bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Aspects of a Decision-Making Model in Nuclear Deterrence Theory
Authors: Hunter Douglas E. 
Published: March 2007

This paper partly develops and analyzes the expected- value model of nuclear deterrence formulated by Daniel Ellsberg, formerly of the RAND Corporation, in his paper 'The crude analysis of strategic choices.' In the model, the Soviets and Americans each have the choice of Strike (all-out nuclear attack) or Wait (representative or best alternative to Strike) toward the other. Some of the variables of interest are q = Soviet subjective probability of a US Strike, q = the Soviet subjective probability of a US Strike at which the Soviets are indifferent between Strike and wait, V11 = Soviet no all-out war payoff, i.e. payoff for a Wait strategy by each side, V21 = Soviet first strike payoff, V12 = Soviet second strike payoff (where q, V11, V21, V12 are US estimates), M = Utility (Wait) - Utility (Strike) = (V11 - V21)- q(V11 - V21). Deterrence holds if and only if M > 0. The prime indices of deterrence stability are M and q. Cases are presented showing the conditions under which M and q increase simultaneously, or one in creases while the other remains constant, since such increases imply that deterrence is enhanced. In general such cases require so much information that (1) one is unlikely ever to know if the cases apply, even if they do- -hence predicting whether deterrence is enhanced or not is very difficult; and (2) they could not be employed by a policy-maker seeking to mani pulate variables to enhance deterrence stability. Also, interesting numerical real-life ranges of changes in values of V21, V12 and q are listed. These ranges of changes lead to both increases and decreases in M and q, unfortunately, so the model once more is seen to be poor for predicting whether deterrence is enhanced or not. Typical real-life force changes are presented next. In general, one cannot get enough information to be able to predict the consequences for M and q. MIRV and the ABM are dealt with briefly. The work in this article substantially advances knowledge about this deterrence model, and extends the criticism made by a number of writers who stress that deterrence theory requires rational behavior. The extreme limitations on one's ability to make predic tions even while employing a rigorous model are in vestigated. The fundamental conclusions is that the model does not predict deterrence outcomes for vital, realistic force changes.
Militarism, its Dimensions and Corollaries: An Attempt at Conceptual Clarification
Authors: Skjelsbaek Kjell 
Published: March 2007

The term militarism is used extensively for both analytical and propagandistic purposes, serving as a label for a many different phenomena. In the Western, liberal tradition, most authors emphasize the notion of excess (military spending, warfare, etc.), while in the Marxist tradition, militarism is seen as linked to imperialism and monopoly capitalism. Borrowing ideas from both traditions, we suggest that a discussion of militarism can be organized along three dimensions: (1) the behavioral, (2) the attitudinal or ideological, and (3) the structural. It is convenient to subdivide the latter into national structure and inter national structure. Under each of these headings a number of indicators of militarism are discussed. The dimensions are correlated, but correlations are generally weak. More research is needed to determine more exactly the relationship between, for instance, the growth of a military-industrial complex and the application of violence in foreign policy. Historical cases of militarism vary considerably from one another. Therefore the term militarism should not be exclusively linked to a specific phenomenon, but should serve as a name for a series of related phenomena.
UN Elites: Perspectives on Peace
Authors: Sylvester Christine 
Published: March 2007

This article addresses two relatively neglected issues in the field of peace research: (1) attitudes of system managers toward peace (defined as the absence of war); and (2) the relative importance of several socialization factors in determining those attitudes. Using interview data from a sample of UN elites, we describe the priority they accord peace, their preferred targets of peace (global vs. national or regional beneficiaries), policies they favor to realize peace, and preferred fora/procedures for negotiating policy. Then, we compare the impact of generational membership, North-South differences, and UN roles on respondent support for peace and propensity to favor policy change. Descriptive data reveal that peace is less important to these elites than economic welfare and social justice. This ordering, which is consonant with UN agenda trends, suggests spotty attention to peace initiatives in the future coupled with potential discrepancies in resource allocation between high and low political areas. In addition, peace is valued largely by globalminded elites, implying potential gaps between global schemes to end war and use of violence by nationalistic elites to attain preferred ends. Finally, while little disagreement exists concerning the importance of UN negotiation to attain peace, there is considerable disagreement over appropriate policy direction for the future. These aggregate tendencies are clarified by results of hypothesis tests showing level of development the best predictor of peace support and generational membership important to policy preferences. Explanatory findings, which tend to counter conventional socialization wisdom, implicate a North-South dimension in prepolicy debates, with DC affiliates favoring higher peace prioritization. However, in debates over policy, cohort differences, particularly the disproportionately change-oriented views of older elites, could have impact on outcomes. Thus, results of both analytic modes suggest important cognitive and socialization impediments to peace which may require reconciliation before policy progress can be made.
Interpreters and Lobbies for Positive Peace
Authors: Groten Hubert , Jansen Jürgen 
Published: March 2007

With the danger of a nuclear holocaust growing and psycho-logic (Osgood) as part of structural violence preparing this suicidal folly, the situation of (critical) peace research in the Federal Republic of Germany is precarious. It is not being taken seriously by the dominant strata of society and it is unknown to the masses. Groten/Jansen see 'skilled workers' acting as interpreters to communicate the findings of critical peace research to those most affected by structural violence, the masses. In the framework of a nationwide nongovernmental network of women and men of good will it is hoped to inform the democratic masses and thus create lobbies who support those politicians who care about positive peace.
Peace and Communication
Authors: Varis Tapio 
Published: March 2007

Current international debate on international communication issues as reflected in the drafting of media declarations is primarily based on recent studies about the flow of information. The background to these studies is described as well as their contribution to the debate. The paper discusses the problem that there is much work on the quantitative aspect of the flow but not enough qualitative work or theoretical understanding of the flow. Some attempts to summarize the findings are made. New areas for research such as transborder data flow are brought into the picture. As international policy recommendations, the paper concludes that flow studies should be extended to analyse how such crucial problems of mankind as disarmament, peace, development and human rights are affected by the national media and the international flow of information. The author's approach is to stress the demands of a truer and more perfect knowledge of each other's lives, stemming from UNESCO's constitution and reflected also in the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. As a counterargument to the demand of free flow of 'all kinds of information', there is evidence which has led some scholars to conclude that 'the surest antidote for ignorance and deceit is the widest possible exchange of objectively realistic information - true information, not merely more information.' Therefore, the qualitative aspects of the contents of the flow become crucial for research.
Simulation Study of the Performance of a Cluster-Based Hypercube Multicomputer
Authors: Obeng Morrison S. , Mahgoub Imad , Ilyas Mohammad 
Published: March 2007

In this paper, discrete-event simulation is used to evaluate the performance of a cluster-based hypercube architecture running parallel simplex and parallel Gaussian elimination algorithms. The cluster-based hypercube architecture enhances the performance of the nodes of the existing hypercube architecture systems by incorporating in each node, a cluster of n execution processors connected through a small cross-bar switch with n memory modules. The memory modules in each node are shared by the processors within the node. The simulations were developed for both the cluster-based hypercube architecture and the Intel Personal Supercomputer (iPSC/860, a conventional hypercube), and the results obtained were compared. The simulation results show a response time performance improvement of up to 30% in favor of the cluster-based hypercube architecture. We also observe that for increased link delays, the performance gap increases significantly in favor of the cluster-based hypercube architecture.
Opinion publique, groupes de pression et autorité constituée dans la vie de l'Eglise catholique
Authors: Remy Jean 
Published: March 2007

The inclusion in the field of religion of certain practices which are legitimate in the political sphere profoundly affects the structuring of the former in a way which is not reflected in the latter. These practices in the political sphere have combined to help the emergence of centralised power, but their effect is different in the field of religion, the structure of which tends to have more in common with the literary or artistic spheres. The analysis is centred upon the appeals to public opinion, which has been regarded as legitimate, and on the importance for the life of the Church of public opinion taken in the context of discussion between established authority and pressure groups. This implies an analysis of the structure which controls the means of communication with the masses and the extent to which this structure has been acknowledged as having the right to decide who shall speak. A new area for negotiation has been created which is subject to the social limits imposed by diverse forms of pluralism.
textile research journal
Authors: White Howard J. , Eyring Henry 
Published: March 2007

This paper contains a discussion of the water-adsorption properties of a class of long-chain materials with many polar groups, which includes most textile fibers. The process discussed is distinguished from the adsorption by substances such as metal and metallic oxide catalysts in that it is not strictly a surface phenomenon, the adsorbent swelling as water is adsorbed. It differs from simple hydrate formation in that the water uptake is a continuous function of relative humidity, although in theory this behavior can be considered to be caused by the existence of an infinitely large number of possible hydrates. And, finally, it is distinguished from adsorption by liquids by the fact that the adsorbent possesses, and retains during the adsorption process, a certain amount of dimensional stability. In the first part of the paper a summary is given of some experimental data. This summary is not a complete review of previous work but is rather an outline of the data on the various phe nomena associated with the adsorption process. The purpose of this section is to give as much information on the fundamental adsorption process as possible rather than to give data for a large number of representative substances. For this reason many references, especially to chemically modified fibers (which contrast individual members of this class but do not contribute new infor mation on the fundamental adsorption process), are omitted. In the second section a review of previous theoretical treatments is given and a new theory of the adsorption isotherm for this class of substances is proposed. This treatment is derived by the methods of statistical mechanics and expresses the adsorption isotherm in terms of the relative humidity, regain, and molecular parameters in the simplest case. The application of the theory to experimental data shows surprisingly good agreement between theoretical and experimental isotherms, considering the approximations involved. In some cases missing data are estimated from known data for similar substances. The third section contains a discussion of adsorption hysteresis in terms of the theory developed here and the theory of absolute reaction rates, as well as a discussion of the constants of the isotherm.
Presensitization of Cotton by the Deposition of Polymers of N-Methylol Compounds
Authors: Margeson John H. , Getchell Nelson F. 
Published: March 2007

A study was made of the presensitization of cotton by deposition of N-methylol poly mers and catalyst in the fabric, to permit subsequent curing of the fabric in garment form. The following N-methylol compounds were studied: triazone-formaldehyde, triazine-formaldehyde, dimethylolethyleneurea, melamme-formaldehyde, modified mela mine-formaldehyde, and dimethylolurea. The method of deposition involved impregna tion of the cotton fabric with an aqueous solution of the N-methylol compound and an acid catalyst. After impregnation, the damp fabric was permitted to remam at room temperature or a slightly higher temperature for 24 hr to promote polymerization of the reagent within the fiber. It was found that for all the N-methylol compounds exammed, significant amounts of polymer could be deposited within the cotton with substantially no loss in fabric strength and no impartation of crease recoveru or wash-and-wear properties. The treated fabrics could be subsequently cured by heating at an elevated temperature to develop these properties, as well as to impart sharp creases. Thus, the polymer deposition method was found to produce presensitized cotton fabrics. The attainment of sharp durable creases was easier, however, than the development of a high level of wash-and-wear properties. The stability to storage of the polymer-presensitized fabrics was examined under several conditions and compared with that of cotton presensitized by the same monomers. The stability to storage of the polymer-presensitized fabrics was superior to that of the monomer-presensitized materials in several cases. However, the levels of wash-wear properties attained to date with the polymer treatments were not as high as those required by current commercial usage, and an extra step is required by the process. With one of the compounds examined, a melamine-formaldehyde, a cured fabric which had a balance between strength retention and wash-wear properties superior to that normally obtained with resin-treated fabrics was obtained. However, under these experimental conditions a high level of crease recovery and wash-wear properties was not obtained. While no commercially justifiable treatment has so far emerged from these results, the data are of theoretical interest, particularly since they suggest that polymer deposition within the cotton fiber may mitigate the strength losses produced in wash-wear treat ments. The data also confirm the already prevalent concept that polymer deposition alone within the cotton fiber does not significantly contribute to wash-wear properties.
A Determination of the Fastness Properties of Dieldrin in Wool by Radioactive Tracer Techniques
Authors: Williams V.A. 
Published: March 2007

Radioactive tracer studies have been used as a technique to measure uptake rates and determine the fastness properties of dieldrin applied to wool. This has allowed their determination to a much higher degree of accuracy than has been possible hitherto. From white spirit solution there is no exhaustion of dieldrin from the solution onto wool ; only a surface layer consisting of discrete crystals is deposited [14] and this is easily removed by non-swelling solvents of warm detergent solution. Application from aqueous emulsion systems results in rapid uptake by the wool of dieldrin., Repeated (15 min) cold water rinses each remove about 0.9 percent' of the available dieldrin from emulsion treated wool. Compared with cold water, relative leaching rates are about 0.5 for perchlorethylene; 1.5-2.5 for warm water, charged perchlorethylene, charged or uncharged white spirit ; and 20-25 for warm detergent solution.
The Treatment of Wool with Aqueous Dispersions of Self-Crosslinking Polyacrylates
Authors: Feldtman H.D. , McPhee J.R. 
Published: March 2007

A study of the treatment of wool with a series of self-cross-linking polyacrylates has shown a wide range of possible uses in wool finishing. The softer polyacrylates give better resistance to felting and a higher increase in abrasion resistance than the harder polymers, and are more generally useful since reductions in felting, tumble drying shrink age, and pilling, and increases in tensile strength and abrasion resistance are obtained with no significant changes in stiffness, tear strength, or wrinkle recovery. However, the harder polymers can be used to obtain improved washability and durability of wool fabrics, together with increased stiffness and fullness if desired. Reduced felting is probably due to partial covering of fiber surfaces by polymer. rather than to fiber bonding, but some bonding can occur and this may produce such properties of polymer-treated wool such as reduced pilling and resistance to tumble drying shrinkage.
The Cross-Linking of Cotton Cellulose by Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Campbell Hugh J. , Francis Thomas 
Published: March 2007

Cross-linked, fibrous, cellulose diesters have been prepared using trifluoroacetic anhydride as a condensation agent for reaction of cotton fabric with eleven different, terminally-substituted, dicarboxylic acids ranging from malonic acid (C 3) to eicosane- 1,20-dicarboxylic acid (C22). In the range C2 to C5, only malonic acid reacts readily, oxalic acid being unreactive, while succinic and glutaric acids have qnly slight reactivity. With diadds from C6 to C 22, reaction occurs readily and a decrease in reactivity with chain length is observed. The reaction products are predominantly cellulose diesters containing a relatively small number of acid-ester residues. For each acid, the effect of varying the degree of cross-linking on the crease recovery, moisture regain, and water imbibition of the fabric has been determined. Crease recovery angles increase with the extent of reaction and, at equivalent degrees of cross-linking, longer chain acids effect more improvement in crease recovery than acids of shorter chain length. In geheral, both the nioisture regain and water imbibition of the fabric are decreased by esterification, the effect being greater the longer the acid chain length. Possible reasons for the observed effects are discussed.
Modification of Neodymium High cis-1,4 Polybutadiene with Tin Compounds
Authors: Hattori Iwakazu , Tsutsumi Fumio , Sakakibara Mitsuhiko , Makino Kenya 
Published: March 2007

High cis-1,4 polybutadiene was modified with tin compounds. The polymerization of 1,3-butadiene was carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprised of neodymium 2-ethylhexanoate, acetylacetone, triisobutyl- aluminum, diisobutylaluminum hydride and ethylaluminumsesqui chloride. The reactive polymer was then modified with triphenyltin chloride. Tin content increased with the increase in the number of molecules. This increase can also be seen by GPC measurement with RI and UV dual detectors; that is, the inten sity of UV absorbance at the low molecular weight region was higher than that at the high molecular weight region. From these results, this polymer was thought to be modified by tin com pounds at the chain terminal end. The abrasion characteristics of the modified polymer were measured with a Pico abrasion tester and were found to be improved.
Signed English in the classroom, II. Structural and pragmatic aspects of teachers' speech and sign
Authors: Wood Heather , Wood David , Kingsmill Marian 
Published: March 2007

In the first paper in this series (S.E.C. I) we investigated the effects of teaching style on pupil participation in discourse in classrooms where Signed English (S.E.) was employed for communication. In the present paper, we analyse the same classroom conversations from a different perspective. We present analyse of aspects of the grammatical complexity and completeness of teacher speech. We find no evidence to suggest that the simultaneous use of sign language disrupts the grammatical well-formedness of teacher utterances but, through comparisons with the speech of teachers in oral classrooms, find that signing appears to reduce the incidence of complex clause structures in teacher communication. As in previous studies, we find that the complexity of teacher speech to deaf children does not vary significantly as a function of child age (or hearing loss or non-verbal IQ). Counter-intuitively, we also find that teachers who use most complex language are faced with children who show least signs of misunderstanding. The educational implications of this finding are discussed in relation to previous studies of hearing and orally educated deaf children. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analyses are used to explore relationships between teaching style, grammatical complexity and child performance. The implications of the resultant findings for hypotheses about the impact of the use of signs on communication with deaf children are explored. Further use of MLR procedures reveals that the relations between teaching style and child participation are largely independent of the frequency of teacher signing.
To Combat Violence in the Child's World: Swedish Efforts to Strengthen the Child's Rights
Authors: Salzer E. Michael 
Published: March 2007

Child discipline and classroom discipline are subjects of an ongoing debate between educators, psychologists and legislators in many countries. In 1979, Sweden went so far as to totally outlaw corporal punishment. It is considered that SPI can offer a valuable international forum for furthering the debate, and so the follow ing two articles are published to initiate this forum, and to encourage the submission of further manuscripts contributing to it. The first article is reprinted from The Swedish Institute's publication Current Sweden (No. 229, July, 1979) and was first released in 1979 at the time corporal punishment was banned in Sweden. for further issues we invite contributions from Swedish psychologists describing the effects of such legislation after two years. The second article argues the need for proper respect and discipline in the Classroom
Towards 'coring' and 'aboutness': an approach to some aspects of in-depth indexing
Authors: Salem Shawky 
Published: March 2007

Some ideas about in-depth indexing are presented. Any document can be considered from two points: the core of the document which is usually one subject expressed by one term and the aboutness of the document which is usually many subjects expressed by several keywords and terms which may be either relative or non-relative to the core term. An experimental analysis with a sample of 100 petroleum documents using these new concepts appears to show that the terms unrelated to the core term must be reduced and the primary and minor relative terms need to be increased. The computing operation of the graduated aboutness is a way to weight the types of aboutness in in-depth indexing.