bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
System fault diagnostics using fault tree analysis
Authors: Hurdle E. E. , Bartlett L. M. , Andrews J. D. 
Published: April 2007

Over the last 50 years, advances in technology have led to an increase in the complexity and sophistication of systems. More complex systems can be harder to maintain and the root cause of a fault more difficult to isolate. Downtime resultin from a system failure can be dangerous or expensive, depending on the type of system. In aircraft systems the ability to diagnose quickly the causes of a fault can have a significant impact on the time taken to rectify the problem and to return the aircraft to service. In chemical prcess plants the need to diagnose causes of a safety-critical failure in a system can be vital and a diagnosis may be required within minutes. Speed of fault isolation can save time, reduce costs, and increase company productivity and therefore profits. System fault diagnosis is the process of identifying the cause of a malfunction by observing its effect at various test points. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a method that describes all possible causes of a specified system state in terms of the state of the components within the system. A system model is used to identify the states that the system should be in at any point in time. This paper presents a method for diagnosing faults in systems using FTA to explain the deviations from normal operation observed in sensor outputs. The causes of a system's failure modes will be described in terms of the component states. This will be achieved with the use of coherent and non-coherent fault trees. A coherent fault tree is constructed from AND and OR logic and therefore considers only component-failed states. The non-coherent method expands this, allowing the use of NOT logic, which implies that the existence of component-failed states and component-working states are both taken into account. This paper illustrates the concepts of this method by applying the technique to a simplified water tank level control system.
Characterization and Electrochemical Property of α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Prepared by Microwave Heating
Authors: Kijima Norihito , Takahashi Yasuhiko , Hayakawa Hiroshi , Awaka Junji , Akimoto Junji 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Ultrafine α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with an extremely narrow distribution were prepared by microwave heating. The average diameter of the particles was approximately 7 nm. These nanoparticles were extremely stable in the colloidal state, even in the absence of stabilizers. The obtained α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles worked as a rechargeable electrode material. An initial discharge capacity exceeded 400 mA h g−1 (cut-off voltage: 1.0 V).
Synthesis of α-Tocopheryl Disaccharides as Potential Antiallergic Agents
Authors: Shimoda Kei , Kondo Yoko , Akagi Masaaki , Abe Koichi , Hamada Hatsuyuki , Hamada Hiroki 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
α-Tocopheryl disaccharides such as β-gentiobioside, β-maltoside, β-cellobioside, β-lactoside, β-melibioside, and β-isomaltoside were synthesized by biological and chemical glycosylation, and their inhibitory effects on superoxide generation from rat neutrophils were examined.
Control of Sigma Virus Multiplication by the ref(2)P Gene of Drosophila melanogaster: An in Vivo Study of the PB1 Domain of Ref(2)P
Authors: Carré-Mlouka A , Gaumer S , Gay P , Petitjean A M , Coulondre C , Dru P , Bras F , Dezélée S , Contamine D 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Ref(2)P has been described as one of the Drosophila proteins that interacts with the sigma virus cycle. We generated alleles to identify critical residues involved in the restrictive (inhibiting viral multiplication) or permissive (allowing viral multiplication) character of Ref(2)P. We demonstrate that permissive alleles increase the ability of the sigma virus to infect Drosophila when compared to null alleles and we confirm that restrictive alleles decrease this capacity. Moreover, we have created alleles unfunctional in viral cycling while functional for Ref(2)P fly functions. This type of allele had never been observed before and shows that fly- and virus-related activities of Ref(2)P are separable. The viral status of Ref(2)P variants is determined by the amino-terminal PB1 domain polymorphism. In addition, an isolated PB1 domain mimics virus-related functions even if it is similar to a loss of function toward fly-related activities. The evolutionary tree of the Ref(2)P PB1 domain that we could build on the basis of the natural allele sequences is in agreement with an evolution of PB1 domain due to successive transient selection waves.
Involving Undergraduates in the Annotation and Analysis of Global Gene Expression Studies: Creation of a Maize Shoot Apical Meristem Expression Database
Authors: Buckner Brent , Beck Jon , Browning Kate , Fritz Ashleigh , Grantham Lisa , Hoxha Eneda , Kamvar Zhian , Lough Ashley , Nikolova Olga , Schnable Patrick S , Scanlon Michael J , Janick-Buckner Diane 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Through a multi-university and interdisciplinary project we have involved undergraduate biology and computer science research students in the functional annotation of maize genes and the analysis of their microarray expression patterns. We have created a database to house the results of our functional annotation of &gt;4400 genes identified as being differentially regulated in the maize shoot apical meristem (SAM). This database is located at http://sam.truman.edu and is now available for public use. The undergraduate students involved in constructing this unique SAM database received hands-on training in an intellectually challenging environment, which has prepared them for graduate and professional careers in biological sciences. We describe our experiences with this project as a model for effective research-based teaching of undergraduate biology and computer science students, as well as for a rich professional development experience for faculty at predominantly undergraduate institutions.
Thirty-One Flavors of Drosophila Rab Proteins
Authors: Zhang Jun , Schulze Karen L , Hiesinger P Robin , Suyama Kaye , Wang Stream , Fish Matthew , Acar Melih , Hoskins Roger A , Bellen Hugo J , Scott Matthew P 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRab proteins are small GTPases that play important roles in transport of vesicle cargo and recruitment, association of motor and other proteins with vesicles, and docking and fusion of vesicles at defined locations. In vertebrates, &gt;75 Rab genes have been identified, some of which have been intensively studied for their roles in endosome and synaptic vesicle trafficking. Recent studies of the functions of certain Rab proteins have revealed specific roles in mediating developmental signal transduction. We have begun a systematic genetic study of the 33 Rab genes in Drosophila. Most of the fly proteins are clearly related to specific vertebrate proteins. We report here the creation of a set of transgenic fly lines that allow spatially and temporally regulated expression of Drosophila Rab proteins. We generated fluorescent protein-tagged wild-type, dominant-negative, and constitutively active forms of 31 Drosophila Rab proteins. We describe Drosophila Rab expression patterns during embryogenesis, the subcellular localization of some Rab proteins, and comparisons of the localization of wild-type, dominant-negative, and constitutively active forms of selected Rab proteins. The high evolutionary conservation and low redundancy of Drosophila Rab proteins make these transgenic lines a useful tool kit for investigating Rab functions in vivo.
Survival Quantitative Trait Locus Fine Mapping by Measuring and Testing for Hardy–Weinberg and Linkage Disequilibrium
Authors: Casellas J 
Published: April 2007

AbstractI show that fine-scale localization of a survival-related locus can be accomplished on the basis of deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium at closely linked marker loci. The method is based on χ2-tests and they can be performed for age-specific samples of alive (or dead) individuals, as for combined samples of alive and dead individuals.
A Unified Model for Functional and Statistical Epistasis and Its Application in Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis
Authors: Álvarez-Castro José M , Carlborg Örjan 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Interaction between genes, or epistasis, is found to be common and it is a key concept for understanding adaptation and evolution of natural populations, response to selection in breeding programs, and determination of complex disease. Currently, two independent classes of models are used to study epistasis. Statistical models focus on maintaining desired statistical properties for detection and estimation of genetic effects and for the decomposition of genetic variance using average effects of allele substitutions in populations as parameters. Functional models focus on the evolutionary consequences of the attributes of the genotype–phenotype map using natural effects of allele substitutions as parameters. Here we provide a new, general and unified model framework: the natural and orthogonal interactions (NOIA) model. NOIA implements tools for transforming genetic effects measured in one population to the ones of other populations (e.g., between two experimental designs for QTL) and parameters of statistical and functional epistasis into each other (thus enabling us to obtain functional estimates of QTL), as demonstrated numerically. We develop graphical interpretations of functional and statistical models as regressions of the genotypic values on the gene content, which illustrates the difference between the models—the constraint on the slope of the functional regression—and when the models are equivalent. Furthermore, we use our theoretical foundations to conceptually clarify functional and statistical epistasis, discuss the advantages of NOIA over previous theory, and stress the importance of linking functional and statistical models.
basA Regulates Cell Wall Organization and Asexual/Sexual Sporulation Ratio in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Li Shaojie , Bao Dapeng , Yuen Gary , Harris Steve D , Calvo Ana M 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Sphingolipid C4 hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of dihydrosphingosine to phytosphingosine. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sur2 is essential for sphingolipid C4 hydroxylation activity but not essential for normal growth. Here we demonstrate that the Aspergillus nidulans Sur2 homolog BasA is also required for phytosphingosine biosynthesis but is also essential for viability. We previously reported that a point missense mutation in basA resulted in aberrant cell wall thickening. Here our data suggest that accumulation of dihydrosphingosine is responsible for this phenotype. In addition, two different mutations in basA consistently accelerated the transition from asexual development to sexual development compared to the wild-type strain. The phenotype could be suppressed by exogenous addition of phytosphingosine. Northern analysis suggests that faster sexual development in the basA mutant might be due to a higher transcription level of ppoA and steA, genes demonstrated to coordinate a balance between asexual and sexual development in A. nidulans. Consistent with these findings, mutations in the ceramide-synthase-encoding genes barA and lagA also caused faster transition from asexual to sexual development, supporting the involvement of sphingolipid metabolism in fungal morphogenesis.
The Balance Between the Novel Protein Target of Wingless and the Drosophila Rho-Associated Kinase Pathway Regulates Planar Cell Polarity in the Drosophila Wing
Authors: Chung SeYeon , Kim Sangjoon , Yoon Jeongsook , Adler Paul N , Yim Jeongbin 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is mediated by the serpentine receptor Frizzled (Fz) and transduced by Dishevelled (Dsh). Wingless (Wg) signaling utilizes Drosophila Frizzled 2 (DFz2) as a receptor and also requires Dsh for transducing signals to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in many developmental contexts. Distinct pathways are activated downstream of Dsh in Wg- and Fz-signaling pathways. Recently, a number of genes, which have essential roles as downstream components of PCP signaling, have been identified in Drosophila. They include the small GTPase RhoA/Rho1, its downstream effector Drosophila rho-associated kinase (Drok), and a number of genes such as inturned (in) and fuzzy (fy), whose biochemical functions are unclear. RhoA and Drok provide a link from Fz/Dsh signaling to the modulation of actin cytoskeleton. Here we report the identification of the novel gene target of wingless (tow) by enhancer trap screening. tow expression is negatively regulated by Wg signaling in wing imaginal discs, and the balance between tow and the Drok pathway regulates wing-hair morphogenesis. A loss-of-function mutation in tow does not result in a distinct phenotype. Genetic interaction and gain-of-function studies provide evidence that Tow acts downstream of Fz/Dsh and plays a role in restricting the number of hairs that wing cells form.
LIN-61, One of TwoCaenorhabditis elegansMalignant-Brain-Tumor-Repeat-Containing Proteins, Acts With the DRM and NuRD-Like Protein Complexes in Vulval Development but Not in Certain Other Biological Processes
Authors: Harrison Melissa M , Lu Xiaowei , Horvitz H Robert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractVulval development in Caenorhabiditis elegans is inhibited by the redundant functions of the synthetic multivulva (synMuv) genes. At least 26 synMuv genes have been identified, many of which appear to act via transcriptional repression. Here we report the molecular identification of the class B synMuv gene lin-61, which encodes a protein composed of four malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeats. MBT repeats, domains of ∼100 amino acids, have been found in multiple copies in a number of transcriptional repressors, including Polycomb-group proteins. MBT repeats are important for the transcriptional repression mediated by these proteins and in some cases have been shown to bind modified histones. C. elegans contains one other MBT-repeat-containing protein, MBTR-1. We demonstrate that a deletion allele of mbtr-1 does not cause a synMuv phenotype nor does mbtr-1 appear to act redundantly with or in opposition to lin-61. We further show that lin-61 is phenotypically and biochemically distinct from other class B synMuv genes. Our data indicate that while the class B synMuv genes act together to regulate vulval development, lin-61 functions separately from some class B synMuv proteins in other biological processes.
Transcription of the 1.688 Satellite DNA Family Is Under the Control of RNA Interference Machinery inDrosophila melanogasterOvaries
Authors: Usakin Lev , Abad José , Vagin Vasily V , de Pablos Beatriz , Villasante Alfredo , Gvozdev Vladimir A 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHere we show that RNA interference (RNAi) machinery operates in Drosophila melanogaster 1.688 satellite transcription. Mutation in the spn-E gene, known to be involved in RNAi in the oocytes, causes an increase of satellite transcript abundance. Transcripts of both strands of 1.688 satellite repeats in germinal tissues were detected. The strength of the effects of the spn-E mutation differs for 1.688 satellite DNA subfamilies and is more pronounced for autosomal pericentromeric satellites compared to the X-linked centromeric ones. The spn-E1 mutation causes an increase of the H3-AcK9 mark and TAF1 (a component of the polymerase II transcriptional complex) occupancy in the chromatin of autosomal pericentromeric repeats. Thus, we revealed that RNAi operates in ovaries to maintain the silenced state of centromeric and pericentromeric 1.688 repeats.
Nup96-Dependent Hybrid Lethality Occurs in a Subset of Species From the simulans Clade of Drosophila
Authors: Barbash Daniel A 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The cross of Drosophila melanogaster females to D. simulans males typically produces lethal F1 hybrid males. F1 male lethality is suppressed when the D. simulans Lhr1 hybrid rescue strain is used. Viability of these F1 males carrying Lhr1 is in turn substantially reduced when the hybrids are heterozygous for some mutant alleles of the D. melanogaster Nup96 gene. I show here that similar patterns of Nup96-dependent lethality occur when other hybrid rescue mutations are used to create F1 males, demonstrating that Nup96 does not reduce hybrid viability by suppressing the Lhr1 rescue effect. The penetrance of this Nup96-dependent lethality does not correlate with the penetrance of the F1 hybrid rescue, arguing that these two phenomena reflect genetically independent processes. D. simulans, together with two additional sister species, forms a clade that speciated after the divergence of their common ancestor from D. melanogaster. I report here that Nup96− reduces F1 viability in D. melanogaster hybrids with one of these sister species, D. sechellia, but not with the other, D. mauritiana. These results suggest that Nup96-dependent lethality evolved after the speciation of D. melanogaster from the common ancestor of the simulans clade and is caused by an interaction among Nup96, unknown gene(s) on the D. melanogaster X chromosome, and unknown autosomal gene(s), at least some of which have diverged in D. simulans and D. sechellia but not in D. mauritiana. The genetic properties of Nup96 are also discussed relative to other hybrid lethal genes.
Interaction between the severity of the infection by the nematode Anguillicola crassus and the tolerance to hypoxia in the European eel Anguilla anguilla
Authors: Lefebvre François , Contournet Pascal , Crivelli Alain 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to test the effect of the infection by the swimbladder nematode Anguillicola crassus on the survival of the European eel Anguilla anguilla when exposed to hypoxic conditions. Forty-four wild caught and naturally infected eels were placed in an aquarium filled with water from the fishing site (Vaccarès Lagoon, French Mediterranean coast). In this confined environment (271), under decreasing oxygen resources, the first eel death occurred after 45 h (O2 = 0.98 mg l−1) and the last one after 96 h (O2 = 0.48 mg l−1). After dissection and parasite examination, analyses revealed significant negative correlations between the time to death and various parameters of parasite pressure (e.g., number of lumen worms, parasite mass, health state of the infected organ). It was shown that the severity of damage to the swimbladder rather than the count of living parasites was the major contributing factor in explaining the variation in time to death. These semi-experimental data demonstrating an increased eel mortality rate under severe oxygen stress are discussed for their relevance under field conditions, especially during hot summer months.
Ultrastructure of the ovary, ovicapt and oviduct of the spathebothriidean tapeworm Didymobothrium rudolphii (Monticelli, 1890)
Authors: Poddubnaya Larisa , Gibson David , Olson Peter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe ultrastructural details are presented of the ovary, ovicapt and oviduct of the spathebothriidean tapeworm Didymobothrium rudolphii (Monticelli, 1890) from the intestine of the sand sole Solea lascaris. Oogonia, maturing oocytes and mature oocytes are surrounded by a syncytial interstitial cytoplasm, one of the distinctive traits of which is the presence of numerous myelin-like bodies. Oocyte inclusions comprise cortical granules and a small number of lipid droplets. The thickened, nucleated epithelium of the ovicapt lacks any apical structure and is a prolongation of the narrow ovarian epithelium. The muscular sphincter of the ovicapt is formed by a band of longitudinal muscles and bands of radial muscles at right angles to the longitudinal layer, and numerous myocytes surround the ovicapt wall. The oviduct of D. rudolphii is subdivided into three regions: (1) the proximal oviduct; (2) the fertilization chamber — the region distal to the point of entry of the duct from the seminal receptacle; and (3) the ovovitelline duct — the region distal to the point of entry of the duct from the vitelline reservoir. A comparative analysis is made between the structures of the ovary, ovicapt and oviduct of D. rudolphii and those of two other spathebothriideans, Cyathocephalus truncatus and Diplocotyle olrikii, with a discussion of ultrastructural traits that might be used as taxonomic criteria within the order Spathebothriidea.
Determination of the enthalpy of fusion of Na3FeF6
Authors: Kosa L. , Macková I. , Šimko F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe areas of the fusion and crystallization peaks of Na3FeF6 and of four calibration substances (KCl, NaCl, Na2SO4, and K2SO4) were measured using the DSC mode of a high-temperature calorimeter. Using the measured quantities and known values of the enthalpy of fusion of the calibration substances, the enthalpy of fusion of Na3FeF6 was determined. Its value at the temperature of fusion 1224 K was 70 ± 4 kJ mol−1.
Palladium-catalyzed heck and suzuki coupling in glycerol
Authors: Wolfson A. , Dlugy C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Heck coupling of halobenzenes with various alkenes and the Suzuki cross coupling of halobenzenes with phenylboronic acid were successfully performed in glycerol as the reaction solvent using homogeneous and heterogeneous palladium catalysts. Glycerol is a renewable and recyclable green solvent that is able to dissolve organic substrates, inorganic bases, and palladium complexes, and that allows easy isolation of the reaction product by simple extraction with glycerol-immiscible solvents such as diethyl ether, hexane, and dichloromethane.
Commuter Rail, Freight Railroads, and the Open Access Debate
Authors: Allen John G. 
Published: April 2007

The future of the U.S. commuter rail industry is inextricably linked to that of the freight railroads. Because of recent mergers and associated operating issues, some shipper interests are seeking fundamental change in the organization of freight railroading. Under proposals for open access, railroads judged to be abusing a monopolistic position or providing inadequate service would be required to accommodate competing operators. As in the telecommunications and natural gas industries, infrastructure and service provision would be disaggregated and rail freight shippers could choose among different railroads. Open access is expected to lead to greater volatility in freight scheduling, as bulk shippers change service providers to maximize their commercial advantage. With freight railroads already at capacity in several metropolitan areas, open access would probably exacerbate capacity problems. The possible effects on commuter operations in Washington, D.C., and Chicago are analyzed. If the United States moves toward some form of open access, commuter railroads must ensure that their operating rights are fully preserved, especially during rush hours.