bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simulated Dive at 2001 Feet
Authors: Agarate Christain A. , Jegou Alain J. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The "PHYSALIE VI" deep simulated dive was carried out as part of the C.N.E.X.O. - COMEX research program in COMEX HYPERBARJC RESEARCH CENTER from MAY 18 to JUNE 2, 1972.
Two professional divers were progressively pressurized with an oxy-helium mixture to 2001 feet which they reached on MAY 24 at 1. 20 A.M. where they stayed for 80 minutes before decompression.
The various physiological results obtained during this experimental dive permit to be optimistic with regard to the feasibility of industrial underwater work in the 1500 feet range.
In view of the results obtained during the simulated deep dives "PHYSALIE V" (at 1706 feet) and "SAGITTAlRE II" (100 hours at 1640 feet), it was estimated that it should be possible to pressurize men to an equivalent depth of 2000 feet of sea water.
This was investigated during the PHYSALIE VI deep diving experiment which took place in COMEX HYPERBARIC RESEARCH CENTER in MARSEILLES, from MAY 16 to JUNE 2, 1972.
This experimental dive forms part of the Centre National pour Exploitation des Oceans (C. N. E. x. 0.)COMEX research programme and was carried out with the collaboration of several scientific teams from the University, the french Navy and Air Force, and the participation of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (C. N. R. S.), and the Direction des Recherches et Moyens d'Essais (D. R. M. E.) for the neurophysiological aspects of the study.
Two subjects were selected among the 5 COMEX divers who had already participated in experiment in the 1700 foot range and these were:–Patrice CHEMIN, aged 24, "world-recordman" at 1706feet.–Robert GAURET, aged 30, who had already participated in a 17 hours saturation dive at 1640 feet.
On TUESDAY, MAY 16, at 4.00 P.M., Compression began according to a schedule resulting from the data collected during the "PHYSALIE V" and "SAGITTAIRE I" experiments.
On MAY 18, at 2.54 A.M., a depth of 1148 feet was reached. They stayed 46 hours at this depthand on MAY 20 at 1.00 A.M., were further compressed down to 1755 feet which they reached on MAY 21 at 5.54 P.M. They spent the night at this depth and on MAY 22, between $.00 A.M. and 6.06 P.M., were compressed to 1854 feet where they stayed overnight.
On MAY 23, at 8.00 A.M., the scientists responsible for the experiment decided it was possible to proceed deeper and compression was started again according to a specially designed schedule which brought the two divers to:2001 FEET, on MAY 24, at 1.20 A.M.
They remained at this depth for 80 minutes, the necessary time for performing various physiological tests as well as a blood-sampling.
The ambiant pressure was 61.61 ATA, and the breathing mixture contained:–0.6510 Oxygen; 0.1710 Nitrogen; 99.1510 Helium–0.0310 Water and a few ppm carbon dioxide.
Brittle Lacquer Studies and Recommendations for Strengthening Rectangular Tubular Joints
Authors: White Arais , Patel Narsing M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
There are serious structural deficiencies in less-than-full-width hollow rectangular joints, and this paper investigates in some detail, using brittle lacquer techniques, the nature and seriousness of these deficiencies. Alternative methods of strengthening such joints are discussed, and actual tests were performed and quantitative values obtained between strengthened and non-strengthened joints for one method.

INTRODUCTION
Considerable interest has arisen in recent years in the use of rectangular hollow sections (RHS) and structural design criteria are being developed. In this regard an ambitious research program has been initiated at the University of Houston and the material presented in this paper was obtained from some work done as a part of that program. Most of the work done to date has been concerned with punching shear characteristics of less-than-ful1-width non strengthened joints, and has been reported in a doctoral dissertation and a paper entitled "Punching Shear Characteristics of RHJ", presented at the April, 1973, meeting of the ASCE in San Francisco. In the earlier work, questions arose regarding the pattern of flow of the load from a branch member of an RHJ into the -main member, and the brittle lacquer method seemed a logical choice for study of this phenomenon.
Four specimens were chosen (one of which was a full-width specimen) for the brittle lacquer work and Figures 1 and 2 and Table I provide all pertinent information regarding these specimens. Specimens B-3, L-2, and L-6 were subjected to direct punching load and LB-4 was subjected to a combination of punching load and bending. In each case, the specimen was supported only along the longitudinal edges of the main member by a special loading base. Such a base provided free interaction among the sides of the main member. The load was applied through the branch member by means of a universal testing machine.

Use of Brittle Lacquer
The use of brittle lacquer is an excellent procedure to obtain overall information regarding the behavior of a structural element such as the joint discussed herein. In this work, conventional techniques were followed, except that the new aerosol type of Stresscoat was used. Otherwise, the usual procedures of cleaning, application of undercoating and strain sensitive coating, curing, and testing were followed.
After curing of a Stresscoat specimen, it is carefully examined before application of initial loading to make certain that no cracks exist at that time. The usual procedure then involves application of a small load (usually 1/10 of the maximum load to be used), and the examination for any cracks which have appeared under that loading.
Elementary Theoretical Considerations for a Digital Far-Seeing Side Scanning Sonar System (FARSSSS)
Authors: Neidell Norman S. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Borrowing from exploration seismology the basic common reflection point stacking process (CRP)1 and from remote sensing the analogous synthetic aperture method2 it should be possible to develop a far-seeing side scanning sonar system. A preliminary system of this nature, FARSSSS, is described in the following text. Although the entire analysis for the system is based on first order assumptions, it should be possible using FARSSSS to obtain sonic images of the sea bottom (and if desired - the upper subsea bottom) in nominal real time. For a survey vessel moving at 6 knots, the transverse scan extent should be about 5 mm on either side of the vessel with an effective resolution of about 75 ft.
All components proposed for the system are standard items and the digital processing techniques are analogous to those used in exploration seismic data processing. In addition, the data acquired should contain information of importance to more sophisticated studies which attempt to determine the acoustic characteristics of the sea floor and upper strata of the subsea bottom.

INTRODUCTION
A vessel which travels at 6 knots is proposed as the vehicle for the digital FARSSSS survey. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the vessel along with its towed hydrophone streamer. A two-sided transducer array is shown attached to a fin below the vessel and later on some elementary theory relating to the array design will be presented. At 15 second intervals the source array is activated, alternately to the starboard and portsides of the vessel. Hence each side of the survey track is insonified at 15 second intervals corresponding to a distance along course of about 150 ft. Owing to the multiplicity and regularity of reception paths however, an effective resolution along course of about 75 ft. can be obtained after digital processing.
The transducer array suggested operates at a central frequency of 200 Hz corresponding in good approximation to a 25 ft. wavelength in water. Since such frequencies propagate well in water, problems of sufficiency of energy (or equivalently considerations of range) become secondary matters. However, these frequencies propagate well also in the sea bottom and sub-bottom reflected energy will be returned along with the side-looking scans of the ocean floor. We shall distinguish between sea floor events and subsea reflections by their ‘move-out’ characteristics in appropriately gathered collections of reflection traces. By summing such traces along selected wavefronts, the sea floor events are enhanced at the expense of all other signals be they incoherent or coherent along other wavefronts. The essentials of this technique and its derivation from the common reflection point and synthetic aperture methods will be developed in the next section.
The Green Canyon Event as Recorded by the Atlantis OBS Node Survey
Authors: Dellinger Joe , Ehlers Jerry , Clarke Richard 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Because of its location, the magnitude 5.2 Green Canyon earthquake of 10 February, 2006 has been of considerable interest to the oil industry. Unfortunately, because the nearby stations were all located to the North (onshore), its location and depth were only poorly constrained by the traditional worldwide seismic network. Fortunately, the Atlantis 3D survey happened to be ongoing at the time of the earthquake and recorded it on over 500 4C ocean-bottom nodes. The Atlantis array was closer to the event than any station on shore, and recorded the event from the South. These data thus provide an opportunity to dramatically refine our knowledge of the earthquake's location.
We preserved 2.5 hours of data spanning the time of the earthquake and analyzed it for signals, both man-made and natural. Although there are a large number of overlapping signals in the data, they can be clearly separated by their distinct arrival times, temporal frequencies, and phase velocities across the 10km × 6km array. At frequencies of 5Hz and above repetitive air-gun signals from 4 ongoing seismic surveys dominate the data. These account for all the surveys shooting in the Northern Gulf of Mexico at the time. At frequencies of 1Hz and below there is a nearly continuous background noise coming primarily from the South and East that rumbles along for the entire 2.5 hours, with a phase velocity across the array of about 2000 m/s. This is most likely ocean wave-generated noise.
At frequencies below 2Hz the earthquake signal dominates the data from 04:14:34 UT to about 04:20. It begins with several discrete arrivals from the NNW over a span of about 20 seconds, which are then followed by a drawn-out coda from the NW lasting over 8 minutes. At 04:22:13 a second event arrives from the SE, which is in turn followed by its own coda from the SSE, which lasts about 3 minutes. (It's not yet clear what this second event might be.) At about 04:27 a 3rd arrival, a weak, diffuse event from the ESE, fades in and lasts about 3 minutes. These data have been provided to earthquake experts and we expect to have a revised location for the event by the time of the OTC meeting in May. Preliminary indications are that the earthquake was well to the North of the originally published position.

Making use of the Atlantis OBS-node array
The geometry of the active nodes at the time of the earthquake is shown in Figure 1. We have a large, dense array (at least at low frequencies!) in this dataset, which allowed us to recycle a program called "Radar" for analyzing the signals in the data. "Radar" was originally written for examining surface-wave noise in land seismic data. It performs planewave stacks across the array and produces a graphical result showing the time, phase velocity, and azimuth of arriving energy. Figure 2 shows that "Radar" was able to correctly determine the azimuths of all the active air-gun surveys in the Northern Gulf of Mexico shooting at the time of the dataset.
A Floating Pipeline - Producing Ekofisk Crude into Tanker
Authors: Wheeler R.J. , Taylor A.A. , McKenna H.A. , Linehan J.J. 
Published: October 2008

During the period August, 1967 to September 1970, Phillips, as operator for a group holding acreage in the Ekofisk area of the North Sea, drilled four exploratory wells. These wells, having proved the existence of a commercial field, were properly plugged and the rig moved on to exploratory work in other areas. No thought was given at the time to producing these wells, which were considered to be purely exploratory.
In June of 1971, however, it was concluded that an investigation should be made of the possibility of producing these wells. The formal program for producing the field was in the process of development and indications were that production could not be started before 1973 or 1974. As discussions on the possibility of producing the four exploratory wells progressed, it became apparent that production, in the range of 40,000 barrels per day, could be achieved perhaps by early 1971. Therefore, a serious study of the problem was set up.
The first look showed, of course, several immediate challenges. The four wells had been sealed and by this time the well heads had probably been covered by the shifting sands of the sea bottom. Merely locating them again would be like looking for the proverbial needle in the haystack. The wells were located in about 245 feet of water about 180 miles from the nearest land. Obviously, any production from the wells would have to be loaded into tankers; there would be no possibility of producing into a pipeline for delivery to a market. So the problem basically divided itself into two separate areas. The first concerned the methods to be used in completing and producing the wells as well as in separating the gas from the crude and the second, delivering the crude to the tankers at a temperature and vapor pressure which could be accepted. The way in which this challenge was met and overcome has been described in numerous papers and articles, and will not be dwelt on here. As background for the subject of this paper it should be sufficient to say that plans were made to use sea-floor completion for the wells, and to pipe the produced crude to a self-elevating drilling rig, the "Gulftide", which would be positioned in a central location between the wells, and used as a production platform, with the necessary equipment for treating the crude, flaring the gas, and pumping the crude to the tankers. So the study team split into two separate groups, one attacking the problem of producing the crude, and the other looking at the question of how to get the crude into the tankers which would take it to the users. It is the activities of the latter group which will be described in this paper.
3D/4C and 4D Ocean-Bottom Seismic Surveys in the Caspian Sea
Authors: Bouska Jack 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The signal to noise problems inherent in towed streamer data associated with mud volcanoes, subsurface heterogeneities and distributed gas in the Azeri, and Gunashli structures of the Caspian sea prompted the use of three dimensional four component ocean bottom seismic (3D/4C OBS) to improve imaging. The introduction of several innovative enhancements to the traditional ocean bottom cable technique, when applied cohesively across both acquisition and processing, resulted in cost savings compared to conventional OBS acquisition and improved final data quality compared to towed streamer seismic.
To further guide cost effective designs of future ocean bottom seismic (OBS) for 3D, 4D or permanent sensor time-lapse, surveys over the Azeri, Chirag and Gunashli reservoirs, a Figure 1: Location of study area shown within red box: Azeri Chirag Gunashli PSA, (ACG) Caspian Sea, Azerbiajan. (available in full paper) multi-faceted study was subsequently conducted evaluating both real OBC seismic data from Azeri and synthetic data from numerical modeling. This study evaluated sensor density requirements to properly acquire the PZ component of the wave field, as this component provides the best reflector S/N and, depending on rock physics, is sensitive to productionrelated fluid changes in the reservoir. Critical spatial sampling and acquisition parameters were established through a series of comparison tests including:Fold decimation tests - to establish the sensor density required to insure image quality and signal-to-noise necessary for time-lapse monitoring.Migration aperture tests - to establish the permanent array line length across the structure necessary to adequately image the hydrocarbon column.Repeatability tests - to establish if the noise floor from repeated data acquired in the Azeri OBC survey is adequate to allow effective time-lapse monitoring from OBC. Comparisons included data from fixed shots recorded on different receivers, and also data from reoccupied receiver locations recorded with different shots.Spatial resolution testing through numerical modeling - to understand the relationship of the shot and receiver spacing and resulting image resolution for different acquisition geometries including surface tow, roll-along OBC, and
Figure 2: Examples of areas where towed streamer data is compromised over the structure crest due to seabed scarps, mud volcanoes, and near surface distributed gas. (available in full paper) permanent OBS designs.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of: seismic volumes, horizon amplitude maps, difference sections, S/N estimates and comparisons to synthetic seismograms were used to evaluate the adequacy of the various decimation levels. Results of these evaluations indicate that future OBS designs employing relaxed spatial sampling specifications, compared to the original OBS survey, would provide adequate balance between minimum seabed equipment (cost) and recording of high quality structural, or time-lapse seismic data.
Workover and Recompletion of Subsea Completion in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Brown Frank M. , Evans Charles C. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Eight subsea wells were drilled and completed in Eugene-Island Block 175 Field from 1966 through 1968. Average water depth of the field is 85 feet. Service work, similar to wireline service on conventional wells, has been performed using thru-flowline pumpdown techniques. Workovers were required on three wells because of normal depletion and mechanical problems.
Three phases of the workover operation will be presented: I. Planning phase, II. Actual performance of the work, and III. Evaluation and conclusions of the job success. The planning phase will include rig selection, subsea inspection prior to moving in the rig, and formulating a particular plan of attack as in any workover. The second phase or work phase will include subsea inspection while moving in the rig and establishing contact with the wellbores. The removal and reinstallation of the subsea tree and installation of blowout preventers will be covered. Diver assist operations are documented by 16 mm color underwater photography. Once the blowout preventers have been installed, the problems of normal workovers will be excluded.
Three subsea wells were approved as workover candidates. One well did not require removal of the subsea tree, because problems were solved by conventional wireline and 1 inch pipe fishing operations through the tubing bores once contact with the well was established. The other two wells required removal of subsea Christmas tree and installing of 10" high pressure riser to repair the wells. Once the well was worked over the subsea trees were reinstalled.

INTRODUCTION
Atlantic Richfield Company is now operating eight subsea wells in offshore Louisiana waters. These wells are located in Eugene Island Block 175 Field, approximately 70 miles southwest of Morgan City, Louisiana. Average water depth for the field is 85 feet. These wells were among the first to be installed as subsea completions in the Gulf of Mexico. These wells were drilled and completed as string completions between 1966 and 1968. All of the wells are producing from multiple pay zones and are flowing to a common production platform located from one to three miles from the wells. Routine service work on these wells, such as pulling and inspecting storm chokes, cutting paraffin, etc., is done by the flowline pumpdown techniques from the production platform. The wells were-originally completed with special cross-over ports that allow the tubing strings to communicate in the well just above the top packer in the well. This feature allows tools, similar to wireline tools, to be pumped down the flowline and into the tubing strings of the wells and to be pumped back out of the wells and returned to the production platform.
Results of New LNG Transfer Technology Developments and What Possibilities They Foretell
Authors: Cox Phillip , O&apos;Sullivan Jim , Lehning Virginie 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
"Results of New LNG Transfer Technology Developments and What Possibilities They Foretell"
New LNG transfer technologies today cannot be introduced without addressing all of the potential associated risks, and demonstrating to a most conservative LNG Industry that all aspects have been addressed through comprehensive test and qualification programs. Indeed the new EN1474 standard, (now in 3 parts: Pt 1 - Design & Testing of Transfer Arms: Pt 2 - Design & Testing of Transfer Hoses: Pt 3 - Offshore Transfer Systems) clearly states that; "where novel transfer solutions (new technology or novel application of known technology) are intended to be used, this technology is to undergo a recognised qualification procedure".
Through a series of Joint Industry Programmes, Technip has developed cryogenic Pipe-in-Pipe technology that is now complete and being proposed on several projects, both for export & import terminals. Technip's cryogenic aerial flexible will be fully qualified through the Montoir JIP trials by the middle of 2007. Model tests on floating cryogenic flexibles have been successfully completed, and the results are being used to validate detail design tools. In-water trials are planned to take place during Q3 or Q4 2007.
The paper will summarize results of all these development programs including results from the full-scale Montoir tests. Emphasis will be given to describing the tools and methods used to qualify these new cryogenic components and systems. The paper will then go on and present some applications of these new LNG transfer technologies, both rigid and flexible, which today's terminal designers are currently requesting for nearshore & offshore developments.

Introduction
The transfer of bulk materials or liquids has been evolving for many centuries. With the advent of modern methods including hydraulics, electronics and new steel compounds this evolution was able to match industry requirements throughout the 19th and especially the 20th century, for the transfer from shore " ship " shore of a large range of refined liquids and chemicals, including, as from the 1960's, Liquified Natural Gas (LNG).
Figure 1 shows two examples of such early loading arms. (Available in full paper)
Today these LNG loading arms have evolved into a complex system, which has to respect increasingly stringent rules and standards whilst continuing to maintain high levels of safety and availability.
More recently another factor has been added to this mix of requirements. - that of real dynamic movement of the LNG Carriers in marine conditions. This paper will detail the development programme that has been carried out over the past 6 years to provide the LNG Industry with a viable and new method of LNG transfer, using cryogenic flexibles and rigid pipe-in-pipe technology, to meet this new requirement and allow the LNG Industry to further evolve into real offshore and nearshore transfer operations.