bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inter‐Implant Bone Height Changes in Anterior Maxillary Immediate and Non‐Immediate Adjacent Dental Implants
Authors: Kupershmidt Irit , Levin Liran , Schwartz‐Arad Devorah 
Published: May 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate inter‐implant bone crest height changes between immediate and non‐immediate dental implants placed in the anterior maxillary region.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on consecutively treated patients requiring at least two adjacent implants in the anterior maxillary region that were placed in the same operation during 1994 to 2004. Files of 45 healthy patients reporting 200 implants were reviewed. Age, gender, smoking status, and implant characteristics (coating and dimensions) were recorded. Inter‐implant bone measurements were taken on two panoramic radiographs from each patient: one after implant placement and the other at the last follow‐up. The distance between adjacent implants was measured at the implant–abutment interface (implant platform).Results: Overall, 130 inter‐implant gaps were found. Follow‐up ranged from 8 to 146 months. Two‐tailed Pearson correlation tests revealed a negative correlation between inter‐implant distance and bone loss (P = 0.036). Mean peak‐crest bone loss for immediate implants was higher than for delayed implants (P = 0.026). There was more bone loss when hydroxyapatite (HA)‐coated implants were used, although no statistical significance was observed. No statistically significant difference was found between the different locations in the anterior maxilla. No correlation was found between patient's age, smoking habits, and bone loss or between follow‐up time and bone loss.Conclusions: A negative correlation was found between inter‐implant distance and bone loss at the inter‐implant bone crest in the anterior maxillary region. Bone loss was small in this study cohort.
Periodontal Tissue Response to Coverage of Root Cavities Restored With Resin Materials: A Histomorphometric Study in Dogs
Authors: Martins Thiago M. , Bosco Alvaro F. , Nóbrega Fernando J.O. , Nagata Maria J.H. , Garcia Valdir G. , Fucini Stephen E. 
Published: May 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to histomorphometrically evaluate the response of periodontal tissues covering Class V resin restorations in dogs.Methods: After raising a mucoperiosteal flap, bony defects measuring 5 × 5 mm were created on the buccal aspect of the canines of five dogs followed by cavity preparations on the root surface measuring 3 × 3 × 1 mm. Before repositioning the flap to cover the bone defect, the cavities were restored with composite resin (CR) or resin‐modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) or were left unrestored as control (C). The dogs were euthanized 90 days after surgery. Specimens comprising the tooth and periodontal tissues were removed, processed routinely, cut into longitudinal serial sections in the buccolingual direction, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or Masson's trichrome. The most central sections were selected for histomorphometric analysis.Results: Histomorphometric analysis revealed apical migration of epithelial tissue onto the restorative materials (RMGIC and CR). The C group presented significantly longer connective tissue attachment (P <0.05) than the RMGIC and CR groups and significantly higher bone regeneration (P <0.05) compared to the RMGIC group. Histologically, the cervical third (CT) of all groups had the most marked chronic inflammatory infiltrate.Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that the restorative materials used exhibit biocompatibility; however, both materials interfered with the development of new bone and the connective tissue attachment process.
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Non‐Surgical Treatment of Aggressive Periodontitis: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Clinical Study
Authors: de Oliveira Rafael R. , Schwartz‐Filho Humberto O. , Novaes Arthur B. , Taba Mário 
Published: May 2007

Background: The treatment of aggressive periodontitis has always presented a challenge for clinicians, but there are no established protocols and guidelines for the efficient control of the disease.Methods: Ten patients with a clinical diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis were treated in a split‐mouth design study to either photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a laser source with a wavelength of 690 nm associated with a phenothiazine photosensitizer or scaling and root planing (SRP) with hand instruments. Clinical assessment of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and relative clinical attachment level (RCAL) were made at baseline and 3 months after treatment with an automated periodontal probe.Results: Initially, the PI was 1.0 ± 0.5 in both groups. At the 3‐month evaluation, the plaque scores were reduced and remained low throughout the study. A significant reduction of GI and BOP occurred in both groups after 3 months (P <0.05). The mean PD decreased in the PDT group from 4.92 ± 1.61 mm at baseline to 3.49 ± 0.98 mm after 3 months (P <0.05) and in SRP group from 4.92 ± 1.14 mm at baseline to 3.98 ± 1.76 mm after 3 months (P <0.05). The mean RCAL decreased in the PDT group from 9.93 ± 2.10 mm at baseline to 8.74 ± 2.12 mm after 3 months (P <0.05), and in the SRP group, from 10.53 ± 2.30 mm at baseline to 9.01 ± 3.05 mm after 3 months.Conclusion: PDT and SRP showed similar clinical results in the non‐surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis.
Disparities in Infant Mortality: What’s Genetics Got to Do With It?
Authors: David Richard , Collins James 
Published: May 2007

Since 1950, dramatic advances in human genetics have occurred, racial disparities in infant mortality have widened, and the United States’ international ranking in infant mortality has deteriorated. The quest for a “preterm birth gene” to explain racial differences is now under way. Scores of papers linking polymorphisms to preterm birth have appeared in the past few years. Is this strategy likely to reduce racial disparities? We reviewed broad epidemiological patterns that call this approach into question. Overall patterns of racial disparities in mortality and secular changes in rates of prematurity as well as birth-weight patterns in infants of African immigrant populations contradict the genetic theory of race and point toward social mechanisms. We postulate that a causal link to class disparities in health exists.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Physician Distrust in the United States
Authors: Armstrong Katrina , Ravenell Karima L. , McMurphy Suzanne , Putt Mary 
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We examined the racial/ethnic and geographic variation in distrust of physicians in the United States. Methods. We obtained data from the Community Tracking Study, analyzing 20 sites where at least 5% of the population was Hispanic and 5% was Black. Results. In univariate analyses, Blacks and Hispanics reported higher levels of physician distrust than did Whites. Multivariate analyses, however, suggested a complex interaction among sociodemographic variables, city of residence, race/ethnicity, and distrust of physician. In general, lower socioeconomic status (defined as lower income, lower education, and no health insurance) was associated with higher levels of distrust, with men generally reporting more distrust than women. But the strength of these effects was modified by race/ethnicity. We present examples of individual cities in which Blacks reported consistently higher mean levels of distrust than did Whites, consistently lower mean levels of distrust than did Whites, or a mixed relationship dependent on socioeconomic status. In the same cities, Hispanics reported either consistently higher mean levels of distrust relative to Whites or a mixed relationship. Conclusions. Racial/ethnic differences in physician distrust are less uniform than previously hypothesized, with substantial geographic and individual variation present.
Approval of Syringe Exchange Programs in California: Results From a Local Approach to HIV Prevention
Authors: Bluthenthal Ricky N. , Heinzerling Keith G. , Anderson Rachel , Flynn Neil M. , Kral Alex H. 
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We studied the effect of local approval of syringe exchange programs in California (through Assembly AB136) on program availability and performance. Methods. We determined the number of active syringe exchange programs in California by conducting Internet searches and obtaining information from the state and from local programs. To track changes in program availability and performance between 2000 and 2002, we interviewed 24 program directors annually for 3 years about program characteristics, syringe exchange policies, law enforcement contact, and other issues. We conducted multivariate analyses to determine whether AB136 approval status was associated with changes in performance. Results. Fifteen local governments (13 counties and 2 cities) enacted the new law by 2002, and operating syringe exchange programs increased from 24 to 35. The proportion of these programs that were not locally approved declined from 54% to 40%. No new approved programs were started in high-need counties. Total syringes exchanged increased by more than 1 million per year, average annual budgets increased by more than 50%, and police harassment of the program volunteers, clients, and operators declined. Improvements at approved syringe exchange programs accounted for these changes. Conclusions. Statewide approval and funding appears necessary to further syringe exchange availability in California.
On the determination of lead in wine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Karadjova Irina , Cvetković Julijana , Stafilov Trajče , Arpadjan Sonja 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The parameters of analytical procedures developed for direct ETAAS determination of Pb in wine are discussed. Atomic absorption spectrometers based on transversal and longitudinal Zeeman effect, wall and integrated platform atomization with two main approaches: (i) measurements in the presence of modifier and (ii) measurements without using any modifier are compared. The optimal temperature programs are defined according to the pre-treatment and atomization curves constructed in the presence of different types of wines. For all investigated instrumental systems, 1:1 dilution of wine sample with 0.2 mol L−1 HNO3 is recommended. Matrix interferences observed, call for standard addition calibration method for Pb quantification in wines. The detection limit (3σ) achieved for wine diluted in the ratio of 1:1 varied from 0.8 to 1.9 μg L−1 depending on the instrument used. The relative standard deviation for the concentration range of 10 to 80 μg L−1 Pb in wine is typically between 4–8%. The accuracy of the analytical procedures recommended was confirmed by comparing the results obtained with those found for wine samples previously digested with HNO3-H2O2 mixture, by added/found method and by parallel analysis using different instruments. A total of 66 wine samples from different regions of Macedonia were analyzed.
Der Wolf im Nationalpark der Abruzzen – Erfahrungen sammeln und Vergleiche mit der Schweiz ziehen | The Wolf in the Abruzzi National Park – Gaining experience and comparing with Switzerland
Authors: Rüegg Dani , Camin Paolo , Fischer Luzius , Heimann Philippe 
Published: May 2007

Slowly but surely the wolf is moving north and has reached the southern frontiers of Switzerland. Individual animals have already crossed the border and surfaced in the media as the«problem animals». The pressure arising from the wolf's impulse to settle will continue, and probably even increase. The working group Forest and Wild Animals of the Swiss Forestry Society spent 5 days in Italy on a field trip with the aim of collecting information and gaining knowledge of the wolf in Italy, in order to carry out a comparative study with Switzerland. In central Italy, where the wolf has always lived, hunting is not made impossible nor has cattle breeding ever been in doubt. In addition, local tourist industries have cleverly managed to market the wolf. The most striking feature is that the population in Italy understands how to go about their work without – or with a minimum of – conflict with the wolf. This is also the determining difference when it comes to coping with the diffusion of the wolf with as little conflict as possible. People in Switzerland still have to learn to cope with the wolf. Consistent and thorough herding and protection measures for sheep must be introduced and supported. The game populations in Switzerland are high but – as with sheep holding – not adapted to the presence of the wolf. Initially, therefore,attacks are to be expected in some regions until the game has acquired a more adaptive behaviour.
The immigration of the wolf into Switzerland will hardly pass without conflict. Perhaps, however, it can be facilitated if the population of Switzerland can (re-)learn to live with the wolf. One great difference between Italy and Switzerland springs immediately to mind: while the population density is low in those areas of Italy where the wolf has its habitat, in Switzerland there are very few regions with a comparably low population density. This does not pose a problem for the wolf– it is adaptable – but it does add to the potential for conflict that can be expected to arise from the ongoing immigration.
Within the present, ever-changing framework, humankind's relation with the wolf will continue to give rise to new questions. Successful answers and results will only follow from consistently solid work based on accurate information. This is all the more true because it concerns long-term development to meet a goal which calls for the integration of demands, claims,opinions and realpolitik, and the pressure from the wolf. We believe that our report contributes towards this goal.
Schweizer Wald und die CO2-Problematik – ein Diskussionsbeitrag | The CO2-problem and forests in Switzerland – towards a discussion
Authors: Coleman Evelyn 
Published: May 2007

Implementing the decisions taken in Bonn and Marrakech to meet resolutions set out in the Kyoto protocol provides Switzerland with the possibility of using the forest to reduce CO2 and to help meet the Swiss reductions goal. But how are climate policy and forest policy goals related in Switzerland?Using data from Switzerland's forests, climate and forest policy goals are set side by side and compared. We ascertain that many of the fixed goals have a common basis. The use of fossil fuels, for example, as far as wood is concerned, benefits both climate protection and Swiss forest management. However,from the point of view of the forests, negative incentives were created by the Kyoto protocol, that lead to the temptation of maximising the storage function of the forest which overlooks aspects of biological and agricultural diversity.
Accordingly, this contribution is a call to all interested parties in Switzerland's forests to involve themselves in finding an active solution, which takes both climate and forestry policy into account.
Moderne forstbetriebliche Planung | Modern forest management planning
Authors: Bachmann Peter , Ammann Simon , Kunz Beat , Rupf Alfred 
Published: May 2007

With the inception of a two-step forestry plan, forest management planning takes on a new, more important, meaning. The new plan aims to optimise production performance in forestry enterprises and is strongly oriented towards economic considerations. In the medium term the emphasis is on strategic planning and operative planning takes place within the annual plan. The content of modern forest management planning is very different to prevailing management plans and calls for new solutions.
The examples of forest enterprises of the City of Winterthur(2000 ha) and the Exchequer of Württemberg (5200 ha) serve to show how – apart from traditional policies – a business plan in accordance with modern management doctrine becomes the main steering instrument.
In smaller forest enterprises it probably makes good sense to convert the business plan into a strategic planning instrument with a strong economic orientation which, in addition to sovereign considerations, strongly builds on the goals of ownership. Strategic planning will be an important task for the manager. The influence of the state is limited to those aspects which concern binding regulations in the public interest. The supply of information needs to be partially re-regulated with regard to survey levels, accuracy, repartition of coasts and responsibilities.
Die Höhenverbreitung von Esche, Buche und Tanne. Diskussion am Beispiel der Luzerner Voralpen | Altitudinal distribution of ash, beech and silver fir: Discussion using the example of the Prealps in the canton of Lucerne
Authors: Wyl Beat Von , Häfliger Pius , Baggenstos Markus 
Published: May 2007

In the upper montane forests in the region of Entlebuch,Lucerne the current proportion of mixed stands of ash, beech and silver fir is low. Cultivation and management of stable,well-adapted stands is therefore illusory. If promotion of the missing species is to be encouraged in the future, the natural potential must first be ascertained. In order to achieve this the canton of Lucerne effectuated an expansive plant-sociological site map. The exact altitudinal distribution of each forest community first had to be ascertained, as the identification of the relevant species is hardly possible at a glance. In order to draw up a complete and accurate plant-sociological site map, the exact altitudinal distribution of each forest community had to be inventoried, as the determination of species is hardly possible at a glance. Only the systematic search for individual trees in the higher altitudes delivered a good database. In a survey,carried out from 1995 to 2000 along the northern slopes of the alps between Marbach and Pilatus, a total of 396 individual trees or tree groups of the three species were catalogued. By combining the collection of this data with the drawing up of the site map, the workload entailed in this survey remained within acceptable limits.
The collected data show that scattered remnants of earlier mixed stands can still be found today. The maximum distribution altitude for silver fir lies at 1800 m.a.s.l., for beech at 1600 m.a.s.l. and for ash at 1400 m.a.s.l. In the uppermost 150 metres of distribution, trees only grow to the middle of this level and are not silviculturally relevant. Although in the next lowest 150 metres the three species do not generally attain numbers that are relevant regarding the function of stands, in certain adapted sites they can make up a considerable proportion and therefore greatly influence the structure, dynamics and stability of these stands.
Today's underrepresentation of the three species in question can be plausibly explained within an historical context. The enormous requirement of wood in early industrial times,especially in the glass industry, played a central role.
If the silvicultural management of protection forests is to be carried out in an economical sound manner with all embracing,long term goals the promotion of the examined tree species will play a considerable role. We have formulated a number of recommendations to help achieve these goals.
Preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil hydrochloride in children with Down syndrome: A clinical report series
Authors: Spiridigliozzi Gail A. , Heller James H. , Crissman Blythe G. , Sullivan‐Saarela Jennifer A. , Eells Rebecca , Dawson Deborah , Li Jennifer , Kishnani Priya S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere is growing evidence to support the use of early central cholinergic enhancement to improve cognitive functioning in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). This report summarizes preliminary safety and cognitive efficacy data for seven children (8–13 years) with DS who participated in a 22‐week, open‐label trial of donepezil hydrochloride. Donepezil was dosed once daily at 2.5 mg and, based on tolerability, increased to 5 mg/day. Safety assessments were conducted at Week 1 (baseline), Week 8 (2.5 mg donepezil), Week 16 (5 mg) and Week 22 (after the donepezil had been discontinued). Measures of cognitive function were administered at each visit, encompassing the following domains: memory; attention; mood; and adaptive functioning. Donepezil was well tolerated at the 2.5 and 5 mg doses. The side effects were mild, transient, and consistent with the adverse events noted with cholinesterase inhibitors. Some children showed improvement on measures of memory (NEPSY Memory for Names and Narrative Memory) and sustained attention to tasks (Conners' Parent Rating Scales), although increased irritability and/or assertiveness were noted in some patients. Overall, this clinical report series adds to our initial findings of language gains in children with DS treated with donepezil. It also supports the need for larger, double‐blind studies of the safety and efficacy of donepezil and other cholinesterase inhibitors for children with DS. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphisms in the homeobox gene OTX2 may be a risk factor for bipolar disorder
Authors: Sabunciyan Sarven , Yolken Robert , Ragan Christina M. , Potash James B. , Nimgaonkar Vishwajit L. , Dickerson Faith , Llenos Ida C. , Weis Serge 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe investigated the possible involvement of OTX2, a homeobox gene crucial for forebrain development, in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The disruption of this gene results in cortical malformations and causes serotonergic and dopaminergic cells in the midbrain to be expressed in aberrant locations. Resequencing of DNA from OTX2 exons and surrounding introns from 60 individuals (15 schizophrenia, 15 bipolar disorder, 15 depression, and 15 control) revealed two intronic polymorphisms, rs2277499 (C/T) and rs28757218 (G/T), but no other variations. The minor allele of rs2277499 (T) did not associate with clinical diagnosis. However, using a Taqman genotyping assay, we found the rs28757218 minor allele (T) in 30 out of 720 (4.2%) individuals with bipolar disorder but only in 6 out of 526 (1.1%) control individuals (odds ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.4–10.4, P = 0.003). On the other hand, the rs28757218 minor allele was only found in 6 out of 458 (1.3%) individuals with schizophrenia. All individuals with the rs28757218 polymorphism were heterozygous for the allele. Based on this positive case‐control association finding, we conclude that variations in OTX2 might confer risk for the development of bipolar disorder. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the Determination of Spin‐Parity of Elementary Particles Produced in Collisions of Polarized Particles
Authors: Kłosiński J. , Kosiński P. , Tybor W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper we adopt Peshkin's “maximum complexity method” for reactions 0 + 1/2 → j + s, γ + 0 → j + 0 with polarized initial particles. The produced particles undergo the decays s → 0 + 1/2, and j decays strongly into 0 + 0 + 0. Study of certain correlations in such processes allows to determine the spins of the produced particles. Because the spin of the X° (960) meson is not firmly established we apply the general results obtained to the reactions: K−p → X° Δ, πp → X°N★, γHe → X°He.
Noether's Theorem and the Conservation Laws of the KORTEWEG‐DE VRIES Equation
Authors: Steudel H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method developed recently by the author to derive a continuum of conservation laws by Noether's theorem from the so‐called extended Bäcklund transformations is applied to the KORTEWEG‐DE VRIES equation that describes various nonlinear dispersive wave phenomena in hydrodynamics, plasma physics and solid state physics. Further applications of Noether's theorem concerning this equation are given. It is shown that the Galilean transformation in the present case has an analogous function as Lie's transformation has with respect to the sine‐Gordon equation.