bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutral loss of water from the b ions with histidine at the C‐terminus and formation of the c ions involving lysine side chains
Authors: Fu Qiang , Li Lingjun 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNeutral loss of water from the amide bond induced by the His side chain has been reported. The proposed fragmentation pathway is a retro‐Ritter reaction catalyzed by the imidazole nitrogen. In our MS/MS study of the neuropeptide GAHKNYLRFamide, we observed that the neutral loss of water from the b3 ion is abundant. The b3 ion has a His residue at the C‐terminus. As reported previously, in the b ions with His at the C‐terminus, the imidazole residue is connected to the carbonyl carbon to form a five‐membered ring. Therefore, it is unlikely that the neutral loss of water from the b3 ion is catalyzed by the imidazole nitrogen. Through MS2 and MS3 studies of a synthetic peptide standard AGHKLL and its chemically labeled and isotope‐encoded forms, we discovered that the water loss from the b3 ion involves the carbonyl group of His, the hydrogen connected to the α‐carbon of Gly, and the amide hydrogen of His. We also discovered the formation of an unusual cx ion in peptides with a Lys or Arg residue at the (x + 1) position of the peptide. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability analysis for double‐stranded DNA oligomers and their noncovalent complexes with drugs by laser spray
Authors: Shi Xiangguo , Takamizawa Atsushi , Nishimura Yoshifumi , Hiraoka Kenzo , Akashi Satoko 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLaser spray, which is a newly developed ionization technique, can characterize the stability of noncovalent complexes in the solution phase. By using this advantage, laser spray has been applied to probe the intrinsic stability of double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) sequences and their binding affinities with various drugs in the solution phase. Systematic experiments were carried out using six 16‐mer and three 22‐mer dsDNA oligomers, together with the complexes of the 16‐mer dsDNA with minor groove binders: berenil, Hoechst 33342, DAPI, and netropsin. Dissociation curves for each dsDNA or each complex were plotted as a function of laser power. The laser power (E50%), where 50% of each dsDNA or each complex was dissociated, was compared with its melting temperature (Tm) determined by UV spectroscopy. Linear correlations between E50% and Tm were obtained not only for the dsDNA oligomers (correlation factor r = 0.9835) but also for the 16‐mer dsDNA complexes with minor groove binders (r = 0.9966). In addition, laser spray has successfully clarified the binding affinities of a 16‐mer dsDNA with two intercalators: daunomycin and nogalamycin. In the case of the dsDNA–daunomycin complex, by changing the molar ratio of dsDNA : drug from 1 : 1 to 1 : 5, the concentration‐dependent stability of the complex was confirmed by laser spray. The present results demonstrate that laser spray mass spectrometry can be a powerful and convenient method to investigate the relative binding affinities of dsDNA–ligand complexes in the solution phase, which could be applied to the early stage of high‐throughput screening of drugs targeting for dsDNA. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a lipase in cake manufacture
Authors: Guy Robin CE , Sahi Sarabjit S 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effects of the addition of a new form of lipase, reported to form polar monoacyl lipids in wheat flour doughs, were studied in high‐ratio layer cake batters and the baked products. Measurement of surface phenomena of the air/water interface in the batter showed a slight lowering of surface tension and significant lowering of surface viscosity. In contrast, the bulk viscosity of the batter was increased. These changes indicated that surface‐active materials had been formed and were causing important changes in the batter. Their effects on processing were to reduce the time needed to aerate the batter to the target density. Measurements on the baked cakes using six commercial cake flours showed increased specific volume and some improvement in appearance, particularly the evenness of the crack in the top crust and lack of large holes in the crumb. More detailed examination of the cellular crumb structure by image analysis showed that the overall expansion was largely due to greater expansion of individual gas cells. This indicated that there was an increase in bubble stability during baking. Storage tests on the cakes over 15 days showed improvements in softness due to the increased volume and in some cases a small anti‐firming effect. The rate of moisture diffusion from crumb to crust, which plays an important role in cake staling, was not significantly different for cakes with added lipase. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Chromic acid oxidation of hexitols in the presence of 2,2′‐bipyridyl catalyst in aqueous micellar media: A kinetic study
Authors: Islam Monirul , Saha Bidyut , Das Asim K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn aqueous H2SO4 media, chromic acid oxidation of hexitols (D‐sorbitol and D‐mannitol) to their corresponding aldohexoses in presence and absence of 2,2′‐bipyridyl (bipy) have been studied under the experimental conditions, [hexitols]T ≫ [Cr(VI)]T and [bipy]T ≫ [Cr(VI)]T (subscript T stands for the total concentration). Under the conditions, both the slower uncatalyzed and faster bipy‐catalyzed paths go on simultaneously. The monomeric species of Cr(VI) has been found to be kinetically active in absence of bipy whereas in the bipy‐catalyzed path, the Cr(VI)–bipy complex has been found to be the active oxidant. Both the paths show first‐order dependence on [hexitol]T and [Cr(VI) ]T. The uncatalyzed path shows a second‐order dependence on [H+]. The bipy‐catalyzed path is first order in [bipy]T. These rate‐dependence patterns remain the same in the presence of externally added surfactants. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, has been found to accelerate both the uncatalyzed and bipy‐catalyzed paths while N‐cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a cationic surfactant, shows the rate‐retarding effect for both the uncatalyzed and bipy‐catalyzed paths. The observed micellar effects have been rationalized by considering the distribution of the reactants between the aqueous and micellar phases in terms of the proposed reaction mechanism. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 531–539, 2006
Study on the consecutive reaction kinetics of synthesis of di(2‐ethylhexyl) terephthalate under nonisothermal conditions
Authors: Dazhuang Liu , Shaohui Sun , Jianguo Wei , Peiqin Sun 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSince more information concerning kinetic parameters can be obtained from a nonisothermal reaction, it was selected to investigate the consecutive esterification kinetics of terephthalic acid with 2‐ethylhexanol in the presence of tetrabutyl titanate catalyst. This is an equilibrium reaction that is carried out in industry to completion by removing the water formed. It results in an automatic rise in the esterifying temperature, from 453 to 519 K. Research shows that the first step of esterification carried out in a heterogeneous system has a slow reaction rate, but the second step of esterification in a homogeneous system has a relatively fast reaction rate. Based on the quasi‐homogeneous assumption, first the differential method is presented to deal with nonisothermal reaction data. Arrhenius equations of the two steps are established by using this method. It was found that the apparent activation energy of the first step of esterification was about 55 kJ/mol higher than that of the second step. The ratio (K) of reaction rate constants of the two steps decreases gradually with the increase in the reaction temperature. An equation of K vs. temperature is also derived from Arrhenius equations. Subsequently, integral expressions of components' concentrations are used to simulate experimental results of the nonisothermal reaction as well as a three‐stage isothermal reaction. The obtained simulations show that the determined kinetic equations and the parameters are reasonable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 577–584, 2006
Ruthenium(III) catalysis in polymerization of vinyl monomers by charge‐transfer mechanism with aminoalcohols and carbontetrachloride: A kinetic study
Authors: Tiwari Rajesh , Upadhyay S. K. , Rai J. S. P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed polymerization of vinyl monomers (M) (methyl‐, ethyl‐, and butylacrylates) by charge‐transfer mechanism with aminoalcohols (AA) (namely, ethanol‐, diethanol‐, and triethanol amines) and carbontetrachloride in dimethylsulfoxide medium have been studied. The rate of polymerization depends on the [CCl4]/[AA] ratio and may be represented as

equation image

and

equation image

The rate of polymerization of monomers with each aminoalcohol was found to be in the order Rp (methyl‐)> Rp (ethyl‐)> Rp (butylacrylate) while that of each monomer with different aminoalcohols was found to be in the order of Rp tertiary > Rp secondary > Rp primary aminoalcohol. The suitable mechanism for the polymerization process consistent with kinetic data has been proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 585–592, 2006
Improved Anti‐Inflammatory Properties for Naproxen with Cyclodextrin‐Grafted Polysaccharides
Authors: Ramírez Héctor L. , Cao Roberto , Fragoso Alex , Torres‐Labandeira Juan J. , Dominguez Amalia , Schacht Etienne H. , Baños Maysa , Villalonga Reynaldo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: Mannan and carboxymethylcellulose, previously activated by periodate oxidation, were grafted with mono‐6‐butylenediamino‐6‐deoxy‐β‐cyclodextrin derivatives by reductive alkylation in the presence of sodium borohydride. The formation of supramolecular complexes between these polymers and Naproxen was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. The solubility of the drug was 3.8–4.6 fold increased in the presence of the cyclodextrin‐grafted polysaccharides. The in vivo anti‐inflammatory property of Naproxen was 1.7 times higher after supramolecular association with β‐cyclodextrin‐branched mannan.
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Nanofiber Formation of Hydroxylpropylcellulose (HPC)
Authors: Yan Lifeng , Lin Wei , Bangal Prakriti R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: The aggregative behaviors of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) molecules in aqueous solution and on substrates have been observed by employing laser light scattering (LLS) and, after deposition on a mica surface, atomic force microscopy (AFM). LLS studies showed that the HPC molecules formed large aggregates through self‐association when the concentration of the solution was above the critical concentration ct. AFM measurements revealed that when a dilute aqueous solution of HPC molecules was deposited onto a mica substrate at a temperature below its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) thin nanofibers were formed with a height of 0.9 nm, whereas thick nanofibers were formed when an aqueous solution of HPC molecules was deposited onto a substrate above its LCST. Furthermore, the growth of nanofibers led to the formation of fan structures.AFM image of the HPC fan‐like structures on the surface of mica.magnified imageAFM image of the HPC fan‐like structures on the surface of mica.
Gold Nanoparticles as a Versatile Platform for Optimizing Physicochemical Parameters for Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Bergen Jamie M. , von Recum Horst A. , Goodman Thomas T. , Massey Archna P. , Pun Suzie H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary:The development of targeted vehicles for systemic drug delivery relies on optimizing both the cell‐targeting ligand and the physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticle carrier. A versatile platform based on modification of gold nanoparticles with thiolated polymers is presented in which design parameters can be varied independently and systematically. Nanoparticle formulations of varying particle size, surface charge, surface hydrophilicity, and galactose ligand density were prepared by conjugation of PEG‐thiol and galactose‐PEG‐thiol to gold colloids. This platform was applied to screen for nanoparticle formulations that demonstrate hepatocyte‐targeted deliveryin vivo. Nanoparticle size and the presence of galactose ligands were found to significantly impact the targeting efficiency. Thus, this platform can be readily applied to determine design parameters for targeted drug delivery systems.Modified gold nanoparticles are a suitable model for nanoparticle‐based gene carriers.magnified imageModified gold nanoparticles are a suitable model for nanoparticle‐based gene carriers.
Novel Shape‐Memory Polymer Based on Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Liu Guoqin , Guan Chunlong , Xia Hesheng , Guo Fuquan , Ding Xiaobin , Peng Yuxing 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: Due to a large difference in storage modulus below and above the glass transition temperature, a novel shape‐memory poly[(methyl methacrylate)‐co‐(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone)]/poly(ethylene glycol) semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks structure was synthesized, which is stabilized by hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The recovery ratio of these polymers could reach 99%. In such a system the maximum molecular weight of PEG required for the semi‐IPNs formation reaches 1 000.Transition from the temporary shape (chem) to the permanent shape (four rods) for a shape‐memory P(MMA‐co‐VP)/PEG1000 semi‐IPNs.magnified imageTransition from the temporary shape (chem) to the permanent shape (four rods) for a shape‐memory P(MMA‐co‐VP)/PEG1000 semi‐IPNs.
Energy‐based simulation of concrete cracking using an improved mixed‐mode cohesive crack model within a meshless discretization
Authors: Most T. , Bucher C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper an algorithm for the automatic simulation of concrete cracking is presented. The moving crack discontinuity is represented in a meshless discretization. An adaptive coupling of meshless zones in the growing fracture area with traditional finite elements in the undamaged domain is realized, because of the larger numerical effort of the meshless methods. Since the standard cohesive crack model cannot represent the interaction between the normal traction and shear traction damage of the crack surfaces under mixed‐mode loading in this work a coupled mixed‐mode cohesive crack model is adapted for the use in the presented algorithm. This model is included in an energy‐based crack criterion based on the virtual crack extension concept, which is much more independent from the discretization than stress‐based approaches as the Rankine criterion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The future of political campaigning: the American example
Authors: Morris Dick 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Internet will provide a way to force direct democracy to the fore, replacing many of the prerogatives now reserved for representative democracy. This is especially true in Europe where the continental integration of the economy has not been matched by integrated political democracy. Lobbying in the UK will become less relevant as the EU comes to predominate. Lobbying in the future will have to be directed downward — to mobilise the public — rather than upward, attempting to influence the Parliament. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications.
E‐campaigning: what it is and how to do it
Authors: Grefe Ed 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBuilding community support for a candidate or a cause has traditionally been the essence of grass roots advocacy within the issues management process. And while political decisions in democracies are still made by the establishment, increasingly voters are expressing their views between elections on how an issue should be settled—and those who seek to retain political power are listening and responding. Corporations now need to adopt these tactics to show community support and to gain a legitimate seat at the table when decisions are made. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
New corporate agendas
Authors: Hatcher Mark 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGlobalisation is changing the public affairs agenda for businesses operating in a more interdependent world. As the roles and responsibilities of government are being redefined, and the boundaries between business and government become less clear cut, today's business leaders are facing a daunting array of challenges. In the new age of corporate social responsibility, the needs of shareholders, consumers, employees, national as well as international regulators, watchdogs, NGOs and activist groups have to be satisfied. The number of variables that could affect the bottom line appears to be growing at an exponential rate; and losing the trust of stakeholders can be fatal. Business leaders should step up to the challenges that these developments are creating. They should be unapologetic about countering anti‐globalisation activists by demonstrating the real value that business can bring to the developing as well as the developed world. They should help to promote the virtues of greater transparency and accountability to their stakeholders. They should be actively engaged in fashioning new regulatory architecture that is pro‐competitive, one that makes trade possible. Business leaders should support efforts to develop better quality regulation of the increasing number of trans‐national issues that call for co‐ordinated, international responses. Ignoring or down‐playing these challenges carries a price: it plays into the hands of cyber cohorts and single issue groups, that are accountable to none but themselves, and leads to weaker public policy outcomes. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Voting, non‐voting and consumer buying behaviour: non‐voter segmentation (NVS) and the underlining causes of electoral inactivity
Authors: Bannon Declan P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper examines some of the issues and debates surrounding the voting and non‐voting of the UK electorate. It attempts to compare and contrast voter behaviour from both a political science perspective and a consumer buying behaviour perspective. In particular, the paper details the output of primary research into non‐voter behaviour and attempts to cluster these motivations and rationales into psychographic segments of non‐voting behaviour. Issues such as alignment and dealignment, social and inherited values are debated in detail, with particular attention being paid to party identification, issue voting and social determinant theory. The paper both challenges and supports previously presented arguments regarding political issues and voting. In addition, electoral turnout and voter participation are analysed and the consequences for democracy discussed. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Facing the future: young people's awareness of the 2001 British general election advertising campaigns
Authors: Dermody Janine , Scullion Richard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper presents findings from a national survey of ‘potential’ first time voters at the 2001 British general election. It investigates these young people's awareness of the advertising used by the main political parties during this election. Overall what emerges is a young electorate aware of the advertising, who were interested in the election itself and nearly half of whom say they voted in it. Consequently the findings reject the notion that young people are generically unaware of and disinterested in party political messages. In addition the findings indicate that the political parties' print advertisements—to some degree—are penetrating the first layer of young people's message processing, suggesting they are a useful aid in capturing the youth vote. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Mapping the production of political communications: a model to assist in understanding the relationships between the production and consumption of political messages
Authors: Moloney Kevin , Richards Barry , Scullion Richard , Daymon Christine 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHigh public interest today in political communications such as ‘spin’ and in political participation such as electoral turnout suggests that there may be value in exploring the processes by which political messages are produced and consumed, and their inter‐relationship with participation. It may be that what citizen‐voters think of message production influences how they consume political news and publicity (through observing and evaluating), and that the propensity to political participation is subsequently affected.This paper offers a model which traces the production of political communications, starting at their origins in the political class, and flowing via traditional political journalism or controlled media and new media to citizen‐voters who both observe and evaluate them (ie consume them) before, during and after making any political choices. It is hypothesised that the observation and evaluation of message production and content by political consumers influences both their types and levels of participation.Research of this nature into political organisations is relatively rare. Similarly, there is little evidence of investigations into other aspects highlighted in the model: attitudes of the political class towards political communications, the production of political communications before they reach the media and how they are received by the media, and their consumption by citizen‐voters in relation to the propensity to participate in politics. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Public‐private partnerships: consultation, cooperation and collusion
Authors: Leitch Shirley , Motion Judy 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn late 2002, public‐private partnerships (PPP) rose to the attention of the New Zealand public and gained media attention due to what became known as the ‘Armstrong affair’. This paper provides an overview of the Armstrong affair and of the issues engendered by the affair for the formation of policy in relation to PPP. The most fundamental of these issues was the correct relationship between the public and private sectors. The Armstrong case illustrates the way in which the demarcation between the two sectors must be maintained—and seen to be maintained—in the conduct of public affairs. If it is not, the accusation may rightly be levelled that the processes of consultation and cooperation have crossed over into collusion. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Re‐looping the learning: shell's use of case studies to contribute to the company's effectiveness in external affairs practice
Authors: White Jon , Westman Tim 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCase studies are used in management teaching and executive development. They also have an important use as an aid to practice, to help practitioners learn lessons from the experience of others. For a multinational company such as Shell, case studies from the company's worldwide experience have been developed and made available to members of the company's external affairs community, so that—for example—an external affairs practitioner in the Asia‐Pacific region can learn from the experiences of practitioners in the Latin‐American region. A short description of one of the cases held in the Shell database of case studies is given. The paper concludes by suggesting how case studies should be used to improve practice, and considering some of the obstacles to the development and use of practice‐relevant case studies. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications