bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Kinetin on the Occurrence of Acid Auxin in Coleus blumei
Authors: HEMBERG TORSTEN 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExcised shoots and potted plants of Coleus blumei Benth, were subjected to different treatments with kinetin solutions. Control treatments were made with water. Free and bound auxin were extracted with ether. The acid fractions were purified by electrophoresis to remove all traces of kinetin, and were then analyzed with the Avena straight‐growth test.As compared with the controls, kinetin treatment increases the bound auxin, whereas the corresponding free auxin is unchanged. Also methanol extracts of treated stems contain more acid auxin than corresponding extracts of water‐treated stems. This indicates that on methanol extraction not only free auxin but also some bound auxin is obtained. The extracted auxin behaves like indoleacetic acid in paper chromatography with four different solvent systems, as well as in gel filtration through Sephadex.New formation or decreased breakdown of auxin seem the most likely explanations for the observed effects of kinetin.
Interaction of Kinetin and Indoleacetic Acid in the Avena Straight‐Growth Test
Authors: HEMBERG TORSTEN , LARSSON ULF 
Published: April 2006

AbstractKinetin has a stimulating effect in the Avena straight‐growth test. The action of different concentrations of kinetin, 2.5 × 10−7, 2.5 × 10−6 and 2.5 × 10−5M, in combination with different concentrations of IAA was studied in this test. It was shown that the effect of low IAA concentrations, 0.25 × 10−7 and 1 × 10−7M, was strongly enhanced by the addition of all the kinetin concentrations investigated. The effect of the highest IAA concentrations, 25 × 10−7 and 100 × 10−7M, on the other hand, was inhibited relatively strongly by the highest employed concentration of kinetin. The results are explained as due to a kinetin‐produced increase of auxin in the coleoptile segment, which in combination with low IAA concentrations can lead to a growth stimulation and with high IAA concentrations to a growth inhibition.Since kinetin in purification and chromatography of auxin can partly follow IAA, thereby affecting the quantitative yield, it is emphasized that, prior to the test, auxin extracts containing cytokinins should be freed from the latter by, for example, gel filtration or paper electrophoresis.
Changes in Amino Acid Content and the Metabolism of γ‐Aminobutyrate in Cucurbita moschata Seedlings
Authors: CHOU KUO‐HOWERE , SPLITTSTOESSER WALTER E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUngerminated pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Poir.) cotyledons contained 30 % of their dry weight as lipid and 26 % as protein, of which 93 % was globulin. There was a rapid degradation of these reserves 4 to 8 days after planting when the cotyledons had their maximum metabolic activity. About half of the mole percent of amino acids found in the globulin reserve was in arginine, glutamate, aspartate, and their amides. The cotyledons had a large soluble pool of arginine, glutamine, glutamate, and leucine. Most amino acids increased steadily in amount in the cotyledons during germination, except glutamine, ornithine, alanine, serine, glycine, and γ‐aminobutyrate and these appeared in large amounts in the translocation stream to the axis tissue. Little arginine or proline was translocated. By 10 days, when translocation had decreased, amino acids accumulated. Ornithine, γ‐aminobutyrate, and aspartate were rapidly utilized in the hypocotyl, while glutamine, glycine, and alanine accumulated there. Cysteine and methionine levels were low in the reserve, trans‐location stream and soluble fractions. γ‐Aminobutyrate‐U−14C injected into cotyledons or incubated with hypocotyls was utilized in a similar fashion. The label appeared in citric acid cycle acids and in the amino acids closely related to this cycle, but the bulk of the label appeared in CO2. The labeling pattern suggests that γ‐aminobutyrate was utilized via succinate, and thus entered the citric acid cycle. A close relationship between arginine, ornithine, glutamate, and γ‐aminobutyrate exists in the cotyledon with all but arginine being translocated rapidly to the axis tissue where these amino acids are rapidly metabolized.
Isoenzyme Activities during the Early Stages of Allium Radicle Germination
Authors: MALLERY CHARLES H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAs a continuation of a study of the molecular events surrounding the establishment of a mature root apex, changes in the pattern and specific activity of the isoenzymes of aminopeptidase (AmP), esterase (EST), glucose‐6‐phosphate de‐hydrogenase (G6PD) and glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were investigated during the early germinative growth of the Allium radicle tip.Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis revealed a total of 9 EST fractions. A shift in pattern and reactivity characteristic of pre‐emergence to those characteristic of post‐emergence was demonstrated.G6PD electropherograms displayed 5 isoenzyme bands. Relative specific activity analyses indicated that this enzyme may be more important during the very early stages of germination.Only quantitative differences were noted in the 3 AmP isoenzymes detected. The progressive increase in AmP isoenzyme activity during the period of maximal protein body degradation suggested a role for these exopeptidases in the degradation of reserve proteins.The 3 isoenzyme bands of GOT exhibited only quantitative changes during germination. Parallel increases in the quantity of soluble protein and GOT specific activity suggest that this isoenzyme is involved in the onion's nitrogen metabolism during germination.
Effects of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, Auxin and Gibberellic Acid on Phytochrome Controlled Nyctinasty in Albizzia julibrissin
Authors: McEVOY ROBERT C. , KOUKKARI WILLARD L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNyctinastic closure of Albizzia julibrissin pinnules is inhibited by 5 × 10−2M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. At least two hours of incubation are required for maximum inhibition and destruction of the phytochrome effect.Concentrations of 10−3 to 10−5M naphthaleneacetic acid reduced the nyctinastic closure of pinnules but not the phytochrome response. Similar results were obtained with indoleacetic acid and gibberellic acid. No appreciable differences in pinnule movements could be attributed to pH. Chelation or the inhibition of ion transport resulting in, or caused by, changes in membrane permeability are suggested as possible mechanisms involved in these effects.
Incorporation of Labeled Precursors into, and Accumulation of, Triglycerides and Phosphoglycerides at Selected Stages of Fungal Growth
Authors: JACK CECIL , ANEKWE GREGORY E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere was greater incorporation of [2−14C] acetate and of [6−14C] glucose into phosphoglycerides than into triglycerides, of 1 1/2, 2, 3, 4 and 6 day old mycelial sample of the fungus Glomerella cingulata. Maximum incorporation into both classes of lipids occurred in young mycelial samples (2 to 3 days of age) which had a high content of total nitrogen. The five sets of mycelial samples all contained somewhat larger quantities of phosphoglycerides than triglycerides, and changes in content of both classes of lipids were similar in pattern to changes in content of total nitrogen. Incorporation, accumulation and total nitrogen of the mycelial samples, decreased at 4 days but increased again by 6 days. The apparent turnover of the triglycerides and phosphoglycerides was qualitatively similar although there was greater apparent turnover of phosphoglycerides than triglycerides; the similarity in patterns of apparent turnover was inferred to be a consequence of acyl exchange between labeled and unlabeled triglycerides and phosphoglycerides. There was greater incorporation of [2−14C] acetate into the acyl than into the glyceryl moieties of both classes of lipids but greater incorporation of [6−14C] glucose into the glyceryl than acyl moieties. With both precursors, the glyceryl and acyl moieties of the phosphoglycerides were more heavily labeled than corresponding moieties of the triglycerides.
Pénétration et migration du 59Fe appliqué sur les feuilles de Maïs; effet du dimáthylsulfoxyde
Authors: CHAMEL A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe uptake and translocation of 59Fe applied to leaves of Zea mays L. is studied with special reference to the effect of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). 59Fe is deposited on corn leaves as droplets of solution of ferrous sulfate or ferric nitrate (1 mM. The uptake of 59Fe is affected by the associated anion; the penetration is more important with the nitrate than with the sulfate. The translocation of 59Fe from the treated part during 24 hours is very low in all the experiments. The exsorption of 59Fe taken up, from the site of application in different solutions (FeSO4, 7H2O; EDTA Na) concerns only a low percentage of 59Fe present in the treated part. DMSO (0.5 and 1 %) increases the uptake but not the translocation of 59Fe applied as sulfate; it seems to have no effect when iron is applied as nitrate. The increase during 24 hours reaches between 32 % and 53 % in seven experiments with sulfate. The effect also appears in an experiment conducted during four weeks, with several applications of ferrous sulfate during this time. This effect of DMSO is discussed: it is mainly explained by the great hygroscopicity of this solvent, therefore the effect would in part depend on the solubility of salts in concentrated DMSO and of the climatic conditions: relative humidity and temperature of the air.
Specific Structural Alterations of the Chloroplasts of Spinach Leaves by Neutral Salts
Authors: YAO VIVIANA J. , STERLING CLARENCE , STOCKING C. RALPH 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFreshly isolated spinach (Spinacea oleracea) chloroplasts were treated with 4 different neutral salt solutions at concentrations of 1 and 2 M for ultrastructural study. Each salt induces a specific pattern of structural disorganization. In KCl, there is principally swelling of the fret‐canal and end‐granal‐compartment loculi. With KI, there is removal of green pigment, loss of some stainability, swelling, and separation of the individual membranes of the granal partition layers. Sodium trichloracetate causes apparent end‐to‐end fusion of granal stacks and their curvature; and in KSCN there is a great volume increase, related to the separation of the membranes of the partition region and extensive swelling of all the loculi.This work has been rendered possible through a grant from the National Science Foundation (GB 12906).
Changes in Nicotinamide Nucleotide Coenzymes in Cucumber Leaves during Ammonium Toxicity
Authors: WAKIUCHI N. , MATSUMOTO H. , KONDO S. , TAKAHASHI E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes were estimated enzymatically in cucumber leaves (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Suisei No. 2) during ammonium toxicity. The contents of all the coenzymes (NAD(H) and NADP(H)) were found to be higher in the ammonium‐treated plants than in the control plants, and the difference attained a maximum at 5 days after the initiation of ammonium treatment. Thereafter, the contents of NAD and NADH returned towards the control level, but NADP and NADPH levels were lowered in injured plants. The ratios of NAD/NAD + NADH and NADP/NADP ++ NADPH were little altered by the ammonium treatment.Changes of nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes are discussed in relation to respiratory metabolism in cucumber leaves during ammonium toxicity.
The Effect of Red and Far‐red Light on Subsequent Enzyme Activity in Arena Coleoptiles
Authors: SPEER HENRY L. , PALMER DOUGLAS S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of red light (660 nm), far‐red light (730 nm) and dark treatment on the subsequent enzyme activity in homogenates of Avena coleoptiles was investigated. The activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), lactic dehydro‐genase (LDH) and glucose‐6‐P dehydrogenase (GDH) were investigated. The activity of SDH was greatest in material receiving continuous darkness. LDH and GDH activity was stimulated by both light treatments compared with the dark values. Little or no difference in enzyme activity was found using either a single 15 min flash of light or continuous light for 24 h. Admixtures of extracts from dark treated and light treated material in a 1:1 ratio gave unexpected levels of enzyme activity. In all cases such admixtures gave much less than the anticipated enzyme activity.
The Influence of Potassium on the Transpiration Rate and Stomatal Opening in Triticum aestivum andPisum sativum
Authors: BRAG HOLGER 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe investigation concerns the influence of potassium on the transpiration rate of Triticum aestivum and Pisum sativum grown in nutrient solutions. Plants with high amounts of potassium were found to have the lowest transpiration rates. Shoot/root ratio, stomatal frequency, and stomatal aperture were correlated with the potassium concentration in the leaves. In Triticum no correlations with leaf concentration of Na were evident.Short term experiments were carried out in order to investigate the effects on the transpiration rate of a sudden increase in potassium concentration in the nutrient solution. An addition of potassium chloride to potassium deficient wheat plants resulted in a decrease in the transpiration rate of up to 50% within two hours. Comparative tests with sodium chloride resulted in a decrease in transpiration rate of the same magnitude, indicating that the short‐time reaction is not specific to potassium.The experiments show that the transpiration rate can be regulated by varied potassium and sodium concentrations. The observed effect is supposed to be due to changes in the stomatal aperture.
Changes in Amounts of Chloroplast and Cytoplasmic Ribosomal‐RNAs and Photomorphogenesis in Dryopteris Gametophytes
Authors: ROWLAND GARY P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe basis for the difference in total‐RNA base composition between the filamentous and the prothallial gametophytes of the fern Dryopteris has been examined. Analyses of the relative amounts of chloroplast rRNA (i.e. chloroplast rRNA/chloroplast + cytoplasmic rRNA) indicate a shift to a higher level of chloroplast rRNA in the transition from filamentous to prothallial growth. This increased level of chloroplast rRNA is of sufficient magnitude to be entirely responsible for the observed change in total‐RNA base composition. Time‐lapse analysis of the photomorphogenetic transition to prothallial growth shows that a 2–3 h lag proceeds the first response (tip swelling). Pulse‐labelling experiments reveal an increased synthesis of chloroplast rRNA during the transition to prothallial growth; but this increase occurs after the onset of the photomorphogenetic change and therefore cannot be considered causally involved. These results provide a biochemical correlate for the cytological observations on size changes in the nucleoli and chloroplasts of these gametophytes.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Nematode‐trapping Organs in Arthrobotrys oligospora
Authors: NORDBRING‐HERTZ BIRGIT 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe three‐dimensional capture organs of the nematodetrapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora are presented in scanning electron micrographs.The fungus was grown directly on agar substrates or on millipore filters or glass cover slips placed on agar substrates. To avoid shrinkage of the soft‐walled mycelial material, a fixation in OsO4‐vapour was performed, before freeze‐drying and coating with Au‐Pd alloy.When capture organs were prepared in this way, it was possible to visualize them in their erect position in the scanning electron microscope. Young capture organs, both spontaneously formed and nematode‐induced, remained standing better than old ones.An adhesive substance on the capture organs, with the aid of which nematodes are trapped, seems to be visible in these pictures.
Responses of Populus tremula to Picloram and Other Translocated Herbicides
Authors: ELIASSQN LENNART 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWhole aspen plants and isolated aspen root segments were three to ten times more sensitive to the growth‐inhibitory and toxic effects of picloram than to those of 2,4‐D, 2,4,5‐T and dicamba.The activity of picloram in the inhibition of root growth was about ten times higher than that of 2,4‐D and dicamba when tbe substances were added to the nutrient solution. Epinastic responses indicated a very rapid translocation of picioram from the roots to the growing shoot parts. When the herbicides were applied to the mature leaves dicamba rapidly caused a complete inhibition of root growth indicating a rapid translocation of this compound from the leaves to the root tips. Leaf‐applied picloram, 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T affected root growth considerably more slowly. Dicamba, 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T rapidly killed the directly treated leaf tissue due to high acute toxicity while picloram did not show this type of toxicity. It is concluded that the higher activity of picloram in killing the plant and in inhibition of root and shoot growth can only partly be explained as a result of greater uptake and translocation of this compound.
Control of Auxin‐induced Stem Elongathn by the Epidermis
Authors: MASUDA YOSHIO , YAMAMOTO RYQICHI 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSegments of the 4th and 5th internodes of light‐grown pea seedlings were used for the study of control of stem elongation. With 5th internodes, at low turgor as well as at water saturation auxin primarily appeared to cause a change in cell wall properties of the epidermis but it showed little effect on expansion af the inner tissue. This was confirmed by comparison of expansion between peeled and unpeeled segments, split tests and by measurements of stress‐relaxation properties of the epidermal cell wall. Segments with the central part re‐moved elongated well in response to auxin, but the isolated epidermis showed neither auxin‐induced elongation nor cell wall loosening. A fungal β‐1,3‐glucanase appeared, at least partly, to have a similar effect as that of auxin on elongation, by changing cell wall properties of the epidermal cell wall. Peeled segments of 4th internodes expanded very little and auxin had little effect on their epidermal cell wall properties.
Activation and Inactivation of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Germinating Pea Cotyledons
Authors: SUZUKI YONEZO , KYUWA KUMIKO 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlcohol dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.1.) activity increases markedly in the germinating pea cotyledon in the first 2 days. The activity was not suppressed by the administration of actinomycin D, 6‐methylpurine, DL‐p‐fluorophenylalanine, and D‐chloramphenicol. The compounds rather depressed the decrease of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in cotyledons after 3 days of germination. The alcohol dehydrogenase activity in ungerminated pea seeds was activated by treatment with sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, dithiothreitol, 2‐mercaptoethanol and NADH. The inhibitory effect caused by the extract from 7 day‐old cotyledons was diminished markedly in the presence of dithiothreitol and 2‐mercaptoethanol, as well as by addition of bovine serum albumin. If dithiothreitol was added to the extraction medium, the enzyme activity from older cotyledons was greatly enhanced.
Characterization of Copper Texicity in Lettuce Seedlings
Authors: MUKHERJI SUBHENDU , GUPTA BISHNUPRIYA DAS 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper provides information on the effects of toxic concentrations of cupric sulphate on the growth of lettuce (Lectuca sativa) seedlings. Root growth is completely inhibited at 5 x 10‐2M and germination stops altogether at 10‐1M. The relative inhibition of root growth is stronger than that of hypocotyl growth. Various metabolites and hormones are partially capable of relieving copper inhibition.Catalase, peroxidase and IAA‐oxidase activity shows increments directly proportional to the concentration of copper. It is obvious that growth is inversely proportional to enzyme activity. The increased level of these enzymes is probably due to an accelerated protein synthesis.
Translocation and Complex Formation of Picloram and 2,4‐D in Wheat Seedlings
Authors: HALLMÉN ULF , ELIASSON LENNART 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUptake, translocation and metabolism of 14C‐labelled 4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) in seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied.The uptake of the herbicides through the upper surface of the first leaf was slow but was almost complete after nine days. Picloram was absorbed faster than 2,4‐D. Picloram was also translocated into the stem and the untreated leaves to a greater extent than 2,4‐D. Only small fractions of the activity were recovered from the roots and from the nutrient solution.Picloram and 2,4‐D formed water‐soluble conjugates in the tissues. These conjugates were very labile and hydrolyzed under release of the unchanged herbicides. The isotope from 2,4‐D was also incorporated in an insoluble fraction, containing cell walls and proteins. Also from this fraction biologically active 2,4‐D could be released by hydrolysis. The formation of the complexes was partly prevented by cycloheximide.It is suggested that herbicide detoxification through complex formation is of importance for the relatively low sensitivity of wheat to auxin herbicides.
Peroxidase and IAA Oxidase Activity and Isoenzyme Patterns in Cucumber Plants, as Affected by Sex Expression and Ethephon
Authors: RETIG NIRA , RUDICH J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPeroxidase and IAA‐oxidase activity, electrophoretic patterns of total proteins and isoenzymes and the effect of Ethephon (= Ethrel, 2‐chloroethane phosphonic acid) on these patterns were compared in extracts of monoecious and gynoecious cucumber plants. The activity of both peroxidase and IAA oxidase was greater in gynoecious than in monoecious plants. Ethephon treatments given at the 2‐leaf stage increased peroxidase activity, especially in monoecious plants, and decreased IAA‐oxidase activity. Ethephon treatment did not affect total protein or isoenzyme patterns, but increased band intensity, especially that of one band in monoecious plant extracts. No differences between monoecious and gynoecious plants were found in total protein, peroxidase and IAA‐oxidase isoenzyme patterns. Peroxidase and IAA‐oxidase activity sites on the gel were similar.
Effect of Temperature and Some Antimetabolites on the Interaction Effects of Auxin and Nutrition in Rooting Etiolated Stem Segments of Salix tetrasperma
Authors: JAIN M. K. , NANDA K. K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRooting on 2.5 cm long stem segments of Salix tetrasperma was optimal when cultured in 5.0 mg/I IAA in combination with 1.0 % glucose at 30°C, and in combination with 0.1 % glucose at 15°C. 5‐Fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR), actinomycin‐D and cycloheximide all inhibited rooting and the inhibitory effect in each case increased with concentration. 5‐Fluorouracil (FU), on the other hand, was ineffective. The results show that auxins probably act as a triggering agent for the synthesis of specific enzyme proteins that are required for the initiation of root primordia at the transcriptional level and that a correct balance of auxin and nutrition which may vary with the environmental conditions, is necessary for optimal rooting.
The Influence of Inorganic Ions on the Heat Stability of a Thermophilic Bacteriophage
Authors: LJUNGER CLAES , EDEBO MARGARETA 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA thermophilic bacteriophage was isolated from soil. Heat inactivation of this phage, suspended in tryptone starch broth at 65°C and 70°C, was found to be a monomolecular reaction. The phage was more heat stable in tryptone broth than in tris buffer. When the tris buffer was supplemented with calcium or magnesium ions, the survival percentage increased from 0.0 to 18.0 after two hours of heating at 65°C. The addition of sodium or potassium ions to the tris buffer had no significant effect. Equimolar solutions of calcium and magnesium chloride had the same effect on the heat stability of the phage. Maximum stability was attained in 2.5 mM solutions of these salts, and a further increase in the concentration up to 10.0 mM did not increase the percentage of surviving phages.