bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Social Relevance of Spirits
Authors: Cohen Emma 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChapter 8 considers the relevance of spirits to everyday life (e.g. healing, counseling, etc.). It offers a generalizable explanation for the widespread attribution of personal misfortune to supernatural causes (e.g. divine retribution, sorcery, etc.). It is suggested that the widespread association between spirits (and other supernatural agents) and practices concerning healing and the betterment of life circumstances is supported by mechanisms of normal, human cognition that deal with social causation.
Explaining Distributions of Spirit Concepts and Spirit Possession
Authors: Cohen Emma 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChapter 9 tackles questions concerning the apparently variable distribution and relevance of spirit concepts and possession (e.g. the high degree of women's participation relative to men's participation in possession cults). Taking some of the necessary cognitive mechanisms for the emergence and spread of spirit concepts described in chapters 6–8, this chapter considers what environmental and other factors may enhance or inhibit the natural output of these mechanisms.
EIGHT Coda
Authors: Ellis E. Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter surveys the remaining states of North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, where taxes were levied against branches of the 2 BUS, and demonstrates how fragmented, different and uncoordinated these developments were. This chapter also deals with Andrew Jackson's veto of the bill rechartering the 2 BUS in 1832 and which was essentially a response to Marshall's argument in McCulloch v. Maryland. Finally, the chapter briefly tries to explain how as a consequence of various social, political, economic and ideological changes over time Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland has become one of the most influential decisions in the history of the US Supreme Court.
The Religious Dynamic of the Cromwellian Invasion
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides a thorough account of the Cromwellian invasion and its political background and military history, illustrating the centrality of its religious dynamic. It contextualizes the theological debates by describing the economic condition of the administration, the religious condition of the army, and the tensions between the religious needs of protestant soldiers and those of the Irish natives. It describes the reading culture of the period in the context of the Atlantic archipelago, and the competing ideas of reformation and emerging denominational networks alongside the insistent primitivism, prophetic individualism, and anticlericalism of the period.
Baptism
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about baptism. Those on the radical left of Puritanism, such as Quakers and Seekers, argued that baptism was redundant in the age of the Spirit. Baptists denied their claims and argued that immersion in water ought to follow conversion. Presbyterians and Independents disagreed, arguing instead that baptism should also be provided for the children of “visible saints” and, it was occasionally claimed, also for the children of those who were not “visible saints.” This chapter demonstrates that both Baptists and those who favored the baptism of children were debating the issue through the lens of covenant theology.
Church Government and Social Control
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about church government. Quakers and Seekers denied any locus of authority beyond the “inner light.” Baptists and Independents argued that the proper basis of authority lay within the leadership of the local congregation. Presbyterians argued instead for a hierarchy of church courts, from the local elders to the General Assembly, while Episcopalians argued for a hierarchy of individuals in church offices. These debates were conducted alongside the pressing need to implement social control, local attempts to establish a clerical hegemony, and the civil administration's construction of the Civil List, which cut the link between preachers and congregations and put many clergy under government control. The debate about social control acted as a catalyst for emerging associations of clergy and early denominational structures.
The Possibility of the Extraordinary
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about the possibility of the extraordinary. This debate cut across the emerging denominational structures, as preachers and theologians debated the orthodoxy of miracles, prophecies, and the certainty of answered prayer. This debate highlighted the eclecticism at the heart of the Cromwellian reformation, as prominent clergy developed a spirituality that was apparently at odds with their scholastic puritan heritage.
Foreign Savings and Direct Investment
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter estimates the overall net foreign savings and resources brought into the country, and their contribution to domestic saving beyond meeting consumption needs and providing foreign exchange. This is followed by a more focused study of foreign direct investment as a source of increasing investment in the country. Following a review of the government FDI policies and its development in stages, the characteristics of FDI, the scale, and the extent of joint ownership with local investors are investigated. This is supplemented with an assessment of its economic impact on domestic investment, employment, economic growth, economic stability, balance of payments, and its contribution to the technological advancement of the country's manufacturing firms. The chapter also evaluates the effectiveness of the government's past FDI policies and presents a brief survey of the challenges facing South Korea's future FDI policy.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the path of economic development and capital formation during the half-century after the Korean War, and evaluates the means used for South Korea's success. The chapter also assesses the prospects for South Korea's future economic development and capital formation under a democratically elected government, still in its infancy. It speculates on South Korea's chances of attaining the levels reached by neighboring countries such as Taiwan, Singapore, China, and even Japan, and the challenges it faces to achieve this. Five major challenges faced by South Korea are discussed: improving the government's management ability, progress in technology, better labor-management relations, equitable income distribution, resolution of the so-called jaebeol problems, and the reunification of North Korea and South Korea.
Appendix 1
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This appendix presents background information and detail for a variety of Tantric texts to offer a more comprehensive picture of the texts used for this study as well as for other Tantric texts not used. This appendix offers a comparison with other Tantric texts specifically as they pertain to representations of women. Some prominent examples of other texts referenced here include for instance the Kulārṇava Tantra, Yoginī Tantra, Kaulajñānanirṇaya, Kālikā Purāṇa, Mahānirvāṇa Tantra. Also, looking at the history of the Northeast region of India, Assam in particular, and the wider cultural images of women for medieval Assam may help to explain some of the particular attitudes towards women found in the group of texts used for this study. Thus, after addressing the sources, the second part of this appendix addresses the historical context, particularly with a view to women and attitudes towards women.
God in a Suffering Cosmos
Authors: Schaab Gloria L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChapter 1 explores the state of the question of divine passibility in contemporary theology. After reviewing some of the contemporary critiques of a theology of the suffering of God, it recounts and analyzes several representative proposals toward a theology of the suffering of God that are distinct in their hermeneutical approaches: the biblical theology of Jürgen Moltmann, the liberation theology of Jon Sobrino, the process theology of Daniel Day Williams, and the feminist‐ecological theology of Sallie McFague. Despite the viability of each of these proposals within their specific hermeneutical perspectives, there are limitations in each of these proposals for a theology of divine suffering that is broader than biblical revelation, truly cosmocentric, consistent with the doctrine of God as Trinity, and able to preserve essential distinctions between the Creator and the creation. This chapter concludes by delineating why the evolutionary theology of Arthur Peacocke provides the basis for such an approach.
Introduction
Authors: Patterson John R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEngaging with Fergus Millar’s observation that ‘Italy under the Empire has no history’, the introduction outlines the aims of the book, which is envisaged as a contribution to the history of imperial Italy. It focuses on the paradox that the ‘golden age’ of the Roman Empire has often been thought a time of decline or even crisis for the Italian peninsula. It also emphasizes the multiplicity of local situations emerging from the documentary and archaeological evidence, and outlines the themes of the following chapters.
7 The Eutychian Crisis
Authors: Clayton, Jr. Paul B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Cyril of Alexandria died in 444 and was succeeded by his nephew Dioscorus. His intrigues with Eutyches and Chrysaphius in Constantinople soon led to the outbreak of the Eutychian crisis, Eutyches' deposition by the synod of Constantinople in 448, the so-called Latrocinium at Ephesus the following year, and finally the Council of Chalcedon in 451. This chapter explores the Christology in Theodoret's literary works during the crisis period. Firstly is the Eranistes, published originally in 447 or 448, then There is One Son, Our Lord Jesus Christ of 448, and a fairly large collection of letters that Theodoret wrote to defend himself against the charges of the opposing party. Finally, there are a few fragments of a letter written to John of Aegae after Chalcedon and the Haereticarum Fabularum Compendium.
Roman Ethnographies
Authors: Dench Emma 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses primarily on Roman literary accounts of the world and its peoples. The Romans, like other peoples of the Hellenistic Mediterranean world, from the end of the third century BC wrote themselves into the history of the ‘inhabited world’ in a literature that constantly engaged with the primarily Greek frameworks and images that had long been regarded as something of an international ‘language’ of memory and civilization. However, as they wrote themselves into this history, at the same time they frequently set Rome at an angle to it, one important signal of Roman claims to be both a master of Greek culture and to have a separable, remarkable character of their own. The chapter traces the development of some of the distinctive shapes of Roman conceptualization of their imperial world.
The Idea of Italy
Authors: Dench Emma 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the great importance of the idea of Italy in the crucial stages of the Roman imperial experience. There is no doubt that both ‘universal’ images of Italy and Italian particularism underwent dramatic changes between the middle Republic and the second century AD. This chapter shows that ideally, of course, such changes need to be mapped alongside changes in perceptions of, and self-perception within, the Roman imperial world more generally.
Competing Readings of Stoic Passions
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: September 2007

AbstractStoics and Epicureans, while holding that all human beings are constitutively capable of achieving a fully coherent state of character, also maintain that failure to realize this capacity results in a radically un-structured and incoherent state of personality. This chapter examines the Stoic theory of the passions (which are seen as expressing this un-structured state) and explores the relationship between this theory and their view that human beings function as psychological wholes. It shows how an intense debate emerged in Hellenistic-Roman thought between Stoic (holistic) and Platonic-Aristotelian (part-based) ways of conceiving emotions. It shows how this controversy underlies the critical presentation of the Stoic theory by Plutarch and Galen, and how it leads Galen to give a misleading account of the ideas about passions held by the Stoic thinkers Chrysippus and Posidonius.
2 The Politics of the Babylon Settlement
Authors: Bosworth A. B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNo previous event in Macedonian history was anything like as turbulant as the Babylon Settlement. There had been succession crises aplenty, but all had been significantly different. Reigning kings left living sons. They may have been immature boys (like Archelaus' son, Orestes), but at least they were there — there was a plethora of males of the Argead house. So problems arose from an oversupply of potential kings. What is more, the succession to the throne was played out within the boundaries of Macedon, in the traditional heartland of the kingdom. Alexander himself came to power in the old capital of Aegae, with the entire nobility around him and the armed forces united in Macedonia. His accession may have been bloody, but the circumstances did not favour a protracted crisis. Rivals and potential rivals who were close at hand were quickly eliminated, and he was able to achieve recognition in Macedon and stamp his authority on the League of Corinth within a matter of weeks.
4 The Campaign in Iran: Turbulent Satraps and Frozen Elephants
Authors: Bosworth A. B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The winter of 317/16 BC witnessed what is arguably the most momentous campaign in the entire period after the death of Alexander the Great. Two massive coalition armies led by Eumenes and Antigonus the One-Eyed manoeuvred delicately and skilfully in the desolate terrain of central Iran, and the two great battles they fought were recorded by a participant (Hieronymus of Cardia) who was an intimate both of Eumenes and the Antigonids. That account was used by Diodorus, and his narrative of the campaign is one of the most detailed and colourful in his entire encyclopaedic history. This chapter revisits the campaign in Iran and addresses some of the critical issues which determined the strategy and outcome.
7 Hellenistic Monarchy: Success and Legitimation
Authors: Bosworth A. B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Hellenistic period could be said to have arrived in a big bang. In 306 BC, four years after the sordid death of the last Argead king, Antigonus the One-Eyed declared himself and his son Demetrius kings, and assumed the diadem as the regalia of royalty. His example was followed almost immediately by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander, not to mention Agathocles in Sicily. There was now a plethora of Macedonian kings who (with the exception of Cassander) held sway outside Macedon. Traditional scholarship has concentrated on the supposed contrast between Antigonus and the other kings; Antigonus was attempting to recreate the universal monarchy of Alexander, while the other dynasts had strictly regional bases of power. This chapter examines the nature of Hellenistic monarchy and the mutual expectations of ruler and subject.
Women and Latin Poetry in Late Antiquity
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which the Christianization of the Roman empire made a difference to women's access to public life: as heiresses, benefactors, martyrs, and teachers. Christian women scholars in the circle of St Jerome and elsewhere are mentioned. The literacy of post-Constantinian empresses and women of the senatorial aristocracy, and their expanding role in public life are discussed. Proba's Cento is examined in its social and political context, and the comparable Greek cento of the augusta Eudocia. The Christian hostility to classical learning is also discussed. The chapter ends with a consideration of the last pagan poets, notably the Pervigilium Veneris, and the first Christian nuns and their verse production.
The New World
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the history of Latin in North America: Anne Bradstreet's learning, Phyllis Wheatley. It considers the much greater commitment to Latin in South America, and also to printing and universities. Gentry-level women went to South America in significant numbers from the 16th century, and consequently, convents were built. Nuns had a high commitment to literacy, many wrote, and some studied Latin. The most distinguished example is Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, but some Mexican and Peruvian women were taught Latin as late as the 18th century.
Language as a Mental Phenomenon
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractLanguage is instantiated in the minds and therefore the brains of language users, so that linguistics can be regarded as a branch of psychology. This chapter asks what it means to say that linguists are modeling the mind, and reinterprets in a more tractable light the important distinction between competence and performance, i.e., between speakers' knowledge of a language and their ability to put that knowledge to use. Topics discussed include the meaning of ‘mental’, how to interpret linguistic notation mentally, knowledge of language, competence versus performance, and language in a social context.
Universal Grammar
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChildren learn language through exposure to the environment. However, Chomsky's most famous and controversial hypothesis is that the child brings resources to language learning beyond those used for other sorts of learning: he claims that the ability to learn language is in part a cognitive specialization of our species, a ‘Universal Grammar’ that is ‘wired into’ children's brains. This chapter is devoted to a fairly careful exegesis of the Universal Grammar hypothesis, the evidence for it, the arguments against it, and the tensions and challenges it presents to linguistic theory and the other disciplines on which it impinges. It is argued that a suitably nuanced version of the Universal Grammar hypothesis is supportable, and that it should continue to play the central role in linguistic investigation that it has enjoyed since Aspects.
The Parallel Architecture
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTraditional generative grammar assumes without argument that only syntax is ‘generative’, that is, that the combinatorial complexity of language arises entirely by virtue of its syntactic organization. This chapter presents a framework in which phonology, syntax, and semantics are equally generative. Syntax is thus only one of several parallel sources of grammatical organization. The generative components communicate with each other through ‘interface’ components; it is shown that these interfaces are of nontrivial complexity. It is also shown that many of the alternative frameworks for generative grammar share this sort of parallel organization.
Phrasal Semantics
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter develops a theory of phrasal composition, again much richer than usually assumed. In particular, the theory states that the meaning of a sentence consists of more than the meanings of its words combined according to syntactic structure. It separates phrasal and sentential semantics into a number of tiers, along the lines of phonological tiers, each of which contributes a different sort of information to the meaning.
Clausal Syntactic Roles (“Grammatical Relations”)
Authors: Croft William 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The syntactic roles (grammatical relations) of subject and object are semantically irregular but their syntactic behavior is claimed to be syntactically unified, thereby justifying the existence of formal syntactic roles independent of meaning. Subject and object are certainly polysemous categories semantically, but syntactically they are no simpler. Ergativity shows that syntactic roles can vary across languages. Ergativity has been discounted in most syntactic theories by selectively ignoring certain constructions such as case marking and agreement (methodological opportunism). But the variation across and even within languages conforms to a universal implicational hierarchy, the Subject Construction Hierarchy: coordination &lt; purpose clauses &lt; relative clauses &lt; agreement &lt; case marking. If a construction patterns ergatively at some point on the hierarchy, then all constructions to the right also pattern ergatively. Language-specific syntactic roles can be mapped onto a conceptual space whose structure represents the semantic participant roles and the Subject Construction Hierarchy.
Dependency, Constituency, and Linear Order
Authors: Croft William 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Syntactic structures or constructions are assumed to contain units belonging to syntactic categories and syntactic relations linking the units together. These syntactic relations are justified on the basis of a variety of linguistic evidence. This chapter and the following one critically analyse the linguistic evidence used to support syntactic relations. Following Nunberg et al. on idioms, it argues that idiomatic combinations and collocations provide evidence of semantic relations between the denotations of syntactic units, not syntactic relations. This leaves evidence of constituency, linear order, and dependencies coded by case marking and agreement, inter alia. The rest of the chapter demonstrates that various tests for constituency are either not crosslinguistically valid, or do not match; that head-marking and dependent-marking are better analysed in terms of functional differences; and that the putative syntactic relations implied by dependencies such as agreement or case marking do not match those implied by formal grouping.
Syntactic Theory and the Theory of Language
Authors: Croft William 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Radical Construction Grammar is a construction grammar, in which syntactic representation is a pairing of form and meaning. Constructions are the basic, primitive units of syntactic representation; syntactic categories are roles in constructions. The only type of syntactic relation is the role of a syntactic unit in its construction. Constructions are language-specific, though their structural properties can be mapped onto a syntactic space. Categories are mapped onto conceptual space, which represents the constraints of typological universals and reflects properties of the human mind. Radical Construction Grammar is embedded in an evolutionary theory of language. Utterances are instantiations of constructions in communicative interaction. But communication is imperfect, since we cannot read each other’s minds. Speakers are constantly reanalysing the form-meaning mapping in constructions, and this process leads to grammatical change, which can be propagated through a speech community. Grammar is thus constantly evolving as it is continually replicated in language use.