bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenological growth stages of the persimmon tree (Diospyros kaki)
Authors: GARCÍA‐CARBONELL S , YAGÜE B , BLEIHOLDER H , HACK H , MEIER U , AGUSTÍ M 
Published: July 2006

SummaryDetailed crop‐specific descriptions and codes are presented for the growth stages of the persimmon tree, contributing to the standardisation of national and international testing systems in fruit growing. Based on the general BBCH‐scale, the codes describe growth stages using a two‐digit numerical system and differentiate between principal and secondary growth stages to allow separation of developmental steps. Growth stages for bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturity are described. A feature of the system is that homologous stages of different crops are presented by the same codes.
Effects ofRuta graveolensleaves on soil characteristics and on seed germination and early seedling growth of four crop species
Authors: OLIVA A , LAHOZ E , CONTILLO R , ALIOTTA G 
Published: July 2006

SummaryEffects of rue (Ruta graveolens) leaves on soil characteristics and on germination and seedling growth of four crop species (radish, zucchini, cauliflower and tomato) were investigated. Soil not previously associated with rue was mulched and amended with its fresh leaves. The objectives of the present study were to determine: (i) the changes in soil chemical characteristics after addition of rue leaves, (ii) the growth responses in soils treated with R. graveolens leaves, and (iii) whether the soil chemistry changes affect plant growth. Results indicate that soil incorporated with rue leaves had higher values of water‐soluble phenolics, electrical conductivity and nitrate, and lower pH values compared to untreated soil. Seed germination of radish and tomato was suppressed in covered and amended soils compared to control soil. Seedling development for all the species was suppressed in incorporated and amended soil, compared to the rue‐free soil. Correlations between soil chemical characteristics, germination and seedling growth of plants are also discussed.
Use of Picard and Newton Iteration for Solving Nonlinear Ground Water Flow Equations
Authors: Mehl Steffen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study examines the use of Picard and Newton iteration to solve the nonlinear, saturated ground water flow equation. Here, a simple three‐node problem is used to demonstrate the convergence difficulties that can arise when solving the nonlinear, saturated ground water flow equation in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems with and without nonlinear boundary conditions. For these cases, the characteristic types of convergence patterns are examined. Viewing these convergence patterns as orbits of an attractor in a dynamical system provides further insight. It is shown that the nonlinearity that arises from nonlinear head‐dependent boundary conditions can cause more convergence difficulties than the nonlinearity that arises from flow in an unconfined aquifer. Furthermore, the effects of damping on both convergence and convergence rate are investigated. It is shown that no single strategy is effective for all problems and how understanding pitfalls and merits of several methods can be helpful in overcoming convergence difficulties. Results show that Picard iterations can be a simple and effective method for the solution of nonlinear, saturated ground water flow problems.
An Approximated Harmonic Balance Method for Nonlinear Vibration of
Viscoelastic Structures
Authors: Boutyour El Hassan , Daya El Mostafa , Azrar Lahcen , Potier-Ferry Michel 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In this paper, we deal with the nonlinear vibration of viscoelastic shell structures. Coupling an approximated harmonic balance method with one mode Galerkin’s procedure, one obtains an amplitude equation depending on two complex coefficients. The latter are determined by solving a classical eigenvalue problem and two linear ones. To show the applicability and the validity of our approach, the amplitude-frequency and the amplitude loss factor relationships are illustrated for a sandwich plate with a viscoelastic central layer and a viscoelastic circular ring.
Shape Memory Alloys Cyclic Behavior: Experimental Study and
Modeling
Authors: Malécot P. , Lexcellent C. , Foltête E. , Collet M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Shape memory alloys (SMA) are good candidates for being integrated in composite laminates where they can be used as passive dampers, strain sensors, stiffness or shape drivers. In order to improve the SMA modeling and develop the use of these alloys in structural vibration control, better understandings of cyclic behavior and thermal dissipation are needed. The present study investigates experimentally the cyclic behavior of SMA and more particularly, the influence of strain rates on three different materials. The thermal dissipation aspect is also studied using an infrared camera. A phenomenological model based on the RL model (Raniecki, B., Lexcellent, C., 1994, “RL Models of Pseudoelasticity and Their Specification for Shape Memory Solids.” Eur. J. A/Solids, 13, pp. 21–50) is then presented with the intention of modeling the behavior’s alterations due to the cycling. By introducing the thermodynamic first principle, a study of the heat equation is developed in order to predict the temperature evolution during a cyclic tensile test. Furthermore, in order to model the damping effect created by the hysteresis phenomenon and the stiffness variation due to the phase transformation, an equivalent nonlinear complex Young’s modulus is introduced. This notion usually used for viscoelastic materials is adapted here to SMA. Moreover, the impact of cycling on the equivalent modulus is presented. As a conclusion, a numerical results panel obtained with the phenomenological cyclic SMA model, the heat equation, and the equivalent complex Young modulus is presented.
Use of Inverse Solutions for Residual Stress
Measurements
Authors: Schajer Gary S. , Prime Michael B. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
For most of the destructive methods used for measuring residual stresses, the relationship between the measured deformations and the residual stresses are in the form of an integral equation, typically a Volterra equation of the first kind. Such equations require an inverse method to evaluate the residual stress solution. This paper demonstrates the mathematical commonality of physically different measurement types, and proposes a generic residual stress solution approach. The unit pulse solution method that is presented is conceptually straightforward and has direct physical interpretations. It uses the same basis functions as the hole-drilling integral method, and also permits enforcement of equilibrium constraints. In addition, Tikhonov regularization is shown to be an effective way to reduce the influences of measurement noise. The method is successfully demonstrated using data from slitting (crack compliance) measurements, and excellent correspondence with independently determined residual stresses is achieved.
Polynomial Interpolated Taylor Series Method for Parameter Identification of Nonlinear Dynamic System
Authors: Wong Simon C. , Barhorst Alan A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
This research work is in the area of structural health monitoring and structural damage mitigation. It addresses and advances the technique in parameter identification of structures with significant nonlinear response dynamics. The method integrates a nonlinear hybrid parameter multibody dynamic system (HPMBS) modeling technique with a parameter identification scheme based on a polynomial interpolated Taylor series methodology. This work advances the model based structural health monitoring technique, by providing a tool to accurately estimate damaged structure parameters through significant nonlinear damage. The significant nonlinear damage implied includes effects from loose bolted joints, dry frictional damping, large articulated motions, etc. Note that currently most damage detection algorithms in structures are based on finding changed stiffness parameters and generally do not address other parameters such as mass, length, damping, and joint gaps. This work is the extension of damage detection practice from linear structure to nonlinear structures in civil and aerospace applications. To experimentally validate the developed methodology, we have built a nonlinear HPMBS structure. This structure is used as a test bed to fine-tune the modeling and parameter identification algorithms. It can be used to simulate bolted joints in aircraft wings, expansion joints of bridges, or the interlocking structures in a space frame also. The developed technique has the ability to identify unique damages, such as systematic isolated and noise-induced damage in group members and isolated elements. Using this approach, not just the damage parameters, such as Young’s modulus, are identified, but other structural parameters, such as distributed mass, damping, and friction coefficients, can also be identified.
The “Value Added” of Neurocognitive Testing after Sports-Related Concussion
Authors: Van Kampen Derk A. , Lovell Mark R. , Pardini Jamie E. , Collins Michael W. , Fu Freddie H. 
Published: July 2006

Background Neurocognitive testing has been endorsed as a “cornerstone’ of concussion management by recent Vienna and Prague meetings of the Concussion in Sport Group. Neurocognitive testing is important given the potential unreliability of athlete self-report after injury. Relying only on athletes'ormalities after injury. Study Design Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods High school and college athletes with a diagnosed concussion were tested 2 days after injury. Postinjury neurocognitive performance (Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) and symptom (postconcussion symptom) scores were compared with preinjury (baseline) scores and with those of an agex and education-matched noninjured athlete control group. “Abnormal” test performance was determined statistically with Reliable Change Index scores. Results Sixty-four percent of concussed athletes reported a significant increase in symptoms, as judged by postconcussion symptom scores, compared with preinjury baseline at 2 days after injury. Eighty-three percent of the concussed sample demonstrated significantly poorer neurocognitive test results relative to their own baseline performance. The addition of neurocognitive testing resulted in a net increase in sensitivity of 19%. Ninety-three percent of the sample had either abnormal neurocognitive test results or a significant increase in symptoms, relative to their own baseline; 30% of a control group demonstrated either abnormalities in neurocognitive testing or elevated symptoms, as judged by postconcussion symptom scores. For the concussed group, use of symptom and neurocognitive test results resulted in an increased yield of 29% overreliance on symptoms alone. In contrast, 0% of the control group had both symptoms and abnormal neurocognitive testing. Conclusion Reliance on patients’ self-reported symptoms after concussion is likely to result in underdiagnosis of concussion and may result in premature return to play. Neurocognitive testing increases diagnostic accuracy when used in conjunction with self-reported symptoms.
Pronociceptive and Antinociceptive Neuromediators in Patellar Tendinopathy
Authors: Lian Øystein , Dahl Johan , Ackermann Paul W. , Frihagen Frede , Engebretsen Lars , Bahr Roald 
Published: July 2006

Background The occurrence of nerve ingrowth and its relation to chronic tendon pain (tendinopathy) are still largely unknown. In healthy tendons, the innervation is confined to the paratenon, whereas the tendon proper is devoid of nerve fibers. In this study on the pathogenesis of tendinopathy, the authors examined sensory and sympathetic nerve fiber occurrence in the patellar tendon. Hypothesis Nerve ingrowth and altered expression of sensory and sympathetic neuromediators play a major role in the pathophysiology of pain in patellar tendinopathy. Study Design Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Biopsies from the patellar tendon in patients with patellar tendinopathy (n = 10) were compared with biopsies from a control group (n = 10) without any previous or current knee symptoms compatible with patellar tendinopathy. The biopsies were stained immunohistochemically for sensory and autonomic nerve markers. The biopsies from the 2 groups were compared using subjective and semiquantitative methods. Results Chronic painful patellar tendons exhibited increased occurrence of sprouting nonvascular sensory, substance P–positive nerve fibers and a decreased occurrence of vascular sympathetic nerve fibers, positive to tyroxin hydroxylase, a marker for noradrenaline. Conclusion The altered sensory-sympathetic innervation suggests a role in the pathophysiology of tendinopathy. Ingrowth of sprouting substance P fibers presumably reflects a nociceptive and maybe a proliferative role, possibly as reactions to repeated microtraumata, whereas the decreased occurrence of tyroxin hydroxylase may represent a reduced antinociceptive role. These findings could be used to develop targeted pharmacotherapy for the specific treatment of tendinopathy.
Expression of angiogenic growth factors by uterine natural killer cells during early pregnancy
Authors: Lash Gendie E , Schiessl Barbara , Kirkley Maureen , Innes Barbara A , Cooper Alix , Searle Roger F , Robson Stephen C , Bulmer Judith N 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Remodeling of uterine spiral arteries is critical for the continuation of a successful pregnancy. Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells are the predominant leukocyte population in the early pregnant decidua, and a role for these cells in spiral artery remodeling in pregnancy has been suggested. Angiogenic growth factors were measured in isolated uNK and total (unseparated) decidual cells (8–10 or 12–14 weeks gestation, n=5 each gestational age) after culture for 48 h. Angiopoietin (Ang)1, placental growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Angiogenin, Ang2, fibroblast growth factor basic, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and VEGF-A were measured using a FASTQuant angiogenic growth factor multiplex protein assay. Levels of Ang2, ICAM-1, and KGF, secreted by the total decidual fraction, decreased with increasing gestational age. uNK levels of Ang2 and VEGF-C also decreased with increasing gestational age. At 8–10 weeks gestation, there was no difference in the level of Ang1, Ang2, TGF-β1, and VEGF-C secreted by uNK cells and the total decidual fraction. At 12–14 weeks, uNK cells secreted significantly lower levels of VEGF-C than the total decidual fraction. Early pregnancy decidua is a major source of angiogenic growth factors whose levels decrease with increasing gestational age, suggesting that they may play a role in spiral artery remodeling. uNK cells appear to be a prominent source of Ang1, Ang2, TGF-β1, and VEGF-C within the placental bed.
Prospective 12-month course of bipolar disorder in out-patients with and without comorbid anxiety disorders
Authors: Otto Michael W. , Simon Naomi M. , Wisniewski Stephen R. , Miklowitz David J. , Kogan Jane N. , Reilly-Harrington Noreen A. , Frank Ellen , Nierenberg Andrew A. , Marangell Lauren B. , Sagduyu Kemal , Weiss Roger D. , Miyahara Sachiko , Thase Michael E. , Sachs Gary S. , Pollack Mark H. 
Published: July 2006

BackgroundThe impact of anxiety disorders has not been well delineated in prospective studies of bipolar disorder.AimsTo examine the association between anxiety and course of bipolar disorder, as defined by mood episodes, quality of life and role functioning.MethodA thousand out-patients with bipolar disorder were followed prospectively for 1 year.ResultsA current comorbid anxiety disorder (present in 31.9% of participants) was associated with fewer days well, a lower likelihood of timely recovery from depression, risk of earlier relapse, lower quality of life and diminished role function over 1 year of prospective study. The negative impact was greater with multiple anxiety disorders.ConclusionsAnxiety disorders, including those present during relative euthymia, predicted a poorer bipolar course. The detrimental effects of anxiety were not simply a feature of mood state. Treatment studies targeting anxiety disorders will help to clarify the nature of the impact of anxiety on bipolar course.
Effects of a mutual support group for families of Chinese people with schizophrenia: 18-month follow-up
Authors: Chien Wai-Tong , Chan Sally W. C. , Thompson David R. 
Published: July 2006

BackgroundFamily intervention in schizophrenia can reduce patient relapse and improve medication adherence, but few studies on this have involved a Chinese population.AimsTo examine the effects of a mutual support group for Chinese families of people with schizophrenia, compared with psychoeducation and standard care.MethodRandomised controlled trial in Hong Kong with 96 families of out-patients with schizophrenia, of whom 32 received mutual support, 33 psychoeducation and 31 standard care. The psychoeducation group included patients in all the sessions, the mutual support group did not. Intervention was provided over 6 months, and patient- and family-related psychosocial outcomes were compared over an 18-month follow-up.ResultsMutual support consistently produced greater improvement in patient and family functioning and caregiver burden over the intervention and follow-up periods, compared with the other two conditions. The number of readmissions did not decrease significantly, but their duration did.ConclusionsMutual support for families of Chinese people with schizophrenia can substantially benefit family and patient functioning and caregiver burden.
Exposure to obstetric complications and subsequent development of bipolar disorder
Authors: Scott Jan , McNeill Yvonne , Cavanagh Jonathan , Cannon Mary , Murray Robin 
Published: July 2006

BackgroundResearch has suggested an association between obstetric complications and bipolar disorder. However, no quantitative evaluation has been made of the pooled data from existing studies.AimsTo systematically review studies comparing exposure to obstetric complications in cases of bipolar disorderv.non-psychiatric controls, and in cases of bipolar disorderv.cases of other mental disorders.MethodPublications were identified by computer searches of seven databases, by hand searches of reference lists and from raw data received from researchers.ResultsForty-six studies were identified, of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. The pooled odds ratio for exposure to obstetric complications and subsequent development of bipolar disorder was 1.01 (95% Cl 0.76–1.35) compared with healthy controls, 1.13 (95% Cl 0.64–1.99) compared with cases of unipolar disorder and 0.61 (95% Cl 0.39–0.95) compared with those who developed schizophrenia.ConclusionsThere is no robust evidence that exposure to obstetric complications increases the risk of developing bipolar disorder. However, the range of events regarded as obstetric complications and methodological inadequacies make definitive conclusions difficult.
Recent Progress in High-Resolution Spectroscopic Studies on Transient Molecules
Authors: Hirota Eizi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The microwave and/or infrared spectra of alkali monoxides and NO3 were observed in order to characterize these molecules in detail, which play significant roles in atmospheric chemistry. Similar studies were carried out on a few inorganic molecules, including SinHm neutrals and ions with n = 1, 2 and m = 1, 2, 3, in view of their important roles in electronic-device processing. Recent innovations in high-resolution spectroscopic methods are briefly discussed.
Synergy between the CoMoS Phase and Supported or Unsupported Cobalt Sulfide. Existence of a Remote Control Effect
Authors: Karroua Mohamed , Matralis Haris , Sham Edgardo , Grange Paul , Delmon Bernard 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Unsupported Co9S8, MoS2, and CoMoS sulfides (prepared by the HSP method) as well as supported MoS2/Al2O3 and CoSx/C (prepared by impregnation) were used to prepare a series of binary mechanical mixtures of various compositions. A variety of physicochemical techniques (temperature programmed decomposition and sulfidation, both followed by subsequent TPO, XRD, TPR, microelectrophoresis, XPS and AEM) were used to study the samples, verify the formation of the “CoMoS phase” in the mixed CoMo sulfide and investigate the existence of interactions between the sulfides forming the mechanical mixtures. The catalytic activity of the supported and unsupported HSP sulfides as well as that of the mechanical mixtures was tested in the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene (HDS) and the hydrogenation of cyclohexene (HYD) at 573 K and 3 MPa. The mechanical mixtures exhibit a synergy in HDS and HYD. This shows that cobalt sulfide (supported or unsupported HSP) can promote the activity not only of molybdenum sulfide, but also of the unsupported HSP “CoMoS phase”. In addition, XRD and AEM (performed before and after catalytic tests) were used to study the evolution of the unsupported “CoMoS phase” during the catalytic reaction. It was found that this phase is unstable; cobalt segregates from the CoMoS association to form Co9S8, even after a relatively short period in the reactor. These results provide more evidence that the remote control mechanism plays a major role in the synergetic behavior of the CoMo hydrotreating catalysts.
Ab Initio Study of the Molecular Structure and NMR Carbon–Lithium Coupling Constant for Trichloromethyllithium
Authors: Koizumi Terutake , Kikuchi Osamu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Ab initio calculations of the molecular structure and NMR C–Li coupling constant for trichloromethyllithium have indicated that the classical C3v form is favorable for trichloromethyllithium observed by NMR spectroscopy.
Raman Noncoincidence Effect and Intermolecular Interactions in Liquid Dimethyl Sulfoxide: Simulations Based on the Transition Dipole Coupling Mechanism and Liquid Structures Derived by Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Torii Hajime , Tasumi Mitsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Model calculations are performed on the Raman noncoincidence effect (frequency difference between the isotropic and anisotropic components) observed in the region of the S=O stretching band of liquid dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Liquid structures are obtained by Monte Carlo simulations, by using potential functions without specific interactions involving the hydrogen atoms of the methyl groups. Intermolecular coupling between the S=O stretches is evaluated by the transition dipole coupling mechanism. The magnitude and the direction of the transition dipole are calculated by ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation level with a basis set extended from 6-31G(2d,p). The calculated sign and magnitude of the Raman noncoincidence are in reasonable agreement with the observed, indicating that the observed large Raman noncoincidence can be mostly explained by the liquid structures obtained without specific interactions involving the hydrogen atoms of the methyl groups. The pair distribution function of liquid DMSO is also calculated to the second order in the orientation correlation of molecules. The origin of the Raman noncoincidence effect is discussed by comparing the cases of liquid DMSO, acetone, and methanol.