bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of time of implanting zeranol on the growth of suckling steer calves
Authors: GREATHEAD K D 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThree groups of beef steer calves were implanted in 1983 with 36 mg of zeranol at 2 months or 4.5 months age or at both these ages, and their growth rates were compared with an untreated group. At approximately 8 months age in December the 3 implanted groups were heavier than the control group by 14.6 kg (P<0.05), 23.4 kg and 22.1 kg (P<0.01). At peak animal weights recorded in March the differences were 18.7 kg (P< 0.05), 31.3 kg and 31.0 kg (P<0.01). In June 1984, following loss of weight by the steers, differences between the implanted groups and the control groups had declined to 7.7 kg (P<0.05), 19.4 kg (P<0.01) and 21.1 kg (P<0.001), differences similar to those recorded approximately 3 months after implantation.It is concluded that higher weight gains resulted from implanting suckling calves at 4.5 months of age, than by implanting calves at 2 months of age, and that implanting suckling calves twice is unlikely to be any better than implanting them once at 3 to 6 months age. Part of the maximal response can be lost if steers subsequently lose weight.
Pathogenicity studies with a strain of fowl adenovirus serotype 8 (VRI‐33) in chickens
Authors: REECE R L , BARR D A , GRIX D C 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYExperiments were undertaken to study the pathogenesis of VRI‐33, a strain of fowl adenovirus serotype 8 isolated from the liver of a broiler chicken with inclusion body hepatitis. A 30% death rate resulted from oral infection of one‐day‐old specific pathogen free chickens with 106 plaque forming units of VRI‐33. Chickens 10, 14, 21 and 28 days of age did not die following infection via natural routes but there were some motalities following infection via parenteral routes. Immunodepression by neonatal cyclophosphamide treatment, followed by infection with VRI‐33 via non‐parenteral routes, caused varying degrees of hepatitis with basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes. The mortality rate of cyclophosphamide‐treated, VRI‐33 infected chickens, was not significantly altered by post‐infection temperature stress. Infection with infectious bursal disease virus, followed by infection with VRI‐33 via natural routes at 14 days of age, was not associated with mortalities.
Experimentally induced lactic acidosis in the goat
Authors: CAO G R , ENGLISH P B , FILIPPICH L J , INGLIS S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLactic acidosis was produced experimentally twice in each of 4 adult, female goats, by giving sucrose orally at the rate of 18 g/kg bodyweight. Changes in pH, osmolality, lactic acid concentration, and other constituents in ruminal fluid, plasma and blood were monitored over a period of 48 h. Also changes in urinary pH and sediment were examined. To ameliorate the metabolic disturbance, calcium hydroxide and bicarbonate treatment was employed after the 24 h samples had been collected and their acid‐base status determined. A feature of the disturbance in the goats was that a metabolic alkalosis preceded the onset of lactic acidosis.
Growth response of steer calves treated with zeranol, oestradiol 17β or progesterone‐oestradiol benzoate implants before and after weaning
Authors: SAWYER G J , CASEY R H , BARKER D J 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThis experiment compared the growth response of untreated steer calves with those given a iong acting oestradiol‐silicone rubber implant or implants of zeranol or oestradiol‐progresterone pellets either singly, or repeated after 79 days. The experiment extended through the 6 weeks prior to weaning at 8 months of age, 5 weeks of grazing oat stubble and a 16‐week finishing phase on a feedlot. The oestradiol‐silicone rubber implant was the only product to significantly increase weight gains compared to controls (0.69 vs 0.52 kg/head/day, 18.2% advantage) in the pre‐weaning phase. All anabolic agents produced higher weight gains ranging from increases of 0.16 to 0.19 kg/head/day (18.2–21.6%) above controls in the first 60 days of the feedlot phase. Responses did not differ significantly among the products and were the same whether or not steers had been previously implanted. Lower planes of nutrition in the late suckling and post‐weaning periods were accompanied by smaller and non‐significant responses to both the short acting anabolics, zeranol and oestrogen‐progesterone, compared to the increased weight gains of steers given oestradiol‐silicone rubber implants. Implanting with oestradiol in a silicone rubber matrix resulted in similar increases in weight gain both before and during the feedlot phase. This may have been due to the implant maintaining a continuously high level of circulating anabolic agent for the 190 days of the experiment.
Detection of K88 and K99 fimbrial antigens on Escherichia coli by coagglutination
Authors: MURRAY C J 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCoagglutination was used to detect K88 and K99 fimbrial antigens on Escherichia coli, and results were compared to an enzyme immuno assay (EIA). When pili suspensions were tested by both methods, 28 of 66 cultures were shown to have K88 and 11 of 31 cultures had K99 antigens. No pili suspensions were positive by coagglutination that were not positive by EIA. Testing of cell suspensions gave equivalent results to pili suspensions for K99 when tested by coagglutination. Two cell suspensions reacted with the K88 coagglutination which could not be confirmed by testing of pili suspensions, while a further 20 out of 43 cultures gave equivalent results with both cell and pili suspensions for K88 when tested by coagglutination. Aust Vet J 64: 239–240
Paracetamol toxicity in a cat
Authors: ILKIW J E , RATCLIFFE R C 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYParacetamol, a common human analgesic, is potentially fatal in the cat unless specific therapy is started early. A cat two and one half years old was referred for treatment 14 h after paracetamol had been administered (173 mg/kg). The cat was moribund and cyanotic and subsequently became anaemic and icteric. Treatment consisted of N‐acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid and DL‐methionine to decrease toxic effects of the paracetamol and intravenous fluids, blood transfusion and amoxycillin as supportive treatment. The cat recovered clinically during the following 12 days, but some laboratory abnormalities were still present 3 weeks later.
Immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin‐containing cells in the reproductive tracts of rams naturally infected with Brucella ovis
Authors: FOSTER R A. , LADDS P W , HUSBAND A J , HOFFMANNS D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Thirteen rams with serological evidence of Brucella ovls exposure (CFT of 1:8 or greater), but with no or only mild epididymitis, were selected from a ram flock. Serum, semen, preputial washings and fluids from the accessory sex glands (ASGF) and testis and epididymis (TEF) were examined and immunoglobulin (lg) concentrations estimated. Genital tissues were examined histologically and the percentages of class specific immunoglobulin containing cells (ICC) determined. Eleven of these rams had histological evidence of active inflammation consistent with B. ovis infection; the organisam was cultured from the semen of 7.IgA concentration was high in semen (mean ± standard deviation of 5.03 ± 1.78 mg/ml) and ASGF (9.18 ± 7.28 mg/ml). These levels were much higher than those recorded in noninfected rams. IgA concentration was low in serum (0.78 ± 0.55 mg/ml) and TEF (0.59 ± 0.78 mg/ml). The concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, and IgM were low in all genital fluids sampled and not significantly different from those recorded in noninfected rams. This indicated that infection with B. ovis results in a pronounced IgA response in secretions, mostly from the accessory sex glands. Examinations of ICC, however, revealed that the plasma cell infiltrates of the epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla and seminal vesicle were predominantly IgG‐containing (92.4, 97.2, 79.4 and 91.9% respectively). Fewer IgM‐containing cells were scattered throughout these tissues, constituting 3.9, 6.3, 0.3 and 6.5% of all ICC, respectively. IgA‐containing cells were most frequently seen in the ampulla (9.6% of ICC) where they were located directly beneath the epithelium, suggesting the ampulla as the most prominant location for the local production of IgA. These results indicate that although the tissue ICC response was predominantly IgG, IgA was selectively transferred into secretions with the exclusion of most IgG and IgM. ICC percentages in bulbourethral and prostate glands, and beneath pelvic urethral and preputial epithelia, were similar to those found in noninfected rams.
An evaluation of the efficacy of cordial for preventing post‐weaning diarrhoea in pigs
Authors: PATON M W , MERCY A R , WALLACE J F 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An evaluation of the efficacy of a commercial crystalline cordial concentrate for preventing post‐weaning diarrhoea (PWD) and improving weight gains in pigs following weaning, was carried out in 3 herds using 861 pigs. The incidence of PWD in pigs drinking the cordial was reduced in 2 herds and its severity was reduced in one of these. There was no effect on either incidence or severity in the other herd.The pigs given cordial consumed considerably more water per day and less feed per day than pigs drinking plain water during the 10‐day supplementation period. There was no improvement in average daily gain or feed conversion ratio attributable to adding cordial to drinking water in any of the herds. In one herd the growth rate of pigs receiving cordial was actually depressed during the supplementation period. There was no reduction in mortality or in number of treatments given for diarrhoea in pigs receiving cordial.
Bovine leptospirosis: Microbiological and histological findings in cattle slaughter
Authors: SKILBECK N W , FORSYTH W M , DOHNT M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Kidneys from cattle at slaughter wee examined for the presence of leptospires. Of 218 (8.3%) kidneys leptospires were isolated from 18; all were identified as Leptosplra interrogans serovar hardjo. None of the leptospire‐infected kidneys had histopathological lesions indicative of leptospirosis and leptospires were demonstrated in only 2 by immunogold silver staining.Leptosplres in fected kidnevs remained viable for at least 21 days when stored at 4° but became non‐viable within 14 days when stored frozen at −15°.
The pathogenesis and treatment of osteomyelitis and laminitis in a stallion after the prolonged topical application of formalin to the distal phalanx
Authors: DART AJ , PASCOE RR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A 12‐year‐old Quarterhorse stallion was presented with a severe lameness in the left forefoot. There was a 3cm diameter cavity in the sole that extended to the solar surface of the distal phalanx. Radiographs revealed an osteomyelitis and a sequestrum which probably developed following the prolonged topical application of 10 percent formalin. The sequestrum was removed and the infected bone curetted under general anaesthesia. The horse was shod with heart bar shoes on both front feet 7 days after the surgery. Eight months later, radiographs showed marked rotation of the distal phalanx despite continual shoeing with heart bar shoes. Surgical resection of the dorsal wall of the hoof at the toe removed the pressure applied by the laminar wedge, and combined with the stabilising and supporting action of the heart bar shoe, permitted realignment of the distal phalanx approximately 30 degrees closer to the normal skeletal axis by 26 days post‐operatively.This case highlights some of the recent developments in the treatment of laminitis and suggests that effective treatment is possible if the value of the animal warrants the time and investment.
Canine congenital portosystemic encephalopathy
Authors: MADDISON JE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The case records of 21 dogs with congenital portosystemic encephalopathy are reviewed. The disorder was most common in Australian cattledogs (blue heelers; 8 cases), Old English sheepdogs (3 cases) and Maltese terriers (3 cases). Extra‐hepatic shunts occurred in small breeds, with the exception of 1 cattledog, while intra‐hepatic shunts occurred in the medium to large breeds.The most common clinical pathology abnormalities were abnormal ammonia tolerance, mild to moderate increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase or alkaline phosphatase concentrations, decreased total serum protein concentrations, increased fasting ammonia concentrations and ammonium biurate crystalluria.Radiological examination revealed that all the dogs had a small liver. The kidneys were enlarged in 5 of 10 dogs in which kidney size could be estimated.Surgical ligation of an extra‐hepatic shunt was successful in 2 of 4 dogs in which it was attempted. Medical management resulted in alleviation of clinical signs in 5 of 8 dogs. The period of successful treatment ranged from a few months to over a year.
Chemotherapy of paramphistornosis in sheep
Authors: ROLFE P F , BORAY J C 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Controlled trials were used to assess the efficacy of various anthelmintics against immature and adult paramphistomes in 75 experimentally or naturally infected sheep.Albendazole (20 mg/kg), praziquantel (10 mg/kg), nitroxynil (10 mg/kg) triclabendazole (10 and 100 mg/kg), profenophos (25 mg/kg) and netobimin (15 mg/kg) had little or no activity against adult or immature fluke. Niclosamide at 100 mg/kg had high efficacy (99%) against intestinal fluke but none against adult fluke. A 2‐ tertiary‐butyl benzthiazole compound (CGA 72630) at 25 mg/kg and resorantel at 65 mg/kg had very high efficacy against both adult and immature fluke in the rumen and small intestine respectively.The efficacy of other anthelmintics which have been used against paramphistomes in sheep is reviewed.
Calving rates of Brahman and Brahman‐cross cows to fixed‐time insemination after treatment with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin and intravaginal progesterone
Authors: MUNRO R K 
Published: March 2008

Summary: In 2 experiments involving 151 non‐lactating and 107 lactating Brahman or Brahman‐cross cows, the effects of progesterone treatments (PRID) of 2 durations (7 ⊻ 14 days) and injections of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) at 3 doses (O ⊻ 375 ⊻ 750 IU) were examined. All cows were inseminated with frozen/thawed semen 54 to 58 and 70 to 74 hours after PRID removal. Calving rates of non‐lactating cows (38%) were unaffected by breed or treatment but were higher in previously cyclic than acyclic cows (44%⊻ 19%, P < 0.025) and in cows which exhibited oestrus after treatment (52%⊻ 23%, P < 0.001). Calving rates of lactating cows were not affected by these factors but were affected by treatment; PMSG produced no significant effect after a 7‐day PRID treatment (33% overall) but increased calving rates after 14‐day PRID treatments (22%⊻ 46%⊻ 37% for 0, 375 and 750 IU respectively, P < 0.10).Comparisons of calving rates of lactating cows treated with 14‐day PRID and PMSG and artificially inseminated, and untreated naturally mated cows, showed that treatment significantly increased the proportion of cows conceiving in the first 35 days of the mating period (50%⊻ 23%, P < 0.025). The results show that treatment with PRID for 14 days and PMSG can overcome post‐partum anoestrus in lactating Brahman and Brahman‐cross cows leading to significant reductions in the calving to conception interval.
Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo is not a major cause of bovine abortion in Victoria
Authors: CHAPPEL RJ. , MILLAR BD. , ADLER B. , HILL J. , JEFFERS MJ. , JONES RT. , McCAUGHAN CJ. , MEAD LJ. , SKILBECK NW. 
Published: March 2008

The aim of this study was to determine whether evidence could be obtained of foetal infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in aborted foetuses collected from dairy farms. Material from 197 abortions occurring over a wide area of Victoria was collected over 3 years. None of 195 foetal kidney cultures or 7 cultures from membranes was positive for lep‐tospiral organisms. Immunogold silver staining for leptospires was performed on sections of kidneys, lungs or heart from 156 foetuses, with negative results. Evidence of transient lep‐tospiral infection in 11 of 123 foetuses was obtained by foetal heart blood serology.Two isolates of L. interrogans serovar hardjo were obtained from the urine of milking cows. These strains were examined by restriction endonuclease analysis and both were shown to be of the genotype Hardjobovis, as have been all Australian isolates studied so far.It appears that foetal infection with serovar hardjo is not associated with any substantial proportion of bovine abortions in Victoria, in contrast to the situation in Northern Ireland. The apparent absence from Victoria of the pathogenic genotype Hardjoprajitno is a possible explanation.
Virulence and transmissibility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Authors: SOERIPTO  , WHITHEAR KG , COTTEW GS , HARRIGAN KE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe virulence of 4 low passage strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum obtained from different sources within Australia was studied by experimental infection of chickens. Strain Ap3AS, originally isolated from the air sac of a broiler chicken, produced severe air sac lesions following injection into the abdominal air sacs of 2‐week or 3‐week‐old chickens, and adult hens. Strain 80083 which was isolated from a clinically normal broiler breeder hen was also capable of producing gross air sac lesions following intra‐abdominal (IA) injection, although it did so less consistently than strain Ap3AS. Strain 82078 isolated from a layer hen and strain QXO which was isolated from a turkey were also moderately pathogenic in terms of the incidence and severity of lesions elicited following IA injection. Strains Ap3AS and 80083 both caused a substantial loss of egg production over a 5 week period after IA infection of 27‐week‐old hens. Neither strain Ap3AS nor 80083 caused gross lesions or loss of egg production when administered alone into the upper respiratory tract. However, when inoculated into the conjunctival sac in combination with the Vic S strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains Ap3AS and 80083 produced identical clinical signs of conjunctivitis. The mean numbers of M. gallisepticum in tracheal washings were significantly higher 2 weeks after infection in the group receiving strain 80083 in combination with IBV than in the group infected with strain Ap3AS and IBV (p<0.01). However, the latter group had significantly more mycoplasma in tracheal washings 2 weeks after infection that did the groups infected with either 80083 or Ap3AS strains without IBV (p<0.01). There were no significant differences between any 2 groups in the numbers of mycoplasma in tracheal washings taken at one, 3, 4 or 5 weeks after infection. Strain 80083 was substantially less pathogenic after 50 passages in broth medium and after 100 passages it was almost completely apathogenic when inoculated into the air sacs of susceptible chickens.Susceptible groups of birds placed in contact with chickens during acute phase infection with strain 80083 had M. gallisepticum serum antibody as soon as 4 weeks later. In an equivalent group exposed to strain Ap3AS, 16 weeks elapsed before M. gallisepticum antibody was detected. M. gallisepticum was isolated from 20 out of 61 (32.8%) fertile eggs laid by hens infected intra‐abdominally with strain 80083. Egg transmission was not detected in any embryo derived from hens infected intra‐abdominally with strain Ap3AS.
Immunoglobulin containing cells in normal and inflamed accessory sex glands of bulls
Authors: CAMPERO CM , LADDS PW , HOFFMANN D. , DE'ATH G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) technique was used to identify cytoplasmic immunoglobulins in the accesssory sex glands of 15 normal bulls and 13 bulls with inflammation of the ASG. Immunoglobulin containing cells (ICC) of the types IgA, IgM, total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 were measured and their percentages expressed. In accessory sex glands from normal bulls, IgA containing cells were the most frequent in prostate and bulbourethral glands (86.7% and 86.1%, respectively of all ICC present) whereas in the ampulla, IgG containing cells comprised 78.6% of the ICC. IgG, and IgG2 containing cells were present in all the accessory sex glands in approximately equal numbers. Frequencies of IgM containing cells in the ampulla, prostate and bulbourethral glands were 6.3%, 4.0% and 3.7%, respectively. Although all isotypes of ICC were present in the seminal vesicle, the very low number precluded accurate quantification. In inflamed ampulla, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland and colliculus seminalis, IgG containing cells were the most frequent ICC with values of 66.2%, 83.0%, 69.0% and 53.5%, respectively; IgA containing cells were the second in prevalence with values of 21.5%, 10.3% 19.3% and 40.5%, respectively. The contribution of ICC to the locally protective immunoglobulins in accessory sex gland secretions is discussed.
A positive association between resistance to ovine footrot and particular lymphocyte antigen types
Authors: OUTTERIDGE PM , STEWART DJ , SKERMAN TM , DUFTY JH , EGERTON JR , FERRIER G. , MARSHALL DJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe distribution of 12 Class I ovine lymphocyte antigens (OLA) was examined in 4 flocks of sheep vaccinated against and/or challenged with Bacteroides nodosus, the transmitting agent of footrot.In a flock of 47 Corriedales in New Zealand, which had been specially bred for resistance to footrot, a higher frequency (70.2%) of OLA type SY6 was found compared with 42.9% in 49 unselected Corriedale sheep (P = 0.001) The serum antibody response of 12 selected Corriedale ewes was compared with that of 12 unselected ewes of the same age after vaccination with a multivalent footrot vaccine and the selected ewes had significantly (P = 0.01) higher agglutinin titres than the unselected ewes, 7 weeks after vaccination.In 3 trials involving 108, 120 and 135 Australian Merinos in Victoria, SYlb was associated with a reduction in the number of feet affected with severe footrot (P = 0.05, P = 0.01, P = 0.02) and in 2 of the trials there was a relationship between SY6 and high vaccinal agglutinin titres. This SY6 effect was evident in the first trial 31 days after primary vaccination (P = 0.05) and again 20 days later after secondary vaccination (P = 0.01). In the second trial, when the sheep were vaccinated 49 days after challenge, an association was again found between SY6 and high agglutinin titres (P = 0.05) after primary but not after secondary vaccination.Exposure of 157 vaccinated Merino rams to B. nodosus during a footrot outbreak in New South Wales also showed an association between low infection and SY6 and SYlb.Field challenge of 130 Merino wethers in another independent trial again showed significant associations between low footscore and SYlb at 4 weeks (P = 0.05), 7 months (P = 0.02) and 12 months (P = 0.05) after challenge.The results suggest that lymphocyte antigen type is a significant factor in the susceptibility or resistance of sheep to footrot and the evidence reported here implies that SY6 is associated with high responsiveness to vaccination and SYlb with resistance to footrot.