bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marketing Biotech Soybeans with Functional Health Attributes
Authors: Chema S. Kambua , Marks Leonie A. , Parcell Joseph L. , Bredahl Maury 
Published: November 2006

This study investigates possible marketing strategies for biotechnology (biotech) functional foods in the U.S. market. Means‐end chain theory is used to translate consumer product knowledge into self‐knowledge, where knowledge is presumed to be organized in a hierarchy with concrete thoughts linked to more abstract thoughts in a sequence progressing from means to ends. A sample of 60 households was randomly drawn from the population of a Midwest town. The random sample was drawn from a population of females aged 20 to 50 with children and who regularly purchase yogurt products. Eight products with various attributes and production technologies were ranked by the participants prior to a hard laddering interview. The study found that biotech functional foods were generally acceptable to the participants. Functional attributes, such as higher protein, increased calcium, and lower cholesterol, were valued by the consumers. Soy was considered inferior on the basis of taste for some segments of consumers unfamiliar with soymilk. On the other hand, consumers already purchasing soymilk were more willing to purchase functional soy attributes and have more complex purchasing decisions (cognitive maps). These consumers associate soy with attaining values of “better health,”“taking care of family,”“happiness,” and “more choice.” La présente étude a examiné les stratégies de marketing possibles pour les aliments fonctionnels issus de la biotechnologie sur le marchéétatsunien. La méthode de la chaîne moyens‐fins a été utilisée pour traduire la connaissance du consommateur sur le produit en connaissance de soi, où la connaissance est présumée être structurée en hiérarchie d'idées concrètes liées à des idées plus abstraites dans un ordre progressant des moyens vers les fins. Nous avons formé un échantillon aléatoire de soixante ménages d'une ville du Midwest. L'échantillon aléatoire a été sélectionné parmi une population de femmes âgées de 20 à 50 ans qui avaient des enfants et qui achetaient régulièrement du yogourt. Huit produits renfermant des attributs variés et issus de technologies de production variées ont d'abord été classés par les participants avant de procéder aux entrevues effectuées selon la technique du laddering. Les résultats ont montré que les aliments fonctionnels issus de la biotechnologie convenaient généralement aux participants. Les attributs des aliments fonctionnels tels que plus élevé en protéines, les plus élevé en calcium et faible en cholestérol étaient valorisés par les consommateurs. Le soja est arrivé en dernier pour le goût chez certains consommateurs qui connaissaient mal le lait de soja. Par contre, consommateurs qui achetaient déjà du lait de soja étaient plus enclins à acheter les attributs fonctionnels du soja et avaient des décisions d'achats plus complexes (cartes cognitives). Ces consommateurs associaient le soja à des valeurs telles que ≪ meilleure santé≫, ≪ s'occuper de la famille ≫, ≪ bonheur ≫ et ≪ choix élargi ≫.
Genetic Variants ofUGT1A6Influence Risk of Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence
Authors: Hubner Richard A. , Muir Kenneth R. , Liu Jo-Fen , Logan Richard F.A. , Grainge Matthew , Armitage Nicholas , Shepherd Vic , Popat Sanjay , Houlston Richard S. ,   the United Kingdom Colorectal Adenoma Prevention Consortium
Published: November 2006

AbstractPurpose: The UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6) and cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) enzymes participate in the metabolism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, endogenous substances, and carcinogens. Functional polymorphisms of UGT1A6 (T181A and R184S) and CYP2C9 (R144C and I359L) have been reported to modify the protective effect of aspirin on colorectal adenoma risk. We aimed to further investigate the effect of these genetic variants on the development of colorectal neoplasia.Experimental Design: We examined the relationship between UGT1A6 and CYP2C9 genotype and colorectal adenoma recurrence in 546 patients participating in a randomized placebo-controlled aspirin intervention trial.Results: Although colorectal adenoma recurrence was not significantly influenced by CYP2C9 genotype, carriers of variant UGT1A6 alleles were at significantly reduced risk of colorectal neoplasia recurrence [relative risk (RR), 0.68; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.52-0.89]. This risk reduction was also evident when the analysis was confined to advanced neoplasia recurrence (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.47-1.09). When patients were stratified by genotype and aspirin intervention, those with variant UGT1A6 alleles were at reduced recurrence risk irrespective of whether they received aspirin or placebo (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.92 and RR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.44-0.91, respectively).Conclusions: These findings confirm that UGT1A6 variants influence colorectal carcinogenesis independent of aspirin intake and suggest that they may have clinical value in secondary prevention programs for patients diagnosed with colorectal adenoma.
Activation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Is Necessary for Lysophosphatidic Acid–Induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression
Authors: Lee Jangsoon , Park Soon Young , Lee Eun Kyung , Park Chang Gyo , Chung Hyun Cheol , Rha Sun Young , Kim Yong Kee , Bae Gyu-Un , Kim Bum Kyeong , Han Jeung-Whan , Lee Hoi Young 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPurpose: Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) plays an important role in mediating cell proliferation, survival, and tumor invasion and angiogenesis. This bioactive phospholipid at the concentration in ascitic fluid stimulates the growth of malignant ovarian tumors by increasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In the present study, we investigated whether LPA activates hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a key transcriptional complex in tumor progression and metastasis, thereby increasing the expression of VEGF.Experimental Design: Immunoblotting, reverse transcription-PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were used to examine the expression of VEGF and HIF-1α in various cancer cells. Specific HIF-1α small interfering RNA was transfected to various cancer cells to determine the role of HIF-1α in LPA-induced VEGF expression.Results: LPA induced expressions of VEGF and HIF-1α in OVCAR-3, CAOV-3, PC-3, and SK-Hep1 cells but not in SKOV-3 and Hep-3B cells. In OVCAR-3 and PC-3 cells, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin/p70S6K and p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways were required for LPA-induced HIF-1α and VEGF expressions, whereas only the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin/p70S6K pathway was important in SK-Hep1 cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy assay showed translocation of HIF-1α to nucleus by LPA, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed the binding of HIF-1α to the promoter of VEGF by LPA. Importantly, we found that small interfering RNA–induced reduction of HIF-1α expression significantly attenuated VEGF expression by LPA.Conclusions: Our results show for the first time that LPA induces VEGF via HIF-1α activation and reveal a critical role of HIF-1α in LPA-induced cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
Proteomics-Based Approach Identifying Autoantibody against Peroxiredoxin VI as a Novel Serum Marker in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Fujita Yoshihisa , Nakanishi Toyofumi , Hiramatsu Masako , Mabuchi Hideaki , Miyamoto Yoshiharu , Miyamoto Akiko , Shimizu Akira , Tanigawa Nobuhiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPurpose: Detection of novel tumor-related antigens and autoantibodies will aid in diagnosis of early-stage cancer and in development of more effective immunotherapies. The purpose of this study was to identify novel tumor antigens in an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell line (TE-2) and related autoantibodies in sera from patients with ESCC using a proteomics-based approach.Experimental Design: TE-2 proteins were separated by two-dimensional PAGE, followed by Western blot analysis in which sera of patients with ESCC, healthy controls, and patients with other cancers were tested for primary antibodies. Positive spots were excised from silver-stained gels and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS).Results: Sera from patients with ESCC yielded multiple spots, one of which was identified as peroxiredoxin (Prx) VI by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Western blot analysis against recombinant Prx VI showed reactivity in sera from 15 of 30 (50%) patients with ESCC and 2 of 30 (6.6%) healthy individuals. Autoantibody against Prx VI was found in sera from 1 of 30 (3.3%) patients with other types of cancer (colon cancer).Conclusion: We have identified for the first time an autoantibody against Prx VI in ESCC patients. The proteomic approach implemented here offers a powerful tool for identifying novel serum markers that may display clinical usefulness against cancer.
Hagiography and the Reconstruction of Local Religion in Late Antique Egypt: Memories, Inventions, and Landscapes
Authors: Frankfurter David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractScholars interested in the continuing vitality or decline of traditional religion in the late antique Mediterranean world often find themselves dependent on hagiographical texts, which inevitably depict traditional heathenism as a foil to their Christian heroes and thus cannot be used as simple documentation for historical realia. This paper proposes ways of drawing historical evidence for real, continuing local religion from hagiographical texts from late antique Egypt. After a discussion of the specific ways in which hagiography imposes literary and biblical themes on its representation of traditional religious practices, two points of authentic memory are presented: topographical traditions and traditions about expressive gesture. In contrast, the hagiographical image of the Egyptian priest, for example, carries little historical authenticity. A concluding section of the paper defends and outlines the use of anthropological models for the historical interpretation of hagiography.
Estimating Bias of Satellite-Based Precipitation Estimates
Authors: Smith Thomas M. , Arkin Phillip A. , Bates John J. , Huffman George J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Systematic biases in satellite-based precipitation estimates can be the dominant component of their uncertainty. These biases may not be reduced by averaging, which makes their evaluation particularly important. Described here are several methods of evaluating the biases and their characteristics. Methods are developed and tested using monthly average precipitation estimates from several satellites. Direct estimates of bias are obtained from analysis of satellite–gauge estimates, and they indicate the general bias patterns and magnitudes over land. Direct estimates cannot be computed over the oceans, so indirect-bias estimates based on ensembles of satellite and gauge estimates are also developed. These indirect estimates are consistent with direct estimates in locations where they can be compared, while giving near-global coverage. For both bias estimates computed here, the bias uncertainty is higher than nonsystematic error estimates, caused by random or sampling errors and which have been previously reported by others for satellite estimates.
Because of their greater spatial coverage, indirect-bias estimates are preferable for bias adjustment of satellite-based precipitation. The adjustment methods developed reduce the bias associated with each satellite while estimating the remaining bias uncertainty for the satellite. By adjusting all satellites to a consistent base, the bias adjustments also minimize artificial climate-scale variations in analyses that could be caused by the addition or removal of satellite products as their availability changes.
Effects of self-management intervention on health outcomes of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Jovicic Aleksandra , Holroyd-Leduc Jayna M , Straus Sharon E 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Heart failure is the most common cause of hospitalization among adults over 65. Over 60% of patients die within 10 years of first onset of symptoms. The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of self-management interventions on hospital readmission rates, mortality, and health-related quality of life in patients diagnosed with heart failure.

Methods
The study is a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. The following data sources were used: MEDLINE (1966-11/2005), EMBASE (1980-11/2005), CINAHL (1982-11/2005), the ACP Journal Club database (to 11/2005), the Cochrane Central Trial Registry and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (to 11/2005); article reference lists; and experts in the field. We included randomized controlled trials of self-management interventions that enrolled patients 18 years of age or older who were diagnosed with heart failure. The primary outcomes of interest were all-cause hospital readmissions, hospital readmissions due to heart failure, and mortality. Secondary outcomes were compliance with treatment and quality of life scores. Three reviewers independently assessed the quality of each study and abstracted the results. For each included study, we computed the pooled odds ratios (OR) for all-cause hospital readmission, hospital readmission due to heart failure, and death. We used a fixed effects model to quantitatively synthesize results. We were not able to pool effects on health-related quality of life and measures of compliance with treatment, but we summarized the findings from the relevant studies. We also summarized the reported cost savings.

Results
From 671 citations that were identified, 6 randomized trials with 857 patients were included in the review. Self-management decreased all-cause hospital readmissions (OR 0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44 to 0.80, P = 0.001) and heart failure readmissions (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.71, P = 0.001). The effect on mortality was not significant (OR = 0.93; 95% CI 0.57 to 1.51, P = 0.76). Adherence to prescribed medical advice improved, but there was no significant difference in functional capabilities, symptom status and quality of life. The reported savings ranged from $1300 to $7515 per patient per year.

Conclusion
Self-management programs targeted for patients with heart failure decrease overall hospital readmissions and readmissions for heart failure.
The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population
Authors: Bedogni Giorgio , Bellentani Stefano , Miglioli Lucia , Masutti Flora , Passalacqua Marilena , Castiglione Anna , Tiribelli Claudio 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Fatty liver (FL) is the most frequent liver disease in Western countries. We used data from the Dionysos Nutrition & Liver Study to develop a simple algorithm for the prediction of FL in the general population.

Methods
216 subjects with and 280 without suspected liver disease were studied. FL was diagnosed by ultrasonography and alcohol intake was assessed using a 7-day diary. Bootstrapped stepwise logistic regression was used to identify potential predictors of FL among 13 variables of interest [gender, age, ethanol intake, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, sum of 4 skinfolds, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol]. Potential predictors were entered into stepwise logistic regression models with the aim of obtaining the most simple and accurate algorithm for the prediction of FL.

Results
An algorithm based on BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides and GGT had an accuracy of 0.84 (95%CI 0.81–0.87) in detecting FL. We used this algorithm to develop the "fatty liver index" (FLI), which varies between 0 and 100. A FLI < 30 (negative likelihood ratio = 0.2) rules out and a FLI ≥ 60 (positive likelihood ratio = 4.3) rules in fatty liver.

Conclusion
FLI is simple to obtain and may help physicians select subjects for liver ultrasonography and intensified lifestyle counseling, and researchers to select patients for epidemiologic studies. Validation of FLI in external populations is needed before it can be employed for these purposes.
Test anxiety in UK schoolchildren: Prevalence and demographic patterns
Authors: Putwain David W. 
Published: November 2006

Background. Despite a large body of international literature concerning the antecedents, correlates of and treatments for test anxiety, there has been little research until recently using samples of students drawn from the UK. There is a need to establish some basic normative data for test anxiety scores in this population of students, in order to establish whether international research findings may generalize to UK schoolchildren.Aim. To collect some exploratory data regarding test anxiety scores in a sample of UK schoolchildren, along with socio‐demographic variables identified in the existing literature as theoretically significant sources of individual and group differences in test anxiety scores.Sample. Key Stage 4 students (1348): 690 students in the Year 10 cohort and 658 students in the Year 11 cohort, drawn from seven secondary schools in the North of the UK.Method. Data on test anxiety were collected using a self‐report questionnaire, the Test Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1980) and additional demographic variables through the Student Profile Questionnaire. The factor structure of the Test Anxiety Inventory was explored using principal components analysis and multiple regression analysis used to predict variance in self‐reported test anxiety scores from individual and group variables.Results. The principal components analysis extracted two factors, worry and emotionality, in line with theoretical predictions. Gender, ethnic and socio‐economic background were identified as significant predictors of variance in test anxiety scores in this dataset. Whether English was an additional, or native, language of students did not predict variance in test anxiety scores and year group was identified as a predictor of emotionality scores only.Conclusion. Variance in the test anxiety scores of Key Stage 4 students can be predicted from a number of socio‐demographic variables. Further research is now required to assess the implications for assessment performance, examination arrangements and appropriateness of using a North American measure of test anxiety in a UK context.
Where the Beginning Ends: Studying Leads in Literature in Order to Write Attention‐Getting Introductions
Authors: Medina Adriana L. 
Published: November 2006

In order for students to write like authors they need to read like writers. This requires direct instruction in attending to the writing craft through the use of quality adolescent literature and engagement in reading and writing.This article focuses on writing catchy introductions. The author offers the lesson objective and a teacher script arranged within a minilesson format. A list of types of introductions and examples of introductions from adolescent literature are given.
Self‐Assembly of Diblock‐Copolymer Micelles for Template‐Based Preparation of PbTiO3 Nanograins
Authors: Kronholz S. , Rathgeber S. , Karthäuser S. , Kohlstedt H. , Clemens S. , Schneller T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA bottom‐up fabrication route for PbTiO3 nanograins grown on predefined TiO2 nanostructures used as seeds is presented. The structuring of the TiO2 seeds is performed using a self‐organized template constructed from a gold‐loaded micellar monofilm. With this fabrication process, TiO2 seeds and PbTiO3 grains with diameters of 12 and 30 nm, respectively, are prepared without the need for electron‐beam lithography. The dimensions of the structure imposed by the micellar template are transferred through all the processing steps to the final PbTiO3 grains. Furthermore, it is shown that the intermicelle distance and the degree of order in the dried monofilm is mainly determined by the preparation conditions, such as the pulling velocity in the dipping process and the strength of the surface–micelle interaction, and not necessarily by the architectural properties (block length and ratio) of the diblock copolymers that build the micelles. The intermicelle spacing in the dried film is much smaller than the micelle dimensions in solution, and approaches the dimensions of a fully collapsed micelle when the dipping process is performed slowly enough.
A nonequilibrium model for distillation processes
Authors: Liang Yin‐Chun , Zhou Zheng , Wu You‐Ting , Geng Jiao , Zhang Zhi‐Bing 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA general thermodynamic model is developed by combining organically the nonequilibrium thermodynamic analysis with the traditional METSH simulation of distillation processes. The model is capable of both simulating industrial distillation processes and analyzing energy consumptions of the processes. The benzene–toluene binary distillation is selected as the model system to test the theory, and the industrial‐scale tray column is studied in this work. The simulation results show that the tray structure and operation parameters have significantly influenced the entropy generation rate (EGR). It is also found that the development of vapor and liquid flow patterns on the industrial‐scale trays can enhance tray efficiency and result in evident reduction of the EGR. The model is suitable for tray design, column performance analysis, and energy consumption evaluation of distillation processes. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
A CFD model for mass transfer and interfacial phenomena on single droplets
Authors: Burghoff Sylvia , Kenig Eugeny Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMass transfer and interfacial phenomena during simultaneous extraction of two components from a single spherical droplet to a surrounding continuous phase were investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The experiments were carried out in a single droplet measuring cell in which the mass transfer of acetone and methylisopropylketone from the disperse toluene phase to the continuous aqueous phase was investigated. The developed model takes into consideration the cross‐effects of multicomponent mass transfer and the onset of Marangoni convection induced by mass transfer. The influence of Marangoni convection on the velocity field around the droplet was analyzed. The developed model was implemented into the commercial computational fluid dynamics software package CFX4.3. The results of the performed simulations agree well with experimental data. Influences of Reynolds numbers of the continuous phase and initial mass fraction on the extraction process were analyzed. Furthermore, the effect of multicomponent mass transfer on the onset of Marangoni convection was studied. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Anwendung der Random‐Set‐Methode (RSM) für Standsicherheitsuntersuchungen im Tunnelbau
Authors: Pöttler Rudolf , Schweiger Helmut F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDer vorliegende Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Anwendung der Random‐Set‐Methode (RSM) im Tunnelbau. Er zeigt anhand eines ausgeführten Beispiels die positiven Aspekte der Anwendung der RSM für die Standsicherheitsuntersuchungen. Berechnungsergebnisse nach dem Stand der Technik mit deterministischen Ansätzen werden mit den Ergebnissen der RSM verglichen, die die gesamte Bandbreite der Parameter eines Homogenbereiches abdecken. In diesem Beitrag wird davon ausgegangen, daß die Standsicherheit eines Tunnels gewährleistet ist, wenn die auftretenden Verformungen mit den errechneten Verformungen übereinstimmen. Wird der Standsicherheitsnachweis unter Verwendung eines deterministischen Ansatzes erbracht, ist ein hohes Maß an Interpretation bei der Auswertung und dem Vergleich der Meß‐ und Berechnungsergebnisse erforderlich. Dies ist bei der Anwendung der RSM nicht der Fall, da an Stelle von festgelegten Parameterkombinationen eine Bandbreite der Kennwerte in die Berechnungen einfließt.