bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of models used to assess the fate of chemicals in aquatic systems
Authors: Crossland Norman O. , Bennett David , Wolff Cor J. M. , Swannell Richard P. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive reference chemicals, 2,5,4′‐trichlorobiphenyl (3‐CB), chloroform, parathionmethyl (MEP), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 3,4‐dichloroaniline (DCA), were applied to experimental outdoor ponds by sub‐surface injection. Samples of water, sediment and vegetation were removed and analysed for residues at various intervals after treatment. The fate of these chemicals in the ponds was predicted through the use of process analyses and mathematical models. The predicted rates of loss were compared with experimental observations. Data obtained for 3‐CB were fitted to a three‐compartment model and this was used to calculate the rates of transport between water and sediment, and between water and vegetation. These processes are primarily dependent on turbulent mixing. In experiments with MEP it was shown that biodegradation was primarily associated with bacterial populations in the sediment rather than with those suspended in the water. The rate of biodegradation in sediment was relatively fast and there was no detectable lag phase. The sediment could therefore be considered a sink for MEP and the overall rate of loss of the latter was dependent on its rate of transport to the sediment. In an experiment with chloroform there was reasonably good agreement between predicted and observed rates of evaporation. However, observed rates were always greater than predicted rates, suggesting a systematic bias that may warrant further investigation. In experiments with PCP and DCA there was good agreement between predicted and observed rates of phototransformation.
Determination of sugarbeet herbicides in soil samples by hplc
Authors: Ghebbioni Cristina , Trevisan Marco 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDetermination of sugarbeet herbicides such as chloridazon, metamitron and phenmedipham in soil samples is described. After extraction with acetone, pesticides were determined by HPLC on an RP‐18 column using methanol/water as mobile phase. Average recoveries were 82% for chloridazon, 93% for metamitron and 77% for phenmedipham. Quantification limits were 3·5 μg kg−1 for chloridazon, 6·3 μg kg−1 for metamitron and 3·6 μg kg−1 for phenmedipham.
Soil sensitised generation of singlet oxygen in the photodegradation of bioresmethrin
Authors: Clements Paul , Wells Clifford H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ability of soil samples of pH 4·2, 5·5 and 7·2 to generate gaseous singlet oxygen was investigated using a separated‐surface‐sensitised reactor. It was found that the soil samples can act as sensitisers for the production of singlet oxygen in a similar fashion to the well known sensitisers chlorophyll and Rose Bengal. The reaction of singlet oxygen so produced with the pyrethroid insecticide, bioresmethrin, has been investigated.
Physicochemical properties of agrochemicals: Their effects on foliar penetration
Authors: Baker Edward A. , Hayes Ann L. , Butler Ruth C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUptake and translocation of 26 chemicals (herbicides, fungicides, growth regulators, insecticides and model compounds), formulated with and without ‘Ethylan TU’ (NP8) surfactant, have been determined 24, 48 and 72 h after spraying onto leaves of maize, rape, strawberry and sugar beet. Eight of the chemicals may be classified as polar (log partition coefficient (P) < 0) and 18 as lipophilic (log P 0·8‐4·6). Chemicals penetrated more readily into waxy leaves of rape and strawberry than into less‐waxy sugar beet, whilst lowest rates were observed for maize. Rates of uptake varied from exceedingly low (< 2% 72 h after application) for uracil, maleic hydrazide, isoproturon and methyl phenylurea applied to maize, to rapid (>98% within 24 h of application) for acephate and triadimefon applied to strawberry leaves. The effects of NP8 on rates of chemical uptake were classified into 4 types, viz:‐

low rates, with limited enhancement by NP8;
high rates unaffected by NP8;
marked enhancement by NP8 within 24 h; and
continuous enhancement by NP8 over 0‐72 h.
Translocation into the tissues immediately adjacent to the target site was greater for waxy than less‐waxy plants, enhancement by NP8 was attributed to its effects on penetration rather than to surfactant interactions at the sub‐cuticular level. Logarithms of physicochemical properties (partition coefficient, water solubility S, molecular weight MW), together with deposit area and melting point (m.p.) values were used to investigate relationships with uptake and translocation. In most cases the variability could not be described adequately in a simple linear form. Regressions using the entire group of 26 chemicals also showed poor correlations between uptake patterns and individual variables. Polynomials in log S, log P, log MW and m.p. were used to test for complex relationships. A quadratic polynomial in log P, log S and m.p. accounted for slightly more (77%) of the variability between the means for total uptake than a cubic polynomial in log P and log S (75%). Although both regressions were significant, the ‘lack of fit’ indicated that other factors need to be included to account fully for the variability in rates of uptake and translocation.
Filling characteristics and dosing accuracy of volumetric dosing devices in vertical form—fill—seal machines
Authors: Hohmann H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA Study has been made of the physical characteristics of the participate products to be filled in vertical form‐fill‐seal machines and the configuration and dimensions of the filling and dosing devices commonly employed.Filling from cups with different opening mechanisms and filling systems using an auger have been examined, and the dosing accuracy found in all instances to be more dependent on variations in the bulk density, general particle shape and size etc. of the product being filled than on the dimensions etc of the filling device.Results are reported on many of the possible characteristics in an attempt to find the relevant one(s) but it is concluded that our knowledge of product characteristics is insufficient and that more research is required.
Mechanical stresses on products during air cargo transportation
Authors: Trost Thomas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA field study was conducted on board a Boeing 747 Combi (freight and passenger) aircraft on the route Stockholm (Arlanda) via Oslo (Gardermoen) to New York (John F. Kennedy Airport) and return to Stockholm (Arlanda). Shock and vibration, acting on the cargo, during air transportation were measured and analysed.The study encompassed all phases of the flight, including taxiing, climb, cruise during both calm and turbulent conditions, descent and approach, landing including touchdown and taxiing to apron.The field data were analysed by conventional frequency analysis and modelling techniques. In order to generalize the results, flight recorder data from the field trial and from other flights are included.Guide‐lines for the development of realistic, simulation test programs for product and package design are included.
Military packaging in the UK today
Authors: Slate P. M. B. , Freeman R. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEquipment for the Defence Services is daily becoming more expensive and more sophisticated and it therefore has to have a high reliability to enable the serviceman to have confidence in it. Therefore the quality and design of packaging coupled with its cost effectiveness is everyones business whether they be in design, development, production, purchasing, supply management, operational maintenance, storage, distribution or quality assurance and the aim must be that‚packaging is as important as the materiel it contains'. The paper outlines the way in which the packaging needs of the British Army, Navy and Air Force are met by the Central Packaging Unit (CPU) of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The equipment for testing is briefly described and the main R & D projects outlined.
Evaluation of the potential mutagenicity of plastics packaging by testing food simulant extracts
Authors: Hens L. , Loxt F. , Susanne C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method of evaluating the mutagenicity of extracts from plastic food packaging materials has been developed using sister chromatid exchange (SCE). The procedure for the plastics material (PVC, PS and PP) is based upon a Soxhlet extraction and the operations of dispersing the polymer into an adequate solvent followed by precipitation with methanol, filtration and evaporation to dryness of the filtrate containing the total mix of additives.The solvents used are double‐distilled water, simulating most aqueous liquid foods, and n‐heptane as a fat simulant.The extracts were added to cell cultures of human lymphocytes. The mutagenetic activity of this mixture was evaluated using an SCE test. No extract showed any such activity. The study demonstrated that the SCE test on human lymphocytes can be used as a valid method for evaluating the mutagenic quality of complex mixtures.
The effectiveness of the United Nations' leakproofness tests
Authors: Löschau Gerhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe regulations for the packaging of dangerous goods, which are applicable world‐wide for the various modes of transport, include performance tests. It is impossible to conduct laboratory tests for every environmental condition, but the tests can produce a conservative estimate of the situation during transport. This paper analyses the so‐called leakproofness test as one of the design‐type tests for packagings covered by the United Nations' (UN) recommendations for dangerous goods.
Vibration testing of filled packages at different stress levels and vibration modes: With special emphasis on 1‐litre pure‐pak milk cartons
Authors: Sundell Hans A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPure‐Pak milk cartons were placed in a shipping unit (rolling container) with a capacity of 160 1‐litre cartons. Standing on a vibration table, the shipping units were subjected to both typical and severe vibration stresses. The table was driven by tape recorder, containing the actual vibration signals from a truck. One‐ and two‐dimensional vibration modes were used. The leakage frequencies of the milk cartons were recorded and the results discussed with respect to both stress levels and vibration mode.
Preservation of freshness of yellowtail fillet packaged using carbon dioxide‐nitrogen gas mixture
Authors: Yasuda Matsui , Nishino Hajime , Chiba Tokiko , Nakano Hisako , Yokoyama Michio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGas‐exchange packaging was studied as a method of maintaining the freshness of fish‐farm‐cultured yellowtail, and its effectiveness was examined. The fish‐farm‐cultured yellowtail was processed into three layers (two fillets plus bones). Half of these fillets were wrapped using co‐extruded ethylene vinyl acetate/polyvinylidene chloride/polyolefin film. The gas used, which was sealed into the packaging, was a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide (N2/CO2:60/40). Packages were kept at 5°C. The other half of the fillets were packaged in stretch‐wrap made of PVC, for comparison. The effectiveness of both types of packaging on maintaining freshness was examined. Results show that stretch‐wrap‐packaged yellowtail suffered discoloration of the dark meat sections and a degeneration of quality during the first day of preservation. Discoloration was extremely marked by the 3rd day and the fish was completely valueless as merchandise. In contrast, gas packaging of yellowtail prevented rapid discoloration, maintained taste and texture, and suppressed the growth of bacteria, to give a 3‐4‐day shelf‐life for the fish which was to be used subsequently as sashimi.
Comparative sorption of citrus flavor compounds by low density polyethylene
Authors: Halek G. W. , Meyers M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMixtures of seven characteristic flavor solutes commonly found in orange juice were studied for their interaction with low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) from aqueous solutions at 20°C. Precautions were taken to avoid thermal and chemical degradation of the flavor solutes and degradation components were not found by HPLC analysis. Hydrocarbon monoterpenes showed 30–40% sorption by the LDPE over a 25‐day period. Oxygenated monoterpenes showed ca. 10% sorption in the same time period. Further study of one of the hydrocarbon terpenes (d‐limonene) showed both adsorption (surface attraction) and absorption (matrix dissolution), while its analogous oxygenated terpene (I‐carvone) displayed predominantly adsorption. These findings are useful for deciding proper compensations for changes in flavor profiles in packaged orange juices in contact with LDPE. They also illustrate the importance of learning the nature of polymer‐flavour interactions between foods and packaging materials.
Packaging production and consumption in the world and in some industrialized countries
Authors: Pariat Maurice , Pothet Jean‐Paul , Veaux Michel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper reports on statistics concerning production and consumption of packaging (as a whole or per capita) in Europe, in the USA, in Japan and in the world. Data have been provided by National Trade Associations and by consultants specialized in packaging and in economics. It is estimated that in 1986 the global consumption of packaging reached 150 millions of tonnes valued at 1200 billions of French francs. Consumption could reach 247 million tonnes by the year 2000. Paper and board have the highest consumption rate, but plastics have the highest rate of growth. Nevertheless, consumption per capita in the industrialized countries will be more than 10 times the consumption in underdeveloped countries. The packaging industries take fourth place in the USA, sixth in Western Germany and twelfth in France.In Europe, as in the world, paper and board is the material most used (40%), with glass (a high density material) taking second place and plastics third, i.e. if we consider the quantity of materials and not their value. Some differences appear between the various countries, but the figures for USA and Japan lead to similar conclusions.The survey shows clearly that the USA as compared with Europe has twice the consumption of packaging materials per capita and this difference is even greater compared with the rest of the world.
Polyvinyl chloride and its organotin stabilizers with special reference to packaging materials and commodities: A review
Authors: Figge K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic that has entered practically all areas of life as a cheap and versatile material. Since PVC also fulfils the high quality requirements placed on modern packaging materials, with respect to packaging techniques and consumer protection, it is being used to an increasing extent for packaging of food and beverages as well as pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The various additives required for processing PVC into packaging materials and commodity articles, as well as improving its properties during usage (e.g. lubricants and stabilizers), are harmless with regard to human and ecotoxicological aspects. Their use is non‐hazardous and is therefore permitted by authorities. In the group of thermo‐ and light stabilizers for PVC, mixtures of mono‐ and dialkyltin thioglycolates play a major role. In accordance with legislation, these are allowed to be used in rigid PVC. In addition to their excellent stabilizing effect, they are not hazardous to the health of consumers of products packed in rigid PVC.Similarly, no health hazards exist to personnel, working in PVC production and processing plants, from volatile components of organotin stabilizers provided that processing and environmental prerequisites of modern technology are observed. The disposal of household waste that contains used PVC materials — stabilized with mixtures of mono‐ and dialkyltin thioglycolates — does not cause additional difficulties.
A laboratory model of climatic stress and prediction of protective package life
Authors: Kubeš Jaroslav 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe paper formulates a complex model of climatic stress, which influences packages during transport and/or storage in natural climatic conditions. As all methods of prediction of material deterioration under real operating conditions are necessarily based on model test results, the proposed laboratory model works both with dominant sensitivities (or features) of the protected product and the main climatic hazards that may cause damage during distribution. The model is solved as a set of rules, which determine—within the pre‐defined limits—the laboratory multitest schedule for each specific case.The philosophy of the test is based on a well‐known idea that transformation of the real stress into a model stress makes it possible, for any real time, place and conditions, to deduce an equivalent model stress. The direct relation between test schedule and real climatic conditions is provided by selecting such test parameters (temperature, both relative and absolute humidity, UV radiation, additional mechanical stress) as those that arise from the real climatic characteristics.Values of the probable maximum climatic hazards during transport and/or storage were determined on the basis of an analysis of the daily, monthly and yearly meteorological data f rom more than 500 stations in Europe and Asia. The results were combined with those of monitoring parameters of transport container microclimates during land and sea transport.From the viewpoint of economic pressure relating to the development of modern protective systems, the test helps to meet the rising demand for package reliability while decreasing their production costs.
Effects of ionizing treatments on packaging ‐food simulant combinations
Authors: Pillette Lucien 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResearch relating to ionizing treatment has been carried out on ‘food simulants polyethylene film’ combinations. Pouches have been irradiated by gamma photons or accelerated electrons at a 10kGy dose. Overall, the migration test has given some interesting results, particularly in the case of acid simulant, where a limit of validity has been found for the overall migration method. Many radiolytic products and degradation reactions have been indicated, and it has been established that the high permeability of packaging film to oxygen had influenced the radiolytic product yields. The results show some interactions between packaging film and food simulant under irradiation conditions.
Application of high‐speed motion analysis to measure shock in cushioned drops
Authors: Marcondes J. , Waldeck J. , Burgess G. , Singh S. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA high‐speed motion analysis technique for measuring shocks in cushioned drops is developed and compared with the conventional accelerometer method. Actual drop‐test results show significant differences between the measured peak decelerations using the two methods. The drop‐test results are also compared with the published cushion‐curve data and are again found to be in disagreement. The errors associated with each method are discussed and related back to the observed differences in measured acceleration.
Cause of catty odour formation in packaged food
Authors: Franz R. , Kluge S. , Lindner A. , Piringer O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn two different ‘cook‐in‐the‐bag’ ham products packed in polyamide‐ethylene ionomer laminate pouches, the same obtrusive catty off‐odour was complained about. In this paper the analytical resolution of a complex off‐odour problem is described. Identification of the catty odour as the mesityf oxide‐hydrogen sulphide adduct 4‐methyl‐4‐mercaptopentan‐2‐one is followed by investigating the formation of the off‐odour with the aid of different model experiments. It is pointed out that the ethylene ionomer material that is used for the sealing layer of the multilayer packaging film has some dehydration property for diacetone alcohol, which was found as a residual solvent in the film material in question. Probably this pathway seems most likely to be responsible for the off‐odour.
Modelling acidic corrosion of aluminium foil in contact with foods
Authors: Piergiovanni Luciano , Fava Patrizia , Ciappellano Salvatore , Testolin Giulio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe possible interaction between non‐coated aluminium and foods was studied using the corrosion behaviour of an aluminium household foil under different conditions of acidity, dissolved oxygen and temperature of the contacting phase.The aluminium foil was kept in contact with acetic acid solutions of pH values varying from 2.5 to 3.5 and dissolved oxygen concentrations between 0 and 8 ppm, under different conditions of temperature (from 0.3 to 50 °C) and contact time between 24 and 120 h. Corrosion was always detected and it was shown that all three variables influence the rate, and consequently the extent, of the interaction but pH and temperature have a greater effect since their relationships with rate are of an exponential nature. The relationship between corrosion rate and dissolved oxygen, however, is linear and has a minor accelerating effect on the corrosion rate.By applying the Arrhehius equation it was possible to evaluate the thermal sensitivity of the phenomenon with respect to the different variables.The activation energies vary between 31–635 and 88–471 J mol−1, indicating a higher thermal sensitivity at the lowest pH values and highest dissolved oxygen amounts.
Packaging and physical properties of food
Authors: Yano Toshimasa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen packaging technology reaches a certain level, it should be prepared for a variety of demands from the packed‐side about how to be packed. Knowledge of physical properties of food will be of importance to solve problems for controlling the food quality both during and after packaging. In this review paper, first the importance of controlling the water activity of the food is explained in relation to chemical and biochemical reactions.The significance of hysteretic in the process of drying and wetting is also indicated. Second, progress in the prediction of the thermal properties of food is reviewed. Special attention is paid to the systematic understanding of the effective thermal conductivity of various foods. Third, the seemingly irregular archeological behaviour of food materials is presented with recent theoretical explanations. Development in computational techniques helps to solve problems that have previously been left unsolved.
Oxygen diffusion rate through the gamma bottle and associated kinetic effects on tomato ketchup
Authors: Burgess Christine , Burgess Gary , Ofoli Robert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn experiment was performed to measure the oxygen transmission rate through the Gamma squeeze bottle for tomato ketchup and to determine the permeability constant for the Gamma material itself. Another experiment was carried out to study the change in the co lour of ketchup after long‐term exposure to an oxygen‐rich environment and to establish a minimum acceptable redness level for ketchup as measured by a standard Chroma Meter®. (Minolta Camera Co). The combined results were then used to determine the reaction rate between oxygen and ketchup and to predict the shelf‐life for co lour stability of ketchup packaged in the Gamma bottle. The predicted shelf‐life is at least 206 days.