bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical relationships between borderline, schizotypal, avoidant and obsessive–compulsive personality disorders
Authors: Hopwood C. J. , Morey L. C. , Gunderson J. G. , Skodol A. E. , Tracie Shea M. , Grilo C. M. , McGlashan T. H. 
Published: November 2005

Objective:  Comorbidity among personality disorders is widely considered problematic. The validity of one proposed solution, diagnostic hierarchies, was investigated in the current study with respect to borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive–compulsive personality disorders.Method:  One approach used discriminant functions, derived from multiple psycho‐social domains, that were used to classify comorbid individuals from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorder study (CLPS) to explore the possibility of hierarchical precedence of one personality disorder over another. A second approach examined the incremental increase in R2‐value in predicting functioning and personality provided by each diagnosis over each other diagnosis.Results:  Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder was consistently subordinate to other diagnoses, whereas other indications of hierarchical relationships were domain‐specific.Conclusion:  Results indicate minimal support for an over‐arching hierarchical pattern among studied personality disorders, and suggest the inclusion of all relevant diagnoses in clinical practice.
Evidence for a Novel Mutualism in the Tropical Understory Shrub Piper urostachyum1
Authors: Hodson Amanda Kaye , Gastreich Karin Rita 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTWe tested the impact of a predatory species of the family Miridae (Hemiptera) on its host plant Piper urostachyum (Piperaceae) by comparing folivory in mirid‐excluded plants and controls. We also tested the effect of resident anyphaenid spiders on mirid behavior and levels of folivory. Plants without mirids suffered significantly more folivory than plants with mirids. The impact of spider removal was less clear. Together, these results support the idea that resident mirids serve in anti‐herbivore defense for P. urostachyum plants.
Figs (Ficus, Moraceae) in Urban Hong Kong, South China1
Authors: Corlett Richard T. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTHong Kong (22°N) is on the northern margins of the Asian tropics and has a native fig flora of 24 species. A total of 3.4 km2 of the urban area on Hong Kong Island was surveyed for spontaneous and planted fig plants of reproductive size. The 1124 individuals included 14 species in four subgenera: seven native species (F. fistulosa, F. hirta, F. hispida, F. microcarpa, F. pumila, F. subpisocarpa, and F. variegata), four of which were sometimes planted, one probably native (F. virens), one naturalizing species (F. religiosa), and five exotic species that occurred only in cultivation, two of which (F. altissima, F. rumphii) are pollinated and produce viable seeds. The native species in the two most common subgenera form distinct ecological guilds: those in subgenus Sycomorus bear large, many‐seeded, green or yellow figs and are bat‐dispersed pioneers on exposed soil; those in subgenus Urostigma bear small, few‐seeded, dark‐purple figs and are largely bird‐dispersed and epilithic. The density of potentially fruiting fig plants in the study area (2.3/ha) was within the range reported for tropical forests and between them they were visited by the entire urban frugivore fauna. This study shows the importance of the urban fig flora to urban wildlife and also highlights the risk of cultivated Ficus species becoming invasive, despite their obligate species‐specific pollinator mutualisms.
The Empire Meets the New Deal: Interwar Encounters in Conservation and Regional Planning
Authors: POWELL J.M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBritish imperial and American experiences in conservation and planning are providing fresh interdisciplinary challenges for university teaching and research. The Roosevelt administration's ‘New Deal’ included government‐sponsored interventions in soil erosion and water management and sophisticated regional development agendas. Reviewing samples of the latter areas of concern, this article explores the proposition that, although the British Empire was scarcely bereft of comparable interwar programmes and was becoming somewhat preoccupied with centrifugal tendencies, persistent porosity, exhausting struggles with postwar reconstruction, and comprehensive economic depression, New Deal evangelism was in fact variously anticipated, harnessed, challenged and ignored.A discussion of widely separated national and regional examples locates a layered interplay between uneven imperial and US pulsations, independent local manoeuvres, and critical inputs from key individual agents. The most important filters included the presence of comparatively robust bureaucratic infrastructures and the cultivation of international relationships by scientists and technologists. Encounters with convergent revisionism suggest cautionary leads for students, researchers and teachers alike. Reconstructions of selected contexts underline the presence of familiar posturing, opportunism, and astute patriotic deployment during the emergence of modern styles of globalization.
Typologies of Advantage and Disadvantage: Socio‐economic Outcomes in Australian Metropolitan Cities
Authors: BAUM SCOTT , HAYNES MICHELLE , GELLECUM YOLANDA VAN , HAN HOON 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAustralia's metropolitan cities have undergone significant social, economic and demographic change over the past several decades. In terms of socio‐economic advantage and disadvantage these changes, which are often associated with globalisation, wider economic and technological restructuring, the changing demographics of the population and shifts in public policy are not evenly dispersed across cities, but represent a range of often contrasting outcomes. The current paper develops a typology of socio‐economic advantage and disadvantage for locations across Australian metropolitan cities. More specifically, the paper takes a range of Australian Bureau of Statistics data and uses a model‐based approach with clustering of data represented by a parameterised Gaussian mixture model and discriminant analysis utilised to consider the differences between the clusters. These clusters form the basis of a typology representing the range of socio‐economic and demographic outcomes at the local community level.
Dietary supplements: Characteristics of supplement users in New Zealand
Authors: Smith Claire , Wilson Noela C. , Parnell Winsome R. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract (Nutr Diet 2005;62:123–129) Objective:  To determine the characteristics of adult New Zealand (NZ) supplement users.Design:  Secondary data analysis of a cross‐sectional national survey.Subjects:  A total of 4636 adults aged 15 years and above.Setting:  Homes throughout NZ.Methods:  The National Nutrition Survey (NNS97), linked to the NZ Health Survey, had a multistage sampling design providing a representative sample of the NZ population aged 15 years and above. Secondary data analysis using logistic regression was used to determine characteristics of dietary supplement users (n = 2749) by a range of demographic, lifestyle and dietary variables.Results:  Income, marital status, Index of Deprivation (NZDep96 quartile) and place of residence were not independently associated with dietary supplement use. The odds of consuming dietary supplements over the previous year was increased in younger adults. Participants in the ‘NZ European and others’ ethnic group were the most likely to be supplement consumers compared with Māori and Pacific participants. Dietary intakes from food, for folate, riboflavin (males), vitamin C (females), niacin (females), dietary fibre (females) and calcium (males) were significantly higher in supplement users.Conclusions:  NZ supplement users are characteristically female, of ‘NZ European and others’ descent, well educated and relatively young. Nutrient intake from foods and beverages alone was adequate for those individuals who chose to include supplements in their diet.
Bioavailability of long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched luncheon meats
Authors: Volker Dianne H. , Weng Xingying , Quaggiotto Paul 
Published: November 2005

Abstract (Nutr Diet 2005;62:130–137) Objective:  To determine the acute and chronic effects of low doses of long chain (LC) n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on plasma LC n‐3 PUFA levels.Design:  In the acute study, six healthy omnivores, avoiding fish meals on the day prior to the study, provided a fasting blood sample initially and post prandially at four hours. In the chronic study, 12 healthy subjects provided a fasting blood sample at baseline and three weeks after daily consumption of the test food.Main outcome measures:  Plasma non‐esterified fatty acid and phospholipid LC n‐3 PUFA composition.Statistical analysis:  Differences in plasma non‐esterified fatty acids and phospholipid LC n‐3 PUFA. A pre‐ and post‐consumption of the test food were assessed using paired t‐tests (spss).Results:  The acute study demonstrated that a low dose of LC n‐3 PUFA (25% eicosapentaenoic acid and 75% docosahexaenoic acid) significantly increased eicosapentaenoic acid levels in plasma of human subjects postprandially from 0.30% to 0.42% of total non‐esterified fatty acids, a per cent change of 39% (P < 0.05). The chronic study demonstrated a significant increase in total n‐3 phospholipids from zero weeks (5.48% of total fatty acids) to three weeks (7.92% of total fatty acids), representing a per cent increase of 44% (P = 0.006). The n‐6 to n‐3 ratio of LC PUFA phospholipids demonstrated a significant reduction from 5.1 at zero weeks to 4.07 at three weeks, representing a reduction of 20% (P = 0.006).Conclusions:  These findings demonstrate the bioavailability of LC n‐3 PUFA consumed as a low‐fat omega‐3‐enriched luncheon meat.
Does scientific evidence support the use of non‐prescription supplements for treatment of acute menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes?
Authors: Hanna Katherine , Day Alice , O'Neill Sheila , Patterson Carla , Lyons‐Wall Philippa 
Published: November 2005

Abstract (Nutr Diet 2005;62:138–151) The objective of the present review was to critically evaluate the scientific evidence for efficacy of non‐prescription supplements (NPS) available for treatment of acute menopausal symptoms; and where available, to identify constituents, specify dosage, propose mechanisms and indicate safety concerns. A Medline search identified 24 clinical trials assessing efficacy of seven NPS for treatment of hot flushes in symptomatic menopausal women; 19 were randomised placebo‐controlled trials. Articles were located on black cohosh, dong quai, evening primrose oil, ginseng, isoflavonoid phytoestrogens (from red clover or soy) and sage. Evidence for each NPS was tabulated according to study design and menopausal outcomes. Findings from 13 randomised placebo‐controlled trials, using isoflavonoids from red clover or soy, demonstrated significant efficacy for six studies (46%) with reductions in moderate to severe flushes by 10–44% compared with placebo; seven studies (54%) reported no significant improvements. In vitro studies indicate that isoflavonoids have significant oestrogenic activity, providing a supporting mechanism. One controlled trial reported that an extract of sage and alfalfa significantly reduced severe hot flushes by 60% compared with placebo. Two controlled trials reported that black cohosh improved overall menopause symptom scores; however, no data were available specifically on hot flushes. In conclusion, evidence from a small number of placebo‐controlled trials suggested that further research is warranted to test efficacy of red clover, soy, sage and black cohosh for treatment of hot flushes in menopausal women. To date, controlled trials do not support use of dong quai, evening primrose oil and ginseng for treatment of hot flushes.
Paradigm shifts in the history of dietary advice in Australia
Authors: Santich Barbara 
Published: November 2005

Abstract (Nutr Diet 2005;62:152–157) Dietary advice in Australia, understood as recommendations as to a ‘better’ way of eating directed to the general population, has changed significantly as a result of advances in nutritional science and, in accordance with the structure of scientific revolutions outlined by Thomas Kuhn, by a series of ‘paradigm shifts’. These occur when the existing theory or paradigm becomes inadequate to explain observations or research findings and is discarded in favour of a new paradigm. In the history of dietary advice in Australia, paradigm shifts are associated with the discovery of vitamins at the beginning of the twentieth century and recognition of the role of fat in heart disease in the second half of the twentieth century. In both instances, a consequence of the paradigm shift was dramatic changes in dietary advice. While research has played, and continues to play, a significant role in the shaping of dietary advice, the direction of nutrition research is increasingly influenced by commercial considerations, which has implications for future dietary advice.
Marketing the dietetics profession to consumers and stakeholders: A social and professional imperative
Authors: Burton Suzan , Freeman Jane 
Published: November 2005

Abstract (Nutr Diet 2005;62:158–160) In the present paper we argue that despite the potential impact of dietetic practice on public health, the use of professional dietetic services appears to be stagnant. To redress this position, dietitians may need to increase their use of marketing activities to promote the value of the profession. We discuss the different roles of the Dietitians Association of Australia and of individual members in marketing activities, provide an overview of the key components of a marketing plan and strategy, and outline specific steps that dietitians can take to actively promote their services. We argue that promotion of the dietetic profession may ultimately contribute to better health through nutrition for the Australian population.
Characterisation of adherens and tight junctional molecules in normal animal larynx; determining a suitable model for studying molecular abnormalities in human laryngopharyngeal reflux
Authors: Gill G A , Buda A , Moorghen M , Dettmar P W , Pignatelli M 
Published: November 2005

Background:The disruption of intercellular junctions in the larynx is a pathological feature of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Good experimental models are necessary to gain greater insight into the molecular mechanisms and alterations that result from abnormal exposure of the laryngeal epithelium to acid refluxate.Aims:To characterise laryngeal tissues from different species to determine the most suitable for use in experimental studies of LPR.Methods:Human and non-human laryngeal tissues (mouse, rat, guinea pig, porcine, and rabbit) were studied. Histological characterisation was performed by light microscopy. The expression and subcellular localisation of adherens junctional molecules (E-cadherin and β catenin) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and tight junction molecules (occludin and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1)) by western blotting. The ultrastructural features of porcine and human tissue were assessed by electron microscopy.Results:Porcine tissue revealed both respiratory-type and stratified squamous epithelium, as seen in the human larynx. The expression and subcellular localisation of the E-cadherin–catenin complex was detected in all species except mouse and rat. The pattern of ZO-1 and occludin expression was preserved in all species.Conclusion:The expression of intercellular junctional complexes in porcine epithelium is similar to that seen in humans. These results confirm the suitability of these species to study molecular mechanisms of LPR in an experimental system.
Comparison of the novel quantitative ARMS assay and an enriched PCR–ASO assay for K-rasmutations with conventional cytology on endobiliary brush cytology from 312 consecutive extrahepatic biliary stenoses
Authors: van Heek N T , Clayton S J , Sturm P D J , Walker J , Gouma D J , Noorduyn L A , Offerhaus G J A , Fox J C 
Published: November 2005

Background:Extrahepatic biliary stenosis (EBS) has malignant and benign causes. Patients with EBS are at risk of having or developing malignancy. Accurate diagnostic tests for early detection and surveillance are needed. The sensitivity of biliary cytology for malignancy is low. K-rasmutation analysis on brush cytology is a valuable adjunct, but specificity is low. A quantitative test for K-rasmutations has been developed: the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS).Aim:To assess the test characteristics and additional value of ARMS in diagnosing the cause of EBS.Methods:Brush samples from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were collected from 312 patients with EBS. K-rasmutation analysis was performed using ARMS—allele specific amplification was coupled with real time fluorescent detection of PCR products. Results were compared with conventional cytology and K-rasmutation analysis using allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) hybridisation, and evaluated in view of the final diagnosis.Results:The test characteristics of ARMS and ASO largely agreed. Sensitivity for detecting malignancy was 49% and 42%, specificity 93% and 88%, and positive predictive value (PPV) 96% and 91%, respectively. The sensitivity of ARMS and cytology combined was 71%, and PPV was 93%. The specificity of ARMS could be increased to 100% by setting limits for the false positives, but reduced sensitivity from 49% to 43%.Conclusions:ARMS can be considered supplementary to conventional cytology, and comparable to ASO in diagnosing malignant EBS. A specificity of 100% can be achieved with ARMS, which should be considered in the surveillance of patients at risk for pancreatic cancer.
Necrobiotic palisading granulomas associated with breast carcinoma
Authors: Coyne J D 
Published: November 2005

Aims:The presence of granulomas within the stroma of carcinomas and in the lymph nodes draining carcinomas has been well described. To date, however, there have been few studies examining the occurrence and relevance of necrobiotic granulomas occurring in association with breast carcinoma.Methods/Results:Four cases of breast carcinoma with necrobiotic granulomas were examined using periodic acid Schiff and Ziehl Neelsen stains for fungi and tubercle bacilli and with immunohistochemistry using CAM5.2, cytokeratin 7, and cytokeratin AE1/3 for tumour cells. In one case the stroma was involved, in the other three cases the lymph nodes contained necrobiotic granulomas. In two of the cases, one with stromal and one with lymph node involvement, the necrobiotic granulomas contained necrotic tumour cells.Conclusion:In this study the features of four cases of breast carcinomas with necrobiotic granulomas are examined and their relevance explored. Close scrutiny of such granulomas is necessary to avoid underdiagnosis of metastatic disease.
Maspin expression in carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
Authors: Martins M T , Altemani A , Freitas L , Araújo V C 
Published: November 2005

Aims:To investigate the presence and distribution of the protein maspin in carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA).Methods:Maspin expression was studied by means of immunohistochemistry in 16 cases of CXPA, using the labelled polymer method.Results:According to the extent of invasion, the tumours were subdivided into: intracapsular (five cases), minimally invasive (four cases), and invasive (seven cases). Twelve patients had carcinoma with only epithelial differentiation, whereas four had a malignant myoepithelial component. Non-luminal cells in the duct-like structures of the remnant pleomorphic adenoma were strongly positive for maspin, whereas only a few luminal cells were immunopositive. A few positive cells were seen in the frequent hypocellular and hyalinised areas. Maspin was abundantly expressed, mainly in non-luminal cells, in transitional areas of CXPA with only epithelial differentiation. In frankly carcinomatous areas there was a gradual decrease in maspin expression. Almost all cells were maspin positive in CXPA with a myoepithelial component. When present, luminal cells were in general negative for maspin.Conclusions:When only epithelial cells undergo malignant transformation, maspin expression is gradually lost. In cases with a myoepithelial component, maspin expression is high, and this might be related to the tumour suppressor activity attributed to this cell.
Involvement of MMP-7 in invasion of pancreatic cancer cells through activation of the EGFR mediated MEK–ERK signal transduction pathway
Authors: Tan X , Egami H , Abe M , Nozawa F , Hirota M , Ogawa M 
Published: November 2005

Aims:To clarify the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) in cell dissociation and the subsequent invasion of pancreatic cancer cells.Methods:Western blotting, in vitro invasion assay, immunocytochemistry, and immunohistochemistry were performed in pancreatic cancer cell lines or pancreatic cancer tissue.Results:The active form of the MMP-7 protein was expressed exclusively in the conditioned medium of dissociated (PC-1.0 and AsPC-1) pancreatic cancer cells, whereas proMMP-7 protein was only detected in the conditioned medium of non-dissociated (PC-1 and Capan-2) cells. Both intracellular and conditioned medium localised MMP-7 was greatly reduced by treatment with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor AG1478 and the mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 in pancreatic cancer cells. MMP-7 treatment significantly induced the disruption of tight junction (TJ) structures and subsequent cell dissociation, and activation of the EGFR mediated MEK– ERK (extracellular signal regulated protein kinase) signalling pathway in the non-dissociated pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, the strong in vitro invasiveness of dissociated cells was inhibited by AG1478 and U0126 treatment, whereas the weak invasiveness of non-dissociated cells was apparently induced by MMP-7 treatment. In addition, MMP-7 expression was stronger at the invasive front than at the centre of human pancreatic tumours.Conclusion:MMP-7 is involved in cell dissociation and the subsequent invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. It induces the disruption of TJ structures and forms a positive feedback loop with activation of the EGFR mediated MEK–ERK signalling pathway.