bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decolourisation and treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent by lignin‐degrading Bacillus sp.
Authors: Raj Abhay , Reddy MM Krishna , Chandra Ram 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree lignin‐degrading bacterial strains, identified as Paenibacillus sp., Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus and Bacillus sp. have been examined for the treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent. The results of this study revealed that all three bacterial strains effectively reduced colour (39–61%), lignin (28–53%), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (65–82%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (52–78%) and total phenol (64–77%) within six days of incubation. However, the highest reduction in colour (61%), lignin (53%), BOD (82%) and COD (78%) was recorded by Bacillus sp. while, maximum reduction in total phenol (77%) was recorded with Paenibacillus sp. treatment. Significant reduction in colour and lignin content by these bacterial strains was observed after two days of incubation, indicating that bacterium initially utilized growth supportive substrates and subsequently chromophoric compounds thereby reducing lignin content and colour in the effluent. The total ion chromatograph (TIC) of compounds present in the ethyl acetate extract of control and bacterial treated samples revealed the formation of several lignin‐related aromatic compounds. The compounds identified in extracts of treated samples by Paenibacillus sp were t‐cinnamic acid and ferulic acid, while 3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxyphenol, vanillic acid and vanillin acid by A. aneurinilyticus and gallic acid and ferulic acid by Bacillus sp. respectively indicating the degradation of lignin present in the effluent. The identified compounds obtained after different bacterial treatments were found to be strain‐specific. Among these identified compounds, ferulic acid, vanillic acid and vanillin could have immense value for their use in preservatives and in the food flavour industry. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Epoxidation of allyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide over titanium silicalite‐1 film on SiO2 pellet support
Authors: Wang Li , Zhou Ying , Mi Zhentao 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTitanium silicalite‐1 (TS‐1) films were prepared on SiO2 pellet supports via an in situ hydrothermal synthesis method and were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (Si MAS NMR). The growth time of TS‐1 film had a strong effect on its morphology and the thickness and size of the crystals. The uniformity and thickness of TS‐1 films increased with increase of growth times. The epoxidation of allyl chloride (ACH) with dilute hydrogen peroxide to form epichlorohydrin (ECH) over the TS‐1 films was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. The conversion of ACH and the selectivity to ECH over the TS‐1 films of the second growth were higher than that of the first growth, the third and the fourth growth. And the conversion and selectivity as a function of time‐on‐stream gave a good stable performance in an extended test up to at least 19 h. The final steady‐state conversion and selectivity were approximately 86% and 55%, respectively. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Electroporation enhances reporter gene expression following delivery of naked plasmid DNA to the lung
Authors: Pringle Ian A. , McLachlan Gerry , Collie David D. S. , Sumner‐Jones Stephanie G. , Lawton Anna E. , Tennant Peter , Baker Alison , Gordon Catherine , Blundell Richard , Varathalingam Anusha , Davies Lee A. , Schmid Ralph A. , Cheng Seng H. , Porteous David J. , Gill Deborah R. , Hyde Stephen C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundExisting methods of non‐viral airway gene transfer suffer from low levels of efficiency. Electroporation has been used to enhance gene transfer in a range of tissues. Here we assess the usefulness of electroporation for enhancing gene transfer in the lungs of mice and sheep.MethodsNaked plasmid DNA (pDNA) expressing either luciferase or green fluorescent protein (GFP) was delivered to mouse lungs by instillation. Following surgical visualisation, the lungs were directly electroporated and the level and duration of luciferase activity was assessed and cell types that were positive for GFP were identified in lung cryosections. Naked pDNA was nebulised to the sheep lung and electrodes attached to the tip of a bronchoscope were used to electroporate airway segment bifurcations, Luciferase activity was assessed in electroporated and control non‐electroporated regions, after 24 h.ResultsFollowing delivery of naked pDNA to the mouse lung, electroporation resulted in up to 400‐fold higher luciferase activity than naked pDNA alone when luciferase was under the control of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Following delivery of a plasmid containing the human polyubiquitin C (UbC) promoter, electroporation resulted in elevated luciferase activity for at least 28 days. Visualisation of GFP indicated that electroporation resulted in increased GFP detection compared with non‐electroporated controls. In the sheep lung electroporation of defined sites in the airways resulted in luciferase activity 100‐fold greater than naked pDNA alone.ConclusionsThese results indicate that electroporation can be used to enhance gene transfer in the lungs of mice and sheep without compromising the duration of expression. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyplex‐mediated gene transfer and cell cycle: effect of carrier on cellular uptake and intracellular kinetics, and significance of glycosaminoglycans
Authors: Männistö Marjo , Reinisalo Mika , Ruponen Marika , Honkakoski Paavo , Tammi Markku , Urtti Arto 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundHere we report on studies that probe whether the intracellular kinetics of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are modified during the cell cycle in a way that can be correlated with changes in gene transfer efficiency with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and poly‐L‐lysine (PLL) polyplexes.MethodsSynchronized D407 retinal cells were transfected with PEI and PLL polyplexes using a luciferase reporter. The free and/or loosely complexed nuclear pDNA was determined by real‐time PCR, and compared with transgene expression, the rate of pinocytosis by FITC‐dextran uptake and the content of cell surface GAGs.ResultsThe amount of free and/or loosely complexed nuclear pDNA between cell cycle phases varied ∼4–20 times (G1 < S < G2/M). Both carriers delivered pDNA in a similar way into the nucleus (PLL vs. PEI ⩽ 3.5‐fold), but PEI was ∼10–100 times more efficient in gene expression than PLL (G1 < G2/M < S). The rate of pinocytosis increased up to 70‐fold from G1 to middle S phase. Cell surface heparan and chondroitin sulfate increased 50–80%, and hyaluronan decreased 50% when the cells went from G1 through S to G2/M.ConclusionsThe data obtained indicates that no single parameter (pinocytosis, cell surface GAGs, nuclear uptake) solely accounts for the differential pDNA uptake or expression during cell cycle, and that the main difference in PLL‐ and PEI‐mediated transfections seems to be at the nuclear level. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizational transformation—from multinational to global: An early dynamic modeling perspective
Authors: Groothuis Adam , Akbar Yusaf H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the evolution of an organization strategy aimed at creating a global company. The paper offers a conceptual and experimental framework for this process. The article defines the adoption of a globalization strategy in terms of economic, “political” and “social” phases that are trig‐gered temporally and spatially by agents and/or structural events. The process of transformation itself is a strategy and the adoption of a globalization strategy is dependent on the scope of the agent respective to its trigger. The evolution of a globalization strategy appears to be initiated by a need to liberalize rules and regulations both within an organization but also within a country that will lead to eventual economic benefits. The adoption of a globalization strategy provides further economic benefit, but requires increased liberalization and the creation of what this paper terms a “hybrid organization.” Moreover, the commitment to integrate a globalization strategy involves a “social” component that requires acceptance of new organizational frameworks and is achieved through “normative diffusion.” Based on experimental data, this paper will highlight seminal literature to define a framework for the evolution of a globalization strategy and create a dynamic model to define a relative timeframe for an MNE to evolve a globalization strategy. Managerial implications are offered based on our analysis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Properties of Polyacetylenes Connecting Carbazole at the 2‐ and 3‐Positions: Effect of Polymerization Catalysts and Substitution Positions on the Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Sanda Fumio , Kawasaki Ritsuya , Shiotsuki Masashi , Takashima Tetsuya , Fujii Akihiko , Ozaki Masanori , Masuda Toshio 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe new carbazole‐containing acetylene monomers, 2‐ethynyl‐9‐tert‐butoxycarbonylcarbazole (1) and 3‐ethynyl‐9‐tert‐butoxycarbonylcarbazole (2) were synthesized and polymerized with Rh+(nbd)[η6–C6H5B−(C6H5)3], [(nbd)RhCl]2–Et3N, [(nbd)RhCl]2–KN(SiMe3)2, and WCl6–Ph4Sn catalysts. The corresponding polyacetylenes with number‐average molecular weights ranging from 23 000 to 185 000 were obtained in 80%‐quantitative yields, except for the polymerization of 1 with W catalyst. Rh‐based poly(1) showed UV‐Vis absorption in the longer wavelength region than Rh‐based poly(2). W‐based poly(2) showed an absorption band edge at a wavelength longer than the Rh‐based polymer. W‐based poly(2) emitted fluorescence at 375 nm upon excitation at 291 nm, while the Rh‐based compound emitted almost no fluorescence. The polymers exhibited new absorption around 360–600 nm based on electrochemically doped species by application of an external voltage.magnified image
Formation of Films on Water Droplets Floating on a Polymer Solution Surface
Authors: Bormashenko Edward , Musin Albina , Bormashenko Yelena , Whyman Gene , Pogreb Roman , Gendelman Oleg 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe behavior of water droplets deposited on a polymer solution/air interface has been studied. Encapsulation of water droplets with polymer films was observed for solutions based on chlorinated and aromatic solvents, and amorphous polymers. The possibility of producing thin polymer films (including composite ones) is demonstrated. Analysis of the specific surface energies of the interfaces involved in the process easily explains the observed encapsulation. The kinetics of the process is connected with evaporation of the moving solution layer. A mathematical model of the encapsulation process is proposed. The presented experimental data are important for understanding the water‐assisted self‐assembly with rapidly evaporated polymer solutions.magnified image
Hypermethylation of the Dal‐1 gene in lung adenocarcinomas induced by N‐nitrosobis(2‐hydroxypropyl)amine in rats
Authors: Tsujiuchi Toshifumi , Masaoka Tomomi , Sugata Eriko , Onishi Mariko , Fujii Hiromasa , Shimizu Kyoko , Honoki Kanya 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDAL‐1 (differentially expressed in adenocarcinoma of the lung) is an actin‐binding protein that has been shown to suppress growth in lung cancer cells. Recently, inactivation of the gene encoding DAL‐1 due to hypermethylation has been found in several human malignancies, including lung cancers. To assess the involvement of the Dal‐1 gene in rat lung carcinogenesis, we investigated the expression of Dal1 and its methylation status in rat lung adenocarcinomas induced by N‐nitrosobis(2‐hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP). Six‐week old male Wistar rats (n = 11) were given 2000 ppm BHP in their drinking water for 12 wk and maintained without further treatment until they were sacrificed at 25 wk. Total RNA was extracted from 11 lung adenocarcinomas, one from each BHP treated rat, and Dal‐1 gene expression was analyzed using real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Dal‐1 expression was significantly reduced in the lung adenocarcinomas compared with three normal lung tissues (P < 0.05). For methylation analysis, bisulfite sequencing was performed using normal lung tissue and tissue from 4 tumors, all of which showed reduced expression of Dal‐1. The 5′ upstream region was highly methylated in all four adenocarcinomas, whereas this region was unmethylated in normal lung tissue. These results suggest that aberrant methylation of the Dal‐1 gene might be involved in the development of lung adenocarcinomas induced in rats by BHP. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) antiproliferative activity is mediated through p21‐induced G1 arrest and E2F inhibition
Authors: Bock Jonathan M. , Menon Sarita G. , Goswami Prabhat C. , Sinclair Lori L. , Bedford Nichole S. , Domann Frederick E. , Trask Douglas K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study was performed to compare the relative antineoplastic activity of 10 different non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in clinical use, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this activity in a squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck model (SCCHN). A standard 5‐day MTT assay was used to calculate IC50 values in UM‐SCC‐1 cells for 10 NSAIDs, including celecoxib, rofecoxib, sulindac sulfide, sulindac sulfone, indomethacin, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen, piroxicam, and aspirin. Celecoxib, a COX‐2 specific inhibitor, was by far the most potent NSAID, with an IC50 of 39.9 ± 1.1 µM, followed by sulindac sulfide (116.5 ± 2.34 µM). Celecoxib and sulindac sulfide also induced more activation of caspase‐3 than any other NSAID. Cell cycle analysis showed that celecoxib and sulindac sulfide both induced a 3‐fold increase in G1 phase distribution, and this correlated with strong induction of p21waf1/cip1, inhibition of cyclin D1, and hypophosphorylation of Rb. Celecoxib and sulindac sulfide treatment induced strong downstream inhibition of E2F transactivating activity as determined by a luciferase reporter assay. These data demonstrate the wide range of activity of various NSAID agents, and reveal a mechanism of action through cell cycle inhibition and induction of apoptosis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crack dancing in the United Kingdom: Apropos a video case presentation
Authors: Kamath Shankar , Bajaj Nin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe report an adult patient presenting with choreiform movements 4 days after a large intravenous dose of cocaine. These movements were transitory and they normalized a week after admission. We believe this to be the first video case of acute chorea secondary to cocaine—a phenomenon popularly known as “crack dancing. ” Cocaine abuse is associated with a wide range of movement disorders, including dystonia and exacerbation of Tourette's syndrome, multifocal tics, opsoclonus‐myoclonus, choreiform movements, and stereotyped behavior known as “punding.” Transient choreiform movements with a typical duration of 2 to 6 days are recognized by cocaine abusers themselves as crack dancing, but are infrequently reported. We present a video report of a patient with cocaine dependency and choreiform movements that normalized within a week of admission. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Orthostatic tremor in progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: de Bie Rob M. A. , Chen Robert , Lang Anthony E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPatients with orthostatic tremor (OT) can be classified as having “primary OT,” with or without postural arm tremor but no other abnormal neurological features, or “OT plus.” We describe a patient with OT, with postural tremor of the arms and restless legs syndrome (RLS), who developed features typical of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). PSP can be accompanied by OT. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Generalized trapezoidal numerical integration of an advanced soil model
Authors: Yang Yunming , Muraleetharan Kanthasamy K. , Yu H. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates the numerical performance of the generalized trapezoidal integration rule by using an advanced soil model. The generalized trapezoidal integration rule can include many other integration algorithms by adjusting a single parameter α ranging from 1 to 0. The soil model used is the recently developed middle surface concept (MSC) sand model which simulates different soil response characteristics by using different pseudo‐yield functions. The generalized trapezoidal rule and MSC sand model are used to simulate the responses of sand samples with different relative densities under various initial and loading conditions. Instead of a single step, multiple loading steps bring the sample to the vicinity of failure. These comprehensive investigations examine and compare the influences of various values of α on the numerical solution of integrated constitutive equations, the convergence of Newton's iterative scheme, and the integration accuracy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature drop turbidimetry as a means for the rapid determination of the polydispersity of polymers ii polyethylene oxide
Authors: Hay J. N. , Afifi‐Effat A. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe molecular weight averages of narrow and broad distribution commercial polyethylene oxide have been estimated by controlled precipitation from iso‐octane/benzene solutions by cooling from 333 to 273 K. Estimates of the distributions, which compared favourably with those determined by gel permeation chromatography (gpc), were obtained from a calibration procedure between the temperature of initial onset of precipitation and the viscosity average molecular weight.The chief advantages of this procedure were that it enabled molecular weight characteristics to be determined rapidly and with small amounts of materials when g.p.c. was not readily available. The method is used to assess various fractionation procedures.
Synthesis, structure and thermal degradation of diphenyl‐based friedel‐crafts resins
Authors: Ellis Bryan , White P. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPhillips type Friedel—Crafts resins have been synthesised from biphenyl V by reaction with dichloromethylbenzene III, Mark I resins, without the specific addition of catalysts. Mark II resins have been prepared from biphenyl and p‐xylylene glycol dimethyl ether IV, using stannic chloride as the Friedel‐Crafts catalyst. The structures of these two polymers are similar but have differences of detail. The structures have been established by using methods including elemental analysis, molecular weight determinations and infra‐red and n.m.r. spectra.Thermal degradation was studied using differential thermal analysis (d.t.a.) and stepwise and isothermal degradation procedures. The amount and composition of the volatile fraction were determined by mass spectroscopy. The fraction consisted of benzene, toluene and xylene together with traces of methane and, from the Mark II resin, methanol. The volatile product was a small fraction of the sample. The residue was the major part and was analysed by determination of its molecular weight and ultra‐violet and n.m.r. spectra. It was concluded that during thermal degradation the main reaction was intramolecular scission. Subsequent reactions led to the formation of substituted 9‐phenylfluorene units. These polymers had high thermal stability and degradation processes were very slow below about 450°C.
Absorption of water into carbon fibre composites
Authors: Judd Nigel C. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe environmental behaviour of carbon fibre composites is being investigated. Water pick‐up data obtained during these studies are analysed in an attempt to develop an understanding of the absorption mechanism.There is evidence which indicates that voids and defects in the composite have a marked effect on the absorption process and may assume greater significance than the diffusion process through the resin.Comments are made as to the possibility of the reversible behaviour of the composites on drying out being associated with hydrogen bonding phenomena. The need to know the size and location of voids is also stressed.
The thermal decomposition of some tolylene bis‐carbamates
Authors: Chambers John , Reese Colin B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn fires, flexible polyurethane foams can decompose to give smokes which are subsequently degraded with the generation of hydrogen cyanide. In order to understand the general nature of this hazard it is first necessary to obtain information about the decomposition mechanism of the polyurethane foams and the structures of the intermediate smokes. The complexity of this problem has required the use of suitable model compounds.The preparation is described of (i) the four bis‐carbamates based on pure tolylene 2, 4‐diisocyanate and pure tolylene 2,6‐di‐isocyanate, each in combination with 2‐ethoxyethanol and with triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and (ii) a urethane‐carbodi‐imide‐urethane and a urethane‐urea‐urethane based on pure tolylene 2,6‐di‐isocyanate and 2‐ethoxyethanol. All were decomposed by heating under nitrogen at temperatures near 300°C. The two di‐2‐ethoxyethyl bis‐carbamates (la and IIa) gave volatile monoisocyanate‐monourethanes and 2‐ethoxyethanol. The two di‐2‐[2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy] ethyl bis‐carbamates (Ib and IIb) gave corresponding products and residue which contained carbodi‐imide functions. The urethane‐carbodi‐imide‐urethane (Va) gave a volatile urethane‐carbodi‐imide‐isocyanate (Via) and 2‐ethoxyethanol. The urethane‐urea‐urethane (VIIIa) decomposed through isocyanate‐ and carbodi‐imide‐containing materials to a volatile polymeric urea, which was obtained as a smoke and appeared to be virtually identical with the smoke obtained in earlier work from a commercial polyurethane. These results suggest that poly‐urethanes based on tolylene di‐isocyanate and polyether polyols decompose, when heated under nitrogen at 300°C, by cleavage of urethane groups to regenerate isocyanate groups and liberate alcohols. The isocyanato groups may react either with other isocyanato groups to give carbodi‐imides, which are then rapidly hydrated to ureas, or with water to give amines, which react with other isocyanato groups again to give ureas. Whether these processes occur separately or together, the ultimate product at 300°C, i.e. the smoke, will be a polymeric urea.
Light‐scattering properties of sodium and magnesium alginate
Authors: Dingsøyr Eldar , Smidsrød Olav 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe weight‐average molecular weight of a fraction of magnesium alginate was found by light‐scattering to be identical within experimental error to that of the corresponding fraction of sodium alginate. The difference in the charge density of sodium and magnesium alginate had no detectable effect on their measured radii of gyration at ionic strength 0.1, but had a great effect on the second virial coefficient of the solutions.The Orfino‐Flory theory was used to calculate expansion factors, α, from the second virial coefficients, assuming that these were composed of two terms, one due to polymer‐solvent interaction and one due to electrostatic interactions. A comparison with α‐values obtained from viscosity data at different ionic strengths suggested that alginate is soluble in water because of electrostatic stabilisation and not because of a favourable polymer‐water interaction.