bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in African‐American and European‐American students' engagement with nanotechnology experiences: Perceptual position or assessment artifact?
Authors: Jones M. Gail , Tretter Thomas , Paechter Manuela , Kubasko Dennis , Bokinsky Alexandra , Andre Thomas , Negishi Atsuko 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study examined middle and high school students' perceptions of a weeklong science experience with nanotechnology and atomic force microscopy. Through an examination of student self assessments and their writing, the study allowed us to examine some of the issues that may contribute to discrepancies that are seen between European‐American and African‐American students in science. The results of the study showed that after instruction, African‐American students were significantly more likely to agree with the statement that “science involves mostly memorizing things and getting the right answer,” than European‐American students. In addition, European‐American students were significantly more likely to write their newspaper stories from a first person perspective than their African‐American peers. The results are discussed in light of the assessment task, students' interpretations of formal writing, cultural differences in the use of language in writing, and possible cultural differences in students' perceptions of the science experience. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 787–799, 2007
Activity‐based identity experiences and their relations to problem behavior and psychological well‐being in adolescence
Authors: Palen Lori‐Ann , Coatsworth J. Douglas 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe current study explored the associations between activity‐based identity experiences and youth outcomes. Participants were 107 high school students and one parent or guardian of each from three communities in a Northeastern state. Youth completed a measure of activity‐based identity experiences (Personally Expressive Activities Questionnaire (PEAQ) [Waterman, A. S. (1990). Personal expressiveness: Philosophical and psychological foundations. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 11, 47–74]), as well as measures of psychological well‐being, substance use, and delinquency. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist [Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4‐18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry]. Together, three identity experiences derived from the PEAQ, personal expressiveness, goal‐directed behavior, and flow, were significant predictors of adolescent‐reported delinquency and well‐being. Goal‐directed behavior also uniquely predicted adolescent‐reported delinquency and well‐being. Suggestions for future research and potential implications for intervention are discussed.
Fluvial environmental contexts for archaeological sites in the Upper Khabur basin (northeastern Syria)
Authors: Deckers Katleen , Riehl Simone 
Published: January 2007

AbstractToday the eastern tributaries of the Upper Khabur run dry during the summer and the landscape is devoid of trees. This picture is misleading when we try to understand archaeological sites within their former environmental context. Interdisciplinary geomorphological, archaeobotanical and ostracod research on a sequence from the Wadi Jaghjagh indicates that relatively stable, perennial flow velocities occurred during the mid 4th to mid-3rd millennium BC. Evidence was found for a gallery forest and swamp belt along the Jaghjagh during the mid-4th millennium BC. Oak park woodland was present within the region in the 3rd millennium BC and probably up to at least the 3rd century AD. Shortly after 2500 BC, Jaghjagh stream velocities probably decreased or the stream bed had changed its location. Later deposits, possibly dating to the 5th century BC, indicate similar, rather stable flow of the Jaghjagh. More recently however, about ca. AD 900 or afterwards, a flashflood-like regime occurred, which may relate to deforestation. The Wadi Khanzir sediment archives reflect the flashy intermittent regime of this stream, like it still is today, with flashflood evidence dating to the first half of the Holocene and probably dating to approximately AD 400 or later. Along the Jarrah, topsoil was eroded and redeposited by the wadi sometime between 1300 and 600 BC. This may have been caused by the intensive resettlement program of this region around 800 BC. Between about 600 and 300 BC 1.5 m of clay was deposited on the plain.
Fibula Free Flap for Mandible Reconstruction: Analysis of 30 Consecutive Cases and Quality of Life Evaluation
Authors: Maciejewski Adam , Szymczyk Cezary 
Published: January 2007

Accepted: May 4, 2006The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of fibula free flaps (FFF) for mandible reconstruction in patients with oral cavity cancer and to assess the quality of life (QOL) of the patients who underwent reconstructive surgery. Thirty patients with T3, T4 oral cavity carcinoma underwent surgical resection of the primary tumor infiltrating the mandible or primarily originating from the mandible. According to the length (less or more than 8 cm) and localization (anterior or posterior) of the mandibular defect, patients were subdivided into four groups. In all cases an osseoseptocutaneous FFF was chosen for postresective defect reconstruction. To reconstruct anterior mandibular defects, two osteotomies were needed to give the fibula a proper shape. For extended defects, the fibula usually required more than one osteotomy. Skin islands were designed based on Doppler cutaneous perforator findings. The fibular free skin islands remained viable in all patients and no partial or total skin loss was observed. In the majority of patients (87percent) the facial artery was used for arterial anastomosis. In 6 month follow-ups, the QOL was evaluated as very good except for socioeconomic items. Pain was mild and incidental. Appearance and subjective feeling scores were excellent in two groups with mandibular defects smaller than 8 cm, although in patients with larger defects, they were still very good. Functional effects remained good, and they correlated with the size of defects. In contrast, social activities, recreation, and employment were below patients' expectations and generally reflected the current situation in Poland, but no correlation with the results of reconstruction was found. The present results show that osseocutaneous fibula free flap used in reconstructive surgery for cancer of the oral cavity allows more radical and aggressive resection with very good or excellent functional and aesthetic outcome. Estimated QOL seems an important part of evaluation of the treatment outcome.
High-resolution synchrotron radiation studies on natural and thermally annealed scleractinian coral biominerals
Authors: Stolarski J. , Przeniosło R. , Mazur M. , Brunelli M. 
Published: January 2007

The structural phase transition from aragonite to calcite in biogenic samples extracted from the skeletons of selected scleractinian corals has been studied by synchrotron radiation diffraction. Biogenic aragonite samples were extracteden blocwithout pulverization from two ecologically different scleractinian taxa:Desmophyllum(deep-water, solitary and azooxanthellate) andFavia(shallow-water, colonial, zooxanthellate). It was found that natural (not pulverized) samples contribute to narrow Bragg peaks with Δd/dvalues as low as 1 × 10−3, which allows the exploitation of the high resolution of synchrotron radiation diffraction. A precise determination of the lattice parameters of biogenic scleractinian coral aragonite shows the same type of changes of thea,b,clattice parameter ratios as that reported for aragonite extracted from other invertebrates [Pokroy, Quintana, Caspi, Berner & Zolotoyabko (2004).Nat. Mater.3, 900–902]. It is believed that the crystal structure of biogenic samples is influenced by interactions with organic molecules that are initially present in the biomineralization hydrogel. The calcite phase obtained by annealing the coral samples has a considerably different unit-cell volume and lattice parameter ratioc/aas compared with reference geological calcite and annealed synthetic aragonite. The internal strain in the calcite structure obtained by thermal annealing of the biomineral samples is about two times larger than that found in the natural aragonite structure. This effect is observed despite slow heating and cooling of the sample.
Comparison of time and frequency domain measures of RSA in ambulatory recordings
Authors: Goedhart Annebet D. , Van Der Sluis Sophie , Houtveen Jan H. , Willemsen Gonneke , De Geus Eco J.C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe extent to which various measures of ambulatory respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) capture the same information across conditions in different subjects remains unclear. In this study the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), peak valley RSA (pvRSA), and high frequency power (HF power) were assessed during ambulatory recording in 84 subjects, of which 64 were retested after about 3 years. We used covariance structure modeling to test the equality of the correlations among three RSA measures over two test days and three conditions (daytime sitting or walking and nighttime sleep) and in groups with low, medium, and high mean heart rate (HR), or low, medium, and high mean respiration rate (RR). Results showed that ambulatory RMSSD, pvRSA, and HF power are highly correlated and that their correlation is stable across time, ambulatory conditions, and a wide range of resting HR and RR values. RMSSD appears to be the most cost‐efficient measure of RSA.
Effects of protozoa on the antioxidant activity in the ruminal fluid and blood plasma of cattle
Authors: GAZI Masudur R. , YOKOTA Masato , TANAKA Yuichi , KANDA Shuhei , ITABASHI Hisao 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant status in ruminal fluid and blood plasma among three faunated and two defaunated (protozoa‐free) cattle (average bodyweight of 225 kg), fed hay plus concentrate. The extra cellular antioxidant activity of the mixed protozoa and bacteria suspensions were also studied in vitro. The antioxidant activity was detected by means of the free radical scavenging ability. The activity (units/microbial nitrogen) of the protozoal suspension increased from 59 (0 h) to 318 (18 h), and decreased to 40 (24 h) during incubation. The activity of the bacterial suspension also increased from 111 (0 h) to 644 (18 h), and decreased to 533 (24 h). The antioxidant activity (units/mL, U/mL) in the ruminal fluid of faunated (ranging from 116 to 254) and defaunated (ranging from 66 to 110) cattle was increased after 2 h and decreased after 5 h of feeding, being significantly higher in the faunated cattle. The antioxidant activity of blood plasma (U/mL) ranged from 248 to 316 in the faunated and 121–170 in the defaunated cattle during 0–5 h after feeding, being significantly higher in the faunated cattle. Therefore, defaunation possibly causes a decrease in the antioxidant level in the ruminal fluid, and may impair the health and performance of ruminants through an oxidant–antioxidant imbalance.
Effects of cecectomy on digestion and retention time of digesta in rats
Authors: KUROSAWA Akira , IKEDA Shuhei , HAGIWARA Tomoko , SUKEMORI Seizi , KURIHARA Yoshio 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe present experiment aimed to obtain basic knowledge of the role of the cecum in the digestion of protein, fiber and energy, and in the retention of digesta in rats. Twelve healthy male Sprague–Dawley strain rats were used. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks following preliminary feeding. Crude protein [CP], acid detergent fiber [ADF], and energy digestibilities were measured in weeks 1, 4, and 7 of the experiment, while the digesta retention time was measured in weeks 2, 5, and 8. At the end of the test, the colon capacity was measured after killing the rats with diethyl ether. The effects of the cecectomy were not recognized in bodyweight gain, even while the feed intake was high and the feed efficiency was low due to the cecectomy. However these effects were not recognized in the latter half of the test periods. The mean retention time of digesta for the cecectomized rats was about 2 h shorter than that for the control group of rats, while the retention time of digesta in week 8 increased compared to weeks 2 and 5. The digestibility of each substance was significantly lower following the cecectomy. The colon became swollen because of the cecectomy and this swollen colon made up for the capacity of the dissected cecum. It had been considered that the cecum does not play a role in the digestion of nutrition for growth, however, the present results showed two types of effects of cecectomy: one that disappears in accordance with time after surgery (i.e. feed intake and feed efficiency), and another that continues for a longer period (i.e. digestibility, retention time of digesta).
Roles of central histaminergic system in glucose metabolisms and food intake in sheep
Authors: KUROSE Yohei , TERASHIMA Yoshiaki 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe neurotransmitter histamine is thought to be involved in the homeostatic regulation of energy balance. The present study was conducted to examine whether the central histaminergic system is involved in the regulation glucose metabolisms and food intake in ruminants. Thioperamide, a presynaptic H3‐receptor antagonist, was intracerebroventricularly infused at a rate of 68 μg/min for 3 h, beginning at 11.00 hours, into castrated Suffolk rams (48–55 kg bodyweight) accustomed to being fed alfalfa hay cubes (2% of body weight) at 12.00 hours. The food intake was measured every 60 min for 2 h after the commencement of feeding (12.00 hours). Blood samples were taken through a jugular vein catheter every 10 or 20 min during the experiment. Plasma glucose levels were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the thioperamide‐treated group than in the control. The post‐prandial insulin increment was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the thioperamide‐treated group than in the saline‐treated control. The food intake of the thioperamide‐treated group was significantly (P < 0.05) less than that of the control in the period from 60 to 120 min after feeding. In conclusion, the central histaminergic system is involved in the regulation of glucose metabolisms and food intake in ruminants.
Lived Experiences of Mothers Caring for Children With Thalassemia Major in Thailand
Authors: Prasomsuk Suksiri , Jetsrisuparp Arunee , Ratanasiri Thawalwong , Ratanasiri Amornrat 
Published: January 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE.  Thalassemic patients must be given continuous treatment throughout their lives due to the physical and psychological effects of their disorder; their families also are impacted. This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of 15 mothers of children with thalassemia major by conducting semistructured interviews; the data were analyzed utilizing content analysis. CONCLUSION.  Six themes were identified: lack of knowledge about thalassemia, psychosocial problems, concerns for the future, social support systems, financial difficulty, and the effectiveness of healthcare services. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  These findings suggest that a holistic, culturally sensitive nursing approach should be considered when caring for children with thalassemia.
Workload classification
Authors: Artis H. P. , Paulhamus R. E. 
Published: January 2007

Workload classification is a methodology which allows the analyst to describe the workload of a computer system with a minimum number of job classes. This technique reduces the effort required to produce models of a system. This could involve verification of actual systems or simulation of proposed configurations. Particular areas of interest include:
- cluster analysis techniques
- analysis of batch systems
- analysis of real time systems
- applications with simulation models.
The authors primary area of interest is in large commercial production oriented environments with both batch and real time applications.
Relationship of software engineering and simulation
Authors: Baas Elwood , Ellis James 
Published: January 2007

In response to the enormous annual dollar value spent on software, major emphasis is being placed within industry, Government and academia on the establishment of a rigorous discipline for the development of software—i. e., on the establishment of software engineering. This has significance in the realm of computer system simulation for two basic reasons: first, computer system simulation (any simulation for that matter) does itself involve the development of software; and second, computer system simulation is a technique/tool which can be applied to the discipline of software development. It will be the purpose of this workshop to discuss both the role of software engineering in computer system simulation and the role of computer system simulation in software engineering. Potential topics for discussion include, but are not limited to:
a. Identification of software engineering
b. Disciplines required for software engineering
c. Software engineering in support of computer system simulation
d. Computer system simulation as a tool in software engineering
e. Recent progress in the direction of establishing the software engineering discipline.
Experience with trace driven modeling
Authors: Noetzel A. S. , Herring L. A. 
Published: January 2007

Trace-driven modeling is a technique for optimizing a computer system by simulation studies, in which the job load data required by the simulator is taken directly from the existing system. Its advantages are 1) a full statistical representation of the job load, 2) potentially more accurate, system-independent and relevant data, and 3) the possibility of wider-ranging simulation studies without the necessity of collecting more particular data.The variations of the trace-driven modeling technique that have occurred in practice are summarized. The above advantages of the technique and their limitations are then analyzed in the context of experience with it for the evaluation of a class of scheduling algorithms for an interactive system on the CDC 6400. Results of simulations showing the effects of interdependence of resource demand parameters are presented.
Run-time characteristics of a simulation model
Authors: Gehringer Edward F. , Schwetman Herbert D. 
Published: January 2007

This paper compares the efficiency of trace-driven simulation models of computer systems with the efficiency of function driven models. In a trace-driven model (TDM), the next service request for a task is selected from a file of requests which was created earlier, often from data derived from a functioning system. This can be compared to a function-driven model (FDM), in which the next service request is selected using generation techniques based on random deviates. While both kinds of models can produce statistically accurate results, a TDM is thought to be inherently more accurate, but it has been suspected that a FDM is faster.
The comparison of these two techniques is based on a simulation model of a computer system which has been specially constructed so as to operate either as a TDM or an FDM. The key feature of the study is that by using this model, we have isolated the demand-generation technique (either trace-driven or function-driven) as the single factor affecting performance of the model. A run-time program monitor and a software-monitor event probe are used to evaluate the resources used by various runs of the two kinds of simulation models. The results indicate that, contrary to earlier expectations, the performance of both techniques is comparable. We also demonstrate the effects of various block sizes on the performance of the TDM and the effects of the complexity of the request functions on the performance of the FDM.
A queuing model with discrete service speeds
Authors: Asai H. , Lee S. C. 
Published: January 2007

An input source of the model is generated in accordance with a probability density function P
r
(n,t), where n and t are a spatial variable and a time variable, respectively. Thus the input arrives as a time-variable train. A queue consists of m blocks, and each block consists of a finite number of small waiting spaces. A single service facility is used in the model, and its service processing speed is a constant that is selected from several operational rates. The next higher operational speed and the next lower operational speed are twice as fast as and half as slow as the present constant speed, respectively. The service discipline is first-come-first-served.

When the needed queuing space exceeds the queuing space available, a congestion or input loss occurs. Minimizing such input loss with the least admissible queuing space and the slowest possible service speed is desirable. When the service facility is a machine, it may be easier and more economical to increase the service speed operations rather than to furnish a larger amount of queuing space.
The model is simulated on a digital computer. Two service Speed controls are examined in the simulation. The first is a deterministic control, and the second is a probabilistic control. In the former, when the amount of the queuing space available is almost consumed, the service speed is upgraded to the next higher rate. The speed remains at this rate until the amount of unused queuing space increases. Later, the speed is downgraded to the original rate. In the latter, control is switched probabilistically no matter what the queuing space may be but it can specify a service processing distribution among different speeds during a long time period.

The simulated results or the probability of congestion P
e
with various queuing space lengths and service speeds is presented. This information may be useful for understanding input loss phenomena as well as for designing an efficient low-cost queuing system.
Formalization and automated synthesis of microprograms
Authors: Mueller R. A. 
Published: January 2007

The problem of automating the production of reliable micro-code is addressed. In contrast to validation and verification approaches which attempt to establish the correctness (incorrectness) of manually produced code with respect to a set of specifications, the automated synthesis approach attempts to systematically derive the code directly from the specifications.
Formal representations of both microprogrammable machines and image machine instruction set requirement specifications are discussed, as is a formal semantic characterization of microprogram execution with respect to the given representations. The microprogram synthesis process is viewed as a special kind of theorem-proving process which attempts to prove the existence of a computation satisfying a requirement specification for a given machine, and when successful, extracts a corresponding microprogram directly from the proof. The NP-completeness of the problem leads to the necessity for effective heuristics, particularly when dealing with horizontal machines.
MDS
Authors: Takahashi Kazutoshi , Takahashi Etsuo , Bito Tatsushige , Aoyama Toshinori , Yamada Akihiko 
Published: January 2007

A general purpose, total system MDS
1,2
(Microprogramming Design-support System) has been developed to hasten the introduction of various kinds of firmware over the widest possible range of computer from the largest to the smallest (microcomputer).

Not only many types of assembly language but also machine dependent high-level languages can be used and physical address assignment can be performed automatically with MDS.
This paper describes an overview of MDS, the design approach to the high-level languages, and three examples which have been developed.