bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transboundary system for grapevine downy mildew risk evaluation on a territorial scale (P. Rada project)*
Authors: Dalla Marta A. , Gani M. , Cicogna A. , Dietrich S. , Orlandini S. , Santorelli E. 
Published: September 2007

A wide and homogenous viticultural area traverses the border between Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) and the western part of Slovenia. Despite similar agricultural, climatic and geographical conditions on each side of the border, the management of agricultural activities and, in particular, the organization of phytosanitary campaigns is carried out separately and differently between the two countries incurring a waste of money, time and energy. The project P. Rada (EU Interreg IIIA Italy Slovenia 2000–06) was set up with the aim of establishing a common expert agrometeorological system to evaluate the development of Plasmopara viticola on a territorial scale. The required agrometeorological data are collected by a network of weather stations and spatially interpolated in a grid with a resolution of 500 × 500 m. The spatial dataset obtained is integrated with rainfall images processed by a polarimetric radar located in Fossalon di Grado (Gorizia, Italy). Once the territorial dataset has been completed, data are used to feed two agrometeorological models: SWEB, for the estimation of leaf wetness, and PLASMO for the simulation of grapevine downy mildew. The main output of the system is represented by meteorological (temperature, rainfall, leaf wetness) and epidemiological (total and current number of infections, days for the outbreak of the current infection) maps capable of supplying end users with detailed information useful for planning and management of grapevine protection activity.
The importance of forecasting and warning systems in implementation of integrated pest management in apple orchards in Turkey*
Authors: Atlamaz A. , Zeki C. , Uludag A. 
Published: September 2007

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been widely implemented in apple orchards in various regions of Turkey. Between 1995 and 1999, in Central Anatolia and the Aegean Region, apple scab (Venturia inequalis) and codling moth (Cydia pomonella) were key pests, and implementation of pest control was based on forecasting and warning systems. During the project, orchards in which IPM was implemented and in which farmers applied conventional practices were compared. In nine provinces in which IPM projects were carried out in 1999, the damage due to codling moth was 0–1.3% in IPM orchards while it was 0.4–21.8% in nearby non‐IPM orchards. It is clear that damage did not reach the acceptable threshold level of 2% in any of the IPM orchards, while damage was much higher than the threshold in conventionally‐farmed orchards. The number of fungicide applications against apple scab decreased to 5–6 applications from 10–15 applications in the Eğirdir district of the Isparta Province in 1996 as a result of IPM implementation. No insecticides were applied against codling moth in IPM orchards in the Nigde Province in 1998 and 1999 because population levels of the pest were low and under the economic threshold. Apple producers received training and 1200 producers from Central Anatolia became experts in IPM for their own orchards, learning to make appropriate decisions about pest control. The Apple IPM Guideline was prepared and disseminated. In Turkey modern equipment for forecasting and warning systems was employed and, in the last decade, forecasting and warning networks have been improved. Computer‐based systems have increased the speed and accuracy of forecasting as well as decreasing its costs. A computerized national forecasting network in apple orchards now transmits data from the field to system headquarters automatically. The national forecasting network has been expanded and covered 12 208 800 apple trees in 34 provinces in 2006, using 115 electronic forecasting and warning stations.
A decision support system for Fusarium head blight on small grain cereals*
Authors: Rossi V. , Giosuè S. , Terzi V. , Scudellari D. 
Published: September 2007

A DSS was elaborated to determine the level of risk for mycotoxin accumulation in small grain cereals during the growing season and to support different management actions along the cereal production chain. The DSS is based on a discriminant analysis carried out on a representative data set on the presence of deoxinivalenol in winter‐sown bread wheat, durum wheat and barley grown in different areas of Emilia‐Romagna (northern Italy) between 2002 and 2004. Three to five levels of proneness to Fusarium head blight were defined for six influencing factors (weather conditions, growing area, host species and variety, previous crop and type of soil tillage before sowing), each level having its own coefficient, and linearly combined in an equation of risk (R). A value of R can be then calculated for any plot using information at both regional (weather conditions and growing area) and plot‐specific (host and cropping practices) levels. R ranges between −3.86 and 4.43 with four risk levels: low (R –2), intermediate (–2 < R –0.44), high (–0.44 < R 1.2), and very high (R > 1.2). Different management actions are suggested based on the level of R of the plot. The DSS was satisfactorily validated using data from many plots other than those used in its elaboration.
Eucablight – collating and analysing pathogenicity and resistance data on a European scale*
Authors: Hansen J. G. , Colon L. T. , Cooke D. E. L. , Lassen P. , Nielsen B. , Cooke L. R. , Andrivon D. , Lees A. K. 
Published: September 2007

The Concerted Action on potato late blight ‘Eucablight’ (http://www.eucablight.org) was launched in 2003 to promote collaboration between researchers across Europe and to collate the previously fragmented data on host resistance to late blight and characterization of populations of its causal agent, Phytophthora infestans. Fundamental to the project was the development of standardized protocols, databases and data collection tools with which data from across Europe could be centralized. The ultimate aim was to capitalize on the vast resource of data available in order to allow a pan‐European analysis to be conducted. The P. infestans database is currently populated with information relating to over 15 000 isolates from 20 European countries. The host resistance database holds primary disease data, and derived statistics, from more than 50 field trials assessing mainly foliage blight resistance. The use of five standard cultivars in these trials facilitated the comparison of resistance information across years and regions. The host database is structured, and made accessible, in such a way that DSS builders can access the model parameters they need to construct locally adapted forecasting systems. In this presentation we describe the database and the data analysis tools that have been developed in this project and how they are directly applicable to other host‐pathogen systems.
The use of sodium hypochlorite as a general endodontic medicament
Authors: MENTZ T. C. F. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryAt the University of Nijmegen NaOCl solution is now used as an irrigant and a universal medicament in root canal therapy. The use of conventional intracanal medicaments between appointments has been abandoned. A 2.5–3.0 per cent NaOCl solution, pH 11–12 at 30–37°C is used in combination with scrupulous mechanical preparation, and is a successful basis for subsequent obturation.
Endodontics in general practice—a retrospective survey
Authors: NELSON I.A. 
Published: September 2007

Thanks are due to Professor A. H. R. Rowe and members of the staff of the Department of Conservative Dental Surgery, Guy's Hospital Dental School, for their encouragement and guidance during the preparation of this paper.Thanks are also due to the secretarial staff of the Department and to the staff of the Departments of Medical Illustration and Dental Photography for their invaluable technical assistance.
Sealing quality of a newly designed root canal filling material following apicectomy compared with amalgam and heat‐sealed gutta‐percha
Authors: NEGM M. M. , GRANT A. A. , COMBE E. C. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA newly designed root canal filling material, prepared by coating silver cones with guttapercha, was compared with heat‐sealed gutta‐percha and amalgam to evaluate its effectiveness as a root canal sealer using a dye penetration method in vitro. The study indicated that silver‐percha cones are more effective in their sealing ability than retrograde amalgam and heat‐sealed gutta‐percha. The heat‐sealed gutta‐percha was shown to provide an inferior seal.
A root canal disinfectant with reduced formaldehyde concentration. Cytotoxicity and anti‐microbial effectiveness under clinical conditions in monkey teeth
Authors: SIMON M. , MULLEM P. J. VAN , LAMERS A. C. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryFour formol‐alcohol compounds of different formaldehyde and ethanol concentrations (FA 3·15/20, FA 6/15, FA 8·75/30 and FA 8·75/60), were studied for anti‐microbial effectiveness and periapical tissue reaction in a clinical experiment in monkeys.Using FA 6/25, the periapical inflammatory reaction was minimal and anti‐microbial effectiveness appeared to be sufficient in infected teeth at the end of a 7 day period. Five weeks after the 1 week dressing period the periapical tissue reaction had returned to the level of the controls.
The value of the bacteriological culture in endodontics. II. The bacteriological flora of endodontic specimens
Authors: STOBBERINGH E. E. , EGGINK C. O. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA correlation was found between the presence of micro‐aerophilic micro‐organisms and the periapical radiolucency in teeth with a necrotic closed pulp.No correlation was found between micro‐aerophilic, anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, the presence of a periapical radiolucency and the clinical diagnosis. (This in contrast to the results of Winkler & Van Amerongen 1959).The presence of a periapical radiolucency alone did not permit any conclusion about the bacteriological status. The possible pathogenic role of the isolated bacteria has to be elucidated further before any conclusion is possible.In the absence of a periapical radiolucency the chance of a positive bacteriological result is low (28 per cent) and justifies the omission of bacteriological cultures.
Apical leakage associated with three obturation techniques in large and small root canals
Authors: BEATTY RICHARD G. , ZAKARIASEN KENNETH L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract. This study evaluated the apical leakage associated with three methods of root canal obturation; these were laterally condensed gutta‐percha with and without custom‐fined master cones and a single silver point technique. Two different sized canals were used. An analysis of linear dye leakage was performed for large canals and a technique of dye recovery and spectrophotometric analysis was used to examine the volume of leakage in both large and small canals.Laterally condensed gutta‐percha with custom‐fitted master cones resulted in less volume of apical leakage than did non‐custom‐fitted laterally condensed gutta‐percha or silver cones.
Conservative endodontic therapy following the removal of a ‘globulomaxillary cyst’— a case report and review of literature
Authors: KELLEHER M. G. D. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. A cyst was removed from the right maxilla and diagnosed by a hisiopathologist as being ‘globulomaxillary’ in origin. The area failed to heal until conservatrve endodontic therapy was undertaken for three adjacent teeth. Prior to the enucleation the vitality of these teeth had only been tested by the response to ethyl chloride. On its own, this test is considered to be inadequate for the confirmation of ‘vital’ teeth which is necessary if the cyst is to be diagnosed as ‘globulomaxillary’. Very grave reservations already exist in relation to the concept of ‘globulomaxillary cysts’ and the term is again deprecated because the adjacent teeth were non‐vital and the area only healed following endodontic therapy.Calcium hydroxide was used as an intermediate dressing and one tooth was obturated using a combination of calcium hydroxide and amalgam.The patient had also had radiotherapy following the removal of a medulloblastoma 12 years previously.
Resorption related to orthodontics and some morphological features of the periodontal microvascular bed
Authors: SIMS M. R. , WEEKES W. T. 
Published: September 2007

Summary.Human premolars were obtained for sectioning following rapid maxillary expansion to observe the pattern of resorprion and cementum deposition. Some sections were demineralized and examined by light microscopy, while the root surface of adjacent sections were observed in the scanning electron microscope. The pattern of repair by cementum was noted and found to differ from normal cementum.In addition, the vascular pattern of the periodontal ligament in rat molars has been studied by methacrylate perfusion techniques. The vasculature of the inter‐radicular area differed from that over die remaining root surface because of the presence of a dense plexus of large venous vessels. It is considered that there may be a relationship between vascular architecture and the processes of cementum deposition and root resorption.
The nature of curvature of palatal canals in maxillary molar teeth
Authors: BONE J. , MOULE A.J. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. The palatal roots of 100 maxillary first permanent molar teeth and 100 maxillary second molar teeth were examined for degree and nature of curvature in a bucco‐palatal direction.Eighty‐five per cent of palatal canals of maxillary permanent first and second molar teeth were curved more than 10.Attention is drawn to the need to use instrumentation techniques which are directed to the maintenance of this curvature, and care should also be taken during preparation of post holes so that the curvature of these root canals is not ignored.
A method of measuring the volume of human dental pulp cavities
Authors: FANIBUNDA K. B. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. A method of measuring the volume of the human dental pulp cavity is described.The crown of an extracted tooth is divided from its root. After cleaning the pulp cavity, it is filled with an elastomer, and the fractured tooth surfaces repositioned before the elastomer sets.The tooth is corroded in acid to release the elastomer which is then weighed, and its volume calculated.The method has been applied to representatives of each human tooth type, and mean values are given.
Periodontal wound healing following intentional root perforations in permaent teeth of Macaca mulatta
Authors: BEAVERS R.A. , BERGENHOLTZ G. , COX C.F. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. This study was conducted to: (i) establish a monkey model system for studying the healing of root perforations, (ii) follow and define the normal healing processes of peiodontal tissues after root perforation and attempted repair, and (iii) assess the nature of periodontal tissue responses to a hard‐set calcium hydroxide treatment of experimental root perforations under aseptic conditions. Forty‐eight teeth of two rhesus monkeys were used. Twenty‐four root perforations were treated with a hard‐setting calcium hydroxide compound, while 24, sealed with teflon dises, served as controls. Observation periods were 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 42 days; radiographic and histological observations were conducted on each tooth. After the animals were killed, the tissues were demineralized and prepared for histological examination. Radiographs were taken at the time of perforation and again at the time of sacrifice.Following radiological and histological analysis, a number of observations were made. In both treatment and control groups, the teeth with lateral and furcal perforations presented the same sequence of tissue responses with time. Tissue responses at the wound sites and within the perforation canals were classified into three phases. The initial phase was characterized by blood clot formation, pronounced polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration, and incipient necrosis within the periodontal ligament coronal to the lateral lesions. The intermediate phase was characterized by resolution of the blood clot, granulation tissue formation, and resorption of necrotic debris, bone, cementum and dentine fragments. The late phase was characterized by resolution of the inflammation, maturation of the connective tissue, bone tissue healing with proliferation of trabecular bone into the perforation canal, reparative cementum formation along the cut dentinal wall in the perforation canal, and ankylosis in lateral lesions. Only four out of the 48 lesions developed bacterial contamination and abscess formation at the wound sites.
Heat transmission to the outer surface of the tooth during the thermo‐mechanical compaction technique of root canal obturation
Authors: HARDIE ELIZABETH M. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. The heat generated at the outer surface of human canine teeth during the technique of obturation of the root canal by thermo‐mechanical compaction of gutta‐percha, both with and without a proprietary root sealer, was measured.The rise in temperature was recorded at a point on the apical and central thirds of the outer surface of each specimen. The temperature rise was greater at the central area of the root than apically but the use of a sealer gave no statiscally significant difference in temperature. The thickness of dentine did not influence the results. Rises in temperature up to 27°C were recorde.Three compactors fractured during use. The findings of this investigation would indicate the need for caution and further study before complete acceptance of the technique. The speed and efficacy of the procedure when used in straight canals with closed apices, however, is not in qustion.
Delayed partial pulpotomy in permanent incisors of monkeys
Authors: HEIDE S. , KEREKES K. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. Pulpal exposures, approximately 1 mm in size, were created in 35 developing permanent incisors of five monkeys. These were left untreated for one of three time intervals: 4, 48 or 168 hours. After these periods, a standardized partial pulpotomy procedure was performed. When haemostasis had occurred, a layer of Dycal was applied over the pulp stump and the cavity filled with amalgam. Radiographs were taken 1 month and 6 months after treatment. The jaws were removed 6 months after partial pulpotomy and prepared for histological examination.The clinical examination and 1‐month radiographs revealed no abnormality; on the 6‐month radiographs a periapical radiolucency was observed on one tooth. All teeth showed continued root development over the experimental period. Histologically, 27 pulps had healed, three pulp wounds were incompletely healed, and five, all in one animal, were severely inflamed. Four of these five failures were associated with extensive bacterial contamination. In all teeth, cervical dentine was deposited but the amounts varied considerably.The success of pulpotomy was not jeopardized by delaying treatment for up to 168 hours after pulpal exposure.
Estimation of the root filling length with the paralleling and bisecting‐angle techniques performed by undergraduate students
Authors: FORSBERG J. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. The radiographic reproduction of the root filling length was examined on pairs of radiographs exposed with the paralleling and the bisecting‐angle techniques. The sample consisted of 200 single‐rooted permanent teeth with complete root formation treated and examined radiographically by undergraduate sudents.A precceding investigation showed that radiographs exposed with film holders for the paralleling technique reproduced the root fillings with a very low degree of deviation from the true length. Therefore in this study the radiographs exposed with the Eggen film holder served as a references for the evaluation of the bisecting‐angle techniqe.The frequency of deveiations was high when using the bisecting‐angle technique except for roots filled flush with the apex, where both the paralleling and the bisecting‐angle techniques appeared similar. When deviations were recored the root filling was more often projected shorter, i. e. more coronally on the radiographs exposed with the bisecting‐angle technique than with the paralleling technique.The findings were compared with thsoe of a corresponding study in which the endodontic treatment and radiographic examination were carried out by a specialist. The results in both studies were in broad agreement.
Thermomechanical compaction of gutta‐percha: effect of speed and duration
Authors: BEATTY R. G. , VERTUCCI F. J. , HOJJATIE B. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. The McSpadden technique of obturating root canals with thermoplasticozed gutta‐percha has been used for several years, however the technique has been criticized, among the disadvantages is temperature elevation at the root surface. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the McSpadden technique when used at higher speeds or for longer time than recommended by the manufacturer would result in a temperature rise at the root surface and would also have a determental effect upon linear apical leakage.Niney maxillary incisors were divided ino six groups of 15 teeth whose root canals were prepared and subjected to different filling techniques: 5000 rev/minute for 5 seconds, 10,000 rev/minutee for 5 second, 10,000 rv/minute for 15 minute for 15 seconds, and laterally condensed gutta‐percha. Temperatures were measured by suing two J‐type thermocouples which were at the surface of each root.A strobe was used to controsl the speed of instrument rotation and a stop‐wathch was employed to time each compaction. After obturation the teeth were placed into 1 per cent methylene blue dye for 2 weeks, then the linear extent of dye penetration was measured. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the influence of speed duration of compaction were significant in causing a temperature rise and apical leakage. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the use of the McSpadden technique at a higher speed or for longer duration than recommedned can cause an adverse temperature rise at the root surface and a detrimental effect upon the quality of the apical seal.
The sealing ability of injection‐moulded thermoplasticized gutta‐percha
Authors: BRADSHAW G.B. , HALL A. , EDMUNDS D.H. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. The root canals of 120 single rooted teeth were prepared with files and then divided randomly into twelve subgroups. Four operators each filled three of these subgroups, one group with laterally condensed gutta‐percha, one group with thermoplasticized gutta‐percha with sealer and one group with thermoplasticized gutta‐percha without sealer. The fillings were assessed radiographically and a dye penetration test was used to investigate the leakage.The lowest leakage values were found in those canals filled with laterally condensed gutta‐percha. The sealing ability of thermoplasticized gutta‐percha was enhanced by the use of a sealer. There was greater variation between operators in those groups where thermoplasticized gutta‐percha was used.