bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hahn und Meitner, Merton und Matthäus. Zur Namengebung einer deutschen Großforschungseinrichtung
Authors: Weiss Burghard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn December 1956, the building of the former Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Institute for Chemistry in Berlin‐Dahlem where Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann had discovered nuclear fission in 1938 was namedOtto‐Hahn‐Bau der Freien Universität. Simultaneously a bronze plate commemorating the discovery of fission was unveiled. The idea to honour Hahn at the place of his discovery originated from Max von Laue who had come back to Berlin in 1951 to take up directorship of the Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Institute for Physical Chemistry (nowFritz‐Haber‐Institut). By drawing upon the Laue Papers now in the Archives of the Max Planck Society it is shown that the Hahn ceremony was intended as a political demonstration to foster nuclear research in the western sectors of Berlin where — differing from the Federal Republic of Germany — allied research restrictions were kept in force. Laue's plan for the Hahn ceremony was vigourosly supported by a group of Berlin university professors. Eager to participate in funds provided by the Federal Ministry for Atomic Affairs in 1955 they had composed a memorandum calling for financial support of nuclear research in universities and demanding the foundation of a central research institute disposing of a nuclear reactor. A ceremony recollecting that it was Berlin where nuclear research had originated seemed instrumental. The name of Hahn stood for an academic tradition seemingly uncompromised by nationalsocialism. But Laue's intention to gain greatest publicity possible met the opposition of Hahn and Lise Meitner who had been assigned by Laue to hold the commemorative lecture. The ceremony had to be reduced in scale. Protests which arose about not including Lise Meitner into the honour were met by awarding her an honorary degree of the Free University in 1957 and by joining her name to Hahn's in naming the newly founded nuclear research instituteHahn‐Meitner‐Institut für Kernforschung Berlinin 1959. This case study illustrates the fact already emphasized by Robert K. Merton that scientific honours more than once do not have their ends in themselves but are serving certain needs and purposes of the scientific community.
Körpergefühl und Raumvorstellung: Leonardo und Descartes
Authors: Putscher Marielene 
Published: October 2006

Abstract“Experience and the conception of the world in science in transition to modern times” is the general subject. There are two different points to be made clear, i.e.1. That the conception of the world had to be made imaginable by art before it could be taken over by science. The central perspective dates back to about three centuries before the time Descartes developed the co‐ordinate system.2. Furthermore it should be taken into account that it was first of all due to the lead of the painters (especially in the Italy of the Quattrocento’) that the possibility of making experiences had changed. In a space opened by a perspective view and seemingly thus appearing as measurable even the painted figures acquire a new reality. Due to his anatomic studies Leonardo could treat the natural movement of the figures shown in his paintings.It was the artists who first of all investigated optics and anatomy before relations could be measured with the aid of scientific methods ami before quantities — instead of qualities — could become the base of unbiased science, as called for by Galilei in 1623.
Die Pansophie des Comenius und der Baconismus der Royal Society
Authors: Schaller Klaus 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe specific comprehension of the subject of the modern times in the 17th century articulates itself in the pretension to be the master of the world of nature and human beings. This pretension, however, was not longer legitimated in a theological or biblical argumentation, but with the philosophical hint on a special qualification of the human being: knowledge and science. In this view, the philosophical reflections of Francis Bacon of Verulam, which were culminating in the well‐known judgement of the coincidence of knowledge and power, became the very important philosophy of science of the most prominent academy of sciences in the 17th century: The Royal Society of London. This “Baconism” distincted himself strictly from all questions belonging to religion, politics, social or moral problems. This distinction was the reason for its opposition to the “Pansophie” of Johann Amos Comenius, whose main intention was the general reformation of the whole world, including a reform of science, religion and politics. The insistence of Comenius for the social responsibility of science is still up‐to‐date.
Anfänge von Wissenschaft im Kontext der frühmesopotamischen ‘städtischen Revolution’
Authors: Høyrup Jens 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA theme like “town and science” invites to comparative analysis, and suggests questions like these: Is the urban context a particularly fertile soil for the development of scientific thinking? Or rather the contrary? Is it fertile or barren under specific circumstances? Or does it favour a particular kind of scientific activity?General answers to such questions can hardly be found; still, they may provide case studies with a guiding perspective. Case studies, on the other hand, may lead to better understanding of the implications of the general questions if not to answers. In the following I therefore try to read the emergence of Mesopotamian mathematics into the context of the “urban revolution” and the rise of states (c. 3300 to c. 2300 B.C.).Mesopotamian city states appeared in the late fourth millennium B.C., and were eventually absorbed in larger territorial states a thousand years later. Contemporary with the incipient state formation was the creation of a script and of genuine, coherent mathematics. Both were based on earlier accounting techniques, both were used by Temple officials for administrative purposes, and both were marked decisively by this application. At the same time, both presuppose modes of thought which are not produced directly by their application but only as mediated by a school system.In the mid‐third millennium, an autonomous scribal profession appears for the first time. At the same time emerge the first literary texts and the first “pure” mathematical problems (i.e., problems not directed at or following the pattern of genuine application). It seems as if the scribes, as soon as they were emancipated as a craft, tried out the range of their professional tools.Neither the use of writing for literary purposes nor the possibility to use numbers for “higher” computation were forgotten when the city states were absorbed in larger social systems. Both, however, were subsumed by the interest of the new territorial state, the former as a means to propagate royal ideology, the latter in the royal administration.The final section of the article compares this early Mesopotamian development with other instances of the “urban revolution” and with the development of scientific thought in the Ancient Greek city state and in the context of Medieval city communes.
Kleinstadt und Bibliothek in der Frühmoderne. Zu Genese und Struktur der Ratsbibliothek der fränkischen Reichsstadt Weißenburg
Authors: Müller Rainer A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSmall town and library in early modern times: Even small German imperial towns in particular were unable to conduct their daily business without maintaining a library with a wide range of excellent and usefull books suitable for employment by the judiciary, the administration, the health‐care services, the church and school system as well as for supporting the interests of the town effectively. It is clear that the municipial council placed high value on the acquisition of the most important works in the field of law, theology and literature treated in school considering the relatively rational manner in which the “Ratsbibliothek” (library of the council) of the imperial town of Weißenburg (Bavaria) took stock of its books in the early modern times (16th to 18th century): this can be seen in the contemporary cataloguing (1600/1745/1829) of the library. Since the library orientated itself pragmatically towards the administrative interests of the town, there was hardly any inclination towards the acquisition of works in the fields of philosophy or poetry. — This study is based on the first edition of the “Beringer‐catalogue” included (1600).
Das Denken über die Großstadt um 1900 Deutsche Stellungnahmen zum urbanen Lebensraum im internationalen Vergleich
Authors: Lees Andrew 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis essay treats perceptions of urban society by scholars in Europe and America during the years just before and after 1900. It focuses on a series of lectures held in Dresden in connection with a major exhibition on cities and published in 1903 under the title Die Großstadt: Vorträge und Aufsätze zur Städteausstellung, but it also points out the ways in which the ideas expressed in Dresden reflected broader intellectual trends elsewhere. It also emphasizes German acceptance of the big city and willingness to seek forward‐looking solutions for urban problems.
“Mehr Licht, mehr Luft” — wissenschaftliche Hygiene und Stadtentwicklung in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Rodenstein Marianne , Rodenstein Marianne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSince 1870 a group of planners tried to ground urban planning scientifically in economy, engineering and hygiene. It is argued that hygiene as a newly developed natural science provided planners with a lot of good arguments to legitimize a change in the traditional urban planning regulations. These had not been able to prevent the chaotic growth of big cities that resulted in a housing misery, in large block of flats, and in noisy and smelling factories neighboring better class housing.Hygienic reasoning concerned with sunlight (because of its germ killing capacity), air, and ventilation (to drive away miasma) was transformed into urban planning and, than, stood for lesser hight of buildings, more space between large blocks of flats, and different parts of town for industry and housing. Planning regulations with these ends were often opposed by owners who did not accept the devaluation of their property. Therefore it was not before 1918 that these hygienically motivated planning regulations could be set into practice by a new ruling class.
Kommunalisierung als moderne Antwort auf Durchstaatlichung?. Städtische Hochschulgründungen im späten Kaiserreich: Das Beispiel Frankfurt am Main
Authors: Bruch Rüdiger Vom 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the crisis of the modern German “Humboldt‐Universität” within the industrial society some university foundations of the Kaiserreich effected basical reforms. The “Reichsuniversität” Straßburg (1872) influenced the future centralized state university policy in Prussia, according to the “System Althoff”, whereas the local foundation of the University of Frankfurt/Main in 1914 realized the decentral promotion of sciences by the citizens. Jewish donations and interests in making a career, successfully united with middle class social reformers and with massive local interests in founding a university, which based on an already existing, most differenciated scientific infrastructure. The Frankfurt model realized in an excellent manner a schedule of science in and for the city of Frankfurt, the impact of which was a stimulating intellectual climate and an important part of the renovation of the German universities.
Deutsch‐italienische Wissenschaftsbeziehungen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert — Dimensionen und Perspektiven
Authors: Von Engelhardt Dietrich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe scientific interrelationships between Italy and Germany in the 18th and 19th centuries — a hitherto neglected area of research — are discussed in an overview according to the following ten dimensions: language knowledge and translations; reviews and bibliographies; library content; personal contents and correspondance; travel reports and travel guides; diaries and autobiographies; university studies and research sojourns; membership in academies and scientific societies; practical and theoretical resonance; comparisons to other countries. This approach, which has to be concretized in future studies, promises at the same time general insights into the logic of science and its progress.
Venedig und die Wissenschaftssprachen. (30. Symposium der Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsgeschichte im Deutschen Studienzentrum in Venedig, 20.‐23. Mai 1993)
Authors: Bergdolt Klaus 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLanguages of science, the idioms of learning and teaching, depend on intellectual trends and cultural developments. Their characteristic adaptation and transformation was particularly evident in the Venetian history of mind which influenced — comparable to the humanist circles of Florence and Rome — wide parts of Europe. In the 12th century James of Venice translated Aristotle directly from the Greek originals, thus forming a new scholastic idiom, whereas — in the 14th century — Petrarch attacked the lingua franca of the scholastic researchers, stressing the importance of poetic and rhetoric elements. Scholastic and humanistic languages were regarded as irreconcilable. In the 15th century an approach was enabled by Bessarion and Ermolao Barbaro who accepted Aristotle and natural sciences as humanistic topics. Around 1500 the famous Venetian printing offices spread the specific idioms of science and researching in the European countries.
Die Einheit der Wissenschaftssprache. Einige wissenschaftstheoretische und wissenschaftshistorische Anmerkungen
Authors: Mittelstraß Jürgen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmong those conceptions of the history of science which deal with the formation of theories is the concept of the unity of science. This unity is in turn based on the unity of scientific method, the unity of scientific laws and the unity of the language of science. After a systematic explication of modern approaches, historical conceptions of the unity of the language of science are described and analyzed. To these belong first of all the idea of a mathesis universalis and the so called Leibniz program, which leads to the architecture of a Leibniz world.
Die Beschreibung, Erfassung und Deutung des Fremden in der Sprache des Rechts
Authors: Troje Hans Erich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe article has three parts. In the first part (A) the author presents three texts from very different times. In the second (B) he develops the analytical differentiation between three grades of strangeness, firstly the friendly strange(r), secondly the hostile strange(r) and thirdly the absolute strange(r). In the third part (C) a general set of techniques of description, comprehension and interpretation of the strange(r) in the language of law is given, and secondly a set of some other techniques specific to the three grades of strangeness is proposed.
Der Kampf gegen den „Schwarzen Tod”︁. Quarantäne und Epidemiebekämpfung der frühen Neuzeit im Mittelmeer aufgezeigt am Beispiel Maltas
Authors: Freller Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDuring early modern period Mediterranean people feared epidemics far more than war and other destructive activities. Where epidemics, especially the plague, struck, all communications broke down and trade just withered away. With the coming of the Knights of St. John in 1530 the Maltese Islands became increasingly important as an international boarding place in the very center of the Mediterranean. Soon the maritime development of the Order's State was enhanced by the high regard in which the Maltese Quarantine System was held by European countries in the 17th and 18th century. The aetiology of plague was then unknown and the restrictive measures adopted by the Maltese Quarantine System too were in accordance with the approved epidemiological practices and theories of the time. This article tries to single out the importance of the Maltese Quarantine as a kind of medical “shield” for the southern European countries.
Das Arabische als Vermittler und Anreger europäischer Wissenschaftssprache
Authors: Kunitzsch Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe role played by the ‘Arabs’, i. e. the peoples of Arabic‐Islamic civilization, in the transmission and development of the sciences — from Antiquity and into medieval Europe — is well known. In the present contribution it is discussed in which way the ‘Arabs’ formed their own scientific terminology and in which way they contributed to the formation and development of the Western, European scientific terminology. In the translations of scientific works from Arabic into Latin in the middle ages, mainly four ways of rendering the Arabic terminology are observed: simple transliteration; modified Latinized transliteration; literal translation; and free rendering by newly formed or inherited Latin or Greek terms. In the course of time, transliterated Arabic terms were more and more suppressed — though many of them live on among us until today — and supplied by corresponding Western terminology.
Überlieferungs‐ und Verständnisprobleme im medizinischen Latein des frühen Mittelalters
Authors: Fischer Klaus‐Dietrich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn most instances, knowledge is passed on through the medium of language. The author tries to demonstrate to what extent the Latin present in early medieval Latin medical treatises failed to fulfill its role as an efficient medium of communication, which factors may account for this failure and how scholars in the middle ages strove to restore sense in texts in various stages of corruption, an attempt that was bound to be unsuccessful in many cases owing to a lack of reliable dictionaries.
Isolde Hausser (7. 12. 1889‐5. 10. 1951), Technische Physikerin und Wissenschaftlerin am Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐/Max‐Planck‐Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg
Authors: Fuchs Margot 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHistorical sociobiographic accounts on members of the scientific and technical professions in the years of the Weimar Republic and after, are as yet scarce. This applies notably to women in the scientific community. Having formally been admitted to academic studies at German Universities only in 1908, their claims of wanting to apply their newly gained knowledge and to pursue academic careers were still not unquestioned by society. The social and cognitive integration of “the female” in male dominated science organisation, especially in the natural sciences and their kin fields in industry, remains problematic to‐day.Isolde Hausser, daughter of the ambitious but little succesful inventor‐entrepreneur Hermann Ganswindt, took her doctoral degree in physics at Berlin University in 1914, then worked as head of a group at a “Telefunken” laboratory for vacuum tubes till 1929, before she became research scientist at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg. There she worked on photoerythemaes and the formation of pigment and discovered the specific action of longwave ultraviolet. She contributed important results to our knowledge on the constitution and the behaviour of organic compounds by modern physical methods. She died of cancer on 5th October, 1951.
Galilei als Methodologe
Authors: Mittelstraß Jürgen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGalileo did not develop a systematic methodology but rather a methodical form which represents an essential part of the development of modern scientific thought. Keywords to the methodical form of Galileo's thought are: 1) The geometrization of the sciences (‘mathematization of nature’) ‐ this refers especially to the explication of the methodological priority of a theory of measurement. 2) Argomento ex suppositione, that is, the coupling of the originally proof‐theoretical distinction between analysis and synthesis to elements of a methodology of empirical science. 3) The axiomatic structure of mechanics that corresponds to the modern semantic theory conception and to constructivist conceptions of the philosophy of science. 4) A constructive (or instrumental) concept of experience, which replaces the Aristotelian concept of a phenomenal experience in the construction of physics.
Genetic toxicology studies using saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zimmermann F. K. , Mayer V. W. , Parry J. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in genetic toxicology testing is discussed. The biology of this unicellular eukaryote allows the study of genetic effects in haploid and diploid cells, and in mitotic as well as meiotic cultures. It is at present a prime organism for the study of eukaryotic molecular genetics and cell biology. The genetic system has been thoroughly analysed, and many different types of genetic end points can be studied by using genetically well‐defined but simple tests. Induction of point mutation has been investigated in a number of strains, both in forward and selective reverse mutation assays. One of the most frequently studied genetic effects has been the induction of mitotic recombination. This test has shown a good response to many mutagens and carcinogens, and must be considered as a repair test since mitotic recombination is inducible by damage inflicted upon the genetic nuclear material. There are basically two types of mitotic recombination. At the intragenic level, recombination between different mutational alterations within the same gene can conveniently be studied by using selective techniques; it is due principally to the occurrence of non‐reciprocal recombination between the two mutation sites and is now called mitotic gene conversion. Another type of mitotic recombination is the classical type of reciprocal crossing‐over. Even though testing by using mitotic crossing‐over and associated processes (cumulatively called mitotic segregation) has been based on non‐selective techniques, there is a considerable volume of testing data. Tests for chromosomal malsegregation leading to aneuploidy are now available, but the number of agents tested is still small. Various important and critical aspects of using different yeast systems are discussed. Metabolic activation in yeast is provided by endogeneous P450 systems, but exogenous activation of various kinds, including that available in host mediated assays, has successfully been used.
Action of a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug on gastric mucosa of rats
Authors: Sánchez R. H. , Mucignat M. T. , Salseduc M. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe simultaneous anti‐inflammatory and ulcerogenic action of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs is already well known. The present study was carried out to evaluate the possible effect of talniflumate on the gastric system. Different tests and animal models were used. These included the action on normal and pre‐stressed rats, and, in addition, on animals with experimental ulcers or with increased gastric sensitivity through an aggressive factor. In tolerance tests, with or without stress, the lesion index observed with talniflumate was significantly lower as compared with other compounds. Under simultaneous action of an aggressive agent, talniflumate does not differ from saline solution, used as control. The well defined gastric damage (ulceration and hemorrhage) associated with non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs was not observed in talniflumate treatments, while pharmacological effect was conserved.