bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Affect and psychological magnification: Derivations from Tomkins' script theory
Authors: Carlson Leslie , Carlson Rae 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study tested derivations from Tomkins' script theory by asking college students (17 men, 16 women) to generate plots for television dramatic programs dealing with human emotions. Plots involving “social” affects of joy and shame elicited more interpersonal themes than did the “nonsocial” affects of excitement and fear. Further, as predicted, plots dealing with negative affects (fear and shame) were more highly elaborated than were positive affect plots (excitement and joy). Women gave significantly more interpersonal themes for nonsocial affects than did men, while men were more likely to invoke supernatural events in treatments of fear, and to offer more unhappy outcomes in plots dealing with both negative affects. The findings provide empirical support for Tomkins' script theory, and point to the need to consider specific affects in studies of emotion. The findings also suggest different kinds of script formation in males and females.
Self‐consciousness, self‐awareness, and justice in reward allocation
Authors: Kernis Michael H. , Reis Harry T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo what extent can self‐awareness affect behavior in justice‐related situations? The present study investigated the impact of both chronic levels (public and private self‐consciousness), and experimentally induced self‐awareness on responsiveness to concurrently operative hut opposing standards of justice in an allocation of pay situation. Subjects were exposed to an externally based (equity) standard and an internally based (equality) standard before dividing pay between themselves and a coworker. The results indicated that high public, low private self‐consciousness persons conformed to the external standard by allocating equitably; high private, low public individuals confirmed to the internal standard by allocating equally. Further, subjects who divided their pay in the presence of a mirror allocated most equitably, followed by those whose allocations were made public, while those allocating in private allocated most equally. These latter results were discussed in terms of Wicklund and Hormuth's (1981) vs. Hull and Levy's (1979) conception of self‐awareness phenomena. Finally, the importance of the self as a source for evaluating differing criteria of justice was discussed.
Exploring the relations between traits and emotions
Authors: O'Malley Michael N. , Gillette Craig S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe relationships among traits and among emotions have been well researched and are well known, but few experimental probes of the relationships between traits and emotions have been undertaken. The present investigation sought to describe the relations that exist between traits and emotions. The Comrey Personality Scale (a trait inventory) and the Profile of Mood States (an emotion inventory) were administered to 140 students and the subscales were correlated using canonical procedures. The resulting canonical correlations may be specified in bipolar summary form as follows: Neurotic‐Stable was found to be correlated with Depressed‐Hopeful; Introverted‐Extraverted was found to be correlated with Quiescent‐Vigorous; and Empathic‐Egocentrical was found to be correlated with Content‐Confused. Furthermore, the predictive strength between the trait set and the emotion set was reasonably good, although substantially better when traits rather than emotions served as the predictors.
Two kinds of identity crisis
Authors: Baumeister Roy F , Shapiro Jeremy P , Tice Dianne M 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn order to outline a model of identity crisis, it is necessary to distinguish two types In an identity deficit (“motivation crisis”), the individual experiences a lack of guiding commitments but struggles to establish personal goals and values In an identity conflict (“legitimation crisis”), the person has several commitments which prescribe conflicting behavioral imperatives in some situations, such that at least one commitment may have to be betrayed The literature on identity crisis is reviewed in connection with this distinction, and an attempt is made to delineate the causes, the subjective experiences, behavioral consequences and modes of resolution of each type of crisis
Self‐esteem and responses to success and failure: Subsequent performance and intrinsic motivation
Authors: Baumeister Roy F , Tice Dianne M 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA model is proposed in which the goal of people with high self‐esteem is to cultivate personal strengths in order to excel, whereas the goal of people with low self‐esteem is to remedy personal deficiencies in order to become adequate In two experiments, subjects received initial outcome feedback of either success, humiliating failure (internal attribution), or failure that allowed face‐saving (external attribution) Experiment 1 then measured subjects intrinsic motivation to pursue the task during free‐choice time Subjects with high self‐esteem had the highest intrinsic motivation after success Subjects with low self‐esteem had the highest intrinsic motivation after the humiliating failure Experiment 2 required a second performance on a similar task Performance results were consistent with the intrinsic motivation results of Experiment 1, with one exception High self‐esteem subjects were sensitive to the different failure treatments, performing well after humiliation but poorly after face‐saving Subjects with low self‐esteem performed the same in both failure conditions The relation of the present model and results to previous work is discussed
Proneness to romantic jealousy and responses to jealousy in others
Authors: Greenberg Jeff , Pyszczynski Tom 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to assess the relationship between dispositional proneness to experience romantic jealousy and perceptions of jealousy in others On the basis of cognitive and motivational constructs, it was hypothesized that (1) Persons high in proneness to jealousy perceive healthy jealous couples as more in love than healthy nonjealous couples, (2) persons high in proneness to jealousy perceive unhealthy jealous couples as less in love than unhealthy nonjealous couples, and (3) persons low in proneness to jealousy perceive healthy jealous couples as less in love than healthy nonjealous couples The latter two hypotheses were supported Results were discussed with regard to the roles of beliefs about jealousy and threats to the perceiver in individuals reactions to jealousy in others
Processing bias: Individual differences in the cognition of situations
Authors: Dworkin Robert H , Goldfinger Steven H 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn approach to investigating individual differences in the cognition of situations is presented Situations are characterized in terms of Gibson s notion of affordances, and it is suggested that individuals differ in the extent to which they differentially process information specifying certain types of affordances rather than others This differential cognitive processing of a situational affordance is termed a “processing bias” It is proposed that processing biases are manifest in an individual's anticipation, perception, and memory of situations To illustrate the approach, a processing bias for social vs nonsocial affordances is investigated within and among these three cognitive domains The relationship of this processing bias to two facets of the personality trait dimension of sociability—overall level and self‐schemata—is also examined Such research on processing biases may help to clarify the role of cognition in person‐situation interactions The greatest strength of the approach is that its characterization of individual differences in cognition and behavior is complementary to a general approach to describing human environments
Individual differences as predictors of preference in visual art
Authors: Heinrichs R Walter , Cupchik Gerald C 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the value of personality and background variables (e g, emotional responsivity, anxiety, parental memories, art training) as predictors of painting preferences One set of 24 paintings was selected, holding theme (sexual or aggressive) constant while contrasting Idealized (12) with Expressionist (12) styles Another set contrasted paintings on the Representational vs Abstract (12) and Linear vs Painterly (12) stylistic dimensions Contrasting pairs of paintings were presented to 48 subjects who rated preference under two instructional sets (objective interest and subjective pleasing) Questionnaire measures of personality and background were entered into step‐wise multiple regression analyses, one for each type of preference and each stimulus contrast (8 altogether) Affective characteristics of the viewer (e g, anxiety, emotional responsivity) and parental memories (e g, of maternal affection or expressivity) predicted subjective preference For example, subjects who remembered their mothers as either expressive or affectionate preferred Idealized versions of sexual and aggressive paintings Artistic training and background emerged only in relation to objective preferences
Ego development in adult women
Authors: White Martha Sturm 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEgo development in adult women was studied using Loevinger's Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development (SCT) The subjects were 163 women in a university nurse practitioner training program Ego development scores were correlated with scores from personality tests and with interview data Higher ego levels were related to personal adjustment, nurturance, responsibility, tolerance, enjoyment of children, inner control, capacity for status, and age Improvement in ego level scores was found only for those at, or below, the self‐aware level The SCT, as scored for women, seems to be particularly sensitive to differences in responsible caring in relationships, an aspect of personality development often neglected by other tests
Congruence and temporal stability of multimiethod profiles: A new pair of personality variables
Authors: Harris Jesse G 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCongruence and temporal stability of multimethod profiles within the individual subject were studied as proposed new personality variables in a pool of seven small groups of graduate students in clinical psychology (N= 51) Sex differences were minimal A Stability Index was derived from (a) Q correlation stability coefficients obtained from the single method profiles of an inventory, self‐ratings, and mean ratings by others, or (b) absolute difference scores between the composite profiles on occasion 1 and occasion 2 A Congruence Index was derived from (a) Q correlation coefficients obtained from each pair of profiles measured by the three methods for each subject, or (b) mean absolute difference scores obtained from each pair of method profiles These moderately correlated indices were used as dependent variables in stepwise multiple regression analyses, in which scores on a profile of 21 personality variables served as independent variables Although the difference score method was at least as effective as the correlational method in predicting congruence, the Q correlational method was superior in all other analyses conducted in this study Persons high in temporal stability seem to maintain an intellectually searching and interpersonally affiliative approach to the environment, showing little hostility and little tendency to seek change in current life circumstances The highly congruent individual seeks a positive nurturant interaction with other persons, gains pleasure from both sensory and interpersonal experiences, and shows little discontent with present life circumstances
Concern for appropriateness as a moderator variable in the statistical explanation of self‐reported use of alcohol and marijuana
Authors: Wolfe Raymond N , Welch Leisa K , Lennox Richard D , Cutler Brian L 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo studies examine the Concern for Appropriateness Scale (Lennox & Wolfe, 1984) as a likely moderator of dispositional and environmental variables associated with self‐reported use of alcohol and marijuana by college and precollege students In Study 1, data from 408 upper division students show that concern score interacts significantly with religiosity in analyses of use of both drugs, but not with any of 11 other dispositional variables nor with drug‐specific environment predictors in analyses of use of either drug In Study 2, data from 242 recent high school graduates show that concern score interacts significantly with religiosity and drug‐specific environment in the explanation of alcohol use but not in the explanation of marijuana use All of the significant interactions are in the predicted direction Results therefore suggest that the concern scale is valid for some of its intended purposes
Anxiety and dream symbolism
Authors: Robbins Paul R , Tanck Roland H , Houshi Farzaneh 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present study replicates and extends previous findings of a relation between anxiety level and the use of dream symbolism Anxiety, assessed by self‐reports over a ten‐day period, was positively related to the use of sexual symbolism identified from dream reports obtained over the same period The appearance of symbolic dreams, however, was not preceded by elevated levels of anxiety A positive relation was uncovered between the measure of anxiety and a measure of manifest sexual content in the dreams
Depression and evaluative schemata
Authors: Ruehlman Linda S , West Stephen G , Pasahow Robert J 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe evaluative tendencies of nondepressed, mildly depressed, and severely depressed individuals are examined in the areas of judgments of contingency, attributions of causality, expectancy estimates, and self‐schemata/self‐reference The available empirical literature in these four areas indicates that nondepressed people tend to exhibit positivistic evaluative responses, whereas mildly depressed persons tend to display unbiased (neither positivistic nor negativistic) evaluative response patterns The available evidence is suggestive of negativistic evaluative tendencies in severely depressed individuals, with this bias being most clearly manifested in the area of self‐schemata/self‐reference These results are interpreted in terms of contemporary explanations of depression and recent advances in models of cognitive processing
The components of love: Romantic attraction and sex role orientation
Authors: Critelli Joseph W , Myers Emilie J , Loos Victor E 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHypotheses derived from both Erich Fromm and the feminist literature linking sex role orientation to type of love experienced were tested in a sample of 123 heterosexual dating couples Five components of love were identified through factor analysis romantic dependency, communicative intimacy, physical arousal, respect, and romantic compatibility Type of love was related to sex role orientation (p 01), with traditionals characterized by romantic dependency and romantic compatibility, while nontraditionals emphasized communicative intimacy Sex differences showed females being more emotionally expressive in then love than males and scoring higher on communicative intimacy (p's < 01)
An interactional approach to the study of personality and emotion
Authors: Emmons Robert A , Diener Ed 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between personality and emotional feelings within ecologically valid settings Nineteen subjects rated their emotions in a wide variety of work, recreation, social, and alone situations sampled over a 30‐day period They were also administered the Personality Research Form and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Although theoretically predictable relations were found between certain personality traits and specific emotions averaged across situations, it was not until we distinguished chosen from imposed situations that the most meaningful results were obtained Both temperament and nontemperament personality traits were found to be related to specific emotions Implications of the present findings for research on situation selection and the status of personality traits are discussed
Personality, coping, and coping effectiveness in an adult sample
Authors: McCrae Robert R , Costa Paul T 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo studies of coping among community‐dwelling adults (N= 255,151) were used to examine the influence of personality on coping responses, the perceived effectiveness of coping mechanisms, and the effects of coping and personality on well‐being In both studies a wide range of potential stressors was examined, categorized as losses, threats, or challenges The personality dimensions of neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience, as measured by both self‐reports and spouse‐ and peer‐ratings, were systematically related to coping mechanisms in both studies There was general agreement across types of stressors on the use and perceived effectiveness of the 27 coping mechanisms, and individuals who used more effective ways of coping generally reported higher subsequent happiness and life satisfaction However, personality variables are also known to be determinants of well‐being, and the associations between coping and well‐being were reduced when personality measures were partialled out Some implications for the design and interpretation of coping effectiveness studies are discussed
An analysis of fidgeting and associated individual differences
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , Friedman Shan L 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFidgeting was defined as engaging in manipulations of one's own body parts or other objects, such actions being peripheral or nonessential to central ongoing events or tasks Two studies employed preliminary fidgeting questionnaires of 70 and 106 items, respectively, tapping a wide range of habitual behaviors Item selection and factor analyses led to the development of a final, 40‐item, individual difference measure of fidgeting tendency which is balanced for response bias and has an alpha reliability coefficient of 89 Convergent and construct validity were supported by positive correlations between the fidgeting tendency measure and measures of tendencies to engage in extraneous activities (consuming alcoholic drinks, cigarette smoking, eating, daydreaming, restlessness, insomnia) while preoccupied with certain situations and tasks These findings implied that fidgeting is an activity overflow and that it is more probable when the organism's physical activity is constrained by the central or focal act Fidgeting tendency also correlated positively with binge eating and with physical activity In two additional studies, questionnaire fidgeting tendency scores correlated positively with direct observations of fidgeting by subjects and with peer predictions Personality correlates of fidgeting tendency were well defined More fidgety persons were more unpleasant and more arousable (i e, more anxious or hostile) Fidgeting tendency did not correlate significantly with subject sex or with arousal‐seeking tendency
Evaluating comprehensiveness in personality systems: The California Q‐Set and the five‐factor model
Authors: McCrae Robert R , Costa Paul T , Busch Catherine M 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe analysis of natural language trait names and questionnaire scales has suggested that the five factors of Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeable‐ness, and Conscientiousness constitute an adequate taxonomy of personality An alternative approach to comprehensive personality assessment based on clinical judgments is given by the California Q‐Set (CQS, Block, 1961) When self‐Q‐sorts from 403 adult men and women were factored, the five factors closely resembled those found in adjectives, and showed convergent and discriminant validity against self‐reports and peer‐ and spouse‐ratings on measures of the five‐factor model Results were replicated when interviewer Q‐sort ratings were examined for a subset of subjects These findings strongly support the claim to comprehensiveness of the five‐factor model
Nomothetic and idiothetic measurement in personality
Authors: Paaunonen Sampo V , Jackson Douglas N 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLamiell (1981, 1982a) has recently advanced an idiographic approach to the measurement of personality that he has labeled “idiothetic” In contrast to classical nomothetic strategies, the idiothetic method of scaling personality traits discounts normative transformations of attribute scores and, according to Lamiell, provides the basis for a useful index of cross–situational behavior consistency An analysis of Lamiell's procedures indicates several problems with the idiothetic approach to personality assessment and with the proposed measure of behavior consistency Notable is the fact that the method does not account for base rates of behavior in situations and, therefore, may suggest anomalous interpretations of personality characteristics and of behavior consistencies It is argued that conventional nomothetic methods are sufficient for the goals of explaining and predicting behavior
Interactive measurement, idiothetic inquiry, and the challenge to conventional “nomotheticism”
Authors: Lamiell James T , Trierweiter Steven J 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPaunonen and Jackson (this issue) have commented critically on certain technical features of the idiothetic framework for personality research proposed by Lamiell (1981, 1982) In the present article, we offer our own views on each of the three major issues raised by Paunonen and Jackson, and in so doing seek to explain why we take their arguments to be adequate neither as a critique of the idiothetic approach nor as a defense of traditional “nomotheticism”
Better than me or better than thee? Reactions to intrapersonal and interpersonal performance feedback
Authors: Campbell Jennifer D , Fairey Patricia J , Fehr Beverley 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWhen people compare their own performance across domains, the comparison may be based on differences in their absolute (objective) performance and/or on diffrences in their performance relative to others Differential sensitivity to the interpersonal (relative) and intrapersonal (absolute) comparison information was examined as a function of the closeness of the social comparison target and individual differences in self‐esteem Subjects (162) worked on two tasks with a partner, receiving item‐by‐item feedback, the partner was either a friend or a stranger The feedback was designed such that subjects' objective performance was better on one task (Task A) than on the other task (Task B), but their performance relative to that of the partner was better on Task B than on Task A High self‐esteem subjects and subjects in the friend condition were more satisfied and evaluated the test more positively on the task associated with better relative performance (despite the fact that their objective performance was worse on that task) Low self‐esteem subjects and subjects in the stranger condition expressed more positive reactions on the task associated with better objective performance (despite the fact that their relative performance was worse on that task) Results are discussed in terms of the informational and affective consequences of engaging in social comparison