bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary gastric lymphoma pathogenesis and treatment: what has changed over the past 10 years?
Authors: Ferrucci Pier Francesco , Zucca Emanuele 
Published: December 2006

SummaryPrimary gastric (PG) lymphomas are generally non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). They represent 5% of gastric malignancies and show an apparently increasing incidence worldwide. The most common histological subtypes are diffuse large B‐cell and marginal zone B‐cell NHL of the mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)‐type. Pathogenesis is often related to Helicobacter pylori infection (HPI). There is still no consensus on the optimal treatment for PG lymphoma. Nowadays surgery is limited to rare cases and radiotherapy – combined or not with chemotherapy – represents an effective therapeutic option ensuring long‐term, organ‐salvage benefits mainly in aggressive histological subtypes. Additionally, the description of MALT lymphomas has made the situation even more complex, because antibiotics alone can induce lasting remissions in those cases associated with HPI. Consequently, a global therapeutic approach to the cure of PG‐NHL has completely changed over the last 10 years: innovative, conservative options to reduce treatment toxicity, thus preventing systemic relapses, have made their appearance and are on the rise.
Bisphosphonate incadronate inhibits growth of human T‐cell leukaemia virus type I‐infected T‐cell lines and primary adult T‐cell leukaemia cells by interfering with the mevalonate pathway
Authors: Ishikawa Chie , Matsuda Takehiro , Okudaira Taeko , Tomita Mariko , Kawakami Hirochika , Tanaka Yuetsu , Masuda Masato , Ohshiro Kazuiku , Ohta Takao , Mori Naoki 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAnti‐resorptive bisphosphonates are used for the treatment of hypercalcaemia and bone complications associated with malignancies and osteoporosis, but also have been shown to have anti‐tumour effects in various cancers. Adult T‐cell leukaemia (ATL) is a fatal T‐cell malignancy caused by infection with human T‐cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV‐I), and remains incurable. ATL is associated with osteolytic bone lesions and hypercalcaemia, both of which are major factors in the morbidity of ATL. Thus, the search for anti‐ATL agents that have both anti‐tumour and anti‐resorptive activity is warranted. The bisphosphonate agent, incadronate, prevented cell growth of HTLV‐I‐infected T‐cell lines and primary ATL cells, but not of non‐infected T‐cell lines or normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Incadronate induced S‐phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HTLV‐I‐infected T‐cell lines, and treatment of these cells with substrates of the mevalonate pathway blocked the incadronate‐mediated growth suppression. Incadronate also prevented the prenylation of Rap1A protein. These results demonstrated that incadronate‐induced growth suppression occurs by interfering with the mevalonate pathway. Importantly, treatment with incadronate reduced tumour formation from an HTLV‐I‐infected T‐cell line when these cells were inoculated subcutaneously into severe combined immunodeficient mice. These findings suggest that incadronate could be potentially useful for the treatment of ATL.
Leaf biomechanical properties and the densities of herbivorous insect guilds
Authors: PEETERS PAULA J. , SANSON GORDON , READ JENNIFER 
Published: December 2006

Summary

This study investigated relationships between leaf biomechanical properties and the densities of their associated insect herbivores.
The herbivorous insects associated with 18 co‐occurring plant species were sampled over 16 months. Biomechanical properties of new and mature leaves of each plant species were measured using punching, shearing and tearing tests.
Significant variation in leaf biomechanical properties was found among plant species, and between new and mature leaves.
Total insect density was significantly negatively correlated with work to tear (r = −0·43, P < 0·05) and work to shear (r = −0·70, P < 0·01).
Although chewing insect density was significantly correlated with punch strength of mature leaves, sucking insect density was not. While studies of herbivory often include measures of leaf punch strength, this mechanical trait may indicate resistance to chewing insects but not sucking insects.
We conclude that leaf biomechanical properties are influencing the functional composition of herbivorous insect assemblages in this system.
Plant trait responses to grazing – a global synthesis
Authors: DÍAZ SANDRA , LAVOREL SANDRA , McINTYRE SUE , FALCZUK VALERIA , CASANOVES FERNANDO , MILCHUNAS DANIEL G. , SKARPE CHRISTINA , RUSCH GRACIELA , STERNBERG MARCELO , NOY‐MEIR IMANUEL , LANDSBERG JILL , ZHANG WEI , CLARK HARRY , CAMPBELL BRUCE D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHerbivory by domestic and wild ungulates is a major driver of global vegetation dynamics. However, grazing is not considered in dynamic global vegetation models, or more generally in studies of the effects of environmental change on ecosystems at regional to global scale. An obstacle to this is a lack of empirical tests of several hypotheses linking plant traits with grazing. We, therefore, set out to test whether some widely recognized trait responses to grazing are consistent at the global level. We conducted a meta‐analysis of plant trait responses to grazing, based on 197 studies from all major regions of the world, and using six major conceptual models of trait response to grazing as a framework. Data were available for seven plant traits: life history, canopy height, habit, architecture, growth form (forb, graminoid, herbaceous legume, woody), palatability, and geographic origin. Covariates were precipitation and evolutionary history of herbivory. Overall, grazing favoured annual over perennial plants, short plants over tall plants, prostrate over erect plants, and stoloniferous and rosette architecture over tussock architecture. There was no consistent effect of grazing on growth form. Some response patterns were modified by particular combinations of precipitation and history of herbivory. Climatic and historical contexts are therefore essential for understanding plant trait responses to grazing. Our study identifies some key traits to be incorporated into plant functional classifications for the explicit consideration of grazing into global vegetation models used in global change research. Importantly, our results suggest that plant functional type classifications and response rules need to be specific to regions with different climate and herbivory history.
Altered expression and endocytic function of CD205 in human dendritic cells, and detection of a CD205–DCL‐1 fusion protein upon dendritic cell maturation
Authors: Butler Matt , Morel Anne‐Sophie , Jordan William J. , Eren Efrem , Hue Susan , Shrimpton Rachel E. , Ritter Mary A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryCD205 (DEC‐205) is a member of the macrophage mannose receptor family of C‐type lectins. These molecules are known to mediate a wide variety of biological functions including the capture and internalization of ligands for subsequent processing and presentation by dendritic cells. Although its ligands await identification, the endocytic properties of CD205 make it an ideal target for those wishing to design vaccines and targeted immunotherapies. We present a detailed analysis of CD205 expression, distribution and endocytosis in human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells undergoing lipopolysaccharide‐induced maturation. Unlike other members of the macrophage mannose receptor family, CD205 was up‐regulated upon dendritic cell maturation. This increase was a result of de novo synthesis as well as a redistribution of molecules from endocytic compartments to the cell surface. Furthermore, the endocytic capacity of CD205 was abrogated and small amounts of the recently identified CD205–DCL‐1 fusion protein were detected in mature DC. Our results suggest that CD205 has two distinct functions – one as an endocytic receptor on immature dendritic cells and a second as a non‐endocytic molecule on mature dendritic cells – and further highlight its potential as an immuno‐modulatory target for vaccine and immunotherapy development.
Comparative transcriptional profiling of the lung reveals shared and distinct features of Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A virus infection
Authors: Rosseau Simone , Hocke Andreas , Mollenkopf Hans , Schmeck Bernd , Suttorp Norbert , Kaufmann Stefan H. E. , Zerrahn Jens 
Published: December 2006

SummaryPneumonia is the most common cause of death from infectious disease in the western hemisphere. Pathophysiological and protective processes are initiated by pattern recognition of microbial structures. To provide the molecular framework for a better understanding of processes relevant to host defence in pneumonia, we performed pulmonary transcriptome analysis in mice infected with the major bacterial and viral agents of community‐acquired pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A virus. We detected differential expression of 1300 genes after infection with either pathogen. Of these, approximately 36% or 30% were specific for pneumococcal or influenza infection, respectively, yielding pathogen‐specific as well as shared inflammatory transcriptional signatures. These results not only reveal a differential response on the cytokine and chemokine levels but also emphasize the important role of genes implicated in regulation and fine tuning of inflammation. As one, albeit unexpected, key feature of pneumococcal pneumonia we discovered down‐regulation of B‐cell responses, probably reflecting a pneumococcal virulence strategy. The pathophysiological consequences of influenza A virus infection were reflected by the emerging protective T‐cell response and differential induction of genes involved in tissue regeneration and proliferation. These data provide new insights into pathogenesis of the most common forms of pneumonia, highlighting the value of transcriptional profiling for the elucidation of underlying mechanisms.
Structural and functional comparison of native pentameric, denatured monomeric and biotinylated C‐reactive protein
Authors: Taylor Karolina E. , Van Den Berg Carmen W. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThere are many controversies surrounding the biological activities of native C‐reactive protein (nCRP) and its various modified forms such as monomerized and biotinylated CRP (mCRP and bCRP). No simple methods have been described to distinguish among these forms. By adapting established electrophoresis methods, we have developed a useful quality control method with which we have investigated the structural and functional characteristics of these forms of CRP. Under all electrophoresis conditions, biotinylation altered the electrophoretic mobility of CRP. nCRP was sensitive to sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)‐induced monomerization, and only mCRP was susceptible to digestion by trypsin or neutrophil‐derived serine proteases. bCRP and mCRP but not nCRP bound to cells, suggesting that chemical modification by biotin and denaturation had altered the structural integrity of CRP. Neither nCRP nor mCRP had the ability to induce secretion of chemokines, nor did they increase intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) expression in endothelial cells.
Macrophages are essential for antitumour effects against weakly immunogenic murine tumours induced by class B CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotides
Authors: Buhtoiarov Ilia N. , Sondel Paul M. , Eickhoff Jens C. , Rakhmilevich Alexander L. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryWe explored the mechanisms of class B CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotide‐induced antitumour effects against weakly immunogenic tumours. Treatment with CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG) induced similar antitumour effects in B16 melanoma‐bearing immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice and T‐cell‐deficient severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, and NXS2 neuroblastoma‐bearing T‐cell‐depleted A/J mice. Both macrophages (Mφ) and natural killer (NK) cells from CpG‐treated C57BL/6 mice could mediate cytotoxicity in vitro, suggesting that these cell types might control tumour growth in vivo. However, CpG treatment of SCID/beige mice or T‐cell‐depleted and NK‐cell‐depleted A/J mice still induced antitumour effects in vivo, arguing against a major role of NK cells in the antitumour effects of CpG in the absence of T cells. In contrast, CpG treatment of interferon‐γ knockout (IFN‐γ–/–) C57BL/6 mice resulted in no antitumour effects in vivo and no Mφ‐mediated tumoristasis in vitro despite unaltered cytolytic function of NK cells in vitro. Moreover, Mφ inactivation by silica substantially reduced CpG‐induced suppression of tumour growth in vivo, revealing an important role of Mφ in CpG‐induced antitumour effects. The in vitro tumouritoxicity by CpG‐stimulated Mφ (CpG‐Mφ) correlated with tumour cell mitochondria dysfunction and involved nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and IFN‐γ, whereas interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), IL‐1β, IFN‐α, TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand and Fas ligand played insignificant roles in CpG‐Mφ tumouritoxicity. Taken together, our results indicate that the growth control of weakly immunogenic tumours during CpG‐immunotherapy is mediated predominantly by Mφ, rather than T cells or NK cells.
Temporal and spatial dynamics of long‐distance Conyza canadensis seed dispersal
Authors: DAUER JOSEPH T. , MORTENSEN DAVID A. , VANGESSEL MARK J. 
Published: December 2006

Summary

Glyphosate‐resistant Conyza canadensis populations now infest more than 44 000 ha of arable land in eastern USA, only 5 years after the first resistant population was reported. Seed dispersal, the expansive use of glyphosate and the lack of tillage are all factors contributing to this high invasion speed.
Seed collected from deliberately established C. canadensis source populations were found at the furthest seed traps in our empirical studies, providing one of the most complete dispersal kernels for studying long‐distance dispersal. The results indicate that seed regularly disperses at least 500 m from source populations. While a relatively small number of seeds moves long distances, 99% of the seed was found within 100 m of the source.
Empirical and mechanistic models were fitted to the data to predict the dispersal in the prevailing wind direction. Both models underestimated seed deposition beyond 200 m but the mechanistic model provided a better fit to the data (lower Akaike information criterion). A two‐dimensional analysis examined the correlation between angular directions of wind and seed movement. All trials were anisotropic but only the cumulative wind and seed direction were significantly correlated (P < 0·05).
The empirical model was used to explore the effect of increasing source strength, which would be expected as an infestation of glyphosate‐resistant C. canadensis expands on a producer's farm. At infestation levels consistent with a heavy infestation in a 5‐ha field, seed dispersed further than 1·5 km, easily affecting 10s to 100s of surrounding farms.
Synthesis and applications. Emigration of C. canadensis seed, from a source farm to adjacent farms, means that population dynamics and weed management are dependent on both intra‐ and interfield dispersal phenomena. Wind‐dispersed plants challenge the common practice of single field management as a viable management option for herbicide‐resistant weeds. Farms coupled by seed dispersal require proactive management practices by every producer to prevent and minimize the development of glyphosate‐resistant infestations of undesirable and alien plants.
The profile and incidence of cancer in Down syndrome
Authors: Sullivan S. G. , Hussain R. , Glasson E. J. , Bittles A. H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground  Down syndrome is one of the commonest causes of intellectual disability. As life expectancy improves with early and more intensive surgical and medical treatments, people with the disorder are more likely to exhibit classic morbidity and mortality patterns and be diagnosed with diseases such as cancer.Methods  A profile of cancer cases among people with Down syndrome has been compiled, based on the analysis of a linked data set that included information from the Disability Services Commission of Western Australian and the State Cancer Registry.Results and conclusions  Although the total age‐ and sex‐standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for people with Down syndrome were similar to that for the general population, SIRs for leukaemia were significantly higher while the incidence of certain other types of cancers was reduced. Overall, there was a lower incidence of solid tumours in Down syndrome, possibly reflecting the age profile of the study cohort.
Chilika Lagoon: Restoring ecological balance and livelihoods through re‐salinization
Authors: Ghosh Asish K. , Pattnaik Ajit K. , Ballatore Thomas J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews the past and present conditions and management of Chilika Lagoon, the largest lagoon on India's eastern coast. Spatial and temporal salinity gradients, because of freshwater river inflow and seasonal seawater influx, have created unique characteristics of an estuarine ecosystem, and exercised a continuous, selective influence on the biota. Unfortunately, its biodiversity and the livelihoods that depend on it were being lost at a fast rate because of a blockage of the lagoon's mouth by silt coming from upstream catchments, as well as oceanic long‐shore transport. Projects to restore the dynamic characteristics of the lagoon included dredging a new mouth to the ocean, as well as prevention of soil erosion in upstream areas. Management efforts resulted in a dramatic revival of this ecosystem, and contributed to a sharp rise in the incomes of fisherfolk. The institutional aspects of implementing such large‐scale policy changes also are discussed, and the remaining issues and lessons learned are presented.
Kariba Reservoir: Experience and lessons learned
Authors: Magadza Christopher H. D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe Kariba Reservoir is a large, tropical reservoir created nearly half a century ago on the Zambezi River in Zambia and Zimbabwe. It has a complex sociopolitical history, being designed during a period when human rights, social justice and equity in relation to colonial subjects were secondary concerns, as well as a period in which environmental management was an emerging discipline. Many of the management issues that have arisen over time were not foreseen when the dam was being planned. This paper examines several of these issues, including population increase in the basin, the need for ecological manipulations to optimize ecosystem functioning, and environmental problems such as eutrophication, microbial pollution, hyacinth invasion, and issues arising from pest control. The institutional arrangements also are critiqued, with a focus on how forced relocation of indigenous communities in the course of water resource development can lead to long‐lasting, trans‐generational social traumas. It is concluded that reservoir planning must explicitly address community needs, with equity issues in the sharing of water resource development benefits being clearly considered, and that post‐project integrated watershed management efforts must be part of reservoir planning.
Lake Baringo: Addressing threatened biodiversity and livelihoods
Authors: Odada Eric O. , Onyando Japheth O. , Obudho Peninah A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLake Baringo is a shallow, internal drainage, freshwater lake located in the Kenyan Rift Valley. The lake is an important source of water for humans and livestock, as well as a significant income source for local communities through activities such as tourism, biodiversity conservation, and fish sold in local markets. The lake has been subject to overfishing, as well as to greatly enhanced sedimentation as a result of land use changes in the drainage basin. This paper provides an analysis of the conditions prevailing at Lake Baringo, and examines in detail the management response to the problems facing the lake. The roles of the many and varied institutions in the lake basin's management are discussed, and an analysis of internationally funded projects designed to ameliorate the situation is provided.
Management of lakes in India
Authors: Reddy M. S. , Char N. V. V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIndia is home to a wide range of water impoundments located in a diversity of climates, stretching from mountain conditions near the Himalayas in the north, to tropical conditions in the south. The impoundments include natural lakes, wetlands and coastal lagoons, as well as constructed reservoirs and tanks. This paper provides an overview of the lake management in India, focusing on wetlands, reservoirs and tanks. While there has never been a thorough survey of the lakes of India, it is possible to discuss the general conditions in which lake management is currently carried out in India. Overall, lakes all over the country are exhibiting varying degrees of environmental degradation caused by encroachments, eutrophication (from domestic and industrial effluents) and siltation. The high population density ensures that many water bodies are under severe and direct pressure from anthropogenic activities in their catchments. Actions to control and prevent these problems are addressed, with a focus on measures such as public interest litigation, the National Lake Conservation Plan, and the Special Purpose Vehicles. The role of national and international institutions is critiqued. Finally, the issues related to gaps in the knowledge base, delays in restoration, lack of coordination, ineffectiveness of legislation, and the general lack of an integrated approach to management are discussed, and possible solutions to these impediments are explored.
Orbital cellulitis as a postoperative complication of sub‐Tenon anaesthesia in cataract surgery
Authors: Liang Steve Y‐W , Moloney Gregory , O’Donnell Brett A , Fernando Glen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOrbital cellulitis is a rarely reported sight‐threatening complication of sub‐Tenon anaesthesia. We report a case of orbital cellulitis in a patient who had received sub‐Tenon anaesthesia for routine cataract surgery. We discuss the potential under‐reporting of complications of sub‐Tenon anaesthesia that had a delayed presentation, and the possible association between the use of hyaluronidase in the anaesthetic mixture and orbital cellulitis following sub‐Tenon anaesthesia.
Giant cell angiofibroma of the orbit with periosteal adherence
Authors: DeSousa Jean‐Louis , Meligonis George , Malhotra Raman 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe report a case of orbital giant cell angiofibroma, an unusual, recently reported benign spindle cell neoplasm. Preoperative clinical assessment and radiology suggested a benign mass and early operative findings were in concordance with this. Surgical excision was however, hampered by periosteal adhesion and lack of distinct encapsulation in the posterior part of the lesion. The histology of giant cell angiofibroma and its principle pathological differential diagnoses is discussed. As with some lymphangiomas, this is another benign orbital tumour which may present difficulties in complete surgical excision that are not anticipated based on the preoperative findings.
Bilateral macular cyst after lightning visualized with optical coherence tomography
Authors: Rivas‐Aguiño Pedro J , Garcia Reinaldo A , Arevalo J Fernando 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe authors report a 14‐year‐old girl who was struck by lightning with bilateral macular cyst that was diagnosed with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Her fundus examination revealed bilateral macular lesions that simulated macular holes. The Watzke–Allen sign was negative in the right eye and positive in the left eye. Fluorescein angiography showed a foveal window defect in both eyes. OCT demonstrated a small foveal cyst evident as a hyporeflective lucency, visible just anterior to the retinal pigment epithelium/choriocapillaris complex in both eyes. OCT seems to be useful in the evaluation of lighting maculopathy to rule‐out full‐thickness macular hole in these cases, and avoid unnecessary surgery.