bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perinatal white matter injury: The changing spectrum of pathology and emerging insights into pathogenetic mechanisms
Authors: Back Stephen A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPerinatal brain injury in survivors of premature birth has a unique and unexplained predilection for periventricular cerebral white matter. Periventricular white‐matter injury (PWMI) is now the most common cause of brain injury in preterm infants and the leading cause of chronic neurological morbidity. The spectrum of chronic PWMI includes focal cystic necrotic lesions (periventricular leukomalacia; PVL) and diffuses myelination disturbances. Recent neuroimaging studies support that the incidence of PVL is declining, whereas focal or diffuse noncystic injury is emerging as the predominant lesion. Factors that predispose to PVL during prematurity include hypoxia, ischemia, and maternal–fetal infection. In a significant number of infants, PWMI appears to be initiated by perturbations in cerebral blood flow that reflect anatomic and physiological immaturity of the vasculature. Ischemic cerebral white matter is susceptible to pronounced free radical‐mediated injury that particularly targets immature stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Emerging experimental data supports that pronounced ischemia in the periventricular white matter is necessary, but not sufficient to generate PWMI. The developmental predilection for PWMI to occur during prematurity appears to be related to both the timing of appearance and regional distribution of susceptible oligodendrocyte progenitors. Injury to oligodendrocyte progenitors may contribute to the pathogenesis of PWMI by disrupting the maturation of myelin‐forming oligodendrocytes. Chemical mediators that may contribute to white‐matter injury include reactive oxygen species glutamate, cytokines, and adenosine. As our understanding of the pathogenesis of PWMI improves, it is anticipated that new strategies for directly preventing brain injury in premature infants will develop. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:129–140. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Canavan disease: A white matter disorder
Authors: Kumar Shalini , Mattan Natalia S. , de Vellis Jean 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBreakdown of oligodendrocyte‐neuron interactions in white matter (WM), such as the loss of myelin, results in axonal dysfunction and hence a disruption of information processing between brain regions. The major feature of leukodystrophies is the lack of proper myelin formation during early development or the onset of myelin loss late in life. These early childhood WM diseases are described as hypomyelination or dysmyelination arising from a primary block in normal myelin synthesis because of a genetic mutation expressed in oligodendrocytes, or failure in myelination secondary to neuronal or astroglial dysfunctions (van der Knaap2001Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 43:705–712). Here, we describe the pathophysiological parameters of Canavan disease (CD), caused by genetic mutations of the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene, a metabolic enzyme restricted in the central nervous system (CNS) to oligodendrocytes. CD presents pathophysiological dysfunctions similar to diseases caused by myelin gene mutations, such as Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher disease (PMD) and several animal models, such as myelin deficient rat (md), jimpy (jp), shiverer (sh), and quaking (qk viable) mutant mice. These single gene mutations have pleiotropic effects, whereby the alteration of one myelin gene expression disrupts functional expression of other oligodendrocyte genes with an outcome of hypomyelination/dysmyelination. Among all of the known leukodystrophies, CD is the first disorder, which was approved and tested for the adeno‐associated virus vector (AAV)‐ASPA gene therapy (Leone et al.2000Ann. Neurol. 48:27–38; Janson et al.2001Trends Neurosci. 24:706–712) without much success following the first two attempts.ASPAgene delivery attempts in animal models have shown a lowering ofN‐acetylL‐aspartate and a change in motor functions, while sponginess of the WM, a characteristic of CD remained unchanged (Matalon et al.2003Mol. Ther. 7 (5, Part 1):580–587; McPhee et al.2005Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 135:112–121) even with better viral serotype and delivery of the gene during early phase of development (Klugmann et al.2005Mol. Ther. 11:745–753). While different approaches are being sought for the success of gene therapy, there are pivotal developmental questions to address regarding the specific regions of the CNS and cell lineages that become the target for the onset and progression of CD symptoms from early to late stages of development. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:157–165.
A biophysical model of the male urethra: Comparing viscoelastic properties of polyvinyl alcohol urethras to male pig urethras
Authors: Idzenga Tim , Pel Johan J.M. , Mastrigt Ron van 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAimsWe aim at developing a non‐invasive method for grading and diagnosing urinary bladder outlet obstruction, based on noise recording with a perineal contact microphone during voiding. We found that the noise production during voiding depends amongst others on the viscoelastic properties of the urethral wall. To further test our method, we need a realistic biophysical model of the male urethra.MethodsWe made various model urethras with different viscoelastic properties from a 10% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol cryogel. We measured the viscoelastic properties of each model and compared them to those of the male pig urethra. The male pig urethra was used, as it is physiologically comparable to the human male urethra. The viscoelastic properties of both model and pig urethras were measured by applying strain to the urethral wall in a stepwise manner and recording the pressure response. We fitted the step‐response of a mechanical model to this pressure response and derived the viscoelastic properties from the coefficients of this response.ResultsA uniform model urethra that was freeze‐thawed three times, with a Y‐shaped flow channel was found to best represent the male pig urethra.ConclusionsWe consider the three times freeze‐thawed model urethra with a Y‐shaped flow channel the best model of the human male urethra. And we therefore use this model urethra for studying the relation between noise recording during urine flow and the degree of bladder outlet obstruction. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Focus on the Belkin Pre‐N Wireless Router
Authors: Held Gilbert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe latest evolution of wireless LAN products recognizes the old adage that ‘two is better than one,’ resulting in the development of the IEEE 802.11n specification, better known as multiple‐input/multiple‐output (MIMO). Although ratification of the IEEE 802.11n specification isn't expected until the later part of 2006, several vendors over the past year introduced hardware products that double the throughput of current 802.11 g products owing to the ability of such hardware to transmit via multiple antennas and radios. One such product is the Belkin Pre‐N wireless router, which is the focus of this issue's column
Improvements for some condition number estimates for preconditioned system in p‐FEM
Authors: Beuchler Sven , Braess Dietrich 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we consider domain decomposition preconditioners for a system of linear algebraic equations arising from the p‐version of the FEM. We analyse several multi‐level preconditioners for the Dirichlet problems in the sub‐domains in two and three dimensions. It is proved that the condition number of the preconditioned system is bounded by a constant independent of the polynomial degree. Relations between the p‐version of the FEM and the h‐version are helpful in the interpretations of the results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cerebral metastasis and other central nervous system complications of pleuropulmonary blastoma
Authors: Priest John R. , Magnuson Jeffrey , Williams Gretchen M. , Abromowitch Minnie , Byrd Rebecca , Sprinz Philippa , Finkelstein Marsha , Moertel Christopher L. , Ashley Hill D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundPleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare tumor of pleura and lung in young children. Central nervous system (CNS) complications, particularly cerebral parenchymal metastases, occur in aggressive forms of PPB: Types II and III PPB. This article evaluates cerebral and meningeal metastases, cerebrovascular events (CVA) caused by tumor emboli, spinal cord complications, and intracranial second malignancies in PPB.ProcedureInternational PPB Registry and literature cases were evaluated for CNS events. Cerebral metastasis patients were evaluated for gender, side of origin of PPB, PPB Type, interval from diagnosis to metastasis, status of chest disease, treatment, and outcome. Standard statistical methods were used to calculate the cumulative probability of cerebral metastasis and survival following metastasis.ResultsThirty‐nine cases of cerebral metastasis were identified in 5/53 Registry Type II cases, 15/44 Registry Type III cases, and 19/143 literature Type II/III cases. Metastases occurred 1–60, median 11.5 months after diagnosis. Chest disease was controlled in 50% of children at time of metastasis. The cumulative probability of cerebral metastasis by 5 years from diagnosis was 11% for Type II patients (95%CI (confidence interval): 2–20%) and 54% for Type III patients (95%CI: 31–76%). Seven children survive cerebral metastasis. Other CNS complications were post‐operative CVA (five cases), spinal cord invasion or compression (six), leptomeningeal disease (three), and second intracranial malignancies (two).ConclusionsCerebral metastasis is more frequent in PPB than in other childhood sarcomas. Clinicians should screen for this complication. Diverse other CNS complications are less common and require careful diagnosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:266–273. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A combination of atypical antipsychotics and diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Macfarlane DP , Fisher Miles 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAtypical antipsychotic agents are increasingly used in the management of schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions due to their efficacy and reduced incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. Large observational studies suggest that the risk of developing diabetes attributable to atypical antipsychotic treatment is relatively small. However, several case reports describe new onset diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) developing shortly following the introduction of atypical antipsychotic monotherapy. We report a case of new onset diabetes presenting as DKA, coinciding with the introduction of a second atypical antipsychotic agent, suggesting that the effect might possibly be additive. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A young person's perspective of type 1 diabetes: development of an innovative DVD
Authors: Cheyette C 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn recognition of a lack of suitable and age specific educational material for young people with type 1 diabetes it was decided to develop a new resource for the local area. The author decided on using the multimedia format of a DVD due to its ability to portray images and real life situations. A patient focus group approach was used to establish the main areas to be incorporated within the DVD which, to name a few, included diagnosis, school/college, alcohol, injections and drug use. The same patients then agreed, along with their families, to discuss these areas on camera using a non‐scripted approach.The DVD has been positively evaluated by 21 health care professionals undergoing the Warwick Diabetes Care course. In all, 81% rated it as excellent and 19% as good with no negative feedback. Patient feedback was also sought from 12 patients who had transferred from the paediatric service. This was done in the form of verbal feedback. Patients commented on the DVD showing what living with diabetes is like for ‘ real people’ with the main theme being that ‘ diabetes is just another part of life’.The DVD started out as a small local project but it has since become possible to have 1000 copies produced and these are now available free of charge to all diabetes centres in the UK. Further evaluation of the impact of the DVD for patients and health care professionals is planned. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ABCD guidelines for the management of hyperglycaemic emergencies in adults
Authors: Savage MW , Kilvert A 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiabetic emergencies are traditionally treated by the acute medical admitting team or the Accident and Emergency Department staff. Most will see these on a regular basis, as they are common and both type 1 and type 2 disease are increasing in prevalence. Diabetic emergencies are usually easily treated and the patients discharged. However, it is vital not to become complacent as these disorders can lead to death. It is particularly important to follow local guidance and to involve the Diabetes Team after each episode. We outline the basic management steps in the common diabetic hyperglycaemic emergencies and hope to give an insight to the non‐expert. A proforma for the management of diabetic hyperglycaemic emergencies can be down‐loaded from the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) website at: http://www.diabetologists.org.uk/ABCD_DKA_Chart.pdf. ABCD proposes this chart as an example only and is not responsible for its use; that lies with the treating doctor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reports of hyperkalemia after publication of RALES—a pharmacovigilance study
Authors: Hauben Manfred , Reich Lester , Gerrits Charles M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPurposeA population‐based study and anecdotal reports have indicated that the publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES) was associated with not merely a broader use of spironolactone in the treatment of heart failure, but also with a coinciding sharp increase in hyperkalemia‐associated morbidity/mortality in patients also being treated with ACE‐inhibitors. Data mining algorithms (DMAs) are being applied to spontaneous reporting system (SRS) databases in hopes of obtaining early warnings/additional insights into post‐licensure safety data. We applied two DMAs (i.e. multi‐item gamma Poisson shrinker [MGPS] and proportional reporting ratios [PRRs]) to spontaneous reporting system (SRS) data to determine if these DMAs could have provided an earlier indication of a possible hyperkalemia safety issue.MethodsMGPS and PRRs were retrospectively applied to US FDA‐AERS, an SRS database. Year‐by‐year analysis and analysis of increasing cumulative time intervals were performed on cases in which both spironolactone and hyperkalemia and possibly related cardiac events had been reported.ResultsNeither of the DMAs initially provided a compelling signal of disproportionate reporting (SDR) for hyperkalemia after publication of RALES. However, using events consistent with clinical sequelae of hyperkalemia (e.g,. sudden death), SDRs were identified with PRRs.ConclusionsThe quality and usefulness of data mining analysis is highly situation dependent and may vary with the knowledge and experience of the drug safety reviewer. Our analysis suggests that contemporary DMAs may have significant limitations in detecting increased frequency of labeled events in real‐life prospective pharmacovigilance. There is a paucity of research in this area and we recommend further research for new approaches to detecting increased frequency of labeled events. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate induced by an initiator derived from an ionic liquid
Authors: Gong Shengmin , Ma Hongyang , Wan Xinhua 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn ionic liquid, 1‐(2‐bromoisobutyryloxyethyl)‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, was synthesized to act as the initiator of the atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). By a combination with CuBr and pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, the ionic liquid initiated the free radical polymerization of MMA to proceed in a controlled way over a wide temperature range of 0 to 60 °C. The number‐average molecular weight of the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) increased with monomer conversion and the polydispersity was relatively narrow. End‐group analysis by proton NMR indicated the presence of the initiator fragments at the ends of the polymer main chain. Lowering the reaction temperature had the result of increasing the content of rr triads. The glass transition temperature was higher for PMMA obtained at lower temperature than at higher temperature. The solubility of the PMMA in methanol increased with the incorporation of imidazolium groups in the polymer. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Vapor‐based polymer coatings for potential biomedical applications
Authors: Lahann Joerg 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOver the last decade, biology and biotechnology have witnessed an extraordinary development spanning genomics, proteomics, and metabolics. This progress was so rapid and definite that it not only changed the face of modern biology, but indeed altered the way day‐to‐day business is done in biology and related fields. This scientific advancement came with a need for concurrent technological advances. In this context, the ability to interface sophisticated devices with relevant biological microenvironments has emerged as a critical challenge. Already, novel biomaterials are on the horizon that promise to fulfill the rigid criteria of being both biocompatible under the conditions of a versatile range of biological applications and compatible with the increasing demands for miniaturization, integration, and throughput of future device architectures. As currently employed solvent‐based polymer coatings are increasingly reaching their limits, a range of unconventional materials, such as vapor‐based polymer coatings, are discussed as attractive alternatives. One of the main features of vapor‐based polyreactions is their versatility in synthesizing both simple and complex polymers with relative ease and at generally low temperatures. The advantages of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique also include control of the composition and architecture of the resulting materials, high accuracy, solvent‐free environments, excellent adhesion, and the ability to accommodate custom‐tailored surface modifications. For further illustration, selected examples of polymer‐based surface engineering approaches using vapor‐based polyreactions are discussed in this review. For instance, reactive coating technology uses CVD polymerization to deposit a wide range of chemically functionalized polymer coatings on various substrate materials. Its simplicity in providing chemically reactive groups and its applicability to three‐dimensional geometries (e.g. for microfluidics) enables exact tailoring of surface properties and the preparation of biologically relevant microenvironments. CVD‐based reactive coatings are compatible with soft lithographic processes allowing for patterning of proteins, DNA, cytokines, and mammalian cells. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Consolidation of thin‐film photovoltaic technology: the coming decade of opportunity
Authors: Green Martin A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe previous decade, particularly its latter half, has been an exhilarating period for photovoltaics. Companies have entered a new era of profitability with photovoltaic company stocks now some of the most eagerly sought. The challenge for the next decade is for the industry to take advantage of the increased resources made available by the recent boom to position photovoltaics for an onslaught into wholesale electricity markets. It is argued that only the best of the thin‐film technologies are likely to be able to lead such a charge. Criteria for the success of thin‐film technology in the long term are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A vision for crystalline silicon photovoltaics
Authors: Swanson Richard M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses the driving forces behind the continued strength of crystalline silicon technology. The history of silicon technology development is reviewed, and projections made as where to silicon technology is likely to go in the following 10 years. Next the barriers that have inhibited the emergence of competing technologies are discussed, along with the steps that need to be taken to surmount those barriers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The advent of mesoscopic injection solar cells
Authors: Grätzel Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMesoscopic injection solar cells operate in an entirely different fashion than conventional solar p‐n junction devices. Mimicking the principles that natural photosynthesis has used successfully over the last 3·5 billion years in solar energy conversion, they achieve the separation of light harvesting and charge carrier transport. The semiconductors used in conventional cells assume both functions simultaneously imposing stringent demands on purity and entailing high material and production costs. The prototype of this new PV family is the dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSC). The DSC has made phenomenal progress since its discovery was announced in the scientific literature only 14 years ago.1 Conversion efficiencies of 11·3% and excellent stability have been reached rendering it a credible alternative to conventional p‐n junction photovoltaic devices. The industrial development is advancing rapidly. Several enterprises currently produce modules and flexible cells on a pilot scale and commercial manufacturing of the DSC has recently been announced. It is asserted that this type of cell is a viable contender for large‐scale future solar energy conversion systems on the bases of cost, efficiency, stability and availability, as well as environmental compatibility. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 28)
Authors: Green Martin A. , Emery Keith , King David L. , Hishikawa Yoshihiro , Warta Wilhelm 
Published: June 2006

AbstractConsolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since January, 2006 are reviewed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein changes between dormant and dormancy‐broken seeds of Prunus campanulata Maxim
Authors: Lee Chung‐Shu , Chien Ching‐Te , Lin Chao‐Hsiung , Chiu Yi‐Ying , Yang Yuh‐Shyong 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSeed dormancy is regulated by complex networks in order to optimize the timing of germination. However, the biochemical basis of the regulation of seed dormancy is still poorly understood. Many temperate timber species, which are of ecological and/or economic interest, are deeply dormant in seeds, such as Prunus campanulata. Freshly harvested seeds require warm plus cold stratification to break dormancy before they can begin to germinate. According to the results of germination, both warm and cold stratifications are the critical influences for breaking seed dormancy. Significant variations in seed proteins were observed by 2‐DE before and after the breaking of seed dormancy. Among the 320, 455, and 491 reproducibly detected spots on the cotyledons, embryos, and testae, respectively, 71 dramatic changes in abundances were observed following warm and/or cold stratification. Among these protein spots, dehydrin, prunin 1 precursor, prunin 2 precursor, and prunin 2 were identified by MS and sequence comparison. The implications of protein changes in relation to the breaking of seed dormancy and germination are discussed. This is the first report of a proteomic analysis of dormancy breaking in woody plant seeds.