bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stabilizing Wellbores in Unconsolidated, Clay-Laden Formations
Authors: Nguyen Philip D. , Dusterhoft Ron G. , Ali Syed A. , Lockman Russell R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents results of laboratory and field testing performed to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of applying a one-component, low-viscosity consolidation material to stabilize or strengthen the unconsolidated formation sand surrounding a wellbore and overcome the effects of cyclic loading, while minimizing any reduction of its original permeability. Treatment fluid volumes, overflush fluid, and the chemical composition of the consolidation material were found to directly impact the consolidation performance and the retained permeability of the treated formation sand. The treatment renders formation fines immobile so that migration and plugging do not occur.
This study has determined that application of a consolidation material containing a specific solvent chemistry for clay-laden sands has resulted in excellent strengths even at high clay contents. This new finding indicates that the new approach allows the consolidation material to be drawn onto the mineral surfaces, resulting in very minimal loss in effective porosity. Scanning electron micrographs of the consolidated core material clearly reveal the entrapment of fines as the consolidation material formed a thin film on the mineral surfaces, resulting in very little damage to the porosity and permeability of the formation.
Results of field testing indicate that the consolidation treatment effectively stops the production of formation sand and fines while maintaining the production of the wells at desirable flow rates. The technique provides a very attractive alternative to conventional sand control completions in lower quality reservoirs as well as an effective thru-tubing completion alternative.
Responsible Exploration In A Tropical Forest
Authors: Ratanga R. , Lee M. , Louis A. , Smit C. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The protection and conservation of the Earth's nature and biodiversity is one of the greatest challenges of our time. Areas of overwhelming richness and fragile environment are located in Gabon with Shell Gabon's major activities carried out in a protected area in the heart of the rain-forest. Protective environmental measures are considered of eminent importance. These are critical to meet Shell's objective of responsible exploration combined with the conservation of an unique ecology. In this context several initiatives are actively pursued: (i) dedicated emissions reducing projects are either implemented or nearing realisation (2) re-vegetation programmes are executed to minimise the impact of deforestation and (3) a Biodiversity project was started to document biological diversity in areas in and out of oil operations.
Strategic Assessment of Oil and Gas Activities: Looking Beyond EIA/SIA
Authors: Wagner Jay Paul , Jones Murray G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Throughout the world energy companies face a complex agenda requiring improved social and environmental performance. Alongside health, safety and environmental (HSE) issues, questions relating to human rights, revenue sharing, biodiversity, ethics, governance, corruption and the social and economic implications of energy activities are rising to the fore. This requires an understanding of the wider social, economic and political context of energy activities. Indeed, social, economic and political factors can play a crucial role in determining whether and at what pace development proceeds; something that traditional ESIA does not always capture given its focus on project-specific issues. The objective of the paper is to outline the purpose and value of high level, strategic impact assessments of the social, cultural, political, economic and environmental impacts of energy projects. The focus is on providing examples of the practical application of these assessment techniques rather than to dwell on theoretical models and to compare them to other forms of "strategic" assessment.
HSE And SD Assessments - Integrating HSE and Sustainable Development into Projects Right from the Outset
Authors: Cassin John 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
HSE and Sustainable Development (SD) issues and opportunities need to be identified and assessed at the earliest possible stages in projects in order to effectively manage the risks and optimize the opportunities. This paper describes a journey of improvement from a loosely structured distributed process to a more structured cross-functional process supported by simple user-friendly tools.
Safety Assessment of Alarm Systems on Offshore Oil and Gas Production Installations in Norway
Authors: Bjerkebaek Eirik , Eskedal Trond Sigurd 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
High quality alarm systems are essential to safe offshore petroleum production. The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) has carried out safety assessments of alarm systems on seven of the petroleum production installations in Norway. The assessment clearly demonstrates that poor alarm system performance and management represents the greatest human factor challenge within control room environments offshore.
CO2 Capture Project: Initial Results
Authors: Wright Iain W. , Lee Arthur , Middleton Peter , Lowe Cliff , Imbus Scott W. , Miracca Ivano 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
CO2 capture and geological storage could provide a significant GreenHouse Gas (GHG) mitigation option if the cost of capture can be reduced and the public can be assurethat geological storage is safe, measureable and verifiable.
The CO2 Capture Project (CCP) is a public/private partnership initiated in 2000 to address the two issues above. Industry participants are BP, ChevronTexaco, EnCana, Eni, Norsk Hydro, Shell, Statoil and Suncor. Government funding was provided by USA, EU and Norway. Project funding was $50mm over three years (including cash and in-kind contributions). CCP objectives were to:
Develop low cost next generation technology, which achieves the ability to capture and geologically sequester from industrial turbines, boilers, heaters, and power generation systems, which emit CO2. Determine the key principles and practices to maximize the volume of CO2, which can be safely sequestered in geologic formations. Develop procedures and guidelines to monitor and verify storage of CO2 in geologic formations. Identify and recommend policies and incentives, which may enhance economic viability of CO2 capture and sequestration schemes.
Successfully Integrating the Challenge of Global Climate Change with Business Strategy
Authors: Sadorra Ronnie J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Shell Canada Limited (SCL) shares the concern being expressed globally over the issue of climate change. We accept that there is sufficient evidence of a human impact on the climate system to support taking action on climate change. Shell People will continue to participate with governments and other sectors of society, in the policy debate to develop and implement responsible actions that contribute to emissions reductions and also protect Canada's interests.
Climate change is a long-term issue. The economic and related lifestyle costs of emissions mitigation policies can be reduced if they are phased in over time. Shell Canada believes that a measured approach provides time for better scientific understanding of the climate system, for the development of new and turnover of old technologies, and for the development of less carbon-intensive fuels while allowing the economy and society time to adjust.
Our business strategy includes a vision for the future and actions to manage our role on climate change today. Thus, Shell Canada is committed to taking action on climate change and will strive to continuously improve the energy efficiency performance of existing and new businesses to reduce overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Social Performance
Authors: Macklin Stephen , de Koning Saskia 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For the purposes of this paper the definition of social performance is all the different ways - directly or indirectly - that EP businesses contribute positively to or impact negatively on the people in the communities and societies where we operate. Social performance should not be seen as a substitute for sustainable development, rather, as a key part of it.
There is no doubt - the old boundaries separating business and society have changed. Increasingly, society expects that businesses should make a contribution to it, and we want to make that contribution. It's the right thing to do. It allows us, individually and collectively, to realise our personal aspirations to make a positive difference in the world. Also, it enables our businesses to perform better.
Different groups of society have different expectations of us as Figure 1 shows. To act effectively, we need to recognise how we fit into society. In the past, EP companies’ view of the world was like that of most businesses, with themselves firmly at the center. Other organizations populated that world in an orderly, segregated way. Today the picture is more complex. EP companies interact with a wide range of other groups, in society, who also interact and overlap with each other. Traditional relationships no longer apply. Engagement and dialogue are crucial to managing our impact on others, and their impact on us, effectively - both now and in the future.
There is no time for delay. We should improve our social performance continuously by listening and taking appropriate actions. In addition, we should anticipate the future. We must get our projects and operations in shape for what will be required in 5-10 years time.
Shell EP's vision for social performance is to work in partnership to deliver net benefit to our neighbors, communities, and to wider society affected by our operations. This vision recognises that every project has its associated costs and benefits - some financial, some environmental, some social - for our businesses and for those affected by our operations. Although the ultimate balance sheet on impact should present net benefit to all, no group should pay too high a price.
The paper will outline social impact, and describe the recent developments within and key challenges faced by Shell EP, and the key features of its approach.
Delivering Employment Diversity on an Offshore Oil Project
Authors: Shrimpton Mark , Allan Margaret 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There is a growing need to ensure that local areas receive a share of the jobs and business associated with upstream petroleum industry activity. In the case of Husky Energy's White Rose oilfield project in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, there is a government requirement to provide employment and business opportunities not only to residents of Newfoundland and Labrador, and other Canadians, but also to women, aboriginal peoples, visible minorities and persons with disabilities.
This paper describes how this requirement is being addressed by the White Rose Project Diversity Plan. The plan uses a non-prescriptive approach, allowing Husky and its main contractors to develop targets and initiatives that are appropriate to their organizations and activities, and to labour market constraints. It employs an iterative process whereby they establish annual diversity targets and monitor success in meeting them, leading to the establishment of new targets. The plan also seeks to foster a ‘diversity culture’ within project companies, and it emphasizes collaboration between Husky, its contractors and community groups, so as to access different networks and share expertise and lessons. These approaches may have application to employment and business diversity requirements on other projects worldwide.
Seeing the Wood for the Trees
Authors: Bridle Peter , Bonsall David 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the innovative approach taken by ENSCO International Inc. (a leading international offshore drilling contractor), supported by Risktec Solutions (an international safety and risk management consultancy), to consolidate a wide variety of worksite safety controls (e.g. Work instructions, Risk Assessments, Job Safety Analysis, Competence, Work Permits etc) into a single integrated system - the Safe System of Work (SSoW).
The program used existing foundations of Work Instruction and Job Hazard Analysis systems to move forward to a structured system that clarifies the differences between information to define the quality of the work and that relating to the management of the hazards associated with the work activity. The program provided further clarity over the management of hazards relating to the TYPE of work being performed, hazards relating to the LOCATION work was being performed and hazards relating to the TIME (i.e. conflicts with other work) when work is being conducted.
ENSCO International Inc. has been working with the SSoW for approximately 18 months in the Gulf of Mexico and, given the very positive feedback from the workforce, has established the SSoW as a minimum worldwide company standard. Expectations, purpose and relevancy of all worksite safety controls - both individually and collectively - are now clear, leading to a marked improvement in the communication of expectations at the worksite.
The SSoW provides an effective platform for communicating a wide range of requirements from such sources as HSE Cases, Environmental Management Systems (EMS), Preventative Maintenance routines, etc. through a ‘one stop shop’ for the workforce.
Safety in Decommissioning and Remediation of Remote Sites
Authors: Taylor Timothy R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Every year oil and gas fields play out their useful economic life. Once production ceases, the facilities are often suspended awaiting their ultimate fate. In this time lag, until the sites are decommissioned and remediated, much will deteriorate. Also, during this period, infrastructure in remote regions often departs south, leaving the environmental project with a wide range of challenges that are not encountered in less remote areas.
Any decommissioning project can have many safety hazards. In a remote project, these hazards are magnified because of the difficulty in getting resources or emergency aid.
For example, the discovery of asbestos can endanger unprepared workers; it can delay the project while qualified contractors are retained and it will increase costs.
For a remote site, the solution is to plan, plan and plan for both the expected and a contingency plan for the unexpected. The first step in planning the project is to complete a hazard assessment.
Reaching Agreement Between Oil Explorers and Rock Lobster Fishermen Offshore Dongara, Western Australia
Authors: Cobby G. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During 2001-2002 new exploration permits were released offshore Western Australia for competitive bidding. These permit areas overlie a well established rock lobster fishery contributing around A$ 300 - 400 million per annum to the economy. A new oil field (Cliff head) was discovered within these rock lobster fishing grounds renewing interest in the area. Increased levels of petroleum activity have the potential to interfere with rock lobster fishing. The challenge for oil explorers and developers is to demonstrate to the rock lobster fishing community that exploration and production activity can be conducted without disrupting fishing activities. The paper describes the rock lobster fishery, the petroleum exploration activity, the consultation requirements and how dialogue between, rock lobster fisherman, oil explorers and regulators provide the basis for managing conflicting interests.
The Development of Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria: A Systematic Approach and Future Challenges
Authors: Agha G. U. , Irrechukwu D. O. , Zagi M. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As part of its statutory functions, the Department of Petroleum Resources is charged with the responsibility of ensuring safe and environmentally friendly oil and gas operations. In order to achieve this responsibility, the Department has been developing environmental guidelines and standards covering all aspects of Oil and Gas operations since 1981 when the first interim environmental guidelines were issued to the industry in form of administrative circular. In 1992, the Department of Petroleum Resources updated and issued the first ever compendium of environmental guidelines and standards to the industry in one volume. Though the document was meant for review after every 5 years as new knowledge becomes available, significant changes in the guidelines, standards and effluent limitations were communicated to companies via administrative circulars in-between the reviews. The review of the 1992 document began, in earnest, in 1996 through 1998 when the draft-revised version was issued to the industry. The draft version formed the benchmark and working document between DPR and Operators until a final document was issued in 2002. Following the issuance of the revised document and as is the case with every regulatory change(s), the Department of Petroleum Resources was and is still being inundated with a lot of requests for moratorium period from the operators within which to phase out the outlawed practices and retrofit facilities to meet the new regulations. The aim of this paper is to share with you the hybrid approaches adopted and the evolutionary trend in the development of environmental guidelines and standards for the petroleum industry in Nigeria. Attempts will also be made at highlighting the salient differences between the 1992 and 2002 versions of the document and the major challenges regarding the implementation of the revised document while speculating on the future trends in the environmental regulations for the Nigerian Oil Industry.
Oily Sludge Degradation Study Under Arid Conditions Using Landfarm and Bioreactor Technologies
Authors: Hejazi Ramzi F. , Husain Tahir 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Saudi Arabia is a major oil exporting country in the world with average production of approximately eight million barrels of crude oil every day. As a result of its operation, Saudi Aramco generates more than 30,000 cubic meters of oily sludge every year. The main disposal method for oily sludge in the Kingdom is landfarming, which is an attractive method due to the hot arid climatic conditions.
Although landfarming technology was introduced to Saudi Arabia in 1982, the decision to use this technology was based on information obtained through studies conducted in other countries mainly in relatively cold climatic conditions. No scientific studies and/or research were conducted within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to support this decision.
A field-scale study was conducted in the Juaymah area in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia to study the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons under natural and enhanced conditions using landfarm and bioreactor technologies. The results presented in this paper are based on a comprehensive field experiment conducted under Saudi Arabian environmental conditions. Details of experimental setup and conceptual framework of degradation process based on field observations are presented. The paper also addresses kinetics of oily sludge degradation in landfarm and bioreactor cells under natural and enhanced conditions in the presence of water, nutrients and tilling. The results of this study revealed that weathering (evaporation) and not biodegradation was the dominant degradation mechanism. The results also showed that tilling was the main operating parameter responsible for achieving the highest percentage of reduction (76%) in the O&G concentrations in landfarms. The analytical results also revealed that due to the method of air addition, the bioreactor system was not effective in achieving a high percentage of O&G reduction.
Field Trials for a Novel Water Deoiling Process for the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Le Foll Pierre , Khan Moin , Parent Jean-Pierre , Agrapart Frederic 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the upstream oil and gas industry, hydrocarbon well production is very often associated with significant fractions of water, whether from the reservoir or byproducts of the drilling and completion processes. Before discharge into the environment, or reinjection into the formation for pressure maintenance or disposal, this unwanted water must have an extremely low oil content to comply with statutory discharge requirements, or to ensure long-term injectivity.
Although many techniques have been used over the years for water deoiling – EARTH&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; – gains could be achieved in the fields of operating expenditures, energy requirement, performance, and ultimately waste reduction.
This paper presents a novel water deoiling process that exceeds the foreseen statutory requirements. It is based on a combined coalescence and separation process. The process is able to deliver water down to 10 mg/L oil content, with a very low pressure drop, and without having to discard spent oil-absorbing material.
Bioaccumulation, Biomarker Responses, and Effects on Reproduction in Fish Exposed to a Mixture of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and to Dispersed Oil
Authors: Bechmann Renée Katrin , Taban Ingrid Christina , Jonsson Grete , Sanni Steinar , Reichert William L. , Plisson-Sauné Stéphan , Buffagni Melania 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMost oil and gas installations produce significant quantities of associated water which has to be disposed of. Offshore, produced water (PW) is often discharged in the sea, after treatment. Impact of such discharge on the marine environment is a concern in the North Sea, due in particular to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the PW discharged. In order to assess the impact of PAHs on fish and fish eggs, a laboratory study encompassing various techniques – some of which are fairly new – has been recently performed, the results of which are presented in this paper. Fish were exposed to various concentrations of North Sea oil dispersed in water. Disturbed egg production of exposed fish and reduced hatching success due to maternal transfer were observed in fish exposed to oil concentrations in the range 0.4-0.7 mg/L. In particular no effect on egg production of fish was detected below 0.4 mg/L oil and no effect on hatching success due to maternal transfer was detected below 0.7 mg/L, although significant biomarker responses (PAHs metabolites and DNA adducts) were observed at 0.1 mg/L oil. Due to the relatively high concentrations tested in these experiments, it is unfortunately not yet possible to extrapolate the results to actual field concentrations (&lt; 0.1 mg/L) and further studies at lower concentrations are needed.