bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kieran Timberlake Associates
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNothing about the beautifully detailed buildings that Steven Kieran, James Timberlake and their colleagues are creating, mostly for schools and colleges, suggests that they have a radical agenda. There are no crazy shapes, dayglo colours or other attention‐grabbing devices in them. But what these architects are doing in their built work, research and teaching attempts no less than to change the way that buildings are made. Jayne Merkel explains how they are expanding the architect's sphere beyond mere ‘design’ to become ‘master builders’ of a uniquely 21st‐century kind ‐ developing new materials and ways to save energy, and introducing methods of collaboration and fabrication drawn from the automobile, aeroplane and shipbuilding industries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radical Interface AA New Media Research Initiative
Authors: Newman Joel , Spyropoulos Theodore , Stroumpakos Vasilis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAt the Architectural Association in London, Joel Newman, Theodore Spyropoulos and Vasilis Stroumpakos are spearheading the New Media Research Initiative. Here they call for architecture to abandon its hold on the formal qualities of the physical in favour of a mode of experience that provides an interface that fully reflects the way we inhabit space today. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Green Design (Part 3) The Basic Premises for Green Design
Authors: Yeang Ken 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn the final part of his short series that outlines the main principles of ecodesign, Ken Yeang turns his attention to the alternatives that are on offer to designers who want to ensure comfortable internal conditions in their buildings. He covers the full gamut of choices and hybrids from buildings that are constructed in ‘passive mode’, without the need for any electromechanical systems, to those that are conceived in ‘productive mode’ producing their own energy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser pulse heating and vapor front generation
Authors: Yilbas B. S. , Mansoor S. Bin , Shuja S. Z. , Abualhamayel H. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractLaser nonconduction limited heating situation results in cavity formation and vapor front development above the cavity. As laser heating progresses, cavity wall recesses towards the solid bulk while the vapor front expands into its ambient due to recoil pressure generated at liquid‐vapor interface in the cavity. To obtain velocity, temperature, and pressure fields in the evaporating front become challenging, since the process involves with transient evaporation of the surface during the absorption of the laser energy by the solid substrate. In the present study, phase change processes taking place in the substrate material during a laser heating process are modeled using an energy method and evaporating front behavior is modeled using the transient flow equations. Since the problem is involved with the multi‐physics, the numerical technique is introduced to solve the resulting governing equations. The water ambient is assumed around the cavity in order to resemble the laser processing situation, particularly for laser shock processing. It is found that for nanosecond pulses with high intensity, the recession velocity of the surface reaches about 100 m/s at the symmetry axis and the recoil pressure of in the order of 10 GPa is generated in the cavity as a result of rapid evaporation. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Ruthenium catalyzed oxidative conversion of isatins to anthranilic acids: Mechanistic study
Authors: Jagadeesh R. V. , Puttaswamy  , Vaz Nirmala , Gowda N. M. Made 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOxidation of isatins (isatin, 5‐methylisatin, 5‐bromoisatin, and 5‐nitroisatin) to their corresponding anthranilic acids was performed with sodium N‐bromo‐p‐toluenesulfonamide or bromamine‐T (BAT) as an oxidant and ruthenium trichloride (Ru(III)) as a catalyst in HCl medium at 30 ± 0.1°C. The four reactions follow identical kinetics with a first‐order dependence each on [BAT]o and [Ru(III)], zero‐order on [Isatin]o, and inverse fractional‐order on [H+]. Activation parameters have been deduced for the composite reaction. The rates satisfactorily correlate with the Hammett σ relationship and the reaction constant ρ is −0.36 signifies that the electron donating groups accelerate the reaction while the electron withdrawing groups retard the rate. An isokinetic relationship is observed with β = 360 K, indicating that enthalpy factors control the reaction rate. Oxidation products of isatins were identified as their corresponding anthranilic acids by GC‐MS analysis and the yields were found to be >90%. Under similar experimental conditions, the kinetics of Ru(III)‐catalyzed oxidation of isatins with BAT has been compared with that of uncatalyzed reactions, revealing that the catalyzed reactions are three to fourfold faster. The observed results have been explained by a plausible mechanism and the related rate law has been deduced. The method adopted for the oxidation of isatins to anthranilic acids in the present work offers several advantages and can be scaled up to industrial operation. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Introducing principles of validation into biochemistry and biotechnology courses
Authors: Pembroke J. T. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAlthough undergraduate biochemistry and biotechnology courses teach the concept of accuracy and precision during practical laboratory sessions, the formal teaching of validation methodologies receives little attention. An increasing number of biochemistry and biotechnology graduates are finding work in industry in the area of industrial validation associated with biopharmaceutical, diagnostics, biomedical device, and pharmaceutical validation. We have introduced a structured introduction to validation into our undergraduate industrial biochemistry programme to illustrate the importance of validation within a framework of good manufacturing practice (GMP) and to show how validation is essential for regulatory compliance.
How do child and family social workers talk to parents about child welfare concerns?
Authors: Forrester Donald , McCambridge Jim , Waissbein Clara , Rollnick Stephen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWorking with parents in relation to child welfare concerns is challenging. Social workers are expected to combine working in partnership with ensuring that the focus remains on the child's needs and protection. To date, most research in this area has relied on retrospective accounts from parents or workers. The current study explored the responses of 40 social workers to nine vignettes, six of which were textual prompts based on the Helpful Responses Questionnaire (Miller et al., 1991), and three further verbal prompts designed to reflect typical resistance comments found in working with parental alcohol misuse. Responses were taped and rated. Overall, social workers tended to use a very confrontational and at times aggressive communication style. This was so consistently observed that it is likely to be a systemic issue. In conclusion, it is argued that at the levels of research, theory and official guidance, insufficient attention has been give to the micro‐skills involved in safeguarding children and that this is an urgent priority for further work. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemometric characterization of (chromatographic) lipophilicity parameters of newly synthesized s‐triazine derivatives
Authors: Djaković‐Sekulić Tatjana , Smolinski Adam , Perisić‐Janjić Nada , Janicka Małgorzata 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA (chromatographic) lipophilicity parameters of newly synthesized 2,4‐bis(substituted)‐6‐chloro‐s‐triazines were studied. PCA‐HCA were performed in order to classify and organize various chromatographic lipophilicity parameters that were determined by using different stationary and mobile phases and by various chromatographic techniques. The PCA‐HCA indicates that for the set of investigated compounds, similar lipophilicity scales are given by chromatographic systems with covalently bonded hydrocarbons as a stationary phase and acetonitrile as a mobile phase modifier. Another cluster of lipophilicity scales forms cyano and octadecylsilica stationary phases with dioxane or tetrahydrofuran as a mobile phase modifiers. The general arrangement of investigated compounds along PC1 was according to the increase in lipophilicity forming two clusters (one of lower and the other of higher lipophilicity). PCA study of RM values underline the differences concerning solvent fraction. Also reveal that HPTLC systems on amino plates are distinguishable from the cyano and octadecylsilica supports, which were similar. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Coupling of sp2‐ and sp‐Hybridized Carbon—Hydrogen Bonds with Vinylmetalloid Compounds
Authors: Marciniec Bogdan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Biodegradation of Crude Oil by Individual Bacterial Strains and a Mixed Bacterial Consortium Isolated from Hydrocarbon Contaminated Areas
Authors: Sathishkumar Muthuswamy , Binupriya Arthur Raj , Baik Sang‐Ho , Yun Sei‐Eok 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA preliminary study was undertaken to determine the optimal conditions for the biodegradation of a crude oil. Among 57 oil‐degrading bacterial cultures isolated from oil‐contaminated soil samples, Bacillus sp. IOS1‐7, Corynebacterium sp. BPS2‐6, Pseudomonas sp. HPS2‐5, and Pseudomonas sp. BPS1‐8 were selected for the study based on the efficiency of crude oil utilization. Along with the selected individual strains, a mixed bacterial consortium prepared using the above strains was also used for degradation studies. The mixed bacterial consortium showed more growth and degradation than did individual strains. At 1% crude oil concentration, the mixed bacterial consortium degraded a maximum of 77% of the crude oil. This was followed by 69% by Pseudomonas sp. BPS1‐8, 64% by Bacillus sp. IOS1‐7, 45% by Pseudomonas sp. HPS2‐5, and 41% by Corynebacterium sp. BPS2‐6. The percentage of degradation by the mixed bacterial consortium decreased from 77 to 45% as the concentration of crude oil was increased from 1 to 12%. Temperature of 35°C and pH 7 were found to be optimum for maximum degradation.
Flow Characteristics of Microbubble Suspensions in Porous Media as an Oxygen Carrier
Authors: Choi Yong Ju , Park Joo Young , Kim Young‐Jin , Nam Kyoungphile 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMicrobubble suspensions were generated as an oxygen carrier for aerobic biodegradation, and their flow characteristics in porous media were investigated. Commercial surfactants including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and dodecylethyldimethylammonium bromide (DEDAB), saponin (a natural surfactant), and collagen (a protein hydrolysate) were examined as base materials for generating microbubble suspensions. Among them, 2×CMC (critical micellar concentration) of SDS, DEDAB, and saponin developed microbubble suspensions with the highest gas hold‐up and half‐drainage time. Visualization of the flow patterns in sand showed that the microbubble suspensions were separated into a liquid and gas phase directly after injection, showing much faster movement of liquid phase flow. The gas front of the microbubble suspensions flowed in a plug‐flow manner, particularly in cases of SDS and DEDAB. The experimental results from both homogeneous and heterogeneous cells confirmed that the microbubble flow could overcome the heterogeneity in porous media. However, the plug‐flow characteristics and flow propagation of the microbubble suspensions to the low‐permeability zone was accompanied by a large pressure drop, which needs to be considered for future field application.
Methylation status of breast cancer resistance protein detected by methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction analysis is correlated inversely with its expression in drug‐resistant lung cancer cells
Authors: Nakano Hirofumi , Nakamura Yoichi , Soda Hiroshi , Kamikatahira Megumi , Uchida Kanako , Takasu Mineyo , Kitazaki Takeshi , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki , Nakatomi Katsumi , Yanagihara Katsunori , Kohno Shigeru , Tsukamoto Kazuhiro 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDBreast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) functions as a drug efflux transporter that mediates drug resistance. Topoisomerase I inhibitors, including 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (SN‐38), are substrates effluxed by BCRP. However, it remains unclear whether the overexpression of BCRP induces drug resistance during chemotherapy. The objectives of the current study were to examine a correlation of altered promoter methylation of BCRP with BCRP expression and to investigate the correlation between methylation status according to methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) analysis and BCRP expression levels in several small cell and nonsmall cell lung cancer cells.METHODSNon‐BCRP‐expressing PC‐6 cells, which were sensitive to SN‐38, were treated with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor to induce BCRP re‐expression by means of reverse transcriptase‐polymersae chain reaction, Western blot, and flow cytometric analyses. Subsequently, bisulfite sequencing analysis in both PC‐6 cells and SN‐38‐resistant PC‐6/SN2‐5H, highly expressing BCRP cells was performed to identify the methylated region in the BCRP promoter. Finally, the authors established an MSP method on the basis of methylated and unmethylated DNA sequences.RESULTSDNA methyltransferase inhibitor treatment of PC‐6 cells induced BCRP re‐expression at the messenger RNA and protein levels. Bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed that both alleles at all CpG sites were methylated completely in PC‐6 cells, whereas alleles at portions of CpG sites in PC‐6/SN2‐5H cells were unmethylated. There was an inverse correlation between promoter methylation of BCRP determined by MSP and BCRP expression in both small cell and nonsmall cell lung cancer cells.CONCLUSIONSThe current results indicated that demethylation of at least 1 allele is necessary for BCRP re‐expression and that promoter demethylation of BCRP may be a mechanism of BCRP expression in lung cancer cells. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Health‐related quality of life in cancer survivors between ages 20 and 64 years
Authors: Richardson Lisa C. , Wingo Phyllis A. , Zack Matthew M. , Zahran Hatice S. , King Jessica B. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe authors examined the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of cancer survivors between ages 20 and 64 years by using a population‐based survey of individuals who had activity limitations caused by cancer.METHODSA population‐based, cross‐sectional study was conducted using the 2000 to 2002 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to examine HRQOL among respondents who reported activity limitations because of cancer. HRQOL was measured by using the CDC's Healthy Days Measures, including self‐rated health status, numbers of unhealthy physical and mental health days, and activity limitation. HRQOL was compared among the following groups: those who reported no activity limitations and those who were limited primarily by cardiovascular conditions, emotional problems, and cancer. Taylor‐series linearization methods were used to calculate population‐based estimates in this complex sample survey.RESULTSIndividuals between ages 20 and 64 years who were limited by cancer reported poorer HRQOL measured as higher prevalence of poor or fair self‐reported health, more physically unhealthy days, more painful days, and more inadequate sleep days. Compared with the group that had no activity limitations, the individuals who had limitations were more likely to be women and to have annual household incomes <$25,000. They were more likely to be unable to work and to have health insurance. In addition, they were more likely to be former smokers and to be overweight, but they were less likely to participate in leisure‐time physical activity.CONCLUSIONSOverall, respondents between ages 20 and 64 years who reported being limited primarily by cancer reported lower HRQOL. They also reported unhealthy behaviors that were detrimental to improved HRQOL. The HRQOL and lifestyle modification needs of this population need to be examined prospectively to help decrease their burden of suffering. Cancer 2008. Published 2008 by the American Cancer Society.
Numerical performance of compact fourth‐order formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Erturk Ercan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn this study, the numerical performance of the fourth‐order compact formulation of the steady 2‐D incompressible Navier–Stokes (NS) equations introduced by Erturk et al. (Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 2006; 50:421–436) will be presented. The benchmark‐driven cavity flow problem will be solved using the introduced compact fourth‐order formulation of the NS equations with two different line iterative semi‐implicit methods for both second‐ and fourth‐order spatial accuracy. The extra CPU work needed for increasing the spatial accuracy from second‐order (𝒪(Δx2)) formulation to fourth‐order (𝒪(Δx4)) formulation will be presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An explicit drive algorithm for aiding the design of firing sequence in side‐drive micromotor
Authors: Pao William K. S. , Wong Wallace S. H. , Lai Adriana M. K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFinite element analysis (FEA) is used to design the rotor–stator layout and the driving algorithm for electrostatic‐actuated side‐drive micro electro‐mechanical system (MEMS) micromotor. FEA is performed to calculate the generated torque when voltage is applied to a single stator pole of the micromotor. A quasi‐static approach is then adopted to model the operation of the entire micromotor. The approach rotates the rotor based on the torque estimated by extrapolating the earlier FEA result for a single stator pole. This enables a fast and accurate enough way to model the performance of the rotor–stator layout and the micromotor drive algorithm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excited‐State Double Proton Transfer in Model Base Pairs: The Stepwise Reaction on the Heterodimer of 7‐Azaindole Analogues
Authors: Hsieh Wan‐Ting , Hsieh Cheng‐Chih , Lai Chin‐Hung , Cheng Yi‐Ming , Ho Mei‐Lin , Wang Kung K. , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Chou Pi‐Tai 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA four fused‐ring system 11‐propyl‐6H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinoline (6 HIQ) is strategically designed and synthesized; it possesses a central moiety of 7‐azaindole (7AI) and undergoes excited‐state double proton transfer (ESDPT). Despite a barrierless type of ESDPT in the 6 HIQ dimer, femtosecond dynamics and a kinetic isotope effect provide indications for a stepwise ESDPT process in the 6 HIQ/7AI heterodimer, in which 6 HIQ (deuterated 6 HIQ) delivers the pyrrolyl proton (deuteron) to 7AI (deuterated 7AI) in less than 150 fs, forming an intermediate with a charge‐transfer‐like ion pair, followed by the transfer of a pyrrolyl proton (deuteron) from cation‐like 7AI (deuterated 7AI) to the pyridinyl nitrogen of the anion‐like 6 HIQ (deuterated 6 HIQ) in ∼1.5±0.3 ps (3.5±0.3 ps). The barrier of second proton transfer is estimated to be 2.86 kcal mol−1 for the 6 HIQ/7AI heterodimer.
Theoretical Studies on [Ru(bpy)2(NN)]2+ [NN = Hydrazone and Azine]: Ground‐ and Excited‐State Geometries, Electronic Structures, Absorptions, and Phosphorescence Mechanisms
Authors: Liu Tao , Zhang Hong‐Xing , Zhou Xin , Xia Bao‐Hui 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe ground‐ and excited‐state geometries, electronic structures, absorptions, and emissions of two ruthenium(II) complexes Ru(bpy)2(NN) [bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, NN = hydrazone (1) and azine (2)] were investigated theoretically. Their ground and the excited state geometries were fully optimized at the B3LYP/MP2/LANL2DZ and UB3LYP/UMP2/LANL2DZ levels, respectively, and the calculated geometries are consistent with the X‐ray results. At the TD‐DFT level with the PCM model, the absorptions and phosphorescence properties of 1 and 2 were calculated on the basis of the optimized ground‐ and excited‐state geometries, respectively. Thecalculated lowest‐lying absorptions of 1 (512 nm) and 2 (598 nm) are attributed to a {[d(Ru) + dxy(Ru) + π(NN)] → [π*(bpy)]} transition with MLCT/LLCT transition characters and a {[d(Ru) + dxy(Ru)] → [π*(NN)]} transition with dominant MLCT transition character, respectively. The calculated phosphorescence of 1 (638 nm) and 2 (731 nm) can be described as originating from a 3{[d(Ru) + dxy(Ru) + π(NN)] [π*(bpy)]} excited state with 3MLCT/3LLCT character and a 3{[d(Ru) + d(Ru)] [π*(NN)]} excited state with dominantly 3MLCT character, respectively. The calculated results showed that the modulation of the lowest 3MLCT excited state of this kind of Ru complexes can be achieved by changing the NN ligand from hydrazone to azine. Moreover, the fact that 2 displays phosphorescence but 1 does not can be interpreted by the different properties of the 3MLCT excited state: the 3MLCT excited state of 2 is more than 60 % occupied, whereas that of 1 is less than 20 % (kr1 < kr2). The lowest‐lying excited state of 1 is localized on the bpy ligand, whereas that of 2 lies on the NN ligand, and the nonradiative decay pathways of 1 are easier than those of 2 (knr1 > knr2). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Comparison of Isoelectronic Heterometallic and Homometallic Binuclear Cyclopentadienylmetal Carbonyls: The Iron–Nickel vs. the Dicobalt Systems
Authors: Zhang Jun D. , Chen Zhongfang , King R. Bruce , Schaefer Henry F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe heterometallic binuclear cyclopentadienylironnickel carbonyl compounds Cp2FeNi(CO)n (n = 3, 2, 1; Cp = η5‐C5H5) have been studied by density functional theory (BP86) for comparison with the isoelectronic homometallic dicobalt derivatives Cp2Co2(CO)n. The FeNi tricarbonyl is shown to be the doubly bridged isomer Cp2Fe(CO)Ni(μ‐CO)2 with an Fe–Ni distance of 2.455 Å (BP86), in accord with experiment and in contrast to Cp2Co2(CO)3 where singly and triply bridged but not doubly bridged isomers are found. The dicarbonyl compounds Cp2FeNi(μ‐CO)2 and Cp2Co2(μ‐CO)2 both have analogous doubly bridged structures with M=M distances around 2.35 Å, suggesting formal M=M double bonds. The monocarbonyl compounds have analogous singly bridged axial structures Cp2FeNi(μ‐CO) and Cp2Co2(μ‐CO) with metal–metal distances in the range 2.05 Å (M2 = Co2) to 2.12 Å (M2 = FeNi) consistent with the formal M≡M triple bonds required for the favored 18‐electron configuration. Open‐shell states of Cp2FeNi(μ‐CO) are found to have even lower energies than the closed‐shell structure, which indicates that the ground state of Cp2FeNi(μ‐CO) might be a high spin structure. However, the global minimum for the monocarbonyl is found to be a singlet “hot dog” perpendicular Cp2NiFe(CO) structure with a terminal CO group bonded to the iron atom. Other higher energy perpendicular structures are also found for Cp2FeNi(CO)n (n = 3, 2, 1) with terminal CO groups and bridging Cp rings. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)