bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
War ein Groß-Ionien tatsächlich um 1360 v. Chr. in Westkleinasien existent? Eine kritische Analyse zu den Lesungen und Identifizierungen der jüngst entdeckten topographischen Namenslisten aus der Regierungszeit Amenophis′ III.
Authors: Haider Peter W. 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung
Die beiden neu entdeckten Fragmente von Ortsnamenslisten im Totentempel Amenophis′ III. nennen unter anderem angeblich ein Groß-Ionien sowie Luwien auf westkleinasiatischem Boden. Eine kritische Analyse der Lesungen und der vorgeschlagenen Lokalisierungen der insgesamt fünf lesbaren Namen läßt beim derzeitigen Wissensstand diesbezüglich aber manche Korrektur vornehmen und bietet somit bezüglich des Charakters dieser Listen zwei Erklärungsmöglichkeiten: Sollten hier tatsächlich (mehrheitlich) kleinasiatische Örtlichkeiten aufgelistet sein, dann spricht das hier auch genannte Land Tanaja (= Peloponnes) für eine Aufzählung an Lokalitäten, die sich ausnahmsweise nicht auf einen engeren geographischen Raum beschränkte, sondern sich an überregionalen machtpolitischen, diplomatischen und/oder wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten orientierte.
Sollten diese Listen aber, wie üblich, einen bestimmten geographischen Raum beschreiben, dann wären alle hier genannten Lokalitäten innerhalb der ägäischen Welt zu lokalisieren. Für ein (Groß?-)Ionien böte sich das nördlich an Tanaja angrenzende Mittelgriechenland an, und das als R/Lawana zu lesende und problematischer Weise für Luwien gehaltene Toponym ließe sich plausibler mit dem aus den Linear B-Texten von Knossos zu eruierende *Ruwana gleichsetzen, das nahe liegender Weise auf Kreta selbst oder innerhalb der südlichen Ägäis zu suchen wäre. In jedem Fall gewähren diese neuen Listenfragmente einen wertvollen und interessanten Einblick in die Kenntnisse von der historischen Geographie in den ,Nordländern' am ägyptischen Hof um 1360 v. Chr.
Aufgrund ihrer relativ rohen und flüchtigen Ausarbeitung können die betreffenden Listenfragmente in die letzten Regierungsjahre (ca. 13601354 v. Chr.) Amenophis′ III. datiert werden.
Vencidas, Violadas, Vendidas: Mujeres Griegas y Violencia Sexual en Asedios Romanos
Authors: Antela-Bernardez Borja 
Published: December 2008

Resumen
El aumento de los estudios sobre la mujer en los últimos años, así como el más reciente interés por la guerra plantea la posibilidad de fundir resultados de ambos aspectos temáticos. De este modo, el objetivo del presente estudio es el de reflexionar sobre la posición de la mujer griega ante la violencia militar, desde una parte entre los propios griegos, como introducción general, y posteriormente en su enfrentamiento con los ejércitos de Roma, donde se plantea el enfrentamiento entre dos conceptos de derrota, y con ello, de víctima de guerra. Las mujeres aparecen a lo largo de las siguientes páginas como metáforas de la victoria, como motores económicos de la actividad militar, y más aún, como símbolo esencial del disfrute del botín, por lo que podemos hablar de una división sexual de la derrota en el mundo antiguo.
Win but do not overwin  The History of a Proverb from the Sententiae Menandri, and a Classical Allusion in St. Paul′s Epistle to the Romans
Authors: Rance Philip 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This paper traces the history and meaning of the Greek proverb Win but do not overwin, first documented in Maurice′s Strategicon (590s) and cited thereafter in various contexts in Byzantine military and historical literature. The earliest manifestation of this proverb is identified as a verse of iambic trimeters preserved in the Γνῶμαι Μενάνδρου or Sententiae Menandri, witnessed in both the manuscript tradition and a fragmentary specimen inscribed on a fifth-/sixth-century ostracon. Older scholarship denied the antiquity of this monostichos on linguistic and metrical grounds, but it is shown that there is no impediment to a possible origin in Attic drama, even if date and authorship remain elusive. Recognition of an additional prose variant in Socrates′ Historia Ecclesiastica points to a wider proverbial currency by the beginning of the fifth century at the latest. The study concludes with the conjecture that St. Paul may have had this proverb in mind when he wrote Epistle to the Romans, adducing arguments based on eccentric vocabulary and evidence for Paul′s limited acquaintance with moralising pagan literature.
Magni Viri: Caesar, Alexander, and Pompey in Cat. 11
Authors: Krebs Christopher 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
In the first half of Cat. 11 readers are indeed, as has been suggested, invited to recall Alexander the Great and his campaigns in the Far East upon reading monimenta magni, but also Rome′s official 'Magnus′ and Caesar′s rival: Pompey. For it is Pompey (and not Crassus, as is commonly believed) to whom the second stanza alludes, as all the people therein listed can be shown to point to his famous campaigns in the East during the third Mithridatic war, which, though almost a decade past by the time Catullus wrote, was brought back to the Romans′ attention when Pompey had his theatrum built from its revenues. The imaginary itinerary of the first three stanzas comprises the glorious sites of Alexander, Pompey, and Caesar  the latter now also a 'Magnus′.
Synthesis and characterization of nanosized NiO2 and NiO using Triton® X-100
Authors: Kooti Mohammad , Jorfi Mehdi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNanosized NiO2 particles with an average diameter of 15 nm are prepared by treating of Ni(NO3)2 · 6H2O with an aqueous solution of KClO in the presence of Triton® X-100. This black fine powder of nickel peroxide was characterized by XRD diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The as-prepared NiO2 can be easily transformed to nanosized NiO merely by washing it with acetone. The obtained NiO has an average diameter of 40 nm and was characterized by the same means used for NiO2. The nanoparticles of NiO2 and NiO were obtained in high yields and purities.
Spectrophotometric study of interaction and solubilization of procaine hydrochloride in micellar systems
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Reza , Gheshlagi Mohammad , Tahmasebi Rahele , Hojjati Farnaz 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe interaction of Procaine hydrochloride (PC) with cationic, anionic and non-ionic surfactants; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and triton X-100, were investigated. The effect of ionic and non-ionic micelles on solubilization of Procaine in aqueous micellar solution of SDS, CTAB and triton X-100 were studied at pH 6.8 and 29°C using absorption spectrophotometry. By using pseudo-phase model, the partition coefficient between the bulk water and micelles, Kx, was calculated. The results showed that the micelles of CTAB enhanced the solubility of Procaine higher than SDS micelles (Kx = 96 and 166 for SDS and CTAB micelles, respectively) but triton X-100 did not enhanced the solubility of drug because of weak interaction with Procaine. From the resulting binding constant for Procaine-ionic surfactants interactions (Kb = 175 and 128 for SDS and CTAB surfactants, respectively), it was concluded that both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions affect the interaction of surfactants with cationic procaine. Electrostatic interactions have a great role in the binding and consequently distribution of Procaine in micelle/water phases. These interactions for anionic surfactant (SDS) are higher than for cationic surfactant (CTAB). Gibbs free energy of binding and distribution of procaine between the bulk water and studied surfactant micelles were calculated.
Study by grazing incident diffraction and surface spectroscopy of amalgams from ancient mirrors
Authors: Herrera L. , Duran A. , Franquelo M. , González-Elipe A. , Espinós J. , Rubio-Zuazo J. , Castro G. , Justo A. , Perez-Rodriguez J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCharacterization of four amalgam surfaces, with different alteration degrees from Andalusia historical mirrors, has been carried out by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), and other spectroscopic techniques (SEM/EDX, XPS, and REELS). The combination of all these techniques allows determining the corrosion state of the amalgams. The results show that the amalgams are composed in all cases of a binary alloy of tin and mercury. As mercury has high vapour pressure at RT, it slowly segregates and eventually evaporates, it leaves finely divided particles of tin that easily can be oxidize, forming tin monoxide (SnO) and tin dioxide (SnO2). In one of the samples, most of the amalgam remains unoxidized, since Hg0.1Sn0.9 and metallic Sn phases are the major components; in two other samples, Hg0.1Sn0.9 and Sn phases are not detected while SnO2 and SnO phases appear. Finally, in the last studied sample, only SnO2 phase is detected. The surface analyses of these samples by XPS show that, for most of them an unique chemical species (Sn4+) is found.
Adsorption of lanthanides(III) from aqueous solutions by fullerene black modified with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid
Authors: Turanov A. , Karandashevb V. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFullerene black (FB) - a product of electric arc graphite vaporization after extraction of fullerenes - was modified with the di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA). The distribution of D2EHPA between FB and aqueous HNO3 solutions has been studied. The effect of HNO3 concentration in the aqueous phase and that of D2EHPA concentration in the sorbent phase on the adsorption of microquantities of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y nitrates from HNO3 solutions by D2EHPA-modified FB are considered. The stoichiometry of the sorbed complexes has been determined by the slope analysis method. The efficiency of lanthanides’ adsorption increases with an increase in the element atomic number. A considerable synergistic effect has been observed upon the addition of the neutral bidentate tetraphenylmethylenediphosphine dioxide ligand to D2EHPA in the sorbent phase.
Removal of lead(II) from aqueous solution with amino-functionalized nanoscale zero-valent iron
Authors: Liu Qingyang , Bei Yiling , Zhou Feng 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn effective adsorbent for removal of Pb(II) in aqueous solution was synthesized by reaction of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS). The material was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The amino-coated NZVI rapidly removed Pb(II) from aqueous solution and was easily separated by an external magnetic field. The Freundlich equation was used for investigating the adsorption process of APS-NZVI. Compared to untreated NZVI, the APS-coated NZVI exhibited stronger adsorption affinity and better adsorption performance. Therefore, APS-NZVI may be a suitable material for heavy metal remediation and has potential industrial applications.
Preparation of nanostructured porous SiO2-Al2O3 oxycarbonitride materials obtained by a new chemical precursor method
Authors: Ivanova Yordanka , Gerganova Tsvetelina , Fernandes M. , Salvado Isabel 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNanostructured hybrid materials containing Al2O3 were synthesized via a sol-gel method through hydrolysis and co-condensation reactions using trimethylsilyl isocyanate (TMSI) as a new silica source in the presence of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and three different quantities (10, 20 and 30 wt.%) of aluminum sec-butoxide (Al(OBusec)3 as a modifying agent. The xerogel nanostructured materials are pyrolyzed in nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature range from 400°C to 1100°C. The transformation of the xerogel hybrid networks into Al-Si oxycarbonitride materials has been investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM, AFM, and 29Si MAS-NMR. To the best of our knowledge, the work reported here is the first synthesis of porous di-urethanesils modified with aluminum and one of the few examples of alumosilica oxycarbonitride materials
Bi(NO3)3 · 5H2O mediated synthesis of 4,4′-diaminotriarylmethane leuco malachite compounds under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Bardajee Ghasem , Jafarpour Farnaz 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this report, we described the synthesis and characterization of a variety of diaminotriarylmethane derivatives with dimethylamino functional groups. These compounds were synthesized by the tandem regio-selective electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction of N,N-dimethylaniline with aryl aldehydes to form the corresponding diaminotriarylmethane compounds. In our strategy, Bi(NO3)3 was used as a catalyst under solvent free conditions to afford the desired products in good to excellent yields.
Structural characterization of Th-doped TiO2 photocatalyst and its extension of response to solar light for photocatalytic oxidation of oryzalin pesticide: a comparative study
Authors: Gomathi Devi L. , Narasimha Murthy B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe degradation efficiency of Th-doped TiO2 / TiO2 photocatalysts were investigated under UV and solar light illumination. The model compound chosen for the study was Oryzalin (OZ). Doping of inner transition metal ion Th was intended to modify the electronic properties of TiO2. The Th-doped TiO2 were synthesized by incorporating 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.1 atom percentage of Th into the TiO2 lattice by solid-state reaction. The stochiometry of the prepared samples is Ti1−xThxO2, where ‘x’ is the percentage of Th. The samples were characterized by UV-Visible absorption, UV-Visible -Diffused reflectance spectra, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The pore size and surface area of these samples were studied by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) adsorption method. It was found that metal ion doping at various percentage compositions enables a large shift in the absorption band of the TiO2 towards visible light region. This is due to the formation of various mid band gaps at 2.84 eV, 2.804 eV, 2.66 eV, and 2.55 eV. The extent of degradation of the pesticide was followed by UV-Visible spectroscopy and GC-MS methods. Based on the spectral analysis, the probable degradation reaction mechanism for OZ is proposed. These results indicate that Th-doped TiO2 with the modified electronic properties is a good catalyst under solar light irradiation. But these particles show marginal variation in rates under UV-illumination. All the photodegradation reactions follow the first order kinetics.
The FMR1 gene and fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome
Authors: Brouwer J.R. , Willemsen R. , Oostra B.A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe CGG‐repeat present in the 5′UTR of the FMR1 gene is unstable upon transmission to the next generation. The repeat is up to 55 CGGs long in the normal population. In fragile X patients, a repeat length exceeding 200 CGGs (full mutation: FM) generally leads to methylation of the repeat and the promoter region, which is accompanied by silencing of the FMR1 gene. The gene product FMRP is involved in regulation of transport and translation of certain mRNA in the dendrite, thereby affecting synaptic plasticity. This is central to learning and memory processes. The absence of FMRP seen in FM is the cause of the mental retardation seen in fragile X patients. The premutation (PM) is defined as 55–200 CGGs. Female PM carriers are at risk of developing primary ovarian insufficiency. Recently it was discovered that elderly PM carriers might develop a progressive neurodegenerative disorder called fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Although arising from the mutations in the same gene, distinct mechanisms lead to fragile X syndrome (absence of FMRP) and FXTAS (toxic RNA gain of function). The pathogenic mechanisms thought to underlie these disorders are discussed, with a specific emphasis on FXTAS. This review gives insight on the implications of all possible repeat length categories seen in fragile X families. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of reduced folate carrier gene polymorphism and maternal folic acid use with neural tube defects
Authors: Pei Lijun , Liu Jianmeng , Zhang Yewu , Zhu Huiping , Ren Aiguo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate whether the risk for neural tube defects (NTDs) was associated with reduced folate carrier gene (RFC1 A80G) polymorphism and/or with the interaction between the RFC1 gene and maternal periconceptional use of folic acid. One hundred four nuclear families with NTDs and 100 non‐malformed control families were sampled to investigate the potential interaction between maternal or the offspring's RFC1 (A80G) genotypes and the maternal periconceptional use of folic acid through a population‐based case–control study. RFC1 (A80G) genotypes were detected using PCR‐restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP). Mother who had the GG genotype and did not take folic acid had an elevated risk for NTDs (OR = 5.43, 95% CI = 1.68–18.28) as compared to the mother who had AA or GA genotype and took maternal periconceptional folic acid. The interactive coefficient was 1.12 between maternal GG genotype and the periconceptional folic acid non‐use. The risk for having an infant with NTDs was 8.80 (95% CI = 2.83–28.69) for offspring with the GG genotype, as compared to the offspring with AA or GA genotype among the mothers who did not take folic acid supplements. The interactive coefficient was 1.45 for offspring with the GG genotype and without maternal periconceptional supplementation of folic acid. Our findings suggest that there is a potential gene–environment interaction on the risk of NTDs between maternal or offspring RFC1 GG genotype and maternal periconceptional intake of folic acid. The RFC1 is likely to be an important candidate gene in folate transportation and RFC1 GG genotype (A80G) may be associated with an increased risk for NTDs in this Chinese population. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast responsive and strong swelling hydrogels based on N‐isopropylacrylamide with sodium acrylate
Authors: Huang He , Zhang Dan , Mao Zhiping , Yu Weidong , Yan Haojing 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPoly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐sodium acrylate) gels with N,N‐methylene bisacrylamde (BIS) as crosslinker were prepared by free radical polymerization method at the temperature of 35°C, which was just around the lower critical solution temperature (LSCT) of the hydrogels. The gels synthesized at 35°C demonstrated strong swellability and fast responseability when compared with the gels synthesized at the temperature of 0 and 18°C (below the LCST) and 50 and 80°C (above the LSCT). The response rate and swelling behavior of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐sodium acrylate) gels was investigated and characterized by the temperature‐dependent swelling ratio and swelling and deswelling kinetics. The swelling behavior of the gels indicated that the synthesis temperature was the main factor when the swellability concerned and also had effect on the responseability of the resulting hydrogels. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The effect of the mixtures of photoinitiators in polymerization efficiencies
Authors: Neumann Miguel G. , Schmitt Carla C. , Horn Marco A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe photoinitiated polymerization of methyl methacrylate using the mixtures of camphorquinone (CQ) and acylphosphine oxides (monoacylphosphine oxide, MAPO, or bisacylphosphine oxide, BAPO) was studied to determine the possible synergistic effects. The addition of the acylphosphines to CQ resulted in an increase of the polymerization rate compared with CQ alone. On the other hand, a significant decrease of the polymerization quantum yield is observed for the mixtures compared with the pure acylphosphines. Therefore, the increase in the polymerization efficiency of the two mixtures studied, MAPO/CQ and BAPO/CQ (compared with CQ) can be traced to the larger light absorption range, rather than to the onset of new mechanisms. The presence of the coinitiator ethyl 4‐dimethylaminobenzoate, EDB, always present in CQ formulations, has no effect at all on the rates of polymerization photoinitiated by the acylphosphine oxides. From the point of view of photopolymerization quantum yields, an antagonistic effect is observed because of the energy transfer of the more efficient initiator (MAPO or BAPO) to the less efficient one (CQ). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Fast responsive poly(acrylic acid‐co‐N‐isopropyl acrylamide) hydrogels based on new crosslinker
Authors: Atta Ayman M. , Abdel‐Bary E. M. , Rezk Kamel , Abdel‐Azim A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNovel dual temperature‐ and pH‐sensitive poly(acrylic acid‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide), AA/NIPAAm, hydrogels were successfully prepared by chemical crosslinking with crosslinkers. Copolymers of AA/NIPAAm were crosslinked in the presence of different mol % of N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) and melamine triacrylamide (MAAm) as crosslinkers by bulk radical polymerization. The resultant xerogels were characterized by extracting the soluble fractions and measuring the equilibrium water content. Lower critical solution transition temperatures (LCST) were measured by DSC. The properties of crosslinked AA/NIPAAm series are evaluated in terms of compositional drift of polymerization, heterogeneous crosslinking, and chemical structure of the relevant components. Soluble fractions of the crosslinked networks were reduced by varying the MAAm and MBA concentrations. The influence of environmental conditions such as temperature and pH on the swelling behavior of these polymeric gels was investigated. The swelling behaviors of the resulting gels show pH sensitivity. The prepared MAAm type AA/NIPAAm hydrogels exhibited a more rapid deswelling rate than MBA type AA/NIPAAm hydrogels in ultra pure water in response to abrupt changes from 20°C to 50°C. The results of this study provide valuable information regarding the development of dual stimuli‐sensitive hydrogels with fast responsiveness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of polymeric flocculant with the function of trapping heavy metal ions
Authors: Hao Xuekui , Chang Qing , Li Xiaohong 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA novel crosslinked starch‐graft‐polyacrylamide‐co‐sodium xanthate (CSAX) was synthesized by grafting copolymerization reactions of crosslinked corn starch, acrylamide (AM), and sodium xanthate, using epichlorohydrin (EPI) as crosslinking reagent and ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator in aqueous solution. The effects of some factors, such as crosslinker, initiator, AM, NaOH and so forth, on the flocculation were investigated in terms of efficiency of grafting (% GE), grafting percentage (% GP), and viscosity averaged molecular weight (M) of the PAM pendant chains. The results showed that the CSAX was successfully synthesized with the different number and length of grafted PAM pendant chains and with the functions of removing both substance causing turbidity and heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. Under optimum synthesis conditions, CSAX exhibited excellent performances: the rate of turbidity removal (% T) reached 98.4% and the rate of Cu2+ removal (% R) reached 99.2% in water treatment, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009