bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bilingualism in International Baccalaureate programmes, with particular reference to international schools
Authors: Carder Maurice 
Published: March 2006

English Students successfully completing an International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma course of study may, under certain conditions, be awarded a Bilingual Diploma. Since many students in international schools may be expected to be bilingual, and bilingualism, properly nurtured, has been shown to have metalinguistic and cognitive advantages, it would be advantageous for bilingualism to be a common thread through the IB Primary Years Programme (PYP), Middle Years Programme (MYP) and Diploma Programme (DP), and to be suitably acknowledged and rewarded. This article will investigate the treatment of bilingualism in the IB, give a background to research showing the advantages of well-nurtured bilingualism and make recommendations for amendments. French Les élèves qui passent avec succès le Programme du diplôme du BI peuvent, sous certaines conditions, se voir attribuer un diplôme bilingue. De nombreux élèves d'établissements scolaires internationaux sont censés être bilingues. De plus, il a été démontré que le bilinguisme, lorsqu'il est correctement développé, revêt des avantages métalinguistiques et cognitifs. Par conséquent, il serait bénéfique que le bilinguisme soit un dénominateur commun entre le Programme primaire (PP), le Programme de premier cycle secondaire (PPCS) et le Programme du diplôme et qu'il soit reconnu et récompensé en tant que tel. Cet article étudie la place du bilinguisme dans les programmes de l'IBO, donne un cadre à la recherche montrant les avantages du bilinguisme lorsqu'il est correctement développé et propose certains changements à apporter. Spanish Los alumnos que completan el Programa del Diploma de IBO pueden aspirar a un diploma bilingüe si cumplen ciertos requisitos. Muchos alumnos de los colegios internacionales suelen ser bilingües. Dado que se ha demostrado que el bilingüismo ofrece una serie de ventajas cognitivas y metalingüísticas si se estimula de forma apropiada, podría resultar beneficioso que constituyera una característica común a los tres programas de IBO y que, a su vez, se reconociera y recompensara adecuadamente. En este artículo, la autora analiza el tratamiento del bilingüismo por parte de IBO, proporciona una base para la investigación al mostrar las ventajas del bilingüismo estimulado de la forma apropiada y propone ciertas modificaciones.
A Catholic View of Methodist—Catholic Dialogue
Authors: Puglisi James 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe author takes a critical look at the results of the Methodist–Catholic international dialogue from a Roman Catholic point of view. His approach is to examine the methodology used at the different stages of the dialogue. He then considers two positive developments of the dialogue by looking at the theology of the Holy Spirit that evolves and then leads to a theology of the Church. The pneumatological and ecclesiological dimensions are evaluated to be the strongest results of these dialogues.
Methodists and Roman Catholics: Bilateral Dialogue in a Multilateral Context
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWritten from the viewpoint of a long-time participant on the Methodist side, this article traces the course of the dialogue between the World Methodist Council and the Roman Catholic Church since its inception in 1967. After the rather scattered process of the introductory and exploratory early rounds, a more cohesive approach began with the pneumatologically oriented Honolulu Report of 1981. The focus sharpened to ecclesiology with the task the Commission set itself in the Narobi Report of 1986, ‘Towards a Statement on the Church’. Consequently, the following three rounds were occupied at the level of fundamental theology with ‘revelation and faith’, ‘the apostolic tradition’ and ‘teaching authority’. On those bases, the Commission then returned to the questions of how (far) each partner might recognize ‘the Church’ in the other and, as will be seen in the forthcoming Seoul Report of 2006, what each might offer and receive in the ‘exchange of gifts’ that, according to Pope John Paul II's encyclical Ut Unum Sint (1995), should mark ecumenical dialogue along with the ‘exchange of ideas’. The present article locates the dialogue between Methodists and Roman Catholics on the broader ecumenical scene and shows how some of the features of Methodist ecumenism are analogously pertinent also to Anglicans and to Lutherans in their respective self-understandings and in their relations with the Roman Catholic Church.
The Indwelling Spirit and the Agency of the Church: A Lutheran Perspective on the Catholic—Methodist International Dialogue
Authors: Root Michael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA Lutheran perspective on the Catholic–Methodist dialogue is complex, sometimes agreeing with one, sometimes with the other, and sometimes with neither. The dialogue is to be commended for integrating diverse elements and holding to the ecumenical goal of visible unity. While the dialogue discusses justification in language not typical of much twentieth-century Lutheran theology, its language is congruent with that of the Reformation itself. The most important issue raised from a Lutheran perspective by the dialogue is the interaction of human and divine agency in the mediation of salvation. Lutheran theology tends to distinguish sharply between divine and human agency and authority. The dialogue raises the question whether this distinction holds in such a sharp form in light of the incarnation and the outpouring of the Spirit. The issue comes to a focus in differing attitudes toward historical developments in the church.
Third-order Optical Nonlinearities of Asymmetric Carbocyanine Dyes
Authors: Ikeda Hidetsugu , Sakai Toshio , Kawasaki Kenji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Asymmetric carbocyanine dyes were synthesized and their third-order optical nonlinearities in solutions were investigated by using degenerate four-wave mixing technique. Large third-order hyperpolarizabilities of electronic origin up to 10−28 esu were observed and the advantage of asymmetric structures was demonstrated.
Synergy between Stable Carbonates and Yttria in Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Methane
Authors: Dubois Jean-Luc , Cameron Charles J 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The use of yttria as an oxidative coupling of methane catalyst leads to relatively high carbon monoxide selectivity. This behavior, identical to that found with thoria, is believed to be due to the absence of carbonate formation and the stability of surface superoxide on these two oxides. The addition of high temperature stable alkaline earth carbonates decreases CO synthesis activity while increasing overall catalytic activity.
Synthesis and Characterization of a 2,4-Pentanedione-3-selenolato Pt(II) Complex. Oxidation Reaction of Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(O) with 2,2,4,4-Tetraacetyl-1,3-diselenetane
Authors: Yamazaki Shinsaku 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A new Pt(II) complex of 2,4-pentanedione-3-selenolatedianion(Se-ac), [Pt(Se-ac-O, Se)(PPh3)2], has been prepared by reacting tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(O) with 2,2,4,4-tetraacetyl-1,3-diselenetane. The complex has been characterized from IR, 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
Amphiphilic Block Copolymer-Horseradish Peroxidase Aggregate as a New Polymer-Enzyme Hybrid in Organic Solvents
Authors: Naka Kensuke , Ohki Akira , Maeda Shigeru 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Aggregate of an amphiphilic block copolymer (1) derived from 2-oxazolines and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was prepared by mixing 1 and an enzyme in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Resulting polymer-HRP aggregate showed significantly enhanced activity compared with native HRP in chloroform and in benzene. Kinetic studies showed the major effect of the enhanced activity in chloroform was caused by an increase in catalytic activity, Vmax.
Observation of Large Orientation Effect on Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Rigid Porphyrin–Quinone Compounds
Authors: Sakata Yoshiteru , Tsue Hirohito , Goto Yasushi , Misumi Soichi , Asahi Tsuyoshi , Nishikawa Shinya , Okada Tadashi , Mataga Noboru 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In order to understand the mutual orientation effect in photosynthetic electron transfer, two different kinds of quinone-linked porphyrins 1 and 2 with fixed orientation were synthesized. In the two compounds only orientation is different among various factors which control electron transfer. It has been found that the electron transfer of 1 is faster than 2 by a factor of nine.
A Convenient Synthesis of 1,3-Dithiane Derivatives by Reaction of 4-Methyl-1,3-dithiane-2-thione with Grignard Reagents and Butyllithium
Authors: Sugawara Akira , Sugawara Ryuichi , Ito Hirokazu , Tanaka Hiroshi , Segawa Toru , Sato Ryu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The reaction of 4-methyl-1,3-dithiane-2-thione with alkyl Grignard reagents or butyllithium (BuLi) at room temperature gave 2-alkyl-4-methyl-1,3-dithianes in good yields. High yields of 2-alkyl-2-butylthio-4-methyl-1,3-dithianes and 2,2-dialkyl-4-methyl-1,3-dithianes were obtained by treatment with BuLi at −78 °C and room temperature followed by alkylation with alkyl halides, respectively.
Orientation of Linear π-Conjugated Poly(2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diyl), Poly(2,5-thienylene) and Poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl) on Substrates
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Mori Chiaki , Wakayama Hiroyuki , Zhou Zhen-hua , Maruyama Tsukasa , Ohki Rokuro , Kanbara Takaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Linear π-conjugated poly(2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diyl) and poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl) form oriented thin layer film with their c-axes (the polymer chain axes) essentially perpendicular to the surface of carbon and gold substrates when deposited under vacuum, whereas they and poly(2,5-thienylene) are arranged along the direction of rubbing on the surface of rubbed polyimide substrate.
Calculation of Contribution of Coupling between π–π* and n–π* Transitions to Rotational Strength in Circular Dichroism Spectra
Authors: Mizutani Tadashi , Nakashima Ruka 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The explicit expression for the rotational strength in circular dichroism spectra arising from the coupling between π–π* and n–π* transitions was obtained based on the perturbation approximation applied to Gaussian wavefunctions.
NMR Studies of Conformation of Viologen-appended β-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Ikeda Hiroshi , Du Yi-qun , Nakamura Asao , Toda Fujio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The conformation of viologen-appended β-cyclodextrin was studied by the combination of some kinds of NMR spectroscopic techniques. The long axis of viologen moiety directs approximately perpendicular to the z-axis of β-cyclodextrin but deviates from the center of cavity. Viologen moiety faces the glucopyranose unit B. Its conformational change after making inclusion complex was also studied.
Solvent Dependency in Regioselective Ring Openings of 3,4- and 2,3-Epoxy Alcohols with Diethylamine Hydrohalides
Authors: Gao Lian-xun , Murai Akio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Titanium-mediated ring openings of 3,4-epoxy-1-ols at the 4-position with diethylamine hydrohalides proceeded efficiently in dichloromethane, while the requisite openings of 2,3-epoxy-1-ols at the 3-position in benzene.
Infrared Spectrum of Nitro(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)(piperidine)cobalt(III)
Authors: Yamamoto Kenichi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The infrared (IR) spectrum of nitro(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)(piperidine)cobalt(III) is measured in the 2000–500 cm−1 region. The band at 1420 cm−1 is assigned as the asymmetric stretching vibration of the nitro group.
Model Compounds for Fe- or Mn-containing SOD and Their SOD-like Function
Authors: Nishida Yuzo , Watanabe Izumi , Unoura Kei 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
We have found that several iron(III) and manganese(II) complexes with tripodal-like ligands exhibit high SOD-like function, whereas the function was not observed for complexes with planar tetradentate Schiff base ligands. The origin of the above fact was discussed in relation to their structural features.
Organic Iodide Aided Carbonylation of Terminal Acetylenes with Palladium Catalyst
Authors: Torii Sigeru , Okumoto Hiroshi , Sadakane Masahiro , Xu Long He 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Carbonylation of various terminal acetylenes in the presence of a catalytic amount of organic iodides or amine•HI salt and palladium complexes was found to produce 2-substituted acrylamides in good yields under mild conditions (5 atm, 120 °C, 6 h).
Structural Effects on Photochemical Intermolecular Cycloaddition of Phenanthrenecarboxylic Lactones. Dual Collapse Processes of an Exciplex Leading to Cycloadducts
Authors: Itoh Hiroki , Maruyama Syuji , Fujii Yoshiharu , Senda Yasuhisa , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
On irradiation with (E)-anethole in benzene 10-hydroxymethyl-9-phenanthrenecarboxylic lactone (STL) gave an intermolecular [2+2] cycloadduct, a cyclobutane derivative, while 8-hydroxymethyl-9-phenanthrenecarboxylic lactone (SCL) afforded both of a cyclobutane with the same conformation and an olefinic product derived from an oxetane precursor, the carbonyl adduct. The formation of cycloadducts of highly different structures in SCL was ascribed to competitive collapse of the involved exciplex to the products.
Doubly-Strapped Porphyrins as Useful Building Blocks for Selectively Metallated Oligoporphyrins
Authors: Osuka Atsuhiro , Nagata Toshi , Maruyama Kazuhiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Metallation of a porphyrin ring was completely suppressed by introducing two (CH2)10 “straps” on the both sides of the porphyrin ring. Di- and triporphyrins with one “doubly-strapped” ring were quantitatively converted to the partially metallated product with the metal-free strapped ring. These doubly-strapped porphyrins will be useful for synthesis of selectively metallated oligoporphyrins.
High Catalytic Activities of Pseudoliquid Phase of Dodecatungstophosphoric Acid for Reactions of Polar Molecules
Authors: Nishimura Toru , Okuhara Toshio , Misono Makoto 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A solid H3PW12O40 exhibited very high catalytic activities for the reactions of polar molecules in the liquid phase, while it was much less active for the reactions of nonpolar molecules. It was confirmed that the pseudoliquid phase behavior of H3PW12O40 is responsible for the high activities.
Synthesis of Methyl-branched 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxycyclohexanone Derivatives via 6-Deoxyhex-5-enopyranosides
Authors: Sato Ken-ichi , Sakuma Shogo , Nakamura Yutaka , Yoshimura Juji , Hashimoto Hironobu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Seven novel methyl-branched 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexanone derivatives were prepared in good yields by Ferrier reaction via corresponding key intermediates: 6-deoxyhex-5-enopyranosides.
Intra-ion-pair Electron Transfer Mechanism for Photolysis of Diphenyliodonium Salt Sensitized by 9,10-Dmethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate Counteranion
Authors: Naitoh Kazuhiko , Yamaoka Tsuguo , Umehara Akira 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Diphenyliodonium 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate is photochemically dissociated to give 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonic acid. The dissociation is considered to proceed via an intra-ion-pair electron transfer from 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene moiety to iodonium moiety. The counteranion acts as both spectral sensitizer for diphenyliodonium ion and precursor for photo-acid generator.
Basic Sites on Alkali Ion-added Zeolite
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Yagi Fuyuki , Hattori Hideshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The X type zeolites containing alkali ions in excess of ion exchange capacity exhibited high catalytic activity for 1-butene isomerization; the reaction proceeded at 273 K. Temperature programed desorption (TPD) of adsorbed CO2 confirmed that strongly basic sites were generated by addition of alkali ions. Alkali metal oxides formed in the zeolite cavities are considered to possess strongly basic sites and to act as the catalytic sites.
Preparation, Characterization, and X-Ray Structure Studies of Tertiary Phosphine Coordinated Molybdenocene
Authors: Ito Takashi , Tokunaga Tadayuki , Minato Makoto , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Cp2MoH(OTs) (Cp = η-C5H5, Ts = p-CH3C6H4SO2), which was prepared from Cp2MoH2 by its treatment with TsOH in EtOH, reacted with tertiary phosphines and phosphite to give cationic [Cp2MoH(PR3)]+TsO− where R = Ph, Et, OEt, Cy, and Bun. Deprotonation of the latter with NaOH in EtOH afforded Cp2Mo(PR3); X-ray structure (R = Bun) and some reactions including those with alkyl halides and with H2 to revert to Cp2MoH2 of which were studied.
A New Methodology for the Construction of Chiral 4-Benzyl-2-furanone via C2-Symmetric Bis-Radical Intermediate
Authors: Takano Seiichi , Ohashi Kazuko , Sugihara Takumichi , Ogasawara Kunio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A new methodology leading to optically pure 4-benzyl-2-furanone has been developed by employing intramolecular reaction intervening C2-Symmetric bis-radical intermediate derived from diethyl (L)-tartrate.
Preparation of Group-6 Metal(0) Carbonyl Complexes of Chelate Type Containing Diphosphinidenecyclobutene as a Bidentate Ligand
Authors: Toyota Kozo , Tashiro Katsuya , Yoshifuji Masaaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
(E,E)-3,4-Bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenylphosphinidene)-1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutene was allowed to react with the group-6 metal(0) carbonyls to give stable tetracarbonyl complexes of chelate type, where the metal is chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten.
Stereoselective Dioxygenolysis of a Tryptophan Derivative Catalyzed by a Manganese Porphyrin Bound to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Sagawa Takashi , Ishida Hitoshi , Urabe Kenji , Ohkubo Katsutoshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Stereoselective dioxygenolyses of the pyrrole ring in N-acetyl-l(+)- and d(−)-tryptophan methyl esters have been performed with a manganese porphyrin covalently bound to bovine serum albumin; the enantioselective ratio has achieved to 1.63 (kL/kD) in 18 vol% THF/H2O (pH 9.3) under an O2 atmosphere at 298 K.
Photo-Switched Current through Bilayer Lipid Membrane Containing Spirobenzopyran
Authors: Toyama Shigeru , Nakamura Asao , Ueno Akihiko , Toda Fujio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The current through the bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) formed from glyceryl-1-monoolein (GMO) and spirobenzopyran with a long alkyl chain (1) increased upon UV light irradiation and decreased upon subsequent irradiation of visible light during the voltage application. This photoinduced increase in the current suggests that defects in BLM are formed as pass ways for ions associated with the conformational change of 1.
Synthesis and Metastable Structure of New Photochromic Spiroindolinobenzothiopyrans
Authors: Hirano Masafumi , Miyashita Akira , Nohira Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Photochromic spiroindolinobenzothiopyrans having a methacryloxymethyl group have been prepared and their colored forms were demonstrated to be a zwitterionic structure on the basis of the spectroscopic data.
Enhanced p-Terphenyl-Catalyzed Photoreduction of CO2 to CO through the Mediation of Co(III)–Cyclam Complex
Authors: Matsuoka Shinjiro , Yamamoto Kiichi , Pac Chyongjin , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Efficient p-terphenyl-catalyzed photoreduction of CO2 to carbon monoxide can be achieved by combination with Cobalt3+–cyclam (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane) as an electron mediator in organic solvent.
Ferromagnetic Interaction in Oxalato Bridged Cu(II) Complex with Zigzag Chain Structure
Authors: Oshio Hiroki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Magnetic susceptibility study on a zigzag chain complex [Cu(ox)(bpy)]·2H2O bridged by oxalates has revealed that the complex is a ferromagnetic S = 1/2 Heisenberg linear chain (J = +1.22 cm−1 and g = 2.185), and magnetization experiment at 2.0 K has revealed that spin multiplicity (S) is greater than 3/2.
Mesomorphic Phase Transitions of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-n-dodecylphenyl)porphyrin
Authors: Shimizu Yo , Miya Masaru , Nagata Akira , Ohta Kazuchika , Matsumura Ayao , Yamamoto Iwao , Kusabayashi Shigekazu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The title compound was found to exhibit two phases between the isotropic liquid and crystalline ones. The phase transition enthalpies and entropies were typical for those of discotic mesogens, though the two phases are highly viscous but not brittle. The X-ray diffraction study indicated the two phases have discotic lamellar structures with slight difference each other.
Tris(ethylenedithio)- and Tris(1,2-benzodithio)-substituted Trimethylenemethanes
Authors: Sugimoto Toyonari , Ikeda Kaoru , Yamauchi Jun 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Trimethylenemethanes substituted with three ethylenedithio or 1,2-benzodithio groups were generated by electrochemical reduction of the corresponding dication salts, and investigated by ESR. For the latter diradical the triplet ESR spectrum was observed and the temperature dependence of the signal intensity established the ground triplet state. The ESR spectrum of the former diradical could not be detected because of its high reactivity so as to allow ring-closure to the methylenecyclopropane.
The Absolute Stereochemistry of Okamurallene and Its Congeners, Halogenated C15 Nonterpenoids from the Red Alga Laurencia intricata
Authors: Suzuki Minoru , Kondo Hidemasa , Tanaka Isao 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The absolute stereochemistry of okamurallene and the related metabolites, unusual C15 nonterpenoid bromoallenes from the red alga Laurencia intricata Lamouroux, were established by X-ray crystallographic analysis as well as chemical and spectral evidence.
Cyclodextrin-Promoted Radical Cyclization of o-(2-Propenyloxy)- and o-(2-Propynyloxy)benzenediazonium Ions
Authors: Fukunishi Koushi , Shimode Mitsuo , Hisamune Rie , Akita Makoto , Kuwabara Masaki , Yamanaka Hiroki , Nomura Mototeru 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Radical dediazoniation of o-(2-propenyloxy)- and o-(2-propynyloxy)benzenediazonium ions in the presence of β-cyclodextrin gives selectively dihydrobenzofurans under N2, while hydroxymethylated dihydrobenzofurans and 3-hydroxymethyl-benzofuran under air, respectively.
Stabilization Energy of the Catalytic Core of the Tetrahymena Ribozyme
Authors: Sugimoto Naoki , Sasaki Muneo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The stabilization energy of a catalytic core of the Tetrahymena ribozyme has been calculated according to a nearest-neighbor model for RNA duplex formation. The results suggested that the high activity of the mutant ribozyme lacking the P9 region was due to the formation of a stabilized secondary structure by the approach between the active and substrate-binding sites.
Hydrogen Species Adsorbed on an Sm2O3 Catalyst Observed by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Sakata Yoshihisa , Imamura Hayao , Tsuchiya Susumu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The characteristic hydrogen species adsorbed on a well-outgassed Sm2O3 surface at 300 K are observed by infrared spectroscopy. The infrared bands of these species were observed at 822 cm−1 and 714 cm−1.
A Composite Ru–Pt Catalyst for 2-Propanol Dehydrogenation Adoptable to the Chemical Heat Pump System
Authors: Ito Eri , Yamashita Masaru , Hagiwara Shigeji , Saito Yasukazu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Synergetic promotion was observed for 2-propanol dehydrogenation with a composite Ru–Pt/carbon catalyst, prepared by NaBH4 reduction of mixed metal chlorides adsorbed on active carbon in an aqueous solution. Metal crystallites were less than 2 nm in size. The pronounced rate is promising as the catalyst for the heat pump system.
A Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of α-Glucosides from 1-O-Acetyl Glucose by Use of Tin(IV) Chloride–Silver Perchlorate Catalyst System
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Takashima Tohru , Katsurada Manabu , Aizawa Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of tin(IV) species generated from tin(IV) chloride and silver perchlorate, 1-O-acetyl-d-glucose stereoselectively reacts with silyl alkoxides to give the corresponding α-glucosides in high yields.