bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moist Convection and the Thermal Stratification of the Extratropical Troposphere
Authors: Schneider Tapio , O’Gorman Paul A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Simulations with an aquaplanet general circulation model show that sensible and latent heat transport by large-scale eddies influences the extratropical thermal stratification over a wide range of climates, even in relatively warm climates with small meridional surface temperature gradients. Variations of the lapse rate toward which the parameterized moist convection in the model relaxes atmospheric temperature profiles demonstrate that the convective lapse rate only marginally affects the extratropical thermal stratification in Earth-like and colder climates. In warmer climates, the convective lapse rate does affect the extratropical thermal stratification, but the effect is still smaller than would be expected if moist convection alone controlled the thermal stratification. A theory for how large-scale eddies modify the thermal stratification of dry atmospheres is consistent with the simulation results for colder climates. For warmer and moister climates, however, theories and heuristics that have been proposed to account for the extratropical thermal stratification are not consistent with the simulation results. Theories for the extratropical thermal stratification will generally have to take transport of sensible and latent heat by large-scale eddies into account, but moist convection may only need to be taken into account regionally and in sufficiently warm climates.
A High-Resolution Climate Model for the U.S. Pacific Northwest: Mesoscale Feedbacks and Local Responses to Climate Change*
Authors: Salathé Eric P. , Steed Richard , Mass Clifford F. , Zahn Patrick H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Simulations of future climate scenarios produced with a high-resolution climate model show markedly different trends in temperature and precipitation over the Pacific Northwest than in the global model in which it is nested, apparently because of mesoscale processes not being resolved at coarse resolution. Present-day (1990–99) and future (2020–29, 2045–54, and 2090–99) conditions are simulated at high resolution (15-km grid spacing) using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) system and forced by ECHAM5 global simulations. Simulations use the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 emissions scenario, which assumes a rapid increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. The mesoscale simulations produce regional alterations in snow cover, cloudiness, and circulation patterns associated with interactions between the large-scale climate change and the regional topography and land–water contrasts. These changes substantially alter the temperature and precipitation trends over the region relative to the global model result or statistical downscaling. Warming is significantly amplified through snow–albedo feedback in regions where snow cover is lost. Increased onshore flow in the spring reduces the daytime warming along the coast. Precipitation increases in autumn are amplified over topography because of changes in the large-scale circulation and its interaction with the terrain. The robustness of the modeling results is established through comparisons with the observed and simulated seasonal variability and with statistical downscaling results.
A Two-Scale Approximation for Efficient Representation of Nonlinear Energy Transfers in a Wind Wave Spectrum. Part I: Theoretical Development
Authors: Resio Donald T. , Perrie William 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A new method for estimating the transfer rates in wind wave spectra is derived and tested, based on a two-scale approximation (TSA) to the total integral for quadruplet wave–wave interactions. Comparisons of this new estimation method to the full integral are given for several idealized spectra, including Joint North Sea Wave Project spectra with different peakednesses, a finite depth case, and cases with perturbations added to underlying parametric spectra. In particular, these comparisons show that the TSA is a significant improvement over the discrete interaction approximation (DIA) in deep water and an even greater improvement in shallow water.
Elevation-Dependent Trends in Precipitation Observed during NAME
Authors: Rowe Angela K. , Rutledge Steven A. , Lang Timothy J. , Ciesielski Paul E. , Saleeby Stephen M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Radar data from the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) enhanced observing period were used to investigate diurnal trends and vertical structure of precipitating features relative to local terrain. Two-dimensional composites of reflectivity and rain rate, created from the two Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN; Mexican Weather Service) C-band Doppler radars and NCAR’s S-band polarimetric Doppler radar (S-Pol), were divided into four elevation groups: over water, 0–1000 m (MSL), 1000–2000 m, and greater than 2000 m. Analysis of precipitation frequency and average rainfall intensity using these composites reveals a strong diurnal trend in precipitation similar to that observed by the NAME Event Rain Gauge Network. Precipitation occurs most frequently during the afternoon over the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO), with the peak frequency moving over the lower elevations by evening. Also, the precipitation events over the lower elevations are less frequent but of greater intensity (rain rate) than those over the SMO. Precipitation echoes were partitioned into convective and stratiform components to allow for examination of vertical characteristics of convection using data from S-Pol. Analyses of reflectivity profiles and echo-top heights confirm that convection over the lower terrain is more intense and vertically developed than convection over the SMO. Warm-cloud depths, estimated from the Colorado State University–NAME upper-air and surface gridded analyses are, on average, 2 times as deep over the lower terrain as compared with over the SMO. Using a simplified stochastic model for drop growth, it is shown that these differences in warm-cloud depths could possibly explain the observed elevation-dependent trends in precipitation intensity.
Diagnosis of an Intense Atmospheric River Impacting the Pacific Northwest: Storm Summary and Offshore Vertical Structure Observed with COSMIC Satellite Retrievals
Authors: Neiman Paul J. , Ralph F. Martin , Wick Gary A. , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Wee Tae-Kwon , Ma Zaizhong , Taylor George H. , Dettinger Michael D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This study uses the new satellite-based Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission to retrieve tropospheric profiles of temperature and moisture over the data-sparse eastern Pacific Ocean. The COSMIC retrievals, which employ a global positioning system radio occultation technique combined with “first-guess” information from numerical weather prediction model analyses, are evaluated through the diagnosis of an intense atmospheric river (AR; i.e., a narrow plume of strong water vapor flux) that devastated the Pacific Northwest with flooding rains in early November 2006. A detailed analysis of this AR is presented first using conventional datasets and highlights the fact that ARs are critical contributors to West Coast extreme precipitation and flooding events. Then, the COSMIC evaluation is provided. Offshore composite COSMIC soundings north of, within, and south of this AR exhibited vertical structures that are meteorologically consistent with satellite imagery and global reanalysis fields of this case and with earlier composite dropsonde results from other landfalling ARs. Also, a curtain of 12 offshore COSMIC soundings through the AR yielded cross-sectional thermodynamic and moisture structures that were similarly consistent, including details comparable to earlier aircraft-based dropsonde analyses. The results show that the new COSMIC retrievals, which are global (currently yielding ∼2000 soundings per day), provide high-resolution vertical-profile information beyond that found in the numerical model first-guess fields and can help monitor key lower-tropospheric mesoscale phenomena in data-sparse regions. Hence, COSMIC will likely support a wide array of applications, from physical process studies to data assimilation, numerical weather prediction, and climate research.
Unmet Needs for Medical Care for Sick Children in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Alam Nurul 
Published: April 2008

While a country's health policy aims to provide health services to all who need them, very little in known about unmet need for medical care from users’ perspectives in Bangladesh. This study examines unmet medical need of 2,123 under-15 sick children by illness and child's socio-economic characteristics in rural Bangladesh. The 1996 health and socio-economic survey conducted in Matlab (Peterson et al. 1996) recorded children's chronic and acute morbidity and unmet needs for medical services in mothers’ views to combat illness. The survey also recorded household socio-economic data. Logistic regression was used to examine the effects of illness and household socio-economic characteristics on unmet medical need for sick children. The results reveal that unmet need for medical care was 5.4 per cent for children with acute illnesses, and 30.2 per cent for children with chronic illnesses. It was lower for girls than for boys. Economic inequalities existed: odds ratio of unmet medical need for children in top one-third of households was 0.42 (95 per cent CI = 0.28–0.64) times the unmet medical need for children in lowest one-third. The critically high unmet needs for children's chronic morbidity reveal that the chronic disease control programme needs urgent revisiting and strengthening.
Theological Education in Africa in the Post-1998 Lambeth Conference
Authors: Galgalo Joseph D. , Mombo Esther 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSince 1998 there has been a revived interest in theology among Anglicans around the world. Rowan Williams has encouraged this with the promotion of a Theological Education for the Anglican Communion Commission. The Global South primates have called for a rejection of the Western paradigm of Anglican theology in the context of the current debates about sexuality. The key Lambeth resolution on sexuality at the 1998 conference carries with it significant assumptions and challenges about theological method. There has been a renewed focus on context in doing theology. These changes can be seen in the case of Kenya where there has been a determined effort to re-cast the theological curriculum. Theology has also become more popular among lay people and theological work is expanding and flourishing.
The usefulness of twenty-four molecular markers in predicting treatment outcome with combination therapy of amodiaquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine against falciparum malaria in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Marfurt Jutta , Müller Ivo , Sie Albert , Oa Olive , Reeder John C , Smith Thomas A , Beck Hans-Peter , Genton Blaise 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
In Papua New Guinea (PNG), combination therapy with amodiaquine (AQ) or chloroquine (CQ) plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) was introduced as first-line treatment against uncomplicated malaria in 2000.

Methods
We assessed in vivo treatment failure rates with AQ+SP in two different areas in PNG and twenty-four molecular drug resistance markers of Plasmodium falciparum were characterized in pre-treatment samples. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between infecting genotype and treatment response in order to identify useful predictors of treatment failure with AQ+SP.

Results
In 2004, Day-28 treatment failure rates for AQ+SP were 29% in the Karimui and 19% in the South Wosera area, respectively. The strongest independent predictors for treatment failure with AQ+SP were pfmdr1 N86Y (OR = 7.87, p < 0.01) and pfdhps A437G (OR = 3.44, p < 0.01). Mutations found in CQ/AQ related markers pfcrt K76T, A220S, N326D, and I356L did not help to increase the predictive value, the most likely reason being that these mutations reached almost fixed levels. Though mutations in SP related markers pfdhfr S108N and C59R were not associated with treatment failure, they increased the predictive value of pfdhps A437G. The difference in treatment failure rate in the two sites was reflected in the corresponding genetic profile of the parasite populations, with significant differences seen in the allele frequencies of mutant pfmdr1 N86Y, pfmdr1 Y184F, pfcrt A220S, and pfdhps A437G.

Conclusion
The study provides evidence for high levels of resistance to the combination regimen of AQ+SP in PNG and indicates which of the many molecular markers analysed are useful for the monitoring of parasite resistance to combinations with AQ+SP.
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing 6,3′-Methanodeoxyuridine
Authors: Moriguchi Tomohisa , Yamato Fumisada , Shinozuka Kazuo 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper deals with the synthesis and properties of novel oligodeoxynucleotide containing 6,3′-methanodeoxyuridine which is connected between C-6 of pyrimidine base and C-3′ of deoxyribose by a methylene group. The modified base was successfully introduced into the oligodeoxynucleotide by the standard method. The modified oligodeoxynucleotide formed the less stable duplex with both complementary DNA and RNA. The CD spectra indicated that the duplex formed the noncanonical duplex structure distinct from the A-form or B-form structure.
Gab es eine neoliberale Wende? Wirtschaft und Wirtschaftspolitik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ab Mitte der 1970er Jahre
Authors: Werding Martin 
Published: April 2008

Vorspann
Der Begriff „Neoliberalismus“ ist in aller Munde. Dass es eine neoliberale Wende gegeben hat, ist mittlerweile zu einer politischen Glaubensweisheit geworden, ohne dass sich aber sagen ließe, wann sie eingetreten ist und worin sie genau besteht. Martin Werding, Ökonom am ifo-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, bestreitet nun, dass es diese Wende überhaupt gegeben hat. Welche Argumente vermag er dafür aufzubieten?
Die DDR in den Augen des BND (1985–1990). Ein Interview mit Dr. Hans-Georg Wieck
Authors: Wentker Hermann 
Published: April 2008

Vorspann
Alle Welt wurde vom Bankrott der DDR und der Wiedervereinigung überrascht. Auch der BND? Was wusste der Geheimdienst von den Erosions- und Zerfallserscheinungen in der DDR? Wie arbeitete er und zu welchen Ergebnissen gelangte er? Und wie versuchte er, seine Erkenntnisse in den politischen Meinungsbildungs- und Entscheidungsprozess einzuspeisen? Hermann Wentker, langjähriger Mitarbeiter des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte, und Karl Feldmeyer, Journalist der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung, stellen diese Fragen im Gespräch mit Hans-Georg Wieck, der von 1985 bis 1990 den Bundesnachrichtendienst leitete.
The Effect of Tricaine on Use of the Fluorescein Test for Detecting Skin and Corneal Ulcers in Fish
Authors: Davis Michael W. , Stephenson Jeana , Noga Edward J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Fluorescein has been used for rapid and sensitive detection of fish skin and corneal ulceration. Effective use of the fluorescein test requires knowledge of conditions that might cause misleading interpretations or otherwise interfere with test reliability. Examination of fish health and the clinical workup often require tricaine as one of the most commonly used anesthetics. However, tricaine may interfere with correct interpretation of the fluorescein test and might also cause significant fish injury. The effects of tricaine exposure sequence on the fidelity of the fluorescein test was studied in Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma, and northern rock soles Lepidopsetta polyxystra by examining the fluorescence of experimentally induced epidermal wounding. Tricaine can quench fluorescence that is emitted by fluorescein retained in skin ulcers, causing a false-negative reaction. Thus, for the fluorescein test to work properly, it is important to avoid the exposure of fluorescein-treated and rinsed ulcers to tricaine. The effects of exposure to buffered versus unbuffered tricaine on epidermal and corneal integrity were studied in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus subjected to the fluorescein test and histological examination. Fluorescein could detect not only ulcers but also areas with only a partial loss of epithelium (i.e., erosion). The use of unbuffered tricaine to anesthetize these fish caused serious epidermal and corneal damage. If fish are euthanized with unbuffered tricaine for clinical workup, this severe epidermal or corneal damage could be misinterpreted as an antemortem lesion, leading to misdiagnosis. Even in water with alkalinity exceeding 50 mg/L as CaCO3, it would seem prudent to always buffer tricaine with sodium bicarbonate to prevent a pH change that might lead to iatrogenic effects from unbuffered tricaine. Thus, current general recommendations suggesting that tricaine does not need to be buffered in waters with alkalinity greater than 50 mg/L might need to be modified.
Simulation on the response of new phosphate glass RPC for γ-rays and e+/e− particles using GEANT3
Authors: Jamil Muhammad , Rhee June , Jeon Young 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The influence of phosphate glass electrode in the configuration of resistive plate chamber has been studied using GEANT3.21 Monte Carlo code. Bakelite electrodes were replaced by phosphate glass electrodes, as these glass materials have low bulk resistivity, are portable and easy to handle. These types of RPCs in their compact form of all materials are suitable for high rate background environment. We find that these new types of RPCs give little higher response to γ-rays and e+/e− particles, both for single-and double gap RPCs. The results of simulation are discussed.
The drought tolerance limit of Fagus sylvatica forest on limestone in southwestern Germany
Authors: Gärtner Stefanie , Reif Albert , Xystrakis Fotios , Sayer Uwe , Bendagha Nawal , Matzarakis Andreas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractQuestion:What components of drought influence the drought limit of Fagus sylvatica forests? This study contributes to the ongoing discussion regarding the future of Fagus as a major component of central European forests.Location:The drought limit of F. sylvatica at its ecotone with forest dominated by Quercus pubescens, Q. petraea and their hybrids in two limestone regions (Klettgau, Schwäbische Alb) in southwestern Germany was compared.Methods:Vegetation relevés were classified and a gradient analysis was performed. The vegetation pattern was analysed with several drought relevant variables. Classification trees were used to determine the drought limits of the Fagus forest.Results:The Fagus, Quercus and the ecotone forests were floristically characterized. The lower humidity in the submontane Klettgau, compared to the montane Schwäbische Alb, was compensated for by greater soil moisture (ASWSC). Therefore, Fagus forest in the Schwäbische Alb grew on sites with ASWSC values similar to those of ecotone forest in Klettgau.Conclusions:The interaction between climatic and edaphic drought related factors demonstrates that drought is a complex edaphic‐climatic factor. Both components contribute to limiting the distribution of Fagus. For the two regions in southwestern Germany, and under the existing climatic conditions, it could be shown that Fagus is able to dominate forests on soils with very low ASWSC (≥ 68 l.m‐2).
Cost analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems
Authors: Hung Ai‐Jen , Yu Cheng‐Ching , Chen Yih‐Hang , Sung Lung‐Yu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTradeoff between capital cost and the operating cost can be seen in the design of proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems. The polarization curve indicates that operating in the region of lower current densities implies less operating cost (hydrogen fuel) and higher capital cost (larger membrane electrode assembly area). The opposite effects are observed when one operates in the region of higher current densities. Therefore, an appropriate design should take both factors into account and the optimality depends on the corresponding costs of hydrogen and membrane area. An analytical cost model is constructed to describe such an economic balance in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. The objective function of the optimization is the total annual cost. Six scenarios are used to illustrate the optimal design based on the total annual cost as cost and materials factors fluctuate. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Novel murine clonal cell lines either express slow or mixed (fast and slow) muscle markers following differentiation in vitro
Authors: Peltzer J. , Colman L. , Cebrian J. , Musa H. , Peckham M. , Keller A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe have investigated whether the phenotype of myogenic clones derived from satellite cells of different muscles from the transgenic immortomouse depended on muscle type origin. Clones derived from neonatal, or 6‐ to 12‐week‐old fast and slow muscles, were analyzed for myosin and enolase isoforms as phenotypic markers. All clones derived from slow‐oxidative muscles differentiated into myotubes with a preferentially slow contractile phenotype, whereas some clones derived from rapid‐glycolytic or neonatal muscles expressed both fast and slow myosin isoforms. Thus, muscle origin appears to bias myosin isoform expression in myotubes. The neonatal clone (WTt) was cultivated in various medium and substrate conditions, allowing us to determine optimized conditions for their differentiation. Matrigel allowed expressions of adult myosin isoforms, and an isozymic switch from embryonic α‐ toward muscle‐specific β‐enolase, never previously observed in vitro. These cells will be a useful model for in vitro studies of muscle fiber maturation and plasticity. Developmental Dynamics 237:1412‐1423, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CMF1–Rb interaction promotes myogenesis in avian skeletal myoblasts
Authors: Robertson J. Brian , Zhu Tianli , Nasreen Shampa , Kilkenny Dawn , Bader David , Dees Ellen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCMF1 protein is expressed in developing striated muscle before the expression of contractile proteins, and depletion of CMF1 in myoblasts results in inability to express muscle‐specific proteins. Previous studies of CMF1 identify a functional Rb‐binding domain, which is conserved in the murine and human homologues. Here, we show that CMF1 binds Rb family members, while a CMF1 protein with deletion of the Rb‐binding domain (Rb‐del CMF1) does not. Myogenic cell lines over‐expressing Rb‐del CMF1 proliferate normally, but exhibit markedly impaired differentiation, including dramatically reduced contractile proteins gene expression and failure to fuse into myotubes. Furthermore, by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, MyoD and Myf5 mRNA levels are comparable to wild‐type, while myogenin and contractile protein mRNA levels are significantly attenuated. These data demonstrate that CMF1 regulates myocyte differentiation by interaction with Rb family members to induce expression of myogenic regulatory factors. Developmental Dynamics 237:1424‐1433, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.