bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asian Transnational Families in New Zealand: Dynamics and Challenges
Authors: Ho Elsie , Bedford Richard 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSince the 1990s, Asia has emerged as the major contributor of migration flows into New Zealand. Settler migration, tourism, international business and more recently, international education make up the diverse flows of Asian peoples into the country. This paper explores the changing dynamics of Asian transnational families over the last two decades, with a special focus on the experiences of young people within these families. In the early 1990s, bi‐local families were commonly known as “astronaut” families, in which one or both parents returned to their countries of origin to work, leaving their children to be educated in New Zealand. Over time the structures of these families have changed, as many young migrants relocated back to their former homeland or re‐migrated to a third country, while “astronaut parents” rejoined their spouses either in the origin or destination. More recently, the educational migration of international students from countries in Asia has given rise to another form of transnational family, in which young people enter New Zealand as international students and some subsequently become residents. In this paper, the experiences of these young people are explored within the wider context of family strategies for maximising benefits through spatially extended networks on the one hand, and government initiatives and immigration policy changes that have been taking place in New Zealand since the 1990s on the other.
Intergenerational Transnationalism: 1.5 Generation Asian Migrants in New Zealand1
Authors: Bartley Allen , Spoonley Paul 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper explores some of the issues associated with the nature of contemporary transnationalism and the particular experiences and strategies of a specific cohort of migrants, the 1.5 generation. Based on a study of East Asian migrant adolescents to New Zealand, we argue that the experiences and strategies of this generation differ from those of their parents, the original decision‐makers in the migration process, as well as from the historical experiences of earlier migrants. There is an ambivalence (in‐betweenness) about settlement and attachment that raises some key questions about the assumptions of the immigration literature and of policy/political communities. The paper suggests that the 1.5 generation represents a particular group that deserves more attention in the migration and transnationalism literature.
Married to the Military: Filipinas Negotiating Transnational Families
Authors: Yea Sallie 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWomen migrating transnationally as “entertainers” within Asia are particularly exposed to the possibility of forming relationships in these transnational sites. This is because the nature of their work, which entails chatting and dancing with customers and various forms of sexual labour, including fondling, kissing and sometimes sex, often leads to romantic liaisons with customers in the clubs where they are deployed. This possibility is even more pronounced for women who are trafficked (that is, deceptively recruited and employed) as entertainers, as they often counter the severe vulnerabilities associated with their positions by relying on customers‐cum‐boyfriends for support and assistance. Marriage is one common result of these liaisons. This paper considers the multiple impacts of such marriages for foreign female entertainers on family. I focus particularly on the ways such marriages can both constrain existing family responsibilities and facilitate new ones. The paper draws on the case of Filipinas married to American soldiers in Korea as a case study for discussion. I suggest that migrant women who become involved in such marriages are often pulled between the potentially conflicting demands of old (within their home countries) and new (with their American soldier husbands) family ties and responsibilities. I also suggest that these women’s new families, whilst outwardly displaying elements of traditional gendered household roles and structures, are often characterised by long absences of the husband (to other countries or within the country of residence) and long‐term patterns of transnational migration that can have a highly disruptive impact on family arrangements.
“Flexible Citizenship” or Familial Ties that Bind? Singaporean Transmigrants in London
Authors: Lynn‐Ee Ho Elaine 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEasier travel and communication technologies, together with the global demand and supply labour market exchanges occurring under post‐Fordist capitalism, create the conditions that make transnational family formations more common than before. Geographically dispersed family members are governed by different citizenship regimes that affect familial interactions and the possibility of family reunification. Such family formations have significant implications for the nation‐state framework and the way that citizenship is practised in a transnational world. Singapore, a young city‐state in Southeast Asia, provides an insightful case‐study to examine migrant motivations and citizenship behaviour. The political leaders in Singapore represent the nation‐state’s internationalising drive – which includes encouraging Singaporeans to live and work overseas for a period of time – and its domestic nation‐building goals as strategies that are both necessary and yet in tension with one another.This paper draws on discourse analysis to examine the ways in which the Singaporean state plays upon familial logics and citizenship regulations as one of its strategies to bind overseas citizens to the country. I also employ findings from in‐depth interviews with Singaporean transmigrants in London to discuss the manner in which the above considerations frame their decisions on migration and citizenship. In doing so, I argue that research on migration and the transnational family should consider how they both articulate and are in turn articulated by the nation‐state. I then show how my research results have important implications for citizenship policymaking in a transnational world, particularly with respect to gendered familial discourses and nation‐building processes. I also suggest that my research findings indicate areas for further academic enquiry into the morphology, strategies and temporality of transnational family formations.
Bengali‐Speaking Families in Singapore: Home, Nation and the World
Authors: Haque Khondker Habibul 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the notions of “home,”“nation” and “the world” among the Bengali‐speaking families in Singapore. The forces of globalization have played a significant role in making the Bengali‐speaking families transnational, first by uprooting them from Bengal, a territory now shared between Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, and then re‐linking them to a complex web of relationships redefining the contours of community. The Bengali‐speaking families in Singapore belong to two distinct “communities”: Bengalis from West Bengal, India who are predominantly Hindus, and Bengalis from Bangladesh who are predominantly Muslims. They formed two different “communities” not simply on the basis of differences in religion but also in terms of social networks and ties. Common language, similar food habits and love for certain cultural practices like cricket and adda, are not enough to bring them into the fold of a common Bengali community. The division in the Bengali‐speaking community is influenced not so much by religion but nationalism. Nationalism, however imagined, continues to play a powerful role in the globalized world, especially among transnational communities. Yet, the two “communities,” one from Bangladesh and the other from West Bengal, are not antagonistic to one another by any means; their relationship is an ambivalent one based on a tacit principle of “civil inattention.” The situation changed in the 1990s when Bengali was introduced as a second language in Singapore, and a Bengali language school was set up thereafter. The two communities were drawn into a common physical space and a new set of social ties and networks began to emerge, opening and redrawing the boundaries of community. The paper demonstrates how nations separate a people who share a common notion of home, as well as how cosmopolitan world‐views redraw the contours of community.
Improving the quality of low‐wage work: The current American experience
Authors: OSTERMAN Paul 
Published: August 2008

Abstract.Despite the recent strength of the United States job market, about one fifth of the private‐sector workforce is in poor‐quality employment, earning poverty‐level wages or less, with scant prospects for improvement. Against this background, the article focuses on demand‐side policies, aimed at influencing firms' decision‐making in the direction of better quality employment. Describing and evaluating a variety of programmes pursued to that end, the author argues for more policy coherence and a balanced approach combining training and economic development programmes working directly with employers, on the one hand, and increased unionization and better wage and working‐time standards, on the other.
The state of worker protections in the United States: Unregulated work in New York City
Authors: BERNHARDT Annette , McGRATH Siobhán , DeFILIPPIS James 
Published: August 2008

Abstract.Using original data gathered in 2003–06, the authors examine the prevalence and types of non‐compliance with labour law in New York City. Workplace violations — or “unregulated work”— are widespread across a range of low‐wage industries and have been driven by a mix of economic factors as well as public policy. The solution, the authors argue, is to strengthen law enforcement and provide for the new types of employment relationship that have resulted from changes in the organization of work and production.
Promoting sustainable compliance: Styles of labour inspection and compliance outcomes in Brazil
Authors: PIRES Roberto 
Published: August 2008

Abstract.Can workers’ rights and social protections be reconciled with firms’ competitiveness and productivity? In contrast to current development policy advice, which emphasizes the “flexibilization” of labour laws, this article contributes to an ongoing debate about styles of inspection by exploring the causal links between different regulatory practices and economic development and compliance outcomes. Findings from subnational comparisons in Brazil challenge established theories about the behaviours of firms and regulatory agencies, and indicate that labour inspectors have been able to promote sustainable compliance (legal and technical solutions linking up workers' rights with firms’ performance) by combining punitive and pedagogical inspection practices.
Tripartite consultation in China: A first step towards collective bargaining?
Authors: SHEN Jie , BENSON John 
Published: August 2008

Abstract.Tripartite consultation has become widely established in China and is often referred to as “collective bargaining” by the Government and the All‐China Federation of Trade Unions. This article reviews its development and structure, and examines its role in dispute settlement, labour regulation and collective bargaining. China's tripartite consultation system is found to differ from that advocated by the ILO due to its lack of neutrality and independent workers’ representation, poor legal enforcement of consultation outcomes, and restricted responsibilities. Notwithstanding these major deficiencies, the authors conclude, such tripartite consultation is a first step towards more genuine collective bargaining.
Offshore employment practices: An empirical analysis of routines, wages and labour turnover
Authors: LOESS Kurt , MILLER Van V. , YOSKOWITZ David 
Published: August 2008

Abstract.Theories of efficiency wage and human capital formation suggest that both should have a significant influence on employee turnover in offshore manufacturing sites. This influence is explored and examined empirically with a stratified, random sample of northern Mexican maquilas — the historical choice for offshoring in that country and one of the world's earliest and most enduring offshore manufacturing sites. Statistical tests reveal the strong influence on production‐level turnover of direct wages and human capital formation when the latter variable is measured in terms of “maquiladora generations”. The distinctive human resource practices of the maquiladora generations are then presented and discussed.
Investigation of auditory dysfunction in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Authors: Yu‐Wai‐Man Patrick , Elliott Clive , Griffiths Philip G. , Johnson Ian J. , Chinnery Patrick F. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate the possibility of auditory dysfunction in patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON).Methods:  We prospectively recruited 10 affected patients from the north‐east of England harbouring one of the three primary mitochondrial LHON mutations (3460G>A n = 3, 11778G>A n = 5 and 14484T>C n = 2). A detailed auditory history was taken and they were asked to complete a validated hearing questionnaire. Each patient then underwent a comprehensive topographic neuroauditory assessment to evaluate both middle‐ and inner‐ear functions and the integrity of the brainstem auditory pathways.Results:  We found no evidence of cochlear nerve dysfunction or abnormalities of the central brainstem auditory pathways in our LHON cohort and five patients had completely normal hearing tests. The remainder had mild conductive hearing loss from childhood ear infections and/or high‐frequency sensorineural hearing loss from previous noise injury.Conclusion:  Although further studies are required to confirm our findings, auditory dysfunction as a result of a primary LHON mutation is probably uncommon.
Correlation between retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and retinal sensitivity
Authors: Sato Shino , Hirooka Kazuyuki , Baba Tetsuya , Yano Izumi , Shiraga Fumio 
Published: August 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the relationship between retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and light threshold values obtained with the Micro Perimeter 1 (MP1).Methods:  Forty‐nine normal subjects and 37 glaucoma patients were included. Thickness of the RNFL around the optic disc was measured with Stratus OCT scans, and static threshold perimetry was performed with the MP1 at the same visit. Total average and mean 12‐clock‐hour RNFL thickness were measured with Stratus OCT. An automated 4‐2‐1 staircase strategy with Goldmann III stimuli was used for MP1. The correspondence between Stratus OCT and MP1 RNFL measurements in each clock‐hour was best fit by a second‐order polynomial.Results:  Average RNFL thickness in the normal group was significantly higher than that in the glaucoma group in each clock hour. Comparing the normal and glaucomatous groups, retinal sensitivity differed significantly at 6, 7, 8 and 11 o’clock. In these regions, structure–function relationships were generally stronger than in other regions.Conclusions:  Structure–function associations may be strong when loss of nerve fibres is severe. However, significant reduction in retinal sensitivity does not emerge until the atrophy of nerve fibres is severe.
Tilted disc syndrome may mimic false visual field deterioration
Authors: Vuori Marja‐Liisa , Mäntyjärvi Maija 
Published: August 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  Tilted disc syndrome is a congenital anomaly of the eye characterized by mostly upper temporal visual field defects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of gradual myopic correction in the improvement of visual field defects associated with tilted disc syndrome.Methods:  The visual field was examined in 38 eyes of 24 patients using standard Goldmann perimetry. The isoptres IV‐4e, I‐4e, I‐3e and I‐2e were plotted. The defective isoptres were tested again with gradually increasing myopic correction until no further change was noted.Results:  The most common type of defect was a relative upper temporal defect (19 eyes). Temporal relative defects were found in five eyes, upper altitudinal field defects in six eyes, an enlarged blind spot in four eyes, and an inferior field defect in one eye. The visual field defect partly or totally disappeared with increased myopic correction in 18 (50%) eyes. The mean improvement was 17.0 ± 6.2 degrees and the mean additional myopic correction was 3.1 ± 1.5 D.Conclusions:  Even a small change in near correction during visual field examination may imply worsened or improved visual field defects in tilted disc syndrome. To prevent a false interpretation of field deterioration in a patient with tilted disc syndrome and glaucoma, visual field assessment should include examination with the myopic correction that provides the maximal improvement of the defective visual field.
The Pyhäjärvi Cataract Study. I. Study design, baseline characteristics and the demand for cataract surgery
Authors: Falck Aura , Kuoppala Jaana , Winblad Ilkka , Tuulonen Anja 
Published: August 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  The Pyhäjärvi Cataract Study aims to study demand for cataract surgery in the population of a rural town in Finland.Methods:  A random, population‐based sample of 881 persons aged ≥ 60 years were interviewed by telephone to obtain a Visual Function‐14 (VF‐14) score. A total of 294 persons were invited for an ophthalmic examination based on three categories of VF‐14 score. Of these, 230 (78%) responded, 10 of whom were excluded as a result of prior bilateral surgery. The New Zealand Priority Criteria (NZPC) and the 15‐Dimension Quality of Life (15‐D) instruments were administered. In addition, another group of 96 patients waiting for cataract surgery were examined and scored using the VF‐14, NZPC and 15‐D instruments. A modified Lens Opacities Classification System (LOCS) III classification was used for grading the cataract.Results:  Only one (0.5%) of the 220 examined subjects was referred for cataract surgery. Many patients with relatively good visual acuity (VA), including six people with a 100‐point VF‐14 score suggesting no visual symptoms, were waiting for surgery. Demographic factors were not associated with access to cataract surgery. The patients examined from the waiting list for cataract surgery had more cataractous changes in the lens(es), poorer VA, were older, and scored higher on the NZPC instrument than the population sample examined.Conclusions:  Practically no hidden demand for cataract surgery was found in the study population as defined by the national criteria for cataract surgery in Finland. This reflects the fact that the current Finnish health care system appears to recognize and treat cataract patients very well, even in rural areas. Although VA tests may not be sufficient for evaluating need for cataract surgery, the role of questionnaires is not clear either.
Innovations in non‐surgical periodontal therapy: Consensus Report of the Sixth European Workshop on Periodontology
Authors: Sanz M. , Teughels W. ,   on behalf of group A of the European Workshop on Periodontology
Published: August 2008

AbstractIntroduction: The remit of this working group was to update the existing knowledge base in non‐surgical periodontal therapy. The published systematic reviews from the fourth EAP Workshop formed the starting point for this update and in addition specific innovations not covered in previous workshops were included.Material and Methods: The literature was systematically searched and critically reviewed. Five manuscripts were produced in five specific topics identified as areas where innovative approaches have been developed in non‐surgical periodontal therapy and which were deemed to be strategically important for patient care and clinical practice.Results: The results and conclusions of the review process are presented in the following papers, together with the group consensus statements, clinical implications and directions for future research: A systematic review of the effects of full mouth debridement with and without antiseptics in patients with chronic periodontitis. Advances in Power Driven Instrumentation. Laser application in non‐surgical periodontal therapy – a systematic review. Antimicrobial therapy in periodontitis: the use of systemic antimicrobials against the subgingival biofilm. The cost‐effectiveness of supportive periodontal‐care for patients with chronic periodontitis.
A systematic review of the effects of full‐mouth debridement with and without antiseptics in patients with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Lang Niklaus P. , Tan Wah Ching , Krähenmann Michael A. , Zwahlen Marcel 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives: To assess the clinical and microbiological effects of full‐mouth debridement with (FMD) and without the use of antiseptics [full‐mouth scaling and root planing (FMSRP)] in comparison with conventional staged debridement (CSD) in patients with chronic periodontitis after at least 6 months.Material and Methods: The search in MEDLINE (PubMed), covering a period of 1975 to October 2007, and hand searching yielded 207 titles. Forty‐two abstracts and 17 full‐text articles were screened for inclusion.Results: Twelve articles allowed a direct comparison of FMD with CSD, FMSRP with CSD and FMD with FMSRP. Probing pocket depth reductions were significantly greater (0.2 mm) with FMD and FMSRP compared with CSD. Moreover, a modest reduction in BOP (9%) favoured FMD. Likewise, clinical attachment levels were improved by 0.2–0.4 mm in favour of FMD and FMSRP, respectively. In all comparisons, single‐rooted teeth and deep pockets benefitted slightly from FMD and FMSRP. Limited differences in the changes of the subgingival microbiota were noted between the treatment modalities.Conclusions: Despite the significant differences of modest magnitude, FMD or FMSRP do not provide clinically relevant advantages over CSD. Hence, all three treatment modalities may be recommended for debridement in the initial treatment of patients with chronic periodontitis.
Antimicrobial therapy in periodontitis: the use of systemic antimicrobials against the subgingival biofilm
Authors: Herrera David , Alonso Bettina , León Rubén , Roldán Silvia , Sanz Mariano 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives: The aim was to answer three relevant questions: can systemic antimicrobials be efficacious if the biofilm is not disrupted? Can the type of debridement of the subgingival biofilm impact upon the clinical outcomes of the adjunctive antimicrobial therapy? Is the efficacy of the adjunctive systemic antimicrobial therapy dependent on the quality of the debridement of the subgingival biofilm and the sequence debridement–antibiotic usage?Material and Methods: Relevant papers were searched, critically analysed and their data were extracted.Results: For the first question, studies assessing susceptibility of bacteria in biofilms, and clinical studies evaluating systemic antimicrobials as monotherapy, were reviewed. For the second question, clinical studies comparing systemic antimicrobials as adjuncts to non‐surgical debridement or to periodontal surgery and clinical trials using systemic antibiotics with periodontal surgery were evaluated. For the third question, a previous systematic review was updated.Conclusion: If systemic antimicrobials are indicated in periodontal therapy, they should be adjunctive to mechanical debridement. There is not enough evidence to support their use with periodontal surgery. Indirect evidence suggests that antibiotic intake should start on the day of debridement completion, debridement should be completed within a short time (preferably <1 week) and with an adequate quality, to optimize the results.