bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissolution Rates for Quartz, Aluminum-Bearing Minerals, and Their Mixtures in Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide
Authors: Diallo M. S. , Jenkins-Smith N. L. , Bunge A. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
High pH dissolution of quartz, aluminum-bearing minerals and their mixtures is important in several oil production processes. Rock consumption of caustic is a major limiting factor for successful alkaline waterf looding. Chemical dissolution of the gravel pack and near well-bore rock are problems in both steam and caustic flooding. Mineral dissolution is probably a contributing mechanism for the reported success of potassium hydroxide treatments in effectively and permanently stabilizing clays.
The presence of even small amounts of soluble aluminum can greatly reduce the kinetics of silica dissolution in near neutral and high pH solutions. Earlier research has shown that clay minerals frequently dissolve more slowly than quartz or amorphous silica. Although these clay minerals may not themselves contribute substantially to caustic consumption, they release aluminum ions which may slow dissolution rates of other silaceous minerals.
Most previous dissolution experiments have examined dissolution of single minerals. In this paper we report experimental dissolution results for quartz, kaolinite, and α-alumina and their binary mixtures in 0.1 N NaOH solutions at 70°C. Results for quartz and kaolinite in 0.1 N KOH are also described.
When soluble aluminum or aluminum-bearing minerals are present, the dissolution rate of quartz is significantly reduced. Adding soluble silica can have a similar affect on kaolinite dissolution rates as measured by production of aluminum and silicon. In-congruent dissolution occurred when kaolinite solutions were shaken.
Foaming Agents for EOR: Correlation of Surfactant Performance Properties with Chemical Structure
Authors: Borchardt J. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Foams have been proposed for use as mobility control agents and to improve conformance in various EOR processes. Multiple correlation analysis has been used to generate equations relating foam data to the chemical structure of alcohol ethoxylates and alcohol ethoxylate derivatives being considered for use as CO2 "foaming" agents. Important surfactant structure parameters determining foaming performance include molecular weight, mole percent ethylene oxide, and hydrophobe carbon number and chemical structure.
Steam foaming agents have also been studied using multiple correlation analysis. Mobility reduction factors (MRF) observed when an alpha-olefin sulfonate (AOS) and 200°C steam were injected into sand packs could be correlated with AOS concentration and the gas:liquid volume ratio. Branching at the 2-position of AOS surfactants reduced the MRF substantially. This reduction appeared to be related primarily to inductive effects of the side chain.
Other surfactant properties of importance in enhanced oil recovery include critical micelle concentration, cloud point, interfacial tension, and adsorption. These properties have been related to surfactant structure using multiple correlation analysis.
Effectiveness of H2S Scavenging by Ironite Sponge at High pH
Authors: Wendt R. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper examines the discrepancy between good field results with Ironite Sponge® in alkaline drilling muds, and the low rates of reaction between Ironite Sponge® and H2S predicted by a previously published rate law for the reaction. Two explanations are proposed, based on further laboratory studies at high pH: (1) An intrusion-reaction effect, where the pH is significantly lowered during intrusion of H2S, allowing the reaction to proceed rapidly before the pH again rises due to consumption of H2S. This effect can result in removal of 40 percent or more of initial sulfides even for highly buffered alkaline muds. (2) Ironite Sponge® catalyzes the reaction between dissolved oxygen and H2S at high pH. In the mud pits at a drilling site this effect can account for rapid removal of residual sulfides in circulated drilling fluids. Both effects, together with the instantaneous rate law, can account for low sulfide levels and absence of drill pipe failures reported by other authors for alkaline Ironite Sponge® slurries used with sour gas systems.
Worldwide Oil and Gas Supply and Demand
Authors: Osman M. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper reviews oil and gas worldwide supply and demand and their effect on oil prices and consequently on related industries such as refining, drilling technology, enhanced oil recovery, natural gas liquefaction,..etc. The proved oil reserves in the world is about 7×1011 bbl with about 56% located in the Middle East. The worldwide natural gas reserves is estimated as 3.484×1015 ft3 with 43% located in U.S.S.R and 25% in the Middle-East. The heavy oil reserves is estimated as 5.8 – 5.9×1012 barrels with 72% located in Venezuela. The bitumen reserves is estimated as 200 billion barrels with 82% located in Canada.
In 1979, oil production reached it's peak of about 66×106 bbl/day out of which 21.91×106 bbl/day was produced from the Middle East. Then the demand for oil declined till 1985. An increase in the demand was reported in early 1986. About 25% of oil produced was consumed by U.S.A., 21% by Western Europe, 15% by U.S.S.R. and 7.5% by Japan. Oil tankers, especially supertanker, and refining industries were suffering in the last several years as they were operated at rates less than their capacities. Oil prices declined since 1982 and collapsed in 1986. Such reduction in oil price, if sustained, is expected to hurt drilling activities, enhanced oil recovery projects which may result in less supply and declining reserve and consequently a big hike in oil prices in the future. Among different sources of energy, oil has proved to be the main source of energy for worldwide consumption.
The demand for gas is increasing. The production in early 1986 reached a rate of 190×109ft3/day with about 35% produced from U.S.S.R and about 25% from U.S.A. The main consumers of natural gas are U.S.S.R., U.S.A., Japan and Western Europe. U.S.S.R. supplies Western and Eastern Europe with most of their needs of natural gases.
The Error in Estimating Reserves Using Decline Curves
Authors: Thompson R. S. , Wright J. D. , Digert S. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A common method of estimating remaining reserves is decline curve analysis. There is a tendency to believe that estimates of remaining reserves will improve (become closer to truth) as more production data becomes available. This is not necessarily true even though our estimate of the ultimate recovery will generally improve with increased production history. The use of curve fitting techniques will not necessarily increase the accuracy of estimating remaining reserves and may, in some cases, lead to unreasonable answers. Reserve estimates will also vary among reserve estimators using the same data. This variance can be significant as demonstrated by the results of a controlled experiment presented in this paper.
Effective Evaluation of Loans To Reduce Risk
Authors: McPhail W. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The risk associated with borrowing money secured by oil and gas properties in an environment of rapidly fluctuating oil prices can be reduced by understanding the energy lending process and systematically comparing the loans offered by various banks. Furthermore, by viewing an existing loan which is in default from the bank's viewpoint, the borrower may be able to be more successful in avoiding foreclosure.
FDIC Energy Asset Marketing
Authors: Cook L. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Through circumstances, definitely not by choice, FDIC has become a major player in the oil and gas business. At year end we had approximately $2.3 billion dol1ars book value of Energy loans and owned assets under liquidation nationwide. Energy assets are approximately 35% of our total assets in liquidation, a major investment and one we would like to reduce. The purpose of my presentation today is to provide you with the information necessary to purchase our Energy assets or any other FDIC asset you may be interested in.
I represent the Division of Liquidation of FDIC. As the name implies, we are responsible for converting the Corporation's assets into cash. Specifically, our stated mission is to "…Achieve the highest possible level of collection on assets at the earliest practical time in the most cost efficient manner. In doing so, it seeks to maximize the return of funds to the FDIC as well as other conditions of the failed banks."
One of our primary vehicles to convert to cash is our Asset Marketing Program. We are very active nationwide in selling loans, owned assets, and portfolios of assets to investors on a private treaty, sealed bid, and public auction basis.
The Only Investment Selection Criterion You Will Ever Need
Authors: Seba R. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The investment evaluation process is comprised of two components, namely screening and ranking of investment opportunities. Screening identifies those projects which meet or exceed a predetermined standard, whereas ranking places those projects in order of most desirable to least desirable. A screening criterion is necessary for every economic evaluation, to assure that only those investments will be made which will contribute to achieving the desired goals of the investing organization. Ranking criteria are only needed to allocate resources when they are in short supply. Selection of projects, from the investment opportunities being considered, in accordance with proper ranking criterion will yield the maximum return possible with the limited resources available.
This paper will discuss the ratio of net present value to present value investment, commonly referred to as present value ratio, present value index or percent present value profit. It will be shown that this index can be used both as a screening and a ranking criterion, if it is based upon the proper opportunity cost of capital. It will always properly rank investment opportunities, when investment funds are the resource in short supply, provided that the effect of delaying a project is included in the analysis. Use of this criteria over a great number of years has proved its value. By simple examples it will be shown that this criterion is easily calculated from information already determined for most economic evaluations and that it will properly rank all types of investment opportunities, while other criteria frequently used in the Petroleum Industry will not. It will be specifically shown that internal rate of return and growth rate of return can be misleading when used as ranking criteria because of their inherent bias in favor of near term cash flows.
Frequently, screening and ranking criteria are arbitrarily adjusted to compensate for ill defined and unquantified risk and uncertainty. This paper will discuss the proper procedure to account for risk and uncertainty in screening and ranking investment opportunities.
The Need for More Reliable Decision Criteria for Drilling Prospect Analyses
Authors: Newendorp P. D. , Quick A. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This article discusses the practice of using "risked reserves" as an input parameter to economic models used to analyze drilling prospects. "Risked reserves" are here defined as the probability-weighted average of the possible field sizes. We will show that, in general, using a single point "risked reserves" value in determining prospect viability will result in an erroneous and misleading decision parameter. Recommendations are given which will provide more reliable decision criteria.
Steam Injection Strategies for Thin, Bottomwater Reservoirs
Authors: Proctor M. L. , George A. E. , Farouq Ali S. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of thirty-nine scaled model experiments which were conducted to study variations of steamflooding in thin, heavy oil formations, with bottom water present in many instances. The work primarily addresses Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, type reservoirs which are characterized by a viscous oil (1275 mPa·s at reservoir temperature) and a thin pay (6 − 13 meters). Reservoirs of this type are common in Saskatchewan and eastern Alberta; thus it is imperative to develop recovery strategies which are likely to succeed in the field, which was the objective of this research.
Experiments of many types were conducted, many of which gave favorable results. Eight of the thirty-nine experiments were conducted with bottom water models, using strategies based on steamflooding experience gained from the homogeneous model experiments. It was found that by injecting an inert gas into the model, prior to steamflooding, the effect of thick bottom water zones can be minimized. Temperature profiles indicate that the injected gas creates a flow channel away from the water zone, and that the injected steam tends to follow this path of least resistance, rather than channeling directly into the bottom water zone. Injecting gas into a bottom water model, prior to steamflooding improved the oil recovery from 16.79% to 20.66% of the original oil in place.
The experimental results suggest that there is some minimum bottom water thickness (approximately 10% of the gross pay thickness), below which the effect of bottom water is small.
Residual Gas Saturation in Water-Drive Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Firoozabadi A. , Olsen G. , van Golf-Racht T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In water-drive gas reservoirs (even with an active aquifer), there is some pressure drop in the reservoir during the course of depletion. Until very recently, the literature assumes that the residual gas left in the water invaded region is constant which remains the same during the depletion process. In order to test the validity of the assumption of a constant value for residual gas saturation in the course of pressure drop in a water-drive gas reservoir, the following experiments were conducted.
Three different tests were performed in the vertical direction on each of the core samples. In the first test water was injected into a vertical core (saturated with methane and in some cases with irreducible water) from the lower end at a constant low rate. Water injection was conducted at a pressure of about 217.5 psia [1.500 MPa]. The injection of water was continued for several days. No additional gas was, however, produced once the water breakthrough occurred. The second test comprised the depletion of the core from the upper end at the termination of the water injection period. The depletion was realized by lowering the pressure and producing the fluids. In the third test, water was again injected at the lower end with the same rate as in the first test.
A simulation model of an implicit-type was used to analyze the laboratory data. The history matching of the depletion test revealed extreme sensitivity to the mobilized gas saturation value.
The laboratory measurements and the simulation results show clearly two distinct values of residual gas saturation. The lower value corresponds to the initial gas entrapment saturation and the higher value relates to the gas saturation being mobilized under expansion. For the cores examined in this research project, these saturation values are about 30 and 40 percent of pore volume, respectively.
The Effects of Lithology and Reservoir Pressure on the In-Situ Stresses in the Waskom (Travis Peak) Field
Authors: Whitehead W. S. , Hunt E. R. , Holditch S. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an overall summary of the in-situ stress data obtained through the Gas Research Institute (GRI) Tight Gas Sands Research Program. Data of this type can be invaluable to anyone designing a hydraulic fracture treatment in a complex, multi-layered reservoir. Correlations are presented that allow the in-situ stress gradient to be calculated from openhole log data as a function of reservoir pressure.
Results from thirty-four (34) stress tests in five wells in the Travis Peak formation of east Texas are presented. Twenty of these tests were conducted as part of the 1986 GRI Staged Field Experiment in the Waskom (Travis Peak) Field in Harrison County, Texas. The primary purpose of these tests was to determine the in-situ stresses of the various lithologies in this multi-layered, complex reservoir. Knowledge of the vertical stress profile can help to make estimates of vertical fracture growth as a function of excess pressure in the fracture.
Formation pressures were obtained in many zones with either wireline formation testers or pressure buildup tests. These estimates of reservoir pressure were then correlated with the actual measured values of in-situ stress to determine the effects of pressure depletion on the in-situ stress. Calculated values of in-situ stress from logs were calibrated using the measured values of reservoir pressure and in-situ stress.
Optimizing Reservoir Surveillance by Using Streamlines and the Microcomputer
Authors: Flanders W. A. , Bates G. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil production over the last several decades has become more dependent upon secondary and tertiary recovery techniques. There have been significant advances in the use of reservoir modeling to help design and evaluate these processes. Unfortunately, there have not been similar advances made in the tools for reservoir surveillance. Injection costs can be the major factor contributing to the profit or loss of a project, therefore creating the need to maximize injection efficiency.
Combining streamlining techniques with the micro-computer can result in an invaluable reservoir surveillance aid. A streamline program can be used to generate an allocation matrix not only for each pattern but also for each fractional pattern. The allocation matrix can then be used with other programs to distribute the production and injection to each well and fractional pattern. Monitoring the project on a fractional pattern basis enables the reservoir surveillance engineer to promptly identify potential problems and to make modifications as necessary to maximize profitability. The injection-withdrawal ratio can be evaluated for each fractional pattern, for individual wells, or for the entire project. Injection requirements can be determined more precisely for each well to maximize utilization of the injectant and minimize costly recycling.
This paper reviews how a streamline model has been integrated with an allocation program on a micro-computer to maximize reservoir surveillance.
A Gas Field Development Model for Use on a Microcomputer
Authors: El-Feky S. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a gas field development model that combines certain facets of previously published ones. The manner of combination has required the development and use of some new and some little-known relationships, permitted accurate future performance predictions, eliminated several of the simplifying assumptions that might introduce gross inaccuracies, and removed the necessity of referring to plotted curves. This model which was designed for microcomputer solution, permits the analytical prediction of a gas field to meet a gas sales contract length and rate, based on reservoir capacity, individual well and equipment capacity, and the state of depletion of the reservoir as predicted by material balance. Based on the model predictions, recommendations concerning drilling and completion schedule of additional infill wells and the need for compression facilities, to meet the gas sales contract, have been made.
Waterflood Performance Estimation With a Layered Streamtube Model
Authors: Cox D. O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A layered streamtube model for estimating waterflood performance has been developed. The model is suitable for microcomputer applications. Displacement mechanisms are represented with a linear Buckley-Leverett11 calculation including, if desired, the presence of a free gas saturation or mobile water saturation at the start of flooding. Areal sweep effects are included by using fixed streamtubes for various patterns. By considering production and pressure drop to be a function of cumulative injection, rather than distance of the flood front along a streamtube, the necessity for geometric factors is greatly reduced. Reservoir heterogeneity and vertical sweep effects are considered with the Dykstra-Parsons approach. Pseudo-relative permeabilities can be used to account for crossflow with the Hiatt-Hearn model4,5 for uniform vertical pressure. Using the proposed model, the factors having the greatest effect on performance can be determined. Buckley-Leverett effects, including production after water breakthrough and variations in mobility ratio, can be as significant as reservoir heterogeneity. The presence of free gas at the start of water injection is shown to have a significant impact.
A Comprehensive Black Oil Reservoir Simulator for Microcomputer Applications
Authors: Choo Y. K. , Welch V. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes an overview of the development of a comprehensive black oil reservoir simulator (PC-GEM). Design goals implemented, including efficient memory and data management, fast computing speed, user friendliness, and extensive reservoir engineering features are discussed.
PC-GEM simulation results are obtained for two previously published reservoir problems. Computing speeds on different microcomputer systems and a minicomputer are compared for the SPE three-dimensional gas injection problem.
The Importance of Data-Software Interfaces
Authors: Walsh J. W. , Brown S. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A problem for many microcomputer users is the difficulty of interfacing different software programs. Often the output and results from one program is the input and data needed for another. Most likely the two programs are by different software writers or venders, are incompatible and no means exists to easily interface the two. The ability to link data and petroleum application programs can be solved using data files and spreadsheet or database programs. This interfacing technique is performed by having the spreadsheet or database program reformat or reorganize the output of one petroleum application program for use as input for the next application program.
The Use of Microcomputer-Based Spreadsheet Analysis for the Assessment of Domestic Oil and Gas Reserves Replacement
Authors: Godec M. L. , Kuuskraa V. A. , Gieser S. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With today's turmoil in the oil and gas industry, assessing the costs of replacing domestic reserves has become increasingly complex. The recent changes in drilling costs, oil and gas prices, and tax laws have created a premium for quick and clear analysis of this complex problem. This paper presents the methodology, design, and implementation of a microcomputer-based system for assessing oil and gas reserves replacement. The main components of this model are a supply analysis model, a capital formation model, a reserve additions and production forecasting model and an integrating model that relates each of the components to overall domestic oil and gas supply and demand. Finally, the paper discusses several possible scenarios for future oil and gas reserves replacement.