bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive Videodisc: Instructional Design of a Beginning Reading Program
Authors: Thorkildsen Ron J. , Friedman Susan G. 
Published: April 2006

This article provides a general overview of the nature and capabilities of interactive videodisc systems (microcomputer/videodisc), with particular emphasis on their application to learners with special needs. To illustrate current trends in this technology as explored by the project, Interactive Videodiscs in Special Education Technology (IVSET), at Utah State University, the Beginning Sight Reading (BSR) programs are discussed in detail. These programs were designed to investigate three dimensions of instructional technology: (a) its instructional potential; (b) effects of minimal versus extensive remediation; and (c) rate of instruction. To assess the effects of different remedial approaches, two versions of the BSR program were designed: BSR-1 represents extensive remediation; BSR-2 represents minimal remediation. The results of initial BSR field-testing show that the test scores of students in the two remediation groups doubled from pre- to posttest. In addition, the high-remediation group finished 10% faster than the low-remediation subjects. Conclusions and suggestions for future research are presented.
Questioning Discrepancies: Retaking the First Step 20 Years Later
Authors: Algozzine Bob , Ysseldyke James E. 
Published: April 2006

The term learning disability was scarsely off the breath of the early pioneers when a profession began questioning its own integrity. Today, the proliferation of students classified as learning disabled (LD) has caused social, political, economic, and educational concerns that, in turn, have produced serious questioning of practices. The driving force behind most conceptualizations of learning disabilities is the discrepancy between ability and achievement; yet, the dimensions of this parameter have not been documented. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the nature and occurrence of discrepancies between ability and achievement scores of students demonstrating average overall performance on commonly used assessment devices. Ability and achievement scores in several domains on individual and group-administered tests were compared. In general, difference patterns of students with average overall performance scores were similar across grade levels and achievement tests. Average discrepancies were generally small; however, wide (30–50 points) ranges were evident at all grade levels for individual and group-administered tests. Implications of these findings for current and future use of discrepancies as estimators of disabilities are discussed.
Application of a Group Training Program in Social Skills and Problem Solving to Learning Disabled and Non-Learning Disabled Youth
Authors: Hazel J. Stephen , Schumaker Jean Bragg , Sherman James A. , Sheldon Jan 
Published: April 2006

The efficacy of training learning disabled adolescents in social and problem-solving skills was evaluated by conducting a group skill-training program with three sets of youths: learning disabled adolescents attending an alternative high school, non-learning disabled youths attending the same school, and court-adjudicated youths on probation with a juvenile court. The six skills taught as part of the program included: giving positive feedback, giving negative feedback, accepting negative feedback, resisting peer pressure, negotiation, and problem solving in social situations. Training procedures consisted of skill explanation, rationales, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal with feedback. Skills were trained in a multiple-baseline design across skills. Youth performance of the skills was assessed through behavioral role-play testing using novel, nonpracticed situations. All three groups of subjects showed increased skill levels following training. On the cognitive problem-solving skill, learning disabled adolescents demonstrated only a slight gain when compared to non-learning disabled and court-adjudicated youths.
Great Basin Prehistory and Uto-Aztecan
Authors: Hopkins Nicholas A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStudies of the Great Basin show that the Desert cultures of 8000 B.C. closely resemble the historic cultures of that area, but linguistic evidence indicates that the ancestors of the historic inhabitants moved into the Great Basin as late as 1000 years ago. The linguistic affiliation of the prehistoric cultures thus cannot be directly inferred. Taylor has proposed that Hokaltecans settled in the Great Basin at an early age and were only recently replaced by Uto-Aztecans who moved in from the northeast—an offshoot from a major Uto-Aztecan movement down the western flanks of the Rocky Mountains. This hypothesis does not satisfactorily account for the distribution of the major subdivisions of Uto-Aztecan and directly contradicts the implications of the distribution of Numic (Plateau Shoshonean) languages. An alternate hypothesis is proposed, namely, that Uto-Aztecans moved southward from the northern Great Basin as the Altithermal began; that they moved in two major branches which skirted the Great Basin, one along the Rocky Mountains, the other along the Sierras; and that, as the Medithermal set in, the Numic branch (northernmost Sierran branch) began to move back into the Great Basin proper, this movement being retarded until about 1000 years ago by the presence of horticulturists. This hypothesis is supported by correlations between lexico-statistical dating of the separation of Uto-Aztecan languages and the dates of climatic periods, and by the distributions of the major Uto-Aztecan branches. Identification of these branches follows recent linguistic studies by Voegelin and Hale. Previous classifications of Uto-Aztecan languages, theories concerning the location of the ancestral Uto-Aztecan community, and the implications of these for the present hypothesis are discussed.
Ceramic Sequences at Tierradentro and San Agustin, Colombia
Authors: Patterson Thomas Carl 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBy utilizing archaeological associations of contemporaneity found at different sites and a few pieces of stratigraphic information, and by examining the patterning - the interrelationships of shape and decoration - of the pottery, it has been possible to define ten chronological units in the southern highlands of Colombia. The ten phases are grouped into two regional sequences: one with four phases at Tierradentro and another with six phases at San Agustin. Seriational as well as stratigraphic evidence suggests that the pottery from the burial caves of the Tierradentro region is older than the pottery associated with the shaft and chamber tombs of both Tierradentro and San Agustin and may date to the seventh or eighth centuries B.C. The earliest known shaft and chamber tombs appeared at San Agustin during the sixth century B.C. and, by the fifth century of the Christian era, were replaced by a new burial pattern, one consisting of interment in rectangular graves that were sometimes lined with stone slabs.
Archaeology and Native North American Oral Traditions
Authors: Mason Ronald J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeologists today are being urged from within and outside their profession to incorporate aboriginal oral traditions in reconstructing culture histories. Such challenges usually ignore or at least drastically underestimate the difficulties in doing so. Not least among those difficulties is that of attempting to reconcile inherently and profoundly different ways of conceptualizing the past without violating the integrity of one or the other or both. The pro and con arguments are examined theoretically and as actually employed in discrete instances. These raise such problems of incommensurability as to severely limit the fruitfulness and even desirability of making the attempt.
Weighing vs. Counting Shellfish Remains: A Comment on Mason, Peterson, and Tiffany
Authors: Glassow Michael A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMason et al. (1998) argue in a recent article that weight as a form of data quantification in the analysis of shellfish remains should be replaced with estimates of the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) based on identification of “nonrepetitive” elements (NRE) such as the hinge of a bivalve. Their comparisons of the two forms of shell data quantification lack relevance, and they fail to recognize difficulties in identifying nonrepetitive elements on many kinds of shells. Although weight of shells has its shortcomings, it is still the most appropriate form of quantification in many contexts. A more fruitful viewpoint would be to consider ways in which weight and MNI (or NRE) might complement each other in addressing research questions.
A Hypothesis Concerning the Relationship between Texcoco Fabric-Marked Pottery, Tlateles, and Chinampa Agriculture
Authors: Nunley Parker 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn his surface survey of the Valley of Mexico, Tolstoy found large quantities of a distinctive type of pottery concentrated in the southwestern portion of Lake Texcoco (Tolstoy 1958: 53). This pottery, called Texcoco Fabric-marked, was almost always found on low mounds, tlateles, lying either within or very near the old lake bed.Tolstoy offers no explanation for the correlation between the tlateles and the fabric-marked pottery other than that they seem in some way “to be traditionally connected with the Aztec practice of extracting salt.”Evidence is presented in this paper that shows Tolstoy's explanation of the use of Texcoco Fabric-marked pottery is not a very satisfactory one, and an alternative hypothesis—that this fabric-marked pottery was used in food production—is proposed.
A Critical Examination of Data Processing in Archaeology, with an Evaluation of a New Inverted Data System
Authors: Bordaz Jacques , Bordaz Victoria 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEven a cursory examination of data-processing methods currently used in archaeology indicates that there is a great need for a low-cost system that allows the investigator to study large masses of data without abandoning the units of archaeological analysis with which he is familiar. The authors recommend the use of a new system, Termatrex, which is a simple semiautomatic system that involves perforated cards and a light source for information retrieval. Termatrex is an inverted data-recording and searching system, with a virtually unlimited memory, which can be used at a desk. At present, Termatrex is the only system that provides true random access, continuous feedback between the investigator and his data, and compatibility with the standard digital computers.
Periods in Pecos Style Pictographs
Authors: Grieder Terence 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRelative chronology is found in the paintings in twelve Texas rock shelters which have Pecos Style pictographs. Three periods are defined within the Pecos Style. The earliest period comprises large-scale polychrome paintings emphasizing fishing subjects, suggesting a rivercentered life. The second period comprises slightly smaller-scale polychrome paintings in which deer first appear and become progressively more common. Fishermen still appear but tend to be smaller and more geometrically elaborate. The last period shows fewer paintings. They are very small, monochrome, and concentrate on deer and new figure types. These periods merge into each other. They appear to reflect an Archaic Desert Culture whose art began as the expression of a riverine ceremonial cult and changed toward a personal expression centered on deerhunting.
A Miniature Ceremonial
Ballgame Yoke from
Mexico
Authors: de Borhegyi Stephan F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA unique, miniature horseshoe-shaped stone yoke from Papantla, near Tajin in Mexico, is described and illustrated. The undoubtedly ceremonial character of this and other miniature yokes seems to strengthen the hypothesis that the larger-sized stone yokes were used primarily as p r o t e c t i v e gear by pre-Columbian ball players.
Cannibalism, Warfare, and Drought in the Mesa Verde Region during the Twelfth Century A.D.
Authors: Billman Brian R. , Lambert Patricia M. , Leonard Banks L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe existence of cannibalism has emerged as one of the most controversial issues in the archaeology of the American Southwest. In this paper, we examine this issue by presenting the results of our investigation at 5MT10010, a small early Pueblo III habitation site in southwestern Colorado. Battered, broken bones from seven individuals were discovered in two adjacent pithouses at 5MT10010. Mixed and incomplete remains of four adults and an adolescent were recovered from the floor and ventilator shaft of one pithouse; the remains of two subadults were found on the floor and in various subfeatures of the second. Cut marks and percussion scars implicate humans in the disarticulation and reduction of these bodies. Evidence of heat exposure on some bone fragments and laboratory analyses of a human coprolite recovered from one of the pithouses support the interpretation that people prepared and consumed human body parts. The discovery of disarticulated human remains at 5MT10010 is one of a number of similar finds in the northern Southwest. Analysis of cases from the Mesa Verde region indicates a sharp increase in cannibalism around A.D. 1150, a time of drought and the collapse of the Chaco system. The causes, consequences, and nature of this apparent outbreak of cannibalism are examined in light of 5MT10010 and other recent finds.
The Buhl Burial: A Comment on Green et al.
Authors: Neves Walter A. , Blum Max 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGreen et al.’s (1998) recent contention that the Buhl Paleoindian craniofacial attributes are similar to other North American Indians and East Asian populations is tested here through a principal components analysis based on 16 cranial measurements. The analysis involved the comparison of the cranial morphology of the Buhl specimen with 26 Howells’ modern populations. We also added to the analysis the craniometric data regarding a firmly established South American Paleoindian skull (Lapa Vermelha IV, Hominid I), that shows craniofacial similarities to Africans and Australians. The results corroborate the ideas presented by Green et al.(1998) and Neves et al.(1998a). They suggest that the Americas were colonized in early times by two different populations, one of generalized sapiens, and another of classic Mongoloids, with a short interval of time between the migratory events.
Archaeological Horizons in the Southern Illinois Region
Authors: Bennett John W. 
Published: April 2006

With the recent completion of a number of excavation programs by the University of Chicago, Carbondale State Normal University, and the St. Louis Academy of Sciences, it is now possible to make a preliminary analysis of the aboriginal occupations of southern Illinois and adjoining areas. Much of the data may not be published for several years, so an introductory statement may be useful.In this paper we will propose a chronological and cultural sequence based upon these excavated materials. Since the final analysis has not been accomplished, the conclusions expressed here are to be taken wholly as a progress report and subject to eventual revision and refinement.The material will be discussed by period, following the divisions on the charts appended to this paper (Figs. 2 and 3). The horizons will be discussed in order, beginning with the earliest.
A Proposed Terminology for Shape Classifications of Artifacts
Authors: Black Glenn A. , Weer Paul 
Published: April 2006

It is a very bold individual indeed who will suggest ideas concerning descriptive methods pointing toward a system for the simplification of classifications for archaeological artifacts. The chief difficulty in the way of arriving at simplified classifications lies in the great diversity of irregular forms. Consequently, the problem becomes so intricate, so full of pitfalls, that one is apt to become lost in a maze of detail out of which there is but slight possiblity of gathering together and properly grouping the essentials.Whether the subject be axes, celts, gorgets, projectile points or any one of the many groups of artifacts, we must recognize at the very start that there are certain forms which almost defy description.
A West Indian Ax from Florida
Authors: Goggin John M. , Rouse Irving 
Published: April 2006

A stone ax of West Indian type is included among the collections from north Florida in the Florida State Museum (cat. no. 3535). In view of the ever-interesting question of Antillean-Floridian relationships, this specimen seems worth considering in some detail.Information in the Florida State Museum catalog indicates that the ax was received in 1914 from A. W. Sargent of Gainesville who found it on the surface near Newnan's Lake, Alachua County. This is about five miles east of Gainesville. It was accompanied by the base of a spearhead, an arrowhead, and a sherd of St. Johns Check Stamped pottery (cat. nos. 3536-3538).The ax has a roughly rectangular blade; shallow, grooved neck; and broad butt, with a large ear-like projection on either side of the butt and a pair of smaller ones on top (Fig. 55). In cross section, one side is strongly convex and the other partially flattened, so that the artifact might more properly be called an “adze.” Its length is 15.8 cm. and its width 10.9 cm.
The Natchezan Culture Type
Authors: Quimby George I. 
Published: April 2006

Recent excavations and laboratory analyses by the Statewide Archaeological Survey of Louisiana have provided the means for a better definition of the Natchezan culture type and its antecedents. Comparative ethnological data were obtained from Dr. John R. Swanton and Dr. Andrew C. Albrecht.The archaeological data were obtained from six excavated sites and several surface collections. Only two of these sites were documented; the Fatherland Plantation near Natchez, Mississippi, and the Bayou Goula site in Iberville Parish, Louisiana. The undocumented sites were the Angola Farm in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana; the Laborde site in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana; the Ring site in Warren County, Mississippi; and the Glass site also in Warren County, Mississippi. With the exception of Bayou Goula and Laborde these sites have been mentioned by Ford.
An Unusual Pipe from Hadley, Massachusetts
Authors: Howes William J. 
Published: April 2006

This pipe was found in a field east of the old Hoccanum Road in Hadley, Massachusetts, by William Lamb of South Hadley Falls, after the spring freshet of 1936.It is a most unusual type even for New England territory. It seemingly is of Iroquoian- Mohawk production and bears the decorative motifs used by them in their Champlain Valley home district near the mouth of the Winooski River in Vermont. It might well be considered that it was produced within the territory where it was found, for the clay and graphite mixture of which the pipe is made, the implements used in making this pipe, as well as the stylus markings are characteristic of the work of the Indians of the Connecticut Valley.
Archaeological Notes on a Midden at Point Sal
Authors: Carter George F. 
Published: April 2006

Point Sal is 50 miles north of Santa Barbara, and represents a seaward projection of the Casmalia Hills. Two and a half miles inland from the sea, at an elevation of 1100 feet, there occurs a large flowing spring. On the bench below this spring there is an extensive shell midden of the general type described by D. B. Rogers for the area south of here. Excavation on this site was limited to four small test pits and to the removal of a group of burials from the upper level. The test pits showed a maximum depth of 10 feet near the center, and a thinning towards the edges. Three principal strata were observed, and will be designated as numbers I, II, III, numbering from the bottom up.Stratum number I was two feet thick. It was of a brown color, of a clayey textured soil streaked with lime. Its shell and ash content was the lowest of the three. Stratum number II was grey colored.
The Maya Eclipse Table of the Dresden Codex: A Reply
Authors: Merrill Robert H. 
Published: April 2006

In his “Note on the Maya Eclipse Table of the Dresden Codex” (American Antiquity, Vol. XIV, p. 61, July, 1948) Dr. Satterthwaite “submits that we ought to have a demonstration” of the range of moon phase lengths, also of the three-day named tzolkin periods within which Robert H. Merrill locates on the one hand possible eclipses, and on the other the average three-day length of moon disappearance “if such a double function of the three-day groups is a possibility to be reckoned with.”On page 39 of American Antiquity for July, 1946, my Moon Chart (Fig. 7) was drawn with sufficient accuracy to show each lunation to scale in tenths of a day, for the arbitrary sample period 1900–33. This covers a like time span to that of the codex lunar table. To show in detail the simple calculations and the graphical accuracy, a sample work sheet is here appended (Fig. 62).
Notes on a Find from Trinidad
Authors: Sleight Frederick W. 
Published: April 2006

During two years of duty at the Naval Operating Base, Trinidad, British West Indies, the author had the good fortune to gain the friendship of a local geologist and savant in the field of archaeology. He is Mr. J. A. Bullbrook, Honorable Secretary, Archaeological Section, Historical Society of Trinidad and Tobago. Mr. Bullbrook resides in the southern portion of the island of Trinidad near Erin, in an area which at one time was well populated by aboriginal migrants from the mainland of South America.Rather recently the author received a letter from Mr. Bullbrook describing the accidental discovery of an effigy vessel by a native workman in his neighborhood. The paragraphs which follow are excerpts from Mr. Bullbrook's letter.
The Archaeological Zone of Buena Vista, Huaxcama, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
Authors: Solier Wilfrido Du , Krieger Alex D. , Griffin James B. 
Published: April 2006

During the field season of 1941–42, joint excavations were undertaken in the Huasteca territory by the American Museum of Natural History and the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia. The American Museum had appointed Dr. Gordon Ekholm to investigate this area as a part of the program sponsored by the Institute of Andean Research. The Instituto Nacional appointed Wilfrido Du Solier to collaborate with Ekholm because of his (Du Solier's) long interest in and knowledge of the area.It was decided to undertake work in the following sites: Las Flores in Tampico; Tancol, a little to the north of Tampico; Panuco, on the river of the same name; and Buena Vista, Huaxcama, San Luis Potosi, to the northwest of the Huasteca territory. The explorations in Buena Vista and Las Flores were made by both Ekholm and Du Solier, while those of Panuco and Tancol, due to the illness of Du Solier, were made only by Ekholm.
Pottery Study in the Maya Area
Authors: Butler Mary 
Published: April 2006

The Maya Area is of outstanding archaeological importance because its early inhabitants achieved the highest civilization in pre-Columbian America. The early Maya and Mexicans surpassed other highly developed pre-Columbian American cultures because they possessed a form of writing and an intricate calendrical system. While the question of priority and derivation of culture in the Mexican-Maya area is still a moot one, there is no doubt that the Maya developed writing, representational art, and the sciences of mathematics and astronomy to a degree of excellence far beyond that attained by the Mexicans.The Maya lived, before the Conquest as today, in Yucatan and the country south of it. We have little evidence concerning the archaic or earliest peoples of this region. We know that in the southern part there was such a cultural substratum, identified by modelled figurines and distinctive pottery.