bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Genetics of the ABO Histo‐Blood Group System
Authors: Yamamoto Fumi‐ichiro 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMolecular genetic study of the histo‐blood group ABO system has elucidated the allelic basis of this genetic locus. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence has identified in the coding region differences which change amino acid sequences of the glycosyltransferases coded by these genes. Effects of the differences (mutations) on the specificity and activity of the glycosyltransferases have been examined.
Performance Evaluation of a Particle Agglutination Test for Antibody to Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1: Comparison with Enzyme Immunoassay
Authors: Elavia A.J. , Thomas A. , Nandi J. , Coyaji G.D. , Bhavalkar‐Potdar V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA performance evaluation of a particle agglutination test (PAT), manufactured by Fujirebio Inc., Japan (Serodia‐HIV), for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (anti‐HIV‐1) was carried out and compared with a currently available enzyme immunoassay (EIA), manufactured by Genetic Systems Corp., USA, (HIV‐1/HIV‐2 EIA). Testing 2,878 Indian donor and patient samples, both tests showed 100% sensitivity and comparable specificity (PAT: 99.8%; EIA: 99.7% among donor samples). We conclude that PAT is a specific and sensitive test for anti‐HIV‐1; it is simple to perform and does not require sophisticated equipment. Hence it is suitable for mass screening of blood donors in a developing country like India, especially in rural areas where presently no HIV‐testing facilities are available.
In vitro Cytokine Treatment of B Cell Defects in HIV‐Infected Hemophilia Patients
Authors: Weimer Rolf , Zipperle Silvia , Daniel Volker , Opelz Gerhard 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHIV‐infected patients exhibit defects in B cell differentiation and in the IL‐6 response of B cells, in association with autoantibody formation against T cells. These autoantibodies have been implicated as important factors in the development of immunodeficiency disease. As the restoration of defective B cell responses might prevent autoantibody formation and the resulting immunosuppression, we studied whether in vitro treatment with recombinant IL‐2 (rIL‐2), recombinant IL‐4 (rIL‐4) or recombinant IL‐6 (rIL‐6) might restore the response of B cells of HIV‐infected patients. B cells of 6 HIV‐negative hemophilia patients, 4 HIV‐positive patients at CDC stage II, III, 4 HIV‐positive patients at CDC stage IV, and 6 healthy controls were tested in Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC‐I)‐stimulated B cell cultures and Pokeweed mitogen (PWM)‐stimulated allogeneic B and T cell cocultures. B cell differentiation was assessed in a reverse hemolytic plaque assay and by ELISA determination of IgM, IgG and IL‐6 in culture supernatants. In vitro application of rIL‐6 resulted in suppression of both elevated unstimulated and mitogen‐stimulated B cell responses in a dose‐dependent manner which was in part due to feedback inhibition. PWM‐ and SAC‐I‐stimulated IgG and IgM responses, respectively, could be restored after addition of 10 U/ml rIL‐2 in HIV‐negative patients, but not in HIV‐positive patients. Addition of rIL‐4 to cultures resulted in suppression of both unstimulated and mitogen‐stimulated IL‐6 secretion and B cell responses. Severely depressed B cell responses in CDC IV patients were not significantly affected by cytokine application. These results indicate that defective Ig responses in HIV‐negative patients may be restored by rIL‐2 treatment whereas HIV‐induced B cell defects are not corrected by supply of T cell help or cytokines promoting B cell growth and differentiation.
Cytokines in Platelet Concentrates Prepared from Pooled Buffy Coats
Authors: Klüter Harald , Müller‐Steinhardt Michael , Danzer Susanne , Wilhelm Dorothea , Kirchner Holger 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPlatelet concentrates (PC) prepared from pooled buffy coat (BC‐PC) contain a variable number of leukocytes from different donors. We questioned whether storage of BC‐PC can lead to a lymphocyte activation in the sense of a mixed lymphocyte reaction. BC‐PC were prepared from four ABO‐identical buffy coats and we undertook leukocyte analyses and measurement of different cytokines on days 1, 3 and 5 of PC storage (n = 72). Cytokine content was also determined in freshly prepared plasma (n = 48) and PC prepared by thrombapheresis (SD‐PC) (n = 12). As control, we studied lymphoproliferation of pooled peripheral blood mononuclear cells from four individuals in 10 mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLCs) under optimal conditions. In the BC‐PC, whole blood count and lymphocyte analysis showed a mean leukocyte contamination of 64±28 times 106 per unit with a proportion of lymphocytes of 66.7±13%. In the MLC, levels of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) were increased on day 3 and 5 of storage (p<0.001). In a proportion of BC‐PC, tumor necrosis factor‐α (72.2%) and IL‐2 (43.1%) were detectable immediately after preparation, whereas IFN‐γ (4.2%), interleukin‐1β (4.2%) and interleukin‐8 (11.1%) were only found in some BC‐PC. In all cases, initial values of cytokines did not increase during storage. Cytokine measurement in FFP and SD‐PC showed similar results. The study demonstrates that cytokines are detectable in a variety of blood products immediately after preparation. Levels of cytokines did not increase in the preparations. BC‐PC can be stored for up to 5 days without any signs of lymphocyte activation.
Relative Frequencies of the Two O Alleles of the Histo‐Blood ABH System in Different Racial Groups
Authors: Franco Rendrik F. , Simões Belinda P. , Zago Marco A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractO blood group results from the absence of glycosyltransferase activity, which is due most commonly to a single nucleotide deletion in the glycosyltransferase gene. A second type of O allele resulting from three nucleotide substitutions in the glycosyltransferase gene had its frequency recently determined in a Danish population. However, its frequency among different human populations is not known. The frequencies of the two types of O alleles were determined by DNA analysis of the glycosyltransferase gene of group O individuals of three racial groups (Caucasians, blacks and Amerindians). The mean frequency of carriers of the three‐base mutation group O gene among blacks and Caucasians is 4.7%; the mutation was not observed among 100 Amerindian chromosomes. The data reveal the relative frequencies of O alleles in different racial groups, and demonstrate that the origin of this variant predates racial divergence, since it is found equally among blacks and whites.
A Combination of Two Distinct in vitro Amplification Procedures for DNA Typing of HLA‐DRB and ‐DQB 1 Alleles
Authors: Fischer Gottfried F. , Faé Ingrid , Petrasek Monika , Moser Sabine 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe differential hybridisation of oligonucleotide probes to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐amplified DNA has become a standard procedure for tissue typing. We describe a typing method in which differential ligation replaces differential hybridisation, which is a significant simplification of this strategy. After amplification by the PCR two labelled, sequence‐specific oligonucleotides hybridise, in the fluid phase, to one strand of heat‐denatured amplification product in juxtaposition. In the case of perfectly complementary sequences surrounding the gap, a thermostable ligase catalyses the ligation of the two oligonucleotides, otherwise they stay separated. The use of heat‐resistant ligase enables easy repetition of the denaturation‐annealing‐ligation cycle in a thermocycler. The ligation products are detected by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. We tested this typing approach in a model system, the characterisation of three functional alleles of HLA‐DRB 3 using three probe pairs. No discrepancies were observed in typing 100 individuals of known genotypes. A total of 33 probe pairs combined with generic and group‐specific amplification allowed the typing of alleles of HLA‐DRB and ‐DQB1 loci at low resolution. We confirmed ligation‐based typing results of 259 individuals with sequence‐based HLA‐DRB1 typing and HLA‐DQB1 typing using PCR with sequence‐specific primers (SSPs). In addition, more than 1,500 ligation‐based HLA‐DRB1 typings were concordant with SSP typing. Excellent signal‐to‐noise ratios in the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay make ligation‐based typing remarkably robust. The time requirement of 2.5 h post‐PCR enables practicable typing of putative organ donors. The whole procedure is more easily amenable to automation than methods based on differential hybridisation requiring additional incubators and extra handling for hybridisation and washing.
Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia in Taiwan Due to an Antibody against a Labile Component of HPA‐3a (Bak)
Authors: Lin Marie , Shieh Shiow‐Hua , Liang Der‐Cherng , Yang Ting‐Fan , Shibata Yoichi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe report on two siblings who developed severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) due to an alloantibody against a labile component or components of the HPA‐3a (Baka) antigen. The antibody reacted only with fresh, unfixed platelets by the solid‐phase red cell adherence test, immunofluorescence test and mixed passive haemagglutination test. In the latter method, weakly fixed platelets also gave a weak positive reaction. Monoclonal‐antibody‐specific immobilization of platelet antigens and immunoblotting tests gave negative results. Our findings may possibly help to explain why in some cases of NAIT no platelet‐specific antibody is demonstrable in tests with fixed or solubilized platelets.
Post‐Transfusion Hyperhaemolysis in a Patient with Sickle Cell Disease: Use of Steroids and Intravenous Immunoglobulin to Prevent Further Red Cell Destruction
Authors: Cullis J.O. , Win Nay , Dudley J.M. , Kaye T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDelayed haemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTRs) are seen more frequently in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) than in other groups of patients, and are characterised by a positive direct antiglobulin test and the appearance of previously undetected red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies in the patient's serum. Recently a syndrome of post‐transfusion hyperhaemolysis has been described in children with SCD, characterised by destruction of both autologous and transfused RBCs with negative serological findings: continuation of RBC transfusion exacerbated haemolysis further. We describe a case of life‐threatening posttransfusion hyperhaemolysis in an adult patient with SCD in whom severe anaemia necessitated further RBC transfusion, which was successfully performed in conjunction with intravenous immunoglobulin. This approach may be useful in the management of post‐transfusion hyperhaemolysis in SCD as well as in the management of severe DHTRs.
Thermal Stability of Human Immunoglobulins with Sorbitol: A Critical Evaluation
Authors: González Martin , Murature Domingo A. , Fidelio Gerardo D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe effect of the additive sorbitol on the thermal stabilization of human IgG was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and size exclusion chromatography. In the presence of 33% sorbitol, the temperature at which denaturation of IgG began (Ti) was increased from 52 to 65°C. Similarly, the temperature of the maximum heat capacity (Tmax) was increased from 69 to 76°C. Sorbitol also decreased dimer aggregation and the extent of oligomerization during heating compared with IgG dissolved in phosphate buffer. Sorbitol at 33% prevented massive protein denaturation but a 10–15% of oligomerization of high molecular weight aggregates with turbidity could not be avoided when heating for 10 h at 60°C. The use of sorbitol 33% to avoid heat denaturation of human IgG during viral inactivation did not prevent protein aggregation or the appearance of turbidity. Consequently, further processing will be required to achieve a product suitable for pharmaceutical use.
A Solid‐Phase Test Using Antiglobulin and Enzyme‐Enhanced Techniques for Erythrocyte Antibody Screening during Pregnancy
Authors: Sallander S. , Shanwell A. , Pegert S. , Jakobsson L. , Wiechel B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe have modified previously described solid‐phase tests for erythrocyte antibody screening to develop a method, suitable for antiglobulin‐ and enzyme‐enhanced techniques (SPH‐IAT and SPH‐ENZ). In this study we compared the SPH tests with an autoanalyzer (AA) technique. The results were more specific with the SPH tests than with the AA. Of 4,234 unselected samples from pregnant women, screen‐positive samples were reduced from 96 (2.27%) by the AA, to 56 (1.32%) by the SPH tests. This difference was due to the reduced number of false‐positive reactions with the SPH tests, 0.47% compared to 1.44% with the AA. Antibodies detected by the AA and the SPH‐IAT and ‐ENZ were: 9 Rh prophylaxis, 2 anti‐c, 1 anti‐K and anti‐M, and 1 anti‐Jka. Antibodies detected only by the SPH tests were 1 anti‐K, 1 anti‐Lea (SPH‐IAT and ‐ENZ), 1 anti‐M (SPH‐IAT) and 4 anti‐Jka (SPH‐ENZ). One anti‐C, 2 anti‐D, 3 Rh prophylaxis and 1 anti‐E were detected by the AA and the SPH‐ENZ but failed to react by the SPH‐IAT. One anti‐Leaand 8 Rh prophylaxis antibodies were detected by AA only. All clinically important antibodies were detected by the SPH tests. We conclude that the SPH‐IAT and SPH‐ENZ are screening methods with high specificity that are readily adaptable to larger series of samples from pregnant women and suitable for automated handling throughout the screening and identification process.
K12 Is Located on the Kell Blood Group Protein in Proximity to K/k and Jsa/Jsb
Authors: Reid M.E. , Øyen R. , Redman C.M. , Gillespie G. , Jones J. , Eckrich R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractK12 is a high‐prevalence antigen, with no known antithetical partner, that is associated with the Kell blood group system. We report studies on the 5th propositus (MS) with the K:‐12 phenotype and the second case to show that the K12 is inherited. The anti‐K12 in his serum did not destroy antigen‐positive incompatible red cells transfused on at least 3 occasions over 6 years. Red cell membranes from MS possessed the Kell protein that was indistinguishable from control membranes. K12 antigen was shown by immunoprecipitation to be on a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 93,000 and by monoclonal antibody immobilization of erythrocyte antigens (MAIEA) assay to be on the Kell protein in proximity to K/k and Jsa/Jsbantigens. These data remove the K:‐12 phenotype from its current Kell‐related (or para Kell) status and elevates the K12 antigen to a bona fide member of the Kell blood group system.
Evidence that the Granulocyte‐Specific Antigen NC1 Is Identical with NA2
Authors: Bux J. , Behrens G. , Leist M. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe neutrophil‐specific antigen NC1 is defined by an antibody in the serum of a mother who gave birth to a child with alloimmune neonatal neutropenia. NC1 has been reported to be associated with the neutrophil‐specific antigen NA2, but the precise relation of NC1 and NA2 remained unclear. Therefore, we investigated the serum using the antigen capture assay MAIGA and the granulocyte (GIFT) and lymphocyte (LIFT) immunofluorescence tests. In GIFT, no NA association was observed. In LIFT, serum antibodies bound preferably to lymphocytes with the HLA antigens HLA‐B7 and cross‐reacting antigens. In MAIGA, an antibody specific for the NA2 variant of the granulocyte Fcγ‐receptor III was observed. The NA2 specificity was confirmed by testing granulocytes from 40 further different donors. This indicates that the NC1 and NA2 antigens are identical. A positive GIFT result but a negative one in LIFT using cells of an NA2‐negative typed individual suggest the presence of an additional, non‐NA2‐specific granulocyte antibody.
Characterization of Mutants of the Vitamin‐D‐Binding Protein/Group Specific Component: GC Aborigine (1A1) from Australian Aborigines and South African Blacks, and 2A9 from South Germany
Authors: Kofler Andrea , Braun Andreas , Jenkins Trefor , Serjeantson Sue W. , Cleve Hartwig 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe structure and organization of the human vitamin‐D‐binding protein gene (DBP, group‐specific component, GC) have recently been determined. Each ex‐on may now be amplified by the PCR method using oligonucleotide primers deduced from the intron sequences near their 5′ ends and 3′ ends. In this study we examined the anodal GC variants 1A1 and 2A9. Genomic DNA of the variant 1A1 was obtained from Australian Aborigines and from South African Bantu‐speaking Blacks. Amplification and sequencing of exon 11 of 1A1 revealed a point mutation in codon 429 at the second position. It is remarkable that this mutation was found in the Australian 1A1 variant and in the African 1A1 variant, and raises the question whether the mutation in these two ethnic groups has a common origin. Genomic DNA of the 2A variant called 2A9 was obtained from South Germany and a point mutation also concerning position 429 in exon 11 was found. The nucleotide exchange in this case, however, was at the first position of the codon. The widely distributed genetic polymorphism of DBP/GC is located in exon 11 and is characterized by substitution at amino acid positions 416 and 420. Variant 1A1 is due to a second site mutation of the allele GC*1F; variant 2A9 is due to a mutation in the GC*2 allele.
A Method to Collect, Store and Issue Multiple Aliquots of Packed Red Blood Cells for Neonatal Transfusions
Authors: Strauss R. G. , Villhauer P.J. , Cordle D.G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPremature neonates require multiple red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Single‐donor programs have been proposed as a means to limit donor exposures, but methods must be developed to collect, store long‐term and issue multiple aliquots of RBCs from a single donor. We evaluated a method by which RBCs could be collected, leukocyte depleted, repeatedly centrifuged for issuance as multiple small aliquots of high‐hematocrit cells and then resuspended for continued storage throughout 42 days. The quality of RBCs handled by the method were compared to cells stored in standard fashion. Leakage of intracellular potassium, hemoglobin and lactic dehydrogenase into the extracellular fluid from RBCs processed by either method was comparable — indicating maintenance of RBC integrity. Multiple cultures, taken throughout the period of storage, were sterile to document that extensive handling did not introduce contamination. This new method appears promising as a means to provide RBCs for neonates.
Pooled Platelet Concentrates Prepared by the Platelet‐Rich‐Plasma Method and Filtered with Three Different Filters and Stored for 8 Days
Authors: Boomgaard M. N. , Gouwerok C. W.N. , Palfenier C.H. , Pankalla‐Blandeau I.E. , Veldman H.A. , de Korte D. , Loos J.A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPooled platelet concentrates (PC) prepared by the platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) method were filtered with three different filters and stored for 8 days at room temperature. The effect of filtration on leukocyte contamination, platelet concentration, and the in vitro function, morphology, metabolism and activation of platelets were studied. Eight pools of 20 PRP‐PC were used, each pool was split into 4 equal volumes; 3 were filtered over a PL50HF, a PL‐10A and a Bio P10 filter, the 4 served as a control. After filtration, leukocyte counts exceeded 3×105 in none of the pooled PC. Platelet loss induced by filtration was about 17%. During storage, no differences in pH, PCO2, and lactate and glucose concentration were found between the filtered and the unfiltered units, nor were any differences observed between filtered and unfiltered pooled PC in aggregation upon stimulation with collagen and/or ADP, adhesion capacity to collagen in flowing blood, nucleotide content of the platelets and nucleobase concentration in the plasma, expression of activation‐dependent antigens, or platelet morphology as observed by light microscopy and by the swirling effect. Selective removal of β‐thromboglobulin (22%) by the PL50HF filter was observed. Pooled PC prepared by the PRP‐method can be filtered and stored for 8 days without detrimental effect on platelet function, metabolism or activation.
Blood Group Antigen Survival on Freeze‐Dried Erythrocytes and Ghosts after Isolation
Authors: Ruspini F. , Petitpain N. , Marchand‐Arvier M. , Vigneron C. , Janot C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo screen and identify irregular antibodies, whatever the technique used, fresh erythrocytes (RBCs) are needed to set up the panel. Solid‐phase tests using dried blood cells are available, but the technique is based on the adherence of sensitized RBCs, which have a short life span. We have checked antigen survival on membranes with a saline test and an antiglobulin test for two methods to preserve the antigen substrate: freeze‐drying of RBCs and preparation of RBC membranes. The different antigens of the ABO, Rhesus, Kell, P, Lewis, MNSs, Lutheran, Duffy, Kidd and Li systems are well recognized on the membranes after isolation and on freeze‐dried cells. Demonstration of antigen survival leads us to consider using membranes or freeze‐dried cells in new immunological tests.
Evaluation of a Combined HIV‐1/2 and HTLV‐I/II Assay for Screening Blood Donors
Authors: Flanagan P. , McAlpine L. , Ramskill S.J. , Smith A.G. , Eglin R. , Parry J.V. , Mortimer P.P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA combined immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to HIV‐1/2 and HTLV‐I/II (Bioelisa, Launch Diagnostics) has been evaluated to determine its suitability for routine use in blood donor screening. 84,222 donations were tested from 76,452 donors. One HIV‐ and 1 HTLV‐I‐positive donor were identified. The specificity was 99.7%, and the sensitivity for anti‐HIV‐1, anti‐HIV‐2, and anti‐HTLV‐I on 173 positive sera was 100%; 2 of 25 anti‐HTLV‐II‐positive sera were non‐reactive. Although the specificity of the assay is not as high as that of HIV‐1/2 kits currently in UK transfusion use, the information gained about donor HTLV antibody status makes the test an attractive alternative to them.
Simultaneous DNA Typing of Human Platelet Antigens 2, 3 and 4 by an Allele‐Specific PCR Method
Authors: Tanaka Shigenori , Taniue Atsuko , Nagao Nobuo , Ohnoki Shiro , Shibata Hirotoshi , Okubo Yasuto , Yamaguchi Hideo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe developed an allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR) method using originally designed primers to determine the genotype of the human platelet antigens (HPAs) 2, 3 and 4 in parallel. The results were compared with those obtained by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism and the mixed passive hemagglutination test. Seventy‐three individuals were tested and the ASPCR results were in good agreement with those determined by the other two methods. This method enables the genotyping of HPA‐2, ‐3 and ‐4 in parallel without the use of platelets, platelet‐specific alloantibodies or restriction enzymes.