bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV/AIDS, Reproductive and Sexual Health, and the Law
Authors: Gable Lance , Gostin Lawrence O. , Hodge James G. 
Published: September 2008

The law is a frequently overlooked tool for addressing the complex practical and ethical issues that arise from the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The law intersects with reproductive and sexual health issues and HIV/AIDS in many ways. Well-written and rigorously applied laws could benefit persons living with (or at risk of contracting) HIV/AIDS, particularly concerning their reproductive and sexual health. Access to reproductive health services should be a legal right, and discrimination based on HIV status, which undermines access, should be prohibited. Laws against sexual violence and exploitation, which perpetuate the spread of HIV and its negative effects, should be enforced. Finally, a human rights framework should inform the drafting of laws to more effectively protect health.
Why It Is Difficult To Learn Lessons: Insights From Decision Theory and Cognitive Science
Authors: Duhon H. J. , Elias J. S. 
Published: September 2008

Summary
Though engineers and managers routinely express the desire to learn from previous project experience, we typically do not learn effectively from our projects. The failure to learn valid and valuable lessons from project experiences can be attributed to a number of cognitive and social factors.
Fortunately, a great deal of literature in the fields of decision theory and cognitive science is relevant to the subject. Unfortunately, much of this literature is unknown to most practicing engineers. This paper presents a structured method for identifying learning limits, an introduction to current thinking in areas of knowledge required to implement the method, a summary of the results of applying of the method, and suggestions for improving our ability to learn from project experiences.
Performance Characteristics for an Interstitially Insulated Coaxial Pipe Using Wire-Screen Mesh for Deepwater Applications
Authors: Marotta Egidio (Ed) , Kim Dong K. , Fletcher L. S. (Skip) 
Published: September 2008

Summary
The petroleum industry has endeavored to meet the high demand for crude-oil products with exploration and production into ever deeper ocean waters. Under these subsea environments, pipeline insulation is essential to prevent pipeline blockage that results from the solidification of paraffin waxes that are present in the crude oil. To maintain proper crude-oil temperatures above the paraffin-solidification point, new insulation techniques with enhanced thermal-insulation performances are essential in minimizing pipeline heat loss. A new insulation concept that involves an interstitial wire-screen mesh has been developed and with its thermal performance has been investigated, which was initially quantified with test coupons under simulated environmental conditions. These results correlated very well with comparable values from a test of a subsequent prototype-pipe section. Furthermore, an analytical model has been developed that compared very favorably with the experimental results for the coupon-test runs. Ultimately, this study has confirmed the feasibility and performance characteristics of the insulation concept, and it has also demonstrated the thermal competitiveness of the interstitially insulated coaxial technology.
Recurrence of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Giorda Carlo B. , Avogaro Angelo , Maggini Marina , Lombardo Flavia , Mannucci Edoardo , Turco Salvatore , Alegiani Stefania Spila , Raschetti Roberto , Velussi Mario , Ferrannini Ele ,   for the Diabetes and Informatics Study Group
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to assess incidence of and risk factors for recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We estimated the incidence of recurrent cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients, aged 40–97 years, followed by a network of diabetes clinics. The analysis was conducted separately for 2,788 patients with CVD at enrollment (cohort A) and for 844 patients developing the first episode during the observation period (cohort B).RESULTS—During 4 years of follow-up, in cohort A the age-adjusted incidence of a recurrent event (per 1,000 person-years) was 72.7 (95% CI 58.3–87.1) in men and 32.5 (21.2–43.7) in women, whereas in cohort B it was 40.1 (17.4–62.9) in men and 22.4 (12.9–32.0) in women. After controls were included for potential predictors (familial CVD, obesity, smoking, diabetes duration, glycemic control, microvascular complications, geographic area, and antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment), male sex, older age, and insulin use were significant independent risk predictors (cohort A) and serum triglyceride levels ≥1.69 mmol/l emerged as the only metabolic (negative) prognostic factor (cohort B). In both cohorts, a prior CVD episode, especially myocardial infarction, was by far the strongest predictor of recurrent CVD.CONCLUSIONS—Approximately 6% of unselected diabetic patients in secondary prevention develop recurrent major CVD every year. Those with long-standing previous CVD show a higher incidence of recurrence. Male sex, age, high triglyceride levels, and insulin use are additional predictors of recurrence.
Signal processing system in cavity enhanced spectroscopy
Authors: Wojtas J. , Bielecki Z. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe paper presents a signal processing system used for nitrogen dioxide detection employing cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. In this system, the absorbing gas concentration is determined by the measurement of a decay time of a light pulse trapped in a cavity.The setup includes a resonance optical cavity, which was equipped with spherical and high reflectance mirrors, the pulsed diode laser (414 nm) and electronic signal processing system. In order to ensure registration of low-level signals and accurate decay time measurements, special preamplifier and digital signal processing circuit were developed.Theoretical analyses of main parameters of optical cavity and signal processing system were presented and especially signal-to-noise ratio was taken into consideration. Furthermore, investigation of S/N signal processing system and influence of preamplifier feedback resistance on the useful signal distortion were described.The aim of the experiment was to study potential application of cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy for construction of fully optoelectronic NO2 sensor which could replace, e.g., commonly used chemical detectors. Thanks to the developed signal processing system, detection limit of NO2 sensor reaches the value of 0.2 ppb (absorption coefficient equivalent = 2.8 × 10−9 cm−1).
Electro-optical Kerr effect of nematic mixtures comprised of 6CHBT and 6BOBT
Authors: Tajalli H. , Ghanadzadeh A. , Khoshsima H. , Zhalefar P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractStatic Kerr effect and the pre-transition temperature were investigated for the 6CHBT, 6BOBT and the nematic mixtures, M1 (40% 6CHBT: 60% 6BOBT), M2 (30% 6CHBT: 70% 6BOBT) and M3 (20% 6CHBT: 80% 6BOBT) at temperatures above the nematic-isotropic transition temperature. The linear dependence of (T-T*)−1 on the Kerr constant is found to be in good agreement with the predications of the Landau-De Gennes model. The hypothetical second order phase transition temperatures and susceptibility values were determined for these compounds.
Ionic and Organometallic‐Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions
Authors: L. Larson Gerald , L. Fry James 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical review of synthetically useful variations of ionic methods for hydrogenation of organic compounds. In practice ionic hydrogenation involves the formal introduction of hydride from a donor source to an electron‐deficient carbon center.
In this chapter, organosilicon hydrides are used as the source of ionic hydride with the goal of completing and updating earlier review work. Organosilicon compounds with at least one Si‐H bond have the ability to serve as mild‐air and water‐stable sources of hydrides and, thus, have reducing properties. In general, organosilicon hydrides do not undergo spontaneous reactions with organic compounds unless the organic substrate is a reasonably strong electrophile or the silane is first activated by the interaction of a nucleophilic species with a nucleophilic center. The organosilicon hydrides are covalent compounds that have little or no nucleophilic properties on their own. The use of these hydrides often provides a means of effecting reductions of organic substrates under very mild conditions and with excellent functional group selectivity. Consideration of the nature of the Si‐H bonds provides insight into the chemical behavior of these hydrides. Enhanced hydridic nature manifests itself in the chemical behavior of hydrosilanes.
Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure (

R

,

R

)‐
Boz
PHOS
Authors: Côté Alexandre , Desrosiers Jean‐Nicolas , Boezio Alessandro A. , Charette André B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

(
R,R
)‐Me‐DuPHOS

DABCO

1, 4‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

(
R, R
)‐BozPHOS
Radical Allylation of

B

‐Alkylcatecholboranes
Authors: Darmency Vincent , Martin Scanlan Eoin , Pierre Schaffner Arnaud , Renaud Philippe 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Ethyl 2‐[(2,6,6‐trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl‐3‐yl)methyl]propenoate

2‐(Ethoxycarbonyl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐yl phenyl sulfone

Ethyl methacrylate

Benzenesulfinic acid, sodium salt

(+)‐alpha‐Pinene

Catecholborane
Direct Chlorination of Alcohols: Synthesis of Ethyl 3‐Chloro‐3‐Phenylpropanoate
Authors: Yasuda Makoto , Yamasaki Satoshi , Onishi Yoshiyuki , Baba Akio 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Indium chloride

Benzil

Ethyl 3‐hydroxy‐3‐phenylpropanoate

Chlorodimethylsilane

Ethyl 3‐chloro‐3‐phenylpropanoate
S
uzuki‐
M
iyaura Cross‐Coupling: Preparation of 2′‐Vinylacetanilide
Authors: Cottineau Bertrand , Kessler Albane , O'Shea Donal F. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

N
‐(2‐Bromophenyl)acetamide

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)

2,4,6,‐Trivinylcyclotriboroxane‐pyridine complex

N
‐(2‐Vinylphenyl)acetamide
Synthesis of 2α‐Benzyloxy‐8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐6‐en‐3‐one by [4 + 3] Cycloaddition
Authors: Vidal‐Pascual María , Martínez‐Lamenca Carolina , Hoffmann H. M. R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

1,1‐Dimethoxy‐2‐propanone

Chlorotriethylsilane

Trimethylsilyl trifluromethanesulfonate

Chlorotrimethlysilane

2,5‐Dimethylfuran
Synthesis of 6,9,12,15,18‐Pentamethyl‐1,6,9,12,15,18‐Hexahydro(
C
60
‐

I

h
)[5,6]Fullerene
Authors: Matsuo Yutaka , Muramatsu Ayako , Tahara Kazukuni , Koide Madoka , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

[60]Fullerene
Indium‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization: Preparation of 4‐Methylpyrrolo[1,2‐

a

]quinoline
Authors: Fürstner Alois , Mamane Victor , Seidel Günter , Laurich Daniel 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

2‐Iodoaniline

2,5‐Dimethoxytetrahydrofuran

1‐(2‐Iodophenyl)pyrrole

1‐(2‐(1‐Propynyl)phenyl)pyrrole

Palladium, dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)‐

4‐Methylpyrrolo[1,2a]quinoline

Indium chloride
(

S

)‐(+)‐2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzenesulfinamide
Authors: Ramachandar Tokala , Wu Yongzhong , Zhang Junyi , Davis Franklin A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

(1
S
,2
R
)‐(−)‐
cis
‐Aminoindanol

2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzensulfonyl chloride

(1
S
,2
R
)‐(−)‐
N
‐(2‐Hydroxy‐indan‐1‐yl)‐2,4,6 trimethyl benzenesulfonamide

3‐(2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzensulfonyl)‐3,3a,8,8a‐tetrahydro‐2
H
‐1‐oxa‐2lambda4‐thia‐3‐aza‐cyclopenta[a]inden‐2‐ol

(
RS
,1
S
,2
R
)‐(−)‐2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzensulfinic acid 1‐(2,4,6‐trimethylbenzenesulfonylamino)2‐indan‐2‐yl ester

2‐Mesitylmagnesium bromide

(
S
)‐(+)‐2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzenesulfinamide
Allylboronation of Imines: 1‐Phenylhex‐5‐En‐3‐Amine
Authors: Sugiura Masaharu , Hirano Keiichi , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDodecylbenzensulfonic acid2‐Allyl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethy‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane3‐Phenylpropionaldehyde
Prepulse inhibition in fragile X syndrome: Feasibility, reliability, and implications for treatment
Authors: Hessl David , Berry‐Kravis Elizabeth , Cordeiro Lisa , Yuhas Jennifer , Ornitz Edward M. , Campbell Aaron , Chruscinski Elizabeth , Hervey Crystal , Long James M. , Hagerman Randi J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPharmacological rescue of behavioral, cognitive and synaptic abnormalities in the animal models of fragile X syndrome (FXS) has prompted the initiation of clinical trials of targeted treatments in humans with this condition. Objective, well‐validated outcome measures that are reflective of FXS deficits and can be modeled similarly in animal and human studies are urgently needed. A protocol measuring prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex, including measures of test–retest stability, was evaluated in 61 individuals with the fragile X full mutation (40 males and 21 females; 19.18 ± 7.18 years) and 63 age‐matched normal controls (35 males and 28 females; 20.83 ± 6.96 years) across two laboratory sites with identical equipment and protocols. Relative to controls, the fragile X group had PPI impairment of 26%, 22%, and 28% for 60, 120, and 240 ms prepulse interval trial types, respectively, P = 0.000002. PPI test–retest reliability in 29 of the participants was excellent for the 120 ms prepulse interval trials (intraclass correlations: FXS, 0.85; controls, 0.88, 0.89 overall). This study demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of PPI measurement in a developmentally disabled population and highlights its potential as an outcome measure to test the efficacy of targeted neurotherapeutic agents. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fabrication and characterization of chitosan/PVA with hydroxyapatite biocomposite nanoscaffolds
Authors: Yang Dongzhi , Jin Yu , Ma Guiping , Chen Xiangmei , Lu Fengmin , Nie Jun 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNanofibrous biocomposite scaffolds of chitosan (CS), PVA, and hydroxyapatite (HA) were prepared by electrospinning. The scaffolds were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TEM, and XRD techniques. Tensile testing was used for the characterization of mechanical properties. Mouse fibroblasts (L929) attachment and proliferation on the nanofibrous scaffold were investigated by MTT assay and SEM observation. FTIR, TEM, and XRD results showed the presence of nanoHA in the scaffolds. The scaffolds have porous nanofibrous morphology with random fibers in the range of 100–700 nm diameters. The CS/PVA (90/10) fibrous matrix (without HA) showed a tensile strength of 3.1 ± 0.2 MPa and a tensile modulus 10 ± 1 MPa with a strain at failure of 21.1 ± 0.6%. Increase the content of HA up to 2% increased the ultimate tensile strength and tensile modulus, but further increase HA up to 5–10% caused the decrease of tensile strength and tensile modulus. The attachment and growth of mouse fibroblast was on the surface of nanofibrous structure, and cells' morphology characteristics and viability were unaffected. A combination of nanofibrous CS/PVA and HA that mimics the nanoscale features of the extra cellular matrix could be promising for application as scaffolds for tissue regeneration, especially in low or nonload bearing areas. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polymerization of itaconic acid initiated by a potassium persulfate/N,N‐dimethylethanolamine system
Authors: Veličković S. J. , Džunuzović E. S. , Griffiths P. C. , Lacik I. , Filipović J. , Popović I. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of poly(itaconic acid) (PIA) with a novel initiator/activator system is presented. The initiator in this system was potassium persulfate, whereas the activator was N,N‐dimethylethanolamine (DMEA). PIA was synthesized in distilled water and in 0.1M HCl at 40°C with reaction times of 72 and 96 h. PIA was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, and pulse gradient spin echo‐NMR and compared to the same polymer synthesized in dioxane with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. It was shown that, despite the fact that some residual DMEA remained in the system, the properties of the PIA polymerized in the aqueous phase were very similar to the dioxane‐synthesized polymer, which will enable a faster, cheaper, and environmentally more acceptable polymerization of itaconic acid. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of the zeolite type on the mechanical–thermal properties and volatile organic compound emissions of natural‐flour‐filled polypropylene hybrid composites
Authors: Kim Hee‐Soo , Kim Hyun‐Joong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe physicomechanical properties, thermal properties, odor, and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of natural‐flour‐filled polypropylene (PP) composites were investigated as a function of the zeolite type and content. The surface area and pore structure of the natural and synthetic zeolites were determined by surface area analysis and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. With increasing natural and synthetic zeolite content, the tensile and flexural strengths of the hybrid composites were not significantly changed, whereas the water absorption was slightly increased. The thermal stability and degradation temperature of the hybrid composites were slightly increased with increasing natural and synthetic zeolite content. At natural and synthetic zeolite contents of 3%, the various odors and VOC emissions of the polypropylene/rice husk flour and polypropylene/wood flour hybrid composites were significantly reduced because of the absorption of the odor and VOC materials in the pore structures of the natural and synthetic zeolites. These results suggest that the addition of natural and synthetic zeolites to natural‐flour‐filled thermoplastic polymer composites is an effective method of reducing their odor and VOC emissions without any degradation of their mechanical and thermal properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Wettability investigations on the cellulosic surface of alfa fibers
Authors: Bohli N. , Perwuelz A. , Cheikh R. Ben , Baklouti M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA wettability study was performed on samples of alfa fibers with the Wilhelmy plate technique. The set of test liquids employed in the measurement of the contact angles was composed of water, heptane, diiodomethane, α‐bromonaphthalene, and formamide. During their first immersion in high‐surface‐energy test liquids, the alfa fibers showed anisotropic behavior: they had an advancing contact angle of 67 ± 6° in one orientation of immersion and an angle of 112 ± 9.5° in the opposite one. Optical microscopy revealed the existence of fibrils on the alfa‐fiber surface. They kept almost the same orientation and were responsible for the interesting hydrophobic/hydrophilic behavior of the fibers. Contact angle measurements and investigations of the hysteresis were also performed. The various results were examined according to the heterogeneities of the fibers. The surface energy of the alfa fibers was determined with three theoretical models: the geometric model, the Good–Van Oss–Chaudhury model, and the Chang model. A comparative study of these models was undertaken. The study of the wetting properties of alfa fibers will provide essential information for optimized composites and so will help us in choosing the right chemical treatment necessary to enhance adhesion in alfa‐fiber‐based composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Supramolecular structure of crosslinked polyurethane elastomers based on well‐defined prepolymers
Authors: Pilch‐Pitera Barbara , Król Piotr , Pikus Stanistaw 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article provides both quantitative and qualitative evaluations of supermolecular structures present in segmented polyurethane elastomers. This work presents our recent results from investigation of the microdomain morphology of poly‐(ether‐urethanes) based on polyethylene glycol and poly‐(ester‐urethanes) based on poly‐ε‐caprolactone diol with different molecular weight as soft segments and hard segments based on the combination of TDI and triethanolamine or 4,4′,4″‐triphenylmethane triisocyanate (Desmodur RE). Those PU elastomers were obtained not only in a typical one‐step method but also in the prepolymer method with the use of urethane oligomers with controlled molecular weight distribution (MWD). Prepolymers with well‐defined chain structures and narrow distributions of their molecular weights (MWD) $ \overline {M}_w / \overline {M}_n $ = 1.1–1.6 were produced in a multistage method, i.e., in step‐by‐step polyaddition of 2,4‐ and 2,6‐TDI with polyoxyethylenediols or polycaprolactonediols of different molecular weights. Isocyanate oligomers obtained at individual stages were then crosslinked with triethanolamine, whereas hydroxyl‐terminated oligomers were crosslinked with Desmodur RE. Microdomain morphology of the soft and hard‐segments structure was characterized by means of wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and scanning electron microscope. The phase morphology and microdomain crystallinity were investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Aligned electrospun nanofibers induced by magnetic field
Authors: Yang Dongzhi , Zhang Jianfeng , Zhang Jing , Nie Jun 
Published: September 2008

AbstractElectrospinning has been extensively explored as a simple and versatile method for drawing fibers. The nanofibers are usually collected as nonwoven mats. The results presented in this article show that the electrospun nanofibers can be uniaxially aligned by introducing two nonconductive ferrite magnets collector, and polymer chains parallel to the fiber axis for the aligned nanofibers. The alignment of the nanofibers was characterized by use of digital cameras and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Alignment on the molecular level was investigated by polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polarized Raman spectroscopy, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. Such uniaxially oriented nanofibers exhibit a variety of potential applications in the areas of biomaterials, microelectronics, and photonics. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A study on solution properties of poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid)
Authors: Fang Jian , Bian Fengling , Shen Weiguo 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPoly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) (PDEA), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and a series of (N,N‐diethylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) (DEA‐AA) random copolymers were synthesized by the method of radical polymerization. The measurement of turbidity showed that the phase behaviors of the brine solutions of the copolymers changed dramatically with the mole fraction of DEA (x) in these copolymers. Copolymers cop6 (x = 0.06) and cop11 (x = 0.11) in which acrylic acid content was higher presented the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phase behaviors similar to PAA. Copolymer cop27 (x = 0.27) presented the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior similar to PDEA. While copolymer cop18 (x = 0.18) in which acrylic acid content was moderate presented both UCST and LCST behaviors. The solution properties of the polymers were investigated by measurements of viscosity, fluorescence, and pH. It is reasonable to suggest that the sharp change of the phase behavior may be attributed to the interaction between acrylamide group and carboxylic group in the (DEA‐AA) copolymers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008