bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronic length measurement using small and large files in enlarged canals
Authors: NGUYEN H. Q. , KAUFMAN A. Y. , KOMOROWSKI R. C. , FRIEDMAN S. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryElectronic apex locators are frequently used attached to a small size endodontic file; however, the effect on the measurement of the relative diameters of the file and the root canal has not been clarified. In this study, the length of enlarged canals was measured using small size files and files matching the canal diameter to observe a possible discrepancy. The accuracy of electronic length control during canal preparation with rotary files was also assessed. The root canals in 21 extracted, single rooted teeth were accessed, and their actual length (AL) established by passing a size 10 file just through the minor apical foramen. The teeth were then embedded in an alginate mold. The initial canal length (IL) was measured with the Root ZX apex locator by negotiating a size 10 file to the apical constriction. The canal was enlarged to size 60 with rotary files while the length was continuously controlled with the apex locator. Then, the final length measurements were obtained with a size 10 file and a size 60 file (FL‐10 and FL‐60, respectively). The average values of IL, FL‐10 and FL‐60 were calculated and compared using Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance followed by Tukey's Studentized Range test (P < 0.05). Using composite resin, the size 60 files were secured at the FL‐60 length, the teeth were removed from the alginate mold, stained with Picroformal DI Buoin stain and the position of the file tip was observed histomorphometrically after the apical 4 mm of the canal was exposed by grinding the buccal aspect of the root. The IL was 0.45 mm shorter than AL (P < 0.05). The differences between FL‐10, FL‐60 and IL were not statistically significant. Histomorphometrically, the apical constriction was absent in all the teeth, but the file tips were confined within the root. This study concluded that the Root ZX indicated the location of an apical constriction even when the anatomic constriction was eliminated. In the enlarged canals, length measurements obtained with small and large size files were comparable.
Alternate SlyA and H‐NS nucleoprotein complexes control hlyE expression in Escherichia coli K‐12
Authors: Lithgow James K. , Haider Fouzia , Roberts Ian S. , Green Jeffrey 
Published: September 2007

SummaryHaemolysin E is a cytolytic pore‐forming toxin found in several Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica strains. Expression of hlyE is repressed by the global regulator H‐NS (histone‐like nucleoid structuring protein), but can be activated by the regulator SlyA. Expression of a chromosomal hlyE–lacZ fusion in an E. coli slyA mutant was reduced to 60% of the wild‐type level confirming a positive role for SlyA. DNase I footprint analysis revealed the presence of two separate SlyA binding sites, one located upstream, the other downstream of the hlyE transcriptional start site. These sites overlap AT‐rich H‐NS binding sites. Footprint and gel shift data showed that whereas H‐NS prevented binding of RNA polymerase (RNAP) at the hlyE promoter (PhlyE), SlyA allowed binding of RNAP, but inhibited binding of H‐NS. Accordingly, in vitro transcription analyses showed that addition of SlyA protein relieved H‐NS‐mediated repression of hlyE. Based on these observations a model for SlyA/H‐NS regulation of hlyE expression is proposed in which the relative concentrations of SlyA and H‐NS govern the nature of the nucleoprotein complexes formed at PhlyE. When H‐NS is dominant RNAP binding is inhibited and hlyE expression is silenced; when SlyA is dominant H‐NS binding is inhibited allowing RNAP access to the promoter facilitating hlyE transcription.
The Role of the Endometrium in Endocrine Regulation of the Animal Oestrous Cycle
Authors: Krzymowski T , Stefańczyk‐Krzymowska S 
Published: September 2007

ContentsA critical analysis of the results of research in the function of the endometrium was carried out and a view point presented. The role of the endometrium in endocrine regulation of the oestrus cycle can be summarized as follows:1. The transfer of prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) from the uterus to an ovary, which causes luteolysis, occurs mainly via the lymphatic pathways.2. The system of retrograde transfer of PGs enables PGF2αand PGE2to reach the myometrium and endometrium with arterial blood at high concentration. In the luteal phase, PGF2α, together with the increasing concentration of progesterone, constricts the arterial vessels of the uterus; in the follicular phase and in early pregnancy, PGE2together with oestrogen and embryonic signals, relaxes the arterial vessels. In addition, this system protects the corpus luteum from premature luteolysis during the cycle and luteolysis during early pregnancy.3. In days 10–12 of the cycle, the blood flow in the uterus decreases by 60–70% in pigs and around 90% in sheep. This causes ischaemia and local hypoxia confirmed by the presence of hypoxia inducible factor and thus remodelling of the endometrium commences.4. The pulsatile elevations in PGF2αconcentration occurring in the blood flowing out of the uterus during the period of luteolysis and the next few days, do not result from increased PGF2αsynthesis as suggested in numerous studies. They are the effect of excretion of PGF2αand its metabolites together with lymph and venous blood and tissue fluids in which prostaglandin accumulates.
Detecting modulated signals in modulated noise: (I) behavioural auditory thresholds in a songbird
Authors: Langemann Ulrike , Klump Georg M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMost signals from the auditory world have temporal patterns of amplitude modulation that either emanate from the signal source or result from environmental interference (e.g. air turbulence). To investigate mechanisms associated with the segregation and processing of amplitude‐modulated signals, we trained European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to detect a signal noise band embedded in several flanking noise bands (FBs). We manipulated the envelope correlation between the signal and FBs, the onset synchrony between signal and FBs (0 or100 ms), signal duration (60 or 400 ms) and the spectrum level of the FBs (15 or 50 dB). The lowest signal‐detection thresholds were found when the envelopes of the FBs were correlated with each other but different from the signal envelope (the ‘co‐uncorrelated’ condition). Detection thresholds were on average 7 dB higher when both the signal and the FBs had correlated envelopes (the ‘all correlated’ condition). Thresholds were even higher when the envelopes of all noise bands were independent (the ‘all uncorrelated’ condition). The difference in detection thresholds between the co‐uncorrelated and the all correlated conditions is termed ‘comodulation detection difference’ (CDD). Differences in signal duration and masker level had significant effects on detection threshold, but not on CDD magnitudes; differences in onset synchrony had no effects. We compare data from starlings with those from previous psychoacoustic studies of humans, and discuss possible mechanisms on which these perceptual effects may rely. Our behavioural data are the reference for a companion study investigating CDD at the neuronal level of the starling [M.A. Bee et al. (2007) Eur. J. Neurosci., 26, 1979–1994].
Minimally manipulated oligodendrocyte precursor cells retain exclusive commitment to the oligodendrocyte lineage following transplantation into intact and injured hippocampus
Authors: Webber Daniel J. , Compston Alastair , Chandran Siddharthan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are widely regarded as the best characterized cell population in the mammalian CNS and until recently were believed to be a lineage‐restricted precursor terminally differentiating to postmitotic oligodendrocytes. Recent evidence has suggested that OPCs may have in vitro and in vivo neuronal potential. In this report we examine the differentiation potential of cortical OPC populations following transplantation into the neurogenic environment of the intact neonatal and adult hippocampus. Donor OPCs were minimally manipulated and not subjected to long‐term ex vivo manipulation such as expansion or treatment with mitogens. Minimally manipulated OPCs did not exhibit any intrinsic neuronal potential in vitro prior to transplantation. Following transplantation of GFP‐OPCs into intact neonatal and adult hippocampus, cells were able to survive and integrate for at least 14 weeks but did not exhibit neuronal differentiation. Induction of a focal neurotoxic lesion also did not result in neuronal differentiation of graft‐derived OPCs. These findings show that unselected and unmanipulated populations of cortical OPCs remain as precursor cells, commit to the oligodendrocyte lineage and fail to respond to the extrinsic cues of a neurogenic or injured environment.
Calbindin D28K protein cells in a primate suprachiasmatic nucleus: localization, daily rhythm and age‐related changes
Authors: Cayetanot Florence , Deprez Julien , Aujard Fabienne 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the master circadian pacemaker. The SCN controls daily rhythms and synchronizes the organism to its environment and especially to photic signals. Photic signals via the retinohypothalamic tract reach the ventral part of the SCN, where the majority of calbindin‐containing neurons are located. Calbindin cells seem important for the control of circadian rhythmicity. As ageing leads to marked changes in the expression of circadian rhythms, we investigated in the mouse lemur, a nocturnal primate, age‐related changes in the oscillation of calbindin protein expression in SCN neurons. We used immunohistochemistry and quantitative analysis of calbindin expression in the SCN of adult and aged mouse lemurs. In this primate, a dense cluster of calbindin‐positive neurons was found in the ventral part of the SCN. In adult animals, calbindin‐positive SCN neurons did not exhibit daily rhythms in their number or intensity, but exhibited significant daily variations in the percentage of cells with a calbindin‐positive nucleus, characterized by high values during the daytime and low values during the night. Immunoreactive intensity peaked in the middle of the daytime. Calbindin expression in the nuclei of calbindin cells in the SCN tends to be modified by ageing. The amplitude of daily variation in calbindin expression was damped, with a lower immunointensity during the daytime and a delayed decrease during the night. These changes may affect the ability of the SCN to transmit rhythmic information to other SCN cells and thereby modify the synchronization of the different cell populations in the SCN.
Neuroligin‐3 is a neuronal adhesion protein at GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses
Authors: Budreck Elaine C. , Scheiffele Peter 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSynaptic adhesion molecules are thought to play a critical role in the formation, function and plasticity of neuronal networks. Neuroligins (NL1–4) are a family of presumptive postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules. NL1 and NL2 isoforms are concentrated at glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, respectively, but the cellular expression and synaptic localization of the endogenous NL3 and NL4 isoforms are unknown. We generated a panel of NL isoform‐specific antibodies and examined the expression, developmental regulation and synaptic specificity of NL3. We found that NL3 was enriched in brain, where NL3 protein levels increased during postnatal development, coinciding with the peak of synaptogenesis. Subcellular fractionation revealed a concentration of NL3 in synaptic plasma membranes and postsynaptic densities. In cultured hippocampal neurons, endogenous NL3 was highly expressed and was localized at both glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Clustering of NL3 in hippocampal neurons by neurexin‐expressing cells resulted in coaggregation of NL3 with glutamatergic and GABAergic scaffolding proteins. Finally, individual synapses contained colocalized NL2 and NL3 proteins, and coimmunoprecipitation studies revealed the presence of NL1–NL3 and NL2–NL3 complexes in brain extracts. These findings suggest that rodent NL3 is a synaptic adhesion molecule that is a shared component of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses.
“This Irreligious Art of Liing”: Strategies of Disguise in Post‐Reformation English Catholicism
Authors: MULLETT MICHAEL A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract  In the long Tridentine phase of Catholic history, the conduct of the Church, faith and praxis was nothing if not demonstrative in its execution, devising, for example, a triumphalist architectural and artistic form, the baroque, that shouted out its advertisements for an apparently ultra‐confident creed. The great Council that created the tone of Catholicism over the four centuries that followed it defined the priest in particular as a public exemplar of the faith, a man of unambiguous integrity, stable residence and assured income.In England, as in the Netherlands, in contrast, the practice of the faith was covert, not overt, and priests were men on the run, sacerdotal vagrants, adopting a culture of deceit and disguise that aligned their lifestyles were those of any criminal underground: they used disguises, false papers, encoded language, aliases and fictive personae, employed chains of people‐handlers and safe‐houses, setting up patterns of behaviour that distanced them (a) from the clerical requirements of the Tridentine Church itself and (b) from assumptions about truth that were becoming firmly embedded in English Protestant culture: Catholicism itself could be presented as an “irreligious art of liing”.
Quantitative imaging of oil storage in developing crop seeds
Authors: Neuberger Thomas , Sreenivasulu Nese , Rokitta Markus , Rolletschek Hardy , Göbel Cornelia , Rutten Twan , Radchuk Volodja , Feussner Ivo , Wobus Ulrich , Jakob Peter , Webb Andrew , Borisjuk Ljudmilla 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn this article, we present a tool which allows the rapid and non‐invasive detection and quantitative visualization of lipid in living seeds at a variety of stages using frequency‐selected magnetic resonance imaging. The method provides quantitative lipid maps with a resolution close to the cellular level (in‐plane 31 µm × 31 µm). The reliability of the method was demonstrated using two contrasting subjects: the barley grain (monocot, 2% oil, highly compartmentalized) and the soybean grain (dicot, 20% oil, economically important oilseed). Steep gradients in local oil storage were defined at the organ‐ and tissue‐specific scales. These gradients were closely coordinated with tissue differentiation and seed maturation, as revealed by electron microscopy and biochemical and gene expression analysis. The method can be used to elucidate similar oil accumulation processes in different tissues/organs, as well as to follow the fate of storage lipids during deposition and subsequent mobilization.
Optimal Land Development with Endogenous Environmental Amenities
Authors: Wu JunJie , Irwin Elena G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA spatially explicit model of the optimal timing and location of land development is presented that incorporates dynamic interactions between land development and water quality. Ignoring two‐way interactions leads to a lower level of water quality, more development, and lower social welfare. The optimal pace and pattern of development can be achieved through the assessment of an impact fee that internalizes pollution damages and irreversibility costs. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for the spatial dimension of land use, the interdependence between land use and environmental quality, and development irreversibility in models of urbanization and amenity‐driven growth.
Estimating the Degree of Market Integration
Authors: Fackler Paul L. , Tastan Hüseyin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractExisting tests of spatial market integration are commonly based on statistical criteria without an explicit link to an economic model of price determination. This article proposes new measures of market integration defined directly in terms of a well‐known spatial price determination model and develops an econometric methodology for estimating these measures. Due to the intractability of the conditional density function of prices, we use indirect inference to estimate the model parameters and market integration measures. The methodology is illustrated with simulated data and is applied to soybean price data for the United States, Brazil, and the EU.
Bank Governance and Acquisition Performance
Authors: Hagendorff Jens , Collins Michael , Keasey Kevin 
Published: September 2007

Given the pivotal role of banks in modern economies, the worldwide phenomenon of a high level of bank M&A activity and the consensus view in empirical studies that bank mergers destroy value for acquiring bank shareholders, it is highly surprising that the influence of corporate governance on the outcomes of bank acquisitions has received very little academic scrutiny. The recent wave of consolidation in the financial services industry, with its generally unfavourable wealth implications for the shareholders of acquiring institutions, points to the impact of poor bank governance structures. Moreover, the banking sector warrants a separate agency analysis because it is unusual, if not unique, in terms of the opaque nature of many of its main activities and in terms of the pervasive role of regulation in the industry. Both of these attributes may weaken well‐established monitoring mechanisms as safeguards of shareholder interests.In this article we advocate an extension of empirical work to focus more clearly on the relationship between banks' governance attributes and the success of bank mergers. We summarise emerging evidence from US research which points to a role for sound governance mechanisms such as managerial pay incentives and board composition that may help prevent bank executives from pursuing value‐destroying acquisitions.
Current Practice in the Allocation of Academic Workloads
Authors: Barrett Lucinda , Barrett Peter 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSignificant factors within UK higher education include explicit competition, regulatory demands and pressures to maintain student numbers despite tuition fee increases. Universities have responded by more actively managing finances and quality but seemingly not staff time. This paper sets out findings on the processes and practices surrounding academic workload allocation (WLA) in universities, based on 59 detailed interviews from a cross section of staff. The main findings from this research are that there are a huge variety of different practices surrounding WLA and much potential for improvement. The approaches observed can be seen to work in a continuum from informal to partial, to the more comprehensive. Although many felt the disciplinary context to be very important to the process chosen, the findings of the research reveal that this is not the case.
Does a Management Degree Do the Business for Women in the Graduate Labour Market?
Authors: Wilton Nick 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe increasing dominance of an economic ideology of higher education, that its principal role is to contribute to national competitiveness, has increased focus on the employability of graduates and their transition into the labour market. Drawing on a major study of the early career paths of 1995 graduates from 38 UK higher education institutions, this paper looks specifically at graduates from business and management programmes. Such graduates would apparently be attractive to employers seeking to recruit degree holders with specific transferable skills who might be expected to ‘hit the ground running’ once in organisations. The paper seeks to address the question of what effect holding a business degree has on the employment outcomes in comparison with other degree disciplines and whether or not there is any gender effect upon relative success in the labour market.
The Development of a Benchmarking Methodology to Assist in Managing the Enhancement of University Research Quality
Authors: Nicholls Miles G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe paper proposes a metric, the research quality index (RQI), for assessing and tracking university research quality. The RQI is a composite index that encompasses the three main areas of research activity: publications, research grants and higher degree by research activity. The public availability of such an index will also facilitate benchmarking (internally, competitively and generically) by academic units in universities. This has become an important activity in Australia with the proposed introduction of the Research Quality Framework (RQF) as the future research funding mechanism for Australian universities. The RQF is a quality‐based system that will replace the existing funding system that is focused on the volume of research output, not quality. Benchmarking, using the RQI, will allow academic units to track their progress towards their quality targets and facilitates internal and competitive benchmarking, allowing academic units to assess the efficacy of their research quality enhancement strategies and policies on an annual basis. The paper illustrates the compilation and operation of the RQI. The RQI is a short‐term tracking methodology for use in between the cyclical major research quality assessments. With modifications, it is applicable in a wide range of countries.
1. PRETEXTURES OF TIME
Authors: POLLOCK SHELDON 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT Textures of Time is a rich and challenging book that raises a host of important and hard questions about historical narrative, form, and style; the sociology of texts; and the core problem of ascertaining historical truth. Two that pertain to the book's main claims are of special interest to nonspecialist readers: Is register or style—“texture”—necessarily and everywhere diagnostic of “history”? Does a new kind of “historical consciousness” emerge in south India beginning in the sixteenth century, indeed as a sign of an Indian early modernity?Textures is not the first book to argue that historical discourse is constitutively marked by a peculiar style, but the claim is beset by difficulties that scholars since Barthes have detailed. Rather than textures of time—accounts of what really happened in history—what these works offer us may be only pretextures of time, textualized forms of a human experience that make claims about its degrees and types of truth through representations of various states of temporality. Instead of assessing, then, whether these works are history or something else like “myth,” we might ask whether they invite us to transcend this very dichotomy, to try, that is, to make sense of historical forms of consciousness rather than to identify forms of historical consciousness. As for modernity, nothing in south Indian historiography from 1500–1800 remotely compares to the conceptual revolution of Europe. But why should we expect the newness of the early modern world to have been experienced the same way everywhere? Modernity across Asia may have shown simultaneity without symmetry. Should this asymmetry turn out to reveal continuity and not rupture, however, no need to lament the fact. There is no shame in premodernity.