bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution as a measure of conservation needs: an example with Asiatic black bears in south‐western China
Authors: Liu Fang , McShea William , Garshelis David , Zhu Xiaojian , Wang Dajun , Gong Ji’en , Chen Youping 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim  To create a fine‐scale map of the distribution of Asiatic black bears, identify landscape variables affecting the spatial range of this species and assess population trends using presence–absence data and opinions of local villagers.Location  Sichuan Province, south‐western China.Methods  We divided the province into 15 × 15 km cells, stratified them by forest cover, elevation and road density and randomly selected 494 cells (21% of province) for surveys. In each cell, we interviewed villagers and ground‐verified their reports of bear presence. We ground‐truthed reports of bear absence by conducting transects for bear sign in the best available habitat. We used logistic regression to identify key variables affecting presence of bears and predict their occurrence in unsampled cells.Results  We detected bears in 360 cells (73%). Models correctly predicted bear occurrence in 90.3% of cells where we detected bears and 84.5% of sampled cells where bears were absent. Models predicted 42.7% of Sichuan to be occupied by bears. Bear occurrence was strongly related to forest cover throughout the province. Roads had a negative effect in western region of province. Agricultural lands had a negative effect only when they were distant from forests. Villagers were accurate in their knowledge of bear presence or absence. Interviewed villagers (n = 1816) thought that bears were increasing in 32%, stable in 10%, and decreasing in 58% of cells with bears. Where bear populations were perceived to be declining, villagers identified poaching as the most common cause.Main conclusions  Our fine‐scale distribution map can be used for future monitoring and the key landscape factors related to occupancy by bears can be used in management plans for this species. Interviewing local villagers is an efficient and reliable means of assessing distribution, and changes therein, for animals such as bears that often interact with people and leave obvious signs.
Becoming a lecturer in nurse education: the work‐place learning of clinical experts as newcomers
Authors: Boyd Pete , Lawley Liz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis project investigates the experiences of nurses who have been recently appointed as lecturers in higher education. Successful nurses and clinical experts suddenly find themselves to be ‘newcomers’ in many aspects of their role when they are appointed to a lecturer post in higher education. The project uses a work‐place learning theoretical framework and builds on previous work on becoming an academic. The continuing professional development and contribution of this group of staff have significant impact on the effectiveness of nursing education. The key data source for this small‐scale qualitative enquiry is semi‐structured interviews with nine nurse lecturers within their first four years of appointment to a case study higher education institution. Additional data on the work‐place context are provided by interviews with three line managers and analysis of institutional documents related to the appointment, induction and continuing professional development of academic staff.The new nurse lecturers generally find their transition to higher education challenging and confusing because of the tensions in their subject, their department and their original practitioner profession, over what a lecturer should be. Their work‐place includes a complexity of overlapping communities of practice including subject groups, teaching teams, and clinical placement networks. The different communities require them to emphasize different elements of their identity. The experiences of the new nurse lecturers tend to encourage them to hold on to existing identities as clinical practitioners rather than embrace new identities as academics.The study has implications for all of those concerned with enhancing the academic work‐place as a learning environment for lecturers in professional education fields such as nursing. These include the need to recognize and respond to tensions within the work‐place and to nurture non‐formal collaborative learning.
Impact of Quadruple Regimen of Clarithromycin Added to Metronidazole‐Containing Triple Therapy AgainstHelicobacter pyloriInfection Following Clarithromycin‐Containing Triple‐Therapy Failure
Authors: Ueki Nobue , Miyake Kazumasa , Kusunoki Masafumi , Shindo Tomotaka , Kawagoe Tetsuro , Futagami Seiji , Tsukui Taku , Inagaki Hirofumi , Sakamoto Choitsu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground:The establishment of an optimal second‐line regimen forHelicobacter pyloriinfection is required. Although quadruple therapy should overcome resistance to either clarithromycin or metronidazole, the effects of a quadruple regimen in second‐line therapy are unknown. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of triple therapy composed of proton pump inhibitor/amoxicillin plus metronidazole with the combined additive effects of clarithromycin as a second‐line quadruple therapy againstH. pyloriinfection.Materials and Methods:Participants were 104 patients in whom first‐line therapy containing proton pump inhibitor‐amoxicillin‐clarithromycin failed. Before starting second‐line therapy, patients underwent endoscopy to obtainH. pyloristrain for antibiotic susceptibility tests. Patients were randomized to receive rabeprazole (10 mg), amoxicillin (750 mg), and metronidazole (250 mg), either with clarithromycin (200 mg; RAMC group) or without (RAM group); all treatments were administered twice daily for 7 days.H. pylorieradication was confirmed by13C‐urea breath tests performed 2 to 3 months post‐therapy.Results:As shown by intention‐to‐treat/per‐protocol analyses, the cure rates forH. pyloriinfection were 88.5%/93.9% and 82.7%/84.3% for the RAMC and RAM groups. Although the study probably had an insufficient power to show a significant difference between the cure rates of the two regimens, the eradication rates showed a clear trend in favor of the RAMC group. There were no severe side‐effects in any group.Conclusions:In Japan, the RAMC regimen is thought to be a promising alternative strategy for second‐line eradication ofH. pyloriinfection.
A Randomized Clinical Trial to Determine the Efficacy of Regimens Containing Clarithromycin, Metronidazole, and Amoxicillin Among Histologic Subgroups for Helicobacter pylori Eradication in a Developing Country
Authors: Fischbach Lori Ann , Bravo Luis Eduardo , Zarama Guillermo Rosero , Bravo Juan Carlos , Ojha Priyadarshi Rohit , Priest Elisa Lynne , Collazos Tito , Casabon Lucy Alba , Guerrero Lorena Zambrano , Singh P. Karan , Correa Pelayo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground: Most treatments deemed effective for Helicobacter pylori eradication in developed countries are less effective in developing countries. Regimens containing clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin seem efficacious despite antibiotic resistance, and may be a viable option in developing countries.Materials and Methods:  We evaluated the efficacy of a 14‐day regimen with 500 mg clarithromycin b.i.d., 500 mg metronidazole t.i.d., and 500 mg amoxicillin t.i.d. (with and without a proton pump inhibitor), and a 10‐day regimen containing 500 mg clarithromycin b.i.d., 1 g amoxicillin b.i.d., and 20 mg omeprazole b.i.d. in Pasto, Colombia, using a randomized, single‐blind design stratified by presence of atrophic gastritis.Results: H. pylori was eradicated in 86.8% and 85.3% of the participants randomized to a clarithromycin‐metronidazole‐amoxicillin and clarithromycin‐amoxicillin‐omeprazole regimens, respectively (p = .79). Per‐protocol analyses indicated greater efficacy for the clarithromycin‐metronidazole‐amoxicillin regimen (97%) versus the clarithromycin‐amoxicillin‐omeprazole regimen (86%) (p = .04), particularly for participants with atrophic gastritis (clarithromycin‐metronidazole‐amoxicillin = 100%, clarithromycin‐amoxicillin‐omeprazole = 81%; p = .02). Adverse events were mild, but adverse event‐related non‐compliance was reported more often for regimens containing clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin.Conclusions: Our results suggest that an eradication rate of > 85% can be achieved with 14‐day clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin and 10‐day clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and omeprazole regimens in Pasto, Colombia. The regimens containing clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin appear to be superior to the clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and omeprazole regimen for compliant participants and those with atrophic gastritis. Our findings provide treatment options for a population in a developing country with a high prevalence of H. pylori infections and antibiotic resistance.
Premenarchal Vulvar Ulceration: Is Chronic Irritation a Causative Factor?
Authors: Cebesoy Fatma Bahar , Balat Ozcan , Inaloz Serhat 
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  Objective:  To study the common features of the young girls with vulvar ulcerations, and to help guide physicians caring for girls with this unusual condition.Methods:  In this retrospective study, ten patients who developed vulvar ulcerations and denied any kind of sexual contact or sexual abuse were identified. Patient information was collated from detailed history, physical, and laboratory examinations including age, menarchal status, type of clothing worn, whether history of oral aphthosis or previous vulvar ulcers had occurred, symptoms at the time of presentation, description of ulcer, laboratory studies including serologies, blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C‐reactive protein, and biopsy results.Results:  Despite multiple evaluations, no patient had a specific medical cause identified to account for their vulvar ulcerations. None were diagnosed with Behcet’s syndrome. Seven had bilateral vulvar ulcerations, which we attribute to the practice of wearing tightly fitted pants or polyester underwear frequently. No recurrences were documented in 6 months follow‐up.Conclusion:  Girls with vulvar ulcerations who have deny being sexually active should be thoroughly evaluated for infections, Behcet’s disease, and other health problems, but, in addition, should be questioned about use of tight‐fitting clothing in the perineal area. We hypothesize that chronic irritation because of tight clothing may play a role in causing vulvar ulcerations in this setting.
The clinical concept of epilepsy
Authors: Reynolds Edward H. , Rodin Ernst 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThis article reviews the history of clinical concepts of epilepsy and its classification, especially in the last 100 years. Throughout its recorded history of 3 to 4 millennia, epilepsy has always been defined by its most dramatic symptoms, for example, falling, motor activity or loss of consciousness, but separation from other causes of the same paroxysmal symptoms has always proved challenging. For over a century there has been some semantic confusion whether to call the various paroxysms fits, convulsions, seizures, or epilepsies. Since the middle of the 19th century a great unresolved debate has continued about whether recurrent seizures or epilepsy should be viewed as a separable symptom of underlying brain disease or as one or more idiopathic diseases or syndromes, with an inherent age‐related natural history; or indeed viewed as both a symptom and a disease. A major advance in the 20th century is that vascular theories of epilepsy, which reached their peak with Turner in 1907, have been replaced by electromagnetic discharges, based especially on the work of Todd, Jackson, Berger, Lennox, and the Gibbs, culminating eventually in new ILAE classifications of seizures (1981) and epilepsy syndromes (1989). However 21st century uncertainties about symptomatic versus idiopathic or cross‐sectional (seizures) versus longitudinal (epilepsy) approaches to the problem very much reflect similar divergences of view a century ago. More attention is now being directed at interseizure events and processes which may lead either to remission or intractability with associated cognitive and psychosocial consequences. The search for the elusive essence, diathesis or predisposition to epilepsy, including seizure threshold, continues.
Clinical neuropathology of the epilepsies in the 100 years of the ILAE (1909–2009)
Authors: Meencke Heinz‐Joachim 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe paper describes the history of the clinical neuropathology of the epilepsies in the last hundred years from microscopy to molecular neuropathology. The main focus is on the concepts of hippocampal sclerosis and its discussion of causative lesion or consequence of seizures, and the concept of developmental disturbances in respect to general epileptogenicity. Clinical neuropathology remains an important discipline in the future of epileptology and brain research especially in the area of molecular genetics. Neuropathology will help to understand the stages of epileptogenesis and the factors responsible for the progressive nature of the disease.
Epilepsy, psychiatry, and neurology
Authors: Reynolds Edward H. , Trimble Michael R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThis article reviews the relationship between the psychiatry and neurology of epilepsy, especially in the last 100 years. Throughout most of its recorded history of 3 to 4 millennia epilepsy has been viewed as a supernatural or mental disorder. Although first suggested by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C., the concept of epilepsy as a brain disorder only began to take root in the 17th and 18th centuries. The discipline of neurology emerged from “nervous disorders” or neuropsychiatry in the late 19th century, when vascular theories of epilepsy predominated. By the turn of the 19th century psychiatry and neurology were diverging and epilepsy remained to some extent in both disciplines. It was only in the middle of the 20th century with the development of electromagnetic theories of epilepsy that the concept of epilepsy per se as a neurological disorder was finally adopted in international classifications of disease. This was associated with a refined definition of the ictal, pre‐, post‐, and interictal psychological disorders of epilepsy, which have contributed to a renaissance of neuropsychiatry. At the beginning of the 21st century and the centenary of the ILAE psychiatry and neurology have been converging again, led in some respects by epilepsy, which has provided several useful models of mental illness and a bridge between the two disciplines.
Chronic and High Alcohol Consumption Has a Negative Impact on Sleep and Sleep‐Associated Consolidation of Declarative Memory
Authors: Junghanns Klaus , Horbach Regine , Ehrenthal Dieter , Blank Sebastian , Backhaus Jutta 
Published: March 2009

Background.  The importance of sleep for memory consolidation has become a major focus of research. While it is known that abstaining alcohol‐dependent patients often have sleep disorders and that there is some cognitive impairment during early abstention a possible interaction of disturbed sleep with overnight memory consolidation has not been addressed in a study as yet.Methods.  Twenty‐four alcohol‐dependent patients with a short abstention period (mean 21.9 ± 7.6 days) were compared with 12 patients with an abstention period of several months (115.7 ± 43.8 days). Groups did not differ with respect to daily alcohol consumption before treatment, duration of alcohol dependence, and age. Before sleep all patients learned a list of semantically associated word pairs and a face name association task to a fixed criterion (at least 60% of correct recall) and they performed a mirror tracing task. After a polysomnographically registered night the patients were tested for retention of the learned declarative material by cued recall and had to perform the mirror tracing task again.Results.  The groups did not differ with respect to sleep parameters or sleep‐associated memory consolidation. Across both groups the duration of alcohol dependence correlated negatively with the amount of non‐REM sleep and recall in the face name association task correlated negatively with daily alcohol consumption before abstention. Among the longer‐term abstainers the duration of abstention correlated with the amount of slow wave sleep.Conclusions.  Our data support the hypothesis that chronic and high alcohol consumption negatively affects sleep and declarative memory consolidation during the first months of abstention. Between an abstention period of a few weeks and of several months no change in sleep parameters and nightly memory consolidation could be demonstrated, however.
The Persistence of Home Bias for Important R&D in Wireless Telecom and Automobiles
Authors: Cohen Stephen S. , Di Minin Alberto , Motoyama Yasuyuki , Palmberg Christopher 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe argue that in this age of globalization, important R&D—in automobiles and wireless telecommunication—exhibits a decisive home bias. This contrasts with findings on the rate and extent of globalization of the aggregate of activities classified as R&D. Sorting out R&D was deemed important at the outset by the firm, and comparing that to “regular” R&D by the same firms enables the argument. We take our findings on location a step further by examining, for this category of R&D, the reasons for nonglobalization.
Anatomical characteristics of the mandibular lingual foramina observed on limited cone‐beam CT images
Authors: Katakami Kaori , Mishima Akira , Kuribayashi Ami , Shimoda Shinji , Hamada Yoshiki , Kobayashi Kaoru 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives: The study aimed to investigate the regional frequency and anatomical properties of mandibular lingual foramina.Material and methods: The regional frequency of the lingual foramina was investigated using limited cone‐beam computed tomographic images of mandibles obtained from 190 examinations of 181 patients. The mesio‐distal position of the lingual foramina was classified into 17 areas of the midline area and each tooth area. The vertical position was assessed from the positional relationship between the lingual foramina and mandibular canals. Additionally, anastomoses of the lingual canals from the lingual foramina to mandibular canals were observed on the images.Results: One hundred and fifty‐four lingual foramina were observed. The highest regional frequency was recognized in the midline area followed by second premolar and canine area. Plural lingual foramina were observed only in the midline areas. No lingual foramina were observed in the superior area of the mandibular canals. Thirty‐one lingual foramina showed anastomoses between the lingual canals and mandibular canals.Conclusion: Information on the high regional frequency of lingual foramina in the second premolar area would be clinically significant to avoid life‐threatening incidents because of the possible presence of an artery. It is therefore important to confirm the location of lingual foramina.
Effects of decontamination and implant surface characteristics on re‐osseointegration following treatment of peri‐implantitis
Authors: Parlar Ateş , Bosshardt Dieter D. , Çetiner Deniz , Schafroth Denis , Ünsal Berrin , Haytaç Cenk , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground: Although considerable bone fill may occur following treatment of peri‐implantitis, re‐osseointegration appears to be limited and unpredictable.Objectives: To evaluate the effects of various decontamination techniques and implant surface configurations on re‐osseointegration of contaminated dental implants.Material and methods: Three months after tooth extraction, implants consisting of a basal part and an exchangeable intraosseous implant cylinder (EIIC) were placed in the mandibles of dogs. The EIIC was machined (M), sandblasted and acid‐etched (SLA), or titanium plasma sprayed (TPS). Ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis was initiated 8 weeks post‐implantation and lasted until bone loss reached the junction of the two implant parts. Three treatment modalities were applied: (T1) the EIIC was exchanged for a pristine EIIC; (T2) the EIIC was sprayed in situ with saline; and (T3) the EIIC was removed, cleansed outside the mouth by spraying with saline, steam‐sterilized, and remounted. A collagen barrier was placed over each fixture, and 3 months later, samples were processed for histology and histomorphometry.Results: T2 revealed the highest bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) level (significantly better than T1 and T3). T2 also yielded the highest bone crest level (significantly better than T1), followed by T3 (significantly better than T1). SLA showed the highest BIC level (significantly better than M), followed by TPS. There were no statistically significant differences in bone crest height between implant types.Conclusions: Both SLA implants and in situ cleansing resulted in the best re‐osseointegration and bone fill of previously contaminated implants.
Histometric evaluation of bone around titanium implants with different surface treatments in rats exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation
Authors: Correa Mônica G. , Gomes Campos Mirella L. , César‐Neto João B. , Casati Marcio Z. , Nociti Francisco H. , Sallum Enilson A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives: There is a lack of histological information about the influence of cigarette smoke on bone around surface‐treated implants. The aim of the present study was to test the influence of titanium surface treatment on osseointegration in animals that were exposed to intermittent cigarette smoke inhalation.Material and methods: Twenty‐two male Wistar rats were used. One tibia, chosen at random, received a machined titanium implant (MI) while the other received an aluminum oxide‐blasted surface implant (ABI). The animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Group 1 – control (n=11) and Group 2 – intermittent cigarette smoke inhalation (n=11). Sixty days after surgery, the animals were sacrificed. The degree of bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC), bone filling (BF) within the limits of the threads of the implants and bone density (proportion of mineralized bone in a 500‐μm‐wide zone lateral to the implant – BD) were measured in the cortical (zone A) and cancellous bone (zone B) areas.Results: Data analysis showed significant differences when comparing the groups and implant surfaces in both zones for BIC (two‐way ANOVA –P<0.05). The two groups presented higher BIC mean values for ABI, when compared with MI (P<0.05). In group 2, cigarette smoke inhalation negatively affected BF in both zones (P<0.05). Group 2 presented a significantly decreased BD in both zones (P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed between surfaces in any of the groups for BD.Conclusion: Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that the aluminum oxide blast surface treatment may increase the degree of BIC but cannot overcome the detrimental effect of tobacco smoke on bone around titanium implants.