bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of effects of zearalenone in swine during early pregnancy
Authors: Long Gerald G. , Diekman Mark A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mature gilts (n = 16) were hand mated and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups of 4 gilts each. Treated gilts had 108 mg of purified zearalenone added to their diet on postmating days (pmd) 2 to 6, 7 to 10, or 11 to 15. Control gilts were given the same diet without added zearalenone. On pmd 6, 10, and 15, control gilts had venous cannulas placed in the jugular vein, and blood samples were taken at 20-minute intervals for 4 hours before feeding and 4 hours after feeding. Samples were collected from treated gilts on the last day that zearalenone was consumed. Samples were analyzed for follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (lh), and prolactin. Single blood samples were taken by venipuncture on pmd 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 and at euthanasia and were analyzed for serum concentration of progesterone and estradiol-17β. All gilts were euthanatized 30 to 32 days after mating, and fetal development was assessed.
Three gilts that were given zearalenone on pmd 7 to 10 were not pregnant and had regressing corpora lutea on the ovaries at euthanasia. All other treated and control gilts were pregnant. Serum samples from treated gilts on pmd 10 and 15 had lower mean prolactin concentrations than did those from controls. The number of lh spikes were fewer (P < 0.05) in gilts that were given zearalenone on pmd 15 compared with those in controls on pmd 15. Serum progesterone concentrations indicated that corpora lutea regressed between pmd 20 and 28 in nonpregnant gilts. Treated gilts did not have a peak of secretion of estradiol-17β, as was observed in the controls at pmd 10 to 14. These data indicate that ingestion of 108 mg of zearalenone by gilts on pmd 7 to 10 caused embryonic death, but that this effect was not associated with changes in the serum concentration patterns of lh or follicle-stimulating hormone in samples collected several days after initiation of zearalenone treatment.
Congenital meningocele-encephalocele in an experimental swine herd
Authors: Vogt D. W. , Ellersieck M. R. , Deutsch Wayne E. , Akremi Β. , Islam Μ. Ν. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fourteen instances of meningocele-encephalocele in an experimental herd were recorded over a 5-year period. Thirteen of these affected animals were subjected to extensive pedigree analyses. Familial associations were strong, and clearly the meningocele-encephalocele in this herd was under genetic influence. However, additional studies are needed to clarify the mode of inheritance and, perhaps, to identify other factors that might be involved.
Gastric emptying of glucose in the dog
Authors: Leib Michael S. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Twedt David C. , Williams Anne 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The 30-minute gastric emptying of test meals consisting of 2.5%, 4%, 7%, 15%, or 25% glucose was evaluated in healthy, nonoperated dogs, using an orogastric intubation technique. An inversely proportional exponential relationship was found between test meal glucose concentration and amount of test meal emptied from the stomach in 30 minutes. For the 7%, 15%, and 25% glucose test meals, a mean (± sem) of 1.11 ± 0.03 kcal/min emptied into the duodenum, which represented 0.054 ± 0.004 kcal/min/kg of body weight. Test meals of 2.5% and 4% glucose supplied significantly fewer kcal per minute to the duodenum than did the other 3 meals, indicating that control of gastric emptying of hypotonic glucose meals may be different than that of isotonic or hypertonic test meals in the dog.
Somatosensory-evoked potential induced by stimulation of the caudal tibial nerve in awake and barbiturate-anesthetized sheep
Authors: Wilson Richard D. , Beerwinkle Kenneth R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The somatosensory-evoked potential (sep) from caudal tibial nerve stimulation was recorded in sheep, using surgically implanted electrodes. Peak latencies of the sep remained stable throughout the 3- to 5-month recording period. Wave-form and peak latencies from awake sheep and concomitant changes during barbiturate anesthesia were compared with those reported for other animal species, including man. Wave form components representing activities from the primary somesthetic cortex, association cortex, and nonspecific diffuse projections were differentially susceptible to barbiturate anesthesia. The neural source of the initial positive peak (mean latency = 19 ms) was resistant to anesthesia and represented primary somesthetic activity of the cortex. Sheep with surgically implanted electrodes yielded stable latencies with sep wave-form features essentially homologous to those reported for other animal species.
Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin: Chemiluminescent responses of peripheral blood leukocytes from several different mammalian species to leukotoxin- and opsonin-treated living and killed Pasteurella haemolytica and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Chang Yung-Fu , Renshaw Harland W. , Martens Ronald J. , Livingston Charles W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (ldcl) assay was used to assess the response of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) preparations from 4 species of ruminants (ie, cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes) and 6 species of nonruminants (ie, swine, dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, and persons) to both opsonized and nonopsonized preparations of living and heat-killed Pasteurella haemolytica and Staphylococcus aureus and to opsonized and nonopsonized heat-killed strains of each bacterium in the presence of sterile culture supernatant (leukotoxin) from Ρ haemolytica. The ldcl responses of pmn preparations from each of the species studied were greater for living than for heat-killed S aureus. The most efficient ldcl emission was observed with reaction mixtures containing opsonized living S aureus. Regardless whether they contained killed or living bacteria, the opsonized S aureus preparations elicited ldcl emissions more efficiently than did the corresponding nonopsonized preparations.
Living Ρ haemolytica cells and their sterile culture supernatant inhibited the ldcl emissions of phagocytically stimulated pmn preparations from ruminants, but not those from nonruminants. The ldcl response of ruminant pmn to nonopsonized living Ρ haemolytica was characterized by the development of a peak response at 10 minutes of incubation followed by a precipitous decrease and a subsequent complete cessation of chemiluminescence. The peak ldcl response was higher for opsonized living Ρ haemolytica than for nonopsonized living bacteria, and the increased response lasted longer. However, opsonization of living Ρ haemolytica with the serum samples tested only temporarily spared the ruminant pmn preparations from the detrimental effects of leukotoxin. Regardless whether Ρ haemolytica leukotoxin was presented with opsonized or nonopsonized heat-killed S aureus or Ρ haemolytica, it was able to inhibit the ldcl response of pmn of ruminant sources, but not of nonruminants. Leukotoxin acted as a powerful phagocytic stimulus for non-ruminant pmn yielding a marked increase in light emission over that observed in the same reaction mixtures without leukotoxin.
It is suggested that Ρ haemolytica leukotoxin is a virulence factor involved in determining the species-associated occurrence of Ρ haemolyitca-induced pneumonia and that its action on leukocytes may be a molecular pathogenetic mechanism of consequence in early stages of the disease. The potential value of adapting the ldcl assay as a tool to measure opsonizing antibody to Ρ haemolytica cells is considered.
Virus isolation from semen of bulls serologically positive for bluetongue virus
Authors: Phillips R. M. , Carnahan D. L. , Rademacher D. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Isolation of bluetongue virus was attempted from 85 semen samples taken from 3 long-term seropositive bulls and 9 short-term seropositive bulls in an artificial breeding service unit. Two types of cell cultures susceptible to bluetongue virus were used for virus isolation. Extended sonication, centrifugation of specimens, and treatment of cell cultures with dimethyl sulfoxide and diethyl-aminoethyl-dextran were used to enhance virus attachment and infection of cell cultures. Virus isolation results were negative on all specimens. These results indicate that at the limits of the methods used, bluetongue virus-seropositive bulls do not have long-term latent bluetongue virus in their semen.
Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in the domestic cat
Authors: McElroy Donita , Ravis W. R. , Clark Carl H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cefotaxime was administered as single iv or im dose for the purpose of examining its pharmacokinetics in healthy cats. The mean predicted plasma concentration of cefotaxime in 6 cats at 0 time after a single iv dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight was 88.9 μg/ml. The mean plasma concentrations decreased to 10.8 μg/ml at 2 hours, 3.7 μg/ml at 3 hours, and 0.5 μg/ml at 6 hours. The half-life was 0.98 ± 0.25 hour (mean ± sd), and the total body clearance was determined to be 2.76 ± 1.25 ml/min/kg. After a single im injection of 10 mg/kg of body weight, the mean maximum observed plasma concentration was 36.2 μg/ml at 0.75 hour. The mean absorption half-life was 0.24 hour. In 2 animals, the bioavailability of an im injection was 98.2% and 93.0%.
Pharmacokinetics of probenecid and the effect of oral probenecid administration on the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in mares
Authors: Donecker J. M. , Sams R. A. , Ashcraft S. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of probenecid given iv and orally at the dosage level of 10 mg/kg of body weight to mares were investigated. Probenecid given iv was characterized by a rapid disposition phase with a mean half-life of 14.0 minutes and a subsequent slower elimination phase with a mean half-life of 87.8 minutes in 5 of 6 mares. In the remaining mare, a rapid disposition phase was not observed, and the half-life of the elimination phase was slower (172 minutes). The mean residence time of probenecid averaged 116 minutes for all 6 mares and 89.2 minutes for the 5 mares with biphasic disposition. The total plasma clearance of probenecid averaged 1.18 ± 0.49 ml/min/kg, whereas renal clearance accounted for 42.6 ± 9.3% of the total clearance. The steady-state volume of distribution of probenecid averaged 116 ± 28.2 ml/kg. Plasma protein binding of probenecid was extensive, with 99.9% of the drug bound at plasma probenecid concentrations of 10 μg/ml.
The maximum plasma probenecid concentration after 10 mg/kg orally averaged nearly 30 μg/ml. The half-life of probenecid after oral administration was approximately 120 minutes. Oral bioavailability was good with > 90% of the dose absorbed.
The effect of probenecid on tubular secretion of organic anions was evaluated by determining the pharmacokinetics of iv cefazolin (11 mg/kg) administered alone and 15 minutes after probenecid (10 mg/kg orally). Treatment with probenecid did not affect pharmacokinetic values of cefazolin. This failure of probenecid to alter the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin may be caused by insufficient plasma probenecid concentrations after the oral dose.
Bovine herpesvirus-1 and Pasteurella haemolytica aerobiology in experimentally infected calves
Authors: Jericho K. W. F. , Lejeune A. , Tiffin G. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eight calves (2 calves in each of 4 groups) were exposed to an aerosol of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) and 4 days later to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica. Samples of tracheal and exhaled air were taken simultaneously beginning 1 day before viral exposure and once a day up to 3 to 4 days after the bacterial exposure. Samples were also taken during the period of aerosol exposure. Only 0.04% to 0.42% of P haemolytica-carrying droplets of the bacterial aerosol passed beyond the cranial part of the respiratory tract to the trachea. Nevertheless, numbers of bacteria as few as 1 bacterium/L of tracheal air were sufficient to produce fatal disease in the lungs of bhv-1-infected calves. In 1 of the 4 groups, bhv-1 was isolated from most daily samples of exhaled and tracheal air. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated 7 times more frequently from air when calves were kept at 1 C than when calves were kept at 23 C. The number of P haemolytica-carrying droplets in exhaled air was low (< 1/L of air); however, samples obtained during the time that calves were coughing contained up to 10 P haemolytica-carrying droplets/L of air. It was learned that the cranial part of the respiratory tract serves as an efficient filter on inhalation and exhalation, but this filter is deficient in the animal when coughing occurs. This process expels infective droplets of size suitable for inhalation by other cattle in close proximity.
Comparative prevalence of four enterotoxin genes among Escherichia coli isolated from swine
Authors: Moon Harley W. , Schneider Robert A. , Moseley Steve L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Presence of Escherichia coli enterotoxin genes LT (heat-labile enterotoxin), STaP (heat-stable enterotoxin a, porcine genotype), STaH (heat-stable enterotoxin a, human genotype), and STb (heat-stable enterotoxin b) among 874 swine isolates of E coli was determined, using DNA probes and the DNA colony hybridization technique. Of the 874 isolates evaluated, 45% hybridized with at least one of the enterotoxin gene probes and were designated as enterotoxigenic E coli (etec). Eighty-five percent of the etec were from pigs with enteric colibacillosis. The remaining 15% were from pigs with edema disease or various other diseases, and from healthy swine. Seventy-four percent of the etec hybridized with the STb probe, 52% with STaP, and 31% with LT; etec did not hybridize with the STaH probe. Most of the etec hybridized with more than one enterotoxin gene probe. Isolates that hybridized with the LT probe also hybridized with STb. The most prevalent gene combination was LT-STb. However, 35% of the etec from neonatal (≤ 1 week old) swine with enteric colibacillosis were of the STaP-only genotype, and 33% of the etec from older swine with enteric colibacillosis were of the STb-only genotype.
Growth inhibition of environmental mastitis pathogens during physiologic transitions of the bovine mammary gland
Authors: Breau W. C. , Oliver S. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten dairy cows were infused intramammarily near drying off with concanavalin A (conA) or phytohemagglutinin (pha). Mammary secretions were collected during physiologic transitions of the udder and were used in an in vitro microbiological assay to determine growth inhibition of mastitis pathogens. As mammary involution progressed, in vitro growth inhibition of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus uberis increased. Mammary secretions from conA- and pha-treated glands had significantly increased bacterial growth inhibition. Secretions contained significantly increased concentrations of lactoferrin and a decreased citrate:lactoferrin molar ratio earlier in the dry period than did control mammary secretions. Greatest bacterial growth inhibition was observed in mammary secretions obtained 7 days before parturition. However, differences in secretion composition or bacterial growth inhibition were not found between conA- or pha-treated and control udder halves during the prepartum period. Bacterial growth inhibition by mammary secretion decreased markedly during early lactation. A highly significant positive correlation was found between bacterial growth inhibition and concentrations of lactoferrin, serum albumin, and immunoglobulin G. A highly significant negative correlation was found in the citrate:lactoferrin molar ratio during early involution and the peripartum period.
Seroepizootiologic study of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a dairy herd
Authors: Baker John C. , Ames Trevor R. , Markham R. J. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 16-month seroepizootiologic study of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infection was conducted in a dairy herd. Results indicated that antibodies to brsv present in serum from newborn calves were derived through the ingestion of colostrum. This passive immunity in calves became undetectable in an average of 99 days (sd = 36.5; range = 30 to 208 days). Two epizootics of respiratory tract disease occurred during the study period, and an association with brsv was demonstrated in both epizootics. In the 2 epizootics, clinical signs of respiratory tract disease were only mildly to moderately severe, with no mortality or evidence of chronic pneumonia occurring. Seemingly, the passive immunity failed to protect calves from infection and disease caused by brsv. Additionally, it was observed that if active immunity was induced by infection with brsv, this immunity protected from the development of clinical disease, but not from reinfection upon subsequent exposures to brsv.
Seroepizootiologic study of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a beef herd
Authors: Baker John C. , Ames Trevor R. , Werdin Ronald E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A seroepizootiologic study of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a beef herd was conducted from February 1983 through March 1984. During the study period, 3 separate respiratory tract disease epizootics were recognized in calves after they had been split into 3 groups. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection was diagnosed in each epizootic on the basis of serologic evidence, postmortem findings, and immunofluorescent examination of lung tissue. Additionally, there was serologic evidence for involvement of bovine adenovirus type 3 in the epizootics in 2 of the groups of calves, but not in the 3rd. In 2 groups of calves, respiratory tract disease occurred in 2 stages, with the 1st stage being mild followed by apparent recovery. The 2nd stage, which was associated with a change to colder weather, was clinically more severe, with death loss occurring.
Epidemiologic study of campylobacteriosis in Iowa cattle and the possible role of unpasteurized milk as a vehicle of infection
Authors: Warner David P. , Bryner John H. , Beran George W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bile samples were collected from 477 Iowa dairy cows and were cultured for thermophilic campylobacters. The prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in the bile was 15.5%. Campylobacter jejuni and C coli from dairy cattle, chickens, pigs, sheep, and human beings were serotyped to develop host-species profiles. Human and cattle serologic profiles were the most similar, and human and chicken profiles shared several similarities. Epidemiologic data from 168 human cases of campylobacteriosis indicated that 23% of the cases were associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk.
Baroreceptor control of heart rate in chickens (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Bagshaw Roger J. , Cox Robert H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The baroreceptor control of heart rate was examined in nonanesthetized, nonrestrained, White Leghorn chickens (n = 10) by measuring the heart period response to modest increases in systolic blood pressure induced by iv boluses of phenylephrine (0.04 μg/g). In each animal, a sciatic artery and a femoral vein were chronically instrumented for the measurement of blood pressure and heart rate, together with venous access.
Sustained and consistent cardiac slowing was seen in all chickens in response to small increases in systolic pressure. The mean slope of the regression equation between heart period and systolic pressure was 13.9 ± 0.8 s · 10−4/mm of Hg. This sensitivity was reduced to 2.1 ± 1.5 s · 10−4/mm of Hg by anesthetizing the chickens with isoflurane (inspired concentrations of 1%).
Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular dimensions in clinically normal English Cocker Spaniels
Authors: Gooding Jean P. , Robinson Wayne F. , Mews Geoffrey C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seventeen clinically normal adult English Cocker Spaniels from a kennel population with a history of cardiomyopathy were assessed, using M-mode echocardiography, to establish reference values for left ventricular (lv) dimensions for this breed of dog. Echocardiographic measurements were compared with postmortem measurements in 10 of 17 dogs. The lv weight calculated from the echocardiographic measurements correlated significantly with lv weight at postmortem (P < 0.05). Echocardiographic measurements of end diastolic and end systolic diameters for the 17 dogs correlated significantly with body surface area (P < 0.01). Measurements of the interventricular septum were in close agreement with values in clinically normal dogs and were significantly correlated with postmortem measurements (r = 0.94, P < 0.01). However, 76% of the measurements for lv caudal wall thickness in this group of dogs were above the normal range.
Calculation of fractional shortening values identified a group of 5 dogs with reduced fractional shortening (mean ± sd, 20.97 ± 3.66%), which indicates that a depression in contractility may be present in some apparently healthy dogs of this kennel population. The remaining 12 dogs had fractional shortening values of mean ± sd, 34.26 ± 4.54%.
Pathologic changes in lambs with Ostertagia circumcincta infections associated with decreased infectivity of Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Blanchard J. L. , Gallina A. M. , Wescott R. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two experiments were done to examine the severity and type of abomasal lesions induced by moderate infections of Ostertagia circumcincta in young lambs and to examine the differences in pathologic changes in lambs with monospecific and combined infections of O circumcincta and Haemonchus contortus. Observations included descriptions of gross and microscopic changes in the abomasums, as well as quantitative analysis of the thickness of the mucosa, numbers of mucus-containing cells, and inflammatory cell accumulations. Seemingly, the changes in the abomasal mucosa of lambs inoculated with O circumcincta were mild and included dilated glands, focal accumulations of lymphocytes, and significant (P < 0.05) numerical increases of mucus-containing cells, eosinophils, and globule leukocytes, and increase of mucosal thickness when compared with those in noninoculated controls. These differences were less pronounced in lambs given anthelmintic treatment to remove O circumcincta. When H contortus infections were superimposed upon O circumcincta infection, the changes were essentially the same as those described for O circumcincta plus a small, but significant (P < 0.05), numerical increase of globule leukocytes. Abomasal mucosa of lambs inoculated only with H contortus was more roughened and hyperemic than that of lambs with combined infections, but contained few dilated glands and globule leukocytes. Our conclusions were that moderate infection with O circumcincta did not cause severe or permanent damage to the abomasal mucosa and that such infection decreased the severity of the gross lesions produced by H contortus.
Eyeworms (Thelazia lacrymalis) in one- to four-year-old Thoroughbreds at necropsy in Kentucky (1984 to 1985)
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C. , Drudge J. H. , Swerczek T. W. , Crowe M. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
From Mar 1, 1984, to Feb 28, 1985, both eyes from 189 one- to four-year-old Thoroughbreds (88 males, 90 females, and 11 geldings) in Kentucky were examined at necropsy for eyeworms. Thelazia lacrymalis was recovered from 45% of 1-year-old horses, 26% of 2-year-old horses, 45% of 3-year-old horses, and 50% of 4-year-old horses; overall, 43% of 1- to 4-year-old horses were infected. Prevalence of eyeworms in horses in the present study was comparable with that in horses of similar ages examined at necropsy in Kentucky in 2 previous studies (1975 to 1976 and in 1979), except for the lower percentage of infected 2-year-old Thoroughbreds in the present study.