bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammation, Genetic Polymorphisms in Proinflammatory Genes TNF-A, RANTES, and CCR5, and Risk of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Duell Eric J. , Casella Daniel P. , Burk Robert D. , Kelsey Karl T. , Holly Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in men and women in the U.S. Cytokines and other proinflammatory mediators have been implicated in inflammatory pancreatic diseases including pancreatitis and cancer. We analyzed cytokine gene polymorphisms as risk factors for pancreatic cancer using questionnaire data obtained by in-person interviews and germ line DNA collected in a population-based case-control study of pancreatic cancer (532 cases and 1,701 controls) conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area. We used mass spectrometry and gel-based methods to genotype 308 cases and 964 population-based controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression analysis and included adjustment for age, sex, and smoking. We assessed potential interactions between these polymorphisms, proinflammatory conditions (e.g., pancreatitis, ulcer, and obesity), and smoking as risk factors for pancreatic cancer. There was no overall association between pancreatic cancer risk and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-A −308G/A), regulated upon activation, normally T cell–expressed, and presumably secreted (RANTES −403G/A), and CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5-Δ32) polymorphisms. There was a nearly 7-fold increased relative risk estimate for pancreatic cancer in individuals with a history of pancreatitis (adjusted OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 3.4-14.1). Among patients with pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis was significantly associated with TNF-A −308 GA + AA (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.4) and with RANTES −403 GA + AA (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0-5.4). There was evidence for a possible interaction between current active smoking and CCR5-32del. Our results lend support for the hypothesis that proinflammatory gene polymorphisms, in combination with proinflammatory conditions, may influence the development of pancreatic cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomakers Prev 2006;15(4):726–31)
A Longitudinal Investigation of Mammographic Density: The Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Maskarinec Gertraud , Pagano Ian , Lurie Galina , Kolonel Laurence N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMammographic densities are hypothesized to reflect the cumulative exposure to risk factors that influence breast cancer incidence. This report analyzed percent densities over time and explored predictors of density change in relation to age. The study population consisted of 607 breast cancer cases and 667 frequency matched controls with 1,956 and 1,619 mammographic readings, respectively. Mammograms done over &gt;20 years and before a diagnosis of breast cancer were assessed for densities using a computer-assisted method. Using multilevel modeling to allow for repeated measurements, we estimated the effect of ethnicity, case status, reproductive characteristics, hormonal therapy, body mass index, and soy intake on initial status and longitudinal change. After integrating the area under the percent density curve, cumulative percent density was compared with age-specific breast cancer rates in Hawaii. Percent densities decreased ∼5.6% per 10 years but a nonlinear effect indicated a faster decline earlier in life. Cumulative percent densities and age-specific breast cancer rates increased at very similar rates; both standardized regression coefficients were &gt;0.9. Japanese ancestry, overweight, estrogen/progestin treatment, and, to a lesser degree, estrogen-only therapy predicted a slower decline in densities with age. Case status and adult soy intake were related to higher densities whereas overweight and having any child were associated with lower densities at initial status. Risk factors that influence the decline in mammographic densities over time may be important for breast cancer prevention because cumulative percent densities may reflect the age-related increase in breast cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(4):732–9)
Prospective Study of Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Oral Premalignant Lesions in Men
Authors: Maserejian Nancy Nairi , Joshipura Kaumudi J. , Rosner Bernard A. , Giovannucci Edward , Zavras Athanasios I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent case-control studies indicate that alcohol increases the risk of oral premalignant lesions (OPL) among tobacco users, but the independent association between alcohol and OPL remains unclear. We prospectively evaluated the association between alcohol consumption and the incidence of OPL. Participants were 41,458 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Alcohol consumption was assessed every 4 years using validated food frequency questionnaires. We confirmed clinically or histopathologically diagnosed OPL events occurring between 1986 and 2002 by medical record review (193 cases). Multivariate-adjusted relative risks of OPL were calculated from Cox proportional hazards models. With detailed control for tobacco and other variables, multivariate relative risks (95% confidence intervals) were 1.7 (0.9-3.2) for drinkers of 0.1 to 14.9 g/d, 2.9 (1.5-5.6) for 15 to 29.9 g/d, and 2.5 (1.3-5.1) for ≥30 g/d, compared with nondrinkers. Approximately one additional drink per day (12.5 g) was associated with a 22% increase in risk (P &lt; 0.001). The associations did not vary by beverage type, frequency, or consumption with meals. Results were similar when restricted to cases of oral epithelial dysplasia. Alcohol increased OPL risk in never-users of tobacco as well as in past or current users. An interaction between alcohol and tobacco was apparent by their more-than-additive joint effects. Alcohol is an independent risk factor for OPL, regardless of beverage type or drinking pattern. Recommendations to reduce alcohol intake have the potential to reduce incidence of OPL in nonsmokers and smokers alike. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(4):774–81)
Is the Association between Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer Modified by Genotype? A Review of Epidemiologic Studies and Meta-analysis
Authors: Terry Paul D. , Goodman Michael 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEpidemiologic studies have examined the association between cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk according to genotype with increasing frequency, commensurate with the growing awareness of the roles genes play in detoxifying or activating chemicals found in cigarette smoke and in preventing or repairing the damage caused by those compounds. To date, ∼50 epidemiologic studies have examined the association between smoking and breast cancer risk according to variation in genes related to carcinogen metabolism, modulation of oxidative damage, and DNA repair. Some of the findings presented here suggest possible effect modification by genotype. In particular, 14 epidemiologic studies have tended to show positive associations with long-term smoking among NAT2 slow acetylators, especially among postmenopausal women. Summary analyses produced overall meta–relative risk (RR) estimates for smoking of 1.2 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.0-1.5] for rapid acetylators and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.2-1.8) for slow acetylators. After stratification by menopausal status, the meta-RR for postmenopausal slow acetylators was 2.4 (95% CI, 1.7-3.3), whereas similar analyses for the other categories showed no association. In addition, summary analyses produced meta-RRs for smoking of 1.1 (95% CI, 0.8-1.4) when GSTM1 was present and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.1-2.1) when the gene was deleted. Overall, however, interpretation of the available literature is complicated by methodologic limitations, including small sample sizes, varying definitions of smoking, and difficulties involving single nucleotide polymorphism selection, which likely have contributed to the inconsistent findings. These methodologic issues should be addressed in future studies to help clarify the association between smoking and breast cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(4):602–11)
Increased Risk for Cervical Disease Progression of French Women Infected with the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6-350G Variant
Authors: Grodzki Martha , Besson Guillaume , Clavel Christine , Arslan Annie , Franceschi Silvia , Birembaut Philippe , Tommasino Massimo , Zehbe Ingeborg 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
To test the significance of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and HPV16 E6 variants as risk factors for viral persistence and progression to high-grade lesion, we did a nested case-control study within a cohort study of &gt;15,000 Caucasian French women. Three groups infected with high-risk HPV were compared: (a) women with cleared infection (controls, n = 201), (b) women with persistent infection (cases, n = 87), and (c) women who progressed into high-grade lesion (cases, n = 58). Women with persistent HPV infection and those that progressed into high-grade lesions were likelier to harbor HPV16 than other high-risk HPV types [odds ratio (OR), 2.4; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.3-4.3 and OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.2-8.1, respectively]. Notably, especially elevated ORs of persistence (3.0; 95% CI, 1.4-6.7) and progression (6.2; 95% CI, 2.7-14.3) were found among women who harbored the HPV16 350G variant. Thus, HPV type and HPV16 variant seem to be risk factors for viral persistence and progression of infections into high-grade cervical lesions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006:15(4);820–2
Quantitative Comparison of Aflatoxin B1 Serum Albumin Adducts in Humans by Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry and ELISA
Authors: Scholl Peter F. , Turner Paul C. , Sutcliffe Anne E. , Sylla Abdoulaye , Diallo Momadou S. , Friesen Marlin D. , Groopman John D. , Wild Christopher P. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Metabolic activation of the hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) results in the covalent attachment of AFB1 to serum albumin. Digestion of adducted albumin releases AFB1-lysine, a biomarker of exposure status. AF-albumin adducts have been most frequently measured in precipitated serum albumin using an immunoassay (ELISA); however, a sensitive and specific isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) assay for measurement of AFB1-lysine in serum has recently been developed. The ELISA and IDMS methods were compared using 20 human sera collected in Guinea, West Africa, where AF exposure is endemic. Measurement of AFB1-lysine adduct concentrations by IDMS in serum and albumin precipitated from the same sample revealed that precipitation has no effect on the measured adduct levels. The concentration of AF-albumin adducts measured by ELISA and AFB1-lysine measured by IDMS in 2 mg of albumin were well correlated (R = 0.88, P &lt; 0.0001); however, AF-albumin adduct concentrations measured by ELISA were on average 2.6-fold greater than those of the AFB1-lysine adduct. Although these data suggest that the ELISA is measuring other AF adducts in addition to AFB1-lysine, these biomarkers are comparable in their ability to assess AF exposure at AF-albumin concentrations ≥3 pg AFB1-lysine equivalents/mg albumin. Identification of other adducts may clarify the mechanistic basis for using AF-protein biomarkers to assess exposure status in future epidemiologic studies of liver cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(4):823–6)
Anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies are associated with pregnancy loss in women with the lupus anticoagulant
Authors: Sailer Thomas , Zoghlami Claudia , Kurz Christine , Rumpold Helmut , Quehenberger Peter , Panzer Simon , Pabinger Ingrid 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe presence of lupus anticoagulant (LA) predisposes to fetal loss and to venous and arterial thrombosis; however, a subgroup of women is unaffected by pregnancy loss. Currently, no predictive markers are available for the identification of women positive for LA at increased risk for pregnancy loss. It was the aim of our study to investigate whether increased anti-β2-GPI-antibodies predict pregnancy loss in women positive for LA. We performed a cross-sectional study in a cohort of 39 women with persistent LA, who had in total 111 pregnancies. Fifteen women had exclusively normal pregnancies (30 pregnancies) and 24 women had pregnancy losses (81 pregnancies). Anti-β2-GPI-antibodies were determined using a semiquantitative enzyme linked immunoassay (QUANTA Lite™ β2 GPI IgG and IgM; Inova Diagnostics). Increased levels of anti-β2-GPI antibodies were significantly associated with pregnancy loss [odds ratio (OR) 9.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6 – 56.4].This risk was even higher in the subgroup of women (n=16) with more than two miscarriages or fetal loss after the first trimester [OR 13.1, 95% CI 1.4 – 126.3]. There was no significant association between anticardiolipin antibodies and pregnancy loss [OR 3.5, 95% CI 0.7 – 17.6].The coexistence of anti-β2-GPI and anticardiolipin antibodies was also predictive for pregnancy loss [OR 6.1, 95%CI 1.3 – 29.7]. Interestingly, the prevalence of thrombosis was similar between women with normal pregnancy (87%) and those with pregnancy loss (75%). We conclude that increased levels of anti-β2-GPI antibodies are predictive for pregnancy loss among women positive for LA, and that prophylactic treatment should be considered in these women even without a history of previous pregnancy loss.
RAX, the PKR activator, sensitizes cells to inflammatory cytokines, serum withdrawal, chemotherapy, and viral infection
Authors: Bennett Richard L. , Blalock William L. , Abtahi Dean M. , Pan Yu , Moyer Sue A. , May W. Stratford 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWhile the interferon (IFN)–inducible double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)–dependent protein kinase PKR is reported to initiate apoptosis in some instances, the mechanism by which diverse stress stimuli activate PKR remains unknown. Now we report that RAX, the only known cellular activator for PKR, initiates PKR activation in response to a broad range of stresses including serum deprivation, cytotoxic cytokine or chemotherapy treatment, or viral infection. Thus, knock-down of RAX expression by 80% using small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevents IFNγ/tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–induced PKR activation and eIF2α phosphorylation, IκB degradation, IRF-1 expression, and STAT1 phosphorylation, resulting in enhanced murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell survival. In contrast, expression of exogenous RAX, but not of the nonphosphorylatable, dominant-negative RAX(S18A) mutant, sensitizes cells to IFNγ/TNFα, mitomycin C (MMC), or serum deprivation in association with increased PKR activity and apoptosis. Furthermore, RAX(S18A) expression in Fanconi anemia complementation group C–null MEF cells not only prevents PKR activation but also blocks hypersensitivity to IFNγ/TNFα or mitomycin C that results in enhanced apoptosis. In addition, reduced RAX expression facilitates productive viral infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and promotes anchorage-independent colony growth of MEF cells. Collectively, these data indicate that RAX may function as a negative regulator of growth that is required to activate PKR in response to a broad range of apoptosis-inducing stress.
Direct costs of three models for the screening of latent tuberculosis infection
Authors: Wrighton-Smith P. , Zellweger J-P. 
Published: April 2006

The aim of the present study was to compare the direct costs of three models for detection of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in routine clinical practice in Switzerland.Comparison of the overall costs of screening for LTBI, including medical and radiological examination, and preventive treatment associated with three screening models was carried out. Model 1 relies only on the tuberculin skin test (TST) according to the current national guidelines, model 2 relies on T-SPOT®.TB(Oxford Immunotec, Oxford, UK) only and model 3 relies on TST followed by confirmation of positive results by T-SPOT.TB. Costs were taken directly from the clinic's figures. Clinical assumptions were based on the 267 patients who were referred to the clinic over the study period.Model 3 was found to be the most cost-effective. Using only the skin test (model 1) was the least cost-effective. If only one test for LTBI is to be used, then model 2 (using T-SPOT.TBonly) is cheaper than using the TST (model 1).Screening for latent tuberculosis infection by tuberculin skin test followed by confirmation with T-SPOT.TBis less costly than screening with tuberculin skin test alone, as it allows a reduction in the number of people who receive preventive treatment. In groups with a high proportion of negative tuberculin skin tests, screening with T-SPOT.TBtest only may be the most cost-effective.
Assault‐injured Adolescents Presenting to the Emergency Department: Causes and Circumstances
Authors: Cheng Tina L. , Johnson Sara , Wright Joseph L. , Pearson‐Fields Amari Sokoya , Brenner Ruth , Schwarz Donald , O'Donnell Regina , Scheidt Peter C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Objectives:
To describe the causes and circumstances of conflict leading to assault injury among urban youth seeking care in the emergency department.
Methods:
The authors conducted in‐person and telephone interviews with a convenience sample of 143 youth aged 12–19 years presenting to two urban emergency departments with an interpersonal assault injury. Patients were interviewed about the nature and circumstances of their injury. Descriptive analysis was performed, including stratified analysis by gender, age (12–15 vs. 16–19 years), and weapon use.
Results:
Seventy percent of patients knew or knew of the person(s) who injured them; most were friends, classmates, or acquaintances. More than half of the injuries (56%) were related to a past disagreement. Among assaults related to a past disagreement, 33% of patients had previous arguments with their assailant, 16% had previous fights, and 14% had previous weapons threats. Twenty‐nine percent had been previously threatened, and 11% had previously threatened their assailant. Twenty‐eight percent of patients believed they helped to cause the injury by provoking a fight or letting down their guard. Nearly two thirds (64%) believed there were things they could change to prevent future injury, including staying away from dangerous situations and bad influences or controlling their tempers.
Conclusions:
Most assault injuries among adolescents involved past disagreements with people they knew. Many injured youth were mutually involved in conflict before their injury. Over time, many victims and perpetrators may be interchangeable. These data may help inform emergency department–based interventions to prevent assault injury.
Full-field pulsed magnetophotoelasticity – experimental implementation
Authors: Gibson S , Jewell G. W , Tomlinson R. A 
Published: April 2006

This paper contains a description of the experimental procedure employed when using a pulsed magnetopolariscope (PMP) and some initial full-field through-thickness measurements of the stress distribution present in samples containing three-dimensional stresses. The instrument uses the theory of magnetophotoelasticity (MPE), which is an experimental stress analysis technique that involves the application of a magnetic field to a birefringent model within a polariscope. MPE was developed for through-thickness stress measurement where the integrated through-thickness birefringent measurement disguises the actual stress distribution. The technique is used mainly in toughened glass, where the through-thickness distribution can reduce its overall strength and so its determination is important. To date, MPE has provided a single-point two-dimensional through-thickness measurement and the analysis time is prohibitive for the investigation of an area that may contain high localized stresses. The pulsed magnetopolariscope (PMP) has been designed to enable the application of full-field three-dimensional MPE, described in a companion paper. Using a proof-of-concept PMP, several experimental measurements were made; these were promising and demonstrate the potential of the new instrument. Further development of this technique presents several exciting possibilities, including a tool for the measurement of the distribution of the principal stress difference seen in a general three-dimensional model.
Hub shape effects on the inducers performance under cavitation
Authors: Mejri I , Bakir F , Kouidri S , Noguera R , Rey R 
Published: April 2006

In this work, experimental and three-dimensional numerical simulations are pursued with the intent of elucidating the differences that the hub shape has on three inducer performances and on other important engineering properties in cavitating and non-cavitating regimes. Two inducers have a cylindrical hub and the third one has a conical hub. They are noted as BH inducer (big hub), SH inducer (small hub), and CH inducer (conical hub). These machines were designed with the goal to reduce the amount of cavitation and vibration, on the one hand, and to improve the overall performance, on the other hand. Both sets of experimental and numerical data suggest that the cavitating and non-cavitating performances are affected by changes in the hub shape. The hub configuration and cavitation numbers considered give rise to various cavitation structures on the suction side of the blades, characterized — at some flow rates — by recirculating flow regions and backflow vortices. The results show the relative superiority of the CH inducer through the critical cavitation coefficient of 5 per cent, even if this inducer is very unstable for all flow rates. It was also found that the BH inducer is the most stable and that for a 15 per cent head drop, the three inducers have quite the same performances. The main experimental and numerical results presented here concern the overall performances, especially the hydrodynamic mechanism of head drop and the visualization of three-dimensional flow structures. We also present the vibratory behaviour versus the flow rate and the suction pressure. The computational three-dimensional flow in non-cavitating regimes enabled us to explain the unstable and cavitating operation for off-design conditions. The numerical computation in cavitating flows is carried out using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software CFX-TASCFlow2.12, which cavitation model was validated on our BH inducer.
10,10′-Dimethyl-9,9′-biacridine Acting as a Novel Organic Outer-Sphere Electron-Transfer Reagent
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Tokuda Yoshihiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Rates of Electron-transfer (ET) reactions from 10,10′-dimethyl-9,9′-biacridine [(AcrH)2] to various inorganic and organic one-electron oxidants depend solely on the one-electron reduction potentials of the oxidants irrespective of the size of the oxidants, indicating that (AcrH)2 acts as a novel outer-sphere organic ET reagent.
Reaction of Hex-1-enopyranose-3-uroses with Organometallic Reagents. Regio- and Stereoselective Introduction of Allylic Substituents on Pyranose Ring
Authors: Takiya Masashi , Ishii Mari , Shibata Koichi , Mikami Yuji , Mitsunobu Oyo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
4,6-O-Benzylidene-1,2-dideoxy-d-threo-hex-1-enopyranose-3-urose reacted with allylic organometallic reagents, CH2=CR–CH2–Metal [R = H or CH3; Metal = MgCl, AlEt2, or Ti(OPri)3], to selectively give 4,6-O-benzylidene-1,2-dideoxy-3-C-(2-propenyl- or 2-methyl-2-propenyl)-d-lyxo-hex-1-enopyranose. On the other hand, the erythro isomer gave 3-C-(2-propenyl- or 2-methyl-2-propenyl)-d-arabino-hex-1-enopyranose and the corresponding ribo isomer in a ratio ranging from 1 : 1 to 10 : 1
Synthesis of Chiral Bitetralin-strapped “Twin Coronet” Porphyrins. Catalytic and Asymmetric Epoxidation of Styrene Derivatives
Authors: Naruta Yoshinori , Ishihara Nobuo , Tani Fumito , Maruyama Kazuhiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
“Twin-coronet” porphyrins bearing optically active 1,1′-bitetrahydronaphthalene derivatives on the both faces of the porphyrin were prepared as enantioselective oxidation catalysts modeling on cytochrome P-450s. The eclipsed isomer of the corresponding iron(III) porphyrins catalyzed epoxidation of styrenes substituted with electron-withdrawing groups in high e.e. (61–89%) and high product selectivity.