bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 Common Property Resources: Economic Analytics
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe subject of common property resources (CPRs) has generated enormous academic interest in recent years. Offering an alternative to impersonal markets and coercive states, the communitarian institutions built around CPRs have looked attractive to scholars in the humanities and social sciences. Oddly, economic theory has been missing from almost all discussions on CPRs, making it difficult to judge the status of empirical works, which, in the case of CPRs, have mainly been case studies. This chapter presents a fairly complete economic theory of CPRs. The theory not only identifies circumstances which engender trust and credibility, allowing communitarian institutions to function well, but also shows when those institutions could be expected to unravel. Recent empirical evidence on the fragility of CPRs and viability of privatization in some contexts is cited to display the robustness of the theory. The theory identifies a dark side of communitarian institutions, namely, their capacity to permit one group to exploit another within long-term relationships. The incentives parties may have for carrying out their respective promises are explored.
2 Some Places Again: A ‘Restricted’ Revisit to Dry Regions of India
Authors: Jodha Narpat S. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents the findings of revisits to the areas covered by an earlier, (1982-85) comprehensive study of common property resources (CPRs) in the dry regions of India. The study reveals rural communities' increasing emphasis on units of CPRs rather than aggregates of different types of CPRs, reflecting their changed approach to management of CPRs. The chapter identifies the causes and consequences of this change and its implications for both research and policy aspects of CPR management.
3 Decentralization, Devolution, and Collective Action—A Review of International Experience
Authors: Shyamsundar Priya 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter reviews international evidence on community-based natural resource management in three sectors: forestry, irrigation, and wildlife management. It asks how and in what way decentralized natural resource management has contributed to improved livelihoods and better resource management. It identifies key challenges faced as governments promote resource management through local communities and user groups.
4 Does Afforestation Ensure Sustainability? A Study of theHaorsof Bangladesh
Authors: Haque A. K. Enamul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter studies the biggest haor system in Bangladesh, the Hakaluki Haor, located in the Sylhet and Moulvi Bazar districts of north-eastern Bangladesh which has been declared an Ecologically Critical Area (ECA). There is an attempt to develop a sustainable management plan for this haor, focusing on problems of conservation and extraction. Using a simple bio-economic model to provide simulations, the chapter examines the policy options available and whether the current policy adopted by the government with the help of NGOs ensures efficiency or sustainability.
6 The Stake‐Net Fishery Association of Negombo Lagoon, Sri Lanka: Why Has It Survived over 250 Years and Will It Survive another 100 Years?
Authors: Gunawardena Asha , Steele Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFisheries are key to the livelihoods of up to a million poor people in Sri Lanka. Open-access fisheries exhibit free entry with the result that fishing leads to overharvesting and profits fall to zero. This chapter examines issues in fishery management in the Negombo lagoon on the west coast of Sri Lanka. It focuses on the determinants of successful collective action by the Stake Net Fishery Association, a common property regime which is more than 250 years old and has managed to control the problem of open access. Solving this open-access problem has helped increase the incomes of fishers and sustained the resource base.
7 Transaction Costs and Institutional Innovation: Sustainability of Tank Aquaculture in Sri Lanka
Authors: Senaratne Athula , Karunanayake Kalpa 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFreshwater community-based aquaculture was introduced to village irrigation tanks in the dry zone of Sri Lanka in order to offset the limited supply of animal proteins available to residents in inland areas. As village irrigation tanks are common property resources (CPRs), community-based aquaculture demands collective action by farmer groups. This chapter shows that the values generated by aquaculture are not adequate to provide a major livelihood for all members of a given community. The sustainability of community-based aquaculture depends on the success of experimenting with institutional arrangements that can, on the one hand, minimize transaction costs and, on the other, achieve adequate returns for participants through productivity gains from tanks.
9 Heterogeneity, Commons, and Privatization: Agrarian Institutional Change in Goa
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Pranab 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In the debate on common property resource management, asset redistribution and privatization of commons have emerged as contentious issues. This chapter uses a case study in Goa, India, to examine whether tenure security and asset redistribution can lead to environmentally sustainable outcomes. It concludes that when public policy involves institutional transition (private purchase of communidade lands), there may be trade-offs involved between equity and sustainability. Institutional change can affect social networks by triggering exit of agents who previously managed land. Due to lack of a prior history of cooperation among the new resource owners, the new equilibrium may shift to a non-cooperative regime that might endanger embankment maintenance and be unsustainable in the long run.
10 Is Cooperation Costly with Diverse Economic Agents?
Authors: Adhikari Bhim 
Published: May 2008

AbstractUnder the Nepal forestry programme, open-access forests have been transferred to forest user groups under a community-based property rights regime. This chapter examines the relationship between group heterogeneity and transaction costs on the one hand, and, on the other, the transaction costs with the degree of collective action in community-based forest management. While only a few measures of inequality seemed to influence the extent of transaction costs, forest user groups with higher transaction costs incurred by their community members appear to have lower levels of collective action.
11 Who Pays for Conservation: Evidence from Forestry in Nepal
Authors: Khatri‐Chhetri Arun 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The contribution of forest products to household income differs according to the household's socio-economic characteristics and institutional differences in the management of community forestry. The contribution of forest products to household income is higher in the case of forest management without formal forest users group (FUGs) than in the case of management under a formal forest management group. Furthermore, in terms of access to and dependence on forest resources, poorer households currently benefit less from the community forestry in Nepal.
14 Is the State Passé? Competing Domains in Forestry in Orissa
Authors: Mishra Arabinda 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe chapter looks at different dimensions of policy failure relating to forest management in the Indian state of Orissa, where village communities have countered the government's devolution-based policies by forming regional federations. A case-study approach is followed to identify the areas where self-initiated community institutions have an advantage over the state-designed alternatives such as Joint Forest Management. The federal framework ensures that the community movement has strength in numbers when dealing with the state and other external agencies. The chapter concludes that in Orissa the state-community relationship is fundamentally altered due to the formation of federations. This requires devolution protagonists in the public policy-making domain to start thinking about building synergies between the state and communities that would serve to bridge the existing ‘trust gap’ between the two parties.
2 The Definition of a Mercenary and the Definition of the Proscriptive Norm
Authors: Percy Sarah 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter defines the term ‘mercenary’ and identifies the problematic qualities which differentiate mercenaries from other types of fighters. It states that mercenaries do not fight for an appropriate cause and that they are not controlled by the state or another legitimate actor. It argues that these problematic qualities form the core of the proscriptive norm against mercenary use.
5 How Citizens Became the Standard: A Normative Explanation of the Shift Away from Mercenary Use
Authors: Percy Sarah 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the decision in the late 18th and early 19th centuries to adopt a citizen army and stop the long-standing practice of hiring mercenaries from abroad, using four case studies. It is shown that an intellectual tradition of dislike of mercenaries provided the framework for the subsequent changes in the relationship between citizens and states, and the effect that having (or not having) a citizen army had on state identity, ultimately leading to the end of mercenary use.
2 Joseph Priestley, Enlightened Experimentalist
Authors: Brock W. H. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Priestley's observations and experiments enabled others to interpret nature in a new way. This chapter reviews these observations and experiments covering electrostatics, optics, pneumatic chemistry, and photosynthesis. It then considers the ways recent historians have interpreted Priestley's scientific activities in the context of his theological, educational, and political activities. Finally, the chapter re-examines the question of Priestley's attitude towards Lavoisier and his continuing support for a phlogistic world view.
Introduction to Quantum Theory
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter covers the rudiments of quantum theory, including the dual nature of light and matter, the Uncertainty Principle and probability concept, the electronic wavefunction, and the probability density function. Numerical examples are given to show that given the electronic wavefunction of a system, the probability of finding an electron in a volume element around a certain point in space can be readily calculated. Finally, the electronic wave equation, the Schrödinger equation, is introduced. This discussion is followed by the solution of a few particle-in-a-box problems, with the ‘box’ having the shape of a wire (one-dimensional), a cube, a ring, or a triangle. Where possible, the solutions of these problems are then applied to a chemical system.
Chemical Bonding in Condensed Phases
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter starts off with the classification of solids, then discusses the various types of bonding or interaction in solids, including ionic bonding, metallic bonding, covalent bonding (band theory), and van der Waals interaction. Numerous examples are given for each type of bonding.
Computational Chemistry
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter first discusses the difference between semi-empirical and ab initio methods, then devotes most of the remaining pages to ab initio calculations. Each ab initio calculation is defined by two ‘parameters’: the basis set employed and the level of electron correlation adopted. These two topics are discussed in some detail. Density functional theory is also discussed, which has gained popularity in recent years. After describing these computational methods, a brief assessment on the performance of various levels of theory in yielding structural parameters, vibrational frequencies, and energetic quantities is given. Finally, a few examples are selected from recent literature to show how computations complement experiments to arrive at meaningful conclusions.
Symmetry and Elements of Group Theory
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter covers the rudiments of group theory, with emphasis on the use of the character tables of molecular point groups. The chapter begins with the identification of the symmetry elements a molecule possesses, and the symmetry operations these elements generate. With such knowledge at hand, the symmetry point group of a given molecule can be readily determined. The character tables of the point groups are then introduced, and the Mulliken notation for the irreducible representations is discussed in detail. Finally, the direct product of two irreducible representations is covered. The result of the direct product is used to identify the non-zero integrals in quantum chemistry and derive the selection rules in electronic spectroscopy. No rigorous mathematics is used in treating the various theories in this chapter. Instead, abstract concepts are often illustrated with examples based on real chemical compounds or practical applications.
Application of Group Theory to Molecular Systems
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter applies the group theoretic technique introduced in Chapter 6 to a number of chemically interesting problems. These problems include molecular orbital treatment of AHn (n = 2-6) molecules and cyclic conjugated polyenes (with and without d-orbital participation), construction of hybrid orbitals, relationship between molecular orbital and hybridization theories, molecular vibrations, etc. A large number of worked examples have been selected to illustrate that group theory can be used to simplify the physical problem and yield solutions of chemical significance. The advantage of this method becomes more obvious when the symmetry of the chemical system increases. Indeed, for highly symmetric molecules, very complex problems can have simple and elegant solutions. Even for less symmetric systems, symmetry arguments can still lead to meaningful results and conclusions that cannot be easily obtained otherwise.
Bonding in Coordination Compounds
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter covers the electronic structure of coordination complexes, using the language of group theory throughout. The bonding of these complexes ranges from ionic (crystal field theory, or CFT) to covalent (molecular orbital theory). In CFT, group theory is employed to derive the terms split from a given atomic electronic state under the influence of a set of ligands. Other topics discussed include Orgel diagrams, Tanabe-Sugano diagrams, correlation of weak and strong field approximations, spin-orbit interaction (double group), etc. Regarding molecular orbital theory, techniques used in Chapters 3 and 7 are applied to coordination complexes, with the metal d-orbitals now playing a central role. These theories are then used to interpret a number of electronic spectra of complexes selected from the literature. The chapter concludes with sections on vibronic interaction in complexes and on the f-orbitals and their crystal field splitting patterns.
Symmetry in Crystals
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The symmetry properties of molecules were discussed in Chapter 6, and the corresponding properties of crystals are presented here. In contrast to discrete molecules, crystals have a lattice structure with three-dimensional periodicity. Hence, additional symmetry elements such as translations, screw axes, and glide planes, which are applicable to an infinitely extended system, need to be considered. This chapter introduces the concept and nomenclature of space groups and their application in describing the structures of crystals. Examples of crystal structures for selected space groups are provided. The chapter concludes with a section on the use of space group symmetry in the determination of crystal structure. In short, the chapter gives a succinct introduction to the symmetry of crystals.
Basic Inorganic Crystal Structures and Materials
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Following an extensive discussion on the symmetry of crystals in the previous chapter, a large number of crystal structures of inorganic compounds are collected in this chapter to familiarize readers with the most common space groups. The basic crystal structures introduced include cubic closest packing (NaCl, CaF2, cubic ZnS, spinel compounds, etc.), hexagonal closest packing (hexagonal ZnS, NiAS, CdI2, α-Al2O3, rutile, etc.), body-centered cubic packing (α-AgI, CsCl, etc.). The final two sections of the chapter cover perovskite structure, including superconductors belonging to this structural type, and magnetic materials such as SmCo5, Sm2Co17 and Nd2Fe14B.
Structural Chemistry of Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metals
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter covers the structural chemistry of Groups 1 and 2 elements, except hydrogen. For Group 1 metals, special attention is paid to the oxides, lithium nitride, inorganic alkali metal complexes, methyllithium compounds, π-complexes of lithium, sodium and potassium, alkalides and electrides, etc. For the Group 2 metals, the coverage includes their complexes, nitrides, low-valent oxides and nitrides, polymeric chains, Grignard reagents, metallocenes, etc. The chapter concludes with a section on the alkali and alkaline-earth metal complexes with inverse crown structures.
Structural Chemistry of Group 15 Elements
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on nitrogen, including the N2 molecule, all-nitrogen ions, dinitrogen complexes, nitrogen oxides and hydrides, etc. A significant portion of the chapter is devoted to the structural chemistry of phosphorus, consisting of sections on elemental phosphorus and Pn groups, the bonding types and coordination geometry of phosphorus, phosphorus-nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon compounds, etc. The chapter concludes with a section on the structural chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, discussing their stereochemistry, clusters, and the intermolecular interactions in organoantimony and organobismuth compounds.
Structural Chemistry of Rare-Earth Elements
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter begins with a description of the characteristic properties of the lanthanide elements, including their metallic and ionic radii (lanthanide contraction), crystal structures, oxidation states, electronic states, and magnetic properties. Their oxides and halides, and the coordination geometry of their cations are discussed. The section on organometallic compounds of the lanthanides is mainly concerned with those with cyclic organic ligands such as benzene, cyclopentadienyl, or cyclooctatetraenyl groups. The chapter concludes with a section on the reduction chemistry of the +2 oxidation state.
The Protean Ass
Authors: Carver Robert H. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive account of the reception of The Golden Ass (or Metamorphoses) of Apuleius, the only work of Latin prose fiction worthy of the name of ‘novel’ to survive intact from the ancient world. Apuleius' 2nd-century account of the curious young man who is changed into a donkey following an affair with a witch's slave-girl, and undergoes a series of adventures (involving robbery, adultery, buggery, and bestiality) before a divine vision transforms him into a disciple of the goddess Isis, has delighted, perplexed, and inspired readers as diverse as St Augustine, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton. This book traces readers' responses to the novel from the 3rd to the 17th centuries in North Africa, Italy, France, Germany, and England.
1 The Metamorphoses of Apuleius: From Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Carver Robert H. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the Metamorphoses of Apuleius from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. From Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages various strategies to accommodate, within a Christian culture, the pagan pantheon of classical Greece and Rome evolved. Apuleius was not only born into the Christian era but, as an educated philosopher, in a position to embrace or reject Christian Truth. In the Metamorphoses, he could actually be seen to be advocating an Egyptian cult which, at the beginning of the first millennium, was one of Christianity's strongest rivals.
3 Asinus Redivivus: The Recovery of The Golden Ass
Authors: Carver Robert H. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the rediscovery of The Golden Ass. Evidence of first-hand acquaintance with The Golden Ass exists from the beginning of the trecento. By the middle of the 14th century, copies are in the hands of the leading humanists Petrarch and Boccaccio. By the end of the century, Psyche has been re-enthroned in the Genealogia, and The Golden Ass is on its way to becoming part of the common property of the Italian Renaissance.
The Inky Ass: Apuleius in the Age of Print (1469–1500)
Authors: Carver Robert H. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the printing of Apuleius' works. In 1464, two German clerics, Konrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz, arrived at the Benedictine monastery of Santa Scolastica in Subiaco, 47 miles to the east of Rome. What made these new arrivals unique was their baggage. They brought with them items that had never been used before in Italy: cases of movable type, that marvel of 15th-century German ingenuity which had transformed the familiar technology of agricultural extraction (the screw-press) into an engine of reproduction. In 1469, the editio princeps of Apuleius' works appeared (without commentary) in Rome, the colophon being dated 28 February. The folio was edited by Sweynheim and Pannartz's corrector, the Bishop of Aleria (in Corsica), Giovanni Andrea de Bussi (Johannes Andreas de Buxis), and dedicated to no less a personage than Pope Paul II (1464-71) who had appointed him papal librarian in 1467.
6 The Academical Ass: Apuleius and the Northern Renaissance
Authors: Carver Robert H. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores Apuleian influences in the Renaissance. It is argued that controversy was the common denominator of Apuleian influences in the Renaissance. Platonists used Apuleius in their struggle with the Aristotelians; he became a focal point in the bitter debates over Latin prose-style; and he was featured prominently in discussions of the function and value of fiction. The debate over imitative models was no frigid academic exercise — it was a battle to establish the very fabric of intellectual discourse, spoken as well as written. Language is fundamental to thought; style is inextricably linked with character; and Apuleianism was regarded as much as amoral and political threat as an aesthetic one. The decline in Latinity that produced Apuleius is linked by the polemicists with the decay of classical civilization itself; and the contemporary threat to Ciceronian orthodoxy posed by the resurgence of Apuleianism is made analogous.