bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Susceptibility of Lead-Exposed Swine to Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf
Authors: Lassen E. D. , Hoffman L. J. , Kaeberle M. L. , Buck W. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of oral subclinical lead exposure on the susceptibility of swine to Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf was studied in two experiments. In experiment 1, 18 pigs were exposed to lead acetate and 18 pigs were exposed to sodium acetate for 1, 2, or 3 weeks and then challenge exposed intraperitoneally. In experiment 2, 8 pigs were exposed to lead chloride for 2 weeks, 8 pigs were exposed to lead chloride for 1 week, and 8 pigs were exposed to sodium chloride for 2 weeks. These pigs were then challenge exposed orally.
Only one pig (sodium acetate-exposed) died during experiment 1, but clinical signs were more severe in sodium acetate-exposed than in lead acetate-exposed animals. In experiment 2, 93.6% of the lead-exposed pigs died, whereas control pigs had 50.0% mortality. In experiment 2, clinical signs were more severe in lead-exposed pigs, and bacteria were more widespread in the tissues of these animals. Significant reductions of β- or γ-globulin concentrations or of agglutinating antibody titers were not observed in lead-exposed pigs in either of the trials.
Possible mechanisms of the increased susceptibility in lead-exposed pigs of experiment 2 are discussed.
Histologic Evaluation of the Effects of Diethylstilbesterol and Zeranol on Certain Lamb Tissues
Authors: Wiggins J. P. , Rothenbacher H. , Wilson L. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty-eight lambs with equal numbers of rams, ewes, and wethers were used in a growth and metabolism trial. Within each sex, equal numbers were used as controls, and implanted with zeranol or diethylstilbestrol (des) or both. The lambs were slaughtered 44 days after implanting and the effects of the different implants (or in combination) on certain endocrine glands, urogenital tracts, and other selected tissues were determined.
All animals given implants had adrenal cortical hyperplasia. Thyroid gland activity was depressed by des implants in wethers, and by the combination of zeranol and des in wethers and rams. Changes in the urogenital tracts of des-implanted lambs, including the urethra, seminal vesicle, epididymis, testis, and uterus, were similar to those observed following treatment with exogenous estrogens. The results of this evaluation confirm that des has higher estrogenic activity than zeranol. When these two compounds were used in combination, their estrogenic effects were additive.
Polyvinyl Alcohol Toxicosis as a Model of Glomerulonephritis in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Riviere J. Edmond , Coppoc Gordon L. , Carlton William W. , Hinsman Edward J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Investigation of pharmacokinetics of certain drugs in experimental models of glomerulonephritis would facilitate development of dose schedules for dogs with this disease. Polymerized polyvinyl alcohol (pva)-induced glomerulonephritis was investigated in healthy, 15-week-old purebred Beagle dogs. Three dogs were injected daily with 20 ml of 5% (w/v) pva (125,000 molecular weight, 88% hydrolyzed) in phosphate-buffered saline solution. One control was given only phosphate-buffered saline solution. Determinations were made of complete blood count, pcv, serum urea nitrogen, specific gravity, urine pH, and protein. Tissue specimens were taken for light microscopic and electron microscopic examinations. Injections were stopped after 3 weeks due to severe cns depression and anemia in the principals. Proteinuria appeared shortly before dogs were euthanatized, but there were no other signs of renal disease. The dominant lesions were foam cell formation in glomeruli and diffuse vacuolation of splenic red pulp cells. Lesions were also visible in electron microscopic sections of glomeruli. Abnormalities were not observed in the control dog. Due to the severity of the nonrenal lesions, pva (the type used here) is not useful for creating a model of renal disease in dogs.
Isoamylases in Clinically Normal Dogs
Authors: Stickle Julia E. , Carlton William W. , Boon G. Daniel 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Isoenzymes of canine serum amylase were evaluated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes in a discontinuous buffer system. Two isoamylase groups were identified in the serum of clinically normal dogs. Most of the serum amylase activity was the more cathodal isoamylase. The anodal isoamylase was rarely observed in serum from normal dogs and, when present, accounted for little of the enzymatic activity.
Amylase activities of various tissues were determined and isoenzymes were identified. The anodal isoenzyme was found in the pancreas and uterus. The cathodal isoamylase had its origin mainly from the intestinal tract. Activities of other tissues were not greater than was serum amylase activity.
Effects of feeding upon total serum amylase activity and isoenzyme composition also were examined over a period of 5 minutes to 7 hours. Feeding did not markedly alter the serum amylase activity.
Immunization of Cattle with a Babesia bigemina Antigen in Freund's Complete Adjuvant
Authors: Kuttler K. L. , Johnson L. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three adult intact cattle and five splenectomized calves were immunized against Babesia bigemina by the subcutaneous injection of an adjuvant-vaccine given twice at 3- and 4-week intervals, respectively. The antigen consisted of B bigemina parasites and erythrocytic stroma. The vaccinated adults plus one control, and the vaccinated splenectomized calves plus four comparable controls were challenge exposed at 67 and 33 days, respectively, after the last vaccine injection. All control animals died of acute babesiosis. The intact vaccinated adult cows showed only minimal response and little or no drop in packed cell volume. Three of five vaccinated splenectomized calves showed a moderate response to challenge exposure and recovered rapidly.
Plasma Concentrations of Insulin, Growth Hormone, and Prolactin in Pregnant Cows Subjected to Ovariectomy or Induced Parturition
Authors: Chew B. P. , Erb R. E. , Malven P. V. , Veenhuizen E. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
By using validated radioimmunoassay procedures, insulin (ins), growth hormone (gh), and prolactin (prl) were quantified in blood plasma collected from dairy cows late in gestation to 3 days after parturition. In control cows, plasma ins decreased during gestation to the day of calving (av gestation day 280) and then increased. Plasma gh in controls tended to increase during the last 2 weeks of gestation and then to decrease after parturition. Plasma prl in controls increased rapidly 12 to 24 hours before parturition and then decreased abruptly.
Pregnant cows, which were ovariectomized on gestation day 218 and which delivered live calves after gestation day 250 (av 268 days), lactated normally. In ovariectomized cows, plasma concentrations of ins and prl were similar to concentrations in controls. After injections of dexamethasone and estradiol-17β on gestation day 266, intact cows delivered live calves prematurely on gestation day 268; their subsequent lactations were normal. The foregoing injection treatment caused increased plasma ins during the 41 ± 2 hours from the time of injection to the time of calving, and plasma prl decreased less rapidly after parturition in treated cows than it did in controls. During the last 7 days before parturition, concentrations of plasma gh tended to be lower in ovariectomized and induced cows than in controls. Cows of both treated groups calved at an earlier stage of gestation than did controls, and this may have caused the difference in plasma gh values.
Concentrations of plasma ins, gh, and prl collected 3 or more days before parturition were correlated with each other and with the major estrogens in plasma. Plasma ins, gh, and prl were not significantly correlated with plasma progesterone.
Factors Affecting the Production of Bovine Type I Interferon on Bovine Embryonic Lung Cells by Polyriboinosinic-Polyribocytidylic Acid
Authors: Rossi Charles R. , Kiesel George K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Variables believed to affect the amount of interferon (if) produced in bovine embryonic lung cell cultures by polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly (rI:rC)) were investigated. A concentration of 100 µg of poly (rI:rC)/ml consistently induced substantial amounts of if. Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection of cultures did not interfere with induction of if by poly (rI:rC). Neither the age of cells nor the passage level of the cultures seemed to affect the amount of if produced. Priming of cultures with large concentrations of if before treatment with poly (rI:rC) was more effective than priming with small concentrations of if. Furthermore, priming for 24 hours was more effective than was priming for 12 hours. The use of 2% bovine fetal serum in the medium, subsequent to treatment with poly (rI:rC) markedly enhanced if production. Practically all if was produced within a few hours after treatment with poly (rI:rC).
Cardiopulmonary, Behavioral, and Pharmacokinetic Effects of Propoxyphene in Horses
Authors: Muir W. W. , Sams R. A. , Huffman R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The acute behavioral cardiopulmonary and pharmacokinetic effects of propoxyphene hydrochloride were studied in seven adult horses. Each horse was given three different dosages of propoxyphene (0.5, 1.0, 2.2 mg/kg) iv. Fourteen days was allotted between each drug administration. The lower iv dosages of propoxyphene (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) resulted in no changes in indices of cardiopulmonary function. Four horses demonstrated a transient period of muscle fasciculations when given 0.5 mg of propoxyphene/kg. Horses given 1.0 mg/kg demonstrated a brief period of euphoria, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations followed by a period of increased motor activity lasting for approximately 30 minutes. Horses given 2.2 mg of propoxyphene/kg demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) increases in heart rate and arterial blood pressure and, after a brief period of ataxia and disorientation, displayed increased motor and locomotor activity lasting several hours. These behavioral effects were less apparent in three of four horses 4 hours after their appearance by the iv administration of naloxone.
Propoxyphene exhibited a dose dependent half-life of from 61 to 135 minutes and an apparent volume of distribution of from 2.54 to 4.26 L/kg. Total body clearance was 21.9–28.4 ml/min/kg.
In the adult pain-free horse, propoxyphene causes dose dependent excitatory effects similar to the narcotic analgesics.
Testicular Changes of Acute Vitamin A Deficiency of Cockerels
Authors: Hall W. C. , Damjanov I. , Nielsen S. W. , van der Heide L. , Eaton H. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sixty, 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler cockerels, randomly allotted to three groups, were fed a vitamin A-deficient diet, vitamin A complete diet (control diet), or control diet pair-fed in an amount equal to the quantity consumed by the vitamin A-deficient group. Secondary sex characteristics, as indicated by comb enlargement, developed more rapidly in cockerels consuming the deficient diet. A difference in direct testicular weight was not observed between vitamin A-deficient birds and pair-fed controls, but the testicular weight relative to body weight and the level of testicular maturity were greater in the former. Ultrastructurally, lipid droplets were found in Sertoli cells and germinal epithelium of the deficient birds, but not the pair-fed controls. Paradoxically, serum testosterone concentrations were significantly reduced in sequential serum samples from vitamin A-deficient chicks, but not controls. The evidence indicated that vitamin A deficiency has an androgenic effect in cockerels despite reduced testosterone concentrations.
Oviduct (Uterine Tube) Transport of Ova in the Cow
Authors: Crisman Russell O. , McDonald Leslie E. , Wallace Charles E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Normal oviduct (uterine tube) transport of ova was studied in 12 nulliparous heifers oophorosalpingo-hysterectomized at various times (range, 26 to 85.25 hours) after the end of estrus. The mean oviduct length ± sem was 19.7 cm ± 0.38. The means of left and right oviduct length were not different (P > 0.10). The ampulla and isthmus of the oviduct could be identified grossly by a definite reduction in lumen size and represented 0.66 and 0.34 of the total oviduct length, respectively.
The oviduct ipsilateral to ovulation was divided into eight equal segments. Each segment and the uterine horn were flushed with saline solution. An ovum or zygote was recovered from the oviduct of nine heifers. A zygote was surgically recovered from the uterus of one heifer at 76.75 hours after the end of estrus. An ovum or zygote was not recovered from two of the heifers.
A significant linear relationship (P < 0.01) existed between the estimated time after ovulation and the distance the ovum or zygote had traveled. Therefore, the ovum or zygote in these heifers was transported through the oviduct at a constant rate.
Protective Cellular Antigen of Clostridium chauvoei
Authors: Stevenson John R. , Stonger Kelly A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cellular antigens of Clostridium chauvoei, strain IRP-128, were demonstrated to be important in induction of immunity against this bacterium in guinea pigs. At least one major component of the cellular antigen complex was heat-labile. Acid extraction of the bacterial cells, followed by selective purification for flagella, led to the preparation of an acid extract antigen that possessed a high degree of immunogenicity. The acid extract antigen contained flagellar components and was resolved into two major and approximately five minor protein components by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Experimentally Induced Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Authors: Weiss Richard C. , Dodds W. Jean , Scott Fredric W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Disseminated intravascular coagulation was induced in kittens by intraperitoneal inoculation of feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv). Kittens seronegative to fipv survived significantly (P < 0.05) longer than those seropositive to fipv.
Pyrexia, anemia, icterus, hyperbilirubinemia, and elevated concentrations of liver-specific enzymes were detected in the inoculated cats. Lesions induced included disseminated fibrinonecrotic and pyogranulomatous inflammation, hepatic necrosis, and widespread phlebitis and thrombosis. Localization of fip viral antigen and immunoglobulin G was demonstrated in foci of hepatic necrosis by immunofluorescence microscopy.
Lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and increased quantities of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products were present in cats after the onset of clinical illness. Depression of factor VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII plasma activities and prolongation of prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times also developed in infected cats.
The accelerated onset of clinical disease and mortality in seropositive kittens vs seronegative kittens and the association of virus and antibody in multiple foci of hepatic necrosis suggest an immune-mediated component is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.
A Technique Developed for Isolated Canine Papillary Muscle Function in Various Plasmas; and Utility Ascertained with Plasma Containing Myocardial Depressant Factors
Authors: Hembrough F. B. , Miller C. D. , Williams Koudy , Anderson Arthur 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Isolated papillary muscles from young dogs were studied to determine the feasibility of utilizing plasma, without added foam depressants, as a test solution to support muscle function. Diluted canine plasma, undiluted canine plasma, plasma with adjusted protein content, monkey plasma, and plasma containing myocardial depressant factors (mdf) were evaluated. For each test, each papillary muscle served as its own control, with either Krebs-Henseleit solution or a control plasma to establish a basis for evaluation of the test plasma.
A technique was implemented to oxygenate the muscle, in plasma, without foam production and to monitor pH continuously. These studies indicated that plasma (diluted, undiluted, or with protein adjustments to accommodate experimental procedural requirements) was a satisfactory test solution. Furthermore, plasma from species unrelated to the dog could be utilized. In utilizing plasma, it was essential to establish or adjust the pH and osmolarity for normal muscle function.
These studies with plasma containing mdf indicated that mdf depressed canine papillary muscle function. The Vmax values and Po values were decreased and latency was increased. The effects of mdf in canine papillary muscle preparations were completely reversible in short-term studies (up to 10 hours’ duration).
Struvite Urolithiasis in a Litter of Miniature Schnauzer Dogs
Authors: Klausner J. S. , Osborne C. A. , O’Leary T. P. , Gebhart R. N. , Griffith D. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi developed in the urinary bladders and urethras of four of five offspring of Miniature Schnauzer parents with recurrent struvite urolithiasis. Calculi were detected by radiography when the dogs were 12 to 15 months old. Males and females were affected. A significant number of urease-producing staphylococci were identified in the urine of three of four dogs before urolith formation, and in one dog after urolith formation.
The dogs were evaluated until they were 26 months old. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were inside usual limits throughout the study. Abnormalities that might predispose to urinary tract infection were not identified by radiography or necropsy studies. In one dog, bladder calculi recurred after surgical removal of multiple cystoliths. In another, urethral obstruction and acute generalized pyelonephritis induced a lethal uremic crisis. Gross and microscopic lesions, detected after necropsy of all dogs with uroliths, were typical of bacterial infection.
Occurrence of the Vir Plasmid Among Animal and Human Strains of Invasive Escherichia coli
Authors: Lopez-Alvarez J. , Gyles C. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty-six isolates of Escherichia coli recovered from systemic diseases in animals and persons were studied to determine which isolates possessed properties attributed to the Vir plasmid. These properties were production (i) of a chick lethal toxin and (ii) of a specific surface antigen. Neither toxic activity nor surface antigen production could be detected in nine E coli strains from septicemia in chickens and 11 from human cerebrospinal fluid. Two of 8 strains from human septicemic disease and 3 of 18 isolates from calf septicemia produced the toxin, but lacked the characteristic surface antigen. Two of the 18 bovine strains had both characteristics.
Several methods of screening for Vir+ transconjugants were investigated in an attempt to facilitate their recognition after mating a Vir+ donor with a suitable recipient. These methods, which included precipitation in agar plates containing antiserum, immunodiffusion tests, and fluorescent antibody tests, were unsuccessful. It was observed, however, that the pattern of growth in tryptic soy broth of the Vir+ transconjugants was usually different from that of the Vir− clones. Vir+ transconjugants grew as a heavy sediment with a clear supernatant, whereas their Vir− counterparts showed a uniform turbidity.
When the Vir plasmid was transferred to an E coli strain which lacked appendages, fimbriae were observed to be associated with the presence of the plasmid. Two types of fimbriae were evident. One type appeared to be sex fimbriae and the other was probably the surface antigen associated with the Vir phenotype.
Anatomic Arrangement of the Hepatic Veins in the Goat
Authors: Brikas P. , Tsiamitas Ch. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In gross anatomic and angiographic examinations of the hepatic veins of 15 goats, the following were seen: (i) The middle hepatic vein was formed by the contribution of two main branches, one branch coming from the quadrate lobe and the other branch from the right lobe. (ii) There were two right hepatic veins, one of them running along the caudate process and the other formed by branches coming from the dorsal part of the right lobe. (iii) The entrance of the middle hepatic vein, as well as the entrance of the left hepatic vein into the caudal vena cava were partly covered by valvelike membranous flaps.
Viral Agents Recovered from Ornithodoros coriaceus, A Vector of Epizootic Bovine Abortion
Authors: McKercher D. G. , Wada E. Μ. , Ault S. K. , Theis J. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two unidentified viral isolates from the tick, Ornithodoros coriaceus, the probable vector of the causative agent of epizootic bovine abortion, did not cause any untoward reactions in pregnant heifers which were experimentally inoculated or which were exposed to bites of O coriaceus that had been infected with cultures of the two isolates. Seemingly, neither viral isolate is involved in the cause of epizootic bovine abortion.
Immunologic Phenomena in the Effusive Form of Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Authors: Pedersen Niels C. , Boyle John F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effusive form of feline infectious peritonitis (fip) was reproduced by injecting 12- to 16-week-old kittens intraperitoneally with a cell-free inoculum derived from the tissues of infected cats. The kittens used for the study were either positive for fip virus-reacting antibodies before inoculation or they were seronegative. Seropositive kittens were obtained from a cattery where the natural infection was enzootic, and seronegative kittens were obtained from a specific-pathogen-free cattery.
Only about half the kittens that were seronegative before inoculation developed disease or serum antibodies to the tissue-derived virus. Seronegative kittens that developed disease showed no signs of illness until 8 to 10 days after inoculation, and they lived for 7 to 14 days after clinical signs appeared. The onset of clinical disease coincided with the appearance of serum antibodies. In contrast, all of the seropositive kittens became ill within 36 to 48 hours after inoculation, and died within 5 to 7 days. If seronegative kittens were treated with immune serum or immunoglobulin (Ig)G, they developed disease with the same frequency, acuteness, and severity as seropositive kittens.
Foci of hepatitis and serositis in seropositive kittens contained viral antigen, IgG bound to antigen, and complement. Serum complement activity also decreased several days before death in seropositive kittens inoculated with tissue-derived fip virus. The temporal relationship of clinical disease and the appearance of serum antibodies, the more acute and severe nature of the disease produced in seropositive kittens, and the presence of antibody and complement in the lesions indicated that effusive fip is immunologically mediated.