bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Metabolic Control and Body Weight to Hypercholesterolemia in NIDDM Patients With Apolipoprotein E4
Authors: Eto Masaaki , Watanabe Kiyoshi , Makino Isao 
Published: March 2007

Objective
We previously reported that non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) are more susceptible to hypercholesterolemia. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether metabolic control or body weight is related to hypercholesterolemia in NIDDM patients with apoE4.

Research Design and Methods
Two hundred forty NIDDM patients with apoE4 or apoE3/3 who had either hypercholesterolemia or normolipidemia were studied. ApoE phenotypes were determined by isoelectric focusing method.

Results
The apoE4- carrying NIDDM patients with hypercholesterolemia (n = 39) showed significantly higher fasting plasma glucose (8.4 vs. 7.2 mM, P &lt; 0.05), HbA, (9.3 vs. 8.1%, P &lt; 0.05), and percentage of ideal body weight values (116 vs. 102%, P &lt; 0.01) than the apoE4-carrying NIDDM patients with normolipidemia (n – 26), whereas there was no significant difference in their levels between the apoE3/3-carrying NIDDM patients with hypercholesterolemia (n = 47) and normolipidemia (n = 128).

Conclusions
In addition to our previous finding, this study indicates that hypercholesterolemia in apoE4-carrying NIDDM patients may be more closely related to poor metabolic control and increased percentage of ideal body weight.
Randomized Trial Comparing Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion and Conventional Insulin Therapy in Type II Diabetic Patients Poorly Controlled With Sulfonylureas
Authors: Jennings Adrian M , Lewis Kathryn S , Murdoch Susan , Talbot John F , Bradley Clare , Ward John D 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To compare the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and conventional insulin therapy (CIT) in patients with poorly controlled sulfonylurea-treated diabetes mellitus.

Resarch Design and Methods
Twenty-five patients aged 40–65 yr and poorly controlled with sulfonylureas and without severe diabetic complications comprised the study group. Five patients left the study (3 achieved satisfactory glycemic control without insulin, 1 defaulted, 1 developed ketonuria). Ten patients were treated with CSII and 10 with CIT. Outpatient treatment consisted of CIT (twice-daily injections of regular and NPH insulin) or CSII (basal infusion and prandial boluses of regular insulin).

Results
Glycosylated hemoglobin improved with both methods of insulin delivery (P &lt; 0.01), but 8 of 10 CSII-treated patients achieved satisfactory glycemic control (HbA1 &lt; 50 mmol hydroxymethylfurfural/mol Hb), whereas only 3 of 10 CIT-treated patients achieved this (P &lt; 0.05). Weight gain, insulin dosage, and prevalence of hypoglycemia were similar in the two groups. Retinal deterioration occurred in one CSII-treated patient and three CIT-treated patients, but there were no episodes of infusion site infection or metabolic decompensation. Patients' satisfaction with treatment improved during insulin therapy (P &lt; 0.02), and significant changes in beliefs about diabetes and its treatment were observed in CSII-treated patients (P &lt; 0.05).

Concusions
Glycemic control improved with both methods of insulin treated patients achieved satisfactory glycemic control (HbA1 &lt; 50 mmol hydroxymethylfurfural?mol Hb), whereas only 3 of 10 CIT-treated patients achieved this CSII. Patients' satisfaction with treatment improved during insulin therapy.
Normalization of Composition of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Subfractions in Diabetic Subjects During Insulin Infusion With Programmable Implantable Medication System
Authors: Georgopoulos Angeliki , Saudek Christopher D 
Published: March 2007

Objective
–To investigate whether long-term improved glycemic control by intraperitoneal insulin infusion normalizes the compositional abnormalities of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

Research Design and Methods
–Seven subjects were studied before and 12–14 mo after initiation of treatment with the programmable implantable medication system (PIMS). Plasma TG levels were measured, and the composition of three TG-rich lipoprotein subfractions (Svedberg flotation [Sf] &gt;400, 100–400, and 20–100) were analyzed before and every 1.5 h for 7.5 h after ingestion of corn oil.

Results
–PIMS significantly improved glycemic control, as measured by mean blood glucose (P &lt; 0.02), and HbA1 (P &lt;0.001, paired t test) levels. Weight loss was also observed during PIMS treatment. Significant changes occurred in the composition of TG-rich lipoprotein subfractions during PIMS treatment in both the fasting (P &lt; 0.002) and the postprandial (P &lt; 0.0001) state. Most changes were in the direction of nondiabetic values. PIMS treatment reduced the total cholesterol enrichment in IDDM subjects in all three subfractions in the postprandial state and the very-low-density lipoprotein subfractions (Sf 100–400 and 20–100) in the fasting state. Multivariate analysis showed that the compositional changes were affected by improved glycemic control, as assessed by both mean blood glucose and HbA1, whereas the very-low-density lipoprotein compositional changes were by both the improved glycemic control and body weight.

Conclusions
–In IDDM subjects during PIMS treatment, there was normalization of most abnormalities in the composition of fasting and postprandial TG-rich lipoproteins, including enrichment in total cholesterol, which is considered atherogenic.
Relationship of Self-efficacy and Binging to Adherence to Diabetes Regimen Among Adolescents
Authors: Littlefield Christine H , Craven John L , Rodin Gary M , Daneman Denis , Murray Michael A , Rydall Anne C 
Published: March 2007

Objective
–To test the hypothesis that poorer adherence to diabetes care is related to four variables associated with self-concept in adolescents with diabetes: self-esteem, self-efficacy, depression, and binging behavior. In addition, we expected adolescent females to be less adherent to diabetes care.

Research Design and Methods
–We recruited 193 consecutive patients (aged 13–18 yr) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus during their regular quarterly visit to a diabetes clinic in a large urban hospital. Participants completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Children's Depression Inventory, an assessment of the frequency of binging in the past 3 mo, and parallel forms of an adherence scale and a self-efficacy scale that were developed for use in this study.

Results
–Adolescents who reported lower adherence tended to report lower self-esteem (r = 0.45, P &lt; 0.001) and self-efficacy (r = 0.57, P &lt; 0.001), more depressive symptoms (r = −0.50, P &lt; 0.001), more binging (r = −0.36, P &lt; 0.001), and had higher HbA1c (r = −0.24, P &lt; 0.001) than those with higher adherence scores. Together, the psychological variables accounted for 50% of the variance in adherence. There was no sex difference in reported binging, but, as expected, adolescent females reported less adherence overall (F[7,184] = 2.5, P = 0.018).

Conclusions
–Treatment adherence in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with behavioral and psychological variables. These findings suggest that specific behavioral and cognitive interventions could be used to improve adherence in those individuals who lack confidence in their ability to perform diabetes-related tasks.
Relationship of Postload Plasma Glucose to Mortality With 19-Yr Follow-Up. Comparison of one versus two plasma glucose measurements in the Chicago Peoples Gas Company Study
Authors: Vaccaro Olga , Ruth Karen J , Stamler Jeremiah 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To explore the relationship of one versus two postload plasma glucose measurements to 19-yr mortality in men in the Chicago Peoples Gas Company Study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
One-hour postload plasma glucose was measured twice (1.4 yr apart, 1965–1967) for 873 nondiabetic men 34–65 yr of age. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, height, and weight were measured. Data on smoking habits were obtained. Mortality follow-up was complete through July 1986, 19 yr after second glucose load.

RESULTS
In prospective analyses, with each of three glucose values—first, second, and mean of first and second—coronary, cardiovascular, and all-cause age-adjusted mortality rates were higher in quintiles 3, 4, and 5 compared with quintile 1, with a significant linear trend. Multivariate analyses with glycemia as a continuous variable confirmed a positive independent association between plasma glucose and mortality endpoints with first measurement and mean of two values but not with second. With dichotomization of plasma glucose (≥ 11.2 mM [≥ 200 mg/dl]) for 30 men hyperglycemic both times, CHD and CVD death rates were significantly higher (odds ratios 2.3–2.7) compared with those for 758 men consistently nonhyperglycemic. In contrast, for those hyperglycemic once only, death rates were not significantly higher. Results of multivariate analyses were consistent with these findings.

CONCLUSIONS
These data indicate a significant relationship of asymptomatic hyperglycemia on repeat examinations to coronary and cardiovascular mortality independent of other factors measured in the study.
C-peptide Response to Meal Challenge in Nondiabetic and Diabetic Adults Living in Wadena, Minnesota
Authors: Bushhouse Sally A , Goetz Frederick C , Jacobs David R , Bender Alan P , French L Ronald , Oestreich Patricia G , Geisser Mindy S 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
The goal of the study was to provide cross-sectional descriptive data on the response of C-peptide to a vigorous meal stimulus in a population-based sample of nondiabetic adults compared with a population-based sample of adults with NIDDM. Available information is scanty, especially in subjects &gt; 50 yr old.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The group under study included 377 adults without previously known diabetes randomly chosen from the population of the city of Wadena, Minnesota, almost all of northern European background, and 88 adults with known diabetes. PCP was measured 90 min after ingestion of 480 ml liquid meal Ensure-Plus, which includes 95 g dextrose, 26 g protein, and 25 g fat. C-peptide also was measured in a 260-min urine collection after the meal challenge. Novo antibody M1221 was used for C-peptide assay throughout the study. Participants whose medical record indicated insulin-dependent diabetes with a history of acetone production were excluded from analyses.

RESULTS
The distribution of UCP and PCP in this group of subjects appears very broad. Both the highest and lowest values for C-peptide were observed in individuals with diabetic glucose tolerance. The mean and median values in the nondiabetic group are higher than in previously published reports. After statistical adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and concomitant plasma glucose, participants with IGT produced significantly more C-peptide than the group with NGT (3.48 vs. 2.96 nM PCP, P &lt; 0.05). Participants with diabetic glucose tolerance and who were not taking insulin produced as much or more C-peptide than either the NGT or IGT groups, depending on the statistical model used for adjusting for plasma glucose. Diabetic participants who were taking insulin produced significantly lower amounts of C-peptide than any of the non-insulin-taking groups (∼ 30% of the C-peptide produced by the non-insulin-taking diabetic participants). A decline in PCP production with increasing years since diagnosis (5.7%/yr) was observed exclusively in the insulin-taking NIDDM participants. Effect modification by glucose tolerance classification was observed on the relationship between plasma glucose and PCP: PCP increased with increasing plasma glucose in NGT and IGT groups, but a nonsignificant negative relationship was exhibited in diabetic participants.

CONCLUSIONS
The data suggest that two forms of NIDDM may exist, crudely distinguished by the clinical decision to use insulin to control blood glucose levels. The insulin-taking diabetic individuals may experience a greater likelihood of pancreatic failure, whereas non-insulin-taking diabetic individuals probably experience stable pancreatic function over the course of their disease. Longitudinal observation of the Wadena cohort will provide more insight into this possibility.
Prevalence of Eating Disorder Symptoms in Preadolescent and Adolescent Girls With IDDM
Authors: Striegel-Moore Ruth H , Nicholson Timothy J , Tamborlane William V 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To assess attitudinal and behavioral symptoms of eating disorders in preadolescent and adolescent girls with IDDM and a matched sample of nondiabetic subjects, and to explore the relationship between the perceived impact of IDDM and eating disorder symptoms.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
All eligible IDDM patients (girls, age 8–18 yr) from the case register of the Yale Children's Diabetes Clinic were recruited for this study. Of 49 eligible patients, 46 participated in the study. Control subjects were recruited among students in several local schools; 46 girls, individually age and race-matched with IDDM patients, and group-matched by father's socioeconomic status, were included in this study. All subjects participated in an investigator-based clinical interview (EDE) and completed a self-report measure of eating-related psychopathology (EDI). IDDM subjects completed the DQOL measure to determine the perceived impact of diabetes on patients' lives.

RESULTS
IDDM patients reported significantly more regular consumption of meals and snacks than did nondiabetic subjects. No group differences were found on measures of symptoms of eating disorders: both groups reported minimal levels of symptoms. Among adolescent IDDM patients, eating disorder symptoms were related significantly to patients' dissatisfaction with the illness and its impact on their lives.

CONCLUSIONS
It appears that when applying stringent diagnostic procedures and matching criteria, IDDM girls do not evidence an elevated prevalence of eating disorder symptoms. However, those IDDM patients who did report symptoms may be a high-risk group for the development of an eating disorder and should be followed prospectively.
Microalbuminuria Immunoassay Based on Antibodies Covalently Conjugated to Eupergit C-Coated Beads
Authors: Solomon Beka , Fleminger Gideon , Schwartz Fidi , Doolman Ram , Sela Ben-Ami 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To develop a reliable, simple, and sensitive assay for microalbuminuria, based on covalent attachment of anti-HSA to oxirane-bearing polymethylmethacrylate beads (Eupergit CB6200).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Anti-HSA antibodies were coupled to CB6200 beads by reaction of their amino groups with the oxirane groups of the matrix. The capability of the beads to bind HSA from standard solutions or urine was evaluated and compared with the state of the art ELISA test.

RESULTS
The new bead immunoassay is sensitive and linear in the range of 1–25 mg/L, which is considered the low microalbuminuria range. When HSA levels in urine were tested, the intra- and interassay CV values ranged between 2.7 and 3.9% and between 5.6 and 6.6%, respectively. The long-term storage stability of the antibodies covalently bound on the beads was higher than of the same antibodies adsorbed on ELISA plates. After 16 wk of storage, the CV was about 7.3% with the bead assay, compared with 14% obtained for the ELISA test under the same experimental conditions.

CONCLUSIONS
A new procedure for microalbuminuria assay was developed, with Eupergit CB6200 beads as a solid support for covalent binding of the first antibody. Accuracy, sensitivity, reproducibility, and precision of the bead immunoassay were similar to those of commonly used immunoassays, as exemplified by the analysis of HSA in 53 clinical urine samples. The bead assay retains a low degree of variability over long storage periods, and the beads may be reapplied after a simple acid-washing procedure.
Glucose Turnover in Type I Diabetic Subjects During Exercise: Effect of selective and nonselective β-blockade and insulin withdrawal
Authors: Benn Jonathan J , Brown Philip M , Beckwith Lucy J , Farebrother Martin , Sönksen Peter H 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of selective β1-blockade (atenolol and betaxolol) and nonselective β-blockade (propranolol) on glucose turnover in subjects with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus during moderate exercise.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Five subjects with type I diabetes were infused with insulin and then exercised for 1 h, after pretreatment with each of the three drugs or saline and, on a separate day, after withdrawal of insulin. Glucose turnover was measured using tritiated glucose.

RESULTS
Plasma glucose, initially 9.2 ± 0.5 mmol/L (mean ± SE) when insulin infused and 14.0 ± 0.8 when insulin was withdrawn, fell on exercise by 3.4 ± 1.1 mmol/L (P &lt; 0.05) saline, 4.0 ± 0.8 mmol/L (P &lt; 0.01) with betaxolol, 3.8 ± 0.7 mmol/L (P &lt; 0.01) with atenolol, 5.0 ± 0.6 mmol/L (P &lt; 0.005) with propranolol, and 1.7 ± 1.0 mmol/L (NS) when insulin was withdrawn. Propranolol, but not the other β-blockers, caused a significantly greater fall in glucose on exercise than during the control study. Glucose appearance rate (Ra) was similar basally and rose to an almost identical level in all five groups during exercise. Glucose disappearance rate (Rd) rose similarly during exercise, except after propranolol when the rise was significantly greater with saline (P &lt; 0.01). Failure of glucose to change significantly during exercise when insulin had been withdrawn was associated with the smallest rise in Rd and the highest nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Propranolol and betaxolol, but not atenolol, reduced nonesterified fatty acids.

CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that the greater fall in glucose on exercise after β-blocking drugs is probably largely a direct effect of β2-blockade on muscle, increasing the exercise-induced rise in Rd glucose. This offers support to the use of β1-specific drugs, where β-blockade is necessary in type I diabetes.
Effect of Treatment With Capsaicin on Daily Activities of Patients With Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors:   Capsaicin Study Group
Published: March 2007

Objective
— To establish the effects of topically applied capsaicin on daily activities in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy.

Research Design and Methods
— Investigators at 12 sites enrolled 277 men and women with painful peripheral polyneuropathy and/or radiculopathy in an 8-wk double-blind vehicle-controlled study with parallel randomized treatment assignments. Participants were unresponsive or intolerant to conventional therapy and were experiencing pain that interfered with functional activities and/or sleep. Either 0.075% capsaicin cream or vehicle cream was applied to the painful areas 4 times/day. A visual analogue scale of pain intensity and baseline measurements of the pain's interference with the ability to walk, work, participate in recreational activities, use shoes and socks, sleep, and eat were recorded at onset and at 2-wk intervals. A physician's global evaluation scale assessed changes in pain status from baseline.

Results
— Statistically significant differences are percentage of patients with improvement in favor of capsaicin versus vehicle: 69.5 vs 53.4% with clinical improvement in pain status (P = 0.012), 26.1 vs. 14.6% with improvement in walking (P = 0.029), 18.3 vs. 9.2% with improvement in working (P = 0.019), 29.5 vs. 20.3% with improvement in sleeping (P = 0.036), and 22.8 vs. 12.1% with improvement in participating in recreational activities (P = 0.037).

Conclusions
— The results from this study suggest that topical 0.075% capsaicin is effective for reducing pain in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy with subsequent improvement in daily activities, enhancing the quality of the patient's life.
Dietary protein intake is not correlated with clinical proteinuria in NIDDM
Authors: Jameel Nauman , Pugh Jacqueline A , Mitchell Braxton D , Stern Michael P 
Published: March 2007

Objective
— To determine whether dietary protein intake is correlated with clinical proteinuria in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

Research Design And Methods
— Cross-sectional analysis of data obtained from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based survey of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. Subjects were enrolled in two phases: phase 1 between 1979 and 1982 and phase 2 between 1984 and 1988. This study was based on 376 NIDDM subjects who had both urinalysis and complete dietary protein intake information available. Dietary protein intake was measured by 24-h dietary recall in phase 1 and by food-frequency questionnaire in phase 2. An early-morning spot urine was obtained from study subjects. Clinical proteinuria was defined as ≥ 1 on Ames Albustix test.

Results
— In phase 1, the subjects with negative or trace proteinuria had a mean protein intake of 79.9 g/day compared with 72.1 g/day for subjects with ≥ 1 proteinuria. In phase 2, the mean protein intake was 72.2 g/day in the negative/trace group and 65.3 g/day in the ≥ 1 proteinuria group. In multivariate analysis, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, systolic blood pressure, and 2-h blood glucose, we were again unable to detect a significant correlation between dietary protein intake and clinical proteinuria.

Conclusions
— These data do not support the hypothesis that high-protein intake is a risk factor for clinical proteinuria in NIDDM subjects. Therefore, any recommendation for protein restriction in the diets of NIDDM subjects, before the development of NIDDM-related nephropathy, must be made with caution.
Impairment of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Function and Metabolic Control of Diabetes
Authors: Marhoffer Wilhelm , Stein Michael , Maeser Erika , Federlin Konrad 
Published: March 2007

Objective
In this study, ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus and “bacteria killing” (BK) were measured to evaluate polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) phagocytic functions and chemiluminescence response (CL) to phorbolmyristic acetate (PMA) as respiratory burst activity with regard to metabolic control parameters in diabetic patients.

Research Design and Methods
PMN phagocytic functions were assessed in 40 diabetic patients, all receiving insulin and in poor metabolic control, with 3H-thymidine-labeled Staphylococcus aureus in a modified radiometric assay. Bacteria killing was determined by pure-plate counting of surviving bacteria (colony-forming units [cm]) and luminol-enhanced CL in response to PMA as a measure of respiratory burst. PMN function data were correlated to HbA1 as parameter of recent metabolic control.

Results
PMN of diabetic patients showed a significant reduction in Staphylococcus aureus (50.7 ± 4.1%) and BK (29.4 ± 4.2%) compared with healthy nondiabetic control subjects (76.6 ± 4.6% and 16.3 ± 3.1%, respectively, P &lt; 0.001), and PMN CL response was markedly reduced in diabetic patients also. Linear regression analysis showed a highly significant negative correlation of HbAi versus Staphylococcus aureus (r = -0.67, P = 0.001) and a positive correlation for BK (r = 0.73, P &lt; 0.001). This was also true for CL, although this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06).

Conclusions
The data obtained demonstrate impaired PMN phagocytic functions and CL response in diabetic patients. These findings suggest inhibitory effects of elevated glucose concentrations on PMNs, a possible role of protein glycosylation for impairing PMN function, thus contributing in part to altered host defense.