bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Very‐Low‐Calorie Diets: An Update and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Tsai Adam Gilden , Wadden Thomas A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Very‐low‐calorie diets (VLCDs), providing <800 kcal/d, have been used since the 1970s to induce rapid weight loss. Previous reviews of the literature have disagreed concerning the relative efficacy of VLCDs vs. conventional low‐calorie diets (LCDs) for achieving long‐term weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: We sought to update findings on the clinical use, safety, and efficacy of VLCDs and to perform a meta‐analysis of randomized trials that compared the long‐term efficacy of LCDs and VLCDs. Original research articles were retrieved by a Medline search and from prior reviews of VLCDs. Trials were included only if they were randomized comparisons of LCDs and VLCDs and included a follow‐up assessment at least 1 year after maximum weight loss. Data were abstracted by both authors regarding: duration of VLCD, total length of treatment, attrition, short‐ and long‐term weight loss, changes in weight‐related comorbidities, and adverse effects.Results: Six randomized trials were found that met inclusion criteria. VLCDs, compared with LCDs, induced significantly greater short‐term weight losses (16.1 ± 1.6% vs. 9.7 ± 2.4% of initial weight, respectively; p = 0.0001) but similar long‐term losses (6.3 ± 3.2% vs. 5.0 ± 4.0%, respectively; p > 0.2). Attrition was similar with VLCD and LCD regimens.Discussion: VLCDs did not produce greater long‐term weight losses than LCDs. In the United States, the use of liquid meal replacements as part of a 1000 to 1500 kcal/d diet may provide an effective and less expensive alternative to VLCDs. In Europe, VLCDs are used with less intensive medical supervision than in the United States, which reduces the cost of this approach.
Central Leptin Gene Therapy Blocks Ovariectomy‐Induced Adiposity
Authors: Torto Rita , Boghossian Stéphane , Dube Michael G. , Kalra Pushpa S. , Kalra Satya P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that insufficiency of leptin restraint in the hypothalamus is responsible for promoting weight gain and adiposity after ovariectomy (ovx). Whether increasing leptin transgene expression can overcome the diminution in leptin restraint was evaluated in ovx rats.Research Methods and Procedures: Enhanced leptin or green fluorescent protein (GFP; control) transgene expression was induced by a single intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant adeno‐associated viral vector encoding either leptin gene (rAAV‐lep) or GFP gene (rAAV‐GFP; control) in acutely and chronically ovx rats. Body weight and food intake responses were monitored weekly. White adipose tissue (WAT) mass and serum levels of WAT‐derived hormones, leptin, and adiponectin were analyzed at termination of the experiments.Results and Discussion: An increase in leptin transgene expression in the hypothalamus initiated soon after ovx blocked hyperphagia and body weight gain and markedly suppressed WAT mass and adipokines, leptin, and adiponectin. Similar suppression of weight gain and adiposity and serum leptin and adiponectin levels after intracerebroventricular rAAV‐lep injection in chronically ovx rats were observed concomitant with unchanged daily food intake. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in the absence of ovarian steroids, the existent insufficiency of leptin restraint at the hypothalamic level can be overcome with ectopic leptin expression, thereby reinstating central control on weight and adiposity.
A Physiological Role of Breast Milk Leptin in Body Weight Control in Developing Infants
Authors: Miralles Olga , Sánchez Juana , Palou Andreu , Picó Catalina 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Leptin, a hormone that regulates food intake and energy metabolism, is present in breast milk. The aim of this study was to determine whether milk leptin concentration is correlated with maternal circulating leptin and BMI and with body weight gain of infants.Research Methods and Procedures: A group of 28 non‐obese women (BMI between 16.3 and 27.3 kg/m2) who breast‐fed their infants for at least 6 months and their infants were studied. Venous blood and milk samples were obtained from mothers at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months of lactation, and leptin concentration was determined. Infant body weight and height were followed until 2 years of age.Results: During the whole lactation period, milk leptin concentration correlated positively with maternal plasma leptin concentration and with maternal BMI. In addition, milk leptin concentration at 1 month of lactation was negatively correlated with infant BMI at 18 and 24 months of age. A better negative correlation was also found between log milk leptin concentration at 1 and at 3 months of lactation and infant BMI from 12 to 24 months of age.Discussion: We concluded that, in a group of non‐obese mothers, infant body weight during the first 2 years may be influenced by milk leptin concentration during the first stages of lactation. Thus, moderate milk‐borne maternal leptin appears to provide moderate protection to infants from an excess of weight gain. These results seem to point out that milk leptin is an important factor that could explain, at least partially, the major risk of obesity of formula‐fed infants with respect to breast‐fed infants.
A Family‐Based Approach to Preventing Excessive Weight Gain
Authors: Rodearmel Susan J. , Wyatt Holly R. , Barry Mary J. , Dong Fang , Pan Dongmei , Israel Richard G. , Cho Susan S. , McBurney Michael I. , Hill James O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Preventing weight gain in adults and excessive weight gain in children is a high priority. We evaluated the ability of a family‐based program aimed at increasing steps and cereal consumption (for breakfast and snacks) to reduce weight gain in children and adults.Research Methods and Procedures: Families (n = 105) with at least one 8‐ to 12‐year‐old child who was at‐risk‐for‐overweight or overweight (designated as the target child) were recruited for the study. Eighty‐two families were randomly assigned to receive the family‐based intervention and 23 families to the control condition. The 13‐week intervention consisted of specific increases in daily steps (an additional 2000 steps/d) and consumption of 2 servings/d of ready‐to‐eat cereal.Results: The intervention was successful in increasing walking (steps) and cereal consumption. The intervention had positive, significant effects on percentage BMI‐for‐age and percentage body fat for target children and weight, BMI, and percentage body fat for parents. On further analysis, the positive effects of the intervention were seen largely in target girls and moms, rather than in target boys and dads.Discussion: This family‐based weight gain prevention program based on small changes holds promise for reducing excessive weight gain in families and especially in growing overweight children.
Association between Obesity and Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Fong Ronald L. , Bertakis Klea D. , Franks Peter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the relationship between BMI and patient satisfaction with health care providers using a nationally representative survey.Research Methods and Procedures: This analysis examined the 9914 adult patients who completed the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and had visited a health care provider within 12 months of the survey. Linear regression models were employed with patient satisfaction as the dependent variable. The patient satisfaction scale was based on ratings from five questions assessing the quality of provider interactions. The independent variable was BMI, with adjustments for the domains of demographics, social‐economic status, health attitudes and behavior, health status, and health care use. BMI (weight in kilograms/square of height in meters) was classified as normal weight (18.5 to 24.9), overweight (25.0 to 29.9), or obese (≥30.0). Hierarchical models were used to evaluate how each domain modified the BMI‐satisfaction association.Results: Obese patients reported significantly greater satisfaction with their health care providers than their normal‐weight counterparts did (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in satisfaction between normal‐weight and overweight patients or between overweight and obese patients. The health status domain produced the largest modification in the BMI‐satisfaction relationship. Examination of interaction effects revealed that the association between BMI and satisfaction was confined to older persons.Discussion: In this nationally representative sample of individuals, obese persons were more satisfied than their normal‐weight counterparts. This finding counters those of previous studies. Incomplete adjustments for health care use and insurance status may have led to those conclusions.
A Primary Care Weight Management Intervention for Low‐Income African‐American Women
Authors: Martin Pamela Davis , Rhode Paula C. , Dutton Gareth R. , Redmann Stephen M. , Ryan Donna H. , Brantley Phillip J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether a tailored weight management program, addressing the needs of obese, low‐income African‐American women, would produce greater weight loss than standard medical care.Research Methods and Procedures: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted between 1999 and 2003 with 144 overweight or obese women (predominantly African‐American) enrolled at two primary care clinics. Four physicians at each clinic were randomly assigned to provide either tailored weight management interventions or standard care. The tailored condition consisted of six monthly outpatient visits lasting ∼15 minutes each, which included personalized materials and messages. The main outcome was body weight change.Results: The intervention group lost more weight than the standard care group (p = 0.03). The tailored group lost a mean (standard deviation) of 2.0 (3.2) kg by Month 6. The standard care group gained 0.2 (2.9) kg. More participants in the tailored group lost weight (79% vs. 47%; p = 0.04).Discussion: Obese, low‐income, African‐American women provided with 90 minutes of physician‐delivered, tailored weight management instruction over 6 months achieved greater weight loss than those receiving standard medical care. The primary care physician can be effective in delivering weight loss interventions, and the primary care clinic may be a useful setting to implement weight management interventions.
Construct Validity of the Short Form‐36 Health Survey and Its Relationship with BMI in Obese Outpatients
Authors: Corica Francesco , Corsonello Andrea , Apolone Giovanni , Lucchetti Maria , Melchionda Nazario , Marchesini Giulio ,   The QUOVADIS Study Group
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the construct validity of the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) Health Survey questionnaire in obese patients.Research Methods and Procedures: Our series consisted of 1735 obese patients (age, 44.7 ± 11.0 years; 1346 women) consecutively enrolled in the QUOVADIS study, an observational multicenter study of obese treatment‐seeking outpatients. The construct validity of the SF‐36 was assessed by main component analysis. Age‐, gender‐, and education‐adjusted general linear models were used to investigate the relationship between BMI and SF‐36 domains or factors identified by main component analysis.Results: BMI was significantly associated with poor health‐related quality of life in all eight SF‐36 domains, and the strongest association was observed with physical activity. Main components analysis generated a six‐factor solution explaining 59% of the observed variance. BMI was strongly associated with factors based on the loading of items regarding the physical activity domain and factors based on role‐physical and role‐emotional items or general health and bodily pain items. In contrast, mental health‐, vitality‐, and social functioning‐based factors were not related to BMI.Discussion: In obese treatment‐seeking outpatients, the clustering of SF‐36 items in main components is not significantly different from the domain‐based approach generally used, thus confirming the robustness of such a generic questionnaire in this specific condition. However, the peculiar clustering of some SF‐36 items and their relationship with BMI suggest that the health‐related quality of life profile of subjects belonging to that population may be better described with alternative aggregations of the SF‐36 items or with disease‐tailored questionnaires.
Dietary Patterns and Changes in Body Weight in Women
Authors: Schulze Matthias B. , Fung Teresa T. , Manson JoAnn E. , Willett Walter C. , Hu Frank B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Our objective was to examine the association between adherence to dietary patterns and weight change in women.Research Methods and Procedures: Women (51,670, 26 to 46 years old) in the Nurses’ Health Study II were followed from 1991 to 1999. Dietary intake and body weight were ascertained in 1991, 1995, and 1999. A Western pattern, characterized by high intakes of red and processed meats, refined grains, sweets and desserts, and potatoes, and a prudent pattern, characterized by high intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, poultry, and salad dressing, were identified with principal component analysis, and associations between patterns and change in body weight were estimated.Results: Women who increased their Western pattern score had greater weight gain (multivariate adjusted means, 4.55 kg for 1991 to 1995 and 2.86 kg for 1995 to 1999) than women who decreased their Western pattern score (2.70 and 1.37 kg for the two time periods), adjusting for baseline lifestyle and dietary confounders and changes in confounders over time (p < 0.001 for both time periods). Furthermore, among women who increased their prudent pattern score, weight gain was smaller (multivariate‐adjusted means, 1.93 kg for 1991 to 1995 and 0.66 kg for 1995 to 1999) than among women who decreased their prudent pattern score (4.83 and 3.35 kg for the two time periods) (p < 0.001). The largest weight gain between 1991 and 1995 and between 1995 and 1999 was observed among women who decreased their prudent pattern score while increasing their Western pattern score (multivariate adjusted means, 6.80 and 4.99 kg), whereas it was smallest for the opposite change in patterns (0.87 and −0.64 kg) (p < 0.001).Discussion: Adoption of a Western dietary pattern is associated with larger weight gain in women, whereas a prudent dietary pattern may facilitate weight maintenance.
High‐Molecular Weight Adiponectin Isoforms Increase after Biliopancreatic Diversion in Obese Subjects
Authors: Salani Barbara , Briatore Lucia , Andraghetti Gabriella , Adami Gian Franco , Maggi Davide , Cordera Renzo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Our objective was to test the effect of biliopancreatic diversion (BDP) in adiponectin multimerization. Adiponectin, the major protein secreted by adipose tissue, circulates in plasma in different isoforms. The most clinically relevant oligomers are high‐molecular weight (HMW) multimers and low‐molecular weight (LMW) trimers. Contrasting data on the effect of weight loss on adiponectin isoforms have been reported.Research Methods and Procedures: We measured total plasma adiponectin and HMW and LMW adiponectin oligomers (by Western blot analysis) before and 1 month after BPD, in 18 severely obese subjects.Results: One month after BPD, body weight decreased ∼11%. Total adiponectin showed significant increase after BPD. In addition, we found a significant increase in HMW (percentage) adiponectin oligomers. We found a significant inverse correlation between HMW (percentage) and BMI before and after BPD. Homeostasis model of assessment‐insulin resistance decreased significantly after the BPD, without any significant correlation with total serum adiponectin and adiponectin oligomers.Discussion: A moderate weight loss after BPD increases total and HMW adiponectin oligomers. The significant correlation between BMI and HMW (percentage) adiponectin oligomers but not between BMI and total adiponectin might indicate a role of body fat mass in regulation of adiponectin multimerization. These data suggest that HMW oligomers represent a very sensitive parameter to short‐term BMI changes after BPD.
Decreased Expression of Adipogenic Genes in Obese Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Dubois Severine G. , Heilbronn Leonie K. , Smith Steven R. , Albu Jeanine B. , Kelley David E. , Ravussin Eric ,   The Look AHEAD Adipose Research Group
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Our objective was to delineate the potential role of adipogenesis in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is characterized by an increase in adipose tissue mass resulting from enlargement of existing fat cells (hypertrophy) and/or from increased number of adipocytes (hyperplasia). The inability of the adipose tissue to recruit new fat cells may cause ectopic fat deposition and insulin resistance.Research Methods and Procedures: We examined the expression of candidate genes involved in adipocyte proliferation and/or differentiation [CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein (C/EBP) α, C/EBPδ, GATA domain‐binding protein 3 (GATA3), C/EBPβ, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) γ2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5A), Wnt‐10b, tumor necrosis factor α, sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), 11 beta‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, PPARG angiopoietin‐related protein (PGAR), insulin‐like growth factor 1, PPARγ coactivator 1α, PPARγ coactivator 1β, and PPARδ] in subcutaneous adipose tissue from 42 obese individuals with type 2 diabetes and 25 non‐diabetic subjects matched for age and obesity.Results: Insulin sensitivity was measured by a 3‐hour 80 mU/m2 per minute hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp (100 mg/dL). As expected, subjects with type 2 diabetes had lower glucose disposal (4.9 ± 1.9 vs. 7.5 ± 2.8 mg/min per kilogram fat‐free mass; p < 0.001) and larger fat cells (0.90 ± 0.26 vs. 0.78 ± 0.17 μm; p = 0.04) as compared with obese control subjects. Three genes (SREBP1c, p < 0.01; STAT5A, p = 0.02; and PPARγ2, p = 0.02) had significantly lower expression in obese type 2 diabetics, whereas C/EBPβ only tended to be lower (p = 0.07).Discussion: This cross‐sectional study supports the hypothesis that impaired expression of adipogenic genes may result in impaired adipogenesis, potentially leading to larger fat cells in subcutaneous adipose tissue and insulin resistance.
Differential Effects of Gastric Bypass and Banding on Circulating Gut Hormone and Leptin Levels
Authors: Korner Judith , Inabnet William , Conwell Irene M. , Taveras Carmen , Daud Amna , Olivero‐Rivera Lorraine , Restuccia Nancy L. , Bessler Marc 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To quantify plasma concentrations of hormones that regulate energy homeostasis in order to establish possible mechanisms for greater weight loss after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) compared with gastric banding (BND).Research Methods and Procedures: Four groups of women were studied: lean (n = 8; mean BMI, 21.6 kg/m2); BND (n = 9; BMI, 35.8; 25% weight loss), RYGBP (n = 9; BMI, 34.2; 36% weight loss), and controls matched for BMI to the surgical groups (n = 11; BMI, 34.4).Results: Fasting total peptide YY (PYY) and PYY(3–36) immunoreactivity were similar among all groups, but the postprandial response in the RYGBP group was exaggerated, such that 30 minutes after the meal, total and PYY(3–36) levels were 2‐ to 4‐fold greater compared with all other groups. Maximal postprandial suppression of total ghrelin was blunted in the BND group (13%) compared with RYGBP (27%). Postprandial suppression of octanoylated ghrelin was also less in BND (29%) compared with RYGBP (56%). Fasting insulin was lower in RYGBP (6.6 μU/mL) compared with BND (10.0 μU/mL). Compared with lean controls, leptin concentrations were significantly higher in BND but not in RYGBP. There was a greater increase in post‐meal satiety in the RYGBP group compared with BND and overweight controls.Discussion: The differences between RYGBP and BND subjects in postprandial concentrations of PYY and ghrelin would be expected to promote increased satiety and earlier meal termination in RYGBP and may aid in greater weight loss. The differences in insulin and leptin concentrations associated with these procedures may also reflect differences in insulin sensitivity and energy partitioning.
Patient Characteristics as Predictors of Weight Loss after an Obesity Treatment for Children
Authors: Braet Caroline 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine pretreatment patient characteristics as predictors of treatment outcome 2 years after completion of an inpatient treatment for children with obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Children (N = 122) ranging in age from 7 to 17 years [mean, 12.7 ± 2.3 (SD) years] with a mean adjusted BMI of 179.5 ± 28.6% participated in an inpatient obesity treatment program. Children (90.2% response rate) participated in the 2‐year follow‐up. Eight predictors, administered at baseline, were entered in separate regression analyses, with weight loss and changes on three psychological health measures as the outcome measures.Results: Analyses revealed that baseline degree of overweight, age, and initial weight loss were significant positive predictors of weight loss 2 years after treatment, whereas eating disorder characteristics were a negative predictor. Sex, socioeconomic status, global self‐esteem, and symptoms of psychopathology did not predict weight loss. With regard to the psychological outcome measures, baseline symptomatology emerged as the most important predictor of treatment changes.Discussion: Long‐lasting weight loss is associated with severity of pretreatment characteristics. Identification of the clinical markers for long‐term response to treatment is useful to set realistic weight loss goals for clients and to tailor treatment programs to patient characteristics.
Associations between Aortic Calcification and Components of Body Composition in Elderly Men
Authors: Alexandersen Peter , Tankó László B. , Bagger Yu Z. , Jespersen Jørgen , Skouby Sven O. , Christiansen Claus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate associations among body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, and atherosclerosis in middle‐aged and elderly men for the identification of potential pathogenic links.Research Methods and Procedures: The study included 168 white men 44 to 86 years old. Severity of aortic calcification (AC) was graded on lateral radiographs, and body fat and lean mass were measured by DXA. Information on demographic and lifestyle characteristics also was gathered.Results: A strong and independent inverse association was found between AC and peripheral lean mass (PLM), even after adjusting for age and BMI (p < 0.05). Independently of the influence of PLM, AC was directly correlated with truncal fat mass (p < 0.05). Furthermore, AC was inversely associated with tertiles of the free androgen index (p < 0.05). In a multiple regression model, age and serum cholesterol (p < 0.01) contributed directly, and truncal fat mass tended also to contribute directly (p = 0.09), whereas PLM contributed borderline inversely (p = 0.06) to the variation of AC (R = 0.635, p < 0.0001).Discussion: Severity of AC is strongly dependent on age and further modulated by an array of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Sarcopenia and truncal fat mass are reciprocal correlates of atherosclerosis of borderline statistical significance in multivariate models. To clarify whether sarcopenia is an atherogenic risk factor or rather a parallel consequence of low‐grade inflammation also promoting atherogenic trends, further longitudinal studies in larger sample sizes of men and women are needed.