bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Mechanical Properties and Failure Mode of the Equine (Pony) Cranial Cruciate Ligament
Authors: RICH F. ROSS , GLISSON RICHARD R. 
Published: February 2008

In vitro failure modes and mechanical properties of the equine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) were evaluated in 15 stifle joints from 10 ponies. Ponies were from 3 to 25 years of age and weighed from 122 to 208 kg. Femur‐CCL‐tibia specimens were mounted in 48 degrees of flexion, distracted until a 500‐g tensile preload was achieved, and then tested by tensile loading to failure. Specimens failed by complete midsubstance CCL rupture (n = 9), combined tibial insertion avulsion fracture and midsubstance CCL rupture (n = 4), and combined femoral origin avulsion fracture and midsubstance CCL rupture (n = 2). No significant differences were found between CCL mechanical properties and failure mode or body weight.Femur‐CCL‐tibia maximum tensile loads ranged from 1,945 to 4,326 N (median, 2,914 N). Mean maximum tensile load (N) per kilogram of body weight was 17.98 N/kg (median, 17.55 N/kg). These pony specimens had stiffer cranial cruciate ligaments (median, 320.2 N/mm) with a higher elastic modulus (median, 321.7 MPa) than has been reported for other species. Significant decreases in linear tensile load (P= .0292), maximum tensile load (P= .0493), and increases in strain to maximum load (P= .0463) were found in the specimens from 20‐ to 25‐year‐old ponies when compared with those from 3‐ to 10‐year‐old ponies.
Hemodynamic Effects of Epidural Ketamine in Isoflurane‐Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: MARTIN DAVID D. , TRANQUILLI WILLIAM J. , OLSON WILLIAM A. , THURMON JOHN C. , BENSON G. JOHN 
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to determine the hemodynamic effects of epidural ketamine administered during isoflurane anesthesia in dogs.Study Design—Prospective, single‐dose trial.Animals—Six healthy dogs (five males, one female) weighing 25.3 ± 3.88 kg.Methods—Once anesthesia was induced, dogs were maintained at 1.5 times the predetermined, individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane. Dogs were instrumented and allowed to stabilize for 30 minutes before baseline measurements were recorded. Injection of 2 mg/kg of ketamine in 1 mL saline/4.5 kg body weight was then performed at the lumbosacral epidural space. Hemodynamic data were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes after epidural ketamine injection. Statistical analysis included an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures over time. All data were compared with baseline values. AP< .05 was considered significant.Results—Baseline values ±standard error of the mean (X ± SEM) for heart rate, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, stroke index, systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular resistance, and rate‐pressure product were 108 ± 6 beats/min, 85 ± 10 mm Hg, 10 ± 2 mm Hg, 3 ± 1 mm Hg, 5 ± 2 mm Hg, 2.3 ± 0.3 L/min/m2, 21.4 ± 1.9 mL/beat/m2, 3386 ± 350 dynes/sec/cm5, 240 ± 37 dynes/sec/cm5, and 12376 ± 1988 beats/min±mm Hg. No significant differences were detected from baseline values at any time after ketamine injection.Conclusions—The epidural injection of 2 mg/kg of ketamine is associated with minimal hemodynamic effects during isoflurane anesthesia.Clinical Relevance—These results suggest that if epidural ketamine is used for analgesia in dogs, it will induce minimal changes in cardiovascular function.
Effect of Ketorolac Tromethamine on Atracurium‐Induced Neuromuscular Blockade in Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: MARTINEZ ELIZABETH A. , WOOLDRIDGE ANNE A. , HARTSFIELD SANDEE M. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ketorolac tromethamine or placebo on the neuromuscular blockade induced by an infusion of atracurium in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs.Design—Randomized, controlled trial.Animals—Six healthy, adult mixed‐breed dogs (five female, one male) weighing 24.8 ± 2.8 kg.Methods—Dogs were studied on two occasions with a minimum of 7 days between studies. Dogs were induced with 5% isoflurane in oxygen and maintained with 1.6 ± minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) end‐tidal isoflurane. Neuromuscular blockade was assessed using the train of‐four response. Once 50% depression of the first twitch (T1) was achieved, the atracurium infusion rate was held constant for 30 minutes. Then ketorolac, 0.5 mg/kg, or the same volume of placebo (0.9% sodium chloride solution) was administered intravenously and the atracurium infusion maintained for an additional 60 minutes. Before and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after ketorolac or placebo, the percent depression of T1and the fourth twitch to the first twitch (T4/T1) ratio were recorded. The atracurium infusion was discontinued and the time for T1to recover from 50% to 75% of its original value was recorded. At 75% T1, edrophonium, 0.5 mg/kg intravenously, was administered to antagonize the residual blockade.Results—There was no significant difference in T1%, T4/T1ratio, or recovery time after ketorolac administration compared with placebo.Conclusions—Ketorolac, 0.5 mg/kg intravenously, has no significant effect on either atracuriuminduced neuromuscular blockade or recovery time for T1in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs.Clinical Relevance—The concurrent use of atracurium should not be a contraindication for the administration of ketorolac for intraoperative or postoperative analgesia.
Bacterial Culturing of Ventral Median Celiotomies for Prediction of Postoperative Incisional Complications in Horses
Authors: INGLE‐FEHR J.E. , BAXTER G.M. , HOWARD R.D. , TROTTER G.W. , STASHAK T.S. 
Published: February 2008

Objective‐ The purpose of this study was to determine whether detection of bacterial contamination of ventral midline incisions was predictive of postoperative incisional complications in horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for colic. Study Design‐ Prospective study. Animal or Sample Population‐ Horses that had ventral median celiotomies for colic at Colorado State University between May 1, 1991 and April 30, 1993 were studied prospectively. Complete information was obtained on 66 horses. Methods‐ Bacterial cultures were obtained from ventral midline incisions at surgery. Information regarding the type of surgery performed (celiotomy vs celiotomy plus enterotomy or enterectomy), preoperative total nucleated cells and presence of a left shift, postoperative fever (>38.5°C), incisional drainage, incisional herniation, and outcome were obtained from medical records. Additional information concerning incisional drainage, herniation, and survival was obtained at a minimum of 18 months after surgery. Results‐ Examination of odds ratio (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) revealed that a celiotomy plus enterotomy or enterectomy was positively, but not significantly, associated (OR > 1) with positive culture results, presence of incisional drainage and incisional herniation. A significant association between incisional drainage and hernia formation was found; odds of incisional herniation were 62.5 times greater in horses that had incisional drainage. Incisional drainage and herniation were negatively associated with patient survival. The later association was significant (OR = 0.18, P=.04). Conclusions‐ This study indicated that detection of bacterial contamination at incisional closure by the swab culture technique was not beneficial in the prediction of postoperative incisional problems in horses undergoing colic surgery. Incisional drainage or infection appeared to be associated with hernia formation. Clinical Relevance‐ Immediate treatment of incisional drainage or methods to prevent incisional infections may decrease hernia formation.
Evaluation of Low Level Laser Therapy on Primary Healing of Experimentally Induced Full Thickness Teat Wounds in Dairy Cattle
Authors: GHAMSARI SEYED MEHDI , TAGUCHI KIYOSHI , ABE NORITSUGU , ACORDA JEZIE A. , SATO MOTOYOSHI , YAMADA HARUO 
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) on sutured wounds of the teat in dairy cattle. Study Design—By using the Latin square design, the effect of LLLT was evaluated by radiography, measurement of microcirculation flow, histopathology, tensiometry, and hydroxyproline analysis. Animals or Sample Population—Sixteen teats of four dairy cattle. Methods—Full thickness wounds were made on the cranial surface of the teats. Teats were distributed into four groups; group A and B wounds were closed with a Gambee pattern, group C and D wounds were closed with three‐layers of continuous suture pattern. Group B and D wounds were treated with 3.64 J/cm2 of LLLT using a helium‐neon system continuous wave (632.8 nm) output of 8.5 mW. Results—The teat wall in non‐LLLT groups was significantly thicker than in LLLT groups on day 7, 14 and 21. The mean blood flow differences between control and sutured sites in LLLT groups were significantly lower than those in non‐LLLT groups. The morphology of the epidermis in LLLT groups more closely resembled the normal epidermis than that of non‐LLLT groups. Collagen fibers in LLLT groups were denser, thicker, better arranged and more continuous with existing collagen fibers than those in non‐LLLT groups. The mean tensile strength was significantly greater in LLLT groups than in non‐LLLT groups. Conclusion—The LLLT affects various aspects of the healing process, including minimizing inflammation, formation of edema, improvement of skin regeneration and enhancement of collagen synthesis. Clinical Relevance—The LLLT could accelerate healing of sutured wounds of the teat in dairy cattle.
Acute, Unilateral Transverse Sinus Occlusion During Craniectomy in Seven Dogs With Space‐Occupying Intracranial Disease
Authors: BAGLEY RODNEY S. , HARRINGTON MICHAEL L. , PLUHAR G. ELIZABETH , GAVIN PATRICK R. , MOORE MICHAEL P. 
Published: February 2008

Objective‐The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute, unilateral transverse sinus occlusion on intracranial pressure (ICP) and postoperative mortality in dogs with structural intracranial disease.Study Design‐Affected dogs had a single transverse sinus occluded during craniectomy for intracranial mass biopsy or removal.Animals‐Seven dogs with space‐occupying intracranial disease in the cerebellopontine angle area.Methods‐The ipsilateral transverse sinus was permanently occluded during the surgical approach to the intracranial lesion to increase surgical exposure by allowing a caudal lateral rostrotentorial craniectomy to be combined with a suboccipital craniectomy. In five dogs, intracranial pressure was monitored during surgery using a fiberoptic intracranial pressure monitoring device.Results‐Initial ICP varied among dogs, ranging from 7 to 21 mm Hg. Intracranial pressure, however, decreased in all dogs after craniectomy and durotomy (P<.05). No increase in intracranial pressure occurred after transverse sinus occlusion (P=.42). All dogs survived the surgical procedure.Conclusions‐Acute, unilateral transverse sinus occlusion during craniectomy in dogs with space‐occupying intracranial lesions did not result in significant increases in ICP or intraoperative mortality.Clinical Relevance‐Acute, unilateral transverse sinus occlusion during craniectomy can be used to increased surgical exposure to the caudal fossa of the brain without increased risk of increasing ICP.
Use of Colostomy to Manage Rectal Disease in Dogs
Authors: HARDIE ELIZABETH M. , GILSON STEPHEN D. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to develop a diverting colostomy technique for use in dogs.Study Design— Clinical case series.Animals— Five client‐owned dogs presented for diseases requiring diverting colostomy during treatment.Methods— Diverting colostomy was performed in five dogs. A ventral approach was used in the first dog and the colon was exteriorized adjacent to the linea alba. The technique used in the next four dogs involved creation of a left flank rod‐supported loop colostomy in which the colon was exteriorized through a muscle‐separating flank approach to the abdomen.Results— Peritoneal leakage of fecal material resulted in the perioperative death of the first dog. The flank colostomies were maintained for times ranging from 3.5 weeks to 7 months. No major complications were observed, but skin excoriation occurred occasionally around the stomasites in all dogs.Conclusion— Diverting colostomy is a technique that is suitable for use in treatment of dogs with obstruction or leakage involving the distal colon or rectum.
Intestinal Entrapment and Strangulation Caused by Rupture of the Duodenocolic Ligament in Four Dogs
Authors: HASSINGER KIRK A. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to describe four dogs with intestinal entrapment and strangulation caused by a rupture of the duodenocolic ligament.Study Design— This case series documents historical findings, physical examination findings, diagnostic workup, surgical intervention, and outcome of four dogs confirmed at surgery with duodenocolic ligament rupture.Results— Three of four dogs were German shepherds, and two of three German shepherds were intact males. The history, clinical signs, and physical examination findings were not specific for intestinal entrapment. The clinical signs in three of four dogs included chronic vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and lethargy. In the remaining dog, the clinical signs were vomiting and peracute collapse. This dog rapidly deteriorated over a few hours because of strangulation of the entrapped intestines. In two of four dogs, abdominal radiographs showed a distended colon displaced to the right side of the abdominal cavity. Surgery involved transection of the remaining ventral remnant of the duodenocolic ligament and replacing the colon into its normal anatomic position. The three dogs with chronic clinical signs were either still alive, or were euthanatized for unrelated problems. The dog with strangulation of the entrapped intestines was euthanatized at the time of surgery.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Duodenocolic ligament rupture with secondary bowel entrapment can occur in dogs. The prognosis for these animals is favorable provided there is no vascular compromise of the entrapped bowel segments. The peracute history, progression of the disease process, and outcome of the fourth dog in this study indicate that surgery should be performed as an emergency procedure.
Mechanical Characteristics and Comparisons of Cerclage Wires: Introduction of the Double‐Wrap and Loop/Twist Tying Methods
Authors: ROE SIMON C. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— Evaluate the mechanical properties of twist, loop, double loop, double‐wrap and loop/twist cerclage. Methods— The initial tension generated by 18 cerclage of each type was determined using a materials testing machine after tying around a testing jig. Six wires from each type were distracted and the initial stiffness and yield load were determined. Yield behavior was further investigated in six wires of each type by determining the load required to reduce cerclage tension below 30 Newton (N) following an incremental (50 N) stepwise load and unload regimen. The amount of collapse of the simulated bone fragments that resulted in the reduction of initial tension to 30 N was measured for the final six wires of each group. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and a multiple comparison test. Results— Twist type cerclage generated less tension than loop‐type cerclage. The yield load of these two types was similar. Double‐loop and double‐wrap cerclage generated superior tension and resisted a greater load before loosening. Loop/twist cerclage had an intermediate initial tension but had the greatest resistance to loading. In the collapse test, the greater the initial tension, the more collapse could occur before the wire was loose. For all types of cerclage wire fixation, a reduction of diameter of the testing jig of more than 1% caused loosening. Clinical Relevance— Double‐loop and double‐wrap cerclage provide greater compression of fragments and resist loads associated with weight‐bearing better than the twist and loop methods. Loop/twist cerclage may have advantages because of their superior resistance to loading. All cerclage will loosen if fracture fragments collapse.
Laparoscopic Cryptorchid Castration in Standing Horses
Authors: HENDRICKSON DEAN A. , WILSON DAVID G. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— This article describes a new technique for laparoscopic cryptorchid castration in standing horses.Study Design— Prospective study.Animals or Sample Population— Eight horses aged 11 months to 3 years and weighing between 300 and 643 kg.Methods— Food was withheld for 24 to 36 hours, and then horses were sedated with detomidine HC1 (0.02 to 0.03 mg/kg) and butorphanol tartrate (0.02 mg/kg). The paralumbar fossa region was desensitized with 2% mepivacaine in an inverted “L” pattern and caudal epidural anesthesia was administered with either xylazine (0.18 mg/kg diluted to 10 to 15 mL with 0.9% sodium chloride) or a combination of 2% mepivacaine and xylazine (0.18 mg/kg). Initial laparoscopic exploration was performed from the left flank; in three horses, right flank laparoscopy was needed to complete the procedure. The spermatic cord was ligated within the abdomen with one or two sutures of 0 polydioxanone suture, and the testis or testes removed through a flank incision.Results— In five horses with no palpably descended testes, standing laparoscopy was the only procedure performed, whereas in two horses, the abdominal testis was removed laparoscopically, and the descended testis was removed under short acting anesthesia. In one horse, with nonpalpable testes, it was determined by laparoscopic observation that the testes were in the inguinal canal, and castration was performed under general anesthesia. No surgical or postoperative complications were noted. The right side of the abdomen, and especially the right vaginal ring, could be easily observed from the left side by passing the laparoscope through a small perforation in the mesocolon of the descending colon or by elevating the descending colon with an instrument or by use of an arm in the rectum.Conclusions— The standing laparoscopic approach combined with or without short‐acting anesthesia to remove the descended testis is easily performed.Clinical Relevance— This approach will provide surgeons with another option to castrate cryptorchid stallions.
Effect of Platelet‐Activating Factor Antagonist L‐691,880 on Low‐Flow Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury of the Large Colon in Horses
Authors: MOORE RUSTIN M. , MUIR WILLIAM W. , BERTONE ALICIA L. , OLIVER JULIAN L. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the effect of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) antagonist L‐691,880 on low‐flow ischemia and reperfusion (I‐R) of the large colon in horses.Animals—12 adult horses.Experimental Design—Horses were anesthetized, and the large colon was exteriorized through a ventral median celiotomy and instrumented. Colonic arterial blood flow was reduced to 20% of baseline (BL) and maintained for 3 hours; flow was then restored, and the colon was reperfused for 3 hours. One of two solutions was administered intravenously 30 minutes before reperfusion: group 1, 10 mL/kg 0.9% NaCl; and group 2, 5 mg/kg PAF antagonist L‐691,880 in 0.9% NaCl. Hemodynamic variables were monitored and recorded at 30‐minute intervals. Systemic arterial and colonic venous blood were collected for measurement of blood gas tensions, oximetry analyses, packed cell volume, and total plasma protein concentrations. Colonic venous blood was collected for determination of lactate, 6‐keto prostaglandin F1α(6‐kPG), prostaglandin E2(PGE2), and thromboxane B2(TXB2) concentrations. Full‐thickness biopsy specimens were harvested from the left ventral colon for histological evaluation.Results—There were no significant differences between the two groups for any hemodynamic or metabolic variables. Colonic venous pH decreased, and carbon dioxide tension and lactate concentration increased during ischemia but returned to BL values during reperfusion. Colonic venous 6‐kPG concentration was significantly increased above BL value at 2 hours and remained increased through 6 hours in horses of both groups. Colonic venous PGE2concentration was significantly greater in group 2 compared with group 1 throughout the study. Colonic venous PGE2concentration was increased above BL value from 3 to 6 hours in horses of both groups. Colonic venous TXB2concentration was not different between groups but was significantly increased above the BL value for the first hour of reperfusion. Low‐flow I‐R of the large colon caused significant mucosal necrosis, hemorrhage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration; however, there were no differences in histological variables between vehicle‐control and PAF antagonist‐treated horses.Conclusion—No protective effects of PAF antagonist L‐691,880 were observed on colonic mucosa associated with low‐flow I‐R. Additionally, deleterious drug‐induced effects on hemodynamic and metabolic variables and colonic mucosal injury were not observed.
Ventral Abdominal Approach for Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy in Horses
Authors: RAGLE CLAUDE A. , SOUTHWOOD LOUISE L. , HOWLETT MARK R. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To report a ventral abdominal approach and a ligating loop technique for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in horses.Study Design—Prospective.Sample Population—Six horses, aged 1 to 5 years, with retained testes.Methods—One laparoscopic portal and three to four instrument portals were used for ventral abdominal laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy. Laparoscopic instruments were used to maneuver and secure the testis through a ligating loop (modified Roeder knot) that was secured from outside the abdominal cavity. Only minimal enlargement of one instrument portal was used to remove the testicle.Results—Three horses were bilateral cryptorchids, and three were unilateral (left side, two; right side, one) cryptorchids. Operative time, defined as the time from laparoscope insertion to removal, ranged from 20 to 25 minutes for unilateral cryptorchids and from 40 to 50 minutes for bilateral cryptorchids.Conclusions—The reported technique allowed decreased tension on the tissues during ligation and removal of the testis from the peritoneal cavity. Improved observation of the abdominal cavity, ligation security, shortened patient confinement time, and minimally invasive technique are all considered to be benefits of laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.Clinical Relevance—Direct observation of retained testes and intraabdominal castration are distinct advantages of the use of laparoscopy in horses that have had previous unsuccessful surgical attempts, horses with unknown histories that have retained testicular tissue, or bilateral abdominal cryptorchids.