bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach
Authors: Gilbert Paul , Procter Sue 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCompassionate mind training (CMT) was developed for people with high shame and self‐criticism, whose problems tend to be chronic, and who find self‐warmth and self‐acceptance difficult and/or frightening. This paper offers a short overview of the role of shame and self‐criticism in psychological difficulties, the importance of considering different types of affect system (activating versus soothing) and the theory and therapy process of CMT. The paper explores patient acceptability, understanding, abilities to utilize and practice compassion focused processes and the effectiveness of CMT from an uncontrolled trial. Six patients attending a cognitive–behavioural‐based day centre for chronic difficulties completed 12 two‐hour sessions in compassionate mind training. They were advised that this was part of a research programme to look at the process and effectiveness of CMT and to become active collaborators, advising the researchers on what was helpful and what was not. Results showed significant reductions in depression, anxiety, self‐criticism, shame, inferiority and submissive behaviour. There was also a significant increase in the participants' ability to be self‐soothing and focus on feelings of warmth and reassurance for the self. Compassionate mind training may be a useful addition for some patients with chronic difficulties, especially those from traumatic backgrounds, who may lack a sense of inner warmth or abilities to be self‐soothing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partner personality in distressed relationships
Authors: Barelds Dick P. H. , Barelds‐Dijkstra Pieternel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe present study examines the personality characteristics of partners receiving marital therapy. On the basis of previous research, we expected partners in distressed relationships to be more neurotic and more introverted and to have lower self‐esteem than partners in non‐distressed relationships. 42 individuals receiving marital therapy were recruited and matched against 42 individuals in non‐distressed relationships. All expectations were confirmed. Implications for marital therapy are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parotid gland fine‐needle aspiration cytology: An approach to differential diagnosis
Authors: David Odile , Blaney Saad , Hearp Matthew 
Published: December 2006

AbstractParotid glands can undergo a wide range of pathologic changes that may be difficult to characterize by clinical features alone. No single diagnostic modality is currently accepted unequivocally as the definitive approach to parotid gland enlargement or tumors. Although it is generally accepted that fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is useful in the preoperative setting, the accuracy is highly dependent on both operator experience and the interpretative skills of the cytopathologist. Results of FNA biopsy must be considered in a global context, in conjunction with clinical and radiographic findings.The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to define the clinical role of parotid FNA, such that pathologists performing and/or interpreting such specimens have a clearer understanding of the expectations of our surgical colleagues; (2) to clearly describe a protocol for the performance of parotid FNA biopsy, including a discussion of complications and pitfalls; and (3) to present the cytologic differential diagnoses of diverse clinicopathologic parotid gland processes that may present as generalized enlargement, cystic lesions, or discrete masses. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:47–56. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of CD25– regulatory T cells following heart transplantation: Evidence for transfer of long‐term survival
Authors: Degauque Nicolas , Lair David , Braudeau Cécile , Haspot Fabienne , Sébille Fabien , Dupont Alexandre , Merieau Emmanuel , Brouard Sophie , Soulillou Jean‐Paul 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDonor‐specific heart allograft acceptance can be induced in the MHC‐mismatched LEW.1 W to LEW.1A rat by donor‐specific transfusions. Whereas the induction phase of tolerance has been studied in detail, its maintenance remained poorly understood. Here, we performed a side‐by‐side comparison of CD25+ and CD25– splenic T cells of 100‐day tolerant rats. Administration of CD25– T cells from tolerant rats to sublethally irradiated recipients transferred long‐term graft survival. These CD25– T cells displayed a decreased donor‐specific response in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and presented suppressive activity. These CD25– T cells accumulated IFN‐γ, IL‐10 and Foxp3 transcripts. The in vitro suppressive activity of CD25– T cells required both cell contact and soluble factors (IL‐10 and IFN‐γ). The CD25+ T cells from tolerant rats did not show any modification of their regulatory properties. We show that splenic CD25– T cells of tolerant rats contribute to the maintenance of tolerance following the transplantation. Our data show that regulatory T cells are not restricted to the CD4+CD25+ T cell subset and provide new insights on the mechanisms of tolerance to allograft following donor cell priming.
Helper function of cytolytic lymphocytes: Switching roles in the immune response
Authors: Pira Giuseppina Li , Ivaldi Federico , Bottone Laura , Koopman Gerrit , Manca Fabrizio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractT helper (Th) cells and cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) play defined roles in the cellular immune response. This distinction wavered when Th lymphocytes were shown to kill antigen‐presenting cells displaying the relevant antigen. Here we demonstrate that also the opposite can be true: CTL can exert helper functions. We noticed that certain CMV‐specific CTL lines grew after antigen activation also without exogenous IL‐2. These lines produced their own IL‐2, which supported the expansion of other CTL and Th cell lines. High levels of helper cytokines like IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐6 were detected in the culture supernatants. Thus, we set up a helper assay to study the functional interactions between T cells (or their supernatants) and B cells. Conditioned media from helper CTL lines induced secretion of antigen‐specific antibodies by B cells pulsed with antigen as first signal. We conclude that it is possible to isolate CTL lines that exhibit helper functions for T cells and B cells. If this possibility is proven also in vivo, we should revise some of our views on the pathogenesis of diseases in which CD8 cells are key players, such as in viral infections, graft rejection and GVHD.
Modulation of 2B4 (CD244) activity and regulated SAP expression in human NK cells
Authors: Endt Johanna , Eissmann Philipp , Hoffmann Sabrina C. , Meinke Stephan , Giese Thomas , Watzl Carsten 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe adapter protein SAP is important for the signal transduction of the family of SLAM‐related receptors (SRR), which have important immune‐modulating functions. The importance of SAP and SRR for a functional immune reaction becomes obvious in patients suffering from X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease, which is characterized by non‐functional SAP. Here we investigate the regulation of SAP expression in human NK cells. We demonstrate that SAP mRNA expression and protein levels are low in freshly isolated resting NK cells. IL‐2 stimulation leads to an up‐regulation of SAP expression, which can be enhanced by IL‐12, the stimulation of TLR3 by polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))and to a lesser extent by IFN‐α. EAT‐2, a SAP‐related adapter protein, is already detectable in resting NK cells and does not change its expression after IL‐2 stimulation. The regulation of SAP has functional consequences for the stimulation of NK cell cytotoxicity by 2B4. In resting NK cells, 2B4 stimulation can only enhance NK cell lysis when co‐triggered with other activating NK cell receptors. In IL‐2‐activated NK cells with high SAP expression the triggering of 2B4 alone is sufficient to induce NK cell cytotoxicity, demonstrating a correlation between the regulated SAP expression and the function of 2B4.
Synthesis of 3‐Alkylcoumarins from Salicylaldehydes and α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes Utilizing Nucleophilic Carbenes: A New Umpoled Domino Reaction
Authors: Toräng Jakob , Vanderheiden Sylvia , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractStarting from salicylaldehydes and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, a new coumarin synthesis in ionic liquids is presented. The key feature is the generation of N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) and an Umpolung reaction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The Absolute Configuration of (+)‐Ethyl cis‐1‐Benzyl‐3‐hydroxypiperidine‐4‐carboxylate and (+)‐4‐Ethyl 1‐Methyl cis‐3‐Hydroxypiperidine‐1,4‐dicarboxylate; a Revision
Authors: Lorenzetto Piergiorgio A. , Strehler Andreas , Rüedi Peter 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDiscrepancies between chiroptical data from the literature and our determination of the structure of the title compounds (+)‐5 and (+)‐9a were resolved by an unambiguous assignment of their absolute configuration. Accordingly, the dextrorotatory cis‐3‐hydroxy esters have (3R,4R)‐ and the laevorotatory enantiomers (3S,4S)‐configuration. The final evidences were demonstrated on both enantiomers (+)‐ and (−)‐5 by biological reduction of 4 by bakers' yeast and stereoselective [RuII(binap)]‐catalyzed hydrogenations of 4 (Scheme 2), by the application of the NMR Mosher method on (+)‐ and (−)‐5 (Scheme 3), as well as by the transformation of (+)‐5 into a common derivative and chiroptical correlation (Scheme 4).
Thermophilic biotrickling filtration of a mixture of isobutyraldehyde and 2‐pentanone
Authors: Luvsanjamba Munkhtsetseg , Sercu Bram , Kertész Szabolcs , Van Langenhove Herman 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this study, the possibility of the removal of isobutyraldehyde and 2‐pentanone was investigated in biotrickling filters (BTFs) at higher temperature (52–65 °C). First, the biodegradation of isobutyraldehyde and 2‐pentanone in activated sludge was proven by batch experiments at 52 and 62 °C. In batch experiments isobutyraldehyde was also degraded up to a temperature of 72 °C. Thereafter two bioreactors were operated in parallel, one at ambient temperature (BTF25), and one at 52 °C (BTF52). Maximum elimination capacities of 97 and 139 g m−3 h−1 were observed in BTF25 and BTF52, respectively, for isobutyraldehyde. Maximum elimination capacities of 53 and 63 g m−3 h−1 were obtained for 2‐pentanone in BTF25 and BTF52, respectively. A significant difference was observed in the operational stability of the two reactors. In the reactor at ambient temperature, operational problems such as foam formation, higher biomass accumulation and organic acid production were observed. In the thermophilic reactor these problems did not occur or were less severe. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative evaluation of the effect of propylene glycol on BBB permeability
Authors: Sood Rohit , Taheri Saeid , Estrada Eduardo Y. , Rosenberg Gary A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurposeTo establish the blood–brain barrier (BBB) blocking property of propylene glycol (PG) using the 14C sucrose technique, quantitatively evaluate the effect of PG on BBB permeability using an MRI technique based on graphical analysis, and demonstrate the sensitivity of MRI for testing newer investigational drugs.Materials and MethodsBrain uptake of sucrose was measured in treated (PG+) and untreated (PG−) rats using a 14C sucrose technique in rat brains (N = 10) that had undergone two hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and three hours of reperfusion. Another group of PG+ and PG− rats (N = 8) underwent MRI. T2‐weighted (T2W) and diffusion‐weighted (DW) images were acquired on a 4.7T MR system. A rapid T1 mapping protocol was implemented to acquire a baseline data set followed by postinjection data sets at regular intervals. The data were postprocessed pixelwise to generate permeability coefficient color maps.ResultsA significant (P < 0.05) reduction in 14C sucrose space was observed on the ischemic side of PG+ rats only. Permeability coefficient estimates obtained by MRI from the ipsilateral hemisphere in PG+ rats were significantly lower than those in PG− rats (P < 0.05). There was no significant change on the contralateral side in PG+ rats. The results show that PG protects the BBB in ischemic stroke, and MRI measurements are sufficiently sensitive to noninvasively detect small drug effects.ConclusionMRI is useful for evaluating the BBB blocking effect of PG in an ischemic stroke model of rat brain. The results from the MR experiment agree well with findings from the 14C sucrose technique. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calpain activity in retinal degeneration
Authors: Paquet‐Durand François , Johnson Leif , Ekström Per 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRetinal degenerations such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or glaucoma are a major cause of blindness in humans. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the various types of retinal degeneration is a pre‐requisite for the development of rational therapies for these diseases. Activation of the calcium dependent protease, calpain, has been suggested to play an important role in cell death in various neuronal tissues including the retina. Improved detection and analysis of calpain activity during degenerative processes is likely to expand the list of pathological conditions with calpain involvement. We give a short overview of the methods available for the detection of calpain activity, and briefly discuss properties of calpain inhibitors. We then discuss the role of calpains in different cell death mechanisms and review existing work on retinal degeneration and the possible involvement of calpains therein. The implication of calpains in retinal cell death raises the possibility to use calpain inhibitors to prevent or delay retinal degeneration. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new method for the authentication of plant samples by analyzing fingerprint chromatograms
Authors: Obradovič Marko , Krajšek Simona Strgulc , Dermastia Marina , Kreft Samo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemical analysis by high‐performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis of plant pulverized samples, juices or extracts is an excellent method for the authentication of medicinal plant species and their products, particularly when morphological authentication is not possible. In the conventional procedure, chromatograms are integrated and the heights or areas of several peaks are used in a supervised pattern recognition method to confirm the authenticity of the product. We propose a new section approach in analysing chromatograms, where chromatograms are split into sections, which are described by four variables (number of peaks in the section, average retention time of peaks in the section, total area of peaks in the section and average area of peaks in the section), and these variables are then used in statistical analysis. The method is especially useful when the peaks on the chromatogram are not well separated and it is not easy to link individual peaks on one chromatogram with corresponding peaks on other chromatograms. In comparison with the standard procedure, our approach in analyzing chromatographic data of willow‐herb (EpilobiumandChamaenerionspp.) extracts was more objective, gave better results and was also easier to perform. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and polymerization of 5‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)naphthylacetylene with homogeneous rhodium and palladium complexes
Authors: Rodríguez J. Gonzalo , Tejedor Jose Luis 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe monomer 5‐ethynyl‐N,N‐dimethylnaphthalen‐1‐amine (2) was satisfactorily obtained by a heterocoupling reaction between 5‐iodo‐(N,N‐dimethyl)naphthalen‐1‐amine and 2‐methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol catalyzed by a palladium–copper system and followed by acetone elimination. Poly(5‐ethynyl‐N,N‐dimethylnaphthalen‐1‐amine) was isolated by the reaction of 2 in the presence of homogeneous rhodium and palladium complexes. On the basis of the spectroscopic data, the polymer always showed a cis–transoidal, stereoregular structure. Moreover, only with the rhodium catalyst in methanol was a dimeric product isolated in a very low yield, having a conjugated terminal ene–yne structure, which permitted the consideration of a metallated chain‐transfer intermediate in the polymer propagation. The kinetics of the catalyzed reaction were analyzed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 437–446, 2007
N‐alkoxy pyridinium ion terminated polystyrenes: A facile route to photoinduced block copolymerization
Authors: Durmaz Yasemin Yüksel , Yilmaz Görkem , Yağci Yusuf 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPhotoactive N‐alkoxy 4‐phenyl pyridinium and N‐alkoxy isoquinolinium ion terminated polystyrenes with hexafluoroantimonate counter anion were prepared and characterized. For this purpose, mono‐ and dibrominated polystyrenes were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The reaction of these polymers with silver hexafluoroantimonate in the presence of 4‐phenylpyridine N‐oxide and isoquinoline N‐oxide in dichloromethane produced desired polymeric salts with the corresponding functionalities. Irradiation of these photoactive polystyrenes produced alkoxy radicals at chain ends capable of initiating free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). This way, depending on the number of functionality, AB or ABA type block copolymers were formed which were characterized with the aid of gel permeation chromatography and 1H NMR spectroscopy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 423–428, 2007.
Complexes of lysozyme with sodium (sulfamate‐carboxylate)isoprene/ethylene oxide double hydrophilic block copolymers
Authors: Pispas Stergios 
Published: December 2006

AbstractComplexes between sodium (sulfamate‐carboxylate)isoprene/ethylene oxide double hydrophilic block copolymers and lysozyme, a globular protein, were formed in aqueous solutions, at pH 7, because of electrostatic interactions between the anionic groups of the polyelectrolyte block of the copolymers and the cationic groups of lysozyme. The structure of the complexes was investigated as a function of the anionic/cationic charge ratio of the two components in solution and ionic strength by static, dynamic, and electrophoretic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The mass and size of the micellar‐like complexes depend on the mixing ratio and the molecular characteristics (molecular weight, composition, and architecture) of the copolymer used. Complexation persists at 0.15M NaCl, the value for physiological saline, as a result of additional hydrophobic interactions between the copolymers and the enzyme. Fluorescence spectroscopy measurements indicate that the secondary structure of lysozyme does not change substantially after complex formation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 509–520, 2007
Enzyme–substrate interactions revealed by the crystal structures of the archaeal Sulfolobus PTP‐fold phosphatase and its phosphopeptide complexes
Authors: Chu Hsing‐Mao , Wang Andrew H.‐J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe P‐loop‐containing protein phos‐phatases are important regulators in signal transduction. These enzymes have structural and functional similarity with a conserved sequence of Dx(25–41)HCxxGxxR(T/S) essential for catalysis. The singular protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) from archaeal Sulfolobus solfataricus is one of the smallest known PTPs with extreme thermostability. Here, we report the crystal structure of this phosphatase and its complexes with two tyrosyl phosphopeptides A‐(p)Y‐R and N‐K‐(p)Y‐G‐N. The structure suggests the minimal structural motif of the PTP family, having two variable sequences inserted between the β2–β3 and β3–β4 strands, respectively. The phosphate of both phosphopeptide substrates is bound to the P‐loop through several hydrogen bonds. Comparison of several phosphatase–substrate complexes revealed that Gln135 on the Q‐loop has different modes of recognition toward phosphopeptides. The substrate specificity of SsoPTP is primarily localized at the phosphotyrosine, suggesting that this phosphatase may be a prototypical PTP. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simple and rapid confirmatory assay for analyzing antibiotic residues of the macrolide class and lincomycin in bovine milk and yoghurt: hot water extraction followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Bogialli Sara , Di Corcia Antonio , Laganà Aldo , Mastrantoni Veronica , Sergi Manuel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA rapid and simple sample preparation procedure for determining residues of antibiotics of the class of macrolides and lincomycin in whole milk and yoghurt by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is presented. The method is based on the matrix solid‐phase dispersion (MSPD) technique with hot water as extractant. After dispersing samples of milk and yoghurt on sand, target compounds were eluted from the MSPD column by passing through it 5 mL of water acidified with 30 mmol/L formic acid and heated at 70°C. After pH adjustment and filtration, a volume of 200 µL of the aqueous extract was directly injected into the LC column. MS data acquisition was generally performed in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, selecting two precursor ion to product ion transitions for each target compound. Hot water appeared to be an efficient extracting medium, since absolute recoveries of the analytes in milk and yoghurt were respectively 68–86% and 82–96%. The method proved to be robust as matrix effects, even though present, did not affect significantly the accuracy of the method, as evidenced by analyzing six different batches of both milk and yoghurt. Using roxithromycin (a macrolide antibiotic not used in veterinary medicine) as surrogate internal standard, the accuracy of the method at three different spike levels of the analytes in milk and yoghurt was 86–107% (RSDs not larger than 10%) and 97–117% (RSDs not larger than 13%), respectively. On the basis of a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 10, we estimated this method can quantify a few ppb of the analytes in milk and yoghurt. These concentrations are well below the tolerance levels of macrolides and lincomycin in milk set by both the European Union and the US Food and Drug Administration. On analyzing six yoghurt samples, we found evidence for the fact that one of the six samples was contaminated with erythromycin B. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycerolysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters: 2. Simulation and Experiments in Continuous Reactors
Authors: Negi Devender S. , Kimmel Tobias , Wozny Günter , Schomäcker Reinhard 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe glycerolysis of methyl ester was investigated in flow reactors. This reaction represents a liquid two‐phase reaction with changing reaction rates in a batch reactor. A semi‐empirical model tested earlier with batch reactor data was used to simulate different continuous processes for this reaction. Among the processes simulated, a single continuous‐flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) without recycling was considered most appropriate for experimental implementation, although simulations showed that a faster reaction rate is possible with the application of a CSTR followed by a tubular reactor with certain associated residence times. The CSTR simulations were verified experimentally. A good agreement was found between the experimental data and simulation results.