bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of prostatic cancer histology and grade distribution: Experience with the colorado central cancer registry
Authors: Brooks Brenda , Miller Gary J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough well‐defined grading schemes for prostatic adenocarcinoma have been developed, they are not yet universally accepted by practicing surgical pathologists. The complexity of these schemes often leads surgical pathologists to develop their own modified Broders scheme. This study compared the grade distribution as obtained by a community of surgical pathologists with that obtained using the National Prostatic Cancer Project (NPCP) and Gleason grading schemes. In 1978, 308 cases of prostate cancer were reported to the Colorado Central Cancer Registry (CCCR) from the Denver Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Two hundred eighteen of these cases were regraded. The grade distribution as reported by the CCCR revealed a predominance of low‐grade tumors (grade I—41 %, grade II—28%, grade III—17%, grade IV—3%). Regrading of these same cases revealed a shift to higher grades (NPCP: grade I–14%, grade II–11%, grade III–37%, grade IV–29%; Gleason: pattern scores < 6–30%, score 6–24%, score 7–12%, score 8–11%, score 9–10%, score 10–4%). Twenty‐one cases of histologic variants which were not originally diagnosed were also noted (six mucinous, 12 ductal, two endometroioid, one squamous). There were 18 cases in which no evidence of carcinoma was confirmed. These results suggest that there is a tendency to underestimate grade and potentially malignant behavior when well‐defined prostatic cancer grading schemes are not applied.
Metastatic spread of the PAIII prostatic adenocarcinoma after implantation in the tail of the rat
Authors: Neubauer Blake Lee , Bemis Kerry G. , Best Kevin L. , Goode Robin L. , Merriman Ronald L. , Smith Gerald F. , Tanzer Lee R. , Hoover Dennis M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe spontaneous metastatic spread of a suspension of PAIII prostatic adenocarcinoma cells from the tail site of implantation was analyzed over a period of 5 weeks in male Lobund‐Wistar (LW) rats. Following subcutaneous injection of the PAIII cells, the tumor metasta‐sized through the primary lymphatic drainage. PAIII microfoci were evident in the gluteal and iliac lymph nodes prior to colonization of the lungs. Growth of the primary tumor was evidenced by significant weight differences of the tails of PAIII‐bearing and control rats 1 week after tumor implantation. Time‐dependent sequential spread of the adenocarcinoma was quantitated. Significant differences were noted between PAIII‐bearing and control animals with respect to the gluteal lymph node weights (+2 weeks), iliac lymph node weights (+3 weeks), dry lung weights, and lung colony numbers (+4 weeks) after tumor implantation. During the course of these studies, the whole blood prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin, and recalcification times for the PAIII‐bearing animals were similar to those of the control group. These findings indicate that there were no gross changes in systemic blood coagulation accompanying the metastasis of PAIII cells from the primary tumor. The tumor in LW rats produced a consistent pattern of growth and metastasis that is suitable for quantitation. The PAIII prostatic adenocarcinoma is a sensitive and reproducible system that may be useful to evaluate potential antimetastatic and cytotoxic agents for the treatment of hormone‐insensitive prostatic cancer.
Clinical evaluation of γ‐seminoprotein in prostate cancer
Authors: Kuriyama Manabu , Takeuchi Toshimi , Shinoda Ikuo , Okano Manabu , Nishiura Tsuneo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGamma‐seminoprotein (γ‐Sm), a potential new marker for prostate cancer, has been evaluated with a sandwich‐type enzyme immunoassay (EIA). This assay system has been confirmed to have a sensitivity and detectable range of 3.0 and 3.0–100 ng/ml, respectively, with a high reproducibility (≈ 6% coefficient of variation between assays). A total of 256 serum samples were drawn from normal Japanese subjects for detection of γ‐Sm. Serum γ‐Sm was undetectable (< 3.0 ng/ml) in 26 samples from 26 females. In 230 male cases, serum γ‐Sm levels ranged from less than 3.0 to 4.0 ng/ml. These values were not related to age. An upper normal limit of 3.6 ng/ml was calculated for 99 percentile Japanese males (n = 103) over 50 years of age. Serum γ‐Sm was detected in 192 untreated male patients with urological diseases. Gamma Sm levels (mean ± SD) in each disease were as follows: prostate cancer (n = 64) 11.0 ± 17.9 ng/ml; benign prostatic hypertrophy (n = 50), 3.02 ± 0.113; bladder cancer (n = 58), 3.13 ± 0.514; and renal adenocarcinoma (n = 30), 3.26 ± 1.01. Serum γ‐Sm levels were statistically higher (p < 0.05) in the prostate cancer group, however, there was no statistical difference in γ‐Sm levels among clinical stages or histopathologic grades. Furthermore, serum γ‐Sm values showed no correlation (r = 0.3870) with prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), but were slightly correlated to prostate antigen (PA) levels (r = 0.6980) in patients with prostate cancer. These results suggest that γ‐Sm is a potential tumor marker of prostate cancer and that serially detected serum γ‐Sm levels could be used to monitor the disease.
The sustained release of LH · RH agonist from LH · RH agonist‐polymer composite in patients with prostatic cancer
Authors: Imai Kyoichi , Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Yuasa Hisako , Yoshida Masaro , Asano Masaharu , Kaetu Isao , Yamazaki Iwao , Suzuki Keiji 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLuteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LH·RH) agonist can be administered daily to patients with prostatic cancer with resulting clinical efficacy. A sustained drug release formulation of an LH·RH agonist, (D‐Leu6)‐des Gly‐NH210‐LH·RH ethylamide (leuprolide)‐vinyl polymer composite, was prepared by means of radiation‐induced polymerization under a supercooled state. The sustained release of leuprolide from subcutaneously implanted leuprolide‐vinyl polymer composite (14 mm in diameter and 4 mm in thickness) was obtained over a period of several months in five patients with prostatic cancer. Serum testosterone levels began to decrease on the tenth day, fell below 1 ng/ml after three weeks of implantation, and thereafter remained at the castration level until removal of the polymer composite. Clinical improvement was associated with serum hormonal changes, and support this as a novel and superior method of administration of LH·RH agonist.
Age dependency of androgen and estrogen effects on incorporation of (3H)‐thymidine by rat prostates in organ culture
Authors: Shao T. C. , Tindall D. J. , Cunningham G. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOrgan culture of the rat ventral prostate has been evaluated as a model for studying the biological effects of androgen agonists, androgen antagonists, and estrogens. Explants were cultured for up to 8 days, and incorporation of (3H)‐thymidine and (3H)‐uridine by the explants was measured. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased the incorporation of (3H)‐thymidine/μg DNA when compared with the untreated controls at 4 days, P < .05; and at 6 days, P < .01. Enhanced uptake in explants from 6 to 8‐week old rats also was observed with 10 nM estradiol (P < .05) and 10 nM cyproterone acetate (P < .02). DHT (10 nM) caused greater enhancement of uptake in explants from 3‐week‐old rats than in explants from 6‐ or 12‐week‐old rats. In contrast, estradiol (E2) increased incorporation only in prostates from the 6‐week‐old rats. Since both DHT and E3 can enhance (3H)‐thymidine uptake even though they are associated with strikingly different effects on prostate morphology, it suggests that their effects on (3H)‐thymidine incorporation are mediated by different cells.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies raised against the prostatic cancer cell line PC‐82
Authors: Gallee Maarten P. W. , Van Vroonhoven Cornelis C. J. , Van Korput Hetty A. G. M. Der , Van Kwast Theodorus H. Der , Ten Kate Fiebo J. W. , Trapman Jan , Romijn Johan C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFor production of monoclonal antibodies (McAbs), hybrid cells were prepared by fusion of spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with the human prostatic cancer cell line PC‐82 and the P3‐X63Ag8. 653 murine myeloma cell line. Supernatants of approximately 500 hybrid clones were screened for prostate specific antibodies using an ELISA on PC‐82 cells. A selection of antibodies was further tested for their specificity on a large series of different tissues. A broad cross reactivity pattern was obtained. Most cross reactivity was with pancreatic tissue, kidney, and bowel. One antibody turned out to react with prostate stromal cells. Two McAbs (ER‐Pr 1 and ER‐Pr 2) reacted solely with prostatic epithelium. Monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography combined with SDS‐PAGE showed that both antibodies were directed against a 35‐kD protein. Immunoblotting revealed that this protein is identical to prostatic antigen (PA). The epitope detected by ER‐Pr 1 and ER‐Pr 2 was largely preserved after formalin‐fixation of prostatic tissues which renders these antibodies very suitable for routine examination of tissue sections.
Prostatic effects induced in dogs by chronic or acute oral administration of 5α‐reductase inhibitors
Authors: Brooks J. R. , Berman C. , Garnes D. , Giltinan D. , Malatesta P. F. , Primka R. L. , Reynolds G. F. , Rasmusson G. H. , Gordon L. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA series of 4‐azasteroidal 5α‐reductase inhibitors was tested in dogs to determine the effect of 1) chronic (35–44 day) oral administration on prostate size and histology and 2) acute oral administration on prostatic concentrations of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The extent to which the results of the two tests were correlated was also studied in order to see whether the acute test could be used to predict activity in the chronic test. Six Δ1 analogs of the potent 5α‐reductase inhibitor, 4‐MA (17 β‐N,N‐diethylcarbamoyl‐4‐aza‐4‐methyl‐5α‐androstan‐3‐one) were uniformly active at low dosage levels (⩽ 3 mg/kg) in both types of assay whereas several C1‐C2 saturated analogs exhibited little activity in the chronic test. The nature of the side chain and whether there was a methyl or a proton at 4‐N did not dramatically influence the activity of Δ1 compounds. There was a broad general agreement between the results of the two kinds of test in that if a compound acutely decreased the prostatic concentration of DHT it was likely to reduce prostate size and alter prostatic histology when given on a chronic basis.
Simplified non‐enzymatic technique for isolation of epithelium and muscle from the dog prostate gland
Authors: Miller Roman J. , Donovan Michael P. , Frederickson Richard G. , Mawhinney Michael G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEpithelium and muscle from the normal dog prostate were isolated with a rapid, simple, non‐surgical separation (NSS) technique, involving mechanical agitation of organ cubes in a high concentration (30 μM) of EDTA for tissue dispersion, and gentle pressure filtration for recovery of epithelium and muscle. Derivation of this NSS procedure utilized the guinea pig seminal vesicle, since it can be surgically separated (SS) into pure epithelium and muscle to serve as controls for the biochemical viability of NSS prepared tissues. The NSS procedure adopted for use yielded not only pure (> 95%) epithelium and muscle from intact seminal vesicle, but also activities of 5α‐reductase and concentrations of the cytosol estrophile in each tissue, which were not significantly different from the SS counterparts. In the dog prostate gland, the concentrations of 5α‐reductase and the cytosol estrophile in the NSS epithelium were 1.58 and 0.43 of the NSS muscle, respectively.
Increased recovery of androgen receptors from human prostate through the use of mersalyl: Evidence for androgen regulation of the binding sites in carcinomatous prostate
Authors: De Larminat Marie Anne , Pasik Leonardo , Bellora Oscar , Arturi Jorge , Scorticati Carlos 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWith a technique adapted for needle biopsies from human prostate, androgen receptors have been quantitated in normal, hyperplastic, and carcinomatous samples. An important improvement in the yield of cytosol specific binding sites was obtained when samples were pre‐incubated with the mercurial reagent mersalyl, which dissociates endogenously bound hormone receptor complexes, before the binding assay with 3H‐methyltrienolone (3H‐R1881). Androgen receptors in normal prostate tissue were found to be highest (7.81 ± 1.12 pmoles/g tissue), and significantly different from hyperplastic prostate (2.02 ± 0.55 pmoles/g tissue, p < 0.025), but not from carcinomatous samples (4.47 ± 0.79 pmoles/g tissue). Mean values for hyperplastic and carcinoma were not statistically distinguishable (p < 0.1). The clinical response to hormone therapy in 85% of 13 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma reflected the prostatic androgen receptor content. Orchidectomy followed by estrogen administration for several months leads to a dramatic fall (8‐fold) in total androgen receptors in carcinomatous prostate, while estrogen alone did not seem to produce a significant effect. These preliminary data suggest that androgen could directly regulate its binding sites, as demonstrated earlier for other animal target organs.
Stromal and epithelial growth of the prostate during puberty
Authors: De Klerk D. P. , Lombard C. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 30 male Chacma baboons, prepubertal, pubertal, and adult animals have been identified by their testicular and prostatic weights. The volume of the stromal and epithelial components of caudal prostate were calculated from morphometric determination of the percentage volume of each component and the total caudal prostate volume.Both stromal and epithelial volumes increased at puberty and plateaued at maturity. These increases could be fitted to logistic curves that support the conclusion that stromal pubertal growth precedes epithelial pubertal growth.The stromal contribution to prostates of increasing size followed a model distinct to that of the epithelial contribution, thus suggesting that the factors (e.g., androgens) controlling stromal and epithelial growth are not identical.Stromal growth may be a prerequisite for pubertal epithelial development of the prostate.
Persistent blockade of the pituitary‐gonadal axis in patients with prostatic carcinoma during chronic administration of D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH
Authors: Gonzalez‐Barcena David , Perez‐Sanchez Patricia , Berea‐Dominguez Hector , Graef‐Sanchez Alicia , Becerril‐Morales Margarita , Comaru‐Schally Ana Maria , Schally Andrew V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractForty patients with stage D2 prostatic carcinoma were treated for up to 30 months with D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH. The analog was given s.c. once daily at a dose of 1 mg/day for the first 7 days. Subsequently, the dose was reduced to 100 μg/day. In follow‐up studies, 30 men continued this therapy for up to 24 months. Blood samples were taken before the injection of the analog and 1,2,4, and 6 hours later. Serum LH, FSH, and testosterone levels were measured by RIA every month for 2 years. The initial administration of 1 mg D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH caused a marked elevation of LH and FSH, which lasted more than 24 hours. However, 1 month later and throughout the therapy, the basal values of LH and FSH were below the normal range and no increase in serum gonadotropins levels was obtained after administration of the analog. Initial plasma testosterone was within normal limits, but during treatment with D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH it fell to castration levels, and no increases were seen during the 6 hours following the injection of the analog. These results show that chronic administration of D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH, at the doses used, blocks the pituitary‐gonadal axis and that the escape phenomenon from the effects of the LH‐RH agonists‐induced blockade does not occur under our conditions in contrast to observations of Kerle et al with the I.C.I. Analog 118630 (8). The accumulated results reinforce the view that long‐term therapy with agonists of LH‐RH is the preferred alternative to surgical castration or therapy with estrogens in men with metastatic prostate cancer.
Biological implications of androgen dependent changes in proton‐NMR relaxation times in rat ventral prostate
Authors: Braunschweiger Paul G. , Maring Ellen M. , Machus Katy , Reynolds Kenneth , Glode L. Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present studies were conducted in rat ventral prostate to determine if proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) might be a useful tool to monitor physiologic changes in an androgen‐dependent target tissue after ablation and reconstitution. Ventral prostate mass and blood flow (86RbCl distribution) decreased markedly after castration. Although prostate water content was not affected by androgen ablation, 1H‐NMR spin‐lattice (T1) and spin‐spin (T2) relaxation times determined on excised prostate tissue were reduced by 10% and 50%, respectively. Testosterone propionate (Tp) reconstitution resulted in a prompt but transient increase in total water content, marked increases in prostate blood flow, and regrowth of the gland. 1H‐NMR studies indicated that although T1 lengthening after Tp was temporally related to changes in prostate water content, T1's remained prolonged after total prostate water content returned to control levels. Increased Gd‐DTPA‐dimeg modification of prostate T1 by Gadolinium‐DTPA‐dimethyl glucamine in androgen reconstituted rats implied that prostate extracellular water volumes were markedly increased during intervals of increased T1. Recovery of prostate T2 relaxation times after Tp was delayed with respect to changes in T1, water content, and prostate blood flow, but was temporally correlated with increase in prostate dry mass. Studies to assess Gd‐DTPA‐dimeg T2 modification showed that prostate T2 changes after androgen depletion and replacement reflected spin‐spin relaxation of water protons outside the in vivo Gd‐DTPA‐dimeg distribution volume.The results from these studies indicate that 1H‐NMR and paramagnetic probes may be useful to noninvasively monitor biologically relevant changes in cellular and extracellular water in androgen‐dependent target tissues during hormonal manipulations.
The dihydrotestosterone (DHT) hypothesis of prostate cancer and its therapeutic implications
Authors: Petrow Viadimir 
Published: February 2007

AbstractData are presented showing that human prostatic adenocarcinoma depends on dihydrotestos‐terone (DHT) and not testosterone (T) for growth. It follows that androgen ablative therapy should be directed toward elimination of DHT with retention of circulating T. This can be achieved by using a 5α‐reductase inhibitor such as 6–methyleneprogesterone (6–MP) (VII). Arguments are presented showing that 6–MP (VII) is expected 1) to function as a prophylactic agent against prostate cancer, 2) to represent an attractive therapeutic modality for palliative treatment of the hormone‐responsive disease, and 3) to be compatible with other therapeutic modalities when very low prostatic levels of DHT should be within reach.
Immunocytochemical localization of metallothionein in the rat prostate gland
Authors: Bataineh Ziad M. , Heidger Paul M. , Thompson Sue Ann , Timms Barry G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMetallothionein (MT), which binds zinc and other metals, was localized within the rat prostatic complex at light and electron microscopic levels utilizing immunocytochemistry. Two groups of mature, male Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected with cadmium chloride subcutaneously (2 mg/kg body weight) to induce the synthesis of MT, and were sacrificed 48 h postinjection. From the first group, prostatic tissue from the three lobes was prepared for light microscopy. The indirect peroxidase antiperoxidase procedure was used for MT localization using rabbit anti‐MT as the primary antibody. The three lobes of the rat prostate demonstrated a positive reaction for MT, but among the lobes variations in the intensity and localization of the reaction product occurred. Tissues from the second group of animals were prepared for electron microscopy. Using the indirect immunogold labeling technique with anti‐MT, MT localization was confirmed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles, secretory products, and subepithelial connective tissue. These localizations suggest that MT binds zinc both intra‐ and extracellularly, where it may function in zinc storage and metabolism.
Involvement of prostate in the regulation of serum levels of FSH, LH, and prolactin in male rats
Authors: Hurkadli K. S. , Joseph R. , Kadam M. S. , Sheth A. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCirculatory levels of LH and FSH were measured in serum of male rats (28, 35, 42, 63, 70, 77, and 207 days of age) 7 days following sham operation, castration (C), prostatectomy (P), and castration + prostatectomy (C + P). In C + P rats that were 49, 63, 70, 77, and 207 days of age, the plasma FSH was significantly elevated as compared to the C group. Administration of aqueous prostatic extract restored the circulatory FSH level in C + P animals to that observed in C animals, whereas in C animals FSH levels were suppressed, indicating inhibinlike activity. In rats 49 and 77 days of age, circulatory LH levels were significantly suppressed in C + P animals as compared to the C group. Both castration and prostatectomy alone suppressed circulatory prolactin levels. Administration of prostatic extract to castrated animals restored the prolactin levels to that of the sham‐operated control animals. Results of the present study suggest a role of the prostate in feedback regulation of FSH and prolactin.
Kinetic evaluation of the effect of LHRH analog on prostatic cancer using transrectal ultrasonotomography
Authors: Kojima Munekado , Watanabe Hiroki , Ohe Hiroshi , Miyashita Hiroaki , Inaba Tadashi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe size of the prostate was measured in 11 patients with the prostatic cancer by means of transrectal ultrasonotomography after LHRH analog ([Ser(Bu)6] LHRH) treatment. Prostate volume changed parallel to serum testosterone (T) level and decreased by 17‐62% compared with baseline after LHRH analog treatment for 4 months. Two different patterns were observed for the change in prostatic volume. Type A expanded transiently and then decreased gradually, while type B decreased continuously from the beginning with no expansion. After treatment for 4 months, the prostatic volume of type A was significantly less than that of type B. It is suggested that prostatic cancer showing a type A regression curve may be more sensitive to T, resulting in a better prognosis than type B.
Development of androgen resistance in mouse mammary tumor cells can be prevented by the antiandrogen flutamide
Authors: Luthy Isabel , Labrie Fernand 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs has been clearly demonstrated in prostate and breast cancer, progression to hormone insensitivity is a major problem responsible for the usually partial and short‐lived response to antihormonal therapy. Preincubation of androgen‐sensitive Shionogi mouse carcinoma cells for 15 days in the absence of androgens causes the development of complete resistance of cell growth to androgens. Of potentially important therapeutic significance is the finding that androgen sensitivity can be maintained not only by the androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) but also by incubation with the pure antiandrogen Flutamide‐OH in the absence of androgens. Since androgen resistance is one of the main problems facing the treatment of prostate cancer, the possibility of avoiding or at least delaying the development of androgen resistance with a pure antiandrogen could well provide the basis for improving the success of therapy for this disease.