bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Metamorfoze Preservation Programme
Authors: Langendoen Andrea 
Published: December 2007

Sometime in the 1490s, a Benedictine monk by the name of Johannes Trithemius was deeply concerned about how long the newfangled invention of printing, on paper, would endure:For handwriting placed on parchment will be able to endure a thousand years. But how long, forsooth, will printing last, which is dependent on paper? For if a paper volume lasts for two hundred years that is a long time.
Appropriating Identity or Cultivating Capital? Global English in Offshoring Service Industries
Authors: Sonntag Selma K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn the popular media, much has been made of the adoption of American identities by Indian nationals working in call centers in urban India. In the transactions between call center workers in India and their American customers, language is often the only conveyor of cultural identity. The implications of this linguistic globalization are drawn out by examining the historical trajectory of the politics of global English in India. I argue that the indigenization of English that has occurred in India represents a shift in the political and cultural contestation over language from the global to the local, so that today the politics of language in India primarily involve contestation between elites and subalterns within India rather than between Indians and a global power. I conclude that the appropriation of American identities by Indian call center workers is mainly for the purpose of cultivating linguistic capital within the Indian context, and does not entail a loss of authenticity or reveal cultural insecurity. More likely, the American customers and media commentators who worry about being duped by Indians faking American accents are the ones who are culturally insecure.
The New Economy and Transforming Employment Relations: A Review Essay
Authors: Karjanen David 
Published: December 2007

The State of Working America 2004/2005. Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. The Betrayal of Work: How Low‐Wage Jobs Fail 35 Million Americans. Beth Shulman. New York: The New Press, 2003. Low‐Wage America: How Employers Are Reshaping Opportunity in the Workplace. Eileen Appelbaum, Richard J. Murnane, and Annette Bernhardt, editors. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2003. The Working Poor: Invisible in America. David K. Shipler. New York: Knopf, 2004.
Covert Mentoring on the Internet: Methods for Confirming Status in Imagined Technical Communities
Authors: Lange Patricia G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMany technologists rely on informal mentoring conducted in social circles that lie outside of their immediate workplace. One crucial mentoring method involves answering questions, which may help novices solve problems, master technical skills, and learn proper social behavior. Yet, asking and answering questions can mark the questioner and/or respondent as lacking knowledge or competence. Questioners and respondents may address these vulnerabilities by using strategies that deflect away from their perceived inadequacy and focus instead on the proper content and form of acceptable questions. Rather than focusing on the technical answer to a question, respondents criticize the questioner and teach questioners how to ask questions properly. These tactics strive to help questioners regain techno‐social capital that is lost when they cannot demonstrate adequate technical knowledge. Based on a two‐year ethnographic study of two online communities, this paper examines the strategies questioners and respondents use to ask and answer questions in ways coded as socially appropriate in local contexts. Rather than circulating new technical knowledge, these exchanges result in a type of covert and collusional mentoring which trains participants to ask and answer questions in socially acceptable ways. Ironically, these question‐and‐answer practices may encourage both questioner and respondent to use and reinforce normative cultural practices that no one may actually value.
Situated Learning for an Innovation Economy: E‐Commerce and Technology as a Mediator for Rural High School Students' Sense of Mastery and Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Michaelson Karen L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPractitioners focusing on technology and workforce development reference the need to prepare individuals for an Innovation Economy. Yet innovation is socially constructed, as much social as it is technical. Observation of 160 high school students from very rural schools participating in a school‐based e‐commerce curriculum indicates that there are knowledge sets acquired through carefully constructed experiential learning that foster a context for innovation. This counters factors in the traditional education/workforce development system that impede the development of innovators, including a narrows skills‐based focus and the demonization of failure. Situating innovation in historical context and in the lived experience of individual networks helps to understand the innovation process and provides a framework for the development of effective educational experiences.
Learning and Knowledge in an Office Workplace: Perceptions of the Recently Unemployed
Authors: Letkemann Paul G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper uses interview data from employees and former employees of a Regional Land Use Planning Commission Office in Alberta, Canada. This workplace is unified by a sense of common social and environmental purpose revolving around the Regional Planning Act of Alberta. Occupationally specific contextual parameters allow collective recognition of roles symbolizing knowledge acquisition, contributing to self‐validation in the workplace. By emphasizing perceptions of recently unemployed people, this paper incorporates what Marcus called 'processes of reconceptualization' in understandings of the importance of workplace achievement and position. Dislocation from workplace position is also removal from ongoing processes of learning, teaching, applied knowledge and social contribution. In rethinking their loss, the recently unemployed express often‐overlooked interpretations of knowledge based workplace dynamics.
Theorizing Unemployment: Toward an Argentine Anthropology of Work
Authors: Perelman Mariano D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe recent crisis related to neoliberal economic policies in Argentina brought more of a focus in Argentine anthropology to issues related to work and unemployment. The anthropology of work, before the crisis, was a neglected area of the discipline. I am proposing that we pay theoretical attention, in and beyond Argentine anthropology, not only to labor relations and conditions, but also to the subjectivities and collective actions within the growing unemployed and underemployed population in Argentina. Unemployed individuals still conceptualize of themselves as workers; it is how they have constructed their identities. A theoretical focus on the unemployed in the anthropology of work will contribute to our understandings of heterogeneous capitalist relations and subjectivities.
Interactions between Slimy Sculpin and Trout: Slimy Sculpin Growth and Diet in Relation to Native and Nonnative Trout
Authors: Zimmerman Julie K. H. , Vondracek Bruce 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTo investigate whether introductions of nonnative trout affect growth and diet of nongame fish in small streams, we designed a field experiment to examine interactions between slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus and native brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis or nonnative brown trout Salmo trutta. We hypothesized that brown trout would compete with and reduce growth of slimy sculpin. We expected no change in slimy sculpin growth in treatments with brook trout because the two species co‐occur in their native range and thus may have evolved methods to partition resources and decrease competitive interactions. Enclosures (1 m2) were stocked with (1) juvenile brown trout and slimy sculpin, (2) juvenile brook trout and slimy sculpin, or (3) slimy sculpin alone (control). Fish were stocked at three densities to examine intraspecific versus interspecific competition. Replicates of each treatment were placed in riffles in Valley Creek, Minnesota, and six experimental trials were conducted over three summers (2002‐2004). Brown trout presence was associated with reduced growth of large slimy sculpin in enclosures, whereas brook trout presence produced no change in slimy sculpin growth; these effects did not depend on fish density. Brown trout or brook trout presence was not associated with shifts in the diets of slimy sculpin, indicating that reduced slimy sculpin growth in the presence of brown trout was not due to prey selection or prey availability changes. Our research suggests that effects on growth of slimy sculpin in Valley Creek differ between introduced brown trout and native brook trout; however, the mechanisms underlying changes in slimy sculpin growth are unclear. Although brook trout and brown trout appear to fill similar ecological roles in small, coldwater streams, brown trout may negatively impact growth of nongame fish.
Ontogenetic Diet Shifts of Prickly Sculpin in the Lake Washington Basin, Washington
Authors: Tabor Roger A. , Warner Eric J. , Fresh Kurt L. , Footen Brian A. , Chan Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe studied the ontogenetic diet shifts of prickly sculpinCottus asper(the largest North American freshwater cottid) in the Lake Washington basin from a variety of habitat types, including fluvial and lacustrine. In all habitats, prickly sculpin progressively shifted to larger prey, such as fish and crayfish (Decapoda), as they increased in size. In offshore areas of Lake Washington, amphipods were the dominant prey by weight consumed by prickly sculpin of 75‐124 mm total length (TL). Although generally uncommon numerically in the diet, fish (primarily small cottids) made up a large percentage of the diet by weight for prickly sculpin larger than 125 mm TL. In the lower end of the Cedar River, juvenile sockeye salmonOncorhynchus nerka(23‐30 mm TL) were most commonly observed in the diets of 50‐99‐mm prickly sculpin, while larger prickly sculpin tended to consume larger fish, including adult longfin smeltSpirinchus thaleichthys, lampreysLampetraspp. (ammocoetes and adults), and small cottids. For each habitat type, diet overlap tended to decrease as size‐classes became more dissimilar. Overall, the size of fish eaten was strongly related to prickly sculpin size, but the type of fish eaten influenced the relationship between prey size and predator size. The higher percentage contribution of fish to prickly sculpin diets seen here relative to other studies can be explained by the fact that (1) we collected many large prickly sculpin and sampled a wide variety of habitat types and (2) potential prey fish in the Lake Washington system are abundant and diverse. Our results, in combination with other research on the Lake Washington ecosystem, suggest that because of their size, abundance, wide range in habitat use, and breadth of diet, prickly sculpin are an especially important species in the food web of this system. Prickly sculpin are directly linked to the pelagic food web as both predators and prey, and they play a key role as benthic predators.
Size‐Dependent Territoriality of Mottled Sculpin in a Southern Appalachian Stream
Authors: Petty J. Todd , Grossman Gary D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe quantified the space use behaviors of juvenile and adult mottled sculpinCottus bairdiiover a 3‐year period in Shope Fork, western North Carolina. Our objectives were to (1) quantify home range size, (2) determine whether the fish exhibit territorial behaviors, (3) characterize the relative stability of territories, and (4) relate temporal variation in behaviors to environmental variability and population size structure. Adult behaviors were consistent with those of a strongly territorial organism. Adults exhibited nonrandom movements, restricted home ranges, and extremely low levels of spatial overlap with neighboring residents (<10% overlap). Territories were established in erosional microhabitats that were significantly more stable (as measured by seasonal shifts in dominant substrate composition) than randomly selected microhabitats in the study site. In contrast to adults, juveniles did not exhibit evidence of territoriality and instead occupied overlapping home ranges (16‐36% overlap) in less‐stable, depositional microhabitats along the stream margin. Mottled sculpin home range size, home range overlap, and territory abandonment rate were related to the density of large adults rather than flow variability or microhabitat stability. Adult territoriality and juvenile floating provide behavioral mechanisms capable of producing strong regulation of mottled sculpin populations in this system.
The northern ice cap of Mars: an enigmatic evolution compared to the polar environment on Earth
Authors: Rognon Pierre , Desjardins Robert , Dawidowicz Gilles 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Would it be possible to interpret the dynamics of the northern polar ice cap of Mars with the same criteria as for terrestrial ice sheets? The aim of this paper is to illustrate the problems posed by such an approach. We present a detailed study of the MOC narrow angle image E01-01773, taken at 83.5°N/241.4°W in the upper part of a 300 km-long depression situated at the edge of the northern polar ice cap. On Mars, every depression resembling a valley is a “chasma”, and as this one has no official name, we suggest to call it “West Olympia Chasma” (WOC). By analyzing the satellite image, we have been able to highlight some unusual features of martian glacial geomorphology and to compare them with topographies and sediments known in terrestrial glacial environments. In particular:
– the scarp cutting the edge of the ice cap above the chasma is formed of thin alternations of ice and aerosols and is bordered by numerous small and dissymetrical ridges that run parallel to it. On Earth, these ridges would be interpreted as a succession of terminal moraines; in fact, they consist of gravitational debris accumulated under the nearly motionless ice cliff;
– at the edge of the ice, where signs of melt water action would be clearly visible in terrestrial environments, there is practically no evidence of such a process on Mars. However, two intriguing channels, several tens of meters wide and about 1 km-long, suggest the occurrence of temporary water flow;
– these channels originate at the base of an ice tongue that appears to have flowed recently over the scarp towards the floor of the chasma, in the same manner as surging glaciers on Earth, whereas Mars ice seems motionless;
– the sandy sediments covered by the ice cap do not seem to be ground moraines, as would be the case on Earth, but eolian sand brought by winds when the ice cap did not exist.
At present, the most effective erosion agents are the winds channelled into the chasma and the alternations of condensation/sublimation. Their combined action explains the dissymetry between both sides of the chasma. The winds are enhanced by local topography and contribute to the movement of dunes towards the outlet of the chasma.
Thermodynamic Modeling of Pseudoternary Phase Behavior
Authors: Rossen William R. , Brown Roger G. , Davis H. Ted , Prager Stephen , Scriven L. E. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPhase behavior is the fulcrum at which the chemistry and physics of surfactant and solvent systems govern the engineering and economics of chemical flooding. Salient behavior is represented by pseudoternary diagrams that account for polar, nonpolar, and amphiphilic components. The common 2_,3,2¯, phase-split progression—induced, for example, by salinity change in microemulsion systems—is required by thermodynamic principles. Although such progressions can be simulated semiempirically, modeling them with a suitable free-energy function or an equation of mixture state is more reliable for interpolating and extrapolating limited data on phase splits and coexisting phase compositions for use in mechanism-based computer simulation of laboratory experiments and field applications.Simple equations of mixture state prove inadequate but lead to the promising new linearly screened Flory-Huggins (LSFH) equation, which accounts for simultaneous association of amphiphile with oil and water and aggregation of surfactant amphiphile into curved sheetlike structures that separate water-rich from oil-rich regions. From this equation for a ternary mixture are calculated representative sets of diagrams with continuous progressions of tielines and binodals, plait points, tie-triangles, and three-phase regions with their critical endpoints. Several overlapping regions of metastable one- and two-phase equilibria are identified. Free-energy surfaces are pictured, and the free-energy factor that jointly controls interfacial tension (IFT) is computed. Ultralow tensions are favored by low-relief free-energy surfaces; so also are long-lived metastable states. The exponentially screened Flory-Huggins (ESFH) equation, superior in some ways to the linearly screened version, also is discussed briefly.Computational methods are described for fitting the six parameters of the ternary equation to data as well as for predicting phase behavior from given parameters.
Steam Distillation of Crude Oils
Authors: Duerksen J. H. , Hsueh L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe objectives of this investigation were to generate crude oil steam distillation data for the prediction of phase behavior in steamflood simulation and to correlate the steam distillation yields for a variety of crude oils. Thirteen steam distillation tests were run on 10 crude oils ranging in gravity from 9.4 to 37°API (1.004 to 0.840 g/cm3). In each test the crude was steam distilled sequentially at about 220, 300, 400, and 500°F (104, 149, 204, and 260°C). The cumulative steam distillation yields at 400°F (204°C) ranged from about 20 to 55 vol %.Experimental results showed that crude oil steam distillation yields at steamflood conditions are significant, even for heavy oils. The effects of differences in steam volume throughput and steam temperature were taken into account when comparing yields for different crudes or repeat runs on the same crude. Steam distillation yields show a high correlation with crude oil API gravity and wax content.
An Improved Simulation for Interpreting Temperature Logs in Water Injection Wells
Authors: Fagley John , Fogler H. Scott , Davenport C. Brent , Millhone R. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An improved simulation for temperature logs (TL's) in water injection wells is described. Improvements based on the reduction of assumptions used by previous investigators are demonstratedby comparison of field data and simulator results showing excellent agreement of TL profiles over the entire well depth. Initial work with the simulator has demonstrated the need for different operational procedures for definite TL surveys in mature wells (those having received significant long-term injection) as compared with young wells. The utility of short-period hot water (SPHW) injection just preceding shut-in as an injection profile amplifying scheme has been investigated in depth through the TL simulator. Finally, sensitivity studies have been run to identify the most important TL parameters and to develop guidelines for improved profiling.
Pressure Transient Analysis in Poorly Consolidated Reservoirs
Authors: Ichara Mark J. , Caudle Ben H. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This study uses a numerical solution technique to investigate the effect on well test data of sand accumulation in the wellbore from poorly consolidated reservoirs. The results show that in anisotropic reservoirs, this sand column creates a pressure drop in the wellbore similar to that caused by infinitesimally thin skin around the wellbore. In this case, however, the slope of the semilog straight line for a buildup test is increased, indicating that the conventional analysis method would not yield accurate results.
Log-log type curves and semilog plots of dimensionless pressure vs. dimensionless time are presented in this paper for different cases. These graphs can be used to detect the presence of sand in the wellbore and to analyze the transient pressure data instead of the Horner and Miller-Dyes-Hutchinson (MDH) methods. Graphs for various cases are provided for use in determining the pseudoskin factors caused by the presence of a sand column in the wellbore.
Silicones: Unique Chemicals for Petroleum Processing
Authors: Pape Peter G. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Silicones are specialty chemicals that are often critical in certain production operations. Their primary use in petroleum applications is as foam control agents. The physical and chemical properties of silicones are described, and foam and antifoam theory is discussed. State-of-the-art silicone use in selected key petroleum applications is outlined. The unique properties of silicones that should be considered by petroleum engineers in solving problems in other types of applications are emphasized.

Introduction
It is ironic that a material not present on earth naturally can be a critical material in the production of one of the earth's most desirous natural resources-crude oil. But such is the case with silicones and their use as foam control agents in certain petroleum processes.
Silicones are not present in nature. They must be made by a complex process that starts with sand or quartz and ends with highly refined chemicals with unique physical and chemical properties. Ref. 1 provides a comprehensive review of silicone chemistry and technology.
Silicones were not available commercially until 1943. Since that time, silicones have experienced a phenomenal growth in volume, types of products, and number of applications. While important in many industries, silicones or the manner in which they can best be used very often are not fully understood by the application engineer.
This paper describes the nature of silicones and the physical and chemical properties that make them unique. The relationship of these properties to present and potential applications in the petroleum industry is discussed. Specific emphasis is placed on their use as foam control agents in petroleum processes.

Nature of Silicones
To better understand silicones, it is useful to examine in greater detail the most common of the silicone products, polydimethylsiloxanes. Structurally, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) consists of a polymeric inorganic backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms with methyl groups attached to silicon, represented by
The value of n, or the degree of polymerization, can range from 0 to 2,500 and can be controlled to give fluids with viscosities from 0.65 to 10(6) cp (0.65 × 10(-3) to 10(3) Pa.s) at 77 degrees F (25 degrees C). Unlike hydrocarbons, which become waxes or solids beyond chain lengths of C 14, silicones, particularly PDMS, are colorless liquids or flowable gums even at very long chain lengths. Except at very short chain lengths, silicones can be regarded as nonvolatile polymers with very low vapor pressure, even at high temperatures.
PDMS materials are nonpolar and nonionic, are very insoluble in water, and are hydrophobic to the extent that an important use is as a water repellent. They arc soluble in common organic solvents such as diesel fuel, kerosene, and toluene.
JPT
P. 1197^