bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pauli Repulsions Exist Only in the Eye of the Beholder
Authors: Bader Richard F. W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a rebuttal to the preceding paper in this issue entitled “Hydrogen‐Hydrogen Bonding in Planar Biphenyl, Predicted by Atoms‐In‐Molecules Theory, Does Not Exist”. The arguments presented therein are based on an arbitrary partitioning of the energy into contributions from physically unrealizable states of the system. The response given here is presented in terms of the Feynman, Ehrenfest, and virial theorems of quantum mechanics and the observable properties of a system. A reader is thus free to choose between subjectivity or physics.
Anion‐π Interactions
Authors: Garau C. , Frontera A. , Quinonero D. , Ballester P. , Costa A. , Deya P. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Introduction to diffusion tensor imaging mathematics: Part I. Tensors, rotations, and eigenvectors
Authors: Kingsley Peter B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe mathematical aspects of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTMRI, or DTI), the measurement of the diffusion tensor by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are discussed in this three‐part series. In part I, some general features of diffusion imaging are presented briefly, including the relationship between the diffusion ellipsoid and the diffusion tensor. Rotations of vectors and tensors are explained for both two and three dimensions. Rotationally invariant properties of the diffusion tensor are discussed. Calculation of the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor, which correspond to the directions of the diffusion ellipsoid axes and the squares of the hemiaxis lengths, is explained. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 28A: 101–122, 2006.
Introduction to diffusion tensor imaging mathematics: Part II. Anisotropy, diffusion‐weighting factors, and gradient encoding schemes
Authors: Kingsley Peter B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe mathematical aspects of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTMRI, or DTI), the measurement of the diffusion tensor by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are discussed in this three‐part series. In part II, different formulas for measuring diffusion anisotropy are compared in two and three dimensions. The use of magnetic field gradients to measure diffusion is explained, including calculation of the diffusion‐weighting b factor. Selection of gradient directions is discussed, with the focus on directions defined by the regular polyhedra (Platonic solids). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 28A: 123–154, 2006.
Vascular endothelial growth factor, FLT‐1, and FLK‐1 analysis in a pancreatic cancer tissue microarray
Authors: Chung Gina G. , Yoon Harry H. , Zerkowski Maciej P. , Ghosh Sriparna , Thomas Laurie , Harigopal Malini , Charette Lori A. , Salem Ronald R. , Camp Robert L. , Rimm David L. , Burtness Barbara A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDMeasures of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in pancreatic cancer typically have been qualitative or semiquantitative. The objective of this study was to use a series of algorithms called AQUA that quantitatively assesses protein expression on tissue microarrays (TMAs) to compare in situ expression of VEGF and its primary receptors, VEGF receptor 1 (FLT‐1) and VEGF receptor 1 (FLK‐1), on a pancreatic cancer TMA.METHODSTMAs were constructed by arraying 1.5‐mm cores from 76 samples of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (1996‐2002) that were obtained from the archives of the Yale Department of Pathology. The staining for AQUA was similar to standard immunohistochemistry and involved antigen retrieval and the application of primary antibodies, but with epifluorescence detection. Slides were counterstained with 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole for nuclear visualization and cytokeratin for membrane visualization. The primary antibodies used were VEGF, FLT‐1, FLK‐1, and cytokeratin.RESULTSDisease stage was highly prognostic for outcome, as expected. Total amounts of VEGF and its receptors were assessed within the tumor mask and were divided into quartiles. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that VEGF and FLK‐1 were not associated clearly with outcome. However, the expression of FLT‐1 was correlated significantly, and the patients who had tumors with the lowest expression FLT‐1 levels had the worst survival (P = .0038). In multivariate analysis, FLT‐1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P = .0044).CONCLUSIONSVEGF and its 2 principal receptors were expressed to varying degrees in tumors of the pancreas. A significant association was found between low expression of FLT‐1 and both poor prognosis and advanced stage, suggesting that tumor expression of this VEGF receptor is a marker of less aggressive disease. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Breast cancer in octogenarians
Authors: Evron Ella , Goldberg Hadassah , Kuzmin Alexander , Gutman Roee , Rizel Shulamith , Sella Avishy , Gutman Haim 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe number of older cancer patients has increased in recent years. Guidelines for their care are often lacking. Data on the natural course of breast cancer and outcome of therapy in this population are needed.METHODSThe authors undertook a retrospective chart review with complete follow‐up of 135 women diagnosed with localized breast cancer at age 80 years or older, who received standard or less than standard local treatment in 2 tertiary centers in Israel between 1991 and 2001.RESULTSMedian age at diagnosis was 83 years. In 60 (44%) patients, initial local treatment consisted of modified radical mastectomy or lumpectomy and axillary dissection followed by radiation therapy [standard local treatment (SLT)]; 75 (56%) patients received less than SLT. Tumors were stage T1‐T2 in 90% of cases, 76% of the tumors were hormone‐sensitive. Infiltrating duct carcinoma predominated (90 cases), mostly (80 of 90) Grade 2‐3. Lymph node metastases were detected in 32 of 73 (44%) patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection. At a median of 70 months after diagnosis, 18 (13%) patients had disease recurrence, and 34 (25%) had died. Axillary failures were detected only in the less‐than‐SLT group. This did not indicate worse overall or disease‐specific survival.CONCLUSIONMost breast cancer octogenarians in this series lived > 6 years after diagnosis. These data do not support the assumption that breast tumors are histologically more indolent in elderly patients. Less than SLT can be applied to this patient group with somewhat increased axillary failure rates that may be addressed upfront by the sentinel node technique. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Nanoscale Structural and Electronic Properties of Ultrathin Blends of Two Polyaromatic Molecules: A Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Investigation
Authors: Palermo Vincenzo , Morelli Susanna , Palma Matteo , Simpson Christopher , Nolde Fabian , Herrmann Andreas , Müllen Klaus , Samorì Paolo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe describe a Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) study on the morphological and electronic properties of complex mono and bi‐molecular ultrathin films self‐assembled on mica. These architectures are made up from an electron‐donor (D), a synthetic all‐benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and an electron‐acceptor (A), perylene‐bis‐dicarboximide. The former molecule self‐assembles into fibers in single component films, while the latter molecule forms discontinuous layers. Taking advantage of the different solubility and self‐organizing properties of the A and D molecules, multicomponent ultrathin films characterized by nanoscale phase segregated fibers of D embedded in a discontinuous layer of A are formed. The direct estimation of the surface potential, and consequently the local workfunction from KPFM images allow a comparison of the local electronic properties of the blend with those of the monocomponent films. A change in the average workfunction values of the A and D nanostructures in the blend occurs which is primarily caused by the intimate contact between the two components and the molecular order within the nanostructure self‐assembled at the surface. Additional roles can be ascribed to the molecular packing density, to the presence of defects in the film, to the different conformation of the aliphatic peripheral chains that might cover the conjugated core and to the long‐range nature of the electrostatic interactions employed to map the surface by KPFM limiting the spatial and potential resolution. The local workfunction studies of heterojunctions can be of help to tune the electronic properties of active multicomponent films, which is crucial for the fabrication of efficient organic electronic devices as solar cells.
The hurdle analysis. A self‐evaluation tool for municipalities to identify, analyse and overcome hurdles to green procurement
Authors: Günther Edeltraud , Scheibe Lilly 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIt has been known for years that green public procurement can stimulate innovation. Even so, all initiatives to promote it have not sufficiently changed the procurement process in municipalities so far. What are the reasons for this? This article presents on the one hand the search for possible reasons – so‐called hurdles – with the help of hurdle analysis, and on the other hand a self‐evaluation tool for municipalities to identify, analyse and overcome hurdles to green procurement.Hence the hurdle analysis offers a questionnaire to identify hurdles, three assessment methods and a workshop to generate strategies to deal with the most relevant hurdles. With the self‐evaluation tool every municipality will be enabled to accomplish such an analysis and to identify key persons and decision elements within its procurement process, as well as fixing responsibilities and generating solutions on their own. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Cover Picture: The First Centrohexaindane Bearing Twelve Functional Groups at Its Outer Molecular Periphery and Related Lower Veratrole‐Derived Centropolyindanes (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 7/2006)
Authors: Harig Marco , Kuck Dietmar 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows a sketch of a recently synthesized polycyclic molecule, 2,3,6,7,10,11,14,15,20,21,26,27‐dodecamethoxycentrohexaindane, bearing six 5,6‐dimethoxyindane units that are mutually fused along the three axes of the Cartesian space. This “Cartesian hexaveratrole” is strictly Td‐symmetrical and topologically nonplanar because of its rigid centrohexaquinane core. It contains three truly linear 2,2′‐spirobiindane units that cross each other at right angles, and consequently, four [3.3.3]propellane and triquinacene moieties and even three [5.5.5.5]fenestrane units, all bearing the veratrole groupings at 90 and 180 ° to each other. Twelve‐fold centrohexaindanes can be envisaged to offer an access to three‐dimensional, supramolecular, highly porous networks in which their intrinsic orthogonality is perpetuated in all directions of the three‐space. Details are discussed in the article by M. Harig and D. Kuck on p. 1647 ff.
Geochemical mapping of carbonate sediments in the Makgadikgadi basin, Botswana using moderate resolution remote sensing data
Authors: White Kevin , Eckardt Frank 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper maps the carbonate geochemistry of the Makgadikgadi Pans region of northern Botswana from moderate resolution (500 m pixels) remotely sensed data, to assess the impact of various geomorphological processes on surficial carbonate distribution. Previous palaeo‐environmental studies have demonstrated that the pans have experienced several highstands during the Quaternary, forming calcretes around shoreline embayments. The pans are also a significant regional source of dust, and some workers have suggested that surficial carbonate distributions may be controlled, in part, by wind regime. Field studies of carbonate deposits in the region have also highlighted the importance of fluvial and groundwater processes in calcrete formation. However, due to the large area involved and problems of accessibility, the carbonate distribution across the entire Makgadikgadi basin remains poorly understood. The MODIS instrument permits mapping of carbonate distribution over large areas; comparison with estimates from Landsat Thematic Mapper data show reasonable agreement, and there is good agreement with estimates from laboratory analysis of field samples. The results suggest that palaeo‐lake highstands, reconstructed here using the SRTM 3 arc‐second digital elevation model, have left behind surficial carbonate deposits, which can be mapped by the MODIS instrument. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pneumatic impact ignition of selected polymers in high‐pressure oxygen environments
Authors: Hshieh Fu‐Yu , Williams James H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOne likely cause of polymer ignition in high‐pressure oxygen systems is adiabatic‐compression heating of polymers, caused by pneumatic impact. This study investigates ignition by pneumatic impact of selected polymers in high‐pressure oxygen environments. Six polymers commonly used in high‐pressure oxygen systems were tested in a pneumatic‐impact test system at 8.3–37.9 MPa oxygen pressures. The six polymers tested were Teflon®(polytetrafluoroethylene), Neoflon®(polychlorotrifluoroethylene), PEEK (polyetheretherketone), Zytel® 42 (Nylon 6/6), Buna N (nitrile rubber), and Viton® A (copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene). This study shows that the ignition of polymers due to pneumatic impact could be initiated by a local heterogeneous reaction between the hot oxygen and the oxidation sites of the polymer, and proposes an ignition mechanism. Ignition susceptibility of a material to the pneumatic impact can be expressed by its ignition probability. The ignition probabilities of the six polymers at the various oxygen pressures are presented. There is no good correlation between the ignition probability and the autoignition temperature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Timing structural change: a conditional probabilistic approach
Authors: DeJong David N. , Liesenfeld Roman , Richard Jean‐Francois 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe propose a strategy for assessing structural stability in time‐series frameworks when potential change dates are unknown. Existing stability tests are effective in detecting structural change, but procedures for identifying timing are imprecise, especially in assessing the stability of variance parameters. We present a likelihood‐based procedure for assigning conditional probabilities to the occurrence of structural breaks at alternative dates. The procedure is effective in improving the precision with which inferences regarding timing can be made. We illustrate parametric and non‐parametric implementations of the procedure through Monte Carlo experiments, and an assessment of the volatility reduction in the growth rate of US GDP. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AAV8‐mediated expression of glucocerebrosidase ameliorates the storage pathology in the visceral organs of a mouse model of Gaucher disease
Authors: McEachern Kerry Anne , Nietupski Jennifer B. , Chuang Wei‐Lien , Armentano Donna , Johnson Jennifer , Hutto Elizabeth , Grabowski Gregory A. , Cheng Seng H. , Marshall John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundGaucher disease is the most common of the lysosomal storage disorders. The primary manifestation is the accumulation of glucosylceramide (GL‐1) in the macrophages of liver and spleen (Gaucher cells), due to a deficiency in the lysosomal hydrolase glucocerebrosidase (GC). A Gaucher mouse model (D409V/null) exhibiting reduced GC activity and accumulation of GL‐1 was used to evaluate adeno‐associated viral (AAV)‐mediated gene therapy.MethodsA recombinant AAV8 serotype vector bearing human GC (hGC) was administered intravenously to the mice. The levels of hGC in blood and tissues were determined, as were the effects of gene transfer on the levels of GL‐1. Histopathological evaluation was performed on liver, spleen and lungs.ResultsVector administration to pre‐symptomatic Gaucher mice resulted in sustained hepatic secretion of hGC at levels that prevented GL‐1 accumulation and the appearance of Gaucher cells in the liver, spleen and lungs. AAV administration to older mice with established disease resulted in normalization of GL‐1 levels in the spleen and liver and partially reduced that in the lung. Analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from treated mice showed significant correction of the abnormal cellularity and cell differentials. No antibodies to the expressed hGC were detected following a challenge with recombinant enzyme suggesting the animals were tolerized to human enzyme.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate the effectiveness of AAV‐mediated gene therapy at preventing and correcting the biochemical and pathological abnormalities in a Gaucher mouse model, and thus support the continued consideration of this vector as an alternative approach to treating Gaucher disease. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Translated mutation in the Nurr1 gene as a cause for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Grimes David A. , Han Fabin , Panisset Michel , Racacho Lemuel , Xiao Fengxia , Zou Ruobing , Westaff Kelly , Bulman Dennis E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMultiple genes have been now identified as causing Parkinson's disease (PD). In 2003, two mutations were identified in exon 1 of the Nurr1 gene in 10 of 107 individuals with familial PD. To date, investigators have only focused on screening for these known mutations of the Nurr1 gene. All individuals were recruited from two Parkinson's disease clinics in Canada. Following PCR amplification of each exon of the Nurr1 gene, samples underwent denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) analysis. Ten individuals also underwent direct sequencing as well as any samples where variants were identified. The Nurr1 gene was evaluated for 202 PD individuals, 37% of whom had at least one relative with PD and 100 control non‐PD individuals. Using DHPLC and direct sequencing, we did not detect any sequence variants in exon 1. Variants in amplicon 6 were seen and direct sequencing confirmed a known NI6P polymorphism in intron 6. Novel polymorphisms were also identified in exon 3 and intron 5. A novel mutation was identified in exon 3 in one nonfamilial PD individual. This heterozygous C‐to‐G transversion resulted in a serine‐to‐cysteine substitution and was not identified in any of the other 602 chromosomes screened. Mutations in the Nurr1 gene in our large cohort of familial and sporadic PD individuals are rare. The novel mutation in exon 3 is predicted to affect phosphorylation and functional studies to assess this are underway. This is the first coding mutation identified in the Nurr1 gene for Parkinson's disease. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Histamine H3 receptor agonists reduceL‐dopa–induced chorea, but not dystonia, in the MPTP‐lesioned nonhuman primate model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Gomez‐Ramirez Jordi , Johnston Tom H. , Visanji Naomi P. , Fox Susan H. , Brotchie Jonathan M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractL‐dopa–induced dyskinesia (LID) remains a major complication of the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The neural mechanisms underlying LID are thought to involve overactivity of striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission, with resultant underactivation of the output regions of the basal ganglia. Histamine H3 heteroreceptors can reduce glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission in the striatum and substantia nigra reticulata, respectively. Thus, we tested whether the histamine H3 receptor agonists immepip and imetit can alleviate LID in the MPTP‐lesioned marmoset model of Parkinson's disease. Coadministration of immepip (1 mg/kg) withL‐dopa (15 mg/kg) was associated with significantly less total dyskinesia thanL‐dopa alone. When dyskinesia was separately rated as chorea and dystonia, coadministration ofL‐dopa with either immepip or imetit (both 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced chorea but had no effect on dystonia. The antidyskinetic actions of the H3 agonists were not accompanied by alteration of the antiparkinsonian actions ofL‐dopa. However, immepip (10 mg/kg), when administered as monotherapy, significantly increased parkinsonian disability compared to vehicle. Overall, the results obtained in this study suggest that histamine H3 receptors may be involved in the neural mechanisms underlyingL‐dopa–induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Clinical and urodynamic features according to subjective symptom severity in female urinary incontinence
Authors: Ku Ja Hyeon , Shin Jae Wook , Oh Seung‐June , Kim Soo Woong , Paick Jae‐Seung 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to determine the relationship between subjective symptom severity and clinical or urodynamic parameters and to compare these parameters according to subjective symptom severity.MethodsA total of 268 female patients with grade II (n = 94) and grade III (n = 174) according to the Ingelman–Sundberg scale were included in the study. Mean patient age was 55.9 years (range 28–80). Of 268 patients, 196 women (73.1%) complained of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and 72 (26.9%) reported additional symptoms of urge urinary incontinence (UUI). Fifty‐four (20.1%) women previously had hysterectomies and 12 (4.5%) underwent surgery for UI.ResultsPatients with severe incontinence (grade III) are older, have longer duration of symptoms, concomitant urgency or UUI, and low maximal urethral closure pressure and low Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP). No difference in other characteristics including pad test loss and urethral mobility was observed in the two groups. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a longer duration of symptoms was associated with an increased likelihood of severe symptoms (P = 0.025). Patients with mixed incontinence were at five‐fold increased risk of severe symptoms compared with those with SUI only (P = 0.011). In the same model, increasing VLPP was associated with a decreased likelihood of severe symptoms (P = 0.037).ConclusionsLonger symptom duration, mixed incontinence and low VLPP have independent effects on the severity of incontinence. Our findings suggest that incontinent patients with sphincteric impairment or urge component may have and increased probability of severe symptoms. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:215–220, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facilitating communication between the diabetes and renal transplant units
Authors: Kemp D 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article discusses facilitating communication between renal and diabetes centres at Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK. It aims to highlight the importance of joint management, promoting consistency in delivery of care and minimising associated risk factors for patients with chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus. A joint team identified aims for the service incorporating short‐ and long‐term management. The initial focus group were transplant patients with established diabetes mellitus and those who developed NODAT (new onset diabetes after transplant) post renal transplant. A nurse‐led clinic commenced reviewing newly transplanted recipients on a weekly basis. Future goals incorporate devising a care pathway for transition of care from secondary to primary care. Initial feedback is positive from patients and staff, highlighting the need to identify and treat promptly and raising awareness of whom to contact for advice and support. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.