bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5 Learning How to Do the Management of Academic Knowledge Work
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Mike 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses two themes: what are manager-academics' perceived learning needs and what is the process by which manager-academics learn? Data collected as part of the ‘New Managerialism’ research project has been used to explore these themes in depth, focusing on interviewees from management roles and reflecting on their personal journeys whilst occupying those roles. It is argued that while there is a definite place for formal training of manager-academics, informal learning with and from peers is also significant in professional learning.
6 Values, Public Service, the University, and the Manager‐Academic
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Mike 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyses issues about values related to the governance and management of universities as public service institutions. It examines a further dimension of the culture of publicly funded universities, and places the debate about the management of academic knowledge work in a wider, European perspective. Some of the issues raised can be applied to other higher education systems outside Europe, providing that due attention is also paid to the local context of such systems.
Transplanting the American Model? US Automobile Companies and the Transfer of Technology and Management to Britain, France, and Germany, 1928–1962
Authors: Tolliday Steven 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Recent analyses of the dynamics of Europe's long boom after the Second World War have generally accorded a leading role to the transfer of American technology and organizational practices within a broad process of ‘catch-up and convergence’. Within this process, American multinational companies are generally seen as central actors of diffusing technology and management practices. This chapter examines the core elements of strategy, organization, technology, and product policy. It stresses the role of continuity and long-run dynamics in the transfer process (rather than seeing ‘Americanization’ as an epiphenomenon of post-war reconstruction). It focuses primarily on inside the firm rather than on the discourses of agencies and observers about the transfer and dissemination of broad elements and processes.
Remodelling the Italian Steel Industry: Americanization, Modernization, and Mass Production
Authors: Ranieri Ruggero 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact of American industrial practices on the Italian steel industry in the post-war period. The chapter is organized into three sections. Firstly the chapter provides some basic background information on the structure and performance of the Italian post-war steel industry. It then examines the impact of the Marshall Plan on post-war reconstruction investment. The central part of this section deals with the negotiations over the allocation of US funds to the state-owned sector, but there are also brief accounts of Marshall Plan aid to other steel producers, particularly the Falck group and Fiat. The final section in the chapter looks at the attempts made by Italian managers, particularly in Cornigliano, to copy and follow the ‘American model’.
The Evolution of the ‘Japanese Production System’: Indigenous Influences and American Impact
Authors: Wada Kazuo , Shiba Takao 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the American impact on the evolution of the Japanese production system, focusing on the fabrication or assembly industries in which US management ideas and practices were most influential. Topics covered include the Japanese production system before the early 1930s, improvements in wartime production methods after 1945, the reception and influence of American management methods in post-war Japan, and the development of automation.
Routines and Other Recurring Action Patterns of Organizations: Contemporary Research Issues
Authors: Cohen Michael D. , Burkhart Roger , Dosi Giovanni , Egidi Massimo , Marengo Luigi , Warglien Massimo , Winter Sidney 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reports and extends discussions at a workshop held at the Santa Fe Institute in August 1995. It considers the following topics: the importance of carefully examining research on routine, the concept of ‘action patterns’ in general and in terms of routine, the useful categorization of routines and other recurring patterns, the research implications of recent cognitive results, the relation of evolution to action patterns, the contributions of simulation modelling for theory in this area, examples of various approaches to empirical research that reveal key problems, and a possible definition of ‘routine’. The chapter also includes an extended lexicon on synonyms and opposites of the word ‘routine’.
Hierarchies, Markets and Power in the Economy: An Economic Perspective
Authors: Williamson Oliver E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter adopts the transaction cost economics perspectives for purposes of examining hierarchies, markets, and power in the economy. Transaction cost economics works out of an economizing perspective in which markets and hierarchies are alternative modes of governance, and the object is to ascertain which transactions go where and why. The role of power in this setup is strictly limited — partly because it is tautological. Power needs to be operationalized, whereupon the refutable implications that accrue to this perspective can be derived.
Economic Experiments
Authors: Rosenberg Nathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter compares capitalist and socialist economies from the perspective of the freedom to experiment as the hallmark of technological change. It argues that freedom to conduct experiments is essential to all societies committed to technological innovation or improved productive efficiency. Historically, capitalism has provided multiple sources of decision making and initiative, incentives for processing one step at a time, and the possibility for drawing upon a wide range of human potential. The result has been an extraordinary pattern of organizational diversity. Any serious effort to make socialist societies more amenable to technological change has only proved possible to the extent that such societies have been made more capitalistic.
Heroes, Herds and Hysteresis in Technological History: Thomas Edison and ‘The Battle of the Systems’ Reconsidered
Authors: David Paul A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the development of electric lighting and power supply networks in terms of the battles waged around 1887-1892 between proponents of direct and alternative current systems of electrical supply in order to raise questions about technical progress as a continuous flow. Utilizing the physics concept of hysteresis as the persistence of an altered state when the force that caused alteration ceases, the chapter concentrates on the critical moments or ‘points of bifurcation’ in the dynamic of technical change that are prone to appear at the early stages of an incremental process. The chapter concludes from its reading of the ultimate victory of alternative over direct currents of electrical supply that innovation implies not so much the work of unique creative attitudes in the manner of the classic Schumpeterian entrepreneur, as it does the occupation of a pivotal situation during comparatively brief moments of industrial development when the balance between choices can go either way.
Corporate Strategy, Structure and Control Methods in the United States During the 20th Century
Authors: Chandler Alfred D. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter narrates the various changes characterizing the typical large-scale American corporate organization since the changes of the late 19th century brought about by the railroad and telegraph systems. US firms rationalized the management of multi-market businesses by forming the multidivisional structure known as the M-form, and this system proved generally successful during much of the 20th century. However, during the 1960s, continued growth and intensified competition led to important changes in organizational structure, strategy for growth, and the control methods utilized by these firms. Acquisitions and mergers were followed by the divestiture movement of the 1970s. Increasingly, investment banks and new forms of financial intermediaries inaugurated a new period of company ownership to portfolios of pension and mutual funds. During the 1980s therefore, financial intermediaries and entrepreneurs became more directly and aggressively engaged in corporate restructuring. If the M-Form still rules today for multimarket firms, the number of levels has been reduced. Study of such long-term patterns also helps theorists better understand the continuing difference in national patterns of corporate change.
Paris, London, and the International Money Market: Lessons from Paribas, 1885–1913
Authors: Flandreau Marc , Gallice François 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter deals with one aspect of short-term capital movements over the period 1885-1913. It studies the role of the French haute banque in the operation of the international monetary system. It adopts a monographic approach, examining the international balances of the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (Paribas), in an attempt to reinterpret what is known of the pre-1914 international money market's structure. The novelty of this methodology is that it uses microeconomics as a financial probe to reveal a number of more general problems. This is in contrast with macroeconomic studies of statistical interrelations among national interest rates which treat markets as black boxes.
The Challenged Competitiveness of the Paris Banking and Finance Markets, 1914–1958
Authors: Bonin Hubert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on two main themes: the resilience of Paris, and its ability to develope in new ways in the face of the reshaping of the banking and financial markets. French banks were shaken considerably by the First World War and lost most of their international importance. Given competition from Belgian, British, German, and even American banks, the fate of the Paris banking market seemed uncertain. The question is therefore: how did the Paris banking and financial markets manage to survive such dramatic events, paradoxically gaining benefits? It isn't easy to assess the competitiveness of Paris compared with its counterparts, especially London; given the organization of the Paris market, which fostered the spirit of overseas enterprise and the mastery of risk; and with the subtle balance between the state's concern with national standing and the business world's desires to secure market shares, profits, and power outside France.
How an American technology cluster emerged and became sustainable: San Diego biotechnology
Authors: Casper Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe ability of the US economy to generate new technology industries, such as biotechnology, provides support to the contention that liberal market economies (LMEs) have a comparative institutional advantage in generating radically innovative firms. However, the link between varieties of capitalism and innovation within LMEs has not been systematically explored. This chapter explores the link between institutions and the management of innovative competencies within a successful US biotechnology cluster — San Diego, California. It empirically examines whether national institutional frameworks within the US generate patterns of economic coordination in the areas of finance, employee incentive structures, and labor market organization that benefit firms, and are consistent with predictions of the varieties of capitalism approach. The policy context surrounding the US biotechnology industry is also discussed.
Alternative pathways to competitiveness within CMEs: the subsector specialization argument
Authors: Casper Steven 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Coordinated market economies such as Germany or Sweden do not have appropriate institutional infrastructures to sustain large numbers of radically innovative firms. However, alternative strategies to develop competitiveness in new technology industries might exist. The biotechnology and software industries are each comprised of multiple sub-sectors. While important areas within each industry, such as therapeutics biotechnology or standard software, are associated with radical innovation, other large segments are characterized by incremental innovation. The chapter argues that companies within coordinated market economies could successfully specialize in such sub-segments, creating pockets of national competitiveness for their national industries. Descriptive statistics from the UK, Germany, and Sweden, and case studies from the platform biotechnology and enterprise software industries in Germany are used to empirically substantiate the argument.
Convergence of Corporate Governance during the Stock Market Bubble: Towards Anglo-American or European Standards?
Authors: Thomsen Steen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on change, rather than static differences/similarities among countries. The study shows that large differences between US-UK and Europe persist, together with some convergence trends in the late 1990s (on both sides) as far as ownership concentration is concerned. The chapter observes that convergence on this aspect co-exists with divergence (or persisting differences) on other aspects; that convergence among the two areas has been toward each other and not from one to the other (in particular not only of Europe towards the US), and that these dynamics are in any case likely to have been specific to the stock market bubble period and should not be extrapolated.
Complete Explanation
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In a full explanation, the explaining factors necessitate the phenomena to be explained. A special kind of full explanation is a complete explanation, one where none of the explaining factors can themselves be explained by factors operating at the time in question. A special kind of complete explanation is an ultimate explanation, one where none of the explaining factors have any explanation at all by further factors; the explaining factors constitute the ultimate brute facts. A special kind of ultimate explanation is one where the explaining factors are either self-explanatory or logically necessary. There can be no absolute explanations of logically contingent phenomena. Our grounds for believing that we have reached a complete or ultimate explanation is that we have reached a probably true explanation, and that there is good reason to suppose that there is no probably true explanation (of the requisite kind, or at all) of it.
The Explanatory Power of Theism: General Considerations
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Evidence e renders a hypothesis h more probable in so far as both the prior probability of h is high and so is its explanatory power (that is it predictive power which is the probability of the evidence given the hypothesis, divided by the prior probability of the evidence). There cannot be a best of all possible worlds; but in virtue of his perfect goodness, God will bring about a very good world. A world containing ‘humanly free persons’, such as humans, with a free choice to bring about limited good or evil would contain a kind of goodness not possessed by any other world, and so it is quite probable that God would bring about such a world. Persons of this kind need to be embodied.
Teleological Arguments
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
One form of the teleological argument (or argument from design) claims that since it is moderately probable that God will make humans, it is moderately probable that he will make a universe subject to simple laws of nature, for only so can humans make differences to each other and the world. The other form of the argument claims that if God is to make humans, he must make a universe ‘fine-tuned’ to bring about human bodies. So the hypothesis of theism leads us to expect a universe governed by simple laws which are such as, together with the boundary conditions of the universe, to bring about humans. All this would be extremely improbable if there were no God.
6 The Teleological Ordering of the Family
Authors: Waters Brent 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes the normative contours of the family with respect to its teleological and eschatological orientation toward broader spheres of social and political affinities. The principal foci of this account includes the temporal and timely ordering of these affinities, the providential movement of the family through history, and the witness of the family within a vindicated creation being drawn toward its destiny in Christ by focusing on the related tasks of procreation and social reproduction.
Ussher and the Irish Articles of 1615
Authors: Ford Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the Church of Ireland's first independent statement of its theology: the Irish Articles passed in convocation in 1615. The Irish articles linked the Church of Ireland closely to the Church of England, both to its confession and to its prevailing theological consensus in 1615. But where the thirty-nine articles were tentative and open to interpretation, the Irish confession, with its clear statements on predestination (through the incorporation of the Lambeth Articles), its declaration that the Pope was Antichrist, and its concessions to puritan sensitivities, was much fuller and sought to pin down the doctrine of the Irish church as unequivocally reformed, even European, in its outlook. In this achievement — enshrining the Calvinist consensus of the early 17th century — lay the ultimate significance of the Irish confession. It gave to the church a distinct and distinctive theological identity, and, given the lack of subscription, a flexibility in relation to who it wished to include, something which the Church of England lacked.
Ussher and Irish History: Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates
Authors: Ford Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Excluded from the day-to-day running of the Church of Ireland, Ussher in the late 1630s devoted himself to historical research. The result was his 1196-page historical magnum opus of 1639, Britannicarum ecclesiarum antiquitates: quibus inserta est pestiferae adversus Dei gratiam a Pelagio Britanno in ecclesiam inductae haereseos historia. As with Gottschalk, he used his scholarly standing, and the Latin language to launch covert broadsides against the new theological orthodoxy. Though the main purpose of this work was to provide the first detailed critical account of one of the major historical issues confronting church historians at the time — the origins of Christianity in Britain and Ireland — Ussher also included a detailed account of the rise and fall of Pelagianism in England, a direct parallel to the rise of Arminianism. Though, to modern eyes, somewhat credulous in what he included, Ussher's account of Patrick's conversion of Ireland represented considerable progress compared to earlier treatments of the saint's life. Less overtly polemical than his earlier works, Ussher even drew on, and acknowledged the contribution of Catholic scholars.
The expression of purpose in Old English
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the earliest syntactic function of the to-infinitive: that of purpose adjunct, as in Present-day English, I left early to catch the train. Data from Gothic and Old English show that this function could be encoded by three expressions: the du- or to-infinitive, the du- or to-prepositional phrase, and the subjunctive clause introduced by ei in Gothic and by þæt in Old English. It has been claimed in the literature that the bare infinitive could also express purpose in Old English, but a closer look at the data shows that these infinitives occur after verbs of motion and rest, and are parallel to the present participles in Present-day English, he came running, he sat thinking. Such bare infinitives do not express purpose by simultaneity.
Tradition and Innovation at Fiat Auto
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief outline of the Fiat Group's origins, business activities, and organizational model. Section 4.2 outlines a profile of the company by describing its main business operations as well as by providing a series of significant performance indicators. Sections 4.3-4.5 analyse the distinctive chronological phases characterizing the development of the company. Finally, Section 4.6 presents the main structural principles underlying the organizational model currently adopted by Fiat at the plant level, and hence in the plants considered in this study.
Sense Making on the Shop Floor: The Narrative Dimension of Organizational Knowledge
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the sense-making processes through which narratives in the workplace lead to the creation and institutionalization of organizational knowledge. The setting is the stamping shop of an automotive plant. The focus of the inquiry is on how a best performing team deals with disruption on the shop floor. In contrast to Melfi, the Mirafiori Pressing plant incarnates a highly institutionalized context, characterized by an experienced workforce, consolidated and often opaque work practices, and distinctive cultural tradition.
Oedipus and the Political Subject
Authors: Leonard Miriam 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how the figure of Oedipus came to be at the centre of a debate about the role of the political subject in structuralist thought. At the centre of this section is an examination of Jean-Pierre Vernant's dialogue with the structural anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss and his famous interpretation of the Oedipus myth. In stark contrast to the Lévi-Straussian version, Vernant's reading of Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus makes the context of Athenian democracy absolutely central to its analysis, and thus poses a challenge to the ahistorical and apolitical vision of Lévi-Strauss. The second half of this chapter turns to Michel Foucault and his debate with Vernant's political interpretation of the Oedipus. Foucault's Oedipus is not only profoundly influenced by Vernant, but also sheds new light on Vernant's anti-psychoanalytic readings by reinterpreting them through the prism of May '68 and the publication of Deleuze and Guattari's Anti-Oedipus.
De Anima III.1 425a27
Authors: Gregoric Pavel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
One of the main purposes of De Anima III.1 is to show that there can be no sense in addition to the five familiar ones — that is, sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Aristotle supplies an argument in which he concludes for the common perceptibles — such as change, shape, or magnitude — ‘we have an aisthesin koinen’. This is usually taken to imply that the common perceptibles are perceived by the common sense. The logic and the terminology of Aristotle's argument is analysed in this chapter, and it is shown that the phrase does not in fact refer to any higher-order perceptual capacity, but rather it describes an aspect of properly functioning individual senses, namely their sensitivity to the common perceptibles. This interpretation respects the logic of Aristotle's argument and accommodates the facts that the key phrase occurs without the definite article and in reverse word order.