bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of bounding wells to counteract the effects of preexisting groundwater movement
Authors: Whitehead W. R. , Langhetee E. J. 
Published: February 2008

The deleterious effects of preexisting groundwater movement on the cyclic storage of freshwater in salaquifers can be negated by placing bounding wells around these proposed storage areas and operating them at predetermined rates. Some of these wells would produce water; others would be used to inject water. The computational procedure for determining the well rates produces a balanced system (sum of production rates equals sum of injection rates); hence the environmental impact of a bounding well system will be minimal. In many field applications as few as six bounding wells will be sufficient to counteract the effects of preexisting groundwater movement.Supplement is available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20006. Document W78‐002; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.
Wave speed–discharge relations in natural channels
Authors: Wong Tony H. F. , Laurenson Eric M. 
Published: February 2008

Empirical studies of wave speed for six Australian river reaches show that wave speed at first increases quickly with discharge, then decreases quickly, and finally increases slowly. The increasing parts of the relation can be fitted by power functions with exponents less than unity. Minimum wave speed occurs close to bank‐full discharge. These results have a direct application to storage‐discharge relations and important implications in flood routing and runoff routing.Appendix is available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. Document 83‐001 ; $2.50. Payment must accompany order.
The Contemporary Setting for Water Management in the West: An Overview
Authors: Cummings Ronald G. 
Published: February 2008

The socioeconomic, legal, and institutional settings for water resources management and use in the United States have undergone dramatic changes over recent years. The resulting confusion and uncertainties in terms of the structure of water rights, the prerogatives of sovereign states, and the limitations of state‐federal interfaces provide the raison d'être for the collection of papers in this special section of Water Resources Research.This special issue is intended to serve several purposes: to inform, to provoke, and to invite. Thus many readers may find new and informative Tarlock's [this issue] overview of the evolution of groundwater law from English Common Law to laws based on notions of “reasonable use” and “sharing”; of particular importance is the readers appreciation of the changes and uncertainties in water law associated with the 1982 decision in Sporhase and in the later El Paso case. These cases, marking an end of the “immunity theory” wherein states were immune, in cases involving resources use, from challenges under the Commerce Clause, give rise to Tarlock's concern with the question, Might current conditions give rise to federal control of groundwater?
Pre‐acclimation to exercise in normobaric hypoxia
Authors: Pedlar Charles R. , Whyte Gregory P. , Godfrey Richard J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTraining in normobaric hypoxia prior to ascent to high altitude has been shown to induce acclimation to altitude in mountaineers. It is therefore likely that a similar training paradigm will be useful for athletes travelling to moderate altitude for training or competition. To test this contention, the acute effects of normobaric hypoxia upon selected physiological and performance parameters during treadmill exercise were examined. The parameters chosen were heart rate, blood lactate concentration, ventilation, oxyhaemoglobin saturation, and 5‐km treadmill time‐trial performance. The participants were 12 endurance‐trained athletes (mean age 29.4 years, s=5.3; stature 1.80 m, s=0.8; body mass 78.3 kg, s=9.6). Tests were conducted once in sham conditions (FIO2=0.209, PIO2=159 mmHg, sea level; ST trial) and once in normobaric hypoxic conditions (FIO2=0.149, PIO2=85 mmHg, ∼2500 m; HT1 trial) using a normobaric hypoxic chamber system. Subsequently, the participants were assigned to two groups to train (75 min·day−1, 8 days, at a running speed corresponding to ≤2 mmol·l−1) in normobaric hypoxia (FIO2=0.149; n=6, hypoxia group) or sham conditions (FIO2=0.209; n=6, sham group). Acutely (ST vs. HT1), 5‐km time‐trial performance time was significantly extended in HT1 (13.6%, range 6.3–22.5%; P<0.01). Following training (HT2), performance improved by 0.8% and 2.3% for the sham and hypoxia training group respectively, but the improvement was not significant for either group (P>0.05). The individual data showed wide heterogeneity. In conclusion, aerobic training in normobaric hypoxia for 75 min·day−1 for 8 days does not enhance performance in hypoxia. However, due to the heterogeneity of response, it is evident that it may be effective at improving performance in hypoxia in some individuals.
Prediction of recursive convex hull class assignments for protein residues
Authors: Stout Michael , Bacardit Jaume , Hirst Jonathan D. , Krasnogor Natalio 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Motivation: We introduce a new method for designating the location of residues in folded protein structures based on the recursive convex hull (RCH) of a point set of atomic coordinates. The RCH can be calculated with an efficient and parameterless algorithm.
Results: We show that residue RCH class contains information complementary to widely studied measures such as solvent accessibility (SA), residue depth (RD) and to the distance of residues from the centroid of the chain, the residues’ exposure (Exp). RCH is more conserved for related structures across folds and correlates better with changes in thermal stability of mutants than the other measures. Further, we assess the predictability of these measures using three types of machine-learning technique: decision trees (C4.5), Naive Bayes and Learning Classifier Systems (LCS) showing that RCH is more easily predicted than the other measures. As an exemplar application of predicted RCH class (in combination with other measures), we show that RCH is potentially helpful in improving prediction of residue contact numbers (CN).
Contact: nxk@cs.nott.ac.uk
Supplementary Information: For Supplementary data please refer to Datasets: www.infobiotic.net/datasets, RCH Prediction Servers: www.infobiotic.net
Expression of glucose transporters and hexokinase II in cholangiocellular carcinoma compared using [18F]‐2‐fluro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose positron emission tomography
Authors: Paudyal Bishnuhari , Oriuchi Noboru , Paudyal Pramila , Higuchi Tetsuya , Nakajima Takashi , Endo Keigo 
Published: February 2008

Cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) has been reported to have a high glucose uptake; however, the mechanism of glucose entry into these cells is still unclear. We investigated the relationship between [18F]‐2‐fluro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose (18F‐FDG) uptake and the expression of facilitative glucose transporters (Glut) and hexokinase (HK) II, as well as the association between the expression of different histological types of CCC. The expression of Glut (1–5) and HK II was studied using immunohistochemistry of 26 patients with CCC who underwent whole‐body 18F‐FDG positron emission tomography before surgery or biopsy. CCC expressed immunohistochemically detectable Glut 1 in 81%, Glut 2 in 54%, Glut 3 in 19%, and HK II in 77% of the total cases. Glut 1, Glut 2, Glut 3, and HK II were more often detected in moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated than in well‐differentiated CCC. A significant correlation was observed between 18F‐FDG uptake and the staining scores of Glut 1 and HK II (P = 0.02, ρ = 0.45 and P = 0.001, ρ = 0.59). The staining scores of Glut 1 and HK II were also significantly correlated (P = 0.002, ρ = 0.3). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that lymph‐node metastasis was independently associated with 18F‐FDG uptake. Our study showed a significant association between the expression of Glut 1 and HK II with 18F‐FDG uptake, indicating that Glut 1 is a major glucose transporter expressed in CCC and that HK II contributes to the increased metabolism of glucose, especially in moderately and poorly differentiated CCC. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 260–266)
Cisplatin up‐regulates ICAM‐1 expression in endothelial cell via a NF‐κB dependent pathway
Authors: Yu Minghua , Han Jianqun , Cui Peilin , Dai Min , Li Hongwei , Zhang Jian , Xiu Ruijuan 
Published: February 2008

The anticancer drug cis‐diammindichloroplatin (cisplatin) can cause severe side‐effects, but to date, the mechanisms of action of these dangerous side‐effects have not been completely elucidated. Since cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs), by mediating the recruitment of circulating leukocytes to the blood vessel wall and their subsequent migration into the subendothelial spaces, play a crucial role in several pathophysiologic processes, we sought potential proof for CAMs in the pathophysiology of cisplatin‐induced vascular damage. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were subjected to various concentrations of cisplatin, considerable up‐regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) but not P‐selectin, E‐selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 at both messenger mRNA and protein expression levels were observed. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and Western blotting analysis revealed that cisplatin up‐regulates ICAM‐1 expression in HUVECs via an NF‐kappaB‐dependent pathway. Further intravital microscopy study demonstrated that significantly higher (P < 0.01) numbers of rolling and sticking leukocytes on the wall of postcapillary venules in male Golden Syrian hamster's cheek pouch bearing a human cervical carcinoma were observed, while inhibition of ICAM‐1 by using specific anti‐ICAM‐1 antibody can attenuate cisplatin‐stimulated leukocyte/endothelium interactions. These data suggest that ICAM‐1 involves in the pathophsiologic process of cisplatin‐induced vascular toxicity and may be exploited for therapeutic advantage. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 391–397)
Explaining the convergence of male and female smoking prevalence in Australia
Authors: Morley Katherine I. , Hall Wayne D. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTObjective  To examine changes in age of tobacco experimentation and progression to daily smoking in men and women between birth cohorts that differ in exposure to public health programmes that aim to discourage smoking.Design  Analysis of national cross‐sectional household surveys of smoking patterns, conducted in Australia in 2001 and 2004.Setting and participants  Australian adults aged 22 years and over in 2001 and 2004 who responded to the National Drug Strategy Household Survey.Main outcome measures  Prevalence of tobacco experimentation and progression to daily smoking by age 21, estimated by sex and birth cohort. Odds of tobacco experimentation and progression to daily smoking by age 21 estimated by sex for each birth cohort, with corrections for the effects of ‘forward telescoping’ in recalling age of use.Results  Sex differences in smoking prevalence are smaller in younger birth cohorts. Tobacco experimentation has increased among women, while progression to daily smoking has decreased among men.Conclusions  Sex differences in smoking experimentation and progression to daily smoking have decreased in younger birth cohorts. However, a significant proportion of younger males and females continue to experiment with tobacco and become daily smokers despite strong public health efforts to discourage smoking. More research is needed to determine why sex differences in smoking behaviour are not evident in younger birth cohorts.
Intranasal naloxone for the treatment of suspected heroin overdose
Authors: Kerr Debra , Dietze Paul , Kelly Anne‐Maree 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAims  This paper reviews available literature regarding the effectiveness, safety and utility of intranasal (i.n.) naloxone for the treatment of heroin overdose.Methods  Scientific literature in the form of published articles during the period January 1984 to August 2007 were identified by searching several databases including Medline, Cinahl and Embase for the following terms: naloxone, narcan, intranasal, nose. The data extracted included study design, patient selection, numbers, outcomes and adverse events.Results  Reports of the pharmacological investigation and administration of i.n. naloxone for heroin overdose are included in this review. Treatment of heroin overdose by administration of i.n. naloxone has been introduced as first‐line treatment in some jurisdictions in North America, and is currently under investigation in Australia.Conclusion  Currently there is not enough evidence to support i.n. naloxone as first‐line intervention by paramedics for treatment of heroin overdose in the pre‐hospital setting. Further research is required to confirm its clinical effectiveness, safety and utility. If proved effective, the i.n. route may be useful for drug administration in community settings (including peer‐based administration), as it reduces risk of needlestick injury in a population at higher risk of blood‐borne viruses. Problematically, naloxone is not manufactured currently in an ideal form for i.n. administration.
Modern management of chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: Seger Reinhard A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryChronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder of phagocytic cells resulting in failure to kill a characteristic spectrum of bacteria and fungi and in defective degradation of inflammatory mediators with concomitant granuloma formation. Current prophylaxis with trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole, itraconazole and in selected cases additional interferon gamma is efficient, but imperfect. A significant recent progress towards new antibiotic (e.g. linezolid) and antifungal (e.g. voriconazole and posaconazole) therapy will allow survival of most patients into adulthood. Adolescent and adult CGD is increasingly characterized by inflammatory complications, such as granulomatous lung and inflammatory bowel disease, requiring immunosupressive therapy. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a human leucocyte antigen identical donor is currently the only proven curative treatment for CGD and can be offered to the selected patients. Gene‐replacement therapy for patients lacking a suitable stem cell donor is still experimental and faces major obstacles and risks. However, it may offer some transitory benefits and has helped in a few cases to overcome life‐threatening infections.
The selective Aurora B kinase inhibitor AZD1152 is a potential new treatment for multiple myeloma
Authors: Evans Robert P. , Naber Claudia , Steffler Tara , Checkland Tamara , Maxwell Christopher A. , Keats Jonathan J. , Belch Andrew R. , Pilarski Linda M. , Lai Raymond , Reiman Tony 
Published: February 2008

SummaryAurora kinases are potential targets for cancer therapy. Previous studies have validated Aurora kinase A as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma (MM), and have demonstrated in vitro anti‐myeloma effects of small molecule Aurora kinase inhibitors that inhibit both Aurora A and B. This study demonstrated that Aurora B kinase was strongly expressed in myeloma cell lines and primary plasma cells. The selective Aurora B inhibitor AZD1152‐induced apoptotic death in myeloma cell lines at nanomolar concentrations, with a cell cycle phenotype consistent with that reported previously for Aurora B inhibition. In some cases, AZD1152 in combination with dexamethasone showed increased anti‐myeloma activity compared with the use of either agent alone. AZD1152 was active against sorted CD138+ BM plasma cells from myeloma patients but also, as expected, was toxic to CD138− marrow cells from the same patients. In a murine myeloma xenograft model, AZD1152‐inhibited tumour growth at well‐tolerated doses and induced cell death in established tumours, with associated mild, transient leucopenia. AZD1152 shows promise in these preclinical studies as a novel treatment for MM.
PI3K/AKT pathway activation in acute myeloid leukaemias is not associated with AKT1 pleckstrin homology domain mutation
Authors: Tibes Raoul , Kornblau Steven M. , Qiu Yihua , Mousses Spyro M. , Robbins Christiane , Moses Tracy , Carpten John D. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryDespite its’ central role, the precise mechanisms of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt (PI3K)/Akt pathway activation in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have not been elucidated. Recently, a recurrent novel AKT1 pleckstrin homology domain (PHD) mutation leading to membrane translocation, constitutive AKT activation and leukaemia development in mice was described. To assess AKT1 PHD mutations in AML, we sequenced 57 specimens from 49 AML patients, all of whom showed PI3K/AKT pathway activation by analysis of total and phospho‐protein expression for AKT, mTor, p70S6Kinase, S6ribosomal protein and PTEN. No mutations in AKT1 PHD were identified, making this mutation an unlikely cause of PI3K/AKT pathway activation in AML.
Thalidomide has limited single‐agent activity in relapsed or refractory indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphomas: a phase II trial of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B
Authors: Smith Sonali M. , Grinblatt David , Johnson Jeffrey L. , Niedzwiecki Donna , Rizzieri David , Bartlett Nancy L. , Cheson Bruce D. ,   for the Cancer and Leukemia Group B
Published: February 2008

SummaryThalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent with demonstrated activity in multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Its activity is believed to be due modulation of the tumour milieu, including downregulation of angiogenesis and inflammatory cytokines. Between July 2001 and April 2004, 24 patients with relapsed/refractory indolent lymphomas received thalidomide 200 mg daily with escalation by 100 mg daily every 1–2 weeks as tolerated, up to a maximum of 800 mg daily. Patients had received a median of 2 (range, 1–4) prior regimens. Of 24 evaluable patients, two achieved a complete remission and one achieved a partial remission for an overall response rate of 12·5% (95% confidence interval: 2·6–32·4%). Eleven patients progressed during therapy. Grade 3–4 adverse effects included myelosuppression, fatigue, somnolence/depressed mood, neuropathy and dyspnea. Of concern was the occurrence of four thromboembolic events. Our results failed to demonstrate an important response rate to single agent thalidomide in indolent lymphomas and contrast with the higher activity level reported with the second generation immunomodulatory agent, lenalidomide.
A rapid two‐step procedure for the purification of human peripheral blood basophils to near homogeneity
Authors: Gibbs B. F. , Papenfuss K. , Falcone F. H. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryBackground
Basophils are increasingly utilized as indicators of allergic inflammation and as primary allergic effector cells to study signalling pathways. However, until the present, their enrichment has been time consuming, costly and limited to relatively few specialized laboratories.Objective
We have therefore devised a reproducible and rapid method for the purification of human basophils from small quantities of peripheral blood within 1.5 h, which does not require the use of specialized equipment such as elutriators.Methods
Human basophils were obtained from healthy volunteers undergoing venipuncture. Heparinized or K3‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples were first subjected to centrifugation in Hetasep, directly followed by negative selection using immunomagnetic beads. Basophil morphology and purity were assessed by May–Grünwald staining of cytospins. IgE‐mediated histamine release was analysed spectrofluorometrically and IL‐4 and IL‐13 production by quantitative RT‐PCR. CD203c and CD63 surface expression was measured using flow cytometry before and after activation with anti‐IgE.Results
Using this protocol, basophils were enriched close to homogeneity in most cases with a mean purity of 99.34±0.88% (range 97–100%, n=18) and a mean recovery of 75.6 (range 39–100%, n=8). Basophil viability following purification was 99.6±0.89% using Trypan blue exclusion. The purification procedure gave rise to basophils with normal functional responses to anti‐IgE regarding histamine release as well as IL‐4 and IL‐13 mRNA expression. Moreover, constitutive cell‐surface CD203c/CD63 expressions were not elevated before anti‐IgE stimulation.Conclusion
The rapidity, simplicity and reproducibility of this method will facilitate the employment of basophils in high‐output ex vivo studies.
Weak founder effect signal in a recent introduction of CaribbeanAnolis
Authors: EALES J. , THORPE R. S. , MALHOTRA A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSpecies introductions provide a rare opportunity to study rapid evolutionary and genetic processes in natural systems, often under novel environmental pressures. Few empirical studies have been able to characterize genetic founder effects associated with demographic bottlenecks at the earliest stages of species introductions. This study utilizes prior mitochondrial DNA information which identifies the putative source population for a recently established (c. 7 years between import and sampling) species introduction. We investigated the evidence for a founder effect in a highly successful introduction of a Puerto RicanAnolisspecies that has established itself on Dominica to the localized exclusion of the native, endemic anole. Five highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to explore the partitioning of genetic diversity within and between native source, native nonsource, and introduced populations ofAnolis cristatellus. Group comparisons reveal significantly lower allelic richness and expected heterozygosity in introduced populations compared to native populations; however, tests for heterozygosity excess relative to allelic richness failed to provide consistent evidence for a founder effect within introduced populations. Significant levels of within‐population genetic variation were present in both native and introduced populations. We suggest that aspects of the reproductive ecology ofAnolis(high fecundity, sperm storage and multiple paternity) offer an important mechanism by which genetic variation may be maintained following demographic bottlenecks and founder events in some squamate taxa.