bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum Choline Esterase and Anxiety
Authors: Richter Derek , Lee Margaret 
Published: August 2008

Following the work of Dale (1934) and Loewi (1935) on the relationship of choline esterase to the transmission of nervous impulses, a number of studies have been made of the choline esterase activity of the serum in different physiological and pathological conditions. The serum esterase activity varies considerably from one individual to another, but it generally remains very constant in any one individual even over long periods of time; it is believed to be unaffected by changes in diet, exercise, fatigue, or by menstruation. The earlier investigators were unable to correlate the esterase level with any such factor as age, sex, heart rate, blood pressure, weight, or with pathological conditions such as benign or malignant tumours, chronic infections, heart diseases or neurological conditions (v. Verebely, 1936; McGeorge, 1937); they found only a tendency to low esterase activities in acute infections (Hall and Lucas, 1937) and in advanced tuberculosi (Vahlquist, 1935).In an investigation in which psychopathic patients were included Tod and Jones (1937) and Jones and Stadie (1939) described a number of positive correlations between the serum choline esterase and various clinical conditions. They found a high esterase activity in anxiety states and lowered activity in catatonic stupor, epilepsy, schizophrenia and also in advanced tuberculosis and carcinoma. Antopol et al. (1937, 1938) associated high serum esterase activity with thyrotoxicosis and low activities with liver disease, anaemia and hyperpyrexia. Milhorat (1938), in agreement with Jones and Stadie, attributes the low esterase activities in these conditions to the general debility, but McArdle (1940) concludes that impairment of liver function is the primary cause.The present work was carried out with the object of obtaining further information as to the relationship between the serum choline esterase activity and anxiety.
A Psychometric Study of Dementia
Authors: Brody M. B. 
Published: August 2008

This paper reports an attempt to determine the nature of dementia by analysing the results of mental tests applied to groups of patients clinically estimated to be demented in varying degree.Previous investigations.—The relevant literature concerns the results of mental tests in psychosis and in normal senility. These topics having been recently fully surveyed elsewhere (Brody, 1942a), they need occupy no space here.
The Subconscious in Story Writing
Authors: McCowan P. K. 
Published: August 2008

The following story was written by a woman writer while convalescing from an attack of melancholia. She had written it for publication as a short story for children.When I read it, I was certain that it was a deliberate piece of autobiography, written in the form of a fantasy. I was therefore much surprised on putting this to the1 author to be told that it was not supposed to have any reference to herself whatever. Without any attempt at serious analysis it was not difficult to convince her of the real significance of her story, and it is such a good example of the part the subconscious plays in the writing of such stories that it seems worth recording.
The Technique of Child Psychiatry
Authors: Todd Kathleen M. 
Published: August 2008

I once knew a child psychiatrist who had two treatments: Boy Scouts for all symptoms except enuresis, for which he prescribed Sea Scouts; but that was before the war, when we had a seaboard.There is great satisfaction to the human mind in reducing multiplicity to unity, diversity to simplicity, but this exercise can be carried too far, especially in dealing with such a complex creature as the child. In contrast there is the school of thought which believes in intensive analytic treatment, four to five sessions a week, for every child. How can one steer a middle course in a modern Child Guidance Clinic where numbers must be dealt with, without the sacrifice of the deeper approach, where short and long treatments must be fitted in, where diagnosis and consultations are essential, yet treatment must always be one of the fundamental aims?
Neuropathological Problems Arising from Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Meyer A. , Beck E. 
Published: August 2008

The neuropathological problems which arise from prefrontal leucotomy may be conveniently divided into three groups.The first group is concerned with the analysis of the anatomical and possible other factors which may influence the prospect of recovery. This group is naturally of the greatest practical interest to the psychiatrist and, for this reason, will require our foremost attention.
Personality Changes after Leucotomy
Authors: Hutton E. L. 
Published: August 2008

In this paper are given the histories of ten patients who have been treated by means of leucotomy, particular attention being paid to the study of character and personality traits.The records are compiled from the information given by a relative or relatives, supplemented in some cases by data supplied by the patient as well. This method undoubtedly has serious disadvantages, for the information must inevitably be dependent upon the informant's veracity, powers of observation and description, memory, and conscious and unconscious subjective bias. In every case the interview took place at the patient's home, so that the interviewer could obtain a personal impression of the patient's home environment. Furthermore, the information regarding the pre-morbid personality was only obtained after the illness, operation, and recovery, and in some cases it was difficult to ascertain when the morbid changes actually began.
An Interpretation of Play Therapy by the Psychosomatic Theory of Family Sexuality
Authors: Turner C. E. H. 
Published: August 2008

I propose to explain the application to play therapy of a theory of family sexuality (Turner, 1947), upon which I have been working for some time.When children are referred to me I see them individually and ask them to tell me, usually by their play (Lowenfeld, 1935), what real or imaginary thing could have caused their symptoms. I then follow the technique of Melanie Klein (1932) in that I straightway give an interpretation.
The use of Music in Group Therapy
Authors: Mitchell S. D. , Zanker A. 
Published: August 2008

Pythagoras appears to have been the first to recognize “the profound effect of music upon the senses and emotions.” He tried to influence the mind and body with what he termed “musical medicine” (1).He declared that the soul could be purified from its irrational influences, and he made detailed investigations into the therapeutic value of the seven different Greek keys. Pythagoras is said to have cured many mental illnesses “by having certain specially prepared musical compositions played in the presence of the sufferer.” For example, Iamblichus, in his life of Pythagoras, relates how he devised certain melodies against despondency, others against anger and still others against desires.
Adrenal Cortical Function and Response to Convulsive Therapy in a Case of Periodic Catatonia
Authors: Ashby W. Ross 
Published: August 2008

Any patient who shows a regularly recurring change of mental state will be of particular interest to the research worker, for in the recurrence, by acting as his own “control,” the patient provides the best of all comparisons.Such a patient, a woman aged 39, provided the basis for this work. Usually sensible and well spoken, she would, about every twenty-first day, become confused and incoherent. Convulsive therapy (E.C.T.) always caused an immediate improvement, and within two or three days she was well again. (Previous experience had established that the confusion had little spontaneous tendency to recover.) As she provided this regular cycle, a systematic investigation was made over several months into those aspects more particularly relevant to the effect of E.C.T. on the adenohypophyseal-adrenocortical system, for a previous study (Ashby, 1949) had suggested that E.C.T. might owe its effectiveness to action through this system.
The Relation of Laterality of Lesion to Performance on Weigl's Sorting Test
Authors: McFie J. , Piercy M. F. 
Published: August 2008

The Colour-Form Sorting Test was described by Weigl (1927) as one of a series of investigations into the nature of the psychological deficit resulting from a cerebral lesion. The material consists of 12 pieces: four squares, coloured severally red, yellow, blue and green; four circles, similarly coloured; and four equilateral triangles, similarly coloured (Fig. 1). They are presented in a random arrangement to the patient, who is asked to group them according to any similarity he sees; and when he has sorted them according to one principle, is then asked to sort them according to another.Other problems involving sorting were presented in Weigl's study, and have been used in a number of investigations, particularly of the effects of frontal lobe lesions. Rylander (1939) found that his group of patients with frontal lesions differed significantly from the normal controls in the number of principles found for grouping 15 objects. Halstead (1940) used 62 common objects, and also found that patients with frontal lesions tended to find fewer principles for sorting than did patients with cerebral lesions located elsewhere. Subsequently Halstead and Settlage (1943) developed a mechanized grouping test, using geometrical figures: three patients, with frontal lesions, and one with a left occipital lesion, made many more errors than did the normal controls; while a patient with a right occipital lobectomy and one with a left parietotemporal lesion performed normally in this respect. Finally Halstead (1947) found that, of his group of ‘indicators” of cerebral damage, a similar test (No. 2) not only differentiated reliably the patients with cerebral lesions from the normal controls, but also gave a significantly higher error score with cases of frontal lesion.Goldstein and Scheerer (1941) included Weigl's test in their experimental study of abstract and concrete behaviour; and Trist and Trist (1943) and Brody (1943) noted impairment on this test in cases of general paralysis and the presenile dementias.
The use of “Etamon” for High Blood-Pressure in Electrocerebral Treatment
Authors: Davies Glyn , Paterson A. Spencer 
Published: August 2008

When electroshock is given, there is generally a rise of blood-pressure for a time. It is therefore stated in various text-books that the treatment is contra-indicated in cases of hypertension. Even premedication with thiopentone and curare does not always succeed in lowering the pressure to a safe level. It is also known that the initial rise in pressure may be followed by a subsequent compensatory fall, so that any drug which prevents fluctuations of arterial tension is likely to be of value. Etamon [tetra-ethyl ammonium chloride (T.E.A.C.)] lowers the blood-pressure by acting on the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.Many hospitals have found that electronarcosis is a valuable adjunct to treatment, as it is frequently successful when simple electroshock has failed. On many older patients, however, in whom this treatment is especially useful, the rise of blood-pressure can be very marked; and even forward placement of the electrodes does not always avoid this complication.At the West London Hospital it was therefore decided to try out the effect of Etamon (Burroughs Wellcome). The bromide salt has the same effect. This drug has been used to lower the blood-pressure in hypertensive states, but there are certain disadvantages in its prolonged use for this purpose. Its administration, however, to combat a temporary rise of blood-pressure lasting 20 to 30 minutes is without any ill effects at all.
Some Further Observations on Head-Banging and Allied Behaviour
Authors: FitzHerbert Joan 
Published: August 2008

In a paper published in the Journal of Mental Science for July, 1950, I suggested that head-banging originated in the infant's desire to reproduce the thrust of the mother's apex-beat against his head while he was being nursed on her left arm, either as a means of self-comfort or in retaliation for what he had felt to be an attack or as both combined. In the present paper I propose to analyse this infantile experience further, and to trace to some of its component elements certain other peculiarities of childish behaviour.I shall begin by considering the case of a bottle-fed baby, that is to say, one who at every feed is held in his mother's left arm with his right temple against her left breast (and I shall suppose that the mother is not herself a case of dextrocardia.) In addition to the teat in his mouth and the milk being swallowed, such an infant feels the thrust of the mother's apex as a series of taps against his head which tend to impart to the latter a rolling side-to-side movement, he hears her heart-beat as a rhythmic lub-dup, he feels the rise and fall of her chest in respiration as a slower to and fro rocking of his whole body, and he hears the sighing rustle of her breathing beneath his ear. The sound and thrust of the heart-beat are of course louder and stronger at the limit of the mother's expirations, and indeed the tap of the apex may be felt only then. In other words, the suckling hears two separate series of interwoven unsynchronized rhythmic sounds continuing throughout the whole of his feeding times. In addition to all this, he feels the warmth of the maternal body, the steady clasp of the mother's arm, he smells the milk and the woman's body odour (sweaty, or scented by her soap and talcum powder), and lastly, he feels (and may smell) her breath as an intermittent warm breeze on his face and in his hair. The mother seldom speaks while she is feeding her baby, and the room is often quiet, mother and child being alone together. A breast-fed baby also feels smooth warm skin under his fingers, but he has the mother's heart against his head, during only half his feeding times.The other occasions on which a woman commonly holds a child firmly against her breast are, of course, when she is trying to comfort a crying baby, or to restrain a struggling toddler from escaping to some forbidden activity. Here the child is angry and the mother herself often either anxious or angry or both, so that her heartbeat is greatly increased in force, and the furious infant feels it as a series of aggressive blows on his head, each of which is accompanied by a bumping noise.
Psychological Changes Due to E.C.T. As Measured by a Battery of Tests Given Repeatedly
Authors: Hetherington Ralph 
Published: August 2008

The majority of investigations into psychological changes due to E.C.T. have been undertaken to assess the effect of treatment on the patient's memory. Sherman, Mergener and Levitin (1941), testing for retention of material assimilated on the same occasion as it had to be recalled or recognized, found no significant effect of E.C.T. upon memory. Zubin and Barrera (1941) found that E.C.T. removed the saving that would otherwise have occurred between learning and re-learning paired associates. They also reported that the effect of treatment on the recognition of material was less severe than on its recall, and this was confirmed by Mayer-Gross (1943).The present paper reports psychological changes which have been found to take place during a course of treatment with E.C.T. as well as before and after. The investigation is a development of a pilot experiment undertaken with Dr. M. Roth which was briefly reported at the International Congress of Psychiatry, Paris, 1950.
Cortisone in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Rees Linford , King G. M. 
Published: August 2008

Recent research has given rise to the hope that the secretory products of the adrenal cortex might be useful in the treatment of schizophrenia.Two main lines of research have stimulated renewed interest in the role of the adrenal cortex in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. A number of investigations have produced evidence that the responsivity of the adrenal cortex of schizophrenic patients to stress is lower than that of normal controls (Freeman et al., 1944; Hoagland et al., 1946; Pincus and Elmadjian, 1946; Pincus et al., 1949).Another series of investigations has shown that adrenocortical activity is stimulated by insulin coma therapy, electronarcosis and electroconvulsive therapy (Hemphill and Reiss, 1942; Mikkelsen and Hutchins, 1948; Rees (1949a); Parson et al., 1949).Cranswick and Hall (1950) reported that desoxycortone acetate and ascorbic acid appeared to be therapeutically valuable in schizophrenia. Rees and King (1951) carried out a controlled investigation on the treatment of schizophrenia with desoxycortone acetate and ascorbic acid, and found no evidence that the method was of any therapeutic value. It was pointed out that the investigation did not preclude the possibility that other products of the adrenal cortex might be therapeutically useful in schizophrenia.The present paper describes a controlled investigation in the therapeutic value of cortisone administration in schizophrenia.We are indebted to Dr. Ernest Evans, Consultant Physician, East Glamorgan Hospital, for making available a supply of cortisone for the investigation.
Studies on the Physiology of Awareness: An Oximetric Investigation of the Anoxaemia Accompanying Insulin Coma Therapy
Authors: Doust John W. Lovett , Schneider Robert A. 
Published: August 2008

This investigation deals with the measurement, by a peripheral method of discontinuous spectroscopic oximetry, of the arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in a group of schizophrenic patients undergoing insulin coma therapy.The association between tissue anoxia and insulin hypoglycaemia was first established by Campbell and Dudley in 1924. Dameshek and Meyerson (1935), using the arterio-venous oxygen difference method with the internal jugular vein as the source of venous blood, showed that the injection of insulin in coma doses was accompanied by an anoxaemia in the schizophrenic patients they studied. This work was confirmed by Himwich, Bowmanet al.(1939), and in another paper Himwich (1951, p. 277) and his co-workers found that the correlation of progressively developing clinical symptoms with the decrease of cerebral oxygen uptake was a closer one than the correlation with the more acute fall in the blood-sugar curve. An important symptomatic aspect of insulin hypoglycaemia includes the progressive changes in the levels of consciousness accompanying the approach towards coma. Wilder (1943) has outlined some of these changes, and Frostig (1940) and Himwich (1951, pp. 258-265) have delineated these awareness thresholds and discussed their relationship to the Hughlings Jackson theory of the phyletic organization of the central nervous system. Thus, during thefirst hourfollowing insulin injection, somnolence and lassitude appear to be associated with suppression of cortical and cerebellar activity; in thesecond hourfurther clouding of consciousness, sometimes with excitement, perceptual disturbances, periods of confusion, exacerbations of previously existing hallucinations and latent psychotic syndromes are seen; in thethird hourmotor restlessness and loss of consciousness suggest the release of basal ganglia and hypothalamus; in thefourth hourdeepening stupor and depression of exteroceptive sensitivity indicate a probable release of the midbrain and suppression of pyramidal function; in thefifth hourthe deep pre-mortal coma presages medullary release. Similarly, it is with awareness changes that many workers prefer to diagnose the “real coma” level in a patient under treatment. Thus Sakel (1937) held that coma was to be diagnosed when no further personal contact with the patient was possible, and Kalinowsky and Hoch (1946) agree that the real coma level is reached when it is completely impossible to awaken the patient.
The Effect of Electrical Stimulation of the Brain on the Perception of Pain
Authors: Croft Phyllis G. 
Published: August 2008

The fact that electrical stimulation of the brain can produce unconsciousness in man and animals has been known since the eighteenth century, and from time to time this knowledge has been used in the production of anaesthesia for surgical purposes; Hobday, in 1932, performed castrations and herniotomies in small animals under electrical general anaesthesia, and in 1935 Hertz used electrical anaesthesia for laparotomies in dogs. To-day electrical stunning is used in bacon factories with the object of rendering pigs unconscious before slaughter. Electroconvulsant therapy (E.C.T.) is widely used in mental hospitals for the treatment of certain conditions, and recently Freeman (1948) has modified this technique to produce surgical anaesthesia for prefrontal leucotomy.In some instances electrical anaesthesia has proved satisfactory, but there have been reports of “distorted consciousness” after E.C.T. in human subjects (Morgan, 1950), and of electrical curarization after industrial accidents (Hume, 1935); in these conditions the subject is conscious of sensation but unable to make voluntary movements. Such a condition is only appreciated when the subject is questioned after regaining full consciousness, and hence, if it occurred in animals, it would not be readily recognized.The object of the work described in this paper was to determine the effect of the many variables of electric stimulation, and to investigate the state of consciousness of human subjects and animals after electric stunning. It was hoped thus to provide a basis for future work on electrical anacsthesia and to acquire a better understanding of the action of E.C.T.
Experimental Studies of a Perceptual Anomaly. II. Confirmatory and Explanatory Experiments
Authors: Shapiro M. B. 
Published: August 2008

The first paper in this series described a number of experiments on a single subject, carried out to investigate an anomaly observed during performance of the Kohs Blocks test. This anomaly consisted of making the model correctly but rotated. (Illustration 1.)The first hypothesis adopted to explain this observation was that anomalies of perception are functions of disturbed figure-ground relations (Goldstein and Scheerer, 1941). This hypothesis is not precise enough to permit a deduction which would make possible an exact experimental test, i.e., a deduction defining the conditions which would produce a measurable change in the rotation phenomenon. It was therefore necessary to arrive at more definite ideas about figure-ground relations. Such ideas were found in three hypotheses developed by Goldstein and Scheerer (1941) to account for variations in speed of carrying out the Block Design test. The first of these is that the square orientation (e.g., Cards a and b in Illustration 2) of a figure would tend to diminish the frequency of appearance of the anomaly, while the diamond orientation would increase it (e.g., Cards c and d in Illustration 2).
Primitive forms of Response to the Matrices Test
Authors: Bromley D. B. 
Published: August 2008

I. Problem and Method.Recent work on the psychology of intelligence and thinking suggests that perceptual types of intelligence tests are inadequate for dealing with psychiatric cases, young children, old people, mental defectives, and primitive peoples. The argument is that, in these groups, intellectual processes have either deteriorated from or failed to develop to that level with which most perceptual intelligence tests are concerned. The methods of scoring also assume that the correct answers are always reached in the same way, but this is by no means always the case, as Goldstein and Scheerer (1941, p. 14) have pointed out. The studies of Werner (1948), Piaget (1951), Goldstein (1940), Hanfmann and Kasanin (1942), Rapaport (1951), Moursy (1952)et al.show convincing evidence that cognition can take place at different “levels.” The exact determination of the number, nature, and scope of the different levels remains a task for the future, since the present situation is confused, to say the least.