bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The separation of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the Kerr metric
Authors: Prince G. E. , Aldridge J. E. , Godfrey S. E. , Byrnes G. B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe discuss the separability of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the Kerr metric. We use a recent theorem which says that a completely integrable geodesic equation has a fully separable Hamilton-Jacobi equation if and only if the Lagrangian is a composite of the involutive first integrals. We also discuss the physical significance of Carter's fourth constant in terms of the symplectic reduction of the Schwarzschild metric viaSO(3), showing that the Killing tensor quantity is the remnant of the square of angular momentum.
Integrability conditions for the Bianchi identities as transformations in Schwarzschild space-time
Authors: Fernandes J. F. Q. , Lun A. W.-C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe investigate the relationship between the Bardeen-Press and the Regge-Wheeler equations for perturbations of the Schwarzschild geometry. We examine how tetrad and coordinate gauge invariant Regge-Wheeler field quantities arise naturally from the perturbed Bianchi identities in the modified Newman-Penrose (compacted spincoefficient) formalism. The integrability conditions for the Bianchi identities then provide the transformation identities relating these quantities to the Bardeen-Press quantities. The relationships between the Bardeen-Press quantities of opposite spin-weight also arise naturally in our approach.
An expansion of bivariate spline functions
Authors: Liu Huan-Wen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLet Δ denote a triangulation of a planar polygon Ω. For any positive integer 0 ≤ r < k, let denote the vector space of functions in Cr whose restrictions to each triangle of Δ are polynomials of total degree at most k. Such spaces, called bivariate spline spaces, have many applications in surface fitting, scattered data interpolation, function approximation and numerical solutions of partial differential equations. An important problem is to give the function expression. In this paper, we prove that, if (Δ, Ω) is type-X, then any bivariate spline function in can be expressed by a series of univariate polynomials and a special bivariate finite element function in satisfying a so-called integral conformality condition system. We also give a direct sum decomposition of the space . In addition, the dimension of for a kind of triangulation has been determined.
Analytic results for roots of two irrational functions in elastic wave propagation
Authors: Brock L. M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe velocities of Rayleigh surface waves and, when they exist, Stoneley interface waves can be obtained as the roots of two irrational functions. Here previous results are extended by using standard operations related to the Wiener-Hopf technique to provide expressions in quadrature for these roots.
A social marketing approach to improving the nutrition of low-income women and children: an initial focus group study
Authors: Hampson Sarah E , Martin Julia , Jorgensen Jenel , Barker Mary 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo identify approaches for interventions to improve the nutrition of low-income women and children.DesignSeven focus groups were conducted with low-income women caring for young children in their households. They discussed shopping, eating at home, eating out and healthy eating. The discussions were recorded and subjected to qualitative thematic analysis.SettingA semi-rural community in Oregon, USA.SubjectsThere were seventy-four women (74 % White), most of whom were 18–29 years old.ResultsFour broad themes were identified, i.e. cost-consciousness, convenience, social influences and health issues.ConclusionsThe target population would benefit from improved understanding of what constitutes a balanced diet, with a greater emphasis on a more central role for fruit and vegetables. To persuade this population to change their eating habits, it will be necessary to convince them that healthful food can be low-cost, convenient and palatable for children. Comparing findings from the present study with a similar one in the UK suggests that the US women faced many of the same barriers to healthy eating but displayed less helplessness.
The Ottawa Process and the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty
Authors: Goose Stephen D. 
Published: February 2009

Between 3 and 4 December 1997, 122 governments signed theConvention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and On Their Destruction, marking the first time in history that die international community banned a weapon that is already in widespread use.Tens of millions of landmines are emplaced in about 70 nations. Another 100–200 million anti-personnel landmines are believed to be in the arsenals of more than 100 governments. Although militaries around the world have used antipersonnel landmines for decades, this treaty banning the weapon was proposed, developed, negotiated and signed in record time in recognition of the humanitarian imperative ‘to put an end to the suffering and casualties caused by anti-personnel mines mat kill or maim hundreds of people every week, mostly innocent and defenceless civilians and especially children, obstruct economic development and reconstruction, inhibit the repatriation of refugees and internally displaced persons, and have other severe consequences for years after emplacement’.
The ‘Sandline Affair’: Papua New Guinea Resorts to Mercenarism to End the Bougainville Conflict
Authors: McCormack Tim 
Published: February 2009

For at least a decade, die Government of Papua New Guinea (PNG) has been engaged in armed efforts to terminate a secessionist movement on the island of Bougainville off the South East coast of the PNG mainland. In late 1996, the government agreed to hire the firm of Sandline International to provide mercenary assistance, in a desperate bid to regain effective control of Bougainville. In an ironical twist to the cycle of violence and missed opportunities for peaceful resolution of the conflict, the controversial decision to engage Sandline proved to be the very catalyst to facilitate a process which appears to offer a real prospect for a negotiated settlement to the dispute.The public disclosure of the decision of the then-Prime Minister, Sir Julius Chan, to resort to mercenarism was condemned by regional governments and resulted in widespread civil disturbance in PNG. Ultimately, the Chan Government was overthrown in a general election and the new government of Prime Minister Bill Skate has participated in the negotiation of an agreement to establish an independent Truce Monitoring Group and an end to me Bougainville conflict.
Report by the Enquiry Commission on the Behaviour of Italian Peace-keeping troops in Somalia
Authors: Lupi Natalia 
Published: February 2009

Following the collapse of Somalia into a state of general anarchy after the fall of Siad Barre's regime, the UN Security Council, on 24 April 1992, adopted Resolution 751 with which, under the direction of the Secretary-General, it created the UNOSOM (United Nations Operation in Somalia) mission. The duty of UNOSOM was to supervise both the ceasefire between the fighting factions and the distribution of humanitarian aid.When the situation worsened, the Security Council adopted Resolution 794 on 3 December 1992 under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, authorizing the creation of UNITAF (Unified Task Force) under the command of the United States. UNITAF's mandate was to create a safe environment for humanitarian aid and for reconstruction. With Resolution 814 of 16 March 1993, the Security Council entrusted the UN Secretary-General with the command of operation UNOSOM II, which took over from the international task force directed by the United States and concluded its mandate in 1994.
Establishing the responsibility of the Khmer Rouge leadership for international crimes
Authors: Boyle David 
Published: February 2009

Dragged reluctantly into the debate over Khmer Rouge accountability, the United Nations Secretariat has spent the last five years attempting to find a mutually acceptable judicial structure to try the leaders of the former government of Cambodia for international crimes committed between 1975 and 1979.In response to a request for aid from the Cambodian government in June 1997, the UN originally came down in favour of establishing a thirdad hocInternational Criminal Tribunal. Taking that proposal as a starting point, this paper documents the series of events leading the Organisation towards unwilling participation in potentially unjust domestic trials after Cambodia's refusal of the UN proposal. Each time the negotiations seemed to have broken down, the UN and Cambodia came under pressure from certain Member States to return to the negotiating table. Beset with its responsibility in supporting the Khmer Rouge after the Vietnamese invasion in 1979, the UN compromised successively concerning the nature of the court (part 3) and its structure (part 4). A consensus finally seemed to have been reached in July 2000, when a UN negotiating team left Phnom Penh with a draft Memorandum of Understanding concerning ‘significant international co-operation’ in trials before ‘Extraordinary Chambers’ of the Cambodian courts (the ‘draft MOU’). However, the law finally promulgated on 10 August 2001 in order to set up these Chambers (the ‘Tribunal Law’) was not entirely consistent with the terms of the draft MOU, the exact legal status of which then became a bone of contention (part 5).
International humanitarian law in the twenty-first century
Authors: Sandoz Yves 
Published: February 2009

No one would consider constructing a building without first checking whether its foundations are sound. It is no different with international humanitarian law.It is useful to examine the difficulties and even failures of international humanitarian law encountered in practice. But before beginning work on a renewal or development of the law, one must be sure the undertaking can be withstood by the foundations and that it will not call into question the very principles on which the law is founded. Any examination of international humanitarian law will have to be carried out in a very open-minded manner — one that rules out nothing, not even the possibility of scrapping the law entirely and constructing a new edifice on different foundations, if one were convinced that it was not possible to incorporate the changes needed into the law as it stands. To carry out such an examination, it is essential to analyse not only what works well and what works badly but also the underlying reasons for humanitarian law's successes and failures.To sketch out the way forward, I will begin by recalling the pillars on which international humanitarian law stands. I will then look at various shortcomings in the law and consider from whence they arise, whether they justify its amendment, and whether any such amendment is possible without undermining the law's foundations. I will conclude by setting out what solutions may be found in humanitarian law itself, the limits of that law and the consequences that must be recognised in terms of international law and its institutions.
The journalist's right to information in time of war and on dangerous missions
Authors: Gasser Hans-Peter 
Published: February 2009

It is commonplace to say that we live in an age of instantaneous information and communication. During the occupation of Iraq by the United States and its allies, pictures taken in the Abu Ghraib prison near Baghdad and showing members of the US Armed Forces and Iraqi detainees in disgraceful circumstances could be seen within minutes all over the world. The message carried by those pictures changed the discourse on the Iraq war of 2003–2004.We have become used to instant information through real-time reporting on events occurring in the various corners of the world. This flow of news is taken for granted, and we expect our favourite radio or TV station to deliver the latest news at every moment of the day. Seeing pictures taken inside a well-guarded prison in a war a few thousand kilometres away is no longer a surprise.Wars have always attracted writers eager to report on what happens when men fight against men. Some of these reports have become immortal works of world literature. Some may even have influenced the course of history. Only a few memorable examples are Homer's epic poem on the fall of Troy, Julius Caesar'sDe bello gallicoor the Indian epicMahabharata. On a different level, who knows that Winston Churchill, at the age of 25, was a war correspondent reporting from the Boer War in 1899?An accidental war correspondent deserves to be mentioned here, Henry Dunant, who happened to witness the aftermath of a particularly murderous battle, the Battle of Solferino in northern Italy in 1859.
Computer solution to the 17-point Erdős-Szekeres problem
Authors: Szekeres George , Peters Lindsay 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe describe a computer proof of the 17-point version of a conjecture originally made by Klein-Szekeres in 1932 (now commonly known as the “Happy End Problem”) that a planar configuration of 17 points, no 3 points collinear, always contains a convex 6-subset. The proof makes use of a combinatorial model of planar configurations, expressed in terms of signature functions satisfying certain simple necessary conditions. The proof is more general than the original conjecture as the signature functions examined represent a larger set of configurations than those which are realisable. Three independent implementations of the computer proof have been developed, establishing that the result is readily reproducible.
Robustness of cyclic schedules for the charging of batteries
Authors: Dunstall Simon , Mills Graham 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn 2002 the Mathematics in Industry Study Group (MISG) investigated the question of optimally scheduling cyclic production in a battery charging and finishing facility. The facility produces various types of battery and the scheduling objective is to maximize battery throughout subject to achieving a pre-specified product-mix. In this paper we investigate the robustness of such schedules using simulation experiments that span multiple production cycles. We simulate random variations (delays) in battery charging time and find that an optimal off-line schedule yields higher throughput in comparison to a common on-line dispatching rule. This result has been found to hold for a range of expected charging-time delays and has significant practical implications for scheduling battery charging and finishing facilities.
Patient-dependent effects in disease control: a mathematical model
Authors: Tchuenche Jean M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe state of a patient is an important concept in biomedical sciences. While analytical methods for predicting and exploring treatment strategies of disease dynamics have proven to have useful applications in public health policy and planning, the state of a patient has attracted less attention, at least mathematically. As a result, models constructed in relation to treatment strategies may not be very informative. We derive a patient-dependent parameter from an age-physiology dependent population model, and show that a single treatment strategy is not always optimal. Also, we derive a function which increases with the patient dependence parameter and describes the effort expended to be in good health.
Parallelisation of sparse grids for large scale data analysis
Authors: Garcke Jochen , Hegland Markus , Nielsen Ole 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSparse grids are the basis for efficient high dimensional approximation and have recently been applied successfully to predictive modelling. They are spanned by a collection of simpler function spaces represented by regular grids. The sparse grid combination technique prescribes how approximations on a collection of anisotropic grids can be combined to approximate high dimensional functions.In this paper we study the parallelisation of fitting data onto a sparse grid. The computation can be done entirely by fitting partial models on a collection of regular grids. This allows parallelism over the collection of grids. In addition, each of the partial grid fits can be parallelised as well, both in the assembly phase, where parallelism is done over the data, and in the solution stage using traditional parallel solvers for the resulting PDEs. Using a simple timing model we confirm that the most effective methods are obtained when both types of parallelism are used.
Travelling waves for the population genetics model with delay
Authors: Lin Guojian , Yuan Rong 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUnder the assumptions that the spatial variable is one dimensional and the distributed delay kernel is the general Gamma distributed delay kernel, when the average delay is small, the existence of travelling wave solutions for the population genetics model with distributed delay is obtained by using the linear chain trick and geometric singular perturbation theory. On the other hand, for the population genetics model with small discrete delay, the existence of travelling wave solutions is obtained by employing a technique which is based on a result concerning the existence of the inertial manifold for small discrete delay equations.
Some multivariable Gaussian hypergeometric extensions of the Preece theorem
Authors: Qureshi M. I. , Sadiq Khan M. , Pathan M. A. , Khan N. U. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSome generalisations of the Preece theorem involving the product of two Kummer's functions 1F1 are obtained using Dixon's theorem and some well-known identities. Its special cases yield various new transformations and reduction formulae involving Pathan's quadruple hypergeometric function and Srivastava's quadruple hypergeometric function F(4) and triple hypergeometric function F(3). Some known results of Preece, Pathan and Bailey are also obtained as special cases.
Taming the movable singularities
Authors: Hietarinta Jarmo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe have finally obtained for each of the 6 Painlevés an expression of z, w, w′ that behaves as 1/(z − Z0) + O(1) at each kind of movable singular point. This expression is polynomial in w′ (at most quadratic), and rational in w and z. After it is integrated and exponentiated it yields a function that has a simple zero at each of the singular points.
Symmetry analysis of and first integrals for the continuum Heisenberg spin chain
Authors: Nucci M. C. , Leach P. G. L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDaniel et al. [6] analysed the singularity structure of the continuum limit of the one-dimensional anisotropic Heisenberg spin chain in a transverse field and determined the conditions under which the system is nonintegrable and exhibits chaos. We investigate the governing differential equations for symmetries and find the associated first integrals. Our results complement the results of Daniel et al.
On an exact WKB approach to Ablowitz-Segur's connection problem for the second Painlevé equation
Authors: Takei Yoshitsugu 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe discuss Ablowitz-Segur's connection problem for the second Painlevé equation from the viewpoint of WKB analysis of Painlevé transcendents with a large parameter. The formula they first discovered is rederived from a suitable combination of connection formulas for the first Painlevé equation.
Binary constrained flows and separation of variables for soliton equations
Authors: Ma Wen-Xiu , Zeng Yunbo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn contrast to mono-constrained flows with N degrees of freedom, binary constrained flows of soliton equations, admitting 2 × 2 Lax matrices, have 2N degrees of freedom. Currently existing methods only enable Lax matrices to yield the first N pairs of canonical separated variables. An approach for constructing the second N pairs of canonical separated variables with N additional separated equations is introduced. The Jacobi inversion problems for binary constrained flows are then established. Finally, the separability of binary constrained flows together with the factorization of soliton equations by the spatial and temporal binary constrained flows leads to the Jacobi inversion problems for soliton equations.
A quasi-trapezoid inequality for double integrals
Authors: Barnett N. S. , Dragomir S. S. , Pearce C. E. M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA quasi-trapezoid inequality is derived for double integrals that strengthens considerably existing results. A consonant version of the Grüss inequality is also derived. Applications are made to cubature formulæ and the error variance of a stationary variogram.
Diffusion theory can be applied to antibodies attaching to ligand sites
Authors: Wilson D. P. , McElwain D. L. S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHumoral immunity is that aspect of specific immunity that is mediated by B lymphocytes and involves the neutralising of disease-producing microorganisms, called pathogens, by means of antibodies attaching to the pathogen's binding sites. This inhibits the pathogen's entry into target cells. We present a master equation in both discrete and in continuous form for a ligand bound atnsites becoming a ligand bound atmsites in a given interaction time. To track the time-evolution of the antibody-ligand interaction, it is shown that the process is most easily treated classically and that in this case the master equation can be reduced to an equivalent one-dimensional diffusion equation. Thus well-known diffusion theory can be applied to antibody-ligand interactions. We consider three distinct cases depending on whether the probability of antibody binding compared to the probability of dissociation is relatively large, small or comparable, and numerical solutions are given.
Oscillation of impulsive delay differential equations and applications to population dynamics
Authors: Yan Jurang , Zhao Aimin , Peng Linping 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe main result of this paper is that the oscillation and nonoscillation properties of a nonlinear impulsive delay differential equation are equivalent respectively to the oscillation and nonoscillation of a corresponding nonlinear delay differential equation without impulse effects. An explicit necessary and sufficient condition for the oscillation of a nonlinear impulsive delay differential equation is obtained.
Plane poloidal-toroidal decomposition of doubly periodic vector fields. Part 1. Fields with divergence
Authors: McBain G. D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIt is shown how to decompose a three-dimensional field periodic in two Cartesian coordinates into five parts, three of which are identically divergence-free and the other two orthogonal to all divergence-free fields. The three divergence-free parts coincide with the mean, poloidal and toroidal fields of Schmitt and Wahl; the present work, therefore, extends their decomposition from divergence-free fields to fields of arbitrary divergence. For the representation of known and unknown fields, each of the five subspaces is characterised by both a projection and a scalar representation. Use of Fourier components and wave coordinates reduces poloidal fields to the sum of two-dimensional poloidal fields, and toroidal fields to the sum of unidirectional toroidal fields.
Numerical integration of the RLW equation using cubic splines
Authors: Irk Dursun , Dağ İdris , Doğan Abdülkadir 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA numerical solution of the RLW equation is presented using a cubic spline collocation method. Basic cubic spline relations are outlined and incorporated into the numerical solution procedure. Two test problems are studied to show the robustness of the proposed procedure.