bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety and Tolerability of Divalproex Sodium Extended‐Release in the Prophylaxis of Migraine Headaches: Results of an Open‐Label Extension Trial in Adolescents
Authors: Apostol George , Pakalnis Ann , Laforet Genevieve A. , Robieson Weining Z. , Olson Evelyn , Abi‐Saab Walid M. , Saltarelli Mario 
Published: November 2008

Objective.— To evaluate the long‐term safety and tolerability of divalproex sodium extended‐release in the prophylaxis of migraine headaches in adolescents.Background.— Divalproex sodium has been approved for migraine prophylaxis in adults. A previous double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of the efficacy and safety of divalproex sodium extended‐release for prevention of migraine in adolescents was followed by the present long‐term extension trial, which was designed to collect additional safety and tolerability data.Methods.— This was a 12‐month, Phase 3, open‐label extension of a 3‐month, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter study of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with migraine headaches who had either completed the previous study or had discontinued because of lack of efficacy. Subjects from the previous trial who had experienced serious adverse events possibly or probably related to study drug were excluded. Divalproex sodium extended‐release 500 mg daily was administered for 15 days then increased to 1000 mg. Study visits were conducted at days 1 and 15 and months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Safety assessments included adverse event collection, laboratory testing, physical and neurological examinations, vital signs, and electrocardiograms, as well as reproductive endocrine analyses for postmenarchal female subjects. Efficacy was evaluated by sequential 4‐week migraine headache rates calculated from subjects' headache diaries.Results.— A total of 112 subjects enrolled in the trial. The most common adverse events were weight gain (15%), nausea (14%), somnolence (12%), upper respiratory tract infection (11%), increased ammonia (8%), and sinusitis (8%). Five (4%) subjects experienced serious adverse events, and 15 (13%) subjects prematurely discontinued because of an adverse event. Increased ammonia levels were noted in some individuals, and the mean ammonia level for all subjects increased 19.2 µm from baseline. No other clinically significant changes were observed in laboratory values, vital signs, or electrocardiograms. Improvement in mean and median 4‐week migraine headache rates occurred by the fourth month and lasted for the duration of the trial.Conclusions.— In this long‐term open‐label extension study, the safety profile of divalproex sodium extended‐release in adolescents with migraine was consistent with that observed in the preceding 3‐month, double‐blind trial and in previous adult studies. Overall, divalproex sodium extended‐release was well‐tolerated in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years.
TAXONOMIC REVISION OF SARGASSUM (FUCALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM FRENCH POLYNESIA BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES1
Authors: Mattio Lydiane , Payri Claude Elisabeth , Stiger‐Pouvreau Valérie 
Published: November 2008

An assessment of Sargassum in French Polynesia was done through the critical revision of the literature, type specimens, and specimens from type localities. Sargassum samples were newly collected, and four morphotypes were identified on the basis of morphological characters. Molecular analysis of the nuclear ITS2, chloroplastic partial rbcLS, and mitochondrial cox3 markers generated two clades and confirmed the recent divergence suspected between closely related species. Although 18 different epithets have been attributed to French Polynesian Sargassum since 1828, only three species are considered valid in this study. Most of these species were transferred to S. pacificum Bory, the only species present in the Society Archipelago, while S. obtusifolium J. Agardh was restricted to the Austral Archipelago, and S. echinocarpum J. Agardh was confirmed for the Austral and Gambier Archipelagos. A morphological identification key is provided, along with descriptions and illustrations for each polymorphic species. Moreover, the study of several regional collections underlined similar and low specific diversity among Sargassum populations in the southeastern Pacific. As a result of this study, we propose that S. bacciferum J. Agardh var. latiuscula Grunow, S. bisserula f. pacifica Grunow, S. boraborense (Grunow) Setch., S. mangarevense (Grunow) Setch., S. sociale (Grunow) Setch., and S. tahitense Grunow be considered as heterotypic synonyms of S. pacificum. Sargassum skottsbergii Sjöstedt, S. hawaiiensis Doty et Newhouse, S. divaricatum var. chilensis Grunow, S. obtusifolium J. Agardh f. chamberlainii Grunow, and S. obtusifolium J. Agardh f. lendigeroides Grunow are further regarded as heterotypic synonyms of S. obtusifolium.
Association Between Changes in Habitual Physical Activity and Changes in Bone Density, Muscle Strength, and Functional Performance in Elderly Men and Women
Authors: Daly Robin M. , Ahlborg Henrik G. , Ringsberg Karin , Gardsell Per , Sernbo Ingemar , Karlsson Magnus K. 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the long‐term effects of habitual physical activity on changes in musculoskeletal health, functional performance, and fracture risk in elderly men and women.DESIGN: Ten‐year prospective population‐based study.SETTING: Malmö‐Sjöbo Prospective Study, Sweden.PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 152 men and 206 women aged 50, 60, 70, and 80 who were followed for 10 years.MEASUREMENTS: Distal radius bone mineral density (BMD) (single photon absorptiometry), upper limb muscle (grip) strength, balance, gait velocity, occupational and leisure‐time activity, and fractures (interview‐administered questionnaire) were reassessed after 10 years. Annual changes for all measures were compared between participants with varying habitual physical activity histories at baseline and follow‐up: inactive–inactive (n=202), active–inactive (n=47), inactive–active (n=49), and active–active (n=60). Data for men and women were pooled, because there were no sex‐by‐activity group interactions. To detect possible differences in fracture incidence between the varying habitual activity groups, participants were classified into two activity groups based on their activity classification at baseline and follow‐up: inactive:less active versus active:more active.RESULTS: The annual rate of bone loss was 0.6% per year less in individuals classified as active at both time points than in those classified as inactive at both time points (P<.01). Similar results were observed for balance, but there was no effect of varying habitual activity on changes in muscle strength or gait velocity. There were also no differences in fracture incidence between individuals categorized as active:more active and those categorized as inactive:less active during the follow‐up (adjusted hazard ratio=0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.42–1.90).CONCLUSION: This study showed that elderly men and women who maintained a habitually active lifestyle over 10 years had lower bone loss and retained better balance than those who remained habitually inactive.
Effects on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidative Enzymes ofEuonymus alatusin Cultured Rat Hepatocytes
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Woon , Suh Seok‐Jong , Kim Jong‐Dae , Kim Soo‐Sung , Lee In‐Seon , Kim June‐Ki , Chang Gyu‐Tae , Kim Dong‐Soo , Kim Cheorl‐Ho 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: TheEuonymus alatus(Thunb.) Sieb. has long been used as a crude drug. In this paper, we investigate the effects ofE. alatuson cultured hepatocyte cell system and lipid peroxidation in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment conditions. The study covers the physiological activity (the antioxidative activity and the nitrite‐scavenging effect) ofE. alatus. H2O2that can produce intracellular free radical was used for inducer of the peroxidation of cellular lipids. Treatment ofE. alatusattenuated in cell killing enhanced by increasing concentrations of H2O2. The increased malondialdehyde level induced by H2O2treatment was reduced by pre‐treatment ofE. alatus. Furthermore, addition ofE. alatusin cell culture medium significantly reduced cell killing and content of intracellular antioxidants. Changes in nitrite‐scavenging effect ofE. alatusat various concentrations (5–25 mg/ml) and various pH levels (pH 1.2, 4.2 and 6.0) were also observed. The present study was also done to investigate the effects ofE. alatuson cultured hepatocyte cell system, H2O2‐induced cytotoxicity and antioxidative enzyme activities, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S‐transferase in H2O2treatment conditions.E. alatustreatment had significant protective or elevating activities on these antioxidative enzyme activities compared to a normal group. The results indicate thatE. alatusprovides a strong antioxidant protection of cells against H2O2‐induced oxidative stress.
Microemulsion route to the synthesis of nanoparticles
Authors: Ganguli Ashok K. , Ahmad Tokeer , Vaidya Sonalika , Ahmed Jahangeer 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Nanoparticles of several titanates and zirconates in the range of 20-60 nm have been obtained using the reverse micellar route. Important oxides like CeO2 (mixture of nanorods; 7 nm diameter and 30 nm length and nanoparticles; 10 nm), ZrO2 (3-4 nm) and SnO2 (8 nm) have also been synthesized. Nanorods and nanoparticles of CaCO3 in all three forms (aragonite, vaterite, and calcite) have been obtained using reverse micelles as nanoreactors. The specific reactions vary depending on the nature of the target nanomaterial. For synthesis of ternary oxides like BaTiO3, a modified and convenient route using microemulsions (avoiding Ba-alkoxide) has evolved. Monophasic tin dioxide (SnO2) was obtained when liquid NH3 was used as precipitating agent. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies show that the SnO2 nanoparticles are highly uniform and particle size was found to be 6-8 nm at 500 °C. The gas sensing characteristics of SnO2 have also been investigated using n-butane, which shows high sensitivity and fast recovery time. Reverse micelles have been used, for the first time, to mimic the conditions suitable for the room-temperature synthesis of the high-temperature and -pressure orthorhombic phase of calcium carbonate (aragonite). Other forms of calcium carbonate (vaterite and calcite) could be obtained by varying the atmospheric conditions. At a lower temperature (5 °C), homogeneous and monodisperse spheres of vaterite are obtained. The spherical particles aggregate after longer aging (168 h) to form nanorods, and the self-assembly is clearly seen at various stages by electron microscopy images. The samples were well characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), line-broadening studies, TEM, variation in the dielectric properties with frequency and temperature, were measured on disks sintered at high temperature.
Determination of Volumetric Properties for Permeable Friction Course Mixtures
Authors: Alvarez Allex E. , Martin Amy Epps , Estakhri Cindy , Izzo Richard 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Current hot mix asphalt (HMA) mix design procedures used to determine the optimum asphalt content (OAC) for permeable or porous friction course (PFC) mixtures are based on volumetric properties, primarily total air void (AV) content. This calculated volumetric parameter depends on the bulk specific gravity (Gmb) and the theoretical maximum specific gravity (Gmm) of the mixture, which are generally difficult to measure in a laboratory due to the high asphalt contents, high total AV contents, and the use of modified asphalts for PFC mixtures. This study evaluated two methodologies for determining Gmb (vacuum and dimensional analysis) and two methodologies for determining Gmm (measured and calculated) for use in calculations of total AV content. For the mixtures assessed in this study, originally designed with a total AV content of 20 %, the alternative methodologies studied led to total AV content values outside the design range (18 to 22 %), which implies the necessity of gradation modifications or changes in the fiber content to meet AV requirements and define an OAC. Dimensional analysis and a calculation procedure, based on values of Gmm measured in the laboratory at low asphalt contents, are recommended for determining Gmb and Gmm values, respectively. In addition, dimensional analysis is preliminarily recommended to compute the water-accessible AV content of PFC mixtures based on the assessment of two methods (vacuum and a methodology proposed for dimensional analysis) to compute this parameter. Water-accessible AV content is considered as an alternative parameter for mix design and evaluation.
Biology of Dendroctonus murrayanae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Idaho and Montana and Comparative Taxonomic Notes
Authors: Furniss Malcolm M , Kegley Sandra J 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
We studied the biology of Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas, in Idaho and Montana. The beetle was not a primary agent of tree mortality. Susceptible host trees were physically damaged, had thin foliage, or were otherwise predisposed to infestation. Beetles attacked individual trees, not in groups, near ground level and at low density. Life stages and their behavior are described. Egg galleries were constructed upward and usually had short spurs. Mating occurred in the egg gallery. Eggs were laid in an elongated group, not in niches, in a shallow excavation along only one side of the egg gallery. Larvae aggregated in a communal chamber, feeding side by side, but separated before pupation. D. murrayanae has four instars. One annual generation is indicated, overwintering as larvae. D. murrayanae occurred in some trees with Pseudips (=Ips) mexicanus (Hopkins), Ips pini (Say), and Hylurgops porosus (LeConte) but seldom with the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. No natural enemy or commensal insect was observed in brood chambers. A new character on the frons is described and the relationship of D. murrayanae and the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), is discussed.
Diet Effects on Intrinsic Rate of Increase and Rearing of Proprioseiopsis asetus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Emmert C J , Mizell R F , Andersen P C , Frank J H , Stimac J L 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was estimated for Proprioseiopsis asetus Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on pollen and two prey species at 35°C. Cattail, Typha latifolia L., pollen and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) were equally favorable as food and superior to Tetranychus urticae Koch. More females were produced in a shorter time when P. asetus was fed F. occidentalis or pollen; however, survivorship was longer when the predator was fed T. urticae. On an F. occidentalis diet, calculated rm values ranged from 0.2789 to 0.2925. The net reproductive rate was lower on a diet of T. urticae (6.48) than on pollen (9.76) or on F. occidentalis (21.39). The finite rate of increase was lower on T. urticae (1.1868) than on pollen (1.3274) or F. occidentalis (1.3398). The mean generation time was similar on the three diets. That the data reported here were collected at 35°C makes it remarkable. P. asetus may have great potential as a biological control agent of arthropods, especially thrips under climatic conditions of high temperatures such as in protected culture.
The Bee Fauna of Residential Gardens in a Suburb of New York City (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Authors: Fetridge Evelyn D , Ascher John S , Langellotto Gail A 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAs suburban landscapes expand, it is critical to understand their capacity to support wildlife. Pollinators, specifically bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila), are to some degree compatible with urbanization and may be able to exist in suburbs in diverse assemblages. We surveyed 21 residential gardens for bees in Westchester County, a suburban area immediately north of New York City. From a sample of 1,675 individuals, we documented 110 species, of which 95% were native, 50% were solitary, and 93% were polylectic. In terms of abundance of specimens, eusocial (50% of specimens), native (97%), and polylectic (98%) bees were dominant. Contrary to our expectation, based on previous bee surveys in urban landscapes, the bee community documented was not depauperate in either soil-nesting or parasitic species (65 and 19% of species, respectively), nor was it enriched in exotic species (6% of species). Instead, the assemblage resembled the richer bee fauna documented at a 1,520-ha research preserve (forest) located in the same region, although certain specialist (oligolectic) and/or forest-associated species were absent. These results suggest that suburban landscapes in eastern North America have the potential to host relatively diverse and intact bee communities.
Distribution and Fine Structure of Antennal Sensilla in Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: Crook D J , Kerr L M , Mastro V C 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe antennal sensilla of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Male and female antennae have a scape, pedicel, and nine flagellomeres. Both male and female antennae share five sensillum types: sensilla chaetica (mechanoreceptors), three types of sensilla basiconica (olfactory), and uniporous gustatory/taste sensilla. Apical depressions containing large sensory fields of uniporous sensilla were seen on the eight most distal flagellomeres of both sexes. Counts of sensillum types showed that males possessed significantly more uniporous sensilla than females. We hypothesize that antennal contact is important for mate recognition by male A. planipennis. The distal apices of the eight outer flagellomeres were seen to have “tufts” composed of two types of sensilla basiconica. A third type of sensilla basiconica was observed within the perimeter of the uniporous sensory fields. The structure and putative function of each sensillum type are discussed.
Communication with Signals Produced by Abdominal Vibration, Tremulation, and Percussion inPodisus maculiventris(Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Žunič Alenka , Cokl Andrej , Doberlet Meta Virant , Millar Jocelyn G 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMating behaviors of the predaceous spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Pentatomidae: Asopinae), were observed, and vibrational signals used in intraspecific communication were recorded and analyzed. Only males produced vibrational signals, using three different vibrational modes: vibration of the abdomen, percussion with the front legs, or tremulation of the body. When recorded on a nonresonant substrate (a loudspeaker membrane), the mean dominant frequency of signals produced by abdominal vibration varied between 90 and 140 Hz, and of tremulatory signals between 8 and 22 Hz. Percussion signals were broad-band, with the dominant frequency ≈97 Hz and lower amplitude spectral peaks between 1,500 and 3,000 Hz. In the courtship phase of mating behavior, males emitted pulse trains composed of an abdominal vibration after a tremulatory pulse. Females stimulated by signals of abdominal vibration and composite signals expressed searching behavior and orientation toward the source of vibration, whereas no specific reaction to tremulatory signals was observed. Observations of mating behavior and playback experiments showed that the abdominal vibration signals had both long range calling and short range recognition functions. Tremulatory signals were emitted at close range and were essential for copulation to occur. The sequences of fast and repeated percussion signals were emitted both as individual signals during calling and courting or between vibratory and tremulatory pulses. However, unlike the other vibrational signals, percussion did not seem to be emitted in a particular behavioral context, and its possible function in eliciting responses from females is unclear.
Low‐complexity robust adaptive generalized sidelobe canceller detector for DS/CDMA systems
Authors: Elnashar Ayman , Elnoubi Said , Elmikati Hamdi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA novel low computational complexity robust adaptive blind multiuser detector, based on the minimum output energy (MOE) detector with multiple constraints and a quadratic inequality (QI) constraint is developed in this paper. Quadratic constraint has been a widespread approach to improve robustness against mismatch errors, uncertainties in estimating the data covariance matrix, and random perturbations in detector parameters. A diagonal loading technique is compulsory to achieve the quadratic constraint where the diagonal loading level is adjusted to satisfy the constrained value. Integrating the quadratic constraint into recursive algorithms seems to be a moot point since there is no closed‐form solution for the diagonal loading term. In this paper, the MOE detector of DS/CDMA system is implemented using a fast recursive steepest descent adaptive algorithm anchored in the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) structure with multiple constraints and a QI constraint on the adaptive portion of the GSC structure. The Lagrange multiplier method is exploited to solve the QI constraint. An optimal variable loading technique, which is capable of providing robustness against uncertainties and mismatch errors with low computational complexity is adopted. Simulations for several mismatch and random perturbations scenarios are conducted in a rich multipath environment with near–far effect to explore the robustness of the proposed detector. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substrate determines asymmetrical gait dynamics in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis)
Authors: Young Jesse W. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractStudies of skeletal pathology indicate that injury from falling accounts for most long bone trauma in free‐ranging primates, suggesting that primates should be under strong selection to manifest morphological and behavioral mechanisms that increase stability on arboreal substrates. Although previous studies have identified several kinematic and kinetic features of primate symmetrical gaits that serve to increase arboreal stability, very little work has focused on the dynamics of primate asymmetrical gaits. Nevertheless, asymmetrical gaits typify the rapid locomotion of most primates, particularly in smaller bodied taxa. This study investigated asymmetrical gait dynamics in growing marmosets and squirrel monkeys moving on terrestrial and simulated arboreal supports (i.e., an elevated pole). Results showed that monkeys used several kinematic and kinetic adjustments to increase stability on the pole, including reducing peak vertical forces, limiting center of mass movements, increasing substrate contact durations, and using shorter and more frequent strides (thus limiting disruptive whole‐body aerial phases). Marmosets generally showed greater adjustment to pole locomotion than did squirrel monkeys, perhaps as a result of their reduced grasping abilities and retreat from the fine‐branch niche. Ontogenetic increases in body size had relatively little independent influence on asymmetrical gait dynamics during pole locomotion, despite biomechanical theory suggesting that arboreal instability is exacerbated as body size increases relative to substrate diameter. Overall, this study shows that 1) symmetrical gaits are not the only stable way to travel arboreally and 2) small‐bodied primates utilize specific kinematic and kinetic adjustments to increase stability when using asymmetrical gaits on arboreal substrates. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.