bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immersion booster vaccination effect on sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles*
Authors: Angelidis P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn each challenge 30 sea bass juveniles (mean weight 3.3 ± 0.2 g SD) were used. During the whole experiment (water T: 18 ± 1 °C) the fish were held in four 50l seawater independent recirculation systems (one fish group per 50l system). The protection to the pathogen Vibrio anguillarum was tested on booster vaccinated sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles. The vaccination was performed by immersion for 60 s in a commercial anti‐V. anguillarum vaccine suspension. Booster vaccination took place 60 days after the initial immunization. Thirty days after the booster vaccination all the fish received intraperitoneally (IP) 3.0 × 106 cfu/fish (colony forming units) virulent V. anguillarum bacteria. The booster vaccination showed a strong protection effect on the challenged sea bass. In the next 20 days after the challenge the mortality was 0% among the booster vaccinated sea bass, 10% among the once vaccinated fish and 50% in the control group (unvaccinated fish). No mortality was observed among the unvaccinated sea bass injected IP with sterile normal saline by the challenge.
Assessment of dietary zinc requirement of weaned piglets fed diets with or without microbial phytase
Authors: Revy P. S. , Jondreville C. , Dourmad J. Y. , Nys Y. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFifty‐four pigs, weaned at 26 days of age at an average body weight of 7.74 kg were used in a 26‐day experiment to assess the zinc requirement of piglets, using diets based on maize and soybean meal, with or without microbial phytase. The nine experimental diets were the basal diet containing 33 mg of zinc/kg supplemented with 10, 25, 40, 60 or 80 mg of zinc as sulphate (ZnSO4, 7H2O)/kg and the basal diet supplemented with 0, 10, 25 or 40 mg of zinc as sulphate/kg and 700 units (U) of microbial phytase (Natuphos®)/kg. Pigs were fed the basal diet for a 7‐day adjustment period prior to the 19‐day experimental period. Microbial phytase enhanced plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, plasma zinc and bone zinc concentrations. These parameters increased linearly with zinc intake, with a similar slope with and without phytase. The response of bone zinc‐to‐zinc added did not plateau. Without microbial phytase, plasma AP activity and zinc concentration were maximized when dietary zinc reached 86 and 92 mg/kg respectively. With microbial phytase they were maximized when dietary zinc concentration reached 54 and 49 mg/kg respectively. Accounting for a safety margin, the recommended supply of zinc for weaned piglets up to 16 kg fed maize–soybean meal diets supplemented with zinc as sulphate is thus of 100–110 mg/kg diet. This supply may be reduced by around 35 mg if the diet is supplemented with 700 U of microbial phytase.
Nutritional physiology of neonatal calves*
Authors: Blum J. W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe gastrointestinal tract of neonatal calves is relatively mature but still requires morphological and functional changes. The intake of colostrum with its nutrient and non‐nutrient components exerts marked effects on gastrointestinal development and function. Colostrum intake provides immunoprotection (passive immunity by immunoglobulins) and is essential for survival of neonates of most species. Furthermore, there are important transient as well as long‐lasting systemic effects on the nutritional status, on metabolism, and on various endocrine systems due to intake of nutrient and non‐nutrient colostral components that contribute to survival in the stressful postnatal period. Colostrum is much more than just a supplier of immunoglobulins.
Effects of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain supplemented from birth to weaning on diarrhoea patterns and performance of piglets*
Authors: Zeyner A. , Boldt E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis placebo‐controlled double‐blind study was conducted to evaluate effects of Enterococcus faecium DSM 10663 NCIMB 10415 (EcF) orally given from birth to weaning on diarrhoea and performance of piglets. At the first 3 days postnatum (p.n.), piglets from 54 [verum group (VG)] and 60 [placebo group (PG)] sows got 1 g of a gel directly per mouth by a dosing device. Gel for the VG contained 2.8 × 109 colony forming units (CFU) EcF/g. From day 4 p.n. until weaning (24 ± 3.2 days p.n.) a liquid additive was given that administered twice a day 1.26 × 109 CFU EcF to each VG piglet. In case of diarrhoea, an electrolyte solution was used which provided daily 2.9 and 5.8 (week 1 and ≥ 2, respectively) × 108 CFU EcF per VG piglet. Diarrhoea scores were defined as follows: (i) no diarrhoea; (ii) piglets developed diarrhoea, but were vital and (iii) piglets suffered from diarrhoea and additionally looked pale, developed rough coat, showed slackening of the flank and lethargy. Counts of viable born, stillborn and weaned piglets were normal and not different between groups (p > 0.05). Placebo group vs. VG piglets suffered more frequently from diarrhoea (40.0 vs. 14.8%, p < 0.05). Duration of diarrhoea was not affected by feeding EcF (2.2 ± 0.81 days, p > 0.05). Diarrhoea score was lower in VG vs. PG (1.2 vs. 1.5 ± 0.54, p < 0.05) and the daily weight gain (DWG) was higher by 17 g/day (p < 0.05). Results suggest that the daily oral supplementation of EcF from birth to weaning reduces the portion of piglets suffering from diarrhoea. This may improve performance, as the higher DWG indicates. In contrast, no obvious benefit seems to result from an additional supply of EcF via electrolyte solution when diarrhoea is always present.
Effects of feeding deoxynivalenol contaminated wheat on growth performance, organ weights and histological parameters of the intestine of broiler chickens*
Authors: Awad W. A. , Böhm J. , Razzazi‐Fazeli E. , Zentek J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of moderate dietary concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) during a 21‐day feeding experiment on the performance of broilers. Fifteen 1‐day‐old broiler chicks were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was fed non‐contaminated diet. Another group of broilers was fed a diet naturally contaminated with 5 mg DON/kg diet. Deoxynivalenol had no effect (p > 0.05) on feed consumption, feed conversion, body‐weight gain, live body weight or mortality. The absolute and relative weight of the organs (gizzard, pancreas, heart, spleen, colon and caecum) were not altered by the dietary inclusion of DON contaminated grain. However, both the absolute and relative weight of small intestine was decreased (p < 0.01) in DON fed broilers compared to the controls. No gross lesions were detected in any of the organs of birds fed contaminated wheat during the feeding trial. The microscopic examination revealed that, the height and the width of villi in duodenum decreased (p < 0.05) in birds fed DON contaminated wheat compared to controls. On the other hand the height and the width of jejunum villi were not affected (p > 0.05). This study indicates that feeding DON for 21 days to broiler chickens at a concentration of up to 5 mg/kg of diet influenced the weight of the small intestine as well as intestinal histology, especially the duodenum, as evidenced by shorter and thinner villi. In conclusion, diets with DON contamination below levels that induce negative impact on health and performance cauld affect small intestinal morphology in broilers.
Role of gap junctional coupling in astrocytic networks in the determination of global ischaemia‐induced oxidative stress and hippocampal damage
Authors: Perez Velazquez Jose L. , Kokarovtseva Larisa , Sarbaziha Raheleh , Jeyapalan Zina , Leshchenko Yevgen 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhile there is evidence that gap junctions play important roles in the determination of cell injuries, there is not much known about mechanisms by which gap junctional communication may exert these functions. Using a global model of transient ischaemia in rats, we found that pretreatment with the gap junctional blockers carbenoxolone, 18α‐glycyrrhetinic acid and endothelin, applied via cannulae implanted into the hippocampus in one hemisphere, resulted in decreased numbers of TUNEL‐positive neurons, as compared with the contralateral hippocampus that received saline injection. Post‐treatment with carbenoxolone for up to 30 min after the stroke injury still resulted in decreased cell death, but post‐treatment at 90 min after the ischaemic insult did not result in differences in cell death. However, quinine, an inhibitor of Cx36‐mediated gap junctional coupling, did not result in appreciable neuroprotection. Searching for a possible mechanism for the observed protective effects, possible actions of the gap junctional blockers in the electrical activity of the hippocampus during the ischaemic insult were assessed using intracerebral recordings, with no differences observed between the saline‐injected and the contralateral drug‐injected hippocampus. However, a significant reduction in lipid peroxides, a measure of free radical formation, in the hippocampus treated with carbenoxolone, revealed that the actions of gap junctional coupling during injuries may be causally related to oxidative stress. These observations suggest that coupling in glial networks may be functionally important in determining neuronal vulnerability to oxidative injuries.
Sensitivity to optic flow in human cortical areas MT and MST
Authors: Smith A. T. , Wall M. B. , Williams A. L. , Singh K. D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe macaque V5/MT complex comprises several sub‐regions but little is known of their human homologues. We examined human V5/MT with fMRI in terms of specificity to optic flow stimuli, a key characteristic of macaque MST. Stimuli were large fields of moving dots, forming coherent global flow patterns. Random motion was used as a control. Retinotopic mapping was also conducted. The previously suggested existence of at least two distinct sub‐regions, MT and MST, within the V5/MT complex was confirmed. Human MT is activated about equally by all moving dot patterns, including random motion, suggesting that it has little sensitivity to global flow structure. As previously described, this region shows strong signs of retinotopic organization and is only weakly activated by stimuli confined to the ipsilateral hemifield. In human MST, located immediately anterior to MT and strongly driven by ipsilateral stimuli, activation varies markedly with optic flow structure. The strongest activation is produced by complex flow that contains multiple flow components (expansion, contraction and rotation). Single components produce rather less response, while rigid translation and random motion produce less still. The results suggest that human MST is strongly specialized for encoding global flow properties, while human MT is less so.
Systematic review of antimicrobial treatments for diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Nelson E. A. , O'Meara S. , Golder S. , Dalton J. , Craig D. , Iglesias C. ,   on behalf of the DASIDU Steering Group
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground  Foot ulcers in diabetes are associated with increased mortality, illness and reduced quality of life. Ulcer infection impairs healing and antimicrobial interventions may cure infection, aid healing and reduce amputation rates.Objectives  To systematically review the evidence for antimicrobial interventions for foot ulcers in diabetes.Methods  We searched 16 databases, 11 Internet sites, three books, conference proceedings, a journal and bibliographies in November 2002. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs).Results  Twenty‐three studies investigated the effectiveness or cost‐effectiveness of antimicrobial agents: intravenous antibiotics (n = 8); oral antibiotics (n = 5); topical antimicrobials (n = 4); subcutaneous granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) (n = 4); Ayurvedic preparations (n = 1): and sugar vs. antibiotics vs. standard care (n = 1). The trials were small and too dissimilar to be pooled. There is no strong evidence for any particular antimicrobial agent for the prevention of amputation, resolution of infection, or ulcer healing. Pexiganan cream may be as effective as oral ofloxacin for resolution of infection. Ampicillin and sulbactam cost less than imipenem/cilastatin, G‐CSF cost less than standard care and cadexomer iodine dressings may cost less than daily dressings.Conclusions  The evidence is too weak to recommend any particular antimicrobial agent. Large studies are needed of the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of antimicrobial interventions.
Exenatide: effect of injection time on postprandial glucose in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Linnebjerg H. , Kothare P. A. , Skrivanek Z. , de la Peña A. , Atkins M. , Ernest C. S. , Trautmann M. E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAims  Exenatide is an incretin mimetic whose effect on glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes is currently under investigation. This study assessed the effect of injection time relative to a standardized meal on postprandial pharmacodynamics of exenatide in patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  Eighteen patients participated in this single‐centre, open‐label, placebo‐controlled, randomized, six‐way crossover study. Patients received subcutaneous injections of either placebo (−15 min) or 10 µg of exenatide at −60, −15, 0, +30 or +60 min relative to a standardized breakfast meal on six consecutive days. Serial blood samples were assayed for plasma glucose and insulin concentrations.Results  For all exenatide treatments, incremental postprandial glucose area under the postprandial plasma glucose curve from zero to 6 h (AUC0−6 h) was significantly reduced compared with placebo. When exenatide was administered before (−60, −15 min) or with the meal (0 min), peak postprandial glucose concentrations were significantly decreased (P < 0.0001 for all treatments) compared with placebo. Post‐meal exenatide administration (+30, P < 0.05; +60 min, P = 0.21) resulted in smaller peak glucose reductions and in some patients transient low plasma glucose concentrations were reported. Peak plasma insulin concentrations in the pre‐meal treatments were significantly lower than placebo (P < 0.05 for all treatments), while post‐meal dosing groups exhibited a trend towards higher insulin peaks compared with placebo. The most common adverse events related to exenatide were headache, nausea, dyspepsia and vomiting, and were generally of mild‐to‐moderate intensity.Conclusions  In this study, all exenatide treatments demonstrated reductions in postprandial plasma glucose excursions compared with placebo. Pre‐meal and with meal administration of exenatide produced greater reduction of postprandial glucose excursions compared with post‐meal administration. These data support flexible dosing of exenatide at any time within 60 min before a meal.
Surrogacy families: parental functioning, parent–child relationships and children's psychological development at age 2
Authors: Golombok Susan , MacCallum Fiona , Murray Clare , Lycett Emma , Jadva Vasanti 
Published: January 2006

Background:  Findings are presented of the second phase of a longitudinal study of families created through surrogacy.Methods:  At the time of the child's 2nd birthday, 37 surrogacy families were compared with 48 egg donation families and 68 natural conception families on standardised interview and questionnaire measures of the psychological well‐being of the parents, parent–child relationships and the psychological functioning of the child.Results:  The surrogacy mothers showed more positive parent–child relationships, and the surrogacy fathers reported lower levels of parenting stress, than their natural conception counterparts. The surrogacy children did not differ from the natural conception children with respect to socio‐emotional or cognitive development.Conclusions:  Surrogacy does not appear to impact negatively on parenting or child development in families with 2‐year‐old children.
Psychostimulant and other effects of caffeine in 9‐ to 11‐year‐old children
Authors: Heatherley Susan V. , Hancock Katie M.F. , Rogers Peter J. 
Published: January 2006

Background:  Recent research on adults suggests that ‘beneficial’ psychostimulant effects of caffeine are found only in the context of caffeine deprivation; that is, caffeine improves psychomotor and cognitive performance in habitual caffeine consumers following caffeine withdrawal. Furthermore, no net benefit is gained because performance is merely restored to ‘baseline’ levels. The effects of caffeine in children is an under‐researched area, with only a handful of studies being carried out in the US where children's consumption of caffeine appears to be lower on average than in the UK.Method:  Twenty‐six children aged between 9 and 11 years completed a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Habitual caffeine consumers (mean daily caffeine intake = 109 mg) and non/low‐consumers (12 mg) were tested on two separate days following overnight caffeine abstinence. On each day measures of cognitive performance (a number search task), and self‐rated mood and physical symptoms, including alertness and headache, were taken before and after administration of 50 mg of caffeine, or placebo.Results:  At baseline (before treatment), the habitual consumers showed poorer performance on the cognitive test than did the non/low‐consumers, although no significant differences in mood or physical symptoms were found between the two groups. There were significant habit by treatment (caffeine vs. placebo) interactions for accuracy of performance and headache, and a significant main effect of treatment for alertness. Post hoc comparisons showed that caffeine administration improved the consumers’ accuracy on the cognitive test (to near the level displayed by the non/low‐consumers at baseline), but that it had no significant effect on the non/low‐consumers’ performance. In the consumers, caffeine prevented an increase in headache that occurred after placebo, and it increased alertness relative to placebo. Again, however, caffeine did not significantly affect levels of headache or alertness in the non/low‐consumers.Conclusions:  These results suggest that, like adults, children probably derive little or no benefit from habitual caffeine intake, although negative symptoms associated with overnight caffeine withdrawal are avoided or rapidly reversed by subsequent caffeine consumption.
Are numerical impairments syndrome specific? Evidence from Williams syndrome and Down's syndrome
Authors: Paterson Sarah J. , Girelli Luisa , Butterworth Brian , Karmiloff‐Smith Annette 
Published: January 2006

Background:  Several theorists maintain that exact number abilities rely on language‐relevant processes whereas approximate number calls on visuo‐spatial skills. We chose two genetic disorders, Williams syndrome and Down's syndrome, which differ in their relative abilities in verbal versus spatial skills, to examine this hypothesis. Five experiments assessed number skills in these two genetic syndromes and in their mental age (MA) and chronological age (CA) matched controls.Methods:  Experiment 1 used a preferential looking paradigm with infants and toddlers to measure sensitivity to changes in numerosity. Experiment 2 measured reaction times in older children and adults in a numerosity comparison task with dots in a random pattern. Experiment 3 comprised a number battery that measured various forms of counting and simple arithmetic.Results:  The WS infants displayed a level of performance equal to that of their CA‐controls, whereas the DS infants failed to reach even the level of their MA‐controls. By contrast, the older DS children and adults outstripped the older WS group in their numerosity abilities, with different patterns of errors in the two clinical groups.Conclusions:  Differences in the infant and adult number phenotypes between these two genetic disorders are discussed with reference to the processing styles used by each group and how these might impact on their developmental trajectories. Theoretically, we highlight our contention that one cannot infer the infant starting state from the adult end state. Rather, the development process itself must be taken into account.
Personality differences in children and adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and controls
Authors: Cukrowicz Kelly C. , Taylor Jeanette , Schatschneider Chris , Iacono William G. 
Published: January 2006

Background:  Differences in personality profiles were examined between children who differed in their co‐morbidity of externalizing disorders: attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD).Methods:  11‐ and 17‐year‐old male and female twins from a community sample were categorized as ADHD only, CD only, co‐morbid CD‐ADHD, and controls (no ADHD or CD) based on threshold and subthreshold CD and ADHD diagnoses assessed with structured interviews. Multivariate analyses were used to identify patterns of personality that differentiate these four diagnostic groups. It was hypothesized that significant differences would be found in the pattern of personality variables between participants in the co‐morbid group, compared to the other three groups, and that these differences would hold across developmental periods.Results:  As expected, the co‐morbid group had a pattern of personality marked by higher Negative Emotionality and lower Constraint than the other diagnostic groups. This pattern was evidenced across gender and age cohort.Conclusions:  An extreme personality profile may represent a liability toward the occurrence of ADHD and CD with more extreme profiles contributing to the occurrence of both disorders among boys and girls. Implications for treatment planning and theoretical development are discussed.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: DIXIT ANUPAM , JIN MING‐HUA , CHUNG JONG‐WOOK , YU JAE‐WOONG , CHUNG HUN‐KI , MA KYUNG‐HO , PARK YONG‐JIN , CHO EUN‐GI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFifty microsatellite sequences (SSRs) were isolated from an enriched library of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) using a modified protocol. After screening, 10 polymorphic microsatellites were used to determine their usefulness in diversity analysis among 16 sesame accessions. The number of alleles ranged from three to six alleles per locus with an average of 4.6 alleles. The fragment size varied from 150 bp to 307 bp. Expected heterozygosites (HE) and polymorphism information contents (PICs) ranged from 0.437 to 0.858 and 0.34 to 0.80, respectively, which indicates the highly informative nature of the microsatellites reported here. These microsatellite markers will be very useful in diversity analysis among a large germplasm collection of sesame present in our Korean gene bank and also in the establishment of its core collection.
Characterization of seven polymorphic microsatellites for the study of two Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus nodiflorus L., a rare endangered species and Ranunculus flammula L., a common closely related species
Authors: NOEL FLORENCE , BOISSELIER‐DUBAYLE MARIE‐CATHERINE , LAMBOURDIERE JOSIE , MACHON NATHALIE , MORET JACQUES , SAMADI SARAH 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Ranunculus nodiflorus and Ranunculus flammula are two closely related Ranunculaceae. In France, the first one is rare and endangered, whereas the second is common. To compare their population genetic structure, seven polymorphic microsatellite markers were characterized. We found no polymorphism in R. nodiflorus, whereas R. flammula was polymorphic at each locus. The total number of alleles per locus varied from three to eight. Observed heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.261. This set of microsatellites offers an efficient tool to study population genetic structure and to compare the results between closely related endangered and common species.