bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Toxicity Patterns Associated with lntravesical bacillus Calmette‐Guérin: A Southwest Oncology Group Study
Authors: Berry Donna L. , Blumenstein Brent A. , Magyary Diane L. , Lamm Donald L. , Crawford E. David 
Published: July 2007

Background: While the efficacy of bacillus Calmette‐Cuérin (BCG) immunotherapy has been demonstrated, the relative benefit, given a seemingly high incidence and severity of toxicities, remains an issue. Adequate understanding and management of toxicities can maximize the safety of the treatment and enable the administration of required doses of BCC intravesical therapy. Methods: All week‐to‐week symptoms recorded for the 143 immunotherapy‐naive participants assigned to the BCG arm of SWOG‐8216, BCG vs. Doxorubicin in Superficial Bladder Cancer were analyzed in order to document the pattern of toxicities in the first six week induction course of intravesical BCC treatments. The statistical analysis consisted of fitting logistic regression models to these data for the probability of irritative bladder symptoms (16s). Results: In the optimal model, the probability of IBS depends only on whether there was IBS associated with the previous treatment, and not on which treatment. The estimated probability of having IBS when there were no 16s associated with the previous instillation is 0.136, whereas the estimated probability of having IBS when there was IBS associated with the previous instillation is 0.689. Conclusions: Irritative bladder symptoms are unlikely in the week after the first intravesical BCG treatment. Once a patient experiences IBS, he or she is more likely to have IBS with the next and subsequent treatments. Clinicians can use the findings of this analysis when informing their patients about the treatment course and when making decisions about continuing treatments.
Serum Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Specific Antigen Density in Patients Receiving Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Masai Motoyuki , Ito Haruo , Kotake Tadashi , Nagao Koichi 
Published: July 2007

Objective: To study the significance of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate specific antigen density (PSAD) for predicting the risk of occult metastatic disease and extra‐prostatic invasion of prostate cancer in patients receiving radical prostatectomy.Patients and methods: The cases of 41 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were reviewed. Relations of PSA and PSAD using Market M PA1M assay for grade, preopvrative clinical stage, postoperative pathological stage, capsular penetration, seminal vesicle invasion, resection margins and lymphnode metastasis are discussed.Results: Although serum PSA was correlated with PSAD and PSA was correlated with preoperative prostate volume, PSAO was not influenced by prostate volume. PSA correlated only with the grade, while PSAD was correlated with grade, preoperative clinical Stage, postoperative pathological stage, capsular penetration, seminal vesicle invasion, resection margins and lymphnode metastasis. In addition, sixty‐two percent (8/13) of margin positive patients showed a PSAD value of more than 0.4, while 93% (26/28) of margin negative patients showed less than 0.4. Sixty‐seven percent (6/9) of lymphnode positive patients showed a PSAD of more than 0.4, while 91% (29/32) of lymphnode negative patients showed less than 0.4.Conclusion: We concluded that PSAD was useful for predicting extraprostatic involvement of prostatic cancer.
Injection of Glutaraldehyde Cross‐Linked Collagen for Urinary Incontinence: Two‐Year Efficacy by Self‐Assessment
Authors: Hornma Yukio , Kawabe Kazuki , Kageyama Shinji , Koiso Kenkichi , Akaza Hideyuki , Kakizoe Tadao , Koshiba Ken , Yokoyama Eiji , Aso Yoshio 
Published: July 2007

Background: Glutaraldehyde cross‐linked (GAX) collagen has recently become available ds injection material for treatment of urinary incontinence and should be evaluated for its long‐term efficacy. Methods: The subjects included 78 females with genuine stress incontinence (GSI) and 19 male or female patients with intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD: urinary incontinence due to urethrdl sphincter damage). GAX collagen was injected transperineally or trdnsurethrally through an injection needle under direct endoscopic observation. The efficacy was evaluated by the patients' overall assessment at two years post‐treatment.Results: Under local or regional anesthesia, CAX collagen was injected 1.9 times on average (total injection volume: 23.5 mL) in GSJ patients and 2.2 times (40.1 mL) in ISD patients. Improvement at two years post‐treatment by patients' assessment was observed in 71.7% of GSI patients and 53.3% in ISD patients. Side effects were urinary retention and difficulty in voiding after 48 of the total of 188 injections (15.5%). a large amount of residual urine in four (2.1%) and miscellaneous in 19 (10.1%), for a short period after injection and were not serious.Conclusion: Our study indicates that GAX collagen injection is an effective, safe and easy non‐medical treatment for urinary incontinent patients.
Prevalence of Urolithiasis in Kaizuka City, Japan—An Epidemiologic Study of Urinary Stones
Authors: Iguchi Masanori , Umekawa Tohru , Katoh Yoshinari , Kohri Kenjiro , Kurita Takashi 
Published: July 2007

Background: According to the results of nationwide surveys, the prevalence of urolithiasis has been steadily increasing in Japan. However, these surveys relied on hospital statistics, and there has been no survey of the prevalence of urolithiasis in Japan utilizing postal questionnaires. We surveyed the prevalence of urolithiasis among the inhabitants of Kaizuka City.Methods: A total of 3,000 inhabitants ranging from 20 to 59 years old were randomly selected from the census register in numbers consistent with the population distribution of each district and sex by municipal computerized system.Results: A total of 1,975 postal questionnaires were returned, and 1,972 (65.7%) were considered valid. Of the respondents, 137 (6.95%) had a history of stones (men; 9.64%, women; 4.51%). The annual incidence of urolithiasis for Kaizuka citizens aged from 20 to 59 years old in 1991 was 0.97%, and the lifetime prevalence of urolithiasis increased linearly with age, and it was 10.3% for respondents in their 50s. In the total survey population of 7,568, which included the respondents and their family members, 342 (4.52%) had a history of stones. Male administrative workers had a significantly higher prevalence than any other occupational group. The monthly expenditure on food by the families of stone formers was significantly greater than that by the families of non‐stone formers.Conclusion: Extrapolation of the findings suggests that ≥1 0% of the general population (≥13% of men and >7% of women) can be expected to suffer from urolithiasis at least once in their lifetime.
Intracorporeal Lithotripsy with the Swiss Lithoclast
Authors: Terai Akito , Takeuchi Hideo , Terachi Toshiro , Kawakita Mutsushi , Okada Yusaku , Yoshida Hiroshi , Isokawa Yoshiaki , Taki Yoji , Yoshida Osamu 
Published: July 2007

Background: In addition to currently available modalities of intracorporeal lithotripsy (ultrasonic, electrohydraulic, and laser), a new ballistic lithotriptor known as the Swiss Lithoclast has recently gained attention. This study reports our experience with the Swiss Lithoclast in the endoscopic management of urinary calculi.Methods: A total of 51 patients with urinary calculi were treated with the Swiss Lithoclast; one patient with a renal calculus, 28 with ureteral calculi, and 22 with lower urinary tract (bladder, urethra and Kock pouch) calculi.Results: The Lithoclast successfully fragmented 94% of the calculi, independent of stone composition. Complete failure of fragmentation was not encountered. In six of the 10 upper ureteral calculi, stone fragments were pushed up into the calyces. Adjunctive extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for residual fragments was performed in six cases. The stone‐free rate at one and three months was 84% and 88%, respectively. There were no intraoperative or long‐term complications directly related to the use of this device.Conclusion: The Swiss Lithoclast is a safe and effective means of intracorporeal lithotripsy. Although suitable for mid and lower ureteral stones, the device has a risk of stone push‐up in patients with upper ureteral stones.
Renal Blood Flow and Serotonin Metabolism in Tacrolimus Treated Rats
Authors: Mugiya Soichi , Fujita Kimio , Malyszko Jolanta , Takada Yumiko , Takada Akikazu 
Published: July 2007

Background: Serotonin (5‐HT) is a potent vasoconstrictor and activator of platelets, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The result of activation by serotonin is platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of serotonin metabolism as a mediator of tacrolimus (FK 506) nephrotoxicity.Methods: The whole blood and plasma levels of serotonin and its major metabolite (5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid: 5‐HIAA) as well as renal cortical blood flow were investigated in rats administered FK 506 at doses of 4, 6 or 8mg/kg b.w. for 14 consecutive days.Results: Renal cortical blood flow declined in a dose‐dependent manner in the rats given FK 506, whereas serum creatinine remained unaltered following FK 506 administration. Although there was no significant change in serotonin, the whole blood and plasma 5‐HIAA levels increased significantly following FK 506 administration.Conclusion: FK 506 may cause acute nephrotoxicity by decreasing renal blood flow and the increase of 5‐HIAA suggests some role of serotonin metabolism in the development of FK 506 nephrotoxicity.
An Upregulation of Interleukin‐2 Receptor, Transferrin Receptor Expression and Cytokine Production Mediated by Hemin in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear CelIs
Authors: Tsuji Akira , Shinomiya Nariyoshi , Hayakawa Masamichi , Nakamura Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

Background: We previously reported that hemin‐induced mitogenicity in mouse splenocytes was potentiated up to two‐fold by interleukin (IL)‐2, and the combination of hemin and IL‐2 was also effective in inducing cytotoxicity for NK‐resistant target cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hemin both on expression of membrane surface receptors and on production of cytokine in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).Methods: Human PBMC were obtained from 16 healthy volunteers. We analyzed hemin‐mediated surface phenotypes of cells using flow cytometry, and levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interferon (1FN)‐γ in the culture‐supernatant of cells by ELSA system.Results: Hemin induced increased expression of both transferring receptor and IL‐2 receptor (CD25) on PBMC in a dose‐dependent manner. When the combination of hemin (30μno//L) and IL‐2 (100U/mL) was added to the culture of PBMC, the population of double positive cells was increased up to 70.4%. These effects of hemin were enhanced by the addition of catalase in the culture. Treatment with hemin plus IL‐2 effectively enhanced the production of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ in PBMC.Conclusion: Hemin upregulated both IL‐2 receptor and transferrin receptor expression, and stimulated TNF‐α: and IFN‐γ production in PBMC. IL‐2 cooperated with hemin in eliciting these effects.
In Vitro Degradation of Oxalic Acid by Human Feces
Authors: Ito Haruo , Kotake Tadashi , Masai Motoyuki 
Published: July 2007

Background: Oxalic acid‐degrading bacteria have been isolated from human feces. Therefore, the possibility exists that oxalic acid in food is degraded in human intestine by such bacteria, and absorption and excretion of oxalic acid is reduced. It may be possible that patients who form idiopathic stones have fewer oxalic acid‐degrading bacteria than healthy controls. The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility that oxalic acid in food is degraded in the human intestine. Methods: Nineteen patients with calcium stones and 13 healthy subjects were included in the study. Samples of feces were diluted with Barber medium containing 1 g/L of oxalic acid dihydrate, and 1%, 0.1% and 0.01% suspensions were prepared. These solutions were incubated under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for seven days. The degradation of oxalic acid was estimated by the decrease of oxalic acid in the medium.Results: The feces of almost all persons with or without calculi degraded oxalic acid to some degree. Incomplete or no oxalic acid degradation was found in 15 of the 19 stone‐forming patients and in five of the 1 3 stone‐free controls.Conclusion: Large numbers of oxalic acid‐degrading bacteria were observed less often in the feces of stone‐formers than in the feces of stone‐free controls.
Mechanisms of the Suppression of the Bladder Activity by Flavoxate
Authors: Kimura Yutaka , Sasaki Yasuo , Hamada Kozo , Fukui Hisashi , Ukai Yojiro , Yoshikuni Yoshiaki , Kimura Kiyoshi , Sugaya Kimio , Nishizawa Osamu 
Published: July 2007

Background: This study was designed to clarify the primary site of action of flavoxate, clinically used for the treatment of urinary frequency.Methods: In rats, the effect of flavoxate on contractile responses in isolated detrusor strips, bladder contraction induced by pelvic nerve stimulation, isovolumetric rhythmic bladder contractions, and pelvic nerve activity were examined. In decerebrated cats, flavoxate was microinjected into the nuclei in the pons, and its effect on reflex micturition was observed.Results: Flavoxate suppressed carbachol‐ and calcium ion (Ca2+)‐induced contractions of isolated detrusor strips in a noncompetitive and a competitive manner, respectively. Intravenous flavoxate suppressed both initial phasic, and later tonic, bladder contractions induced by electrical stimulation of the distal end of the pelvic nerve. It abolished isovolumetric rhythmic bladder contractions and the associated efferent pelvic nerve activity, without affecting baseline vesical pressure and afferent pelvic nerve activity. When administered intracerebroventricularly or intrathecally, it abolished isovolumetric rhythmic bladder contractions. Flavoxate microinjected into the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis (PoO; pontine micturition inhibitory region) of decerebrated cats inhibited the reflex micturition, but had no effect when microinjected into the locus coeruleus alpha (pontine micturition center) or locus subcoeruleus (pontine urine storage center).Conclusions: Flavoxate suppressed the micturition reflex primarily by facilitating the inhibitory action of the PoO on the descending pathways from the pontine micturition center to the sacral arasympathetic intermediolateral nuclei.
Analysis of Histological Heterogeneity in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Tumor Size‐Related Histological Change and its Prognostic Significance
Authors: Kanamaru Hiroshi , Muranaka Koji , Mori Hirotaka , Akino Hironobu , Arai Yoichi , Okada Kenichiro 
Published: July 2007

Background: It is well recognized that the histology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is often heterogenous. It is also believed that the prognosis of patients with large tumors is generally poorer than those with small tumors. However, there has been no detailed study on changes in histological features of RCCs associated with tumor growth. This study was conducted to investigate whether there are any specific histological changes related to tumor size and to study the prognostic value of histological parameters in RCCs.Methods: The presence or absence of each histological component (3 cell types and 5 histological architectures) was investigated in 110 RCCs. The tumor size‐associated changes in the histological composition of the RCCs were evaluated, and the prognostic significance of the histological parameters was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis.Results: The percentage of RCCs with multiple cell types increased with tumor size, whereas increases in multiplicity were not as prominent in the histological architectures. Several characteristic changes, however, were observed in both cell types and architectures. RCCs with a pure clear cell, pure alveolar pattern or cystic architectural pattern decreased, while those with granular or spindle/pleomorphic cell types, or papillary or solid architectural patterns increased with tumor size. A univariate analysis revealed that a clear cell type and an alveolar or cystic architectural pattern were associated with a better prognosis, while spindle/pleomorphic cells and a solid architecture pattern correlated with a poorer prognosis. Multivariate analysis of cell types and architectures showed, however, that only the presence of spindle/pleomorphic cell types and a solid architecture were independent prognostic variables.Conclusion: The histological composition of RCCs varied according to the size of the tumor. Sarcoma‐tous components increased with tumor size and were independently associated with a poor prognosis. Further study is warranted to correlate specific genetic alterations with tumor growth‐related histo‐logical changes in RCCs.
Transinguinal Laparoscopy for Nonpalpable Testis
Authors: Layashi Yutaro , Mogami Tohru , Sasaki Shoichi , Maruyama Tetsushi , Tatsura Hiroyuki , Tsugaya Masayuki , Kohri Kenjiro 
Published: July 2007

Background: About 20% of all undescended testes are nonpalpable. Although surgical exploration was previously the method of choice for management, laparoscopy from the inferior edge of the umbilicus has been established as a useful method of examining a testis that is nonpalpable. However, conventional subumbilical laparoscopy is unnecessary when the testis or its remnant is located below the internal inguinal ring. We evaluated the efficacy of transinguinal laparoscopy after inguinal exploration performed for nonpalpable testis.Methods: Twelve children with 14 nonpalpable testes (2 children had bilateral nonpalpable testes) were considered for a novel method of laparoscopy. We performed laparoscopy through the internal inguinal ring after opening the inguinal canal.Results: Inguinal exploration revealed the testis or its remnant in 5 patients, and thus prevented unnecessary laparoscopy in these individuals. Transinguinal laparoscopy identified the anatomy in 7 patients. Four of the latter were found to have blind‐ending vas deferens and spermatic vessels, while in 3 patients, the testes were located in the peritoneal cavity.Conclusion: Transinguinal laparoscopy may become the accepted method for managing nonpalpable testes, as inguinal exploration can eliminate the need for laparoscopy in some cases, and the visualization achieved with transinguinal laparoscopy is just as good as that with conventional laparoscopy.
Laparoscopic Bladder‐Neck Suspension for Urinary Stress Incontinence in Women: Our First Twenty Patients
Authors: Tay Kah Phuan , Lim Peter Huat Chye , Ravintharan T. 
Published: July 2007

Background: Laparoscopic bladder‐neck suspension for women with urinary stress incontinence avoids the problems associated with a large abdominal incision. This study reviews the short‐term outcome of this minimally invasive operation.Methods: Between September 1993 and February 1995, 20 female patients with type II urinary stress incontinence underwent laparoscopic bladder‐neck suspension at our institution (mean age, 46.6 years; mean weight, 59.5 kg; mean duration of symptoms, 3.75 years; mean follow‐up, 7 months). The extraperitoneal space was created with a preperitoneal distention balloon system; dissection of the bladder and bladder neck was done via 3 working ports. In 16 patients, the paraurethral vagina on either side of the bladder neck was hitched up to the iliopectineal ligament by 2–0 sutures. In the remaining 4 patients, the bladder‐neck suspension was performed using hernia mesh and staples. Four patients had intraperitoneal suspension.Results: The operative time ranged from 75 to 205 minutes, with a mean of 111.5 minutes. The period of urethral catheterization ranged from 2 to 7 days, with a mean of 3.1 days. The hospitalization stay ranged from 5 to 15 days, with a mean of 6.35 days. Thirteen patients (65%) had complete resolution of symptoms, 5 patients (25%) reported significant improvement, and 2 patients (10%) did not benefit from the operation.Conclusion: Long‐term follow‐up is necessary to determine the efficacy of this laparoscopic technique. The success rate for any incontinence procedure is usually inversely proportional to the duration of follow‐up.
Characteristics of Androgen‐Independent Growth of Androgen‐Responsive Shionogi Carcinoma 115 Cells
Authors: Tomioka Susumu , Ichikawa Tomohiko , Watabe Yoshio , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Shimazaki Jun 
Published: July 2007

Background: The effects of castration on the biological features of an androgen‐responsive carcinoma were examined in order to clarify the mechanism responsible for the relapse of an androgen‐responsive carcinoma after androgen ablation therapy.Methods: A well‐characterized androgen‐responsive mammary carcinoma, Shionogi carcinoma 115 (SC115), was used for these experiments. Male mice were examined for the effects of castration on the growth rate of the tumor, the number of androgen receptor‐positive cells, and the karyotype of the SC115 tumors. Castration was performed 1 week prior to tumor transplantation, or 2 or 3 weeks after tumor transplantation.Results: SC115 tumors did not develop when transplanted into castrated male mice. When castration was performed 2 weeks after transplantation, the tumor showed androgen‐independent growth with temporary regression of growth rate. However, when castration was performed more than 3 weeks after transplantation, the tumor showed androgen‐independent growth not associated with any temporal regression of growth rate. There were no significant differences in histological features or the number of androgen receptor‐positive cells between SC115 tumors in untreated or castrated mice. To test whether SC115 tumors growing under androgen‐deprived conditions became fully androgen‐independent, SC115 tumors were transplanted in both male and female mice. A transplanted tumor piece grew progressively only in male mice. This indicates that the SC115 tumor maintains its androgen response in the next generation, even though growth of the tumor resumed after temporary suppression due to castration. Chromosomal analyses revealed no apparent cytogenetic changes in the SC115 tumors that resumed growth under androgen‐deprived conditions.Conclusion: These results suggest that no gross changes in the number of androgen receptor‐positive cells or karyotype are necessary for androgen‐independent growth in this system once the size of tumor increased.