bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BATTLE GROUP TACTICAL DATA LINKS: BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR THE COMBAT SYSTEM DESIGNER
Authors: WELCH RICHARD L.W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTCoordinated battle group operations depend upon effective digital data communications to share tactical information among the member unite. This dependency will become even stronger in the face of ever faster, more numerous and more capable threats. Certain data link problems, such as the lack of sufficient personnel training and equipment maintenance, have been widely publicized. This publicity, however, tends to obscure deeper problems which lie in the design of the shipboard data link software and fall within the purview of the combat system designer. This paper reviews the physical basis for the sharing of tactical data among command and control computers within a battle group. It identifies and discusses principles important for the combat system engineer to keep in mind while designing the software. Pitfalls and traps which are present in the necessary compromises and approximations which must be used in algorithm development are stressed.
NEW OVERHAUL TECHNIQUES FOR UNIQUE NAVAL DECK MACHINERY
Authors: DENISON LON L. , GREEN ARTHUR F. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT“A winch is a winch is a winch” does not apply to the complex and unique deck machinery used by the U.S. NAVY today for underway replenishment (UNREP) of fuel, ammo and stores ‐ the modern UNREP winch. It must be designed to compensate for the relative motion of the two ships while underway 150 feet apart, at 12 knots, in up to sea state 5; while transferring large, sensitive missiles between ships at a rapid rate. Late in 1977, following a senior task force review of serious problems, Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) put the UNREP systems and equipment at the top of a list of equipment designated as requiring “special technical support” during overhaul.[1]This paper reviews the background that leads to equipping the modern UNREP fleet with this equipment, the problems encountered maintaining the equipment, and the workings of a special Pacific Fleet (PACFLT) UNREP winch overhaul program. After 4 years of operation, this program is providing a quality overhaul in a cost‐effective manner.
TRENDS IN SURFACE WARSHIP DESIGN 1861‐1983
Authors: SIMS PHILIP 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTNaval architects are forced to study history because the life of a ship class is longer than the working life of an engineer. The introduction in 1861 of the iron hull combined with the shell gun and armor plate caused a twenty year period of confusion. The trial and error approach to adapting the new technology combined with poor understanding of naval architectural fundamentals resulted in weirdly configured vessels and a few disasters. The twenty years prior to the turn of the century were an era of beneficial technology trends resulting in each class having better performance than the last. The turn of the century to 1920 was a frantic period including an arms race, introduction of the new airplane and submarine threats and the development of new ship technology like steam turbines, oil fuel and centralized fire control. The 1920‐1940 period was the era of naval arms limitation resulting in intensive attempts to squeeze the most firepower out of the displacement quotas. The WW II and post‐war eras were notable not only for the rapidly increasing threat (including nuclear submarines and cruise missiles) but the emphasis on the important endurance and hard to measure sustainability issues which caused a disquieting growth in ship size and cost.
A TIME FOR SHIPBUILDING RENAISSANCE
Authors: RAMSAY RAYMOND 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper provides an overview of the U.S. shipbuilding and repair industry vitality, and its past and present capability to support new ship construction programs in the national interest. The capabilities of the shipbuilding industrial base are also examined at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of supplier support in relation to an expanded naval shipbuilding program.The aspects of technological improvements and the humane use of human beings, in the ship production process, are discussed with particular reference to the workforce management practices in foreign countries.An optimistic conclusion provides a prognosis regarding the prosecution of expanded naval shipbuilding programs within the capacity and capability of the U.S. industry.
DEVELOPMENT OF LONG LIFE ANTIFOULING PAINTS AND SHIPBOARD EVALUATION
Authors: COLOGER CHRISTOPHER P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper is an account of selected events in a technology exchange over a period of years that have led to the development, by the Navy, of improved evaluation procedures and new antifouling paint formulations potentially capable of five year service. It begins with the Navy's publication in 1952 of “Marine Fouling and Its Prevention.” At the time, the evaluation of new antifouling paints relied primarily on the exposure of test panels at marine sites in various locations. To reduce the variations in panel tests results, populations of barnacles were raised in the laboratory from the embryo to adult form to investigate various modes of physical and chemical fouling control. Bioassay populations of barnacles, both as larvae and adults, used to assess a large number of toxins, led to the selection of organometallic compounds as an effective toxic component in a new generation of antifouling paints. New paint formulations, based on various toxic release mechanisms, exhibited enhanced antifouling capability. These paints were used with improved epoxy paints formulated by the Navy to control corrosion. The need over the past decade to conserve fuel has led to new concepts for the underwater maintenance of hull coating systems. The advancing underwater diving technology has made available underwater multibrush cleaners and diver held power tools. Shipboard evaluation of experimental antifouling hull coating systems has brought about the application of new ship survey and inspection procedures assisted by improving underwater color photography.
THE SHIP CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPROVEMENT BOARD: A STATUS REPORT
Authors: WILLIAMS STUART 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTOn 7 September 1982, Admiral W.N. Small, the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, signed a memorandum establishing the Ship Characteristics and Improvement Board (SOB). This ended months of deliberation between the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), Naval Material Command (NAV‐MAT), and the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV) on how ship characteristics should best be developed and approved for both ship acquisition and fleet modernization programs. Admiral Small's guidance was:“With the advent of the SCIB, we have the opportunity to clarify and discipline our approach to both new ship design as well as the evolution of military characteristics of existing platforms. The goal is to eliminate in so far as is possible turbulence, technical defects and the perceived lack of Fleet Modernization Program (FMP) focus.”By tracing the history of characteristics decision making for naval ship programs, this paper establishes the foundation of the present SCIB. Organizational elements of the SOB, including the functions of its permanent staff and working groups, are explained and the recent track record of the SCIB on various programs is reviewed. Based on its first full year of operation, an overall assessment of SOB performance and a projection of future efforts is made.
THE CONFORM PROGRAM — AN UPDATE
Authors: SPAULDING KENNETH B. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a progress report on the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) Surface Ship Continuing Concept Formulation (CONFORM) program, first introduced to the Society at ASNE Day, 1981, by Commander Michael R. Terry. Since that time the program has produced many designs, achieved significant visibility and influence, and evolved in character. Designs and problem areas are summarized and the future potential of the program discussed.
SHIP COMBAT SYSTEM SIMULATION (SCSS)
Authors: MENSH DENNIS R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper will describe a combat system integration and analysis tool called the Ship Combat System Simulation (SCSS). The SCSS was designed as an analysis tool to study sensor command and control and weapon system integration for shipboard combat systems. The simulation represents the combat system components as nodes in a network. Data flows between the nodes through the links.SCSS is a structured program simulation written in Simscript II.5. The structured program feature allows for ease of combat system reconfiguration into different types of architectures. Consequently, SSCS can be used to study and analyze different combat system architectures.Currently the model has an antiairwarfare (AAW) capability and a partial antisurface warfare (ASUW) capability. The model has been used in ship vulnerability and survivability studies, individual combat system component studies, component trade‐off analysis; and total system reaction time analysis. Figure 1 presents a sample of a SCSS link‐node diagram. Figures 8 and 9 present combat system sequence and timing diagrams. The model boasts a postprocessing capability that includes both statistics and graphics packages.The SCSS has been developed jointly by the Naval Weapons Center, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Naval Surface Weapons Center, Naval Ships Weapons Systems Engineering Station, and CACI, Inc. SCSS is supported by naval and industrial laboratories throughout the country. The users of the simulation belong to the SCSS User's Group which meets periodically throughout the year. Members of the User's Group develop equipment nodes and exchange ideas. The User's Group maintains SCSS configuration management allowing for Simscript II.5 code written by any one user to be used by all other users.
DETECTION — A MODERN VIEW
Authors: HILL ROBERT T. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTOver the last ten years or so, a modest amount of sensor integration and automation has been introduced, improving in several ways the detect function of the detect‐control‐engage trio of functions embraced by the combatant system. After a review of the basic ideas of this integration, the further increases in inferential power that can be provided by application of several emerging technologies to a fairly broad sensor base (including that of the force) are presented. The technologies include multisensor operations and netting, far more use of a priori information, more inference from present signal processing and the new computer circuitry, architecture and programming fields frequently discussed today. The article concludes with a discussion of a possible way to proceed to improved systems, considering that we cannot stop and start over in much of our surveillance system design in the major combatants.
EXTENSION AND APPLICATION OF SHIP DESIGN OPTIMIZATION CODE (SHIPDOC)
Authors: RICHARDSON WILLIAM M. , WHITE WILLIAM N. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAn existing nonlinear ship design optimization program designated SHIPDOC has been extended and a new surface effect ship (SES) description input file is being developed under the sponsorship of the Naval Sea Systems Command's surface ship concept formulation (CONFORM) program. SHIPDOC is currently being used in support of several feasibility and preliminary level SES designs.The program has several novel features including an open‐ended, user‐created ship description and the potential to model all types of ships both enhanced and conventional, surfaced and submerged. This capability has been combined with a nonlinear optimization algorithm that solves for the minimum weight ship subject to user controlled constraints.This paper presents a brief overall description of SHIPDOC and its current capabilities followed by a synopsis of ship types, both surface and submerged, which have been designed with the program in order to illustrate SHIPDOC's practical design capability.
SIX YEAR INTERACTION OF UNDERWATER CLEANING WITH COPPER BASED ANTIFOULING PAINTS ON NAVY SURFACE SHIPS
Authors: COLOGER CHRISTOPHER P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe U.S. Navy implemented a program for the underwater cleaning of Navy surface ships during the fuel crisis of the early seventies. New methods were developed to inspect fouling and paint damage on the hull of a waterborne ship. Underwater photographs of ship bottoms before and after cleaning were used to devise ratings for fouling and paint deterioration. Ratings were employed to evaluate the multiple underwater cleaning of forty‐four surface ships whose hull coatings comprised a copper based vinyl antifouling paint and an epoxy polyamide anticorrosion paint. It was found that the service life of this coating system was shortened by the formation of a thin surface overlay of insoluble cupric compounds. Further, it was found that initial application of more coats of antifouling paint did not lengthen service life. The data indicate that epoxy AC coatings that may have been more uniformly applied are more likely to perform their protective functions better than similar coatings whose uniformity of thickness is not readily controlled. Underwater cleaning does not damage the hull coating when intact on flat and slightly contoured surfaces but may damage the antifouling paint on surface protuberances. Underwater cleaning does not induce blisters but may aggravate corrosion when existing blisters at the coating‐to‐steel interface are ruptured by the cleaning action thus exposing the metal substrate. Underwater cleaning is a viable maintenance procedure and provides an added option to control fouling and extend the service life of the antifouling paint when it reaches a marginal level of performance.
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN SHIP DESIGN ANALYSIS AND PRODUCTION
Authors: PARKER M.N. , ODABASI A.Y. , FITZSIMMONS P.A. , GOGGIN C.J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTWithin the last ten years ship design, shipbuilding and ship operation have witnessed the emergence of new microcomputer technologies which have had a dramatic impact on the way ships are designed, built and operated. This paper presents the development of the BRITDES computer aided design and detailing system and its utilisation of microcomputers in ship design, analysis and production.
A Computer Model for Shipboard Energ Y Analysis
Authors: DeTOLLA JOSEPH P. , FLEMING JEFFREY R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn support of the Navy's efforts to improve the energy usage of future ships and thereby to reduce fleet operating costs, a large scale computer model has been developed by the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center (DTNSRDC) to analyze the performance of shipboard energy systems for applications other than nuclear or oil‐fired steam propulsion plants. This paper discusses the applications and utility of this computer program as a performance analysis tool for design of ship machinery systems.The program is a simulation model that performs a complete thermodynamic analysis of a user‐specified energy system. It offers considerable flexibility in analyzing a variety of propulsion, electrical, and auxiliary plant configurations through a component building block structure. Component subroutines that model the performance of shipboard equipment such as engines, boilers, generators, and compressors are available from the program library. Component subroutines are selected and linked in the program to model the desired machinery plant functional configurations. The operation of the defined shipboard energy system may then be simulated over a user‐specified scenario of temperature, time, and load profiles. The program output furnishes information on component operating characteristics and fuel demands, which allows evaluation of the total system performance.
“CUT AND SPLICE”—A METHOD OF WEIGHT ESTIMATING FOR REPEAT SHIP DESIGN
Authors: BURCH GREGORY J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT“Cut and splice” is a weight estimating method for repeat design and modified repeat design of naval ships where a change in length of the original design is necessary. Beginning with the highest level of detail weight available for the design, usually a final weight report, expressed in one of the U.S. Navy's accounting systems (BSCI or SWBS), and in the format for use with the ship design weight estimate (SDWE) computer program, the original details are manipulated with the aid of the high speed computer to simulate cutting the ship at a specific longitudinal point, shifting all weight aft of that cut plane a specific distance, and filling the void space created by the shift with a homogeneous length of ship. The resultant ship inherits the design philosophy incorporated into the original ship.Where many potential changes to the original design will be contemplated, a unit length insert for each functional section of the ship may be derived so that the weight and moment impact of any change anywhere in the ship can be assessed quickly when the true length increase becomes known.
A FAST COMBATANT SUPPORT SHIP
Authors: COVICH PHILIP 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe evolution of one alternative to the existing fast combatant support ship is presented. A brief overview of the major requirements, principal characteristics and major features of the design is provided. The major ship systems such as the hull, propulsion, underway replenishment, cargo handling and combat systems are described as well as the trade‐offs considered in the selection of these systems. The role the Ship Characteristics Improvement Board (SCIB) and the fleet played in the design is noted. The paper concludes with a summary and description of the major innovations that have been included in the design, such as the reversing reduction gear and the special features needed to satisfy the latest airborne noise requirements.
MERCHANT SHIP DESIGN FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE
Authors: BOYLSTON JOHN W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTU.S. merchant ship owners have recently been constructing a high percentage of special purpose ships. Some of these ships are not achieving their full economic potential due to changing trade patterns. Due to the high cost of conversion, lay‐up is often the more attractive alternative. This situation should cause ship owners to consider future mission conversion during initial ship design. Design for relatively easy mission conversion would not only be an advantage to a ship owner, but would also facilitate the use of merchant ships in military support roles.Based on the thesis that the needs of merchant ship owners and the needs of the military are more compatible than is generally recognized and in an effort to stimulate discussion, the author proposes three conceptual designs as examples of how future U.S. merchant ships could be designed to facilitate both their conversion to other roles, as commercial trade patterns change, and their conversion to various military support roles. The examples include: (1) a coastal bulker/tanker; (2) a national emergency economy defense ship (NEEDS); and (3) an all‐deck multipurpose ship.
RELIABILITY ALLOCATION AND PREDICTION FOR A FULLY DISTRIBUTED SHIP MACHINERY CONTROL SYSTEM
Authors: VAIL JEANNINE A. , KLEIN STEVEN K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA functional allocation of reliability requirements for a fully distributed machinery control system is performed using platform level availability and associated top level logistics requirements. The allocation approach chosen uses the number of signals required for a particular control or monitoring function as the measure of subsystem complexity. Values obtained assuming various sparing levels are also predicted. System availability is then predicted using U.S. Navy in‐service equipment data and traditional Tiger simulation techniques to assess the realism of each approach. Unavailability and unreliability critical system functions are identified and spares required to achieve these reliability, maintainability and availability (RMA) levels are discussed.
AIR CUSHION LANDING CRAFT NAVIGATION
Authors: GRAHAM HERBERT R. , KIM JOHN C. , BAND EDWARD G.U. , FOWLER ALEX W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAir cushion vehicles (ACVs) have operated successfully on commercial routes for about twenty years. The routes are normally quite short; the craft are equipped with radar and radio navigation aids and maintain continuous contact with their terminals. Navigation of these craft, therefore, does not present any unusual difficulty. The introduction of air cushion vehicles into military service, however, can present a very different picture, especially when external navigation aids are not available and the craft must navigate by dead reckoning.This paper considers the problems involved when navigating a high‐speed air cushion vehicle by dead reckoning in conditions of poor visibility. A method is presented to assess the ACV's navigational capability under these circumstances. A figure of merit is used to determine the sensitivity of factors which affect navigation such as the range of visibility, point‐to‐point distance, speed, turning radius and accuracy of onboard equipment. The method provides simplistic but adequate answers and can be used effectively to compare the‐capability and cost of alternative navigation concepts.
AN EXPERIMENTAL EXPERT WEAPON DIRECTION SYSTEM
Authors: STEWART ROBERT L. , OUSBORNE DOUGLAS R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA research project that addresses the efficacy of expert systems techniques for improving effectiveness of missile employments from Navy surface ships is discussed in terms of general weapon systems operations, special requirements of real‐time tactical situations, and a functioning experimental expert weapon direction system. An overview of the current weapon direction system and associated missile employment operation is provided as a basis for discussing timing and coordination requirements. The development and test of an experimental expert support system using sumulated missile engagements is reviewed in terms of language structures, incorporation of expert procedural knowledge, and system modeling. Preliminary results from testing the experimental expert system at the engagement system land based test site in Laurel, Maryland are reported, and future plans are summarized.
AN INTEGRA TED HULL DESIGN PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCIBILITY
Authors: INGVASON SIGURDUR , McCALLUM DONALD N. , KRAINE GILBERT L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTRecent European innovations in hull form design have highlighted the savings which can be achieved in ship powering requirements by hull modifications, principally at the bow and stern. Designs of one of the authors, Sigurdur Ingvason of Sweden, are described and discussed. His twin‐skeg integrated hull design concept, which combines good hydrodynamic features with producibility is analyzed by model testing in comparison to a recent U.S. Navy tanker design, the T‐AO 187 class. Gains of the order of 14% at the ship's design speed are predicted. Major producibility concepts and features are also discussed at length. These concepts capitalize on the experience of several Swedish shipyards.