bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF A TASK‐RELEVANT RESPONSE ON PUPIL SIZE
Authors: Simpson H. M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis experiment examined the effects on pupil size of the relevance of an overt response to a cognitive task. Sixteen Ss were assigned to two experimental groups. In one group Ss were required to judge the pitch equality of tones and, subsequently, indicate their decision by pressing or not pressing a telegraph key. In the other group Ss were required to make the pitch‐discriminations, but the key press response was unrelated to the preceding cognitive task. Continuous photographs of each S's pupil were taken during the experiment. Results showed that a small amount of pupillary dilation occurred during the discrimination task in the group where the key press was irrelevant to the pitch‐discrimination. In the group where S's behavior indicated task fulfillment, however, a significantly greater increase in pupil size occurred, the amount of dilation being larger when task completion was indicated by the key press response than when fulfillment was indicated by no key press. The findings were discussed in terms of arousal associated with apprehension about evaluation, and muscle tension from anticipation of making the overt response.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO MILD HETEROMODAL SENSORY STIMULATION
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Sadler Timothy G. , Wieland Betty A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe interaction of three pairs of heteromodal sensory stimuli—reading vs. continuous banging noise, continuous flashing light vs. banging noise, single flash vs. bang—were evaluated. Order of presentation was confounded both within (with multiple trials) and between subjects. Interstimulus time periods were 15 sec with the first two stimulus pairs, and varied from 15 to 0 sec with the last. Although most variables had large mean differences in the expected direction, the largest and most often significant effects were with GSR. In all cases, the responses were less with a stimulus imposed either simultaneously or within a short period (up to 15 sec at least) after another, than they were to the stimulus imposed alone. Habituation effects were marked.
DREAMS OF SUBJECTS WITH LOSS OF MEMORY FOR RECENT EVENTS
Authors: Torda Clara 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDreams of six subjects with postencephalitic complete loss of memory for recent events were compared to dreams of control subjects with intact memory. The incidence of dreams decreased with the memory defect. Furthermore, the dreams were shorter, simpler, reality bound, lacked daily residue and emotional depth, and followed secondary‐thought‐type logic. They were stereotyped and repetitious. Instead of symbolically elaborated new attempted solutions for recent conflicts, these dreams contained the memory of events the subjects experienced before the onset of the memory defect. In each instance, the remembered event once offered a relief for a physiological need, similar to the one that precipitated the dream. Assuming that the mechanism of dreaming remains intact in these subjects with permanent memory loss for recent events, the results suggest that dreams of subjects with intact memory combine two processes: 1) a sensory stimulus of internal origin (e.g., an organic need) may serve as a decoding signal resulting in retrieval of an old memory trace; and 2) processes connected with perception and encoding the memory of recent events contribute the daily residue and the newly created symbolic elaboration of the daily residue, and old memory traces under an emotional impact.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCOMITANTS OF REACTION TIME PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF PREPARATORY INTERVAL AND PREPARATORY INTERVAL SERIES
Authors: Webb Roger A. , Obrist Paul A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe cardiac deceleration which occurs during the preparatory interval (PI) of a reaction time (RT) task was examined with reference to a facilitatory feedback model in contrast with a model which viewed the response as part of a somatic inhibitory response. Sixty‐three male Ss were run in three independent groups in an RT study. Two groups received 96 trials (divided into blocks of 24) with PIs of 2, 4, 8, and 16 sec presented in a regular series counterbalanced for order. The third group received the same number of trials of each PI in a restricted random order. Heart rate (HR), chin electromyograph (EMG), eye blinks, and eye movements were recorded as dependent variables.Results indicated an orderly, time‐locked decline in EMG, eye blinks and movements, which was closely concomitant with a deceleration in HR during the PI. With some exceptions, the various measures demonstrated similar functional relationships with Group and PI variables. The results failed to differentiate between the feedback and somatic inhibitory models because the only combination of variables which eliminated HR deceleration also eliminated the inhibition of the somatic measures. This fact is consistent with the somatic inhibitory model, but is neutral with respect to the feedback model. Different statistical methods for examining the cardiac‐somatic concomitance were discussed.
THE EARLY HISTORY OF ELECTRODERMAL RESEARCH
Authors: Neumann Eva , Blanton Richard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe historical origins and early development of electrodermal research are reviewed in the light of a substantial number of previously unexamined sources. Relevant literature in electrophysiology, neurology, electrodiagnosis, and electrotherapy is examined with regard to the technology and the context of ideas in science and medicine. The first reports of basal skin resistance (BSR) and stimulated skin resistance (GSR) change by Vigouroux and Féré, respectively, are related to their other research and that of other workers. Hermann's early work on the sudomotor system is seen as much more advanced than has been realized, providing a sound basis for theory which the French apparently never noticed. Several additional sources suggest that Tarchanoff's work was performed with awareness of Féré's and was probably not an independent discovery.The growth of the field following “rediscovery” of the GSR by Mueller and Veraguth is seen as a product of interest in indexing “mental events.” The earlier work is seen as conceptually closer to current interest in the phenomena as aspects of the arousal system.
ELECTRODERMAL AND CARDIAC RESPONSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIC CHILDREN TO SENSORY STIMULI
Authors: Bernal Martha E. , Miller William Hansford 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe reactivity and habituation of autistic schizophrenic and normal children were compared using a variety of stimuli. The first two stimulation conditions were 15 tone trials followed by a novel tone stimulus, and 15 periods of darkness followed by a single period of partial illumination. Order of these stimulation conditions was counterbalanced in a groups × order × trials anova factorial design. Other stimuli were tones varying in intensity and photic flashes presented in fixed order following the first two conditions.The two groups differed in magnitude of response to the first 3 tone and illumination change trials, and thereafter showed no differences in habituation or reinstatement to the novel stimulus. This difference consisted of greater responsivity for the normals and was independent of base level, spontaneous activity, order of condition, and type of stimulus. The schizophrenics showed a relationship between GSR magnitude and tone intensity that was similar to the normals' physiological tracking of changing intensity. Results for photic stimulation were the same as for the first two stimulus conditions. The peak‐to‐valley cardiac measure failed to yield any reliable group differences under any stimulation condition.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG RESPONSES IN THE HUMAN NEWBORN: THE NON‐ASSOCIATION AND NON‐EQUIVALENCE AMONG DIFFERENT INDICATORS OF RESPONSIVENESS
Authors: Turkewitz Gerald , Moreau Tina , Birch Herbert G. , Davis Linda 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo determine whether different responses are equivalent indicators of stimulus effectiveness and whether a single mechanism can account for responsiveness in different systems, cardiac accelerations, ipsilateral eye movements, and finger movements were simultaneously recorded when lateralized auditory stimuli of graded intensity were presented to 2‐day old infants (N = 21). The responses were not equivalent indicators of stimulus effectiveness as evidenced by the finding of different thresholds for different responses. Furthermore, it was found that an infant's relative responsiveness as defined by one response does not predict his relative responsiveness on other responses. Finally the simultaneously measured responses to a stimulus did not co‐occur more frequently than would be expected if the responses were independently determined. The results raise serious questions as to the adequacy of concepts of generalized arousal and a unitary orienting response in accounting for behavioral organization in the human newborn.
THE REDUCTION OF PALMAR SKIN POTENTIAL BY EPIDERMAL HYDRATION
Authors: Fowles Don C. , Venables P. H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSimultaneous measurements of palmar skin potential (SP) at four levels of epidermal hydration yielded a difference of 35 mv between the mean values for the least hydrated site (pretreated with polyethylene glycol) and the most hydrated site (pretreated with distilled water) during sweat gland activity. It was also demonstrated that there was a decline in SP during the first 15 min of recording with aqueous electrolyte which can be attributed to the application of an electrolyte to the skin. Thus the hydration effect appears to be a large, uncontrolled source of variance which must be brought under control if physiologically meaningful results are to be obtained with SP measurements. The hydration effect may offer an alternative interpretation of data previously cited as supporting the hypothesis that an epidermal membrane contributes to SP.
A DEVICE FOR ESTIMATING STABILITY OF STANCE IN HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: Shipley Robert E. , Harley R. J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn apparatus for quantifying the stability of stance of human subjects under several conditions is described. The duration and degree of angular deviation of the S's center of gravity above his standing center of support on a platform are sensed by electro‐mechanical means over a selected period of time and the product is converted to arbitrary numerical units. A technique is provided for vibrating the platform upon which the S stands so that kinesthetic or proprioceptive cues from the feet and lower legs are “diluted” by the irrelevant vibratory stimuli. Normal Ss were tested for stability of stance for periods of 20 sec with 1) eyes open, 2) eyes closed, 3) eyes open, vibrator on, and 4) eyes closed, vibrator on. In general, instability increased in the order of test 1, 2, 3, and 4 with most Ss, but in some, closing the eyes alone had little effect in reducing stability of stance. The apparatus was designed for use in testing drugs that may affect static balance when each S is used as his own control.
COMBINED AUTONOMIC EFFECTS OF CONCURRENTLY‐APPLIED STRESSORS
Authors: Patton Gary W. R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study attempted to determine if two stressors applied simultaneously produce greater sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity than does one stress acting alone. A preliminary study (Experiment I) was undertaken to ensure that each stress, when compared with a nonstress condition, independently produced increased SNS activity. To this end, 24 U.S. Army enlisted men (a) solved anagrams, (b) underwent semi‐nude exposure to 50°F cold, and (c) watched a comedy movie. SNS activity during (a) and (b) was independently compared with (c). Subsequently, in Experiment II, Ss′ responses during a single stress (55°F cold exposure) were contrasted with those recorded during a dual stress condition (anagram solving during 55°F cold exposure). Each stress independently produced increased SNS activity, and the two stressors combined produced more SNS activity than did cold exposure alone.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS IN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Back Kurt W. , Oelfke Sheila R. , Brehm Mary L. , Bogdonoff Morton D. , Nowlin John B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSome psychological and physiological reactions to introduction of chlordiaze‐poxide hydrochloride to an experimental situation involving a conformity trial were investigated. Groups of four subjects were selected with either considerable previous acquaintance (Friends) or little acquaintance (Strangers). In each group, two subjects were given an injection of the drug and two an injection of saline. Conformity to false group feedback was measured on a Crutchfield‐Gerard apparatus and arousal was measured in terms of the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) level. Self‐ratings of mood were obtained using the Nowlis Adjective Check List. It was found that the experimental manipulations of group composition or drug injection did not yield clear‐cut results unless the subjects were divided according to initial ratings of anxiety. Subjects initially more anxious, who were administered the drug and who were tested as Strangers, showed greater conformity to group pressure and a continuous increase in physiological arousal. These conditions were interpreted as being cumulative sources of strain, under which subjects concentrate on monitoring themselves to the exclusion of attending to surrounding events.
CORRELATION OF SOMATIC, BIOCHEMICAL, PERCEPTUAL, AND RORSCHACH DATA ON 40 HEALTHY MALE SUBJECTS
Authors: Murawski Benjamin J. , Jones Kenneth J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCanonical correlation was used to investigate the interrelationships between somatic, biochemical, and psychological variables in 40 healthy male subjects. Four roots (or factors) were extracted which demonstrated overlap in four sets of variables: 1) Somatic (height, weight, body volume, body surface area); 2) Biochemical (adrenal steroids, pepsinogen, creatinine, urine volume); 3) Perceptual (Embedded Faces, Stroop Test, Time Estimation, Flicker Fusion); and 4) Rorschach indices. The first root linked style of spatial orientation with height. The second factor extracted major loadings for all sets of variables and was dominated by big body size, high and variable biochemical values, and low perceptual control. The final factors were less well defined. Genetic or constitutional forces could be inferred and the interaction of personality, biochemical, and somatic variables was clearly demonstrated.
SLEEP CYCLES AND SKIN POTENTIAL IN NEWBORNS STUDIED WITH A SIMPLIFIED OBSERVATION AND RECORDING SYSTEM
Authors: Bell Richard Q. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA simple visual observation system, supplemented by measurement of skin potential, was devised for developmental studies of sleep cycles in settings where multiple electrode placement is not practicable. The findings replicated essential features of quiet and active sleep cycles which had been reported previously to exist against the background of decreasing level of physiological arousal, as sleep proceeds. Twelve newborns showed approximately one‐half of their inter‐feeding sleeping time in the rapid eye movement stage of sleep. Skin potential rapidly declined from the waking level, continued to decrease in level throughout sleep, increased in variability during REM sleep, and increased in level at the second waking period.
THE USE OF HEART RATE FOR THE STUDY OF HABITUATION IN THE NEONATE
Authors: Stratton Peter M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe heart rate (HR), being readily affected by many forms of stimulation, is likely to be a particularly useful index of neonatal response. However measures of HR change have been applied without proper evaluation and without being tested against controls, with consequent loss of generality of findings. A procedure for choosing response measures, involving minimal assumptions about the experimental situation, is described. Applied to the habituation of neonates to medium intensity auditory stimuli, this procedure indicated an increase in HR as the most useful response characteristic. Habituation of the acceleratory response was found to take the form of a logarithmic (not exponential) function of trial number.Assumptions underlying the usual methods of correction for initial values are examined and most of them are shown to have been violated in the present data. Further, application of various corrections failed to improve the consistency of measures of habituation. Multiple regression analysis of 14 measures of the acceleratory response showed that the increase in rate during the first 6 set following stimulus onset was the most consistent indicator of habituation. Addition of further measures did not contribute significantly to the relationship.
AN INEXPENSIVE METHOD FOR PROGRAMMING STIMULI USING MAGNETIC TAPE
Authors: Porges Stephen W. , Fitzgerald Hiram E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTApparatus for encoding and decoding stimuli using magnetic tape is described. The decoder is a frequency specific audio switch constructed from a five channel resonant reed relay; the encoder is a tape recorder. This apparatus allows the advantages of magnetic tape yet is inexpensive to construct.
AUTONOMIC BALANCE CHANGES DURING THE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Wineman E. W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFive female students were each tested 5 days a week throughout one menstrual cycle with a 3 day overlap into the next cycle. The autonomic variables reported are: sub‐lingual temperature, heart period, diastolic blood pressure, palmar and volar conductance, salivary output, and log conductance change. These measures were taken in order to estimate autonomic factor scores (Ā).Significant menstrual phase differences in Ā scores and sub‐lingual temperature were demonstrated. The Ā score estimates an autonomic factor for an individual at a particular time; low scores represent relative sympathetic nervous system (SNS) dominance. During menses, the follicular, and the ovulatory phases, Ā scores were higher; during the luteal phase the Ā scores were lowest.It was concluded that high estrogen levels are accompanied by decreased SNS function.
AUDITORY THRESHOLD VARIATIONS DURING PERIODS OF INDUCED HIGH AND LOW HEART RATES
Authors: Saxon Samuel A. , Dahle Arthur J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe study was designed to test Lacey's and Callaway's contention that individuals respond differently to sensory sensitivity tasks under conditions of high and low heart rates. A Bekesy audiometry threshold tracing was obtained from subjects after a period of inactivity and after a period of activity. The results indicated that the subjects' auditory thresholds for the 1000 Hz tone were significantly less acute under the condition of induced higher heart rates. Although the data collected is correlational in nature the possibility that the higher rate results in reduced sensory sensitivity from a causal point of view is suggested. Although Lacey's and Callaway's formulations are not synonymous with the traditional theories of activation, it is highly probable that their formulations may be merely delineating the mechanisms by which extreme arousal results in impaired performance.
CARDIAC RATE RESPONSES TO CIGARETTE SMOKING: A STUDY UTILIZING RADIOTELEMETRY
Authors: Erwin Charles W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRadiotelemetry of the human EKG was obtained to observe for rate alterations during spontaneous cigarette smoking. Ten subjects were observed for a total of 26 hours during which time 50 cigarettes were smoked. The utilization of telemetry allowed the subjects to continue their usual afternoon behavior. There were no rate changes before, during, or after smoking which could be attributed to the cigarette. These results differ from most previous reports. Telemetry allows for two departures from past designs; subjects were ambulant and smoking behavior was spontaneous (both in initiation and rate). It is suggested that these departures are related to the results of the present study.
ELECTRODERMAL CORRELATES OF HYPERACTIVITY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Satterfield James H. , Dawson Michael E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBasal skin conductance, non‐specific GSRs, and specific GSRs were studied during 2 experimental sessions with two groups of 12 hyperkinetic children each and a group of 12 matched normal controls. Hyperkinetic children were found to have lower basal skin conductance, fewer and smaller non‐specific GSRs, and smaller specific GSRs than those of normal children. Stimulant drugs, which were administered to one group of hyperkinetic children, tended to raise basal level conductance and non‐specific GSR activity toward the levels of normal children. A tentative neurophysiological hypothesis is offered to account for these data as well as the clinical observations that stimulant drugs are effective in the treatment of hyperkinetic children.
THE CONTINGENT NEGATIVE VARIATION: SOME METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE RECORDING OF SHIFTS IN STEADY POTENTIALS
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe various methods that have been used in recording of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) were examined with reference to developing selection criteria. Findings revealed that chopper amplifiers with condenser‐coupled input circuits and DC amplifiers with zero‐suppression circuits between stages showed shifts in output level which were the result of changes in resistance of the input circuit. As these artifacts were not negligible with reference to commonly‐reported CNV amplitudes, it was concluded that the two methods should be avoided in recording of low‐level shifts in steady potentials like the CNV.
HUMAN REACTION TIME AND PERIOD OF THE EEG IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSimple auditory reaction time (RT) and an auditory RT task requiring a disjunctive reaction were investigated in a group of 110 boys aged 46—207 months. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded during actual performance of these tasks to determine the extent to which differences in RT associated with development could be accounted for by developmental changes in the EEG. Measures of average EEG period were derived from peaks and troughs of all waves recorded in the time interval between stimulus and response of each trial.Results confirmed previous findings of a significant relationship between RT, σRT, and development. RT and σRT followed a reciprocal power‐law function with age, and hence both measures decreased more rapidly in the earlier years. Choice RT showed a more rapid decline with increasing age than simple RT. Correlations were high, with log simple RT vs log Age =−.874, and log choice RT vs log Age =−.861. Developmental changes in EEG period could account for only a small fraction of these high correlations. The possible role of EEG half waves as time quanta in information processing was discussed in relation to development.
EFFECTS OF AUDIENCE ANXIETY ON PUPIL SIZE
Authors: Simpson H. M. , Molloy F. M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPupillary activity was continually monitored while 28 female Ss performed a short‐term memory task and a digit‐transformation task. The Ss were selected according to their scores on the Audience Sensitivity Inventory (ASI) and the Otis Quick‐Scoring Mental Ability Test (IQ), so as to yield four groups: low ASI and high ASI (equated on IQ); and low IQ and high IQ (equated on ASI). Results showed significantly more pupillary dilation to the transformation than to the memory task for all groups and this finding was consistent with previous studies. There were no main effects nor interactions involving IQ groups. The effects involving audience anxiety were specific, that is, a larger pupil size occurred in the high ASI group than in the low ASI group. In addition, there was a decrease in pupil size in the low ASI group prior to repeating the digits, but no such decrease occurred in the high ASI group. These findings were interpreted in terms of anxiety related to apprehension about evaluation.