bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General Practitioners and Alcohol Use Disorders: Quantity Without Quality
Authors: Malet Laurent , Llorca Pierre‐Michel , Boussiron Didier , Schwan Raymund , Facy Françoise , Reynaud Michel 
Published: April 2006

Background: General medical practitioners are essential for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of alcohol use disorders. Studies to examine medical practice in this field, however, are very rare.Method: A cross‐sectional study involving 2010 patients seen by a sample of 145 general practitioners in the Auvergne region of central France was conducted on a given day in May 1998. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (using the DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence and the CAGE questionnaire) and so to estimate the proportion of nonsomatic alcohol‐related care dispensed.Results: Sixteen percent of patients consulting their general practitioner had an alcohol problem, 27% of men and 5% of women. On average, a quarter of these patients had not been previously identified by the physician. Diagnosis seemed particularly difficult in women: 11% of women aged between 36 and 45 had an alcohol‐related problem that went unidentified in 60% of cases. Care for alcohol‐related health problems was therefore seriously inadequate. In one third of cases, patients with a diagnosed alcohol‐related problem were not followed up by the physician for that problem. Two thirds received no medication, and in more than 80% of cases the physician did not refer to a specialist or prescribe admission to a specialized hospital ward.Conclusions: These results underline the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties experienced by general practitioners. This study has led to the establishment of a pilot health care network for patients suffering from alcohol use disorders. This network involves voluntary doctors who have been trained and are better paid for their services. Care protocols have been established to which these practitioners have to adhere.
Age and Birth Cohort Effects on Rates of Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Rice John P. , Neuman Rosalind J. , Saccone Nancy L. , Corbett Jonathan , Rochberg Nanette , Hesselbrock Victor , Bucholz Kathleen K. , McGuffin Peter , Reich Theodore 
Published: April 2006

Background: Epidemiological studies of traits such as alcohol dependence and depression have often found lifetime rates in younger individuals exceeding those found in older individuals. This suggests additional influences of birth cohort or period effects so that individuals in later‐born cohorts have an increased lifetime risk.Methods: Data from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism were used to investigate secular trends for alcoholism and related conditions and to examine risk predictors while taking the cohort effect into account. We used data on 4099 interviewed parents and siblings of alcohol‐dependent subjects and 1054 members of control families. We used survival analysis techniques and the Cox proportional hazards regression model to estimate the relative risk for demographic covariates. We used the relative sample to predict risk in the sibling of the proband and family history information to determine whether there was a bias when deceased individuals were excluded from analysis.Results: In the control sample, we observed a 1.8% lifetime rate of DSM‐III‐R alcohol dependence in women born before 1940, as contrasted to a 13% rate in women born after 1960, and a 15% lifetime rate in men born before 1940, contrasted with a 28% rate in men born after 1960. As expected, lifetime rates in relatives were increased when compared with controls. Highly significant risk ratios (RR) were observed for gender (RR, 2.3), cohort of birth (RR, 1.5 over a decade), daily smoking (RR, 2.0), heavy smoking (RR, 3.0), and comorbid diagnoses of antisocial personality (RR, 2.2) and depression (RR, 1.6). Analysis of the family history data indicated higher rates of alcohol dependence in relatives who were deceased compared to those who were living.Conclusions: Marked cohort differences were observed and may reflect real changes over time, or artifacts of memory recall, differential mortality, or public awareness. The analysis of all relatives (living or deceased) indicates that associated mortality may, in part, explain the secular trends seen when analyses are restricted to living, personally interviewed individuals.
Ethanol Inhibition of Neural Stem Cell Differentiation Is Reduced by Neurotrophic Factors
Authors: Tateno Masaru , Ukai Wataru , Ozawa Hiroki , Yamamoto Megumi , Toki Sadamu , Ikeda Hiroshi , Saito Toshikazu 
Published: April 2006

Background: Ethanol exposure during development leads to various forms of neuronal damage. Because neural stem cells (NSCs) play a pivotal role in the development and maturation of the central nervous system, it is important to understand the effect of ethanol on NSC differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of ethanol on differentiation of cultured NSCs in the presence and absence of neurotrophic factors.Methods: NSCs were derived from rat embryos on embryonic day 14. Cells were exposed to ethanol with or without neurotrophic factors, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), or brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The effect of ethanol on differentiation was quantified by measurement of optical density of each sample following to microtubule‐associated protein 2 enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and counting of the number of microtubule‐associated protein 2–positive cells microscopically. In addition, cell viability of cultured cortical neurons that were exposed to similar concentrations of ethanol was evaluated by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay.Results: Ethanol (20–100 mM) inhibited NSC differentiation induced by basic fibroblast growth factor removal, whereas those concentrations of ethanol did not affect neuronal survival. Both IGF‐1 and BDNF promoted generation of neurons in the absence of ethanol. Moreover, they suppressed the inhibitory effect of ethanol on NSC differentiation.Conclusions: Ethanol inhibited NSC differentiation at concentrations much lower than what compromised neuronal survival. Ethanol‐induced differential inhibition was reduced by both IGF‐1 and BDNF. These results suggest that ethanol inhibits stem cell differentiation through alteration of cellular pathways related to neurotrophic factor signaling.
Investigation of Liver Parenchymal Flow Using Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound in Patients With Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: Fujita Yasuko , Watanabe Manabu , Sasao Kanami , Wakui Noritaka , Shinohara Masao , Ishii Koji , Sumino Yasukiyo 
Published: April 2006

Background: Peripheral hepatic blood flow has not been investigated using contrast‐enhanced ultrasound. The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of peripheral blood flow within the liver parenchyma using Levovist in patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD).Methods: The study population comprised 160 patients: 7 normal control subjects (NC), 89 with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH), 8 with alcoholic liver injury (ALI), 18 with viral liver cirrhosis without portosystemic shunting (VLCwoPSS) plus 11 with PSS (VLCwPSS), and 12 with alcoholic liver cirrhosis without PSS (ALCwoPSS) plus 15 with PSS (ALCwPSS). First, continuous spectral Doppler ultrasound was performed to assess peripheral blood flow within the liver parenchyma. We defined the arrival time (AT) as the time when signals began to increase in the region of interest after the injection of Levovist, whereas the peak time (PT) was the time between the AT and the maximum signal. Second, stimulated acoustic emission imaging was compared between the liver parenchyma and the right kidney at 20 sec, 90 sec, and 5 min after injection of Levovist.Results: The average AT was as follows: NC, 18.4 sec; CVH, 18.7 sec; ALI, 15.5 sec; VLCwoPSS, 18.2 sec; VLCwPSS, 12.5 sec; ALCwoPSS, 13.5 sec; and ALCwPSS, 12.7 sec. In patients with ALI and cirrhosis (excluding VLCwoPSS), the AT was earlier than in NC and CVH. The average PT was as follows: NC, 18.3 sec; CVH, 19.4 sec; ALI, 20.3 sec; VLCwoPSS, 19.3 sec; VLCwPSS, 9.0 sec; ALCwoPSS, 10.7 sec; and ALCwPSS, 4.9 sec. In patients with cirrhosis (excluding VLCwoPSS), the PT was earlier than in the other groups. As PSS developed, the PT of ALC became much earlier. In NC, the stimulated acoustic emission study showed no enhancement of the liver parenchyma at 20 sec. However, most of the patients with ALD showed marked enhancement of the liver at 20 sec. It is interesting that only slight enhancement of the liver was seen in ALCwPSS, although NC showed marked liver enhancement at 5 min.Conclusions: Our results suggest that ALD is accompanied by regional hepatic and systemic hemodynamic changes, such as hyperdynamic circulation and arterialization of the liver, before progression to cirrhosis.
The Subjective Valuation of Indexed Stock Options and Their Incentive Effects
Authors: Calvet A. Louis , Rahman Abdul H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe analyze the potential role of indexed stock options in future pay‐for‐performance executive compensation contracts. We present a unified framework for index‐linked stock options, discuss their incentive effects, argue that indexation schemes based on the capital‐asset pricing model (CAPM) are the most suitable for executive compensation, and derive a subjective pricing model for the class of CAPM‐based indexed stock options. Contrary to earlier work, executives would not be motivated to take on investment projects with high idiosyncratic risk once their lack of wealth diversification and degree of risk aversion are factored into the analysis.
The Impact of Pennies on the Market Quality of the Toronto Stock Exchange
Authors: Smith Brian F. , Turnbull D. Alasdair S. , White Robert W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUsing detailed order flow data from the Toronto Stock Exchange, this paper finds no evidence that a smaller tick size lessens market liquidity for either small or large traders. Rather, there is evidence of lower trading costs, faster time to order execution, and greater price continuity. Consistent with a penny tick allowing a finer pricing grid search, there is an increase in the number of Change Former Orders and cancellations.
Hypersensitivity to hydrogenated lanolin
Authors: Sugai T. , Higashi J 
Published: April 2006

The number of patients with dermatitis from applied betamcthasone‐17‐valerate ointment, which incorporated hydrogenated lanolin, rapidly increased in Japan after 1971. On patch testing, the incidence of hypersensitivity to hydrogenated lanolin is significantly higher than to anhydrous lanolin at the 1% level, that is, 5.20% (26/502) with the former and 1.99% (10/502) with the latter, although sensitivity to both materials is significantly related at the 0.5% level.The possible explanations considered are that hydrogenated lanolin contains three main allergens: the first is a group of lanolin alcohols which are the common eczematogens in anhydrous lanolin; the second refers to the products of hydrogenation, composed of saturated, easily oxidized, organic substances of low molecular weight; and the third refers to traces of nickel, copper and chromium, as a result of contamination in the hydrogenation process.
Allergic contact dermatitis and conjunctivitis from epinephrine
Authors: Alani Safwat D. , Alani Milhim D. 
Published: April 2006

A patient with chronic open‐angle glaucoma was suspected of having allergic dermatitis and conjunctivitis to epinephrine. He was tested with epinephrine and other active substances, the preservatives and antioxidants usually used in the preparation of eye drops, He was also tested with other possible contactants with which he had had contact.The patient showed positive allergic patch test reactions to the chloride solution of epinephrine. The patient showed an unexpected positive reaction when tested with di‐iso‐propyl fluorophosphate (DFP).The importance of routine patch testing in ophthalmic practice to detect sensitizers in cases of contact allergy is stressed.
Irritant dermatitis from diallylglycol carbonate monomer in the optical industry
Authors: Lacroix M. , Burckel H. , Foussereau J. , Grosshans E. , Cavelier C. , Limasset J. C. , Ducos P. , Gradinski D. , Duprat P. 
Published: April 2006

The diallylglycol carbonate monomer causes dermatitis due to irritation in the optical industry. Cutaneous intolerance may affect as many as 70% of the exposed persons employed.Almost all control subjects who where patch‐tested showed irritation at a 2% concentration. The histological effects were an acute oedema with inflammation of the papillary dermis, and diapedesis of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes.Experiments on animals confirmed the irritant nature of the product; in the rabbit, a single application produced irritation, but to a lesser degree than in humans. Tests for possible sensitizing effects in the guinea pig have given negative results.Chemical analysis of the monomer revealed the presence of diallyi carbonate and acrolein. Allyl alcohol was detected in only one case.Patch tests were carried out in a group of control subjects with acrolein, diallyl carbonate and allyl alcohol. The histological appearance of the lesions caused by acrolein was quite different from that due to diallylglycol carbonate. It is probable that the irritant is the diallylglycol carbonate monomer itself.
Contact sensitivity to emulsifiers
Authors: Hannuksela Matti , Kousa Merjä , Pirilä Veikko 
Published: April 2006

Common emulsifiers were tested in over 1,200 patients with eczema. Triethanolamine stearate tested at 5 % in petrolatum caused irritant reactions in 9.5% of the patients. On the other hand, non‐ionic emulsifying agents tested at 10–20% produced irritation in only a few cases.Allergic reactions were found in 2.1% of those tested. Lanette, sorbitan sesquioleate, the Spans®, polyoxyethylene oxypropylene stearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol lanolin derivative, and triethanolamine stearate each elicited allergic reactions in 0.3–0.7% of the cases. The Tweens® caused an allergy in only two cases, but glycerol monostearate caused no reaction at all.Five out of six patients sensitive to sorbitan sesquioleate reacted positively to the Spans® as well.The patients allergic to one or more emulsifiers were also sensitive to several other substances included in our routine test series with the exception of four patients who reacted only to the emulsifying agents.
Occupational eczema from para‐tertiary‐butylphenol formaldehyde resins: A review of the sensitizing resins
Authors: Foussereau J. , Cavelier C. , Selig D. 
Published: April 2006

The first cases of allergy due to para‐tertiary‐butylphenol formaldehyde resins (PTBP resins) were found in 195K in the shoe‐making industry. These resins are found in certain neoprene adhesives.PTBP resin hypersensitivity may be due either to the para‐ tertiary‐butylphenol, to the resin itself, or less frequently to the formaldehyde.These resins may cause occupational allergy (in the automobile industry and chiefly in the shoe‐making industry) and non‐occupational allergy (footwear and clothing hypersensitivity).Patients allergic to PTBP resins have been found to show a cross‐reaction to other resins such as Alresen PA 103, Schenectady SP 126 and Schenectady SP 154.The authors give a reference list of sensitizing neoprene adhesives and PTBP resins to that manufacturers can limit the use of these products as far as possible.
The development of metal hypersensitivity in patients with metal‐to‐plastic hip arthroplasties
Authors: Nater J. P. , Brian R. G. , Deutman R. , Mulder Th. J. 
Published: April 2006

Sixty‐sis patients who had to undergo total hip replacement by means of a metal‐to‐plastic Stanmore prosthesis, were patch‐tested prior to and 6 to 12 months after surgery with the standard ICDRG allergens series and with acrylic monomer 5 % in acetone.In 62 patients the history of metal allergy as well as the patch tests to all tested allergens were negative. One patient with a history of metal allergy reacted negatively before surgery; about 6 months after surgery the patch test to nickel sulphate was positive (2 plus).Three other patients developed positive patch test reactions after surgery: two reacted positively to nickel sulphate (2 plus) and one to cobalt chloride (2 plus). In none of the 66 patients have local side effects of the prostheses been found to date.
The chamber‐scarification test for irritancy *
Authors: Frosch Peter J. , Kligman Albert M. 
Published: April 2006

A procedure has been designed (the chamber‐scarification test), which possesses greatly increased sensitivity for assessing the irritancy of topically applied materials. A forearm test site is criss‐cross scarified by drawing a 30‐gauge needle over the skin with just enough pressure to cleave the epidermis without drawing blood. The test agent is applied in an aluminum chamber once daily for 3 days.The advantages of the method over conventional patch testing are: enhanced capacity to measure mild irritants, reduced time (3 days versus 10 to 21 days), less effort, less cost, less discombort for the volunteers and greater reproducibility.
Tobramycin‐neomycin cross‐sensitivity
Authors: Schorr William F. , Ridgway Hal B. 
Published: April 2006

Fifty normal control volunteers were patch tested to 20% neomycin as well as tobramycin 1%, 10%, 20% and 30% in white petrolatum. Tobramycin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic for prescription Ophthalmologic use in the United States.There were no reactions on any of the control volunteers.Twenty known and proven neomycin‐allergic patients were then tested to tobramycin 10 % and 20 % in white petrolatum, as well as to neomycin 20 % aqueous and 20 % in white petrolatum.All 20 reacted with a 2+ or greater response to the neomycin patch tests. Twelve out of the 20 or 60 % of the neomycin‐allergic patients reacted to the 10 % tobramycin in white petrolatum. Thirteen out of 20 or 65 % reacted to 20 % tobramycin in while petrolatum.From these data, tobramycin (ophthalmic) should not be used to treat known neomycin‐allergic patients without first patch tolling the patient with 20 % tobramycin in white petrolatum. It appears probable that 65 % of neomycin‐allergic patients would react with a dermatitic response to such therapy.
Contact urticarial skin responses to cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Nater J. P. , De Jong M. C. J. M. , Baar A. J. M. , Bleumink E. 
Published: April 2006

A patient suffering from an eczema of the right hand showed after routine patch testing an immediate urticarial reaction to cinnamaldehyde.The same reaction could be noted in three out of eight control persons. Laboratory investigations revealed cinnamaldehyde to have a histamine liberating effect, a fact not previously mentioned in reports on untoward reactions to this compound.
Contact and bacterial allergy in children with atopic dermatitis*
Authors: Angeltni G. , Meneghinei C. L. 
Published: April 2006

Cell‐mediated immunity to bacterial antigens was studied by intradermal testing, and to contact antigens (cosmetics, environmental chemicals and topical medicaments) by patch testing in 270 children with atopic dermatitis. The incidence of delayed‐type immune cutaneous reactions in these patients was lower than in the controls. Contact allergy is a rare finding in the first 4 years of life but its incidence increases subsequently. In subjects with atopic dermatitis the incidence of sensitization by contact with allergens contained in topical medicaments proved to be lower than in subjects with eczema of other types.The data collected points to a reduced cell‐mediated immune reactivity in a proportion of subjects with atopic dermatitis.
Immediate reactions to patch tests with balsam of Peru
Authors: Forsbeck Margit , Skog Erik 
Published: April 2006

Closed patch tests with balsam of Peru gave rise to nine immediate reactions among 121 patients with different dermatoses and to 10 reactions among 57 patients with chronic urticaria. Among compounds of balsam of Peru, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, benzole acid and benzaldehyde also gave the same reactions. The reactions could not passively be transferred with serum from patients. They were abolished by antihislamine given before testing, and by pretreatment with compound 48/80.Balsam of Peru and cinnamic aldehyde did not provoke new symptoms when given orally to patients.
Photoepicutaneous testing UV‐induced protection against photoxic reactions in normal and vitiliginous skin: A clinical and histological study
Authors: Suhonen Raimo , Niemi Kirsti‐Maria 
Published: April 2006

The effect of erythemic UV irradiation on the phototoxic reactions caused by topical methoxsalen + UVA exposure was studied on normal skin, normal‐looking skin of vitiligo patients, and vitilginous skin.Although only slight historical changes were delectable 9 days after irradiation with 5 MED of erythemic UV, this pre‐irradiation did induce protection against phototoxic reactions in all skin types. This protection WHS clinically equal in all skin types; the slight differences were not statistically significant.Histological evaluation, however, showed a most conspicuous protective effect on vitiliginous skin. In all skin types the influence of UV pre‐irradiation was confined to epidermal protection; the dermal phototoxic changes were unaffected.
An investigation of the possible immunological relationship between allergen extracts from birch pollen, hazelnut, potato and apple
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Løwenstein Henning 
Published: April 2006

In a retrospective study on a selected group of patients, the coincidence of birch pollen allergy and a clinically relevant positive prick test reaction to apples and potatoes was confirmed.Immunochemical comparison using the crossed line immunoelectrophoresis technique (CLIE) confirmed partial identity between birch pollen and hazelnut. By the same method no partial immunological identity between birch pollen and extracts and fresh peel from apples and potatoes was found. However, both apples and potatoes gave rise to non‐immunological affinity precipitates. On this basis it is discussed, whether the active agents from apples and potatoes were extremely labile allergens, plant lectins, or low molecular weight substances with a direct or indirect histamine release effect.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to virginiamycin, an antibiotic used as a food additive for pigs and poultry
Authors: Tennstedt D. , Dumont‐Fruytier M. , Lachapelle J. M. 
Published: April 2006

A warehouseman aged 31 working in a pharmaceutical factory got an occupational contact dermatitis to virginiamycin (factor M), an antibiotic used as a food additive for pigs and poultry.A review is made of contact dermatitis to virginiamycin and to pristinamycin.
The Duhring chamber
Authors: Frosch Peter J. , Kligman Albert M. 
Published: April 2006

For assessing skin reactions in irritants and allergens, chambers which confine the test substance to the site of application are much superior to conventional patch tests. Because the concentration and volume do not change appreciably, the method allows for quantification and yields more reproducible results.A new aluminum chamber has been designed which is more useful than its predecessor, the Finn chamber, mainly because of its increased capacity. Data are given to show that the intensity of irritant and allergic reactions is dependent on the quantities applied.