bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of GA3 on the Phytotoxicity of Aldicarb and Carbofuran on Seedling Growth in Capsicum frutescens var. California Wonder and Rate of Root Knot Nematode Infestation
Authors: Singh S. P. , Maheshwari D. K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe present investigation dealt with the effect of the two granular systemic nematicides aldicarb and carbofuran, individually and in combination with 100 mg · 1‐1 GA3, on plant growth and root knot formation in C. frutescens var. California Wonder. Both nematicides and GA3 were applied as a seed‐dip treatment. GA3 increased seed germination and seedling growth. All concentrations (2 to 20 g a.i. · 1‐1) of aldicarb and carbofuran, when applied independently, reduced seed germination and length of epicotyl and hypocotyl. However, application of these nematicides in combination with 100 mg · 1‐1 GA3 showed antagonistic behaviour.All the treated seedlings were inoculated with 1000 nematode larvae of Meloidogyne incognita. Vegetative parameters of the plant were studied 15 days after transplantation. A combination of GA3 (100 mg · 1‐1) with different concentrations of nematicides showed a synergistic effect on treated plants. Root knot index in plants treated with nematicides was found to be reduced with increasing concentrations of both nematicides. Maximum reduction in root knot index was observed at highest dose (20 g a.i. · 1‐1) of both nematicides, when applied in combination with 100 mg · 1‐1 GA3. Proteolytic activities were decreased in plants treated with both aldicarb and carbofuran. Supplementation of the nematicides with GA3 resulted in an increase in enzyme activities of the treated plants. Toxic residues increased with increasing concentration of both nematicides, whereas it was reduced at highest concentration of both nematicides when applied in combination with GA3.
Base Composition of the DNA of Mycoplasma‐Like Organisms Associated with Various Plant Diseases
Authors: Kollar A. , Seemüller E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDNA was isolated from periwinkle plants infected by various mycoplasma‐like organisms (MLOs), and from apple trees affected by apple proliferation. The DNA of the causal agents was separated from the host plant DNA by repeated bisbenzimide‐CsCl buoyant density gradient centrifugation which resulted in highly enriched MLO DNA bands characterized by a lower buoyant density than that of the host DNA. The MLO DNAs were hydrolyzed to free bases which were determined by HPLC. The analyses revealed a similar low G + C content as found in the DNAs of several culturable mycoplasmas and spiroplasmas. The values of the DNA of the agents of the diseases investigated were as follows: European aster yellows 23.0, periwinkle virescence 23.5, apple proliferation 23.7, rape virescence 24.2, and phyllody of Diplotaxis erucoidcs 26.2 mol % G + C, respectively. Methylated bases were detected in low amounts only.
Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis for Potential Control of Apple Replant Disease
Authors: Utkhlde R. S. , Li T. S. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractApple seedlings (ev. Melntosh were stunted when grown in pasteurized field soil to which four fungi, previously isolated from apple replant disease (ARD) soil, were added. Twenty‐one isolates of Bacillus sulnths produced inhibition zones in vitro against 20 ARD fungi. Isolate BACT‐1 ol B. subtilis showed significant antagonism against 17 fungi isolated from ARD soil on potato dexirose agar and apple plant height was increased in its presence in pesteurized and fertilized soil in glasshouse pot tests. Plant height also increased in the presence of isolate F.BW‐4 of B.subtilis.in pasteurized and fertilized soil in glasshouse pot tests but EBW‐4 liid not show antagonism against most of the ARD tungi in vitro. The growth of apple seedlings was stunted in the presence of 12 isolates of B. subtilis. However, fertilization of non pasteurized soil with NPK 1l‐55‐0 reversed the stunting effect. Under field conditions, BACT‐1 and EBW‐4 isolates. led to increased shoot growth in unfertilized and unppasteurized ARD soil.
Biological Control of Basal Stem Rot of Chrysanthemum By Antagonists*
Authors: Tschen JohannesScheng‐Ming , Lee Yih‐Yun , Wu Wen‐Shi , Liu Shan‐Da 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe basal stem rot of chrysanthemum caused by Rhizoctonia solani is an important chrysanthemum disease in Taiwan, Control of the disease using the antagonists of R.solani, including members of the genera Aspergillus, Gliocladium, Paecilomyces, Penicillhium, Tricboderma and Bacillus, was studied. The antagonists were grown in solid media or culture broths for preparations of rhe inoculums which were u.sed as soil amendments or coating materials for applications on the disease control. Sawdusts, rice husks and sawdust composts were used as supporting material to prepare the solid media. By planting of the chrysanthemums, the solid media growth with antagonists were put in the nursery sand beds, or the chrysanthemum cutting seedlings were coated with antagonists of culture broths; whilst the sand beds were inoculated with R. solani. The results indicated that all antagonists could protect the chrysanthemum from the infection of R. solani, and the effects of the solid media were higher than the culture broths. When the chrysanthemum seedlings were treated with the extracts of the antagonists, the disease could also be depressed. The different control effects on Rhizactonia disease of chrysanthemums resulted from the species of the antagonists and their delivery systems to be used.
The Role of Non‐Vectored Soil Transmission as a Primary Source of Infection by Pepper Mild Mottle and Cucumber Mosaic Viruses in Glasshouse‐Grown Capsicum in Australia
Authors: Pares R. D. , Gunn L. V. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractVirus disease limit glasshouse production of capsicums in the Supraysia District of New South Wales. Symptoms develop on plants about 4 weeks after planting; and up to 83° of plants are infected. The major virus is cucumber mosaic (CMV) with some pepper mild niottle (PMMV) also present. Evidence is presented to show that the primary source of intection of both viruses is most likely to be debris from previous crops remaining in the soil. It demonstrates a previously unconsi‐dered mechanism tor survival and spread of labile viruses such as CMV and the ecological ecological consequence of these results are considerable.
Nesoclutha declivata Homoptera Cicadellidae, Vector of Digitaria Streak Virus (Geminivirus) in Vanuatu
Authors: Julia J. F. , Dollet M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA geminivirus, the Digitaria Streak Virus (DSV) affects Digitaria sangninalis in Vanuatu. As this plant exists in certain foci of coconut foliar decay (FD), a disease with which a circular single‐stranded DNA is associated, the possibility of these two diseases having a common identity was considered. A study of the vectorial aspects of these two diseases has shown that Myndus taffini (Cixiidae) is a vector of coconut FD and that it does not transmit DSV. Nesoclutha declivata (Cicadellidae) transmits DSV on Digitaria.
Distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi‐Supprcssive Soil in Nature
Authors: Ko W. H. , Shiroma S. S. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Phytophthora cinnamomi‐suppressivc soils were found to be widely distributed in nature. About 40 % of soil samples collected from locations with different vegetation, soil type or elevation throughout the island of Hawaii were suppressive to chlamydospore germination of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Soil samples collected from the same general areas varied greatly in degree of suppressive‐ness to P. cinnamomi, ranging from conducive to strongly suppressive. Among the 155 soil samples tested, those with pH close to 4 or 8 tend to be more suppressive to P. cinnamomi than those with pH close to 6.
Relationship between Climatic Variables during Early Flowering of Sorghum and the Incidence of Sugary Disease caused by Sphacelia sorghi
Authors: McLaren N. W. , Wehner F. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe relationship between sugary disease incidence and six climatic variables during the early stages of flowering was determined in field trials conducted over three seasons. Daily maximum temperature was highly significantly correlated with sugray disease incidence and accounted for 83 % of the variation observed in disease incidence. The critical period for infection was limited to 5 days after commencement of pollen shed. Deviations from the temperature × sugary disease model occurred in late flowering plots. These were correlated with low temperatures during the 2 weeks prior to pollen shed and, thus, possibly, a reduction in pollen vigour.
The Development of Eyespot on Seedling Leaf Sheaths in Winter Wheat and Winter Barley Crops Inoculated with W‐type or R‐type Isolates of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
Authors: Goulds A. , Fitt B. D. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn 1986–88 the development of eyespot lesions in winter wheat or winter barley differed plots inoculated with W‐type isolates of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides and plots inoculated with R‐type isolates. In the spring of 1986, after a cold winter, the incidence (%shoots infected) and severity (number of leaf sheaths penetrated) of eyespot lesions in wheat before GS 30/31 were greater in plots inoculated with R‐type isolates than in those inoculated with W‐type isolates. In 1987, after amild winter, eyespot incidence and severity in both wheat and barley were initially greater in W‐type plots than in R‐type plots. However, by GS 30/31 or 1987. In 1988, when the crop was October‐sown, eyespot incidence and severity were greater in W‐type than in R‐type plots at GS 30/31. Differences in eyespot incidence and severity between W‐type and R‐type plots were smaller in barley than in wheat. Both the incidence and severity of eyespot were greater in early‐sown than in late‐sown plots. Seed rate, had little effect on the rate of lesion development in 1987, but in 1988 the rate of penetration was less at the low seed rate for both wheat and barley.
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific to Closterovirus‐like Particles Associated with Grapevine Leafroll Disease
Authors: Zimmermann D. , Sommermeyer G. , Walter B. , Van Regenmortel M. H. V. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThree hybridoma lines secreting monoclonal antibodies to a closterovirus‐like particle (GLRV 3) associated with grapevine leafroll disease were produced. One of the antibody (MAbt) reacted with one extremity of the filamentous virus particle whereas the other two (MAb2 and 3) reacted with the entire surface of the virus particle.Using MAb2 in ELISA it is possible to detect 46 of the 50 GLRV‐3 isolates. In order to detect all the 50 isolates, it is necessary to use MAb1 in ELISA in conjunction with polyclonal antibodies.In immunoblotting, the three MAbs recognized a 43 Kd viral protein.
The Spread of African Cassava Mosaic Virus into and within Cassava Fields
Authors: Fargette D. , Fauquet C. , Grenier E. , Thresh J. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOnly a small proportion of Bemisia tabaci collected in totally infected cassava fields at a site in Côte d'lvoire transmitted African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) to test plants. Nevertheless, the monthly increase in disease incidence in an experimental planting was directly related to numbers of adult whiteflies counted on plants 6 weeks earlier.In plots at different spacings, the greatest incidence of ACMV expressed as a percentage of the total stand occurred at the lowest plant density. Much speread into the spacing trial and into two other experimental plantings occurred from outside sources and followed downwind gradients. By contrast, spread from ACMV‐infected sources within plantings was limited. It occurred in all directions but over distances of only a few metres. These contrasting patterns of spread are attributed to the differentbehavior of B. tabaci above and within the crop canopy.It is concluded that contamination of cassava fields in the coastal forest area of Côte d'Ivoire is due mainly to rapid spread from outside sources which leads to internal foci that contribute to some further, although limited, spread. These findings are discussed in relation to possible control strategies based on the release of healthy cuttings, dense planting and subsequent roguing. Such measures are unlikely to be effectve in the coastal forest region of Côte d'Ivoire and adjacent countriesunless varieties are grown with greater resistance to infection than those currently used.
Purification and Partial Characterization of Isometric Virus‐like Particles in Kalanchoe Species
Authors: Izaguirre‐Mayoral Maria Luisa , Carballo O. , Gil F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIsometric virus‐like particles (IVLP) were detected in crude sap from Kalanchoe pinnata, K. daigremontiana and K. tubiflora plants showing a mild mosaic on the leaves. These particles of 35 nm in diameter were transmitted mechanically to several test plants but not to healthy Kalanchoe. Air temperatures above 30 °C hindered the infection process. The IVLP were purified from systematically infected Nicotiana benthamiana using Triton X‐100 as clarifying agent followed byP, EG precipitation. IVLP were degraded by organic solvents and formed aggregates in the presence of 2 mmol/1 CaCl2. The particles occurred in relatively low concentration in plant sap and lost infectivity in leaves frozen at ‐70 °C for one week and in purified preparations kept at 4 °C. In buffer crude sap of N. benthamiana IVLP had a thermal inactivation point between 45 and 50 °C on a longevity in vitro of 20 h at 25 °C. Particles contained one nucleoprotein component witha molecular weight of 46,000 daltons and a ssRNA species which, when denatured, had a molecular weight of 1.2 × 106. IVLP purified preparations exhibited a typical nucleoprotein absorption spectrum with a maximum at 254–260 nm and a minimum at 240,–243 nm and a A 260/280 ratio of 1.56. The buoyant density of the IVLP was 1.32 g/ml calculated by isopycnic centrifugation on CsCl.Ultrastructural studies in infected leaves of K. pinnata indicated that IVLP caused an increase in chloroplast volume, distortion of the grana and reduced the number of thylakiods per grana. IVLP infection also impared the diurnal pattern of synthesis and hydrolysis of starch, characteristic of CAM plants. The non‐serological reaction of the IVLP with antisera specific to members of 7 different groups of spherical viruses as well as the combination of physicochemical properties and host range, exhibited by these particles impeded their taxonomic location. In nature, young Kalanchoe plantlets acquire the IVLP through their physical connections with the infected mature leaves.
Tillage Effects on the Incidence and Severity of Root and Stalk Rot of Maize Caused by Fusarium moniliforme and Macrophomina phaseolina in South‐Western Nigeria
Authors: Osunlaja S. O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractConventional tillage methods were compared with no tillage systems for the control of root and stalk rot disease of maize caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium moniliforme in a field with a recent history of high stalk rot incidence in south‐western Nigeria. The incidence of stalk rot was significantly less under no‐tillage practices than in conventionally tilled plots during the twoseason trial. Application of paraquat or burning of crop residue had no apparent influence ond isease incidence. None of the treatments affected the severity of the diseases.
The Loss of Structural Integrity in Damaged Spruce Needles from Locations Exposed to Air Pollution
Authors: Hasemann Gudrun , Jung Georg , Wild Aloysius 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Within the framework of appraising the new type of forest damage, the epidermis of two‐year‐old spruce (Picea abies) needles was investigated as a possible site for primary attack by air pollutants using light and scanning electron microscopy.Depending upon the extent of the macroscopically visible needle leaf disease, a degeneration process of the cuticular, stomatal and epidermal structures leading to the lethal destruction of the needle surface was observed.Stomatal and epidermal cells become increasingly deformed or collapsed showing increasing discolouration due to phenolic deposits. Additionally, the erosion of stomatal waxes is accelerated, leading initially to a temporary occlusion of the stomata, and then to a wide opening of the antechamber following a complete decomposition of the plug.Surface lesions indicating early damage to the epidermal tissue already occur on slightly yellowed needles. The barrier effect of the spruce needle epidermis on exogenous stressors could thereby already be reduced at an early stage, triggering incipient losses of structural resistance.
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Potato Virus A
Authors: Boonekamp P. M. , Pomp H. , Gussenhoven G. C. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Purified potato virus A (PVA) was used for immunization to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAb). The type of ELISA with purified PVA or non–purified PVA, played an essential role in selecting MAb with different specificity.Two MAb's (MAb–1 and MAb–2) were selected, using indirect ELISA (I–ELISA) with purified PVA. Competition experiments suggested that MAb–1 and MAb–2 reacted with the same epitope on purified PVA (epitope 1). ELISA, IEM and SDS–PAGE–immunoblotting experiments showed that epitope–1 was only present on purified PVA but not on non–purified PVA, suggesting that this epitope was introduced during the purification. Assays at different steps during purification indicated that epitope–1 was only exposed after plant components and reducing agents were removed from the PVA extract.Three MAb's (MAb–3, MAb–4 and MAb–5) were selected by indirect double antibody sandwich ELISA (IDAS–ELISA) with non–purified PVA. These MAb's reacted in I–ELISA or IDASELISA with purified PVA as well as with non–purified PVA and might be useful for routine diagnosis. MAb–3, 4 and 5 cross–reacted with some other potyviruses in I–ELISA and in IDAS–ELISA. MAb–1 cross–reacted with 5 out of 7 other potyviruses in I–ELISA, but not in IDAS–ELISA.
Einfluß der Behandlung von Rübensaatgut mit Rhizosphärebakterien auf den Befall durch Pilze der Gattung Pythium I. Antagonistische Wirkung verschiedener Bakterienisolate gegenüber Pythium spp.
Authors: Sikora R. A. , Bodenstein F. , Nicolay R. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract The influence of a seed‐dressing with rhizosphere bacteria on the infection of sugarbeet by fungi of the genus Pythium I. Antagonistic effect of different bacterial isolates towards Pythium spp. Seed treatment with selectively isolated rhizosphere bacteria from the fluorescent pseudomonad group can protect sugar beet seedlings from damping‐off caused by species of Pythium. The antagonistic rhizobacteria were equally effective in different soil substrates, both unsterilized and steam‐sterilized. Antagonistic activity of an isolate was similar within seeds of a sugarbeet cultivar but different when different cultivars were compared. The number of bacteria adhering to the seed of eachcultivar which influenced the level of antagonism to Pythium infection, varied with seed morphology. A mixture of the three different isolates did not increase antagonistic activity when compared to the activity of the isolates individually.
Einfluß der Behandlung von Rübensaatgut mit Rhizosphärebakterien auf den Befall durch Pilze der Gattung Pythium II. Untersuchungen zum Wirkungsmechanismus
Authors: Sikora R. A. , Bodenstein F. , Nicolay R. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract The influence of a seed‐dressing with rhizosphere bacteria on the infection of sugarbeet by fungi of the genus Pythium II. Studies on the mode of action Studies were conducted to determine the mode of action responsible for the reduction of Pythium infection of sugarbeet seedlings caused by an inoculation with rhizosphere bacteria. It was shown that the bacteria reduced Pythium ultimum, sporangia germination. More detailed studies with the bacterial isolate T58 demonstrated that activity was related to both presence of the living bacteria as well as to inoculum density.Water soluble extracts from the seed of different sugarbeet cultivars stimulated P. ultimum sporangia germination to different degrees, Germination, however, decreased as the density of the fluorescent pscudomonad T58 was increased. Reductions in mycelial growth, caused by a number of isolates, indicated the presence of antibiotic activity.The addition of high levels of iron to the substrate caused a reduction in the level of antagonism of two pseudomonad isolates on the seed of the cultivar Kawevera. The rate of reproduction of two bacterial isolates was slower on extracts from the seeds of the cultivar Primahill than on the cultivar Kawevera. Rhizobacteria colonization of the root as well as the hypocotyl was observed with one isolate.
Anfälligkeit von entomopathogenen Nematoden gegenüber nematodenfangenden und endoparasitären Pilzen
Authors: Van Sloun P. , Nicolay R. , Lohmann U. , Sikora R. A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Susceptibility of entomopathogenic nematodes to nematode‐trapping and endoparasitic fungi Laboratory tests in petri dishes demonstrated that the nematode‐trapping fungi Arthrobotrys superba and A. robusta preyed upon the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema bibionis, S. feltiae and a species of Heterohabditis. Up to 100% of the nematodes were trapped 48 h after application. Large differences existed in the time required for trapping as well as for mortality after trapping and was dependent on the fungal or nematode species studied. Arthrobotrys robusta, reduced S. bibionis densities in sand‐block bioassay chambers. The prior introduction of a microphagous nematode, Panagrellus redivivus, to induce trap formation caused a 52% reduction in S. bibionis levels.The endoparasitic fungi Harposporium anguillulae and Drechmeria coniospora did not parasitize the entomopathogenic nematodes in petri dish tests. However, Verticillium balanoides, was shown to be a parasite of S. bibionis. Predivivus and a mycophagous species of Ditylenchus were more quickly parasitized than S. bibionis, with parasitism reaching 100, 90 and 30% after 42 days, respectively. In the sand‐block chambers V. balanoides did not reduce the, number of recovered S. bibionis juveniles after 14 or 28 days.
Flame Chlorosis: a New, Soil‐transmitted, Virus‐like Disease of Barley in Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Haber S. , Kim W. , Gillespie R. , Tekauz A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract “Flame Chlorosis” of barley was first observed in two fields of spring barley near Newdale, Manitoba, Canada in late June, 1985. Disease symptoms included leaf chlorosis in a “flame” ‐like pattern, severe stunting, and failure to produce fertile heads. Afflicted plants were found in circular patches in two adjoining fields, and scattered diseased plants were identified in several nearby fields. Surveys in 1986 and 1987 identified scattered diseased plants in a small number of barley fields, most within 50 km of the original Newdale site. In 1988, the disease was identified at many more locations near Newdale, and at two neighbouring sites the disease occurred at levels sufficient to cause economic loss. In addition, flame chlorosis was identified at several locations outside the Newdale region.To date the flame clorosis agent has been transmitted only by planting seed or seedlings in soil where plants with symptoms of flame chlorosis had grown earlier. After transfer to sterile potting medium, afflicted plants continued to produce leaves with symptoms. The cytopathology of flame chlorosis differed from that of the known soil‐borne viruses of cereals. No inclusions of particles were observed, and instead of the characteristic pinwheel‐inclusions, there was massive vesiculation and peripheral distortion of chloroplasts and mitochondria. A set of double‐stranded (ds) RNAs, ranging in size from about 900 to 2800 base‐pairs (bp) and distinct from any described for a known cereal virus, was isolated from plants afflicted with flame chlorosis, while no dsRNA was isolated from healthy tissue of the same cultivar.