bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Modern Imaging Techniques for Diagnosis of Infection in the Era of18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Basu Sandip , Torigian Drew , Anand Vivek , Zhuang Hongming , Alavi Abass 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYDuring the past several years, it has become quite evident that positron emission tomography (PET) with18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging can play a major role in the management of patients with suspected infection. Particularly, several groups have demonstrated that this powerful imaging methodology is very effective in the evaluation of osteomyelitis, infected prostheses, fever of unknown origin, and AIDS. In view of its extraordinary sensitivity in detecting disease activity and the ability to quantitate the degree of FDG uptake, PET might prove to be an appropriate modality for monitoring disease activity and evaluating response to therapy. FDG-PET has many advantages over existing imaging techniques for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. These include feasibility of securing diagnostic results within 1.5 to 2 h, excellent spatial resolution, and accurate anatomical localization of sites of abnormality. The availability of PET/computed tomography as a practical tool has further enhanced the role of metabolic imaging in many settings. In the future, this modality is very likely to be employed on a routine basis for detecting, characterizing, and monitoring patients with suspected and proven infection.
Rotavirus Vaccines: an Overview
Authors: Dennehy Penelope H. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARY
Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is the only control measure likely to have a significant impact on the incidence of severe dehydrating rotavirus disease. In 1999, a highly efficacious rotavirus vaccine licensed in the United States, RotaShield, was withdrawn from the market after 14 months because of its association with intussusception. Two new live, oral, attenuated rotavirus vaccines were licensed in 2006: the pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine (RotaTeq) and the monovalent human rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix). Both vaccines have demonstrated very good safety and efficacy profiles in large clinical trials in western industrialized countries and in Latin America. Careful surveillance has not revealed any increased risk of intussusception in the vaccinated groups with either vaccine. The new rotavirus vaccines are now introduced for routine use in a number of industrialized and developing countries. These new safe and effective rotavirus vaccines offer the best hope of reducing the toll of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries.
Update on Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Malaria
Authors: Murray Clinton K. , Gasser Robert A. , Magill Alan J. , Miller R. Scott 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYTo help mitigate the expanding global impact of malaria, with its associated increasing drug resistance, implementation of prompt and accurate diagnosis is needed. Malaria is diagnosed predominantly by using clinical criteria, with microscopy as the current gold standard for detecting parasitemia, even though it is clearly inadequate in many health care settings. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been recognized as an ideal method for diagnosing infectious diseases, including malaria, in recent years. There have been a number of RDTs developed and evaluated widely for malaria diagnosis, but a number of issues related to these products have arisen. This review highlights RDTs, including challenges in assessing their performance, internationally available RDTs, their effectiveness in various health care settings, and the selection of RDTs for different health care systems.
Current Status of Vaccines for Schistosomiasis
Authors: McManus Donald P. , Loukas Alex 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYSchistosomiasis, caused by trematode blood flukes of the genusSchistosoma, is recognized as the most important human helminth infection in terms of morbidity and mortality. Infection follows direct contact with freshwater harboring free-swimming larval (cercaria) forms of the parasite. Despite the existence of the highly effective antischistosome drug praziquantel (PZQ), schistosomiasis is spreading into new areas, and although it is the cornerstone of current control programs, PZQ chemotherapy does have limitations. In particular, mass treatment does not prevent reinfection. Furthermore, there is increasing concern about the development of parasite resistance to PZQ. Consequently, vaccine strategies represent an essential component for the future control of schistosomiasis as an adjunct to chemotherapy. An improved understanding of the immune response to schistosome infection, both in animal models and in humans, suggests that development of a vaccine may be possible. This review considers aspects of antischistosome protective immunity that are important in the context of vaccine development. The current status in the development of vaccines against the African (Schistosoma mansoniandS. haematobium) and Asian (S. japonicum) schistosomes is then discussed, as are new approaches that may improve the efficacy of available vaccines and aid in the identification of new targets for immune attack.
Detecting eye fixations by projection clustering
Authors: Urruty Thierry , Lew Stanislas , Ihadaddene Nacim , Simovici Dan A. 
Published: January 2008

Eye movements are certainly the most natural and repetitive movement of a human being. The most mundane activity, such as watching television or reading a newspaper, involves this automatic activity which consists of shifting our gaze from one point to another.
Identification of the components of eye movements (fixations and saccades) is an essential part in the analysis of visual behavior because these types of movements provide the basic elements used by further investigations of human vision.
However, many of the algorithms that detect fixations present a number of problems. In this article, we present a new fixation identification technique that is based on clustering of eye positions, using projections and projection aggregation applied to static pictures. We also present a new method that computes dispersion of eye fixations in videos considering a multiuser environment.
To demonstrate the performance and usefulness of our approach we discuss our experimental work with two different applications: on fixed image and video.
An empirical study of slice-based cohesion and coupling metrics
Authors: Meyers Timothy M. , Binkley David 
Published: January 2008

Software reengineering is a costly endeavor, due in part to the ambiguity of where to focus reengineering effort. Coupling and Cohesion metrics, particularly quantitative cohesion metrics, have the potential to aid in this identification and to measure progress. The most extensive work on such metrics is with slice-based cohesion metrics. While their use of semantic dependence information should make them an excellent choice for cohesion measurement, their wide spread use has been impeded in part by a lack of empirical study.
Recent advances in software tools make, for the first time, a large-scale empirical study of slice-based cohesion and coupling metrics possible. Four results from such a study are presented. First, “head-to-head” qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the metrics identify which metrics provide similar views of a program and which provide unique views of a program. This study includes statistical analysis showing that slice-based metrics are not proxies for simple size-based metrics such as lines of code. Second, two longitudinal studies show that slice-based metrics quantify the deterioration of a program as it ages. This serves to validate the metrics: the metrics quantify the degradation that exists during development; turning this around, the metrics can be used to measure the progress of a reengineering effort. Third, baseline values for slice-based metrics are provided. These values act as targets for reengineering efforts with modules having values outside the expected range being the most in need of attention. Finally, slice-based coupling is correlated and compared with slice-based cohesion.
Diffusivity Measurement of LiPF6, LiTFSI, LiBF4 in PC
Authors: Nishida Tetsuo , Nishikawa Kei , Fukunaka Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2008

The molecular diffusion coefficients of LiPF6, LiTFSI and LiBF4 in PC were measured by Moiré pattern technique within the salt concentration range from 0.5 M to 1.0 M and at the temperature	range from 258 K to 298 K. The diffusion coefficient of LiPF6	and LiTFSI are around 4×10-6 cm2 s-1 and that of LiBF4 is around 3×10-6 cm2 s-1 at 298 K. The activation energy of LiPF6- PC, LiTFSI-PC and LiBF4-PC system was calculated from an Arrhenius plots.	They were 14, 18 and 21 kJ mol-1, respectively.
Study of Oxidation on Metallic Surfaces Using AC Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Hu Jianxun , Seitz Martin 
Published: January 2008

Under a lubricating fluid medium, the kinetics of tin oxidation process has been investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A two-probe configuration was applied, and the charge transfer was found to be dependent on the surface	oxidation status. It was found that the charge transfer through the metal surface, resulting in a faradic reaction at the lubricating fluid/metal interface, is strongly influenced by the surface defect concentration from the oxidation. Therefore,	a sensing technology can be developed to monitor the process and the degree of oxidation of the metallic substrate.
Treatment of Orange II Azo Dye Using Electrochemical and Photo-Oxidative Methods
Authors: Gomes Jewel A. , Cocke David L. , Mahmud Md A. , Moreno Hector , Peterson Eric , Mollah Mohammad Y. , Parga Jose R. 
Published: January 2008

The ready availability and cheapness of azo compounds have increased their use as intermediary products in organic synthesis. In addition, they are widely applied in dye and	pharmaceutical industries. However, they have been found to be toxic and in some cases mutagenic. Due to the large degree of aromatics present in azo dye molecules and their biological	persistence, conventional biological and physical methods are	ineffective for their discoloration, degradation, or removal.	Electrochemical methods, such as electrocoagulation (EC), have	been used in recent times for the most effective removal of orange II azo dye from wastewaters using iron, aluminum and combination of them as electrodes. Photo-oxidative methods might be another option for the photo-degradation of azo dyes. In this paper, we present our results on EC and photo-oxidative treatment of orange II azo dye. A cyclic voltammetric study on it was performed followed by a discussion on mechanisms of these processes.
Effect of Surface-Exchange Catalyst on the Transport Properties of MIEC Membrane for Hydrogen Separation
Authors: Hong Jialing , Wang Haibing , Gopalan Srikanth , Pal Uday 
Published: January 2008

Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9(GDC)-Gd0.08Sr0.88Ti0.95Al0.05O3{plus minus}δ(GSTA) is a mixed oxygen ionic and electronic conducting composite developed for hydrogen separation. By removing oxygen from steam using the	membrane at elevated temperature, a H2-rich steam-hydrogen mixture was obtained. Generally, a permeation process is controlled by surface exchange reactions as well as bulk	diffusion process of charged species. However, when the membrane thickness is less than a critical thickness, the permeation flux cannot be increased significantly by further decreasing the thickness of the membrane since the permeation process is surface reaction controlled. In order to improve the surface exchange reaction and thereby increase the permeation flux from the membrane, a NiO/GDC surface catalyst was applied onto the surface of GDC-GSTA bare sample. The effect of surface catalyst on transport properties of the MIEC membrane was investigated using electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR) method and hydrogen generation experiments.
Development of Reversible SOFC's for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Hawkes Grant L. , Sohal M. , Torgerson Paul , Armstrong T. , Williams Mark C. 
Published: January 2008

The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) can be designed for both	power generation (fuel cell) and hydrogen production (solid oxide electrolyser cell (SOEC)). In a reversible SOFC both functions are done in the same cell. One possible design	suitable for this purpose is the metal-supported tubular SOFC	(MTSOFC) under development at Worldwide Energy, Inc. (WE) in cooperation with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The feasibility of using the SOFC standard materials set for a reversible SOFC is being experimentally investigated at ORNL	and modeled at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Fluent Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of the SOEC has	been initiated. This is the first known attempt to model a MTSOFC design. Results to-date indicate that parameters such as permeability of the porous metal support tube and steam concentration are important for both fuel cell and	electrolyser mode. Current distribution is also a critical design co nsideration.
BaCe1-x-yZrxYyO3-d Protonic Conductor for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs)
Authors: Fabbri Emiliana , D'Epifanio Alessandra , Di Bartolomeo Elisabetta , Licoccia Silvia , Traversa E. 
Published: January 2008

Proton conductors BaCe1-x-yZrxYyO3-a were synthesized by a wet chemistry process to obtain powders with controlled compositional homogeneity and purity at low processing temperatures. The synthesized powders were calcined at different temperatures, depending on Zr-content (x). To	investigate the chemical stability, the calcined powders were	exposed to CO2 and the phase analysis was performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Dense electrolytes were obtained pressing the calcined powders into cylindrical pellets and then sintering in the temperature range 1500-1600{degree sign}C, depending on Zr- content. Electrical conductivity of the sintered pellets was measured as a function of temperature and Zr-content by	Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS).
Low Temperature Ethanol Steam Reforming in a Pd-Ag Membrane Reformer
Authors: Santucci Alessia , Borgogni Fabio , Cordiner Stefano , Traversa E. , Tosti Silvano 
Published: January 2008

Ethanol steam reforming was been carried out in a membrane reactor consisting of a dense Pd-Ag thin wall tube,	selectively permeable to the hydrogen, and a catalytic bed. In	this way the hydrogen produced during the reaction was continuously removed from the reaction site. The permeator tube was produced via new technique of cold-rolling and	diffusion welding. The experimental tests were performed in the temperature range of 400-450 {degree sign}C to study the performance of the membrane reactor in terms of reaction conversion and hydrogen yields. The main investigated operating parameters	were the water/ethanol feed molar ratio, the pressure inside the membrane, the sweep gas mode, the spatial velocity and the	kind of catalyst bed. In all tests, ultra pure hydrogen was separated through the membrane. The experimental results	demonstrated the capability of the Pd-Ag membrane to shift the conversion of the ethanol steam reforming reaction bey ond the thermodynamic equilibrium.
Direct Water Splitting Under Visible Light with a Nanostructured Photoanode and GaInP2 Photocathode
Authors: Wang Heli , Deutsch Todd , Turner John A. A. 
Published: January 2008

Thin films of hematite nanorod and GaInP2 were used for direct water splitting under visible light. In open circuit conditions, the potential of hematite shifted cathodically and that of GaInP2 anodically, which generated an open circuit voltage between the two electrodes. In short circuit condition, the combination of the two photoelectrodes can split water under visible light illumination, though with a very low current of µA/cm2 level even at 1 W/cm2 light. By means of	chopped light, we found that hematite nanorod has a low photocurrent, which is responsible for the low short circuit current of the 2-electrode combination. The low photoresponse of hematite nanorods is due to the recombination of photo- generated charges, low holes mobility, and short diffusion length.
Developing a Battery using Concrete as an Electrolyte
Authors: Burstein Gordon T. , Speckert Erek I. 
Published: January 2008

This paper presents a brief account of a developing electrochemical power source which uses set concrete (in this case, set cement paste containing no aggregate) as electrolyte. The system is designed with an aluminium anode which dissolves during discharge, and employs reduction of water to hydrogen on	steel as cathode. The system functions as an alkaline aluminium/water cell, and can be operated at low current density.
Bamboo-carbon as a novel carbon-support/electrocatalyst of air cathodes
Authors: Lan Chi-Jui , Chi Yuean-Fa , Chin Tsung-Shune 
Published: January 2008

A novel carbon-support/electrocatalyst, based on carbon derived from bamboo (the bamboo-carbon), is developed for use in air cathodes of metal-air batteries.	Linear sweep voltametry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry were used to investigate the electrochemical performance, surface morphology and lattice structure, respectively, to optimize the	performance of the air cathode. The activation layer made of	powdered bamboo-carbon exhibited a current density approximately 280 mA/cm2 at -600 mVHg/HgO, the value was 24%, 99% and 117% larger than the current densities of those made of	active carbon, carbon-black and XC-72, respectively. Blending	equal amounts of bamboo-carbon and active carbon into the activation layer led to a lowered polarization by around 13% and a higher current density by about 8% over that obtained using bamboo-carbon alone. These results arise from the fact that bamboo-carbon has the largest surface are a, the well graphitized structure and a most suitable pore size distribution among the six carbon sources used in this study.
A Brief History of Non-Aqueous Metal-Air Batteries
Authors: Abraham K. M. 
Published: January 2008

A new family of non-aqueous metal-air batteries has been	discovered during the course of experiments carried out to study the Li intercalation behavior of graphite in a Li/C cell utilizing propylene carbonate containing gel-polymer electrolytes. Some of these batteries when fully developed could have practical specific energies of 1000-3000 Wh/kg. The Li/O2 battery is rechargeable and efforts should be made to	fully develop it.
Polymer Electrolytes Based on Ionic Liquids and Their Application to Solid-state Thin-film Li-Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Ye Hui , Xu J. J. 
Published: January 2008

Ionic liquids that are non-volatile, non-flammable, and stable with Li metal and exhibit wide electrochemical stability window	are promising for application to lithium batteries, including	Li/air cells. 1-Methyl-3-Propylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (P13TFSI) is identified to be such an ionic liquid. Dimensionally stable, elastic polymer	electrolyte membranes with high thermal and electrochemical stability, high ionic conductivity and other desirable properties are synthesized by blending P13TFSI with lithium imide salt dissolved in it and the PVDF-HFP co-polymer. Preliminary solid-state, thin-film Li-oxygen cells are	constructed using the polymer electrolyte membranes and their	performance analyzed.
Lithium-Air Cells with High Capacity Cathodes
Authors: Dobley Arthur , Morein Christine , Roark Ralph 
Published: January 2008

Lithium-air batteries consist of lithium anodes electrochemically coupled to atmospheric oxygen through an air	cathode. Oxygen gas introduced into the battery through the air cathode is essentially an unlimited cathode reactant source.	The theoretical specific energy of the Li-oxygen cell with 3 V is 5.4 kWh/kg, and that excluding oxygen is 11.5 kWh/kg, the	highest for a metal air battery. Having previously developed a high capacity cathode for lithium-air cells, the current focus is on packaging the cell components, and testing the cells	performance. Our improved air cathode structures have specific	capacities approaching 4000 mAh/g of carbon. The specific capacities are over 250% greater than the highest specific capacities reported in literature. In this paper we briefly	review the cathode design, discuss cell packaging, and report	lithium-air cell performance data.
A Zinc-Air Fuel Cell
Authors: Smedley Stuart , Zhang Gregory X. 
Published: January 2008

The Zinc Regenerative Fuel Cell (ZRFC) developed by the former Metallic Power Inc. from 1998 to 2004 is described. The	component technologies and engineering solutions for various	technical issues are discussed in relation to their functionality in the system. The system was designed to serve as a source of backup emergency power for remote or difficult to access cell phone towers during periods when the main power	was interrupted. It contained a 12 cell stack developing 1.8	kW, a separate fuel tank containing zinc pellet fuel and electrolyte, and a zinc electrolyzer to regenerate the zinc	pellets during standby periods. Offsite commissioning and testing of the system was successfully performed. The intellectual property of the ZRFC technology is now owned by Teck Cominco Metals Ltd.
Activation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Reverses the Failing Heart Senescent Phenotype and Prolongs Lifespan
Authors: Gonzalez Arantxa , Rota Marcello , Nurzynska Daria , Misao Yu , Tillmanns Jochen , Ojaimi Caroline , Padin-Iruegas M. Elena , Müller Patrick , Esposito Grazia , Bearzi Claudia , Vitale Serena , Dawn Buddhadeb , Sanganalmath Santosh K. , Baker Mathue , Hintze Thomas H. , Bolli Roberto , Urbanek Konrad , Hosoda Toru , Anversa Piero , Kajstura Jan , Leri Annarosa 
Published: January 2008

RETRACTION
This article has been retracted:

Circ Res
. 2018;123:e00. DOI: 10.1161/RES.0000000000000244
HO-1 underlies resistance of AML cells to TNF-induced apoptosis
Authors: Rushworth Stuart A. , MacEwan David J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In human monocytes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces a proinflammatory response. In NF-κB–inhibited monocytes, TNF stimulates cell death/apoptosis. In the present study, we analyzed the response of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells to TNF stimulation in conjunction with NF-κB inhibition. In all AML-derived cells tested, NF-κB–inhibited cells were resistant to TNF-induced apoptosis. Further investigation revealed that the cytoprotective gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was induced in NF-κB–inhibited AML cells in response to TNF stimulation, and HO-1 was responsible for the resistance of AML cells to the cytotoxic actions of TNF. Moreover, after transfection with HO-1 siRNA, the resistance to TNF-induced cell death signals of AML cells was removed. The HO-1 promoter region contains antioxidant-response elements that can bind the transcription factor NF-E2–related factor 2 (Nrf2). We further demonstrated that Nrf2 was activated by TNF under NF-κB–inhibited conditions, to play the major role in up-regulating HO-1 expression and ultimately the fate of AML cells. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which TNF-induced cell death is inhibited in AML cells through the induction of HO-1, via Nrf2 activation.