bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duration of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer and Survival Among the Elderly
Authors: Neugut Alfred I. , Matasar Matthew , Wang Xiaoyan , McBride Russell , Jacobson Judith S. , Tsai Wei-Yann , Grann Victor R. , Hershman Dawn L. 
Published: April 2006

Purpose In randomized trials, patients with stage III colon cancer who received 6 months of fluorouracil (FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy had better survival than patients who did not. However, little is known about the predictors of, or the survival associated with, duration of chemotherapy in the community. Patients and Methods The linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database was used to identify individuals ≥ 65 years of age diagnosed with stage III colon cancer between 1995 and 1999. We used logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression models to analyze factors associated with early discontinuation of FU-based chemotherapy among these elderly colon cancer patients. Results Among 1,722 patients who received 1 to 7 months of FU-based chemotherapy, older age, being unmarried, and having comorbid conditions were associated with receiving less than 5 months of treatment. Among the 1,579 patients who survived ≥ 8 months, the 1,091 (69.1%) who received 5 to 7 months of treatment had lower overall (hazard ratio [HR], 0.59; 95%, CI 0.49 to 0.71) and colon cancer-specific (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.66) mortality than the 488 (30.9%) who received 1 to 4 months of treatment. Conclusion More than 30% of elderly patients who initiated FU-based chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer and survived for at least 8 months discontinued treatment early. Mortality rates among such patients were nearly twice as high as among patients who completed 5 to 7 months of treatment. If the association we observed between duration of treatment and survival is confirmed, additional investigation is warranted to determine whether dose-intensity, cumulative dose, or other factors related to receipt of full adjuvant treatment are responsible.
Phase II Study of Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin in Combination With Bevacizumab in Patients With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Andrew X. , Blaszkowsky Lawrence S. , Ryan David P. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Muzikansky Alona , Horgan Kerry , Sheehan Susan , Hale Kelly E. , Enzinger Peter C. , Bhargava Pankaj , Stuart Keith 
Published: April 2006

Purpose Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a vascular tumor with poor prognosis. Given the reported activity of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in HCC and the potential benefits of targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway with bevacizumab (B), a phase II study of GEMOX-B was undertaken to define efficacy and toxicity profiles in HCC patients. Patients and Methods Eligible patients had pathologically proven measurable unresectable or metastatic HCC. For cycle 1 (14 days), bevacizumab 10 mg/kg was administered alone intravenously on day 1. For cycle 2 and beyond (28 days/cycle), bevacizumab 10 mg/kg was administered on days 1 and 15, gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 was administered as a dose rate infusion at 10 mg/m2/min followed by oxaliplatin at 85 mg/m2 on days 2 and 16. Results Thirty-three patients were enrolled and 30 patients were assessable for efficacy. The objective response rate was 20%, and 27% of patients had stable disease. Median overall survival was 9.6 months (95% CI, 8.0 months to not available) and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.3 months (95% CI, 3.7 to 8.7 months); the PFS rate at 3 and 6 months was 70% (95% CI, 54% to 85%) and 48% (95% CI, 31% to 65%), respectively. The most common treatment-related grade 3 to 4 toxicities included leukopenia/neutropenia, transient elevation of aminotransferases, hypertension, and fatigue. Conclusion GEMOX-B could be safely administered with close monitoring and had moderate antitumor activity for patients with advanced HCC. The high 6-month PFS rate is encouraging, and this regimen is worthy of further investigation.
Regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p44 ERK activity during anoxia/recovery in rainbow trout hypodermal fibroblasts
Authors: Ossum Carlo G. , Wulff Tune , Hoffmann Else K. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
It is well known from various mammalian cells that anoxia has a major impact on the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK, but a possible similar effect in fish cells has not been investigated. Here we characterise a p44ERK-like protein in the rainbow trout cell line RTHDF and study the effect of (i) serum stimulation, (ii) sodium azide (chemical anoxia) and removal of azide (recovery) and (iii) anoxia (PO2&lt;0.1%) and recovery. During both chemical and true anoxia p44ERK was inhibited and recovery resulted in robust reactivation of p44ERK activity, far above the initial level. The inhibition was secondary to activation of p38MAPK and the increase was MEK dependent, as SB203580 inhibited the dephosphorylation during anoxia and the presence of PD98059 inhibited phosphorylation of p44ERK during recovery. In addition, we demonstrated that the reactivation of p44ERK during recovery also was dependent on reactive oxygen species and a PP1/PP2A-like phosphatase.
Tensilin-like stiffening protein fromHolothuria leucospilotadoes not induce the stiffest state of catch connective tissue
Authors: Tamori Masaki , Yamada Akira , Nishida Naoto , Motobayashi Yumiko , Oiwa Kazuhiro , Motokawa Tatsuo 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThe dermis of sea cucumbers is a catch connective tissue or mutable connective tissue that exhibits large changes in mechanical properties. A stiffening protein, tensilin, has been isolated from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. We purified a similar protein, H-tensilin, from Holothuria leucospilota, which belongs to a different family to C. frondosa. H-tensilin appeared as a single band with an apparent molecular mass of 34 kDa on SDS-PAGE. No sugar chain was detected. Tryptic fragments of the protein had homology to known tensilin. H-tensilin aggregated isolated collagen fibrils in vitro in a buffer containing 0.5 mol l–1 NaCl with or without 10 mmol l–1 Ca2+. The activity of H-tensilin was quantitatively studied by dynamic mechanical tests on the isolated dermis. H-tensilin increased stiffness of the dermis in the soft state, induced by Ca2+-free artificial seawater, to a level comparable to that of the standard state, which was the state found in the dermis rested in artificial seawater with normal ionic condition. H-tensilin decreased the energy dissipation ratio of the soft dermis to a level comparable to that of the standard state. When H-tensilin was applied on the dermis in the standard state, it did not alter stiffness nor dissipation ratio. The subsequent application of artificial seawater in which the potassium concentration was raised to 100 mmol l–1increased stiffness by one order of magnitude. These findings suggest that H-tensilin is involved in the changes from the soft state to the standard state and that some stiffening factors other than tensilin are necessary for the changes from the standard to the stiff state.
Fluorescence measurements of serotonin-induced V-ATPase-dependent pH changes at the luminal surface in salivary glands of the blowflyCalliphora vicina
Authors: Rein Julia , Zimmermann Bernhard , Hille Carsten , Lang Ingo , Walz Bernd , Baumann Otto 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYSecretion in blowfly salivary glands is induced by the neurohormone serotonin and powered by a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase)located in the apical membrane of the secretory cells. We have established a microfluorometric method for analysing pH changes at the luminal surface of the secretory epithelial cells by using the fluorescent dye 5-N-hexadecanoyl-aminofluorescein (HAF). After injection of HAF into the lumen of the tubular salivary gland, the fatty acyl chain of the dye molecule partitions into the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and its pH-sensitive fluorescent moiety is exposed at the cell surface. Confocal imaging has confirmed that HAF distributes over the entire apical membrane of the secretory cells and remains restricted to this membrane domain. Ratiometric analysis of HAF fluorescence demonstrates that serotonin leads to a reversible dose-dependent acidification at the luminal surface. Inhibition by concanamycin A confirms that the serotonin-induced acidification at the luminal surface is due to H+ transport across the apical membrane via V-ATPase. Measurements with pH-sensitive microelectrodes corroborate a serotonin-induced luminal acidification and demonstrate that luminal pH decreases by about 0.4 pH units at saturating serotonin concentrations. We conclude that ratiometric measurements of HAF fluorescence provide an elegant method for monitoring V-ATPase-dependent H+transport in the blowfly salivary gland in vivo and for analysing the spatiotemporal pattern of pH changes at the luminal surface.
Efficient RNA 5′-adenylation by T4 DNA ligase to facilitate practical applications
Authors: Wang Yangming , Silverman Scott K. 
Published: April 2006

We describe a simple procedure for RNA 5′-adenylation using T4 DNA ligase. The 5′-monophosphorylated terminus of an RNA substrate is annealed to a complementary DNA strand that has a 3′-overhang of 10 nucleotides. Then, T4 DNA ligase and ATP are used to synthesize 5′-adenylated RNA (5′-AppRNA), which should find use in a variety of practical applications. In the absence of an acceptor nucleic acid strand, the two-step T4 DNA ligase mechanism is successfully interrupted after the adenylation step, providing 40%–80% yield of 5′-AppRNA after PAGE purification with few side products (the yield varies with RNA sequence). Optimized reaction conditions are described for 5′-adenylating RNA substrates of essentially any length including long and structured RNAs, without need for sequestration of the RNA 3′-terminus to avoid circularization. The new procedure is applicable on the preparative nanomole scale. This 5′-adenylation strategy using T4 DNA ligase is a substantial improvement over our recently reported adenylation method that uses T4 RNA ligase, which often leads to substantial amounts of side products and requires careful optimization for each RNA substrate. Efficient synthetic access to 5′-adenylated RNA will facilitate a range of applications by providing substrates for in vitro selection; by establishing a new protocol for RNA 5′-capping; and by providing an alternative approach for labeling RNA with 32P or biophysical probes at the 5′-terminus.
A metaphor in search of a source domain: The categories of Slavic aspect
Authors: Janda Laura A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
I propose that human experience of matter provides the source domain for the metaphor that motivates the grammatical category of aspect in Russian. This model is a version of the universal TIME IS SPACE metaphor, according to which SITUATIONS ARE MATERIAL ENTITIES, and, more specifically, PERFECTIVE IS A DISCRETE SOLID OBJECT versus IMPERFECTIVE IS A FLUID SUBSTANCE. The contrast of discrete solid objects with fluid substances reveals a rich array of over a dozen properties; the isomorphism observed between those properties and the complex uses of aspect in Russian is compelling. This model presents a more finely articulated account of Russian aspect than feature analysis can achieve. Although some of these properties overlap significantly with the count versus mass distinction often associated with aspect, the properties provide more detail and ground the metaphor to concrete experience. Properties of matter can be divided into three groups: inherent properties such as edges, shape, and integrity (which correspond to inherent situation aspect); interactional properties such as juxtaposition, dynamism, and salience (which correspond to discourse phenomena of aspect); and human interactional properties such as graspability and impact (which correspond to pragmatic phenomena of aspect). The interactional and human interactional properties can be used to motivate subjective construal, whereas the inherent properties serve as default motivators. The model will be demonstrated in detail using Russian data, followed by a survey comparing Russian with the other Slavic languages, which will show that deviations consist of either non-implementation of a given property, or the implementation of an inherent (default) property in place of an interactional or human interactional property. This model will be contrasted with a brief discussion of a selection of non-Slavic languages. The specific metaphor in this model does not apply beyond Slavic, but perhaps it will encourage investigation into the source domain of aspect in other languages. There appears to be a correlation between the relatively heavy morphological investment Slavic languages make in nominal individuation and the individuation of situations presented in this metaphorical model.
Conceptual blending and the interpretation of relatives: A case study from Greek
Authors: Nikiforidou Kiki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This article examines instances of the pu relative construction in Modern Greek in which the semantic role of the head is underspecified by the syntax. Such cases include sentences whose nominal head corresponds to some complement of the relative clause predicate and sentences in which the head does not have any sort of syntactic relationship with the relative. The latter, which are characteristic of oral, informal discourse, have been completely ignored in the previous literature, which has defined relatives on the basis of exclusively structural criteria. It is argued that a unified account of the pu-construction (including gapped and gapless relatives) can be achieved if we analyze it as a conventional instruction for a particular kind of conceptual integration. Semantic and pragmatic factors influencing successful construal (one which leads to the construction of a unique blend) are systematically examined. The lack of a clear cut-off point in acceptability for such utterances tallies with the conclusion reached here, namely that the constraints governing such uses are constraints on interpretability.
Quantitative measures of subjectification: A variationist study of Spanish salir(se)
Authors: Aaron Jessi Elana , Cacoullos Rena Torres 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
By confronting variable use, the variationist method can reveal patterns of
subjectification of grammatical morphemes. Applying this method to the analysis
of salir(se)  ‘go out’ variation in Mexican Spanish oral data, we
conclude that subjectification is manifested structurally in the tendency for
middle-marked salirse  to co-occur with first-person singular or
referents close to the speaker, positive polarity and the past tense. Further
comparative dialectal and diachronic data indicate the origins of the
se -marked form in physical spatial deviation. Usage of
the form then extends to situations that denote deviation from social norms. We
thus propose that the locus of subjectification of this counter-expectation
marker is an increasingly speaker-based construal of expectation. This semantic
change appears to proceed via absorption of contextual meaning in the frequently
occurring + de

‘from’ construction.
Assessing the SSTH and GTVH: A view from cognitive linguistics
Authors: Brône Geert , Feyaerts Kurt 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDespite its strong cognitive orientation in recent years, humor research still has paid relatively little attention to the paradigm of Cognitive linguistics (CL), which in light of its dynamic view on cognitive and semantic aspects of language in use, seems to provide an adequate framework for the analysis of humor. With regard to the “cognitive construal” of human experience as one of the basic notions of CL, this paper describes for three types of humorous texts in what ways construal operations are exploited, combined, and embedded in humorous discourse, as well as the way in which they relate to the achievement of humorous effects. It is demonstrated, accordingly, that CL contributes to a holistic account of humor as a highly marked and complex, yet structurally not irregular kind of language use. In this respect, this contribution is particularly critical about the category of Logical Mechanisms, defined in the GTVH as humor-specific operations that guide the process of incongruity resolution in humor interpretation. Instead, the present account advocates a prototype model of construal operations, in which incongruity and resolution appear as two perspectives of the same cognitive construal.
Victor Raskin on jokes
Authors: Davies Christie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractVictor Raskin's clear delineation of the differences between humorous and bone fide serious communication and his systematic formal account of how jokes work was not only a major contribution to linguistics but also made possible revolutionary advances in other areas of the social sciences of humor. It was Raskin's account of the fictional, conventional, and mythical scripts used in jokes that freed us from the earlier tendentious and misleading analyses of jokes in terms of “stereotypes.” The General Theory of Verbal Humor enables us more easily to explain, transform, unpack, and compare quite disparate kinds of jokes from elephant jokes to Polish jokes and to explain how and why jokes have evolved over time. Raskin's contribution to humor scholarship has been that of a master.
Script opposition and logical mechanism in punning
Authors: Hempelmann Christian F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBased on a larger project on punning, this paper outlines the application of the General Theory of Verbal Humor to imperfect puns. The aim is to illustrate the intricate mechanisms of this seemingly simple joke type. Application necessitates the expansion and further formalization of the linguistic tools available for the description and explanation of humor, in this case centrally the knowledge resources for script opposition and logical mechanism. This elaboration of the GTVH is possible, because of its explicitly theory-based and formalized nature. Key results are the distinction of punning and wordplay, as well as verbal and referential humor.
Incongruity in humor: Root cause or epiphenomenon?
Authors: Veale Tony 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHumor and incongruity appear to be constant bedfellows, for at the heart of every joke one can point to some degree of absurdity, illogicality, or violation of expectation. This observation has lead many theories of humor to base themselves around some notion of incongruity or opposition, most notably the semantic-script theory (or SSTH) of Raskin and the subsequent general theory (or GTVH) of Attardo and Raskin. But correlation does not imply causality (a reality used to good effect in many successful examples of humor), and one should question whether incongruity serves a causal role in the workings and appreciation of humor or merely an epiphenomenal one. It remains a key question for humor researchers as to whether listeners react to incongruities by constructing humorous interpretations, or whether they collaboratively create these incongruities as a result of opportunistically constructing humorous interpretations.
Cross-language comedy in Shakespeare
Authors: Delabastita Dirk 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a typology and brief overview of the humorous scenes in Shakespeare’s plays which derive their comic energy from bilingual and / or translation-based situations. To begin with, four different subtypes of the polyglot pun are distinguished. Two of those turn out to be productive in Shakespeare’s works. The paper then considers the standard expectations associated with the ‘‘normal’’ script of interlingual translation and indicates how in a variety of Shakespearean scenes the breaking of these expectations contributes to producing effects of comic incongruity.
Humor and translation—an interdiscipline
Authors: Zabalbeascoa Patrick 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper calls for greater attention from researchers into the nature of humor translation as an interdisciplinary area that should be of interest to translation and humor studies. It includes a brief review of the complexity of translation and the problems posed by traditional approaches. The paper introduces a number of parameters that may be of assistance in developing joke typologies for translators or translation scholars. A model is presented for structuring joke-types according to binary branching. An attempt is then made to combine the model with ideas and concepts put forward in Attardo (2002). The result is a binary branch tree for the 6 Knowledge Resources and the hierarchical structure that Attardo claims they have. One important conclusion is that sameness, or similarity, may have little to do with funniness, and, if this is so, it is going to create a dilemma for translators wishing to achieve equivalent effect.
Self-reported use of humor by hospitalized pre-adolescent children to cope with pain-related distress from a medical intervention
Authors: Goodenough Belinda , Ford Jennifer 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study addresses a measurement gap on the humor-pain interface in pre-adolescent children. 57 hospitalized children aged 6–12 years who had undergone a medical intervention completed measures of pain intensity and unpleasantness (Colored Analogue Scale), general pain coping style (Pain Coping Questionnaire), humor coping—creation, general, and painspecific (child version of the Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale, and a new measure, the Sydney Children’s Hospital Humor Coping Scale for Children). The results supported predictions that (a) use of pain-specific humor-coping would be positively associated with an adaptive problemfocused coping style, and (b) an emotion-focused pain coping style would be inversely related to use of humor coping. Results also supported the hypothesis that humor coping would be more strongly (and inversely) related to ratings of pain unpleasantness rather than sensory intensity. The data provide preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of the Sydney Children’s Hospital Humor Coping Scale for Children.
Humor appreciation and latency of comprehension
Authors: Cunningham William A. , Derks Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe relation between humor appreciation and comprehension difficulty has been described as an inverted U function. That is, when a joke is too easy or too hard to understand it will be less funny than a joke of intermediate difficulty. Humor appreciation might, however, be a kind of expert skill. Then the easier it is to get a joke for the experienced language user the funnier the joke will be. Two experiments found the relation between the latency of recognizing a message as a joke and the funniness of that joke to be primarily negative and linear. There was no evidence of an inverted U with this material. Funnier material was reacted to more quickly than less funny material providing some evidence for the expert skill hypothesis. Some jokes congruent with male gender stereotypes, however, resulted in higher humor ratings by females but did not affect recognition latency. This finding suggests the possibility of an implicit structural and a more explicit content factor in humor appreciation.