bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive processing in bipolar disorder conceptualized using the Interactive Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) model
Authors: Lomax C. L. , Barnard P. J. , Lam D. 
Published: September 2008

BackgroundThere are few theoretical proposals that attempt to account for the variation in affective processing across different affective states of bipolar disorder (BD). The Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) framework has been recently extended to account for manic states. Within the framework, positive mood state is hypothesized to tap into an implicational level of processing, which is proposed to be more extreme in states of mania.MethodThirty individuals with BD and 30 individuals with no history of affective disorder were tested in euthymic mood state and then in induced positive mood state using the Question–Answer task to examine the mode of processing of schemas. The task was designed to test whether individuals would detect discrepancies within the prevailing schemas of the sentences.ResultsAlthough the present study did not support the hypothesis that the groups differ in their ability to detect discrepancies within schemas, we did find that the BD group was significantly more likely than the control group to answer questions that were consistent with the prevailing schemas, both before and after mood induction.ConclusionsThese results may reflect a general cognitive bias, that individuals with BD have a tendency to operate at a more abstract level of representation. This may leave an individual prone to affective disturbance, although further research is required to replicate this finding.
Measuring melancholia: the utility of a prototypic symptom approach
Authors: Parker G. , Fletcher K. , Hyett M. , Hadzi-Pavlovic D. , Barrett M. , Synnott H. 
Published: September 2008

BackgroundMelancholia has long resisted classification, with many of its suggested markers lacking specificity. The imprecision of depressive symptoms, in addition to self-report biases, has limited the capacity of existing measures to delineate melancholic depression as a distinct subtype. Our aim was to develop a self-report measure differentiating melancholic and non-melancholic depression, weighting differentiation by prototypic symptoms and determining its comparative classification success with a severity-based strategy.MethodConsecutively recruited depressed out-patients (n=228) rated 32 symptoms by prototypic or ‘characteristic’ relevance (using the Q-sort strategy) and severity [using the Severity-based Depression Rating System (SDRS) strategy]. Clinician diagnosis of melancholic/non-melancholic depression was the criterion measure, but two other formal measures of melancholia (Newcastle and DSM-IV criteria) were also tested.ResultsThe prevalence of ‘melancholia’ ranged from 20.9% to 54.2% across the subtyping measures. The Q-sort measure had the highest overall correct classification rate in differentiating melancholic and non-melancholic depression (81.6%), with such decisions supported by validation analyses.ConclusionsIn differentiating a melancholic subtype or syndrome, prototypic symptoms should be considered as a potential alternative to severity-based ratings.
A survey of laboratory-confirmed isolates of invasive listeriosis in Israel, 1997–2007
Authors: VASILEV V. , JAPHETH R. , ANDORN N. , YSHAI R. , AGMON V. , GAZIT E. , KASHI Y. , COHEN D. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYDuring the 11-year period from 1997 to 2007, 321 isolates ofListeria monocytogenesfrom sporadic cases of invasive listeriosis were reported to the national reference laboratory in Israel. Of these isolates, 113 (35%) were identified from perinatal cases, and 208 (65%) from non-perinatal cases. The prevalent serovars were 4b, 1/2b, 1/2a and 4c. Serovar 4b was identified in 80·5% of the perinatal isolates (P=0·0162), while the number of 1/2b and 1/2a strains increased in the ⩾60 years old group (P=0·0285). Resistance to tetracycline was found in eight 4b isolates. The seasonal distribution showed that 206 isolates (64·2%) were submitted during the hot season (May–October). The estimated morbidity for the study period was 4·4 per million. The incidence of invasive listeriosis was higher in the perinatal group (5·6/100 000), than in individuals aged ⩾60 years (1·5/100 000).
Risk factors for and influence of bloodstream infections on mortality: a 1-year prospective study in a Greek intensive-care unit
Authors: PRATIKAKI M. , PLATSOUKA E. , SOTIROPOULOU C. , VASSILAKOPOULOS T. , PANIARA O. , ROUSSOS C. , ROUTSI C. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYTo determine the incidence, risk factors for, and the influence of bloodstream infections (BSIs) on mortality of patients in intensive-care units (ICUs), prospectively collected data from all patients with a stay in an ICU >48 h, during a 1-year period, were analysed. Of 572 patients, 148 developed a total of 232 BSI episodes (incidence 16·3 episodes/1000 patient-days). Gram-negative organisms with high level of resistance to antibiotics were the most frequently isolated pathogens (157 strains, 67·8%). The severity of illness on admission, as estimated by APACHE II score (OR 1·07, 95% CI 1·04–1·1, P<0·001), the presence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (OR 3·57, 95% CI 1·92–6·64, P<0·001), and a history of diabetes mellitus (OR 2·37, 95% CI 1·36–4·11, P=0·002) were risk factors for the occurrence of BSI whereas the development of an ICU-acquired BSI was an independent risk factor for death (OR 1·76, 95% CI 1·11–2·78, P=0·015). Finally, the severity of organ dysfunction on the day of the first BSI episode, as estimated by SOFA score, and the level of serum albumin, independently affected the outcome (OR 1·44, 95% CI 1·22–1·7, P<0·001 and OR 0·47, 95% CI 0·23–0·97, P=0·04 respectively).
Seed size and shape are good predictors of seed persistence in soil in temperate mountain grasslands of Argentina
Authors: Funes Guillermo , Basconcelo Sandra , Díaz Sandra , Cabido Marcelo 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe tested whether seed mass and shape are good predictors of seed persistence in the soil of subhumid temperate montane grasslands of central Argentina. We plotted seed mass against variance of seed dimensions of 71 herbaceous species and obtained information on their persistence in the soil from a previous experiment on germinable seed banks. We identified a certain seed mass/shape combination beyond which no seed was persistent in the soil, with the exception of the annualTagetes minuta. Our results confirmed the patterns previously reported for British species: small and compact seeds tend to persist in the soil for a longer time than big and elongated or flattened seeds. We suggest that the value of seed mass and shape as predictors of persistence in the soil can be extended beyond the British flora to herbaceous floras from other humid temperate regions.
Nanoscale Composition of Biphasic Polymer Nanocolloids in Aqueous Suspension
Authors: Kim Ginam , Sousa Alioscka , Meyers Deborah , Libera Matthew 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe molecular distribution in nanocolloids of poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) and an organic copolymer (methyl acrylate co-methyl methacrylate co-vinyl acetate) preserved in a frozen aqueous solution was investigated using cryovalence electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) coupled with a scanning transmission electron microscope. Low energy-loss spectra depend upon valence electron structure, and we show that they are substantially different for the PDMS, the copolymer, and the vitrified water studied here. Combining a high efficiency detection system and the use of high-signal low-loss spectra in EELS, we achieved a spatial resolution of 8 nm without serious beam-induced specimen damage in this radiation-sensitive soft-materials system. To obtain quantitative phase maps of silicone and copolymer composition within individual nanoparticles, spectrum datasets were processed via multiple least squares fitting. Quantitative line profiles from the resulting compositional maps indicate that the PDMS lobe of biphasic nanoparticles contained a significant amount of the copolymer and a diffuse interface was formed. Since the nanoparticle synthesis involves polymerization of acrylate monomer dissolved in PDMS nanoparticle precursors, these results suggest that the evolution of the nanocolloid morphology during synthesis is kinetically frozen as the acrylate copolymer achieves some critical molecular weight.
Effect of Dental Finishing Instruments on the Surface Roughness of Composite Resins as Elucidated by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Botta Ana Carolina , Duarte Sillas , Filho Pedro Iris Paulin , Gheno Simoni Maria 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRoughness increases significantly after finishing procedures. The aim of this study was to assess by the atomic force microscope (AFM) the effect of finishing instruments on the surface roughness of composite resins. A nanofiller composite resin (Filtek Supreme, 3M–F) and a microhybrid composite resin (Point 4, Kerr–P) were selected. The finishing procedures were done with a 30-blade carbide bur (C) and a 30-μm finishing diamond bur (D). Standardized specimens were produced and divided into six experimental groups (n= 4) according to (1) composite resin, (2) absence of finishing (Mylar matrix–M), and (3) finishing instrument (FM, PM, FC, FD, PC, PD). The mean surface roughness was evaluated by AFM in the contact mode. FM and PM groups were assessed statistically by the Student's T test, and FC, FD, PC, PD groups were submitted to variance analysis (ANOVA), both at 5% significance. The mean surface roughness values, in nanometers, were FM, 23.63 (b); FC, 283.88 (c); FD, 510.55 (d); PM, 12.52 (a); PC, 343.98 (c); PD, 531.64 (d). Microhybrid composite displayed less roughness than nanofiller composite in the absence of finishing procedures. The 30-blade carbide bur produced less roughness compared to the extra fine diamond bur.
Intervessel Pit Structure and Histochemistry of Two Mangrove Species as Revealed by Cellular UV Microspectrophotometry and Electron Microscopy: Intraspecific Variation and Functional Significance
Authors: Schmitz Nele , Koch Gerald , Schmitt Uwe , Beeckman Hans , Koedam Nico 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIntervessel pits play a key role in trees' water transport, lying at the base of drought-induced embolism, and in the regulation of hydraulic conductivity via hydrogels bordering pit canals. Recently, their microstructure has been the focus of numerous studies, but the considerable variation, even within species and the histochemistry of pit membranes, remains largely unexplained. In the present study, intervessel pits of the outermost wood were examined for Avicennia marina, of dry and rainy season wood separately for Rhizophora mucronata. The thickness of the pit membranes was measured on transmission electron micrographs while their topochemical nature was also analyzed via cellular UV microspectrophotometry. Pit membranes of R. mucronata were slightly thicker in dry season wood than in rainy season wood, but their spectra showed for both seasons a lignin and a yet unidentified higher wavelength absorbing component. It was suggested to be a derivative of the deposits, regularly filling pit canals. The vestures of A. marina chemically resembled pit membranes rather than cell walls.
Analysis of Heterogeneous Mitochondria Distribution in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Porcine Embryos
Authors: Zhong Zhisheng , Hao Yanhong , Li Rongfeng , Spate Lee , Wax David , Sun Qing-Yuan , Prather Randall S. , Schatten Heide 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe previously reported that translocation of mitochondria from the oocyte cortex to the perinuclear area indicates positive developmental potential that was reduced in porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos compared toin vitro–fertilized (IVF) embryos (Katayama, M., Zhong, Z.-S., Lai, L., Sutovsky, P., Prather, R.S. & Schatten, H. (2006).Dev Biol299, 206–220.). The present study is focused on distribution of donor cell mitochondria in intraspecies (pig oocytes; pig fetal fibroblast cells) and interspecies (pig oocytes; mouse fibroblast cells) reconstructed embryos by using either pig fibroblasts with mitochondria-stained MitoTracker CMXRos or YFP-mitochondria 3T3 cells (pPhi-Yellow-mito) as donor cells. Transmission electron microscopy was employed for ultrastructural analysis of pig oocyte and donor cell mitochondria. Our results revealed donor cell mitochondrial clusters around the donor nucleus that gradually dispersed into the ooplasm at 3 h after SCNT. Donor-derived mitochondria distributed into daughter blastomeres equally (82.8%) or unequally (17.2%) at first cleavage. Mitochondrial morphology was clearly different between donor cells and oocytes in which various complex shapes and configurations were seen. These data indicate that (1) unequal donor cell mitochondria distribution is observed in 17.2% of embryos, which may negatively influence development; and (2) complex mitochondrial morphologies are observed in IVF and SCNT embryos, which may influence mitochondrial translocation and affect development.
COPD: what is the unmet need?
Authors: Calverley P M A 
Published: September 2008

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is now recognized as a major source of ill health around the world with an important impact on both developed and developing economies. The emphasis in research has shifted from a purely physiological focus that mainly considered how airway smooth muscle tone can be modulated to improve lung emptying. Although long‐acting inhaled β‐agonist and antimuscarinic antagonists have improved clinical management for many symptomatic patents, there is increasing attention being paid to the inflammatory component of COPD in the airways and lung parenchyma and to its close association with other diseases, which cannot simply be attributed to their having a common risk factor such as tobacco smoking. This clinical review is intended to identify not only those areas where pharmacological treatment has been successful or has offered particular insights into COPD but also to consider where existing treatment is falling short and new opportunities exist to conduct original investigations. A picture of considerable complexity emerges with a range of clinical patterns leading to several common end points such as exacerbations, exercise impairment and mortality. Defining subsets of patients responsive to more specific interventions is the major challenge for the next decade in this field.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 155, 487–493; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.362; published online 15 September 2008
B‐Lynch suture for massive persistent postpartum hemorrhage following stepwise uterine devascularization
Authors: SENTILHES LOÏC , GROMEZ ALEXIS , RAZZOUK KAÏS , RESCH BENOÎT , VERSPYCK ERIC , MARPEAU LOÏC 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjective. To estimate the effectiveness and safety of the B‐Lynch suture for severe persistent postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) following vessel ligation before considering hysterectomy and its impact on menstruation and uterine cavity. Design. Cohort study. Setting. University‐affiliated tertiary referral center. Population. Fifteen consecutive women who underwent B‐Lynch suture for persistent PPH despite vessel ligation. Methods. Data were retrieved from medical files and telephone interviews. Main outcome measure(s). Hysterectomy, infection, hysteroscopy, future menstruations. Results. In 13 of the 15 cases (86.7%), PPH occurred after cesarean deliveries. B‐Lynch sutures controlled the hemorrhage and resulted in an avoidance of immediate hysterectomy in 12 of 15 cases (80%). The postpartum period was uneventful for 14 of 15 women (93.3%). In one case hysterectomy was required due to pyometra in an ischemic uterus. In the remaining 11 women where the uterus was preserved, ambulatory hysteroscopy was normal. No women reported any differences in menses or pain compared to that they experienced before pregnancy, or any clinical symptoms of early menopause. One woman reported a subsequent pregnancy with normal conception delay, whereas the ten remaining women had no desired pregnancy due to, in each case, the fear of PPH recurrence. Conclusions. B‐Lynch technique appears to be an effective procedure with a relatively low morbidity to control persistent severe PPH following a failure of vessel ligation before considering hysterectomy.
Shoulder dystocia: What is the risk of recurrence?
Authors: USTA IHAB M. , HAYEK SALIM , YAHYA FADI , ABU‐MUSA ANTOINE , NASSAR ANWAR H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjective. To study the recurrence risk of shoulder dystocia in women who have previously experienced at least once shoulder dystocia. Design. A retrospective study of vaginal deliveries complicated by shoulder dystocia. Setting. American University of Beirut Medical Center – Lebanon. Sample. Vaginal deliveries complicated by shoulder dystocia over a 15‐year period who had subsequent vaginal delivery. Methods. Charts of index and subsequent deliveries beyond 24 weeks’ gestation were reviewed for demographics and intrapartum events. Women were divided into those with recurrent shoulder dystocia (group I) and those with uncomplicated subsequent delivery (group II) and compared. Main outcome measures. Recurrent shoulder dystocia and characteristics of women with recurrence. Results. The incidence of shoulder dystocia was 0.9% of all vaginal deliveries. Of 193 shoulder dystocia cases, 48 women had a subsequent delivery. After excluding cesarean deliveries (n = 4), 44 women were analyzed. Eleven had recurrent shoulder dystocia (25.0%). Mean birthweight was larger (4,019±430 vs. 3,599±398 g, p = 0.005) with a higher rate of macrosomia ≥4,000 g (63.6 vs. 15.2%, p = 0.004) and the birthweight in the subsequent pregnancy was larger than the index pregnancy in a significantly larger proportion of women in group I compared with group II (72.7% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.035). Otherwise, maternal age, gestational age at delivery, parity, duration of labor, gender, history of macrosomia, and interval between pregnancies were similar. Conclusions. The risk of recurrence of shoulder dystocia is around 25%. When counseling women about recurrence risk, the absence of macrosomia and a smaller birthweight than the previous pregnancy could be reassuring.
Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: A birth injury not explained by the known risk factors
Authors: BACKE BJØRN , MAGNUSSEN ELISABETH BALSTAD , JOHANSEN OLE JAKOB , SELLAEG GERD , RUSSWURM HARALD 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjective. To determine the incidence and prognosis of obstetric brachial plexus injuries and analyze associated risk factors. Design. Analysis of prospectively collected information comprising all births from 1991 to 2000, with complete follow‐up of affected children. Setting. St Olav's University Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in the middle part of Norway. Population. Thirty thousand five hundred and seventy‐four children; all were examined within 24 hours of birth and 91 were diagnosed with brachial plexus injury. Methods. We reviewed the hospital records and analyzed the data submitted from our hospital to the Medical Birth Register of Norway. Result. Risk factors are shoulder dystocia, macrosomy, diabetes, vacuum extraction and forceps delivery. The predictive power of these variables is poor. Almost half of the plexus injuries followed spontaneous vaginal deliveries with second stage of 30 minutes or less. Two newborns were delivered by cesarean section and two were vaginal breech deliveries. In 15 children (0.5/1,000) a permanent plexus injury has been diagnosed. Compared with transient plexus impairment, risk factors for a permanent injury were high maternal body mass index, shoulder dystocia, fractured humerus and fetal asphyxia. Fracture of the clavicle was significantly more frequent when the injury was transient, possibly reflecting a protective effect. Conclusion. The incidence of obstetric brachial plexus injury is 0.3% and the recovery rate is 84%, resulting in 0.5 permanent injuries per 1,000 births. Plexus injury is not well predicted by known risk factors. Other etiological factors should be sought.
Improving the quality of information on Scottish anglerfish fisheries: making use of fishers' data
Authors: Dobby H. , Allan L. , Harding M. , Laurenson C. H. , McLay H. A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Dobby, H., Allan, L., Harding, M., Laurenson, C. H., and McLay, H. A. 2008. Improving the quality of information on Scottish anglerfish fisheries: making use of fishers’ data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1334–1345. In recent years, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Working Group on the Assessment of Northern Shelf Demersal Stocks has been unable to provide an analytical assessment for anglerfish. One of the reasons for this has been the poor quality of the commercial catch-and-effort data, with ICES and the European Commission’s Scientific, Technical, and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) stressing the need for reliable information on which to base estimates of stock status. In response, and following consultation with the fishing industry, an anglerfish tallybook project was implemented in Scotland as part of a long-term approach to providing better data. Tallybooks are completed on a haul-by-haul basis. Skippers record catches of anglerfish (by size category) and other species where possible, together with information on haul location, duration, and depth. Individual vessel catch rates are calculated and used to provide insights into temporal trends in the stock and the spatial distribution of the fishery. The history of the fishery and management advice are summarized, and an overview of the tallybook project is provided. Catch rates are analysed using a generalized additive modelling approach which incorporates seasonal, annual, spatial, and vessel-dependent effects. The results show increased catch rates between 2006 and 2007.
Rapid cold hardening elicits changes in brain protein profiles of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis
Authors: Li A. , Denlinger D. L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRapid cold hardening (RCH) refers to the enhanced cold tolerance acquired by a brief exposure to a moderately low temperature. Although ecological aspects of this response have been well documented in insects, less is known about the physiological and biochemical mechanisms elicited by RCH. In this study we used two‐dimensional electrophoresis to detect differences in brain protein abundance in pharate adults of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis, in response to a 2 h RCH exposure at 0 °C. Fourteen high abundance proteins that responded to RCH were selected for mass spectrometric identification. Three proteins that increased in abundance during RCH included ATP synthase subunit alpha, a small heat shock protein (smHsp), and tropomyosin‐1 isoforms 33/34. Eleven proteins that decreased in abundance or were missing following RCH included several proteins involved in energy metabolism, protein degradation, transcription, actin binding, and cytoskeleton organization. That several proteins increased in abundance during RCH underscores the dynamics of the RCH mechanism and suggests that more than one physiological response likely contribute to RCH. The increase in ATP synthase suggests an elevation of ATP during RCH, and the smHsp increase suggests that at least one of the Hsps is actually mobilized during RCH, rather than after RCH as previously assumed.