bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory processes triggered by TCR engagement or by local cytokine expression: differences in profiles of gene expression and infiltrating cell populations
Authors: Takase Hiroshi , Yu Cheng-Rong , Ham Don-Il , Chan Chi-Chao , Chen Jun , Vistica Barbara P , Wawrousek Eric F , Durum Scott K , Egwuagu Charles E , Gery Igal 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Immune cell-mediated inflammatory responses are triggered by TCR engagement with the target antigen, the initial event that brings about the complex sequence of events of the inflammatory process. Another form of inflammation is induced by local expression of certain cytokines. Unlike the former form of inflammation, little is known about the basic features of the cytokine-induced responses. Here, we analyzed tissue morphology, the infiltrating cells, and up-regulated, inflammation-related genes in mouse eyes in which inflammation is triggered by local transgenic (Tg) expression of cytokines and compared these features with those in eyes with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), in which inflammation is initiated by engagement of TCR on sensitized T cells with their target antigen, followed by the well-defined, subsequent cytokine production. Eyes of IFN-γ Tg mice exhibited severe, morphological changes but essentially no inflammation, and intense inflammation was found in eyes of interleukin (IL)-1 or IL-7 Tg mice. The cellular infiltration in eyes of these latter two lines of Tg mice resembled that in eyes with EAU by including many CD4 cells, but unlike in EAU, the infiltration in Tg eyes contained large proportions of B cells and only small numbers of macrophages. Real-time PCR analysis of eye RNA revealed differences among the disease models in the expression profiles of various inflammation-related genes. It is interesting that a bias toward T helper cell type 1 immunity (high IFN-γ, RANTES/CCL5, MIG/CXCL9, and T-bet but low IL-4, IL-5, and GATA-3 transcripts) was found in EAU eyes but not in eyes of IL-1 and IL-7 Tg mice. The results thus show that similar to TCR engagement, local expression of certain cytokines triggers a complex, subsequent production of numerous inflammation-related molecules, but features of the ensued inflammatory process are determined by the triggering mechanism.
Cortisol Production Rate in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Wheler G. H. Trevor , Brandon David , Clemons Aaron , Riley Crystal , Kendall John , Loriaux D. Lynn , Kinzie J. David 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Context: Several authors have reported the unsuspected finding of low cortisol levels (urinary, salivary, and serum) in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Objective: Our objective was to assess concentrations of cortisol and its predominant metabolites, cortisol production rate (CPR), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding characteristics in PTSD compared with normal subjects.
Design: Matched PTSD patients and control subjects had CPR determined by a stable isotope dilution technique after infusion of deuterated cortisol. Serum cortisol, urinary cortisol, and its metabolites were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. GR binding capacity (Ro) and ligand binding affinity (Kd) were measured in mononuclear leukocytes.
Setting: All subjects were tested during a 40-h admission in an inpatient clinical research center.
Patients and Participants: Ten patients with PTSD were matched by age and gender with 10 controls.
Outcome Measures: Statistical comparison was conducted for various measures of cortisol in PTSD patients and normal subjects.
Results: No statistical difference was found in mean level or circadian pattern of cortisol secretion using serum or salivary immunoassay detection methods. Although in the normal range, urinary cortisol by immunoassay showed statistically lower values over a 24-h period in PTSD patients compared with controls. This finding was not confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry determination of cortisol or its metabolites. CPR was not statistically different between these groups. GR also showed no alteration in Ro or Kd between the groups.
Conclusion: The data indicate that PTSD in the chronic and unprovoked state is not characterized by an acute biological stress response.
A Convenient Route to β,γ-Unsaturated Esters without Formation of the α,β-Isomers. Palladium-Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Allylic Halides under Alcohol–Potassium Carbonate Tow-Phase Conditions
Authors: Kiji Jitsuo , Okano Tamon , Higashimae Yukiko , Fukui Yasuyuki 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed, atmospheric pressure carbonylation of allylic halides under alcohol-potassium carbonate (liquid–solid) two-phase conditions affords β,γ-unsaturated esters without formation of the α,β-isomers. Phosphine-free palladium compounds such as Pd(OAc)2 (1) and Na2[PdCl4] (2) are a convenient catalyst for this reaction. Presence of triphenylphosphine retards the carbonylation. A mixture of Pd(OAc)2-PPh3 or [PdCl2(PPh3)2] (3) catalyzes the carbonylation under pressure.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Zinc(II)–Triamine Complexes as Models of CA and AP
Authors: Itoh Toyofumi , Fujii Yuki , Tada Toshiji , Yoshikawa Yuzo , Hisada Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The formation constant (KZnL), enthalpy and entropy changes (ΔH and ΔS), and deprotonation constant (Ka) of coordinated water for hydrated zinc(II)–triamine (1 : 1) complexes (N3–Zn-(OH2)n (N3 = diethylenetriamine (dien), N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (epd), dipropylenetriamine (dpt), cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane (tach), and 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane ([12]aneN3)) were determined by potentiometry. The pKa linearly increased along with an increase in -ΔH, and was explained in terms of a ligand–ligand interaction through the N3–Zn-O bond on the bases of a thermodynamic analysis and strain-energy calculation (MM2). The zinc(II) complex-promoted hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl diethyl phosphate was investigated in 1% (v/v) methanol–water; the rate constants linearly increased along with decreases of pKa and −ΔH. This fact indicates that the hydrolysis proceeds via a concerted direct nucleophilic attacking mechanism of the coordinated hydroxide ion, in which the phosphate ester coordinates to the zinc(II) ion. X-ray structure analyses for synthesized model complexes, [Zn(OAc)(dien)](ClO4), [{Zn(dpt)}3(CO3)](ClO4)4·NaClO4, and [Zn(OAc)(tach)](ClO4), are also reported.
Geometrical Isomerism of the Exocyclic C=C Bonds of Heptafulvene Derivatives. Steric and Electronic Effects on the Rotational Barrier
Authors: Ikeda Yukari , Yin Bing Zhu , Kato Nobuo , Mori Akira , Takeshita Hitoshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The rotational barriers of the exocyclic double bonds of a series of methyl 8-cyanoheptafulvene-8-carboxylates were measured to evaluate the steric effect and the contribution of the polarized structures. An incorporation of five-membered heterocycles lowered the activation energies sufficiently to allow the study of steric and electronic factors. Thus, the Type I compounds, 8-[cyano(methoxycarbonyl)methylidene]-2-methyl-8H-cyclohepta[b]furan and its sulfur and nitrogen analogues, which have a different extent of steric effect, had rates of rotation in the order of N &gt; S &gt; O. On the other hand, the Type II derivatives, 6-(1-cyano-1-methoxycarbonylmethylidene)-2-methylcyclohepta[b]furan and its sulfur and nitrogen analogues, for which the steric factor is unimportant, showed an order of N &gt; O &gt; S. This was also the case for the Type III derivatives, methyl 8-cyano-3-methoxyheptafulvene-8-carboxylate, methyl 8-cyano-3-(methylthio)heptafulvene-8-carboxylate, and methyl 8-cyano-3-(dimethylamino)heptafulvene-8-carboxylate. The unusually low values of ΔH‡ for the nitrogen analogues indicated that the ground state structures were destabilized by the steric repulsions.
Theoretical Study on Metal NMR Chemical Shifts. Electronic Mechanism of the Xe Chemical Shift
Authors: Tanaka Shinji , Sugimoto Manabu , Takashima Hajime , Hada Masahiko , Nakatsuji Hiroshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The 129Xe chemical shifts of the complexes XeF2n, XeF2n−1+ and XeOnF6−2n (n = 1—3) are studied theoretically by ab initio finite perturbation method. The first-order higher basis functions (FOBFs) are added to the standard basis set for removing the gauge-dependence. The calculated values of the Xe chemical shifts agree reasonably with the experimental values. Though the electronic configuration of Xe is the closed shell 5s25p6, the electronic mechanism of the Xe chemical shift is shown to be the p-mechanism. Namely, the dominant term in the Xe chemical shift is the paramagnetic term and it is mainly governed by the Xe valence p AO contribution. Actually, as expected, the Xe chemical shifts show the U-shaped dependence on the number of the Xe valence p electrons. The diamagnetic term is small and depends linearly on the number of the ligands.
Cationic Phosphenium Complexes of Group 6 Transition Metals. Systematic Approach to Elucidation of Influence of Substituents of the Phosphenium Phosphorus on the Stability of the Complexes
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshitaka , Nakazawa Hiroshi , Itoh Tomonori , Miyoshi Katsuhiko 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Group 6 transition-metal phosphite complexes, fac-[(bpy)(CO)3M{PXY(OMe)}] (M = Cr, Mo, and W; XY = (NEt2)2, 1a; N(Me)CH2CH2O, 2a; (NEt2)(OMe), 3a; OCMe2CMe2O, 4a; (OMe)2, 5a) have been prepared and subjected to the reaction with BF3·OEt2. In these reactions, cationic phosphenium complexes [(bpy)(CO)3M{PXY}]+ are formed by an OMe abstraction as an anion from the phosphorus ligand for 1a, 2a, and 3a (M = Mo, W). The reaction of 3a (M = Cr) yields fac-[(bpy)(CO)3Cr{P(OMe)2F}] (Cr-5c) and [(bpy)(CO)3Cr{P(NEt2)F2}] (Cr-7d). In the reaction of 4a and 5a for all group 6 congeners, an OMe/F substitution reaction takes place to give and fac-[(bpy)(CO)3M{P(OMe)2F}]. These results reveal that the stability of cationic phosphenium complexes increases with (i) going to a heavier congener, (ii) increasing the number of amino substituents on the phosphenium phosphorus, and (iii) adding an ethylene bridge between X and Y when at least one of X and Y is an amino substituent.
Urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline in Perthes’ disease
Authors: Westhoff B. , Krauspe R. , Kalke A. E. , Hermsen D. , Kowall B. , Willers R. , Schneider U. 
Published: June 2006

Our aim was to investigate the relationship between urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline (DPD) as a marker of bone resorption, and Perthes’ disease. There were 39 children with Perthes’ disease in the florid stage who collected first-morning urine samples at regular intervals of at least three months. The level of urinary DPD was analysed by chemiluminescence immunoassay and was correlated with the radiological stage of the disease as classified by Waldenström, and the severity of epiphyseal involvement according to the classification systems of Catterall and Herring. The urinary DPD levels of a group of 44 healthy children were used as a control.The median urinary DPD/creatinine (CREA) ratio was significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) in the condensation stage and increased to slightly elevated values at the final stage (p = 0.05) when compared with that of the control group. Herring-C patients showed significantly lower median DPD/CREA ratios than Herring-B patients (p = 0.03). The significantly decreased median DPD/CREA ratio in early Perthes’ disease indicated a reduced bone turnover and supports the theory of a systemic aetiology. Urinary levels of DPD may therefore be used to monitor the course of Perthes’ disease.
Acetabular reconstruction with impacted bone allografts and cemented acetabular components
Authors: Comba F. , Buttaro M. , Pusso R. , Piccaluga F. 
Published: June 2006

We reviewed the clinical and radiological results of 131 patients who underwent acetabular revision for aseptic loosening with impacted bone allograft and a cemented acetabular component. The mean follow-up was 51.7 months (24 to 156). The mean post-operative Merle D’Aubigné and Postel scores were 5.7 points (4 to 6) for pain, 5.2 (3 to 6) for gait and 4.5 (2 to 6) for mobility. Radiological evaluation revealed migration greater than 5 mm in four acetabular components. Radiological failure matched clinical failure. Asymptomatic radiolucent lines were observed in 31 of 426 areas assessed (7%). Further revision was required in six patients (4.5%), this was due to infection in three and mechanical failure in three. The survival rate for the reconstruction was 95.8% (95% confidence interval 92.3 to 99.1) overall, and 98%, excluding revision due to sepsis. Our study, from an independent centre, has reproduced the results of the originators of the method.
The results of limb lengthening by callus distraction using an extending intramedullary nail (Fitbone) in non-traumatic disorders
Authors: Singh S. , Lahiri A. , Iqbal M. 
Published: June 2006

Limb lengthening by callus distraction and external fixation has a high rate of complications. We describe our experience using an intramedullary nail (Fitbone) which contains a motorised and programmable sliding mechanism for limb lengthening and bone transport. Between 2001 and 2004 we lengthened 13 femora and 11 tibiae in ten patients (seven men and three women) with a mean age of 32 years (21 to 47) using this nail. The indications for operation were short stature in six patients and developmental or acquired disorders in the rest. The mean lengthening achieved was 40 mm (27 to 60). The mean length of stay in hospital was seven days (5 to 9). The mean healing index was 35 days/cm (18.8 to 70.9). There were no cases of implant-related infection or malunion.
A constrained acetabular component for recurrent dislocation
Authors: Khan R. J. K. , Fick D. , Alakeson R. , Haebich S. , de Cruz M. , Nivbrant B. , Wood D. 
Published: June 2006

We treated 34 patients with recurrent dislocation of the hip with a constrained acetabular component. Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis was performed to assess migration of the prosthesis. The mean clinical follow-up was 3.0 years (2.2 to 4.8) and the radiological follow-up was 2.7 years (2.0 to 4.8). At the latest review six patients had died and none was lost to follow-up. There were four acetabular revisions, three for aseptic loosening and one for deep infection. Another acetabular component was radiologically loose with progressive radiolucent lines in all Gruen zones and was awaiting revision. The overall rate of aseptic loosening was 11.8% (4 of 34). Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis in the non-revised components confirmed migration of up to 1.06 mm of translation and 2.32° of rotation at 24 months. There was one case of dislocation and dissociation of the component in the same patient. Of the 34 patients, 33 (97.1%) had no further episodes of dislocation. The constrained acetabular component reported in our study was effective in all but one patient with instability of the hip, but the rate of aseptic loosening was higher than has been reported previously and requires further investigation.
A prospective biomechanical study of the association between foot pronation and the incidence of anterior knee pain among military recruits
Authors: Hetsroni I. , Finestone A. , Milgrom C. , Sira D. Ben , Nyska M. , Radeva-Petrova D. , Ayalon M. 
Published: June 2006

Excessive foot pronation has been considered to be related to anterior knee pain. We undertook a prospective study to test the hypothesis that exertional anterior knee pain is related to the static and dynamic parameters of foot pronation. Two weeks before beginning basic training lasting for 14 weeks, 473 infantry recruits were enrolled into the study and underwent two-dimensional measurement of their subtalar joint displacement angle during walking on a treadmill. Of the 405 soldiers who finished the training 61 (15%) developed exertional anterior knee pain. No consistent association was found between the incidence of anterior knee pain and any of the parameters of foot pronation. While a statistically significant association was found between anterior knee pain and pronation velocity (left foot, p = 0.05; right foot, p = 0.007), the relationship was contradictory for the right and left foot. Our study does not support the hypothesis that anterior knee pain is related to excessive foot pronation.
Simplified Molecular Diagnosis of Fragile X Syndrome by Fluorescent Methylation-Specific PCR and GeneScan Analysis
Authors: Zhou Youyou , Lum Josephine MS , Yeo Gare-Hoon , Kiing Jennifer , Tay Stacey KH , Chong Samuel S 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Background: Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common cause of inherited mental impairment, is most commonly related to hyperexpansion and hypermethylation of a polymorphic CGG trinucleotide repeat in the 5′ untranslated region of the FMR1 gene. Southern blot analysis is the most commonly used method for molecular diagnosis of FXS. We describe a simplified strategy based on fluorescent methylation-specific PCR (ms-PCR) and GeneScan™ analysis for molecular diagnosis of fragile X syndrome.
Methods: We used sodium bisulfite treatment to selectively modify genomic DNA from fragile X and normal lymphoblastoid cell lines and from patients. We then performed ms-PCR amplification using fluorescently-labeled primers complementary to modified methylated or unmethylated DNA. Amplification products were resolved by capillary electrophoresis. FMR1 mutational status was determined by a combination of fluorescent peak sizes and patterns on the GeneScan electropherogram.
Results: DNA samples from male and female persons with known NL, PM, and FM FMR1 CGG repeats were analyzed. Each FMR1 genotype produced a unique GeneScan electropherogram pattern, thus providing a way to identify the various disease states. The number of CGG repeats in all NL and PM alleles were determined accurately. Analysis by both the new assay and Southern blot of a family segregating with FXS showed complete concordance between both methods.
Conclusions: This simplified molecular diagnostic test, based on fluorescent methylation-specific PCR, may be a suitable alternative or complement to Southern blot analysis for the diagnosis of FXS.
Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Varieties Protection in Egypt: The new Sui Generis Regime, Public Interest and the TRIPs Agreement
Authors: El Farag Balat Mohamed Salem Abou 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn accordance with Art.27 (3) (b) of the TRIPs Agreement, WTO Members are required to protect new plant varieties either by patents or by an effectiveThis article examines in depth the contents of the
Anti-Ikonizität an der Syntax-Semantik-Schnittstelle
Authors: Egg Markus 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe syntax-semantics interface is iconic in that it maps syntactic asymmetries (in particular, unilateral c-command) onto semantic asymmetries (scope relations). But many modification structures seem to violate this iconicity: here the modifier has (optionally or obligatorily) semantic scope over only a part of the expression that it modifies syntactically.First I will show that some well-known cases of syntax-semantics mismatch are instances of this phenomenon. Then I will specify an extremely flexible syntax-semantics interface to handle the apparent anti-iconicity. This interface crucially relies on the expressive power of a suitable underspecification formalism.With the interface one can derive the semantic representations of the problematic examples from surface-oriented syntactic structures without giving up the iconicity between syntax and semantics.Apparent anti-iconicity eventually emerges as scope underspecification between a modifier and part of the expression that it modifies. The analysis is applied to German and Turkish data.
Topologische Felder: Nominalphrase und Satz im Deutschen
Authors: Ramers Karl Heinz 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the linear structures of clauses and nominal phrases are compared in a topological framework. The approach is based on the distinction between positions and fields: the first position is the functional core of the clause (C-position) and the NP (Def-position), the second is the semantic core of the clause (VK = verbal complex) and NP (Nom-position). The C- and Def-positions are restricted to one simple or complex constituent, whereas the VK- and Nom-positions can be filled by several syntactic elements. The VK/Nom-positions contain one head, which governs the other parts. Three fields are used to describe the word order in clauses and NPs: the „Vorfeld“ (K-field/Z-field), the „Mittelfeld“ (X-field) and the „Nachfeld“ (Z-field). The common characteristic of K-field and Z-field is the restriction to only one constituent. The middle fields of clauses and NPs are in part structured according to Behaghels law („semantic connection of constituents is mirrored in syntactic adjacency“). In „Nachfeld“ and Zfield complements are closer to the semantic core (VK resp. Nom) than adjuncts. In sum, there are correspondences between clauses and nominal phrases, but also several differences. This study is a first step to develop a common topological fields model for both.
Conversational maxims in encounters with law enforcement officers
Authors: Linfoot-Ham Kerry 
Published: June 2006

This paper analyses the use of spoken language by suspects and witnesses being questioned by law enforcement officers. The aim is to discover whether, and to what extent, Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle is in evidence, and how adherence to or breaking the conversational maxims helps or hinders the interrogation process. Following conclusions derived from the analysis, possible explanations as to why some suspects are arrested or taken into custody, whereas others are allowed to go free are put forth. The possibility will be considered that successful manipulation of Grice’s Cooperative Principle (and the associated conversational maxims) may have some degree of subconscious influence on police officers’ decisions regarding a suspect’s guilt or innocence
Use of Standardized Tests of Musical Aptitude with University Freshmen Music Majors
Authors: Schleuter Stanley L. 
Published: June 2006

This investigation compared the reliabilities, intercorrelations, and appropriateness of use of three standardized music tests when administered to entering university freshman music majors. The three tests compared were Aliferis Music Achievement Test, Musical Aptitude Profile, and Iowa Tests of Music Literacy, Levels 5 and 6. All tests functioned with adequate reliability. Intercorrelations within and among tests revealed some overlapping between achievement tests, but little relationship with aptitude test content. Each test is basically multidimensional. It was concluded that a wide range of information could best be obtained by administering the Musical Aptitude Profile, and a music achievement test with suitable content. Although the Aliferis Test was the only one of the three tests originally designed for entering college music majors, the Musical Aptitude Test and the Iowa Test of Musical Literacy may also be appropriately employed.