bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trihalomethane Formation Potential of Filter Isolates of Electrolyte‐Extractable Soil Organic Carbon
Authors: Chow Alex T. , Guo Fengmao , Gao Suduan , Breuer Richard S. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTCertain organic C moieties of soil origin in drinking source waters of Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (Delta) can react with chlorine to form trihalomethanes (THMs) during the disinfection process. Isolation and characterization of them and quantitation of their THM formation potential (THMFP) is necessary for developing effective strategies to reduce their influxes in Delta waters and for removing them during drinking water treatment. In this study, organic C from two Delta soils was extracted using deionized H2O and four Na‐ or Ca‐based electrolytes of varying electrical conductivity values. Extracts were filtered into particulate, colloidal, fine colloidal, and soluble organic C for quantitation and THMFP determination. Results suggested that <1.5% of soil organic C was electrolyte‐extractable. The soluble organic C fraction from both soils dominated in quantity and THMFP. Electrolyte effects were cation dependent. Sodium‐based electrolytes at either conductivity level did not significantly decrease extractable organic C (EOC) or THMFP compared with deionized H2O. In contrast, Ca‐based electrolytes reduced EOC and THMFP by >50% even at 1 dS m−1 Further increase in Ca concentration did not significantly decrease EOC or THMFP. Most reduction in EOC and THMFP by Ca‐based electrolytes occurred with the fractions other than the soluble organic C. Results suggested that under natural soil leaching and runoff conditions, the majority of THMFP is associated with organic C of <0.025 μm in diameter. Further molecular characterization of the fractions with high THMFP may help understand the nature of chlorine‐reactive organic C from Delta soils.
Manure Collection and Distribution on Wisconsin Dairy Farms
Authors: Powell J. Mark , McCrory Daniel F. , Jackson‐Smith D. B. , Saam H. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTManure management plans require knowing the amount of manure produced, collected, and available for land‐spreading. Whereas much information is available to calculate manure production, little is known about the types and amounts of manure actually collected on typical dairy farms. This study of 54 representative Wisconsin dairy farms showed significant regional, housing, and herd size differences in collection of manure from lactating cows (Bos taurus), dry cows, and heifers. Significantly (P < 0.05) less manure is collected in the hilly southwest (56% of total annual herd production) than in the undulating south central (72%) or the flat northeast (68%) regions. Collection of lactating cow manure is significantly (P < 0.05) lower from stanchion (66% of total annual production) than free‐stall (89%) housing, and significant (P < 0.05) positive relationships were found between the number of lactating cows a farm keeps and the percentage manure collected. Average annual manure N (range of 116–846 kg N ha−1) and P (range of 24–158 kg P ha−1) loading rates in areas where manure goes uncollected was highest in unvegetated barnyards followed by vegetated and partially vegetated outside areas. Once uncollected manure was accounted for, average annual loading rates on cereal cropland ranged from 128 to 337 kg ha−1 of manure N, and from 45 to 139 kg ha−1 of manure P. Compared with adjacent cropland, the accumulation of uncollected manure has vastly increased soil test P, K, and organic matter levels in outside areas. Manure management on Wisconsin dairy farms with small to medium herds might require assistance in managing manure in outside confinement areas to reduce the risk of impairing surface and ground water quality.
Antibacterial Activity of Soil‐Bound Antibiotics
Authors: Chander Yogesh , Kumar Kuldip , Goyal Sagar M. , Gupta Satish C. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTThere is some concern that antibiotic residues in land‐applied manure may promote the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment. The goal of this study was to determine whether or not soil bound antibiotics are still active against bacteria. The procedure involved sorbing various amounts of tetracycline or tylosin on two different textured soils (Webster clay loam [fine‐loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquolls] and Hubbard loamy sand [sandy, mixed, frigid Entic Hapludolls]), incubating these soils with three different bacterial cultures (an antibiotic resistant strain of Salmonella sp. [SalmonellaR], an antibiotic sensitive strain of Salmonella sp. [SalmonellaS], and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922), and then enumerating the number of colony forming units relative to the control. Incubation was done under both static and dynamic conditions. Soil‐adsorbed antibiotics were found to retain their antimicrobial properties since both antibiotics inhibited the growth of all three bacterial species. Averaged over all other factors, soil adsorbed antimicrobial activity was higher for Hubbard loamy sand than Webster clay loam, most likely due to higher affinity (higher clay content) of the Webster soil for antibiotics. Similarly, there was a greater decline in bacterial growth with tetracycline than tylsoin, likely due to greater amounts of soil‐adsorbed tetracycline and also due to lower minimum inhibitory concentration of most bacteria for tetracycline than tylosin. The antimicrobial effect of tetracycline was also greater under dynamic than static growth conditions, possibly because agitation under dynamic growth conditions helped increase tetracycline desorption and/or increase contact between soil adsorbed tetracycline and bacteria. We conclude that even though antibiotics are tightly adsorbed by clay particles, they are still biologically active and may influence the selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the terrestrial environment.
Effect of the applied organic load rate on biodegradable polymer production by mixed microbial cultures in a sequencing batch reactor
Authors: Dionisi Davide , Majone Mauro , Vallini Giovanni , Di Gregorio Simona , Beccari Mario 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis article studies the operation of a new process for the production of biopolymers (polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHAs) at different applied organic load rates (OLRs). The process is based on the aerobic enrichment of activated sludge to obtain mixed cultures able to store PHAs at high rates and yields. A mixture of acetic, lactic, and propionic acids at different concentrations (in the range 8.5–31.25 gCOD/L) was fed every 2 h in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The resulting applied OLR was in the range 8.5–31.25 gCOD/L/day. Even though, as expected, the increase in the OLR caused an increase in biomass concentration (up to about 8.7 g COD/L), it also caused a relevant decrease of maximal polymer production rate. This decrease in polymer production rate was related to the different extent of “feast and famine” conditions, as function of the applied OLR and of the start‐up conditions. As a consequence the best performance of the process was obtained at an intermediate OLR (20 gCOD/L/day) where both biomass productivity and PHA storage were high enough. However, at this high OLR the process was unstable and sudden decrease of performance was also observed. The sludge characterized by the highest PHA storage response was investigated by 16S rDNA clone library. The clone library contained sequences mostly from PHA producers (e.g., Alcaligenes and Comamonas genera); however many genera and among them, one of the dominant (Thauera), were never described before in relation to PHA storage response. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement of biomolecule transport by electroporation: A review of theory and practical application to transformation of Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Tryfona Theodora , Bustard Mark T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSelective and reversible permeabilization of the cell wall permeability barrier is the focus for many biotechnological applications. In this article, the basic principles for reversible membrane permeabilization, based on biological, chemical, and physical methods are reviewed. Emphasis is given to electroporation (electropermeabilization) which tends to be the most popular method for membrane permeabilization and for introduction of foreign molecules into the cells. The applications of this method in industrial processes as well as the critical factors and parameters which affect the success of this approach are discussed. The different strategies developed throughout the years for increased transformation efficiencies of the industrially important amino acid‐overproducing bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum, are also summarized. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling evaluation of the fluid‐dynamic microenvironment in tissue‐engineered constructs: A micro‐CT based model
Authors: Cioffi Margherita , Boschetti Federica , Raimondi Manuela Teresa , Dubini Gabriele 
Published: October 2005

AbstractNatural cartilage remodels both in vivo and in vitro in response to mechanical stresses, hence mechanical stimulation is believed to be a potential tool to modulate extra‐cellular matrix synthesis in tissue‐engineered cartilage. Fluid‐induced shear is known to enhance chondrogenesis in engineered cartilage constructs. The quantification of the hydrodynamic environment is a condition required to study the biochemical response to shear of 3D engineered cell systems. We developed a computational model of culture medium flow through the microstructure of a porous scaffold, during direct‐ perfused culture. The 3D solid model of the scaffold micro‐geometry was reconstructed from 250 micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) images. The results of the fluid dynamic simulations were analyzed at the central portions of the fluid domain, to avoid boundary effects. The average, median and mode shear stress values calculated at the scaffold walls were 3.48, 2.90, and 2.45 mPa respectively, at a flow rate of 0.5 cm3/min, perfused through a 15 mm diameter scaffold, at an inlet fluid velocity of 53 µm/s. These results were compared to results estimated using a simplified micro‐scale model and to results estimated using an analytical macro‐scale porous model. The predictions given by the CT‐based model are being used in conjunction with an experimental bioreactor model, in order to quantify the effects of fluid‐dynamic shear on the growth modulation of tissue‐engineered cartilage constructs, to potentially enhance tissue growth in vitro. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potent Inhibitors of LXXLL‐Based Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Galande Amit K. , Bramlett Kelli S. , Trent John O. , Burris Thomas P. , Wittliff James L. , Spatola Arno F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractProtein–protein interactions between estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, and their coactivators (CoAs) are an attractive target for drug intervention. This interaction is mediated by a small pentapeptide motif (LXXLL), termed the NR box. Based on this motif, a variety of cyclic and linear peptides were synthesized in order to gain a better understanding of the association of CoA proteins with the ER isoforms. Utilizing a time‐resolved florescence‐based coactivator interaction assay, we determined the abilities of these peptides to inhibit this interaction. Using molecular modeling and CD spectroscopy, we have examined the structural basis of their bioactivities with both hormone receptor isoforms. Either homocysteine or penicillamine was utilized as a substitute for cysteine in the disulfide‐bridged peptides, while tertiary leucine and neopentyl glycine were used as the surrogates for the NR box leucines. The most potent disufide‐bridged peptide (Ki= 70 pM, with ERα) incorporates neopentyl glycine in the NR box, while the most active peptide in this series with ERβ (Ki=350 pM) incorporates tertiary leucine. Surprisingly, several linear peptides containing a single cysteine residue showed activities with low nanomolar Ki values. Collectively, our results suggest a synthetic approach for designing potent and selective peptidomimetics for ERα and ERβ interactions with CoA proteins effecting estrogen action.
Recombinant Production of Human Microsomal Cytochrome P450 2D6 in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Dietrich Matthias , Grundmann Lisa , Kurr Katja , Valinotto Laura , Saussele Tanja , Schmid Rolf D. , Lange Stefan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMicrosomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of groups 1–3 are mainly expressed in the liver and play a crucial role in phase 1 reactions of xenobiotic metabolism. The cDNAs encoding human CYP2D6 and human NADPH‐P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) were transformed into the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and expressed with control of the methanol‐inducible AOX1 promoter. The determined molecular weights of the recombinant CYP2D6 and CPR closely matched the calculated values of 55.8 and 76.6 kDa. CPR activity was detected by conversion of cytochrome c by using isolated microsomes. Nearly all of the recombinant CYP was composed of the active holoenzyme, as confirmed by reduced CO difference spectra, which showed a single peak at 450 nm. Only by coexpression of human CPR and CYP was CYP2D6 activity obtained. Microsomes containing human CPR and CYP2D6 converted different substrates, such as 3‐cyano‐7‐ethoxycoumarin, parathion and dextrometorphan. The kinetic parameters of dextrometorphan conversion closely matched those of CYP2D6 from other recombinant expression systems and human microsomes. The endogenous NADPH‐P450 oxidoreductase of Pichia pastoris seems to be incompatible with human CYP2D6, as expression of CYP2D6 without human CPR did not result in any CYP activity. These recombinant strains provide a novel, easy‐to‐handle and cheap source for the biochemical characterisation of single microsomal cytochromes, as well as their allelic variants.
Deamination of the Amino Acid Fragment in Imine Metallacycles: Unexpected Synthesis of an NH‐Aldimine Organometallic Compound
Authors: Albert Joan , Cadena J. Magali , González Asensio , Granell Jaume , Solans Xavier , Font‐Bardia Mercè 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe report that the action of Lewis bases, such as triphenylphosphine, pyridine, or trimethylamine, on imine metallacycles derived from amino acids leads to the formation of the first organometallic compound of an NH aldimine, a highly reactive organic species, and the corresponding α‐ketoester, in a deamination reaction that mimics the metabolism of α‐amino acids. The synthesis of different cyclopalladated compounds by a reaction between palladium acetate and the Schiff bases 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2CHNCH(R1)COOR2 (R1=CH2Ph, R2=Et and R1=Ph, R2=Me) is also reported.
Nitrosation of Sugar Oximes: Preparation of 2‐Glycosyl‐1‐hydroxydiazene‐2‐oxides
Authors: Brand Jörg , Huhn Thomas , Groth Ulrich , Jochims Johannes C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractOximes of glucose, xylose, lactose, fructose, and mannose have been prepared. Nitrosation of the oximes of glucose, xylose, and lactose with NaNO2/HCl afforded 2‐(β‐glycopyranosyl)‐1‐hydroxydiazene‐2‐oxides, which were isolated as salts 13, 22, and 28. Nitrosation of fructose oxime 29 furnished fructose, whereas nitrosation of mannose oxime 30 with NaNO2/HCl afforded the 1‐hydroxy‐2‐(β‐d‐mannopyranosyl)diazene‐2‐oxide 32, from which the p‐anisidinium salt 31 and the sodium salt 33 were prepared. However, nitrosation of 30 with isopentyl nitrite in aqueous solutions of CsOH or KOH resulted in the formation of the 2‐(α‐D‐mannofuranosyl)‐1‐hydroxydiazene‐2‐oxide salts 34 and 35, respectively. Methylation of the ammonium 2‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐1‐hydroxydiazene‐2‐oxide 13 yielded the 1‐methoxy compound, which was benzoylated to afford the tetra‐O‐benzoate 14 a, the structure of which was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. From the glucose O‐methyloximes 15 and 16 the N‐methoxy‐N‐nitroso‐2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosylamine 18 was prepared. The structure of this compound was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Treatment of acetobromoglucose with cupferron furnished the 1‐(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2‐phenyldiazene‐2‐oxide 20.
On coordination and its significance to distributed and multi‐agent systems
Authors: Ossowski Sascha , Menezes Ronaldo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCoordination is one ofthosewords: it appears in most science and social fields, in politics, warfare, and it is even the subject of sports talks. While the usage of the word may convey different ideas to different people, the definition of coordination in all fields is quite similar—it relates to the control, planning, and execution of activities that are performed by distributed (perhaps independent) actors. Computer scientists involved in the field of distributed systems and agents focus on thedistributionaspect of this concept. They see coordination as a separate field from all the others—a field that rather complementsstandardfields such as the ones mentioned above. This paper focuses on explaining the term coordination in relation to distributed and multi‐agent systems. Several approaches to coordination are described and put in perspective. The paper finishes with a look at what we are callingemergent coordinationand its potential for efficiently handling coordination in open environments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variable Temperature Single‐Molecule Dynamics of MEH‐PPV
Authors: Lee Young Jong , Kim Doo Young , Grey John K. , Barbara Paul F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHerein, we continue our investigation of the single‐molecule spectroscopy of the conjugated polymer poly[2‐methoxy,5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐p‐phenylene‐vinylene] (MEH‐PPV) at cryogenic temperatures. First, the low temperature microsecond dynamics of single MEH‐PPV conjugated polymer molecules are compared to the dynamics at room temperature revealing no detectible temperature dependence. The lack of temperature dependence is consistent with the previous assignment of the dynamics to a mechanism that involves intersystem crossing and triplet–triplet annihilation. Second, the fluorescence spectra of single MEH‐PPV molecules at low temperature are studied as a function of excitation wavelength (i.e. 488, 543, and 568 nm). These results exhibit nearly identical fluorescence spectra for different excitation wavelengths. This strongly suggests that electronic energy transfer occurs efficiently to a small number of low‐energy sites in the multichromophoric MEH‐PPV chains.
Self‐Assembly of Organotin(IV) Moieties with the Schiff‐Base Ligands Pyruvic Acid Isonicotinyl Hydrazone and Pyruvic Acid Salicylhydrazone: Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structures of Monomeric or Polymeric Complexes
Authors: Yin Handong , Hong Min , Xu Haolong , Gao Zhongjun , Li Gang , Wang Daqi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA series of organotin(IV) complexes of the type [R2SnLY]2or [R2SnL(R3SnOH)]2[L = 4‐NC5H4CON2C(CH3)CO2or 2‐HOC6H4CON2C(CH3)CO2, and Y = H2O or CH3OH] have been synthesized by the condensation reaction of R2SnO (R = Ph1,nC8H172) or R3SnCl (R =o‐ClBz3,o‐FBz4,p‐FBz5,p‐CNBz6) with the Schiff‐base ligand pyruvic acid isonicotinyl hydrazone in a 1:1 molar ratio or (R3Sn)2O (R =nBu7, Bz8,p‐CNBz9) or R3SnCl (R =o‐ClBz10,p‐ClBz11,p‐CNBz12) with the Schiff‐base ligand pyruvic acid salicylhydrazone in a 1:1 molar ratio. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and IR,1H, and119Sn NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structures of complexes1,2,3,7, and10have been determined by X‐ray single crystal diffraction analyses, which show that the tin atoms of1,2,3, and10are all seven‐coordinate in distorted pentagonal bipyramid geometries, of which only complex1exhibits an asymmetric structure containing two different types of tin atoms. The crystal structure of7exhibits a dimeric structure containing distannoxane units with two types of tin atoms, in which one tin atom appears to be seven‐coordinate with a distorted pentagonal bipyramid geometry and the other is four‐coordinate with a distorted tetrahedral geometry. A comparison of the IR spectra of the ligands with those of the corresponding complexes reveals that the ligands coordinate to tin in the enol form due to the disappearance of the bands assigned to the carbonyl group. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthetic, Structural, and Electrochemical Studies of 2‐Ferrocenyl‐ and2‐Cymantrenyl‐Functionalized 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaboroles and1,3,2‐Diazaborolidenes
Authors: Weber Lothar , Domke Imme , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Neumann Beate 
Published: October 2005

AbstractReaction of (dibromoboryl)ferrocene (1) with 1 equiv. of the diazabutadiene tBuN=CH–CH=NtBu, and subsequent reduction of the obtained borolium salt 2 with sodium amalgam, affords the first ferrocenyl‐functionalized 1,3,2‐diazaborole (3). Similarly, 1,1′‐bis(dibromoboryl)ferrocene (4) can be transformed into compound 6, which contains two diazaborolyl substituents at the ferrocene core. Treatment of precursors 1 and 4 with 1,2‐bis(tert‐butylamino)ethane in the presence of Et3N gives rise to the formation of the diazaborolidine derivatives 13 and 14. 1‐Dibromoboryl‐3‐methylcymantrene (7) was also treated with tBuN=CH–CH=NtBu to give the borolium salt 8, which was subsequently reduced to the 2‐cymantrenyl‐diazaborole 9. Treatment of 7 with tBuN(H)CH2CH2N(H)tBu in the presence of Et3N furnished the corresponding 2‐cymantrenyl‐diazaborolidine 15. The novel compounds were characterized by elemental analyses and various spectroscopic techniques (IR; 1H, 13C, and 11B NMR; MS). The molecular structures of 3, 6, and 15 were elucidated by X‐ray diffraction analyses. Cyclovoltammetric studies of the ferrocene derivatives at high scan rates show features of a quasireversible oxidation at the iron center. The heterocyclic groups serve as electron donors, considerably lowering the oxidation potential of the central iron atoms when compared to the parent compound ferrocene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Significance of Intermolecular S···C(π) Interaction Involving M–S and –C=O Centers in Crystal Structures of Metal Thiolate Complexes
Authors: Lewiński Janusz , Bury Wojciech , Justyniak Iwona 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe database analysis of intermolecular S···C(π) distances involving a metal‐bonded thiolate sulfur atom and various C(π)‐centered Lewis acid domains provided evidences for M–S···C(π) contacts as resulting from specific noncovalent interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Decision support for waste minimization in wine‐making processes
Authors: Musee Ndeke , Lorenzen Leon , Aldrich Chris 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDuring the production of wine from grapes, large quantities of waste effluent are generated from various units of operation and processes. However, because of the ill‐defined nature of waste generation during vinification, waste minimization is usually practiced on an ad hoc basis, which may be subject to large process inefficiencies. An integrated intelligent decision support system dealing with utility waste from vinification processes, developed within a fuzzy logic framework, is reported in this paper. The knowledge incorporated into the system is mainly sourced from plant experts and is contained in a weight structure associated with a questionnaire to be completed by the experts. The system is capable of analyzing waste‐generating mechanisms, evaluating waste minimization practices, and providing decision support toward improved waste management. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005