bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment of a performance driven improvement programme
Authors: Spork Gunther , Pichler Uwe 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article summarises the results of an improvement programme at Magna Powertrain. Magna Powertrain belongs to one of the largest automotive suppliers in the world. It develops mechatronic (mechanical and software) systems for powertrain.The improvement programme, related to the improvement of the systems and software engineering processes, is based on ISO 15504/Automotive SPICE and the safety‐related standard IEC 61508.Systems have been improved and implemented to control the processes on the basis of the so‐called performance trends. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel linear drive for next‐generation reciprocating vapor compressors
Authors: Howe David , Wang Jiabin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article describes a single‐phase linear drive that has been developed for refrigerator compressor applications, and which incorporates various novel features. It employs a tubular, moving‐magnet, Halbach magnetized motor, which enables the piston stroke to be accurately controlled by regulating the input current, while the electrical supply frequency is automatically adjusted to track changes in the mechanical resonant frequency of the compressor system. In this way, the refrigerator cooling capacity can be continuously modified according to the demand and the compressor always operates at maximum efficiency. This results in significant energy savings compared with fixed‐stroke, fixed‐frequency compressors. The performance capability is demonstrated by measurements from a prototype drive and compressor system. © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Model development for nonlinear dynamic energy conversion system: an advanced intelligent control paradigm for optimality and reliability
Authors: Muhando Endusa Billy , Senjyu Tomonobu , Omine Eitaro , Kinjo Hiroshi , Funabashi Toshihisa 
Published: August 2008

AbstractFuture prospects of the global wind industry are very promising: even on a conventional scenario the total wind power installed worldwide is projected to more than double from 74 GW by end of 2006 to 160 GW by 2012. The main challenge is wind stochasticity that impacts on both power quality and drive‐train fatigue from cyclic loading for a wind energy conversion system (WECS). To investigate amelioration of these problems, the approach in this study involves firstly, modeling: the wind speed is generated by an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model, while the turbine, gearbox, and generator subsystems are represented with a spring‐mass‐damper mathematical equivalent. Secondly, an advanced intelligent control paradigm for optimality and reliability is formulated based on the models. The control strategy—involving design of a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) to damp these undesired oscillations—is applied to the detailed performability model. A pitch controller prevents rotor overspeed by ensuring the maximum power constraint. Computer simulations reveal that load reduction through ‘intelligent’ control systems becomes more attractive compared with designing mechanical systems to cope with large loads. © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Study of the load‐following performance of distributed generators in a micro‐grid
Authors: Koyanagi Kaoru , Taguchi Akira , Ishimaru Masachika , Yokoyama Ryuichi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDistributed generators such as the micro‐turbine generator (MTG), fuel cell (FC) and solar power generator will be increasingly installed and operated in distribution networks. With this tendency, a new concept of energy supply system called themicro‐gridis now being studied and tested in the field today. This paper presents the results of a study on the load‐following performance of typical distributed generators, MTG and FC by modeling and simulations. In addition, behaviors of voltage and frequency in a micro‐grid after sudden separation from the utility grid (islanding condition), in which MTG and FC are installed, were studied by simulations. © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Selective control of voltage polarity in a single‐chamber solid‐oxide fuel cell using the same catalytic electrodes with different sizes
Authors: Nagata Akiyoshi , Kimura Takeshi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe selective control of the voltage polarity in a single‐chamber solid‐oxide fuel cell (SC‐SOFC) constituting the anode and cathode arranged at the same electrolyte surface of yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) or samaria‐doped ceria (SDC) and which can operate in a flowing mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is discussed on the basis of the dissociation and adsorption reactions due to the catalytic materials and electrode configurations. The open circuit voltage (OCV) of SC‐SOFC showed the highest value when the H2:O2 ratio was around 2:1, which might be equal to the mol ratio of oxygen and hydrogen based on the reaction of water formation by the electrochemical reaction in the cell. The voltage polarity of the cell using the Pt and LSM (La0.7Sr0.3MnO3) catalysts was the same as in the conventional SOFC such that in the Pt catalysis the anode became negative whereas in the LSM catalysis the cathode was independent of the electrode configurations. In SC‐SOFC using the same Pt catalyst, the larger Pt electrode functioned as the cathode desorbing the oxide ion conducting in YSZ or SDC. As a result, it was confirmed that the voltage polarity of SC‐SOFC could be selectively controlled by making use of the same catalytic electrodes with different sizes, and that the I–V characteristic of the cell improved by using SDC with Pt electrodes with a surface area ratio of 2:1. © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Particle swarm optimization with approximate gradient
Authors: Nakagawa Naoya , Ishigame Atsushi , Yasuda Keiichiro 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a new Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique that uses the approximate gradient of the object function. Sensitivity is not normally used in the PSO algorithm, so it is expected that the present approach employing the approximate gradient can provide a more efficient search. The main advantage of the present PSO approach is that, in contrast to approaches using the gradient, by using the approximate gradient it is also possible to apply PSO to nondifferentiable functions. In this paper, we shall verify the effectiveness of the proposed method through its application in several benchmark problems. © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microsatellite analysis of the maternal origin of Myrica rubra seeds in the feces of Japanese macaques
Authors: Terakawa Mari , Isagi Yuji , Matsui Kiyoshi , Yumoto Takakazu 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIdentifying the maternal origin of dispersed seeds is a challenging task because it is impossible to directly track seed movement once an animal has ingested them. However, recent development of molecular techniques allows us to identify the maternal origin of dispersed seeds in natural plant populations. Here we analyzed the maternal origin of Myrica rubra seeds found in the feces of Yakushima macaques. We detected a high level of diversity among the dispersed seeds, with an average of 3.0 maternal origins (range 1–9) in each feces. The average dispersal distance was 270.0 m (range 20.4–634.0 m) and the average of distance between maternal trees of dispersed seeds in the same feces was 161.5 m (range 0–573.9 m). These results suggest that seed dispersal by macaques plays an important role in maintaining the genetic diversity of Myricarubra populations.
Acquired immunity: immunosenescence and physical activity
Authors: Malaguarnera Lucia , Cristaldi Erika , Lipari Helga , Malaguarnera Mariano 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence indicate that infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders occur more frequently in elderly people, thus suggesting that altered function of immune organs and cells, such as thymus and T and B lymphocytes are of primary importance in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Furthermore, old subjects are less responsive to vaccine than younger because of immune changes. The most common changes accompanying the adaptive immune system include decrement of T and B cells proliferation, repertoire degeneracy, increase of the memory cell type, decreased numbers of naive cells, and shift from T helper1(Th1) to T helper2(Th2) response. Regular exercise in the elderly may improve the alterations in acquired immunity which follow the physiological process of aging, allowing a major resistance against external pathogens and a better quality of life.
Regulation of Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis by the Cytoskeleton
Authors: Sewer Marion B. , Li Donghui 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSteroid hormones are synthesized in response to signaling cascades initiated by the trophic peptide hormones derived from the anterior pituitary. The mechanisms by which these peptide hormones regulate steroid hormone production are multifaceted and include controlling the transcription of steroidogenic genes, regulating cholesterol (substrate) uptake and transport, modulating steroidogenic enzyme activity, and controlling electron availability. Cytoskeletal polymers such as microfilaments and microtubules have also been implicated in regulating steroidogenesis. Of note, steroidogenesis is a multi‐step process that occurs in two organelles, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondrion. However, the precise mechanism by which substrates are delivered back and forth between these two organelles is unknown. In this review we will discuss the role of components of the cytoskeleton in conferring optimal steroidogenic potential. Finally, we present data that identifying a novel mechanism by which sphingosine‐1‐phosphate induces mitochondrial trafficking to promote steroidogenesis.
Thermal Stability of Immobilized Lipase from Candida antarctica in Glycerols with Various Water Contents at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Kobayashi Takashi , Matsuo Takemasa , Kimura Yukitaka , Adachi Shuji 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (fraction B, CALB) was incubated in glycerols with various water contents at 80–100 °C to measure the residual activity as a function of time. The glycerol‐containing water stabilized the immobilized CALB, especially at 30–60 wt% water contents. The thermal inactivation behaviors of the immobilized CALB were expressed by a model in which the free energy of activation for the inactivation of the immobilized lipase molecules obeyed a Gaussian distribution.
A Q312X mutation in the hemojuvelin gene is associated with cardiomyopathy due to juvenile haemochromatosis☆
Authors: Nagayoshi Yasuhiro , Nakayama Masafumi , Suzuki Satoru , Hokamaki Jun , Shimomura Hideki , Tsujita Kenichi , Fukuda Masaya , Yamashita Takuro , Nakamura Yoshinori , Sugiyama Seigo , Ogawa Hisao 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackground and aims:Juvenile haemochromatosis (JH) is an autosomal recessive iron disorder characterized by the early onset of secondary cardiomyopathy. The candidate modifier genes are hemojuvelin (HJV) and hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP). In the Japanese population, the prevalence of JH is quite low. The influence of HJV mutation on the JH phenotype is still unclear.Methods and results:We searched for possible mutations in a Japanese family with 2 members who were JH patients with severe heart failure. To search for possible variants in the HJV and HAMP genes, we performed direct sequencing in the family members. A homozygous nonsense mutation in exon 4 of HJV (Q312X) was identified in the JH patients and their mother. Three individuals in the family were heterozygous for this mutation. Subsequently, we evaluated the frequency of Q312X mutation in a large population (nw=361) without heart failure, using allele‐specific real‐time PCR assay. No Q312X mutation was detected in this population. In the patients with the homozygous HJV mutation, iron loading revealed high serum ferritin concentration with accompanying elevated transferrin iron saturation. In contrast, ferritin levels were within the normal range in individuals with the heterozygous mutation.Conclusions:We found a nonsense mutation in the HJV gene. This mutation elevates ferritin levels and leads to JH associated with severe cardiomyopathy.
Daily physical activities in chronic lower back pain patients assessed with accelerometry
Authors: van Weering M.G.H. , Vollenbroek‐Hutten M.M.R. , Tönis T.M. , Hermens H.J. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTBackground: Normalization of activities in daily living is an important goal in rehabilitation treatment of chronic lower back pain (CLBP) patients. Clinicians indicate that CLBP patients often show deconditioning but also CLBP patients who seem to be too active are seen. The objective of the present cross‐sectional study was to gain more insight into the daily activity pattern of CLBP patients compared to controls, using accelerometry.Methods: Daily activities were assessed by measuring body movement with a tri‐axial accelerometer that was worn for seven consecutive days during waking hours. Measurements were performed in the daily environment (in‐doors and out‐doors) of the participant. Differences between activity level, time of day and work status were tested.Results: Data were obtained from 29 CLBP patients and 20 controls. Results show that the overall activity levels of patients (mean 0.75; SD 0.43) are not significantly different from those of controls (mean 0.71; SD 0.44). However, patients show significantly higher activity levels in the morning (p<0.001) and significantly lower activity levels in the evening (p<0.01) compared to controls. No significant differences in activity levels were found between leisure time and working days within either group; furthermore no significant differences in activity levels were found between patients with different work status.Conclusion: Overall activity levels do not differ significantly between CLBP patients and controls, but the distribution of activities over the day differs significantly.
Whither the Arctic? Conflict or cooperation in the circumpolar north
Authors: Young Oran R. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTBiophysical changes underway in the Arctic have stirred a remarkable surge of interest and concern in many quarters, including non-Arctic states and non-state actors. This article explores the implications of these developments for the pursuit of governance in the region. Many reactions to this situation are more alarmist than alarming. But recent developments do provide an excellent opportunity to reassess the effectiveness of existing arrangements and to enquire about the need for new forms of governance. The article does not support the claims of those who argue that a comprehensive, legally binding Arctic treaty (or even an Arctic Charter) is required at this time. Rather, it argues the case for a somewhat messier but more effective tripartite governance complex featuring an agreement to set aside without extinguishing claims to extended continental shelf jurisdiction on the part of the littoral states, an effort to adjust the character of the Arctic Council to meet emerging needs in the Arctic, and a push to devise issue-specific regulative regimes to address concerns involving shipping, fishing, and off-shore oil and gas development.
Experimental methods for environment and development economics
Authors: EHMKE MARIAH D. , SHOGREN JASON F. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTMany poor countries remain trapped in a cycle of poverty and environmental degradation. Understanding how people react to existing and proposed solutions most likely can be improved using the methods of experimental economics. Experiments provide researchers a method to test theory, look for patterns of behavior, testbed economic institutions and incentives, and to educate people. Herein we explore how experimental economics has been used and could be used to help guide decision making to increase prosperity without overexploiting the resource base and environmental assets needed for basic survival.
Level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet among children from Cyprus: the CYKIDS study
Authors: Lazarou Chrystalleni , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B , Matalas Antonia-Leda 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe Mediterranean diet (MD) prototype is widely used as an educational tool in public health programmes; few studies, however, have been conducted on the adherence of children to this diet.ObjectiveTo evaluate the quality of Cypriot children’s diet by assessing the degree of adherence to the MD.MethodsA national cross-sectional study among 1140 children (mean age = 10·7 (sd0·98) years), using stratified multistage sampling design, was conducted in primary schools of Cyprus. Dietary assessment was based on a 154-item semi-quantitative FFQ and the two supplementary questionnaires (a Food Groups Frequency Questionnaire and a Short Eating Habits Questionnaire). Adherence to the MD was assessed by the KIDMED index. The association between the frequencies of consumption of various food groups and the level of adherence to the MD (poorv. averagev. good KIDMED score) was also evaluated. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for potential confounders.ResultsOnly 6·7 % of the sample was classified as high adherers of MD, whereas 37 % had a poor KIDMED score. Multiple logistic regression analysis has shown that children with at least an average KIDMED score were more likely to eat frequently seafood and fish, legumes, nuts, bread, fruits, leafy vegetables, olives, low glycaemic index foods and unrefined foods. Effect size of associations was from medium to high.ConclusionHigher adherence to MD is associated with better diet quality in children. The MD prototype may thus represent a useful educational tool for promotion of healthy eating habits in children.
The luxury of abundance
Authors: Fontijn David , Van Reybrouck David 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe last decade has witnessed a significant increase in the number of comprehensive syntheses on Irish prehistory, both in terms of academic textbooks and popular accounts. The present review essay finds that these syntheses are highly convergent in terms of theme, scope, and theoretical underpinnings. Although large-scale migrations are rejected as explanations for culture change, Ireland is still perceived as the receptacle for foreign ideas and overseas inventions, whereby imports are not just introduced but also perfected in Ireland. We argue that a similar attitude can be noted in the perception of the history of Irish prehistory. This convergence and absence of overt polemics are explained by referring to the small size of the Irish archaeological community. The increase in syntheses is accounted for by a number of empirical preconditions, the theoretical climate of opinion, the institutional expansion of the discipline, the public impact of a rapidly changing natural and political landscape and the notion of an Irish identity.
To build and to abandon
Authors: Gerritsen Fokke 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article argues that the notion of cultural biography presents a key to understanding the social and cultural practices that created archaeological records of domestic architecture, as it brings the close and dynamic relationships between a house and its inhabitants to the fore. To do so it presents a case study of the construction, habitation and abandonment cycles of late prehistoric farmsteads in the southern Netherlands. After discussing typical biographies of farmhouses and the way these are affected by a transformation from a ‘wandering’ to a stable settlement pattern, the perspective is broadened through a comparison with burial practices. These witness a roughly contemporaneous shift from monumental and communal to short-lived and dispersed cemeteries. Finally, it is suggested that we view these contrasting patterns in terms of a transformation of the perception of farmsteads as places in the landscape and land tenure practices.
Sacralising the Past
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis , Yalouri Eleana 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe paper discusses the religious undertones classical Greek heritage is vested with in Greece. Drawing on the argument that nationalism and religion need to be seen as similar cultural systems, we show that classical antiquities have become powerful emotive icons for performances of national memory in the process ot imagining thetoposof the Hellenic nation. This process is open to all social actors and not simply to State bureaucrats and intellectuals. We offer an explanation of this phenomenon by examining the position of antiquity in the construction of the imagined community of the Hellenic nation, as well as the ways by which Orthodoxy and classical antiquity became enmeshed in the formation of Hellenic national identity.We finally explore some of the implications that this phenomenon has for archaeology as a discipline and as social practice.
Eating money
Authors: Pearson Mike Parker 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper develops a case study of animal exploitation in Androy, in southern Madagascar, to demonstrate the exchange and depositional processes by which animal bones can eventually end up in the ground. It examines the central role of cattle as symbol, currency and foodstuff in Tandroy life and explores some of the contexts and complexities of livestock exchange and slaughter. The results of this case study are used to suggest that standard archaeological calculations of minimum numbers (MNI) from individual sites may not always provide reliable information about livestock numbers in subsistence economies, and that the nutritional value of certain species might be the least important of their attributes. The complex exchange patterns of animals at Tandroy funerals, and the ways that their gifting and sacrifice define and reinforce social roles, identity and position, are key aspects of the social changes by which the powerful can become poor and the enslaved wealthy.
O Menino do Lapedo
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Zilhão João , Duarte Cidália 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe emergence of modern humans during the Late Pleistocene and the phylogenetic fate of the northwestern Eurasian Neandertals have been closely linked to our perceptions of the behavior and abilities of those late archaic humans, the Neandertals. In the past several years, several lines of evidence, including radiometric dating of archeological assemblages, taphonomic analyses of faunal remains, stable isotope analysis of Neandertal remains, the dating of late Neandertal remains, considerations of initial Upper Paleolithic associations and chronologies, and reassessments of Neandertal to early modern human phylogenetic relationships have tended to minimise the perceived behavioral differences between the Neandertals and early modern humans across Europe. Into this context, the discovery of an earlier Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian) early modern human child's skeleton at the Abrigo do Lagar Velho, Lapedo Valley, Portugal with distinctive Neandertal features provides further support for the de-dehumanising of the Neandertals. Its anatomical evidence for population blending when early modern humans spread into southern Iberia after 30,000 B.P. indicates that the behavioral differences between the local Neandertals and in-dispersing early modern humans were subtle and did not preclude them from regarding each other as human.