bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Free Fatty Acid Content of Fish Oil‐An Analysis of Anchovy Lipids at Different Stages in the Manufacture of Anchovy Meal and Oil
Authors: de Koning A. J. , Milkovitch Shirley , Fick Martha , Wessels J. P. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe quality of fish oil, as reflected by its free fatty acid (FFA) content, was studied in relation to the processing conditions of fish meal manufacture from anchovy (Engraulis capensis). Six samples of anchovy lipids were isolated from consecutive stages of the process and analysed for fatty acid composition, FFA, phosphorus and choline content. Results indicated that no significant oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids takes place in the fish meal manufacturing process. Only minimal amounts of FFA, generated as a result of chemical breakdown, are accumulated in the fish meal, rather than the press oil.
Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Gasextraktion im Bereich der Fette und Öle
Authors: Brunner G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBei der Extraktion relativ schwerflüchtiger Stoffe aus festen Materialien hängt der zu erwartende Aufwand weitgehend von der Kapazität des Lösungsmittels ab. Durch die geeignete Wahl des Lösungsmittels, durch Lösungsmittelgemische und durch die Extraktion im vollständig mischbaren Bereich lassen sich die erreichbaren Beladungen wesentlich steigern. Bei zerkleinerten Ölsaaten liegt der Stofftransportwiderstand weitgehend im extrahierenden Medium. Weitere Möglichkeiten der Gasextraktion liegen in der Trennung von Fettsäuren, Fetten und Fettbegleitstoffen. Hier wird auf die Ergebnisse neuerer Arbeiten eingegangen.
Theory, preparation and ‘exhaustion’ on wool fibres of pesticide emulsions. I.—Theory of the stability of pesticide emulsions
Authors: Carino L. , Nagy G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEmulsifiable concentrates containing toxic agents are usually formulated with blends of anionic and non‐ionic surfactants which determine the structure of the interfacial layer enveloping the suspended droplets.Electrostatic repulsion and London‐van der Waals attraction decide their flocculation whereas other properties of the interfacial layer may also play an important part in their coalescence.
Theory, preparation and ‘exhaustion’ on wool fibres of pesticide emulsions. II.—Preparation of pesticide emulsions
Authors: Carino L. , Nagy G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the stability of pesticide oil‐in‐water emulsions containing toxaphene and diazinon as toxic agents, kerosene and xylene as solvents, and stabilised by blends of calcium dodecylbenzene‐sulphonate and polyoxyethylene nonylphenol condensates.Different emulsification techniques and their effects on emulsion stability have been tested.
Stimulation of dormant weed seed germination by 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid
Authors: Chancellor R. J. , Parker C. , Teferedegn Taye 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMainly dormant seeds of nine weed species were incubated with 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid in Petri dishes. Four species showed markedly increased germination percentages with doses up to 100 ppm. Interactions of 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid with light in Matricaria recutita L. and with crop root exudates in Striga hermontheca Benth. were found.
Studies in phytotoxicity: The detection of incipient phytotoxic effects of sulphur preparations
Authors: Milward A. F. , Skerrett E. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a study of the relationship between carbon dioxide assimilation in the light, respiration in the dark, and temperature, the carbon dioxide content of air drawn over dwarf beans treated with lime sulphur or sulphur dust in light or darkness was continuously monitored coulometrically.Sulphur dust had only a negligible effect on carbon dioxide assimilation in the light or on respiration in the dark. Lime sulphur at 15 and 22°c also produced only small differences but at 30°c there were marked changes in net assimilation.Those treatments which caused changes in carbon dioxide assimilation in the light or respiration in the dark were directly associated with the degree of damage estimated visually. The method may be valuable for the detection of phytotoxic effects of other fungicides and insecticides.
Sublethal effects of insecticides on the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.)
Authors: Kumar Kamlesh , Chapman Ronald B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of sublethal concentrations (LC1 and LC50) of permethrin, fenvalerate, methamidophos and carbaryl on diamondback moth development, female fecundity and insect behaviour was investigated. All the insecticides had deleterious effects on the number of larvae surviving to pupae, the duration of the pupal period, the number of pupae surviving to adulthood, and cocoon formation in pupae. Prolonged duration of the larval period, from third instar to pupation, and deformed pupae were also observed. Permethrin, fenvalerate and carbaryl caused latent toxicity and deformed wings in the adults. Pyrethroids and methamidophos reduced the longevity of the adults whereas carbaryl increased it. Except for permethrin, the insecticides inhibited female fecundity. At LC1 and LC50 concentrations, the pyrethroids showed both repellent and antifeedant activity against larvae, and female moths preferred to oviposit on untreated leaf discs rather than on those treated with the pyrethroids at concentrations equal to their LC50 values.
The bioaccumulation and biotransformation of cis, trans‐cypermethrin in the rat
Authors: Rhodes Christopher , Jones Brian K. , Croucher Andrew , Hutson David H. , Logan Christopher J. , Hopkins Robert , Hall Brian E. , Vickers Jane A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe disposition of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin, (RS)‐a‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (1RS)‐cis, trans‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinly)‐2, 2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐carboxylate, has been studied in male and female rats following a single toxic oral dose (200mg kg−1) of two radiolabelled forms ([14C‐benzyl] and [14C‐cyclopropyl]) of the insecticide. The bioaccumulation and elimination of 14C‐benzyl‐labelled cypermethrin, following repeated administration at a sub‐toxic dose (2mg kg−1), has also been studied in male and female rats. Although, at the toxic dose, radioactivity from the two radiolabelled forms was rapidly eliminated in urine and faeces, the increased excretion in the faeces, over that for low doses, was evidence that absorption was incomplete. The major pathways of metabolism involved cleavage of the ester bond, with subsequent hydroxylation and glucuronidation of the cyclopropyl acid moieties, together with hydroxylation and sulphation of the 3‐phenoxybenzyl moiety. The absence of sex‐ or dose‐dependent changes was reflected by the constant proportions of these metabolites found in the urine. Constant levels of radioactivity in tissues were achieved rapidly, generally within the first week of repeated administration. Elimination was rapid on the cessation of dosing, although less rapid from the fat and skin. The material in the fat was mainly the cis‐isomers of cypermethrin, which were eliminated with a mean half‐life of 18.2 days, compared with 3.4 days for the trans‐isomers.
Protective action of fenvalerate, deltamethrin, and four stereoisomers of permethrin against black flies (Simulium spp.) attacking cattle
Authors: Shemanchuk Joseph A. , Taylor Wesley G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFenvalerate, deltamethrin, (1R)‐cis‐permethrin, (1R)‐trans‐permethrin and (1S)‐trans‐permethrin, applied topically to the entire body surface of steers at a rate of 1 mg a.i. kg−1, provided 70% or better protection from black flies on cattle for 16, 9, 8, 6 and 6 days, respectively. The (1S)‐cis stereoisomer of permethrin was ineffective as a protectant against black flies at a rate of 1 mg a.i. kg−1 when applied as a total body spray. One poly(vinyl chloride) ear tag containing 10% permethrin, in each ear of steers, provided protection from black fly attack for up to 13 days under field conditions. Poly(vinyl chloride) ear tags containing 8% fenvalerate, installed in each ear of steers, did not provide satisfactory protection from black flies under field conditions.
The effect of simulated rain on deposits of some cotton pesticides
Authors: Pick Frans E. , Van Dyk Louis P. , De Beer Pieter R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCommercially grown cotton and potted cotton plants were sprayed with five pesticides, and simulated rain was applied 1–72 h later. Leaf samples were analysed to determine the effect of the rain on the original deposits. It was found that 2 to 5 mm of simulated rain applied 1 h after spraying, washed off 50% or more of the original deposit. An increase in rainfastness of the pesticides occurred over a period of time after spraying. The type of formulation seemed to affect rainfastness, but the origin of a formulation, the addition of wetting agents and the intensity of the simulated rain did not.
A sensitive method for the determination of residues of N,N'‐Bis(1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)methanediamine in rice
Authors: Hsueh Weiling , Liu Yuling , Fan Tie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA sensitive method for the isolation, clean‐up and thin‐layer chromatographic semi‐quantitative determination of residues of N,N'‐bis(1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)methanediamine (II) in rice is reported. The residue from II in rice was found to be its degradation product 1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐ylamine (I). The mean recovery by this method was 85%, and the lowest limit of determination was 0.01 mg kg−f. Using this proposed technique, the residues of I and II in various field‐treated rice samples were studied.
Toxicity of ddt and malathion to various larval stages of Mamestra brassicae L.
Authors: Aikins J. Araba , Wright Denis J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of DDT and malathion to the larvae of Mamestra brassicae was determined following several methods of application. The toxicity (LD50), expressed as μg insecticide per g of insect, did not change significantly between larval instars (a) when either insecticide was injected into fourth to sixth instars; (b) when DDT was applied in the food of fifth and sixth instars; or (c) when malathion was applied topically to second to sixth instars. Significant changes in toxicity were found between successive instars when DDT was applied topically, but there was no clear trend. When malathion was applied in the food, the fifth instars were more susceptible than the sixth instars; it was found that the former consumed a toxic dose of malathion at a greater rate, and that probably malathion was degraded in the gut at a slower rate. In a contact test, the first to third instars were far more susceptible than the later instars to malathion; with DDT this trend was much less marked. Uptake studies with [14C]malathion showed that differences in the contact toxicity of malathion between instars could be explained, at least partly, by the decline in uptake per unit weight with increasing larval size.
Effects of herbicide‐fertiliser interactions on nitrogen and phosphorus transformations and herbicide persistence in soil
Authors: Marsh John A. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of seven herbicides, alone or combined with a commercial compound fertiliser, on nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in soil, were investigated in the laboratory. No significant effect was observed without the fertiliser. When the fertiliser (N:P:K ratio 20:14:14) was applied (2 gkg−1 of soil), asulam markedly reduced nitrification, while increasing the mineralisation of nitrogen; chloridazon, glyphosate, isoproturon and paraquat all prevented the reduction in available phosphate that occurred in the control soil in the first 2 weeks. The rates of degradation of dalapon and isoproturon were greatly reduced in fertilised soil. The importance of these results is discussed in the context of the requirements of registration authorities.
Residues of acephate, amitraz, chlorpyrifos and formetanate hydrochloride on and in fruits after low‐volume applications to orange trees
Authors: Iwata Yutaka , Walker Gregory P. , O'neal Janet R. , Barkley James H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcephate, amitraz, chlorpyrifos and formetanate hydrochloride were applied to orange trees. Test plots were treated at the maximum dose rates currently permitted in California in order to determine the consequent residues on and in the fruits. Applications were made with a low‐volume airblast sprayer and used 0.94 klitres of spray per hectare. Fruit samples were collected at or near the legally prescribed California fruit‐harvest waiting intervals. All residues were below the US tolerances for whole fruit. Analytical procedures for the gas chromatographic analysis of intact amitraz and formetanate and of 2,4‐xylidine residues, without the necessity for derivative formation, are presented.
A method of investigating the effect of droplet size on pesticide collection by vegetation
Authors: Dubs Andreas , Dove Lynda G. , Symmons Philip M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new technique is described which allows an estimation of the relative collection of insecticide on a crop, for three discrete droplet sizes simultaneously. Three droplet clouds, each consisting of a different chemical, were released along a line perpendicular to the wind. Subsequent chemical analysis of vegetation samples showed the relative efficiency of capture by any part of the plant as a function of the droplet size. The target vegetation and the micrometeorological conditions were the same for all three droplet clouds and thus did not mask the effects of droplet size. Initial results for a young crop of irrigated cotton are presented. The downwind distributions of chemical residues were in good agreement with a theoretical model published by Bache and Sayer.
Phosphonic analogues of morphactins. Part IV: 9‐aminofluoren‐9‐ylphosphine oxides
Authors: Gancarz Roman , Wielkopolski Witold , Jaskuska Elżbieta , Kafarski Pawel , Lejczak Barbara , Mastalerz Przemyslaw , Wieczorek Jan Sylwester 
Published: November 2006

Abstract9‐Aminofluoren‐9‐ylphosphine oxides and the corresponding 9‐hydroxy analogues were synthesised and evaluated for herbicidal activity using Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz.) Hegelm. All the test compounds were highly active at concentrations of about 10 μM and were comparable with the corresponding phosphonic esters.
Field assessment of the effects of deltamethrin on polyphagous predators in winter wheat
Authors: Matcham Elizabeth J. , Hawkes Colin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the south‐west of England, cereal aphids can spread barley yellow dwarf virus and reproduce during winter. Ground‐living polyphagous predators may be important in controlling these active cereal aphids. This 2‐year study investigated the effect of deltamethrin on predator numbers, using pitfall traps. A randomised block design was used in an area of winter wheat (cv. Aquilla) in which deltamethrin‐treated and control plots were surrounded by polyethylene barriers. Pitfall catches of polyphagous predators were reduced by about 30% in the treated plots compared with the control plots.
A gravimetric method for determining the relative volatilities of non‐aqueous pesticide formulations and spray diluents
Authors: Sundaram Alam 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple gravimetric method was developed for determining the relative volatilities of non‐aqueous pesticide formulations and spray diluents, and was compared with the droplet method. The technique involved evaporation of a liquid film from a filter paper surface, and provided greater precision than the droplet method. With both methods, the percentage of mass or volume remaining at time t followed an exponential decay curve, and the coefficients of the equations showed a good correlation between the two methods. The rates of evaporation were consistently lower in the gravimetric method than in the droplet method, and because of this, subtle differences in the relative volatilities of different formulations could be identified by the gravimetric method but not by the droplet method.
Effect of micronutrients on the efficacy of fungicides against Rhizoctonia solani on cowpea seedlings
Authors: Kataria Hans R. , Sunder Shyam 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMicronutrients, applied to the soil in pot tests, differentially altered the efficacy of nine fungicides used as a seed treatment against cowpea seedling rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Boron improved disease control by 2‐methoxyethylmercury chloride, quintozene, chloroneb and carboxin, but five other micronutrients reduced the efficacy of the fungicides to varying extents. NPK lowered the efficacy of all the fungicides tested except that of thiabendazole, but carbendazim and benomyl gave maximum disease control in soil treated with a mixture of six micronutrients and NPK. Implications of micronutrient‐fungicide interactions are discussed in the context of fungicidal control of R. solani; probable mechanisms of inactivation of fungicides by micronutrients are indicated.
New melanin biosynthesis inhibitors and their structural similarities
Authors: Inoue Satoru , Uematsu Tamon , Kato Toshiro , Ueda Kenzo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRelationships between their activities as blast control agents, and their abilities to inhibit mycelial melanisation on a nutrient agar, are described for 103 substituted benzothiazol‐2(3H)‐ones, benzoxazol‐2(3H)‐ones, indolin‐2‐ones, quinolin‐2(1H)‐ones, 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolin‐2‐ones, benzo‐1,4‐thiazin‐3(2H)‐ones and benz‐1,4‐oxazin‐3(2H)‐ones, and some corresponding thiones. Several compounds in the respective series had a high protective activity and an antimelanisation activity against the blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae; furthermore, there was a good correlation in both of these activities, indicating that these compounds belong to the group of melanin biosynthesis inhibitors. Structural similarities of these compounds can be identified as follows: (a) having a benzo‐bicyclic ring system; (b) containing a nitrogen atom in one ring at a position alpha to the benzene ring system; and (c) substitution, at the ring nitrogen atom, at the peri position in the aromatic ring relative to the nitrogen atom, and at the position alpha to the nitrogen atom in the ring system, with a double bond such as in carbonyl and thiocarbonyl groups. Among the compounds that have been proposed as melanin biosynthesis inhibitors, the chemical structures of tricyclazole, pyroquilon, 4,5‐dihydro‐4‐methyltetrazolo[1,5‐a]quinazolin‐5‐one (PP‐389), [1,2,4]‐triazolo[4,3‐a]quinoline and 1‐methylquinolin‐2(1H)‐one exhibit the structural similarities described above; however, 4,5,6,7‐tetrachlorophthalide, 2,3,4,5,6‐pentachlorobenzyl alcohol and N‐substituted‐2,3,4,5‐tetrachloro‐6‐(hydroxymethyl)benzamides do not have such similarities in their chemical structures.
Binding of [14C]DDT and [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodi‐imide to a lipoprotein of the membrane sector of mitochondrial ATpase
Authors: Dary Curtis C. , Buessow Scot C. , Wenzler Herman , Cutkomp Lauwrence K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntact mitochondria, isolated from red coxal muscle of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana L.), were incubated in the presence of 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(4‐chloro[14C]phenyl)ethane ([14C]DDT) to isolate a suspected binding site for DDT in the membrane sector of the mitochondrial ATPase. The requirements for the binding of DDT were compared with those for the binding of dicyclohexyl[14C]carbodi‐imide([14C]DCCD), a potent inhibitory probe of mitochondrial ATPase activity. [14C]DDT appeared to bind to a proteolipid of the membrane sector, which also binds [14C]DCCD. Exchange experiments, with [14C]DCCD, [14C]DDT and unlabelled DDT at different concentrations, indicated that DDT and DCCD may be acting on a similar protein. This protein may act as the energy transducing protonophore required for the synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP in coupled mitochondria. Inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase activity may be a consequence of DDT and DCCD binding to this proteolipid protonophore, resulting in the disruption of energy transduction in muscle and nerve.
Preparation, properties and activity of PP969, a triazole fungicide with high systemic activity
Authors: De Fraine Paul , Worthington Paul A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPP969 is a novel 1,4‐ketol compound containing the 1,2,4‐triazole ring which has high systemic activity against a variety of fungal pathogens. It is a single diastereoisomer whose absolute configuration has been determined by X‐ray analysis. The fungicidal activities of the structurally related 1,4‐dione and 1,4‐diols were found to be much less than that of PP969. Its biological potential as a systemic compound for controlling foliar fungal diseases either by soil or stem application is being explored.
Potentiation of Super‐kdr resistance to deltamethrin and other pyrethroids by an intensifier (factor 161) on autosome 2 in the housefly (Musca domestica L.)
Authors: Sawicki Roman M. , Farnham Andrew W. , Denholm Ian , Church Valerie J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn intensifier (factor 161) identified on the second autosome in a pyrethroid‐resistant strain of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) was isolated and introduced into a strain with super‐kdr. Unlike E0.39, which on its own also confers very weak (< × 3) resistance to pyrethroids, factor 161 very strongly intensified super‐kdr resistance to pyrethroids. Together, factor 161 and super‐kdr conferred immunity to deltamethrin in female houseflies (LD50 > 20 μg fly−1) but produced much less intensification of resistance to WL 48281, the (1R)cis (αS) isomer of cypermethrin, which differs from deltamethrin only in having chlorine instead of bromine substituents in the acid side‐chain. Intensification was strongly decreased by piperonyl butoxide and propyl prop‐2‐ynylphenylphosphonate (NIA) but was unaffected by S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF). This synergism suggests involvement of oxidative rather than esteratic metabolism in the intensification of super‐kdr by factor 161.
The role of ferrous ions in the rapid degradation of oxamyl, methomyl and aldicarb in anaerobic soils
Authors: Bromilow Richard H. , Briggs Geoffrey G. , Williams Mark R. , Smelt Johan H. , Tuinstra Louis G. M. Th. , Traag Wim A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe carbamoyloxime pesticides methomyl, oxamyl and aldicarb, together with the oxidation products of aldicarb, are known to break down much more rapidly in certain anaerobic subsoils than in the aerobic topsoils from the same site. Ferrous ions have now been shown to be involved in this reaction. Oxamyl was degraded in aqueous solutions at 30°C containing 250 μg ml−1 Fe2+ with a half‐life of about 10 h, independent of pH in the range of 5.65–7.66; the observed products of this reaction were N,N‐dimethyl‐l‐cyanoformamide and methanethiol. These same products, rather than the oximino hydrolysis product observed from degradation in aerobic soils, were rapidly and quantitatively formed from oxamyl in suspensions of anaerobic reduced subsoils (Fe2+ concentration 27–41 μg ml−1 soil water), but oxamyl was rather stable in water‐saturated Vredepeel subsoil (Fe2+ concentration 0.65 μg ml−1) in which the redox potential was much higher. Methomyl behaved similarly. The rates of reaction in the suspensions of anaerobic subsoils were greater than expected from the concentrations of Fe2+ in the soil water, but most of the Fe2+ present in soil was bound to the soil particles by cation exchange and this bound Fe2+ may have participated. Breakdown of aldicarb was accelerated both in solutions of Fe2+ and in the suspensions of anaerobic reduced subsoils, though the rate enhancement was less than observed with methomyl and oxamyl; 2‐methyl‐2‐methylthiopropionitrile and 2‐methyl‐2‐methylthiopropionaldehyde were the observed products from aldicarb in anaerobic soil but only the former was produced in Fe2+ solutions; the corresponding nitriles and aldehydes were also yielded by aldicarb sulphoxide and aldicarb sulphone in the anaerobic, reduced subsoils.