bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicity trials: Palatability of the diet as a factor in experiments on the rate of growth of rats
Authors: Moran T. , Pace J. , Hutchinson J. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA comparison has been made of the rates of growth of rats on three diets, A, B, C, which differed only in that Diet A contained fat extracted from untreated flour, Diet B fat from flour heavily treated (300 p.p.m.) with chlorine dioxide, and Diet C fat from flour heavily treated (600 p.p.m.) with nitrogen trichloride. (These levels of treatment are about ten times the commercial level of application of two flour improvers.) It was found that the rate of growth of the group of rats on Diet C was significantly less than that of the other two groups. Daily measurements of the food consumption of each rat were made and it was found that the lower rate of Group C could be largely accounted for by a significantly lower food consumption by that group. In another experiment groups of weanling rats were offered a choice between Diets A and B; Diets A and C; Diets B and C. Daily measurements were made of the amount of each Diet eaten by each rat. It was found that Diet A was preferred to either Diet B or Diet C and that Diet B was preferred to Diet C. The degree of oxidative deterioration of the fats, as measured by chemical tests, increased from A to C. These experiments provide an example of growth rate being reduced through a decreased appetite for a less palatable diet. In this instance, therefore, and possibly in other cases, palatability is an important factor in the interpretation of data on growth rates.
Gibberellic acid, a metabolic product of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi: Some observations on its production and isolation
Authors: Borrow A. , Brian P. W. , Chester V. E. , Curtis P. J. , Hemming H. G. , Henehan Catherine , Jeffreys E. G. , Lloyd P. B. , Nixon I. S. , Norris G. L. F. , Radley Margaret 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSome strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (Saw.) Wr. (conidial state Fusarium moniliforme (Sheld.) emend. Snyder & Hansen) produce metabolic products with plant‐growth‐promoting properties. The capacity to produce such substances is common in rice‐infecting strains of G. fujikuroi; isolates from other hosts only infrequently produce such metabolites. From a selected rice‐infecting strain a plant‐growth‐promoting substance has been isolated in pure form. This substance, gibberellic acid, is distinct in chemical properties from the gibberellins described by Japanese investigators. In surface culture on Raulin‐Thom medium (2.5% sucrose) yields of 40 mg./1. are obtained in 14 days at 25°. In submerged aerated culture yields approaching 200 mg./1. are obtained on Raulin‐Thom medium (4% sucrose) in 18 days at 25°. Under such conditions, although gibberellic acid begins to appear in the medium during the latter part of the phase of active growth, at least 75%, and probably more, of the total final yield is produced after maximum dry weight has been reached and rapid uptake of sugar and ammonia‐nitrogen has ceased.
Some effects of oxygen on the mixing of bread doughs
Authors: Hawthorn J. , Todd J. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation into the nature of the bleaching observed in bread after mixing part of the dough as a batter in high‐speed machinery is described. The bleaching effect is attributed to the action of unsaturated‐fat oxidases and in particular to that of lipoxidase. The simultaneous improvementThe words ‘improver’, ‘improvement’ and ‘improving agent’ are used throughout in the strictly technological sense.
obtained under these conditions of mixing is found to be independent of lipoxidase action but dependent on free access of molecular oxygen to the dough. The presence of molecular oxygen is also necessary for the action of lipoxidase.Arising from this work, a process for making bread from unbleached untreated flour by mixing in an oxygen‐enriched atmosphere is briefly suggested.
Control of insect pests in grains stored in insecticide‐impregnated jute bags
Authors: Muthu M. , Pingale S. V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive chemicals, commonly used for grain fumigation, were injected into grain stored under non‐airtight conditions, in insecticide‐impregnated jute bags. The effect of the chemicals on the insects present in the grain was studied arid it was found that ethylene dibromide, when used at the rate of 10 c.c. per 2Oo‐lb. bag, completely controlled the insects. Injection of the chemical in either horizontally or vertically placed bags and at one or two places in the same bag gave similar results. For bags arranged in stacks, a dose of 7 1/2 c.c. of the chemical per 200‐lb. bag was found necessary for obtaining complete mortality of the insects. Injection of ethylene dibromide into unimpregnated bags also removed the insects from the bags, but the results suggested that some insects escaped death.The quantities of the chemical sorbed by the grain are mentioned and shown to be within the permissible limits.
Observations on the internal corrosion of tin‐plate cans by acid foodstuffs
Authors: Cheftel H. , Monvoisin J. , Swirski Malwina 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBy calculating from Nernst's equation the potentials of tin and iron, it is shown that the anodic behaviour of tin vs. iron in the corrosion of tin plate by canned foods is what would be expected on theoretical grounds. With reference to the fact that the hydrogen evolved during the corrosion of tin plate is less than the amount corresponding to the metals dissolved, an electrochemical mechanism is suggested which may account in part for this deficit. Attention is also drawn to previously unsuspected accelerators of corrosion, e.g. caramelization products in fruits. It is interesting to note that while caramel from dextrose acts as an efficient accelerator, caramel from sucrose has no effect.
Marsh spot of peas: A review of present knowledge
Authors: Reynolds J. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe history of the disorder of peas known as Marsh Spot is reviewed and its relation to manganese deficiency in the plant caused by deficiency or unavailability in the soil is discussed. The effect on the seed may be prevented by spraying a solution of a manganese salt on the crop at flowering time, but several applications at intervals during growth are probably necessary to ensure a healthy crop. Other advantages of the use of manganese are also mentioned and reference is made to the effect of Marsh Spot on consumer quality.
The metabolizable energy of poultry feeding stuffs in relation to their chemical composition
Authors: Carpenter K. J. , Clegg K. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolizable energy values of 17 samples of cereals, cereal by‐products and mixed rations have been determined with laying hens. They ranged from 1300 to 3500 kg.‐cal. per kg. and, where comparison with the findings of other workers has been possible, agreement has been generally satisfactory. The same samples were subjected to the standard methods of proximate analysis, and also analysed for their content of starch and reducing sugars using a specially modified anthrone method. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the formula −53 + 38 (% crude protein + 2.25 × % ether extract + 1.1 × % starch + % sugar) gave predicted figures for the metabolizable energy (in kg.‐cal./kg.) of the materials tested with a standard deviation of ± 190 kg.‐cal./kg. from the determined figures. This was a superior prediction to any that could be made with the data from proximate analysis alone, and the method may prove of use when an estimate of the energy value of a material or mixture for feeding to poultry has to be made from results of chemical analyses that can be carried out in a routine laboratory.
The effect of some silicate slags on the utilization of soil and fertilizer phosphorus
Authors: Cooke G. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen certain silicates are applied to phosphorus‐deficient soils they improve crop growth. The effects of waste slags containing calcium silicate from iron and steel manufacture on crop yields and on phosphorus uptakes were investigated.In a pot experiment on barley grown on acid soil, ordinary blast‐furnace slags gave smaller increases in yields than equal weights of calcium carbonate or ‘falling’ haematite blast‐furnace slags. Slags made by special steel‐producing processes were more active than calcium carbonate and gave higher yields both with and without added phosphate.In field experiments ‘falling’ haematite blast‐furnace slags behaved in the same way as ground limestone and did not promote extra uptake of phosphorus by the crops. When no fertilizer phosphorus was applied, steel‐furnace slags were more active than ground limestone, and gave higher yields of swedes containing more phosphorus. When superphosphate was applied, steel‐furnace slags were still somewhat superior to limestone.Both ‘falling’ blast‐furnace slags and the steel‐furnace slags were active liming materials. Steel‐furnace slags had the additional property of increasing the amounts of phosphorus taken up by the crops.The reactions between silicates and soil phosphorus compounds require further study. Methods of characterizing products which promote the uptake of soil phosphorus by crops are needed.
A quick field method for the estimation of starch in banana pseudostem
Authors: Jain N. L. , Lal Girdhari , Subrahmanyan V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple and quick method has been standardized for the determination of starch in banana pseudostem. The material is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide in the cold to dissolve the starch, and the time of flow of a definite volume of the resultant solution through a capillary is determined and the starch content calculated by reference to a standard curve.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. I.—The kaffir beer brewing industry in South Africa
Authors: Schwartz H. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe brewing of kafftr beer, a traditional drink of the Bantu, is becoming an important industry in South Africa. The raw materials and processes used are described, and some of the problems associated with the change over from small‐scale brewing according to the traditional Bantu method to large‐scale production are discussed.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. II.—Studies on the microbiology of Kaffir beer
Authors: Van Der Walt J. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe three main microbiological conversions in the production of kaffir beer have been studied, viz.: the souring of the mash by lactic acid bacteria, the alcoholic fermentation of the wort by a variety of yeasts generally present on the malt used in the conversion and, finally, the spoilage due to volatile acid formation. It was found that in breweries where no temperature control was practised during souring, a very heterogeneous lactic acid microflora developed. Eight species were recognized. In the subsequent alcoholic fermentation twenty different yeast species were isolated from beers. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida krusei and Kloeckera apiculata were found to be the predominant species. The spoilage due to excessive acetic acid formation was found to be caused by the development of the common malt and beer Acetobacter species.
Some applications of paper chromatography to the examination of meat extract
Authors: Wood T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMeat extract has been investigated by paper chromatography. Methods of removing inorganic salts and protein are discussed. The use of a wide range of colour reagents has made it possible to show up different classes of compounds. The method is rapid and simple and can be applied to any complex mixture of a similar nature. A list of the substances detected is given and comparison made with previous analyses.
Determination of exchangeable calcium in soils containing calcium carbonate
Authors: Tobia S. K. , Milad N. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPreviously reported methods for determination of exchangeable calcium in soil, involving extraction with solutions of sodium, potassium or ammonium chloride or shaking with a carbonate solution, are critically reviewed and their sources of error discussed.A new procedure is recommended in which the exchangeable calcium is extracted with a O‐2N‐KC1 solution previously brought into equilibrium with solid calcium carbonate.
Volatile compounds produced by apples. I.—Aldehydes and ketones
Authors: Meigh D. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods were developed for analysing the volatile aldehydes and ketones present in the air surrounding gas‐stored apples. These methods were used to compare the compounds produced by three varieties of apple, one susceptible and the other two resistant to superficial scald. The comparison did not reveal any fundamental differences between them. Of the aldehydes and ketones produced by the three varieties, acetone predominated.
Studies on egg shells. VII.—Some aspects of structure as shown by plastic models
Authors: Tyler C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen egg shells are embedded in plastic it would appear that the plastic can form a clean mould of the inner surface of the shell with its knob‐like projections, it can also penetrate into the pore channels and even into the body of the shell itself. The shell can then be dissolved away leaving the plastic moulds behind. It is thus possible to obtain a clear picture of the shape and size of pores and their relationship to the air spaces in the mammillary layer. The egg shells of various species of birds have been examined and differences in pore size and shape clearly demonstrated. The plastic residue from the shell itself also seems to indicate that the shell consists of layers of material, the layers being arranged differently in different species.
The chemical estimation of vitamin‐E activity in cereal products. IV.—ϵ‐tocopherol
Authors: Eggitt P. W. Russell , Norris F. W. 
Published: November 2006

Abstractϵ‐Tocopherol has been isolated from wheat bran and some of its properties and its reactions have been studied. Its absorption spectrum, and that of nitroso‐ϵ‐tocopherol, are almost identical with the corresponding spectra for β‐tocopherol. ϵ‐Tocopherol, when oxidized with the Emmerie‐Engel reagents, yields a tocopheroxide, which may be converted into the isomeric ϵ‐tocopherylquinone. The latter shares a characteristically shaped absorption spectrum with β‐tocopherylquinone. With nitric acid in ethanol ϵ‐tocopherol forms a red o‐quinone and other products with a reaction spectrum again very like that for β‐tocopherol. Only the β‐ and ϵ‐homologues produce a brilliant violet unstable colour (not the quinone) with nitric acid in chloroform. In these reactions the new tocopherol behaves as if it is 5‐methyltocol and this structure is confirmed by the fact that ϵ‐tocopherol yields 5: 7‐dimethyltocol (ζ‐tocopherol) under conditions that convert β‐tocopherol to α‐tocopherol. Difficulties encountered in applying the Quaife rdtrosation technique to the tocopherols are discussed. The factor converting depth of colour to concentration when ϵ‐tocopherol is assayed by the modified Emmerie‐Engel method described previously1, 2 is 96.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. VIII.—Changes in carbohydrate composition during the growth of perennial rye‐grass
Authors: Mackenzie D. J. , Wylam Clare B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalyses of the carbohydrates in the leaf and stem of perennial rye‐grass were carried out during uninterrupted growth from May to November. Although there were individual variations in the amounts of glucose, fructose and sucrose present, no major seasonal trends in these sugars were evident. The plant accumulated in the stem a reserve of fructosan which reached a maximum of 21% of the dry matter before it diminished in the autumn. There was a gradual increase in the percentages of cell‐wall polysaccharides. The relation between fructosan accumulation and synthesis of cell‐wall material during the growth of the plant is discussed.The autumn aftermath growth was analysed and its composition compared with that of the first growth.
Soil fumigation. V.—Diffusion of ethylene dibromide through soils
Authors: Call F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe diffusion of ethylene dibromide vapour through soils of different types has been studied. Both unsteady‐state and steady‐state coefficients agree with theoretical values calculated from known soil properties. Blocked pores are an important factor in the steady state but not in the unsteady state and sorption of vapour on the soil has a great influence on the unsteady‐state coefficient only.
Consumer trials for the determination of the acceptability of dehydrated beef
Authors: Hawke J. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSmall scale consumer trials using the weight‐of‐rejection technique did not provide a satisfactory pattern for the assessment of acceptability of dehydrated beef vacuum‐dried in edible fat, because of the high level of meat consumption. The acceptability has therefore been assessed from large‐scale consumer trials in Service establishments by means of questionnaires.When vacuum‐dried minced beef was reconstituted and prepared under supervision, it was as acceptable as the fresh equivalent. When vacuum‐dried beef steak was similarly treated, it was less acceptable than fresh steak, chiefly because of its slightly fibrous texture, but was about as acceptable as either fresh or dehydrated mince similarly flavoured and seasoned.
Volatile bases as quality indices of ICEd north sea cod
Authors: Shewan J. M. , Ehrenberg A. S. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChemical and sensory variables were measured at intervals during the spoilage of different catches of fish stored up to 22 days in ice. The relation between the chemical and sensory variables was examined and found to differ from catch to catch. It is shown that the volatile base content of fish muscle is a less precise index of eating quality than was expected, although it has considerable value.
Animal fats. IX.—The relation between composition and iodine value
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Russell W. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConsideration of the composition of animal fats containing little or no C20–22‐acids (39 fats of iodine value 31–96 from 30 genera) suggests an empirical relation between the iodine value and the amount of each component acid. This relation is expressed mathematically and the general conclusions are stated.Changes in iodine value are reflected almost entirely in the varying proportions of saturated, mono‐ and poly‐ethenoid C18‐acids. The changes in the proportion of each of these in animal fats of iodine value 90 falling to 30 are parallel to changes which occur during selective hydrogenation of mixtures of stearate, oleate and linoleate.‘Stearic‐rich’ depot fats appear to be produced only by ruminants, quasi‐ruminants and ruminant‐feeding animals.
The mineralization of some nitrogenous materials in soil
Authors: Bremner J. M. , Shaw K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mineralization in soil of various nitrogenous materials, including waste formalized casein from the plastics industry and products prepared from other waste materials such as lignin and sawdust, has been followed by determining the amounts of mineral nitrogen produced on incubation of the materials with soil under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Formalized casein and formalized hoof were found to decompose more slowly and uniformly than the unformalized materials. Deamination of casein had little effect on its rate of decomposition. Products prepared by treating lignin with nitric acid and with nitrous acid decomposed at similar rates and more rapidly than lignin‐ammonia reaction products. Nitrated sawdust decomposed very slowly and cellulose nitrate was highly resistant to decomposition.
The possible significance of poly‐phenols in soil formation
Authors: Bloomfield C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoils of the podzol group are characterized by the translocation of iron compounds down the profile; it is considered that the ferric oxide in the uppermost horizons of the soil is mobilized by the action of soluble organic compounds leached from the overlying tree litter.The solution and reduction of ferric oxide by aqueous leaf extracts is apparently caused by the joint action of carboxylic acids and polyphenols.The development of a horizon of clay accumulation is a feature of certain podzolic soils. As aqueous leaf extracts have the property of dispersing clay suspensions, it is apparent that the development of textural profiles could be promoted by the action of these extracts. In the dispersion of clays, polyphenolic compounds constitute one of the chief groups of active compounds.
A rapid method for the determination of lactose in milk and cheese
Authors: Barnett A. John G. , Tawab G. Abdel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA colorimetric method is described for the determination of lactose in milk and cheese. It appears to be both speedy and accurate, as is evidenced by the facts that a lactose determination in milk takes about 15 min. to complete, while suitably designed experiments indicate a satisfactory degree of recovery of lactose. As illustrations of the potential uses of the method, figures are given for the lactose content of different types of cheese at different stages of maturity and for milk undergoing the process of souring.
Effect of insect infestation on stored grain. II.—studies on husked, hand‐pounded and milled raw rice, and parboiled milled rice
Authors: Pingale S. V. , Kadkol S. B. , Rao M. Narayana , Swaminathan M. , Subrahmanyan V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHusked, hand‐pounded, milled raw rice and parboiled milled rice obtained from the same strain of paddy (Halubbulu) were infested by Calandra (Sitophilus) oryzae (rice weevil) for a period of eight months and the changes brought about in the different samples due to infestation have been studied. The results show that husked rice was infested to a greater extent than the other samples and developed an unhealthy appearance within two months of infestation. Parboiled and raw, milled samples of rice were found to be least susceptible to infestation. Infestation of the rice grain increased the loss of starch in the gruel during cooking, the loss being maximum in the case of husked rice. An appreciable increase in the acidity of fat and a decrease in the thiamine content due to insect damage were observed. No significant difference was noted in the other constituents of the grain, such as total nitrogen and soluble nitrogen. Some correlation was observed between the weight/volume ratio of uncleaned grain and the proportion of dust, loss in total weight, loss in thiamine and insect population.
The component glycerides of nutmeg butter (Myristica fragrans)
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Ojha V. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe component glycerides of the neutral fat extracted from nutmeg seeds (Indian name, ‘Jaiphal’) were studied by segregation of the fat into three fractions by crystallization from acetone and ether at 10° and 25° respectively, followed by determinations of the component acids present in each of the three fractions.The component acids of the whole fat are dodecanoic (0.4%), tetradecanoic (71.8%), hexadecanoic (14.3%), octadecanoic (1.2%), tetradecenoic (0.8%), hexadecenoic (4.8%), octadecenoic (5.2%), and octadecadienoic (1.5%). The component glycerides are: (1) fully saturated 71.3%, (2) mono‐unsaturated‐disaturated 20.5% and (3) di‐unsaturated‐monosaturated 8.2%.
The colour of cooked cured pork. II.—estimation of the stability to light
Authors: Hornsey H. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is presented for estimating the stability to light of the colour of cooked hams, enabling the complete fading curve to be obtained.Some typical results obtained in presence and absence of air are considered.For the routine examination of samples, it is suggested that the stability may be conveniently expressed as the percentage of pigment remaining after one hour's exposure at 100 foot‐candles under stated conditions.