bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolution of Persistent Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Problems Involving Ciliate Protozoa Assignable to the Astome Family Haptophryidae Cepede, 1923*
Authors: CORLISS JOHN O. , de PUYTORAC PIERR , LOM JIRI 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Confusion has long existed in the literature concerning both the taxonomy and the nomenclature of ciliates belongin: to the astomatid family Haptophryidae. Most of the controversy has centered around the names and concepts of “Haptophrya” and “Sieboldiellina.” The latter name, widely used for certain species found as parasites (endocommensals) of turbellarians, must fall as a junior synonym of the former, which has commonly been restricted to the astomatous ciliate parasites (endocommensals) of various amphibians But the species of “Haptophrya” are then left without a generic vehicle, since Haptophrya Stein, 1867, must, in effect, be used to replace Sieboldiellina Collin, 1911, as the proper generic name of the turhellarian parasites Fortunately a name is available for the amphibian species: Cepedietta Kay, 1942.The problem is further complicated because of the recognition of subfamilial groups, the name of one of these having been formed from Sieboldiellina and having become associated with certain species parasitic in turbellarians. With the realization that, by the international rules of zoological nomenclature, Haptophrya must be used with reference to these particular turbellarian parasites, the subfamilial name associated with the amphibian forms must be changed. We propose Cepediettinae n. nom. in solution of this particular problem. We recognize a third subfamily, Ckpkde's Lachmannellinae, to contain the three remaining acceptable genera comprising the family Haptophryidae: Anndophrya, Lachmanndla, and Steinella.At the generic and specific levels numerous errors of a nomenclatural nature have been committed in the older literature, many unwittingly perpetuated in recent papers. These are all corrected in the present work. For the sake of future clarity we have included a series of figures, both original and from the literature, and have designated neotypes of the two principal species involved in the overall controversy.
Electron Microscopy of the Ectoplasm and the Proboscis in Didinium nasutum
Authors: YAGIU RYOZO , SHIGENAKA YOSHINOBU 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A morphological study on the ectoplasm and the proboscis in the ciliate Didinium nasutum, has been performed by means of an electron microscope. The ectoplasm and the endoplasm of Didinium are separated by a fibrous layer. In addition to the ciliary apparatus and the filament system, the ectoplasm is characterized by having ectoplasmic vacuoles enclosing cross‐striated bodies and by having small rods surrounding the ciliary basal body.The filament system is composed of 4 types of tubular filaments: primary filaments originating from the basal body, secondary ones coursing longitudinally along the cell periphery, tertiary ones going down in cylindrical arrays from the periphery of the proboscis into the endoplasm, and finally kinetosomal ones from the base of the basal body into the endoplasm through the newly found pore of the fibrous layer.The fine morphology of the trichites in the proboscis is elucidated three‐dimensionally and illustrated schematically. Moreover, the correlation among the small rod, ectoplasmic vacuole and trichite is discussed.
Flagellate Parasites of Water Striders with a Description of Leptomonas costoris, n. sp.*
Authors: WALLACE F. G. , TODD S. RAMMOHAN , ROGERS WILLIAM 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Leptomonas costoris n. sp. is described from Gerris comatus. It differs from other species of Leptomonas in the structure of the reservoir which has ultramicroscopic thickenings in its wall, matched by corresponding thickenings in the adjacent flagellar membrane. The one or two diagonal lines seen in the reservoirs of Giemsa‐stained specimens are thought to be manifestations of these ultramicroscopic fibrils. The reservoir structure suggests a close relationship between this species and Cryptobia, (family Bodonidae) in which somewhat similar structures have been described.Blastocrithidia veliae is redescribed and differentiated from B. gerridis.
The Isolation and Identification of Kinetosome‐Rich Fractions from Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: SATIR B. , ROSENBAUM J. L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Axenic cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis W were used to obtain fractions rich in kinetosomes by alcoholdigitonin extraction techniques followed by centrifugation. The morphology of the kinetosomes was examined in the electron microscope at various stages during the isolation procedure, and compared to the morphology of the in situ kinetosome. In the latter preparation the well known cartwheel structure was present, and in addition 9 electron dense dots were displayed at the end of each spoke of the cartwheel.The prepared kinetosomes could easily be identified during the entire process, and there was no apparent change until after the digitonin step. However, with the further fractionation, alteration was found to have taken place in the interior and in the kinetosome wall. The inside appeared “empty,” and we were not able to find 9 triplets in the wall but only doublets.In view of the morphological alterations in the kinetosomerich fractions, chemical analysis still appears to us to be premature.
The Fine Structure of Axenically‐Grown Trophozoites of Entamoeba invadens with Special Reference to the Nucleus and Helical Ribonucleoprotein Bodies*
Authors: SIDDIQUI WASIM A. , RUDZINSKA MARIA A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Previous reports on electron microscopy of Entamoeba invadens have been based on organisms grown in bacterized cultures; this is the first electron microscope study of amoebae grown axenically. The amoeba is bounded by a plasma membrane about 120 Å wide bearing an externally fuzzy layer approximately 280 Å thick. The major components of the cytoplasm are vacuoles of various sizes measuring 0.2 μ to 3.0 μ in diameter. These vacuoles are structureless, of low density and have a definite limiting membrane of the same thickness and density as the plasma membrane, suggesting their origin from the limiting membrane by pinocytosis. Neither mitochondria nor Golgi apparatus are present. The endoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed. The ground substance of the cytoplasm consists of two types of particles: smaller ones about 200–300 Å of lower density and larger ones about 400–700 Å of high density. The latter probably represent glycogen particles. The most important cytoplasmic organelles are the chromatoid bodies, composed of RNA and protein. These structures consist of parallel lamellae, each formed from coiled helical fibrils. The significance and possible relationship to protein synthesis are discussed.The nuclear membrane is double and there are a few discontinuities which may represent pores. It also shows the honeycomb structure found in other amoebae. The chromatin lies just beneath the nuclear membrane. Of special importance is the presence of intranuclear vesicles scattered within the chromatin layer. The endosome or nucleolus lies in the center of the nucleus.
An Albino Strain of Blepharisma*
Authors: CHUNOSOFF L. , ISQUITH I. R. , HIRSHFIELD H. I. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A spontaneous albino mutant of the red heterotrichous ciliate Blepharisma intermedium has been isolated and studied. In addition to its apparent lack of pigment, the albino differs from the parental stock in its manner and frequency of conjugation, high incidence of cannibalism and reduced intensity of micronuclear stainability. The conjugation pattern of the albino is compared to that of the pigmented form as described in the literature. The albinistic character thus far has bred true. Alcoholic extracts of the albino yielded only a trace of pigment. Absorption spectra of alcoholic extracts of the pigmented, the artificially bleached, and the albino organisms were compared.As far as is known, no conjugation or other type of internal nuclear reorganization was observed preceding the phenotypic expression of the mutation; this raises several questions pertaining to the site of mutation and means of its expression. These questions are discussed.
Isolation of Different‐Sized Substrains from Three Stock Cultures of Entamoeba histolytica, with Observations on Spontaneous Size Changes Affecting Whole Populations
Authors: GOLDMAN MORRIS , DAVIS VIOLET 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Three stock cultures of E. histolytica, strains 200, K9, and 22, have each been shown by microisolation methods to consist of at least two substrains or variants differing in size. Cultures were grown with Trypanosoma cruzi in Phillips medium, and on egg slants with mixed bacteria and a single species of bacteria. For each strain, the variant that was bigger in one medium was also bigger in the other two media, in spite of the fact that absolute sizes changed greatly depending upon the medium. This shows that size patterns were primarily determined by endogenous factors, although absolute size was strongly influenced by the culture medium. In all cases the small variants remained larger than E. hartmanni.In the initial weeks after microisolation, the variants showed consistent size patterns. After a few months, the big substrains of E.h. K9 and 22 showed a spontaneous reduction in size, eventually becoming smaller than the corresponding small variants. The change in E.h. K9 was shown to be due to a shift in the entire population, rather than to selection of individual mutants. In the E.h. 200 cultures, big and small variants retained their distinctive sizes throughout the 17 months during which they were observed.
Lymphotropha tribolii gen. nov., sp. nov., Neogregarinida, Schizocystidae, from the Haemocoele of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
Authors: ASHFORD R. W. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Lymphotropha tribolii gen. nov., sp. nov. (Neogregarinida, Schizocystidae) is described from the haemocoele of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). The trophozoites are large, ovoid and uninucleate with distinct longitudinal striae. Schizogony occurs in one type of cycle only, each schizont giving rise to up to 8 merozoites. Gametocytes are uninucleate when they associate. Up to 16 oocysts each with 8 sporozoites are formed in each gametocyst. The oocysts are lemon‐shaped, and sporozoites emerge from the poles.The parasite causes considerable mortality in young larvae, though its pathogenicity is probably inferior to that of Farinocystis tribolii Weiser.
The Morphogenetic Cycle in Euplotes eurystomus and Its Bearing on Problems of Ciliate Morphogenesis*
Authors: WISE BENJAMIN N. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The normal cycle of asexual reproduction in Euplotes eurystomus was subjected to a detailed morphological study using whole‐mounted and sectioned material prepared by the method of silver impregnation. The cycle was arbitrarily divided into 7 stages (numbered 0–6) characterized by nuclear and cortical events. Particular attention was focused on the development of the oral primordium (OP), and the production of new kinetal cilia (or “dorsal bristles”).The OP is interpreted as originating from an invagination or infolding of the parental cortex, followed by considerable in situ growth and differentiation beneath the cell surface. It is suggested that differentiation beneath the parental cell surface may in some way facilitate morphogenesis of other cortical structures without necessitating dedifferentiation of the parent's buccal apparatus. During stage 6, the division constriction plays an important morphogenetic role in shaping the opisthe's buccal apparatus.During stage 4, a zone of ciliary increase (ZCI) appears in the central portion of each kinety. New kinetal cilia arise as semi‐circular clusters of 1 to 9 kinetosomes flanking each old basal structure; the latter persist until the new organelles are well established. An analysis of total kinetal cilia in animals during stages 0 to 3 indicates that, while ciliary number varies according to animal size, there is no increase in cilia prior to formation of the ZCI.Several aspects of the asexual cycle in Euplotes seem to bear importantly on the more general problem of ciliate morphogenesis. The pattern or gradient concept might be useful in the analysis of factors determining primordial sites, although later development of the primordium into a specific organelle or organelle system is probably controlled by autonomous epigenetic processes that are somewhat independent of the parental cortical pattern. The hypothesis of kinetosome continuity cannot account for the origin of primordial fields in cortical regions remote from pre‐existing kinetosomes, as observed in Euplotes. The initiation of morphogenetic activity on the cortex is closely correlated with, and may be causally related to, the appearance of replication bands in the macronucleus. The known metabolic significance of these bands, particularly the release of nuclear RNA, lends support to this suggestion.
A Microbial Sulfolipid. I. Isolation and Physiological Studies*
Authors: HAINES THOMAS H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A sulfolipid, isolated from the phytoflagellate, Ochromonas danica, and from its medium, constitutes over 50% of the sulfur of the cells. It is bound to protein and excreted by the phytoflagellate. When the S35‐labeled sulfolipid was placed in the medium it was incorporated by the cells without cleavage of the sulfate group. Thus it passes back and forth between the growth medium and the cells.The sulfolipid has been found in O. danica, O. malhamensis, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Chlamydomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. (sea water bacterium). It was identified in the culture medium of O. danica, O. malhamensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and Streptomyces griseus. Preliminary evidence was obtained for its presence in the growth medium of white clover and sorghum.
The Migration of Eimeria acervulina Sporozoites to the Duodenal Glands of Lieberkühn
Authors: DORAN DAVID J. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The establishment of Eimeria acervulina sporozoites in the duodenal glands of Lieberkühn of the chicken is described. Sporozoites were found to enter the tips of the villi and pass into the lamina propria, or core, of the villus. Within the lamina propria, sporozoites were engulfed by macrophages and taken to the glandular epithelium.Data are presented which indicate that macrophages serve as a defense against infection as well as a mode of transportation.
Observations on Lankesterella hylae
Authors: STEHBENS W. E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sporozoites of Lankesterella hylae were found in 12 of 13 green tree frogs (Hyla caerulea) from Gin Gin, Queensland. The intraerythrocytic sporozoites had two pale‐staining vacuoles at the poles of the nucleus and frequently a dome‐like protuberance on the concavity of the crescentic protozoon.Motility was observed in free but not intracellular sporozoites in fresh blood. Locomotion was of a gliding nature, though in addition parasites flexed and extended, and a peristaltic constriction passed backwards along the body of two. One parasite entered and emerged from a red cell, the erythrocyte playing a passive role.All stages of sporogony were observed in liver smears from a debilitated frog. In araldite sections of the small intestine of another frog, parasites were found in the vacuoles within unidentified cells in the lamina propria, thus suggesting that the parasite's point of entry is possibly the alimentary tract.
Range of Variation in the Somatic Infraciliature and Contractile Vacuole Pores of Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: LOEFER JOHN B. , SMALL EUGENE B. , FURGASON WALDO H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Meridian ranges and contractile vacuole pore patterns were determined for 36 strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis, including most of the “classic” amicronucleate and micronucleate strains used by many investigators, plus a dozen other strains not previously characterized with respect to these two morphological features. Uniform axenic culturing and staining techniques were employed.Meridian ranges and modes are analyzed with strain‐by‐strain comparisons to the reports of previous investigators. The overall inclusive range of the 36 strains was 15–25 meridians. Modes for individual strains varied from 16 to 23. Broader ranges and, especially, higher modes and higher limits are recorded than those reported by Corliss (1953) for strains grown in bacterized hay cultures. Two postoral meridians are characteristic, although a single individual having only one and a few having three postorals were observed. Three postorals were found only in those strains having the higher number of total meridians. A few individuals, showing an anterior half or a posterior half of a bipolar meridian missing, indicate a possible explanation of how a single dividing individual could produce a proter and an opisthe differing in the total number of meridians.Meridian ranges of individual strains do not overlap each other in all cases, but they do constitute a progressively overlapping series which does not warrant taxonomic separation of strains at either extreme from each other.Contractile vacuole pores varied from 1 to 3, with 2 pores (1 each in meridians 5 and 6) being characteristic of 22 of the strains. The 2‐pore 6‐7 pattern was modal for 8 of the strains. Presence of 3 pores (in 5, 6 and 7) was typical of only 2 strains, but 3 pores were found occasionally. Another pattern of 3 pores (in 6, 7 and 8) was observed occasionally in 10 strains. Double pores (in 6 and 7 or 7 and 8) and the triple pore patterns were observed only in the strains having the highest total number of meridians. These variations are not considered adequate justification for taxonomic separation.Strains Ki and Aq are affirmed to be T. pyriformis. Strains V1 PP and V, formerly regarded as strains of T. vorax, are considered to be T. pyriformis, supporting the view of Shaw and Williams (1963).
Development of Haemogregarina pestanae in the toad Bufo regularis*
Authors: MANSOUR NOSHY S. , MOHAMMED A. H. HELMY 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarina pestanae França, 1910, is apparently rare in Egypt, having been found in 1 toad Bufo regularis Reuss out of 689 examined. Capsulated capped, young thin, and young and advanced broad forms were present in the peripheral blood. Schizogony occurred in the liver. Two types of schizonts were present—macroschizonts producing 150 or more elongate oval merozoites surrounding a large residual body, and microschizonts producing 60 or less banana‐shaped merozoites often radiating from a small, eccentric residual body.Merozoites of the first type developed into a large broad form representing early schizonts of the second type. The latter developed into thin young intraerythrocytic forms and apparently later into encapsulated capped gametocytes.H. pestanae, H. aegyptia and H. tunisiensis all occur in toads (Bufo regularis for the first two, and B. mauritanicus for the third), and produce characteristic encapsulated looped gametocytes in peripheral blood. The capsules contain dark‐staining material condensed into a single well‐developed cap in H. aegyptia and 1 or 2 much smaller caps in H. pestanae; this material is scattered regularly around the parasite in H. tunisiensis. The capsule of H. pestanae is more or less cylindrical along most of its length, more slender and slightly shorter than the regularly oval capsule of H. tunisiensis or the spindle‐ or egg‐shaped capsule of H. aegyptia.
Effects of × Rays on Cell Lethality and Micronuclear Number in the Ciliate Spathidium spathula*
Authors: WILLIAMS DONALD B. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Spathidium spathula irradiated with 0 to 55 kr of × rays showed one or more of the following kinds of behavior: (1) Death of an undivided cell (primary death); (2) death of a descendant of an irradiated cell (secondary death); (3) permanent injury including one or more of the following: low daily division rate, excessive macronuclear enlargement, total loss of micronuclei, cytostome replication, heavy pigmentation, and decreased motility; (4) temporary division retardation for 1 to 2 days followed by apparent complete recovery; and (5) no apparent injury. The first 3 kinds of behavior increased with increasing dosage from 15 to 25 to 55 kr. At 6 kr only the last 2 categories were observed. The LD50 for 8 days was 46 kr for both primary and secondary death, or 60 kr for primary death alone.Micronuclear number varied greatly following irradiation in lines showing either permanent or temporary injury. Two different responses occurred: (1) The micronuclear number averaged about twice the normal number of 20 with a large range (0 to 360) 1 day after exposure. The number gradually decreased during the next 2 days; (2) some cells lost all micronuclei following irradiation, the incidence increasing with dose. At 55 kr complete loss of micronuclei occurred in 96% of the surviving lines.
The Sexual Cycle and Intercrossing in the Genus Astrephomene*
Authors: BROOKS A. E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The structure and certain aspects of the physiology of the sexual cycle, including mating and zygote germination, were studied in strains of the colonial green flagellate Astrephomene gubernaculifera. Mating type inheritance was analyzed in 4 crosses among strains with 7 chromosomes and 1 cross between strains with 4 chromosomes. Results in all cases indicated that mating type was under the control of a single pair of alleles.Twenty‐six morphologically identical clones from separate geographic areas were studied with regard to sexual compatibility. On the basis of intercrossing, 6 sexually isolated groups were recognized. Complete gene flow (genetic compatibility) was found among the strains comprising intercrossing Group I.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Cilia Isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: CULBERTSON JON R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cilia devoid of their basal granules and isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain W, by the method of Watson et al. (66) have been characterized in terms of physical, chemical and immunologic properties.The general chemical composition of cilia, based on mean values from these determinations is 66.3% protein, 24.3%“lipid,” 3.7 or 4.8% carbohydrate, and 0.4% nucleic acid. The amino acid composition of cilia includes hydroxyproline and is not significantly different from the amino acid composition of whole cells. Chloroformmethanol extracts of ciliary material contain free amino acids as well as neutral lipids and phospholipids. The lipid composition of cilia also is not significantly different from that of whole cells. Pentose, hexose and small but significant amounts of adenine nucleotide and ribonucleic acid are present.Cilia are a greater stimulus for the production of antibody than an equivalent amount of cellular antigen, and the ciliary antigen is strain specific.