bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pain‐related cerebral potentials in response to acute painful electrical stimulation in sheep
Authors: MORRIS JP , ONG RM , O'DWYER JK , BARNETT JL , HEMSWORTH PH , CLARKE IJ , JONGMAN EC 
Published: March 2008

Objective To examine associations between late event‐related cerebral potential amplitudes and behavioural responses to noxious electrical stimulation as an indicator of acute pain in sheep.Design Analysis of variance for the effects of stimulus intensity on the behaviour and event‐related cerebral potential variables.Procedure Ninety‐six brief constant current electrical pulse trains were presented to the front left leg of eight sheep at four intensities (2.5 to 10 mA) in a randomised order. An event‐related cerebral potential and a graded flinch response were recorded for each stimulus and the 24 event‐related cerebral potentials at each intensity were averaged to produce a mean waveform. Various components of this waveform were analysed and changes in these measures and the sheep's flinch response, as stimulus intensity increased, were determined.Results Both the flinch response and some event‐related cerebral potential components, that is, peak amplitudes 114 {N1}, 187 {P1}, 318 {P2} and 230 {Pm} ms after stimulus onset, were significantly affected as stimulus intensity increased.Conclusion These corresponding behavioural and event‐related cerebral potential changes indicate the usefulness of using changes in the event‐related cerebral potential to measure acute pain in sheep.
Personal and family backgrounds of first‐year veterinary science students at The University of Queensland
Authors: HEATH TJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To provide information on changes in the social and educational backgrounds of veterinary students over a 10 year period in an effort to determine the extent to which they are representative of the community.Methods Questionnaires were completed by first‐year veterinary students at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986 (152 students), and 1995 and 1996 (154), and the data were analysed using the SAS System for Windows.Results The gender ratio of first‐year veterinary students was 50:50 (male:female) in 1985 and 1986 but 10 years later it had changed to 38:62. In 1985 and 1986 77% had come directly from school, with 43% of the total coming from government schools, 17% from Catholic schools and 34% from other private (Independent) schools. A decade later the percentage coming directly from school had decreased to 40%, that from Independent schools increased to 45% and that from cities increased from 53% to 64%. The educational backgrounds of parents varied widely though a high percentage had university degrees; mothers had received less formal education than fathers, and the educational attainments of both parents were higher at the beginning than at the end of the study. More than half (57% initially; 67% 10 years later) the fathers were in professional or managerial occupations, and a similar number (50% initially; 48% 10 years later) of mothers were teachers, nurses or clerks. The number of males from country areas decreased from 26 to 16 over this period.Conclusion These veterinary students differed from the community generally in that progressively more were female, more were from Independent schools, their parents had more formal education and more of their parents were in professional, managerial or clerical occupations.
Cochlosoma infections in finches
Authors: FILIPPICH LJ , O'DONOGHUE PJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo survey finches in pet shops for Cochlosoma infection and evaluate the efficacy of antiprotozoal therapy with metronidazole or ronidazole. DesignA survey of pet shop finches and drug efficacy trials. ProcedureFinches in pet shops were randomly selected and their faeces examined microscopically for motile Cochlosoma sp trophozoites. Drug trials were carried out on 60 adult finches with naturally occurring infections. Body weight was measured and the faeces of each bird was examined for trophozoites at the beginning and 7 days after the end of treatment. In some birds, additional daily faecal examinations were done until three consecutive negative results were obtained. Metronidazole was administered at various dose rates by crop gavage or in drinking water to eight groups of five to ten finches each. Ronidazole was given in water for 7 days to ten finches. In addition, six finches whose faeces tested positive were necropsied and their tissues collected for histological examination. ResultsMotile flagellates in the faeces were identified as C anatis‐like protozoa. Red‐headed parrot‐finches, Bengalese and Lady Gould finches were found to be most commonly infected. Cochlosoma sp was also found in the blue‐faced parrot‐finch, zebra finch, painted finch, nutmeg mannikin and double‐barred finch. Metronidazole and ronidazole were found to be effective against Cochlosoma sp. Histological findings on infected adult finches were normal, except for the presence of numerous flagellates between the colorectal villi and cloacal mucosal folds. Conclusions
Cochlosoma anatis‐like organisms can infect several species of finches and in adult finches are confined to the colorectum and cloaca. Infection in adult finches was mostly subclinical and could be treated effectively with metronidazole or ronidazole.
A national serological survey to verify Australia's freedom from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
Authors: GARNER MG , GLEESON LJ , HOLYOAKE PK , CANNON RM , DOUGHTY WJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo provide serological data to support Australia's claim of freedom from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.DesignA national serological survey was designed to provide 99% confidence of detecting at least one infected pig herd in Australia, assuming that at least 5% of herds would have been exposed to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and that at least 25% of the ‘finisher’ pigs in these herds would have antibodies to the virus.ProcedureA two‐stage testing regime was used. All samples were tested with a commercially available enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. If assay reactions were found, all samples from the herd were to be tested using the indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay.ResultsOf the 875 samples from 163 herds from all States in Australia, there was some evidence of reactivity in only four samples from four herds on the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Further testing using the indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay according to the study protocol demonstrated that the reactions were not due to the presence of specific porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antibodies in the sera.ConclusionThe results of this study support the view that Australian pigs are free of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.
Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in fleece rot‐resistant and ‐susceptible sheep
Authors: McCOLL KA , GOGOLEWSKI RP , CHIN JC 
Published: March 2008

Objective To compare haematological values and lymphocyte phenotypes in the peripheral blood of fleece rot‐resistant and ‐susceptible sheep. Procedure Experiments were conducted on 2‐ and 3‐year‐old Merino rams, flock 1 (17 rams) and flock 2 (32 rams), respectively. Within each flock, individual rams were classified as fleece rot‐resistant or ‐susceptible, based on established criteria. Total and differential white cell counts, and indirect fluorescent antibody tests specific for B cells and T cells were performed on all sheep. The concentration of various subsets of circulating lymphocytes was then determined in each sheep. Results There were no significant differences between fleece rot‐resistant and ‐susceptible sheep from either flock in the mean total or differential white cell counts. However, fleece rot‐resistant rams in flock 1 did have a significantly higher concentration of circulating SBU‐T1+ cells than fleece rot‐susceptible rams from the same flock. No such difference was noted in the rams from flock 2. While all rams in flock 1 were free of clinical fleece rot, 24 rams in flock 2 (comprising all 17 fleece rot‐susceptible and 7 of 15 fleece rot‐resistant animals) had clinical signs of the disease. Fleece rot‐free rams in this flock (irrespective of their classification as fleece rot‐resistant or ‐susceptible) had significantly higher concentrations of circulating SBU‐T1+ cells compared with fleece rot‐affected animals. They also had significantly higher concentrations of circulating B cells, and total lymphocytes. Conclusions An examination of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in fleece rot‐resistant and ‐susceptible sheep revealed a possible association between resistance to fleece rot and the concentration of circulating SBU‐T1+ cells.
Pharmacokinetics of cephalexin in cats after oral administration of the antibiotic in tablet and paste preparations
Authors: THORNTON JR , MARTIN PJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the bioequivalence of a paste formulation of cephalexin with that of the tablet form. Design A two‐way cross‐over study. Animals Ten adult cats of mixed breed. Procedure The cats, randomly allocated to two groups, received either the paste preparation or the tablet orally at 12‐hour intervals for 48 h before a 12‐hour blood collection period. Two weeks later the treatments were reversed and the blood sampling repeated. The serum concentrations of the antibiotic were determined. The pharmacokinetic factors were analysed using a computer. Results There were no significant differences between the peak concentration of cephalexin, or the other pharmacokinetic factors obtained from the tablet and paste formulations. The serum profiles of cephalexin following four 12‐hourly doses of each formulation were similar with the peak serum values occurring at approximately 2 h after administration. Conclusion The paste formulation and the tablet form are bioequivalent.
Haematological findings in captive dolphins and whales
Authors: SHIRAI K , SAKAI T 
Published: March 2008

Objective To examine haematological features in five species of healthy, captive marine mammals. Animals Twenty bottlenose dolphins (Tursips truncatus), seven Pacific white‐sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), five Risso dolphins (Grampus griseus) and five false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens). Results and conclusion The red blood cell count was 4.21 × 1012/L in bottlenose dolphins, 5.32 × 1012/L in Pacific white‐sided dolphins, 4.35 × 1012/L in Risso dolphins and 4.43 × 1012/L in false killer whales. The haemoglobin concentration was 1.51 g/L and packed cell volume 44.7% in bottlenose dolphins; the corresponding values were 1.71 g/L and 48.9% in Pacific white‐sided dolphins, 1.72 g/L and 49.4% in Risso dolphins, and 1.52 g/L and 47.8% in false killer whales. The white blood cell count was 7.097 × 109/L in bottlenose dolphins, 5.928 × 109/L in Pacific white‐sided dolphins, 5.001 × 109/L in Risso dolphins and 7.921 × 109/L in false killer whales. There were no significant differences in these values among bottlenose dolphins and Pacific white‐sided dolphins. The proportion of eosinophils in the differential leukocyte count ranged from 10.3% to 11.5% in bottlenose dolphins, Pacific white‐sided dolphins and false killer whales, but was only 0.4% in Risso dolphins. The eosinophilic granules were larger in Risso dolphins and false killer whales than in bottlenose and Pacific white‐sided dolphins.
Amoxycillin as an alternative to dihydrostreptomycin sulphate for treating cattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo
Authors: SMITH CR , CORNEY BG , McGOWAN MR , McCLINTOCK CS , WARD W. , KETTERER PJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the effect of amoxycillin treatment on urinary excretion of leptospires from cattle infected with Leptospira borgpeterseniiserovar hardjo. Design A chemotherapy trial with controls. Procedure Fourteen heifers serologically negative to L hardjo were inoculated with L hardjo via the conjunctival route and assessed for evidence of infection by serological, fluorescent antibody and microbiological tests. Two injections (48 h apart) of amoxycillin at a dose of 15 mg/kg were administered intramuscularly to seven heifers 6.5 weeks after infection; the remaining heifers acted as untreated controls. Later, these seven control group heifers were treated with a single dose of amoxycillin (15 mg/kg). Samples of urine were collected before and after amoxycillin treatments; kidneys were collected at slaughter, and examined by fluorescent antibody test and microbiological culture. Results Leptospires were isolated from the urine of 11 of 14 heifers inoculated with L hardjo. After treatment of six of these with two injections of amoxycillin, leptospires were not isolated. Of the controls, four of the five initially leptospiruric heifers continued to shed leptospires; after a single injection of amoxycillin, no leptospires were detected in the kidneys of these four. Conclusion Amoxycillin may be an acceptable alternative to dihydrostreptomycin sulphate for the treatment of cattle infected with L hardjo.
Prevalences of feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections in cats in Sydney
Authors: MALIK R. , KENDALL K. , CRIDLAND J. , COULSTON S. , STUART AJ , SNOW D. , LOVE DN 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine prevalences of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infections in ‘healthy’ cats that, through acute misadventure or other circumstance, were presented to veterinary practitioners. Prevalences of FeLV and FIV in this population were compared to those in a population of predominantly sick cats.Design and proceduresSerum specimens were obtained over a 2‐year period from 200 cats oldeer than 1 year of age presented to veterinary clinics for routine procedures, including cat fight injuries or abscesses, vehicular trauma, neutering, dental scaling, vaccination, grooming or boarding. An additional 894 sera were obtained over approximately the same period from specimens submitted by veterinarians to a private clinical pathology laboratory, mainly from sick cats suspected of having immune dysfunction, but including some sera from healthy cats being screened prior to FeLV vaccination. FIV antibody and FeLV antigen were detected in samples using commercial enzyme immunoassays.ResultsAmongst 200 ‘healthy’ cats, the prevalence of FeLV infection was 0 to 2%, and the prevalence of FIV was 6.5 to 7.5%, depending on the stringency of the criteria used to define positivity. FIV infection was significantly more prevalent in cats which resided in an inner city environment (P = 0.013). Of the 894 serum specimens submitted to the laboratory by practitioners, 11/761 (1.4%) were FeLV positive, while 148/711 (20.8%) were FIV positive. The prevalence of FIV was significantly higher in these predominantly ‘sick’ cats than in cats seen for routine veterinary procedures (P < 0.00001), while there was no difference in the prevalence of FeLV (P = 0.75)ConclusionsThe prevalence of FeLV and FIV in healthy cats may have been substantially overestimated in some previous Australian surveys. FeLV infection would appear to be a rare cause of disease in Australian cats. The higher prevalence of FIV positivity in sick as opposed to healthy cats infers that FIV infection contributes to the development of disease.
Unguided bronchoalveolar lavage techniques and residual effects in dogs
Authors: McCAULEY M. , ATWELL RB , SUTTON RH , LUMSDEN JS 
Published: March 2008

ObjectivesTo investigate the use of unguided bronchoalveolar lavage techniques in dogs without fibreoptic bronchoscopy, using an adapted single vascular catheter and a double‐lumen catheter made from two single vascular catheters.AnimalsSixty‐nine dogs were examined with the single‐catheter technique and 110 dogs with the double‐catheter technique.DesignA prospective study.ProcedureSixty‐nine and 220 samples, collected with the single catheter and the double catheter respectively, were examined cytologically Lungs of 69 dogs were examined grossly and histologically. Radiographic examination was performed on 11 dogs.ResultsThe double‐catheter technique produced samples with significantly higher cellularity (P < 0.01) and fewer red blood cells (P < 0.01) than the single‐catheter technique. Repeat samples collected with a double catheter were not significantly different (P > 0.01) in any value. A reference range for nucleated cell counts of 62 to 1210 – 106/L was calculated from 57 clinically and histologically normal dogs. The major residual effects of the technique were localised pulmonary oedema, and alveolar distension with collapse and congestion of distant parenchyma. Thoracic radiographs revealed increased lung opacity for at least up to 7 h after the procedure.ConclusionsThe cellularity of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained was adequate and sufficient fluid was retrieved when the single catheter was located in a proper position. However, the double catheter obtained better samples more quickly and easily, with less damage to the respiratory tract.
Effects of residues of deltamethrin in cattle faeces on the development and survival of three species of dungbreeding insect
Authors: WARDHAUGH KG , LONGSTAFF BC , LACEY MJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the toxicity to insects of drug residues excreted in cattle faeces following treatment with deltamethrin. Design Bioassays were performed on one species of dung‐breeding fly (Musca vetustissima) and two species of dung beetle (Onthophagus binodis and Euoniticellus fulvus). Animals Cattle on properties near Kangaroo Valley, Canberra and Gundagai were treated with pour‐on formulations of deltamethrin. Untreated animals acted as controls. Procedures Faeces from treated and untreated cattle were inoculated with newly emerged fly larvae or fed to adults of two species of dung beetle. Percentage survival and duration of development provided measures of the toxicity of deltamethrin residues in faeces. Results Residues of deltamethrin were excreted in concentrations sufficient to inhibit survival of larvae of M vetustissima for 1 to 2 weeks after treatment. Peak concentrations of 0.4mg deltamethrin/kg dry weight of faeces occurred 3 days after treatment and were sufficient to kill adult beetles for at least twice this period. With one of two formulations tested, there was evidence of a reduction in dung beetle fecundity and an increase in the duration of juvenile development. A model of the effect of deltamethrin on the breeding success of dung beetles in the field suggests that a single treatment, applied when most of the population is in a non‐parous condition, may cause up to 75% reduction in beetle acitivity by the end of the season. Multiple treatments at 10 or 21 day intervals may drive local populations towards extinction. Conclusion Depending on the time and frequency of treatment, the effect of deltamethrin on insects in cattle faeces may range from negligible to catastrophic.
Length of veterinary working life
Authors: HEATH TJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the time veterinary graduates spend in private practice and in veterinary work generally, and to determine what factors influence this. Methods Questionnaires were completed in the sixth year after graduation by 119 veterinarians who had participated in this longitudinal study since starting the veterinary course, and the data were analysed using the SAS System for Windows. Results Of those who started the veterinary course, 90% graduated, and 96% of these then entered private practice. Five years later 94% (73% in full‐time equivalents) were working as veterinarians, and 64% (50% in full‐time equivalents) were still in private practice in Australia. Hours, attitudes of principals and clients, and inadequate rewards were the main reasons for leaving private practice. The likelihood of being still in private practice was greater for those who had had significant responsibility for animals before they entered the course, but it was not related to geographical origin (city vs country), age at entry or gender. Women were, however, more likely than men to be working part time as veterinarians. Predictions of veterinary working life were not affected by geographical origin or by previous experience with animals or on farms, but men expected to work longer than women. Conclusion The average veterinary career, estimated by veterinarians who graduated 5 years earlier, is 24 years in fulltime equivalents for men, and 16 years for women. Almost all (94%, representing 73% in full‐time equivalents) still work as veterinarians after 5 years, most of them (76%, representing 59% in full‐time equivalents) in private practice. The likelihood of remaining in private practice is related to previous responsibility for animals.
Variation in the immune status of two Australian pig breeds
Authors: NGUYEN VP , WONG CW , HINCH GN , SINGH D. , COLDITZ IG 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the variation in immune competence of two Australian pig breeds. Design A panel of immune tests were used to assess breed and sire differences in weaner piglets of Large White and Duroc breeds. Procedure All piglets were immunised against porcine leptospirosis. Blood samples were taken for studies on lymphocyte phenotypes, mitogenic responses of blood cells and serological analysis. Results Significantly larger blood leucocyte numbers were found in Large White piglets compared with Duroc piglets after vaccinations. No significant difference in concanavalin A induced blood cell proliferation was found between these two breeds before or after vaccinations. Some significant breed variation in blood lymphocyte phenotypes was found. While the age‐related changes of lymphocyte phenotypes were similar for the two breeds, the Large White breed had significantly larger numbers of CD2+ and CD4+ cells than the Duroc breed after the two vaccinations. There were also significant sire effects on CD8+ cells within the Large White breed after the first vaccination. No significant breed difference was detectable in serum IgG concentrations but sire differences within each breed before the primary vaccination were found. The serum antibody response to vaccination against leptospirosis was generally small, and showed no variations due to either breed or sire. No gender effects were found during the entire study. Conclusion The study demonstrated significant differences in some important immune components of the pig breeds studied. This may in turn indicate the variation in their immune competence or disease resistance. However, further investigation into the heritability and correlation with specific immune responses is required.
Attitudes and practices of Queensland dairy farmers to the control of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus
Authors: JONSSON NN , MATSCHOSS AL 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine practices for the control of cattle ticks on dairy farms in Queensland, the attitudes of farmers to tick infestations and to identify opportunities for and barriers against the introduction of non‐chemical methods of tick control. Design A survey of 199 dairy farmers from tick‐infested parts of Queensland was undertaken by 20 dairy advisers and stock inspectors from October 1996 to June 1997. The sample was a proportional, random selection of dairy farms from four regions. A personal interview was conducted with each farmer and answers to 134 questions were obtained. Results and conclusions Most farmers were not concerned by cattle ticks on their own farms, although they believed that ticks are important to the dairy industry. They were most concerned about the development of chemical resistance by cattle ticks. Inadequate facilities and lack of motivation appeared to be the factors most limiting to improving the methods of control. Most farmers claimed to have only small numbers of ticks at worst. Although a control program recom mended by the Queensland Dairyfarmers' Organisation was well regarded by farmers, few had adopted it. Many farmers saw no need to implement a strategic control program.