bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mega allantoic vesicles of the equine placenta
Authors: Singh K. , Holyoak G. R. , Snider T. A. , DeFrancisco A. L. , Schlafer D. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAn ultrasound examination of a pregnant 12‐year‐old Palomino mare's abdomen revealed multiple, variably sized, round, polypoid, cystic structures within the allantois. These cystic areas had clear hypoechoic centres and were surrounded by thin, irregular hyperechoic regions. The foaling was unremarkable. Grossly, the allantois was multifocally expanded by variably sized, 1–15 cm diameter, balloon‐like allantoic vesicles containing clear watery or gelatinous fluid. Histological examination demonstrated marked separation of the allantoic surface from the chorionic surface by oedema fluid or gelatinous stroma. No other lesions were observed in the placenta. Similar lesions were observed in 2 other mares. No clinical complications were observed with the foals, fillies and mares after parturition. This is the first report of such large allantoic vesicles in the equine placenta.
Study on the Effects of Temperature and Compatibilizer on the Interfacial Tension of PP/PA6 and PP/PET Pairs
Authors: Kiani A. , Garmabi H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The interfacial tension (IFT) of Polypropylene/Polyamide6 (PP/PA6) and Polypropylene/Polyethylene terephthalate (PP/PET) pairs was evaluated as a function of temperature and Glycidyl Methacrylate grafted PP (PP-g-GMA) content, using the pendant drop method (PDM). PP-g-GMA was used as the compatibilizer in both systems. It was observed that IFT values of both systems showed a linear decrease with increasing temperature. Also, presence of a small amount of PP-g-GMA compatibilizer in the PP phase reduced the IFT of polymeric pairs dramatically, while adding more compatibilizer had no influence on IFT, due to the saturation of the interface. The saturation concentrations of GMA in the PP phase were obtained for 0.05 wt.% and 0.025 wt.% in PP/PA6 and PP/PET systems, respectively. The IFT values of compatibilized systems were reduced by 68% for PP/PA6 and 57% for PP/PET pairs compared to non-compatibilized ones.
Sparse Long-chain Branching's Effect on the Film-casting Behavior of PE
Authors: Seay C. W. , Baird D. G. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The degree of film-width reduction or necking during film-casting is analyzed for three metallocene-catalyzed linear low density polyethylenes, LLDPE, with varying degrees of sparse long-chain branching, LCB. The resins included three sparsely LCB polyethylene, PE, materials with varying LCB content ranging from linear to 0.57 LCB/10000 CH2 along with a Ziegler-Natta polymerized LLDPE and a tubular free-radical polymerized low density polyethylene, LDPE. The last two resins are used as reference materials. The primary objective of this analysis is to evaluate whether uniaxial extensional rheological characteristics, in particular strain-hardening, that are a result of LCB influence the film-necking properties. At the lowest drawdown ratio, necking is observed to be reduced with increasing LCB, and thus strain-hardening characteristics. At the higher drawdown ratios it is observed that LCB no longer reduces necking and the curves merge to the results found for linear PE, except in the case of LDPE, which shows reduced necking at all drawdown ratios. Furthermore, comparisons of film necking are also made to separate the effects of molecular weight distribution, MWD, and LCB. The results indicate that both broadening the MWD and the addition of sparse LCB reduce the degree of necking, but to a lesser degree in the case of broadening the MWD. Analysis of the uniaxial extensional and dynamic shear rheology with the pom-pom constitutive model reveals that a distribution of branches along shorter relaxation time modes is important in reducing necking at higher drawdown ratios. Factors such as shear viscosity effects, extrudate swell, and non-isothermal behavior were eliminated as contributing factors.
Effects of Extrusion Variables on Organoclay Intercalation and Properties of Tapioca Starch-Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposite Foams
Authors: Lee S. Y. , Eskridge K. M. , Hanna M. A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tapioca starch (TS) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), in 90:10 weight ratio, were blended with 3% Cloisite 10A were and prepared by a twin screw extruder. Screw speed, screw configuration, die nozzle diameter and moisture content were varied to determine their effects on organoclay intercalation. Selected structural, thermal, physical and mechanical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Instron universal testing machine. The first (X-ray) diffraction peak was observed to shift to a lower angle compared to that of pristine Cloisite 10A. The first diffraction peaks for the nanocomposites were narrow, indicating a strong intercalated behavior. These results were observed for all extrusion variables using mixing and compression screws, screw speeds of 100, 135 and 175 min–1; moisture contents of 14, 17 and 20%, and die nozzle diameters of 3 and 4 mm. These extrusion variables had significant effects on the structural, thermal, physical and mechanical properties, and glass transition and melting temperatures of TS/PLA/Cloisite 10A nanocomposite foams due to the intercalation of organoclay.
Phase Separation under Shear in Liquid Crystalline Polymer/Polycarbonate Blends
Authors: Lee K.-W. , Kamal M. R. , Chan P. K. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The effect of low steady shear rates on the phase diagram and phase-separated morphology of liquid crystalline polymer (LCP)/polycarbonate (PC) blends was studied. Experiments were carried out with polarized light microscopy in conjunction with a shear stage for directly monitoring the phase separation behavior of the blends. Phase separation temperatures under shear flow were lower than those observed under quiescent conditions. Consequently, the phase diagram of the blend was shifted to a lower position, relative to the phase diagram obtained under quiescent conditions. The temporal morphological development of phase separation in the blends was also affected by the shear. Phase-separated structures were monitored, with and without shear, in blends containing 50 wt.% LCP. Results showed that the speed and amount of phase separation increased when shear was applied. The results indicate that these blends undergo shear-enhanced phase separation at low steady shear rates.
Translation and validation of brief patient health questionnaire against DSM IV as a tool to diagnose major depressive disorder in Indian patients
Authors: Kochhar PH , Rajadhyaksha SS , Suvarna VR 
Published: February 2009

Context:
Depression is frequently encountered in the primary care setting but is often unrecognized and hence untreated. There is a need for a uniform user-friendly screening instrument for depression for primary healthcare personnel in India.

Aims:
Translation and validation of the brief patient health questionnaire (BPHQ) as a screening tool for depression in major Indian languages.

Materials and Methods:
This was a prospective study conducted at 18 sites, in psychiatric and general clinics. The English version of the BPHQ was translated into 11 Indian languages. The translations were reviewed by experts and volunteers and proofread for the final translated BPHQ. The validation exercise included more than 3000 subjects. A psychiatrist and a psychiatry social worker / coordinator conducted the study under the supervision of the principal investigator. For each language, the presence or absence of major depressive disorder (MDD) as diagnosed with the help of a patient-completed BPHQ and the psychiatrist DSM-IV diagnosis was matched. The kappa coefficient was used as a measure of inter-observer agreement between the two diagnostic methods.

Results:
Seven languages failed the primary validation exercise. These translations were reviewed and the updated versions, after proofreading were re-run for validation. The self-administered BPHQ was successfully translated and validated for diagnosis of MDD against DSM-IV diagnosis made by a psychiatrist, in English, Hindi, Marathi, Oriya, Malayalam, Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali and Tamil.

Conclusions:
BPHQ is a simple, quick and reliable instrument, which facilitates rapid and accurate diagnosis of depression in the primary care setting in our country.
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody is not useful to differentiate between Crohn′s disease and intestinal tuberculosis in India
Authors: Ghoshal UC , Ghoshal U , Singh H , Tiwari S 
Published: February 2009

Context:
Clinical, endoscopic, radiological and histological parameters of intestinal tuberculosis (IT) and Crohn's disease (CD) are so similar that differentiation between these two diseases, which require different treatment, is difficult. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA), which is often present in the sera of patients with CD, may be potentially useful to differentiate CD from IT.

Aim:
To evaluate the role of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test for ASCA in serum in differentiating CD from intestinal tuberculosis.

Settings and Design:
Prospective case-control study. Materials and Methods: Sixteen patients with IT, 16 CD, 36 UC diagnosed using standard parameters and 12 controls (11 healthy subjects and one with colonic carcinoma) were tested for IgG ASCA in serum.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Categorical variables were analyzed using Chi-square test with Yates' correction, as applicable. Continuous variables were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test.

Results:
Eight of 16 (50%) patients with IT, 10 of 16 with CD (62%), nine of 35 with UC (26%) and one of 12 controls tested positive for ASCA in serum. Though the frequency of ASCA in serum was comparable among patients with IT and CD (8/16 vs. 10/16, P = ns), IT and UC (8/16 vs. 9/35, P =ns), CD and UC (10/16 vs. 9/35, P =ns), its frequency in CD or IT but not in UC was higher than healthy controls (P < 0.01).

Conclusions:
Serum ASCA is unlikely to be useful to differentiate between CD and IT in India.
Sedation in patients above 60 years of age undergoing urological surgery under spinal anesthesia
Authors: Yaddanapudi S , Batra Y K , Balagopal A , Nagdeve NG 
Published: February 2009

Context:
Propofol and midazolam are commonly used sedatives during regional anesthesia in adults. Smaller doses of these drugs are required in older age due to altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

Aims:
To study the sedation, side-effects and the costs involved with smaller doses of propofol and midazolam in patients aged above 60 years during spinal anesthesia.

Settings and Design:
A randomized single-blind study was conducted in 60 ASA I-II patients aged ≥60 years undergoing urological surgery under spinal anesthesia.

Materials and Methods:
Sedation was administered after spinal anesthesia using propofol (bolus 0.4 mg/kg-1; infusion 3 mg/kg/hr) or midazolam (bolus 0.02 mg/kg; infusion 0.06 mg.kg-1/h-1) and titrated to achieve a sedation score of 3 on the modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale. Perioperative sedation, hemodynamics and respiratory events were monitored.

Statistical Analysis:
The analysis for parametric data was done using Student's unpaired t test and the incidence data using Chi-square test.

Results:
The onset (13.0±4.2 vs. 18.8±4.2 min, P <0.001) and offset (8.9±2.8 vs. 12.5±3.5 min, P <0.001) of sedation were faster and the duration of adequate sedation longer (44.7±12.5 vs. 29.8±12.9% of total infusion time, P <0.001) with propofol than midazolam. More patients receiving propofol compared to midazolam had hypotension (16 [50%] vs.4 [14.3%], P= 0.003). Airway obstruction occurred frequently in both the groups. Sedation was significantly more expensive with propofol than midazolam (US$ 9.83 ± 2.80 vs. US$ 0.33 ± 0.06, P <0.001).

Conclusions:
Propofol provided better titration and adequacy of sedation than midazolam in patients above 60 years of age, but caused hypotension. Lighter sedation is recommended in this age group.
Recombination‐Limited Photocurrents in Low Bandgap Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells
Authors: Lenes Martijn , Morana Mauro , Brabec Christoph J. , Blom Paul W. M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe charge transport and photogeneration in solar cells based on the low bandgap‐conjugated polymer, poly[2,6‐(4,4‐bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b; 3,4‐b′]dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) and fullerenes is studied. The efficiency of the solar cells is limited by a relatively low fill factor, which contradicts the observed good and balanced charge transport in these blends. Intensity dependent measurements display a recombination limited photocurrent, characterized by a square root dependence on effective applied voltage, a linear dependence on light intensity and a constant saturation voltage. Numerical simulations show that the origin of the recombination limited photocurrent stems from the short lifetime of the bound electron‐hole pairs at the donor/acceptor interface.
The Enantioselective Addition of Alkyne Nucleophiles to Carbonyl Groups
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Weiss Andrew H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageOver the past decade, large strides have been achieved in the invention of methods for the direct enantioselective addition of alkynes and metal alkynylide nucleophiles into prochiral aldehydes, ketones, and imines. This review highlights and compares the available methods for these transformations.
An unusual presentation of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome vascular type with deep vein thrombosis: A case for multidisciplinary management
Authors: Lipinski Michael J. , Lipinski Shawn E. , Kripalani Sanjay , Friesen Lindsay D. , Uthlaut Brian S. , Braddock Stephen R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEhlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) vascular type typically presents with significant vascular complications such as rupture of blood vessels, gravid uterus, or intestinal perforation. We report on a 24‐year‐old female that presents with deep vein thrombosis found to be due to compression by a large posterior tibial artery pseudoaneurysm which ultimately leads to the patient's diagnosis. This case highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving vascular surgery, internal medicine, genetics, and other health care providers for patients with vascular type EDS. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controllable Peptide–Dendron Self‐Assembly: Interconversion of Nanotubes and Fibrillar Nanostructures
Authors: Shao Hui , Parquette Jon R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAufrollbar: Ein Peptid‐Dendron‐Hybrid (PDH) kann selbstorganisiert entweder lösliche Nanoröhren oder amyloidartige Fasernetzwerke bilden. Die Strukturen wandeln sich ineinander um, wenn die Salzkonzentration oder der pH‐Wert verändert wird. An den hydrophoben Grenzflächen lagern sich in Wasser effizient hydrophobe Moleküle an, die durch Senkung des pH‐Werts freigesetzt werden können.magnified image
Ruthenium Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotubes as Efficient Catalysts for Selective Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Diesel Fuel
Authors: Kang Jincan , Zhang Shuli , Zhang Qinghong , Wang Ye 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDiesel erwünscht? Das Titelsystem ist ein hochselektiver Fischer‐Tropsch‐Katalysator für die Erzeugung von C10‐ bis C20‐Kohlenwasserstoffen (Dieseltreibstoff). Die Selektivität für diese Kettenlängen hängt stark von der Größe der Ru‐Nanopartikel ab. Nanopartikel mit Größen um 7 nm zeigen die höchste Selektivität (ca. 65 %) bei außerdem hohen CO‐Umsatzfrequenzen.magnified image
Polysaccharide‐block‐polypeptide Copolymer Vesicles: Towards Synthetic Viral Capsids
Authors: Schatz Christophe , Louguet Stéphanie , Le Meins Jean‐François , Lecommandoux Sébastien 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNatürliche Eingebung: Amphiphile Polysaccharid‐block‐Polypeptid‐Copolymere wurden durch Klick‐Reaktion zwischen Alkin‐funktionalisiertem Dextran und Azid‐funktionalisiertem Poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamat) synthetisiert. Die Copolymere können sich zu kleinen Vesikeln anordnen (siehe Bild), wodurch eine neue Generation von Wirkstoff‐ und Gentransportsystemen mit Virus‐ähnlichen Strukturen in Aussicht steht.magnified image
Controllable Peptide–Dendron Self‐Assembly: Interconversion of Nanotubes and Fibrillar Nanostructures
Authors: Shao Hui , Parquette Jon R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRoll up: A peptide–dendron hybrid (PDH) is capable of self‐assembling into either a soluble nanotube or an amyloid‐like fibrillar network. The structures interconvert on adjusting the salt concentration or pH value. Their hydrophobic interfaces efficiently encapsulate hydrophobic molecules in water which can then be released by lowering the pH value.magnified image
[2,6‐(Trip)2H3C6 ](Cp*)Si: A Stable Monomeric Arylsilicon(II) Compound
Authors: Jutzi Peter , Leszczyńska Kinga , Neumann Beate , Schoeller Wolfgang W. , Stammler Hans‐Georg 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSi takes a rest: A bulky σ‐bound terphenyl substituent and a π‐bound Cp* ligand enable the isolation and full characterization of the first aryl‐substituted, monomeric silicon(II) compound 1, which can be regarded as the “resting state” of a true silylene containing a σ‐bound Cp* group. The conformation of the aryl group prevents aryl–Si π back‐bonding.magnified image
Total Synthesis and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of (+)‐Omaezakianol
Authors: Morimoto Yoshiki , Okita Tatsuya , Kambara Hitomi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe proof of the pudding: The first asymmetric total synthesis of the marine tetracyclic oxasqualenoid (+)‐omaezakianol features a convergent olefin cross‐metathesis between a monotetrahydrofuran fragment and a triepoxy alkene, and cascade oxacyclizations of a triepoxy alcohol to form the right‐hand three ether rings. The total synthesis proved the absolute configuration of (+)‐omaezakianol to be that shown.magnified image
Polysaccharide‐block‐polypeptide Copolymer Vesicles: Towards Synthetic Viral Capsids
Authors: Schatz Christophe , Louguet Stéphanie , Le Meins Jean‐François , Lecommandoux Sébastien 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNatural inspiration: Amphiphilic polysaccharide‐block‐polypeptide copolymers were synthesized by click chemistry from dextran end‐functionalized with an alkyne group and poly(γ‐benzyl L‐glutamate) end‐functionalized with an azide group. The ability of these copolymers to self‐assemble into small vesicles (see picture) suggests the possibility of a new generation of drug‐ and gene‐delivery systems whose structure mimics that of viruses.magnified image
Catalytic Cycloisomerization of 1,5‐Enynes to 1,3‐Cyclohexadienes via Ruthenium Vinylidene Intermediates
Authors: Fukamizu Koji , Miyake Yoshihiro , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAnother way to dienes: The ruthenium‐catalyzed 6‐endo‐cycloisomerization of 1,5‐enynes gives the corresponding 1,3‐cyclohexadienes in high to excellent yields. This novel synthetic and catalytic method constitutes another way to selectively prepare 1,3‐cyclohexadienes, this cyclic diene skeleton being a core subunit in many natural products and a useful building block for a variety of organic transformations.magnified image
Modification of cellulose acetate fabric with cyclodextrin to improve its dyeability
Authors: Raslan W. M. , El‐Aref A. T. , Bendak A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCellulose acetate fibers are usually dyed with disperse dyes in the presence of various additives to ensure coloration leveling. The possibilities of formation of complexes between disperse dye molecules and cyclodextrin (CD) can be of beneficial use. In this respect, the modification of the fiber with CD, then subjecting it to dyeing with disperse dye was performed on the basis of host/guest system as an alternative to overcome the low solubility of disperse dyes in water. The additives of the dyeing bath can be eliminated. The attained color intensities as well as the fastness properties are enhanced upon using CD. The depth of the dye inside the fiber structure is highly enhanced, while the thermal properties such as the glass transition temperature, crystallinity temperature, and melting temperature remain nearly constant. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of novel polyglycerol hydrogels containing L‐lactic acid groups as pendant acidic substituents: pH‐Responsive polyglycerol‐based hydrogels
Authors: Yang Xiaogang , Liu Lijian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNovel pH‐responsive polyglycerol (PG)‐based hydrogels were successfully synthesized through the reaction of epichlorohydrin with L‐lactic acid (LLA) in the presence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a phase transfer catalyst at room temperature, followed by hydrolysis, polymerization, and crosslinking reactions. The resultant gel was characterized by carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared measurement, and it was found that incorporated LLA was bound to PG network as a pendant acidic substituent by the hydroxyl group of LLA (PGL gel). The PGL hydrogels with different LLA contents and equilibrium swelling ratios (ESRs) were prepared by changing the feed ratios of materials. The results determined by chemical titration showed that under the applied conditions the efficiency of introducing the carboxyl group into PG network was about 86% and the amount of LLA in the hydrogel reached to about 17 wt %. The swelling behavior of the hydrogels in different environmental mediums was investigated, and the results showed that the hydrogels are pH‐, ionic strength‐, and cationic charge‐responsive. The hydrogels also have the reversible swelling/deswelling properties. These pH‐responsive PG‐based hydrogels will have potential applications in biomedical and related areas. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Characteristic role of crosslinker on thermally induced volumetric contraction–expansion processes in poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) networks and water systems
Authors: Tokuhiro Tadashi , Tokuhiro Akira T. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this work, the degree of crosslinking on the volumetric contraction–expansion processes of hydrogels made of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (NIPA) (initial amount: Cm) with varied amount (z) of crosslinking agent methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (BIS) in reference to most commonly used NIPA gel that was synthesized with Cm = 700 mM and z = 8.6 mM was investigated by applying our recently developed pycnometry. We focused on characteristic role of four polymeric NIPA residues directly bonded to a single BIS molecule by evaluating the total volume of gels per four NIPA residues directly bonded to a BIS molecule, plus associated water [νsp(gel)(NIPA)bonded)(T)], and the corresponding number of water molecules per four NIPA residues [Ns(gel)(NIPA)bonded)(T)]. We elucidated how these quantities characteristically contribute to changes in the volumetric contraction–expansion processes of hydrogels. A comparison of these quantities with the corresponding quantities for (NIPA)unbonded residues clearly revealed a significant structural difference between (NIPA)bonded and (NIPA)unbonded. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009