bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of acute vitamin C supplementation on cortisol, interleukin‐6, and neutrophil responses to prolonged cycling exercise
Authors: Davison Glen , Gleeson Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe depression of immune cell function that is typically observed after prolonged exercise is thought to be largely mediated by increased concentrations of stress hormones and cytokines as well as, possibly, oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to measure immunoendocrine responses, with acute vitamin C or placebo ingestion, before and during prolonged exercise. In a single‐blind, randomized, counterbalanced/crossover design, eight healthy males ingested a bolus of 500 mg and 1000 mg vitamin C 2 h and 14 h pre‐exercise respectively, then cycled for 2½ h at approximately 60% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). They also consumed either placebo or vitamin C (1500 mg · l−1) beverages (2.5 ml · kg−1body mass) every 15 min during exercise. Compared with the placebo trial, resting and post‐exercise plasma vitamin C concentration and antioxidant capacity were higher and post‐exercise oxidative stress markers were lower in the vitamin C trial. There was no difference between trials in the magnitude of post‐exercise increases in circulating neutrophil numbers, plasma cortisol and interleukin (IL)‐6 concentrations. There was a significant (2‐way ANOVA) main effect of trial (P=0.039) and trial×time interaction (P=0.008) for PMA (phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate)‐stimulated chemiluminescence per neutrophil, with the post‐exercise values significantly higher in the vitamin C trial (P<0.05). The results suggest that acute vitamin C supplementation may improve post‐exercise neutrophil oxidative burst capacity. Given that there was no effect on cortisol, IL‐6, and the circulating neutrophil count, a likely explanation is that acute vitamin C ingestion reduced (auto)oxidative “damage” to neutrophils, which could result in less impairment of their functional capacity after exercise.
Muscle damage and soreness following a 50‐km cross‐country ski race
Authors: Takashima Wataru , Ishii Kojiro , Takizawa Kazuki , Yamaguchi Taichi , Nosaka Kazunori 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this study, we examined indirect markers of muscle damage and muscle soreness following a 50‐km cross‐country ski race completed in 2 h and 57 min to 5 h and 9 min by 11 moderately trained male university students. Maximal strength of the knee extensors, several blood markers of muscle damage and inflammation, and muscle soreness (visual analog scale: 0 = “no pain”, 50 mm = “unbearably painful”) were measured one day before, immediately after, and 24, 48, 72, and 144 h after the race. Changes in the measures over time were analysed using one‐way repeated‐measures analysis of variance and a Fisher's post‐hoc test. Maximal strength of the knee extensors decreased significantly (P<0.05) immediately after the race (mean −27%, s=6), but returned to pre‐exercise values within 24 h of the race. All blood markers increased significantly (P<0.05) following the race, peaking either immediately (lactate dehydrogenase: 253.7 IU · l−1, s=13.3; myoglobin: 476.4 ng · ml−1, s=85.5) or 24 h after the race (creatine kinase: 848.0 IU · l−1, s=151.9; glumatic oxaloacetic transaminase: 44.3 IU · l−1, s=4.2; aldolase: 10.0 IU · l−1, s=1.3; C‐reactive protein: 0.36 IU · l−1, s=0.08). Muscle soreness developed in the leg, arm, shoulder, back, and abdomen muscles immediately after the race (10–30 mm), but decreased after 24 h (<15 mm), and disappeared 48 h after the race. These results suggest that muscle damage induced by a 50‐km cross‐country ski race is mild and recovery from the race does not take long.
The Focus on the Basic Structure
Authors: Pogge Thomas 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter marks the beginning of the remainder of the book's focus, which is on Rawls's most prominent work in political philosophy, A Theory of Justice. It examines the key idea of the “basic structure”, which is the term Rawls employs to describe a society's major social institutions. Based on the fact of reasonable pluralism, people who cannot agree on religious, moral, or philosophical ideals can still reach a moral consensus restricted to a political conception of justice, which he calls an overlapping consensus. In a society, there must be a moral justification for a public criterion of justice, which is used to assess and justify the basic structure of that society.
A Top‐Tier Criterion of Justice
Authors: Pogge Thomas 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter introduces Rawls's three-tiered approach to justice. How Rawls comes to adopt a purely recipient-oriented criterion of justice is discussed. Another important element of a criterion of justice that is discussed is the anonymity condition. Why Rawls chose to focus on fundamental interests rather than, say, happiness as the appropriate metric of well-being, is examined.
The Second Principle of Justice
Authors: Pogge Thomas 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the second principle of justice, which is made up of the opportunity principle and the difference principle. The difference principle and how it is meant to operate as an element of the basic structure is illustrated in detail, and supplemented with an example of how it might be applied to a hypothetical society. What the opportunity principle entails and why its lexical priority over the difference principles might be agreed to in the original position are described. Differences in different social regimes are considered in terms of how well they would satisfy Rawls's criterion.
Mary
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the portrayal of Mary, Jesus' mother, in the Gospels and in the Jesus biopics. The films ask two major questions: What was Mary's role in Jesus' infancy and childhood? And, what sort of relationship did Mary and Jesus have in his adulthood? It concludes that Mary's cinematic portrayal is affected by the conventional psychological assumptions of modern western society: the connection between childhood experiences and adult identity, and the notion that one of the marks of a mature adult is the quality of her or his relationship with parents and other family members. Also crucial is the role of Mary in Christian, particularly Catholic, theology. While Mary's role in film may be empowering for some women, she is generally cast in a supportive and secondary role.
The Pharisees
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe biopic genre requires that the hero confront hostility and opposition. The Gospels point to a bewildering array of Jewish groups who are hostile to Jesus: scribes, elders, chief priests, Herodians (Mark 3:6), Pharisees, and Sadducees. But during Jesus' ministry, it is the Pharisees who constitute Jesus' most implacable opposition. Were the Pharisees merely another long-gone 1st-century Jewish sect, their portrayal would pose no problem for filmmakers. While the Pharisees are no longer in existence as such, they are nevertheless considered within the Jewish tradition to be the forerunners of the rabbis who shaped Jewish belief and practice as they are still known today. The filmmaker's dilemma arises from this contradiction between the Pharisees' hateful role as Jesus' enemies within the Christian scriptures and their heroic place in Jewish tradition. The danger is that in portraying the Pharisees as Jesus' harsh enemies, filmmakers become vulnerable to the charge of anti-Semitism.
Hanuman's Tale
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This book offers a comprehensive introduction to one of the most beloved and widely worshiped of Hindu deities: the “monkey-god” Hanuman. It details the historical expansion of Hanuman's religious status beyond his role as helper to Rama and Sita, the divine hero and heroine of the ancient Ramayana storytelling tradition. Additionally, it surveys contemporary popular literature and folklore through which Hanuman's mythological biography is celebrated, and describes a range of religious sites and practices that highlight different aspects of his persona. Emphasizing Hanuman's role as a “liminal” deity who combines animal, human, and divine qualities, and as a “middle-class” god within the Hindu pantheon, the book argues that such mediatory status has made Hanuman especially appealing to upwardly-mobile social groups as well as to Hindus of many sectarian persuasions.
A Reader's Guide to the Hanumāyana
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides annotations for each of the forty tales recounted in the previous chapter. These notes trace, when possible, the literary history of each story, examine significant interpretations and variants on it, and provide relevant contextual information, e.g., on the Hindu time scheme of cyclically recurring epochs or yugas. A final section proposes that the complete “biographical” corpus of Hanuman tales may be understood, in part, as an idealized human life-narrative.
Marks of His Wounds
Authors: Jones Beth Felker 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis book articulates a Christian theology of the body in light of both the doctrine of the resurrection of the body and the ethical concerns of feminism. In conversation with Augustine and Calvin, the book assesses the strengths and weaknesses of their theologies of the body and shows how the Christian tradition contains resources for conceptualizing a theology of the body as it coheres with resurrection doctrine. Beginning with eschatology, rather than creation, allows the book to address the disorder of bodies under the condition of sin while offering a constructive proposal for understanding the redeemed body through Christology. The book proposes a grammar in which human psychosomatic unity becomes the conceptual basis for sanctification. Using gender as an illustration, it interrogates the difference resurrection doctrine makes for holiness. The last part of the book suggests that access to human bodies comes through the body of Jesus Christ. Because death has been overcome in his resurrected body, human embodiment can bear witness to the Triune God.
CalEnergy: Claiming Official Political Risk Insurance
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines another foreign investor that chose not to renegotiate. Although the investor proceeded to arbitration ahead of the Karaha Bodas Company (KBC), the driving force appears to have been its insurance from the US government agency the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). Like KBC's owners, this investor showed no interest in maintaining business prospects in Indonesia or elsewhere in the developing world. US intervention was particularly strong in this case and may have contributed to deteriorating relations with Indonesia at a time when cooperation between the two countries was of growing importance in the battle against radical Islamic terrorism.
The Berkelian Basics
Authors: Roberts John Russell 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The chapter begins the task of elucidating Berkeley's active/passive distinction by focusing on his understanding of the concept of existence. The latter is elucidated by mapping Berkeley's understanding of its relationship to concepts such as simplicity, unity, identity, and substance. Berkeley's view of existence is contrasted with the competing views of Descartes and Locke. Throughout the chapter, the bundle-theory interpretation of spirits is used as a stalking horse and shown to be incompatible with Berkeley's account of existence as it applies to spirits.
Prophecy and History
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProphecy plays an important role in the Old Testament. This importance does not end but continues throughout early Judaism, albeit under different forms and genres such as apocalyptic literature, eschatological prophecy, clerical prophecy, and sapiental prophecy. It equally continues in the history and writings of the early church. The New Testament portrays Christ as the supreme prophet in not merely forwarding words of God to God's people, but being the word of God. Prophecy continued to mutate in the history of Christianity but kept its vigor. It re-emerged in the monastic movements, medieval visionary mysticism, passion mysticism, the great Marian apparitions, augmenting in the 19th century, and in possible contemporary prophetic personalities such as the Greek-Orthodox Vassula Rydén.
Prophecy and Revelation
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChristian prophecy can only be judged on the backdrop of the theology of revelation. It is possible to consider revelation as a concept of experience with different modes of divine communication: visions, apparitions, locutions, etc., and where we must compare inspiration and experience. It is also possible to see revelation as a concept of reflection, identifying different models of revelation that lead to different models of prophecy: dogmatic, epiphanic, historical, dialectic, ontological, and personalistic models. From a rather dogmatic model with little room for prophecy, revelation has emerged into a more personalistic concept, where revelation is seen as God's gift of self, calling his people to respond to his truth, often through prophecy.
Prophecy and the End of Revelation
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Christian belief that Christ is the epitome of God's revelation has led to the notion of the “end of revelation with the last apostle”. This notion has undergone significant historical development. From signifying merely that Christ is the most complete but not the last form of Divine revelation, it has come to imply a literal end of divine communication in the writings of some theologians, leading to the widespread denial of the feasibility or even possibility of Christian prophecy. A more detailed treatment of the “end-notion” leads to important conclusions with regards to prophecy; it is not at all clear when revelation should have “ended”: with Christ, with the last apostle, or with the closure of the biblical canon.
Prophecy and Truth
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProphecy has never gone without opposition, mainly due to the danger of false prophecy, a danger that can rightly be called the “Achilles heel” of prophecy. Without the process of testing the validity and truth of prophecy, prophecy will have no role to play in the life of the church. Throughout the centuries, various criteria have been developed that help towards the aim of discernment. They can be classified in intrinsic and extrinsic criteria. The intrinsic criteria relate to the physiology, psychology, and spiritual life of the prophet. The extrinsic criteria relate to how the church approves or rejects a prophetic revelation, and how we may define the nature of the church's judgment. The process of discernment and jugdment is necessary but contains an important ambiguity: it is the church that must judge a prophetic revelation, despite the fact that prophecy often is critical of the church that will judge it. Until that judgment is pronounced, must believers wait before they give heed to a prophetic message?
Introduction
Authors: Mincer Jacob 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Jacob Mincer is one of the most important economists of the second half of the 20th century whose work had tremendous importance for contemporary economics, especially labor economics. However, little work has been done on his lifetime contribution to economic science. The main purpose of this book is to contribute to those efforts in promoting a better understanding of Mincer's work and its relevance to the development of contemporary economics. This introductory chapter starts by providing a brief biographical sketch of Mincer and the main characteristics of his research. It then presents an outline of the book.
In Contradiction
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This book advocates and defends the view that there are true contradictions (dialetheism), a view that has flown in the face of orthodoxy in Western philosophy since Aristotle's time. The book has been at the centre of the controversies surrounding dialetheism ever since the first edition was published in 1987. This text contains the second edition of the book. It expands upon the original in various ways, and also contains the author's reflections on developments over the last two decades.
Semantic Paradoxes
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter defends the view that the semantic paradoxes are bona fide sound arguments. It states a set of conditions sufficient for contradiction and then defends the view that natural language satisfies these conditions (or if not these, then others which have the same effect). The upshot of the discussion is that the putative solutions to the paradoxes betray a pattern which not only gives strong inductive evidence that the paradoxes cannot be solved, but also indicates why not. Tarski, Kripke, truth value gaps, the T-scheme, extended paradoxes and semantic ascent are discussed.
Pragmatics
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows that dialetheism poses no particular problems for pragmatics; that is, a dialetheic pragmatics faces no problems other than those faced by a non-dialetheic one. A number of objections to dialetheism drawn from pragmatics are formulated and answered. The areas of assertion, belief, rational belief, and rational change of belief are also considered.
The Disjunctive Syllogism and Quasi-Validity
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this chapter the disjunctive syllogism is discussed. This is not valid in the semantics of the previous chapters. It is argued that the form of inference may be used in consistent situations, though the understanding of this claim has to be handled with care. A notion of quasi-validity is developed, and the paraconsistent recapture of classical reasoning is discussed.
Rawlsian Fair Equality of Opportunity
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines Rawls' account of fair equality of opportunity. Rawls argues that fair equality of opportunity requires not only ‘careers to be open to talents’, but also that those with the same talents and ability and willingness to use these talents should have equal chance of success. Whilst defending Rawls' account against some influential criticisms that have been levelled against it, it is argued that the idea that fair equality of opportunity is lexically prior to the difference principle cannot be justified.
Individualism and Personal Responsibility
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCritics of responsibility-sensitive egalitarianism have often claimed that it is individualistic in an objectionable way. ‘Individualism’ is a slippery term that is employed in many different senses. This chapter distinguishes some of these different senses and explores the extent to which responsibility-sensitive egalitarianism counts as individualist in each of them, and it determines what problems it may face as a result.
Conclusion
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis concluding chapter presents a synthesis of the topics discussed in this volume. Against the idea that justice requires us to neutralize the effects of differences in people's circumstances, it has been argued that it requires us merely to mitigate these effects, to prevent them from having an undue impact upon people's relative access to advantage. Competing versions of this mitigation approach include different sets of principles, which give different determinations of what is to count as an ‘undue effect’. Such principles are defended and this provides a vision of what it is to level the playing field that is rather different, at least at the level of fundamentals, from what is in the neutralization approach.
Courage and Caution
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Courage and caution enable us to find our way among the threats, real and apparent, that we encounter in the course of our practices, sometimes circumventing these threats, sometimes facing them, and sometimes paying their price. When the practice in question is intellectual (research, teaching, investigative reporting, etc.), courage and caution are intellectual virtues. Courage and caution in general do not have an intrinsic structure of motivation, but when we specify them as intellectual virtues, then the love of knowledge is their proper motive. Like other human activities, intellectual ones are fraught with threats — pitfalls, dangers, and difficulties — both apparent and real. The real threats must be respected, yet not allowed to deter the agent from the pursuit of the intellectual goods. The merely apparent ones must be assessed as such, and the resulting fears well managed.
The Epworth Experience
Authors: Lloyd Gareth 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCharles Wesley was a complex man in terms of his denominational identity and this ambiguity is reflected in the Methodist movement that he helped to found. Some of the keys to understanding Charles Wesley and his relationship with Methodism, the wider Evangelical Revival, and the Church of England can be found in a childhood shaped by a difficult environment and parents whose own denominational identities were a rich mix of Puritan and High Church Anglican tempered by influences from other Christian traditions. These same ingredients proved to be of fundamental importance in the making of Methodism.
Engagements and Marriages
Authors: Lloyd Gareth 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe marriage of Charles Wesley to Sarah Gwynne in April 1749 represented a watershed in the groom's life and ministry. Charles's itinerant preaching was reduced until it ceased altogether in 1756 and this aggravated other tensions that were starting to appear in relations between the Wesley brothers. John and Charles seem to have viewed each other's marital intentions as a threat and this climaxed in Charles's deliberate destruction of his brother's engagement to Grace Murray in October 1749. A decisive personal break between the brothers was only narrowly avoided, but their old closeness was severely undermined and this alienation started to impact on the Methodist movement.
Methodism in the Early 1750s
Authors: Lloyd Gareth 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBy 1749 Methodism had put down firm roots in communities across the British Isles. The movement's size and the increasing sophistication of its structure and worship life imposed a distance with the parent Church of England and this was worsened by the hostility of many Anglicans. Some Methodist preachers started to react against the Church and also against the discipline imposed by the Wesley brothers. The rising tension boiled over in 1754 when preachers in London and Reading administered the Sacraments contrary to Anglican practice. The resulting crisis was worsened by Charles Wesley's suspicion that his brother was sympathetic to the separatists. John eventually decided against separation from the Church of England, but his brother's fears for the future were not eased, establishing a pattern for the future of his relationship with John Wesley and the Methodist movement.