bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On some crystals of Quartz from De Aar (Cape Colony) and other localities
Authors: Barker T. V. 
Published: December 2006

A Small set of quartz crystals of somewhat peculiar habit, collected by Lieut. E. G. Spencer-Churchill near De Aar, South Africa, and given by him to the Mineral Department of the University Museum, present some features of interest; two crystals, in particular, are remarkable as exhibiting faces seldom observed on quartz. The first has a face X lying in the zone [mz] (or [mr]?), the other a well-developed face in the zone [rz].The crystal bearing the former face, X, is depicted in fig. 1. As regards habit and other features, it is in all respects similar to the second crystal (fig. 2).The faces r and z cannot be distinguished with certainty, but cleavage-cracks within the crystal point to the lettering shown in fig. 1. The polariscope proves the presence of both right- and left-handed material.
A peculiar occurrence of Magnetite in Upper Bunter Sands
Authors: Scrivenor John B. 
Published: December 2006

The specimen of Upper Bunter Sands, in which this magnetite occurs, was collected at Hinksford (Staffordshire), near Stourbridge. It is a white, very loosely coherent sand of medium grain ; and contains, as was found by separating the constituents in mercury-potassium iodide, turbid orthoclase, microcline, fragments of the micro-crystalline ground-mass of acid lavas or intrusive rocks, quartz, staurolite, tourmaline, garnet, zircon, rutile, muscovite, a little haematite, and abundant magnetite.The grains of magnetite are very minute, averaging 0.067 mm., but nevertheless they present, with very few exceptions, a perfect crystal outline, that of a simple cube, or, in a few rare cases, that of a regular octahedron.
Serendibite, a new borosilicate from Ceylon
Authors: Prior G. T. , Coomáraswámy A. K. 
Published: December 2006

Mode of Occurrence.—This new mineral was discovered at Gangapitiya, near Ambakotte and about 12 miles east of Kandy, Ceylon. In this locality quarries have been dug for the well-known Ceylon moonstone, which occurs in large porphyritic crystals in an acid granulite.Bands of this granulite, which is composed mainly of quartz and felspar in finely granulitic and occasionally graphic structure, alternate with bands of limestone up to 18 inches wide. Between limestone and granulite occur contact-zones consisting, next to the limestone, almost entirely of a coiourless diopside, but near the granulite of a mixture of diopside with other minerals, viz. blue spinel, a little apatite, occasionally scapolite or plagioclase, and the blue mineral which is the subject of the present note.
Contributions to the Petrology of British East Africa
Authors: Prior G. T. 
Published: December 2006

The following notes on the petrology of British East Africa are the result of an examination of rock-specimens collected by Professor J. W. Gregory on his well-known expedition from Mombasa to Mt. Kenya and Lake Baringo in 1892-3, and of rock-collections from the Uganda Protectorate which have been recently presented to the British Museum by Sir Harry Johnston.The collections include examples of the Archaean gneisses, schists, and granites which constitute the prevailing basement rocks of Central Africa; of ferruginotls schists, coarse sandstones, and quartzites belonging to the Palaeozoic Karagwe series ; and of an interesting series of Tertiary volcanic rocks comprising phonolites, phonolltic traehytes, riebeckite-rhyolites, kenytes, and basalts from the volcanoes of the Great Rift Valley, as well as of nephelinites and basaltic rocks containing melilite and perofskite from Mr. Elgon.
Some new crystal-forms on Krennerite
Authors: Herbert Smith G. F. 
Published: December 2006

Some interest attaches to crystals of krennerite, since this mineral has apparently the same composition as calaverite, the crystalline development of which presents such peculiar features. After completing the study of crystals of the latter substance, the author naturally turned his attention to krennerite to ascertain whether any similar peculiarities were noticeable, but nothing abnormal could be detected.Good crystals of krennerite are rare. The Mineral Collection of the British Museum has however a specimen from Nagyág, on which are dotted numerous small crystals possessing a large number of brilliant faces. This specimen was examined by Prof. H. A. Miers rather more than twelve years ago, and the measurements of one good crystal are recorded in this Magazine.
The Gnomonic Net
Authors: Hilton Harold 
Published: December 2006

Mr. G. F. Herbert Smith has pointed out the advantages of the gnomonic projection for some special crystallographic problems. It seems to me that much of the labour in drawing the projections could be saved by a device similar to that employed by Fedorow, Wulff, Penfield, &c., in drawing stereographic projections.Corresponding to the ‘stereographic net’ described by these authors (which is the stereographic projection of lines of latitude and longitude on a plane through a llne of longitude), we have the gnomonic net, which is the projection of the lines of latitude (l) and of longitude (m) on the tangent plane at the point whose latitude and longitude are zero. The lines m are parallel straight lines, the lines l are hyperbolae having double contact with each other at two fixed imaginary points.
Note relative to the history of the mass of meteoric iron brought by Dr. F. P. Moreno from Caperr, Patagonia
Authors: Fletcher L. 
Published: December 2006

The mass of meteoric iron brought Dora Patagonia in 1896 by Dr. Francisco P. Moreno, Founder and Director of the State Museum of La Plata, had been sought for by him, while exploring that region, because of a reference which had been made to it in Captain G. C. Musters's book, ‘At Home with the Patagonians,’ published in 1871.Dr. Moreno believed the mass to be really identical with a block of supposed marble, referred to on page 87 of that work as having been seen by Captain Musters in 1869 at Amakaken, which is situated in longitude 71° 56′ W. and latitude 48° 10′ S.
Irregularly developed crystals of Zircon (sp. gr. 4.0) from Ceylon
Authors: Spencer L. J. 
Published: December 2006

Some small isolated crystals from the gem-washings in Ceylon, recently sent by Mr. A. K. Coomáraswámy to the British Museum for determination and study, were at first thought to be rutile, but on detailed examination proved to be zircon of a rather unusual type. This has a specific gravity of 4.0, which is not increased when the crystals are heated.The majority of the crystals are from the Balangoda district in the Sabaragamuwa province, and, according to Mr. Coomáraswámy have been derived from a group of zircon-granites which occur in this district; a few others are from Walaweduwa in the Bamberabotnwa district, and from the Hatton district. Associated with them are zircons of more usual types (see p. 48); the present description is, however, confined to the crystals of lower specific gravity.
The Construction of Crystallographic Projections
Authors: Hilton Harold 
Published: December 2006

§ 1. It is proposed in this paper to describe some simple graphical constructions of theoretical or practical interest. They may be easily performed with ruler and compasses, though the stereographic and gnomonic nets will often save labour. To economize space the proofs of the constructions are left to the reader.§ 2. First take the case of the gnomonie projection. Given the projections A, B, C, Q (fig. 1) of the poles of the faces (100), (010), (001) (111); find the projection of the pole of any other face (hkl).
The identity of the Amiantos or Karystian stone of the Ancients with Chrysotile
Authors: Evans John W. 
Published: December 2006

Flexible mineral fibres appear to have been well known to the Greeks, who spun them into thread, which they wove into cloth or employed as wicks for lamps.Pausanias, who lived in the second century of the present era, tells us that Kallimachos made for the statue of Minerva in the Acropolis at Athens a lamp of gold, the wick of which was of ‘karpasiau flax’, which he states is the only flax inconsumable by fire. Some have interpreted the words ‘karpasian flax’,——as meaning mineral flax from the Karpasos, the north-eastern promontory of Cyprus, but apart from the fact that there is no record of the occurrence of asbestiform minerals in that locality, it seems clear that the word is derived from (feminine in the singular, but neuter in the plural ), which properly signifies cotton, being identical with the Sanskrit , though it has been used for a fine variety of flax produced in Spain, as well as for other European plants.
Geikielite and the ferro-magnesian Titanates
Authors: Crook T. , Jones B. M. 
Published: December 2006

In connexion with the systematic examination of the minerals of Ceylon, which is being conducted in the Scientific and Technical Department of the Imperial Institute, the authors have recently examined a large quantity of coarse gem-gravel refuse obtained from the Balangeda and Rakwana districts of Ceylon.The material varies somewhat in character, but zircon generally pre-dominates, while tourmaline, corundum, and pleonaste are fairly abundant. Among other minerals present in noticeable quantities are geikielite, picroilmenite, ordinary ilmenite, rutile, and fergusonite, all of which are generally in the form of rounded or sub-angular pebbles.
Phenacite and other minerals from German East Africa
Authors: Spencer L. J. 
Published: December 2006

A small collection of minerals, together with other natural history specimens, has recently been acquired by the British Museum from the Rev. A. North Wood, a missionary in the Usagara (Ussagara) province of German East Africa. Mr. Wood's station is situated at Itumba, and the specimens had been brought o him by the natives from the surrounding district, mainly from places between Mamboya and Mpapwa, which lie on the caravan route from the coast opposite Zanzibar westwards into the interior to Lake Tanganyika.The rocks of the district are biotite-gneiss and hornblende-gneiss, the latter with small garnets.
Twin-planes and cross-planes
Authors: Evans John W. 
Published: December 2006

In a single homogeneous crystal the physical character of parallel lines are everywhere the same, and it may be justifiably assumed that the orientation of the crystal-structure is constant throughout. Compound crystals, however, occur in which the orientation of the crystal-structure is different in different parts although they consist of the same substance.This difference of orientation may either be original or result from the action of mechanical forces on the crystal-structure. I shall in the first place assume that the former is the case.
A modification of the stereographic projection
Authors: Evans John W. 
Published: December 2006

The change suggested relates mainly to the representation of the faces below the plane of projection. I propose that every face below that plane shall be represented by the same point as a parallel face above it.If the two parallel faces are equivalent they will both be indicated by the same circular dot (accompanied, if desired, by the indices of either face). If they are not equivalent and only one be present, it will be represented by a plus sign (+) if it be above the plane of projection, and by a minus sign with a dot in the centre (-) if below it. If both are present but not equivalent, the double sign (±) will be used.
Chemotherapy exposure increases leukemia cell stiffness
Authors: Lam Wilbur A. , Rosenbluth Michael J. , Fletcher Daniel A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Deformability of blood cells is known to influence vascular flow and contribute to vascular complications. Medications for hematologic diseases have the potential to modulate these complications if they alter blood cell deformability. Here we report the effect of chemotherapy on leukemia cell mechanical properties. Acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia cells were incubated with standard induction chemotherapy, and individual cell stiffness was tracked with atomic force microscopy. When exposed to dexamethasone or daunorubicin, leukemia cell stiffness increased by nearly 2 orders of magnitude, which decreased their passage through microfluidic channels. This stiffness increase occurred before caspase activation and peaked after completion of cell death, and the rate of stiffness increase depended on chemotherapy type. Stiffening with cell death occurred for all cell types investigated and may be due to dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton. These observations suggest that chemotherapy itself may increase the risk of vascular complications in acute leukemia.
SPIDer: Saccharomyces protein-protein interaction database
Authors: Wu Xiaomei , Zhu Lei , Guo Jie , Fu Cong , Zhou Hongjun , Dong Dong , Li Zhenbo , Zhang Da-Yong , Lin Kui 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
Since proteins perform their functions by interacting with one another and with other biomolecules, reconstructing a map of the protein-protein interactions of a cell, experimentally or computationally, is an important first step toward understanding cellular function and machinery of a proteome. Solely derived from the Gene Ontology (GO), we have defined an effective method of reconstructing a yeast protein interaction network by measuring relative specificity similarity (RSS) between two GO terms.

Description
Based on the RSS method, here, we introduce a predicted Saccharomyces protein-protein interaction database called SPIDer. It houses a gold standard positive dataset (GSP) with high confidence level that covered 79.2% of the high-quality interaction dataset. Our predicted protein-protein interaction network reconstructed from the GSPs consists of 92 257 interactions among 3600 proteins, and forms 23 connected components. It also provides general links to connect predicted protein-protein interactions with three other databases, DIP, BIND and MIPS. An Internet-based interface provides users with fast and convenient access to protein-protein interactions based on various search features (searching by protein information, GO term information or sequence similarity). In addition, the RSS value of two GO terms in the same ontology, and the inter-member interactions in a list of proteins of interest or in a protein complex could be retrieved. Furthermore, the database presents a user-friendly graphical interface which is created dynamically for visualizing an interaction sub-network. The database is accessible at http://cmb.bnu.edu.cn/SPIDer/index.html.

Conclusion
SPIDer is a public database server for protein-protein interactions based on the yeast genome. It provides a variety of search options and graphical visualization of an interaction network. In particular, it will be very useful for the study of inter-member interactions among a list of proteins, especially the protein complex. In addition, based on the predicted interaction dataset, researchers could analyze the whole interaction network and associate the network topology with gene/protein properties based on a global or local topology view.
Large-scale analysis of antigenic diversity of T-cell epitopes in dengue virus
Authors: Khan Asif M , Heiny AT , Lee Kenneth X , Srinivasan KN , Tan Tin Wee , August J Thomas , Brusic Vladimir 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
Antigenic diversity in dengue virus strains has been studied, but large-scale and detailed systematic analyses have not been reported. In this study, we report a bioinformatics method for analyzing viral antigenic diversity in the context of T-cell mediated immune responses. We applied this method to study the relationship between short-peptide antigenic diversity and protein sequence diversity of dengue virus. We also studied the effects of sequence determinants on viral antigenic diversity. Short peptides, principally 9-mers were studied because they represent the predominant length of binding cores of T-cell epitopes, which are important for formulation of vaccines.

Results
Our analysis showed that the number of unique protein sequences required to represent complete antigenic diversity of short peptides in dengue virus is significantly smaller than that required to represent complete protein sequence diversity. Short-peptide antigenic diversity shows an asymptotic relationship to the number of unique protein sequences, indicating that for large sequence sets (~200) the addition of new protein sequences has marginal effect to increasing antigenic diversity. A near-linear relationship was observed between the extent of antigenic diversity and the length of protein sequences, suggesting that, for the practical purpose of vaccine development, antigenic diversity of short peptides from dengue virus can be represented by short regions of sequences (~<100 aa) within viral antigens that are specific targets of immune responses (such as T-cell epitopes specific to particular human leukocyte antigen alleles).

Conclusion
This study provides evidence that there are limited numbers of antigenic combinations in protein sequence variants of a viral species and that short regions of the viral protein are sufficient to capture antigenic diversity of T-cell epitopes. The approach described herein has direct application to the analysis of other viruses, in particular those that show high diversity and/or rapid evolution, such as influenza A virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Projections for fast protein structure retrieval
Authors: Bhattacharya Sourangshu , Bhattacharyya Chiranjib , Chandra Nagasuma R 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
In recent times, there has been an exponential rise in the number of protein structures in databases e.g. PDB. So, design of fast algorithms capable of querying such databases is becoming an increasingly important research issue. This paper reports an algorithm, motivated from spectral graph matching techniques, for retrieving protein structures similar to a query structure from a large protein structure database. Each protein structure is specified by the 3D coordinates of residues of the protein. The algorithm is based on a novel characterization of the residues, called projections, leading to a similarity measure between the residues of the two proteins. This measure is exploited to efficiently compute the optimal equivalences.

Results
Experimental results show that, the current algorithm outperforms the state of the art on benchmark datasets in terms of speed without losing accuracy. Search results on SCOP 95% nonredundant database, for fold similarity with 5 proteins from different SCOP classes show that the current method performs competitively with the standard algorithm CE. The algorithm is also capable of detecting non-topological similarities between two proteins which is not possible with most of the state of the art tools like Dali.
Psychosocial environment for the integrated education opportunities of the disabled in Lithuania
Authors: Samsoniene Laimute , Juozulynas Algirdas , Surkiene Gene , Jankauskiene Konstancija , Lukšiene Aloyza 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
The policy of the diminution of the social isolation of the disabled is the main objective of the strategy of the EU new policy concerning the disabled. Lithuanian society faces this objective as well. For this reason, this study aiming at providing the theoretical basis for and predicting the possible psycho-social environment in an integrated education system, as well as at the evaluation of the reasons for the formation of a positive approach to the disabled, is especially relevant, since it creates the prerequisites for the optimisation of the process of the integration of disabled schoolchildren into the general system of education.

Method
The sample of the study consisted of 2471 children from the same schools: not integrated (1958), integrated (126) and special schools (382). Empirical methods: questionnaire poll, comparative analysis. The statistical analysis was carried out using SAS.

Results
Our study showed that the majority of schoolchildren without disabilities and disabled schoolchildren have positive intentions for interpersonal interactions (>82%) and positive emotions (>69%) independently of the discrepant character of interpersonal contacts, different conditions of education and family life, and despite of low level of knowledge.

Conclusion
The results of the study confirmed positive intentions for interpersonal interaction between disabled schoolchildren and schoolchildren without disabilities, as well as a positive character of emotions, and disprove the unsound myth of the opponents of the social integration of the disabled stating that disabled children in comprehensive schools would undoubtedly experience offence from their peers without disabilities.
Secretion and properties of a hybrid Kluyveromyces lactis-Aspergillus niger β-galactosidase
Authors: Rodríguez Ángel Pereira , Leiro Rafael Fernández , Trillo M Cristina , Cerdán M Esperanza , Siso M Isabel González , Becerra Manuel 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
The β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis is a protein of outstanding biotechnological interest in the food industry and milk whey reutilization. However, due to its intracellular nature, its industrial production is limited by the high cost associated to extraction and downstream processing.
The yeast-system is an attractive method for producing many heterologous proteins. The addition of a secretory signal in the recombinant protein is the method of choice to sort it out of the cell, although biotechnological success is not guaranteed. The cell wall acting as a molecular sieve to large molecules, culture conditions and structural determinants present in the protein, all have a decisive role in the overall process.
Protein engineering, combining domains of related proteins, is an alternative to take into account when the task is difficult. In this work, we have constructed and analyzed two hybrid proteins from the β-galactosidase of K. lactis, intracellular, and its Aspergillus niger homologue that is extracellular. In both, a heterologous signal peptide for secretion was also included at the N-terminus of the recombinant proteins. One of the hybrid proteins obtained has interesting properties for its biotechnological utilization.

Results
The highest levels of intracellular and extracellular β-galactosidase were obtained when the segment corresponding to the five domain of K. lactis β-galactosidase was replaced by the corresponding five domain of the A. niger β-galactosidase. Taking into account that this replacement may affect other parameters related to the activity or the stability of the hybrid protein, a thoroughly study was performed. Both pH (6.5) and temperature (40°C) for optimum activity differ from values obtained with the native proteins. The stability was higher than the corresponding to the β-galactosidase of K. lactis and, unlike this, the activity of the hybrid protein was increased by the presence of Ni2+. The affinity for synthetic (ONPG) or natural (lactose) substrates was higher in the hybrid than in the native K. lactis β-galactosidase. Finally, a structural-model of the hybrid protein was obtained by homology modelling and the experimentally determined properties of the protein were discussed in relation to it.

Conclusion
A hybrid protein between K. lactis and A. niger β-galactosidases was constructed that increases the yield of the protein released to the growth medium. Modifications introduced in the construction, besides to improve secretion, conferred to the protein biochemical characteristics of biotechnological interest.