bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RATES OF RETURN TO EDUCATION IN BOTSWANA: RESULTS FROM THE 2002/2003 HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEY DATA SET
Authors: Siphambe Hk 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUsing the most recent Household Income and Expenditure Survey data (2002/2003), this paper presents current rates of return to education for Botswana. The results show that the rates of return have in general declined by one percentage point on average between the periods as shown in Table 2. If we, however, look at the averages for the different school cycles, the fall in the average rates is quite significant at about six percentage points between the periods. The biggest fall is for secondary education, especially upper secondary education, which fell by 28 percentage points between the periods. The rates of return to tertiary education, however, rose by more than 50 percentage points. Ignoring upper secondary, the pattern of rates of return has remained similar to the results of the study based on the 1993/1994 data. Rates are higher for tertiary education and lower for secondary than for primary education. This results are still consistent with rates of return generally rising with level of education. At policy level, the results continue to support sharing of costs between Government and beneficiaries or their parents especially at tertiary education level. Second, the results indicate the need for the country to continue to vigorously pursue job creation and reorient the education system from emphasis on white collar jobs.

Mincerian earnings function: overall Ψ  Dependent variable (ln monthly earnings)

Variable
Coefficient

Constant
4.08 (321.6)

Education
0.15 (378)**

Experience
0.085 (171.2)**

Experience Squared
−0.001 (−142)**

IM Ratio
−2.12 (3.68)**

R2 (Adjusted)
0.29

Sample Size (n)
5,328

Note: t‐statistics in parenthesis.

Significant at 1% level of significance.
DETERMINANTS OF CHILD NUTRITION IN MALAWI
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim W , Ngalawa Harold Pe 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates factors that determine child malnutrition in Malawi. Measuring child nutrition using anthropometric measures, the study finds that child malnutrition worsens with age until a certain critical age beyond which it starts to improve and that boys are more at risk than girls. We also find evidence that child malnutrition is more prevalent in children that fall sick regularly and in households that draw water from a well, protected or not. In addition, children who come from households that have mother/female household heads who are economically empowered, in terms of being in salaried employment or working in a family business, tend to be better nourished.
ALCOHOL TAXES VS. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES: A THEORETICAL NOTE
Authors: Black Pa 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe paper assumes that damages in the form of deaths and traumatic injuries caused by alcohol‐related road accidents constitute a significant part of the negative externalities associated with alcohol consumption. It then compares the conventional Pigouvian solution with the impact that a sufficiently high penalty on drunken driving and better law enforcement may have. It is hypothesised that these measures may cause heavy drinkers either to cut back on their consumption of alcohol on occasions when they have to drive a vehicle or to maintain their consumption levels but refrain from driving. The welfare losses are much lower for each of these scenarios and are also carried specifically by those responsible for the negative externality. An attempt is also made to consider how individuals may respond to higher penalties and/or a more effective law enforcement system.
ETHNIC BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT: THE AFRIKANER CASE, 1915‐1970
Authors: Giliomee Hermann 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe struggle for racial or ethnic group worth is an important socio‐political issue in societies where a minority ethnic group, like the English‐speaking whites in South Africa or the Chinese in Malaysia, dominates the economy but not the political system.There are two routes to the empowerment of an economically backward group. In the Afrikaner case, economic mobilisation formed part of a general ethnic mobilisation. While the Afrikaner‐controlled state after 1948 massively aided all whites, Afrikaner business increased its market share through serving a niche market. It received little ethnic patronage from the state or assistance from English corporations. A quite different from of advancement is that driven by the state, which imposes on large corporations the obligation to promote the economic empowerment of a racial group. While the first form facilitated the rise of the ethnic group as a whole, the latter one benefited mainly a business and middle class elite that may remain dependent on continuing state support.
NEOCLASSICAL THEORY AND THE TEACHING OF UNDERGRADUATE MICROECONOMICS
Authors: Scerri Mario 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper explores possible reasons for the long and enduring dominance of neoclassical theory over the undergraduate microeconomics textbook. It proposes that those very attributes of neoclassical microeconomics that raise serious theoretical misgivings constitute the basis for the current hegemony of the standard undergraduate textbook. It further discusses the effects of the standard text on the education of economists in developing countries and conditions of the entrenchment of this text in undergraduate teaching. Finally, it looks at the possibilities of the emergence of alternative textbooks both in the centre and in the periphery of the global academic map.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED ROAD BETWEEN GOBABIS AND GROOTFONTEIN, NAMIBIA
Authors: Pienaar Wj 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFirst, a cost‐benefit analysis is presented of reconstructing the existing road section between Gobabis and Otjinene in Namibia.Second, a cost‐benefit analysis is presented of constructing a new direct road link between Otjinene and Grootfontein, coupled with the above‐mentioned road upgrading between Gobabis and Otjinene as one project. The proposed link will shorten the existing route from GobabisviaWindhoek to Grootfontein by approximately 300 km. The following economic indicators are shown in the two cost‐benefit analyses:(i)Net Present Value,(ii)Benefit/Cost Ratio, and(iii)Internal Rate of Return.Third, the general economic impact that construction and operation of the entire road will have on non‐road users within Namibia is evaluated. This analysis is divided into two parts: The first part deals with the once‐off income‐multiplier effect triggered by the initial investment in the road, while the second part addresses the recurring income accelerator effect that usage of the road is expected to have within Namibia.
EXPLAINING THE MARKET POWER OF GHANAIAN BANKS1
Authors: Aboagye Q.q. Anthony , Akoena S.k. , Antwi‐asare T.o. , Gockel A.f. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA competitive banking system helps lower transaction costs and risks. It also helps make financial markets more efficient. In Ghana however, observers believe that the banking industry is not competitive and point to the huge spread between bank lending and borrowing rates as evidence. The Ghanaian banking industry is analysed for evidence of market power by computing the Lerner Index of banks using quarterly data from 2001 to 2006. The evidence is that Ghanaian banks possess market power. Factors that significantly explain the market power of Ghanaian banks are: bank size, efficiency of banks with respect to staff costs, the macroeconomic environment and time.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with a needle core biopsy diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ: is it justified?
Authors: Doyle B , Al-Mudhaffer M , Kennedy M M , O’Doherty A , Flanagan F , McDermott E W , Kerin M J , Hill A D , Quinn C M 
Published: February 2009

Background:The incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has increased markedly with the introduction of population-based mammographic screening. DCIS is usually diagnosed non-operatively. Although sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) has become the standard of care for patients with invasive breast carcinoma, its use in patients with DCIS is controversial.Aim:To examine the justification for offering SNB at the time of primary surgery to patients with a needle core biopsy (NCB) diagnosis of DCIS.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed of 145 patients with an NCB diagnosis of DCIS who had SNB performed at the time of primary surgery. The study focused on rates of SNB positivity and underestimation of invasive carcinoma by NCB, and sought to identify factors that might predict the presence of invasive carcinoma in the excision specimen.Results:7/145 patients (4.8%) had a positive sentinel lymph node, four macrometastases and three micrometastases. 6/7 patients had invasive carcinoma in the final excision specimen. 55/145 patients (37.9%) with an NCB diagnosis of DCIS had invasive carcinoma in the excision specimen. The median invasive tumour size was 6 mm. A radiological mass and areas of invasion <1 mm, amounting to “at least microinvasion” on NCB were predictive of invasive carcinoma in the excision specimen.Conclusions:SNB positivity in pure DCIS is rare. In view of the high rate of underestimation of invasive carcinoma in patients with an NCB diagnosis of DCIS in this study, SNB appears justified in this group of patients.
Continental-scale variation in otolith geochemistry of juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima)
Authors: Walther Benjamin D. , Thorrold Simon R. 
Published: February 2009

We assembled a comprehensive atlas of geochemical signatures in juvenile American shad ( Alosa sapidissima ) to discriminate natal river origins on a large spatial scale and at a high spatial resolution. Otoliths and (or) water samples were collected from 20 major spawning rivers from Florida to Quebec and were analyzed for elemental (Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Sr:Ca, and Ba:Ca) and isotope (87Sr:86Sr and δ18O) ratios. We examined correlations between water chemistry and otolith composition for five rivers where both were sampled. While Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca, 87Sr:86Sr, and δ18O values in otoliths reflected those ratios in ambient waters, Mg:Ca and Mn:Ca ratios in otoliths varied independently of water chemistry. Geochemical signatures were highly distinct among rivers, with an average classification accuracy of 93% using only those variables where otolith values were accurately predicted from water chemistry data. The study represents the largest assembled database of otolith signatures from the entire native range of a species, encompassing approximately 2700 km of coastline and 19 degrees of latitude and including all major extant spawning populations. This database will allow reliable estimates of natal origins of migrating ocean-phase American shad from the 2004 annual cohort in the future.
Ghost runs: management and status assessment of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) returning to British Columbia’s central and north coasts
Authors: Price M. H.H. , Darimont C. T. , Temple N. F. , MacDuffee S. M. 
Published: February 2009

The management of Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) populations, which are spatially distributed across thousands of waterways in coastal British Columbia, Canada, presents considerable challenges to resource managers. We evaluated the efficacy of salmon management by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) over the past 55 years in two key areas: (i) the achievement of internally generated target escapement levels and (ii) escapement monitoring. We show that less than 4% of monitored streams (n = 7 of 215), which represent a small fraction of all salmon-bearing waterways (n = 2592), have consistently met escapement targets since 1950. During this same period, the number of streams monitored by DFO has simultaneously decreased. Further, current monitoring efforts fall short of encompassing the range of salmon diversity identified within recently designated conservation units. Importantly, we found that this erosion of monitoring effort has been biased towards dropping smaller runs that failed to meet target escapements in the previous decade. We suggest that such increasingly selective monitoring is presenting a progressively more biased evaluation of population health. In addition to fostering a “shifting baseline” syndrome, we conclude that these changes to monitoring can not provide data required for precautionary harvest management under the high exploitation levels that these runs experience.
Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 Mediated Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor Overexpression in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma through Protein Kinase Cδ
Authors: Kwon Junhye , Stephan Susann , Mukhopadhyay Ananya , Muders Michael H. , Dutta Shamit K. , Lau Julie S. , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PCA) is an almost invariably fatal disease. Recently, it has been shown by several groups as well as ours that insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) overexpression is related to higher proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and highly invasive pancreatic tumors. Several studies have been carried out to understand the pathways that lead to growth factor–mediated signaling, but the molecular mechanism of receptor overexpression remains mostly unknown. Treatment with neutralizing antibodies or a specific kinase inhibitor against IGF-IR could block the receptor expression in PCA cells. Furthermore, we also showed that insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2, but not IRS-1, is involved in regulation of IGF-IR expression, which is most likely not transcriptional control. By blocking mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway with rapamycin as well as other biochemical analysis, we defined a unique regulation of IGF-IR expression mediated by protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) and mTOR pathway. Moreover, we showed that the down-regulation of IGF-IR expression due to IRS-2 small interfering RNA can be compensated by overexpression of dominant-active mutant of PKCδ, suggesting that PKCδ is downstream of IGF-IR/IRS-2 axis. Overall, these findings suggest a novel regulatory role of IRS-2 on the expression of IGF-IR through PKCδ and mTOR in pancreatic cancer cells. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1350–7]
Expression of Human Organic Cation Transporter 3 in Kidney Carcinoma Cell Lines Increases Chemosensitivity to Melphalan, Irinotecan, and Vincristine
Authors: Shnitsar Volodymyr , Eckardt Ronny , Gupta Shivangi , Grottker Julia , Müller Gerhard A. , Koepsell Hermann , Burckhardt Gerhard , Hagos Yohannes 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is usually chemoresistant. This chemoresistance could be overcome if specific cytostatics are applied for which the RCC expresses an uptake transporter. In the present study, we investigated the expression of solute carrier (SLC) transporters in different RCC lines and their ability to interact with chemotherapeutics. We tested five RCC lines for the expression of different SLCs by reverse transcription-PCR and TaqMan real-time PCR. In two of five RCC lines, A498 and 7860, we observed a highly significant expression of SLC22A3 (hOCT3). Uptake of the organic cation [3H]MPP (4-methyl-pyridinium iodide) into these cells and also into hOCT3 stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was inhibited by irinotecan, vincristine, and melphalan. The Ki values [determined from Dixon plots] for irinotecan, vincristine, and melphalan were 1.72 ± 0.45 μmol/L, 17 ± 4.81 μmol/L, and 366 ± 51 μmol/L, respectively. Cytotoxic activities of the selected drugs were tested by [3H]thymidine incorporation and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays on CHO-hOCT3, A498 (high expression of hOCT3), and ACHN cell lines (low expression of hOCT3). The growth of CHO-hOCT3 was inhibited by 20% more with irinotecan and by 50% more with vincristine compared with nontransfected CHO cells. Melphalan produced 20% to 30% more inhibition in hOCT3-expressing cells compared with nonexpressing control cells. Similar results were obtained for A498 and ACHN cells. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic treatment depends on the expression of transporter proteins mediating specific drug accumulation into target cells. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1494–501]
Correlation Analysis between Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism and Expression Arrays in Gliomas Identifies Potentially Relevant Target Genes
Authors: Kotliarov Yuri , Kotliarova Svetlana , Charong Nurdina , Li Aiguo , Walling Jennifer , Aquilanti Elisa , Ahn Susie , Steed Mary Ellen , Su Qin , Center Angela , Zenklusen Jean C. , Fine Howard A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Primary brain tumors are a major cause of cancer mortality in the United States. Therapy for gliomas, the most common type of primary brain tumors, remains suboptimal. The development of improved therapeutics will require greater knowledge of the biology of gliomas at both the genomic and transcriptional levels. We have previously reported whole genome profiling of chromosome copy number alterations (CNA) in gliomas, and now present our findings on how those changes may affect transcription of genes that may be involved in tumor induction and progression. By calculating correlation values of mRNA expression versus DNA copy number average in a moving window around a given RNA probe set, biologically relevant information can be gained that is obscured by the analysis of a single data type. Correlation coefficients ranged from −0.6 to 0.7, highly significant when compared with previous studies. Most correlated genes are located on chromosomes 1, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 19, 20, and 22, chromosomes known to have genomic alterations in gliomas. Additionally, we were able to identify CNAs whose gene expression correlation suggests possible epigenetic regulation. This analysis revealed a number of interesting candidates such as CXCL12, PTER, and LRRN6C, among others. The results have been verified using real-time PCR and methylation sequencing assays. These data will further help differentiate genes involved in the induction and/or maintenance of the tumorigenic process from those that are mere passenger mutations, thereby enriching for a population of potentially new therapeutic molecular targets. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1596–603]
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Promotes Bone Marrow Cells to Differentiate into CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Lung Tissue via Up-Regulating Notch1 Expression
Authors: Zhang Zhuohan , Zeng Bin , Zhang Zhiqian , Jiao Guohui , Li Haijie , Jing Zhizi , Ouyang Jiangbo , Yuan Xin , Chai Limin , Che Yongzhe , Zhang Yuan , Yang Rongcun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSuppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression in bone marrow cells (BMC) was up-regulated upon exposure to interleukin 6, lipopolysaccharide, or tumor-associated factors. But, how the up-regulated SOCS3 affects differentiation of BMCs is incompletely characterized. Here, we showed that SOCS3 promoted BMCs to intently differentiate into CD8 T cells. Importantly, lung can be as one athymus tissue for the BMCs to differentiate into CD8+ T cells. Notch1 plays a critical role in the differentiation from SOCS3-transfected BMCs to CD8+ T cells. We conclude that the up-regulated SOCS3 in some pathologic conditions, such as tumor and inflammation, might promote BMCs to differentiate into CD8+ T lymphocytes in lung tissue via up-regulating Notch1 expression. This may represent a new mechanism against diseases such as tumor. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1578–86]
Effective Immunotherapy against Murine Gliomas Using Type 1 Polarizing Dendritic Cells—Significant Roles of CXCL10
Authors: Fujita Mitsugu , Zhu Xinmei , Ueda Ryo , Sasaki Kotaro , Kohanbash Gary , Kastenhuber Edward R. , McDonald Heather A. , Gibson Gregory A. , Watkins Simon C. , Muthuswamy Ravikumar , Kalinski Pawel , Okada Hideho 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn an attempt to develop effective vaccines against central nervous system (CNS) tumors, we evaluated the ability of vaccines with standard dendritic cells (DC) versus type 1 polarizing DCs (DC1) to induce glioma-specific type 1 CTLs with CNS tumor-relevant homing properties and the mechanism of their action. C57BL/6 mouse–derived bone marrow cells were cultured with mouse granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 6 days, and CD11c+ cells were subsequently cultured with GM-CSF, rmIFN-γ, rmIFN-α, rmIL-4, and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose for 24 hours to generate DC1s. In analogy to their human counterparts, mouse DC1s exhibited surface marker profiles of mature DCs and produced high levels of IL-12 and CXCL10. Importantly for their application as cancer vaccines, such DC1s stably retained their type 1 phenotype even when exposed to type 2–promoting or regulatory T cell (Treg)–promoting environments. Consistently, mouse DC1s induced antigen-specific type 1 CTLs more efficiently than nonpolarized DCs in vitro. DC1s given s.c. migrated into draining lymph nodes, induced antigen-specific CTLs, and suppressed Treg accumulation. In addition, s.c. immunization with DC1s loaded with glioma-associated antigen (GAA)–derived CTL epitope peptides prolonged the survival of CNS GL261 glioma-bearing mice, which was associated with efficient CNS glioma homing of antigen-specific CTLs. Intratumoral injections of GAA peptide-loaded DC1s further enhanced the anti-CNS glioma effects of DC1-based s.c. immunization. Interestingly, the antitumor functions were abrogated with CXCL10−/− mouse–derived DC1s. Collectively, these findings show the anti-CNS glioma effects of DC1-based therapy and a novel role of CXCL10 in the immunologic and therapeutic activity of DC-based cancer vaccines. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1587–95]
A High Throughput, Whole Cell Screen for Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint Identifies OM137, a Novel Aurora Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: DeMoe Joanna H. , Santaguida Stefano , Daum John R. , Musacchio Andrea , Gorbsky Gary J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In mitosis, the kinetochores of chromosomes that lack full microtubule attachments and/or mechanical tension activate a signaling pathway called the mitotic spindle checkpoint that blocks progression into anaphase and prevents premature segregation of the chromatids until chromosomes become aligned at the metaphase plate. The spindle checkpoint is responsible for arresting cells in mitosis in response to chemotherapeutic spindle poisons such as paclitaxel or vinblastine. Some cancer cells show a weakened checkpoint signaling system that may contribute to chromosome instability in tumors. Because complete absence of the spindle checkpoint leads to catastrophic cell division, we reasoned that drugs targeting the checkpoint might provide a therapeutic window in which the checkpoint would be eliminated in cancer cells but sufficiently preserved in normal cells. We developed an assay to identify lead compounds that inhibit the spindle checkpoint. Most cells respond to microtubule drugs by activating the spindle checkpoint and arresting in mitosis with a rounded morphology. Our assay depended on the ability of checkpoint inhibitor compounds to drive mitotic exit and cause cells to flatten onto the substrate in the continuous presence of microtubule drugs. In this study, we characterize one of the compounds, OM137, as an inhibitor of Aurora kinases. We find that this compound is growth inhibitory to cultured cells when applied at high concentration and potentiates the growth inhibitory effects of subnanomolar concentrations of paclitaxel. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1509–16]