bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unveiling Quishing: The Dark Side of QR Codes in Cyber attacks
Authors: Bichnigauri Avtandili , Kartvelishvili Ioseb , Shonia Luka , Bichnigauri Daviti , Gudadze Otar 
Published: March 2024

In the ever-expanding realm of technological integration, the emergence of QR phishing, aptly termed "quishing," has become a potent threat to digital security. This article navigates the complexities of quishing, unveiling the clandestine techniques wielded by cyber perpetrators through QR codes. It scrutinizes the evolution of these deceptive maneuvers, explores the nuanced strategies employed, and advocates essential proactive measures crucial for fortifying defenses against this insidious facet of cyber assaults.
Drawing upon the ubiquitous presence of QR codes in our daily interactions, this article illuminates the shadowy underbelly of quishing, revealing the potential risks lurking behind these innocuous-looking symbols. By delving into the core mechanisms of quishing, this exploration aims to equip individuals and organizations with insights necessary to navigate the perilous terrain of cyber threats engendered by QR codes.
Continuously evolving cyber tactics demand a proactive stance. Hence, this exposition seeks to empower readers with an in-depth understanding of quishing, emphasizing the critical need for heightened vigilance, robust security measures, and comprehensive awareness to thwart the ever-looming specter of QR-based phishing exploits.
Estilos de afrontamiento del estrés en mujeres y hombres universitarias (os) Post-Covid-19, del Sureste de México
Authors: López Caamal María Eugenia , Ruiz de Chávez Figueroa María Concepción , Lomelí Gutiérrez Ruth 
Published: March 2024

Estudio realizado con estudiantes universitarios de trabajo social de los estados de Campeche y Veracruz. Objetivo. Analizar las estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés en mujeres y hombres universitarios en el contexto Post Covid-19, del Sureste de México, de los años 2021 al 2023. Método. Estudio con alcance descriptivo, enfoque cuantitativo, transversal y de campo; participaron 308 universitarios, se empleó el método de análisis y para la recolección de datos el “Cuestionario de Afrontamiento del Estrés (CAE)” de Sandín y Chorot (2003), que consta de 42 ítems, con un rango de respuesta de cinco puntos y siete factores de primer orden: BAS = Búsqueda de apoyo social, REP = Reevaluación positiva, FSP = Focalización en la solución de problemas, RLG = Religión, EEA = Expresión emocional abierta, AFN = Auto-focalización negativa, y EVT = Evitación. Los siete factores de primer orden se definen en dos dimensiones o factores de segundo orden: Estilo de Afrontamiento Positivo o centrado en el problema (EAP) con BAS, FSP y REP, y Estilo de Afrontamiento Negativo o centrado en la emoción (EAN) con EEA, RLG, EVT y AFN. El coeficiente α de Cronbach de los siete factores variaron de .64 y .92, con una media de .79, en la muestra española de 592 estudiantes (Sandín y Chorot, 2003), y de .67 y .91, con una media de .76, en la muestra mexicana de 365 estudiantes. Se realizó prueba t para muestras independientes, prueba Anova y estadísticos descriptivos. Resultados. En los factores de afrontamiento del estrés, en Autofocalización negativa (AFN) se encontró diferencias significativas entre mujeres y hombres, en los seis restantes no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en las puntuaciones.
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Exposure to Camphor & Eucalyptus Essential Oils and Risk of Seizure Disorder in Children: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Nkolo Marie Victoria Eyog , Desire Mbassi, Awah Hubert , Fokunang Estella Tembe , Fokunang Charles Ntungwen 
Published: March 2024

Background: Camphor and eucalyptus essential oils contain camphor and eucalyptol respectively which serve as active ingredients in over-the-counter drugs to manage upper respiratory tract infections and pain in children. However, because of their pro-convulsant properties, seizures constitute a documented complication of their toxicity after ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents and health personnel on the risk of onset of seizures in children exposed to pharmaceutical products containing camphor and/or eucalyptus essential oils.
Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted in the Mother and Child Centre of Chantal Biya Foundation, a reference hospital. The survey was conducted using questionnaires directed to health personnel and parents of hospitalized children under 8 years old.
Results: A total of 350 parents out of the 360 encountered were included in the study and 57 health personnel out of the 100 encountered. Parents 337 (96.3%) and health personnel 18 (31.6%) had poor knowledge on the issue. Parents 338 (96.6%) and health personnel 54 (94.75%) had very satisfactory attitude scores. Both parents 319 (91.1%) and health personnel 31 (54.4%) had harmful practices scores.
Conclusion: This study showed that both parents and health personnel had poor knowledge, very satisfactory attitudes and harmful practices towards the risk of onset of seizures in children exposed to pharmaceutical products containing camphor and/or eucalyptus essential oils.
Cupreines and Cupreidines: An Emerging Class of Bifunctional Cinchona Organocatalysts
Authors: Marcelli Tommaso , van Maarseveen Jan H. , Hiemstra Henk 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the steadily expanding field of organocatalysis, cinchona alkaloids play a prominent role. Until the late 1990s, bifunctional catalysts based on this scaffold relied exclusively on the C9‐hydroxy group as the hydrogen‐bond donor. Recently, new cinchona catalysts have been developed that feature a phenolic OH group in the C6′ position—a structural feature that allows a diverse set of reactions to be catalyzed in a highly stereoselective fashion. This Minireview describes the scope and modes of action of this new class of asymmetric bifunctional organocatalysts.
Radiological trace of mandibular primary growth center in postnatal human mandibles
Authors: Lee Young Joon , Lee Sang Shin , Park Byoung Geol , Woo Sang Doo , Kim Eun Cheol , Kim Yeon Sook , Lee Suk Keun , Chi Je Geun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe mandibular primary growth center (MdPGC) of human fetus was conspicuously defined in the soft X‐ray view of fetal mandibles. As the peripheral adaptive growth of mandible advances during the postnatal period, the MdPGC image became overshadowed by condensed cortical bones in soft X‐ray view. In this study, we traced a sclerotic sequela of MdPGC during the postnatal period. Panoramic radiograms of 200 adults and soft X‐ray views of 30 dried adult mandibles were analyzed by statistical methods. The former clearly showed an MdPGC below the middle portion of apices of canine and first premolar, which was distinguishable from mental foramen, and the latter also showed the MdPGC at the same area as a radiating and condensed radiopaque image, measuring 0.5–1.0 cm in diameter. This MdPGC position was seldom changed in the elderly people, even in the edentulous mandibles. Additionally, in the radiological examination, the benign tumors including odontogenic cysts hardly involved the MdPGC, while the malignant tumors of both primary and metastatic cancer frequently destroyed the MdPGC. Anat Rec Part A, 2006. © 2006 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin in deer antler
Authors: Clark Dawn E. , Lord Eric A. , Suttie James M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDeer antlers represent a unique model of mammalian regeneration in that they cast and fully regenerate every year. The deer antler thus provides a fascinating model of both rapid angiogenesis and chondrogenesis and the opportunity to investigate unique growth regulatory processes. One such phenomenon is the presence of vascularized cartilage in the growing antler tip—unlike other cartilage, which is typically avascular. The mechanisms by which blood vessels grow in the cartilage as well as the factors that drive antler extension at approximately 1 cm a day have been hitherto largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin within the growing antler tip. We isolated cervine VEGF121 and VEGF165 from deer antler and found that mRNA is produced for VEGF in the precartilage and cartilage regions. By in situ hybridization, we examined whether the VEGF receptors Flt‐1 and KDR are present in deer antler and found only KDR mRNA within the endothelial cells of the precartilage region. This finding is compatible with VEGF having an angiogenic effect within antler. Pleiotrophin mRNA was found in the vascular smooth muscle cells of the dermis, thus supporting a possible role in vascular growth. High levels of pleiotrophin mRNA were also detected in the precartilage region with possible implications for both angiogenesis and chondrogenesis. This is the first report of cervine angiogenic growth factors within the growing antler tip. Anat Rec Part: 2006. © 2006 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric Baylis–Hillman Reactions Promoted by Chiral Imidazolines
Authors: Xu Junye , Guan Yanyi , Yang Shihui , Ng Yurui , Peh Guangrong , Tan Choon‐Hong 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe coupling of electrophiles with activated alkenes by using tertiary amines or phosphines is generally known as the Baylis–Hillman reaction. It is a useful and atom‐economical carbon–carbon bond‐forming reaction that generates multifunctionalized products. This reaction is notoriously slow; yields are often low and substrate‐dependent. The asymmetric reaction is still limited especially for unactivated olefins such as acrylates. Imidazolines have been developed as ligands in metal‐catalyzed reactions and have also been used as privileged structures in diversity‐oriented synthesis. A series of novel chiral imidazolines were prepared and used to develop asymmetric Baylis–Hillman reactions. These imidazolines promote the reactions of various aromatic aldehydes with unactivated acrylates. Enantiomeric excesses of up to 60 % and high yields were obtained by using stoichiometric amounts of the promoter. Furthermore, the imidazolines are also suitable promoters for the reactions between aromatic aldehydes and alkyl vinyl ketones. Enantiomeric excesses of up to 78 % and high yields were obtained with 50 mol % of an imidazoline with a chiral methylnaphthyl group. These chiral imidazolines are easily prepared from commercially available amino alcohols and can be easily recovered for reuse without loss of product enantioselectivity.
Over‐expression of Hsp70 in BHK‐21 cells engineered to produce recombinant factor VIII promotes resistance to apoptosis and enhances secretion
Authors: Ishaque Adiba , Thrift John , Murphy John E. , Konstantinov Konstantin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProduction of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) by recombinant cell lines is limited by its failure to reach or maintain the native conformation in the endoplasmic reticulum. This results in significant cytoplasmic degradation and/or aggregation of the misfolded product. The molecular chaperone Hsp70 was overexpressed in an attempt to increase the recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) secretion. The characteristics of increased Hsp70 expression were investigated by comparing a clone of BHK‐21 cells expressing rFVIII (rBHK‐21host) to a chaperone clone derived by transfection of the host clone with human Hsp70 (rBHK‐21Hsp70) in small‐scale batch cell cultures. To aid this investigation a number of fluorescence based cellular apoptosis assays were developed and optimized. These assays demonstrated sub‐populations of rBHK‐21host cells that were apoptotic in nature and were identified prior to the loss in plasma membrane integrity. Dual staining for intracellular rFVIII and caspase‐3 activation showed a reduction in intracellular rFVIII in rBHK‐21host cells that correlated with a significant increase in active caspase‐3, suggesting that apoptosis was a factor limiting rFVIII secretion. In sharp contrast there was more intracellular rFVIII and less active caspase‐3 in rBHK‐21Hsp70 cell cultures. Moreover when grown in batch culture, rBHK‐21Hsp70 cells released rFVIII of higher specific activity (active FVIII protein/total FVIII protein), suggesting improved product quality. Thus, increased expression of HSP70 led to an increased yield of a secreted recombinant protein by inhibition of apoptosis and promoting proper conformational maturation of rFVIII in sub‐optimal bioreactor conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 144–155. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Targeted delivery of antibody conjugated liposomal drug carriers to rat myocardial infarction
Authors: Scott Robert C. , Wang Bin , Nallamothu RamaKrishna , Pattillo Christopher B. , Perez‐Liz Georgina , Issekutz Andrew , Valle Luis Del , Wood George C. , Kiani Mohammad F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractImmunoliposome (IL) targeting to areas of inflammation after an acute myocardial infarction (MI) could provide the means by which pro‐angiogenic compounds can be selectively targeted to the infarcted region. The adhesion of model drug carriers and ILs coated with an antibody to P‐selectin was quantified in a rat model of MI following left coronary artery ligation. Anti‐P‐selectin coated model drug carriers showed a 140% and 180% increase in adhesion in the border zone of the MI 1 and 4 h post‐MI, respectively. Radiolabeled anti‐P‐selectin ILs injected immediately post‐MI and allowed to circulate 24 h showed an 83% increase in targeting to infarcted myocardium when compared to adjacent non‐infarcted myocardium. Radiolabeled anti‐P‐selectin ILs injected 4 h post‐MI and allowed to circulate for 24 h showed a 92% increase in accumulation in infarcted myocardium when compared to adjacent non‐infarcted myocardium. Targeting to upregulated adhesion molecules on the endothelium provides a promising strategy for selectively delivering compounds to the infarct region of the myocardium using our liposomal‐based drug delivery vehicle. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:795–802. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Importance of duodenogastric reflux in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Fein M , Maroske J , Fuchs K-H 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Bile in the oesophagus occurs frequently in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and has been linked to Barrett's metaplasia and cancer. Although duodenogastric reflux is a prerequisite for bile in the oesophagus, little is known about its importance in GORD.

Methods
Some 341 patients with GORD were assessed by simultaneous 24-h gastric and oesophageal bilirubin monitoring. Definitions of increased bilirubin exposure were based on the 95th percentiles in healthy volunteers. The relationship between gastric and oesophageal bilirubin exposure and the correlation with disease severity were analysed.

Results
Of the 341 patients with GORD, 130 (38·1 per cent) had increased gastric and 173 (50·7 per cent) had increased oesophageal bilirubin exposure. Of the 173 patients with bile in the oesophagus, 89 (51·4 per cent) had normal and 84 (48·6 per cent) had increased gastric bilirubin exposure. Of these 84 patients, 75 (89 per cent) had oesophagitis or Barrett's oesophagus (P = 0·003). These effects were mainly related to differences in supine reflux.

Conclusion
Bile in the oesophagus originates from either normal or increased gastric bilirubin exposure. Patients with increased duodenogastric reflux are more likely to have oesophagitis or Barrett's oesophagus. These findings highlight the role of duodenogastric reflux as an additional factor in the pathogenesis of GORD.
Case-orientated approach to the management of hepatocellular adenoma
Authors: van der Windt D J , Kok N F M , Hussain S M , Zondervan P E , Alwayn I P J , de Man R A , IJzermans J N M 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Treatment of suspected hepatocellular adenoma (HA) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of HA at a time when magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are highly sensitive methods for diagnosing HA.

Methods
Between January 2000 and January 2005, data from 48 consecutive women with HA (median age 36 years) were prospectively collected. The protocol for diagnostic work-up consisted of multiphasic MRI or CT. Management was observation if the tumour was smaller than 5 cm and surgical intervention if it was 5 cm or larger.

Results
The median follow-up was 24 (range 3–73) months. Sixteen (33 per cent) patients had invasive procedures because of tumour size 5 cm or larger, malignant characteristics or haemorrhage. The remaining 32 patients (67 per cent) were observed; haemorrhage and malignant degeneration did not occur and none of the lesions showed enlargement after withdrawal of oral contraceptives. Multiple HAs were found in 32 (67 per cent) patients; liver steatosis was significantly more common in these patients than in those with a solitary lesion (59 versus 19 per cent; P = 0·008).

Conclusion
Observation of adenomas smaller than 5 cm is justified because of improved radiological reliability. Resection should be reserved for patients with malignant tumour characteristics or with single lesions 5 cm or larger.
REPLACE: A Strategy for Iterative Design of Cyclin‐Binding Groove Inhibitors
Authors: Andrews Martin J. I. , Kontopidis George , McInnes Campbell , Plater Andy , Innes Lorraine , Cowan Angela , Jewsbury Philip , Fischer Peter M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe describe a drug‐design strategy termed REPLACE (REplacement with Partial Ligand Alternatives through Computational Enrichment) in which nonpeptidic surrogates for specific determinants of known peptide ligands are identified in silico by using a core peptide‐bound protein structure as a design anchor. In the REPLACE application example, we present the effective replacement of two critical binding motifs in a lead protein–protein interaction inhibitor pentapeptide with more druglike phenyltriazole and diphenyl ether groups. These were identified through docking of fragment libraries into the volume of the cyclin‐binding groove of CDK2/cyclin A vacated through truncation of the inhibitor peptide‐binding determinants. Proof of concept for this strategy was obtained through the generation of potent peptide–small‐molecule hybrids and by the confirmation of inhibitor‐binding modes in X‐ray crystal structures. This method therefore allows nonpeptide fragments to be identified without the requirement for a high‐sensitivity binding assay and should be generally applicable in replacing amino acids as individual residues or groups in peptide inhibitors to generate pharmaceutically acceptable lead molecules.
Natural and Non‐natural Antenna Chromophores in the DNA Photolyase from Thermus Thermophilus
Authors: Klar Tobias , Kaiser Gebhard , Hennecke Ulrich , Carell Thomas , Batschauer Alfred , Essen Lars‐Oliver 
Published: October 2006

AbstractX‐ray crystallographic and functional analysis of the class I DNA photolyase from Thermus thermophilus revealed the binding of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as an antenna chromophore. The binding mode of FMN closely coincides with the binding of a deazaflavin‐like chromophore in the related class I DNA photolyase from Anacystis nidulans. Compared to the R46E mutant, which lacks a conserved arginine in the binding site for the antenna chromophore, the FMN‐comprising holophotolyase exhibits an eightfold higher activity at 450 nm. The facile incorporation of the flavin cofactors 8‐hydroxy‐deazariboflavin and 8‐iodo‐8‐demethyl‐riboflavin into the binding site for the antenna chromophore paves the way for wavelength‐tuning of the activity spectra of DNA photolyases by using synthetic flavins.
A Class of Benzenoid Chemicals Suppresses Apoptosis in C. elegans
Authors: Kokel David , Xue Ding 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBenzene is a human carcinogen that might act through both genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms to promote tumorigenesis. The genotoxic effects of benzene are well established, however, its potential nongenotoxic roles in carcinogenesis are poorly understood. We find that benzene suppresses somatic apoptosis in C. elegans; this suggests a potential nongenotoxic mechanism by which this chemical might promote tumorigenesis. We find that two other benzenoid chemicals, biphenyl and toluene, also inhibit apoptosis in C. elegans. Notably, these chemicals are suspected carcinogens in mammals; this suggests that a subclass of benzenoid chemicals might promote tumorigenesis by suppressing apoptosis. A benzene metabolite, 1,4‐benzoquinone, can directly inhibit the activity of caspase‐3; this suggests a general molecular mechanism by which benzenoid chemicals might suppress apoptosis. These findings suggest that C. elegans is an excellent alternative animal model for studying the antiapoptotic activity of tumor‐promoting chemicals and for identifying in vivo targets of these chemicals.
Directed Evolution of a Non‐Heme‐Iron‐Dependent Extradiol Catechol Dioxygenase: Identification of Mutants with Intradiol Oxidative Cleavage Activity
Authors: Schlosrich Janne , Eley Kirstin L. , Crowley Patrick J. , Bugg Timothy D. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe non‐heme‐iron(II)‐dependent extradiol catechol dioxygenases catalyse the oxidative cleavage of substituted catechols found on bacterial aromatic degradation pathways. The reaction mechanism of the extradiol dioxygenases is believed to proceed through the same proximal hydroperoxide intermediate as the iron(III)‐dependent intradiol catechol dioxygenases. Directed evolution was carried out on members of the class III extradiol catechol dioxygenases, by using 1) error‐prone polymerase chain reaction, 2) a primer‐based cross‐over method; the mutant dioxygenases were then screened for their ability to process a range of substituted catechols. Several mutant enzymes were found to show higher activity towards certain substituted catechols, including 4‐chlorocatechol, and higher affinity for the iron(II) cofactor. Two mutants isolated from error‐prone PCR of Escherichia coli MhpB (mutants R215W and K273R) were found to produce a mixture of extradiol and intradiol cleavage products, as detected by GC‐MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The residue corresponding to K273 in protocatechuate 4,5‐dioxygenase (LigAB), Val244, is located approximately 12 Å from the iron(II) centre, but close to the putative dioxygen channel; R215 is found on a sequence loop not present in LigB.