bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domains of Structural Stability for Minimal-Cost Discrete Flows with Reference to the Hierarchical Central-Place Models
Authors: Sonis M 
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this paper is to construct the domains of structural stability for optimal discrete flows, to compare the discrete case with the case of the Beckmann model of continuous flows, and to find the structurally stable minimal-cost flows for the hierarchical central-place models. The mathematical basis for this construction is the sensitivity analysis of the linear programming problem instead of the generic theory of differential equations and the catastrophe theory in the continuous case. The domain of structural stability is the Cartesian product of the domain (cone) of the existence of flow with a preset topological structure and the domain (wedge) of optimality of the flow with the same structure. A detailed algorithm for the construction of these domains of structural stability is given. This algorithm leads to the vector generalization of method of potentials of Kantorovitch-Dantzig for the transportation problem and also gives a description of structural change for dynamic flows. As an application, the generalized (Christaller-Parr) hierarchical three-level central-place models are investigated, for which structurally stable optimal flows exist.
Exploring Decisions in Public Policymaking: Strategic Allocation, Individual Allocation, and Simulation
Authors: Clarke M , Prentice R 
Published: October 2006

The allocation of scarce resources in public policy planning is seen to operate at a number of different levels: the strategic allocation of resources between and within different types of broad service types and categories of need; the allocation of services to individuals most in need of them; and the allocation of resources over time in response to changing demand. In this paper we argue that although these processes are related different methods need to be employed at each stage. It is suggested that whereas programming models are suitable for strategic decisions a more detailed consideration of individual attributes is required for individual allocation. For forecasting the impact of present allocation policies and determining future levels of needs a microsimulation model is developed. The integration of the different methodologies outlined is sought, and the models developed in a way which allows policymakers to explore the consequences of their decisions. It is thus seen to allow planners to search the decision space in which they operate and pick the best set of policies considered.
Technological Progress, Capital Deepening, and Manufacturing Productivity Growth in the USA: A Regional Analysis
Authors: Casetti E 
Published: October 2006

According to the Verdoorn law productivity rises faster in expanding economic sectors. The validity of the Verdoorn law has been investigated primarily for industries. Does the law also hold with respect to areal aggregates? Specifically, in the USA, are productivity gains larger in regions in which jobs and population expand faster? In this paper a technique for separating productivity gains associated with capital deepening, economies of scale, and neutral technological progress is discussed and is then applied to investigate, in a US setting, the ‘spatial’ validity of the Verdoorn law.
The Use of the Life-Style Concept in Travel Demand Models
Authors: Salomon I , Ben-Akiva M 
Published: October 2006

The concept of life-style is becoming a major differentiating trait between population groups substituting for economic and social classes. This paper describes the utilization of the concept of life-style in the context of travel demand models. Life-style is defined as a pattern of behavior under constrained resources which conforms to the orientations an individual has toward three major ‘life decisions' he or she must make: (a) formation of a household (of any type), (b) participation in the labor force, and (c) orientation toward leisure. A population is classified into life-style groups based on similarity in a multivariate space. Socioeconomic and demographic variables define that space, and emphasis is put on variables which are indicative of emerging new life-styles (for example, the relative contribution of the female spouse to the household income). Cluster analysis is employed to identify the life-style groups. Models for the combinations of choice of mode and destination for shopping trips are estimated for the pooled sample and the life-style segments. Comparisons of these models with the performance of other market segmentation schemes and with the pooled model demonstrate that the life-style groups account for taste variations better than the other schemes.
The Postwar Restructuring of the British Housing and Labour Markets: A Critical Comment on Thorns
Authors: Hamnett C 
Published: October 2006

In a recent paper in this journal, Thorns sought to relate together changes in the labour and domestic property markets in Britain since World War II. He argued that it was important to analyse the operation of these markets and the extent to which they operate to reinforce social inequalities. In this paper, it is argued that, although the issues Thorns raises are important ones, his analysis and conclusions are marred by his treatment of regional differences and trends in the rate of house price inflation over time. By generalising from data over a single year, Thorns sought to show that there was a strong link between the gains received from the labour market and those from the domestic property market. Although there is no evidence at the regional level to support Thorns's assertions regarding the growth of interregional differentials in average house prices over time (if anything the evidence shows the reverse), it is suggested that the regional scale may not be the most appropriate scale of analysis, and some evidence is presented which indicates the possibility of growing inner-city/suburban differentials. Finally, it is argued that the concentration on owner occupiers may well obscure the equally, if not more important, changes which are occurring in the distribution of owner occupiers and council tenants. It is argued that there is a growing social and spatial polarisation between the two main tenures at the intraurban level; some evidence from London is presented to support this.
The Revolution in International Capital Markets: Urban Growth and Australian Cities
Authors: Daly M T 
Published: October 2006

Australia has suffered in line with other nations from the recession of the 1970s. Behind the downturn lay a major structural change in the economies of Western Nations; a change which resulted from the movement from a system of monopoly capitalism to one of global capitalism. Much attention has been paid to the rise of multinational manufacturing corporations in this process; relatively little to the fundamental revision of the world's capital markets. The process of change began with the shortcomings of the Bretton Woods system and the rise of the Eurocurrencies. A vast and undisciplined international capital market was created, the hallmarks of which were highly volatile exchange rates and a greatly expanded pool of capital which was very mobile. The power of individual governments to control the system was reduced, and the new system was organized through a group of key global cities which operated the market throughout the world on a twenty-four-hour basis. A fourfold hierarchy of centres evolved. In Australia there was an historic transition from the dominance of Melbourne to that of Sydney as a result of the changing world scene. The growth of the international markets has produced a revolution in the distribution of wealth and activities throughout the world. The problems resulting from this have called for a regulatory body to control the new system. The prospects for creating such a body are clouded by the scale of the problem and by the lack of understanding of its causes. The result is an indecisive and probably wrongly directed approach to the question of regional development.
Housing Policy and Conversions to Condominiums in the Netherlands
Authors: van Weesep J , Maas M W A 
Published: October 2006

The conversion of rental housing to condominiums has become a significant feature of the housing markets in major Dutch cities. The large number of conversions is in part a reaction to housing market regulations, by which specific categories of households are de facto excluded from the rental market. The conversion of the rental units and their subsequent sale to owner-occupiers diminished the availability of rental housing, which aroused the concern of housing authorities. Their evaluation of the conversion activity had direct implications for policy, but so far the enacted controls on conversion to condominiums have been ineffective, and occupancy regulations have been nullified by the courts. After discussing the origin of condominiums in the Netherlands, we sketch the context of the current housing policies. This precedes a description of the conversion activity in the cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam and of the futile attempts at regulation. We conclude with an evaluation of the conversion phenomenon.
An Adjacency Constraint in Agglomerative Hierarchical Classifications of Geographic Data
Authors: Margules C R , Faith D P , Belbin L 
Published: October 2006

A numerical method for classifying geographic data is presented which incorporates geographic location as an external constraint. The method was implemented by making minimal changes to an existing agglomerative hierarchical algorithm. This was seen as the simplest solution, both computationally and operationally. Given a matrix of similarities or distances calculated from the usual intrinsic variables, the classification proceeds normally with the constraint that only adjacent objects are allowed to form groups. The method has been implemented previously, but here the examination of it is extended to cover the effects of a range of different fusion strategies, and to consider changes in within-group heterogeneity as a result of imposing an adjacency constraint. Three other matters arising are discussed: the presence of regional as opposed to global outliers of a classification; the occurrence of reversals in similarity values; and a measure of the stress imposed on a classification with an adjacency constraint. The method is seen as suggesting a possible general solution to the problem of constraints in numerical classification. Some examples of other constraints and the appropriate fusion strategies are given.
Inside the Rust Belt: An Analysis of the Decline of the West Midlands Economy. 2: Corporate Strategies and Economic Change
Authors: Flynn N , Taylor A 
Published: October 2006

The economy of the West Midlands Region of England is dominated by a small number of large manufacturing companies. The analysis of the economy in this paper focuses on the corporate strategies of the twenty-six largest manufacturing companies in the region. It is shown that there has been a transformation of the companies from producers of low value-added commodity-type products in the 1960s, is also shown to more diversified companies competing in higher value-added sectors. It also shows that these major companies have shifted their orientation from the old Empire markets towards Europe and North America. The companies have reduced their production costs by rationalising their manufacturing processes, and in some cases by establishing manufacturing plants in other countries. However, the main motive for shifting production from the United Kingdom has been to produce closer to the final markets, rather than cost reduction. The main method which companies have used to become more diversified has been acquisitions. Companies have bought all or parts of companies which were already established in the sectors into which they wanted to move. Since such companies were rarely located within the region, the regional impact of these changes has been largely negative: the plants which were engaged in the declining sectors have been in the West Midlands, whereas the growth sectors have been located elsewhere, either in other regions of the United Kingdom or abroad. The conclusion is that the West Midlands manufacturing companies have responded to the changing world economic conditions and the recent recession in a positive way, but that their reactions have produced a permanent reduction in manufacturing employment in the region. Even a strong national recovery from recession will not produce a significant increase in local employment in these companies.
Towards a Spatial Deconcentration of Entrepreneurial Control? Some Empirical Evidence for the Austrian Regions, 1973–1981
Authors: Maier G , Tödtling F 
Published: October 2006

In previous decades, industrial production and its spatial structure were strongly shaped by Fordist principles; mass production, fragmentation and standardization of production processes, and the emergence of large firms led to a spatial dispersal of production and a concentration of headquarters and control. But in the 1970s and 1980s this model of the organization of production seems to be losing importance in industrial countries. Standardized mass production was increasingly competed for by newly industrializing countries, and flexible production technology lowered the importance of scale economies. These changing conditions forced firms to reorganize their production and decision structures. Both an increasing centralization of enterprises (based on the new automation and information technologies— ‘neo-Fordism’) and a decentralization of production (towards small-scale firms) seem possible. It is to be expected that these changes are related to changes in the spatial division of labor and in the organizational characteristics of plants. An empirical analysis of Austria revealed marked changes in the organizational status of plants and in the spatial pattern of control in the period from 1973 to 1981. Externally controlled employment decreased in those areas which had the highest shares in 1973, namely, the old industrial areas and the peripheral rural areas. Major employment increases of externally controlled plants on the other hand occured in areas with a low degree of external control in 1973, namely, the agglomerations and tourist areas. Concerning the spatial pattern of control, there was a clear tendency to decentralization due mainly to a decline in the importance of Vienna as a headquarters location.
Organisational Structure and Purchasing Linkage Patterns of Manufacturing Firms in Developing Countries: Small- and Medium-Scale Firms in Metropolitan Colombo, Sri Lanka
Authors: Dias S 
Published: October 2006

In this paper the pattern of purchasing linkages and their relationships with organisational structure of small- and medium-scale industries in Sri Lanka, particularly in the Colombo Metropolitan Area, are examined. The different structural features of this industrial sector, consisting of so-called registered and unregistered firms, reflect differences in size, ownership pattern, and their relationship with government organisations. These structural differences of firms influence their pattern and the degree of relationships with different types of suppliers. For the study a sample of 136 firms selected from textile, rubber, and metal industries is used. Principal components analysis is used to analyse the structure of firms and also to identify the significant characteristics of industries. The extent to which the organisational structure of firms is reflected in the purchasing linkage patterns is investigated by means of a correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The conclusion is made that in most industries, purchasing links are highly localised, and retail and wholesale suppliers are more important than the private manufacturers and government organisations. Patterns of purchasing links and the relationship with different types of suppliers vary with the internal structure of firms and the types of industries involved. The study also suggests strong relationships between organisational structure and links with retailers and wholesalers, weak relationships with private manufacturers and government organisations.
Long-Run Urban Growth with Agglomeration Economies
Authors: Miyao T 
Published: October 2006

It is widely recognized that agglomeration economies are a crucially important factor in explaining the existence and growth of urban areas, and therefore should be explicitly taken into consideration in long-run urban growth analysis. Once such economies are introduced, however, the urban economy tends to diverge from a steady state equilibrium and may ‘explode’ without limit. A possible way to solve this dilemma is shown. First, a simple urban growth model with production and factor migration functions in the presence of agglomeration economies is set up. It is proved that the urban economy with agglomeration economies tends to approach a kind of balanced growth path in the long run, although the growth rate itself is accelerating without limit. It is also shown that if the total demand for the output of the city is growing at an exogenously given rate, a sustainable steady growth equilibrium exists and is unique and globally stable. Then, land is introduced to show that the availability of the third factor of production will make it more likely to achieve a steady growth equilibrium in the presence of agglomeration economies. Last, the model is generalized to include many factors of production.
Stability of Supply Coefficients and Consistency of Supply-Driven and Demand-Driven Input—Output Models
Authors: Deman S 
Published: October 2006

The motivation behind this paper is to review the debate on inconsistencies in and growing concern over the validity of a supply-driven model as an alternative to the Leontief demand-driven model for interindustry analysis. Both the Leontief demand-driven and the Ghoshian alternative supply-constrained allocation specification are critically discussed. Various claims and counterclaims have been addressed in the literature available on this issue. A general condition is derived for consistency between the two approaches, and a theorem is stated in which greater confidence is provided in the use of the supply-driven model for interindustry analysis.
Optimal Reorganization of Greater Tokyo: An Industrial Complex of Agglomeration and Scale Economies. 2
Authors: Higano Y , Kohno H 
Published: October 2006

In the first part of this two-part series of papers we presented an analytical method for evaluating the optimal reorganization of Greater Tokyo. The method relied on a nonlinear dynamic programming model, which incorporated an essential theoretical framework concerning the insights both of decentrists and of large-city theorists. The model was reviewed by focusing on aspects such as complex intraurban commodity flows, the compound urban renewal, and a nonlinear dynamic accelerating system of scale and agglomeration economies. An iterative solution algorithm was presented for the nonlinear formulation. In the second part a pilot model of three zones and three periods is specified to testify to the adaptability of SEPMOGT (Socio-Economic Planning Model of Greater Tokyo), especially focusing on the effectiveness of the iterative solution algorithm. Some simulation results are summarized on: (a) convergence of the iterative linear programming solution in terms of the output — capital ratio and objective function value; (b) agglomeration and reorganization of industries; (c) housing-stock formation and compound urban renewal; (d) commuting trip pattern; (e) car traffic and road transportation infrastructure; and (f) aggregate fundamental macroeconomic flow variables, taking account of the variance in the social discount rate and the types of the scale and agglomeration economies. Studies on systems of cities in the new urban economics are briefly surveyed and properties of our model will be reviewed in the light of development in the model of these systems of cities.
Physical and Environmental Determinants of Urban Deterioration and Rehabilitation: A Conceptual Framework and a Case Study
Authors: Yone H Law , Shechter M 
Published: October 2006

In this paper a comprehensive model of deterioration and rehabilitation processes which relate to physical and environmental factors of residential neighborhoods is proposed and is tested empirically against data of the city of Haifa. The basic hypothesis in the model is that deterioration and rehabilitation are trends in urban processes, expressed through decline and increase in maintenance levels. Urban processes are presented as a set of functional relationships, with a focus on three behavioral decision-variables that represent cumulative actions of households—turnover, modifications, and maintenance. A distinction is suggested between ‘natural’ and ‘forced’ activities on the basis of which deterioration and rehabilitation processes are classified. The most important findings concern the decisive influence that was found to originate from primarily physical factors on deterioration and rehabilitation.
Why Not in My Backyard? A Radical Interpretation of Public Opposition to the Deep Disposal of Radioactive Waste in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kemp R 
Published: October 2006

Public opposition to the disposal of radioactive waste in the United Kingdom has often been characterised as being largely of the “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) variety. In this paper, the history of policy for the management of radioactive waste in the United Kingdom is reviewed, highlighting the numerous shifts in policy and the combination of political and technical factors at work. It is argued that much of the public distrust of plans for radioactive waste and the public perception of the risks of the disposal of radioactive waste is heavily influenced by that history. Reviewed in particular in this paper is the recent public discussion programme on the deep disposal of radioactive wastes. With use of the writings of C Wright Mills, it is argued that public responses to that programme of discussion reflect certain ‘vocabularies of motive’ which are constrained by the broad framework of policy for the management of radioactive waste in the United Kingdom. Rather than being simply NIMBY responses, many of the public views expressed reflect a hierarchy of concerns about environmental risks: local economic impact, health and the environment, and distrust of the nuclear industry. It is argued that the NIMBY concept may be applied too readily, a convenient attribution of motive which disguises a more fundamental range of technical, environmental, and socioeconomic concerns. The NIMBY concept should therefore be rejected as distorting and unhelpful.