemotionality disappeared within 2 weeks. Amygdaloid lesions caused no change in the emotional responses to stimuli of intact rats but abolished the hyperemotionality of the O.B. rats.2. In the O.B. rats, muricidal behavior and attack response to a rod were more prominent tiian the other responses, whereas in the septal rat, the hyperemotional responses such as startle, flight, jump and squeak were more marked, and muricidal behavior was scarcely observed.Hyperemotionality of the O.B. rat is regarded as active aggressiveness in nature and that of the septal rat would be better expressed as hyperreactivity or hyperirrit‐ability.3. Exploratory behavior such as ambulation and rearing of the O.B. rat in an open‐field situation markedly increased, while that of the septal rat decreased instead even after the hyperemotionality disappeared. Amygdaloid lesions increased exploratory behavior in intact as well as in the O.B. rats, despite of reducing hyperemotionality of the latter.(This study was supported in part by the grant for the research of science from the Department of Education of the Government of Japan.)