bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In‐situ bioremediation of hanford groundwater
Authors: Skeen Rodney S. , Luttrell Stuart P. , Brouns Thomas M. , Hooker Brian S. , Petersen James N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Department of Energy has generated liquid wastes containing radioactive and hazardous chemicals throughout the more than forty years of operation at its Hanford site in Washington State. Many of the waste components, including nitrate and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), have been detected in the Hanford groundwater. In‐situ bioremediation of CCl4 and nitrate is being considered to clean the aquifer. Preliminary estimates indicate that this technology should cost significantly less than ex‐situ bioremediation and about the same as air stripping/granular activated carbon. In‐situ bioremediation has the advantage of providing ultimate destruction of the contaminant and requires significantly less remediation time. Currently, a test site is under development. A computer‐aided design tool is being used to design optimal remediation conditions by linking subsurface transport predictions, site characterization data, and microbial growth and contaminant destruction kinetics.
Treatability studies as a remedial option screening tool for contaminated soils
Authors: Korfiatis George P. , Christodoulatos Christos 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs the limitations of site remedial technologies become more apparent and greater experience in their field implementation and effectiveness is gained, increased emphasis is placed on development of a structured technology selection process. Ideally, this selection process should yield the most cost‐effective technology, which will accomplish cleanup goals in the shortest time frame. Although laboratory treatability studies comprise an essential component of this process, very little has been written about the methodology of designing, executing, and assessing the value of their results. This article presents practical considerations for environmental professionals who use treatability results in technology selection or others who execute such studies.
A dynamic methodology for estimating cleanup efforts for mercury in soil at gas utility gate stations
Authors: Roffman Amiram , Verbanic Evan J. , Shervill R. Paul 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article provides an overview of a dynamic methodology leading to the estimation of the level of mercury concentration in soil and soil cleanup volumes associated with a large number of gate stations suspected of having mercury in their soil. The methodology uses a unique screening approach that has been developed for relating measurements of volatile mercury near the surface to mercury concentration in the upper soil subsurface (about twelve inches deep). The screening approach was used in an effort to reduce the number of sites that are subject to extensive multimedia environmental sampling and analysis. The approach helps to focus on a small number of sites that are suspected of having the highest mercury concentration in soil, perform multimedia environmental sampling at these sites, use the field data to perform risk assessment, and determine the cleanup action levels and the volume of hot spots soil to be cleaned at these sites. The information obtained for the most contaminated sites is used to determine, if required, the level of cleanup for less contaminated sites.
Treatment of remediation wastes in RCRA corrective action management units
Authors: Calland Dean A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article explains new EPA regulations that provide for use of corrective action management units (CAMUs) and temporary units (TUs) as cost‐effective techniques for remediating hazardous wastes at facilities undergoing RCRA corrective action and at CERCLA remediation sites. The author outlines EPA criteria for approving the use of CAMUs, discusses the benefits and limitations of using them, and recommends possible ways to improve on the CAMU concept.
An assessment of hydraulic containment to control vertical DNAPL migration
Authors: Hedgcoxe H. Reiffert , Stevens William S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBecause of increased awareness and knowledge about their behavior, dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) are being detected at an increasing frequency at hazardous and solid waste land disposal units. Remedial systems at sites containing DNAPLs need to be designed to address the specific problems presented by DNAPLs. Because of their physical properties, DNAPLs migrate downward and are difficult to remove using conventional recovery methods. Groundwater pumping schemes can be designed to hydraulically contain this vertical migration. The purpose of this article is to present an approach for evaluating the potential to halt the vertical migration of DNAPLs using hydraulic control.Detailed groundwater flow modeling of a group of waste basins indicates that groundwater pumping in low‐permeability sands can impose the upward hydraulic gradients required to stop downward DNAPL movement. However, a recovery well system located around the perimeter of the waste basins will not impose the required gradients over a sufficiently large area to effectively contain DNAPLs under the basins because the distribution of vertical gradients that could stop DNAPLs extends only about fifty to sixty feet from the wells. Additional modeling indicates that horizontal recovery wells located directly under the basins can contain the vertical migration of DNAPLs.
Radiolytic decomposition of environmental contaminants and site remediation using an electron accelerator
Authors: Matthews S. M. , Boegel A. J. , Loftis J. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHalogenated and nonhalogenated hydrocarbon contaminants are currently found in natural waterways, groundwater, and soils as a result of spills and careless disposal practices. The development of proper treatment methodologies for the waste streams producing this environmental damage is now a subject of growing concern. A significant number of these waste stream compounds are chemically stable and are thus resistant to environmental degradation.Numerous researchers have investigated the use of ionizing radiation to decompose chlorinated hydrocarbons in diverse matrices and have proposed various free‐radical‐induced reaction mechanisms.This article is divided into two sections. First, we present data on experimentally measured, radiolytically induced decomposition of hazardous wastes and toxic substances using accelerator‐generated bremsstrahlung sources and gamma radiation from cobalt‐60. Data are presented on the radiolytically induced reduction in concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dissolved in water and in air, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) dissolved in oil, high explosives dissolved in groundwater, and chemical weapon surrogates. The results of these studies suggest the potential use of ionizing radiation as a method of hazardous waste treatment.The second section of this article describes the technical aspects of a field‐scale radiolytic decomposition site cleanup demonstration using an electron accelerator. A portable, commercially available electron accelerator was set up at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's (LLNL's) Site 300, a Superfund site, where vacuum extraction wells were removing trichloroethylene (TCE) vapor from a ground spill into the unsaturated soil zone. The accelerator was retrofitted into the existing vacuum extraction system such that the extracted TCE‐containing vapor passed through the accelerator beam for treatment. The concentration of TCE in the vapor was reduced by an amount dependent on the accelerator beam power. Production of reaction products in the vapor was measured as a function of absorbed dose.
Cost‐effective contaminant plume delineation using multilevel drive point samplers
Authors: Widdowson Mark A. , Suddeth Charles K. , Scaturo David M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOver the past several years, environmental professionals have sought new and innovative field techniques to allow on‐site plume delineation and in‐field location of monitoring wells. One technique adopted for site characterization is the multilevel drive point sampler (MLDPS). This technology allows sampling of soil gas and groundwater and measurement of aquifer permeability. MLDPSs offer a cost‐effective solution to the high cost of plume delineation by providing in‐field data for decisions on monitoring well location and depth. MLDPS technologies can increase the effectiveness of monitoring well installation programs, decrease the cost of site characterization, and accelerate the time between initial site assessment and implementation of a remediation program. MLDPS technologies offer distinct advantages over other field techniques, and a cost comparison is offered. A case study describing application of the MLDPS to the delineation of a TCE‐contaminated plume is described.
Surfactant‐enhanced remediation of DNAPL zones in granular aquifer systems
Authors: Jackson Richard E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), in particular chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene, pose groundwater contamination problems at hazardous waste sites across North America. The mobility of DNAPLs in the subsurface, their low aqueous solubility, and the heterogeneity of typical aquifer systems combine to create conditions that inhibit the rapid remediation of DNAPL sites by traditional pump‐and‐treat methods. Surfactant‐enhanced methods for DNAPL‐site remediation accelerate the pace of remediation in granular aquifer systems, e.g., alluvium and outwash. The importance of adequate hydraulic conductivity and aquitard conditions is stressed in the application of surfactant‐enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR).
Commentary: A paradigm for plastics recycling
Authors: Shorthouse Barry O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPossibilities abound for organizing an effective plastics recycling industry. Whatever is done to waste plastic requires some knowledge of what the materials are and an understanding that any mixing, inadvertent or deliberate, will not destroy the material's usefulness. If all polymers could be changed back to monomers, the net result would be that polymers of a thousand different types could be reduced to less than a dozen types of monomer for well over 95 percent of plastic waste. If the cost of depolymerization is less than the current monomer price, the economics of depolymerization is an obvious advantage. Polymerization and depolymerization are both controlled by thermodynamics and kinetics. The paradigm is to discriminate one plastic formulation from another. If the properties are close and selection assured, then direct reuse may be possible. In all other cases, we must use a chemical process where the choices are few and the selection is easy.
A systematic approach to estimating the assessment phase of a remediation project
Authors: Morse Michael A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental assessment consists of scientific studies to define contamination at a potential release site or sites and to evaluate the risk posed to human health and the environment. These studies are performed within a prescribed regulatory framework. There is a high degree of uncertainty associated with preparing cost and schedule estimates for activities such as site characterization, risk assessment, and evaluation of remediation alternatives. This article describes the approach that Sandia National Laboratories is using to meet the challenge of estimating the assessment phase of its Environmental Restoration Project. Emphasis is placed on lessons learned, with examples given to illustrate the approach.
UV peroxidation with air stripping for optimized removal of VOCs from groundwater
Authors: Sirabian Russell , Sanford Theodore , Barbour Richard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNo one remedial technology is best suited to treat every groundwater contaminant plume. This article describes how pilot testing and analytical evaluation targeted selection of two treatment technologies, UV peroxidation and air stripping, to be used in series to create a synergistic, cost‐effective pump‐and‐treat system for the removal of VOCs from groundwater.Pilot plant size equipment was employed to treat the VOC‐contaminated groundwater in order to obtain site‐specific reaction rates and to develop full‐scale design parameters. It was found that by using the two treatment technologies in combination, the influent concentration of 2,000 ppb total VOCs could be reduced to less than 1 ppb, thus meeting drinking water standards.
Technical feasibility and conceptual design for using supercritical fluid to extract pesticides from aged soil
Authors: Farley James A. , Hunter G. Bradley , Crim Michael C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe demand for processes to clean up contaminated soils without introducing additional contaminants is increasing. One approach to solving this problem is the use of supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide, alone or with cosolvents, to extract contaminants from the soil. Carbon dioxide is readily available, inexpensive, and nonpolluting. Gases exhibit unique properties under supercritical conditions. They retain the ability to diffuse through the interstitial spaces of solid materials, plus they have the solvating power of liquids.Soil cleanup using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is being investigated as an alternative/complementary technology to other cleanup methods such as incineration and bioremediation. The objective of the studies included in this article was to collect and analyze data to support use of the SFE technology and to provide the conceptual design and operational processes needed for building a portable treatment unit.
Vegetative remediation process offers advantages over traditional pump‐and‐treat technologies
Authors: Gatliff Edward G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of bioremediation technologies to clean up contaminated soil and groundwater is increasingly winning favor over more costly and often ineffective mechanical approaches. One new type of bioremediation process, known as TreeMediationTM, uses trees and other vegetation to remediate soil by acting as a natural pump to extract and remediate contaminated groundwater in aquifers less than 30 feet deep. This article describes this innovative treatment method, shows its advantages over traditional pump and‐treat techniques, and explains how TreeMediation is being used to extract nitrate and ammonium contamination from an aquifer in New Jersey.
Performing a regulatory compliance audit: Guidance for environmental managers
Authors: Fornino Robin L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn important tool for managing environmental responsibilities is compliance auditing. Auditing the facility allows the environmental manager to identify problems, address potential violations, and streamline environmental compliance expenditures. However, the audit and associated program must be developed within the context of immediate and long‐term goals. Before initiating the physical audit, the environmental manager should identify the scope of the audit, select a team, establish the audit process, and decide on report documentation issues, such as confidentiality. If the audit program is developed correctly, todays environmental manager can streamline long‐term compliance while managing the company's liability.
Removal and recovery of creosote sludge at a wood treatment plant
Authors: Defeo Brent 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOff‐site reclamation and incineration of residues proved to be the most efficient and cost‐effective solution for remediation of the Broderick Wood Products Superfund site, a closed‐down wood‐preserving plant outside of Denver, Colorado. More than 3,200 cubic yards of hazardous K001 creosote sludge were removed and recovered at a total cost of only $3.1 million.
Evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of new environmental technologies
Authors: Henriksen Anne D. , Booth Steven R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to present a framework for evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of innovative technologies for environmental characterization, remediation, monitoring, and waste management. The authors describe the steps involved in actually using the methodology to perform a cost‐effectiveness analysis. They provide basic techniques for designing a fair comparison, developing scenarios, choosing a baseline technology, assessing relative performance, evaluating life‐cycle costs, and calculating cost savings. Examples are used to illustrate these concepts and a case study is presented involving a new remediation technology called in‐situ air stripping.
Screening method for locating groundwater monitoring wells
Authors: Elmore Andrew Curtis , Skach Robert F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe traditional approach to characterizing the extent of groundwater contamination is often phased over a period of several years. A screening method has been developed that allows the investigation process to be reduced to a single phase. Existing data are used to develop a preliminary estimate of the extent of contamination, which is refined by the screening method using groundwater data collected and analyzed in the field. The screening method is applicable at sites with volatile organic compound contamination. Groundwater samples are collected using direct push or drill rig assisted methods, and the groundwater headspace gas is analyzed for the contaminant of interest. The refined estimate is used to locate all of the groundwater monitoring wells necessary to finalize the estimate of the extent of contamination. Therefore, only one investigation phase is required, and time and cost savings are realized with respect to the traditional multiphase approach. The screening method was successfully applied at a CERCLA site in Nebraska with two distinct plumes of TCE‐contaminated groundwater. The Nebraska remedial investigation was completed approximately 18 months earlier than the estimated completion of a comparable phased investigation, with a corresponding cost reduction estimated at approximately 10 percent. If data from the screening method were used instead of data from monitoring wells, the estimated cost savings would be over 50 percent. Additional applications and evaluations may lead to industry and regulatory acceptance of the method as a primary characterization tool.
Vacuum pyrolysis process for remediation of hydrocarbon‐contaminated soils
Authors: Roy Christian , de Caumia Bruno , Blanchette Daniel , Pakdel Hooshang , Couture Geneviève , Schwerdtfeger Annette E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA vacuum pyrolysis process was used for the remediation of hydrocarbon–contaminated soils from “Les Vidangeurs de Montréal” site in Mascouche in the province of Québec, near Montréal. Ten samples were tested on a laboratory scale batch reactor, and one sample was tested on a prototype process development unit. The process is simple, efficient, reliable, and economically competitive with other existing technologies. The vacuum pyrolysis process efficiently treated soils contaminated with a variety of pollution levels and types, irrespective of the soil matrix, providing treated soils meeting the A criterion (noncontaminated, residential level) of the Ministry of Environment Québec (MENVIQ). The pyrolytic oil and the noncondensable pyrolytic gases can be used as makeup fuel in the process, because they have a high calorific value and their combustion should not pose any emission problems. The waterphase effluent must be treated before discharge.
The decatur county landfill: One community turns over a clean sheet of paper
Authors: Martin Nancy S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Decatur County Landfill, a privately owned sanitary landfill, was shut down by Indiana officials in 1991. When the owner proved not to have the financial ability to close the site as required by law, state environmental officials turned to local businesses to remediate the landfill. In a pioneering effort at voluntary action, officials of the state, county, and city government worked in partnership with business and the local community to perform and fund closure and provide the postclosure care. This study illustrates the results that can be achieved when government and private parties work together.
Examining the economics of remediation by fluid injection with vacuum extraction
Authors: Cox Robert E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnhanced methods of in‐situ remediation based on patented technology involving fluid injection with vacuum extraction have been used successfully at the Sand Creek Superfund Site in Commerce City, Colorado. Approximately 177,000 pounds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were removed from the subsurface in six months, two months ahead of schedule. Remediation goals were achieved on this thermally enhanced soil vapor extraction project by using vertical and horizontal wells interchangeably in vacuum or pressure service for vapor extraction, dual vacuum extraction, heated vapor reinjection, and air sparging. Although VOCs consisted of mixed chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbons, the petroleum hydrocarbons, some in the form of nonaqueous phase liquids, had not been fully characterized. This article examines the evolution of the remedial design from that conceptualized in the Record of Decision (ROD) of the U.S. EPA, presents the rationale for the selection of alternative system components, and provides a cost analysis of the selected remedial technology, with comparisons to that of alternatives considered for use at Sand Creek.
Low intervention soil remediation approaches
Authors: Portier Ralph J. , Barton Kimberly K. , Koury John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTraditional bioremediation approaches have been used to treat petroleum source contamination in readily accessible soils and sludges. Contamination under existing structures is a greater challenge. Options to deal with this problem have usually been in the extreme (i.e., to dismantle the facility and excavate to an acceptable regulated residual, or to pump and treat for an inordinately long period of time). The excavated material must be further remediated and cleanfill must be added to close the excavation. If site assessments were too conservative or incomplete, new contamination adulterating fill soils may result in additional excavation at some later date. Innovative, cost‐efficient technologies must be developed to remove preexisting wastes under structures and to reduce future remediation episodes. An innovative soil bioremediation treatment method was developed and evaluated in petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated (PHC) soils at compressor stations of a natural gas pipeline running through Louisiana. The in‐situ protocol was developed for remediating significant acreage subjected to contamination by petroleum‐based lubricants and other PHC products resulting from a chronic leakage of lubricating oil used to maintain the pipeline itself. Initial total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) measurements revealed values of up to 12,000 mg/kg soil dry weight. The aim of the remediation project was to reduce TPH concentration in the contaminated soils to a level of <200 mg/kg soil dry weight, a level negotiated to be acceptable to state and federal regulators. After monitoring the system for 122 days, all sites showed greater than 99‐percent reduction in TPH concentration.