bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exonic Splicing Enhancers
Authors: Fedorov Alexei , Fedorova Larisa 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs) are short motifs in exons that promote both constitutive and alternative splicing. Several splicing factors, known as SR proteins, bind specifically to ESEs during the initial steps of splicing to initiate assembly of the spliceosomal complex.
DNA Methylation and Histone Acetylation
Authors: Ballestar Esteban , Esteller Manel 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
DNA methylation is central to the establishment and heritability of states of expression. Gene silencing that is dependent on DNA methylation involves histone deacetylation. The relevance of the correct maintenance of these modifications patterns is illustrated by cancer, in which alterations in DNA methylation patterns occur.
Thyroid Dysfunction: Molecular Genetics
Authors: Ludgate Marian , Fuhrer Dagmar 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The thyroid produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). A surplus or a deficit in thyroid hormone production, due to thyroid dysfunction, results in hyper‐ or hypothyroidism respectively. A spectrum of thyroid‐specific gene mutations, implicit in the control of thyroid function and growth, underline the molecular mechanisms leading to thyroid dysfunction.
Bacterial Proteomes
Authors: Jungblut Peter R 
Published: September 2006

AbstractProteomes represent the composition of the functional information‐containing macromolecules (proteins) of an organism or a defined part of it. A global view of bacterial proteomes will illuminate basic biological principles such as the functioning of a cell and the elucidation of pathological important proteins for vaccine development, diagnosis and therapy of infectious diseases. Understanding of bacterial proteomes will illuminate basic biological principles such as the functioning of a cell and will allow the elucidation of pathological important proteins for vaccine development, diagnosis and therapy of infectious diseases.
Nucleolar Proteomics
Authors: Couté Yohann , Scherl Alexander , Dieckmann Régis , Callé Aleth , Hoogland Christine , Kindbeiter Karine , Déon Catherine , Greco Anna , Sanchez Jean‐Charles , Diaz Jean‐Jacques , Hochstrasser Denis 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The nucleolus is a dense membrane‐free nuclear domain, visible by light microscopy. It is known that the nucleolus is the site of ribosomal gene transcription and ribosome assembly. However, it appears that the nucleolus also plays a key role in many other biological processes.
Two‐dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Ong Shao‐En , Rosa Liang Cynthia Mui Yee 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis separates proteins according to their isoelectric points and molecular weight. Recent developments allowing improved resolution, detection and reproducibility, coupled with sensitive protein identification by mass spectrometry has made this methodology one of the most common tools for the study of proteomes in the postgenomic age.
Quantitative Proteomics (ICAT™)
Authors: Griffin Timothy J , Sherman Jamie , Aebersold Ruedi 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
An essential aspect of proteomic analysis is the identification and quantification of each protein present in two or more complex mixtures. The use of isotope‐coded affinity tag (ICAT™) reagents and mass spectrometry forms part of quantitative proteomic analysis technology.
Involvement of trichothecenes in fusarioses of wheat, barley and maize evaluated by gene disruption of the trichodiene synthase (Tri5) gene in three field isolates of different chemotype and virulence
Authors: MAIER FRANK J. , MIEDANER THOMAS , HADELER BIRGIT , FELK ANGELIKA , SALOMON SIEGFRIED , LEMMENS MARC , KASSNER HELMUT , SCHÄFER WILHELM 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARY Fusarium graminearum is the main causative agent of Fusarium head blight on small grain cereals and of ear rot on maize. The disease leads to dramatic yield losses and to an accumulation of mycotoxins. The most dominant F. graminearum mycotoxins are the trichothecenes, with deoxynivalenol and nivalenol being the most prevalent derivatives. To investigate the involvement of trichothecenes in the virulence of the pathogen, the gene coding for the initial enzyme of the trichothecene pathway was disrupted in three field isolates, differing in chemotype and in virulence. From each isolate three individual disruption mutants were tested for their virulence on wheat, barley and maize. Despite the different initial virulence of the three wild‐type progenitor strains on wheat, all disruption mutants caused disease symptoms on the inoculated spikelet, but the symptoms did not spread into other spikelets. On barley, the trichothecene deficient mutants showed no significant difference compared to the wild‐type strains: all were equally aggressive. On maize, mutants derived from the NIV‐producing strain caused less disease than their wild‐type progenitor strain, while mutants derived from DON‐producing strains caused the same level of disease as their progenitor strains. These data demonstrate that trichothecenes influence the virulence of F. graminearum in a highly complex manner, which is strongly host as well as moderately chemotype specific.
Population genetic structure of Plasmopara viticola after 125 years of colonization in European vineyards
Authors: GOBBIN DAVIDE , RUMBOU ARTEMIS , LINDE CELESTE C. , GESSLER CESARE 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARYTo examine the within‐ and among‐population genetic structure of Plamopara viticola oosporic populations in Europe, 8991 lesions from 32 vineyard plots were collected and analysed. Four multi‐allelic microsatellite markers were used to genotype the pathogen. All populations had high levels of gene and genotypic diversity. Most populations were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and thus randomly mating. Among P. viticola populations, significant low to moderate genetic differentiation was observed, even between geographically close populations. This genetic differentiation was also evident in the neighbour‐joining phylogenetic genetic distance tree, showing clear substructure and distinguishing mainly five clusters based on geographical origin. Significant isolation by distance was found in central European P. viticola populations, suggesting a step‐wise migration model. No significant isolation by distance was found within Greek populations, most probably owing to natural geographical barriers such as the sea and mountains, as well as the frequent population bottlenecks occurring in these populations, preventing natural migration among populations. The high variability of P. viticola provides explanation for its successful infestation of the heterogeneous European vineyards in the last 125 years after its introduction.
Review article: immune suppression and colorectal cancer
Authors: EVANS C. , DALGLEISH A. G. , KUMAR D. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryBackgroundAdvances in immunology and molecular biology have shown that colorectal cancer is potentially immunogenic and that host immune responses influence survival. However, immune surveillance and activation is frequently ineffective in preventing and/or controlling tumour growth.AimTo discuss potential ways in which colorectal cancer induces immune suppression, its effect upon prognosis and avenues for therapeutic development.MethodA literature review was undertaken for evidence of colorectal cancer‐induced immune suppression using PubMed and Medline searches. Further studies were identified from the reference lists of identified papers.ResultsImmune suppression occurs at a molecular and cellular level and can result in a shift from cellular to humoral immunity. Several mechanisms for immune suppression have been described affecting innate and adaptive immunity with suppression linked to poorer clinical outcome.ConclusionsColorectal cancer causes direct inhibition of the host's immune response with a detrimental effect upon prognosis. Immunotherapy offers a therapeutic strategy to counteract these effects with promising results seen particularly in precancerous conditions and early tumours. This review strongly suggests that immunotherapy should be incorporated into adjuvant therapeutic trials for stage 2 tumours and be considered as adjuvant treatment in conjunction with standard chemotherapy regimes for advanced disease.
Survival and dependence on home parenteral nutrition: experience over a 25‐year period in a UK referral centre
Authors: LLOYD D. A. J. , VEGA R. , BASSETT P. , FORBES A. , GABE S. M. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryBackgroundHome parenteral nutrition (HPN) is the standard treatment for severe intestinal failure in the United Kingdom.AimTo review long‐term survival and ongoing HPN dependence of patients receiving HPN treated at a specialist UK referral centre.MethodsMedical records of patients commenced on HPN between 1979 and 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. Regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with poor prognosis.ResultsCase notes of 188 patients were reviewed. Overall probability of survival was 86%, 77%, 73% and 71% at 1, 3, 5 and 10 years after starting treatment. In multivariate analysis, association was seen between mechanism of intestinal failure and survival: short bowel syndrome associated with a favourable prognosis, and intestinal dysfunction, dysmotility and obstruction with poorer prognoses. There was an association between increasing age and poor prognosis, but increased mortality was also seen in the youngest age groups. Only 9% of deaths were due to complications of HPN. Continued HPN dependence was 89%, 87%, 84% and 84% at 1, 3, 5 and 10 years in survivors.ConclusionsLong‐term survival of patients receiving HPN remains better than that reported after intestinal transplantation. Mortality predominantly relates to underlying disease rather than complications of HPN.
Traditional Chinese medicine causing hepatotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: a 1‐year prospective study
Authors: YUEN M.‐F. , TAM S. , FUNG J. , WONG D. K.‐H. , WONG B. C.‐Y. , LAI C.‐L. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryBackgroundSafety of traditional Chinese medicine in patients with chronic hepatitis B is unknown.AimTo study the clinical outcome of traditional Chinese medicine‐induced hepatotoxicity in chronic hepatitis B patients.Patients and methodsAll chronic hepatitis B patients in 2004 with liver dysfunction requiring hospitalization were screened prospectively for traditional Chinese medicine intake. The hepatotoxicity of individual traditional Chinese medicine elements was determined by extensive search of both English and Chinese publications.ResultsOf 45 chronic hepatitis B patients, the liver dysfunction in seven (15.6%) was attributable to traditional Chinese medicine. All had liver dysfunction pattern resembling those of acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B. Three patients had adverse outcomes (two deaths, one liver transplantation). One patient had accelerated course of cirrhosis now awaiting liver transplantation. The identified hepatotoxic components were Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, Cassia obtusifolia L, Melia toosendan Sieb., Rheum palmatum L., Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L, Alisma orientale Juzepe, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and Mentha haplocalyx Briq. One traditional Chinese medicine formula was adulterated with a highly hepatotoxic agent, N‐nitrosofenfluramine.ConclusionsTraditional Chinese medicine‐related hepatotoxicity resulted in high mortality in chronic hepatitis B patients. Prospective randomized‐controlled trials with the same stringent criteria as western medicine clinical trials are required for Chinese medicines, to document their efficacies and safety before they can be advocated for the treatment of patients.
Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and postchallenge hyperglycaemia in Chinese patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: WONG V. W. S. , HUI A. Y. , TSANG S. W. C. , CHAN J. L. Y. , WONG G. L. H. , CHAN A. W. H. , SO W. Y. , CHENG A. Y. S. , TONG P. C. Y. , CHAN F. K. L. , SUNG J. J. Y. , CHAN H. L. Y. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryBackgroundNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease is prevalent in affluent countries and is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome.AimTo study the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and postchallenge hyperglycaemia in Chinese patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.Methods73 consecutive patients with biopsy‐proven non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and no history of diabetes underwent comprehensive metabolic screening. Diagnosis of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation was based on the 2006 American Diabetes Association criteria.ResultsThe prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease patients was 33% and 29%, respectively. Among patients with 2‐h plasma glucose above 7.8 mm, 47% had normal fasting glucose (below 5.6 mm). Impaired glucose tolerance was more common in patients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis than those with simple hepatic steatosis (P = 0.036), and 2‐h plasma glucose correlated with fibrosis stage (Spearman coefficient: 0.25, P = 0.046). In a binary logistic regression analysis, high fasting glucose and low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were independent factors associated with diabetes. Nevertheless, if oral glucose tolerance test was only performed in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with impaired fasting glucose, 20.8% of diabetes cases would be missed.ConclusionsIsolated postchallenge hyperglycaemia is common among Chinese non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease patients without history of diabetes. It is associated with histological severe disease, and cannot be accurately predicted by any fasting glucose cut‐off.
Effects of phlebotomy therapy on cytochrome P450 2e1 activity and oxidative stress markers in dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome: a randomized trial
Authors: LAINÉ F. , REYMANN J. M. , MOREL F. , LANGOUËT S. , PERRIN M. , GUILLYGOMARC'H A. , BRISSOT P. , TURMEL V. , MOUCHEL C. , PAPE D. , BELLISSANT E. , DEUGNIER Y. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryAimTo assess the effects of iron removal on cytochrome P450 2E1 activity and oxidative stress in dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome.MethodsForty‐eight patients were randomized to phlebotomy therapy consisting of removal of 300–500 mL of blood every 14 days until serum ferritin levels dropped under 100 μg/L or to follow‐up without phlebotomy therapy. Cytochrome P450 2E1 activity was measured at baseline and at the end of treatment by using the 6‐hydroxychlorzoxazone/chlorzoxazone blood metabolic ratio, 2 h after the intake of 500 mg of chlorzoxazone.ResultsIn the treatment group, a mean of 3.9 ± 1.3 L of blood was removed and serum ferritin levels dropped from 715 ± 397 to 74 ± 34 μg/L. Variation of cytochrome P450 2E1 activity was not significantly different between the 2 groups (0.07 ± 0.26 vs. 0.03 ± 0.19, P = 0.36). In the treatment group, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and vitamin E were lowered after treatment compared with control group (−0.15 ± 0.51 vs. 0.24 ± 0.58, P = 0.002 and −1.3 ± 4.4 vs. 2.3 ± 5.2, P = 0.03, respectively). Inversely, vitamin C was increased (0.5 ± 3.5 vs. −1.8 ± 3.9, P = 0.03).ConclusionsIn dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome, reduction of iron stores does not significantly influence cytochrome P450 2E1 activity but is associated with a significant decrease of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, suggesting that venesection therapy may be a suitable option in these patients.
Separating the effects of climate and vegetation on evapotranspiration along a successional chronosequence in the southeastern US
Authors: STOY PAUL C. , KATUL GABRIEL G. , SIQUEIRA MARIO B. S. , JUANG JEHN‐YIH , NOVICK KIMBERLY A. , McCARTHY HEATHER R. , CHRISTOPHER OISHI A. , UEBELHERR JOSHUA M. , KIM HYUN‐SEOK , OREN RAM 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe combined Eddy‐covariance measurements with a linear perturbation analysis to isolate the relative contribution of physical and biological drivers on evapotranspiration (ET) in three ecosystems representing two end‐members and an intermediate stage of a successional gradient in the southeastern US (SE). The study ecosystems, an abandoned agricultural field [old field (OF)], an early successional planted pine forest (PP), and a late‐successional hardwood forest (HW), exhibited differential sensitivity to the wide range of climatic and hydrologic conditions encountered over the 4‐year measurement period, which included mild and severe droughts and an ice storm. ET and modeled transpiration differed by as much as 190 and 270 mm yr−1, respectively, between years for a given ecosystem. Soil water supply, rather than atmospheric demand, was the principal external driver of interannual ET differences. ET at OF was sensitive to climatic variability, and results showed that decreased leaf area index (L) under mild and severe drought conditions reduced growing season (GS) ET (ETGS) by ca. 80 mm compared with a year with normal precipitation. Under wet conditions, higher intrinsic stomatal conductance (gs) increased ETGS by 50 mm. ET at PP was generally larger than the other ecosystems and was highly sensitive to climate; a 50 mm decrease in ETGS due to the loss of L from an ice storm equaled the increase in ET from high precipitation during a wet year. In contrast, ET at HW was relatively insensitive to climatic variability. Results suggest that recent management trends toward increasing the land‐cover area of PP‐type ecosystems in the SE may increase the sensitivity of ET to climatic variability.
Prediction of bird‐day carrying capacity on a staging site: a test of depletion models
Authors: NOLET BART A. , GYIMESI ABEL , KLAASSEN RAYMOND H. G. 
Published: September 2006

Summary

The carrying capacity of a site for migratory water birds, expressed in bird‐days, can be of particular conservation value. Several attempts have been made to model this carrying capacity using ideal free distribution models such as, for instance, depletion models, in which the distribution is fully determined by exploitative competition.
In the tests of depletion models carried out so far, no alternative models were compared; rather, one specific model was tested. We tested whether bird‐days were more in accordance with birds depleting the food resource (a1) until a critical food density which just enabled survival or (a2) until a threshold food density which renders the site as profitable as an alternative site; and birds (b1) satisfying their daily requirements or (b2) maximizing daily intake.
We studied Bewick's swans feeding on below‐ground tubers of fennel pondweed in one part of an autumn staging site. In most years between 1995 and 2005, we measured tuber biomass densities around September, November and March, and counted swans daily during their stopover in October.
The best fit between observed and predicted bird‐days was obtained by assuming that the swans were maximizing their daily intake and depleting the tubers until a threshold biomass density (which yielded the same energetic return as the alternative food source after accounting for a small part of the initial tuber biomass being out of reach of the swans). Also in line with daily intake maximization, the daily feeding time did not differ from 10 h day−1, the value predicted for Bewick's swans based on their feeding costs.
Our results suggests that the applicable model to calculate carrying capacity may depend strongly on whether birds use a site to stopover or to winter, because it determines whether the birds are more likely to use a threshold or critical food density, and to behave as energy maximizers or satisficers.
Contrasting patterns in genetic diversity following multiple invasions of fresh and brackish waters
Authors: KELLY DAVID W. , MUIRHEAD JAMES R. , HEATH DANIEL D. , MACISAAC HUGH J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBiological invasions may combine the genetic effects of population bottlenecks and selection and thus provide valuable insight into the role of such processes during novel environmental colonizations. However, these processes are also influenced by multiple invasions, the number of individuals introduced and the degree of similarity between source and receiving habitats. The amphipod Gammarus tigrinus provides a useful model to assess these factors, as its invasion history has involved major environmental transitions. This species is native to the northwest Atlantic Ocean, although it invaded both brackish and freshwater habitats in the British Isles after introduction more than 65 years ago. It has also spread to similar habitats in Western Europe and, most recently, to Eastern Europe, the Baltic Sea, and the Laurentian Great Lakes. To examine sources of invasion and patterns of genetic change, we sampled populations from 13 native estuaries and 19 invaded sites and sequenced 542 bp of the mitochondrial COI gene. Strong native phylogeographical structure allowed us to unambiguously identify three allopatrically evolved clades (2.3–3.1% divergent) in invading populations, indicative of multiple introductions. The most divergent clades occurred in the British Isles and mainland Europe and were sourced from the St Lawrence and Chesapeake/Delaware Bay estuaries. A third clade was found in the Great Lakes and sourced to the Hudson River estuary. Despite extensive sampling, G. tigrinus did not occur in freshwater at putative source sites. Some European populations showed reduced genetic diversity consistent with bottlenecks, although selection effects cannot be excluded. The habitat distribution of clades in Europe was congruent with the known invasion history of secondary spread from the British Isles. Differences in salinity tolerance among lineages were suggested by patterns of habitat colonization by different native COI clades. Populations consisting of admixtures of the two invading clades were found principally at recently invaded fresh and brackish water sites in Eastern Europe, and were characterized by higher genetic diversity than putative source populations. Further studies are required to determine if these represent novel genotypes. Our results confirm that biological invasions need not result in diminished genetic diversity, particularly if multiple source populations, each with distinctive genetic composition, contribute to the founding populations.