bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Specific Role for AKT3 in the Genesis of Ovarian Cancer through Modulation of G2-M Phase Transition
Authors: Cristiano Briony E. , Chan Joanna C. , Hannan Katherine M. , Lundie Nicole A. , Marmy-Conus Nelly J. , Campbell Ian G. , Phillips Wayne A. , Robbie Melissa , Hannan Ross D. , Pearson Richard B. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the major cause of death from gynecological malignancy, and there is an urgent need for new therapeutic targets. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway has been strongly implicated in the genesis of ovarian cancer. However, to identify and evaluate potential targets for therapeutic intervention, it is critical to understand the mechanism by which the PI3K/AKT pathway facilitates ovarian carcinogenesis. Here, we show that AKT3 is highly expressed in 19 of 92 primary ovarian tumors. Strikingly, purified AKT3 exhibited up to 10-fold higher specific activity than AKT1, potentially amplifying the effects of AKT3 overexpression. Consistent with this finding, AKT3 levels in a range of ovarian cancer cell lines correlated with total AKT activity and proliferation rates, implicating AKT3 as a key mediator of ovarian oncogenesis. Specific silencing of AKT3 using short hairpin RNA markedly inhibited proliferation of the two cell lines with highest AKT3 expression and total AKT activity, OVCA429 and DOV13, by slowing G2-M phase transition. These findings are consistent with AKT3 playing a key role in the genesis of at least one subset of ovarian cancers. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11718-25)
Preconditioning of the Tumor Vasculature and Tumor Cells by Intermittent Hypoxia: Implications for Anticancer Therapies
Authors: Martinive Philippe , Defresne Florence , Bouzin Caroline , Saliez Julie , Lair Florence , Grégoire Vincent , Michiels Carine , Dessy Chantal , Feron Olivier 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature in tumors associated with an increased resistance of tumor cells to therapies. In addition to O2 diffusion–limited hypoxia, another form of tumor hypoxia characterized by fluctuating changes in pO2 within the disorganized tumor vascular network is described. Here, we postulated that this form of intermittent hypoxia promotes endothelial cell survival, thereby extending the concept of hypoxia-driven resistance to the tumor vasculature. We found that endothelial cell exposure to cycles of hypoxia reoxygenation not only rendered them resistant to proapoptotic stresses, including serum deprivation and radiotherapy, but also increased their capacity to migrate and organize in tubes. By contrast, prolonged hypoxia failed to exert protective effects and even seemed deleterious when combined with radiotherapy. The use of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)–targeting small interfering RNA led us to document that the accumulation of HIF-1α during intermittent hypoxia accounted for the higher resistance of endothelial cells. We also used an in vivo approach to enforce intermittent hypoxia in tumor-bearing mice and found that it was associated with less radiation-induced apoptosis within both the vascular and the tumor cell compartments (versus normoxia or prolonged hypoxia). Radioresistance was further ascertained by an increased rate of tumor regrowth in irradiated mice preexposed to intermittent hypoxia and confirmed in vitro using distinctly radiosensitive tumor cell lines. In conclusion, we have documented that intermittent hypoxia may condition endothelial cells and tumor cells in such a way that they are more resistant to apoptosis and more prone to participate in tumor progression. Our observations also underscore the potential of drugs targeting HIF-1α to resensitize the tumor vasculature to anticancer treatments. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11736-44)
Anti-Aromatase Activity of Phytochemicals in White Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)
Authors: Chen Shiuan , Oh Sei-Ryang , Phung Sheryl , Hur Gene , Ye Jing Jing , Kwok Sum Ling , Shrode Gayle E. , Belury Martha , Adams Lynn S. , Williams Dudley 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
White button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporous) are a potential breast cancer chemopreventive agent, as they suppress aromatase activity and estrogen biosynthesis. Therefore, we evaluated the activity of mushroom extracts in the estrogen receptor–positive/aromatase-positive MCF-7aro cell line in vitro and in vivo. Mushroom extract decreased testosterone-induced cell proliferation in MCF-7aro cells but had no effect on MCF-10A, a nontumorigenic cell line. Most potent mushroom chemicals are soluble in ethyl acetate. The major active compounds found in the ethyl acetate fraction are unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid. The interaction of linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid with aromatase mutants expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells showed that these fatty acids inhibit aromatase with similar potency and that mutations at the active site regions affect its interaction with these two fatty acids. Whereas these results suggest that these two compounds bind to the active site of aromatase, the inhibition kinetic analysis indicates that they are noncompetitive inhibitors with respect to androstenedione. Because only conjugated linoleic acid was found to inhibit the testosterone-dependent proliferation of MCF-7aro cells, the physiologically relevant aromatase inhibitors in mushrooms are most likely conjugated linoleic acid and its derivatives. The in vivo action of mushroom chemicals was shown using nude mice injected with MCF-7aro cells. The studies showed that mushroom extract decreased both tumor cell proliferation and tumor weight with no effect on rate of apoptosis. Therefore, our studies illustrate the anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo of mushroom extract and its major fatty acid constituents. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 12026-34)
Cationic Albumin–Conjugated Pegylated Nanoparticles Allow Gene Delivery into Brain Tumors via Intravenous Administration
Authors: Lu Wei , Sun Qing , Wan Jin , She Zhenjue , Jiang Xin-Guo 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Patients with malignant gliomas have a poor prognosis because these tumors do not respond well to conventional treatments. Studies of glioma xenografts suggest that they may be amenable to gene therapy with cytotoxic genes, such as the proapoptotic Apo2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL). Gene therapy of gliomas ideally employs i.v. given vectors, thus excluding viral vectors as they cannot cross the brain microvascular endothelium or blood-brain barrier. Recently, we reported the synthesis of cationic albumin–conjugated pegylated nanoparticles (CBSA-NP) and showed their accumulation in mouse brain cells upon i.v. administration. In this study, plasmid pORF-hTRAIL (pDNA) was incorporated into CBSA-NP, and the resulting CBSA-NP-hTRAIL was evaluated as a nonviral vector for gene therapy of gliomas. Thirty minutes after transfection of C6 glioma cells, CBSA-NP-hTRAIL was internalized and mostly located in the cytoplasm, whereas NP-hTRAIL was entrapped in the endolysosomal compartment. At 6 and 48 hours after transfection, respectively, released pDNA was present in the nuclei and induced apoptosis. At 30 minutes after i.v. administration of CBSA-NP-hTRAIL to BALB/c mice bearing i.c. C6 gliomas, CBSA-NP-hTRAIL colocalized with glycoproteins in brain and tumor microvasculature and, via absorptive-mediated transcytosis, accumulated in tumor cells. At 24 and 48 hours after i.v. administration of CBSA-NP-hTRAIL, respectively, hTRAIL mRNA and protein were detected in normal brain and tumors. Furthermore, repeated i.v. injections of CBSA-NP-hTRAIL induced apoptosis in vivo and significantly delayed tumor growth. In summary, this study indicates that CBSA-NP-hTRAIL is a promising candidate for noninvasive gene therapy of malignant glioma. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11878-87)
Mammary-Specific Ron Receptor Overexpression Induces Highly Metastatic Mammary Tumors Associated with β-Catenin Activation
Authors: Zinser Glendon M. , Leonis Mike A. , Toney Kenya , Pathrose Peterson , Thobe Megan , Kader Sarah A. , Peace Belinda E. , Beauman Shirelyn R. , Collins Margaret H. , Waltz Susan E. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Activated growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) play pivotal roles in a variety of human cancers, including breast cancer. Ron, a member of the Met RTK proto-oncogene family, is overexpressed or constitutively active in 50% of human breast cancers. To define the significance of Ron overexpression and activation in vivo, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress a wild-type or constitutively active Ron receptor in the mammary epithelium. In these animals, Ron expression is significantly elevated in mammary glands and leads to a hyperplastic phenotype by 12 weeks of age. Ron overexpression is sufficient to induce mammary transformation in all transgenic animals and is associated with a high degree of metastasis, with metastatic foci detected in liver and lungs of &gt;86% of all transgenic animals. Furthermore, we show that Ron overexpression leads to receptor phosphorylation and is associated with elevated levels of tyrosine phosphorylated β-catenin and the up-regulation of genes, including cyclin D1 and c-myc, which are associated with poor prognosis in patients with human breast cancers. These studies suggest that Ron overexpression may be a causative factor in breast tumorigenesis and provides a model to dissect the mechanism by which the Ron induces transformation and metastasis. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11967-74)
Physical Association with WWOX Suppresses c-Jun Transcriptional Activity
Authors: Gaudio Eugenio , Palamarchuk Alexey , Palumbo Tiziana , Trapasso Francesco , Pekarsky Yuri , Croce Carlo M. , Aqeilan Rami I. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
WWOX is a tumor suppressor that functions as a modular protein partner of transcription factors. WWOX contains two WW domains that mediate protein-protein interactions. In this report, we show that WWOX, via its first WW domain, specifically associates with the proline-rich motif of c-Jun proto-oncogene. Our data show that phosphorylation of c-Jun caused by overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (Mekk1), an upstream activator of c-Jun, enhances the interaction of c-Jun with WWOX. Furthermore, exposure of HaCaT keratinocytes to UVC radiation resulted in the association of endogenous WWOX and c-Jun. The WWOX-c-Jun complexes mainly occur in the cytoplasm. Expression of WWOX attenuates the ability of MEKK1 to increase the activity of a c-Jun-driven activating protein-1 (AP-1)-luciferase reporter plasmid. In contrast, a point mutation in the first WW domain of WWOX has no effect on transactivation of AP-1 when coexpressed with c-Jun protein. Our findings reveal a novel functional cross-talk between c-Jun transcription factor and WWOX tumor suppressor protein. (Cancer Res 2005; 66(24): 11585-9)
Influence of the Multidecadal Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variability on European Climate
Authors: Pohlmann Holger , Sienz Frank , Latif Mojib 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The influence of the natural multidecadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) on European climate is investigated using a simulation with the coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM). The results show that Atlantic MOC fluctuations, which go along with changes in the northward heat transport, in turn affect European climate. Additionally, ensemble predictability experiments with ECHAM5/MPI-OM show that the probability density functions of surface air temperatures in the North Atlantic/European region are affected by the multidecadal variability of the large-scale oceanic circulation. Thus, some useful decadal predictability may exist in the Atlantic/European sector.
Climatology of Upper-Tropospheric Relative Humidity from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and Implications for Climate
Authors: Gettelman Andrew , Collins William D. , Fetzer Eric J. , Eldering Annmarie , Irion Fredrick W. , Duffy Phillip B. , Bala Govindasamy 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Recently available satellite observations from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) are used to calculate relative humidity in the troposphere. The observations illustrate many scales of variability in the atmosphere from the seasonal overturning Hadley–Walker circulation to high-frequency transient variability associated with baroclinic storms with high vertical resolution. The Asian monsoon circulation has a strong impact on upper-tropospheric humidity, with large humidity gradients to the west of the monsoon. The vertical structure of humidity is generally bimodal, with high humidity in the upper and lower troposphere, and a dry middle troposphere. The highest variances in humidity are seen around the midlatitude tropopause. AIRS data are compared to a simulation from a state-of-the-art climate model. The model does a good job of reproducing the mean humidity distribution but is slightly moister than the observations in the middle and upper troposphere. The model has difficultly reproducing many scales of observed variability, particularly in the Tropics. Differences in humidity imply global differences in the top of atmosphere fluxes of ∼1 W m−2.
The Role of Oceanic Heat Advection in the Evolution of Tropical North and South Atlantic SST Anomalies*
Authors: Foltz Gregory R. , McPhaden Michael J. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The role of horizontal oceanic heat advection in the generation of tropical North and South Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated through an analysis of the oceanic mixed layer heat balance. It is found that SST anomalies poleward of 10° are driven primarily by a combination of wind-induced latent heat loss and shortwave radiation. Away from the eastern boundary, horizontal advection damps surface flux–forced SST anomalies due to a combination of mean meridional Ekman currents acting on anomalous meridional SST gradients, and anomalous meridional currents acting on the mean meridional SST gradient. Horizontal advection is likely to have the most significant effect on the interhemispheric SST gradient mode through its impact in the 10°–20° latitude bands of each hemisphere, where the variability in advection is strongest and its negative correlation with the surface heat flux is highest. In addition to the damping effect of horizontal advection in these latitude bands, evidence for coupled wind–SST feedbacks is found, with anomalous equatorward (poleward) SST gradients contributing to enhanced (reduced) westward surface winds and an equatorward propagation of SST anomalies.
Basaluminite and hydrobasaluminite, two new minerals from Northamptonshire
Authors: Hollingworth S. E. , Bannister F. A. 
Published: December 2006

White mineral coating joint-faces in quarries in the Northampton ironstone (Inferior Oolite) was long ago recorded as allophane. W. D. Herman who determined the mineral from the surface of a sandstone rock in a quarry opened in 1871 also analysed an unnamed white earthy mineral from crevices in the ironstone and obtained a composition close to that of fully hydrated halloysite.During the six-inch geological survey of that ironstone field in 1939–44 the occurrence of similarly situated white incrustations and joint infillings was found to be widespread especially in the shallow workings where the ferrous minerals chamosite and chalybite have been oxidizedto produce a limonitie ore.
Baryte-bearing nodules from the Middle Lias of the English east midlands
Authors: Taylor J. H. 
Published: December 2006

The Middle Lias of Rutland, east Leicestershire, and north-west Northamptonshire was described by Judd in 1875 as comprisingan upper ferruginous member—-the Marlstone Rock Bed-—and a lowerargillaceous division of blue clays, often micaceous or sandy, and carryingbands of 'septaria' and of 'ironstone balls'. In the septaria he recordedthe occurrence of 'specular-iron, zinc-blende and pyrites'.During the six-inch survey of one-inch New Series sheets 157 (Stam-ford) and 171 (Kettering) together with the adjacent parts of sheets 156(Leicester) and 170 (Market Harborough) a considerable area of thelower argillaceous division was mapped.
Paralaurionite
Authors: Palache Charles 
Published: December 2006

AbstractParalaurionite from a new locality, the Mammoth mine, Arizona, is described. X-ray study and chemical analysis confirm the original characteristics of the mineral as described in 1899 by G. F. Herbert Smith. Measurements are given which establish new forms on crystals from Arizona and also on crystals from a South American locality. A complete angle table for twenty-eight forms is presented.
The ledmorite dike of Achmelvich, near Lochinver, Sutherland
Authors: Sabine P. A. 
Published: December 2006

In the Geological Survey memoir a dike is recorded cutting the Lewisian gneiss near Achmelvich, north-west of Lochinver, Sutherland. At the time the mapping was carried out no thin section was prepared of the rock, and the dike was presumed to be a continuation of the Canisp porphyry dike which is exposed in the river Inver near Lochinver and farther south-east.During an investigation of the post-Cambrian sills and dikes of Assynt and the adjoining districts of north-west Scotland, the writer examined the Achmelvich dike in some detail and recognized its affinities with the nepheline-syenites. It is the purpose of the present note to describe the field occurrence and petrography of the dike.
The unit-cell contents of anthophyllite
Authors: Francis G. H. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryConclusions concerning the unit-cell contents and chemical formula of a mineral are all too often drawn from a small part of the available data. A procedure is outlined by which any chemical analysis for which a density is available can be utilized, provided X-ray data are available for a reasonable range of analysed specimens. The effects of possible errors in the determination of water, and in the assessment of essential and non-exsential water, are discussed both qualitatively and quantitatively.A survey of all available data for anthophyllite has not disclosed any specimens in which the number of oxygen atoms per unit cell is significantly in excess of 96 with the possible exception of the Glen Urquhart gedrite and the Edwards (New York) material. But it is certain that the number of cations per unit cell is normally well in excess of 60 (partial occupation of the A lattice positions), and that, although ‘excess’ water in sonic fibrous anthophyllites may be adsorbed impurity, the number of hydroxyl groups in others is well in excess of 8 per unit cell; it is also fairly clear that the number of hydroxyl groups may fall below 8 per unit cell.
Subsolidus data for the join Ca2SiO4—CaMgSiO4 and the stability of merwinite
Authors: Roy Della M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA study of phase equilibria among the orthosilicates on the Ca2SiO4—CaMgSiO4 join was undertaken with the use of hydrothermal techniques in the temperature range 600–900°C. at water pressures from 1000 to 15000 psi. Monticellite, merwinite, and Ca2SiO4 crystallize as pure phases throughout this temperature range, and intermediate compositions contain mixtures of the end members. Powder X-ray diffraction data obtained on the mixtures indicate no change in lattice dimensions from the end members. Hence, very little or no solid solution is indicated at these temperatures. Ca2SiO4 was crystallized as the γ-form below 675°C. (at 2000 psi) and the β-form above this temperature (presumably having inverted from the α′-form on cooling to room temperature). Infra-red absorption spectra obtained on the compounds γ-Ca2SiO4, β-Ca2SiO4, merwinite, and monticellite show characteristic differences in the pattern within the 9–13 micron region. All the data thus appear to confirm merwinite as a unique compound stable in the temperature range studied.
The Holmes effect and the lower limit of modal analysis
Authors: Chayes F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThin-section analysis is essentially an areal measurement, the measurement area usually being the upper surface of the section. If transmitted light is used for the measurement, the apparent areas of opaque grains will in general be somewhat larger than their true areas on the measurement surface. For strictly spherical opaque particles in a transparent matrix the expected excess of apparent over true area is shown to be (πr2k)/(2r + k) where r is the spherical radius and κ is the thickness of the thin section. A table shows the relation between true and apparent area as a function of r/k.
Collophane from the chalk
Authors: Brown George , Ollier C. D. 
Published: December 2006

SummarySixteen samples of Middle and Upper Chalk from the Chilterns yielded what appear to be fragments of fish scales, spines, and bones, which consist of collophane. X-ray examination by the powder method shows that the material has an apatite-type structure with cell dimensions close to those previously reported for francolite. Examination of single grains shows that the optical anisotropy is due to preferred orientation of the c-axes of the crystallites and this direction corresponds to the faster vibration direction. Such grains are found to be pseudouniaxial negative. Preferred orientation could not be detected in isotropic grains.
The nature of carphosiderite and allied basic sulphates of iron
Authors: Moss A. A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe composition of carphosiderite has been given asH2O.Fe3(SO4)2(OH)5H2Oand like the jarosites is characterized by a ferric iron to sulphate ratio of 3:2. It is significant not only that this formula was worked out on artificial material but also that none of the analyses so far made supports it. The present investigation shows that there is little or no evidence for the existence of a mineral with the above composition and that carphosiderites are in reality either jarosite or natrojarosite. It has long been thought that certain other minerals, namely borgströmite, utahite, cyprusite, pastréite, raimondite, apatelite, and planoferrite, were similar to, if not identical with, carphosiderite and six of these are listed with carphosiderite in Dana, Syst. Min., 7th edn. These minerals with the exception of planoferrite and the possible exception of apatelite are also jarosite or natrojarosite.
Direct measurement of standard reflectances with the microphotometer
Authors: Hallimond A. F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA visual microphotometer depending on three polarizing screens is used to provide the primary scale for measuring the ratio of intensity between the incident and reflected beams for a prepared standard surface, which is intended for subsequent use in the ordinary procedure with the ore-microscope. A reversing mirror on the microscope stage gives reflection at quasi-normal incidence. Direct measurements on a surface of diamond confirm the validity of the Fresnel formula for a polished surface of this substance, and there is general agreement for a series of transparent bodies ranging up to 17 % reflectance. The standard is a glass-covered metallic surface with a reflectance near 50 %. For pyrite RD = 54·5 %.
Götzenite and combeite, two new silicates from the Belgian Congo
Authors: Sahama Th. G. , Hytönen Kai 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA nephelinite from the extinct volcano Mt. Shaberu, North Kivu, Belgian Congo, contains two new minerals: Götzenite is triclinic with a 10·93, b 7·32, c 5·74 Å, α 90°, β 100°, γ 120°; the unit-cell contents approximate to (Ca,Na,Al)7 (Si,Ti)5O15F3·5, and the optical constants are α 1·660, β 1·662, γ 1·670, 2Vγ 52°; sp.gr. 3·138. Götzenite is related to the rinkite series, and, less closely, to wollastonite and pectolite. Combeite is rhombohedral, space-group R3m, R32, or R¯3m, a 10·43, c 13·14 Å., the unit cell containing approximately 3[Na4(Ca,Al,Fe)3Si6O15(O,OH,F)2]; optically uniaxial positive, ε = ω = 1·598±0·002; sp.gr. 2·844.