bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of time standing up on orthostatic blood pressure change in the elderly: The J‐SHIPP Study
Authors: Tabara Yasuharu , Kohara Katsuhiko , Azechi Toshie , Ohnishi Michie , Ueki Shouzoh , Yano Hiromitsu , Nakura June , Miki Tetsuro 
Published: November 2005

Background:  Orthostatic dysregulation of blood pressure (BP) has been shown to be associated with an increased incidence of future cardiovascular disease, stroke and even mortality. To make a meaningful assessment of this association, we evaluated the effect of time elapsed after standing on any change in orthostatic BP.Methods:  This study concerns 237 community‐dwelling elderly people free from any history or symptoms of cardiovascular disease and not on medication. Basal BP was determined by averaging two determinations of supine BP measured with an automatic oscillometric BP recorder after resting for more than 10 min. Orthostatic change in BP was determined at 1 min and 3 min intervals after standing up.Results:  The orthostatic change in systolic BP (ΔSBP) had a Gaussian distribution with a pivot at 1.2 ± 14 mmHg. The prevalence of subjects showing more than a 10% decrease in SBP at the 1‐min interval was 14.3% (34 subjects). At the 3‐min interval, 11 of them showed ΔSBP within ± 10%. However, another 17 subjects (7.2%) were newly diagnosed as having orthostatic hypotensive disorder. Similarly, 17.3% (41 cases) of subjects showed more than a 10% increase in ΔSBP at the 1‐min interval. Among them, 22 (9.3%) subjects showed ΔSBP within ± 10% at the 3‐min interval. However, another 20 (8.4%) subjects were newly diagnosed as having orthostatic hypertensive disorder.Conclusion:  These results suggests that orthostatic dysregulation of BP could be evaluated by measuring at 1‐min interval. However, if abnormal variation of BP was not observed, repeated measurement at 3 min would be necessary.
An investigation into the potential for activity‐dependent regeneration of the rubrospinal tract after spinal cord injury
Authors: Harvey Philip J. , Grochmal Joey , Tetzlaff Wolfram , Gordon Tessa , Bennett David J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWe tested whether regeneration of transected rubrospinal tract (RST) axons is facilitated by a prolonged electrical stimulation of these axons. A peripheral nerve was grafted to the transected RST at the cervical level (C4/5) of adult rats, providing a permissive environment for regeneration of rubrospinal axons. Direct antidromic stimulation of the RST was applied immediately after grafting through a microwire inserted just rostral to the RST lesion, using a 1‐h 20‐Hz supramaximal stimulation protocol. Stimulation caused no direct damage to rubrospinal axons, and was sufficient to recruit the entire rubrospinal tract. In control animals that had a nerve graft and implanted microwire with no stimulation, there were 42.7 ± 10.2 rubrospinal neurons regenerated into the graft at 8 weeks, as assessed by retrograde labelling. In test animals that were stimulated there were 28.2 ± 7.4 backlabelled neurons, not significantly different from control, indicating that this stimulation did not improve the regenerative capacity of rubrospinal neurons. Furthermore, reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization for brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and/or growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43) expression in rubrospinal neurons revealed no significant difference between stimulated and unstimulated groups at 48 h after injury, with either 1 or 8 h of stimulation. In summary, direct stimulation of the injured RST axons for the periods tested does not increase expression of GAP‐43 and BDNF, and ultimately does not promote regeneration of these central nervous system axons.
Single‐unit responses of serotonergic medullary raphe neurons to cardiovascular challenges in freely moving cats
Authors: Martin‐Cora Francisco J. , Fornal Casimir A. , Jacobs Barry L. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSingle‐unit activity of serotonergic neurons in the nuclei raphe obscurus (NRO) and raphe pallidus (NRP) were recorded in conjunction with heart rate in freely moving cats in response to systemic administration of vasoactive drugs and to graded haemorrhage. Bolus administration of phenylephrine hydrochloride and sodium nitroprusside (20 µg/kg, i.v.) produced a marked, transient reflex bradycardia (−42 b.p.m.) and tachycardia (+60 b.p.m.), respectively. The activity of NRO/NRP serotonergic neurons remained unchanged after phenylephrine and nitroprusside administration. The administration of hydralazine (1 mg/kg, i.v.), a long‐acting vasodilator, produced sustained tachycardia (+60 b.p.m.), which was not accompanied by changes in neuronal activity, despite prolonged reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The initial withdrawal of up to 15% of total blood volume increased heart rate (+12 b.p.m.), whereas the removal of 22.5% of total blood decreased heart rate (−44 b.p.m.). The activity of NRO/NRP serotonergic neurons remained unaltered throughout graded haemorrhage trials, despite the changes in sympathetic outflow. Thus, serotonergic NRO and NRP neurons appear to be insensitive to alterations in blood pressure and baroreceptor activity, and this lack of responsiveness does not support a specific role for these cells in cardiovascular regulation. Furthermore, these neurons do not appear to be involved in physiological mechanisms underlying alterations in autonomic outflow invoked by hypertension and hypotension. Taken within the context of our previous work, the present data suggest that medullary serotonergic neurons may modulate autonomic outflow, but only in relation to their primary role in motor control.
Seasonal, El Niño and longer term changes in flower and seed production in a moist tropical forest
Authors: Wright S. J. , Calderón Osvaldo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIt has recently been reported that humid tropical forests are changing rapidly in response to global anthropogenic change and that these forests experience greater tree mortality and even fire during droughts associated with El Niño events. The former reports are controversial largely because a single method has been used – repeated censuses of tree plots. The latter reports focus on recent extreme El Niño events. Here, we show that flower and seed production both increase during El Niño events in an old‐growth tropical forest in Panama. Flower production, but not seed production, has also increased over the past 18 years. The sustained increase in flower production was greater for 33 liana species than for 48 tree species. These results indicate that moderate El Niño events favour seed production, document long‐term increases in flower production for the first time, and corroborate long‐term increases in the importance of lianas using independent methods. Changes in levels of solar irradiance might contribute to all three patterns.
Changes in the community structure and activity of betaproteobacterial ammonia‐oxidizing sediment bacteria along a freshwater–marine gradient
Authors: Freitag Thomas E. , Chang Lisa , Prosser James I. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryTo determine whether the distribution of estuarine ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was influenced by salinity, the community structure of betaproteobacterial ammonia oxidizers (AOB) was characterized along a salinity gradient in sediments of the Ythan estuary, on the east coast of Scotland, UK, by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria communities at sampling sites with strongest marine influence were dominated by Nitrosospira cluster 1‐like sequences and those with strongest freshwater influence were dominated by Nitrosomonas oligotropha‐like sequences. Nitrosomonas sp. Nm143 was the prevailing sequence type in communities at intermediate brackish sites. Diversity indices of AOB communities were similar at marine‐ and freshwater‐influenced sites and did not indicate lower species diversity at intermediate brackish sites. The presence of sequences highly similar to the halophilic Nitrosomonas marina and the freshwater strain Nitrosomonas oligotropha at identical sampling sites indicates that AOB communities in the estuary are adapted to a range of salinities, while individual strains may be active at different salinities. Ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria communities that were dominated by Nitrosospira cluster 1 sequence types, for which no cultured representative exists, were subjected to stable isotope probing (SIP) with 13C‐HCO3–, to label the nucleic acids of active autotrophic nitrifiers. Analysis of 13C‐associated 16S rRNA gene fragments, following CsCl density centrifugation, by cloning and DGGE indicated sequences highly similar to the AOB Nitrosomonas sp. Nm143 and Nitrosomonas cryotolerans and to the nitrite oxidizer Nitrospira marina. No sequence with similarity to the Nitrosospira cluster 1 clade was recovered during SIP analysis. The potential role of Nitrosospira cluster 1 in autotrophic ammonia oxidation therefore remains uncertain.
A new green fluorescent protein‐based bacterial biosensor for analysing phenanthrene fluxes
Authors: Tecon Robin , Wells Mona , Van Der Meer Jan Roelof 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)‐degrading strain Burkholderia sp. RP007 served as host strain for the design of a bacterial biosensor for the detection of phenanthrene. RP007 was transformed with a reporter plasmid containing a transcriptional fusion between the phnS putative promoter/operator region and the gene encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP). The resulting bacterial biosensor –Burkholderia sp. strain RP037 – produced significant amounts of GFP after batch incubation in the presence of phenanthrene crystals. Co‐incubation with acetate did not disturb the phenanthrene‐specific response but resulted in a homogenously responding population of cells. Active metabolism was required for induction with phenanthrene. The magnitude of GFP induction was influenced by physical parameters affecting the phenanthrene flux to the cells, such as the contact surface area between solid phenanthrene and the aqueous phase, addition of surfactant, and slow phenanthrene release from Model Polymer Release System beads or from a water‐immiscible oil. These results strongly suggest that the bacterial biosensor can sense different phenanthrene fluxes while maintaining phenanthrene metabolism, thus acting as a genuine sensor for phenanthrene bioavailability. A relationship between GFP production and phenanthrene mass transfer is proposed.
Population dynamics of the ectomycorrhizal fungal speciesTricholoma populinumandTricholoma scalpturatumassociated with black poplar under differing environmental conditions
Authors: Gryta Hervé , Carriconde Fabian , Charcosset Jean‐Yves , Jargeat Patricia , Gardes Monique 
Published: November 2005

SummaryFungi combine sexual reproduction and clonal propagation. The balance between these two reproductive modes affects establishment dynamics, and ultimately the evolutionary potential of populations. The pattern of colonization was studied in two species of ectomycorrhizal fungi:Tricholoma populinumandTricholoma scalpturatum. The former is considered to be a host specialist whereasT. scalpturatumis a generalist taxon. Fruit bodies of both basidiomycete species were mapped and collected over several years from a black poplar (Populus nigra) stand, at two different sites. Multilocus genotypes (= genets) were identified based on the analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns, inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) patterns and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer (rDNA IGS). The genetic analyses revealed differences in local population dynamics between the two species.Tricholoma scalpturatumtended to capture new space through sexual spores whereasT. populinumdid this by clonal growth, suggesting trade‐offs in allocation of resources at the genet level. Genet numbers and sizes strongly differ between the two study sites, perhaps as a result of abiotic disturbance on mycelial establishment and genet behaviour.
Understanding genetic disease in a socio‐historical context: a case study of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Kerr Anne 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn this article I present a socio‐historical analysis of the definition and diagnosis of one particular genetic disease – cystic fibrosis (CF) – in an effort the better to understand its social context both before and after the advent of molecular genetics. I begin my analysis with some background on the history of CF, before moving on to consider the emergence of the notion of classic CF, the development of the sweat test, early approaches to mild or variant forms of CF, the concept of CF as a genetic disease, the concept of CF as a collection of related disorders, and developments in the understanding and diagnosis of CF which came about in the wake of molecular genetics. I highlight a range of technological, professional and patient developments and how these stimulated new research, typologies and clinical tools. I also consider how different notions of CF were mobilised, either to support or undermine a particular approach to diagnosis or treatment, and consider how the dynamic and contextual characteristics of CF were accounted for by scientists and clinicians with an interest in CF. I end by discussing the implications of my analysis for the contemporary sociology of genetics, and related studies in the sociology of medicine more generally.
Dynamic professional boundaries in the healthcare workforce
Authors: Nancarrow Susan A , Borthwick Alan M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe healthcare professions have never been static in terms of their own disciplinary boundaries, nor in their role or status in society. Healthcare provision has been defined by changing societal expectations and beliefs, new ways of perceiving health and illness, the introduction of a range of technologies and, more recently, the formal recognition of particular groups through the introduction of education and regulation. It has also been shaped by both inter‐professional and profession‐state relationships forged over time. A number of factors have converged that place new pressures on workforce boundaries, including an unmet demand for some healthcare services; neo‐liberal management philosophies and a greater emphasis on consumer preferences than professional‐led services. To date, however, there has been little analysis of the evolution of the workforce as a whole. The discussion of workforce change that has taken place has largely been from the perspective of individual disciplines. Yet the dynamic boundaries of each discipline mean that there is an interrelationship between the components of the workforce that cannot be ignored. The purpose of this paper is to describe four directions in which the existing workforce can change: diversification; specialisation and vertical and horizontal substitution, and to discuss the implications of these changes for the workforce.
Social capital and social support on the web: the case of an internet mother site
Authors: Drentea Patricia , Moren‐Cross Jennifer L. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDo virtual communities in cyberspace foster social capital and social support? Using participant observation and discourse analysis, we examine a mothering board on a parent's website and investigate whether social capital was present, and if so, how it was developed and used. We find three main types of communication emerge from our analysis: emotional support, instrumental support – both formal and informal, and community building/protection, all of which contribute to the creation and maintenance of social capital. Additionally, using sampling with replacement, we created a final data set of 180 mothers and report descriptive statistics to identify characteristics of those on the board.
Death brokering: constructing culturally appropriate deaths
Authors: Timmermans Stefan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDeath brokering refers to the activities of medical authorities to render individual deaths culturally meaningful. Social scientists and others agree that mortality provokes existential ambiguity in modern life requiring cultural coping mechanisms. In contemporary Western societies, medical professionals have sequestered the dying in institutions, and have classified the causes of death to explain suspicious death. Over the last decades, the institutionalisation of the dying process has been challenged by social movements and the sudden onset of some deaths while forensic medicine has struggled for professional legitimacy in the borderland between mainstream medicine and the legal system. I argue that medical death brokering persists in spite of challenges because medical experts offer increasingly flexible cultural scripts to render the end‐of‐life socially meaningful while accentuating death's existential ambiguity. Medical professionals help create the ambiguity they promise to resolve, reinforcing the cultural need for more expert death brokering.
Microsatellite markers for the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus
Authors: HARPER G. L. , CESARINI S. , CASEY S. P. , MORGAN A. J. , KILLE P. , BRUFORD M. W. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWe describe eight microsatellite markers for the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, a commonly used ‘biological sentinel’ species in ecotoxicology studies. Thirty‐four individuals from a single population were tested for polymorphism. Markers possessed between two and 15 alleles per locus, and expected heterozygosity ranged between 0.06 and 0.92 (observed heterozygosity 0.03–0.92). Unfortunately, no consistent cross‐species amplification was observed in the related congeners Lumbricus castaneus and Lumbricus terrestris.
Pain management in horses and farm animals
Authors: Valverde Alexander , Gunkel Cornelia I. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjective:This review discusses the different analgesic drugs and routes of administration used in large animals for acute pain management. General guidelines and doses are given to assist in choosing techniques that provide effective analgesia.Etiology:Noxious stimuli are perceived, recognized, and localized by specialized sensory systems located at spinal and supraspinal levels.Diagnosis:Localizing the source of the noxious stimulus as well as understanding the behavioral aspects and physiological changes that result from such insult is important to adequately diagnose and treat pain. Pain assessment is far from being definite and objective; not only are there species differences, but also individual variation. In addition, the behavioral and physiological manifestations vary with the acute or chronic nature of pain.Therapy:Pain management should include (1) selecting drugs that better control the type of pain elicited by the insult; (2) selecting techniques of analgesic drug administration that act on pathways or anatomical locations where the nociceptive information is being processed or originating from; (3) combining analgesic drugs that act on different pain pathways; and (4) provide the best possible comfort for the animal.Prognosis:Providing pain relief improves the animal's well being and outcome; however, interpreting and diagnosing pain remains difficult. Continuing research in pain management will contribute to the evaluation of the pathophysiology of pain, pain assessment, and newer analgesic drugs and techniques.
Analgesia for the pregnant, lactating and neonatal to pediatric cat and dog
Authors: Mathews Karol A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjective:Very little information on the approach to analgesia in pregnant, nursing or very young animals is available in the veterinary literature. A review of the human and veterinary literature on the various analgesics available for use in this group of patients is presented. The unique physiological characteristics that must be considered when selecting analgesics is discussed.Etiology:As with mature cats and dogs, the origin and severity of pain in this group of animals may be similar; however, differences do exist.Diagnosis:The diagnosis and assessment of pain in pregnant and nursing animals is based on the problem at hand and is similar to other mature animals. The diagnosis in the very young, however, may be more challenging, but should be suspected based on history and clinical signs. Response to analgesic therapy is advised in all animals to confirm the presence and degree of pain.Therapy:Various analgesics and analgesic modalities are discussed with emphasis placed on preference and caution for each group.Prognosis:Management of pain is extremely important in all animals, but especially the very young, where a permanent hyperalgesic response to pain may exist with inadequate therapy. Inappropriate analgesic selection in pregnant and nursing bitches or queens may result in congenital abnormalities of the fetus or neonate. Inadequate analgesia in nursing bitches or queens may cause aggressive behavior toward the young.
Painless control of controlled substances
Authors: Davidson Gigi S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjective: To explain the regulations regarding controlled substance use, and present the veterinary practitioner with simple systems for ensuring complete regulatory compliance.Data source: United States Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Agency.Conclusions: All practitioners using controlled substances should perform mental audits and ask the following questions of their practice: can I trace the ultimate disposition of every dosing unit of controlled substances used in my hospital from purchase to patient? Are all controlled substances stored in an adequately secure location such as a locking cabinet or safe? Have I performed an actual count inventory of all controlled substances in my practice within the last 2 years? Do I have a system that will alert me to any controlled substances that have been diverted or are unaccounted for? Are all of my controlled substance invoices and order forms in an easily retrievable yet secure storage area? Do I have documented policy and procedure indicating my practice standards for compliant use of controlled substances?
Evaluation Using Hoof Wall Strain Gauges of a Therapeutic Shoe and a Hoof Cast with a Heel Wedge as Potential Supportive Therapy for Horses with Laminitis
Authors: HANSEN NICOLAS , BUCHNER HH, FLORIAN , HALLER JÜRGEN , WINDISCHBAUER GERHARD 
Published: November 2005

Objective—To evaluate using strain gauges, a hoof cast with heel wedge, and a therapeutic shoe with unsupported toe for their effectiveness in redistribution of load from the dorsal hoof wall.Study Design—In vitro biomechanical study.Sample Population—Twenty forelimb specimens.Methods—Rosette strain gauges were placed on the dorsal and lateral hoof wall of 20 normal shaped hooves. Limbs were loaded vertically using a tensile testing machine with a 1 Hz sinusoidally cycling load up to 3000 N during 15 seconds. Mean values of principal strain and direction at 2500 N load were calculated for 3 experimental conditions (unshod, therapeutic shoe with unsupported toe, and hoof cast with heel elevation) and tested by ANOVA (P<.05).Results—Vertical limb loading in an unshod hoof leads to a biaxial compression of the dorsal wall with high longitudinal compression (ɛ2=−1515 μm/m). Principal strain at the dorsal wall (ɛ2) was decreased by 23% with the therapeutic shoe and by 59% with the hoof cast. On the lateral hoof wall principal strain was unchanged with the shoe, but increased by 34% with the cast.Conclusions—Strain measurements indicate unloading of the dorsal hoof wall by both methods with the cast being more effective than the shoe.Clinical Relevance—The hoof cast with wedge offers substantial unloading of the dorsal wall, but increases load on the quarter. Therefore a hoof cast would likely be most helpful in acute laminitis when palmar structures can still bear load. The therapeutic shoe offers rehabilitation and regrowth of the dorsal wall without increased load on the quarter wall.