bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Policy and Minority Attitudes in Israel
Authors: Yiftachel O , Yone H Law 
Published: October 2006

In this paper a relatively underresearched aspect of Israel's planning policies in the Galilee region is examined: The attitudes of the local Arab population towards these policies. Israel's policies are initially reviewed, with particular attention to their spatial, economic, and procedural elements. Then a report is given on an attitudinal survey conducted in 1990 among 137 Arab councillors in the Upper Galilee region. Examination of Arab attitudes towards each of the three policy elements mentioned above, shows that these attitudes are clearly influenced by the changing milieu in which the Arabs live, where Israel's policies and their spatial consequences play a key role. Further statistical analysis shows that Arab attitudes are most significantly associated with the following consequences of Israel's policies in the region: The extent of land loss, proximity to new Jewish settlements, and exposure to a high level of combined control measures exercised by Israeli authorities. Overall, the survey shows that Arab attitudes in the Galilee are characterised by parallel strands of frustration (due mainly to a sense of deprivation), dissatisfaction, and determination, although a measure of pragmatism is also evident. The emotional and factual bases of Arab attitudes point to a likelihood of increasing levels of conflict between Galilee Arabs and Israeli authorities, if future policies fail to address interethnic gaps in the region.
The Development of a Measure of Intersectoral Connectedness by Using Structural Path Analysis
Authors: Basu R , Johnson T G 
Published: October 2006

In this study we analyze the changes that take place in intersectoral linkages in the process of diversification, and the roles of sectors in such changes. Data from input—output and structural path analysis are utilized to develop indices that can be used for assessing the connectedness of sectors (and industries within sectors) in any economy. In addition, measures are developed for quantifying linkages, and the economic influence transmitted by them, that are sensitive to structural change over space and time. The indices are then used to examine the relationship between sectoral diversity, linkages, and development by analyzing the economic relationships between sectors in the form of intersectoral linkages of six planning districts in Virginia, in addition to the economies of the State of Virginia and the USA. On the basis of these analyses, it is concluded that: (a) contrary to Hirschman's suggestion that the complexity of linkages increased with industrial diversification, the results suggest that diversification leads to less complexity in the linkage relationships; and (b) economies with mixed sectoral representation have higher levels of cycling, on average, than those with industrial diversity in just one sector. The implications of these findings for policy and planning are discussed.
Road Capacity Driven Land Use Model (CADLUM)
Authors: Gur Y J , Shefer D , Magid D 
Published: October 2006

In this paper we examine the major effects of road network attributes in a metropolitan area on the spatial distribution and intensity of activities, and suggest a model to describe these effects. The model is based on the hypothesis that the transportation system affects land development primarily as a constraint: the intensity of land use in an area cannot exceed the capacity of the road network that serves the traffic it generates. With the model we examine the feasibility of a proposed land-use plan (or prediction) for an urban area, given a proposed transportation plan. If road-capacity constraints are violated, the model employs an optimization procedure to identify a feasible spatial distribution of the activities. In this paper we describe the conceptual basis for the model and its formulation as a distance-minimizing optimization problem, a heuristic solution method, and a simple application.
GIS and Environmental Decisionmaking to Aid Smelter Reclamation Planning
Authors: Hickey R , Jankowski P 
Published: October 2006

Abandoned mines and mining-related activities typically cause environmental problems related to erosion and pollutant transport. Traditional methods of smelter reclamation plan design are hampered by the lack of data integration and by time-consuming analysis. The proposed spatial decision-support system will minimize these problems as data integration and analysis are offered within one computerized environment. A geographical information system (GIS), remotely sensed data, erosion modeling, and multicriteria decisionmaking (MCDM) methods have been integrated to support reclamation procedures better. Integration of the digital data sources and analysis will produce more realistic, up-to-date models of damaged lands. This methodology is applicable to any number of damaged sites, including mine sites, smelter sites, widespread hazardous-waste sites, and areas negatively impacted by intense agriculture or forestry. The system has been tested at the Anaconda smelter site, an Environmental Protection Agency superfund site near Butte, Montana. The primary surficial problems are related to metal toxicity and transport. In addition to producing a description of the physical conditions at the entire site, the system provides spatial decision-support capabilities for generating and evaluating revegetation strategies for the site with the use of different priority schemes.
The Making of the Middle-Class City: Transportation Policy in São Paulo
Authors: Vasconcellos E A 
Published: October 2006

The adaptation of urban spaces to cope with increased automobile traffic has been called the ‘building of automobile cities’. This is a vague and otherwise politically naive interpretation of these important changes in capitalist societies. Cars do not run on their own and one has to ask who is behind the wheels, and for what purposes. I argue that these spatial transformations are definite economic and political undertakings related to capitalist modernization processes, in which the middle classes, as preferential partners of ruling classes, play the most important role. In these contexts, the automobile turns out to be an essential means for the reproduction of the middle classes in their pursuit of social mobility. Therefore I argue that these large transformations should instead be seen as the ‘building of middle-class cities’. This paper is about how São Paulo was transformed into a middle-class city. In it I emphasize the period from 1960 to 1980, when the city population increased from 3.6 million to 8.5 million, and 1.6 million new automobiles were put into circulation. In this period Brazil experienced a highly dynamic capitalist modernization process, with high rates of GNP growth, under authoritarian (and often repressive) political rule. New middle-class sectors were generated, supported by the concentration of income and by their ideological commitment to the new regime. The city space was physically transformed to allow for a new pattern of circulation which was directly related to the new economic activities and the new lifestyle of these middle-class sectors, for whom the automobile became a vital means of social reproduction. The middle classes were represented, inside the state, by transportation planners who promoted the ideology of modernization. The space was then reshaped in a way which favored the circulation needs of the middle class population, in its prime role of driver, rather than the needs of the majority of the population, in their primary roles of pedestrian and captive public transportation user. Moreover, the mobility and fluidity needs of these selected middle-class sectors were pursued regardless of the safety and environmental consequences of the new circulation pattern. Similar processes can be identified in the developing world where other middle-class cities have been created. In spite of social and political differences, these processes share the objective of readapting space to ease the circulation of the social sectors which are relevant to economic accumulation and political legitimation.
Resilience and Persistence of the Synergism of Plagues: Stochastic Resonance and the Ecology of Disease, Disorder and Disinvestment in US Urban Neighborhoods
Authors: Wallace R , Wallace D 
Published: October 2006

We adapt recent perspectives on the resilience of ecosystems in a stochastic environment to analysis of the effects of public policies of ‘planned shrinkage’ on stressed US urban minority neighborhoods. The ‘synergism of plagues’—a self-reinforcing, interactive mix of contagious urban decay and deterioration in both public health and public order—emerges in the course of a sudden ‘phase transition’ from community-spanning geographically focused social networks within ghetto neighborhoods to a condition of fragmented and isolated subnets. This transition occurs because instabilities inherent in the marginalization of ethnic ghetto neighborhoods synergistically amplify externally imposed stressors, most notably public policies of disinvestment. The amplification, a short-time version of stochastic resonance, may be quite large. Our work implies that continued subjection of marginalized US urban minority neighborhoods to public policies of ‘planned shrinkage’ can trigger similar but larger scale—regional and national—transitions in patterns of public health and public order, ultimately placing much of the three quarters of the country's population living in or near central cities at significantly increased risk.
Migration of Elderly People to Join Existing Households: Some Evidence from the 1991 Household Sample of Anonymised Records
Authors: Al-Hamad A , Flowerdew R , Hayes L 
Published: October 2006

In this paper the extent to which migration of the elderly is linked to changing family living situations is explored. The work described is part of a larger project concerned with the relationship between migration, kinship, and household change. Discussions of the living arrangements of older people have often referred to moves made to join adult children or other relatives. In this paper we use the Household Sample of Anonymised Records to investigate moves of this type. The Sample of Anonymised Records allows the identification of individuals who have joined already existing households within the previous year. We make use of information on people over 65 years in Great Britain who have changed address in the previous year but are now part of a household some of whose members have not moved. This paper is confined to the limited range of information available from the 1991 census but it does allow us to estimate the number of older people making moves of this type, and to identify their age, sex, and marital status, and their relationship to the household they have joined. It is also possible to say something about the households which these people are joining, in terms of tenure and house type, and to describe the distribution of distances moved. Although the data do not allow direct inferences about whether these moves are related to the needs of the old people for care, the census question on limiting long-term illness provides data relevant to this issue.
My Dinner with Derrida, or Spatial Analysis and Poststructuralism Do Lunch
Authors: Dixon D P , Jones J P 
Published: October 2006

Menu. This paper extends our previous efforts to (de)lineate contemporary divisions between poststructuralist and spatial analytic, or scientific, approaches in geography. We adopt the format of a dialogue between a hypothetical spatial analyst (SA) and a poststructuralist (PS). Their exchange covers, among other items, the differing stances of these approaches to epistemology, ontology, research questions and methods, and the concept of ‘context’. We also further develop the concept of the ‘epistemology of the grid’, which we define as the spatialization of categorical thought. We link this epistemology to two others, Cartesian perspectivalism and ocularcentrism, arguing that their realization in social practice is generative of social order.
The Use of Computing Techniques in the Design of Residential Buildings
Authors: Avdot'in L N 
Published: October 2006

This section of the book The Application of Computer Techniques and Modelling in Architectural Design introduces the architecture student to uses of graph theory in modelling and manipulating the functional structures of dwelling plans. It demonstrates the use of mathematical and computing techniques for the following purposes: (a) to exhaustively generate permutations of plan elements; (b) to optimise the plan parameters of individual apartments, of standard clusters of the apartments, and of whole buildings and housing developments, in relation to different economic objectives or to the demographic mix required; and (c) to reconcile spatially ideal plans with the constraints of standard constructional systems or with the requirements of modular coordination. It discusses certain approaches to systematic site planning (including some Western examples), and problems of establishing optimal selections of external walling panels for particular housing schemes. Extensive appendices to the book as a whole give the student an “introduction to the elements of modern applied mathematics and computer programming” that includes matrices and determinants; linear, nonlinear, discrete, whole-number, stochastic, and dynamic programming; elements of graph theory; basic concepts of probability theory and mathematical statistics; and basic principles of computer programming, including machine codes, machine-oriented languages, and problem-oriented languages, with considerable attention to the details of ALGOL, FORTRAN-4 and some of the principles of COBOL.
The Use of Semiotic Modelling Principles in Managing the Development of a City as a Large System
Authors: Egorov A I 
Published: October 2006

This paper presents one variant upon the use of models in the processes of managing a city as a large system. It outlines the advantages and the field of application of semiotic modelling, whose methodology makes it possible to build up semiotic (sign) models of the objects to be managed on the basis of textual materials expressed in natural language. Its advantages lie in the possibilities for a combination of ‘human’ management mechanisms with the particular abilities of the computer, on the one hand, for handling the vast masses of information that are being utilised, and on the other, for evaluating the multitude of permissible management variants. The paper describes the basic categories of words and phrases which constitute the language for generating and using semiotic models in the computer memory. An iterative procedure has been devised for simulating the execution of development directives, and thereby reproducing the managed development of the city as a large system. There is a description of the dialogue that takes place within the iterative procedure of simulating the development of a city when it is under management, a procedure which facilitates the preparation of recommendations and decisions. It is envisaged here that correctives will be introduced periodically into the management trajectory in response to the real functioning of the urban system. From the point of view of the executive organs of city administration, such correctives serve as the medium for refining and enhancing the balanced long-term development processes of the city.
The Language of the Prairie: Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie Houses
Authors: Koning H , Eizenberg J 
Published: October 2006

The following parametric shape grammar generates the compositional forms and specifies the function zones of Frank Lloyd Wright's prairie-style houses. The establishment of a fireplace is the key to the definition of the prairie-style house. Around this fireplace, functionally distinguished Froebelean-type blocks are recursively added and interpenetrated to form the basic compositions from which elaborated prairie-style houses are derived. The grammar is based on a corpus of eleven houses from the Winslow house, the evolutionary precursor of the style, to the Robie house, considered by many as the culmination of the style. Much has been written about prairie-style houses—their balance, their debt to Beaux Arts and Japanese design traditions, and their organic qualities. However, such descriptions do not explicitly inform us as to how prairie-style houses are constructed, and consequently provide little help in designing new members of this style. The power of a grammar, such as the one given here, is that it establishes a recursive structure from which new designs can be constructed. Three new prairie houses generated by the grammar as well as a step-by-step generation of one of these designs are shown.
Optimizing Urban Futures
Authors: Sharpe R , Roy J R , Taylor M A P 
Published: October 2006

Mental, descriptive, or mathematical modelling processes are often used to predict or prescribe the future. The certainty of such projections can be improved by careful selection of the modelling criteria. Information theory is used to develop models that maximize the use of available information, which may include observed data, system constraints, and community objectives. The use of game and information theory is explored via a combined land-use and transportation planning model to project the development of an urban system from the viewpoints of different groups and the decisions they control. This model can optimize future urban form by means of a weighted set of planning and behavioural goals. Variables include new activity, demolitions of existing activity, transport flows, and energy consumption. Solutions are generated by optimizing the model under cooperative and noncooperative gaming conditions. The use of subsidies and surcharges to manipulate solutions towards a compromise or equilibrium is discussed.
Formal Representations: A Foundation for Computer-Aided Architectural Design
Authors: Mitchell W J 
Published: October 2006

It is argued here that we must establish a demonstrably sound, comprehensive, rigorously formalized theoretical foundation upon which to base practical computer-aided architectural design software-development efforts, and a general approach to this task is suggested. First, the basic types of primitives, structures, and operations that we might employ are considered. Next, the concept of a formal architectural language is developed. Finally, design synthesis is viewed as a process of searching within such a language to find a particular design which, under specified algorithms that establish the semantics of the language, has acceptable interpretations. The implications of a program of formalization of architectural knowledge along these lines for research, development, teaching, and design practice are discussed.
Public Safety Legislation and the Risk Compensation Hypothesis: The Example of Motorcycle Helmet Legislation
Authors: Adams J G U 
Published: October 2006

The ‘experiment’ in the United States of America in which twenty-eight states in the latter half of the 1970s repealed their laws which made the wearing of motorcycle helmets compulsory is widely believed to have proved conclusively that helmet legislation is a highly effective public health measure. The principal statistical foundations of this belief are found in a report to Congress by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and in a study by Watson et al. These foundations are examined and found to be open to criticism. The evidence surveyed here suggests that the effect, if any, of helmet legislation on motorcycling fatalities is perverse. The ‘risk compensation theory’ is proffered as a possible explanation of the available evidence.
Central Government Policies towards Declining Urban Economies in Western Europe and the United States of America
Authors: Wolman H 
Published: October 2006

Most large urban areas in the advanced market-economy nations of the West are experiencing a decentralization trend, with population and industrial employment moving from central city to suburb. In some large metropolitan areas the entire area is losing population, and employment is either growing very slowly or declining. In the United States of America and the United Kingdom these trends have triggered a substantial amount of public concern and debate and a variety of policies designed to focus on the problems of large urban economies. In most European countries, however, metropolitan population and employment stabilization or decline are either not perceived as problems or are just beginning to be seen as such. Indeed, in many of these countries the decentralization of population and employment from large urban areas is seen as consistent with the long-term objectives of regional policy. This article first summarizes urban-area population and employment trends in the USA, the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the Federal Republic of Germany. It then examines the way in which these trends are perceived in each of these countries and, in particular, whether they are thought to represent a ‘problem’. Finally, it sets forth and analyzes the public policies adopted by the national governments to address these problems, to the extent they are perceived to exist.
The Regulatory Crisis: Does it Exist and Can it Be Solved? Some Comparative Remarks on the Situation of Social Regulation in the USA and in the European Economic Community
Authors: Reich N 
Published: October 2006

The ‘regulatory crisis’ has become a common paradigm on both sides of the Atlantic. It seems to be corroborated by economists pointing to inefficiencies of regulation. Political scientists have discovered implementation lags, and legal scholars complain about an overburdening of the legal system. By reviewing some witnesses of the US discussion and by comparing this discussion with trends in Europe [European Economic Community (EEC) and member state level] I attempt to reshape the issues. Regulation has to be discussed with reference to perceived market failures and instruments used by the political system to cope with them. Pressure is put upon ‘social regulation’, that is, regulation of market deficiencies affecting ‘diffuse interests’ of consumers, environment, etc. Despite the rhetoric, the welfare state has not regulated too much but too little: It suffered from the reductionism paradox which is seemingly inherent in social regulation and becomes more apparent in federal (USA) or quasi-federal (EEC) vertically integrated political and legal systems. The modern discussion about ‘deregulation’, regulation ‘by incentives’, or regulation ‘by negotiation’ has not been able to overcome the structural deficiencies which limit attempts at social regulation. The regulatory crisis is defined in terms of the dwindling legitimacy of the welfare state to keep markets both running and ‘clean’. The more people perceive this dilemma, the more the crisis will shift from ideology to reality.