bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LRRK2 G2019S founder haplotype in the Chinese population
Authors: Tan Eng‐King , Skipper Lisa , Tan Louis , Liu Jian‐Jun 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 (leucine‐rich repeat kinase) gene appears very rarely in the Chinese population. Among Chinese subjects who were non‐G2019S carriers, we demonstrated the frequency of the LRRK2 G2019S founder haplotype (T‐254‐A‐G‐A‐154) in Parkinson's disease and controls to be 33% and 30%. This rate is similar to the frequency in European noncarriers, indirectly supporting the association of this haplotype with G2019S carriers. The haplotype is likely to be more ancient than the G2019S mutation because it is also found in a population with a very low carrier rate. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Macromolecular Reaction Engineering, the Chain‐of‐Knowledge Approach
Authors: Lemstra Piet J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMacromolecular Science & Engineering is the paradigm of a multi‐disciplinary area in Materials Science. The path from monomer via macromolecules into functional polymer materials and products travels through various disciplines: chemistry, catalysis, thermodynamics, macromolecular reaction engineering, rheology, physics, processing and product design. The successful development of novel and/or improved polymeric materials and products from laboratory into industrial practice requires an integrated approach and profound understanding of the various disciplines met en route, viz. the chain‐of‐knowledge approach. In the 20th Century there has been a strong chain‐of‐knowledge between academia and industry, a prime example in this respect was the development of i‐PP by Natta c.s. in Italy in close concert with Montecatini. Nowadays the gap between academic research and industrial R&D has widened to such an extent that this chain‐of‐knowledge is partly broken. The polymer‐producing industry is seemingly mature, no new plastics are envisaged anymore, and the focus is on cost reduction and corporate long term R&D is incompatible with short‐term shareholder value. The time scale of research projects in academia, typically 3–4 years for a Ph.D., is often incompatible with the time scale of R&D projects in industry. In the current academic domain, macromolecular science and engineering is becoming more and more fragmented and novel results are published in numerous non‐overlapping disciplinary journals. The question is: can we repair this broken chain‐of‐knowledge between academia and the plastics‐producing industry or will academic research make a new chain‐of‐knowledge by establishing a platform for new industrial activities, exploiting the ultimate properties of the macromolecular chain, also beyond the covalent bond, and in novel sophisticated applications?magnified image
Thermal stability of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer/macromolecular architecture design by interchange of xanthates chain‐transfer agents
Authors: Legge Thomas M. , Slark Andrew T. , Perrier Sébastien 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of chain‐transfer agents used in reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer/macromolecular architecture design by interchange of xanthates polymerizations were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to assess their stability to heat and to determine their degradation pathways. The effects of the chain‐transfer‐agent class and structure on the thermal stability are described. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6980–6987, 2006
Extending the validity of the Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer (MAX‐PC) at the time of prostate biopsy in a racially‐mixed population
Authors: Dale William , Hemmerich Joshua , Meltzer David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer (MAX‐PC) has been validated for assessing men with prostate cancer for cancer‐specific anxiety. It was originally validated in a predominantly white population. The MAX‐PC Prostate Cancer Anxiety Subscale (MAX‐PC‐PCAS) may be relevant for measuring cancer‐specific anxiety in undiagnosed men at risk for prostate cancer. We assess the validity of the MAX‐PC‐PCAS at the time of prostate biopsy (n = 178). Questions assessed socio‐demographic information, health status, patient‐estimated risk of cancer, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—Anxiety Subscale (HADS‐A), and the MAX‐PC‐PCAS. The patients' most recent PSA was recorded. Cronbach's alpha, inter‐item correlations, and Pearson correlations with both the HADS‐A and clinical variables were compared with the original validation sample. Our sample was younger (63.1 vs 71.1 years), had a larger fraction of African–Americans (43 vs 10%), and had higher PSAs. Cronbach's alpha was equivalent (0.91 vs 0.90), median inter‐item correlation was equivalent (0.63 vs 0.61), and Pearson correlation with HADS‐A was higher (0.71 vs 0.57). Anxiety levels were not correlated with PSA levels, and there were minor differences in the validation findings by race. The validity of the MAX‐PC‐PCAS extends to men without cancer undergoing biopsy and to African–Americans. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some experiments with different formulations of organophosphorus insecticides as seed dressings to control wheat bulb fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata)
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Lord K. A. , Scott G. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments on the control of wheat bulb fly larvae by seed dressings compared four organophosphorus compounds in standard siliceous earth formulations with special formulations of the same compounds in polyvinyl acetate, polypropylene or wax. The special formulations allowed more insecticide to be placed on the seeds without affecting germination. Counting shoots damaged by wheat bulb fly larvae showed that: siliceous earth formulations of diazinon gave good control which was not improved by special formulations; control with siliceous earth formulations of dimethoate was poor and was improved only little by the special formulations; and control with siliceous earth formulations of parathion and dichlofenthion was moderate and was improved by special formulations, especially polyvinyl acetate and polypropylene. The results suggest that special formulations are of most value with compounds that are moderately effective but where the amount of insecticide in standard seed dressings cannot be increased without damaging the plants.
Effect of light environment on the activity and behaviour of diquat and paraquat in plants
Authors: Brian R. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe importance of controlling the light environment of experiments involving diquat and paraquat is shown in experiments where activity is markedly dependent on the light quality and intensity before treatment and on the time of day of treatment.Activity and uptake are not directly related since treatments after low light intensities give increased activity associated with reduced uptake; following afternoon treatments, reduced activity is associated with increased uptake. Uptake increased when plants were darkened after treatment but the increase was not directly related to its duration, because after a time, uptake decreased. Three possible explanations for this decrease are considered: diquat exudation from the leaves, downward movement into the roots, and the adsorption of diquat in plant tissue. Evidence did not support exudation from leaves or downward movement into the roots.
The pyrethrins and related compounds: X.—The methylbenzyl chrysanthemates
Authors: Elliott M. , Janes N. F. , Jeffs K. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNew or improved routes are used to prepare all the nineteen methylbenzyl chrysanthemates, including 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzyl (+) and (−)‐trans‐chrysanthemates, 2,3,4,6‐tetramethyl‐and 2,3,4,5,6‐pentamethyl‐benzyl chrysanthemates, and the chrysanthemates of the new alcohols, 2,3,5‐and 3,4,5‐trimethylbenzyl alcohols.
Effect of maleic hydrazide and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxy propionic acid on ripening and quality of mango fruit
Authors: Krishnamurthy Shantha , Subramanyam H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDipping in hot water accelerated the ripening process and reduced fungal spoilage in Mangifera indica cv. Pairi mangoes. Accelerated ripening was counteracted by incorporation of maleic hydrazide (MH) in the dip water, thereby extending the storage life with minimum fungal spoilage. 2,4,5‐Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid (2,4,5‐TP) also delayed the ripening process, but did not improve skin colour. Hot water treatment with or without MH and 2,4,5‐TP increased the carotene content of the flesh. These compounds did not significantly alter the chemical composition or quality of the fruit.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain: XIII.—Organochlorine residues in cereals, pulses and nuts
Authors: Thompson R. H. , Hill E. G. , Fishwick F. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults are presented for the determination of organochlorine insecticide residues in grain, pulses and nuts sampled on arrival in Britain during the 2½ years up to June 1969. BHC was detected in nearly every sample but the general level was low, most samples containing less than 0·1 ppm. DDT was found less frequently. Very few samples contained more than 1 ppm of either insecticide. DDE in trace amounts was found in about 10% of the samples of grain and nuts and TDE was found in one sample of grain. The only other organochlorine compounds detected were aldrin in one sample of pulses and hexachlorobenzene in 7 samples of wheat.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in England and Wales, 1966–1967: IV.—Mercury content of the total diet
Authors: Abbott D. C. , Tatton J. O'G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults are given of determinations of the mercury content of each of the 7 composite food groups into which samples of the total diet were divided. In the very few sub‐samples in which mercury was detected, the levels found were very low and close to the limit of detection by the colorimetric method used.
Interactions between tri‐S‐butyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and growth regulator herbicides: I.—A preliminary report
Authors: Turner D. J. , Loader M. C. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMixtures of tri‐S‐butyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) emulsion and the potassium salt of picloram were strongly synergistic when applied as foliar sprays to pot‐grown privet, poplar, guava and Eucalyptus plants. A similar but less marked effect was observed in privet, using mixtures of DEF and a water‐soluble amine formulation of 2,4,5‐T. By contrast, mixtures of an oil‐soluble ester formulation of 2,4,5‐T with DEF were antagonistic with privet.
Biochemical mode of action of the acaricide fenazaflor
Authors: Corbett J. R. , Wright B. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe active ingredient of ‘Lovozal’ (fenazaflor) is hydrolysed in solution to 5,6‐dichloro‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐benzimidazole (DTFB). Rat liver mitochondria were uncoupled by fenazaflor after a lag phase, while uncoupling by DTFB was immediate, and a similar situation occurred with mitochondria isolated from Tetranychus telarius L. (This is the first report of isolation of mite mitochondria.) Since both compounds ultimately have the same uncoupling activity, it is likely that fenazaflor exerts its effect only after hydrolysis to DTFB. Living mites showed a stimulation of respiration of 70% on addition of either fenazaflor or DTFB before death occurred, suggesting that the acaricidal effect of fenazaflor is due to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation after hydrolysis to DTFB.
Phytotoxic activity of norbornane and nortricyclene lactones
Authors: Crundwell E. , Kofi‐Tsekpo W. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of bromo‐, hydroxy‐ and keto‐derivatives of norbornane‐6‐hydroxy‐2‐carboxylic acid, y‐lactone and some related compounds have been prepared and examined for phytotoxic activity. The 3‐exo‐propionyl, and 3‐exo‐5‐exo‐dibromo substituted compounds have been found to have the greatest activity.
Determination of nitroxynil residues in sheep and calves
Authors: Parnell M. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the determination of nitroxynil (4‐cyano‐2‐iodo‐6‐nitrophenol) in mammalian tissues. Residues of nitroxynil in the tissues of sheep and calves after subcutaneous administration of the drug are reported.
Determination of residues of promecarb and its metabolite, 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenol, in cattle
Authors: Burnett Ellen M. , Lanham A. E. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA procedure is described for the colorimetric determination of promecarb as 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenol in tissues using 2,6‐dichlorpbenzoquinone‐4‐chlorimine as the chromogen.Cattle were exposed to either 1, 3, 5 or 8 spray applications of a 0·2% promecarb emulsion at 3‐day intervals or were fed promecarb at 2 ppm or 20 ppm daily in the diet for 20 days. All animals were slaughtered 30 h after final exposure.Of the animals in the spraying trial, residues in omental fat ranged from 0·9 ppm to 1·5 ppm promecarb and 0·4 ppm to 1·9 ppm 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenol. Residues in perirenal fat ranged from 0·8 ppm to 1·9 ppm promecarb and 0·9 ppm to 1·6 ppm 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenol. Residues in diaphragm muscle did not exceed 0·06 ppm. In the feeding trial, the maximum residues induced were 2·2 ppm promecarb and 1·4 ppm 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenol in omental fat of an animal fed for 20 days on a diet containing 20 ppm promecarb.
Epoxidation of aldrin by cell‐free pea root preparations
Authors: Oloffs P. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe epoxidation of aldrin and factors influencing this reaction were studied with buffered, aqueous, cell‐free preparations obtained from unbroken roots of laboratory‐grown peas. Aldrin was available to the epoxidising enzymes at concentrations which far exceeded its reported water solubility. Under the experimental conditions, the optimum pH for the reaction was 6·5 using 0·02M phosphate buffer. The reaction rate increased up to 35°c, and decreased with higher temperatures. Various treatments indicated that the epoxidising factor was soluble, and not dependent on the presence of intact cells or cell organelles. No need could be shown for the cofactors NADPH2 and Mg2+, which are required for animal microsomal oxidations. Inhibitor studies indicated both differences and similarities between the system studied here and animal microsomal preparations.
Comparison of the depletion rates of two chlorfenvinphos emulsifiable concentrate cattle dip formulations by a field method
Authors: Dollimore L. S. , Holmes D. L. , Fox B. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA field trial is described in which a spray race was used to compare the depletion rates of two chlorfenvinphos cattle dip emulsifiable concentrates under practical conditions.The trial was designed to guard against any biases in the comparison of the concentrates, and the statistical analysis of the results showed that there was a significant difference between the depletion rates of the two formulations.
Residues of tetrachlorvinphos and its breakdown products on treated crops. II.—Residues on apples
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Edwards M. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractApples treated with tetrachlorvinphos (Gardona, trans‐isomer of dimethyl 1‐(2′,4′,5′‐trichloropheny1)‐2‐chlorovinyl phosphate) insecticide under field conditions in several countries in 1965, 1966 and 1967 have been analysed at intervals after treatment for residues of tetrachlorvinphos itself, its cis‐isomer and seven potential breakdown products. Residues of up to 10 ppm of tetrachlorvinphos were detected immediately after the last of three applications of tetrachlorvinphos (diluted to 0.16% active material). The initial half‐life of the tetrachlorvinphos was on average about 0.5 weeks under U.K. conditions and only 10% of the tetrachlorvinphos remained unchanged at 2 weeks after application. The overall chemical persistence of the wettable powder formulation was not significantly different from that of the emulsifiable concentrate formulation.Within 8 weeks of the application the residues were mainly of tetrachlorvinphos itself, its cis‐isomer and the alcohol 1‐(2′,4′‐5′‐trichlorophenyl)ethan‐l‐ol, in free and sugar‐conjugated forms. The residues of the conjugates of this alcohol (up to 0.92 ppm) were generally present in higher concentration at 6‐8 weeks after the application than were the residues of the other components. Whilst residues of other breakdown products were detected on the apples their individual residues were below 0.05 ppm and generally below 0.01 ppm at 6 weeks or more after the last of several applications of tetrachlorvinphos.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada
Authors: Smith Dorothy C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA total diet, representative of a Canadian's daily food intake was formulated, grouped by types of food, and prepared as for eating. Analysis of these composites for residues showed eleven organochlorine but no organophosphorus pesticides. Residues were low and would yield an average total daily intake of 24μg/person/day. The level of arsenic was determined on one‐quarter of the samples and was found to be consistently below 0.1 ppm.
Persistence and degradation of chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, fonofos and phorate in soils and their uptake by carrots
Authors: Suett D. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalytical methods are described for the determination of residues of chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, fonofos and phorate in soils and carrots. The insecticides, applied in June 1969 at 2 kg (a.i.)/ha, persisted longer in peaty loam than in sandy loam. After 7 months, the sandy loam contained 1% of the applied diazinon and 20–30% of the applied chlorfenvinphos, fonofos and phorate, the latter as its sulphone; the corresponding figures for the peaty loam were 10, 40–50, 40–50 and 30–40% respectively. None of the residues showed any substantial change from October to January.Although high initial concentrations (up to 50 ppm) of the residues in carrots were diluted by plant growth, it is shown that concentrations >1 ppm could be present in marketable crops 12–14 weeks after application at recommended rates. Carrots harvested 26 weeks after sowing contained <0.2 ppm of all insecticides. In contrast, during the first 15 weeks of crop growth the weights of residues in the carrots increased and remained approximately proportional to the square root of the carrot mean weight. Rates of uptake declined as carrot growth declined and subsequently the amounts of chlorfenvinphos, diazinon and fonofos residues in the carrots changed very little, while phorate sulphone steadily declined.
Vapour phase action of some foliar fungicides
Authors: Solel Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBenomyl, maneb, fentin acetate, thiabendazole, a dichloro derivative of thiabendazole, and thiophanate all liberated vapours inhibitory to the germination of Cercospora beticola spores. In tightly closed containesr benomyl and maneb were the most toxic materials. On sprayed leaves the vapour action diminished with time; 11 days after treatment only benomyl still exhibited extreme fungitoxic action.
Uptake of DDT and DDE by the quail embryo and chick
Authors: Cooke A. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAdult female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were dosed orally with pp'‐DDT in order to produce residues of pp'‐DDT and pp'‐DDE in their eggs. Eggs were incubated and insecticide uptake by the developing embryos and chicks was compared with the results of other authors, who had injected chicken eggs with insecticide solution before incubation. Rate of uptake by quail embryos increased throughout the incubation period. At hatching and 2 days after hatching, the yolk sac was estimated to contain mean amounts of 37% and 7%, respectively, of the total residues in the chick.Quail eggs, without detectable organochlorine residues, were injected with either pp'‐DDT or pp'‐DDE in olive oil. At 6 days incubation significantly more DDE than DDT was found in the embryo, but this trend had stopped by 10 days incubation. Metabolism of pp'‐DDT to pp'DDE was first detected after 9 days incubation. Embryonic development was slower in injected eggs than in eggs from treated females.
Experiments with some of the newer systemic fungicides on apple and marrow
Authors: Doma S. , Clifford D. R. , Byrde R. J. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn field trials against apple scab (caused by Venturia inaequalis) and powdery mildew (caused by Podosphaera leucotricha), improved control of one or other disease has been given by the newer systemic fungicides benomyl, triarimol and the thiophanates. However, in tests on apple seedlings in the greenhouse, biological evidence of translocation from individual deposits was generally limited to movement within the treated leaf.In greenhouse tests with cucumbers and marrows, using Oidium sp., there was again little evidence for movement of toxicant from a treated leaf, although effective disease control was readily obtained by root application of several compounds at low dosage.These results suggest that the systemic properties of the compounds evident when used as soil or seed treatments are of little account when they are applied as foliar sprays.
Increased antifungal action of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate in the presence of complex forming compounds
Authors: Matolcsy G. , Hamrán M. , Bordás B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe antifungal action of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and of zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate in the presence of the dithiocarboxylic acid derivatives I and III as well as of some known metal‐complexing agents was tested on Botrytis allii and Alternaria tenuis as test organisms. Addition of some of the investigated compounds to zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate increased its antifungal activity by several orders of magnitude against Botrytis but not against Alternaria. This action is not structure specific as it can be produced by complexing agents of various chemical structure. Under the same conditions the antifungal action of zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate could not be increased.