bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinship, Friendship, and Business Failure among Market Sellers in Monrovia, Liberia, 1970
Authors: Handwerker W. Penn 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionThis paper discusses the intertwining of the obligations among close friends and kin and the firms of market sellers in Monrovia, Liberia. The literature on entrepreneurship in Africa in many respects has been a debate on the relation between kinship obligations and the relative success of entrepreneurs. Based on data gathered during the early 1950s (e.g. Bauer, 1963: 7–8; Dorjahn, 1962), a consensus of sorts was reached by the early 1960s (e.g. Hunter, 1962: 140) holding that kinship obligations were either drains on the capital of entrepreneurs or hindered capital accumulation. At worst, such obligations were regarded as the primary cause of business failure among African entrepreneurs. At best, they were considered to be the main reason for the lack of growth in firms run by African entrepreneurs. Data gathered since the mid 1960s, however, have run counter to these earlier assessments. Rather than suggesting that kinship obligations were threats to entrepreneurs, these studies (e.g. Isaac, 1969,1971; Jones, 1969; Nafziger, 1969) made the points that such obligations had little to do with business failure, and, especially in the early stages of growth (cf. Benedict, 1968), were often critical to the success achieved by an entrepreneur. In making these points, however, relatively little attention has been paid to explaining why kinship and equivalent obligations are, on balance, beneficial for the entrepreneurs investigated. In over-all agreement with these recent studies, the data from Monrovia illustrate procedures through which entrepreneurs achieve the balance between demands and assistance determining the role—beneficial or detrimental—kinship and equivalent obligations play in their businesses.
The Secret of the Men: A Fiction of Chagga Initiation and its Relation to the Logic of Chagga Symbolism
Authors: Moore Sally Falk 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn the 19th century, there were Chagga chiefdoms which initiated their young men into adulthood by putting them through an elaborate series of rituals and ordeals. The first was circumcision. No sooner had the young men fully recovered from their circumcision wounds than they had another trial to undergo. They were sent to the forest for a period of seclusion and instruction. Children and young women were told that during this time in the Kilimanjaro forests the newly circumcized youths were subjected to another operation, this one to plug and stitch closed their anuses (Gutmann, Recht: 321–338; HRAF trans.: 289–304).
Dominant Male Ideology and Female Options: Three East African Case Studies
Authors: Obbo Christine 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe aim of the essay is to highlight gaps in existing knowledge of African women and bring to light new queries. The argument being presented is that African women assert their individuality by exploring the options available within their respective societies. While it is unsafe to generalize about Africa, the dominance of men in the public, especially the political and ritual spheres, is well illustrated by ethnographies on Africa. Women are on the whole invisible or shadowy figures except in a handful of ethnographies that take a woman's perspective (for example, Leith-Ross, 1939; Kaberry, 1952; and Paulme (ed.), 1963). The ideology of male dominance is taken for granted as representative of the true state of affairs between men and women in Africa. Whereas every researcher probably knows that ideologies are not realities, somehow that knowledge becomes insignificant when dealing with African societies.
Of souls and bones: the living and the dead among the Rukuba, Benue-Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Muller Jean-Claude 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe relationship between the living and the dead looms large in Africa, but the study of such interactions is notoriously fraught with pitfalls and perhaps only now are we equipped with a valid conceptual framework to enable us to deal adequately with the problems posed by ancestor worship and by the various spirits of the dead in Africa. Fortes (1965: 16—20; 122—142) first gave us a comparative framework of ancestor worship in Africa but part of his conceptualization has been recently questioned by Kopytoff (1971) who argues that the distinction between elders and ancestors is not as clear cut as our own implicit dichotomy would seem to imply. However, his argument, stressing a continuity between the living and the dead, leaves out the fact that elders, when they die, very often become ancestor spirits and, even if they do not become such, take on new qualities and new powers that are different in nature from those they held when alive (Brain 1973; Sangree 1974).
Aspects of Administration and Dissent in Hausaland, 1800–1968
Authors: Last Murray 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe northern States of Nigeria have in the past 200 years experienced two great reform movements; both were accompanied by conquest by a distinct minority, and both sought to impose an external, universal culture with its set of written laws and distinct administration. The ideals, and their application by the two groups of reformers, have been strikingly similar, as has been the dissenting response of the disillusioned.
Decentralization and the Organization of Space in Tanzania
Authors: Maro Paul S. , Mlay Wilfred F. I. 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionMost independent nations in Africa believe that the state is ‘the indispensable agency’ for creating the necessary conditions for rapid socio-economic transformation which will bring about a more equitable distribution of the benefits of development, especially in rural areas. But few countries are agreed on the institutional and organizational structures for bringing this about.
Local Adaptation and the Transformation of an Imperial Concession in North-Eastern Botswana
Authors: Werbner Richard P. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe main subject of this paper is the way in which patterns of settlement and modes of working and holding land are transformed and adapted to diverse political and economic relations. The changes discussed occurred in adjustment, under British Imperial rule, between a large-scale, commercial landlord—initially a mining and trading company—and local rulers and residents in the area of the landlord's monopoly in north-eastern Botswana. Ecological conditions in the middle and high veld of Botswana are of crucial importance for the discussion, since these posed various risks and costs for the landlord, the local rulers, and the residents. I examine primarily a sequence of decisions and the locally crucial constraints that prevailed and set a course for further choices. ‘Tribal ruler’ is the generic term which I use for such political offices as ‘paramount chief’, ‘chieftain’, and also the Protectorate Administration's grade of Sub-Chief. A paramount chief or, simply, chief, is a ruler of the highest rank, having a major territory, whose authority extends over a series of subordinates, including some chieftains. Chieftains, in turn, are petty rulers over lesser territories, and in the grades of the Administration, never higher than Sub-Chief, though they may be independent and not under a chief as an administrative superior.
Swahili Mijikenda: facing both ways in Kenya
Authors: Parkin David 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphI describe a people who, in aspiring to Swahili Islamic values and life style, marginalise themselves economically and politically.The title of the article both indicates the dilemma of their identity and, for scholars who study Swahili-speaking peoples, is deliberately provocative. How can people whom we call or who call themselves Swahili possibly also be referred to as Mijikenda? After all, these two peoples have in other descriptions been shown to be sharply distinct, either as enemies, as traders in separate goods, or as employers and labourers respectively. Yet, though this is a reasonable characterisation of a difference of great historical significance for the creation of Kenyan coast culture and hegemony, it forgets the areas of overlap between the two peoples, where, in effect, it becomes sometimes impossible to posit consistent differences. The sharp delineation conventionally recorded by writers between the Swahili and the Mijikenda (and the various names by which they have been known before the use of this term in 1945) is as much a result of the conditions under which such writings were produced: they unconsciously reproduce the very distinctions by which pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial authorities administered and ruled the area and its peoples.
Social and cultural integration: a case study of the East African Hadramis
Authors: Le Guennec-Coppens Françoise 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAs one goes through the numerous publications concerning East Africa, it becomes apparent that certain subjects have rarely been approached, having been neglected or even totally ignored. Such is the case concerning the problems linked with the Hadrami diaspora, the extended study of which—apart from a few notable exceptions—has not yet aroused the interest of historians or the curiosity of anthropologists.
Riddles and the reconstruction of reality
Authors: Chimombo Steve 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphWhen David Livingstone, the missionary-explorer, pleaded in the Senate House in Cambridge on 4 December 1857:I go back to Africa to try to make an open path for commerce and Christianity. Do you carry on the work which I have begun. I leave it with you. [Winspear, 1956: 11]little did he realise that whereas his compatriots were busily engaged in commercial and evangelical enterprises the local folk artist in Central Africa was also constructing, refashioning or recreating riddles inspired by the white man, his culture and his other activities.
La projection spatiale de la politique togolaise de développement rural dans la préfecture de l'Oti
Authors: Akibode Ayéchoro K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInitiated in 1978 in order to “involve the Oti basin in national development”, the Namiélé project, like any other project, has changed when coming into contact with political realities and (to a lesser extent) with the social and economic context.Four years after the beginning of the project, events have modified the basin development programme. In 1982, Togo authorities decided to enlarge an animal reserve on both sides of the Oti: the farmers were moved from their villages to be resettled away from the river.In addition, in the same year, the government, confronted with a difficult economic situation, reduced the investments that had been planned for the fulfilment of the project. As far as the populations profiting from the project are concerned, neither an appropriate ideology wrapped up in generosity nor paternalism are enough to make them accept an innovation: they are sometimes reluctant, sometimes cooperative, exercising an unacknowledged pressure on the project's future.The state also keeps an eye on its interests (increasing budget revenue, maintaining trade balances, and the like). The project has become an opportunity for conflict where two essentially contrary logics have to coexist: on the one hand the administrative logic of the financiers who initiated the project and on the other hand, the traditional logic of the populations caught up in the project.
‘Music of origin’: class, social category and the performers and audience of kiba, a South African migrant genre
Authors: James Deborah 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article uses a case study of the kiba migrant performance genre from the Northern Province of South Africa to illuminate recent theoretical ideas on the role of performers and audiences, and in so doing to offer a critical perspective on the way in which the concept of class has been conceptualised in some southern African studies. While the homogenising and Western-derived concept of class may well be unsuitable in some African and other southern contexts, as certain writers have claimed, migrant northern Sotho communities have developed indigenous notions of social category which combine modern work-related sources of identity with apparently backward-looking celebrations of traditional behaviour. The article examines the contention of performance theory that cultural expression does not merely reflect the predilections of established groupings of people but may provide a focus for the consolidation and identity of new ones.
Supplements of bounded permutation groups
Authors: Bigelow Stephen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLet λ ≤ κ be infinite cardinals and let Ω be a set of cardinality κ. The bounded permutation groupBλ(Ω), or simplyBλ, is the group consisting of all permutations of Ω which move fewer than λ points in Ω. We say that a permutation groupGacting on Ω is asupplement of BλifBλGis the full symmetric group on Ω.In [7], Macpherson and Neumann claimed to have classified all supplements of bounded permutation groups. Specifically, they claimed to have proved that a groupGacting on the set Ω is a supplement ofBλif and only if there exists Δ ⊂ Ω with ∣Δ∣ < λ such that the setwise stabiliserG{Δ}acts as the full symmetric group on Ω ∖ Δ. However I have found a mistake in their proof. The aim of this paper is to examine conditions under which Macpherson and Neumann's claim holds, as well as conditions under which a counterexample can be constructed. In the process we will discover surprising links with cardinal arithmetic and Shelah's recently developedpcftheory.
Arikara Pottery Making
Authors: Swanton John R. 
Published: April 2006

The following note regarding pottery-making may be of interest to archaeologists who are not already acquainted with it. It is an entry made by John Bradbury when he was at an Arikara village on the Missouri in May, 1810.“I noticed over their fires much larger vessels of earthen-ware than any I had before seen, and was permitted to examine them. They were sufficiently hardened by the fire to cause them to emit a sonorous tone on being struck, and in all I observed impressions on the outside, seemingly made by wicker work. This led me to enquire of them by signs how they were made? when a squaw brought a basket, and took some clay, which she began to spread very evenly within it, shewing me at the same time that they were made in that way. From the shape of these vessels, they must be under the necessity of burning the basket to disengage them, as they are wider at the bottom than at the top.
Some Aspects of the Largo Cultural Phase, Northern New Mexico
Authors: Mera H. P. 
Published: April 2006

Following a brief reference, in Science to a paper presented by the writer at the Denver Meeting of the A. A. A. S., wherein the occurrence of Woodland-like vessel shapes in a Puebloan pottery complex was reported, a number of requests for further information have been received. In consequence of the apparent interest shown, the following preliminary report is offered.During the progress of an archaeological survey of north central New Mexico in 1932, particularly in that section drained by the western tributaries of the upper Chama and southeasternmost affluents of the San Juan rivers, a large number of sites were recorded which, in architectural forms and pottery content, appeared to differ somewhat from more usual Pueblo patterns.
The Proposed National Monument at Manuelito, New Mexico
Authors: Devanter D. W. Van 
Published: April 2006

One holiday morning, several years ago, I turned southeast from Highway 66 at Manuelito, New Mexico, six miles east of the Arizona-New Mexico state line. Nothing was more remote from my mind than archaeology. I was bound for some buttes, visible from the highway, in search of pictures. After driving nearly five miles the trail led around an immense Pueblo III ruin measuring about four hundred by six hundred feet.It developed that the ruins were known to a few local traders and ranchers and were a matter of record at the Smithsonian Institution to the extent that the area was listed as of archaeological interest though, so far as is known, it had never been intensively investigated by an archaeologist. Dr. F. H. H. Roberts, Jr. and Dr. H. P. Mera had made rough surveys.
A Graphical Approach to Some Problems in Maya Astronomy
Authors: Merrill Robert H. 
Published: April 2006

Although graphical methods are in common use by engineers and astronomers, they are less familiar to archaeologists. To portray the rhythm of celestial motions, astronomers often use “elongation” diagrams to show angular distances of moon and planets from the sun on each day of the calendar year.The Maya recognized a zone within which the planets could not be seen because of proximity to the brilliant disk of the sun. The moon cannot be seen on the day of conjunction with the sun, and is generally invisible on the day before and the day after this “new moon day.” The three consecutive days in the lunar table of the Dresden Codex may represent the 3-day phase of moon disappearance.
The Cochise Culture Olivella
Authors: D. S.  , Gifford E. W. 
Published: April 2006

The only marine mollusk listed for 22 samples from beds on Whitewater Creek and San Pedro River is a fragment of Olivella identified as Olivella pedroana Conrad: “A marine species of the Gulf of California and the Pacific coast from California southward. Only one fragment found. It is possible that this might have been used as an ornament.“ This specimen is from the lowest or Sulphur Spring stage of the Cochise culture, which has yielded certain extinct mammals.“The problem of the route of spread [of the Cochise people] is raised by the occurrence with the Sulphur Spring artifacts at Double Adobe (bed b, Fig. 12) of a shell fragment of the marine gastropod Olivella pedroana Conrad, which postulates that the Chochise people had contact with the west coast.“
Additional Information on the Bull Brook Site, Massachusetts
Authors: Byers Douglas S. 
Published: April 2006

Due to the kind invitation of William C. Eldridge and the Vaccaro brothers, discoverers of the site, I have had opportunities to visit and excavate in this flutedpoint site during the current spring. In part of the work I was accompanied by Theodore L. Stoddard.In April we went to examine a possible hearth area where concentrations of charcoal had been reported in association with fragments of artifacts and chips of the stone used by the paleo-Indian occupants of the site. The surface which was exposed lay about 12 inches below ground level and well within the horizon of yellow-brown sand. Concentrations of charcoal were irregular in outline and density, and as one trowelled downwards they appeared to separate into fingers suggesting roots. Associated with some of the better preserved charcoal were bits of carbonized bark. We therefore concluded that the charcoal represented the remains of stumps which had burned out in rather recent woods fires, and that association of charcoal and fragments of paleo-Indian artifacts was purely fortuitous.
Evidence of a Fluted Point Tradition in Ecuador
Authors: Bell Robert E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe discovery of fluted points at one site in the Andean Highlands near Quito, Ecuador, suggests that the fluted-point tradition extended into South America. The association of scrapers, knives, and gravers with the fluted points indicates a hunting assemblage which may be related to paleo-Indian horizons of western United States.
The Classification of Artifacts in Archaeology
Authors: Rouse Irving 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAnalytic classification consists of forming successive series of classes, referring to different features of artifacts. Each class is characterized by one or more attributes which indicate a custom to which the artisan conformed, for example, a technique of manufacture, or a concept which he expressed in the artifacts, such as a design. These customs and concepts constitute modes. They are “procedural modes” when they refer to behavior of artisans and “conceptual modes” when they consist of ideas which artisans have expressed in artifacts.Taxonomic classification consists of formulating a single set of classes, one for each kind of artifact in the collection. Each class is characterized by two or more modes, selected from among the total number of modes obtainable by means of analytic classification. The modes diagnostic of each class constitute its type. If diagnostic modes are selected for their time-space significance, the resultant types are “historical.” If the diagnostic modes are selected for what they indicate about the intrinsic nature of the artifacts, the types are “descriptive.”The situations under which it is best to use either procedural or conceptual modes or historical or descriptive types are discussed and it is concluded that all four kinds of units are essential for the complete interpretation of archaeological remains.
A Radiocarbon Date from the Central Coast of Peru
Authors: Stumer Louis M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA specimen from a bundle of rope found at Playa Grande in association with pottery of Playa Grande 1 style and the white-zoned and white-slipped varieties of the Baños de Boza style is dated at A.D. 570 ± 160 (L-384A). Since the Playa Grande ceramic style has good crossties with Late Mochica, Salinar, Puerto Moorin, Maranga, and Nazca styles, this date tends to substantiate the generally accepted but not clearly demonstrated contemporaneity of the Mochica 3, 4, 5 sequence on the North Coast with the Playa Grande, Maranga sequence on the Central Coast and the Nazca A, B, Y development on the South Coast.
Two Renaissance Epitaphs
Authors: Bühler Curt F. 
Published: April 2006

Epitaphs of somewhat greater literary and historic interest than those usually met with are to be found in two volumes in the Pierpont Morgan Library. Though one was written down in a mediaeval manuscript and the other relates to an English nobleman who died early in the fifteenth century, they may nevertheless be identified with the era to which the Renaissance Society dedicates itself, since both the epitaphs were probably composed in the sixteenth century and they were set down in the Morgan volumes by two writers of the same century.On the verso of the first fly-leaf of Morgan Ms 771, there is written, in a hand of the early sixteenth century, the following stanza:La terre monde et ciel/ont deuise ma dameAnne qui fut des Roys/diaries et loys femmeLa terre a pris le corps/qui gist soubz ceste LameLe monde ansy Retient/Sa Renommee et famePardurable a Jaymes/Sans estre blasmee de ameEt Le ciel pour sa part a voulu prendre L'ame
An Unknown Translation of Du Bartas
Authors: Prescott Anne Lake 
Published: April 2006

Robert Barret, the author of The theorike and practike of moderne warres (1598), must be added to the somewhat surprisingly long list of those who translated the poetry of Du Bartas. The translation exists in a manuscript neatly written in Barret's hand and signed by him several times. Owned by a Welsh watchmaker in the eighteenth century who used the margins and blank areas to jot down memoranda to himself, it came into the possession of the Earl of Powis and was acquired by the Folger Library in 1942. The manuscript is numbered up to page 292, although there are several pages missing at the beginning and one leaf has been torn out. This section is followed by sixty unnumbered pages, although again several pages have been lost.Barret must have written the translation at or around the turn of the sixteenth century, for in a digression in praise of Queen Elizabeth he says that she has reigned ‘full Lustrae eight, and now thirde-yeerescommence.’