bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Granulomas of the liver
Authors: Neville E , Piyasena K H G , James D Geraint 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The authors personally studied 138 patients with liver granulomas: seventy-five (54%) had sarcoidosis, twenty-six (19%) had primary biliary cirrhosis, twenty-three (17%) had miscellaneous recognizable disorders and fourteen (10%) were undiagnosed. The modes of presentation, the clinical, biochemical and radiological features are compared, and the course of each disease is followed. The undiagnosed group were frequently middle-aged men presenting with abdominal pain, fever and hepato-splenomegaly. The unsatisfactory term granulomatous hepatitis, if used, should be reserved for this undiagnosed residue until follow-up reveals a more definite aetiology.
Smoking and optic neuritis
Authors: Perkin G D , Bowden P , Rose F Clifford 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The effect of smoking on the recovery of visual function after an attack of optic neuritis has been assessed in 125 patients. Heavy smokers were found to have a higher incidence of red/green colour vision defects than non-smokers. The possible implications of this finding are discussed.
One patient is described in whom smoking caused transient blurring of vision. The effects of nicotine on the central nervous system are reviewed, and a pathophysiological mechanism suggested for this phenomenon.
Watery diarrhoea and hypokalaemia associated with a phaeochromocytoma
Authors: Loehry C A , Kingham J G C , Whorwell P J 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The syndrome of water diarrhoea, hypokalaemia and achlorhydria (WDHA) is well described in association with a non-beta islet cell tumour of the pancreas. The following case report is of a 28-year-old woman with a WDHA syndrome that was cured by the removal of a phaeochromocytoma.
Renal retention of sodium in cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure
Authors: Wilkinson S P , Alam A , Moodie Helen , Williams Roger 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Abnormal renal retention of sodium is a characteristic finding in both cirrhosis and fulminant hepatic failure. In cirrhosis the pathogenesis varies according to the level of renal perfusion. When this is normal, hyperaldosteronism is probably the most important factor and this results from an increased release of renin by the kidney. The stimulus to the latter may be a shunting of blood from the outer cortical to juxtamedullary nephrons, although there is no direct relationship between the changes in intrarenal blood flow distribution and sodium excretion. The patients with hyperaldosteronism fail to escape from its sodium retaining effects because of impaired production of natriuretic hormone, which in turn is the result of a failure to expand the ‘effective’ extracellular fluid volume, because of ascites formation.
In fulminant hepatic failure the site in the nephron of abnormal sodium retention appears to be predominantly the proximal tubule, but its cause is obscure.
Transient hypothyroidism after withdrawal of thyroxin therapy
Authors: Distiller L A , Joffe B I 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Continued administration of large doses of thyroid may not produce hyperthyroidism in euthyroid individuals. Cessation of prolonged high-dosage thyroid replacement can cause transient clinical and biochemical hypothyroidism owing to pituitary suppression. A case is recorded in which both these phenomena are well demonstrated. This case highlights these basic endocrinological principles.
Objectivity in the classification of tumours of the nasal epithelium
Authors: Michaels L , Hyams V J 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A survey of tumours derived from each of the four cell types of nasal epithelium is presented. Criticism is levelled at the adoption of additional terms for tissue types such as lympho-epithelium and transitional cell epithelium and tumours said to be derived from them. Electron microscopy is of assistance in classification particularly in the detection of evidence of keratin synthesis. The proposed classification of tumours of the nasal epithelium is:
(1) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: (a) papillary adenoma, (b) papillary carcinoma.
(2) Squamous epithelium: (a) everted squamous papilloma, (b) inverted papilloma, (c) squamous carcinoma of any grade of differentiation from well differentiated to undifferentiated.
(3) Melanocyte: malignant melanoma.
(4) Olfactory neuroepithelium: olfactory neuroblastoma.
Ruptured popliteal cyst simulating deep vein thrombosis with false positive radiofibrinogen uptake
Authors: Gibbons D , Phillips M , Prossor Irene M 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A case is described in which deep vein thrombosis of the calf was initially diagnosed on the basis of the clinical signs and the radiofibrinogen uptake in a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. The correct diagnosis of ruptured popliteal cyst was later established by arthrography and phlebography. Attention is drawn to the unreliability of the radiofibrinogen uptake test in the presence of ruptured popliteal cyst and alternative diagnostic methods are discussed.
Cyclotron produced lead-203
Authors: Horlock P L , Thakur M L , Watson I A 
Published: December 2008

Introduction
Radioactive isotopes of lead occur in the natural radioactive decay series and have been used as tracers since the early days of radiochemistry. These are 210Pb (t½—-20·4 y, radium D), 212Pb (t½—10·6 h, thorium B) and 214Pb (t½—26·8 m, radium B) all of which are separated from naturally occurring decay products of radium or thorium. There are in addition to these a number of other radioactive isotopes of lead which can be produced artificially with the aid of a nuclear reactor or a charge particle accelerator (Table 1).
Duration of EEG sleep stages in different types of disturbed night sleep
Authors: Březinová Vlasta 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The duration of each episode of any one electrophysiological sleep stage or any episode of intervening wakefulness was determined in three kinds of disturbed sleep, namely, in naturally impaired sleep of late middle-aged, normal people, in sleep after caffeine administration, and in sleep after hypnotic drug withdrawal.
When compared with the sleep of young people, the sleep of late middle-aged subjects was characterized by an increase in longer episodes of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness, and by a decrease in longer episodes of sleep stages 3 + 4 and REM. The sleep after caffeine, compared with the baseline sleep, contained an increased proportion of longer episodes of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness but no significant change in the episode duration of any of the sleep stages. In the case of the drug withdrawal sleep, compared with the sleep on hypnotic drug, there was no change in the episode duration of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness but there was a significant shortening of episode duration for sleep stages 2 and 3+4, with a similar trend for REM sleep episodes.
Thus a sleep disturbance might be characterized by increased stability of wakefulness, by decreased stability of sleep or both. Different types of sleep disturbance might require different types of treatment.
The relationship between smoking and migraine
Authors: Volans G N , Castleden C M 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The theory that smoking could be implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine has been investigated in a prospective survey by the use of a questionnaire and the measurement of carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels in patients attending a migraine clinic. There was a low incidence of smokers in patients attending for routine consultations and only a small percentage of patients thought that smoking was a cause of their headaches. This percentage was approximately the same both for migraine and for tension headaches. In patients attending with acute headaches, the incidence of smoking was also low, and raised COHb levels were found only in the smokers, most of whom did not consider smoking a cause of their symptoms. It is concluded that smoking is unlikely to be a factor in the aetiology or the exacerbation of migraine.
Acute reversible renal failure in G-6 PD-deficient siblings
Authors: Gulati P D , Rizvi S N A 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Two G-6 PD-deficient siblings, who initially presented with intravascular haemolysis, and later developed acute oliguric renal failure, are described. Renal failure reversed as haemolysis regressed in both patients. The pathogenesis of this complication is reported to be multifactorial but in our patients tubular obstruction by haemoglobin casts is the most probable mechanism. The importance of recognizing this renal complication in G-6 PD-deficient subjects is stressed.
Recurring ‘red eyes’ due to seasonal hypercalcaemia
Authors: Smith M J , Hey G B 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Recurrent hypercalcaemia associated with hypersensitivity to ultra violet light occurring in a patient who had had clinical sarcoidosis 14 years previously. Hypercalcaemia in sarcoidosis is a well known association, but it is less often realized that this hypercalcaemia may undergo seasonal variation (Taylor, Lynch and Wyser, 1963). The following case report describes recurring seasonal symptoms associated with hypercalcaemia which persisted for many years after the original diagnosis of sarcoidosis.
Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the ileum—a rare cause of intussusception
Authors: McGregor J C , Rao S S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A case of ‘inflammatory fibroid polyp’ in the terminal ileum is described. It occurred in a 38-year-old female and was associated with an ileo-ileal intussusception presenting as an acute intestinal obstruction. The macroscopic and microscopic features of this rare lesion are illustrated. It would appear to be an entity which may have been confused in the past with the haemangiopericytoma.
Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater in a haemophiliac patient
Authors: Catford J , Zeegen R , Prosser I M , Naik E 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A 42-year-old haemophiliac who presented with a cholestatic jaundice and repeated gastro-intestinal haemorrhage is described. The bleeding was initially thought to be due to the severity of the haemophilia itself rather than from any local cause and the jaundice thought to be due to a serum hepatitis. The correct diagnosis of ampullary carcinoma was eventually made after numerous barium studies, fibre-optic endoscopy and two laparotomies. A carcinoma was discovered at a second endoscopy some 12 months after initial presentation. Attention is brought to the rare association of ampullary carcinoma and haemophilia, and to the difficulties involved in diagnosis.
Bronchomotor tone and its modification by certain drugs
Authors: Kamburoff P L 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe bronchial smooth muscle is described and its autonomic innervation discussed. The effect of certain physiological substances on the smooth muscle is discussed and also the consequence of blockade of the alpha receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Indoramin, a powerful alpha blocker is also antihistaminic and this drug has been used therapeutically in the treatment of some asthmatics. Prostaglandin F2 beta has not yet been applied in human subjects.
Symptomatic accessory lobe of liver with a review of the literature
Authors: Pujari B D , Deodhare S G 
Published: December 2008

Summary
An accessory lobe of the liver with long well defined mesentery presenting as recurrent pain in abdomen in a Hindu female is described. This is the seventh case recorded in English literature. The embryological genesis of this anomaly and the possibility of preoperative diagnosis by various techniques is discussed.
Chronic hepatitis in polymyalgia rheumatica
Authors: Thompson K , Roberts P F 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A review of the literature relating hepatic abnormalities with the giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome is presented. A case of polymyalgia rheumatica with biochemical and histological abnormalities of the liver is described. It is suggested that a more detailed investigation of liver function should be made in patients with this syndrome where reasonably indicated.
Chlorpropamide and fibrinolytic activity in maturity onset diabetes mellitus
Authors: Alexander William D , Wensley R T , Price Geraldine , Hartog M 
Published: December 2008

Summary
This study was performed to assess the effect of chlorpropamide therapy on the fibrinolytic activity of blood of maturity onset diabetics. Normal controls were also studied and the results compared with diabetics. Diabetics were found to have deficient fibrinolytic activity compared with non-diabetics but chlorpropamide did not appear significantly to affect this deficiency either in males or females when given therapeutically over a 6-month period.
Protective dietary factors in experimental ulceration—study of some Nigerian cereals and tubers
Authors: Elegbe R A , Bamgbose S O A 
Published: December 2008

SummaryRats fed on a supplement of millet, Guinea-corn, rice or maize given in addition to laboratory stock diet showed a high degree of protection against experimental ulceration following indomethacin administration. A higher degree of protection was shown when the rats were fed with the mixture of the four cereals and laboratory stock diet. The tubers did not offer protection, while a mixture of beans and millet, Guinea-corn, unpolished rice, and maize offered no protection. The significance of such findings with regard to the geographical distribution of duodenal ulcer in Nigeria is discussed.
The hamster as a model system for the study of influenza vaccines
Authors: Potter C W , Jennings R 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA series of experiments was carried out in hamsters to determine their value as an experimental animal for the study of influenza virus infection and immunization. Hamsters could be infected intranasally with approximately 100 EID50 of unadapted influenza A/Port Chalmers/73 virus; infection produced serum HI antibody and virus was recovered from both nasal washings and from lungs. Inoculation of hamsters with influenza virus or inactivated influenza virus vaccine produced immunity to subsequent homologous virus challenge. Groups of hamsters were inoculated with graded doses of a number of different inactivated influenza vaccines: the serum HI antibody response varied greatly for the different vaccines. For some influenza vaccines, the antibody response of hamsters was promoted by prior heterotypic influenza virus infection, but in primed animals the same, wide variation in serum antibody response to different influenza virus vaccines remained. Using the hamster as an experimental model, 60 i.u. of an inactivated A/England/42/72 vaccine gave protection against challenge virus infection; however, 600 i.u. of surface antigen material, including only haemagglutinin and neuraminidase failed to give protection. Inoculation of hamsters with subunit antigens absorbed to alhydrogel gave immunity to challenge virus infection.
Preparation and properties of a novel influenza subunit vaccine
Authors: Bachmayer H , Liehl E , Schmidt G 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase have clearly been shown to be responsible for the stimulation of immunity against influenza.
In the approach described, these two immunogens are selectively solubilized, leaving an intact subviral particle which contains lipid and non-protective components. The methods used can readily be adapted to large scale production.
The immunogenicity of such antigen-preparation was studied in different animal species. Antibodies against haemagglutinin and neuraminidase were measured in mice, hamsters, guinea-pigs and rabbits. In addition, mice-protection experiments were performed.
The immune response of volunteers to this type of subunit vaccine has also been evaluated (Kunz and Hofmann, 1975). Results of a first field trial indicate that the solubilization procedure did not alter the immunogenic properties of the two antigens.
Diverticula of the vermiform appendix: a report of nine cases
Authors: Chong K C 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The incidence, clinical features and pathology of nine cases of diverticula of the appendix in Malaysians are reported. The findings are discussed and compared with those previously reported. The pathogenesis of the lesion in eight cases is unknown. The rare association of lumenal obstruction by a carcinoid tumour and diverticulum formation in the appendix is seen in one case.
Giant cell arteritis presenting as subclavian artery occlusion. A report of two cases
Authors: Swinson D R , Goodwill C J , Talbot I C 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Two patients with the aortic arch syndrome and biopsy-proved but asymptomatic temporal giant cell arteritis are described. Corticosteroid treatment was followed by the return of peripheral pulsation in these two patients after an interval of a few months. A review of the literature suggests that of patients where giant cell arteritis causes subclavin obstruction there is an undue predominance of women, compared to the sex ratio found in giant cell arteritis overall.
Pulmonary oedema in meningococcal meningitis
Authors: Frankel R J , Bennett E D , Borland C D 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Two cases of meningococcal meningitis complicated by pulmonary oedema are described. The pulmonary arterial wedge pressure was raised in the one case studied. Profound sympathetic over-activity may be the cause of the pulmonary oedema occurring in this situation. If this is so, adrenergic blockade would appear to be a rational approach to therapy.
Contraceptive pill-induced porphyria cutanea tarda presenting with onycholysis of the finger nails
Authors: Byrne J P H , Boss J M , Dawber R P R 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A case of porphyria cutanea tarda induced by oral contraceptive pill therapy is reported, and its unusual presenting sign of onycholysis of the finger nails is noted. Reference is made to the rarity of nail changes in porphyria and the regression of the onycholysis in the patient following therapy is outlined.
Ethylene glycol poisoning
Authors: Vale J A , Widdop B , Bluett N H 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAlthough an uncommon cause of death in Great Britain, ethylene glycol poisoning is potentially serious in that renal and cardiopulmonary failure and central nervous system dysfunction can occur when doses of the order of 100 ml or more are ingested. A case is described in which a child who swallowed approximately 100 ml of ethylene glycol was treated by prolonged peritoneal dialysis. In addition, measures were taken to correct a marked acidosis. Substantial amounts of ethylene glycol were removed by the dialysis fluid and the child made a complete physical and mental recovery.
Anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids
Authors: Greaves M W 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids is complex. At a cellular level, they cause redistribution of granulocytes, resulting in increased circulating granulocytes and reduced tissue pools. They also cause lymphopenia. The significance of these phenomena in relation to the anti-inflammatory activity of steroids is unknown. The most obvious pharmacological effects of corticosteroids are seen on blood vessels. They cause adrenergically mediated vasoconstriction and non-competitive antagonism of vasodilation due to prostaglanin E and bradykinin. Prostaglandin formation is inhibited by corticosteroids but whether this is due to an effect on enzymic synthesis or release is uncertain. Corticosteroids stabilize the lysosomal membrane preventing release of lysosomal enzymes in vitro but the significance of this in vivo is debatable.
The effect of γ-adrenoreceptive antagonists on the morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Fitzgerald J D 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe effect is critically reviewed of chronic administration of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists on morbidity and mortality in angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. There is inconclusive evidence that the abrupt cessation of therapy with these agents may increase morbidity and mortality in angina pectoris. The type of anginal patient in which this may occur is not yet defined and neither is the mechanism. There is no evidence that beta-antagonists prolong the life of anginal patients. In the acute phase of experimental myocardial infarction, these drugs reduce mortality but do not do so in man. There is increasing evidence that they prolong life if administered to patients surviving the acute phase of myocardial infarction. The need for further studies is discussed.
Acrylamide poisoning
Authors: Kesson C M , Baird A W , Lawson D H 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA small epidemic of acrylamide poisoning amongst workers in the construction industry is described. The clinical features of this condition are reviewed and two cases are described in which residual neurological problems persisted for over 1 year. The literature on acrylamide poisoning is reviewed and it is recommended that this substance should only be handled in the open air or in well ventilated areas. Its use in confined spaces such as tunnels appears to be unduly hazardous.
The clinical features and management of pituitary apoplexy
Authors: Lloyd M H , Belchetz P E 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The clinical features and management of three patients presenting with pituitary apoplexy are described. They illustrate the difficulty of differentiating pituitary apoplexy from other acute neurologic conditions. One of the patients is the first reported case of pituitary apoplexy occurring in a histologically proved craniopharyngioma. Two of the cases reported were treated conservatively and recovered without seriouplexy as a neurosurgical emergency. The relationship between radiotherapy and pituitary apoplexy is discussed.
Lactate production in McArdle's disease
Authors: Baksi A K , Buxton P H , Cochrane P , Hughes R R 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A case of McArdle's disease in a man is described in detail and a less complete study of his family is reported. This patient showed the classical features of McArdle's disease and the diagnosis was confirmed by muscle biopsy. Unlike other reported cases of this disorder, this case showed a normal rise in blood lactate levels on ischaemic exercise. This apparently paradoxical finding is discussed. It is suggested that a normal rise in the level of blood lactate on ischaemic exercise should not exclude myophosphorylase deficiency.
Screening for bacteriuria: Microstix and dipslides
Authors: Hamilton-Miller J M , Brumfitt W , Brooks S J , Bakhtiar M 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe Microstix system has been tested, in parallel with dipslides, for suitability as a screening technique for the detection of bacteriuria. Results obtained using each method on 228 urine specimens were assessed by comparison with the results of quantitative counts. Dipslides had a higher sensitivity (86-7%) than Microstix. The best specificity (100%) was obtained from those results (77-6%) where both components of the Microstix system were in agreement. Advantages of Microstix are its greater shelf-life and its compactness.
Hypophosphataemia and phosphorus requirements during intravenous nutrition
Authors: Tovey S J , Benton K G , Lee H A 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Seven patients with acute illnesses developed hypophosphataemia whilst receiving intravenous nutrition which included a fat emulsion, Intralipid, a possible source of phosphorus. The authors' observations cast doubt on the bio-availability of the phosphorus contained in the phospholipid content of the fat emulsion. The currently recommended allowance of phosphorus for this type of patient appears to be too low and it is suggested that 0-5-0-75 mmol/kg body weight be provided, preferably as a neutral phosphate solution. Sine hypophosphataemia can occur at various time intervals after starting intravenous nutrition and precede clinical sequelae it is recommended that routine serum phosphate measurements are made in all patients receiving this treatment.