bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Method for Determining the Static Pressure of a Well from Buildup Data
Authors: Odeh A.S. , Al-Hussainy R. 
Published: December 2007

The method described here for determining the static pressure of a well from the buildup test data differs from the commonly used methods in that it does not require the knowledge of the porosity, permeability, viscosity, compressibility, and the drainage area. It permeability, viscosity, compressibility, and the drainage area. It does, however, require the value of the pressure at time zero.

Introduction
In a buildup analysis, the buildup pressure, Psw, is
plotted vs on a semilog plot. A straight line plotted vs on a semilog plot. A straight line is obtained from whose slope kh/ is calculated.
Extension of the straight line to = 1 gives a
p*. If the boundary effect has not been felt during p*. If the boundary effect has not been felt during the production period prior to the buildup test, then p* ps, the static pressure of the well. On the other p* ps, the static pressure of the well. On the other hand, if the well has been producing for a considerable period of time so that the boundary influences the period of time so that the boundary influences the behavior of the system, then the p* value must be corrected to obtain ps. A method is derived that relates p* to ps. The method differs from the commonly used ones in that it does not require the knowledge of porosity, permeability, viscosity, compressibility, and drainage area. However, it does require the value of pressure at time zero. The derivation follows.

Derivation and Analysis
From a Horner-type plot for a hounded reservoir
The average static pressure ps is related to the extrapolated pressure p* by the Matthews-Brons-Hazebroek pressure correction function pressure correction function
From the material balance equation,
where pi is the initial pressure prior to withdrawing a volume qtp of fluid. Also, pi can be considered any accurage stastic pressure with a corresponding production time. production time. Eq. 3 is written as
(4) 2 .303 (pi - ps) = t DA , 4 m
where m, the negative of the slope of the buildup, is2.303 q equal to .4 kh
Substituting Eq. 4 in Eq. 2 gives
JPT
P. 621
Optimum Flow Conditions Through Tubing and Annular Spaces
Authors: Garaicochea F. 
Published: December 2007

Several charts similar to Fig. 1 were presented in Refs. 1 and 2. These charts represent solutions for obtaining the pressure drop in tubing and annular spaces for various flow conditions. It can be seen that there is a value of q M for which the density curves of the well fluid show a minimum pressure gradient dp/dh. From the charts presented in the referenced papers, the q M values that provide the minimum pressure gradients were selected and are shown in Table 1.
The values of Table 1 can be described by straight lines whose equations are:
.............................(1)..................(2)
Replacing M with its equivalent,
.......................(3)
................(4)
Fig. 2 was prepared to simplify the solution of these equations for the special case where gamma = 0.70 and gamma = 1. 10. In this nomograph, f is defined as
This nomographic solution provides a fast means of diagnosing flow conditions in wells and in sizing tubing.
TABLE 1-MASS FLOW RATES THROUGH TUBING ANDANNULAR SPACES THAT RESULT IN MINIMUMPRESSURE GRADIENTS
Flow Through Tubing Annular FlowqvpM d qopM (do-di) 135,000 1.995 500,000 2.776 170,000 2.441 610,000 3.401 200,000 3.068 700,000 3.901
P. 447
Use of Irregular Grid in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Settari A. , Aziz Khalid 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper three different schemes for the finite-difference approximation of ( ) terms with irregular spacings of the grid points are investigated. Several methods of selecting the grid spacing are considered, and numerical results are presented for some carefully selected examples. presented for some carefully selected examples. Results indicate that one of the most commonly used finite-difference schemes may unnecessarily result in large discretization errors; the other two schemes discussed result in greater accuracy and are no more difficult to use.

Introduction
Finite-difference methods are used widely for solving partial-differential equations encountered in petroleum reservoir simulation. In many practical problems it is necessary to refine the grid in certain problems it is necessary to refine the grid in certain parts of the reservoir, thus resulting in an irregular parts of the reservoir, thus resulting in an irregular grid spacing for the system. For example, the local refinement of grid is usually necessary in the study of the flow behavior near a well, i.e., the case of coning problems. On the other hand, it is usually advantageous to make the grid locally coarse over aquifers and large gas caps. In spite of the importance of irregular grids in reservoir simulation and other engineering problems, little is known about the effect of various schemes on the over-all discretization error. Most literature on the subject of irregular grid spacings is concerned with the treatment of irregular boundaries. Here, the properties of several difference approximations to properties of several difference approximations to the second-order operator Au = [ ] are investigated. Operator A is encountered in all diffusion-type equations, such as multiphase flow in porous media and heat conduction with temperature-dependent conductivity. For simplicity, we limit our study to one space variable in this study. All results reported here can be extended readily to any number of space variables.
Contained Injection Pattern and High Pumping Rates Solve Permeability Problems in a North Texas Caddo Conglomerate Water Flood
Authors: Swan C.R. , Riley E.A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
To effect any successful waterflood operation, it is essential to first recognize the problems to be confronted and then to properly apply basic techniques to solve them. In the case of the Rusmag field the major problem was the highly varying permeability profile native to the Caddo conglomerate reservoir. The operator has apparently controlled this problem, as evidenced by 2.5 years of successful performance under waterflood operations.
Although there currently are four separate flood efforts being conducted in the Rusmag field, this paper is concerned chiefly with presenting a case history of the Rusmag Unit waterflood. The Unit contains the major portion of the reservoir, and 2,500 of the approximately 4,000 acres in it currently under flood, with the remaining acreage scheduled for development in 1962.
Unit oil production is near 2,000 B/D, with water-injection rates averaging 400 B/D at pressures ranging from 0 to 550 psi. Cumulative waterflood oil recovery to Jan. 1, 1962, has been 573,765 bbl, with an ultimate recovery of 2 million bbl of oil possible.
JPT
P. 1104^
The Significance of Time-Dependent Transports in Storm-Generated Coastal Currents
Authors: Goldman Joseph L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The terms in the equations of motion that represent the transport due to storms are tested, and the resulting currents are considered for the case of a storm over deep ocean. By, using time-dependent functions to generate the ocean transport, we allow for the steady-state flow to be examined. When the effect of a shoaling bottom near shore is considered, the contribution of the time-dependent transport is negligible, whereas the advective terms become important.
Considering a storm with a constant speed in a specified direction, we derive the continuity equation for the generation of currents and find that, for a stationary system, equations are not consistent for a steady-state solution except for very special cases. One such special case would be when the storm is over an ocean with a flat bottom.
For nonstationary cases, when the same equations are applied with the assumption of zero bottom stress and of a balance of flux inward and outward from the shore, a number of balance relationships are revealed.
For the current in the longshore direction, the "geostrophic" transport is balanced by stress, and the first term in the relation with the steady-state assumption, defined as the curl of the stress is equal to the divergence of the flux.
The conclusions from this analysis and other cases indicate that nothing is to be gained by having a time-dependent transport that moves with a storm as a contributing term to coastal currents and storm tide. Wind building up transport at shore is so large that there is only an insignificant correction from deep-water transports.

Introduction
The dynamic problem of wind transmitting its energy to water and driving the water has been considered theoretically for deep water and the so-called "infinite ocean". Near-shore processes near the shallow continental shelves with bottoms of variable slope complicate the problem and some consideration has been given to them.
In the past, knowledge of the profile of storm generated currents was dependent on sparse measurements of current usually made during safe, quiescent periods that are interpolated in space and then extrapolated in magnitude to represent storm conditions. The purpose of the development presented here is to enhance future extrapolation by insuring that it is done with dynamic consistency.
To keep from having to treat all the terms in the equations describing the storm-generated current, the importance of each of the terms as they apply in general and to specific cases has been investigated. This has been done through numerical solutions to the equations of motion, using computer programs that generate currents for particular programs that generate currents for particular locations (with distinctive bottom topographies and coastline orientations and through theoretical analysis.
Environmental Aspects of Oil Producing Operations- Long Beach, California
Authors: Allen D.R. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
Environment, Ecology, Pollution - these were called the "bywords of today" by William H. Curry, AAPG president, early in 1971. Others have termed the 1970's as the decade, that will be remembered for the surge of public consciousness for our environment. It is unlikely that any other industry has been affected more by this tide of public thought than the oil industry. Other industries are commonly tied to one aspect or problem area such as noise or air pollution, but the many facets of the oil business make it vulnerable to attack from all sides. It has been said that there is no force so strong as an idea whose time has come. It is rather obvious that the time for environmental awareness is here now. Almost any industrial complex has some noise, air, water, or visual pollution problem. However, the oil business is beset by one additional problem: oil is where you find it, and a producing operation cannot be moved to an area zoned for heavy industry. Therefore, the industry must go a step further in public relations and environmental controls.
The problems of producing oil in an urban environment appear to have been extended by some as far as the North Slope. The City of Long Beach does not have a North Slope operation, but it is hoped that our experience in a visible and very sensitive location will be helpful to the industry as a guide to future operations.
A Data Gathering and Processing System To Optimize Producing Operations
Authors: Bucaram S.M. 
Published: December 2007

This computerized system, which collects, processes, and stores data on and analyzes and reports the performance of production equipment and operations, is one step closer to the optimum profitability of producing properties. It is designed primarily to be used by the production man properties. It is designed primarily to be used by the production man directly responsible for day-to-day economic decisions.

Introduction
In any attempt at optimizing operations by means, for example, of a failure-control program, basic information is required for defining the nature and magnitude of the problems involved and for estimating the economic stakes. The information determines whether or not one should try to solve a particular problem; and if more than one solution is possible, it aids in deciding on the most profitable one. In short, the basic information makes it possible to set economic priorities to the solution of problems. Methods of obtaining basic information related to equipment performance have been the subject of much work. Many oil-producing companies have created and now operate data gathering and processing systems, all of which have two things in common:
they obtain accurate and timely information and process and condense it into an easily usable and process and condense it into an easily usable and digestible form; and they use computers to process and report data.
Atlantic Richfield has created a system for data gathering and handling that has been in use throughout its Continental U. S. and Canadian operations since late 1969. This system, known as the Equipment Performance Reporting System, relies heavily on the use of computers. It was developed as a cooperative effort with field personnel to the point that it is now part of the Company procedures. By late 1971 the system had more than 34,000 records in its data banks. Since its inception, the original concept of a data gathering and processing system for use by production personnel has been expanded according to needs production personnel has been expanded according to needs discovered as a result of using the system. These needs are:
(1) to set better specifications for subsurface and surface equipment, (2) to predict future performance of equipment, and (3) to follow closely performance of equipment, and (3) to follow closely the economic impact of remedial action such as area-wide corrosion treating programs.

The Equipment Performance Report System-Part One
The Equipment Performance Report System consists of four parts. The following discussion will be limited to Part One, which is concerned with subsurface failures, and to Part Three, which handles well inhibition. Parts Two and Four will be described later. As early as 1964, Fincher and Nunn defined a usable data gathering and processing system as one that contains1. A simple report form,2. Complete data about each reported event,3. Computer processing for rapid data handling, and4. Output in the form of orderly and concise data summaries for easy review.
JPT
p. 185
A Magnetic Susceptibility Method for the Determination of Liquid Saturation in Porous Materials
Authors: Whalen J.W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The design, operation and evaluation of an instrumental method for the determination of fluid saturation in porous materials during multiphase flow studies is described. The presence of a magnetic tracer comprising approximately 20 per cent by weight of the aqueous phase is necessary in the utilization of this method.
The results of two-phase relative permeability studies on two samples of porous media are presented. The realizable accuracy of the magnetic susceptibility apparatus in fluid saturation determination is estimated to be 2 saturation per cent. The response characteristics of the instrument, together with its simplicity of operation and maintenance are sufficient to recommend its use in routine laboratory studies.

Introduction
The problem of fluid saturation determination in laboratory multiphase flow studies characterizing oil recovery processes is one which has been given exhaustive study. Briefly the requirements which are considered essential for a method serving this purpose are:that the measurement be made external to the porous rock sample under study with no interruption of the fluid flow pattern,the saturation indication must be independent of fluid distribution in the volume scanned by the measuring device,the sensing element should have a small field of definition enabling several independent measurements to be made along the length of a core sample, andthe properties of the fluid phases should not be too greatly influenced by required tracer substances.
Several methods of saturation determination have found acceptance as meeting most of the above requirements. These include resistivity, X-Ray absorption, radiotracers, and neutron diffraction. The merits of these techniques have been discussed elsewhere in detail and will not be considered here. It may, however, be pointed out that the elaborate instrumentation required by the methods mentioned above, with the exception of the resistivity method (which is undesirable from other standpoints) encourages the development of methods of saturation determination which, while meeting the requirements listed, are simple to operate and maintain.
It is the purpose of this paper to describe the instrumentation and evaluation of a technique for the determination of fluid saturation which combines relative simplicity with an accuracy and applicability comparable with methods now in practice.
Use of Radioactive Iodine as a Tracer in Water-Flooding Operations
Authors: Watkins J. Wade , Mardock E.S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The accurate evaluation of reservoir-performance characteristics in the secondary recovery of petroleum by water flooding requires use of a water tracer that may be injected into water-input wells and detected at oil-production wells to supplement data obtained from core analyses, wellhead tests, and subsurface measurements. Radioactive iodine has been used successfully as a water tracer in field tests to determine:relative rates and patterns of flow of injected water between water-input and oil-production wells andzones of excessive water entry into oil-production wells.
Laboratory evaluations of potential water tracers, previous tracer studies, the value of using a radioactive tracer, general field procedures, and the use of surface and subsurface instruments for the detection of the emitted gamma radiation, are summarized. Data from the field tests are presented graphically and discussed in detail.
It is concluded that the radioactive-tracer method, using radioactive iodine, may be used successfully to measure either the relative rates and patterns of flow or zones of excessive water entry into wells under conditions of comparatively rapid transit time between wells.

Introduction
Extensive use is made of data obtained from core analyses, wellhead tests, fluid characteristics, and subsurface measurements in evaluating the sweep efficiency of water injected into oil sands for the recovery of oil. Theoretical flow rates and patterns may be calculated from those data using radial-flow formulas, if it is assumed that the physical conditions in the productive formation are homogeneous. Unfortunately, homogeneous conditions rarely, if ever, exist in oil-productive formations. The use of a tracer that may be injected into an oil sand and detected quantitatively, or even qualitatively, at offsetting oil-production wells provides basic data that may be used in determining more accurately the subsurface rates and patterns of flow of injected water between wells than is possible by theoretical calculations based on assumed conditions. Consideration of the data obtained by using a water tracer assists in the application of remedial measures to water-input wells, such as plugging of channels, or selective plugging of highly permeable zones, thereby effecting a more uniform flood and a greater ultimate oil recovery.
Sand Production Determined from Noise Measurements
Authors: Stein Nathan , Kelly John , Baldwin W.F. , McNeely W.E. 
Published: December 2007

A method has been developed for using a logging tool in wells with sand problems to develop information on (1) producing rates above which sand production occurs, (2) the location of the sand-producing interval in a zone, and (3) the flow rate contributions of various segments of a perforated interval.

Introduction
In any area subject to sand production problems, it is desirable to know what production rate will precipitate sand movement and at what formation depth precipitate sand movement and at what formation depth the sand is being produced. These questions are particularly important in multiple-completion gas particularly important in multiple-completion gas wells in which produced sand from an upper formation can strike the tubing that reaches to the lower formation. Tubing failure often occurs in such blast zones unless some preventive measure is taken, such as (1) using blast-resistant material in the tubing string, (2) using some form of sand control, or (3) restricting production rate. Knowledge of the sand-producing tendencies of the formation can be helpful in applying any of these measures.

Theoretical Considerations
Produced fluids striking tubing will generate noise. Produced fluids striking tubing will generate noise. Sand carried in fluid moving at a given velocity will contribute additional noise. A well log can be made that reflects generated noise per unit of time recorded as a function of production rate and depth.

Relation Between Total Noise and Production Rate
We assume that the generated noise is proportional to the kinetic energy of the materials produced into the wellbore per unit of time. Then(1) However,
(2)
and
(3)
Substituting Eqs. 2 and 3 into Eq. 1 gives
(4)
For a given toad productive interval in a well, A and L can be included with the other constants in a new constant, C2. Thus,(5)
Taking the logarithm of the terms on each side of Eq. 5, then taking the derivative of each term with respect to log q, gives(6)
Eq. 6 can be used to define the fluid production rate at which sand production begins. A plot of thei logarithm of Nd vs the logarithm of q for ad=1 single-phase fluid at two levels of q results in a straight line with a slope of 3 if no sand is produced.
JPT
P. 803
Design and Evaluation of Gravel and Frac Packs With a Fully Three-Dimensional Wellbore Simulator
Authors: Klein H. Hank , Cooper Gary D. , Nelson Steven G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During the gravel packing and fracturing processes in deviated wells the flows can follow complicated three-dimensional paths in the treating string. In this paper we present the formulation of a three-dimensional numerical model of fluid and solids transport for evaluation and design of these completion events. The simulator tracks the slurry flow from the surface, throughout the wellbore, and into the perforations. It treats fluid return and loss into the formation. The model simulates fluid displacement, gravel settling, dune formation, bridging, fluid flow through packed solids and flow into and out of screens.
We present validation results against laboratory and field data for various fluids, deviations, pumping rates, and solids loading.
Mathematical Properties of Three-Phase Flow Equations
Authors: Guzman Rafael E. , Fayers F. John 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe equations for nondiffusive three-phase flow with gravity are examined according to the relative permeability model used. Three different classes of equations are distinguished (1) hyperbolic with a single umbilic point, (2) hyperbolic with multiple umbilic points, and (3) mixed hyperbolic and elliptic. The new equations with multiple isolated umbilic points are obtained when using Corey relative permeabilities that allow inflection points (i.e., extended Corey models). An example in which gravity and extended Corey relative permeabilities appear to give strictly hyperbolic equations is also included. The influences of viscosity, gravity, and relative permeabilities on the location of these umbilic points are shown. The relationship between the umbilic point(s) and the elliptic regions is discussed. The effect of gravity on the size of the elliptic regions is analyzed. It is shown that the size of the elliptic regions can be significantly increased or decreased by changing the gravity to viscous ratio, but without following an obvious systematic pattern.