bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Computerized and Pencil‐and‐Paper Tasks in Assessing Cognitive Function in Community‐Dwelling Older People in the Newcastle 85+ Pilot Study
Authors: Collerton Joanna , Collerton Daniel , Arai Yasumichi , Barrass Karen , Eccles Martin , Jagger Carol , McKeith Ian , Saxby Brian K , Kirkwood Tom ,   the Newcastle 85+ Study Core Team
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVES: To compare the acceptability and feasibility of computerized and pencil‐and‐paper tests of cognitive function in 85‐year‐old people.DESIGN: Group comparison of participants randomly allocated to pencil‐and‐paper (Wechsler Adult Intelligence and Memory Scales) or computerized (Cognitive Drug Research) tests of verbal memory and attention.SETTING: The Newcastle 85+ Pilot Study was the precursor to the Newcastle 85+ Study a United Kingdom Medical Research Council/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council cohort study of health and aging in the oldest‐old age group.PARTICIPANTS: Eighty‐one community‐dwelling individuals aged 85.MEASUREMENTS: Participant and researcher acceptability, completion rates, time taken, validity as cognitive measures, and psychometric utility.RESULTS: Participants randomized to computerized tests were less likely to rate the cognitive function tests as difficult (odds ratio (OR)=0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.07–0.39), stressful (OR=0.18, 95% CI=0.07–0.45), or unacceptable (OR=0.18, 95% CI=0.08–0.48) than those randomized to pencil‐and‐paper tests. Researchers were also less likely to rate participants as being distressed in the computer test group (OR=0.19, 95% CI=0.07–0.46). Pencil‐and‐paper tasks took participants less time to complete (mean±standard deviation 18±4 minutes vs 26±4 minutes) but had fewer participants who could complete all tasks (91% vs 100%). Both types of task were equally good measures of cognitive function.CONCLUSION: Computerized and pencil‐and‐paper tests are both feasible and useful means of assessing cognitive function in the oldest‐old age group. Computerized tests are more acceptable to participants and administrators.
Presidential Address: Issuers, Underwriter Syndicates, and Aftermarket Transparency
Authors: GREEN RICHARD C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTI model strategic interaction among issuers, underwriters, retail investors, and institutional investors when the secondary market has limited price transparency. Search costs for retail investors lead to price dispersion in the secondary market, while the price for institutional investors is infinitely elastic. Because retail distribution capacity is assumed to be limited for each underwriter‐dealer, Bertrand competition breaks down in the primary market and new issues are underpriced in equilibrium. Syndicates emerge in which underwriters bid symmetrically, with quantities allocated internally to efficiently utilize retail distribution capacity.
Pay Me Later: Inside Debt and Its Role in Managerial Compensation
Authors: SUNDARAM RANGARAJAN K. , YERMACK DAVID L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThough widely used in executive compensation, inside debt has been almost entirely overlooked by prior work. We initiate this research by studying CEO pension arrangements in 237 large capitalization firms. Among our findings are that CEO compensation exhibits a balance between debt and equity incentives; the balance shifts systematically away from equity and toward debt as CEOs grow older; annual increases in pension entitlements represent about 10% of overall CEO compensation, and about 13% for CEOs aged 61–65; CEOs with high debt incentives manage their firms conservatively; and pension compensation influences patterns of CEO turnover and cash compensation.
Corporate Governance and Firm Value: The Impact of the 2002 Governance Rules
Authors: CHHAOCHHARIA VIDHI , GRINSTEIN YANIV 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe 2001 to 2002 corporate scandals led to the Sarbanes–Oxley Act and to various amendments to the U.S. stock exchanges' regulations. We find that the announcement of these rules has a significant effect on firm value. Firms that are less compliant with the provisions of the rules earn positive abnormal returns compared to firms that are more compliant. We also find variation in the response across firm size. Large firms that are less compliant earn positive abnormal returns but small firms that are less compliant earn negative abnormal returns, suggesting that some provisions are detrimental to small firms.
Incentive Effects of Stock and Option Holdings of Target and Acquirer CEOs
Authors: CAI JIE , VIJH ANAND M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAcquisitions enable target chief executive officers (CEOs) to remove liquidity restrictions on stock and option holdings and diminish the illiquidity discount. Acquisitions also enable acquirer CEOs to improve the long‐term value of overvalued holdings. Examining all firms during 1993 to 2001, we show that CEOs with higher holdings (illiquidity discount) are more likely to make acquisitions (get acquired). Further, in 250 completed acquisitions, target CEOs with a higher illiquidity discount accept a lower premium, offer less resistance, and more often leave after acquisition. Similarly, acquirer CEOs with higher holdings pay a higher premium, expedite the process, and make diversifying acquisitions using stock payment.
Sports Sentiment and Stock Returns
Authors: EDMANS ALEX , GARCÍA DIEGO , NORLI ØYVIND 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the stock market reaction to sudden changes in investor mood. Motivated by psychological evidence of a strong link between soccer outcomes and mood, we use international soccer results as our primary mood variable. We find a significant market decline after soccer losses. For example, a loss in the World Cup elimination stage leads to a next‐day abnormal stock return of −49 basis points. This loss effect is stronger in small stocks and in more important games, and is robust to methodological changes. We also document a loss effect after international cricket, rugby, and basketball games.
A 10‐year prospective study of ITI dental implants placed in the posterior region. II: Influence of the crown‐to‐implant ratio and different prosthetic treatment modalities on crestal bone loss
Authors: Blanes Rafael Juan , Bernard Jean Pierre , Blanes Zulema Maria , Belser Urs Christoph 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the influence of the crown‐to‐implant ratio (C/I) ratio and different implant prosthetic treatment modalities on crestal bone loss around dental implants placed in the posterior region.Material and methods: A total of 192 ITI dental implants were consecutively placed in premolars and molars of 83 partially edentulous patients. All implants were restored by means of ceramic‐to‐metal fused fixed partial dentures or a single crown. Patients were followed as part of a prospective longitudinal study focusing on implant success. Surgical, radiographic and clinical variables were collected at the 1‐year recall after implant placement and at the most recent clinical evaluation. Radiographic parameters were evaluated on periapical radiographs taken with a standardized long‐cone paralleling technique. Implant restorations were divided into three groups according to their respective clinical C/I ratios: (a) 0–0.99, (b) 1–1.99 and (c) ≥2.Results: The mean clinical C/I ratio was 1.77±0.56 mm. A total of 51 implants (26.5%) showed a clinical C/I ratio equal to or greater than 2. In this group, three implants failed, giving a cumulative survival rate of 94.1%. Crestal bone loss was −0.34±0.27 mm in group a, −0.03±0.15 mm in group b and −0.02±0.26 mm in group c. Differences among groups were statistically significant (P=0.009). Mode of retention, splinting or presence of cantilever extensions did not have an effect on crestal bone loss around ITI dental implants.Conclusions: Implant restorations with C/I ratios between 2 and 3 may be successfully used in the posterior areas of the jaw.
Evidence for association between a Toll‐like receptor 4 gene polymorphism and moderate/severe periodontitis in the Japanese population
Authors: Fukusaki T. , Ohara N. , Hara Y. , Yoshimura A. , Yoshiura K. 
Published: August 2007

Background and Objective:  Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by bacteria in subgingival pockets. Because Toll‐like receptor 2 and Toll‐like receptor 4 have been shown to play an important role in the recognition of periodontal pathogens, we investigated the relevance of genetic variations in TLR2 and TLR4 to susceptibility to periodontitis.Material and Methods:  A total of 97 patients with chronic periodontitis and 100 control subjects were examined for mutations in TLR2 and TLR4. Case‐control analysis was performed using individual single nucleotide polymorphisms detected during the mutation search.Results:  The missense mutations reported previously in TLR2 (677 Arg>Trp and 753 Arg>Gln) and in TLR4 (299 Asp>Gly and 399 Thr>Ile) were not detected in 97 of the Japanese patients with chronic periodontitis or in 100 of the Japanese control subjects. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in exons of TLR2 and TLR4. The case‐control analysis revealed that the frequency of the C/C genotype at base‐pair position +3725 in TLR4 was significantly higher in both the moderate and the severe periodontitis patient group than in the control group.Conclusion:  A genetic variation of TLR4 might be associated with moderate and severe periodontitis in the Japanese population.
Application of Orem's Self‐Care Deficit Theory and Standardized Nursing Languages in a Case Study of a Woman with Diabetes
Authors: Kumar Coleen P. 
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE.  This paper aims to illustrate the process of theory‐based nursing practice by presenting a case study of a clinical nurse specialist's assessment and care of a woman with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN.  Orem's self‐care deficit theory and standardized nursing language, NANDA, NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification), and NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification), guided assessment and the identification of outcomes and interventions related to the client's management of diabetes. FINDINGS.  Theory‐based nursing care and standardized nursing language enhanced the client's ability to self‐manage the chronic illness: diabetes. CONCLUSION.  Nursing theory and standardized nursing language enhance communication among nurses and support a client's ability to self‐manage a chronic illness.
A synchrotron superbubble in the IC 10 galaxy: a hypernova remnant?
Authors: Lozinskaya T. A. , Moiseev A. V. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The nature of the synchrotron superbubble in the IC 10 galaxy is discussed using the results of our investigation of its ionized gas structure, kinematics and emission spectrum from observations made with the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and based on our analysis of the radio emission of the region. The hypernova explosion is shown to be a more plausible mechanism of formation of the synchrotron superbubble compared with the earlier proposed model of multiple supernova explosions. A compact remnant of this hypernova may be identified with the well-known X-ray binary X-1 – an accreting black hole.
The Amenity Complex: Towards a Framework for Analysing and Predicting the Emergence of a Multifunctional Countryside in Australia
Authors: ARGENT NEIL , SMAILES PETER , GRIFFIN TREVOR 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere is growing consensus among academics, regional development organisations and rural communities that the future growth and development of rural regions is increasingly dependent upon their ability to convey, to both established and prospective residents, the ‘amenity’ of their local physical, social and economic environments. However, little research to date has sought to identify exactly what comprises ‘amenity’ in the rural context, or has examined how this conceptually slippery quality is distributed across rural Australia, or how it influences local demographic, socio‐economic and land use change. This paper attempts a broad scale investigation of rural amenity in the south‐east Australian ecumene, identifying its core components in this context, mapping its distribution and assessing the nature of its influence over in‐migration rates over the past three decades. The paper finds that, at a macro‐scale, amenity tends to follow a general gradient from high to low according to distance from the coast, and that its relationship with in‐migration rates has increased substantially between 1976–1981 and 1996–2001.
NRM Regions in Australia: the ‘Haves’ and the ‘Have Nots’
Authors: ROBINS LISA , DOVERS STEPHEN 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper identifies external factors affecting the capacity of Australia's now‐formalised 56 regional natural resource management (NRM) bodies and their community‐based Boards to meet planning and management responsibilities. It demonstrates that little is known about the basic capacity‐related characteristics of NRM regions, despite the lengthy and elaborate process of regionalism that Australia has embarked upon, with its associated and substantial devolution of responsibilities and resources. A suite of indicators is used to develop an ‘exploratory’ capacity typology of NRM regions. The ten regional ‘types’ identified are found to attract varying budget allocations under the Natural Heritage Trust Extension and National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality. There are indications that State and regional interests within and outside NRM can significantly influence the distribution of resources. An examination of resources allocated to capacity‐building activities shows significant differences between regions in the scale of resources allocated (0–96% of total budget). The paper argues the case for intervention to reduce the gap between ‘have’ and ‘have not’ regions, and for further exploration of disparities in the allocation of resources to capacity‐building activities. Clarification is needed of the extent to which capacity‐building activities adequately target regional NRM bodies and their Boards.
Prevalence and breed distribution of chronic pancreatitis at post‐mortem examination in first‐opinion dogs
Authors: Watson P. J. , Roulois A. J. A. , Scase T. , Johnston P. E. J. , Thompson H. , Herrtage M. E. 
Published: August 2007

Objectives:To assess the prevalence of canine chronic pancreatitis in first‐opinion practice and identify breed associations or other risk factors.Methods:Three sections of pancreas were taken from 200 unselected canine post‐mortem examinations from first‐opinion practices. Sections were graded for inflammation, fibrosis and other lesions. Prevalence and relative risks of chronic pancreatitis and other pancreatic diseases were calculated.Results:The prevalence of chronic pancreatitis was 34 per cent omitting the autolysed cases. Cavalier King Charles spaniels, collies and boxers had increased relative risks of chronic pancreatitis; cocker spaniels had an increased relative risks of acute and chronic pancreatitis combined. Fifty‐seven per cent of cases of chronic pancreatitis were classified histologically as moderate or marked. Forty‐one per cent of cases involved all three sections. Dogs with chronic pancreatitis were more commonly female and overweight, but neither factor increased the relative risk of chronic pancreatitis. There were breed differences in histological appearances and 24·5 per cent of cases were too autolysed to interpret with an increased relative risk of autolysis in a number of large breeds.ClinicalSignificance:Chronic pancreatitis is a common, under‐estimated disease in the first‐opinion dog population with distinctive breed risks and histological appearances.
Informed Consent: Physician Inexperience is a Material Risk for Patients
Authors: Veerapen Richard J. 
Published: August 2007

The Canadian law governing informed consent was significantly influenced by the decision of its Supreme Court inReibl v. Hughes, a case that involved a physician’s failure to warn the patient about the risk of stroke after carotid endarterectomy. Even though most Canadian plaintiffs afterReiblhave continued to lose informed consent cases, it is likely that the judgement in this case has significantly influenced the manner in which physicians now approach the discussion of risk while obtaining consent not only in Canada but also in several other jurisdictions.The development of informed consent law in the United States similarly became one of the drivers for change in physicians’ practices of information disclosure to their patients. The effect ofReiblon clinical practice is an outstanding example of the law’s positive influence on medical practice, especially in protecting patient autonomy during collaborative medical decision-making.
Deviation of type I and type II T cells and its negative effect on hematopoiesis in myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: WU L. , LI X. , CHANG C. , YING S. , HE Q. , PU Q. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryImmunemediated hematopoietic suppression has been considered as one of significant pathophysiological changes in less‐advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). To explore deviation of T cell subsets and its relationship to marrow cells apoptosis, measurement of helper‐T (Th)/cytotoxic‐T (Tc) subsets as well as the deviation situation within this two subsets (Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2) in marrow was performed by flow cytometry from 39 MDS patients and 13 normal controls. Interferon (INF)‐γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in marrow serum was simultaneously detected by ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Furthermore, apoptosis rate of marrow cells was demonstrated by TUNEL (TdT‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling). Results showed that Th and Tc subsets were unevenly activated, both deviating to type I response, which was especially obvious in patients with RCMD (according to WHO classification) and in lower‐risk cases defined by International Prognosis Scoring System (IPSS). Level of INF‐γ/TNF‐α in MDS marrow serum was markedly elevated, and so did the apoptosis rate of marrow cells. Although type I deviation was observed both in Th and Tc subsets, just Th1 cell percentage showed positive correlation with level of INF‐γ/TNF‐α and apoptotic index of nucleated cells. In addition, cytokines level in marrow serum presented positive correlation to apoptosis. We then deduced that the increased Th1 cells in marrow may account for nucleated cells apoptosis in MDS through overproduced proapoptotic cytokines such as INF‐γ and TNF‐α. Our results suggested that type I deviation of T cell subsets may play a role in pantocytopenia in MDS and the deviation pattern may be as a direct and effective parameter to predict response of immunosuppression therapy.
Immunogenicity of a Fourth Dose of
Haemophilus influenzae
Type b (Hib) Conjugate Vaccine and Antibody Persistence in Young Children from the United Kingdom Who Were Primed with Acellular or Whole-Cell Pertussis Component-Containing Hib Combinations in Infancy
Authors: Southern Jo , McVernon Jodie , Gelb David , Andrews Nick , Morris Rhonwen , Crowley-Luke Annette , Goldblatt David , Miller Elizabeth 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

In response to the rising incidence of
Haemophilus influenzae
type b (Hib) disease in the United Kingdom, a national campaign to give a booster dose of single-antigen Hib conjugate vaccine to children aged 6 months to 4 years was undertaken in 2003. Children (
n
= 386) eligible for Hib vaccine in the campaign were recruited. Hib antibody concentrations were measured before boost and at 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after boost and were analyzed according to children's ages at booster dose and whether a Hib combination vaccine containing acellular pertussis (aP) or whole-cell pertussis (wP) components was given in infancy. The geometric mean antibody concentrations (GMCs) before the booster declined as the time since primary immunization increased (
P
< 0.001), and GMCs were threefold higher in recipients of wP-Hib than aP-Hib combination vaccines (
P
< 0.001). GMCs 1 month after the booster increased with age (
P
< 0.001) as follows: 6 to 11 months; 30 μg/ml (95% confidence interval [CI], 22 to 40); 12 to 17 months, 68 μg/ml (95% CI, 38 to 124); and 2 to 4 years, 182 μg/ml (151 to 220), with no difference according to the type of priming vaccine received. Antibody levels declined after the booster, but 2 years later, GMCs were more than 1.0 μg/ml for all age groups. By extrapolating data for the decline in antibody levels, we found the GMCs 4 years after boosting were predicted to be 0.6, 1.4, and 2.6 μg/ml for those boosted at 6 to 11 months, 12 to 17 months, and 2 to 4 years, respectively, with levels of at least 0.15 μg/ml in about 90% of individuals. A booster dose of Hib vaccine given after the first year of life should provide long-lasting protection.
Antigenic Polymorphism and Naturally Acquired Antibodies to
Plasmodium vivax
Merozoite Surface Protein 1 in Rural Amazonians
Authors: Bastos Melissa S. , da Silva-Nunes Mônica , Malafronte Rosely S. , Hoffmann Erika Hellena E. , Wunderlich Gerhard , Moraes Sandra L. , Ferreira Marcelo U. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Merozoite surface protein 1 of
Plasmodium vivax
(PvMSP-1), a major target for malaria vaccine development, contains six highly polymorphic domains interspersed with conserved sequences. Although there is evidence that the sequence divergence in PvMSP-1 has been maintained over 5 million years by balanced selection exerted by the host's acquired immunity, the variant specificity of naturally acquired antibodies to PvMSP-1 remains poorly investigated. Here, we show that 15 recombinant proteins corresponding to PvMSP-1 variants commonly found in local parasites were poorly recognized by 376 noninfected subjects aged 5 to 90 years exposed to malaria in rural Amazonia; less than one-third of them had detectable immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to at least one variant of blocks 2, 6, and 10 that were expressed, although 54.3% recognized the invariant 19-kDa C-terminal domain PvMSP-1
19
. Although the proportion of responders to PvMSP-1 variants increased substantially during subsequent acute
P. vivax
infections, the specificity of IgG antibodies did not necessarily match the PvMSP-1 variant(s) found in infecting parasites. We discuss the relative contribution of antigenic polymorphism, poor immunogenicity, and original antigenic sin (the skew in the specificity of antibodies elicited by exposure to new antigenic variants due to preexisting variant-specific responses) to the observed patterns of antibody recognition of PvMSP-1. We suggest that antibody responses to the repertoire of variable domains of PvMSP-1 to which subjects are continuously exposed are elicited only after several repeated infections and may require frequent boosting, with clear implications for the development of PvMSP-1-based subunit vaccines.