bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adult neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway in the absence of receptor neuron turnover in Libinia emarginata
Authors: Sullivan Jeremy M. , Beltz Barbara S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLife‐long neurogenesis is a characteristic feature of the olfactory pathways of a phylogenetically diverse array of animals. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, the life‐long addition of olfactory interneurons in the brain occurs in parallel with the continuous proliferation of olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory organ. It has been proposed that these two processes are related functionally, with new olfactory interneurons being added to accommodate the new olfactory receptor neurons added in the periphery. While this has not been tested directly because the two processes are not readily separable, this question can be addressed in the olfactory pathway of the crab, Libinia emarginata. Unlike most decapod crustaceans, which moult and grow throughout life, L. emarginata has a terminal, maturational moult after which animals become anecdysic (stop moulting). Because the addition of new receptor neurons in crustaceans is associated with moulting, a comparison of neurogenesis in immature and mature L. emarginata provides an opportunity to examine the interdependence of central and peripheral neurogenesis in the olfactory pathway. This study demonstrates that the continuous addition of olfactory receptor neurons in L. emarginata ceases at the terminal moult but that proliferation and differentiation of olfactory interneurons in the brain continues in mature animals. Contrary to the general assumption, therefore, continuous neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway of this species does not occur as part of a process involving the coregulation of central and peripheral neurogenesis. These findings suggest that peripheral neurogenesis is not a requirement for continuous neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway.
Intrathecal minocycline attenuates peripheral inflammation‐induced hyperalgesia by inhibiting p38 MAPK in spinal microglia
Authors: Hua Xiao‐Ying , Svensson Camilla I. , Matsui Tomohiro , Fitzsimmons Bethany , Yaksh Tony L. , Webb Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractActivation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38) in spinal microglia is implicated in spinal nociceptive processing. Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, displays selective inhibition of microglial activation, a function that is distinct from its antibiotic activity. In the present study we examined antinociceptive effects of intrathecal (IT) administration of minocycline in experimental models of inflammation‐evoked hyperalgesia in addition to the effect of minocycline on stimulation‐induced activation of p38 in spinal microglia. Intrathecal minocycline produced a dose‐dependent reduction of formalin‐evoked second‐phase flinching behaviour in rats, and prevented thermal hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan injection into the paw. In contrast, systemic delivery (intraperitoneally) of minocycline inhibited the first but not the second phase of formalin‐induced flinching, and it had no effect on carrageenan‐induced hyperalgesia. Centrally mediated hyperalgesia induced by IT delivery of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate was completely blocked by IT minocycline. An increase in phosphorylation (activation) of p38 (P‐p38) was observed in the dorsal spinal cord after carrageenan paw injection, assessed by both Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The increased P‐p38 immunoreactivity was seen primarily in microglia but also in a small population of neurons. Minocycline, at the IT dose that blocked carrageenan‐induced hyperalgesia, also attenuated the increased P‐p38 in microglia. In addition, minocycline suppressed lipopolysaccharide‐evoked P‐p38 in cultured spinal microglial cells. Taken together, these findings show that minocycline given IT produces a potent and consistent antinociception in models of tissue injury and inflammation‐evoked pain, and they provide strong support for the idea that this effect is mediated by direct inhibition of spinal microglia and subsequent activation of p38 in these cells.
Protein kinase C immunoreactivity in the pigmented and albino rat retina
Authors: Baker Gary E. , Dovey Maria , Davda Priesh , Guibal Christophe , Jeffery Glen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe albino retina is abnormal. The central region is under‐developed and some cell populations are reduced or increased in number. Not least of these anomalies is the deficit in the rod population in hypopigmented rodents and carnivores. Given this abnormality we have examined the distribution of rod bipolar cells in albino rats to determine whether this subsequent stage in the rod pathway is similarly disrupted. A monoclonal antibody to protein kinase C was used to determine the distribution of rod bipolar cells in juvenile and adult pigmented and albino rats. Immunoreactive rod bipolar cells and their processes were counted in transverse sections passing through both the central and peripheral retina. The mean densities of immunoreactive cells were significantly reduced in albino retinas at both juvenile (postnatal day 15) and adult stages, in the former by 14% and the latter by 9%. This was evident across the entire central‐to‐peripheral extent of the retina. The reduced rod photoreceptor population found in albinos appears therefore to be consequential for the magnitude of their major target population, rod bipolar cells. The decrease in the rod bipolar population indicates a change in retinal cytoarchitecture and implies a disruption of functional organization of the albino retina, especially that underlying the scotopic channel. This, coupled with observations that some other retinal interneuronal populations may be disrupted, implies disordered retinal processing in albinos and emphasizes the likelihood that abnormal visual function in albinos may be as much a result of anomalous retinal circuitry as of the known photoreceptor deficit or chiasmatic misrouting.
Survey of pediatric continuing professional development undertaken by consultant anesthetists1
Authors: HANHAM TIMOTHY M. , MCDONALD PHILIP F. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryBackground:  Whilst not all anesthetists have a regular pediatric commitment there is a need for out of hours cover of pediatric anesthesia. We have attempted to determine who covers pediatric anesthetic services in the District General Hospital setting.Methods:  A postal survey of 170 consultant anesthetists in nine District General Hospitals was conducted looking at who is responsible for pediatric anesthetics and emergencies out of hours as well as pediatric anesthetic experience, resuscitation training and continuing professional development (CPD).Results:  There was a 62% response rate with 98% of the consultants with on call duties also covering pediatric anesthetic emergencies. Fifty percent of consultants who responded were within 4 years of a pediatric‐specific resuscitation course, of which 93% had found it useful. However, 40% had never completed a pediatric resuscitation course or it could be considered out of date. Sixty‐three percent of consultants had had some sort of pediatric anesthetic update in the last 4 years.Conclusions:  General anesthetists are responsible for elective and emergency anesthetics as well as the care of critically ill children outside of specialist centers. This is despite a proportion of these consultants not having regular pediatric experience, not having completed a recent pediatric resuscitation course and without pediatric anesthetic CPD.
Anesthetic considerations for major burn injury in pediatric patients
Authors: FUZAYLOV GENNADIY , FIDKOWSKI CHRISTINA W. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryMajor burn injury remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients. With advances in burn care and with the development of experienced multi‐disciplinary teams at regionalized burn centers, many children are surviving severe burn injury. As members of the multi‐disciplinary care team, anesthesia providers are called upon to care for these critically ill children. These children provide several anesthetic challenges, such as difficult airways, difficult vascular access, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, altered temperature regulation, sepsis, cardiovascular instability, and increased requirements of muscle relaxants and opioids. The anesthesia provider must understand the physiologic derangements that occur with severe burn injury as well as the subsequent anesthetic implications.
Comparison of glomerular filtration rate estimates vs. 24‐h creatinine clearance in HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Ravasi G , Lauriola M , Tinelli C , Brandolini M , Uglietti A , Maserati R 
Published: January 2009

BackgroundGuidelines for kidney function monitoring and antiretroviral drug dosing are available and respectively refer to glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance (CrCl).ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to compare kidney function estimates vs. measured 24‐h CrCl in HIV‐infected subjects.MethodsA cross‐sectional design was used, with comparison of Cockcroft–Gault (CG), original and simplified modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equations vs. measured 24‐h CrCl. Subjects were HIV‐infected, 18–70 years old, without pre‐existing kidney disease.ResultsResults are presented as mean (±standard deviation), unless otherwise stated. The study population consisted of 90 patients, of whom 71% were male, with a mean age of 45 years (±6.5 years). At the time of evaluation, the mean body mass index was 23 (±3.3); mean serum creatinine was 0.91 mg/dL (±0.2 mg/dL); and mean blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was 34.7 mg/dL (±10.6 mg/dL). Differences between paired methods were all significant (P<0.00001), except between CG and simplified MDRD (P=0.21; Pearson r=0.81). In univariate analysis, male gender, CD4 nadir, hepatitis B virus coinfection, BUN and current CD4 cell count showed a significant positive correlation (P<0.2) with the difference between measured 24‐h CrCl and either CG or simplified MDRD estimates. In multivariate analysis, only BUN showed a significant positive correlation (P<0.05).ConclusionsEstimates were lower than the measurements of 24‐h CrCl. Original MDRD estimates were lower than those with other equations. CG and simplified MDRD estimates showed a satisfactory correlation.
Prolonged use of tenofovir in HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐coinfected individuals does not lead to HBV polymerase mutations and is associated with persistence of lamivudine HBV polymerase mutations
Authors: Audsley J , Arrifin N , Yuen LKW , Ayres A , Crowe SM , Bartholomeusz A , Locarnini SA , Mijch A , Lewin SR , Sasadeusz J 
Published: January 2009

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to identify and characterize hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase gene mutations associated with ongoing HBV replication in HIV/HBV‐coinfected individuals receiving tenofovir (TDF).MethodsThis retrospective cross‐sectional study identified 28 HIV/HBV‐coinfected individuals who had received TDF for at least 3 months. All patients had samples available while receiving TDF (on‐TDF), and 24 also had samples available prior to treatment (pre‐TDF). Case records were reviewed to obtain clinical and virological data at the times of sampling (±3 months). The HBV DNA of all samples was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the polymerase region of PCR‐positive samples was sequenced and compared with reference HBV data.ResultsOf the pre‐TDF samples, 15 of 24 (63%) were HBV PCR positive. Of the on‐TDF samples, four of 28 (14%) were HBV PCR positive (mean time on TDF 13.5 months; range 3–23 months). Lamivudine (3TC)‐resistance mutations were detected in three of four (75%) of these viraemic samples. The previously identified putative TDF‐resistance mutations, rtA194T+rtL180M+rtM204V, were not detected in any individual.ConclusionsUnique mutations in the HBV polymerase gene associated with TDF resistance are rare in HIV/HBV coinfection. 3TC‐resistance mutations persist and a significant proportion of patients are HBV PCR positive despite the addition of TDF.
Vertically acquired HIV diagnosed in adolescence and early adulthood in the United Kingdom and Ireland: findings from national surveillance
Authors: Judd A , Ferrand RA , Jungmann E , Foster C , Masters J , Rice B , Lyall H , Tookey PA , Prime K 
Published: January 2009

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to describe the characteristics of young people with vertically acquired HIV diagnosed aged ≥13 years.MethodsA retrospective review of HIV diagnoses reported to well‐established national paediatric and adult HIV surveillance systems in the United Kingdom/Ireland was conducted.ResultsForty‐two young people with vertically acquired HIV diagnosed aged ≥13 years were identified; 23 (55%) were female, 40 (95%) were black African and 36 (86%) were born in sub‐Saharan Africa. The median age at HIV diagnosis was 14 years (range, 13–20 years). Half of the patients presented with symptoms; the remainder were screened for HIV following diagnosis of a relative. The median CD4 count at diagnosis was 210 cells/μL (range, 0–689 cells/μL), 12 patients (29%) were diagnosed with AIDS at HIV diagnosis or subsequently, and 34 (81%) started combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), most (31 of 34) within a year of diagnosis.ConclusionA small number of young people with vertically acquired HIV survive childhood without ART and are diagnosed at age ≥13 years in the United Kingdom/Ireland. Half of the patients were asymptomatic, highlighting the importance of considering HIV testing for all offspring of HIV‐infected women, regardless of age or symptoms. Increased awareness among clinicians and parents is required to reduce delayed presentation with advanced disease and to avoid onward transmission as these young people become sexually active.
How does loss to follow‐up influence cohort findings on HIV infection? A joint analysis of the French hospital database on HIV, Mortalité 2000 survey and death certificates*
Authors: Lanoy E , Lewden C , Lièvre L , Tattevin P , Boileau J , Aouba A , Chêne G , Costagliola D ,   Clinical Epidemiologic Group of the French Hospital Database on HIV (ANRS CO4 FHDH),   Groupe d'Etude Mortalité 2000
Published: January 2009

Objective
We aimed to retrieve the vital status of patients lost to follow‐up (LFU), with no further visits for at least 12 months, for the 34 835 patients in the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA CO4 French Hospital Database on HIV (ANRS CO4 FHDH) seen in 1999 and to examine how loss to follow‐up might influence estimates of survival and the impact of delayed access to care (DAC) on survival.Methods
The status of LFU patients was established by using the mid‐2006 update of the FHDH in which their status 12 months after loss to follow‐up was added when available and by matching with the Mortalité 2000‐Epidemiological Centre for Medical Causes of Death (CépiDc) database, which included HIV‐infected patients dying in 2000. We compared Kaplan–Meier and hazard ratio (HR) estimates before and after correction for the status of LFU patients.Results
In the mid‐2006 updated FHDH, of the patients seen in 1999, 7.5% were LFU: of these, 2.1% later returned for follow‐up, with a median time without follow‐up in an FHDH centre of 3.5 years, and 5.4% had no further FHDH visits whatsoever, of whom 29.8% died according to Mortalité 2000‐CépiDc. After correction, the estimated 1‐year survival rates following enrolment in 1999 differed between the original and updated analyses (97.1 vs. 95.9%, respectively; P=0.017); the estimates of mortality HRs associated with DAC did not differ during the first 6 months, but did differ for the 6–18‐month period.Conclusions
Among LFU patients, 28.1% returned to follow‐up after several years and at least 21.4% died, which led to a slight overestimation of both survival and the impact of DAC on survival.
Population‐level declines in Australian predators caused by an invasive species
Authors: Doody J. S. , Green B. , Rhind D. , Castellano C. M. , Sims R. , Robinson T. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe cane toad Bufo marinus has been migrating westward across northern Australia since its introduction as a biological control agent in 1935. It has been implicated in the widespread decline of many native frog‐eating predators. To investigate the impacts of this invasive species on native predatory reptiles, annual surveys were conducted from 2001 to 2007 to document variation in the relative abundances of three varanid lizards (Varanus mertensi, Varanus mitchelli and Varanus panoptes) and one crocodile Crocodylus johnstoni species known to consume toads. In addition, the indirect effects of this variation on one agamid lizard Amphibolurus gilberti, a known prey item of V. panoptes, were also examined. Surveys were performed at two sites in northern Australia before and after the arrival of B. marinus. Significant declines in the relative abundances of all three species of varanid lizard were observed following toad arrival. Declines in the abundance of V. panoptes, V. mitchelli and V. mertensi at the two sites ranged 83–96, 71–97 and 87–93%, respectively. In contrast, A. gilberti increased by 23–26%; whereas there were no significant population‐level declines in C. johnstoni despite observations of individual effects (i.e. several dead crocodiles with B. marinus in their stomachs). These findings suggest population‐level changes in Australian lizards caused by an invasive species.
Inbreeding–environment interactions increase extinction risk
Authors: Liao W. , Reed D. H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBeing able to accurately estimate the persistence time of populations of endangered plants and animals is central to conservation biology and is of considerable importance in informing land‐use decisions. Genetic deterioration (due to inbreeding and random genetic drift) and environmental deterioration (e.g. climate change, pollution and introduced species) clearly contribute to population extinction, however, considerable recent evidence suggests that interactions between genetic deterioration and environmental stress are ubiquitous. The importance of these interactions for potentially reducing persistence times has not been quantified and has not been taken into account by major conservation organizations. Using a computer simulation, we determined that including reasonable estimates of the inbreeding–environment interaction reduces persistence times by 17.5–28.5% (mean=23%) for a wide range of carrying capacities, assumptions concerning the number of lethal equivalents and different regimes for the frequency and magnitude of the stressful environment. We note that the proportional decrease in persistence time with inclusion of the interactions becomes larger (i.e. the interaction becomes more important) as absolute time to extinction gets larger. Thus, inclusion of the interaction is important and surprisingly may be most needed when populations are of intermediate size and are considered relatively safe from environmental and genetic stresses acting independently.
Intra‐seasonal changes in distribution and habitat associations of a multi‐brooded bird species: implications for conservation planning
Authors: Brambilla M. , Rubolini D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIntra‐seasonal changes of the ecological needs and the distribution patterns of multi‐brooded bird species are a poorly studied but potentially important topic in avian conservation planning. In this study of a passerine species of conservation concern, the woodlark Lullula arborea, we highlight the conservation implications of spatial shifts of breeding territories and changes of habitat requirements during the course of the breeding season. We described the factors affecting the distribution and habitat selection of this species in the Trebbia river valley (northern Apennines, Italy), where we mapped woodlark territories during the average time of first and second clutches. A strong shift of territories towards higher altitudes with the progression of the season was observed. The habitat models predicting woodlark occurrence varied between the early and the late period. Specifically, fodder cover positively predicted occurrence early in the season, whereas late in the season occurrence was positively influenced by shrub cover, length of woodland edge, alfalfa cover and rocky areas. Accordingly, territories that were occupied throughout the entire season had greater fodder, shrub and rocky cover compared with those that were occupied only early in the season, suggesting that these variables were important in determining territory quality for woodlarks. Therefore, changing ecological needs of multi‐brooded bird species during the breeding season have to be taken into account for defining appropriate conservation strategies. This was demonstrated by showing that the habitat variables predicting woodlark occurrence early in the season poorly predicted occurrence late in the season and vice versa. In conclusion, this study provides the first detailed assessment of habitat factors affecting the occurrence of breeding woodlarks in an important portion of the species' range, and represents the first explicit attempt to model seasonally changing ecological requirements of bird species for conservation purposes. Our findings suggest that complex data and flexible habitat management strategies are required to account for temporal changes in habitat suitability in multi‐brooded bird species.
Hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus and metabolic syndrome: interactions
Authors: Kotler Donald P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSignificant concerns have been raised about the metabolic effects of antiretroviral medication, including the classic triad of dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance (IR) and characteristic alterations in fat distribution (lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy). Co‐infection with hepatitis C appears to exacerbate IR, reduce serum lipids and induce prothrombotic changes in the treated human immunodeficiency virus patient. The effects of co‐infection are complex. While combination antiretroviral therapy has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events through promotion of dyslipidaemia, IR and fat redistribution, co‐infection exacerbates IR while reducing serum lipids. Co‐infection also promotes a prothrombotic state characterized by endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation, which may enhance risk for cardiovascular disease. Consideration must be given to selection of appropriate treatment regimens and timing of therapy in co‐infected patients to minimize metabolic derangements and, ultimately, reduce cardiovascular risk.