bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Severe liver disease in pregnancy
Authors: Chen Hui , Yuan Li , Tan Jianping , Liu Yukun , Zhang Jianping 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the clinical characteristics of patients with fulminant hepatitis of pregnancy (FHP) and acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) and analyze their correlation with pregnancy outcome. Methods: Of 55 pregnant women with severe liver disease, 41 had FHP and 14 had AFLP. Results: Jaundice was the primary manifestation for both FHP and AFLP and hepatic encephalopathy was the most significant complication for both. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, albuminuria, and prothrombin activity were found to be independent risk factors of maternal mortality for both. However, the rates of preterm labor, fetal demise, and neonatal asphyxia were lower in the FHP group. Conclusion: Women with FHP or AFLP are at risk for severe complications and adverse pregnancy outcome. Since the 2 conditions are managed differently, early diagnosis is essential.
Legal developments in assisted reproduction
Authors: Dickens Bernard M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCourts have been quite consistent in allowing ex‐partners in marriages or similar relationships, usually men, to veto the other partner's reproductive use of jointly‐created IVF embryos. This supports the principle of voluntary parenthood. In contrast, child custody disputes following surrogate motherhood may favor the commissioning couple or the surrogate. Decisive are the best interests of the child, which a court may find favorable to the former or the latter, or custody shared between them. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) may be restricted by governmental licensing regulations, and raises concerns about diagnosis showing noninheritance of a feared disorder, but not other conditions harming a subsequently born child. Travel abroad raises concerns of legality. Some countries explicitly allow nationals to go to other countries for services legally barred in their own, but others would bind nationals by their prohibitive laws if they were to receive, or counsel, services abroad that are lawful where delivered.
Naproxen suppository for perineal pain after vaginal delivery
Authors: Wilasrusmee Skuntala , Chittachareon Apichart , Jirasiritum Siriwan , Srisangchai Prasong 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of rectal naproxen for reducing perineal pain after vaginal delivery.MethodsA double‐blind randomized controlled trial of 142 post partum women randomly allocated to receive either naproxen (71 patients) or placebo (71 patients) suppositories. The first dose was given immediately after complete perineal suturing, while the second dose was given 6 hours post partum. The validated Thai short‐form McGill pain questionnaire was used to evaluate perineal pain at 0, 6, and 24 hours post partum. Pain scores were analyzed using the unpaired t test.ResultsPain scores at 6 and 24 hours for women in the naproxen group were significantly lower compared with women in the placebo group (6.4 and 2.3 vs 18.4 and 5.5; P < 0.001). No side effects with naproxen were found.ConclusionsRectal naproxen is effective and safe for reducing perineal pain after vaginal delivery.
Prevalence of symptoms associated with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Lindholm Åsa , Andersson Liselott , Eliasson Mats , Bixo Marie , Sundström‐Poromaa Inger 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo establish the prevalence of symptoms associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in a population‐based sample of women from Northern Sweden, and to relate symptoms of PCOS to features of metabolic syndrome.MethodsA population‐based survey of 147 women under 40 years of age sampled from 267 eligible women from the Northern Sweden component of the World Health Organization's MONICA study. The study involved questionnaires, physical examination, and assays of testosterone and sex hormone‐binding globulin.ResultsThe estimated prevalence of symptoms associated with PCOS was 4.8% in the study population. Features of metabolic syndrome were more common in women with signs of hyperandrogenism than in healthy controls.ConclusionThe estimated prevalence of PCOS in Northern Sweden corresponds with other prevalence studies. A simple questionnaire and analysis of the free androgen index are sufficient to detect the subgroup with the highest risk for metabolic syndrome.
Trends in the prevalence and mortality of cognitive impairment in the United States: Is there evidence of a compression of cognitive morbidity?
Authors: Langa Kenneth M. , Larson Eric B. , Karlawish Jason H. , Cutler David M. , Kabeto Mohammed U. , Kim Scott Y. , Rosen Allison B. 
Published: March 2008

BackgroundRecent medical, demographic, and social trends might have had an important impact on the cognitive health of older adults. To assess the impact of these multiple trends, we compared the prevalence and 2‐year mortality of cognitive impairment (CI) consistent with dementia in the United States in 1993 to 1995 and 2002 to 2004.MethodsWe used data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative population‐based longitudinal survey of U.S. adults. Individuals aged 70 years or older from the 1993 (N = 7,406) and 2002 (N = 7,104) waves of the HRS were included. CI was determined by using a 35‐point cognitive scale for self‐respondents and assessments of memory and judgment for respondents represented by a proxy. Mortality was ascertained with HRS data verified by the National Death Index.ResultsIn 1993, 12.2% of those aged 70 or older had CI compared with 8.7% in 2002 (P < .001). CI was associated with a significantly higher risk of 2‐year mortality in both years. The risk of death for those with moderate/severe CI was greater in 2002 compared with 1993 (unadjusted hazard ratio, 4.12 in 2002 vs 3.36 in 1993; P = .08; age‐ and sex‐adjusted hazard ratio, 3.11 in 2002 vs 2.53 in 1993; P = .09). Education was protective against CI, but among those with CI, more education was associated with higher 2‐year mortality.ConclusionsThese findings support the hypothesis of a compression of cognitive morbidity between 1993 and 2004, with fewer older Americans reaching a threshold of significant CI and a more rapid decline to death among those who did. Societal investment in building and maintaining cognitive reserve through formal education in childhood and continued cognitive stimulation during work and leisure in adulthood might help limit the burden of dementia among the growing number of older adults worldwide.
A witness account of solar microscope projections: collective acts integrating across personal and historical memory
Authors: CAVICCHI ELIZABETH 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe paper describes the author's witnessing of images projected from an eighteenth-century solar microscope made by John Dollond, now at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. Peter Heering facilitated this session as part of his research on the solar microscope. A rectangular mirror, the length of a hand, mounted outside a museum window caught the sunlight and directed it indoors into the microscope's optical tube with its specimen. Astonishing detail was displayed in the resulting image projected onto a screen at human height. Crisply delineated scales patterned the image cast by a historical specimen of a butterfly wing. Observers interacted fluidly with these images in the very dark room. In sharing what we noticed, questioned and conjectured, we contributed to a temporary community. These participant interactions relate to Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer's notion that, in the seventeenth century, Robert Boyle used witnessing as a ‘collective act’. Here, the ‘collective act’ spanned participation across history. For example, Robert Hooke's 1665 Micrographia inspired Philip and Phylis Morrison's workshop during my college years and their collaboration with the Eames Office on a film depicting travel through ‘powers of ten’, based on Kees Boeke's 1957 picture book. Personal memories were extended and informed by historical experiences, both for Robert Hooke's subsequent interpreters and for Peter Heering's participants.
Democracy in Europe: The EU and National Polities
Authors: Moss Bernard H. 
Published: March 2008

Democracy in Europe: The EU and National Polities, Vivien A. Schmidt, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 326.Vivien Schmidt is a specialist on the European Union (EU) who, like most, believes that it has taken over most of the functions of the member-states, that it is a pluralist democracy superior to theirs, that it is necessary and beneficial and the wave of the future. The only problem remaining to complete the subordination of the member-states posed in her book is that their politicians have not yet found the language or discourse to convince the public of these self-evident and unavoidable truths.
Homeless and at Home in America: Evidence for the Dignity of the Human Soul in Our Time and Place
Authors: McClure Chris 
Published: March 2008

Homeless and at Home in America: Evidence for the Dignity of the Human Soul in Our Time and Place, Peter Augustine Lawler, South Bend IN: St. Augustine's Press, 2007, pp. 229, index.“We Americans are the most homeless and the most at home people of the West today” (1). This is the central paradox of Peter Augustine Lawler's latest book, Homeless and at Home in America. It is a collection of essays (some previously published elsewhere) on a wide variety of topics, from Rod Dreher's Crunchy Cons and bioethics to Casablanca and Tocqueville. The chapters, though, fit well together and are linked by a set of related themes. The book, written in Lawler's usual engaging and often humorous style, presents a fascinating argument from one of the chief proponents of what he calls the “‘crowd’ of American faith-based, non-libertarian, Strauss influenced thinkers” (Stuck with Virtue, Wilmington: ISI Books, 2005, viii). This group is part of a growing school of thought Lawler refers to as “conservative postmodernism—postmodernism rightly understood” (134), which “is associated with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and American literary Thomists such as Marion Montgomery, Walker Percy, and Flannery O'Connor” (135). Tocqueville is one of their favorite authors. This line of thought is a reaction against modernity for its failure to comprehend what it means to be truly human, that is, as creatures that occupy the “middle class” between beasts and God.
French Kiss : le rendez-vous de Stephen Harper avec le Québec
Authors: Laberge Yves 
Published: March 2008

French Kiss : le rendez-vous de Stephen Harper avec le Québec, Chantal Hébert, Montréal, Éditions de l'Homme, 2007, 326 pages.Ce premier livre de la journaliste Chantal Hébert est la traduction de French Kiss: Stephen Harper's Blind Date With Quebec, qui est paru presque simultanément. Depuis quinze ans, Chantal Hébert rédige d'excellentes chroniques politiques pour des quotidiens comme le Toronto Star et Le Devoir; en outre, elle apparaît souvent à la télévision en tant que spécialiste de la politique fédérale. Il ne faudrait pas la confondre avec une autre Chantal Hébert, qui est spécialiste de l'histoire du théâtre burlesque québécois, à l'Université Laval, et qui a publié deux livres importants dans son domaine.
3D gravity modelling of the Aguablanca Stock, tectonic control and emplacement of a Variscan gabbronorite bearing a Ni–Cu–PGE ore, SW Iberia
Authors: ROMEO I. , TEJERO R. , CAPOTE R. , LUNAR R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Aguablanca stock is a Variscan mafic pluton located in the Ossa-Morena zone, southern Iberian Massif, hosting an unusual Ni–Cu–PGE mineralization associated with magmatic breccia pipes which intruded its northern part. The emplacement of the Aguablanca stock and the mineralized breccia pipes are related to the activity of the Cherneca ductile shear zone, a Variscan sinistral shear zone that favoured magma ascent through the upper crust. A detailed gravity study has been carried out in order to investigate the 3D geometry of the Aguablanca intrusion and to get insights about the emplacement mechanism and tectonic controls of the mineralization. The three-dimensional gravity modelling shows that the stock has an inverted drop geometry with a feeder zone in contact with the Cherneca ductile shear zone. The inferred orientation of the feeder zone suggests that the emplacement probably took place along an open tensional crack formed within the strain field of the adjacent Cherneca ductile shear zone. The modelling of the breccia pipes hosting the Ni–Cu–PGE ore shows that they are included inside the feeder zone, thus their emplacement is probably controlled by successive opening events of this tensional crack.
Reasons to act and the mental representation of consequentialist aberrations
Authors: Bonnefon Jean-François 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIf imagination is guided by the same principles as rational thoughts, then we ought not to stop at the way people make inferences to get insights about the workings of imagination; we ought to consider as well the way they make rational choices. This broader approach accounts for the puzzling effect of reasons to act on the mutability of actions.
The goals of counterfactual possibilities
Authors: Legrenzi Paolo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWhy do humans imagine alternatives to reality? The experiments conducted by Byrne explain the mental mechanisms we use when we do just this – that is, imagine one, or more, alternative reality. But why do we do this? The general reason is to give ourselves an explanation of the world, to tell stories; at times to console ourselves, and at times to despair. A good story is not only based on a description of what happened, but also hints at, or explains, what might have happened. Depending on our aim, we construct different kinds of counterfactuals. In all cases, however, we are faced with constraints. These constraints are specific to a given domain of beliefs and use of counterfactuals.
Thinking developmentally about counterfactual possibilities
Authors: Riggs Kevin J. , Beck Sarah R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractByrne implies that working memory development underpins children's ability to represent counterfactuals as possibilities at 3 to 4 years of age. Recent findings suggest that (1) developments in the ability to consider alternatives to reality in children of this age are underpinned by improvements in inhibitory control, not working memory, and (2) children do not develop an understanding of counterfactuals as possibilities until mid-childhood.
When imagination is difficult: Metacognitive experiences at the fault lines of reality
Authors: Sanna Lawrence J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractImagination and rational thought may be guided by identical principles, and Byrne's (2005) analysis expertly synthesizes a diverse literature on counterfactual thinking. Further attention should be paid to metacognitive experiences, like ease or difficulty of thought generation, which accompany the imaginative process. Only by considering metacognitive experiences along with the content of what people imagine can we fully understand imagination.
On the relation between counterfactual and causal reasoning
Authors: Spellman Barbara A. , Ndiaye Dieynaba G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe critique the distinction Byrne makes between strong causes and enabling conditions, and its implications, on both theoretical and empirical grounds. First, we believe that the difference is psychological, not logical. Second, we disagree that there is a strict “dichotomy between the focus of counterfactual and causal thoughts.” Third, we disagree that it is easier for people to generate causes than counterfactuals.
The rational imagination and other possibilities
Authors: Byrne Ruth M. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this response I discuss some of the key issues raised by the commentators on The Rational Imagination. I consider whether the imaginative creation of alternatives to reality is rational or irrational, and what happens in childhood cognition to enable a rational imagination to develop. I outline how thoughts about causality, counterfactuality, and controllability are intertwined and why some sorts of possibilities are more readily imagined than others. I conclude with a consideration of what the counterfactual imagination is for.
Verb morphology deficits in Arabic-speaking children with specific language impairment
Authors: ABDALLA FAUZIA , CRAGO MARTHA 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper explores tense and agreement marking in the spontaneous production of verbs in Arabic-speaking children with specific language impairment (SLI) and two groups of typically developing children: one group matched for mean length of utterance, and the other group matched for age. The special characteristics of Arabic such as its rich bound morphology, intricate verb system, null subject properties, and lack of an infinitival form make it particularly valuable for determining universal versus language-specific aspects of SLI. The results indicate that the Arabic-speaking participants with SLI had obvious problems with verb morphology. They were significantly different from the two comparison groups of children on the percentage of correct use of tense and subject–verb agreement forms. Furthermore, when an error in verbal infection occurred, the substitute form was often an imperative form. The findings are examined in light of cross-linguistic research pertaining to the nature of the SLI deficit and its relationship with typical language learning.
Relations in the tautological ring derived from combinatorial classes and hyperelliptic fatgraphs
Authors: BENE ALEX JAMES 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA closed formula is obtained for the integral$\int_{\Hgbs^1}\kappa_{1}\psi^{2g-2}$of tautological classes over the locus of hyperelliptic Weier points in the moduli space of curves. As a corollary, a relation between Hodge integrals is obtained.The calculation utilizes the homeomorphism between the moduli space of curves$\M_{g,1}$and the combinatorial moduli space$\Mc_{g,1}$, a PL-orbifold whose cells are enumerated by fatgraphs. This cell decomposition can be used to naturally construct combinatorial PL-cycles$W_a\subset\Mc_{g,1}$whose homology classes are essentially the Poin duals of the Mumford–Morita–Miller classes κa. In this paper we construct another PL-cycle$\Hgc \subset \Mc_{g,1}$representing the locus of hyperelliptic Weier points and explicitly describe the chain level intersection of this cycle withW1. Using this description of$\Hgc\cap W_1$, the duality between Witten cyclesWaand the κaclasses, and the Kontsevich--Penner method of integration, scheme of integrating ε classes, the integral$\int_{\Hgbs^1}\kappa_{1}\psi^{2g-2}$is reduced to a weighted sum over graphs and is evaluated by the enumeration of trees.
On Cheng's eigenvalue comparison theorem
Authors: BESSA G. P. , MONTENEGRO J. F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe observe that Cheng's Eigenvalue Comparison Theorem for normal geodesic balls [4] is still valid if we impose bounds on the mean curvature of the distance spheres instead of bounds on the sectional and Ricci curvatures. In this version, there is a weak form of rigidity in case of equality of the eigenvalues. Namely, equality of the eigenvalues implies that the distance spheres of the same radius on each ball has the same mean curvature. On the other hand, we construct smooth metrics $g_{\kappa}$ on $[0,r]\times \mathbb{S}^{3}$, non-isometric to the standard metric canκ of constant sectional curvature κ, such that the geodesic balls $B_{g_{\kappa}}(r)=([0,r]\times \mathbb{S}^{3},g_{\kappa})$, $B_{{\rm can}_{\kappa}}(r)=([0,r]\times \mathbb{S}^{3},{\rm can}_{\kappa})$ have the same first eigenvalue, the same volume and the distance spheres $\partial B_{g_{\kappa}}(s)$ and$\partial B_{{\rm can}_{\kappa}}(s)$, $0<s\leq r$, have the same mean curvatures. In the end, we apply this version of Cheng's Eigenvalue Comparison Theorem to construct examples of Riemannian manifolds M with arbitrary topology with positive fundamental tone λ*(M)>0 extending Veeravalli's examples,[7]
Ridding London of smallpox: the aerial transmission debate and the evolution of a precautionary approach
Authors: MORTIMER P. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe efforts of the Metropolitan Asylums Board in Victorian London to isolate cases of smallpox in hospitals, and so limit its spread, set off a controversy about ‘hospital influence’, i.e. alleged escapes of the disease into the neighbourhood. When, in 1870, the Board began to gather cases of smallpox into its new intra-urban isolation hospitals, nearby householders resisted, and in 1881 their fear of aerial transmission was endorsed by a government medical inspector, W. H. Power. Not all agreed with Power, but as a result from 1885 the Board removed almost all known cases of smallpox in London to hospital ships moored in the Thames Estuary. The ships failed to provide adequate and secure accommodation, however, and so Board smallpox hospitals were erected on the adjacent Dartford marshes. After 1903, there being no more smallpox epidemics in Britain, these isolation hospitals and many similar ones outside other towns and cities were little used for their main intended purpose. Their retention for many years thereafter can be seen as an application of the precautionary principle; it bears on current contingency plans in Britain and elsewhere for dealing with serious epidemics.
Experimental approach to measuring functional food consumption for risk factor surveillance
Authors: Beer-Borst Sigrid , Costanza Michael C , Morabia Alfredo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo develop and integrate the assessment of functional foods (FuF; manufactured foods with altered composition carrying a health claim) consumption into an existing risk factor surveillance system.DesignFuF market research followed by an experimental FuF intake study incorporated into an ongoing community-based survey. Concurrent completion of a self-administered semi-quantitative FFQ and a self-administered, qualitative FuF frequency questionnaire (FuFFQ) followed by a face-to-face control step using FuF photographs and combined food group-based data analyses.Setting‘Bus Santé’ risk factor surveillance programme, Geneva/Switzerland.SubjectsPopulation-based random sample of 639 residents (52 % women, aged 35–74 years) surveyed from September 2003 to April 2004.ResultsLocal Geneva/French neighbourhood market research identified 148 FuF in five major FuF food groups which were compiled into a functional ingredient database. Prior to the face-to-face verification, 210 (33 %) individuals categorized themselves as FuF consumers, 429 (67 %) as non-consumers. The control step revealed that 70 % of the 639 participants were already familiar with the FuF concept, and thus were correctly self-categorized as FuF consumers or non-consumers. For the remaining 30 % of participants the true FuF consumption status was established, resulting in a final number of 285 FuF consumers (45 %; 12 % net increase) and 354 (55 %) non-consumers.ConclusionsThe developed self-administered, brief, qualitative food group-based FuF frequency check list in combination with an FFQ and a photo-assisted control step provides a flexible assessment tool for measuring FuF consumption in the context of a specific fluctuating FuF market and may be applicable to other population settings and times.