bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Difunctional derivatives of cyanoethylated hydroxystearate
Authors: Kenney H. E. , Maerker G. , Donahue E. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe conversion of the nitrile function of methyl 12‐(2‐cyanoethoxy)‐octadecanoate II to a series of carboxylic acid derivatives has been investigated, and a series of 12 diester derivatives has been prepared. Compound II undergoes decyanoethylation in alkaline medium, and II and its derivatives degenerate in acid medium to a mixture of Δ11 and Δ12 methyltrans‐octadecenoates by a concerted process.
A dimeric oxidation product of γ‐tocopherol in soybean oil
Authors: Komoda Mamoru , Harada Ichiro 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA dimeric oxidation product (5‐γ‐tocopheroxy‐γ‐tocopherol) has been isolated from soybean oil and identified. The dimer content in extracted oil was increased by elevating the moisture level in raw soybeans. With moisture increase, no change in the quantity of α‐tocopherol was observed, but γ‐ and δ‐tocopherol contents were greatly decreased and two kinds of dimer were formed from γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols. When the moisture level in moistened beans was lowered, these dimers reverted to their corresponding original tocopherols. The same results were obtained by treating pulverized soybeans with various reducing agents. γ‐Tocopherol added to autoxidizing soybean oil was oxidized more easily in the presence of oxidation products derived from tocopherols and turned into the dimeric product.
Cocoa butter‐like fat from cottonseed oil: Preliminary cost study
Authors: DeCossas K. M. , Koltun S. P. , Spadaro J. J. , Feuge R. O. , Pollard E. F. , Patton E. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper includes a preliminary cost study for producing cocoa butter‐like fat from hydrogenated cottonseed oil and triolein at an annual rate of 8.4 million lb in a hypothetical plant, employing interesterification and fractional crystallization as used in pilot plant studies at the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division. Equipment costs, total plant cost, manufacturing costs, and general expenses are given. Operating cost is estimated at 36.9ϕ/lb of product. This includes 31.8ϕ for manufacturing, 4.1ϕ for general expenses, and 1ϕ for refining of the recycled mixture of saturates and unsaturates.
The toxicity of pesticides for livestock
Authors: Radeleff R. D. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionIn this discussion I have covered the relationship of toxicity to hazard, and I have argued that normally expected residues of pesticides on forage are practically never a hazard to livestock, but that some of the pesticides are stored in the tissues of livestock and excreted in their milk, creating a potential hazard to people. This hazard can be avoided by carefully following label instructions as to dosage and proper intervals which must occur between treatment and harvest of slaughter.I have indicated that chemical analyses are of virtually no value for diagnostic purposes.I have pointed out that all the toxicological information developed for a given compound can be utilized only if the manufacturer, formulator, and consumer contribute equally to safe, intelligent usage. The manufacturers and formulators must prepare the compounds in stable, readily usable form, and devise labels for the final product, which will clearly define the intended uses and limitations of the product. The consumer must read the label and adhere strictly to the suggestions found there.I believe that the rational use of pesticides in agriculture is essential if we are to maintain maximum productivity in the face of constantly shrinking farm and ranch land and an exploding population. I believe that these materials can be, and are being, used with complete safety to man and animals when label instructions are followed.
Lipid composition of beef brain, beef liver, and the sea anemone: Two approaches to quantitative fractionation of complex lipid mixtures
Authors: Rouser George , Kritchevsky Gene , Heller Dorothy , Lieber Ellen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo new schemes for fractionation of complex lipid mixtures are presented. Their use for the study of lipids of beef brain, beef liver, and the sea anemone are described. Apparatus and techniques for working in an inert atmosphere, evaporation of solutions in the cold under nitrogen, use of infrared spectroscopy for examination of lipids and their hydrolysis products, preparation and clution of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose and silicic acid‐silicate columns and general column combinations that can be used to fractionate complex lipid mixtures are considered in detail. The first scheme, employing DEAE cellulose columns followed by thin layer and paper chromatographic examination of the fractions, was applied to liver lipids. The many components, some of them new lipids not previously detected, are clearly seen with this technique but are not seen when paper or thin layer chromatography alone or silicic acid chromatography are used.The second scheme employing DEAE for initial fractionation, followed by complete separation on silicic acid and silicic acid‐silicate columns, was applied to lipids of the sea anemone and beef brain. Typical lecithin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were isolated, but sphingomyelin was not found. A new sphingolipid, ceramide aminoethylphosphonate, with a free amino group and a direct carbon to phosphorus bond was isolated and characterized. The methods used for quantitative isolation, the infrared spectra, and the amounts of cholesterol, ceramide, cerebroside, galactosylglyceride, sulfatide, sphingomyelin, lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, triphosphoinositide, phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, and ganglioside of beef brain are presented. Finally, the types of lipid‐nonlipid interactions disclosed by column chromatography and their potential application to biological problems are discussed.
Fluorometric measurement of aflatoxins
Authors: Childs E. A. , Ayres J. C. , Koehler P. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn accurate, precise and sensitive fluorometric method for quantifying purified aflatoxins in solution is proposed. After purification, aflatoxin samples are read in a fluorometer with a primary filter of 365 nm and a secondary filter of 435 nm for B1 and B2 and 465 nm for G1 and G2. The method is precise at as little as 0.0002 µg/ml B1 and G1 and 0.00006 µg/ml B2 and G2, and accurate at concentrations of 0.002 µg/ml B1 and G1 and 0.0006 µg/ml B2 and G2.
Papid method for determining antioxidant activity and fat stability
Authors: Berner David L. , Conte Joseph A. , Jacobson Glen A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe acceleration of lipid oxidation by hemin was used to determine antioxidant activity and either fat or oil stability. The test system consisted of a fat or oil emulsion dispersed in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). The temperature of the system was maintained at 45 ± 1 C. The antioxidant was added to the fat before emulsification. The rapid rate of oxygen uptake which occurred on the addition of hemin to the emulsion was measured with a Beckman oxygen analyzer and was recorded automatically. All fats and oils tested exhibited a typical induction period, which could be increased by the addition of an antioxidant. This increase in the induction period was related to antioxidant activity. The age and purity of the hemin solution, the concentration of hemin in the emulsion, the age and pH of the emulsion, the peroxide value of the fat, and the temperature affect the induction period and the rate of oxygen uptake. For a given set of conditions, the induction period was reproducible, although the rate of oxygen uptake was not. The activities of several antioxidants (butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate,tertiary‐butylhydroquinone, and Topanol) and synergists (ascorbic acid, citric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), determined by the hemin‐catalyzed oxygen uptake method, are compared with those obtained by the active oxygen method.
Gas chromatographic analysis of ester‐type surfactants by using mixed anhydride reagent
Authors: Tsuji Kazuro , Konishi Kazuo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPolyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphates, and polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester‐type surfactants have been analyzed by gas chromatography after chemical decomposition by using the mixed anhydride of acetic and p‐toluene‐sulfonic acids. In this way, the hydrophobic groups of the polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphates can be identified in the form of alkyl acetates, and the alkyl compositions can be determined easily. On the other hand, the hydrophobic groups of the polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester‐type surfactants, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene glycerol fatty acid ester, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, have been identified after conversion into their corresponding fatty acids. At the same time, the base compounds of the hydrophilic groups have been converted into ethylene glycol diacetate, glycerol triacetate, and isosorbide diacetate, respectively, so these surfactants may be distinguished easily.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. II. Hydrazine reduction
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Jones E. P. , Nowakowska Janina , Selke E. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObservations by Aylward and Rao that hydrazine is a reducing agent for a number of unsaturated fatty acids were extended. The hydrazine reaction on linolenic acid was followed by periodic sampling until methyl esters prepared from the reduced acids had an iodine value of 162. These esters were shown by countercurrent distribution to consist of 26% triene, 43% diene, 26% monoene, and 5% stearate and by infrared analysis to contain notrans bonds.Oxidation of the separated monoene and diene fractions by permanganate‐periodate mixtures and gas chromatography of the dibasic acids showed that the double bonds were in the original 9, 12, and 15 positions and that the double bonds farthest from the carboxyl were reduced at a slightly faster rate. Gas chromatography of the monoene fraction indicated three components that were identified in the order of elution from the column as 9, 12, and 15 monoenes; in the diene fraction three components were identified in the order of elution as 9,12; 9,15; and 12,15 dienes. After alkali isomerization of this diene fraction, the conjugated material was reacted with maleic anhydride; the unreacted 9,15 diene isomer was separated by distillation.
The phosphorus content of refined soybean oil as a criterion of quality
Authors: Beal R. E. , Lancaster E. B. , Brekke O. L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryRestricted tests in pilot‐plant equipment have indicated that, starting with good quality crude soy‐bean oil, the phosphorus level of the deodorized oil is closely associated with its color and oxidative stability but that the refined or bleached color is not a good criterion for predicting the quality of the finished oil. Phosphorus is removed by water in the presence of adequate concentrations of alkali, and optimum oil quality is achieved at phosphorus levels in the deodorized oil of no less than about 2 and no greater than about 20 p.p.m. Over‐refining to a lower phosphorus content, by the use of too great an excess of caustic (and therefore of water) was harmful to oxidative stability in every instance and generally increased the color of the deodorized oil. The ash analysis of the deodorized oil is a fair indication of its residual phosphorus content at levels above 20 p.p.m.
An improved constant temperature bath for the active oxygen method fat stability apparatus
Authors: Schroeder W. F. , Draper J. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA constant temperature bath of a type not heretofore reported has been developed. It eliminates the objectionable features of previous apparatus and provides precise control of the very critical temperature factor in AOM stability measurement. The apparatus is easily constructed from readily available materials; it operates reliably, safely and without attention for extended periods of time. Certain matters of technique are discussed, such as submersion of the sample below the top of the bath.
The difficultly extractable lipides of cottonseed meats, their composition and effect on the refining characteristics of the crude oils
Authors: Eaves P. H. , Spadaro J. J. , D'Aquin E. L. , Crovetto A. J. , Cirino V. O. , Stansbury Mack F. , Hoffpauir C. L. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionsCrude lipides fractions were produced from raw, tempered, and cooked meats from two lots of cottonseed by a series of successive stepwise extractions, designed to obtain fractional portions of the total lipides in the order of the difficulty of their extraction. The proximate composition of the crude lipides fractions was determined. It was found that the composition of successive lipides fractions varied with the degree of exhaustiveness of extraction. The fractions obtained by more exhaustive extraction contained greater amounts of undesirable non‐neutral oil material and lesser amounts of desirable neutral oil. It was also established that the method used in preparing meats for extraction was of paramount importance in its effect on the composition of the crude lipides obtained. The crude lipides fractions from raw and tempered meats contained large amounts of impurities while the crude lipides fractions similarly obtained from cooked meats were relatively low in impurities.Crude oils equivalent to varying degrees of total lipides extraction were reconstituted from the crude lipides fractions and evaluated for refining characteristics. The impurities content of the reconstituted oils varied as the degree of total lipides extraction and increases in the impurities content of the oils were generally reflected in disproportionate increases in refining losses and/or refined oil color. The oils obtained from the cooked meats at all degrees of extraction were outstandingly low in refining losses as compared to the oils from the raw and the tempered meats.
Determination of 1‐alkene‐1,3‐sultones in alkylethoxy sulfates
Authors: Connor D. S. , Kowollik H. , Thomas D. W. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract1‐Alkene‐1,3‐sultones, which have been found as skin sensitizers in certain batches of alkylethoxy sulfates, are measured by an isotope dilution method, using a13C‐labeled sultone. The sultone is recovered by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography, and its dilution with unlabeled sultone is measured by mass spectrometry. Chlorosultones, also implicated as sensitizers, are determined at the same time by a dehydrohalogenation treatment that converts them to unsaturated sultones.
Color development in C18 unsaturated hydroxyamides
Authors: Schneider W. J. , Gast L. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDark colors both of hydroxyamides produced from unsaturated fatty acids and of alkanolamine compounds in general might possibly limit their industrial applications. While metal salts have long been recognized as probably involved in the problem, little appears in the literature concerning the nature of these colored compounds. When we prepared linseed and soyN,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethy)amides as intermediates for protective coatings, we discovered that metals‐iron and copper in particular‐formed highly colored products with these unsaturated hydroxyamides. On standing at room temperature, these intermediates became deep reddish brown (18 on the Gardner scale) if only 1 ppm of cooper was present. Because purified starting materials (i.e., alkanolamines, methyl esters, or oils) do not color or darken in the presence of copper and air, several structural features and conditions must be present if color is to develop. While either chelating agents or antioxidants are somewhat effective over a short time, color formation has been successfully retarded during long‐term storage of polyunsaturatedN,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)amides by adding 1% potassium borohydride.
Citric acid: Inactivating agent for metals or acidic synergist in edible fats?
Authors: Cowan J. C. , Cooney Patricia M. , Evans C. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOxidative stabilities of soybean oil and lard are improved by the addition of either sorbitol or citric acid. Sufficient sorbitol gives enough improvement in stability so that added citric acid gives no increased stability. Unless sorbitol acts as a neutral synergist, forms a powerful acidic synergist in trace amounts or a new antioxidant, the antioxidant activity of citric acid appears to come from its inactivating capacities for metals.
The effect of heat on pure triglycerides
Authors: Crossley A. , Heyes T. D. , Hudson B. J. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA knowledge of the mechanism of the degradation of triglycerides at temperatures from 190ŶC. is important in predicting the type of breakdown products likely to be formed in processing oils at elevated temperatures, or in the usage of oils and fats in frying or baking.The effect of heat on tricaprin and 2‐oleo‐dipalmitin has been studied both in the absence and in the presence of oxygen. The results show that even a pure fully saturated triglyceride is rendered organoleptically unacceptable, due to breakdown in the temperature range studied, although the mechanism differs according to whether oxygen is present or not. Unsaturated glycerides are more readily degraded, fission at or near the double bonds being superimposed on the processes previously established for saturated triglycerides. Many of the degradation products have been identified.Degraded triglycerides can be refined to an acceptable standard by conventional means but their keeping times, in the refined state, are considerably less than those of the original pure materials. Hence, it is inferred that precursors of off‐flavors persist in the products and survive the refining operations.
Identification of soapstocks by gas chromatographic techniques
Authors: Beck E. C. , Jungermann E. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIn tallow‐coconut soapstocks vapor‐phase chromatographic techniques are superior in accuracy and less time‐consuming than conventional physical‐chemical methods.For stocks containing other than tallow and coconut base, or where partial hydrogenation has been carried out, vapor‐phase chromatography gives a more complete picture.Vapor‐phase chromatography gives indications of the source and/or prior treatment of a given stock.
Lysine, gossypol, and nitrogen solubility in chemically treated cottonseed meals
Authors: King W. H. , Kuck J. C. , Frampton V. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of treatment of commercial prepress‐solvent extracted and direct‐solvent extracted cottonseed mares with several chemical agents and solvents were studied. The analytical results for 舠free舡 and 舠total舡 gossypol of the finished meals show that treatment with aliphatic amines, followed by extraction with a suitable solvent, removed large proportions of the 舠free舡 as well as 舠bound舡 gossypol. This reduction of 舠free舡 and 舠bound舡 gossypol was accompanied, in some experiments, by an increase in the nitrogen solubility and available lysine, as compared with the results obtained with the untreated air‐dried marcs. The available lysine contents of the treated mares was significnatly correlated with the nitrogen solubility in 0.02N aqueous NaOH.
Wax esters of barracudina lipid: A potential replacement for sperm whale oil
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Hooper S. N. , Epstein S. , Kelleher M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA sample of barracudina, a small fish potentially available in large quantities off Nova Scotia, contained 17.7% body lipid of which 10% was triglyceride and 85% wax ester. The triglyceride, of calculated iodine value 48, was unusually rich in 14:0 (25.8%), 18:0 (4.3%), 20:0 (1.19%), 22:0 (0.45%) and 24:0 (0.75%). The wax ester fatty acids had a calculated iodine value of 126 and a “normal” marine oil fatty acid composition. The wax ester fatty alcohols contained 42.2% hexadecanol, 29.5% octadecenols, 8.2% eicosenols and 3.8% docosenols. Certain interrelationships between fatty alcohols and fatty acids are indicated by details of composition. The potential exploitation of barracudina lipid as a substitute for sperm oil in some uses appears possible.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: II. Oxyethylated fatty amides as lime soap dispersing agents
Authors: Weil J. K. , Smith F. D. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNonionic surface active agents with two oxyalkyl chains were prepared from the triethylamine catalyzed reaction of ethylene oxide with diethanolamides of palmitic, stearic and tallow fatty acids. The addition of 4 moles of ethylene oxide was required to render these diethanolamides water soluble, whereas 9 moles were required to make the corresponding monoethanolamide soluble. Efficiency of lime soap dispersion increased as oxyethyl chain length was increased. Best detergency of soap‐nonionic combinations was achieved when the oxyethyl chain length was at the minimum required for water solubility. Theγ‐hydroxyethanolamides and ‐diethanolamides were prepared by the uncatalyzed reaction of the corresponding amines withγ‐stearolactone. These compounds became water soluble at lower levels of oxyethylation, but the lime soap dispersing power and detergency were not improved over those of corresponding compounds derived from stearic acid.
Report of the Spectroscopy Committee—1952–1953
Authors: Formo M. W. , Goldwasser S. , Lingard A. L. , O'Connor R. T. , Stillman R. C. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsAs a result of the work herein reported, several conclusions can be drawn:

Reasonably reproducible results, using A.O.C.S. Tentative Method Cd 7‐48, revised May, 1951, can be obtained in the hands of experienced operators.
No particular increase in either precision or accuracy is obtained by using a 45‐min. isomerization time.
Background corrections are unnecessary and probably undesirable when k′268 is greater than 1.0 and when k′315 is greater than 1.0.
The present method is valueless for determining the composition of oils such as fish oils containing unsaturated acids of higher unsaturation than tetraene.
Because of the presence of cis‐ and trans‐isomers in all hydrogenated oils and the presence of iso‐acids (position isomers) in hydrogenated oils which contained higher unsaturation than diene,i.e., linolenic or arachidonic acids, the present method is not satisfactory for the analysis of hydrogenated oils.
As hydrogenated oils contain a mixture of cis‐ and trans‐isomers, analysis of such samples by the techniques of the present method followed by calculations, using constants obtained from acids prepared by bromination‐debromination methods (which have been shown to consist of cis‐ and trans‐mixtures) might afford more satisfactory results than use of the constants prepared from the natural acids (the all cis‐isomers). The results of these collaborative studies show that use of the debromination constants for the calculation on hydrogenated soybean oil instead of the recommended natural‐acid constants did not give much more satisfactory results.
The fatty acid composition of cottonseed oil at various stages of solvent extraction
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Choudhury R. Basu Roy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe variation in the fatty acid composition of the glyceride portion of cottonseed oil at various stages of solvent extraction has been investigated. Prime cottonseed meats were flaked and extracted in glassware rate extraction apparatus, using commercial hexane up to different degrees of extractions. The fatty acid composition of cottonseed oil obtained after extracting the flakes to different residual oil contents was determined by gas‐liquid partition chromatography. No difference was found.