bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron Microscopic Morphometric Studies on Synaptic Vesicles of Long‐Term CPZ‐Administered Rat Striatum
Authors: Takeichi Masashi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effect of chronic administration of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the striatal synaptic vesicles was quantitatively investigated with an electron microscope. Six rats, three controls and three experimentals, which received 20 mg/kg b.wt. of CPZ daily for 15 months, were sacrificed and a total of 300 axo‐dendritic spine synapses (50 synapses per animal) were randomly taken and divided into three zones with a width of 160–467 nm on electron micrographs (final magnification 60,000). The first zone was adjacent to the presynaptic membrane in the region of the synaptic cleft. The second and third were farther away from the first zone. In these zones we measured the vesicle density, vesicle size and vesicle elongation ratio (the shortest diameter/the longest diameter) with the following results:1) In both the CPZ‐administered rats and the controls the vesicle number per unit area of axoplasm (vesicle density) was smaller in Zone III than in Zones I and II, while those in the latter two zones did not differ from each other. However, there was no significant difference in the vesicle number in any zone between the control and experimental animals.2) The vesicles in every zone were significantly larger in the CPZ‐administered animals than in the controls.3) There were no conclusive findings on the vesicle elongation ratio (vesicle shape).
A Sporadic Case of Benign Myoclonus Epilepsy of Adult Onset: Its Clinical Aspects and Electroencephalographic, Polygraphic Study
Authors: Ishigooka Jun , Wakatabe Hirobumi , Takahashi Akihiko , Yoshida Yoshiko , Murasaki Mitsukuni 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: sporadic case of myoclonus epilepsy of adult onset with a benign course is presented. Its clinical implications were discussed symptomatologically and nosologi‐cally. EEG findings consisted of the slowing of basic activity, characteristic polyspike and wave discharges or other paroxysmal patterns and photomyoclonic response (PMR). The PMR was well evoked by flashes of 6‐21 Hz and of yellow or red color. Clinical similarities of this case to those of hereditary myoclonus epilepsy without progressive dementia and cerebellar ataxia, and pathognomonic characteristics of electrophysiological findings indicated that the myoclonic epilepsy syndrome might share basic properties, which are state‐dependent, but independent of underlying neuropathology or heredity.During sleep, paroxysmal discharges with spike(s) significantly decreased in slow‐wave sleep and almost recovered in REM sleep. This finding suggests that the brain stem may be responsible for the epileptogeneity in this case.
Aging Variabilities of Level‐Dose Relationship in Antiepileptic Monopharmacy—with Reference to Drug Interaction between Mono‐ and Bipharmacy
Authors: Miyakoshi Masako 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The influences of age, dose and comedication on the dose‐level relationship were investigated using the ratio of plasma level to dose per body weight (/μg/ml/mg/ kg/day) as an index in patients who had received the therapeutic doses of antiepileptic drug(s) for a long term.Samples of the blood concentrations were taken from 1,922 patients ranging in age from one to 40: 1,567 measured values were obtained under medication with pheno‐barbital (PB), phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ) or valproate (VPA) alone, and 2,201 under medication with any two of the above‐mentioned antiepileptic drugs.

With regard to PB, PHT, CBZ and VPA, when used alone, the L/D ratio was the lowest in the youngest age group, increased toward the latter half of teens, reached a peak at about age 20 and slightly decreased in the rest between the 20s and 30s.The age when the L/D ratio changes with aging is consistent with the age when the body weight of children obviously increases. As a result, during such a term, the fairly constant blood concentration can be maintained without overtly changing the daily dose.
In the same age group given a single antiepileptic drug, the L/D ratio for PHT steeply increased at the dose of 4 in adults or 5 mg/kg/day in children, while the ratio rather decreased for CBZ and VPA. Clinical considerations should be paid to the fact that there was a non‐linear relationship between the dose and the plasma concentration not only of PHT but of CBZ and VPA, and that the turning points were all within the range of therapeutic doses. Namely, that the plasma concentration of PHT is liable to reach a toxic level if the dose is slightly over the critical dose is well known. On the contrary, the innocent increase in the CBZ or VPA dosage only with the aim of obtaining the so‐called therapeutic concentration is not always a rational plan of medication because of the nature of the reversed non‐linear relationship between these two drugs.
As regards the interaction of the two antiepileptic drugs, PHT showed no definite tendency with any partner drug; PB showed an increase in the L/D ratio when used in combination with PHT, CBZ or VPA; and CBZ and VPA showed decreases in the L/D ratio when used in combination, regardless of a partner drug. These findings should be borne in mind when we have to deal with polytherapy.
Change in Brain Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH) Mechanism of Amygdaloid Kindled Rats
Authors: Kajita Saburo , Nakashima Makoto , Okamoto Motoi , Sato Mitsumoto , Ogawa Norio 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We reported previously that DN‐1417, a potent analog of thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH), suppressed both the progression of amygdaloid (AM) kindling and AM kindled seizure.To study a functional role of the cerebral TRH mechanism in AM kindling, immuno‐reactive TRH (IR‐TRH) and specific TRH receptor binding were examined in the rat brains kindled from the left AM. The IR‐TRH concentration elevated significantly in the amygdala plus piriform cortex and the hippocampus 24 and 48 hours after the AM kindled convulsion. Such an elevation of IR‐TRH was not found 7 days after the last convulsion, indicating that the elevation of IR‐TRH was a transient change seen after the AM kindled convulsion. By contrast, the specific TRH receptor binding in the striatum increased 48 hours, 7 and 21 days after the AM kindled convulsion. This indicates that the increase of the specific TRH binding in the striatum was a long‐lasting change.The present study suggests that the change in the striatal TRH receptors may be associated with a long‐lasting seizure susceptibility of AM kindled rats.
Psychiatric Complications with Chronic Hemodialysis —Importance of Psychological and Social Care—
Authors: Kaneko Sunao , Sato Tokijiro , Hirayama Nobuaki , Eba Hideo , Takahashi Nobuyoshi , Suzuki Tadashi , Funyu Tomihisa 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Because of a desire to provide the most suitable treatment for hemodialysis patients, psychological, physical and social problems influencing psychiatric conditions of the patients were studied. One hundred hemodialysis inpatients were compared in each group divided by their characteristics, i.e. age, presence of family problems, occupation, physical complications and their character traits.Psychiatric conditions were most favorable between 3 and 12 months after the introduction of hemodialysis, whereas in other hemodialysis terms depression was noticed in more than half of the subjects. In most of the patients, irritation and anger, and loss of brightness and sympathy were observed during the first 3 months or later than 12 months after the introduction of therapy, respectively. Some of the patients required explanations about the necessity of hemodialysis repeatedly and/or through consecutive psychotherapeutic interviews. This study suggested that a poor outcome of psychological conditions after the introduction of hemodialysis was indicated by 1) the presence of family problems, 2) symptoms of physical origin, 3) the absence of full‐time work, 4) having a young child or children, 5) age in the 20‐40 year group, 6) B and E type character traits classified by the Yatabe and Gilford test and 7) a long duration of therapy.
A Clinical Study of 30 Wrist Cutters
Authors: Takeuchi Tatsuo , Koizumi Junzo , Kotsuki Hideki , Shimazaki Motoyoshi , Miyamoto Mari , Sumazaki Kazuko 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Thirty patients who committed wrist cuttings were divided into four groups according to the patients’ psychiatric diagnosis: hysteria group, depression group, adolescent behavioral disorder group and other diagnostic group.In the hysteria group, wrist cutting was considered as an expression of the patients’ unconscious intention to seek sympathy for themselves from other people. In the depression group, wrist cutting seemed to be a preliminary rehearsal of suicide. In the adolescent behavioral disorder group, internal conflicts in adolescence or discordance with the patients’ parents seemed to be the chief motivations of wrist slashing.The core groups were the hysteria and adolescent behavioral disorder groups, and the peripheral groups were the depression group and others.
Water Intoxication and Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone in Schizophrenic Patients Evaluated by Water Deprivation and Load Tests
Authors: Hamazoe Kaoru , Hazama Hidebumi , Nishikawa Mariko 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A study was conducted on 16 schizophrenic patients with compulsive water drinking (CWD) and 10 normal controls, and the relation between serum antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and serum osmolality measured under ordinary conditions of free water intake. A water deprivation test and a water load test were also carried out on 10 schizophrenics with CWD and 10 normal controls. A comparison between the patients and controls showed the following results:

the patients showed a significantly high level of serum ADH for their serum osmolality level, and 3 of them were consistent with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH);
the urine osmolality after the water deprivation in the patients was relatively low for their serum ADH;
inhibition of ADH secretion after the water load was insufficient in the patients; and
the water load test proved favorable to water diuresis (106%) in the patients with CWD of less than a 5‐year duration, and insufficient diuresis (62.6%) in the patients with CWD of more than a 5‐year duration.

Two cases of the latter group had SIADH. The dilution and concentration of the urine after the water load were delayed also in the schizophrenic patients without SIADH. These findings suggest a strong possibility that the regulatory mechanism of ADH secretion might be impaired in the schizophrenic patients with CWD.
An Autopsy Case of Chronic Nodular Encephalomyelitis Simulating Neuro‐Behcet Syndrome
Authors: Koga Makoto , Suetsugu Motohiro , Umeda Yukio 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 29‐year‐old man suffered from neurological symptoms such as urinary disturbance, changes in personality, gait and speech disturbances, amnesia, myoclonus, dysphagia and muscle atrophy for nine years with exacerbations and remissions.A postmortem examination revealed many inflammatory and necrotic foci in the brain and spinal cord, especially in the brainstem and cerebral cortex. Numerous minute scar foci were also scattered in the gray matter, accompanied by some demyelinating lesions in the white matter. The presence of microthrombi and plasma exudation into the vesssel wall suggested the importance of vascular factors in the pathogenesis of these CNS lesions. Peripheral neuropathy was also present.The neuropathological features were almost the same as those of neuro‐Behcet syndrome, but he lacked the extraneural symptoms of Behcet disease.
The Application of DSM‐III Diagnostic Criteria to School Refusal
Authors: Hoshino Yoshihiko , Nikkuni Shigeru , Kaneko Motohisa , Endo Masatoshi , Yashima Yuko , Kumashiro Hisashi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The DSM‐III diagnostic criteria were applied to school refusal cases, and the possibility of a subclassification of school refusal through the DSM‐III was studied. The subjects were 50 cases diagnosed as school refusal following the criteria defined by Sumi and Tatara.As for the Axis I diagnoses, the subjects fell under the separation anxiety disorder (7 cases), avoidance disorder (13 cases), overanxious disorder (8 cases), identity disorder (5 cases), adjustment disorder (11 cases) and others. On Axis II, no case was diagnosed as having the personality disorder, but 14 cases showed pathological personality traits. On Axis III, nine cases showed some physical disorders or conditions. Among the five major diagnostic groups, there were some definite differences concerning the onset age, clinical course, psychosocial stress, response to therapy and prognosis of disorders.These results suggest the availability of a subclassification of school refusal by means of the DSM‐III criteria.
Changes in Cholinergic Markers Following Kainic Acid Lesion of the Ventral Globus Pallidus in Rat
Authors: Ueki Akinori , Miyoshi Koho 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activities and [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) binding were determined in the rat frontal cortex following damage to the basal forebrain cholinergic system. Pre‐ and postsynaptic changes in the cholinergic system with the passage of time werealso studied. After a unilateral injection of kainic acid into the right ventral globus pallidus, the GAD levels remained unaffected, but the CAT levels decreased to 63.4% after 7 days. After 12 weeks, the CAT levels had returned to 87% of the control value. The Umaxof [3H]QNB binding for the muscarinic receptor was higher in the ipsilateral cortex up to 4 weeks. On the other hand, the KD value at 12 weeks was higher without a change in the Bmax of the [3H]QNB binding.These findings might indicate an ongoing compensatory receptor mechanism of denervation supersensitivity as a response to early changes in presynaptic cholinergic activity and the production of postsynaptic effect with presynaptic cholinergic damage over a long period of time.
Electroencephalographic Study of 137 Patients with Thalidomide Embryopathy
Authors: Kanno Osamu 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: EEG examinations were carried out on 137 patients with thalidomide embryopathy aged between 7 and 22 with a mean age of 17.0.Waking and sleep EEGs were normal in 82 (59.9%), and abnormal in 55 (40.1%). The incidence of abnormal EEG was significantly high in the patients associated with mental retardation, and it increased in proportion to the severity of mental retardation.The most frequent abnormal EEG finding was slowing of the basic activity (35/137; 24.8%).The incidence of slowing was significantly higher in the patients with a sensorineural hearing impairment (26/74; 35.1%) than in those with dysmelia (9/62; 14.5%). Slowing appeared frequently in the patients with various cranial nerve symptoms (30/84; 35.7%). Theincidence of slowing was found significantly high in the patients with borderline or subnormal intelligence (8/16; 50.0%), and it correlated with the severity of mental retardation. Many patients (48/84; 57.1%) showed unilateral or asymmetrical neurological symptoms. However, asymmetry or focal abnormality in EEG was shown in only 8 patients.Positive spikes appeared frequently in the patients with gonadal dysplasia. Other somatic symptoms, past medical history and family history were not related to the incidence of abnormal EEGs. Eight patients had had epileptic seizures prior to this examination. Another 2 patients had noctural enuresis and showed epileptic EEG abnormalities in this examination. The incidence of epilepsy was significantly higher in the patients we examined than among the general population.It is concluded that ingestion of thalidomide during pregnancy affected not only the morphological development of the limbs of the fetus, but the functions of its central nervoussystem, causing hearing impairment, other cranial nerve symptoms, mental retardation or epilepsy.
Syphilitic Myelitis with Its Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Verification and Successful Treatment
Authors: Tashiro Kunio , Moriwaka Fumio , Sudo Kazumasa , Akino Minoru , Abe Hiroshi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 31‐year‐old man with a 10‐day duration of a progressive paraparesis and sensory disturbance was found to have a syphilitic infection which was confirmed by the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) syphilitic reaction. A discrete and wedge‐shaped Gadolinium‐DTPA‐enhanced lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was identified at the level of Th 3/4.The neurologic states and MRI findings improved noticeably after a 16‐day course of penicillin with a high dose of prednisolone.Therefore, we want to emphasize the importance and usefulness of MRI in syphilitic myelitis.
Neuro‐Behçet Disease and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Tashiro Kunio , Fujiki Naoto , Moriwaka Fumio , Yamada Takayoshi , Ito Kazunori , Maruo Yasunori 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A case of neuro‐Behçet disease presenting the signs and symptoms of brain stem involvement was diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while a CTscan failed to show any abnormalities.These abnormal MRI foci were resolved in accordance with neurologic improvements by means of prednisolone therapy.
Acute Effect of Potassium Penicillin G on Experimental Focal Epilepsy
Authors: Tanaka Shigeya , Kaijima Mitsunobu , Tanaka Tatsuya , Kunimoto Masayuki , Yonemasu Yukichi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIntraperitoneal PC injections could produce secondarily generalized seizures in both the experimental models of focal epilepsy: amygdaloid kindling models and KA‐in‐duced limbic seizure models. In the controls, a large amount of PC induced bilateral cortical epileptiform discharges but not in the limbic structures. The epileptic foci induced by the KA injection are more sensitive to PC than the foci induced by kindling.
Oligoclonal Bands Staining for IgG, IgA, IgM, Kappa Lambda Light Chains in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Araga Shigeru , Hie Hideki , Takahashi Kazuro 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We investigated the oligoclonal bands (OB) in CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) aseptic meningitis (AS) using poly‐acryamide or agarose isoelectric focusing following electroblofflng immunostaining for IgG, IgA, IgM light chains. OB staining for IgG was detected in 80% of patients with MS, 25% with GBS 13% with AS. OB staining for IgA IgM was not detected in any disease. In MS, OB were stained only for the kappa or lambda light chains, which was compatible with OB staining for 16.These results suggest that in MS, OB are monoclonal because they can be stained for gamma heavy chains for only one light chains.
Morphological Changes of Microvessels in the Brain with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Miyakawa Taihei , Uehara Yasuo , Desaki Junzo , Kimura Takemi , Kuramoto Ryoko 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The pathological changes of microvessels in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease were examined at the ultrastructural level.With transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the endothelial cells of many capillaries their pericytes exhibited atrophy swelling with a narrowed lumen. The capillary basal laminas were thickened tortuous. After isolation of the microvessels by ultrasonic treatment collagenase digestion, the vascular wall structure was viewed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Most of the terminal arterioles had smooth muscle cells with an irregular shape arrangement often showed a series of focal constrictions. In some areas, the capillaries were arrayed in a bundle terminated with tapered ends. Associated with the microvessels were fine filaments which may represent amyloid fibrils.The findings indicate that diffuse atrophy the deletion of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex might be caused, at least partly, by a circulatory disturbance through the patho‐morphologically changed microvessels.
The Early Treatment and Prognosis of Epilepsy
Authors: Reynolds E.H. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn the last decade community and hospital‐based studies of epilepsy from the onset of the disorder have revealed a much more favorable prognosis for seizure control than previously reported. Approximately three‐quarters of newly diagnosed patients can enter a prolonged remission on currently available medication. The natural history of untreated epilepsy is unknown but there is some evidence of an escalating process in the early stages in patients with tonic‐clonic seizures. The first two years of treatment seem to be important in determining the subsequent course of epilepsy. The longer seizures continue, the less likely they are to b: controlled. Early effective treatment may be important in preventing the evolution of chronic epilepsy. These observations have implications for the management of patients with single seizures.
A Rational Antiepileptic Drug Therapy of Epileptic Women in Child Bearing Age
Authors: Kaneko Sunao 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Some special considerations are necessary for epileptic women, since risks and difficulties during pregnancy, delivery and child care remain greater for epileptics than for nonepileptics.The complete control of seizures in the pregestational period and regular drug taking are very important. Periodical monitoring of the serum level of AED is necessary even if the epileptic seizure is controlled. If the serum level decreases, one must confirm the patient's compliance.Prevention of malformation can take place before the onset of pregnancy by decreasing the dose of the drug and/or changing from a combination of AEDs to a single drug. Thus, the preconceptional counseling is indispensable, and it should ensure that an epileptic embark upon a pregnancy with her epilepsy well controlled by a minimal dose of AEDs, and adequate answers to the questions raised by the patient should be given to prevent a poor compliance.Every epileptic pregnant woman should be seen at a wellequipped hospital or maternity center with adequate facilities and manpower. The antepartum and intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring at each visit, and a prenatal diagnosis via maternal serum AFP and ultrasound are also suggested.A delay in the physical development of the offspring may be transient. The psycho‐motor development of the offspring is much more dependent on the child‐care environment suggesting the necessity of help from the other family members if the mother cannot nurse properly.