bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innocence, Information, and the Guilty Knowledge Test in the Detection of Deception
Authors: Bradley and M.T. , Warfield J.F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this detection of deception experiment was to study the assumption of the Guilty Knowledge Test that subjects with guilty knowledge will be classed as guilty by the test regardless of their actual guilt or innocence. Prior to a polygraph examination, three groups of innocent subjects were given the same crime‐relevant information as members of a group guilty of a mock crime. These innocent subjects either witnessed the crime, were told the crime details, or carried out innocent activities involving crime‐relevant information. An additional group of innocent subjects had no crime‐relevant information. Analysis of the Guilty Knowledge Test results showed that the detection scores of guilty subjects were higher than those in any of the innocent groups. In fact, with the exception of the innocent activities group, the innocent informed subjects did not differ from those in the uninformed group. The major conclusion is that subjects may have crime‐relevant information and not be classed, based on the detection scores, as guilty.
Self‐Regulated Facial Muscle Tension Effects on Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Silvia Elvia Suyapa M. , Raczynski James M. , Kleinstein Robert N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to examine the relationship between orbicularis muscle tension around the eyes and fluctuations in intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal subjects. Using a biofeedback paradigm, 20 male and female subjects were asked to increase and decrease their EMG activity from the orbicularis muscle while receiving EMG feedback. Subjects received 3 alternating blocks of trials in which they attempted to increase and decrease muscle tension while maintaining the eyes open. A fourth trial consisted of a forceful closure of the eyes during the increase period. IOP was measured every 60 s throughout the entire sequence, and electrodes placed above and below the eye recorded eyeblinks. Results suggest that IOP increases with increases in facial muscle tension in normal subjects, a finding which cannot be accounted for by changes in eyeblink frequency. These results imply that increases in IOP occur during periods of increased muscle tension around the eye and suggest that muscle tension levels should be examined among individuals who have abnormally high IOP levels.
Bilaterally Synchronous Ultradian EEG Rhythms In Awake Adult Humans
Authors: Manseau Claude , Broughton Roger J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe study documents the presence of ultradian 90‐min variations in the daytime EEG, Eight adult subjects were recorded in an isolation chamber for 8 hrs (0930‐1730). Referential frontal (F3 and F4) and parietal (P3 and P4) EEGs were obtained and frequency analyzed every 15 min for a duration of 100 s with eyes open. Behavioral and psychological data were also gathered. Spectral analyses showed the presence of significant 16 c/day (72‐120 min) rhythms at Kieitman's basic‐rest‐activity‐cycle (BRAC) rate in the overall EEG (4‐20 Hz) of each hemisphere. These electro‐cortical fluctuations were in phase between the two hemispheres. They peaked significantly only at the frontal sites. For individual EEG bandwidths, only right frontal theta showed a marked, though not statistically significant, ultradian rhythm at the 16 c/day frequency. Substantial 8 c/day peaks were also observed. Individual differences may have accounted for the observed variability of the intensity of this BRAC‐frequency rhythm. Subjects showing greater 90‐min rhythmicity in their EEG were in general less emotionally stable on the Eysenck neuroticism subscale and considered themselves as poorer sleepers. The present findings suggest that these 90‐min fluctuations may reflect periodic oscillations in the brainstem arousal system(s).
The Effects of Age on Human Event‐Related Potentials
Authors: Picton Terence W. , Stuss Donald T. , Champagne Sandra C. , Nelson Robert F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related brain potentials were recorded from 72 normal subjects aged 20‐79 yrs. The event‐related potential to a detected improbable signal contained a large late positive component or P3 wave. The latency of the P3 wave in the response to an auditory signal increased regularly with increasing age at a rate of 1.36 ms per year, and its amplitude decreased at a rate of 0.18 μV per year. Similar age‐related changes in the P3 wave occurred in the visual and somatosensory modalities. The change in the latency of the P3 wave occurred independently of any change in the reaction time, which showed no significant age‐related change. The latency of the P3 wave associated with the detection of an omitted auditory stimulus did not change significantly with age.
Individual Differences in the Cardiac Response to High Intensity Auditory Stimulation
Authors: Eves Frank F. , Gruzelier John H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA recently reported long latency cardiac acceleration to the initial presentation of a high intensity white noise stimulus was investigated further with pure tones. In three experiments (involving 128 subjects) marked individual differences in the secondary response were uncovered. Many subjects not showing acceleration exhibited a secondary deceleration. Subjects were categorised into Accelerators, Decelerators, and a non‐consistent‐change group on the basis of cardiac activity in a 17‐50 s poststimulus epoch. While both Accelerators and Decelerators exhibited short latency cardiac acceleration, it was of greater magnitude in the former. The long latency response is discussed with reference to a distinction between the defensive reflex and the fight/flight response. Discussion of the short latency response focuses on the startle reflex and the‘What's‐to‐be‐done?’component of the response to a novel stimulus.
Vigilance Performance and Autonomic Function in Narcolepsy: Effects of Central Stimulants
Authors: Levander Sten , Sachs Charlotte 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty female narcoleptic patients treated with central stimulants (CS) were studied during vigilance tests and psychophysiological recordings of autonomic functions, after 3 days off CS, and during CS treatment. Results were compared with healthy female subjects. Narcoleptics were lower in Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF), but did not differ in choice reaction time or continuous vernier visual acuity. CS improved CFF in the narcoleptic group. Narcoleptics had lower skin conductance (SC) level, but did not differ from normals in SC spontaneous fluctuations or heart rate. CS did not affect SC level or heart rate in the narcoleptic group, but counteracted the decrease in SC spontaneous fluctuations normally seen over a monotonous experimental session. CS reduced lowfrequency tremor and increased high‐frequency tremor in the narcoleptic group. Comparison with anxiety and psychosomatic patients was also performed.The results of the vigilance tests suggested a specific disturbance of time resolution of stimulus input in narcoleptics, not related to lowered arousal, but alleviated by CS. The psychophysiological findings suggested that narcoleptic patients have a lowered habitual arousal as well as a marked tendency to decreases in phasic arousal. Central stimulants appear to improve only the latter.
Cardiopulmonary Adjustments During Exercise and an Aversive Reaction Time Task: Effects of Beta‐Adrenoceptor Blockade
Authors: Langer Alan W. , McCubbin James A. , Stoney Catherine M. , Hutcheson J. Stanford , Charlton John D. , Obrist Paul A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to compare the cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic adjustments to a physical (bicycle exercise) and behavioral (aversive reaction time) stressor. A related aim was to assess the role of beta‐adrenergic mechanisms in mediating these physiological responses. Thirty‐four subjects were exposed to both stressors while oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, pulmonary ventilation, end‐tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as heart rate were calculated breath‐by‐breath. Fourteen of these subjects were pretreated with 4 mg (iv) of propranolol hydrochloride. The remaining 20 subjects (intact) were subdivided post‐hoc into the 10 most and 10 least reactive on the basis of their heart rate response to the reaction time task. The results indicate that for the intact group both exercise and the reaction time task produced significant increases in heart rate although the magnitude of the heart rate change was reliably greater during exercise. Beta‐adrenergic blockade partially diminished the tachycardia to exercise but entirely abolished the tachycardia to behavioral stress. Interestingly, the most and least reactive subjects did not exhibit differential heart rate acceleration during exercise despite a reliable difference during the reaction time task. Oxygen consumption significantly increased to predictable levels during exercise but failed to change during the reaction time task for both the most and least reactive groups. These results suggest that the tachycardia elicited by the reaction time task in reactive subjects was not associated with an appropriate increase in oxygen consumption, relative to exercise, and may therefore be indicative of systemic overperfusion.
Psychophysiological Response of Breast‐ and Bottle‐Feeding Mothers to Their Infants' Signals
Authors: Wiesenfeld Alan R. , Malatesta Carol Zander , Whitman Patricia B. , Granrose Cherlyn , Uili Robin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the relationship between infant feeding status and parity of mothers, and the psychophysiological and behavioral responses of mothers to their infants' emotional signals. Forty‐eight mothers (half breast‐feeders, half bottle‐feeders) viewed previously prepared videotaped segments of their infants' emotional expressions as heart rate, skin conductance responses, and facial expressions were monitored. Afterwards, mothers rated their subjective emotional responses to the scenes (self reports of happiness, sadness, anxiety, irritability, and helplessness) and their readiness to pick up the baby. Mothers completed an empathy measure and provided information about their choice of feeding mode and level of satisfaction with the feeding experience. The most important finding of the study was the evidence of strikingly different response patterns characterizing breast‐ and bottle‐feeding mothers across response measures. Skin conductance measures indicated that breast‐feeders may have been more relaxed under laboratory conditions than bottle‐feeders; breast‐feeders also showed a differential pattern of cardiac response to infant stimuli. On subjective measures of emotional response, the breast‐feeders were more inclined to want interaction with the infant and they also expressed greater satisfaction with the feeding experience. Response patterns were interpreted as suggesting differential physiology of the lactating mother as well as different prior personality factors operating on choice of feeding mode. A few sex of infant and maternal parity effects were observed. Empathy and facial expression measures did not differentiate feeding or parity groups.
The Standardized Mental Stress Test Protocol: Test‐Retest Reliability and Comparison with Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring
Authors: McKinney Mark E. , Miner Michael H. , Rüddel Heinz , McIlvain Helen E. , Witte Hermann , Buell James C. , Eliot Robert S. , Grant Lee B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe mental stress test protocol is used extensively in research, but different laboratories often employ different stress tasks, utilize different dependent variables to index the stress response, and perform different transformations on the gathered data. The present study determined the test‐retest reliability of 11 cardiovascular dependent variables during a resting baseline and three common stress tasks: playing a video game, performing a choice reaction‐time test, and performing a cold‐pressor test. Sixty healthy, middle‐aged males underwent testing twice, approximately three months apart. Instructions were delivered via videotape and data were gathered on‐line by computer to ensure a standard laboratory environment. Each task elicited significant increases in blood pressure, vascular rigidity, LVET, heart rate, and stroke volume. In addition, the cold‐pressor test led to increases in total systemic resistance and mean systolic ejection rate. The absolute levels of the 11 dependent variables were correlated across tasks (partialr, baseline removed, = .06 to .69, 32 of 33 comparisons significant atp<.05), indicating that reactivity to stress generalizes across alternate test forms. The absolute levels also showed significant test‐retest reliability (r= .32 to .82; 40 of 44 comparisons significant atp<.05). In addition, for 19 of 33 comparisons, absolute levels showed greater test‐retest reliability than change scores derived by subtracting the initial resting baseline value from the stress‐task value. Finally, blood pressures taken during the stress tests were more highly correlated with the average blood pressures measured via ambulatory monitoring than casual office pressures, suggesting that such stress values may more accurately reflect average blood pressure.
Association of Aerobic Fitness with Pulse Rate and Subjective Responses to Psychological Stress
Authors: Holmes David S. , Roth David L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTen high fit and 10 low fit subjects first sat quietly during a baseline period and then participated in a mildly stressful task (recall of digits backwards). Pulse rates and levels of subjective arousal were assessed during the baseline period and during the task performance period. Initial analyses indicated that task performance resulted in general increases in pulse rates, subjective cognitive arousal, and subjective somatic arousal. More importantly, it was found that high fit subjects evinced a smaller pulse rate increase in response to stress than did low fit subjects, but the high and low fit subjects did not differ in their subjective responses to stress. These results are consistent with a growing body of research which indicates that a high level of aerobic fitness is associated with reduced physiological reactivity to psychological stress.
Orienting, Habituation, and Short‐Term Memory
Authors: Siddle David A.T. , Kroese Biza Stenfert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments investigated the relationship between orienting activity and proactive inhibition in the Brown‐Peterson short‐term memory paradigm. In both experiments, different groups of 4 words were presented on each of 6 trials, and recall was tested on each trial following a rehearsal‐prevention period. Electrodermal activity was monitored throughout. The taxonomic category of words was the same throughout Experiment 1 (N = 96) for control groups, whereas for experimental groups, trial 5 consisted of words from a different category. In Experiment 2 (N = 96), taxonomic category was the same on all trials for all groups. However, intertrial intervals (ITIs) were either short or long, and for experimental groups, the trial 5–trial 6 ITI was either shortened or lengthened. The results of both experiments indicated that decline in recall performance across trials 1–5 was accompanied by a decrease in skin conductance response (SCR) magnitude. The change in taxonomic category in Experiment 1 produced both improved recall and increased SCR magnitude. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that both recall performance and SCR magnitude declined more slowly with long than with short ITIs. Moreover, an increase in ITI produced improved recall and increased SCR magnitude. However, although a decrease in ITI produced a decrement in recall performance, it had no effect on SCR magnitude. The results are discussed in terms of current theories of habituation and proactive inhibition in short‐term memory.
Auditory Discrimination and the Eyeblink
Authors: Bauer Lance O. , Strock Barbara D. , Goldstein Robert , Stern John A. , Walrath Larry C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis experiment evaluated the association between blinking and cognitive activities. Subjects received 200 and 400 ms tones (1 KHz) at fixed intervals in a duration discrimination paradigm. One group (“Task”) was instructed to respond to the stimuli on the basis of duration and another (“No‐Task”) was instructed to ignore the stimuli. Blink activity (latency, rate, duration) and performance (RT, hit and false alarm rates) measures were evaluated.A first analysis (Task subjects only) indicated that stimulus duration had significant effects on RT and blink latency; both were generally longer following the 400‐ms than the 200‐ms stimuli. In a second analysis, involving Task and No‐Task subjects, blink latencies were shorter in the Task group. Blink and eyelid closure durations increased over the task period in both analyses. These effects suggest that blinks occur when attentional processes wane.
A Comparison of the Telediagnostic and Medilog Systems for Recording Normal Sleep in the Home Environment
Authors: Sewitch Deborah E. , Kupfer David J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo home recording systems, the Telediagnostic (TDS) and the Medilog, were used to compare sleep in the home environment with recorded sleep from the laboratory environment in 24 normal subjects (ages 21–42). Each subject was recorded for 4 consecutive nights, 2 each in the home and laboratory environments, in a counterbalanced order. All recorded sleep was manually scored for sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep maintenance, sleep stage architecture, REM sleep latency, and REM sleep activity. Complete data on 10 subjects using the TDS (Experiment 1) and 10 subjects using the Medilog System (Experiment 2) were available for statistical analyses. There were no significant differences in any of the nine sleep parameters tested by recording environment or order of recording environments using the Telediagnostic or the Medilog systems. Comparing the sleep parameters recorded across experiments, subjects recorded with the TDS took longer to fall asleep in the home environment than those subjects recorded with the Medilog System. The TDS demonstrated a clear superiority over the Medilog System in its sleep monitoring feasibility and its practical and economic advantages for carrying out home sleep studies.
Parental History of Essential Hypertension, Active Coping, and Cardiovascular Reactivity
Authors: Ditto Blaine 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDifferences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress between individuals with and without a family history of essential hypertension (EH) may be affected by stimulus characteristics and/or individual differences in behavioral response. Twenty‐four male students with a parental history of EH and 24 without a parental history of EH participated in two laboratory sessions during which two “active’ (mental arithmetic and the Stroop word‐color interference test) stressors and one “non‐active’ (isometric hand‐grip) stressor were presented. Family history subjects exhibited greater systolic blood pressure responses than non‐family history subjects only to the two active stressors in Session 2, despite the fact that, overall, isometric hand‐grip elicited the largest responses. High‐performing Stroop subjects with a parental history of EH displayed greater heart rate responses to the task than high‐performing subjects without a parental history of EH in both sessions. No group differences appeared among poor performers. The degree to which a stressor encourages active coping behavior appears to be one determinant of differences in cardiovascular response between individuals with and without a family history of EH.
Napping versus Resting: Effects on Performance and Mood
Authors: Daiss Suzanne R. , Bertelson Amy D. , Benjamin Ludy T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the effects of napping and resting on mood and performance for nappers and nonnappers, 48 habitual nappers and 46 habitual nonnappers were randomly assigned to take a nap, to rest in bed without falling asleep, or to watch a neutral videotape (control group). Measurements were obtained from a 10‐min auditory reaction time task, a 10‐min addition task, and three self‐report mood measures 15 min before and after each condition. Subjects in the nap and rest conditions had electrodes attached for recording EEG, EOG, and EMG during the hour‐long treatments. Results showed that napping and resting served to improve mood regardless of whether a person habitually naps or not. Sleep itself may not be crucial in improving mood; what may be more important is the period of relaxation common to napping and resting in bed. Overall, performance measures were not affected by either napping or resting.
Small Pitch Separation and the Selective‐Attention Effect on the ERP
Authors: Alho Kimmo , Sams Mikko , Paavilainen Petri , Näätänen Risto 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn conditions demanding selective attention, the stimuli to be attended elicit an event‐related brain potential (ERP) component called the processing negativity (PN). However, some previous results might be interpreted as suggesting that even the stimuli to be ignored elicit some PN, at least if they physically resemble those to be attended. This “generalization’ of PN was studied by presenting three equiprobable tones differing in pitch in random order, one of the tones at a time being the target to be counted. The small pitch separation between the three tones was of different magnitude in different blocks. A PN was observed in the ERPs to the counted stimuli but was even elicited, though with a smaller amplitude, by the nontargets, at least by those which physically resembled the targets. The latter, “generalized’ PN was larger in amplitude with a smaller pitch separation between the nontarget and target stimulus. These results support the interpretation that PN reflects a cerebral matching process between the sensory input and a voluntarily maintained neuronal representation of the stimulus to be attended, the “attentional trace.’ Moreover, these results indicate rather high discrimination accuracy of this stimulus‐selection mechanism underlying PN.
Dreamed Speech and Speech Muscle Activity
Authors: Shimizu Akira , Inoue Tsuyoshi 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPolygraphic recordings were made in 20 normal adult female subjects and a total of 45 sleep records were obtained. Subjects were awakened in Stage REM or Stage 2 and, when they recalled dreaming, they were asked whether or not they had been speaking in their dreams. Polygraphic recordings enabled determination of the presence or absence of phasic EMG discharges in speech and nonspeech muscles (mimic muscle and extremity muscles) just prior to awakenings. Results were examined for correlation with presence or absence of speech recall by the subjects.When phasic discharges occurred in speech muscles during either Stage REM or Stage 2, recall of speech in dreams was prevalent, while such recall was not observed when discharges occurred in nonspeech muscles. Moreover, recall of speech in dreams was rarely observed when no muscle phasic discharges occurred.These results suggest that speech in dreams may be accompanied by phasic discharges of speech muscles.