bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality damage on carrots (Daucus carota L.) caused by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi
Authors: Moens Maurice , Wesemael Wim 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn the Belgian provinces Antwerp and Limburg, the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, is widespread. These regions are important production areas of carrot, Daucus carota, for the processing industry. Nineteen carrot cultivars were screened for potential resistance for M. chitwoodi. Egg masses of M. chitwoodi were found on all cultivars. However, there were no egg masses on more than 80% of plants of cvs Berlanda, Bolero, Chantenay, Nantucket and Parmex. By contrast, on cvs ABK, Douceur, Maxi and Merida egg masses were formed on all of the tested plants. To gain information about the damage caused by M. chitwoodi, carrots were grown in soil infected with different densities of nematodes. There was no effect of M. chitwoodi on the length, width and weight of the carrot taproot. Damage caused by M. chitwoodi was manifested by severe galling near the lenticels. Inoculation of nematodes 6 weeks after the carrots emerged resulted in a higher percentage of infected carrots and damaged taproots compared with earlier inoculation times. The effect of the time of harvest on nematode infection and damage was examined. When harvested 100 days after sowing in soil with low nematode densities (two second-stage juveniles (J2)/100 g soil), no damage was reported. Harvesting 120 and 140 days after sowing resulted in 10 and 20% damaged carrots, respectively. With initial M. chitwoodi densities of 25 J2/100 g soil, the percentage of damaged taproots increased from 10% when harvested 100 days after sowing to 70% when harvested 140 days after sowing. In a field trial, 11.5% of the carrots were damaged after a field period of 139 days and the initial M. chitwoodi population increased from 3 to 111 J2/100 g soil. It is recommended that growing carrots in M. chitwoodi-infested fields should be avoided. However, damage can be limited in fields with low initial nematode populations when the growing period is reduced.
Teratorhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus, 1985 (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) is an associate of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Fitch David , Soné Koichi , Kanzaki Natsumi , Abe Fukiko , Giblin-Davis Robin , Kiontke Karin , Hata Kunihiko 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTeratorhabditis synpapillata, originally described from cow dung in Bali, was isolated from the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in Japan. Dauer juveniles were isolated from beneath the elytra of five specimens of R. ferrugineus that had emerged from a dead Canary Island date palm, Phoenix canariensis, in Kagoshima, Japan. The dauer juveniles were cultured on a NGM agar plate and the adult nematodes observed and measured with the aid of light microscopy. The full length of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) and D2/D3 expansion segment of the ribosomal large subunit (LSU) were sequenced for molecular identification. Based upon morphology, molecular profile and a hybridisation test, the nematode was confirmed as T. synpapillata. A comparison of morphology and morphometrics suggests that the only other nematode reported from R. ferrugineus (= 'Pelodera rhynchophori') is also conspecific with T. synpapillata. A phylogenetic analysis using SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequences fully resolves the relationships of four Teratorhabditis and six outgroup species and demonstrates a sister group relationship of T. synpapillata and T. palmarum, another associate of palm weevils.
Competitive interaction between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the closely related species Bursaphelenchus mucronatus
Authors: Altemayer Valérie , Vincent Bruno , Naves Pedro , Lieutier François , Roux-Morabito Géraldine , Sousa Edmundo 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBursaphelenchus xylophilus is an invasive pest of pines. When introduced accidentally into a new geographic area, it will share the same ecological niche as the closely related indigenous species, B. mucronatus. Competition between native and introduced species may affect the spread of invasive species, so we investigated the possible competitive interaction between these two nematode species transmitted by the same insect-vector, Monochamus galloprovincialis. In order to understand how the two species interacted, we compared, under laboratory conditions, their growth on fungi and pines, their ability to board M. galloprovincialis, and their competitive interaction in situations of double boarding. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus showed greater rates of growth than B. mucronatus in single and mixed treatments. The invasive species was competitively superior to the indigenous species in mixed treatments (fungi and pines). This competitive advantage in pines, prior to the beetles' infestation, could explain the greater abundance of the invasive (68%) species over the indigenous in the insect vector M. galloprovincialis. The indigenous species had no effect on beetle boarding of the invasive species. The occurrence of B. mucronatus in France and its wide distribution on numerous pine species could have an effect on B. xylophilus invasion in the initial steps of an invasion process. Nevertheless, due to the superior competitiveness of B. xylophilus, we cannot state that B. mucronatus will be efficient as a factor to decrease propagation of this invasive species.
Better Place: Performing the Urbanisms of Hope
Authors: Davey Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAn increasing awareness of the urbanized reality of our world through experience and the burgeoning field of urban studies provides a critical challenge to those concerned with the development of an urban public theology. A key strand within urban studies is concerned with an 'urbanism of hope' promoting an open participatory understanding of urban politics in community. A performative approach to theology promotes an understanding of the church's engagement in informal urban politics, and the embodiment of a transfigured city.
Making Oneself at Home in Environments of Urban Amnesia: Religion and Theology in City Space
Authors: Bergmann Sigurd 
Published: January 2008

AbstractHow is urban space to be developed as a habitable place, and what could religion and theology contribute to it? This article explores the question in three sections. First, urbanization is considered as a religious phenomenon, and examples from Mayan sacred geography, Swedish landscape architecture and the medieval European Hansa city are presented and discussed. Then, the human dimension, and the human capacity 'to make oneself at home', are elaborated clearly in articulating the need for a more plastic critical urban theory. The challenge to public theology in this context is to reflect deeply about how the Spirit is taking place in urban space. The final section investigates the dynamics of the space between oblivion, amnesia and remembrance and its significance for urban transformation. The design of places for remembering the sufferings of the past and the differences between strangers and residents are thereby outlined as a necessary condition for a city where humans can make themselves at home.
Temple Architecture in the Iranian World before the Macedonian Conquest
Authors: Shenkar Michael 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe article offers a survey of temple architecture in the Iranian world before the Macedonian conquest. Despite the observations that ancient Iranians worshipped in the open air, structures of cultic significance have been discovered in some areas of Eastern Iran. While the attribution of the earliest, second millennium temples to the Iranian tribes is still disputable, Iranians definitely had temples before the Achaemenids. The earliest temples found in the Iranian settlements are the ones from Tepe Nush-i Jan (for Western Iran) and Dahān-i Ghulāmān (for the Eastern). However, it seems that the majority of ancient Iranians, including the first Achaemenids, worshiped under the open sky. Given the nomadic background of the ancient Iranians they probably became acquainted with temple architecture once they came into close contact with the highly developed civilisations, which preceded them in some areas of what was later to become the Iranian World. In general it is impossible to speak of one “Iranian culture” or a unified “Iranian cult” in the second and first millennia BCE; instead, temple architecture demonstrates a variety of different regional traditions. More temples have been discovered in Eastern Iran than in Western. The architectural evidence from Eastern Iran in this period also suggests a complex picture of heterogeneous local cults, at least some of which made use of closed temples. Another kind of cultic structure was the open air terraces. There is also some evidence for domestic cults. Iranian cults also share a number of common, dominant features. Special significance was attributed to fire and ashes. Most temple altars (often stepped) were at the centre of the cult and rituals. Another important feature is the absence of cult statues and images. It is remarkable that most of the temples were erected on the highest point of the site or on an artificial elevated platform.
Some Remarks on the Caucasian Albanian Palimpsests
Authors: Gippert Jost , Schulze Wolfgang 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe so-called Caucasian Albanian Palimpsest kept in St. Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai for the first time allows to draw a comprehensive picture of one of the languages (probably the state language) of the third medieval Christian kingdom in Transcaucasia, namely (Caucasian) Albania. The relevant parts of the two palimpsest manuscripts (Sin. N 13 and N 55) covering roughly 120 pages (that is two thirds of the two manuscripts) have been deciphered, interpreted, and translated in the course of an international project running since 2003. The Caucasian Albanian texts comprise a) fragments of a Lectionary, and b) parts of the Gospel of John, written by a different hand in a different style. A number of both text-internal and text-external arguments suggest that the original manuscripts were produced in the 7th century A.D. The analysis of the texts clearly argues in favour of the assumption that the translators relied upon corresponding Old Armenian sources. Nevertheless, it can be shown that the texts in parts deviate from those Old Armenian Bible texts that have survived to our days, so that Georgian, Greek, and Syriac sources must also be taken into account. The readable passages of the two texts furnish us with roughly 8,000 word tokens (some 1,000 lemmatised lexical entries). Hence, the Caucasian Albanian palimpsest gives a considerable insight into the lexicon, grammar, and phonology of its language, which can now safely be identified as an early variant of Udi (East Caucasian, Lezgian). Caucasian Albanian (or Old Udi) differs from present-day Udi in a number of features, including an additional set of palatalised consonants, a more conservative system of local case markers, gender distinction within the set of anaphoric pronouns, and a stronger tendency to construe larger clitic chains. The lexicon is marked for three aspects: a) the preservation of Lezgian terms lost in present-day Udi; b) a set of loans from Armenian and (less prominent) from Georgian; c) loan translations especially from Armenian. The syntax of the texts comes close to that of its sources; however, the texts also exhibit a number of syntactic features alien to both Armenian and Georgian. This suggests that the translators tried to find a balance between the preservation of the original wording of the sources and the necessity to meet the needs of the Caucasian Albanian speaking audience.
Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran
Authors: Borjian Maryam , Borjian Habib 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe texts published here are in an eastern Mazandarani dialect spoken in the Caspian littoral in northern Iran. The informant is a rural woman who recollects the supernatural deeds of her father-in-law, revered like a saint after his death. The stories are narrated in a most intimate manner, something rarely published previously in Iranian dialect documentations. The folkloric songs typify those sung in Caspian rice paddies by women, who traditionally have a dominant role in the rural economy. The stories and songs provide both linguistic and ethnographic data for this poorly studied but important province with its unique culture among the Iranian-speaking groups in Iran.
A Baluchi Episode from the Hoseyn-kord-e Shabestari Cycle
Authors: Boyajian-Sureniants Vahe 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe paper presents a small text in the Sarāwānī dialect of Baluchi about the famous hero Hoseyn-kord. The Baluchi story is a well-known episode from the cycle of Hoseyn-kord-e Shabestari, where the hero shows his supernatural strength and gains a high social status. At the same time, for the Kord tribe in Iranian Baluchistan, Hoseyn-kord is not only a folkloric personage, but features already as an eponym, the legendary forefather of the tribesmen.
Religious Leaders and Family Planning in Iran
Authors: Sadat Moinifar Heshmat 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAfter the Islamic Revolution of 1979, family planning programmes were dismantled in Iran; however, in 1989, the government reversed its policies and since then has had one of the most successful programmes in the region. This was conditioned, along with the socio-economic factors, first of all by the positive role of the Islamic jurists in this process. Religious leaders' position on family planning and the circumstances, under which it can be practiced, has had a direct effect on how Iran has achieved the family planning targets. In this article, an attempt is made to explore religious leaders' views toward family planning after 1989. The verdicts or the Fatwas of the Mujtahids in the context of family planning and issues related to it are discussed. After providing a brief review of different approaches on family planning in the Islamic tradition, the author elaborates the material through in-depth interviews with several prominent religious leaders including Mousavi Zanjani, Mousavi Ardabili, Ahmadi Miyanaji, Shobeiri Zanjani, and Ayatollah Sobhani to enrich the argument.
Evaluations of Land–Ocean Skin Temperatures of the ISCCP Satellite Retrievals and the NCEP and ERA Reanalyses
Authors: Tsuang Ben-Jei , Chou Ming-Dah , Zhang Yuanchong , Roesch Andreas , Yang Kun 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This study evaluates the skin temperature (ST) datasets of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) D satellite product, the ISCCP FD satellite product, the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), the NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis, and the NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-II Reanalysis. The monthly anomalies of all the datasets are correlated to each other and to most of the ground-truth stations with correlation coefficients &gt;0.50. To evaluate their qualities, the 5 ST datasets are used to calculate clear-sky (CS) outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and upward surface longwave radiation (USLR); the results are compared with the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) satellite observation and 14 surface stations. The satellite-derived STs and ERA-40 ST tend to bias high on hot deserts (e.g., Sahara Desert), and the reanalyzed STs tend to bias low in mountain areas (e.g., Tibet). In Northern Hemisphere high-latitude regions (tundra, wetlands, deciduous needle-leaf forests, and sea ice), the CS OLR anomalies calculated using the satellite-derived STs have higher correlations and lower root-mean-squared errors with the ERBE satellite observation than those derived from using the reanalyzed STs. ERA-40 underestimates the amplitude of the seasonal ST over glaciers. All the reanalysis products (ERA-40, NCEP–NCAR, and NCEP–DOE AMIP-II) overestimate the ST during partial sea ice–covered periods in the middle-high-latitude oceans. Nonetheless, suspected spurious noises with an amplitude of 2 K in the satellite-derived STs produce a physically unviable anomaly over earth’s surface where the amplitude of the anomaly is weak (such as open-water bodies, croplands, rain forest, grasslands, hot deserts, and cold deserts). Better land–ocean–ice schemes for a reanalysis should be developed for desert regions, high plateaus, fractional sea ice–covered oceans, and seasonally snow-covered lands, where the largest ST errors are identified.
Weather Types and Rainfall over Senegal. Part I: Observational Analysis
Authors: Moron Vincent , Robertson Andrew W. , Ward M. Neil , Ndiaye Ousmane 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA k-means cluster analysis is used to summarize unfiltered daily atmospheric variability at regional scale over the western Sahel and eastern tropical North Atlantic during the boreal summer season [July–September (JAS)] 1961–98. The analysis employs zonal and meridional regional wind fields at 925, 700, and 200 hPa from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalyses. An eight-cluster solution is shown to yield an integrated view of the complex regional circulation variability, without the need for explicit time filtering. Five of the weather types identified characterize mostly typical phases of westward-moving wave disturbances, such as African easterly waves (AEWs), and persistent monsoon surges, while the three others describe mostly different stages of the seasonal cycle. Their temporal sequencing describes a systematic monsoonal evolution, together with considerable variability at subseasonal and interannual time scales.Daily rainfall occurrence at 13 gauge stations in Senegal is found to be moderately well conditioned by the eight weather types, with positive rainfall anomalies usually associated with southerly wind anomalies at 925 hPa. Interannual variability of daily rainfall frequency is shown to depend substantially on the frequency of occurrence of weather types specific to the beginning and end of the JAS season, together with the number of persistent monsoon surges over the western Sahel. In contrast, year-to-year changes in the frequency of the weather types mostly associated with westward-moving waves such as AEWs are not found to influence seasonal frequency of occurrence of daily rainfall substantially.The fraction of seasonal rainfall variability related to weather-type frequency is found to have a strong relationship with tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs): an El Niño (La Niña) event tends to be associated with a higher (lower) frequency of dry weather types during early and late JAS season with enhanced trade winds over the western Sahel, together with lower (higher) prevalence of persistent monsoon surges. The component of seasonal rainfall variability not related to weather-type frequency is characterized by changes in rainfall probability within each weather type, especially those occurring in the core of the JAS season; it exhibits a larger decadal component that is associated with an SST pattern previously identified with recent observed trends in Sahel rainfall.
Variability of Basin-Scale Terrestrial Water Storage from a PER Water Budget Method: The Amazon and the Mississippi
Authors: Zeng Ning , Yoon Jin-Ho , Mariotti Annarita , Swenson Sean 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In an approach termed the PER method, where the key input variables are observed precipitation P and runoff R and estimated evaporation, the authors apply the basin water budget equation to diagnose the long-term variability of the total terrestrial water storage (TWS). Unlike the typical offline land surface model estimate where only atmospheric variables are used as input, the direct use of observed runoff in the PER method imposes an important constraint on the diagnosed TWS. Although there is a lack of basin-scale observations of evaporation, the tendency of E to have significantly less variability than the difference between precipitation and runoff (P − R) minimizes the uncertainties originating from estimated evaporation. Compared to the more traditional method using atmospheric moisture convergence (MC) minus R (MCR method), the use of observed precipitation in the PER method is expected to lead to general improvement, especially in regions where atmospheric radiosonde data are too sparse to constrain the atmospheric model analyzed MC, such as in the remote tropics.
TWS was diagnosed using the PER method for the Amazon (1970–2006) and the Mississippi basin (1928–2006) and compared with the MCR method, land surface model and reanalyses, and NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite gravity data. The seasonal cycle of diagnosed TWS over the Amazon is about 300 mm. The interannual TWS variability in these two basins is 100–200 mm, but multidecadal changes can be as large as 600–800 mm. Major droughts, such as the Dust Bowl period, had large impacts, with water storage depleted by 500 mm over a decade. Within the short period 2003–06 when GRACE data were available, PER and GRACE show good agreement both for seasonal cycle and interannual variability, providing potential to cross validate each other. In contrast, land surface model results are significantly smaller than PER and GRACE, especially toward longer time scales. While the authors currently lack independent means to verify these long-term changes, simple error analysis using three precipitation datasets and three evaporation estimates suggest that the multidecadal amplitude can be uncertain up to a factor of 2, while the agreement is high on interannual time scales. The large TWS variability implies the remarkable capacity of land surface in storing and taking up water that may be underrepresented in models. The results also suggest the existence of water storage memories on multiyear time scales, significantly longer than typically assumed seasonal time scales associated with surface soil moisture.
Pausing of the ENSO Cycle: A Case Study from 1998 to 2002
Authors: Nagura Motoki , Ando Kentaro , Mizuno Keisuke 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe heat balance of the surface mixed layer is analyzed at the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (0°, 140°W) in order to examine the transition from the 1998 La Niña to the 2002 El Niño. The data used are observations from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TAO/TRITON). Results show that interannual variation of eddy heat flux due to tropical instability waves slows the transition from La Niña to El Niño. Previous studies have described this slow transition as a pausing period of the ENSO cycle; that is, La Niña lingers and El Niño does not immediately appear despite a deepened thermocline. Heat balance analysis shows that the vertical heat advection anomaly and surface heat flux anomaly warm the mixed layer from 1999 to 2002. These warming anomalies cause the rise of the mixed layer temperature anomaly in the transition from La Niña to El Niño. In contrast, a cooling anomaly of the horizontal heat advection reduces the warming anomaly and slows down the transition from La Niña to El Niño. In horizontal heat advection terms, the eddy heat flux anomaly significantly contributes to the cooling anomaly associated with weakened variability in the 14–50-day-period band, that is, weakened tropical instability waves. During the transition from La Niña to El Niño, the meridional shear between the South Equatorial Current (SEC) and North Equatorial Counter Current is weakened because of the eastward current anomaly at the equator (i.e., weakened SEC) associated with relaxing trade winds. Weakened shear would suppress tropical instability waves. The results presented here suggest that the synoptic-scale processes work effectively at the basin scale to slow down the transition from La Niña to El Niño.