bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Film Cooling and Heat Transfer on Two Cutback Trailing Edge Models
With Internal Perforated Blockages
Authors: Choi Jung-ho , Mhetras Shantanu , Han Je-Chin , Lau Sai C. , Rudolph Ron 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Experiments to study heat transfer and film cooling on the cutback trailing edge of a turbine blade with slot ejection were performed. Heat transfer from two rows of perforated blockage inserts for lateral impingement on the coolant channel walls prior to coolant ejection into the freestream was also investigated. The internal test geometry is similar to the crossover impingement hole design used in modern gas turbine blades for trailing edge cooling. A liquid crystal technique based on hue value detection was used to measure the heat transfer coefficient on a trailing edge film-cooling model with slot ejection and an internal model with perforated blockage inserts. It was also used to determine the film effectiveness on the cutback trailing edge. For the internal model with the perforated blockage inserts, Reynolds numbers based on the hydraulic diameter of the slot and exit velocity were 5000, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 and corresponding coolant-to-freestream velocity ratios ranged from 0.26 to 1.83 for the external model with slot ejection, respectively. The experiments were performed for two different designs, 1 and 2, with Design 1 incorporating two different configurations with a staggered/inline slot exit arrangement and Design 2 with a staggered slot exit arrangement. Both designs utilized a 90deg flow turn into the blockage inserts as an entrance to the test section to simulate a realistic blade passage design. Results show that the internal design geometry of the trailing edge and Reynolds numbers can affect heat transfer in an internal model with perforated blockage inserts. Design 2 with a wider entrance channel and a sloped land near the ejection slots provided low heat transfer coefficients in the internal as well as external model but gave higher film-cooling effectiveness from slot ejection.
Antiretroviral Therapy with a Twice-Daily Regimen Containing 400 Milligrams of Indinavir and 100 Milligrams of Ritonavir in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Women during Pregnancy
Authors: Ghosn Jade , De Montgolfier Ines , Cornélie Chantal , Dominguez Stéphanie , Pérot Claire , Peytavin Gilles , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève , Pauchard Michèle , Ouagari Zineb , Bonmarchand Manuela , Agher Rachid , Calvez Vincent , Bricaire François , Dommergues Marc , Katlama Christine , Tubiana Roland 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTWe evaluated the safety and efficacy of a twice daily regimen containing 400 mg of indinavir and 100 mg of ritonavir in 32 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women during pregnancy. The median indinavir trough concentration was 208 ng/ml during the third trimester. At delivery, 26 of 28 women on indinavir-ritonavir had HIV RNA levels of <200 copies/ml. No infant was HIV infected. These data are encouraging for the use of this combination for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Affinity of Doripenem and Comparators to Penicillin-Binding Proteins in
Escherichia coli
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Davies Todd A. , Shang Wenchi , Bush Karen , Flamm Robert K. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Doripenem, a parenteral carbapenem, exhibited high affinity for penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) and PBP3 in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and PBP2 in
Escherichia coli
, the primary PBPs whose inhibition leads to cell death. This PBP affinity profile correlates with the broad-spectrum gram-negative activity observed with doripenem.
Microfilariae of the Filarial NematodeLitomosoides sigmodontisExacerbate the Course of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Sepsis in Mice
Authors: Hübner Marc P. , Pasche Bastian , Kalaydjiev Svetoslav , Soboslay Peter T. , Lengeling Andreas , Schulz-Key Hartwig , Mitre Edward , Hoffmann Wolfgang H. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTHelminths facilitate their own survival by actively modulating the immune systems of their hosts. We investigated the impacts that different life cycle stages of the rodent filariaLitomosoides sigmodontishave on the inflammatory responses of mice injected with sublethal doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mice infected with female adult worms from prepatent infections, worms which have not yet started to release microfilariae, developed lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood after LPS challenge than sham-treated controls, demonstrating that female adult worms can mitigate the innate immune response. The presence of microfilariae in mice, however, through either direct injection or implantation of microfilaria-releasing adult female worms, turned the LPS challenge fatal. This lethal outcome was characterized by increased plasma levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and IL-6, greater numbers of macrophages and granulocytes in the peripheral blood, and decreased body temperatures in microfilaria-infected mice. Microfilaria-infected mice deficient in IFN-γ receptor and TNF receptor 1 had increased survival rates after LPS challenge compared to immune-competent mice, suggesting that microfilariae worsen LPS-induced sepsis through actions of IFN-γ and TNF-α. In summary, we have demonstrated that infection of mice withL. sigmodontisfemale adult worms from prepatent infections protects mice injected with LPS whereas microfilariae worsen LPS-induced sepsis through the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and upregulation of granulocytes, NK cells, and monocytes in the peripheral blood.
Differences in Human Antibody Reactivity to
Plasmodium falciparum
Variant Surface Antigens Are Dependent on Age and Malaria Transmission Intensity in Northeastern Tanzania
Authors: Vestergaard Lasse S. , Lusingu John P. , Nielsen Morten A. , Mmbando Bruno P. , Dodoo Daniel , Akanmori Bartholomew D. , Alifrangis Michael , Bygbjerg Ib C. , Lemnge Martha M. , Staalsoe Trine , Hviid Lars , Theander Thor G. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Plasmodium falciparum
variant surface antigens (VSA) are involved in the pathogenesis of malaria. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) with specificity for VSA (anti-VSA IgG) is therefore considered important for acquired immunity. To better understand the nature and dynamics of variant-specific IgG responses at population level, we conducted an immunoepidemiological study in nearby communities in northeastern Tanzania, situated at different altitudes and therefore exposed to different levels of
P. falciparum
transmission intensity. Samples of plasma and infected red blood cells (IRBC) were collected from 759 individuals aged 0 to 19 years. Plasma levels of IgG with specificity for VSA expressed by a panel of different parasite isolates were measured by flow cytometry, while the ability of plasma to inhibit IRBC adhesion to CD36 was examined in cellular assays. The level and repertoire of the heterologous anti-VSA IgG response developed dramatically in individuals at 1 to 2 years of age in the high-transmission area, reaching a maximum level at around 10 years of age; only a modest further increase was observed among older children and adults. In contrast, at lower levels of malaria transmission, anti-VSA IgG levels were lower and the repertoire was more narrow, and similar age- and transmission-dependent differences were observed with regard to the ability of the plasma samples to inhibit adhesion of IRBC to CD36. These differences indicate a strong and dynamic relationship between malaria exposure and functional characteristics of the variant-specific antibody response, which is likely to be important for protection against malaria.
Finding hierarchical heavy hitters in streaming data
Authors: Cormode Graham , Korn Flip , Muthukrishnan S. , Srivastava Divesh 
Published: February 2008

Data items that arrive online as streams typically have attributes which take values from one or more hierarchies (time and geographic location, source and destination IP addresses, etc.). Providing an aggregate view of such data is important for summarization, visualization, and analysis. We develop an aggregate view based on certain organized sets of large-valued regions (“heavy hitters”) corresponding to hierarchically discounted frequency counts. We formally define the notion of
hierarchical heavy hitters
(HHHs). We first consider computing (approximate) HHHs over a data stream drawn from a single hierarchical attribute. We formalize the problem and give deterministic algorithms to find them in a single pass over the input.

In order to analyze a wider range of realistic data streams (e.g., from IP traffic-monitoring applications), we generalize this problem to multiple dimensions. Here, the semantics of HHHs are more complex, since a “child” node can have multiple “parent” nodes. We present online algorithms that find approximate HHHs in one pass, with provable accuracy guarantees. The product of hierarchical dimensions forms a mathematical lattice structure. Our algorithms exploit this structure, and so are able to track approximate HHHs using only a small, fixed number of statistics per stored item, regardless of the number of dimensions.
We show experimentally, using real data, that our proposed algorithms yields outputs which are very similar (virtually identical, in many cases) to offline computations of the exact solutions, whereas straightforward heavy-hitters-based approaches give significantly inferior answer quality. Furthermore, the proposed algorithms result in an order of magnitude savings in data structure size while performing competitively.
Hiding the misprediction penalty of a resource-efficient high-performance processor
Authors: Golander Amit , Weiss Shlomo 
Published: February 2008

Misprediction is a major obstacle for increasing speculative out-of-order processors performance. Performance degradation depends on both the number of misprediction events and the recovery time associated with each one of them. In recent years a few checkpoint based microarchitectures have been proposed. In comparison with ROB-based processors, checkpoint processors are scalable and highly resource efficient. Unfortunately, in these proposals the misprediction recovery time is proportional to the instruction queue size.
In this paper we analyze methods to reduce the misprediction recovery time. We propose a new register file management scheme and techniques to selectively flush the instruction queue and the load store queue, and to isolate deeply pipelined execution units. The result is a novel checkpoint processor with Constant misprediction RollBack time (CRB). We further present a streamlined, cost-efficient solution, which saves complexity at the price of slightly lower performance.
A Structure-Based Model for Chinese Organization Name Translation
Authors: Chen Yufeng , Zong Chengqing 
Published: February 2008

Named entity (NE) translation is a fundamental task in multilingual natural language processing. The performance of a machine translation system depends heavily on precise translation of the inclusive NEs. Furthermore, organization name (ON) is the most complex NE for translation among all the NEs. In this article, the structure formulation of ONs is investigated and a hierarchical structure-based ON translation model for Chinese-to-English translation system is presented.
First, the model performs ON chunking; then both the translation of words within chunks and the process of chunk-reordering are achieved by synchronous context-free grammar (CFG). The CFG rules are extracted from bilingual ON pairs in a training program.
The main contributions of this article are: (1) defining appropriate chunk-units for analyzing the internal structure of Chinese ONs; (2) making the chunk-based ON translation feasible and flexible via a hierarchical CFG derivation; and (3) proposing a training architecture to automatically learn the synchronous CFG for constructing ONs with chunk-units from aligned bilingual ON pairs. The experiments show that the proposed approach translates the Chinese ONs into English with an accuracy of 93.75% and significantly improves the performance of a baseline statistical machine translation (SMT) system.
K42
Authors: Wisniewski Robert W. , da Silva Dilma , Auslander Marc , Krieger Orran , Ostrowski Michal , Rosenburg Bryan 
Published: February 2008

We started the K42 project more than ten years ago with the ambitious goal of developing an operating system for next-generation hardware that would be widely valued and thus widely used. Based on the premise that current operating systems were not designed to be scalable, customizable, or maintainable, we set forth to rectify that by applying proven techniques from other disciplines to operating systems and by developing additional innovative mechanisms.
Now, ten year later, K42 is used by ten or so universities and national labs for research purposes, not ten million information technology departments desiring better everyday computing platforms. As a presentation to the primary operating systems community we provide an examination from two different perspectives as to what went right and what went wrong. First, we concentrate on what technology worked well and why, and what technology failed or caused undue difficulties, and why. Second, based on that experience, we provide our thoughts on the state and direction of the OS community at large.
To be clear, this paper is neither a results paper nor an overview paper; we refer to other papers for background material. Rather, it is an exploration by researchers with experience with at least six different previous operating systems of the merit of technologies investigated in K42, and an extrapolation of the implications of that experience to the wider operating system community.
The Caernarvon secure embedded operating system
Authors: Toll David C. , Karger Paul A. , Palmer Elaine R. , McIntosh Suzanne K. , Weber Sam 
Published: February 2008

The Caernarvon operating system was developed to demonstrate that a high assurance system for smart cards was technically feasible and commercially viable. The entire system has been designed to be evaluated under the Common Criteria at EAL7, the highest defined level of assurance.
Historically, smart card processors have not supported the hardware protection features necessary to separate the OS from the applications, and one application from another. The Caernarvon OS has taken advantage of the first smart card processors with such features to be the first smart card OS to provide this kind of protection. Even when compared with conventional systems where the hardware protection is routine, the Caernarvon OS is noteworthy, because of the EAL7 assurance.
This approach facilitated implementation of a formally specified, mandatory security policy providing multi-level security (MLS) suitable for both government agencies and commercial users. The mandatory security policy requires effective authentication of its users that is independent of applications. For this reason, the Caernarvon OS also contains a privacy-preserving, two-way authentication protocol integrated with the Mandatory Security Policy.
The Caernarvon OS includes a strong cryptographic library that has been separately certified under the Common Criteria at EAL5+ for use with other systems. The Caernarvon OS implements a secure method for downloading trusted and untrusted application software and data in the field, with the assumption that all applications are potentially hostile. While the initial platform for the operating system was smart cards, the design could also be used in other embedded devices, such as USB tokens, PDAs, cell phones, etc.
TVDc
Authors: Berger Stefan , Cáceres Ramón , Pendarakis Dimitrios , Sailer Reiner , Valdez Enriquillo , Perez Ronald , Schildhauer Wayne , Srinivasan Deepa 
Published: February 2008

Virtualization technology is becoming increasingly common in datacenters, since it allows for collocation of multiple workloads, consisting of operating systems, middleware and applications, in different virtual machines (VMs) on shared physical hardware platforms. However, when coupled with the ease of VM migration, this trend increases the potential surface for security attacks. Further, the simplified management of VMs, including creation, cloning and migration, makes it imperative to monitor and guarantee the integrity of software components running within VMs.
This paper presents the IBM Trusted Virtual Datacenter (TVDc) technology developed to address the need for strong isolation and integrity guarantees, thus significantly enhancing security and systems management capabilities, in virtualized environments. It signifies the first effort to incorporate trusted computing technologies directly into virtualization and systems management software. We present and discuss various components that constitute TVDc: the Trusted Platform Module (TPM), the virtual TPM, the IBM hypervisor security architecture (sHype) and the associated systems management software.
Project Kittyhawk: building a global-scale computer
Authors: Appavoo Jonathan , Uhlig Volkmar , Waterland Amos 
Published: February 2008

This paper describes Project Kittyhawk, an undertaking at IBM Research to explore the construction of a next-generation platform capable of hosting many simultaneous web-scale workloads. We hypothesize that for a large class of web-scale workloads the Blue Gene/P platform is an order of magnitude more efficient to purchase and operate than the commodity clusters in use today. Driven by scientific computing demands the Blue Gene designers pursued an aggressive system-on-a-chip methodology that led to a scalable platform composed of air-cooled racks. Each rack contains more than a thousand independent computers with highspeed interconnects inside and between racks.
We postulate that the same demands of efficiency and density apply to web-scale platforms. This project aims to develop the system software to enable Blue Gene/P as a generic platform capable of being used by heterogeneous workloads. We describe our firmware and operating system work to provide Blue Gene/P with generic system software, one of the results of which is the ability to run thousands of heterogeneous Linux instances connected by TCP/IP networks over the high-speed internal interconnects.
Holistic aggregate resource environment
Authors: Van Hensbergen Eric , Forsyth Charles , McKie Jim , Minnich Ron 
Published: February 2008

Within a few short years, we can expect to be dealing with multi-million-thread programs running on million-core systems [16]. This will no doubt stress the contemporary HPC software model which was developed in a time when 512 cores was a large number. Historical approaches have been further challenged by the increased desire of developers and end users for supercomputer light weight kernels (LWKs) to support the same environment, libraries, and tools as their desktops. As a result, the emerging workloads of today are far more sophisticated than those of the last two decades when much of the HPC infrastructure was developed, and feature the use of scripting environments such as Python, dynamic libraries, and complex multi-scale physics frameworks. Complicating this picture is the overwhelming management, monitoring and reliability problem created by the huge number of nodes in a system of that magnitude.
We believe that a re-evaluation and exploration of distributed system principals is called for in order to address the challenges of ultrascale. To that end we will be evaluating and extending the Plan 9 [21] distributed system on the largest machines available to us, namely the BG/L [28] and BG/P [10] supercomputers. We have chosen Plan 9 based on our previous experiences with it in combination with previous research [17] which determined Plan 9 was a "right weight kernel", balancing trade offs between LWKs and more general purpose operating systems such as Linux. To deal with issues of scale, we plan on leveraging the use of the high-performance interconnects by system services as well as exploring aggregation as more of a first-class system construct -- providing dynamic hierarchical organization and management of all resources. Our plan is to evaluate the viability of these concepts at scale as well as create an alternative development and execution environment which compliments the features and capabilities of the existing system software and run time options. Our intent is to broaden the application base as well as make the system as a whole more approachable to a larger class of developers and end-users.
Probabilistic lossy counting
Authors: Dimitropoulos Xenofontas , Hurley Paul , Kind Andreas 
Published: February 2008

Knowledge of the largest traffic ows in a network is important for many network management applications. The problem of finding these ows is known as the heavy-hitter problem and has been the subject of many studies in the past years. One of the most efficient and well-known algorithms for finding heavy hitters is lossy counting [29].
In this work we introduce probabilistic lossy counting (PLC), which enhances lossy counting in computing network traffic heavy hitters. PLC uses on a tighter error bound on the estimated sizes of traffic ows and provides probabilistic rather than deterministic guarantees on its accuracy. The probabilistic-based error bound substantially improves the memory consumption of the algorithm. In addition, PLC reduces the rate of false positives of lossy counting and achieves a low estimation error, although slightly higher than that of lossy counting
We compare PLC with state-of-the-art algorithms for finding heavy hitters. Our experiments using real traffic traces find that PLC has 1) between 34.4% and 74% lower memory consumption, 2) between 37.9% and 40.5% fewer false positives than lossy counting, and 3) a small estimation error.
Cold topics in networking
Authors: Crowcroft Jon 
Published: February 2008

A major contribution to global warming has been the number of new workshops publishing proceedings with the prefix hot. In this article, I propose that we counter this trend in an attempt to remain carbon neutral with a set of 'anti-workshops' on cold topics.
We suggest a number of heuristics for detecting when a topic has gone cold, and give some examples of the application of these heuristics. Of course, some cold topics warm up again, and so there is a risk of over dampening in our heuristic. Over a long period, dynamic equilibrium should be assured, but from time to time, our scheme may prejudice against surprising results in boring areas of communications research. Nevertheless, it may leave room for more surprising results in interesting areas of research, which cannot be a bad thing
Dissolution and Swelling Behaviour of Plasma-Polymerized Polyethylene Glycol-Like Hydrogel Films for use as Drug Delivery Reservoirs
Authors: Pathak Shantanu C. , Hess Dennis W. 
Published: February 2008

Plasma-polymerized polyethylene glycol-like (PEG) thin films were deposited for use as reservoirs in drug delivery applications. Radio frequency power, reactor pressure and	deposition temperature were varied in a parallel-plate plasma	reactor to obtain two films with different relative crosslink	densities, which were established by refractive indices. Variation of crosslink density allowed the tailoring of film swelling and chemical stability in aqueous environments. Film thicknesses and optical properties were measured with variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. In-situ ellipsometry	dynamically monitored reversible film thickness changes in the	presence of water vapor. Highly crosslinked films (deposited	at elevated power and temperature and reduced pressure) swelled ~15% and relatively low crosslink density swelled ~70%. Electrophoretic immobilization tested these PEG films as	storage materials for drugs. Negatively charged green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used as a model drug and fluorescence marker. Relatively highly crosslinked films showed enhanced incorporation of drifted GFP relative to incorporation by diffusion.