bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sucrose and dental caries: a review of the evidence
Authors: Anderson C. A. , Curzon M. E. J. , Van Loveren C. , Tatsi C. , Duggal M. S. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe aim of this study was to conduct a review of the literature to assess the relationship between quantity and pattern of sucrose use and dental caries. Using hand and electronic methods (MEDLINE, EMBASE) the literature was searched for epidemiological papers concerning any relationship of sugars and dental caries published since 1856. Superficial hand searching was carried out between 1856 and 1940, detailed hand searching 1940–1966 and electronic 1966–2007. Selection criteria were set based on, but not confined to, Cochran style standards. Investigations were categorized as A, fulfilling all criteria; B1, relevant fulfilling 19 of 23 criteria; B2, relevant but fulfilling only between 12 and 18 of the selection criteria; and C, all other papers. There were 95 papers meeting most (more than 12) or all of the selected criteria. Only 1 paper was graded A; 31 as B1. There were in addition some 65 as B2 and all the rest as C, which were discarded. There were a wide variety of study designs and those graded A or B1 comprised 23 ecological cross‐sectional, 7 cohort and 2 case control studies. Summary results showed that 6 papers found a positive, significant relationship of sugar quantity to dental caries, 19 of 31 studies reported a significant relationship of sugar frequency of use to dental caries. The balance of studies does not demonstrate a relationship between sugar quantity, but a moderately significant relationship of sugar frequency to dental caries.
Transforming a Trade Union? An Assessment of the Introduction of an Organizing Initiative
Authors: Waddington Jeremy , Kerr Allan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn 1995 Unison implemented a National Recruitment Plan, and, in 1997, a National Organizing and Recruitment Strategy, with the objective of reversing the decline in union density in the public sector. This article traces the development of these initiatives and assesses their results. The article shows that there is limited involvement of lay representatives in the National Organizing and Recruitment Plan, but that there is a positive relationship between participation in union programmes intended to promote organizing and the performance of individual branches.
Varieties of Undeclared Work in European Societies
Authors: Pfau‐Effinger Birgit 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUntil recently, undeclared work was understood as largely the result of tax evasion by employers and workers. However, this viewpoint fails to do justice to the complexity of the phenomenon. The category of undeclared work covers several distinct types of employment relation which arise from different motives and strategies of firms, workers and contractors, and their interplay. There is no uniform logic of development. This article introduces a new typology of undeclared work and shows how the development of the different types of undeclared work can be explained by the ways in which they are embedded in a variety of institutional, cultural and socio‐structural contexts.
Efficient Estimation of Three-Dimensional Curves and their Derivatives by Free-Knot Regression Splines, Applied to the Analysis of Inner Carotid Artery Centrelines
Authors: Sangalli Laura M. , Secchi Piercesare , Vantini Simone , Veneziani Alessandro 
Published: February 2009

Summary
We deal with the problem of efficiently estimating a three-dimensional curve and its derivatives, starting from a discrete and noisy observation of the curve. This problem is now arising in many applicative contexts, thanks to the advent of devices that provide three-dimensional images and measures, such as three-dimensional scanners in medical diagnostics. Our research, in particular, stems from the need for accurate estimation of the curvature of an artery, from image reconstructions of three-dimensional angiographies. This need has emerged within the AneuRisk project, a scientific endeavour which aims to investigate the role of vessel morphology, blood fluid dynamics and biomechanical properties of the vascular wall, on the pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysms. We develop a regression technique that exploits free-knot splines in a novel setting, to estimate three-dimensional curves and their derivatives. We thoroughly compare this technique with a classical regression method, local polynomial smoothing, showing that three-dimensional free-knot regression splines yield more accurate and efficient estimates.
Space–Time Modelling of Precipitation by Using a Hidden Markov Model and Censored Gaussian Distributions
Authors: Ailliot Pierre , Thompson Craig , Thomson Peter 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA new hidden Markov model for the space–time evolution of daily rainfall is developed which models precipitation within hidden regional weather types by censored power-transformed Gaussian distributions. The latter provide flexible and interpretable multivariate models for the mixed discrete–continuous variables that describe both precipitation, when it occurs, and no precipitation. Parameter estimation is performed by using a Monte Carlo EM algorithm whose use and performance are evaluated by simulation studies. The model is fitted to rainfall data from a small network of stations in New Zealand encompassing a diverse range of orographic effects. The results that are obtained show that the marginal distributions and spatial structure of the data are well described by the fitted model which provides a better description of the spatial structure of precipitation than a standard hidden Markov model that is commonly used in the literature. However, the fitted model, like the standard hidden Markov model, cannot fully reproduce the local dynamics and underestimates the lag 1 auto-correlations.
THE MINOAN FALLACY: CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND MORTUARY BEHAVIOUR ON CRETE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE BRONZE AGE
Authors: LEGARRA HERRERO BORJA 
Published: February 2009

SummaryWe are becoming increasingly aware of regional data patterning in the archaeological record of Prepalatial Crete, yet a theoretically informed and methodologically systematic study assessing the significance of such differences is still lacking. This article investigates variation through the rich mortuary record of the period and explores the significance of such diversity for our understanding of Prepalatial Crete. A detailed analysis using mortuary data reveals a complex spatial and temporal variation in the record which raises questions about social, political and ideological differences between communities on the island during the early periods of the Early Bronze Age. Prepalatial Crete emerges from this analysis as a complex context resulting from an intricate combination of local and regional histories and trajectories and far from the unified culture that the term ‘Minoan’ implies.
A READING OF HEGEL'S PHENOMENOLOGY OF SPIRIT by Quentin Lauer: HEGEL'S PHENOMENOLOGY ‐ A PHILOSOPHICAL INTRODUCTION by Richard Norman
Authors: Knox T. M. 
Published: February 2009

A READING OF HEGEL'S PHENOMENOLOGY OF SPIRIT by Quentin Lauer. Fordham U.P., 1976. vii+303 pp. $20 cloth, $7.50 paper.HEGEL'S PHENOMENOLOGY – A PHILOSOPHICAL INTRODUCTION by Richard Norman. Sussex U.P., 1976. 139 pp. £4 cloth, £2.25 paper.
ISSUES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE edited by Alfred M. MacKay and Daniel D. Merrill: TRUTH AND MEANING: Essays in Semantics, edited by Gareth Evans and John McDowell
Authors: Guttenplan Samuel 
Published: February 2009

ISSUES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE edited by Alfred M. MacKay and Daniel D. Merrill. (Oberlin Colloquium, 1972.) Yale U.P., 1976. xiv+161 pp. £7.50.TRUTH AND MEANING: Essays in Semantics, edited by Gareth Evans and John McDowell. Clarendon Press: O.U.P., 1976. xxiii+420 pp. £11.50.
Trophoblast‐mediated spiral artery remodelling: a role for apoptosis
Authors: Whitley Guy St J. , Cartwright Judith E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn the first 20 weeks of pregnancy a number of important changes take place in the maternal uterine vasculature. Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells are lost from the spiral arteries and are replaced by fetal trophoblast cells. The resulting increase in blood flow to the intervillous space ensures that the fetus receives the nutrients and respiratory gases required for growth. Failure of the vessels to remodel sufficiently is a common feature of pregnancy pathologies such as early pregnancy loss, intrauterine growth restriction and pre‐eclampsia. Although there is evidence to suggest that some vascular changes occur prior to trophoblast invasion, it is clear that in the absence of trophoblast invasion the remodelling of the spiral arteries is reduced. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which trophoblasts influence vessel structure have been little studied. Trophoblasts synthesize and release a plethora of cytokines and growth factors including members of the tumour necrosis factor family such as tumour necrosis factor α, Fas‐ligand and tumour necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand. Recent studies suggest that these factors may be important in regulating the remodelling process by inducing both endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis.
Microgeographic variation in the effects of larval temperature environment on juvenile morphology and locomotion in the pool frog
Authors: Orizaola G. , Laurila A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn animals with complex life cycles, the environment experienced early during the development may have strong effects on later performance and fitness. We investigated the intraspecific variation in the effects of larval temperature environment on the morphology and locomotory performance of juvenile pool frogs Rana lessonae originating from three closely located populations of the northern fringe metapopulation in central Sweden. Tadpoles were raised individually at two temperatures (20 and 25 °C) until metamorphosis. We measured the morphology of the metamorphs and tested the jumping performance of the froglets after complete tail absorption. We found that early temperature environment affected juvenile morphology, metamorphs from high‐temperature environments having relatively longer hindlimbs (tibiofibulas) and longer tails when weight at metamorphosis was accounted for. In absolute terms, froglets from low temperature jumped significantly longer; however, after correcting for size differences the relationship was reversed, individuals raised at high temperature performing better. In both temperatures, relative jumping performance was positively associated with tibiofibula and body length. Populations differed both in metamorphic traits and in jumping capacity, especially at low temperature, suggesting microgeographical variation in temperature sensitivity within the metapopulation. Our results indicate that the temperature environment experienced during the early aquatic stages can influence the morphology and performance of juvenile frogs, and that these effects can be population specific.
Increased mass of reticulo‐rumen tissue and contents with advancing age in Svalbard reindeer
Authors: Veiberg V. , Mysterud A. , Irvine R. J. , Sørmo W. , Langvatn R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLittle is known about the effect of age on digestive processes in wild cervids. One potentially important mechanism is that tooth wear alters the occlusal surface topography, causing gradual loss of functionality. Mastication efficiency is crucial to digestion processes among ruminants, as a larger particle size is associated with longer retention times and potentially reduced digestion efficiency. Using data from 49 adult Svalbard reindeer Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus females, we investigated whether the mass of reticulo‐rumen (RR) contents and tissue and the amount of back fat showed age‐related changes. Older animals had higher RR content mass than younger individuals. This is consistent with the prediction that altered particle size due to decreased mastication efficiency led to increased rumen retention time either through increased RR capacity or filling. Additional data on RR particle size distribution were available for a subset (n=30). The correlation between the proportion of small particles (<1.0 mm) and RR contents was much weaker than the correlation between age and RR contents. This suggests that additional factors apart from particle size contribute to the age‐related pattern in RR content mass. The mass of RR tissue in older animals was higher than that in younger animals. This possibly reflects an adaptation to the higher organ fill. The amount of back fat decreased with age, suggesting that alterations in digestion‐related processes are not sufficient to compensate for reduced mastication efficiency in Svalbard reindeer. Our results present one possible link between foraging, digestive processes and life‐history patterns.
Comprehensive investigation of ectoparasite community and abundance across life history stages of avian host
Authors: Hamstra T. L. , Badyaev A. V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFitness consequences of ectoparasitism are expressed over the lifetime of their hosts in relation to variation in composition and abundance of the entire ectoparasite community and across all host life history stages. However, most empirical studies have focused on parasite species‐specific effects and only during some life history stages. We conducted a systematic, year‐long survey of an ectoparasite community in a wild population of house finchesCarpodacus mexicanusMüller in south‐western Arizona, with a specific focus on ecological and behavioral correlates of ectoparasite prevalence and abundance. We investigated five ectoparasite species: two feather mite genera – both novel for house finches –Strelkoviacarus(Analgidae) andDermoglyphus(Dermoglyphidae), the nest mitePellonyssus reedi(Macronyssidae), and the liceMenacanthus alaudae(Menoponidae) andRicinus microcephalus(Ricinidae). MiteP. reediand louseMenacanthus alaudaeabundance peaked during host breeding season, especially in older birds, whereas feather mite abundance peaked during molt. Overall, breeding birds had moreP. reedithan non‐breeders, molting males had greater abundance of feather mites than molting females and non‐molting males, and young males had more feather mites than older males. We discuss these results in relation to natural history of ectoparasites under study and suggest that ectoparasites might synchronize their life cycles to those of their hosts. Pronounced differences in relative abundance of ectoparasite species among host's life history stages have important implications for evolution of parasite‐specific host defenses.
Compulsive consumption behaviours: investigating relationships among binge eating, compulsive clothing buying and fashion orientation
Authors: Trautmann‐Attmann Julianne , Johnson Tricia Widner 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCompulsive buying and binge eating are examples of compulsive consumption behaviours, and for individuals with these behavioural tendencies, appearance and appearance‐related products seem to be of paramount importance. The purpose of this research was to determine if bulimic behaviours, fashion interest and the importance of being well dressed had a causal relationship with compulsive clothing buying. Subjects completed a compulsive clothing buying scale, the binging/control subscale of the Bulimia Test‐Revised and a fashion orientation scale. A path analysis indicated that binging behaviours and fashion interest significantly predicted compulsive clothing buying, while binging behaviours were not significantly related to fashion interest or the importance of being well dressed. Such findings may suggest that female consumers compulsively buy clothing for different reasons and/or motivations.
Species–area relationship of Neotropical waterbird assemblages in remnant wetlands: looking at the mechanisms
Authors: Guadagnin Demétrio Luis , Maltchik Leonardo , Fonseca Carlos Roberto 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTAim  We investigated the relative role of area, isolation, microhabitat diversity and number of individuals as explanatory factors defining the richness of waterbirds in wetland remnants.Location  Freshwater marshes along the Atlantic coastal zone of South Brazil. (30°56′–30°22′S; 50°58–50°22′W; Fig. 1).The study area (dashed line), in the Atlantic coastal zone of Brazil, is characterized by a high concentration of remnant wetlands used by resident and migratory waterbirds. Waterbirds were surveyed monthly along 2003 in 42 randomly selected wetland remnants.imageMethods  We surveyed waterbirds monthly for 1 year in 42 wetland remnants. We measured area, diversity of microhabitats, and isolation using aerial photographs and Landsat images. We compared the fit of the relationship between waterbird richness and wetland area across three models. We evaluated the ‘passive sampling effect’ comparing the observed species–area relationship with area‐based and individual‐based null models, performed with randomization without replacement. We used Path Analysis to measure the relative importance of direct and indirect effects of wetland area, isolation, microhabitat diversity and the total number of individuals on species richness.Results  Power functions showed that larger wetlands had proportionally fewer species, individuals and microhabitats as compared to smaller wetlands. Species richness was consistently lower than predicted by area‐based and individual‐based random placement null models. Path analysis showed significant direct effects of remnant area and microhabitat diversity on species richness, but no effect of isolation on species richness. When number of individuals was included in the model, it became the most important factor explaining species richness, followed by wetland area. The number of individuals was significantly influenced by area, isolation and microhabitat diversity.Main conclusions  We demonstrated that waterbird richness in fragmented landscapes is not a random placement phenomenon, but a biological one, significantly affected by the complex interplay of remnant area and isolation and diversity of microhabitats. We showed that the number of individuals plays a central role mediating the effect of these physical factors on species richness.
Satellite sleuthing: does remotely sensed land‐cover change signal ecological degradation in a protected area?
Authors: Waite T. A. , Corey S. J. , Campbell L. G. , Chhangani A. K. , Rice J. , Robbins P. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTAim  We evaluate whether remotely sensed land‐cover change within a newly protected area signalled human‐driven ecological degradation. Vegetation density changed in a quarter of pixels during the first 13 years (1986–1999) following the sanctuary's formal enclosure, with many patches showing a decrease in density. We use on‐the‐ground data collected in 2006 in 132 random plots to explore whether these changes in vegetation density reliably signalled latent shifts in local diversity of woody plants and whether they could be attributed to illicit activities including fuel wood collection and livestock grazing.Location  Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India.Results  Species richness, species sharing, species assemblages, and incidence of invasive and useful species were statistically similar among plots in which vegetation density had decreased, increased or remained similar. Likewise, intensity of disturbance associated with human activities was similar across these plot types.Main conclusions  Our data provide no clear evidence that local changes in vegetation density signalled latent shifts in local diversity of woody plants. They also fail to reveal any clear association between local changes in vegetation density and human‐related activities. Finding no evidence that land‐cover change led to biotic erosion, we reflect on the utility of resource‐use bans in protected areas, particularly those embedded within historically coupled human‐nature systems.
A framework of personal and environmental learning‐based strategies to foster therapist expertise
Authors: King Gillian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article presents a framework of strategies by which to foster the expertise of therapists who work in community‐based clinical service organizations. The framework is based on theories of competence development and learning, and amalgamates strategies identified in a review of the expertise literature in the fields of physical therapy, occupational therapy, medicine, nursing, education, and counselling and psychotherapy. The framework outlines three main types of strategies: (i) personal experience to develop skills and knowledge (personal level strategies), (ii) the provision of supports and resources (person–environment ‘fit’ strategies), and (iii) work‐place opportunities (environmental strategies). Together, these strategy groups provide a comprehensive understanding of ways to facilitate experiential, instructional and observational learning for practicing therapists. Implications for managers and therapists are discussed, including the importance of acquiring ‘soft’ competencies, ensuring various forms of feedback, and establishing supportive, learning‐oriented work environments.
Corporate Investments: Learning from Restatements
Authors: DURNEV ART , MANGEN CLAUDINE 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis study analyzes the information conveyed by the restatements of financial reports. We argue that restatements contain news about the investment projects of the restating firms' competitors. This news causes competitors to revise their beliefs about the projects' value, and to modify their subsequent investment decisions. Accordingly, we hypothesize that changes in competitors' investments after restatement announcements are related to news in the restatements. Consistent with our prediction, we find that changes in competitors' investments following restatement announcements are significantly related to various proxies for news in the restatements, such as competitors' and restating firms' abnormal returns at the restatement announcements. We conclude that restatements convey information about the investment projects of restating firms' competitors.
Do gene polymorphisms alone or in combination affect the function of human β3‐adrenoceptors?
Authors: Vrydag Wim , Alewijnse Astrid E. , Michel Martin C. 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose: β3‐Adrenoceptors mediate many important physiological functions, for example, in the urinary bladder. The corresponding gene is polymorphic, and the W64R (Trp64Arg) single nucleotide polymorphism has been associated with disease states such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and bladder dysfunction. While these clinical data suggest that the 64R variant is hypofunctional, previousin vitrostudies in which this variant was generated by site‐directed mutagenesis and subsequent transfection have not consistently confirmed this.Experimental approach: We transfected the wild‐type human β3‐adrenoceptor and the 64R variant and also the more recently discovered 265M and 306F variants as well as 64R/265M and 64R/306F double mutants into human embryonic kidney cells and selected clones expressing the receptors at a density of about 100 fmol mg protein−1. Receptor activation was measured by cAMP accumulation and ligand affinity by radioligand binding. Desensitisation was assessed as alterations of cAMP responses after prolonged agonist treatment.Key results: Neither mutated receptor exhibited alterations in efficacy or potency for cAMP accumulation for any of five agonists (isoprenaline, noradrenaline, YM 178, FK 4664, CGP 12 177). In competition binding studies, the mutations did not affect the ability of any agonist to bind to the receptor. Wild‐type receptors and the 64R variant exhibited similar isoprenaline‐induced functional desensitization during a 24 h treatment.Conclusions and implications: None of the polymorphisms tested here significantly altered the interaction of isoprenaline, noradrenaline, YM 178, FK 4664 or CGP 12 177 with the human β3‐adrenoceptor when expressed at near physiological levels in a human cell line.