bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hume's Standard of Taste: The Real Problem
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay formulates a persisting problem about the authority of art criticism and situates this problem in relation to Hume's search for the standard of taste in his famous essay of that name. It sketches a complex solution to this problem, somewhat provocatively labelled therealproblem left us by Hume, a solution whose complexity is justified by the thorniness of the problem in question.
Intrinsic Value and the Notion of a Life
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay explores the notion of intrinsic value. It is argued thata richly sentient life being a certain wayis the only possible subject of a defensible judgement of intrinsic value. One consequence of this thesis is a disagreement with G. E. Moore regarding the intrinsic value of a beautiful world devoid of sentience, a famous thought experiment from hisPrincipia Ethica. But a more important consequence is the underlining of an intimate connection between the notion of a richly sentient life and the very idea of intrinsic value.
Self‐Love and the Vices of Self‐Preference
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExcellence in caring for one's own good had a central place in ancient thought about virtue, but modern ethical thought has often been reluctant to regard it as a moral virtue at all. This chapter argues that there is a form of self-love that is quite distinct from vices of self-preference such as selfishness, self-centredness, and conceit; and that is virtuous and not inimical to altruistic benevolence.
Moral Frailty and Moral Luck
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPsychological experiments and other empirical data seem to show that good traits of character (even if real) are frail, rather easily overcome by some types of temptation, and are dependent on social context and social support (and thus on ‘moral luck’) for their development, continuance, and behavioural manifestation. It is argued that excellence is not incompatible with fragility, and that the excellence of virtue is no less valuable for being in large part a gift rather than an individual achievement.
Introduction: The Appearances, and What They Might Mean
Authors: Stainton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces and explains the two key premises around which the book is built. Premise 1 says that speakers genuinely can utter ordinary words and phrases in isolation, and thereby perform full-fledged speech acts. Premise 2 says that if speakers genuinely can utter ordinary words and phrases in isolation, and thereby perform full-fledged speech acts, then such-and-such implications obtain. What emerges repeatedly from the discussion of the two premises, and in several different ways, are two issues about words and thoughts: whether mere words (as opposed to sentences) can be used to state complete thoughts, and what the answer to this question entails about the general issue of how language (i.e., ‘words’) relates to thinking (i.e., ‘thoughts’). It is these two issues about words and thoughts that give rise to the title of the book.
4 The European Union and National Politics
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe chapter begins with a brief sketch of the EU’s representative politics in comparison with national politics. It then examines the EU’s effects on national politics generally as well as differentially between majoritarian and proportional representation systems in terms of questions related to party politics and electoral participation, referenda and citizen activism, trust in government, identity and class between majoritarian and proportional representation systems. This is followed by a more detailed consideration of the EU’s effects in France, Britain, Germany, and Italy. While Europeanization has been equally problematic for the polarized, majoritarian politics of France and Britain, Britain has been more politically polarized for much longer around the issue of Europe than France, despite the fact that it has shielded itself more from EU encroachments on national policies. Europeanization has been least disruptive to Germany’s consensus-oriented, proportional representation system and most salutary to Italy’s more conflictual, mixed system of representation.
SONG OF THE MASTER IDEA
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter investigates the implications of these conclusions with respect to rule-following and rigor's implementation. It begins with a survey of common philosophical tensions over these topics and recommends a seasonal sensitivity with respect to the competing demands that syntax and ‘semantic picture’ place upon a usage. The historical travails of Oliver Heaviside's operational calculus provide a vivid illustration of how reasonable standards of rigor must adapt and shift over time.
A Formal Language with Non‐distributive Plurals: Preliminary Considerations
Authors: McKay Thomas J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents some preliminary considerations in favour of taking non-distributive predication seriously, introduces key concepts, and indicates some of the issues that need to be worked out in order to have a successful treatment of non-distributive predication, plural quantification with a full range of quantifiers, and compound plural terms. It argues that although plural language is widely used and understood in ordinary discourse, further exploration of the notation and the semantics for such a language leads to some interesting insights and surprises.
From Epicurus to Epictetus
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis book presents eighteen essays on the philosophers and schools of the Hellenistic and Roman periods: Epicureans, Stoics, and Sceptics. The discussion ranges over four centuries of innovative and challenging thought in ethics and politics, psychology, epistemology, and cosmology. The focus is on the distinctive contributions and methodologies of individual thinkers, notably Epicurus, Zeno, Pyrrho, Arcesilaus, Lucretius, Cicero, Seneca, and Epictetus. Placing their philosophy in its cultural context, and considering it in relation to the earlier ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, the author invites readers to imagine themselves choosing between Stoicism and Epicureanism as philosophies of life. All but one of these pieces has been previously published in periodicals or conference volumes, but the author has revised and updated everything, and has also added postscripts to many of the essays.
Hellenistic Ethics as the Art of Life
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the idea of philosophy as the art of life, studying the foundations and implications of this idea, with a view to asking whether some version of it can still be useful to ethics. The embryo of this idea can be traced back to Socrates and the sophists, but its full and explicit development only began with the founding fathers of Stoicism in the third century bc. The idea is also implicit in Epicureanism; and it became widespread in later antiquity when it was contested by Sceptics. The discussion will incorporate the Epicureans as well as the Stoics, because both schools — in spite of their obvious divergences and rivalry — share many similarities in their basic assumptions and in what they promise their adherents. That common ground provides an understanding of the ancient appeal of both systems, while their divergences show that an art of life was taken to involve a totally consistent self-orientation, mediated by one's choice of system.
Aristotle and the History of Greek Scepticism
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose in this chapter is not to cast doubt on Aristotle's dogmatic credentials, but rather focuses on a series of questions that seem to have gone largely unasked. How far is Aristotle aware of the sceptical challenge to knowledge, and how far does he attempt to answer it? How does he assess earlier Greek thinkers who have been regarded as forerunners of the official sceptics? How much, if at all, did his own work influence and anticipate the debates between sceptics and dogmatists that are charted in Cicero'sAcademicaand the writings of Sextus? It is argued that these questions are profitable lines of enquiry, and that Aristotle deserves more than the occasional footnote in histories of ancient scepticism.
Timon of Phlius: Pyrrhonist and Satirist
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTimon of Phlius has yet to receive his full due within the broad context of Greek intellectual history and literary study. Those who may have little or no interest in early Pyrrhonism are missing a lot if they are unfamiliar with Timon's extremely artful parodies of Homer and his Aristophanic versatility in coining new words. The neglect of Timon was the more surprising because his subject matter, the philosophy of Pyrrho, has never been short of attention. The study of Pyrrho must begin with the study of Timon; he stands even closer to Pyrrho than does Plato to Socrates.
Cicero's Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to approach Cicero's philosophical work by studying his assessments and use of Plato and Aristotle. It is argued that there is more to Cicero's Plato and Aristotle than can be ascertained from his purely philosophical background and sympathies. Cicero was not a purist in philosophy. His philosophical interests and judgements were constantly influenced by his Roman identity as an orator, statesman, and consistent supporter of themos maiorum. Cicero's use of Plato, i.e., his interest in identifiable material from Plato's dialogues; and his appeal to Aristotle and the Academic tradition for the methodology of pro and contra argument (in utramque partem dicere) are analyzed.
Vagueness in Context
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This book develops both a philosophical and a formal, model-theoretic account of the meaning, function, and logic of vague terms in an idealized version of a natural language like English. Extensions of vague terms vary with such contextual factors as the comparison class and paradigm cases: a person can be tall with respect to male accountants and not tall (even short) with respect to professional basketball players. The main feature of the author's account is that the extensions (and anti-extensions) of vague terms also vary in the course of a conversation, even after the external contextual features, such as the comparison class, are fixed. A central thesis is that in some cases, a competent speaker of the language can go either way in the borderline area of a vague predicate without sinning against the meaning of the words and the non-linguistic facts. Shapiro calls thisopen texture, borrowing the term from Friedrich Waismann. The formal model theory has a similar structure to the supervaluationist approach, employing the notion of a sharpening of a base interpretation. In line with the philosophical account, however, the notion of super-truth does not play a central role in the development of validity. The ultimate goal of the technical aspects of the work is to delimit a plausible notion of logical consequence, and to explore what happens with the sorites paradox. Later chapters deal with what passes for higher-order vagueness — vagueness in the notions of ‘determinacy’ and ‘borderline’ — and with vague singular terms, or objects. In each case, the philosophical picture is developed by extending and modifying the original account. This is followed with modifications to the model theory and the central meta-theorems. In this book, vagueness is seen as a linguistic phenomenon, due to the kinds of languages that humans speak. But vagueness is also due to the world we find ourselves in, as we try to communicate features of it to each other. Vagueness is also due to the kinds of beings we are.
The Scale of Sciences
Authors: O’Meara Dominic J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The scale of virtues corresponds to a division and scale of sciences which help realize these virtues. This chapter examines the scale of sciences as it was introduced into the curriculum of Neoplatonic schools especially by Iamblichus, with particular reference to the way in which ‘political science’ is integrated in the scale, and to the way in which ‘political science’ is conceived as to its contents and purpose.
Direct Perceptual Realism I: The Refutation of Idealism
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines Kant's argument for direct perceptual realism. It begins with a negative evaluation of Kant's Refutation and then moves towards a more positive line of analysis. It is argued that although Kant's Refutation of Idealism fails to establish the conceptual correctness and judgmental truth of outer perceptions of distal material objects, it does nevertheless establish the truth of content externalism. And when it is supplemented by some points from ‘Directions in Space’ and ‘What is Orientation in Thinking?’, it also refutes sceptical idealism and establishes direct perceptual realism by means of the quite substantive thesis of the necessity of self-orienting embodiment for all self-conscious creatures sharing our cognitive constitution, as well as the non-inferential warrant of perceptual judgments about some proximal and distal material objects.
Manifest Realism I: A Critique of Scientific Essentialism
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter makes a negative case for Kant's manifest realism by criticizing the leading contemporary version of maximal scientific realism, namely, scientific essentialism. It begins with a discussion of what is scientific essentialism. It presents four distinct ways that Kant would criticize scientific essentialism: the empirical inaccessibility of the microphysical world, why there is no necessary a posteriori, the antimony of essentialism, and the logical contingency of the laws of nature.
Truth and Human Nature
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter develops and defends four claims about Kant's theory of truth. The first is that Kant holds that ‘the accordance of my cognition with its object’ is the strictly and analytically correct, yet metaphysically and epistemologically neutral, explication of the concept of truth. Second, that the idea of a ‘real definition’ of truth is equivalent to Kant's notion of a criterion of truth. Third, that in denying that there is a real definition of truth, Kant is not saying that there are no criteria of truth whatsoever, but rather that there is no single or univocal universal criterion of truth, because in fact there are several irreducibly different types of truth, each of which reflects a distinct human cognitive capacity, and that accordingly truth has several different, equally legitimate, and systematically specifiable criteria. Finally, some broader and deeper implications of Kant's theory of truth are explored.
How Do We Know Necessary Truths?
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter provides a general framework for properly understanding Kant's famous modal-epistemological slogan, ‘reason has insight only into what it self-produces according to its own design,’ in terms of active a priori knowledge and pure practical reason, while rejecting any appeal to strong transcendental idealism, and also effectively avoiding platonism, conventionalism, scientific essentialism, and modal scepticism alike. This framework will be supplied in four stages. First, Kant's theory of epistemic necessity and epistemic apriority is explicated. Then, this theory is exemplified with a case study: his account of conceptual insight into simple analytic truths. Third, some remarks are made about the special role of insight in Kant's overall conception of a priori knowledge. Finally, the concept of insight in terms of his notion of theoretical technique is briefly reexplicated.
Where There's a Will There's a Way: Causation and Freedom
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the same basic Kantian presuppositional links with respect to causation. It begins by unpacking the basics of Kant's metaphysics of causation, with special reference to the three Analogies of Experience and the Third Antinomy of Pure Reason. It then analyzes the problem of free will and works out a new version of Kant's theory of freedom, called the Embodied Agency Theory. Some of the intimate Kantian links between freedom and nature are explored, and a biological interpretation of the Embodied Agency Theory is developed. It is argued that for Kant, the irreversibility of time — ‘Time's Arrow’ — entails a necessary connection between naturally mechanized causation and the possibility of human practical causation.
Democracy and Diversity
Authors: Reilly Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis book shows how political reformers across the Asia-Pacific region have responded to the reality of their internal diversity by deliberate, innovative, and often highly ambitious forms of political engineering. Harking back to the success of the East Asian ‘Tigers’ and their unorthodox but successful interventions in the economic arena, many democratizing Northeast Asian, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Island states are now seeking to manage political change by far-reaching reforms to their electoral, parliamentary, and party systems. This book is part of the Oxford Studies in Democratization, a series for scholars and students of comparative politics and related disciplines. Volumes concentrate on the comparative study of the democratization process that accompanied the decline and termination of the cold war. The geographical focus of the series is primarily Latin America, the Caribbean, Southern and Eastern Europe, and relevant experiences in Africa and Asia.
3 Diversity, Democracy, and Development in the Asia‐Pacific
Authors: Reilly Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the impact of social diversity on state development across the Asia-Pacific region. It argues that variation in ethnic structure both between and within states helps to explain some of the distinctive features of political and economic development across the region. However, these vary across different dimensions of governance. With regards to public policy, highly diverse societies almost inevitably face difficulties of government coordination and policy implementation due to competing ethnoregional demands. On the other hand, in certain situations such diversity may also assist democratic continuity by necessitating cross-ethnic power-sharing and making challenges to the existing order difficult to organize and sustain.
The Coordination of the European Union
Authors: Jordan Andrew , Schout Adriaan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs the traditional mode of coordinating — essentially issuing regulation — no longer commands sufficient political support, the EU has turned to what are increasingly termed soft or ‘new’ modes of governance, which rely upon different actors working together in relatively non-hierarchical networks. New modes of governance are in vogue because they appear to provide the EU with a new way to add value to national level activities without the slow process of agreeing new legislation or the cost associated with building new administrative capacities in Brussels. This analysis provides the first book-length account of the effectiveness of network-based modes at addressing problems that simultaneously demand greater horizontal and vertical coordination. Taking as an example the thirty-year struggle to build environmental thinking into all areas and levels of EU policy making, it systematically explores the steps that two major EU institutions (the European Commission and the European Parliament), and three member states (Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK) have (not) taken to build effective networked governance. By blending state of the art theories with new empirical findings, it offers a stark reminder that networked governance is not and has never been a panacea. Coordinating networks do not spontaneously ‘self organize’ in the EU; they have to be carefully designed as part of a repertoire of different coordinating instruments. The book concludes that the EU urgently needs to devote more of its time to the more mundane but important task of auditing and managing networks, which, paradoxically, is an exercise in hierarchy. In so doing, this book helps to strip away some of the rhetorical claims made about the novelty and appeal of new modes, to reveal a much more sober and realistic appraisal of their coordinating potential.
1 POLITICAL AMBITIONS AND COORDINATION CAPACITIES: THE MANAGEMENT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL INTERDEPENDENCE
Authors: Jordan Andrew , Schout Adriaan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter aims to explore the role — both real and potential — of one particular family of coordinating devices that have come to be known as ‘new’ modes of governing. In particular, it addresses what is needed to ensure these new modes function effectively at national and at European levels. It analyses the terms coordination and governance, then shows why the coordination of a cross-sectoral, boundary spanning challenge like environmental protection is especially difficult to achieve in a complex multi-levelled governance system such as the EU. The three most widely known and intensively studied modes of coordination are described: hierarchy, markets, and networks, and are related to the steps taken by the EU to achieve greater environmental coordination at EU level.
Crisis of Doubt
Authors: Larsen Timothy 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
For fifty years or more, a dominant motif in 19th-century British studies has been the Victorian crisis of faith or loss of faith. From Basil Willey to A. N. Wilson, books have been written that recounted the stories of Victorians who lost their faith. This narrative has become so ingrained that it is often the principal theme presented when religion in 19th-century Britain is discussed in general histories, textbooks, and literary studies. Serving as a corrective to that tired and overblown approach, this book uncovers a new pattern: the Victorian crisis of doubt. A whole succession of freethinking or Secularist leaders in 19th-century England reconverted back to Christianity, including figures well known in social, political, and literary studies such as the radical publisher William Hone and the Chartist Thomas Cooper. As sceptics, they had read, written about, and lectured on all the latest ideas that served to undermine faith such as biblical criticism and Darwinism. Nevertheless, they went on to judge that faith was more intellectually compelling than doubt, and to defend Christian thought in their writings, lectures, and public debates with Secularists. They held an honest faith to match the familiar theme of honest doubt. This was a deep crisis in the popular, freethinking movement: again and again leading Secularist lecturers and editors defected from the cause and re-emerged as able opponents. The book explores in detail their reasons for rejecting scepticism and their responses to the intellectual challenges to faith in their day. This study serves not only to correct an exaggerated emphasis on the Victorian crisis of faith, but also to reveal the intellectual strength of Christianity in the 19th century.
3 Frederic Rowland Young
Authors: Larsen Timothy 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Frederic Rowland Young was a Secularist lecturer who worked for G. J. Holyoake and wrote for his newspaper, the Reasoner; he later became a Unitarian minister. With George Sexton, he became a Christian apologist and a proponent of Spiritualism. Eventually, he became convinced of the doctrine of the Trinity and the deity of Christ and served for a time as a Congregational minister.