bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a novel fractional resurfacing device for treatment of acne scarring
Authors: Walgrave Susan E. , Ortiz Arisa E. , MacFalls Heather T. , Elkeeb Laila , Truitt Anne K. , Tournas Joshua A. , Zelickson Brian D. , Zachary Christopher B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivePulsed carbon dioxide (CO2) laser devices are considered highly effective treatment options for skin resurfacing. However, the high risk for significant treatment complications following CO2 resurfacing has warranted the development of new treatment modalities. The concept of fractional photothermolysis was developed to address the shortcomings of ablative and non‐ablative device modalities. This report evaluates a fractional approach to CO2 laser resurfacing for the treatment of moderate to severe acne scarring. The primary endpoint of the study was the overall improvement in the appearance of acne scarring.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThirty subjects, with moderate to severe acne scarring, underwent up to three treatments with an FDA IDE and IRB approved 10,600 nm fractional CO2 laser system. All subjects were Fitzpatrick skin types I–V and 18–75 years of age. Treatment parameters ranged from 20 to 100 mJ with total densities of 600–1,600 MTZ/cm2. Improvement of acne scarring was evaluated at 1 and 3 months post‐treatment.ResultsTwenty‐three out of 25 subjects sustained clinical improvement in the appearance of acne scarring at the 3‐month follow‐up visits according to study investigator quartile improvement scoring. Subjects also had improvement in their overall appearance, including pigmentation and rhytides. Serosanguinous oozing resolved within 24–48 hours following treatment. All subjects had transient erythema, which resolved in the majority of subjects within 1–3 months. Post‐operative downtime was significantly decreased compared to traditional ablative resurfacing. No serious complications were reported.ConclusionFractional deep dermal ablation improves moderate to severe acne scarring. The added benefit is a considerable reduction both in downtime and risk of complications when compared to traditional CO2 ablative resurfacing techniques. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:122–127, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Porphyrin distribution after topical aminolevulinic acid in a novel porcine model of sebaceous skin
Authors: Sakamoto Fernanda H. , Tannous Zeina , Doukas Apostolos G. , Farinelli William A. , Smith Nicholas A. , Zurakowski David , Anderson R. Rox 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveAminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT) depends on drug metabolism into porphyrins. Clinically, ALA‐PDT has been used with a wide range of protocols for treating both epidermal and dermal targets, despite limited understanding of porphyrin biodistribution over time. We studied porphyrin accumulation after topical application of ALA in vivo, and also describe the porcine ear as a new animal model to study adnexal glands.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe microanatomy of anterior ear skin of swine was measured. Topical 20% ALA in water/ethanol was applied under occlusion. Biopsies taken after 5, 10, 15, and then every 15 minutes for a total of 3 hours were examined by fluorescence microscopy of frozen sections to assess accumulation and distribution of porphyrins.ResultsPorphyrin fluorescence of digital photomicrograph images was not visually apparent until 30–45 minutes after application, although quantitative pixel analysis showed a statistically significant increase in epidermal fluorescence only 15 minutes after ALA application. From 30 to 120 minutes, epidermis, hair follicles (HF), and sebaceous glands (SG) became progressively more fluorescent. Eccrine gland fluorescence began to be detected after 30 minutes; SG showed fluorescence starting at 45–75 minutes. Fluorescence in all sites reached maximum intensity from 75 to 180 minutes of incubation. There was a trend for HF and SG to express stronger fluorescence compared with epidermis and eccrine glands.ConclusionAnterior pig ear skin is microanatomically similar to human sebaceous skin. The time‐dependent accumulation of porphyrins in pilosebaceous units and eccrine glands in this model suggests other routes of uptake of topical ALA in addition to the trans‐epidermal route. Apparently, time interval between ALA application and light exposure could be optimized for different uses of ALA‐PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:154–160, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal modeling and experimental validation of human hair and skin heated by broadband light
Authors: Sun Feng , Chaney Alex , Anderson Robert , Aguilar Guillermo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveIn recent years, selective photothermolysis (PT) based on broadband light and assisted by skin vacuum (Photopneumatic Technology or PPx, by Aesthera) was introduced into the aesthetic market for epilation (hair removal) procedures. The present study aims to: (a) determine the overall effect of PPx on skin humidity and associated skin optical properties, and; (b) develop a PT numerical model to study the spatial and temporal hair and skin temperature variations during PPx epilation.MethodsA customized cup was used to apply moderate vacuum for 10 seconds on the forearms and faces of five volunteers. Skin humidity was measured on test sites immediately after vacuum application. A selective PT model was developed and used to simulate transport of photons from a broadband light source into human skin. The PT model is experimentally validated using agar gel tissue phantoms. Systematic numerical simulations are carried out for fluences varying from 5.0 to 7.0 J/cm2 and pulse durations varying from 2.5 to 25 milliseconds.ResultsResults of in vivo skin surface humidity measurements reveal that while absolute humidity varies between 30% and 75% between different volunteers and different locations, vacuum has a minimal effect on it. Experimental measurements of temperature variation during and after broadband light treatment agree well with model predictions. Numerical results indicate that average hair follicle temperature increases as a linear function of fluence. Longer pulse duration results in lower follicle temperature. However, immediately after each pulse, the temperature distribution within the hair follicle is highly non‐uniform: the minimum temperature occurs at the follicle edge while the maximum is located between the center and edge of the follicle.ConclusionsVacuum appears to have minimal effect on skin humidity. The PT model developed and validated is expected to assist clinicians in the selection of broadband light treatment parameters to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes during epilation procedures. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:161–169, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue Engineering Polymeric Microcarriers with Macroporous Morphology and Bone‐Bioactive Surface
Authors: Hong Seok‐Jung , Yu Hye‐Sun , Kim Hae‐Won 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPCL microspheres featuring a macroporous morphology and a bone‐bioactive surface have been prepared. ‘Camphene’ was introduced to generate pores within the microsphere network. The pore size was variable from a few to tens to hundreds of µm depending on the Camphene/PCL ratio. Macropores (with sizes >50 µm) could be obtained with a Camphene/PCL ratio exceeding 6. The microsphere surface was further tailored with apatite mineral phase through solution‐mediated precipitation, to endow the interface with bone bioactivity. Rat bone marrow stromal cells attached and spread actively on microspheres and populated well within their macropores. The developed microspheres may be potentially applicable as a cell delivery scaffold for bone tissue engineering.magnified image
Injectable Microsphere/Hydrogel Combination Systems for Localized Protein Delivery
Authors: Lee Jangwook , Lee Kuen Yong 
Published: February 2009

AbstractInjectable delivery systems for therapeutic proteins (e.g., hydrogels and microspheres) have attracted wide attention. Hydrogels, however, may release their hydrophilic contents too rapidly in a large initial burst, and phagocytes may clear microspheres within a relatively short time period after administration. We hypothesized that microsphere/hydrogel combination systems could achieve a controlled and sustained release of proteins as an injectable delivery system. To test this hypothesis, we prepared PLGA microspheres containing a model protein and mixed these with alginate gels. The mixing ratio of the components was the primary controlling parameter of the protein release. This approach could be useful for development of injectable and localized drug delivery systems.magnified image
Hydroxylated Linear Polyurethanes Derived from Sugar Alditols
Authors: Marín Romina , de Paz Mª Violante , Ittobane Najim , Galbis Juan A. , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA set of linear [m,n]‐type polyurethanes was synthesized by reaction of HDI or MDI with conveniently protected sugar alditols L‐threitol (LTh), L‐arabinitol (LAr) and xylitol (Xy). $\overline M _{\rm n}$ of the resulting polyurethanes ranged between 10 000 and 60 000 with polydispersities around 2. They were thermally stable, showing no decomposition up to temperatures near 300 °C. They all were amorphous polymers with Tg highly dependent on the constitution of the diisocyanate, but scarcely dependent on the structure of the alditol. Hydrogenation of the LThBn‐HDI polyurethane yielded partially debenzylated products with Tg values ranging between 20 and 30 °C. Fully benzylated polyurethanes showed high resistance to hydrolytic degradation, whereas polyurethane with free hydroxyl side groups degraded significantly in saline buffer at pH = 10 and 37 °C.magnified image
Methacryloyl and/or Hydroxyl End‐Functional Star Polymers Synthesized by ATRP Using the Arm‐First Method
Authors: Ohno Shigeki , Gao Haifeng , Cusick Brian , Kowalewski Tomasz , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: February 2009

AbstractStar polymers with methacryloyl groups at the chain ends were synthesized by esterification of hydroxyl end‐functional star polymers. First, the linear hetero‐telechelic macroinitiator (MI) was prepared by ATRP using a functional initiator. The obtained MI was chain‐extended and cross‐linked with DVB and then esterified into methacryloyl chain‐end functionality. The degree of esterification was controlled by changing the initial molar ratios of methacryloyl chloride to hydroxyl groups. The methacryloyl‐containing star polymers were cross‐linked either intermolecularly or intramolecularly under heating or UV irradiations, depending on the concentrations of star polymers during the cross‐linking reactions.magnified image
The Spreading of Inkjet‐Printed Droplets with Varying Polymer Molar Mass on a Dry Solid Substrate
Authors: Perelaer Jolke , Smith Patrick J. , van den Bosch Erwin , van Grootel Stephen S. C. , Ketelaars Peter H. J. M. , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn experimental study on the spreading of inkjet printed droplets of a polystyrene/toluene solution with varied molar masses on solid dry surfaces is presented. The polymer's number‐averaged molar mass was varied between 1.5 and 545 kDa, which also caused a variation in the viscosity from 0.6 to 1.7 mPa · s. The results were compared with theoretical models for droplet spreading and were found to fit with an error between 2 and 20% with the predictions. Furthermore, the in‐flight evaporation of the free‐falling droplet was investigated for polystyrene/toluene solutions that have a constant vapor pressure by printing from a systematically increased height.magnified image
Danckwerts Revisited – The Use of Entropy to Define Scale and Intensity of Segregation
Authors: Camesasca Marco , Manas‐Zloczower Ica 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRényi statistical entropy as a means to quantify mixing in two‐dimensional binary systems is presented. The use of Rényi entropies in defining the scale and intensity of segregation for mixing quality determination is analyzed. Finally, the relationship between the mixing process and the structures generated in the system is explored by using the Rényi entropy as an easy and computationally efficient method to calculate the system spectrum of fractal dimensions.magnified image
RAFT Miniemulsion Polymerization Kinetics, 2 – Molecular Weight Distribution
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe molecular weight distribution formed in a RAFT polymerization conducted inside submicron particles (Dp < 300 nm) is considered. For small particles, the MWD at low to middle conversion might be rather broad because of the large differences in MWDs formed in different polymer particles. Such a broad MWD can be made narrower by increasing the radical entry frequency. On the other hand, larger frequencies of radical entry result in a broader MWD at the final conversion levels. The number of dead polymer chains increases with time, and the dead polymer peak could be observed in the MWD at a prolonged aging time. According to this theoretical investigation, smaller particles are advantageous in implementing a faster polymerization rate, a narrower MWD, and a smaller number of dead polymer molecules.magnified image
Modeling of Polymerization Kinetics and Molecular Weight Development in the Microwave‐Activated Nitroxide‐Mediated Radical Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Hernández‐Meza Jorge J. , Jaramillo‐Soto Gabriel , García‐Morán Pedro R. , Palacios‐Alquisira Joaquín , Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCalculations of the polymerization rate and molecular weight development in the nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMRP) of styrene (STY), using hydroxyl‐TEMPO and dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO), and activated by microwave irradiation (MI), are presented. The calculations are based on a kinetic model developed in our group. Microwave activation is modeled by three approaches: microwave‐activated production of free radicals from monomer molecules, microwave‐enhanced thermal initiation, and microwave‐enhanced dormant polymer activation. The results obtained are compared against experimental data from the literature. The first approach is the most adequate. The NMRP of STY using TEMPO, BPO, and conductive heating, and the NMRP of STY activated by MI, without initiator, are also analyzed as reference cases.magnified image
An extended finite element framework for slow‐rate frictional faulting with bulk plasticity and variable friction
Authors: Liu Fushen , Borja Ronaldo I. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe present an extended finite element (FE) approach for the simulation of slow‐rate frictional faulting in geologic media incorporating bulk plasticity and variable friction. The method allows the fault to pass through the interior of FEs without remeshing. The extended FE algorithm for frictional faulting, advocated in two recent articles, emanates from a variational equation formulated in terms of the relative displacement on the fault. In the present paper we consider the combined effects of bulk plasticity and variable friction in a two‐dimensional plane strain setting. Bulk plasticity is localized to the fault tip and could potentially be used as a predictor for the initiation and propagation of new faults. We utilize a variable velocity‐ and state‐dependent friction, known as the Dieterich–Ruina or ‘slowness’ law, formulated in a slip‐weakening format. The slip‐weakening/variable friction model is then time‐integrated according to the generalized trapezoidal rule. We present numerical examples demonstrating the convergence properties of a global Newton‐based iterative scheme, as well as illustrate some interesting properties of the variable friction model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dielectric spectra of Li+ (Na+) codoped CaF2:YbF3 crystals
Authors: Pruna Andreea , Stef Marius , Nicoara Irina 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCalcium fluoride crystals doped with YbF3 and codoped with NaF, LiF were grown using the vertical Bridgman method. The effect of Na+ and Li+ ions on the optical and dielectric spectra was studied. The relaxation parameters (the activation energy for dipole reorientation and relaxation time constant) and the number of the dipoles, ND, that contribute to the dielectric relaxation have been determined from the dielectric spectra. The correlation between ND and the optical spectra is also discussed. A comparison of our results with those obtained by other authors is also given. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and magnetic properties of electrodeposited cobalt nanowires in polycarbonate membrane
Authors: Rani V. Sudha , Anandakumar S. , Lee Hojun , Bang Wonbae , Hong Kimin , Yoon S. S. , Jeong J.‐R. , Kim CheolGi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe analyzed the structural and magnetic properties of an array of electrodeposited cobalt nanowires grown in polycarbonate membrane with pore size 50 nm diameter and thickness ≤6 μm. The current‐time profiles were recorded during the deposition, in order to estimate and understand the growth rate and mechanism of the cobalt nanowires respectively. The formation of single and multi‐domains in the nanowires was explained by using simple domain model assumptions. The X‐ray diffraction patterns show that the cobalt nanowires were grown in a mixture of fcc and hcp phases. The magnetic properties of the deposited nanowires show that the preferential magnetization orientation close to the perpendicular direction of the nanowire axis. The structural properties of the nanowires were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The magnetic properties were analyzed by Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of substrate temperature on structural, electrical and optical properties of flash evaporated CuIn0.60Al0.40Se2 thin films
Authors: Chandra G. Hema , Udayakumar C. , Rajagopalan S. , Balamurugan A. K. , Uthanna S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCuIn0.60Al0.40Se2 thin films were grown by the flash evaporation method onto glass substrates held at temperatures in the range 303–623 K. The influence of substrate temperature on growth of the films was studied. The growth of the highly (111) oriented CuIn0.60Al0.40Se2 thin films was observed at TS = 598 K exhibiting sphalerite structure. The surface morphology of CuIn0.60Al0.40Se2 films deposited at TS = 623 K indicates segregation of Cu2–x Se binary phase. The electrical resistivity was around 66 Ω cm (300 nm) with p‐type conductivity for the films deposited at 598 K. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity suggested that above 493 K the conduction mechanism was intrinsic, whereas extrinsic/impurity conduction dominated in the range 303–473 K. The single phase CuIn0.60Al0.40Se2 films showed an optical bandgap of 1.37 eV. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation and properties of In/p‐Cu(In1–xGax)(S1–ySey)2 surface‐barrier structures
Authors: Zaretskaya Ellen , Gremenok Valery , Zalesski Valery , Schorr Susan , Rud Vasil , Rud Yury 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCu(In1–xGax)(S1–ySey)2 (CIGSS) thin films were prepared by the simultaneous selenizarion/sulfurization of Cu‐In‐Ga metallic alloys. Full characterizations have been carried out using XRD, SEM, EDX, AES and Raman scattering measurements. Photosensitive In/p ‐CIGSS surface‐barrier rectifying structures were created by thermal deposition of pure Incontacts onto the surface of the CIGSS as grown films. The influences of the thin films chemical composition and the illumination conditions on the photo‐electric parameters of In/p ‐CIGSS structures were studied. Analysis of the results showed the availability of the prepared CIGSS films for creation of high efficiency thin films photovoltaic devices. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ferroelectric phases in the polytypes of TlInS2 ternary compound
Authors: Gololobov Yu. P. , Borovoy N. A. , Isayenko G. L. , Polovina A. I. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe measurements of the real part of the dielectric constant and X‐ray diffraction studies of different polytypes of TlInS2 crystals are presented in the temperature range T = 160–250 K. Substantial influence polytypism on the occurrence of a polarized state in TlInS2 crystals has been revealed. It is shown that phase transition in 2C‐polytype, unlike C‐polytype, is not accompanied by a quadrupling of elementary cell along C axes, it is characterized by the other order parameter and occurs at higher temperatures.(© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solid solutions in In2S3–MnIn2S4 system
Authors: Bodnar I. V. , Victorov I. A. , Dabranski V. M. , Osipova M. A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe research of semiconductors displaying ferromagnetic properties at room temperature has attracted more and more attention to investigations of doped AIIBVI, AIIIBV and A2IIIB3VI binary semiconductors (CdMnTe, GaMnAs, In2S3:Mn etc.) with Mn [1, 2]. During the last few years growing interest has been shown to spintronics or electronics using spin effects due to its potential applicability to new functional devices combining both transport and magnetic properties and possibility to work at room temperature [3]. A number of exciting new properties such as spin injection, carrier‐induced and optically controlled ferromagnetism have been discovered in III‐V‐based diluted semiconductors [4, 5]. Doping of In2S3 with ferromagnetic atoms of Mn shall lead to a change of existing and appearance of new unique physical properties in this compound, combining both semiconductor and magnetic properties. Results of study of In2S3‐MnIn2S4 system have been presented in the given work for the first time. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrogen bonding in acetylacetaldehyde: Theoretical insights from the theory of atoms in molecules
Authors: Nowroozi A. , Jalbout A. F. , Roohi H. , Khalilinia E. , Sadeghi M. , de Leon A. , Raissi H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAll the possible conformations of tautomeric structures (keto and enol) of acetylacetaldehyde (AAD) were fully optimized at HF, B3LYP, and MP2 levels with 6‐31G(d,p) and 6‐311++G(d,p) basis sets to determine the conformational equilibrium. Theoretical results show that two chelated enol forms have extra stability with respect to the other conformers, but identification of global minimum is very difficult. The high level ab initio calculations G2(MP2) and CBS‐QB3) also support the HF conclusion. It seems that the chelated enol forms have equal stability, and the energy gap between them is probably lies in the computational error range. Finally, the analysis of hydrogen bond in these molecules by quantum theory of atoms in molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) methods fairly support the ab initio results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009