bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel series of O,O‐diethyl O‐(1,3‐disubstituted‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐yl) phosphorothioates. Part II. Quantitative structure–activity relationships
Authors: Gozzo Franco , Masoero Marcella , Quadrelli Luciana , Zagni Angela 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe in‐vivo toxicity data of 33 O,O‐diethyl O‐(1‐alkyl‐3‐R″‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐yl) phosphorothioates, reported in Part I of this series, were subjected to multiregression analyses for the following organisms: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (larvae), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (aphids), Culex pipiens (adults), Spodoptera littoralis (larvae) and the rat. The activities were found to depend mainly on the steric parameters of R″, these being best expressed by the values L, B1 and B4 of the computer program STERIMOL. It was shown that there were different steric requirements for each species and these are discussed. The predictive values of the best equations were also estimated.
An analytical procedure for bromoxynil and its octanoate in soils; persistence studies with bromoxynil octanoate in combination with other herbicides in soil
Authors: Smith Allan E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the analysis of the herbicide bromoxynil and its octanoate in soils. Following extraction with aqueous acidic acetonitrile, the octanoate was separated from the phenolic bromoxynil by solvent partitioning. The ester and the phenol were assayed by gas‐liquid chromatography without further modification or preparation of a derivative. Recoveries in excess of 93% were obtained from soils treated with the phenol and the ester at levels of 0.5 or 0.1 μg g−1. The persistence of bromoxynil octanoate applied at a rate of 3 μg g−1 was studied in the laboratory on a heavy clay and a sandy loam at 85% of field capacity moisture and 20°1°C, both alone and in the presence of 2,4‐D (2 μg g−1); MCPA (2 μg g−1); MCPA+asulam (both at 2 μg g−1); and MCPA+difenzoquat (both at 2 μg g−1). In each soil there was a rapid conversion of bromoxynil octanoate to the free phenol, which then underwent a rapid degradation, so that after 7 days, over 90% of the original treatment had disappeared. There appeared to be no effect on bromoxynil breakdown by any of the herbicides added in combination. Small field plots were treated, in early May 1977 and 1978 at two locations in Saskatchewan, with a combination of commercial formulations containing asulam, bromoxynil octanoate, and MCPA at rates of 1 kg ha−1 each. After 10 weeks the plots were sampled and analysis showed that in all cases, no asulam, bromoxynil, or bromoxynil octanoate could be extracted from the top 10 cm of soil.
Fungi in stored barley treated with systemic fungicides
Authors: Niles Eric V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSix fungicides (benomyl, carbendazim, fuberidazole, thiabendazole, thiophanate and thiophanate‐methyl) were applied as dusts to barley in concentrations of 100, 1000 and 10 000 μg g−1 and the barley then stored at 20°C and 90% relative humidity for 60, 105 and 150 days, respectively. Fungal development during storage was assessed by counting the visible patches of developing mould and by dilution plating. None of the fungicides completely prevented fungi developing but for the period up to 60 days, all provided a degree of control that was generally greatest for the highest concentration of fungicide. Benomyl was the most effective of the fungicides but no clear pattern was established for the others. Of the fungi that developed, species of Aspergillus and Penicillium accounted for 94% of the total count.
Fenitrothion plus (1R)‐phenothrin, and pirimiphos‐methyl plus carbaryl, as grain protectant combinations for wheat
Authors: Bengston Mervyn , Connell Melville , Davies Richard A. H. , Desmarchelier James M. , Phillips Mervyn P. , Snelson Jack T. , Sticka Rex 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuplicate field trials were carried out on bulk wheat in commercial silos in Queensland and New South Wales. Laboratory bioassays on samples of treated grain at intervals over 9 months, using malathion‐resistant strains of insects, established that treatments were generally effective. Fenitrothion (12 mg kg−1)+ (1R)‐phenothrin (2 mg kg−1) was more effective than pirimiphos‐methyl (6 mg kg−1) + carbaryl (10 mg kg−1) against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Ephestia cautella (Walker); the order of effectiveness was reversed for S. granarius (L.). Against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum Jackquelin du Val and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), both treatments effectively prevented the production of progeny. The order of persistence was pirimiphos‐methyl> (1R)‐phenothrin>carbaryl or fenitrothion. During processing from wheat to white bread, residues were reduced by 98% for carbaryl, >44% for (1R)‐phenothrin, 98% for fenitrothion and 85% for pirimiphosmethyl.
Gamma‐HCH in eggs and poultry arising from exposure to thermal vaporisers
Authors: Bernard Fishwick F. , Hill Edward G. , Rutter Irene , Warre Peter R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLevels of gamma‐HCH have been determined in poultry tissue and eggs taken from poultry houses in which thermal vaporisers were operated. During continuous operation for 14 months, residue levels of gamma‐HCH in both substrates were related closely to changing levels of insecticide in the vaporiser; up to 46 mg kg−1 (on a fat basis) was found in tissue and up to 4.0 mg kg−1 (on a whole liquid basis) in eggs. Where the vaporisers were operated discontinuously, maximum levels were 6.7 mg kg−1 in tissue and 0.53 mg kg−1 in eggs.
The synthesis and insecticidal activity of carbamates of 2‐dialkylamino‐4‐nitrophenols
Authors: Baillie Alister C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA description is given of the synthesis, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, insecticidal activity and field trial results with 2‐diethylamino‐4‐nitrophenyl dimethylcarbamate and related compounds.
Effect of short exposures to a high concentration on the subsequent toxicity of low concentrations of methyl bromide to diapausing larvae of the warehouse moth, Ephestia elutella (Hübner)
Authors: Bell Christopher H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEphestia elutella larvae in diapause were exposed at 25°C to methyl bromide at 12 mg litre−1 for 3.5 or 7.5 h and then immediately exposed to a lower concentration. The minimum effective concentration (that at which Haber's rule, concentration × time = k, a constant for mortality, still applied) was about 3 mg litre−1 in tests with no previous exposure toa high concentration, but it was about 2.5 mg litre−1 for individuals surviving a 3.5 h exposure to 12 mg litre−1, and was about 1.6 mg litre−1 for those surviving a 7.5 h exposure to 12 mg litre−1. These exposures to 12 mg litre−1, respectively, killed 2–20% and 50–75% of larvae exposed, and hence the smaller the proportion of survivors of exposure to a high concentration, the lower the minimum effective concentration needed against them. Thus the low concentration persisting at the end of a practical fumigation should contribute significantly to the success of the treatment and be much more effective than any similar low concentration present soon after the introduction of gas.
Effects of pesticides on 1,3‐β‐glucanase and urease activities in soil in the presence and absence of fertilisers, lime and organic materials
Authors: Lethbridge Gordon , Bull Alan T. , Burns Richard G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of four herbicides (2, 4‐D, di‐allate, benzoylprop‐ethyl and glyphosate) and one insecticide (malathion) on 1, 3‐β‐glucanase and urease activities in soil was investigated in the laboratory. Concentrations equivalent to five times the recommended field application rates of the pesticides, applied as their formulations, had no effect on the activity of either enzyme, under a variety of incubation conditions, which included various moisture regimes and soil treatments. The soil enzyme systems could only be disrupted by unrealistically high dosage rates of the active ingredients (0.1–1.0 g kg−1 of soil), Thus 1, 3‐β‐glucanase activity was enhanced by 2, 4‐D, inhibited by di‐allate, benzoylprop‐ethyl and malathion, but unaffected by glyphosate; whereas urease activity was inhibited by 2, 4‐D, but unaffected by di‐allate, benzoylprop‐ethyl and glyphosate.
Simultaneous estimation of bioresmethrin and piperonyl butoxide by gas‐liquid chromatography with chemical‐ionisation mass spectrometry
Authors: Cave S. Jane 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA technique using gas‐liquid chromatography combined with chemical‐ionisation mass spectrometry is described for the simultaneous quantitative measurement of bioresmethrin and piperonyl butoxide. It is sensitive to 0.2 ng bioresmethrin and 2 ng piperonyl butoxide. The amounts of these compounds, in extracts of 50‐g samples of laboratory‐fortified wheat, were determined.
Spider mite webbing. Part IV: The effect of acaricides on spinning by the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (boisduval)
Authors: Gerson Uri , Aronowitz Arieh 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCyhexatin, dienochlor and four experimental acaricides, U‐25322 (1‐benzoyl‐3‐phenylhydrazine), U‐27415 1‐benzoyl‐3‐(2, 4, 6‐trichlorophenyl)hydrazine, U‐42558 [N1(4‐chloro‐o‐tolyl) N2‐methyl‐N1‐(phenylthio)formamidine], and U‐42564 [N2‐methyl‐N1‐(phenylthio)‐ N1‐(2, 4‐xylyl)formamidine], at 125 mg litre‐1, induced spindown by the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). Cyhexatin caused the largest number of mites to spin‐down, dienochlor the least. Spinning occurred only during the first 6 h after treatment. Mites spun the same average length of threads in response to all compounds. The pattern of spin‐down was even and similar for all the compounds except dienochlor for which it was sporadic. Acaricide‐induced spin‐down is postulated to be an ‘all‐or‐nothing’ reaction.
Determination of carbofuran residues and metabolites in plant material
Authors: Tannock James , Wessels Carol L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn improved method for the analysis of carbofuran residues and its metabolites in plant material has been developed. Critical evaluation of previously published methods has enabled the elimination of unnecessary procedures, and practical difficulties have been overcome or minimised without loss of sensitivity. Separate extraction of bound and non‐bound residues is followed by clean‐up by coagulation, preparation of a derivative with 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene, and gas‐liquid chromatography using a thermionic nitrogen‐selective detector system. The method can be used in general screening for carbamates as well as analysis for specific carbamate pesticide residues.
Kinetics and products of the hydrolysis of 3,4‐dihydroprecocene I 3,4‐epoxide in aqueous organic solvents
Authors: Hamnett Anthony F. , Ottridge Anthony P. , Pratt Grahame E. , Jennings Richard C. , Stott Katherine M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hydrolysis of 3, 4‐dihydroprecocene I 3, 4‐epoxide (3, 4‐dihydro‐7‐methoxy‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐3, 4‐epoxy‐2H‐benzo[b]pyran), the putative ultimate cytotoxin of the insect growth regulator precocene I (7‐methoxy‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐2H‐benzo[b]pyran), has been studied and found to exhibit first‐order kinetics [k = 0.17 s−1 in 10 mm‐phosphate buffer pH 7.0, containing 1, 4‐dioxane (1 + 1 by volume), ionic strength 0.1]. Plots of log k versus pH, and k versus buffer concentration, suggest that the reaction is subject to both specific and general acid catalysis. High‐performance liquid chromatography showed the reaction products to be predominantly the corresponding stereoisomeric diols (3, 4‐dihydro‐7‐methoxy‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐2H‐benzo[b]pyran‐3, 4‐diol), the trans : cis ratio of which varied from 1.8: 1 to 2.2: 1 but was constant over the pH range 6‐8, at a given buffer concentration. The results indicate that acid‐catalysed hydration of 3, 4‐dihydroprecocene I 3, 4‐epoxide is an SN1 reaction, involving a trigonally hybridised carbocation at C4, even at physiological pH. Similar studies on 3, 4‐dihydroiso‐precocene I 3, 4‐epoxide (3, 4‐dihydro‐6‐methoxy‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐3, 4‐epoxy‐2H‐benzo‐[b]pyran), a biologically inactive isomer of 3, 4‐dihydroprecocene I 3, 4‐epoxide suggest that an SNI mechanism also contributes to its hydrolysis, but the rate constant is 4000 times lower than that for 3, 4‐dihydroprecocene I 3, 4‐epoxide. Knowledge of the reactivity and mechanism of reaction of such compounds forms an important part of the basis for rational prediction of biological activity in precocene analogues, and hence their possible use as pest control agents.
The kinetics of insecticide action. Part II: The relationship between the pharmacokinetics of substituted benzyl (1RS)‐cis, trans‐chrysanthemates and their relative toxicities to mustard beetles (Phaedon cochleariae fab.)
Authors: Ford Martyn G. , Greenwood Richard , Thomas Peter J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA mathematical model describing insect pharmacokinetics has been applied to data describing the penetration and elimination of a series of pyrethroid analogues [the methylbenzyl (1 RS)‐cis, trans‐chrysanthemates], applied to mustard beetles. The three parameters of the model (kp, ke and λ) have been estimated for each compound. The influence of chemical structure on pharmacokinetics, investigated using canonical correlation analysis, is discussed in relation to relative toxicity and knockdown action. In general, physicochemical properties which result in a slow flow of insecticide through the insect are associated with high toxicity. A large proportion (84%) of the variation in relative toxicity has been explained by resistance to elimination (1/ke), implying that exposure of the site of action to insecticide is related to the total integral IM2 for material (M2) inside the insect. The remaining variation has been attributed to differences in behaviour at receptor sites. An optimum partition value (Δπ0 ≈ 1.6) seems necessary for maximum pharmacodynamic activity in this series of compounds.
Extensive pilot use of the grain protectant combinations, fenitrothion plus bioresmethrin and pirimiphos‐methyl plus bioresmethrin
Authors: Desmarchelier James , Bengston Mervyn , Connell Melville , Henning Ronald , Ridleye Edward , Ripp Eric , Sierakowski Charles , Sticka Rex , Snelson Jack , Wilson Arnold 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEach of the combinations, bioresmethrin (1 mg kg−1) plus pirimiphos‐methyl(6 mg kg−1) or fenitrothion (12 mg kg−1), was applied in 1976 to grain in 21 commercial storages. Grain condition and protectant residues were regularly monitored. Three storages became infested with Rhizopertha dominica (F.), but all storages remained free of other insect species. In two of the three infested storages, application of protectant was uneven, and the third became infested only after 8 months of storage. Despite some variations in recovered residues between sites, the mean residue levels were accurately described by predictive models. Falls in temperature during storage varied considerably, and were related to factors other than climate and bin size. There was a marked effect by aeration with ambient cold air on both the grain temperature and the rate of loss of residues. Results of collaborative studies on the determination of residues indicate a need for regular check programmes of analysis, and confirm previous conclusions that residues of fenitrothion and pirimiphos‐methyl can be accurately and conventionally determined.
The influence of soil and other physical factors on the antifungal activity of carbendazim against Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Hans Jatender K. , Tyagi Prem D. , Kataria Hans R. , Grover Rajendra K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe inhibition of the growth of Rhizoctohia solani in vitro by carbendazim was maximal at 20°C and at pH 8. In pot tests using mung bean, maximum protection against ‘damping‐off’, caused by R. solani, was obtained when seeds were treated with carbendazim. at 1 g a. i. kg−1 (as a wettable powder) and sown in river sands of pH 7 and 8, kept at a 20°C. Better disease control was obtained in soils kept moist by frequent watering than in soils under water stress. Disease control was best in sandy soil and least in clay loam. The implications of these results, for the antifungal efficacy of carbendazim under diverse soil conditions, are discussed.
The diastereomeric ratio in the triadimenol produced by fungal metabolism of triadimefon, and its role in fungicidal selectivity
Authors: Gasztonyi Maya 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ratio of the two diastereomeric forms of triadimenol, produced by the reduction of triadimefon in various fungi, was studied. The reduction of triadimefon in fungi seems to be a concentration‐dependent process, the virtual irreversibility of which is proved. Not only the degree of triadimefon reduction, but also the ratio of the triadimenol diastereomers produced, was characteristic for each of the fungal species. A direct correlation, between the production of the more active diastereomeric form and the sensitivity of the fungal species to triadimefon, was observed.
The interaction between bactericidal chemicals and the wound healing process of potato tuber tissue
Authors: Harris Royston I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn‐vitro tests of dichlorophen against Erwinia carotovora, vars. atroseptica and carotovora, have shown good antibacterial activity; in‐vivo tests on potato tubers, however, showed poor control of bacterial soft rotting. Under aerobic or near anaerobic conditions, wounded potato tubers dipped in dichlorophen showed significant increases in soft rotting over water‐treated tubers. Under near anaerobic conditions, neither dichlorophen‐dipped nor water‐dipped tubers showed evidence of wound healing. However, when incubated aerobically, a distinct wound barrier was evident in the water‐dipped but not the dichlorophen‐dipped tubers. To investigate the possibility that dichlorophen was inhibitory to the initiation of wound healing, an image analysing computer was used to measure the accumulation of fluorescent products in the walls of sectioned tuber tissues treated with dichlorophen. Dichlorophen treatment resulted in very low levels of fluorescence, indicating little phenolic accumulation in the walls. Other bactericides also decreased fluorescence to some extent.
Fungitoxicity of hydroxy‐ and methoxy‐substituted phenyl‐ and naphthyl‐benzofurans, phenylbenzo[b]thiophenes and phenylindoles
Authors: Chamberlain Keith , Carter Geoffrey A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe antifungal activities in vitro of 43 methoxy‐ and hydroxy‐substituted aryl‐benzofurans, phenylbenzo[b]thiophenes and phenylindoles were compared with those of the unsubstituted compounds. Monohydroxy derivatives were usually the most fungitoxic against Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea, Septoria nodorum, Cladosporium cucumerinnum, Fusarium culmorum and Uromyces fahae but the precise effect of substitution upon activity varied with the nature of the parent aryl‐hetocyclic compound, with the position in the molecule, and with the presence of other substituents. Fangitoxicity did not correlate significantly with the partitioning properties of the molecuie as measured by reversed‐phase thin‐layer chromatography.
The effective dominance of resistance genes in relation to the evolution of resistance
Authors: Wood Roger J. , Mani Gopalakrishnan S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractField selection for a rare insecticide resistance (R) gene can be substantially delayed if R is rendered effectively recessive [if all or most heterozygotes ( R + ) are killed by the field dosages] and if a representative sample (+ +, R +, RR) of the population is permitted to escape exposure. The relationship between heterozygote mortality and escape in influencing selection rates has been considered at various frequencies of R. The cases when mating precedes selection, and when selection precedes mating, have been calculated using computer simulations. It is concluded that when R genes are rare it is advantageous (a) to apply the highest possible doses of insecticide in such a form that all exposed insects pick up an amount sufficient to kill all or most heterozygotes, (b) to apply the insecticide to adults after they have mated, rather than to younger adults or to larvae, and (c) to ensure that the proportion of insects given the opportunity to escape contact is as high as practical considerations allow. Once resistance is obvious (when samples are brought into the laboratory for tests), the R gene frequency will have risen to a level which makes the suggested strategy no longer valuable. Alternative strategies are briefly discussed.
Initial pesticide residues in relation to vapour pressure
Authors: Ritcey Gwen , McEwen Freeman L. , Braun Heinz , Frank Richard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractField tests, in which several insecticides were applied at equal rates by ground sprayer to oats, rye and alfalfa, showed that residues 1 h after application were much lower for highly volatile compounds than for those of lower volatility. Varying the distance from spray release to target canopy from 10 to 40 cm did not significantly affect the deposits. Results indicate that applying insecticides with a vapour pressure greater than about 10−4 mmHg (20°C) in aqueous media is very inefficient.
Structure‐activity relationships in fungitoxicants related to triforine and chloraniformethan. Part IV: Evaluation of the predictive power of the Hansch analysis by the preparation and testing of further chloraniformethan analogues
Authors: Loeffler R. S. Thomas , Woodcock David , Carter Geoffrey A. , Johnson Diana M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeven chloraniformethan analogues, which were predicted, on the basis of the quantitative Hansch analysis performed previously, to be as active as the parent compound against barley powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis), were prepared. Their activity as leaf sprays against E. graminis was much lower than that calculated using the regression equations, indicating that the Hansch analysis is not a suitable method for predicting fungitoxicity in this chloraniformethan series of compounds.
Depletion of residues of benzoylprop‐ethyl in soil
Authors: Bosio Pierre G. , Elgar Kenneth E. , Mathews Brian L. , Woodbridge Austin P. , Wright A. Neill 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe depletion of residues of benzolyprop‐ethyl (I) and its hydrolysis product N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐DL‐alanine (II) in soils is reported from various trials following applications of I to soil and crops at up to 3 kg ha−1. Quite rapid hydrolysis of I to II occurred in most soils and depletion of II followed. The total residue of I and II in the soil often initially increased, probably because of transfer of chemical from the crop to the soil, but the time for 50% disappearance of the total residue (I+II) was normally between 4 and 16 weeks. When four sites were treated for three successive years, carry‐over of residues was negligible in three sites and showed no progressive increase in the fourth.