bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of antidepressant use on admissions to hospital among elderly bipolar patients
Authors: Schaffer Ayal , Mamdani Muhammad , Levitt Anthony , Herrmann Nathan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe goal of this study was to examine the association between antidepressant use and hospitalization rate for mania or bipolar depression in a large, community‐based sample of elderly bipolar patients.MethodPopulation‐based retrospective cohort design. Administrative healthcare databases were linked for all individuals aged 66 years or older in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Bipolar subjects who received a prescription for an antidepressant medication (n = 1,072) between 1 April 1997 and 31 March 2001 comprised the antidepressant cohort. The control group (n = 3,000) consisted of randomly selected subjects from the eligible bipolar population who did not receive a prescription for an antidepressant medication during the same surveillance period. Primary outcomes were admission to hospital for a manic/mixed or depressive episode.ResultsDuring a total of 5135 person‐years of follow up, 113 admissions for a manic/mixed episode and 28 admissions for a depressive episode were identified. Model based estimates adjusted for a number of covariates revealed that, as compared with the control group, the antidepressant cohort had significantly lower likelihood of admissions for manic/mixed (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3–0.8) but not depressive episodes (aRR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.2–2.2).ConclusionAntidepressant use among elderly bipolar patients was associated with decreased rates of hospitalization for manic/mixed episodes. This finding requires confirmation with further data of antidepressant use among elderly bipolars. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idiopathic myelofibrosis: pathogenesis to treatment
Authors: Reilly John T 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIdiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) is the least common of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders and carries the worst prognosis with a median survival of 4 years. It is a clonal haematopoietic stem‐cell disorder and, although the pathogenesis remains unclear, approximately 50% of cases are known to possess an activating JAK2 V617F mutation. In contrast, the characteristic stromal proliferation is a reactive, or secondary, event that results from the aberrant release of a variety of growth factors from megakaryocytes and monocytes. Treatment for most cases is supportive, although androgens, recombinant erythropoietin, steroids and thalidomide are effective modalities for the amelioration of anaemia. Myelosuppression, splenectomy and irradiation are valuable therapeutic modalities for specific clinical situations. Prognostic scores are available to aid the identification of cases for whom bone marrow transplantation should be considered. Recently, the use of reduced intensity conditioning has resulted in prolonged survival and lower transplant‐related mortality. This review summarises the recent advances in the disease's pathogenesis and discusses the role of the various therapeutic options. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time trend analysis of the skin melanoma incidence of Finland from 1953 through 2003 including 16,414 cases
Authors: Stang Andreas , Pukkala Eero , Sankila Risto , Söderman Bengt , Hakulinen Timo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSite‐specific analyses of the skin melanoma incidence show marked differences between men and women by site and over time. The aim of our study was to analyze long‐term population‐based incidence time trends of skin melanoma in Finland over a period of more than 50 years, with special emphasis on sex‐ and subsite‐specific changes over time. We analyzed incidence data of the Finnish Cancer Registry from 1953 through 2003 including overall 16,414 cases. We calculated age‐standardized incidence rates per 100,000 person years using the European Standard Population. From 1953 through 2003, the incidence of skin melanoma increased from 1.5 to 12.8 per 100,000 among men and from 1.8 to 10.4 per 100,000 among women. Incidence rates showed a constant increase from 1953 through the mid of the 1980s. Thereafter, the rate of increase leveled off. The highest relative incidence increases occurred on the trunk among men and on the legs and hips among women. Within the skin area of the head, melanoma of the ear showed the highest relative increase among both men and women. Subsite‐specific sex differences in the early registration period tended to become more pronounced in the most recent period. The highest body surface adjusted incidence rates occurred on the head. Only skin melanoma of the head showed an exponential age‐specific incidence pattern and the aetiology of these skin melanomas may differ from skin melanoma on other subsites. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diet, lifestyle and risk of K‐ras mutation‐positive and ‐negative colorectal adenomas
Authors: Wark Petra A. , Van der Kuil Wieke , Ploemacher Janneke , Van Muijen Goos N.P. , Mulder Chris J.J. , Weijenberg Matty P. , Kok Frans J. , Kampman Ellen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractK‐ras mutation‐positive (K‐ras+) and ‐negative (K‐ras−) colorectal adenomas may differ clinically and pathologically. As environmental compounds may cause mutations in the growth‐related K‐ras oncogene or affect clonal selection depending on mutational status, we evaluated whether the aetiology of K‐ras+ and K‐ras− adenomas differs. K‐ras mutations in codons 12 and 13 were assessed in colorectal adenoma tissue (K‐ras+: n = 81, K‐ras−: n = 453). Dietary and lifestyle data were collected through questionnaires that were also administered to 709 polyp‐free controls. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that intake of vitamin B2 and monounsaturated fat were differently associated with risk of K‐ras+ and K‐ras− adenomas; vitamin B2 was inversely associated with K‐ras− (highest vs. lowest tertile: odds ratio (OR) = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.50–0.97, p trend = 0.020), but not with K‐ras+ adenomas, and a positive association with monounsaturated fat was confined to K‐ras− adenomas (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.06–2.34, p trend = 0.029). Besides, potential, not statistically significant, differences in risk arose because red meat was distinctly positively associated with K‐ras+ adenomas (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 0.94–3.09, p trend = 0.061); total dietary and polyunsaturated fat tended to be inversely associated with risk of K‐ras+ but not of K‐ras− adenomas; inverse associations with dairy products, calcium, protein and tea were confined to K‐ras− adenomas, and smoking was more markedly positively associated with K‐ras− adenomas. No differences in risk of K‐ras+ and K‐ras− adenomas could be detected for other factors. In conclusion, dietary and lifestyle factors may influence risk of K‐ras+ and K‐ras− adenomas differently. However, epidemiological literature on diet, lifestyle and colorectal K‐ras mutations is inconsistent. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of squamous carcinoma in mice with a vaccine enriched for cells that induce immunity to squamous carcinoma—A new vaccination strategy
Authors: Chopra Amla , Kim Tae Sung , O‐Sullivan InSug , Martinez Don , Cohen Edward P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report a new vaccination strategy for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The vaccine was prepared by transfer of unfractionated DNA‐fragments (25 kb) from squamous carcinoma cells (KLN205, DBA/2 origin (H‐2d)) into LM mouse fibroblasts (C3H/He origin; H‐2k), a highly immunogenic cell line. To enhance their nonspecific immunogenic properties, the fibroblasts were modified before DNA transfer to secrete IL‐2 and to express additional allogeneic MHC class I determinants. As the transferred DNA integrates into the genome of the recipient cells, and is replicated as the cells divide, sufficient DNA to prepare the vaccine could be obtained from as few as 107 squamous carcinoma cells (4 mm tumor). Since only a small proportion of the transfected cell‐population was expected to have incorporated genes specifying antigens associated with the squamous carcinoma cells (TAA), we devised a novel approach to enrich the vaccine for cells that induce immunity to the SCC. Aliquots of the transfected population were divided into 10 small pools (initial inoculums = 1 × 103). We reasoned that if the starting inoculums were sufficiently small, then the distribution of highly immunogenic and weakly immunogenic cells in each pool would not be the same. Cells from individual pools were allowed to increase in number. A portion of the expanded cell populations were maintained frozen/viable for later recovery. The remaining portions were used to immunize naïve DBA/2 mice. Pools containing greater numbers of immunogenic cells were identified by 2 independent assays. Frozen aliquots of cells from the pool that stimulated immunity to the squamous carcinoma to the greatest extent were recovered and subdivided for additional rounds of immune selection. Enhanced immunity to squamous carcinoma mediated by CD8+ T cells was induced in tumor‐bearing mice treated solely by immunization with the enriched cell‐population. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An econometric model of nonlinear dynamics in the joint distribution of stock and bond returns
Authors: Guidolin Massimo , Timmermann Allan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper considers a variety of econometric models for the joint distribution of US stock and bond returns in the presence of regime switching dynamics. While simple two‐ or three‐state models capture the univariate dynamics in bond and stock returns, a more complicated four‐state model with regimes characterized as crash, slow growth, bull and recovery states is required to capture their joint distribution. The transition probability matrix of this model has a very particular form. Exits from the crash state are almost always to the recovery state and occur with close to 50% chance, suggesting a bounce‐back effect from the crash to the recovery state. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate GARCH models: a survey
Authors: Bauwens Luc , Laurent Sébastien , Rombouts Jeroen V. K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper surveys the most important developments in multivariate ARCH‐type modelling. It reviews the model specifications and inference methods, and identifies likely directions of future research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling pension costs: Why is it so difficult?
Authors: Duchac Jon , Goldberg Stephen R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCompanies continue to struggle with the ballooning costs of defined pension benefit plans. The authors explain why this is such a tough task. And although regulatory reforms may be coming soon, they could have unanticipated consequences—making it even more difficult to manage costs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implementing the balanced scorecard
Authors: Souissi Mohsen , Itoh Kazunori 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis article describes an implementation of the balanced scorecard (BSC) at NTT, a high‐tech Japanese company. It explores the conditions that set the stage, then highlights some of the obstacles to implementing the BSC and linking the objectives with employee compensation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Capacity cost measures and decisions: Two field studies
Authors: Hertenstein Julie H. , Polutnik Lidija , McNair C. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo control performance, a firm has to understand productive capacity and its use. This article reports a field study where two manufacturing firms examined the implications of using theoretical versus practical capacity—in particular, how managers interpreted and formulated plans to respond to the alternative ways of defining and measuring capacity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and characterization of a synthetic promoter for selective expression in proliferating endothelial cells
Authors: Szymanski P. , Anwer K. , Sullivan S. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackgroundSystemic administration of non‐viral gene therapy provides better access to tumors than local administration. Development of a promoter that restricts expression of cytotoxic proteins to the tumor vasculature will increase the safety of the system by minimizing expression in the non‐dividing endothelial cells of the vasculature of non‐target tissues.MethodsCell cycle promoters were tested for selective expression in dividing cells vs. non‐dividing cells in vitro and promoter strength was compared to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Successful promoter candidates were tested in vivo using two proliferating endothelium mouse models. Ovarectomized mice were injected with estradiol prior to lipoplex administration and expression levels were measured in the lungs and uterus 4 days after administration. The second model was a subcutaneous tumor model and expression levels were measured in the lungs and tumors. For both animal models, expression levels from the proliferating endothelium promoter were compared to that obtained from a CMV promoter.ResultsThe results showed that the Cdc6 promoter yielded higher expression in proliferating vs. non‐proliferating cells. Secondly, promoter strength could be selectively increased in endothelial cells by the addition of a multimerized endothelin enhancer (ET) to the Cdc6 promoter. Thirdly, comparison of expression levels in the lungs vs. uterus in the ovarectomized mouse model and lungs vs. tumor in the mouse tumor model showed expression was much higher in the uterus and the tumor than in the lungs for the ET/Cdc6 promoter, and expression levels were comparable to that of the CMV promoter in the hypervascularized tissues.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that the combination of the endothelin enhancer with the Cdc6 promoter yields selective expression in proliferating endothelium and can be used to express cytotoxic proteins to treat vascularized tumors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergent evolution of sexual shape dimorphism in Diptera
Authors: Bonduriansky Russell 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeveral patterns of sexual shape dimorphism, such as male body elongation, eye stalks, or extensions of the exoskeleton, have evolved repeatedly in the true flies (Diptera). Although these dimorphisms may have evolved in response to sexual selection on male body shape, conserved genetic factors may have contributed to this convergent evolution, resulting in stronger phenotypic convergence than might be expected from functional requirements alone. I compared phenotypic variation in body shape in two distantly related species exhibiting sexually dimorphic body elongation: Prochyliza xanthostoma (Piophilidae) and Telostylinus angusticollis (Neriidae). Although sexual selection appears to act differently on male body shape in these species, they exhibited strikingly similar patterns of sexual dimorphism. Likewise, patterns of within‐sex shape variation were similar in the two species, particularly in males: relative elongation of the male head capsule, antenna, and legs was associated with reduced head capsule width and wing length, but was nearly independent of variation in thorax length. However, the two species presented contrasting patterns of static allometry: male sexual traits exhibited elevated allometric slopes in T. angusticollis, but not in P. xanthostoma. These results suggest that a shared pattern of covariation among traits may have channeled the evolution of sexually dimorphic body elongation in these species. Nonetheless, static allometries may have been shaped by species‐specific selection pressures or genetic architectures. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative morphology of the bursal nozzles in acoels (Acoela, Acoelomorpha)
Authors: Petrov Anatoly , Hooge Matthew , Tyler Seth 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSystematics of the Acoela is particularly difficult because of the paucity of readily discernible morphological features. In other soft‐bodied worms, sclerotized structures, such as copulatory stylets, provide important characters that can be seen in whole mounts, but acoels generally lack such features. Among the few sclerotized structures in acoels are bursal nozzles—tubiform outlets on the seminal bursae that are believed to be conduits (spermatic ducts) through which allosperm are transported to the oocytes. Early classifications of the Acoela used features of the female reproductive system, including bursal nozzles, for distinguishing major groups, but the current system essentially ignores them as too plastic to provide higher‐level distinctions. We used confocal and electron microscopy to further characterize bursal nozzles in five acoel species, and found all composed of actin‐reinforced extensions of stacked, flat mesenchymal cells. In Notocelis gullmarensis, Aphanostoma bruscai, and Daku woorimensis, the nozzle is a stiffened region of the same cells forming the wall of the bursa. By contrast, in Wulguru cuspidata cells forming the nozzle are distinct from those of the bursa. The so‐called bursal cap of A. bruscai and D. woorimensis has small sclerotized disjunct units within it, also composed of stacked, flat, actin‐reinforced cells. The nozzle of W. cuspidata, prominent like that of other convolutid acoels, is relatively complex, its actin‐reinforced cells sandwiched with secretory cells and its base bearing a “sorting apparatus” of egg‐shaped cells that send narrow processes inside the spermatic duct. Cases of sperm inside the nozzle corroborate its assumed role in reproduction. Whereas most nozzles sit at the end of the bursa facing the ovary, in species of Pseudmecynostomum and purportedly in a few other acoels, they sit between the female pore and the bursa, constituting what we call a vaginal nozzle. All bursal nozzles of acoels show a common ground pattern indicating common ancestry, but certain features discerned through electron and confocal microscopy show promise of providing synapomorphies for grouping some species. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical study of the distribution of sodium‐dependent vitamin C transporters in adult rat brain
Authors: Mun Ga Hee , Kim Myeung Ju , Lee Ju Hyun , Kim Hyun Jun , Chung Yoon Hee , Chung Young Bae , Kang Jae Seung , Hwang Young Il , Oh Seung Ha , Kim Joong‐Gon , Hwang Douk Ho , Shin Dong Hoon , Lee Wang Jae 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSodium‐dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCTs) is known to transport the reduced form of ascorbic acid into the cell, whereas the oxidized form of vitamin C (VC) is moved through a facilitative sugar transporter, such as glucose transporter (GLUT). With regard to the distribution of SVCT1 and ‐2 within the various organs, they were reported to be expressed in different types of cells. Especially in the central nervous system, only SVCT2 mRNA was expressed mainly in neurons and some types of neuroglial cells. However, data on the expression of SVCT proteins in the brain are scant. Therefore, we tried to develop comprehensive data on the distribution of SVCT proteins in adult rat brain by using immunohistochemical techniques for the first time. In our study, SVCT2 immunoreactivities (IRs) were intensely localized in the neurons of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and Purkinje cells of cerebellum, and much weaker SVCT2 IRs were found in the other brain regions. Judging from double‐immunohistochemical data, most of the cells expressing SVCT2 IRs were likely to be neurons or microglia, even though the cells in choroids plexus or ependymal cells around the ventricles also exhibited SVCT2 IRs. Complete mapping of the distribution of SVCT2 IRs was available by using a semiquantitative method. The subcellular localization of SVCT proteins is necessary for understanding the exact role of the protein, so the current overall mapping of SVCT IRs in the rat brain could be the basis for further studies on related subjects. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronically injured corticospinal axons do not cross large spinal lesion gaps after a multifactorial transplantation strategy using olfactory ensheathing cell/olfactory nerve fibroblast‐biomatrix bridges
Authors: Deumens R. , Koopmans G.C. , Honig W.M.M. , Maquet V. , Jérôme R. , Steinbusch H.W.M. , Joosten E.A.J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTransplantation of mixed cultures containing olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) and olfactory nerve fibroblasts (ONF) has been shown to stimulate regrowth of both acutely and chronically injured corticospinal (CS) axons across small spinal cord lesion gaps. Here, we used a multifactorial transplantation strategy to stimulate regrowth of chronically injured CS axons across large spinal cord lesion gaps. This strategy combined the transplantation of aligned OEC/ONF‐biomatrix complexes, as described previously (Deumens et al. [2004] Neuroscience 125:591–604), within the lesion gap with additional OEC/ONF injections rostral and caudal to the lesion site. We show an enhanced presence of injured CS axons directly rostral to the lesion gap, with no effects on injured CS axons at or caudal to the lesion gap. Furthermore, injured CS axons did not penetrate the OEC/ONF‐biomatrix complex within the lesion gap. The enhanced presence of CS axons rostral to the lesion gap was not accompanied by any recovery of behavioral parameters assessed with the BBB locomotor rating scale or CatWalk gait analysis. We conclude that our multifactorial transplantation strategy should be optimized to create an OEC/ONF continuum in the injured spinal cord and thereby stimulate regrowth of injured CS axons across large spinal lesion gaps. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pro‐apoptotic role of c‐Jun in NMDA‐induced neurotoxicity in the rat retina
Authors: Munemasa Yasunari , Ohtani‐kaneko Ritsuko , Kitaoka Yasushi , Kumai Toshio , Kitaoka Yuka , Hayashi Yasuhiro , Watanabe Minoru , Takeda Hiroyuki , Hirata Kazuaki , Ueno Satoki 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe examined the role of c‐Jun on N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced neurotoxicity in the rat retina. An increase in c‐Jun mRNA, c‐Jun protein and phosphorylated c‐Jun (p‐c‐Jun) levels in the retina was detected 3 hr after intravitreal injection of NMDA (20 nmol). These levels peaked after 12 hr, and then returned to their control levels by 24 hr. c‐Jun and p‐c‐Jun immunoreactivities were observed in the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL), especially in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and in the inner nuclear layer (INL) 12 hr after NMDA injection, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated nick‐end labeling (TUNEL)‐positive cells were immunopositive for c‐Jun and p‐c‐Jun. A c‐Jun antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS ODN), which was simultaneously injected with NMDA, penetrated the cells in the RGCL and the INL, suppressed the NMDA‐induced increase in c‐Jun and p‐c‐Jun protein levels and reduced the number of TUNEL‐positive cells in the RGCL 12 hr after the injection. The protective effect of c‐Jun AS ODN on the NMDA‐treated retina was also shown by the RGCL cell count and measurement of the IPL thickness, as well as by quantitative real‐time PCR analysis of Thy‐1 mRNA 7 days after the injection. These results suggest that c‐Jun synthesis and phosphorylation participate in NMDA‐induced neuronal cell death. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.