bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correction
Authors: Gerke Oke , Siedentop Harald 
Published: October 2008

Abstract‘Optimal phase I dose‐escalation trial designs in oncology—A simulation study’, by Oke Gerke and Harald Siedentop (Statistics in Medicine 2007, published online: September 12 2007, DOI: 10.1002/sim.3037).In Section 2.6, there is a typo in the last sentence which should read ‘The algorithm stops if the width of the 95 per cent confidence interval for the probability to observe a toxic event of the dose level currently believed to be the MTD is smaller than 50 per cent.’ instead of ‘… 15 per cent.’
Generalization and systemic epistemology: Why should it make sense?
Authors: Houghton Luke 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper argues that true ‘systemic’ epistemology should reveal multiple perspectives, conflicting realities and various other contexts due to its inherent pluralistic nature. Therefore, generalization in systems research occurs not across one linear conceptual framework but across the variety of nonlinear, conflicting, dialectal ‘realities’. It is therefore a misunderstanding of systems research to search for linear, singular and non‐conflicting versions of events as though there is one overarching ‘mega concept’ that will explain world events. The paper presents the hallmarks of a systemic epistemology. Using an example the nature of a systems epistemology is demonstrated and explained. The paper concludes that a ‘systemic’ epistemology is one that should reflect a ‘systemic’ reality. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A system‐oriented analysis model to enhance patient safety in healthcare organizations
Authors: Chuang Sheu‐Wen , Pan Chung‐Yu , Huang Chin‐Yin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractApplications of system approach and changes in “systems” of care have been recognized as a key for the successful implementation of patient safety; however, the performances of patient safety have neither been satisfactory nor acceptable. The lack of knowledge and understanding of errors is one of the major barriers in blocking the success. In this paper, a four‐step System Oriented Event Analysis model is proposed based on system theory and risk management model for social‐technical systems. It reflects both a philosophical approach and a mechanism to guide the investigation team to build up the ability of controlling safety in the way of system thinking. A pilot study in a 50‐bed hospital was performed. The system knowledge of errors for health care professionals has been strengthened during the model implementation. The system hierarchy and safety control matrix for vulnerable system components in the outpatient clinic consultation system has been established to prevent patient identification errors. A reduction of this type of error and the increase of incidents reported were found after ten months of implementation. Health care institutions can use this model as a training instrument for system knowledge enhancement, and as an analysis mechanism for the sustainability of patient safety. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Test methodology for the formulation and selection of components of thread moulding oils
Authors: Monetti C. , Buchner B. , Hering G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the course of a Kplus research project which focused on the internal thread moulding process, a test methodology for evaluating the efficiency of forming oils was developed. The various tests should provide tribological characteristic values, such as coefficient of friction, with respect to the real production environment. To guarantee the transferability of results, the complex of loads acting on the components in the model tests must correspond to the real forming process. Especially parameters such as contact pressure, relative speed in the forming zone and the increase of surface of the workpiece during the forming process must be considered in tribological testing. The tribological data provided information to select components of thread moulding oils and to optimise the formulation. Best practice moulding oils must satisfy different demands in respect of physical, physical–chemical, chemical and additional properties. In addition to the cooling function and the reduction of friction, there is also a significant influence on the quality of the workpiece and the moulding process itself. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The comparison of wear properties of different Fe‐based hardfacing alloys in four kinds of testing methods
Authors: Badisch E. , Kirchgaßner M. , Polak R. , Franek F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIron‐based hardfacing alloys are widely used to protect machinery equipment. A strong correlation is given between microstructure and chemical composition of welding deposit with the resulting wear behaviour. Concerning precipitation of metallurgical hard phases and synthetic added hard particles, the bonding strength of the hard phases in the metallic matrix seems to play a dominating role to obtain high wear resistance.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the wear behaviour for pure abrasion, combined impact/abrasion and high impact wear, respectively, for four different Fe‐based hardfacing alloys. Tests were performed with a standard ASTM G65 dry‐sand/rubber‐wheel tester. An impeller–tumbler apparatus enabled investigation of impact abrasion wear tests. Additional wear tests with high impact loading were performed on a drop hammer apparatus. Fracture surface analysis was carried out after drop hammer testing and results were correlated with microstructure and interfacial bonding behaviour of precipitations in metallic matrix. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Youth and violence: Phenomena and international data
Authors: Legge Sandra 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe topic of youth, violence, and disintegration needs addressing because young women and men are the world's greatest capital. They have the energy, talent, and creativity for building a future. But this group also suffers grave vulnerabilities. The time of adolescence includes important and difficult periods of life (for example, becoming more independent from the family, finding an adequate position in society, and starting a family of one's own). All of these points are strongly correlated with social integration, employment, and a place in the labor market—important factors in this context.This article gives an overview of the international development and the actual situation of socially harmful behavior among youths—both fatal violence (homicide) and nonfatal violence (such as bullying, fighting, and carrying weapons). The author shows that different kinds of youth violence represent social problems in every society. The data show that youths are not only perpetrators but also the group with the highest risk of becoming victims of violence. Furthermore, the data from around the world show that their vulnerability is not limited to this sphere. It arises also from their social conditions, especially their high risk of being disintegrated from the labor market. The parallels in the data underline the significance of a functioning institutional structure without positing a deterministic relationship between the risk of economic disintegration and violent behavior.
The French republican model of integration: The theory of cohesion and the practice of exclusion
Authors: Oberti Marco 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWhat are the explaining factors for the wave of riots in France in November 2005? In providing some answers, this article begins by examining the practical usefulness of the French republican model of integration for social cohesion, highlighting the way its negation of other criteria, such as ethnicity, race, or religion, limit this national conception of citizenship and emphasizing these excluded factors as one of the main causes of frustration and resentment among migrant groups in France.The author compares these riots to the student movements in spring 2006 and shows some similarities as well as important differences between the explaining structural factors of these two youth‐based social upheavals. One of the contributing distinctions is the experience of ethnic and racial discrimination as an important source of deep resentment. The author avoids reducing the riots simply to a clash between ethnic groups with specific ethnic interests or a class revolt. Instead, he stresses the relationship between specific social structural factors and spatial effects as the element that created the context for the riots by transforming inequalities into visible and indefensible discrimination. Several factors show that spatial aspects (in the form of segregation) are important alongside the ethnic/racial ones in explaining the riots.
Violence in the Brazilian favelas and the role of the police
Authors: Huguet Clarissa , Szabó de Carvalho Ilona 
Published: October 2008

AbstractInstitutions should normally have an integrative influence. The family, for example, has the task of protecting and giving socio‐emotional support to children, and schools should prepare young people for their future. Ideally the common goal of all of society's institutions is to secure the integration of youth and prevent or intervene against deviant behavior. But sometimes institutions provoke or even cause juvenile delinquency. The article discusses institutional influences and the role of the police in the criminal and violent situation in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro.Starting with an overview of the origins and the development of violence, crime, and drug trafficking in the favelas, the authors show how these slums arose. Their analysis examines the lack of a state presence with an integration policy to avoid social disintegration. Instead of social integration policy, there is a dual approach that both controls and produces violence. The article also presents the first results of a government attempt in 2000 to introduce a new police unit to stop the violence and improve the social opportunity structure of the residents of the favelas, especially young people.
Recognition denial, need for autonomy, and youth violence
Authors: Brezina Timothy 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSome adolescents develop an especially strong need for autonomy, desiring to be “their own boss” and determined to follow their own rules. Previous research indicates that an exaggerated need for autonomy is associated with aggression and other problem behaviors. Yet little is known about the origins of such “me‐first” attitudes. Why do some young people develop a stubborn need for autonomy in the first place?This article focuses on the role of adolescent autonomy needs in the development of youth violence, drawing on the insights of recognition theory and suggesting that the origins of an exaggerated need for autonomy can be found in the experience of recognition denial. Data from a large sample of male adolescents are used to test this hypothesis. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis, showing that perceived recognition denial (including the perception that one is treated as an inferior) contributes to a strong need for autonomy. Both are associated with elevated levels of violent behavior. The author closes with a discussion of the findings and their implications for violence prevention.
Social identity and violence among immigrant adolescents
Authors: Mesch Gustavo S. , Turjeman Hagit , Fishman Gideon 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWhereas traditional criminological theories treat juvenile delinquency largely as a reactive and expressive behavior that only seldom leads to specialized criminal offending or a criminal career, this article proposes an alternative classification of offenses that accounts for the difference between youthful reactive conduct and specialized criminality. It examines the effect of immigration on delinquency among juvenile Russians in Israel. In contrast to previous work that has examined the criminogenic effect of immigration without differentiating specific types of delinquency, this study investigates the immigration effect on eclectic as well as specialized delinquency. Based on survey data from face‐to‐face interviews with 910 immigrant youths from the former Soviet Union in Israel, the study finds important results regarding the integration of juvenile immigrants in modern societies. In contrast to the assumption that assimilation in multicultural societies represents a safe way for social adaptation and to prevent specific kinds of violent behavior, the authors find empirical support for a more sophisticated approach. Furthermore, the results underline the importance in differentiating between distinct forms of violence.
Right‐wing extremist violence among adolescents in Germany
Authors: Sitzer Peter , Heitmeyer Wilhelm 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWhat are the preconditions for right‐wing extremist violence among German youths? For several years, the rate of this violence has been increasing in Germany, and the same can be observed for right‐wing extremist orientations characterized by the coming together of ideologies of unequal worth and the acceptance of violence as a mode of action. And although it is emphasized that approval of and willingness to use violence do not automatically lead to actual acts of violence, this article suggests that the existence of these convictions in society helps to legitimize attitudes that become expressed in violence, in particular among youths.This article presents a five‐stage process model that portrays the underlying preconditions for acts of right‐wing extremist violence, the contexts in which such violence takes place, and the factors that cause it to escalate. This structural model is used to outline central empirical findings of recent German quantitative and especially qualitative studies about right‐wing extremist violent offenders. For analytical reasons, the basic elements of the process model (socialization, organization, legitimation, interaction, and escalation) are treated separately. The authors also examine right‐wing extremist violence from a disintegrative perspective. Given that intersubjective recognition is an existential human need, right‐wing extremist violence is understood as a “productive” way of dealing with individual recognition deficits. On the basis of the integration dimensions of social disintegration theory, three fundamental recognition needs are distinguished. Right‐wing extremist violence can best be explained as a consequence of recognition deficits in all three central integration dimensions.
Improved Management of Acute Gallstone Disease After Regional Surgical Subspecialization
Authors: Simpson D. J. , Wood A. M. , Paterson H. M. , Nixon S. J. , Paterson‐Brown S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPurposeAcute gallstone disease is a common indication for emergency hospital admission, and evidence now strongly supports early laparoscopic cholecystectomy as the treatment of choice. Recent data from the UK suggest that this is achieved in a minority of cases with a high proportion of patients managed by deferred elective surgery or emergency open cholecystectomy. We present results of a policy of definitive treatment during index admission after subspecialist reorganization of a regional emergency surgical service.MethodsData for all emergency gallstone admissions were retrieved from a prospectively collected regional surgical audit database and results were compared from 31 month periods before and after subspecialist service reorganization in August 2002.ResultsA total of 2442 patients were analyzed. Before subspecialization, 458 of 733 patients (62.4%) underwent cholecystectomy during index admission; after subspecialization, cholecystectomy during index admission for biliary colic/acute cholecystitis was achieved in 666 of 817 (81.5%) patients (90.2% laparoscopic, 6.5% conversion rate, and 3.3% primary open cholecystectomy) with a reduction in hospital stay from median 5 to 4 days. The rate of deferred surgery decreased from 37.5% to 18.4%. Early surgery reduced total hospital admission by more than 1 day per patient compared with deferred surgery.ConclusionsEarly laparoscopic cholecystectomy during emergency admission is cost‐effective and should be regarded as the standard of care. However, it requires appropriately trained surgeons and availability of a dedicated emergency room, which at present are not consistently provided in all regions of the UK.
Influence of Surface Modified MWCNTs on the Mechanical, Electrical and Thermal Properties of Polyimide Nanocomposites
Authors: Singh BP , Singh Deepankar , Mathur RB , Dhami TL 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Polyamic acid, the precursor of polyimide, was used for the preparation of polyimide/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite films by solvent casting technique. In order to enhance the chemical compatibility between polyimide matrix and MWCNTs, the latter was surface modified by incorporating acidic and amide groups by chemical treatment with nitric acid and octadecylamine (C18H39N), respectively. While the amide-MWCNT/polyimide composite shows higher mechanical properties at low loadings (<3 wt%), the acid-MWCNT/polyimide composites perform better at higher loadings (5 wt%). The tensile strength (TS) and the Young’s modulus (YM) values of the acid-MWCNT/polyimide composites at 5 wt% MWCNT loadings was 151 and 3360 MPa, respectively, an improvement of 54% in TS and 35% in YM over the neat polyimide film (TS = 98 MPa; YM = 2492 MPa). These MWCNT-reinforced composites show remarkable improvement in terms of thermal stability as compared to that for pure polyimide film. The electrical conductivity of 5 wt% acid modified MWCNTs/polyimide nanocomposites improved to 0.94 S cm
− 1(6.67 × 10
− 18S cm−1for pure polyimide) the maximum achieved so far for MWCNT-polyimide composites.
Ionic Liquid-assisted Synthesis of Polyaniline/Gold Nanocomposite and Its Biocatalytic Application
Authors: Yang Wenrong , Liu Jingquan , Zheng Rongkun , Liu Zongwen , Dai Yun , Chen Guonan , Ringer Simon , Braet Filip 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
In this report, a novel chemical synthesis of polyaniline/gold nanocomposite is explored using ionic liquid (IL) 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. The direct chemical synthesis of polyaniline/gold nanocomposite was initiated via the spontaneous oxidation of aniline by AuCl4
−in IL. A nearly uniform dispersion of polyaniline/Au particles with a diameter of 450 ± 80 nm was produced by this method, which indicates that this method is more suitable for controlling particle dimensions. It was also found that the electrical conductivity of the polyaniline/gold nanocomposite was more than 100 times higher than that of the pure polyaniline nanoparticles. The polyaniline/gold nanocomposite displays superior function in the biocatalytic activation of microperoxidase-11 because of the high surface area of the assembly and the enhanced charge transport properties of the composite material. We also report the possible application of polyaniline/gold nanocomposite as a H2O2biosensor.
Radical Scavenging Activity of Lipophilized Products from Lipase‐Catalyzed Transesterification of Triolein with Cinnamic and Ferulic Acids
Authors: Choo Wee‐Sim , Birch Edward John 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed transesterification of triolein with cinnamic and ferulic acids using an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (E.C. 3.1.1.3) was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the lipophilized products as model systems for enhanced protection of unsaturated oil. The lipophilized products were identified using ESI‐MS. Free radical scavenging activity was determined using the DPPH radical method. The polarity of the solvents proved important in determining the radical scavenging activity of the substrates. Ferulic acid showed much higher radical scavenging activity than cinnamic acid, which has limited activity. The esterification of cinnamic acid and ferulic acid with triolein resulted in significant increase and decrease in the radical scavenging activity, respectively. These opposite effects were due to the effect of addition of electron‐donating alkyl groups on the predominant mechanism of reaction (hydrogen atom transfer or electron transfer) of a species with DPPH. The effect of esterification of cinnamic acid was confirmed using ethyl cinnamate which greatly enhances the radical scavenging activity. Although, compared to the lipophilized cinnamic acid product, the activity was lower. The radical scavenging activity of the main component isolated from lipophilized cinnamic acid product using solid phase extraction, monocinnamoyl dioleoyl glycerol, was as good as the unseparated mixture of lipophilized product. Based on the ratio of a substrate to DPPH concentration, lipophilized ferulic acid was a much more efficient radical scavenger than lipophilized cinnamic acid.
Asteroseismic study of solar-like stars: A method of estimating stellar age
Authors: Tang Y. K. , Bi S. L. , Gai N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAsteroseismology, as a tool to use the indirect information contained in stellar oscillations to probe the stellar interiors, is an active field of research presently. Stellar age, as a fundamental property of star apart from its mass, is most difficult to estimate. In addition, the estimating of stellar age can provide the chance to study the time evolution of astronomical phenomena. In our poster, we summarize our previous work and further present a method to determine age of low-mass main-sequence star.
Researching turbulent convection models and the density gradient reversing
Authors: Zhang Q. S. , Li Y. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTurbulent convection models (TCM) provide a better way to study convection in stars than the MLT. Improving numerical method, we adopted larger diffusion parameters and smaller dissipation parameters in order to further correct the p-mode oscillation frequencies of TCM models. The density gradient reversing is discussed.
Deep inside low-mass stars
Authors: Charbonnel Corinne , Talon Suzanne 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLow-mass stars exhibit, at all stages of their evolution, the signatures of complex physical processes that require challenging modeling beyond standard stellar theory. In this review, we recall the most striking observational evidences that probe the interaction and interdependence of various transport processes of chemicals and angular momentum in these objects. We then focus on the impact of atomic diffusion, large scale mixing due to rotation, and internal gravity waves on stellar properties on the main sequence and slightly beyond.