bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use and interpretation of microbiological assaysin periodontal diseases
Authors: Genco R. J. , Zambon J. J. , Christersson L. A. 
Published: December 2007

This report summarizes the rationale and illustrates the use of microbiological assays for specific microorganisms such as Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal diseases. Data on the prevalence and monitoring of A. actinomycetemcomitans in patients with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) are presented. A. actinomycetemcomitans was found in 57 of 60 LJP patients for a prevalence of 95%. Two of the three patients not demonstrating the organism had serum antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans suggesting that they were once infected. Large numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans were found in two‐thirds or more of the periodontally involved sites in the LJP patients. Microbiologic and clinical data illustrates the critical need for complete eradication of this organism in order to ensure successful therapy. The general use of microbiological tests for specific microorganisms in individual periodontitis patients can be applied to: (a) determine the causative agent, (b) assess disease activity for treatment planning, (c) monitor the effects of treatment, and (d) decide on recall intervals. Bacterial culture of the subgingival flora and determination of antibiotic susceptibility is likely to be useful in patients in whom therapy has not been successful. Rapid assays are also useful in examining subjects in epidemiologic studies to determine the prevalence of pathogens in various populations, in longitudinal studies to assess the importance of various microorganisms in the etiology of periodontal disease, and to identify persons at‐risk for either the initial episode of periodontal disease or for recurrent disease.The data presented here and the review of the relevant literature strongly support the use of microbiological assays for specific microorganisms as adjuncts in the diagnosis and management of periodontal disease. It is clear that meticulous, long‐term supragingival plaque control and root planing to achieve smooth surfaces of the roots is very important for the management of most forms of periodontal disease, however, identification and monitoring of specific microorganisms represents a new approach to the management of periodontal disease and provides a rationale for treatment of the specific infections of the periodontium. Although all of the specific periodontal pathogens have not been defined, a sufficient number of important pathogens are known and testing for these organisms is, therefore, indicated. Furthermore, technologies have developed to the point where rapid microbiological tests are feasible and practical. Future developments will likely provide more efficient and improved tests. In conclusion, the rationale for assessment of several important periodontal pathogens and the present level of technology making such assessment feasible, strongly support the use of microbiologic assays as adjuncts in the clinical management of various forms of periodontal disease.
Microbial generation time during the early phases of supragingival dental plaque formation
Authors: Weiger R. , Netuschil L. , von Ohle C. , Schlagenhauf U. , Brecx M. 
Published: December 2007

Weiger R, Netuschil L, von Ohle C, Schlagenhauf U, Brecx M. Microbial generation time during the early phases of supragingival dental plaque formation.The objective of this investigation was to determine the microbial generation time during early human supragingival plaque formation. On 2 occasions, 13 participants refrained from all oral hygiene measures for periods of 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 72 h. Plaque was sampled from defined areas of the teeth 13, 14, 15, 23, 24 and 25. Two independent methods were used to estimate the total number of viable cells: colony‐forming units BCVFtotal bacterial counts (BC) as enumerated by microscopic examination, and the percentage of vital bacteria using a vital fluorescence technique (VF) were recorded. The total number of vital microorganisms was calculated by BCVF (= BCxVF). The generation time based on either colony‐forming units or BCVF increased significantly with plaque age. During the first interval (1‐4 h), the microbial multiplication took slightly less than 1 h. After the establishment of a more mature plaque (24‐72 h), the replicating time was between 12.5 h (BCVF) and 14.8 h (colony‐forming units). It was concluded that the microbial generation time recorded at the initial stages of plaque formation is considerably lower than that found in older plaque.
PRACTICAL EVALUATION OF A PILOT IMMUNIZATION CAMPAIGN AGAINST TYPHOID FEVER IN A CAMBODIAN REFUGEE CAMP
Authors: Bollag Ueli 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYAn epidemic outbreak of typhoid fever in the largest refugee camp of the besieged capital of Phom‐Penh, Cambodia; the concomitant lack of personal and public hygiene and the availability of a locally manufactured Tetanus‐Typhoid‐Paratyphoid vaccine, prompted us to test the practicability of a mass immunization campaign by carrying out a trial in the smaller, well delineated refugee camp of Pochentong. Attendances by adults as well as children throughout the three or four inoculation rounds showed a steady decline with only 30 (20%) of the people completing the course. The general initial acceptance by the people on the other hand was good, due to a comprehensive service (information, health education and individual care of patients). It is concluded from these results that multi‐injection immunization campaigns against typhoid‐paratyphoid are a waste of money in a war‐torn situation with an unstable population.
Changes in housing in Guatemala following the 1976 earthquake: With special reference to earthen structures and how they are perceived by disaster victims*
Authors: Bates Frederick L. , Killian Charles D. 
Published: December 2007

This paper reports on what has happened to earthen structures in 26 Guatemalan communities studied over a 4‐year period since the 1976 earthquake. The data were obtained from three waves of personal interviews with 1472 randomly sampled household heads. The results show that adobe, which was the primary housing material before the earthquake was heavily damaged in that event. As a consequence the number of adobe structures and of other earthen structures has been drastically reduced. The people of Guatemala individually and because of agency housing programs have abandoned adobe as a building material and turned to concrete block and wood.Surviving earthen structures have not been improved substantially and remain with largely the same structural features as before the earthquake. The greatest improvement is in the use of comer posts or columns in the walls but most of these are made of untreated crude logs or lumber, subject to rot and termite damage. Little information on aseismic housing seems to have spread either within the earthquake area or in the unaffected areas surrounding it. A program to spread information on how to use adobe in aseismic designs needs to be conducted along with one to assist citizens to aquire the resources necessary to improve the earthquake vulnerability of houses.
Emergency centers in Israel: A small community organizes to cope with war related crises*
Authors: Chetkow‐Yanoov Benyamin , Guttmann Merle , Reisner Nurit , Rubin Adele 
Published: December 2007

This paper focuses on community‐wide emergencies caused by war‐related events in Lebanon at the beginning of June 1982. Mobilization for the “Peace for Galilee” campaign began on Friday, 4th June. Overnight, families were disrupted, husbands and sons were in danger, and within 24 hours there were notifications of casualities and deaths. Families in crisis became a widespread phenomenon.In Herzlia, as in many other communities, a new service – the Emergency Center – emerged under the auspices of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs and the Municipality. The authors describe this process of getting organized, the populations served, how the Center was staffed, the role of citizen volunteers, and the types of interventions used to help vulnerable families as well as soldiers home on leave. Stress is placed on the unique type of short‐term co‐operation achieved between social workers of the local Department of Social Welfare, the staff of the Department of Community Services (especially its Volunteer Bureau), the local liason officer of the Israel Defence Force, the municipal government, and public‐spirited volunteers. Mention is made of conditions which made possible the activation of such a service within hours, of the Center's capacity to serve all segments of the population, and of how it was deactivated within a few weeks when the emergency ended.On the basis of lessons learned from this experience, the paper ends with a number of specific recommendations. The authors hope that such innovative forms of crisis‐intervention will become part of the helping technology widely available at the community level in future years.
A review of poliomyelitis epidemics in Jamaica: The immunization policies and socio‐economic implications
Authors: Ashley Deanna , Bernal Richard 
Published: December 2007

The prevalence of communicable diseases in the English speaking Caribbean has declined considerably over the last two decades, creating a false sense of security and complacency in implementing continuous preventive measures such as immunization.Poliomyelitis is one such case in paint. The last case of paralytic poliomyelitis was reported in Jamaica in 1969. Then twelve years later, in May 1982, the Ministry of Health announced the outbreak of poliomyelitis in the parish of St. James, caused by the Type I virus.This paper traces the history of epidemics of poliomyelitis in Jamaica from 1954 to 1982, the Government's policies and strategies for immunization and demonstrates that preventive intervention through immunization is cheaper and preferable to crisis management caused by epidemics. The evaluation of the social and economic costs of the 1982 poliomyelitis epidemic in Jamaica provides conclusive evidence in support of preventive intervention.
Brief description of the effects on health of the earthquake of 3rd March 1985 – Chile
Authors: Ortíz Mario Reyes , Roman Mario Reyes , Latorre Alejandro Vial , Soto Juan Zamorano 
Published: December 2007

Chile is one of the most seismically active countries in the world. Earthquakes are periodic phenomena that test the quality of construction, as well as the capacity of the population to adapt to sharp changes in socio‐environ‐mental conditions.Experience in this regard has demonstrated the desirability of being prepared, at the institutional level and at the level of the general population, to carry out investigations and to begin measures to cope with these catastrophes, in order to reduce damage and the interruption of normal life to a minimum.In this paper some general aspects of the social and health impacts of the earthquake of 3rd March 1985 are examined. The shock affected the central area of Chile which contains 61% of the total population.The earthquake occurred at 19:50 hours on Sunday, 3rd March, and was of magnitude 7.8. Recorded personal losses included 180 dead and 2,575 injured, and around 200,000 damaged or destroyed dwellings. The destruction also affected the infrastructure of the public services, such as energy, road, telecommunications and water supply, giving rise to an emergency in the provision of assistance.Special reference is made to the effects, on the health care infrastructure, drinking water supply and, less important, on the behavior of some communicable intestinal diseases that are highly endemic in the area under study.
Hunger, poverty and food aid in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Retrospect and potential
Authors: Green Reginald Herbold 
Published: December 2007

Frustrations and failures will continue to mount if we do not immediately summon the courage to revise the ways we think and take action–as well as maintaining essential services to support life and health … Saving hundreds of thousands … who are at risk of dying from malnutrition or infection is an immediate imperative. But it must be only one stage in the progress toward other activities, and one element in the truly comprehensive approach…The main intent of this paper is to explore aspects of the nature and evolution of poverty in Sub‐Saharan Africa with special reference to food and hunger and their interaction with macro‐economic policy. An attempt is made to outline the overall context within which food aid needs to be used in order to have a greater developmental impact. Following an Introductory Section I, Section II provides a sketch map of how recession and lagging food production – with cyclical weather crises superimposed – affect the human condition of poor people. Section III reviews die interaction between “standard” IMF stabilization and World Bank structural adjustment strategies and poverty/hunger. Improvements in the design of stabilization and adjustment programmes, and of the inter‐relationship with them of emergency programmes, can be identified. A number turn on the broadened and more innovative or catalytic use of food aid. Section IV reviews aspects of facing a continuing series of emergencies and of designing life support programmes to facilitate rehabilitation of the households directly affected as well as of the national economies. From this base it explores a series of elements in achieving renewed development. The concluding Section seeks to explore the strengths, limitations and potentials of food aid in the context set by the previous sections. The standard criticisms of food aid appear to be overstated and/or to relate to particular modalities or approaches rather than to anything intrinsic. A number of criteria for improving the effectiveness of food aid – especially in respect to rehabilitation, recovery and renewed development – are set out.
The Food and Nutrition Surveillance Systems of Chad and Mali: The “SAP” After Two Years
Authors: AUTIER PHILIPPE , D'ALTILIA JEAN‐PIERRE , DELAMALLE JEAN‐PIERRE , VERCRUYSSE VINCENT 
Published: December 2007

The “Systèmes d'Alerte Précoce” ‐ the SAPs ‐ of Chad and Mali have been in operation since April 1986. Their purpose is to forecast (or more realistically, detect as early as possible) food shortages in the drought‐prone areas of each country. They are based on a multidisciplinary strategy, taking into account all relevant phenomena, from meteorology to nutritional status, and are implemented through the governmental networks. The present experience shows that, compared with the devastations due to famine and the cost of emergency food aid, they are not that expensive and they seem sustainable over the long term.“Faultless” prediction is not yet the rule, but several procedures permit progressive improvement in the ability of the systems to analyse and interpret.This paper explains the functioning process of the SAPs and presents several operational results. Additionally, it covers innovative concepts that have proved to be successful, such as the “participative information network”.
Rapid Post‐Disaster Community Needs Assessment: A Case Study of Guatemala After the Civil Strife of 1979–1983
Authors: MARGOLUIS RICHARD A. , FRANKLIN ROBERT R. , BERTREND WILLIAM F. , SELLERS THOMAS A. 
Published: December 2007

Disaster assessment and assistance activities are often hampered by organizational problems which diminish the effect of these efforts on the people they are intended to help. Inefficient targeting of relief causes reduced coverage of needy populations and inflated costs. In order to ensure that the most needy populations receive appropriate types and amounts of assistance, collection of assessment data must be at the lowest possible administrative unit. In addition, it is essential that disaster assessment be a dynamic process in which follow‐up activities monitor possible changes in vulnerability and need in the targeted populations.This paper presents a method for post‐disaster rapid needs assessment at the community level. Indigenous numerators are used to collect data with which communities are served and ranked according to need. Qualitative and quantitative methods are incorporated to provide rapidly a centralised database with which relief organizations can accurately target specific communities for assistance.
Natural Disasters: A Framework for Research and Teaching
Authors: ALEXANDER DAVID 
Published: December 2007

Natural disasters are defined in this paper by relating the impact of extreme geophysical events to patterns of human vulnerability. Hazard perception is shown to be a factor that limits the mitigation of risk. The historical development of disaster studies is traced and five different schools of thought are identified. The current International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) is evaluated critically with regard to its potential for unifying the disparate strands of knowledge and its scope as a vehicle for education.A pedagogical framework for disaster studies is presented. Time and space provide valuable unifying factors, while the subject matter can be differentiated according to the continua and dichotomies that it presents. In disaster studies as in other branches of higher education, an ecocentric approach is preferable to a technocentric one, as many of the poorer nations of the world, which are most afflicted by natural catastrophe, will have to rely for mitigation on maintaining their ecological sustainability, instead of depending on sophisticated technology. Valuable insights into the impact of environmental extremes on mankind are gained from the study of disasters as human ecology.
The Symphony of the Damned: Racial Discourse, Complex Political Emergencies and Humanitarian Aid
Authors: DUFFIELD MARK 
Published: December 2007

This paper concerns the manner in which the West is responding to protracted political crises beyond its borders. It examines the conceptual world‐view that aid agencies bring to complex emergencies and which shapes action. The paper provides an analysis of developmentalism. That is, the currently dominant idea of development which is an adapted form of multiculturalism. It is based on the empowerment of cultural differences and the relativisation of progress. As a variant of multiculturalism, developmentalism is part of Western racial discourse. In terms of understanding conflict, it establishes a mirror‐image relationship with new rascist ideas premised on cultural pluralism inevitably leading to social breakdown, violence and anarchy. To the contrary, with its functional view of social harmony, libertine developmentalism claims that even unresolved political crisis constitutes a development opportunity.Developmentalism, like culturalism generally, is incapable of analysing power. It therefore cannot understand the effects and significance of its own organisational forms. Moreover, since the absence of power translates into operational neutrality in a war zone, it is also unable to analyse the nature of new political formations emerging in the global periphery. That is, the so‐called weak or failed states, warlords and so on. This functional ignorance has allowed a widespread incorporation of humanitarian aid into the fabric of political violence. Developmentalism is an essential underpinning for the growing organisational accommodation to ongoing conflict and eroding standards of justice and accountability.
Social Contract and Deterring Famine: First Thoughts
Authors: WAAL ALEX DE 
Published: December 2007

The links between certain kinds of political systems and protection against famine are investigated in this paper. The starting‐point is a critique of Amartya Sen's observation that famines are unknown in countries with a free press and competitive elections. This holds true only in India because of a unique political history in which freedom from famine became a right, upon which political legitimacy was founded: an anti‐famine ‘social contract’.The rise and decline of anti‐famine systems in Africa is charted. Major reasons for decay include neo‐liberalism and the international humanitarian system, both of which undermine relationships of domestic political accountability that underpin effective famine prevention. A number of politically regressive tendencies in ‘actually existing humanitarianism’ are identified that work against any nascent anti‐famine social contracts in Africa. This is possible because famine prevention has not been established as a right in Africa.
HISTORICAL
Authors: Gooch G. P. 
Published: December 2007

Letters of the Prince Consort 1831–1861, edited by Dr. Kurt JagowW. 0. Henderson, The ZollvereinW. F. Bruck, Social and Economic Histoy of Germany 1888–1938.John W. Wheeler Bennett, Brest‐Litovsk: The Forgotten PeaceDavid Lloyd George, The Truth about the Peace Treaties, 2 vols.Elizabeth Wiskemann, Czechs and GermansOswald Redlich, Das Werden einer Grossmacht: Österreich 1700–1740.Guido Zernatto, Die Wahrheit über Österreich, LongmansLudwig Raschdau, Unter Bismarck and Capivi. Erinnerungen eines Deutschen Diplomatea aus den Juhren 1885–1894Hermann Rauschning, Die Revolution des NihilismusFriedrich Stieve, Geschichte des deultschen Volkes, Oldenbourg, Munich.Werner Richter, Kaiser Friedrich III. Eugen Rentsch Verlag. Zürich u. Leipzig.Egon Caesar Conte Corti, Ludwng I. von Bayern. Sein Ringen um Freiheit, Schönheit und Liebe. Bruckmann, München, M7.80.Hermann Schneider, Die Götter der Gernzmen. Tübingen, Mohr, 1938.Julius Petersen, Die Wissenschaft von der Dichtung. Band I: Werk und Dichter.Leonhard Beriger, Die literarische Wertung. Ein Spektrum der Kritik. Halle, Niemeyer, 1938.
DUBY'S ELEVENTH CENTURY
Authors: MOORE R. I. 
Published: December 2007

LE CEIEVALIER. LA FEMME ET LE PRETRE: LE MARIAGE DANS LA FRANCE FEODALE. By Georges Duby.THE THREE ORDERS: FEUDAL SOCIETY IMAGINED. By Georges Duby. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer.THE AGE OF THE CATHEDRALS: ART AND SOCIETY. 980–1420. By GeorgeS Duby. Translated by Eleanor Levieux and Barbara Thompson.
EDUCATION AND MODERN SOCIETY
Authors: ROACH JOHN 
Published: December 2007

EDUCATION AS HISTORY: INTERPRETING NINETEENTH‐ AND TWENTIETH‐CENTURY EDUCATION. By Harold Silver.EDUCATION, ECONOMIC CHANGE AND SOCIETY IN ENGLAND 1780–1870. By Michael Sanderson. (Economic History Society, Studies in Economic and Social History).THE TRADES UNION CONGRESS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EDUCATION 1868–1925. By Clive Griggs.DAYS OF JUDGEMENT: SCIENCE. EXAMINATIONS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE IN LATE VICTORIAN ENGLAND. Edited by Roy MacLeod.FROM CLERGYMAN TO DON: THE RISE OF THE ACADEMIC PROFESSION IN nineteenth‐century OXFORD By A.J. Engel.
INTERPRETING INDUSTRIALIZATION
Authors: FLOUD RODERICK 
Published: December 2007

THE VICTORIAN ECONOMY. By François Crouzet.THE COMING OF THE MASS MARKET, 1850–1914. By W. Hamish Fraser.TECHNICAL DIFFUSION AND INDUSTRIALISATION BEFORE 1914. By A.G. Kenwood and A.L. Lougheed.WHERE DID WE GO WRONG? INDUSTRY, EDUCATION AND ECONOMY OF VICTORIAN BRITAIN. Edited by Gordon Roderick and Michael Stephens.THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE CONTINENTAL POWERS, 1780–1914. By Clive Trebilcock.
Domesday Book, a facsimile edition
Authors: Green Judith A. 
Published: December 2007

Great Domesday Book, Library Edition: Facsimile, translations, maps, indices, A. Williams (Editor‐in‐Chief), R.W.H. Erskine (General Editor) Northamptonshire and Rutland, County Edition: Domesday Book Studies, Introduction and Translation, Folios and Maps Alecto Historical Editions