bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macronutrients as sources of food energy
Authors: Prentice Andrew M 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis background paper considers the extent to which the development of new recommendations for dietary energy requirements needs to account for the macronutrient (fat, carbohydrate, protein and alcohol) profiles of different diets. The issues are discussed from the dual perspectives of avoiding under-nutrition and obesity. It is shown that, in practice, human metabolic processes can adapt to a wide range of fuel supply by altering fuel selection. It is concluded that, at the metabolic level, only diets with the most extreme macronutrient composition would have any consequences by exceeding the natural ability to modify fuel selection. However, diets of different macronutrient composition and energy density can have profound implications for innate appetite regulation and hence overall energy consumption.
Energy requirements of children and adolescents
Authors: Torun Benjamin 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTotal energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated at 1–18 years of age from measurements with doubly labelled water (DLW) in 483 boys and 646 girls, and heart rate monitoring (HRM) in 318 boys and 162 girls. Studies on obese, underweight and stunted groups were not included. TEE of populations with different lifestyles was estimated by factorial calculations in 42 studies on time allocation involving 1982 boys and 1969 girls in developed industrialised countries, and 1236 boys and 1116 girls in developing countries. Quadratic polynomial models were best to predict TEE in boys (TEE(MJ day−1) = 1.298 + 0.265 kg − 0.0011 kg2,r= 0.982, SEE = 0.518) and girls (TEE(MJ day−1) = 1.102 + 0.273 kg − 0.0019 kg2,r= 0.955, SEE = 0.650). TEE at 1–2 years was reduced by 7% based on DLW measurements and TEE estimates of infants. Energy requirements (ER) were calculated adding 8.6 kJ (2 kcal) for each gram of weight gained during growth. Compared with the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU values1, ER were 18–20% lower from 1 to 7 years of age, 12% lower for boys and 5% lower for girls at 7–10 years, and 12% higher for either gender from 12 years onwards. Differences between industrialised and developing countries, the variance in DLW and HRM studies, and the standard error of the estimate (SEE) of the quadratic predictive equations, suggested that ER should be adjusted after 5 years of age by ±15% in populations with more or less physical activity than an average lifestyle. Physical activity recommendations must accompany dietary recommendations in order to maintain optimal health and reduce the risk of diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles.
Energy requirements during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Butte Nancy F , King Janet C 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the energy requirements of pregnant and lactating women consistent with optimal pregnancy outcome and adequate milk production.DesignTotal energy cost of pregnancy was estimated using the factorial approach from pregnancy-induced increments in basal metabolic rate measured by respiratory calorimetry or from increments in total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labelled water method, plus energy deposition attributed to protein and fat accretion during pregnancy.SettingDatabase on changes in basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure during pregnancy, and increments in protein based on measurements of total body potassium, and fat derived from multi-compartment body composition models was compiled. Energy requirements during lactation were derived from rates of milk production, energy density of human milk, and energy mobilisation from tissues.SubjectsHealthy pregnant and lactating women.ResultsThe estimated total cost of pregnancy for women with a mean gestational weight gain of 12.0 kg, was 321 or 325 MJ, distributed as 375, 1200, 1950 kJ day-1, for the first, second and third trimesters, respectively. For exclusive breastfeeding, the energy cost of lactation was 2.62 MJ day-1based on a mean milk production of 749 g day-1, energy density of milk of 2.8 kJ g-1, and energetic efficiency of 0.80. In well-nourished women, this may be subsidised by energy mobilisation from tissues on the order of 0.72 MJ day-1, resulting in a net increment of 1.9 MJ day-1over non-pregnant, non-lactating energy requirements.ConclusionsRecommendations for energy intake of pregnant and lactating women should be updated based on recently available data.
Energy requirements and aging
Authors: Roberts Susan B , Dallal Gerard E 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo summarise the literature on energy requirements and aging.DesignAn analysis and review of published data on components of energy expenditure and total energy expenditure (TEE).SettingData on basal metabolic rate (BMR) and TEE were obtained from the US Institute of Medicine of the National Academies database (all available data from studies published before 2001, collected from 20 researchers willing to provide individual subject results).SubjectsThose individuals from the database who were 20–100 years of age.ResultsTEE and physical activity level (PAL, defined as the ratio of total to resting energy expenditure) declined progressively throughout adult life in both normal weight and overweight men and women. In normal weight individuals (defined as body mass index (BMI) 18.5–25.0 kg m-2) TEE fell by ≈150 kcal per decade, and PAL fell from an average of 1.75 in the second decade of life to 1.28 in the ninth decade. Thermic effect of feeding data from other published studies indicated no consistent change associated with aging.ConclusionsAging is associated with progressive declines in resting and TEE, which have implications for defining dietary energy requirements at different stages of adult life.
Laboratory and field measurements of body composition
Authors: Norgan NG 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectiveThis background paper was prepared in response to a request to review the concepts related to measurement of body composition, to discuss laboratory and field methods of assessing body composition and to discuss the practical applications of the methods – how they might be used singly or in combination to provide data for a selected population.DesignThe common laboratory and field methods are described and discussed, with particular attention to the assumptions involved and the applicability of the methods to the different population groups. Most measurements of body composition are made in the field, at the bedside or clinic as opposed to in the laboratory. The laboratory methods have a role to play in their own right, in research into new concepts, models and methods. However, they are particularly important in establishing the accuracy of the field methods.SettingField, bedside and laboratory studies.SubjectsChildren, adults, the elderly, ethnic groups.ResultsLaboratory estimates of body compositions are best performed by multi-component methods or by 2-component methods adjusted for to the populations under investigation. There is a scarcity of data for most of the populations in the world.ConclusionsEnergy requirements based on body weight are an approximation since they do not take into account differences in body composition, which will better determine the true requirements. The measurement of body composition occurs in many branches of biology and medicine. It is used in the assessment of nutritional and growth status and in disease states and their treatment. Energy stores, skeletal muscle and protein content can be determined and changes monitored. In human energetics, body composition is widely used for the standardisation of other variables, such as basal metabolic rate (BMR), in the assessments of ethnic and environmental differences and of variability and adaptation to different levels of nutrition. Choosing a method is very problematic. Users want simple, inexpensive, rapid, safe accurate methods to measure body composition but speed and simplicity come at the expense of accuracy. Recommendations are made for age, sex, and in some cases, fatness and ethnic specific methods.
Comparison of adrenal vein sampling value between aldosterone producing adrenal adenoma and non-functioning adrenal adenoma: evaluation using receiver operating characteristic analysis
Authors: Baba Y. , Hokotate H. , Nakajo M. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To evaluate adequate criteria for adrenal vein sampling values in patients with aldosterone producing adrenal adenoma (APA), retrospectively.Material and Methods: Between 1988 and 2002, 59 hypertensive patients (15 M and 44 F, aged 47.58±9.45 years) were referred to our hospital and diagnosed with APA based on established criteria. During the same period, 23 patients with non-functioning adrenal adenoma (11 M and 12 F aged 53.56±11.76 years) were diagnosed based on computed tomography and laboratory data.Results: All 82 patients were enrolled in the present study. Bilateral adrenal vein sampling (AVS) for measurement of plasma aldosterone (A) and cortisol (C) was performed, and a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was conducted to establish the best criteria from the AVS-derived index in patients with APA. A (APA side)/A (contralateral side) was confirmed to provide the best diagnostic accuracy {(>2.5: right APA, sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 79.5%), (>3: left APA, sensitivity 84.2%, specificity 76.9)}. The Az values for A (APA side)/A (contralateral side) were 0.8948 and 0.9260 for right and left APA, respectively.Conclusion: The A (APA side)/A (contralateral side) value was the best compromise for sensitivity and false-positive rate for lateralization of APA.
Magnetic resonance imaging of anterior cruciate ligament tears: evaluation of standard orthogonal and tailored paracoronal images
Authors: Duc S. R. , Zanetti M. , Kramer J. , Käch K. P. , Zollikofer C. L. , Wentz K. U. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To evaluate the three standard orthogonal imaging planes and a paracoronal imaging plane for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. Material and Methods: Ninety patients (91 knees; 29 F and 61 M) aged between 15 and 84 years (mean 36.9±16.4 years) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee prior to arthroscopy. At surgery, 32 knees had an intact ACL, 4 a partial tear, and 55 a complete ACL tear. In all patients, axial, sagittal, coronal, and paracoronal T2-weighted turbo-SE images were acquired. The ACL was classified as intact, partially, or completely torn. Partial and complete tears were combined for statistical evaluation. Results: Partial ACL tears (four cases) were not correctly diagnosed at MRI except in one knee by one observer on coronal images. Sensitivity in detecting ACL tears was 95%/63% (reader1/reader2) in the axial, 93%/95% in the sagittal, 93%/86% in the coronal, and 100%/93% in the paracoronal plane. Specificity was 75%/81% in the axial, 72%/81% in the sagittal, 78%/94% in the coronal, and 78%/88% in the paracoronal plane. Conclusion: ACL tears can be diagnosed accurately with each of the standard orthogonal planes. Based on reader confidence and interobserver agreement paracoronal images may be useful in equivocal cases.
Computed tomography of the urinary tract: optimalization of low-dose stone protocol in a clinical setting
Authors: Larsen A. S. F. , Pedersen R. , Sandbaek G. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To establish whether information would be lost if slice reconstruction thickness was increased from 3 to 5 mm, and whether this altered how difficult it was to interpret the examinations. Material and Methods: Twenty-three consecutive patients referred with suspected or known urinary stones were included. All examinations were performed without intravenous contrast media. The original series, with effective mAs 50, were reconstructed with slice thickness 3 and 5 mm, respectively. All demographic and examination data were removed and the series reviewed in PACS by two independent radiologists. Objective findings, i.e. number and size of stones, signs of obstruction, and evaluation of interpretation difficulty, were registered. Results: Identical findings were registered in 18 of the series of 3 mm ( n = 23) and 19 of the series of 5 mm ( n = 23). In two series reconstructed with 3 mm slice thickness and in one series with 5 mm slice thickness, the observers disagreed on the presence of urinary stones. Main reasons for interpretation difficulties were given as “lack of intra-abdominal fat” and “many phleboliths in the pelvic region”, but never “disturbing noise”. Conclusion: To determine the presence and size of urinary stones at low-dose computed tomography, 5 mm reconstruction algorithm seems equal to 3 mm. Patient-related factors influence the interpretation more than image quality.
Posterior cranial fossa crowdedness is related to age and sex: an magnetic resonance volumetric study
Authors: Lirng J.-F. , Fuh J.-L. , Chen Y.-Y. , Wang S.-J. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To measure 3-dimensional (3D) posterior cranial fossa (PCF) crowdedness and to evaluate the effect of age, sex, and body height on PCF. Material and Methods: Fifty-two healthy volunteers (24 M and 28 F; mean age 55.4±17.2 years; range 24–82 years) were recruited. Using a semi-automated magnetic resonance technique, we calculated a PCF crowdedness index (CI) as the ratio of hindbrain (HB) volume to PCF volume ×100% and correlated this index with age, sex, body height, and other crowdedness parameters. Results: The mean PCF CI was 93.7±2.7%. Women had a more crowded PCF than men (95.0±1.7% versus 92.1±2.7%; P<0.001). PCF CI declined with age for both men ( r = −0.61; P = 0.002) and women ( r = −0.68; P<0.001). The association with age – but not HB volume – was maintained after we controlled for sex and body height. On multiple regression, both age and sex accounted for 57.5% of the PCF CI variance. Conclusion: Our study shows that PCF CI is associated with age and sex, and can therefore be used as a surrogate to assess hindbrain atrophy in a cross-sectional sample. Moreover, sex- and age-specific normal ranges may be needed to evaluate the PCF CI in clinical practice.
Computed tomographic colonography: comparison of two workstations
Authors: Sörstedt E. , Persson A. , Norén B. , Björnlert U. , Malcherek P. , Axelsson M. , Johansson J. , Smedby Ö. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To compare two commercially available computed tomography (CT) colonography systems with respect to interobserver variability, the influence of level of expertise, and the gradual reduction of reviewing time for each system.Material and Methods: Two residents and two radiologists using Siemens CTAPP Colography software and Viatronix V3D-Colon software reviewed supine and prone CT acquisitions from 24 patients in a primary 3D endoluminal view. The observers graded each case with respect to technical quality and diagnostic value, assessed the presence of pathology, and indicated the time spent on the viewing.Results: Significant differences were found in technical quality ( P<0.001) and diagnostic value ( P<0.001) depending on which system was used, with higher scores for the Viatronix software. The agreement between specialists tended to be higher than that between residents (κ = 0.63 (0.30–0.95) vs. κ = 0.51 (0.21–0.81)), and the residents gave significantly ( P<0.001) higher scores of technical quality. However, the level of expertise had no significant impact on the assessments. We noted extensive variability in pathological lesions found by the different observers. The number of findings did not differ between workstations, but the viewers tended to report larger polyp sizes with the Viatronix software. The time needed for viewing decreased significantly from the first to the last examination viewed by each observer.Conclusion: Both the evaluated systems present trustworthy images of the human colon, but in a primary 3D setting the Viatronix software is favored owing to the user-friendly interface, higher experienced technical quality, and better diagnostic value.
Ultrasound guidance in intracranial tumor resection: correlation with postoperative magnetic resonance findings
Authors: Erdoğan N. , Tucer B. , Mavili E. , Menkü A. , Kurtsoy A. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To determine the inter-method agreement between intraoperative ultrasonography and postoperative contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting tumor residue. Material and Methods: After resection was completed, the cavity borders of 32 tumors were examined with a 7 MHz intraoperative probe. Any echogenic region>5 mm in thickness extending from the surgical cavity into the brain substance was taken as the sonographic criterion for residual tumor. A continuous echogenic rim<5 mm was considered normal. Results were correlated with gadolinium-enhanced MRI obtained within 48 h after surgery. Results: The kappa value for inter-method agreement was 0.72. There were four cases in whom MRI showed residue despite a negative sonography: extensive edema or Surgicel along the cavity borders (three cases with glioblastoma multiforme) and the cystic component in the vicinity of cerebrospinal fluid (a case with pituitary macroadenoma) may be the reason for the residue going undetected. In a case with glioblastoma multiforme, residual enhancement was<5 mm in thickness. Conclusion: Intraoperative ultrasound is an effective tool for maximizing the extent of intracranial tumor resection. Surgical use has to be minimized if intraoperative ultrasound is to be used as an adjunct to surgery. Tumors with preoperatively detected cystic components in the proximity of CSF-containing spaces have to be carefully evaluated with intraoperative ultrasound if residual cystic components are to be detected. A low-thickness echogenic rim should not be considered a reliable sign of the absence of residue.
Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of non-palpable breast lesions: a prospective analysis in 204 cases
Authors: Vega BolÍvar A. , Alonso-Bartolomé P. , Ortega GarcÍa E. , Garijo Ayensa F. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To assess the diagnostic value of ultrasound (US)-guided 14 G core needle breast biopsy in non-palpable suspicious breast lesions. Material and Methods: From August 1997 to April 2001, 198 patients with 204 suspicious non-palpable breast lesions underwent US-guided large core needle biopsy. Biopsies were performed with a free-hand technique using US equipment with a 7.5 MHz linear-array transducer; a minimum of three cores were obtained from each lesion. Pathological findings in US-guided core biopsy were correlated to findings in subsequent surgery or long-term (more than 2 years) imaging follow-up. Results: Among the 204 non-palpable breast lesions for which histopathological findings were obtained by US-guided core biopsy, 118 were malignant (114 carcinoma, 2 metastasis, 1 lymphoma, and 1 malignant phyllodes tumor) and 86 were benign (4 carcinoma and 82 benign lesions confirmed at surgery or after at least 2 years of follow-up). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for diagnosis of malignancy in our series were 97%, 100%, 100%, and 95%, respectively. Diagnostic yield with 1, 2, 3, and 4 specimens per lesion was 73.5%, 88%, 94%, and 97.5%, respectively. Conclusion: US-guided core needle biopsy is a sensitive percutaneous biopsy method for diagnosing non-palpable breast lesions. To achieve a high diagnostic yield, a minimum number of three cores per lesion is advisable.
Eating disorders from parent to child: Mothers’ perceptions of transgenerational effect
Authors: Barnett Sarah , Buckroyd Julia , Windle Karen 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPrimary prevention focuses on the reduction of risk factors. Children of mothers with an eating disorder are a proven “at risk” group, because children internalise their experiences. Prevention in the field of eating disorders has as yet only addressed children of seven or eight upwards and only in school‐based programs which did not incorporate mothers. This project targeted mothers with an eating disorder who had children under the age of thirteen. The hypothesis is that if these mothers can be encouraged to change damaging behaviour that their children are likely to model, we can attempt to break the cycle of dysfunction. This is a qualitative and quantitive research project, carried out with standardised measures and semi‐structured interviews before and after a nineteen week therapy group, with six and twelve month follow ups. The group consisted of eight mothers. This paper describes the group and provides a case study of one participant. The initial analysis suggests that the support of a therapeutic group allowed this mother enough space for reflection. She became aware of her dysfunctional behaviour and was able to begin to understand the underlying reasons behind it. This led to an improvement in her own Eating Disorder (ED) and she was subsequently able to make change in her responses to her children's needs.
Developing a model of the treatment for eating disorder: Using neuroscience research to examine the how rather than the what of change
Authors: Treasure Janet , Tchanturia Kate , Schmidt Ulrike 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTreatments for eating disorders, in particular for people with anorexia nervosa, have often been adaptations of therapies designed for other conditions. Indeed, there is a move advocating the use of a transdiagnostic treatment approach in which general module based treatments are mixed together as needed rather than using a specific anorexia nervosa targeted strategy. The outcome of treatment is relatively poor, especially for those who for some reason do not have the benefit of an expert form of early intervention for anorexia nervosa. Technological advances in the neurosciences and genetics have radically altered how eating disorders and in particular anorexia nervosa have been conceptualised. In this paper we describe evidence that suggests that key aspects of the social information processing network both the cognitive and affective elements may be anomalous in people with anorexia nervosa. This has implications for models of treatment which can be tailored more directly to these causal and or maintaining factors. We describe the Maudsley method of working with adults with anorexia nervosa which has integrated these elements. This treatment approach includes working with the individual to develop a more flexible and holistic cognitive style with greater emotional intelligence. This is supplemented with work with the families to interrupt interactions that either accommodate to or aggravate the symptoms. Thus we are now in the position to understand and work to change how people with anorexia nervosa think and behave rather than focusing on what people think and say they do. Our prediction is that treatments that focus more directly on aetiology such as the intrapersonal and interpersonal maintaining factors will improve outcome.