bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lay and Monastic Forms of Pure Land Devotionalism: Typology and History
Authors: Andrews Allan A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study attempts to broaden the usual understanding of the Chinese and Japanese Pure Land traditions by delineating two orientations toward Pure Land devotionalism: A lay orientation which is usually considered the whole of Pure Land devotionalism, and a monastic orientation which is often excluded from the history of Pure Land piety. This distinction makes clear not only the greater breadth of the Pure Land movement, but the way in which its growth was influenced by cross-currents between its two wings. In part one of the paper, the two orientations are typologically differentiated by considerations of (1) their views of history and of the human condition, (2) the types of buddha-reflection (nienjolnembutsu) they taught, and (3) their soteriologies. In part two we then sketch the history of these two forms of Pure Land devotionalism in China and Japan down to the twelfth century. We propose four stages of development: (1) A stage of initial formulation of the principals and styles of the monastic and the lay oriented traditions by Lu-shan Hui-yuan [334-416] and T'an-luan [c. 488-554], respectively; (2) a stage of clear differentiation of the two traditions represented by Chih-i [538-97] on the one hand, and by Shan-tao [613-81] on the other; (3) a stage of integration of the two forms, in China by Tz'u-min hui-jih [680-748], and in Japan by Genshin [942-1017]; and (4) a stage of radical re-differentiation of these by Hônen [1133-1212] in Japan.
Arnold Van Gennep and the Rise of French Sociology of Religion
Authors: Belier Wouter W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVan Gennep's contribution to the science of religion can be assessed from various points of view. Most scientists concentrate on Van Gennep's often quoted Les rites de passage. Other scientists call him the "Master of French ethnology" or the "Master of the study of French Folklore". Van Gennep is seen as a heroic martyr, harassed by academic interests. A third point of view concentrates on the question why Van Gennep was excluded from the Année sociologique group. This matter of Van Gennep being excluded from the Année sociologique group is theoretically the most interesting one. Van Gennep discussed methodological questions with the members of this group. Through this discussion we can gain a clearer understanding of the rise of early French sociology. The purpose of this article is to examine those various points of view. After discussing the assessment concentrating on Les rites de passage, the assessment by his admirers Belmont and Zumwalt, I will give space to the discussion between Van Gennep and the members of the Année sociologique group. Important items in this discussion are those concerning the interpretation of totemism as an archaic institution, the relation between individuals and society, the ontological status of society and the empirical nature of social sciences. In the conclusion I will assess those various points of view. The examination and conclusion will be preceded by a biographical sketch and a survey of Van Gennep's oeuvre.
Savages, Drunks, and Lab Animals: The Researcher's Perception of Pain
Authors: Phillips Mary T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHistorically, treatment for pain relief has varied according to the social status of the sufferer. A similar tendency to make arbitrary distinctions affecting pain relief was found in an ethnographic study of animal research laboratories. The administration of pain-relieving drugs for animals in laboratories differed from standard practice for humans and, perhaps, for companion animals. Although anesthesia was used routinely for surgical procedures, its administration was sometimes haphazard. Analgesics, however, were rarely used. Most researchers had never thought about using analgesics and did not consider the subject worthy of serious attention. Scientists interviewed for this study agreed readily that animals are capable offeeling pain, but such assertions were muted by an overriding view of lab animals as creatures existing solely for the purposes of research. As a result, it was the exceptional scientist who was able to focus on anything about the animal's subjective experience that might lie outside the boundaries of the research protocol.
Dissection as an Instructional Technique in Secondary Science: Choice and Alternatives
Authors: Bowd Alan D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article examines the role of dissection in the teaching of secondary biology and environmental science, within the context of the development of attitudes toward animals. Retrospective data concerning their experience in high school with dissection for 191 undergraduate education students are described, and their reported use of alternatives to invasive animal study are evaluated in relation to specific educational objectives in secondary science. It was found that most students were required to perform dissections, that many but not most experienced negative and stable emotional reactions, and that teachers employed limited alternatives to dissection in their classes. The implications of this for secondary science teaching and for teacher education are discussed.
The Basilisk and Rattlesnake, or a European Monster Comes to America
Authors: Sax Boria 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article looks at legends of the basilisk, a fabulous creature of ancient and medieval lore that was believed to kill with a glance, and shows how many characteristics of the basilisk were transferred to the rattlesnake in the New World. The deadly power of "fascination, " also known as "the evil eye, " which legend attributes to both basilisk and rattlesnake, was understood as an expression of resentment over the perceived lack of status of reptiles in the natural world and directed at so-called "higher" animals. The persistence of such legends suggests some of the limitations of capitalistic American society in dealing with inequalities.
Are Smelly Animals Happy Animals? Competing Definitions of Laboratory Animal Cruelty and Public Policy
Authors: McAllister Groves Julian 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRegulations surrounding laboratory animal care have tried to address aspects of an image of laboratory animal cruelty publicized by animal rights activists. This image of cruelty, however, is not consistent with the experiences of those charged with the day-to-day care of laboratory animals. This article examines the incongruities between the public image of cruelty to animals in laboratories as promoted by animal rights activists, and the experiences of laboratory animal care staff who apply and enforce laboratory animal care regulations. In doing so, the article illuminates why regulations surrounding laboratory animal care are difficult to comply with on the part of the policy enforcers, and are continuously contested by both animal rights activists and animal research personnel.
Definition and Cultural Representation of the Category Mushi in Japanese Culture
Authors: Laurent Erick 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this essay, I attempt to define the 'ethnocategory' mushi (insects, larvae, small animals) in Japanese culture, through a semantic analysis of the Chinese characters bearing the radical "mushi," and fieldwork research in rural Japan. The research offers criteria for an animal's inclusion in the category, reveals the differences in people's perception of mushi according to age and gender, and elicits a structure of the category as a series of concentric circles around a semantic core. The richness and complexity of the findings provide insight into Japanese attitudes towards animals and nature.
The Social Construction of Orangutans: An Ecotourist Experience
Authors: Russell Constance L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractApplying social construction theory to the study of other animals, this article reports research conducted on ecotourist constructions of orangutans. Two "stories" dominated: Orangutan as Child and Orangutan as Pristine. The cultural and historical specificity of these constructs as well as their implications for conservation are discussed.
Ethical Ideology and Moral Persuasion: Personal Moral Philosophy, Gender, and Judgments of Pro- and Anti-Animal Research Propaganda
Authors: Nickell Darcy , Herzog Harold A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe examined the relationship between personal moral philosophy, gender, and judgments of the effectiveness of materials designed by advocacy groups to sway public opinion about biomedical research using nonhuman animals. Twenty-six male and 74 female undergraduates evaluated 16 advertisements or brochures developed by groups which either supported or opposed animal research. The subjects also completed the Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ) and were offered the opportunity to sign postcards urging their congressperson to either support or eliminate federal funding of animal research. Females perceived the anti-animal research materials to be more effective than did the males, a difference that was not found in the case of the pro-animal research materials. The idealism dimension of the EPQ and gender accounted for a significant portion of the variation in judgments of the effectiveness of the anti-animal research materials but not the pro-animal research materials. The pattern of postcard signing was predicted by the subjects' evaluations of the stimulus materials but not gender or the EPQ variables.
Safe in Unsafe Places: Leisure, Passionate Avocations, and the Problematizing of Everyday Public Life
Authors: Leffler Ann , Lerner Elinor , Gillespie Dair L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLeisure is often distingtrished frorn and considered subsidiary to some other world, the "real" world. This paper explores how participation in passionate avocations _ leisure pursuits both generating and requiring heavy personal identity investments_ affects the public interface between the "real " world and the alternate world of the passionate avocation. We use the world of dog sport enthusiasts to problematize polar conceptualizations of certain important aspects of social life. In particular, we examine shifting experiential definitions of "safe" and "unsafe" public places by looking at how participation in dog sports shapes both the possibility of certain kinds of public interactions and also participants' public identities _ how they define themselves and are defined in public. The data come from four major sources. First, since 1992 we have interviewed approximately 50 enthusiasts in various dog sports. Second, by training and showing our own dogs, we enjoy participant observer access to a variety of dog-related activities and people. Third, we are involved in several Internet groups about dogs. Finally, using a technique Denzin (1989) terms "auto -ethnography, " two of the authors toured the country for nine months, attending dog sports events and training sessions and conducting interviews.
Treasuring, Trashing or Terrorizing: Adult Outcomes of Childhood Socialization about Companion Animals
Authors: Raupp Carol D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBeing hit or being given away are subabusive, common behaviors that harm companion animals. Violent childhood socialization increases the risk of adult abuse of animal companions, but relatively little is known about the origins of societally tolerated maltreatment of pets by adults. University students completed surveys about general attitudes toward animals, family socializaton, and current relationships with pets. These students generally had positive childhood socialization about pets and reported high levels of current attachment. Adults whose parents had given children's companion animals away had a heightened likelihood of giving their own pets away. Mothers' kindness to their children's pets was associated with adults' attachment to animal companions, but attachment was not related to the likelihood of hitting current pets. People who score high on a measure of pet abuse potential hit their pets. The pattern of findings related to gender implies that males are at somewhat greater risk for having negative socialization experiences involving pets, for greater pet abuse potential as adults, and for weaker attachments. However, females were equally likely to hit their pets or give them away. The childhood predictors of attitudes about animals, pet abuse potential, hitting pets, giving away pets, and attachment found in this nonclinical, noncriminal sample contribute to our understanding of developmental influences upon relationships with companion animals.
Cosmos and Computation in Early Chinese Mathematical Astronomy
Authors: Sivin N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe usual description of Chinese mathematical astronomy as a fundamentally practical, empirical collection of techniques reflects not national character but a conscious choice at a certain point in history. The two great systems of the first century A.D. were necessarily founded upon and greatly conditioned by philosophical assumptions about the simple cyclical character of the celestial motions. Astronomers were forced to incorporate mediocre prediction methods for lunar eclipses and planetary motions, which their postulates were too crude to fit. Techniques of very high accuracy could have been discovered and used with no more sophisticated mathematics, but they could not have been assimilated to the formal character of Chinese astronomy as a whole. The dilemma was resolved over the next few centuries, not by astronomers' substituting new assumptions more conformable to the complexity of the phenomena, but by their becoming indifferent toward cosmology.
Facts and Events: The Histoyian's Task
Authors: De Rijk L.M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBasically, a historian's conception of history is to be judged by the status he assigns to historical fact. We on our part have defined fact as the mental entity to which direct reference is made by a descriptive statement accepted as true (1.2-1.4). Next, we have tried to throw further light on this conception, not least by enlisting the aid of linguistics (1.5-1.7). History-as distinct from what others have termed 'history in an objective sense'-has been defined as 'histoire connaissance', whose central concerns it is to render insightful what we have called the vis-à-vis (XYZ), sometimes indicated by the, to me repellent, term 'histoire réalité' (2.2). Further reflection on what ultimately constitutes fact has led us to adopt, in line with others, an extension of Kuhn's paradigm concept:
Conversing with Nature: Ecological Symbolism in Central Nepal
Authors: Campbell Ben 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnthropologists have in recent years been grappling with the popular notion that indigenous peoples have a relationhip of oneness with nature. These debates have been strongly influenced by theories of the psychology of perception and cognition, but this paper argues that dimensions of power need to be recognized in expressions of indigenous relationships with nature. Using narratives from the Tamang people of Nepal, it is argued that notions of natural type and species relationality cannot be divorced from the ideology of natural difference between castes and the effects of naturalized inequalities of power. Tamang myth attributes trees and animals with potential for trans-species reproduction in a logic that mirrors the conceptual fragility of boundaries between human types. Indigenous conversations with nature may appear to some as fantastical, but listening to them leads to an appreciation of how connectedness with natural process operates as a discourse of power.
Walter Bauer - Exeget, Philologe Und Historiker
Authors: Strecker Georg 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAm 8. August 1977 jährte sich zum 100. Mal der Geburtstag des einstigen Göttinger Lehrstuhlinhabers für Neues Testament: Prof. D. Dr. phil. h.c. WALTER BAUER (* 8.8.1877 ; †17.11.1960). In Anwesenheit der Tochter des Jubilars, Frau Dr. M. SCHUHBAUER, bekundete die theologische Fakultät ihrem ehemaligen Mitglied ehrendes Andenken in der Niederlegung einer Blumengabe an seinem Grabe. Im Rahmen der anschließenden Feierstunde erfuhr das wissenschaftliche Werk des Geehrten die folgende Würdigung.
Hybridization within the Rana ridibunda Complex of North Africa
Authors: Hemmer Helmut , Konrad Armin , Bachmann Konrad 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Cellogel electrophoretic study of the plasma protein pattern, especially the albumin fractions, and microdensitometric determination of erythrocyte nuclear DNA amount in 25 frogs of the Rana ridibunda complex from different localities in Morocco and Algeria allows the conclusion that two different forms of this complex are hybridizing in North Africa, as it is found in the Rana esculenta complex in Europe or in the East Asian green frogs. These forms can be identified by their albumin alleles, but not yet by their morphology. They produce mainly triploid hybrids.
GRAY, HARDWICKE, BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, and Drawings of Indian Softshell Turtles (Family Trionychidae)
Authors: Webb Robert G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEach of the original water-color drawings of trionychid turtles of HARDWICKE and BUCHANAN-HAMILTON is discussed. Some of these drawings were published by GRAY and serve as types for four available names (two are valid, Chitra indica and Trionyx hurum) and one occupied name. Taxonomic data concerning all illustrations is provided. The type-locality of Trionyx hurum is restricted to Barrackpore, West Bengal, India. Emyda dura ANDERSON, 1876 is regarded as a nomen nudum.
Die Schildkrötenarten der jungtertiären Gattung Clemmydopsis BODA, 1927 (Emydidae - Batagurinae)
Authors: Mlynarski Marian , Schleich Hans-Hermann 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In spite of the revision by WILLIAMS (1954), whose opinions were shared by subsequent authors, a redescription of the genus Clemmydopsis turned out to be necessary. Additional material led to the consideration of three instead of two valid species, C. steinheimensis, C. sopronensis and C. turnauensis. Ecological interpretations have become possible. For each of the three species a new diagnosis and a brief rediscription is given.
Zur Morphologie und Biologie von Telmatobius montanus LATASTE 1902, nebst Beschreibung seiner Larve (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae)
Authors: Busse Klaus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAs only little is known about the Leptodactylid frog Telmatobius montanus from the Andean range of Santiago de Chile, it has been tried to gather more information about this species. Additional data about the external morphology and its variation are presented as well as photographs oflive and preserved adults. The tadpole is also described, using both live and preserved material. The frog is mainly aquatic, having some adaptations to this environment like an increased skin surface by means of folds that are however not so well developed as in some other members of this genus. The larva, adapted to a mountain stream habitat, has a large mouth and a depressed body. Some general aspects of the behaviour of larvae and adults, in the field and in captivity, are documented. Like in various other Telmatobiinae the larval stage lasts long. Adults eat small water insects, mostly at larval stage, and worms. The tadpole feeds on algae and detritus. Adults sometimes have parasitic mites within their skin, especially in somewhat polluted waters. It is possible that the species was restricted to its present range by means of the introduction of salmonids in the andean streams.
Modifications sélectives du régime des Vipères (Reptilia : Viperidae) lors de la croissance
Authors: Girons Hubert Saint 
Published: April 2008

AbstractL'étude du régime des Vipères européenes, dans des conditions semi-naturelles, montre que chez six d'entrelles nouveau-nés se nourrissent essentiellement ou exclusivement de petits Lézards, la dépendance vis à vis de ce type de proie étant d'autant plus accentuée et de plus longue durée que les nouveau-nés sont de plus petite taille. Au contraire, les subadultes et les adultes, à partir d'une taille voisine de 40 cm, cessent complètement d'attaquer les Lézards, petits ou grands, leur régime étant composé essentiellement par des Micromammifères. Le fait que les adultes cessent de se nourrir de Lézards répond certainement à une pression de sélection impérieuse. En effet, dans la nature la biomasse des populations de Vipères est presque toujours très supérieure à celle des populations de Lézards, qui sont pourtant indispensables à l'alimentation des nouveau-nés. Un partage des ressources alimentaires est donc nécessaire et, lorsqu'elles deviennent capables d'ingérer des petits Mammifères, les Vipères cessent d'attaquer les Lézards. Deux autres espèces ont cependant résolu ce problème par d'autres méthodes. Chez Vipera latastei monticola, une réduction importante de la taille rétablit un rapport normal entre la biomasse des Vipères et celle des Lézards, seules proies disponibles dans les biotopes très particuliers où survit cette sous-espèce. Chez V. ursinii, la consommation d'Orthoptères fournit aux jeunes une abondance de proies à leur taille et les adultes peuvent continuer à consommer des Lézards, tout en leur adjoignant des Micromammifères.
Molecular Evolution and the Phylogenetic Relationships of the African Toad, Bufo danielae PERRET, 1977 (Salientia : Bufonidae)
Authors: Bachmann K. , Hemmer H. , Konrad A. , Maxson L.R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships of the African toad Bufo danielae are investigated using a variety of biochemical approaches. Nuclear DNA content was assayed and compared to representatives of three species groups of African Bufo. Cellogel electrophoresis of plasma proteins was performed and patterns of B. danielae compared with those of representatives of the African B. regularis species complex. Finally microcomplement fixation analyses of albumin relationships of B. danielae and African Bufo were carried out. The strengths of the varied approaches for phylogenetic analysis are discussed. B. danielae appears most closely related to B. maculatus and B. pusillus, it being some 5-6 million years since these species last shared a common gene pool.
Ecologie, éthologie et développement de Phrynodon sandersoni PARKER, 1939 (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae)
Authors: Amiet Jean-Louis 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEcology and behaviour of the adults and tadpoles of Phrynodon sandersoni, (Ranidae, Phrynobatrachinae), an endemic species from south Cameroon. Eggs are incubated, only during night, by the mother. Tadpoles do not feed and are probably partly terrestrial. Eco-ethological data corroborate the affinities between Phrynodon and Petropedetes.
Die Diagnose der mitteleuropäischen Urodela (Amphibia) nach der Morphologie des Mundhöhlendaches
Authors: Viertel Bruno 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe pattern of teethrows on the roof of the mouth and the numbers of teeth enable as diagnostic characteristics the determination of the Central European Urodela. Particularly the distinction between T. vulgaris and T. helveticus is now definite in all stages after metamorphose. The degree of development of the vomeromaxillarfold (Triturus) respectively of the vomerfold (Salamandra) indicates whether a specimen is an adult, juvenile or newly metamorphosed one.