bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐frequency sound absorption of organic hybrid comprised of chlorinated polyethylene and N,N′‐dicyclohexyl‐2‐benzothiazolyl sulfenamide
Authors: Akasaka Shuichi , Tobusawa Taiki , Tominaga Yoichi , Asai Shigeo , Sumita Masao 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe investigated the sound absorption characteristics of an organic hybrid material comprised of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) as the matrix polymer and N,N′‐dicyclohexyl‐2‐benzothiazolyl sulfenamide (DBS) as the second component of an organic low‐molecular‐weight compound. We found specific crystallites, obtained by annealing, that generated new absorption for a low‐frequency sound in a CPE/DBS blend. We observed two sound absorption peaks, around 300 and 1000 Hz, in the annealed CPE/DBS (50 : 50 w/w) blends, whereas those peaks were not observed in the untreated sample. There were two kinds of crystals with different melting points in the annealed samples. It was confirmed that the crystals with the lower melting point brought about sound absorption at a low frequency. The crystals that had the lower melting point were smaller and/or more disordered than the crystals that had the higher melting point. We calculated the fraction of these two types of crystals from differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurements. The annealing or reannealing temperature specified the fraction of the crystal with the lower melting point, and the obtained crystal fraction characterized sound absorption frequency. Therefore, it is possible to control the sound absorption frequency of an organic hybrid by heat treatment such as annealing. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Bench‐scale studies of poly(vinyl chloride) fires with water mist
Authors: Qin J. , Chow W. K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBench‐scale tests to study the effect of water mist on burning solid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were carried out with a cone calorimeter. Water mist was discharged from a small nozzle under two operating pressures, 0.4 and 0.7 MPa. The corresponding water flow rates were 103.5 and 134 mL/min, respectively. The cone angle of the discharged water spray was 90°, and the volume mean diameter of the mist was about 90 μm. The results were useful in understanding the effects of discharging water mist to suppress the diffusion flame from burning PVC. The reignition process also was studied. The testing method was appropriate for studying the interaction between water mist with smaller droplets and the diffusion flame in a confined space. There, the combined effects of oxygen displacement, gas phase, and fuel surface cooling were the key extinguishing mechanisms. The critical water mist application rate on burning PVC under different thermal radiative heat fluxes was able to be determined. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 2520–2527, 2006
Poly(methyl methacrylate)/SIO2 hybrid membranes: Effect of solvents on structural and thermal properties
Authors: Zulfikar Muhammad Ali , Mohammad A. Wahab , Kadhum Abdul Amir , Hilal Nidal 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn this paper, hybrid organic–inorganic membranes were prepared using three different solvents and characterized. The hybrid membranes were fabricated using sol–gel technique, which had polymethyl‐methacrylate (PMMA) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as materials, with 80/20 ratio. The thin films were then characterized using FTIR, SEM, EDX, and mapping techniques. From the preliminary characterization, hybrid membranes were found to have nano and ultra scale tight‐pores ranges, which was influenced by the solvent used. The SEM images clearly show that hybrid membranes have homogenous and smooth surface. FTIR spectroscopy uncovered all the signature peaks characteristic of silicate structures in the near‐surface regions. Fingerprints of SiOSi groups in cyclic and linear molecular substructures were also present. From DSC analysis, the Tg value of the PMMA moieties in hybrids membranes was in the order H‐15‐Toluene < Pure PMMA < H‐15‐THF < H‐15‐DMF. Furthermore, from TGA analysis it was found that the hybrid membranes have higher thermal stability compared with that of pure PMMA. EDX and mapping analysis showed that the composition and distribution of particles in the membranes were different and dependent on the solvents used. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of novel biocidal cyclodextrin inclusion complexes grafted onto polyamide‐6 fabric by a redox method
Authors: Gawish S. M. , Ramadan A. M. , Mosleh S. , Morcellet M. , Martel B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of immobilized β‐cyclodextrin derivatives onto polyamide‐6 fabric is presented. These novel fabrics were prepared by graft‐copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto polyamide 6 fabric, using a chemical redox system K2S2O8/CuSO4·5H2O, followed by reaction of β‐cyclodextrins (CD) or monochlorotriazinyl (MCT β‐CD) with the GMA epoxy group. Some biocidal guests were complexed into CD cavity including p‐hydroxy benzoic acid, AgNO3–ethanolamine mixture, iodine, N,N‐diethyltoluamide (DETA), citronella, jasmine, and sweet basil. Characterization of the novel fabrics was done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR), electron scanning microscopy (SEM), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The biocidal activity of the grafted fabrics was tested against five strains of microorganisms. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 2586–2593, 2006
A novel devulcanization technology for vulcanized natural rubber
Authors: Jana G. K. , Mahaling R. N. , Das C. K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDevulcanization of waste rubber poses a challenging environmental, economical, and disposal problem in the world because of their cross‐linked three‐dimensional network structure. Devulcanization of gum natural rubber vulcanizate containing three different sulfur/accelerator ratios was carried out in 90°C for 10 min with the help of open two‐roll cracker cum mixing mill in presence and absence of thiol acid as a devulcanizing agent. The vulcanizate properties markedly depended on devulcanizing agent and also devulcanization techniques. Revulcanized rubber obtained by devulcanizing with thiol acid offered better mechanical properties. Decrease in scorch time and increase in rheometric torque were observed for revulcanized rubber containing devulcanizing agent. The onset degradation temperature largely depended on presence of thiol acid. IR spectroscopic results revealed that the main polymeric chain did not oxidize at the time of milling above the room temperature. Increase in storage modulus and decrease in loss modulus were observed for revulcanized rubber from DMA study. The SEM was considered to study the failure mechanism and homogeneity of the vulcanizate. By adopting this devulcanization technique, more than 85% mechanical property of vulcanized natural rubber was retained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 2831–2840, 2006
The Calculation of Thermal Movements and Eigenstresses in the Leaning Tower of Pisa
Authors: Froli Maurizio , Ulivieri Enrico 
Published: December 2005

AbstractStarting from predicted yearly and daily distributions of the temperature fields induced by climatic actions over the cross‐sections of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the correlated time histories of thermal movements and eigenstresses have been calculated by simply assimilating the monument to a prismatic, inhomogeneous elastic body. Comparisons performed between calculated and measured daily and seasonal thermal displacements evidenced a good prediction capability of the model and its attitude to be used as an interpretation tool to understand also thermal periodical movements in other tower‐shaped buildings.
Untersuchungen zur Homogenität von Bauwerksteilen mit Lasertechniken
Authors: Erfurt Wolfgang , Tatarin René , Thurow Torsten 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDas Teil projekt B1 “Diagnostik und Qualitätskontrolle durch zerstörungsfreie, berührungslose Prüfverfahren” arbeitet innerhalb des SFB 524 an der verfahrens‐ und meßtechnischen Weiterentwicklung des konventionellen Ultraschall‐Transmissionsverfahrens zur optischen Meßmethode unter Anwendung von Lasertechniken. Die Zielstellung ist die Bestimmung der Verteilung von elastischen Kennwerten zur Bewertung von Laborprobekörpern bei Untersuchungen zur Dauerhaftigkeit von Beton und zur Erfassung des Ist‐Zustandes von Bauwerksteilen bei der Revitalisierung von Bauwerken. Dabei erfolgt die laserinduzierte Schallanregung durch einen Nd:YAG‐Laser und die Erfassung der vom Untersuchungsobjekt beeinflußten Schallwellen durch ein Laservibrometer. Die Anwendung dieser Methoden läßt eine hohe Meßgeschwindigkeit und eine hohe erzielbare Datendichte erwarten, da die Laserstrahlen bei beiden Systemen durch Scanner optisch ausgelenkt werden können. Weiterhin wurde eine vermessungstechnische Methode zur Bestimmung des Schallweges an jedem Meßpunktpaar entwickelt, die auch für die konventionelle Durchführung des Ultraschall‐Transmissionsverfahrens genutzt werden kann.
Das Tragverhalten von beanspruchten Brettsperrholzplatten unter dem Einfluß streuender Jahrringorientierungen der Querlagen
Authors: Schwar Andreas 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBei Beanspruchungen rechtwinklig zur Plattenebene treten unter bestimmten Bedingungen (kleine Stützweiten, kurze Distanzen zwischen Auflager und Krafteinleitung, etc.) hohe Rollschubbeanspruchungen in den querorientierten Brettlagen auf. Das Verformungs‐ und Versagensverhalten der gesamten Brettsperrholzplatte ist somit stark von den Festigkeits‐ und Steifigkeitseigenschaften der querorientierten Brettlage abhängig, welche wiederum durch Rohdichte, Imperfektionen (zB. ste, Risse) sowie die unterschiedlichen Jahrringorientierungen der einzelnen Bretter beeinflußt werden. In diesem Aufsatz wird eine FE‐Simulation vorgestellt, welche es erlaubt, die bis zum vollständigen Versagen der Platte nacheinander auftretenden Brüche lokal zu identifizieren. Zur Beschreibung der unterschiedlichen Jahrringorientierungen werden hierbei probabilistische Eingangsgrößen verwendet. Die berechneten globalen Last‐Verschiebungskurven werden anschließend mit denen aus Bauteilversuchen in Originalgröße verglichen und diskutiert. Ein Verstehen der sukzessiven Bruchabfolge bei Beanspruchung rechtwinklig zur Plattenebene ermöglicht gezielte Konstruktionsverbesserungen.
Use of Carbonaceous Polysaccharide Microspheres as Templates for Fabricating Metal Oxide Hollow Spheres
Authors: Sun Xiaoming , Liu Junfeng , Li Yadong 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA general method for the synthesis of metal oxide hollow spheres has been developed by using carbonaceous polysaccharide microspheres prepared from saccharide solution as templates. Hollow spheres of a series of metal oxides (SnO2, Al2O3, Ga2O3, CoO, NiO, Mn3O4, Cr2O3, La2O3, Y2O3, Lu2O3, CeO2, TiO2, and ZrO2) have been prepared in this way. The method involves the initial absorption of metal ions from solution into the functional surface layer of carbonaceous saccharide microspheres; these are then densified and cross‐linked in a subsequent calcination and oxidation procedure to form metal oxide hollow spheres. Metal salts are used as starting materials, which widens the accessible field of metal oxide hollow spheres. The carbonaceous colloids used as templates have integral and uniform surface functional layers, which makes surface modification unnecessary and ensures homogeneity of the shell. Macroporous films or cheese‐like nanostructures of oxides can also be prepared by slightly modified procedures. XRD, TEM, HRTEM, and SAED have been used to characterize the structures. In a preliminary study on the gas sensitivity of SnO2 hollow spheres, considerably reduced “recovery times” were noted, exemplifying the distinct properties imparted by the hollow structure. These hollow or porous nanostructures have the potential for diverse applications, such as in gas sensitivity or catalysis, or as advanced ceramic materials.
Near Monodisperse TiO2 Nanoparticles and Nanorods
Authors: Li Xiao‐Lin , Peng Qing , Yi Jia‐Xiang , Wang Xun , Li Yadong 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHighly crystalline, near monodisperse TiO2 nanoparticles, nanorods and their metal‐ion‐doped (Sn4+, Fe3+, Co2+, and Ni2+, etc.) derivatives have been prepared by well‐controlled solvothermal reactions. Through adjusting the reaction parameters, such as reaction temperature, duration, and concentration of the reactants, the size, shape, and dispersibility of the products can be controlled. A possible reaction mechanism can be proposed based on experimental evidence.
EMI of printed circuit board and its modeling
Authors: Tanaka Motoshi , Kayano Yoshiki , Inoue Hiroshi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMeasurement and modeling of the undesired electromagnetic waves (electromagnetic noise) from electronic devices play an important role in the understanding of EMI problems and in establishing design techniques. One of the methods of analysis of the EMI problems of electronic devices is the measurement of the common mode current flowing in the cables connected to the electronic devices. This paper reviews the measurement of the common mode current on printed circuit boards (PCB) and discusses results related to the EMI problems of PCB. FDTD modeling of the common mode current by traces placed near the PCB edge and suppression of the common mode current by the guard band are described. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(4): 22–31, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20257
Design method of FIR filters with the variable piecewise stopband
Authors: Shinbo Tomonari , Sugita Yasunori , Aikawa Naoyuki , Kimura Takashi , Wakasa Yukio , Morichi Toru 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn the field of digital signal processing, there are cases in which the frequency characteristics must be changed instantaneously in response to the processing objective. A filter whose characteristic can be varied instantaneously is called a variable filter. Many reports are available on the design of FIR digital filters with a variable passband. However, it appears that there are no publications on the design of an FIR digital filter in which the portion of the stopband with high attenuation can be varied. In this paper, a design method is proposed for an FIR digital filter using spectral parameters that make the portion of the stopband with high attenuation variable. For the design, the successive projection method with a simple algorithm is applied. A filter with an almost equal‐ripple profile for the entire amplitude characteristic is designed by varying the spectral parameters. As a result, it is possible to obtain amplitude characteristics close to those of the filter solved by the Remez algorithm for specifications that change instantaneously from time to time. Finally, a design example is presented to confirm the effectiveness of the present approach. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(4): 34–41, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20176
Implicit surface reconstruction of 3D objects: Preconditioned iterative methods for the CSRBF‐type linear systems
Authors: Itoh Taku , Kitagawa Takashi , Nakata Susumu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe consider a surface reconstruction problem of a 3D object. The surface can be reconstructed as an implicit function, which is determined by solving a linear system derived from the input scattered data. Here, we use a CSRBF (Compactly‐Supported Radial Basis Functions)‐based method which leads to a linear system with a sparse matrix. In this paper, we describe preconditioned iterative methods which are efficient especially for the linear system with sparse and large matrix. Moreover, an appropriate combination of preconditioning strategies and iterative methods for this type of system is shown as a result of numerical experiments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(4): 11–20, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20197
iSCSI analysis system and performance improvement of sequential access in a long‐latency environment
Authors: Yamaguchi Saneyasu , Oguchi Masato , Kitsuregawa Masaru 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe iSCSI protocol, approved by the IETF in February 2003, is used by data centers to offer storage outsourcing and remote backup services. A key issue when accessing remote storage over iSCSI is minimizing the performance degradation caused by network distance. Because iSCSI's performance is dictated by the iSCSI protocol, the SCSI protocol, the network, network devices, and so on, there is a need for a capable analysis system that comprehends all these layers. This paper discusses the functions of an iSCSI analysis system developed by the authors. With existing iSCSI equipment, if the system is not optimized for the conditions on the network, then increasing distance will cause a dramatic decrease in performance. With the proposed iSCSI analysis system, the authors have been able to elucidate the root causes of this performance degradation, and bring performance nearly to the level of the network substrate's limit. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(4): 55–69, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20238
A cellular model of river meandering
Authors: Coulthard Tom. J. , Wiel Marco. J. Van De 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRiver meandering has been successfully modelled using vector based methods, but these can not simulate multiple or braided channels. Conversely, cellular braided river models fail to replicate meandering. This paper describes a new method to simulate river meandering within a cellular model (CAESAR). A novel technique for determining bend radius of curvature on a cell by cell basis is described, that importantly allows regional information on bend curvature to be transferred to local points. This local curvature is then used to drive meandering and lateral erosion through two methods. Key difficulties are identified, including the deposition of material on point bars and cut off development, but the method illustrates how meandering can be integrated within a cellular framework. This demonstrates the potential to produce a single model that can incorporate both meandering and braiding. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new implicit surface tension implementation for interfacial flows
Authors: Hysing S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA new implementation of surface tension effects in interfacial flow codes is proposed which is both fully implicit in space, that is the interface never has to be reconstructed, and also semi‐implicit in time, with semi‐implicit referring to the time integration of the surface tension forces. The main idea is to combine two previously separate techniques to yield a new expression for the capillary forces. The first is the continuum surface force (CSF) method, which is used to regularize the discontinuous surface tension force term. The regularization can be elegantly implemented with the use of distance functions, which makes the level set method a suitable choice for the interface‐tracking algorithm. The second is to use a finite element discretization together with the Laplace–Beltrami operator, which enables simple reformulation of the surface tension term into its semi‐implicit equivalent. The performance of the new method is benchmarked against standard explicit methods, where it is shown that the new method is significantly more robust for the chosen test problems when the time steps exceed the numerical capillary time step restriction. Some improvements are also found in the average number of nonlinear iterations and linear multigrid steps taken while solving the momentum equations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive mesh refinement‐enhanced local DFD method and its application to solve Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Shu C. , Wu Y. L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRecently, the domain‐free discretization (DFD) method was presented to efficiently solve problems with complex geometries without introducing the coordinate transformation. In order to exploit the high performance of the DFD method, in this paper, the local DFD method with the use of Cartesian mesh is presented, where the physical domain is covered by a Cartesian mesh and the local DFD method is applied for numerical discretization. In order to further improve the efficiency of the solver, the newly developed solution‐based adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) technique is also introduced. The proposed methods are then applied to the simulation of natural convection in concentric annuli between a square outer cylinder and a circular inner cylinder. Numerical experiments show that the present numerical results agree very well with available data in the literature, and AMR‐enhanced local DFD method is an effective tool for the computation of flow problems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling climate‐change impacts on stream temperature of Formosan landlocked salmon habitat
Authors: Tung Ching‐Pin , Lee Tsung‐Yu , Yang Yi‐Chen 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA physics‐based model is provided for predicting the impact of climate change on stream temperature and, in turn, on Formosan landlocked salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus) habitat. Because upstream watersheds on Taiwan Island are surrounded with high and steep mountains, the influence of mountain shading on solar radiation and longwave radiation is taken into account by using a digital elevation model. Projections using CGCM2 and HADCM3 models and CCCM and GISS models provided information on future climatic conditions. The results indicate that annual average stream temperatures may rise by 0·5 °C (HADCM3 short term) to 2·9 °C (CGCM2 long term) due to climate change. The simulation results also indicate that the average suitable habitat for the Formosan landlocked salmon may decline by 333 m (HADCM3 short term) to 1633 m (CGCM2 long term) and 166 m (HADCM3 short term) to 1833 m (CGCM2 long term) depending on which thermal criterion (17 °C and 18 °C respectively) is applied. The results of this study draw attention to the tasks of Formosan landlocked salmon conservation agencies, not only with regard to restoration plans of the local environment, but also to the mitigation strategies to global climate change that are necessary and require further research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.