bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of roasting time and storage time on sensory attributes and consumer acceptability of peanut butters in southern Africa
Authors: Tomlins Keith , Rukuni Tunga , Mutungamiri Angeline , Mandeya Sheila , Swetman Anthony 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study explored how sensory attributes and consumer acceptability of peanut butters varied with differing roasting times (40 to 55 min) and storage times (up to 48 weeks) for shelf‐life testing. Quantitative descriptive analysis generated sensory terms that were appropriate to the local situation. Increased roasting time was associated with the sensory attributes brown colour, roasted taste and burnt taste. Consumer acceptance varied among consumers with two preferred roasting times of either 40 min (67% of consumers) or 50 min (23% of consumers). This was related to distinct peanut flavour profiles. During the storage study of five selected butters consumer acceptability did not alter with storage period. Sensory testing, however, was more sensitive to product changes: sensory attributes that varied with storage were sticky texture, stale odour and sweetness. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Array‐based reader anti‐collision scheme for highly efficient RFID network applications
Authors: Chen Nong‐Kun , Chen Jiann‐Liang , Lee Cheng‐Chun 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRadio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology for identifying objects by radio signal. The reader collision problem is caused by the interrogation zones overlap of multiple readers, and leading to incorrect and unreliable data. This study proposes an array‐based reader anti‐collision scheme (ARCS) for solving the reader‐to‐tag interference problem. This mechanism uses array and grouping techniques to schedule the active readers to reduce the read cycle (RC) time. The ‘RC’ and ‘collision ratio (CR)’ measures serve as performance indexes in the proposed scheme. From ‘RC’ comparison, the ARCS mechanism has the maximum improvement of 55 per cent as compared with the existing mechanisms. Furthermore, take ‘CR’ index, ARCS has the maximum improvement of 42 per cent as compared to the others. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled flooding in disconnected sparse mobile networks
Authors: Harras Khaled A. , Almeroth Kevin C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe incredible growth in the capabilities and functionality of mobile devices has enabled new applications and network architectures to emerge. Due to the potential for node mobility, along with significant node heterogeneity, characteristics such as very large delays, intermittent links, and high link error rates pose a new set of network challenges. Along with these challenges, end‐to‐end paths are assumed not to exist and message relay approaches are often adopted. While message flooding is a simple and robust solution for such cases, its cost in terms of network resource consumption is unaffordable. In this paper, we focus on the evaluation of different controlled message flooding schemes over disconnected sparse mobile networks. We study the effect of these schemes on message delay, network resource consumption, and neighbor discovery overhead. Our simulations show that our schemes can save substantial network resources while incurring a negligible increase in the message delivery delay. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dominant marker vectors for selecting yeast mating products
Authors: Sadowski Ivan , Lourenco Pedro , Parent Jennifer 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe have developed plasmid vectors to enable selection of diploids from mating reactions between haploid strains that lack compatible recessive genetic markers. The plasmids bear one of five different dominant selectable markers, kanMX4, hphMX4, natMX4, patMX3 or ZEO, a yeast origin of replication, and the URA3 gene. Diploids can be selected from mating reactions between haploids transformed with plasmids expressing different dominant markers, by using a combination of drugs that select for both markers. Following non‐selective growth, diploids that subsequently become cured of the plasmids can be directly selected on 5‐FOA, for ura3 auxotrophs, or identified by replica‐plating onto appropriate selective media. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐copy episomal vector pFY20 and high‐saturation coverage genomic libraries for the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Wahls Wayne P. , Davidson Mari K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn fission yeast, as in many organisms, episomally replicating plasmid DNA molecules can be used for a wide variety of applications. However, replicating plasmids described previously are each propagated at a high copy number per cell. Plasmid fission yeast twenty (pFY20) contains the ura4+ gene for positive and negative selection, an origin of replication (ars1) and a stability element (stb). Although this plasmid does not have a centromere, it is propagated with a copy number of about two plasmids per haploid genome equivalent and it is transmitted with relatively high fidelity in mitosis and meiosis. This low‐copy vector is useful for screens and mutational studies where overexpression (e.g. from high copy plasmids) is undesirable. We therefore constructed multiple partial‐digest, size‐fractionated, fission yeast genomic DNA libraries in pFY20 and in the cloning vector pBluescript KS+. These libraries have sufficient complexity (average of 2100 genome equivalents each) for saturation screening by complementation, plasmid shuffle or hybridization. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of the management and development of captive African elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves: birth to three months of age
Authors: Kowalski Nicole L. , Dale Robert H. I. , Mazur Christa L. H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe used four surveys to collect information about the birth, physical growth, and behavioral development of 12 African elephant calves born in captivity. The management of the birth process and neonatal care involved a variety of standard procedures. All of the calves were born at night, between 7PM and 7AM. The calves showed a systematic progression in behavioral and physical development, attaining developmental milestones at least a quickly as calves in situ. This study emphasized birth‐related events, changes in the ways that calves used their trunks, first instances of behaviors, and interactions of the calves with other, usually adult, elephants. Several behaviors, such as the dam covering her calf with hay and the calf sucking its own trunk, were common in the captive situation and have been observed in situ. Overall, the behaviors of the calves resembled those observed for African elephant calves in situ. These data should help in the management of African elephants under human care by providing systematic reference values for the birth and development of elephant calves. Zoo Biol 29:104–119, 2010. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pregnancy diagnosis in wild canids using a commercially available relaxin assay
Authors: Bauman Joan E. , Clifford Deana L. , Asa Cheryl S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAccurate detection of pregnancy is a useful tool in zoo management and husbandry, conservation breeding programs and research settings. Our study evaluated the ability of a commercial relaxin hormone assay used in domestic dogs (ReproCHEKTM) to accurately detect pregnancy through plasma analysis in two wolf and two fox species. The relaxin assay detected all of the pregnancies greater than 25 days gestation for island foxes, fennec foxes, gray wolves, and Mexican gray wolves. For island foxes, three negative relaxin results were attributed to using the test earlier postconception than manufacturer recommendation (before day 20). Five other negative results were found for females estimated at 15–25 days gestation, spanning the early and intermediate period (21–30 days gestation) when relaxin may be detected but less reliably. There were no false‐positive results in nonmated negative control animals. Relaxin assay results were highly correlated with ultrasound results and the intra‐assay replicate agreement was 100%. Our results show that the ReproCHEKTM commercial relaxin assay is a minimally invasive and reliable method for pregnancy detection in these wild species when used after 25 days gestation and might be applied to other canids as well. Furthermore, this assay is easy to run and requires no specialized equipment, making it extremely useful for zoo and field research applications. Zoo Biol 27:406–413, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenology of body mass changes during reproduction in a nomadic, tropical waterbird, the Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber)
Authors: Babbitt Gregory A. , Frederick Peter C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn birds, the prereproductive buildup of endogenous energy reserves (e.g. body fat) is highly variable and is often thought to be a strategy evolving in response to either seasonal and/or unpredictable changes in breeding conditions. Nomadic behavior is also thought to be an adaptation to unpredictable resource distribution in both space and time. Because of the difficultly in obtaining a longitudinal time series of body masses for free‐living individuals of highly nomadic species, the relationship between nomadism and endogenous energy storage has not been explored. In this study, we investigated prereproductive energy storage in a large free‐flighted captive colony of highly nomadic waterbird, the Scarlet Ibis, Eudocimus ruber. We used size‐corrected body mass as an index of body condition both earlier to and during breeding. We compared both breeders and nonbreeders body condition earlier to nesting. We also prevented a subsample of the birds from gaining mass earlier to nesting and compared their nesting success with a control group that was allowed to feed freely. Although significant differences were found in prereproductive body conditions of breeders and nonbreeders, we were unable to control breeding by manipulating prereproductive condition, most likely because of the ability of some birds to rapidly change body condition within several days or weeks earlier to nesting. We conclude that prereproductive energy storage is important for nesting success in both sexes of this highly nomadic species, however energy stores are highly labile and can be rapidly obtained through prenesting hyperphagia. Zoo Biol 27:360–370, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurocognitive testing in late‐onset Tay–Sachs disease: A pilot study
Authors: Elstein D. , Doniger G. M. , Simon E. , Korn‐Lubetzki I. , Navon R. , Zimran A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryObjectivesTo test neurocognitive function in patients with late‐onset Tay–Sachs disease (LOTS) using a computerized system to assess whether cognition is a clinically relevant outcome measure of possible therapeutic intervention in LOTS.MethodsTen adults with Tay–Sachs disease were administered at least one battery of the Mindstreams Neurotrax system for evaluation of cognitive function. Six sub‐scores and a Global Cognitive Score (GCS) were tabulated. A disease specific severity score was also devised with six domains.ResultsDespite identical genotypes, all patients but the two oldest had ≥3/6 sub‐scores one standard deviation below normal mean (100); verbal and executive functions were most affected. The severity score measured other functions.ConclusionsBecause of provocative findings on re‐testing in patients exposed to miglustat, and despite the very small cohort, cognitive function may be an appropriate and clinically relevant outcome measure for future therapeutic interventions in LOTS.
Physico‐Chemical Characterisation of Lipids from Mytilus galloprovincialis (L.) and Rapana venosa and their Healing Properties on Skin Burns
Authors: Badiu Diana L. , Balu Alina M. , Barbes Lucica , Luque Rafael , Nita Roxana , Radu Marius , Tanase Ecaterina , Rosoiu Natalia 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBlack Sea molluscs and gastropods are the most studied organisms from the Romanian littoral zone. In particular, those from the Mytilidae species are of great interest because biochemical investigations have shown that they can be sources of biological active substances which can have different applications (e.g. food additives). We report here the extraction of lipids from two different species of molluscs (Mytilus galloprovincialis L., Mediterranean mussel) and gastropods (Rapana venosa, hard‐shell clam). The extracts were evaluated in terms of antioxidant and composition properties and their healing properties were tested on skin burns in Wistar rats. Our studies proved that the two lipid extracts contained a relatively complex distribution of compounds, in terms of characteristic indices, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and vitamins E and D. The presence of such compounds rendered the extracts very efficient in healing induced skin burns in Wistar rats. The histological analysis showed a reduction in the time of healing (12–13 and 13–15 days for the Mytilus galloprovincialis (L.) Rapana venosa extracts, respectively) compared to 20–22 for untreated animals, based on results from tissues and blood samples. Our investigations have been proved to be promising in terms of future potential applications of the extracts as skin‐care products, cosmetics and/or pharmaceutical preparations owing to their dermorestitutive properties.
Differential evolution tuned fuzzy supervisor adapted extended Kalman filtering for SLAM problems in mobile robots
Authors: Chatterjee Amitava 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYThe present paper proposes a successful application of differential evolution (DE) optimized fuzzy logic supervisors (FLS) to improve the quality of solutions that extended Kalman filters (EKFs) can offer to solve simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problems for mobile robots and autonomous vehicles. The utility of the proposed system can be readily appreciated in those situations where an incorrect knowledge of Q and R matrices of EKF can significantly degrade the SLAM performance. A fuzzy supervisor has been implemented to adapt the R matrix of the EKF online, in order to improve its performance. The free parameters of the fuzzy supervisor are suitably optimized by employing the DE algorithm, a comparatively recent method, popularly employed now-a-days for high-dimensional parallel direct search problems. The utility of the proposed system is aptly demonstrated by solving the SLAM problem for a mobile robot with several landmarks and with wrong knowledge of sensor statistics. The system could successfully demonstrate enhanced performance in comparison with usual EKF-based solutions for identical environment situations.
Surface exposure ages imply multiple low-amplitude Pleistocene variations in East Antarctic Ice Sheet, Ricker Hills, Victoria Land
Authors: Strasky Stefan , Di Nicola Luigia , Baroni Carlo , Salvatore Maria Cristina , Baur Heinrich , Kubik Peter W. , Schlüchter Christian , Wieler Rainer 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOne of the major issues in (palaeo-) climatology is the response of Antarctic ice sheets to global climate changes. Antarctic ice volume has varied in the past but the extent and timing of these fluctuations are not well known. In this study, we address the question of amplitude and timing of past Antarctic ice level changes by surface exposure dating using in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides (10Be and 21Ne). The study area lies in the Ricker Hills, a nunatak at the boundary of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet in southern Victoria Land. By determining exposure ages of erratic boulders from glacial drifts we directly date East Antarctic Ice Sheet variations. Erosion-corrected neon and beryllium exposure ages indicate that a major ice advance reaching elevations of about 500 m above present ice levels occurred between 1.125 and 1.375 million years before present. Subsequent ice fluctuations were of lesser extent but timing is difficult as all erratic boulders from related deposits show complex exposure histories. Sample-specific erosion rates were on the order of 20–45 cm Ma-1 for a quartzite and 10–65 cm Ma-1 for a sandstone boulder and imply that the modern cold, arid climate has persisted since at least the early Pleistocene.
The Demise of Print
Authors: Albarède Francis , Constable Cathy , Duffy Chris , Fuselier Stephen , Penner Joyce , Preller Ruth , Strobel Darrell , Suyehiro Kiyoshi , Verstraete Michel 
Published: July 2008

No print subscriptions to AGU journals will be available after 2010. Since 2002, when the electronic journal was made the version of record, it was clear that the day would come when the print version would be unsustainable.First, the printed version would increasingly differ from the electronic one. One of AGU's goals for the conversion to electronic delivery was to take the journal beyond the printed page. More authors are taking advantage of the ability to use animations, video, and even interactive material—none of which can be part of the printed journal. Also, more authors are choosing to have color only in the electronic journal.
Mutations in a small region of the exportin Crm1p disrupt the daughter cell‐specific nuclear localization of the transcription factor Ace2p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Bourens Myriam , Racki Waldemar , Bécam Anne‐Marie , Panozzo Cristina , Boulon Séverine , Bertrand Edouard , Herbert Christopher J. 
Published: July 2008

Background information. The CBK1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a protein kinase that is a member of the NDR (nuclear Dbf2‐related) family of protein kinases, which are involved in morphogenesis and cell proliferation. Previous studies have shown that deletion of CBK1 leads to a loss of polarity and the formation of large aggregates of cells. This aggregation phenotype is due to the loss of the daughter cell‐specific accumulation of the transcription factor Ace2p, which is responsible for the transcription of genes whose products are necessary for the final separation of the mother and the daughter at the end of cell division.Results. We show that the daughter cell‐specific localization of Ace2p does not occur via a specific localization of the ACE2 mRNA and that, in vivo, the transcription of CTS1, one of the principal targets of Ace2p, is daughter cell‐specific. We have shown that extragenic suppressors of the Δcbk1 aggregation phenotype are located in the nuclear exportin CRM1 and ACE2. These mutations disrupt the interaction of Ace2p and Crm1p, thus impairing Ace2p export and resulting in the accumulation of the protein in both mother and daughter cell nuclei.Conclusions. We propose that in the daughter cell nucleus Cbk1p phosphorylates the Ace2p nuclear export signal, and that this phosphorylation blocks the export of Ace2p via Crm1p, thus promoting the daughter cell‐specific nuclear accumulation of Ace2p.
Dolichol Biosynthesis and Its Effects on the Unfolded Protein Response and Abiotic Stress Resistance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Hairong , Ohyama Kiyoshi , Boudet Julie , Chen Zhizhong , Yang Jilai , Zhang Min , Muranaka Toshiya , Maurel Christophe , Zhu Jian-Kang , Gong Zhizhong 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Dolichols are long-chain unsaturated polyisoprenoids with multiple cellular functions, such as serving as lipid carriers of sugars used for protein glycosylation, which affects protein trafficking in the endoplasmic reticulum. The biological functions of dolichols in plants are largely unknown. We isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, lew1 (for leaf wilting1), that showed a leaf-wilting phenotype under normal growth conditions. LEW1 encoded a cis-prenyltransferase, which when expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzed the formation of dolichol with a chain length around C80 in an in vitro assay. The lew1 mutation reduced the total plant content of main dolichols by ∼85% and caused protein glycosylation defects. The mutation also impaired plasma membrane integrity, causing electrolyte leakage, lower turgor, reduced stomatal conductance, and increased drought resistance. Interestingly, drought stress in the lew1 mutant induced higher expression of the unfolded protein response pathway genes BINDING PROTEIN and BASIC DOMAIN/LEUCINE ZIPPER60 as well as earlier expression of the stress-responsive genes RD29A and COR47. The lew1 mutant was more sensitive to dark treatment, but this dark sensitivity was suppressed by drought treatment. Our data suggest that LEW1 catalyzes dolichol biosynthesis and that dolichol is important for plant responses to endoplasmic reticulum stress, drought, and dark-induced senescence in Arabidopsis.
Diversity of staphylocoagulase and identification of novel variants of staphylocoagulase gene in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Kinoshita Marie , Kobayashi Nobumichi , Nagashima Shigeo , Ishino Masaho , Otokozawa Seiko , Mise Keiji , Sumi Ayako , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki , Uehara Nobuyuki , Watanabe Naoki , Endo Miyoko 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTStaphylocoagulase (SC) is a major phenotypic determinant of Staphylococcus aureus. Serotype of SC (coagulase type) is used as an epidemiological marker and 10 types (I–X) have been discriminated so far. To clarify genetic diversity of SC within a single and among different serotype(s), we determined approximately 1500 bp‐nucleotide sequences of SC gene encoding D1, D2, and central regions (N‐terminal half and central regions of SC; SCNC) for a total of 33 S. aureus strains comprising two to three strains from individual coagulase types (I–VIII, X) and 10 strains which were not determined as previously known SC serotypes (ND‐strains). Amino acid sequence identities of SCNC among strains with a single coagulase type of II, III, IV, V, VI and X were extremely high (more than 99%), whereas lower identity (56–87%) was observed among different types. In contrast, within a single coagulase type of I, VII, or VIII, sequence divergence was found (lowest identity; 82%). SCNC sequences from the ND‐strains were discriminated into two genetic groups with an identity of 71% to each other (tentatively assigned to genotypes [XI] and [XII]), and exhibited less than 86% sequence identities to those of most known coagulase types. All the types [XI] and [XII] strains were methicillin susceptible and belonged to different sequence types from those of coagulase types I–X strains reported so far by multilocus sequence typing. These findings indicated genetic heterogeneity of SC in coagulase types I, VII, and VIII strains, and the presence of two novel SC genotypes related to antigenicity of SC serotypes.
Efficient gene replacement and direct hyphal transformation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: LEVY M. , ERENTAL A. , YARDEN O. 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYHomologous recombination is required for gene‐targeted procedures such as gene disruption and gene replacement. Ku80 is part of the non‐homologous end‐joining DNA repair mechanism in many organisms. We identified and disrupted the Ku80 homologue in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and generated heterokaryon mutants enriched with Ku80‐deficient nuclei (ssku80). Sclerotial formation and pathogenicity of ssku80 mutants were normal on tomato fruits. The frequencies of homologous recombination in these strains were much higher than those of the wild type when transformed with a cna1 (encoding calcineurin) replacement construct. We coupled the increase in homologous recombination with a direct BIM‐LAB‐mediated transformation procedure, which utilizes compressed air to assist the transforming DNA in penetrating fungal hyphae of S. sclerotiorum. We found this method to be efficient and reproducible, and it did not alter the fitness of the mutants. We also demonstrated the first case of direct transformation of sclerotia. Nourseothricin was introduced as a selectable marker in S. sclerotiorum. The tools and procedures described will improve our ability to study gene function in S. sclerotiorum and are most likely to be adaptable for use in other plant pathogens.