bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Formation and Fate of Tetrahymena patula Cryptostomes
Authors: GABE PHILIP R. , WILLIAMS NORMAN E. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA reliable method for producing reproductive cysts in Tetrahymena patula is described. The procedure involves the isolation of macrostomes without cytopharyngeal pouches in microdrops of distilled water under oil. The study of silver‐impregnated specimens has shown that a complex pattern of oral resorption and reformation occurs within the cyst that leads to the formation of a group of small cells with recessed oral apparatuses. These cells, called “cryptostomes,” swim very rapidly on excystment and are incapable of either feeding or reproducing. They are presumably dispersal forms. Oral morphogenesis during the transformation of excysted cryptostomes into microstomes and macrostomes is also described.
Effects of Malaria (Plasmodium berghei) on the Maternal‐Fetal Relationship in Mice
Authors: ODUOLA A. M. J. , HOLBROOK T. W. , GALBRAITH R. M. , BANK H. , SPICER S. S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTPlasmodium berghei infection was more severe in pregnant than in nonpregnant mice. Infection initiated on gestation day 7 resulted in rapidly increasing parasitemia and deaths of all pregnant mice within 12 days, while some nonpregnant mice survived until day 21 postinfection. When mice were infected on gestation day 12 or 14, a proportion of mice died before parturition; but some animals survived to deliver living pups. Reduced birthweights and increased spleen weight to body weight ratios were seen in pups from infected mice as compared with pups from uninfected animals. Histopathological abnormalities of placentae from infected animals included degeneration of the normal labyrinthine architecture and thickening of the trophobast separating maternal and fetal blood vessels.
Phosphonoacetic Acid: Effect on and Disposition by Tetrahymena1
Authors: SMITH JOSEPH DONALD , KING JEFFERY C. , HOLLAND ERIC C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe antiviral agent phosphonoacetic acid inhibits growth of Tetrahymena thermophila at concentrations comparable to those inhibiting growth of other eukaryotic cells, with 50% inhibition at 0.5 mM phosphonoacetic acid. The compound is cytotoxk to Tetrahymena at concentrations greater than 2.0 mM. When a culture of Tetrahymena the growth of which was totally inhibited by 2.0 mM phosphonoacetic acid was diluted with fresh medium, growth resumed in an exponential, rather than synchronous, fashion. [2–14C]phosphonoacetic acid is not metabolized by Tetrahymena.
Sensitivity and Specificity of the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test in the Study of Four Murine Coccidia1
Authors: TILAHUN G. , STOCKDALE P. H. G. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe sensitivity and specificity of the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test for the detection of serum antibodies were examined in mice that were infected with Eimeria falciformis, E. ferrisi, E. papillata, or E. vermiformis. For the study of each species, five groups of mice were given graded inoculation doses of 10, 102, 103, 104, or 105 sporulated oocysts in a primary infection. The sixth group was infected with three sequential doses of 1.5 times 103, 1.5 times 104, and 1.5 times 105 sporulated oocysts per mouse at two‐ to three‐week intervals. All groups of infected mice developed serum antibodies. Sera were titrated by the IFA test with purified sporozoites. Strong fluorescence and high IFA titers were observed with homologous reactions mainly with the sera from mice infected with the higher inoculation dose levels in primary infections and from those given three sequential inoculation doses. Immunological cross reaction among the four species of Eimeria occurred at dilutions of 1:10 to 1:160. Very weak or no fluorescence of free sporozoites was observed with sera from noninfected mice, and there was no fluorescence of sporozoites contained in intact sporocysts.
A Light and Electron Microscopical Study of Trichoduboscqia epeori Léger (Microspora: Duboscqiidae)1
Authors: BATSON B. S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTrichoduboscqia epeori Léger was found to parasitize nymphs of the mayfly Rhithrogena iridina Kolenati in southwest Germany for a new host record. It was studied by light and electron microscopy. The pansporoblast membrane is evaginated at several points, usually four, to produce long needle‐like appendages >20 μm in length with a resilient inner core superficially resembling collagen, which is thought to maintain their orientation. It is suggested that the pansporoblast appendages may play a role in host infection. The structure and ultrastructure of developmental stages are recorded for the first time. Apart from the pansporoblast appendages, the ultrastructure of T. epeori conforms to the general pattern seen in many other pansporoblastic Microspora. Typically 16 spores are produced per pansporoblast but 32‐spore pansporoblasts were also found, and the taxonomic significance of this is discussed.
Obtention de Polyplastron multivesiculatum (Cilié Entodiniomorphe du Rumen) en Condition Axénique1
Authors: BONHOMME ANNIE , FONTY GERARD , SENAUD JEAN 
Published: May 2007

RESUMEUne méthode d'obtention et de maintien des Ciliés du rumen (genre Polyplastron) en culture axénique, est décrite. Elle comporte deux périodes d'incubation en anaérobiose avec différentes associations d'antibiotiques, séparées par un lavage et un renouvellement du milieu nutritif. Dans ces conditions. Polyplastron multivesiculatum est obtenu à l'état axénique et maintenu en survie pendant cinq jours.ABSTRACTA method to obtain and keep rumen ciliates (genus Polyplastron) in an axenic condition is described. It consists of two incubating periods with different antibiotic mixtures, separated by washing and renewing of nutrient medium. Under these conditions, Polyplastron multivesiculatum is established in an axenic state and can survive thusly for five days.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Endonuclease‐Generated Fragments of k‐DNA, of Esterase Isoenzymes, and of Surface Proteins as Aids for Species Identification of Insect Trypanosomatids1
Authors: CAMARGO E. PLESSMANN , MATTEI D. M. , BARBIERI CLARA L. , MOREL C. M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to verify the applicability of biochemical methods for species identification of Trypanosomatidae, 13 species of monoxenic trypanosomatids plus the heteroxenous Trypanosoma cruzi were comparatively analyzed by three different biochemical methods. Insect trypanosomatids examined were: Crithidia acanthocephali, C. fasciculata (three varieties), C. luciliae luciliae, C. luciliae thermophila, C. deanei, C. oncopelti, Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum, H. megaseliae, H. samuelpessoai, H. mariadeanei, Leptomonas seymouri, L. collosoma, L. samueli, and Blastocrithidia culicis. Also included in the survey were aposymbiotic strains of C. deanei and C. oncopelti. Methods used were: electrophoretic profiling of endonuclease‐generated fragments of k‐DNA, esterase isoenzymes profiling, and polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) of radioiodinated cell surface proteins. Interspecific but not intraspecific differences were detected by all three methods among the 13 monoxenic species examined. Thus, it is concluded that these methods can be successfully used, in addition to classical criteria, for species identification of insect trypanosomatids.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Adoral Ciliary Zone of Entodinium Stein (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida)1
Authors: IMAI SOICHI , TASHIRO HIDETOSHI , ISHII TOSHIO 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe adoral ciliary zone of the rumen ciliates, Entodinium spp., was observed topographically in the SEM. The upper side of the anterior end of the body was indented by the vestibulum, which had cilia arranged on its right wall and ribs along the left wall. The adoral ciliary zone could be divided into at least two arrangements. The outer ciliary zone had many membranelle‐like structures, which consisted of cilia arranged radially from the body axis. Each membranelle‐like structure consisted of two rows of about eight cilia each lining up in a single file. It was, however, different from a typical membranelle, because its cilia were connected with the vestibular cilia and were arranged not spirally but on a plane. These cilia extended toward the outside because of the projecting cytoplasm from which they originated. In contrast, the cilia of the inner ciliary zone were aggregated to form relatively unsystematic bundles. Since the vestibular opening was slanted on the upper side of the body, the ciliary bundles were thick on the lower side and sparse on the upper side of the body. Neither outer nor inner ciliary zones completely surrounded the vestibular opening. The ciliature started from the left side of the vestibular opening, encircled the lower side of the body, and entered the vestibulum from its right side. The functions of these two types of ciliary arrangements are discussed.
Ultrastructural Aspects of the Somatic Cortex and Contractile Vacuole of the Ciliate, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet1
Authors: CHAPMAN GEORGE B. , KERN ROBERT C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe trophont stage in the life cycle of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was studied in the electron microscope. Surface ridges contain up to 24 ridge microtubules, disposed as a ribbon. Kinetosomes show the classic morphology of 9 triplets of microtubules. Associated with each kinetosome is a kinetodesmal fibril, originating in proximity to triplets 5, 6, and 7, and having a 30 nm periodicity; 3 to 5 postciliary microtubules, originating between triplets 8 and 9; and up to 3 transverse microtubules, originating at triplet 4, as well as a parasomal sac. Each cell is partially enclosed by a system of 3 “unit” membranes: the outer limiting membrane, and the outer and inner alveolar membranes. The last two membranes define the alveolar sac. Mucocysts, each with a dense core, are present in large numbers. The contractile vacuole system includes the contractile vacuole, associated tubules and vesicles, injection canals, a discharge canal, and a pore. Microtubules abound in the walls of the contractile vacuole, injection and discharge canals, and in the region of the pores, where both ring and radial microtubular arrangements are noted. The ultrastructure suggests that I. multifiliis is more closely related to Tetrahymena pyriformis than to Paramecium aurelia.
Nucleosome Phasing in Tetrahymena Macronuclei1
Authors: PRATT KAREN , HATTMAN STANLEY 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTCore‐protected DNA can drive only 60% of the Tetrahymena thermophila macronuclear genome into duplexes in hybridization experiments. This core‐protected DNA therefore contains only a subset of the genome complexity. We interpret this to mean that a large fraction, if not all, of the genome is phased with respect to nucleosome placement. Among the sequences present in total DNA and absent from core‐protected DNA are most of the sequences containing N6‐methyladenine (MeAde) residues, consistent with our previous demonstration that most of these residues lie in linker DNA. We show that these results are not due to artifacts resulting from the small size of the DNA driver, nor are they due to any sequence preferences exhibited by staphylococcal (staph) nuclease. This is the first evidence that nucleosome phasing may be a bulk genome characteristic.
Cortical Control over the Direction of Macronuclear Elongation in the Heterotrich Ciliate Stentor coeruleus1
Authors: TERRA NOËL DE 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTEarlier experimental work involving macronuclear implants in Stentor coeruleus has shown that the cytoplasmic cortex of the nuclear site 1) attracts the macronucleus and 2) holds it in place during interphase. Now experiments indicate macronuclei transferred with overlying cortex elongate in the direction of the transferred cortical pigment stripes, whether or not the transferred stripes realign in the direction of the host stentor's stripes. Therefore the third function of the cortex is to determine the direction of elongation and thus assure that both daughter cells at division receive part of the macronucleus.
Ultrastructural Study on the Development of Babesia equi (Coccidia: Piroplasmia) in the Salivary Glands of its Vector Ticks1
Authors: MOLTMANN ULRICH G. , MEHLHORN HEINZ , SCHEIN EBERHARD , VOIGT WOLF P. , FRIEDHOFF KARL T. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe formation of Babesia equi sporozoites in the salivary glands of three tick species (Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, H. a. excavatum, Rhipicephalus turanicus) was studied by electron microscopy. The development was identical in all three vectors. On the 8th day post repletionem kinetes of B. equi had invaded alveoli of the nymphal salivary glands and were transformed to sporonts bounded by a single membrane. The sporonts were polymorphous bodies each with a highly lobed nucleus and numerous mitochondria. These stages persisted during ecdysis of the tick nymph to the adult stage. After attachment of these newly molted adults to a new host the formation of sporozoites was completed within five days. The sporonts occupied most of the infected alveolus and were extensively divided into cytoplasmic portions of various size. On the 4th day after attachment of the tick, sporozoite‐anlagen, into each of which a nucleus and a mitochondrion were incorporated, appeared at the periphery of the sporonts. An apical complex with a polar ring, rhoptries, and micronemes was formed at the tip of each protruding anlage. Finally thousands of pyriform sporozoites (3.0 × 1.2 μm) filled the hypertrophied alveolus. This development is similar to sporogony in the genus Theileria.
The Occurrence of Argentophilic Bands (“Virgulenes”) on the Cortical Surface of Tetrahymena1
Authors: READEY MARIJO A. , MCARDLE EUGENE W. , KOO JOO O. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTWhen Tetrahymena furgasoni (W) are stained by the silver impregnation technic. a relatively small percentage of them show cortical argentophilic bands or stripes that are intermeridional in position. The number and arrangement of the bands as well as their distinctive appearance and abrupt daily peaks of occurrence render them distinct from other recognized components of the argyrome. The term “virgulene” is proposed as a name for this feature.
Cross‐reactivity of Vector‐borne Metacyclic Forms of Trypanosoma cruzi with Mammalian and Culture Stages1
Authors: VILLALTA FERNANDO , KIERSZENBAUM FELIPE 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTMetacyclic forms of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from the hindgut of infected insect vectors (Rhodnius prolixus) were found to be immunologically cross‐reactive with cultured epimastigote, amastigote, and metacyclic stages of the parasite as well as with bloodstream trypomastigote forms by direct agglutination and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. Sera specific for each of these forms of the parasite systematically yielded maximal antibody titers when measured against the homologous antigen, indicating that antigenic determinants are shared by all of the developmental forms used in this work. Supporting this conclusion were the significant reductions in anti‐insect‐derived metacyclic antibody titer caused by absorption with any of the other life stages of T. cruzi. These results are relevant to the potential use of laboratory‐grown forms of T. cruzi in vaccination against a natural infection with this parasite.
Antigenic Differentiation of the Kinetoplastids Leishmania braziliensis and Trypanosoma cruzi by Means of Monoclonal Antibodies1
Authors: CONSTANTINE NIEL T. , ANTHONY RONALD L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTBALB/c mice were hyperimmunized with non‐infectious extracts of either Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes or Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. When spleen cells from these mice were fused with P3X63Ag8 plasmacytoma cells, the resultant hybridomas synthesized monoclonal antibodies which displayed specific reactivity by indirect immunofluorescence with distinct subcellular components of the parasites. These studies revealed that antigens associated with the flagellum and with a nongranular component of the cytoplasm would account for much of the serologic cross‐reactivity observed between the two species. Conversely, antigens associated with surface and/or cytoplasmic granules and with an intracellular organelle believed to be the kinetoplast appeared to be species‐specific.
Comparison of Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria gruberi Cultivated in the Same Nutrient Medium1
Authors: CLINE M. , MARCIANO‐CABRAL F. , BRADLEY S. G. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe human pathogenic amoeboflagellate Naegleria fowleri and the nonpathogenic species N. gruberi can be cultivated axenically but usually in different media. Naegleria fowleri 6088 has been adapted to grow in Balamuth H‐4 medium, usually used to propagate N. gruberi nB81. and nB81 has been adapted to grow in supplemented Nelson's medium, usually used to propagate N. fowleri. N. gruberi nB81. grown in either medium, enflagellated 135 to 150 min after subculture to non‐nutrient amoeba saline, whereas 6088 required 225 min. Naegleria gruberi nB81 grown in either medium was agglutinated by 100 ug concanavalin A/ml, whereas N. fowleri 6088 was not. Naegleria fowleri and N. gruberi grown in Nelson's medium became rounded to a greater extent upon chilling at 5° C and remained rounded longer than Naegleria grown in Balamuth medium. The specificity of the surface antigens was an inherent characteristic of each species and not dependent upon the propagating medium. but Naegleria grown in Nelson's medium was agglutinated more reproducibly and more effectively by antiserum. N. gruberi was somewhat more resistant to acriflavine, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, or tetracycline than N. fowleri, regardless of the culture medium. Naegleria fowleri 6088 grown in Nelson's medium, however, was more resistant to actinomycin D, daunomycin. mithramycin. sulfamethoxazole, or tyrocidine than 6088 grown in Balamuth medium. There are limitations on the validity of comparisons of N. fowleri and N. gruberi based upon cultures grown in different media.
Ultrastructure of the Amoeboflagellate Tetramitus rostratus1
Authors: BALAMUTH WILLIAM , BRADBURY PHYLLIS CLARKE , SCHUSTER FREDERICK L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe life‐cycle of the amoeboflagellate Tetramitus rostratus includes amoeboid, cyst, and flagellate stages. The ultrastructure of these three stages is illustrated, with particular emphasis on flagellate morphology. Amoeba morphology is typical of that of limax amoebas. Cysts, forming from trophic amoebas, are enclosed by a wall made up of two layers: ectocyst (ca. 70 nm), and endocyst (200 nm). The wall apparently forms from precursor material present in vesicles in the pre‐cyst stage cytoplasm. Flagellate morphology is characterized by a well‐defined top‐shaped profile, maintained by microtubules under the plasma membrane. The flagellar apparatus or mastigont consists of four flagella, their basal bodies, sheaves of microtubules associated with two of the basal bodies, and several rhizoplasts (periodicity 20 nm). A deep, microtubule‐supported, ventral invagination appears to function as a gullet. A small number of mitotic stages observed in amoeboid and flagellate individuals suggests similarity in the division process in both stages: intranuclear mitotic apparatus, nucleolus persisting through mitosis, no centrioles or basal bodies functioning as centrioles, difficulty in resolving chromosomes. The text compares ultrastructures of several amoeboflagellate organisms and evaluates the phylogenetic significance of those features common to different species. On the basis of this study, Tetramitus most closely resembles Naegleria spp.
Tandemly Repeated Sequence Families in Micronuclear DNA of the Ciliate Stylonychia pustulata1
Authors: DAWSON DEAN , STETLER DEBORAH J. , SWANTON MARSHAL T. , HERRICK GLENN 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTOne third of a collection of cloned Stylonychia pustulata micronuclear DNA PstI fragments were found to be of a similar size, consistent with their being members of a repetitious sequence family with a repeat size of about 160 base pairs. Cross‐hybridization experiments confirmed that these small cloned fragments are related by sequence homology. Hybridization of the cloned repetitious sequences to PstI digested micronuclear DNA revealed a “ladder” of bands (step size = 160 base pairs), indicating that the repeats are found in tandem arrays. This is the first demonstration of highly repetitious, tandemly repeated sequences in a ciliated protozoan.
Trypanosoma rhodesiense Bloodstream Trypomastigote and Culture Procyclic Cell Surface Carbohydrates1, 2, 3
Authors: JACKSON PETER R. , DIGGS CARTER L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTBloodstream trypomastigote and culture procyclic (insect midgut) forms of a cloned T. rhodesiense variant (WRATat 1) were tested for agglutination with the lectins concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin P (PP), soybean agglutinin (SBA), fucose binding protein (FBP), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and castor bean lectin (RCA). Fluorescence‐microscopic localization of lectin binding to both formalin‐fixed trypomastigotes and red cells was determined with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐conjugated Con A, SBA, FBP, WGA, RCA, PNA (peanut agglutinin), DBA (Dolichos bifloris), and UEA (Ulex europaeus) lectins. Electron microscopic localization of lectin binding sites on bloodstream trypomastigotes was accomplished by the Con A‐horseradish peroxidase‐diaminobenzidine (HRP‐DAB) technique, and by a Con A‐biotin/avidin‐ferritin method. Trypomastigotes, isolated by centrifugation or filtration through DEAE‐cellulose or thawed after cryopreservation, were agglutinated by the lectins Con A and PP with agglutination strength scored as Con A < PP. No agglutination was observed in control preparations or with the lectins WGA, FBA or SBA. Red cells were agglutinated by all the lectins tested. Formalin‐fixed bloodstream trypomastigotes bound FITC‐Con A and FITC‐RCA but not FITC‐WGA, ‐SBA, ‐PNA, ‐UEA or ‐DBA lectins. All FITC‐labeled lectins bound to red cells. Con A receptors, visualized by Con A‐HRP‐DAB and Con A‐biotin/avidin‐ferritin techniques, were distributed uniformly on T. rhodesiense bloodstream forms. No lectin receptors were visualized on control preparations. Culture procyclics lacked a cell surface coat and were agglutinated by Con A and WGA but not RCA, SBA, PP and FBP. Procyclics were not agglutinated by lectins in the presence of competing sugar at 0.25 M. The expression of lectin binding cell surface saccharides of T. rhodesiense WRATat 1 is related to the parasite stage. Sugars resembling α‐D‐mannose are on the surface of bloodstream trypomastigotes and culture procyclics; n‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine and D‐galactose residues are on bloodstream forms; and n‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine‐like sugars are on procyclic stages.
Rumen Ciliates with Description of Two New Species from Three African Reedbuck Species
Authors: VAN HOVEN W. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThirteen bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca wardi (Thomas, 1900) from Kenya and Tanzania, ten common reedbuck Redunca arundinum arundinum (Boddaert, 1785) from Zimbabwe and 34 mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula fulvorufula (Afzelius, 1915) from South Africa were sampled. Twenty‐six protozoan species have been identified, 18 in the bohor reedbuck, which included seven entoninia, two new Diplodinium species, but no holotrichs. In the southern reedbuck 13 species were recorded, which included two entodinia, and 11 diplodinia including the two new species; holotrichs were also absent. The mountain reedbuck which is a mixed feeder as opposed to the grazers had 22 species including two holotrichs.