bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A psychological test battery to detect prison inmates who fake insanity or mental retardation
Authors: Schretlen David , Arkowitz Hal 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA contrasted groups design was used to investigate the accuracy with which a test battery could detect persons faking mental disorder. The MMPI and Bender Gestalt were used in combination with a Malingering Scale that was developed for initial validation. One hundred adult males comprised five groups of 20 subjects each. Noncriminal psychiatric inpatients and mental retardates were compared with prison inmates who were given a financial incentive to successfully fake ‘insanity’ or mental retardation, and with inmate controls. Based on discriminant analyses, 92 to 95% of subjects were correctly classified as either faking or not faking. Although cross‐validation is needed, this study reduced many of the analog factors which have comprised the generalizability of previous findings.
Detection of dissimulation with the new generation of objective personality measures
Authors: Bagby R. Michael , Gillis J. Roy , Dickens Susan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the effectiveness of two recently developed measures of psychopathology—the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial (Inventory‐II) (MCMI‐II) in detecting dissimulation (i.e., faking good and faking bad). Both personality measures have developed special ‘validity scales’ to discern dissimulating responses. Ninety‐one undergraduate students completed the two personality scales under one of three instructional sets: fake good, fake bad, and honest. In general, the results indicated that both scales were effective in distinguishing the groups from one another. The MCMI‐II was better at detecting fake bad responding, while the BPI appeared to be more effective in detecting fake good responding. These differences in identifying fake good and fake bad response styles can be attributed to the method in which the scales were constructed.
Who's to blame: Attributions regarding causality in spouse abuse
Authors: Overholser James C. , Moll Sara H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSpouse abuse is examined from the perspective of attribution theory. Aggressors are seen as attributing their violent behavior to external causes, whether by projecting their negative traits onto their spouses or by finding excuses which blame temporary environmental factors. In contrast, victims often attribute the abuse to defects within themselves or situational factors affecting their spouses. The attribution process seems affected by the frequency, intensity and duration of the abuse, with temporal factors playing an important role in the woman's internalizing style. Furthermore, inadequate early coping efforts play a powerful role in establishing cognitive‐perceptual patterns that serve to perpetuate the abuse.
Social psychology, ‘marital rape exemptions’, and privacy
Authors: Small Mark A. , Tetreault Pat A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA 50‐state statutory search revealed that variations exist in marital rape exemptions throughout the United States. States handle the question of marital rape in one of three ways: (1) by abolishing the exemption for husbands; (2) by qualifying the exemption; or (3) by allowing the exemption. Although marital rape is a topic that has been largely ignored by social psychology, it is an area ripe for psycho‐legal analysis. Possible relationships between social psychology, marital rape exemptions, and privacy are discussed against a background of a psychological jurisprudence.
Training and credentialing in forensic psychology
Authors: Otto Randy K. , Heilbrun Kirk , Grisso Thomas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe number of training programs in forensic psychology has grown considerably in the past 15 years. Numerous opportunities exist for individuals interested in pursuing careers in the forensic area. Interdisciplinary training in several forms is discussed: J.D. ‐Ph.D. Programs, specialist Ph.D. Programs, predoctoral internships, and postdoctoral fellowships. Continuing professional education, credentialing, and board certification in forensic psychology are also addressed. Despite the face validity of these various types of training and credentialing, little is known about their relative utilities.
Training in law and behavioral sciences: Issues from the criminal justice perspective
Authors: Wallace Donald H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInterdisciplinary training in behavioral sciences and the law should be appropriate for a criminal justice education program. However, adopting such an interdisciplinary goal is problematic because the divisions in the types of educational curricula need to be confronted. The relationships of the criminal justice academic community with the profession, and of the behavioral sciences with present criminal justice policies, must also be addressed in the attempt to develop familiarity with behavioral sciences and their legal relevance in shaping the criminal justice system. These factors may hinder extensive implementation of such training. Suggestions are made for incorporating this raining in a criminal justice curriculum.
Training and careers in law and psychology: The perspective of students and graduates of dual degree programs
Authors: Hafemeister Thomas L. , Ogloff James R. P. , Small Mark A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOver the last 15 years, commentators have discussed the relative merit—or lack of merit—of J.D.‐Ph.D. training programs in law and psychology. Missing from the discussion, however, are the views of those who have enrolled in and completed dual degree programs. The authors, graduates of a law‐psychology training program, provide both empirical data and their own views concerning the merit of joint degree training in law and psychology. As part of an effort to generate testable hypotheses regarding dual degree programs, the authors conclude that J.D.‐Ph.D. training in law and psychology provides unique insights, skills and opportunities which may be unequalled by other approaches to training in the area.
Medicolegal stress at work
Authors: Bale Anthony 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConnections between work, stress, and emotional distress have become the object of extensive litigation in the workers' compensation system and other legal forums. This article examines some of this activity from the perspective of medicolegal sociology. It explores five forums in which discussion of these connections takes place‐every day life, science, within organizations, adjudicatory inquiries, public policy‐and the moral stress discourse that helps bind these discussions together. Particular attention is paid to stress litigation stemming from investigations into violations of the law, principdy police work. Workers' compensation stress claims are viewed as part of an extensive societal medicolegal inquiry into the emotional underlife of work organizations.
Investigations of child abuse/neglect allegations in religious cults: A case study in Vermont
Authors: Malcarne Vanessa L. , Burchard John D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractState investigations into allegations of child abuse and/or neglect are made particularly difficult when the adults involved refuse to cooperate with the investigation. Attempts by state agencies to investigate allegations of child abus/neglect made against noncooperative religious cults have proved particularly challenging, since the nature of these groups makes identification of and access to child and adult members problematic. Such cases prove especially difficult when religious beliefs held by cult members justify and even endorse physical discipline of children that many states would define as abusive. An illustration of these problems is provided by an in‐depth description of a recent case in which state officials in Vermont attempted to investigate child abuse allegations against members of a religious cult. Social policy issues are discussed, and suggested statutory revisions are presented.
A critical evaluation of coercive persuasion as used in the assessment of cults
Authors: Young John L. , Griffith Ezra E. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn intense controversy regarding new and unpopular religious movements, or cults, continues to involve professionals at the juncture of psychiatry, religion, and the law. As the cults come under increasingly critical scrutiny, the concept most often used for assessing them is that of coercive persuasion. Briefly, such persuasion is seen as a means of psychological manipulation that leaves individuals without the normal control of their own minds. Considering recent pertinent cases and literature, the authors find major weaknesses in this theory. When applied it proves elastic, and it is regularly identified in cults for conduct that, on close examination, is similar to that of established religious groups. The concept of coercive persuasion as a means of thought control fails to pass scientific muster, and it serves poorly as a means of evaluating the connection between alleged harm and the cults. Instead, the authors suggest that a search for an alternative theory might well begin with one based on the individual as competent or not to make a choice regarding religion.
Race, fairness, and jury selection
Authors: Golash Deirdre 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Supreme Court in recent years has made efforts to change the demographic composition of juries. These effects are in part explainable on the basis of fairness to prospective jurors; but the Court also suggests that the demographic composition of the jury is important to the fairness of the trial. In some respects fairness may be improved by a jury demographically close to the defendant, while in other respects it may be improved by a diverse jury or a jury representative of the community. These effects occur only if there are real differences among demographic groups; however, the existence of such differences precludes the simultaneous achievement of both types of effects. Further, random selection of jurors prevents the optimization of either set of effects. I conclude that recent changes in jury selection law do not improve the fairness of the trial process, but only the appearance of fairness.
Recipients' affective responses to affirmative action interventions: A cross‐cultural perspective
Authors: Arthur Winfred , Doverspike Dennis , Fuentes Rick 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study investigated whether individualism‐collectivism (cultural) differences would account for the observed relationship between ethnic group status and affective responses to and fairness perceptions of affirmative action interventions. Forty‐nine international (Latin America and East Asia), 116 minority, and 106 majority participants from a major southwestern university and its community provided fairness and affective response ratings to an affirmative action scenario. Implementation policy and qualification of the recipient were also manipulated. Though ethnicity was related to individualism‐collectivism, the latter did not explain any variance in affective response ratings. Minority and international participants reported more positive affect and higher agreement and fairness levels than did majority participants. Participants in the preferential treatment and equally qualified conditions had more favorable responses than those in the reverse‐discrimination and less qualified conditions.
The competence of criminal defendants: A theoretical reformulation
Authors: Bonnie Richard J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract“Competence” of criminal defendants is best viewed not as an open‐textured single construct but rather as two related but separable constructs‐a foundational concept of competence to assist counsel, and a contextualized concept of decisional competence. This approach has several advantages. First, it provides a useful explanatory framework for the settled features of existing law. Second, it helps to clarify the issues in areas where the law is unsettled or controversial, such as the circumstances under which incompetence bars adjudication and the abilities required for decisional competence. Third, it exposes the similarities between competencies in criminal defense and competencies in other legal contexts, and thereby helps to link what have been discrete literatures in both law and behavioral science. Fourth, because this approach is derived from a theoretical analysis of the purposes of the pertinent legal rules, it provides a framework for defining the “psycho‐legal abilities” that are encompassed by each of the two competence constructs. In this respect, a relatively simple reconceptualization has surprisingly concrete implications for designing a program of empirical research and, eventually, for improving the scientific basis of competence assessments in criminal cases.
Five‐year research update (1986‐1990): Evaluations for competence to stand trial
Authors: Grisso Thomas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article reviews and evaluates publications during 1986–1990 with relevance for assessments of competence to stand trial. The review focuses specifically on articles that provide new concepts or data supported by research or case studies. The studies are reviewed under the following headings; (a) the systemic context of competence to stand trial (CST) evaluations, (b) conceptual definitions of competence and models for CST assessment, (c) research on CST assessment methods, (d) characteristics of incompetent defendants, (e) interpretation of CST evaluation data, (f) issues in CST assessment of special populations, and (g) treatment to restore competence. Suggestions are offered for further research to advance the quality of clinical evaluations for competence to stand trial.
Recovered memories of alleged sexual abuse: Lawsuits against parents
Authors: Wakefield Hollida , Underwager Ralph 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecently there has been increased civil litigation by adults suing parents and others for sexual abuse following the recovering of memories of the abuse through therapy. The memories are recovered with the help of therapists who use concepts such as repression and dissociation to account for the lack of memories and who then use techniques such as hypnosis and survivors' groups. However, the claims of repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse recovered in the course of therapy are unlikely to be supported by empirical data.
Therapeutic jurisprudence and changing conceptions of legal scholarship
Authors: Wexler David B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article traces changes in the nature of legal scholarship and illustrates how therapeutic jurisprudence reflects changing conceptions of the law and legal scholarship. It argues that therapeutic jurisprudence may be regarded as a mental health law counterpart to „New Public Law,”︁ and shows that questions asked by therapeutic jurisprudence scholars parallel closely those asked by public law scholars.
Sanism, social science, and the development of mental disability law jurisprudence
Authors: Perlin Michael L. , Dorfman Deborah A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article examines the way that „sanist”︁ attitudes (attitudes driven by the same kind of irrational, unconscious and bias–driven stereotypes exhibited in racist and sexist decisionmaking) lead to „pretextual”︁ decisions (in which dishonest testimony is either explicitly or implicitly accepted) in mental disability law jurisprudence. In conjunction with these sanist ends, social science data is teleologically employed by legal decisionmakers, so that it is privileged when it supports a conclusion that the fact‐finder wishes to reach but subordinated when it questions such a conclusion. The article examines recent Supreme Court cases in an effort to determine the extent of domination of such sanist behavior, and concludes by offering several prescriptions to scholars and policymakers so as to best avoid sanism's pernicious power.
The autonomy–community balance and the equity–law distinction: Anarchy's task for psychological jurisprudence
Authors: Fox Dennis R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAnarchist political theory holds that efforts to achieve an optimal balance between individual autonomy and psychological sense of community are often hindered rather than helped by institutionalized legal principles and practices. Despite law's dominance, echoes of earlier forms of social organization more in keeping with optimal well‐being may be identified in legal doctrine related to such topics as the distinction between law and equity, jury nullification, and the Ninth Amendment, all of which have been subject to much criticism. Adherents of psychological jurisprudence concerned with the subjective experience of law and with social justice should take seriously the anarchist position that radical social change is needed to help society progress in a direction more suited to basic human needs and values.
The lifestyle criminality screening form and antisocial personality disorder: Predicting release outcome in a state prison sample
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Chlumsky Michael L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF) was compared with a clinical diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder for the purposes of determining the relative efficiency of each measure in predicting the release outcome of 100 medium security New Mexico state prisoners. An 18‐month follow‐up revealed that high LCSF scores (total score ≦ 10) and clinical diagnoses of Antisocial Personality Disorder effectively identified inmates who were eventually reincarcerated for a parole violation or new offense. However, because substantial overlap occurred between these two predictors (kappa =.58) partial correlations were calculated and revealed that only the LCSF displayed a robust relationship with release outcome independent of the other predictor measure.
Definitions of physical abuse: A preliminary inquiry into children's perceptions
Authors: Cruise Keith R. , Jacobs Janis E. , Lyons Phillip M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResearch and policy‐makers have frequently called for operational definitions of child abuse, however neither group has considered including children's perceptions of what constitutes abuse. The purpose of this study was to expand the discussion on definitions of child abuse by examining children's perceptions of physical abuse. This was done by collecting data to begin to document abused children's ratings of the seriousness of various abusive acts and to begin to examine gender and age differences in children's perceptions. The data revealed significant differences in children's perceptions of the seriousness of specific acts of abuse and a significant interaction between age and type of abuse. Although young children generally produced lower seriousness ratings than older children, their ratings were significantly lower on only a few types of abuse. When children's ratings were compared to similar ratings reported in earlier studies of adolescents, community members, and mental health professionals, the children in this study rated the abusive acts as less serious than the adolescents or community members, but very similar to the professionals who work in the area of child abuse and neglect. Although this must be considered a preliminary investigation, the potential implications for various legal and social contexts are discussed.
Child abuse and neglect reporting laws: Understanding interests, understanding policy
Authors: Brooks Catherine M. , Perry Nancy W. , Starr Stephen D. , Teply Larry L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article focuses on the interests of the persons involved in the child abuse and neglect reporting process—(1) the child, the accused, and the family members of the child and of the accused; (2) physicians, psychologists, therapists, private agency and hospital social workers, educators, and other professionals; (3) law enforcement officers, state social service workers, lawyers, and judges; and (4) legislators. With this focus, the article illuminates the rationales and explicit and implicit policy choices reflected in the legislation's reporting requirements and processes. Such insight is necessary to a critical review of existing legislation and future improvements in the practical operation of reporting law legislation. This article demonstrates that the interaction of these interests is complex and often creates competing concerns and goals. This article concludes that efforts should be made to better harmonize these interests in future legislation.
Serious mental illness and capitation financing
Authors: Reed Sylvia K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTraditional organization and financing of mental health care has not adequately served the needs of persons with serious mental illness. Capitation financing is being tested in several localities, but little experimental data has been yielded to date, and it is mixed. The results from the Rochester experiment were positive but limited, and some other pilots also reported positive experiences with capitation. Others have ended prematurely or confronted obstacles. Experimental findings are also anticipated from the Philadelphia and California pilots, and others are just beginning. Existing financing mechanisms, cost‐shifting efforts, and professional cultures represent powerful obstacles to successfully implementing capitation financing for care of persons with long‐term mental illnesses, and potential incentives to underserve enrollees require adequate accountability structures. In spite of obstacles, the goodness of fit between the needs of persons with serious mental illness and capitation flexibility warrant further exploration of this financing modality.
One face of the devil: The satanic ritual abuse moral crusade and the law
Authors: deYoung Mary 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe last decade has witnessed the spread across the country of allegations of satanic ritual abuse of children. The allegations are so horrific that a moral crusade comprised largely of psychotherapists, survivors, religious fundamentalists, and law enforcement professionals has risen up in response to them. This paper dissects the claim of the moral crusade that satanic ritual abuse of children is an exigent social problem, analyzes the empirical content of the behavioral science that has grown around this claim, and reveals the symbolic content of the claim. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact this moral crusade is having on the law.
Repressed memory lawsuits: Potential verdict predictors
Authors: Schutte James W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis research examined the relationship between verdict and juror sex, ethnicity, religiosity and authoritarianism, and case type in lawsuits involving repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse. Subjects (N = 251) read excerpts from one of two hypothetical lawsuits (one involving claims of incest or one involving accusations of satanic ritual abuse; SRA), rendered an individual verdict, and responded to demographic questionnaires and measures of religiosity and authoritarianism. It was predicted that jurors who were female, highly religious, high authoritarian, or Mexican‐American would be most likely to sympathize with the plaintiff, and that the SRA version would be less successful. Logit analysis yielded a main effect of sex on verdict and an interaction between sex, authoritarianism, and religiosity on verdict, both findings consistent with predictions. Hypotheses predicting main effects of ethnicity on verdict and case type on verdict did not find statistical support.