bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metallurgical Analysis of a Hopewell Copper Earspool
Authors: Fraikor Arlene L. , Hester James J. , Fraikor Frederick J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA prehistoric Hopewell copper earspool was analyzed by a number of metallurgical techniques including transmission electron microscopy. While optical photomicrographs and micro-hardness data suggest that the final fabrication process was annealing, transmission electron microscopy indicates that some final cold working was applied. This paper illustrates a new application of physical analytical techniques to archaeology.
Ground Slates: East and West
Authors: Ritchie William A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSix major hypotheses have been advanced to account for ground slate industries containing knives, lance heads, and projectile points, found on opposite sides of the North American continent. Certain of these hypotheses assume genetic connections; others postulate separate sources and developments for such artifacts in the Northeast and North Pacific areas.A recent study of the cultures involved, chiefly Borden's (1962) Vancouver data, has indicated that: (1) ground slate artifacts made their initial appearance in both areas at about the same time; (2) the respective typologies are quite dissimilar; and (3) possible bone and/or chipped stone prototypes for certain of the specific ground slate forms exist in each area.These data suggest independent origins and developmental histories.
Dzibilchaltún, Yucatán, Mexico: Structures 384, 385, and 386: A Preliminary Interpretation
Authors: Folan W. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe excavation of Structures 384, 385, and 386, and their associated platform in Dzibilchaltún, Yucatán, revealed an occupational sequence from late Phase I or early Phase II of the Early period up to and including the early Colonial period. The ceramic material analyzed pertains primarily to the Copo complex and, when combined with the architectural data and with 16th-century descriptions of Maya culture, made it possible to infer or suggest the use and function of each room within each building associated with the group and its lineage associations from its conception to the present. This analysis indicates that, although the primary function of the group was ceremonial during the early stages of occupation, all but one of the structures were later used more for domestic than ceremonial ends, until the vaults collapsed during the late Pure Florescent subperiod. During the later Decadent period, however, one of the earliest buildings was tunneled into and reused for ceremonial functions, possibly even after the 16th-century Spanish open chapel was erected less than 200 m. away in the central plaza of Dzibilchaltún.
A Refutation of R. G. Baker's Thesis of Recarving and Alteration of Maya Monuments
Authors: Adams Richard E. W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCitation in a reputable publication of the idea put forth by R. G. Baker (1962) that Maya monuments were altered and recarved from time to time makes it necessary to evaluate the thesis. Examination of the evidence presented by Baker leads to the conclusion that most of the putative alterations are the result of differential weathering, and unfamiliarity with Maya sculpture. In addition, Baker has interpreted 19th-century mutilation as being ancient. Finally, Proskouriakoff's historical interpretation of the function of Maya sculpture and glyphic texts (1960, 1963, 1964) leads to a definitive refutation of Baker's hypothesis.
Radiocarbon “Effective” Half-Life for Maya Calendar Correlations
Authors: Ralph Elizabeth K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe question is frequently asked: How would a change in the half-life of C14 affect the Maya calendar correlations? The optimum “effective” half-life value for this era, as determined by the Pennsylvania measurements of contemporaneous samples of known age, and, as pointed out by Satterthwaite and Ralph (1960), is, by coincidence, very close to the Libby half-life (5568±30 years). Nevertheless, a change in the value of the half-life of C14 would not necessarily change the “effective” half-life, and, on the basis of present data, no change should be made in the University of Pennsylvania dating of the Maya calendar correlation samples.
Early Man and Changing Sea Levels, Poplar Island, Maryland
Authors: Solecki Ralph S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe presence of a fluted point on an island in Chesapeake Bay is explained in terms of a lowered sea level during the time of the Early Man occupation of the area. This study is offered as an example of the value of the use of eustatic oscillations in the study of early prehistoric remains in maritime regions.
A Pre-Columbian Wound
Authors: Ravines Rogger 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA broken obsidian projectile point embedded in a human second lumbar vertebra has been found near Yauli in the central highlands of Peru. The point resembles those used on the south coast of Peru during the later part of the Early Intermediate period and probably dates to this time. The victim indubitably died immediately from this wound as a result of hemorrhaging.
The Southern California Milling Stone Horizon: Some Comments
Authors: Warren Claude N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOwen’s (1964) brief comments on the Glen Annie Canyon site include some comments and criticisms that are in error, and the validity of his interpretation of the archaeology and archaeologists of the Southern California Coast may be challenged. Owen uses the term “Early horizon” where he should use “Milling Stone horizon”; his criticisms of Wallace’s 1955 paper are unjustified; what he claims to be the archaeologists’ description of the Oak Grove culture is inaccurate. His argument for a nomadic population during the Milling Stone horizon is based on a weak analogy, and his notion that the interpretation of a “more or less sedentary” settlement pattern for the Milling Stone horizon is a “convenient fiction agreed upon by some southern California archaeologists to facilitate the construction of artifact typologies” is in error. Data are presented to support the interpretation that the population of the Milling Stone horizon was a Central-Based Wandering people.
Representation of Space and Form in Maya Painting on Pottery
Authors: Grieder Terence 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Maya imagined both the visible and the conceptual in three-dimensional form. Thus their painters had to represent the third dimension on flat surfaces. Seven ways of showing solid form were invented: combined front and profile views, overlapping, foreshortening, “half-view,” variations in line weight, arbitrary shading, and detached contour lines. Two ways of showing spatial depth were invented: overlapping and raising the level in the composition. Pottery painters never attained perfect command of space representation. Representation of space and form in art is a product of the same kind of speculation and experimentation which produces geometry and philosophical conceptions of space. The Maya lacked the conception of dimensions and never formulated the relationship between even length and width. This restricted their arts; in painting, for example, representations of space and form could not be formulated but had to be reinvented each time they were used.
New World Lithic Typology Project: Part II
Authors: Krieger Alex D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSupplementing Part I of this report, by Weyer, Part II is concerned with certain vital needs in American archaeology for a central facility in which high-speed methods of data analysis can be applied to the determination of types of stone artifacts on a broad scale, the distribution of these types can be mapped wherever they occur in the New World, manuals can be prepared for general research, and related functions can be performed. It is held that our individualistic approaches to these problems in various areas, rather than producing strictly comparable results, are causing greater confusion than ever; that distributional studies based on noncomparable “types” are superficial and misleading; and that there are already on hand such great amounts of material that their analysis can never be accomplished comprehensively by “hand” methods. The advantages and disadvantages of edge-punch and IBM cards are discussed in relation to several purposes, such as catalog records, sorting for attributes (singly and in combinations), and computer treatment. The project's steering committee has decided to proceed with IBM cards, but before disseminating its recommendations, will conduct pilot studies to achieve the most efficient codification of attributes as well as a standard form on which data must be recorded before an operator can proceed with the punching of cards.
Temper Identification: “Technological Sherd-Splitting” or an Unanswered Challenge
Authors: Shepard Anna O. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo recent publications offer stimulating generalizations about pottery analysis. Weaver (1963) considers how archaeologists can secure assistance in pottery analysis. Fontana and others (1962) question the cultural significance of temper. Advice in both studies is based on pottery from a simple level of technological development. A broader view of contemporary potters' techniques shows that paste composition may or may not have cultural significance. Simple rules of analysis are misleading because of the complexity of pottery and the varied role it has played in culture.
Engineering Principles and the Study of Prehistoric Structures: A Substantive Example
Authors: Marshall James A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper explores the potential contribution of civil engineering theory to archaeology. Given certain basic data we can ask specific questions about prehistoric concepts of construction, design, measurement, etc. An example of a method of analysis of structures and geometrics is given utilizing the limited information from the Adena and Hopewell cultures. Conclusions are drawn as to what certain structures looked like, how they were built, and their efficiency in serving their apparent purposes.
Plateau Shoshonean Prehistory: A Suggested Reconstruction
Authors: Gunnerson James H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA striking correspondence between linguistic and archaeological data suggests: (1) that the Virgin branch Anasazi people were the proto-Plateau Shoshoneans; and (2) that the Fremont and Sevier peoples, whose cultures are considered northern expansions of the Virgin culture, are represented historically by the Ute-Southern Paiute and Shoshone-Comanche respectively, while the Virgin branch people themselves are represented by the Northern Paiute.
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos: Floor Constructions at Uaxactun
Authors: Littmann Edwin R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe precise definition of “floor” as a building unit involving a lime aggregate or mortar (usually called fill) covered by a plaster (usually what is called the floor) the surface of which is treated by a wash coat makes possible detailed study of techniques of floor construction and the correlation of these with various cultural changes. A preliminary study of floors in Structures A–V, A–XVIII, B–XII at Uaxactún indicates that (1) floors improved in quality from Chicanel to Tepeu times, (2) post-Chicanel plasters were treated with a wash coat, especially the painted ones, and (3) the use of many small chips in Tzakol and Tepeu plasters implies extensive stone carving, because it is unlikely that stone would have been broken into such small pieces just for floor construction.
Cult Traits in Southeastern Costa Rica and Their Significance
Authors: Stone Doris 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe finding of ceremonial bone and shell objects at Puntarenas Farm, Jalaca, southeastern Costa Rica, along with ceramics of known Chiriqui or Red and Black ware, has thrown new light upon the extent of pre-Columbian trade and the penetration of cult traits from northern South America into lower Central America. Although no radiocarbon date has been obtained as yet, it is known that the manufacture of Chiriqui or Red and Black ware was continued into post-Columbian times.The presence in this region of shells found only on the Caribbean coast of Central America and not on the Pacific, as well as artifacts of manatee (Trichechus m. manatus Linn.) bone, also associated solely with the Caribbean littoral, indicate the extent and importance of trade. In the same sense, the appearance of the alligator-serpent motif on both coasts of the Nicoya Peninsula and on the western coast with ware related to Ulua Polychrome types and with an Ulua style alabaster vase, places a new northern boundary with respect to the diffusion of this cult motif. The Ulua Polychrome types and the Ulua style alabaster vase put a time horizon covering from A.D. 1000 probably to the Spanish arrival. The alligator-serpent concept, so familiar in the Amazon and Andean regions, the “eagle” or “condor” concept, the feline, the monkey, and the frog all emphasize the common base of lower Central American religion. Likewise they point to San Agustin as a cultural center of great importance in lower Central America.From the artistic point of view, the bone objects represent some of the most intricate carving yet known in eastern Central America. Both the style and subject matter place these figures in a different category from bone artifacts associated with Mesoamerican cultures.
A Test of Magnetometry as an Aid to Archaeology
Authors: Black Glenn A. , Johnston Richard B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe long-standing interest of the Indiana Historical Society in archaeological methodology has led to a program designed to evaluate the applicability of the proton magnetometer to the location of certain subsurface features. Early trials at the Angel site in southern Indiana, which offers a variety of controlled experimental conditions, have shown that the instrument is capable of detecting the rather slight magnetic anomalies arising from the trench in which the stockade that once surrounded the village was set. While preliminary research has met with some success, a full report of the findings and problems encountered is reserved until completion of the project.
Use of the Cumulative Graph in Temporal Ordering
Authors: Jelinek Arthur J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA cumulative graph which shows percentages of artifact types in assemblages is a useful tool for seriating large numbers of site samples when the chronological order of the appearance of types is known. This type of seriation has a distinct advantage over the bar-graph and Brainerd-Robinson techniques in speed and in the elimination of subjective judgment in ordering the assemblages.
A New Research Method for Economic Prehistorians
Authors: Saxon Andrew , Higham Charles 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMortality frequencies of domestic and wild species from prehistoric settlements are becoming increasingly important in reconstructing economic patterns, and in certain areas, for isolating stages in animal domestication. The methods whereby such mortality frequencies have been estimated, however, are considered to be unreliable and, in some cases, misleading.This paper presents a new and considerably more accurate method for estimating the mortality frequencies of domestic animals than those currently in use, and it suggests fields where its application will prove of value as a research tool for the economic prehistorian.
Photoarchaeological Analysis of Potomac River Fish Traps
Authors: Strandberg Carl H. , Tomlinson Ray 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAerial techniques have been proven effective for archaeological reconnaissance in several parts of the world.This paper describes photoarchaeological techniques which were used in a survey of a section of the Potomac River, near Washington, D.C. Thirty-six stone structures and one major Indian village site were discovered. The stone structures were primarily stone fish traps and fish weirs. One of the structures was found to be a navigation weir, constructed by the Potowmack Company, founded by George Washington in his efforts to open up the American "Western Frontier," regions in Maryland and Pennsylvania.Physical descriptions and locations of the structures are listed on the following pages, together with a comparative analysis of the structures. A recommendation is made for a site designation system which strengthens the standard Smithsonian system by adding Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates to them, thus simplifying location designation.
The Sunken Gardens of the Peruvian Coast
Authors: Rowe John Howland 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSunken gardens are a response to a situation in which ground water is near the surface of a desert but does not reach it. Since the 19th century this situation has generally been met in Peru by raising water from wells for canal irrigation. No mechanical means of raising water was known in ancient Peru, however, and sunken gardens provided the most economical solution to the problem. Ground water occurs near the surface on the Peruvian coast in some valleys where there is not enough water to maintain a river on the surface, and at the lower ends of better watered valleys where surplus irrigation water accumulates but does not reach the surface. The problem of salinization appears to have been more serious in sunken gardens than in irrigated fields. Since sunken gardens are effective only under rather rare combinations of circumstances, it seems unlikely that they played a major role in the development of Peruvian agriculture.
The History of American Archaeology: An Examination of Procedure
Authors: Schuyler Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecently, there has been an intensification of interest in the history of American archaeology, and a number of general attempts at delineating the history of the entire field have been advanced since 1940. Most of these overall views have taken the form of explanatory-periodization schemes. Four of these schemes are reviewed in this article and then examined in the light of 4 testcase studies: (1) the initial period of archaeology in the Southwest (1840-1860), (2) the history of archaeology in the Grand Canyon region (1540-1964), (3) the development of Kentucky prehistory (1661-1957), and (4) the study of early man in the United States (1500-1965). A number of discrepancies and weaknesses are shown in all the schemes under review, and the use of any such period scheme in the initial history of a science is questioned. The nature of period schemes is then examined resulting in the suggestion that all such undertakings should serve as tentative working hypotheses rather than end goals in themselves.
Neurolepis, a Sensitive Indicator of Human Activity in the High Andes
Authors: Bromley R. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNeurolepis is an easily recognizable bamboo-grass found as the dominant vegetation in many of the wettest and most remote Andean montane grassland areas. The plant has little economic value and is usually burned to produce pasture or facilitate hunting. After burning, regrowth is extremely slow, so that areas previously occupied by Neurolepis are apparently permanently colonized by tussock pasture grasses. It seems likely, therefore, that the existing remnant areas of Neurolepis represent the areas which have not been substantially affected by man in historic, and perhaps prehistoric, times.
A Simple Field Test for the Detection of Manganese in Quaternary Deposits
Authors: Alford J. J. , Bundschuh J. E. , Caspall F. C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the field it is often difficult to distinguish black manganese dioxide from specks of charcoal or other organic materials. Misinterpretations can be avoided by testing the earth material with a small amount of potassium periodate which will oxidize any manganese to the highly colored permanganate ion.
The Ringo Site, Southeastern Arizona
Authors: Johnson Alfred E. , Thompson Raymond H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExcavations by the University of Arizona Archaeological Field School in the summer of 1962 indicate that this small site in the Sulphur Spring valley was occupied fromA.D.1250 to 1325. Architectural remains consist of the two adobe-walled room-plaza complexes. Burials were extended inhumations and primary cremations. The artifact inventory is characterized by its simplicity and lack of elaboration. Locally made pottery was primarily plain red and brown with both smudging and texturing. Most of the painted pottery was traded into the site from the surrounding Chihuahua, White Mountain, Tonto Basin, and Tucson areas. The site apparently represents an essentially Mogollon complex with strong contacts with the Babicora phase in Chihuahua and additions from the general Western Pueblo sphere of influence. A Ringo phase,A.D.1250-1350, is tentatively defined.
Some Comments on the Archaeology of San Clemente Island, California
Authors: Townsend Sam-Joe 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDuring September of 1958 M. B. McKusick and C. N. Warren conducted archaeological excavations on San Clemente Island, California. In 1959 the result of their work was published. They delineate three cultural complexes for the island which are named “Milling Stone,” “Mortar and Pestle,” and “Big Dog.” The data presented by McKusick and Warren are examined and their three cultural complexes are rejected because these complexes are not adequately supported by the data.
The Union Lake Skull, A Possible Early Indian Find in Michigan
Authors: Black Meredith , Eyman Charles E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA human skull found in a peat deposit in Oakland County, Michigan, is dated at approximately 5000 B.C. by pollen analysis. The skull is morphologically similar to other early skeletal finds, and it is suggested that it may be classed with Neumann's Otamid variety.
On the Use of Cumulative Curves and Numerical Taxonomy
Authors: Thomas David H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIrwin and Wormington (1970) employ cumulative curves to assess overall similarity between artifact complexes of the Great Plains. Properly applied, ogives are relevant only to R-mode phenomena. Numerical taxonomic aids are advanced as procedures more ef ficacious for such Q-mode analyses. Numerical taxonomy and computer techniques in general are currently within the reach of every archaeologist.
A Possible Case of Cannibalism in the Early Woodland Period of Eastern Georgia
Authors: Phelps David Sutton , Burgess Rebekah 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPreliminary investigations at White's Mound, Richmond County, Georgia, have revealed a stratified sequence of cultural material that begins with Stallings Island fiber-tempered pottery and is followed by Deptford, which occurs coincident with a more popular cord-marked type and minor amounts of a fabric-impressed type. The cord-marked pottery is assumed to be indicative of the timing and impact of the Northern tradition on this area. The last test square excavated on the site yielded evidence of possible cannibalism in the form of redeposited fragmentary bones, most of them cooked and a few calcined. With the deposit of bones, some of which had been cut, were a boatstone, a bear-claw necklace, and Deptford bold check-stamped and simple-stamped sherds. An alternative explanation is redeposited cremation which does have precedence in the Georgia area and in the Northern tradition.