bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Mirtazapine in the Treatment of Antipsychotic-Induced Akathisia
Authors: Hieber Robin , Dellenbaugh Timothy , Nelson Leigh Anne 
Published: May 2008

Objective: To evaluate the role of mirtazapine in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia. Data Sources: MEDLINE (1966–February 2008) and PsycINFO (1967–February 2008) were searched using the terms akathisia and mirtazapine. A bibliographic search was conducted as well. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language articles identified from the search were evaluated. All primary literature was included in the review. Data Synthesis: Antipsychotic-induced akathisia can be difficult to manage and may respond to mirtazapine based on its antagonist activity at the serotonin 5-HT2A/5-HT2C receptors. Three case reports (N = 9 pts.>, 1 placebo-controlled trial (N = 26), and 1 placebo- and propranolol-controlled study (N = 90) that evaluated mirtazapine for antipsychotic-induced akathisia have been published. Mirtazapine demonstrated a response rate of 53.8% compared with a 7.7% response rate for placebo, based on at least a 2-point reduction on the Barnes Akathisia Scale (global subscale; p = 0.004). Using the same criterion, mirtazapine and propranolol demonstrated efficacy based on response rates of 43.3% and 30.0% compared with placebo (6.7%; p = 0.0051). Mirtazapine was better tolerated than propranolol. In both studies, drowsiness was the most common adverse event associated with mirtazapine. Conclusions: Mirtazapine may be considered a treatment option for antipsychotic-induced akathisia. It may be especially useful for patients with contraindications or intolerability to β-blockers and for those with comorbid depression or negative symptoms. Additional studies should be conducted to provide further evidence of mirtazapine's effectiveness in treating akathisia.
Impact of an Inpatient Anticoagulation Management Service on Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Biscup-Horn Paula J , Streiff Michael B , Ulbrich Timothy R , Nesbit Todd W , Shermock Kenneth M 
Published: May 2008

Background: Antithrombotic medications require careful management to avoid thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications. The benefits of specialized anticoagulation management services (AMS) in the outpatient setting are well established; less evidence of benefit in the hospital setting is available. Objective: To evaluate the clinical benefits of an inpatient AMS to cardiac surgery patients requiring warfarin anticoagulation therapy. Methods: After obtaining institutional review board approval, we conducted a retrospective, single-center, cohort study of consecutive cardiac surgery patients treated before (January 2003–May 2005) and after (June–December 2005) establishment of an inpatient AMS. Demographic and clinical characteristics as well as laboratory and clinical data were retrieved from institutional electronic databases and compared between the 2 patient cohorts. Comparisons between study groups were conducted using a χ2 or Fisher's Exact test for categorical variables and a Student's t-test for continuous variables. Analysis of rare event data was conducted using Poisson regression analysis. Results: Of 1919 patients admitted during the study interval, 826 received warfarin (674 pre-AMS, 152 post-AMS). The number of patients with postsurgical panic international normalized ratio (INR) values declined after initiation of the AMS (pre-AMS 90/674 [13.4%] vs post-AMS 11/152 [7.2%]; p = 0.036). There was a trend toward fewer clinically significant postoperative bleeding events (pre-AMS 21/674 [3.1%] vs post-AMS 2/152 [1.3%]; p = 0.22) and fewer repeat surgeries for late postoperative bleeding (pre-AMS 8/674 [1.2%) vs post-AMS 0/152 [0%]; p = 0.08). AMS intervention was associated with a 17% decrease in the average postsurgical length of stay (13.9 days vs 11.6 days; p = 0.015). Conclusions: A multidisciplinary AMS can improve anticoagulation management, leading to fewer panic INR values and a reduced length of hospital stay.
OMCOS for functional polymers - double-stranded DNA-like polymers
Authors: Luh Tien-Yau , Yang Hui-Chun , Lin Nai-Ti , Lin Shu-Yi , Lee Shern-Long , Chen Chun-hsien 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The first helical double-stranded polymer by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a bisnorbornene derivative and the replication of a single-stranded polynorbornene leading to its complementary polynorbornene derivative are described. Base-promoted hydrolysis of this polymer affords the corresponding single-stranded polymer and the linker, ferrocene-1,1'-dicarboxylic acid, in excellent yield. Three forms (helical, supercoil, and ladder) of the polymer have been observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and simulated by molecular mechanical and dynamical calculations. The polymer thus obtained has a structural resemblance to DNA by having similar width, number of monomeric units per pitch, five-membered rings in the polymeric frame, perpendicular linkers to the backbones, and similar spacing between neighboring monomeric units. In the replication study, the single-stranded polynorbornene acts as a template for norbornene monomer adhesion via ester linkage. This polymer is treated with Grubbs-I catalyst to proceed the ROMP to afford the corresponding unsymmetric double-stranded polymer. After hydrolysis, a complementary polynorbornenecarboxylic acid is produced. This approach may provide a versatile entry for the design, synthesis, and physicochemical investigations of new types of polymers for simulation of biological systems as well as materials applications.
Organometallic catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry: From reactions in aqueous media to gold catalysis
Authors: Genêt Jean-Pierre , Darses Sylvain , Michelet Véronique 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Water has attracted significant attention as an alternative solvent for transition-metal-catalyzed reactions. The use of water as solvent allows simplified procedures for separation of the catalyst from the products and recycling of the catalyst. Water is an inexpensive reagent for the formation of oxygen-containing products such as alcohols. The use of water as a medium for promoting organometallic and organic reactions is also of great potential. This chapter will focus on old and recent developments in the design and applications of some catalytic reactions using aqueous-phase Pd, Rh, Pt, and Au complexes.
Catalytic enantioselective Reformatsky reactions
Authors: Cozzi Pier Giorgio , Mignogna Alessandro , Zoli Luca 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The Reformatsky reaction is a venerable named reaction that was introduced more than 120 years ago. Diastereoselective variants based on the use of chiral auxiliary and enantioselective protocols, based on the employment of stoichiometric amount of chiral ligands, have been successfully applied in organic synthesis during the years. However, a facile and general catalytic enantioselective variant was still a difficult task. Recently, we have established a new general and straightforward methodology for catalytic enantioselective Reformatsky reaction based on different concepts. In this paper, we present our general finding in catalytic enantioselective Reformatsky reaction of ketones, imines, and aldehydes. Our simple methodologies could become benchmark reactions for testing new synthesized chiral ligands for asymmetric transformations.
Metal carbonyl complexes and chirality
Authors: Gibson Susan E. , Kaufmann Karina A. C. , Loch Jennifer A. , Miyazaki Ayako 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A study of the Pauson-Khand reaction (PKR) based on Co2(CO)8 and binap has revealed that a key precatalyst is (binap)Co2(CO)6, and that alkynes add to this species to generate isomers that interconvert under typical PKR conditions. A 31P NMR study of (binap)(N-(prop-2-enyl)-N-(prop-2-ynyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide)Co2(CO)4 revealed that heating this species gives rise to an unexpected cobalt hydride species (binap)Co(CO)2H together with (binap)Co2(CO)6. Observation of a PKR reaction by 31P NMR spectroscopy revealed that the hydride species is generated during the course of the reaction.
Nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions of alkenes
Authors: Ng Sze-Sze , Ho Chun-Yu , Schleicher Kristin D. , Jamison Timothy F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Several reactions of simple, unactivated alkenes with electrophiles under Ni(0) catalysis are discussed. The coupling of olefins with aldehydes and silyl triflates provides allylic or homoallylic alcohol derivatives, depending on the supporting ligands and, to a lesser extent, the substrates employed. Reaction of alkenes with isocyanates yields N-alkyl acrylamides. In these methods, alkenes act as the functional equivalents of alkenyl- and allylmetal reagents.
Carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions using alkyl fluorides
Authors: Terao Jun , Todo Hirohisa , Watabe Hiroyasu , Ikumi Aki , Shinohara Yoshiaki , Kambe Nobuaki 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This account reviews C-C bond formation reactions using alkyl fluorides mostly focusing on the transition-metal-catalyzed reactions. These reactions proceed efficiently under mild conditions by the combined use of Grignard reagents and transition-metal catalysts, such as Ni, Cu, and Zr. It is proposed that ate complex intermediates formed by the reaction of these transition metals with Grignard reagents play important roles as the active catalytic species. Organoaluminun reagents react directly with alkyl fluorides in nonpolar solvents at room temperature to form C-C bonds. These studies demonstrate the practical usefulness of alkyl fluorides in C-C bond formation reactions and provide a promising method for the construction of carbon frameworks employing alkyl fluorides. The scope and limitations, as well as reaction pathways, are discussed.
Transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of organosulfur compounds
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Yamaguchi Masahiko 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Rhodium complexes are efficient catalysts for the synthesis of organosulfur compounds. They catalyze the addition reaction of organosulfur groups to unsaturated compounds, the substitution of C-H with organosulfur groups, and single-bond metathesis reactions. They cleave S-S bonds and transfer the organosulfur groups to various organic and inorganic molecules, including alkynes, allenes, disulfides, sulfur, isonitriles, imines, diphosphines, thiophosphinites, hydrogen, 1-alkylthio-1-alkynes, thioesters, and allyl sulfides.
Copper-catalyzed substitution of allylic carbonates with diboron: A new approach to allylboronate synthesis
Authors: Ito Hajime , Ito Shinichiro , Sasaki Yusuke , Matsuura Kou , Sawamura Masaya 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Copper-catalyzed γ-selective substitution of allylic carbonates with diboron provides a new method for the efficient synthesis of allylboronates. Optically active α-chiral allylboronates were synthesized through the reaction of chiral allylic carbonates with bis(pinacolato)diboron in the presence of achiral Cu(I)-catalyst with highly efficient chirality transfer. Additionally, in the presence of a chiral Cu(I) catalyst, optically active α-chiral allylboronates were obtained with >90 % ee through the reaction of prochiral substrates with the diboron.
Hydrogenation of polar functionalities with Cp*Ru(PN) catalysts
Authors: Ito Masato 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This account deals with an overview of our recent progress toward the development of molecular catalysts for the reduction in polar functionalities with molecular hydrogen (H2). An emphasis is placed on the newly designed Cp*Ru(PN) complexes, which have been identified as efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of imides. The structural modification of the complex enhances the catalytic performance and allows efficient access to various chiral synthetic intermediates.
Asymmetric epoxidation of olefins catalyzed by Ti(salan) complexes using aqueous hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuhiro , Sawada Yuji , Katsuki Tsutomu 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Ti(salan) complexes were found to be efficient catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation with aqueous hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. In the presence of pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, the reaction of various conjugate olefins proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding epoxides in high yield with high enantioselectivity, even on a multigram scale. Ti(salan) complexes could be prepared from Ti(OiPr)4 and the corresponding salan ligand and directly used without isolation and purification.
Rhodium- and iridium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of benzoic acids with alkynes and alkenes
Authors: Satoh Tetsuya , Ueura Kenji , Miura Masahiro 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The oxidative coupling of benzoic acids with alkynes and alkenes effectively proceeds in the presence of a Rh catalyst and an appropriate oxidant to produce the corresponding isocoumarin and phthalide derivatives, respectively. Interestingly, by using an Ir catalyst in place of Rh, the acids and alkynes undergo 1:2 coupling accompanied by decarboxylation to afford naphthalene derivatives exclusively.
γ-Methylidene-δ-valerolactones as a coupling partner for cycloaddition: Palladium-catalyzed [4+3] cycloaddition with nitrones
Authors: Shintani Ryo , Murakami Masataka , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A new type of reagent, γ-methylidene-δ-valerolactones, has been devised, which acts as a four-carbon unit in a Pd-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction through the formation of a 1,4-zwitterionic species. The utility has been demonstrated in the context of stereoselective [4+3] cycloaddition with nitrones to provide highly functionalized 1,2-oxazepines, including the asymmetric variant with high enantioselectivity.
New hydrosilylation reaction of arylacetylene accompanied by C-H bond activation catalyzed by a xantsil ruthenium complex
Authors: Tobita Hiromi , Yamahira Nobukazu , Ohta Keisuke , Komuro Takashi , Okazaki Masaaki 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A new type of catalytic hydrosilylation of arylalkynes was induced by a 16-electron ruthenium bis(silyl) phosphine complex, resulting in ortho-silylation of the aryl group as well as a hydrogenation of the alkyne CC bond to give an (E)-form of alkene selectively. On the other hand, the same reaction using a related bis(silyl) complex having an η6-toluene ligand instead of the phosphine ligand as a catalyst led to a normal hydrosilylation reaction to afford silylalkene.
Palladium-catalyzed cross-addition of triisopropylsilylacetylene to unactivated alkynes
Authors: Tsukada Naofumi , Ninomiya Satoshi , Aoyama Yoshimi , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Selective cross-addition of triisopropylsilylacetylene (TIPSA) to unactivated alkynes is catalyzed by dinuclear and mononuclear palladium complexes supported by a multidentate ligand, N,N'-bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]formamidine (dpfamH). While the addition reactions of TIPSA to dialkylacetylenes using palladium catalysts supported by monodentate and bidentate ligands gives dimers of TIPSA as major products, the reactions with the palladium complexes supported by dpfam affords cross-adducts selectively, in which the yields of TIPSA dimers are less than 5 %. The addition of TIPSA to monoalkylacetylenes also gives cross-adducts as major products, although the selectivity and yield are moderate.
Cationic palladium-catalyzed hydrosilylative cross-coupling of alkynes with alkenes forming 4-silylated-1-butene frameworks
Authors: Shimamoto Takamitsu , Chimori Motoharu , Sogawa Hiroaki , Harada Yuki , Aoki Masaharu , Yamamoto Keiji 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A new hydrosilylative cross-coupling reaction of a variety of alkynes with several alkenes, which is catalyzed by a cationic Pd complex [Pd(η3-C3H5)(cod)]+[PF6]- (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) was studied systematically. The reaction using HSiCl3 as an addend afforded more or less two types of products consisting of four possible derivatives, R1CH=CR2-CHR3-CHR4-SiCl3, which always contained 4-trichlorosilyl-1-butene frameworks, in acceptable combined yields. The coupling pattern was markedly dependent both on the precatalyst in the absence or presence of PPh3 ligand and on the combination of the alkyne and alkene partners employed. A possible catalytic cycle that involves an initial hydropalladation of an alkyne, followed by a facile and specific carbopalladation of an alkene, is proposed. At the same time, the lack of regioselectivity in the latter step is noted.
Boryllithium: A novel boron nucleophile and its application in the synthesis of borylmetal complexes
Authors: Yamashita Makoto , Nozaki Kyoko 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The first boryl anion, boryllithium, was synthesized by a reduction of bromoborane precursor using lithium naphthalenide in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent at -45 °C. Structural and spectroscopic study revealed an ionic character of B-Li bond. Boryllithium could be utilized as a source of boryl ligand in the transition-metal chemistry. Structural and spectroscopic features of the resulting boryl complexes confirmed the large trans influence of boryl ligand.
Miles from home
Authors: Gabbard Krin 
Published: May 2008

In the 1988 film Scrooged, Miles Davis briefly joins several other musicians in a delicately hip version of ‘God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen’. The song was appropriate for a film that takes place on Christmas Eve, but Davis seems out of place performing on a street corner in Manhattan. As the soon-to-be-transformed miser based on Charles Dickens' Scrooge, Bill Murray ridicules the musicians, even shouting, "Great! Rip off the hicks, why dontcha? Did you learn that song yesterday?" With Davis are David Sanborn, Paul Shaffer, and Larry Carlton. The camera reveals a hand-lettered sign in Davis's trumpet case: "Help the starving musicians." Since almost everyone recognizes Davis and his trumpet and probably the three other musicians as well, few are likely to misunderstand the scene in Scrooged. The joke is on the self-involved philistine played by Bill Murray as well as on the extremely successful musicians who, unlike many jazz artists, are certainly not starving. But meanings are not always so clear in the other films in which the trumpet of Miles Davis can be heard.
Lipid changes occuring in the course of hematological cancers
Authors: Kuliszkiewicz-Janus Małgorzata , Małecki Rafał , Mohamed Abdulrahman 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe relationship between plasma lipid levels and mortality from cardiovascular diseases has been shown in many studies, but there has been far less investigation into their relationship to non-cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the lipid profile of individuals with hematological malignancies and its relationship to disease activity. 238 patients were included in the study: 84 with acute leukemia, 62 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 35 with Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 32 with multiple myeloma, and 25 with myeloproliferative syndrome. The HDL cholesterol level of the patients differed to that of the individuals in the control group in the active disease period for all the analyzed disorders, but only remained statistically significant in the acute leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma groups during the remission period. Smaller differences were observed for the remaining lipid fractions, except for the triglyceride level, which increased in the active disease period in all the analyzed disorders except non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The most pronounced changes in the lipid fractions occurred in the HDL cholesterol level, and were the most remarkable for acute leukemia.
Hydrogen peroxide as a potential mediator of the transcriptional regulation of heparan sulphate biosynthesis in keratinocytes
Authors: Nakayama Fumiaki , Hagiwara Akiko , Yamamoto Tetsuo , Akashi Makoto 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIonizing radiation is one of the types of oxidative stress that has a number of damaging effects on cutaneous tissues. One of the histological features of radiation-induced cutaneous fibrosis is the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), which are required for the repair of tissue damage, and operate by interacting with a variety of growth factors. In this study, we established a model of human HaCaT keratinocytes overexpressing anti-oxidative enzyme genes to elucidate the mechanism of oxidative stress leading to the accumulation of HSPG and the role of its accumulation. Catalase overexpression induced an increase in anti-HS antibody (10E4) epitope expression in these cells. Western blotting showed that the smeared bands of HSPG were obviously shifted to a higher molecular weight in the catalase transfectants due to glycosylation. After heparitinase I treatment, the core proteins of HSPG were expressed in the catalase transfectants to almost the same extent as in the control cells. In addition, the transcript levels of all the enzymes required for the synthesis of the heparan sulfate chain were estimated in the catalase transfectant clones. The levels of five enzyme transcripts — xylosyltransferase-II (XT-II), EXTL2, D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase (GLCE), HS2-O-sulfotransferase (HS2ST), and HS6-O-sulfotransferase (HS6ST) — were significantly increased in the transfectants. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide was found to down-regulate the levels of these enzymes. By contrast, siRNA-mediated repression of catalase decreased 10E4 epitope expression, the transcript level of HS2ST1, and the growth rate of HaCaT cells. These findings suggested that peroxide-mediated transcriptional regulation of HS metabolism-related genes modified the HS chains in the HaCaT keratinocytes.
Optical modelling of a Si-based DBR laser source using a nanocrystal Si-sensitized Er-doped silica rib waveguide in the C-band
Authors: Ciminelli C. , Frascella P. , Armenise M. N. 
Published: May 2008

The availability of reliable silicon-based laser sources is at the basis of the integration of photonic and microelectronic devices on a single chip with consequent development of wavelength division multiplexing telecommunication systems.
A high efficiency Si-based laser source with good stability at room temperature would encourage and push the large scale of integration of electronic and photonic devices within a single chip.
Several techniques have been proposed for generating light with an internal quantum efficiency some order of magnitude greater than that typical of silicon (10−6) by using either electrical or optical pumping. Among them we mention the improvement of some fabrication process steps, reduction of the channels of non-radiative recombination, quantum confinement, the use of silicon nanocrystals (Si-ncs) incorporated in a silica matrix. This last technique is used in combination with Er3+ doping to generate light emission around 1500 nm in silicon, since Er-doped Si-ncs behave as electron-hole pairs trap, and the presence of Er shifts the emission peak to around 1500 nm.
In this paper we have pointed out the optical model of a Si-based DBR laser including a Si-ncs Er-doped SiO2 rib waveguide, working at a wavelength in C-band. In particular, after a brief description of the structural and optical properties of the silicon crystals, we report on the model and design of the Er:Si-nc/SiO2 rib waveguide, of the optical cavity and of the Bragg mirrors.