bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Consideration of Certain Weather and Oceanographic Problems Arising in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Glenn A.H. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
During the past ten years the petroleum industry has been expanding rapidly to meet a major increase in the demand for its products. This expansion, carried on during periods of manpower and materials shortages, has required maximum efficiency in the exploitation of existing resources, and a vigorous campaign to locate and develop new resources. In such an unprecedented program of increasing production under adverse economic conditions certain problems, formerly considered of negligible importance, have become particularly troublesome. One such group of problems is the weather and oceanographic difficulties that are encountered through the gamut of petroleum operations, from management planning, through production practices, to the delivery of products to the consumer. Experience acquired in working on these problems during the past six years indicates that the amount of money involved incorrect decisions vs. incorrect decisions where weather and oceanographic conditions are a factor is of significant decisions where weather and oceanographic conditions are a factor, is of significant economic importance. This paper endeavors to indicate the economic scope of the weather and ocean problems in the petroleum industry, and summarizes some of the experience gained in attempting to arrive at an efficient method of attacking these problems.

Scope Of Weather and Ocean Problems
The following list summarizes some problems that have arisen during the past several years. The list is broken down into categories according to the departments in which the project was carried on.ProductionDesign studies for coastal and offshore facilities48-hour operational weather and sea forecasts for planning and safety in offshore construction, drilling and production.Weather and oceanographic instrumentation for developing design data for coastal and offshore drilling.Hurricane evacuation problems.Radar weather warnings (line squalls and northers)
Simplified Methods for Investment Analysis in the Petroleum Production Industry
Authors: Wade F.R. , Evert D.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a number of abbreviated methods for determining the investment merit of projects in the petroleum production industry. The use of these simplified methods facilitates the analysis of investments without sacrificing essential accuracy. The valuator is not restricted to a single valuation of an investment but may easily determine a range of values corresponding to the probable range of the principal risks, and this may be done with a minimum of time and effort. The projected schedules of income of many investments in the petroleum production industry lend themselves admirably to the use of the time-saving methods that are outlined.
Several methods of calculating rate of return are rigorously defined, and the results of the calculation are compared with an example. Standard methods for performing rate-of-return calculations are suggested. The merit of rate of return as a "single number" index for investment valuation is challenged. Multiple analysis of the range of variables and profitability profiles are used to assist in the understanding of risk and are recommended to supplement rate-of-return calculations. Charts and tables of relationships derived in the Appendix are presented to facilitate use of the methods.

Introduction
Plagued by shrinking margins and diminishing returns from exploration, the oil industry must seek new approaches for maintenance of profit. A greater emphasis on economics has resulted from the present economic climate of the industry. Fewer opportunities for highly profitable investment mean that a more careful analysis of those investments available must be made to maintain a reasonable rate of return. A satisfactory approach to investment analysis can be one of the key factors for success in an industry with narrowing profit margins.
Recent publications have developed the technical and economic theory which is the basis for this paper. Many investments in the petroleum production industry result in a schedule of future income which may be considered either constant, declining according to one of the hyperbolic decline equations, or a combination of constant and declining income. The primary purpose of this paper is to present several methods of investment analysis which are easily computed and have an accuracy commensurate with the data employed for analysis.
Challenges of Modern Management
Authors: Shuman Sidney 
Published: December 2007

Shuman, Sidney, Reed International, Inc., Houston, Tex.
This paper was to be presented at the 41st Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Dallas, Texas, October 2–5, 1966, and is considered to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of the Journal of Petroleum Technology or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the Journal of Petroleum Technology or Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper

Abstract
Modern management faces three important challenges: developing good working relations between business and government, making the best uses of advancing technology, and ensuring constructive social change. Because of government's increasing influence on business, it is essential that business and government function as partners. Business also must get across to government that social progress is possible only if the profit motive is encouraged. To do this, business must improve its working relations with government. Business must make maximum use of the great technological advances taking place in industry, but must also apply its technical knowledge and management skill to the solution of social problems. This requires more active participation in politics, greater attention to such matters as urban renewal, waste disposal, transportation and increased assistance to schools and colleges both with money and ideas.

Acknowledgment
Edmund F. Martin, chairman and chief executive officer, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, addressing the American Iron and Steel Institute in New York City on May 25, 1966.
Text:
Gentlemen:
In searching for a subject that would be meaningful for you today, I came across an address delivered in New York earlier this year by Edmund F. Martin, chairman and chief executive officer of Bethlehem Steel Corporation. Mr. Martin spoke to the American Iron and Steel Institute, and some of the particulars of what he had to say were aimed primarily at an audience of steelmen. But the bulk of his comments were as applicable to all of us here today as they were to his audience in New York.
Rig Site Drilling Program Development for a Hand-Held Computer
Authors: Quentin K. M. , Creamer A. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Conoco was prompted by the demise of programmable calculators to reevaluate drilling engineering programs used at the rig site. In early 1984, commercial drilling engineering software for field use did not exist for hand-held computers. The decision was made to develop a comprehensive software package in-house which made maximum use of the most powerful hand-held computer then available. The cost in time and money was substantial and changing computer technology was constantly at issue with management. Some twenty members of the headquarters drilling staff organization were involved as subject experts and/or programmers. The approach used was to develop and manufacture three 32K byte custom ROM's in chip form.
Most of the two year project time was consumed in extensive research of engineering reference materials and conversion of subject matter experts from computer illiterates to programmers. An added benefit of program development was an upgrading of our current calculation techniques.
Conoco's Engineered Drilling Rigsite Chip (CEDRIC) is a unique, useful working and learning tool. Designed for drilling foremen and engineers, it encompasses field applications of traditional drilling engineering calculations including such diverse programs as optimum hydraulics, casing design check, leakoff test analysis with corrections, cement slurry design check, directional survey projection, and well control with bubble expansion. This paper outlines the history of the CEDRIC project and offers suggestions for anyone contemplating a similar computer adventure.
Applications of Microcomputer-Aided Design/Drafting (CADD) Software in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Goldstein K. M. , Goldstein L. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The application of computer-aided design/drafting (CADD) software in the Petroleum industry had been advanced by the recent development of low-cost commercial CADD packages that run on microcomputers, rather than on mainframes. The cost/ benefits, and ease of use, and established base of more than two million microcomputers nationwide has led to the availability of powerful new tools for the Petroleum professional.
Some Implications of Applying the Theory of the Economics of Exhaustible Resources to Oil and Gas Pricing
Authors: Inyang E. D. , Stultz-Karim S. P. , Thackeray F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The theory of the economics of exhaustible resources is reviewed and discussed in terms of its applicability to the complex structure of the international petroleum industry. Particular attention is given to the implications of uncertainty in reserves estimations for corporate, public, and financial institutions which have the responsibilities of oil and gas pricing and depletion policy formulation. A modification of the model of the economics of exhaustible resources under a freely competitive market structure is analysed to determine the effect of uncertainty in reserves estimations on the optimal net price and on depletion profiles.
The uncertainty in the resultant time until economic exhaustion and the discounted present value is found to be directly proportional to the uncertainty in the reserves estimations. These results should be carefully considered in the difficult conflicts between short-term profit maximisation and long-term social objectives in the formulation of public and private pricing and depletion policies.
Design, Specification, and Implementation of Drilling Operations Database Program
Authors: Dunn M. D. , Payne M. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An effective system of managing daily drilling information generated from the rigsite is a recognized method of optimizing those same operations. Such a system would quickly and thoroughly analyze data and present results in a fashion that would promote efficient monitoring of the operation and execution of engineering analyses. The program would compile the data and generate reports that would permit more timely and accurate decisions by engineers and managers.
This type of database management is very well suited for the computer hardware and software on the market today. Using an integrated departmental super-mini computer in ARCO's Southern District, a project was executed to automate the processing of drilling information. This paper covers the conceptual design, detailed specification, and physical implementation of the database system. The process used by ARCO to design and specify this program will benefit drilling personnel involved in managing operational data and costs.
Real-Time Treating Pressure Analysis Aided by New Correlation
Authors: Lord D. L. , McGowen J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A scale-up correlation derived from laboratory experimentation and calibrated with field tubing data provides improved real-time estimates of bottomhole treating pressure (BHTP) during displacement of delayed-crosslink HPG fluids with or without proppant. Current real-time hydraulic fracturing pressure analysis requires knowledge of BHTP throughout treatments. Measurement of this pressure indirectly at the surface through a live annulus or directly by a downhole gauge is not always feasible, practical, or economically justifiable. In these situations, this pressure is estimated by adjusting measured surface treating pressure to downhole conditions.
Hydrostatic head is added and friction pressure losses subtracted from surface treating pressure to adjust to downhole conditions. Friction pressure loss estimates typically depend on laboratory, yard test, or field annular flow based, semi-empirical correlations. Correlations developed from data collected by these methods are shown not to be applicable to friction loss predictions for flow of these particular fluids down long vertical tubing strings. Verification of this point is presented in the form of comparison of directly measured values to values predicted by correlations based on these methods presented in this paper and in the literature.
A laboratory correlation developed in this paper was found to possess some unique characteristics which lend themselves readily to field calibration with actual tubing friction loss data. Field calibration, combined with a capacity to consider various tubing diameters, flow rates, and gel/proppant concentrations creates a powerful tool for estimating tubing friction pressure loss and hence BHTP when injecting these fluids on a real-time basis.
Mini-Frac Analysis Based on Ellipsoidal Geometry
Authors: Lee W. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
When Nolte1 pioneered an analysis of pressure decline after fracturing in 1979, the method was available for only one fracture geometry model, namely the Perkins-Kern constant height model. Since then, this method of analysis has gained increasing attention in the industry. Consequently, the method has been extended to three more geometry models, namely the Christianovich and Zheltov constant height model, the Penny-shaped model2 and the Ellipsoidal-shaped3 model. In this paper a new method of analyzing pressure decline data will be presented applicable to all four geometry models, with the emphasis on ellipsoidal geometry. The method of pressure decline analysis based upon the type curve method originally developed by Nolte1 and the method described in this paper will be referred to respectively as the conventional method and the new method.
Analysis of Dispersion in a Layered Porous Medium with Micro-heterogeneity of Arbitrary Shapes and Size Distribution
Authors: Lee S. T. , Okuyiga M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a study of the dispersion phenomena associated with a linear miscible displacement in a stratified porous medium with interbedding of permeable and tight layers. The permeable layer contains microporous grains in the form of slabs, cylinders or spheres having a varying size distribution. The model incorporates various mechanisms for mass transfer including convection parallel to the bedding, intergranular longitudinal dispersion, and intragranular molecular diffusion.Based on the mathematical model, a Laplace-space analytical solution was derived for the effluent concentration. Then, analytical expressions for the moments of the effluent concentration were derived; from this, an expression for the effective dispersion was obtained. The formulae derived permit a quantitative examination of the reservoir parameters that affect dispersion, and thus the displacement efficiency for processes of interest.Other theoretical and qualitative results obtained which are also of fundamental importance include: From a theoretical analysis of the effective dispersion, the contributions of the interlayer and intragranular mass transfers are shown to be equivalent to Taylor's dispersion.The longitudinal dispersion is of minor importance in the overall dispersion of the process, especially at higher velocities.For fixed void fractions, the spherical microporous grains give the smallest dispersion of all porous grain shapes considered.The effect of a non uniform particle size is to increase dispersion.Our model was then compared to the Coats-Smith (C-S) model. An effective mass transfer coefficient, equivalent to that used in the C-S model, was derived based on the second moments of both models. Finally, we propose an approach that can alleviate the problem of parametric non-uniqueness when performing parameter estimation for linear miscible models.
The Influence of Water and Carbon Dioxide on the Phase Behavior and Properties of a Condensate Fluid
Authors: Ng H. -J. , Robinson D. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The behavior of condensate fluids in the presence of water and carbon dioxide is of considerable interest because of the effect these compounds can have on some of the reservoir fluid properties.
This paper describes a series of experimental measurements on a typical condensate reservoir fluid and gives compressibility factors above the retrograde dew point to a pressure of over 49 MPa at 177.8°C for both the dry and water-saturated fluid. It also gives vapor-liquid and vapor-liquid-liquid phase compositions at 10.34 and 20.68 MPa and temperatures of 37.8° and 93.3°C respectively. Condensation curves are presented for the water-free fluid at 177.8°C and for the water-saturated fluid at 37.8°, 93.3°C and 177.8°C.
Experimental results are also presented for the initial carbon dioxide crystallization temperature for the condensate separator gas after flashing at −28.9°C and 7.38 MPa.
The experimental and calculated results are compared using a cubic equation of state.
An Experimental Study of Drilling Fluids Dynamic Filtration
Authors: Vaussard A. , Martin M. , Konirsch O. , Patroni J. -M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An experimental study was carried out by the ARTEP research group on the filtration of drilling fluids under borehole conditions and on its main consequences (differential pressure sticking, rate of penetration, damage to formations).
The filtration of drilling fluids has long been recognized as an important parameter for drilling operations, but filtration properties and cake characteristics under borehole conditions are not usually well estimated, as laboratory testing procedures only consider static conditions.
Laboratory tests performed with special apparatus on three mud types allowed a better knowledge of the phenomena.Dynamic filtration is dependent upon cake build-up. The results show the relation between shear rate and fluid loss; the time necessary for dynamic filtration stabilization can be long. The main parameters of dynamic filtration seem to react differently to those of static filtration.Differential sticking: a comparative study underlines the importance of fluid nature and filter cake characteristics on the pull-out force required to free a stuck pipe.Rate of penetration: generally accepted rules were confirmed, but in some circumstances the effect on R.O.P. of actual filtration under the bit can also depend on other parameters (mud type, bit selection).Damage to permeable formations: damage to clean (non clayey) sandstone can be limited by controlling cake quality. Special attention must be paid in the case of oil-based muds, whose dynamic filtration and cake properties can be unexpectedly detrimental.
A Study of Pressure Transient Behavior in Bounded Two-Layered Reservoirs: Shengli Field, China
Authors: Joseph J. , Bocock A. , Nai-Fu F. , Gui L. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A series of pressure transient tests was recently conducted on several wells in the Shengli Field in China. This paper contains a new approach to the analysis of such tests. Limitations of the results, alternative interpretations and recommendations for improving multi-layer well testing are also discussed.
The most versatile plot for identification and diagnosis of reservoir heterogeneities (including the effects of layering, boundaries, and deviation from homogeneous behaviour in general) is the combined pressure/derivative of pressure format. The high accuracy attainable in modern pressure gauges makes this approach both plausible and reliable. It has been used extensively in the present study.
An analytical model of the two-layer bounded system is utilised. It is capable of treating skin, wellbore storage, and both crossflow and commingling of the reservoir fluids. Finally, field datasets displaying layering (supported by geologic evidence) are analysed.
Relative Diffusion Flux: A Practical Concept for Characterizing Fracture to Matrix Gas Transfer—Application to Fractured Reservoir Model
Authors: Sener I. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper introduces the concept of "relative diffusion flux", a new and practical approach to characterize the dissolution and diffusion regulated transfer of gas from the gas filled fracture space to the matrix oil in a dual porosity /permeability system.
The proposed concept is analogous to the relative permeability concept in that the "effective diffusion (or transfer) flux" is determined as the product of the "absolute (maximum) diffusion flux" capacity of the matrix and the current level of "relative diffusion flux". It is shown that the latter can be expressed as a function of the current dissolved gas concentration in the matrix oil. This functional relationship between the "relative diffusion flux" and the dissolved gas concentration in the matrix oil is similar, in concept, to that between the relative permeability to a phase and its saturation level.
It is also shown that, using the proposed method, representation of the gas transfer mechanism is reduced to a simple exchange-type relationship between the fractures and the matrix. This is achieved without having to determine an appropriate diffusion coefficient and the task of handling gas transfer by diffusion is significantly facilitated for fractured reservoir simulators.
In the paper the concept of "relative diffusion flux" is developed, a method for obtaining the required data from a suitable laboratory experiment is provided, and the basic equations for the application of the new concept to fractured reservoir simulation are derived.
Development of a Well Spacing Program for the South Womack Hill Field, Clarke and Choctaw Counties, Alabama
Authors: Daigre R. G. , Wood R. T. , Wiggins G. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The degree of heterogeneity that can exist in carbonate reservoirs and the effect that heterogeneity can have on recovery efficiency has long been recognized. In sandstone reservoirs, the degree to which heterogeneity can exist and its effect on recovery efficiency is often overlooked or not considered in the development of a well spacing program. A recent study was conducted to determine the appropriate spacing for a newly discovered reservoir in Alabama. The results of this study indicated that in order to maximize recovery efficiency and present worth, closer spacing of wells would be required due to reservoir heterogeneity, reservoir size and configuration, the thickness of the reservoir and the amount of oil in place.