bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adult scurvy in skeletal remains of late 19th century mineworkers in Kimberley, South Africa
Authors: Van der Merwe A. E. , Steyn M. , Maat G. J. R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThroughout history, scurvy has been a well‐known disease which develops due to restricted resources of fresh fruit and vegetables. The condition results from an extended limited intake of vitamin C. Although skeletal lesions associated with infantile scurvy have been well described by many authors, very little literature is available on adult scurvy and the resulting skeletal lesions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the skeletal remains of a 19th century mining population from Kimberley, South Africa, for any skeletal lesions that may be indicative of adult scurvy. Scurvy was well documented as being extremely prevalent in this population. The skeletal remains of 107 individuals, presumed to have died around 1898, were studied. The majority of these individuals were males between 19 and 45 years of age. It is likely that most individuals were migrant workers at the diamond mines. All bones were visually assessed for macroscopic indications of pathological bone alterations associated with healed scurvy. Bone samples were also taken from ambiguous lesions in order to perform histological investigations. Lesions indicative of possible healed adult scurvy were observed in 16 individuals. These lesions included bilateral ossified haematomas, osteoperiostitic bone changes and periodontal disease. Histological investigation confirmed the presence of ossified haematomas on the anterior tibiae of some individuals. Hospital records and historical documents describing the incidence of scurvy in the local hospitals and the daily diet of the black mine workers supported these findings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nicotinic receptor‐associated modulation of stimulatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in NNK‐induced adenocarcinoma of the lungs and pancreas
Authors: Al‐Wadei Hussein AN , Schuller Hildegard M 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSmall airway‐derived pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PAC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are among the most common human cancers and smoking is a risk factor for both. Emerging research has identified cAMP signalling stimulated by the stress neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline as an important stimulator of adenocarcinomas, including PAC and PDAC. The nicotine‐derived nitrosamine 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK) is a potent mutagen and the most powerful tobacco carcinogen. NNK is also an agonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Using hamster models of NNK‐induced PAC and PDAC, we have tested the hypothesis that in analogy to chronic effects of nicotine in the brain, NNK may modulate the α7‐ and α4β2nAChRs, causing an increase in stress neurotransmitters and a decrease in the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). Immunoassays showed a significant increase in serum adrenaline/noradrenaline and increased intracellular cAMP in the cellular fraction of blood of NNK‐treated hamsters. Western blots on microdissected control small airway epithelia, alveolar epithelia, pancreatic islet and pancreatic duct epithelia, and from NNK‐induced PACs and PDACs showed that the GABA‐synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and GABA were suppressed in NNK‐induced PACs and PDACs. In contrast, protein expression of the α7nAChR, α4nAChR as well as p‐CREB and p‐ERK1/2 were up‐regulated. These findings suggest that NNK‐induced alterations in regulatory nAChRs may contribute to the development of smoking‐associated PAC and PDAC by disturbing the balance between cancer‐stimulating and ‐inhibiting neurotransmitters. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving medication safety in the North‐East of England: The potential enabling role of NRLS data
Authors: Laker M.F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNA project was established to explore the feasibility of using NRLS incident data from local organisation to support a patient safety programme. It was divided into two phases, a pilot and full study. Aims agreed with local organisations included timely, targeted reporting to the NRLS in relation to selected medication errors, one of which was incidents involving anticoagulants. The present report outlines initial experience in the utilisation of data from the pilot phase of the study related to these drugs.The total number of incidents was 55 in the pre‐pilot period and 92 in the pilot phase, an increase of 67%. In the Primary Care sector there was a threefold increase in the pilot study while there was a 41% increase the Secondary Care sector. There was no overall reduction in the lag time of reporting incidents although in Secondary Care the median lag time in reporting incidents was 54 days in the pre‐pilot phase compared to 38 days in the pilot phase (p = 0.008). Sixty five percent of incidents involved warfarin while low molecular weight heparin was involved in 20% of incidents. The most common type of incident related to blood testing (30%), particularly missing INR results, with communication failures being responsible for 20% of incidents. Prescription errors (16%) and errors in the amount of drug administered (14%) were other common causes of incidents.Targeting increased the reporting rate to the NRLS in the selected area and reduced the lag time in submitting reports in the Secondary Care sector. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathological personality traits and externalizing behaviour
Authors: Pryor Lauren R. , Miller Joshua D. , Hoffman Brian J. , Harding Hilary G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPrevious research has identified general personality traits and personality disorders that are associated with externalizing behaviour (EB). There is a dearth of research, however, investigating the relations between pathological personality traits and EB. The current study examined pathological personality traits, as measured by the Schedule for Non‐adaptive and Adaptive Functioning (SNAP) and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology‐Basic Questionnaire (DAPP‐BQ), in relation to EB. Undergraduates (n = 228) completed the SNAP, DAPP‐BQ, and a measure of antisocial behaviour, substance use, gambling, intimate partner violence and risky sexual behaviour. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we identified the best fitting model as one that specified eight factors: five personality factors composed of constructs assessed by the DAPP and SNAP, one externalizing factor and two method factors corresponding to each of the measures. Consistent with the empirical literature using general personality traits, the current results suggest that pathological personality traits related to impulse control (i.e. low conscientiousness), as well as more interpersonally focused traits (i.e. low agreeableness), were most strongly associated with EB. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cross‐national validity study of the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP‐118)
Authors: Arnevik Espen , Wilberg Theresa , Monsen Jon T. , Andrea Helene , Karterud Sigmund 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective The objective in this study was to test the validity of a new dimensional measure of maladaptive core pathology for personality disorders (PDs), the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP‐118), by comparing a Norwegian sample of 114 patients with PDs with two Dutch samples. In addition, Avoidant PD and Borderline PD were compared, and the relationship between scores on the SIPP‐118 and commonly used clinical measures were investigated.Results The results showed good psychometric properties of the SIPP‐118 at the facet level. The Norwegian PD sample had scores equal to the Dutch PD sample and significantly below the general population sample. Correlation with other clinical measures was in the low to moderate range.Conclusion The cross‐national validity of the SIPP‐118 was good, and the instrument seems promising as a dimensional instrument for measuring personality pathology. Further research should be undertaken to establish the structure of higher‐order domains, its use as a measure of therapeutic change, and its capacity to distinguish Axis II from Axis I pathology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment response in subtypes of borderline personality disorder
Authors: Digre Ellen I. , Reece John , Johnson Amanda L. , Thomas Rosemary A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground and Aims Based on the frequently noted heterogeneity in symptom representation and treatment resistance amongst clients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), this study sought to investigate whether a sample of 77 people with severe personality disorder, primarily BPD (n = 74), could be grouped into clinically meaningful subtypes. A follow‐up question was whether the subtypes would respond differently to a specialist intervention.Method Participants were public mental health clients referred to a specialist residential treatment programme in Victoria, Australia. Using an existing data set, cluster analysis was applied in order to identify subtypes based on various demographic, clinical and psychological variables. Post‐treatment analyses were carried out to investigate change in self‐harm, suicide attempts, depression and dissociation.Results Three subtypes were identified, namely: withdrawn–internalizing, severely disturbed–internalizing and anxious–externalizing. Furthermore, the subtypes responded differently to the treatment, with the withdrawn–internalizing subtype showing reduced levels of dissociation and the anxious–externalizing subtype responding by large reductions in levels of depression. The severely disturbed–internalizing subtype did not improve significantly on any of the outcome measures in this study.Discussion These findings suggest that subtypes can be identified amongst clients with BPD, and that the subtypes may be related to treatment outcomes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption and dissociation of water on the (0001) surface of double hexagonal close packed americium
Authors: Dholabhai Pratik P. , Ray Asok K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAb initio total energy calculations within the framework of density functional theory have been performed for water molecule adsorption on the (0001) surface of double hexagonal packed americium using a full‐potential all‐electron linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbitals method (FP‐L/APW + lo). Subsequent partial dissociation (OH + H) and complete dissociation (H + O + H) of the water molecule have been examined. The completely dissociated H + O + H configuration exhibit the strongest binding with the surface (3.35 eV), followed by partially dissociated species OH + H (2.23 eV), with all molecular H2O configurations showing weak physisorption (0.366 eV). For molecular adsorptions, the flat lying orientation of the water molecule if found to be more favorable for majority of the cases. In the case of partial dissociation (OH + H), the vertical orientation of OH molecule with O facing the surface adsorbed at a h3 adsorption site and the H atom adsorbed at another neighboring h3 site is found to be the most favorable. For complete dissociation (H + O + H), the dissociated species occupy three different neighboring h3 adsorption sites. The changes in work functions and net magnetic moments are presented for all the cases studied. The adsorbate‐substrate interactions have been analyzed in detail using difference charge density distributions and the local density of states. The effects of adsorption on the Am 5f electron localization‐delocalization characteristics have been discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Raman selection rules and tensor elements for PMN–0.3PT single crystal
Authors: Ge Wanyin , Zhu Wenliang , Pezzotti Giuseppe 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSelection rules were put forward theoretically and Raman tensor elements experimentally determined for PMN–0.3PT single‐crystal. Such a body of information was then employed to evaluate local domain orientation in a relaxor‐based PMN–0.3PT material by means of polarized microprobe Raman spectroscopy. The dependence of Raman spectra upon crystal rotation under different polarized probe configurations was experimentally confirmed by collecting the intensity variation of selected Raman modes on Euler's angle rotation in a poled single‐crystal. The periodicity of relative Raman intensity of selected Raman bands revealed symmetry properties. Upon exploiting such properties and with the knowledge of the Raman tensor elements from the Ag and Eg vibrational modes, a viable path becomes available to determine domain texture in relaxor‐based PMN–PT materials with high spatial resolution. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epitaxial CuIn1–xGaxSe2/ZnS heterostructures grown on (001)GaAs by co‐evaporation
Authors: Roussak Liudmila , Wagner Gerald , Makhova Liudmila , Konovalov Igor 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEpitaxial heterostructures of ZnS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 have been successfully grown on (001)‐oriented GaAs substrates by co‐evaporation during one single deposition process. The influence of the growth conditions on the compositional, structural and morphological properties of thin Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) and ZnS films was investigated. It was found, the stoichiometry of the CIGSe films strongly depends on the pSe/(pCu+pIn+pGa)‐ratio. A large Se evaporation rate is found to avoid the segregation of a Cu‐rich secondary phase. The interfaces between ZnS and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 as well as GaAs und CIGSe were examined by TEM‐EDX, TEM and HRTEM. At a substrate temperature of about 250 °C it is possible to achieve quite chemically and structurally sharp ZnS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 heterojunctions. The dominant structural defects in both the CIGSe and ZnS films are dislocations, stacking faults, twins and diffusion‐induced defects at the GaAs/CIGSe interface. The density of the latter ones can be appreciably reduced by an additional pre‐treatment of the GaAs substrate surface with Na2S solution. Despite the relatively high crystalline quality of the epitaxial double‐heterostructures, due to the high resistivity and high compensation of the ZnS as well as the modification of the ZnS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface it was difficult to produce efficient CIGSe based photovoltaic devices. Moreover, due to the diffusion of copper from the CIGSe film into the GaAs substrate an undesired additional p‐n junction is formed inside the GaAs. It is the main reason that the GaAs/CIGSe/ZnS double‐heterostructures formed by the co‐evaporation process and described here cannot be used for an effective photovoltaic application. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In‐situ XRD on formation reactions of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films
Authors: Weber Alfons , Mainz Roland , Unold Thomas , Schorr Susan , Schock Hans‐Werner 
Published: February 2009

AbstractStarting from stacked binary sulphide precursor layers with copper‐ and zinc‐rich composition the formation of Cu2ZnSnS4 (kesterite) has been investigated. Precursors with different layer thicknesses were deposited to evaluate the influence of material transport on the reaction kinetics. During annealing experiments the formation of kesterite in the different precursors was monitored by in‐situ energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction. An evaluation of the reaction rates revealed that at a temperature of 500 °C a kesterite film of 2 μm thickness can be formed within few minutes. The long annealing times reported in literature for well‐performing kesterite photovoltaic absorbers do therefore not owe to a general kinetic limitation for the formation of kesterite thin films. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural analysis of lithium lanthanum titanate with perovskite structure
Authors: Ohara Koji , Kawakita Yukinobu , Temleitner László , Pusztai László , Kohara Shinji , Jono Atsushi , Shimakura Hironori , Inoue Naoki , Takeda Shin'ichi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNeutron and high‐energy X‐ray diffraction analysis of polycrystalline La4/3‐xLi3xTi2O6 have been performed to clarify the extent of disorder of the distribution of La and Li ions and to understand the relation of these distributions to ionic conduction. The distributions of the La and Li ions in a 10 × 10 × 20 cubic box (i.e., 10 × 10 × 10 unit cell) super‐structure, in which Ti and O atoms are fixed onto their regular sites, were obtained by the reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) structural modelling of both diffraction data sets. When the occupancy of La ions in the planes perpendicular to the c‐axis is analysed, one can find a La‐rich and La‐poor layers alternating, which is consistent with the results of earlier Rietveld analysis (Stramare et al., Chem. Mater. 15, 3974 (2003) [1]). Of particular interest, the Li ions are found mainly on the interstitial sites between the O‐3 triangle plane of the TiO6 octahedron and a La ion, which is different from the earlier work (Yashima et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 3491 (2005) [2]). (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modulation of drug resistance in staphylococcus aureus by a kaempferol glycoside from herissantia tiubae (malvaceae)
Authors: Falcão‐Silva Vivyanne S. , Silva Davi A. , Souza Maria de Fátima V. , Siqueira‐Junior José P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn an ongoing project to evaluate natural compounds isolated from plants from the Brazilian biodiversity as modulators of antibiotic resistance, kaempferol‐3‐O‐β‐d‐(6″‐E‐p‐coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (tiliroside), isolated from Herissantia tiubae (Malvaceae) was investigated using the strain SA‐1199B of Staphylococcus aureus, which overexpresses the norA gene encoding the NorA efflux protein which extrudes hydrophilic fluorquinolones and some biocides, such as benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, acriflavine and ethidium bromide. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antibiotics and biocides were determined by the microdilution assay in the absence and in the presence of sub‐inhibitory concentration of tiliroside. Although tiliroside did not display relevant antibacterial activity (MIC = 256 µg/mL), it modulated the activity of antibiotics, i.e. in combination with antibiotics a reduction in the MIC was observed for norfloxacin (16‐fold), ciprofloxacin (16‐fold), lomefloxacin (four‐fold) and ofloxacin (two‐fold), and an impressive reduction in the MICs for the biocides (up to 128‐fold). The results presented here represent the first report of a kaempferol glycoside as a putative efflux pump inhibitor in bacteria. The present finding indicates that H. tiubae (and broadly Malvaceae) could serve as a source of plant‐derived natural products that modulate bacterial resistance, i.e. a source of potential adjuvants of antibiotics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of different poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)s via matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Baumgaertel Anja , Weber Christine , Knop Katrin , Crecelius Anna , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) coupled with CID (collision‐induced dissociation) has been used for the detailed characterization of two poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)s as part of a continuing study of synthetic polymers by MALDI‐TOF MS/MS. These experiments provided information about the variety of fragmentation pathways for poly(oxazoline)s. It was possible to show that, in addition to the eliminations of small molecules, like ethene and hydrogen, the McLafferty rearrangement is also a possible fragmentation route. A library of fragmentation pathways for synthetic polymers was also constructed and such a library should enable the fast and automated data analysis of polymers in the future. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global set stabilization of the spacecraft attitude control problem based on quaternion
Authors: Li Shihua , Ding Shihong , Li Qi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we develop a global set stabilization method for the attitude control problem of spacecraft system based on quaternion. The control law that uses both optimal control and finite‐time control techniques can globally stabilize the attitude of spacecraft system to a set of equilibria. First, for the kinematic subsystem, we design a virtual optimal angular velocity. To obtain the global minimum of the performance index, this optimal angular velocity is only discontinuous in initial values. It can be regarded as a combination of open loop control and closed loop control. Then for the dynamic subsystem, we design a finite‐time control law that can force the angular velocity to track the virtual optimal angular velocity. It is proved that the closed loop system satisfies global set stability in the absence of disturbances. In the presence of disturbances, the system trajectory will converge to a neighborhood of the equilibrium set. Rigorous analysis shows that by introducing finite‐time control techniques, the closed loop system possesses a better disturbance rejection property. The control method is more natural and energy‐efficient. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulation results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model‐based analysis of meander restoration
Authors: Krapesch Gerald , Tritthart Michael , Habersack Helmut 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMeander reconnection is becoming a widely applied river restoration measure, aiming to enhance the ecological status of river systems. Based on a physical model study and a 3D hydrodynamic‐numerical simulation, the effects of different forms of meander reconnections on flow dynamics, water level and river morphology are investigated in present study including retention of the old main channel for flood protection when the bankfull discharge is exceeded. The distribution of total discharge between the reconnected meander bend and the flood channel during floods decreases flow velocity and bed shear stress and leads to aggradation. At higher discharges, the flow velocity decreases in the meander bend whereas it increases in the flood channel. The controlling parameter for flow diversion—hence for flow velocity and bed shear stress—is the elevation of the ramp diverting the flow.Using the hydrodynamic model RSim‐3D a particle tracing study simulated the trajectories of conservative particles at six vertical levels. The vertical movements of the particles on trajectories going through the reconnected meander were investigated by calculating the number of level changes of each particle. This novel approach in simulating particle movement in channels facilitating qualitative decision‐making in the framework of river restoration issues. In particular, it reveals information regarding heterogeneity and turbulence of the water and also nutrient movements under variable flow conditions and can thus help answer restoration‐related ecological questions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.