bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on the Load Cell Utilization for Dynamic Torque Measurement in 3-Blade Savonius Wind Turbine Design
Authors: Rizaldi T , Limit F 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the design and analysis of a Savonius wind turbine. Wind turbines harness wind energy to generate electricity, presenting a renewable and clean alternative to traditional power sources. This savonius wind turbine is a type of wind turbine that can rotate even at relatively low wind speeds, so it is necessary to develop a measuring instrument that has high accuracy and is affordable to evaluate the performance of this turbine. In this research, a load cell with an affordable price with a percentage error of approximately 15%, is used as a dynamic torque measurement tool on wind turbines, this torque parameter can be used as an important performance determinant of the wind turbine in generating power. This research was conducted in the Agricultural Machinery Workshop and Integrated Laboratoryy, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan from March to August 2022. The research is performed in several phases, which are 3D design, simulation, schematic design, prototype making, collecting actual data, analyzing actual data, and simulation data. The simulation results are compared with the actual data from the loadcell that has been tested, from the results of the comparison the accuracy value and deviation value of the instrument will be obtained.
Performance Analysis of 2 U-Type Savonius Blades for Vertical Rotor Wind Turbine
Authors: Rizaldi T , Brahmana N S 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Renewable, unlimited and environmentally safe, wind energy is referred to as renewable energy. In Indonesia, wind speeds between 3 to 7 m/s are considered moderate wind speeds. Wind turbines can be used to convert wind energy into electrical energy. The Savonius rotor is cylindrical and has two or more blades attached. The purpose of this study is to determine the power, torque, and rotation per minute produced by a Savonius rotor wind turbine with a blade radius of 50 cm and a blade height of 100 cm. Wind speeds of 3 m/s, 5 m/s, 7 m/s, 9 m/s, 11 m/s, 13 m/s, and 15 m/s were used for testing. A tachometer was used to measure rpm, while a loadcell sensor measured torque and power data. Based on the research findings, it was found that each wind speed variation produced a different average rotor rotation per minute. The rotor speed, torque, and power increased with increasing wind speed.
Sustainability of the cassava processed agro industry business after covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Indriawan S R , Maria  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Cassava is a food plant that has many advantages and can be processed into various kinds of processed foods. Salatiga City is one of the areas that has the potential to develop the sustainability of cassava processing businesses. At the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, sales of processed cassava experienced a decline. Business sustainability starts from the increase in income and sales volume after Covid-19. This research aims to find out (1) a portrait of the success of cassava processing businesses after the Covid-19 pandemic; (2) analyse the stage of managerial ability and entrepreneurial behaviour of processed cassava agro-industry entrepreneurs;(3) the impact of managerial ability and entrepreneurial behaviour on the achievement of cassava processing businesses in Salatiga City. Purposive sampling is the sample strategy employed in this study. This research uses analysis of partial least squares (PLS) with the help of the app SmartPLS4.0. The results show (1) Currently, the average cassava agro-industry business has experienced an increase in income and sales volume of 41% since the Covid-19 pandemic period; (2) Forming managerial skills are implementation, organization, and supervision. Entrepreneurial behaviour is risk-taking, and creative and innovative; (3) Managerial ability and entrepreneurial behaviour have a significant influence on business success.
Impact of climate change on cayenne pepper availability in Sleman District, Yogyakarta with dynamic system modelling
Authors: Puspitaningrum D A , Reka W Y , Widayanto B 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The availability of cayenne pepper in Sleman District is influenced by cayenne pepper production factors and demand of consumers. Climate change greatly affects the demand and supply of cayenne pepper. The value of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) in the dynamic system model is 5.18%. The simulation of Cayenne Pepper availability scenarios in the Sleman District that was made scenarios by rule of the Government to increase of planting area by 20 ha per year. The other scenarios were changing a temperature increase 1 degree Celsius and increase of 2 degrees Celsius. The result of the research showed that first scenario made the supply of cayenne pepper decrease 15 %/year. The second scenario made the supply of cayenne pepper will be decrease up to 30 %/year in 2024-2030. It means that the temperature change can influence significantly with the supply of cayenne pepper in Sleman District. Moreover, the supply has not been fulfil to the very high demand by consumers of households, Industries and Horeca (Hotel, restaurant and catering) in this district.
Household employment of potato farmers with allocation of working time and gender theory
Authors: Putri D D , Shabila R A , Sutanto A , Kusnaman D , Wijayanti I K E , Suyono  , Mulyani A , Satriani R 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Potato farming is affected by the amount of time which the farmers spend. The more labors spend the time, the more potato agricultural production. Potato farmers both male and female spend their time to potato farming together, but gender inequality often occurs between male and female farmers, so a research is needed on male and female potato farmers. The aims of this study are: 1) to analyze the factors that influence the outpouring of farmer household work, 2) to compare the difference in wages between male and female farmers. The Karangreja Sub-District’s Kutabawa Village and Serang Village served as the research sites. There is a quantitative descriptive used in the research approach. Document analysis, questionnaires, observations, and interviews are the methods used in the research to acquire data. The t test and multiple linear regression analysis were employed in the data analysis. Types of sample selection using purposive sampling. The results of the study show that: 1) the factors that influence male’s work outpouring are land area, farming experience and family responsibilities, while female’s work outpouring is influenced by age. 2) there is a difference in wages between male and female farmers in potato households in Karangreja Sub- District, Purbalingga Regency.
Optimizing sustainable cocoa supply chains: A Closed-loop model considering a profit-sharing policy and value loss during storage
Authors: Fauza G , Saputri P , Hisjam M , Prasetyo H , Rahayu M 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In various cocoa-producing nations, cocoa stands as a vital commodity, serving as the generates significant waste in the form of husks, which could potentially be repurposed into organic fertilizers. Unfortunately, most existing studies on cocoa supply chains overlook the management of cocoa waste through a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) framework. This study addresses this gap by presenting a comprehensive model for a cocoa CLSC system that considers value loss within the supply chain. Moreover, a profit-sharing strategy is introduced to foster sustained collaboration among stakeholders. Through the optimization of decision variables e.g. the size of transfer batch, this model aims to maximize total profit within the cocoa supply chain. The result shows that the optimal size of transfer batch is 459 units which leads to 44,782,000 IDR total profit. Additionally, by reusing cocoa husks as organic fertilizers within a closed-loop supply chain, this model also contributes to reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainability within the cocoa industry.
Persimmon fruit downstream prospects: a promising solution to increase farmer income in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Asmy A E , Rauf A , Rahmawaty  , Badaruddin  , Khasanah U 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study explores the potential and benefits of persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki) for human health and the prospects for producing and downstream this fruit in Indonesia. Persimmons have rich nutritional content, including vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and vitamin K, as well as essential minerals such as potassium. This content has been known to have various benefits, including its ability to lower blood cholesterol levels, maintain eye health, and even potentially as an antiviral agent. In Indonesia, persimmons are less popular, but some regions such as Malang (East Java) and Toba (North Sumatra) produce them to increase farmers’ income. This research also explores the downstream potential of persimmon fruit products. This step is part of the community’s economic empowerment strategy by utilizing the potential of environmentally sound natural resources in East Java, Indonesia. This study uses the SWOT analysis method to determine internal and external factors that can see the prospects of persimmon farmers and factors that affect the downstream development of persimmon fruit products. This study aims to identify the prospects of persimmon farmers and components that affect farmers’ income through sustainable downstream of persimmon fruit products.
Impact of incorporating FeNbC into weld flux on the abrasive wear resistance of coatings produced by SAW in a microalloyed steel
Authors: Pollnow Edilson N , Cardoso Frantchescole B , das Neves Ederson B , Santos Rodrigo B , Osorio Alice G 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Owing to the global shortage of raw materials and an increase in their prices, there is a growing demand for engineering solutions to increase the lifespan and durability of equipment and components. Therefore, this study aims to combine surface engineering and welding engineering to produce a niobium-rich coating using submerged arc welding (SAW) deposition. SAW is a cost-effective technique that allows high deposition rates and technical simplicity, which can enhance mechanical properties and resistance to abrasive wear of components. This research involves the addition of a FeNbC powder alloy in percentages of 5, 10, and 15 wt% to a neutral commercial SAW flux, as an alternative to adding Nb to the microstructure of the deposited coating. The coating was characterized by optical microscopy to analyze the microstructure, such as the presence of phases; microhardness through a Vickers micro-durometer, and resistance to abrasive wear through the loss of mass using a rubber wheel-type abrasometer. The wear mechanisms were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that a Nb-rich coating can be deposited via SAW, and the coatings successfully increased microhardness by up to 110% and resistance to abrasive wear to values higher than the base metal used (microalloyed steel). The microstructure formed was rich in Fe2Nb and NbC, proving the formation of Nb-rich phases. Additionally, the mechanism of abrasive wear was predominantly plastic for the base metal and changed to micro-cutting and micro-plowing after the addition of up to 15% of FeNbC.
High entropy ceramics for applications in extreme environments
Authors: Ward T Z , Wilkerson R P , Musicó B L , Foley A , Brahlek M , Weber W J , Sickafus K E , Mazza A R 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Compositionally complex materials have demonstrated extraordinary promise for structural robustness in extreme environments. Of these, the most commonly thought of are high entropy alloys, where chemical complexity grants uncommon combinations of hardness, ductility, and thermal resilience. In contrast to these metal–metal bonded systems, the addition of ionic and covalent bonding has led to the discovery of high entropy ceramics (HECs). These materials also possess outstanding structural, thermal, and chemical robustness but with a far greater variety of functional properties which enable access to continuously controllable magnetic, electronic, and optical phenomena. In this experimentally focused perspective, we outline the potential for HECs in functional applications under extreme environments, where intrinsic stability may provide a new path toward inherently hardened device design. Current works on high entropy carbides, actinide bearing ceramics, and high entropy oxides are reviewed in the areas of radiation, high temperature, and corrosion tolerance where the role of local disorder is shown to create pathways toward self-healing and structural robustness. In this context, new strategies for creating future electronic, magnetic, and optical devices to be operated in harsh environments are outlined.
Recent advancements in magnetic abrasive finishing: a critical review
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Komma Venkateswara Rao 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Many engineering applications require components with a good surface finish. It is difficult to get the surface finish in the micro/nano level range with conventional finishing processes for materials such as super alloys, composites, and ceramics. Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is one of the processes for achieving superior surface finish. However, the processes efficiency is affected by its operational variables. Even a slight change in a processing parameter may lead to dimensional inaccuracies and poor surface quality of the workpiece. In this paper, recent trends in the magnetic abrasive finishing process are presented along with a critical review. The review includes MAF principles, tools, hybridization, modeling, and simulation of the process. Apart from plane MAF, the principle of MAF for cylindrical workpieces, the mechanism of material removal and the effect of different types of abrasives are also discussed. Various machine tools used for MAF of plane and cylindrical workpieces for external and internal surfaces are also discussed. In hybridization, different processes combined with MAF, like ultrasonic-assisted MAF, chemo-assisted MAF, and electrochemical-assisted MAF, etc, are discussed to increase material removal rate and obtain surface finish at the micro/nano level. The paper also covers mathematical and statistical modeling, simulation, and optimization techniques to predict and optimize the set of input process parameters. Lastly, challenges and conclusions of the MAF process are presented.
Waves and Waves in Fluids
Authors: Davidson P A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Waves are an essential part of rotating fluid dynamics. This chapter provides an introduction to the general theory of waves, with an emphasis on waves in fluids. It covers such topics as the wave equation and d’Alembert’s solution, surface gravity waves, dispersive versus non-dispersive waves, the concept of group velocity, and dispersion in three dimensions. The concepts are developed from first principles. The discussion is necessarily brief, but suggestions for further reading are provided for those readers who are relatively new to these concepts. The emphasis throughout is on physical ideas rather than mathematical rigour.
Ekman Boundary Layers
Authors: Davidson P A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Ekman boundary layers play an important role in most rotating flows. This chapter introduces Ekman layers, starting with the exact solutions of Kármán and Bödewadt. The importance of Ekman layers is then illustrated using the simple examples of meandering rivers, secondary flows in ducts, and spin-down in a stirred cup of tea. This is followed by a careful analysis of spin-down and spin-up in cylindrical containers. The chapter closes by discussing the flow between differentially rotating spheres. Some of the concepts involved are surprisingly subtle, and so particular emphasis has been placed on providing a clear physical interpretation of events.
Inertial Waves I
Authors: Davidson P A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Inertial waves are supported by the Coriolis force and they lie at the heart of rotating fluid dynamics. Indeed, they underpin the formation of Taylor columns and the maintenance of quasi-geostrophic flow. The chapter starts by discussing the physical origins of inertial waves, before going on to describe their formal mathematical structure. There follows a detailed discussion of how inertial waves support Taylor columns and, more generally, spontaneous disperse to form columnar structures. The chapter closes with a discussion of near-inertial waves in the oceans, evanescent inertial waves, and the reflection of inertial waves from plane surfaces. Many of the topics discussed are surprisingly subtle.
Hazardous Earth
Authors: McGuire Bill 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Earth has always been a dangerous place. During its early history, it was—on various occasions—battered by incoming asteroids, covered by a magma ocean, and even transformed into an ice ball. Over time the planet developed a tripartite structure, comprising a core, enclosing mantle, and outer crust. The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle formed the brittle lithosphere that makes up the tectonic plates. Formed at Mid-Ocean Ridges and consumed in subduction zones, such as those making up the circum-Pacific Ring of Fire, the plates drift across the surface of our world at the same rate as fingernails grow. The movements of the tectonic plates, combined with a constantly restless atmosphere, continue to ensure that earthquakes, volcanic blasts, storms, floods, and other geophysical hazards pose a major threat to society and its economy. Despite action to build resilience, a conspiracy of climate breakdown due to global heating, and the explosive growth of vulnerable mega-cities in some of our planet’s most dangerous locations, means that our world is becoming a more—not less—perilous place.
What was the Gulag?
Authors: Barenberg Alan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a multifaceted and comprehensive definition of the Gulag. The Gulag was a system of mass incarceration meant to isolate and punish those considered to be socially or politically dangerous, to rehabilitate criminals, and to provide a compliant labor force to fill undesirable jobs in remote locations. While it bore resemblance to the Imperial Russian exile/prison systems that preceded it, the modern concentration camp common in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and modern prison systems in general, this chapter argues that it was unique in important respects. This chapter also examines the variety of different institutions that were part of the Gulag, including prisons, “colonies,” camps, and exile settlements, arguing that the Gulag was more than simply a system of labor camps.
Economics and labor in the Gulag
Authors: Barenberg Alan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the place of the Gulag in the Stalinist economy and how economics shaped everyday life in camps and exile settlements. Although forced labor was enormously wasteful, it was frequently deployed to build infrastructure and exploit natural resources in remote locations, giving it an important role in the national economy. This chapter also demonstrates how forced labor structured everyday life for inmates. Labor assignments determined with whom prisoners lived and interacted, and labor output determined the size of the rations that they received. Yet the economics of the Gulag also had an important informal side. The falsification of prisoner productivity data was widespread: brigade leaders attempted to inflate output numbers, and camp bosses repeated these falsifications in reports to their superiors. The workplace was also a location of frequent interaction between prisoners, exiles, and “free” workers, and this undermined efforts to isolate the Gulag from the “outside.”
Status and trends of biological control research, extension, and education in the United States
Authors: Leppla Norman C , LeBeck Lynn M , Johnson Marshall W 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The number of public-sector biological control scientists and practitioners in the United States was determined by a survey conducted in 2019. A total of 344 personnel were identified in 49 states and Washington DC; 218 employed by universities, 86 by the federal government and 36 by state departments of agriculture. There were 10-34 personnel in eight states, 6-9 in 11, and 0-5 in 31, overall averaging less than 50% of their combined effort on biological control. Applications for biological control agents included about 30% for row crops and vegetables; 12% each for orchards, urban landscapes, outdoor ornamentals, and forests; and 22% for the remainder. The federal government provided an average of 42% of the funding for university, federal, and state biological control research and extension. The states contributed 29-35%, commodity groups supplied 19-24%, and the remaining funds were from private sources. Of 54 universities in the United States, 18 conducted in-person classroom education and training in biological control, with seven offering courses via distance. However, another 18 universities had discontinued their comprehensive courses. Biological control instruction was incorporated into courses and workshops on integrated pest management and sustainable agriculture at 50 universities. Correspondingly, during the past 24 years, biological control has gradually developed from primarily an independent discipline to increasingly being part of integrated pest management. Classical, augmentative and conservation biological control have nevertheless remained distinguishable high priority subdisciplines. Funding continues to be essential for advancing biological control, requiring societal understanding and acceptance. Advancement of biological control in the United States will require increased investment in personnel and their education and training, along with delivery of effective pest management technologies.
New horizons in frailty identification via electronic frailty indices: early implementation lessons from experiences in England and the United States
Authors: Orkaby Ariela R , Callahan Kathryn E , Driver Jane A , Hudson Kristian , Clegg Andrew J , Pajewski Nicholas M 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Frailty represents an integrative prognostic marker of risk that associates with a myriad of age-related adverse outcomes in older adults. As a concept, frailty can help to target scarce resources and identify subgroups of vulnerable older adults that may benefit from interventions or changes in medical management, such as pursing less aggressive glycaemic targets for frail older adults with diabetes. In practice, however, there are several operational challenges to implementing frailty screening outside the confines of geriatric medicine. Electronic frailty indices (eFIs) based on the theory of deficit accumulation, derived from routine data housed in the electronic health record, have emerged as a rapid, feasible and valid approach to screen for frailty at scale. The goal of this paper is to describe the early experience of three diverse groups in developing, implementing and adopting eFIs (The English National Health Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs and Atrium Health—Wake Forest Baptist). These groups span different countries and organisational complexity, using eFIs for both research and clinical care, and represent different levels of progress with clinical implementation. Using an implementation science framework, we describe common elements of successful implementation in these settings and set an agenda for future research and expansion of eFI-informed initiatives.