bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of bi‐linear mixed finite elements for tetrahedra with enhanced interpolation using volume and area bubble functions
Authors: Mahnken Rolf , Caylak Ismail 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn order to overcome the oscillatory effects of the mixed bi‐linear Galerkin formulation for tetrahedral elements, a stabilization approach is presented. To this end the mixed method of incompatible modes and the mixed method of enhanced strains are reformulated, thus giving both the interpretation of a mixed finite element method with stabilization terms. For non‐linear problems, these are non‐linearly dependent on the current deformation state and therefore are replaced by linearly dependent stabilization terms. The approach becomes most attractive for the numerical implementation, since the use of quantities related to the previous Newton iteration step, typically arising for mixed‐enhanced elements, is completely avoided. The stabilization matrices for the mixed method of incompatible modes and the mixed method of enhanced strains are obtained with volume and area bubble functions. Various numerical examples are presented, which illustrate successfully the stabilization effect for bi‐linear tetrahedral elements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
U.S. nonprofit organizations' demand for temporary foreign professionals
Authors: Tschirhart Mary , Wise Lois Recascino 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article examines the demand by nonprofits in the United States for foreign professionals to fill a variety of specialized and managerial positions on a temporary basis. Our study contributes to understanding the demand side of the trend toward a more contingent workforce. We test predictors of nonprofit employers' pursuit of foreign labor for professional expertise and show an association between strategy to insource foreign labor and organizational resource level, mission, occupational need, and wage offer. Our findings suggest that government visa policies and practices affect labor pools for nonprofit organizations. Given that our study reveals varied interest by nonprofits in pursuing temporary foreign professionals, we end with a brief review and discussion of how the use of temporary and foreign professionals may influence the dynamics of nonprofit organizations and suggest additional research questions.
The relational determinants of nonprofit Web site fundraising effectiveness: An exploratory study
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , West Douglas C. , Jay Elaine 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this article, we develop a framework for assessing the relational content of nonprofit Internet sites. We operationalize this as a series of eight relational constructs applicable to the context of Web site design and operation and explore the relationship between the presence of these dimensions and the fundraising performance of nonprofit Web sites. We conclude that accessibility, accountability, education, interaction, and empowerment are significantly correlated with the number of new donors a site is able to attract, and that accessibility, accountability, and education are also highly correlated with the total value of online donations offered.
An expanded theory of pluralistic interactions in voluntary nonprofit organizations
Authors: Weisinger Judith Y. , Salipante Paul F. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDemographic trends suggest a more culturally diverse society, yet research focusing specifically on the management of this diversity in nonprofit organizations is at a nascent stage. Furthermore, traditional ways of conceptualizing cultural diversity in U.S. society are becoming outmoded. Thus, nonprofit managers and leaders can benefit from new ways of thinking about and managing diversity.In this article, we extend our proposed representationinteraction model of diversity in voluntaristic nonprofits (Weisinger and Salipante, 2005) by more closely examining the interaction prong of our model in order to provide a more grounded understanding of this new approach to increasing pluralism. The expanded model that we discuss here is founded on interaction processes: in‐group identity and recategorization. This study enables us to transform our grounded theory into a theory of practices that leaders of voluntaristic organizations can directly apply. We present findings from a field study of a national nonprofit organization and discuss implications for practice and research.
Collaborations with faith‐based social service coalitions
Authors: Ebaugh Helen Rose , Chafetz Janet S. , Pipes Paula F. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBased on the first national survey of faith‐based social service coalitions in the United States, this article presents data on the degree to which these nonprofit organizations collaborate with other specific organizational types, as well as the range and intensity of these collaborations. In general, faith‐based coalitions tend to collaborate most frequently with other faith‐based agencies, a pattern especially characteristic of the more religiously expressive ones. However, collaboration with non‐faith‐based organizations is also quite common. Based on seven organizational characteristics, we are able to predict which faith‐based coalitions are most likely to collaborate with different types of organizations: coalitions that have more explicitly religious policies and practices with reference to clients and staffs are less likely to participate in intense collaborations with some types of secular organizations, and consistently less likely to do so with all types of governmental agencies.
Contributions of unrestricted funds: The donor organization–public relationship and alumni attitudes and behaviors
Authors: Wright Marshal H. , Bocarnea Mihai C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis exploratory pilot study examined alumni attitudes and behaviors toward making contributions in a nonprofit higher education organizational setting. The theoretical base of the study was that nonprofit higher education organizations operate in competitive marketing environments within a resource dependence open systems framework. In an effort to better understand alumni donor attitudes and behaviors in this context, this research explored the predictive relationship between the donor organization–public relationship (OPR) and alumni donor attitudes toward willingness to contribute unrestricted funds and donor behaviors concerning size of gifts made, frequency per year of contributions, and frequency of years of contributions using Huang's (2001) organization–public relationship assessment. Results indicate that donor OPR significantly predicts alumni donor attitudes toward willingness to contribute unrestricted funds. The results do not support that donor OPR significantly predicts size of gifts made, frequency per year of contributions, and frequency of years of contributions.
Innovation, accountability, and independence at three private foundations funding higher education civic engagement, 1995 to 2005
Authors: Ostrander Susan A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis case study looks at changes in private foundation funding for higher education civic engagement from 1995 to 2005. The focus is three large, established foundations that were U.S. national leaders in supporting this activity during these years: Carnegie, Pew, and Kellogg. Data sources include (1) in‐depth conversations with four strategically placed foundation insiders and six nationally recognized campus leaders and (2) scans of Web sites of the three foundations that document the change in funding priorities over time, plus Web sites of the main campus initiatives supported and national campus civic engagement organizations such as Campus Compact. Research findings con‐ firm and specify other studies that suggest that foundations shift their funding priorities according to their perceived role as innovators, pressures to be accountable and show clear results, and their independence as private organizations. The article concludes by raising questions about private foundations generally in relation to issues of innovativeness, accountability, and independence.
Olfactory and gustatory sensory changes to tobacco smoke in pregnant smokers
Authors: Pletsch Pamela K. , Pollak Kathryn I. , Peterson Bercedis L. , Park Jeongok , Oncken Cheryl A. , Swamy Geeta K. , Lyna Pauline 
Published: December 2007

AbstractModels of smoking behavior change include addiction, social, and behavioral concepts. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence of two biologic factors, olfactory and gustatory responses to tobacco smoke, as potentially powerful contributors to smoking behavior change among pregnant women. Data were obtained from 209 pregnant smokers. The majority of women reported olfactory (62%) and gustatory (53%) aversions to tobacco. Aversions first appeared during the first trimester of pregnancy. Women who experienced olfactory aversions were more likely also to experience gustatory aversions. Olfactory aversions were associated with women smoking less. Aversions to tobacco smoke are common among pregnant smokers, are associated with women smoking less, and could help explain pregnant women's smoking patterns. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 31:31–41, 2008
The highway code of T cell trafficking
Authors: Marelli‐Berg FM , Cannella L , Dazzi F , Mirenda V 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCoordinated migratory events are required for the development of effective and regulated immunity. Naïve T lymphocytes are programmed to recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue by non‐specific stimuli. In contrast, primed T cells must identify specific sites of antigen location in non‐lymphoid tissue to exert targeted effector responses. Following priming, T cells acquire the ability to establish molecular interactions mediated by tissue‐selective integrins and chemokine receptors (homing receptors) that allow their access to specific organs, such as the skin and the gut. Recent studies have shown that an additional level of specificity is provided by the induction of specific T cell migration into the tissue following recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. In addition, co‐stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28 and CTLA‐4 molecules) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TNF‐mediated inflammatory disease
Authors: Bradley JR 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTNF was originally described as a circulating factor that can cause necrosis of tumours, but has since been identified as a key regulator of the inflammatory response. This review describes the known signalling pathways and cell biological effects of TNF, and our understanding of the role of TNF in human disease. TNF interacts with two different receptors, designated TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are differentially expressed on cells and tissues and initiate both distinct and overlapping signal transduction pathways. These diverse signalling cascades lead to a range of cellular responses, which include cell death, survival, differentiation, proliferation and migration. Vascular endothelial cells respond to TNF by undergoing a number of pro‐inflammatory changes, which increase leukocyte adhesion, transendothelial migration and vascular leak and promote thrombosis. The central role of TNF in inflammation has been demonstrated by the ability of agents that block the action of TNF to treat a range of inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. The increased incidence of infection in patients receiving anti‐TNF treatment has highlighted the physiological role of TNF in infectious diseases. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing maximum equivalent strain on solder balls in flip‐chip packages
Authors: Wu G.H. , Ju S.H. , Hsu T.C. , Lai H.Y. , Hwang W.M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFlip‐chip packaging provides a high‐performance low‐cost approach for development of electronic packages. A three‐dimensional (3D) viscoelastic‐plastic finite element analysis using the commercial software ANSYS has been performed to study the thermo‐mechanical behavior in flip‐chips assemblies, i.e., the four components: chip, solder ball, underfill, and substrate. The viscoelastic behavior of underfill is modeled by a Maxwell constitutive equation, while the viscoplastic behavior of solder balls is modeled by an Anand model. Both chip and substrate are assumed to elastic materials modeled by Hooke's law. As in standard industry practice, temperature cycling from 125 to −40°C is used. Thermo‐mechanical behavior of solder balls is presented, and the effects of underfill material properties are investigated. Further, Taguchi methods are used to optimize flip‐chip package performance. The design goal is to minimize the maximum equivalent strain on the solder balls. The eight flip‐chip assembly factors chip‐thickness/substrate‐thickness ratio, underfill modulus (Gi), underfill relaxation time (λi), solder height‐to‐diameter ratio, chip coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), underfill CTE, solder CTE, and substrate CTE are chosen for optimization. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and studies of the physical properties of polyaniline and polyurethane‐modified epoxy composites
Authors: Chiou Wen‐Chin , Han Jin‐Lin , Lee Sung‐Nung 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTwo series of toughened, semiconductive polyaniline (PANI)/polyurethane (PU)‐epoxy (PANI/PU‐EPOXY) nano‐composites were prepared using a conductive polymer, PANI, and PU prepolymer‐modified‐diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy. First, the PU prepolymer‐modified epoxy oligomer was synthesized by a stoichiometric reaction between the terminal isocyanate groups of the PU prepolymer and the pendent hydroxyl groups of the epoxide. PU prepolymers were made either of polyester (polybutylene adipate, PBA) or polyether (polypropylene glycol, PPG) segments. The composites were characterized by thermal, morphological, mechanical, and electrical studies. Impact strength was enhanced 100% in PU (PPG 2000)‐modified composites; whereas, only ca. 30–50% increases in impact strength were observed for the other modified composites. In addition, the thermal stability of this composite proved superior to that of neat epoxy resin, regardless of a PU content at 27.5 wt%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology study showed that the spherical PU (PPG 2000) particles (ca. 0.2–0.5 μm) dispersed within the matrix accounts for these extraordinary properties. The conductivity of the composite increased to ca. 10−9–10−3 S cm−1 upon addition of PANI when tested in the frequency range 1 kHz–13 MHz. This study demonstrated a useful way to simultaneously improve the toughness and conductivity of the epoxy composite, thus rendering it suitable for electromagnetic interference and various charge dissipation applications. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigations on the morphology and melt crystallization of poly(L‐lactide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) diblock copolymers
Authors: Wu Tong , He Yong , Fan Zhongyong , Wei Jia , Li Suming 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRing opening polymerization of L‐lactide was realized in the presence of monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol), using zinc lactate as catalyst. The resulting PLLA‐PEG diblock copolymers were characterized by using 1H‐NMR, SEC, WAXD, and DSC. All the copolymers were semicrystalline, one or two melting peaks being detected depending on the composition. Equilibrium melting temperature (Tm0) of PLLA blocks was determined for three copolymers with different EO/LA molar ratios. Tm0 decreased with decreasing PLLA block length. A copolymer with equivalent PLLA and PEG block lengths was selected for melt crystallization studies and the resulting data were analyzed with Avrami equation. The obtained Avrami exponent is equal to 2.6 ± 0.2 in the crystallization temperature range from 80 to 100°C. In addition, the spherulite growth rate of PLLA‐PEG was analyzed by using Lauritzen‐Hoffmann theory in comparison with PLLA homopolymers. The nucleation constant was found to be 2.39 × 105 K2 and the free energy of folding equal to 53.8 erg/cm2 in the range of 70–94°C, both higher than those of PLLA homopolymers, while the spherulite growth rate of the diblock copolymer was lower. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cracking formation on the surface of extruded photodegraded polypropylene plates
Authors: Fechine G.J.M. , Demarquette N.R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe cracking formation during the photodegradation of polypropylene (PP) plates (1 mm thickness), with (PPOx) and without pro‐oxidant (PP), has been investigated. The plates were produced by extrusion in an industrial production line and were exposed to ultraviolet radiation in the laboratory for periods of up to 480 hr. The samples were investigated by infrared spectroscopy—FTIR, optical light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the extension of photodegradation process is more intense for PPOx than for PP samples. For both samples, cracks were formed at the surface perpendicularly to the flow‐lines. However the cracks frequency was different for both samples and sides of sample. The crack frequency was correlated with chain orientation, A110; it was shown that lower degrees of orientation resulted in lower crack frequency. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Mechanical, thermal, and morphological behavior of the polyamide 6/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends irradiated with gamma rays
Authors: Hassan Medhat M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPolymeric materials with improved properties can be obtained through polymer blends. As a polymer mixture is generally immiscible and incompatible, it is necessary to use compatibilizers to improve the interfacial adhesion. Polyamide 6 (PA‐6) is an attractive polymer to engineering applications; however, it reveals processing instability and relatively low‐notched impact strength. This behavior can be modified by blending with acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) copolymer. In this study, blends of PA‐6 with ABS were prepared using gamma irradiation, and the effects of ABS and ionizing radiation on the properties of PA‐6/ABS blends were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The data showed that the presence of ABS (30 wt%) in the blend decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break with respect to pure PA‐6. The decrease in the mechanical property was observed at doses 30 and 50 kGy. ABS showed strong effect on the crystallization of PA‐6 in the PA‐6/ABS binary blends. All irradiated blends are thermally more stable than those non‐irradiated. Chemical changes can be clearly seen in FTIR spectra through two bands assigned for NH and OH groups. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Electrospinning and alignment of polyaniline‐based nanowires and nanotubes
Authors: Attout A. , Yunus S. , Bertrand P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPolyaniline (PANi) nanowires and nanotubes are processed by electrospinning. Nanowires are electrospinned using PANi/PEO and PANi/PMMA polymer blends. The morphology and composition of these nanofibers are determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Nano‐Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Nano‐SIMS). The conductive polymer seems more homogeneously distributed for the PANi/PEO than for the PANi/PMMA blend nanowires, which exhibit a phase separation. On the other hand, pure PANi nanotubes are prepared using PMMA nanowires as a template. The synthesis is followed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), SEM and Nano‐SIMS. Moreover, a simple method based on electrostatic steering allows us to align these fibers on a substrate. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Predicting deflagration to detonation transition in hydrogen explosions
Authors: Middha Prankul , Hansen Olav R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBecause of the development in computational resources, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has assumed increasing importance in recent years as a tool for predicting the consequences of accidents in petrochemical and process industries. CFD has also been used more and more for explosion predictions for input to risk assessments and design load specifications. The CFD software FLACS has been developed and experimentally validated continuously for more than 25 years. As a result, it is established as a tool for simulating hydrocarbon gas deflagrations with reasonable precision and is widely used in petrochemical industry and elsewhere. In recent years the focus on predicting hydrogen explosions has increased, and with the latest release the validation status for hydrogen deflagrations is considered good.However, in many of these scenarios, especially involving reactive gases such as hydrogen, deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) may be a significant threat. In previous work, FLACS was extended to identify whether DDT is likely in a given scenario and indicate the regions where it might occur. The likelihood of DDT has been expressed in terms of spatial pressure gradients across the flame front. This parameter is able to visualize when the flame front captures the pressure front, which is the case in situations when fast deflagrations transition to detonation. Reasonable agreement was obtained with experimental observations in terms of explosion pressures, transition times, and flame speeds. The DDT model has now been extended to develop a more meaningful criterion for estimating the likelihood of DDT by comparison of the geometric dimensions with the detonation cell size. This article discusses the new models to predict DDT, and compare predictions with relevant experiments. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2008
Fate of glyphosate in soil and the possibility of leaching to ground and surface waters: a review
Authors: Borggaard Ole K , Gimsing Anne Louise 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe very wide use of glyphosate to control weeds in agricultural, silvicultural and urban areas throughout the world requires that special attention be paid to its possible transport from terrestrial to aquatic environments. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the state of knowledge on sorption, degradation and leachability of glyphosate in soils. Difficulties of drawing clear and unambiguous conclusions because of strong soil dependency and limited conclusive investigations are pointed out. Nevertheless, the risk of ground and surface water pollution by glyphosate seems limited because of sorption onto variable‐charge soil minerals, e.g. aluminium and iron oxides, and because of microbial degradation. Although sorption and degradation are affected by many factors that might be expected to affect glyphosate mobility in soils, glyphosate leaching seems mainly determined by soil structure and rainfall. Limited leaching has been observed in non‐structured sandy soils, while subsurface leaching to drainage systems was observed in a structured soil with preferential flow in macropores, but only when high rainfall followed glyphosate application. Glyphosate in drainage water runs into surface waters but not necessarily to groundwater because it may be sorbed and degraded in deeper soil layers before reaching the groundwater. Although the transport of glyphosate from land to water environments seems very limited, knowledge about subsurface leaching and surface runoff of glyphosate as well as the importance of this transport as related to ground and surface water quality is scarce. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry