bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of HLA—B8, DRw3, and Anti‐Acetylcholine Receptor Antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Naeim F. , Keesey J. C. , Herrmann C. , Lindstrom J. , Zeller E. , Walford R. L. 
Published: December 2008

Twenty‐eight patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), five with and 23 without thymoma, and 47 normal controls were typed for serologically defined HLA—A, B, C, and DRw antigens. Sera from all patients were titered for antibodies to acetylcholine receptors (AChR). The frequency of HLA—B8 and DRw3 in the non‐thymoma MG patients was significantly higher than in the normal population. Most of the non‐thymoma patients with AChR titers higher than the average level were positive for HLA—B8 and/or DRw3, while the majority of the HLA—B8 (—) and/or DRw3 (—) non‐thymoma patients demonstrated AChR titers below average.These findings support the possibility of the existence of immune response genes in the HLA—B, DRw segment of the major histocompatibility complex which are concerned in the response to or recognition of autoantigens.
Lymphocyte subpopulations in man: induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro by allogeneic B and T cells
Authors: Johnsen H. E. 
Published: December 2008

Testing B and T cells as allogeneic stimulators of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in primary as well as secondary in vitro cultures, reveals that fresh, nonactivated B cells isolated from peripheral blood have an enhanced cytotoxic T cell stimulating capacity compared to T cells, although target determinants are present both on B and T cell blasts. Similarly, the capacity of T and B cells to stimulate proliferation in MLC is also quantitatively different.These results are in accordance with the hypothesis concerning the in vitro generation of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which postulates concurrent stimulation by strong lymphocyte activating determinants and target determinants for the generation of cytotoxic effector T lymphocytes, as both determinants are simultaneously found on B lymphocytes.Three cell experiments performed by coculturing allogeneic stimulating B and T cells with responding T cells show that strong lymphocyte activating determinants found on B cells enhance the cytotoxicity against target determinants on cocultured B cells but nol on cocultured T cells, indicating qualitative differences between target determinants on B and T cells with respect to specific CTL stimulating capacity.Furthermore, primed resting CTLs in secondary cultures could unspecifically be restimulated by third party B cells or pokeweed mitogen.These results are the basis for a hypothesis concerning activation of CTLs, postulating nonspecific triggering of cytotoxic precursor cells by lymphocyte activating properties intrinsic to target determinants (TD) on B cells, preferentially activating clones of cytotoxic cells. The clonal proliferation is further unspecifically amplified by products of the T cell recognition of strong lymphocyte activating determinants (LAD).
Inhibition of responder cell activity in mixed leukocyte culture reactions
Authors: de Rooij‐Doyer E. , Schoen M. A. , Bruning J. W. , van Rood J. J. 
Published: December 2008

An HLA‐B7 antiserum showed cross‐reactivity with HLA‐B8, Bw41, a split of B40 (Bw60) and possibly Bw22 and B27, thus detecting one or more determinants on these antigens similar to an antigenic site on HLA‐B7 usually not detected by other B7‐antisera. The cross‐reactions were demonstrable by adsorption of antibodies on lymphocytes followed by release at 37°C, which enabled the detection of weak and otherwise hardly detectable reactivity. Released antibody molecules were detected in two different assays: (1) Antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with HLA‐B7 positive target cells (fluorochromasia micro ADCC). (2) Inhibition of MLC reactions with B7 positive stimulator cells. The B7‐antibody, as detected in both assays, was released in decreasing activity from Bw41 > B8 > Bw60 ≥ B7 > (B27 ∼ Bw22) positive cells.The order of sensitivity in which the various antigens were detected in ADCC assays in which the antiserum activity was measured directly on various target cells was different, viz. HLA‐B7 > Bw60 ∼ B27 > Bw41 > B8. Bw22 was not detected.Absorption studies demonstrated that HLA‐B7 positive cells bound more B7 antibody activity than B8 positive cells. However, antibody molecules bound to B7 positive cells were mainly released as immune complexes, which could be dissociated by treatment with acid. In contrast, B7 antibody molecules bound to B8 positive cells were released as free antibody molecules. This marked difference in shedding properties further explained the previously described B7 specific unresponsiveness in MLC of HLA‐B8 (and also Bw41) positive responder cells after sensitization with the B7 antiserum (de Rooij et al. 1980).
On the dynamics of HLA‐A2 antigen‐antibody complexes on the cell membrane of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. A biochemical and electron microscopical autoradiographic study
Authors: Giphart M. J. , de Rooij‐Dover E. , Wisse E. , Bruning J. W. 
Published: December 2008

This report deals with some dynamic aspects of membrane bound immune complexes of HLA antigens and antibodies. Radiolabelled HLA antibodies were used to sensitize peripheral blood lymphocytes. Upon in vitro incubation of these cells, two different events were detected:

1) Immune complexes and a limited amount of free antibody were shed into the culture supernate; from the immune complexes specific antibodies could be regenerated.
2) Immune complexes were also internalized by means of endocytosis as visualized by electron microscopical autoradiography. Antibodies were found above dense bodies (lysosomes) and above multivesicular bodies.

The results are discussed in relation to the biology of membrane bound HLA molecules.
Association of hypergammaglobulinemia G with HLA—DR3 in Graves' disease
Authors: BRIONES‐URBINA ROSARIO , BEAR JOHN C. , FARID NADIR R. 
Published: December 2008

Serum levels of immunoglobulins (Ig) IgA, IgG and IgM were measured in 96 HLA—typed patients with Graves'disease and an equal number of sex and age matched controls.Patients showed significantly increased serum immunoglobulin levels compared to controls. HLA DR3‐positive patients had larger elevations of IgG concentration than their HLA—DR3‐negative counterparts. Variation in serum immunoglobulin levels was not associated with sex, treatment or ophthalmopathy. It is suggested that the hypergammaglobulinemia of Graves'disease is related to defective suppressor cells triggered by Ig or Ig‐linked genes. HLA‐related gene(s) must, in addition, be involved to account for hypergammaglobulinemia G in the HLA—DR3‐positive subset of patients.
HLA‐D typing in multiple sclerosis: Israelis tested with European homozygous typing cells
Authors: Brautbar C. , Amar A. , Cohen N. , Oksenberg J. , Cohen I. , Kahana E. , Bloch D. , Alter M. , Grosse‐Wilde H. 
Published: December 2008

The association of A3, B7, Dw2 and DR2 histocompatibility (HLA) markers with multiple sclerosis (MS) is well established among Northern Europeans and Caucasoids in the United States. We showed previously that A3 and B7 were not increased among Israelis with MS, and in a preliminary study Dw2 as well. An association of A3 and B7 is also lacking in Italian, Jordanian and Japanese MS patients. In Black American MS patients, the B7 frequency is slightly increased but Dw2 is still significantly associated with MS.For the HLA‐DR antigen series DR2 is shown to have a stronger association to MS than A3 and B7. Conceivably, this antigen could be associated with MS even in populations where an association with A3 or B7 is lacking. Therefore, a study of HLA‐A, B, C, DR and D antigens was carried out in Israel. No significant excess or deficiency of HLA antigens was found in MS.Possible explanations for these results are as follows: (1) the relevant HLA‐D alleles in the Jewish population arc not detected by the homozygous typing cells (HTCs) used, since they were derived primarily from European sources; (2) in contrast to the Caucasoid populations the genetic factor predisposing for MS is not associated with HLA alleles in the Israeli population; (3) MS is an heterogeneous disease and in Israelis, an environmental factor is sufficient to cause the disease.
Rapid responses of lymphocytes in an optimized mixed lymphocyte culture
Authors: Wank Rudolf 
Published: December 2008

When adherent mononuclear cells are removed from whole blood, the separated lymphocytes respond rapidly by proliferation to foreign cocultured lymphocytes. The reaction of responding cells against a pool of foreign stimulating cells can be detected in this rapid mixed lymphocyte culture (r‐MLC) within 28 h and antigenic disparity between family members, differing for only one HLA haplotype, can be measured within 36 h. These early responses show genetic specificity corresponding to those observed in a standard MLC at 96 h.The involvement of similar cell populations in the regulation of early responses to allogeneic cells and increased responses to autologous cells in r‐MLC, as well as accelerated responses in secondary MLC, is discussed.
The outcome of cell mediated lympholysis is influenced by the antibiotics in the culture medium
Authors: Horai Satoshi , Claas Frans H. J. , Poel Jan J. v. d. , J. van Rood Jon 
Published: December 2008

Recently we could demonstrate that antibiotics can interact with polymorphic membrane determinants. As a result, these determinants can no longer react with their corresponding antisera (Claas et al. 1981, 1982).In the present experiments it was found that allogeneic cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), which were cultured in the presence of antibiotics, induced significantly stronger lysis against the specific target than CTLs which were cultured in the absence of antibiotics. In some cases the CML assay was only positive according to the European Workshop criteria when penicillin was added to the cultures, whereas the assay was negative in the absence of penicillin.On the other hand when CTLs were induced in an MLC culture without penicillin, lysis was higher against the target cell in the absence of penicillin than in the presence of penicillin. By adding penicillin to the effector phase, inhibition of lysis was observed. No difference in 3H‐thymidine‐incorporation was observed between MLC cultures with and without antibiotics. We conclude that antibiotics in the culture medium can influence the outcome of CML experiments.
Development of anti‐HLA antibodies following renal transplantation‐their characteristics and natural history
Authors: Lobo Peter I. 
Published: December 2008

Sera from 75 recipients of first cadaver donor renal transplants were analyzed for the development of anti‐HLA antibodies utilizing a complement dependent micro‐cytotoxicity assay. Anti‐HLA activity was assayed utilizing peripheral blood lymphocytes from a panel of normal donors. Anti‐HLA reactivity was felt to be present when a cell‐serum interaction yielded greater than 30% cell death. Reactivity was quantified as the percentage of donors reacting to a particular serum (PRL). Marked increase in PRL activity was demonstrated in 22 of 44 recipients rejecting their allografts and in some development of PRL reactivity could be demonstrated during immunosuppression and before allograft removal. In contrast, PRL reactivity was minimal in recipients with successful allograft (5 of 31 recipients) and this anti‐HLA activity was transient, disappearing after 6 months. Careful analysis of these anti‐HLA antibodies developing post‐transplantation, revealed that these antibodies to a large extent were very broadly reactive (multi‐specific) and could be absorbed out with platelets. Rather surprisingly, development of monospecific antibodies reactive to the mismatched HLA antigens, even early in the transplant course, was uncommon. These observations necessitate a re‐evaluation of “unacceptable” donor HLA antigens for second transplant recipients, especially since anti‐HLA alloantibody formation lacked “private” specificity and was present in only half the recipients rejecting their allograft. Additionally, these observations make one wonder whether “public” specificities on the HI.A molecule arc important in transplant compatibility.Since only half the recipients rejecting their allografts developed these broadly reactive alloantibodies, it became important to analyze factors that could predispose to alloantibody formation. Previous transfusions, pregnancies, number of rejections, degree of HLA antigen mismatch and presence of autolymphocytotoxins did not appear to have a major influence. However, recipients with HLA—A3 and a mismatch at the B locus appeared to have a decreased likelihood of developing these antibodies.
Nitric oxide production by a human osteoblast cell line stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Sosroseno W. , Bird P. S. , Seymour G. J. 
Published: December 2008

Background/aim:  Human osteoblasts induced by inflammatory stimuli express an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO) by a human osteoblast‐like cell line (HOS cells).Methods:  Cells were stimulated directly with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide or pretreated with the following l‐NIL (an iNOS inhibitor), anti‐CD14, Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2), or TLR4 antibody before stimulation with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide. The role of the cyclic nucleotides was assessed by pretreating the cells with the following; ODQ (a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor); SQ22536 (an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor); db‐cAMP (a cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog); br‐cGMP (a cyclic guanosine monophosphate analog); forskolin (an adenylyl cyclase activator), IBMX [a non‐specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor], or KT5720 [a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor]. The cells were also preincubated with genistein [a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor], bisindolylmaleimide [a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor], BPB [a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor], and NDGA (a lipoxygenase inhibitor). The iNOS activity and nitrite production in the cell cultures were determined spectrophotometrically.Results:  The results showed that A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide stimulated both iNOS activity and nitrite production by HOS cells; this was reduced by l‐NIL, anti‐CD14, or anti‐TLR4 antibody, SQ22536, KT5720, genistein, bisindolylmaleimde, BPB, and NDGA, but was enhanced by db‐cAMP, IBMX, and forskolin.Conclusion:  These results therefore suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide may induce the production of NO by HOS cells via a CD14–TLR4 molecule complex, a cAMP–PKA pathway, as well as by a PTK, PKC, PLA2, and lipoxygenase‐dependent mechanism.
Detection of oral bacteria in cardiovascular specimens
Authors: Nakano K. , Nemoto H. , Nomura R. , Inaba H. , Yoshioka H. , Taniguchi K. , Amano A. , Ooshima T. 
Published: December 2008

Background/aims:  Oral bacteria, including cariogenic and periodontal pathogens, are thought to be etiological factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases. To define this relationship, we analyzed the distribution of oral bacterial species in cardiovascular specimens.Method:  Following acceptance into the study, 203 consecutive patients were analyzed, from whom 82 aortic valve specimens, 35 mitral valve specimens, and 86 aortic aneurysmal wall specimens, of which 16 contained aneurysmal thrombus tissues, were obtained. In addition, a total of 58 dental plaque specimens were collected from the same group of patients who underwent heart valve replacement or removal of aortic aneurysms. Bacterial DNA was extracted from both cardiovascular tissues and dental plaque in those cases and then species‐specific polymerase chain reaction assays were used to analyze the occurrences of six oral streptococcal and six periodontal bacterial species.Results:  Streptococcus mutans was the most frequently detected species in the cardiovascular specimens, followed by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. As for dental plaque specimens from patients who underwent cardiovascular operations, most of the tested periodontitis‐related species as well as oral streptococci were detected at high frequencies. Furthermore, the positive rate of S. mutans in cardiovascular specimens from patients whose dental plaque specimens were also positive for S. mutans was 78%, which was significantly higher than any other tested species when the same analysis was performed.Conclusion:  Our results suggest that specific oral bacterial species, such as S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans, are related to bacteremia and may be etiologic factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases.
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF PROCAINE AND LIDOCAINE (XYLOCAINE®) DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Authors: Kimmey James R. , Steinhaus John E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe cardiovascular effects of intravenous procaine and lidocaine were compared in two series of patients under nitrous‐oxide‐thiobarbiturate anesthesia. The arterial blood pressure and electrocardiogram of these patients were continuously monitored while standarized doses of 2.2 mg/kg and 1.1 mg/kg of the test drug were administered. It was found that procaine administration was followed by cardiovascular depression in 50 % of the doses administered, while a blood pressure increase was noted following 47 % of the lidocaine injections. The lack of vasomotor depression with the administration of lidocaine is advantageous when this agent is used to supplement general anesthesia.
THE ACTION OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE ON THE SKELETAL MUSCLES OF THE FROG An Electromyographic Study
Authors: Björk ÅKe , Wåhlin ÅKe 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAs a supplement to similar investigations in man, the preparalytic activity of succinylcholine was studied in cold‐blooded animals with the aid of electromyography.The recording was done from the gastrocnemius muscle in intact, decapitated and cordless animals.A technique devised for intravenous injection into frogs is described.In general, the normal action potentials proved to be biphasic with an average duration of 6.76 ± 0.48 msec. They showed only slight variation in duration and form.Under the effect of succinylcholine a gradual shortening of the duration of the potentials was noted, leading to very small potentials of the fibrillation type. This is regarded as indicating a breaking down of the motor units.Fasciculations following injection of succinylcholine were observed and recorded electromyographically in most cases.Even in cordless frogs, fasciculations appeared spontaneously, which indicates that they can occur entirely without the aid of the spinal cord.
CHANGES IN NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING ACTIVITY OF TUBOCURARINE AND DIMETHYL TUBOCURARINE INDUCED BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Payne J. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of carbon dioxide on the neuromuscular blocking properties of dimethyl tubocurarine were studied in the intact cat and compared with the response of tubocurarine under similar circumstances.It was shown that the action of dimethyl tubocurarine was antagonised, whereas the action of tubocurarine was enhanced.Evidence was presented to indicate that the enhanced activity of tubocurarine was due to a change in the ionic state of the phenolic hydroxyl groups. No completely satisfactory explanation could be given for the reduced activity of dimethyl tubocurarine, but it was suggested that carbon dioxide modified the motor end‐plates in such a way that their resistance to relaxant drugs is increased.
AIR PASSAGE THROUGH THE HYPOPHARYNX IN UNCONSCIOUS PATIENTS IN THE PRONE POSITION
Authors: Asmussen E. , Hahn‐Petersen A. , Rosendal Th. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe air passage through the hypopharynx was studied radiographically in nine anaesthetised and curarised patients and in eight conscious subjects in the prone position, with the head placed either in the normal position or with maximal extension in the atlanto‐occipital joint. In six of the unconscious and five of the Conscious individuals, the hypopharynx was obstructed (the sagittal diameter at the second cervical vertebra was zero) when the head was in the normal position. With maximal extension of the head in the atlanto‐occipital joint, the air passage through the hypopharynx was found to be unobstructed in all the individuals studied.
PULMONARY VENTILATION AND RESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE DURING MANUAL ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION AND EXPIRED‐AIR RESUSCITATION ON APNOEIC NORMAL ADULTS
Authors: Poulsen Henning , Skall‐Jensen Jørgen , Staffeldt Ingrid , Lange Morten 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

Comparative experimental studies on resuscitation by the mouth‐to‐mouth and Holger Nielsen (back‐pressure arm‐lift) methods are reported. The experiments were performed on five normal unconscious apnoeic adults and extended over periods of from 20 to 40 minutes.
Tidal air, minute volume and alveolar ventilation/min. were determined pneumographically and/or spirometrically and/or volumetrically.
The oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide tension of the arterial blood were determined during the experiments.
Sufficient alveolar ventilation with normal arterial oxygen saturation and PCO2 was obtained by the mouth‐to‐mouth method in four out of five cases. In one case, hypoventilation occurred during the performance of the mouth‐to‐mouth method.
Sufficient alveolar ventilation with normal arterial oxygen saturation and constant PCO2 was obtained by the Holger Nielsen method in one out of five cases. In four cases, variable degrees of hypoventilation occurred during the performance of the manual manoeuvres with an increase in the PCO2 of the arterial blood. However, an arterial oxygen saturation of more than 80% was maintained throughout the experimental period (30–40 minutes), although resuscitation with atmospheric air was given during the greater part of the period.
The advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are discussed.
Maintenance of a patent airway during artificial respiration must be considered to constitute a conditio sine qua non.
If the Holger Nielsen method is to produce sufficient alveolar ventilation in the field, the respiratory frequency must be 15–16 breaths per minute, and the victim's head should be bent backwards (extension in the atlanto‐occipital joint).
The authors are unable to recommend one of the two methods as being superior to the other in adults, but agree with the American investigators in their recommendation of the mouth‐to‐mouth method in infants and small children. The view is expressed that it would be desirable to train the general population as “two‐method” resuscitation operators.
PERIDURAL SPINAL ANAESTHESIA FOR CAESAREAN SECTION
Authors: Ebbli Carlo , Barricalla Aldo 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe technique of peridural spinal anaesthesia commonly used by the authors in Caesarean section is described. The advantages of this type of anaesthesia and its possibilities of success both as regards the mother and the foetus are considered. The conditions in which it may be contra‐indicated, or in which the technique may prove unsuccessful, are discussed.