bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Panel studies in developing countries: case analysis of sample attrition over the past 16 years within the birth to twenty cohort in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Norris Shane A. , Richter Linda M. , Fleetwood Stella A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe implementation of panel studies in developing countries can prove valuable in driving evidenced‐based policies. Case analysis from panel studies in developing countries are therefore useful in offering guidance and insight to deal with the immense challenges of implementing and following‐up a panel study in a developing country. The aim of this paper is to describe the follow‐up process within Birth to Twenty (Bt20), a birth cohort study in Johannesburg, South Africa, over the past 16 years; and to outline retention strategies and insight within the context of an urban, developing country setting. The main issues considered are: attrition (periodic and absolute), movement of individuals, name changes, cohort management and lessons learned. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From marine ecology to crime analysis: Improving the detection of serial sexual offences using a taxonomic similarity measure
Authors: Woodhams Jessica , Grant Tim D. , Price Andrew R. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractJaccard has been the choice similarity metric in ecology and forensic psychology for comparison of sites or offences, by species or behaviour. This paper applies a more powerful hierarchical measure—taxonomic similarity (Δs), recently developed in marine ecology—to the task of behaviourally linking serial crime. Forensic case linkage attempts to identify behaviourally similar offences committed by the same unknown perpetrator (called linked offences). Δs considers progressively higher‐level taxa, such that two sites show some similarity even without shared species. We apply this index by analysing 55 specific offence behaviours classified hierarchically. The behaviours are taken from 16 sexual offences by seven juveniles where each offender committed two or more offences. We demonstrate that both Jaccard and Δs show linked offences to be significantly more similar than unlinked offences. With up to 20% of the specific behaviours removed in simulations, Δs is equally or more effective at distinguishing linked offences than where Jaccard uses a full data set. Moreover, Δs retains significant difference between linked and unlinked pairs, with up to 50% of the specific behaviours removed. As police decision‐making often depends upon incomplete data, Δs has clear advantages and its application may extend to other crime types. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical downscaling of precipitation for a selection of sites in Ireland employing a generalised linear modelling approach
Authors: Fealy Rowan , Sweeney John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProducing plausible outputs from statistically downscaled models of daily precipitation remains a significant challenge when producing climate scenarios for impact assessments. This challenge arises primarily as a consequence of a number of difficulties encountered when working with higher resolution daily precipitation data. Precipitation receipts at a site tend to be largely heterogeneous over space and time as local factors, such as relief, play an important role in determining whether it rains or not. More crucially from the point of view of statistical analysis, daily precipitation data is rarely, if ever, normally distributed, resulting from a high frequency occurrence of low‐fall events and a low frequency of high‐fall events. Additionally, modelling precipitation requires a two‐step procedure. First, precipitation occurrence must be modelled: then a model is fitted to precipitation quantities which describes the rainfall distribution for days on which precipitation occurs. This paper presents a technique that overcomes some of the difficulties encountered and produces plausible precipitation amounts for a selection of 14 sites in Ireland. Difficulties still exist with predicting extreme precipitation events, which tend to be underestimated by the methodology employed. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Wheat response to N2 fixed by faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as affected by sulfur fertilization and rhizobial inoculation in semi‐arid Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Habtegebrial Habtemichial Kiros , Ram Singh Bal , Aune Jens Bernt 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNitrogen fixation in faba bean (Vicia faba cv. Mesay) as affected by sulfur (S) fertilization (30 kg S ha–1) and inoculation under the semi‐arid conditions of Ethiopia was studied using the 15N‐isotope dilution method. The effect of faba bean–fixed nitrogen (N) on yield of the subsequent wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) was also assessed. Sulfur fertilization and inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) affected nodulation at late flowering stage for both 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons. The nodule number and nodule fresh weighs were increased by 53% and 95%, relative to the control. Similarly, both treatments (S fertilization and inoculants) significantly improved biomass and grain yield of faba bean on average by 2.2 and 1.2 Mg ha–1. This corresponds to 37% and 50% increases, respectively, relative to the control. Total N and S uptake of grains was significantly higher by 59.6 and 3.3 kg ha–1, which are 76% and 66% increases, respectively. Sulfur and inoculation enhanced the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere in the whole plant of faba bean from 51% to 73%. This corresponds to N2 fixation varying from 49 to 147 kg N ha–1. The percentage of N derived from fertilizer (%Ndff) and soil (%Ndfs) of faba bean varied from 4.3% to 2.8 %, and from 45.1% to 24.0%, corresponding to the average values of 5.1 and 47.9 kg N ha–1. Similarly, the %Ndff and %Ndfs of the reference crop, barley, varied from 8.5 % to 10.8% and from 91.5% to 89.2%, with average N yields of 9.2 and 84.3 kg N ha–1. Soil N balance after faba bean ranged from 13 to 52 kg N ha–1. Beneficial effects of faba bean on yield of a wheat crop grown after faba bean were highly significant, increasing the average grain and N yields of this crop by 1.11 Mg ha–1 and 30 kg ha–1, relative to the yield of wheat grown after the reference crop, barley. Thus, it can be concluded that faba bean can be grown as an alternative crop to fallow, benefiting farmers economically and increasing the soil fertility.
Differential accumulation patterns of phosphorus and potassium by canola cultivars compared to wheat
Authors: Rose Terry J. , Rengel Zed , Ma Qifu , Bowden John W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) accumulation patterns of canola (Brassica napus L.) are poorly understood, although such information is essential for determining optimal P‐ and K‐fertilizer strategies. This study investigated the patterns of P and K uptake and distribution among plant organs of three early or midmaturing canola cultivars (Tribune, Trigold, and Boomer) differing in K efficiency compared to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Nyabing). Plants were grown in a glasshouse with nonlimiting P and K supply and harvested at eight growth stages until maturity. Maximum P accumulation by all canola cultivars occurred during late flowering (GS 5,5; 84 d after sowing), whereas P accumulation in wheat plants peaked just prior to anthesis (Z59; 73 d after sowing). Maximum accumulation of K in canola cultivars Tribune and Trigold occurred 73 d after sowing (GS 4,8), but peaked earlier (61 d after sowing) in Boomer canola (GS 4,2) and Nyabing wheat (Z55). The results highlight the importance of early P and K supply to both species; however, the extended uptake of P and K by the canola cultivars Trigold and Tribune compared to wheat suggests that availability of soil P or K postflowering may be of more importance to canola than to wheat.
Relationships between desert dunes during the late Quaternary in the Lake Frome region, Strzelecki Desert, Australia
Authors: Fitzsimmons Kathryn E. , Bowler James M. , Rhodes Edward J. , Magee John M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTransverse and linear dunes near the ephemeral Lake Frome in the Strzelecki Desert of Australia provide evidence for a genetic geomorphic relationship between desert dune types. Transverse dunes, overlying palaeoshorelines, lie upwind from linear dunes. The sedimentology of both dune types is similar, suggesting reworking or downwind transport of the same source material over time. Clay pellets from several horizons within the linear and transverse dunes provide evidence for fluctuating water tables and high evaporation rates during those periods of aeolian activity, along with salt influx associated with the deflation of Lake Frome. We conclude that the nature and initiation of dune activity is controlled not only by aridity, but by local hydrology. OSL ages from both transverse and linear dunes indicate aeolian activity at 66–57 ka and 22–11 ka. Transverse dune building took place around 106–111 ka. Linear dune activity initiated at least 66 ka ago, with reactivation around 43–28 ka, followed by pedogenesis in response to humid conditions. Widespread dune reactivation from around 22 ka correlates broadly with the Last Glacial Maximum and late glacial period, consistent with evidence of cold, arid conditions and dune activity in Australia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre‐Quaternary landscape inheritance in Australia
Authors: Pillans Brad 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPalaeogeographic reconstructions indicate that parts of the Australian continent have been subaerially exposed for hundreds of millions of years. Some landforms and regolith are demonstrated to be at least 300 million years old, but their persistence at or near the surface is inconsistent with long‐term denudation rate estimates based on cosmogenic nuclides and apatite fission track thermochronology. Burial and exhumation are suggested as significant preservation factors, in conjunction with prolonged tectonic stability and a shift to more arid climatic regimes in the Cenozoic. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐chip connector valve for immunoaffinity chromatography in a microfluidic chip
Authors: Shimura Kiyohito , Koyama Yutaka , Sato Kae , Kitamori Takehiko 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA miniature valve that operates between a chip port and a tube fitting was developed. The valve functions by means of a rotor, 3 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in height, made of Teflon, with a 0.2‐mm diameter hole at its center that is co‐axial with the tube fitting. It also has a radial groove, 0.85 mm long, 0.2 mm wide, and 0.2 mm deep, at the bottom surface, starting at its center. The chip port and the tube fitting have an offset of 0.75 mm, and, thus, the rotation of the rotor can make an on and off connection between the chip port and the groove, which is connected to the tubing. The valve had a pressure resistance of at least 1.0 MPa. The on‐chip valve can be placed in position by adding only a single part, a valve rotor, and no changes in the fabrication of the glass microchip are required. Since the valve functions as a part of a connector, we refer to it as an on‐chip connector valve. Immunoaffinity chromatography of a fluorescence‐labeled recombinant antibody fragment was carried out in a glass microchip using the valves.
Strong Market Growth in 2006 – World Market for Laser Systems Reaches New Record High
Authors: Mayer Arnold 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn 2006, the world market volume of laser machining systems reached a new record high. After the record high in 2000 the market saw decreasing numbers first and recovered then in 2004 and 2005 to a level of 4.8 billion euro. In 2006 the market saw a remarkable 27 percent increase to 6.1 billion euro (Fig. 1).
In situ studies of the corrosion during drying of confined zinc surfaces
Authors: Persson D. , Mikhailov A. , Thierry D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe corrosion process during the drying out of zinc surfaces confined in crevices was studied using real time photograpy and in situ FTIR microspectroscopy. A pH‐indicator was used to visualise differences in the pH during the drying process. The distribution and the composition of the corrosion products after several wetting and drying cycles were studied with FTIR microspectroscopy and SEM‐EDS. An area with high pH formed during the drying process at the border of the electrolyte, with a zone of white corrosion products that contained zinc hydroxycarbonate in the electrolyte inside this area. A differential aeration cell is present at the border of the electrolyte, and the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction takes place close to the border of the electrolyte during the drying process. The corrosion attack and the distribution and composition of the corrosion products on the surface depend strongly on the drying process of the surface. The corrosion attack of confined surfaces was localised, with a significantly higher corrosion attack in some areas. Outside the drying front a thin layer of electrolyte formed as a result of surface tension driven flow of electrolyte from the electrolyte border. This effect was attributed to the alkaline pH of the electrolyte due to the oxygen reduction reaction at the border. A galvanic element was formed between the local cathodes in the area outside the drying front and the anode in the area with bulk electrolyte. The main corrosion products detected after several wet dry cycles were ZnO, Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 and Zn5(OH)8Cl2 · H2O, but Na2CO3 · 10H2O was also detected. The corrosion products were non‐homogeneously distributed on the surface and the distribution was related to the anodic and cathodic processes that took place in different regions on the surface during the corrosion process.
Selected Polymers that Contain Aromatic Ester Units: Synthesis, Photoreactions, and Refractive Index Modulation
Authors: Daschiel Ute , Höfler Thomas , Jakopic Georg , Schmidt Volker , Kern Wolfgang 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPhotoreactive polymers bearing aliphatic and aromatic esters of 4‐(N,N‐diphenylamino)phenol in the side chain, poly[4‐(N,N‐diphenylamino)phenyl acrylate] (P1) and poly[4‐(N,N‐diphenylamino)phenyl 4‐vinylbenzoate] (P2), are prepared from their monomers by free radical polymerization. In addition, poly[naphthalene‐1‐yl 4‐vinylbenzoate] is synthesized (P3). These materials absorb UV light up to λ = 350 nm. The polymers P1–P3 as well as low‐molecular‐weight model compounds are investigated with respect to their photoreactions under UV illumination. It is found that decarboxylation is the dominant reaction and that the photo‐Fries rearrangement occurs as a minor reaction. The fully aromatic ester units in P2 are more reactive than the ester units in P1. In the polymers, decarboxylation proceeds more efficiently than in the low‐molecular‐weight model compounds. Upon UV illumination of the polymers, large increases of the refractive index are observed (Δn450 up to +0.07). This is in agreement with the structural changes in the polymers after irradiation as calculated from group contributions to molar refraction. A preliminary investigation under 610 nm fs laser irradiation indicates that refractive index patterns can be produced by two‐photon effects (TPA). The polymers are of potential interest for applications in the field of optical waveguides.magnified image
One‐Pot Synthesis of pH‐Responsive PEGylated Nanogels Containing Gold Nanoparticles by Autoreduction of Chloroaurate Ions within Nanoreactors
Authors: Oishi Motoi , Hayashi Hisato , Uno Teppei , Ishii Takehiko , Iijima Michihiro , Nagasaki Yukio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOne‐pot synthesis of pH‐responsive PEGylated nanogels (diameter <100 nm) containing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was successfully carried out through the autoreduction of HAuCl4 with PEGylated nanogels constructed from cross‐linked poly[2‐(N,N‐diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDEAMA) core and tethered PEG chains. Transmission electron microscopy image of the nanogel containing AuNPs prepared at N/Au ratio = 8 revealed that the average number of AuNPs in a single nanogel and average diameter of the AuNPs were about 10 particles/nanogel and 6 nm, respectively. The surface plasmon band of the PEGylated nanogel containing AuNPs was shifted in response to pH, indicating that the cross‐linked PDEAMA core of the nanogels acts as not only nanoreactor but also pH‐sensitive matrix.magnified image
AN INTERPRETATION OF MARTIN‐LÖF'S CONSTRUCTIVE THEORY OF TYPES IN ELEMENTARY TOPOS THEORY
Authors: Preller Anne 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe give a formal interpretation of Martin‐Löf's Constructive Theory of Types in Elementary Topos Theory which is presented as a formalised theory with intensional equality of objects. Types are interpreted as arrows and variables as sections of their types. This is necessary to model correctly the working of the assumption x ∈ A. Then intensional equality interprets equality of types. The normal form theorem which asserts that the interpretation of a type is intensional equal to the pullback of its “alignment” along some “base” arrow relates this interpretation to categorical semantic of types.
A DIRECT PROOF OF A RESULT OF SHELAH
Authors: Weese Martin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractShelah has shown (see [1]) that the number d, the smallest cardinality of a dominating family, is less than or equal to the number i, the smallest cardinality of a maximal independent family on ω. This was done using a downward Löwenheim‐Skolem argument. Thus it is interesting to find a direct “elementary” proof. Here we show that this can be done.
FINITE REPLACEMENT AND FINITE HILBERT‐STYLE AXIOMATIZABILITY
Authors: Herrmann B. , Rautenberg W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe define a property for varieties V, thef.r.p.(finite replacement property). If it applies to a finitely based V then V is strongly finitely based in the sense of [14], see Theorem 2. Moreover, we obtain finite axiomatizability results for certain propositional logics associated with V, in its generality comparable to well‐known finite base results from equational logic. Theorem 3 states that each variety generated by a 2‐element algebra has thef.r.p.Essentially this implies finite axiomatizability of a 2‐valued logic inany finitelanguage.
A NOTATION SYSTEM FOR ORDINAL USING Ψ‐FUNCTIONS ON INACCESSIBLE MAHLO NUMBERS
Authors: Pfeiffer Helmut , Pfeiffer H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractG. Jäger gave in Arch. Math. Logik Grundlagenforsch. 24 (1984), 49‐62, a recursive notation system on a basis of a hierarchy Iαß of α‐inaccessible regular ordinals using collapsing functions following W. Buchholz in Ann. Pure Appl. Logic 32 (1986), 195‐207. Jäger's system stops, when ordinals α with Iα0 = α enter. This border is now overcome by introducing additional a hierarchy Jαß of weakly inaccessible Mahlo numbers, which is defined similarly to the Jäger hierarchy. An ordinal μ is called Mahlo, if every normal‐function f : μ → μ has regular fixpoints. Collapsing is defined for both Mahlo and simply regular ordinals such that for every Mahlo ordinal μ out of the J‐hierarchy Ψμα is a regular σ such that Iσ0 = σ. For these regular σ again collapsing functions Ψσ are defined. To get a proper systematical order into the collapsing procedure, a pair of ordinals is associated to σ and α, and the definition of Ψσα is given by recursion on a suitable well‐ordering of these pairs. Thus a fairly large system of ordinal notations can be established. It seems rather straightforward, how to extend this setting further.
QUANTIFIED MODAL LOGIC WITH NEIGHBORHOOD SEMANTICS
Authors: Waagbø Geir , Waagbø G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe paper presents a semantics for quantified modal logic which has a weaker axiomatization than the usual Kripke semantics. In particular, the Barcan Formula (BF) and its converse are not valid with the proposed semantics. Subclasses of models which validate BF and other interesting formulas are presented. A completeness theorem is proved, and the relation between this result and completeness with respect to Kripke models is investigated.
Extending Partial Orders on o‐Minimal Structures to Definable Total Orders
Authors: Macpherson Dugald , Steinhorn Charles 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt is shown that if (M, <, ⃛) is an o‐minimal structure such that (M, <) is a dense total order and ≾ is a parameter‐definable partial order on M, then ≾ has an extension to a definable total order.
Association of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and ‐9 promoter polymorphisms with colorectal cancer in Chinese
Authors: Xu Enping , Xia Xiaoping , Lü Bingjian , Xing Xiaoming , Huang Qiong , Ma Yu , Wang Wei , Lai Maode 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) and ‐9 (MMP‐9) play an important role in cancer initiation, invasion, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether common genetic variants in these two key MMPs are associated with the development and progression of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population. We detected the MMP‐2‐790T/G, ‐955A/C, ‐1575G/A, and MMP‐9‐1562 C/T polymorphisms in 126 colorectal cancer patients and matched normal controls by PCR‐denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) or PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), respectively. We found that the G/G genotype in the MMP‐2‐1575G/A polymorphism was significantly increased in colorectal cancer patients than in the controls (odds ratio (OR), 1.96; 95% CI, 1.06–3.64). Colorectal cancers with G/G genotype were more common with serosa/adventitia layer involvement than those with G/A + A/A genotypes (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in distribution of the MMP‐2‐790T/G, ‐955A/C, and MMP‐9‐1562 C/T polymorphisms or haplotype of MMP‐2 SNPs between patients and controls. Our results suggest that the presence of ‐1575G allele in the MMP‐2 promoter region may be of significance in the assessment of colorectal cancer risk and invasive potential. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased risk of essential tremor in first‐degree relatives of patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rocca Walter A. , Bower James H. , Ahlskog J. Eric , Elbaz Alexis , Grossardt Brandon R. , McDonnell Shannon K. , Schaid Daniel J. , Maraganore Demetrius M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe conducted a historical cohort study of 981 first‐degree relatives of 162 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and of 838 first‐degree relatives of 147 controls representative of the population of Olmsted County, Minnesota. In addition, we studied 2,684 first‐degree relatives of 411 patients with PD referred to the Mayo Clinic. Relatives were interviewed and screened for tremor either directly or through a proxy, and those who screened positive were examined or copies of their medical records were obtained to confirm the diagnosis of essential tremor (ET). We also obtained ET information from a medical records‐linkage system (family study method). In the population‐based sample, the risk of ET was significantly increased for relatives of patients with onset of PD ≤ 66 years (first tertile; hazard ratio [HR] = 2.24; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.26–3.98; P = 0.006). In the referral‐based sample, the risk of ET among relatives increased with younger onset of PD in patients (linear trend; P = 0.001), and was higher in relatives of PD patients with the tremor‐predominant or mixed form when compared with relatives of patients with the akinetic‐rigid form, and in men compared with women. These findings suggest that PD and ET may share familial susceptibility factors. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society