bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small‐scale disturbances spread along trophic chains: leaf‐cutting ant nests, plants, aphids, and tending ants
Authors: Farji‐Brener Alejandro G. , Gianoli Ernesto , Molina‐Montenegro Marco A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSmall‐scale disturbances caused by animals often modify soil resource availability and may also affect plant attributes. Changes in the phenotype of plants growing on disturbed, nutrient‐enriched microsites may influence the distribution and abundance of associated insects. We evaluated how the high nutrient availability generated by leaf‐cutting ant nests in a Patagonian desert steppe may spread along the trophic chain, affecting the phenotype of two thistle species, the abundance of a specialist aphid and the composition of the associated assemblage of tending ants. Plants of the thistle species Carduus nutans and Onopordum acanthium growing in piles of waste material generated by leaf‐cutting ant nests (i.e., refuse dumps) had more leaves, inflorescences and higher foliar nitrogen content than those in non‐nest soils. Overall, plants in refuse dumps showed higher abundance of aphids than plants in non‐nest soils, and aphid colonies were of greater size on O. acanthium plants than on C. nutans plants. However, only C. nutans plants showed an increase in aphid abundance when growing on refuse dumps. This resulted in a similar aphid load in both thistle species when growing on refuse dumps. Accordingly, only C. nutans showed an increase in the number of ant species attending aphids when growing on refuse dumps. The increase of soil fertility generated by leaf‐cutting ant nests can affect aphid abundance and their tending ant assemblage through its effect on plant size and quality. However, the propagation of small‐scale soil disturbances through the trophic chain may depend on the identity of the species involved.
Reduced hyperalgesia in homozygous carriers of a GTP cyclohydrolase 1 haplotype
Authors: Tegeder Irmgard , Adolph Jan , Schmidt Helmut , Woolf Clifford J. , Geisslinger Gerd , Lötsch Jörn 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground: Carriers of a particular haplotype of the GTP cyclohydrolase gene (GCH1) had less pain after surgery for chronic lumbar radiculopathy and a decreased sensitivity to some experimental mechanical pain stimuli. Ex‐vivo, GCH1 upregulation and BH4 productio after forskolin stimulation were reduced, while baseline BH4 concentrations were not affected. This suggested that the haplotype may mainly exert its modulating function when the GCH1 system is provoked. The present study aimed at (i) testing this hypothesis and (ii) independently reproducing the pain‐decreasing effects of a particular GCH1 haplotype having been previously associated with pain protection.Methods: Experimental pain models with sensitization (local skin inflammation, dermal capsaicin application) and without sensitization (punctate pressure, blunt pressure, thermal and electrical pain) were assessed in 10 homozygous and 22 non‐carriers of the particular GCH1 haplotype reportedly associated with pain protection. GCH1, iNOS upregulation and BH4 production were assessed ex‐vivo in white blood cells after lipopolysaccharide stimulation for 24h.Results: Carriers of the particular GCH1 haplotype addressed in this study had higher thresholds to punctate mechanical pain (von Frey hairs) following local skin inflammation (18.1±11.3 vs. 9±2.8g; p=0.005) and, to a lesser degree, to heat pain following capsaicin sensitization (35.2±0.9 vs. 36.6±2.4°C; p=0.026). In contrast, heat and pressure thresholds and tolerance to electrical stimulation in pain models without sensitization did not differ among the genotypes. GCH1, BH4 and iNOS upregulation in white blood cells after lipopolysaccharide stimulation were decreased in carriers of the GCH1 haplotype, which verified that the genotype groups differed with respect to regulation of the biopterin pathway.Conclusions: This study verifies previous results that decreased GCH1 function or inducibility as a result of genetic polymorphisms protects against pain. This study extents previous results by showing that this pain protection is mainly conferred under conditions of hyperalgesia resulting from sensitization, supporting specific functions of BH4 in relation to particular aspects of pain.
Psychiatric disorders after an accident: Predictors and the influence of the psychiatric condition prior to an accident
Authors: Wrenger Marco , Lange Corinna , Langer Martin , Heuft Gereon , Burgmer Markus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of this study is to assess prevalence and incidence of psychiatric sequelae in a sample of inpatient accident survivors. Such an attempt to assess psychiatric conditions that originate due to an accident seems to be important; this does not include psychiatric conditions already present prior to the accident.Method208 accident victims were consecutively examined over a period of 12 months using DSM-IV diagnostic assessment, CAPS, and self-evaluating questionnaires as well as ISS for injury severity. A predictor model for psychiatric disorders was set up.ResultsIncidence of newly developed Axis I disorders in our sample was 14.2% (6 months) and 12.3% (12 months). Incidence of PTSD was 5.9% (6 months) and 2.5% (12 months). Comorbidity was a general phenomenon. The psychiatric condition prior to the accident could be identified as a predictor for the development of Axis I disorders. The subjectively evaluated intensity of experienced threat to life and female gender were the main predictors for the development of PTSD.ConclusionsAccidents can lead to different psychiatric disorders. PTSD as a single diagnosis is rare. Without taking into account pre-existing disorders, the incidence may be overestimated. Two predictor models for the development of PTSD and other mental disorders are presented.
Detection of Kobe-typeBabesia microtiassociated with Japanese human babesiosis in field rodents in central Taiwan and southeastern mainland China
Authors: SAITO-ITO A. , TAKADA N. , ISHIGURO F. , FUJITA H. , YANO Y. , MA X.-H. , CHEN E.-R. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYField rodent surveys forBabesiainfection were performed from 2002 to 2005 in the vicinities of human babesiosis occurrences in Taiwan and mainland China.Babesia microtiwas identified by microscopical examination and/or PCR in 1Rattus coxingaand 1Crocidura horsfieldiiin central Taiwan and in 13Niviventer confucianusand 1Apodemus agrariusin Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces of southeastern China. Of 15B. microtisamples detected by PCR, all except 1 were shown to be the Kobe-type, the aetiological small subunit rRNA gene-type of the first Japanese patient; the exception was also a Kobe-related type. The Kobe-type had been found in rodents only in a few places including the human infection occurrence place in Japan. The internal transcribed spacer 1 to 2 sequences of the Taiwanese and Chinese Kobe-types were very similar to each other but considerably different (approx. 94% pairwise identities) from that of the Japanese Kobe-type. A Taiwanese Kobe-type strain was serologically differentiated from the Kobe strain originating from the Japanese first patient. The distribution of the Kobe-type in the vicinities of human babesiosis occurrences in Taiwan and China as well as in Japan is suggestive of involvement of the Kobe-type in Asian human babesiosis.
Who is Isaiah's Servant? Narrative identity and theological potentiality
Authors: Gignilliat Mark 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe question ‘Who is the Servant?’ is one which remains a debated topic among many interpreters of Isaiah 40–55. This article seeks to address the same question with the aid and perspective of narrative identity. Narrative identity, as explicated by Ricoeur and Frei, is a means of understanding a character within a literary plot, or real life, as displayed in a narrated sequence of events. A person's identity, especially within literature, is the constancy of the self in the tortuous events of a narrated sequence over time. This article seeks to adjudicate the question of the Servant's identity by observing the character of the Servant within the plot of Isaiah 40–55. The conclusion drawn is that the Servant is the unique means of God's reconciliation of both Zion and the nations. Also, the divine action and description of YHWH and the Servant begin to bleed in such a way that the Servant can be described as a unique member of the divine identity.
The shape of soteriology and thepistis Christoudebate
Authors: Stubbs David L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA historic debate with great implications for theology has resurfaced in New Testament circles; however, it has not received the attention it should by theologians. It concerns how to translate and interpret approximately ten instances of the Greek phrasepistis Christouand its near equivalents in the letters of Paul. This phrase occurs within theologically crucial sections of Romans and Galatians, which have provided the foundation for the Reformation understanding of ‘justification by grace through faith’. The question is whether ‘faith’ in these phrases refers principally to the believer's ‘faith in Christ’, as traditionally understood, or should be translated and understood as ‘the faith of Christ’. In this article, I hope to introduce theologians to this debate and make a contribution to it from a theological angle, by describing the two primary ‘patterns of soteriology’ which are in play, and then examining how easily these different patterns of soteriology can be read onto what Paul writes concerning three crucial issues in his letters: salvation, the Law and the ‘righteousness of God’. I argue that the overall theological vision which includes three facets – a christologically centred understanding of thepistis Christoupassages, a broader understanding ofpistis, and the centring of soteriology around the concept of ‘participation in Christ’ – provides the most convincing interpretational matrix for reading Paul. I also point out implications this has for contemporary theology.
The soul and the reading of scripture: a note on Henri De Lubac
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHenri DeLubac's work on multi-sense scriptural reading has become a major resource for Catholic and Protestant theologians seeking a new integration of biblical studies and theology. Rarely, however, is it noticed that De Lubac's account of scriptural interpretation involves a robust notion of the soul and its transformation in the Christian life – and that in linking these themes De Lubac accurately reflects a central theme of pre-modern exegesis. This article thus suggests, first, that defending a notion of soul is important for those seeking to appropriate pre-modern exegesis. The article then argues that such a project is only possible if we move beyond Harnackian notions of early Christianity's ‘hellenisation’ and see the soul as a theological doctrine. The soul is the fundamental locus of a transformation in which Christians act in and through the Spirit as members of the body of Christ. Once the status of the soul is acknowledged, we are then best able to follow De Lubac's call for the reintegration of moral-practical aspects of Christianity and the discipline of theology. The article finally argues that Christian accounts of scriptural interpretation should find their core in an understanding of scripture as a graced resource for the formation of Christians, and that these accounts should be ever attentive to the place of scripture within the drama of salvation.
The theological function of the doctrine of the divine attributes and the divine glory, with special reference to Karl Barth and his reading of the Protestant Orthodox
Authors: Holmes Christopher R. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTheological discourse on the doctrine of the attributes of God has lacked a clear sense of its purpose within the doctrine of God. It has far too often led one into an abstract realm in which an incipient naturalism is present concerning who God is and what God is like: the attributes resemble those of a supreme being rather than the triune God of the gospel. If the doctrine is to perform the salutary theological work for which it is capable, it would be to its advantage to describe, as does Barth, God's attributes in terms of a series of short-hand descriptions which agree with God's enacted identity in the history of Israel as fulfilled in Jesus Christ. In doing so, Barth offers a tremendously creative re-inhabitation of the doctrine. It is creative precisely because Barth avoids many of the shortcomings of the historical shape of the doctrine, as exemplified for him in Protestant Orthodoxy's tendency toward semi-nominalism, by attending anew to the declarative and communicative character of the glory of the Lord, a glory which is inclusive of a multiplicity of perfections. The result is a rearticulation of the doctrine of the divine attributes that is truly concrete, inasmuch as it eschews not only a false apophaticism, which would deflect attention away from the resplendent contours of God's saving self-display in the economy of salvation, but also attests the extent of God's propensity to ever give of himself as he is and to evoke a form of creaturely life commensurate with his self-giving.
Why gift? Gift, gender and trinitarian relations in Milbank and Tanner
Authors: Coakley Sarah 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe category of ‘gift’ has become one of the central constellating themes for discussion in recent post-modern theology. This paper (originally given as an address at the AAR meeting in Atlanta, November 2003) first sets out to explain how and why the theme has come to exercise such fascination since the original appearance of Marcel Mauss's anthropological monograph, The Gift, in 1924. It goes on to provide a critical comparison of the recent treatments of ‘gift’ in the systematic work of John Milbank and Kathryn Tanner. Arguing that questions of economic justice, inner-trinitarian relations and human gender hang together in Milbank's and Tanner's rather different approaches to ‘gift’, a critique of both authors is then essayed from this systematic perspective. Whilst Milbank's attempt to ‘ground’ the gender binary in the Trinity causes question-begging claims about gendered ‘difference’ in God, and a texture of seeming assent to economic inequalities, Tanner's obliteration of any sense of reciprocity or exchange within the divine economy veers in the opposite direction, seeking merely the suppression of difference. Returning finally to the New Testament, to the Cappadocian insistence on radical donation to the poor, and to Augustine's insistence that donum applies specifically to the Spirit, it is concluded that the patristic heritage presents a more demanding and subtle account of divine ‘gift’ and human response than is found in either of these contemporary authors, for all their insight and flair.
The acquisition of German relative clauses: A case study*
Authors: BRANDT SILKE , DIESSEL HOLGER , TOMASELLO MICHAEL 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the development of relative clauses in the speech of one German-speaking child aged 2 ; 0 to 5 ; 0. The earliest relative clauses we found in the data occur in topicalization constructions that are only a little different from simple sentences: they contain a single proposition, express the actor prior to other participants, assert new information and often occur with main-clause word order. In the course of the development, more complex relative constructions emerge, in which the relative clause is embedded in a fully-fledged main clause. We argue that German relative clauses develop in an incremental fashion from simple non-embedded sentences that gradually evolve into complex sentence constructions.
Turkish children use morphosyntactic bootstrapping in interpreting verb meaning
Authors: GÖKSUN TILBE , KÜNTAY AYLIN C. , NAIGLES LETITIA R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTHow might syntactic bootstrapping apply in Turkish, which employs inflectional morphology to indicate grammatical relations and allows argument ellipsis? We investigated whether Turkish speakers interpret constructions differently depending on the number of NPs in the sentence, the presence of accusative case marking and the causative morpheme. Data were collected from 60 child speakers and 16 adults. In an adaptation of Naigles, Gleitman & Gleitman (1993), the participants acted out sentences (6 transitive and 6 intransitive verbs in four different frames). The enactments were coded for causativity. Causative enactments increased in two-argument frames and decreased in one-argument frames, albeit to a lesser extent than previously found in English. This effect was generally stronger in children than in adults. Causative enactments increased when the accusative case marker was present. The causative morpheme yielded no increase in causative enactments. These findings highlight roles for morphological and syntactic cues in verb learning by Turkish children.
Object and action picture naming in three- and five-year-old children
Authors: MASTERSON JACKIE , DRUKS JUDIT , GALLIENNE DONNA 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe objectives were to explore the often reported noun advantage in children's language acquisition using a picture naming paradigm and to explore the variables that affect picture naming performance. Participants in Experiment 1 were aged three and five years, and in Experiment 2, five years. The stimuli were action and object pictures. In Experiment 1, action pictures produced more errors than object pictures for the three-year-olds, but not the five-year-olds. A qualitative analysis of the errors revealed a somewhat different pattern of errors across age groups. In Experiment 2 there was no robust difference in accuracy for the actions and objects but naming times were longer for actions. Across both experiments, imageability was a robust predictor of object naming performance, while spoken frequency was the most important predictor of action naming. The results are discussed in terms of possible differences in the manner in which nouns and verbs are acquired.
Acquiring causatives in Taiwan Southern Min
Authors: LIN HUEI-LING , TSAY JANE S. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis case study is based on the longitudinal data of a girl (LYC, 1 ; 2–3 ; 3) acquiring Taiwan Southern Min (TSM) as her first language, and it aims to discover the overgeneralization pattern of children acquiring causatives in TSM. Among the three types of causative, the errors found in other languages are mostly with lexical causatives; however, in TSM, the errors occur with morphological and analytic causatives. Being an analytic language, TSM tends to spell out the causative meaning through morphological and analytic causatives and thus most errors occur with these two types. In contrast, lexical causatives, which contain a semantic element CAUSE, were acquired late; in the data collected (1 ; 2–3 ; 3) lexical causatives were not yet found. This case study provides evidence from TSM to show a different overgeneralization pattern.
Noun grammaticalization and determiner use in French children's speech: A gradual development with prosodic and lexical influences
Authors: BASSANO DOMINIQUE , MAILLOCHON ISABELLE , MOTTET SYLVAIN 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis study investigates when and how French-learning children acquire the main grammatical constraint on the noun category, i.e. the obligatory use of a preceding determiner. Spontaneous speech samples coming from the corpora of twenty children in each of three age groups, 1 ; 8, 2 ; 6, 3 ; 3, were transcribed and coded with respect to morphosyntactic, lexical and length properties of nouns. Results indicate that noun grammaticalization is a gradual process which involves early transitional procedures, as well as an increasing diversity in the content and contexts of determiner use. In support of prosodic hypotheses, noun length effects (in favor of monosyllabic nouns) mostly occurred at 1 ; 8. Animacy effects supporting the lexical hypothesis (in favor of inanimate nouns) occurred at 2 ; 6 and 3 ; 3. We suggest that noun grammaticalization is influenced by both prosodic and lexical factors. Prosodic influences predominate in the first steps of the developmental process, while lexical influences emerge in later steps.
Multiplex PCR for differential diagnosis of emerging typhoidal pathogens directly from blood samples
Authors: ALI A. , HAQUE ABDUL , HAQUE ASMA , SARWAR Y. , MOHSIN M. , BASHIR S. , TARIQ A. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYClassicallySalmonella entericaserovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is associated with typhoid, a major health problem in developing countries. However, in recent yearsS. Paratyphi A and Vi-negative variants ofS. Typhi have emerged rapidly. We have developed a nested multiplex PCR targeting five different genes for differential diagnosis of typhoidal pathogens which has been optimized to be directly applicable on clinical blood samples. Of 42 multiplex PCR-positive blood samples, 26, nine, and two were Vi-positiveS. Typhi, Vi-negativeS. Typhi andS. Paratyphi A, respectively, and five patients were found to have mixed infection. Seventeen patients grewSalmonellafrom blood culture and the remaining 25 were positive in theSalmonella-specific PCR. Tests with several common pathogens confirmed the specificity of the assay. We conclude that the proposed multiplex PCR is rapid, sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of typhoidal pathogens directly from blood samples.
The Public Health Nutrition workforce and its future challenges: the US experience
Authors: Haughton Betsy , George Alexa 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the US public health nutrition workforce and its future social, biological and fiscal challenges.DesignLiterature review primarily for the four workforce surveys conducted since 1985 by the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Nutrition Directors.SettingThe United States.SubjectsNutrition personnel working in governmental health agencies. The 1985 and 1987 subjects were personnel in full-time budgeted positions employed in governmental health agencies providing predominantly population-based services. In 1994 and 1999 subjects were both full-time and part-time, employed in or funded by governmental health agencies, and provided both direct-care and population-based services.ResultsThe workforce primarily focuses on direct-care services for pregnant and breast-feeding women, infants and children. The US Department of Agriculture funds 81·7 % of full-time equivalent positions, primarily through the WIC Program (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children). Of those personnel working in WIC, 45 % have at least 10 years of experience compared to over 65 % of the non-WIC workforce. Continuing education needs of the WIC and non-WIC workforces differ. The workforce is increasingly more racially/ethnically diverse and with 18·2 % speaking Spanish as a second language.ConclusionsThe future workforce will need to focus on increasing its diversity and cultural competence, and likely will need to address retirement within leadership positions. Little is known about the workforce’s capacity to address the needs of the elderly, emergency preparedness and behavioural interventions. Fiscal challenges will require evidence-based practice demonstrating both costs and impact. Little is known about the broader public health nutrition workforce beyond governmental health agencies.