bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nurses' Willingness to Care for AIDS Patients and Spirituality, Social Support, and Death Anxiety
Authors: Sherman Deborah Witt 
Published: October 2007

Objective: Use Rogers'(1992) framework of the science of unitary human beings to examine relationships among spirituality, perceived social support, death anxiety, and nurses'willingness to care for AIDS patients.Design: Descriptive, correlational.Population, Sample, Setting: Population, female RNs in the New York City Metropolitan area who care for patients with AIDS. Convenience sample of 220 RNs who worked in eight hospitals either on AIDS‐dedicated units (n = 88), or medical‐surgical scatterbed units (n = 132) with a daily AIDS patient census of between 5% to 50%. Data were collected in 1992.Measures: Spiritual Orientation Inventory, the Personal Resource Questionnaire‐85, the Templer Death Anxiety Scale, and the Willingness to Care for AIDS Patients Instrument.Methods: Pearson product‐moment correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses to test hypotheses.Findings: Willingness to care for AIDS patients was positively correlated with spirituality and perceived social support, and negatively correlated with death anxiety. Death anxiety moderated the relationship between spirituality and willingness to care. In total, 17% of the variance in nurses' willingness to care for AIDS patients was explained. Additional regression analyses indicated that group membership as either an AIDS‐dedicated nurse or medical‐surgical nurse did not moderate or change hypothesized relationships.Conclusion: Because group membership explained 22% of the variance in willingness to care, the data indicate that group culture or professional identity should be further examined as predictors of nurses' willingness to care for AIDS patients.Clinical Implications: Social support at work from administrators and colleagues, as well as the support from patients themselves is important to nurses and should be fostered.
HIV/AIDS Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Preventive Behavior of Pregnant Korean Women
Authors: Chang Soon Bok , Hill Martha N. 
Published: October 2007

Objective :To assess HIV‐AIDS‐related knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behavior of pregnant Korean women before designing patient and public education programs.Design: Pre‐experimental cross‐sectional survey.Population, Sample, Setting, Years: Convenience sample of 409 women at six prenatal clinics in Seoul, Korea, in 1993.Outcome Measures: HIV‐AIDS‐related knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behavior.Methods: Self‐administered questionnaires.Findings: The women described high levels of knowledge about HIV and AIDS risk factors but less knowledge about transmission of the virus, as well as attitudes of rejection toward unrelated people with HIV/AIDS; 16% provided condoms for their husband's use in extramarital sex, the primary risk behavior.Conclusions: Korean women are at risk for heterosexual transmission of HIV despite knowledge of risk factors.Clinical Implications: Korean education programs for women should focus on modes of heterosexual transmission, care of individuals with HIV or AIDS, self‐assessment of HIV‐AIDS risk, and self protection.
Effects of Case Management on the Nursing Context‐Perceived Quality of Care, Work Satisfaction, and Control Over Practice
Authors: Lynn Mary R. , Kelley Betsy 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To examine in 1995 the effects of case management on the context of nursing practice‐perceived quality of care delivered, work satisfaction, and control over nursing practice‐rather than the commonly studied effect on fiscal outcomes.Design: Prospective quasi‐experimental. Sampled were nurses on four units at one community hospital where patients with DRG 107 (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft, with no cardiac catheterization) were traditionally hospitalized.Methods: Registered nurses on these units completed quality of care, satisfaction, and practice‐control scales before and 1 year after implementation.Findings: Significant positive differences were found in several aspects of perceived quality of care for both staff nurses and case managers, with specific increases found in nurses' perceived ability to develop relationships with patients, ability to be therapeutic, and support for good care from the institutional structure and administration. A significant decrease in nurses' satisfaction with their pay and other rewards as well as respect from colleagues was found. Case managers were found to have significantly increased perceptions of control over their practice.Conclusions: Case management was found to have a primarily positive effect on nurses‐staff and case managers alike. There were significant increases in several aspects of the nurses' perceptions of the quality of care delivered. Additionally, case managers were more satisfied with the administration, the respect they received, and their pay and rewards in the institution. Most strikingly, case managers perceived themselves to have more control over their practice. Some negative effects of the program were a decrease in satisfaction with the pay and rewards by the staff who were not case managers.
Therapeutic Use of Companion Animals in Health Care
Authors: Jorgenson Jennifer 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To explore research that lends credibility to the therapeutic use of animals in health care. By integrating research from other disciplines and applying it to nursing, the art of nursing is fostered through the creative application of knowledge to practice.Significance: Positive physiological and psychological benefits have been linked to the presence of companion animals. For example, researchers suggest that decreases in blood pressure, heart rates, and stress levels, as well as increases in emotional well‐being and social interaction are benefits of the human‐animal bond.Conclusions: Compiling what has been learned in earlier scientific studies provides direction for future research in nursing to enhance nursing knowledge and expand nursing theory to improve care. Further investigation is necessary to clarify the concepts of animal assisted therapy (AAT) to build a body of useful knowledge for practice.
Research and Practice in an Academic Community Nursing Center
Authors: Zachariah Rachel , Lundeen Sally P. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To identify issues and describe strategies used in developing a successful program of clinical research focused on the vulnerale populations served by one urban academic nursing center. Academic community nursing centers provide ideal settings to implement programs of research. Understanding the challenges when integrating research into these practices and the strategies used is important.Setting and Scope: The University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee Silver Spring Community Nursing Center has provided primary health care services to a low‐income urban population since 1987. A team of advanced practice nurse clinicians, community health nurses, and other health care professionals and community residents implemented a broad range of innovative, community‐focused, clinical inteventions that are routinely studied throughan integrated program of nursing research. Their strategies for research implementation are analyzed.Conclusions and Implications: Factors affecting the integration of research into the center include (a) community mistrust, (b) the need for participatory recruitment strategies, and (c) the need for multiple data collection methods. Meeting these challenges requires that research agendas and methods are consonant with community goals. The inclusion of clinicians, other providers, and community residents as active members of research teams is critical to success. Reframing research and practice roles in terms of team effort that incorporates the community can strengthen research and practice‐and benefit professionals and the populations they serve.
Knowledge Generation for the HIV‐Affected Family
Authors: Brown Marie‐Annette 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To examine the current literature about HIV‐affected families in regard to knowledge development and priorities for future research.Significance: The current view of HIV focuses largely on HIV‐infected individuals. There is a paucity of relevant research and a need to make explicit the priorities for knowledge generation about HIV‐affected families.Scope: HIV family literature, 1980‐1996, was reviewed and categorized and serves as the context for presenting future priorities for knowledge generation about HIV‐affected families. Priorities identified were designing and testing family‐level services; determining epidemiology of the phenomenon of HIV family caregiving; who gives care and why, what caregivers do, the outcomes of caregiving, quality of family care, and relationshipsConclusions: A critical need is to address in‐depth the problems that have limited knowledge development about HIV‐affected families. This explication of issues and questions to understand HIV‐affected families can stimulate future research.
Proposal to Bring Nursing Into the Information Age
Authors: Project Iowa Intervaention 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To address issues related to documentation of nursing care and propose a model that illustrates how nursing practice data, collected through the use of standardized languages, are useful to staff nurses, nurse administrators, researchers, and policy makers.Significance: Obtaining information about nursing practice is critical in times of health care change and reform.Conclusions: There are three main challenges: the level of detail to document, the inclusion of nursing language in critical paths, and the need for articulation among different nursing classifications.Implications: With recent advances in nursing classifications, the documentation systems in nursing can now be improved and much of the previous waste and redundancy eliminated.
Pain in Frail, Elderly Women After Surgery
Authors: Zalon Margarete Lieb 
Published: October 2007

Purpose:To describe the lived experience of postoperative pain in frail, elderly women.Design:Colaizzi's (1978) phenomenological approach.Sample, Method:16 hospitalized women from ages 75 to 93, who had abdominal surgery. Unstructured, open‐ended interviews were conducted in 1992.Findings:Three major themes emerged: the immediate reality of pain, security, and dealing with pain. The immediate reality of pain consisted of the feeling, awareness, and past imposing on the present. Security consisted of comfort and trust. Dealing with pain consisted of endurance, control, and self‐discovery of strategies, the most predominant of which was being still to relieve pain.Conclusions:The frail elderly women in this study tended to endure pain and to trust nurses to provide pain‐relief measures. Nurses should carefully assess pain and the desire of patients for control of pain‐relief measures.
Nurse‐Expressed Empathy, Patient Outcomes, and Development of a Middle‐Range Theory
Authors: Olson Joanne , Hanchett Effie 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To demonstrate how a middle‐range theory was developed and tested through research that examined relationships between nurse‐expressed empathy and two patient outcomes: patient‐perceived empathy and patient distress.Significance: Nurse‐patient relationships are the basis for all nursing care and empathy is an important aspect of these relationships. Research is needed, however, to determine the patient outcomes that are related to the empathy of nurses.Organizing Framework: Orlando's (I 96 1, 1972) nursing model. Scope: 140 subjects, 70 staff RNs and 70 patients from hospital medical‐surgical acute care units. Each nurse‐subject completed two measures of nurse‐expressed empathy and each patient‐subject completed a measure of perceived empathy and two measures of distress.Findings: Negative relationships were found between nurse‐expressed empathy and patient distress (r = ‐.71, p < .001), and between patient‐perceived empathy and patient distress (r = ‐.71, p < .007). A moderate positive relationship was found between nurse‐expressed empathy and patient‐perceived empathy (r = .35 to .47, p < .05).Conclusions: A model can be tested when propositions theoretically linked to the model are empirically tested. This study's findings demonstrated support for relationships proposed in Orlando's model.
Balancing Engagement and Detachment in Caregiving
Authors: Carmack Betty J. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To investigate how caregivers balance engagement with detachment to cope with cumulative demands and losses.Design: Qualitative, descriptive. Population, formal and informal caregivers in the United States. A sample of 14 was studied between 1992 and 1994.Methods: Data were collected in open‐ended interviews, then were coded and analyzed using grounded‐theory methods. Credibility and fittingness were established.Results: Caregivers who balance engagement and detachment can affect outcomes without needing to control outcomes. Such caregivers are pragmatic and make conscious choices based on their emotional needs. They set and maintain limits and boundaries and are able to monitor the balancing process while recognizing the importance of practicing self‐care.Conclusions: The longer and more intense a caregiver's involvement, the more important it is to learn to balance engagement and detachment. Caregivers may need to learn effective balancing skills.
Change and Continuity in Family Caregiving Practices with Young Mothers and Their Children
Authors: SmithBattle Lee 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To examine how young mothers who gave birth during adolescence extended and developed caregiving practices within the context of family relationships, caregiving traditions, and life events.Design: Longitudinal, interpretive‐phenomenological. A community‐based sample in 1993 consisted of 13 of the 16 young mothers and 11 of the 18 grandparents who had participated in a 1988 study. Three male partners of the young mothers also participated in this 1993 study. Families resided in a Western metropolitan area in the United States.Methods: Life history accounts of the intervening years, stories of family routines, and recent coping episodes of parenting were elicited through in‐depth interviews with the young mothers and their male partners; one interview was conducted with grandparents. Data were analyzed using the interpretive approach.Findings: Adversarial caregiving practices develop or change in the context of transformed family relationships.Conclusions: Life‐course and parenting experiences of young mothers are not private and located in the self, but are developed in interaction with others. Family‐centered interventions are needed that support the efforts of young mothers and grandparents to become responsive caregivers.
Peer Review, Authorship, Ethics, and Conflict of Interest
Authors: King Cynthia R. , McGuire Deborah B. , Longman Alice J. , Carrol‐Johnson Rose Mary 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To explore problems in peer review, authorship, ethics, and conflict of interest related to writing and publishing. Publishing and adhering to principles is nurse researchers, educators, administrators, and practitioners, participate in the development and dissemination of knowledge.Conclusions: The quality and integrity of nursing publications are affected by peer review, author collaboration, and ethical conduct. Understanding the conflicts of interest inherent in each action and being committed to impartial review and meeting the requirements of authorship can ensure fewer difficulties for authors, publishers, and consumers.
(Ir) Reconcilable Differences? The Debate Concerning Nursing and Technology
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To review and critique the debate concerning nursing and technology. Technology has been considered both at one at odds with nursing.Organizing Construct: Mitcham's (1994) concepts of technological optimism and romanticism.Source: Nursing literature since 1960.Methods: Historical analysis.Findings: Technological optimists in nursing have viewed technology as an extension of and as readily assimilable into humanistic nursing practice, and nursing as socially advantaged by technology. Technological romantics have viewed technology as irreconcilable with nursing culture, as an expression of masculine culture, and as recirculating existing gender and social inequalities.Conclusions: Both optimists and romantics essentialize technology and nursing, treating the two as singular and fixed entities. The (ir)reconcilability of nursing and technology may be a function of how devices are used by people in different contexts, or of the (ir)reconcilability of views of technology in nursing.
Fathers' Experience of Their Partners' Antepartum Bed Rest
Authors: Maloni Judith A. , Ponder M. Barbara 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To survey paternal worries, concerns, streses, or problems and the type of support received by men whose partners were prescribed antepartum bed rest at home, or in the hospital, or both.Design: Descriptive retrospective. A national subsmaple of 59 men whose mates were on pregnancy bed rest were randomly selected in 1995 from a nonrandom select sample of individuals who had contacted a bed‐rest support group for information.Methods: The Paternal Bed Rest Questionnaire of open‐ended questions designed to detail paternal concerns, stresses, and supports was mailed to fathers.Results: Major problems for fathers were assuming multiple roles, managing emotional responses, and caring for their partner. The major paternal worry was for the health of mate and fetus. Coping strategies included using tangible assistance; altering cognitive, behavioral, and emotional responses; and verbalizing worries. Fahers reported receiving little assistance from health care providers.Conclusions: Fathers experience extreme stress when pregnancy bed rest is prescribed for a mate. Family‐centered care should include care of the partner whose mate is at high‐risk. Interventions that ruduce paternal worry and provide emotional and tangible support are needed.
Hampton, Nutting, and Rival Gospels at The Johns Hopkins Hospital and Training School for Nurses, 1889–1906
Authors: Connolly Cynthia A. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To examine the attempts by Isabel Hampton Robb and Mary Adelaide Nutting to reshape nurse training into an academic system of nursing education. As health care delivery undergoes transformation in the 1990s, it is useful to consider the strategies used as well as the successes and failures, of past nurse leaders.Design: Historical research.Methods: Archival data were analyzed in 1996 pertaining to the creation in 1889 and administration of the nursing school and hospital founded by Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Events were studied using published and unpublished writings by Hampton and Nutting, as well as relevant secondary sources.Findings: Separated by class from those with power, and limited by 19th century notions of women's place, Isabel Hampton Robb and Adelaide Nutting helped inaugurate nursing's quest for professionalization. Undaunted by adversity, they achieved novel accomplishments for women and nurses. Hampton and Nutting possessed vision, intelligence, the capacity to motivate, political skills, good judgement, and managerial competence.Conclusions: Hampton's and Nutting's inability to strengthen the link between the school of nursing and the Johns Hopkins University and the lack of unity within nursing limited their success. This research illuminates some of the controversies pertaining to nursing during an earlier period of sweeping health care change.
Around‐the‐Clock Nursing Care for the Elderly in Japan
Authors: Murashima Sachiyo , Zerwekh Joyce V. , Yamada Masako , Tagami Yutaka 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe the first phase of creating a Japanese model of community‐based long‐term care, called around‐the‐clock care (ACQ, by operationally defining the components of ACC, identifying those eligible for the program, clarifying methods of planning and organization, and exploring outcomes.Design: Exploratory evaluation for the population of frail elderly Japanese citizens living at home. A convenience sample of 44 patients receiving care from four visiting‐nurse‐service stations during 3 months in 1994 was used.Methods: Needs assessments; record reviews of patient encounters; evaluations by patients, families, and visiting nurses; and reviews of administrative data.Findings: Nurses perceived that ACC stabilized medical status, reduced the emotional and physical burden of treatment, and improved hygiene. It also reduced family caregiving burdens and the stress of family caregivers' employment responsibilities. The highest rating of ACC by patient and families was for those with the most complex physical needs. Skilled nursing at home permitted early identification and treatment of problems before they became crises or required hospitalization.Conclusions: Early findings suggest 24‐hour nurse‐home helper teamwork may bean effective system of community‐based long‐term care and should be considered a key element of future Japanese health policy.
New Definition of Mental Retardation for the American Association of Mental Retardation
Authors: Fredericks Debra W. , Williams W. Larry 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe the new definition of mental retardation developed by the American Association of Mental Retardation (AAMR) published in 1992. The previous definition was based on a deficiency model that identified “subaverage intelligence” using an intelligence quotient (IQ) score equal to or less than 70. The new definition places greater emphasis on adaptive skills and environmental support needs.Scope: Defining mental retardation according to AAMR criteria reflects a significant paradigm shift from an absolute trait to a functional conception. The new definition is dynamic, attends to context, is inherently holistic—and, therefore—closely aligned with nursing theory. Diagnosis is a three‐step process by which functional strengths and weaknesses are identified along 4 dimensions and 10 adaptive‐skill areas. Identification of needed supports is incorporated within the three‐step process.Conclusions: Nurses can enhance holistic care by working to have AAMR's new definition adopted by government legislators and administrators of state and county agencies that provide mental‐retardation services. Nurses should become active participants as interdisciplinary diagnostic team members as well as case managers. Nurse researchers and educators can contribute toward further developing AAMR's definition by standardizing assessment instruments, working to make diagnostic procedures more user‐friendly, and researching the construct validity of adaptive‐skill areas. Finally, nurses should help legislators and policy makers understand the sociocultural ramifications of AAMR's new definition.
Professional, Ethical, and Legal Implications for Spiritual Care in Nursing
Authors: Wright Kathy B. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To highlight nurses' professional and ethical responsibility to consistently provide spiritual care. The legal issue of nurse‐client privilege in relation to spiritual care is also discussed. Spiritual care is consistent with the model of holistic care. Yet spiritual care often remains a neglected focus of current nursing practice.Conclusions: Spirituality, as an important aspect of wellness, is indispensable in nursing care. Nurses are obligated to take an active role in meeting the spiritual needs of patients.