bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illness representations in early‐stage dementia: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Clare Linda , Goater Trish , Woods Bob 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe self‐regulation model of adjustment to illness suggests that individual differences in coping and responding are related to the illness representations people hold. The present study explored the feasibility of applying this concept with people with early‐stage dementia.MethodUnderstanding of the illness was explored in semi‐structured interviews with 22 people who had a diagnosis of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or mixed dementia, and a measure of mood was administered. Interview transcripts were subjected to content analysis.ResultsRepresentations covering illness identity, cause, course, cure/control and consequences were successfully elicited, but diverged from professional constructs in some important respects. Most participants regarded their difficulties as part of normal ageing, and one‐third viewed their condition as stable or improving. Almost all participants described some positive coping strategies; participants who believed that nothing could be done to help were more likely to score above clinical cut‐offs for depression or anxiety.ConclusionsThe findings offer a preliminary insight into the nature of illness representations in early‐stage dementia, and support the relevance of the self‐regulation model as a basis for understanding and intervention. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease: association with cognitive decline?
Authors: Allcock Liesl M. , Kenny Rose Anne , Mosimann Urs Peter , Tordoff Sherley , Wesnes Keith A. , Hildreth Anthony J. , Burn David J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundOrthostatic hypotension is common in Lewy body disorders and may be related to disease progression and the spread of Lewy body pathology. We therefore hypothesize that PD patients with orthostatic hypotension (OH) have a different cognitive profile compared to PD patients without OH.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 175 PD patients. Blood pressure (BP) was measured with a validated digital blood pressure monitor and patients with a systolic BP drop of ≥20 mmHg or a systolic pressure of <90 mm Hg after standing were considered to have OH. Cognition was assessed using MMSE extended by a selection of computerized cognitive tests focusing on reaction time, sustained attention, working memory and episodic verbal and visual memory.ResultsEighty‐seven (49.7%) of the PD patients had OH. These patients were significantly more impaired in sustained attention and visual episodic memory compared to PD patients without OH.ConclusionWe conclude that there are differences in the neuropsychological performance of patients with PD and OH, supporting the hypothesis that OH might be a marker for disease progression and cognitive decline in PD. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the Chinese Challenging Behaviour Scale: clinical correlates of challenging behaviours in nursing home residents with dementia
Authors: Lam Chi Leung , Chan W.C. , Mok Cycbie C.M. , Li S.W. , Lam Linda C.W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundBehavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are associated with considerable burden to patients with dementia and their caregivers. Formal caregivers in residential care settings face different challenges when delivering care.ObjectiveThis study aimed at assessing the clinical correlates of challenging BPSD using the Chinese version of the Challenging Behaviour Scale (CCBS) designed for residential care settings.MethodsOne hundred and twenty‐five participants were recruited from three care‐and‐attention homes in Hong Kong. The CCBS was administered together with the Cantonese version of Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) to explore the relationships between challenging behaviour and important clinical correlates.ResultsThe CCBS had good internal consistency (α = 0.86), inter‐rater (ICC = 0.79) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.98). A four‐factor structure is demonstrated by factor analysis: hyperactivity behaviours, hypoactivity behaviours, verbally aggressive and aberrant behaviours. Challenging behaviours were associated with male gender, cognitive impairment, functional disability, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and higher caregiver's workload.ConclusionsThe CCBS is a valid and reliable measure to assess BPSD in residential care settings in local Chinese community. It is useful in evaluating the challenges faced by formal caregivers during daily care of the dementia patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of evapotranspiration and its components from an apple orchard in northwest China using sap flow and water balance methods
Authors: Gong Daozhi , Kang Shaozhong , Yao Limin , Zhang Lu 
Published: August 2006

AbstractField experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of leaf area index and soil moisture content on evapotranspiration and its components within an apple orchard in northwest China for 2 years. Evapotranspiration in the non‐rainfall period was estimated using two approaches: the soil water balance method based on tube‐type time‐domain reflection measurements, and sap flow plus micro‐lysimeter methods. The two methods were in good agreement, with differences usually less than 10%. The components of evapotranspiration varied with canopy development. During spring and autumn, soil evaporation was dominating as result of low leaf area index. In summer, plant transpiration became significant, with an average transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio of 0·87. The crop coefficient Kc showed a strong linear dependence on leaf area index. The water stress coefficient Ks was around 1·0 when soil moisture was above 23% and started to decrease linearly after that. This study demonstrates that prediction of evapotranspiration in apple orchards can be made using the Food and Agriculture Organization's crop coefficient method from commonly available meteorological data in the area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory peripheral chemosensory irritation, acute and repeated exposure toxicity studies with aerosols of triethylene glycol
Authors: Ballantyne Bryan , Snellings William M. , Norris James C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe potential for adverse effects from exposure to respirable aerosols of triethylene glycol (TEG: CAS Number 112‐27‐6) was investigated by a peripheral chemosensory irritation study, and by acute and repeated exposure toxicity studies. The sensory irritation study, conducted with male Swiss Webster mice, showed an exposure concentration‐related depression of breathing rate that allowed the calculation of an RD50 of 5140 mg m−3. In an acute study male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed whole body to aerosols of TEG up to 6730 mg m−3 for 4 h. No mortalities occurred at this high concentration, but unexplained mortality occurred in female rats at 5230 mg m−3 at 2–3 days postexposure. Two repeats of the 5230 mg m−3 exposure did not cause mortality. Signs at 6730 and 5230 mg m−3 were limited to those of irritancy. For a 9 day repeated exposure study rats were exposed whole body to 0, 494, 2011 and 4824 mg m−3 TEG aerosols for 6 h day−1. Mortalities occurred at 4824 mg m−3 between exposure days 2 and 5. Nonspecific indications of toxicity at 2011 mg m−3 were signs of irritation, decreased body weight and increased food and water consumption; evidence of hepatic dysfunction was indicated by increased serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities, but liver histology was normal. Fluid imbalance was suggested by increases in water consumption, blood urea nitrogen, relative kidney weight and urine volume, with decreased urine osmolality, pH and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase activity. At 494 mg m−3 there were minimal signs of irritation, increased water consumption and slightly increased alkaline phosphatase; histology of the kidney was normal. Thus, in this 9 day repeated aerosol whole body exposure study a No‐Observed‐Effect‐Level (NOEL) could not be established. Since preening of the fur at these high aerosol concentrations exposures might have led to a confounding factor from the resultant oral intake, another 9 day repeated aerosol study was conducted, but by nose‐only exposure of rats for 6 h day−1 to TEG aerosol concentrations of 0, 102, 517 and 1036 mg m−3. In this study there were no clinical signs, no effects on food and water consumption, and no biochemical or histological evidence of hepatorenal dysfunction. By the end of the exposure period, male and female rats of the 1036 mg m−3 group had body weights lower than those of the controls, but not with statistical significance. Since there were no statistically significant effects on any monitors, 1036 mg m−3 is considered to be a threshold for toxicity by nose‐only exposure to TEG aerosol. The findings indicate that exposure to a respirable aerosol is not acutely harmful, but may cause sensory irritant effects. Repeated exposure to high concentrations of TEG aerosols may be harmful, particularly if there are contributions from additional routes of exposure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining the technical efficiency of rice producers in Bangladesh
Authors: Balcombe Kelvin , Fraser Iain , Rahman Mizanur , Smith Laurence 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDespite record national output in the early years of this decade there is widespread concern that rice yields in Bangladesh are below those attainable, and that given future population growth this may constrain achievement of food security and poverty reduction objectives. A frequent response to this problem is that farmers could close the gap between actual farm yields and potential yields identified in field trials if farmers who are technically inefficient could improve their current farming practices. This paper estimates and explains technical efficiency for a sample of rice farmers in Bangladesh employing Bayesian methods. The results provide insights into the distribution of technical efficiency and identify important influences on rice growing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucobrassicin enhancement in woad (Isatis tinctoria) leaves by chemical and physical treatments
Authors: Galletti Stefania , Barillari Jessica , Iori Renato , Venturi Gianpietro 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWoad (Isatis tinctoria), a long‐known dye plant, is a noticeable source of indolic compounds, bioactive molecules exploitable as fine chemicals. Among these, glucobrassicin and its derivatives seem to play an antitumoral role, especially against mammary cancer. Since different Brassicaceae, such as broccoli and cauliflower, which are present in the human diet, contain glucobrassicin, it would be interesting to study its metabolic pathway following the fate of the pure compound in vivo. At present such studies are prevented by the difficulties encountered in the purification, mainly due to the lack of a rich vegetable source. Synthetic production is complicated and expensive. This study aimed to assess the possibility of enhancing glucobrassicin in woad leaves through artificial wounding and fertilisation, in the greenhouse and open field, in order to obtain high levels of the compound suitable for its purification. Jasmonic acid treatment on young woad leaves of the ‘Casolavalsenio’ accession is confirmed to be highly effective in the enhancement of glucobrassicin content, especially in combination with N–S fertilisation, under greenhouse conditions. For large scale production in the open field, where the use of jasmonic acid would be economically prohibitive, an alternative method of stimulation could be advantageously represented by artificial wounding that is able to provoke a remarkable increase of the compound, giving more then 1% d.w., which would allow its purification. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A clinical comparison and long‐term follow‐up of topical 5‐fluorouracil versus laser resurfacing in the treatment of widespread actinic keratoses
Authors: Ostertag Judith U. , Quaedvlieg Patricia J.F. , van der Geer Simone , Nelemans Patty , Christianen Miranda E.M.C. , Neumann Martino H.A.M. , Krekels Gertruud A.M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground and Objectives:Many treatment modalities exist for actinic keratoses (AK). Topical 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) has been one of the standard treatments. Laser resurfacing is a more recent treatment option. In the literature prospective randomized studies comparing these treatments are lacking.Study Design/Patients and Methods:Prospective randomized study to compare topical 5‐FU with Er:YAG laser resurfacing. Fifty‐five patients with multiple AK on the scalp and or the face were included. Clinical and histopathological evaluation took place at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment.Results:At 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment, there were significantly less recurrences in the laser group compared to the group of patients treated with 5‐FU. Side effects did occur more frequently in the laser group, especially erythema and hypopigmentation.Conclusions:Compared to treatment with topical 5‐FU, Er:YAG laser resurfacing is more effective regarding recurrence rates. Although significantly more side effects occur, laser resurfacing is a useful therapeutic option especially in patients with widespread AK. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:731–739, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The α‐reliable mean‐excess regret model for stochastic facility location modeling
Authors: Chen Gang , Daskin Mark S. , Shen Zuo‐Jun Max , Uryasev Stanislav 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we study a strategic facility location problem under uncertainty. The uncertainty associated with future events is modeled by defining alternative future scenarios with probabilities. We present a new model called the α‐reliable mean‐excess model that minimizes the expected regret with respect to an endogenously selected subset of worst‐case scenarios whose collective probability of occurrence is no more than 1 − α. Our mean‐excess risk measure is coherent and computationally efficient. Computational experiments also show that the α‐reliable mean‐excess criterion matches the α‐reliable minimax criterion closely. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2006
Hedging quantity risks with standard power options in a competitive wholesale electricity market
Authors: Oum Yumi , Oren Shmuel , Deng Shijie 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper addresses quantity risk in the electricity market and explores several ways of managing such risk. The paper also addresses the hedging problem of a load‐serving entity, which provides electricity service at a regulated price in electricity markets with price and quantity risk. Exploiting the correlation between consumption volume and spot price of electricity, an optimal zero‐cost hedging function characterized by payoff as a function of spot price is derived. It is then illustrated how such a hedging strategy can be implemented through a portfolio of forward contracts and call and put options. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2006
Mean‐variance trade‐offs in supply contracts
Authors: Martínez‐de‐Albéniz Victor , Simchi‐Levi David 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe study the trade‐offs faced by a manufacturer signing a portfolio of long‐term contracts with its suppliers and having access to a spot market. The manufacturer incurs inventory risk when purchasing too many contracts and spot price risk when buying too few. We quantify these risks for a single selling period by studying the profit mean and variance for a given portfolio of option contracts. We characterize the set of efficient portfolios that the manufacturer must hold in order to obtain dominating mean‐variance pairs. Among these, we emphasize the maximum expectation portfolio, obtained by solving the classical newsvendor problem, and the corresponding minimum variance portfolio. We show that the upper‐level sets of a mean‐variance utility function are connected. Hence, a greedy method will find the portfolios on the efficient frontier. Finally, we provide a comparison with standard hedging strategies and show that the approximation associated with financial hedging can be relatively inaccurate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2006
Numerical simulation of martensitic phase transitions in shape memory alloys using an improved integration algorithm
Authors: Helm D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe numerical simulation of structures made of shape memory materials is of increasing interest in different fields. Among others, the computation of pipe connectors or medical devices like endoscopic instruments and stents is a challenge. In such practical applications the pseudoelastic effect as well as the one‐way and two‐way shape memory effects are utilized. These material properties are caused by martensitic phase transitions between austenite and martensite. In the present contribution, a recently proposed constitutive theory is numerically treated in the context of the finite element method. This constitutive theory is formulated in the framework of continuum thermomechanics for geometrically linear problems and is able to represent the occurring martensitic phase transitions in shape memory alloys. For the numerical integration of the evolution equations, the backward Euler method is applied. In spite of the complexity of the constitutive theory, it is shown that an improved integration procedure can be formulated, which merely involves the solution of three non‐linear equations for three scalar‐valued unknown variables. Numerical examples show the capability of the proposed model and the improved integration algorithm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An uncoupled directional damage model for fibred biological soft tissues. Formulation and computational aspects
Authors: Calvo B. , Peña E. , Martinez M. A. , Doblaré M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this paper we present a fully three‐dimensional finite‐strain damage model for fibrous soft tissue. Continuum damage mechanics is used to describe the softening behaviour of soft tissues under large deformation. The structural model is formulated using the concept of internal variables that provides a very general description of materials involving irreversible effects. We considered the internal variables associated to damage to correspond to separated contributions of the matrix and fibres. In order to show clearly the performance of the constitutive model, we present 3D simulations of the behaviour of the human medial collateral ligament and of a coronary artery. Results show that the model is able to capture the typical stress–strain behaviour observed in fibrous soft tissues and seems to confirm the soundness of the proposed formulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A temperature‐related homogenization technique and its implementation in the meshfree particle method for nanoscale simulations
Authors: Xiao Shaoping , Yang Weixuan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA new homogenization technique, the temperature‐related Cauchy–Born (TCB) rule, is proposed in this paper with the consideration of the free energy instead of the potential energy. Therefore, temperature effects at the nanoscale can be investigated using continuum approximation with the implementation of the TCB rule. The TCB rule is verified via stress analyses of several crystalline solids. Temperature‐related material instability is also studied. In addition, a new hierarchical multiscale method is developed through implementing the TCB rule into meshfree particle methods. Quasicontinuum meshfree particle simulations are conducted to investigate bending of nanobeams, crack propagation in nanoplates and a three‐dimensional nanoindentation problem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical study of flow field induced by a locomotive fish in the moving meshes
Authors: Sheu Tony W. H. , Chen Y. H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the equations of motion are solved together with the incompressible constraint condition to simulate the flow field induced by the two specified fish motions. Since the investigated flow/structure interaction varies with time, the analysis is conducted in the moving meshes. Within the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) framework, both the space conservation law and the geometric conservation law have been rigorously enforced on the discrete level. Grid points move along with the fish to facilitate the analysis of the induced flow field for revealing the interaction mechanism. The resulting wave and sinusoidal motions of the fish are addressed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydraulics of a submerged weir and applicability in navigational channels: basic flow structures
Authors: Huang Sui Liang , Ng Chiu‐On 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the basic flow structures in a river bend in a physical model with and without a submerged weir. The CCHE2D model and the CCHE3D model for free surface and turbulent flows, which have been extensively validated and verified in recent years, are combined to study the flow in the channel in both the presence and absence of a submerged weir, where the water surface elevations and velocities are measured for certain flow conditions and in certain ranges. A 2D model is used to determine the water edge and to calibrate the bed roughness for the 3D model. A 3D model, after calibration and validation with the physical model data, is used to investigate the flow structure in the channel both in the presence and absence of a submerged weir. The agreement between the measured velocities (surface elevations) and the simulated velocities is reasonably good, which indicates that the CCHE3D model is capable of investigating the flow structure of such a channel. It is found that the submerged weir has a significant effect on the flow in the channel, and that the largest influence appears in the vicinity of the weir. Secondary flows, which are key to navigational conditions, undergo a process of break up when the flow approaches the weir, and develop into single, two, and three secondary flow zones downstream of the weir and then decay from three to two secondary flow zones and finally revert to a single secondary flow zone. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trauma in the Crusader period city of Caesarea: a major port in the medieval eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Mitchell P. D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCaesarea is the first fortified city to undergo palaeopathological analysis of its Crusader period inhabitants. This study of the 12th and 13th century population aims to determine the major types of trauma present, whether from weapon injuries or accidents. Since the Crusades were known for the significant number of battles and raids that took place, weapon injuries were expected to be common.Thirteen cases of trauma are described and a highly unexpected pattern has come to light. These cases do not include one single example of weapon‐related trauma. Every fracture is of a type expected from accidents or interpersonal violence without weapons. Possible explanations include the location of the city deep within Frankish territory and the robust city walls giving effective protection to the inhabitants, and also that the population were involved in activities that left them prone to accidents but not weapon injuries. The other important finding from this study was that the cases of lower limb long bone spiral fractures had healed in a near‐anatomical alignment. This is not what we would expect, as a proportion of these injuries would normally have been unstable and tend to heal poorly aligned. The good position could have resulted from surgeons' use of splints to immobilise the bones while they healed. This suggestion is supported by laws of the kingdom of Jerusalem, which stated that surgeons were to be punished if they allowed such fractures to heal at an angle. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.