bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a fibre size-specific job-exposure matrix for airborne asbestos fibres
Authors: Dement J M , Kuempel E D , Zumwalde R D , Smith R J , Stayner L T , Loomis D 
Published: November 2007

Objective:To develop a method for estimating fibre size-specific exposures to airborne asbestos dust for use in epidemiological investigations of exposure-response relations.Methods:Archived membrane filter samples collected at a Charleston, South Carolina asbestos textile plant during 1964–8 were analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the bivariate diameter/length distribution of airborne fibres by plant operation. The protocol used for these analyses was based on the direct transfer method published by the International Standards Organization (ISO), modified to enhance fibre size determinations, especially for long fibres. Procedures to adjust standard phase contrast microscopy (PCM) fibre concentration measures using the TEM data in a job-exposure matrix (JEM) were developed in order to estimate fibre size-specific exposures.Results:A total of 84 airborne dust samples were used to measure diameter and length for over 18 000 fibres or fibre bundles. Consistent with previous studies, a small proportion of airborne fibres were longer than >5 μm in length, but the proportion varied considerably by plant operation (range 6.9% to 20.8%). The bivariate diameter/length distribution of airborne fibres was expressed as the proportion of fibres in 20 size-specific cells and this distribution demonstrated a relatively high degree of variability by plant operation. PCM adjustment factors also varied substantially across plant operations.Conclusions:These data provide new information concerning the airborne fibre characteristics for a previously studied textile facility. The TEM data demonstrate that the vast majority of airborne fibres inhaled by the workers were shorter than 5 μm in length, and thus not included in the PCM-based fibre counts. The TEM data were used to develop a new fibre size-specific JEM for use in an updated cohort mortality study to investigate the role of fibre dimension in the development of asbestos-related lung diseases.
Distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizae in relation to microsites on primary successional substrates on Mount St. Helens
Authors: Titus Jonathan H. , Whitcomb Sean , Pitoniak Hillary Joy 
Published: November 2007

Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) occur in most terrestrial ecosystems and are crucial to plant community structure and function. This study examined the distribution of AMF propagules, spores, and colonized plants across the Pumice Plain of Mount St. Helens 23 years after its eruption, documenting the changes since 1993. Propagules of AMF were detected by using the mycorrhizal inoculum potential assay in six microsite types across the Pumice Plain. Fifteen species of AMF were isolated from spore trap cultures, and spores were found in all of the microsites, although the distribution was aggregated. The vegetation of the Pumice Plain is currently composed primarily of facultatively mycotrophic species, which are predominantly associated with arbuscular mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal colonization and propagule levels continue to increase as primary succession proceeds.
NEW RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES ON RAA MEASUREMENTS BELOW 20 GeV CM-ENERGY AT FIXED TARGET MACHINES
Authors:   for the NA49 Collaboration, LÁSZLÓ ANDRÁS , FODOR ZOLTÁN , VESZTERGOMBI GYÓRGY 
Published: November 2007

Transverse momentum spectra of π± at midrapidity are measured at high pT in p + p and p + Pb collisions at 158 GeV/nucleon beam energy by the NA49 experiment. This study is complementary to our previous results on the same spectra from Pb + Pb collisions. The nuclear modification factors RA+A/p+p, Rp+A/p+p and RA+A/p+A as a function of pT are extracted and compared to RHIC measurements, thus providing insight into the energy dependence of nuclear modification. The modification factor RA+A/p+A proved to be consistent with our previous results on the central to peripheral modification factor RCP. The limitation of our current pT range is discussed and planned future upgrades are outlined. Some aspects of the FAIR-CBM experiment are also presented as a natural future continuation of the measurements at very high pT.
Progression of Prostate Cancer from a Subset of p63-Positive Basal Epithelial Cells in FG/Tag Transgenic Mice
Authors: Reiner Teresita , de las Pozas Alicia , Parrondo Ricardo , Perez-Stable Carlos 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Transgenic mice that allow targeting of SV40 T antigen (Tag) to the prostate provide a unique model to identify cancer-initiating cells and follow their progression from a normal cell phenotype into prostate cancer cells. We have developed the FG/Tag transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer using the human fetal globin (FG) promoter linked to Tag. Immunohistochemistry results show that before the development of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), a subset of p63+ basal epithelial cells expresses Tag. As in the case of human prostate cancer, there is a loss of p63+ basal cells with neoplastic progression, and a long period of time is required for PIN lesions to develop into palpable prostate tumors. Other immunohistochemistry results show cellular heterogeneity in FG/Tag PIN lesions and primary tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation. Cell lines derived from primary prostate tumors showed characteristics of a neuroendocrine-epithelial intermediate cell type. The FG promoter has high transcriptional activity in intermediate (DU 145, PC-3) and p63+ basal epithelial (LHSR-AR) prostate cancer cells. Therefore, the unexpected development of prostate cancer in the FG/Tag mice may be due to the presence of DNA elements in the FG promoter that can target Tag to specific basal or intermediate cells. We conclude that FG/Tag mouse is a unique model of prostate cancer because the initiating cells are a subset of p63+ basal (possibly stem cells), which may be the true cells of origin for carcinogenesis in aggressive human prostate cancer. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(11):1171–9)
Personal Responsibility for Health — Developments Under the German Healthcare Reform 2007
Authors: Schmidt Harald 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAppeals to personal responsibility for health are controversial in many countries, especially in those that have publicly funded healthcare systems.In Germany, personal responsibility has traditionally been a focal point in the statutory health-insurance scheme. The most recent healthcare reform under the motto 'prevention before treatment, rehabilitation, and long term care' came into force on 1 April 2007 through the Gesetz zur Stärkung des Wettbewerbs in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (GKV-WSG — "Law to strengthen competition among providers of statutory health-insurance scheme"). In significant parts, the law has given further emphasis to the role of personal responsibility. Implications of three important changes are discussed: (1) insured persons may no longer claim free treatment for complications arising from certain 'lifestyle choices'; (2) chronically ill and cancer patients face more stringent compliance requirements or face higher co-payments; and (3) insured persons may cash 'no-claim bonuses' if over at least one year they do not require hospitalisation or prescription medicines.Previous emphasis on personal responsibility has had relatively broad support in Germany. The long-term acceptability of the new measures will depend on several factors, including the structural and financial impact on different providers of statutory health insurance, and the capacities and opportunities of different groups in society to make use of the new provisions.
Dog Duty
Authors: Hanrahan Rebecca 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBurgess-Jackson (1998) argues that the duties we have to our companion animals are similar to the duties we have to our children. Specifically, he argues that a person who takes custody of either a nonhuman animal or a child elevates the moral status of the child or animal, endowing each with rights neither had before. These rights obligate that person to provide for the well being of the creature—animal or child—in question. This paper offers two arguments against this position. First, a creature's rights rest solely on the creature's intrinsic properties. Thus, the person taking custody of a creature does not endow the creature with new rights. Rather, the custodian assumes the responsibilities associated with ensuring that the creature's rights are protected and preserved. Second, our children possess intrinsic properties and, hence, rights—most important, the right to life—that our pets lack. This difference undermines the analogy on which Burgess-Jackson's argument depends. Our pets are not like our children, as Burgess-Jackson claims. Instead, they are more akin to our slaves.
Resources, not male mating strategies, are a determinant of social structure in Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni)
Authors: Verdolin  
Published: November 2007

AbstractPrevious studies of Gunnison's prairie dogs, Cynomys gunnisoni, have reached different conclusions about the factors influencing sociality in this species. In this study I tested whether Gunnison's prairie dog social structure was resource-based or whether male mating strategies drive the organizational patterns observed. Group size, where the term group refers to individuals occupying the same territory, was predicted by territory size and density of food available. The spatial overlap of adults within territories was positively correlated with spatial patchiness of food resources. All group members participated in territory defense, although adult males engaged in significantly more intergroup aggressive interactions. There was no significant difference in adult male and female home range size. The number of female home ranges that any given male home range overlapped was not correlated with male body mass, male home range size, or territory size. Contrary to predictions of typical mammalian male mating strategies, adult females ranged significantly further than males during the mating period. Body mass of males and nonreproductive females was similar, whereas that of reproductive females was smaller. In addition, males and females did not differ in size, based on skull length and skull width. Results from this study strongly suggest that patterns of space use and social structure in Gunnison's prairie dogs are the result of individual responses to resource abundance and distribution and are not due to male mating strategies, such as resource defense or female defense polygyny.
Long-term pair-bonds without mating fidelity in a mammal
Authors: Handasyde Kathrine , Coulson Graeme , Martin Jennifer , Taylor Andrea 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMost mammals are polygynous and are characterised by male-biased sexual size dimorphism. One hallmark of mammalian monogamy is the lack of such dimorphism. Bobucks, or mountain brushtail possums, Trichosurus cunninghami, lack sexual size dimorphism; however, few behavioural data exist for this species. We studied the mating system of a bobuck population in south-eastern Australia. Adult bobucks were strongly paired: pair-members had exclusive access to a suite of den-trees and overlapped in home range on average by 70%. Pair-members rested together in the same tree-hollow on approximately 70% of days during the breeding season and 47% of days during the non-breeding season. While active, pair-members remained within approximately 8 m of one another during the breeding season and within 31 m of one another during the non-breeding season. Females established pair-bonds at 2-5 years of age; pair-bonds ended only as a result of the death of one pair member. However, molecular paternity analysis established that 35% of young were the result of extra-pair copulations (EPCs). This is the first study to provide strong evidence of long-term pair-bonds in a marsupial and raises questions about the relative benefits of pairing to males and females in this population.
Acts That Work: A Cognitive Approach to Ritual Agency
Authors: Sørensen Jesper 
Published: November 2007

AbstractQuestions of agency are central for understanding ritual behavior in general and representations of ritual efficacy in particular. Religious traditions often stipulate who are entitled to perform particular rituals. Further, representations of unobservable superhuman agents are often explicitly described as the 'real' ritual agents. Recent investigations into the processes underlying action representations and social cognition can help explain how these representations arise. It is argued that paying close attention to details in the cognitive processing of ordinary actions can shed light on how ritual actions activate part of these systems while simultaneously leaving other aspects unaccounted for. This has particular effects that make culturally transmitted representations of superhuman agents highly relevant.
Donald Davidson, Anomalous Monism and the Study of Religion
Authors: Davis G. Scott 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDonald Davidson's concept of "anomalous monism" is not nearly as well known as his related attack on the idea of "conceptual schemes," though they are closely related. This concept, I shall argue, has several important implications for the study of religion. In particular, it implies that, as an account of mind and language, "cognitive science" is going to be of limited interest. Moreover, and that approaches to the study of religion based on models drawn from cognitive science are likely to be "degenerate research programmes." If this is so, then we can reasonably marginalize such programmes to the extent that they compete with more promising projects.
Gods and Corporations: Fifth-Century B. C. E. Athena and the Economic Utility of Extraordinary Agents
Authors: Rundin John 
Published: November 2007

AbstractGregory D. Alles has suggested that economic theory can be a valuable supplement to cognitive theories of religion. The cult of Athena at Athens supplies evidence to support this suggestion. Athena may have origins in the cognitive structures of the human mind as an extraordinary agent. However, she developed economic functions in fifth-century B. C. E. Athens. The sanctuary of Athena served as a bank that funded Athenian civic endeavours. Athena's sanctuary was able to do this because she was a disembodied agent with functions similar to those of a modern United States corporation, which is also a disembodied agent.
Three Types of South Pacific Subtropical Mode Waters: Their Relation to the Large-Scale Circulation of the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre and Their Temporal Variability
Authors: Tsubouchi Takamasa , Suga Toshio , Hanawa Kimio 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A detailed spatial distribution of South Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (SPSTMW) and its temporal variation were investigated using the World Ocean Atlas (WOA) 2001 climatology and high-resolution expendable bathythermograph (HRX) line data. In the WOA 2001 climatology, SPSTMW can be classified into western and eastern parts. A detailed examination of spatial distributions using HRX-PX06 line data revealed that the eastern part can be further divided into two types by the Tasman Front (TF) extension. Consequently, SPSTMW can be classified into three types, referred to in the present study as the West, North, and South types. The West type, situated in the recirculation region of the East Australia Current (EAC), has a core layer temperature (CLT) of about 19.1°C; the North type, in the region north of the TF extension, has a CLT of about 17.6°C; and the South type, in the region south of the TF extension, has a CLT of about 16.0°C. The long-term (&gt;6 yr) variations in the inventories of the three types were dissimilar to each other. The short-term (&lt;6 yr) and long-term variations in the mean CLT of the North and South types were greater than that of the West type. Winter cooling in the previous year may have influenced the short-term variation in the South-type CLT. Moreover, the strength of the EAC may have influenced long-term variation in the West-type inventory and thickness and in the North-type thickness and CLT.
Localization of Multidecadal Variability. Part I: Cross-Equatorial Transport and Interbasin Exchange
Authors: von der Heydt Anna , Dijkstra Henk A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Multidecadal SST variability is studied in idealized one- and two-ocean-basin configurations, using simulations with the Modular Ocean Model. The authors demonstrate that the multidecadal variability on the global “conveyor type” circulation is localized in the North Atlantic Ocean. Interbasin exchange processes determine the locations where regions of deep-water formation occur and induce a localization of SST multidecadal anomalies in the Atlantic. The physics of this localization is subsequently investigated by considering more equatorially symmetric background flows in two-basin and one-basin configurations. A cross-equatorial flow in the Atlantic induces the localization of the multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic. By using the mechanism of multidecadal variability as proposed in 2002 by Te Raa and Dijkstra in a single-hemispheric configuration, the physics of these localization processes can be explained.
An Oceanic Current against the Wind: How Does Taiwan Island Steer Warm Water into the East China Sea?
Authors: Yang Jiayan 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Along the Taiwan Strait (&lt;100 m in depth) a northeastward flow persists in all seasons despite the annually averaged wind stress that is strongly southwestward. The forcing mechanism of this countercurrent is examined by using a simple ocean model. The results from a suite of experiments demonstrate that it is the Kuroshio that plays the deciding role for setting the flow direction along the Taiwan Strait. The momentum balance along the strait is mainly between the wind stress, friction, and pressure gradient. Since both wind stress and friction act against the northward flow, it is most likely the pressure gradient that forces the northward flow, as noted in some previous studies. What remains unknown is why there is a considerable pressure difference between the southern and northern strait. The Kuroshio flows along the east coast of Taiwan, and thus the western boundary current layer dynamics applies there. Integrating the momentum equation along Taiwan’s east coast shows that there must be a pressure difference between the southern and the northern tip of Taiwan to counter a considerable friction exerted by the mighty Kuroshio. This same pressure difference is also felt on the other side of the island where it forces the northward flow through Taiwan Strait. The model shows that the local wind stress acts to dampen this northward flow. This mechanism can be illustrated by an integral constraint for flow around an island.
Shear and Convective Turbulence in a Model of Thermohaline Intrusions
Authors: Mueller Rachael D. , Smyth William D. , Ruddick Barry 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Thermohaline interleaving is an important mechanism for laterally fluxing salt, heat, and nutrients between water masses. Interleaving is driven by a release of potential energy resulting from the differing diffusivities of heat and salt in seawater. The flows are composed of stacked intrusions that flux more and less buoyant water in opposite directions. In this paper, the role of shear instability caused by this juxtaposed motion is investigated. The model described in Walsh and Ruddick is modified to include both the effects of shear-induced turbulence and an improved convective mixing parameterization. Shear and convective mixing play a similar and significant role in interleaving dynamics. In the absence of either instability, cross-front fluxes are increased by approximately 30%. While in situ observations of horizontal diffusivity resulting from interleaving are not yet precise enough to calibrate the parameterizations independently, parameter values based on independent laboratory and numerical studies lead to diffusivity predictions that are within the error of the observations.
Prophylactic Bracing Decreases Ankle Injuries in Collegiate Female Volleyball Players
Authors: Pedowitz David I. , Reddy Sudheer , Parekh Selene G. , Huffman G. Russell , Sennett Brian J. 
Published: November 2007

Background Ankle injuries account for the highest percentage of injuries among female collegiate volleyball players. Since 1998, all female volleyball players at the authors’ institution have worn bilateral double-upright padded ankle braces at all times. Purpose To review the authors’ experience with this brace in preventing ankle injuries that result in a loss of play. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Injury data, preparticipation medical histories, and total exposure data were collected prospectively on all female volleyball players at the authors’ institution from 1998 to 2005. Injuries and exposures were defined based on established National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System criteria. Injury rate was calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 exposures. The National Collegiate Athletic Association female volleyball injury data from 1998 to 2005 were used for comparison. Results During the study period, there were a total of 13 500 exposures and 1 injury in our group yielding an injury rate of 0.07 per 1000 exposures. Nearly half of our athletes had a preparticipation history of ankle sprains, yet only 1 ankle injury occurred during all of our braced exposures. Conclusion There were 811 710 exposures and 797 injuries in the National Collegiate Athletic Association comparison group with an increased injury rate of 0.98 per 1000 exposures ( P = .001). Prophylactic use of a double-upright ankle brace significantly reduced the ankle injury rate compared with that reported by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. From these data, it appears that the use of such a brace is an effective way to decrease the incidence of ankle injuries in this active but vulnerable group of athletes.
SERpredict: Detection of tissue- or tumor-specific isoforms generated through exonization of transposable elements
Authors: Mersch Britta , Sela Noa , Ast Gil , Suhai Sándor , Hotz-Wagenblatt Agnes 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Transposed elements (TEs) are known to affect transcriptomes, because either new exons are generated from intronic transposed elements (this is called exonization), or the element inserts into the exon, leading to a new transcript. Several examples in the literature show that isoforms generated by an exonization are specific to a certain tissue (for example the heart muscle) or inflict a disease. Thus, exonizations can have negative effects for the transcriptome of an organism.

Results
As we aimed at detecting other tissue- or tumor-specific isoforms in human and mouse genomes which were generated through exonization of a transposed element, we designed the automated analysis pipeline SERpredict (SER = S pecific E xonized R etroelement) making use of Bayesian Statistics. With this pipeline, we found several genes in which a transposed element formed a tissue- or tumor-specific isoform.

Conclusion
Our results show that SERpredict produces relevant results, demonstrating the importance of transposed elements in shaping both the human and the mouse transcriptomes. The effect of transposed elements on the human transcriptome is several times higher than the effect on the mouse transcriptome, due to the contribution of the primate-specific Alu elements.