bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical phonon modes and transmissivity in BaWO4 single crystal
Authors: Ran Donggang , Xia Hairui , Sun Shangqian , Zhao Peng , Liu Fengqin , Ling Zongcheng , Ge Wenwei , Zhang Huaijin , Wang Jiyang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBarium tungstate (BaWO4) single crystal has been grown using Czochralski technique. It belongs to the scheelite structure, forming the space group I 41/a at room temperature and the primitive cell contains two molecular units. The polarized Raman spectra were recorded by a micro‐Raman spectrophotometer system in the backscattering geometry. All the observed Raman modes were assigned. The Raman mode at 924 cm–1, which belongs to the totally symmetrical Ag optical modes, has the strongest intensity and its linewidth is 4.6 cm–1. The infrared active lattice vibrations have been studied, eight optical modes were observed and assigned. The ultraviolet absorption edge is at 256 nm and the optical transparency range is up to 2500 nm at room temperature. The energy gap Eg of this crystal was obtained from the optical transmission spectra. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of Al‐doped ZnO thin films deposited by two different sputtering methods
Authors: Yim Keunbin , Lee Chongmu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films were deposited on sapphire (002) and glass substrates by two different sputtering techniques radio frequency magnetron cosputtering of AZO and ZnO targets and sputtering of an AZO target. The dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) and transmittance properties of the AZO films deposited by cosputtering and sputtering on the AZO/ZnO target power ratio, R and the O2/Ar flow ratio, r were investigated, respectively. Only a deep level emission peak appears in the PL spectra of cosputtered AZO films whereas both UV emission and deep level emission peaks are observed in the PL spectra of sputtered AZO films. The absorption edges in the transmittance spectra of the AZO films shift to the lower wavelength region as R and r increase. Also effects of crystallinity, surface roughness, PL on the transmittance of the AZO films were explained using the X‐ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and PL analysis results. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of calcium binding proteins on the precipitation of calcium carbonate: A kinetic and morphologic study
Authors: Xie An‐Jian , Yang Yuan‐Feng , Yao Cheng‐Li , Shen Yu‐Hua , Yang Yong‐Mei , Yu Xue‐Rong , Zhang Chun‐Yan , Zhu Xue‐Mei 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn our experiments, the thermodynamic effect of calcium binding proteins (CBP) on the growth of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was studied in vitro. The CaCO3 crystals obtained in systems with and without CBP were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrograph (FT‐IR) and powder X‐ray diffractometer (XRD). The kinetic process was studied by monitoring the conductivity and pH value, which revealed the obvious inducement effect of CBP on the CaCO3 crystals growth, and the possible formation mechanism of CaCO3 in CBP solution was discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal, phase transition and spectral studies in erythromycin pseudopolymorphs: dihydrate and acetone solvate
Authors: Wang Zhanzhong , Wang Jingkang , Dang Leping 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe thermal, phase transition and spectral studies of erythromycin A dihydrate and acetone solvate were performed by Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetry (TG‐DTA), X‐Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Fourier Transform Infra‐Red (FTIR) spectrum. The non‐thermal kinetic analysis of erythromycin A dihydrate was carried out by DSC at different heating rates in dynamic nitrogen atmosphere. The result showed that heating rate has substantial influence on the thermal behavior of erythromycin dihydrate. The Arrhenius parameters were estimated according to the Kissinger method. Corresponding to dehydration of dihydrate, melting of dehydrated dihydrate, phase transition from dehydrated dihydrate to anhydrate, and melting of anhydrate, the calculated activation energy were 39.60, 269.85, 261.23, and 582.16 kJmol–1, the pre‐exponential factors were 3.46 × 103, 8.06 × 1032, 9.23 × 1030, and 7.29 × 1063 s–1, respectively. Ozawa method was used to compare activation energy values calculated by Kissinger method. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Oxidation of a Phospholipid at an Electrode Modified with an Electrochemically Formed Sol‐Gel Film Doped with Cyclodextrin
Authors: Wandstrat Michelle M. , Spendel Wolfgang U. , Pacey Gilbert E. , Cox James A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn aqueous, un‐buffered solution at a potential where H+ is generated in a tetraethylorthosilicate sol, nm‐scale deposits of silica on electrodes are formed. Inclusion of β‐cyclodextrin in the sol promotes electrochemical activity, presumably by producing channels in the otherwise‐passivating film. With the additional provision of inclusion of a redox mediator, RhII, the electrochemical oxidation of a representative phospholipid (PL), phosphatidylcholine (PC), is demonstrated; the process occurs without the passivation that otherwise precludes the voltammetric determination of PLs. By cyclic voltammetry, current proportional to PC concentration in the range 1–100 μM is achieved with the described electrode.
Palladium Sub‐Nanoparticle Decorated ‘Bamboo’ Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Exhibit Electrochemical Metastability: Voltammetric Sensing in Otherwise Inaccessible pH Ranges
Authors: Ji Xiaobo , Banks Craig E. , Holloway Andrew F. , Jurkschat Kerstin , Thorogood Charles A. , Wildgoose Gregory G. , Compton Richard G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA generic approach for the detection of electroactive species in potential ranges that would normally be inhibited due to the stripping of the electrocatalytic material is presented. We demonstrate, via the example of the electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine, that palladium nanoparticle (< 1 nm) decorated bamboo multi‐walled carbon nanotubes exhibit a metastability such that they allow the sensing of hydrazine in the pH range where palladium metal would normally be voltammetrically stripped (oxidized) from the surface of convectional electrodes.
Cyclic testing of unreinforced masonry walls in two‐way bending
Authors: Griffith M. C. , Vaculik J. , Lam N. T. K. , Wilson J. , Lumantarna E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn experimental programme was conducted in which eight full‐scale unreinforced masonry walls were subjected to cyclic face loading using a system of airbags. Of the eight walls, six contained a window opening and four were subjected to vertical pre‐compression. Combined supports at the vertical and horizontal edges ensured that under face loading the walls underwent two‐way bending. The test walls were found to possess good post‐peak strength and displacement capacity as well as reasonable energy dissipation characteristics. Significant strength and stiffness degradation and non‐symmetry of strength in the positive and negative displacement directions were also evident. Discussion of the causes of the aforementioned trends and their implications towards the seismic response of masonry walls is provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic fragility methodology for highway bridges using a component level approach
Authors: Nielson Bryant G. , DesRoches Reginald 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBridge fragility curves, which express the probability of a bridge reaching a certain damage state for a given ground motion parameter, play an important role in the overall seismic risk assessment of a transportation network. Current analytical methodologies for generating bridge fragility curves do not adequately account for all major contributing bridge components. Studies have shown that for some bridge types, neglecting to account for all of these components can lead to a misrepresentation of the bridges' overall fragilities.In this study, an expanded methodology for the generation of analytical fragility curves for highway bridges is presented. This methodology considers the contribution of the major components of the bridge, such as the columns, bearings and abutments, to its overall bridge system fragility. In particular, this methodology utilizes probability tools to directly estimate the bridge system fragility from the individual component fragilities. This is illustrated using a bridge whose construction and configuration are typical to the Central and Southeastern United States and the results are presented and discussed herein. This study shows that the bridge as a system is more fragile than any one of the individual components. Assuming that the columns represent the entire bridge system can result in errors as large as 50% at higher damage states. This provides support to the assertion that multiple bridge components should be considered in the development of bridge fragility curves. The findings also show that estimation of the bridge fragilities by their first‐order bounds could result in errors of up to 40%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Referral patterns to a specialist eating disorder service: the impact of the referrer's gender
Authors: Feeney Eileen , Noble Helen , Waller Glenn 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere is some evidence that the characteristics of general practitioners (GPs) and of the services that they operate influence the likelihood of referring patients to specialist eating disorder services. The aim of this study was to determine whether the gender of the GP is associated with referral rates for different eating disorders. The sample was a retrospective case series of 93 patients, referred to a specialist eating disorder service by local GPs. Associations between GP gender and clinical characteristics of the patients were determined using chi‐squared tests and t‐tests. Patients with binge eating disorder were substantially more likely to be referred by female GPs, while other atypical cases were more likely to be referred by male GPs. There was no evidence that the patients referred by male GPs differed in clinical presentation from those referred by female GPs. Clinical hypotheses are advanced to explain these biases in the referral practices of male and female clinicians. There is a need for greater education of GPs about the importance of identifying atypical eating disorders and treating them appropriately. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Retardation of electrical tree propagation by resin degradation
Authors: Weiers T. , Keller D. , Hutter W. , Stephan C. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn order to improve insight into the effect of delaminations between the conductor and the groundwall insulation on the ageing of high voltage rotating machinery insulation, the influence of the polymer degradation on tree growth has been studied. Simultaneous partial discharge measurements and photograhic observations have been conducted in order to investigate the effect of the degradation of the resin on electrical tree propagation. The photographic observation indicates that the degradation of the resin retards the tree propagation after the tree having failed to penetrate a mica barrier. As the resin is degraded and in part rendered conducting, the partial discharges change both in magnitude and in terms of phase resolved partial discharge patterns. These partial discharge measurements are promising to improve insight into the processes involved in winding insulation ageing, when photographic observations are unattainable. Moreover the differences found between various resins offer an explanation why various types of winding insulation have been found to differ in their capability to withstand thermal cyclic ageing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete duality finite volume schemes for two‐dimensional drift‐diffusion and energy‐transport models
Authors: Chainais‐Hillairet C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe drift‐diffusion and the energy‐transport models appear in the modelling of semiconductor devices. The main difficulty arising in the approximation of the energy transport model by finite volume schemes is the discretization of the Joule heating term in the equation on the density of energy. Following some recent ideas by Domelevo and Omnès for the discretization of the Laplace equation on almost general meshes, we construct a finite volume approximation of the 2‐D drift‐diffusion and energy transport models. These schemes still hold on almost general meshes. Finally, we present numerical simulations of semiconductor devices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress evoked by opiate withdrawal facilitates hippocampal LTP in vivo
Authors: Dong Zhifang , Zhong Weixia , Tian Meng , Han Huili , Cao Jun , Xu Tianle , Luo Jianhong , Xu Lin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStress impairs hippocampal long‐term potentiation (LTP), but it is unknown whether the stress evoked by opiate withdrawal has the same effect. Here the authors report that opiate withdrawal for 4 days does not influence basal synaptic transmission, but results in a greatly increased LTP in hippocampal CA1 area in anesthetized rats. Elevated‐platform stress enabled a large LTP in rats withdrawn for only 18 h, but the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486 (twice per day for 3 days) prevented the large LTP on 4 days withdrawal. Moreover, 4 days withdrawal enhanced the NMDAR‐mediated EPSCs, in which the NR2A‐containing NMDAR‐mediated EPSC was increased but the NR2B‐containing NMDAR‐mediated EPSC was decreased. These results suggest that adaptive changes of the NMDAR and glucocorticoid receptor functions during 4 days of opiate withdrawal may enable stress to facilitate hippocampal LTP, potentially contributing to the opiate withdrawal experience‐dependent modifications of hippocampal functions. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The metabolic organization of a primitive air‐breathing fish, the Florida gar (lepisosteus platyrhincus)
Authors: Frick Natasha Therese , Scott Bystriansky Jason , Stuart Ballantyne James 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolic organization of the air‐breathing Florida gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus, was assessed by measuring the maximal activities of key enzymes in several metabolic pathways in selected tissues, concentrations of plasma metabolites including nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), free amino acids (FAA) and glucose as well as tissue FAA levels. In general, L. platyrhincus has an enhanced capacity for carbohydrate metabolism as indicated by elevated plasma glucose levels and high activities of gluconeogenic and glycolytic enzymes. Based upon these properties, glucose appears to function as the major fuel source in the Florida gar. The capacity for lipid metabolism in L. platyrhincus appears limited as plasma NEFA levels and the activities of enzymes involved in lipid oxidation are low relative to many other fish species. L. platyrhincus is capable of oxidizing both D‐ and L‐β‐hydroxybutyrate, with tissue‐specific preferences for each stereoisomer, yet the capacity for ketone body metabolism is low compared with other primitive fishes. Based on enzyme activities, the metabolism of the air‐breathing organ more closely resembles that of the mammalian lung than a fish swim bladder. The Florida gar sits phylogenetically and metabolically in an intermediate position between the “primitive” elasmobranchs and the “advanced” teleosts. The apparently unique metabolic organization of the gar may have evolved in the context of a bimodal air‐breathing environmental adaptation. J. Exp. Zool. 305A:7–17, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homology and the evolution of novelty duringDanioadult pigment pattern development
Authors: Parichy David M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecent studies using zebrafish and its relatives have provided insights into the development and evolution of adult pigment patterns. In this review, I describe how an iterative approach using a biomedical model organism and its close relatives can be used to elucidate both mechanistic and organismal aspects of pigment pattern formation. Such analyses have revealed critical roles for post‐embryonic latent precursors as well as interactions among different pigment cell classes during adult pigment pattern formation and diversification. These studies also have started to reveal homologous and novel features of the underlying developmental processes.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B:578–590, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A characterization of distinguished Fréchet spaces
Authors: Ferrando J. C. , Ka̧kol J. , López Pellicer M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBierstedt and Bonet proved in 1988 that if a metrizable locally convex space E satisfies the Heinrich's density condition, then every bounded set in the strong dual (E ′, β (E ′, E)) of E is metrizable; consequently E is distinguished, i.e. (E ′, β (E ′, E)) is quasibarrelled. However there are examples of distinguished Fréchet spaces whose strong dual contains nonmetrizable bounded sets. We prove that a metrizable locally convex space E is distinguished iff every bounded set in the strong dual (E ′, β (E ′, E)) has countable tightness, i.e. for every bounded set A in (E ′, β (E ′, E)) and every x in the closure of A there exists a countable subset B of A whose closure contains x. This extends also a classical result of Grothendieck. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Maximal Lp regularity for parabolic difference equations
Authors: Geissert Matthias 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a family of finite difference operators {Ah }h >0 on discrete L q ‐spaces L q (ℝN h ). We show that the solution u h to u ′h (t) – A h u h(t) = f h (t), t > 0, u h (0) = 0 satisfies the estimate ‖A h u h ‖ ≤ C ‖f h ‖, where C is independent of h and f h . In this case, the family {A h }h >0 is said to have discrete maximal L p regularity on the discrete L q ‐space. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Placebo‐controlled, double‐blind dose‐finding study of entacapone in fluctuating parkinsonian patients
Authors: Mizuno Yoshikuni , Kanazawa Ichiro , Kuno Sadako , Yanagisawa Nobuo , Yamamoto Mitsutoshi , Kondo Tomoyoshi ,   Japanese Parkinson–Entacapone Study Group
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe conducted a multicenter randomized, placebo‐controlled double‐blind parallel‐group study in Japanese Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with wearing‐off motor fluctuations to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of entacapone as an adjunct to concomitant treatment with levodopa and a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (DCI). We randomized 341 patients to receive entacapone 100 or 200 mg or placebo per dose of levodopa/DCI for 8 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was on time change while awake, determined by patients' diaries. Mean baseline on time in each group was approximately 8 hours. Mean on time change at final assessment was 1.4 hours each for entacapone 100‐mg and 200‐mg groups and by 0.5 hours for the placebo group (P < 0.05). The two entacapone doses were equally efficacious. Adverse events occurred in 79 patients (69.9%) in placebo, 82 (72.6%) in 100 mg, and 98 (86.0%) in 200 mg. The most common adverse event with entacapone was an increase in dyskinesias. The overall safety profile was satisfactory in both entacapone groups. In conclusion, both entacapone 100 and 200 mg were equally effective in increasing on time of PD patients with wearing‐off fluctuations, although the safety and tolerability profile appeared more favorable for the 100‐mg dose. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Sarizotan as a treatment for dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: A double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. , Damier Philippe , Hicking Christine , Laska Eugene , Müller Thomas , Olanow C. Warren , Rascol Olivier , Russ Hermann 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study is to conduct a dose‐finding study of sarizotan in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with dyskinesia to identify a safe dose and to identify a sensitive dyskinesia rating measure. Sarizotan is a novel compound with full 5‐HT1A agonist properties and additional high affinity for D3 and D4 receptors. An open label study documented improvements in PD patients with levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. There is no precedent for study designs or outcome measures in pivotal trials of antidyskinesia therapies. The approach used here was a multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel study. Included were PD patients optimized to levodopa and dopaminergic drugs with moderately disabling dyskinesias present greater than or equal to 25% of the waking day. Interventions included sarizotan 2, 4, or 10 mg/day or matching placebo, given in two doses. There were two outcome measures: the primary measure was change from baseline in diary‐based on time without dyskinesia; the secondary measures were change from baseline in scores on the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), the composite score of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Items 32+33 (dyskinesia duration and disability) and total UPDRS. A total of 398 subjects were randomized, with 381 included in the intention‐to‐treat population. No significant changes occurred on sarizotan compared to placebo on any diary‐based measure of dyskinesia or the AIMS score. The composite score of UPDRS Items 32+33 was significantly improved with 2 mg/day sarizotan, with a trend at 10 mg/day. Adverse events were not significantly different in sarizotan‐ and placebo‐treated patients, but off time significantly increased with sarizotan 10 mg/day. Sarizotan 2 mg/day is a safe agent in PD patients with dyskinesia. To test its role in abating dyskinesia, future studies should focus on this dose and will use the composite score of UPDRS Items 32+33 as the primary outcome. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Unambiguous assignment of trifluoromethylpyrazole regioisomers by 19F–15N correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Kline Mike , Cheatham Steve 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalysis of the 19F chemical shifts of trifluoromethylpyrazole regioisomers has shown that while chemical shift is in general a reliable predictor of regiochemistry in this series, there is a narrow chemical shift range in which the two isomers overlap and the regiochemistry cannot be assigned with certainty. We have examined the usage of 19F15N correlation spectroscopy as a method to provide a second unambiguous confirmation of regiochemistry of 3‐ and 5‐trifluoromethylpyrazole regioisomers. In the case of 3‐trifluoromethyl analogs, one expects a three‐bond coupling to the pyridine type nitrogen (N–2). In the case of the 5‐trifluoromethyl pyrazole the situation is exactly reversed, with the fluorines of the trifluoromethyl moiety being 3‐bonds from the pyrrole type nitrogen (N‐1). We have observed that 3‐trifluromethyl analogs follow the expected pattern of readily observable 3‐bond coupling. However, 19F15N couplings in 5‐trifluromethyl analogs do not follow the normal pattern of 3‐bond coupling. Using this information we have been able to develop unambiguous methods to distinguish the isomers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.