bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Common Hamster (Cricetus cricetus [L.]); a Review1
Authors: Nechay G. , Hamar M. , Grulich I. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTTaxonomy, distribution, biology, population dynamics, economic importance and control measures regarding Cricetus cricetus (L.) are reviewed on the basis of available data, including recent developments and some unpublished work. The common hamster is a significant pest in central and eastern Europe and, supposedly, modern agricultural technology provides favourable conditions for it. Besides field crop losses, other types of damage and hygienic hazards are also conspicuous when the hamster occurs at peak densities. At present, the best method of control is fumigation, e.g. the use of hydrogen phosphide. There is a lack of information about this hamster and more research is needed confirming its ethology, population dynamics and some methodological problems. Control techniques which are suitable for simultaneous application on large surfaces and which are innocuous to the environment are urgently needed.
Damage Caused by the Rodents Gerbillidae to Agriculture in North Africa and Countries of the Middle East1
Authors: Bernard J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe author reviews the problem of damage by Meriones spp. in agriculture in North Africa, especially M. shawi (Duvernoy). This species is subject to outbreaks like those of microtine rodents in Europe.The importance of M. libycus Lichtenstein and M. crassus Sundevall in North Africa and M. persicus (Blanford), M. tristrami Thomas and M. Vinogradovi Heptner in the Middle East is discussed. The 3 latter seem to have become of greater importance in Iran, following changes in agricultural practices.
Développement d'un modèle de prévision des pullulations du campagnol des champs 1
Authors: Spitz F. 
Published: April 2008

SOMMAIRELe présent travail est fondé sur les résultats démographiques et écologiques recueillis en Vendée de 1959 à 1968. On a étudié principalement les corrélations entre le climat et certains éléments de la démographie d'où ont été dégagées un certain nombre de règles simples pour calculer les taux de diminution ou d'augmentation de la population et pour prévoir la date du début de la reproduction. Les densités dangereuses peuvent alors être prévues suffisamment à l'avance (en févier ou en mars). Le protocole de piégeage est précisé.
Population Dynamics of the Field Vole (Microtus agrestis [L]): a Model1
Authors: Stenseth N.C. , Hansson L. , Myllymaki A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe basic hypothesis underlying a population dynamics model for the field vole (Microtus agrestis [L.]) in central Scandinavia is described and discussed. The hypothesis is that most aspects of population dynamics of the field vole may be understood by analyzing the nutritional (energy and matter) balance of individual animals and their differential allocation of available nutrients. Digested nutrients are assumed to be utilized for maintenance cost, M; growth, A S; reproduction, R; and dispersion behaviour (including dispersal), D. The simulation model whose main ideas are described verbally is being developed at present. The model is intended to simulate density, age structure, reproductive activity of different categories of the population and spatial distribution; grazing impact apportioned among the most important potential food species (or group); interaction with sympatric rodents, their predators and parasites. Special emphasis is placed on the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape. The population dynamics model is of the Monte Carlo type and considers the realization of a series of events by calculating average probabilities and “drawing” random numbers. The model simulates individual animals in a large heterogeneous area.Qualitative predictions based on our basic hypothesis are discussed and compared with available field information.
Five‐year Surveillance of Small Mammal Abundance in Scandinavian1
Authors: Myllymäki A. , Christiansen E. , Hansson L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA large‐scale surveillance system was established in 1971. It was based on the practical needs for information on the fluctuation in numbers of harmful rodents and the desirability of forecasts. The sampling method used was the Small Quadrat Method (SQM). The annual surveys covered about 50 localities in Norway, Sweden and Finland, the total number of SQ's being over 2,000, and the total number of specimens caught approaching 18,000.In terms of numbers, the dominant rodent species were Microtus agrestis (L.) and Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber), the former clearly dominating in Finland, the latter in most regions of the other 2 countries. In southern Sweden and Norway, Apodemus species were also relatively abundant, as was Sorex araneus L. in certain regions. During the 5‐year period under study, the numbers of M. agrestis peaked twice (1972 and 1975) in Finland but only once in Sweden and Norway. The peak years of C. glareolus mosdy coincided with those of M. agrestis but, in some areas, were slightly earlier. Fluctuation in numbers of Insectivora did not seem to be correlated with that of the rodents. The usefulness of the SQ indices as a basis of short‐term forecasts is apparent, while criteria for long‐term forecasts require further analysis.
Monitoring Musk‐rat Control in the Netherlands1
Authors: Troostwijk W.J. Doude Van 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTMusk‐rat control in the Netherlands is carried out by means of various types of traps, operated by government employed trappers. The results of their efforts are affected by a number of factors, most of which are variable. Simple models can be constructed by which the influence of these factors on the net results is shown.For each separate working area, and for larger areas as well, the models allow us to present: a) a prognosis with regard to the probable results to be expected in the forthcoming year, b) a statement on the results of past year(s), and c) an assessment of the present situation.This paper deals with the construction of such models, the evidence for the usefulness of a), b) and c), as well as the best way to obtain, process, store and distribute the required data. This way of monitoring is very useful because it provides an insight into the optimum way of spending the State's budget for musk‐rat control (about F1 2,000,000) and into the progress made in reducing musk‐rat populations.
Population Dynamics of Small Rodents in Farm Buildings and on Arable Land1
Authors: Rowe F.P. , Swinney T. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTLive‐capture/recapture data on house mice caught in buildings on a single farm in England over a 1‐year period showed that the populations were essentially unstable, being characterized by constant changes in size and composition. Less than 50% of the mice were recovered 8 weeks after they had been first captured. Although there was considerable individual variation in the movements of male and of female mice within particular buildings, movement between isolated populations was rare (6/439 animals; 1.4%). The house mouse was also found to be present in hedgerows near and distant to the farm buildings, albeit in low number. Movements of out‐door living mice into farm buildings were not extensive, but could be important in relation to the re‐invasion of cleared premises. The most abundant small rodent in the hedgerows was found to beApodemus sylvaticus(L.).
The Use of Confined Colonies of Wild Mice (Mus musculus L.) in the Evaluation of Rodenticides1
Authors: Rowe F.P. , Bradfield A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTExperimental studies have been conducted using penned families of wild house mice (Mus musculus L.) treated with different rodenticides and subjected to various poisoning regimes. The results showed that such investigations on rodents can provide valuable post‐laboratory information on the relative merits and the best mode of application of rodenticides prior to their examination under field conditions. Pen population studies also permit closer study of feeding activity, bait acceptance, social behaviour and other factors that can affect rodenticidal efficacy.
Methods for Laboratory Testing of Rodenticidal Dusts1
Authors: Davis R.A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA method is described for a laboratory comparison of the relative amounts of various inert dust bases that are picked up by laboratory mice of a standard weight group in given times of exposure. Related to this work and arising from it, determinations are made of the median lethal dose for mice of various toxicants formulated in dusts. Data on the effectiveness of various anticoagulant poisons are also given. The insecticide DDT is shown to be relatively ineffective, while the toxicity of BHC (benzene hexachloride) is shown to be increased by the addition of anhydrous calcium sulphate (plaster of Paris) to the formulation. Apparatus that will enable the methods to be extended to wild rats and mice is being designed.
Testing Rodent Chemosterilants1
Authors: Marsh R.E. , Howard W.E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper presents some recommended procedures and test methods for evaluating rodent chemosterilants, including laboratory test procedures to determine acceptance and efficacy of such compounds, the kind of test animals to use, safety measures to adhere to, and methods of evaluating the efficacy of potential rodent chemosterilants in pen and field stations. Emphasis is on the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout).
A Program for Control of Damage by the Field Vole, Microtus agrestis (L.), in Seed Orchards of Forest Trees1
Authors: Myllymäki A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTFor providing high‐quality seed for forest nurseries, a large‐scale seed cultivation program, including laying down 3,790 ha of seed orchards of pine, spruce and other forest trees, was established in Finland in the early 1960's. In particular, pine grafts are extremely vulnerable to damage by rodents, especially the field vole, Microtus agrestis (L.). An integrated rodent control program for all the existing seed orchards was established in 1969. From that time, rodent populations were surveyed every year according to a common scheme based on the Small Quadrat Method (SQM). Short‐term forecasts and specific control instructions were issued shortly after the survey. Earlier, the principal method of controlling voles was surface treatment with endrin. At present, the bulk of grafts is protected by mechanical guards round the stems. Investments in guard materials, as well as labour costs of preparing and installing the guards, constituted more than 90% of all control costs from 1969 to 1976, and amounted to about 5 million Fmk. Total costs of rodent surveillance and supervision of the program were about 6% of control costs. Since the establishment of this integrated control program, the absolute numbers of grafts destroyed has considerably decreased, even though the area of seed orchards had more than doubled; thus the large investments in vole control have already been recovered.
Mechanized Control of Muridae in Isolated Foci1
Authors: Hamar M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTRapid mortality resulted when kernel baits treated with zinc phosphide were used; baits were applied by different types of drills. Pre‐planting treatment of the seed with heptachlor emulsion (40%) + TMTD had a highly repellent effect and considerably reduced rodent attack. Factors underlying the appearance of murid invasions are discussed.
Integrated Plant Protection in Austria: Scientific Principles, Practical Application, Present State
Authors: BERAN F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAlthough numerous types of intégrated plant protection programs have been elaborated and, in many areas, also effectuated, reports on the actual results and effects of the application of integrated plant protection are scarce. The author attempts to examine the results of integrated plant protection activities in Austria by means of a structural analysis of the use of plant protection products. It is concluded that the efforts of plant protection scientists have been successful both in developing a plant protection method that does not adversely affect the environment and in integrating non‐chemical and chemical methods of pest control. As a consequence of the refined techniques used in forecasting and warning services, application of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and the total use of insecticides are diminishing. On the other hand, the use of fungicides is moderately increasing and that of herbicides has doubled over the preceding decade.
«Septoria ‐ the lurking threat to wheat yields»
Authors: BAKER Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA review of Septoria diseases of wheat is given with particular emphasis on the resistance of this host to Septoria nodorum Berk. Following a general historical outline, the effects of glume blotch on the wheat plant are described, including symptoms and physiological changes. Brief reference is made to epidemiological studies, and then resistance breeding and genetic studies are discussed. The role of antifungal compounds in resistance is dealt with in more detail, and with reference to the author's own research results. It is concluded that no single mechanism of resistance of wheat to S. nodorum emerges and that the resistance factors appear to be varying quantitatively rather than qualitatively.
Detection of Peronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. in Seeds of Soybean, Glycine max
Authors: PATHAK V.K. , MATHUR S.B. , NEERGAARD P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOut of 140 soybean samples tested from 17 countries, 42 originating from Brazil, Colombia, Iran, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand and the United States were found to be contaminated by oospores of Peronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. Oospores are generally present as a crust on the seed coat, and are easily detected during visual examination; however, individual spores may stick to the surface of non‐crusted seed, and these spores are detectable only by examining surface washings.A new method for testing the viability of oospores by the tetrazolium chloride test is described. Viable oospores turn orange‐red. In all oospore collections, viability tested by this method was generally higher than germination recorded in water. One to 2‐year‐old oospores showed 30 to 39% viability, while an 8‐year‐old collection had about 20% viable spores. Oospores collected from 1‐year‐old seed treated with captan showed 6 to 11 % viability.
An Evaluation of the USDA Preshipment Clearance Program for Propagative Material1)
Authors: SANTACROCE N.G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOne of the programs utilized by PPQ‐APHIS‐USDA2) to prevent the introduction of hazardous pests and pathogens is known as preclearance. Preclearance relies more on inspection at origin than it does on inspection upon arrival or entry into the United States. Two such programs have been developed by PPQ for plant materials. One, established in 1951, is for bulbs, while the other, established in 1975, is for a few ornamental crops. The USDA, in co‐operation with the Plant Protection Services of the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Fed. Rep. of Germany, Israel and South Africa, has been performing preclearance for bulbous plant propagative materials. Flower bulbs are being precleared in all of the above countries at the request of the exporter's groups of the respective countries. The objective of this clearance is to facilitate the entry of this material, reduce the chances of introducing plant pests and diseases into the United States, and save APHIS manpower at US ports of entry. This is achieved by having USDA personnel working cooperatively with foreign plant protection services in the inspection of material in the field and packing houses in the country of origin. Detection and elimination of plant pests and diseases is a co‐operative effort for mutual benefit of both parties.
A Review of Methods Used in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Fireblight1)
Authors: MILLER HJ. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMost well–known laboratory methods which can be used in the diagnosis of fireblight, as well as more recent developments in identification, have been discussed. They vary from the use of simple culture media to the use of immunofluorescent microscopy. The use of any one method alone is not advised, but by combining methods, accurate and rapid diagnosis is possible. In order to minimize diagnostic errors, especially among less experienced workers, the use of 5 % sucrose–nutrient agar for bacterial isolation followed by serological control is recommended. For further information reference is given particularly to the procedures described by Lelliott at the first EPPO Conference on Fireblight held in 1967 at Canterbury.
Fireblight Inoculum: Sources and Dissemination1
Authors: BEER S.V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUnderstanding the disease cycle of fireblight requires knowledge of the sources of inoculum and means of dissemination. In regions where the disease is endemic, hold–over cankers are the most important source of primary inoculum. Dissemination of primary inoculum occurs by rain or by crawling or flying insects. Often, blossoms infested with Erwinia atnylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. provide secondary inoculum that is disseminated by pollinating insects or by rain. Later in the growing season, secondary inoculum produced in infected tissues may be disseminated by rain or by sucking and biting insects. Relatively rare sources of inoculum and inefficient means of dissemination may be responsible for introducing the pathogen to areas where fireblight has not been found previously. E. amylovora may be carried to new locations in intimate association with host tissues (infected nursery stock), in association with vectors (insects, birds or man), or by wind as “strands” or in airborne water drops. Every effort should be made to prevent introduction of E. amylovora into areas now thought to be free of fireblight. Attempts to eradicate the disease from several new areas in northern Europe have been unsuccessful. Because weather conditions and the host plants present in southern Europe are especially conducive to severe damage from fireblight, plant protection personnel are advised to prepare now for the possible introduction of disease. Personnel should be trained to recognize the disease and plans should be drawn to contain it or to manage host plants to minimize disease losses.
Warning Systems for Fireblight1)
Authors: BILLING Eve 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe ideal warning system should indicate conditions favouring inoculum production and dissemination, infection and subsequent symptom expression. It should give guidance on the best times for inspections to be made and for chemical control measures to be applied. The choice of system is governed by the crop, the climate and economic considerations. New systems must be developed to deal with new situations. Most previous systems have been concerned with the spring blossom periods of pear and apple, but systems for assessing fireblight activity at other times in the growing season are being developed. This is especially important in Europe where the blossom periods of susceptible ornamental hosts extend into July and where, in some countries, summer blossom on pear may be present throughout the season. Monitoring of inoculum levels on cankers, blossoms or shoots has proved valuable where economy in the use of sprays has justified its use; sprays are usually withheld until the pathogen is detected.Warning systems based on weather data are broadly in agreement but differ in detail. Sprays during bloom are often withheld until maximum temperatures exceed 18° C (or mean temperatures reach 14.5 —‐ 16.5° C) and there is precipitation or high humidity (> 60 % RH) at the same time. Some workers would spray immediately after moderate rain (e.g. 2.5 – 5.0 mm) when inoculum was known to be present. Spray applications immediately after damaging storms are the general rule. Proper evaluation of warning systems is difficult and is only possible in areas where fireblight is endemic and where adequate field records can be obtained.
Prevention and Control of Fireblight1
Authors: MEIJNEKE CAR. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA review is given of the possible measures against fireblight in countries which so far do not have the disease (the “have–nots”) and in countries which do (the “haves”).In the “have–nots”, precautions can be taken by putting into practice our knowledge of susceptibility and sensitivity of host plants in non–commercial as well as in commercial plantations. Some guidelines are given. Planting of the most susceptible non–commercial host plants should be avoided whilst testing and breeding programs for resistance should be stimulated.In the “haves”, an attempt should first be made to eradicate the disease. Some remarks are made about this point. When eradication has proved to be impossible, special attention should be given to the health of the source material for nurseries. This point is worked out in some detail. Also in the “haves”, preventive measures can and should be taken, inside and outside nurseries and orchards. These measures are specified. In cases where infection is found, the foci should be destroyed as soon as possible, without exception in nurseries and orchards, and preferably also outside these holdings. A number of remarks about this point are made.Only by practising an integrated policy by a combination of the measures mentioned can one achieve a maximum of control and a minimum of damage by this disease.
Problems in Chemical Weed Control1
Authors: STRYCKERS J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDespite the abundance of herbicidal substances, there is still a long way to go in order to solve the multitude of weed control problems. It is necessary to develop a logical systematic approach to master all the existing information. Substances suspected for good reasons of developing injurious effects or dangerous decomposition compounds should not be used. However moderate use of herbicides with clear advantages can for many reasons be defended.Herbicide performance can be much influenced by the method of application. Sometimes inter– and intra–specific differences in susceptibility or in tolerance can complicate the use of herbicides. Biological, mechanical and physical weed control must, by integration with chemical control, maintain weed growth at levels below those interfering with the objectives of the cultural system.
Recent Progress in the Biological Control of Weeds1
Authors: WAPSHERE A.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe recent progress in biological control of weeds is such that three main branches can now be distinguished: 1) classical, 2) inundative, 3) total vegetation. For each branch a brief account of modern methods is detailed, the advantages are outlined and examples of recent programmes are given. For classical biological control, safety, effectiveness and virulence of the agent are prime requirements; for inundative control, safety, virulence and manipulability are necessary attributes of the agents; for total vegetation control manipulability is the major criterion.
Systems Analysis Applied to Crop Protection1)
Authors: GUTIERREZ A.P. , WANG Y. , JONES R.E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the biological problem of crop protection from a systems analysis point of view, and discusses the commonalities in the biological and mathematical form of the population models used to describe the interactions between trophic levels (e.g. herbivore–plant). The historical development of the mathematical models is presented. The uses of these models in crop production are discussed.