bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactive deposition of TiNx layers in a DC‐magnetron discharge
Authors: Wrehde Stefan , Quaas Marion , Bogdanowicz Robert , Steffen Hartmut , Wulff Harm , Hippler Rainer 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTiNx layers have been deposited in ‘balanced mode’ and ‘unbalanced mode’ of a reactive DC‐magnetron plasma (carrier gas argon, reactive gas nitrogen) under different conditions. Discharge power and reactive gas flow have been varied. The layers have been examined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray reflectometry (XR), and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The results of the layer analyses were combined with plasma investigations carried out by means of energy resolved mass spectrometry under the same conditions. By this method, it is possible to obtain a comprehensive view on the fundamentals of layer deposition, especially on the influence of the ions on the layer properties.Results show that the operation mode of the magnetron has a significant influence on the titanium deposition rate and the incorporation of nitrogen into the layers. The increased energy influx to the growing film in unbalanced mode results in a higher titanium deposition rate despite the lower number of sputtered particles. It also leads to an enhanced nitrogen insertion, since stoichiometric TiN could only be deposited in unbalanced mode. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thin black layers on aluminum substrate—electrochemical synthesis and characterization
Authors: Anicai Liana , Pertache Andreea , Visan Teodor 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe article presents some preliminary experimental results dealing with electrochemical synthesis and morphological, optical characterization of various types of black layers onto Al substrates, involving both inorganic metallic salts of nickel, molybdenum, and conducting polymers, respectively, polypyrrole layers. The article discusses a new procedure for direct electrodeposition of black Ni, black layers based on Mo compounds during a cathodic process as well as black composite polypyrrole films during anodic oxidation that involves an initial anodizing in nitric acid electrolyte that proved to offer a very good adherence of the metal then plated on Al surfaces. Al surface morphology evolution against applied c.d. and duration during initial anodizing was also investigated, by SEM technique. The obtained black layers are characterized by a good throwing power, homogeneity, smoothness, and adherence. Also, black layers formed by a.c. electrochemical coloring in Ag‐ and Ni‐based solutions are discussed. Optical characterization has been also performed to evaluate their solar absorptance and thermal emittance coefficients and a comparative evaluation is presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entrapment of Enzymes and Carbon Nanotubes in Biologically Synthesized Silica: Glucose Oxidase‐Catalyzed Direct Electron Transfer
Authors: Ivnitski Dmitri , Artyushkova Kateryna , Rincón Rosalba A. , Atanassov Plamen , Luckarift Heather R. , Johnson Glenn R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis work demonstrates a new approach for building bioinorganic interfaces by integrating biologically derived silica with single‐walled carbon nanotubes to create a conductive matrix for immobilization of enzymes. Such a strategy not only allows simple integration into biodevices but presents an opportunity to intimately interface an enzyme and manifest direct electron transfer features. Biologically synthesized silica/carbon nanotube/enzyme composites are evaluated electrochemically and characterized by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Voltammetry of the composites displayed stable oxidation and reduction peaks at an optimal potential close to that of the FAD/FADH2 cofactor of immobilized glucose oxidase. The immobilized enzyme is stable for a period of one month and retains catalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose. It is demonstrated that the resulting composite can be successfully integrated into functional bioelectrodes for biosensor and biofuel cell applications.
Multilevel determinants of subsequent FDI in China
Authors: Luo Lai‐jun , Luo Yu‐ze , Liu Chang 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAmong developing countries, China is the world's largest foreign direct investment (FDI) destination. A significant portion of the FDI in China comes from multinational corporations' (MNCs) subsequent investments of retained earnings or additional capital contribution. However, the characteristics of MNCs' subsequent investment have not been systematically studied. This study attempts to examine MNCs' subsequent investment in China both conceptually and empirically. Conceptually, the study approaches three levels of determinants: firm, location, and international, within an integrated model. Empirically, the study considers whether origin, experience, initial location, and other related factors significantly affect subsequent investment of MNCs after their initial entry into the Chinese market. Through empirical analyses, this study identifies some statistically significant factors around MNCs' subsequent investment decisions in China. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing knowledge transfer in international alliances
Authors: Inkpen Andrew C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAlthough managing knowledge assets is critical for firm success, organizational knowledge is hard to capture, transfer, and make useable. Because knowledge is embedded in organizational structures, processes, procedures, and routines, it is not easy to separate knowledge from the context in which it has been created. In addition, when knowledge is highly tacit, it is difficult to transfer without moving the people who have the knowledge. Thus, even though many studies have argued that the ability to transfer knowledge is a primary source for a firm's competitive advantage, relatively little is known about how to transfer knowledge within and across organizational boundaries. This article explores organizational knowledge transfer and illustrates the discussion with two cases of successful knowledge transfer. Two related and fundamental premises anchor the article: (1) knowledge‐transfer effectiveness can be actively managed and improved upon and (2) it is possible to design organizational strategies and structures to support and enhance knowledge sharing. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Community YouthMapping: Female youth voices through empowerment and workforce preparation
Authors: Zedan Shoroke H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBecause of poverty, many girls and young women throughout Egypt neglect their education in order to marry early, help in the fields, gain immediate employment, or carry out domestic labor to meet family needs. In Egypt, the Academy for Educational Development's Community YouthMapping (CYM) has been structured to provide a solid foundation for a systemic approach to education reform. CYM focuses on changing communities' perceptions and behavior through its youth and mechanisms to develop transferable skills to those who have traditionally been marginalized during afterschool time.
Amplifying youth voices in the developing world
Authors: Fotenos Saori , Rohatgi Deepti 
Published: February 2008

AbstractLow‐literacy youth in the slums of Brazil have been historically unequipped to share their ideas on how to improve their lives, because outside of the spoken word, it is difficult for them to express their thoughts persuasively. The Amplifying Voices afterschool video program piloted at Projeto Uerê in Rio de Janeiro shows that youth can leverage technological tools to voice their perspectives on social issues relevant to themselves and their communities.
Montreal youth use their voice to transform their lives and prevent violence in their communities: A discussion of the Leave Out Violence program
Authors: Lekes Natasha 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn Montreal, the Leave Out Violence (LOVE) program uses professional journalists, photographers, and LOVE staff to equip young people with tools to develop and express their voices. Youth who have experienced violence, as perpetrators, victims, or witnesses, engage in photojournalism projects, leadership training, and community outreach.
Grassroot Soccer resiliency pilot program: Building resiliency through sport‐based education in Zambia and South Africa
Authors: Peacock‐Villada Paola , DeCelles Jeff , Banda Peter S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractGrassroot Soccer designed a curriculum and sport‐based teaching model to build resiliency, targeting boys and girls in Lusaka, Zambia, and Johannesburg, South Africa, where most children are reminded daily of the devastation caused by AIDS and where many face chronic and acute hardship. The activities that were created were designed to resonate with youths' interests in sport while teaching boys and girls between ten and eighteen years of age skills to build resiliency and prevent infection of HIV.
Density regulation in the Mediterranean leaf‐toed gecko Euleptes europaea
Authors: Salvidio Sebastiano , Oneto Fabrizio 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIsolated populations are particularly prone to extinction, and understanding their temporal dynamics is relevant for conservation and management. In this study, the abundance of a population of the nocturnal leaf‐toed gecko Euleptes europaea was estimated by mark‐recapture over a 12‐year period in northwest Italy. Simulation tests showed the presence of density‐dependence, and autoregressive analyses indicated that direct density dependence was responsible for a large part of the variation in population growth rates. Density‐dependent recruitment was suggested as the main demographic mechanism controlling population dynamics, which was also affected by solar radiation measured during the active gecko season. These results may contribute to implement conservation strategies in other small and isolated leaf‐toed gecko populations.
Financial analysis of circumferential fusion versus posterior-only with thoracic pedicle screw constructs for main thoracic idiopathic curves between 70° and 100°
Authors: Luhmann Scott J. , Lenke Lawrence G. , Kim Yongjung J. , Bridwell Keith H. , Schootman Mario 
Published: February 2008

Purpose Reports on thoracic pedicle screw (TPS) constructs have demonstrated their safety and efficacy; however, concerns exist regarding their increased cost. This is a review of adolescents with main thoracic scoliosis surgically treated with anterior release and posterior fusion or posterior fusion only. The objectives were to compare the radiographic outcomes and financial data of two surgical treatments: anterior/posterior spinal fusion (APSF) versus posterior spinal fusion (PSF-TPS) alone with TPSs, in patients with large 70–100° main thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) curves. Methods We identified 43 patients with main thoracic Lenke type 1–4 AIS curves between 70 and 100° who had been treated with either APSF or PSF-TPS. Results Both groups had equivalent radiographic corrections postoperatively. The PSF-TPS group patients had higher implant charges, but the APSF group had higher surgeon procedural charges, operating room charges, anesthesia charges, and inpatient room charges. Total charges were $75,295 for the APSF group and $71,236 for the PSF-TPS group ( P > 0.05). Analyses of two subgroups of the APSF group, anterior release via thoracotomy versus VATS and same-day versus staged surgeries, failed to change any of the above findings. Conclusion Based on this financial analysis, there was no statistically significant differences between the APSF and PSF-TPS groups, with equivalent radiographic corrections.
Pain prevalence and characteristics in three Dutch residential homes
Authors: Boerlage Anneke A. , van Dijk Monique , Stronks Dirk L. , de Wit Rianne , van der Rijt Carin C.D. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground: In Anglo‐Saxon countries, high prevalence rates of pain have been reported for elderly living in nursing homes, residential homes and for community‐dwelling elderly. No information on pain prevalence is available for elderly living in Dutch residential homes.Methods: We performed an explorative study on pain prevalence, characteristics and treatment in three residential homes in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Residents were interviewed using a standardized pain questionnaire.Results: The overall prevalence of pain was 69%. In case of pain, it was chronic in 93% of residents. Present pain and mean pain during the preceding week were substantial (numeric rating scale ≥4) in 68% and 85% of residents, respectively. Of the residents with pain, 22% did not receive any analgesics and only 3% was prescribed a strong opioid. When analgesics were prescribed, they were given only ‘as needed’ in 31% of residents. In a majority of residents, pain interfered with daily living and mood. Almost 60% of the elderly was convinced that pain is a part of ageing, 70% indicated that they did not always report their pain to the caregivers. Thirty‐seven percent was satisfied with the caregivers’ and 39% with the doctors’ attention towards pain.Conclusions: The pain prevalence rate in Dutch residential homes is similar to rates found in other Anglo‐Saxon countries. Furthermore, they are also comparable to rates reported from European nursing homes. Pain treatment is insufficient and although pain interferes with daily activities and mood, elderly tend to accept pain as an unavoidable part of aging.
HSP70 and HSP70 mRNA localization in heat-stressed tissues of broilers
Authors: Pei-Ming Sun , Yu-Tian Liu , Qing-Hua Wang , Zhi-Liang Wang , En-Dong Bao 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe localization of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and HSP70 mRNA in the heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, thymus and cloacal bursa in broilers that were heat stressed for 6 h was conducted using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. Positive HSP70 mRNA signals were detected in the liver and lung, especially in the vessel walls. A weak presence was found in the myocardial cells. No significant signals were observed in spleen, thymus and cloacal bursa. HSP70 was observed in the vessel walls of all investigated broiler tissues. Localizations of HSP70 and HSP70 mRNA suggest that HSP70 could be correlated with cardiovascular function.
Cloning and expression of Ma duck interleukin-18 mature protein gene and biological activity detection
Authors: Hong-Ying Chen , Bao-An Cui , Ping-An Xia , Xin-Sheng Li , Ming-Fan Yang , Lan-Lan Zheng 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDuck interleukin (IL)-18 mature protein gene was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from total RNA extracted from Ma duck (Tadorna ferruginea) splenocytes. The PCR product was cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector for sequencing. The result revealed that the nucleotide sequence of duck IL-18 mature protein gene (mDuIL-18) consisted of a 513 bp band. A prokaryotic plasmid of mDuIL-18, pQE30-mDuIL18, was obtained by subcloning the encoding region of the DuIL-18 mature peptide into pQE30. pQE30-mDuIL18 transformed Escherichia coli M15. The expression of mDuIL-18 gene was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Its molecular weight was 19.76 kDa, and could be specifically recognized by rabbit sera to chicken IL-18. The expressed products existed as inclusion bodies. After being degenerated, then renatured, the activities of the inclusion bodies were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. In ducks injected intramuscularly with mDuIL-18 protein (150 ng or 200 ng per duck) and Avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccine 2 weeks after immunization, the average titres of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies to AIV reached 7.5–7.7 log2, while those of HI antibody ranged between 6.3 and 6.6 log2 in ducks vaccinated with AIV vaccine only or with 100 ng mDuIL-18 and AIV vaccine. The results clearly showed that 150 ng mDuIL-18 per duck strengthened the in vivo immune responses induced by the inactivated oil emulsion AIV vaccine.
Phylogenetic analysis ofCryptosporidiumisolates in Henan
Authors: Jin-Chan Wang , Wei-Wei Qi , Long-Xian Zhang , Chang-Shen Ning , Fu-Chun Jian , Jin-Feng Zhao , Ming Wang 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe functional mitochondrial protein alternative oxidase (AOX) gene was used as a marker to analyse the phylogenetic relationship betweenCryptosporidiumisolates. This gene was characterized, and the phylogentic tree was established fromCryptosporidiumisolates and compared to those generated from 18S rRNA and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene sequences. The present trial aimed at finding out whether the AOX gene is suitable for phylogenetic analysis of theCryptosporidiumgenus. The results revealed that the genusCryptosporidiumcontained the phylogenetically distinct speciesC. parvum,C. hominis,C. suisandC. baileyi, which were consistent with the biological characterization and host specificity reported earlier.Cryptosporidiumspecies formed two clades: one includedC. hominis,C. suis,C. parvumcattle genotypes andC. parvummouse genotype; and the other comprisedC. meleagridisandC. baileyiisolates. WithinC. parvum, both the mouse genotype and the pig genotype I (also known asC. suis) isolates differed from cattle and human (also known asC. hominis) genotypes, based on the aligned nucleotide sequences. The sequence identity of the AOX gene was higher betweenC. meleagridisandC. baileyithan betweenC. meleagridisandC. parvum. The phylogenetic trees showed thatC. meleagridiswas closer toC. baileyithan toC. parvum. This result was inconsistent with the phylogenetic analysis deduced from 18S rRNA and HSP70 gene sequences, respectively. The present results suggest that the AOX gene is not only equally suitable for the phylogenetic analysis ofCryptosporidium, but also provides an outstanding and new approach in determiningCryptosporidiumheredity.
QTL identification for seed setting rate of rice in various environments
Authors: Qing-Quan Chen , Si-Bin Yu , Chun-Hai Li , Tong-Min Mou 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTo understand the genetic basis of seed setting rate (SSR) in rice, two breeding lines (Oryza sativa ssp. indica), T226 with higher and stable SSR and T219 with lower and fluctuating SSR from different natural conditions, were used for constructing recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Genotype by environment (G×E) interaction and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SSR were analysed using a population with 202 RILs under eight differing environments. A significant G×E interaction for SSR was detected in rice using the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) statistical model, and the IPCA1 and IPCA2 of the G×E interaction accounted for a variation of 57.6%. QTL controlling the SSR were detected by the method of interval analysis. Seventeen QTL on nine chromosomes were identified across eight environments, totally explaining the phenotypic variances from 4.6 to 35.7%. Most of the QTL, each explaining a small part of the phenotypic variances and interacting with environments, were detected in one or two environments, and their alleles for increasing the SSR were derived from T226. However, the QTL (MRG5959–MRG2180) on chromosome 3 was detected across six different environments. It explained maximum phenotypic variances in each detected environment and its allele for increasing the SSR was derived from T226. Another QTL, mapped between markers RM592 and RM169 on chromosome 5, was detected in five various environments and its allele increasing the SSR was derived from T219.
Using Category Structures to Test Iterated Learning as a Method for Identifying Inductive Biases
Authors: Griffiths Thomas L. , Christian Brian R. , Kalish Michael L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMany of the problems studied in cognitive science are inductive problems, requiring people to evaluate hypotheses in the light of data. The key to solving these problems successfully is having the right inductive biases—assumptions about the world that make it possible to choose between hypotheses that are equally consistent with the observed data. This article explores a novel experimental method for identifying the biases that guide human inductive inferences. The idea behind this method is simple: This article uses the responses produced by a participant on one trial to generate the stimuli that either they or another participant will see on the next. A formal analysis of this “iterated learning” procedure, based on the assumption that the learners are Bayesian agents, predicts that it should reveal the inductive biases of these learners, as expressed in a prior probability distribution over hypotheses. This article presents a series of experiments using stimuli based on a well‐studied set of category structures, demonstrating that iterated learning can be used to reveal the inductive biases of human learners.
Exceptionally Potent Cross-Reactive Neutralization of Nipah and Hendra Viruses by a Human Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Zhu Zhongyu , Bossart Katharine N , Bishop Kimberly A , Crameri Gary , Dimitrov Antony S , McEachern Jennifer A , Feng Yang , Middleton Deborah , Wang Lin-Fa , Broder Christopher C , Dimitrov Dimiter S 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We have previously identified neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) by panning a large nonimmune antibody library against a soluble form of the HeV attachment-envelope glycoprotein G (sGHeV). One of these antibodies, m102, which exhibited the highest level of cross-reactive neutralization of both NiV and HeV G, was affinity maturated by light-chain shuffling combined with random mutagenesis of its heavy-chain variable domain and panning against sGHeV. One of the selected antibody Fab clones, m102.4, had affinity of binding to sGHeV that was equal to or higher than that of the other Fabs; it was converted to IgG1 and tested against infectious NiV and HeV. It exhibited exceptionally potent and cross-reactive inhibitory activity with 50% inhibitory concentrations below 0.04 and 0.6 μg/mL, respectively. The virus-neutralizing activity correlated with the binding affinity of the antibody to sGHeV and sGNiV. m102.4 bound a soluble form of NiV G (sGNiV) better than it bound sGHeV, and it neutralized NiV better than HeV, despite being originally selected against sGHeV. These results suggest that m102.4 has potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of diseases caused by henipaviruses. It could be also used for prophylaxis and diagnosis, and as a research reagent
Awake palliative thoracic surgery in a high‐risk patient: one‐lung, non‐invasive ventilation combined with epidural blockade
Authors: Guarracino F. , Gemignani R. , Pratesi G. , Melfi F. , Ambrosino N. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryWe report the case of a terminally ill cancer patient with recurrent pericardial and bilateral pleural effusions who was scheduled for video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery. The operation was performed with the patient awake under epidural anaesthesia. The patient’s cough reflex in response to lung manipulation was successfully minimised by the inhalation of aerosolised lidocaine. Video‐assisted thoracic surgery requires the exclusion of a lung from ventilation. In order to support one‐lung spontaneous ventilation in this high‐risk patient, we successfully used non‐invasive bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation via a facemask. Based on this preliminary experience, we think that critically ill patients scheduled for palliative surgery can be successfully managed with the combination of minimally invasive surgical techniques and neuraxial block with non‐invasive lung ventilation.