bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responsive parenting is associated with improved type 1 diabetes‐related quality of life
Authors: Botello‐Harbaum M. , Nansel T. , Haynie D. L. , Iannotti R. J. , Simons‐Morton B. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackground  Improved quality of life is an important treatment goal for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. While previous research supports a relationship between family environment and quality of life, little research has addressed the relationship of parenting style constructs to quality of life in children with chronic disease. The present investigation assesses the relationship of parent responsiveness and demandingness with diabetes‐related quality of life among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Methods  Baseline and 12‐month follow‐up self‐report assessments were collected on a sample of 81 children with type 1 diabetes participating in an efficacy trial of a behavioural intervention to enhance adherence. The sample had a mean age of 13.3 years (SD = 1.7) and duration of diabetes of 7.7 years (SD = 3.7). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship of parent responsiveness and demandingness to diabetes‐related quality of life at each time point.Results  After adjusting for demographic and diabetes characteristics, as well as diabetes‐specific parent–child behaviours, parent responsiveness was significantly associated with baseline diabetes‐related quality of life (β = 0.23; P = 0.04). This relationship was sustained at 12‐month follow‐up (β = 0.22; P = 0.04) after adjusting for baseline quality of life and treatment group assignment, suggesting that parent responsiveness is associated with improved quality of life.Conclusions  Findings indicate the importance of a supportive and emotionally warm parenting style in promoting improved quality of life for children with type 1 diabetes. Appropriate parenting skills should be an element of diabetes family management health care.
Injuries among infants treated in emergency departments in the United States, 2001–2004
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: August 2008

.

Mack K. A.,
Gilchrist J. &
Ballasteros M. F.
(
2008
)

,
121
,
930
–
937
.

DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007‐1731
.
Objective  The objective of this study was to present a detailed examination of unintentional injuries in infants <12 months of age treated in emergency departments.Methods  We conducted a retrospective analysis of data for infants <12 months of age from the National Electronic Surveillance System – All Injury Program for 2001–2004. Sample weights provided by the National Electronic Surveillance System – All Injury Program were used to make national estimates.Results  An estimated 1 314 000 injured infants were treated in US emergency departments for non‐fatal unintentional injuries during the 4‐year period of 2001–2004, ∼1 infant every 1.5 minutes. Falls were the leading cause of non‐fatal unintentional injuries for infants. Overall, the patients were more likely to be male (55.2%) than female (44.8%). Contusions/abrasions were the leading diagnosis overall (26.7%). Contusion/abrasion, laceration, hematoma, foreign body and puncture injuries occurred most frequently to the head or neck region. More than one‐third of fractures (37.2%) were to the arm or hand. Bed was the product most frequently noted as being involved in the injury event for every age except 2 and 12 months (car seat was the most frequently noted product at 2 months of age, and stairs were top ranked at 12 months). Product rank changed markedly as age increased.Conclusions  The influences of the social environment, the physical environment and products change as infants mature in the first year of life; this was substantiated in our study by the shift in the relative importance of products involved in injuries according to month of age. The concept that aspects of safety must adapt in anticipation of developmental stage is critical.
Selective venous sampling for androgen‐producing ovarian pathology
Authors: Levens Eric D. , Whitcomb Brian W. , Csokmay John M. , Nieman Lynnette K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryObjective  Multiple diagnostic modalities may be needed to establish the source of excessive androgen production in women. The role of selective venous catheterization in this process has not been established fully.Design  A study of hyperandrogenaemic subjects and literature review.Patients  Four hyperandrogenaemic women and an additional 132 previously reported cases with available testing data and a pathological diagnosis were evaluated.Measurements  Serum androgens, diagnostic imaging and ovarian venous effluent sampling. Criteria to distinguish ovarian tumours from other ovarian conditions and to localize the lesion(s) were evaluated.Results  Basal peripheral testosterone levels ≥ 4·51 nmol/l (≥ 130 ng/dl) discriminated ovarian tumours from benign causes of hyperandrogenism (sensitivity: 93·8%, 95% CI 85·0–98·2; specificity: 77·8%, 95% CI 66·4–86·7). Single lesions produced higher ipsilateral testosterone concentrations (612·6 ± 162·0 nmol/l; 17 653 ± 4670 ng/dl) compared to contralateral values (26·4 ± 5·2 nmol/l; 761 ± 150 ng/dl). In women with peripheral testosterone ≥ 4·51 nmol/l, a right‐to‐left (R:L) ovarian testosterone ratio ≥ 1·44 correctly identified all 18 women with right‐sided tumours and misclassified two with bilateral lesions; 12 out of 14 women with left‐sided or bilateral lesions had a lower R:L value. When this criterion was combined with a left‐to‐right (L:R) ovarian testosterone effluent ratio of > 15 to identify left‐sided tumours, overall 66% of women were correctly categorized.Conclusions  Peripheral testosterone concentrations identified ovarian androgen‐producing tumours, and venous sampling could correctly localize 66% of these, suggesting a role for sampling when imaging studies are not revealing.
How global are the Jurassic–Cretaceous unconformities?
Authors: Zorina Svetlana O. , Dzyuba Oksana S. , Shurygin Boris N. , Ruban Dmitry A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe reality of the global‐scale sedimentation breaks remains controversial. A compilation of data on the Jurassic–Cretaceous unconformities in a number of regions with different tectonic settings and character of sedimentation, where new or updated stratigraphic frameworks are established, permits their correlation. Unconformities from three large reference regions, including North America, the Gulf of Mexico, and Western Europe, were also considered. The unconformities, which encompass the Jurassic‐Cretaceous, the Lower–Upper Cretaceous and the Cretaceous–Palaeogene transitions are of global extent. Other remarkable unconformities traced within many regions at the base of the Jurassic and at the Santonian–Campanian transition are not known from reference regions. A correlation of the Jurassic–Cretaceous global‐scale sedimentation breaks and eustatic curves is quite uncertain. Therefore, definition of global sequences will not be possible until eustatic changes are clarified. Activity of mantle plumes is among the likely causes of the documented unconformities.
Drug‐resistant TB and HIV in resource‐limited settings: what TB/HIV programmes can learn from each other
Authors: Colebunders R. , Worodria W. , Jones‐López E. , Joloba M. , Apers L. , Ellner J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAlthough management of drug resistance in tuberculosis (TB) and HIV in poor settings is in its infancy, lessons learned from TB may be relevant to HIV and vice versa. The experience with HIV has shown that rapid scale‐up and lower drug pricing are achievable goals. The current prerequisites for obtaining drugs to treat multidrug‐resistant TB (MDR‐TB) may be too stringent given the immediacy of the MDR‐TB problem. We call for a more rapid roll‐out of treatment for MDR‐TB with fewer administrative encumbrances and a greater sense of urgency in national TB control programmes. On the other hand, antiretroviral roll‐out programmes should learn from the genesis of the MDR‐TB problem; laboratory monitoring should be enhanced and compliance optimized to avoid the acquisition of additional drug resistance in HIV.
Inter‐observer variation in paediatric clinical signs between different grades of staff examining children admitted to hospital in Tanzania
Authors: Nadjm B. , Jeffs B. , Mtove G. , Msuya W. , Mndeme L. , Mtei F. , Chonya S. , Reyburn H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryBackground and Objective  Children are often admitted to district hospitals in Africa without an adequate record of clinical examination, a problem that could be reduced by greater involvement of nurses in their assessment. We aimed to ascertain whether hospital nurses in a district hospital could conduct paediatric examinations as reliably as clinical staff, when provided with a short structured training session.Methods  Hospital nurses (HN), hospital clinical officers (HCO) and research clinical officers (RCO) repeated examinations on children admitted to the paediatric ward shortly after the first examination by an RCO. Kappa scores were used to compare the agreement on the presence or absence of basic clinical signs by different categories of staff.Results  Among 439 paired examinations the agreement between RCOs on clinical signs was slightly higher than for HCOs or HNs; the mean (median) Kappa scores for all signs examined were 0.54 (0.57) for RCO–RCO, 0.49 (0.49) for RCO–HCO and 0.50 (0.49) for RCO–HN. Levels of agreement were lower if children were under the age of 18 months or if they cried during the examination.Conclusions  Nurses with basic training appear to perform as well as clinically trained staff in eliciting essential signs in acutely ill children. Their role in the initial and ongoing assessment of these children should be reviewed in light of the critical shortages in clinically trained staff in African hospitals.
Haemoglobin adjustments to define anaemia
Authors: Sullivan Kevin M. , Mei Zuguo , Grummer‐Strawn Laurence , Parvanta Ibrahim 
Published: August 2008

SummaryObjective  To provide researchers with an unambiguous definition of anaemia using haemoglobin.Methods  Review of recommendations by expert groups and review of the literature.Results  This report provides an unambiguous approach to haemoglobin adjustments to define anaemia using international criteria. When determining anaemia using haemoglobin, it is important to account for pregnancy, altitude, cigarette smoking, and possibly ethnicity after removing unlikely values. These haemoglobin adjustments are presented.Conclusion  Recommendations for defining extreme haemoglobin values and for reporting anaemia and haemoglobin results are provided, and software programs to determine anaemia are described.
Meta‐analysis of determinants for pet ownership in 12 European birth cohorts on asthma and allergies: a GA2LEN initiative
Authors: Eller E. , Roll S. , Chen C.‐M. , Herbarth O. , Wichmann H.‐E. , Von Berg A. , Krämer U. , Mommers M. , Thijs C. , Wijga A. , Brunekreef B. , Fantini M. P. , Bravi F. , Forastiere F. , Porta D. , Sunyer J. , Torrent M. , Høst A. , Halken S. , Lødrup Carlsen K. C. , Carlsen K.‐H. , Wickman M. , Kull I. , Wahn U. , Willich S. N. , Lau S. , Keil T. , Heinrich J. ,   for the working group of GALEN – Work Package 1.5 ‘Birth Cohorts’
Published: August 2008

Background:  Studies on pet ownership as a risk or protective factor for asthma and allergy show inconsistent results. This may be on account of insufficient adjustment of confounding factors.Aim:  The objective of this study was to describe determinants of cat and dog ownership in European families with and without allergies.Methods:  Within the EU‐funded network of excellence GA2LEN, we performed meta‐analyses with data from 12 ongoing European birth cohort studies on asthma and allergy. Each of the birth cohort studies enrolled between 485 and 4089 children. Pet ownership, allergic status (asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema) of parents and siblings, parental education, access to ground floor, and number of people living at home were assessed by questionnaires.Results:  Among the 25 056 families from seven European countries cats (14.9%) were more common than dogs (12.0%). Allergic family history significantly reduced the odds to own a cat (adjusted combined random‐effect OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.85–0.99), or dog (0.90; 0.86–0.94). A higher parental educational level had even more pronounced effects on cat (0.84; 0.71–0.98), and dog ownership (0.61; 0.54–0.70). Elder siblings reduced the odds to own cats, but not dogs. Convenient ground access significantly increased the odds, whereas crowding at home was not associated with cat or dog ownership.Conclusions:  The chances to own a cat or dog were significantly reduced in allergic families, in parents with a higher educational level, and in homes without convenient ground access. In addition to parental allergies, social and housing factors should be considered as potential confounders in studies on pet exposure and allergic diseases.
Symptoms to pollen and fruits early in life and allergic disease at 4 years of age
Authors: Mai X.‐M. , Neuman Å. , Östblom E. , Pershagen G. , Nordvall L. , Almqvist C. , Van Hage M. , Wickman M. 
Published: August 2008

Background:  The predictive value of reported early symptoms to pollen or fruits on later allergic disease is unclear. Our aim is to evaluate if symptoms to pollen and/or to fruits early in life are associated with allergic disease and sensitization to pollen at 4 years.Methods:  The study included 3619 children from the Barn (Children), Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiology project (BAMSE) birth cohort. Reported symptoms of wheeze, sneeze or rash to birch, grass or weed, symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea, rash, facial edema, sneeze, or wheeze) to fruits including tree‐nuts at 1 or 2 years of age, and definitions of asthma, rhinitis and eczema at 4 years were derived from questionnaire data. Sensitization to pollen allergens was defined as allergen‐specific IgE‐antibodies to any pollen (birch/timothy/mugwort) ≥0.35 kUA/l.Results:  At 1 or 2 years of age, 6% of the children were reported to have pollen‐related symptoms, 6% had symptoms to fruits, and 1.4% to both pollen and fruits. Children with symptoms to both pollen and fruits at 1 or 2 years of age had an increased risk for sensitization to any pollen allergen at age 4 (ORadj = 4.4, 95% CI = 2.1–9.2). This group of children also had a substantially elevated risk for developing any allergic disease (asthma, rhinitis, or eczema) at 4 years irrespective of sensitization to pollen (ORadj = 8.6, 95% CI = 4.5–16.4).Conclusions:  The prevalence of reported symptoms to pollen and fruits is very low in early childhood. However, children with early symptoms to both pollen and fruits appear to have a markedly elevated risk for allergic disease.
Animal models of NASH: Getting both pathology and metabolic context right
Authors: Larter Claire Z , Yeh Matthew M 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of referral to liver clinics, and its progressive form, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can lead to cirrhosis and end‐stage liver disease. The main risk factors for NAFLD/NASH are the metabolic abnormalities commonly observed in metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance, visceral obesity, dyslipidemia and altered adipokine profile. At present, the causes of progression from NAFLD to NASH remain poorly defined, and research in this area has been limited by the availability of suitable animal models of this disease. In the past, the main models used to investigate the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis have either failed to reproduce the full spectrum of liver pathology that characterizes human NASH, or the liver pathology has developed in a metabolic context that is not representative of the human condition. In the last few years, a number of models have been described in which the full spectrum of liver pathology develops in an appropriate metabolic context. In general, the underlying cause of metabolic defects in these models is chronic caloric overconsumption, also known as overnutrition. Overnutrition has been achieved in a number of different ways, including forced feeding, administration of high‐fat diets, the use of genetically hyperphagic animals, or a combination of these approaches. The purpose of the present review is to critique the liver pathology and metabolic abnormalities present in currently available animal models of NASH, with particular focus on models described in approximately the last 5 years.
NF–κB activation in renal tubular epithelial cells by oxalate stimulation
Authors: Tozawa Keiichi , Yasui Takahiro , Okada Atsushi , Hirose Masahito , Hamamoto Shuzo , Itoh Yasunori , Kohri Kenjiro 
Published: August 2008

Objectives:  The transcription factor nuclear factor–κB (NF–κB) is involved in inflammatory and immune responses through the induction of various cytokines and growth factors. Recently, the coordinated action of NF–κB and activator protein‐1 was reported in osteopontin (OPN) expression. In the present study, we demonstrated that oxalate induces OPN expression by activating NF–κB in renal tubular cells. Furthermore, we investigated the inhibitory effect of N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) on NF–κB activation in the human renal tubular cell line.Methods:  All of the experiments were carried out using human kidney‐2 cells, which are human proximal tubular epithelial cells immortalized by transduction with the human papillomavirus 16E6/E7 gene. The time‐dependent extraction of total protein was performed after the uptake of 0.5 mM oxalate by the cells. The NF–κB activation and OPN expression were examined by western blotting and immunocytochemistry.Results:  As a result of oxalate stimulation, the amount of p65 subunit in the nucleus increased significantly (P < 0.05), and NAC significantly inhibited the translocation of p65 into the nucleus (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  These observations indicate that NAC can be used as a drug to prevent stone formation.
Does a previous end‐to‐end urethroplasty alter the results of redo end‐to‐end urethroplasty in patients with traumatic posterior urethral strictures?
Authors: Gupta Narmada P , Mishra Saurabh , Dogra Prem N , Hemal Ashok K , Seth Amlesh , Kumar Rajeev 
Published: August 2008

Objectives:  To evaluate the success rate of redo anastomotic urethroplasty and to compare it with primary anastomotic urethroplasty.Methods:  We compared 52 patients with post‐traumatic posterior urethral strictures (group 1, mean age 24.6 years, range 10–62) who had undergone redo urethroplasty with 66 patients (group 2, mean age 22.6, range 6–71) who had undergone primary anastomotic urethroplasty. Mean stricture length was 2.0 cm (1–4.5) and 2.5 cm (1.5–6), respectively. All of the patients in group 1 had a stricture located at the bulboprostatic anastomotic site. In group 2, 43 (65.2%) had a bulbomembranous stricture and 23 (34.8%) had a prostatomembranous stricture.Results:  Mean operative time was 140 (100–240) and 90 min (75–200) in group 1 and 2, respectively. Mean blood loss was 180 (80–900) and 125 mL (50–700), respectively. Mean hospital stay was comparable (6.6 days vs 5.5 days) between the two groups. Mean follow up was 54 months (10–144) for group 1 and 62 months (12–122) for group 2. Corporal separation, inferior pubectomy, a transpubic approach and urethral rerouting were required in 22 (42.3%) and 12 (18.2%), 7 (13.5%) and 3 (4.5%), 12 (23%) and 5 (7.6%), 2 (3.8%) and nil patients in group 1 and 2, respectively. An excellent or acceptable outcome was achieved in 42 (80.8%) and 57 (86.4%), 8 (15.4%) and 7 (10.6%) patients, respectively. Two patients in each group failed.Conclusions:  Previously failed end‐to‐end urethroplasty does not alter the success rate of redo end‐to‐end urethroplasty.
The association between metabolic syndrome and prostate‐specific antigen levels
Authors: Kim Yong‐June , Cho Yong‐Jin , Oh Jung‐Eun , Jeon Youn‐Soo , Lee Sang‐Cheol , Kim Wun‐Jae 
Published: August 2008

Objectives:  Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels are affected by many factors. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a common metabolic disorder related to the increasing prevalence of obesity. The relationship between MS and PSA is currently unknown, however. The aim of this study was to examine whether PSA levels were affected by MS.Methods:  We evaluated the association between MS and PSA in a group of 2007 men (aged 30 to 79 years) without prostate cancer who received a general health checkup. Men with abnormal digital rectal examination findings or PSA values higher than 3.0 ng/mL were considered abnormal and excluded from the study. MS was defined according to the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Third Adult Treatment Panel guidelines. Eligible men were classified according to the number of each component and the presence or absence of MS.Results:  PSA levels, as a whole, were inversely correlated with MS (P = 0.043). An increased number of MS components was significantly associated with linear decreasing trends of PSA levels (P‐trend < 0.001). When a multivariate analysis was performed with age and each MS, age (P < 0.001), abdominal obesity (P = 0.001), and an impaired fasting glucose level (P = 0.047) were strongly associated with PSA levels.Conclusions:  MS is associated with decreased PSA levels. When determining whether to perform prostate biopsy as part of early prostate cancer detection, MS should be considered as a factor associated with reduced PSA in men presenting with marginal PSA levels.
Serum testosterone levels correlate with haemoglobin in middle‐aged and older men
Authors: Yeap B. B. , Beilin J. , Shi Z. , Knuiman M. W. , Olynyk J. K. , Bruce D. G. , Milward E. A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackground: Lower testosterone levels are associated with anaemia in older men and women. The relation between testosterone and haemoglobin (Hb) in younger and middle‐aged men is less well defined. The aim of the study was to examine the association between testosterone and Hb levels in men spanning middle to older ages.Methods: A cross‐sectional analysis of 492 men aged 30.7–94.5 years from the Busselton Health Survey, Western Australia, was carried out. Haemoglobin (Hb), early‐morning serum total testosterone and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) were measured. Free testosterone was calculated using mass action equations.Results: Haemoglobin correlated to total and free testosterone concentrations (r= 0.13, P= 0.003 and r= 0.20, P < 0.001, respectively). Hb and SHBG were inversely correlated (r=−0.14, P= 0.001). Hb increased across lowest to highest quartiles of total testosterone (P= 0.02) and free testosterone (P < 0.001), but not SHBG. After adjusting for age, waist circumference, smoking status, alcohol consumption, renal function and ferritin, total testosterone was associated with Hb (β= 0.037, P= 0.003) as was free testosterone (β= 2.32, P < 0.001), whereas SHBG was not associated.Conclusion: Testosterone concentration modulates Hb levels in community‐dwelling men across a wide age range. Further studies are needed to clarify implications of this association between testosterone and Hb in men.