bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy in 8-Year-Old Children in Three Areas of the United States in 2002: A Multisite Collaboration
Authors: Yeargin-Allsopp Marshalyn , Van Naarden Braun Kim , Doernberg Nancy S. , Benedict Ruth E. , Kirby Russell S. , Durkin Maureen S. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to estimate the prevalence of cerebral palsy and cerebral palsy subtypes among children in 3 areas of the United States by using a population-based surveillance system.METHODS. Using methods developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program, investigators from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network conducted surveillance of cerebral palsy among 8-year-old children living in northern Alabama, metropolitan Atlanta, and southeastern Wisconsin in 2002 (N = 114897). Cross-sectional data were collected through retrospective record review from multiple sources. Cases were linked to birth certificate and census files to obtain additional information. Period prevalence estimates were calculated per 1000 children 8 years of age.RESULTS. The average prevalence of cerebral palsy across the 3 sites was 3.6 cases per 1000, with notably similar site-specific prevalence estimates (3.3 cases per 1000 in Wisconsin, 3.7 cases per 1000 in Alabama, and 3.8 cases per 1000 in Georgia). At all sites, prevalence was higher in boys than girls (overall boy/girl ratio: 1.4:1). Also, at all sites, the prevalence of cerebral palsy was highest in black non-Hispanic children and lowest in Hispanic children. At all sites, the prevalence among children living in low- and middle-income neighborhoods was higher than that among children living in high-income neighborhoods. Spastic cerebral palsy was the most common subtype (77% of all cases), with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy dominating the spastic group (70%).CONCLUSION. These findings contribute new knowledge to the epidemiology of cerebral palsy in the United States. The similarities in prevalence rates and patterns of cerebral palsy reported for 8-year-old children at 3 geographically distinct sites provide evidence of the reliability of the surveillance methods used by the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Staged Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Authors: Tabbutt Sarah , Nord Alex S. , Jarvik Gail P. , Bernbaum Judy , Wernovsky Gil , Gerdes Marsha , Zackai Elaine , Clancy Robert R. , Nicolson Susan C. , Spray Thomas L. , Gaynor J. William 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to determine the relative effects of underlying genetic factors and current management strategies on neurodevelopmental disabilities among one-year old survivors of palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
METHODS. Children who underwent staged reconstruction for hypoplastic left heart syndrome and variants were assessed at 1 year of age by using a neuromuscular examination and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II, which provide the Mental Development Index and the Psychomotor Development Index. The effects of perioperative, operative, and genetic variables on developmental scores were evaluated.
RESULTS. The median birth weight was 3.3 kg (range: 2.1–4.5 kg). Eight-three patients (94%) underwent multiple operations with cardiopulmonary bypass during the first year of life (median: 2 operations). Seven patients (8%) required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Twenty-five patients (28%) had a confirmed or suspected genetic syndrome. At 1 year of age, the neuromuscular examination results were abnormal or suspect for 57 patients (65%). The median Mental Development Index score was 90, and 10 patients (11%) had scores of &lt;70 (2 SDs below the general population mean). The median Psychomotor Development Index score was 73, and 42 patients (48%) had scores of &lt;70. In multivariate analyses, younger gestational age, the presence of a genetic syndrome, and the need for preoperative intubation had significant negative effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes. No association was found with operative factors, including duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
CONCLUSIONS. At 1 year of age, there was a significant incidence of neurodevelopmental disabilities in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and variants; motor scores were particularly concerning. Many children had suspected or confirmed genetic syndromes, which negatively affected neurodevelopmental outcomes. Surgical variables did not affect neurologic outcomes.
Pertussis Hospitalizations Among Infants in the United States, 1993 to 2004
Authors: Cortese Margaret M. , Baughman Andrew L. , Zhang Rongping , Srivastava Pamela U. , Wallace Gregory S. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. We sought to describe the rates of pertussis hospitalization among infants by using databases that do not rely on passive reporting and compare with results obtained from the passive national surveillance system.
METHODS. The incidence of infant pertussis hospitalization in 1993 to 2004 was determined by using 2 national hospitalization discharge databases (Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Kids’ Inpatient Database) and the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System/Supplemental Pertussis Surveillance System. Rates were determined for separate age groups among infants &lt;1 year of age. Pertussis complications and procedures were examined by using the Kids’ Inpatient Database.
RESULTS. In 1993 to 2004, the pertussis hospitalization rates for infants ≤2 months of age were generally stable, by the discharge databases. The incidence of infant pertussis hospitalization obtained from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Kids’ Inpatient Database was ∼2 times greater than that obtained from the passive reporting system. Infants 1 to 2 months of age had the highest incidence (239 hospitalizations per 100000 live births in the 2003 Kids’ Inpatient Database). An annual average of 2678 hospitalizations occurred in 2000 and 2003; 86% occurred in infants ≤3 months of age. Among those with ages provided, 95% of infants who required mechanical ventilation and all of those who died were ≤3 months of age.
CONCLUSIONS. Pertussis hospitalization incidence rates among the youngest infants were generally stable in 1993 to 2004 and were highest for infants 1 to 2 months of age. The impact of the new adolescent and adult tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccines on infant pertussis should be monitored through such discharge databases. Additional vaccination strategies should be evaluated to protect infants as early in life as possible.
Motivations of Mothers to Enroll Their Newborn Infants in General Clinical Research on Well-Infant Care and Development
Authors: Maayan-Metzger Ayala , Kedem-Friedrich Peri , Kuint Jacob 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to identify possible motivations for mothers to consent to having their newborn infants participate in medical research on well-infant care and to compare between mothers of term infants and mothers of stable preterm infants.
METHODS. Two-hundred mothers answered a questionnaire regarding their consent to have their newborns participate in 5 simulated studies at different risk levels and their willingness to provide a telephone number for future contact. Demographic data, attitudes about medicine, medical research, and evaluation of research conditions served as predictors of the degree of consent.
RESULTS. Degree of consent was affected mainly by perceived risk, because the research did not offer a direct personal benefit; that is, 80% consented to a psychological study as opposed to 25% who consented to a vaccine study. The strength of the predicting variables differentiated according to the suggested study. No significant difference was found between the mothers of term infants (n = 127) and the mothers of preterm infants (n = 73), either in the degree of consent to the 5 suggested studies or in the predicting variables, except for the measure of actual behavior (ie, revealing a telephone number). Only 23% of the mothers of term infants in comparison with 48% of the mothers of preterm infants were willing to reveal their telephone numbers.
CONCLUSIONS. There is some willingness to consent when the infant is healthy and the research is not directed at solving a specific problem of the infant. The degree of consent decreases in accordance with the increase in risk. The altruistic motive is the main predictor for research that is perceived as very risky. The benefit of learning about their infant's development served as a motivating force for less risky studies. We deduce that pointing out personal benefits to balance the usual conveyed information on risks or burdens of the research can increase the willingness to consent.
Early Determinants of Fractures in Rett Syndrome
Authors: Downs Jennepher , Bebbington Ami , Woodhead Helen , Jacoby Peter , Jian Le , Jefferson Amanda , Leonard Helen 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES. The goals were to compare the fracture incidence in Rett syndrome with that in the general population and to investigate the impact of genotype, epilepsy, and early motor skills on subsequent fracture incidence in girls and young women with Rett syndrome.
METHODS. The Australian Rett syndrome study, a population-based study operating since 1993, investigated Australian subjects with Rett syndrome born since 1976. The 234 (81.2%) of 288 verified cases in the Australian Rett syndrome database in 2004 whose families had completed follow-up questionnaires and provided information about fracture history were included in the analyses. The main outcomes were fracture incidence in the Rett syndrome population and fracture risk according to genotype, presence of epilepsy, and early motor profile.
RESULTS. Fracture incidence in this cohort was 43.3 episodes per 1000 person-years, nearly 4 times greater than the population rate. Risk was increased specifically in cases with p.R270X mutations and in cases with p.R168X mutations. Having epilepsy also increased fracture risk, even after adjustment for genotype.
CONCLUSIONS. Girls and young women with Rett syndrome are at increased risk of fracture. Those with mutations found previously to be more severe and those with epilepsy have an increased propensity toward fractures. Improved understanding of the risk factors for fracture could contribute to better targeting of interventions to decrease fracture incidence in this vulnerable population.
Prospective Assessment of the Effect of Needle Length and Injection Site on the Risk of Local Reactions to the Fifth Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis Vaccination
Authors: Jackson Lisa A. , Starkovich Patty , Dunstan Maya , Yu Onchee , Nelson Jennifer , Dunn John , Rees Thom , Zavitkovsky Ann , Maus Diane , Froeschle James E. , Decker Michael 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. Local reactions are relatively common after the fifth diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccination, but factors associated with an increased risk of those reactions are not well defined. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between needle length and injection site on the risk of local reactions to the fifth diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccination administered in the context of usual clinical care.METHODS. In this prospective assessment, parents reported signs and symptoms of adverse events for 7 days after vaccination. The relative risk of adverse events in relation to needle length (16 or 25 mm) and injection site (arm or thigh) was estimated in multivariate analyses that adjusted for age, gender, and BMI.RESULTS. Of the 1315 study participants, 89% were vaccinated in the arm, and 67% were vaccinated with a 25-mm needle. Among children vaccinated in the arm, use of the shorter 16-mm needle was associated with a significantly higher risk of any redness, ≥5 cm of redness, persistent redness on day 2, and pain compared with vaccination with a 25-mm needle. Similar trends among the smaller group of children vaccinated in the thigh were also suggested but were not statistically significant. In analyses that were restricted to children vaccinated with a 25-mm needle, vaccination in the thigh versus arm was associated with a substantially lower risk of ≥5 cm of redness and a significantly lower risk of swelling and any itching but not with any difference in the risk of pain, irritability, or change in activity.CONCLUSIONS. These findings suggest that a 25-mm needle should be used for the fifth diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccination regardless of injection site and that vaccination in the thigh is an option that may be considered by parents and providers who would like to decrease the risk of local reactions characterized by redness and swelling.
Plasma Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress: Relationship to Lung Disease and Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy in Premature Infants
Authors: Ballard Philip L. , Truog William E. , Merrill Jeffrey D. , Gow Andrew , Posencheg Michael , Golombek Sergio G. , Parton Lance A. , Luan Xianqun , Cnaan Avital , Ballard Roberta A. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES. Inhaled nitric oxide treatment for ventilated premature infants improves survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, there has been no information regarding possible effects of this therapy on oxidative stress. We hypothesized that inhaled nitric oxide therapy would not influence concentrations of plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. As part of the Nitric Oxide Chronic Lung Disease Trial, we collected blood samples at specified intervals from a subpopulation of 100 infants of &lt;1250 g birth weight who received inhaled nitric oxide (20 ppm, weaned to 2 ppm) or placebo gas for 24 days. Plasma was assayed for total protein and for 3-nitrotyrosine and carbonylation by using immunoassays.
RESULTS. The demographic characteristics and primary outcome for the infants were representative of the entire group of infants who were in the Nitric Oxide Chronic Lung Disease Trial. For all infants at baseline, before receiving study gas, the concentration of total protein was inversely correlated with the respiratory severity score, and plasma carbonyl was positively correlated with severity score, supporting an association between oxidative stress and severity of lung disease. Infants who survived without bronchopulmonary dysplasia had 30% lower protein carbonylation concentrations at study entry than those who had an adverse outcome. At each of 3 time points (1–10 days) during exposure to study gas, there were no significant differences between control and treated infants for concentrations of plasma protein, 3-nitrotyrosine, and carbonylation.
CONCLUSIONS. Inhaled nitric oxide treatment for premature infants who are at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia does not alter plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress, which supports the safety of this therapy.
Transplantation of Embryonic Stem Cells Improves Nerve Repair and Functional Recovery After Severe Sciatic Nerve Axotomy in Rats
Authors: Cui Lin , Jiang Jun , Wei Ling , Zhou Xin , Fraser Jamie L. , Snider B. Joy , Yu Shan Ping 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Extensive research has focused on transplantation of pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of central nervous system disorders, the therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy for injured peripheral nerves is largely unknown. We used a rat sciatic nerve transection model to test the ability of implanted embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived neural progenitor cells (ES-NPCs) in promoting repair of a severely injured peripheral nerve. Mouse ES cells were neurally induced in vitro; enhanced expression and/or secretion of growth factors were detected in differentiating ES cells. One hour after removal of a 1-cm segment of the left sciatic nerve, ES-NPCs were implanted into the gap between the nerve stumps with the surrounding epineurium as a natural conduit. The transplantation resulted in substantial axonal regrowth and nerve repair, which were not seen in culture medium controls. One to 3 months after axotomy, co-immunostaining with the mouse neural cell membrane specific antibody M2/M6 and the Schwann cell marker S100 suggested that transplanted ES-NPCs had survived and differentiated into myelinating cells. Regenerated axons were myelinated and showed a uniform connection between proximal and distal stumps. Nerve stumps had near normal diameter with longitudinally oriented, densely packed Schwann cell-like phenotype. Fluoro-Gold retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the spinal cord (T12–13) and DRG (L4-L6), suggesting reconnection of axons across the transection. Electrophysiological recordings showed functional activity recovered across the injury gap. These data suggest that transplanted neurally induced ES cells differentiate into myelin-forming cells and provide a potential therapy for severely injured peripheral nerves.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Statin and Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 Additively Promote Angiogenesis by Enhancement of Progenitor Cells Incorporation into New Vessels
Authors: Shao Hongwei , Tan Yaohong , Eton Darwin , Yang Zhe , Uberti M. Georgina , Li Sen , Schulick Andrew , Yu Hong 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Angiogenesis requires the mobilization of progenitor cells from the bone marrow and homing of progenitor cells to ischemic tissue. Statins facilitate the former, and the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) enhances the latter. Their combined influence on angiogenesis was studied in vivo in the ischemic hindlimb C57BL/6 mouse model. The ischemic to non-ischemic perfusion ratio increased from 0.29 ± 0.02 immediately after femoral excision to 0.51 ± 0.10 three weeks after the surgery in the mice treated with either fluvastatin or SDF-1 alone, which is significantly better than the control (0.38 ± 0.05, p &lt; .05, n = 6). The combined use of fluvastatin and SDF-1 further improved the reperfusion ratio (0.62 ± 0.08, p &lt; .05). More cell proliferation, less apoptosis, enhanced bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) incorporation and higher capillary density were observed in ischemic tissue treated with both statin and SDF-1. In vitro mono-treatment with either fluvastatin (100 nM) or SDF-1 (100 ng/ml) facilitated EPC proliferation and migration, inhibited EPC apoptosis, enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -9 (MMP-9), and increased Akt phosphorylation and nitric oxide production. These effects were significantly augmented by the two agents together and ablated by inhibitors of either Akt or nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In conclusion, statin and SDF-1 additively enhance progenitor cell migration and proliferation and down-regulate EPC apoptosis, resulting in improved reperfusion via activation of the Akt/NOS pathway and up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Health Selection Among New Immigrants
Authors: Akresh Ilana Redstone , Frank Reanne 
Published: February 2008

Objectives. We sought to quantify the extent of health selection (i.e., the degree to which potential immigrants migrate, or fail to migrate, on the basis of their health status) among contemporary US immigrant groups and evaluate the degree that selection explains variation in self-rated health among US legal permanent residents. Methods. Data came from the New Immigrant Survey 2003 cohort. We estimated the extent of positive and negative health selection through a unique series of questions asking immigrants in the United States to evaluate their health and compare it to that of citizens in their country of origin. Results. The extent of positive health selection differed significantly across immigrant groups and was related to compositional differences in the socioeconomic profiles of immigrant streams. Conclusions. The salience of socioeconomic status and English-language ability in explaining health differentials across immigrant groups reinforces the importance of further research on the role of these factors in contributing to the health of immigrants above and beyond the need for additional attention to the health selection process.
HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk Behaviors and Beliefs Among Black West Indian Immigrants and US-Born Blacks
Authors: Hoffman Susie , Beckford Jarrett Sharlene T. , Kelvin Elizabeth A. , Wallace Scyatta A. , Augenbraun Michael , Hogben Matthew , Liddon Nicole , McCormack William M. , Rubin Steve , Wilson Tracey E. 
Published: February 2008

Objectives. We compared Black West Indian immigrants' and US-born Blacks' sexual and drug-use risk behaviors and their beliefs related to using condoms and informing partners of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to identify possible differences in risk.Methods. We drew data from the baseline assessment of a clinic-based intervention designed to increase partner STI notification.Results. Black West Indian men were less likely than were US-born Black men to report nonregular partners. There were no differences in condom use. US-born Black women were more likely than were Black West Indian women to be extremely confident that they could convince their regular partners to use condoms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21, 4.76), whereas there were no differences between Black West Indian and US-born Black men on this measure (interaction P = .06). US-born Black women were more likely than were Black West Indian women to be extremely confident in their ability to discuss STI screening with their regular partners (OR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.03, 3.47).Conclusions. Black West Indian women's lower levels of confidence that they can discuss STI screening with their regular partners and convince these partners to use condoms may increase their infection risk. Gender-sensitive interventions are warranted for Black West Indian immigrants, especially women.
Scope of Rapid HIV Testing in Private Nonprofit Urban Community Health Settings in the United States
Authors: Bogart Laura M. , Howerton Devery , Lange James , Becker Kirsten , Setodji Claude Messan , Asch Steven M. 
Published: February 2008

Objectives. We examined patterns of rapid HIV testing in a multistage national random sample of private, nonprofit, urban community clinics and community-based organizations to determine the extent of rapid HIV test availability outside the public health system. Methods. We randomly sampled 12 primary metropolitan statistical areas in 4 regions; 746 sites were randomly sampled across areas and telephoned. Staff at 575 of the sites (78%) were reached, of which 375 were eligible and subsequently interviewed from 2005 to 2006. Results. Seventeen percent of the sites offered rapid HIV tests (22% of clinics, 10% of community-based organizations). In multivariate models, rapid test availability was more likely among community clinics in the South (vs West), clinics in high HIV/AIDS prevalence areas, clinics with on-site laboratories and multiple locations, and clinics that performed other diagnostic tests. Conclusions. Rapid HIV tests were provided infrequently in private, nonprofit, urban community settings. Policies that encourage greater diffusion of rapid testing are needed, especially in community-based organizations and venues with fewer resources and less access to laboratories.