bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient History in the New World: Integrating Oral Traditions and the Archaeological Record in Deep Time
Authors: Echo-Hawk Roger C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOral traditions provide a viable source of information about historical settings dating back far in time—a fact that has gained increasing recognition in North America, although archaeologists and other scholars typically give minimal attention to this data. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) lists oral traditions as a source of evidence that must be considered by museum and federal agency officials in making findings of cultural affiliation between ancient and modern Native American communities. This paper sets forth the NAGPRA standards and presents an analytical framework under which scholars can proceed with evaluation of historicity in verbal records of the ancient past. The author focuses on an Arikara narrative and argues that it presents a summary of human history in the New World from initial settlement up to the founding of the Arikara homeland in North Dakota. Oral records and the archaeological record describe a shared past and should be viewed as natural partners in post-NAGPRA America. In conceptual terms, scholarship on the past should revisit the bibliocentric assumptions of “prehistory,” and pursue, instead, the study of “ancient American history”-an approach that treats oral documents as respectable siblings of written documents.
Additional Discoveries of Filed Teeth in the Cahokia Area
Authors: Perino Gregory 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEvidence of tooth filing, north of Mexico, is found primarily in the Cahokia area in Illinois. The custom is associated with the acculturation process that took place between peoples having a Mississippian technology and those having a Late Woodland culture. An attempt will be made here to itemize all the discoveries in the Cahokia area in the order in which they occurred and also to add new information not available to earlier reporters.
Making Sense of Flake Scatters: Lithic Technological Strategies and Mobility
Authors: Cowan Frank L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent theoretical developments in the organization of lithic technology provide powerful tools for learning about prehistoric settlement systems and the roles of sites within settlement systems. Strong relationships between mobility and the designs and production methods of stone tools provide a means for testing hypotheses about the functional and organizational roles of sites; this is especially important for learning about "plow zone lithic scatters" and other small, poorly preserved sites. Subsistence-settlement models for three periods of western New York prehistory imply different roles for small sites in the interior of the region. These hypotheses are tested by the analysis of dominant tool-production methods. Strong differences in stone tool assemblages indicate major differences in site roles, but greater analytical detail and discriminatory power are obtained from the analysis of tool-production methods from flakes.
A Possible Pyramidal Structure and other Mexican Influences at Pottery Mound, New Mexico
Authors: Hibben Frank C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExcavations at the site of Pottery Mound, 40 mi. south and west of Albuquerque, New Mexico, give evidence that the first structure at the site was a large, flat-topped pyramid built in two terraces. Four Pueblo IV architectural levels are superimposed on top of this structure. Sixteen painted kivas in association with the Pueblo IV room tiers retained on their walls a number of multi-layered fresco paintings. These paintings show macaws, other varieties of parrots, jaguars, and possibly Mexican Indians. The flat-topped mound and the ceremonial implications of the frescoes seem Mexican-inspired. The mound may date in the late Pueblo III period. The superimposed architectural levels and the frescoes date in the early Pueblo IV period.
Stelae at the Crystal River Site, Florida
Authors: Bullen Ripley P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo stone stelae at the Crystal River site, Florida, are in similar alignment with two temple mounds. One stela has an incised human head, ceremonial caches, and a radiocarbon date of about A.D. 440. The stelae, their spatial relationships, and the ceremonial deposits are evidence of influences from southeastern Mexico.
El Inga Projectile Points — Surface Collections
Authors: Mayer-Oakes William J 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSurface collecting in 1960 and excavations in 1961 have produced a large sample of chipped obsidian tools from El Inga, a site in Highland Ecuador. From a total surface collection sample of 83 projectile points, 25 complete and 3 nearly complete specimens have been examined intensively. They are described here by precise line drawings and narrative statements about the presence or absence and quantity or quality of morphological and technological attributes within the five attribute systems of material, form, dimension, chipping, and grinding. The three major projectile point styles derived here — “Fell's Cave Stemmed,” “Ayampitin,” and “Paijan” — are interpreted as representing horizon markers in South American preceramic times. The “Fell's Cave Stemmed” style is earliest and shows some technological relationships to the "fluted" points of North America.
A Warp Set-Up from the South Coast of Peru
Authors: Wallace Dwight T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn undated specimen, which consists of yarns prepared for being fixed to a loom and comes from the south coast of Peru, is reported. The unusual features of the specimen are its length of 107 ft. and some supplementary yarns which are interpreted as heddles in preparation, for which the possible steps are reconstructed.
The Red Butte Lithic Sites Near Grand Canyon, Arizona
Authors: McNutt Charles H. , Euler Robert C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSurface collections from three sites at Red Butte, near Grand Canyon in northern Arizona, produced small, concave-based Pinto points, as well as fragmentary Ventana-Amargosa forms. In addition, a wide range of lithic tools was found. Lateral and basal grinding on several points suggest that at least one preceramic component is represented. No points characteristic of the ceramic period were obtained, but a few potsherds dating A.D. 1000-1200 were found on two of the sites. The pottery, unexpectedly, is attributable to Kayenta Anasazi rather than Cohonina. Presumably, but not demonstrably, this pottery is not associated with the points mentioned above. Neither the projectile forms nor the pottery complex from these sites has been reported previously from this immediate region.
Incised Slate Disks from the Atlantic Watershed of Costa Rica: A Commentary
Authors: Baudez Claude F. , Coe Michael D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn attempt is made to correlate the finds recently published in this journal by Doris Stone and Carlos Balser with the Coe-Baudez sequence in northwestern Costa Rica. The 25 tombs at La Fortuna cover the whole Linear Decorated period, with one tomb belonging to the preceding and another one to the succeeding period. The material listed from Guácimo is tentatively dated to the Middle Polychrome period corresponding to the Mesoamerican Postclassic. It is shown that these finds do not contradict the Coe-Baudez sequence, but rather confirm it. A few remarks are added about the condition of Costa Rican archaeology.
A Chapter in Navaho-Pueblo Relations
Authors: Keur Dorothy L. 
Published: April 2006

In an effort to expand the known range of early Navaho history, an area in north-central New Mexico was chosen for survey and excavation in the summer of 1940. This territory lies just south of the Colorado line, between 107° and 108° longitude, and between 36° and 37° latitude, in the northwestern part of Rio Arriba County, in the upper San Juan drainage. Reconnaissance extended over the country within a radius of from ten to fifteen miles from Gobernador. The area is about thirty-five miles east of the town of Aztec and includes the canyons of Compaftero, San Rafael, Mufioz, Gobernador, Frances, La Jara and Pueblito.Sites from this region had been noted as early as 1912 by Kidder and Morris, who point out their seemingly Pueblo-Navaho nature. Father Berard and Van Valkenburgh report hogan remains on the slopes of Gobernador Knob, sacred in Navaho mythology, and Mera obtained pinyon specimens for dating from several small pueblo-like structures in this region.
The Rogers' Collection From Lakes Mistassini and Albanel, Province of Quebec
Authors: Johnson Frederick 
Published: April 2006

Edward and Murray Rogers have generously presented to the Peabody Foundation, Andover, the collection of stone tools obtained during the trips described in the preceding paper. It is my privilege to offer a description of these fascinating specimens together with some comments. In doing this I do not wish to divert attention from the task the Rogers' accomplished. The material and the accompanying information which they brought back is, and will remain, of considerable importance to the archaeology of the “Far Northeast.”Few of us have the slightest conception of what the two men went through in order to make these data available to us. The region is difficult to travel in; even the Indians do not move around during the summer any more than they have to.
A Progress Report on the Dating of Archaeological Sites by Means of Radioactive Elements
Authors: Merrill Robert S. 
Published: April 2006

The importance of being able to date accurately the remains of past societies has long been recognized by archaeologists. The problem has always been to find methods that work in the absence of historical records. Recent developments, such as tree-ring dating, have been great contributions, but they are not applicable everywhere. There is still a great need for new methods to supplement and extend the range of present dating procedures.A large field of knowledge so far largely unexplored for possible dating methods is the physics and chemistry of archaeological remains. One area in this field is the study of naturally occurring radioactive elements. Some of these elements have been used by geologists to date ancient rock strata, but applications to archaeological materials have not been made. Recently, however, two possible methods for using radioactive elements to date archaeological remains have been proposed on theoretical grounds. It is not yet definitely known whether they will work, or how well. Further research is necessary.
Remarks on the Prone Burial Position in China and North America
Authors: Heizer Robert F. 
Published: April 2006

Some ten years ago Dr. Herrlee Glessner Creel in his Studies in Early Chinese Culture discussed briefly the four Shang period burials (Nos. 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 18.S) excavated at Anyang in 1929. The unusual position of the skeletons (lying fully extended on the face) intrigued the Chinese archaeologists of the National Research Institute, and they made inquiries about parallels elsewhere. All their queries drew blanks, and their conclusion therefore was that this burial posture was unique and had never been recorded in the literature prior to 1930. More recently Li Chi has treated these four burials in greatest detail, and of them he says, “As far as can be determined, these four instances [of prone burials] in China are unique in the world.“In October, 1938 after reading Dr. Creel's Studies, I wrote to him and described the prone (or as we call them, ventrally extended) burials of the Early Central Cali-. fornia culture horizon and sent a photograph of one such interment. This information apparently was not communicated farther by Dr. Creel, judging from Li Chi's printed article of more recent date.
Pre-Columbian Art and Art History
Authors: Kelemen Pál 
Published: April 2006

The acceptance of pre-Columbian art as true and great art did not come speedily. In fact, it has not yet been as generally accepted as has the art of the great civilizations of the Near East and the Far East. An attempt is made here to trace the slow progress toward its general acknowledgment and to examine some of the problems now confronting those concerned with the subject.When, in the second half of the eighteenth century, humanistic studies gained a wider interest, there already existed a predilection for the art of Greece and Rome and what was built, developed, and permuted on these styles. Neither the Near East nor the Far East was then sufficiently known to be given serious esthetic consideration, and their artistic products were appreciated mainly as rarities and curios; the arts that throve or lay in ruins elsewhere over the globe were glimpsed only occasionally in the travel descriptions of intrepid voyagers.
Surface Collecting on Tabeguache Creek
Authors: Hurst C. T. 
Published: April 2006

At the present time a considerable number of types of projectile points, recognized as having respectable antiquity, are well known to the archaeologist. Among these are the Folsom, Sandia, Yuma, Gypsum Cave, Silver Lake, Pinto Basin, Lake Mohave, the Texas types, and others. Only relative ages can be given for most of these. What dates are possible are possible only in round numbers, as geological rather than dendrochronological evidence must be relied upon.The ideal archaeological site would be one where all the above-mentioned types, together with all later types, serially down to the most recent one of modern times, were found stratigraphically laid down in their normal relations to each other, awaiting only the trowel of the archaeologist to relate them properly. It is safe to say that a site of this kind does not exist.
Miocene Fossil Found in Oregon Kitchen-Midden
Authors: Simon Leo F. , Reed Charles A. 
Published: April 2006

One does not usually think of the American Indian as a paleontologist, although it is known that occasionally he did use fossils (vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant) for their presumed medical and magical values. I t is possible, however, that a fossil might have been collected and carried home simply because of the curiosity aroused by its resemblance to more familiar objects in nature. In this particular instance, the mental processes of the collector are not to be dug out of his rubbish heap.On August 5, 1944, a number of biology students from Reed College, and other interested persons were digging in a kitchen-midden which is exposed for some 50 yards along the south bank of Fogarty Creek, Lincoln County, Oregon, just above the entrance of the creek into the ocean. The midden consists of a layer of mixed ash and shells 10-12 inches thick, marking an old campsite, now covered with brush and forest.
“Hopewellian” Elements in Northern Georgia
Authors: Waring A. J. 
Published: April 2006

At the present time there is much interest in the relationship of Ohio Hopewell to Southeastern archaeology in general. It seems important, therefore, that all evidence which can contribute towards the formulation and ultimate solution of this problem be duly recorded.The evidence in question consists of a perforated copper breast-plate, two tapered celts, fragments of design-cut sheet copper, and a copper celt, all found with a micacovered, extended burial at the base of a stone mound near Cartersville, Bartow County, Georgia.
Comments on a Site in the St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge, Wakulla County, Florida
Authors: Griffin John W. 
Published: April 2006

In a recent issue of American Antiquity John M. Goggin has described certain materials from a site in the St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge, Wakulla County, Florida. The present note is a continuation of Goggin's remarks, based on certain materials not available to him at the time of his writing, and on a more recent surface collection of sherds from the site.Goggin mentions a copper plate ornamented by incision, having human and animal figures depicted on the surface, which he had not seen. When this object was originally found in 1938 by Bill Kary of Tallahassee, it was examined by J. Clarence Simpson of the Florida Geological Survey. Simpson made a cast of the object, as well as a detailed drawing. The drawing reproduced in this note (Fig. 41, b) was made from Simpson's sketch and a copy of the cast in the possession of Dr. Mark F. Boyd of Tallahassee. The writer is grateful to both of these gentlemen for the use of their material.
Archaeological Needs for Florida
Authors: Sleight Frederick W. 
Published: April 2006

Consistent and concentrated efforts for archaeological research within the region of Florida have long been a needed factor in the development of North America's pre-history.Here lies one of the key spots for cultural contact between the northern continent and the chain of islands that extends southward. The geographical significance of such a location can not be too highly emphasized. What work has been undertaken in the state unfortunately has not been followed by careful laboratory consideration and, as a result, prehistory in this area has suffered from mere spontaneous spurts of effort.
A Probable Association of Mammoth and Artifacts in the Willamette Valley, Oregon
Authors: Cressman L. S. , Laughlin W. S. 
Published: April 2006

Some eleven years ago, about three miles outside of Lebanon, Oregon, on the north side of an extension of the foothillsof the Cascade Range, a rancher, in cleaning out his spring, discovered a fossilized bone of a large mammal. In response to his communication, Dr. S. B. Laughlin of the Department of Sociology at Willamette University, in Salem, went to the site with Professor Monk and Professor Clark, and carried out an excavation. Part of a mammoth tooth was found, a portion of a tusk, and a small bone chisel made from the rib of a mammal perhaps the size of a deer.This locality was called to the attention of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Oregon by Professor Laughlin's son within the past year; and in May, he and Cressman, with a number of assistants, went to the site to carry out further excavations.
Photographic Surveying
Authors: Merrill Robert H. 
Published: April 2006

At Sitio Conte, province of Code, Panama, the 1940 Pennsylvania University expedition led by Dr. J. Alden Mason resumed, after seven years interruption, the field excavation begun by the Peabody Museum of Harvard University and described in the monumental memoir by Dr. S. K. Lothrop.The use of every time and labor saving device (even a transit) was justified by trench temperatures at times exceeding 120 degrees. However, this description will assume that no transit was available: limiting working tools to a level, an opera glass, plumb lines, lantern, and measuring tape. A compass might have sufficed for laying out the north-south reference line but stars are more accurate.Forty centuries before telescopes made possible a greater precision, the ancients were able to orient a pyramid true north within 3 minutes 23 seconds of arc, the error being about one part in a thousand. Ordinary engineer's transits are accurate to the nearest minute.
A Copper Plummet from Poverty Point, Louisiana
Authors: Bell Robert E. 
Published: April 2006

Upon examination of a series of artifacts found at the Poverty Point site, West Carroll Parish, Louisiana, in the collection of James Durham of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, I noted one plummet made of native copper (Fig. 1). As copper objects are unreported for the Poverty Point site (Haag and Webb 1953), it is worthwhile to note the existence of this specimen.The plummet is made of native copper, probably hammered into shape from a copper nugget. It measures 48 mm. in length, 20 mm. in diameter and is perforated for suspension. The plummet was picked up on the surface at the Poverty Point site by James Durham's brother, F. M. Durham, in 1944. According to F. M. Durham the specimen was found south of the large mound, in the area between the mound and the river.
Discovery of a Pre-Columbian Gold Figurine in Cuba
Authors: Alonso Orencio Miguel 
Published: April 2006

The hills of the barrio of Yaguajay in the municipality of Banes, Cuba have yielded a number of rich finds of archaeological material. To these was added in 1948 a gold figurine, which is of importance as the first such specimen to be reported from the Antilles.The figurine measures 48 mm. in height, weighs 14.1 grams, and has been cast from 10-carat gold (Fig.111 , left.) It portrays a naked woman, standing and holding a small vessel at the height of the stomach. The head is adorned with three stylized tufts of feathers, and two disks project from the ears in the form of shell helices. The face, nose, eyes, and mouth are very similar to those of the clay, shell, bone, and stone figures of the Banes region (e.g., Fig.111 ,right). The two breasts stand out from the body and the legs are in the form of nodules; although provided with feet, they lack toes.
Incised Slate Figurines from Kodiak Island, Alaska
Authors: Heizer Robert F. 
Published: April 2006

In a brief article on the Cape Alitak petroglyphs of Kodiak Island (Heizer, 1947), two incised slate tablets were shown and analyzed with the intent to suggest a relationship in the treatment of the face on the slate pieces and the pecked petroglyphs. The two flat incised slate pieces referred to above came from the Uyak Bay site excavated by A. Hrdlicka in 1931-1938. No similar specimens had been published, and so far as could be determined, they were unique examples of incised art.Recently Mr. Donald Clark of Kodiak City kindly sent to me for inspection a series of 25 closely similar slate pieces, of which 17 are shown in Fig. 90. They range in thickness from 2 to 6 mm., and are variable in outline. Some are incised on both surfaces, but the majority have the lightly incised lines only on one face. They are made of natural flat slate beach pebbles which can be found all over the island. The pieces shown here are from the vicinity of Kodiak City.
Artifacts with Mammoth Remains, Naco, Arizona
Authors: Haury Emil W. , Antevs Ernest , Lance John F. 
Published: April 2006

On September 22, 1951, Marc Navarrete brought word to the Arizona State Museum of the discovery of two large projectile points in association with mammoth bones exposed in an arroyo eroded by Greenbush Creek one mile northwest of Naco, Arizona (Fig. 1). Marc Navarrete and his father, Fred, for some fifteen years have been watching the arroyo for fossils as erosion widened and deepened it.A bone concentration, though known for some time, was freshly exposed by floods resulting from heavy summer rains in August, 1951. This encouraged Fred Navarrete to dig in an attempt to salvage what appeared to be a part of a skull with teeth and tusk of a large animal. In the course of this work he found near the skull a projectile point in what appeared to be undisturbed matrix. Additional excavations by Marc Navarrete soon revealed the left foreleg, scapula, humerus, and ulna and, near the superior margin of the scapula, again in the undisturbed clay, a second projectile point came to light.
On Noel Morss' “Cradled Infant Figurines“
Authors: Lehmann Henri 
Published: April 2006

Recently Noel Morss published several recumbent figurines (American Antiquity, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1952) and pointed out the area of distribution of this type giving examples of Mexican as well as North American origin. His interpretation was that they represent children strapped to their cradles.As early as 1949 I published, in the first volume of “Selected Papers of XXIX International Congress of Americanists” in New York, a paper on the same subject, which, apparently, Noel Morss had not seen. I had assembled several similar specimens originating from a vast area extending from Ecuador to the Valley of Mexico and to Colima. The new point which Morss (who has never heard of kindred subjects in South America) makes in his paper, is the inclusion of North America in the same complex. The Nashville specimen (Morss, 1952, Fig. 74) differs only in size (it is 9 inches long). All the other figurines quoted by both of us are less than half that length.