bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophage‐Adipocyte Interaction: Marked Interleukin‐6 Production by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Yamashita Akiko , Soga Yoshihiko , Iwamoto Yoshihiro , Yoshizawa Sayuri , Iwata Hirotaka , Kokeguchi Susumu , Takashiba Shogo , Nishimura Fusanori 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Recent studies suggested macrophages were integrated in adipose tissues, interacting with adipocytes, thereby exacerbating inflammatory responses. Persistent low‐grade infection by gram‐negative bacteria appears to promote atherogenesis. We hypothesized a ligand for toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), would further exaggerate macrophage‐adipocyte interaction.Research Methods and Procedures: RAW264.7 macrophage cell line and differentiated 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes were co‐cultured using transwell system. As a control, each cell was cultured independently. After incubation of the cells with or without Escherichia coli LPS, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐6 production was evaluated.Results: Co‐culture of macrophages and adipocytes with low concentration of Escherichia coli LPS (1 ng/mL) markedly up‐regulated IL‐6 production (nearly 100‐fold higher than that of adipocyte culture alone, p < 0.01), whereas TNF‐α production was not significantly influenced. This increase was partially inhibited by anti‐TNF‐α neutralizing antibody. Recombinant TNF‐α and LPS synergistically up‐regulated IL‐6 production in adipocytes. However, this increase did not reach the level of production observed in co‐cultures stimulated with LPS.Discussion: A ligand for TLR‐4 stimulates macrophages to produce TNF‐α. TNF‐α, thus produced, cooperatively up‐regulates IL‐6 production with other soluble factors secreted either from adipocytes or macrophages in these cells. Markedly up‐regulated IL‐6 would greatly influence the pathophysiology of diabetes and its vascular complications.
Role of Adiponectin and Inflammation in Insulin Resistance of Mc3r and Mc4r Knockout Mice
Authors: Trevaskis James L. , Gawronska‐Kozak Barbara , Sutton Gregory M. , McNeil Michele , Stephens Jacqueline M. , Smith Steven R. , Butler Andrew A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the involvement of hypoadiponectinemia and inflammation in coupling obesity to insulin resistance in melanocortin‐3 receptor and melanocortin‐4 receptor knockout (KO) mice (Mc3/4rKO).Research Methods and Procedures: Sera and tissue were collected from 6‐month‐old Mc3rKO, Mc4rKO, and wild‐type C57BL6J litter mates maintained on low‐fat diet or exposed to high‐fat diet (HFD) for 1 or 3 months. Inflammation was assessed by both real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis of macrophage‐specific gene expression and immunohistochemistry.Results: Mc4rKO exhibited hypoadiponectinemia, exacerbated by HFD and obesity, previously reported in murine models of obesity. Mc4r deficiency was also associated with high levels of macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue, again exacerbated by HFD. In contrast, Mc3rKO exhibited normal serum adiponectin levels, irrespective of diet or obesity, and a delayed inflammatory response to HFD relative to Mc4rKO.Discussion: Our findings suggest that severe insulin resistance of Mc4rKO fed a HFD, as reported in other models of obesity such as leptin‐deficient (Lepob/Lepob) and KK‐Ay mice, is linked to reduced serum adiponectin and high levels of inflammation in adipose tissue. Conversely, maintenance of normal serum adiponectin may be a factor in the relatively mild insulin‐resistant phenotype of severely obese Mc3rKO. Mc3rKO are, thus, a unique mouse model where obesity is not associated with reduced serum adiponectin levels. A delay in macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue of Mc3rKO during exposure to HFD may also be a factor contributing to the mild insulin resistance in this model.
An Exploratory Study of Cardiac Function and Oxygen Uptake During Cycle Ergometry in Overweight Children
Authors: Unnithan Viswanath B. , Baynard Tracy , Potter Christopher R. , Barker Piers , Heffernan Kevin S. , Kelly Erin , Yates Greg , Fernhall Bo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity has been proposed to negatively impact cardiac function in overweight (OW) individuals. The relationship between diastolic dysfunction and oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics is equivocal. This exploratory investigation evaluated the relationship between resting left ventricular function and V̇o2 kinetics during cycle ergometry in OW and non‐overweight (NO) children and adolescents.Research Methods and Procedures: Fourteen OW (>85 percentile for BMI for age and gender) children, 10 boys and 4 girls (age, 11.7 ± 1.9 years; body mass, 80.6 ± 45.5 kg) and 10 NO children (4 boys, 6 girls) volunteered to participate in the study (age, 12.5 ± 2.1 years; body mass, 45.8 ± 13.8 kg). Resting cardiovascular structure and function were assessed using spectral Doppler echocardiography. All subjects underwent two sub‐maximal exercise stages on a cycle ergometer (3 minutes unloaded and 5 minutes at 50 W, both at a cadence of 50 rpm). Respiratory data were measured on a breath‐by‐breath basis at both workloads and the mean response time (MRT) was calculated.Results: Analysis of the MRT data demonstrated that there were no significant differences between OW and NO (OW, 52.6 ± 11.7 seconds vs. NO, 45.6 ± 7.4 seconds). Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were obtained between MRT V̇o2 and echocardiographic‐derived mitral valve inflow pressure half‐time (r = 0.55) and between MRT V̇o2, and mitral valve inflow deceleration time (r = 0.55).Discussion: The evidence from this research suggests a possible link between left ventricular diastolic function at rest and oxygen uptake kinetics during sub‐maximal exercise in OW and NO children and adolescents.
Chromium (d‐Phenylalanine)3 Improves Obesity‐Induced Cardiac Contractile Defect in ob/ob Mice
Authors: Dong Feng , Yang Xiaoping , Sreejayan Nair , Ren Jun 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Low‐molecular weight chromium compounds, such as chromium picolinate [Cr(pic)3], improve insulin sensitivity, although toxicity is a concern. We synthesized a novel chromium complex, chromium (d‐phenylalanine)3 [Cr(d‐phe)3], in an attempt to improve insulin sensitivity with reduced toxicity. The aim of this study was to compare the two chromium compounds on cardiac contractile function in ob/ob obese mice.Research Methods and Procedures: C57BL lean and ob/ob obese mice were randomly divided into three groups: H2O, Cr(d‐phe)3, or Cr(pic)3 (45 µg/kg per day orally for 6 months).Results: The glucose tolerance test displayed improved glucose clearance by Cr(d‐phe)3 but not Cr(pic)3. Myocytes from ob/ob mice exhibited depressed peak shortening (PS) and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (±dL/dt), prolonged time‐to‐PS and time‐to‐90% relengthening (TR90), reduced electrically stimulated rise in intracellular Ca2+ (Δfura‐2 fluorescence intensity), and slowed intracellular Ca2+ decay. Although a 3‐month Cr(d‐phe)3 treatment for a separate group of ob/ob and lean 2‐month‐old mice only rectified reduced ±dL/dt in ob/ob mice, all mechanical and intracellular Ca2+ abnormalities were significantly attenuated or ablated by 6 months of Cr(d‐phe)3 but not Cr(pic)3 treatment (except TR90). Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase activity and Na+‐Ca2+ exchanger expression were depressed in ob/ob mice, which were reversed by both Cr(d‐phe)3 and Cr(pic)3, with a more pronounced effect from Cr(d‐phe)3. Cr(d‐phe)3 corrected reduced insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake and improved basal phosphorylation of Akt and insulin receptor, as well as insulin‐stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and insulin receptor in ob/ob myocytes. Heart homogenates from ob/ob mice had enhanced oxidative stress and protein carbonyl formation compared with the lean group, which were attenuated by both Cr(d‐phe)3 and Cr(pic)3.Discussion: Our data suggest that the new Cr(d‐phe)3 compound possesses better cardio‐protective and insulin‐sensitizing properties against obesity.
The Evaluation of a Mass Media Campaign Aimed at Weight Gain Prevention Among Young Dutch Adults
Authors: Wammes Birgitte , Oenema Anke , Brug Johannes 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to evaluate a 3‐year nationwide mass media campaign aimed at preventing weight gain. The campaign was aimed primarily at raising awareness of the importance of weight‐gain prevention and bringing these issues to the attention of the Dutch public.Research Methods and Procedures: Eleven serial, independent, cross‐sectional, population‐based telephone surveys were used to assess campaign awareness and impact (N ranged between 483 and 493 for each of the 11 surveys). The surveys were conducted before and after six campaign waves. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were used to test for trends over time and for differences among the surveys for campaign awareness, message recall, perceived body weight status, overweight‐related risk perceptions, attitudes, perceived social support, self‐efficacy expectations, and motivations for preventing weight gain.Results: Campaign awareness ranged from 61% after the 1st campaign wave to 88.4% after the final wave. The campaign's television broadcasting activities were an important source of campaign awareness, from both the campaign's television commercials and television‐based free publicity. Message recall ranged from 41.9% to 68.1%. Small positive differences were found in attitudes, perceived social support, and intentions for preventing weight gain. Additionally, the results suggest mixed effects on self‐efficacy expectations and a negative effect on risk perception.Discussion: The campaign resulted in high campaign awareness, especially as a result of television commercials and free publicity on television. The results suggest that the campaign was able to create more positive attitudes and motivation but lower risk perceptions and efficacy for preventing weight gain.
The Effects of Stress on Body Weight: Biological and Psychological Predictors of Change in BMI
Authors: Roberts Cliff , Troop Nicholas , Connan Frances , Treasure Janet , Campbell Iain C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate individual differences in the effects of stress on BMI.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 71 healthy women volunteers enrolled in a university‐based nurse practitioner program. Predictors of change in BMI were hypothesized to be cortisol secretion, dietary restraint, bingeing, mastery, mood, and eating attitudes. Measures were made at the beginning of the academic semester and 12 weeks later during the participants’ examination period.Results: The women were of normal weight (BMI 25.2 ± 4.3) for their age [43; standard deviation (SD), 7]. By the examination period, 40 had gained weight (mean, 5.5 pounds; SD, 2.2), 19 lost weight (mean, 2.5 pounds; SD, 1.5), and 12 had stable weight. BMI, salivary cortisol secretion, bingeing behavior, depression, and anxiety increased significantly, whereas scores on dietary restraint, weight, shape, and eating concerns, and mastery decreased significantly. Regression analysis showed that change in daily cortisol secretion significantly predicted change in BMI and that mastery significantly moderated this relationship. However, a reduction in dietary restraint was a perfect mediator of this relationship. Change in cortisol secretion also significantly predicted change in dietary restraint, and this was moderated by dietary restraint at the beginning of the academic semester. Reduction in dietary restraint was also predicted by a reduction in mastery and weight concern.Discussion: We identified individual differences that confer vulnerability to weight gain during stressful life events (dietary restraint and mastery). Given that women are exposed to daily stressors and use cognitive strategies to restrain their dietary intake, increasing awareness of the role of stress on eating behavior and weight is an important goal.
Girls’ Perception of Neighborhood Factors on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and BMI
Authors: Evenson Kelly R. , Scott Molly M. , Cohen Deborah A. , Voorhees Carolyn C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of perceived physical neighborhood factors with physical activity, sedentary behavior, and BMI among adolescent girls.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixth grade girls (n = 1554) completed a questionnaire on neighborhood factors (e.g., safety, esthetics, access to physical activity resources). The dependent variables included non‐school metabolic equivalent weighted moderate to vigorous physical activity (MW‐MVPA) and non‐school sedentary behavior, both measured using accelerometry, and BMI.Results: The following neighborhood factors were associated with lower BMI: seeing walkers and bikers on neighborhood streets, not having a lot of crime in the neighborhood, seeing other children playing outdoors, having bicycle or walking trails in the neighborhood, and access to physical activity facilities. The absolute contribution for the average girl for each of these neighborhood factors was relatively small, with none of these factors exceeding 0.8 kg/m2 BMI units. The following neighborhood factors were associated with higher MW‐MVPA: having well‐lit streets at night, having a lot of traffic in the neighborhood, having bicycle or walking trails in the neighborhood, and access to physical activity facilities. Girls with ≥9 places to go for physical activity had 14.0% higher non‐school MW‐MVPA than girls with ≤4 places.Discussion: This study identified several neighborhood factors associated with non‐school MW‐MVPA and BMI, but none of the factors explored were associated with non‐school sedentary behavior. Of all of the neighborhood factors we examined, reporting more physically active destinations contributed the largest absolute amount to the average girl's non‐school MW‐MVPA, according to this cross‐sectional study.
Pre‐meal Water Consumption Reduces Meal Energy Intake in Older but Not Younger Subjects
Authors: Van Walleghen Emily L. , Orr Jeb S. , Gentile Chris L. , Davy Brenda M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether the consumption of water 30 minutes before an ad libitum meal reduces meal energy intake in young and older adults.Research Methods and Procedures: Healthy, non‐obese young (n = 29; age, 21 to 35 years) and older (n = 21; age, 60 to 80 years) individuals were provided with an ad libitum lunch meal on two occasions. Thirty minutes before the lunch meals, subjects were given either a water preload (WP: 375 mL, women; 500 mL, men) or no preload (NP). Energy intake at the two lunch meals was measured. Visual analog scales were used to assess changes in hunger, fullness, and thirst during the meal studies.Results: There was no significant difference in meal energy intake between conditions in the young subjects (892 + 51 vs. 913 ± 54 kcal for NP and WP, respectively; p = 0.65). However, meal energy intake after the WP was significantly reduced relative to the NP condition in the older subjects (682 + 53 vs. 624 ± 56 kcal for NP and WP, respectively; p = 0.02). This effect was caused primarily by the reduction in meal energy intake after water consumption in older men. Hunger ratings were lower and fullness ratings were higher in older compared with younger adults (p < 0.01). Fullness ratings were higher in the WP condition compared with the NP condition for all subjects (p = 0.01). No age differences in thirst were detected during the test meals.Discussion: Under acute test meal conditions, pre‐meal water consumption reduces meal energy intake in older but not younger adults. Because older adults are at increased risk for overweight and obesity, intervention studies are needed to determine whether pre‐meal water consumption is an effective long‐term weight management strategy for the aging population.
Psychosocial and Physical Impairment in Overweight Adolescents at High Risk for Eating Disorders
Authors: Doyle Angela Celio , Le Grange Daniel , Goldschmidt Andrea , Wilfley Denise E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Many overweight adolescents display elevated risk for the development of eating disorders, as seen in higher rates of weight/shape concerns and disordered eating behaviors, but the extent of impairment in this subset of high‐risk adolescents has not been explored.Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty‐one overweight adolescents (63% girls) presenting for an Internet‐based weight loss program were assessed at baseline using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, and the Pediatric Quality of Life questionnaire. Adolescents who earned elevated scores on both the Weight Concern and Shape Concern subscales of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire were considered at high risk for the development of eating disorders (56.8%).Results: Comparisons of high‐ and normal‐risk groups revealed that high‐risk adolescents reported higher levels of depression [F(3,76) = 5.75, p = 0.019], anxiety [F(3,76) = 5.67, p = 0.020], and stress [F(3,75) = 8.50, p = 0.005], and greater impairments in physical health [F(3,77) = 10.7, p = 0.002], emotional functioning [F(3,77) = 5.3, p = 0.024], and social functioning [F(3,77) = 10.0, p = 0.002]. There were no differences in school functioning [F(3,77) = 1.5, p = 0.219]. Among the high‐risk adolescents, over half (52.2%) reported binge eating at least once in the past month.Discussion: Results suggest that overweight adolescents at high risk for the development of eating disorders also experience elevated levels of negative affect, impairment in health‐related quality of life, and eating disturbances, although prospective data are needed to determine the directionality between eating disorder pathology and general psychopathology. Further research is warranted to evaluate whether behavioral weight loss interventions should be enhanced for this high‐risk subset.
Weight Loss Maintenance in Severely Obese Adults after an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention: 2‐ to 4‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Christiansen Tore , Bruun Jens M. , Madsen Erik L. , Richelsen Bjørn 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the long‐term weight loss maintenance after 2 to 4 years in severely obese subjects after a lifestyle intervention at a weight loss camp in Denmark.Research Methods and Procedures: In a retrospective follow‐up study, we assessed weight loss after 21 weeks of treatment at a weight loss camp, weight loss maintenance after 2 to 4 years, and numbers of subjects with a weight loss maintenance of ≥10% of a total number of 435 severely obese adults participating in an intensive lifestyle intervention with a primary focus on physical activity.Results: We obtained follow‐up data of 249 subjects (180 women and 69 men) with an initial body weight of 142 ± 32 kg. After 21 weeks at the camp, the subjects had reduced their body weight with a mean of 21.9 ± 13 kg (corresponding to a 15% weight loss). The average weight loss maintenance was 5.3% at a follow‐up after 2 to 4 years, and 28.3% had maintained a weight loss above 10% after 4 years of follow‐up.Discussion: Weight loss camps are a relatively new commercial approach in treating severely obese subjects. However, the results demonstrate that even with a multidisciplinary intensive setting with focus on diet, exercise, and psychological counseling, only 28% had maintained a weight loss above 10% after 4 years. This emphasizes that obesity is a chronic condition that needs additional strategies after a weight loss intervention in the efforts to maintain a sufficient weight loss.
Higher Protein Intake Preserves Lean Mass and Satiety with Weight Loss in Pre‐obese and Obese Women
Authors: Leidy Heather J. , Carnell Nadine S. , Mattes Richard D. , Campbell Wayne W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the effects of dietary protein and obesity classification on energy‐restriction‐induced changes in weight, body composition, appetite, mood, and cardiovascular and kidney health.Research Methods and Procedures: Forty‐six women, ages 28 to 80, BMI 26 to 37 kg/m2, followed a 12‐week 750‐kcal/d energy‐deficit diet containing higher protein (HP, 30% protein) or normal protein (NP, 18% protein) and were retrospectively subgrouped according to obesity classification [pre‐obese (POB), BMI = 26 to 29.9 kg/m2; obese (OB), BMI = 30 to 37 kg/m2).Results: All subjects lost weight, fat mass, and lean body mass (LBM; p < 0.001). With comparable weight loss, LBM losses were less in HP vs. NP (−1.5 ± 0.3 vs. −2.8 ± 0.5 kg; p < 0.05) and POB vs. OB (−1.2 ± 0.3 vs. −2.9 ± 0.4 kg; p < 0.005). The main effects of protein and obesity on LBM changes were independent and additive; POB‐HP lost less LBM vs. OB‐NP (p < 0.05). The energy‐restriction‐induced decline in satiety was less pronounced in HP vs. NP (p < 0.005). Perceived pleasure increased with HP and decreased with NP (p < 0.05). Lipid‐lipoprotein profile and blood pressure improved and kidney function minimally changed with energy restriction (p < 0.05), independently of protein intake.Discussion: Consuming a higher‐protein diet and accomplishing weight loss before becoming obese help women preserve LBM. Use of a higher‐protein diet also improves perceptions of satiety and pleasure during energy restriction.
The Validity of Obesity Based on Self‐reported Weight and Height: Implications for Population Studies
Authors: Nyholm Maria , Gullberg Bo , Merlo Juan , Lundqvist‐Persson Cristina , Råstam Lennart , Lindblad Ulf 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To validate self‐reported information on weight and height in an adult population and to find a useful algorithm to assess the prevalence of obesity based on self‐reported information.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional survey consisting of 1703 participants (860 men and 843 women, 30 to 75 years old) conducted in the community of Vara, Sweden, from 2001 to 2003. Self‐reported weight, height, and corresponding BMI were compared with measured data. Obesity was defined as measured BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Information on education, self‐rated health, smoking habits, and physical activity during leisure time was collected by a self‐administered questionnaire.Results: Mean differences between measured and self‐reported weight were 1.6 kg (95% confidence interval, 1.4; 1.8) in men and 1.8 kg (1.6; 2.0) in women (measured higher), whereas corresponding differences in height were −0.3 cm (−0.5; −0.2) in men and −0.4 cm (−0.5; −0.2) in women (measured lower). Age and body size were important factors for misreporting height, weight, and BMI in both men and women. Obesity (measured) was found in 156 men (19%) and 184 women (25%) and with self‐reported data in 114 men (14%) and 153 women (20%). For self‐reported data, the sensitivity of obesity was 70% in men and 82% in women, and when adjusted for corrected self‐reported data and age, it increased to 81% and 90%, whereas the specificity decreased from 99% in both sexes to 97% in men and 98% in women.Discussion: The prevalence of obesity based on self‐reported BMI can be estimated more accurately when using an algorithm adjusted for variables that are predictive for misreporting.