bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEMONSTRATION OF PROLACTIN-RELEASING ACTIVITY IN THE PIGEON
Authors: SHANI J. , GOLDHABER G. , GIVANT Y. , KOCH Y. 
Published: December 2008

The capacity of the pigeon pituitary gland to release prolactin was investigated in vivo, to evaluate its hypothalamic regulation and to establish the dominant hypothalamic factor for prolactin secretion. After 3 days of systemic administration of some physiological and pharmacological agents, followed by 2 consecutive days of local intradermal injections of prolactin into their crop sacs, the crop mucosa was scraped, dried and weighed. The substances tested were: oestradiol and tamoxifen (antioestrogen), thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and anti-TRH serum, perphenazine (releases prolactin in mammals) and bromocriptine (suppresses prolactin in mammals). Prolactin and anti-prolactin serum were tested as controls.
While prolactin markedly proliferated and anti-prolactin serum significantly inhibited the mucosal weight, oestradiol, TRH and perphenazine dramatically depressed proliferation of the mucosa, suggesting that prolactin secretion was inhibited. Tamoxifen, anti-TRH serum and bromocriptine significantly increased the proliferation of the crop mucosa, indicating an increase in the endogenous release of prolactin. Since the effect of these substances on prolactin release in the pigeon is the opposite from their well-established effects in mammals, these results suggest, in a specific and homologous model, that the dominating regulator for prolactin in the pigeon is contrary to that in the mammal, namely prolactin-releasing factor, and that TRH may play a significant role in the physiological regulation of prolactin secretion.
PRENATAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL SEX DIFFERENCES IN PLASMA AND GONADAL TESTOSTERONE AND PLASMA LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN FEMALE AND MALE RATS
Authors: SLOB A. K. , OOMS M. P. , VREEBURG J. T. M. 
Published: December 2008

Plasma levels of testosterone and LH were estimated in female and male rats at gestational ages of 19, 20 and 21 days and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after birth. Concentrations of testosterone in the gonads were also estimated in 20-day-old fetuses and at various times after birth.
Before birth female fetuses had significantly lower levels of testosterone and higher levels of LH than had male fetuses. During the first 24 h after birth female rats also had lower levels of testosterone and higher levels of LH than male rats. The pattern of levels of testosterone in the hours after birth was significantly different between female and male rats in that high levels were observed 1 and 3 h after birth in male rats (3·0 and 2·2 ng/ml respectively). This finding, as well as the relatively high levels of testosterone in female fetuses (about 50% of the levels found in male womb-mates) is discussed.
SUPPRESSION BY ORGANOCHLORINES OF THE RESPONSE TO ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN OF THE INTERRENAL TISSUE IN SAROTHERODON AUREUS (TELEOSTEI)
Authors: ILAN Z. , YARON Z. 
Published: December 2008

Superfused interrenal tissue of Sarotherodon aureus responded to ACTH with increased release of cortisol. The response to ACTH of interrenal tissue taken from fish treated with the organochlorine insecticide 1,1-dichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (o,p-DDD; 50 mg/kg) in vivo was almost totally abolished. Lower doses were less effective. The response was also suppressed by exposure in vitro of the interrenal tissue to the organochlorine; there seemed to be a dose–response to o,p-DDD over the range of 0·023 to 1 mg/l. Also 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p′-DDE) was effective in suppressing the response to ACTH at concentrations of 50–150 mg/l; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p′-DDT) or the polychlorinated biphenyl, Aroclor 1254, were ineffective at 50 mg/l.
No suppressive effect of o,p-DDD on output of cortisol could be detected in superfusion when N6,O2′-dibutyryl cyclic AMP (20 mmol/l) was substituted for ACTH. This may indicate that the interference of o,p-DDD with the interrenal response to ACTH results from an interruption in the generation of cyclic AMP.
DOSE REGIMENS OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE: EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS INFUSION AND OF A GELATIN VEHICLE ON GROWTH IN RATS AND RATE OF ABSORPTION IN RABBITS
Authors: MARY COTES P. , BARTLETT W. A. , GAINES DAS ROSE E. , FLECKNELL P. , TERMEER R. 
Published: December 2008

Different methods for administration of human growth hormone (hGH) have been examined with a view to efficient use of the limited amounts of hGH at present available for clinical use.
We found that in hypophysectomized rats (1) hGH administered by continuous subcutaneous infusion induced a greater increase in body weight (referred to throughout as growth) than hGH administered by intermittent (daily) injection and (2) intermittent injections of hGH dissolved in 16% gelatin induced more growth than hGH dissolved in a glycine buffer.
It was further found that (1) hGH dissolved in 16% gelatin compared with hGH dissolved in a glycine buffer induced lower maximal levels of immunoreactive plasma hGH and between 7 and 9 h after treatment higher plasma levels when injected subcutaneously in rabbits, (2) 125I-labelled hGH added as a tracer to hGH in gelatin was removed more slowly from subcutaneous injection sites in rabbits than 125I-labelled hGH given with hGH in glycine buffer and (3) changes in the ratio of hGH to gelatin had little effect on the time-course of plasma levels of hGH in the rabbit. Addition of the protease inhibitors aprotinin or 6-aminohexanoic acid, to injection of hGH in gelatin or glycine did not induce any consistent increase in plasma levels of hGH.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE-INDUCED RELEASE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE FROM PITUITARY EXPLANTS OF COWS KILLED BEFORE OR AFTER OESTRADIOL TREATMENT
Authors: CONVEY E. M. , KESNER J. S. , PADMANABHAN V. , CARRUTHERS T. D. , BECK T. W. 
Published: December 2008

In ovariectomized heifers, oestradiol decreases concentrations of LH in serum for approximately 12 h after which LH is released in a surge comparable in size and duration to the preovulatory surge. Using this model, we measured LH release induced by LH releasing hormone (LH-RH) from pituitary explants taken from ovariectomized heifers before or after an oestradiol-induced LH surge. These changes were related to changes in LH concentrations in serum and pituitary glands and hypothalamic LH-RH content.
Twenty Holstein heifers were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups to be killed 0, 6, 12, or 24 h after the injection of 500 μg oestradiol-17β. Jugular blood was collected at −2, −1 and 0 h then at intervals of 2 h until slaughter. Pituitary glands were collected and ≃2 mm3 explants were exposed to 4 ng LH-RH/ml medium for 30 min (superfusion) or 4 ng LH-RH/ml medium for 2 h in Erlenmeyer flasks. Levels of LH were measured in the medium. Hypothalami, collected at autopsy, were assayed for LH-RH content. To determine pituitary LH content, an additional 15 ovariectomized heifers were killed, five each at 0, 12 and 24 h after the injection of 500 μg oestradiol. In both groups of heifers, oestradiol reduced serum LH concentrations to ≃ 1 ng/ml, a level which persisted for 12 h, when LH was released in a surge. Pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH was increased at 6 and 12 h after the injection of oestradiol, but was markedly decreased at 24 h, i.e. after the LH surge. Despite this twofold increase in capacity of the pituitary gland to release LH in response to LH-RH, pituitary LH content did not change during 12 h after oestradiol treatment. However, LH content decreased after the LH surge and this decrease was associated with a decrease in pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH. Hypothalamic LH-RH content was not altered by these treatments.
We have interpreted our results as evidence that oestradiol exerts a positive feedback effect on the pituitary gland of ovariectomized heifers such that pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH is increased twofold by the time the LH surge is initiated. In addition, oestradiol causes a transitory inhibition of LH-RH release as shown by the fact that serum LH concentrations remained low during the interval from injection of oestradiol until the beginning of the LH surge despite the fact that pituitary sensitivity to LH-RH is increased at this time. Depletion of a readily releasable pool of pituitary LH may be the mechanism by which the LH surge is terminated.
CELL REPLICATION IN THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS OF ADULT RATS: EFFECTS OF PREGNANCY, OVARIECTOMY AND TREATMENT WITH STEROID HORMONES
Authors: GREEN I. C. , EL SEIFI S. , PERRIN D. , HOWELL S. L. 
Published: December 2008

It was possible to vary the replication rate of cells in the islets of Langerhans of adult rats. The rate of incorporation of [3H]thymidine into islet DNA was increased at 12 days of pregnancy to 2·3-fold and at 19 days of pregnancy to 1·3-fold that in control rats. Ovariectomy, which leads to lowered plasma levels of ovarian steroids, induced a significant and unexpected increase in the rate of thymidine incorporation into islets; treatment of ovariectomized rats with 2 μg oestradiol/rat per day for 3 days reversed this upward trend. When islets from normal rats were cultured with certain combinations of steroid hormones including progesterone and oestradiol or with insulin secretagogues, with the exception of glucose, a decreased rate of DNA synthesis was usually found compared with that in control rats.
Since treatment with steroid hormones inhibited incorporation of [3H]thymidine into islets from ovariectomized rats and directly reduced incorporation into tissue-cultured islets from normal rats in vitro, it was concluded that increased levels of steroid hormones were not responsible for the higher rate of regeneration of islet cells in pregnant rats. However, a striking correlation between levels of blood glucose in vivo and DNA synthesis in islets in vitro has been observed.
FATE OF PROGESTERONE IN THE PLASMA AND VARIOUS TISSUES OF ANAESTHETIZED RABBITS
Authors: VERMA URMILA , LAUMAS K. R. 
Published: December 2008

Studies on the metabolism of progesterone in rabbit plasma and tissues during constant infusion of [3H]progesterone revealed a gradual increase in the concentration of progesterone in plasma until a state of equilibrium was attained about 2 h after the start of infusion. The metabolic clearance rate of progesterone was 0·116 l/min and the turn-over time was 0·006 min/ml plasma. Under conditions of equilibrium, the concentration of radioactivity as well as that of labelled progesterone was higher in the tissues than in plasma. On a unit–weight basis, myometrium localized 6·6 nCi, Fallopian tube 5·5 nCi and vagina 6·1 nCi [3H]progesterone/g tissue. A higher concentration of progesterone, 16·5 nCi, was localized in the mammary gland tissue. Skin localized only 0·9 nCi progesterone and the lowest amount (0·34 nCi/ml) was found in plasma.
The metabolism of progesterone in tissues differed from that in plasma. In plasma only 5·6% of the infused steroid was recovered as unconverted progesterone and the major amount was metabolized to polar compounds with smaller amounts of 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione, 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. In the myometrium and Fallopian tubes the major metabolites were 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one and 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione respectively. In the vagina, like the myometrium, 5α-pregnan-3β-ol,20-one was the major metabolite. 20α-Hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one was the major identified metabolite of mammary gland tissue.
BRAIN ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN AFTER ADRENALECTOMY AND SHAM-OPERATION OF RATS
Authors: VAN DIJK A. M. A. , VAN WIMERSMA GREIDANUS TJ. B. , BURBACH J. P. H. , DE KLOET E. R. , DE WIED D. 
Published: December 2008

The influence of adrenalectomy on the level of immunoreactive 18–24 ACTH extracted from hypothalamus, hippocampus and pituitary gland of rats was investigated. Brain ACTH was further characterized by fractionation by gel-permeation chromatography. Porcine 1–39 ACTH was exposed to synaptic plasma membranes in vitro in order to evaluate the role of metabolic conversion in changes of brain ACTH content.
Removal of the adrenals, when compared with sham-adrenalectomy, resulted in a transient depletion of ACTH content in the anterior pituitary gland and the hippocampus, but not in the hypothalamus and the neurointermediate lobe. However, sham-adrenalectomy caused a transient reduction in levels of ACTH when compared with levels before operation in all tissues studied.
The effects of adrenalectomy on hippocampal ACTH content persisted in hypophysectomized rats. Treatment of adrenalectomized rats with corticosterone failed to restore the reduced ACTH content when it was administered in doses that completely suppressed the release of pituitary ACTH. Adrenal steroids, however, may exert a direct effect on the metabolism of ACTH in the brain as judged from the in-vitro studies with porcine 1–39 ACTH exposed to a synaptosomal plasma membrane fraction of hippocampal tissue. The present study suggests that control of brain ACTH occurs independently of the control of pituitary ACTH release.
GONADOTROPHIN RELEASE IN VITRO, IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE, BY PITUITARY GLANDS FROM OVARIECTOMIZED AND SHAM-OPERATED IMMATURE FEMALE RATS OF VARIOUS AGES
Authors: DULLAART J. 
Published: December 2008

Hemipituitary glands of immature female rats, aged 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 days and either ovariectomized or sham-operated 5 days earlier, were incubated for 2 h in vitro with or without LH releasing hormone. Concentrations of LH and FSH were determined at the end of the incubations in the incubation media and in the hemipituitary glands, and also in the sera collected at the beginning of the incubation experiments.
Results showed that in many instances gonadotrophin release was higher after incubation of glands of ovariectomized rats than with glands of control animals. However, these effects of ovariectomy were much smaller than those observed in vivo and were generally absent in rats of less than 20 days of age. It was concluded that ovariectomy may change the secretory characteristics of the gonadotrophic cells of immature rats but that such changes were largely restricted to immature rats older than 20 days.
EVIDENCE THAT A PLACENTAL FACTOR OTHER THAN ANDROSTERONE OR DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE INHIBITS OESTROGEN-INDUCED LORDOSIS BEHAVIOUR IN PREGNANT RATS
Authors: DE GREEF W. J. , SCHENCK P. E. , VREEBURG J. T. M. , VAN DER VAART P. D. M. , BAUM M. J. 
Published: December 2008

Daily administration of oestradiol benzoate, beginning 10 days after mating, stimulates lordosis behaviour in deciduomata-bearing pseudopregnant rats, but not in pregnant rats. The inhibition of this behaviour during pregnancy was not prevented by reducing the number of conceptuses to two, by removing the fetuses while leaving the placentas in utero, or by removing the ovaries and administering progesterone to prevent abortion. Removal of the uterus or fetuses and placentas on day 12, however, led to high levels of lordosis behaviour. Thus, it is likely that the placenta produces a factor which inhibits the behavioural responsiveness to oestrogen.
Plasma levels of progesterone, androsterone and dihydrotestosterone were higher during the second half of pregnancy than in the second half of pseudopregnancy prolonged by uterine decidualization. The possible involvement of these steroids in the inhibition of lordosis behaviour was investigated by increasing their levels in deciduomata-bearing pseudopregnant rats and determining the effect on oestrogen-induced lordosis behaviour. Little suppression of this behaviour was seen when the pseudopregnant rats were treated with progesterone or androsterone whereas treatment with dihydrotestosterone resulted in a significant inhibition of lordosis behaviour. However, the dose of dihydrotestosterone required to do so resulted in high, non-physiological plasma levels of this steroid. No inhibition of lordosis behaviour was observed when dihydrotestosterone levels were approximately threefold those normally present in pregnant rats. It is concluded that none of these three steroids is primarily responsible for the suppression of lordosis behaviour during pregnancy.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF AN ANTISERUM TO LUTEINIZING HORMONE ON OVARIAN STEROIDOGENESIS IN THE PREGNANT RAT
Authors: TERRANOVA P. F. , GREENWALD G. S. 
Published: December 2008

Pregnant rats were injected s.c. at 09.00 h on day 8 of pregnancy (day 1 = sperm-positive vaginal smear) with either 0·2 or 0·5 ml equine antiserum to bovine LH (anti-LH) while control rats were injected with 0·5 ml normal horse serum (NHS). Rats were decapitated 1,3,6, 24 and 48 h later and serum was saved for radioimmunoassay of progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone and oestradiol. One ovary was kept for histology, and from the other, corpora lutea (three/animal) and the non-luteal ovary (ovarian remnant from which all corpora lutea were removed) were saved for steroid determinations. The production rate of steroids by the luteal and non-luteal ovarian compartment was assessed by incubation in Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate buffer for 2 h.
A significant decrease in the serum concentrations of all steroid hormones was induced by 6 h after treatment with anti-LH; progesterone being the first hormone to be consistently reduced (by 3 h). The steroid concentrations remained lower than those in control rats on days 9 and 10. A single injection of anti-LH reduced the number of healthy antral follicles by 3 h but there were always two to four normal antral follicles per ovary on days 8–10.
The initial hormonal changes in the non-luteal ovary after LH deprivation were decreases in the concentration and production rates of the androgens and oestrogens. The initial concentration of non-luteal progesterone was lower 3 and 6 h after anti-LH than in control rats.
Although anti-LH induced a decrease in the serum concentration of progesterone 24 and 48 h later, the corpora lutea contained more progesterone on day 8 and produced in vitro more progesterone than controls on day 8 after 0·2 and 0·5 ml anti-LH and on day 9 when only 0·5 ml was given. The increase in the initial concentration of progesterone on day 8 probably represents accumulation resulting from inhibition of luteal progesterone release. It appears, therefore, that the initial alteration after LH deprivation is inhibition of the release of luteal progesterone and this alone is sufficient to account for the interruption of pregnancy.
The in-vitro increase in luteal steroidogenesis following LH deprivation was observed to some extent with androstenedione but testosterone was unaffected. Luteal aromatizing enzymes appeared to be very sensitive to LH deprivation on day 8 since the concentration and production of oestrogen decreased without concomitant decreases in androgen.
Progesterone (4 mg) administered along with 0·2 ml anti-LH on day 8 prevented luteal regression and the corpora lutea synthesized progesterone and androgens similarly to NHS-treated controls; however, the corpora lutea of the progesterone-treated group contained and produced less oestrogen than controls.
EFFECT OF α-MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE AND OVARIAN STEROIDS ON PREPUTIAL GLAND FUNCTION IN THE FEMALE RAT
Authors: DONOHOE S. M. , THODY A. J. , SHUSTER S. 
Published: December 2008

Sexually experienced male rats were used to test the attractiveness of preputial gland odours of female rats. The male rats showed a clear preference for the preputial gland odours of hypophysectomized females given oestradiol benzoate (OB) for 3 or 8 days to those of control rats. Progesterone treatment had no effect on the attractiveness of the preputial gland odours of OB-treated hypophysectomized female rats. Administration of α-MSH for either 3 or 8 days, on the other hand, increased the attractiveness to male rats of preputial gland odours of OB-treated hypophysectomized females and the presence of progesterone produced no further change. When administered alone α-MSH had no effect on the attractiveness of the preputial gland odours. Other pituitary hormones, such as ACTH and prolactin, had no effect on the attractiveness of preputial gland odours of OB-treated hypophysectomized rats when administered for 3[unk]days.
An increase in preputial gland size was only seen when OB, progesterone and α-MSH were administered together. It would appear that no relationship exists between the size of the preputial glands and their ability to attract male rats. It is concluded that, while α-MSH and progesterone may be important in controlling growth of the preputial glands, an interaction between α-MSH and oestrogen is more important for regulating the production of sex attractants by the preputial glands.
CARTILAGE RESPONSE TO PLASMA AND PLASMA SOMATOMEDIN ACTIVITY IN RATS RELATED TO GROWTH BEFORE AND AFTER BIRTH
Authors: HILL D. J. , ANDREWS S. J. , MILNER R. D. G. 
Published: December 2008

Cartilage response to plasma, plasma somatomedin activity, body weight and length were measured in rats from 15 days of fetal age to 37 days postnatally. The metabolic activity of costal cartilage was assessed by the incorporation of [35S]sulphate in basal medium and after stimulation by plasma.
It was found that (a) A significant stimulation of isotope uptake above basal levels occurred in the presence of 15% standard adult rat plasma at every age studied. (b) The degree of stimulation, a measure of cartilage sensitivity to plasma growth factors, increased through the latter part of fetal life but fell after birth. A high degree of cartilage stimulation was seen on day 6 of postnatal life. (c) The changes in cartilage sensitivity and in the stimulated isotope uptake, resembled the changes observed in growth rate for body weight, nose–rump length and tail length. (d) Plasma somatomedin activity measured by the pig costal cartilage assay was low in the fetus and neonate but rose to adult values 9 days after birth. However, plasma from fetal or neonatal rats tested on cartilage from rats of the same age was equipotent to adult rat plasma. (e) Plasma from hypophysectomized adult rats had a low potency in stimulating isotope uptake by neonatal rat cartilage but was equipotent to normal adult rat plasma in its action on fetal cartilage. (f) The action of plasma from hypophysectomized rats on fetal cartilage was unaffected by dialysis but was destroyed by incubation with trypsin.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF PROLACTIN SURGES INDUCED BY STIMULATION OF THE UTERINE CERVIX IN THE OVARIECTOMIZED RAT: ITS SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION AND PREOPTIC REGULATION
Authors: KAWAKAMI MASAZUMI , ARITA JUN 
Published: December 2008

Stimulation of the uterine cervix (CS) induced a nocturnal surge of prolactin at 04.00 h and a diurnal surge at 17.00 h in normal ovariectomized rats. However, the CS-induced prolactin surges did not occur in ovariectomized rats which had been treated with 250 μg testosterone propionate during the neonatal period. Chronic bilateral lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) completely abolished the CS-induced nocturnal and diurnal surges of prolactin release which were observed in sham-lesioned, ovariectomized rats. Furthermore, bilateral lesions of the medial basal part of the suprachiasmatic area (MBSC), lying rostral to the SCN, were also effective in blocking the CS-induced nocturnal and diurnal surges. Lesions which destroyed mainly the optic chiasma and extended partially into the MBSC and SCN did not block the CS-induced prolactin surges.
These results suggest that one reason for the failure of ovary-grafted male rats and neonatally androgenized female rats to maintain pseudopregnancy is the extinction of the circadian rhythm of the two daily prolactin surges, and that the MBSC, in addition to the SCN which is known to be a generator of other circadian rhythms, is involved in generation of the rhythm of prolactin surges.