bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and structure elucidation of the components of commercial linear alkylbenzenes
Authors: Cavalli L. , Landone A. , Divo C. , Gini G. , Galli M. , Bareggi E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry study was performed on four commercial linear alkylbenzenes (LAB). A preliminary detailed analysis was done on some model compounds: four tetralin mixtures obtained by alkylation of benzene with linear dichloro n‐paraffins (C10, C11, C12, and C13), 1‐methyl‐4‐heptyltetralin and 1‐methyl‐3‐octylindane. We concentrated on the minor components (5–10%) present in the linear alkylbenzenes. Three different types of compounds were identified: A) branched alkylbenzenes, B) 1,4‐dialkyltetralins with linear alkyl groups, and C) 1,4‐dialkyltetralins with branched alkyl groups. Quantitative evaluation of these minor components was also done. No evidence of 1,3‐dialkylindane structures, at least those with linear alkyl groups, was found in the commercial linear alkylbenzenes studied.
The composition of volatile oils derived from oleoresins
Authors: Eiserle Robert J. , Rogers James A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEssential oils and oleoresins derived from spices and herbs, by steam distillation in the former case or by solvent extraction in the latter case, are increasingly more important as flavoring constituents in heat‐processed foods. Steam‐distilled oils, when used for such purposes, tend to steam‐distill during the heat processing due to moisture that is present. Oleoresins that contain the essential oil and natural fixatives tend to depress this volatilization and are preferred as flavoring materials in such cases. Subjective flavor panel evaluations are reported, showing the significance between oleoresins and essential oils as well as the corresponding spice or herb. Instrumental evaluation, primarily gas chromatography, will compare essential oils produced by direct steam distillation vs. those isolated form oleoresins. The difference in composition which can be related to the improved flavor effect from oleoresins is discussed.
Hydrogenation ofcis‐9,cis‐12‐,cis‐9,trans‐12‐ andtrans‐9,trans‐12‐ Octadecadienoates
Authors: Scholfield C. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe products formed by hydrogenation of methylcis‐9,trans‐12‐ andtrans‐9,trans‐12‐octadecadienoates with nickel and platinum catalysts have been compared with those from methyl esters of the naturally occurring all‐cis linoleate. Hydrogen uptake is slower for thetrans isomers. Much of the monoene consisted of esters with double bonds at the 9 and 12 positions with their original geometric configurations. Monoenoic esters with double bonds at the 10 and 11 positions were predominatelytrans and apparently formed by conjugation before hydrogenation. Nickel produced more isomerization than platinum but less than previously reported for copper. With both catalysts hydrogenation proceeded both directly and through conjugated intermediates, in contrast to copper in which all hydrogenation is believed to follow conjugation.
Effect of storage conditions on increase in aflatoxins in cottonseed: A small lot study
Authors: Whitten Marion E. , Smith Lloyd L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSmall lots of cottonseed with low aflatoxin contamination were stored at 15, 18 and 22% moisture at 80 and 85 F. Maximum aflatoxin content was reached within 30 days’ storage. The range in moisture content was sufficient to cause a 10‐fold increase in aflatoxin content between seed stored at 15.1 and 21.8% moisture. Aeration caused about a five‐fold mean increase in aflatoxin content.
Continuous ultrasonic degumming of crude soybean oil
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Mounts T. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUltrasonic energy has been applied to continuous degumming for the efficient removal of phospholipids from crude soybean oil. The crude oil and water (2.0% by weight) were pumped through an ultrasonic processing cell, oil and hydrated gums were separated by centrifugation, and the recovered oil was vacuum bleached. The degummed and bleached oil had a residual phosphorus content of less than 10 ppm and was subsequently deacidified‐deodorized in all‐glass laboratory deodorization equipment. Odor and flavor evaluation indicated that the salad oil produced by the process of ultrasonic degumming/deodorization‐deacidification was equivalent in quality and stability to a conventionally processed salad oil.
The adsorption behavior of dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride‐nonionic surfactant binary systems
Authors: Sasaki Hisami , Yokoi Kenji , Okumura Osamu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFrom the practical standpoint of fabric softener formulation, a comparative study was made on adsorption behavior toward fabrics of binary systems consisting of di(hydrogenated tallow) dimethyl ammonium chloride (purified Arquad 2HT) and typical polyoxyethylenated nonionic surfactants which are commonly used as auxiliary agents for softeners.Soxhlet extraction of treated fabrics and quantitative analysis by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) gave significant results indicating many of these nonionic surfactants, assumed to be inherently unadsorbable in rinse‐cycle treatment, were highly adsorbable even at a high bath ratio by being applied with the water‐insoluble cationic surfactant. Moreover, it was also disclosed that the hydrophobic structure of nonionic surfactants is another factor, other than hydrophobicity, determining adsorption.Furthermore, the mechanism of this nonionic adsorption was elucidated on the basis of results of structural analyses of binary dispersions by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction, electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and transmission electromicroscopy (TEM) in addition to partition measurements of the surfactants into the dispersed and the continuous aqueous phases.It was concluded that the primary driving force for this nonionic adsorption is an association with the lamellar of Arquad 2HT and that the cationic vesicles act as “anchors” in adsorption.
Long spacings of six alkyl esters of two octadecenoic acids
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Mitcham D. , Tripp V. W. , Sumrell G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractX‐ray powder diffraction data are presented for some normal alkyl esters of two octadecenoic acids. The crystal long spacings observed for esters of elaidic acid are shown to be linearly related to the length of the carbon chain of the ester group. Little difference in crystal long spacings was observed between esters ofcis andtrans acids. Melting points of alkyl esters of elaidic acid are reported.
Fatty acid composition as a basis for identification of commercial fats and oils
Authors: Spencer G. F. , Herb S. F. , Gormisky P. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGas liquid chromatographic analyses of 200 samples of commercial fats and oils were compared to the standard ranges specified by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Codex Alimentarius Committee on Fats and Oils at its seventh session, London, England, March 25, 1974. Only six samples fell notably outside the standard ranges. On the basis of this information, the U.S. delegation is offering for consideration by the Committee at its next meeting a method for using the fatty acid composition of a fat or oil to determine its authenticity.
Solubilization in aqueous mixed micellar solutions: Water‐potassium oleate‐1‐pentanol‐benzene
Authors: Gerbacia W. E. , Rosano H. L. , Zajac M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSpectral parameters of the UV absorption and emission spectrum of benzene dissolved in aqueous solutions of potassium oleate and 1‐pentanol were measured. By comparing these parameters with those for solutions of benzene in hydrocarbon solvents, it was concluded that the major portion of the benzene solubilized in the mixed micelles was in a relatively nonpolar environment. These results agree with previous studies of benzene dissolved in sodium lauryl sulfate solutions. Estimations of the energy of transfer of benzene from water to the mixed micelle also support this conclusion.
Effect of inorganic electrolytes on dissolution behavior of mixed anionic‐amphoteric surfactant systems
Authors: Ogino Kelzó , Kato Kazúo , Abe Masahlko 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of some inorganic electrolytes on the dissolution behavior of anionic‐amphoteric mixed surfactant systems have been studied in terms of dissolution temperature of a hydrated solid surfactant; these systems are sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) ‐ Nα,Nα‐dimethyl‐Nɛ‐lauroyl lysine (DMLL), including different inorganic electrolytes (NaCl, NaSCN, or CaCl2). The dissolution temperatures of mixed surfactant systems are lower than those of pure surfactant solutions and become less than 0 C at a certain mole fraction of surfactants. As the concentration of NaCl increases, the dissolution temperatures of systems at a DMLL mole fraction lower than 0.4 increase, while those of systems at a ratio higher than 0.9 remain almost the same. With increasing concentration of NaSCN, the dissolution temperatures of systems at a DMLL mole fraction lower than 0.4 increase, while those of systems at a ratio higher than 0.9 decrease. For CaCl2 systems, there exists a maximum in the dissolution temperature at a certain composition, because addition compound formation between anionic and zwitterionic surfactants occurs due to the presence of calcium ions.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures of surface‐active agents with special reference to synthetic detergents
Authors: Kortland C. , Dammers H. F. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAn identification scheme for surface‐active agents is given which enables these agents or their mixtures to be detected in commercial products. Use is made of the acid resistance of the various types, which make it possible to separate the different compounds step by step from the mixture.An important feature of the method is that it can be used also for quantitative analyses by weighing the extraction residues obtained and determining their physical and chemical constants.
Bisphenol derivatives as antioxidants for carotene
Authors: Bickoff E. M. , Livingston A. L. , Thompson C. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryRelative values for the carotene‐stabilizing effects in mineral oil solutions of a number of bisphenol derivatives were determined. Certain relationships between molecular structure and antioxidant activity were observed. Alkyl substitutions in the reactiveortho andpara positions were shown to improve the stabilizing efficiency of the compounds studied. High activities were obtained with bisphenols linked by methylene or sulfur. Several of the most effective antioxidants were found to be also effective for stabilizing carotene in alfalfa meal.
Reactions of fatty materials with oxygen. XVI. Relation of hydroperoxide and chemical peroxide content to total oxygen absorbed in autoxidation of methyl oleate
Authors: Saunders D. H. , Ricciuti Constantine , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMethyl oleate has been autoxidized at 100°, 80°, and 60° in the Barcroft‐Warburg apparatus. Samples have been analyzed for total peroxide by the iodometric method and for hydroperoxide by the polarographic method. These peroxide values have been compared with each other and with total oxygen absorbed.The relation of chemical peroxide (yc) to oxygen uptake (x) is expressed by yc=1.09x0.936. This equation is equally valid at the three temperatures for the first 150 millimoles (15%) of oxygen absorbed per mole of methyl oleate.Similarly, the hydroperoxide content (yh) for the first 150 millimoles of oxygen absorbed at 80° and 100° is given by the equation yh=1.02x0.936.The ratio of hydroperoxide to chemically determined peroxide was, on the whole, constant throughout the entire range of oxidation (15–300 millimoles of oxygen absorbed per mole), and averaged about 95%.It has been shown unequivocally that the major portion of the peroxides formed in the autoxidation of methyl oleate are hydroperoxides, confirming conclusions of recent investigators. A small but significant amount of non‐hydroperoxidic peroxide appears to be formed concurrently.
The effect of polyunsaturation in hot‐dip tinning oils
Authors: Kubie W. L. , Werle E. E. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

A theory was outlined, which predicts that low polyunsaturation should result in better tin plate at lower oil consumption.

It has been shown that low polyunsaturation results in lower oil consumption in actual mill tests.

The percentage of prime plate is higher for lower polyunsaturation.

It has been demonstrated that percentage of polyunsaturation is lower in spent oils than in the original, indicating preferential reactivity of this fraction.

By actual mill test it has been shown that the percentage of sludge increases with the percentage of polyunsaturation in the original oil.
Prepress‐solvent extraction of cottonseed, processing conditions and characteristics of products
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Thurber F. H. , Hoffpauir Carroll L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the relation between processing conditions and the chemical characteristics of cottonseed meals and oils produced by prepressing‐solvent extraction. Twenty‐six complete sets of mill samples of known processing history and representative of the production at 11 mills were used in the investigation.Cooking conditions were the major factor influencing the distribution of the gossypol between the meal and oil. Reduction in free gossypol during cooking was due to binding with meal components while that occurring during prepressing and solvent extraction resulted mainly from removal of gossypol in the prepressed and solvent‐extracted oils.Nitrogen solubility data, which have been suggested as a measure of protein damage, indicated that the major change or reduction in nitrogen solubility occurred during cooking. Very little reduction was noted for prepressing or solvent extraction. The reduction in nitrogen solubility during prepressing is much smaller than that previously reported for normal screw‐pressing operations.Prepressed oils gave lower refining losses and lower refined and bleached color than did the solvent‐extracted oils. Bleach color reversion, after storage of crude oils for 30 days at 100°F., was greater for solvent‐extracted than for prepressed oils.A number of meals exhibited the desirable characteristics of low free gossypol content and high nitrogen solubility. Values calculated for chemical indexes of protein quality, as suggested by Lyman and associates (11), indicate that many of the meals should have good protein quality.
The effect of sensitizing dyes for photo as antioxidants on the autoxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Fukuzumi Kazuo , Ikeda Nobuo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe sensitizing dyes for photo which are cyanine homologues have been used as medicine and cosmetics. Their uses are widespread. The authors expected that these dyes might serve as antioxidants by a radical termination mechanism such as hydroperoxy radicals added to the many conjugated double bonds which exist in the dyes. Determination of the induction period by the weighing method confirmed that some sensitizing dyes for photo are available as antioxidants in the autoxidation of methyl linoleate. Therefore, these dyes may serve as new types of antioxidants.
Amino acid supplementation of grain
Authors: Kato Jiro , Muramatsu Nobutoshi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStatistics indicate a rapid increase in world population, especially in the developing countries. Increasing demand for foods has come into existence in parallel with the growth of population. Amino acid supple‐mentation of oil seed protein and grain is both practical and economical and can play a very important role in the campaign to improve the quality of world protein supplies. This paper reviews not only the nutritional significance but also the practical aspects of amino acid supplementation of foods and feedstuffs. Production of important amino acids is also reviewed.
Effect of storage upon aflatoxin levels in peanut materials
Authors: Baur Fred J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of storage upon aflatoxin levels in naturally contaminated peanut materials has been studied. The materials were selected to have levels in excess of those found in the trade to emphasize the possible loss during storage. The stimuli for this effort were: (A) a late 1969 report of the possible regeneration of aflatoxins in a commercial meal, and (B) the general lack of information on the long term stability of aflatoxins in commercial peanut products. Samples of deoiled peanut meal, natural peanut meal, raw peanut butter, and roasted peanut butter were held at 73 F and 50% relative humidity exposed to air for 2 years. Three of the four samples were identical to those used in the first International Aflatoxin Check Series. The samples were withdrawn from storage at 0, 6, 12, and 24 months and analyzed in comparison to materials retained at 0 F. Analysis was by theContaminants Branch procedure (Association of Official Analytical Chemists Method 26.015‐020) with the six participating Laboratories (four U.S., one Canadian, and one Danish) using visual and densitometric measurement. A single mixed aflatoxin standard was used throughout the program via retention at 0 F. No statistically significant changes in aflatoxin levels were noted in any of the commodities as a function of either time or temperature of storage throughout the 2 years of the study.
Crystallographic study of tritetracosanoin
Authors: Simpson T. D. , Hagemann J. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCrystallographic examination and computerized structural analysis of the X‐ray powder diagram of tritetracosanoin shows the molecule to be isomorphous with saturated triglyceride structures previously established. Cell dimensions are: a=13.1, b=5.30, c=58.9 Å; α=94, β=98, γ=99°. Space group is P1. The molecule is turned relative to the unit cell a‐axis likely because of acyl chain packing and end group plane interactions. Results indicate that the glycerol unit largely determines the lateral packing of saturated even membered triglycerides. The method of structure solving indicates that saturated triglycerides can be studied by computerized structural analysis.
Identification of volatile flavor compounds developed during storage of a deodorized hydrogenated soybean oil
Authors: Yasuda Kosaku , Peterson Robert J. , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHydrogenated soybean oil, even after it has been thoroughly deodorized, will develop a characteristic, objectionable flavor known as hydrogenation flavor during storage. The volatile compounds in such an oil were isolated, fractionated by gas chromatography, and the gas chromatographic fractions identified by IR and mass spectrometry. A total of 48 compounds was identified. Among them, 2‐trans‐6‐trans‐octadienal, and higher alcohols and lactones, appeared to play an important role in contributing to the hydrogenation flavor.
The stereochemistry of linoleic acid tetrabromides
Authors: Olson Edwin S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe NMR spectrum of the crystalline tetrabromide obtained from bromination of linoleic acid exhibited an AA ‘XX’ splitting pattern for the C‐11 hydrogens, indicative of a racemic structure rather than a meso for the brominated part of the molecule. Thus, the crystalline isomer is a racemic mixture of 9 R, 10 R, 12 R, 13 R‐tetrabromooctadecanoic acid and 9 S, 10 S, 12 S, 13 S‐tetrabromooctadecanoic acid. The C‐11 methylene spectrum of the liquid tetrabromide was treated as an ABX2 pattern; thus, this isomer is a mixture of 9 R, 10 R, 12 S, 13 S‐tetrabromooctadecanoic acid and 9 S, 10 S, 12 R, 13 R‐tetrabromo‐octadecanoic acid.
Chemical changes which take place in an edible oil during thermal oxidation
Authors: Johnson O. C. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe thermal oxidation of corn oil proceeds in two steps, an initial period of 12 to 16 hrs., characterized by a decrease in iodine value and a rapid increase in carbonyl value, and a second phase in which a slower decrease in iodine value, a slight decrease in carbonyl value, and a rapid increase in viscosity occurred. Increasing the rate of aeration caused greater magnitude in changes but did not alter the over‐all two‐phase reaction.
Separation of the oxidation products of fatty acids by means of gas‐liquid partition chromatography
Authors: Nowakowska Janina , Melvin E. H. , Wiebe Richard 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsThe oxidation of oleic, and particularly of linoleic and linolenic acids, indicated the presence of a considerable number of unexpected products in addition to those foreseen from a simple severance of the double bonds. The chromatograms of the oxidized pure C18 acids, of Neo‐Fat No. 140, and of a mixture of fatty acids from hydrolyzed soybean oil showed a striking similarity in many respects. It was not possible to identify all the peaks, especially those of trace amounts, in the chromatograms and to obtain a quantitative estimate of the oxidation products.Further work on this is in progress. The results indicate that gas‐liquid partition chromatography is a sensitive method for the study of the oxidation of vegetable oils.
A direct spectrophotometric determination of butylated hydroxyanisole in lard and in hardened lard
Authors: Hansen P. V. , Kauffman F. L. , Wiedermann L. H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA direct spectrophotometric method for the determination of butylated hydroxyanisole has been presented. This procedure allows good precision in the analysis of lard and hardened lard containing from 0 to 100 p.p.m. of BHA and is more reliable than existing colorimetric techniques, especially in the lower range of antioxidant concentrations.
Analysis of surfactant mixtures. I
Authors: Knight J. D. , House R. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySome data on the use of 93% phosphoric acid as a reagent for recovering the hydrophobic portion of surfactants are presented, and their application to the analysis of surfactant mixtures is discussed. Aromatic sulfonates, straight‐chain alkyl sulfates, fatty acid amides, and fatty acid esters decomposed to give good yields of the starting hydrophobic materials. Dioctylsulfosuccinate gave a mixture of octyl alcohols and olefins while the ethylene oxide condensates of lauryl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, and tertiary dodecyl mercaptan gave olefins derived from the starting hydrophobic materials. Diisobutylene phenol‐ethylene oxide condensate decomposed to olefins, conjugated olefins, and alcohols formed by rupture of the aromatic ring. The products are characteristic of the hydrophobic oils, and in most cases products from mixtures of surfactants can be separated by known analytical methods.Alpha‐sulfo fatty acids or alkane sulfonates do not give recoverable oils by this treatment.
Distribution of water in the United States as a: Function of hardness
Authors: Leenerts Lester O. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionA study has been made of the hardness of the water throughout the United States in regard to its distribution by states and by total population. The purpose was twofold: a) to determine the range of performance necessary for a soap or synthetic detergent product in order to be satisfactory to the majority of the population and b) to determine the areas of distribution for products of varying performance characteristics in respect to water hardness. The study has taken into consideration municipal water‐treatment for the urban population, the distribution of rural population, and the distribution of home water‐softeners. The mean water‐hardness found in the United States, ignoring the home softening‐units, was estimated to be 136.6 p.p.m. with a standard deviation of 90.9 p.p.m. Twenty‐one states, including the District of Columbia, were found to have a weighted average hardness under 100 p.p.m. In general, the hardest natural water is found in a narrow belt covering the states of South Dakota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.