bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biofuels: a major rural economic development opportunity
Authors: Leistritz F. Larry , Hodur Nancy M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis perspective addresses the rural development implications of developing a cellulosic biofuels industry to meet current mandates. While biofuels development has been generally assumed to be positive for rural economies, the potential economic contribution of biofuels has not been quantifi ed. We compare the economic contribution (economic impact) of a biomass‐based ethanol plant with that of a corn‐based facility. The cellulosic biorefi nery has a much greater contribution because the feedstock payments represent new income for farmers and those involved in the supply process, whereas corn has alternative markets. We then explore the implications of developing a cellulosic‐based industry at a scale to meet the 16‐billion‐gallon cellulosic biofuel mandate of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. The economic effects for rural areas with high feedstock potential could be substantial. © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
An optimized microplate assay system for quantitative evaluation of plant cell wall–degrading enzyme activity of fungal culture extracts
Authors: King Brian C. , Donnelly Marie K. , Bergstrom Gary C. , Walker Larry P. , Gibson Donna M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDeveloping enzyme cocktails for cellulosic biomass hydrolysis complementary to current cellulase systems is a critical step needed for economically viable biofuels production. Recent genomic analysis indicates that some plant pathogenic fungi are likely a largely untapped resource in which to prospect for novel hydrolytic enzymes for biomass conversion. In order to develop high throughput screening assays for enzyme bioprospecting, a standardized microplate assay was developed for rapid analysis of polysaccharide hydrolysis by fungal extracts, incorporating biomass substrates. Fungi were grown for 10 days on cellulose‐ or switchgrass‐containing media to produce enzyme extracts for analysis. Reducing sugar released from filter paper, Avicel, corn stalk, switchgrass, carboxymethylcellulose, and arabinoxylan was quantified using a miniaturized colorimetric assay based on 3,5‐dinitrosalicylic acid. Significant interactions were identified among fungal species, growth media composition, assay substrate, and temperature. Within a small sampling of plant pathogenic fungi, some extracts had crude activities comparable to or greater than T. reesei, particularly when assayed at lower temperatures and on biomass substrates. This microplate assay system should prove useful for high‐throughput bioprospecting for new sources of novel enzymes for biofuel production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 1033–1044. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design of well and groove microchannel bioreactors for cell culture
Authors: Korin Natanel , Bransky Avishay , Khoury Maria , Dinnar Uri , Levenberg Shulamit 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMicrofluidic bioreactors have been shown valuable for various cellular applications. The use of micro‐wells/grooves bioreactors, in which micro‐topographical features are used to protect sensitive cells from the detrimental effects of fluidic shear stress, is a promising approach to culture sensitive cells in these perfusion microsystems. However, such devices exhibit substantially different fluid dynamics and mass transport characteristics compared to conventional planar microchannel reactors. In order to properly design and optimize these systems, fluid and mass transport issues playing a key role in microscale bioreactors should be adequately addressed. The present work is a parametric study of micro‐groove/micro‐well microchannel bioreactors. Operation conditions and design parameters were theoretically examined via a numerical model. The complex flow pattern obtained at grooves of various depths was studied and the shear protection factor compared to planar microchannels was evaluated. 3D flow simulations were preformed in order to examine the shear protection factor in micro‐wells, which were found to have similar attributes as the grooves. The oxygen mass transport problem, which is coupled to the fluid mechanics problem, was solved for various groove geometries and for several cell types, assuming a defined shear stress limitation. It is shown that by optimizing the groove depth, the groove bioreactor may be used to effectively maximize the number of cells cultured within it or to minimize the oxygen gradient existing in such devices. Moreover, for sensitive cells having a high oxygen demand (e.g., hepatocytes) or low endurance to shear (e.g., human embryonic stem cells), results show that the use of grooves is an enabling technology, since under the same physical conditions the cells cannot be cultured for long periods of time in a planar microchannel. In addition to the theoretical model findings, the culture of human foreskin fibroblasts in groove (30 µm depth) and well bioreactors (35 µm depth) was experimentally examined at various flow rates of medium perfusion and compared to cell culture in regular flat microchannels. It was shown that the wells and the grooves enable a one order of magnitude increase in the maximum perfusion rate compared to planar microchannels. Altogether, the study demonstrates that the proper design and use of microgroove/well bioreactors may be highly beneficial for cell culture assays. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 1222–1230. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity assessment of orange peel (Citrus sinensis) cultivated in Greece–Crete indicates a new commercial source of hesperidin
Authors: Kanaze Firas I. , Termentzi Aikaterini , Gabrieli Chrysi , Niopas Ioannis , Georgarakis Manolis , Kokkalou Eugene 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe flavonoid content of several methanolic extract fractions of Navel orange peel (flavedo and albedo of Citrus sinensis) cultivated in Crete (Greece) was first analysed phytochemically and then assessed for its antioxidant activity in vitro. The chemical structures of the constituents fractionated were originally determined by comparing their retention times and the obtained UV spectral data with the available bibliographic data and further verified by detailed LC‐DAD‐MS (ESI+) analysis. The main flavonoid groups found within the fractions examined were polymethoxylated flavones, O‐glycosylated flavones, C‐glycosylated flavones, O‐glycosylated flavonols, O‐glycosylated flavanones and phenolic acids along with their ester derivatives. In addition, the quantitative HPLC analysis confirmed that hesperidin is the major flavonoid glycoside found in the orange peel. Interestingly enough, its quantity at 48 mg/g of dry peel permits the commercial use of orange peel as a source for the production of hesperidin. The antioxidant activity of the orange peel methanolic extract fractions was evaluated by applying two complementary methodologies, DPPH• assay and the Co(II)/EDTA‐induced luminol chemiluminescence approach. Overall, the results have shown that orange peel methanolic extracts possess moderate antioxidant activity as compared with the activity seen in tests where the corresponding aglycones, diosmetin and hesperetin were assessed in different ratios. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An isocratic fluorescence HPLC assay for the monitoring of l‐asparaginase activity and l‐asparagine depletion in children receiving E. colil‐asparaginase for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Nath Christa E. , Dallapozza Luciano , Eslick Adam E. , Misra Ashish , Carr Deborah , Earl John W. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA novel assay for the determination of l‐asparaginase activity in human plasma is described that is based on the HPLC quantitation of l‐aspartic acid produced during enzyme incubation. Methods for monitoring l‐asparagine depletion are also described. Chromatography of l‐aspartic acid, l‐asparagine and l‐homoserine (the internal standard) involved derivatization with o‐pthaldialdehyde, then separation from other amino acids on a Phenomenex Luna C18 column using a 1 mL/min flow rate and a mobile phase consisting of di‐potassium hydrogen orthophosphate propionate buffer, pH 6, with 10% methanol and 10% acetonitrile. Fluoresence detection was at excitation/emission wavelengths of 357/455 nm. Under these conditions l‐aspartic acid, l‐asparagine and l‐homoserine had retention times of 3.5, 9.8 and 17.7 min, respectively. The l‐asparaginase assay was linear from 0.1 to 10 U/mL activity and interday precision and accuracy were less than 13%. The limit of quantitation was approximately 0.03 U/mL. The assay utility was established in 12 children who received E. coli l‐asparaginase as treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive Model of Hydrogen Sulfide Absorption by Chelate Solution in a Venturi Scrubber
Authors: Ahari J. S. , Forsat K. , Djenab M. H. , Mohammadbigy K. , Vahidi M. , Shafiei Z. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn the present study, a simple model was used to predict the removal efficiency of a venturi scrubber for H2S absorption into a ferric chelate solution. From momentum and mass balances in the scrubber, a set of first‐order, nonlinear ordinary differential equations relating predominantly the liquid velocity with the H2S concentration in the liquid along the axial direction in the scrubber were formulated. These relationships were numerically solved to give performance profiles. The validity of the model was examined by comparing the results of the model with experimental data from the working laboratory scale. The results predicted from the model are in good agreement with the experimental data obtained in different sizes of the venturi scrubber and operating variables.
Preparation and Characterization of Codeposited Palladium‐Nickel/Titanium Electrodes and Palladium‐Nickel/Polymeric Pyrrole Film/Titanium Electrodes
Authors: Hu X. , Ge H. , Li B.‐H. , Sun Z.‐R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPalladium‐nickel/titanium (Pd‐Ni/Ti) and palladium‐nickel/polymeric pyrrole film/titanium (Pd‐Ni/PPy/Ti) electrodes were prepared by electrochemical deposition. The electrochemical characteristics of the Pd‐Ni/Ti and Pd‐Ni/PPy/Ti electrodes were studied by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) based on orthogonal experiments. CV studies on the electrodes were conducted in 0.5 mol/L sulfuric acid solution. Experimental results indicate that the hydrogen adsorption peak value of the Pd‐Ni/PPy/Ti electrode seen at ca. –500 mV is larger than that of Pd‐Ni/Ti electrode. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicate that polymeric pyrrole film, which formed on electrode can modify the electrode surface configuration significantly and provide the surface of the Pd‐Ni/PPy/Ti electrode with more layers and a larger surface area.
Simulation Study of a Novel Process Co‐Producing Synthesis Gas and Light Olefins
Authors: Wang S.‐F. , Zhao Y.‐H. , Wen H. , Xu Z.‐H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThere are abundant resources of heavy hydrocarbons worldwide, and their utilization is becoming more widespread as time progresses. The present paper proposes a process that combines coke gasification and heavy hydrocarbon pyrolysis, producing synthesis gas and light olefins. Simulation studies on the process are carried out by using Aspen Plus. The results show that the temperature of the gasification‐pyrolysis can be controlled by changing the feed rate of O2 and steam. In addition, the coke jam problem can be solved by increasing the gasification‐pyrolysis temperature or residence time. The maximum amount of light olefins can be acquired by controlling the gasification‐pyrolysis residence time. More than 37 wt % heavy hydrocarbons are changed to synthesis gas with more than 15 wt % changed to light olefins in the case studied.
An Adaptive Control Concept for Simulated Moving Bed Plants in Case of Complete Separation
Authors: Fütterer M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSimulated Moving Bed (SMB) technology has played an important role in the separation of binary mixtures. An exact adjustment of the volumetric flow rates is necessary for trouble‐free operation. In this contribution, an adaptive control concept is introduced that determines the necessary control variables for complete automatic separation. A simple model is derived for the movement of the concentration fronts and a controller is developed based on the model. The simulation result shows the potential of applying such a control design for application in industrial use.
DMAP as an Effective Catalyst To Accelerate the Solubilization of Waste Fiber‐Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Yamada Kazuo , Kuratani Tomohiro , Oishi Yusuke , Watanabe Takeru , Yoshida Takayuki , Tomonaga Fumiaki 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWaste fiber‐reinforced plastics (FRPs), which are formidable composite plastics for chemical treatment, can be efficiently depolymerized by treatment with supercritical methanol in the presence of catalytic amounts of 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), which is a well‐known catalyst for the formation of esters and amides. This novel depolymerization reaction also provides ready separation of the depolymerized products into three components: methanol‐soluble oil, CHCl3‐soluble solid, and an inorganic residue. Thus, almost complete decomposition of FRP as well as useful separation of the decomposed products was achieved with the present method, and the latter were ready for chemical recycling. Investigation of the reaction profile revealed that the reaction rate increased as the amount of DMAP increased. Unfortunately, DMAP employed in the reaction could not be recovered because of its decomposition catalyzed by dimethyl phthalate, a depolymerized product from waste FRP, under the reaction conditions employed.
Immunoprevalence of the CD4+ T‐cell response to HIV Tat and Vpr proteins is provided by clustered and disperse epitopes, respectively
Authors: Castelli Florence A. , Houitte Diane , Munier Gaetan , Szely Natacha , Lecoq Alain , Briand Jean‐Paul , Muller Sylviane , Maillere Bernard 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRecent studies have suggested including nonstructural proteins as Tat and Vpr in HIV vaccines. However, little is known about the CD4+ T‐cell response that these small proteins induce in humans. We have therefore evaluated these responses by in vitro priming experiments of CD4+ T lymphocytes harvested in healthy donors. In the Tat protein, only one peptide primed CD4+ T cells of eight HLA unrelated healthy donors. T cells induced by this peptide recognized immature DC loaded with the native Tat protein and are restricted by multiple HLA‐DR molecules, in agreement with its binding capacity. This peptide was therefore processed in an appropriate manner and was highly immunoprevalent. CD4+ T‐cell response to Vpr peptides was more disperse and involved six different peptides depending on the HLA‐DR molecules of the donors. Two overlapping peptides were T‐cell stimulating in at least half of the donors. T‐cell response to Vpr in multiple donors is the result of a combination of several CD4+ T‐cell epitopes with good to moderate immunoprevalence. Altogether, our results show that the frequency of responders to HIV Tat or Vpr proteins relies on one or multiple CD4+ T‐cell epitopes, respectively.
Microwave‐Assisted Stereoselective One‐Pot Synthesis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical 2,5‐Diketopiperazines from Unprotected Amino Acids
Authors: Jainta Manuel , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe facile condensation of unprotected amino acids by a phosphite‐promoted one‐step coupling reaction is a highly efficient synthesis to generate stereoselective and optically pure symmetrical and unsymmetrical functionalized diketopiperazines. The use of microwaves enhanced by small amounts of ionic liquid is accompanied by significant improvement in reaction times and yields. Simple filtration through a pad of silica provides the pure compounds in very good to excellent yields.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Directed (R)‐ or (S)‐Selective Dynamic Kinetic Enzymatic Hydrolysis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐1‐carboxylic Esters
Authors: Paál Tihamér A. , Liljeblad Arto , Kanerva Liisa T. , Forró Enikő , Fülöp Ferenc 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe first synthesis of both enantiomers of 6,7‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline‐1‐carboxylic acid was accomplished through dynamic kinetic resolution in procedures based on CAL‐B‐ or subtilisin Carlsberg‐catalysed enantioselective hydrolysis of the corresponding ethyl esters in aqueous NH4OAc buffer at pH 8.5. The products were obtained with high enantiopurity (92–93 % ee) in good yields (85–92 %). (R)‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐1‐carboxylic acid was obtained with high enantiopurity (98 % ee) and in good yield (85 %) in a CAL‐B‐catalysed process, under similar conditions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Odour and flavour thresholds for key aroma components in an orange juice matrix: esters and miscellaneous compounds
Authors: Plotto Anne , Margaría Carlos A. , Goodner Kevin L. , Baldwin Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThresholds for flavour volatiles have been traditionally calculated in water or air but they may vary widely in more complex matrices such as milk, gels or fruit slurries. The data presented are part of a continuing study to provide the industry with threshold guidelines more adequate for the use of flavours in citrus juices. Thresholds of aroma compounds of orange juice (OJ) were determined in reconstituted pump‐out (RPO), approaching a deodorized OJ matrix and served at 10–12 °C, the temperature at which OJ is consumed. The three‐alternative forced choice (3‐AFC) method was used (ASTM: E‐679). Sixteen to twenty panelists were presented with RPO samples arranged in five rows of three samples corresponding to five spiking levels, each separated by a factor of 3, with a 3‐AFC presentation at each level. For each compound, the test was repeated four times. Compounds tested were verified for purity by GC–MS and GC–O. Orthonasal and retronasal thresholds for esters were twice (methyl butanoate) to 30 times (ethyl propanoate) higher in the orange juice matrix than published values in water. The odour activity values (OAVs) of volatile compounds were calculated for two OJs; nine compounds had an orthonasal OAV < 1 when using thresholds determined in RPO, while in contrast, these compounds had an OAV > 1 when calculated with published thresholds determined in water. The relative OAV of some compounds had changed with respect to each other, indicating a different contribution of these compounds to OJ flavour when their OAV was calculated in RPO. These results show the importance of non‐water‐soluble compounds on odour and flavour perception. The threshold values provided herein are directly usable by the industry, in comparison with the current values published in water, and will help in developing models that would explain OJ flavour based on interactions with the matrix. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strongly coupled simulation of fluid–structure interaction in a Francis hydroturbine
Authors: Wang W. Q. , He X. Q. , Zhang L. X. , Liew K. M. , Guo Y. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis work simulates a complex fluid flow in fluid–structure interaction (FSI). The flow under consideration is governed by Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible viscous fluids and modeled with the finite volume method. Large eddy simulation is used to simulate the unsteady turbulent flow. The structure is represented by a finite element formulation. The present work introduces a strongly coupled partitioned approach that is applied to complex flow in fluid machinery. In this approach, the fluid and structure equations are solved separately using different solvers, but are implicitly coupled into one single module based on sensitivity analysis of the important displacement and stress modes. The applied modes and their responses are used to build up a reduced‐order model. The proposed model is used to predict the unsteady flow fields of a 3D complete passage, involving in stay, guide vanes, and runner blades, for a Francis hydro turbine and FSI is considered. The computational results show that a fairly good convergence solution is achieved by using the reduced‐order model that is based on only a few displacement and stress modes, which largely reduces the computational cost, compared with traditional approaches. At the same time, a comparison of the numerical results of the model with available experimental data validates the methodology and assesses its accuracy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microarray‐based genomic profiling reveals novel genomic aberrations in follicular lymphoma which associate with patient survival and gene expression status
Authors: Schwaenen Carsten , Viardot Andreas , Berger Hilmar , Barth Thomas F. E. , Bentink Stefan , Döhner Hartmut , Enz Martina , Feller Alfred C. , Hansmann Martin‐Leo , Hummel Michael , Kestler Hans A. , Klapper Wolfram , Kreuz Markus , Lenze Dido , Loeffler Markus , Möller Peter , Müller‐Hermelink Hans‐Konrad , Ott German , Rosolowski Maciej , Rosenwald Andreas , Ruf Sandra , Siebert Reiner , Spang Rainer , Stein Harald , Truemper Lorenz , Lichter Peter , Bentz Martin , Wessendorf Swen 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFollicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized by a large number of chromosomal aberrations. However, their exact genomic extension and involved target genes remain to be determined. For this purpose, we used array‐based intermediate‐high resolution genomic profiling in combination with Affymetrix™ gene expression analysis. Tumor specimens from 128 FL patients were analyzed for the presence of genomic aberrations and the results were correlated to clinical data sets and mRNA expression levels. In 114 (89%) of the 128 analyzed cases, a total of 688 genomic aberrations (384 gains/amplifications and 304 losses) were detected. Frequent genomic aberrations were: −1p36 (18%), +2p15 (24%), −3q (14%), −6q (25%), +7p (19%), +7q (23%), +8q (14%), −9p (16%), −11q (15%), +12q (20%), −13q (11%), −17p (16%), +18p (18%), and +18q (28%). Critical segments of these imbalances were delineated to genomic fragments with a minimum size down to 0.2 Mb. By comparison of these with mRNA gene expression data, putative candidate genes were identified. Moreover, we found that deletions affecting the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A/B on 9p21 were detected in nontransformed FL grade I–II. For this aberration as well as for −6q25 and −6q26, an association with inferior survival was observed. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.