bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results of subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery without perioperative marking of perforator veins
Authors: Sonnenberg S , Bitsiadou M , Gidman A , Hopkins N Gowland 
Published: February 2006

Objectives:This study assesses the anatomical outcome of subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS) in cases where no perioperative marking of incompetent perforators was used. Methods:Patients who had undergone SEPS and who had been investigated with a preoperative duplex ultrasound scan were identified from hospital records. These patients were recalled for a follow-up duplex ultrasound scan, which was compared with the preoperative investigation. Results:In total, 15 patients (17 limbs) were studied. Four legs (23.5%) had no incompetent perforators at follow-up scan. The remaining 11 limbs (76.8%) all had at least one incompetent perforator. Six limbs (35.2%) showed incompetent perforators in the same position as the incompetent perforators identified at the preoperative duplex scan. A total of 10 incompetent perforators persisted at follow-up (35.7% of preoperatively identified incompetent perforating veins). Nine legs (52.9%) had developed at least one new incompetent perforator since undergoing SEPS. Conclusion:In our study, a large proportion of incompetent perforators persisted at post-operative follow-up duplex scan. These probably represent perforators missed during surgery. Endoscopy of the subfascial space alone is not a reliable method for incompetent perforator identification. Alternative methods of localization should be employed perioperatively.
Drug-Related Problems on Hospital Admission: Relationship to Medication Information Transfer
Authors: Ong Stephanie W , Fernandes Olavo A , Cesta Annemarie , Bajcar Jana M 
Published: February 2006

Background: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at risk for drug-related problems (DRPs), especially on hospital admission. Objective: To identify and characterize the DRPs experienced by patients with ESRD on admission and Investigate how these DRPs could be related to gaps in medication information transfer. Methods: Patients with ESRD admitted to the hospital were prospectively identified and clinically assessed by a pharmacist to identify and categorize DRPs on admission. Each DRP was evaluated to determine whether it could have been caused by a gap in medication information transfer. For DRPs caused in this manner, the interface in the information transfer process where the gap may have occurred was determined. Results: A total of 199 DRPs were identified in 47 patients with ESRD over a 12 week period. Ninety-two percent of patients had at least one DRP on admission, with an average of 4.2 ± 2.2 DRPs per patient. The most common DRP identified was indication for drug therapy—patient requires drug but is not receiving it (51.3%). Of the total DRPs, 130 (65%) were related to gaps in medication information transfer, with 21.5% occurring between the inpatient hospital and the ambulatory clinic pharmacists and 17.7% between the admitting physician and the patient. Conclusions: Results of this study demonstrate that, in patients with ESRD, DRPs on admission are frequently related to gaps in medication information transfer between healthcare professionals and also between healthcare providers and patients. Improved communication is required at medication information transfer interfaces to prevent these DRPs.
Cover Picture: Composite Silica Spheres with Magnetic and Luminescent Functionalities (Adv. Funct. Mater. 4/2006)
Authors: Salgueiriño‐Maceira V. , Correa‐Duarte M. A. , Spasova M. , Liz‐Marzán L. M. , Farle M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPhotographs of a colloidal dispersion of composite nanoparticles with magnetic and luminescent functionalities are shown (left, in column), which are schematically illustrated in the main image. As reported by Salgueiriño‐Maceira and co‐workers on p. 509, such functionalities are imparted by magnetic and semiconductor nanoparticles within a silica matrix. In the absence of a magnetic field the particles are uniformly dispersed, although they accumulate and can be dragged under the influence of a magnetic field. Their movement can be monitored by their photoluminescence.A new class of highly fluorescent, photostable, and magnetic core/shell nanoparticles in the submicrometer size range has been synthesized from a modified Stöber method combined with the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly technique. Luminescent magnetic nanoparticles are prepared via two main steps. The first step involves controlled addition of tetraethoxysilane to a dispersion of Fe3O4/γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles, which are thereby homogeneously incorporated as cores into monodisperse silica spheres. The second step involves the LbL assembly of polyelectrolytes and luminescent CdTe quantum dots onto the surfaces of the silica‐coated magnetite/maghemite particles, which are finally covered with an outer shell of silica. These spherical particles have a typical diameter of 220 ± 10 nm and a saturation magnetization of 1.34 emu g–1 at room temperature, and exhibit strong excitonic photoluminescence. Nanoparticles with such a core/shell architecture have the added benefit of providing a robust platform (the outer silica shell) for incorporating diverse functionalities into a single nanoparticle.
Inside Front Cover: Perfect Bi4Ti3O12 Single‐Crystal Films via Flux‐Mediated Epitaxy (Adv. Funct. Mater. 4/2006)
Authors: Takahashi R. , Yonezawa Y. , Ohtani M. , Kawasaki M. , Nakajima K. , Chikyow T. , Koinuma H. , Matsumoto Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFlux‐mediated epitaxy has been developed for ferroelectric Bi4Ti3O12 single‐crystal film growth, as shown on the inside cover. The key point is the selection of an appropriate flux material. A combinatorial high‐throughput screening technique reported by Matsumoto and co‐workers on p. 485 has led to the successful discovery of the novel flux composition, Bi–Cu–O, for Bi4Ti3O12 single‐crystal film growth. This flux‐mediated epitaxy is not limited to oxide epitaxy, but is also widely applicable to various promising materials for the realization of non‐Si‐based electronics, such as nitrides, carbides, and halides.Excellent crystallinity of material films and atomic control of their surface/interface, sufficient for the realization of their optimal physical properties, are technological premises for modern functional‐device applications. Bi4Ti3O12 and related compounds attract much interest as highly insulating, ferroelectric materials for use in ferroelectric random‐access memories. However, it has been difficult thus far for Bi4Ti3O12 films to satisfy such requirements when formed using vapor‐phase epitaxy, owing to the high volatility of Bi in a vacuum. Here, we demonstrate that flux‐mediated epitaxy is one of the most promising and widely applicable concepts to overcome this inevitable problem. The key point of this process is the appropriate selection of a multi‐component flux system. A combinatorial approach has led to the successful discovery of the novel flux composition of Bi–Cu–O for Bi4Ti3O12 single‐crystal film growth. The perfect single‐crystal nature of the stoichiometric Bi4Ti3O12 film formed has been verified through its giant grain size and electric properties, equivalent to those of bulk single crystals. This demonstration has broad implications, opening up the possibility of preparing stoichiometric single‐crystal oxide films via vapor‐phase epitaxy, even if volatile constituents are required.
Freestanding Nanostructures via Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly
Authors: Jiang C. , Tsukruk V. V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFreestanding flexible nanocomposite structures fabricated by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly are promising candidates for many potential applications, such as in the fields of thermomechanical sensing, controlled release, optical detection, and drug delivery. In this article, we review recent advances in the fabrication and characterization of different types of freestanding LbL structures in air and at air/liquid and liquid/liquid interfaces, including micro‐ and nanocapsules, microcantilevers, freely suspended membranes, encapsulated nanoparticle arrays, and sealed‐cavity arrays. Several recently developed fabrication techniques, such as spin‐assisted coating, dipping, and micropatterning, make the assembly process more efficient and impart novel physical properties to the freestanding films.
Impact of flow regime on polydispersity in tubular RAFT miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Russum James P. , Jones Christopher W. , Schork F. Joseph 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe flow characteristics of a miniemulsion in a tubular reactor were assessed using a modified dye tracer approach. Metered nitrogen was introduced producing isolated plug flow. The effects of the flow regime were then related to the polydispersity of polystyrene formed using reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). While nonideal flow was exhibited at very low Reynolds numbers (≤ 20), laminar flow was not. This was attributed to fluid slippage at the wall of the reactor. It was demonstrated that the flow regime and residence time distribution have a direct effect on the molecular weight polydispersity of the polymer. Transient behavior during startup of isolated plug flow was attributed via experimental data and modeling to loss of initiator by way of water droplets left behind by the small cylinders of miniemulsion. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Search in the Web shopping environment
Authors: Mochel Karl 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe author presents a design case study of a search user interface for Web catalogs in the context of online shopping for consumer products such as clothing, furniture, and sporting goods. The case study provides a review of the user data for the user interface (UI), and the resulting redesign recommendations. Based on the case study and its user data, a set of common user requirements for searching in the context of online shopping is provided.
Evidence‐based practice in search interface design
Authors: Wildemuth Barbara M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn evidence‐based practice approach to search interface design is proposed, with the goal of designing interfaces that adequately support search strategy formulation and reformulation. Relevant findings from studies of information professionals' searching behaviors, end users' searching of bibliographic databases, and search behaviors on the Web are highlighted. Three brief examples are presented to illustrate the ways in which findings from such studies can be used to make decisions about the design of search interfaces. If academic research can be effectively connected with design practice, we can discover which design practices truly are “best practices” and incorporate them into future search interfaces.
Search on mobile phones
Authors: Roto Virpi 
Published: February 2006

Abstract The search tools familiar from the personal computer are propagating to mobile devices. Are users willing to type keywords with the limited keypad of an ordinary mobile phone? How does mobile search differ from stationary search? The author found that users are surprisingly willing to use search also with the traditional phone keypad, and foresees a search revolution as mobile devices enable location‐based search.
Changing the pace of search: Supporting “background” information seeking
Authors: Jones Matt , Buchanan George , Cheng Tzu‐Chiang , Jain Preeti 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlmost all Web searches are carried out while the user is sitting at a conventional desktop computer connected to the Internet. Although online, handheld, mobile search offers new possibilities, the fast‐paced, focused style of interaction may not be appropriate for all user search needs. The authors explore an alternative, relaxed style for Web searching that asynchronously combines an offline handheld computer and an online desktop personal computer. They discuss the role and utility of such an approach, present a tool to meet these user needs, and discuss its relation to other systems.
The impact analysis of language differences on an automatic multilingual text summarization system
Authors: Wang Fu Lee , Yang Christopher C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBased on the salient features of the documents, automatic text summarization systems extract the key sentences from source documents. This process supports the users in evaluating the relevance of the extracted documents returned by information retrieval systems. Because of this tool, efficient filtering can be achieved. Indirectly, these systems help to resolve the problem of information overloading. Many automatic text summarization systems have been implemented for use with different languages. It has been established that the grammatical and lexical differences between languages have a significant effect on text processing. However, the impact of the language differences on the automatic text summarization systems has not yet been investigated. The authors provide an impact analysis of language difference on automatic text summarization. It includes the effect on the extraction processes, the scoring mechanisms, the performance, and the matching of the extracted sentences, using the parallel corpus in English and Chinese as the tested object. The analysis results provide a greater understanding of language differences and promote the future development of more advanced text summarization techniques.
User experiments with the Eurovision cross‐language image retrieval system
Authors: Clough Paul , Sanderson Mark 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this article the authors present Eurovision, a text‐based system for cross‐language (CL) image retrieval. The system is evaluated by multilingual users for two search tasks with the system configured in English and five other languages. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first published set of user experiments for CL image retrieval. They show that (a) it is possible to create a usable multilingual search engine using little knowledge of any language other than English, (b) categorizing images assists the user's search, and (c) there are differences in the way users search between the proposed search tasks. Based on the two search tasks and user feedback, they describe important aspects of any CL image retrieval system.
Neuroembryopathic effect of trichloroacetic acid in rats exposed during organogenesis
Authors: Singh Royana 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND: Halogenated hydrocarbons such as trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are among the most common water supply contaminants in the world. This study examines the effect of TCA on the developing brain of the Charles Foster rat. METHODS: Adult pregnant rats were placed in the test group and exposed to various concentration of TCA (i.e., 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, and 1800 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]) by oral gavage throughout the period of organogenesis from Gestation Day (GD) 6–15 of gestation. Trichloroacetic acid was administered in the form of trichloroacetate, which is reduced to TCA in the body. The control mother rats were administered an equal volume of distilled water. Fetal brains were examined for their external and histological malformation. RESULTS: On GD 19, TCA administration led to an initial increase of brain weight at 1000 mg/kg b.w. and then a weight reduction after TCA doses of 1200 mg/kg b.w. and over. The brain of the formalin‐fixed fetuses at 1000 and 1200 mg/kg b.w. showed hydrocephalus with breech of the ependymal lining, altered choroids plexus architecture, and increased apoptosis. At doses of 1400 mg/kg b.w. and above, the brain showed not only enhanced apoptosis of the neuronal cells, but extravasation of erythrocytes within the cortical parenchyma, vacuolation of the neuropil, and multiple cavity formation. CONCLUSION: With an increase in dose of TCA i.e., 1200 mg/kg b.w. and above, there is enhanced apoptosis, leading to increased neuronal death, which consequently led to the reduction in the brain weight as compared to controls. The fetal central nervous system is susceptible to the toxic effect of TCA. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental toxicity of orally administered technical dimethoate in rats
Authors: Farag Amina T. , Karkour Tarek Abdel‐Zaher , El Okazy Ahmed 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND: Dimethoate (O,O‐dimethyl‐S‐(N‐methylcarbamoyl‐methyl) phosphorodithioate), an organophosphate insecticide, was examined for its potential to produce developmental toxicity in rats after oral administration. METHODS: Pregnant Fischer 344 rats were given sublethal doses of 0 (corn oil), 7, 15, and 28 mg/kg/day dimethoate by gavage on gestation days (GD) 6–15. Maternal effects in 15 and 28 mg/kg/day dose groups included cholinergic signs such as tremors, diarrhea, weakness, and salivation, and depression in the maternal and fetal brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Other maternal toxicity that included reduction in body weight and feed consumption was observed only in the treated group of 28 mg/kg/day. No maternal toxicity was apparent in the 7 mg/kg/day dose group. RESULTS: Maternal exposure to dimethoate during organogenesis significantly affected the number of live fetuses, early resorption, and mean fetal weight in the 28 mg/kg/day dose group. No external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities were observed in any of the treated groups compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the present results dimethoate can produce clinical signs of toxicity and significant inhibition of the maternal and fetal AChE activities in dose groups of 15 and 28 mg/kg/day and showed fetotoxicity without teratogenic effects at 28 mg/kg/day. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 77:40–46, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental tobacco smoke and sudden infant death syndrome: a review
Authors: Adgent Margaret A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEnvironmental tobacco smoke (ETS), containing the developmental neurotoxicant, nicotine, is a prevalent component of indoor air pollution. Despite a strong association with active maternal smoking and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), information on the risk of SIDS due to prenatal and postnatal ETS exposure is relatively inconsistent. This literature review begins with a discussion and critique of existing epidemiologic data pertaining to ETS and SIDS. It then explores the biologic plausibility of this association, with comparison of the known association between active maternal smoking and SIDS, by examining metabolic and placental transfer issues associated with nicotine, and the biologic responses and mechanisms that may follow exposure to nicotine. Evidence indicates that prenatal and postnatal exposures to nicotine do occur from ETS exposure, but that the level of exposure is often substantially less than levels induced by active maternal smoking. Nicotine also has the capacity to concentrate in the fetus, regardless of exposure source. Experimental animal studies show that various doses of nicotine are capable of affecting a neonate's response to hypoxic conditions, a process thought to be related to SIDS outcomes. Mechanisms contributing to deficient hypoxia response include the ability of nicotine to act as a cholinergic stimulant through nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) binding. The need for future research to investigate nicotine exposure and effects from non‐maternal tobacco smoke sources in mid to late gestation is emphasized, along with a need to discourage smoking around both pregnant women and infants.Birth Defects Res. (Part B)77:69–85, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): developmental model for the study of alcohol teratology
Authors: Wang Xueqing , Williams Erin , Haasch Mary L. , Dasmahapatra Asok K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND: Animal models are necessary to investigate the mechanism of alcohol‐induced birth defects. We have used Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a non‐mammalian model to elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) of ethanol teratogenesis. METHODS: Medaka eggs, within 1 hr post‐fertilization (hpf) were exposed to waterborne ethanol (0–1000 mM) in hatching solution for 48 hr. Embryo development was observed daily until 10 days post‐fertilization (dpf). The concentration of embryonic ethanol was determined enzymatically. Cartilage and bones were stained by Alcian blue and calcein, respectively and skeletal and cardiovascular defects were assessed microscopically. Genetic gender of the embryos was determined by PCR. Levels of two isoenzymes of alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) mRNAs were determined by semi‐quantitative and real‐time RT‐PCR. RESULTS: The concentration of ethanol required to cause 50% mortality (LC50) in 10 dpf embryos was 568 mM, however, the embryo absorbed only 15–20% of the waterborne ethanol at all ethanol concentrations. The length of the lower jaw and calcification in tail fin cartilaginous structures were reduced by ethanol exposure. Active blood circulation was exhibited at 50+ hpf in embryos treated with 0–100 mM ethanol; active circulation was delayed and blood clots developed in embryos treated with 200–400 mM ethanol. The deleterious effects of ethanol were not gender‐specific. Moreover, ethanol treatment was unable to alter the constitutive expression of either Adh5 or Adh8 mRNA in the medaka embryo. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results suggested that embryogenesis in medaka was significantly affected by ethanol exposure. Phenotypic features normally associated with ethanol exposure were similar to that observed in mammalian models of fetal alcohol syndrome. The results further indicated that medaka embryogenesis might be used as an alternative non‐mammalian model for investigating specific alterations in gene expression as a means to understand the molecular mechanism(s) of ethanol‐induced birth defects. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 77:29–39, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antimalarial drugs – host targets (re)visited
Authors: Cunha‐Rodrigues Margarida , Prudêncio Miguel , Mota Maria M. , Haas Werner 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEvery year, forty percent of the world population is at risk of contracting malaria. Hopes for the erradication of this disease during the 20th century were dashed by the ability of Plasmodium falciparum, its most deadly causative agent, to develop resistance to available drugs. Efforts to produce an effective vaccine have so far been unsuccessful, enhancing the need to develop novel antimalarial drugs. In this review, we summarize our knowledge concerning existing antimalarials, mechanisms of drug‐resistance development, the use of drug combination strategies and the quest for novel anti‐plasmodial compounds. We emphasize the potential role of host genes and molecules as novel targets for newly developed drugs. Recent results from our laboratory have shown Hepatocyte Growth Factor/MET signaling to be essential for the establishment of infection in hepatocytes. We discuss the potential use of this pathway in the prophylaxis of malaria infection.