bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UROLOGICAL SURVEY OF CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS AND RECURRENT URINARY INFECTION WITHOUTOBSTRUCTION1
Authors: Murnaghan By G. F. , Williams H. B L. , Jeremy D. 
Published: December 2008

Symptoms.‐Sixteen patients (8 per cent.) presented without symptoms referable to the urinary tract whilst sixty‐eight patients (33 per cent.) presented with hæmaturia alone or with other urinarySUMMARYA urological survey of a consecutive series of 207 patients with urinary tract infection or chronic pyelonephritis without obstruction is presented.The incidence of vesico‐ureteric reflux, urethritis, trigonitis, cervicitis, renal papillary necrosis, renal ptosis and congenital abnormalities of the upper urinary tract is reported.The urological findings are discussed in relation to age, duration of symptoms, excessive phenacetin intake and with reference to their possible significance in the aetiology of chronic pyelonephritis.
INVESTIGATION AND TREATMENT OF INCONTINENCE OF URINE IN WOMEN WHO HAVE HAD A PROLAPSE REPAIR OPERATION1
Authors: Warrell David W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYEighty‐one patients who continued to be incontinent of urine after repair of prolapse have been investigated, treated and followed up from one to six years.Cases have been classified by investigation as having mechanical faults of the urethral sphincter mechanism or faults of bladder action.Fifty‐two patients were considered to have anatomical abnormalities of the urethral sphincter mechanism usually due to fixity by scar tissue. Forty‐two patients have been cured by freeing the urethra and bringing in fresh tissue. Twenty‐nine cases were found to have abnormal bladder action usually due to chronic cystitis or urethro‐trigonitis and only one‐half have been cured.
A MODIFIED TECHNIQUE FOR INTRAVENOUS PYELOGRAPHY1
Authors: Servadio C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA method is described which results in better and clearer pictures on intravenous pyelography by applying abdominal compression prior to the injection of the contrast medium. Its use has been demonstrated and the probable physiological explanation of the findings discussed. It is felt that the safety, the simplicity and the minimal discomfort to the patient make such an investigation well justified, particularly before resort is made to retrograde pyelography or other more complicated procedures.
HUNNER'S ULCER (Chronic Interstitial Cystitis): A Manifestation of Collagen Disease
Authors: Shipton Eva A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYFour patients with interstitial cystitis (thinner's ulcer) are reported. The similarity of this condition to chronic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma is noted and the literature is reviewed.A method of treatment using high vitamin dosage is suggested.
A CLINICAL TRIAL OF SULPHAMETHOXAZOLE IN PYELONEPHRITIS WITH SIMPLIFIED METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
Authors: Linton A. L. , Chatfield W. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA trial of the effect of sulphamethoxazole in pyelonephritis is described. Strict criteria of success were observed, and a follow‐up conducted after cessation of treatment. Simplified methods of assessment of pyuria and bacteruria were used and proved easy and accurate. Fifty‐eight per cent, of the cases treated remained free of evidence of infection three months after treatment.
PREPUBERTAL GYNÆCOMASTIA IN ASSOCIATION WITH AN INTERSTITIAL–CELL TUMOUR OF THE TESTIS
Authors: JOHNSTONE GEORGE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA case of interstitial–cell tumour of the testis with pre–pubertal gynecomastia is described. The literature is reviewed and it is noted that only five of the 39 reported cases showed evidence of gynecomastia, although every case had features of precocious virilism. The danger of confusing bilateral testicular adrenal rests with interstitial–cell tumours of the testis and the diagnostic safeguards are mentioned. Malignancy has not been reported in any of these prepubertal tumours but can be excluded only by prolonged observation. The 17–ketosteroid and oestrogen excretions in this case are given, with reservations. It has been assumed that an excess of oestrogen is the cause of gynecomastia. The mechanisms of this excess production are mentioned. It is suggested that excess oestrogen might modify the psycho–sexual effects but not the physical effects of this virilising tumour.I wish to thank Dr W. J. Maelor Evans, Chief Medical Officer, Ministry of Health, Tanzania, for having given permission to publish this paper. I am greatly obliged to Drs P. Grech and P. J. Philip for their very considerable help and I wish to express my sincere thanks to them. My thanks also go to Drs J. Hamerton and M. T. Maletnlema for the photographs and to my House Surgeon, Dr G. A. S. Kombe for his assistance. 1 also wish to thank the laboratory staff of the Muhimbili Hospital who undertook the urinary steroid estimations whilst coping with a welter of routine work.
URINARY ENZYMES IN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT URINARY TRACT DISORDERS:ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND LACTIC ACID DEHYDROGENASE1
Authors: GAULT M. HENRY , OLIVER JOHN A. , LANG CELLA , ASGHAR M. I. , LEVY S. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe normal range of values for urinary alkaline phosphatase by a partially automated method and for urine lactic–acid dehydrogenase activity by a colorimetric method was established and was compared with values obtained in association with neoplasms of the urinary tract, extra–urinary neoplasms, and with other disorders of the genito–urinary tract. The findings do not indicate that such assays constitute an important addition to conventional methods for the diagnosis of kidney or bladder neoplasms, although urinary enzyme activity was increased in the presence of normal urine analysis in some patients. Urinary alkaline phosphatase activity may be increased in cases of malignant disease not involving the urinary tract and also in association with a major elevation of activity in the serum. Problems associated with the assay of urinary enzymes and the interpretation of the values obtained are discussed.We are indebted to Miss A. Illing for technical assistance.
THE PRIMARY VESICAL SPHINCTER
Authors: ARDRAN G. M. , COPE V. , ESSENHIGH D. M. , TUCKEY M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYEvidence has been put forward in recent years that urinary continence depends on urethral length. There are theoretical objections to this hypothesis which are discussed.Nine dogs were investigated under anaesthesia. Six dogs were found to be continent when the urethra was divided at the bladder neck. Three dogs were incontinent and these were found to be suffering from marked prostatic hyperplasia. In four dogs it was possible to remove the full bladder completely after dividing the urethra at the bladder neck and it was shown that the primary sphincter could withstand a pressure of up to 15 cm. of water. It is concluded that the primary sphincter of the bladder is at the internal meatus. We have been unable to show that the posterior urethra is necessary to maintain continence in the normal dog and it is likely that the broad aspects of function at the bladder neck are similar in man.
A METHOD OF PRODUCING EXPERIMENTAL URæMIA IN THE RABBIT WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF URæMIA ON PERITONEAL HEALING
Authors: MOTT T. J. , ELLIS Professor HAROLD 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA one–stage retroperitoneal method of producing acute transient experimental uræia is described. After defects in the peritoneum have been fashioned, the uræmic state delays the formation of new peritoneum and depresses the production of collagen. It would be advisable to include uræmia amongst other general factors when future studies of wound disruption are contemplated.The majority of this work was performed in the Surgical Unit Laboratories, Westminster Hospital. We would like to thank Professor D. Slome for providing additional facilities at the Department of Physiology, Royal College of Surgeons. We are grateful to Dr Klaus Lewin for assistance with the histology and photographs.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND X–RAY DIFFRACTION OF PRECIPITATED URINARY CALCIUM PHOSPHATES
Authors: CIFUENTES L. , CATALINA F. , GARCIA–VICENTE J. , ESTEBAN B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYSpontaneous urinary sediments in cases of so–called phosphaturia have been observed with the electron microscope and X–ray diffractometer. Spherulite–like elements and clusters were seen and they showed a poor crystalline structure, almost completely amorphous, as judged by their X–ray diffraction patterns. Extremely minute, but well–formed, crystals were found in other cases, which, under the optical microscope, appeared to be amorphous calcium phosphates; these gave a typical apatite–like diffraction pattern. The occasional presence of calcium phosphate (apatite–like) true crystalluria could be demonstrated.
SUPPURATION OF SOLITARY CYST OF THE KIDNEY
Authors: DELIVELIOTIS A. , ZORZOS S. , VARKARAKIS M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYTwo cases of spontaneous suppuration of congenital solitary cyst of the kidney are presented. The second case, in which chronic pyelonephritis and hypertension co–existed, has additional interest because of the probable relationship between the chronic pyelonephritis and suppuration of the cyst of the kidney.
BLOOD STREAM INFECTION FOLLOWING RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY
Authors: MARSHALL A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYPre– and post–operative blood culture studies were made in 196 patients having retropubic prostatectomy.In all patients having urethral catheter drainage before operation the incidence of bacteremia was reduced when a Gibbon or Franklin catheter was used and the drainage system was of the closed type.Bacteremia, when protracted, may be a predisposing factor in post–operative mortality from pyelonephritis.In patients whose urine was sterile at operation the incidence of bacteremia was low.In patients whose urine was infected at operation the incidence of bacteræmia could be very high.In infected patients bacteræmia was significantly reduced when appropriate broad–spectrum antimicrobials were given over the period of operation.Infected patients with bacteremia had a significantly higher incidence of severe upper urinary tract infective complications following operation.
BILATERAL PRIMARY HYPERNEPHROMATA
Authors: EDWARDSON K. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYTwo patients with bilateral hypernephromata are described. From a consideration of the probable mechanisms of spread of metastases it was deduced that these were cases of bilateral primary hypernephroma.I would like to express my appreciation to Mr D. P. B. Turner for his enthusiastic help and encouragement in presenting this paper and also for allowing me to present the first case. My thanks are also due to Dr J. McConnell for allowing me to publish the second case and to Dr J. H. E. Carmichael for permission to reproduce the radiographs.
Nephrogenic Adenoma of the Bladder
Authors: KALLOOR GEORGE J. , SHAW RICHARD E. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryWe report an additional case of “nephrogenic adenoma” of the urinary bladder.“Nephrogenic adenoma” is not a neoplastic condition but an unusual form of metaplasia of the vesical mucosa in response to infection.The lesions respond well to treatment by diathermy.
Genetic Aspects of Hydronephrosis Associated with Renal Agenesis
Authors: FINN RONALD , CARRUTHERS J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryTwo families with hereditary hydronephrosis are reported and a further 4 families form the literature reviewed. In these families the condition may be unilateral or bilateral, and if unilateral, is more common on the left side.Hereditary pelvi‐ureteric obstruction is due to an autosomal dominant gene with variable penetrance. Evidence from animal studies relating to the pathogenesis of pelvi‐ureteric obstruction is discussed.It is suggested that the mild form of the condition may have more clinical significance than has been previously realised. The association of renal agenesis and hereditary hydronephrosis is also noted.
The Effect of Cellulose Phosphate on Intestinal Absorption and Urinary Excretion of Calcium: Some Experience in its use in the Treatment of Calcium Stone Formation
Authors: BLACKLOCK N. J. , MACLEOD M. A. 
Published: December 2008

SummarySodium cellulose phosphate can significantly diminish the absorption of calcium from the intestine; there is concomitant diminution of urinary calcium excretion. The plasma levels of the divalent cations do not appear to be influenced by this therapy.
A Geographical and Historical Survey of the Composition of Urinary Stones
Authors: SUTOR D. JUNE , WOOLEY SUSAN E. , ILLINGWORTH J. J. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe composition of urinary stones in different countries can be related to the extent of economic development present and the major types of stones in the world, namely children's and adult lower urinary tract calculi in technically developing countries and adult upper urinary tract ones in industrialised areas, are of very different composition.Approximately 89 % of children's stones consist of or contain ammonium acid urate + calcium oxalate and the composition of the nucleus suggests the former compound is more important in the nucleation of such calculi. Of similar composition are children's bladder stones from old museum collections in England.Large amounts of uric acid and calcium oxalate are present in adult lower urinary tract stones from technically developing countries and museum collections, and many stones contain these 2 compounds frequently with ammonium acid urate.Adult upper urinary tract calculi from industrialised countries and from “Westernised” areas of technically developing ones, consist predominantly of calcium oxalate + calcium phosphate or pure calcium oxalate. Stones of such composition are not often found in collections of children's bladder calculi, whether from technically developing countries or museum collections, and stones with ammonium acid urate + calcium oxalate do not occur in industrialised countries like Great Britain and America. However, uric acid + calcium oxalate stones, but without ammonium acid urate, are found in some countries in Europe where they are the most frequently occurring type after the pure calcium oxalate and calcium oxalate + calcium phosphate varieties.Children's stones and adult lower urinary tract ones in industrialised countries and children's upper tract stones in technically developing countries, though of less importance, nevertheless have their own particular composition which again is different for regions of different economic development.The most frequent combinations of individual constituents in the different composition types are discussed, as well as the sex and average age of the patients and the number and weight of the stones.
Liposarcoma of Paratesticular Origin: A Case Report
Authors: MACKENZIE I. , ROBERTS G. HEFIN 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA liposarcoma of paratesticular origin is reported; this is the 12th recorded case. A survey of previously published cases suggests that there is a considerable variation in behaviour, but that they are probably less malignant than the commoner testicular neoplasms, and that orchidectomy with high ligation and excision of the spermatic cord is adequate.
The Use of Alpha‐adrenergic Blockers in Benign Prostatic Obstruction
Authors: CAINE MARCO , PFAU ALPHONSE , PERLBERG SHAUL 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAs a result of previous in‐vitro studies on the a‐adrenergic receptor activity of the human prostate and prostatic capsule a trial was made of a‐adrenergic blockers for the relief of obstructive prostatic symptoms.Considerable benefit was obtained in several groups of patients, as demonstrated either by the relief or prevention of complete retention, or by diminution in residual urine or improvement in urinary flow‐rate recordings. A number of illustrative cases are described, and the indications for the use of this treatment are suggested.It is emphasised that this treatment provides symptomatic relief only, and in no sense purports to be a treatment of the enlarged prostate itself.
Random Bone Marrow Biopsy in the Staging of Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: CRISP JOHN 
Published: December 2008

SummaryRandom bone marrow biopsies were examined in 28 patients with proven carcinoma of the prostate. In 6 cases (28.5%) bony metastases were demonstrated and in 2 of these X‐ray skeletal surveys were negative.It is suggested that bone marrow biopsy should be done in the staging of carcinoma of the prostate when other investigations are negative, especially when an occult primary is suspected, when radical treatment is contemplated and in clinical trials.
Low Temperature and Conventional Scanning Electron Microscopy of Human Urothelium
Authors: STAFF W. G. , MIDDLETON J. F. S. , MORRIS J. A. , OATES K. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— The appearance of fixed dehydrated non‐neoplastic human urothelium viewed by conventional scanning electron microscopy (CSEM) is different from that of frozen hydrated human urothelium viewed by low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM). In the fixed dehydrated material the surface is formed by well defined, polygonal, domed superficial urothelial cells which have prominent surface microridges. In places intermediate urothelial cells are visible and they have surface microvilli. In the frozen hydrated material viewed by LTSEM most of the surface is smooth. This is formed in part by a glutaraldehyde soluble extracellular secretion which may be a mucin barrier to bacteria. We believe that the rest of the smooth surface is formed by superficial urothelial cells which are not well defined and which lack microridges. There are islands of rounded cells lacking microvilli which are probably intermediate urothelial cells as they correspond in appearance with the intermediate urothelial cells seen in freeze fractured material.It seems likely that fixation and dehydration will cause some change in surface configuration and in theory the frozen hydrated material should more closely resemble the natural state. We believe that LTSEM will be of value in investigating normal and diseased urothelium.
Abnormal Electromyographic Activity (Decelerating Burst and Complex Repetitive Discharges) in the Striated Muscle of the Urethral Sphincter in 5 Women with Persisting Urinary Retention
Authors: FOWLER CLARE J. , KIRBY R. S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— In five women with urinary retention, recordings from the striated muscle of the urethral sphincter revealed highly abnormal electromyographic (EMG) activity. Using a concentric needle electrode, recordings revealed very striking bursts of activity, referred to here as decelerating burst (DB) and complex repetitive discharges (CRD). Such EMG activity is exceedingly unusual in skeletal striated muscle and resembles most closely the rarely encountered condition of “pseudomyotonia”.We suggest that this abnormal activity is associated with a failure of relaxation of the striated muscle of the urethral sphincter, which results in chronic retention.
Priapism: a Three‐phase Concept of Management According to Aetiology and Prognosis
Authors: POHL J. , POTT B. , KLEINHANS G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— Priapism is a persistent, painful erection of the penis unassociated with sexual stimulation or desire, and detumescence does not occur following ejaculation. Prolonged pathological erections may occur and it is only when they are painful that the term priapism should be used. The erection is limited to the corpora cavernosa.Although the syndrome was named after Priapos, the mythical Greek god of fertility, impotence persists in one half of patients treated for priapism. The disease is rare; the literature consists mainly of case reports and comprehensive reviews are seldom found. Permanent sequelae cause a psychological and physical handicap and justify the present review, which is based upon recent literature as well as personal clinical experience of 15 patients. We have reviewed 170 reports describing 1400 cases of priapism and have based the analysis upon the 230 single case reports found in the literature.
Analysis of Urinary Calculi Using Photon Induced X‐ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Authors: CESAREO R. , BISCEGLIE V. , PEDRAZA L. J. , GALLUCCI M. , ALPI G. , SILVERIO F. DI 
Published: December 2008

Summary— Photon induced X‐ray fluorescence has been employed to determine trace elements in urinary calculi. Twenty‐one urinary stones, classified in four groups, have been analysed. Besides Ca, elements Fe, Zn and Pb were detected, and Cr and Mn were also detected in some cases.No clear differences were found between the four groups.
Uroflowmetry in Asymptomatic Elderly Males
Authors: JØRGENSEN J. BALSLEV , JENSEN K. M.‐E. , BILLE‐BRAHE N. E. , MOGENSEN P. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— Uroflowmetry is important in the evaluation of prostatism. We have investigated 93 men, selected at random from the National Register, who had no subjective voiding problems but who fell within the appropriate age range. The sample was representative of the male metropolitan population.Uroflowmetry was carried out and the data are presented graphically in nomograms where the Qmax/volume, Qaverage/volume and Qmax time/volume relations are given. Flow variables were evaluated to delineate possible correlations to age. It was found that the median Qmax decreased from 18.5 ml/s at the age of 50 years to 6.5 ml/s at 80 years. Only one‐third of the group had a Qmax exceeding 15 ml/s. The median voided volume was 208 ml. Half of the subjects voided less than 200 ml and one‐third less than 150 ml.
The Oestrogenic Effects of Ethinyl Oestradiol/Polyoestradiol Phosphate and Estramustine Phosphate in Patients with Prostatic Carcinoma A Comparative Study of Oestrogen Sensitive Liver Proteins, Gonadotrophins and Prolactin
Authors: DAEHLIN L. , DAMBER J.‐E. , von SCHOULTZ B. , BERGMAN B. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— Thirty previously untreated patients with carcinoma of the prostate were prospectively randomised to one of the following treatments: (1) ethinyl oestradiol (Etivex®) combined with polyoestradiol phosphate (Estradurin®); (2) estramustine phosphate (Estracyt®); (3) bilateral orchiectomy. Oestrogenic effects were measured by blood levels of pregnancy zone protein, sex hormone binding globulin, LH, FSH and prolactin.During a follow‐up period of 6 months, estramustine phosphate and ethinyl oestradiol/polyoestradiol phosphate induced comparable changes in these proteins, suggesting comparable oestrogenic effects of these two forms of treatment in patients with prostatic carcinoma.
Radical Cystectomy and Ileocaecal Bladder Reconstruction for Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder A Study of 130 Patients
Authors: KHAFAGY M. M. , EL‐KALAWY M. , IBRAHIM A. , SAFA M. , MEGUID H. A. , BASSIONI M. 
Published: December 2008

Summary— One hundred and thirty patients underwent radical cystectomy and ileocaecal bladder reconstruction for carcinoma of the urinary bladder.The actuarial 5‐year survival rate was 45%. Local pelvic recurrence was noted in 26.3% of patients. Most of those in the series (81.9%) had perfect control of micturition. Intravenous urography performed up to 10 years post‐operatively showed preservation of renal configuration in 92.2%. The normal flow curves recorded showed that it was possible to achieve a balanced vesicourethral unit.Ileocaecal bladder reconstruction is less disabling than urinary diversion after radical cystectomy.