bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular and Neurophysiologic Correlates of Sensory Intake and Rejection. II. Interview Behavior
Authors: Bittker Thomas E. , Buchsbaum Monte S. , Williams Redford B. , Wynne Lyman C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAs part of a three task study of the influence of attentional style on cardiovascular response, 19 normal volunteers were given a 15‐min interview during which systolic and diastolic blood pressure, digital pulse volume, heart rate, and forearm blood flow were recorded. At the same time two observers independently assessed five elements of the subjects' interview behavior; arousal, eye contact with the interviewer, self‐revelation of interview center, attentiveness to the interviewer, and overall transactional engagement in the interview task. When subjects were divided into groups of interview at tenders and nonattenders on the basis of interviewer ratings, attenders had a mean decrease in forearm blood flow and nonattenders a mean increase. These group differences extended across a word identification (sensory intake) and mental arithmetic (sensory rejection) task as well. When subjects were divided into groups of forearm blood flow increasers and decreasers, increasers displayed less attentiveness to the interviewer, less self‐revelation, greater arousal, and less transactional engagement than did decreasers (N=9). Attentiveness to the interviewer and transactional engagement were the two most sensitive behavioral discriminators in comparing the increaser and decreaser groups.
The “Double‐Coller” Technique For EEG Electrode Preparation and Placement
Authors: Fein Georce , Frosch Allan , Borront Alan 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFor accurate and reliable EEG recording. electrode resistances must be kept relatively low and constant. To ensure that these conditions are met, a fixing agent, collodian, is usually used to fix the electrodes firmly to the scalp. Collodian, however, produces many unwanted side effects. A “double‐cllar” method of electrode placement is described whereby electrodes may be firmly fixed to the scalp without the use of collodian. This technique is both faster and less troublesome than the use of collodian. Using this technique, electrode resistances at vertex and occiput were well below generally acceptable criteria (averaging under 5000 ohms) and there was no significant increase in resistance at either placement following nearly 2 hrs of continuous EEG recordings. It is concluded that, under certain laboratory conditions, the “double‐collar” method of electrode preparation and placement is superior to the use of collodian.
Aspects of the Cerebral Circulation During Non‐REM Sleep in Healthy Controls and Psychiatric Patients, as Shown by Rheoencephalography
Authors: Doust J. W. Lovett , Doust J. N. Lovett 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA total of 59 recordings of simultaneous EEG‐cerebral electrical impedance plethysmography (REG), in which periods of wakefulness drifted into light sleep, were considered; 32 of these recordings were from 9 healthy subjects, 27 were from 7 psychiatric patients (schizophrenics and organic brain syndromes). Digital measurements of three REG parameters and of two carotid‐vertebral artery blood transit times from representative samples of pulse‐volume waves were made from awake parts of each recording and compared with similarly obtained measurements from the subsequent sleeping portions.For the total group none of the neck transit times' differences reached significance but there were significant REG decreases of 11 and 15 percent in Amplitude for the left and right hemispheres respectively. Inflow Angle similarly fell by 4 (L) and 5 (R) percent; and Percent Rise Time decreased by 11 (L) and 5 (R) percent.Psychiatric patients could be distinguished from control subjects by their significantly greater decreases with sleep in both Amplitude (10 and 4 times greater for left and right sides) and Inflow Angle (by factors of 3 and 2 similarly).Our REG findings support those of other workers using alternative invasive methods to investigate cerebral circulation during non‐REM sleep in animals and man.
An Attempt to Elk it Cardiac Orienting and Defense Responses in the Newborn to Two Types of Facial Stimulation
Authors: Pomerieau‐Malcuit Andrée , Malcuit Gérard , Cifton Rachel Keen 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCardiac and behavioral reactivity of the human newborn to facial stimulation eliciting approach and escape responses were compared in order to test the distinction between cardiac orienting and defensive reactions. Each infant received 8 trials each of check stimulation (stroking near the mouth) and ear stimulation (pinch on the ear lobe). HR response to both tactile stimuli were accelerations of different amplitude when motor responses were also present. When no overt behavioral response was observed, stroking on the check elicited cardiac deceleration while ear stimulation again elicited acceleration. Thus, cardiac orienting was demonstrated in newborns when a rooting stimulus was presented that did not elicit overt head turning. The HR response to ear stimulation on trials unaccompanied by observed movements was a larger acceleration than to cheek stimulation when movement was present. This finding suggests that movement itself does not produce the observed HR increase, but rather that central processing of the signal value of the stimulus determines both overt and cardiac responding.
Hemispheric Asymmetries in the Visual Cortical Evoked Potential as a Function of Stimulus Location
Authors: Andreassi J. L. , Okamura H. , Stern M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe averaged visual cortical evoked potential (VEP) was examined in two separate experiments us a function of stimulus location. The VEP was recorded from over left and right occipital hemispheres and stimuli were presented binocularly.The results of Experiment I, in which three stimulus locations were used, indicated that stimuli presented in the left visual field resulted in shorter VKP latencies at the right occipital area than the left, while for stimuli presented in the right visual field, the opposite occurred. In Experiment II, seven locations were used and similar VEP latency asymmetries were observed. White no hemispheric amplitude asymmetries were found, there was a trend toward a decrease of VEP amplitude with increasing distance of stimulation from the fovea.The latency asymmetries may he explained in terms of the angle at which the stimuli impinge upon the retinas of the two eyes from different locations. Direct stimulation is produced at the primary projection area, whereas indirect stimulation probably occurs at the secondary area, after crossover of impulses via the corpus callosum.
Effects of REM Time on What Is Recalled
Authors: Cartwright Rosalind D. , Lloyd Stephen , Butters Elizabeth , Weiner Lynda , Mccarthy Lois , Hancock Judith 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo test the effects of RIM sleep on the amount and kind of material recalled after a 7‐hr interval, the groups of 10 student subjects were tested fur immediate and delayed recall of 70 adjectives before and after varying amounts of REM time. There were no significant between group differences in total amount of delayed recall but there were differences in the number of new words retrieved. Following a KIM present condition subjects recalled more new words than following a KKM absent condition. The properties associated with words recalled later differed following different conditions. The new words available to recall only after REM absent sleep were self affirming items. Those which became available following REM present sleep were items of personal discomfort. The nature of the intervening psychophysiological states appeared to affect the kind of material recalled.
Studies of Information Processing in Sleep
Authors: McDonald David G. , Schicht William W. , Frazier Robert E. , Shallenberger Hugh D. , Edwards David J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo studies of information processing in normal human sleep are reported. In Experiment I it was found that subjects responded differentially in stage 2 sleep to “own name,”“other name,” and tone stimuli (decreasing in that order) as reflected in both the finger plethysmograph (FP)and heart rate (HR) and to some extent the EEG K‐complex response, and similarly in REM sleep as reflected in the FP measure and to some extent the HR measure, but not in sleep stage 3–4. In Experiment II it was found that conditioned discrimination acquired during wakefulness persisted in sleep stage 4, as reflected in the FP and HR measures, and sleep stage 2, as reflected in the K‐complex response, but not in REM sleep. Results are compared to other studies of information processing in sleep. It is concluded that the results appear to indicate differential availability of the mechanisms of long‐term memory, short‐term memory, and stimulus preprocessing in the various stages of sleep. The authors further noted a bifurcation of the autonomic nervous system in sleep into two discrete effector limbs: electrodermal and cardiovascular.
Habituation to Scenes of Violence
Authors: Mangelsdorff A. David , Zuckerman Marvin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study in early 1971 deals with the effects of “set” (labeling of a picture) and Advanced Army ROTC membership on subjects' cognitive and physiological responses. A laboratory analog of the habituation process was suggested as a parallel to some of the attitudes toward the war in Viet Nam. Subjects were significantly more aroused by an auto accident scene than by the massacre and neutral slides (larger amplitude skin conductance changes). Across all series, there were significant trials effects (a decrease in amplitude of skin conductance changes), indicative of habituation. The set “Viet Cong massacre of civilians” produced higher self report ratings of agitation than the same slide with the caption “American …” There was cardiac deceleration to the Viet Cong label, but generally cardiac acceleration to the American label on the massacre presentations. ROTC cadets habituated more rapidly on the “agitated” ‐ “calm” ratings to repeated presentations of the massacre and to an auto accident scene than nonROTC male students.
Conditioned Orienting and Defensive Responses
Authors: Hare Robert D. , Blevings George 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological responses were recorded while 9 females (Group P) who Feared spiders and 9 who did not (Group N) viewed “neutral” and spider slides in a delayed, differential conditioning procedure. Two different tones were the conditioned stimuli, and 12 neutral and 12 spider slides the unconditioned stimuli. Each CS was 11 sec long.Only Group P showed differential HR conditioning‐anticipatory acceleration to the CS preceding the spider slides (CS+). For both groups, cephalic vasoconstriction was greater to the CS+ than to the CS‐. However, with repeated trials Group P's response to the CS+ became more prolonged, so that by the last block of trials contraction persisted until the end of the CS period. Group N's response, on the other hand, continued to be constriction followed by rapid recovery to the prestimulus level. Although significant electrodermal conditioning did not occur, Group P tended to give larger anticipatory SC. responses to the CS+ than to the CS‐. There was little evidence of somatic‐autonomic coupling on a group basis. When considered along with post‐experimental reports, the results indicate that at least some of the cardiovascular components of the defensive response (DR) are conditionable.
Heart Rate, Activity, and Activation in Rats
Authors: Elliott Rogers 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments, repeated patterns of results in which heart rate (HR) and rate of instrumental activity were negatively related. In the first experiment, HR covaried substantially with gross movement, both measures responding similarly in experimental and deprivation conditions though not to time (habituation). Different categories of behavior were associated with different levels of HR. In the second experiment, the rate of instrumental consummatory behavior was inversely related to other, high‐HR behaviors, and the cardiac and somatic measures were again independent in their response to time.
Electrodermal Activity Recorded Concomitantly From the Subject's Two Hands
Authors: Bull R. H. C. , Gale M.A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTElectrodermal activity is the most frequently monitored psychophysiological and most investigators assume that the activity recorded from one hand is representative of the whole system. A few earlier studies of possible bilateral differences in this activity frequently noted such differences in response magnitude and pre‐response level. The present study examines bilateral differences not only in response magnitude and pre‐response level but also in response latency, recruitment time, and recovery. Relationships with handedness are also considered. It is concluded that although bilateral differences were often noted, the activity from one hand is strongly related to the activity concomitantly recorded from the other hand.
The Role of Feedback in Control of Heart Rate Variability
Authors: Harrison Ross Steven , Raskin David C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of contingent feedback (CF), non‐contingent feedback (NCF). and no feedback (NF) on heart rate (HR) variability control were studied. Nine matched trios of subjects were given (ruining in HR variability control on 3 consecutive days. CF and NCF subjects attempted HR, variability control while HR feedback was continuously presented, and NF subjects attempted HR variability control without feedback. During the training periods the CF group produced reliably‐lower mean HR variance than the NF group, but the NCF group was not reliably different from either of those groups. There was no significant difference among groups in negative linear trend across training periods, and the CF group did not continue to produce decreasing HR variances over sessions. However, the CF and NCF groups showed reliable quadratic trends, indicating an initial drop in HR variance followed by a return to pretraining levels. Both CF and NCF groups showed rapid, reliable increases in respiration rate during training periods. The results pose serious problems for studies which have reported feedback‐related control of HR variability.
Learning to Control Heart Rate: Effects of Varying Incentive and Criterion of Success on Task Performance
Authors: Lang Peter J. , Twentyman Craig T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of motivational variables on learned heart rate speeding and slowing were investigated. Undergraduate volunteers were randomly assigned to two groups which received feedback tasks differing in difficulty, i.e., a median target display (50% of all heart intervals would be successful based on no‐feedback performance) and a quartile target (25% predicted success), Equal subgroups received either a monetary reward for successful performance or received no supplementary incentive. The results indicated that directional changes in heart rate could be achieved with simple instructions, and that heart rate control performance was generally superior under incentive conditions. Speeding showed overall improvement over feedback sessions, and over trials for the median target group. Slowing performance showed no general improvement over sessions and no effects of target. The effects of incentives on heart rate slowing were strongest on trial periods when subjects were under instructions to reduce heart rate, but no feedback display was presented. The results are interpreted within a skills learning conception of cardiac rate control training.
Averaged Evoked Potential Predictors of Clinical Improvement in Hyperactive Children Treated with Methylphenidate: An Initial Study and Replication
Authors: Halliday Roy , Rosenthal Joseph. H. , Naylor Hilary , Callaway Enoch 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn two experiments certain measures of the visual evoked potential (VEP) discriminated between hyperactive children who were subsequently judged by their pediatrician to have shown significant improvement (responders) with methylphenidate (Ritalin) as compared to children who showed a poor or marginal response to this drug. The principal findings were: 1) With Ritalin, EP variability increased when responders went from a task requiring active attention (ATT) to one requiring passive observing (PAS). In contrast, EP variability decreased in nonresponders when they went from ATT to PAS. 2) The amplitude of the M40‐P190 component in the ATT condition increased from placebo to Ritalin for the responders.It was suggested that the variability measure primarily reflects an abnormalizing effect of Ritalin on the nonresponder while the N140‐P190 component represents an apparent deficit in responders that is normalized by Ritalin.
The Effect of Oculomotor Activity on Alpha‐Blocking in the Absence of Visual Stimuli
Authors: Goodman David M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOne within‐subjects experiment employing 20 normal adults was performed to examine the effect of controlled eye movements in the dark on occipital KEG alpha. The subjects moved their open eyes laterally toward tones coming from 5 different loud speakers on a perimeter, in the dark. The amount of alpha recorded from each subject during his eye movements locating the auditory stimulus was compared with the amount of alpha recorded during the control condition of eyes open in the dark with tones coming from the perimeter of speakers, but with no eye movements. Visual input remained constantly zero during both conditions. Significantly more alpha‐blocking occurred during the eye movement condition than during the no eye movement control condition (rejection region =.95). Subsequent tests supported this finding for each of the 5 eye and loudspeaker positions. The results indicate that a visual stimulus is not necessary to produce suppression of alpha, but that controlled oculomotor adjustments are sufficient.
Alpha Enhancement and the Likelihood of an Alpha Experience
Authors: Plotkin William B. , Mazer Cliff , Loewy Diane 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe following experiment was conducted as a preliminary investigation of the influence of the following four variables on the likelihood of having an “alpha experience” during brief alpha training: I) Subject Type (unpaid Volunteers versus Students required to participate in a psychology experiment), 2) suggestion (Alpha Experience Set or no set), 3) the degree of alpha enhancement achieved, and 4) Sex. Dependent measures were four different indexes of the degree of alpha enhancement based on an integrated amplitude measure of alpha strength, and the ratings of subjects' post‐session subjective reports (SRs) on a 0 to 6 scale, where “6” is most like an alpha experience. Forty‐eight (N=6) participants trained for 5 6‐min enhancement periods alternated with 5 2‐min rest periods, both with eyes open. None of the independent variables had significant effects on the SRs, with the exception of a three‐way interaction, which was interpreted as due to the effects of an uncontrolled fifth variable: the degree of experienced success. Most important, although several persons did have alpha experiences, none of the four enhancement measures were significantly correlated with the SR ratings. In fact, all four of the correlations were negative. These results demonstrate that in our experimental situation the likelihood of an alpha experience is unrelated to the degree of alpha enhancement.
Voluntary Control of Electrodermal Activity in Relation to Imagery and Internal Perception Scores
Authors: Ikeda Yukinobu , Hirai Hisashi 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTfeedback of spontaneous Electro dermal fluctuation in human subjects increased their in frequency of occurrence relative to a non‐contingent feedback control group. The effect was facilitated for subject having high imagery und/or high internal perception as measured by the Suphian Scale of Imagery (SSI) and Sophian Scale of Internal Perception (SSP) respectively. These data suggest the existence of individual differences in self‐control of autonomic responses.
Effects of Exercise, Bedrest and Napping on Performance Decrement During 40 Hours
Authors: Lubin A. , Hord D. J. , Tracy M. L. , Johnson L. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTYoung male Naval volunteers were denied normal noclurnal sleep and maintained on a 60‐min lreatment‐160‐min testing schedule during 40 consecutive hrs. Ten subjects bicycled, 20 subjects controlled EEG activity during bedrest, and 10 subjects napped. Eight measures of addition, auditory vigilance, mood, and oral temperature were obtained. The Bedrest group showed significant impairment on all eight measures, and thus, gave no support to lite forced‐rest theory of sleep function. The Exercise group was worse than the Nap and Bedrest groups for all measures. In spite of fragmented, reduced sleep (about 3.7 hrs per 24 hrs), the Nap group had no impairment on six of the measures. The results suggest that exercise increases the impairment due to sleep loss, and naps reduce or remove this impairment. Bedrest is not a substitute for sleep.
A Faster and More Accurate Instrument for Digital Measurement of Pupil Diameter
Authors: Juris Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis low cost device enables the experimenter In make a faster and more accurate measurement of pupil diameter registered on a TV recorder. Instead of a direct external measurement on the TV screen with a scale, two black or dark areas with sharp vertical edges are electronically superimposed on (he pupil projection on the monitor, These dark areas can easily he moved independently in both horizontal directions, so that the pupil becomes confined at its edges.The time required by the cathode ray to pass the field between these areas is a linear index of pupillary diameter. This time can be registered with a frequency counter.
Occipital Alpha and the Attributes of the “Alpha Experience”
Authors: Plotkin William B. , Cohen Robin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present research was designed to study to what extent occipital alpha strength is related to five subjective dimensions that are associated with the “alpha experience.” These are (1) the degree of oculomotor processing, (2) the degree of sensory awareness, (3) the degree of body awareness, (4) the deliberateness of thought, and (5) the pleasantness of emotional state. One experimental group of 8 persons was run for each of the above five dimensions. First, while an integrated amplitude measure of occipital alpha strength was recorded, our research participants practiced two “simple awareness techniques” (without feedback) corresponding to the two poles of their group's dimension. Later they were given the task of associating their two “awareness techniques” with occipital alpha strength by means of feedback‐augmented alpha enhancement and suppression. The results showed that only the first two dimensions—the degree of oculomotor processing and the degree of sensory awareness—are significantly related to occipital alpha strength. These findings support the notion that the “alpha experience” as a whole is not intrinsically or directly associated with enhanced occipital alpha strength, and that occipital alpha strength is a direct function of only oculomotor processing.