bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Underwater self‐potential measurements in the safety assessment of dams
Authors: Rozycki A. , Olalla C. , Ruiz Fonticiella J.M. , Cuadra A. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTA small earth‐cored dam, the water balance of which indicated water losses, was chosen to test the applicability of the underwater self‐potential (SP) method. The data were recorded using a measurement system composed of an electrode dragged over the upstream face of the dam and attached to a well‐logging instrument. The measured electrical potential was referred to a fixed point inside the reservoir and near to the pool water level.The obtained SP data were split into regional and local components. The regional component was generated using an existing correlation between a vertical SP water gradient and the water depth of the upstream slope shape of the dam. The residual SP field was obtained by subtraction of the regional component from the recorded data.The residual SP field showed several anomalies, one of which coincided with the axis of the outlet conduit. Depth estimation gave a value equal to the position of the tube. Some of the anomalies suggested the presence of suffusion processes that had developed along the upstream slope, similar to sink‐hole dissolution. The SP anomalies and the conductive bodies interpreted from the direct current measurements which were carried out on the crest of the dam, showed good spatial correlation; this indicated the possibility of hydraulic connections through preferential flow paths between the upstream face and the body of the dam.In quantitatively interpreting the SP anomalies, their relative positions on the upstream face must be taken into account, due to possible electrical‐potential distortions at the rock‐fill/water and water/ air limits.
Highly Conductive Films of Layered Ternary Transition‐Metal Nitrides
Authors: Luo Hongmei , Wang Haiyan , Bi Zhengxing , Zou Guifu , McCleskey T. Mark , Burrell Anthony K. , Bauer Eve , Hawley Marilyn E. , Wang Yongqiang , Jia Quanxi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEpitaktische Filme aus BaZrN2 (siehe TEM‐Bild) und BaHfN2 wurden durch polymerunterstützte Abscheidung auf SrTiO3(STO)‐Substraten gezüchtet. Die Filme sind phasenrein, wodurch sich die intrinsischen physikalischen Eigenschaften der ternären Nitride untersuchen lassen. Zwischen 5 und 300 K zeigen die Filme ein metallartiges Widerstands‐Temperatur‐Verhalten bei hohen Restwiderstandsverhältnissen.magnified image
Perfluoropentaphenylborole
Authors: Fan Cheng , Piers Warren E. , Parvez Masood 
Published: January 2009

AbstractKomplett fluoriert: Vollständig fluoriertes Pentaphenylborol (siehe Struktur) wurde durch aufeinander folgende Transmetallierungsreaktionen unter Beteiligung von Zr‐ und Sn‐Heterocyclen synthetisiert. Das hoch feuchtigkeitsempfindliche Borol ist ein neues Mitglied der Familie der Perfluorarylborane, einer Klasse von antiaromatischen Verbindungen mit grundlegender Bedeutung für Aromatizitätskonzepte.magnified image
Acetylides from Alkyl Propiolates as Building Blocks for C3 Homologation
Authors: Tejedor David , López‐Tosco Sara , Cruz‐Acosta Fabio , Méndez‐Abt Gabriela , García‐Tellado Fernando 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThree that matter: Metal acetylides from alkyl propiolates allow C3 homologations with transference of their versatile reactivity profile to products that can then react without further elaboration. Metal‐free acetylides, which are generated by the action of a good nucleophile on the alkyl propiolate, react with suitable electrophiles through different domino reactions to generate skeletal diversity.magnified imageAlkyl propiolates are reagents with a versatile reactivity profile that entirely remains in the C3‐homologated product for further elaboration. To be effective, this C3 homologation requires suitable methods for the generation of the acetylide anion that are compatible with both the conjugated ester and the electrophilic partner. Recent advances include catalytic procedures for the in situ generation of these acetylides in the presence of suitable electrophiles. Whereas the organometallic methods have brought stereoselectivity to these reactions, the organocatalytic methods laid the ground for new efficient domino processes that generate complexity.
A Copper‐Catalyzed, pH‐Neutral Construction of High‐Enantiopurity Peptidyl Ketones from Peptidic S‐Acylthiosalicylamides in Air at Room Temperature
Authors: Liebeskind Lanny S. , Yang Hao , Li Hao 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed transformation of peptidic thiol esters and boronic acids gives peptidyl ketones and takes place in DMF or DMF/H2O at room temperature in air (see scheme). This aerobic reaction only occurs at a thiol ester group capable of coordinating to Cu through its appendage on the sulfur center and is not hampered by racemization of the reactants or products.magnified image
Carbon Dioxide Induced Phase Switching for Homogeneous‐Catalyst Recycling
Authors: Desset Simon. L. , Cole‐Hamilton David J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSwitchPhos: Rhodium complexes formed from PPh3 ligands functionalized with weakly basic amidine groups are highly active catalysts for the hydroformylation of alkenes. On bubbling with CO2 in the presence of water, the yellow rhodium complexes move into the water phase, whereas bubbling with N2 at 60 °C causes them to switch back into the organic phase. The catalysts can be used for reactions in water or an organic phase.magnified image
Molecular Modeling, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Macrocyclic Calpain Inhibitors
Authors: Abell Andrew D. , Jones Matthew A. , Coxon James M. , Morton James D. , Aitken Steven G. , McNabb Stephen B. , Lee Hannah Y.‐Y. , Mehrtens Janna M. , Alexander Nathan A. , Stuart Blair G. , Neffe Axel T. , Bickerstaffe Roy 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe design and elaboration of a series of macrocyclic templates that exhibit a propensity to adopt a β‐strand‐like peptide‐backbone conformation led to potent and selective inhibitors of calpain 2. Macrocycle 1 retarded calcium‐induced opacification in an ovine‐lens culture assay and is a lead compound for the development of a drug for cataract treatment. Cbz=carbobenzyloxy.magnified image
Highly Conductive Films of Layered Ternary Transition‐Metal Nitrides
Authors: Luo Hongmei , Wang Haiyan , Bi Zhengxing , Zou Guifu , McCleskey T. Mark , Burrell Anthony K. , Bauer Eve , Hawley Marilyn E. , Wang Yongqiang , Jia Quanxi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFilm studies: Epitaxial films of BaZrN2 (see TEM image) and BaHfN2 are grown by polymer‐assisted deposition on SrTiO3 (STO) substrates. The films are phase‐pure, allowing the intrinsic physical properties of the ternary nitrides to be studied. From 5 to 300 K, the films exhibit metallic‐like resistivity–temperature behavior, with large residual resistivity ratios.magnified image
Barrier Compression Enhances an Enzymatic Hydrogen‐Transfer Reaction
Authors: Hay Sam , Pudney Christopher R. , McGrory Tom A. , Pang Jiayun , Sutcliffe Michael J. , Scrutton Nigel S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPutting the squeeze on: Hydrostatic pressure causes a shortening of the charge‐transfer bond in the binary complex of morphinone reductase and NADH4 (see diagram). Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that pressure reduces the average reaction barrier width by restricting the conformational space available to the flavin mononucleotide and NADH within the active site. The apparent rate of catalysis increases with pressure.magnified image
Tandem Double‐Michael‐Addition/Cyclization/Acyl Migration of 1,4‐Dien‐3‐ones and Ethyl Isocyanoacetate: Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrrolizidines
Authors: Tan Jing , Xu Xianxiu , Zhang Lingjuan , Li Yifei , Liu Qun 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUp to four adjacent stereocenters can be formed stereoselectively in the construction of a pyrrolizidine unit through a novel organocatalytic reaction that involves treatment of various dienones with ethyl isocyanoacetate (see scheme; DBU=1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene). Mechanisms for this atom‐economic, one‐pot synthesis have been proposed.magnified image
From Oblivion into the Limelight: Iron (Domino) Catalysis
Authors: Fürstner Alois 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSleeping beauty? Is the scientific community about to kiss awake iron catalysis, a topic that has been dormant for decades? A recent study on a user‐friendly direct cross‐coupling reaction of alkyl and aryl halides constitutes an important step toward this end through the integration of two different iron‐catalyzed elementary steps into a practical one‐pot procedure.magnified image
The effects of marginal maternal vitamin A status on penta‐brominated diphenyl ether mixture‐induced alterations in maternal and conceptal vitamin A and fetal development in the Sprague Dawley rat
Authors: Ellis‐Hutchings Robert G. , Cherr Gary N. , Hanna Lynn A. , Keen Carl L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) toxicity in rodents can be associated with disruptions in endocrine signaling. We previously reported that the penta‐BDE mixture, DE‐71, disrupts thyroid hormones and vitamin A metabolism in rats during lactation, and that this disruption is amplified in animals fed diets marginal in vitamin A. The ability of the DE‐71 to disrupt vitamin A metabolism during the prenatal period has not been evaluated. While penta‐BDE mixtures are not strong teratogens in pregnant animals fed standard commercial laboratory diets, we hypothesized that they could be teratogenic under conditions of marginal vitamin A status. METHODS: rats were fed diets containing 0.4 retinyl equivalents (RE, marginal) or 4.0 RE (adequate) of vitamin A per gram of diet. Pregnant animals were exposed to DE‐71 (0, 6, 18, 60, or 120 mg/kg) from gestation days (GD) 6–11.5, or on GD 6–19.5. RESULTS: DE‐71 treatment resulted in dose‐responsive reductions in maternal thyroid hormone and markers of vitamin A metabolism, with the latter reduction amplified in marginal vitamin A dams. Fetuses from marginal vitamin A, DE‐71‐exposed dams exhibited a dose‐responsive increase in liver retinol binding protein levels. DE‐71 treatment did not result in gross malformations; however, consistent with our hypothesis, GD 20 fetal weights were lower, and skeletal ossification was less when DE‐71 exposure occurred concomitant with a marginal vitamin A status. For several endpoints, observable effects were evident at the lowest dose tested, consistent with a dose‐response trend. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the concept that marginal vitamin A status enhances the disruptive effects of DE‐71 during prenatal development. Birth Defects Research (Part B) 86:48‐57, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural Effects on ss‐ and dsDNA Recognition by a β‐Hairpin Peptide
Authors: Stewart Amanda L. , Waters Marcey L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractForm defines function: The effects of β‐hairpin structure on the binding affinity and selectivity for ssDNA versus dsDNA were investigated; this provided insights into the factors that contribute to the selective recognition of both ss‐ and dsDNA and suggested new approaches for designing biomimetic receptors. Binding studies showed that 1) folding is crucial for binding to both ss‐ and dsDNA, and 2) chirality affects binding for duplex but not for ssDNA.magnified imageThe interactions involved in the binding of a designed β‐hairpin dimer to single‐stranded and duplex DNA have been explored. Previously the peptide dimer had been found to bind ssDNA with a dissociation constant of 3 μμ through a combination of aromatic and electrostatic interactions, whereas binding to duplex DNA was primarily driven by electrostatic interactions. In this report, the effects of folding and chirality were studied to determine the factors that contribute to affinity and selectivity for ssDNA versus dsDNA. Binding studies showed that 1) folding is crucial for binding to both ss‐ and dsDNA, and 2) chirality affects binding for duplex DNA but not for ssDNA. Taken together, these studies reveal different modes of binding for ss‐ and duplex DNA, with different driving forces, but in each case peptide structure contributes significantly to binding.
Investigation of sp2–sp Coupling for Electron‐Enriched Aryl Dihalides under Oxygen‐Free Sonogashira Coupling Reaction Conditions Using a Two‐Chamber Reaction System
Authors: Chen Xue‐Yi , Barnes Charles , Dias Jerry R. , Sandreczki T. C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTriethylamine hydroiodide crystals were formed during Sonogashira reactions; after complete reaction the solution retains a characteristic light color (see picture). Very sluggish Sonogashira reactions of electron‐enriched aryl diiodides have been carried out in high yield in an oxygen‐free, two‐chamber reaction system. The formation of triethylamine hydroiodide crystals was monitored to determine the completion of reaction.magnified image
Fourier Transform Infrared Study of the Dissolution Mechanism of Poly(methyl methacrylate) in CO2‐Expanded Ethanol
Authors: Matsuyama Kiyoshi , Mishima Kenji 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBoth CO2 and ethanol are nonsolvents for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at 303 K, but PMMA dissolves in CO2‐expanded ethanol (red spectrum, see figure). The dissolution process consists of swelling of the PMMA by the CO2, which allows the ethanol to penetrate the PMMA and interact with the polymer through carbonyl–hydroxyl hydrogen bonds to separate the polymer chains.magnified image
Inhomogeneous Phase Transition upon Hydrogenation of Nanocluster Pd Films
Authors: Di Vece Marcel , Kelly John J. , Lievens Peter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPhased out: A combination of electrochemical and optical techniques is used to study the interaction of hydrogen with palladium nanoclusters. Hydrogen pressure‐composition isotherms reveal the reduced presence of the β phase in palladium nanoclusters. Hydrogen extraction transients relate the reduced miscibility gap to a core‐shell phase transformation in the palladium nanoclusters (see picture).magnified image
The role of insulin‐like growth factor‐I and its binding proteins in glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rajpathak Swapnil N. , Gunter Marc J. , Wylie‐Rosett Judith , Ho Gloria Y. F. , Kaplan Robert C. , Muzumdar Radhika , Rohan Thomas E. , Strickler Howard D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis review addresses the possible role of the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐axis in normal glucose homoeostasis and in the etiopathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. IGF‐I, a peptide hormone, shares amino acid sequence homology with insulin and has insulin‐like activity; most notably, the promotion of glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. Type 2 diabetes as well as pre‐diabetic states, including impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, are associated cross‐sectionally with altered circulating levels of IGF‐I and its binding proteins (IGFBPs). Administration of recombinant human IGF‐I has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals as well as in patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Further, IGF‐I may have beneficial effects on systemic inflammation, a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and on pancreatic β‐cell mass and function. There is considerable inter‐individual heterogeneity in endogenous levels of IGF‐I and its binding proteins; however, the relationship between these variations and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes has not been extensively investigated. Large prospective studies are required to evaluate this association. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptations to exercise training within skeletal muscle in adults with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review
Authors: Wang Yi , Simar David , Fiatarone Singh Maria A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to review morphological and metabolic adaptations within skeletal muscle to exercise training in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). A comprehensive, systematic database search for manuscripts was performed from 1966 to March 2008 using computerized databases, including Medline, Premedline, CINAHL, AMED, EMBASE and SportDiscus. Three reviewers independently assessed studies for potential inclusion (exposure to exercise training, T2DM or IGT, muscle biopsy performed). A total of 18 exercise training studies were reviewed. All morphological and metabolic outcomes from muscle biopsies were collected. The metabolic outcomes were divided into six domains: glycogen, glucose facilitated transporter 4 (GLUT4) and insulin signalling, enzymes, markers of inflammation, lipids metabolism and so on. Beneficial adaptations to exercise were seen primarily in muscle fiber area and capillary density, glycogen, glycogen synthase and GLUT4 protein expressions. Few randomized controlled trials including muscle biopsy data existed, with a small number of subjects involved. More trials, especially robustly designed exercise training studies, are needed in this field. Future research should focus on the insulin signalling pathway to better understand the mechanism of the improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in response to various modalities and doses of exercise in this cohort. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin analogues: fears, facts and fantasies
Authors: Cordera Renzo , Salani Barbara , Briatore Lucia 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIGF‐I and insulin, acting through both IGF‐I and insulin receptors, have been studied widely to evaluate their oncogenic and teratogenic properties. These two properties need to be studied for each new insulin analogue, in addition to measurements of their metabolic and pharmacodynamic features. This editorial critiques a study in this issue of the journal of several insulin analogues in their action in vitro on several cancer‐related cell lines. The conclusions and limitations of these studies are highlighted, especially as they influence guidelines for using these analogues patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Student experiences of neurodiversity in higher education: insights from the BRAINHE project
Authors: Griffin Edward , Pollak David 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe number of students with identified learning differences (LDs) of all kinds is increasing in higher education. This qualitative study explored the experiences of 27 current and previous students with a range of specific LDs by means of semi‐structured interviews, using a thematic approach. The findings revealed that participants shared many life experiences and preferences for learning irrespective of their type of LD. Participants generally held one of two views about their identity as ‘neurodiverse’: a ‘difference’ view—where neurodiversity was seen as a difference incorporating a set of strengths and weaknesses, or a ‘medical/deficit’ view—where neurodiversity was seen as a disadvantageous medical condition. The former view was associated with expressions of greater career ambition and academic self‐esteem, while the latter view was associated more with processes for obtaining the Disabled Students' Allowance. Many of the participants reported similar experiences in education and with university support; many did not feel adequately supported by their institutions. Recommendations are made for increased awareness training among lecturers and better liaison between university departments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Line‐division‐based digital watermarking system for facilitating fair use of small‐size vector map content
Authors: Yamada Takaaki , Fujii Yasuhiro , Tezuka Satoru , Komoda Norihisa 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAs many people use digital maps in the ubiquitous network, facilitating fair use has become a great issue for vector map content. Watermarks are a promising way to trace content and report contact information to end users. We clarify the technical requirement for a small‐size map including several hundred vectors. A line‐division‐based digital watermarking system based on inserting new points that divide a line segment, where the internal division ratio indicates the embedding information, is proposed. The ability of the method to survive daily user operations and trace content is evaluated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(9): 11– 19, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10010
A selfish constraint satisfaction genetic algorithm for planning a long‐distance transportation network
Authors: Onoyama Takashi , Maekawa Takuya , Kubota Sen , Tsuruta Setsuo , Komoda Norihisa 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTo build a cooperative logistics network covering multiple enterprises, a planning method that can build a long‐distance transportation network is required. Many strict constraints are imposed on this type of problem. To solve these strict‐constraint problems, a selfish constraint satisfaction genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed. In this GA, each gene of an individual satisfies only its constraint selfishly, disregarding the constraints of other genes in the same individuals. Moreover, a constraint prechecking method is also applied to improve the GA convergence speed. The experimental result shows the proposed method can obtain an accurate solution in a practical response time. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(9): 1– 10, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10042
A parallel multigrid solver for high‐frequency electromagnetic field analyses with small‐scale PC cluster
Authors: Yosui Kuniaki , Iwashita Takeshi , Mori Michiya , Kobayashi Eiichi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFinite element analyses of electromagnetic fields are commonly used for designing various electronic devices. The scale of the analyses becomes larger and larger, therefore, a fast linear solver is needed to solve linear equations arising from the finite element method. Since a multigrid solver is the fastest linear solver for these problems, parallelization of a multigrid solver is quite a useful approach. From the viewpoint of industrial applications, an effective usage of a small‐scale PC cluster is important due to initial cost for introducing parallel computers. In this paper, a distributed parallel multigrid solver for a small‐scale PC cluster is developed. In high‐frequency electromagnetic analyses, a special block Gauss– Seidel smoother is used for the multigrid solver instead of general smoothers such as a Gauss– Seidel or Jacobi smoother in order to improve the convergence rate. The block multicolor ordering technique is applied to parallelize the smoother. A numerical example shows that a 3.7‐fold speed‐up in computational time and a 3.0‐fold increase in the scale of the analysis were attained when the number of CPUs was increased from one to five. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(9): 28– 36, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10160