bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Benefit of Bevacizumab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Is Independent of K-ras Mutation Status: Analysis of a Phase III Study of Bevacizumab with Chemotherapy in Previously Untreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Hurwitz Herbert I. , Yi Jing , Ince William , Novotny William F. , Rosen Oliver 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Purpose.
Mutations of the K-ras gene were identified as a prognostic marker in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). In addition, emerging data suggest that K-ras mutations are a negative predictor of clinical benefit from anti–epidermal growth factor receptor treatment in mCRC. Previously reported data suggest that the longer overall survival (OS) observed with bevacizumab treatment in mCRC is independent of alterations in the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway. We conducted additional analyses to better describe the clinical benefit of bevacizumab treatment in mCRC relative to K-ras mutation status.

Patients and Methods.
Additional statistical analyses were done with data from K-ras mutation analyses in 230 patients who were treated with irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (IFL) in combination with either bevacizumab or placebo in a randomized phase III study. Following microdissection, tissue was subject to DNA sequencing to identify K-ras mutations in codons 12 and 13. Hazard ratios for the bevacizumab group relative to the control group were estimated from an unstratified Cox regression model. The median progression-free survival (PFS), OS times, and objective response rates were compared.

Results.
K-ras status was assessed in 230 patients (28.3%). The median PFS was significantly longer in bevacizumab-treated patients with wild-type (wt)- (13.5 versus 7.4 months; hazard ratio 0.44, p &lt; .0001) and mutant (m)-K-ras (9.3 versus 5.5 months; hazard ratio 0.41, p = .0008). A significantly higher response rate for IFL plus bevacizumab was observed only in wt-K-ras patients (60.0% versus 37.3%, p = .006) compared with 43.2% versus 41.2% in the m-K-ras group.

Conclusion.
Bevacizumab provides significant clinical benefit in patients with mCRC expressing either mutant or wild-type K-ras.
Responses of fathead minnows (pimephales promelas) during life-cycle exposures to pulp mill effluents at four long-term receiving water study sites
Authors: Borton Dennis L , Cook Diana L , Bradley W Kenneth , Philbeck Raymond E , Dubé Monique G , Brown-Peterson Nancy J , Streblow William R 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
We exposed fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to 7 concentrations of effluents from pulp mills at 4 Long-Term Receiving Water Study (LTRWS) sites. The primary objective of these investigations was to determine the potential for toxicity, particularly on fish reproduction, of the pulp mill effluents using laboratory tests. These tests were performed as LTRWS fish community assessments were being completed, thus results of the laboratory fish reproduction tests could be compared to in-stream fish community measurements. In general, bioindicators measured during the life-cycle tests, including gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index, condition factor, numbers of tubercles on heads of males and females, and gonadal histology did not show consistent patterns or dose response and did not predict effects on egg production. Gonadosomatic indexes and tubercles also did not indicate estrogenic or androgenic responses to the effluents during the life-cycle tests. The most consistently sensitive test endpoint showing a dose response was the 25% inhibition concentration (IC25) for egg production. Based on this endpoint all 4 effluents had effects on fish reproduction from 8% by volume to 100% effluent. However, in-stream effects on fish reproduction would not be expected based on these 4 life-cycle tests for any of the LTRWS stream sites. The mean effluent concentration in Codorus Creek, Pennsylvania, USA was approximately 32%, and the IC25 for the life-cycle test was 100% effluent, providing a margin of safety of approximately 3 times. The margins of safety at the other sites are much greater: 34 times for Leaf River, Mississippi, USA (IC25 = 69%, 2% mean receiving water concentration), 36 times for the McKenzie River, Oregon, USA (IC25 = 18%, 0.5% mean receiving water concentration), and 40 times for the Willamette River, Oregon, USA (IC25 = 8%, 0.2% mean receiving water concentration). Effects on fish numbers, diversity, and community structure due to the effluent were also not found during the LTRWS, which is consistent with these laboratory results. These findings indicate that in this case, when laboratory results combined with in-stream effluent concentrations suggest in-stream effects on fish population are not expected, the laboratory results are consistent with the in-stream observations. However, inferences about situations where laboratory results predict in-stream effects cannot be made from these data.
Characterization of Key Intermediates in a Complex Organocatalytic Cascade Reaction Using Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Schrader Wolfgang , Handayani Peni Purwa , Zhou Jian , List Benjamin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEin chemisches Scrabble: Das Vorliegen vieler verschiedener Spezies erschwert mechanistische Studien komplexer organokatalytischer Kaskadenreaktionen. Mit Elektrosprayionisations‐Massenspektrometrie sind Einzelheiten einer vierfachen organokatalytischen Kaskadenreaktion zugänglich, die eine genaue Charakterisierung der Reaktion und ihrer Schlüsselintermediate ermöglichen.magnified image
Spectral Tuning of Azobenzene Photoswitches for Biological Applications
Authors: Sadovski Oleg , Beharry Andrew A. , Zhang Fuzhong , Woolley G. Andrew 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLängere Schaltwellenlängen und gute photochemische Ausbeuten und Stabilitäten des cis‐Isomers in reduzierenden wässrigen Umgebungen kennzeichnen 4,4′‐Diamido‐substituierte Azobenzole mit 2,2′‐Aminoalkyl‐Substituenten. Die Produkte eignen sich zur Photosteuerung biomolekularer Strukturen in zellulären Umgebungen, etwa zum Umschalten zwischen zwei Peptidkonfigurationen (siehe Bild).magnified image
Fusion of a 1,3‐Diboraruthenocene to Form a Slipped μ‐Hexahydrotetraboranaphthalene Triple‐Decker Complex with Two Axial CH Bonds
Authors: Mutseneck Elena V. , Wadepohl Hubert , Enders Markus , Kudinov Alexander R. , Siebert Walter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractColliding double deckers: Addition of zinc to a reaction mixture of [{Cp*RuCl}4]/pentamethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,3‐diborole (C3B2Me5H) in THF leads to three known double‐ and triple‐decker complexes of [C3B2Me5]−, and unexpectedly to the slipped triple‐decker (see picture) with two fused diborole rings. The endo CH bonds of two MeCH groups donate two additional electrons to achieve the stable 34 VE configuration.magnified image
Structure and Phase Behavior of the Expanded‐Metal Compound 7Li(ND3)4
Authors: Ibberson Richard M. , Fowkes Amelia J. , Rosseinsky Matthew J. , David William I. F. , Edwards Peter P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMetal lite: High‐resolution neutron powder diffraction data reveals that the body‐centered cubic crystal structure of lithium(0)tetraamine transforms to a simple cubic structure below 22 K. The detailed structure determinations will allow new insights into the coupled structural and electronic properties of the lightest metal.magnified image
Using non‐linear GARCH model to predict silicon content in blast furnace hot metal
Authors: Zeng Jiu‐sun , Gao Chuan‐hou , Liu Xiang‐guan , Yang Ke‐ping , Luo Shi‐hua 
Published: January 2009

AbstractForecasting of silicon content in blast furnace (BF) hot metal has always been an important tool in the control of iron‐making process. To get an accurate prediction of silicon content is an urgent task for BF operators. The approach based on generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) has been introduced to predict step‐ahead silicon content in BF hot metal. The algorithm has been explained in detail and simulation results have been analyzed from different criteria. It is shown that the algorithm gives good results and is helpful for practical production. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
A fuzzy clustering method for generating fuzzy models
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Gu Hong 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA systematic fuzzy approach considering both accuracy and interpretability is developed in the paper. First, a fuzzy modeling method based on a new objective function is proposed. The proposed method can deal with the problem where the input variables have an affect on the input space of the fuzzy system while the output variables do not exert any influence on input space of fuzzy system. Then rule reduction is performed to obtain the model structure of the fuzzy system by QR decomposition of the fuzzy reference matrix. According to analysis of the rank loss of the matrix, the important rules and unimportant rules can be confirmed in this paper. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach can be used to build fuzzy models of nonlinear systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
H∞control for a class of cascade switched nonlinear systems
Authors: Wang Min , Zhao Jun , Dimirovski Georgi M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate theH∞control problem for a class of cascade switched nonlinear systems consisting of two nonlinear parts which are also switched systems using the multiple Lyapunov function method. Firstly, we design the state feedback controller and the switching law, which guarantees that the corresponding closed‐loop system is globally asymptotically stable and has a prescribedH∞performance level. This method is suitable for a case where none of the switched subsystems is asymptotically stable. Then, as an application, we study the hybridH∞control problem for a class of nonlinear cascade systems. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the feasibility of our results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
One‐dimensional wave animation using Mathematica
Authors: Chen J. T. , Chou K. S. , Kao S. K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe work presents how one‐dimensional wave phenomenon is animated. Several methods including the D'Alembert solution, the diamond rule, the Laplace transform and the convolution integral, are employed in the Mathematica animation. All the analytical derivations were carried out by using the symbolic software. Several examples, including an infinite string with a spring, mass and damper as well as a semi‐infinite string, two‐media string, string and beam subject to support motions, were demonstrated to show the validity of the present formulation. Parameter study of impedance ratio and mass, spring, and dashpot was also examined to see the transmission and reflection coefficient. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 17: 323–339, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20224
A software player for providing hints in problem‐based learning according to a new specification
Authors: Muñoz‐Merino Pedro J. , Delgado Kloos Carlos 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe provision of hints during problem solving has been a successful strategy in the learning process. There exist several computer systems that provide hints to students during problem solving, covering some specific issues of hinting. This article presents a novel software player module for providing hints in problem‐based learning. We have implemented it into the XTutor Intelligent Tutoring System using its XDOC extension mechanism and the Python programming language. This player includes some of the functionalities that are present in different state‐of‐the‐art systems, and also other new relevant functionalities based on our own ideas and teaching experience. The article explains each feature for providing hints and it also gives a pedagogical justification or explanation. We have created an XML binding, so any combination of the model hints functionalities can be expressed as an XML instance, enabling interoperability and reusability. The implemented player tool together with the XTutor server‐side XDOC processor can interpret and run XML files according to this newly defined hints specification. Finally, the article presents several running examples of use of the tool, the subjects where it is in use, and results that lead to the conclusion of the positive impact of this hints tool in the learning process based on quantitative and qualitative analysis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 17: 272–284, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20240
Design of a Chemical Looping Combustor using a Dual Circulating Fluidized Bed (DCFB) Reactor System
Authors: Kolbitsch P. , Pröll T. , Bolhar‐Nordenkampf J. , Hofbauer H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA dual circulating fluidized bed (DCFB) reactor system for chemical looping combustion is proposed. The reactor is designed to operate with a Ni‐based oxygen carrier and is fueled with either natural gas or designed mixtures of CH4, CO, H2, and higher hydrocarbons at 120‐kW fuel power. The main design parameters are determined and the DCFB system, which promises large scale applicability, is introduced. The DCFB reactor system features effective control of the solid circulation rate via the primary fast fluidized bed (air reactor) without changing the fluidization regime in the secondary reactor (fuel reactor). Therefore, the secondary reactor can be optimized on fuel conversion without affecting the global solid circulation rates. The air reactor design can focus on the transportation of the solids to the fuel reactor. Besides a short introduction of the auxiliary units of the reactor system, a pressure profile of the pilot rig in hot operation is presented.
Transient Calculation of the Boundary Layer Flow over Spills
Authors: Habib A. , Schalau B. , Acikalin A. , Steinbach J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this work, results of numerical simulations and experimental investigations of the mass flow from evaporating liquid pools are presented. Numerical simulations are based on the boundary layer equations combined with an algebraic turbulence model. The experiments were carried out on open air test sites within flat and very rough topographies, at different temperatures with ethanol and cyclohexane as the evaporating liquids. An experimental investigation of the influence of the topography on the evaporation of a liquid pool is conducted. The results of the simulation are validated against experimental data from the open air experiments. Furthermore, a comparison of the simulation results with empirical prediction models has been made.
Changes in Limestone Sorbent Morphology during CaO‐CaCO3 Looping at Pilot Scale
Authors: Hughes R. W. , Macchi A. , Lu D. Y. , Anthony E. J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA pilot‐scale dual fluidized bed combustion system was used for CO2 capture using limestone sorbent with CaO‐CaCO3 looping. The sorbent was regenerated at high temperature using an air‐ or oxygen‐fired fluidized bed calciner with flue gas recycle firing hardwood pellets. Two limestones were evaluated for CaO‐CaCO3 looping. Changes in the sorbent morphology during the tests were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). Changes in pore size distribution and sorbent surface area that occurred during reaction were determined by N2 BET porosimetry. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the activity of the sorbent after processing in the dual fluidized bed combustion system. It was found that oxygen‐fired calcination with high CO2 partial pressure reduced the effectiveness of the two limestone sorbents for CO2 capture when compared to material calcined under oxygen‐enhanced air combustion. A shell 1–2 μm thick, with reduced porosity, was formed around the sorbent particle and is believed to be responsible for reduced conversion of CaO to CaCO3. It is believed that ash deposition contributes to the formation of the shell.
OPLS filtered data can be obtained directly from non‐orthogonalized PLS1
Authors: Kemsley E. K. , Tapp H. S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe well‐known Martens factorization for PLS1 produces a single y‐related score, with all subsequent scores being y‐unrelated. The X‐explanatory value of these y‐orthogonal scores can be summarized by a simple expression, which is analogous to the ‘P’ loading weights in the orthogonalized NIPALS algorithm. This can be used to rearrange the factorization into entirely y‐related and y‐unrelated parts. Systematic y‐unrelated variation can thus be removed from the X data through a single post hoc calculation following conventional PLS, without any recourse to the orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) algorithm. The work presented is consistent with the development by Ergon (PLS post‐processing by similarity transformation (PLS + ST): a simple alternative to OPLS. J. Chemom. 2005; 19: 1–4), which shows that conventional PLS and OPLS are equivalent within a similarity transform. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the adaptability of different Borgen norms applied in self‐modeling curve resolution (SMCR) method
Authors: Rajkó Róbert 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLawton and Sylvestre, and later Borgen et al. provided first the analytical solution for determining feasible regions of self‐modeling curve resolution (SMCR) method for two‐ and three‐component systems, respectively. After 20 years, Rajkó and István recently revitalized Borgen's method given a clear interpretation and algorithm how to draw Borgen plots using computer geometry tools; later Rajkó proved the existence of the natural duality in minimal constrained SMCR. In both latter cases, 1‐norm was used to normalize raw data; however Borgen et al. introduced a more general class of normalization. In this paper, the definition and detailed descriptions of Borgen norms are given firstly appearing in the chemical literature. Some theoretical and practical studies on the adaptability of some Borgen norms used for SMCR method are also provided. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Fused Tetracycles with a Benzene or Cyclohexadiene Core: [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloadditions on Macrocyclic Systems.
Authors: Brun Sandra , Garcia Lidia , Gonzalez Ivan , Torrent Anna , Dachs Anna , Pla‐Quintana Anna , Parella Teodor , Roglans Anna 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Fluoro‐2,5‐Disubstituted Furans and Further Derivative Reactions to Access Fluorine‐Containing 3,3′‐Bifurans and Tetrasubstituted Furans.
Authors: Li Peng , Chai Zhuo , Zhao Gang , Zhu Shi‐Zheng 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Microwave‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of Heterocycle Phosphor Esters and Cyclic Oxophospholes with Antibiotic Activity.
Authors: Abdou Wafaa M. , Shaddy Abeer A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pestalachlorides A—C, Antifungal Metabolites from the Plant Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis adusta.
Authors: Li Erwei , Jiang Lihua , Guo Liangdong , Zhang Hua , Che Yongsheng 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Tar sand extractions with microemulsions II. The dispersion of bitumen in microemulsions
Authors: Desnoyers Jacques E. , Sarbar Mohammad , Lemieux Alain 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAqueous solutions containing the active components of microemulsions, i.e. surfactants and polar cosurfactants, are not effective in dissolving bitumen and consequently in extracting tar sands. On the other hand, if a light hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene or cyclohexane is added to the active components, the microemulsion becomes a very effective extractant. To investigate this phenomenon, phase diagrams of pseudo‐ternary systems (active mixture‐hydrocarbon‐bitumen) were determined at 25°C and in some cases in the temperature range 25 to 80°C. In most experiments, the cosurfactant was taken as 2‐butoxyethanol and the hydrocarbon as toluene. Three surfactants were examined: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, aerosol OT and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. Various regions can be identified on the phase diagrams: suspensions of solid surfactants, microemulsions, stable and unstable emulsions. The extent of the various regions depends significantly on the relative concentrations of the various components. In general, the extent of the dispersed bitumen region increases with temperature.
Evaluation of intergroup dialogue: A review of the empirical literature
Authors: Dessel Adrienne , Rogge Mary E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPractitioners in the developing field of intergroup dialogue seek to address critical social issues of prejudice and intergroup conflict. Goals of dialogue work include relationship building, civic participation, and social change. Outcome evaluation of this work is necessary to further understand the processes and effectiveness of dialogue practices, improve on the work being done, and obtain funding. This literature review summarizes empirical evaluation research in the field of intergroup dialogue and presents a compendium table. Strengths and limitations of current research are discussed, with emphasis on the importance of expanding evaluation work in this field.
Stable Hybrid Silica Nanosieve Membranes for the Dehydration of Lower Alcohols
Authors: Kreiter Robert , Rietkerk Mariëlle D. A. , Castricum Hessel L. , van Veen Henk M. , ten Elshof Johan E. , Vente Jaap F. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA thirst for water: Organic–inorganic hybrid silica nanosieve membranes with narrow pore size distributions were developed for the separation of binary (bio)alcohol/water mixtures, for example, to remove water from wet biofuels during production. These membranes dehydrate lower alcohols and show a stable performance in the presence of significant amounts of acetic acid.magnified image