bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic properties of a human age distribution under a continuous net maternity function
Authors: Lopez Alvaro 
Published: March 2007

Resumen
Una proposición útil e intuitivamente atractiva en Demografía teórica asevera que la distribución por edades de una población humana cerrada es asintóticamente independiente de estaforma en un pasado lejano, y por 10 tanto esta exclusivamente determinada por la historia de la fecundidad y mortalidad queha prevalecido durante un período razonablemente largo de tiempo. En estetrabajo se sientan losfundamentos matemdticos de esie principio y se elaboran los detalles de su prueba después de enfatizaruna comprensión intuitiva del proceso a traves del cualuna distribución de edades tiende a “olvidar” su pasado. La tendencia de una tabla inalterable de tasas vitales apra producir una estructura de edadfija en una poblacion cerrada, es presentada como un corolario de la proposición principal tratada en este artículo.
A Size-Function Typology of Cities
Authors: Atchley Robert C. 
Published: March 2007

Resumen
En este artículo se presentan las caracteristicas de un sistemaidealdeclasificación, y se desarrolla un nuevo sistema, que tiene esias características, para la clasificación de las áreas urbanas. En este nuevo sistema para la clasificación de las áreas urbanas se utiliza, como eriterios variables, tanto la función económica como el tamaño, El trabajo demuestra la superioridad del sistema tamaño-función sobre los sistemas puramente funcionales, y presenia una clasificación tamaño-functional de todas las áreas urbanasde Estados Unidos con más de 10,000 habitantes en 1960.
Projected innovations in the data delivery system for the 1970 census
Authors: Beresford John C. 
Published: March 2007

Resumen
Uno de los elementos críticos en el rompecabezas de la accesibilidad a los datos es conocer las necesidades del usuario, porque con este conocimiento, crear dicha accesibilidad sería relativamente simple. Pero este conocimiento, nunca puede ser desarrollado en forma completa porque se han utilizado inéditos del censo para problemas no anticipados.
Sinembargo, se conocen muchas necesidades, y con una definición flexible de los resultados del censo, hay la posibilidad de satisfacer algunas no anticipadas. Una definición flexible podría ser: “una colección de datos básicos, sumarios revisados de esios datos, y un conjunto de técnicas para utilizar la coleccion y los sumarios.” Esta definición pone énfasis en ligeros arreglos de orqanización, que permitan flexibilidad para satisfacer lossiempre cambiantes requerimientos analiticos delusuario. Los resultados represeniariin. un sistema rutinario de información.
Utilizando esia definición, la oficina está comprometida a mejorar su rendimiento. Algunos desarrollos pertinentes son: (1) un laboratorio para hallarsolucum. a los problemas de acceso y uso de datos; (2) un centro de documentación i archivo de los datos censales; (3) un diccionario de definiciones universales y un sistema índice-código universal para conceptos; (4) programas de computócum analítica para comparar las características de muchas areas pequeiias; (5) mapas y cuadros demaqraficoe preparados en computadoras; (6) eoaluacióti de indicadores sociales sobre la base de los datos censolee; (7) capacidad para procesar datos en lugares donde no funciona la oficina; (8) descripción dela accesibilidad dedatos denuevas técnicas; y (9) una discriminacitm. sobre la necesidad de datos diseñada para eliminar la duplicación,
Recent Immigration and Studies of Ethnic Assimilation
Authors: Taeuber Alma F. , Taeuber Karl E. 
Published: March 2007

Resumen
Los estudios de asimilación étnica se basan frecuentemente en la comparación del status entre lo s nacidos en el extranjero y sus descendientes, “la segunda qeneración:” En este procedimiento está implícita la suposición de que la immigración reciente ha sido insignificante y que los nacidos en el extranjero representan una población cerrada. Sinembargo, un análisis de las estadisticas oficiales indica que los inmigrantes que llegaron desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial constituyen ahora una parte apreciable de la poblacion nacida en el extranjero, mientras que los nacidos fuera del pais que llegaron antes de que se establecieran cuotas de resiricción, están siendo rapidamenie diezmados por la mortalidad.
Los últimos inmigrantes, de acuerdo a la iniención de la ley que fija cuotas, son de un status socioeconómico mucho más elevado que los inmigrantes que llegaron antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Por lo tanto, en los datos sobre la población nacida fuera del país, se confunden las características de los últimos inmigrantes con las de los que llegaron primero. Los datos existentes no permiten un enjuiciamiento riguroso de esta confusión, o un adecuado control de la misma. Este trabajo sugiere que las tabulaciones para los nacidos fuera del pais por “año de llegada,” mejorarían la utilidad sociolóqica de los datos para grupos étnicos.
Occupational Classification
Authors: Martin Margaret E. 
Published: March 2007

Resumen
La necesidad de un sistema de clasificación de las ocupaciones comunes ha empezado a hacerse más importante que la precisión de un sistema de doeificación de propósito múltiple. El reciente incremento, en el gobierno, de las fuentes de estadísticas de ocupación, la variedad de usos queseda a los datos clasificados por ocupación, y la insatisfacción teórica que se evidencia en la literatura reciente, hacen deseable que se desarrolle, para todas las agencias, un solo sistema standard de clasificación.
Se ha, iniciado el trabajo sobre un sistema declasificación standard(actualmente en los principales grupos de profesionales, técnicoe, y trabajadores relacionados). Aunque los resultados finales no estarán disponibles para utilizarlos en el Censo de 1970, hay un esfuerzo considerable para disminuir las grandes categorías residuales del Censo y para desarrollar una lista más detallada de clasificaciones. El estadístico debe saber que el trabajo está progresando, en una de las clasificaciones ed creciente importancia para él.
On Measuring the Marriage Squeeze
Authors: Akers Donald S. 
Published: March 2007

Resumen
A partir de 1960, los hombres solieros se han casado a una tasa cada oee creciente, y las mujeres solteras a una tasa decreciente. Estas tendencias pueden ser explicadas, casi enteramente, por la desproporción entre los sexos en las edades en las que ocurre el matrimonio con más frecuencia, lo que comunmente se conoce como “presion matrimonial.” Las desproporciones surgieron de un aumenlo de los nacimientos durante el período de 1939-47, unido al hecho de que las mujeres se casan más jovenes que los hombres.
Estos cambios en los patrones de matrimonio deben tener calgun efecto, aunque talvez secundario, sobre la tasa de nacimientos y sobre la formación de hogares. Las consecuencias de esios cambios constituyen un proyecto para mayor investigación.
Premarital pregnancies and out-of-wedlock births in denmark, 1950–65
Authors: Goldstein Sidney 
Published: March 2007

Resumen
A pesar de que una comprensiva investigación de los modelos de espaciamiento de nacimientos requiere tambien la consideración de aquellos que son concebidos antes del matrimonio, la información detallada sobre esios nacimientos frecuentemente no existe, sobre todo en los Estados Unidos. En cambio, las estadisticas de Dinamarca sobre primeros nacimientos de acuerdo a la duración del matrimonio, y de nacimientos fuera de matrimonio permiten la evaluación de tendencias en gestaciones premaritales. Para el periodo 1950-64, ellas señalan, (1) un aumento en el porcentaje de todas las novias que llegan preñadas al matrimonio, (2) un aumento en la proporcion de primeros nacimientos que ocurren en los primeros 6, y entre los primeros 6 y 9 meses desde el matrimonio; y (3) unaumento de los nacimientos fuera del matrimonio. La tendencia señalada es para todo el pais, pero especial-mente marcada en Copenhagen, esto último refleja el caracter mas urbano de la capital, su mayor permisividad, y la atracción de jóvenes immigrantes. Un analisis diferenciado por edades revela que casi el 90% de todos los primeros nacimientos entre mujeres casadas menores de 20 años, y un 50% de todos los primeros nacimientos de la mujeres entre 20 y 24 años de edad han sido concebidos premaritalmente. El aumento en el número de primeros nacimientos para las mujeres jóvenes es la principal causa del aumento total de concepciones premaritales. Comparada con sus suburbios, Copenhagen tenía en 1965 el nivel más alto de las gestaciones premaritales. Estas diferencia residen-ciales se originan ambas en la mayor proporción esos nacimientos para todos los grupos de edades en Copenhagen, pero especialmenie para las edades de 20 años y más, y en el hecho de que Compenhagen tiene proporcionalmente más primeros nacimientos entre las mujeres de menos de 20 años de edad, siendo en este ultimo grupo de edades donde la tasa de concepciones prematrimoniales es especial-mente alta.
Industrialization, family and fertility: A structural-psychological analysis of the Brazilian case
Authors: Rosen Bemard C. , Simmons Alan B. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper addresses itself to some linkages between macro-social structure (industrialization, social class), social psychological variables (husband-wife decision making), psychological variables (attitudes), and fertility. A total of 726 currently mated women with proven fertility in five Brazilian communities were interviewed to determine various attitudes, their work experience, their participation in family decisions, their fertility ideals, and actual fertility. The five communities were selected along a rural-urban-industrialization continuum to include a village, two non-industrial cities, and two industrial cities (one of which was Sao Paulo). Family size in the industrial cities was small in all social strata, while in the non-industrial cities family size was large in the lower strata and declined in the upper strata. Further analysis revealed that smaller family size is associated with generally higher levels of status among women—higher educational levels, greater social contacts and more skilled employment, and equality in family decision making. Our analysis supports the hypotheses that industrialization influences fertility through shifts in the social status of women, both in their work and at home. New education and work opportunities facilitate the emergence of modern conceptions of the role of women in society and egalitarian decision making in the family. These attitudes and patterns of husband-wife interaction are related to smaller family size ideals and lower fertility.
The residential distribution of status groups in Puerto Rico’s metropolitan areas
Authors: Schwirian Kent P. , Rico-Velasco Jesus 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the pattern of residential segregation of status groups in Puerto Rico’s three metropolitan areas. The findings showed that in all three areas: (1) as the social status distance between groups increases so too does the degree of dissimilarity of their residential distributions; (2) the status groups most residentially segregated are those at the top and at the bottom of the status pyramid; (3) the pattern of residential centralization of status groups for Ponce and Mayaguez are such that the highest status groups are the most centralized while the lowest status groups are the most decentralized, but in San Juan it is the highest status groups that are the most decentralized and the lowest status groups that are the most centralized. The data are from the 1960 census. Indicators of status employed are education, occupation, and income. Differences in findings about centralization between San Juan and the other cities are explained in terms of differential economic development.
Intra-urban migrant lifelines: A spatial view
Authors: Brown Lawrence A. , Holmes John 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe term intra-urban migrant lifeline refers to the sequence of residential movements made by a household within a single urban area. This study examines spatial aspects of lifelines and the relationship between such aspects and the spatial structure of the city. Spatial aspects are defined in terms of distance, directional, and sectoral biases. A variety of techniques for identifying such biases are critically discussed. The approach applied is one that transforms the spatial pattern of migrations so as to accent the spatial biases in question. Measurement of the biases is accomplished by application of standard ellipse techniques to the transformed distributions. Data for the study traces migrant lifelines for a sample of households in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, for the period 1950 through 1965. Differences in locational and social-economic characteristics of households are shown to be reflected in the spatial morphology of their respective lifelines. In general the migrant lifelines show a fairly restricted distance bias, a directional bias towards the center of the city, and a low degree of sectorality. This is in contrast to expectations generated by previous work on lifelines. Reconciliation of the findings here with previous findings employs a model that considers both the space preferences of intra-urban migrants and the set of vacancies available to them.
Rural-urban mortality in developing countries: An index for detecting rural underregistration
Authors: Arriaga Eduardo E. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
This study begins with a brief analysis of past and present urban-rural mortality in those countries which are presently considered to be developed. The same analysis centers in developing countries, for it is thought that their rural mortality should be greater than their urban mortality. Since available statistics generally show the contrary, a way is presented for constructing possible means of sub-registering vital statistics in some areas of these countries. The index would vary to agree with the system of the registry of vital statistics in a given area. Mexico is used as an example—the result of constructing and analyzing the index is to show in which areas there should be a subregistry of deaths. Finally, the cases of India and Taiwan are analyzed in order to confirm the hypothesis that in developing countries there will be a higher mortality rate in. rural than in urban areas.
Measuring acceptances in a family planning program: the decomposition of rates by eligibility criteria
Authors: Takeshita John Y. , Freedman Ronald 
Published: March 2007

Summary
Acceptance rates in family planning programs can be broken into components useful in analyzing programs and in evaluating success. In almost any program some couples can be defined as “ineligible” on the basis of alternative criteria. (Sterilized couples are an obvious example.) Then, the total acceptance rate can be initially separated into two components—the proportion eligible and the acceptance rate among the eligible. If some of those initially defined as ineligible become acceptors, there is a third component—the ratio of all acceptances to acceptances among the eligible only. These various components can be used to analyze the basis for varying acceptance rates between different strata of a population.
Concept, measurement, and data in migration analysis
Authors: Haenszel William 
Published: March 2007

Summary
Two methods of computing migration rates—one relating moves to population at risk in place of origin and the other using as a denominator the cross-product of population in places of origin and destination—are discussed. It is concluded that the second assumes implicitly that moves originate and terminate as a random population variable.
Some difficulties with this particular model are pointed out and the author suggests that other analytical approaches to migration data be sought and in this connection refers to the literature on the mathematical theory of epidemics.
Immigration data and national population estimates for the United States
Authors: Akers Donald S. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
The immigration component in national population estimates is comparatively small, but it is not insignificant and may indeed be an important source of error. Therefore, it warrants the considera-tion of those concerned with population estimates. The paper considers alternative methods for deriving estimates of immigration from the raw data and presents estimates of net immigration from 1950 to 1965. They are developed from estimates previously published by the Bureau of the Census, but they differ at some points where new data have become available or where a review of the data has led to a change in judgment on how best to use them. The paper also presents suggestions on how immigration statistics might be altered for purposes of improving the estimates.
Census data may be used to estimate net immigration by three different methods, but upon analysis each method proves to be inadequate. Hence, data based on visas surrendered at the port of entry must be the principal source of immigration estimates. These data have their limitations because (1) they do not cover net arrivals of citizens from abroad and from Puerto Rico, (2) they do not report departures of aliens, and (3) they do not allocate all immigrants to year of entry. Alien registration and passenger data offer possible alternative estimates.
The paper attempts to measure unrecorded immigration, discusses how net arrivals of citizens from abroad and from Puerto Rico may be estimated, and how the age, sex, and race of immigrants may be treated.
Sources of geographic mobility among professional workers: A multivariate analysis
Authors: Ladinsky Jack 
Published: March 2007

Summary
Using the 1960 Census of Population one-in-a-thousand sample, this study investigates determinants of geographic mobility among professional, technical, and kindred workers. Multiple regression analysis reveals that age accounts for most of the explained variance in mobility, followed by income, education, regional location, sex, family size, and marital status. Additional variables—class of worker, race, nativity, professional type, size of place and industry—add no significant increments to explained variance.
More specifically, low income and high education stimulate mobility and increases in family size and age slacken it. Young married professionals move the most and farthest, males somewhat more than females. Mobility is greatest in the West, least in the Northeast. Age reduces or reverses contrasts between single and married, large and small families, high and low incomes, little and much education, and residents of East and West.
Factor analysis suggests that migration is part of two orderly processes—occupational career mobility and family life cycle. The bearing of these findings on the relationship between geographic mobility and social integration for the middleclass in the United States is considered.
A design for a census information retrieval system
Authors: Hobbs Sarah , Farley Reynolds , Winsborougha Halliman H. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
This article explores the methodology of designing a storage and retrieval system for information on the nature and subjects of censuses published internationally over the past two decades. The essential key is neither data storage nor bibliography but an index which will tell a researcher what censuses provide information on particular population characteristics and how those characteristics are defined, mapped, cross-indexed, compared, and discussed.
The index should be based on specific, inclusive, and flexible classifying terms. The authors arrive at 24 variables which are grouped on two levels—category and specific item—by the use of either main tables or indexes. The use of indexes is preferred for its reduction of clerical and computer time.
In addition to the index (which should be made available in machine-readable form), the authors suggest the concomitant publication (on the basis of unified classifications) of an analysis of the relative value of different definitions of population characteristics, a merged-item vocabulary, and indexes to various censuses. Once the study has developed beyond an experimental phase limited in geographic extent and in time, the authors envision a continuing service which will provide indexes to all new censuses.
A new technique for measuring household changes
Authors: Turner Marshall L. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
Because many recent policy decisions have been aimed at effecting changes in the socioeconomic characteristics of families or households, it has become necessary to isolate policy-induced changes from demographic changes in households over time. To obtain such longitudinal data, the family records from three panels of the Current Population Survey that were interviewed both in March, 1964, and March, 1965, were used in a computer record-matching operation.
The resulting data confirm that approximately 20 percera of all households are mobile in the period of a year as evidenced by the nonmatched households that were found in 1964 but not present in 1965. More important, the data indicate that S percent of the nonmobile family households became individual households, or the reverse, and 15 percent of all the remaining households changed in family size. These last two statistics represent the first national estimates of gross changes in the demographic characteristics of households.
In addition to data on changes in households, this relatively inexpensive method can be used to match Current Population Survey persons’ records and provide longitudinal data on the persons within households. Over all, this prototype technique offers policy planners an analytical tool with the necessary statistical controls for assessing the effects of policy decisions and predicting policy success.
A note on the time spent on the journey to work
Authors: Morgan James N. 
Published: March 2007

Summary
The notions that most people travel to the center of the city to work and that the farther out they live the longer it takes are only appropriate for middle-sized cities. In larger urban areas, many people work outside the center, and it is the speed of travel which most affects the time that it takes to get to work. As a result, those who live in the central cities of the twelve largest metropolitan areas spend the longest time getting to work and back, because the closer one is to the center and the larger the urban area, the slower the travel speeds.