bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF SAMPLE SIZE AND SHAPE ON TRANSPORT PARAMETERS DURING DRYING OF SHRINKING BODIES
Authors: RAHMAN NAJMUR , KUMAR SUBODH 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT An experimental investigation on the influence of sample size and shape on heat and mass transport parameters under natural convection air‐drying is presented. Potato cylinders with length of 0.05 m and thicknesses of 0.005, 0.008, 0.010 and 0.016 m, and circular slices with diameter of 0.05 m and thickness of 0.01 m were dried in a laboratory scale hot‐air cabinet dryer. Results indicate that each transport parameter exhibits a linear relationship with sample thickness. Convective heat and mass transfer coefficients (hcand hm) decreased whereas moisture diffusion coefficient (Deff) increased with increasing thickness. Considering no sample shrinkage effect in the parameter analysis, for the thickness range considered, the values of hcare found to be underestimated in the range of 29.0–30.6%, whereas those of hmand Deff are overestimated in the range of 33.7–38.0% and 75.9–128.1%, respectively. Using Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for optimization, a correlation for Biot number for mass transfer (Bim) as a function of drying time and sample thickness is proposed. A close agreement was observed between dimensionless moisture contents predicted by this relation and those obtained from experiments for different sample thicknesses at drying air temperature of 60C. For the same thickness and drying conditions, circular slices caused an increase in each transport parameter significantly.
EFFECTS OF ADDED WEIGHTING AGENT AND XANTHAN GUM ON STABILITY AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BEVERAGE CLOUD EMULSIONS FORMULATED USING MODIFIED STARCH
Authors: TAHERIAN ALI R. , FUSTIER PATRICK , RAMASWAMY HOSAHALLI S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Stability of beverage emulsion is measured by the rate at which the emulsion creams, flocculates or coalesces, and is generally dependent on rheology of water phase, difference in specific gravities of the two phases and droplet size/distribution of the emulsion. The effects of weighting agents (sucrose acetate isobutyrate and brominated vegetable oil) and xanthan gum on modified starch‐based emulsions were evaluated in this study. Emulsion was formed by addition of 9% coconut oil, in the presence or absence of weighting agents, into the water phase containing modified starch at 10, 12 or 14% without or with the addition of 0.3% xanthan gum. Stabilities of emulsions were evaluated both in the concentrated form used for storage and dilute form used in beverages. The addition of xanthan gum into the water phase decreased the flow behavior index (n) from 0.88 down to 0.31 and increased elastic modulus (G′) over 20 times at elevated frequency (ω = 50 rad/s) and elevated the stability of the emulsion. The xanthan gum‐added emulsion had smaller particle size and demonstrated 14 and 5 times slower phase separation compared to the emulsions without or with the addition of weighting agents, respectively. When the elastic modulus was larger than the viscous modulus (G′ > G″), the emulsions demonstrated greater stability. In dilute beverage solutions, creaming was observed in the absence of xanthan gum.
EFFECT OF PROCESSING PARAMETERS ON THE TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CONTENT OF MICROWAVE‐BLANCHED PEANUTS
Authors: SCHIRACK A.V. , SANDERS T.H. , SANDEEP K.P. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Peanut blanching consists of heat application followed by abrasive removal of the seed coat. The use of a continuous microwave system for the blanching of peanuts has been proposed as a means of reducing processing time and energy costs compared to the traditional hot‐air, multizone oven. The purpose of this research was to characterize effective processing parameters for microwave blanching. The factors examined were the time of exposure in the microwave, use of increased airflow in the microwave applicator during processing and the initial moisture content (MC) of the peanuts. Processing treatments were differentiated by energy absorbed during processing, average and maximum internal temperature, loss in MC and blanchability. High blanchability resulted from higher process temperatures and greater loss in MC. Treatments exceeding 110C resulting in a final MC of 5.5% or below yielded blanchability percentages greater than the 85% industry standard. The time required to generate sufficient heat to dry peanuts for acceptable blanchability is greatly reduced by the use of microwave technology.
EXTRACTION OF VOLATILE OIL FROM CUMIN (CUMINUM CYMINUM L.) WITH SUPERHEATED WATER
Authors: EIKANI MOHAMMAD H. , GOLMOHAMMAD FERESHTEH , MIRZA MEHDI , ROWSHANZAMIR SOOSAN 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT A comparative study of superheated water extraction (SWE) with two conventional methods including hydrodistillation and Soxhlet extraction was performed on cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). The effect of some superheated water parameters at 20 bar pressure on the essential oil extraction from 4 g cumin seeds such as temperatures from 100 to 175C, particle size at 0.25 and 0.50 mm, and flow rates at 2 and 4 mL/min were investigated. Separation and identification of the components were carried out by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The best operating conditions for the SWE of C. cyminum L. were determined to be 150C temperature, 0.50 mm mean particle size and 4 mL/min flow rate for 3‐h extraction time. The SWE method resulted in a more valuable essential oil with respect to the oxygenated components.
Nurse practitioners in Canada: Beginnings, benefits, and barriers
Authors: Gould Odette N. , Johnstone Dusty , Wasylkiw Louise 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurpose: The goal of this qualitative study was to investigate the experiences of nurse practitioners (NPs) 1 year after they were first introduced to a mostly rural Canadian province.Data sources: Qualitative analyses of individual 45‐min interviews with seven of the nine NPs in the province were carried out.Conclusions: Three main themes of importance were identified. First, a nursing philosophy with a holistic approach was described as being clearly different from medical care. Second, difficulties and barriers encountered in the establishment of the profession in the province were described. Third, despite these barriers, a pioneering outlook characterized by a sense of excitement and pride in the work was expressed.Implications for practice: For NPs to work effectively to reduce healthcare costs and increase access to health care, they need to be accepted by both the public and the other healthcare professionals. Moreover, it may be difficult for NPs to maintain their philosophy of care in the face of the expectations placed upon them.
The patient with Parkinson’s disease: Part I–Treating the motor symptoms; Part II–Treating the nonmotor symptoms
Authors: Snyder Charlene Hoffman , Adler Charles H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurpose: This two‐part article provides the nurse practitioner (NP) with information on the developments in the pathophysiology and expanded treatment options in the motor and nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The discussion provides treatment strategies that may offer improved ability to manage the disabling symptoms of this neurodegenerative disorder.Data sources: Review of scientific literature from PubMed search for English language articles on PD from 1998 to 2005 and books or chapters in textbooks published on the disease in the same time frame provided the data source for this article. The content reflects our clinical judgments and experience from clinical practice in the Movement Disorder Clinic at Mayo Clinic Arizona.Conclusions: The high prevalence of the disease and important advances in its management means that the NP needs to have knowledge of the disorder and the combination of multiple treatment options available for both the motor and the nonmotor symptoms.Implications for practice: PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting 1% of persons over the age of 60 in the United States. As prevalence increases with age, so does the need for early accurate diagnosis and proper treatment of the PD by the clinician. Advances in the treatment for the motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD provide the clinician with increased options to improve the patient’s quality of life.
X‐linked agammaglobulinemia in a 10‐year‐old child: A case study
Authors: Estrella Lissette , Foley Mary E. , Cunningham‐Rundles Charlotte 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurpose: To discuss the advanced practice nurse’s diagnosis and management of an unsuspected primary immunodeficiency (PI) disease, X‐linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), in a child.Data sources: Review of historical and current scientific literature, practice guidelines, and a case study.Conclusions: While a diagnosis of XLA is most commonly made in the first 3 years of life, this case study presents a 10‐year‐old boy’s circuitous route to this diagnosis. A diagnosis of an immune defect should be considered for patients with chronic, recurrent, or unusual infections. For patients who lack immune globulins and antibodies, intravenous immune globulin, given monthly and continued throughout life, is the standard of care.Implications for practice: Diagnosis of children and adults with primary immune deficiency diseases may be delayed if practitioners fail to find the root cause of recurrent infections. Nurses as patient advocates should recognize the need for a referral in clinical cases where immunodeficiency may not be suspected. Evaluation of the immune system is performed by a panel of blood tests. There is a need to increase awareness of PI, their manifestations, and treatment among nurses both at the bedside and in advanced practice settings.
Unipolar or bipolar depression? Improving diagnostic confidence with the adult patient
Authors: Ramsley Susan E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this article is to inform advanced practice nurses in primary care about the differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD), when depression is identified in the adult patient.Data sources: Selected research and clinical articles.Conclusions: Adult patients with BD are much more likely to seek treatment for depression than for mania or hypomania. Recognition of BD is improved when the primary care clinician is alerted to the factors indicating bipolarity and utilizes available screening tools.Implications for practice: Misdiagnosis of a bipolar spectrum disorder delays proper treatment and precludes adequate management both pharmacologically and psychotherapeutically.
THE ECONOMICS OF PLASTIC BAG LEGISLATION IN SOUTH AFRICA1
Authors: Hasson Reviva , Leiman Anthony , Visser Martine 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn May 2003 South Africa introduced legislation intended to decrease plastic bag litter. It combined standards and price‐based economic tools in an attempt to reduce the public's demand for plastic bags. This paper analyses the short term effects of the legislation on bag demand. It also provides a background to these regulations and a theoretical overview. The assessment uses bag consumption data from four retailers, each representing a different consumer market. These are analysed, and respective price elasticities calculated. The results suggest that plastic bag demand is relatively price inelastic and imply that instruments utilising price alone, would have limited efficacy. However, the combination of standards and pricing successfully curbed plastic bag use in the short run. Further analysis suggests that the effectiveness of the legislation may be declining over time.
A MULTIVARIATE EVALUATION OF MAINSTREAM AND ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT COURSES IN FIRST‐YEAR MICROECONOMICS
Authors: Smith Leonard , Edwards Lawrence 
Published: April 2007

“There is no place for him [the Bantu] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour. For that reason it is of no avail for him to receive a training, which has as its aim absorption in the European community, where he cannot be absorbed.” (Verwoerd, 1954, p. 24)
AbstractThis paper analyses the impact of the University of Cape Town's first‐year microeconomics academic development course on performance in examinations. The paper makes two advances to existing empirical literature in this area. Firstly, we compare performance with a control group drawn from the mainstream economic course. Secondly, we evaluate performance in subsequent courses in first‐year macroeconomics and second‐year microeconomics. The results suggest that the academic development course has a major impact on students’ performance in the structured/essay questions, relative to the control group, in first‐ and second‐year microeconomics, and for the multiple‐choice questions in first‐year macroeconomics.Matriculation results, mathematics, English first language, physical science and gender are also important determinants of performance.
ESTIMATING EXCHANGE RATE AND BILATERAL TRADE BALANCE RELATIONSHIPS: THE EXPERIENCE OF SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Yol Marial Awou , Baharumshah Ahmad Zubaidi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the effects of exchange rate changes on the bilateral trade balance of ten African countries vis‐à‐vis the US using annual data over period 1977‐2002. Both the Johansen and panel cointegration tests find cointegration among the series. The country FMOLS results show that real exchange rate depreciation improves the trade balance in six of ten countries in contrast to Tanzania in which it worsens the trade balance, with no effect found in Ghana, Morocco and Senegal. Foreign real income improves the trade balance in two countries but worsens it in another three. Finally, domestic real income negatively affects the trade balance in four countries but improves it in another three. The three‐panel coefficients are correctly signed and significant at the 1% level.
USING THE HIERARCHICAL LINEAR MODEL TO UNDERSTAND SCHOOL PRODUCTION IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Gustafsson Martin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe emphasis placed in the existing South African school production function literature on better skilled teachers and better school management is discussed. Ordinary least squares and hierarchical linear production function models, using 2000 SACMEQ data, for the country and for a sub‐set of historically disadvantaged schools, are constructed. Ways of making the results more readable for policymakers are explored. The importance of physical infrastructure, textbook and nutrition budgets is highlighted by the models. Correct allocation of teaching and management time in schools, less learner repetition, and better teaching methodologies stand out as important school and classroom management imperatives.
CORRECTING FOR SAMPLING BIAS IN EDUCATION PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS
Authors: Parker Kudayja 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSample selectivity bias arises in the estimation of education production functions when the process of selecting the sample is not independent of the value of the dependent variable. In this study, the dependent variable was a student's retention of microeconomics knowledge after a period of 6 weeks following the final examination. Potential sampling bias arises from a student's decision to participate or not to participate in the research. Results obtained from the Heckman selection model indicated minor sampling bias. Student ability and the male dominance in economics performance were overestimated in the OLS model. Student effort was underestimated.
Gendered dimensions of the 2004 tsunami and a potential social work response in post-disaster situations
Authors: Pittaway Eileen , Bartolomei Linda , Rees Susan 
Published: April 2007

English The majority of people who died in the 2004 tsunami were women. Women endured rape, and sexual and gender-based violence in camps and places of supposed refuge. Similar reports have come from other disasters. This article examines the roles that social workers can take to respond to these issues. French La majorité des personnes emporté es par le tsunami de 2004 é taient des femmes. Par ailleurs, les femmes sont victimes de viol et subissent d'autres types d'agressions sexuelles et de violence lié e au genre dans les camps de ré fugié s ou les lieux dits de refuge. On relè ve les mêmes constats dans d'autres situations de catastrophe. Cette é tude examine l'apport potentiel des travailleurs sociaux face à ces enjeux. Spanish La mayoría de la gente que muró en el tsunami de 2004 eran mujeres. Las mujeres soportaron el rapto y la violencia sexual y de gé nero en campos y lugares supuestamente de refugio. Reportes similares provienen de otros desastres. Este artículo examina los roles que los trabajadores sociales pueden asumir para responder a estos temas.
Community organizing for post-disaster social development
Authors: Pyles Loretta 
Published: April 2007

English Community revitalization is a neglected element in disaster recovery. The literature on disaster and community practice is reviewed and some community development and organizing endeavors in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina are described. Social work's lack of emphasis on community organizing is a barrier to social development in post-disaster situations. French La revitalisation communautaire est un facteur né gligé dans la relè ve de catastrophe. L'auteur passe en revue la documentation sur les pratiques communautaires en situations de catastrophe et dé crit quelques initiatives de dé veloppement et d'organisation communautaires à la Nouvelle-Orlé ans aprè s le passage de l'ouragan Katerina. L'auteur conclut que le manque d'insistance du travail social sur l'organisation communautaire est un frein au dé veloppement social dans des situations post-catastrophe. Spanish Un elemento descuidado en el trabajo de recuperació n despué s de un desastre es la revitalizació n comunitaria. Hago una revisió n de lo publicado sobre desastres y práctica comunitaria, y describo algunos trabajos comunitarios de desarrollo y organizació n en Nueva Orleáns despué s del huracán Katrina. Concluyo que el no dar más importancia al trabajo comunitario es un impedimento al desarrollo social despué s de un desastre.
Social work responses to earthquake disasters
Authors: Javadian Reza 
Published: April 2007

English Earthquake disasters cause a host of hardships. Those who survive need support in rebuilding their lives. Social workers can help them achieve a new equilibrium. This article considers social workers' interventions in earthquake disasters, the skills they require for effective work in such situations and survivors' reactions to them. French Les tremblements de terre entraînent tout un lot d'é preuves. Les survivants ont besoin d'aide pour reconstruire leur vies. Les travailleurs sociaux peuvent les aider à recouvrer leur é quilibre. Dans cette é tude, l'auteur se penche sur les interventions des travailleurs sociaux lors de catastrophes causé es par un tremblement de terre. Il analyse les aptitudes que ces travailleurs doivent dé montrer pour accomplir un travail efficace ainsi que les ré actions des survivants à leur é gard. Spanish Los terremotos causan multitud de males. Los supervivientes necesitan ayuda para reconstruir sus vidas. Los trabajadores sociales pueden ayudar a conseguir un nuevo equilibrio. En este ensayo considero las intervenciones de los trabajadores sociales en los desastres derivados de terremotos, y las habilidades necesarias para hacer un trabajo eficaz en tales situaciones y bregar con las reacciones de los supervivientes.
Learning the lessons of Bam
Authors: Aghabakhshi Habib , Gregor Claire 
Published: April 2007

English A massive earthquake devastated the city of Bam in Iran in 2003. The survivors became rapidly disenfranchised from the relief efforts and social capital diminished significantly. This article details the breakdown in social capital and links are made between the sustainment of social capital and the social work role. French En 2003, un tremblement de terre de grande magnitude a dé vasté la ville de Bam en Iran. Les survivants ont vite é té mis à l'é cart des efforts de relè ve et le capital social a diminué de façon significative. Cet article rend compte de l'effritement du capital social et é tablit des liens entre le maintien du capital social et le rôle du travail social. Spanish En 2003 un fuerte terremoto devastó la ciudad de Bam, Irán. A los supervivientes se les cortó muy rápidamente la ayuda de emergencia y como consecuencia el capital social disminuyó significativamente. Se describe el deterioro del capital social y se conexiona el trabajo social con el sostenimiento del capital social.
Enhancement of community preparedness for natural disasters
Authors: Mathbor Golam M. 
Published: April 2007

English This article examines the scope and prospect for effective utilization of social capital in mitigating the consequences of natural disasters that hit coastal regions. The article concludes by identifying the role of social work education and practice in building social capital for sustainable disaster relief and management. French Cet article examine les perspectives et la porté e de l'exploitation efficace du capital socié tal pour atté nuer les consé quences des catastrophes naturelles dans les ré gions côtiè res. Les conclusions de cet article mettent en relief le rôle de la formation et de la pratique en travail social dans la construction d'un capital socié tal pour la gestion et le secours durables en cas de catastrophe. Spanish Este artículo examina el alcance y la posibilidad de la utilizació n efectiva del capital social para mitigar las consecuencias de los desastres naturales que impactan las regiones costeras. El artículo concluye identificando el papel de la educació n y práctica del trabajo social en la construcció n del capital social para el alivio y manejo sostenible del desastre.
Support for staff working in disaster situations
Authors: Cronin Michael S. , Ryan Diane M. , Brier Dottie 
Published: April 2007

English This article illustrates how social work principles, servicing people in need, affirming individuality and using relationships are utilized in an American Red Cross program in Greater New York to help workers to better manage common stress. It also highlights implications for disaster providers, social work practitioners, administrators and educators. French Cet article illustre comment un programme de la Croix-Rouge amé ricaine dans la grande ré gion de New York fait appel aux principes du travail social être au service des personnes dans le besoin, affirmer l'individualité et utiliser les relations pour aider les travailleurs à mieux gé rer leur stress. Il explique aussi comment ces principes peuvent s'appliquer aux fournisseurs en situation de catastrophe, aux praticiens du travail social, aux administrateurs et aux é ducateurs. Spanish Se demuestra có mo un programa de la Cruz Roja de Amé rica en Nueva York, usando los principios del trabajo social (servicio a gente necesitada, respeto al individuo, y uso de la relació n), ayuda a los trabajadores que están bajo estré s. Se subrayan las implicaciones para quienes trabajan en desastres, trabajadores sociales, administradores y educadores.