bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reclamation at Bathside Bay, Harwich: Planning and evaluation for roads and port
Authors: Corbet S. P. , Toms A. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Bathside Bay, situated between Harwich and Parkeston Quay, has been the subject for many plans for reclamation and development. Following a period of inactivity by developers Essex County Council commissioned an independent study into alternative routes for a road between Parkeston and Harwich to relieve traffic congestion in Dovercourt.
The comprehensive geological, geotechnical, engineering and environmental studies carried out by G. Maunsell and Partners had been completed when a large volume of spoil from a channel dredging contract to be carried out in Harwich Harbour became available at short notice. There were benefits to both Essex County Council and owners of Bathside Bay, Sealink British Ferries Ltd., if this spoil could be used to reclaim part of Bathside Bay. Negotiations with the various statutory bodies, authorities and affected groups were started while further geotechnical and engineering work was competed.
The reclamation of approximately 40 hectares of Bathside Bay was completed using 1.2 million cubic metres of material. Observations of settlement show that about 0.2 m settlement took place immediately with a further 0.4 m taking place during the following year. Several minor slips occurred during the filling operation partly attributable to geological features.
Having completed the reclamation work Essex County Council are now proceeding with plans for the new road. Sealink are preparing for port development, including reclamation of the remaining area in Bathside Bay.
The use of geological information in the strategic planning of waste disposal in Merseyside
Authors: Raybould J. G. , Anderson D. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The search for new landfill facilities for the metropolitan county of Merseyside in the late 1970s began with the identification of over 1200 sites classified as derelict, despoiled or low-grade agricultural land, or coastal sites capable of reclamation. The first stage of selection eliminated more than 90 per cent of these sites on the grounds of size, proximity to housing etc., using fairly subjective judgements justified by the coarseness of the ‘sieve’. A more formalized system was used to assess the remaining 100 sites at the second stage, and among the criteria used were the geology and hydrogeology of each site, the degree of engineering required to protect ground and surface water resources, and the availability of on-site construction materials. These assessments had to be made on the basis of information already available. A certain amount of rudimentary information was available from Geological Survey maps and memoirs, but this had to be supplemented by time-consuming searches through the files of various authorities (and their various departments) for individual borehole records and site investigation summaries. Of the sites assessed, 24 were shortlisted for detailed investigation, as and when the need arises in particular areas.
This case illustrates the need for published, strategic geological information to be sufficiently detailed and up to date, to allow comparisons of sites to be made at the desk-study stage of land-use projects, prior to physical investigations of favoured sites. This applies to minerals planning and other schemes as well as waste disposal. For most areas, the necessary information does exist, and so does the technology to make it easily accessible, but improvements are necessary to the legislative/financial framework within which geological information is collected.
The engineering geologist as an expert witness
Authors: Knill J. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
There is an increasing role for the engineering geologist to act as an expert witness in matters involving planning, arbitration and litigation. The witness, whether of opinion or fact, has the duty to provide evidence clearly and honestly in assisting the hearing to come to balanced decision. Illustrative examples are drawn upon to highlight aspects of importance. The adversarial legal system in England and Wales provides a framework within which the principles, philosophy and adequacy of the work of engineering geologists can be challenged.
Geological factors in land-use planning at Aldridge—Brownhills, West Midlands
Authors: Wilson A. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Aldridge-Brownhills area, 14 km north of Birmingham, though largely urban, still contains large reserves of sand and gravel, brick clay and coal in areas of open country. The present work, carried out by the British Geological Survey, is a verification of the planning as it affects future land use. Pillar and stall workings in Wenlock Limestone are a hazard around Daw End. The effects of subsidence induced by coal mining are greatest on the Vigo and Clayhanger faults, which locally define the limit of working. The largely dry, abandoned coal mines at Aldridge and Walsall Wood and the old marl quarries overlying them are a major, controlled, chemical waste disposal facility, sealed in by the Etruria Formation. Boreholes into Triassic sandstones are used for public water supply and any future infill in nearby gravel pits is also a matter for close control.
A review of ground movements due to civil and mining engineering operations
Authors: Bell F. G. , Cripps J. C. , Culshaw M. G. , Lovell M. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Man’s activity frequently causes ground movements which then may present him with problems. The most notable examples of ground movements are provided by the mining industry in the form of subsidence. Mining in the broad sense includes removal of material from the ground and that material may be solid, liquid or gas. Indeed some of the largest subsidences recorded have been in association with the abstraction of oil and groundwater, instances having occurred where the ground surface has been lowered by several metres over large areas. In Britain some of the most catastrophic ground movements have been attributable to the exploitation of brine in Cheshire.
The construction industry is also responsible for generating ground movements, admittedly usually on a small scale. For example, deep excavation causes a reduction in the vertical and horizontal pressure in the ground and thereby can induce heave of the base of the excavation, together with inward and vertical movements, both up and down, in the surrounding ground. Significant movements can occur at an appreciable distance from an excavation and horizontal movements can be noticeably larger than vertical movements. The most important factor which governs the magnitude of the movement is the type of ground involved. Ground movements may develop as a result of tunnelling, particularly in soft ground, and may resemble those associated with longwall mining of coal.
Induced seismicity provides a further instance of Man’s action giving rise to ground movements. In this case, some of the most noteworthy examples have been provided by reservoir loading and the permeation of water into the ground. Small scale seismic events also have been associated with mining activity.
The stability of abandoned mine workings in the Maastrichtian Limestones of Limburg, The Netherlands
Authors: Price D. G. , Verhoef P. N. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Underground mining for limestone as a building stone has been undertaken in Limburg since Roman times. Mining was carried out at shallow depths using the pillar and stall technique and the rock was sawn out to give large blocks which were later cut into a size and shape appropriate for building purposes. Only layers of unjointed uniform rock were mined and mine workings varied between about two and ten metres in height. Some workings can be established to be at least 300 years old. The rock is weak with
unconfined compressive strengths generally less than 5 MPa. Stability problems have arisen as the result of pillar collapse and of the inflow into the mine of the clay infilling of vertical solution ‘organ pipes’ which may have intersected the abandoned mines. The paper presents an account of the problems associated with these old mine workings and discusses methods by which the stability of large areas of abandoned workings may be analyzed.
Influence of overburden on subsidence development over room and pillar coal mines
Authors: Van Besien A. C. , Rockaway J. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The magnitude and extent of the subsidence that occurs over coal mines may be estimated reasonably accurately by current empirical and numerical/physical prediction modelling. There are, however, few effective procedures for predicting the duration of time that elapses between the advent of mining and the initial surfacial expression of subsidence. This is particularly so with respect to subsidence over mines in which the coal was extracted by room and pillar (pillar and board) mining methods. This undefined time delay may be a critical concern in areas above old or abandoned room and pillar mines where the uncertainty of potential subsidence affects property values and urban development.
The relationship between time and subsidence development was evaluated in this study by comparing data on mining systems, overburden and floor characteristics, physical properties of the coal seam, and the delay that occurred between coal extraction and initiation of surface deformation. The data was collected essentially from the Illinois Basin coal field with additional data from other coal-producing regions in the United States. Reasonably complete data sets from over 80 subsidence events were evaluated. Multiple-variable statistical analysis techniques, including regionalized variables theory and trend surface analysis were used to identify those parameters that most significantly influenced the time lapse between mining and the onset of surface deformation.
The results of the study indicated that the behaviour of material in the lower half of the overburden is critical to the ultimate expression of subsidence at the surface. In addition, it was shown that an algorithm can be developed to predict the type of subsidence and also that there is a correlation between time lapse and, not only such anticipated factors as depth of mining and pillar size, but also between the relative position of competent strata in the overburden.
Surface subsidence associated with long wall mining: Two and three dimensional boundary element model
Authors: Tsur-Lavie Y. , Denekamp S. A. , Fainstein G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Systematic measurements of surface displacements associated with longwall mining made by British Coal (formerly National Coal Board - NCB) are compared with NCB results calculated in the present study. Three aspects of subsidence are considered: maximum subsidence, surface configuration and applicability of two-dimensional models to three-dimensional cases.
The model presented in this paper is based on elementary solution presented by Golecki (1978, 1979) for stresses and displacements in an infinite homogeneous elastic halfplane or half space, subjected at its boundary by a discontinuous uniform displacement. Two and three dimensional models were developed using those solutions.
The model was used for an analysis of ground subsidence as a function of the span and height of the mined openings, assuming various Poisson’s ratios. Results of two-dimensional models, representing openings of infinite length were compared with measurements compiled by the NCB which correspond to longwall mines. The comparison shows that for deep mines, use of small Poisson’s ratios renders close agreement between calculated and measured subsidence, whereas for shallow mines use of large Poisson’s ratios gives the best agreement. These results lead to the conclusion that subsidence in shallow mines is associated with a state of failure extending to the ground surface. This entails an increase in volume (dilatancy) and is therefore best represented by a model with a large Poisson’s ratio. On the other hand failure in deep mines is confined to a relatively limited zone above the subsiding roof.
Computed subsidence over the longwall face (rib subsidence) appears to be consistently larger than that measured in the field. This may be attributed to one fundamental difference between the model and the prototype; while the model assumes closure over the entire longwall span (using a step function) actual closure occurs only at some distance behind the longwall face.
Results of the three dimensional model indicate that subsidence associated with a square groundplan is smaller than that associated with a two dimensional opening. Subsidence over square openings amounts to less than 70% of that calculated in two dimensional models of equal relative span. For openings with a rectangular groundplan, subsidence increases rapidly with increasing length. For shallow openings with a length to width ratio exceeding 2.5, maximum subsidence is more than 95% of that in an opening of equal width but of infinite length.
Saint Wilfrid’s Church, Hickleton: mining subsidence and remedial works
Authors: Roscoe G. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper describes the new foundation works required as part of the restoration of a church which had been badly damaged by mining subsidence. In the paper, damage is related to the geology and mining history of the church site in order to determine the right course of remedialaction. The case history illustrates the influence that ground conditions at shallow depth can have on the surface effects of deep mining.
Saint Wilfrid’s Church stands on the outcrop of the Lower Magnesian Limestone, underlain by very weak mudstones of the Lower Coal Measures. Open fissures in the limestone are widely distributed throughout the area. The church has settled by more than 2 m as a result of coal mining activity; cracks between 70 and 100 mm wide have occurred in the fabric of the building. Surface movements due to deep mining were predicted by conventional methods and are compared with the damage to the church. It is shown that most damage resulted from the horizontal ground movements caused by workings which were some distance from the site, and that these movements were concentrated by the fissures in the rock.
In order to preserve the structure, a system of prestressed concrete beams supported by bearings on three separate foundations was constructed. The foundation design also had to allow for the presence of a minor fault which passes beneath the church.
Regional study of the West Midlands area to locate old limestone mine workings
Authors: Braithwaite P. A. , Seago K. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The West Midlands of England has a long history of industrial production and attendant mineral extraction. With the decline in heavy industry, the region has suffered from the effects of dereliction arising from both surface and subsurface causes. The effects of surface dereliction are evident from the hundreds of hectares of land once occupied by factories and heavy industrial and manufacturing complexes, which now lie neglected. Subsurface dereliction arises from the risk of collapses within the abandoned mineral workings causing subsidence or collapse at the surface. This risk has affected many hectares of land, both industrial and residential and is restricting efforts to redevelop and regenerate the region.
A recent initiative, led by the Department of Environment and the Black Country Boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell, Walsall and Wolverhampton has enabled the problems associated with old limestone workings to be studied over the past six years. The techniques used to locate the mines and assess the extent and condition of the workings are outlined.
There are various ways for treating the workings and removing the problem. These options are constrained by technical, financial, environmental and political considerations.
Prediction of settlement due to dewatering for deep excavations
Authors: Gudgeon D. L. , Warner M. F. , Stowell J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Studies performed to predict the changes in groundwater level due to dewatering of deep excavations, and to estimate the resulting settlements, are described. The excavations are for power station structures at a site where there are existing structures sensitive to settlement. The excavations would be entirely within the Bournemouth Formation aquifer but the studies extend to the underlying London Clay and Chalk.
Two finite difference groundwater models were prepared; one to asses the regional and environmental effects of dewatering and the second to simulate the detailed effects, including settlement, of this dewatering on the immediate area, in particular adjacent buildings.
Likely settlements during dewatering were investigated for five locations where there are sensitive structures and also for the power station when dewatering for a second one is undertaken.

Settlements for given drawdown levels were calculated by elastic displacement theory and by a finite element model using parameters derived from empirical correlations and both laboratory and
in situ
pressuremeter tests.
Induced seismicity in engineering
Authors: McCann D. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A review is made of the main areas of engineering and mining activities, which give rise to induced seismicity in the rock mass. These include the occurrences of rock bursts following the failure of the rock mass in highly stressed areas during mining operations, seismic activity due to pumping operations in geothermal, waste disposal, and hydrocarbon extraction applications and earth movements resulting from the filling and emptying of reservoirs.
Microseismic monitoring for the prediction of outbursts at Cynheidre Colliery, Dyfed, S. Wales
Authors: Styles P. , Emsley S. J. , Jowitt T. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
During the past three years a network of six permanent surface seismometer stations has been established over the Cynheidre workings. In parallel with this an 8-channel on-line microprocessor-based event detector has been developed in order to provide warnings of high rates of activity.
The main results of this twofold approach are as follows:

Considerable normal microseismic activity is generated from within Cynheidre with an excellent correlation between the patterns of daily extraction and the levels of activity which can exceed 600 events per shift. It is thought these events principally originate from failure of the roof cantilever and the gob. They have impulsive onsets and durations of 0.5-1.0 s.

Observations during outbursts suggest a completely different type of activity. The envelope of the events is very emergent and almost monochromatic with a frequency of about 30 Hz. These events appear to originate from within the coal, to be related to the emission of methane and show clear peaks in activity immediately prior to an outburst. In fact this type of activity is extremely rare except before periods of gas emission or an outburst.

The microprocessor has clearly shown increases in the automatically picked events prior to the outburst of 24 June 1985 particularly on the station adjacent to the event. The microprocessor also gave an alarm prior to the recent heavy gas emission (8,500 m
3
) associated with ‘pouncing’ (20 February 1986) which was controlled successfully without proceeding to a full outburst.
Field testing methods for engineering geological investigations
Authors: Bell F. G. , Cripps J. C. , Culshaw M. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the more commonly used field testing methods used to determine various geotechnical parameters needed to classify soils and rocks in engineering terms and to provide engineering design values. The methods of performing, and the application of, various penetration, shear strength, plate loading, pressuremeter and dilatometer and permeablity tests are described. The use of geophysical methods to obtain, indirectly, mechanical parameter values is also discussed.
Calibration and its effect on the results of pressuremeter tests in weak rocks
Authors: Curtis D. C. , Ansell P. , Leach B. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper describes in situ testing recently carried out in Keuper Marl using the Hughes high-pressure dilatometer for which an extensive study into calibration and its effects on results was made. The various calibrations performed are described followed by discussion of the effects of calibration corrections on the results obtained. The findings illustrate the importance of proper calibrations before and during a pressuremeter testing programme. In particular, the significance of membrane compression calibrations when testing mudstones classified as weak to moderately weak or stronger is highlighted.
Rock mass assessment from seismic measurements
Authors: McCann D. M. , Culshaw M. G. , Northmore K. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An important part of many site investigations is the geomechanical assessment of the rock mass in terms of a classification system which is independent of the user. All classification systems used to date are based on observation of the rock mass and the determination of simple engineering parameters on intact rock specimens. In this paper, the use of the seismic properties of the rock mass to assess the geomechanical performance of the rock mass are examined and illustrated by three case histories. It is shown that precise values of uniaxial compressive strength cannot be predicted from compressional wave velocity determinations, although rock types can be classified qualitatively (for example, weak to very weak or strong to very strong). For a specific lithology, the compressional wave velocity can be related to the degree of fracturing and an approximate relationship with RQD established.
Resistivity sounding for a landfill investigation at Bray, Berkshire
Authors: Barker R. D. , Lerner D. N. , Rodriguez-Estrada H. V. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Electrical methods of geophysical surveying offer a cheap and rapid way of investigating shallow geological structure and hydrogeology in and around landfills. However, the ground surface is often considerably disturbed rendering conventional methods of sounding difficult and sometimes impossible. The Offset Wenner technique provides accurate data in such difficult situations. A short review of the technique is given. The technique was applied to an unlined landfill in river gravels, and was able to define the hydrogeology sufficiently well for the development of a numerical model of contaminant transport. The case study, including the modelling, is described.
Estimating rates and electrical conductivities of borehole inflows using a logging/two-level pumping technique
Authors: Tellam John H. , Eyre Simon F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Vertical variations in borehole inflow rate and inflow conductivity can be calculated from temperature-conductivity borehole logs obtained during two pumping phases, one phase having the pump intake at a lower level than the other. Although promising results were obtained by previous workers for sites in Bahrain, the method has attracted little attention in the literature. Here the theory is reviewed, and two direct and one inverse calculation procedure outlined. Simple sensitivity analysis shows that under certain circumstances, predicted inflow rates and conductivities are very sensitive to data error. Three field trials show the method to be potentially very useful, although detailed inflow calculations are difficult to quantify accurately. Analysing the data using the direct method can produce erratic predictions as forecast by the sensitivity analysis. The inverse method introduces a degree of hydrogeological control into the interpretation thus eliminating the artifacts produced by data error; however, the inverse method does tend to increase the possibility of non-uniqueness in the solution. These problems appear to be in part avoidable, and work will continue.