bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lip Posture Following Debonding of Labial Appliances Based on Conventional Profile Photographs
Authors: Abed Yossi , Har-Zion Gilad , Redlich Meir 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To assess changes in lip posture following debonding of labial appliances on the basis of a new soft tissue analysis performed by computerized tools with the use of conventional nonstandardized profile photographic pictures.
Materials and Methods: Profile photographs of 33 patients were taken just before and just after debonding of labial brackets. Pictures were examined twice through custom-made analysis in which Viewbox software was used. The validity of this new analysis was assessed in a preliminary study. A reference line was constructed between the center of the tragus and the outer canthus. The point where this elongated line intersected with the profile was coined nasion-modified and served as the vertex point for angles used to evaluate the prominence of the lips. The final position of the lines was determined when they were tangent to the appropriate landmarks. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests for paired differences were used.
Results: The reproducibility of this photoanalysis was confirmed in the preliminary study, in that no significant differences were found between measurements (P &lt; .05). No statistically significant differences were noted in lip posture between pre-debonding and post-debonding pictures (P &lt; .05).
Conclusions: In keeping with the design of this study, soft tissue profile photoanalysis showed that the presence of bonded labial appliances had no effect on lip posture. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )
Surgical Accuracy of Maxillary Repositioning According to Type of Surgical Movement in Two-Jaw Surgery
Authors: Choi Jin-Young , Choi Jae-Pyong , Baek Seung-Hak 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To compare the surgical accuracy of the maxillary repositioning according to the maxillary surgical movement type (SMT) in two-jaw orthognathic surgery (TJOS).
Materials and Methods: The samples consisted of 52 Korean young adult patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion treated with TJOS by one surgeon. Lateral cephalograms were taken 1 month before (T0) and 1 day after surgery (T1). The samples were allocated into maxillary advancement (MA), total setback (MS), impaction (MI), and elongation (ME) according to SMT. The distance from the upper incisor tip and the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the upper first molar to the horizontal and vertical reference lines at T0 and T1 were measured. Any discrepancy between the surgical treatment objective (STO) and the surgical result less than 1 mm was regarded as accurate. The accuracy rate (AR [number of the accurate sample/number of the sample] ×1000) and the surgical achievement ratio (SAR [amount of movement in surgical result/amount of movement in STO] ×100) were calculated. Analysis variance (ANOVA) and crosstab analyses were used for statistical analysis.
Results: Although the MS (69.2%) and MI (69.0%) showed a lower AR than the MA (87.5%) and ME (83.3%), there was no significant difference in the distribution of accurate and inaccurate samples among the groups. The mean discrepancy between the STO and the surgical result was less than 1 mm in all groups. Although the ME (93.54%) showed a tendency of undercorrection and the MS (107.10%) and MI (105.42%) a tendency of overcorrection, there was no significant difference in SAR among the groups.
Conclusions: If the surgical plan and procedure is done with caution, the MS and MI can be regarded as just as accurate a procedure as the MA and ME.
Posterior Crossbite and Functional Changes
Authors: Andrade Anniceleda Silva , Gameiro Gustavo Hauber , DeRossi Moara , Gavião Maria Beatriz Duarte 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To assess, by systematically reviewing the literature, the functional changes of the masticatory muscles associated with posterior crossbite in the primary and mixed dentition.
Materials and Methods: A literature survey from the Medline database covering the period from January 1965 to February 2008 was performed. Randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and clinical trials that evaluated bite force, surface electromyography, and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) were included. Two reviewers extracted the data independently and assessed the quality of the studies.
Results: The search strategy resulted in 494 articles, of which 8 met the inclusion criteria. Children with posterior crossbite can have reduced bite force and asymmetrical muscle function during chewing or clenching, in which the anterior temporalis is more active and the masseter less active on the crossbite side than the noncrossbite side. Moreover, there is a significant association between posterior crossbite and TMD symptomatology.
Conclusion: The consequences of the functional changes for the growth and development of the stomatognathic system deserves further investigation.
Osteoprotegerin and Ligand of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor
Authors: Tan Lijun , Ren Yijin , Wang Jun , Jiang Lingyong , Cheng Hui , Sandham Andrew , Zhao Zhihe 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypothesis that increased tooth displacement in ovariectomized rats is not related to differential expressions of OPG and RANKL in the periodontium.
Materials and Methods: Eighty-four 12-week female rats were used; half were ovariectomized and half were not. Three months later, the maxillary first molar was moved mesially. Groups of rats were sacrificed at days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 after activation. Tooth movement was measured at each time point. OPG and RANKL expressions were examined through immunohistochemistry.
Results: Ovariectomized and nonovariectomized rats showed three-phase tooth movement. In both groups, OPG expression increased at the tension area and RANKL increased at the pressure area. The OPG/RANKL ratio coincided with tooth movement, especially in the linear phase from 7 to 14 days.
Conclusions: The null hypothesis is rejected. The increased rate of tooth movement in ovariectomized rats was related to differential expressions of OPG and RANKL.
Effects of Different Chlorhexidine Formulations on Shear Bond Strengths of Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Çatalbas Bülent , Ercan Ertuğrul , Erdemir Ali , Gelgor Ibrahim Erhan , Zorba Yahya Orçun 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that the application of different chlorhexidine formulations to the etched enamel will not affect shear bond strength (SBS).
Materials and Methods: Forty-four freshly extracted human premolars were collected and stored in distilled water. The teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric and were rinsed and dried. The teeth then were divided into four equal groups. While Group 1 served as a control, Groups 2 to 4 were treated before bonding with a chlorhexidine formulation that included solution (2%), gel (1%), and mouthwash (0.2%). Orthodontic brackets were bonded with Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif). Bond strength results were evaluated with the use of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P &lt; .05) and post hoc tests. Modes of failures were verified by means of scanning electron microscopy.
Results: Although no statistically significant difference was observed between Groups 1 and 4 (P &gt; .05), both were statistically superior to Groups 2 and 3 (P &lt; .05). In this in vitro study, the observed measures for Groups 2 and 3 (14.5–10.6 MPa) were lower than those for Groups 1 and 4 (27.3–24.9 MPa), but these values were much higher than those required for clinical use (6–8 MPa).
Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. The application of chlorhexidine mouth rinse before bonding had no significant effect on the SBS value, and the application of chlorhexidine solution and gel significantly decreased SBS.
Holographic Analysis of the Initial Canine Displacement Produced by Four Different Retraction Springs
Authors: Kumar Y. Mahesh , Ravindran N. S. , Balasubramaniam M. R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objectives: To estimate and compare the magnitude and direction of initial displacement of the canine produced by four different canine retraction springs.
Materials and Methods: A freshly macerated mandible was used as an experimental model. First premolars were extracted, and strap-up was done with a 0.018 inch Roth Preadjusted Edgewise System (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif). The canine was subjected to loads of 4 oz, 5 oz, and 6 oz, each applied by four different canine retraction springs, that is, closed coil spring, open coil spring, PG spring, and T-loop retraction spring. The magnitude and direction of the initial displacement of the canine were studied by means of double-exposure interferometry.
Results: The PG spring produced the highest initial displacement for a given force among the force systems used, followed by open coil, closed coil, and T-loop. Maximum tipping was observed with the open coil spring, followed by the PG spring, the closed coil spring, and the T-spring.
Conclusion: The T-loop may be preferred whenever minimal tipping is performed. The PG spring may be preferred over other springs whenever a higher magnitude of displacement is desired. Closed coil springs may be preferred whenever a reasonable magnitude of displacement is required and reasonable tipping is allowed.
Class II Correction with the Cantilever Bite Jumper
Authors: Moro Alexandre , Janson Guilherme , de Freitas Marcos Roberto , Henriques JoséFernando Castanha , Petrelli Nicolau Eros , Lauris José Pereira 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To identify the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue changes that occur during Class II correction with the Cantilever Bite Jumper (CBJ).
Materials and Methods: This prospective cephalometric study was conducted on 26 subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion treated with the CBJ appliance. A comparison was made with 26 untreated subjects with Class II malocclusion. Lateral head films from before and after CBJ therapy were analyzed through conventional cephalometric and Johnston analyses.
Results: Class II correction was accomplished by means of 2.9 mm apical base change, 1.5 mm distal movement of the maxillary molars, and 1.1 mm mesial movement of the mandibular molars. The CBJ exhibited good control of the vertical dimension. The main side effect of the CBJ is that the vertical force vectors of the telescope act as lever arms and can produce mesial tipping of the mandibular molars.
Conclusions: The Cantilever Bite Jumper corrects Class II malocclusions with similar percentages of skeletal and dentoalveolar effects. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )
Stability of Mini-Screws Invading the Dental Roots and Their Impact on the Paradental Tissues in Beagles
Authors: Kang Yoon-Goo , Kim Ji-Young , Lee Young-Jun , Chung Kyu-Rhim , Park Young-Guk 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To examine the stability of mini-screws that invade a dental root by measuring the retention period/failure rate, and to illustrate their effects on paradental tissues.
Materials and Methods: Three adult male beagle dogs received 48 orthodontic mini-screws. Half of the mini-screws were implanted to invade the roots, and the rest were placed in the middle of the alveolar bone. Half of the mini-screws were loaded immediately. The retention period of the mini-screws was documented. The dogs were euthanized after 8 weeks, and tissue samples were examined histologically.
Results: The failure rate of the mini-screws that invaded the roots was 79.2%, and that of the mini-screws in the middle of the alveolar bone was 8.3%. The application of force had little effect on the failed mini-screws. Moderately injured roots were repaired with osteoid and/or cementoid tissues with normal periodontal ligaments, followed by recovery of the original configuration.
Conclusion: Orthodontic mini-screws had a higher failure rate when placed to invade the dental roots. However, minimally damaged dental roots do not adversely affect the healing process. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )
“The Puritans of Today”: The Anti-Whig Argument of The Scarlet Letter
Authors: Ryan Michael 
Published: September 2008

Abstract: This essay explores the polemical context in which Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter. It pays particular attention to the Whig movement for moral reform in antebellum America, which sought to merge church and state. Democrats like Hawthorne took exception to this attempt to establish “moral government” in America. His novel argues for an ideal of personal freedom in moral matters and criticizes the Whig attempt to impose restrictive moral norms on human, especially sexual, proclivities that Democrats such as Hawthorne felt were embodiments of spirituality in nature. The novel refers obliquely to contemporary religious debates that have been ignored by scholars, such as that concerning Horace Bushnell's God in Christ, a book whose presence in Hawthorne's novel is palpable. Bushnell was put on trial for heresy in 1849, as Hawthorne was composing his novel. In the novel, Hawthorne enters those debates and takes the side of natural religion against the Whig ideal of moral government.
Enter the Schlemiel: The Emergence of Inadequate or Incompetent Masculinities in Recent Film and Television
Authors: Buchbinder David 
Published: September 2008

Abstract: Though a good deal has been written on the schlemiel, in literature as well as in film and television, its focus has been chiefly on the construction and/or critique of male Jewishness or, indeed, of Jewish masculinity. The figure of the schlemiel, however, may also be seen rather as representing the more general incompetent or inadequate masculinity that has become increasingly central to much film and television comedy — for example, much of the oeuvre of Ben Stiller, Napoleon Dynamite and American Pie, among the films, and, in television comedy, Everybody Loves Raymond and Kath and Kim. Linking Judith Butler's theory of gender as performative to the idea of “passing” to explore how traditionally masculine behaviours/performances may in fact be understood as ways for men to pass in a particular gender order, especially at a time when there is widespread cultural anxiety around a “crisis in masculinity,” this paper explores the ways incompetent or inadequate performances of masculinity are recuperated into the hegemonic (patriarchal) gender order and simultaneously subvert and weaken that order.
Support Vector Machine Quantile Regression for Detecting Differentially Expressed Genes in Microarray Analysis
Authors: Kim S. , Hwang C. , Lee J. W. , Shim J. , Sohn I. 
Published: September 2008

Summary

Objectives:
One of the main objectives of microarray analysis is to identify genes differentially expressed under two distinct experimental conditions. This task is complicated by the noisiness of data and the large number of genes that are examined. Fold change (FC) based gene selection often misleads because error variability for each gene is heterogeneous in different intensity ranges. Several statistical methods have been suggested, but some of them result in high false positive rates because they make very strong parametric assumptions.

Methods:
We present support vector quantile regression (SVMQR) using iterative reweighted least squares (IRWLS) procedure based on the Newton method instead of usual quadratic programming algorithms. This procedure makes it possible to derive the generalized approximate cross validation (GACV) method for choosing the parameters which affect the performance of SVMAR. We propose SVMQR based on a novel method for identifying differentially expressed genes with a small number of replicated microarrays.

Results:
We applied SVMQR to both three biological dataset and simulated dataset and showed that it performed more reliably and consistently than FC-based gene selection, Newton’s method based on the posterior odds of change, or the nonparametric t-test variant implemented in significance analysis of microarrays (SAM).

Conclusions:
The SVMQR method was an exploratory method for cDNA microarray experiments to identify genes with different expression levels between two types of samples (e.g., tumor versus normal tissue). The SVMQR method performed well in the situation where error variability for each gene was heterogeneous in intensity ranges.
Formally Defining Medical Processes
Authors: Chen B. , Avrunin G. S. , Clarke L. A. , Osterweil L. J. , Brown D. , Cassells L. , Mertens W. , Christov S. 
Published: September 2008

Summary

Objectives:
To demonstrate a technology-based approach to continuously improving the safety of medical processes.

Methods:
The paper describes the Little-JIL process definition language, originally developed to support software engineering, and shows how it can be used to model medical processes. The paper describes a Little- JIL model of a chemotherapy process and demonstrates how this model, and some process analysis technologies that are also briefly described, can be used to identify process defects that pose safety risks.

Results:
Rigorously modeling medical processes with Little-JIL and applying automated analysis techniques to those models helped identify process defects and vulnerabilities and led to improved processes that were reanalyzed to show that the original defects were no longer present.

Conclusions:
Creating detailed and precisely defined models of medical processes that are then used as the basis for rigorous analyses can lead to improvements in the safety of these processes.
The wildcard: A simple technique for improving children's target‐absent lineup performance
Authors: Zajac Rachel , Karageorge Aspasia 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe attempted to increase children's willingness to reject target‐absent lineups by making identification and rejection response procedures highly comparable. Eight‐ to eleven‐year‐old children (N = 159) were briefly exposed to a confederate in the context of a staged event, and 24–48 hours later completed either a target‐present or target‐absent photographic lineup task. Within each lineup condition, children were either told to tell the experimenter if the target was not present (control condition), or provided with an additional photograph of a silhouetted figure with a large question mark superimposed (wildcard condition), and asked to point to this photograph if the target was not present. The wildcard increased children's accuracy on the target‐absent lineup without affecting their target‐present performance. In fact, performance was increased to a point at which target‐absent and target‐present accuracy did not differ significantly. These findings offer a promising, easily‐implemented intervention for reducing children's eyewitness identification errors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking the R‐to‐K shift: Changes in memory awareness across repeated tests
Authors: Dewhurst Stephen A. , Conway Martin A. , Brandt Karen R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractParticipants studied lists of rare words and their definitions (e.g. the fleshy area at the base of the thumb = thenar). They were then given recognition tests in which they were shown the definitions and asked to identify the target from a choice of four. Participants categorised each decision as a remember, know, familiar or guess response and rated their confidence on a seven‐point scale. Recognition tests were administered 5 minutes, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 6 months after study. Remember responses dominated recognition on the first test but decreased on subsequent tests, whereas know response increased across successive tests. Familiar and guess responses peaked on the second test and then declined. Remember and know responses were associated with higher levels of accuracy and confidence than familiar and guess responses. The findings are consistent with the remember‐to‐know (R‐to‐K) shift and show the trajectory of changes in memory awareness across repeated tests. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ligand‐Controlled Cross‐Dimerization and ‐Trimerization of Alkynes under Nickel Catalysis
Authors: Matsuyama Naoto , Tsurugi Hayato , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe cross‐dimerization of diphenylacetylene with trimethylsilylacetylene via CH bond cleavage in the presence of a catalytic amount of bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel [Ni(cod)2] together with a pyridine‐based ligand efficiently proceeds to give the corresponding enyne compound with good yield. In contrast, their 1:2 cross‐trimerization leading to a dienyne derivative takes place selectively using a triarylphosphine ligand. The regioselective cross‐dimerization of some unsymmetrical internal arylalkynes with terminal silylacetylenes is also accomplished using the pyridine ligand.
Branchiootorenal syndrome and oculoauriculovertebral spectrum features associated with duplication ofSIX1,SIX6, andOTX2resulting from a complex chromosomal rearrangement
Authors: Ou Zhishuo , Martin Donna M. , Bedoyan Jirair K. , Cooper M. Lance , Chinault A. Craig , Stankiewicz Pawel , Cheung Sau W. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe report on a 26‐month‐old boy with developmental delay and multiple congenital anomalies, including many features suggestive of either branchiootorenal syndrome (BOR) or oculoauriculovertebral spectrum (OAVS). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) initially revealed a copy‐number gain with a single BAC clone (RP11‐79M1) mapping to 14q23.1. FISH analysis showed that the third copy of this genomic region was inserted into the long arm of one chromosome 13. The same pattern was also seen in the chromosomes of the father, who has mental retardation, short stature, hypernasal speech, and minor craniofacial anomalies, including tall forehead, and crowded dentition. Subsequent whole genome oligonucleotide microarray analysis revealed an ∼11.79 Mb duplication of chromosome 14q22.3–q23.3 and a loss of an ∼4.38 Mb sequence in 13q21.31–q21.32 in both the propositus and his father and FISH supported the apparent association of the two events. Chromosome 14q22.3–q23.3 contains 51 genes, includingSIX1,SIX6, andOTX2. A locus for branchiootic syndrome (BOS) has been mapped to 14q21.3–q24.3, and designated as branchiootic syndrome 3 (BOS3). Interestingly, mutations inSIX1have been reported in patients with BOR/BOS3. We propose that the increased dosage ofSIX1,SIX6, orOTX2may be responsible for the BOR and OAVS‐like features in this family. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel synthesis of macrocyclic disulfides from poly(phenylene sulfide) by depolymerization reaction
Authors: Wang S. J. , Bian S. G. , Yan H. , Xiao M. , Meng Y. Z. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA new effective method is presented for the easier preparation of macrocyclics from poly(phenyl sulfide)by two steps: (1) depolymerization reaction of poly(phenyl sulfide) with Na2S in the presence of weak base, and (2) oxidation reaction of depolymerization products. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and properties of epoxy/phenol formaldehyde novolac/hexakis(methoxymethyl)melamine hybrid resins from in situ polymerization
Authors: Zhang Xinghong , Zhou Boxuan , Sun Xueke , Qi Guorong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBased on the self‐condensation of hexakis(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM), the condensation between HMMM and phenol formaldehyde novolac resin (n‐PF), and the addition reaction of diglycidyl ether of biphenyl A (DGEBA) and n‐PF, a homogeneous, transparent hybrid thermoset was prepared via in situ polymerization of DGEBA, n‐PF, and HMMM. No phase separations were observed even for the DGEBA/n‐PF/HMMM hybrid thermoset containing 40 wt % HMMM. These hybrid thermosets had high glass‐transition temperatures (98–127°C from differential scanning calorimetry and 111–138°C from dynamic mechanical analysis), excellent thermal stability with high 5 wt % decomposition temperatures (>322°C), high char yields (>24 wt %), and improved flame retardancy with high limited oxygen indices (>28.5). The excellent overall properties of these hybrid resins may lead to their applications in high‐performance “green” electronic products. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008