bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flash Chemistry: Fast Chemical Synthesis by Using Microreactors
Authors: Yoshida Jun‐ichi , Nagaki Aiichiro , Yamada Takeshi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis concept article provides a brief outline of the concept of flash chemistry for carrying out extremely fast reactions in organic synthesis by using microreactors. Generation of highly reactive species is one of the key elements of flash chemistry. Another important element of flash chemistry is the control of extremely fast reactions to obtain the desired products selectively. Fast reactions are usually highly exothermic, and heat removal is an important factor in controlling such reactions. Heat transfer occurs very rapidly in microreactors by virtue of a large surface area per unit volume, making precise temperature control possible. Fast reactions often involve highly unstable intermediates, which decompose very quickly, making reaction control difficult. The residence time can be greatly reduced in microreactors, and this feature is quite effective in controlling such reactions. For extremely fast reactions, kinetics often cannot be used because of the lack of homogeneity of the reaction environment when they are conducted in conventional reactors such as flasks. Fast mixing using micromixers solves such problems. The concept of flash chemistry has been successfully applied to various organic reactions including a) highly exothermic reactions that are difficult to control in conventional reactors, b) reactions in which a reactive intermediate easily decomposes in conventional reactors, c) reactions in which undesired byproducts are produced in the subsequent reactions in conventional reactors, and d) reactions whose products easily decompose in conventional reactors. The concept of flash chemistry can be also applied to polymer synthesis. Cationic polymerization can be conducted with an excellent level of molecular‐weight control and molecular‐weight distribution control.
Expanding the Understanding of the Treatment of Chronic Angina: A 21st Century Approach–Part l
Authors: Conti C. Richard 
Published: June 2008

AbstractChronic angina occurs in more than 6.5 million adults in the USA, and there are 400,000 new cases diagnosed each year. William Heberden in 1772 described a “…disorder of the breast, marked with strong and peculiar symptoms… The seat of it, and sense of strangling and anxiety with which it is attended, may make it not improperly be called angina pectoris.” Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Manganese cell labeling of murine hepatocytes using manganese(III)‐transferrin
Authors: Sotak Christopher H. , Sharer Kathryn , Koretsky Alan P. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractManganese(III)‐transferrin [Mn(III)–Tf] was investigated as a way to accomplish manganese‐labeling of murine hepatocytes for MRI contrast. It is postulated that Mn(III)–Tf can exploit the same transferrin‐receptor‐dependent and ‐independent metabolic pathways used by hepatocytes to transport the iron analog Fe(III)–Tf. More specifically, it was investigated whether manganese delivered by transferrin could give MRI contrast in hepatocytes. Comparison of the T1 and T2 relaxation times of Mn(III)–Tf and Fe(III)–Tf over the same concentration range showed that the r1 relaxivities of the two metalloproteins are the same in vitro, with little contribution from paramagnetic enhancement. The degree of manganese cell labeling following incubation for 2–7 h in 31.5 µm Mn(III)–Tf was comparable to that of hepatocytes incubated in 500 µm Mn2+ for 1 h. The intrinsic manganese tissue relaxivity between Mn(III)–Tf‐labeled and Mn2+‐labeled cells was found to be the same, consistent with Mn(III) being released from transferrin and reduced to Mn2+. For both treatment regimens, manganese uptake by hepatocytes appeared to saturate in the first 1–2 h of the incubation period and may explain why the efficiency of hepatocyte cell labeling by the two methods appeared to be comparable in spite of the ∼16‐fold difference in effective manganese concentration. Hepatocytes continuously released manganese, as detected by MRI, and this was the same for both Mn2+‐ and Mn(III)–Tf‐labeled cells. Manganese release may be the result of normal hepatocyte function, much in the same way that hepatocytes excrete manganese into the bile in vivo. This approach exploits a biological process—namely receptor binding, endocytosis and endosomal acidification—to initiate the release of an MRI contrast agent, potentially conferring more specificity to the labeling process. The ubiquitous expression of transferrin receptors by eukaryotic cells should make Mn(III)–Tf particularly useful for manganese labeling of a wide variety of cells both in culture and in vivo. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive MRI contrast enhancement in THP‐1 cells with Gd2O3 nanoparticles
Authors: Klasson Anna , Ahrén Maria , Hellqvist Eva , Söderlind Fredrik , Rosén Anders , Käll Per‐Olov , Uvdal Kajsa , Engström Maria 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThere is a demand for more efficient and tissue‐specific MRI contrast agents and recent developments involve the design of substances useful as molecular markers and magnetic tracers. In this study, nanoparticles of gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) have been investigated for cell labeling and capacity to generate a positive contrast. THP‐1, a monocytic cell line that is phagocytic, was used and results were compared with relaxivity of particles in cell culture medium (RPMI 1640). The results showed that Gd2O3‐labeled cells have shorter T1 and T2 relaxation times compared with untreated cells. A prominent difference in signal intensity was observed, indicating that Gd2O3 nanoparticles can be used as a positive contrast agent for cell labeling. The r1 for cell samples was 4.1 and 3.6 s−1 mm−1 for cell culture medium. The r2 was 17.4 and 12.9 s−1 mm−1, respectively. For r1, there was no significant difference in relaxivity between particles in cells compared to particles in cell culture medium, (pr1 = 0.36), but r2 was significantly different for the two different series (pr2 = 0.02). Viability results indicate that THP‐1 cells endure treatment with Gd2O3 nanoparticles for an extended period of time and it is therefore concluded that results in this study are based on viable cells. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weekly treatment with bortezomib for patients with recurrent or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Spigel David R. , Barton John , Farley Cindy , Schreeder Marshall , Hon Jeremy , Greco F. Anthony 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of weekly bortezomib in the treatment of patients with recurrent/refractory multiple myeloma.METHODS.A total of 40 patients with multiple myeloma who had received either 1 or 2 previous treatment regimens were treated with bortezomib at a dose of 1.6 mg/m2 intravenously for 4 consecutive weeks, followed by 1 week without treatment. Responses were measured using International Myeloma Working Group criteria.RESULTS.Twenty‐two patients (55%; 95% confidence interval, 40%‐70%) achieved objective responses to treatment, with a median response duration of 16 months. The median progression‐free survival for all patients was 9.6 months, with a 1‐year progression‐free survival rate of 39%. The 1‐year and 2‐year overall survival rates were 75% and 51%, respectively. Weekly bortezomib was generally well tolerated; grade 3/4 (using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria [version 3.0]) neutropenia (13%), thrombocytopenia (20%), fatigue (15%), diarrhea (13%), and neuropathy (10%) were experienced by a minority of patients.CONCLUSIONS.In the current study, a schedule of weekly bortezomib was found to be effective and well tolerated in patients with previously treated multiple myeloma. Although the response rate and duration appear comparable to those achieved with twice‐weekly bortezomib, the relative efficacy of these 2 schedules cannot be determined definitively on the basis of this phase 2 study. A weekly schedule of bortezomib is a reasonable option for patients who have logistic difficulties receiving a twice‐weekly schedule, and is an attractive schedule for incorporation into combination regimens. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Determination of bicomponent dye solutions by means of zero‐crossing‐point derivative spectrophotometry
Authors: Shams Nateri Ali , Ekrami Ehsan 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this study, a new spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of some textile dyes with different types of overlapping spectra. The binary mixtures of five dyes with yellow, scarlet, red, blue, and navy blue colors were analyzed by zero‐crossing‐point first‐derivative spectrophotometry. The absorption spectra of the mixtures prepared in different ratios were recorded between 400 and 700 nm. First derivative amplitudes at appropriate zero‐crossing wavelengths were selected for the determination of dyes in the mixtures. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of dyes with overlapping spectra in their bicomponent mixtures. The proposed derivative method is simple, rapid, and suitable for quantitative analysis of bicomponent dye solutions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 307–311, 2008.
Minimal Von Kries illuminant invariance
Authors: Brill Michael H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWest and Brill (J Math Biol 1982;15:249–258) posed necessary and sufficient conditions on reflectance for Von Kries ratios to be illuminant‐invariant. The statement of the conditions allowed the illuminant unlimited freedom in a function subspace. If the illuminant change is only a pairwise substitution, greater reflectance freedom at first seems available, but this appearance is illusory. Implications for sharpened‐sensor theory are discussed, as well as application to an analogous formalism that emerges from Imura's (Color Res Appl 2007;32:195–200) fluorescent estimation algorithm. Such studies may clarify how to use the West and Brill criterion of “perfect invariance” to quantify invariance that may be “good enough.” © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 320–323, 2008.
On the stabilizing effect of convection in three‐dimensional incompressible flows
Authors: Lei Zhen , Hou Thomas Y. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe investigate the stabilizing effect of convection in three‐dimensional incompressible Euler and Navier‐Stokes equations. The convection term is the main source of nonlinearity for these equations. It is often considered destabilizing although it conserves energy due to the incompressibility condition. In this paper, we show that the convection term together with the incompressibility condition actually has a surprising stabilizing effect. We demonstrate this by constructing a new three‐dimensional model that is derived for axisymmetric flows with swirl using a set of new variables. This model preserves almost all the properties of the full three‐dimensional Euler or Navier‐Stokes equations except for the convection term, which is neglected in our model. If we added the convection term back to our model, we would recover the full Navier‐Stokes equations. We will present numerical evidence that seems to support that the three‐dimensional model may develop a potential finite time singularity. We will also analyze the mechanism that leads to these singular events in the new three‐dimensional model and how the convection term in the full Euler and Navier‐Stokes equations destroys such a mechanism, thus preventing the singularity from forming in a finite time. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
40 Jahre DIBt – 40 Jahre sicheres und innovatives Bauen – Die Überführung des IfBt ins DIBt
Authors: Schmidt‐Staudinger Renate 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDas Deutsche Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt) feiert 2008 sein 40‐jähriges Bestehen. 40 Jahre DIBt stehen für 40 Jahre Sicherheit und Innovationen im Bauwesen und für 40 Jahre Zulassungswesen in Deutschland. Ein geeigneter Anlass also, um die Geschichte des Instituts in den DIBt Mitteilungen in einer kleinen Serie näher zu beleuchten. Der zweite Teil der historischen Rückschau widmet sich der Zeit von 1989 – 1993, dem Änderungsprozess des Abkommens über das Deutsche Institut für Bautechnik und seinen Gründen.
Generation of mice harboring a Sox5 conditional null allele
Authors: Dy Peter , Han Yu , Lefebvre Véronique 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSox5 belongs to the Sry‐related HMG box gene family, which encodes transcription factors controlling cell fate and differentiation in many lineages. Sox5 produces a long L‐Sox5 protein in neuronal, glial, neural crest, cartilage, and other cells, and a short Sox5 protein in spermatids. Sox5−/− mice have revealed essential roles for L‐Sox5 in development but their neonatal death has prevented postnatal studies. We show here that we have generated mice harboring a conditional null allele for L‐Sox5 (Sox5fl+) by flanking the fifth coding exon with loxP sites. Cre recombinase‐mediated conversion of Sox5fl+ into Sox5fl− abolishes L‐Sox5 expression. Expectedly, Sox5fl+/fl+ mice are indistinguishable from wildtype mice, and Sox5fl−/fl− mice from Sox5−/− mice. Moreover, the chondrodysplasia of Sox5fl+/fl+Sox6fl+/fl+Prx1Cre mice demonstrates that the two redundant chondrogenic Sox genes can be efficiently inactivated in a cell type‐specific manner. This Sox5 conditional null allele will be valuable in further uncovering the in vivo roles of L‐Sox5. genesis 46:294–299, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of mice with a conditional allele for Trim33
Authors: Kim Jieun , Kaartinen Vesa 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTrim33 (Tif1γ, ectodermin, moonshine), a member of the TIF1 family of transcriptional coactivators and corepressors, is a large nuclear protein that contains an N‐terminal tripartite (Trim) domain composed of a RING domain, two B‐box domains, and a coiled coil domain. It has been suggested that Trim33 (Ectodermin) mediates ectodermal induction in the Xenopus by functioning as a Smad4 ubiquitin ligase, while in the zebrafish Trim33 (moonshine) has been reported to act as a R‐Smad binding protein in induction of erythroid differentiation. Since the developmental role of Trim33 in mammals is currently unknown, we generated mice carrying the conditional Trim33 (Trim33FX) allele by flanking exons 2–4 encoding most of the functionally critical N‐terminal tripartite domain by loxP sites. We confirmed the null genotype by using the EIIa‐Cre transgenic approach to create mice that lack exons 2–4. Embryos deficient in Trim33 die during early somitogenesis, demonstrating that Trim33 plays an important nonredundant role in mammalian embryonic development. genesis 46:329–333, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A hypothesis accounting for the paradoxical expression of the D gene segmentin the BCR and the TCR
Authors: Cohn Melvin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe D gene segment expressed in both the TCR and the BCR has a challenging behavior that begs interpretation. It is incorporated in three reading frames in the rearranged transcription unit but is expressed in antigen‐selected cells in a preferred frame. Why was it so important to waste 2/3 of newborn cells? The hypothesis is presented that the D region is framework playing a role in both the TCR and the BCR by determining whether a signal is transmitted to the cell upon interaction with a cognate ligand. This assumption operates in determining haplotype exclusion for the BCR and in regulating the signaling orientation for the TCR. Relevant data as well as a definitive experiment challenging the validity of this hypothesis, are discussed.
TGF‐β‐induced Foxp3+ regulatory T cells rescue scurfy mice
Authors: Huter Eva N. , Punkosdy George A. , Glass Deborah D. , Cheng Lily I. , Ward Jerrold M. , Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractScurfy mice have a deletion in the forkhead domain of the forkhead transcription factor p3 (Foxp3), fail to develop thymic‐derived, naturally occurring Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (nTreg), and develop a fatal lymphoproliferative syndrome with multi‐organ inflammation. Transfer of thymic‐derived Foxp3+ nTreg into neonatal Scurfy mice prevents the development of disease. Stimulation of conventional CD4+Foxp3– via the TCR in the presence of TGF‐β and IL‐2 induces the expression of Foxp3 and an anergic/suppressive phenotype. To determine whether the TGF‐β‐induced Treg (iTreg) were capable of suppressing disease in the Scurfy mouse, we reconstituted newborn Scurfy mice with polyclonal iTreg. Scurfy mice treated with iTreg do not show any signs of disease and have drastically reduced cell numbers in peripheral lymph nodes and spleen in comparison to untreated Scurfy controls. The iTreg retained their expression of Foxp3 in vivo for 21 days, migrated into the skin, and prevented the development of inflammation in skin, liver and lung. Thus, TGF‐β‐differentiated Foxp3+ Treg appear to possess all of the functional properties of thymic‐derived nTreg and represent a potent population for the cellular immunotherapy of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Synthesis, Structure and Spectroscopic Properties of Lanthanide Complexes of N‐Confused Porphyrins
Authors: Zhu Xun‐Jin , Jiang Feng‐Lei , Poon Chun‐Ting , Wong Wai‐Kwok , Wong Wai‐Yeung 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA series of meso‐substituted N‐confused porphyrins (NCP) is synthesized using the modified Rothemund–Lindsey procedure. Lanthanide N‐confused porphyrinate complexes of the general formula [(NCP)Ln(LOMe)] [Ln3+ = Yb3+ and Er3+; L = (η5‐C5H5)Co{P(=O)(OMe)2}3–] are obtained in moderate yields upon interaction of N‐confused porphyrin free bases (H2NCP) with Ln[N(SiMe2)3]·x[LiCl(THF)3], followed by the addition of the tripodal anion L as an effective encapsulating agent for the lanthanide ions. The structural and spectroscopic data for these complexes provide evidence for an η2‐agostic interaction between the Ln3+ ion and the inner C–H bond of the NCP ligand. Methylation of [(NCTCPP)Yb(LOMe)] (H2NCTCPP = 2‐azo‐5,10,15,20‐tetracyanophenyl‐21‐carbaporphyrin) with methyl iodide yields the novel stable lanthanide complex of the N‐methylated derivative of N‐confused porphyrins, whose X‐ray structure also exhibits an η2‐agostic interaction between the metal center and the inner C–H bond of the NCTCPP ligand. The photophysical properties of the N‐confused porphyrins and their lanthanide complexes are investigated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Samarium Diiodide Mediated Ketyl–Aryl Coupling Reactions – Influence of Substituents and Trapping Experiments
Authors: Wefelscheid Ulrike K. , Berndt Mathias , Reißig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis comprehensive study describes the influence of substituents at the aryl moiety on SmI2‐mediated intramolecular ketyl–aryl coupling reactions. Differently substituted γ‐aryl ketones were employed as precursors, which were directly prepared by Heck reactions of 4‐penten‐2‐ol with the corresponding bromo‐ or iodobenzenes. After treatment with two equivalents of samarium diiodide γ‐aryl ketones bearing electron‐withdrawing substituents such as cyano, trifluoromethyl or carbonyl groups gave the expected hexahydronaphthalene derivatives as single diastereoisomers in most cases. The position of the substituents was also of crucial influence on the outcome; in several cases ipso‐substitution leading to the formation of spiro compounds was observed. Electron‐donating substituents at the aromatic moiety are less favourable for the ketyl–aryl couplings. They apparently impede the second electron transfer that is involved in this multi‐step process. On the basis of these observations the mechanism of the SmI2‐promoted ketyl–aryl couplings is discussed in detail. For precursors with electron‐withdrawing substituents in m‐position fairly stabilized carbanionic intermediates of the SmI2‐promoted cyclization could be trapped with acetone or allyl bromide as electrophiles to regioselectively provide the corresponding addition products. Our results should be valuable for synthetic applications of the stereoselectively generated hexahydronaphthalene derivatives.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A well‐defined diblock copolymer of poly‐(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly (4‐vinylpyridine) for separation of basic proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Liu Hang , Shi Ronghua , Wan Wenming , Yang Runmiao , Wang Yanmei 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA series of well‐defined diblock copolymers, poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PEO‐b‐P4VP) used as physical coating of capillaries, were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). EOF measurement results showed that all synthesized PEO‐b‐P4VP diblock copolymer‐coated capillaries in this report could suppress EOF effectively compared to the bare fused‐silica capillaries, and efficient separations of basic proteins were achieved. The effects of the molecular weight of P4VP block in PEO‐b‐P4VP and buffer pH on the separation of basic proteins for CE were investigated in detail. Moreover, the relationships between morphologies of PEO‐b‐P4VP diblock copolymers in buffer, which were studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the separation efficiencies of basic protein with PEO‐b‐P4VP diblock copolymers coatings were discussed.
Electrophoretic analysis of sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA regions for ascaridoid parasites of human and animal health significance
Authors: Li Ming‐Wei , Lin Rui‐Qing , Song Hui‐Qun , Sani Rehana A. , Wu Xiang‐Yun , Zhu Xing‐Quan 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely cytochromecoxidase subunit 1 (cox1), NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 4 (nad1 andnad4), among and withinToxocara canis,T. cati,T. malaysiensis,T. vitulorumandToxascaris leoninafrom different geographical origins was examined by a mutation‐scanning approach. A portion of thecox1 gene (pcox1), a portion of thenad1 andnad4 genes (pnad1 and pnad4) were amplified separately from individual ascaridoid nematodes by polymerase chain reaction and the amplicons analyzed by single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Representative samples displaying sequence variation in SSCP profiles were subjected to sequencing in order to define genetic markers for their specific identification and differentiation. While the intra‐specific sequence variations within each of the five ascaridoid species were 0.2–3.7% for pcox1, 0–2.8% for pnad1 and 0–2.3% for pnad4, the inter‐specific sequence differences were significantly higher, being 7.9–12.9% for pcox1, 10.7–21.1% for pnad1 and 12.9–21.7% for pnad4, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined sequences of pcox1, pnad1 and pnad4 revealed that the recently described speciesT. malaysiensiswas more closely related toT. catithan toT. canis.These findings provided mtDNA evidence for the validity ofT. malaysiensisand also demonstrated clearly the usefulness and attributes of the mutation‐scanning sequencing approach for studying the population genetic structures of these and other nematodes of socio‐economic importance.