bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of chernoff faces to follow trends in laboratory data
Authors: Lott John A. , Durbridge Timothy C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGraphical representation of laboratory data speeds up recognition of abnormalities. The Chernoff face is an excellent tool to represent patient data; the human eye and mind are exquisitely sensitive to subtle changes in facial appearances and expression. One of the best uses of the faces is in illustrating trends in the data, particularly in acutely ill patients where many laboratory studies are performed. The faces are especially useful if comparisions to a former or normal state are made. A very brief examination of adjacent faces suffices to identify changes in laboratory data.
Enzyme‐amplified receptor assay screening test for chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, and phencyclidine
Authors: Hallowell Susan F. , Echnitz Garry A. R 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new receptor based assay is described for the determination of classes of drugs which have high affinities for the acetylcholine receptor. The method is based upon the inhibition of the enzyme activity of an enzyme‐drug conjugate by the binding to the receptor protein, and competition between free drugs and the enzyme‐drug conjugate for a limited number of receptor sites. The activity of the enzyme marker system, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehy‐drogenase covalently conjugated to desipra‐mine, is monitored by colorimetric detection of the rate of NADH formation at 340 nM. The procedure proposed is designed to provide a simple drug screen which can be done in a minimally equipped laboratory while achieving the required sensitivity. The technique is illustrated for three acetylcholine channel binding compounds: the hallucinogen phencyclidine (PCP) and the antipsychotic agents chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine. This procedure yields calibration curves with detection limits at nanomolar levels of drug, with binding responses dependent on the amounts of receptor and enzyme‐labeled drug used. Aspecific binding responses of unlabeled enzyme to drug or receptor to compounds with low affinity for the receptor are shown to have minimal effect on the assay.
Detection of antibodies against avian antigens in bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with pigeon breeder's disease: Usefulness of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme immunotransfer blotting
Authors: Sandoval J. , Bañales J. L. , Cortés J. J. , Reyes P. A. , Mendoza F. , Selman M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe study reported here evaluated the usefulness of the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the detection of antibodies against pigeon antigens in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of patients with clinical, radiological, and functional evidence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) with and without pigeon breeder's disease (PBD). The results were compared with those obtained by the simultaneous use of counterimmuno‐electrophoresis (CIE) in the same patients. In PBD, ELISA detected antibodies against pigeon's sera in both serum and BAL in 100% of patients, while CIE failed to detect the anti‐bodies in the serum of one patient and in most of the samples of BAL. In addition, we used enzyme immunotransfer blotting to determine the number of epitopes in pigeon serum recognized by antibodies present in serum and BAL. There was a heterogeneous response in both fluids, but the reaction pattern demonstrated that patients' sera recognize to—25 different pigeon epitopes. We conclude that ELISA is a highly sensitive and specific method for the detection of antibodies against pigeon antigens in the serum and BAL of patients with PBD and that the host response involves a great number of avian antigens.
Soluble interleukin‐2 receptor: Elevated levels in serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Carpenter A. B. , Eisenbeis, Jr. C. H. , Carrabis S. , Brown M. C. , Ip S. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSoluble interleukin‐2 receptor (sIL‐2R) levels were quantitated in the seum and synovial fluid (SF) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and degenerative joint disease (DJD). A sandwich immunoassay, employing two monoclonal antiodies against distinct epitopes on the IL‐2R, was utilized for measurement. We found a striking elevation of sIL‐2R in RA SF as compared with DJD SF (RA, 1319 ± 135; DJD, 416 ± 59; p < 0.001). RA serum sIL‐2R levels were also significantly elevated over DJD levels. There was no interaction between rheumatoid factor (RF) and sIL‐2R. RA patients with elevated sIL‐2R levels had significantly longer disease duration, higher c‐reactive protein (CRP) levels in serum and SF, and higher RF levels in serum and SF. The groups were similar in regard to other laboratory variables. The presence of elevated levels of sIL‐2R in RA serum and SF confirms the presence of a heightened immune reactivity and in vivo activation of lymphocytes in RA.
Oligoclonal immunoglobulins in serum of patients with chronic viral hepatitis
Authors: Nicholas M Rea , Papadopoulos A. , Tsianos Epaminondas V. , Costello Rene 
Published: March 2007

AbstractZone electrophoresis on agarose gel was performed in serum samples from patients with chronic viral hepatitis. On the basis of the clinical, serological, and biochemical evaluation, the patients were divided into three categories: chronic type B hepatitis; chronic type delta hepatitis; and chronic non‐A‐non‐B (NANB) hepatitis. The results of the electrophoretic analysis showed a high incidence of oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands (OIBs) in patients with chronic B hepatitis and chronic delta hepatitis and a low incidence of OIBs in patients with NANB. Since other biochemical and serological characteristics are variable and do not correlate with clinical symptoms of disease, we suggest that oligoclonal immunoglobulins could be used as a marker to aid in studies of the natural history and pathologic course of the various types of chronic hepatitis.
Novel and sensitive enzyme immunoassay (immune‐complex‐transfer enzyme immunoassay) for alpha‐fetoprotein from hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kohno Takeyuki , Ishikawa Eiji , Kitamura Tooru , Tsuda Kazunori 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlpha‐fetoprotein in sera from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was fractionated into three peaks by affinity chromatography on a column of Lens culinaris agglutinin‐Sepharose 4B. One peak (the first peak), which passed through the column without adsorption, was found in both healthy subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The second and third peaks were reactive with L. culinaris agglutinin and found only in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. For α‐fetoprotein in the second and third peaks, a novel and sensitive enzyme immunoassay (immune‐complex‐transfer enzyme immunoassay) was developed. Alpha‐fetoprotein in test serum was reacted with dinitrophenyl affinity‐purified anti‐α‐fetoprotein IgG, and the complex formed was trapped onto affinity‐purified (antidinitrophenyl bovine serum albumin) IgG‐coated polystyrene balls. The polystyrene balls were washed to eliminate substance(s) other than a‐fetoprotein in the test serum, and the complex was eluted from the polystyrene balls with dinitrophenyl‐L‐lysine. The eluted complex containing α‐fetoprotein in the second and third peaks was trapped onto L. culinaris agglutinin‐coated polystyrene balls and reacted with affinity‐purified anti‐α‐fetoprotein Fab'‐β‐D‐galactosidase conjugate. Beta‐D‐galactosidase activity bound to the polystyrene balls was assayed by fluorimetry. The maximal volume of serum that could be used without interference was 20μl, which was 100‐fold larger than that in the previous enzyme immunoassay. As a result, the minimal detectable serum concentrations of α‐fetoprotein in the second and third peaks were 0.1 mg/L and 3.5 μg/L, respectively, which were 35‐ and 29‐fold lower than those obtained by the previous enzyme immunoassay. It was possible to confirm the presence of α‐fetoprotein in the second and third peaks by a significant difference between bound β‐D‐galactosidase activities in the absence and presence of α‐methyl‐D‐mannoside or D‐glucose. This assay may be more useful for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma than was the previous enzyme immunoassay. However, the maximal serum concentration of a‐fetoprotein in the first peak that did not affect the detection limits of α‐fetoprotein in the second and third peaks was 0.35 mg/L, which was also 29‐fold lower than that obtained by the previous enzyme immunoassay. The detection limits of a‐fetoprotein in the second and third peaks remain to be lowered without lowering the maximal serum concentration of α‐fetoprotein in the first peak that does not affect the detection limit of serum α‐fetoprotein in the second and third peaks.
Novel and sensitive noncompetitive (two‐site) enzyme immunoassay for haptens with amino groups
Authors: Tanaka Koichiro , Kohno Takeyuki , Hashida Seiichi , Lshikawa Eiji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA novel and sensitive noncompetitive (two‐site) enzyme immunoassay for haptens with amino groups is described. L‐Thyroxine (T4) was used as a model hapten. T4 was indirectly biotinylated with glutathione as spacer between T4 and biotin molecules and trapped onto anti‐(T4‐bovine serum albumin) IgG‐coated polystyrene balls. After washing the polystyrene balls to eliminate unreacted biotin and other biotinylated substances, biotinylated T4 was eluted from the polystyrene balls with HCI and was reacted with anti‐(T4‐bovine serum albumin) Fab'‐horseradish peroxidase conjugate. The complex formed was trapped onto streptavidin‐coated polystyrene balls.Peroxidase activity bound to the polystyrene balls was assayed by fluorimetry. The detection limit of T4 was 78 fg (0.1 fmol)/tube, which was 50‐fold lower than the limit by competitive enzyme immunoassay using the same antibody and T4‐peroxidase conjugate. This noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay was applied to the measurement of total T4 in serum. Serum levels of total T4 in 10 healthy subjects aged 25–40 yr were 94 ± 13 (SD) μg/L (range, 78–114). The principle of this noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay may allow it to measure other haptens with amino groups more sensitively than can competitive immunoassays.
Sensitive time‐resolved fluorimetric immune‐complex‐transfer immunoassay for antithyroglobulin igg in serum
Authors: Kohno Takeyuki , Ishikawa Eiji , Mitsukawa Tomohiro , Matsukura Shigeru 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA sensitive time‐resolved fluorimetric immune‐complex‐transfer immunoassay for antithyroglobulin IgG in serum is described. Antithyroglobulin IgG in test serum was reacted with dinitrophenyl europium ion‐labeled thyroglobulin. The complex formed of antithyroglobulin IgG and dinitrophenyl europium ion‐labeled thyroglobulin was trapped onto two polystyrene balls coated with affinity‐purified rabbit antidinitrophenyl bovine serum albumin IgG. The polystyrene balls were washed to eliminate nonspecific IgG in the test serum, and the complex was eluted from the polystyrene balls with dinitrophenyl‐L‐lysine and transferred to two polystyrene balls coated with affinity‐purified rabbit antihuman IgG y‐chain IgG. Europium ion bound to the polystyrene balls was measured by time‐resolved fluorimetry. Antithyroglobulin IgG was demonstrated in all patients with Graves' disease and all patients with chronic thyroiditis. This immunoassay was more sensitive than the conventional enzyme immunoassay and less time‐consuming than the previously described immune‐complex‐transfer enzyme immunoassays, although there were larger assay variations.
Cardiolipin liposomes: A novel flow reagent for detection of anticardiolipin antibodies
Authors: Pirruccello Samuel J , Pirruccello Samuel J , Brusnahan Susan K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe association of autoantibodies with specificity for phospholipids and an increased risk for thromboembolic phenomena has received considerable recent clinical attention. These autoantibodies have been reported in patients with defined autoimmune disorders as well as in patients with no other obvious autoimmune disease symptoms other than isolated or recurrent thromboembolic disease. A significant component of this autoimmune response appears to be related to cardiolipin‐directed antibodies. Most studies reported to date have used either an enzyme immunoassay or a radioimmunoassay for detection and quantitation of antiphospholipid antibodies. We have developed a novel flow cytometric assay for detection of anticardiolipin antibodies. The assay, by analogy to polystyrene microsphere assay, utilizes cardiolipin liposomes as solid‐phase microspheres for antigen presentation. In comparison to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, the flow assay shows similar sensitivity by serum titration, has immunoglobulin class specificity, and is semiquantitative as currently designed. The flow assay is relatively easy to perform and should allow detection of other antiphospholipid specificities with tailoring of the phospholipid makeup of the liposomes.
A rapid turbidimetric immunoassay for serum antistreptolysin‐o2
Authors: Otsuji Shogo , Kamada Tetsuro , Matsuura Tsuneaki , Seki Masashi , Tanaka Kiko , Shibata Hideaki , Honda Tetsuro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe designed a rapid, quantitative turbidimetric immunoassay for serum antistreptolysin‐O (ASO), based on the immunoprecipitating velocity with purified streptolysin‐O (SLO), which can be measured turbidimetrically at 340 nm. The assay system involves polyoxy‐ethylene mono‐p‐nonylphenyl ether to accelerate and enhance the immunoprecipitation reaction. No antibody excess phenomenon is observed, up to 1,700 U/ml. Grossly icteric sera can be assayed. Patient sera gave acceptable results. Free cholesterol offers no interference. The standard curve is linear for values up to 800 U/ml. Results measured by the proposed method and those by the conventional microtitration method correlated well. Analytical recovery averaged 90.1% (80.3%‐102.5%). Within‐run and day‐to‐day CVs ranged from 2.1% to 3.5% and from 2.5% to 6.9% respectively. Working SLO is stable for at least 15 days at 4°C. The proposed method has proven to be superior to other available methods for measuring serum ASO.
A dot‐elisa intended for the specific and simultaneous detection of antibodies directed to antigens derived from toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and type 1 and type 2 herpesviruses
Authors: Leonardi Maria S. , Zummo Sebastiana , Mastroeni Pasquale , Fattal‐German Michéle , Bizzini Bernard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA procedure for the routine and simultaneous laboratory detection of IgG antibodies produced in humans in the course of various infectious diseases is described. The procedure, based on dot‐enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), used single nitrocellulose strips onto which several antigens were dotted in close proximity. Optimal conditions were specified that allowed the unequivocal and simultaneous detection of IgG antibodies specifically directed against Toxopfasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 antigens. This technique has proved to be simultaneously specific, sensitive, and reliable, and it has been applied to prenatal screening of sera from pregnant women. It is suggested that this technique should also be used for the screening of large numbers of sera under field trial conditions.
Comparative study with in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry in detection of hiv‐1 in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded cell cultures
Authors: Daugharty Harry , Long Earl G. , Swisher Billie L. , Warfield Donna T. , Feorino Paul M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe sensitivities of three immunohistological techniques were compared in this study for detecting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) in infected cultured human lymphocytes that had been formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded. The techniques included in situ hybridization (ISH) with HIV‐1 cDNA; immunocytochemistry with HIV‐1 p24 monoclonal antibody (ICC‐m); and immunocytochemistry with HIV‐1 polyclonal antibody from a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (ICC‐p). Procedures were optimized for enzyme digestion and for antibody reaction conditions. HIV‐1 ‐infected cells and noninfected control cells were tested. Noninfected controls were uniformally negative by all three methods. Infected cells had the highest positivity rate by the ISH method (p ≤ 0.0001), and the ICC‐p method was more positive than the ICC‐m (p ≤ 0.0001). Both the ICC‐p and the ICC‐m techniques were more positive with the cocultivated cell cultures than the ISH, which was more sensitive with the infected continuous cell line (P ≤ 0. 0001). The ICC‐p method had a lower standard deviation on positive results than either the ICC‐m or ISH method. The variability observed with these test procedures, reagents, and specimens suggests that these are important technological parameters in detecting p24, with implications for detecting other HIV‐1 markers in infected tissues.
Current status of clinical laboratory tests for the human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Nakamura Robert M. , Bylund David J. , Rooney Kathleen E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe predictive values of positive and negative test results for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody are extremely high in laboratories that have good quality control and high performance standards and use licensed FDA‐approved enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot standardized tests. With a carefully designed protocol, the false‐positive rate of combined EIA and Western blot has been reported to be as low as 1 in 105. When results of HIV confirmatory antibody tests are indeterminate, other tests such as culture and nucleotide probe methods for HIV DNA or RNA may help resolve false‐reactive screening EIA tests. Improvements are constantly in progress for HIV laboratory tests with the use of recombinant DNA‐derived antigens and synthetic polypeptides. With the use of new‐generation synthetic polypeptide antigens, specific assays to identify HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 have been developed. Recently, assays for the HIV regulatory gene products have been studied for their predictive potential. Antibodies to nef protein, a regulator of HIV‐1 replication, may be an early indicator of HIV infection.
Screening antisera for subtype specificity based on immunoblotting of lectin‐affinity electrophoresis: Application toward alpha‐fetoprotein subfractions
Authors: Jone Cyrenius M. , Wu Alan H. B. , Spillman Thomas , Fritsche Herbert A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe adapted a method for evaluating monoclonal antibody specificity toward isoforms and examined 29 alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) antibodies from Hybritech. These antibodies were separated by affinity electrophoresis on agarose‐containing erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (PHA‐E) followed by immunoblotting onto nitrocellulose. Under these conditions, AFP separates into four subfractions: NR (nonreactive with PHA‐E), WR (reactive weakly), RS2 (strongly reactive), and RS1 (very strongly reactive). When polyclonal goat anti‐AFP control was used as the test antibody, the distribution of amniotic fluid AFP was approximately 50°h, 31%, 12%, and 7% for NR, WR, RS2, and RS1, respectively. The distribution for these same bands from the serum of a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma was 39%, 31 %, 30%, and 0%; from the serum of a patient with embryonal carcinoma, it was 29%, 38%, 0%, and 33%, respectively. Twenty‐six monoclonal antibodies, including the two used in the Hybritech Tandem‐E assay for AFP, showed similar distribution, while the remaining three antibodies showed no reactivity to any of the AFP antigens in this system. Although we were not able to demonstrate any specificity of these anti‐sera toward any single AFP isoform, use of this affinity electrophoresis system provides a model for studying isoform specificity of other AFP antibodies and other antibody‐antigen systems.
Report of the symposium on the use of intravenous gammaglobulin in adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: De Simone C. , Di Fabio S. , Antonaci S. , Chirigos M. , Delia S. , Good R. A. , Hadden J. W. , Lockey R. , Jirillo E. , Milazzo F. , Scalise G. , Tinelli M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOn July 27, 1989, the International Conference on Molecular Aspects of Immune Response and Infectious Diseases devoted a symposium to the subject of the use of intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The information presented confirmed that IVIG benefits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected children with recurrent infections and that much remains to be learned about the influence of IVIG in adult AIDS. The symposium participants recognized the urgent need to develop randomized clinical trials using a control group to assess the efficacy of a treatment with IVIG in PGL (persistent generalized lymphadenopathy), ARC (AIDS‐related complex), and AIDS. To prepare this report, a committee was established, including individuals with expertise in immunology, immunopharmacology, microbiology, virology, infectious diseases, general medicine, and pediatrics and representing research experience in academia and hospitals. After an introduction to the report with a summary of immunotherapeutic agents under evaluation to treat HIV infection, section 1 lays out the present understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Section 2 then outlines the treatment of HIV‐seropositive individuals, discussing the uncertainties that any treatment entails. Section 3 discusses the rationale for treating HIV‐infected individuals with WIG, and Section 4 examines the major differences between IVIG and hyperimmuneglobulins for the treatment of HIV infection. Section 5 looks at IVIG as a mean to delay the emergence of opportunistic infections and restore immunocompetence in AIDS and related illnesses, and Sections 6 and 7 suggest a pilot protocol on the use of WIG in association with low‐dose or standard‐dose zidovudine (AZT). Limited time precluded the committee's addressing certain important aspects, and it must be remembered that, since this report represents the committee evaluations as of July 1989, the use of WIG in adults infected with HIV should be studied on a continuous basis according to more up‐todate knowledge of HIV infection.
Optimal conditions for protease use in the assay of serum mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase
Authors: Okabe Hiroaki , Uji Yoshinori , Sugiuchi Hiroyuki , Watazu Yoshifumi , Shirahase Yasushi , Kaneda Nobuaki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe optimal conditions for selective proteolytic inactivation of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (c‐AST) to determine mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (m‐AST) in serum were studied. Protease 401 was found to be effective over a pH range of 6.0‐10.0. A pH of 9.5 with 0.5% albumin in the reagent mixture was determined to be optimal for inactivation of c‐AST and preservation of m‐AST, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and malic dehydrogenase (MDH) in the assay procedure. The presence of serum endogenous protein inhibitors such as aα1‐antitrypsin and α2‐macroglobin did not inhibit protease 401.