bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biology and Ecology of Marginopora vertebralis (Foraminiferida), Great Barrier Reef
Authors: ROSS CHARLES A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard is a large calcareous Foraminiferida adapted to euphotic sedimentary basins associated with tropical reefs. This and other species of foraminiferids commonly are abundant and loosely bind substrate sediments with their pseudopods to reduce erosion by waves and currents. Three stages of shell construction, embryonic, laminate and reproduction chamber stages, characterize major changes in the growth of individuals. A flexostyle in the embryonic apparatus and reproductive chambers that are well developed are reported for the 1st time in this species and genus. Reproduction in M. vertebralis is primarily asexual and reproductive activity is greatest during the late spring on the Great Barrier Reef. Reproductive maturity requires a year and commonly longer.M. vertebralis is host to at least one species and perhaps several species of zooxanthellae‐dinoflagellates of which the most common is Gymnodinium rotundatum in its motile form. These zooxanthellae are abundant in the protoplasm of M. vertebralis, give the living foraminifer a distinctive yellow‐brownish green color, and apparently are symbiotic. M. vertebralis and perhaps other large calcareous foraminifers which are hosts to similar zooxanthellae‐dinoflagellates may have an important ecologic relationship to hermatypic corals in serving as an alternate host in the life cycle of this symbiotic group. Such a symbiotic and alternate‐host relationship may explain the similar geographic distributions of large calcareous foraminifers and reef‐building hermatypic corals.
Analysis of the Antigenic Relationships Among Trichomonas, Histomonas, Dientamoeba, and Entamoeba. I. Quantitative Fluorescent Antibody Methods*
Authors: DWYER DENNIS M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Antigens were prepared from axenic Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba invadens, and Trichomonas gallinae; dixenic Dientamoeba fragilis; and agnotobiotic Histomonas meleagridis cultures. Antisera were developed in rabbits against each of these species by subcutaneous inoculations of homogenized organisms with complete Freund's adjuvant. The globulin fraction of each serum was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and then processed on Sephadex G‐25 and DEAE‐cellulose columns. Fluorescein/protein ratios were determined for the several DEAE fractions obtained from each of the 5 conjugated globulins, and those with ratios of approximately 3.0 were selected for use in all experiments. Conjugated anti‐Dientamoeba and anti‐Histomonas fractions were absorbed with the bacterial flora present in the respective cultures before being used for staining. Intact, formalin‐fixed organisms of each of the species were subjected to direct staining, inhibition staining, and staining with cross‐absorbed conjugated fractions. The emitted fluorescence was measured in an ultramicrofluorimeter.Cross reactions among the 5 antigens and 5 conjugated antisera suggested that very few, if any, common antigens were shared by Trichomonas and Entamoeba. They indicated also a close antigenic relationship between Trichomonas and Histomonas on the one hand and between Histomonas and Dientamoeba on the other. Trichomonas and Dientamoeba appeared to be less closely related, and still less relationship was noted between Dientamoeba and Entamoeba. Only very weak reactions were recorded between Histomonas and Entamoeba. Entamoeba invadens emitted much fluorescence after being stained with anti‐Entamoeba histolytica conjugate and similar results were obtained by reciprocal staining. The phylogenetic implications of the immunologic findings are discussed.
Comparaison morphologique de 4 souches d'Acanthamoeba du groupe astronyxis‐comandoni
Authors: PUSSARD M. 
Published: May 2007

RESUMELes trophozoïtes, les noyaux mitotiques et les kystes de 3 souches d'Acanthamoeba comandoni Pussard et d'l souche d'Acanthamoeba astronyxis Ray & Hayes ont été observés sur le vivant pour étudier les caractères morphologiques utilisés pour séparer les 2 espèces (Griffin & Sawyer, 1971).Chez toutes les souches, la centrosphère est visible pendant l'intercinèse comme pendant la mitose. Acanthamoeba astronyxis se distingue des autres souches essentiellement par la forme de la figure nucléaire à la prométaphase. Les caractères de la paroi du kyste ne permettent pas d'opposer nettement Acanthamoeba astronyxis aux autres souches.Les dimensions des trophozoïtes et le diamètre des kystes sont trop variables pour être utilisables en taxonomie. Chez toutes les souches existe une corrélation positive entre la taille du kyste et le nombre des bras de l'enveloppe interne.SYNOPSISObservations of living trophozoites, mitotic nuclei, and cysts of 3 strains of Acanthamoeba comandoni Pussard and of 1 strain of Acanthamoeba astronyxis Ray & Hayes were made to study the morphologic characters utilized by Griffin & Sawyer (1971) for separating the 2 species. In all 4 strains the centrosphere is visible in the interphase just as during mitosis. A. astronyxis differs from the other strains essentially in the shape of the nuclear pattern in prometaphase. The characteristics of the cyst wall do not permit clear differentiation between the 2 species. Size of the trophozoites and diameter of the cysts are too variable to be utilized for taxonomic purposes. In all 4 strains there is a positive correlation between size of the cyst and the number of rays of its internal layer (endocyst).
Protosporangium: a New Genus of Protostelids*
Authors: OLIVE LINDSAY S. , STOIANOVICH CARMEN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISProtosporangium is described as a new genus of the mycetozoan order Protosteliida, with 3 new species: P. bisporum, P. fragile, and P. articulatum. The genus is characterized by minute, mostly 2‐4‐spored sporangia borne on long, slender, flexuous stalks. The spores produce flagellate cells (typically 8 per sporangium) during germination. The trophic stage is holozoic and uninucleate to plurinucleate but never reticulate. Plurinucleate protoplasts segment into uninucleate (sometimes binucleate) prespore cells that culminate to form sporocarps in the manner characteristic of protostelids.
Die Infraciliatur von Marituja pelagica Gajewskaja, 1928*
Authors: WILBERT NORBERT 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe ciliate Marituja pelagica Gajewskaja, 1928 was described originally from Lake Baikal. Recently this organism was found in the plankton of a eutrophic pond in the area of Bonn. Studies of structure of living ciliates and of silver‐stained preparations aided in the solution of hitherto existing taxonomic problems with regard to M. pelagica and led to its placement in the suborder Peniculina.
Ultrastructural Localization of Acid Phosphatase in Feeding Tokophrya infusionum*
Authors: RUDZINSKA MARIA A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISA combined cytochemical and electronmicroscopic study of feeding Tokophrya revealed that it has 2 sources of acid phosphatase. One is from the prey, Tetrahymena, supplying newly formed food vacuoles with large amounts of enzyme. The other source is in Tokophrya itself, the enzyme being found in small vesicles, small dense elongate bodies surrounded by a membrane, or in residue vacuoles. It seems that the 2 former small structures contain insignificantly small amounts of phosphatase; however, large deposits of lead phosphate are present in residue vacuoles, former food vacuoles. Since Tokophrya has no cytopyge these vacuoles are not excreted. On the contrary, when feeding is resumed, they merge with food vacuoles, presumably supplying them with acid phosphatase. Whether this enzyme ultimately is derived from the prey Tetrahymena and persists undegraded in the residue vacuoles, or whether it is synthesized by Tokophrya cannot be determined from present work.
Experimental Histomoniasis in the Guinea Fowl, Numida meleagris*
Authors: CHUTE ANNE M. , LUND EVERETT E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISGuinea fowl were inoculated rectally with Histomonas meleagridis to produce histomoniasis. The birds were infected readily by this unnatural route. Severe cecal involvement was frequent and long‐lasting but liver lesions and death were rare. Turkeys given the same inoculum had high levels of liver involvement and mortality. Guinea fowl responded much less severely to infection with H. meleagridis when infected by a natural route (ingestion of a vector) rather than by rectal inoculation. Thus, naturally acquired infections with H. meleagridis appear to be of small consequence in the guinea fowl.
Immunity to Babesia bigemina in Experimentally Infected Cattle
Authors: LÖHR K.‐F. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISTwo groups of 5 and 6 Babesia bigemina“vaccine donor” animals of which 8 had been splenectomized were challenged 6 and 12 months respectively after they had lost their carrier state. All animals of the former, and 3 of the latter group survived; the remaining 3 animals succumbed to the challenge and died. It was concluded that premunity to B. bigemina is followed by sterile immunity which lasts for at least 6 months. Thereafter it fades gradually with time, depending on the immune response of the host, but can last for at least 12 months.Six splenectomized animals, which had lost their infectivity after treatment of their initial B. bigemina parasitemia at the rapidly rising phase with 1 mg/kg Berenil, died on challenge. It was concluded that a minimum period of contact between host and parasite is required for the acquisition of immunity to B. bigemina.Capillary tube agglutination titers were generally higher in the protected than in the unprotected animals. They remained fairly high for a long period after animals had lost their carrier state, which indicated the sensitivity of the CA test but rendered it unreliable for the detection of carrier animals.
The Molecular Biology of Euglena gracilis. VIII. Glycitols and Monosaccharides
Authors: KEMPNER E. S. , MILLER J. H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISMannitol is identified as the major component of the small molecule pool of Euglena gracilis strain Z. Smaller amounts of glycerol also are found. Results of tracer studies and enzymic measurements indicate that both major mannitol pathways found in bacteria are present in Euglena.
Synthesis of RNA, Protein, Cellulose, and Mucopolysaccharide and Changes in the Chemical Composition of Hartmannella culbertsoni During Encystment under Axenic Conditions*
Authors: RAIZADA M. K. , MURTI C. R. KRISHNA 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISHartmannella culbertsoni trophozoites are transformed into viable cysts on exposure to a non‐nutrient agar medium containing 15 mM MgCl2 and 20 mM taurine. Amebae differentiating in this encystment medium incorporate more uracil‐2‐14C into RNA and more leucine‐1‐14C or valine‐1‐14C into proteins than controls. Encysting organisms incorporate significantly more glucose‐U‐14C into cellulose and glucosamine‐1‐14C into mucopolysaccharides. Incorporation of glucose‐U‐14C into cellulose and of glucosamine‐1‐14C into mucopolysaccharides are inhibited by actinomycin D or cycloheximide.
Eigenschaften des Elektronentransportsystems von Mitochondrien des Protisten Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff. II. Reinigung und Eigenschaften der NADH‐Akzeptor‐Oxydoreduktase des Elektronentransportsystems
Authors: FOUQUET H. 
Published: May 2007

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG. Es wird die Reinigung einer mitochondrialen NADH‐Akzeptor‐Oxydoreduktase (EC. 1.6.99.3) über folgende Stufen beschrieben: fraktionierte Ammonsulfatfällung, Chromatographie an DEAE‐Cellulose und Molekularsiebchromatographie an Sephadex G 100. Das gewonnene Enzympräparat erwies sich als elektrophoretisch rein. Die Michaeliskonstante für NADH als einziges Substrat liegt bei 6,9 × 10−5 M NADH. Ein ebenfalls isoliertes extramitochondriales Enzym underscheidet sich vom intramitochondrialen in drei voneinander unabhängigen Eigenschaften: Substratspezifität, elektrophoretiche Mobilität, Molekulargewicht. Das isolierte intramitochondriale Enzym verhält sich gegenüber Atmungsketteninhibitoren ähnlich wie isolierte Mitochondrien.SYNOPSIS. Mitochondrial NADH reductase (EC. 1.6.99.3) was isolated from Acanthamoeba castellanii by the following steps: fractionation by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, DEAE‐cellulose chromatography, and chromatography on Sephadex G 100 columns. Purity of the enzyme preparation was demonstrated by electrophoresis. With NADH as the sole substrate, the Km= 6.9 × 10−5 M NADH. Extramitochondrial enzyme, also isolated from the ameba, differed from the mitochondrial one in substrate specificity, electrophoretic mobility, and molecular weight. The mitochondrial NADH reductase and isolated mitochondria were affected in the same way by respiratory chain inhibtors.
Observations on the Proboscis‐Cytopharynx Complex and Flagella of Rhynchomonas metabolita Pshenin, 1964 (Zoomastigophorea: Bodonidae)*
Authors: BURZELL LINDEN A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The description of Rhynchomonas metabolita is amended on the basis of new electronmicroscopic and other evidence. The proboscis of R. metabolita is not derived from the anterior flagellum, but rather is an outward extension of the cytopharynx. Food organisms are taken up near the distal tip of the proboscis and pass through a membrane‐limited lumen continuous with the permanent cytopharynx. The cytopharynx‐proboscis lumen is surrounded by overlapping rows of microtubules running parallel to the long axis of the lumen; these may be involved in the accommodation of food particles that are larger than the resting diameter of the lumen.R. metabolita has 2 emergent flagella, the previously described trailing flagellum and a hitherto unreported shorter anterior flagellum that is closely associated with the proboscis; the anterior flagellum and proboscis normally beat synchronously. A paraxial rod is present in both flagella. Rhynchobodo Lackey, 1940 is probably a synonym of Rhynchomonas.
Nuttallia balearicae sp. n., an Avian Piroplasm from Crowned Cranes (Balearica spp.)
Authors: PEIRCE M. A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISAn avian piroplasm, Nuttallia balearicae sp. n., is described from captive Balearica p. pavonina and B. p. gibbericeps. Other avian piroplasms and their validity and taxonomic status are discussed. The possible route of transmission of these parasites is also considered.
Fine Structure and Life Cycle of Lankesteria clarki sp. n. (Sporozoa: Eugregarinida) Parasitic in the Mosquito Aedes sierrensis (Ludlow)
Authors: SANDERS R. D. , POINAR G. O. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISLankesteria clarki sp. n. from the treehole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis (Ludlow) in California, is described. This species can be separated from the closely related ones, L. culicis (Ross) and L. barretti Vávra, by the totally intracellular nature of the trophozoite, the shape of the gamont, the position of the gamont nucleus and the structure and position of the residual body in the spore. Morphologic and ultrastructural investigations of gametogenesis and sporogony were conducted and the host relationship discussed. Lankesteria clarki was found in mosquitoes collected from all treeholes examined near Novato in Marin County, California and an examination of over 6,000 larvae of A. sierrensis showed an infection rate of 27.5%. The parasite is capable of destroying the midgut epithelial cells during its trophic stage and Malpighian tubule cells during gametogenesis and sporogony.
Fine Structure of Gametogony and Oocyst Formation in Sarcocystis sp. in Cell Culture
Authors: VETTERLING JOHN M. , PACHECO NANCY D. , FAYER RONALD 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISFine structure of gametocytes and oocyst formation of Sarcocystis sp. from Quiscalus quiscula Linnaeus grown in cultured embryonic bovine kidney cells was studied. Microgametocytes measured up to ∼5 μm diameter. During nuclear division of the microgametocyte, dense plaques were found adjacent to the nucleus just beneath the pellicle; occasionally microtubules were present within these plaques. These microtubules subsequently formed 2 basal bodies with a bundle of 4 microtubules between them. Microgametocytes also contained numerous mitochondria, micropores, granules, vacuoles, and free ribosomes. Each microgamete was covered by a single membrane and consisted of 2 basal bodies, 2 flagella, a bundle of 4 microtubules, a perforatorium, a mitochondrion, and a long dense nucleus which extended anteriorly and posteriorly beyond the mitochondrion. The bundle of 4 microtubules is thought to be the rudiment of a 3rd flagellum. Macrogametes were covered by a double membrane pellicle, and contained a large nucleus (∼2.5 μm), vacuoles, and a dilated nuclear envelope connected with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In young macrogametes (∼4 μm), the ER was arranged in concentric rows in the cortical region, and several sizes of dense granules were found in the cytoplasm. However, in later stages (∼8 μm) the ER was irregularly arranged and was dilated with numerous cisternae; only large dark granules remained and a few scattered polysaccharide granules were found. No Golgi apparatus or micropores were observed. After the disappearance of dark granules 5 concentric membranes appeared. Four of these fused to form an oocyst wall composed of a dense outer layer (∼66 nm thick) and a thin inner layer (∼7 nm). The 5th or innermost membrane surrounded the cytoplasmic mass which was covered by a 2‐layered pellicle and contained a nucleus, small amounts of ER, large vacuoles, and mitochondria. The sexual stages described greatly resemble those of Eimeria and Toxoplasma.
Influence of Culture pH on Chloroplast Structure in Euglena gracilis
Authors: COOK J. R. , LI THERESA C. C. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISChloroplasts of Euglena gracilis grown with phototrophic nutrition at pH 3.0 were compact, while those in cells grown at pH 8.1 were swollen with widely separated lamellae.
The Cell Cycle and Induced Amitosis in Acanthamoeba*
Authors: BAND R. NEAL , MOHRLOK SHARON 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe small soil ameba, Acanthamoeba castellanii strain HR, with a mean generation time of 18 hr in axenic culture, requires 24 min for nuclear mitosis. This is followed immediately by nuclear DNA synthesis that is initiated in late telophase and lasts for 20 min.Evidence is presented that amitosis can be induced in susceptible amebas only during a portion of the cell cycle.
The Mechanism of Acetate and Pyruvate Oxidation by Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: DE BOISO JULIA F. , STOPPANI ANDRÉS O.M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe epimastigote or culture form of Trypanosoma cruzi oxidizes [3‐14C] pyruvate and [2‐14C] acetate to 14CO2 without an apparent increase in overall respiration. This oxidation takes place through the tricarboxylic acid cycle as shown by (a) the incorporation of substrate 14C into cycle intermediates; (b) the earlier liberation of acetate carboxyl carbon as CO2; and (c) the characteristic intramolecular distribution of pyruvate and acetate carbon atoms in the skeletal carbon of aspartic and glutamic acids. Upon oxidation of [3‐14C] pyruvate and [2‐14C] acetate, two of the products, alanine and glutamic acid, are found to account for more than 50% of incorporated 14C; labeling of alanine predominates with [3‐14C] pyruvate while labeling of glutamic acid predominates with [2‐14C] acetate. Using [1‐ or 6‐14C] glucose as substrate, the pattern of 14C distribution in soluble metabolites closely resembles that obtained with [3‐14C] pyruvate, in accordance with the joint operation of the Embden‐Meyerhof pathway and Krebs cycle. The cycle operation depends on electron transport through the mitochondrial respiratory chain, since antimycin A, at a relatively low concentration, inhibits the oxidation of [2‐14C] acetate to 14CO2, to the same extent as the parasite respiration. Though functional in T. cruzi epimastigotes, the oxidative role of the Krebs’ cycle is apparently limited by the absence of an efficient oxidative apparatus. The cycle operation does, however, constitute an important source of skeletal carbon for the biosynthesis of amino acids and can contribute to the process of glycogenesis.
The Stalk of the Suctorian Tokophrya infusionum: Histochemistry, Biochemistry, and Physiology
Authors: HASCALL GRETCHEN K. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISTokophrya infusionum, a sessile suctorian with an external stalk and adhesive disc, has in its life cycle a ciliated, swimming embryo which metamorphoses into the adult form. The addition of NiCl2 to the medium induced metamorphosis immediately; however, other salts had no effect. Incomplete metamorphosis, without stalk formation, occurred if the organism began metamorphosis before its anterior (stalk‐forming) end touched a substrate.The stalk was studied by histochemical and biochemical technics to determine its composition. The stalk stained with mercury‐bromphenol blue, and Alcian blue under a variety of conditions, but not with PAS. These results suggest that the stalk contains protein and sulfate groups, possibly in the form of a sulfated protein‐polysaccharide. The stalk was insoluble in several common laboratory reagents, but did dissolve in hot 6 N HCl, 2 N NaOH, and papain. It was evident from amino acid analysis of the stalk and of the whole organism that 15% of the total protein is located in the stalk.
Observations on Askenasia volvox (Claparède & Lachmann, 1859)
Authors: TAMAR HENRY 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISSpecimens of Askenasia volvox from southwestern Indiana have a variable body shape and a size range of 29 × 22 μ m to 42 × 27 μ m. The pectinelles, membranelles, and cirri each number 47–48, and respectively have a length of 8–10, 20, and 30 μ m. The pectinelles arise from ciliary rows consisting of ∼10 kinetosomes, and every membranelle originates from 2 adjacent rows of ∼14–17 kinetosomes. Different algae as well as Bodo and certain other protozoa are ingested. The macronucleus, micronucleus, the cytoplasm and its inclusions, trichites, the function of the contractile vacuole, and movements and behavior are described.
A Scanning Electron Microscope Study on Gregarina sp. from Udeopsylla nigra*
Authors: HELLER GERT , WEISE ROBERT W. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISScanning electron microscope studies on Gregarina sp. from the cricket Udeopsylla nigra revealed that the epicytic folds of the younger gamonts are undulatory, whereas those of the older gamonts are relatively straight. The protomerite of the primite is conical with a mammiliform structure at the anterior tip, where the epicytic folds originate from a disc‐like structure. The protomerite of the satellite is flattened.