bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The neural consequences of flip‐flopping: The feedback‐related negativity and salience of reward prediction
Authors: Moser Jason S. , Simons Robert F. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractResearch suggests that the feedback‐related negativity (FRN) is only sensitive to expectancy when the prediction violation is salient. To further examine this issue, we asked participants to guess which of two virtual doors hid 5 cents. Prior to and after making their guess, participants were asked whether or not they expected to win. We extracted four conditions based on subjects' predictions before and after their choice of door: (1) win/win, (2) lose/lose, (3) win/lose, and (4) lose/win. Results revealed that the FRN was largest on trials in which subjects predicted they were not going to win and then changed their minds and predicted that they were going to win (i.e., the lose/win condition). Together with previous FRN results and findings in the area of regret and decision making, we suggest that the FRN reflects a context‐sensitive signal that integrates information about current and past actions, thoughts, and emotions.
Metabolically exaggerated cardiac reactions to acute psychological stress revisited
Authors: Carroll Douglas , Phillips Anna C. , Balanos George M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe reactivity hypothesis postulates that large magnitude cardiovascular reactions to psychological stress contribute to the development of pathology. A key but little tested assumption is that such reactions are metabolically exaggerated. Cardiac activity, using Doppler echocardiography, and oxygen consumption, using mass spectrometry, were measured at rest and during and after a mental stress task and during graded submaximal cycling exercise. Cardiac activity and oxygen consumption showed the expected orderly association during exercise. However, during stress, large increases in cardiac activity were observed in the context of modest rises in energy expenditure; observed cardiac activity during stress substantially exceeded that predicted on the basis of contemporary levels of oxygen consumption. Thus, psychological stress can provoke increases in cardiac activity difficult to account for in terms of the metabolic demands of the stress task.
A time of transition: exploring special educational provision in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Shevlin Michael , Kenny Mairin , Loxley Andrew 
Published: January 2009

Special educational provision in the Republic of Ireland has experienced significant changes in the past decade. A combination of interrelated factors including litigation, legislation, parental advocacy and international developments has radically altered the landscape of special education. As a result of these changes the move towards establishing inclusive learning environments appears irreversible though many critical issues remain to be addressed at this time of transition.This study examines how key stakeholders in primary education perceive the challenge of responding appropriately to increased diversity. The results indicate that many barriers remain in the development of inclusive learning environments. The conceptual understanding of special educational needs (SEN) was seriously deficient and this affected the coherence of policy and service delivery. The system lacked strategic leadership, according to participants, and this restricted the capacity to support schools. School capacity to deliver quality education for children with SEN was constrained by the serious shortfall in the range and level of skills required and opportunities for professional development available. There was strong support for the principle of inclusion into mainstream though this was principally perceived in terms of the development of socialisation skills. It was concluded that in this transition phase schools required strategic leadership from policy‐makers to address the many challenges that remain in the establishment of inclusive learning environments.
Absence of endogenous interleukin‐10 enhances secondary inflammatory process after spinal cord compression injury in mice
Authors: Genovese Tiziana , Esposito Emanuela , Mazzon Emanuela , Di Paola Rosanna , Caminiti Rocco , Bramanti Placido , Cappelani Alessandro , Cuzzocrea Salvatore 
Published: January 2009

AbstractInterleukin‐10 (IL‐10) exerts a wide spectrum of regulatory activities in the immune and inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of endogenous IL‐10 on the modulation of the secondary events in mice subjected to spinal cord injury induced by the application of vascular clips (force of 24 g) to the dura via a four‐level T5–T8 laminectomy. IL‐10 wild‐type mice developed severe spinal cord damage characterized by oedema, tissue damage and apoptosis (measured by Annexin‐V, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase‐mediated UTP end labeling staining, Bax, Bcl‐2, and Fas‐L expression). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a marked increase of localization of TNF‐α, IL‐1β and S100β, while western blot analysis shown an increased immunoreactivity of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the spinal cord tissues. The absence of IL‐10 in IL‐10 KO mice resulted in a significant augmentation of all the above described parameters. We have also demonstrated that the genetic absence of IL‐10 worsened the recovery of limb function when compared with IL‐10 wild‐type mice group (evaluated by motor recovery score). Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that the presence of IL‐10 reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury events associated with spinal cord trauma.
Dopamine transporter relation to levodopa‐derived synaptic dopamine in a rat model of Parkinson’s: an in vivo imaging study
Authors: Sossi Vesna , Dinelle Katherine , Topping Geoffrey J. , Holden James E. , Doudet Doris , Schulzer Michael , Ruth Thomas J. , Stoessl A. Jon , De La Fuente‐Fernandez Raul 
Published: January 2009

AbstractStudies showed that the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) modulates changes in levodopa‐derived synaptic dopamine levels (Δ(DA)) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here we evaluate the relationship between DAT and Δ(DA) in the 6‐hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson’s disease to investigate these mechanisms as a function of dopaminergic denervation and in relation to other denervation‐induced regulatory changes. 27 rats with a unilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion (denervation ∼20–97%) were imaged with 11C‐dihydrotetrabenazine (VMAT2 marker), 11C‐methylphenidate (DAT marker) and 11C‐raclopride (D2‐type receptor marker). For denervation <75%Δ(DA) was significantly correlated with a combination of relatively preserved terminal density and lower DAT. For denervation <90%, Δ(DA) was significantly negatively correlated with DAT with a weaker dependence on VMAT2. For the entire data set, no dependence on pre‐synaptic markers was observed; Δ(DA) was significantly positively correlated with 11C‐raclopride binding‐derived estimates of DA loss. These findings parallel observations in humans, and show that (i) regulatory changes attempt to normalize synaptic DA levels (ii) a lesion‐induced functional dependence of Δ(DA) on DAT occurs up to ∼ 90% denervation (iii) for denervation < 75% relative lower DAT levels may relate to effective compensation; for higher denervation, lower DAT levels likely contribute to oscillations in synaptic DA associated with dyskinesias.
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)‐mediated ectodomain shedding of ADAM10
Authors: Parkin Edward , Harris Benjamin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein responsible for the ectodomain shedding of a range of proteins including the amyloid precursor protein implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. In this study we demonstrate that ADAM10 itself is subject to shedding by one or more ADAMs. Expression of epitope‐tagged wild‐type ADAM10 in SH‐SY5Y cells enabled the detection of a soluble ectodomain in conditioned medium. Shedding of the ADAM10 ectodomain was inhibited by a known ADAM inhibitor with a reciprocal accumulation of the full‐length mature protein in both cell lysates and extracellular membrane vesicles. Shedding was also stimulated by phorbol ester treatment of cells. A glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored form of ADAM10 lacking the cytosolic, transmembrane and α‐helical juxtamembrane regions of the wild‐type protein was shed in a similar manner. Furthermore, a truncated soluble ADAM10 construct, although correctly post‐translationally processed and catalytically active against a synthetic peptide substrate, was incapable of shedding cell‐associated amyloid precursor protein. Finally, we show that ADAM9 is, at least in part, responsible for the ectodomain shedding of ADAM10. In conclusion, this is a new mechanism by which levels of ADAM10 are regulated and may have implications in a range of human diseases including Alzheimer’s disease.
Behavioral sensitization to amphetamine is not accompanied by changes in glutamate receptor surface expression in the rat nucleus accumbens
Authors: Nelson Christopher L. , Milovanovic Michael , Wetter Joseph B. , Ford Kerstin A. , Wolf Marina E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe examined whether behavioral sensitization to amphetamine is associated with redistribution of glutamate receptors (GluR) in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAc) or dorsolateral striatum (DLSTR). Following repeated amphetamine treatment and 21 days of withdrawal, surface and intracellular levels of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate (AMPA) or NMDA receptor subunits were determined using a protein cross‐linking assay. In contrast to our previous results in cocaine‐sensitized rats, we did not observe redistribution of GluR1 or GluR2 to the cell surface in the NAc after amphetamine withdrawal, although a small increase in total GluR1 was found in the shell subregion. Nor did we observe activation of signaling pathways associated with cocaine‐induced AMPA receptor trafficking or changes in NMDA receptor subunits. No significant changes were observed in the DLSTR. We also investigated the effect of administering a challenge injection of amphetamine to amphetamine‐sensitized rats 24 h prior to biochemical analysis based on prior studies showing that cocaine challenge decreases AMPA receptor surface expression in the NAc of cocaine‐sensitized rats. GluR1 and GluR2 were not significantly altered in either NAc or DLSTR, although a modest effect on GluR3 cannot be ruled out. Our results suggest that glutamate transmission in the NAc is dramatically different in rats sensitized to amphetamine versus cocaine.
Can We Identify Genes For Alcohol Consumption In Samples Ascertained For Heterogeneous Purposes?
Authors: Hansell Narelle K. , Agrawal Arpana , Whitfield John B. , Morley Katherine I. , Gordon Scott D. , Lind Penelope A. , Pergadia Michele L. , Montgomery Grant W. , Madden Pamela A. F. , Todd Richard D. , Heath Andrew C. , Martin Nicholas G. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Previous studies have identified evidence of genetic influence on alcohol use in samples selected to be informative for alcoholism research. However, there are a growing number of genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) using samples unselected for alcohol consumption (i.e., selected on other traits and forms of psychopathology), which nevertheless assess consumption as a risk factor. Is it reasonable to expect that genes contributing to variation in alcohol consumption can be identified in such samples?Methods:  An exploratory approach was taken to determine whether linkage analyses for heaviness of alcohol consumption, using a sample collected for heterogeneous purposes, could replicate previous findings. Quantity and frequency measures of consumption were collected in telephone interviews from community samples. These measures, and genotyping, were available for 5,441 individuals (5,067 quasi‐independent sibling pairs). For 1,533 of these individuals, data were collected on 2 occasions, about 8.2 years apart, providing 2 datasets that maximize data collected at either a younger or an older age. Analyses were conducted to address the question of whether age and heavier levels of alcohol consumption effects outcome. Linkage results were compared in the younger and older full samples, and with samples in which approximately 10, 20, and 40 of drinkers from the lower end of the distribution of alcohol consumption were dropped.Results:  Linkage peaks varied for the age differentiated samples and for percentage of light drinkers retained. Larger peaks (LOD scores >2.0) were typically found in regions previously identified in linkage studies and/or containing proposed candidate genes for alcoholism including AGT, CARTPT, OPRD1, PIK3R1, and PDYN.Conclusions:  The results suggest that GWAS assessing alcohol consumption as a covariate for other conditions will have some success in identifying genes contributing to consumption‐related variation. However, sample characteristics, such as participant age, and trait distribution, may have substantial effects on the strength of the genetic signal. These results can inform forthcoming GWAS where the same restrictions apply.
Effect of antimicrobial periodontal treatment and maintenance on serum adiponectin in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Matsumoto Sayaka , Ogawa Hiroshi , Soda Satoshi , Hirayama Satoshi , Amarasena Najith , Aizawa Yoshifusa , Miyazaki Hideo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAims: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of mechanical periodontal treatment with local application of minocycline (APT) on serum adiponectin as a marker of insulin resistance improvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and to investigate if effect of APT on serum adiponectin level was sustained by periodontal maintenance (PM).Material and Methods: Twenty‐seven T2DM patients were randomly assigned into test or control groups. Test received scaling with ultrasonic devices at baseline and APT biweekly for 2 months while control received scaling at baseline and mechanical tooth cleaning (MPT) at the same interval. At 6 months, all patients received mechanical tooth cleaning as PM. Periodontal examination and blood measurements were performed at baseline, 4 and 9 months.Results: Adiponectin concentrations in test had significantly increased by 31.4% after APT (p=0.024) and by 30.4% after PM (p=0.002) compared with baseline. The percentage of 4 mm probing depths (PD) had shown 8.3% and 9.3% reduction after APT and PM (p=0.046, 0.02) in test while 5.0% reduction after MPT in control group (p=0.031).Conclusions: Our results suggested that APT and PM not only improve periodontal disease but also increase serum adiponectin in T2DM patients.
Epidemiology of periodontal diseases in the study of health in Pomerania
Authors: Holtfreter Birte , Schwahn Christian , Biffar Reiner , Kocher Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim:The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and extent of periodontal diseases among adults in a province in Eastern Germany.Material and Methods:The Study of Health in Pomerania is a population‐based study conducted during 1997–2001. The net random sample comprised 4310 20–81‐year‐old subjects. Periodontal status was assessed at four surfaces using a half‐mouth recording protocol.Results:The prevalence of attachment loss 3 mm was 89.7%, with 62.8% of teeth being affected. Probing depths 4 mm were prevalent in 69.7% of subjects, and 29.6% of teeth were affected. 25.3% of all subjects had severe pockets (6 mm). Periodontitis was significantly more prevalent in males. For attachment loss, the prevalence and extent increased significantly with increasing age, whereas probing depth values levelled off after the age of 40. In older subjects, increased recession and attachment loss were found, while the probing depth remained constant. According to the recent CDC classification, 17.6% and 33.3% of persons had severe and moderate periodontitis, respectively. The prevalence of periodontitis increased significantly with age and remained constant after the age of 50–59.Conclusions:Periodontitis is more prevalent in Pomerania than in the United States or Western Europe. In older subjects, attachment loss steadily increased, while the probing depth remained constant.
Sister chromatid exchange and micronucleus studies in patients with Behçet’s disease
Authors: Karaman Ali , Kadı Melek , Kara Fatih 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Genetic factors that predispose individuals to Behçet’s disease (BD) are considered to play important roles in the development of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine, by counting sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronucleus (MN) frequencies, whether DNA damage have an effect on the pathogenesis of BD. Furthermore, our aim was to show if there is an association between oxidative stress and chromosome instability in BD.Methods:  We analyzed lymphocytes from patients with BD (16 in active and 14 in inactive periods) and 20 healthy controls for SCE and MN frequencies. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) count were determined in the all subjects.Results:  The SCE and MN frequencies were significantly higher in both the active and inactive period patients than in the controls (p < 0.00001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), and the MDA level was significantly higher in both the active and inactive period patients than in the controls (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). In contrast, the SOD and GSH‐Px levels were significantly lower in both the active and inactive period patients than in the controls (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively).Conclusions:  Our results suggest that increased plasma MDA level and decreased plasma GSH‐Px and SOD levels reflect the increased levels of oxidative stress in BD patients, and this situation may impair genetic stability in BD patients.
Loss of growth factor receptor signaling in the oral mucosa during primary SIV infection may enhance apoptosis and promote pathogenesis
Authors: George M.D. , Verhoeven D. , Sankaran S. , Dang A.T. , Dandekar S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground  The development of susceptibility to secondary pathogenic infections in the oral cavity during HIV infection is likely to result from or coincide with deterioration of the local mucosal immune system.Methods  We have utilized the SIV model to investigate the kinetics and magnitude of oral pathogenesis during systemic dissemination of intravenously inoculated SIVmac251.Results  Viral replication was detected in oropharyngeal lymph nodes at 6 weeks post‐infection and shown to be coincident with a broad scale loss of growth factor receptor transcription in the oral mucosa, providing multiple avenues for blocking the normal activity of apoptosis inhibitors that function through Bcl2‐ and p53‐dependent pathways.Conclusions  Our findings suggest that the normal balance between cell death and regeneration may be rapidly disrupted in the oral mucosa during the early stages of immunodeficiency virus infection, setting the stage for continuing deterioration of immune function and the development of susceptibility to secondary infections.
Kinetics of T lymphocyte apoptosis and the cellular immune response in SIVmac239‐infected rhesus macaques
Authors: Meythaler Mareike , Pryputniewicz Sarah , Kaur Amitinder 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground  Although increased apoptosis is a central feature of AIDS, little is known about its kinetics or relationship to the early host response in acute HIV/SIV infection.Methods  Ex vivo apoptosis in freshly isolated peripheral blood and lymph node lymphocytes was monitored longitudinally in SIVmac239‐infected rhesus macaques by flow‐cytometric detection of active caspase‐3, cleaved poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase, and fragmented DNA.Results  Increased apoptosis of multiple lymphocyte subsets was observed in the first 2 weeks following SIV infection. Apoptosis of CD4+ T lymphocytes was of low magnitude but peaked earlier than other T lymphocyte subsets. A 10‐ to 36‐fold increase in CD8+ T lymphocyte apoptosis coincided temporally with onset of the SIV‐specific cellular immune response and enrichment of caspase‐3‐positive cells within recently proliferating, activated CD8+ T lymphocytes.Conclusions  The virus‐specific T lymphocyte response to primary infection and generalized non‐specific immune activation contribute to the pathogenesis of apoptosis in acute SIV infection.
Differential pathogenicity of SHIVSF162 P4 infection in pig‐tailed and rhesus macaques
Authors: Polacino Patricia , Larsen Kay , Galmin Lindsey , Suschak John , Kraft Zane , Stamatatos Leonidas , Anderson David , Barnett Susan W. , Pal Ranajit , Bost Kristen , Bandivdekar A.H. , Miller Christopher J. , Hu Shiu‐Lok 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground  Differential pathogenicity has been observed in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques following primate lentivirus infection. However, little is known about the comparative susceptibility of pig‐tailed macaques to lentivirus infection and diseases.Methods  We compared the in vivo infectivity and pathogenicity of a CCR5‐tropic SHIVSF162 P4 after intravenous, intravaginal or intrarectal inoculation in rhesus and pig‐tailed macaques. Plasma viral load, peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts and clinical signs were monitored.Results  Both rhesus and pig‐tailed macaques are similarly susceptible to SHIVSF162 P4 infection by intravenous and mucosal routes. However, infection was significantly more robust in pig‐tailed macaques than in rhesus, resulting in persistent viremia in 9/21 pig‐tails vs. 2/24 rhesus (P < 0.013) and severe CD4+ T‐cell depletion in 2/21 pig‐tails (vs. none in rhesus).Conclusions  Together with earlier observations, our findings underscore the importance of considering host genetic and immunological factors when comparing vaccine efficacy in different macaque species.
Flaws in the assessment of the best interests of the newborn
Authors: Bellieni Carlo V , Buonocore Giuseppe 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe examined the literature on ethical decisions regarding neonates, to assess whether personal beliefs and prejudices influence end‐of‐life decisions taken by caregivers. Studies show that religion and familiarity with disability influence caregivers’ decisions, whereas the influx of already being a parent, age, sex and professional experience is controverse. Caregivers’ attitudes towards end‐of‐life decisions are also affected by personal concerns about litigation, prejudices and their view of disability. The concept of ‘poor quality of life’ is widely used as a reference in end‐of‐life decisions, but this can be interpreted differently, leaving room for a wide range of personal viewpoints. In most cases, parents’ opinions are considered important and are sometimes the main determinant in decision making. However, it is unclear whether parents’ decisions are based on their own wishes or on the best interests of the newborn.Conclusion: In neonatal end‐of‐life decisions, patients may not receive cures based only on their best interests.
Association study between B‐ and T‐lymphocyte attenuator gene and type 1 diabetes mellitus or systemic lupus erythematosus in the Japanese population
Authors: Inuo M. , Ihara K. , Matsuo T. , Kohno H. , Hara T. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThis study is to elucidate whether the B‐ and T‐lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) gene is a new susceptibility gene for the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). As a result, this study did not find any genetic contribution of the BTLA gene to the development of T1D and SLE in Japanese population.