bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemical Quantification of Semiarid Mountain Recharge
Authors: Wahi Arun K. , Hogan James F. , Ekwurzel Brenda , Baillie Matthew N. , Eastoe Christopher J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAnalysis of a typical semiarid mountain system recharge (MSR) setting demonstrates that geochemical tracers help resolve the location, rate, and seasonality of recharge as well as ground water flowpaths and residence times. MSR is defined as the recharge at the mountain front that dominates many semiarid basins plus the often‐overlooked recharge through the mountain block that may be a significant ground water resource; thus, geochemical measurements that integrate signals from all flowpaths are advantageous. Ground water fluxes determined from carbon‐14 (14C) age gradients imply MSR rates between 2 × 106 and 9 × 106 m3/year in the Upper San Pedro Basin, Arizona, USA. This estimated range is within an order of magnitude of, but lower than, prior independent estimates. Stable isotopic signatures indicate that MSR has a 65% ± 25% contribution from winter precipitation and a 35% ± 25% contribution from summer precipitation. Chloride and stable isotope results confirm that transpiration is the dominant component of evapotranspiration (ET) in the basin with typical loss of more than 90% of precipitation‐less runoff to ET. Such geochemical constraints can be used to further refine hydrogeologic models in similar high‐elevation relief basins and can provide practical first estimates of MSR rates for basins lacking extensive prior hydrogeologic measurements.
Impact of primary tumour stage on survival in dogs with solitary lung tumours
Authors: Polton G. A. , Brearley M. J. , Powell S. M. , Burton C. A. 
Published: January 2008

Objectives:The objective of this study was to determine simple prognostic criteria for differentiation of canine solitary lung tumour cases into those that will and will not benefit from thoracic surgery.Methods:This was a retrospective study using the records of cases presented to Davies Veterinary Specialists, Hitchin, UK, from December 1998 to December 2005. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan‐Meier and logrank methods. Potentially significant variables were evaluated by multivariate Cox analysis.Results:Forty‐two patients met the inclusion criteria. Primary tumour stage T1, absence of neoplastic lymph nodes and metastases, and papillary tumour type were statistically significant favourable prognostic indicators on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis attributed significance to primary tumour stage T1 and papillary type only. Median survival times were 555 days for T1N0M0 tumours of papillary type and 72 days for the remainder.ClinicalSignificance:Survival time following surgery in dogs with primary lung tumours was poor except in clinical stage T1N0M0 cases. These data support use of clinical techniques to dichotomise cases as T1N0M0 or other, improving decision making in thoracic surgery. These data validate initiation of prospective studies examining the role of chemotherapy in the management of advanced cases.
Ethics of deliberation, consent and coercion in psychiatry
Authors: Liégeois A , Eneman M 
Published: January 2008

In psychiatry, caregivers try to get free and informed consent of patients, but often feel required to restrict freedom and to use coercion. The present article develops ethical advice given by an Ethics Committee for Mental Health Care. The advice recommends an ethical ideal of shared deliberation, consisting of information, motivation, consensus and evaluation. For the exceptional use of coercion, the advice develops three criteria, namely incapacity to deliberate, threat of serious harm and proportionality between harm and coercion.The article also discusses the viewpoints of the ethical advice and of the European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine: is the advice in agreement with the Convention and can the advice refine the guidelines of the Convention for the particular context of psychiatry? Although the Convention emphasises the autonomy of the individual patient, whereas the advice focuses on the relationships between the partners involved, the advice enjoys a complementary and supportive function in the application of the Convention.
SPIN-GALVANIC EFFECT AND SPIN ORIENTATION BY CURRENT IN NON-MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTORS
Authors: GANICHEV S. D. 
Published: January 2008

Lately, there is much interest in the use of the spin of carriers in semiconductor quantum well (QW) structures together with their charge to realize novel concepts like spintronics. The necessary conditions to develop spintronic devices are high spin polarizations in QWs and a large spin-splitting of subbands in k-space. The latter is important for the ability to control spins with an external electric field by the Rashba effect. Significant progress has been achieved recently in generating large spin polarizations, in demonstrating the Rashba splitting and also in using the splitting for manipulating the spins. At the same time as these conditions are fulfilled and spins are polarized in-plane of QW, it has been shown that the spin polarization itself drives a current resulting in the spin galvanic effect [1,2]. The spin-galvanic effect is due to asymmetric spin-flip scattering of spin polarized carriers and it is determined by the process of spin relaxation. In some optical experiments, where circularly polarized radiation is used to orient spins, the photocurrent may represent a sum of spin-galvanic and circular photogalvanic effects effects.2,3 Both effects provide methods to determine spin relaxation times and the relative strength of the Rashba/Dresselhaus spin-splitting in semiconductor quantum wells.2 The inverse spin-galvanic effect4 has also been detected demonstrating that electric current in non-magnetic but gyrotropic QWs results in a non-equilibrium spin orientation. Just recently a first direct experimental proof of this effect was obtained in semiconductor QWs5,6 as well as in strained bulk material.7 Microscopically the effect is a consequence of spin-orbit coupling which lifts the spin-egeneracy in k-space of charge carriers together with spin dependent relaxation. Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.
PROBING GRAVITY IN NEO'S WITH HIGH-ACCURACY LASER-RANGED TEST MASSES
Authors: BOSCO A. , CANTONE C. , DELL'AGNELLO S. , DELLE MONACHE G. O. , FRANCESCHI M. A. , GARATTINI M. , NAPOLITANO T. , CIUFOLINI I. , AGNENI A. , GRAZIANI F. , IALONGO P. , LUCANTONI A. , PAOLOZZI A. , PERONI I. , SINDONI G. , BELLETTINI G. , TAURASO R. , PAVLIS E. C. , CURRIE D. G. , RUBINCAM D. P. , ARNOLD D. A. , MATZNER R. , SLABINSKI V. J. 
Published: January 2008

Gravity can be studied in detail in near Earth orbits NEO's using laser-ranged test masses tracked with few-mm accuracy by ILRS. The two LAGEOS satellites have been used to measure frame dragging (a truly rotational effect predicted by GR) with a 10% error. A new mission and an optimized, second generation satellite, LARES (I. Ciufolini PI), is in preparation to reach an accuracy of 1% or less on frame dragging, to measure some PPN parameters, to test the 1/r2 law in a very weak field and, possibly, to test select models of unified theories (using the perigee). This requires a full thermal analysis of the test mass and an accurate knowledge of the asymmetric thermal thursts due to the radiation emitted by the Sun and Earth. A Space Climatic Facility (SCF) has been built at INFN-LNF (Frascati, Italy) to perform this experimental program on LAGEOS and LARES prototypes. It consists of a 2 m × 1 m cryostat, simulators of the Sun and Earth radiations and a versatile thermometry system made of discrete probes and an infrared digital camera. The SCF commissioning is well underway. A test of all its subsystems has been successfully completed on August 4, 2006, using a LAGEOS 3 × 3 retroreflector array built at LNF. This prototype has been thermally modeled in detail with a commercial simulation software. We expect to demonstrate the full functionality of the SCF with the thermal characterization of this LAGEOS array by the beginning of September 2006.
HOP/OB1/NECC1 Promoter DNA Is Frequently Hypermethylated and Involved in Tumorigenic Ability in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Yamashita Keishi , Kim Myoung Sook , Park Hannah Lui , Tokumaru Yutaka , Osada Motonobu , Inoue Hiroshi , Mori Masaki , Sidransky David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPromoter DNA hypermethylation with gene silencing is a common feature of human cancer, and cancer-prone methylation is believed to be a landmark of tumor suppressor genes (TSG). Identification of novel methylated genes would not only aid in the development of tumor markers but also elucidate the biological behavior of human cancers. We identified several epigenetically silenced candidate TSGs by pharmacologic unmasking of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines by demethylating agents (5-aza-2′-deoxycitidine and trichostatin A) combined with ESCC expression profiles using expression microarray. HOP/OB1/NECC1 was identified as an epigenetically silenced candidate TSG and further examined for (a) expression status, (b) methylation status, and (c) functional involvement in cancer cell lines. (a) The HOP gene encodes two putative promoters (promoters A and B) associated with two open reading frames (HOPα and HOPβ, respectively), and HOPα and HOPβ were both down-regulated in ESCC independently. (b) Promoter B harbors dense CpG islands, in which we found dense methylation in a cancer-prone manner (55% in tumor tissues by TaqMan methylation-specific PCR), whereas promoter A does not harbor CpG islands. HOPβ silencing was associated with DNA methylation of promoter B in nine ESCC cell lines tested, and reactivated by optimal conditions of demethylating agents, whereas HOPα silencing was not reactivated by such treatments. Forced expression of HOP suppressed tumorigenesis in soft agar in four different squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. More convincingly, RNA interference knockdown of HOP in TE2 cells showed drastic restoration of the oncogenic phenotype. In conclusion, HOP is a putative TSG that harbors tumor inhibitory activity, and we for the first time showed that the final shutdown process of HOP expression is linked to promoter DNA hypermethylation under the double control of the discrete promoter regions in cancer. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(1):31–41)
Simulations and Seasonal Prediction of the Asian Summer Monsoon in the NCEP Climate Forecast System
Authors: Yang Song , Zhang Zuqiang , Kousky Vernon E. , Higgins R. Wayne , Yoo Soo-Hyun , Liang Jianyin , Fan Yun 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Analysis of the retrospective ensemble predictions (hindcasts) of the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS) indicates that the model successfully simulates many major features of the Asian summer monsoon including the climatology and interannual variability of major precipitation centers and atmospheric circulation systems. The model captures the onset of the monsoon better than the retreat of the monsoon, and it simulates the seasonal march of monsoon rainfall over Southeast Asia more realistically than that over South Asia. The CFS predicts the major dynamical monsoon indices and monsoon precipitation patterns several months in advance. It also depicts the interactive oceanic–atmospheric processes associated with the precipitation anomalies reasonably well at different time leads. Overall, the skill of monsoon prediction by the CFS mainly comes from the impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
The CFS produces weaker-than-observed large-scale monsoon circulation, due partially to the cold bias over the Asian continent. It tends to overemphasize the relationship between ENSO and the Asian monsoon, as well as the impact of ENSO on the Asian and Indo-Pacific climate. A higher-resolution version of the CFS (T126) captures the climatology and variability of the Asian monsoon more realistically than does the current resolution version (T62). The largest improvement occurs in the simulations of precipitation near the Tibetan Plateau and over the tropical Indian Ocean associated with the zonal dipole mode structure. The analysis suggests that NCEP’s next operational model may perform better in simulating and predicting the monsoon climate over Asia and the Indo-Pacific Oceans.
Multidecadal Variability in North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity
Authors: Klotzbach Philip J. , Gray William M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Recent increases in Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity since 1995 and the associated destructive U.S. landfall events in 2004 and 2005 have generated considerable interest into why there has been such a sharp upturn. Natural variability, human-induced global warming, or a combination of both factors, have been suggested. Several previous studies have discussed observed multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic over 25–40-yr time scales. This study, using data from 1878 to the present, creates a metric based on far North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies and basinwide North Atlantic sea level pressure anomalies that shows remarkable agreement with observed multidecadal variability in both Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity and in U.S. landfall frequency.
Optimal Surface Excitation of the Thermohaline Circulation
Authors: Zanna Laure , Tziperman Eli 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The amplification of thermohaline circulation (THC) anomalies resulting from heat and freshwater forcing at the ocean surface is investigated in a zonally averaged coupled ocean–atmosphere model. Optimal initial conditions of surface temperature and salinity leading to the largest THC growth are computed, and so are the structures of stochastic surface temperature and salinity forcing that excite maximum THC variance (stochastic optimals). When the THC amplitude is defined as its sum of squares (equivalent to using the standard L2 norm), the nonnormal linearized dynamics lead to an amplification with a time scale on the order of 100 yr. The optimal initial conditions have a vanishing THC anomaly, and the complex amplification mechanism involves the advection of both temperature and salinity anomalies by the mean flow and of the mean temperature and salinity by the anomaly flow. The L2 characterization of THC anomalies leads to physically interesting results, yet to a mathematically singular problem. A novel alternative characterizing the THC amplitude by its maximum value, as often done in general circulation model studies, is therefore introduced. This complementary method is shown to be equivalent to using the L-infinity norm, and the needed mathematical approach is developed and applied to the THC problem. Under this norm, an amplification occurs within 10 yr explained by the classic salinity advective feedback mechanism. The analysis of the stochastic optimals shows that the character of the THC variability may be very sensitive to the spatial pattern of the surface forcing. In particular, a maximum THC variance and long-time-scale variability are excited by a basin-scale surface forcing pattern, while a significantly higher frequency and to some extent a weaker variability are induced by a smooth and large-scale, yet mostly concentrated in polar areas, surface forcing pattern. Overall, the results suggest that a large THC variability can be efficiently excited by atmospheric surface forcing, and the simple model used here makes several predictions that would be interesting to test using more complex models.
Variability at Intermediate Depths at the Equator in the Atlantic Ocean in 2000–06: Annual Cycle, Equatorial Deep Jets, and Intraseasonal Meridional Velocity Fluctuations
Authors: Bunge Lucia , Provost Christine , Hua Bach Lien , Kartavtseff Annie 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Time series of high vertical resolution current meter measurements between 600-m and 1800-m depths on the equator in the Atlantic were obtained at two locations, 10° and 23°W. The measurements have a time span of almost 7 years (2000–06) and provide insights into the temporal scales and vertical structure of variability at intermediate depths. Variability in the zonal velocity component records is dominated by semiannual, annual, and interannual fluctuations. At semiannual and annual periodicities, vertical scales are large, on the order of 2000 stretched meters (sm), and show upward phase propagation. In contrast, interannual variability is associated with small vertical scale flows, called equatorial deep jets (EDJs), presenting downward phase propagation most of the time. Fitting a plane wave to these small vertical-scale flows leads to velocity amplitude, vertical scale, and temporal scale estimates of 8 (normalized) cm s−1, 440 sm, and 4.4 yr. However, this plane wave cannot explain all the variability presenting small vertical scales. Indeed, the data suggest that, along with a seasonal cycle of much larger vertical scale, different features with EDJ vertical scale coexist, with the possibility of a semipermanent eastward jet at around 1500 sm. Variability in the meridional velocity component is dominated by intraseasonal fluctuations. In addition, at 23°W, the meridional component shows low-frequency flows that may be due to the interaction of zonal fluctuations with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Rapid chemical analysis of the <2 μm clay fraction using an SEM/EDS technique
Authors: Clayton T. , Pearce R. B. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractScanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis of smear slides of oriented <2 mm clay fractions is shown to be a reliable and rapid analytical technique for providing chemical data on clay mineral mixtures. Such smear slides are routinely prepared for clay mineral analysis by X-ray diffraction and the only additional treatment required for chemical analysis by EDS is carbon-coating to form an electronically conductive surface. Using standard clays, mixtures of standard clays, and sediment samples, it is shown that sample thickness, sample heterogeneity and surface roughness do not introduce significant analytical errors, although the presence of non-clay mineral phases such as calcite, dolomite, quartz and pyrite may introduce minor discrepancies. Chemical data complement the XRD analyses and increase their accuracy and reliability.
Response to desmopressin is influenced by the genotype and phenotype in type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD): results from the European Study MCMDM-1VWD
Authors: Castaman Giancarlo , Lethagen Stefan , Federici Augusto B. , Tosetto Alberto , Goodeve Anne , Budde Ulrich , Batlle Javier , Meyer Dominique , Mazurier Claudine , Fressinaud Edith , Goudemand Jenny , Eikenboom Jeroen , Schneppenheim Reinhard , Ingerslev Jorgen , Vorlova Zdena , Habart David , Holmberg Lars , Pasi John , Hill Frank , Peake Ian , Rodeghiero Francesco 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
We have prospectively evaluated the biologic response to desmopressin in 77 patients with type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD) enrolled within the Molecular and Clinical Markers for the Diagnosis and Management of type 1 VWD project. Complete response to desmopressin was defined as an increase of both ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo) and factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C) to 50 IU/dL or higher and partial response as VWF:RCo or FVIII:C lower than 50 IU/dL after infusion, but at least 3-fold the basal level. Complete response was observed in 83% of patients; partial in 13%; and no response in 4%. Patients with some abnormality of VWF multimeric pattern had significantly lower basal FVIII:C and VWF, lower VWF:RCo/Ag ratio, and less complete responses to desmopressin than patients with a normal multimeric pattern (P = .002). Patients with mutations at codons 1130 and 1205 in the D′-D3 domain had the greatest relative increase, but shortest FVIII and VWF half-lives after infusion. Most partial and nonresponsive patients had mutations in the A1-A3 domains. Response to desmopressin in these VWD patients seemed to be associated with the location of the causative mutation. The presence of subtle multimeric abnormalities did not hamper potential clinically useful responses, as in typical type 1 VWD.
Clinical malaria in African pregnant women
Authors: Bardají Azucena , Sigauque Betuel , Bruni Laia , Romagosa Cleofé , Sanz Sergi , Mabunda Samuel , Mandomando Inacio , Aponte John , Sevene Esperança , Alonso Pedro L , Menéndez Clara 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
There is a widespread notion, based on limited information, that in areas of stable malaria transmission most pregnant women with Plasmodium falciparum infection are asymptomatic. This study aim to characterize the clinical presentation of malaria in African pregnant women and to evaluate the adequacy of case management based on clinical complaints.

Methods
A hospital-based descriptive study between August 2003 and November 2005 was conducted at the maternity clinic of a rural hospital in Mozambique. All women attending the maternity clinic were invited to participate. A total of 2,330 women made 3,437 eligible visits, 3129 were analysed, the remainder were excluded because diagnostic results were unavailable or they were repeat visits. Women gave a standardized clinical history and had a medical exam. Malaria parasitaemia and haematocrit in capillary blood was determined for all women with signs or symptoms compatible with malaria including: presence and history of fever, arthromyalgias, headache, history of convulsions and pallor. Outcome measure was association of malaria symptoms or signs with positive blood slide for malaria parasitaemia.

Results
In 77.4% of visits pregnant women had symptoms suggestive of malaria; 23% (708/3129) were in the first trimester. Malaria parasitaemia was confirmed in 26.9% (842/3129) of visits. Headache, arthromyalgias and history of fever were the most common symptoms (86.5%, 74.8% and 65.4%) presented, but their positive predictive values for malaria parasitaemia were low [28% (27–30), 29% (28–31), and 33% (31–35), respectively].

Conclusion
Symptoms suggestive of malaria were very frequent among pregnant women attending a rural maternity clinic in an area of stable malaria transmission. However, less than a third of them were parasitaemic. In the absence of microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests, a large proportion of women, including those in the first trimester of gestation, would be unnecessarily receiving antimalarial drugs, often those with unknown safety profiles for pregnancy. Accessibility to malaria diagnostic tools needs to be improved for pregnant women and drugs with a safety profile in all gestational ages are urgently needed.