bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of silver fluoride and potassium iodide on the bond strength of auto cure glass ionomer cement to dentine
Authors: Knight GM , McIntyre JM , Mulyani  
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Diamine silver fluoride (Ag(NH3)2F), referred to as AgF, has been shown to reduce the incidence of caries in primary dentitions. The clinical application of this material has been limited by staining associated with both teeth and restorative materials. The application of potassium iodide (KI) after AgF eliminates stain formation. There is a lack of information as to how the addition of AgF followed by KI may affect the bond strength to dentine. The purpose of this study was to compare the bond strengths of auto cure glass ionomer cement to dentine surfaces that had been treated with AgF and KI and without treatment. Methods: Ten recently extracted human third molars were embedded into methyl methacrylate resin and sliced to form a square block of exposed dentine surfaces. Each of the four surfaces were treated by one of the following procedures: (a) etching with 37 per cent phosphoric acid; (b) applying GC dentine conditioner; (c) etching, followed by application of AgF/KI then washing off the precipitate and air drying; and (d) etching, applying AgF/KI and air drying the reaction products on the surface. Fuji VII auto cure glass ionomer cement was bonded onto each sample and fracture tested. Results: The dentine samples treated with AgF/KI followed by washing away the precipitate and air drying had bond strengths (2.83MPa) not significantly different from samples that had been conditioned (2.40MPa). Samples where the AgF/KI precipitate had been air dried onto the dentine surface had significantly lower bond strengths (1.49MPa) than the washed samples. Samples that were etched had significantly lower bond strengths (1.91MPa) than the conditioned samples. Conclusions: This study found that the application of AgF/KI to etched dentine samples followed by washing off the precipitate, created bond strengths that were not significantly different to conditioned samples. Leaving the AgF/KI precipitate on the dentine surface significantly reduced the bond strength of auto cured glass ionomer cement to dentine. Washing away the reaction products and air drying is recommended as the clinical protocol for using AgF and KI on dentine surfaces prior to application of an auto cure glass ionomer cement.
Reaction of rat pulp tissue to Carisolv ‘new gel’—‐A histocytological evaluation
Authors: Dammaschke T. , Stratmann U. , Danesh G. , Schäfer E. , Ott KHR 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: This study was an histological examination of pulp tissue exposed to Carisolv ‘new gel’ after 1 to 28 days. Methods: An occlusal cavity was prepared in 64 caries‐free molar teeth of 16 Wistar rats. The roofsof the pulp chambers were perforated and Carisolv ‘new gel’ solution was placed onto the exposed pulps of 32 molar teeth for 20 minutes. Thirty‐two contralateral molar teeth served as controls and were coated with an inert liquid containing isotonic saline solution and carmellose for 20 minutes as well. The pulps of all teeth were capped with Ca(OH)2 and the cavities were filled with a flowable composite in combination with a self‐etching dentine adhesive. The animals were sacrificed after 1, 3, 7 and 28 days. Eight teeth per group and the time period were histologically examined, scored, and statistically evaluated (Wilcoxon‐test). Results: The results showed no statistically significant differences between the Carisolv group and the control group (p>0.05). The observed pulp reaction was essentially the same as those reported in the past being typical for the effect of calcium hydroxide as a direct pulp capping agent. Conclusion: Compared to Ca(OH)2, Carisolv ‘new gel’ did not cause any different or additional pulp reaction in healthy teeth.
Methods of determining the relationship of the mandibular canal and third molars: a survey of Australian oral and maxillofacial surgeons
Authors: Koong B. , Pharoah MJ , Bulsara M. , Tennant M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Surgical extraction of third molars is one of the most common oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures performed and may have a number of associated complications. One of these complications is inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) dysaesthesia or impairment of sensory perception (including paraesthesia and/or anaesthesia). Previous studies assume that most clinicians use various combinations of nine radiologic criteria on panoramic radiographs as indicators of the relationship and, therefore, predictors of the risk of postoperative dysaesthesia. Our study assessed both the current radiologic modalities and assessment criteria used by Australian oral and maxillofacial surgeons when determining the proximity of mandibular canal to third molars. Methods: A survey of all surgeon members of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (ANZOMS) practising in Australia was undertaken. Results: Of the 105 questionnaires sent to surgeons, 72 responses (68 per cent) were returned. All surgeons reported using the panoramic radiograph but only 25 per cent considered it sufficiently accurate in determining the relationship between the mandibular canal (MC) and the third molar root, while 61 per cent of surgeons use CT for this purpose but the average frequency of use was very low (five per cent). This study also revealed that the nine radiologic criteria on a panoramic radiograph are used to varying extents by Australian surgeons. Nearly all surgeons use ‘change in MC direction’ and ‘MC narrowing’ to determine and close relationship. Thirty‐one per cent used super‐imposition of the MC and the root of the third molar alone and 24 per cent used appearance of contact of the root with the MC alone in the absence of any other radiologic criteria to indicate close or intimate relationship. Conclusion: Further research is required to determine the accuracy and observer agreement or reliability of using the nine panoramic characteristics, to determine this relationship and whether the presurgical determination of proximity and position (buccal or lingual) of the canal utilizing CT has any usefulness in determining the surgical protocol or affect on postoperative morbidity.
Analysis of the acute postoperative pain experience following oral surgery: identification of ‘unaffected’, ‘disabled’ and ‘depressed, anxious and disabled’ patient clusters
Authors: Vickers ER , Boocock H. , Harris RD , Bradshaw J. , Cooper M. , Vickers P. , Cannon P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Pain is defined as both a sensory and an emotional experience. Acute postoperative tooth extraction pain is assessed and treated as a physiological (sensory) pain while chronic pain is a biopsychosocial problem. The purpose of this study was to assess whether psychological and social changes occur in the acute pain state. Methods: A biopsychosocial pain questionnaire was completed by 438 subjects (165 males, 273 females) with acute postoperative pain at 24 hours following the surgical extraction of teeth and compared with 273 subjects (78 males, 195 females) with chronic orofacial pain. Statistical methods used a k‐means cluster analysis. Results: Three clusters were identified in the acute pain group: ‘unaffected’, ‘disabled’ and ‘depressed, anxious and disabled’. Psychosocial effects showed 24.8 per cent feeling ‘distress/suffering’ and 15.1 per cent ‘sad and depressed’. Females reported higher pain intensity and more distress, depression and inadequate medication for pain relief (p<0.001). Distress and depression were associated with higher pain intensity. The developed questionnaire had tested reliability (test‐retest r=0.89) and estimated validity. Conclusion: Cluster analysis showed constituent groups with a range of psychosocial effects in acute postoperative dental extraction pain and is associated with an increase in pain intensity.
Retention procedures for stabilizing tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces
Authors: Littlewood SJ , Millett DT , Doubleday B. , Bearn DR , Worthington HV , SAMPSON WAYNE J 
Published: March 2008

The Cochrane Collaboration is an international organization that aims to help people make well‐informed decisions about healthcare by preparing, maintaining and promoting the accessibility of systematic reviews on the effects of healthcare interventions. The Cochrane Oral Health Group aims to produce systematic reviews which primarily include all randomized control trials (RCTs) of oral health, including prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of oral, dental and craniofacial diseases and disorders. Full copies of the review papers can be accessed electronically at http:www.cochrane.orgreviewsindex.htm, clicking on ‘Login to the Cochrane Library’, followed by clicking on ‘Cochrane Reviews’, and selecting the appropriate review. This is a free service provided by the Australian Government.The Australian Dental Journal publishes selected abstracts in each issue for our readers' interest. A detailed description of the activities of the Cochrane Oral Health Group, written by the Review Group Co‐ordinator, Dr Emma Tavender, was published in the June 2004 issue of the Journal (Aust Dent J 2004;49:58–59). Also, for explanations of abbreviations and terminology please see Appendix 1 on page 59 of the aforementioned article.Editor
Longitudinal comparison of factors influencing choice of dental treatment by private general practitioners
Authors: Brennan DS , Spencer AJ 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
: Service rate variations and appropriateness of care issues have focused attention on factors that influence treatment decisions. The aims of this study were to examine what factors dentists consider in choosing alternative treatments, the stability of these factors over time and whether stability of treatment choice was related to age of dentist.
Methods
: Baseline data were collected by mailed self‐complete questionnaires from a random sample of Australian dentists (response rate=60.3 per cent, n=345 private general practitioners provided service data from a typical day) in 1997–1998 and follow‐up data were collected in 2004 (response rate=76.8 per cent, n=177 matched longitudinal cases).
Results
: The most frequent factors considered important across six alternative treatment pair choice scenarios were caries rate for ‘exam v. x‐ray’, age of patient for ‘preventive v. restorative intervention’, cost of treatment for ‘crown v. buildup’, ‘root canal v. extraction’ and ‘bridge v. denture’, and calculus for ‘prophylaxis v. scaling’. The only differences over time were (t‐test, P < 0.05): higher proportions of responses in the mouth status group at follow‐up for ‘exam v. x‐ray’ higher proportions of responses in the visit history group at follow‐up for ‘preventive v. restorative intervention’ a lower proportion of responses in the caries group at follow‐up for ‘crown v. build‐up’ and a higher proportion of responses in the treatment constraints group at follow‐up for ‘prophylaxis v. scaling’. Conclusions: While a wide range of responses were offered as factors influencing the choice of alternative treatments, cost of treatment was a major consideration in situations where significantly cheaper alternatives existed, while patient preference was commonly included as a secondary consideration across a wide range of treatment choice scenarios. The treatment choice responses showed a high degree of stability over time across all age groups of dentists, suggesting that if routines are developed these are established before or soon after graduation as a dentist.
Risk factors for dental caries in the five‐year‐old South Australian population
Authors: Slade GD , Sanders AE , Bill CJ , Do LG 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
: This study tested the hypothesis that risk behaviours in disadvantaged groups would explain socio‐economic inequality in dental caries prevalence among preschool children.
Methods
: Using a case‐control study, children with caries experience (one or more decayed, missing or filled primary tooth surfaces) and with no caries experience were sampled with known probabilities from among five year olds attending the South Australian Dental Service (SADS). Dental caries experience of primary teeth was recorded by SADS clinicians. Social and behavioural information was collected using a questionnaire mailed to parents. Prevalence rates, prevalence ratios (PR) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (95% CI) were computed, taking into account sampling probabilities.
Results
: Questionnaires were obtained for 64.6 per cent of sampled children (n=1398) and 40.2 per cent (95% CI=37.8–42.6) of them had caries experience. Five statistically significant risk factors were identified relating to previous feeding, current oral hygiene and parent's own oral health perceptions. The prevalence of four risk factors was greater in low‐income households compared with high‐income households (P?0.01). In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age of tooth cleaning onset, age at which toothpaste was introduced was not significantly associated with caries prevalence. Behavioural risk factors did not explain income‐related gradients in caries prevalence but modified the level of risk associated with delayed onset of tooth cleaning. Children who delayed tooth cleaning until the age of 24 months or more and who were from low‐income households had a 2.7‐fold increase in caries prevalence (95% CI=2.1–3.4).
Conclusions
: Caries prevention efforts need to target behaviours in infancy and non‐behavioural risk factors among preschoolers in low‐income households.
The pH change after HCl titration into resting and stimulated saliva for a buffering capacity test
Authors: Moritsuka M. , Kitasako Y. , Burrow MF , Ikeda M. , Tagami J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
: Saliva collection can provide clinical information about individual patients. However, a correlation between ranking buffering capacity using resting and stimulated saliva is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pH change after HCl titration into resting and stimulated saliva for a salivary buffering capacity test.
Methods
: Resting and stimulated saliva (by chewing paraffin wax) were collected from 80 patients. After the pH of both saliva samples was measured using a hand‐held pH meter, the saliva samples were titrated with 0.1N HCl to evaluate the buffering capacity. Correlations of ranking buffering capacity (high, medium, low) between stimulated saliva and resting saliva with 30μL HCl titration and between stimulated saliva and resting saliva with 40μL HCl titration were statistically analysed by Spearman Rank Correlation Test (p < 0.05).
Results
: At 50μL HCl titration, stimulated saliva buffering capacities were ranked into high (above pH 5.5), medium (pH from 5.5 to 4.5) and low (below pH 4.5). At 30–40μL HCl titration, the resting saliva buffering capacities were ranked into the same categories. Spearman Rank Correlation indicated significant positive coefficients for the stimulated saliva and resting saliva buffering capacity at 30μL titration and the stimulated saliva and resting saliva at 40μL titration.
Conclusion
: Stimulated saliva is more resistant to variation in pH change during HCl titration than resting saliva. Stimulated saliva sampling is a good method to determine buffering capacity during a comprehensive oral health assessment.
Single‐visit more effective than multiple‐visit root canal treatment?*
Authors: HARGREAVES KEN M 
Published: March 2008

Data sources
: Literature was searched using the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL), Medline, Embase and HealthStar databases. Reference lists from identified articles were scanned and a further search made using names of authors of the identified articles. Papers that had cited these publications were also identified through the Science Citation Index to identify potentially relevant subsequent primary research.
Study selection
: Two reviewers scanned all titles and abstracts. An article was included if subjects had a no relevant medical history; subjects presented with mature teeth with infected necrotic root canals and radiographic evidence of periapical bone loss (as an indication of preoperative canal infection), all selected root canals had not received any endodontic treatment previously, participants underwent nonsurgical root canal treatment during the study, and the number of teeth showing radiographic evidence of healing was the outcome measure.
Data extraction and synthesis
: Data were abstracted by two reviewers. The principal measure of treatment effect was risk difference with the fixed‐effect method for combining study estimates being used to produce an overall estimate. Between‐study heterogeneity was assessed using standard x2 test or Q‐statistic.
Results
: Only three randomized controlled trials (RCT) were identified and included in the review, covering a total of 146 cases. Sample size of all three studies was small. None demonstrated a statistically significant difference in healing rates. Risk differences (RD) of included studies were combined using the inverse variance‐weighted method (pooled RD, ‐6.3%; 95% confidence interval, ‐20.3 to +7.8). Conclusions: Based on the current best available evidence, single‐visit root canal treatment appears to be slightly more effective than multiple visits, that is, it had a 6.3% higher healing rate. The difference in healing rate between these two treatment regimens was not statistically significant (P= 0.3809), however.
Prevalence and side preference for tooth grinding in twins
Authors: Dooland KV , Townsend GC , Kaidonis JA 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Estimates of the prevalence of tooth grinding in children range considerably, reflecting different methods of recording. The main aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of tooth grinding in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs by assessing wear faceting on the primary canines, and to compare the faceting on the right and left to determine whether children have a side preference for grinding.Methods: The sample consisted of 116 MZ twin pairs and 124 dizygous DZ twin pairs, all participants in an ongoing study of dento‐facial development at the dental schools in Adelaide and Melbourne. Evidence of wear faceting on primary maxillary and mandibular canine tips was recorded from dental casts, and the side with the larger wear facet recorded. Types of occlusal relationship, handedness, zygosity and gender were also recorded, and associations between variables analysed statistically.Results: Canine tip wear facets were found in 100 per cent of the sample, and grinding was lateralized in 59 per cent of children. MZ twin pairs showed a higher discordance for grinding side preference than DZ twin pairs (33.8 per cent compared with 16.8 per cent), providing evidence of a mirror‐imaging effect for grinding side preference. There was no strong evidence that individuals had the same preference for grinding side and handedness, although right‐handers (RH) showed a preference for a grinding side more often than non‐righthanders (NRH) (63.6 per cent compared with 51.2 per cent), consistent with previous findings that RHs display more cerebral lateralization than NRHs.Conclusions: Tooth grinding appears to be a universal phenomenon in children and is commonly expressed more on one side than the other. The significantly higher discordance for grinding side preference in MZ twin pairs compared with DZ twin pairs may reflect a mirror‐imaging effect in the former. However, at present we have no evidence to suggest that handedness and preferred tooth grinding side are associated.
Maxillofacial trauma in major trauma patients
Authors: Shahim FN , Cameron P. , McNeil JJ 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Trauma has been identified as a major public health problem in Australia. Maxillofacial trauma constitutes a significant proportion of trauma, although epidemiological studies in Australia are few. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and the epidemiological pattern of maxillofacial trauma occurring in major trauma patients. Methods: Data were obtained from the Victorian State Trauma Registry, which included all major trauma patients in Victoria. All data relating to maxillofacial trauma defined according to Abbreviated Injury Scale and International Classification of Diseases codes from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2004 were selected. Data collected included demographic and injury details, and operative procedures carried out. Results: Sixteen per cent of major trauma patients sustained maxillofacial trauma. The highest frequency of injuries occurred in the 15–24 years age group. More males were affected than females (3:1). The majority of injuries were due to transport‐ related causes (69 per cent) and occurred mostly on roads, streets or highways (70 per cent). Falls were the cause of 15 per cent of injuries, 10.5 per cent of these injuries were fatal while 20.7 per cent needed rehabilitation. The most common type of bony injury was a fractured maxilla. Conclusion: The need for preventive strategies to be reinforced has been highlighted as transport‐related injuries remain high especially in the younger age groups.
An analysis of complaints against Victorian dental care providers 2000–2004
Authors: Hopcraft M. , Sanduja D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: There are little data available on the number and type of complaints made against dental care providers in Australia, despite anecdotal reports of an increasing trend in health‐related complaints and litigation. Methods: Data were obtained from the Dental Practice Board of Victoria on complaints received between July 2000 and December 2004. Results: There were 651 complaints against all dental care providers in the study period, which equates to a rate of 4.1 complaints per 100 dental care providers per year. Dentists were responsible for 490 of the complaints, with 66 complaints against dental prosthetists and 43 complaints against dental specialists. There were very few complaints against dental therapists and students, and no complaints against dental hygienists, with 47 complaints against unregistered people or institutions. Conclusions: This study found that there was a relatively low rate of complaints made against dental care providers in Victoria, with most occurring against dentists in private practice in Melbourne. Less that 10 per cent of complaints resulted in an adverse finding against the dental care provider.
A four‐year retrospective study of adult hospitalization for oral diseases in Western Australia
Authors: Smith K. , Kruger E. , Tennant M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: This analysis provides an insight into bed demand for adults for oral health related conditions in Western Australia. Methods: Data were obtained from the Western Australian Hospital Morbidity Data System for the four financial years 1999–2000 to 2002–2003. This retrospective study analysed the principal diagnosis (ICD‐10AM) obtained for all 53 646 adult patients diagnosed with an oral health related condition. Primary place of residency, gender and Indigenous status were analysed. Results: More males (52.6 per cent) were hospitalized than females and Indigenous patients were hospitalized 1.5 times more than non‐Indigenous patients. “Caries” were most common in non‐Indigenous patients, with “jaw fractures” most prevalent in Indigenous patients. The majority of patients were hospitalized in a private metropolitan hospital (57.2 per cent). Total costs of hospitalization, both public and private, were in excess of $85 million over four years with $44 million in the public sector. Conclusions: This study indicates the burden of oral health related conditions on the Western Australian population and the hospital system in terms of health and economical impact.