bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An electrical pumping approach to eliminate sample bias in capillary electrokinetic injection
Authors: Yang Yan , Bao James J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA general pumping injection (PI), which involves the use of two capillaries with different diameters, was taken to evaluate systematically the effects on eliminating sample bias associated with the electrokinetic injection process in CE. One end of the separation capillary of the smaller diameter was inserted into another pumping capillary of larger diameter. When a high voltage was applied to the pumping capillary, the EOF generated inside will act as a pump to drive the solution stream in the separation capillary. The results have demonstrated that PI is suitable for both normal and reverse EOF situations. Second, the bias degree (BD) and SD of bias we presented were used to evaluate the degree of the bias under different conditions, and the factors of bias elimination have been investigated. Under optimal conditions, the bias was satisfactorily eliminated by PI. This EOF pumping system was successfully applied to the analysis of samples in CEC for a bias‐free injection. Moreover, this two‐capillary pumping system did not significantly affect the EOF, current, and the column efficiency of the separation process. Finally, a PI with grounded electrode was proposed and shown to be suitable for samples with low conductivity and ions with different mobility.
Comparison of atmospheric pressure photoionization and ESI for CZE‐MS of drugs
Authors: Hommerson Paul , Khan Amjad M. , de Jong Gerhardus J. , Somsen Govert W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe performance of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and ESI for CZE was compared using a set of seven drugs (basic amines, quaternary amines and steroids) and four different BGEs. The influence of volatile and nonvolatile BGEs of acidic and neutral pH on the MS responses of test compounds was evaluated by infusion of test solutions into the respective ion sources, and by actual CZE‐MS experiments. The infusion experiments indicate that sodium phosphate buffers cause ionization suppression in ESI‐MS, although for the amines the suppression was modest (25–60% signal reduction). By contrast, APPI‐MS responses were not affected by nonvolatile BGEs. With phosphate buffers, ESI‐MS responses for the basic amines were still a factor 3–13 higher than the APPI‐MS signals, whereas the steroids yielded similar responses in ESI‐MS and APPI‐MS. The quaternary amines could readily be detected in ESI‐MS, but detection in APPI‐MS required specific interface conditions. Using typical CZE‐APPI‐MS settings, quaternary amines remained undetected. Remarkably, the S/Ns observed in CZE‐ESI‐MS for the test compounds, were generally similar when using volatile and nonvolatile BGEs. For basic compounds, the S/Ns obtained in CZE‐ESI‐MS were a factor 2–5 higher than in CZE‐APPI‐MS, whereas steroids yielded equal S/Ns in both methods. Overall, it is concluded that when using relatively low BGE concentrations, the sensitivity of ESI‐MS detection in CZE is more favorable than APPI‐MS detection, even when nonvolatile BGEs are employed.
Currency invoicing of US imports
Authors: Donnenfeld Shabtai , Haug Alfred A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper provides an explanation for the choice of currency of invoice of exports to the US. We find an empirical relationship between the riskiness of the exchange rate and the fraction of imports invoiced in the importer's currency, the exporter's currency, and a third country currency. The higher the volatility of the exchange rate, the larger is the fraction of imports invoiced in the importer's currency. Consequently, the fraction of invoicing in the exporter's or a third country currency is inversely related to the volatility of the exchange rate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monetary policy shocks in the euro area and global liquidity spillovers
Authors: Sousa João , Zaghini Andrea 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe analyse the international transmission of monetary shocks with a focus on the effects of foreign liquidity on the euro area. We estimate two domestic structural VAR models for the euro area and then we introduce a global liquidity aggregate. The impulse responses show that a positive shock to foreign liquidity leads to permanent increases in the euro area M3 aggregate and the price level, a temporary rise in real output and a temporary appreciation of the euro real effective exchange rate. Moreover, we find that innovations in global liquidity play an important role in explaining price and output fluctuations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monetary policy in high inflation open economies: evidence from Israel and Turkey
Authors: Mallick Sushanta K. , Mohsin Mohammed 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWith quarterly data from Israel and Turkey we estimate generalized impulse response functions to show that inflation has no long‐run real effects on consumption, investment and the current account balance. The findings are robust even after allowing for inflation volatility obtained through GARCH estimates. We develop an inter‐temporal optimizing model of a small open economy with a fixed rate of time preference that supports the empirics. Our model, thus, extends the super‐neutrality results (à la Sidrausky) in an open economy paradigm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matching pursuit‐based shape representation and recognition using scale‐space
Authors: Mendels François , Vandergheynst Pierre , Thiran Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we propose an analytical low‐level representation of images, obtained by a decomposition process, namely the matching pursuit (MP) algorithm, as a new way of describing objects through a general continuous description using an affine invariant dictionary of basis function (BFs). This description is used to recognize multiple objects in images. In the learning phase, a template object is decomposed, and the extracted subset of BFs, called meta‐atom, gives the description of the object. This description is then naturally extended into the linear scale‐space using the definition of our BFs, and thus providing a more general representation of the object. We use this enhanced description as a predefined dictionary of the object to conduct an MP‐based shape recognition task into the linear scale‐space. The introduction of the scale‐space approach improves the robustness of our method: we avoid local minima issues encountered when minimizing a nonconvex energy function. We show results for the detection of complex synthetic shapes, as well as real world (aerial and medical) images. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 16, 162–180, 2006
Fertile triploid males—an uncommon case among hybrid vertebrates
Authors: Sousa‐Santos Carla , Collares‐Pereira Maria João , Almada Vitor 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe endemic Iberian minnow Squalius alburnoides is a complex of fishes of hybrid origin including both males and females with distinct ploidy levels and varying proportions of the parental genomes. In this paper we demonstrated that in contrast to many vertebrate hybrid lineages the sperm of triploid hybrid males of S. alburnoides is viable and fully functional. Flow cytometry and analysis of sequences of a fragment of the beta‐actin nuclear gene applied to progenitors and offspring evidenced that these males produced their sperm clonally, as already described for diploid hybrids. The presence of different types of fertile males (nonhybrid diploids with normal meiosis and both diploid and triploid hybrids) coupled with hybridogenetic meiosis in females endows this vertebrate complex with a high level of independence from other species and contributes to maintain its genetic variability. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:220–225, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micromere‐derived signal regulates larval left‐right polarity during sea urchin development
Authors: Kitazawa Chisato , Amemiya Shonan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe micromeres (Mics) lineage functions as a morphogenetic signaling center in early embryos of sea urchins. The Mics lineage releases signals that regulate the specification of cell fates along the animal‐vegetal and oral‐aboral axes. We tested whether the Mics lineage might also be responsible for differentiation of the left‐right (LR) axis by observing of the placement of the adult rudiment, which normally forms only on the left side of the larvae, after removal of the Mics lineage. When all of the Mics lineage were removed from embryos of the regular sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus between the 16‐ and 64‐cell stages, the LR placement of the rudiment became randomized. However, the immediate retransplantation of the Mics rescued the normal LR placement of the rudiment, indicating that the Mics lineage releases a signal that specifies LR polarity. Additionally, we investigated whether the specification of LR polarity of whole embryos in the indirect‐developing sea urchin H. pulcherrimus is affected by LiCl exposure, which disturbs the establishment of LR asymmetry in a direct‐developing sea urchin. Larvae derived from normal animal caps combined with LiCl‐exposed Mics descendants were defective in normal LR placement of the rudiment, suggesting that LiCl interferes with the Mics‐derived signal. In contrast, embryos of two sand dollar species (Scaphechinus mirabilis and Astriclypeus manni) were resistant to alteration of LR placement of the rudiment by either removal of the Mics lineage or LiCl exposure. These results indicate that the Mics lineage is involved in specification of LR polarity in the regular sea urchin H. pulcherrimus, and suggest that LiCl impairs the normal LR patterning by affecting Mics‐derived signaling. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:249–262, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of the main bioactive metabolites of Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae in Compound Danshen Dripping Pills and the tissue distribution of Danshensu in rabbit by SPE‐HPLC‐MSn
Authors: Xiaohui Zheng , Xinfeng Zhao , Xin Zhao , Shixiang Wang , Yinmao Wei , Jianbin Zheng 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA fast solid phase extraction‐high performance liquid chromatography‐ion trap mass spectrometry (SPE‐HPLC‐MSn) method is presented for quantitative determination of 3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐2‐hydroxylpropionic acid (Danshensu, DSS) from Compound Danshen Dripping Pills (CDDP) in rabbits' heart, liver, kidney, and lung and for qualitative analysis of the bioactive metabolites of Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae (DS) from CDDP in these tissues. The proposed method was validated with a detection limit of 0.06 ng/mL and a linear range of 5.0–200 ng/mL for DSS. The main metabolites of DS were pyrocatechol, vanillic acid, isopropyl 3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐2‐hydroxypropanoate, and 2‐hydroxyl‐3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)propinonic sulfuric anhydride. In vitro pharmacological experiments demonstrated that isopropyl 3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐2‐hydroxypropanoate had a distinct vasodilatating action.
Recent developments and contributions from Chinese scientists in multidimensional separations for proteomics and traditional Chinese medicines
Authors: Gao Mingxia , Deng Chunhui , Lin Shuang , Hu Fengli , Tang Jia , Yao Ning , Zhang Xiangmin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe most basic task in proteomics remains the detection and identification of proteins from a biological sample, and the most traditional way to achieve this goal consists in protein separations performed by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2‐D PAGE). Yet the 2‐D PAGE‐mass spectrometry (MS) approach has its drawbacks with regard to automation, sensitivity, and throughput. Consequently, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of non‐gel‐based proteome separation technologies in an effort to alleviate the shortcomings of 2‐D PAGE. In addition, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), due to their long period of clinical testing and reliable therapeutic efficacy, are attracting increased global attention. However, hundreds or even thousands of components are usually present in TCMs, which results in great difficulties of separation. As a mainstream separation tool, multidimensional liquid separation systems have shown powerful separation ability, high peak capacity, and excellent detectability in the analysis of complex samples including biological samples and TCMs, etc. Therefore, this review emphasizes the most recent advances in multidimensional liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis‐based separation techniques, and the corresponding applications in proteomics and TCMs. In view of the significant contributions from Chinese scientists, this review focuses mainly on the work of Chinese scientists in the above fields.
False or fitting recognition? The use of high performance bonuses in motivating organizational achievements
Authors: Heinrich Carolyn J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis research undertakes a theoretical and empirical examination of (high performance bonus) systems in government, that is, incentive payments awarded by the federal government to state organizations or statewide programs to motivate and recognize high performance achievements. The paper draws from a multidisciplinary literature on incentives in organizations to first derive implications for the design and implementation of high performance bonus systems. An empirical analysis of the Workforce Investment Act performance bonus system and its effectiveness in recognizing and rewarding performance follows. The results of the theoretical and empirical investigation suggest that high performance bonus systems are more likely to encourage misrepresentation of performance and other strategic behaviors than to recognize and motivate exceptional performance or performance improvements. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
The impact of the introduction of premiums into a SCHIP program
Authors: Marton James 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the introduction of premiums into theSCHIPprogram in Kentucky. Kentucky introduced a $20 monthly premium forSCHIPcoverage for children with family incomes between 151 percent and 200 percent of the federal poverty level in December 2003. Administrative data between 2001 and 2004 is used to estimate a Cox proportional hazard model that predicts enrollment duration in this premiumpaying category. The results suggest that a premium reduces the length of enrollment, with the impact concentrated in the first three months after the introduction of the premium. Similar results are not found for the non‐premium‐paying category. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Protein expression profile in the striatum of rats with methamphetamine‐induced behavioral sensitization
Authors: Iwazaki Takeshi , McGregor Iain S. , Matsumoto Izuru 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRepeated administration of methamphetamine (MAP) results in an increased behavioral response to the drug during subsequent exposure. This phenomenon is called behavioral sensitization. Sensitization is an enduring phenomenon, and suggests chronic alterations in neuronal plasticity. MAP‐induced sensitization has been proposed and widely investigated as an animal model of MAP psychosis and schizophrenia. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying MAP‐induced sensitization. 2‐DE‐based proteomics allows us to examine global changes in protein expression in complex biological systems and to propose hypotheses concerning the mechanisms underlying various pathological conditions. In the present study, we examined protein expression profiles in the striatum of MAP‐sensitized rats using 2‐DE‐based proteomics. Repeated administration of MAP (4.0 mg/kg, once a day, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) for 10 days significantly augmented the locomotor response to an MAP challenge injection (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) on day 11. This enhanced activity was maintained even after a week of drug abstinence. 2‐DE analysis revealed 42 protein spots were differentially regulated in the striatum of MAP‐sensitized rats compared to control. Thirty‐one protein spots were identified using MALDI‐TOF, including synapsin II, synaptosomal‐associated protein 25 (SNAP‐25), adenylyl cyclase‐associated protein 1 (CAP1), and dihydropyrimidinase‐related protein 2 (DRP2). These proteins can be related to underlying mechanisms of MAP‐induced behavioral sensitization, indicating cytoskeletal modification, and altered synaptic function.
Association between inflammatory markers in induced sputum and clinical characteristics in children with non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
Authors: Guran Tulay , Ersu Refika , Karadag Bulent , Nuri Akpinar Ihsan , Yanikkaya Demirel Gulderen , Hekim Nezih , Dagli Elif 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo study clinical, radiological and laboratory features of children with non‐cystic fibrosis (non‐CF) bronchiectasis (BE) and the association between symptom scores, spirometry, high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings and inflammatory markers in induced sputum in these children. Twenty‐seven children with steady‐state non‐CF BE were cross‐sectionally evaluated by symptom scores, pulmonary function tests, anatomic extension and severity scores of BE in HRCT and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) levels in induced sputum. There were 16 girls and 11 boys. Median (interquartile range) age of study group was 11.4 (9.5–13.6) years, follow‐up duration was 3.5 (2–6.5) years and symptom scores were 4 (3–6). Pulmonary function tests revealed FEV1 of 82%pred (72–93), FVC of 82%pred (74–92), and FEF25–75% of 82%pred (68–95). According to anatomic extent of BE on HRCT; 2 patients had mild, 4 had moderate and 21 had severe BE. Based on severity scores of HRCT; 10 patients had mild, 10 had moderate and 7 had severe BE. Neutrophils consisted 29.9% (14.9–53.7) of the total leucocytes in induced sputum samples. Sputum concentration of TNF‐α was 58 pg/ml (9.2–302) while IL‐8 concentration was 2.7 ng/ml (1.7–2.8). Symptom scores correlated with FEV1 and sputum IL‐8 levels (r = −0.49, r = 0.67, P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between HRCT severity scores and symptoms, FEV1, sputum IL‐8 and TNF‐α levels (r = 0.64, r = −0.68, r = 0.41, r = 0.41, respectively, P < 0.05). In children BE is associated with ongoing inflammation. This inflammation can be reliably monitored by radiological scores, spirometry, as well as sputum inflammatory markers. Follow‐up of children with BE using these clinical tools may improve patient care. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:362–369. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of glyphosate on soil microbial communities and its mineralization in a Mississippi soil
Authors: Weaver Mark A , Krutz L Jason , Zablotowicz Robert M , Reddy Krishna N 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTransgenic glyphosate‐resistant (GR) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has enabled highly effective and economical weed control. The concomitant increased application of glyphosate could lead to shifts in the soil microbial community. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate on soil microbial community structure, function and activity. Field assessments on soil microbial communities were conducted on a silt loam soil near Stoneville, MS, USA. Surface soil was collected at time of planting, before initial glyphosate application and 14 days after two post‐emergence glyphosate applications. Microbial community fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed from these soil samples and soybean rhizospheres. Principal component analysis of the total FAME profile revealed no differentiation between field treatments, although the relative abundance of several individual fatty acids differed significantly. There was no significant herbicide effect in bulk soil or rhizosphere soils. Collectively, these findings indicate that glyphosate caused no meaningful whole microbial community shifts in this time period, even when applied at greater than label rates. Laboratory experiments, including up to threefold label rates of glyphosate, resulted in up to a 19% reduction in soil hydrolytic activity and small, brief (<7 days) changes in the soil microbial community. After incubation for 42 days, 32–37% of the applied glyphosate was mineralized when applied at threefold field rates, with about 9% forming bound residues. These results indicate that glyphosate has only small and transient effects on the soil microbial community, even when applied at greater than field rates. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating high time‐resolved changes in carbon isotope ratio of respired CO2 by a rapid in‐tube incubation technique
Authors: Werner Christiane , Hasenbein Nils , Maia Rodrigo , Beyschlag Wolfram , Máguas Cristina 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecent insights into fractionation during dark respiration and rapid dynamics in isotope signatures of leaf‐ and ecosystem‐respired CO2 indicate the need for new methods for high time‐resolved measurements of the isotopic signature of respired CO2 (δ13Cres). We present a rapid and simple method to analyse δ13Cres using an in‐tube incubation technique and an autosampler for small septum‐capped vials. The effect of storage on the δ18O and δ13C ratios of ambient CO2 concentrations was tested with different humidity and temperatures. δ13C ratios remained stable over 72 h, whereas δ18O ratios decreased after 24 h. Storage at 4°C improved the storage time for δ18O. Leaves or leaf discs were incubated in the vials, flushed with CO2‐free air and respired CO2 was automatically sampled within 5 min on a µGas autosampler interfaced to a GV‐Isoprime isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Results were validated by simultaneous on‐line gas‐exchange measurements of δ13Cres of attached leaves. This method was used to evaluate the short‐term (5–60 min) and diurnal dynamics of δ13Cres in an evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) and a herb (Tolpis barbata). An immediate depletion of 2–4‰ from the initial δ13Cres value occurred during the first 30 min of darkening. Q. ilex exhibited further a substantial diurnal enrichment in δ13Cres of 8‰, followed by a progressive depletion during the night. In contrast, T. barbata did not exhibit a distinct diurnal pattern. This is in accordance with recent theory on fractionation in metabolic pathways and may be related to the different utilisation of the respiratory substrate in the fast‐growing herb and the evergreen oak. These data indicate substantial and rapid dynamics (within minutes to hours) in δ13Cres, which differed between species and probably the growth status of the plant. The in‐tube incubation method enables both high time‐resolved analysis and extensive sampling across different organs, species and functional types. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.