bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflex elicitation thresholds in senile dementia
Authors: Jonsson C.‐O. , Mälhammar G. , Waldton S. 
Published: August 2007

Forty‐eight female patients with the diagnosis of senile dementia and 20 elderly healthy women were studied concerning thresholds for orienting responses to intermittent light, the eyelid reflex, and hand withdrawal on electrical pain stimulation.A U‐shaped relationship between degree of mental deterioration and reflex thresholds was predicted from two assumptions: (1) that reflex thresholds are progressively increased following the general blunting of cognitive processes, and (2) that active inhibition of certain overt behaviour takes place in patients with little deterioration (as well as in healthy people). The U‐shaped relationship was only obtained for the eyelid reflex, and support was only obtained in connection with the orienting response for the assumption that some active inhibition of overt behaviour normally takes place.A further hypothesis was that thresholds for protective‐defensive reflexes would not be substantially increased in the most deteriorated cases. This expectation was confirmed only for the hand withdrawal reflex.It is concluded that for the orienting response and for the eyelid reflex there is some relation, although the form is unclear and a rationale is lacking, between the thresholds and degree of mental deterioration. It is further concluded that the threshold for the hand withdrawal reflex is unrelated to the degree of mental deterioration.The inertia of the senile demented patients is stressed as well as their undifferentiated reactions. It is suggested that cognitive defects may partly explain these deficiencies.
LSD treatment in a severe case of compulsive neurosis
Authors: Brandrup E. , Vanggaard T. 
Published: August 2007

A detailed account is given of the course and outcome of the treatment with LSD of an incapacitating compulsive‐neurotic condition in a 30‐year‐old male. The treatment took place over 1 1/2 years from the autumn of 1962, and the patient, who has been followed since then, is completely cured symptomatically. In addition, a fortunate change in his general personality has taken place. The events during the LSD sessions revealed the basic elements of a development of his personality since early childhood, particularly the toilet‐training period, which resulted in a typical compulsive character neurosis. In turn, this character neurosis became the matrix for the outbreak of his manifest neurotic compulsions which began 4 years before the onset of treatment. The material which emerged was in complete accordance with Freudian theory.No interpretations were given. While under the action of the drug the patient was left alone except for brief visits by the doctor or the nurse. He was free to call them if his anxiety became too strong for him to cope with alone. Besides, he had the support of reporting his experiences to the doctor after the LSD‐effect had worn off and discussing them during interviews between the LSD days, still without interpretations being given to him.Practical details of procedure are reported. The necessary caution in employing LSD for treatment purposes, especially the selection of patients, is emphasized: theoretical implications of the psychological material and the course of the curative process are discussed.
Is the existence of a forensic psychiatry justified?: on forensic psychiatry in the scandinavian countries
Authors: Svendsen B. Borup 
Published: August 2007

In Scandinavia during the past decade forensic psychiatry has been the subject of discussions, which have occasionally reached the height of vehement attacks. Changes in penal laws have expressed a declining interest in the cooperation of psychiatrists in the evaluation and treatment of offenders.Scandinavian forensic psychiatrists, lawyers and criminologists have analyzed and discussed the present situation and have found that there is still a need and justification for forensic psychiatry. Higher priority, however, should be given to psychiatric contributions at the stage after disposition, at the post‐trial level. The diagnostic activities at the pre‐trial level should be limited to what is necessary for further dispositions.The development of forensic (penal) psychiatry and the trends within the individual Scandinavian countries differ considerably.
Present functions of forensic psychiatry in Scandinavia
Authors: Svendsen B. Borup , Anchersen P. , Meyerson A. , Noreik K. , Thorsteinsson G. , Tuovinen M. , Törnqvist K. ‐E. 
Published: August 2007

An attempt is made to give a description of the functions of forensic psychiatry in the Scandinavian countries, including some statistical information on activities and persons involved. Definitions are given. Organizational differences in preparing psychiatric reports to the court in the five countries are outlined, as are the ways in which psychiatrists participate at the post‐trial level. Some problems and divergent trends are mentioned.It is concluded that a demand for psychiatric evaluation and treatment of offenders who are psychotic or moderately and more severely mentally retarded will continue to exist, whereas it seems unclear how psychiatrists should deal with the psychiatric problems of offenders with other mental abnormalities.Forensic psychiatric research should include analyses of the functions of this discipline (frequency studies, studies of content, organization and effect).
Lithium side effects in relation to dose and to levels and gradients of lithium in plasma
Authors: Persson G. 
Published: August 2007

The relation between lithium dose, lithium concentrations, and lithium gradients in plasma and the side effects tremor, nausea, abdominal pains, and loose bowels was studied in 19 subjects. Rapidly dissolving lithium carbonate tablets were used.Tremor was related to higher doses, to higher concentrations, and to higher gradients of lithium in plasma. Nausea was related to higher gradients. Abdominal pain and loose bowels showed no relation to doses, levels or gradients. Concentrations of lithium were dose‐dependent, while gradients were relatively independent of dose.
The different kinds of group psychotherapy with patients with different diagnoses
Authors: Battegay R. 
Published: August 2007

Group psychotherapy is a treatment method in which in addition to the therapist(s) the participating individuals are, autocentrically, active in attaining a therapeutic effect. The different kinds of group psychotherapy are described: 1) activity group psychotherapy, 2) analytic group psychotherapy, 3) directive‐suggestive‐group psychotherapy, 4) psychodrama, 5) accelerating/focal methods of group psychotherapy.Group psychotherapeutic techniques with patients of different diagnoses are discussed, e.g. group psychotherapy with drug dependants and alcoholics, in which it is not possible to use a pure analytic method of group psychotherapy. Their oral tendencies and narcissistic desires of undergoing a fusion with the therapist have to a certain degree to be fulfilled. Schizophrenics should encounter in group psychotherapy an unconditioned emotional response from the therapist. These patients on the one hand expect to be understood in their psychotic experience, but on the other hand they seem to be glad when the measures of the outside reality are maintained in the group. The relatives of schizophrenics wanting to co‐operate are taken in a parallel group. Depressives, especially endogenous depressives, need a longer time to be integrated in a therapeutic group than other patients, but if they can be integrated, it helps them to tolerate their sufferings. To the neurotics, group psychotherapy offers insight and a chance to “translate” this insight into a new social behaviour. Analytic self‐experience groups with staff members give them an opportunity to recognise from their own experience the conflicts and the behaviour patterns from which their patients suffer.
Cerebral dysfunction in alcoholism and presenile dementia
Authors: Berglund M. , Gustafson L. , Hagberg B. , Ingvar D. H. , Nilsson L. , Risberg J. , Sonesson B. 
Published: August 2007

Fifteen chronic alcoholics and 15 presenile patients were matched in pairs with regard to their mean hemisphere cerebral blood parameters ‐ an index of brain metabolism. The distribution of the regional cerebral blood flow was similar in the two groups. The alcoholics performed significantly better in all psychometric tests than the presenile patients and more alcoholics than presenile patients were still employed and working. Nine presenile patients and one alcoholic showed symptoms indicating brain stem dysfunction.The measurements of the cerebral blood flow were made at rest while the psychometric testings and the evaluation of the social performace gave information about the brain at work. It is suggested that cerebral dysfunction in alcoholics to some extent can be partly overcome by brain activation procedures. In contrast, the defects of higher mental functions in presenile dementia cannot be compensated for.
Evaluation of the combination of tryptophan and ECT in the treatment of depression
Authors: D'Elia G. , Lehmann J. , Raotma H. 
Published: August 2007

Serum levels of total L‐tryptophan (L‐TP) were determined in patients suffering from endogenous depression, randomly assigned to two groups, one treated with L‐TP (6 g daily) and unilateral ECT, the other with placebo and unilateral ECT. L‐TP treatment was initiated at least 1 day before the first ECT and terminated 4 days after the last ECT. The degree of amelioration in depressive symptomatology was measured by doctors', nurses' and patients' rating scales.There was a close similarity in the levels of L‐TP concentration in the two groups before treatment (mean values 1.27 mg% and 1.28 mg%).ECT seems not to alter the serum L‐TP levels, judging from the values before and during treatment in the placebo group.During treatment, there was, as expected, a considerably higher L‐TP concentration in the L‐TP group (mean value 4.01 mg%).The L‐TP concentrations were bimodally distributed in the L‐TP group. This bimodality was not correlated to clinical variables.No relationship could be found between pretreatment L‐TP levels and depressive symptomatology. No evidence is therefore obtained that L‐TP levels are a pathogenic factor.There was no correlation between initial L‐TP levels and residual symptomatology 4 days and 1 month after the last ECT. Thus the L‐TP levels before treatment seem not to be of value in predicting “responders” to L‐TP treatment combined with ECT or to ECT alone.The levels of L‐TP during the treatment with L‐TP and ECT showed no relationship to residual symptomatology after the treatment. Thus the L‐TP levels do not seem to have a therapeutic significance when treating depressed patients with ECT.
Immunoglobulins, psychopathology and prognosis in schizophrenia
Authors: Pulkkinen E. 
Published: August 2007

On admission, IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations were determined in 76 schizophrenics, and the correlations of these concentrations to the variables relating to psychopathology, background and prognosis were investigated in the present study, which is a part of a more extensive unpublished study.On the basis of factorization, the highest IgM concentrations were found in withdrawn schizophrenics and the lowest in paranoid schizophrenics. Of the background variables, the patient's present age had a positive correlation and his place of birth (rural‐urban) a negative correlation to IgA concentrations, both being at a statistically significant level. IgA and IgM values higher than average at the beginning of treatment predicted a short hospital stay. Earlier, these patients had also needed little hospital care in relation to the duration of the disease.A hypothesis based on the results is presented, according to which a different way of reacting to stress may explain the differences in IgM concentrations in withdrawn and paranoid schizophrenics.The connection between prognosis and immunoglobulins was considered at least partially explainable on the grounds of age at the onset of the disease.
Lithium treatment of Huntington's chorea
Authors: Vestergaard P. , Baastrup P. C. , Petersson H. 
Published: August 2007

The therapeutic effect of lithium in Huntington's chorea was tested in six patients through a double‐blind cross‐over comparison of lithium and placebo, each administered for 6 weeks. Four of the patients received neuroleptic drugs at the same time.Lithium and placebo periods did not did not differ as regards motor skills, hyperkinesias, or total ward situation, all rated quantitatively with the use of scales. Lithium does not seem to be of therapeutic value in Huntington's chorea.
Primary peptic ulcer in childhood : PSYCHOSOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS
Authors: Christodoulou G. N. , Gargoulas A. , Papaloukas A. , Marinopoulou A. , Sideris E. 
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐five children with radiologically confirmed primary peptic ulcers were investigated. All patients suffered from duodenal ulcer and there was an unexpected female preponderance. The frequency of introverted personalities was greater in the patients than in the controls. Five patients suffered from psychiatric disorders, three had histories of suicidal attempts and three reported homosexual experiences. Six patients had nicknames. Eight patients had been operated on for appendicitis. The above parameters were negative in all control cases. The patients had lower mean IQ, worse adaptation to school, more anxious and overprotective parents, higher frequency of faddiness in food and lower frequency of nail‐biting than the controls. The onset of symptoms was preceded by psychotraumatic events in eight cases.The findings suggest that the manifestation of the genetic background of duodenal ulcer is strongly influenced by environmental factors and factors associated with the personality of the patients.
Predictive value of neuropathic traits
Authors: Askevold F. 
Published: August 2007

The classic textbook concepts of neuropathic traits ‐ enuresis, nail‐biting, finger‐sucking, sleep‐walking, anxiety, nightmares, fear of darkness ‐ have been anamnestically recorded in patients in a somatic hospital who were referred for psychiatric interview. More than 50 % of the patients could report having had one or more such traits with an even distribution between males and females except for enuresis, which was recorded more frequently in males.The presence of such traits was correlated to adult mental health. No correlation was found between one single trait and later disorders. There was a positive correlation between two or more traits and neurotic states of anxiety or conversion neurosis, but no correlation with depressive disorders or psychosomatic diseases (after Alexander's concept).
Masked “myxedema madness”
Authors: Reed K. , Bland R. C. 
Published: August 2007

Hypothyroidism can present a wide range of psychiatric manifestations, including personality disturbance, neurotic traits and psychotic features. Psychiatric treatment techniques without recognition and correction of the endocrine root of the mental disturbance will result in a failure of treatment.However, severe hypothyroidism can exist with a poverty of classical signs and symptoms such that both internist and psychiatrist may easily overlook endocrine dysfunction as a possible etiology of the mental disorder. A case of long‐standing paranoid illness whose etiology was severe myxedema with such a poverty of signs and symptoms is presented.Failure to recognize the endocrinopathy may not only produce recovery difficulties but also psychiatric and endocrine repercussions if psychotropic medications are given in such masked cases. These problems are considered with particular reference to lithium, and screening criteria to avoid this problem are discussed.
Obsessional states
Authors: Capstick N. , Seldrup J. 
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the theory that there is a positive relationship between the occurence of abnormalities at the time of birth and the subsequent development of obsessional states. While an abnormal birth may result in minimal brain damage this is not necessarily the significant factor, as a separation of mother and baby in the immediate neonatal period, which usually follows an abnormal birth, may be of more relevance.Observations are made on certain phenomenological aspects on obsessions in patients who give a history of abnormal birth as compared with those patients who have obsessional states and give a normal birth history. In the discussion comments are made upon the separation anxiety theory as being an important aetiological factor in the obsessional neurotic state.
III. A DOUBLE BLIND STUDY OF THE PROPHYLACTIC EFFECT OF LITHIUM IN MANIC‐DEPRESSIVE DISEASE
Authors: Fyrö B. , Petterson U. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryEighteen patients with manic‐depressive disease were grouped into pairs in a double blind study. The patients within each pair were treated either with lithium or with placebo in a random manner. When one of the patients within a pair relapsed, the trial was discontinued for that pair. All 9 patients who received placebo relapsed within 1‐31 weeks, 3 with depressive and 6 with manic episodes. Later, 3 of the patients who received lithium discontinued treatment on their own initiative, and also relapsed into manic states.
VI. MORTALITY
Authors: Kay D.W.K. , Petterson U. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTwo groups of patients are presented here, an older group from Birgitta's Hospital in Vadstena admitted during 1900‐1910, and a more recent group from St. Goran's Hospital in Stockholm admitted during 1961‐1970.Mortality among the 69 patients in the Vadstena material was increased, by a factor of 1.7 in the case of the men and 1.9 for the women. When applying the method of Sjogren and Larsson the patients were found to show an average expectancy of life that was approximately 30 per cent less than in the general population.As regards mortality, the 123 patients in the Stockholm material do not deviate significantly from the general population. The observation time is short, however, more than 5 years in only about 45 per cent.No increase in mortality was evident in the relatives of the Stockholm patients, despite the fact that among the parents and sibs, a greater number of suicides occurred that were expected in comparison with the general population.The frequency of suicide in both the patient groups was found to be low. In the Vadstena material only 3 patients of the 64 who died committed suicide, and none in the Stockholm material. The regularly controlled lithium treatment, which the majority of the Stockholm patients received, may possibly have had a preventative effect on suicide. Conclusions, however, must be cautious, in view of the fact that the sample is small and the observation time is short. Nevertheless the high frequency of depressions during the control period (see Chapter IV), and the absence of suicide later is remarkable, and it is reasonable to associate this absence with the reduction in both intensity and duration of depressions during the treatment with lithium.
The effect of oxazepam on sleep in normal human volunteers
Authors: LEHMANN W. 
Published: August 2007

The effects of 25 mg of oxazepam, a benzodiazepine with a short half‐life and no active metabolites, were compared with placebo in two healthy volunteers in a single‐blind polygraphically recorded sleep study.The experiment lasted for 24 nights and recordings were made for 11 nights. It was found that 25 mg oxazepam induced sleep faster than placebo, and that the subjects awoke less often during the treatment period. The total amount of REM‐sleep was not affected. However, REM‐sleep was shortened during the first part of the night and extended during the latter part of the night. Slow‐wave sleep diminished differently in the two subjects, possibly due to interindividual differences in the rate of elimination of oxazepam. The effect on blood pressure was small, and the normal physiological difference between bedtime and morning blood pressure was preserved.
Treatment of endogenous depression with oral thyrotropin‐releasing hormone and amitriptyline
Authors: Karlberg B. E. , Kjellman B. F. , Karedal B. 
Published: August 2007

The effect of thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) on the symptoms in six subjects with endogenous depression was studied in relation to the function of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis and was compared with the effects of amitriptyline in another six subjects with endogenous depression. TRH (80 mg daily) and amitriptyline (100 mg daily) were given orally for 3 weeks in a doubleblind, randomized fashion.As expected there was an increase of free thyroxine index in the patients given TRH after 1 day, after 1 week and after 3 weeks of treatment. In accordance with the increase in free thyroxine index, the thyrotropin increase (Δ TSH) studied in the TRH test was diminished after 3 weeks of treatment with TRH, indicating an increased metabolic effect of the thyroid hormones.Concomitant with the hormonal changes the symptoms of four patients in the TRH treatment group, as measured by the Cronholm‐Ottosson rating scale and global rating, showed improvements but not to the same degree as in the group of patients given amitriptyline. The difference was not statistically significant but the material is too small to allow definite conclusions in this respect. However, there was a significant negative correlation between free thyroxine index before treatment and therapeutic effect of TRH, which indicates that there may be a subgroup of patients with endogenous depression with lower thyroid function who could benefit from TRH administration.
Intellectual functioning in a 70‐year‐old urban population
Authors: Andersson E. , Berg S. , Lawenius M. , Svanborg A. 
Published: August 2007

A subsample of 229 persons from the population study “70‐year‐olds in Gothenburg” was studied with different intelligence tests. The non‐response was 15 %, and another 4 % refused to take part in the psychological examination or had handicaps which made the performance of all or some of the tests impossible. Measurements were made of verbal meaning (SRB1), reasoning (SRB2), spatial ability (SRB3), perceptual speed (Ps‐if) and logical thinking and observation (Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices). There were no differences in the tests between men and women except with Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, where the men had a better score. Amongst the women, those who had received a longer education had a better score compared with those who had had less education. Norm‐tables for the different tests are presented.As far as could be judged from cross‐sectional comparisons the average general cognitive capability was good, even though the 70‐year‐olds to a higher degree were suffering from mental disorders than younger individuals and more often were living in social situations that could have influenced basic physical and mental functions. The perceptual speed was the only ability that showed a marked change at the age of 70.