bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heteroarm H‐shaped terpolymers through click reaction
Authors: Gungor Eda , Cote Gulay , Erdogan Tuba , Durmaz Hakan , Demirel A. Levent , Hizal Gurkan , Tunca Umit 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeteroarm H‐shaped terpolymers, (polystyrene)(poly(methyl methacrylate))‐ poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)‐(polystyrene)(poly(methyl methacrylate)), (PS)(PMMA)‐PtBA‐(PMMA)(PS), and, (PS)(PMMA)‐poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)‐(PMMA)(PS), through click reaction strategy between PS‐PMMA copolymer (as side chains) with an alkyne functional group at the junction point and diazide end‐functionalized PtBA or PEG (as a main chain). PS‐PMMA with alkyne functional group was prepared by sequential living radical polymerizations such as the nitroxide mediated (NMP) and the metal mediated‐living radical polymerization (ATRP) routes. The obtained H‐shaped polymers were characterized by using 1H‐NMR, GPC, DSC, and AFM measurements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1055–1065, 2007
A risk‐based approach to how clean is clean
Authors: Marshall Thomas C. , Sieg Philip M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractClearly defined remedial action objectives are a key factor in successful remediation programs. Chemical‐specific cleanup criteria are critical components of remedial action objectives. A common risk‐based approach can be applied for developing cleanup criteria for remediations under CERCLA, RCRA, and TSCA. This approach involves four steps: identify regulatory requirements; identify chemical‐specific cleanup guidelines from previous cleanups; evaluate site‐specific risk considering mitigating factors for a given site; select the final cleanup criteria based on information from the first three steps.To describe this approach, this paper presents a case study on a PCB cleanup conducted under TSCA. An objective risk‐based approach was used to capitalize on the flexibility built into EPA's PCB cleanup guidelines. EPA granted an exemption to the stated policy on the basis of competing risk factors using a comparative risk‐assessment approach. Similarly, risk assessment can be used to take advantage of regulatory flexibility in the selection of applicable or appropriate and relevant requirements (ARARs) under CERCLA, or in the selection of media protection standards under RCRA.
Bioremediation of pesticide‐contaminated groundwater
Authors: Portier Ralph J. , Zoeller Anne L. , Fujisaki Kuniko 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA biological treatment process employing immobilized microbial populations was field‐tested on contaminated groundwater containing elevated concentrations of volatile organics and organic pesticides. The process consisted of parallel biological reactors, one a continuously stirred biological reactor packed with pall rings (Conventional Biotower) and the other a packed bed reactor operated in a plug flow configuration (Manville Packed Bed Reactor). Gas chromato graphy/mass spectroscopy analyses for forty two groundwater contaminants in feed and treated streams indicate that both reactors were very effective in the reduction of organophosphates and organochlorines.
Developing site‐specific cleanup levels: Practical considerations
Authors: LaGoy Peter K. , Hopkins Loren 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe development of site‐specific cleanup levels has become an important part of remedial actions at contaminated facilities. These levels must not only protect human and environmental health but must also be acceptable to regulators, local authorities, and nearby communities who may be responsible for overseeing the cleanup. Determining health‐based cleanup values based on a site‐specific risk assessment is a critical step in the process of developing cleanup criteria. In many cases, however, these health‐based values may be perceived as unacceptable by the regulators or by the local community. In some cases, factors such as past regulatory decisions, analysis of background levels, volumetric considerations, or a description of a chemical's environmental behavior can be used to influence the public perception of the cleanup criteria.
Remote monitoring and control of hazardous waste remediation activities
Authors: Shirk Barry L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWith increasingly stringent federal, state, and local regulations, reliable operation of environmental remediation systems is critical. Most environmental systems are required to operate continuously—night and day—and to be closely monitored for performance and reporting. For the owners of these systems, the cost associated with their long‐term operation and monitoring is a growing concern. This article describes a cost‐effective solution to control and monitor these systems, both locally and from remote locations. Two case studies are provided.
Successful solid‐phase bioremediation of petroleum‐contaminated soil
Authors: Cioffi John C. , Mahaffey William R. , Whitlock Tanni M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBiological processes have been used to remediate petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, chlorinated solvents, and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Biological treatment of contaminated soils may involve solid‐phase, slurry‐phase, or in situ treatment techniques. This article will review the general principle of solid‐phase bioremediation and discuss the application of this technique for the cleanup of total petroleum hydrocarbons on two sites.These remedial programs will reduce total petroleum hydrocarbon contamination from the mean concentration of 2,660 ppm to under the 200‐ppm cleanup criteria for soil and under the 15‐ppm cleanup criteria for groundwater. Over 32,000 yards of soil have been treated by solid‐phase treatment to date. The in situ system operation is effectively producing biodegradation in the subsurface. The project is approximately one‐third complete.
Equipment choices for dredging contaminated sediments
Authors: Palermo Michael R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article describes the selection and field evaluation of dredging equipment and techniques for removal of highly contaminated sediments from the upper estuary of the Acusbnet River, a portion of the New Bedford Harbor Supetfund Project. Site conditions as related to dredge selection and operation, factors considered in selection of equipment, and various dredge types considered for use are described. Each of the dredge types is ranked according to the following criteria: availability, safety, potential for sediment resuspension, maneuverability, cleanup precision, cost and production, flexibility, required water depth for operation, ability to access the site, and compatibility with disposal options. A field pilot study comparing three dredge types indicated that dredging could be conducted at the site without a significant increase in the contaminant release from the upper estuary to the lower harbor.
Pneumatic fracturing to remove VOCS
Authors: Schuring John R. , Jurka Valdis , Chan Paul C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new process for enhancing in‐situ remediation of low‐permeability soil and rock formations is presently under development at the Hazardous Substance Management Research Center (HSMRC). The patented process, known as „pneumatic fracturing,”︁ consists of injecting high‐pressure air or other gas into contaminated geologic formations at controlled flow rates and pressures. In fine‐grained soils such as clay, pneumatic fracturing creates conductive channels in the formation, thereby increasing the permeability and exposed surface area of the contaminated soil. The potential benefits of pneumatic fracturing are significant, since in‐situ remedial technologies are essentially limited by the pore gas exchange rate of the soil being treated.This article describes the results of a recent demonstration of pneumatic fracturing at an industrial site to enhance a volatile organic compound (VOC) extraction system. After establishing the baseline removal rate of soil gas effluent from the clay, soil surrounding the extraction system was fractured to enhance VOC with drawal. A substantial improvement in the VOC removal rate was observed, including: (1) flush effluent concentrations that increased up to 200 times; and (2) air flows in the formation that increased up to 1,000 times.
The active role of state laws in superfund cleanups
Authors: Kohn Elizabeth J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) did not ignore the fifty individual states when establishing responsibility, authority, and liability for cleaning up hazardous waste sites. Although CERCLA gives EPA the ultimate authority to select a remedy for a contaminated site, the law was drafted not only to allow for state activity without EPA, but also for significant state input when EPA is involved. The relationship between a state (and its environmental laws) and EPA can help decide the remedial and financial interests of any potentially responsible party (PRP). This article discusses the relevant CERCLA provisions, recent court decisions, and resolved and unresolved issues in federal‐state Superfund involvement, and recommends several common‐sense strategies for PRPs when working with a state in a Superfund cleanup.
Forum
Authors: Soundararajan Rengarajan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMost waste management techniques—including stabilization/solidification, soil washing, and precipitation/filter press—take more of a trial‐and‐error approach to environmental cleanups, failing to exploit the waste's fundamental chemical behavior. The result is scientifically inferior processes, wasted time and resources, and recurrence of the same old problems at treated sites. This column defines some of the principal problems of waste management technologies and recommends a prudent approach to their resolution. Several of the author's personal experiences are used to support his arguments. The technologies cited here were selected based on their widespread use, their cost‐effectiveness, their ease of application, and their intrinsic limitations.
Ten ways to control cleanup costs
Authors: Duvel William A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ten management guidelines discussed in this article can help site owners (and their remediation consultants) achieve environmental results that are acceptable to government regulators—at the lowest possible cost to all concerned. They remind site owners to learn everything possible about the nature and extent of their contamination problems, then maintain control of the cleanup process by defining obligations in consulting contracts and establishing positive working relationships with regulatory agencies.
Defining contamination limits with pneumatic hammer soil probes
Authors: Kerfoot William B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere have been more than 100,000 confirmed releases of petroleum from underground storage tanks (USTs) in the United States and its territories. The 10,000‐gallon spill and cleanup of unleaded gasoline, detailed in this article, that occurred from 1988 to 1990 on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, illustrates the author's argument that electric pneumatic‐hammer soil probes are the fastest, most convenient, and least costly way of performing the soil‐gas surveys needed to locate spilled petroleum product, evaluate vapor intrusion into basements, and determine the extent of groundwater contamination for remediation purposes. Current state soil‐gas requirements are also included.
Contaminant dynamics: Key to remedial performance and regulatory relief
Authors: Gerath Mark , Galya Donald P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRemediation results depend on thorough consideration of all the forces that influence contaminant behavior, including how the contaminant is distributed and the site's hydrogeology, as well as the physical, chemical, and biological factors involved in contaminant mobility and persistence. This information supports a cleanup project's initial investigation, helping decide the goals of the later remediation method, the usefulness of specific technologies, and the method's ultimate performance. This article discusses how the principal environmental and chemical processes influence contaminant fate and transport and explores four case histories that illustrate how that influence can help predict whether a project's goals are achievable, whether the project is needed at all, and whether those goals were actually achieved.
Evaluating regulatory issues and emission control equipment for air toxics applications
Authors: McCullough Matthew L. , Dagdigian Jeffrey V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article describes regulatory issues and emission control equipment for air toxics applications. A brief history of air quality legislation is provided, illustrating the difficulty government has had in implementing air quality statutes; this has contributed to the complexity of air quality regulations. Evaluation methodologies are described for three different emission control technologies: thermal oxidation, catalytic oxidation, and adsorption. Brief case histories are provided that describe the pitfalls and benefits associated with each technology. The benefits of integrating health risk assessment into an air quality program are also discussed.
Soil washing: Practical considerations and pitfalls
Authors: Dove Dennis , Bhandari Alok , Novak John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of soil washing to remove petroleum hydrocarbon contamination from the soil matrix is becoming more widely used. When viewed as a volume reduction tool, this technology shows some promise. However, ongoing research and treatability studies indicate that without further treatment, even larger‐sized soil fractions (sands and cobbles) may retain hydrocarbon contamination at levels that require further cleaning prior to permanent disposal or reuse. The perception has been that by removing the sand from the soil matrix, thus achieving a 30 percent to 60 percent volume reduction, expensive post‐washing treatment or approved disposal of the finer materials (silts and clays) would be cost‐effective. There exists evidence to the contrary, however. Hydrocarbon retention after soil washing may be influenced by a number of factors unrelated to particle size. Soil characteristics that may play a role include soil humic acids, metal oxide coatings, geologic origin of the soil particles, and clay type. In this article the authors describe a laboratory study designed to evaluate the “cleanability” of two soils.
Applied geologic, microbiological, and engineering constraints of in‐situ BTEX bioremediation
Authors: Kennedy Lonnie G. , Hutchins Stephen R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn in‐situ bioremediation project has been designed and constructed for a site in south‐central Kansas just north of Wichita. A pipeline leaked an unknown quantity of refinedfuels in the 1970s. The spill was undetected until hydrocarbons were found in a nearby municipal water supply well. Of concern, from a regulatory perspective, are the alkylbenzene components found in the groundwater, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). Initial abatement procedures, including free product removal and pumping, had become ineffective. In‐situ bioremediation was selected to complete the restoration process.The project emphasizes the need for a strong understanding of the geologic and hydrogeologic conditions prevalent under the site. Site studies were conducted to determine the distribution and mass of the contaminant and the hydraulic regime. Laboratory microbial studies were used to determine the efficacy of nitrate as a primary electron acceptor. Information from site studies was used to design a treatment system tailored to the requirements of the site. The treatment system is designed to deliver the maximum amount of nutrient‐enriched water to the contaminated zone while maintaining hydraulic control of the site.
Superfund: Past experiences and new directions
Authors: English Mary R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTen case studies of Superfund sites were done by the University of Tennessee's Waste Management Research and Education Institute. The case studies, which focused on stakeholder perspectives of site processes, revealed a number of problems with the Superfund process. They also revealed that some improvements had begun to take place. Recently, several modifications have been instituted in the Superfund program. Although it is too early to determine their efficacy, it appears that the Superfund program is beaded in the right direction.
Environmental assessment and remediation: Estimating the costs of uncertainty
Authors: Morse Michael A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCurrent cost estimates for the assessment and remediation of environmental contamination at facilities operated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) are based largely on assumptions, with a resulting high level of uncertainty. Therefore, consistent and reliable methods for estimating the uncertainty inherent in the estimates are of vital importance. This article presents an approach and format for estimating contingency in DOE's Environmental Restoration Program. The method involves an analysis of risk factors having a potential to affect the cost of the major elements in the estimate. Application of the contingency analysis to a project site is included in the discussion.
RCRA corrective action costs: An estimating model for nonfederal facilities
Authors: Tonn Bruce , Russell Milton , Warren John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article presents an analysis of the prospective costs of RCRA corrective action for private, nonfederal facilities. Two data bases developed by Research Triangle Institute and a remedial action cost model developed by CH2M Hill provide the foundation for this work. The methodology has two components, a remedial action knowledge base and a discrete‐state Monte Carlo analysis. Under base case assumptions, it is estimated that the total costs of RCRA corrective action will be $240 billion, with a 5 percent chance the costs will be less than $170 billion and a 5 percent chance the costs will be more than $377 billion.
Critical considerations for project sites containing unexploded ordnance
Authors: Pastorick James P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo date, most of the development of unexploded ordnance (UXO)‐related requirements and procedures have been accomplished by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force also have a significant requirement for environmentally related UXO expertise. This article traces the evolution of the UXO field, as developed by small businesses and the various branches of the U.S. Army, and describes the implications of conducting an environmental investigation or remediation in an area contaminated, or suspected to be contaminated, with UXO. Lastly, the basic procedures and the tools and equipment used to accomplish UXO decontamination are described to inform field managers of the impact that UXO hazards can have on their overall project.
Evaluation of remedial options for treatment of heavy metal and petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil
Authors: McCullough Matthew L. , Dagdigian Jeffrey V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article describes remedial options for the treatment of heavy metal and petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil. Treatment of these soils with traditional methods often requires a combination of techniques, resulting in treatment costs that are unacceptable in today's financial climate. A detailed review of relevant remedial technologies is presented, as well as treatability studies for hybrid immobilization, petroleum hydrocarbon reduction, extraction, and soil washing technologies. Our studies and review demonstrate that hybrid immobilization may be suitable for sites where only soluble chemical levels exceed federal or state guidelines; soil washing may provide a viable alternative for sites with appropriate soil characteristics; petroleum hydrocarbon bioremediation can potentially reduce soluble lead levels; and extraction processes, though promising, still require some development. Descriptions of the chemical and physical properties of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and residual levels of these chemicals in soil following treatment are also given.
Soil washing for volume reduction of radioactively contaminated soils
Authors: Eagle Michael C. , Richardson William S. , Hay Scott S. , Cox Clinton 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Office of Radiation and Indoor Air of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has demonstrated a soil washing plant for the treatment of radioactively contaminated soils from two Superfund sites in New Jersey. The plant employs unit operations that are widely used in the processing of minerals and coal. These operations were examined and tested to determine how they would apply to volume reduction of these contaminated soils. In this context, they are considered to be innovative candidates for remediation of other sites with large volumes of soil contaminated with low‐level radioactivity. Laboratory testing of soil characteristics and behavior in unit processes is used to assess the applicability of volume reduction/chemical extraction (VORCE) technology to specific sites.
Keys to success as an environmental consultant: Liability control, client satisfaction, and growth
Authors: Smith Diane R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental consulting is a relatively new and rapidly growing field. It involves traditional engineering and construction risks as well as the specter of potential—and likely uninsured or uninsurable—liability for environmental conditions and professional errors. To succeed in today's litigious society, environmental consultants and contractors need to understand the risks inherent in their work. They must conduct their operations in a manner conducive to quality assurance, risk control, and effective project management. Constant and clear communication with the client is essential to a good working relationship and repeat business. Effective project control, risk management, file documentation, and contract negotiation are critical tools for profitable growth and our professional liability defense.
Groundwater treatment and aquatic toxicity reduction at a chemical production site
Authors: Usinowicz Paul J. , Rozich Alan F. , Clay Stephanie G. , Colvin Richard J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractContaminated groundwater at a chemical antioxidant and phenolic resin chemical production site was subjected to treatability studies to develop design criteria for surface water discharge. Raw groundwater required pretreatment for total suspended solids (TSS) and color removal prior to treatment by ultraviolet light/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2). Because of high capital and operating costs for UV/H2O2, biological treatment was evaluated as an alternate. Respirometric analyses showed that completely mixed activated sludge could be applied as a treatment technology to the groundwater. Biotreatment resulted in an approximately 70 percent reduction in soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). Residual SCOD was recalcitrant to further biodegradation. The treated effluent was tested for aquatic toxicity using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Ceriodaphnia dubia and was found to be toxic. Toxicity reduction of biotreatment effluent was evaluated in bench‐scale experiments using activated carbon adsorption, filtration, and UV/H2O2. Subsequent toxicity testing showed that filtration alone could reduce the bioeffluent toxicity and that residual SCOD was not the primary source of toxicity.