bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of adaptive gait patterns for quadruped robot with CPG network including motor dynamic model
Authors: Son Yurak , Kamano Takuya , Yasuno Takashi , Suzuki Takayuki , Harada Hironobu 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the generation of adaptive gait patterns using new Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) including motor dynamic models for a quadruped robot under various environments. The CPGs act as the flexible oscillators of the joints and adjust joint angles to required values. The CPGs are interconnected with each other and sets of their coupling parameters are adjusted by a genetic algorithm so that the quadruped robot can realize stable and adequate gait patterns. Generation of gait patterns results in the formation of the CPG networks suitable for the formation of not only a straight walking pattern but also of rotating gait patterns. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CPG networks are effective for the automatic adjustment of the adaptive gait patterns for the tested quadruped robot under various environments. Furthermore, the target tracking control based on image processing is achieved by combining the general gait patterns. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(1): 35–43, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20225
Heat flux into the substrate and electric power measurement in radio frequency discharge plasma
Authors: Hachiya Kenichiro , Ebe Kentaro , Kato Syouji , Mukaigawa Seiji , Takaki Koichi , Fujiwara Tamiya 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe performed measurements of the radio frequency power and temperature of electrodes and plasma parameters of rf discharge. The purpose of this research is to check the accuracy of the measurement of energy consumed in plasmas. The heat energy in plasma was obtained by heat flux that was calculated from substrate temperature. The temperature was measured by a laser interferometer using LiNbO3 crystals. In the case of electrode spacings of 2, 3, and 4 cm, the heat energy toward electrodes was 7.7, 5.4, and 4.0 W, respectively. The current and voltage measurement was made at the driven electrode. The input power was 8.2, 5.1, and 7.7 W for electrode spacings of 2, 3, and 4 cm, respectively. The heat energy calculation based on the electron density distribution measured was conducted by estimating the Bohm flux and ambipolar diffusion flux. It was found that the heat energy toward electrodes was 1.4, 1.8, and 1.5 W for electrode spacings of 2, 3, and 4 cm, respectively, and the heat toward the wall was negligible. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(1): 1–8, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20295
Analysis of atmospheric electric field variation signals using digital natural observation method
Authors: Okubo Kan , Chida Masashi , Takeuchi Nobunao 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs the atmospheric electric field always fluctuates, its observed waveforms are very complicated. It is important to detect the characteristic variation from the observed signals and determine its cause. The natural observation method is adequate for analyzing such nonperiodic signals as the atmospheric electric field signals. In this method the aspectum is proposed as the quantity to estimate the instantaneous power. In this study signal processing by the aspectum was applied to signals of atmospheric electric field variation. It was clarified that a strong correlation exists between the instantaneous fluctuations of atmospheric electric field and the wind speed in the convenient meteorological environment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(1): 27–34, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20302
Total Synthesis and Olfactory Evaluation of (1R*,3S*,6S*,7S*,8S*)‐ 3‐Hydroxy‐6,8‐dimethyltricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undecan‐2‐one: A New Synthetic Route to the Patchoulol Skeleton
Authors: Kraft Philip , Weymuth Christophe , Nussbaumer Cornelius 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe superposition analysis of (–)‐patchoulol (1), the odorous principle of patchouli oil, with the recently discoveredhigh‐impact spirocyclic patchouli odorant (+)‐(1S,4R,5R,9S)‐1‐hydroxy‐1,4,7,7,9‐pentamethylspiro[4.5]decan‐2‐one (2) resulted in the question as to whether a patchoulolderivative in which the gem‐dimethyl group is replacedby a carbonyl function would be a powerful patchouliodorant. The total synthesis of the racemic superstructure (1R*,3S*,6S*,7S*,8S*)‐3‐hydroxy‐6,8‐dimethyltricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undecan‐2‐one (3) was accomplished in 13 steps from the inexpensive commercial odorant Cyclal C (7) with a total yield of 7 %. Conversion of 7 to the corresponding enamine 8 and subsequent copper‐catalyzed oxidative degradation afforded 2,4‐dimethylcyclohex‐3‐enone (6), which was subjected to a Robinson annulation with 1,4‐dimethoxybutan‐2‐one (9). The carbonyl function of the resulting annulation product 10 was removed by LAH reduction, acylation with Ac2O, and dissolving metal reduction. The deoxygenated methyl enol ether 12 thus obtained was then cleaved by mild hydrolysis with oxalic acid, and the resulting 2,9‐dimethyl‐Δ1‐octalin‐5‐one (5) was hydroxymethylenated by Claisen ester condensation with ethyl formate to provide thecis‐configured (2Z)‐2,3,4,4a,8,8a‐hexahydro‐2‐(hydroxymethylene)‐4a,6‐dimethylnaphthalen‐1(7H)‐one (4). In a novel intramolecular Prins reaction with an equimolar amount of p‐toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate, the ideally preformed precursor 4 cyclized to (1R*,2R*,3S*,7R*,8S*)‐2‐hydroxy‐4,8‐dimethyltricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undec‐4‐en‐11‐one (13), comprising the complete carbon framework of the target compound 3. A Barton–McCombie deoxygenation of the corresponding O‐phenoxythiocarbonyl derivative, followed by oxidation of the lithium enolate of the resulting ketone 14 with the molybdenum peroxide reagent MoO5–pyridine–DMPU, and the face‐selective hydrogenation of the obtained(1R*,3S*,7S*,8S*)‐3‐hydroxy‐6,8‐dimethyltricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undec‐5‐en‐2‐one (15) concluded the synthesis of the target molecule 3, which was accompanied by its odorless C‐6 epimer epi‐3 in the ratio 84:16. Both the target structure 3 and its unsaturated precursor 15 possessed pronounced patchouli odors, albeit slightly weaker in threshold than (–)‐patchoulol (1). This proved the superposition analysis of the templates 1 and 2 to be correct and provided novel insight into the structural requirements of patchouli odorants. As 3 was an intermediate in a total synthesis of rac‐1, the synthesis also constitutes a new formal total synthesis of racemic patchoulol (rac‐1). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Physical activity and the risk of colon cancer among women: A prospective cohort study (United States)
Authors: Calton Brook A. , Lacey James V. , Schatzkin Arthur , Schairer Catherine , Colbert Lisa H. , Albanes Demetrius , Leitzmann Michael F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPhysical activity has frequently been reported to decrease the risk of colon cancer in men, but data on the relation of physical activity to colon cancer risk in women have generally been less consistent. To further investigate the relationship of physical activity with colon cancer risk in women, we studied a cohort of 31,783 US women participating in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow‐up Study. Information on daily physical activity over the past year was ascertained using a self‐administered questionnaire at study baseline. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) relating physical activity to the risk of incident colon cancer. During 270,325 person‐years of follow‐up, 243 colon cancer cases were identified. No association was observed between physical activity and the subsequent risk of colon cancer. The multivariable RRs of colon cancer across increasing quintiles of total physical activity were 1.0, 1.45, 1.16, 1.27 and 1.15 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.75; ptrend = 0.77). The multivariable RRs comparing women at the extremes of moderate and vigorous physical activity, respectively, were 1.07 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.62) and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.55). The relationship between physical activity and colon cancer risk did not vary by anatomic subsite or across subgroups defined by age, body mass, dietary fiber intake, menopausal status, menopausal hormone use or aspirin use. The results of this large prospective cohort study among women do not support the hypothesis that physical activity is related to a lower incidence of colon cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of bulk properties of nanofibrous scaffolds from nanomechanical properties of single nanofibers
Authors: Tan E.P.S. , Lim C.T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis article presents a method of characterizing the macromechanical properties of polymer nanofibrous scaffolds based on the nanomechanical properties obtained for a single nanofiber. Here, we use the example of a poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibrous scaffold that can be used for tissue engineering application. The elastic modulus of a single nanofiber obtained previously from a nanoscale three‐point bend test performed using atomic force microscopy was used to model the elastic modulus and elastic collapse stress of the bulk scaffold. Various open‐cell solid models are examined for the modeling of bulk scaffold behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Hydroxyapatite growth on anodic TiO2 nanotubes
Authors: Tsuchiya Hiroaki , Macak Jan M. , Müller Lenka , Kunze Julia , Müller Frank , Greil Peter , Virtanen Sannakaisa , Schmuki Patrik 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the present work, we study the growth of hydroxyapatite formation on different TiO2 nanotube layers. The nanotube layers were fabricated by electrochemical anodization of titanium in fluoride‐containing electrolytes. To study various nanotube lengths, layers with an individual tube diameter of 100 nm were grown to a thickness of approximately 2 μm or 500 nm. The ability to form apatite on the nanotube layers was examined by immersion tests combined with SEM, XRD and FT‐IR investigations. For reference, experiments were also carried out on compact anodic TiO2 layers. The results clearly show that the presence of the nanotubes on a titanium surface enhances the apatite formation and that the 2‐μm thick nanotube layer triggers deposition faster than the thinner layers. Tubes annealed to anatase, or a mixture of anatase and rutile are clearly more efficient in promoting apatite formation than the tubes in their “as‐formed” amorphous state. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Automated structure verification based on 1H NMR prediction
Authors: Golotvin Sergey S. , Vodopianov Eugene , Lefebvre Brent A. , Williams Antony J. , Spitzer Timothy D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA unique opportunity exists when an experimental NMR spectrum is obtained for which a specific chemical structure is anticipated. A process of Verification—the confirmation of a postulated structure—is now possible, as opposed to Elucidation—the de novo determination of a structure. A method for automated structure verification is suggested, which compares the chemical shifts, intensities and multiplicities of signals in an experimental 1H NMR spectrum with those from a predicted spectrum for the proposed structure. A match factor (MF) is produced and used to classify the spectrum‐structure match into one of three categories, correct, ambiguous, or incorrect. The verification result is also augmented by the spectrum assignment obtained as part of the verification process. This method was tested on a set of synthetic spectra and several sets of experimental spectra, all of which were automatically prepared from raw data. Taking into account even the most problematic structures, with many labile protons present and poor prediction accuracy, 50% of all spectra can still be automatically verified without any false positives or negatives. In a blind test on a typical set of data, it is shown that fewer than 31% of the structures would need manual evaluation. This means that a system is possible whereby 69% of the spectra are prepared and evaluated automatically, and never need to be seen or evaluated by a human. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabricating three‐dimensional polymeric photonic structures by multi‐beam interference lithography
Authors: Moon Jun Hyuk , Ford Jamie , Yang Shu 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe fabrication of true three‐dimensional (3D) microstructures both rapidly and economically over a large area with negligible defects is attractive for a wide range of applications. In particular, multi‐beam interference lithography is one of the promising techniques that can mass‐produce polymeric 3D photonic crystals defect‐free over a large area. This review discusses the relationship between beam geometry and the symmetry of the interference patterns, the lithographic process, and various types of photoresist systems, including thick films of negative‐tone and positive‐tone photoresists, organic‐inorganic hybrids, hydrogels, and holographic polymer‐dispersed liquid crystals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescent, internally quenched, peptides for exploring the pH‐dependent substrate specificity of cathepsin B
Authors: Ruzza Paolo , Quintieri Luigi , Osler Alessio , Calderan Andrea , Biondi Barbara , Floreani Maura , Guiotto Andrea , Borin Gianfranco 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCathepsin B is a cysteine protease that in tumor tissues is localized in both acidic lysosomes and extracellular spaces. It can catalyze the cleavage of peptide bonds by two mechanisms: endoproteolytic attack with a pH optimum around 7.4, and attack from the C‐terminus with a pH optimum at 4.5–5.5. In this work, seven fluorescent, internally quenched, decapeptides have been synthesized using the prototypical cathepsin B selective substrate Z‐Phe‐Arg‐AMC as a lead, and used to identify the structural factors determining the susceptibility of peptides to hydrolysis at acidic and neutral pH values. Each peptide differs from the others in one amino acid (residue 6) and contains a highly fluorescent Nma group linked to the α‐amino function of the N‐terminal Orn residue and a Dnp group linked to the side chain of the Lys8 residue acting as a quencher. Proteolytic cleavage was monitored by measuring the increase of fluorescence at 440 nm upon excitation at 340 nm, and the cleavage sites were determined by HPLC followed by ESI‐MS analysis. Peptides containing Ala or Phe at position 6 are good substrates for the enzyme at both pH 5.0 and 7.4. By contrast, those containing Glu, Asp, Lys or Val are not cleaved at all by cathepsin B at pH 7.4, and are poorly hydrolyzed at pH 5.0. These findings provide new information for the rational design of cathepsin B‐activated peptide‐containing anticancer drugs. Copyright © 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyses of Stemona alkaloids in Stemona tuberosa by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhou Yan , Jiang Ren‐Wang , Hon Po‐Ming , Xu Yan‐Tong , Chan Yiu‐Man , Chan Tak‐Wah Dominic , Xu Hong‐Xi , Ding Li‐Sheng , But Paul Pui‐Hay , Shaw Pang‐Chui 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlkaloid profiles in Stemona tuberosa were found to be highly variable. Six Stemona alkaloids isolated from the plant were subjected to on‐line high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses. Their fragmentation patterns and products were useful for their characterization. The LC/MS fingerprints of these alkaloids, though variable among samples, could provide an overall characterization of the authenticity and quality of this species and help to differentiate it from S. japonica and S. sessilifolia, as all three species are recognized as genuine sources of the herb Radix Stemonae in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tension between authoritative and dialogic discourse: A fundamental characteristic of meaning making interactions in high school science lessons
Authors: Scott Philip H. , Mortimer Eduardo F. , Aguiar Orlando G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we draw upon a framework for analyzing the discursive interactions of science classrooms (Mortimer & Scott, 2003, Meaning Making in Secondary Science Classrooms, Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press), to probe the movement between authoritative and dialogic discourse in a Brazilian high school science class. More specifically, we argue the point that such shifts between communicative approaches are an inevitable part of teaching whose purpose is to support meaningful learning of scientific knowledge. We suggest that a necessary tension therefore exists between authoritative and dialogic approaches as dialogic exchanges are followed by authoritative interventions (to develop the canonical scientific view), and the authoritative introduction of new ideas is followed by the opportunity for dialogic application and exploration of those ideas. In these ways, one communicative approach follows from the other, authoritativeness acting as a seed for dialogicity and vice versa. We discuss how this analysis, in terms of shifts in communicative approach, offers a new and complementary perspective on supporting “productive disciplinary engagement” (Engle & Conant, 2002, Cognition and Instruction, 20, 399–484) in the classroom. Finally we consider some methodological issues arising from this study. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 90:605–631, 2006
Confidence intervals for multinomial logistic regression in sparse data
Authors: Bull Shelley B. , Lewinger Juan Pablo , Lee Sophia S. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLogistic regression is one of the most widely used regression models in practice, but alternatives to conventional maximum likelihood estimation methods may be more appropriate for small or sparse samples. Modification of the logistic regression score function to remove first‐order bias is equivalent to penalizing the likelihood by the Jeffreys prior, and yields penalized maximum likelihood estimates (PLEs) that always exist, even in samples in which maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) are infinite. PLEs are an attractive alternative in small‐to‐moderate‐sized samples, and are preferred to exact conditional MLEs when there are continuous covariates. We present methods to construct confidence intervals (CI) in the penalized multinomial logistic regression model, and compare CI coverage and length for the PLE‐based methods to that of conventional MLE‐based methods in trinomial logistic regressions with both binary and continuous covariates. Based on simulation studies in sparse data sets, we recommend profile CIs over asymptotic Wald‐type intervals for the PLEs in all cases. Furthermore, when finite sample bias and data separation are likely to occur, we prefer PLE profile CIs over MLE methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unification of Four Versions of Program Semantics
Authors: Rewitzky Ingrid , Brink Chris 
Published: February 2006

Abstract.

Computing Science is a new subject, and we have not yet achieved the unification of theories that should support a proper understanding of its structure
. CAR Hoare and He Jifeng, 1998.

In this paper we use
Priestley duality
and
Jónsson/Tarski duality
to translate between four versions of program semantics: the relational model, predicate transformer semantics, information systems, and powerdomains. Our point of entry is the relational model, a kind of Kripke semantics, in which programs are thought of as input-output relations over a structured state space. Specifically, we present the state space as a certain kind of Priestley space, and programs as certain structure-preserving relations over such a space. We then derive, in circular fashion, a predicate transformer semantics from the relational model, an information system from the predicate transformer semantics, a powerdomain from the information system, and the original relational model back again from the powerdomain. The information system is also shown to be related to Hoare logic. To clarify the intuition behind this approach we present a case study, which is a ‘Priestley version’ of the so-called
universal domain
due to Plotkin, and we explicate various ideas about properties of programs and predicates in terms of this case study.
Program Algebra for Component Code
Authors: Bergstra J. A. , Loots M. E. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract.
The jump instruction is considered essential for an adequate theoretical understanding of imperative sequential programming. Using atomic actions and tests as a basis we outline an algebra of programs, denoted PGA, which captures the crux of sequential programming. PGA provides an ontology for programs rather than a semantics. Out of a multitude of conceivable semantic views on PGA we single out a behaviour extraction operator which assigns to each program a behaviour. The meaning of the constants of PGA is explained in terms of the extracted behaviour. Using PGA a small hierarchy of program notations is developed. Projection semantics is proposed as a tool for the description of program semantics.
Natural Semantics-Directed Generation of Compilers and Abstract Machines
Authors: Diehl Stephan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract.
In this paper we present the motivation, theory and transformations of our semantics-directed compiler generator. The main novelty of our generator is that it generates compilers and abstract machines. The execution times of the abstract machine programs produced by our generated compiler compare well to those of target programs produced by compilers generated by other semantics-directed generators. The generated specifications of compilers and abstract machines are suitable as a starting point for handwriting compilers and abstract machines. Our generator is fully automated and its core transformations are proved correct.
Incorporating physiology into parasitoid behavioral ecology: the allocation of nutritional resources
Authors: Rivero A. , Casas Jerome 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA critical problem faced by most theoretical studies of parasitoid behavior and population dynamics has been the paucity of empirically obtained information about the pattern of resource allocation to egg production and metabolic maintenance in relation to adult diet in female parasitoids. This review calls for a shift from traditional manipulative feeding studies to studies that quantify the energetic budget of parasitoids and which take into account the dynamic nature of metabolic processes. As guidelines, we highlight the advances made along these lines with other insect groups and some of the simplest tools already available today for fulfilling this goal.