bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Response and Tricyclic Plasma Levels During Treatment with Clomipramine
Authors: Corte L. Della , Broadhurst A. D. , Sgaragli G. P. , Filippini S. , Heeley A. F. , James H. D. , Faravelli C. , Pazzagli A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty depressed in-patients at two psychiatric units, one in Italy the other in England, were treated with clomipramine, either orally, or intravenously and orally. A comparison of clinical response with plasma levels of clomipramine and its metabolite, desmethylclomipramine, showed clear relationships especially in the case of desmethylclomipramine. In the intravenously-treated group this was linear, in the orally-treated group it was curvilinear. Plasma levels of desmethylclomipramine and administered clomipramine correlate highly.These findings, together with the fact that significant clinical improvement was observed in only 55 per cent of the patients, suggest that titration of the administered dose to obtain more effective plasma levels of the metabolite might improve the clinical response to the drug in some patients.
Psychiatric Morbidity and Pregnancy: a Controlled Study of 263 Semi-Rural Ugandan Women
Authors: Cox John L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo hundred and sixty three pregnant Ugandan women and 89 non-pregnant, non-puerperal women were interviewed using a semi-structured psychiatric questionnaire. Comparison of psychiatric morbidity between the control group and matched pregnant women showed an increased frequency of psychiatric morbidity in pregnant women. Separated pregnant women were particularly at risk. No association was found between antenatal psychiatric morbidity and age, gravidity, number of co-wives or the duration of the pregnancy.
A Method for Monitoring the Treatment of Schizophrenics in the Community
Authors: Freeman Hugh , Cheadle A. J. , Korer J. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA trial was carried out over twelve months of a method for monitoring the care of a large number of schizophrenic patients in the community. The method has been demonstrated to be practical in use, economical of resources and potentially relevant to a number of chronic disorders.
Alcohol Withdrawal States and the Need for Treatment
Authors: Olbrich Robert 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn an attempt to evaluate the clinical significance of alcohol withdrawal, the rate of symptoms and incidence of treatment were determined in 84 female alcoholics following abrupt withdrawal. Results indicated that abstinence symptoms of an emergency type (delirium tremens, convulsions) only rarely occur and require active treatment, whereas those physical and emotional disturbances frequently seen in alcohol withdrawal need very little medical help. This finding is in contradistinction to current clinical opinion.
Validity and Uses of a Screening Questionnaire (GHQ) in the Community
Authors: Tarnopolsky A. , Hand D. J. , McLean E. K. , Roberts Howard , Wiggins R. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) has been validated against the criterion of a standardized psychiatric interview in the community. Used for screening, the GHQ misclassified 25 per cent of 105 respondents, being worse for men. Specificity and sensitivity were above.70. The alternative use of the GHQ as an estimator and as an indicator of morbidity in epidemiological surveys is described and discussed.
Depressive Classification and Prediction of Response to Phenelzine
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Parker R. R. , Penrose R. J. J. , Rassaby E. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA variety of depressive classifications were used to predict response to four weeks' treatment with phenelzine. Better response was found in outpatients rather than inpatients, in atypical depressives, in less severe depressives with a pattern of anxiety and other neurotic symptoms, and in groups characterized as hostile and agitated. The findings, although a little patchy, gave clear support to the concept of a specific clinical group responsive to MAO inhibitors.
Pre-Anaesthetic Assessment and the Prevention of Post-Ect Morbidity
Authors: Abramczuk J. A. , Rose N. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe introduction of anaesthesia and muscle relaxation has made ECT relatively safe. In a retrospective study of the case notes of 367 consecutive patients receiving ECT over a two year period, chest X-ray and full blood count added no significant information and were ineffective in predicting morbidity, in contrast to physical examination alone.
The Predictability of Thought Disordered Speech in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Manschreck Theo C. , Maher Brendan A. , Rucklos Mary E. , White Mitzi T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPrevious research has resulted in inconsistent findings regarding the predictability of schizophrenic speech samples. It was hypothesized that the predictability of schizophrenic speech varies as a function of clinically manifest thought disorder. In an experiment based on the Cloze procedure, raters were asked to predict ten passages of schizophrenic speech and eight passages of normal speech under conditions of fourth- and fifth-word deletion. Differences emerged between the samples only for the fifth-word deletion procedure. When the schizophrenic samples were grouped according to the presence of thought disorder, thought-disordered speech was significantly less predictable than normal and non-thought disordered schizophrenic speech. Furthermore, non-thought-disordered schizophrenic speech was no less predictable than normal speech. It is concluded that schizophrenia should be more carefully defined and that thought disorder should be routinely assessed in future investigations.
Relationship Between Cognitive Defect, Affect Response and Community Adjustment in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Serban George , Gidynski Christina B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe relationship between mental status and community adjustment has been examined in 100 outpatient chronic schizophrenics. Sixty-six per cent presented at least one of the signs of Schneiderian First Rank Symptoms, which, however, failed to discriminate the diagnostic subgroups. Total adjustment correlated with total mental status and appeared to differentiate the diagnostic subclassifications of schizophrenia. From the major components of mental status, anxiety and depression appear to be significantly correlated with the functioning and stress of the individual in community adjustment while primary symptoms are only peripherally correlated with adjustment.
A Comparison of Three Behaviour Therapies in the Treatment of Social Phobia
Authors: Shaw P. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study examined the effects of desensitization, flooding and social skills training on social fears. The patients were 30 social phobics. All three treatments were associated with useful therapeutic gains during the period of treatment that were maintained over a six-month follow-up period. No differences were found between treatments.
Nottingham and the Hospital Plan: a Follow-up Study of Long-Stay In-patients
Authors: Howat John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe post-war development of psychiatric services in Nottingham, with their reduction in the number of beds and marked increase in in-patient turnover and day patient and out-patient attendances, represents a close approximation to the proposals of the 1962 Hospital Plan. These changes were achieved by redeployment of existing resources.A fifteen-year attrition study of 1960 long-stay in-patients shows a high rate of discharge, especially for males.The reasons for these findings and some implications are discussed.
Post-ECT Cognitive Defect and Elevation of Blood Pressure
Authors: Hamilton Max , Stocker Malcolm J. , Spencer Christopher M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThere is evidence that ECT causes a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier through the rise of blood pressure it induces. Using the Benton test of cognitive function the day before and three hours after ECT treatment in 27 depressed patients, impairment of function was highly correlated with the maximum rise of systolic BP during the treatment.
Male Delusional Depressed Patients: Response to Treatment
Authors: Moradi Salm R. , Muñiz Carlos E. , Belar Cynthia 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn view of the previous finding that female deluded depressed patients do not respond to tricyclic antidepressants, a retrospective review of charts of thirteen male patients with primary depression accompanied by delusions was undertaken. None improved on tricyclics alone, whereas all those treated initially with neuroleptics improved. Twelve out of thirteen patients showed no improvement until neuroleptics were added to the treatment regimen. Implications for classification and treatment are discussed.
Classification of Personality Disorder
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Alexander John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn interview schedule was used to record the personality traits of 130 psychiatric patients, 65 with a primary clinical diagnosis of personality disorder and 65 with other diagnoses. The results were analysed by factor analysis and three types of cluster analysis. Factor analysis showed a similar structure of personality variables in both groups of patients, supporting the notion that personality disorders differ only in degree from the personalities of other psychiatric patients. Cluster analysis revealed five discrete categories; sociopathic, passive-dependent, anankastic, schizoid and a non-personality-disordered group. Of all the personality-disordered patients 63 per cent fell into the passive-dependent or sociopathic category. The results suggest that the current classification of personality disorder could be simplified.
Premenstrual Syndrome: A Double-Blind Controlled Trial of Progesterone and Placebo
Authors: Sampson Gwyneth A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPatients with premenstrual syndrome recorded their symptoms daily using menstrual distress questionnaires. These were analysed by a least mean square method of fitting sine waves. After recording an untreated cycle, patients were given progesterone 200 mg b.d. and placebo in a double-blind crossover manner; 75 per cent of patients were then given progesterone 400 mg b.d. and placebo in a similar manner. Treated cycles were rated by both daily menstrual distress questionnaires and retrospective self-assessment. Both rating methods showed there was no significant difference between progesterone and placebo in reducing symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, and in the majority of cases placebo was more effective, although never significantly so.
Dichotic Perception: Evidence for Right Hemisphere Dysfunction in Affective Psychosis
Authors: Yozawitz Allan , Bruder Gerard , Sutton Samuel , Sharpe Lawrence , Gurland Barry , Fleiss Joseph , Costa Louis 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe association between lateralized hemispheric dysfunction and psychiatric diagnosis was investigated with a measure of summation of dichotic clicks and with a dichotic competing message task. Ear asymmetries of affective psychotic patients were similar to those of right temporal lesioned controls and differed from those of schizophrenic patients and normal controls. In contrast, schizophrenic patients did not display abnormal auditory perceptual asymmetries.
Generations of Maltreated Children and Multiagency Care in One Kindred
Authors: Oliver J. E. , Buchanan A. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRigorously collated information on 40 members of one kindred (not previously studied) and on their spouses and cohabitees, revealed that massive multiagency support had failed fully to ascertain and prevent extensive child abuse over at least three generations. Furthermore, five other large battering families have been closely associated (by cohabitation) with this kindred.Severe behaviour disorder (starting with hyperactivity and uncontrollability) occurred in at least three-quarters of the children, and usually progressed to adult criminality. The second most common disorder was subnormal intelligence, which crucially incapacitated the rearing abilities of young mothers who were associating with antisocial cohabitees. Seven children died in infancy. The Welfare State has done little to help the plight of surviving children in this kindred.
Sheltered Accommodation in the Community Mental Health Service in the 13th Arrondissement of Paris
Authors: Chick Jonathan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe well-developed community psychiatric services in the 13th Arrondissement use a large number of places in sheltered accommodation. Reasons for this are explored. It may be that there are areas in the U.K. where the need for such accommodation is greater than the Department of Health and Social Security has estimated.
Nurse Therapists in Psychiatry: Developments, Controversies and Implications
Authors: Bird J. , Marks I. M. , Lindley P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper concerns a new clinical role for psychiatric nurses—as case managers for selected adult neurotics with behaviour problems. The role involves unusual autonomy. The selection and training procedures are unusually rigorous and focus on general case-management as much as behavioural skills. The number of service posts offered these therapists is rising. These developments have wide implications for other personnel, particularly in respect of authority and responsibility boundaries, selection and training procedures, and team structure.
Statistical Errors in Papers in the British Journal of Psychiatry
Authors: White Susan J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn the 12 months from July 1977 to June 1978, out of 168 papers in the British Journal of Psychiatry, 139 (83 per cent) presented numerical results. A total of 63 papers contained statistical errors and at least one drew unsupportable conclusions. In many cases the errors were not considered to be severe, but they were often sufficient to raise doubts about some inferences. It is suggested that more consultation of investigators with medical statisticians, a basic training in statistical methods in the preclinical years, and more extensive statistical refereeing are needed.
Hypercalcaemia-Induced Psychopathology in Malignant Diseases
Authors: Weizman A. , Eldar M. , Shoenfeld Y. , Hirschorn M. , Wijsenbeek H. , Pinkhas J. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeven out of twelve patients with malignancy and hypercalcaemia had associated psychiatric symptoms. The mental aberrations disappeared when the calcium levels returned to normal after treatment.
Neuroendocrine Effects of Apomorphine: Characterization of Response Patterns and Application to Schizophrenia Research
Authors: Rotrosen John , Angrist Burton , Gershon Samuel , Paquin Jeanne , Branchey Laura , Oleshansky Marvin , Halpern Frieda , Sachar Edward J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryApomorphine, a direct-acting dopamine agonist, stimulates release of growth hormone (hGH) and suppresses release of prolactin (PRL) from the anterior pituitary. Previous studies comparing the magnitude of these responses in schizophrenics and controls suggest that many acute (and some chronic) schizophrenics have exaggerated hGH responses; many chronic schizophrenics (and patients with tardive dyskinesia) have blunted hGH responses to apomorphine, and possibly blunted PRL responses. The present studies extend and confirm these findings in chronic schizophrenics; in addition, several studies were undertaken to further characterize these apomorphine-induced endocrine responses. Studies in which apomorphine was given on 2 or 3 separate occasions to each of five subjects indicate that the hGH response is a highly reproducible individual index, but PRL suppression is a less satisfactory measure. hGH responses to apomorphine were consistently antagonized by pretreatment with haloperidol, supporting the concept that the hGH-releasing effect of apomorphine is mediated by its action on dopamine receptors. Cyproheptadine pretreatment was associated with erratic increases or decreases in the hGH response to apomorphine, but did not alter PRL levels or apomorphine-induced PRL suppression. The relationship of these findings to biological hypotheses of schizophrenia and to neuroleptic-induced receptor changes is discussed.
Postpartum Mania
Authors: Kadrmas Arnold , Winokur George , Crowe Raymond 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-one patients with bipolar affective disorder (20 manic episodes, one depressive episode) during the postpartum period were evaluated. They were compared to an unselected group of women with bipolar histories, as well as to a matched control group. The postpartum group had significantly more Schneiderian symptoms and fewer recurrences of illness within the three-year period after the index admission. There was a notable trend toward postpartum patients having fewer affectively ill relatives than the controls. The practical significance of these findings with regards to lithium therapy is discussed, as is the theoretical significance in terms of heterogeneity of the bipolar syndrome.
Socio-Economic Status and Mental Morbidity in certain Tribes and Castes in India — a Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Nandi D. N. , Mukherjee S. P. , Boral G. C. , Banerjee G. , Ghosh A. , Sarkar S. , Ajmany S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe authors made a field-survey of mental morbidity in all the tribal and caste groups residing in a cluster of villages in West Bengal, India, and found that, in each group, higher socio-economic classes had higher rates of mental morbidity. Different groups having a similar cultural pattern showed no significant difference in their rates of morbidity. Groups having different cultural patterns differed significantly in their rates of morbidity. In the tribal groups some neurotic disorders were absent.
Cushing's Syndrome: A Psychiatric Study of 29 Patients
Authors: Cohen Samuel I. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAmong a consecutive unselected series of 29 patients with Cushing's syndrome 21 had bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and 8 had tumours. Twenty-five (86 per cent) were significantly depressed; three of the tumour patients, but only one of the hyperplasia group were free of symptoms so that if there are no psychiatric symptoms there is a three in four chance that the patient has a tumour. There was a family history of depression or suicide or a history of early bereavement or separation in half the cases. In six of the hyperplasia patients a major emotional disturbance had preceded the onset, and in five this was a loss. The severity of the depression was not related to the level of circulating Cortisol. The depression was rapidly relieved when the tumour or hyperplastic glands were removed. Depression in Cushing's syndrome might result from a substance other than Cortisol produced by the adrenal under excessive pituitary and/or hypothalamic stimulation, which could play a part in the aetiology of depressive illness in general.
A Psychological Study of Patients Seeking Augmentation Mammaplasty
Authors: Beale Solveig , Lisper Hans-Olof , Palm Bodil 
Published: August 2008

SummaryData from interviews with 64 women who were to undergo or already had undergone an augmentation mammaplasty were compared with data from a control group of 28 women. Great differences existed between the groups, mainly with regard to personality test data and childhood milieu. The women operated on were in general less certain of themselves and felt less feminine. These factors seem to be a sufficient basis for the appearance of the problem. Cultural norms are obviously also important but seem to influence all women in the same way.
Clomipramine and Exposure for Compulsive Rituals: II. Plasma Levels, Side Effects and Outcome
Authors: Stern R. S. , Marks I. M. , Mawson D. , Luscombe D. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty obsessive-compulsive ritualizers received nightly placebo or clomipramine up to 225 mgs nocte for 8 months, and received behavioural treatment (exposure in vivo) from weeks 4 to 10. Plasma concentrations of clomipramine and its primary metabolite N-desmethylclomipramine steadily increased over the first 4 weeks of treatment after which they remained relatively steady. Plasma levels correlated significantly with dose and with outcome but not with side effects. Patients with plasma clomipramine levels in the range 100–250 ng/ml and N-desmethylclomipramine levels between 230–550 ng/ml were found to improve significantly more than patients outside these ranges, thus suggesting a therapeutic window for clomipramine and its primary metabolite.
Male Admissions to the English Special Hospitals — 1961–1965: A Demographic Survey
Authors: Tennent Gavin , Parker Elizabeth , McGrath Patrick G. , Street David 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe social, criminal and psychiatric backgrounds of 878 male patients admitted for the first time to the three English Special Hospitals during the years 1961–1965 are examined and the implications of differences between them for research discussed. It is noted that only 35 per cent of the admission group have been discharged within a four year period. The need for long term follow-up studies is stressed.
Description and Evaluation of a Short-Stay Admission Ward
Authors: Kennedy Peter , Hird Fiona 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDuration of stay for unselected admissions to an acute psychiatric ward was reduced to an average of 11 days. The clinical methods by which this was achieved are described. Comparing patients randomly allocated to this experimental ward and other admission wards: (i) the readmission rate to the experimental ward was higher but readmissions were briefer so that total in-patient experience per patient over the course of one year remained substantially lower; (ii) symptom levels and burden on the family had improved equally at three weeks and at four months after discharge; (iii) experimental ward patients made fewer demands on their general practitioners and reported fewer parasuicides. Beds can be released for other purposes in this way.
A Study of Violent Behaviour Among Patients in Psychiatric Hospitals
Authors: Fottrell Eamonn 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study of violent behaviour among psychiatric in-patients in three hospitals found that many incidents of petty violence occurred and serious violence was rare. Among the offending patients there were more females than males, more young than old and the most commonly represented diagnosis was schizophrenia. Nursing staff were by far the commonest victims. Most of the incidents occurred during the daytime and were perpetrated mainly by patients nursed on acute psychiatric wards. The vast majority of patients were nonviolent.
Computed Tomography in the Elderly: 1. the Normal Population
Authors: Jacoby Robin J. , Levy Raymond , Dawson John M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryComputed tomographic (CT) and brief psychometric findings on 50 psychiatrically and neurologically healthy community residents over 60 years old are presented. The need for normative CT data is emphasized, and the methodological problems in obtaining them are discussed. Measures of ventricular size were generally found to be greater than those reported by other workers, and variation with age was also found to be less marked than hitherto reported. A reciprocal relationship was found between a global rating of cortical atrophy and a test of memory and orientation. This communication forms the basis for comparison with groups of psychiatric patients to be presented in subsequent articles.
Complex Visual Hallucinations in Partial Blindness due to Eye Disease
Authors: White N. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree patients experienced complex formed hallucinations during progressive visual failure from eye disease. The hallucinations began abruptly, were brightly coloured stereotyped figures, animals or objects, and appeared to be provoked by light.As blindness progressed the clarity, frequency and duration of the hallucinations faded. The patients had no abnormalities other than their eye disease, which in two cases was macula degeneration, and choroideraemia in the third.