bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of two different Fats on reproduction Capacity of Vitamin E Deficient Rats
Authors: DAM HENRIK , GRANADOS HUMBERTO , PRANGE INGE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The influence of two different fats, viz., cod liver oil and lard, on the reproduction capacity of vitamin E deficient rats has been studied. Six groups of rats, kept for 10 weeks since weaning on the experimental rations prior to mating, were fed six purified diets, the differences among them being as follows: group 1, — E — fat; group 2, + E — fat; group 3, — E + 20 % cod liver oil; group 4, + E + 20 % cod liver oil; group 5, — E + 20 % lard, and group 6, + E + 20 % lard.Groups 1 and 2 exhibited the poorest reproduction records, probably as a complication of the rigid exclusion of dietary fat, which produced in these animals a lower caloric intake and a deficiency of essential fatty acids.The reproduction performance of the animals which were fed the vitamin E deficient diet containing cod liver oil (group 3) was significantly poorer than that of the animals which were fed lard (group 5). This shows once more that qualitative differences in dietary fats may greatly influence the sterility symptom in vitamin E deficient rats.Furthermore, the reproduction record of the animals fed high amounts of vitamin E (20 mg per cent of tocopherol acetate) plus cod liver oil (group 4) wax affected to a larger extent than that of rats fed lard (group 6). This shows that two different fats may influence to varying degrees the requirement of vitamin E for reproduction.A correlation of the changes found in the adipose tissue with the reproduction performance of the various groups, points to a causal relation common for both symptoms (peroxidation and coloration of adipose tissue, and sterility): peroxidation of certain highly unsaturated fatty acids in the absence of the antioxidant effect of vitamin E.
The Influence of Skin Temperature on the Number of Reacting Cold Spots
Authors: BING H. I. , SKOUBY A. P. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The number of reacting cold spots within a given area of the skin increases with the skin temperature. In one series of experiments the number found increased from 17–93 spots with a rise in temperature of the skin from 35 to 33° C. This is due hath to increased excitability of spots from which a reaction can be elicited at lower temperatures and to a reaction from spots in areas from which it is possible to induce reaction at high temperatures only.Heating of the single cold spot to 30°‐40° C does not affect its excitability. The increased excitability requires a change in the temperature in larger areas of the skin or the underlying tissues. The mechanism of the change in the mode of reaction is discussed.
A Note on an Inhibitory Reflex from the Nose on the Rabbit
Authors: FRANKENHAEUSER B. , LUNDERVOLD ARNE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Ether and smoke hare an inhibitory influence on “spontaneous motor activity” in rabbits in urethane narcosis. The inhibition is due to a reflex elicited in the nose. Adaptation takes place to successive doses of ether. The first inhibited units are the last to reappear after ether.
The Effect of l‐Noradrenalin and Ergotamine on the Oxygen Consumption of Guinea‐Pigs
Authors: LUNDROLM LENNART 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effects of l‐noradrenalin and crgotamine on the oxygen consumption have been studied in guinea‐pigs. The drugs had been supplied in the form of subcutaneous and intrainuscular injections, respectively.It was found that 20 γ/kg l‐noradrenalin raised the oxygen consumption to at most 116 per cent. of the basal value, but that the effect had ceased after 40 minutes; that 100 γ/kg caused a niaximal rise of the consumption to 125 per cent., and that the effect still persisted after the lapse of 70 minutes.The ratio between the dosages of l‐noradrenalin and l‐adrenalin which have an equally marked effect on the oxygen consumption has been estimated at 5:1.It was found that ergotamine inhibited the effect of l‐nor‐adrenalin on the oxygen consumption; but that a considerably larger dosage of ergotamine was requisite in order to inhibit the effect of l‐noradrenalin than the corresponding dosage required in the case of l‐adrenalin.The effect of ergotamine on the nietabolisni was found to vary with the dosage. Thus, 20 γ/kg had in the main a slightly stimulating effect: the oxygen consuniption rose on an average to 105.2 per cent. of the basal value 10–100 minutes after the injection; 800 γ/kg lowered the oxygen consumption to 96.1 % within the same time; 2 mg/kg at first lowered the oxygen consumption, but this was afterwards followed by a stimulative effect, the result being that the oxygen consumption rose to 140.3% in the course of 40–190 minutes after the injection.
The Theory for Elastic Liquid‐Containing Membrane Manometers. General Part.
Authors: HANSEN ANDERS TYBJÆRG , WARBURG ERIK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A new method for determining the above‐mentioned constants evolved by V. JOHANSEN and I. OSCAR NIELSEN has been published.

An exposition is given of the theory for oscillating systems of one degree of freedom known from physics.
Tables and curves are calculated showing the amplitude‐and phase‐distortion caused by recording instruments of different degrees of damping influenced by varying relative frequencies.
The relations between the degree of damping, the ratio of damping, the logarithmic decrement and the overshot have been calculated.
The consequences for the choice of recording instruments for given purposes have been outlined.
The consequences for the construction of suitable recording instruments have been pointed out.
Methods for determining the natural undamped frequency and the degree of damping from forced and free vibrations have been given.
The paper presents the general part of the theory for the elastic liquid‐containing membrane manometer.
The Theory for Elastic Liquid‐Containing Membrane Manometers. Special Part.
Authors: HANSEN ANDERS TYBJÆRG 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The equation of motion of the elastic membrane manometer containing liquid has been deduced and reduced to the same form as that of a harmonic oscillator (oscillating system of one degree of freedom). The constants: mass‐ and damping constant are both expressed in full by the dimensions of the manometer and by the specific weight and coefficient of viscosity of the filling liquid. Frank's manometer theory has thus been extended, so that not only the undamped natural frequency but also the degree of damping for a manometer of the nature in question can be computed in advance, which is of decisive importance to the employment of the general vibration theory when dealing with practical problems of measuring. The justification of the necessary conditions and simplifications with which we have to reckon in deducing the equation of motion of the manometer is briefly discussed. With regard to the general theory applying to an oscillating system of one degree of freedom, reference is made to a previous publication (TYBJÆRG HANSEN and WARBURG, 1949).
Midbrain Activity in Response to Vestibular Stimulation.
Authors: GERNANDT BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The electrical activity caused by stimulation of the receptors in the vestibular organ was recorded from isolated units in the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body.The responses obtained showed that the discharge conducted through these regions mainly followed uncrossed tracts and that, in addition, a smaller portion passed along crossed pathways.Thus, the experiments demonstrate that the vestibulo‐cortical intramesencepharic course of the pathways runs parallel with the acoustic fibres.This work has been supported by a grant from “ADOLF ROBBERTS fond”.
The Effect on Growth and the Toxicity of the Two Isomers of Methionine
Authors: WRETLIND K. A. J. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.This paper reports the results of growth tests on young white rats on diets adequate in other respects but containing varying concentrations of L‐ and D‐methionine.The following results were obtained:The concentration required for maintenance of the body‐weight was 0.10 % L‐methionine and 0.12 % D‐methionine in the diet.The effect of the D‐methionine on the growth was merely 76–84 per cent, of that of the L‐methionine.Maximal growth was obtained at a concentration of 0.25–1% L‐methionine and of 0.5C–.2% D‐methionine in the diet. D‐methionine seems to be less toxic than L‐methionine. A toxic effect on the growth (stagnation in weight) resulted at a concentration of 3.5% L‐methionine and of 5.4% D‐methionine in the diet.In default of methionine in the diet the animals had a poor appetite, which immediately improved on the addition of L‐ or D‐methionine. A maximal appetite was obtained with 0.125–1% L‐methionine or 0.125–4% D‐methionine. With higher concentrations a decrease in appetite would appear.
Acetylcholine Release at Parasympathetic Synapses
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , MUREN ANDERS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The submaxillary gland was perfused with eserinized plasma and the perfusate tested for acetylcholine on cat's blood pressure. Small amounts of acetylcholine could always be detected in the venous outflow; during stimulation of the chorda tympani there was an increase in acetylcholine content. When the perfusion fluid contained curare (Intocostrin 10‐4), stimulation of the chorda was also accompanied by an increase in acetylcholine content of the perfusate but only to about a third or a fourth of the value obtained on stimulation without curare. The average output of acetylcholine in ten experiments on cats (two minutes stimulation, 20 shocks/sec.) was 0.144 μg without and 0.050 μg with curare. It is suggested that the acetylcholine obtained in the latter case originated from the parasympathetic nerve endings in the submaxillary ganglion, since it is very unlikely that with this concentration of curare transmission occurs across the ganglion even in the presence of eserine. This assumption is further supported by pharmacological evidence and by the fact that the chorda tympani contains acetylcholine in relatively high concentration.This work was originally planned in discussions with Professor F. C. MACINTOSH, when one of us (N.E.) had the advantage of working with him at the National Institute for Medical Kesearch in London. The authors are greatly indebted to him for these discussions and for his kindness in looking over the manuscript.The investigation has been aided by a grant to one of us (N.E.) from the Swedish Medical Eesearch Council.
Experiments with Substances which Make Bakers Yeast Absorb Potassium
Authors: ØRSKOV SØREN L. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

It is shown that a number of substances besides glucose and ethyl alcohol (see table II) are able to make starving yeast absorb potassium (40 substances were examined and 15 caused K absorption).
All these substances with two exceptions (mannose and fructose) either form or are ether‐ or toluenesoluble and more or less volatile acids.
Common to all the substances is their ability to make the oxygen consumption rise considerably.
There seems to be a pH regulation in yeast cells, so that the cells will lose potassium if pH of the cells rises too much.
The K absorption will in most cases be appropriate as organic acids are formed from naturally occurring substances and the extracellular low pH will make the acids free and the acids will be bound in the cells as only the free acids are easily permeating.

As to the mechanism of the K absorption the experiments give no information. But glycogen formation and acid formation during the absorption does not seem to be necessary, as it has been supposed.

A method is stated which makes it possible by toluene extraction in the author's extraction vessels, using WIDMARK'S principle of extraction to estimate the amount and nature of one of the lower fatty acids produced during an experiment. The amount is compared with changes of the amount of ethersoluble acids and volatile acids.
By this method it is shown that acetic acid is formed from ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde, propionic acid from propyl alcohol and propylaldehyde, and butyric acid from butyl alcohol. The acid formation from the aldehydes is slower than from the alcohols, possibly the aldehydes are toxic.

After addition of glucose one or more ether‐ and toluenesoluble acids are formed. After 15 minutes they have disappeared. The nature of the acids is discussed.
Isolation of Noradrenaline from Suprarenal Medulla
Authors: BERGSTRÖM S. , HAMBERG U. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Adrenaline and noradrenaline can be separated on a preparative scale with countercurrent extractions in a system of hydrochloric acid‐phenol.
Noradrenaline has been isolated and identified from cattle adrenals.
Blood Pyruvate and Ventilation in Heavy Work
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It was found that the pyruvate (and lactate) content of the blood during work could vary considerably without any resulting effect on the ventilation, and further that the injection of 40 mg of pyruvic acid into the veins of a dog weighing 12 kg had no effect on its ventilation. It is concluded that pyruvic acid is not the substance that during work in partly anaerobic conditions causes the increase in ventilation.
Recording of X‐ray Absorption by the Lungs with Changes in the Pulmonary Blood Contents
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , RUDHE ULF , SJOSTRAND TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.X‐ray absorption by the lungs has been recorded, by means of the electrokymograph constructed by ENGSTRÖM, KJELLBEEG, PERSSON and EUDHE, while altering the blood contents of the legs. It has been possible by this to record an increase in the amount of blood occurring in different parts of the lungs in direct connection with a sudden decrease of the blood in a part of the systemic circuit. By analogous recording of the electrokymo‐gram of the left ventricle, it has been possible to demonstrate directly the relationship between the pulmonary blood contents, and the volume and rate of filling of the left ventricle.The described observations provide further support for the hypothesis that the lungs function as a blood depot which regulates the volume, rate of filling, and stroke volume of the left ventricle.
The Intravenous Galactose Tolerance Test and the Action of Dicumarol on the Liver
Authors: BOSTRÖM HARRY , GARDELL SVEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Galactose tolerance tests were made with continuous intravenous infusion according to STENSTAM'S method. The normal curves and the pathological changes in connexion with the administration of alcohol are found to be in good agreement with those given by STENSTAM.
The method was used after the administration of dicumarol and showed normal values for otherwise healthy persons in:
7 cases of dicumarol medication for short time.
One case of acute dicumarol intoxication.
One case five years after extremely severe dicumarol intoxication.
Pathological values were obtained only in one case in which the patient had received dicumarol for a long period but in which hepatitis three months earlier complicated the evaluation of the case.

Thus, in similarity with the other liver function tests, tolerance tests with galactose show that the effect of dicumarol is extremely specific.
On the Lipotropic Action of Lipocaic
Authors: BRUUN PER , DAM HENRIK , SCHILLING KURT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Fatty livers were produced in albino rats by the procedure indicated by MCHENRY and coworkers. A casein level of 20% in the experimental diet given in the last week of the experiments instead of 10% was found to give a more marked and regular response of the lipotropic substances tested.
A supplement of 2% lipocaic prepared according to DBAGSTEDT was lipotropically active against this type of fatty liver. The effect cannot be due to choline.
A supplement of 2% AFL‐factor prepared according to CHAIKOFF was without any effect. The activity of lipocaic observed in our experiments is therefore not due to a proteolytic effect such as it was found by CHAIKOFF for the AFL‐factor in experiments with depancreatized dogs.
Lipocaic preparations were stable to refluxing at pH 5 or 7 for 1 hour; the effect was slightly diminished by refluxing at pH 9 for 1 hour.
A supplement of 0.25% inositol reduced the liver fat to the same degree as 2% lipocaic. An amount of inositol corresponding to that found in the lipocaic preparations did not seem to exert the full lipotropic effect of lipocaic. It is therefore probable that lipocaic contains an unknown substance, which exerts a lipotropic effect under the conditions of the experiment.
Experiments with other tissue extracts such as meat and liver extracts demonstrated that they also had some lipotropic effect, although less marked than lipocaic.
Action Potential Studies of Afferent Fibres in the IXth and Xth Cranial Nerves of the Frog
Authors: NEIL ERIC , STRÖM LENNART , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The carotid bifurcation and carotid gland are the site of origin of stretch receptor fibres which join the glossopharyngeal nerve. These fibres behave in a manner similar to those of the carotid sinus nerve of mammals, as shown by their impulse activity under conditions of arterial distension.
The pulmo‐cutaneous trunk possesses stretch receptor fibres which join the laryngeal branch of the vagus. The possible function of these fibres is discussed.
The pulmonary branch of the vagus contains fibres which originate from stretch receptors in the lung tissue. Inflation of the lung causes an increasing discharge of such fibres. It is suggested that the development of this mechanism is related to the mode of respiration displayed by the frog.
Determination of the Blood Volume with an Iron‐Carbohydrate Complex and the Evans Blue Dye
Authors: PORAT BERTIL T. D. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.An iron‐carbohydrate complex was shown to be suitable for the determination of plasma volume in vitro and in vivo tests.Determination of the whole blood‐volume directly gave less satisfactory results.The Evans blue method performed simultaneously gave somewhat lower values of the plasma volume and a smaller dispersion was obtained. This method is to be preferred.
Histochemical Evidence of Intense Phosphatase Activity in the Hypothalamic Magnocellular Nuclei of the Rat
Authors: ERÄNKÖ OLAVI 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Sections of the rat brain were examined with histochemical phosphatase methods. The hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei (nucleus supraopticus, nucleus paraventricular^ and accessory supraoptic nuclei) were found to possess an intense phosphatase activity in both acid and alkaline medium. Positive histochemical reactions were obtained in these cerebral nuclei and in the choroid plexus after a short treatment in the substrate, when the other constituents of the brain were still phosphatase negative. The alkaline phosphatase was apparently located mostly in the capillaries and the acid phosphatase in the nerve cell nuclei and cytoplasm. This finding is taken to support the view that intense metabolic processes take place in these magnocellular nuclei.
Physiological Significance of Post‐Tetanic Potentiation of the Spinal Monosynaptic Reflex
Authors: STRÖM GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Experiments were made on anesthetized, decerebrate and spinal cats. The spinal cord (lumbar segments) was de‐efferented, and one leg totally denervated except for one muscle which was left intact and investigated.1. After tetanization of the intact muscle nerve, its monosynaptic spinal reflex was potentiated (confirming LLOYD, 1949).2. Intense afferent activity from a muscle, produced by repetitive stretch or tetanic contraction of long duration, was not followed by post‐tetanic potentiation of its monosynaptic test reflex of perceptible magnitude.3. During post‐tetanic potentiation (a) the stretch reflex and “contraction reflex” were usually not altered, although sometimes the stretch reflex was moderately increased; (b) the afferent response to muscle stretch or contraction was not perceptibly decreased, except during a short period after the tetanus; (c) only the first few of the monosynaptic reflex responses to tetanic afferent stimulation were potentiated.4. The experimental result indicates (a) that post‐tetanic potentiation follows only after high‐frequency afferent firing, difficult to produce by physiological stimulation; (b) that, when produced by afferent tetanic stimulation, post‐tetanic potentiation is not of great quantitative importance for reflexes elicited by asynchronous or repetitive afferent firing.
On the Influence of Stress by Cold on Dermal Spread.
Authors: LINDERHOLM HÅKAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Evidence is assembled from the literature sustaining the view that various stimuli (stressor agents) which produce the general adaptation syndrome (Selye) also inhibit the dermal spread of dyes both in the presence and absence of hyaluronidase.2. The dermal spread of a hemoglobin solution was inhibited in living rabbits exposed to cold for 15–16 hours. No inhibition was found when the rabbits were killed immediately before the spreading test.3. In mice exposed to cold for 11 days there was an inhibition of the spread in dead animals also.4. The results are discussed and it is proposed that the inhibition of the spread in living animals (and not in dead ones) after a short exposure to cold may be due to another mechanism than the inhibition of the spread found in dead animals after an extended exposure to cold. These two mechanisms of inhibition may be connected with different phases of the general adaptation syndrome, i. e. the alarm reaction with eventual changes in the peripheral circulation and the stage of resistance with a possible change in the structure of the connective tissue. Specific effects of cold, however, cannot be excluded.5. It is emphasized that the inhibition produced by alarming stimuli may be a source of error in experiments on dermal spread but can be avoided using appropriate experimental conditions.
Free Amino Acids in Mammalian Tissue
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , CARLSTRÖM GUNNAR , STAGE AGNETE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Free amino acids in tissues form different groups. Some acids are present in high relative concentrations in blood serum as well as in all tissues investigated. Other acids are absent from blood serum but present in one or more of the tissues. Some acids are present in high relative concentrations in certain organs only.2. Free aminoethylphosphate is a normal constituent of animal tissues.3. Free γ‐aminobutyric acid is present in brain in relative high concentration.4. Free diffusion play only an insignificant role for the distribution of free amino‐acids through the living organism.
Electrical Properties of Platinum Tipped Micro‐electrodes in Ringer's Solution
Authors: GRAY J. A. B. , SVAETICHIN G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Measurements of the impedance of Bhodium and Pt‐black tipped electrodes of < 10 Mu diameter have been made. The impedance changed with frequency according to recognized equations and the 1.1 Kcyc./sec. value varied from 0.23 to 1.29 M. Under stable conditions, and in conjunction with high impedance recording devices, it has been shown that the electrodes recorded potentials of very low frequency with negligible distortion.