bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic Testing of Concrete Structures Using Indirect Transmission
Authors: Stergiopoulou Christina , McCuen Richard H. , Aggour M. Sherif 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Laboratory studies and computer simulation were used to develop a procedure for the interpretation of the results of nondestructive testing of concrete structures using the indirect transmission method. The results of the laboratory studies indicate a 10-cm spacing is best for making ultrasonic pulse measurements. A new method of calculating the velocity of the pulse is presented. The method enables concrete quality to be evaluated over short distances rather than the existing method which gives a mean velocity over an extended distance. The method can thus determine the extent of delamination of concrete at a specific location. The laboratory analyses verified using computer simulations show the effect of concrete heterogeneity on the detection of variation in concrete quality. Ultrasonic pulse velocities have a coefficient of variation of about 2 %.
Duality‐Mathematics
Authors: Gao David Yang 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionFramework in Quadratic MinimizationCanonical Lagrangian Duality TheoryPrimal‐Dual Solutions and Central PathCanonical Duality Theory in Nonconvex SystemsApplication in Nonconvex Variational ProblemApplications in Global OptimizationConclusions
Electromagnetic Shielding
Authors: Celozzi Salvatore , Lovat Giampiero , Araneo Rodolfo 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areBasic DefinitionsElectrostaticsMagnetostaticsElectromagneticsPlane Waves Against Multilayer Planar ShieldsCharacterization of Near‐Field SourcesApertures Effects on Shielding PerformanceShielding Performance Measurement and StandardsShielding Effectiveness of Metallic EnclosuresCurrent Research Topics
Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Fauchais P. , Vardelle A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Thermal spraying is a group of processes in which finely divided metallic or nonmetallic surfacing materials are deposited
in a molten or semi‐molten condition
on a
prepared substrate
to form a spray deposit. The surfacing material may be in the form of powder, rod, cord, or wire, and the different spraying processes are generally categorized into two groups according to the method of heat generation: combustion or electrical. This article is restricted to electrical processes: plasmas jets (nontransferred direct current arcs or induction discharges), wire arcs, and transferred arcs. Nowadays, thermal spray is part of engineering technology for wear protection, thermal insulation or barriers, oxidation protection, corrosion or oxidation resistance, abradable seals, electrically conductive or insulating materials, dimensional restoration or manufacture, free‐standing shapes, and medical implants.
Trifluoromethylboranes and ‐Borates: New Synthetic Strategies and Applications
Authors: Finze Maik , Bernhardt Eduard , Willner Helge 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of salts with the [B(CF3)4]− anion has been the starting point for new developments in the field of trifluoromethylboron chemistry. In contrast to the previous syntheses of (CF3)nB derivatives (n=1–3), achieved exclusively by CF3 transfer, the synthesis of the [B(CF3)4]− anion was accomplished by fluorination of the [B(CN)4]− anion with ClF or ClF3 in anhydrous HF. Owing to its thermal and chemical stability, [B(CF3)4]− is an attractive weakly coordinating anion. However, in concentrated sulfuric acid one of the four CF3 groups is solvolyzed to a CO ligand to yield the neutral borane carbonyl (CF3)3BCO. It has been shown that the borane carbonyl compound is a versatile synthetic building block, and numerous reactions have been investigated. The addition of nucleophiles to the C atom of the CO ligand is favored, and examples for new derivatives are the anions [(CF3)3BCPnic]− (Pnic=N, P, As). Under certain conditions, ligand‐exchange reactions are also observed, for example, the formation of (CF3)3BNCH. Finally, the borane carbonyl compound is a component of the conjugated Brønsted–Lewis superacid HF/(CF3)3BCO.
A new measure of clustering effectiveness: Algorithms and experimental studies
Authors: Dang E.K.F. , Luk R.W.P. , Ho K.S. , Chan S.C.F. , Lee D.L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe propose a new optimal clustering effectiveness measure, called CS1, based on a combination of clusters rather than selecting a single optimal cluster as in the traditional MK1 measure. For hierarchical clustering, we present an algorithm to compute CS1, defined by seeking the optimal combinations of disjoint clusters obtained by cutting the hierarchical structure at a certain similarity level. By reformulating the optimization to a 0‐1 linear fractional programming problem, we demonstrate that an exact solution can be obtained by a linear time algorithm. We further discuss how our approach can be generalized to more general problems involving overlapping clusters, and we show how optimal estimates can be obtained by greedy algorithms.
Protein tyrosine kinases as new potential targets against human schistosomiasis
Authors: Dissous Colette , Ahier Arnaud , Khayath Naji 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn spite of the numerous efforts made to control their transmission, parasite schistosomes still represent a serious public health concern and a major economic problem in many developing countries. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for the treatment of schistosomiasis and the only one that is available for mass chemotherapy. However, its widespread use and its inefficacy on juvenile parasites raise fears that schistosomes will develop drug resistance, and make the development of alternative drugs highly desirable. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are key molecules that control cell differentiation and proliferation and they already represent important targets for molecular cancer therapy. The recent characterization in Schistosoma mansoni of several cytosolic and receptor PTKs, with properties similar but also divergent from their vertebrate counterparts, opens new perspectives for the development of novel strategies in chemotherapy of schistosomiasis, which could be based on the use of parasite‐specific tyrosine phosphorylation inhibitors. BioEssays 29:1281–1288, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Androgen signaling and its interactions with other signaling pathways in prostate cancer
Authors: Kaarbø Mari , Klokk Tove I. , Saatcioglu Fahri 
Published: November 2007

AbstractProstate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed non‐skin cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in men. In the initial stages, prostate cancer is dependent on androgens for growth, which is the basis for androgen ablation therapy. However, in most cases, prostate cancer progresses to a hormone refractory phenotype for which there is no effective therapy available at present. The androgen receptor (AR) is required for prostate cancer growth in all stages, including the relapsed, “androgen‐independent” tumors in the presence of very low levels of androgens. This review focuses on AR function and AR‐target genes and summarizes the major signaling pathways implicated in prostate cancer progression, their crosstalk with each other and with AR signaling. This complex network of interactions is providing a deeper insight into prostate carcinogenesis and may form the basis for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. BioEssays 29:1227–1238, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bacterial L‐forms require peptidoglycan synthesis for cell division
Authors: Casadesús Josep 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCell‐wall‐less bacterial variants, or L‐forms, have been described in many bacterial species under laboratory conditions, in infected eukaryotic cell cultures and inside animals. Of special interest for human health is the formation of L‐forms as a consequence of specific antibiotic treatments, and the potential involvement of L‐forms in persistent and relapsing infections. An old enigma about L‐forms is how they can divide in the absence of cell wall synthesis, since septum formation is an essential requisite for cell division. However, the classical definition of L‐forms as cell‐wall‐less bacterial variants may need a revision to accomodate recent observations by Richard d'Ari and coworkers:1 genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that E. coli L‐forms induced by β‐lactam antibiotics do contain small amounts of peptidoglycan, essential for their growth and probably required for septum formation. If these observations are extrapolated to all known L‐forms, the very concept of cell‐wall‐less bacteria may need revision, and be restricted to mycoplasmas and their relatives. BioEssays 29:1189–1191, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the usage of agricultural raw materials – energy or food? An assessment from an economics perspective
Authors: Lenk Fabian , Bröring Stefanie , Herzog Philipp , Leker Jens 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBioenergies are promoted across the globe as the answer for global warming and the chance to reduce dependency from fossil energy sources. Despite the fact that renewable energy sources offer the opportunity to reduce CO2 emission and present a chance to increase agricultural incomes, they also come along with some drawbacks that have been mostly neglected in the current discussion. This paper seeks to build a basis for discussing the impacts of the growing subsidization of bioenergy and the resulting usage competition of agricultural raw materials between foods and energy. To assess the usage competition and the subsidization of bioenergy, this article employs a welfare economics perspective associated with an emphasize on the construct of externalities. This will help to foster the discussion on the further subsidization of bioenergy, where funding for R&D on new ways of using non‐food raw materials ought to play a significant role.
High‐resolution 3‐D imaging of living cells in suspension using confocal axial tomography
Authors: Renaud Olivier , Viña Jose , Yu Yong , Machu Christophe , Trouvé Alain , Van der Voort Hans , Chalmond Bernard , Shorte Spencer L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractConventional flow cytometry (FC) methods report optical signals integrated from individual cells at throughput rates as high as thousands of cells per second. This is further combined with the powerful utility to subsequently sort and/or recover the cells of interest. However, these methods cannot extract spatial information. This limitation has prompted efforts by some commercial manufacturers to produce state‐of‐the‐art commercial flow cytometry systems allowing fluorescence images to be recorded by an imaging detector. Nonetheless, there remains an immediate and growing need for technologies facilitating spatial analysis of fluorescent signals from cells maintained in flow suspension. Here, we report a novel methodological approach to this problem that combines micro‐fluidic flow, and microelectrode dielectric‐field control to manipulate, immobilize and image individual cells in suspension. The method also offers unique possibilities for imaging studies on cells in suspension. In particular, we report the system's immediate utility for confocal “axial tomography” using micro‐rotation imaging and show that it greatly enhances 3‐D optical resolution compared with conventional light reconstruction (deconvolution) image data treatment. That the method we present here is relatively rapid and lends itself to full automation suggests its eventual utility for 3‐D imaging cytometry.
Retroperitoneal sarcoma (Br J Surg 2007; 94: 1057–1058)
Authors: Shukla P J , Barreto S G , Shrikhande S V 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website.A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Complexity in Modeling and Understanding Protonation States: Computational Titration of HIV‐1‐Protease–Inhibitor Complexes
Authors: Tripathi Ashutosh , Fornabaio Micaela , Spyrakis Francesca , Mozzarelli Andrea , Cozzini Pietro , Kellogg Glen E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe computational‐titration (CT) algorithm based on the ‘natural’ Hydropathic INTeractions (HINT) force field is described. The HINT software model is an empirical, non‐Newtonian force field derived from experimentally measured partition coefficients for solvent transfer between octanol and H2O (log Po/w). The CT algorithm allows the identification, modeling, and optimization of multiple protonation states of residues and ligand functional groups at the protein–ligand active site. The importance of taking into account pH and ionization states of residues, which strongly affect the process of ligand binding, for correctly predicting binding free energies is discussed. The application of the CT protocol to a set of six cyclic inhibitors in their complexes with HIV‐1 protease is presented, and the advance of HINT as a virtual‐screening tool is outlined.
Hydropathic Analysis and Comparison of KcsA and Shaker Potassium Channels
Authors: Peng Yong , Scarsdale J. Neel , Kellogg Glen E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe similarity in structure of potassium (K+) channels from different families has been revealed by only recently available crystallographic 3D structural data. The hydropathic analysis presented in this work illuminates whether homologous residues perform the same functions in channels that use different gating mechanisms. We calculated and compared the hydropathic profiles of two K+ channels, KcsA and Kv1.2 (the latter a member of the Shaker family), at their pore‐forming domain. Quantitative information describing important interactions stabilizing the protein beyond obvious secondary‐structure elements was extracted from the analysis and applied as a template for subsequent molecular‐dynamics (MD) analyses. For example, two key groups of interactions, defining the turns that connect the transmembrane helices and responsible for the orientation of the pore helix, were identified. Our results also indicate that Asp80 and Asp379 play a similar role in stabilizing the P‐loop of KcsA and Kv1.2, respectively, but to significantly different extents.
Identification of Novel Allosteric Regulators of Human‐Erythrocyte Pyruvate Kinase
Authors: Kharalkar Shilpa S. , Joshi Gajanan S. , Musayev Faik N. , Fornabaio Micaela , Abraham Donald J. , Safo Martin K. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractErythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) is an important glycolytic enzyme, and manipulation of its regulatory behavior by allosteric modifiers is of interest for medicinal purposes. Human‐erythrocyte PK was expressed in Rosetta cells and purified on an Ni‐NTA column. A search of the small‐molecules database of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), using the UNITY software, led to the identification of several compounds with similar pharmacophores as fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate (FBP), the natural allosteric activator of the human kinases. The compounds were subsequently docked into the FBP binding site using the programs FlexX and GOLD, and their interactions with the protein were analyzed with the energy‐scoring function of HINT. Seven promising candidates, compounds 1–7, were obtained from the NCI, and subjected to kinetics analysis, which revealed both activators and inhibitors of the R‐isozyme of PK (R‐PK). The allosteric effectors discovered in this study could prove to be lead compounds for developing medications for the treatment of hemolytic anemia, sickle‐cell anemia, hypoxia‐related diseases, and other disorders arising from erythrocyte PK malfunction.
Predicting Aging/Longevity‐Related Genes in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Witten Tarynn M. , Bonchev Danail 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe present a novel mathematical/computational strategy for predicting genes/proteins associated with aging/longevity. The novelty of our method arises from the topological analysis of an organismal longevity gene/protein network (LGPN), which extends the existing cellular networks. The LGPN nodes represent both genes and corresponding proteins. Links stand for all known interactions between the nodes. The LGPN of C. elegans incorporated 362 genes/proteins, 160 connecting and 202 age‐related ones, from a list of 321 with known impact on aging/longevity. A ‘longevity core’ of 129 directly interacting genes or proteins was identified. This core may shed light on the large‐scale mechanisms of aging. Predictions were made, based upon the finding that LGPN hubs and centrally located nodes have higher likelihoods of being associated with aging/longevity than do randomly selected nodes. Analysis singled‐out 15 potential aging/longevity‐related genes for further examination: mpk‐1, gei‐4, csp‐1, pal‐1, mkk‐4, 4O210, sem‐5, gei‐16, 1O814, 5M722, ife‐3, ced‐10, cdc‐42, 1O776Co, and 1O690.
Drug eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with isolated proximal lesion in left anterior descending artery suffering from chronic stable angina
Authors: Toutouzas Konstantinos , Patsa Chrysoula , Vaina Sophia , Tsiamis Eleftherios , Vavuranakis Manolis , Stefanadi Elli , Spanos Anastasios , Iliopoulos Dimitiros , Panagiotou Mathaios , Chlorogiannis Ioannis , Pattakos Eustratios , Stefanadis Christodoulos 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective: To compare the efficacy of drug eluting stents (DES) compared with bypass surgery (CABG) with left internal mammary artery (LIMA) in patients with single vessel disease suffering from chronic stable angina. Background: There are a limited number of studies investigating this group of patients. Methods: We included 257 consecutive patients with isolated lesion in the proximal segment of left anterior descending artery (LAD). All patients suffered from chronic stable angina or from stress‐induced ischemia. Of 257 patients, 147 underwent DES implantation and 110 CABG with LIMA. All patients were followed‐up clinically for major adverse cardiac events. Results: The baseline demographic and angiographic characteristics were similar between the two groups. In the DES group we used sirolimus‐, paclitaxel‐, and ABT‐578‐eluting stents. The mean duration of hospitalization after CABG was 7.86 ± 3.84 days vs. 1.02 ± 0.19 days after PCI (P < 0.01). The incidence of MACE was 2.72% in the DES and 2.72% in the surgical group during a mean follow‐up period of 18.71 ± 6.27 months for PCI and 18.70 ± 7.31 months for CABG (P = 0.99). There was one cardiac related death in the DES group and two in the surgical group (P = 0.58). There were three reinterventions in the DES group versus none in the surgical group (P = 0.26). Recurrence of angina was observed in 4.08% of pts in the DES group versus 6.36% in the CABG group (P = 0.57). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that patients suffering from chronic stable angina with isolated lesion in the proximal segment of LAD have excellent long‐term outcome in both surgical and DES treatment. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technology preview: X‐ray fused with magnetic resonance during invasive cardiovascular procedures
Authors: Gutiérrez Luis F. , Silva Ranil de , Ozturk Cengizhan , Sonmez Merdim , Stine Annette M. , Raval Amish N. , Raman Venkatesh K. , Sachdev Vandana , Aviles Ronnier J. , Waclawiw Myron A. , McVeigh Elliot R. , Lederman Robert J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground:We have developed and validated a system for real‐time X‐ray fused with magnetic resonance imaging, MRI (XFM), to guide catheter procedures with high spatial precision. Our implementation overlays roadmaps—MRI‐derived soft‐tissue features of interest—onto conventional X‐ray fluoroscopy. We report our initial clinical experience applying XFM, using external fiducial markers, electrocardiogram (ECG)‐ gating, and automated real‐time correction for gantry and table movement.Methods:This prospective case series for technical development was approved by the NHLBI Institutional Review Board and included 19 subjects. Multimodality external fiducial markers were affixed to patients' skin before MRI, which included contrast‐enhanced, 3D T1‐weighted, or breath‐held and ECG‐gated 2D steady state free precession imaging at 1.5T. MRI‐derived roadmaps were manually segmented while patients were transferred to a calibrated X‐ray fluoroscopy system. Image spaces were registered using the fiducial markers and thereafter permitted unrestricted gantry rotation, table panning, and magnification changes. Static and ECG‐gated MRI data were transformed from 3D to 2D to correspond with gantry and table position and combined with live X‐ray images.Results:Clinical procedures included graft coronary arteriography, right ventricular free‐wall biopsy, and iliac and femoral artery recanalization and stenting. MRI roadmaps improved operator confidence, and in the biopsy cases, outperformed the best available alternative imaging modality. Registration errors were increased when external fiducial markers were affixed to more mobile skin positions, such as over the abdomen.Conclusion:XFM using external fiducial markers is feasible during X‐ray guided catheter treatments. Multimodality image fusion may prove a useful adjunct to invasive cardiovascular procedures. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Co‐evolution of non‐linear PLS model components
Authors: Searson Dominic , Willis Mark , Montague Gary 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe issue of outer model weight updating is important in extending partial least squares (PLS) regression to modelling data that shows significant non‐linearity. This paper presents a novel co‐evolutionary component approach to the weight updating problem. Specification of the non‐linear PLS model is achieved using an evolutionary computational (EC) method that can co‐evolve all non‐linear inner models and all input projection weights simultaneously. In this method, modular symbolic non‐linear equations are used to represent the inner models and binary sequences are used to represent the projection weights. The approach is flexible, and other representations could be employed within the same co‐evolutionary framework. The potential of these methods is illustrated using a simulated pH neutralisation process data set exhibiting significant non‐linearity. It is demonstrated that the co‐evolutionary component architecture can produce results which are competitive with non‐linear neural network‐based PLS algorithms that use iterative projection weight updating. In addition, a data sampling method for mitigating overfitting to the training data is described. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.