bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful Applications of Borate Crosslinked Fracturing Fluids at High Temperature
Authors: Wang Xiaolan , Qu Qi , McCarthy Scott , Null Jonathon , Bowen Kody , Neumann Luis Fernando 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the past when hydraulically fracturing a reservoir with a bottomhole temperature greater than 300°F (149°C), the only choice for a fracturing fluid was the transition metal crosslinked CMHPG (carboxymethyhydroxypropyl guar) system. While being labeled as a somewhat "clean" fracturing fluid system, these zirconium crosslinked systems required large volumes of gel stabilizers for long term fluid stability. Shear stability of these fluids was also not as good as the borate crosslinked guar or HPG (hydroxypropyl guar) systems used at lower temperatures. To improve the shear stability of fracturing fluids above 300°F while lowering the overall system cost to the operators, development of a borate crosslinked HPG based fracturing fluid system for use above 300°F was initiated.
This paper describes the development of a high temperature (&gt;300°F) borate crosslinked HPG fracturing fluid system and its field applications. In the process of developing this system, a different type of gel stabilizer that is more effective than common gel stabilizers such as sodium thiosulfate and less toxic than methanol was developed and applied in this system.
Waste Recycling Initiatives in an Exploration and Production Company in Nigeria
Authors: Ozumba C. I. , Benebo T. E. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Oil and Gas Exploration and Production activities in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria (West Africa) are mostly carried out by a number of multinational companies. The Niger Delta is largely underdeveloped and has limited basic infrastructure such as electricity and good roads. As a result of the large operational area (more than 31,000 square kilometers), these companies use large amounts of transportation equipment (helicopters, cars, buses, trucks, sea trucks, boats, etc.), generators, computers and personnel, etc. Their operations, therefore, result in the abundance of gaseous, liquid and solid wastes such as lube oils, papers, printer cartridges, food wastes, glass, batteries, tyres, associated gas, drill mud and cuttings, produced water etc.
In recent times, environmental management especially waste management has gained relevance in most of these companies in Nigeria as in other Exploration and Production companies worldwide. These companies currently make huge efforts to mitigate the associated impact of their discharges to the environment. These efforts have been geared towards putting in place systems that are suitable for minimizing the avoidable components and ensuring that final disposal or discharge conditions have very minimal potential impact on the environment.
As part of its efforts to manage solid wastes, the largest operating company in the Niger Delta has built an engineered dumpsite and a composting plant, in its Western operational division and Waste-Recycling Depots in both the Eastern and Western operating divisions. She is also currently engaged in efforts to build a modern Integrated Waste Management Facility and an engineered sanitary Landfill in both her Eastern and Western divisions respectively.
Market surveys conducted by this operator revealed that a market exists for some of the waste products. Agreements were thus reached with some Nigerian local industries for the re-cycling of the waste paper, printer cartridges, tyres, scrap metals, plastics and food waste while vendors are still being sourced for other waste streams. Cost savings and revenue generated by this company presently from waste recycling are estimated at over $100, 000 per year, though the emphasis remains on mitigation of the impact that would otherwise happen if the materials were not recycled.
This paper highlights the waste recycling initiatives in the largest operating company in the Niger Delta and the plans of this operator for waste management in the future.
Managing Risks During Organisational Changes
Authors: Heyerdahl R. , Schumacher R. , Dæshli I. , Hide A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Re-organisations, mergers, acquisitions and even changing major suppliers often raise concerns about the impact that the changes in the organisation have on the health, safety and environmental performance of the business operations. Lately, the oil industry has been subject to significant changes such as mergers and major restructuring as a result of a more rapidly changing industry. An organisational change can influence all levels of an organisation, from the managing director level to the business unit and departmental level.
This paper describes the method used by BP Norway to manage the risks of organisational changes. The method makes use of the risk management paradigms of identification of problems and opportunities associated with the organisational change, evaluation of the causal mechanisms and the potential impacts, development of a prioritised plan, implementation of the plan and monitoring.
The method emphasises strong participation from the personnel involved in safety critical work processes, including contractors. Areas such as experience, competence, responsibility and procedures are discussed and potential risk addressed. The method has been effectively used to minimise the risk associated with a merger, changing shift patterns, changing sub-contractors as well as minor modifications to the organisational structure.
A Zero Harmful Discharge Strategy in Practice on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, a Driver for Continuous Improvement
Authors: Edvardsson Trym 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Within 1st of March 2000 all operators on the Norwegian Shelf were required to present zero harmful discharge strategies for each individual oil/gas field.
This paper present presents the status of SEPNos (A/S Norske Shell E&P) implementation of a zero harmful discharge strategy for the Draugen field at the Norwegian Continental Shelf, following the requirements from the Norwegian environmental authorities (SFT). It describes the achievements so far related to produced water, sea water injection and drilling operations and our further plans/feasibility studies. The zero harmful discharge strategy is incorporated in SEPNos environmental management process for Draugen and is integrated in the companys HSE Objectieves and Strategies. The integration philosophy will probably result in an extra drive and synergistic effects between EMAS/ISO 14000, the Norwegian regulations and the zero discharge strategy
Baseline Health Assessment
Authors: Corcoran James 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Host communities and governments are expecting greater involvement and measurable benefits from development projects. Many existing or potential oil and gas projects are at risk because of community issues. Early engagement and collaboration are important in securing the license to operate in the project area from host communities and governments.
Baseline health assessments are becoming an essential component of project planning to assess the health risks facing both the workforce and the community. They can also be an excellent start to developing a trusting and constructive relationship with host communities and governments. If well managed, these assessments can form the basis for negotiating realistic and sustainable health interventions that promote community ownership.
This paper focuses on the use of the Baseline Health Assessment as a tool for meaningful community engagement early in the life of a project and also how this process can assist in managing the expectations of host communities and governments.
Risk-Based Assessment (RBA) of a Gas/Oil Separation Plant
Authors: Smith Norman , BuTuwaibeh Omar I. , Cruz Ivan C. , Gahtani Moraya S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Saudi Aramco operates a number of Gas/Oil Separation Plants (GOSPs) to support its production objectives. Current Test and Inspection (T & I) intervals are driven by time-based strategies to ensure mechanical integrity. A Risk-Based Assessment based on inspection-orientated criteria was applied to a typical GOSP as an aid to determine potential condition-based strategies, while maintaining, or improving current plant integrity and availability.
The methodology selected for this particular study was based on API Publication 581, Risk Based Inspection Base Resource Document, First Edition, May 2000 and was used in conjunction with the supporting software tools developed by the API sponsoring committee. Typical damage mechanisms prevalent in GOSPs were identified and assessed on the basis of their consequence and likelihood of failure, the outcome being represented in terms of a typical five by five risk matrix.
This paper discusses the four phases of the project outlined as: Pre-Assessment.Data Collection.Analysis and Inspection Planning.Final Reporting and Conclusions.
The potential benefits and limitations of the assessment are highlighted.
ISO 14001 Certification in an Onshore & Offshore Exploration & Production Company – Best Practices to Facilitate Initial Certification, Ensure Long Term Maintenance of a Complex Certificate, and Realize Early Benefits from Certification
Authors: Sauer G. L. , Kosiara M. , Heckman J. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Shell Exploration & Production Co. (SEPCo) began working on ISO 14001certification of its United States Exploration & Production business late in 1999. An early step in the process was aligning the certification strategy with how the organization manages environmental issues and where accountability for the registration is best placed. SEPCo's strategy was finalized in March 2000 and called for certification of all E&P operation under a single certificate by October, 2001.
A single certificate for all of SEPCo was a significant challenge because of numbers of staff across a wide variety of operations and geographical dispersion. Operations included in the certification include: Offshore Gulf of Mexico drilling and producing operations (5 tension leg platforms, 11 major fixed leg production facilities, 75 minor fixed leg production facilities), Onshore drilling and producing operations in 3 three different states (12 production facilities, 3 gas plants) as well as support services in 12 different states (offices, logistics, retained properties).
Achievement of certification over this broad spectrum of operations with total SEPCo and Contract staff of over 3000 was accomplished through the use of multiple training media to increase awareness regarding the requirements of ISO 14001. Training tools used in this effort included: a location-specific, web-based risk management database with integrated Computer Based Training, interactive dialog exercises, personal preparation worksheets, varied internal communication media, and ISO 14001 workbooks. Operations training execution was accomplished by a core team of three individuals but utilized a HSE operations network previously existing within the company. This train-the-trainer model allowed for cost effective training to all parts of the organization with the most intense focus on staff who control SEPCo's significant environmental aspects.
This varied list of training tools allowed SEPCo to achieve one of the largest single registrations to ISO 14001. The training suite is also a core component to SEPCo's strategy for maintaining certification in the future.
Assessment of Environmental Impacts from Drilling Muds and Cuttings Disposal, Offshore Brunei
Authors: SAYLE S. , SEYMOUR M. , HICKEY E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 2000–2001, an offshore survey and environmental assessment were conducted of drilling activities offshore Brunei (Adinin-Jacques Whitford1). A primary focus was to evaluate the environmental effects of disposal of oil based mud (OBM), ester-based synthetic mud (ESBM), and water based mud (WBM) in the tropical marine environment of the South China Sea.
A number of well sites were surveyed for each of the mud types, encompassing varying water depths (20 – 500 m) and time elapsed since drilling. Key parameters (e.g., hydrocarbons, esters, metals and redox) were examined at all sampling locations, depending on the drilling muds used. Side-scan sonar, detailed hydrographic imaging, sea bed video, current information, and benthic sampling results were also interpreted. A modified radial sampling pattern was used.
The study concluded that the magnitude and persistence of environmental effects from discharge of drilling muds and cuttings range, in order of severity, from OBM to ESBM to WBM. The study found that OBM and cuttings are toxic to marine life and can persist on the Brunei sea bed for over 13 years. Biophysical effects on the sea bed from both WBM and ESBM are similar, and result primarily from smothering of benthic organisms by sedimentation and anoxic conditions due to bacterial decomposition within the cuttings piles. WBM effects were, however, noted to be more widely dispersed (&gt; 1200 m) and exhibited indications of faster benthos recovery (within 3 years) than ESBM (typically dispersed within 200 m).
The survey results and detailed habitat sensitivity mapping were used to prepare comprehensive site-specific guidelines for WBM and ESBM disposal offshore Brunei. Using a "receiving environment" approach, the guidelines specify detailed instructions for WBM and ESBM offshore disposal in each of seven management areas ranked according to environmental sensitivity.
The Benefit of Linking EIA to EMS – Methods and Processes
Authors: Sneddon A. D. , Hopkins D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The key issue addressed in the paper is how concepts, methods and processes map between EIA and EMS to increase efficiency and avoid duplication of expenditure and effort. In many cases companies spend significant sums on EIA and this expenditure is often perceived to be a cost that does not result in any useful input to the process of active management required in post development. The challenge is how to link EIA and EMS processes to add value to the business. A principal theme developed in this paper is for a method of ranking or prioritising impacts and mitigation. This theme logically feeds into the process of active management driven by an EMS, by helping to identify the significant aspects (and impacts) within the scope of the EMS. The paper considers the development of a business method to ensure a seamless transfer of information and approach between two quite different processes, often managed by different client and consultancy teams. The paper considers the nature of the assessment method in a practical sense giving worked examples of how the mapping between EIA and EMS can be achieved.
A Socially Anchored Model to Increase Competitiveness of Oil and Gas Companies
Authors: O’Brien Dan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recent research highlights the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in gaining and sustaining competitiveness. However, for years, CSR and business strategies have been treated as separate and distinct activities oil and gas companies. With the growing recognition of the complexity of firm competitiveness, some oil and gas companies have attempted to integrate their CSR and business strategies into a comprehensive framework that defines their competitive priorities and posture. This article proposes a model that makes this integration possible and profitable. The model focuses on anchoring the firm's core competencies to its CSR activities, thereby leading to the development of innovative products, processes, systems and strategies that enhance an oil and gas company's competitiveness. The article discusses the components of this model and their implications for improved competitiveness.
Developing a Safety Culture Should Start with Children
Authors: Lawrie Graeme 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Developing a "safety culture" should start with children.
As many organizations direct their health, safety and environmental resources into creating and developing a "safety culture," they are finding that most people entering the job market have already acquired many "bad" habits and unsafe behaviors. The time required to correct unsafe habits and behaviors is, in fact, much longer than that needed to develop new safe habits and behaviors. Against this backdrop, organizations are beginning to realize that the best place to introduce a "culture of safety" is in our schools.
In Aberdeen, Scotland, and surrounding areas, where oil and gas is the major industry, initiatives are underway to teach children the concepts of safety, risk and hazard. These investments will reap dividends later, when young people entering the oil and gas industry are already familiar with safe practices.
One such initiative is Grampian Safe Team. Organized by Grampian Police, this event is supported and sponsored by many companies in the oil and gas sector. The event teaches 10- and 11-year-old children about everyday hazards in their own environment. They learn about hazards associated with electricity, domestic gas supplies, railway lines, roads and construction sites. In the construction site scenario, the children wear hard hats and walk on scaffolds. They are asked to identify as many hazards on the site as they can: paints, chemicals, machinery, cement, sharp objects, hand tools, etc.
Another initiative, Understanding Industry, gives 15- and 16-year-old teenagers an appreciation of the different activities that make a successful business, including finance, marketing, health and safety.
This paper will describe the different safety, risk and hazard programs for children and young people, identify the main objectives and the anticipated long-term benefits to industries in the region. This paper will share best practices and encourage debate on a topic that affects everyone in the industry.
Marine Habitat Mapping Using High Spatial Resolution Multispectral Satellite Data
Authors: Al-AbdulKader K. A. , Farrand W. H. , Blundell J. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The application of high spatial resolution and multi-sensor satellite was assessed to map the sensitive marine habitat of Tarut Bay in the western Arabian Gulf. The coastal zone of the Gulf is becoming more populated and industrialized with time, which requires an integrated monitoring approach to manage the valuable marine resources. In this study, Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) and a water depth removal model were applied to derive sea-bottom reflectance data. High spatial resolution Ikonos multispectral and panchromatic imagery are being integrated with SeaWiFS ocean coverage data to produce biotope maps for the project area. The image processing sequence includes linear spectral mixture analysis using the first four Ikonos bands, application of the water removal procedure, another stage of spectral mixture analysis, and then machine learning based feature extraction of marine ecosystem biotopes including coastal beaches, coastal vegetation, mud flats, rock flats, tidal channels, seagrass beds, subtidal sands, subtidal mud, and algal mats. Spectral Mixture Analysis models the recorded radiance from each pixel as a linear combination of endmember materials. The result is a set of fraction images that relate digital numbers to material abundance. Water attenuation coefficient k is being extracted from the SeaWiFS eight spectral bands for depth modeling over the study area. The goals of this study include: an assessment of the capability of high-resolution multispectral data and new remote sensing processing techniques for coastal monitoring, evaluation of the depth modeling algorithm for mitigating effects of the water column to map target features, development of a prototype geodatabase model for integrating diverse data about targets in a large enterprise database, and assessment of whether these techniques will lower the costs of expensive field data collection programs in the marine environment.
EIA for the Worlds' Northernmost LNG Plant, the Snohvit Project in an Environmental Sensitive Area at 71 °N.
Authors: Engebretsen Halvor , Nesse Steinar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Snøhvit LNG project includes offshore development in the Barents Sea, pipelines to shore, remote operation of the production, onshore LNG plant, and shipment of products. Planning for the project has been going on for a decade, and the Project Plan was delivered to Norwegian authorities in September 2001.
Snøhvit has been optimised using both environmental and economic criteria. The project is unique in many respects. It is the worlds' northernmost LNG plant. It combines offshore production, remote operation from shore, and onshore processing with today's best available technology. For the local community Hammerfest region, an investment of 5 billion USD will have major effects. From an environmental perspective the project is also unique. It is the first project in the world where CO2 separated from the produced gas onshore are piped back offshore for re-injection to the ground. It is further the first development in the sensitive Barents Sea. The LNG plant is located in an area with important archaeological and cultural areas, near rich populations of natural resources and very active fisheries. Proper planning is therefore very important to ensure an environmental acceptable development.
Applying a New HSE Measurement System
Authors: Veley Carl D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conventional safety performance measurements can be grossly misleading because (1) they are susceptible to deceptive record keeping, and (2) they summarize the past and cannot reliably predict the future. A new system is being tested in a major oil company's Gulf of Mexico drilling operations. This system ignores the usual accident frequency and severity ratios, like the OSHA Recordable Rate or OSHA Lost Time, and employs closely defined standards for evaluating corrective actions from accident reports and other sources. Simple arithmetic then can produce a number ranging from zero to 300 that appears to be a reliable indicator of future safety performance. Testing is in progress to determine how well this system can forecast long-range safety performance for management purposes.
A Worldwide Learning Community—Connecting Disadvantaged Schools in Developing Countries to the World
Authors: Dunlop Johana , Crook Simone 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Schlumberger Excellence in Educational Development (SEED) operates through a Connectivity Grant Program, offering financial and technical assistance to connect disadvantaged schools in developing countries to the Internet. In addition, an educational Web site shares the knowledge and expertise of the company's scientists and engineers with 10- to 18-year-olds around the world. In just over 3 years, the SEED program has made the Internet available to approximately 50 organizations educating more than 87,000 children in 15 developing countries. The development of this worldwide learning community offers young people a tangible opportunity to participate in the economic and social advantages afforded by access to new knowledge and technologies. Through the ReSEED initiative, the larger community also benefits, as these schools share what they have learned with the communities in which they live.
We describe successful programs at Port Harcourt, Nigeria, and Faridabad, India, where SEED is making a positive impact on individual lives and the communities at large.