bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between daily calcium intake and bone mineral density in men with prostate cancer
Authors: Planas Jacques , Morote Juan , Orsola Anna , Salvador Carlos , Trilla Enrique , Cecchini Lluis , Raventós Carles X. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVETo analyse the relationship between daily calcium intake (DCI) and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with prostate cancer, and to assess if DCI is a risk factor for osteoporosis in this group of patients.PATIENTS AND METHODSDCI was assessed by a standard questionnaire answered by men with prostate cancer who had had bone densitometry. BMD was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry in the lumbar spine and different hip sites, in a cross‐sectional study including 372 men with prostate cancer free of bone metastases, 71.5% (266) under androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) and 28.5% (106) after radical prostatectomy (RP). Osteoporosis was defined according to the International Society for Clinical Densitometry official position (2005).RESULTSA DCI of <1000 mg, the National Institute of Health recommendation, was detected in 93% of the men, (93.5% under ADT and 91.5% after RP). Osteoporosis was identified in 49.2% (183) of the patients, 54.9% (146) under ADT and 34.9% (37) after RP. The mean DCI was 609.7 mg in men with osteoporosis and 682.8 mg in those without (P < 0.001); in men under ADT the mean DCI remained significantly lower in those with osteoporosis (615.5 vs 700.4 mg, P < 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that DCI was an independent risk factor for osteoporosis, together with patient age, ADT and its duration.CONCLUSIONSDCI seems to be related to BMD; a low DCI was an independent risk factor for osteoporosis in men with prostate cancer. In the study population overall the DCI was inadequate. Urologists should recommend a DCI of >1000 mg in patients with prostate cancer, especially in those under ADT.
Atypical small acinar proliferation: biopsy artefact or distinct pathological entity?
Authors: Flury Sarah C. , Galgano Mary T. , Mills Stacey E. , Smolkin Mark E. , Theodorescu Dan 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVETo determine if atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) represents minimally sampled prostate cancer not fully evaluated on a biopsy or a distinct pathological entity, by examining prostates removed at radical cystectomy, as a finding of ASAP of the prostate on needle‐core biopsy is closely associated with the detection of cancer on subsequent biopsy.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 65 consecutive cystoprostatectomy specimens taken from June 1990 to March 2004 had prostatic material reviewed by one genitourinary pathologist (S.E.M.). The presence of high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), ASAP, and adenocarcinoma was recorded. Foci of ASAP found in the absence of cancer were assessed with additional sectioning, high‐molecular weight keratin (CK903), and α‐methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) immunohistochemistry.RESULTSIn all, 24 of 65 specimens (37%) had adenocarcinoma. Of the 41 without cancer, 18 (44%) had neither HGPIN nor ASAP, 14 (34%) had HGPIN alone, three (7%) had ASAP alone (four foci), and six had both HGPIN and ASAP (15%). Two foci of ASAP were not present on any further sectioning. The remaining eight foci all lacked CK903 stain, indicating disruption of the basal cell layer. Of these eight, only five were present for the AMACR stain, all of which were positive. Two of these five developed into a lesion considered cancer on further sectioning.CONCLUSIONASAP identified in incidental prostates represented marginally sampled cancer in at least two of 10 foci assessed. The remainder could not be resolved as benign on further evaluation, and remained suspicious for malignancy.
A Comparison of the Variability Spectra of Two Genomic Loci in a European Group of Individuals Reveals Fundamental Differences Pointing to Selection or a Population Bottleneck
Authors: Schmegner C. , Hoegel J. , Vogel W. , Assum G. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryKnowledge about the variability spectra of neutrally evolving sequences in a population is a prerequisite for the identification of genes, which may have been under positive selection during recent human evolution. Here, we report the results of a re‐sequencing project of a presumably neutrally evolving chromosome 22 locus with a severely reduced recombination frequency in a group of 24 individuals of German origin. The comparison of these data with the results of a similar analysis of a chromosome 17 locus revealed striking differences, although the same group of individuals was used. For the chromosome 17 locus two well‐separated groups of sequences, a positive value of Tajima's D and a TMRCA of 700 000 years were observed. In contrast, the sequences from the chromosome 22 locus were found to be relatively homogeneous, with no deep splits between subgroups; the obtained value for Tajima's D was negative and the TMRCA was only 260 000 years. These discrepancies may be explained by selection or demographic processes. Regarding demography, the most plausible explanation is the assumption of a severe bottleneck in the history of the European population: in the case of the chromosome 17 locus two ancient lineages passed this bottleneck; for the chromosome 22 locus it was only one ancient lineage.
The effect of videokeratoscope faceplate design on radius of curvature maps
Authors: Monteiro P. M. L. , Hull C. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA computer model using finite ray tracing methods was developed to simulate a videokeratoscope analysing an average cornea. Different faceplate designs were tested using five points on the faceplate subtending angles at the corneal vertex between 15° and 75° in 15° intervals. Image quality was assessed by adding the geometrical blurs of the five image points. Differences (error) between true sagittal radius of curvature, and sagittal radius of curvature calculated by the van Saarloos algorithm, were calculated for selected surfaces at the same corneal points. Differences equal to or bigger than 0.02 mm were regarded as clinically significant. The faceplate surface that provided the sharpest image for an average cornea was a cylinder with the base 120 mm away from the corneal vertex and a diameter of 26 mm. Changing the faceplate design results in clinically significant differences for an average cornea. Image quality is not proportional to corneal surface reconstruction accuracy.
Microbial contamination of contact lenses and lens care accessories of soft contact lens wearers (university students) in Hong Kong
Authors: Yung M. S. , Boost M. , Cho P. , Yap M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurpose:  This study aimed to examine the rates of microbial contamination, and identify contaminants associated with contact lenses and lens care accessories used by a group of young contact lens wearers.Methods:  Collected contact lenses, lens cases, and lens care solutions were studied by bacterial culture. Contamination rates of these samples were recorded and compared with those reported in previous studies.Results:  Of the samples tested, 9% of lens extracts, 34% of case extracts and 11% of solution samples were contaminated with ocular pathogenic microorganisms. Serratia spp., Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase‐negative staphylococci were the most common microorganisms isolated. Lens cases were the most frequently contaminated item. Lens cases also yielded the widest range of bacterial isolates. Contact lenses used by occasional wearers were associated with a higher contamination rate. Using either saline or multipurpose solution to rinse lenses before use appeared to be effective in reducing incidence of contamination.Conclusion:  Our findings demonstrate that contact lenses and lens care accessories are not well maintained by contact lens wearers. Regular reviews and reinforcement of lens care procedures for the usage and care of contact lenses and lens care accessories is therefore important and essential.
Objective vs subjective measurements of dark vergence
Authors: Jaschinski Wolfgang , Jainta Stephanie , Hoormann Jörg , Walper Nina 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDark vergence is a resting position of vergence (tonic vergence), measured in a dark visual field to eliminate fusional, accommodative, and proximal stimuli. The vergence resting position is relevant for measures of phoria and fixation disparity. Dark vergence differs reliably among subjects: the average subject converges at a viewing distance of about 1 m, while the inter‐individual range is from infinity to about 40 cm. In previous research, dark vergence was measured subjectively, i.e. observers adjusted the horizontal offset of dichoptically presented nonius targets to perceived alignment. Results of such subjective vergence tests do not necessarily agree with those of the objective measurements of eye position with eye trackers. Therefore, we made simultaneous subjective and objective measurements of dark vergence and found similar results with both methods in repeated tests in two sessions. Thus, the nonius test is sufficient for a subjective estimation of dark vergence.
Pharmacological Profile of the 5‐HT2C Receptor Agonist WAY‐163909; Therapeutic Potential in Multiple Indications
Authors: Dunlop John , Marquis Karen L. , Lim HK , Leung Louis , Kao John , Cheesman Cynthia , Rosenzweig‐Lipson Sharon 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe 5‐HT2C receptor subtype has been implicated in a wide variety of conditions including obesity, anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, migraine and erectile dysfunction and as a consequence has received considerable attention as a target for drug discovery. Here we review the pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile of WAY‐163909 {(7bR,10aR)‐1,2,3,4,8,9,10,10a‐octahydro‐7bH‐cyclopenta‐[b][1,4]diazepino[6,7,1hi]indole}, a novel 5‐HT2C receptor selective agonist. Consistent with a potential therapeutic utility in obesity, schizophrenia and depression WAY‐163909 was found to have robust dose‐dependent effects in animal models of obesity, psychotic‐like behavior or depression.
The Bond Strength of Particulate‐Filler Composite to Differently Oriented Fiber‐Reinforced Composite Substrate
Authors: Lassila Lippo V.J. , Tezvergil Arzu , Dyer Scott R. , Vallittu Pekka K. 
Published: January 2007

Purpose: The primary failure mode of fiber‐reinforced composite (FRC) materials used intraorally is delamination or debonding of particulate filler composite (PFC), the esthetic veneer, from the underlying FRC framework. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of unidirectional fiber orientation and load direction on the shear bond strength of PFC to FRC.
Materials and Methods: Unidirectional E‐glass FRC was used as an adhesion substrate for the PFC. E‐glass FRCs were oriented in three ways—Group A: in the plane perpendicular to the bonding surface; Group B: along the bonding surface longitudinal to the load; and Group C: along the bonding surface, transverse to the load. The FRC substrates were ground flat with 1200 grit. The PFC adherend was bonded to FRC using an intermediate resin. Twelve specimens for each group were water stored (37°C) for 3 days before a shear bond strength test was conducted.
Results: A one‐way analysis of variance showed that the direction of the applied load to the fiber direction had a significant effect on the bond strength values (p < 0.001). A Weibull analysis produced values (characteristic strength and Weibull modulus) of Group A (46.5 MPa, 12.1), Group B (40.6 MPa, 4.6), and Group C (27.6 MPa, 3.5).
Significance: The highest shear bond strength values and Weibull modulus were obtained when the fibers were oriented perpendicular to the bonding surface, exposing the fiber ends to the PFC. Interface strategies between hybrid composite layers may be developed to exploit anisotropic behavior in the adherence between FRC and PFC.
In Vitro Evaluation of Five Core Materials
Authors: Gu Steven , Rasimick Brian J. , Deutsch Allan S. , Musikant Barry L. 
Published: January 2007

Purpose: This in vitro study determined the fracture strength of five core materials supported by two different endodontic dowels. Diametral tensile strength and microhardness of the three resin composite core materials used in this study were also tested.
Material and Methods: The fracture strength study used one lanthanide‐reinforced flowable resin composite (Ti‐Core Auto E), one titanium‐ and lanthanide‐reinforced composite (Ti‐Core), one lanthanide‐reinforced composite (Ti‐Core Natural), and two metal‐reinforced glass ionomer core materials (Ketac Silver and GC Miracle Mix). Two types of dowels were used: a multitiered, split‐shank threaded dowel with a flange (#1 Flexi‐Flange) and one without a flange design (#1 Flexi‐Post). The specimens were divided into ten groups. Each tooth/dowel and core specimen was placed in a special jig at 45° and subjected to a load by a universal testing machine. The diametral tensile strength and the microhardness of the three resin composite core materials were measured by a universal testing machine and Barcol hardness tester, respectively. All test groups contained ten specimens.
Results: The fracture strength value of the resin composite core materials was significantly larger ( p < 0.0001) than those for the metal‐reinforced glass‐ionomer core materials. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) also showed that the Flexi‐Flange dowel interacted with Ti‐Core and Ti‐Core Auto E to significantly ( p < 0.0013) increase the fracture strength relative to the Flexi‐Post. One‐way ANOVA revealed that there were no significant differences between them in terms of diametral tensile strength. The Barcol hardness values of the composite core materials were statistically different ( p < 0.0001), with the Ti‐Core the highest, followed by Ti‐Core Natural, then Ti‐Core Auto E.
Conclusions: Resin composite core material performed better than glass ionomer material in this in vitro study. The flowable composite core material performed about the same in terms of fracture strength and diametral tensile strength compared with nonflowable composites. Combined with certain core materials, the flange design increased the fracture strength of the tooth/dowel and core combination.
Human cord blood CD133+ cells immunoselected by a clinical‐grade apparatus differentiate in vitro into endothelial‐ and cardiomyocyte‐like cells
Authors: Bonanno Giuseppina , Mariotti Andrea , Procoli Annabella , Corallo Maria , Rutella Sergio , Pessina Gloria , Scambia Giovanni , Mancuso Salvatore , Pierelli Luca 
Published: January 2007

BACKGROUND: Recent findings on human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) properties suggest a possible therapeutic role of human umbilical cord blood (UCB) HSC‐based cellular therapies in the treatment of myocardial infarction.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Nine UCB units were subjected to sequential red cell removal, freezing, and postthawing CD133+ HSC immunoselection by a clinical‐grade, CE‐approved, magnetic apparatus and microbead‐coated anti‐CD133 monoclonal antibody. Selected UCB CD133+ cells were cultured in vitro in medium supporting either endothelial or cardiomyocytic differentiation in parallel experiments.RESULTS: Immunoselection allowed recovery of 79 percent of initial CD133+ cells with a CD133+ cell purity of 81 percent, on average. Parallel cultures showed the appearance of endothelial markers (VE‐cadherin, CD146, and KDR and bright expression of CD105), morphofunctional features of endothelium in endothelial‐supporting cultures, of cardiac muscle proteins (troponin I and myosin ventricular heavy chain α/β; MYHC) and specific gene expression (GATA4, NKX2.5, troponin I, and MYHC) in cardiomyocyte‐oriented cultures.CONCLUSIONS: The appearance of both endothelial‐ and cardiomyocyte‐like cells from parallel cultures of frozen‐thawed‐immunoselected UCB CD133+ cells by a clinical‐grade method and previously reported data on lack of major signs of rejection of these cells in immunocompetent rats subjected to experimental liver damage suggest a possible role of these allogeneic HSCs in cell therapies designed for regenerative treatments of ischemic diseases of human myocardium.
Functional in vitro studies of recombinant human immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A anti‐D
Authors: Nielsen Leif Kofoed , Green Trine Hefsgaard , Norderhaug Lars , Sandlie Inger , Dziegiel Morten Hanefeld 
Published: January 2007

BACKGROUND: The use of anti‐D purified from human serum to prevent hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to D is well established. Owing to supply and safety reasons, however, an unlimited and non–plasma‐derived source of antibodies for Rhesus prophylaxis is needed.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Recombinant human immunoglobulin G (IgG)1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2 anti‐D with the same variable region were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The effector functions of these antibodies were assessed by an antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay and a chemiluminescence (CL) method for detection of respiratory burst.RESULTS: In the ADCC assay, IgG1, IgG3, and IgA1 did the best and were as active as a currently used prophylactic polyclonal anti‐D. IgG4 and IgA2 were moderately active, whereas IgG2 was not active. In the CL assay, IgG1 and IgG3 were active but much less so than a currently used prophylactic polyclonal anti‐D. For some effector cell preparations, IgG4 was active in the CL assay, whereas IgG2, IgA1, and IgA2 were not. A mixture of IgG1 and IgG3 showed a synergistic effect in the CL assay and did as well as the prophylactic polyclonal anti‐D in ADCC and CL. Mixtures of IgA1 and either IgG1 or IgG3 showed no synergistic effect.CONCLUSION: A mixture of recombinant human IgG1 and IgG3 anti‐D could be of value in future Rhesus prophylaxis.
Current incidence and estimated residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted infections in donations made to Canadian Blood Services
Authors: O'Brien Sheila F. , Yi Qi‐Long , Fan Wenli , Scalia Vito , Kleinman Steven H. , Vamvakas Eleftherios C. 
Published: January 2007

BACKGROUND: New testing methods such as nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) and chemiluminescent serologic assays have been introduced, more precise estimates for infectious window periods are available, and a new method for estimating the residual risk (RR) of transfusion‐transmitted infections (TTIs) has been developed. Thus, available RR estimates for Canada need to be updated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Incidence rates for known TTI markers were determined for all allogeneic whole‐blood donations made to Canadian Blood Services between 2001 and 2005; they were derived from NAT conversions or seroconversions of repeat donors with at least two donations in a 3‐year period. RR estimates for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) derived from the classical incidence/window‐period model were compared to those obtained by the new method that estimates incidence from NAT‐positive, antibody‐negative donations (NAT‐yield cases) from all donors divided by person‐years.RESULTS: With the classical method, the RR of HIV (1 per 7.8 million donations) and HCV (1 per 2.3 million) were low; HBV RR was higher (1 per 153,000). HCV RR was significantly lower when estimated with the new method (1 per 13 million). Eleven HCV NAT‐yield cases were predicted by applying the classical method to our seroconversion data but only 2 were observed (p = 0.011). Observed HIV‐1 NAT‐yield cases (n = 1) matched those predicted (n = 0.7).CONCLUSION: New tests have reduced an already low risk of TTI in Canada. HCV RR estimates by two different methods differed but both were low.
Assessing exclusionary power of a paternity test involving a pair of alleged grandparents
Authors: Scarpetta Marco A. , Staub Rick W. , Einum David D. 
Published: January 2007

BACKGROUND: The power of a genetic test battery to exclude a pair of individuals as grandparents is an important consideration for parentage testing laboratories. However, a reliable method to calculate such a statistic with short‐tandem repeat (STR) genetic markers has not been presented.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two formulae describing the random grandparents not excluded (RGPNE) statistic at a single genetic locus were derived: RGPNE = a(4 − 6a + 4a2– a3) when the paternal obligate allele (POA) is defined and RGPNE = 2[(a + b)(2 − a − b)][1 − (a + b)(2 − a − b)] + [(a + b)(2 − a − b)] when the POA is ambiguous. A minimum number of genetic markers required to yield cumulative RGPNE values of not greater than 0.01 was calculated with weighted average allele frequencies of the CODIS STR loci. RGPNE data for actual grandparentage cases are also presented to empirically examine the exclusionary power of routine casework.RESULTS: A comparison of RGPNE and random man not excluded (RMNE) values demonstrates the increased difficulty involved in excluding two individuals as grandparents compared to excluding a single alleged parent. A minimum of 12 STR markers is necessary to achieve RGPNE values of not greater than 0.01 when the mother is tested; more than 25 markers are required without the mother. Cumulative RGPNE values for each of 22 nonexclusionary grandparentage cases were not more than 0.01 but were significantly weaker when calculated without data from the mother.CONCLUSION: Calculation of the RGPNE provides a simple means to help minimize the potential of false inclusions in grandparentage analyses. This study also underscores the importance of testing the mother when examining the parents of an unavailable alleged father (AF).
Trading Volume: Implications of an Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model
Authors: LO ANDREW W. , WANG JIANG 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTWe derive an intertemporal asset pricing model and explore its implications for trading volume and asset returns. We show that investors trade in only two portfolios: the market portfolio, and a hedging portfolio that is used to hedge the risk of changing market conditions. We empirically identify the hedging portfolio using weekly volume and returns data for U.S. stocks, and then test two of its properties implied by the theory: Its return should be an additional risk factor in explaining the cross section of asset returns, and should also be the best predictor of future market returns.
Model Uncertainty and Option Markets with Heterogeneous Beliefs
Authors: BURASCHI ANDREA , JILTSOV ALEXEI 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper provides option pricing and volume implications for an economy with heterogeneous agents who face model uncertainty and have different beliefs on expected returns. Market incompleteness makes options nonredundant, while heterogeneity creates a link between differences in beliefs and option volumes. We solve for both option prices and volumes and test the joint empirical implications using S&P500 index option data. Specifically, we use survey data to build an Index of Dispersion in Beliefs and find that a model that takes information heterogeneity into account can explain the dynamics of option volume and the smile better than can reduced‐form models with stochastic volatility.
Tax‐Loss Selling and the January Effect: Evidence from Municipal Bond Closed‐End Funds
Authors: STARKS LAURA T. , YONG LI , ZHENG LU 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper provides direct evidence supporting the tax‐loss selling hypothesis as an explanation of the January effect. Examining turn‐of‐the‐year return and volume patterns for municipal bond closed‐end funds, which are held mostly by tax‐sensitive individual investors, we document a January effect for these funds, but not for their underlying assets. We provide evidence that this effect can be largely explained by tax‐loss selling activities at the previous year‐end. Moreover, we find that funds associated with brokerage firms display more tax‐loss selling behavior, suggesting that tax counseling plays a role.