bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The GenusBacteroides
Authors: Shah Haroun N , Jacinto Rogério C , Ahmod Nadia , Langham Sally , Gharbia Saheer E , Kallow Wibke , Welker Martin 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe genusBacteroideshas been described over 100 years and comprises a group of small nonmotile, nonsporing, Gram‐negative rods; they are obligate anaerobes and form a major part of the bacterial flora of the human intestinal tract. Poor circumscription of this group has led to the genus accumulating a large and diverse collection of species that only superficially resembles this description but could not be accommodated elsewhere. Based largely on chemotaxonomic and genetic criteria the genus was reclassified (Shah and Collins, 1989) to encompass the type speciesBacteroides fragilisand members of the ‘B. fragilisgroup’. This more restricted definition, spurred on mainly by 16S rRNA (ribosomalribonucleic acid), has encouraged more in‐depth analysis of the colonic flora and a large number of new species have been described. Full genomes of four species have been completed. Such studies are providing a better basis for elucidating the biological role of specific species within the intestinal tract and their involvement in a variety of physiological and cellular processes.
Thermotogales
Authors: Bonch‐Osmolovskaya Elizaveta 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Members of the order Thermotogales have an outstanding phylogenetic position within the domain Bacteria, based on their 16S rRNA (ribosomal
ribonucleic acid
) genes sequences. Some Thermotogales organisms are hyperthermophiles with the upper temperature limit of growth at 90°C whereas others are extreme or moderate thermophiles. All Thermotogales are obligately anaerobic organotrophs with a fermentative metabolism. Many thermostable enzymes of Thermotogales were characterized and could be used in different fields of biotechnology.
Plant Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes
Authors: Donaldson Robert Paul , Kwak Yoon , Yanik Tulin , Sharma Vishakha 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPeroxisomes and glyoxysomes are membrane enclosures containing enzymes that participate in photorespiration in leaves, nitrogen metabolism in root nodules and fat conversions in seeds. Oxidases in these organelles circumvent energy conservation by producing hydrogen peroxide, which is detoxified by catalase in the matrix and ascorbate peroxidase in the membrane. Some hydrogen peroxide may oxidize proteins within the organelles or function as a signalling molecule. Processes in these organelles also produce hormones (jasmonic acid, indole acetic acid). Peroxisomal proteins are brought in from the cytosol by peroxisomal targeting sequences (PTS). The recognition of the PTS and translocation into the organelles are processes conducted by Peroxins. Genomic and proteomic analyses have recently revealed that plant peroxisomes and glyoxysomes can contain over a 100 different protein molecules, many having unknown functions.
Plant Storage Lipids
Authors: Murphy Denis J 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Plant storage lipids are major sources of human and livestock nutrition, and of a vast range of renewable industrial products from bioplastics to biofuels. Within plants, storage lipids such as triacylglycerols have several additional nonstorage functions in processes ranging from host–pathogen interactions to abiotic stress responses. Improved knowledge of storage lipid metabolism is being used to create new oil crop varieties and to domesticate new species to supply the ever increasing demand for plant oils.
Genetic Conflict and Imprinting
Authors: Moore Tom 
Published: December 2008

Abstract‘Imprinting’ is a mechanism causing differential expression of the parental alleles of certain genes during embryonic and postnatal development in mammals and during seed development in angiosperm plants. Imprinting evolves due to the reduced genetic relatedness of paternal, relative to maternal, alleles at loci influencing maternal investment in the offspring of polygamous females.
Bacteriophage: Therapeutic Uses
Authors: Harper David R , Kutter Elizabeth 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses that grow within bacteria, often killing the bacterial host in order to release the next generation of bacteriophages. Since their discovery in 1915, they have been identified as having potential for the control of bacterial disease. Following the widespread appearance of resistance to conventional antibiotics, interest in this area has revived and clinical trials of bacteriophage therapeutics are now under way.
Informed Consent in Operation
Authors: Corrigan Oonagh 
Published: December 2008

AbstractInformed consent is understood as a crucial aspect in the ethical practice of research involving the use of human subjects. However, evidence based on the experiences and understanding of research participants shows that they generally do not fully comprehend the study information they have been given. Some experience the consent process as abandonment or as a request to comply with the doctor's wishes, while others actively seek out participation or take charge of research to further their own health and welfare interests. While problems surrounding the limits of consent have been addressed by focusing on ways to improve the consent process, misunderstandings are often not due to a lack of information provided or the inability of subjects to comprehend the information, but rather the preexisting beliefs, norms and expectations about the clinical encounter and the trust, hope and faith in medicine of those taking part, influence their understanding.
The Evolution and Ecology of Cooperative Breeding in Vertebrates
Authors: Komdeur Jan , Eikenaar Cas , Brouwer Lyanne , Richardson David S 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Cooperative breeding – in which some adults forgo independent breeding and remain as subordinates within a group helping to raise the offspring of others – occurs in between 3% and 10% of vertebrates. The structure of such systems varies greatly, from pairs with helpers‐at‐the‐nest to communal breeders, and may include young helpers or post‐reproductive ‘grandparents’. That some individuals spend part, or all, of their lives helping others to reproduce contradicts the concept of ‘selfish’ natural selection and provides an intriguing evolutionary paradox. When and why such apparently altruistic behaviour occurs has, therefore, been the focus of much study. Although constraints and the benefits of group living, may persuade individuals to remain as subordinates, indirect ‘kin’ benefits or direct benefits (such as becoming a breeding helper) appear to favour the subsequent evolution of helping. Cooperative behaviour can have wide‐ranging consequences, not only on the biology of the cooperative species, but also on those species it interacts with.
Sucrose Metabolism
Authors: Lunn John E 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Sucrose is one of the main products of photosynthesis in plants, and the most common form of carbohydrate transported from source to sink organs. It also functions as a storage reserve, compatible solute and signal metabolite in plants. Sucrose is synthesized via the phosphorylated intermediate sucrose‐6′‐phosphate, by sucrose‐phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose‐phosphatase (SPP). In sink organs, sucrose is broken down by invertase or sucrose synthase to provide carbon and energy for growth and accumulation of storage reserves, such as starch, oil and fructans. Sucrose and trehalose are the only common nonreducing disaccharides found in nature, and their metabolism is inextricably linked in plants. Trehalose‐6‐phosphate, the intermediate of trehalose synthesis, is thought to act as a signal of sucrose availability in plant cells, and regulates the partitioning of photoassimilate between sucrose and starch in leaves and the utilization of sucrose in sink organs.

Key concepts

Sucrose is one of the main products of photosynthesis and the most common transport sugar in plants.

Sucrose is a nonreducing disaccharide, and is synthesized in the cytosol via the phosphorylated intermediate, sucrose‐6′‐phosphate.

In leaves, the rate of sucrose synthesis is tightly co‐ordinated with the rates of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation and starch synthesis in the chloroplasts.

Sucrose is transported from leaves via the phloem, to provide the rest of the plant with carbon and energy for growth and storage product synthesis.

Sucrose is unloaded from the phloem in sink organs. It can be hydrolyzed by cell wall invertases and imported into the cells as hexose sugars, or taken up intact and metabolized by intracellular invertases or sucrose synthase.

Fructans are soluble polymers of fructose found in about 15% of all flowering plants. Dicotyledonous plants generally make inulin‐type fructans, whereas monocotyledonous plants also make levan, inulin neoseries, levan neoseries and mixed levan (graminan)‐type fructans.

Fructans are synthesized from sucrose via trisaccharide intermediates – 1‐kestose, 6‐kestose or 6G‐kestose – by various fructosyltransferases in the vacuole.

Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide found in many bacteria, archaea, invertebrates and fungi, and is often used as a stress protectant, compatible solute, storage reserve or transport sugar.

Trehalose metabolism is ubiquitous in plants, and essential for their normal growth and development, but most flowering plants accumulate only trace amounts of trehalose.

Trehalose‐6‐phosphate, the intermediate of trehalose synthesis, is a signal metabolite that reflects sucrose status in plants, and is involved in regulation of photoassimilate partitioning in leaves and the utilization of sucrose in sink organs.
Sotos Syndrome
Authors: Niikawa Norio , Miyake Noriko , Matsumoto Naomichi 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Sotos syndrome (OMIM #
117550
) is a childhood overgrowth syndrome with distinctive craniofacial features and mental retardation. Sotos syndrome is caused by haploinsufficiency of the nuclear receptor SET domain containing protein 1 gene (

NSD1

) located at 5q35.2‐q35.3. A wide variety of

NSD1

aberrations have been found: microdeletions, intragenic deletions and missense and truncation mutations. Through in‐depth analyses of microdeletions, low copy repeat (LCR) or

Alu

‐mediated rearrangements were demonstrated to be major mechanisms for

de novo

deletions. Therefore, Sotos syndrome is now considered as a genomic disorder. NSD1 is a protein with histone methyltransferase activity and nuclear receptor‐binding capability, both related to transcriptional controls. As pathophysiology regarding abnormalities of NSD1 protein remains unknown, further functional studies are necessary.

Key concepts

Haploinsufficiency of
NSD1
causes Sotos syndrome.

Sotos syndrome is a genomic disorder.

Microdeletion involving
NSD1
occurs through nonallelic homologous recombination mediated by low copy repeats or
Alu
elements.

NSD1 has specific histone methyltransferase activity.
Molecular Genetics of Familial Mediterranean Fever
Authors: Yepiskoposyan Levon , Harutyunyan Ashot 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFamilial Mediterranean fever (FMF), an autoinflammatory disease, is very common in populations of Mediterranean ancestry. It is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in theMEFVgene. The gene encodes a protein called pyrin or marenostrin which is involved in inflammatory pathways. From more than 150 mutations discovered in theMEFVgene so far, five (M694V, V726A, M680I, M694I and E148Q) are the most common in classically affected populations (Armenians, Arabs, Jews and Turks). Specific mutations and genotypes were found to be associated with severe or mild clinical forms of FMF, while various genetic and environmental modifying factors alter the phenotype. Some evolutionary aspects of the disease are being intensively studied: the origin of principalMEFVmutations, modification of pyrin's structure and function during phylogenesis, possible selective advantage ofMEFVheterozygotes.Key conceptsFamilial Mediterranean fever (FMF,MIM 249100) is an autoinflammatory genetic disease with autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and is frequently encountered in populations of Mediterranean area.FMF is manifested by periodic attacks of fever and inflammation in the peritoneum, synovium or pleura. Renal amyloidosis is the most serious complication of the disease.The highest incidence of the disorder is registered in four ethnic groups (Armenians, Arabs, Jews and Turks) that are considered as ‘classically affected populations’.The illness is caused by mutations in theMEFV(MEditerraneanFeVer) gene, located on chromosome 16 (16p13.3) and is composed of 10 exons.MEFVencodes a protein named pyrin, or marenostrin, which is involved in innate immune response.More than 150MEFVmutations have been discovered so far; five mutations (M694V, V726A, M680I and M694I in exon 10 and E148Q in exon 2) are the most frequent in classically affected populations.Clinical course of FMF depends on theMEFVgenotype and is also under the influence of modifying factors of genetic and environmental nature.MainMEFVmutations were estimated to have a relatively ancient origin with subsequent spread during migrations and contacts between ancestral populations of the area.Unusually high incidence ofMEFVmutations in classically affected populations might be explained by the hypothesis of heterozygote advantage (i.e. overdominance), when heterozygote genotype has higher relative fitness than either the homozygote dominant or homozygote recessive genotype.
Molecular Genetics of von Willebrand Disease
Authors: John Bowen Derrick 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn 1926, Dr Erik von Willebrand first described the autosomal bleeding disorder that we now call von Willebrand disease (VWD). Since then, the protein responsible – eponomously named von Willebrand factor (VWF) – has been identified, the gene encoding the protein has been localized , the gene sequence has been determined and many mutations within the gene that lead to a deficiency or dysfunction of VWF and cause VWD have been characterized. Through the concerted efforts of scientists and clinicians, there is now considerable understanding of the molecular genetics of VWD and, through studies done bothin vitroandin vivo, the mechanism of disease has been revealed for many of the characterized gene defects. Despite the complexities of both the VWF protein and its gene, we have a detailed picture of the molecular genetics of VWD. This review aims to provide an informative summary of current knowledge.Key conceptsvon Willebrand factor (VWF) is a polymeric (multimeric) blood protein that is essential for the initial stages of blood clot formation.VWF has several biological activities that are important for its role in haemostasis, including binding to platelet glycoprotein Ib, coagulation factor VIII, collagen.VWF has a complex biochemistry that is influenced by independent modifiers such as ABO blood group and the metalloprotease ADAMTS13.von Willebrand disease (VWD) is classified into three types according to the quantity and functional activity of VWF: type 1, type 2 and type 3. Type 2 VWD is further subdivided according the functional defect present: type 2A, 2B, 2M and 2N.The genetic basis for VWD is highly heterogeneous; the disease shows dominant inheritance for some mutations and recessive inheritance for others.Mutations that cause milder forms of the disease show variable penetrance and this, in part relates to other modifying factors such as ABO blood group and possibly ADAMTS13.The relationship between cause and effect is understood for some mutations but not for all.
Modulation of Diabetes‐Induced Palate Defects by Maternal Immune Stimulation
Authors: Hrubec Terry C. , Toops Kimberly A. , Holladay Steven D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMaternal diabetes can induce a number of developmental abnormalities in both laboratory animals and humans, including deformities of the face and palate. The incidence of birth defects in newborns of women with diabetes is approximately 3 to 5 times higher than among nondiabetics. In mice, nonspecific activation of the maternal immune system can reduce fetal abnormalities caused by various etiologies including hyperglycemia. This study was conducted to determine whether nonspecific maternal immune stimulation could reduce diabetes‐induced palate defects and orofacial clefts. Female ICR mice were immune stimulated before induction of hyperglycemia with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), or interferon‐γ (IFNγ). Streptozocin was used to induce hyperglycemia (26–35 mmol blood glucose) in females before breeding. Fetuses from 12 to 18 litters per treatment group were collected on Day 17 of gestation. Palate width and length were measured, and the incidence of orofacial clefts was determined. Palate length and width were both decreased by maternal hyperglycemia. Maternal immune stimulation with GM‐CSF or FCA limited the degree of palate shortening from the hyperglycemia. Each of the three immune stimulants attenuated significant narrowing of the palate. Rates of orofacial clefts were not significantly different between treatment groups. Palatogenesis is a complex process driven by cellular signals, which regulate cell growth and apoptosis. Dysregulation of cellular signals by maternal hyperglycemia can result in fetal malformations. Maternal immune stimulation may prevent dysregulation of these signaling pathways thus reducing fetal malformations and normalizing palate growth. Anat Rec 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aquaporin‐4 Overexpression in Rat ALS Model
Authors: Nicaise Charles , Soyfoo Muhammad Shahnawaz , Authelet Michèle , De Decker Robert , Bataveljic Danijela , Delporte Christine , Pochet Roland 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOnset of motoneuron death characterizing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is closely linked to modified astrocytic and glial environments. Here, we show that in the spinal cord from transgenic rat overexpressing mutated human SOD1, aquaporin‐4 mRNA and protein are specifically overexpressed in the gray matter at end stage of disease. Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence allowed to detect, in the spinal cord gray matter of the ALS rat, increased aquaporin‐4 surrounding both vessel and motoneuron perikarya. The use of pre‐embedding immunohistochemistry at electron microscopic level confirmed such localization associated with swollen astrocytic processes surrounding the vessels. The AQP4 immunohistochemical labeling surrounding several motoneuron perikarya was only seen in ALS rats. Identification of this AQP4‐positive cellular type remains unclear. Anat Rec 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Einfluss der Lufttemperatur auf die Verstimmung von Orgelpfeifen
Authors: Pitsch Stephan , Sedlbauer Klaus , Angster Judit 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBei vielen Kirchenorgeln machen sich im Winter Verstimmungen im Orgelklang bemerkbar. Vor Spielbeginn wird die Kirche in relativ kurzer Zeit aufgeheizt. Zum einen entstehen dadurch innerhalb des Orgelgehäuses verschiedene Temperaturzonen, zum anderen werden die sich in bereits erwärmter Umgebung befindenden Orgelpfeifen mit Luft aus dem noch kalten Windsystem gespeist. Um den Einfluss des Einblasens von kalter Luft in eine Orgelpfeife auf deren Verstimmung zu untersuchen, wurde im Labor des Fraunhofer‐Instituts für Bauphysik eine Modellorgel in einer zweiteiligen Klimakammer aufgebaut. Dabei befanden sich Gebläse und Balg im kalten Teil der Klimakammer, die Windlade stand dagegen im warmen Bereich. Der zeitliche Temperaturverlauf an verschiedenen Punkten im Pfeifenresonator und der Pfeifenklang wurden parallel gemessen und die nderung der Grundfrequenz der Pfeife ermittelt. Um einen Eindruck der Temperaturzustände im gesamten Windsystem zu bekommen, wurden an mehreren Stellen Temperatursensoren verteilt und ebenfalls der lokale Temperaturverlauf aufgezeichnet. Diese Untersuchungen sind Teil eines Projektes zur Entwicklung von Klimasystemen für eine gleichmäßigere Temperierung der Umgebungsluft in Orgelgehäusen und der Luft innerhalb des Windsystems. Damit sollen klangliche Verstimmungen vermieden und gleichzeitig der Schimmelbildung vorgebeugt werden.
Characterization of the Posttranscriptional Modifications in Legionella pneumophila Small‐Subunit Ribosomal RNA
Authors: Emmerechts Gert , Maes Liesbeth , Herdewijn Piet , Anné Jozef , Rozenski Jef 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIt is generally accepted that posttranscriptional modifications in RNA play a role in the fine‐tuning of RNA function and the maintenance of RNA structure. This article describes the characterization of the posttranscriptional modifications in Legionella pneumophila 16S rRNA by mass spectrometry and reverse transcriptase assays. Eight modified nucleotides were identified and mapped in the 16S rRNA sequence. Situation of these data in relation to general 16S rRNA modification patterns shows that L. pneumophila is relatively less modified, and that the majority of the L. pneumophila 16S rRNA modifications are conserved among the bacteria characterized so far (Escherichia coli, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Thermus thermophilus, and Thermotoga maritima).
Exploring the Structural Complexities of Metal–Metalloid Nanoparticles: The Case of Ni⋅B as Catalyst
Authors: Geng Junfeng , Jefferson David A. , Johnson Brian F. G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUnderstanding of the structural complexities of metal–metalloid nanoparticles is at the heart of several proposals for investigating the physical properties and practical applications of these bi‐elemental nanomaterials. To date, the most widely studied metal–metalloid is the nickel–boron (Ni⋅B) system; however, the exact nature of the structure of the material itself has remained unclear. Herein we show our systematic investigations of the material in an attempt to reveal its fascinating nanostructure. The relation between its high catalytic activity and the ultrafine structure is explored, and the work has been further extended to the formation of colloidal Ni⋅B nanoparticles. The results presented in this work may represent a substantial progress toward a full understanding of the nickel–boron chemistry.
Phase Behavior in Blends of Ethylene Oxide–Propylene Oxide Copolymer and Poly(ether sulfone) Studied by Modulated‐Temperature DSC and NMR Relaxometry
Authors: Van Lokeren Luk , Gotzen Nicolaas‐Alexander , Pieters Ronny , Van Assche Guy , Biesemans Monique , Willem Rudolph , Van Mele Bruno 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe state diagram of a blend consisting of a copolymer containing ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, P(EO‐ran‐PO), and poly(ether sulfone), PES, is constructed by using modulated‐temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC),T2NMR relaxometry, and light scattering. The apparent heat capacity signal in MTDSC is used for the characterization of polymer miscibility and morphology development.T2NMR relaxometry is used to detect the onset of phase separation, which is in good agreement with the onset of phase separation in the apparent heat capacity from MTDSC and the cloud‐point temperature as determined from light scattering. The coexistence curve can be constructed fromT2values at various temperatures by using a few blends with well‐chosen compositions. TheseT2values also allow the detection of the boundary between the demixing zones with and without interference of partial vitrification and are in good agreement with stepwise quasi‐isothermal MTDSC heat capacity measurements. Important interphases are detected in the heterogeneous P(EO‐ran‐PO)/PES blends.