bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archaeological Investigations in Southwestern Alaska
Authors: Larsen Helge 
Published: April 2006

Despite considerable activity during the last two decades our knowledge of the archaeology of Alaska is still rather scanty. Very few places have been thoroughly investigated, and almost all work has been confined to two areas, a northern including St. Lawrence Island and a southern including the Aleutian Islands. The intermediate area, from Wales to Port Möller, with a coast line of approximately 2000 miles, is virtually unknown from an archaeological point of view. If archaeological material from this area exists in museum collections, it is unpublished and thus useless to most students.The need of information about the archaeology of this part of Alaska was felt very badly by the writer during his work on the analysis of the Ipiutak culture. When it became apparent that early Kachemak Bay culture must belong to the same Paleo-Eskimo complex as Ipiutak, it was natural to assume the former existence of the same complex in the intermediate area, an assumption which ethnological evidence seems to bear out.
Fire Hardening of Wood
Authors: Cosner Aaron J. 
Published: April 2006

The literature of anthropology contains so many references to the fire hardening of arrow and spear points, digging sticks, and other pointed implements of wood that the assumption has become dogmatic and almost fixed. It is needless to refer in particular to specific writings which contain references to fire hardening.Since fire hardening is assumed to be a culture trait of importance, I decided to make a series of experiments to determine to what extent wood was altered by being charred in a fire.
The Lake Spring Site, Columbia County, Georgia
Authors: Miller Carl F. 
Published: April 2006

While making an archaeological survey of the Clark Hill Reservoir area in eastern Georgia and western South Carolina, the writer located an apparently undisturbed shell deposit, the Lake Spring site (9 Cu 61), which is situated 5 miles east of Pollards Crossroads, Columbia County, Georgia, on the south bank of the Savannah River about 1.5 miles upstream from the construction area of the Clark Hill dam and just west of Lake Spring Creek. It is a fairly large site with a deep midden of shells and other occupational refuse.This can be ranked as the major site of the Clark Hill Reservoir basin. It occupies an area roughly 400 feet long and about 150 feet wide, and has only superficially been disturbed by plowing. The cultures represented are more or less intact.
Fossil Bison and Associated Artifacts from Milnesand, New Mexico
Authors: Sellards E. H. 
Published: April 2006

Several Early man hunting sites have been discovered and excavated by various institutions in and near the High Plains region of Texas and New Mexico, including the Folsom, San Jon, and Clovis, or Blackwater Draw, localities in New Mexico, and the Miami, Plainview, Lipscomb, and Lubbock localities in Texas. To the west and north are similar sites in Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas. This large region, including a part of the great interior plains, was indeed for early man a big game hunting area of the North American continent.A new hunting site in this region, located in the southern part of Roosevelt County near Milnesand, New Mexico, about 40 miles south of Portales, is here described. This locality, containing artifacts, a bison-bone bed and charred bison bones, is in a sand-dune region about 3 miles northeast of Milnesand post office. (The name Milnesand is derived from “mill in the sand,” a term formerly applied to a windmill and watering place located near the present town.) The first artifacts obtained from the locality were collected by Ted Williamson of Milnesand.
Porcupine Quill Flatteners from Central United States
Authors: Neuman Robert W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractQuill flatteners from Wisconsin, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming, which are attributed to Menominee, Sioux, Arikara, Blackfeet, and Arapaho, are described in four groups. Iron, S-shaped flatteners date from the period of European contact and trade, and two types of antler and horn flatteners are believed to have been made during the same time period. The only prehistoric or archaeological specimens are in the fourth group of flatteners made of long, thin pieces of mammal bone with rounded ends.
Early Sites in the Pisco Valley of Peru: Tambo Colorado
Authors: Engel Frederic 
Published: April 2006

Tambo Colorado is the name given to a group of buildings standing on the north bank of the Pisco River in southern Peru, 45 km. east of the Panamerican Highway. These buildings are definitely Incaic, but were built on an earlier site, and are no more than a very small portion of a large occupied area extending to the west, north, and east of the buildings.Both banks of the Pisco River were densely populated during Precolumbian times, and establishments much larger than Tambo Colorado can be observed in the area.
A Horizontal-Necked Shirt from Marques, Peru
Authors: Stumer Louis M. , Gayton A. H. 
Published: April 2006

Shortly after an article describing a Peruvian shirt with a horizontal neck slot was published (Gayton 1955), a specimen with a similar aperture was unearthed at La Capilla cemetery on the Hacienda Marques. This specimen is sufficiently different from the other to warrant a brief report. The archaeological data are provided by Stumer, the textile data by Gayton.La Capilla cemetery is on the Hacienda Marques at the mouth of the Chillón River, some 12 km. north of Lima. La Capilla lies at the extreme northwest corner of the irrigable lands of the Chillón and is the most extensive of the cemetery sites which dot the Hacienda Marques.
The Deep-Basined Metate of the Southern California Coast
Authors: Mohr Albert 
Published: April 2006

Deep-basined metates are frequently found in early sites on the southern California coast, but the faces of the accompanying manos usually are only moderately convex. Mano faces examined by the writer never have been sufficiently excurvate to make contact with the grinding surfaces of the deeply ground metates. This presents an interesting problem: how were the manos manipulated on the metates?An examination of specimens from Oak Grove sites 7, 21, and 79 (Rogers, 1929) and the Smithsonian Institution River Basin Surveys’ sites 4SBa477 and 4SBa485 in Santa Barbara County, California, reveals the following associations and characteristics. Slab, shallow-basined, and deep-basined metates are found in association. The first two types exhibit an unbroken grinding area, but specimens of the latter almost invariably have a slight shoulder running at least a part of the way around the basin, the transition between a slightly concave ground area and the deeply ground cavity.
Archaeology, History, and Anthropology in the Mixteca-Puebla Region of Mexico
Authors: Gorenstein Shirley 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCultural change from the prehistoric to the protohistoric period is seen as a subject of anthropological study in which archaeological and ethnohistorical data are complementary sources. It is suggested that an interpretation of the effect of the postconquest economic and political innovations in Tepexi, a Mixteca-Puebla community in Mexico, can be made only after an examination of the condition of the preconquest economic and political systems. Tepexi was economically overburdened in preconquest times as a result of Aztec tribute demands, and the introduction of the silk industry by the Spaniards may have been responsible for sustaining the failing community.
Lichens and the Patination of Chert in Alaska
Authors: Ackerman Robert E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe exposed surfaces of stone artifacts from the Security Cove site, Alaska, were altered by the mechanical-chemical activity of crustose lichens. This factor should be considered in patination studies carried out in regions where lichens are known to occur. The activity of lichens and the resultant effect on artifact surfaces is discussed and illustrated in two figures.
The San Dieguito Complex: A Review and Hypothesis
Authors: Warren Claude N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe confusing terminology surrounding the San Dieguito complex is reviewed, and a critical evaluation of the content of this complex is undertaken. The San Dieguito complex is redefined and includes Lake Mohave, Death Valley I, and Playa I and II complexes. An age of greater than 6000 B.C. is shown for at least one component of the complex and a date of 7000 to 8000 B.C. is suggested for the complex as a whole.The hypothesis is developed that the San Dieguito complex is distinct from the Desert culture and represents a generalized hunting tradition which moved into the area along a north-south belt in the western Great Basin.
A Cache of Unfired Clay Objects from Death Valley, California
Authors: Wallace William J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn unusual cache of unfired-clay basketry effigies and human figurines was uncovered by a windstorm near Stovepipe Wells in Death Valley National Monument. These specimens and others from nearby archaeological sites demonstrate a more extensive use of sun-dried articles in the Death Valley region than hitherto suspected. The unbaked-clay industry appears to come into the area by way of the Great Basin extension of Anasazi culture aroundA.D.900-1100 and to have persisted into the second half of the 19th century.
Ethnomineralogy of Ticul, Yucatan Potters: Etics and Emics
Authors: Arnold Dean E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe emic cultural categories of pottery materials used by the community of potters in Ticul, Yucatan, were compared to the etic mineralogical analysis of these materials. The study reveals that there is a definite relationship between the cognitive ethnomineralogical system used by the community of potters in Ticul and the verbal, non-verbal, and material aspects of the process of selecting and using raw materials for making pottery. This relationship indicates that the Ticul potter has a sophisticated understanding of his raw materials and suggests several implications for archaeology: (1) the cultural patterns which are manifested in the artifacts may be cognitive; (2) since potters’ discriminations are manifested in the physical world, it should be possible to reconstruct ancient emic categories from physical contrasts in the artifacts without the use of ethnographic analogy; (3) the definition of temper as nonplastics may eliminate important cultural information from archaeological consideration; and (4) the community of potters is the unit of population which uses a particular ethnomineralogical system and would be expected to produce a paste and slip combination which is relatively uniform. All of these data indicate that many of the notions of cognitive anthropology can be successfully applied to archaeological considerations.
Entombment, Authority, and Descent at Altar de Sacrificios, Guatemala
Authors: Haviland William A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAt the lowland Maya site of Altar de Sacrificios, two burials have been interpreted in such a way as to suggest: (1) that matrilineal principles of social organization may have been operative in some segments of Classic Maya society; and (2) that Maya political units may have been tied together by marriage alliances. These two hypotheses are examined here in the light of anthropological kinship theory. It is concluded that such marriage alliances are in the realm of possibility, but that matrilineality is unlikely.
Preliminary Report of a Stratified Post-Folsom Sequence at Blackwater Draw Locality No. 1
Authors: Agogino George A. , Rovner Irwin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLittle is known of the post-Folsom sequence at Blackwater Draw, Locality No. 1, in spite of over 30 years of intermittent excavation by major institutions at this site location. Until recently it has been lumped under the name of the "Portales complex" under which several culture complexes were grouped as a single entity. This paper makes an initial attempt to separate these cultures in chronological sequence.
A Paleo-Indian Butchering Kit
Authors: Hammatt Hallett H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA cache of flint artifacts has been discovered near Anadarko in southwestern Oklahoma. It is made up of 4 core chopping tools, 2 discoidal chopping tools, and 26 prismatic blades. Two of the core chopping tools were used to produce blades. One of the discoidal chopping tools and one of the core chopping tools are made of alibates flint, common to the Panhandle area of Texas; the remaining tools are made of grey-white flint. The cache provides interesting insights into prehistoric blade manufacturing. On the basis of similar blades found in dated deposits at Clovis, New Mexico, it is suggested that the cache is of the Paleo-Indian period. However, the manufacture of blades is by no means confined to the Paleo-Indian period. The association of prismatic blades with chopping tools of various sizes leads one to the suggestion that the whole assemblage was intended for use as a butchering kit for large animals.
Cultural Dynamics and the Development of the Oneota Life-Way in Wisconsin
Authors: Gibbon Guy E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn evolutionary and ecological approach is used in an attempt to define the causes and motivations involved in the process of Oneota development in Wisconsin. A primary thesis of this paper is that the Oneota life-way emerged from a Woodland base modified in the direction of the Mississippian pattern. The rapid appearance of a qualitatively distinctive pattern of socio-political organization, the multi-band or "tribal," is thought to be responsible in part for the difficulty in tracing this development. It is suggested that this level of integration became firmly established as the dominant socio-political structure throughout the northeastern United States by A.D. 1100-1200. Early Oneota settlements (A.D. 900-1300) are then contrasted to late Oneota settlements (A.D. 1300-1600) in Wisconsin and a difference in cultural ecological adaptation is suggested. Examples of organizational change in other cultures are briefly illustrated to suggest that the pattern of development may be at least in part recurrent.
A Brief Progress Report on the Excavations at Cerro Portezuelo, Valley of Mexico
Authors: Nicholson H. B. , Hicks Frederic 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWork at this Classic-Postclassic site, begun by George W. Brainerd and interrupted by his untimely death, is being completed by Nicholson and Hicks. While analysis of much of the archaeological material is well underway, work on the ceramic typology has not yet proceeded to the point where “functional” interpretations can be made. Certain misunderstandings in the use of Cerro Portezuelo material by Mayer-Oakes are noted.
Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Post-Conquest Aztec Sites
Authors: Charlton Thomas H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent archaeological and ethnographic research has made known the pre-Conquest and contemporary settlement patterns of the Teotihuacán Valley. Similar data for the intervening post-Conquest period are not available. Most archaeologists have restricted their research to the pre-Conquest period, and the documents do not contain pertinent detailed information on settlement patterns.To resolve this problem I propose the application of archaeological methodology to sites located and identified through ethnohistoric research. My preliminary results in the area southeast of Otumba suggest that the method is feasible and productive. I also explore the theoretical implications of the data recovered from dated archaeological deposits for which the relevant sociocultural factors are known.
Further Comments on Emery and Edwards’ “Archaeological Potential of the Atlantic Shelf”
Authors: Bullen Ripley P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSalwen (1967) in commenting on Emery and Edwards’ stimulating article supplied several important data for northeastern United States. The author, who has for a long time been in agreement with Emery and Edwards’ general conclusions, offers additional supportive data from both coasts of Florida.
A Non-Quantitative Non-Law in Anthropology: A Reply to Carneiro
Authors: Bayard Donn 
Published: April 2006

AbstractI explain my "failure" to familiarize myself with Carneiro's more recent attempts to arrive at "laws" of cultural evolution, and go on to critically evaluate his 1968 paper. I attempt to demonstrate that Carneiro's "law" is not applicable to cultural development in general, and that it is neither quantitative in application nor a law.
A Problematic Example of Peruvian Resist-Dyeing
Authors: VanStan Ina 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo Peruvian textile specimens from beneath the temple of Pachacamac (Uhle Collection, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania) show the use, in conjunction with plangi-type tie-dye, of patterning which has the general appearance of tie-dye work, except for a reversal of the basic dark-light color relationship. A consideration of the different methods by which such patterning could have been produced indicates that a batik or batiklike technique probably was used. A few other specimens which appear to have been patterned by the same technique have been reported. Although the evidence is insufficient to justify definite conclusions concerning either the presence or absence of batik in pre-Columbian Peru, strong support is provided for the probability of its presence.
The Jog and the Jaguar Signs in Maya Writing
Authors: Proskouriakoff Tatiana 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGraphemes T-757 and T-788 (Thompson 1962) are identified as a single sign representing a rodent. Intermediate forms are cited, the use of the sign in glyph T-1.60:757 is discussed, and its substitution for T-501 is noted. It is suggested that before Thompson’s catalog can be successfully used for statistical comparisons it needs to be converted to a catalog of signs by investigations of the use of the individual graphemes in context.
Comments on Struever's Discussion of an Early "Eastern Agricultural Complex"
Authors: Yarnell Richard A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a recent article, Stuart Struever made certain statements which deserve comment. Discussion of the possibility of pre-maize agriculture in the eastern United States appeared in print as early as 1924. Sunflower and marshelder seem to have been among the plants domesticated, but not giant ragweed. The evidence for cultivation of amaranth and chenopod needs more careful evaluation. The archaeological occurrence of unusually large seeds may be good evidence of domestication, but the occurrence of chenopod at the Pomranky and Hodges sites in Michigan does not appear to be good evidence.
Thickness and Fluting of Paleo-Indian Projectile Points
Authors: Fitting James E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA statistical examination of Paleo-Indian projectile points and bases from the Holcombe (Michigan) and Scharbauer (Texas) sites shows that basal modification, thinning to fluting, is distributed throughout the range of thickness. It is possible that fluted points were considerably thicker before fluting, but this is untestable and, since the present populations have a normal distribution, seems unlikely.
Doctrinaire Diffusionism and Acts of Faith
Authors: O'Brien Patricia J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSome anthropologists have suggested prehistoric Old and New world contacts. Meggers, Evans, and Estrada are the most recent advocates, and their hypothesis of a landfall by Japanese fishermen on the coast of Ecuador seems to have been the causa belli of the attack by John Rowe on “doctrinaire diffusionism.” In a response to Rowe, Jett and Carter (1966) suggest his level of absolute proof is the best, but not the only, proof. Rowe's absolute proof is best because it can be rigorously and objectively tested. But if this level of proof is not met, then the acceptance of such evidence becomes an “act of faith.” The hypotheses of transoceanic contacts can not be evaluated adequately for or against until this level of proof is achieved. Until such time, the acceptance of such theories will remain “acts of faith.”
Fluted Points on the South Carolina Coast
Authors: Waring A. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFour points of Eastern Clovis type, found in Beaufort and Jasper counties at sites which also produce points of the Savannah River Archaic, are the first occurrence of fluted points on the southern Atlantic coast. The flint source was apparently the extensive quarries along Briar and Buckhead creeks located chiefly in Screven and Burke counties, Georgia. Other finds of fluted points along these streams indicate a paleo-Indian occupation within the drainage, but no sites are yet known.
An Olmec “Were-Jaguar” from the Yucatan Peninsula
Authors: Metcalf George , Flannery Kent V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA feline sculpture in serpentinite from Dsibalchen on the Yucatan Peninsula (probably in the northeast part of the state of Campeche) was found by Teobert Maler in 1887. Its half-human face shares characteristics of the Olmec "were-jaguar" sculptures of Veracruz and Tabasco.
Incised Slate Disks from the Atlantic Watershed of Costa Rica
Authors: Stone Doris , Balser Carlos 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSlate backs of iron-pyrite mirrors have been found in the southwestern United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru. Three engraved slate disks were recently excavated at two sites in Costa Rica, one at La Fortuna and two at Guácimo. Slate disks in this region are not unusual. Many have traces of the gum that was used for glue, and at least one fragment bears traces of the wooden frame. The significance of these three plaques lies in the designs they bear. These designs indicate that the disks were made betweenA.D.435 and 500 in an area remote from lower Central America. Grave objects associated with the mirror backs include reworked jades; gold objects in Coclé, Quimbaya, and Guayas styles; and Incised Zoned Bichrome and Negative Painted Bichrome Incised wares. These disks and the objects associated with them provide insight into pre-Columbian interchange and trade routes in lower Central America, and they suggest that slate disks were important in commerce and perhaps served as ceremonial objects.
The Inscription of the Temple of the Cross at Palenque
Authors: Berlin Heinrich 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA fresh examination of the chronological data of the inscription serves as a framework for analysis of the undeciphered or text glyphs. The undeciphered glyphs have been grouped into categories. The main category, which consists of glyphs related to the up-ended frog glyph, the flat hand, and Thompson's Jog glyph, is interpreted as referring to local history. Another category is composed of glyphs or clauses that are common at other Maya sites and shows ideas not limited to a particular town but common to many of them. Another category of glyphs is restricted to a phenomenon, the Triad, which so far has been identified with certainty only at Palenque. In an appended section definite readings for hitherto floating dates of two other Palenque inscriptions are proposed, and it is suggested that the 819-day count originated at Palenque, from which it spread as far as Copan. These readings may facilitate future glyphic research at Palenque.