bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On camelback: René Chudeau (1864–1921), Conrad Kilian (1898–1950), Albert Félix de Lapparent (1905–1975) and Théodore Monod (1902–2000), four French geological travellers cross the Sahara
Authors: Taquet Philippe 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
From 1920 to 1990, these brave geologists travelled through the Sahara from Mauritania to Libya and from Algeria to Niger. During these hikes across thousands of kilometres, often in very difficult conditions, they were able to trace the main features of the geology of these desert regions, they established stratigraphical sections of the main sedimentary provinces, discovered volcanic and eruptive complexes and drew geological maps of large areas.
Today, helicopters, four-wheel-drive vehicles, satellite observations and global positioning systems allow people to visit the most remote regions of the Sahara safely; however, geologists, naturalists and explorers like Chudeau, Kilian, De Lapparent, Monod made the most of their observations and discoveries thanks two essential auxiliaries: the camel and the goatskin bottle.
The portraits and the principal contributions to the geology of the Sahara of these four pioneers are presented here with maps of their itineraries.
The organized traveller: scientific instructions for geological travels in Italy and Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Authors: Vaccari E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The history of geological travels usually focuses on the study of individuals or groups of travellers, but it should also consider in detail some essential aspects of the meaning of geological travel, such as the beginnings of this particular kind of scientific travel, the emergence of a ‘conscious’ geological traveller, the concept of ‘field’ and fieldwork for a geologist and finally the first attempts to codify the style and the method of a geological travel. The aim of this paper is to look at possible answers to some of these questions by presenting a short outline, based on some significant examples in the historical development of a particular kind of scientific literature still little known and open to further investigation: the instructions for geological travellers, including writing by those people, generally scientists, who wanted to organize their experiences to instruct others on how to undertake geological observations methodically. From the early eighteenth century, these texts may be found within private diaries or official reports, in journals or periodicals, scholarly monographs or textbooks, and also as articles, pamphlets, booklets or even books on their own, especially in the late nineteenth century.
Naturalists from Neuchâtel: America and the dispersal of Agassiz's scientific factory
Authors: Silliman R. H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
When Louis Agassiz went to America in 1846, he took with him, or was soon joined by, a whole retinue of Swiss protègès and assistants who in the preceding decade had turned his scientific work into a corporate, collective enterprise. Among the new arrivals were E. Desor, A. Guyot, L. Lesquereux, C. Girard, and L. Pourtalès—a labour pool that enabled Agassiz to re-assemble the Neuchâtel ‘scientific factory’ on American shores. Indeed, some of the troop immediately went to work under Agassiz's supervision, plunging eagerly into the rich new fields of investigation that America afforded them. Although it was seemingly productive, by 1850 the group had dispersed.
Some of the Neuchâtel naturalists, urged on by the egalitarian politics of the day, lost patience with Agassiz's domineering ways and determined to strike out on their own, fashioning independent careers. Others, still loyal to Agassiz, left to establish themselves in regular posts. All of these young naturalists struggled to adapt to American culture and make a go of it. Although Agassiz himself was hospitably received and well provided for, his followers found that they were looked down upon because of their foreign manners, broken English, and idealized scientific pursuits that appeared lacking in usefulness to their practically-minded hosts. Nor did they have abundant prospects for earning a living, obliged as they were to compete with native-born Americans for the few full-time scientific positions then available.
Nevertheless, in the end they were remarkably successful. Lesquereux in palaeobotany and Guyot in physical geography reached the top in their fields in America. These two, along with Pourtalès, were honoured by election to the National Academy of Sciences. As for the others, Desor was launched on a productive career as a Quaternary geologist, when a family matter recalled him to Switzerland, and Girard was building an excellent reputation in ichthyology and herpetology, when he was obliged to return to Europe because of his support for the Confederacy in the Civil War. Working in geology and natural history, where broad experience and comparative observation paid dividends, the Swiss turned their European background into an advantage.
Investigating the colonies: native geological travellers in the Portuguese Empire in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries
Authors: de M. Figueirôa S. F. , Da Silva C. P. , Pataca E. M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The historiography of sciences in Brazil frequently analysed the role and the meaning of foreign—predominantly European—travellers in the country, stressing their discoveries and contributions to science. But these texts systematically omitted the ‘native’ travellers, those who were commissioned by the Portuguese government to survey the territories of the Portuguese empire, especially at the end of the eighteenth century. These expeditions, however, deserve careful attention: they were not sporadic nor dispersed initiatives, but rather co-ordinated, essential parts of a large program of scientific reform and economical reconstruction of the kingdom.
In the second half of the eighteenth century, the Portuguese elite drew upon Enlightenment ideals to reform sectors of the policy considered fundamental to economic growth. The Lisbon Royal Academy of Science (Academia Real de Ciências de Lisboa) was founded in 1779, and from the beginning turned into the focus of a far-reaching policy to promote the more rational exploitation of nature within Portugal and its colonies. The movement reflected a broad awareness of science, conceived as systematic, practical, and useful inquiry.

The academy developed plans to improve agriculture and mining through applied science, and the colonial territories were methodically investigated. The expeditions launched to attend these goals—sometimes entitled ‘
Viagens Philosophicas
’ (Philosophical Travels)—collected thousands of samples (geological, mineralogical, botanical, and zoological), mapped out thousands of linear and square metres of rivers and lands, and produced dozens of
Memoirs
, that filled the Museum of Ajuda and the shelves of the Royal Academy of Science.
Doing and knowing: Charles Darwin and other travellers
Authors: Herbert S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In the 1830s, geology was a young discipline in the process of acquiring uniform standards. This study considers Charles Darwin's work in relation to that of other more practically and less academically oriented travellers. It suggests a continuity exists between the more practically and the more academically-minded groups in such projects as exploring, mining, map and chart making, collecting of specimens, and travel writing. It also highlights the role played by William Fitton as an academically-minded geologist whose instructions on collecting and observing were intended to raise standards for geologists. It suggests that such disciplinary improvements were not unique to geology but reflected a more general willingness at the time to instruct and be instructed.
The quest for limestone in colonial New South Wales, 1788–1825
Authors: Mayer W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In the absence of people with scientific qualifications in the newly established colony of New South Wales, Australia, the search for essential commodities, such as limestone, became the task of a few educated laymen, which included military officers and surgeons. The first discovery of calcareous rocks was made in the colony's outpost at Norfolk Island, which was a boon to that settlement but of limited benefit to the larger establishment at Sydney. For many years the major supply of lime for building came from shells collected from beaches and Aboriginal middens. Attempts to cross the Blue Mountains, long unsuccessful, succeeded in 1813 and led to the discovery of significant deposits of limestone. They provided lime for the needs of inland towns but did not supply Sydney until after the introduction of improved quarrying methods, lime manufacture, and building of roads. The first geological observations in New South Wales were made by people with no formal knowledge of geology, who were motivated by the necessity to find basic materials essential to the success of their settlement. Their efforts provided a crude inventory of rock types, which was improved by contributions from occasional visitors with a scientific background.
Enhanced transduction of colonic cell lines in vitroand the inflamed colon in mice by viral vectors, derived from adeno-associated virus serotype 2, using virus-microbead conjugates bearing lectin
Authors: Farlow Samuel J , Jerusalmi Alan , Sano Takeshi 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Virus-mediated delivery of therapeutic transgenes to the inflamed colon holds a great potential to serve as an effective therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel disease, since local, long-term expression of the encoded therapeutic proteins in the colorectal system is potentially achievable. Viral vectors, derived from adeno-associated virus (AAV), should be very useful for such therapeutic strategies, particularly because they can establish long-term expression of transgenes. However, few studies have been carried out to investigate the ability of AAV-based vectors to transduce the inflamed colon.

Results
AAV, derived from adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2), showed a limited ability to transduce colonic cell lines in vitro when used in free form. No appreciable enhancement of the transduction efficiency was seen when AAV2 particles were attached stably to the surfaces of microbeads and delivered to target cells in the form of AAV2-microbead conjugates. However, the transduction efficiency of these colonic cell lines was enhanced substantially when a lectin, concanavalin A (Con A), was co-attached to the microbead surfaces, to which AAV2 particles had been conjugated. This considerable infectivity enhancement of AAV2-microbead conjugates by the co-attachment of Con A may be derived from the fact that Con A binds to α-D-mannosyl moieties that are commonly and abundantly present in cell-surface carbohydrate chains, allowing the conjugates to associate stably with target cells. Intracolonical administration of free AAV2 or AAV2-microbead conjugates without Con A into a mouse colitis model by enema showed very poor transduction of the colonic tissue. In contrast, the delivery of AAV2 in the form of AAV2-microbead conjugates bearing Con A resulted in efficient transduction of the inflamed colon.

Conclusion
AAV2-microbead conjugates bearing Con A can serve as efficient gene transfer agents both for poorly permissive colonic cell lines in vitro and for the inflamed colon in a mouse colitis model. This efficient transduction system for the inflamed colon should be useful for the development of gene therapy strategies for inflammatory bowel disease.
Biallelic Inactivation of the Dual Oxidase Maturation Factor 2 (DUOXA2) Gene as a Novel Cause of Congenital Hypothyroidism
Authors: Zamproni Ilaria , Grasberger Helmut , Cortinovis Francesca , Vigone Maria Cristina , Chiumello Giuseppe , Mora Stefano , Onigata Kazumichi , Fugazzola Laura , Refetoff Samuel , Persani Luca , Weber Giovanna 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Context: Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) is the catalytic core of the H2O2 generator crucial for the iodination of thyroglobulin in thyroid hormone synthesis. DUOX2 deficiency produces congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in humans and mice. We recently cloned a novel gene, the product of which (dual oxidase maturation factor 2; DUOXA2) is required to express DUOX2 enzymatic activity.
Objective: Our objective was to identify DUOXA2 mutations as a novel cause of CH due to dyshormonogenesis.
Patients: Subjects included 11 CH patients with partial iodine organification defect but negative for other known genetic causes of partial iodine organification defect.
Results: One Chinese patient born to nonconsanguineous parents was homozygous for a nonsense mutation (p.Y246X), producing a truncated DUOXA2 protein lacking transmembrane helix 5 and the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. The mutant protein was inactive in reconstituting DUOX2 in vitro. Pedigree analysis demonstrated recessive inheritance, because heterozygous carriers had normal thyroid function including negative results in neonatal TSH screening. One heterozygous carrier of Y246X was identified in unrelated Chinese controls (n = 92) but not in Caucasian or Japanese controls, indicating that homozygosity for Y246X could be a frequent cause of CH in Chinese. Functional studies suggest that the DUOXA2 paralog (DUOXA1) can partially compensate DUOXA2 deficiency, consistent with the proband having a milder CH phenotype than patients with biallelic DUOX2 nonsense mutations.
Conclusions: We report the first mutation in DUOXA2, identified in a patient with CH and dyshormonogenic goiter. Results of our studies provide evidence for the critical role of DUOXA2 in thyroid hormonogenesis. Biallelic DUOXA2 mutations are a novel genetic event in permanent CH.
Walter Benjamin: Time and Justice
Authors: Noor Ashraf 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
I Kinds of Time
The following remarks concern the question of time in Walter Benjamin's thought on ethics and justice. This theme is intimately connected to his attempt to locate the idea of human action beyond the confines of the subject conceived as the underlying instance to which the will is attributed. His thought in this area is exploratory. In Benjamin's discussions and correspondence with Gershom Scholem, he experiments with ideas deriving from Jewish thought in order to create a locus for his understanding of the ways in which the human being is inserted into the order of justice. It is not prejudicial to the seriousness of this attempt if one notes that this is also partly what was at work in Benjamin's relation to the ideas espoused by Brecht and Adorno. Yet it is above all in the thought broached in the discussions and correspondence with Scholem, in the years preceding the publication of the article “Zur Kritik der Gewalt” in 1921, that Benjamin takes the major steps in his meditation on justice as an order of being. In his essays “Zwei Gedichte von Friedrich Hölderlin” and “Über die Sprache des Menschen und über Sprache überhaupt” of 1914 and 1916 respectively, Benjamin works out the main features of the displacement of the centre of the literary work of art and of language from the subject to the world, to essences, and, in the latter case, to God. In fragments and essays following these first major formulations of his thought, he develops the views on justice that were to find a radical expression in his text “Zur Kritik der Gewalt”. It is not fortuitous that in one of these fragments, “Zur Bedeutung der Zeit in der moralischen Welt”, which probably dates from 1920/21, he employs the image of the storm to evoke the working of God's forgiveness in history. The image was to return in an enigmatic passage in the ninth of his “Geschichtsphilosophische Thesen” of 1940.
„Eine Karikatur der Theorie“. Zur neueren Adorno-Biographik
Authors: von Wussow Philipp 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
I Leben und Objektivierung
Die Hegelsche Forderung, „in der Sache zu sein und ‚nicht immer darüber hinaus‘ “, hat Adorno nicht nur als Anweisung für die philosophische Arbeit verstanden. Sein ganzes Leben galt dem Versuch, sich zu objektivieren – in der Doppelbedeutung objektiv, das heißt konkret gegenständlich zu denken und Gegenstände, nämlich Werke zu produzieren. Der Bezug zur Sache ist für Adorno Maßnahme, um noch im „Freiluftgefängnis“ der Moderne seiner selbst mächtig zu bleiben. Das Subjekt gewinnt sich, indem es sich an das Objekt entäußert – dieser klassischen Idee der Bildung hat er eine neue Fassung gegeben, die explizit als Gegenmittel zu den Regressionen des 20. Jahrhunderts formuliert ist. Denn umgekehrt ist der Ausbruch des Bösen eine Folge der Objektlosigkeit, und der Antisemitismus wird als Projektion verstanden, in der die Beziehung zum Objekt verloren gegangen und die Reflexion ausgefallen sei. Adornos Leben und Werk enthält demgegenüber das anspruchsvolle Programm, es mit der komplexen und schlechten Welt intellektuell aufzunehmen, indem man ihre kulturellen Objektivationen deutet: die großen Kunstwerke und Philosophien ebenso wie die Formen der Popkultur, bis hin zu Umfragen in Frauenzeitschriften und zur Horoskopspalte der Los Angeles Times. Nicht der schlechteste Grund, sich heute mit Adorno zu beschäftigen, ist sein Denken an den Gegenständen entlang.
Does Investment Promotion Work?
Authors: Charlton Andrew , Davis Nicholas 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The large empirical literature on the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth has produced mixed results. Despite the ambiguous evidence on the benefits of FDI, investment promotion has become an active area of policy and a growing number of nations are offering services and incentives to attract investment by multinational firms. Rather than assessing whether the costs of investment promotion are justified by the potential benefits of FDI, this paper asks a prior question which is relevant to the policy debate. We investigate whether national investment promotion activities succeed in increasing the volume of inward investment or whether this expenditure merely subsidises investments which would have occurred in its absence. We use a widespread but under acknowledged feature of investment promotion practice to test the effectiveness of investment promotion at the industry level. We find that a positive effect of investment promotion on FDI inflows is robust across various empirical specifications.
Environmental Policy as Social Policy? The Impact of Childhood Lead Exposure on Crime
Authors: Reyes Jessica Wolpaw 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Childhood lead exposure can lead to psychological traits that are strongly associated with aggressive and criminal behavior. In the late 1970s in the United States, lead was removed from gasoline under the Clean Air Act. I use the state-specific reductions in lead exposure that resulted from this removal to identify the effect of childhood lead exposure on crime rates. The elasticity of violent crime with respect to childhood lead exposure is estimated to be 0.8, and this result is robust to numerous sensitivity tests. Mixed evidence supports an effect of lead exposure on murder rates, and little evidence indicates an effect of lead on property crime. Overall, I find that the reduction in childhood lead exposure in the late 1970s and early 1980s was responsible for significant declines in violent crime in the 1990s and may cause further declines in the future. Moreover, the social value of the reductions in violent crime far exceeds the cost of the removal of lead from gasoline.
Le golfe Persique : situation actuelle et perspectives d'avenir
Authors: Rodolfo Claudine 
Published: November 2007

La région du golfe Persique (ou Arabique, selon la terminologie employée par les pays arabes), est particulièrement intéressante du double point de vue économique et stratégique. En outre, elle est à un tournant de son histoire avec la remise en question d'une situation vieille de plus d'un siècle: la présence quasi exclusive de la Grande-Bretagne.
L'auteur a jugé utile, avant de développer dans un prochain article les évolutions possibles de ce secteur du monde, d'en donner une sommaire présentation historique, géographique et économique.
La crise nigériane
Authors: Uwechue Raph 
Published: November 2007

L'effondrement du Biafra est un échec politique qui s'est traduit par un échec militaire.
Les nombreux groupes ethniques du Nigeria ne peuvent cohabiter à l'avenir, à l' intérieur d'une Fédération, qu'en renonçant à la lutte pour le pouvoir central. L'auteur souhaite que s'établissent les fondements d'une entreprise communautaire : un système où le chef de l'exécutif représenterait l'ensemble de la nation, un Sénat, les intérêts des Etats, une Assemblée nationale, la politique des partis.
L'Afrique n'a pas acquis son visage définitif : une plus grande connaissance du continent peut amener ses habitants à souhaiter une unification qui pourrait avoir pour point de départ le Nigeria, à condition que celui-ci ne tente pas d'absorber ses voisins.
Dissuasion et maîtrise des armements stratégiques
Authors: Smart I.M.H. 
Published: November 2007

Les conversations soviéto-américaines (SALT) qui ont eu lieu à Helsinki en novembre et décembre 1969 apparaissent comme une tentative sérieuse de réglementation des armements. Les pourparlers reprendront à Vienne, en avril 1970.
Le secret des négociations étant une condition de leur succès, on ne peut que se livrer à des conjectures sur la manière dont elles sont conduites. Toutefois, il est évident que la mise au point d'armes nouvelles n'a pas été étrangère à leur ouverture et que les chances d'un accord dépendront à la fois de données techniques et de l'appréciation par chacune des parties des moyens dont dispose l'autre. Le rôle déterminant des facteurs subjectifs dans la dissuasion et la complexité du phénomène t action-réaction » dans la course aux armements ne permettent pas d'envisager la conclusion d'un traité en bonne et due forme qui fixerait une limite à l'ensemble des moyens offensifs et défensifs des deux Grands. En revanche, les SALT peuvent offrir le cadre d'un dialogue stratégique permanent et amorcer un processus de maîtrise des armements permettant l'exercice d'une stratégie de dissuasion au moindre coût.
Le commerce extérieur et la coopération économique avec l'étranger dans le cadre de la nouvelle stratégie de développement de la Pologne
Authors: Soldaczuk Jozef 
Published: November 2007

L'auteur analyse les changements de politique économique qui ont affecté les échanges extérieurs de la Pologne au cours de cet après-guerre.
A partir des années 1966-1968, une nouvelle stratégie, communément définie comme une stratégie de développement intensif et sélectif, est mise en oeuvre ; celle-ci implique l'établissement d'une préférence en faveur des branches les mieux placées du point de vue de la spécialisation internationale.
Dans ses rapports avec le monde extérieur, la Pologne, tout en ayant l'intention très ferme de poursuivre la politique d'intégration économique avec les autres membres du C.A.E.M., désire que cette intégration garde un caractère très ouvert, permettant le développement des rapports avec les pays-tiers, et la C.E.E. en particulier. Pour que cette volonté se réalise, deux conditions au moins doivent être remplies. La première est que cesse toute discrimination commerciale au détriment des pays de l'Est ; la seconde que l'Occident se décide à acheter aux pays socialistes moins de produits primaires et davantage de produits transformés.