bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic treatments with the low‐calcemic 1,25(OH)2D3 analogs JKF or QW increase both the morphological and biochemical responses to estradiol‐17β in rat tibiae
Authors: Somjen D. , Katzburg S. , Posner G.H. , Livne E. , Kaye A.M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe demonstrated previously that daily injection for 3 days of the less calcemic vitamin D analogs: JK 1624 F2‐2 (JKF) and QW 1624F2‐2 (QW) followed by estradiol‐17β (E2) in female rats upregulated creatine kinase‐specific activity (CK) in skeletal tissues. In this study, we evaluated both histomorphological and biochemical changes due to a regime of 4 days treatment with JKF or QW, followed by injection of E2 on day 5, repeated for 2.5 months. Ovariectomized female rats (Ovx) were injected 2 weeks after surgery, with JKF or QW at 0.2 ng/g BW followed by injections of E2 (1 µg/rat) on day 5 of each week for 2.5 months. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection and bones were analyzed. JKF alone decreased growth plate width, increased % total bone volume (%TBV), with no change in cortical thickness. In contrast, QW restored growth plate width and %TBV with no change in cortical thickness. Combined with E2, JKF restored %TBV and growth plate width but with no change in cortical thickness, while QW restored significantly all parameters including cortical thickness. Moreover, there was also an increase in the responsiveness of CK to E2 in epiphyseal cartilage and diaphyseal bone but not in uterus. Thus, vitamin D less calcemic analogs increased responsiveness to E2 morphologically as well as biochemically. We, therefore, conclude that combined treatment of less calcemic analogs vitamin D and E2 might be superior for treatment of bone damage caused by ovariectomy in female rats and might be applied for post‐menopausal osteoporosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1406–1414, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smooth muscle α‐actin expression and myofibroblast differentiation by TGFβ are dependent upon MK2
Authors: Sousa Anne Marie , Liu Tiegang , Guevara Oscar , Stevens JoAnne , Fanburg Barry L. , Gaestel Matthias , Toksoz Deniz , Kayyali Usamah S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFibroblasts play a major role in processes such as wound repair, scarring, and fibrosis. Differentiation into myofibroblasts, characterized by upregulation of smooth muscle α‐actin (smα) in response to profibrotic agents such as TGFβ is believed to be an important step in fibrosis. Therefore, elucidating mechanisms of myofibroblast differentiation might reveal novel targets in treating diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). MK2 is a kinase substrate of p38 MAP kinase that mediates some effects of p38 activation on the actin cytoskeleton. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) from MK2 knockout (MK2−/−) mice, we demonstrate that disrupting expression of MK2 expression reduces filamentous actin and stress fibers. It also causes MK2−/− MEF to express less smα than their corresponding wild‐type (WT) MEF at baseline and in response to TGFβ. Furthermore, TGFβ causes downregulation of smα in MK2−/− MEF, instead of upregulation observed in WT MEF. Expression of other fibroblast markers, such as collagen, is not altered in MK2−/− MEF. Our results further suggest that downregulation of smα in MK2−/− MEF is not due to lack of activation of serum responsive promoter elements, but probably due to reduced smα message stability in these cells. These results indicate that MK2 plays a key role in regulation of smα expression, and that targeting MK2 might present a therapeutic approach in managing conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1581–1592, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Swimming and cleaning in the free‐swimming phase of Argulus larvae (crustacea, branchiura)—Appendage adaptation and functional morphology
Authors: Møller Ole Sten , Olesen Jørgen , Waloszek Dieter 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe free‐swimming early larval stages of Argulus foliaceus (Linneaus) (Branchiura) are studied using digital video, light microscopy, and SEM. We analyze and document the mode of swimming in the hatching stage of A. foliaceus and the subsequent juvenile stages with fully developed thoracopods. We present new observations and an analysis of the functional morphology of a cleaning behavior in the first stage. This stage swims very efficiently using the large exopods of the second antennae in concert with the mandibular palp (naupliar limbs), while the subsequent stages use the now developed thoracopods for propulsion. This posterior shift in propulsion is similar to—but independent from—what is seen in other crustaceans. The hatching stage has previously been referred as a “metanauplius” but as the first and second maxillae are developed and active, and buds of all four thoracopods are present, it is too advanced to be included in the naupliar phase. The hooks of the first antennae and the distal hooks of the maxillae are demonstrated to function not only as attachment organs (to the host), but also to play a significant role in the cleaning of the naupliar swimming appendages. A digital video‐based analysis of the swimming mode is provided. The larval swimming pattern is generally similar to that of other crustaceans such as Branchiopoda and Cirripedia, but autapomorphies of the Branchiura include the following: 1) While actively swimming, the naupliar appendages are almost straight during the recovery stroke and 2) they have a relatively small deflection during movement (∼25° or ∼35° for mandible and second antenna respectively), 3) the larval mandible has a uniramous palp which is the retained exopod. The morphological implications of the transition from the possibly nonfeeding pelagic, or free‐swimming, first larval stage to the feeding, parasitic second stage are discussed and compared with other crustaceans. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clonazepam quantification in human plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry in a bioequivalence study
Authors: Cavedal Luiz E. , Mendes Fabiana D. , Domingues Claudia C. , Patni Anil K. , Monif Tausif , Reyar Simrit , Pereira Alberto dos S. , Mendes Gustavo D. , De Nucci Gilberto 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA rapid, sensitive and specific method for quantifying clonazepam in human plasma using diazepam as the internal standard (IS) is described. The analyte and the IS were extracted from plasma by liquid‐liquid extraction using a hexane/diethylether (20 : 80, v/v) solution. The extracts were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS‐MS). Chromatography was performed on a Jones Genesis C8 4 µm analytical column (100 × 2.1 mm i.d.). The method had a chromatographic run time of 3.0 min and a linear calibration curve over the range 0.5–50 ng/ml (r2 > 0.9965). The limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/ml. This HPLC/MS/MS procedure was used to assess the bioequivalence of two clonazepam 2 mg tablet formulations (clonazepam test formulation from Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd and Rivotril from Roche Laboratórios Ltda as standard reference formulation). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion trap mass spectrometry on a comet nucleus: the Ptolemy instrument and the Rosetta space mission
Authors: Todd John F. J. , Barber Simeon J. , Wright Ian P. , Morgan Geraint H. , Morse Andrew D. , Sheridan Simon , Leese Mark R. , Maynard Jon , Evans Suzanne T. , Pillinger Colin T. , Drummond Duncan L. , Heys Samantha C. , Huq S. Ejaz , Kent Barry J. , Sawyer Eric C. , Whalley Martin S. , Waltham Nicholas R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn May 2014, the Rosetta spacecraft is scheduled to rendezvous with the comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko (‘67P’). One of the instruments on board the ‘Lander’ which will descend on to the surface of the comet is a miniaturised GC/MS system that incorporates an ion trap mass spectrometer, specially developed for isotope ratio analysis. This article describes the development and optimisation of the ion trap for this unique application, and presents a summary of the range of pre‐programmed experiments that will contribute to the characterisation of the solid and volatile cometary materials. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid on‐plate and one‐pot derivatization of carbonyl compounds for enhanced detection by reactive matrix LDI‐TOF MS using the tailor‐made reactive matrix, 4‐dimethylamino‐6‐(4‐methoxy‐1‐naphthyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2‐hydrazine (DMNTH)
Authors: Mugo Samuel M. , Bottaro Christina S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this study, a very sensitive and economical high‐throughput methodology has been developed for the analysis of small carbonyl compounds using rapid derivatization with 4‐dimethylamino‐6‐(4‐methoxy‐1‐naphthyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2‐hydrazine (DMNTH), a derivatizing agent developed by the Karst group at the University of Münster. DMNTH is highly ionizable by the UV laser and reacts selectively and rapidly with carbonyl moieties. The resulting hydrazone is easily detectable by laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (LDI‐TOF MS), eliminating the need for the matrix assisted variant (MALDI) and the associated issue of matrix optimization, which greatly simplifies the analysis. It has been demonstrated that a range of carbonyl compounds can be conveniently analyzed by this reactive matrix LDI‐TOF MS (RM‐LDI‐TOF MS) procedure and that furfural DMNThydrazone (prior labeled and labeled in situ) can be used as an internal standard for semiquantitative analysis. Amounts as low as 0.5 ng ml−1 of 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde have been detected using a one‐pot derivatization methodology. Rapid on‐plate derivatization was also found to be a simple approach for fast and reliable screening of various analytes, although with slightly higher detection limits. To test its applicability in complex matrices, analysis of furfural spiked in beer has been demonstrated. This RM‐LDI‐TOF MS method shows considerable promise for the analysis of carbonyl compounds in water, particularly for disinfection by‐products that result from reaction of natural organic matter with oxidative disinfectants. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypoglycemia reduces the blood‐oxygenation level dependent signal in primary auditory and visual cortex: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Driesen Naomi R. , Goldberg Philip A. , Anderson Adam W. , Tang Lin , Flanagan Daniel E. , Sherwin Robert S. , Gore John C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractStudies of the effects of hypoglycemia on the brain using neurocognitive testing have suggested that mainly complex functions subserved by secondary and tertiary cortex are affected by mild to moderate hypoglycemia and that intensively treated patients with Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may have altered sensitivity to the central nervous system effects of hypoglycemia. Functional magnetic resonance imaging provides a sensitive, regionally‐specific probe of possible neurophysiologic changes related to hypoglycemia in the brain. Eleven intensively‐treated T1DM patients and 11 matched non‐diabetic controls took part in a 2‐day protocol in which functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure changes in the patterns of brain activation produced by simple auditory and visual stimuli in different conditions. On one day, participants were euglycemic the entire time. On the other day, an initial 50‐min euglycemic period was followed by a 50‐min hypoglycemic period. Results indicated that hypoglycemia reduced the amplitude of the blood‐oxygenation level dependent response in primary auditory and visual cortex to simple auditory and visual stimuli. The latency and duration of the transient hemodynamic response function were not affected. Responses to hypoglycemia were similar in diabetic and non‐diabetic participants. These results suggest that mild to moderate hypoglycemia may alter the balance of blood flow and oxygen extraction when glucose levels are lowered. Intensively‐treated T1DM, with its attendant frequent hypoglycemic episodes, did not seem to alter hypoglycemic responses in primary visual and auditory cortex. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal decomposition of methyl β‐hydroxyesters in m‐xylene solution
Authors: Zapata Edilma , Gaviria Jair , Quijano Jairo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe products and kinetics of the thermal decomposition of several methyl‐β‐hydroxyesters in m‐xylene solution have been studied. It has been shown that all β‐hydroxyesters studied pyrolyze to form a mixture of methyl acetate and the corresponding aldehyde or ketone and that the decomposition follows first‐order kinetics and appears to be homogeneous and unimolecular. The rate pyrolysis of methyl‐3‐hydroxypropanoate, methyl‐3‐hydroxybutanoate, and methyl‐3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutanoate has been measured between 250 and 320°C. The relative rates of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols at 553 K are 1.0, 8.5 and 54.1, respectively. The absence of large substituent effects indicates that little charge separation occurs during the breaking of carbon–carbon single bond. The activation entropy is compatible with a semipolar six‐membered cyclic transition state postulated for other β‐hydroxy compounds. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 92–96, 2007
Synthesis and thermal decomposition reaction kinetics of complexes of [Sm2(m‐ClBA)6(phen)2] · 2H2O and [Sm2(m‐BrBA)6(phen)2] · 2H2O
Authors: Zhang Jian Jun , Ren Ning , Bai Ji Hai , Xu Su Ling 
Published: December 2006

AbstractComplexes of [Sm2(m‐ClBA)6(phen)2] · 2H2O and [Sm2(m‐BrBA)6(phen)2] · 2H2O (m‐ClBA = m‐chlorobenzoate, m‐BrBA = m‐bromobenzoate, and phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectra. The thermal decomposition processes of the two complexes were studied by means of TG–DTG and IR techniques. Their thermal decomposition kinetics were investigated from the analysis of the TG and DTG curves by jointly using a new method proposed by us and a newly nonlinear isoconversional integral method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 67–74, 2007
Thermolytic investigations on nickel(II) complexes of 4‐N‐(4′‐antipyrylmethylidene)aminoantipyrine with various counterions
Authors: Madhu N. T. , Radhakrishnan P. K. , Linert Wolfgang 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPhenomenological characteristics and kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the thermal decomposition of nitrate, chloride, bromide, and iodide complexes of nickel(II) with 4‐N‐(4′‐antipyrylmethylidene)aminoantipyrine have been studied using thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) techniques. Kinetic parameters such as activation energy, preexponential factor, and entropy of activation were quantified. The rate‐controlling process in all stages of decomposition was found to be based on random nucleation with one nucleus on each particle according to the Mampel model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 53–58, 2007
Kinetics and mechanism of gas‐phase pyrolysis of N‐aryl‐3‐oxobutanamide ketoanilides, their 2‐arylhydrazono derivatives, and related compounds
Authors: Malhas Rana N. , Al‐Awadi Nouria A. , El‐Dusouqui Osman M. E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRates and products of reaction and Arrhenius activation parameters were determined for the gas‐phase thermolysis of 14 substrates of the title compounds using sealed pyrex reactor tubes and HPLC/UV‐VIS to monitor substrate pyrolysis. The 14 compounds under study are N‐phenyl‐3‐oxo‐ (1), N‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐oxo‐ (2), N‐(p‐methylphenyl)‐3‐oxo‐ (3), and N‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐oxobutanamide (4), in addition to (i) four substrates (5–8) obtained by the replacement of the pairs of methylene hydrogens at the 2‐position of compounds (1–4), each pair by a phenylhydrazono group; (ii) three arylhydrazono derivatives (9–11) in which Cl, CH3, or OCH3 groups are substituted at the para position of the phenylhydrazono moiety of compound 5; (iii) 3‐oxobutanamide (acetoacetamide, 12), N‐phenyl‐3‐oxo‐3‐phenylpropanamide (13), and N,N′‐diphenylpropanediamide (14). The reactions were conducted over 374–546 K temperature range, and the values of the Arrhenius log A(s−1) and Ea(kJ mol−1) of these reactions were, respectively, 12.0 ± 2.0 and 119.2 ± 17.0 for the ketoanilides (1–4, 12–14), and 13.0 ± 0.7 and 157.5 ± 8.6 for the arylhyrazono compounds (5–11). Kinetically, the arylhydrazono derivatives were found to be ca. 1.4 × 103 to 5.7 × 103 times less reactive than the parent ketoanilides. A mechanism is proposed to account for reaction products and to rationalize molecular reactivities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 82–91, 2007
Shock‐tube studies on the reactions of dimethyl ether with oxygen and hydrogen atoms
Authors: Takahashi K. , Yamamoto O. , Inomata T. , Kogoma M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe reactions of dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3, DME) with O(3P) and H atoms have been studied at high temperatures by using a shock tube apparatus coupled with atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy (ARAS). The rate coefficients for the reactions CH3OCH3 + O(3P) → CH3OCH2 + OH (1) and CH3OCH3 + H → CH3OCH2 + H2 (2) were experimentally determined from the decay of O(3P) and H atoms as:

equation image
These results show that DME can react with O(3P) atoms more easily than with H atoms. By combining these results with the previous lower temperature data, we obtained the following modified Arrhenius expressions applied over the wide temperature range between 300 and 1500 K:

equation image
Both reactions of DME are faster than those of ethane, because the dissociation energy of the CH bond in DME is smaller. Furthermore, the rate coefficients for reactions (1) and (2) were calculated with the transition‐state theory (TST). Structural parameters and vibrational frequencies of the reactants and the transition states required for the TST calculation were obtained from the MP2(full)/6‐31G(d) ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculation. The energy barrier, E‡0, was adjusted until the TST rate coefficient most closely matched the observed one. The fitting results of E(1) = 23 kJ mol−1 and E(2) = 34 kJ mol−1 were in agreement with the G2 energy barriers, within the expected uncertainty, demonstrating that the experimentally determined rate coefficients were theoretically valid. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 97–108, 2007
Micro traps for quantum information processing and precision force sensing
Authors: Birkl G. , Fortágh J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe review recent experimental progress towards quantum information processing and precision force sensing using neutral atoms in micro traps. Microscopic potential structures as generated by optical or electronic microstructures (micro traps) allow for a versatile manipulation of quantum states of atoms and of ultracold atomic quantum gases. Most recent experimental results include the implementation of single‐qubit‐operations in both, optical and magnetic micro traps, as well as in the demonstration of matter‐wave interferometer using Bose‐Einstein condensates coherently split in micro traps.
Improved staining method for determining the extent of thermal damage to cells
Authors: Sherwood Margaret E. , Flotte Thomas J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveEnzyme histochemical stains of frozen sections have been used by investigators to assess thermal damage. The assessment of thermal damage to cells in lipid‐rich tissues such as subcutaneous tissue and sebaceous glands can be difficult due to the quality of frozen sections of such tissues. The purpose of this study is to develop an improved method for this type of evaluation.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThick frozen sections of thermally damaged pig and human skin were stained for lactate dehydrogenase. The sections were fixed in formalin and processed for paraffin‐embedded sections.ResultsThe sections showed well‐defined localization of the enzymatic deposits as well as preservation of the tissue architecture.ConclusionThe paraffin‐embedded lactate dehydrogenase stained sections provide improved evaluation of thermally damaged tissues, particularly the lipid rich tissues. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:128–131, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging the cavernous nerves in the rat prostate using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Fried Nathaniel M. , Rais‐Bahrami Soroush , Lagoda Gwen A. , Chuang Ying , Burnett Arthur L. , Su Li‐Ming 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIntroductionImprovements in identification, imaging, and visualization of the cavernous nerves (CNs) during radical prostatectomy, which are responsible for erectile function, may improve nerve preservation and post‐operative potency. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is capable of real‐time, high‐resolution, cross‐sectional, in vivo tissue imaging. The rat prostate serves as an excellent model for studying the use of OCT for imaging the CNs, as the rat CN is a large, visible, and distinct bundle allowing for easy identification with OCT in addition to histologic confirmation.Materials and MethodsImaging was performed with the Niris OCT system and a handheld 8 Fr probe, capable of acquiring real‐time images with 11‐µm axial and 25‐µm lateral resolution in tissue. Open surgical exposure of the prostate was performed on a total of six male rats, and OCT images of the prostate, CN, pelvic plexus ganglion, seminal vesicle, blood vessels, and periprostatic fat were acquired. CN electrical stimulation with simultaneous intracorporeal pressure measurements was performed to confirm proper identification of the CNs. The prostate and CNs were also processed for histologic analysis and further confirmation.ResultsCross‐sectional and longitudinal OCT images of the CNs were acquired and compared with histologic sections. The CN and ganglion could be differentiated from the surrounding prostate gland, seminal vesicle, blood vessels, bladder, and fatty tissue.ConclusionsWe report preliminary results of OCT images of the rat CNs with histologic correlation and erectile stimulation measurements, thus providing interpretation of prostate structures as they appear in OCT images. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the representation formula for well‐ordered elastic composites: a convergence of measure approach
Authors: Ou Miao‐Jung 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to derive an integral representation formula for the effective elasticity tensor for a two‐component well‐ordered composite of elastic materials without using a third reference medium and without assuming the completeness of the eigenspace of the operator Ĝ defined in (2.16) in (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1984; 32(1):41–62). As shown in (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1984; 32(1):41–62) and (Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2006; 29(6):655–664), this integral representation formula implies a relation which links the effective elastic moduli to the N‐point correlation functions of the microstructure. Such relation not only facilitates a powerful scheme for systematic incorporation of microstructural information into bounds on the effective elastic moduli but also provides a theoretical foundation for de‐homogenization. The analysis presented in this paper can be generalized to an n‐component composite of elastic materials. The relations developed here can be applied to the de‐homogenization for a special class of linear viscoelastic composites. The results will be presented in another paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.