bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heretical Social Movement Organizations and Their Framing Strategies*
Authors: Hipsher Patricia L. 
Published: April 2007

This article is an exploratory study of heretical social movement organizations (HSMOs) and the challenges that they face in framing their issue positions. It examines how identity communities’ core issue positions serve to demarcate the boundaries of authentic group membership, making “heretics” out of community organizations that have contrary positions. It also analyzes how these organizations finesse their heretical status by utilizing specific framing strategies. It illustrates these processes using data on two social movement organizations involved in the American abortion controversy, Catholics for a Free Choice, a Catholic pro‐choice organization, and Feminists for Life of America, a feminist pro‐life organization, during the period between 1972 and 2000.I begin by demonstrating the Catholic and feminist communities’ use of an abortion litmus test to maintain community boundaries. I, then, describe the two organizations’ use of value amplification and boundary framing to frame their “heretical” issue positions both within and against their identity communities, respectively. I conclude by discussing the trend toward orthodoxy in many identity communities and the role of heretical social movement organizations in challenging this trend.
Oviposition behavior of orange wheat blossom midge on low‐ vs. high‐ranked grass seed heads
Authors: Ganehiarachchi G. A. S. M. , Harris M. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe discovery of Sm1, a highly effective resistance (R) gene that targets the first instar of the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), has created concerns about wheat midge adaptation. Strategies for delaying adaptation to Sm1 include the simultaneous deployment of a resistance trait targeting a different life stage, i.e., the ovipositing adult female. Previous studies have shown that adult females distinguish between wheat genotypes and seed head developmental stages and are attracted by volatiles from young wheat heads. We focused on what happens after the female lands on the seed head, comparing in three tests a seed head of the high‐ranked pre‐anthesis ‘Roblin’ wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), and a head of one of three lower‐ranked types: post‐anthesis ‘Roblin’, pre‐anthesis ‘Key’ wheat (T. aestivum), and pre‐anthesis ‘Robust’ barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Within each test, high‐ and low‐ranked heads were presented in choice and no‐choice assays, with the behavior of wheat midge females scored every 5 min from 20:30 to 23:00 hours, under mid‐summer natural light conditions and sunset occurring between 20:50 and 21:20 hours. Head type influenced both proportions of females observed on the head and proportions of females probing with the ovipositor. Head*assay interactions occurred only in the test comparing wheat to barley, with barley reducing females observed on the wheat head and wheat increasing females probing on barley. Results indicate that the wheat midge female detects plant cues while examining the seed head and that this detection contributes to differences in egg counts.
Parallel evolution in sympatric, hybridizing species: performance ofColiasbutterflies on their introduced host plants
Authors: Porter Adam H. , Levin Elena J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractShared ancestry and introgression can contribute to genetic similarity between hybridizing species, and it is generally difficult to disentangle these causes. However, shared ancestry plays a more limited role in traits that have recently undergone parallel directional selection in the two species, permitting the role of introgression to be better understood. The butterfliesColias eurytheme(Boisduval) andColias philodice(Godart) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) are native to North America and have shifted their host ranges in parallel onto several introduced weedy and agricultural legumes. These butterflies hybridize at moderate rates throughout their range, and there is a strong possibility that they could be sharing host‐associated adaptations. We split families of each species among nine introduced, prospective hosts and measured survivorship, larval duration, pupal weight, and a new variable, effective daily growth rate (DGR), analogous to a compound daily interest rate in economics. We found strong effects of host, sex, and family (species), but negligible effects of the host*species interaction that would indicate species‐specific differences in performance on different hosts. We found species‐specific life‐history differences:C. eurythemematured significantly later and reached a significantly larger body size thanC. philodicewhile growing at the same DGR. Protandry was strong, and males, in addition to pupating sooner than females, grew significantly faster than females as measured by DGR. We measured broad‐sense heritabilities and genetic correlations for host‐associated performance variables. Most pairwise comparisons of performance among hosts and most pairwise comparisons between performance variables showed positive genetic correlations, except survivorship where little heritability was found. Nevertheless, a factorial multivariate analysis of variance of G‐matrices showed highly significant species, host, and host*species interactions, suggesting differentially evolving genetic architectures underlying host adaptation in these two species, despite the small differences in overall performance. At least some of the genes affecting host performance inColiasare likely to be in the small, species‐diagnostic regions and not shared via introgression between these hybridizing species. For biologists interested in the evolutionary ecology of their host associations, including applied biologists managing their agricultural pest potential,C. eurythemeandC. philodiceare most usefully studied as if they were a single polymorphic species wherever they co‐exist. In studying species that hybridize readily with a sympatric congener, it may often be necessary to include the second species in the experimental design.
Trade‐offs in oviposition choice? Food‐dependent performance and defence against predators of a herbivorous sawfly
Authors: Müller Caroline , Arand Katja 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe sawfly Athalia rosae L. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) is a feeding specialist on plant species of the Brassicaceae, which are characterised by secondary metabolites, called glucosinolates. The larvae can take up the respective glucosinolates of their hosts and concentrate them in their haemolymph to protect themselves against predators. Oviposition preferences of naïve females were tested for three species, Sinapis alba L., Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, and Barbarea stricta Andrz., and were related to larval performance patterns. Larvae were reared on either one of these plants and it was investigated how host‐plant quality influences both the developmental times and growth of larvae (bottom‐up) and the defence efficiency against predators (top‐down). Innately, almost all adult females avoided B. stricta for oviposition and clearly preferred B. nigra over S. alba. On average, larvae developed best on B. nigra. Female larvae reached similar final body masses on all host‐plant species, but males reared on S. alba were slightly lighter. The developmental time of larvae reared on B. stricta was significantly longer than on the other two plants. However, larvae reared on B. stricta were best protected against the predatory wasp Polistes dominulus Christ (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). The wasps rejected these larvae most often, while they attacked larvae reared on S. alba most frequently. Thus, larvae feeding on B. stricta theoretically run a higher risk of predation due to a prolonged developmental time, but in practice they are better protected against predators. Overall, oviposition preferences of A. rosae seem to be more influenced by bottom‐up effects on larval performance than by top‐down effects.
TNF‐α, RANTES, and MCP‐1 are major chemoattractants of murine Langerhans cells to the regional lymph nodes
Authors: Yamazaki S. , Yokozeki H. , Satoh T. , Katayama I. , Nishioka K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe have previously reported that lymph node cells generated chemotactic factors for Langerhans cells (LCs) in the induction phase of contact dermatitis. In order to clarify the chemotactic factors involved in migration to the regional lymph nodes, we investigated the migratory activity of murine LCs toward several cytokines and chemokines in vitro. One‐day cultured LC‐enriched epidermal cells were added to the upper compartment of a modified Boyden chamber and cytokines were added to the lower compartment. We counted dendritic cells migrated to the lower chamber as LCs under phase contrast microscopy. About 99% of migrated dendritic cells were positively reacted with anti‐Iad and NLDC145 antibodies and considered to be LCs. We could detect LC migration more accurately by this direct examination than by counting the migrated cells in the filter membrane of a Boyden chamber. In our system, migration of murine epidermal LCs was stimulated by TNF‐β, RANTES and MCP‐1, but not by GM‐CSF, IL‐1β, IL‐4, and IL‐6. TNF‐α induced LC migration at concentrations from 4X103 U/ml to 5X104 U/ml. RANTES at concentrations from 10 to 100 ng/ml and MCP‐1 a concentration of 100 ng/ml induced LC migration in a dose‐dependent manner. These data confirmed that TNF‐α, RANTES, and MCP‐1 induced LC migration from epidermis during contact sensitization.
Effects of UV irradiation with one minimal erythema dose on human afferent skin lymph in vivo
Authors: Yawalkar N. , Aebischer M. C. , Hunger R. , Brand C. U. , Braathen L. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) irradiation of the skin induces complex local and systemic immunomodulatory reactions. The biological effects of UV irradiation on human skin derived afferent lymph however are unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a single combined UV‐A and UV‐B irradiation with 1 minimal erythema dose (MED) on human skin derived lymph in vivo. After cannulation of a superficial lymph vessel on the lower leg, lymph flow and cell output per hour were determined before and for 6 days after UV irradiation of the lymph draining skin area in 5 volunteers. Furthermore, expression of CDla, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD54, CD80, CD86 and HLA‐DR on migrating lymph cells and cytokine levels (IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐13, TNF‐α and IFN‐γ) in the afferent lymph were analyzed by cytofluorometry and ELISA. After UV irradiation a small initial enhancement in the daily lymph flow per hour was noticed in correlation with the slight erythematous skin reaction. Following resolution of the skin reaction, a delayed increase in cell output in correlation with an additional peak in the lymph flow was found between the 4th and 6th day after UV irradiation. However, no changes in the expression of CDla, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD54, CD80, CD86 and HLA‐DR on migrating lymph cells were detectable. Interestingly, in parallel to the increased lymph flow and cell output, only elevated IL‐8 protein levels were reproducibly detected in the afferent lymph after UV irradiation. Furthermore, using immunohistochemistry positive staining for IL‐8 was found on migrating mononuclear lymph cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that a single UV irradiation of the skin with 1 minimal erythema dose leads to a delayed enhancement of lymph flow, number of migrating lymph cells and cytokine levels of IL‐8. Moreover, we provide evidence that migrating lymph cells, besides resident epidermal and dermal cells, may contribute to the detected levels of IL‐8 in the afferent lymph.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in cryoglobulinaemic leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV): could the presence of HCV in skin lesions be related to T CD8+ lymphocytes, HLA‐DR and ICAM‐1 expression?
Authors: Bernacchi E. , Civita L. L. , Caproni M. , Zignego A. L. , Bianchi B. , Monti M. , Fabbri P. , Pasero G. , Ferri C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn association between mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) and hepatotropic viruses, chiefly hepatitis C virus (HCV), has been widely reported. The presence of HCV genomic sequences or HCV‐related viral proteins in the serum, purified cryoglobulins, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and into several tissues has suggested an important triggering role for HCV in MC patients. However, only few reports investigated the presence of HCV in cutaneous vasculitis and its potential pathogenetic role. Biopsies of cutaneous purpuric lesions from 5 MC female patient (aged from 40 to 80 years) were carried out for virological and histopathological evaluation. A leukocytoclastic vasculitis pattern was found in 4/5 subjects, while the presence of HCV RNA was detected in 3/5. In only 3 cases biopsy specimens were sufficient for immunohistochemical and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) studies. Immunohistochemical evaluation was performed by means of alkaline phosphatase and monoclonal anti‐alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immune‐complexes. In the same skin specimen APAAP and DIF findings were compared with the presence/absence of HCV genomic sequences (PCR technique). In 1 MC patient, the detection of HCV‐RNA was associated to a prevalent CD8+ T suppressor pattern with a perivascular and subjunctional distribution as well as an intense expresion of second class (HLA‐DR) and intercellular adhesion (ICAM‐1) molecules on basal keratinocytes, endothelial cells and perivascular infiltrate. These findings suggest a marked inflammatory activation that spreads from endothelial cells to keratinocytes and Langerhans cells. In the 2 HCV‐RNA negative specimens the scanty immuopathological staining could indicate a residual activity due to the previous inflammatory event triggered by cryoglobulins. The deposition of circulating HCV‐containing immune complexes (CIC) in the skin could be the initial pathogenic event for cryoglobulinemic vasculits; subsequently CIC could spread from vacular bed to the perivascular tissue and then could be very rapidly eliminated. If confirmed in larger patients' series these finding could definitely demonstrate a direct role of HCV in the pathogenesis of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.
Vadose Zone–Attenuated Artificial Recharge for Input to a Ground Water Model
Authors: Nichols William E. , Wurstner Signe K. , Eslinger Paul W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAccurate representation of artificial recharge is requisite to calibration of a ground water model of an unconfined aquifer for a semiarid or arid site with a vadose zone that imparts significant attenuation of liquid transmission and substantial anthropogenic liquid discharges. Under such circumstances, artificial recharge occurs in response to liquid disposal to the vadose zone in areas that are small relative to the ground water model domain. Natural recharge, in contrast, is spatially variable and occurs over the entire upper boundary of a typical unconfined ground water model. An improved technique for partitioning artificial recharge from simulated total recharge for inclusion in a ground water model is presented. The improved technique is applied using data from the semiarid Hanford Site. From 1944 until the late 1980s, when Hanford’s mission was the production of nuclear materials, the quantities of liquid discharged from production facilities to the ground vastly exceeded natural recharge. Nearly all hydraulic head data available for use in calibrating a ground water model at this site were collected during this period or later, when the aquifer was under the diminishing influence of the massive water disposals. The vadose zone is typically 80 to 90 m thick at the Central Plateau where most production facilities were located at this semiarid site, and its attenuation of liquid transmission to the aquifer can be significant. The new technique is shown to improve the representation of artificial recharge and thereby contribute to improvement in the calibration of a site‐wide ground water model.
Using PHREEQC to Simulate Solute Transport in Fractured Bedrock
Authors: Lipson David S. , McCray John E. , Thyne Geoffrey D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe geochemical computer model PHREEQC can simulate solute transport in fractured bedrock aquifers that can be conceptualized as dual‐porosity flow systems subject to one‐dimensional advective‐dispersive transport in the bedrock fractures and diffusive transport in the bedrock matrix. This article demonstrates how the physical characteristics of such flow systems can be parameterized for use in PHREEQC, it provides a method for minimizing numerical dispersion in PHREEQC simulations, and it compares PHREEQC simulations with results of an analytical solution. The simulations assumed a dual‐porosity conceptual model involving advective‐reactive‐dispersive transport in the mobile zone (bedrock fracture) and diffusive‐reactive transport in the immobile zone (bedrock matrix). The results from the PHREEQC dual‐porosity transport model that uses a finite‐difference approach showed excellent agreement compared with an analytical solution.
An Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen Gas Produced during Denitrification
Authors: Istok J.D. , Park M. M. , Peacock A. D. , Oostrom M. , Wietsma T. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn situ denitrification relies on indigenous microorganisms to reduce nitrate to N2 gas. However, when initial nitrate concentrations are large, produced gas volumes also can be very large, potentially resulting in reduced water saturation and hydraulic conductivity in the treatment zone. In this study, we investigated the fate of N2 and other gases produced during denitrification in a laboratory flow cell containing packed sediment. Denitrifying activity was stimulated by additions of nitrate and ethanol. Microbial activity was monitored by measuring nitrate, nitrite, and ethanol concentrations; gas saturations were measured during the experiment using a gamma imaging system. Biomass was measured using phospholipid fatty acid analysis of sediment samples. Bioenergetic calculations calibrated to measured nitrate consumed and biomass produced predicted that 1.2 L N2 gas/L water should have been produced following the addition of 100 mM nitrate. However, the maximum measured gas saturation was only 23%, indicating substantial gas loss from the sediment pack. Temporal gamma images and visual observations confirm that small gas bubbles formed in the sediment pack coalesced into larger bubbles and migrated upward through gas‐filled channels to the sediment pack surface. Although gas saturations increased, there was no significant change in sediment pack hydraulic conductivity. These results suggest that in permeable reactive barriers used for in situ denitrification, gas production will not necessarily lead to unlimited gas accumulation in the pore space and that the effects of gas production on water saturation and hydraulic conductivity may be relatively minor.
Predicting the Tails of Breakthrough Curves in Regional‐Scale Alluvial Systems
Authors: Zhang Yong , Benson David A. , Baeumer Boris 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe late tail of the breakthrough curve (BTC) of a conservative tracer in a regional‐scale alluvial system is explored using Monte Carlo simulations. The ensemble numerical BTC, for an instantaneous point source injected into the mobile domain, has a heavy late tail transforming from power law to exponential due to a maximum thickness of clayey material. Haggerty et al.’s (2000) multiple‐rate mass transfer (MRMT) method is used to predict the numerical late‐time BTCs for solutes in the mobile phase. We use a simple analysis of the thicknesses of fine‐grained units noted in boring logs to construct the memory function that describes the slow decline of concentrations at very late time. The good fit between the predictions and the numerical results indicates that the late‐time BTC can be approximated by a summation of a small number of exponential functions, and its shape depends primarily on the thicknesses and the associated volume fractions of immobile water in “blocks” of fine‐grained material. The prediction of the late‐time BTC using the MRMT method relies on an estimate of the average advective residence time,tad. The predictions are not sensitive to estimation errors intad, which can be approximated by, whereis the arithmetic mean ground water velocity andLis the transport distance. This is the first example of deriving an analytical MRMT model from measured hydrofacies properties to predict the late‐time BTC. The parsimonious model directly and quantitatively relates the observable subsurface heterogeneity to nonlocal transport parameters.
Preoperative patient preparation for enhanced recovery after surgery
Authors: LJUNGQVIST OLLE , HAUSEL JONATAN , NYGREN JONAS , THORELL ANDERS , SOOP MATTIAS ,   IN COLLABORATION WITH THE ERAS STUDY GROUP
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYEnhanced recovery after surgery begins before the onset of surgery with detailed and structured preparation of the patient for the surgery they are about to go through. Detailed information to the patient and their kin at a separate occasion in advance of the admission is an important beginning. This ensures that the patient knows what they can do to enhance recovery and what to expect postoperatively including when to go home. Avoiding bowel preparation as a routine avoids unnecessary fasting and fluid derangements before the onset of surgery. Instead of the traditional overnight fasting routine that has no scientific support, modern fasting guidelines should be applied. In these, patients are recommended to take clear fluids ad libitum up until 2 hours before anesthesia. A further improved preparation can be achieved by having the patient take a carbohydrate‐rich clear drink 2 hours before anesthesia. This changes the overnight fasted state of metabolism into a fed state, improves well‐being perioperatively, and markedly reduces the metabolic derangement and the risk for hyperglycemia in the postoperative phase.
Application of Peracetic Acid and Quarternary Ammonium Disinfectants as a Part of Sanitary Treatment in a Poultry House and Poultry Processing Plant
Authors: Kašková A. , Ondrašovičová O. , Vargová M. , Ondrašovič M. , Venglovský J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryHygiene and sanitation play a major role in any effective disease control programme for poultry production and processing premises. Various deficiencies in disinfection may induce that chains of infections are not broken from one stock to another. The present study investigated the efficacy of disinfection on a broiler farm and in a plant processing poultry from the investigated farm. Besides inspection of disinfection, the influence of contamination on broiler carcasses and consequences of this contamination on sanitation of the processing lines were studied. Swabs from surfaces coming into contact with the handled raw material were taken and evaluated. The results obtained by a standard microbiological swab method were evaluated and compared with an ATP‐bioluminescence method. The investigations included determination of total counts of microorganisms, coliform bacteria and moulds. When employing the standard plate‐count method, the total counts of microorganisms (TCM) reached <1, 1–100 and >100 CFU in 0, 12 and 88% swabs on poultry farm and in 22%, 36% and 42% swabs in the processing plant, respectively. The bioluminescence method was used only in the processing plant and contamination corresponding to <100, 100–300 and >300 relative light units (RLU) was detected in 80%, 10% and 10% swabs respectively.