bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of oxybutynin on reflex micturition in the decerebrate dog as determined by urodynamic evaluation
Authors: Nishizawa Osamu , Sugaya Kimio , Kohama Takeo , Satoh Keietsu , Harada Tadashi , Tsuchida Seigi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of oxybutynin on reflex micturition in the decerebrate dog was investigated by cystometric and striated urethral sphincter EMG studies. Reflex micturition consisting of bladder contraction and relaxation of the striated urethral sphincter occurred when a critical degree of filling was reached in the absence and presence of cumulative doses of 30, 100, and 300 μg/kg of oxybutynin. Oxybutynin at doses of 30, 100, and 300 μg/kg produced a significant increase in threshold volume during the collecting phase in a dose‐dependent manner. In the urodynamic parameters of the emptying phase considered to be influenced greatly by cholinergic activity there was a small but significant decrease in the maximum bladder pressure only at a dose of 300 μg/kg. The present study supports urodynamically clinical usefulness of oxybutynin for the relief of symptoms associated with detrusor instability and hyperreflexia.
Acute animal studies on electrically induced collision block of pudendal nerve motor activity
Authors: Sweeney J. D. , Mortimer J. T. , Bodner D. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper we describe acute experiments in five adult male dogs on testing of a pudendal nerve cuff electrode implant for collision block of motor signals to the periurethral sphincter. The average quasi‐trapezoidal stimulus parameters at an “operating point” where antidromic unidirectionally propagating action potentials (needed to produce a motor collision block) were most effectively produced were regulated current level of 14.2 mA (S.D. 2.3 mA), pulse width of 500 μsec (S.D. 71 μsec), and a 90% to 10% exponential fall‐time (following the rectangular stimulus phase) of 840 μsec (S.D. 147 μsec). With these parameters for single monophasic stimuli, an average pressure reduction at the distal urethra of 89% (S.D. 6%) could be elicited in comparison to the maximal single stimulus pressure response. In two tests of collision block with stimulus trains a substantial decrease in distal urethral pressure could be elicited using either monophasic or the electrochemically preferable balanced‐charge biphasic (BCB) waveforms (e.g., pressure reductions of 76% and 89% with 30 Hz BCB collision block).
Comparison of palmitic acid and glucose metabolism in the rabbit urinary bladder
Authors: Hypolite Joseph A. , Haugaard Niels , Wein Alan J. , Ruggieri Michael R. , Levin Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the relative importance of carbohydrate and fatty acids as substrates for energy production in the urinary bladder and to obtain information about the kinetics involved in the oxidation of glucose and a representative fatty acid by rabbit bladder incubated in vitro.Isolated strips of rabbit bladder body were incubated in the presence of various concentrations of 14C‐glucose or 14C‐palmitate for different periods of time up to 90 minutes. The rate of 14CO2 generation was measured. In addition, the effect of bethanechol on both glucose and palmitic acid metabolism was determined.The results can be summarized as follows: (1) The oxidation of glucose showed a distinct lag period with time lasting for about 30 minutes. From 30 to 90 minutes the rate of 14C2‐palmitate was linear over the entire 90‐minute period of incubation. (2) Experiments in which the concentration of glucose was varied showed saturation kinetics. From a Lineweaver‐Burk plot a Vmax of 0.645 umol/g/hr was obtained with a km of 2.30 mM. (3) Preincubation of tissues without substrate caused a significant increase in the rate of glucose oxidation. (4) The rate of oxidation of 14C‐palmitate increased with concentration of the fatty acid. (5) A Lineweaver‐Burk plot showed a Vmax of 30.0 nmol/g/hr and a km of 2.50 mM. Addition of unlabeled glucose to tissues oxidizing 14C‐palmitate had no effect on 14CO2 production. Similarly, the addition of non‐radioactive palmitate to tissues incubated with 14C‐glucose did not decrease glucose oxidation. When both radioactive substrates were present the rates of oxidation were additive. (6) Although bethanechol stimulated glucose oxidation, the drug had no significant effect on palmitate metabolism.
Effect of castration on penile erection in the dog
Authors: Creed Kate E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe reduction in sexual activity in hypogonadal men is at least partially due to a decrease in sexual interest, but it may also involve peripheral mechanisms. In the present experiments, the effects of castration on penile erection in dogs was investigated. The pressure within the corpus cavernosum was measured in intact anaesthetized dogs and in dogs castrated 2 weeks or more than 6 months previously. It was found that there was no significant difference between intact and castrated dogs in the magnitude or time course of increase in corpus cavernosal pressure induced by pelvic nerve stimulation or in the inhibitory effects of simultaneous stimulation of the sympathetic chain. Furthermore, the mean ED50 value for contraction to phenylephrine of isolated strips of erectile tissue from the corpus cavernosum was not significantly different between groups. This suggests that the mechanism of penile erection is not affected by reducing the levels of testosterone.
Pressure measurement techniques in urodynamic investigations
Authors: Ask Per , Hök Bertil 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt is apparent that the use of accurate pressure measurement techniques is essential for the outcome of urodynamic investigations. The aim of this paper is to estimate the demands on urodynamic pressure measurements and to review the properties of various techniques used. For the infused catheter technique, the dynamic properties are very much dependent on the complicance of the infusion system. With optimal infusion, the bandwidth and the pressure rise rate seem to be sufficient for most applications. Intraluminal microtransducers have a high bandwidth, but a certain fiber optic transducer cannot accurately measure mechanical pressure in the collapsed urethra. The principal differences in measuring hydrostatic pressure between the infused catheter technique and microtransducers should be observed. Flexion artefacts are a problem when measuring urethral pressure profiles. Newly developed transducers may offer a solution to this problem.
Residual urine volume following involuntary voiding in elderly inpatient men
Authors: O'Donnell Pat D. , Walls Robert C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrinary incontinence is a debilitating condition for elderly inpatients. The etiology is not well understood and has not been investigated extensively. Incontinence volume per episode has been shown to vary within patients and does not appear to be associated with cystometric bladder capacity. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of residual urine volume following involuntary voiding to the incontinence volume and the total bladder volume in elderly inpatient men. Sixteen patients had catheterized residual urine volume measurements done following involuntary voiding on each of four days. Significant variability was found in the residual urine volume, the incontinence volume, and the total bladder volume within patients having urinary incontinence. The variability observed in volume parameters suggests that factors other than intravesical volume may have a significant role in the etiology of involuntary voiding in elderly patients.
Control and coordination of bladder and urethral function in the brainstem of the cat
Authors: Griffiths Derek , Holstege Gert , Dalm Eddie , Wall Hans De 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStimulation and lesion experiments in the pontine tegmentum of 34 cats, with urodynamic measurements both pre‐ and peroperatively and during up to 4 months of follow‐up, have confirmed the existence of two different brainstem regions concerned with lower urinary tract function. In the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum, a compact, dorsomediolaterally located M region, corresponding to Barrington's micturition centre, reacts specifically to electrical stimulation, causing prompt relaxation of the anal and urethral striated sphincters followed after about 2 s by detrusor contraction, as in normal micturition. Bilateral lesions in this M region lead to a 2–9 week period of urinary retention, during which detrusor activity is depressed and the bladder capacity increases. Stimulation in a larger, more diffuse, more laterally located L region elicits sphincter activity: contraction of the striated urethral sphincter together with an increase in the anal‐sphincter EMG, or relaxation of the striated urethral sphincter together with either a decrease or an increase in the anal‐sphincter EMG. Provided lethal respiratory complications can be avoided, bilateral lesions in this L region lead after a few days to a state, lasting up to 2 months, in which there is urinary incontinence accompanied by a decrease in the bladder capacity and detrusor overactivity. Neither type of lesion leads to true detrusor‐urethra dyssynergia. However, because the amplitude of anal‐sphincter EMG sometimes increases when the striated urethral sphincter relaxes, observations of the anal‐sphincter EMG can misleadingly suggest dyssynergia. Brainstem mapping of the results of stimulation suggests a motor pathway running from the M to the L region and another descending caudally from the L region. The observations suggest that the M region forms a true micturition centre, facilitating the detrusor voiding contraction and also (via the presumptive connection with the L region) ensuring synergic sphincter relaxation. The L region appears not only to relay this voiding sphincter relaxation, but to be responsible for control of the pelvic floor and its sphincters in general, and for helping to maintain urinary continence.
Urodynamic findings in the lower urinary tract: II. Latent stress incontinence in women scheduled for hysterectomy?
Authors: Van Venrooij Ger E. P. M. , Vervest Harry A. M. , Boon Tom A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrodynamic findings in 48 patients scheduled for hysterectomy and without any component of motor urge or stress incontinence were compared to those of asymptomatic women and females with objective stress incontinence. The results revealed no significant difference between the prehysterectomy group and the continent control group in terms of percentage of patients voiding by abdominal strain, detrusor contractility, urethral resistance. maximal urethral closure pressure, and relative urethral leakage pressure.Only a marginal but not significant difference in detrusor contractility and urethral resistance was found. Those parameters were lower than those of the continent control group but higher than those of the stress‐incontinent group. Thus, with the urodynamic findings of the prehysterectomy group not differing significantly from the normal control group, it is recommended that preoperative urodynamic evaluation be reserved for women in whom, apart from the hysterectomy, surgery is planned for bladder neck repositioning. If there are no findings on routine history and physical exam of the patient about to undergo hysterectomy suggestive of urodynamic pathology, further assessment is not very fruitful.
Pressure/flow studies in elderly men without voiding problems: Estimation of the urethral pressure/flow relation and urethral elasticity
Authors: Spångberg Anders , Teriö Heikki , Ask Per 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe flow in the urethra is controlled by an elastic constriction, the flow‐controlling zone. The distensibility of this zone is described by the pressure/area relation, which gives the static pressure as a function of the cross‐sectional area at the flow‐controlling zone. The pressure/area relation can be calculated from the pressure/flow relation, which is estimated from the pressure/flow plot obtained at a urodynamic examination. In this study the urethral pressure/flow and pressure/area relations were estimated for 21 randomly selected men (62–75 years old) without voiding problems.Nineteen of 21 persons in this group had pressure/flow relations with a low slope. This corresponds to a low slope in the pressure/area relation indicating high distensibility of the flow‐controlling zone, which for 18 persons was estimated to be distended to areas larger than 10 mm2 during micturition. Twenty persons had a minimal urethral opening pressure below 55 cm H2O. The estimated pressure/area relation was linear in 59% of the micturitions, indicating that the flow‐controlling zone could have been distended to a larger cross‐sectional area, if the bladder had achieved a higher pressure. The 10th–90th percentiles for maximum flow and detrusor pressure at maximum flow were 7.2–24.3 ml/s and 24–76 cm H2O, respectively. Four persons had low flow and low pressure, indicating diminished detrusor contractility with age. Twenty‐four percent of the persons had unstable bladder contractions with a pressure rise < 15cm H2O and 19% with a pressure rise < 15cm H2O.
Adult female intra‐ and peri‐urethral sphincter‐electromyographic study
Authors: Chantraine A. , Leval J. De , Depireux P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty‐two healthy women aged 22–64 years with normal micturition volunteered for electromyographic (EMG) study of their striated urethral sphincters. The EMG findings of the peri‐urethral and intra‐urethral sphincter with an empty bladder showed at rest mean amplitude of 167.23 ± 23.3 μV and 89.7 ± 7 μV and mean duration of 4.9 ± 0.57 msec and 5.6 ± 0.19 msec respectively. During maximal voluntary contraction an interference pattern was obtained with an amplitude increased to twice normal. During bladder filling, studies on seven of these subjects showed that the peri‐urethral and intra‐urethral sphincters behaved differently. As filling proceeded the intra‐urethral sphincter showed no change at all, whereas the peri‐urethral sphincter displayed a progressive increase of the motor unit recruitment without any other significant modification.
Microcomputer‐Based incontinence data management system for elderly inpatients
Authors: O'Donnell Pat D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe quantitative measurement of urinary incontinence in elderly inpatients presents a complex problem of clinical assessment. The characteristics of incontinence data in chronic care patients include incontinence episodes. volume of urine loss, and time of events. The objective of an incontinence data management system was the integration of incontinence characteristics with the information sequence from the data source to develop an interactive filing system that will allow useful output presentations of data. A microcomputer‐based incontinence data management system is described which was developed from commercially available software as a specific software application for incontinence information management in elderly chronic care inpatients. Data management requirements of data recording, quality control, report formats, and statistical analysis interfacing can be accomplished using microcomputer products.
Response of the whole bladder‐urethra model (rabbit) to autonomic drugs
Authors: Chun Alexa L. , Wein Alan J. , Gill Harcharan S. , Levin Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo investigate the function of the bladder‐urethra as a continuous unit we set up an in vitro whole bladder‐urethra model (rabbit). We were able to measure the intravesical pressure at which saline infused into the bladder emptied via the urethra (“opening pressure”). Methoxamine added to the bath caused a significant increase in opening pressure, whereas phentolamine caused a significant decrease in opening pressure compared to controls. Atropine had no effect on opening pressure in the absence or presence of methoxamine. Thus, it appears that the in vitro bladder‐urethra unit has intrinsic alpha‐adrenergic tone that is of sufficient force to maintain an intravesical pressure of 7.0 cm H2O, and that this tone is not influenced by antagonism with the anticholinergic agent atropine.
Relaxation of intestinal bladders by intravesical oxybutynin chloride
Authors: Mohler James L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIncontinence is a frequent complication of continent urinary diversions and neurogenic bladder augmentations constructed from intestinal segments. Oxybutynin chloride was delivered intravesically and orally to six beagles 9 months after bladders were replaced by tubularized ileum (in three dogs) or sigmorectum (in three dogs). Intravesical oxybutynin produced greater bladder relaxation by urodynamic criteria. Measured oxybutynin chloride concentrations suggested that high tissue levels were achieved at low systemic levels. In two human patients with ileocecal urinary diversions, intravesical oxybutynin chloride decreased bladder pressure and decreased the number and magnitude of superimposed contractions. Intravesical application of oxybutynin chloride may produce local drug levels unachievable by oral administration and may better treat incontinence in patients who intermittently catheterize intestinal bladders or intestinally augmented neurogenic bladders.
Interstitial cystitis: Clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria in over 200 cases
Authors: Parsons C. Lowell 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOver 200 patients were evaluated for the syndrome of interstitial cystitis. The average patient was found to void 16 times per day with an average volume of 106 ml, nocturia averaged 4–6 times (but 18% of patients voided < 2 times per night) and symptoms were present at least 1 year. Eight‐five percent of the patients were female and 83% had pain. The median age was 44.Cystoscopic changes revealed no carcinoma or carcinoma in situ in 175 patients studied with an average capacity under anesthesia of 561 ml (measured in 175 patients). Only 8% of the patients had ulcers and 89% had glomerulations. Seventy‐five patients had cystometrograms demonstrating an average maximum capacity of 220 ml and an increased sensory urgency in 95% of patients (< 100 ml volume stimulating urgency was considered abnormal).The 90% confidence limit for findings in this disease showed the average voids per day was at least 10, with an average voided volume of < 160 ml, nocturia at least 1–2 per night, duration of symptoms over 1 year, anesthetic bladder capacity of < 850 ml.
Vesico‐anal influences in healthy intact humans: Quantificated by responses in the external anal sphincter following transcranial cortical stimulation
Authors: Hansen Michael V. , Holmgren Helen , Sp∠berg Anders , Warycha Andrej 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEMG responses in the external anal sphincter (EAS), the rectus abdominis muscle (RA), and the anterior tibial muscle (TA) were recorded following single magnetic transcranial cortical stimulations (TCCS) in seven healthy volunteers. The responses in the EAS differed from the responses in the other muscles. They had comparatively long durations ranging from 1 to 2 seconds, no inhibitory periods were observed, and there was no tendency for habituation to occur following a limited number of stimuli. The responses recorded in the EAS were used as test responses in order to evaluate the excitability changes in the EAS motoneurons occurring during bladder filling. Cystometries with filling rates of 15, 50 and 200 ml/min were done. During these cystometries TCCS were applied repeatedly, with constant strength, after each 50 ml of filling up to bladder capacity. The responses following TCCS changed in a highly reproducible way during bladder filling. After 100–200 ml of filling, the responses had longer latencies, diminished sizes, and shorter durations. When the filling reached a level 50–150 ml below capacity, the responses in most subjects again became greater and the latencies shorter. The changes were believed to be physiological. It was concluded that the EAS motoneurons are under both inhibitory and facilitatory influence during bladder filling in intact healthy humans. Facilitatory influences are often observed when the bladder is filled close to capacity. At lower bladder volumes the observed influence is always inhibitory. A decrease in the EMG activity of the EAS during filling cystometry should consequently not be regarded as a pathological response.
Trypan blue as an indicator of urothelial integrity
Authors: Levin Robert M. , Wein Alan J. , Whitmore Kristene , Monson Frederick C. , Mc Kenna Beth A. W. , Ruggieri Michael R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDefects in the urinary bladder urothelium may be an etiological factor in conditions such as recurrent urinary tract infection and interstitial cystitis. Initial studies have demonstrated that the colloidal dye trypan blue can be used as a marker for defects in the integrity of the mucosal epithelium. Male white New Zealand rabbits were separated into 4 groups: Control, in vivo overdistension (via saline infusion), intravesical acetone (20 ml 50% for 1 minute), and intravesical 50% DMSO (20 ml “RIMSO‐50” for 30 minutes). Both intravesical instillations were followed by 3–20 ml saline washes. Immediately following acetone or DMSO, 20 ml 1% trypan blue in saline was instilled and left in the bladder for up to 1 hour. After overdistension, 1% trypan blue in saline was infused into the bladder at the same rate until the volume reached that previously defined as the overdistension volume. Control bladders were rinsed with 20 ml saline, twice, before being filled with 20 ml of the trypan blue solution.There was no evidence of trypan blue's staining of tissues in any of the control bladders. After DMSO treatment, there was usually only slight staining of the bladder surface urothelium and subjacent connective tissues. After acetone treatment, microscopic examination of bladder wall showed that nuclei were stained in all tissues of the wall (e.g., urothelium, connective tissue and smooth muscle). After acute frank overdistension, the bladder wall was deep blue throughout, very similar to the acetone‐treated bladder. Microscopic analysis demonstrated that the smooth muscle elements were the most heavily stained.In summary 1) trypan blue does not penetrate the normal bladder mucosa, nor is any dye absorbed into the blood stream. 2) Frank overdistension of the bladder defeats the physical integrity of the urothelium as evidenced by penetration of the dye into the submucosal tissue, the peritoneal cavity, and bloodstream. 3) Where DMSO penetrates the urothelium itself, it appears to leave no permanent route by which other molecules can traverse the urothelium after it is removed. 4) Only after the integrity of the urothelial surface is disturbed are the cells of the urothelium susceptible to staining.
Simultaneous urethral pressure profilometry using a microtip transducer catheter in the bitch: Effects of bitch position and transducer orientation
Authors: Holt P. E. , Gibbs C. , Wathes C. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSimultaneous urethral pressure profilometry using a microtip transducer catheter was perfonned in 14 bitches to determnine the effects of the position of the animal and the transducer orientation.The technique was carried out in three positions of the bitch (right lateral, dorsal, and left lateral recumbency) and four orientations of the transducers (Diorsal, right, ventral, and left).Both functional profile length and maximum urethral closure pressure were significantly affected by the orientation of the transducer relative to the position of the bitch.The optimum position of the bitch and orientation of the transducers were detennined by evaluating the proportion of profiles from which measurements could not be made, the diagnostic value of profiles, and the Proportion of artefacts in functional profile length. It was concluded that the bitch should be positioned in right lateral recumbency with the transducers orientated dorsally as these positions result in the highest proportion of diagnostic and measurable profiles and the lowest proportion of artefacts in functional profile length.