bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaginary Pilgrimages: Felicia Hemans, Dead Poets, and Romantic Historiography
Authors: Westover Paul 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCritics of Felicia Hemans often discuss her historiography, observing that her poetry injects the domestic, the feminine, and the sentimental into “official” history.1This essay suggests that Hemans's historiography was neither entirely novel nor purely oppositional, but rather a manifestation of a widespread Romantic‐era conviction that history was not merely something to read about, but also an experience to be felt and a place to be visited. In their engagements with the dead and their concomitant interest in imaginative historical transport, many of Hemans's poems highlight tensions between ideals of affective proximity and critical distance that troubled Romantic‐era historians and continue to vex historicist critics. Thus, this essay takes Hemans as a case study in the methodological difficulties of memorialization, especially in the New Historicist project.
Face to Face with Johann Caspar Lavater
Authors: Erle Sibylle 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAt the end of the eighteenth century, Europe‐wide debates on the nature of man and the practice of interpreting visual artefacts centred on physiognomy, and specifically on one extraordinary, luxuriously illustrated work which claimed to map out how character could precisely be read in the human face: Johann Caspar Lavater's Essays on Physiognomy.
Constructing Caribbean Literary History
Authors: Krise Thomas W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractResponding to reviews of his Caribbeana: An Anthology of English Literature of the West Indies, 1657–1777 by historian Richard Drayton and Nobel laureate Derek Walcott, Thomas W. Krise responds to questions about the writing of the literary history of the early Caribbean, including: What constitutes Caribbean literature? How does early Caribbean literature compare to early North American literature? How should critics deal with the lack of records from oral cultures? And, should early Caribbean literature be taught, and, if so, how?
Mapping the Victorian Sensation Novel: Some Recent and Future Trends
Authors: Maunder Andrew 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe past twenty years has seen a growing interest in the phenomenon of the sensation novel which is no longer regarded as indisputably unimportant or devoid of interest in studies of Victorian literature. Arguing that research into the genre has reached a crossroads, this article offers an overview of the sensation genre and some of the issues which have interested critics to date, in particular the association with women writers and readers. It suggests some of the different ways in which future work might go and draws attention to the sensation novel's diversity in terms of genre, form and subject matter, suggesting that the genre is not as easy to label as it first seems.
A ‘Perfect Circle’? Alchemy in the Poetry of Hester Pulter
Authors: Archer Jayne 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRelatively little is known about women's knowledge of natural philosophy in early modern England. Manuscript and printed receipt books show that women, by virtue of their work in the household, were experts in the alchemical processes of sublimation, fermentation, calcination and distillation. The poetry of Hester Pulter (1596–1678) is remarkable for a sophisticated use of terms, images and conceits drawn from alchemy. As such, it provides important evidence of one woman's imaginative and intellectual engagements with the experimental, esoteric and emblematic traditions in alchemy. Paying particular attention to a cycle of poems entitled ‘The Circle’, I show how Pulter tirelessly worked and reworked alchemical concepts and images, and, just like an alchemist, transformed them into something new.
Periodic Antiplane Cracks in Graded Coatings Under Static or Transient Loading
Authors: Wang B. L. , Mai Y.-W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA periodic array of cracks in a functionally graded coating bonded to a homogeneous substrate is considered. The medium is subjected to transient or static mechanical loads. The problem is formulated in terms of a singular integral equation with the crack face displacement as the unknown variable. In addition to the time-varied stresses and stress intensity factors for various parameters of the problem, the effect of periodic cracking on the relaxation of the transient stress on the coating surface is discussed. Also included is the influence of the material gradient (material nonhomogeneity) on the crack tip intensity factors and stresses. Solutions for a single graded layer and a graded coating bonded to an infinite substrate are given.
On the Mechanism Responsible for Turbulent Drag Reduction by Dilute Addition of High Polymers: Theory, Experiments, Simulations, and Predictions
Authors: Jovanović J. , Pashtrapanska M. , Frohnapfel B. , Durst F. , Koskinen J. , Koskinen K. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Turbulent drag reduction by dilute addition of high polymers is studied by considering local stretching of the molecular structure of a polymer by small-scale turbulent motions in the region very close to the wall. The stretching process is assumed to restructure turbulence at small scales by forcing these to satisfy local axisymmetry with invariance under rotation about the axis aligned with the main flow. It can be shown analytically that kinematic constraints imposed by local axisymmetry force turbulence near the wall to tend towards the one-component state and when turbulence reaches this limiting state it must be entirely suppressed across the viscous sublayer. For the limiting state of wall turbulence, the statistical dynamics of the turbulent stresses, constructed by combining the two-point correlation technique and invariant theory, suggest that turbulent drag reduction by homogeneously distributed high polymers, cast into the functional space which emphasizes the anisotropy of turbulence, resembles the process of reverse transition from the turbulent state towards the laminar flow state. These findings are supported by results of direct numerical simulations of wall-bounded turbulent flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids and by experiments carried out, under well-controlled laboratory conditions, in a refractive index-matched pipe flow facility using state-of-the art laser-Doppler anemometry. Theoretical considerations based on the elastic behavior of a polymer and spatial intermittency of turbulence at small scales enabled quantitative estimates to be made for the relaxation time of a polymer and its concentration that ensure maximum drag reduction in turbulent pipe flows, and it is shown that predictions based on these are in very good agreement with available experimental data.
Functional or Operator Representation of Numerical Heat and Mass
Transport Models
Authors: Danko G. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
A numerical-computational procedure is described to determine a multidimensional functional or an operator for the representation of the computational results of a numerical transport code. The procedure is called numerical transport code functionalization (NTCF). Numerical transport codes represent a family of engineering software to solve, for example, heat conduction problems in solids using ANSYS (a multiphysics software package by ANSYS, Inc.), heat and moisture transport problems in porous media using NUFT (Non-equilibrium, Unsaturated-saturated Flows and Transport—porous-media transport code, developed by John Nitao at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), or laminar or turbulent flow and transport problems using FLUENT (a software package by Fluent, Inc.), a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model. The NTCF procedure is developed to determine a model for the representation of the code for a variety of time-dependent input functions. Coupled solution of multiphysics problems often require repeated, iterative calculations for the same model domain and with the same code, but with different boundary condition functions. The NTCF technique allows for reducing the number of runs with the original numerical code to the number of runs necessary for NTCF model identification. The NTCF procedure is applied for the solution of coupled heat and moisture transport problems at Yucca Mountain, NV. The NTCF method and the supporting software is a key element of MULTIFLUX (by University of Nevada, Reno), a coupled thermohydrologic-ventilation model and software. Numerical tests as well as applications for Yucca Mountain, NV are presented using both linear and nonlinear NTCF models. The performance of the NTCF method is demonstrated both in accuracy and modeling acceleration.
Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of MEMS-based Pin Fin Heat Sink
Authors: Koşar Ali , Peles Yoav 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAn experimental study on heat transfer and pressure drop of de-ionized water over a bank of shrouded staggered micro pin fins 243μm long with hydraulic diameter of 99.5μm has been performed. Average heat transfer coefficients have been obtained for effective heat fluxes ranging from 3.8 to 167W∕cm2 and Reynolds numbers from 14 to 112. The results were used to derive the Nusselt numbers, total thermal resistances, and friction factors. It has been found that for Reynolds numbers below ∼50 long tube correlations overpredicted the experimental Nusselt number, while at higher Reynolds numbers existing correlations predicted the results moderately well. Endwall effects, which diminish at high Reynolds numbers, and a delay in flow separation for compact pin fins were attributed to the obtained trend.
Identification of an NF-κB-Dependent Gene Network in Cells Infected by Mammalian Reovirus
Authors: O'Donnell Sean M. , Holm Geoffrey H. , Pierce Janene M. , Tian Bing , Watson Melissa J. , Chari Ravi S. , Ballard Dean W. , Brasier Allan R. , Dermody Terence S. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT
Reovirus infection activates NF-κB, which leads to programmed cell death in cultured cells and in the murine central nervous system. However, little is known about how NF-κB elicits this cellular response. To identify host genes activated by NF-κB following reovirus infection, we used HeLa cells engineered to express a degradation-resistant mutant of IκBα (mIκBα) under the control of an inducible promoter. Induction of mIκBα inhibited the activation of NF-κB and blocked the expression of NF-κB-responsive genes. RNA extracted from infected and uninfected cells was used in high-density oligonucleotide microarrays to examine the expression of constitutively activated genes and reovirus-stimulated genes in the presence and absence of an intact NF-κB signaling axis. Comparison of the microarray profiles revealed that the expression of 176 genes was significantly altered in the presence of mIκBα. Of these genes, 64 were constitutive and not regulated by reovirus, and 112 were induced in response to reovirus infection. NF-κB-regulated genes could be grouped into four distinct gene clusters that were temporally regulated. Gene ontology analysis identified biological processes that were significantly overrepresented in the reovirus-induced genes under NF-κB control. These processes include the antiviral innate immune response, cell proliferation, response to DNA damage, and taxis. Comparison with previously identified NF-κB-dependent gene networks induced by other stimuli, including respiratory syncytial virus, Epstein-Barr virus, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and heart disease, revealed a number of common components, including CCL5/RANTES, CXCL1/GRO-α, TNFAIP3/A20, and interleukin-6. Together, these results suggest a genetic program for reovirus-induced apoptosis involving NF-κB-directed expression of cellular genes that activate death signaling pathways in infected cells.
Bidirectional Virus Secretion and Nonciliated Cell Tropism following Andes Virus Infection of Primary Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures
Authors: Rowe Regina K. , Pekosz Andrew 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an acute disease resulting from infection with any one of a number of New World hantaviruses. HPS has a mortality rate of 40% and, unlike many other severe respiratory diseases, often occurs in young, healthy adults. Infection is usually initiated after inhalation of rodent excreta containing virus particles, but human-to-human transmission has been documented. Postmortem tissue samples show high levels of viral antigen within the respiratory endothelium, but it is not clear how the virus can traverse the respiratory epithelium in order to initiate infection in the microvasculature. We have utilized Andes virus infection of primary, differentiated airway epithelial cells to investigate the ability of the virus to interact with and cross the respiratory epithelium. Andes virus infects the Clara and goblet cell populations but not the ciliated cells, and this infection pattern corresponds to the expression of β
3
integrin, the viral receptor. The virus can infect via the apical or basolateral membrane, and progeny virus particles are secreted bidirectionally. There is no obvious cytopathology associated with infection, and β
3
integrins do not appear to be critical for respiratory epithelial cell monolayer integrity. Our data suggest that hantavirus infection of the respiratory epithelium may play an important role in the early or prodrome phase of disease as well as serving as a source of virus involved in transmission.
Contribution of C/EBP Proteins to Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Gene Expression and Replication in Epithelial Cells
Authors: Huang Jian , Liao Gangling , Chen Honglin , Wu Frederick Y. , Hutt-Fletcher Lindsey , Hayward Gary S. , Hayward S. Diane 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT
The contribution of C/EBP proteins to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic gene expression and replication in epithelial cells was examined. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines constitutively expressed C/EBPβ and had limited C/EBPα expression, while the AGS gastric cancer cell line expressed significant levels of both C/EBPα and C/EBPβ. Induction of the lytic cycle in EBV-positive AGS/BX1 cells with phorbol ester and sodium butyrate treatment led to a transient stimulation of C/EBPβ expression and a prolonged increase in C/EBPα expression. In AGS/BX1 cells, endogenous C/EBPα and C/EBPβ proteins were detected associated with the ZTA and oriLyt promoters but not the RTA promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed binding of C/EBP proteins to multiple sites in the ZTA and oriLyt promoters. The response of these promoters in reporter assays to transfected C/EBPα and C/EBPβ proteins was consistent with the promoter binding assays and emphasized the relative importance of C/EBPs for activation of the ZTA promoter. Mutation of the oriLyt promoter proximal C/EBP site had little effect on ZTA activation of the promoter in a reporter assay. However, this mutation impaired oriLyt DNA replication, suggesting a separate replication-specific contribution for C/EBP proteins. Finally, the overall importance of C/EBP proteins for lytic gene expression was demonstrated using CHOP10 to antagonize C/EBP DNA binding activity. Introduction of CHOP10 significantly impaired induction of the ZTA, RTA, and BMRF1 proteins in chemically treated AGS/BX1 cells. Thus, C/EBPβ and C/EBPα expression are associated with lytic induction in AGS cells, and expression of C/EBP proteins in epithelial cells may contribute to the tendency of these cells to exhibit constitutive low-level ZTA promoter activity.
Activated MEK Suppresses Activation of PKR and Enables Efficient Replication and In Vivo Oncolysis by Δγ
1
34.5 Mutants of Herpes Simplex Virus 1
Authors: Smith Kerrington D. , Mezhir James J. , Bickenbach Kai , Veerapong Jula , Charron Jean , Posner Mitchell C. , Roizman Bernard , Weichselbaum Ralph R. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Herpes simplex virus mutants lacking the γ
1
34.5 gene are not destructive to normal tissues but are potent cytolytic agents in human tumor cells in which the activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is suppressed. Thus, replication of a Δγ
1
34.5 mutant (R3616) in 12 genetically defined cancer cell lines correlates with suppression of PKR but not with the genotype of RAS. Extensive analyses of two cell lines transduced with either dominant negative MEK (dnMEK) or constitutively active MEK (caMEK) indicated that in R3616 mutant-infected cells dnMEK enabled PKR activation and decreased virus yields, whereas caMEK suppressed PKR and enabled better viral replication and cell destruction in transduced cells in vitro or in mouse xenografts. The results indicate that activated MEK mediates the suppression of PKR and that the status of MEK predicts the ability of Δγ
1
34.5 mutant viruses to replicate in and destroy tumor cells.
A Methionine-Rich Domain Mediates CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export Activity of Borna Disease Virus Phosphoprotein
Authors: Yanai Hideyuki , Kobayashi Takeshi , Hayashi Yohei , Watanabe Yohei , Ohtaki Naohiro , Zhang Guoqi , de la Torre Juan Carlos , Ikuta Kazuyoshi , Tomonaga Keizo 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Borna disease virus (BDV) is a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus that replicates and transcribes in the nucleus of infected cells. Recently, we have demonstrated that BDV phosphoprotein (P) can modulate its subcellular localization through binding to the protein X, which is encoded in the overlapping open reading frame (T. Kobayashi et al., J. Virol.
77:
8099-8107, 2003). This observation suggested a unique strategy of intracellular trafficking of a viral protein that is essential for the formation of a functional BDV ribonucleoprotein (RNP). However, neither the mechanism nor the consequences of the cytoplasmic retention or nuclear export of BDV X-P complex have been elucidated. In this study, we show that BDV P contains a bona fide nuclear export signal (NES) and can actively shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. A transient transfection analysis of cDNA clones that mimic the BDV bicistronic X/P mRNA revealed that the methionine-rich (MetR) domain of P is responsible for the X-dependent cytoplasmic localization of the protein complex. Mutational and functional analysis revealed that the methionine residues within the MetR domain are critical for the activity of the NES of P. Furthermore, leptomycin B or small interfering RNA for inhibition of CRM1 strongly suggested that a CRM1-dependent pathway mediates nuclear export of P. Fluorescence loss in photobleaching analysis confirmed the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of P. Moreover, we revealed that the nuclear export of P is not involved in the inhibition of the polymerase activity by X in the BDV minireplicon system. Our results may provide a unique strategy for the nucleocytoplasmic transport of viral RNP, which could be critical for the formation of not only infectious virions in the cytoplasm but also a persistent viral state in the nucleus.
Protection against Respiratory Syncytial Virus by a Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Vector
Authors: Martinez-Sobrido Luis , Gitiban Negin , Fernandez-Sesma Ana , Cros Jerome , Mertz Sara E. , Jewell Nancy A. , Hammond Sue , Flano Emilio , Durbin Russell K. , García-Sastre Adolfo , Durbin Joan E. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly, but no safe and effective RSV vaccine is yet available. For reasons that are not well understood, RSV is only weakly immunogenic, and reinfection occurs throughout life. This has complicated the search for an effective live attenuated viral vaccine, and past trials with inactivated virus preparations have led to enhanced immunopathology following natural infection. We have tested the hypothesis that weak stimulation of innate immunity by RSV correlates with ineffective adaptive responses by asking whether expression of the fusion glycoprotein of RSV by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) would stimulate a more robust immune response to RSV than primary RSV infection. NDV is a potent inducer of both alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) production and dendritic cell maturation, while RSV is not. When a recombinant NDV expressing the RSV fusion glycoprotein was administered to BALB/c mice, they were protected from RSV challenge, and this protection correlated with a robust anti-F CD8+T-cell response. The effectiveness of this vaccine construct reflects the differential abilities of NDV and RSV to promote dendritic cell maturation and is retained even in the absence of a functional IFN-α/β receptor.
Myxoma Virus M11L Blocks Apoptosis through Inhibition of Conformational Activation of Bax at the Mitochondria
Authors: Su Jin , Wang Gen , Barrett John W. , Irvine Timothy S. , Gao Xiujuan , McFadden Grant 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Many viruses inhibit or retard apoptosis, a strategy that subverts one of the most ancient antiviral mechanisms. M11L, a myxoma virus-encoded antiapoptotic protein, has been previously shown to localize to mitochondria and block apoptosis of virus-infected cells (H. Everett, M. Barry, S. F. Lee, X. J. Sun, K. Graham, J. Stone, R. C. Bleackley, and G. McFadden, J. Exp. Med.
191:
1487-1498, 2000; H. Everett, M. Barry, X. Sun, S. F. Lee, C. Frantz, L. G. Berthiaume, G. McFadden, and R. C. Bleackley, J. Exp. Med.
196:
1127-1139, 2002; and G. Wang, J. W. Barrett, S. H. Nazarian, H. Everett, X. Gao, C. Bleackley, K. Colwill, M. F. Moran, and G. McFadden, J. Virol.
78:
7097-7111, 2004). This protection from apoptosis involves constitutive-forming inhibitory complexes with the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor and Bak on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Here, we extend the study to investigate the interference of M11L with Bax activation during the process of apoptosis. Myxoma virus infection triggers an early apoptotic signal that induces rapid Bax translocation from cytoplasm to mitochondria, despite the existence of various viral antiapoptotic proteins. However, in the presence of M11L, the structural activation of Bax at the mitochondrial membrane, which is characterized by the occurrence of a Bax conformational change, is blocked in both M11L-expressing myxoma-infected cells and M11L-transfected cells under apoptotic stimulation. In addition, inducible binding of M11L to the mitochondrially localized Bax is detected in myxoma virus-infected cells and in M11L/Bax-cotransfected cells as measured by immunoprecipitation and tandem affinity purification analysis, respectively. Importantly, this inducible Bax/M11L interaction is independent of Bak, demonstrated by the complete block of Bax-mediated apoptosis in myxoma-infected cells that lack Bak expression. Our findings reveal that myxoma M11L modulates apoptosis by multiple independent strategies which all contribute to the blockade of apoptosis at the mitochondrial checkpoint.
Transduction of Nondividing Human Macrophages with Gammaretrovirus-Derived Vectors
Authors: Jarrosson-Wuilleme Loraine , Goujon Caroline , Bernaud Jeanine , Rigal Dominique , Darlix Jean-Luc , Cimarelli Andrea 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT
It is commonly accepted that infection of nondividing cells by gammaretroviruses such as the murine leukemia viruses is inefficient due to their inability to cross the nuclear envelope barrier. Challenging this notion, we now show that human nondividing macrophages display a specific window of susceptibility to transduction with a Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MLV)-derived vector during their differentiation from monocytes. This finding suggests that factors other than the nuclear membrane govern permissiveness to gammaretroviral infection and raises the possibility of using the macrophage tropism of F-MLV in gene therapy.