bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tailoring Materials for Specific Needs
Authors: Sigmund O. 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a method to design the periodic microstructure of a material to obtain specified constitutive parameters. The problem can be called an inverse homogenization problem and is formulated as an optimization problem of finding the microstructure with the lowest possible weight which fulfills the specified behavioural requirements. A full ground structure known from topology optimization of trusses is used as starting guess for the optimization algorithm, which implies that the optimal microstructure of a base cell is found from a truss structure with 120 possi ble members in the 2-dimensional case and 2016 possible members in the 3-dimensional case. The material parameters are found by a numerical homogenization method using finite elements to model the representative base cell, and the optimization problem is solved by an optimality criteria method. Numerical examples in two and three dimensions show that it is possible to design materials with many different properties, including isotropic materials with Poisson's ratio close to — 1 and 0.5, us ing base cells modelled as truss structures. Some of the proposed base cells have been tested as macro models and methods to produce them in practice are discussed.
Computational Studies of Exploration by Smell
Authors: Wee Kheng Leow  
Published: March 2007

Research on exploratory and searching behavior of animals and robots has attracted an increasing amount of interest recently. Existing works have focused mostly on exploratory behavior guided by vision and audition. Research on smell-guided exploration has been lacking, even though animals may use the sense of smell more widely than sight or hearing to search for food and to evade danger. This article contributes to the study of smell-guided exploration. It describes a series of increasingly complex neural networks, each of which allows a simulated creature to search for food and to evade danger by using smell. Other behaviors such as obstacle negotiation and risk taking emerge naturally from the creature's interaction with the environment. Comparative studies of these networks show that there is no significant performance advantage for a creature to have more than two sensors. This result may help to explain why real animals have only one or two smell-sensing organs.
Couples Journaling Technique: A Brief Report
Authors: Lemberg Ray 
Published: March 2007

This column provides aforum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have invented or adapted and find successful in counseling with couples and families. If it works well for you, it may be that others can adapt it to work well for them too. Submit manuscripts (4 to 6 double-spaced, typed pages in the format of the technique that follows) to: Robert Sherman, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367-0904. We reserve the right to edit the manuscripts.
Media and Nationalism
Authors: Demertzis Nicolas , Papathanassopoulos Stylianos , Armenakis Antonis 
Published: March 2007

As divisive political ideologies in the era of globalizatin, contemporary nationalisms differ considerably from the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century nationalisms. They are fueled by the worldwide antinomy between the global and the local. Because nationalism is rooted deeply in different political cultures, nationalist biases affect the way journalists and media organizations select and present news stories about national collective identities and the national “others.” However, it is legitimate to expect that supranational developments will redirect selection criteria of news coverage toward a less parochial and more responsible attitude on the part of the press. In this article, an effort is made to examine the positions of fourteen leading Greek newspapers, taking as a point of departure an earlier study on the Macedonian question and expanding it to include the interim accord between Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. It is argued that in comparison to the past, we see an important alteration of the normative framing of the articles, from an ethnocentric to a polycentric approach. However, an analysis of the results also demonstrates that this shift does not reflect a deeper and permanent change in the nationalistic attitude of the Greek newspapers on the Macedonian question.
Technology, environment and social risk: a systems perspective
Authors: Luhmann Niklas 
Published: March 2007

Luhmann, N., 1990. Technology, environment and social risk: a systems perspective. Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 4: 223-231. The paper pleads for conceptual changes in the ways we describe modem society. We may use the same words, but should replace the antonyms or re define their contexts. Technology can be conceived of as being not primarily a proven relation of cause and effect, but rather as a simplification within a causal context, a simplification that has its own consequences. Risk is not simply the lack of safety, but rather the possible damage that may result from one's own decisions. The antonym of risk, then, would be danger as possible damage stemming from external sources. Steering (or public policy) can be conceived as generating differences in order to minimize other differences, rather than controlling the state of the system.
Barrier EIFS Clad Walls: Results from a Moisture Engineering Study
Authors: Brown William , Ullett James , Karagiozis Achilles , Tonyan Timothy 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of work performed to enhance understanding of water penetration and moisture characteristics of barrier Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS) clad walls. The investigation was prompted by recent failures of barrier EIFS clad walls on houses in the Wilmington, North Caro lina area. The objective was to determine the cause of the problem and gain a better understanding of water penetration and moisture transport in these systems. The study included a field investigation, laboratory experiments, and computer simulation. The experimental results indicate that barrier EIFS clad walls are prone to leak in areas around penetrations and allow water to enter into the wall cavity. A drainage cavity wall was also tested, and observed to perform well, managing water around penetrations and preventing leakage into the wall cavity. The computer simulation indicates that barrier EIFS clad walls in Wilmington have low moisture tolerance due to slow drying rates. In conclusion, barrier EIFS clad walls do not provide effective management of rain penetration. As such, in-service performance is unpredictable and unreliable. In con trast to barrier EIFS clad walls, walls using a drained cavity approach were shown to provide good control of rain penetration.
An Evaluation of Early Development in Children with Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders from Home Movies: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Bernabei Paola , Camaigni Luigia , Levi Gabriel 
Published: March 2007

Family videos of 10 children later diagnosed as having autism or pervasive developmental disorders were analysed using a newly devised instrument. The checklist comprises 3 0 individual items and 20 functional categories. It evaluates behaviours in three areas: social interaction, communication and language, functional and symbolic play. The age range covered by home movies was divided into four periods (0-6, 6-12, 12-18 and 18-24 months) and analysed accordingly. The checklist data allow for the derivation of a general developmental profile as well as individual profiles. The most common profile was one in which children made progress from the first to the second or third age period, whereas from the second or third to the fourth period they showed a loss of previously mastered behaviours. The loss was statistically significant in socio-interactive behaviours, less evident in communication/language, and moderate in the area of action schemes and play. Mutual attention (dyadic eye contact), attachment behaviours, emotional reactions and vocalizations were present in almost all the children studied. On the other hand, communicative gestures (pointing, showing, ritualized requests), pretend play and conventional social games were rarely observed. The implications of these results for early diagnosis as well as for theories of early development in autism and severe developmental disorders are briefly discussed.
School safety project for Child Safety Week
Authors: Dennis Monica 
Published: March 2007

■ The paediatric health promotion nurse was invited to assist a local primary school, providing an opportunity for the hospital to become involved in community health promotion. ■ Several activities involving school personnel, local businesses, the school nurse and the paediatric health promotion nurse were arranged and took place successfully during Child Safety Week ■ This initiative highlighted that the local community recognise the contribution the hospital can make to positive health rather than simply seeing it as dealing with illness and disease.
Review : Reducing allergens for asthma sufferers: sharing information with parents
Authors: Spear Elizabeth , Dennis Monica 
Published: March 2007

■ The new 1997 BTS guidelines highlight the importance of recommending the avoidance of provoking factors where possible ■ Requesting reduction of exposure to allergens may be desirable, however such measures may not be practical and cannot guarantee success ■ Provision of information, education and support in relation to allergen reduction measures is a major aspect of the nurse's role in the asthma and allergy unit ■ Educating parents about possible trigger factors will help them to manage their child's asthma thus leading to a better quality of life
Review : The partnership myth? Examining current opinions
Authors: Taylor Christine 
Published: March 2007

■ There is a need for further clarification of the concept of partnership ■ A philosophy of 'family-centred care' will require negotiation with, and commitment from, all concerned with care delivery in the ward and beyond ■ Paediatric nursing needs to adopt a flexible and non- judgmental approach in order to facilitate the needs of all families ■ The concept of 'partnership in care' is of benefit to families caring for sick children in the context of today's economic and political climate
Calender and Extrusion Coating of Industrial Fabrics
Authors: Nutter James I. 
Published: March 2007

The calender is one of the most versatile and precise pieces of equip ment in the rubber and plastics industries. Coated industrial fabrics are produced by pressure laminating coatings to appropriately prepared fabrics with pairs of mating rolls in the calender. Of the various coating techniques, calender and extrusion coating is only one process method that one should evaluate. This article describes the equipment generally used on the high productivity side of coating process alternatives. This equipment selection is also the most costly to buy and install. A brief overview of products, materials, markets and economics is also given.
A New Beginning in the Fabric Laminating Industry-Reactive PUR Adhesives
Authors: Green Derek 
Published: March 2007

Reactive Hot Melt Adhesives (RHM, PURHM) have been avail able for more than 10 years but have rarely been used for wide web lamination (1 metre+). In the early days of their introduction and until the last few years most product offerings were inherently unstable in terms of heat stability resulting in large rises in viscosity and in extreme cases gelation. We will examine the chemistry of these products and discuss our latest advance, which we call Accelerated Curing Technology (ATTM), which coupled with a new innovative method of application, has resulted in a fabric laminator now fully uti lising this system within the ladies underwear and garment sectors. We will discuss the history of bonding systems with particular reference to the replacement of solvent borne PURs. The actual benefits derived from the system as seen by the user will also be discussed. The methods of application of RHM ad hesives will be discussed along with their associated strengths and weaknesses.
Short Chain Branching Distribution of Uldpe
Authors: Dohrer K.K. , Hazlitt L.G. , Whiteman N.F. 
Published: March 2007

Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) is manufactured by copolymerizing ethylene wih an alpha-olefin The most common and commercially important comonomers are butene-1, hexene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, and octene-1. This paper focuses on the use of octene-1. Ultra Low Density Polyethylene (ULDPE), a select case of LLDPE, has a density of ≤ 0.915 g/cc. Due to superior impact strength, optical properties, and heat sealing characteristics, ULDPE resins are beneficial to the packaging industry, particularly in food contact applications. Compliance with federal government Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations by ULDPE (and LLDPE, in general) must be met for such food contact. One test (n-hexane extraction) is used as an FDA approved method to assure that the control of produc tion is maintaining the previously demonstrated suitable level of extractability from a polymer by food. It is desirable for resin producers to control resin design such that maximum product performance results and regulatory guidelines are both met. Control of the short chain branching distribution (SCBD) has been found to significantly affect product performance, especially for ULDPE. In addition to enhancing performance, the bonus of decreased n-hexane extractables has resulted from narrowing the SCBD.
Screening using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging scanning: who wants an incidentaloma?
Authors: Salman Rustam Al-Shahi , Whiteley William N , Warlow Charles 
Published: March 2007

Objective: Some private health screening companies in the UK provide 'health check-ups' using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in spite of the lack of evidence demonstrating that such screening is worthwhile. We discuss the issues surrounding the use of an MRI scan as a screening test in 'health check-ups' and set out our concerns. Conclusion: Because of the five balance between the potential perils and benefits of the unselective use of brain MRI for 'health check-ups', its use should be restricted to a research setting.
A critical assessment of noise‐induced errors in 31P MRS: Application to the measurement of free intracellular magnesium in vivo
Authors: Golding Elke M. , Dobson Geoffrey P. , Golding Raymund M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPhosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) is a noninvasive technique that has been used to estimate free intracellular magnesium concentration (free [Mg2+]). Free [Mg2+] is computed from the chemical shift separation between the α‐ and β‐phosphate resonances of ATP. The current study was undertaken to critically assess the influence of noise effects in estimating free [Mg2+] in rat brain subjected to moderate parasagittal fluid percussion‐induced injury. We show that contrary to published data, free [Mg2+] does not significantly change for up to 4 h after moderate trauma in different rat strains and using different surface coils. Before injury, free [Mg2+] = 0.56 ± 0.11 (mean ± SD, n = 36) and 4 h post‐trauma, free [Mg2+] = 0.56 ± 0.28. Our results suggest that explanations for this discrepancy comprise errors of chemical shift assignments accompanying low signal‐to‐noise ratios and the method of analysis employed. Indeed, the authors propose that spectra of β‐ATP signal‐to‐noise ratio less than 5:1 will produce significant noise‐induced errors. We conclude that without knowledge of the inherent errors in 31P MRS spectroscopy and appropriate statistical analysis, caution should be exercised in calculating free [Mg2+] and using these changes as a basis for proposing pharmacotherapeutic interventions.
Hemodynamically independent analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and brain motion observed with dynamic phase contrast MRI
Authors: Alperin Noam , Vikingstad Eric M. , Gomez‐Anson Beatriz , Levin David N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBrain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movements are influenced by the anatomy and mechanical properties of intracranial tissues, as well as by the waveforms of driving vascular pulsations. The authors analyze these movements so that the purely hemodynamic factors are removed and the underlying mechanical couplings between brain, CSF, and the vasculature are characterized in global fashion. These measurements were used to calculate a set of impulse response functions or modulation transfer functions, characterizing global aspects of the vasculature's mechanical coupling to the intracranial tissues, the cervical CSF, and the cervical spinal cord. These functions showed that a sudden influx of blood into the head was rapidly accommodated by some type of intracranial reserve or capacity. After this initial response, an equal volume of CSF was driven through the foramen magnum over the next 200‐300 ms as the intracranial reserve relaxed to its base‐line state.
Dynamic MRI sensitized to cerebral blood oxygenation and flow during sustained activation of human visual cortex
Authors: Krüger Gunnar , Kleinschmidt Andreas , Frahm Jens 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChanges in cerebral blood oxygenation and flow during prolonged activation of human visual cortex (6‐min video projection) were monitored using high‐resolution T2*‐ and T1‐weighted gradient‐echo MRI in identical sessions. Oxygenation‐sensitive recordings displayed an initial signal increase (oxygenation “overshoot”), a subsequent signal decrease extending over 4–5 min (relative deoxygenation), and a signal drop after the end of stimulation that mirrored the initial response (oxygenation “undershoot”). How‐senstive MRI demonstrated that the inflow effect remained elevated during the entire period of stimulation. The observation of gradually decreasing cerebral blood oxygenation, despite persisting elevation of blood flow, may be understood to be an accumulation of deoxyhemoglobin due to the progressive up‐regulation of oxidative phosphorylation. The present findings support a concept in which transitions between functional states lead to an uncoupling of perfusion (oxygen delivery) from oxidative metabolism (oxygen consumption) whereas steady‐state activfty achieves their recoupling.
Spectroscopic imaging of human brain glutamate by water‐suppressed J‐refocused coherence transfer at 4.1 T
Authors: Pan Jullie W. , Mason Graeme F. , Pohost Gerald M. , Hetherington Hoby P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe authors report the development and implementation of a water‐suppressed J‐refocused coherence transfer sequence to observe glutamate in human brain at 4.1 T. The sequence is modeled for I2S2 and I2S2M spin systems analytically and plotted for a range of echo times. In this sequence, water suppression and refocusing of J‐coupled resonances are achieved through a brief multiple quantum step without significant loss of signal. Phantom data are shown. Human brain spectroscopic imaging of glutamate, acquired with a total echo of 36 ms, demonstrates the application of the sequence to observe gray and white matter differences in glutamate content.
Variation of functional MRI signal in response to frequency of somatosensory stimulation in α‐chloralose anesthetized rats
Authors: Gyngell Michael L. , Bock Christian , Schmitz Bernd , Hoehn‐Berlage Mathias , Hossmann Konstantin‐Alexander 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe dependence of functional MRI contrast on the repetition rate (1.5–9 Hz) of a sensory stimulus was investigated with a T2*‐weighted gradient echo method during forepaw stimulation of α‐chloralose anesthetized rats (n = 5). An activation area was observed in the left or right somatosensory cortex dependent on the stimulation of the right or left forepaw, respectively. The activation intensity decreased for stimulation frequencies above 3 Hz, and was negligible at 9 Hz. The interpretation is that at low stimulation rates the neurons can respond to each stimulus, but at higher rates there is insufficient recovery time so that the response is progressively occluded.
An in vitro evaluation of the effects of local magnetic‐susceptibility‐induced gradients on anisotropic water diffusion in nerve
Authors: Beaulieu Christian , Allen Peter S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt has been suggested that the anistropy of the water‐diffusion coefficient measured in nerve and in white matter could arise from locally anisotropic background gradients induced by the static field, Bo. By utilizing 1) pulse sequences, which minimize the effects of background gradients, and 2) changes in sample orientation, which would maximize the change in the magnitude of these gradients if present, it is shown that in four excised nerves the background gradients do not play a measurable role in the anisotropy of the water‐diffusion coefficient at a field strength of 2.35 T. The excised nerves evaluated were the olfactory, trigeminal, and optic nerves of the garfish and the sciatic nerve of the frog.
Evaluation of multiple sclerosis by 1H spectroscopic imaging at 4.1 T
Authors: Pan Jullie W. , Hetherington Hoby P. , Vaughan J. Thomas , Mitchell Galen , Pohost Gerald M. , Whitaker John N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe authors report on high‐field (4.1 T) magnetic resonance 1H spectroscopic imaging studies on eight patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (mean expanded disability status scale (EDSS) 1.0) and eight normal controls. Using T1 weighted imaging to determine lesion position, the authors found the ratios of choline/N‐acetyl (NA) compounds and creatine/NA were increased significantly in the multiple sclerosis (MS) patients relative to controls in lesioned tissue, adjacent to lesion, far removed from lesions as well as in periventricular tissue. The gray matter creatine/NA was mildly increased (P < 0.01) in the MS patients, whereas the elevated gray‐matter ratio of choline/NA was of borderline significance (P = 0.13). A more detailed comparison of white‐matter and mean graymatter metabolite values indicates that creatine is increased greatest in areas far from lesions. This is in contrast to choline, which was greatest in lesions, and NA, which was smallest in lesions. It is postulated that the creatine increase may reflect an astrocytic (gliotic) or oligodendrocytic remyelinating process. The increased choline most likely reflects varying levels of inflammation and membrane turnover, whereas the NA decrease is representative of axonal dysfunction or loss.
The 1982 Swedish Hårsfjärden Submarine Incident
Authors: BYNANDER FREDRIK 
Published: March 2007

This is a study of the complex problems faced by the authorities when coping with the first major submarine chase in Sweden during the 1980s. The incident was to establish a disturbing pattern for Swedish territorial defence that lasted for the rest of the decade. Having experienced a major `success' in the submarine defence area a year earlier in the so-called `whisky-on-the-rocks' crisis, the Swedish military and political leadership was caught in a credibility trap that closed forcefully as over 400 journalists reported the unsuccessful search-and-surface mission in the small bay of Hårsfjärden. This operative incident turned political crisis was the beginning (and perhaps the trigger) of what would become the number one security issue during the decade. It highlights the consequential interaction between organizations and different government levels in a high-profile security crisis. The framing of the problem confronting the decisionmakers was dominated by the incident handled a year previously. The study takes a cognitive-institutional approach to the decision-making process. The nexus between individual actors, groups and organizations is the focus of analysis, which is conducted taking a sequential view of the decision-making process, the larger picture of the problem being split into decision occasions. This captures best the environment where vital choices were made and shows how the process of analogical reasoning becomes important for the under-standing of the crisis management effort and its consequential results.