bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of the template molecules and nonsolvent additives on the recognition property of molecular imprinted polyethersulfone particles
Authors: Yu Binyu , Zhang Xinlan , He Jie , Yang Kaiguang , Zhao Changsheng 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this study, molecular imprinted polyethersulfone (PES) particles were prepared by phase inversion technique. Bisphenol A, 4,4′‐biphenol, and phenol were used as the template molecules, and the functional binding performance in aqueous medium towards the template molecules was investigated. The nonsolvent additives such as ethanol, water, chloroform, and toluene had no effect on the recognition property of the PES particles. The resultant BPA imprinted particles showed the highest BPA recognition coefficient, which was 2.14 times higher than that for the nonimprinted ones. The 4,4′‐biphenol imprinted particles showed the highest binding ability towards the template which was 28.4 μmol/g. Scatchard analysis showed that there were two classes of binding sites formed in the imprinted particles, and the equilibrium dissociation constant of the highest affinity binding sites was estimated to be 9.2 μM. Finally, the interaction between PES and the templates was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and NMR. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
The influence of study methods and knowledge processing on academic success and long‐term recall of anatomy learning by first‐year veterinary students
Authors: Ward Peter J. , Walker James J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to quantitatively and qualitatively identify the study methods and learning strategies that veterinary students used to study anatomy during their first year of professional school and to correlate these with their academic achievement and long‐term recall of information. It was surmised that active study methods would be more beneficial than passive method, but this hypothesis was not supported. The activity or passivity of each study method was secondary to the way in which the students processed the learning. No single study method was associated with academic success or long‐term recall; instead, successful students used a multitude of study methods while the struggling students relied on a single method alone, although these methods varied from student to student. Students and their study methods were profiled using the qualitative technique known as phenomenographic analysis to find those who studied in a deep or surface way. The deep‐processing students, who commonly used multiple study methods, not only succeeded in the class but also had better recall. Students who relied on a memorization‐heavy surface approach to learning had limited recall and tended to perform poorly in the class. These results strongly suggest that by encouraging students to integrate their studying by using multiple methods educators can improve both student grades and recall of complex topics. Anat Sci Ed 1:68–74, 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
Transforming clinical imaging data for virtual reality learning objects
Authors: Trelease Robert B. , Rosset Antoine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAdvances in anatomical informatics, three‐dimensional (3D) modeling, and virtual reality (VR) methods have made computer‐based structural visualization a practical tool for education. In this article, the authors describe streamlined methods for producing VR “learning objects,” standardized interactive software modules for anatomical sciences education, from newer high‐resolution clinical imaging systems data. The key program is OsiriX, a free radiological image processing workstation software capable of directly reformatting and rendering volumetric 3D images. The transformed image arrays are then directly loaded into a commercial VR program to produce a variety of learning objects. Multiple types or “dimensions” of anatomical information can be embedded in these objects to provide different kinds of functions, including interactive atlases, examination questions, and complex, multistructure presentations. The use of clinical imaging data and workstation software speeds up the production of VR simulations, compared with reconstruction‐based modeling from segmented cadaver cross‐sections, while providing useful examples of normal structural variation and pathological anatomy. Anat Sci Ed 1:50–55, 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
Anatomists debate the value of a teaching credential
Authors: Rizzolo Lawrence J. , Drake Richard L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFewer and fewer programs are training graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in the classical anatomical disciplines. Nonetheless, there remains a need at all levels of clinical and basic science education for skilled instructors of anatomy, histology, and embryology. Two sessions at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Association of Anatomists (AAA) explored whether a system of accreditation would benefit students, institutions, and training programs. Although the value of accreditation was controversial, three challenges for the various anatomical societies emerged from these discussions: (1) To identify the skills and knowledge that should be shared among all anatomists, and the more specific skills and knowledge needed for the diverse settings in which anatomists work. (2) To address the historical inattention of institutions to the training of educators. (3) To develop strategies to lobby institutions and national organizations to support the training and work of educators in the anatomical sciences. One approach to meeting these challenges would be to develop guidelines for training programs. These guidelines would help graduate students seek the training they need, provide institutions with a benchmark to assess or develop training programs, and provide the basis for focusing lobbying efforts targeted at institutions or existing accreditation bodies. Anat Sci Ed 1:60–67, 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
Effects of instructional strategies using cross sections on the recognition of anatomical structures in correlated CT and MR images
Authors: Khalil Mohammed K. , Paas Fred , Johnson Tristan E. , Su Yung K. , Payer Andrew F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis research is an effort to best utilize the interactive anatomical images for instructional purposes based on cognitive load theory. Three studies explored the differential effects of three computer‐based instructional strategies that use anatomical cross‐sections to enhance the interpretation of radiological images. These strategies include: (1) cross‐sectional images of the head that can be superimposed on radiological images, (2) transparent highlighting of anatomical structures in radiological images, and (3) cross‐sectional images of the head with radiological images presented side‐by‐side. Data collected included: (1) time spent on instruction and on solving test questions, (2) mental effort during instruction and test, and (3) students' performance to identify anatomical structures in radiological images. Participants were 28 freshmen medical students (15 males and 13 females) and 208 biology students (190 females and 18 males). All studies used posttest‐only control group design, and the collected data were analyzed by either t test or ANOVA. In self‐directed computer‐based environments, the strategies that used cross sections to improve students' ability to recognize anatomic structures in radiological images showed no significant positive effects. However, when increasing the complexity of the instructional materials, cross‐sectional images imposed a higher cognitive load, as indicated by higher investment of mental effort. There is not enough evidence to claim that the simultaneous combination of cross sections and radiological images has no effect on the identification of anatomical structures in radiological images for novices. Further research that control for students' learning and cognitive style is needed to reach an informative conclusion. Anat Sci Ed 1:75–83, 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
Clarifying the roles of kinetics and diffusion in activated sludge filamentous bulking
Authors: Lou In Chio , de los Reyes Francis L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe hypothesized that the growth rates of filaments and floc formers in activated sludge are affected by the combination of kinetic selection (Lou and de los Reyes, Biotechnol Bioeng 92(6): 729–739, 2005b) and substrate diffusion limitation (Martins et al., Water Res 37:2555–2570, 2003). To clarify the influence of these factors in explaining filamentous bulking, a conceptual framework was developed in this study. The framework suggests the existence of three different regions corresponding to bulking, non‐bulking, and intermediate regions, based on substrate concentration. In the bulking and non‐bulking regions, kinetic growth differences control the competition process, and filaments or floc formers dominate, respectively. In the intermediate region, substrate diffusion limitation, determined by the floc size, plays the major role in causing bulking. To test this framework, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated with influent COD of 100, 300, 600, and 1,000 mg/L, and the sludge settleability was measured at various floc size distributions that were developed using different mixing strengths. The experimental data in the bulking and intermediate regions supported the proposed framework. A model integrating the two factors was developed to simulate the substrate concentrations at different depths and floc sizes under intermittently feeding conditions. The modeling results confirmed that substrate diffusion limitation occurs inside the flocs at a certain range of activated sludge floc sizes over the operation cycle, and provided additional support for the proposed framework. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 327–336. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nutrient gradients in engineered cartilage: Metabolic kinetics measurement and mass transfer modeling
Authors: Zhou Shengda , Cui Zhanfeng , Urban Jill P.G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSince tissue‐engineered cartilage is avascular, both nutrient supply and metabolic waste removal rely on diffusion. As a result, gradients of nutrients and wastes exist through the construct. Previous models usually calculate gradients of oxygen, glucose, and lactic acid separately, without taking into account the complex interdependence between concentrations of these substrates and rates of metabolism. In this study, these interactions were experimentally examined and incorporated into diffusion models. One‐dimensional diffusion‐reaction models were developed for three typical culture conditions, that is, static culture, perfusion culture, and suspended culture. The profiles of oxygen, glucose, lactic acid, and pH in the cultured constructs were calculated simultaneously using measured metabolic rates. The maximum construct size and cell density which could be supported before nutrients were depleted in the construct center was identified; a function predicting the relationship between construct dimension and the maximum viable cell density was developed. For constructs incubated under static culture the model demonstrated that the gradients which developed through the medium could not be neglected. Perfusion cultures could support a considerably higher cell density than static cultures, while for batch cultures in a rotating bioreactor, the volume of medium also influences the maximum cell density that could be supported. This study provides useful guidance for design of engineered cartilage constructs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 408–421. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The membrane bioreactor: A novel tool to grow anammox bacteria as free cells
Authors: van der Star Wouter R.L. , Miclea Andreea I. , van Dongen Udo G.J.M. , Muyzer Gerard , Picioreanu Cristian , van Loosdrecht Mark C.M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn a membrane bioreactor (MBR), fast growth of anammox bacteria was achieved with a sludge residence time (SRT) of 12 days. This relatively short SRT resulted in a—for anammox bacteria—unprecedented purity of the enrichment of 97.6%. The absence of a selective pressure for settling, and dedicated cultivation conditions led to growth in suspension as free cells and the complete absence of flocs or granules. Fast growth, low levels of calcium and magnesium, and possibly the presence of yeast extract and a low shear stress are critical for the obtainment of a completely suspended culture consisting of free anammox cells. During cultivation, a population shift was observed from Candidatus “Brocadia” to Candidatus “Kuenenia stuttgartiensis.” It is hypothesized that the reason for this shift is the higher affinity for nitrite of “Kuenenia.” The production of anammox bacteria in suspension with high purity and productivity makes the MBR a promising tool for the cultivation and study of anammox bacteria. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 286–294. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Specific Isotope Labeling of Colicin E1 and B Channel Domains For Membrane Topological Analysis by Oriented Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Aisenbrey Christopher , Cusan Monica , Lambotte Stephan , Jasperse Pieter , Georgescu Julia , Harzer Ulrike , Bechinger Burkhard 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn approach is presented to selectively label the methionines of the colicin E1 and B channel domains, each about 200 residues in size, and use them for oriented solid‐state NMR investigations. By combining site‐directed mutagenesis, bacterial overexpression in a methionine auxotroph E. coli strain and biochemical purification, quantitative amounts of the proteins for NMR structural investigations were obtained. The proteins were selectively labeled with 15N at only one, or at a few, selected sites. Multidimensional heteronuclear correlation high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were used to monitor the quality of isotopic labeling. Thereafter the proteins were reconstituted into oriented phospholipid bilayers and investigated by proton‐decoupled 15N solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. The colicin E1 thermolytic fragment that carries a single 15N methionine within its hydrophobic helix 9 region exhibited 15N resonances that are characteristic of helices that are oriented predominantly parallel to the membrane surface at low temperature, and a variety of alignments and conformations at room temperature. This suggests that the protein can adopt both umbrella and pen‐knife conformations.
The life of π and σ—A tutorial review of the ubiquitous use of these symbols in Zeeman and magnetic‐resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Weil John Ashley 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCertain concepts and symbolism as applied to electromagnetic radiation and especially the concept of photons are discussed and (perhaps) clarified. A useful summary of the properties of photons is provided, and the concept of polarization is discussed. In particular, the common usage in Zeeman and magnetic‐resonance (EPR and NMR) spectroscopy of the symbols π and σ is examined herein, both from the historical viewpoint and the scientific standpoint, and certain errors and fallacies are brought to attention. Brief reference to relevant recent work published on dynamic nuclear polarization and on pulse EPR is included. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Concepts Magn Reson Part A 32A: 134–142, 2008.
Intra‐individual variability in infancy: Structure, stability, and nutritional correlates
Authors: Wachs Theodore D. , Kanashiro Hilary Creed , Gurkas Pinar 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIntra‐individual variability (IIV) refers to relatively stable differences between individuals in the degree to which they show behavioral fluctuations over relatively short time periods. Using temperament as a conceptual framework the structure, stability, and biological roots of IIV were assessed over the first year of life. Biological roots were defined by maternal and infant nutrition. The sample was 249 Peruvian neonates, followed from the second trimester of pregnancy through the first 12 months of life. Maternal anthropometry, diet, iron status, and fetal growth were assessed prenatally. Neonatal anthropometry and iron status were assessed at birth. Degree of exclusive breastfeeding was assessed at 3 and 6 months, infant anthropometry was assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months, infant dietary intake was assessed at 6 and 12 months and infant iron status was tested at 12 months. Individual differences in IIV at 3, 6, and 12 months were derived from a residual standard deviation score based on infant behaviors measured using the Louisville Temperament Assessment Procedure. Principal components analysis indicated that individual differences in IIV were defined by two components at 3, 6, and 12 months. There was modest stability between IIV components assessed at 3 and 12 months. Reduced levels of IIV at 3 months were predicted by higher maternal weight and higher fetal weight gains in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Higher levels of IIV at 3 months were predicted by higher levels of maternal hemoglobin during pregnancy and higher levels of neonatal ferritin. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 217–231, 2008.
Evaluation aging failure probability of generating units using data analytic method
Authors: Lee Seung‐Hyuk , Bae In‐Su , Kim Jin‐O , Lee Sung‐Hoon 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a method to predict failure probability related to the aging of generating units in power systems. To calculate aging failure probability, Weibull distribution is usually used due to age‐related reliability. The shape and scale parameters of Weibull distribution can be estimated by using hybrid method using both normal and Weibull distributions. In this paper, data analytic method applied to type II censoring is proposed which is relatively simpler and faster than the hybrid method for the estimation of parameters. The real historical data of combustion turbine generating units in Korean power systems are used in the case study to show how to calculate the mean life and its standard deviation by the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in social support and their impact on psychosocial outcome over a 5‐year period for African American and White dementia caregivers
Authors: Clay Olivio J. , Roth David L. , Wadley Virginia G. , Haley William E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundAfrican Americans have been found to be more resilient to the caregiving role than Whites. Amount of social support and satisfaction with social support were studied as possible explanations for these racial differences.MethodsFamily caregivers of patients diagnosed as having dementia participated in a longitudinal study. There were 166 caregiver‐patient dyads enrolled and annual follow‐up assessments were completed. Linear random effects regression models examined the longitudinal trajectories of social support, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction over 5 years of community follow‐up. Social support was also included as a time‐dependent predictor of depressive symptoms and life satisfaction.ResultsThe number of helpful support persons available decreased significantly for both racial groups. African American caregivers reported more satisfaction with their social support networks than Whites. They also reported fewer depressive symptoms and higher levels of life satisfaction when compared to their White counterparts. Higher levels of satisfaction with social support were associated with fewer depressive symptoms and increased levels of life satisfaction and explained a portion of the racial differences on these measures of psychosocial outcome.ConclusionsThe resilience of African American caregivers, as displayed by their fewer depressive symptoms and higher levels of life satisfaction, was partially explained by their higher levels of satisfaction with social support. Results suggest that health care providers should view low levels of social support as a possible precursor to poor psychological outcomes in caregivers. Future research should focus on social support and cultural variables that might explain racial differences in caregiver outcomes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial analysis of the reliability of transport networks subject to rainfall‐induced landslides
Authors: Manning L. J. , Hall J. W. , Kilsby C. G. , Glendinning S. , Anderson M. G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA methodology is developed to examine the susceptibility of a transport system to rainfall‐induced landslides and is demonstrated for part of the UK rail network with regard to the potential changes that might occur with climate change. A mathematical model is given for the system failure and a statistical model is formulated for the joint distribution of rainfall at different points along the railway line. These are used to investigate the response of earth embankments along the railway line to current and future climate scenarios, including the effects of rainfall and evapotranspiration on slope hydrology and stability. It is shown that, for the system of clay embankments in question, the moisture profile through the embankment at the end of the summer months has a critical effect on system stability, both in terms of expected failure timing and probability of failure. Further, it is seen that, with changing climate, the system stability is likely to increase unless the degradation of embankment material properties, another potential effect of changed climate, is taken into account. The spatial distribution of failures is also likely to change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of crosslinked β‐cyclodextrin polymer beads and their application as a sorbent for removal of phenol from wastewater
Authors: Yamasaki Hirohito , Makihata Yousuke , Fukunaga Kimitoshi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Phenols are commonly encountered in aqueous effluents from various manufacturing processes such as oil refineries, coke plants, and phenolic resin plants, and are toxic substances that should be removed from the aquatic environment. This paper reports on the preparation of beaded crosslinked β‐CyD polymers, and the removal of phenol by the β‐CyD adsorbent from raw industrial wastewater discarded from phenolic resin processing.RESULTS: Crosslinked β‐CyD prepolymer was synthesized by treatment of β‐CyD with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) at a molar ratio of 1:8. The suspension of the resulting powdery prepolymer in aqueous sodium alginate was added dropwise into an aqueous calcium chloride solution to precipitate the spherical β‐CyD prepolymer gels. The spherical prepolymer gel was lyophilized and re‐crosslinked with HDI to provide the β‐CyD polymer beads. The physical properties of the beads were as follows: average diameter: 3.4 mm; average compressive strength: 2.17 MPa; porosity: 47.0%; specific surface area: 3.48 m2 g−1. The removal of phenol from raw industrial phenolic wastewater with the β‐CyD polymer beads was carried out in either a shaker or an upflow column at 25 °C. After seven episodes of accumulated adsorption, the initial phenol concentration of 89000 ppm decreased to as low as 350 ppm in the shaker and 490 ppm in the upflow column.CONCLUSION: Adsorbent [β‐CyD/HDI(1/8)]/HDI polymer beads having a good regular shape and high mechanical stability were newly prepared by a stepwise crosslinking method. The results of sorption experiments show that the beads exhibit high sorption capacities for phenolics in raw industrial wastewater. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry