bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual behaviour and diagnosis of people over the age of 50 attending a sexual health clinic
Authors: Bourne Chris , Minichiello Victor 
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  To investigate the sexual health and behaviour of older Australians attending a sexual health clinic. Methods:  A retrospective patient record of people aged 50 years and over attending the clinic. Results:  2438 people aged 50 years and over attending. The main reasons for attending were assessment of genital symptoms (40%), testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (23%), and HIV testing/care (13%); more than 50% of the clients had a previous sexual health problem and more than 50% had not been tested for HIV. Men reported more lifetime sexual partners than women and were significantly more likely to report using condoms (P < 0.05), although condom use was variable. Genital herpes (10% women, 6% men) and non‐gonococcal urethritis (9% men) were the most commonly diagnosed STIs.Conclusions:  High levels of unsafe sex and many important sexual health problems were identified which provide direction for public health interventions for older sexually active Australians.
Modelling the colour evolution of luminous red galaxies – improvements with empirical stellar spectra
Authors: Maraston Claudia , Strömbäck G. , Thomas D. , Wake D. A. , Nichol R. C. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Predicting the colours of luminous red galaxies (LRGs) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey has been a long-standing problem. The g, r, i colours of LRGs are inconsistent with stellar population models over the redshift range 0.1 &lt; z &lt; 0.7. We provide a solution to this problem, through a combination of new astrophysics and a fundamental change to the stellar population modelling. We find that the use of the empirical library of Pickles, in place of theoretical libraries based on model atmosphere calculations, modifies the evolutionary population synthesis predicted colours exactly in the way suggested by the data. The reason is a lower (normalized) flux in the empirical libraries, with respect to the theoretical ones, in the wavelength range 5500–6500 Å. The effect increases with decreasing effective temperature roughly independently of gravity. We also find that other recent libraries such as miles and stelib behave the same way. We further verified that [α/Fe] effects on stellar spectra cannot substitute the effect of the empirical library because they make both colours bluer. The astrophysical part of our solution regards the composition of the stellar populations of these massive LRGs. We find that on top of the previous effect one needs to consider a model in which ∼3 per cent of the stellar mass is in old metal-poor stars. Other solutions such as an overall slightly subsolar metallicity or young stellar populations can be ruled out by the data. The percentage of the metal-poor subpopulation may be affected by the consideration of abundance-ratio effects though in the framework of present calculations the metal-poor option is favoured. Our new model provides a better fit to the colours of LRGs and gives new insight into the formation histories of these most massive galaxies. The new model will also improve the k- and evolutionary corrections for LRGs which are critical for fully exploiting present and future galaxy surveys.
BERRY SEEDS: A SOURCE OF SPECIALTY OILS WITH HIGH CONTENT OF BIOACTIVES AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE
Authors: VAN HOED V. , DE CLERCQ N. , ECHIM C. , ANDJELKOVIC M. , LEBER E. , DEWETTINCK K. , VERHÉ R. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTSelected berry seed oils from blackberry, blueberry, cranberry, strawberry, red raspberry and kiwi were characterized for their quality and nutritional characteristics. These oils are by‐products of berry juice production that have only recently gained commercial interest. Free fatty acid content was below 1.6% for all examined oil samples. Peroxide value ranged between 0.6 and 44 mg O2/kg oil for blackberry and kiwi seed oils, respectively, andp‐anisidine value varied from 6 in cranberry to 23 in strawberry. Linolenic acid content ranged from 17.53% in blackberry seed oil to 57.60% in kiwi seed oil. The oxidative stability of all oils was rather low (0.17 h for kiwi to 8.4 h for blackberry at 97.8C). Phytosterol contents ranged between 403 and 692 mg/100 g for blackberry and cranberry, respectively. The content of tocols (tocopherol + tocotrienol) varied from 34.4 for kiwi to 2,133 mg/kg for red raspberry seed oils.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA waste stream of fruit processing is used to extract the oil from berry seeds. Such oils are particularly rich in essential fatty acids (with a favorable low n‐6/n‐3 ratio) and antioxidants. They are incorporated in cosmetic preparations such as hand and body creams, and shampoos. Their composition is also interesting from a nutritional point of view. As the commercial interest is growing, chemical studies are necessary to elucidate the composition, activity and stability of different berry seed oils.
MONITORING THE ADULTERATION OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL BY SELECTED VEGETABLE OILS USING DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY
Authors: MARINA A.M. , CHE MAN Y.B. , NAZIMAH S.A.H. , AMIN I. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT The crystallization and melting enthalpy of virgin coconut oil adulterated with palm kernel oil (PKO) and soybean oil (SBO) were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry. Virgin coconut oil was spiked separately with PKO and SBO from 2% to 40% (w/w) of adulterant oils. Fatty acids of all oils were determined to complement the differential scanning calorimetry data. The heating curve of SBO‐adulterated samples showed the adulteration peak appearing at the lower temperature region at 10% adulteration level. Regression analyses using stepwise multiple linear regression were used to predict the percentage adulterant with R2 of 0.9490. PKO‐adulterated oils did not show any adulteration peak but demonstrated a gradual decrease in the peak height of the major exothermic peak.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAn alternative method for detection of adulteration based on differential scanning calorimetry in virgin coconut oil is presented. Application of differential scanning calorimetry is rapid, does not require sample preparation and does not involve use of solvents or toxic chemicals.
SCREENING OF RESISTANT TRIACYLGLYCEROLS TO THE PANCREATIC LIPASE AND THEIR POTENTIALITIES AS A DIGESTIVE RETARDANT
Authors: ARISHIMA TOSHIHARU , TACHIBANA NOBUHIKO , KOJIMA MAKIKO , TAKAMATSU KIYOHARU , IMAIZUMI KATSUMI 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT A gradual retarding of lipid digestion and absorption might contribute to preventing the visceral fat accumulation and obesity in humans. The lipolysis rates of different triacylglycerols (TAGs) by pancreatic lipase in vitro were studied in order to find suitable components as a retardant for lipolysis. Several TAGs containing longer acyl chains than stearic acid or containing unsaturated fatty acids whose double bonds are located closely to the carboxyl group like petroserinic and γ‐linolenic acid showed significantly lower lipolysis rates as compared with triolein (OOO) control. Most of these resistant TAGs contributed to decelerating the lipolysis rate when replaced at 10% into the OOO control. Especially, 1‐behenoyl‐2,3‐dioleoyl‐rac‐glycerol (BOO) was comprehensively thought to be a suitable TAG as a digestive retardant among them. Each 10% replacement of edible oils by BOO gave 15% to 30% reduction of the lipolysis rate in vitro. Resistant TAGs that are able to melt or solubilize into liquid oil at body temperature have some potential as a digestive retardant for lipids.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSVisceral fat accumulation and obesity in humans are thought to be correlated with the rate of lipid digestion and absorption. The entire rate of lipid absorption is controlled by their partial replacement with some digestive retardant. Resistant triacylglycerols may have some potential as a digestive retardant of lipids. Results of the present study propose a new fat system for foods with antiobesity effect.
THE EFFECT OF POLYPHENOLS ON MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND DMBA‐INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS IN RATS
Authors: BOBROWSKA BARBARA , TOKARZ ANDRZEJ , GRYNKIEWICZ GRZEGORZ , BIALEK SŁAWOMIR , MATYSIAK MAGDALENA , BAT‐ERDENE TSERENDEJID 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT The correlation between diets supplemented with resveratrol, genistein or quercetin on oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids was examined. Moreover, the rate of formation of changes resulting from carcinogenesis induced by 7,8‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was assessed. The results for the impact of selected polyphenolic compounds on the intensity of DMBA‐induced carcinogenesis were also presented. The polyphenols used, namely resveratrol, genistein and quercetin measured by the concentration of selected biomarkers related to their antioxidant properties and the impact of DMBA and fatty acids in rapeseed oil as well as of progression stage of the cancer process, were also significant. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe estimation of the impact of selected polyphenolic compounds on the intensity of 7,8‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene‐induced carcinogenesis and oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in rats was examined. Identifying the results of polyphenol activity in selected doses and different suspensions may allow application of these dietary compounds in human cancer prevention or for improvement of pharmacological treatment.
PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS OF SOYBEAN OIL BY PHOSPHOLIPASE A1 TO PRODUCE DIACYLGLYCEROL‐ENRICHED OIL
Authors: WANG YONG , ZHAO MOUMING , OU SHIYI , SONG KEKE 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT Partial hydrolysis of soybean oil catalyzed by phospholipase A1 (Lecitase Ultra) in a solvent‐free system was carried out to produce a diacylglycerol (DAG)‐enriched soybean oil. Five reaction parameters of partial hydrolysis were investigated. The upper oil layer of the reaction mixture was molecularly distilled at 150C to yield a DAG‐enriched oil with 42.64 (wt%) of DAGs. DAG‐enriched oil was distilled a second time at 250C to yield a DAG oil with 78.68 (wt%) of DAGs. The composition of acylglycerols in the DAG‐enriched soybean oil was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. The released fatty acids from the partial phospholipase A1 hydrolysis of soybean oil showed a higher saturated fatty acid content than that of the raw material. Compared with other lipase‐catalyzed processes, this new phospholipase A1 preparation has the advantage of reducing production of monoacylglycerol byproduct. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSDiacylglycerols (DAGs) are esters of glycerol in which two of the hydroxyl group are esterified with fatty acids. Studies on both animals and humans have shown the beneficial health effects of DAG. DAG is a generally‐regarded‐as‐safe foodstuff by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and is approved as a substitution for triacylglycerol in fats and oils in many developed countries. In this work, partial hydrolysis catalyzed by phospholipase A1 (Lecitase Ultra) in a solvent‐free system was firstly used to produce DAG‐enriched soybean oil. Compared with the lipase‐catalyzed process, this new phospholipase A1 showed the advantage of low cost and low byproduct monoacylglycerol production. The new process has a potential application in the commercial production of DAG oil.
AMPK activators – potential therapeutics for metabolic and other diseases
Authors: Zhou G. , Sebhat I. K. , Zhang B. B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)‐mediated cellular metabolic responses to tissue‐specific and whole‐body stimuli play a vital role in the control of energy homeostasis. As a cellular energy‐sensing mechanism, AMPK activation stimulates glucose uptake and fat oxidation, while it suppresses lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. The cumulative effects of AMPK activation lead to beneficial metabolic states in liver, muscle and other peripheral tissues that are critical in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Activators of AMPK that target selected tissues hold potential as novel therapeutics for diseases in which altered energy metabolism contributes to aetiology.
Insulin resistance and fuel homeostasis: the role of AMP‐activated protein kinase
Authors: Hegarty B. D. , Turner N. , Cooney G. J. , Kraegen E. W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related disorders of the metabolic syndrome (MS) has reached epidemic proportions. Insulin resistance (IR) is a major perturbation that characterizes these disorders. Extra‐adipose accumulation of lipid, particularly within the liver and skeletal muscle, is closely linked with the development of IR. The AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway plays an important role in the regulation of both lipid and glucose metabolism. Through its effects to increase fatty acid oxidation and inhibit lipogenesis, AMPK activity in the liver and skeletal muscle could be expected to ameliorate lipid accumulation and associated IR in these tissues. In addition, AMPK promotes glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and suppresses glucose output from the liver via insulin‐independent mechanisms. These characteristics make AMPK a highly attractive target for the development of strategies to curb the prevalence and costs of T2D. Recent insights into the regulation of AMPK and mechanisms by which it modulates fuel metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle are discussed here. In addition, we consider the arguments for and against the hypothesis that dysfunctional AMPK contributes to IR. Finally we review studies which assess AMPK as an appropriate target for the prevention and treatment of T2D and MS.
AMPK‐dependent hormonal regulation of whole‐body energy metabolism
Authors: Dzamko N. L. , Steinberg G. R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAMP‐dependent protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinase central to the regulation of energy balance at both the cellular and whole‐body levels. In its classical role as an intracellular metabolic stress‐sensing kinase, AMPK switches on fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in muscle, while switching off hepatic gluconeogenesis. AMPK also has a broader role in metabolism through the control of appetite. Regulation of AMPK activity at the whole‐body level is coordinated by a growing number of hormones and cytokines secreted from adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, pancreas and the gut including leptin, adiponectin, insulin, interluekin‐6, resistin, TNF‐α and ghrelin. Understanding how these secreted signalling proteins regulate AMPK activity to control fatty acid oxidation, glucose uptake, gluconeogenesis and appetite may yield therapeutic treatments for metabolic disorders such as diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity.
AMP‐activated protein kinase in the regulation of hepatic energy metabolism: from physiology to therapeutic perspectives
Authors: Viollet B. , Guigas B. , Leclerc J. , Hébrard S. , Lantier L. , Mounier R. , Andreelli F. , Foretz M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAs the liver is central in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and energy storage, knowledge of the physiology as well as physiopathology of hepatic energy metabolism is a prerequisite to our understanding of whole‐body metabolism. Hepatic fuel metabolism changes considerably depending on physiological circumstances (fed vs. fasted state). In consequence, hepatic carbohydrate, lipid and protein synthesis/utilization are tightly regulated according to needs. Fatty liver and hepatic insulin resistance (both frequently associated with the metabolic syndrome) or increased hepatic glucose production (as observed in type 2 diabetes) resulted from alterations in substrates oxidation/storage balance in the liver. Because AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is considered as a cellular energy sensor, it is important to gain understanding of the mechanism by which hepatic AMPK coordinates hepatic energy metabolism. AMPK has been implicated as a key regulator of physiological energy dynamics by limiting anabolic pathways (to prevent further ATP consumption) and by facilitating catabolic pathways (to increase ATP generation). Activation of hepatic AMPK leads to increased fatty acid oxidation and simultaneously inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis, cholesterol synthesis and glucose production. In addition to a short‐term effect on specific enzymes, AMPK also modulates the transcription of genes involved in lipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. The identification of AMPK targets in hepatic metabolism should be useful in developing treatments to reverse metabolic abnormalities of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.
LKB1 and AMP‐activated protein kinase control of mTOR signalling and growth
Authors: Shaw R. J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe AMP‐activated serine/threonine protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status found in all eukaryotes that is activated under conditions of low intracellular ATP following stresses such as nutrient deprivation or hypoxia. In the past 5 years, work from a large number of laboratories has revealed that one of the major downstream signalling pathways regulated by AMPK is the mammalian target‐of‐rapamycin [mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway]. Interestingly, like AMPK, the mTOR serine/threonine kinase plays key roles not only in growth control and cell proliferation but also in metabolism. Recent work has revealed that across eukaryotes mTOR orthologues are found in two biochemically distinct complexes and only one of those complexes (mTORC1 in mammals) is acutely sensitive to rapamycin and regulated by nutrients and AMPK. Many details of the molecular mechanism by which AMPK inhibits mTORC1 signalling have also been decoded in the past 5 years. AMPK directly phosphorylates at least two proteins to induce rapid suppression of mTORC1 activity, the TSC2 tumour suppressor and the critical mTORC1 binding subunit raptor. Here we explore the molecular connections between AMPK and mTOR signalling pathways and examine the physiological processes in which AMPK regulation of mTOR is critical for growth or metabolic control. The functional conservation of AMPK and TOR in all eukaryotes, and the sequence conservation around the AMPK phosphorylation sites in raptor across all eukaryotes examined suggest that this represents a fundamental cell growth module connecting nutrient status to the cell growth machinery. These findings have broad implications for the control of cell growth by nutrients in a number of cellular and organismal contexts.
AMP‐activated protein kinase control of fat metabolism in skeletal muscle
Authors: Thomson D. M. , Winder W. W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) has emerged as a key regulator of skeletal muscle fat metabolism. Because abnormalities in skeletal muscle metabolism contribute to a variety of clinical diseases and disorders, understanding AMPK’s role in the muscle is important. It was originally shown to stimulate fatty acid (FA) oxidation decades ago, and since then much research has been accomplished describing this role. In this brief review, we summarize much of these data, particularly in relation to changes in FA oxidation that occur during skeletal muscle exercise. Potential roles for AMPK exist in regulating FA transport into the mitochondria via interactions with acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, malonyl‐CoA decarboxylase, and perhaps FA transporter/CD36 (FAT/CD36). Likewise, AMPK may regulate transport of FAs into the cell through FAT/CD36. AMPK may also regulate capacity for FA oxidation by phosphorylation of transcription factors such as CREB or coactivators such as PGC‐1α.
Regulation of glucose transporter 4 traffic by energy deprivation from mitochondrial compromise
Authors: Klip A. , Schertzer J. D. , Bilan P. J. , Thong F. , Antonescu C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSkeletal muscle is the major store and consumer of fatty acids and glucose. Glucose enters muscle through glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). Upon insufficient oxygen availability or energy compromise, aerobic metabolism of glucose and fatty aids cannot proceed, and muscle cells rely on anaerobic metabolism of glucose to restore cellular energy status. An increase in glucose uptake into muscle is a key response to stimuli requiring rapid energy supply. This chapter analyses the mechanisms of the adaptive regulation of glucose transport that rescue muscle cells from mitochondrial uncoupling. Under these conditions, the initial drop in ATP recovers rapidly, through a compensatory increase in glucose uptake. This adaptive response involves AMPK activation by the initial ATP drop, which elevates cell surface GLUT4 and glucose uptake. The gain in surface GLUT4 involves different signals and routes of intracellular traffic compared with those engaged by insulin. The hormone increases GLUT4 exocytosis through phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase and Akt, whereas energy stress retards GLUT4 endocytosis through AMPK and calcium inputs. Given that energy stress is a component of muscle contraction, and that contraction activates AMPK and raises cytosolic calcium, we hypothesize that the increase in glucose uptake during contraction may also involve a reduction in GLUT4 endocytosis.
Estimates of US influenza‐associated deaths made using four different methods
Authors: Thompson William W. , Weintraub Eric , Dhankhar Praveen , Cheng Po‐Yung , Brammer Lynnette , Meltzer Martin I. , Bresee Joseph S. , Shay David K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  A wide range of methods have been used for estimating influenza‐associated deaths in temperate countries. Direct comparisons of estimates produced by using different models with US mortality data have not been published.Objective  Compare estimates of US influenza‐associated deaths made by using four models and summarize strengths and weaknesses of each model.Methods  US mortality data from the 1972–1973 through 2002–2003 respiratory seasons and World Health Organization influenza surveillance data were used to estimate influenza‐associated respiratory and circulatory deaths. Four models were used: (i) rate‐difference (using peri‐season or summer‐season baselines), (ii) Serfling least squares cyclical regression, (iii) Serfling–Poisson regression, (iv) and autoregressive integrated moving average models.Results  Annual estimates of influenza‐associated deaths made using each model were similar and positively correlated, except for estimates from the summer‐season rate‐difference model, which were consistently higher. From the 1976/1977 through the 2002/2003 seasons the, the Poisson regression models estimated that an annual average of 25 470 [95% confidence interval (CI) 19 781–31 159] influenza‐associated respiratory and circulatory deaths [9·9 deaths per 100 000 (95% CI 7·9–11·9)], while peri‐season rate‐difference models using a 15% threshold estimated an annual average of 22 454 (95% CI 16 189–28 719) deaths [8·6 deaths per 100 000 (95% CI 6·4–10·9)].Conclusions  Estimates of influenza‐associated mortality were of similar magnitude. Poisson regression models permit the estimation of deaths associated with influenza A and B, but require robust viral surveillance data. By contrast, simple peri‐season rate‐difference models may prove useful for estimating mortality in countries with sparse viral surveillance data or complex influenza seasonality.