bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurements effects in reattribution research
Authors: Boer Dirk‐Jan Den , Meertens Ree , Kok Gerjo , Van Knippenberg Ad 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn studies investigating the effects of reattribution training, reattributing to effort is confounded with forcing subjects to think about causes of their performance. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects on performance of having people think about causes of outcomes by means of measuring attributions for success or failure. The results indicate that measurement has a beneficial effect on performance after failure. Measurement of attributions after success does not affect performance or may even slightly deteriorate it. Explanations for these results are discussed.
Interrogating emotions: A dyadic task for exploring the common sense of feeling states
Authors: Parkinson Brian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an innovative investigation of commonsense conceptions of emotion using a two‐person game where one player asked questions intended to determine the nature of an emotional state imagined by the other player. All questions used by players were then sorted into categories by expert judges. Based on cluster analysis, questions were categorized as relating to ‘causes’, ‘characteristics’, and ‘consequences’ of emotional states. Potential advantages and applications of this technique are discussed.
Difficulty and instrumentality of imminent behavior as determinants of goal attractiveness
Authors: Wright Rex A. , Gregorich Steven E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubjects were presented with an easy or moderately difficult memorization task and told they could earn either a very low or very high chance of obtaining a modest prize if they did well. A measure of goal attractiveness was taken during an interval immediately preceding the task performance period. As expected, anticipatory goal attractiveness ratings were higher in the moderately difficult condition than in the easy condition when the probability of goal attainment (given success) was high, but were low in both task conditions when the probability of goal attainment (given success) was low. Results are discussed in terms of Brehm's recent theory of motivation.
Social regulation and individual cognitive function: Effects of individuation on cognitive performance
Authors: Monteil Jean‐Marc 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNumerous experiments have illustrated the intervention of social regulations in individual cognitive functioning, applying such concepts as social co‐ordination, socio‐cognitive conflict and social marking. Two experiments, involving secondary school pupils are presented within this general framework. The first tests the hypothesis that individual cognitive functioning, highlighted in a task requiring mobilization of knowledge learned to that end, can under certain conditions be regulated by experimentally induced social resources. The second experiment uses the same paradigm to compare the information processing, under anonymous versus individuated conditions, of pupils respectively with successful and unsuccessful academic histories. The results of both experiments indicate that cognitive functioning is strongly influenced by the social situations created within the experimental settings. These results are discussed in terms of the social meta systems which may intervene in cognitive processes.
The low robustness of the gain effect of interpersonal attraction: Some empirical and theoretical considerations
Authors: Koller Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubjects were exposed either to positive–positive evaluations or to negative‐positive evaluations. In addition, evaluator's credibility was manipulated (high, low, neutral). Liking for the evaluator, perceived correctness, and perceived contingency of the evaluations were assessed as dependent variables. The gain effect suggested by Aronson and Linder (1965) was not found in any of the three dependent measures. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Measures of national stereotypes as predictors of the latencies of inductive versus deductive stereotypic judgements
Authors: Diehl Michael , Jonas Klaus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAccording to Taifel's accentuation theory, national stereotypes can be thought of as the correlation between trait dimensions and national affiliations, This correlation is high when the trait shows high homogeneity within and high distinctiveness between the national groups. The present study tested the hypothesis that a trait's distinctiveness would facilitate inductive stereotypic judgements (inferences from trait to nationality) whereas homogeneity would facilitate deductive stereotypic judgements (inferences from nationality to trait). The latencies of inductive and deductive stereotypic judgements of 48 German subjects were assessed for 39 traits and three foreign nationalities (English, French, Italian). Multiple regression analyses using latencies for both types of judgements us criterion variables and both distinctiveness and homogeneity as predictor variables were conducted. The stereotype measures of Katz and Braly and McCauley and Stitt served as additional predictor variables. As expected from accentuation theory, distinctiveness predicted inductive but not deductive latencies, whereas homogeneity predicted deductive but not inductive latencies. For the latencies of deductive stereotypic judgements, the stereotype measure of Katz and Braly as well as that of McCauley and Stitt also proved to be significant predictors. The results are discussed and recommendations are given with respect to the assessment of national stereotypes.
Categorization and interclass assimilation in social judgement
Authors: Eiser J. Richard , Martijn Carolien , Van Schie Els 
Published: May 2007

AbstractManiset al.(1986, 1988) have suggested that, when a classification is superimposed on a series of items, this can lead to a reduction in the judged differences between the classes (interclass assimilation), whereas most previous research points to an accentuation of interclass differences. In a modified replication of conditions used by Maniset al., 82 subjects were presented with a series of vocabulary definitions, indicative of varying degrees of thought disturbance, supposedly provided by patients at different hospitals. For experimental but not control subjects, each definition was attributed to a patient from one of two hospitals, and the earlier items in the series were chosen so as to induce the expectation that patients from one hospital were more disturbed than those from the other. Subjects then compared pairs of midscale definitions (one from each hospital) and indicated which definition in the pair they considered more disturbed. Ratings of these test pairs by experimental subjects differed from those of controls in a direction of reduced discrimination between the classes, confirming the basic finding of Maniset al.This effect was not consistently influenced by the extremity of the induction series. Since the interclass assimilation effect found for test items also occurred for the induction items, our findings do not favour an interpretation in terms of midscale items being contrasted from other members of their class (within‐class contrast). However, those subjects who were more confident in their ratings of the induction items showed less interclass assimilation. Implications for theories of category use and social stereotyping are discussed.
Social comparison and the drive upward revisited: Affiliation as a response to marital stress
Authors: Buunk Bra M. P. , Vanyperen Nico W. , Taylor Shelley E. , Collins Rebecca L 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo test theoretical ideas derived from classic and recent social comparison theory, two studies examined affiliative tendencies as a response to marital problems among individuals varying in marital dissatisfaction. Study 1 (n. = 632) showed that the higher the degree of marital dissatisfaction and the higher the uncertainty about how things are going in one's marriage, the stronger was the desire for affiliation (operationalized as the desire to talk with others about one's marriage). Moreover, among individuals high in marital dissatisfaction, a preference for upward affiliation was found, i.e. for contact with others having better marriages. Individuals with lower levels of dissatisfaction preferred affiliation with similar others. Women experienced more uncertainty and a stronger affiliative tendency than men. In Study 2 (n = 233), these findings were largely replicated. Moreover, it was shown that the desire to affiliate when facing marital stress was particularly strong among individuals high in interpersonal orientation.
Social representations of drugs, causal judgment and social perception
Authors: Echabe Agustin Echebarria , Guede Emilia Fdz. , Guillen Cesar Sanjuan , Garate Jose F. Valencia 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse the influence of social representation on both social perceptions and social judgments. In the first stage of this study, 47 drug users and 80 ‘normal’ subjects were asked to respond to a questionnaire about representations of drugs. Three weeks later we contacted the same subjects. They were asked to answer some questions about a fictitious story in which an actor labelled as ‘a drug user’ or ‘a person’ disputed with a trader. Three different social representations of drugs were found. It was shown that these social representations were anchored in different social groups which were defined by their proximity to the world of drugs. Subjects who were themselves drug users shared an accepting or an ambivalent social representation of drugs but they also made the most negative judgements about the causes of a fictitious dispute between a trader and a drug addict. Moreover, these subjects had the most negative perception of the drug addict. Furthermore, some factors which increase the salience of social representations were studied. The effect on social perception and causal attributions of the interaction between social representations, the context and personal involvement in drugs was also shown. Some relations between the theory of social representations and the theories about asymmetrical intergroup relationships are exposed.
Social psychological research in The Netherlands, 1980‐1988
Authors: Meertens R. W. , Nederhof A. J. , Wilke H. A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper contains an investigation about research of Dutch social psychologists. Based on reported publications two types of analyses were performed. The reported publications were categorized by means of a topic‐inventory proposed by Fisch and Daniel (1982), which enabled us to compare Dutch trends with developments in Europe and the U. S.A. Moreover, by means of bibliometric analyses publications of Dutch social psychologists were related to data obtained by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Several trends were observed and discussed.
Cultural differences in the use of psychological and social characteristics in children's self‐understanding
Authors: Van Den Heuvel Henriëtte , Tellegen Geeske , Koomen Willem 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWestern societies can be characterized as individualistic: the person is seen as a situation‐free distinct agent, relatively autonomous from contextual influences. By contrast, many Eastern societies are collectivistic with a more ‘holistic’ view of the person: people are conceptualized in terms of their relation to the environment and their actions are primarily understood in terms of this relation. This difference implies that in Western cultures the ‘psychological self’ will be prominent, in Eastern cultures the ‘social self’ will be more salient. We report the results of a study carried out in the Netherlands, comprising Dutch, Turkish and Moroccan children in which these differences in self‐concept and the comparison of self with similar and dissimilar others, were investigated. A strong culture effect was found in the hypothesized direction: Dutch children referred more to psychological aspects, whereas Turkish and Moroccan children referred more to social aspects. These differences were found in both the self‐descriptions and the comparison measures.
Prejudice in a simulated legal context: A further application of social identity theory
Authors: Bagby R. Michael , Rector Neil A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA substantial amount of research exploring the theoretical parameters of social identity theory has utilized artificially created ingroups and outgroups. This study aimed to examine the propositions of social identity theory between naturally existing groups (French and English Canadians) where the dependent measure was more consequential than typical ratings within this experimental paradigm. Subjects read a transcript of a rape trial which varied the ethnicity of the defendant and victim and were asked to rate the victim and defendant on 18 adjectives and then determine the defendant's guilt on a 7‐point scale, while the results are not entirely consistent with the predictions emanating from social identity theory, we did find that French Canadian subjects rated the outgroup (English) defendant more guilty when the victim was from the ingroup (French) than when she was from the outgroup (English) as was anticipated.
Caught in the act: When impressions based on highly diagnostic behaviours are resistant to contradiction
Authors: Skowronski John J. , Carlston Donal E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResearch and theory emphasizing the role of cue diagnosticity in judgment (e.g. Skowronski and Carlston, 1987, 1989) suggests that under the proper conditions: (a) negativity effects should be observed in judgments of honesty/dishonesty; (b) positivity effects should be observed in judgments of intelligence/unintelligence, and (c) intelligence‐implicative and dishonesty‐implicative cues should be increasingly difficult to contradict as those cues become more extreme. Two experiments yielded data consistent with these predictions. In addition, two other important findings emerged from these studies. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that subjects do not respond as if highly diagnostic cues are sufficient for category membership, suggesting that the representational format of trait categories does not correspond to the format suggested by the ‘classical model’ of categorization. The results of Experiment 2 also indicated that negativity and positivity effects are not substantially altered by a role‐playing manipulation designed to increase subjects' involvement in the judgment task.
Self‐serving biases: The role of perspective‐taking
Authors: Cadinu Maria Rosaria , Arcuri Luciano , Kodilja Renata 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis research explores the role of perspective taking in self‐serving biases. Assisted by a confederate, 80 subjects performed an impression‐formation task and were given either success or failure bogus feedback. One week later, half of the subjects watched their performance on videotape and provided causal attributions (‘observers’). The other half simply gave causal attributions (‘actors’). Thus, the experiment employed a modified version of the actor/observer paradigm with one group of subjects taking the perspective of observers (‘observers’) and one group of subjects keeping their original perspective (‘actors’). The aim of this study was to test whether the change of perspective would increase dispositional causal attributions both in success and failure conditions. Results showed that subjects gave greater causal weight to internal factors (ability, effort) and less causal weight to external factors (task characteristics, collaboration with the partner) in the success than in the failure condition. Moreover, in a direct comparison task, subjects attributed a greater percentage of responsibility to themselves than to their partner in the success than in the failure condition. However, the type of perspective produced no significant effects, but showed an attenuation of self‐serving biases for observers as compared to actors. A motivational explanation of the results is proposed.
Some instantiations of the informational negativity effect: Positive‐negative asymmetry in category breadth and in estimated meaning similarity of trait adjectives
Authors: Claeys Willem , Timmers Luc 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStarting from the assumption that people direct more attention to the objective, non‐evaluative, aspects of undesirable behaviours than of equally evaluatively‐intense desirable ones and attach more weight to the defining descriptive features of undesirable traits than of desirable ones, we predicted and demonstrated, with samples of Dutch adjectives, that, on the average, undesirable trait adjectives, as compared to desirable ones, had a lower category breadth and a higher discriminative value (Study 1). Undesirable trait adjectives were also estimated as less similar in meaning and as less likely to co‐occur in the same person, and were less strongly intercorrelated when used for memory‐based self‐ratings (Study 2). These positive‐negative asymmetries tended to hold for all traits whether they belonged to the self‐profitability dimension or to the other‐profitability dimension, and did not depend on the evaluative intensity of the traits. Alternative interpretations of these asymmetries and the implications of these asymmetries for personality assessment and for research on implicit personality theory and on the factorial structure of rating correlations are discussed.
Expectancy‐value models of health behaviour: An analysis by conjoint measurement
Authors: Jonas Klaus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVarious studies in the health area consistently rejected the multiplicative combination between severity and probability of threat which is predicted by expectancy‐value (EV) theories. It is hypothesized here, that this negative evidence may be due to an overly demanding assumption underlying the multiplicative combination, namely, the assumption that people are able to performs trade‐offs between expectancies and valences. This hypothesis is tested in two studies in which subjects judged hypothetical health threats. Results from a nonparametric analysis (conjoint measurement) of individual data (Study 1) and an experimental study of trade‐off judgments (Study 2) are mostly consistent with the prediction. Unexpectedly, however, an ANOVA of the aggregate data of Study 1 yielded a small, but significant effect consistent with the multiplicative assumption. Whereas this latter result can be interpreted as evidencing an attempt to perform trade‐offs, the overall results show as predicted that trade‐off judgments are associated with a systematic error component due to the inherent difficulty of this type of judgment.
Senile EBV‐associated B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder of prepatellar bursa in an elderly patient with multifocal urate arthropathy
Authors: Mueller Susanna , Aigner Thomas , Haag Jochen , Schwarz Rene , Niedobitek Gerald 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe report a case of an EBV‐associated high grade B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder occurring in the synovial membrane of an elderly patient with gout arthropathy. The EBV‐infected B‐cells displayed a pattern of viral gene expression (EBNA2+/LMP1+) typically seen during primary EBV‐infection and in lymphoproliferations occurring in immunosuppressed individuals. This case conforms to senile EBV‐associated lymphoproliferative disorders previously reported only in Japanese patients. We suggest that an impaired EBV‐specific T‐cell immunity, local or systemic, may play a role in the development of this disorder and that chronic diseases such as gout may be contributing factors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of microencapsulated recombinant CHO cell growth, endostatin production, and stability of microcapsule in vivo
Authors: Zhang Ying , Wang Wei , Xie Yubing , Yu Weiting , Lv Guojun , Guo Xin , Xiong Ying , Ma Xiaojun 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMicroencapsulation of recombinant cells secreting endostatin offers a promising approach to tumor gene therapy in which therapeutic protein is delivered in a sustainable and long‐term fashion by encapsulated recombinant cells. However, the studies of cell growth and protein production in vivo are very limited. In this study, the effects of microencapsulation parameters on in vivo cell growth, endostatin production, and microcapsule stability after implantation in the peritoneal cavity of mice were for the first time investigated. Microcapsules with liquid core reached higher cell density and endostatin production at day 18 than microcapsules with solid core. There was no significant difference in stability whether the core of the microcapsule was solid or liquid. Decrease in microcapsule size increased the stability of microcapsule. The microcapsules kept intact in the peritoneal cavity of mice after 36 days of implantation when the microcapsules size was 240 μm in diameter, which gave rise to high endostatin production as well. The optimized microencapsulation conditions for in vivo implantation are liquid core and 240 μm in diameter. This study provides useful information for antiangiogenic gene therapy to tumors using microencapsulated recombinant cells. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2008
Profiling of mitochondrial associated proteins from rat colon
Authors: Padidar Sara , Bestwick Charles S. , King Tim P. , Rucklidge Garry J. , Duncan Gary J. , Reid Martin D. , Drew Janice E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction, damage and mutations of mitochondrial proteins give rise to a range of ill understood patterns of disease. Although there is significant general knowledge of the proteins and the functional processes of the mitochondria, there is little knowledge of difference about how mitochondria respond and how they are regulated in different organs and tissues. Proteomic profiling of mitochondria and associated proteins involved in mitochondrial regulation and trafficking within cells and tissues has the potential to provide insights into mitochondrial dysfunction associated with many human diseases. The rat colon mitoproteome analysis presented here provides a useful tool to assist in identification and interpretation of mitochondrial dysfunction implicated in colon pathogenesis. 2DPAGE followed by LC/MS/MS was used to identify 430 proteins from mitochondrial enriched fractions prepared from rat colon, resulting in 195 different proteins or approximately 50% of the resolved proteins being identified as multiple protein expression forms. Proteins associated with the colon mitoproteome were involved in calcium binding, cell cycle, energy metabolism and electron transport chain, protein folding, protein synthesis and degradation, redox regulation, structural proteins, signalling and transporter and channel proteins. The mitochondrial associated proteins identified in this study of colon tissue complement and are compared with other recently published mitoproteome analyses from other organ tissues, and will assist in revealing potentially organ specific roles of the mitochondria and organ specific disease associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 78–97, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.