bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature effects on the development of Enteromyxum spp. (Myxozoa) in experimentally infected tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes (Temminck & Schlegel)
Authors: Yanagida T , Sameshima M , Nasu H , Yokoyama H , Ogawa K 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe effects of water temperature on the development of the enteric myxosporeans, Enteromyxum fugu and Enteromyxum leei, were investigated in experimentally infected tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes. After naïve tiger puffer were fed gut tissue infected with both E. fugu and E. leei, they were divided into separate tanks and kept at different constant temperature regimes between 10 and 25 °C. Regardless of the water temperature tested, E. fugu was consistently detected with a high prevalence of infection (60–100%), although no sporulation occurred at 10 and 15 °C. Development of E. leei and the onset of disease were suppressed by low water temperatures (<15 °C). However, a temperature increase to 20 °C promoted the development of E. leei, followed by an increase of disease rate in the fish. The present study demonstrates that water temperatures below 15 °C have an inhibitory effect on the development of E. fugu and E. leei, resulting in suppression of enteromyxosis at low temperatures.
Direct‐to‐consumer advertising of pharmaceuticals: developed countries experiences and Turkey
Authors: Semin Semih , Aras Şahbal , Guldal Dilek 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWhile several major problems concerning drugs occur in the world, the attempts to direct‐to‐consumer advertising (DTCA) has gained a considerable impetus lately in both developed and developing countries. DTCA has increasingly become an appealing advertising alternative for the pharmaceutical industry as drug companies have come to wrestle with such problems as the expansion of the drug market; the decline of the medical representatives’ work efficiency; drug reimbursement restrictions; and the escalating role of the Internet in the consumer market. Some of the main disadvantages of the DTCA are: increasing drug expenditures, unnecessary drug consumption and adverse effect risks. Even though the influence of pharmaceuticals on health services and the economy hold the same importance in the developed and developing countries, its negative consequences have increased by encompassing developing countries in its grip. Therefore, in this review, using Turkey as an example, the situation of direct‐to‐consumer advertisements in developing countries is analysed in relation with developed countries.
Pollen competition reduces inbreeding depression in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae)
Authors: LANKINEN Å. , ARMBRUSTER W. S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe tested two predictions of the hypothesis that competition between self‐pollen may mitigate negative genetic effects of inbreeding in plants: (1) intense competition among self‐pollen increases offspring fitness; and (2) pollen competition reduces the measured strength of inbreeding depression. We used Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae), an annual with a mixed mating system, to perform controlled crosses in which we varied both the size of the pollen load and the source of pollen (self vs. outcross). Fitness of selfed offspring was higher in the high pollen‐load treatment. Our second prediction was also upheld: inbreeding depression was, on average, lower when large pollen loads were applied (11%) relative to the low pollen‐load treatment (28%). The reduction was significant for two fitness components relatively late in the life‐cycle: number of surviving seedlings and pollen‐tube growth rate in vitro. These findings suggest that intermittent inbreeding, which leads to self‐fertilization in plants with genetic loads, may select for traits that enhance pollen competition.
Investigating Müllerian mimicry: predator learning and variation in prey defences
Authors: IHALAINEN E. , LINDSTRÖM L. , MAPPES J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractInexperienced predators are assumed to select for similarity of warning signals in aposematic species (Müllerian mimicry) when learning to avoid them. Recent theoretical work predicts that if co‐mimic species have unequal defences, predators attack them according to their average unpalatability and mimicry may not be beneficial for the better defended co‐mimic. In this study, we tested in a laboratory environment whether a uniform warning signal is superior to a variable one in promoting predator learning, and simultaneously whether co‐mimics are preyed upon according to their average unpalatability. There was an interaction of signal variation and unpalatability but inexperienced birds did not select for signal similarity in artificial prey; when the prey was moderately defended a variable signal was even learnt faster than a uniform one. Due to slow avoidance learning, moderately defended prey had higher mortality than highly defended prey (although this was not straightforward), but mixing high and moderate unpalatability did not increase predation compared with high unpalatability. This does not support the view that predators are sensitive to varying unpalatability. The results suggest that inexperienced predators may neither strongly select for accurate Müllerian mimicry nor affect the benefits of mimicry when the co‐mimics are unequally defended.
Fatigue crack propagation assessment based on residual stresses obtained through cut‐compliance technique
Authors: GHIDINI T. , DONNE C. Dalle 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTCrack growth rate versus crack length curves of heavily overloaded parent material specimens and fatigue crack propagation curves of friction‐stir‐welded aluminium samples are presented. It is shown that in both cases the residual stresses have a strong effect on the crack propagation behaviour under constant and variable amplitude loading. As a simplified engineering approach, it is assumed in this paper, that in both cases residual stresses are the main and only factor influencing crack growth. Therefore fatigue crack propagation predictions are performed by adding the residual stresses to the applied loading and by neglecting the possible effects of overloading and friction stir welding on the parent material properties. For a quantitative assessment of the residual stress effects, the stress intensity factor due to residual stressesKresis determined directly with the so‐called cut‐compliance method (incremental slitting). These measurements are particularly suited as input parameters for the software packages AFGROW and NASGRO 3.0, which are widely used for fatigue crack growth predictions under constant and variable amplitude loading. The prediction made in terms of crack propagation rates versus crack length and crack length versus cycles generally shows a good agreement with the measured values.
Pattern design for women with disproportionate figures: a case study for Swaziland
Authors: Zwane Pinkie E. , Magagula Nomsa A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMajority of women with a bottom‐heavy figure profile are dissatisfied with the current clothing sizes sold in retail outlets. They rely on custom‐made clothing or alterations after purchasing an outfit or purchasing different sizes of the same style and colour for the top and bottom. Development of proper‐fitting slopers/basic patterns was the purpose of this study. A sloper is a basic or master pattern with comfort ease but without seam allowances that is used to make other styled patterns. A descriptive research design was utilized in this study. Evaluations of ‘fit’ were conducted on the standard and developed slopers, and also on test garments made from the respective slopers. There was a substantial difference on the waist and hip measurements of the standard and new slopers. Test garments made from developed slopers had a better fit on models than those made from standard slopers. Hence, the models were satisfied with the new slopers. Because the sample was small, this study may be replicated using a larger sample size in order to generalize the results. Apparel manufacturers need to consider the development of suitable slopers for different body types in manufacturing clothes that fit and not only for the proportionate figure.
The critical‐size supraalveolar peri‐implant defect model: characteristics and use
Authors: Wikesjö Ulf M. E. , Susin Cristiano , Qahash Mohammed , Polimeni Giuseppe , Leknes Knut N. , Shanaman Richard H. , Prasad Hari S. , Rohrer Michael D. , Hall Jan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjective: Novel implant technologies and reconstructive therapies for alveolar augmentation require pre‐clinical evaluation to estimate their biologic potential, efficacy, and safety before clinical application. The objective of this report is to present characteristics and use of the critical‐size, supraalveolar, peri‐implant defect model.Methods: Bilateral extraction of the mandibular premolars was performed in 12 Hound Labrador mongrel dogs following horizontal surgical cut‐down of the alveolar ridge approximating 6 mm. Each jaw quadrant received three custom‐produced TiUnite™, ∅4.0 × 10 mm threaded implants placed into osteotomies prepared into the extraction sites of the third and fourth premolars. The implants exhibited a reference notch 5 mm from the implant platform to facilitate surgical placement leaving 5 mm of the implant in a supraalveolar position, and to serve as a reference point in the radiographic, histologic and histometric analysis. The implants were submerged under the mucoperiosteal flaps for primary intention healing. Fluorescent bone markers were administered at weeks 3 and 4 post‐surgery, and pre‐euthanasia. The animals were euthanized following an 8‐week healing interval when block biopsies were collected for analysis.Results: Healing was generally uneventful. The radiographic and histometric evaluations demonstrate the limited osteogenic potential of this defect model. Whereas lingual peri‐implant sites exhibited a mean (±SE) bone gain of 0.4±0.1 mm, resorption of the buccal crestal plate resulted in a mean bone loss of 0.4±0.2 mm for an overall osteogenic potential following sham‐surgery averaging 0.0±0.1 mm. Overall bone density and bone–implant contact in the contiguous resident bone averaged 79.1±1.1% and 76.9±2.3%, respectively.Conclusion: The results suggest that the critical‐size, supraalveolar, peri‐implant defect model appears a rigorous tool in the evaluation of candidate technologies for alveolar reconstruction and osseointegration of endosseous oral implants. Limited innate osteogenic potential allows critical evaluation of osteogenic, osteoconductive, or osteoinductive technologies in a challenging clinical setting.
Effect of triclosan/copolymer‐containing toothpaste on the association between plaque and gingival bleeding: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Müller H. P. , Barrieshi‐Nusair K. M , Könönen E. , Yang M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAim:To study longitudinal associations between plaque and gingival bleeding and multilevel variance/covariance structures after introducing triclosan‐containing toothpaste.Material and Methods:A 10‐week, randomized, two‐arm, double‐masked, controlled clinical trial was conducted in 34 healthy, non‐smoking females with plaque‐induced gingivitis. Clinical periodontal examinations were repeated every other week. At week 4, test toothpaste containing 0.24% sodium monofluorophosphate, 0.3% triclosan, and 2% polyvinyl–methyl ether maleic acid; or control toothpaste containing 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate and 0.1% sodium fluoride, were randomly distributed.Results:Multivariate multilevel models indicated that, after introducing experimental toothpastes, subject random error was reduced from 0.6 to below 0.2. The odds ratio (OR) of bleeding on probing (BOP) was about 30% less in the test than in the control group (p<0.01). At the end of the experiment, ORs for BOP and plaque index scores 1–3 (reference 0) were 2.1–2.4 in the control group, but 1.1–1.9 in the test group (p<0.05). No effects on plaque levels and calculus were observed.Conclusions:Multivariate multilevel modelling allows the study of fixed and random effects of experimental toothpastes on gingival inflammation in small sample. Triclosan appears to attenuate the causal association between supragingival plaque and gingival bleeding in gingivitis.
Scaling and root planing and chlorhexidine mouthrinses in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Faveri Marcelo , Gursky Lauren Christine , Feres Magda , Shibli Jamil Awad , Salvador Sergio Luiz , De Figueiredo Luciene Cristina 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjective: Evaluation of the clinical and microbiological effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) alone or in combination with 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) rinsing.Methods: A blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐design, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 29 subjects with chronic periodontitis. Subjects were assigned to two therapeutic groups: control (SRP+placebo) and test (SRP+CHX during and up to 42 days post‐therapy). Clinical and microbiological [N‐benzoyl‐dl‐arginine‐2‐naphthylamide (BANA test)] examinations were performed at baseline, 42 and 63 days post‐therapy.Results: Initially, intermediate sites (4–6 mm) in the test group showed less plaque accumulation, gingival bleeding, bleeding on probing and a greater reduction in attachment level and probing depth (PD) at 63 days after treatment. The initially deep sites (>6 mm) in the CHX group also showed a better reduction in plaque accumulation and in PD compared with the control group. Both therapies led to a microbiological improvement; however, the test subjects showed a higher frequency of BANA‐negative sites after treatment, which was sustained over time (p<0.001). At 63 days, the control group presented 25 BANA‐negative sites and 65 positive sites, and the test group 58 and 26, respectively.Conclusion: The combination of CHX rinses and SRP leads to clinical benefits and to a better reduction in BANA‐positive species.
Characterization of Mahogunin Ring Finger‐1 expression in mice
Authors: Bagher Pooneh , Jiao Jian , Owen Smith C. , Cota Christina D. , Gunn Teresa M. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryMutations in mouse Mahogunin Ring Finger‐1 (Mgrn1) were first recognized for their effect on agouti‐mediated pigment‐type switching. Mgrn1 null mutants are completely black and develop spongiform degeneration of the brain. Mgrn1 hypomorphs have dark fur but do not develop neurodegeneration. We characterized a new Mgrn1 hypomorphic allele caused by a gene‐trap insertion. Mice homozygous for this mutation are slightly darker than non‐mutant animals. They show reduced overall expression of Mgrn1 and two of the four normal Mgrn1 isoforms are replaced by β‐GEO fusion proteins that differ from the normal proteins at their carboxy termini. To investigate the role of different Mgrn1 isoforms in pigment‐type switching, we used quantitative relative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to examine their expression in the skin of Mgrn1 mutant and control mice. Most Mgrn1 mutants produce little or no normal Mgrn1 in the skin. Mgrn1 null mutant mice overexpressing isoform I or III, which are normally absent or weakly expressed in adult skin, had normal agouti‐banded hairs. Our results indicate that reduced levels of MGRN1 cause the pigmentation phenotypes of Mgrn1 mutant mice and that there are no significant differences in the function of the four MGRN1 isoforms in pigment‐type switching.
GIBBS MEASURES FOR SOS MODELS ON A CAYLEY TREE
Authors: ROZIKOV U. A. , SUHOV Y. M. 
Published: September 2006

We consider a nearest-neighbor solid-on-solid (SOS) model, with several spin values 0, 1,…, m, m ≥ 2, and zero external field, on a Cayley tree of order k (with k + 1 neighbors). The SOS model can be treated as a natural generalization of the Ising model (obtained for m = 1). We mainly assume that m = 2 (three spin values) and study translation-invariant (TI) and "splitting" (S) Gibbs measures (GMs). (Splitting GMs have a particular Markov-type property specific for a tree.) Furthermore, we focus on symmetric TISGMs, with respect to a "mirror" reflection of the spins. [For the Ising model (where m = 1), such measures are reduced to the "disordered" phase obtained for free boundary conditions, see Refs. 9, 10.] For m = 2, in the antiferromagnetic (AFM) case, a symmetric TISGM (and even a general TISGM) is unique for all temperatures. In the ferromagnetic (FM) case, for m = 2, the number of symmetric TISGMs and (and the number of general TISGMs) varies with the temperature: this gives an interesting example of phase transition. Here we identify a critical inverse temperature, [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text], there exists a unique symmetric TISGM μ* and [Formula: see text] there are exactly three symmetric TISGMs: [Formula: see text] (a "bottom" symmetric TISGM), [Formula: see text] (a "middle" symmetric TISGM) and [Formula: see text] (a "top" symmetric TISGM). For [Formula: see text] we also construct a continuum of distinct, symmertric SGMs which are non-TI.Our second result gives complete description of the set of periodic Gibbs measures for the SOS model on a Cayley tree. A complete description of periodic GMs means a characterisation of such measures with respect to any given normal subgroup of finite index in the representation group of the tree. We show that (i) for an FM SOS model, for any normal subgroup of finite index, each periodic SGM is in fact TI. Further, (ii) for an AFM SOS model, for any normal subgroup of finite index, each periodic SGM is either TI or has period two (i.e. is a chess-board SGM).
Primary Glioblastomas Express Mesenchymal Stem-Like Properties
Authors: Tso Cho-Lea , Shintaku Peter , Chen James , Liu Qinghai , Liu Jason , Chen Zugen , Yoshimoto Koji , Mischel Paul S. , Cloughesy Timothy F. , Liau Linda M. , Nelson Stanley F. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer. Recent isolation and characterization of brain tumor-initiating cells supports the concept that transformed neural stem cells may seed glioblastoma. We previously identified a wide array of mesenchymal tissue transcripts overexpressed in a broad set of primary glioblastoma (de novo) tumors but not in secondary glioblastoma (derived from lower-grade) tumors, low-grade astrocytomas, or normal brain tissues. Here, we extend this observation and show that a subset of primary glioblastoma tumors and their derived tumor lines express cellular and molecular markers that are associated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and that glioblastoma cell cultures can be induced to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineage-like cell types. These findings suggest either that a subset of primary glioblastomas derive from transformed stem cells containing MSC-like properties and retain partial phenotypic aspects of a MSC nature in tumors or that glioblastomas activate a series of genes that result in mesenchymal properties of the cancer cells to effect sustained tumor growth and malignant progression. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(9):607–19)
Honokiol Potentiates Apoptosis, Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis, and Inhibits Invasion through Modulation of Nuclear Factor-κB Activation Pathway
Authors: Ahn Kwang Seok , Sethi Gautam , Shishodia Shishir , Sung Bokyung , Arbiser Jack L. , Aggarwal Bharat B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRecent reports have indicated that honokiol can induce apoptosis, suppress tumor growth, and inhibit angiogenesis. In this report, we found that honokiol potentiated the apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and chemotherapeutic agents, suppressed TNF-induced tumor cell invasion, and inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, all of which are known to require nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Honokiol suppressed NF-κB activation induced by a variety of inflammatory stimuli, and this suppression was not cell type specific. Further studies showed that honokiol blocked TNF-induced phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation of IκBα through the inhibition of activation of IκBα kinase and of Akt. This led to suppression of the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 and NF-κB-dependent reporter gene expression. Magnolol, a honokiol isomer, was equally active. The expression of NF-κB-regulated gene products involved in antiapoptosis (IAP1, IAP2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, cFLIP, TRAF1, and survivin), proliferation (cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase-2, and c-myc), invasion (matrix metalloproteinase-9 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor) were also down-regulated by honokiol. Honokiol also down-regulated NF-κB activation in in vivo mouse dorsal skin model. Thus, overall, our results indicate that NF-κB and NF-κB-regulated gene expression inhibited by honokiol enhances apoptosis and suppresses osteoclastogenesis and invasion. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(9):621–33)
Binuclear μ-Perchlorato Complexes of Alkaline Earth Metal Ions Studied by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and DFT Calculations
Authors: Kanzaki Ryo , Umebayashi Yasuhiro , Asada Mitsunori , Ishiguro Shin-ichi , Matsumoto Taisuke , Wakisaka Akihiro 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Metal-ion clusters involving alkaline earth metal and perchlorate ions, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) have been studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Three types of metal-ion clusters, [M(DMF)n]2+, [M(ClO4)(DMF)n]+, and [M2(ClO4)3(DMF)n]+ (M = Mg, Ca, and Sr) are found. It is proposed on the basis of DFT calculations that the metal ion in the [M2(ClO4)3(DMF)6]+ clusters is six-coordinated with three μ-ClO4− ions and three DMF molecules.
Encapsulation of Ferricytochrome c into the Nanoparticle Made from a Natural Polysaccharide: Schizophyllan
Authors: Kasuga Mika , Shimada Naohiko , Takeda Yoichi , Shinkai Seiji , Sakurai Kazuo 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A novel protein/polysaccharide complexation was found when unfolded ferricytochrome c (Cyt-c) was mixed with denatured schizophyllan (SPG) and the renaturation of both protein and polysaccharide was carried out simultaneously. Upon the complexation, the Q band was split, indicating that ferric Cyt-c was converted into the ferrous state. The changes in circular dichroism and fluorescence from tryptophan showed that the entire protein conformation was drastically deformed.
Regioselective Synthesis of Benzazetines and Indoles from Alkenylanilides and Dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Takeshita Itsuki , Yasuda Takumi , Shioji Kosei 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Regioselective synthesis of benzazetines and indoles from o-alkenylanilides was achieved. The reaction of o-vinylbenzanilide with dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DMTST) gave the corresponding benzazetine in 92% yield, whereas the reaction of o-vinyl-N-p-toluenesulfonylanilide gave N-tosylindoline in 77% yield. 3-Methy-N-p-tosylindole was directly synthesized by the reaction of o-isopropenyl-N-p-tosylanilide with dimethyl disulfide and methyl triflate in 85% yield.
Ionic Control of Droplet Motion
Authors: Ban Takahiko , Fujii Takahiro , Kurisaka Kazunari , Shioi Akihisa 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
We demonstrate that an aqueous droplet containing calcium ions undergoes rhythmical oscillation in an organic phase containing a surfactant of phosphate group. The same oil/water interface exhibited the self-pulsing of the electrical potential. The patterns for the rhythmical oscillation and the self-pulsing were dramatically affected by the cation species.
Microwave-assisted Fabrication and Characterization of BaCO3 Nanorods
Authors: Ma Ming-Guo , Zhu Ying-Jie , Zhu Jie-Fang , Cheng Guo-Feng 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
BaCO3 nanorods have been successfully prepared by the microwave-assisted method at 90 °C using Ba(NO3)2 and (NH4)2CO3 in the presence of NaOH or hexamethylenetetramine ((CH2)6N4) in ethylene glycol. The heating time and type of alkali played an important role in the size and morphology of BaCO3.