bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of intra‐ocular foreign bodies impacting or embedded in the retina
Authors: Pavlovic Sima , Schmidt Karl Georg , Tomic Zoran , Dzinic Miroslav 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: To identify both the clinical features of eyes suffering penetrating ocular injury with intra‐ocular foreign bodies (FB) impacting or embedded in the retina and the results of surgical outcome and complication rates. Methods: Thirty‐eight consecutive cases of penetrating ocular injuries with intra‐ocular FB impacting or embedded in the retina were retrospectively analysed. Results: The FB were metallic in 30 eyes (78.9%; 19 ferromagnetic) and were non‐metallic in eight eyes (21.1%). Magnetic extraction was performed in 17 cases (44.7%) and instrumental extraction was performed in 21 cases (55.3%). In two cases, pars plana vitrectomy and FB removal was combined with penetrating keratoplasty, temporary keratoprosthesis and anterior segment reconstruction because of severe explosive injury to the eye. At the final postoperative examination, 32 eyes (84.2%) had completely attached retinas. Visual acuity (VA) improved postoperatively in 18 eyes (47.4%). A final VA of 0.5 or better was achieved in nine of 23 eyes (39.1%) with FB in the peripheral retina and in one of 15 eyes (6.7%) with posterior pole and/or optic nerve head involvement. There was no difference in the final VA regarding the time elapsed between trauma and the removal of the FB. Conclusion: The late anatomical and functional outcome in eyes with penetrating ocular injury and FB impacting or embedded in the retina is mostly uncertain, despite immediate and complex surgery. Final anatomical and functional outcome in the present study was influenced by location and extent of the initial damage to the posterior pole. The time that had elapsed between trauma and removal of the FB did not influence final visual function.
Diagnosing the systemic associations of anterior uveitis
Authors: Smith Justine R , Coster Douglas J 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUp to one‐half of patients with anterior uveitis suffer from related systemic diseases. The common associations are the seronegative arthropathies and, in children, juvenile chronic arthritis. Anterior uveitis may also occur in the context of sarcoidosis or Behçet's disease. Syphilis and tuberculosis remain a significant problem for specific populations and may be the cause of anterior uveitis in these groups. By thorough clinical history and the correct selection and interpretation of simple investigations, it is generally possible for the ophthalmologist to make or exclude a systemic diagnosis, predict the ocular prognosis and direct selected patients to the appropriate physician. Diseases that threaten the patient's wellbeing must certainly be recognized. In the present review we present a method for identifying the systemic associations of anterior uveitis.
Nocardia choroidal abscess in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Yap EY , Fam HB , Leong KP , Buettner H 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose:

Nocardia asteroides, a respiratory saprophyte in humans, may cause localized infection of the lungs in debilitated or immunosuppressed individuals. Haematogenous spread to the eye via the choroidal circulation may result in choroidal abscess formation. Method: We report the development of a choroidal abscess in the left eye of a woman treated with steroids and cyclophosphamide for systemic lupus erythematosus. Haematogenous spread of N. asteroides from a localized infection of the lung (empyema) is thought to have been the cause of the choroidal abscess. Results: Surgical drainage of the empyema combined with intravenously administered antibiotics resulted in resolution of the choroidal abscess and improvement of vision. Conclusions: A choroidal abscess, caused by haematogenous spread of N. asteroides, may respond to appropriate systemic antibiotic treatment alone and not require ocular treatment.
Detecting the orientation of short lines in the periphery
Authors: Davey Matthew P , Zanker Johannes M 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: Visual information processing in the human cortex is based on a highly ordered representation of the surrounding world. In addition to the retinotopic mapping of the visual field, systematic variations of the orientation tuning of neurons have been described in the primary visual cortex. As a step to understanding the relationship between position and orientation representation, we investigated psychophysically the minimum spatial requirements for the determination of orientation at various positions across the visual field. We know that the shortest line whose orientation can be resolved varies with eccentricity, such that its length corresponds to slightly less than 0.2 mm projected onto the cortical surface. Along the horizontal meridian horizontal lines are detected with higher precision than vertical or oblique lines. In the present experiments, we tested whether this is a preference for horizontal lines or for lines that are orientated radially away from the fovea. Methods: Human observers were tested with lines positioned at one vertical, two horizontal and two oblique meridians at eccentricities between 5 and 25°. Results/Conclusion: Three of the four subjects were most sensitive for targets aligned with the meridian of presentation. This suggests that the visual system has the highest resolution in directions radiating from the fovea, which may be particularly useful for the analysis of flow fields resulting from forward translation.
Effects of migraine on visual function
Authors: McKendrick Allison M , Badcock David R , Heywood John , Vingrys Algis J 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Data is reported from an ongoing trial considering whether visual loss associated with migraine is consistent with a selective deficit in M‐ or P‐cell functioning. Methods: The psychophysical tests used include spatiotemporal contrast thresholds and luminance increment thresholds for a spot drifting across a spatially or temporally modulated background. A migraineur and 15 non‐headache controls participated in the present study. Measurements were made foveally and at 10° in the superior field. Static and flicker perimetry were conducted. Result/Conclusion: Regionalized losses occurred for stimuli with moderate temporal frequencies (16 Hz). which is consistent with M‐cell dysfunction.
Patterns of glaucoma medication use in urban and rural Victoria
Authors: Weih LeAnn M , Newkirk Mylan Van , McCarty Catherine A , Taylor Hugh R 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to describe patterns of glaucoma medication use among people who self‐report a history of glaucoma in a population‐based study of age‐related eye disease. Methods: The present study was comprised of a population‐based cluster stratified sample of 5000 Victorians aged 40 years and older. Participants completed an interview regarding demographic characteristics, medical history and use of medications. Participants also completed orthoptic and dilated fundus examinations, including measurement of intra‐occular pressure (IOP) and visual fields. Glaucoma history and use of glaucoma medication was self reported. Glaucoma disease status was confirmed by a specialist consensus group. Results: The most common glaucoma medications used were β‐adrenoceptor blocking agents (63%), followed by sympathomimetics (18%) and cholinergic agents (16%). There were no differences in glaucoma medication use by gender, age, years since diagnosis, rural or urban residence or a history of glaucoma surgery. Among participants using medication, 16.1% exceeded 21 mmHg IOP. Conclusion: The high prevalence of the use of β‐adrenoceptor blocking agent medication reflects the shift from the use of pilocarpine over the past 20 years. The prevalence of IOP greater than 21 mmHg highlights the difficulty in managing high IOP.
Impact of vision impairment on functioning
Authors: Keeffe JE , Lam D , Cheung A , Dinh T , McCarty CA 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of vision loss on the activities of adults. Methods: Focus groups were conducted that were either disease specific, such as for people with age‐related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma or those with congenital vision impairment, or according to previous involvement in rehabilitation services. Discussions were recorded and transcribed. Because many people were retired, leisure activities and personal independence were paramount. Results/Conclusions: Younger people were concerned with gaining or continuing in employment or with educational opportunities. The age at onset of vision loss and the cause and duration of vision loss influence its impact. There appears to be a greater level of handicap in people with comorbid eye disease and related disease, such as diabetes.
A personal computer‐based method of stereo chronometry for measuring neuroretinal rim width: A pilot study
Authors: Barry Chris J , PhD Kanagasingam Yogesan , Jitskaia Ludmila , Morgan William H , House Phillip H , Eikelboom Robert H 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: Quantifying neuroretinal rim width from optic disc photographs to study glaucomatous progression requires precise, reproducible measurements. We explored the use of a personal computer with three‐dimensional capabilities to enhance measurement accuracy and repeatability. Methods: A simultaneous stereo retinal camera was used to serially photograph the optic discs of ten glaucomatous eyes with a mean interval of 18 months. The neuroretinal rims were qualitatively assessed as either stable (five) or narrowing (five). The images were measured using software written for an IBM compatible personal computer. The measurements were compared from the earliest to the most recent image and the five narrowed rims were correctly identified. Results: This simple, low‐cost method allowed both three‐dimensional viewing and measurement of the optic disc rim from simultaneous stereo images. Conclusions: This method is, potentially, more sensitive in identifying glaucomatous rim changes than conventional, subjective image comparison techniques.
Does Acanthamoeba protect Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the bactericidal effects of contact lens disinfecting systems?
Authors: Willcox MDP , Low R , Hon J , Harmis N 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that Pseudomonas aeruginosa that have been internalized in Acanthamoeba are protected against the action of contact lens disinfecting solutions. Methods: The experiments were divided into two parts. First, five commercially available disinfecting solutions, hydrogen peroxide and non‐peroxide based, were tested for their efficacy against four strains of P. aeruginosa and one strain of A. castellanii. Cells were inoculated into working concentrations of disinfecting solutions, incubated for 18h and the numbers of viable bacteria or amoeba were analysed after appropriate growth on agar plates. Second, two strains of P. aeruginosa were allowed to interact with A. castellanii for 4 h prior to addition to disinfecting solutions. The numbers of P. aeruginosa after incubation with the disinfecting solutions were measured after growth on agar plates. Results: In general, disinfecting solutions containing hydrogen peroxide were most effective against the micro‐organisms. Solutions containing only traces of polyaminopropyl biguanide were least effective. Conclusions: For strains of P. aeruginosa, the presence of the amoebae did not protect the bacteria against the disinfecting agents. The amoeba appeared to kill the bacteria, perhaps using them as a food source.
Quantification of retinal oxygen consumption changes from preretinal oxygen transients
Authors: Cringle SJ , Yu D‐Y , Alder VA , Su E‐N , Yu PK 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: In the avascular retina of the guinea‐pig all the oxygen supply is from the choroid. Under these circumstances we had proposed, on theoretical grounds, that a change in retinal oxygen consumption would modulate the preretinal oxygen level. Methods: In the present study in guinea‐pigs, the oxygen consumption of the outer retina was modulated by light‐dark exposure while preretinal oxygen tension was monitored. Results: The results were in complete agreement with the proposed mathematical models. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that it is feasible to quantify oxygen consumption changes in a known retinal layer from measurements of preretinal oxygen tension.
Adeno‐associated virus‐mediated gene transfer into human retinal pigment epithelium cells
Authors: Lai YKY , Rakoczy P , Constable I , Rolling F 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: Adeno‐associated virus (AAV) is emerging as a promising vector for gene therapy. Method: To determine the ability of recombinant AAV (rAAV) to express and integrate exogenous DNA into human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, a rAAV‐GFP vector containing the green fluorescent protein (gfp) and neomycin resistance (neor) genes was constructed and used to transduce RPE 407A cell line. Results: Fluorescent RPE cell clones were obtained and were confirmed to still be expressing GFP after 24 passages (3.5 months). Conclusion: Adeno‐associated virus‐based vectors are able to efficiently transduce and stably persist in RPE cells.
Electroretinograms of albino and pigmented guinea‐pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Bui Bang V , Sinclair Andrew J , Vingrys Algis J 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose/Methods: The present study compares the electroretinogram responses of albino and pigmented guinea‐pigs (Cavia porcellus) with data published for the rat and mouse. Results: We found that albino guinea‐pigs gave significantly larger amplitudes and faster implicit times for a‐wave and peak‐to‐peak responses than did pigmented animals. In contrast, pigmented and albino rats and mice do not show such differences between strains. Conclusion: We suggest that the guinea‐pig may be a better model of the retinal response in human albinism as their response characteristics are consistent with those published for humans.
External argon laser choroidotomy for subretinal fluid drainage
Authors: Challa Jagannadh K , Hunyor Alexander BL , Playfair T Justin , Gregory‐Roberts John , Lee Lawrence R 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of external argon laser choroidotomy for drainage of subretinal fluid (SRF) during scleral buckling procedures for the repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Methods: Fifty eyes of 50 consecutive patients presenting to a hospital‐based retinal outpatient clinic with rhegmatogenous detachments underwent choroidotomy with argon endolaser for SRF drainage. The laser parameters used were 0.5 s duration and 0.8 W power. The primary outcome measures were successful drainage of SRF and incidence of complications. The drainage was considered successful if it was sufficient to complete the planned scleral buckling procedure. The extent of subretinal haemorrhage was graded. Results: The mean age of patients was 55 years (range 16–80 years). Successful drainage of SRF was obtained in 47 eyes (94%). The complications observed at the drainage site included subretinal haemorrhage of less than I disc diameter in six eyes (12%) and retinal perforation in one eye (2%). Conclusion: External argon laser choroidotomy appears to be an effective method of draining SRF in rhegmatogenous retinal detachments.
Visual outcome and progression of retinopathy after cataract surgery in diabetic patients
Authors: Chiu DW , Meusemann RA , Kaufman DV , Hall AJ , Daniell MD 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of visual impairment in developed countries through retinopathy and is frequently complicated by cataract formation. The present study examines the visual outcome of cataract surgery in diabetic patients. Methods: A retrospective study was performed over a 26 month period in a general hospital eye clinic. Eighty‐five consecutive diabetic patients who underwent cataract surgery were categorized according to their type of diabetes, duration and treatment, operative technique, pre‐operative visual acuity (VA) and degree of retinopathy. Visual acuity and retinopathy status were recorded at a minimum of 4 months postoperatively. Factors affecting visual outcome and progression of retinopathy were then examined. Results: Of the 107 eyes of the 85 consecutive cases, 55 were without retinopathy (NR), 21 had background retinopathy (BDR), six had background retinopathy with macular oedema (BDR/MO), four had proliferative retinopathy and 12 cases had inadequate fundal view. In the NR and BDR groups, 90 and 81% of patients, respectively, had improved VA compared with 33% of patients with BDR/MO. Retinopathy progressed in 50% of BDR/MO patients compared with progression in 9 and 19% of NR and BDR patients, respectively. Conclusion: The present study illustrates the poor visual outcome in patients with severe, untreated retinopathy, particularly maculopathy, following cataract surgery. Larger prospective studies are needed to better define risk groups and pre‐operative treatment strategies.
Orbital osteoma in Gardner's syndrome
Authors: McNab Alan A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: To report the association of an orbital osteoma with Gardner's syndrome (familial polyposis coli leading to carcinoma, multiple osteomas and skin and soft tissue tumours). Method: A review of patient records. Results: A 29‐year‐old male with known Gardner's syndrome presented with long‐standing right proptosis due to an osteoma of the medial wall and roof of the orbit. He had previously had prophylactic colectomy and one other osteoma of the skull excised. Conclusion: Although orbital osteoma in the setting of Gardner's syndrome is rare, it should be recognized as an association because of the importance of the intestinal polyposis, which leads to carcinoma if untreated.
Pyogenic granuloma of the cornea
Authors: Papadopoulos Maria , Snibson Grant R. , McKelvie Penelope A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Ocular pyogenic granulomata are uncommon and are often associated with a chalazion or previous ocular and adnexal surgery. The avascular nature of the cornea may explain the rarity of pyogenic granulomata at this site. We report on a case of corneal pyogenic granuloma following previous corneal surgery. Methods: Ophthalmologists who had treated the patient previously were contacted and earlier clinical notes and histopathological examinations were reviewed. The clinical course following excision of the pyogenic granuloma is described, as are the histopathological findings. Results: Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of pyogenic granuloma. Excision was followed by a clinical recurrence at a different site with spontaneous resolution. Conclusions: Pyogenic granulomata of the cornea are rare. However, the present case illustrates the importance of considering benign inflammatory causes in the differential diagnosis of a corneal mass lesion so as to avoid unnecessarily aggressive intervention. To our knowledge, spontaneous resolution of a corneal pyogenic granuloma has not been previously described.
Developmental emergence of transient and persistent hippocampal events and oscillations and their association with infant seizure susceptibility
Authors: Mohns Ethan J. , Karlsson Karl Æ. , Blumberg Mark S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDuring the second postnatal week in rats, the hippocampus exhibits a transient period of hyperexcitability. To systematically assess the relationship between the onset and end of this period and spontaneous hippocampal activity, we used silicon depth electrodes in unanaesthetized head‐fixed rats from postnatal day (P)2 to P18. At all ages, hippocampal sharp waves (SPWs) were prominent in the EEG. Beginning at P6, however, marked changes in SPWs and associated oscillations were detected. SPW‐related ‘gamma tails’ (60–100 Hz) and ‘ripples’ (140–200 Hz) were first observed at P6 and P7, respectively, and both oscillations persisted up to P18. Transiently, between P6 and P11, SPW duration decreased and the occurrence of SPW doublets increased. In addition, between P8 and P11, a subset of rats exhibited ‘spontaneous potentiated SPWs’ characterized by double polarity reversals, enhanced likelihood of gamma tails, and population spikes. Having identified a suite of transient hippocampal features consistent with a window of increased excitability, we next assessed whether electrographic seizure activity would be most easily induced during this period. To do this, kainic acid (KA; 200 ng/infusion) was infused into the hippocampus contralateral to the recording probe. KA did not induce seizure activity until P7 and reached peak effectiveness at P9. Thereafter, sensitivity to KA declined. All together, these findings provide in vivo neurophysiological support for the notion of a developmental window of heightened seizure susceptibility during the second postnatal week, and also suggest that spontaneous nonpathological hippocampal activity can be used to mark the onset and end of this period.
Prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults
Authors: Park H. S. , Park C. Y. , Oh S. W. , Yoo H. J. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWe studied the prevalence and trend of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults aged at least 20 years using Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey data from 1998 and 2001. The prevalence of body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg m−2 among Korean adults in 2001 was 32.9% in men and 27.4% in women, and the number of Korean men with BMI ≥ 25 kg m−2 has increased markedly since 1998. A significant positive association between obesity and socioeconomic status was found in Korean men, whereas a significant negative association was identified in Korean women. The prevalence rates of waist circumference (WC) ≥ 90 cm in men and WC ≥ 85 cm in women were 23.4% and 23.1% in 2001 respectively. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults was 15–30% according to various criteria of metabolic syndrome. Future studies are needed to determine the changes in prevalence of obesity and contributing factors for obesity in Koreans.
Point‐Based Rendering of Non‐Manifold Surfaces
Authors: Balsys Ron J. , Suffern K. G. , Jones Huw 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe are concerned with producing high‐quality images of parametric and implicit surfaces, in particular those with non‐manifold features. We present a point‐based technique for rendering implicit surfaces that uses octree spatial subdivision with a natural interval exclusion test that guarantees that no parts of the surface are missed. This allows us to render non‐manifold implicit surfaces at speeds comparable to parametric surfaces. We also derive criteria that guarantee complete pixel coverage of the surface. The point‐based method allows for hidden surface elimination using a z‐buffer, and shadow casting using a shadow buffer. We illustrate the technique with a number of surfaces, and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.