bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Filling the gaps in ecology of tropical tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae): first quantitative data of sexual dimorphism in semi-arboreal Therates from the Philippine biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Acal Dale Ann , Sulikowska-Drozd Anna , Jaskuła Radomir 
Published: March 2024

Background
Sexual dimorphism, driven by sexual selection, leads to varied morphological distinctions in male and female insects, providing insights into selection pressures across species. However, research on the morphometric variability within specific taxa of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), particularly arboreal and semi-arboreal species, remains very limited.

Methods
We investigate sexual dimorphism in six semi-arboreal Therates tiger beetle taxa from the Philippines, focusing on morphological traits. We employed morphometric measurements and multivariate analyses to reveal patterns of sexual dimorphism between sexes within the taxa.

Results
Our results indicate significant sexual dimorphism in elytra width, with females consistently displaying broader elytra, potentially enhancing fecundity. Notable sexual size dimorphism was observed in Therates fulvipennis bidentatus and T. coracinus coracinus, suggesting heightened sexual selection pressures on male body size. Ecological factors, mating behavior, and female mate choice might contribute to the observed morphological variation. These findings emphasize the need for further studies to comprehend mating dynamics, mate choice, and ecological influences on morphological variations in semi-arboreal and arboreal tiger beetles.
Variability Study and DUS Characterization in Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.)
Authors: Dalsaniya Dhrumi , Das Arna , Parmar D. J. 
Published: March 2024

Aims: To study variability and DUS characterization for yield and its attributing traits
Study Design: Randomized Block Design
Place and Duration of Study: 49 genotypes of kodo millet, were evaluated at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, during kharif, 2021.
Methodology: The experimental material consisted of 49 different kodo millet genotypes procured from Hill Millet Research Station, Muvaliya Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Dahod, Gujarat.
Results: Qualitative traits offered considerable variability and differentiated the genotypes distinctly, but genotypes did not vary much for characters such as internode pigmentation, spike curvature and spike branching. No co-linearity was found between pigmentation at the leaf sheath, leaf juncture, internode or leaf blade, indicating the involvement of different loci for pigmentation at these different plant parts. The genotypic and phenotypic variance were high (>>40) for plant height, followed by fodder yield per plant, total carbohydrate and days to maturity. High GCV and PCV were recorded for total phenol, peduncle length and grain yield per plant, whereas low GCV and PCV were recorded for all other traits including days to 50% flowering. High heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for grain yield per plant, flag leaf blade length, raceme length, peduncle length, total carbohydrate and total phenol. This indicated the involvement of additive genetic control in the expression of those trait; hence, the traits can be continued for selection in segregating generations.
Conclusion: Qualitative characters differentiated the genotypes distinctly except pigmentation at leaf sheath, spike curvature and spike branching because genotypes did not vary much for this characters and estimates of GCV were lower than PCV for all the characters which indicated interaction of genotypes with environments.
Race and the odd history of human paleontology
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough the late 17th century witnessed the recognition of fossils as the remains of extinct organisms—because they could be incorporated into the creation story embodied in the Great Chain of Being—acceptance of human antiquity through the indisputable demonstration of the contemporaneity of human bones, stone tools, and accepted fossils was not forthcoming for nearly 2 centuries thereafter. When it did occur, however, ancient humans were not seen as presenting a pattern of diversity similar to that seen in the fossil records of nonhuman organisms. Instead, human evolution then, as now, has typically been interpreted as being unilinear. This belief can be traced to Huxley (1863), who argued that the Feldhofer Grotto Neanderthal skullcap was merely an extension into the past of morphology seen in the Australian Aborigine, whom he took to represent the primitive end of an extreme range of variation he thought characterized Homo sapiens. During the mid‐20th century, Mayr and Dobzhansky (mis)used their clout as founders of the evolutionary synthesis to cement in paleoanthropology the idea that human evolutionary history was characterized by nonspeciation. As such, anything that could be interpreted as potentially representing taxic diversity was relegated to the status of individual variation. Lack of understanding of the history of human paleontology, and the biases that constrained its perspective on human evolution, continue to affect the ways in which most paleoanthropologists pigeonhole human fossils. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:225–240, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation of baculovirus‐harbored transgene transcription among mesenchymal stem cell‐derived progenitors leads to varied expression
Authors: Lee Hsiao‐Ping , Ho Yi‐Chen , Hwang Shiaw‐Min , Sung Li‐Yu , Shen Heng‐Chun , Liu Hung‐Jen , Hu Yu‐Chen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that baculovirus can efficiently transduce human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSCs‐derived adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic progenitors without compromising the differentiation capacity. Remarkably, the transgene expression level and duration varied widely with the differentiation states at which the progenitors were transduced. However, whether the variation was a general phenomenon and what caused the variation were unclear. Here we demonstrated that transduction of the MSCs and MSC‐derived progenitors using baculoviruses carrying egfp driven by CMV, EF‐1α or CAG promoter resulted in a general trend of varied expression, that is, the chondrogenic progenitors allowed for the poorest expression while the adipogenic progenitors conferred the best expression. Quantification of the nuclear and cytoplasmic egfp gene copy numbers by quantitative real‐time PCR revealed that the varied expression did not arise from the discrepancies in gene delivery efficiency nor was it due to the disparities in nuclear transport efficiency. In contrast, the transcription levels paralleled the overall expression levels. These data suggested that although the egfp genes could be efficiently delivered into the nuclei of chondrogenic progenitors, they were not transcribed as well as they were in the adipogenic progenitors. In conclusion, the rapidly altering cellular transcription machinery in the course of differentiation progression predominantly led to the varied expression levels. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 649–655. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetics of biodegradation of binary and ternary mixtures of PAHs
Authors: Dimitriou‐Christidis Petros , Autenrieth Robin L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of biodegradation of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bySphingomonas paucimobilisstrain EPA505 were investigated. The investigation focused on three‐ and four‐ring PAHs, specifically 2‐methylphenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. Uptake rates in aerobic batch suspended cultivations were measured for the individual PAHs and their binary and ternary mixtures. It was observed that kinetics were influenced by the mixture composition and the kinetic properties of the components. A material balance equation containing the Monod model was numerically fitted to uptake data to determine extant kinetic parameters for the individual PAHs. Similarly, equations containing kinetic interaction models derived from enzyme kinetics were fitted to the uptake data obtained from experiments with binary and ternary mixtures. The investigation considered the following interaction types: no‐interaction (Monod), pure competitive interaction, noncompetitive or mixed‐type interaction, uncompetitive inhibition, and nonspecific interaction based on pure competition (SKIP). Model fit was evaluated based on probabilistic and statistical criteria and inferences were reached about underlying interaction mechanisms based on model fit. Mixture kinetics were most adequately simulated by the pure competitive interaction model with mutual substrate exclusivity. This model is fully predictive, relying only on parameters determined in the sole‐PAH experiments. It was shown that for low percent inhibition values and with limited data, pure competitive interaction kinetics may not be evident, resembling no‐interaction kinetics. This study is a reasonable starting point for understanding and modeling biodegradation of complex PAH mixtures in engineered and natural systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 788–800. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitrifying bacterial communities in an aquaculture wastewater treatment system using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 16S rRNA gene cloning, and phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Paungfoo Chanyarat , Prasertsan Poonsuk , Burrell Paul C. , Intrasungkha Nugul , Blackall Linda L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAquaculture, especially shrimp farming, has played a major role in the growth of Thailand's economy in recent years, as well as in many South East Asian countries. However, the nutrient discharges from these activities have caused adverse impacts on the quality of the receiving waterways. In particular nitrogenous compounds, which may accumulate in aquaculture ponds, can be toxic to aquatic animals and cause environmental problems such as eutrophication. The mineralization process is well known, but certain aspects of the microbial ecology of nitrifiers, the microorganisms that convert ammonia to nitrate, are poorly understood. A previously reported enrichment of nitrifying bacteria (ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB)) from a shrimp farm inoculated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was studied by molecular methods. The initial identification and partial quantification of the nitrifying bacteria (AOB and NOB) were carried out by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using previously published 16S rRNA‐targeting oligonucleotide probes. The two dominant bacterial groups detected by FISH were from the Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteroides and Proteobacteria (beta subdivision) phyla. Published FISH probes for Nitrobacter and Nitrospira did not hybridize to any of the bacterial cells. Therefore it is likely that new communities of NOBs, differing from previously reported ones, exist in the enrichments. Molecular genetic techniques (cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis) targeting the 16S rRNA genes from the nitrifying enrichments were performed to identify putative AOBs and NOBs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 985–990. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High O2 affinity hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers synthesized via polymerization of hemoglobin with ring‐opened 2‐chloroethyl‐β‐D‐fructopyranoside and 1‐o‐octyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside
Authors: Dimino Michael L. , Palmer Andre F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSecond generation hemoglobin‐based O2 carriers (HBOCs) are being developed with high O2 affinity (low P50) in order to suppress vasoconstriction elicited by over‐oxygenating tissues, a problem associated with low O2 affinity first generation HBOCs. Our group has previously investigated the polymerization of hemoglobin (Hb) with dialdehydes as a strategy for engineering high O2 affinity HBOCs. In this study, two novel reactive dialdehydes were synthesized by ring‐opening 2‐chloroethyl‐β‐D‐fructopyranoside (2‐CEFP) and 1‐o‐octyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1‐OGP) at the 1,2‐diol position, respectively, to yield novel Hb polymerizing reagents. High‐affinity polymerized HBOCs were synthesized by reacting R‐state bovine hemoglobin (bHb) with ring‐opened 2‐CEFP and 1‐OGP at cross‐linker to bHb molar ratios ranging from 10:1 to 30:1. The resulting polymerized bovine HBOCs (bHBOCs) displayed P50s ranging from 7 to 18 mmHg, cooperativities ranging from 0.8 to 1.4, and methemoglobin (metHb) levels ranging from 3% to 10%. The cross‐linking reaction also stabilized the third stepwise Adair coefficient for bHbs reacted with ring‐opened 1‐OGP at cross‐linker to bHb molar ratios of 20:1 and 30:1 and for bHbs reacted with ring‐opened 2‐CEFP at molar ratios of 30:1. Additionally, the number‐averaged molecular weight, Mn, of each polymerized bHBOC was larger compared to bHb. Molecular weight distributions leaning towards larger molecular weight bHBOCs were obtained by increasing the cross‐linker to bHb molar ratio. Taken together, the results of this study have identified novel Hb polymerization reagents that are easy to synthesize, and that are capable of yielding bHBOCs with higher O2 affinities and weight‐averaged molecular weights compared to bHb. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 462–472. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Membranes in Biotechnology
Authors: Lütz S. , Rao N. N. , Wandrey C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMembranes have become an integral part of biotechnological processes. They have proved to be useful tools for the retention of biocatalysts in industrial biotransformations. This paper describes the development of membrane reactors and the application of membrane‐based processes in biotransformations. Membrane systems for substrate dosing (e.g., aeration), catalyst retention (e.g., ultrafiltration), product separation (e.g., pervaporation), and salt removal (electrodialysis) from solutions are dealt with. The use of membranes in bioelectrochemistry is also discussed.
Simulation der Strömung in Fermentern von Biogasanlagen
Authors: Hennig T. , Grän‐Heedfeld J. , Deerberg G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFür einen optimalen Vergärungsprozess in Biogasfermentern ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzung, dass die Rührwerkstechnik eine vollständige Mischung gewährleistet. Dennoch erfolgt in der Praxis die Entscheidung für einen bestimmten Rührertyp, die Anordnung der Rührapparaturen im Fermenter sowie die Wahl von Ruhe‐ und Betriebsintervallen noch immer auf empirischem Wege. Vorgestellt wird eine Konzeption, die es ermöglichen soll, Fermenter‐Rührwerkstechniken theoretisch fundiert bzgl. ihrer Effizienz zu beurteilen und ggf. Maßnahmen zu ihrer Verbesserung abzuleiten. Wesentliches Hilfsmittel hierbei ist der Einsatz der Strömungssimulation (CFD). Dieses Werkzeug liefert Geschwindigkeits‐, Temperatur‐ und Konzentrationsprofile an jeder Stelle des Fermenters und erlaubt damit direkte Rückschlüsse auf den vorliegenden Vermischungszustand. Erste Ergebnisse zur Durchmischung eines Fermenters mit einem dreistufigen Zentralrührwerk werden vorgestellt.
Kopplung von Stofftransport und Grenzflächenreaktion als neuer Weg zur Kinetik der chemischen Extraktion
Authors: Sacher R. , Nitsch W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie Arbeit befasst sich mit der chemischen Stoffaustauschkinetik in Flüssig/Flüssig‐Systemen am Beispiel der Zinkionenextraktion mit Dithizon (1,5‐Diphenylthiocarbazon) als solventseitigem Komplexbildner. Die vorliegenden kinetischen Daten betreffen die Konzentrations‐ und Strömungsabhängigkeit der in einer speziellen Rührzelle gemessenen Stoffströme, wobei sichergestellt ist, dass die für den Phasenwechsel erforderliche Zinkkomplexierung auf den Ort der Phasengrenze lokalisiert ist. Mit diesem Extraktionssystem wird mit der Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Limitierung eine kaum beachtete Eigenschaft solcher Systeme erschlossen, die durch die Grenzfälle einer Transport‐ und einer Reaktionslimitierung charakterisiert sind. Um dieses Verhalten aufzuklären, wird eine Modellierung der Kopplung von Stofftransport und Grenzflächenreaktion abgeleitet. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Messungen zeigt die Übereinstimmung mit den berechneten Strömungs‐, Konzentrations‐ und Zeitabhängigkeiten die Tragfähigkeit der Modellgleichungen. Beispielhaft werden charakteristische Ergebnisse der Modellanwendung demonstriert, die sowohl für die experimentelle Erfassung der Grenzflächenkinetik als auch für die Extraktionstechnik bedeutsam sind.
Transputers for industrial applications
Authors: van Renterghem Patrick 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe transputer is currently being used in more than 1,000 designs worldwide, which indicates its importance for industrial applications. In this paper we describe the philosophy behind the transputer and its language, occam; the most important features of transputers; and the impact they can have on parallel system design and development. A description is given of the available development systems and programming languages, as well as an overview of some of the more important application areas. We conclude with a number of remarks about the future and the usability of the transputer. For people who are building faster computer systems, the transputer is a dream come true: it is pleasant to design with, it is easy to program, and it has a very high performance.
Global data and control in multicomputers: Operating system primitives and experimentation with a parallel branch‐and‐bound algorithm
Authors: Schwan Karsten , Blake Ben , Bo Win , Gawkowski John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe static distribution of work among tasks is not possible in many parallel applications. Therefore, it is essential to implement convenient and efficient abstractions for ‘work sharing’ on multicomputers. This paper compares the utility of two operating system facilities for the implementation of such ‘work sharing’: (1) a system for the migration of processes from heavily to less loaded processors and (2) a more general OS construct for the implementation of arbitrary distributed objects. Both were implemented as extensions to the Intel iPSC/1 operating system on a 32‐node hypercube. Their experimental evaluation is based on a parallel implementation of a branch‐and‐bound algorithm. Two sets of results are attained. First, the necessity of the constructs for dynamic work sharing is demonstrated for applications with dynamic data domains, such as parallel branch‐and‐bound algorithms. This is followed by measurements that demonstrate the acceptable cost of process migration for a specific parallel branch‐and‐bound algorithm. These measurements are then compared with results attained with the construct for the implementation of distributed objects. Second, when using branch‐and‐bound to solve the Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP), evaluation of the resulting parallel TSP program shows that some analytical and simulation results attained in past, published work may not hold.
Histogram computation on distributed memory architectures
Authors: Gerogiannis D. C. , Orphanoudakis S. C. , Johnsson S. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOne data‐independent and one data‐dependent algorithm for the computation of image histograms on parallel computers are presented, analysed and implemented on the Connection Machine system CM‐2. The data‐dependent algorithm has a lower requirement on communication bandwidth by only transferring bins with a non‐zero count. Both algorithms perform all‐to‐all reduction, which is implemented through a sequence of exchanges as defined by a butterfly network. The two algorithms are compared based on predicted and actual performance on the Connection Machine CM‐2. With few pixels per processor the data‐dependent algorithm requires in the order of √B data transfers for B bins compared to B data transfers for the data‐independent algorithm. As the number of pixels per processor grows the advantage of the data‐dependent algorithm decreases. The advantage of the data‐dependent algorithm increases with the number of bins of the histogram.
Characterizing the parallel performance of a large‐scale, particle‐in‐cell plasma simulation code
Authors: Walker David W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe efficient implementation of particle‐in‐cell (PIC) plasma simulation codes on distributed memory concurrent computers is made difficult by the conflicting aims of balancing the computational load and minimizing interprocessor communication. This paper surveys previous work on PIC plasma simulation codes on advanced architecture computers, identifies the main issues in parallelizing such codes, and discusses different decomposition schemes. For MIMD concurrent computers the adaptive Eulerian (AE) decomposition scheme is attractive because it seeks to maintain approximate load balance dynamically while avoiding excessive non‐local communication. The load balance and communication characteristics of a large‐scale AE/PIC code on the hypercube are investigated by simulating the behavior of the parallel code on a Cray‐2. The results show that for the three‐dimensional problems studied, in which the particle distribution is highly inhomogeneous, the communication of data between the particle and mesh decompositions dominates the communication overhead. Performing the load balancing may also make a significant contribution to the concurrent overhead if the grain size is sufficiently small. The advantages of the simulation approach in investigating the behavior of concurrent large‐scale applications are discussed, together with portability and software engineering issues.
PVM: A framework for parallel distributed computing
Authors: Sunderam V. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe PVM system is a programming environment for the development and execution of large concurrent or parallel applications that consist of many interacting, but relatively independent, components. It is intended to operate on a collection of heterogeneous computing elements interconnected by one or more networks. The participating processors may be scalar machines, multiprocessors, or special‐purpose computers, enabling application components to execute on the architecture most appropriate to the algorithm. PVM provides a straightforward and general inferface that permits the description of various types of algorithms (and their interactions), while the underlying infrastructure permits the execution of applications on a virtual computing environment that supports multiple parallel computation models. PVM contains facilities for concurrent, sequential or conditional execution of application components, is portable to a variety of architectures, and supports certain forms of error detection and recovery.
The transputer and occam: A personal story
Authors: Hoare C. A. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe paper tells the story of the development over twenty‐five years of my ideas about communicating sequential processes. One of its most subtle and most useful facilities is the guarded choice, which appears as the ALT command in occam. Its subtleties are clarified and its usefulness increased by an understanding of the relevant simple algebraic laws, based on mathematical research conducted at Oxford. The abstractions provided by mathematics are the secret of the versatility of occam, which can be reliably and efficiently implemented by multiprogramming or by multiprocessing or by hardware, or by any combination of these. In conclusion, it is conjectured that the occam programming paradigm will remain the most efficient and most reliable for the general‐purpose shared‐store multiprocessors of the future.