bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The physical and mechanical properties of polymer composites filled with Fe‐powder
Authors: Gungor Ali 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn this study, the effect of Fe powder on the physical and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated experimentally. HDPE and HDPE containing 5, 10, and 15 vol % Fe metal–polymer composites were prepared with a twin screw extruder and injection molding. After this, fracture surface, the modulus of elasticity, yield and tensile strength, % elongation, Izod impact strength (notched), hardness (Shore D), Vicat softening point, heat deflection temperature (HDT), melt flow index (MFI), and melting temperature (Tm) were determined, for each sample. When the physical and mechanical properties of the composites were compared with the results of unfilled HDPE, it was found that the yield and tensile strength, % elongation, and Izod impact strength of HDPE decreased with the vol % of Fe. As compared with the tensile strength and % elongation of unfilled HDPE, tensile strength and % elongation of 15 vol % Fe filled HDPE were lower, about 17.40% and 94.75% respectively. On the other hand, addition of Fe into HDPE increased the modulus of elasticity, hardness, Vicat softening, MFI, and HDT values, such that 15 vol % Fe increased the modulus of elasticity to about 48%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of a redox‐initiated, injectable, biodegradable hydrogel
Authors: Zhu Wen , Ding Jiandong 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA chemically crosslinked biodegradable hydrogel was prepared via a macromer technique, and physicochemical characterizations associated with its potential application as an injectable biomaterial were carried out. The macromers were composed of poly(ethylene glycol) extended with oligomers of biodegradable polyesters such as oligolactide and end‐capped with acryloyl groups. Hydrogels were obtained through the polymerization of the macromer aqueous solutions in phosphate‐buffered saline initiated by a redox initiator system at body temperature. The initiator system was composed of ammonium persulfate as an initiator and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylene diamine as an accelerator. The modulus of this chemical gel was much higher than that of a Pluronic physical gel. In vitro biodegradation was also confirmed. The degradation rates were highly tunable by the adjustment of several factors, such as the kind of ester group, the block length of the oligoester, and even the concentration of the accelerator used in the crosslinking reaction. The gelation time could be adjusted to meet the requirements of an injectable biomaterial. The effect of the polymerization heat seemed not to be significant. This kind of biodegradable hydrogel might be in situ formed after being injected into the body and shows potential applications as a unique tissue engineering material free of porogening techniques in scaffold fabrication and less invasive in implantation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Synthesis, characterization, and metal complexation of poly(N‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐acrylic acid) and poly(N‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐acrylamide) as polychelatogens in aqueous solution
Authors: Pizarro Guadalupe del C. , Marambio Oscar G. , Orell Manuel Jeria , Huerta Margarita , Rivas Bernabé L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe carried out the free‐radical copolymerization of N‐phenylmaleimide with acrylic acid and acrylamide with an equimolar feed monomer ratio. We carried out the synthesis of the copolymers in dioxane at 70°C with benzoyl peroxide as the initiator and a total monomer concentration of 2.5M. The copolymer compositions were obtained by elemental analysis and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The hydrophilic polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Additionally, viscosimetric measurements of the copolymers were performed. Hydrophilic poly(N‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐acrylic acid) and poly(N‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐acrylamide) were used for the separation of a series of metal ions in the aqueous phase with the liquid‐phase polymer‐based retention method in the heterogeneous phase. The method is based on the retention of inorganic ions by the polymer in conjunction with membrane filtration and subsequent separation of low‐molecular‐mass species from the formed polymer/metal‐ion complex. The polymer could bind several metal ions, such as Cr(III), Co (II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Fe(III) inorganic ions, in aqueous solution at pH values of 3, 5, and 7. The interaction of the inorganic ions with the hydrophilic polymer was determined as a function of pH and a filtration factor. Hydrophilic polymeric reagents with strong metal‐complexing properties were synthesized and used to separate those complexed from noncomplexed ions in the heterogeneous phase. The polymers exhibited a high retention capability at pH values of 5 and 7. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Photostability of wood surfaces esterified by benzoyl chloride
Authors: Pandey K. K. , Chandrashekar N. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe photostabilization of wood surfaces is desirable to enhance the life of wood under exterior use and to improve the performance of clear coatings on wood surfaces. Chemical modification of wood has been found effective in upgrading properties such as biological durability and dimensional stability and has been suggested as a potential way for inducing photostability on wood surfaces. In this study, the photostability of chemically modified wood was assessed under accelerated weathering conditions. Wood specimens of Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine) were esterified with benzoyl chloride to 19.5 wt % gain and exposed to a xenon arc light source in a Weather‐O‐Meter for different periods ranging from 0 to 500 h. The irradiated samples were analyzed for color changes and chemical changes. The analysis of color changes in wood surfaces by ultraviolet–visible irradiation was carried out with a color measuring (CIELAB) system, and chemical changes were characterized with fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The esterification of wood by benzoyl chloride suppressed the color changes (photodiscoloration) due to irradiation. Modification also reduced the lignin degradation and generation of carbonyl groups on the surface of the irradiated wood. The fluorescence emission spectra of irradiated unmodified wood showed a large reduction in intensity and a large redshift in the emission maximum, whereas modified wood showed only a small change in fluorescence intensity on irradiation. The results show that the esterification of wood with benzoyl chloride was effective for the photostabilization of the wood polymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Thermal stability and dielectric relaxation of natural rubber/soda lignin and natural rubber/thiolignin composites
Authors: Botros S. H. , Eid M. A. M. , Nageeb Z. A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe influence of soda lignin and thiolignin on the mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at rupture) as well as on the dielectric properties (conductivity (σ), permittivity (ϵ′), dielectric loss (ϵ″), and dielectric relaxation time (τ)) of their composites with natural rubber (NR) was investigated. All measurements were carried out on NR, NR/soda lignin (20 phr), and NR/thiolignin (20, 30, and 40 phr) composites. The mechanical properties reveal that NR/thiolignin composite possesses the best thermal stability and 20 phr is the optimum thiolignin loading. The dielectric study was carried out over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 100 kHz at temperature range from 20 to 80°C. Dielectric data were fitted in the frequency domain using Havriliak‐Negami and Fröhlich functions in addition to the conductivity term. The different relaxation mechanisms in the system were also discussed according to these functions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Quantitative analysis of DNA–porphyrin interactions
Authors: Nitta Y. , Kuroda R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe binding of manganese(III)‐tetra(4‐N‐methylpyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMpyP) with synthetic poly(dA‐dT)2, poly(dI‐dC)2, and poly(dG‐dC)2 DNAs as well as calf thymus (CT) DNA has been quantitatively studied in detail using induced CD (circular dichroism) spectroscopy in the Soret absorption band. The CD spectra, which changed greatly depending on the porphyrin to DNA base‐pair molar ratio (r), were normalized with respect to DNA concentration and deconvoluted. Three independent component binding modes (named mode 1, 2, and 3 in the order of increasing r values) were identified, which successfully simulated the observed CD spectra with negligibly small residuals for a wide range of r values. In the case of poly(dA‐dT)2, poly (dI‐dC)2, and CT DNA, all the three modes appeared, whereas in the case of poly(dG‐dC)2 DNA, only modes 1 and 3 appeared in the r range studied. The r dependence of each binding mode, i.e., its relative affinity toward DNA, has been revealed by this analysis. Mode 1, which appeared as a single binding mode at very low r values (r ≤ ca. 0.05), was inhibited by the addition of methyl green, a drug that preferentially binds to the major groove of poly (dA‐dT)2 DNA. Berenil, a known minor groove binder to poly(dA‐dT)2 or poly(dI‐dC)2 DNA, inhibited modes 2 and 3. From these inhibition experiments as well as comparison of the component spectra for DNAs of different sequence, a binding site on DNA was proposed for each component binding mode. The number of DNA base pairs covered by a single molecule of porphyrin was estimated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 376–391, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Optimization of the cell seeding density and modeling of cell growth and metabolism using the modified Gompertz model for microencapsulated animal cell culture
Authors: Wen‐tao Qi , Ying Zhang , Juan Ma , Xin Guo , Yu‐bing Xie , Wei Wang , Xiaojun Ma 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCell microencapsulation is one of the promising strategies for the in vitro production of proteins or in vivo delivery of therapeutic products. In order to design and fabricate the optimized microencapsulated cell system, the Gompertz model was applied and modified to describe the growth and metabolism of microencapsulated cell, including substrate consumption and product formation. The Gompertz model successfully described the cell growth kinetics and the modified Gompertz models fitted the substrate consumption and product formation well. It was demonstrated that the optimal initial cell seeding density was about 4–5 × 106 cells/mL of microcapsule, in terms of the maximum specific growth rate, the glucose consumption potential and the product formation potential calculated by the Gompertz and modified Gompertz models. Modeling of cell growth and metabolism in microcapsules provides a guideline for optimizing the culture of microencapsulated cells. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile “Green” Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Function of β‐D‐Glucose‐Stabilized Au Nanocrystals
Authors: Liu Juncheng , Qin Gaowu , Raveendran Poovathinthodiyil , Ikushima Yukata 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe present a straightforward, economically viable, and “green” approach for the synthesis and stabilization of relatively monodisperse Au nanocrystals with an average diameter of 8.2 nm (standard deviation, SD=2.3 nm) by using nontoxic and renewable biochemical of β‐D‐glucose and by simply adjusting the pH environment in aqueous medium. The β‐D‐glucose acts both as reducing agent and capping agent for the synthesis and stabilization of Au nanocrystals in the system. The UV/Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were employed to systematically characterize Au nanocrystals synthesized. Additionally, it is shown that these β‐D‐glucose‐stabilized Au nanocrystals function as effective catalyst for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol in the presence of NaBH4 (otherwise unfeasible if only the strong reducing agent NaBH4 is employed), which was reflected by the UV/Vis spectra of the catalytic reaction kinetics.
The Conformers of Phenylglycine
Authors: Sanz M. Eugenia , Cortijo Vanessa , Caminati Walther , López Juan C. , Alonso José L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe neutral form of the unnatural amino acid phenylglycine was vaporized by laser ablation, and the presence of two conformers was detected in a supersonic expansion by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Both conformers were unequivocally identified by comparison of their experimental rotational and quadrupole coupling constants with those calculated ab initio. The most stable conformer is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds NH⋅⋅⋅OC, NH⋅⋅⋅π (with the closest CC bond in the aromatic ring), and a cis‐COOH interaction. The other conformer exhibits a OH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bond between the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group and the lone pair at the nitrogen atom.
Euclidization of the first quadrant of the CIEDE2000 color difference system for the calculation of large color differences
Authors: Völz Hans G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe calculation of colour distances in the first quadrant of the CIEDE2000 space can be realized now after the author succeeded in working out such calculations in the CIE94 and CMC space in preceeding articles. The new system is presented and then the Euclidean line element is established, from which terms are derived for the new coordinates of lightness, hue, and hue angle. The calculations of colour distances are carried out with the new Euclidean coordinates according to a well‐known method and are demonstrated by examples guided by CIE94 and CMC distances from the preceeding articles. Finally, proposals are given for the eventual improvement of the CIEDE2000 formula. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 5–12, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20168
Methods of selecting a small reflectance set as a transfer standard for correcting spectrophotometers
Authors: Ingleson Alan , Brill Michael H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe present article concerns the use of software and transfer standards of reflectance to correct a fielded spectrophotometer so that it behaves closely like a reference instrument. A method is described to choose from a large set of reflectances the best subset of a few reflectances to act as a transfer standard. A reflectance set is generated from the algorithm using each of two alternative metrics for instrument closeness: CIELAB ΔE* and a weighted sum of absolute differences over wavelength. Both metrics yield transfer standards that conspicuously exclude BCRA reflectances and also show improvement over the BCRA reflectances currently used for this purpose. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 13–17, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20169
Large‐field color matching functions
Authors: Hu Xin , Houser Kevin W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractColor‐matching functions (CMFs) were derived with the Maxwell method for 10 subjects using two field conditions: (1) horizontally bisected circular 10° and (2) vertically bisected rectangular 102° (wide) × 50° (high). The primary set was composed of 453–533–601 nm components with a mean full‐width at half maximum of 18.3 nm; the reference field was illuminated with daylight fluorescent lamplight. Field size had a significant effect on the shape of the resulting CMFs. Under the large‐field conditions subjects were less sensitive to shorter wavelengths as characterized with the b̄ function and had higher sensitivities to the longer wavelengths as characterized with the r̄ function. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 18–29, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20170
Sensing spectral stimuli: Sensor functions and number
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G. , Ramanath Rajeev 
Published: December 2005

AbstractUsing synthesized and real spectra this article addresses questions regarding the degree to which synthetic and real sensor systems with one, two, and three sensors can distinguish among stimuli and can reconstruct the original spectra. Based on 64 synthetic spectra, the trichromatic sensors L, M, S distinguish the spectra at the level of 85% of the optimal result but reconstruct them only at the level of 70%. For symmetrical and symmetrically placed sensors the corresponding values are 76 and 94%. The conclusion is drawn that distinguishability was a more important goal of evolution than reconstructability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 30–37, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20171
A data set for fuzzy colour naming
Authors: Benavente Robert , Vanrell Maria , Baldrich Ramon 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn computer vision, colour naming has been posed as a fuzzy‐set problem where each colour category is modeled by a function that assigns a membership value to any given sample. However, the success in the automation of this process relies on having an appropriate psychophysical data set for this purpose. In this article we present a data set obtained from a colour‐naming experiment. In this experiment, we used a scoring method to collect a set of judgments adequate for the fuzzy modeling of the colour‐naming task. The data set is composed of 387 colour reflectances, their CIELab and Munsell values, and the corresponding judgments provided by the subjects in the experiment. These judgments are the membership values to the 11 basic colour categories proposed by Berlin and Kay (Berlin B, Kay P. Berkeley: University of California; 1969). All these data have been made available online (http://www.cvc.uab.es/color_naming) and, in this article we provide a wide analysis of them. To prove the suitability of the proposed scoring methodology, we have computed a set of common statistics in colour‐naming experiments, such as consensus and consistency, on our data set. The results make it possible for us to conclude the coherence of our data with previous experiments and, thus, its usefulness for the fuzzy modeling of colour naming. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 48–56, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20172
Collaborative distributed decision making for large scale disaster relief operations: Drawing analogies from robust natural systems
Authors: Aldunate Roberto G. , Pena‐Mora Feniosky , Robinson Gene E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractOne of the most ignored, but urgent and vital challenges confronting society today is the vulnerability of urban areas to extreme events. Current organization of response systems, predominantly based on a command and control model, limits their effectiveness and efficiency. Particularly, in decision‐making processes where a large number of actors may be involved. In this article, a new distributed collaborative decision‐making model is proposed to overcome command and control limitations encountered in stressful, hostile, chaotic, and large‐scale settings. This model was derived by borrowing concepts from the collective decision making of honeybees foraging, a successful process in solving complex tasks within complex settings. The model introduced in this article was evaluated through differential equations, i.e., continuous analysis, and difference equations, i.e., discrete analysis. The most important result found is that the best available option in any large‐scale decision‐making problem can be configured as an attractor, in a distributed and timely manner. We suggest that the proposed model has the potential to facilitate decision‐making processes in large‐scale settings. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 11:28–38, 2005
Part 1: Kinetics and mechanism of the crystallization process
Authors: Linnikov Oleg D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe kinetics of spontaneous crystallization of sodium chloride from aqueous‐ethanol solutions were studied. During the crystallization the electrical conductance and optical transmission of the supersaturated solutions were measured automatically. For monitoring of the total surface of growing potassium chloride crystals at the crystallization the turbidimetric method was used. The growth rate and activation energy were determined. The crystal growth rate was proportional to supersaturation. When the volume fraction of ethanol in solution increased from 14.85 to 29.72%, the activation energy of the growth process did not change and was about 50 kJ· mol‐1. Aggregation of the crystals was found. The aggregation kinetics of the crystals may be described approximately by the famous Smoluchowski equation for coagulation of colloidal particles. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Morphologies of barium chromate controlled by carriers in an emulsion liquid membrane system
Authors: Liu Lu , Wu Quingsheng , Ding Yaping , Liu Huajie 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMorphology‐control of barium chromate has been studied in emulsion liquid membrane system. This system consists of Span80 as surfactant, N7301 or TBP as carrier, and kerosene as solvent. When BaCl2 solution was used as internal‐aqueous phase and N7301 as carrier, the morphology of products can be varied from crystal wafers to crystal rods. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the structure and morphology. A synthetic mechanism has been proposed and the optical properties of the products were also discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of Bis Thiourea Zinc Acetate (BTZA)
Authors: Jayalakshmi D. , Kumar J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSingle crystals of BTZA have been grown by low temperature solution growth method using slow cooling process at an optimized pH of 3.5. The grown crystals have been examined under an optical microscope to study its surface morphology. The morphological studies show that the growth takes place by spreading of growth layers. Formation of rectangular shaped etch pit on the as‐grown crystal has been explained in relation to the growth conditions. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis has been carried out to confirm the monoclinic system. Transmission spectrum reveals that the crystal has a low UV cut off of 434.5 nm and has a transmittance of 100%. Dependence of micro hardness on load has been studied. Powder X‐ray Diffraction and FT‐IR have been carried out to characterize the grown crystals. BTZA forms metal – sulfur bond and has good optical transmission in the entire visible region, which is the essential requirement for a non‐linear crystal. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved determination of fcc/bcc orientation relationships by use of high‐indexed pole figures
Authors: Nolze G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe use of variants to analyze fcc/bcc orientation relationships is demonstrated by EBSD data. Because of multiply occupied poles in the stereographic projections low indexed pole figures are not always suitable. This is mostly caused by the convolution of all scattered individual orientation data as the single poles cannot resolved in the pole figure. Pole figures of higher indexed lattice planes more reliably reflect the character of the orientation relationship since no overlapping of poles occurs. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)