bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing and mapping of Earth resources
Authors: El‐Baz Farouk 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDetailed knowledge of the natural resources of any nation is a pre‐requisite for its economic development. In most developing countries, this knowledge is scarce or lacking. Acquiring the needed information by conventional means may require a large investment in time, personnel, and therefore, in cost. In the meantime, space‐age technology provides the necessary tools to conduct surveys of natural resources in a timely manner. Such are the means to obtain the required data by digital sensors, radar imaging systems, and stereo cameras. These data can be utilized in mapping structures that may contain oil and gas deposits, recognizing high concentrations of economic minerals, discovering regions with fertile soils and good potential for groundwater, and monitoring cyclical climatic changes, particularly in arid lands. Such applications warrant greater use of remote sensing methods and techniques by the international scientific community, particularly for the development of natural resources in the Third World. This paper represents a general review of the available, and easily interpretable space‐borne data that are useful in the mapping of such resources.
Chitinozoan reflectance in the Lower Palaeozoic of the Welsh Basin
Authors: Tricker Paul M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTVitrinite (woody matter) and spores are generally uncommon or absent in pre‐Devonian sediments. To determine organic maturity in the Lower Palaeozoic alternative methods, such as chitinozoan reflectance, must be employed. Chitinozoa are marine, vase‐shaped organic‐walled microfossils of unknown affinity. The reflectance of incident light from polished chitinozoa walls can provide reliable and accurate maturity data and, due to their relative facies‐independency, a high degree of resolution to regional maturity studies. Calibration of the chitinozoan reflectance scale with vitrinite reflectance enables palaeotemperature estimates to be made from pre‐Devonian sediments.The range of chitinozoan reflectance for the Welsh Basin is from under 1% to 8%. This corresponds to estimated palaeotemperatures of under 100°C to over 300°C. The regional spatial distribution of organic maturation recorded by chitinozoan reflectance in the Welsh Basin is attributed to palaeobasin form. The increase in reflectance with age in the rocks of the Myddfai Steep Belt and associated areas allows an estimation of a palaeogeothermal gradient. In the Silurian sequences around Llandovery the gradient is calculated to be in the region of 50°C km−1. Similar gradients are derived from other studies (clay minerals, metabasite mineral assemblages, conodont colours). The results from Myddfai Steep Belt suggest the thermal peak occurred during the Acadian event.Chitinozoan reflectivity demonstrates that, with respect to hydrocarbon generation, mature conditions occur on the palaeoplatform, where the sedimentary sequences are relatively thin. Overmature conditions are prevalent in the palaeobasin where there is a thick sedimentary pile which has been subsequently deformed.
The cause of the Late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere glaciations: a climate change enigma
Authors: Hay William W. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe ultimate cause of the onset of glaciations remains elusive, but in the case of northem hemisphere glaciation it is probable that several factors acted in combination. General global cooling resulted from reduction of atmospheric C02 by weathering of silicate rocks exposed by erosion of late Cenozoic uplifts. Uplifts in south Asia, southwestern North America and Scandinavia occurred at distances appropriate for the generation of quasi‐permanent Rossby waves in the atmosphere. The resulting winds, given suitable moisture sources, were favourable for causing large‐scale precipitation at mid‐latitudes on the northern continents. Moisture sources were provided by the closure of the Central American isthmus. Gulf Stream flow increased, carrying warm subtropical waters to high latitudes. The Denmark Strait deepened permitting greater outflow of deep water from the Norwegian‐Greenland Sea. The relative importance of each of these factors should be investigated by additional atmospheric and ocean climate model sensitivity studies.
Platform margin collapses and sequence stratigraphic organization of carbonate slopes: Cretaceous–Eocene, Gargano Promontory, southern Italy
Authors: Bosellini Alfonso , Neri Claudio , Luciani Valeria 
Published: July 2007

We describe the sequence stratigraphic organization and the associated sedimentological characteristics of Cretaceous to Eocene slope and base‐of‐slope carbonate successions. The study area is located in the Gargano Promontory which belongs to the stable foreland of southern Italy. The succession consists of three superimposed depositional sequences separated by major unconformities. The upper two sequences are clear examples of sequence stratigraphic organization; in fact, they both start with huge megabreccia wedges (LST) followed upward by thin pelagic units (TST) and a thick package of calciturbidites and debrites that alternate with pelagic mudstone (HST). The Cretaceous highstand systems tract is clearly arranged in a number of coarsening‐upward cycles while the Eocene one which also comprises a toplap shallow water unit, is not.The Gargano stratigraphic palimpsest and the entire margin of the Apulia Platform show remarkable similarities with present‐day carbonate platform margins and slopes where irregular, convex‐bankward embayments suggest large‐scale failures. It is clear that classic sequence stratigraphic organization can result from simple platform dismantling, having no or little time relation with global sea‐level fluctuations. In fact, as the margin failure (LST) interrupts the carbonate production, a period of starvation (TST) along the entire slope and base‐of‐slope follows necessarily. Finally, when the margin once again becomes active and productive, sediment exportation starts again and the system begins to prograde (HST).
Correlation between melting, deformation and fluid interaction in the continental crust of the High Himalayas, Langtang Valley, Nepal
Authors: Massey J.A. , Reddy S.M. , Harris N.B.W. , Harmon R.S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTCombined metamorphic, stable‐isotope and structural studies from the High Himalayan Crystalline sequence in the Langtang Valley of north‐central Nepal reveal a strong positive correlation between distance above the base of the section (the Main Central Thrust), the amount of melt material and evidence of prolonged fluid and deformation histories, thus suggesting that these processes are strongly interdependent. Kyanite‐grade rocks at the base of the section are unmelted and have undergone little syn‐ or post‐metamorphic internal deformation and little prograde or retrograde fluid‐rock interaction. By contrast sillimanite‐grade rocks higher in the section contain progressively larger volumes of melt, have suffered increasingly complex syn‐ and post‐metamorphic deformation and show increasing evidence for the presence of fluids. Although the factors that initiated these processes remain problematic, it is suggested that fluid distributions within the Langtang section have been passively controlled by the movement of melts. These melts may have provided a primary control on deformation during both the magmatic stage and, subsequently, through the exsolution of exsolved aqueous fluids.
The role of the earth scientist in assessing the impacts of climatic changes due to the greenhouse effect: two case studies of ‘prognostic geology’
Authors: Perissoratis C. , Georgas D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe expected climatic change resulting from global warming due to the greenhouse effect causes worldwide concern. The main consequences of such climate changes include rises in temperature and sea level, and the key role in predicting their impacts on an area falls to the earth scientist. Such a study should include the description of the present environmental physical parameters of the area, their behaviour and evolution under the induced climatic scenario and suggestions as to the action necessary to mitigate the impacts. Examples of two case studies from the Mediterranean, a deltaic lowland and an insular environment, are cited. These two case studies can serve as examples of ‘Prognostic Geology’. The methodology followed can be applied to other coastal areas that will be affected by a sea‐level rise.
Seismicity and seismotectonic implications in the southern Baltic Sea area
Authors: Wahlström Rutger , Grünthal Gottfried 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAn updated list of earthquakes and earthquake parameters (location, homogenized magnitude, macroseismic data) for the southern Baltic Sea area reveals activity north of the sea, whereas there are very few epicentres in the sea itself and in the region south of it. This is the first study to combine seismological data for the whole region to cover also the sea. Macroseismic data for the 1930 earthquake were reinvestigated leading to an intensity of V–VI (MM or MSK scale), a radius of perceptibility of 135 km and an unusually big focal depth of about 40 km. It is difficult to correlate individual earthquakes with specific faults, but some seismotectonic relations are suggested, e.g. for the Tornquist zone, the predominant structure of the region. Only few reliable focal‐mechanism solutions exist. Possible seismogenic processes (ridge push, isostasy, etc) are discussed.
Ore source of arsenic copper tools from Israel during Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages*
Authors: Ilani S. , Rosenfeld A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAn ancient copper mine from southern Sinai, within the crystalline rocks of the Arabo–Nubian Massif, contains the arsenic‐rich copper minerals koutekite (Cu5AS2) and domeykite (Cu3As), associated with native copper. In this site, ancient quarrying activity is found next to Chalcolithic and Early‐Bronze Age settlements. Arsenic‐rich copper tools of these ages were found in Israel. The ore‐source of these tools is still unknown and some believe that it was imported from Armenia. This arsenic copper occurrence, first reported here, may point to the ore‐source of the arsenic‐rich copper artifacts manufactured in the local copper industry.
Mafic pyroclastic flows at Santa Maria (Gaua) Volcano, Vanuatu: the caldera formation problem in mainly mafic island arc volcanoes
Authors: Robin Claude , Eissen Jean‐Philippe , Monzier Michel 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAt Santa Maria Volcano (New Hebrides island arc), extensive ash and scoria flow deposits overlie the mainly effusive, pre‐caldera cone. Hydromagmatic features characterize these deposits, the composition of juvenile clasts ranges from basalt to acid andesite/dacite (SiO2= 51–63.6%) with a dominant basaltic composition. The stratigraphic position of this pyroclastic series and its spatial distribution around a 8.5 km × 6 km wide caldera provide evidence of a relationship between this series and the caldera formation. In addition, these pyroclastic deposits are co‐genetic to parasitic cones and lava flows developed along faults concentric to the caldera. Both series result from a compositionally layered magma reservoir, the subordinate differentiated magmas being the result of fractional crystallization from the basalts. A model of caldera formation which implies a large hydromagmatic eruption at the central vent and minor magma withdrawal by flank eruptions is proposed. This model emphasizes the importance of mafic hydroclastic eruptions in the caldera forming event and contradicts a model implying only quiet subsidence, a process often proposed for the formation of calderas in island are volcanoes of mainly mafic composition.
Sea‐level changes during the Pleistocene‐Holocene in the NW coastal zone of Portugal
Authors: Granja Helena Maria , de Carvalho G. Soares 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTResearch was undertaken to establish the present coastal dynamics of the area south of Espinho, Portugal, with special emphasis on the migration inland of beaches and the retreat of cliffs during at least the last century.Besides the Holocene units (the Silvalde‐Paramos tijuca Formation, 2310 ± 80 yr BP to 500 ± 80 yr BP, and the Cortegaca Beach Formation, 6850 ± 60 yr BP to 950 ± 80 yr BP), a Pleistocene unit (the Maceda Beach Formation, 29, 600 ± 690 yr BP to 14300 ± 160 yr BP) with trunks of Pinus sylvestris was recognized. The Cortegaca Beach Formation comprises a truncated podzol profile, the Al horizon dating from 3490 ± 60 yr BP to 950 ± 80 yr BP. The study and the dating of the Pleistocene and the Holocene formations suggest a model of evolution related to sea‐level fluctuations and neotectonics, during the interval between 29,000 ± 690 yr BP and the post‐XVth century (Little Ice Age).The final purpose of the research is to apply the results to the prediction of the coastal zone evolution, and particularly to influence policy with respect to coastal zone management. This policy must take into account the inland migration of the beaches and the cliff retreat as a consequence of the natural dynamics of the earth that cannot be arrested or controlled by man.
The origin and significance of metamorphosed tectonic blocks in mélanges: evidence from Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Parkinson Christopher D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTMetamorphosed tectonic blocks (or ‘knockers’) are widespread but volumetrically minor constituents of many circum‐Pacific mélange belts, Due to the common lack of an exposed in situ provenance and to the seemingly chaotic field disposition of most block‐bearing mélanges, their origin and uplift history are problematic and controversial. On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi a block‐bearing mélange is overlain by an ophiolite nappe, the base of which is characterized by a metamorphic sole sequence. Petrological, geochemical and geochronological data indicate a direct genetic relationship between high‐grade tectonic blocks in the mélange and amphibolites in the metamorphic sole. Amphibolite precursors to lower temperature blueschist assemblages are virtually ubiquitous in the tectonic blocks and subdivisions based on the nature of the overprinting relationships can be systematically correlated with block distribution patterns orientated subparallel to the strike of the mélange belt. It is suggested here that the high‐grade tectonic blocks originated in a thin, thermally zoned metamorphic sheet welded to the oceanic hangingwall plate at the inception of subduction. Break‐up of this sequence at depth, by tectonic erosion, led to dispersal of fragments into a newly developed serpentinite mélange wedge. Blocks experienced abrupt changes in P‐T‐X conditions due to a combination of hydration in the new fluid‐rich environment, gradual cooling of the hangingwall over time and continuing underflow dragging sheared blocks deeper into the subduction zone, prior to upflow. Blocks plucked from the hangingwall at different depths and at different times evidently experienced uplift in different flow channels, resulting in block concentrations, with P‐T‐t paths characteristic of their source and flow trajectory, at systematically greater distances from the subduction zone hangingwall. The elucidation of the origin and significance of tectonic blocks in Sulawesi has important implications not only for the tectonometamorphic evolution of similar inclusions in other mélange belts, but also for models of the inception and early stages of subduction.
Tethyan heritage in the development of the Neogene Umbria‐Marche fold‐and‐thrust belt, Italy: a 3D approach
Authors: Tavarnelli Enrico 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Umbria‐Marche fold‐and‐thrust belt (Northern Apennines, Italy), provides excellent opportunities to evaluate the structural heritage of the opening of the Mesozoic Tethys Ocean in the 3D geometry of the Neogene compressional structures related to the Alpine Orogeny. The structure and evolution of a portion of the southernmost belt, between the Nera River and the Rieti Basin, are described as a field example, and the kinematics along well‐exposed Mesozoic extension structures are provided. Cross‐section restoration shows a close coincidence between these extension structures and the Neogene thrust ramps, thus suggesting that the geometry of the latter was controlled by the map distribution of the former. Sequential balancing also allows for the definition of the geometrical pattern of pre‐existing normal faults, which were produced in response to a unidirectional or a two‐directional extension stress field. The inferred direction of principal extension, corrected for the effects of late deformation, is consistent with that proposed for the northern margin of the Adria Promontory in global‐scale plate tectonic reconstructions.
Geochemistry and timing of post‐metamorphic dyke emplacement in the Mersin Ophiolite (southern Turkey): New age constraints from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology
Authors: Parlak Osman , Delaloye Michel 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Mersin ophiolite, which is a relic of the late Cretaceous Neotethyan ocean domain in the eastern Mediterranean, is situated on the southern flank of the central Tauride belt. The ophiolite body is cross‐cut at all structural levels by numerous mafic dyke intrusions. The dykes do not intrude the underlying melange of platform carbonates. Therefore, dyke emplacement post‐dates the formation of the opholite and metamorphic sole but pre‐dates the final obduction onto the Tauride platform. The post‐metamorphic dyke swarms suggest the geochemical characteristics of Island Arc Tholeiites (IAT). 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the post‐metamorphic microgabbroic‐diabasic dykes cutting both mantle tectonites and metamorphic sole revealed ages ranging from 89.6 ± 0.7–63.8 ± 0.9 Myr old, respectively, indicating widespread magmatic activity during the Late Cretaceous‐early Palaeocene in the Neotethyan ocean. These data suggest that island arc development in the Neotethyan ocean in southern Turkey was as early as Late Cretaceous.
Basal cell carcinoma in five albino Africans from the south‐eastern equatorial rain forest of Nigeria
Authors: Asuquo Maurice E. , Agweye Pius , Ugare Gabriel , Ebughe Godwin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy in the white population and occurs infrequently in dark‐pigmented individuals. Albinism is an established risk factor for skin cancer in black Africans.Methods We evaluated the clinical histories and treatment outcomes of patients with a histologic diagnosis of BCC, who were seen at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria between January 2000 and December 2004.Results Five albino Nigerians (two men, three women) with BCC represented 8% of the patients with cutaneous malignancies observed during the 5‐year period. The five patients ranged in age from 21 to 60 years (mean, 38 years); six BCCs (67%) were located in the head and neck area, and three tumors (33%) involved the upper limbs. Lesions were removed by excision with primary closure, except for large fleshy tumors that were treated by excision and electrocautery. During evaluation from 9 months to 3 years after treatment, all sites appeared healed, and there was no evidence of recurrence or new tumors.Conclusions Albinism and environmental exposure to ultraviolet light were identified as risk factors for the development of BCC. Implementation of public education strategies concerning prevention would improve the prognosis and healthcare costs associated with these tumors.
Game theory and the evolution of fearfulness in wild birds
Authors: SIROT E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen animals in a group live under predation threat, the fate of each individual depends on the way it reacts to danger, but also on the behaviour of its companions. Game theory should then help to understand the evolution of fearful behaviour in gregarious animals. To illustrate this approach, a model determines evolutionarily stable levels of fearfulness in bird flocks, assuming that flocks are the object of both predatory attacks and nonlethal disturbance. In the model, high levels of flightiness limit the risk of being killed by predators, but increase the amount of energy lost in flights during the season. The predicted levels of fearfulness are extremely variable. They depend on the respective frequencies of predatory attacks and simple disturbing events, and on the capacity of birds to detect and escape predators. These results may help to explain the variability of flightiness reported in birds.
AUGMENTATION DURACYSTOPLASTY IN NEUROGENIC BLADDER DYSFUNCTION
Authors: Arikan Nihat , Özdiler Erol , Yaman Öder , Gögüs Orhan 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundAugmentation cystoplasty is the treatment of choice for patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction in cases that are unresponsive to other medical treatment. Although intestinal segments as bladder substitutes are preferred over the other alternatives at present, they are not ideal bladder replacements due to several potential hazards. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not augmentation duracystoplasty can be an afternative to augmentation enterocystoptasties. Methods: Ten patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction unresponsive to conservative measures, underwent augmentation duracystoplasty by using the modified Bramble‐Clam technique. The follow‐up period was T‐28 months.Results:At present, seven of 10 patients are completely continent for with clean intermittent catheterization. The remaining three patients required oral oxybutinin therapy, postoperatively, to achieve continence although lower dosages than those required in the preoperative period. We did not observe any serious pre‐ or postoperative complications.Conclusions:Based on these preliminary findings we think that duracystoplasty can be considered as a treatment alternative for hyperreflexic and/or low compliant neurogenic bladders.
Immunohistochemical Study of the Proliferating Ability and Malignant Potential of Transitional Cell Carcinoma in the Human Urinary Bladder
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroyasu , Ikeuchi Takao , Kai Yoshio 
Published: July 2007

Actively dividing cells produce a number of proteins that may serve as useful antigenic markers in immunological studies of cellular proliferation and malignant potential. We investigated the expression of PCNA, p53 and c‐a erbB–2 proteins in transitional cell carcinoma of human urinary bladder using an immunohistochemical method, and compared the results with the histologic grades and stages. Immunohistochemical studies on these proteins using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies were performed with formalin‐fixed paraffin sections of tumor tissue from 40 patients with bladder cancer.Generally, higher‐grade and higher‐stage tumors expressed PCNA and p53 and c–erbB–2 proteins with greater frequency than tumors of a lower grade or lower stage. These results suggest that the detection of each antigen might be useful in estimating the malignant potential of transitional cell carcinoma as an adjuvant study, because of its applicability to paraffin‐embedded tissue sections and its simple, rapid technique.