bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The processing of emotional prosody and semantics in schizophrenia: relationship to gender and IQ
Authors: Scholten M. R. M. , Aleman A. , Kahn R. S. 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundFemale patients with schizophrenia are less impaired in social life than male patients. Because social impairment in schizophrenia has been found to be associated with deficits in emotion recognition, we examined whether the female advantage in processing emotional prosody and semantics is preserved in schizophrenia.MethodForty-eight patients (25 males, 23 females) and 46 controls (23 males, 23 females) were assessed using an emotional language task (in which healthy women generally outperform healthy men), consisting of 96 sentences in four conditions: (1) neutral-content/emotional-tone (happy, sad, angry or anxious); (2) neutral-tone/emotional-content; (3) emotional-tone/incongruous emotional-content; and (4) emotional-content/incongruous emotional-tone. Participants had to ignore the emotional-content in the third condition and the emotional-tone in the fourth condition. In addition, participants were assessed with a visuospatial task (in which healthy men typically excel). Correlation coefficients were computed for associations between emotional language data, visuospatial data, IQ measures and patient variables.ResultsOverall, on the emotional language task, patients made more errors than control subjects, and women outperformed men across diagnostic groups. Controlling for IQ revealed a significant effect on task performance in all groups, especially in the incongruent tasks. On the rotation task, healthy men outperformed healthy women, but male patients, female patients and female controls obtained similar scores.ConclusionThe advantage in emotional prosodic and semantic processing in healthy women is preserved in schizophrenia, whereas the male advantage in visuospatial processing is lost. These findings may explain, in part, why social functioning is less compromised in women with schizophrenia than in men.
A diffusion tensor imaging study of structural dysconnectivity in never-medicated, first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Cheung V. , Cheung C. , McAlonan G. M. , Deng Y. , Wong J. G. , Yip L. , Tai K. S. , Khong P. L. , Sham P. , Chua S. E. 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be used to investigate cerebral structural connectivity in never-medicated individuals with first-episode schizophrenia.MethodSubjects with first-episode schizophrenia according to DSM-IV-R who had never been exposed to antipsychotic medication (n=25) and healthy controls (n=26) were recruited. Groups were matched for age, gender, best parental socio-economic status and ethnicity. All subjects underwent DTI and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Voxel-based analysis was performed to investigate brain regions where fractional anisotropy (FA) values differed significantly between groups. A confirmatory region-of-interest (ROI) analysis of FA scores was performed in which regions were placed blind to group membership.ResultsIn patients, FA values significantly lower than those in healthy controls were located in the left fronto-occipital fasciculus, left inferior longitudinal fasciculus, white matter adjacent to right precuneus, splenium of corpus callosum, right posterior limb of internal capsule, white matter adjacent to right substantia nigra, and left cerebral peduncle. ROI analysis of the corpus callosum confirmed that the patient group had significantly lower mean FA values than the controls in the splenium but not in the genu. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for independent ROI measurements was 0.90 (genu) and 0.90 (splenium). There were no regions where FA values were significantly higher in the patients than in the healthy controls.ConclusionsWidespread structural dysconnectivity, including the subcortical region, is already present in neuroleptic-naive patients in their first episode of illness.
Educational attainment, smoking initiation and lifetime nicotine dependence among male Vietnam-era twins
Authors: McCaffery J. M. , Papandonatos G. D. , Lyons M. J. , Koenen K. C. , Tsuang M. T. , Niaura R. 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundSmoking initiation and persistence are clearly associated with factors commonly thought to be environmental in origin, including socio-economic status. However, twin models that incorporate gene–environment correlation and gene×environment interaction have not been applied to elucidate the genetic or environmental role that socio-economic status plays in smoking initiation and nicotine dependence.MethodTwin structural equation modelling was used to examine gene–environment correlation and gene×environment interaction of one index of socio-economic status, educational attainment, with smoking initiation and nicotine dependence among 5119 monozygotic and 4295 dizygotic male–male Vietnam-era twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, a national registry of twin pairs who served in the military during the Vietnam era.ResultsEducational attainment correlated significantly with smoking initiation (r=−0.27, p<0.001). Additive genetic (p=0.011), shared environment (p=0.002) and unique environment (p=0.027) components contributed to the correlation between educational attainment and smoking initiation. Educational attainment also significantly moderated the variance in smoking initiation (p<0.001), suggestive of gene×environment interaction, although the interaction with the additive genetic, shared environmental and unique environmental components could not be resolved due to multicollinearity. In contrast, educational attainment neither correlated with nor moderated nicotine dependence, once smokers had initiated.ConclusionsOur study suggests that educational attainment is associated with smoking initiation, in part due to gene–environment correlation and gene×environment interaction. However, once smoking initiation is taken into account, there are no effects – be they gene–environment correlation or gene×environmental interaction – of educational attainment on nicotine dependence.
Antisaccade deficit is present in young first-episode patients with schizophrenia but not in their healthy young siblings
Authors: de Wilde O. M. , Bour L. , Dingemans P. , Boerée T. , Linszen D. 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundResults of studies on antisaccade (AS) deficit in relatives of patients with schizophrenia are inconclusive. We hypothesized that AS performance in siblings of patients with schizophrenia is worse than in healthy controls and better than in patients with schizophrenia.MethodWe included 55 first-episode patients with schizophrenia, 28 healthy siblings and 36 healthy controls to evaluate AS performance. Eye movements were measured electromagnetically by the double magnetic induction (DMI) method.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia had a significantly higher error rate than siblings (d=0.86, p<0.0001) and controls (d=1.35, p<0.0001). Siblings had a higher mean error rate than healthy controls but this did not reach significance (d=0.56, p=0.29). The intra-class correlation (ICC) was 0.33 for the error rate. Mean AS gain was higher in siblings than in patients (d=0.75, p=0.004) and controls (d=0.6, p=0.05). The ICC was 0.08.ConclusionAS parameters in strictly screened healthy young siblings of young first-episode patients with schizophrenia are comparable to results found in studies investigating older relatives. However, the statistical results (i.e. the ICCs) suggest that there is little evidence of shared environmental or genetic factors on error rate variation.
Non-Bernoulli systems with completely positive entropy
Authors: DOOLEY A. H. , GOLODETS V. YA. , RUDOLPH D. J. , SINEL’SHCHIKOV S. D. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA new approach to actions of countable amenable groups with completely positive entropy (cpe), allowing one to answer some basic questions in this field, was recently developed. The question of the existence of cpe actions which are not Bernoulli was raised. In this paper, we prove that every countable amenable groupG, which contains an element of infinite order, has non-Bernoulli cpe actions. In fact we can produce, for any$h \in (0, \infty ]$, an uncountable family of cpe actions of entropyh, which are pairwise automorphically non-isomorphic. These actions are given by a construction which we call co-induction. This construction is related to, but different from the standard induced action. We study the entropic properties of co-induction, proving that ifαGis co-induced from an actionαΓof a subgroup Γ, thenh(αG)=h(αΓ). We also prove that ifαΓis a non-Bernoulli cpe action of Γ, thenαGis also non-Bernoulli and cpe. Hence the problem of finding an uncountable family of pairwise non-isomorphic cpe actions of the same entropy is reduced to one of finding an uncountable family of non-Bernoulli cpe actions of$\mathbb Z$, which pairwise satisfy a property we call ‘uniform somewhat disjointness’. We construct such a family using refinements of the classical cutting and stacking methods.
Erythropoietin protects the human myocardium against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase and ERK1/2 activation
Authors: Mudalagiri N R , Mocanu M M , Di Salvo C , Kolvekar S , Hayward M , Yap J , Keogh B , Yellon D M 
Published: October 2007

Background and purposes:Erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to protect against myocardial infarction in animal studies by activating phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and ERK1/2. However these pro‐survival pathways are impaired in the diabetic heart. We investigated the ability of EPO to protect human atrial trabeculae from non‐diabetic and diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, against hypoxia‐reoxygenation injury.Experimental approach:Human atrial trabeculae were exposed to 90min hypoxia and 120min reoxygenation. EPO was administered throughout reoxygenation. The developed force of contraction, calculated as a percentage of baseline force of contraction, was continuously monitored. The involvement of PI3K and ERK1/2 and the levels of activated caspase 3(AC3) were assessed.Key results:EPO improved the force of contraction in tissue from non‐diabetic patients (46.7+/‐1.7% vs. 30.2+/‐2.2% in control, p<0.001). These beneficial effects were prevented by the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 and the ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126. EPO also significantly improved the force of contraction in the diabetic tissue, although to a lesser degree. The levels of activated caspase 3 were significantly reduced in EPO treated trabeculae from both non‐diabetic and diabetic patients, relative to their respective untreated controls.Conclusions and implications:EPO administered at reoxygenation protected human myocardial muscle by activating PI3K and ERK1/2 and reducing the level of activated caspase 3. This cardioprotection was also observed in the diabetic group. This data supports the potential of EPO being used as a novel cardioprotective strategy either alone or as an adjunct in the clinical setting alongside existing reperfusion therapies.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 50–56; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707461; published online 22 October 2007
Reperfusion and calculated RISKs: pharmacological postconditioning of human myocardium
Authors: Baxter G F , Burley D S 
Published: October 2007

The last five years have witnessed a remarkable resurgence of interest in myocardial reperfusion injury. Reperfusion is absolutely essential to salvage ischaemic myocardium but experimental and clinical studies show that reperfusion‐associated injury may mask the full benefits of prompt reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. In the current issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Mudalagiri et al demonstrate a protective effect against simulated reperfusion injury using exogenously applied erythropoietin in human isolated myocardium. Crucially, the benefits of erythropoietin were observed when it was administered specifically during re‐oxygenation. The demonstration that the protective effects of the cytokine were dependent on PI3‐kinase/Akt and ERK1/2 activation provides compelling evidence that reperfusion injury salvage kinases (RISKs) are key survival mechanisms in human myocardium, as they are in experimental animal species. Although erythropoietin may be only one of several potential pharmacological approaches in human patients, this study establishes the important proof‐of‐principle that activation of RISKs is protective in human myocardium and could be a promising therapeutic target in acute myocardial infarction.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1–3; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707498; published online 22 October 2007
CB2 receptors as new therapeutic targets for liver diseases
Authors: Lotersztajn S , Teixeira‐Clerc F , Julien B , Deveaux V , Ichigotani Y , Manin S , Tran‐Van‐Nhieu J , Karsak M , Zimmer A , Mallat A 
Published: October 2007

Cannabinoid type‐1 (CB1) and type‐2 (CB2) receptors belong to the family of G protein‐coupled receptors and mediate biological effects of phyto‐derived and endogenous cannabinoids. Whereas functions of CB1 receptor have been extensively studied, the CB2 receptor has emerged over the last few years as a critical player in regulation of inflammation, pain, atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Therefore, although still at a preclinical stage, the development of selective CB2 molecules has gained of interest as new targets in drug discovery. Recent data have unravelled a key role of CB2 receptors during chronic and acute liver injury, including fibrogenesis associated to chronic liver diseases, ischaemia‐reperfusion‐induced liver injury, and hepatic encephalopathy associated to acute liver failure. This review summarizes the latest advances on the recently identified role of CB2 receptors in the pathophysiology of liver diseases.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 286–289; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707511; published online 22 October 2007
Inflammatory response and cardioprotection during open‐heart surgery: the importance of anaesthetics
Authors: Suleiman M‐S , Zacharowski K , Angelini G D 
Published: October 2007

Open‐heart surgery triggers an inflammatory response that is largely the result of surgical trauma, cardiopulmonary bypass, and organ reperfusion injury (e.g. heart). The heart sustains injury triggered by ischaemia and reperfusion and also as a result of the effects of systemic inflammatory mediators. In addition, the heart itself is a source of inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species that are likely to contribute to the impairment of cardiac pump function. Formulating strategies to protect the heart during open heart surgery by attenuating reperfusion injury and systemic inflammatory response is essential to reduce morbidity. Although many anaesthetic drugs have cardioprotective actions, the diversity of the proposed mechanisms for protection (e.g. attenuating Ca2+ overload, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects, pre‐ and post‐conditioning‐like protection) may have contributed to the slow adoption of anaesthetics as cardioprotective agents during open heart surgery. Clinical trials have suggested at least some cardioprotective effects of volatile anaesthetics. Whether these benefits are relevant in terms of morbidity and mortality is unclear and needs further investigation. This review describes the main mediators of myocardial injury during open heart surgery, explores available evidence of anaesthetics induced cardioprotection and addresses the efforts made to translate bench work into clinical practice.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 21–33; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707526; published online 22 October 2007
Ethnic Mobilization and Reactive Nationalism: The Case of Moldova
Authors: Chinn Jeff , Roper Steven D. 
Published: October 2007

1. IntroductionUntil the October 1991 Soviet coup, Moldova, previously known as Bessarabia and the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, had known independence only briefly, having been part of the Russian Empire, Romania, or the Soviet Union for almost its entire history. As a result of shifting foreign influences and borders, Moldova, like most modern political entities, has a multiethnic population. The conflicting perspectives and demands of Moldova's different ethnic groups underlie many of today's controversies.
Territorial and Demographic Foundations of Komi-Permiak Nationality
Authors: Lallukka Seppo 
Published: October 2007

The Komi-Permiaks and Their HomelandAccording to the Soviet 1989 census, there was a total of 496,600 Komis in the USSR. The nationality is composed of two main groups, closely related to each other ethnically, culturally and linguistically: the Komi-Zyrians and the Komi-Permiaks. The former are numerically larger, amounting to 344,500 in 1989, while the latter numbered 152,100. The status of the two as distinct ethnic groups is still debated, but in terms of territorial administration the two groups have been treated separately. The Komi-Zyrians have the Komi Republic as their titular unit, whereas the autonomy of the Komi-Permiaks is of lower rank, an autonomousokrug(area) within the Perm’ province. In line with the administrative separation, Soviet language planners classified the two groups’ languages as distinct ones.
The Basmachi Movement From Within: An Account of Zeki Velidi Togan
Authors: Paksoy H. B. 
Published: October 2007

J. V. Stalin, in his 1923 denunciation of Sultan Galiev, formerly Stalin's own assistant in Narkomnats, stated:
I accused him (Sultan Galiev) of creating an organization of the Validov type … despite that, a week later, he sent … a secret letter … to establish contact with the Basmachi and with their leader Validov.
The Western Finnic Minorities and the Origins of the Stalinist Nationalities Deportations
Authors: Gelb Michael 
Published: October 2007

Wept the boat without her oars,Pined she for her rowlocks,For her oarsmen did she grieve,To take her o'er the waves….From a Karelian folk songTheGulag Handbookstates that in 1936 “the entire native populations of Finns, Estonians, Letts, Lithuanians, Poles, and Romanians…were transported” from the border zone of the USSR. Many such peoples began to appear unreliable through Stalinist eyes because they “had relatives across the border,” and “might undermine [propaganda that people] abroad were suffering and that no better life existed than that in the USSR.” Several former officers of the security police confirm that the 1930s saw purges of “unreliable elements” from border regions, including not only “class aliens” and political malcontents, but also minorities whose kinship with populations of neighboring states facilitated the movement of people and of information across borders. More importantly, numerous personal accounts gave rise to the perception in the contemporary Finnish government and popular circles that their brethren were being systematically eliminated from the Soviet borders with Finland and Estonia.
Two Possible Alternatives to Turf War
Authors: Nás Beáta Kovács 
Published: October 2007

Mass movements based on reason and morality—the enforcement of freedom, equal human dignity, justice, sovereignty of the people and self-determination—are not mere expressions of pious desire, but are expressions of real, irresistible political necessity that must not be ignored.István BibóThe preceding studies in this volume have provided an overview of the history and current situation of Hungarians living as minorities in Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, and the regions of the former Yugoslavia. The purpose of this conclusion is not to analyze past experience and current hardships but rather to illuminate the future prospects of Hungarian communities located outside Hungary's current state borders by looking at various autonomy proposals. Since the collapse of state socialist regimes in the late 1980s and early 1990s, persons belonging to Hungarian national communities in the region have expressed a political will to preserve their identity and to determine and govern their own affairs. It is, therefore, instructive to take a closer look at the various proposals for autonomy advocated by the representatives of these Hungarian communities because they offer a peaceful and democratic solution, not only to the current problems of the countries they inhabit, but also to the growing destabilization of the region due to ethnic strife.
Feminism, Patriarchy, Nationalism, and Women inFin-de-SiècleSlovakia
Authors: Weber Nora 
Published: October 2007

The association of nationalist consciousness and feminist ideology in Slovakia in the late nineteenth century was a protracted and uneven process. This conclusion rests upon the results of this study which examines the feminist and nationalist views of Slovak women intelligentsia who were at the forefront of Slovak nationalist efforts. It explores responses of leading Slovak women to the following issues of nationalist concern: traditional Slovak patriarchy, women's education, and Western feminism. It demonstrates that in Slovakia, gender was not the primary factor determining women's loyalties; there were other connecting allegiances and loyalties to the nation and the community. Slovak women developed their own unique concept of gender equality that aided Slovak nationalist efforts. In doing so they employed the language of motherhood, domestic duties, and religious commitment.Around the turn of the century, a small group of Slovak women intelligentsia attempted to reconcile their own agenda with contemporary nationalist, social, and political currents. Spurred by nationalist efforts of the Slovak male intelligentsia, middle-class women tried to determine what type of new nationalist woman should replace the traditional woman. This question was answered by five women, in four very distinct ways: (1) Ľudmila Ríznerová-Podjavorinská portrayed the goals of Western feminism as a danger to Slovaks; (2) Elena Maróthy-Šolthésová and Terézia Medvecká Vansová encouraged the growth of Christian feminism; (3) Marína Ormisová-Maliaková favored the introduction of pragmatic feminism in Slovak nationalist efforts; and (4) Hana Lilge-Gregorová argued for the establishment of Western feminism as the basis of social and national development. Although the personal lives of these five women represent the social and national distress of the Slovak people, they also show women's fight for the acceptance of new ideas which would improve the fate of their sisters and their nation. Yet this small collection of feminist intellectuals could not and did not effect Slovak public opinion in any substantial way. Their influence, except perhaps that of Hana Lilge-Gregorová, did not stretch beyond the Slovak urban middle-class milieu.
Mother Russia and the Crisis of the Russian National Family: The Puzzle of Gender in Revolutionary Russia*
Authors: Hemenway Elizabeth Jones 
Published: October 2007

Once upon a time there lived a rich widow, with a beautiful face and vigorous body, not old and not young, by the name of Mother Russia. She had been married twice, the first time to the peasant-bogatyr Mikula Selianinovich, and the second to the no less renowned warrior-bogatyr Il'ia Muromets.Her husbands had left her countless riches. And God had blessed both her marriages with many children. For the most part, her children were hard-working people and valiant warriors. They worked their father's land and protected it from hostile neighbors.But, as always happens, the family was not without its black sheep. Mother Russia also had some children who were good-for-nothings, idlers, drunkards, and empty-headed chatterboxes. And it was not surprising that these good-for-nothings grabbed power over all the widow's other children.As the loving mother began to grieve and take ill from their indecent debauchery, they assumed control over her and all her possessions. And they began to squander and drink up her wealth, and to send all sorts of healers to try and cure their sick mother.