bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TYPIFICATION OF THE LINNAEAN SPECIES OF HYDROPHYLLUM L. (HYDROPHYLLACEAE)
Authors: Beckmann Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe nomenclatural history of Hydrophyllum L. (Hydrophyllaceae) is traced through pre‐Linnaean and Linnaean literature. Typification of the two Linnaean species, H. virginianum and H. canadense, is considered, and lectotypes are designated.
L'EVOLUTION PSEUDOCYCLIQUE DES PLANTULES DES EUPHORBIACEAE
Authors: Verdus M. C. 
Published: April 2006

RésuméPour déterminer les voies évolutives générales des plantules de la Famille des Euphorbiaceae, les germinations de 131 espèces ont été obtenues. Les caractères plantulaires ont été étudiés, spécialement la forme et la taille des cotylédons, ainsi que la structure et le trajet des faisceaux vasculaires dans les différentes parties de la plantule.En corrélation avec l'évolution des adultes (essentiellement connue d'après les travaux de Pax, Pax et Hoffmann, Hutchinson il est démontré que la taille des cotylédons évolue de façon pseudocyclique, c'est‐à‐dire que les tailles réduites des cotylédons des Phyllantheae (primitives) sont suivies par l'accroissement de la taille jusqu'aux grands cotylédons de Jatropha curcas (stade évolué), et décroissent ensuite (phase surévoluée: Euphorbia); c'est un retour apparent au type ancestral. Ce pseudocycle est corrélé avec l'évolution pseudocyclique des structures vasculaires des plantules; les Euphorbiaceae ont d'arbord 4 faisceaux hypocotylaires (type Phyllanthus), puis 8 (type Bischoffia), et ensuite leur nombre diminue à 6 (type Euphorbia hexafasciculaire) et finalement 4 (type Euphorbia tétrafasciculaire). D'autres exemples typiques d'évolution pseudocyclique ayant été trouvés (d'après Gaussen ce mécanisme phylogénétique semble avoir une certaine signification générale. Les plantules d'Euphorbia (pour les 4 sections étudiées) montrent un pseudocycle réduit inclus dans celui de la famille.
RECENT WORK ON THE HERBARIUM OF JOHN FORBES ROYLE (1799‐1858) AT MERSEYSIDE COUNTY MUSEUM (LIV.)
Authors: Harrison Stephen 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe personal herbarium of John Forbes Royle, who collected plants in the Himalayas, was rediscovered in 1952 as part of a donation to the City of Liverpool Museums. Recent work on the herbarium has shown that these specimens were examined by some of the leading botanists of Royle's period, and that they found new species in the collection, many of which were described and published.This paper reports this recent work and includes a revised list of Type Specimens contained in the herbarium.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS AND THEIR CYTOTAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE FOR NORTH AMERICAN ASTRAGALUS (FABACEAE)
Authors: Spellenberg Richard 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis study presents 126 original reports of chromosome numbers for 101 taxa of North American Astragalus; 46 are the first records for species. Chromosome numbers are now known from at least one count for slightly more than 40 % of the North American species; on a world wide basis about 80% of the species are still unknown from a single count. This study supports earlier work demonstrating the basic division between Old World species, including their close New World relatives (x = 8, euploidy common), and strictly New World lineages (x = 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, euploidy rare). Two euploids of New World relationship, A. layneae Greene and A. pictiformis Barneby, are added to the long known A. grayi Parry ex Wats.; all are 2n = 44. The number 2n = 30 is reported for the first time in New World species, being recorded for A. guatemalensis Hemsl., A. radicans Hornm., A. ervoides H. & A., A. parvus Hemsl., and A. diphacus Wats. All are Mexican species; some are considered primitive, others advanced. The chromosome number 2n = 22 is also reported for primitive species. It is proposed, therefore, that the New World species originated from a tetraploid of 2n = 32 or a hypotetraploid, evolutionary radiation in some lineages concommitant with descending aneuploidy, in other lineages with little or no change in number.
REDUCTION OF DIMENSIONALITY FOR HEURISTIC PURPOSES
Authors: Baum Bernard R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryInterpretation of numerical results in analysis of relationships between OTU's or between variables is profitably achieved when the Q or R matrix can be reduced in dimensionality. An approach is proposed, viz. transformation of the elements of the matrix such that the first few eigenvalues much increase relative to others while minimizing distortion of the matrix, for the cases when eigenvalues computed from such a matrix gradually decrease.A numerical example is given using the transformation Yij = Xijn
COBALT AND NICKEL UPTAKE BY THE NYSSACEAE
Authors: Brooks Robert R. , McCleave Judith A. , Schofield Eileen K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHerbarium specimens (375) of species of Nyssa, Camptotheca and Davidia were analyzed for cobalt and nickel. All species of Nyssa (4 from the United States and 2 from Southeast Asia) possessed a marked ability to accumulate cobalt not only in absolute terms but also relative to nickel.The mean cobalt contents of the species were sufficiently different to allow differentiation of many pairs of species. It was concluded that all species of Nyssa could be used for assessing the cobalt status of soils. Camptotheca acuminata showed a much lower uptake of cobalt than Nyssa species but this uptake was still considerably higher than in most other plants and strengthened the case for inclusion of Camptotheca in the Nyssaceae. Davidia involucrata showed no capability for accumulating cobalt to a level exceeding normal background for most vegetation: thus strengthening arguments that it should be excluded from the Nyssaceae.
VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION: A NEW BROMELIAD TAXON FROM ECUADOR
Authors: Gilmartin A. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNumerical taxonomic and classical methods are used to describe a pattern of variation within a cosmopolitan species of epiphytic bromeliad. Two distinct assemblages were recognized and each of their geographic distributions include a wide range of partially interdigitating habitats. The typical subspecies is largely coastal but ranges up the slopes of the andes. The new subspecies is mostly andean. The Massenerhebung or mountain mass effect is considered partly responsible for its distribution on isolated cerros among the hills of the coastal plains and at higher elevations within the western cordillera of the andes.
THE AUTHORITY AND DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE GENUS CASUARINA AND ITS TYPE SPECIES
Authors: Früs Ib 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is shown that the name Casuarina equisetifolia was validly published by Linnaeus in 1759. The genus was treated as monotypic, based on a plate in Rumphius' Herbarium Amboinense, and the authority of the genus is therefore also to be attributed to Linnaeus. Rumphius' name for the species, Casuarina litorea, was not accepted by Linnaeus.
CHARLES DARWIN'S NOTES ON PLANTS OF THE BEAGLE VOYAGE
Authors: Porter Duncan M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDarwin's notes on his plants collected on the voyage of H.M.S.Beagle(1831‐36) have been misplaced since the mid‐19th century. Unavailability of the notes has caused problems with the identification of his plants, and has fostered a lack of appreciation in the botanical aspects of the voyage. I report here on their rediscovery at the Cambridge University Herbarium, along with notes on the plants by J. S. Henslow and J. D. Hooker. Comparison of the Plant Notes with those for the groups of animals collected shows that they were compiled for the specialists who were to identify the specimens involved.
THE EXTENT AND SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SEASONAL VARIATION OF VOLATILE OIL COMPOSITION IN AUSTRALIAN RAINFOREST TREES
Authors: Whiffin Trevor , Hyland B. P. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPreparatory to the use of volatile oils in systematic studies of Australian rainforest trees, the extent and systematic significance of seasonal variation in volatile oil composition were studied. Monthly samples were taken from eight trees of Lauraceae, representing six genera, over a period of 14 months; three of these trees were Litsea leefeana. It was found that the patterns of variation shown by these trees over the sampling period varied between trees, and in each case appeared to be unrelated to any seasonal trend. An analysis of the variation within the three trees of Litsea leefeana showed only seven compounds varying significantly by month of sampling, while 65 varied significantly by tree. Of the former, only one compound exceeded 0.5%. These three trees remained clearly distinct in any multivariate analysis. Monthly samples taken from a tree of Syzygium canicortex (Myrtaceae) over a period of 13 months were compared with single samples from nine other trees of this species. It was found that the variation within the one tree over the seasonal sampling period was less than the variation between trees. Thus it is concluded that seasonal variation presents no problems for sampling of Australian rainforest trees for volatile oil composition, and that samples can be taken at any time of the year.
LECTOTYPIFICATION AND AUTHORSHIP OF HIBISCUS SCHIZOPETALUS (MALVACEAE)
Authors: Cheek Martin 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is argued that Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook. f. is the correct author citation and that a Kirk specimen from Mombasa is the correct lectotype for this name.Hibiscus schizopetalus, the 'fringed hibiscus' is an ornamental shrub native of E. Africa, widely and commonly cultivated throughout the tropics for its unusual and beautiful flowers. It is also used in the production of garden hybrids with H. rosa‐sinensis L.
OLIGANDRA LESS. IS LUCILIA CASS. (COMPOSITAE, INULEAE)
Authors: Freire Susana E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe monospecific genus Oligandra Less has been maintained as separate because of its heterogamous heads with female flowers outnumbering a few hermaphrodite sterile flowers. However a careful study shows Oligandra to be a synonym of Lucilia Cass. A new combination Lucilia lycopodioides (Less.) Freire is proposed, with neotype for the basionym.
COMMELINA CAROLINIANA (COMMELINACEAE): A MISUNDERSTOOD SPECIES IN THE UNITED STATES IS AN OLD INTRODUCTION FROM ASIA
Authors: Faden Robert B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCommelina caroliniana Walter is the correct name for a species that has often been confused with C. diffusa N. L. Burm. in the southeastern United States. It is lectotypified by a specimen in the Walter Herbarium. The North American plants of C. caroliniana are conspecific with plants of C. hasskarlii C. B. Clarke from India. Because C. caroliniana was published almost 100 years before Clarke's binomial, it must be taken up as the correct name for the Indian species. Commelina caroliniana was probably introduced into the United States in South Carolina with rice seed from India.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CAREX ACAULIS URV., C. BARROSII NELMES, AND C. MACROSOLEN STEUDEL (CYPERACEAE) IN AUSTRAL SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Wheeler Gerald Allen 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCarex acaulis (Cyperaceae) occurs in Patagonia and as a disjunct on East Falkland Island. Examination of the holotype reveals that some specimens previously reported as “C. acaulis” are actually referable to other taxa (e.g., C. macrosolen and C. barrosii); importantly, some specimens previously reported as “C. fuscula” are also assignable to C. barrosii. Consequently: (1) this is the first report of C. barrosii from Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands; (2) C. macrosolen is more widespread and frequently occurring in the Fuegian archipelago than previously reported; and (3) further verification is needed before C. acaulis should be included as a member of the Fuegian flora.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF DAUCUS CAROTA L. (UMBELLIFERAE)
Authors: Wijnheijmer E. H. M. , Brandenburg W. A. , Jarvis C. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe delimitation of the species Daucus carota L. is confused by the occurrence of crop‐weed complexes. As a result of a study of the Linnaean protologue and the elements on which it is based, specimen 340.1 (LINN) is designated as lectotype for Daucus carota L. Vouchers and the status of the unnamed varieties β and γ are discussed.
CHROMOSOME COUNTS FOR SOME LYTHRACEAE SENS. STR. (MYRTALES), AND THE BASE NUMBER OF THE FAMILY
Authors: Tobe Hiroshi , Raven Peter H. , Graham Shirley A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChromosome numbers of 12 genera and 13 species of the Lythraceae sens. str. were determined. Nine of 12 genera and 12 species are reported for the first time. An analysis of all published chromosome data including these new counts shows that 13 of 15 genera for which we could determine the base number have x = 8, and two remaining genera (Peplis and Lythrum) x = 5, thus confirming an earlier suggestion that the original basic number of the Lythraceae is x = 8. On the basis of evidence from chromosome number alone, Punica (x = 8) (Punicaceae) fits in well with the pattern of chromosome numbers in the Lythraceae, but Sonneratia (x = 9 or 11) and Duabanga (x = 12) (Sonneratiaceae) are more distinct and perhaps derived from a group ancestral to modern Lythraceae.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN JUNIPERUS SILICICOLA AND J. VIRGINIANA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES: MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES OF MORPHOLOGY AND TERPENOIDS
Authors: Adams Robert P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNatural populations of Juniperus silicicola were sampled from throughout the recorded range along the coast of North America. Additional populations of J. virginiana from inland sites were sampled. Morphological characters which have traditionally been used to separate the two taxa were measured along with analyses of the volatile leaf terpenoids. These data were analyzed by canonical variate analysis and contour mapping of the canonical variates. The amount of variation among inland populations of J. virginiana was comparable to the divergence of J. silicicola. The volatile leaf oils differed only quantitatively for a few components. Characters used in keys (female cone size, leaf tip shape) were not significantly different between the taxa. The populations in Texas, previously treated as J. silicicola, were found to be J. virginiana in both their morphology and chemistry. Some inter‐gradation was found between the Macon, Georgia and Brunswick, Georgia populations. The coastal, foredune juniper of the southeastern United States (J. silicicola), being circumscribed within the range of variation encountered within J. virginiana, is treated as a varietas (J. virginiana var. silicicola (Small) Silba).
POLYURETHANE FOAM: AN ALTERNATIVE PLANT PRESSING MATERIAL ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR POPULATION‐BASED STUDIES
Authors: Chmielewski J. G. , Ringius G. S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe use of polyurethane foam protects cardboard ventilators, ensures wrinkle‐free drying of planar structures and provides security for isolated plant parts in the press.
SOUTH PACIFIC PLANTS NAMED BY K. P. J. SPRENGEL IN 1807
Authors: Garnock‐Jones P. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySeventeen species and one genus of plants from New Zealand and the South Pacific were described and named by K. P. J. Sprengel in 1807. These are correctly typified by Forster specimens; consequently Sprengel's usage of several names differs from those of later authors who based their concepts of these names on Banks and Solander specimens. Where necessary and possible the names are lectotypified, and one new combination is provided: Glossogyne tannensis (Sprengel) Garnock‐Jones.
NOMENCLATURE AND RELATED TAXONOMIC ISSUES IN WHEATS, TRITICALES AND SOME OF THEIR WILD RELATIVES
Authors: Gupta P. K. , Baum B. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe problem of nomenclature and taxonomy of the generaTriticum, Aegilopsand ×Triticosecalehas been discussed. It is proposed thatAegilopsbe recognized as an independent genus and not merged withTriticum.Similarly, it is proposed that ×Triticosecalebe not treated as a nothogenus and instead treated as a monotypic genus having a new name with proper circumscription and type specimen. This new genus will include only established cultivars and the nothogenus ×Triticosecalewill continue to be used restrictively for newly produced hybrids and related breeding material which has not reached the stage of a registered cultivar.
THE TROPICAL FLORA IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Van der Hammen Thomas 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHistorical geological and historical floristic/vegetational data show an extraordinary dynamic world. Moving plates, the upheaval of mountain chains, and changes of climate and vegetation are the main elements of this dynamism. They are partly endogene, resulting from forces inside the earth, and partly exogene, resulting from direct or indirect changes of solar radiation received by the earth. The evolution and differentiation of the tropical floras and the migration of floristic elements is heavily influenced by these factors. The glacial‐interglacial climatic cycles of the last few million years had an especially profound effect on the biosphere, including the tropics. There were profound changes in vegetation, not only displacement of zones or belts, but also reordering of species, and the formation and disappearance of refugia in lowlands and mountains.
GUAYANA HIGHLANDS VERSUS GUAYANA LOWLANDS, A REAPPRAISAL
Authors: Huber Otto 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDuring the last 40 years, an impressive amount of biological, especially botanical, information concerning the Venezuelan Guayana region has been accumulated. Both the lowlands, as well as the distinctive highland mountains (‘tepuis’), evidence an outstandingly rich and diversified flora and vegetation. It has been postulated that this biological richness and the high degree of endemism are the result of long‐term and highly effective isolation suffered by the flat summit areas during extremely long geologic epochs. This static view is being challenged presently by the results of recent intensive fieldwork made in the Venezuelan Guayana. A detailed analysis of two highly evolved Guayana taxa,Stegolepis(Rapateaceae) andBonnetia(Theaceae s.l.) shows a rather uniform distribution not only in summit habitats, but also in intermediate and lowland habitats. As a whole, both genera and several related taxa prove to have occupied successfully not only the ancient summit regions of the tepuis, but also the surrounding lowlands of much more recent geomorphological origin. Palaeoecological research also supports the hypothesis that the entire Guayana Shield area has been affected by climatic oscillations during the recent past as have the nearby Andes. This implies significant past fluctuations of the altitudinal vegetation belts in the tepui area and could well explain the wide altitudinal gradient of most of the Guayana Highland taxa. Also, the presence of convergent ‘paramoid’ vegetation types on the summits of the Chimantá Massif, indicates active speciation not only at the systematic level, but especially at the ecologic level. Thus, it is proposed that the Guayana highland and lowland biota have been and still are dynamically and genetically interdependent, not only within the Guayana region itself, but also with the adjacent complex of lowland and mountain biota.
VARIATION DE LA REGION APERTURALE DANS LE POLLEN DES ANNONACEES
Authors: Le Thomas Annick 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA review of the recent numerous LM, SEM and TEM studies of the pollen of Annonaceae shows a large variation in the apertural region especially in the different layers on the sporoderm (exine and intine). It emphasizes the difficulty in defining some pollen types, like inaperturate or omniaperturate and the complexity of pollen evolution.
THE STRUCTURE OF MONOGRAPHIC DATABASES
Authors: Allkin R. , Bisby F. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTaxonomists publish information about biological organisms that is of great value to the scientific community. Unfortunately conventional texts have two shortcomings: they are commonly indexed only by scientific name and taxonomic position of the organisms described, and soon become outdated. Such indices are of little use to applied biologists whose primary interest is in accessing the descriptive information in the body of the text. Access to this information would be improved if it were stored in databases with multiple indices and which in turn could be used to publish more diverse up to date information products. Free‐text databases offer few advantages over conventional texts stored on word processor while structured database design ensures greater consistency, permits automatic checks of data integrity, and provides for flexible indexing and reliable retrieval. The design and construction of structured taxonomic databases is challenging and labour intensive. Use of such databases, however, requires limited intellectual effort or expertise and may be used effectively by the casual user.If descriptions are to be used for more than one purpose then multiple characters may be needed to define single features of organisms. Such “sister characters” differ in their information content or the phraseology of definition. Only structured databases permit users with differing needs to obtain alternative views of a single stored description. The technology now exists to incorporate visual information within taxonomic databases but visual data are subject to the same structural constraints as descriptive text. An understanding of these constraints is necessary for effective database construction and furthers our understanding of taxonomic data and taxonomic practice.
SOME REFLECTIONS ON FLORISTIC DATABASES
Authors: Gómez‐Pompa Arturo , Nevling Lorin I. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAfter 15 years of experience with Flora of Veracruz project it seems important to make an evaluation of its challenges and accomplishments. This is important because we believe it is the oldest on‐going project using computers; is the oldest floristic project initiated, directed, and financed mostly by a tropical developing country; and because it has been a success in spite of being unfinished. We have always considered the Flora of Veracruz to be an experimental flora, a place to try new ideas and techniques. Through this approach we hoped that an information and technological transfer could be possible to established or beginning floristic programs.
FIELD NOTES ON FIVE “JACKDAWS OF SCHOLARSHIP”
Authors: Ewan Joseph 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe nature and requisites of biological bibliography are reviewed. Biographical notes on five bibliographers–Jonas Dryander, G. A. Pritzel, Joseph Sabin, Alfred Rehder, and Claus Nissen–are presented. Their different backgrounds, methods, and results as related to their potential usefulness for the investigator are considered. The value of consulting bibliographies outside the field of botany, particularly zoology and travel works, is suggested for many botanical problems.
PRESERVATION OF PLANT SAMPLES FOR DNA RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS
Authors: Doyle Jeff J. , Dickson Elizabeth E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA major obstacle facing many taxonomists interested in analyzing variation at the DNA level is the preservation of their plant material, since plants are often collected far from laboratory facilities. We have studied effect of several commonly used preservation techniques on the quality of DNA isolated from preserved tissue. Chemical treatments (FAA, ethanol, Carnoy's solution, chloroformethanol) all result in DNA degradation; drying tissue, on the other hand, preserves DNA integrity, at least over a several month period. High molecular weight DNA suitable for restriction endonuclease digestion and analysis by DNA hybridization was isolated from dried leaves up to two years old. This suggests that recently‐prepared dried specimens may represent an alternative to fresh tissue in molecular plant systematic studies.