bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Consequences of Obstetric Technology: the Importance of Measuring “Soft” Outcomes
Authors: Oakley Ann 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT The impact of obstetric technology on the outcome of pregnancy has been evaluated by three main categories of outcome measures‐those to do with mortality, physical morbidity, and “psychosocial” morbidity. There has been a marked preference among obstetricians and epidemiologists for mortality as a measure of outcome. The reasons for this situation are examined. The importance is argued of taking into account the other groups of outcomes, especially the psychosocial or so‐called “soft” outcomes. Some relevant studies which have included the assessment of mothers’ attitudes to obstetric technology are cited, and the limitations of present methods of evaluating “soft” outcomes are discussed. The social evaluation and consequences of obstetric technology are placed in the broad context of the problems generated by the role of technology in modern industrialized society. (BIRTH 10:2, Summer 1983)
The Politics of Co‐optation: Strategies for Childbirth Educators
Authors: Declercq Eugene Ft. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Co‐optation is the process of absorbing new elements into the leadership of an organization in order to diffuse the threat of challenging groups or individuals and to protect the status quo. Childbirth educators and other representatives of parents are targets for attempted co‐optation by, among others, advertisers seeking to use the influence of childbirth educators on the buying habits of new parents; by hospitals that incorporate the form of childbirth classes without their substance; and by members of associations that invite “consumer advocates” to participate in order to create the impression of willingness to change. Some ways to advance the interests of parents in these situations, without being co‐opted, are discussed. (BIRTH 10:3, Fall 1983)
Mothers' Views of Continuous Electronic Fetal Heart Monitoring and Intermittent Auscultation in a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Garcia Jo , Corry Martina , MacDonald Dermot , Elbourne Diana , Grant Adrian 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: We report the views of 200 women interviewed as part of a large randomized controlled trial in a Dublin hospital to compare a policy of continuous intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring (EFM) with an alternative policy of intermittent auscultation using a Pinard stethoscope (IA). More women allocated to EFM reported that they felt restricted in their movements than did those allocated to IA. On the other hand, we found no evidence that the method of monitoring either influenced the support that they said they experienced or provided significant reassurance or made them feel more or less in control. There is a suggestion that women monitored with EFM were more likely to be left alone for short periods.This study suggests that the method of monitoring was less important to women in this hospital than the support and reassurance they received from staff and companions. Personal and continuous care from a midwife for all women in labor is a key feature of the hospital's policy and our study suggests that, in general, this policy was successfully translated into both IA and EFM practice, although the association between the use of EFM and an increase in women being left alone for short periods indicates a need for caution.
Short‐Term Morbidity Associated with Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Hillan Edith M. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis study describes the short‐term morbidity associated with cesarean delivery and women's knowledge of the reasons it was performed. It was conducted in a university teaching hospital that delivers approximately 4000 women per year. During 1986, 619 women (16%) were delivered by cesarean, 588 of whom were sent a questionnaire three months after delivery. The response rate was 76 percent. General questions were asked about the women's recovery and health state after the birth, and whether they had experienced more specific types of morbidity, including infection, backache, and depression, and the reasons for the cesarean delivery. Women's answers were then compared with the obstetric case record. In their comprehension of why the cesarean was necessary, 87 percent of women were right or partially right, 35 percent believed they had still not fully recovered, and 28 percent felt less healthy than before the pregnancy. Women experienced a wide variety of postnatal morbidity, most commonly backache (55%), constipation (49%), and depression (38%). The study showed that considerable maternal morbidity is associated with cesarean delivery, and it can persist long after the woman is discharged from hospital. Much more information is necessary about the health of women after delivery, and research is urgently required to determine the comparative rates of morbidity associated with different delivery methods.
Immersion in Water During labor and Birth: The Need for Evaluation
Authors: McCandlish Rona , Renfrew Mary 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTDespite widespread and increasing use of immersion in water during labor, birth, or both in many different countries, no reliable information is available about its advantages, hazards, and resource implications. We describe the development of immersion in water during labor and birth, the current use of this form of care in the United Kingdom, the research that has been conducted to date, and possible strategies for future research. Three approaches to research are suggested: a survey of existing practice, a randomized controlled trial, and a confidential register of serious adverse events.
Active Management A Continuing Benefit in Nulliparous labor
Authors: O'Herlihy Colm 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTAt the Tenth Birth Conference in Boston, 1992, a randomized clinical trial of active management of labor that is being conducted at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston was described by principal investigator, Fredric Frigoletto, Jr., MD. The study of 1800 primiparous women will examine the effect of the active management protocol on the rate of cesarean section. Since the presentation generated such strong disagreement during the discussion that followed, a further examination of the benefits and risks of the method is presented in this two‐part roundtable. Part I comprises papers by Colm O'Herlihy, from National Maternity Hospital in Dublin where the active management of labor method originated, by Michael Klein, who moderated the Boston presentation and discussion, and by Henci Goer, who was an audience participant. Part II, to be published in the September issue, will contain papers by William Fraser, a Boston conference speaker who will discuss methodologic issues, by audience participant Karyn Kaufman presenting a midwife's perspective, by sociologist Barbara Katz Rothman, and by Marc J.N.C. Keirse, with a final comment.
Maternal Recall and Medical Records: An Examination of Events During Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Early Infancy
Authors: Githens Penny B. , Glass Cheryl A. , Sloan Frank A. , Entman Stephen S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTIt is not currently known whether sufficiently precise data on a previous pregnancy, labor and delivery, and early infancy can be obtained retrospectively. We conducted a telephone survey in 1991 of women who delivered babies between 1984 and 1986 at two teaching hospitals in Nashville, Tennessee, to assess how well mothers recall information on factors predictive of an adverse birth outcome. The survey yielded 102 usable responses that were compared with hospital records for mothers and infants. Overall, 89 percent agreement was found between women's responses and their charts. Respondents were not reluctant to answer potentially sensitive questions, and their technical knowledge was typically better for their own health than about some prenatal diagnostic procedures and their infants' health. We found no difference in recall accuracy according to whether mothers experienced some adversity with the index pregnancy. Accurate perinatal information can generally be obtained with a recall period as high as four to six years. (BIRTH 20:3, September 1993)
What Are They Talking About? Is Something Wrong? Information Sharing During the Second Stage of Labor
Authors: McKay Susan , Smith Susan Yager 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty postpartal women were shown videotapes of their second stage labors and simultaneously interviewed. During separate interviews, their 25 caregivers were also shown the videotapes and interviewed. The interviews were analyzed for major themes, one of which was sharing information during labor. Although women and caregivers appeared to agree about what information laboring women require and how it should be given, caregiver perceptions of the quality of their information giving were more positive than mothers' perceptions. Many women wanted more informational support, especially in alleviating unvoiced fears about their baby's health. (BIRTH 20:3, September 1993)
Attitudes, Practices, and Recommendations by Obstetricians About Infant Feeding
Authors: Howard Cynthia R. , Schaffer Stanley J. , Lawrence Ruth A. 
Published: April 2007

Background:Little information is available about the degree to which obstetricians promote breastfeeding through patient care practices and educational activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes, practices, and recommendations of obstetricians regarding infant feeding selection.Methods:A written survey was mailed to 148 obstetrician/gynecologists in Monroe County, New York (78% response rate, n= 116).Results:Of the 104 physicians in active obstetric practice, 86 percent conducted prenatal discussions about infant feeding with patients, 80 percent recommended breastfeeding, and 68 percent were commonly contacted postpartum by patients to address breastfeeding questions. Overall, 57 percent routinely incorporated these breastfeeding supportive practices into their prenatal and postpartum patient care. Attitudes about obstetric responsibility for infant feeding counselings and about the importance of counseling independently predicted the provision of these services. Infant feeding information was given to patients by 98 percent of obstetricians; 75 percent used written and 39 percent used videotaped materials. Formula company‐produced infant feeding literature (41%), pregnancy literature (57%), and free formula offers (61%) were commonly used. Of those surveyed, 58 percent lacked training and 22 percent reported inadequate training in infant nutrition.Conclusions:Although most obstetricians in Monroe County provide infant feeding education and recommend breastfeeding, most report that their training about infant nutrition is inadequate, and they distribute infant formula company materials and offers to patients. Such discrepancies in patient care are inconsistent with promoting breastfeeding as optimal infant nutrition. (BIRTH 24:4, December 1997)
The Frequency of Coitus During Breastfeeding
Authors: Visness Cynthia M. , Kennedy Kathy I. 
Published: April 2007

Background:New mothers and clinicians would benefit from an understanding of typical sexual behavior during breastfeeding. Unfortunately, little information is available about both the typical length of time to resumption of coitus and the frequency of sexual relations during breastfeeding. This paper describes the commencement and frequency of coitus among breastfeeding women in a variety of settings.Methods:The analysis draws on data from two separate research studies. The first was undertaken in three sites (Birmingham, United Kingdom; Montreal, Canada; Sydney, Australia), the purpose of which was to correlate natural observations of fertility with the underlying hormonal profile among breastfeeding women using the sympto‐thermal method of natural family planning. The second was a clinical trial of the lactational amenorrhea method of family planning conducted in Manila, the Philippines.Results:Coital frequency reported by these populations of breastfeeding women appears to be lower than that reported in other studies for married women in general. As other research demonstrated, we found coital frequency and postpartum resumption of coitus to be associated with age, but not with the number of children in the household.Conclusions:A better understanding of the level of sexual activity among breastfeeding women could inform and improve programs that offer postpartum support and counseling about family planning. (BIRTH 24:4, December 1997)
Management of smoking patients by specialist periodontists and hygienists in the United Kingdom
Authors: Dalia D. , Palmer R. M. , Wilson R. F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective: To assess the management of patients who are current smokers in dental practice.Materials and methods: A postal questionnaire to the 243 periodontists on the UK specialist register and 239 randomly selected hygienists on the General Dental Council register.Results: Eighty per cent of both groups responded. There were significant demographic differences between the two groups of respondents: 88% of periodontists were in specialist practice and/or hospital or university departments, while 89% of hygienists were in general dental practice. Periodontists routinely asked their patients about smoking 99% of the time, hygienists 89%. More than 5 min. was spent advising a smoker patient by 35% of periodontists and 19% of hygienists. A proportion of both groups claimed to have had some recognized training in quit smoking (44% and 39%). When asked about the oral conditions of their smoking patients, 26% of periodontists stated that these patients did not have poorer oral hygiene, while 67% of hygienists thought that they did. While the majority of both groups discussed the oral effects of smoking, less than two‐thirds discussed methods of giving up.Conclusion: Both periodontists and hygienists are generally aware of the problems of treating smokers, and accordingly ask and advise their patients. However, lack of time and poor patient response may inhibit active involvement in assisting patients to quit smoking.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Brubacher John S. , Stiles Lindley J. , Tingley Donald F. 
Published: April 2007

FOUR PHILOSOPHIES—AND THEIR PRACTICE IN EDUCATION AND RELIGION. By J. Donald Butler.THE TEACHER IN SCHOOL AND SOCIETY. By Harold Rugg and B. Marian Brooks.THE LETTER OF ROBERT G. INGERSOLL. Edited by Eva Ingersoll Wakefield.
Book Reviews
Authors: Connel W. F. , Aschner Marry Jane 
Published: April 2007

Educational Freedom in an Age of Anxiety. Twelfth Yearbook of the John Dewey Society, ed. Freedom, Power, and democratic Planning. By K. Mannheim, Internat. Lib. of Sociol. & Soc. Reconstr. Improving Teaching‐Learning Processes. By Ray H. Simpson.
PLACENTAL AND FOETAL WEIGHTS ASSOCIATED WITH ALLOANTIGENIC DIFFERENCES AND MULTIPARITY IN MICE
Authors: Breyere Edward J. , Zarick Pamela P. , Griffin Bill R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe effects of varying degrees of multiparity on placental and foetal weights were examined in BALB/c female mice pregnant by either BALB/c or C3H males. Continual decreases in placental weights are observed through third pregnancies followed by progressive increases in both syngeneic and allogeneic placentas. In syngeneic pregnancies, foetal weights are generally proportional to placental weights, but those of allogeneic pregnancies tend to oppose placental weights. Evidence is presented that placental weights are also influenced by foetus‐specific antigens and the genotype of previous litters. In this strain combination, placental weights reflect changes in maternal reactivity different from those previously reported with tumour allografts.
GENE EXPANSION AND ANTIBODY VARIABILITY
Authors: Wang An‐Chuan , Fudenberg H. Hugh 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe amino acid sequence near the N‐terminus of a human immunoglobulin (Ig) light (L) chain has been determined. This sequence is more homologous to avian Ig L chains than to human Ig L chains, and defines an additional variable (V‐) region subgroup designated as VλVI. These data also suggest that all vertebrates share large numbers of Ig V‐region genes and that 'species‐specific’residues reflect the expression in different species of different sets of V‐region genes. Control at a level equivalent to ‘regulatory genes’* determines which genes are expressed. Our findings raise a question concerning the possible role of redundant DNA, in that at least some of the ‘nonsense’ DNA in one species may actually be 'sense’DNA in another. We hypothesize that in evolution‘gene expansion’is a regular mechanism for the generation of new genes and that different members of a given group of repetitious genes are expressed in different species. Such a phenomenon is basically similar to the‘mechanism’controlling the differential expression of genes during embryonic differentiation. Our hypothesis differs from the previous version of the germ‐line hypothesis proposed for genetic control of antibody variability which involves ‘sudden excessive gene expansion and contraction’. Evidence suggesting that the‘gene expansion’mechanism may also be applicable to a lesser degree to other gene systems is briefly reviewed and discussed.
A SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SHEEP LEUCOCYTE ANTIGENS
Authors: Ford C. H. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYForty‐eight leucocytotoxic antisera obtained from parous ewes and from the recipients of osteoarticular and skin allografts were tested with a panel of leucocytes from unrelated sheep. Computer analysis of the serological data and limited adsorption studies have enabled the tentative identification of twenty‐one sheep leucocyte antigens. By adsorption erythrocytes have been shown to lack these antigens. It is postulated that the antigens belong to one or possibly more system(s) for which the term ShL‐A is proposed.
IMMUNOGENETIC PROPERTIES OF SL‐A INHIBITOR SUBSTANCES IN SERUM OF PIGS*
Authors: Cwik S. , Schmid D. O. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryOne hundred and twelve pig sera were screened for their inhibitory properties to cytolytic reactions of eighteen reagents obtained after skin grafting. All of the tested pig sera discriminately inhibited the cytotoxicity of various reagents, which clearly demonstrated that the inhibitions are of defined specificities. This could be confirmed in pig families. In a number of instances serum contained inhibitors of such specificities that were not detectable on the lymphocyte membrane of the animal the serum was taken from. The aim of this study was not to identify the specificities involved. Nevertheless the SL‐A3 specificity was observed in serum of eighty‐four out of 112 animals, whereby the SL‐A3 antigen was detectable on the lymphocyte membrane of only fourteen of those animals. The occurrence of histocompatibility inhibitors in serum of pigs is of importance in experimental organ grafting and in immunizations of animals when reagents of certain specificities are attempted to be produced. Granulocytes appear also to be furnished with cell bound histocompatibility antigens.
GENETIC STUDIES OF SHEEP LEUCOCYTE ANTIGENS
Authors: Ford C. H. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTwenty‐two cytotoxic anti‐leucocyte antisera, possibly identifying twenty‐one leucocyte antigens in the sheep, have been used to type forty sheep families. It has been demonstrated that the antigens are under genetic control and that they are not Y‐linked. A difference in antigen frequency in different breeds is indicated.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE MNSs‐BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
Authors: Dahr W. , Uhlenbruck G. , Knott H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYExperimental data are discussed which indicate that one alkali‐labile tetrasaccharide present on each MN‐glycoprotein subunit is part of the M‐ and N‐antigen receptor site. It is concluded therefore that the difference between M‐ and N‐antigens resides in the amino acid sequence of the glycoprotein. Based on the different topographical distribution of the MNSs‐receptors within the membrane an explanation for the cross‐reaction of anti‐N reagents with ordinary M‐erythrocytes is proposed.
HL‐A TYPING IN AN INBRED POPULATION IN A SWISS ALPINE VILLAGE: FIESCHERTAL
Authors: Van der Does J. A. , Van Leeuwen A. , Jeannet M. , Nijenhuis L. , Van Loghem E. , Khan P. Meera , Bernini L. , Bohnhof‐Pallfy M. , Volken B. , Gabb B. W. , Van Rood J. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn a population of 164 very closely related members of a Swiss alpine village, the HL‐A system and seven other immunogenetic systems were studied. The two main techniques of lymphocytotoxicity and leuco‐agglutination were used in two different laboratories for the HL‐A serology. The W4(4a) and W6(4b) antigens are especially emphasized, and discrepancies between the two techniques discussed. The use of large families proved valuable for the definition of several previously ill defined anitgens.
MLC TYPING IN HL‐A IDENTICAL NON‐SIBLING PAIRS IN AN INBRED POPULATION
Authors: Van der Does J. A. , Van Leeuwen A. , Van Rood J. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYMixed Lymphocyte Culture (MLC) tests were performed between HL‐A identical non‐sibling members of an inbred population. Three pairs were known to be related, and the descent of chromosomes is followed by both HL‐A serology and MLC tests. The implication of a high frequency of negative MLC tests between HL‐A identical non‐sibling pairs in this population as compared with other populations is discussed.
COMPARATIVE IMMUNOGENICITY OF THY‐1.1 AND THY‐1.2 ANTIGENS
Authors: Staines N. A. , O'Neill G. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe immunogenicity of Thy‐1 antigens was examined using the Thy‐1 congenic mouse strains A and A/Thy‐1.1. A disequilibrium of response was found between these strains. A strain mice rejected skin grafts and produced high titres of antibody to lymphoid cells from A/Thy‐1.1 strain mice. However, in the reverse combination grafts were not rejected nor was there any significant antibody response. A/Thy‐1.1 mice did not respond to Thy‐1.2 antigen when it was presented on an H‐2 allogeneic background (A·SW strain) but did respond to it when non‐H‐2 incompatibilities were involved (B10·A strain donor). We postulate the existence of Ir gene(s) for the response to Thy‐1.2 antigens which are linked to H‐2. The failure of A/Thy‐1.1 strain mice to respond to Thy‐1.2 antigens in the absence of carrier determinants is the result of a deletion (in the germ line) of the appropriate Ir gene itself resulting from the long association of the H‐2a haplotype of the A mouse (donor of the genetic background of A/Thy‐1.1 strain) with the Thy‐1.2 gene.
SDS‐POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS FROM S‐s‐U‐ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Dahr W. , Uhlenbruck G. , Issitt P. D. , Allen F. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIt is shown that S‐s‐U‐erythrocytes have no detectable PAS‐3, B‐ and C‐glyco‐protein bands which are demonstrable by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of red cell membranes and subsequent PAS‐staining. PAS‐1 and ‐2 are normal with respect to electrophoretic mobility and staining intensity. The staining intensity of PAS‐3, B and C from heterozygous defective erythrocytes is about half of normal. One S‐s‐U+ blood sample did not differ from the S‐s‐U‐bloods.