bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiments on the Influence of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline on the Potassium Absorption of Red Blood Cells from Pigeons and Frogs1
Authors: ØRSKOV SØREN L. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.When the frogs are placed in ice‐water for one hour and then bled, plasma potassium in most cases is increasing. Addition of adrenaline and noradrenaline make the blood cells absorb potassium.Adrenaline has an effect down to 0.01 μg/ml, noradrenaline is from 10 to 100 times less efficient.Hppertonic plasma plus adrenaline or noradrenaline produces extremely low potassium values (below 0.5 mM/1).When pigeon blood is rocked at 43° for one and a half hour the plasma concentration is rising. The pigeon blood cells are now very sensitive to adrenaline and noradrenaline (noradrenaline 2–3 times more efficient).Down to 0.001 μg/ml or perhaps even 0.0001 μg/ml of noradrenaline has an effect.It is of importance that all the samples are dealt with in exactly the same way (dilution. shaking etc.)
Functional Organization of the Ventral Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat.: I. Electrophysiological Identification of the Tract.
Authors: OSCARSSON O. 
Published: December 2008

Summary. The experiments were performed on cats under Nembutal anesthesia. The mass discharge in the ventral spino‐cerebellar tract (VSCT) was recorded from the cerebella surface, the superior cerebella peduncle (SCP) and from different levels of the spinal cord on stimulation of various hind leg nerves. The characteristics of the VSCT mass discharge was determined by recording from the surface of the SCP, where the tract is found in isolation from other ascending spinal tracts.

A mass discharge in the VSCT appears on stimulation of contra lateral muscle nerves but not on stimulation of skin nerves or unilateral muscle nerves. The mass discharge recorded at the SCP on stimulation of thigh muscle nerves has duration of about 2 msec and appears after a latency of about 5 msec.
The discharge remains after contralateral hemisection of the spinal cord and after c section of Flechsig's fasciculus but disappears after a superficial lesion of the ipsilateral ventral quadrant.
As judged from the ingoing volley recorded at the dorsal root entry zone, the discharge is due to activation of the second component of the group I volley thus suggesting excitatory action from Golgi tendon organ afferents.
The transmission from the group I muscle afferents to the VSCT neurons is monosynaptic as judged from the duration of the synaptic delay.
The conduction velocity of the fastest fibres in the VSCT is higher than that in the DSCT and amounts to about 120 m/sec.
The VSCT is completely or almost completely crossed whereas the DSCT is completely or almost completely uncrossed.
Both spino‐cerebellar tracts cause potentials at the surface of the anterior vermis after a latency of about 5 msec on stimulation of thigh muscle nerves. The potentials due to VSCT activity are largest on the side contralateral to the tract indicating crossing of most VSCT fibres in the cerebellar commisure.
Embryonal Iron Turnover.
Authors: EHRENSTEIN G. V. , HEVESY G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary. Seventeen hours after labelling the circulating iron‐βrglobulin, with 59Fe, 14–34 p. c. of the labeled iron is found in the 21 days old foetus of the rabbit.Exposure of the rabbit to 500 r of X‐rays increases the amount of 59Fe passing the placenta to almost twice the value in non‐exposed animals.Seventy‐three–eighty‐three p. c. of the 59Fe content of the embryo is found in the liver.The specific activity of the hemoglobin iron present in the nuclear fraction of the liver amounts to one fourth of that of the circulating hemoglobin in the maternal, to about twice in the embryonic organism.Exposure to radiation one day prior to labeling the plasma depresses the fraction of embryonal 59Fe incorporated into the hemoglobin of the nuclear liver fraction to about half of the value observed in non‐irradiated rabbits.The valuable assistance of Miss Jutta Schliack and the generous support of this investigation by the Riksföreningen fijr kräft‐sjukdomarnas bekämpande, Cancernämnden and the Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse is gratefully acknowledged.
Experimenteller Erweis der euklidisch‐pythagoreischen Eigenstruktur sowie des Geltens einer quadratischen Metrik in der Gesichtsmannigfaltigkeit
Authors: BERGSTRÖM R. M. , REENPÄÄ Y. 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Die von den phaäomenalen optischen Dimensionen der Fläche und der Intensität aufgespannte Mannigfaltigkeit ist ein »Teilraum« der Gesichtsmannigfaltigkeit. Es wird experimentell gezeigt, dass die Struktur dieses Gesichtsraumes eine euklidisch‐pythagoreische ist. Ihre Eigeiimetrik. die durch die Unterschiedsschwellen angegeben ist, ist quadratisch. Die Bedeutung dieses Verhaltens für die Theorie der Sinne wird besprochen, wobei insbesonders gezeigt wird, wie im Falle des »Gesichtsteilraumes« die dargegebene Strukturlehre der Sinne die Reiz‐Summationstheorien überflüssig macht. In einem philosophischen Kommentar wird schliesslich versucht. die erwiesene Isomorphie der Strukturen der phänomenalen Gesichtsmannigfaltigkeit und des begrifflichen euklidisch‐pythagoreischen Raumes, als eine thematisierte Deduktion (im Kantisclien Sinne) der letzteren Mannigfaltigkeit aus der ersteren darzulegen. Eine Verharmlosung der Isomorphie, als eines Beispieles der pythagoreischen Struktur im »Falle« der Gesichtsmannigfaltigkeit möchten wir ablehnen und das Verhaltnis von Phänomenalität und Begrifflichkeit, hier der Strukturen des Gesichtssinnes und des euklidisch‐pythagoreischen Raumes genetisch, entwickelungsmässig versteheii. Dies dürfte man als eine Thematisierung der Kantischen Lehre von der transzendentalen Deduktion der Begriffe aus der Anschauung, für den speziellen exakten Fall der Sinneslehre, auffassen können.um Schluss danken wir herzlich Herrn Professor Rolf Nevanli
The Effect of Adrenalline on the Glycogen Metabolism of Smooth Muscle
Authors: LUNDHOLM LENNART , MOHME‐LUNDHOLM ELLA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of adrenaline on the glycogen metabolism of smooth muscle was investigated in experiments on rabbit gut, bovine tracheal muscle and coronary arteries, and guinea‐pig uterus. The glycogenolytic effect was correlated with the lactic acid stimulating and the relaxing effects.On rabbit gut, adrenaline had only a glycogenolytic effect in the absence of glucose. The decrease of glycogen was substantially less than the equivalent increase in the lactic acid content, and occurred later than the lactic acid production.In experiments on tracheal muscle adrenaline had a glycogenolytic effect of the same order of magnitude as the lactic acid production. Adrenaline and c had a synergistic glycogenolytic action, but an antagonistic effect on the tonus.Glycolysis inhibiting substances such as Cu++, Ca++, NaF, NaN3, and Na2HAsO4, which inhibited the lactic acid producing and the relaxing effects of adrenaline, similarly depressed its glycogenolytic action on tracheal muscle. With partial inhibition of the relaxing effect, the same applied to the glycogenolytic one too.Calcium ions and sodium azide had a stimulating effect on the glycogenolysis, but other glycolysis inhibiting drugs reduced the spontaneous glycogenolysis.Glucose abolished the blocking action of sodium azide on adrenaline's relaxing effect.In coronary arteries adrenaline produced glycogenolysis equivalent to the lactic acid production.On guinea‐pig uterus adrenaline had only a glycogenolytic effect in the experiments where distinct inhibition of the tonus or pendulum movements was obtained; in those where the relaxing effect was absent, the glycogen content rose in relation to the controls.Cori and Sutherland (1951) showed that adrenaline stimulates glycogenolysis in liver tissue and striated muscle by activating the enzyme phosphorylase, which catalyzes the reaction glycogen + phosphoric acid ⇌ glucose‐1‐phosphate. The effect of adrenaline on the glycogenolysis and lactic acid production in smooth muscle cannot be attributed solely to activation of this reaction; rather, adrenaline probably has at least one further point of interference in the carbohydrate metabolism.
Influence of Pyramidal Stimulation upon the Relay of Coarse Cutaneous Afferents in the Dorsal Horn
Authors: LINDBLOM U. F. , OTTOSSON J. O. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. In decerebrate or nembutalized cats whose pyramidal tracts were stimulated at the medullary level the typical response in leads from the dorsal surface of the lumbar part of the spinal cord was a recruiting slow negative deflection and a subsequent positivity. The response was not influenced by a transverse section of the medulla caudal to the point stimulated, sparing only the pyramids.2. A similar response could be elicited by stimulation of the pericruciate area in the cerebral cortex. When this area was sucked out and the pyramids were stimulated after an interval allowing the cortico‐spinal fibres to degenerate, no response was obtained in leads from the lumbar cord dorsum.3. In conditioning experiments the afferent cord dorsum response to low threshold stimulation of a cutaneous nerve in the hind leg (the N1, deflection) was used as the test response. The N1, deflection decreased in amplitude when superimposed on the slow negative wave elicited from the contralateral pyramid while it was not influenced following ipsilateral pyramidal stimulation. In an analogous way a depression of the N1, deflection was obtained when the pericruciate area was stimulated. When the slow negative wave was not elicitable due to degeneration of the corticospinal fibres stimulation of the pyramid did not influence the N1, deflection.4. The results indicate that the pyramidal tract mediates a cortico‐spinal inhibitory influence on the primary afferent relay in the spinal cord.
Sensitization of the Submaxillary Gland above the Level Reached after Section of the Chorda Tympani
Authors: EMMELIN N. , STRÖMBLAD B. C. R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.After repeated subcutaneous injections of Hö 9980, a drug with pronounced atropine‐like properties, a supersensitivity towards adrenaline develops in the submaxillary glands of cats. The supersensitivity closely resembles that produced by section of the chorda tympani but is more marked. Evidence is given to show that the supersensitivity caused by the drug is entirely due to the parasympathicolytic activity. and it is concluded that the sensitization above the level produced by the preganglionic denervation is due to exclusion of some action of the paraspmpathetic postganglionic neurone on the gland cells.
Food Intake and Oxygen Consumption in Pigeons at Low Temperatures
Authors: STEEN J. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The daily food intake has been measured in five pigeons while they were kept for 2‐4 weeks at ‐10° C, +18° C, and ‐24° C. At the end of each period the oxygen consumption was measured at various temperatures between ‐35° C and +20C. It was found that the food intake was closely correlated with the oxygen consumption, both of them indicating nearly the same critical temperature. Below this temperature both oxygen consumption and food intake increased linearly with the body‐to‐air gradient.
The Electroencephalogram of the Codfish (Gadus Callarias). Spontaneous Electrical Activity and Reaction to Photic and Acoustic Stimulation.
Authors: ENGER PER STOCKFLETH 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been recorded in the cod (Gadus callarias) both in the awake state and under narcosis. The effects on the EEG of photic and acoustic stimulation have been observed.2. In the awake resting state, when the fish was in the dark, the dominating rhythm recorded was 8–13 c/sec. — especially from the optic lobes (fig. 3 B, fig. 4). When the fish was unsettled or in the light, the EEG was chiefly dominated by higher frequencies, 14‐32 c/sec. (fig. 3 A). Slow rhythms (less than 7 c/sec.) were most pronounced in the telencephalon and were relatively unaffected by surrounding circumstances.3. The arousal reaction, as it occurs in mammals,i. e.a substitution of the dominating 8‐13 c/sec. activity by a faster rhythm of lower amplitude, has been recorded in the cod EEG on sudden illumination of the fish (fig. 5). During acoustic stimulation no arousal reaction was recorded.4. Evoked potentials on photic and acoustic stimulation were recorded from the visual area of the mesencephalon and the acoustic area of the medulla oblongata respectively. On photic stimulation up to a stimulating frequency of 40 c/sec. and on acoustic stimulation up to 100‐140 c/sec., the evoked potentials followed each stimulus.5. It is concluded that the 8‐13 c/sec. activity in the cod corresponds to alpha rhythm of mammals and man, and that in the dorsal thalamus of cod there are parts that are homologous, as regards function, with the midline nuclei and intralaminar system in mammals.
Gastric Motor Responses to Adrenaline and Noradrenaline after Treatment with a Parasympathicolytic Agent
Authors: MUREN A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Gastric motor responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline have been recorded manometrically in repeated experiments on dogs. During anaesthesia augmentory responses to these substances were regularly observed.During treatment with a parasympathicolytic substance (Hö 9980) the responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline were considerably bigger than during the control period.A similar increase in responsiveness was observed after vagotomy; but the increase was less pronounced after this operation than during treatment with Hö 9980.The investigation was supported by a grant from the Medical Faculty in Lund.Technical assistance was given by Miss Asta Hector.
The Presence of Acetylcholine in Milk
Authors: ALM ANITA , AUGUSTINSSON KLAS‐BERTIL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The presence of acetylcholine in human milk and cow's milk was demonstrated. Acetylcholine was isolated from unpasteurized milk and spray‐dried milk and identified by a paper chromatographic technique and by a bioassay method. The amount of acetylcholine (as the chloride) present is approximately 1 mg per litre of milk. Sow's milk also contains acetylcholine.
Histamine as a Stimulant to the Anterior Pituitary Gland as Judged by the Lymphopenic Response in Normal and Hypophysectomized Rabbits
Authors: FUCHE JOY , KAHLSON G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The lymphopenic response to emotional stimulation and to injections of ACTH, histamine and adrenaline was investigated in unanaesthetized normal, hypophysectomized and demedullated rabbits.
Intravenous injection of histamine, 50 μg per kilogram body weight, causes a significant lymphopenic response of the same type as the response following the injection of ACTH.
After hypophysectomy histamine fails to give distinct lymphopenic responses.
The histamine antagonist mepyramine did not abolish the lymphopenic response to histamine.
Adrenaline, liberated from the adrenal medulla, is not essential in the lymphopenic response to histamine or to emotional stimulation.
It is suggested that “physiological” quantities of histamine, when appearing in the general circulation, constitute an effective stimulus to increased secretion of ACTH from the adenohypophysis.
The Turnover of Cholic Acid in Man.* Bile Acids and Steroids 51.
Authors: LINDSTEDT SVEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Cholic acid‐24‐14C has been given to male medical students. The specific activity of the circulating cholic acid has been followed. The half‐life was 2.8 days and the size of the pool 3.58 g. From values of the quantitative composition of the bile the chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acid pools have been calculated.
On the Effect of Iproniazid on the Histamine Sensitivity of the Unanaesthetized Guinea‐pig.
Authors: WESTLING H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Iproniazid augmented the effects of histamine on the respiratory movements and on the rectal temperature in unanaesthetized guinea‐pigs.
Iproniazid caused a pronounced potentiation of the hista‐mine‐like effects of 2‐β‐aminoethyl pyridine but did not significantly change the responses to 3‐β‐ammoethyl‐1, 2, 4‐triazole and carbaminoylcholine.
The interpretation of the present findings is discussed.
Observations on the Action of Histamine and Related Substances on the Bronchial Resistance in the Guinea‐Pig.
Authors: WESTLING H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The action of 2‐β‐aminoethyl pyridine, 3‐β‐amiuoethyl‐1, 2, 4–triazole and 1‐methyl–4‐β‐aminoethyl imidazole on the bronchial resistance was studied in anaesthetized guinea‐pigs.
The substances examined acted like histamine and their actions were antagonized by mepyramine in the same degree as was that of histamin.
Two histaminase inhibitors, aminoguanidine and IV pyrimidine, did not potentiate the actions of histamine.
Cortical Reception of Cold Impulses from the Tongue of the Cat.
Authors: LANDGREN SVEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Cortical cells within the tongue projection area were studied with extracellular microelectrode recording technique.Thirty‐six cortical cells responded to cooling of the tongue; 12 of these cells responded to cooling only whereas 24 cells were discharged also by other physiological stimuli mainly by touch or pressure applied to the tongue.Four different patterns of “cold cell” discharge is described.The latency, duration and frequency of the cortical “cold cell” response was observed to be dependent on the intensity of the cooling of the tongue.Cells responding with short latency (15 ‐ 20 msec.) to cooling were found within the group of cortical cells responding to cooling only. In the group of cells discharged by cooling as well as by other stimuli the response to cooling showed a long latency (about 100 msec).
Primary Afferent Collaterals and Spinal Relays of the Dorsal and Ventral Spino‐Cerebellar Tracts.
Authors: OSCARSSON O. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The experiments were performed on cats under nembutal anaesthesia.Successively more caudal midline sections of the spinal cord abolished the ventral spino‐cerebellar tract (VSCT) discharge evoked on hamstring nerve stimulation, only when the sections were performed at the lower part of the L V segment. This indicates that the column of VSCT cells extends to a level caudally of Clarke's column.The mass discharges in the dorsal and ventral spino‐cerebellar tracts (DSCT and VSCT) were simultaneously recorded on stimulation of the hamstring nerve. The decrease of the discharges after sections of the dorsal funiculi at different segmental levels showed that the collaterals from Golgi tendon organ afferents to both DSCT and VSCT neurons are given off at the same segmental level. This level corresponds to the location of the VSCT neurons, caudally of Clarke's column. Both types of muscle spindle afferents ascend in the dorsal funiculi, and give off collaterals to the DSCT neurons at a more cranial level, which corresponds to the caudal‐most part of Clarke's column. It is suggested that the collaterals of the Golgi tendon organ afferents are common for the two tracts and that these collaterals branch to give secondary collaterals to the VSCT neurons and other secondary collaterals which ascend within the gray matter to terminate on the DSCT neurons.
The Toxicity of Low‐molecular Triglycerides.
Authors: WRETLIND ARVID 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The LD50 of low‐molecular triglycerides has been determined by intravenous injection into mice. The triglycerides were administered in the form of emulsions.The LD50 is found to be lowest in triisovalerin (82 ± 4 mg/kg) and to increase when the fatty acid chain contains less than 5 carbon atoms, reaching 1,600 ± 81 mg/kg in triacetin. With more than 5 carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain, LD50 rises successively and lies over 10,000 mg/kg for trinonylin, tricaprinin and triunde‐cylin.With lethal doses the symptom complex is somewhat variable, but generally includes respiratory arrest or respiratory embarrassment with a rapid onset, this being the probable cause of death.
The Respiratory Response to Acute Exercise of Eskimoes and White
Authors: ERIKSON H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The respiratory gaseous exchange of 10 Alaskan male eskimoes and 10 white male subjects during rest and during and after a work performance of approximately 1,125 kg‐m in the course of 1 minute on a bicycle ergometer was determined.During rest the only difference between the two groups of subjects was that the eskimoes had a higher resting metabolism. The difference in this limited material might be accidental, or can also be due to the fact that the eskimoes under these circumstances were more tense than the white.The work efficiency of the eskimoes, who never had bicycled before, was almost the same as of the white, who all were used to bicycling.The eskimoes, who were shorter and lighter than the white subjects had a shorter recovery time indicating a better cardiorespiratory function. For types of exercise which are a function of the body weight, the difference would have been even more pronounced.
Supersensitivity of Salivary Glands of Rabbits.
Authors: NORDENFELT I. , OHLIN P. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Secretion from the submaxillary and parotid glands has been studied in rabbits under urethane anaesthesia. The submaxillary gland, but not the parotid, shows a continuous secretion, which probably occurs spontaneously. The secretory responses of the glands to various drugs have been investigated. The parotid gland of the rabbit seems to be a valuable substrate for experiments on supersensitivity to chemical agents. Supersensitivity has been produced by extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion or treatment with the parasympathicolytic agent Hoechst 9980.
Cardiovascular Effects of Direct Vagal Stimulation in Man.
Authors: CARLSTEN A. , FOLKOW B. , HAMBERGER C.‐A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The vagal control of the heart has been studied in man during total neck dissections. After that the normal tonic discharge of the fibres to the heart had been blocked by locally injected xylocaine, the nerve could be directly stimulated at maximal strength and increasing frequencies. Plotting the effector response, as measured by the pulse rate, ECG and blood pressure, against the stimulation frequencies gives a hyperbolic curve, typical of autonomic neuroeffectors, with almost maximal effects on the heart already at 10 impulses per second.By comparing the heart response to known stimulation rates with the heart rate before nerve block, the normally present vagal tone could be roughly evaluated to about 2–4 impulses per second.No evidence was obtained in support of vagal fibres with a negative inotropic effect on the heart ventricles, as has previously been suggested.It was further observed that afferent fibres in the vagal nerves with reflex connections to the vasomotor centre are very sensitive to mechanical stimuli so that dissections of the nerve can induce drastic reflex effects on the cardiovascular system.
Turnover Rate of Unesterified Fatty Acids in Human Plasma.
Authors: LAURELL SIGFRID 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The disappearance rate of unesterified palmitic acid and oleic acids in plasma in man was studied after varying periods of fasting and after the administration of glucose. Although the biologic half life increased during prolonged fasting, the turnover was large enough to satisfy the bulk of the caloric requirements, at least after 3 days' fasting.