bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inside Cover: Cognitive‐Performance Recovery of Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice by Modulation of Early Soluble Amyloidal Assemblies (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 11/2009)
Authors: Frydman‐Marom Anat , Rechter Meirav , Shefler Irit , Bram Yaron , Shalev Deborah E. , Gazit Ehud 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe accumulation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) as amyloid fibril deposits may play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, which is among the most common diseases of the 21st century. E. Gazit and co‐workers describe in their Communication on page 1981 ff. a novel Aβ fibrilization inhibitor, whose mechanism of action is based on targeting aromatic recognition modules together with a unique Cα‐methylation β‐breakage strategy. We thank Tal Mazor for the graphical assistance with the cover.magnified image
The tribological characteristics of phosphorylated 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane nanometer film
Authors: Li J. , Li X. Z. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThin films deposited on the phosphonate 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) were prepared on the hydroxylated silicon substrate by a self‐assembling process from specially formulated solution. Chemical compositions of the films and chemical state of the elements were detected by X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry. The thickness of the films was determined with an ellipsometer, whereas the morphologies and nanotribological properties of the samples were analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy. As the results, the target film was obtained and reaction may have taken place between the thin films and the silicon substrate. It was also found that the thin films showed the lowest friction and adhesion followed by APTES‐SAM and phosphorylated APTES‐SAM, whereas silicon substrate showed high friction and adhesion. Microscale scratch/wear studies clearly showed that thin films were much more scratch/wear resistant than the other samples. The superior friction reduction and scratch/wear resistance of thin films may be attributed to low work of adhesion of nonpolar terminal groups and the strong bonding strength between the films and the substrate. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Temperature‐sensitive poly(N‐tert‐butylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide) hydrogels bonded on cotton fabrics by coating technique
Authors: Liu Shufang , Niu Jiarong , Gu Zhenya 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDifferent from the conventional method of developing stimuli‐sensitive textiles by graft copolymerization of environmental responsive polymers onto the fabric, the coating technique was applied to bond temperature‐sensitive hydrogels with cotton fabric through chemical covalent in our work. A temperature‐sensitive linear copolymer of N‐tert‐butylacrylamide (NTBA) and acrylamide (AAm) was prepared in methanol. Then, the cotton fabrics were coated using an aqueous solution of this copolymer containing 1,2,3,4‐butanetertracarboxylic acid as a crosslinker and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as a catalyst, followed by drying and curing. The surface of the cotton fabrics was bonded on more or less coatings of poly (NTBA‐co‐AAm) hydrogels, as verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy images. The poly(NTBA‐co‐AAm) hydrogels‐coated fabrics exhibited temperature sensitive, and the temperature interval of the deswelling transition was higher than lower critical solution temperature of linear copolymer solution. The coated fabrics presented good water‐impermeable ability because of the swelling of hydrogels bonded, especially when the add‐on was as high as 14.14%. Environmental scanning electron microscopy images revealed that coating hydrogels swelled and covered on the surface as a barrier to prevent water from penetrating once the coated fabric came into contact with water. The findings demonstrate that the temperature‐sensitive hydrogels can be covalently bonded on the cotton fabrics by coating technique and the coated fabrics have potential on immersion fabrics. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mechanism of the droplet formation and stabilization in the aqueous two‐phase polymerization of acrylamide
Authors: Lü Ting , Shan Guorong 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAqueous two‐phase polymerization of acrylamide has been carried out in an aqueous solution of poly(ethylene glycol) initiated by ammonium persulfate. The chemical composition of the product was characterized by FTIR, and the droplet size distribution in the initial stage of the polymerization was followed by dynamic light scattering. On the basis of the evolution of polyacrylamide aqueous droplets size distribution and morphology at every stage, a new mechanism of droplet formation was proposed. The experimental phenomenon that the small droplets always existed in the process of polymerization and some irregular shape droplets were formed in the product of aqueous two phase polymerization could be successfully explained by the new mechanism. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Optimization of preparation conditions on the dielectric properties of polyaniline
Authors: Thomas Rinku M. , John Honey , Mathew K. T. , Joseph Rani , George K. E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe dielectric response in the microwave field of polyaniline prepared at different temperatures and using different inorganic and organic dopants was studied. Chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline was done at low temperature (0–5°C), at room temperature, and at high (60°C) temperature using different inorganic dopants like HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, etc. Polyaniline was also prepared with different organic dopants like camphor sulfonic acid, Toluene sulfonic acid, and Naphthalene sulfonic acid. All polymers formed were characterized using IR, TGA, DSC, and SEM, etc. The dielectric responses of all polymers are studied using cavity perturbation technique in the microwave field. The studies indicates that the polyaniline prepared with perchloric acid at room temperature shows higher conductivity and absorption coefficient compared with all other samples. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The changes of transesterification level in PET/PEN blends with the addition of PET–PEN copolymer
Authors: Ida Shin‐Ichiro , Yamamoto Hiroko , Ito Masayoshi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe extent of transesterification in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/poly(ethylene‐2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) blends with the addition of PET–PEN copolymers was examined by DSC and 1H‐NMR measurements to evaluate the factor affecting the reaction level at a given temperature and time. Both block (P(ET‐block‐EN)) and random (P(ET‐ran‐EN)) copolymers were used as the copolymers. At a given treatment temperature and time, the level was increased by the addition of P(ET‐block‐EN) into PET/PEN blends. On the other hand, a reverse change was observed when P(ET‐ran‐EN) was mixed with PET/PEN blends. During the treatment, an inhomogeneous phase of the blends changed into the homogeneous one; however, the change showed little effect on the reaction level. The effects of molecular weight on the reaction level were also examined. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Changes in northern Tanzania coral reefs during a period of increased fisheries management and climatic disturbance
Authors: McClanahan Tim R. , Muthiga Nyawira A. , Maina Joseph , Kamukuru Albogast T. , Yahya Saleh A.S. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Surveys of coral reefs in northern Tanzania were conducted in 2004/5 with the aim of comparing them over an∼8‐year period during a time of increased efforts at fisheries management and the 1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) coral mortality event that caused 45% mortality in northern Tanzania and much of the Indian Ocean.
Changes associated with both management, its absence, and the ENSO were found but changes were generally small and ecological measures indicated stability or improvements over this period, particularly when compared with reports from much of the northern Indian Ocean.
Fisheries management in two areas increased the biomass of fish and benthic communities. A small fisheries closure (0.3 km2) displayed little change in the coral community but ecological conditions declined as measured by sea urchins and fish abundances. This change may be associated with its small size because similar changes were not measured in the large closure (28 km2).
The few sites without any increased management were still degraded and one site had experienced a population explosion of a pest sea urchin, Echinometra mathaei.
The lack of significant changes across this disturbance indicates that these reefs are moderately resilient to climate change and, therefore, a high priority for future conservation actions.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geochemistry as an aid in archaeological prospection and site interpretation: current issues and research directions
Authors: Oonk S. , Slomp C. P. , Huisman D. J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHuman habitation may significantly affect the chemical soil composition leading to enrichments and depletions of specific chemical elements and the formation of archaeological soils. Prospection and interpretation of sites by means of element analysis of soils requires appropriate and well‐tested geochemical methodologies. In this paper element analysis in archaeological prospection and site interpretation is briefly reviewed and three major unresolved issues are discussed: (i) how to distinguish archaeological chemical signals in soils from modern and geogenic signals; (ii) what role do geochemical processes play in the formation of archaeological soils; (iii) how to implement geochemical methods in archaeological research programmes. These issues are addressed with reference to the geochemical literature on retention and sequestration pathways of presumed anthropogenic elements in soils and analytical procedures. Based on the acquired knowledge, several directions for future research are proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geophysical investigation of the Environs of Rattin Castle Tower House, County Westmeath, Ireland
Authors: O'Rourke T. , Gibson P. J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNo visible archaeological features are today associated with Rattin Castle Tower House in County Westmeath, Ireland located near the boundary of the Pale, the area around Dublin and adjoining counties where English control prevailed. However, both magnetic and resistance data show that Rattin Castle was surrounded by a substantial bawn wall, which has since been removed. Interpretation of two‐dimensional resistivity shows a deep trench at the site of the bawn wall. A small (12 by 16 m) rectangular low‐resistance anomaly located outside the northern section of the bawn wall but connected to it, is interpreted as a possible gatehouse providing access to the castle. Less than 20 m from this anomaly, the course of an old military road is delineated by magnetic data but is seen most clearly on the resistance data where it is represented by two parallel low‐resistance anomalies 230 m long. This road is possibly older than the castle. Rattin is associated with an extensive network of subrectangular field boundaries and enclosures, most noticeably west of the castle. The presence of the military road, potential gatehouse, substantial bawn wall and geographical location all suggest that Rattin Castle was an important strategic fortification in Ireland. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional resistivity probability tomography at the prehistoric site of grotta reali (Molise, Italy)
Authors: Compare Vincenzo , Cozzolino Marilena , Mauriello Paolo , Patella Domenico 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA geoelectrical survey has been performed at the Mousterian (Palaeolithic) site of Grotta Reali (Molise Region, central Italy), which is one of the most important archaeological locations in the region, where Neanderthal fossils have been brought to light. An array of dipole–dipole profiles was designed in order to explore the nature of some archaeological levels found in a mostly fine‐grained waste matrix along the wall of a travertine open quarry, very close to the Grotta Reali, which is a natural cavity of karst origin. Data analysis utilized a three‐dimensional tomography approach based on the concept of occurrence probability of anomaly sources in the electrical resistivity distribution. The three‐dimensional probability tomography allowed the geometry of an occluded portion of the prehistoric cavity to be delineated, and a vertical, elongated high resistivity block to be fully imaged inside this part of the cavity. Subsequent excavations have confirmed the inner geometry of the cavity, and identified a travertine column correlating with the high‐resistivity block delineated by the three‐dimensional geoelectrical tomography. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Modification of Proteins at Cysteine: Opportunities in Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Chalker Justin M. , Bernardes Gonçalo J. L. , Lin Yuya A. , Davis Benjamin G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCys‐tematic modification: Cysteine is a versatile amino acid for selective chemical modification of proteins. Both chemical and biological innovations made possible by cysteine modification are highlighted in this Focus Review.magnified imageChemical modification of proteins is a rapidly expanding area in chemical biology. Selective installation of biochemical probes has led to a better understanding of natural protein modification and macromolecular function. In other cases such chemical alterations have changed the protein function entirely. Additionally, tethering therapeutic cargo to proteins has proven invaluable in campaigns against disease. For controlled, selective access to such modified proteins, a unique chemical handle is required. Cysteine, with its unique reactivity, has long been used for such modifications. Cysteine has enjoyed widespread use in selective protein modification, yet new applications and even new reactions continue to emerge. This Focus Review highlights the enduring utility of cysteine in protein modification with special focus on recent innovations in chemistry and biology associated with such modifications.
Diurnal and semidiurnal rainfall cycles during the rain season in SW Amazonia, observed via rain gauges and estimated using S‐band radar
Authors: Santos e Silva Cláudio Moisés , Gielow Ralf , de Freitas Saulo Ribeiro 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe rainfall field estimated by an S‐band radar was evaluated with rain gauges network measurements during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and Large‐Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (TRMM‐LBA), then the daily variability associated with the presence (absence) of the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) were studied. The results showed the high spatial variability of the rainfall over southwest (SW) Amazonia and suggest that local mechanisms (topography and/or local circulations induced by contrast of vegetation) may be associated with heavy rainfall episodes; moreover, it was possible to observe the squall line influence on the diurnal and semidiurnal cycles. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Deciphering the role of Shh signaling in axial defects produced by ethanol exposure
Authors: Loucks Evyn J. , Ahlgren Sara C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The phenotype of embryos exposed to ethanol is complex and likely due to multiple alterations in developmental pathways. We have previously demonstrated that Sonic hedgehog signaling (Shh‐s) was reduced in both chicken and zebrafish embryos when exposed to ethanol. METHODS: There are many tissues affected by embryonic ethanol exposure, and in this article we explore the development of axial tissues, using zebrafish embryos. We then compare these effects to the phenotypes produced by exposure to two drugs that also inhibit Shh‐s: cyclopamine and forskolin. RESULTS: We found alterations in the development of the notochord and somites produced by all three compounds, although only ethanol produced developmental delay of epiboly. Upon observation of early developing embryos, muscle pioneer cells were completely lost in cyclopamine‐treated embryos, and reduced, but less so, in embryos treated with forskolin and ethanol. Ethanol treatment produced a dose‐dependent reduction in total body length that may be linked to epiboly delay seen earlier during development. Despite the differences between cyclopamine and forskolin, we found that shh mRNA injection rescued the short body length, the alteration in somite shape, and the cyclopia produced by ethanol exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, each teratogen produced a unique set of phenotypic changes in the body axis, suggesting that each compound affects Shh‐s and also produces a distinctive set of molecular alterations. However, addition of exogenous Shh to ethanol treated zebrafish prevented many of the gross physical phenotypes, suggesting that the suppression of Shh‐s is one of the major effects of ethanol exposure. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Die Sulzbachbrücke bei Dürnkrut
Authors: Flicker Erich , Kothmayer Herbert , Naderer Otto 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBrücken dienen der Überführung von Verkehrswegen über natürliche oder künstlich geschaffene lokale topologische Tieflagen, wobei im Regelfall Konstruktionsart und Baustoff hauptsächlich von geometrischen, betrieblichen und herstellungsspezifischen Randbedingungen bestimmt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine hinsichtlich der Funktion und Formgebung wohl ungewöhnliche Stahlbeton‐Eisenbahnbrücke vorgestellt, deren extrem schlanke Bauweise und faltwerksartige Gestalt sich aus der Forderung ergab, neben ihrer ursächlichen Tragfunktion gleichzeitig auch zwei Hochwasserschutzdämme im Kreuzungsbereich mit einer Eisenbahnstrecke wasserdicht miteinander zu verbinden und dabei vor allem auch die damit verbundene Anhebung der Strecke zu minimieren. Die konstruktiven und streckenbezogenen Randbedingungen für die Systemfindung werden in diesem Aufsatz nachvollzogen sowie die grundsätzlichen Überlegungen erläutert, die zur ungewöhnlichen Formgebung dieses Brückenobjekts führten. Die Ergebnisse der im Vorfeld durchgeführten dynamischen Simulationsrechnungen werden vorgestellt und spezifische Konstruktionsdetails näher betrachtet. Schließlich erfolgt ein kurzer Abriss über die wesentlichen Etappen der baulichen Umsetzung.
“…︁ die richtige Art wissenschaftlicher Objekte…︁”: Ein Epilog mit Warren McCullochs Embodiments of Mind
Authors: Dotzler Bernhard J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract“…︁the right kind of scientific objects…︁”: An Epilogue with Warren McCulloch's Embodiments of Mind. Warren McCulloch marks the brain explicitly as an epistemic object. Since then, to see ’in statu nascendi' what brain research means implies the irrefutability of the truth that the mind is in the head. And it implies to see the contingency of this knowledge. This again allows to ask for more details about the object and its destiny – beginning with the riddle, why McCulloch is not forgotten until today, but his clear designation is forgotten. A comparison between McCulloch's Embodiments of Mind and John von Neumann's The Computer and the Brain should help to follow the traces of this riddle.
Das reine Sein des Schreibens. Écriture automatique in der Psychiatrie des späten 19. Jahrhunderts und im frühen Surrealismus (Breton/Soupault: Les champs magnétiques)
Authors: Bergengruen Maximilian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Pure Being of Writing. Écriture automatique in 19th Century Psychiatry and Early Surrealism (Breton/Soupault: Les champs magnétiques). ‘Écriture automatique’ and psychoanalysis are often lumped together in literary studies, almost as a knee‐jerk reaction. However, on closer inspection it can be seen that the discoverers of automatic writing – the surrealists – were more interested in the hysteria research that prevailed around the year 1900 (Pierre Janet, Alfred Binet) and in parapsychology (Frederic Myers). In these two branches of medicine, the theory and practice of automatic writing are based on an experimental constellation in which the relationship between the psychiatrist/experiment organiser and the patient/participant takes centre stage. Here, the latter writes in response to an order or question from the former, mostly while overcoming a physical or memory block. André Breton and Philippe Soupault set up a very similar constellation in the Champs magnétiques, though with some key alterations. Indeed, surrealism liberates the patient engaging in automatic writing from the dictates of the psychiatrist – but only to submit him to a yet more overwhelming force, a pure violence of writing, so to speak: the automatism of a ‘higher reality’.
“Streng genommen reflexartig”. Ivan Michajlovič Sečenov und die Gründungsmythen des ‘russischen Reflex‐Imperiums’
Authors: Wurm Barbara 
Published: February 2009

Abstract“Reflex – in a Strict Sense”. Ivan Michajlovič Sečenov and the Founding Myths of the ‘Russian reflex empire’. This paper aims to reconstruct Ivan Michajlovič Sečenov's impact on reflex theory by looking at the different narratives which constitute his specific position in the history of science, where he is considered the Russian founder of a purely materialist framing of consciousness and behaviour, the father figure of objective psychology, and the predecessor of the ‘great’ Ivan Pavlov. I argue that Sečenov himself was very much aware of the symbolic significance of the term “reflex” and that the rhetorical strategies in his opus magnum, The Reflexes of the Brain (1863), deliberately enforce the precarious twofold potential of reflexological conceptions as psycho‐physiological structures as well as social programs. Also within the cultural and political settings of the 19th and 20th century, Sečenov's comprehensive and multifaceted research work in the field of nerve physiology was gradually reduced to a strong, ideologically interpretable message: “All movements bearing the name of voluntary in physiology are reflex in a strict sense”.
Reflexe in Hirnforschung, Kunst und Technik. Einleitende Bemerkungen
Authors: Wübben Yvonne , Vöhringer Margarete 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Circulation of Reflexes in Brain Research, Art and Technology. Introductory Remarks. The introduction deals with two main issues: First, it focuses on the question why a history of scientific concepts should not be limited to the analysis of scientific texts alone. Secondly, it shows how the history of the reflex concept gains from looking at various fields such as art, literature and brain research. The crucial role the reflex played in 19th and 20th century and the different meanings it adopted allowed us to conclude with Bruno Latour that the distinction between art and science is in itself historical. Thus, the distinction proves to be of little use for the historiography of complex concepts such as the reflex which rarely appear to be purely scientific.