bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REACHING THE PEASANT, THE CASE OF THE MASAGANA CREDIT PROGRAM IN THE PHILIPPINES
Authors: HANISCH ROLF 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn general, supervised credit programs in developing countries are drafted and implemented exclusively by bureaucrats. They are employed in the pursuit of political and economic goals, which tend only coincidentally to overlap with the interests of the peasants, who are merely recruited as the target group, but not as the supporting group. The peasants usually put these program into difficulties through their lack of willingness to repay loans. The paper deals with the most important loan programme to date in the Philippines, the Masagana Program.The paper analyses the political context of the program origins and the shift in the government's interests as well as the broad‐range effects and results of the program and the factors responsible for the declining rate of repayment. In particular, the misdirection and misuse of the loans and the borrowers' inability and unwillingness to repay loans are investigated.RésuméDans les pays en développcment, la plupart des programmes ? attribution de prêts sont élaborés ct exécutés par des admin istrations. Ces programmes servent des objectifs politiques et économiques qui ne coincident qu'accidentellement avec les intérêts des paysans: ceux‐ci sont traités comme un groupe‐cible, non comme un acteur. Les paysans mettent souvent ces programmes en difficulté par leur mauvaise volontéà rembourser les prêts conscntis. Le plus important programme de ce type exécuté aux Philippines, le programme “Masagana” est analysé ici. ľ article décrit le contexte politique de la conception du programme, le changcment des intérêts du gouvernement; il en analyse ensuite les effets et résultats pour dégager les facteurs qui peuvent expliquer le non remboursement des préts: la mauvaise orientation et le mésusage des crédits, autant que Pincapacité ct la mauvaise volonté des paysans.KurzfassungIm allgemeinen werden staatliche Krcditprogramme in Entwicklungsländcrn ausschliesslich von Bürokraten enrwickelt und in Gang gesctzt. Ihre Aufgabe ist es, politische und ökonomische Ziele zu verfolgcn, die sich oft nur zufallig mit den Intcressen der Bauern decken. Diese werden überwiegend als Zielgruppen, aber nicht als Gruppen, die das Programm tragen sollen, angesehen. Durch die fehlende Bereitschaft zur Rückzahlung der Darlehen bringen die Bauern die Programme meist in Schwierigkeiten. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird das bisher bedeutendste Krcditprogramm in den Philippinen, das Masagana Programm, behandelt. Es werden der politische Kontext bei der Entstehung des Programms, die Anderung der Intcressen der Rcgicrung sowie die Breitcnwirkungen und Ergebenisse des Programms und die Ursachen für die zurückgehenden Tilgungsraten untersucht. Insbeson‐dere werden die Fehlleitung und der Missbrauch der Darlehen sowie die Unfahigkeit und Unwilligkeit der Darlehensnehmcr zur Rückzahlung untersucht.
BLUEPRINT FOR UNDERNUTRITION AN EXAMPLE FROM SRI LANKA*
Authors: SCHRIJVERS JOKE 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article starts with a theoretical discussion of the links between undernutrition, relations of production, and gender relations. As a result of the ‘modernisation’ of production processes and of planned ‘development’, rural women in the Third World are often cut off from the main means of production, whereas at the same time they remain responsible for the survival of their children and other dependent family members. It is concluded that adopting the household as the smallest unit of analysis tends to obscure the position of women in development schemes. This leads to an underestimation of the effects of sexual inequality in the productive and reproductive sphere on the occurrence of undernutrition. This theoretical issue is illustrated with an example of a large‐scale irrigation scheme in Sri Lanka, where the petcentage of chronically undernourished is five times higher than the national average.RésuméCet article est introduit par une analyse théorique de la relation entre sous‐alimentation, rapports de production et relations entre les sexes. La modernisation et le développement planifie ont pour effet, dans les pays du Tiers‐Monde, de Séparer les femmes de ľ accès aux moyens de production; elles sont par contre de plus en plus chargées de la responsabilité de la survie de leurs enfants et des autres membres de la famille qui dependent d'elles. Partant, le concept de menage comme unite elementaire d'analyse dissimule, de maniere mystificatrice, les inegalites entte les sexes dans la production et dans la reproduction, inegalites qui determinent la sous‐alimentation. Cettc analyse est developpec a travers l'exemple d'un perimetre d'irrigation a grande echelle au Sri Lanka, zone dans laquelle le pourcentagc de sous‐alimentes chroniques est cinq fois plus eleve que la moyenne nationalc.KurzfassungDieser Artikel beginnt mit einer theoretischen Erörterung der Beziehung zwischen Unterer‐nahrung, Produktionsverhältnissen und der Stellung der Frau. Als Ergebnis des Prozesses der “Modernisierung” und geplanter “Entwicklung” sind die Fraucn auf dem Lande in den Landern der Dritten Welt von den wichtigsten Produktionsgrundlagen abgeschnittcn wor‐den. Demgcgenuber sind sie zunehmend verantwortlich fur das Uberleben der Kinder und anderer abhangiger Familienmitglicder. Das Konzept des Haushalts als klcinste Analyseein‐heit verbirgt geschlechtsbcdingte Ungleichheiten im produktiven und reproduktiven Bereich, die zu Unterernahrung führcn. Diese theoretische Erklarung wird illustriert am Beispiel eines groβen Bewässerungsprojektes in Sri Lanka, wo den Prozentsatz chronisch Unterernährter fünfmal höher ist als im Landesdurchschnitt.
ON THE IDIOMATIC NATURE OF THE GOTHIC NEW TESTAMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREPOSITIONAL USAGE IN GOTHIC AND NEW TESTAMENT GREEK1
Authors: KLEIN JARED S. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn syntagms involving preposition + object the match‐up between Gothic and Greek seems at first sight highly capricious both lexically and with regard to case government. This paper presents the results of an exhaustive analysis of every prepositional phrase of both Greek and Gothic within a delimited but significant subcorpus of the Gothic Bible. Once one has made allowance for diachronic developments affecting the case systems of Greek and Gothic, the resulting structure represents an idiomatic and cohesive syntactic, semantic, and lexical system within Gothic. These findings support Curme's contention that our extant Gothic corpus is idiomatic and not a slavish and forced Gothicized version of Greek.
‘UNE REGRETTABLE ET FORT DISGRACIEUSE FAUTE DE FRANÇAIS‘?: THE DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE FRENCH SURCOMPOSÉS FROM 1530 TO THE PRESENT DAY.
Authors: Ayres‐Bennett Wendy , Carruthers Janice 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe French surcomposés or double compound forms have aroused the interest of twentieth‐century linguists as a form perceived to be on the margins of acceptable French grammar. It is important therefore to consider how they have been described and analysed not only in contemporary grammars but also in descriptions of French of past ages. This paper offers a comprehensive and systematic study of the treatment of the surcomposés in over 150 works published on French from the earliest examples to the present day.
SOME PROBLEMS IN DECIPHERING THE EARLY IRISH OGAM ALPHABET
Authors: Sims‐Williams Patrick 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper discusses the origin and antiquity of the ogam script, the transliteration of the letter Fern, and the identification of the Primitive Irish values of the controversial letters Gétal, Straif and hUath. The sources used include inscriptions of the fifth century and later, the Ballinderry dice, ninth‐ and twelfth‐ century manuscript keys, ogam letters found in Anglo‐Saxon texts and in bogus ‘Egyptian’ alphabets, the names of the letters themselves, as illuminated by the Old Irish kennings describing them, and Latin and Irish grammatical tracts. McManus's explanation of Gétal is upheld, the ambiguity of Straif is underlined, and the traditional identification of hUath is defended.
A DIACHRONIC ARGUMENT AGAINST THE SPLIT MORPHOLOGY HYPOTHESIS‐ANALOGICAL UMLAUT IN GERMAN DIALECTS
Authors: CHAPMAN CAROL 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper presents diachronic evidence from four modern German dialects against Anderson's (1982) formal dichotomy between inflection and derivation, otherwise known as the ‘Split Morphology Hypothesis’ (SMH). It examines the relative productivity of analogical umlaut rules (i.e. the analogical fronting of back vowels in morphologically complex forms leading to the creation of new ‘phonemes’) in a number of inflectional and derivational categories and demonstrates that these rules are either (i) productive in inflection and derivation, (ii) productive in inflection and diminutive nouns but sporadic in derivation or (iii) productive only in diminutive nouns. As a marker of noun plurals, analogical umlaut is lexically conditioned. On the basis of this evidence, it is argued that the productivity of analogical umlaut is determined by semiotically‐based parameters, including the semantic transparency of the relation between base and derivative and the uniformity and transparency of the formal means used to mark morphologically complex forms, all of which interact to determine the overall perceptual saliency of particular alternation types.
THE TRIPLE SYSTEM OF DEIXIS IN SOGDIAN
Authors: SIMS‐WILLIAMS NICHOLAS 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper demonstrates the existence in Sogdian, a Middle Iranian language belonging to the Eastern Iranian sub‐group, of ‘second person’ demonstratives based on the stems š‐and t‐, sometimes represented by the Aramaic ideograms 'LH and 'LK. It is argued that Sogdian š‐and t‐, like the Khotanese demonstratives based on the suppletive stems sa‐and tta‐, derive from Old Iranian aiša‐and ta‐, which were combined into a suppletive system by contamination of aiša‐/aita‐‘this’ and the neutral demonstrative ha‐/ta‐. The triple system of deixis attested by Sogdian y‐/m‐‘hic’, š‐/t‐‘iste’, and x‐/w‐‘ille’ survives in some modern East Iranian languages, which employ stems derived from Old Iranian ima‐, aita‐, and awa‐.
LINGUISTICS, GENETICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL EVIDENCE IN THE AMERIND CONTROVERSY*
Authors: McMAHON APRIL M. S. , McMAHON ROBERT 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTGreenberg (1987a) argues, on the basis of his technique of multilateral comparison, for a classification of New World languages into three groups, including the ‘superfamily’ Amerind. Greenberg and his collaborators defend this classification using linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence. In this paper, we assess the validity of all three types of evidence, and pursue the consequences of our assessment for multilateral comparison, for Greenberg's tripartite classification, and for the unity of the ‘Amerind’ phylum. We aim to show that the external evidence Greenberg cites is either not truly independent, or does not strongly support his conclusions, and that his linguistic methodology is both unreliable and statistically intractable. The last temptation is the greatest treason: To do the right deed for the wrong reason. (T. S. Eliot: Murder in the Cathedral)
THE DECLINE OF THE FOOT AS A SUPERSYLLABIC MORA‐COUNTING UNIT IN EARLY GERMANIC1
Authors: SUZUKI SEIICHI 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how change in prosodic organization determined the course of segmental phonological change in early Germanic, with reference to the following three processes: (i) the development of Sievers' law in Gothic; (ii) i‐umlaut in Old Norse; (iii) the shortening of unstressed long vowels in Old English. With the decline of the foot as a super syllabic mora‐counting unit of prosodic organization in favor of a strictly syllable‐based organization, Sievers' law extended the use of /ji/at the expense of /i:/in Gothic; Old Norse i‐umlaut lost the original sensitivity to morale structure; Old English shortening of unstressed long syllables generalized to operate on those vowels that had originally served as a foot constituent.
TRUTHFULNESS, CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS AND INTERACTION IN AN EGYPTIAN VILLAGE1
Authors: Harris Rachael M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper explores how far Grice's Maxim of Quality can account for patterns of truthfulnes in conversation in an Egyptian village. In the data, even where truthfulness seems unimportant, utterance design shows sensitivity to truthfulness constraints. The existence of a prohibition of lying within the code of honour can account for the patterns found, because of the nature of honour, which relates more to surface form than to underlying communicative intention. The Maxim is too simplistic, not in itself, but in functioning within a system which does not sufficiently distinguish between act and meaning, and which ignores some of the paradoxes of human interaction.
CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE: THE EMERGENCE OF A ‘FUTURE’ IN THE BRITISH LANGUAGES1
Authors: Poppe Erich 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe future paradigms of Modern Welsh and Modern Breton have historically different sources, the present indicative and present subjunctive respectively. This article presents evidence for the uses of these paradigms in medieval texts, from an earlier stage in the process of grammaticalization of the future. An explanation for the present and future readings of Middle Welsh verbs is suggested which is based on the inherent aspectuality of the verb, and some typological parallels for the developments in Welsh and Breton are discussed.
THE ROMANCE GERUND AND ‘SYSTEM‐DEPENDENT NATURALNESS’ IN MORPHOLOGY1
Authors: Maiden Martin 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAs a fortuitous result of sound change, a small handful of Romance verbs acquired doubly disparate patterns of allomorphy in their root: the phonological details of the resulting alternants were often quite different from verb to verb, and characterized a disjunct and highly ‘unnatural’ class of morphosyntactic properties, most commonly the gerund, the present subjunctive, and the first person singular present. Despite the rare and idiosyncratic nature of these alternation patterns, they have sometimes been subject to extensive analogical generalizations, disrupting previously invariant verb roots, and defying the intuition, expounded within some varieties of ‘Natural’ morphological theory, that such violations of biuniqueness in the form‐meaning relationship could only occur when an ‘unnatural’ morphological phenomenon happens to be quantitatively predominant (and thus ‘locally natural’) within a grammar. The Romance facts suggest that principles of ‘local’ and ‘universal’ naturalness are both subject to a superordinate principle of ‘stability’ in form‐meaning relationships.
Bootstrap Unit‐Root Tests: Comparison and Extensions
Authors: Palm Franz C. , Smeekes Stephan , Urbain Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.  In this article, we study and compare the properties of several bootstrap unit‐root tests recently proposed in the literature. The tests are Dickey–Fuller (DF) or Augmented DF, based either on residuals from an autoregression and the use of the block bootstrap or on first‐differenced data and the use of the stationary bootstrap or sieve bootstrap. We extend the analysis by interchanging the data transformations (differences vs. residuals), the types of bootstrap and the presence or absence of a correction for autocorrelation in the tests.We show that two sieve bootstrap tests based on residuals remain asymptotically valid. In contrast to the literature which focuses on a comparison of the bootstrap tests with an asymptotic test, we compare the bootstrap tests among themselves using response surfaces for their size and power in a simulation study.This study leads to the following conclusions: (i) augmented DF tests are always preferred to standard DF tests; (ii) the sieve bootstrap performs better than the block bootstrap; (iii) difference‐based tests appear to have slightly better size properties, but residual‐based tests appear more powerful.
Effects of forest fragmentation on species richness and composition of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Brachinidae) in urban landscapes
Authors: FUJITA Atsushi , MAETO Kaoru , KAGAWA Yoshitake , ITO Noboru 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTo clarify the effects of forest fragmentation in urban landscapes on the abundance, species richness, dominance, and species composition of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Brachinidae), we compared the beetles collected in 12 pitfall traps from April to July and from September to November between three continuous suburban forests and eight isolated urban forests (0.06–1.02 ha), most of which were in the precincts of shrines and temples in Hanshin District, Honshu, Japan. A total of 28 species and 4178 individuals of ground beetles were collected. Segregation of urban forests from continuous suburban forests has changed the species composition and resulted in the loss of some large‐sized forest species and the addition of some non‐forest species. Simpson's index of dominance (λ) also increased in the urban forests. The richness of forest species markedly decreased with the reduction in forest area but not with the distance from continuous forests, although the species richness of non‐forest species did not change with them. Also, species composition changed only with forest area. These findings indicate that continuous forests do not necessary serve as a “mainland” for urban forest species and that every urban habitat, however small in size, acts as a temporary reservoir of species. In comparison with populations of small‐sized species, populations of large‐sized forest species appeared to decline more readily during forest fragmentation.
Six new species of the genus Dicranosepsis Duda (Diptera, Sepsidae) from Vietnam, with a revised key to the species
Authors: IWASA Mitsuhiro , THINH Ta Huy 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe flies of the genus Dicranosepsis from Vietnam were investigated and classified taxonomically. Six new species (D. longa sp. nov., D. kurahashii sp. nov., D. monoseta sp. nov., D. sinuosa sp. nov., D. barbata sp. nov., and D. vietnamensis sp. nov.) are described and illustrated. Dicranosepsis is redefined and a revised key to the species is also provided.
A key to the species of Spilogona Schnabl from China, with descriptions of four new species from the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: XUE Wan‐Qi , ZHANG Lu , WANG Ming‐Fu 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA generic diagnosis for Spilogona Schnabl and a key to the 38 species known from China are given. Four new species are described: Spilogona cordis sp. nov., Spilogona lobuliunguis sp. nov., Spilogona medilobulus sp. nov. and Spilogona ponti sp. nov., all four from the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, China.
Sleep Deprivation Is an Additional Stress for Parents Staying in Hospital
Authors: McCann Damhnat 
Published: March 2008

PURPOSE.  This study aims to describe the sleep experience of parents staying overnight with their children in hospital. DESIGN AND METHODS.  Parents (n = 102) completed the Verran and Snyder‐Halpern Sleep Scale following a night spent with their children in an Australian tertiary pediatric hospital.RESULTS.  Parents experienced sleep deprivation and poor quality of sleep, reporting a mean sleep period of 4.6 hr (SD = 2.1). Having only one child in the room was the only variable that significantly influenced the quality or amount of parental sleep.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Parental sleep deprivation needs to be acknowledged and accommodated when nurses and parents negotiate the care of children in hospital.
Societal determinants of cultural factors related to the dental health of a selected older black population
Authors: NORMAN BARBARA JEAN , ROBINSON EMERSON , RAZZOOG MICHAEL E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSocietal and cultural factors influence the use of professional services by older black Americans. The objective of this study was to examine societal determinants that influence culturally learned behavior manifested by a selected group of older black Americans.A variation on the Health Belief Model was used as the primary tool of data collection with 122 black Americans age 55 to 97. The belief index was divided into four major categories: caries; perceived susceptibility to dental caries; perceived severity of dental caries; and perceived benefits of preventive action.Although evidence supported the relationship between economics and the utilization of dental services for this population, evidence also suggested that dental help‐seeking behavior appears to be independent of income. The study suggests that a case can be made linking the health beliefs of this population with their dental practice. It is certain that the multifaceted nature of the sociocultural environment does have an impact on the dental health of this older black American population.
A revision of the genus Linum in southern Africa
Authors: Rogers C. M. 
Published: March 2008

Fourteen native species of Linum are recognized in southern Africa, all of which belong to sect. Linopsis. Four are commonly accepted species; four were described more than a century ago but have not been recognized in recent treatments; six are newly described. Thirteen species are endemic; one ranges as far north as Angola and Tanzania. Among the new species two are heterostylous, the first described for the genus from this region.The section Linopsis ranges broadly from the Mediterranean region to southern Africa and to both North and South America. The occurrence in the Mediterranean region of species exhibiting such features as heterostyly and chromosome numbers of 2n = 18 or 20, the only diploids known in the section, seems to indicate that in that region are to be found the most primitive species of the section. The close similarity between species of southern Africa and a number of South American and North American species appears to place the southern African species in an intermediate evolutionary position with respect to the Old and New World species of the section.
Myxomycetes developed on litter of common Finnish trees in moist chamber cultures
Authors: Härkönen Marja 
Published: March 2008

Fallen leaves were collected from the Finnish trees Alnus gtutinosa & A. incana, Betula pendula & B. pubescens, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Populus tremula, and used to establish 400 moist chamber cultures. From these emerged 132 specimens of Myxomycetes belonging to 14 species. One of them, Didymium dubium Rostaf. was also cultivated from spore to spore in artificial media. The three Arcyria species that emerged developed only on coniferous litter and the four Didymium species only on deciduous litter. Echinostelium minitum de Bary is the only myxomycete species that emerged on leaves of all the five trees. Alnus litter gave rise to the greatest number of myxomycete specimens. Betula leaves seemed to be the most unfavourable of the substrates. The common species of Myxomycetes that have appeared only on bark of living trees in the moist chambers set up by the author include Paradiacheopsis fimbriata (G. Lister & Cran) Hertel and P. solitaria (Nann.–Brem.) Nann.–Brem. Species occurring only on deciduous leaves or grains are Didymium difforme (Pers.) S. F. Gray, D. dubium Rost. and D. squamulosum (Alb. & Schw.) Fr.