bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous production of structured phospholipids in a packed bed reactor with lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa
Authors: Vikbjerg Anders Falk , Peng Lifeng , Mu Huiling , Xu Xuebing 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe possibilities of producing structured phospholipids between soybean phospholipids and caprylic acid by lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis were examined in continuous packedbed enzyme reactors. Acidolysis reactions were performed in both a solvent system and a solvent‐free system with the commercially immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme TL IM) as catalyst. In the packed bed reactors, different parameters for the lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis were elucidated, such as solvent ratio (solvent system), temperature, substrate ratio, residence time, water content, and operation stability. The water content was observed to be very crucial for the acidolysis reaction in packed bed reactors. If no water was added to the substrate during reactions under the solvent‐free system, very low incorporation corporation of caprylic acid was observed. In both solvent and solvent‐free systems, acyl incorporation was favored by a high substrate ratio between acyl donor and phospholipids, a longer residence time, and a higher reaction temperature. Under certain conditions, the incorporation of around 30% caprylic acid can be obtained in continuous operation with hexane as the solvent.
Radical scavenging activity of canola hull phenolics
Authors: Naczk M. , Pegg R. B. , Zadernowski R. , Shahidi F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPossible use of canola hulls as a source of natural anti‐oxidants was explored. Cyclone canola hulls were extracted with methanol (30 to 80%, vol/vol) and acetone (30 to 80%, vol/vol). The free radical‐scavenging activity of phenolic extracts so prepared was evaluated using the 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) (ABTS) radical ion (ABTSo−), 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and chemiluminescence assays. The total content of phenolics in prepared extracts from canola hulls ranged from 15 to 136 mg sinapic acid equivalents per gram of extract. Higher levels of condensed tannins were detected in the acetone extracts than in the corresponding methanolic counterparts. Seventy and 80% (vol/vol) acetone extracts displayed markedly stronger antioxidant activity than any of the other extracts investigated. Statistically significant linear correlations were found between TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) values (expressed in mM of Trolox equivalents per gram of extract) and total pehnolics, TEAC and total condensed tannins (i.e., determined using the modified vanillin and pronthocyanidin assays), as well as TEAC and protein precipitation activity of phenolic extracts (i.e., measured using the dye‐labeled assay). The antioxidant activities of extracts as determined by the ABTSo− radical ion assay correlated highly with those of the chemiluminescence and DPPH radical assays.
Cooperative adsorption behavior of fatty acid methyl esters from hexadecane via coefficient of friction measurements
Authors: Kurth Todd L. , Biresaw Girma , Adhvaryu Atanu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe frictional behaviors of methyl oleate (MO), methyl palmitate (MP), methyl laurate (ML), and methyl stearate (MSt) as additives in hexadecane have been examined in a boundary lubrication test regime using steel contacts. It was found that the transient attributes of coefficient of friction (COF)‐time spectra are a sensitive measure of adsorption equilibria. Critical additive concentrations were defined and used to perform novel and simple Langmuir analyses that provide an order of adsoprtion energies: MSt>MP>MO≥ML. Application of Langmuir, Temkin, and Frumkin‐Fowler‐Guggenheim adsorption models via nonlinear fitting of a general cooperative model demonstrates the necessary inclusion of cooperative effects in the applied model. In agreement with the qualitative features of steady‐state COF‐concentration plots, MSt modeling requires minimal cooperative interaction terms. However, MO, MP, and ML data require large attractive interaction terms to be adequately fitted. Primary adsorption energies calculated via the cooperative model are necessarily decreased, whereas total adsorption energies correlate well with values obtained via critical concentration analyses. These results and comparisons with previous adsorption studies of MO and MSt suggest that primary (ester‐surface) and secondary (alkyl‐surface) adsorbate‐adsorbent, adsorbate‐adsorbare, and (free‐additive) adsorpt‐adsorpt interactions collectively determine both the calculated primary and the cooperative interaction energies.
Extraction of egg‐yolk lecithin
Authors: Palacios Luz E. , Wang Tong 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this research, the extraction of egg‐yolk lecithin with ethanol was studied. Extraction was performed with deoiled and undeoiled yolks and with heated and unheated yolks. The yield of the extracted fraction relative to the initial material, phospholipid (PL) purity, and cholesterol content of both the PC‐enriched fractions and the remaining PL fractions were determined. The yield and PL purity of the PC‐enriched fractions obtained from the undeoiled yolks were 23.9 and 35.7%, and those obtained from deoiled yolks were 13.5 and 53.3%. The recovery of total PL in the two fractions was higher from the undeoiled (70%) than from the deoiled yolks (60%). However, heating had a negligible effect on PL extraction. Better enrichment of PC was observed by extraction from the undeoiled than from the deoiled yolks. The cholesterol content of the PC‐enriched fraction obtained from the undeoiled yolks was much higher than that from the deoiled yolks.
Composition and economic comparison of germ fractions from modified corn processing technologies
Authors: Johnston David B. , McAloon Andrew J. , Moreau Robert A. , Hicks Kevin B. , Singh Vijay 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral new processes for milling corn have been developed recently specifically to isolate germ as a value‐added co‐product and improve the profitability of dry‐grind ethanol production. The present work used modified and conventional corn milling technologies to recover germ fractions from corn kernels using either wet or dry separation processes. This study determined the quality, composition, and yield differences among the corn germ produced and compared these properties with those of the conventional wet‐ and dry‐milled germ. A method for calculating the estimated market value for germ produced by the alternative processing methods is given. There were significant differences in the oil, protein, starch, and ash compositions and in the estimated market values among germ fractions produced by the alternative milling processes. The different germ fractions produced (including the traditional wet‐and dry‐milled) were found to contain 18–41% oil, 13–21% protein, and 6–21% starch, depending on the milling process used. The estimated value of germ from these processes varied from as low as $0.058/lb ($0.128/kg) to a maximum of $0.114/lb ($0.251/kg), showing that the specific process used to produce the germ will have the major impact on the overall economics of the ethanol process.
Ozone‐mediated polyol synthesis from soybean oil
Authors: Tran Phuong , Graiver Daniel , Narayan Ramani 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolyols from vegetable oils can replace petroleumbased polyols in the preparation of polyurethanes and polyesters in a wide range of applications. However, previous preparation methods are either too costly, inefficient, or yield secondary alcohols, which are less reactive than the desired primary alcohols. The objectives of this study were to prepare primary soy‐based polyols by a new catalytic ozonolysis process and to characterize the composition of the product mixture. In this new process, the polyols were prepared by passing ozone through a solution of soybean oil and ethylene glycol in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. Unlike conventional ozonolysis that yields aldehydes and carboxylic acids by spontaneous decomposition of the ozonide intermediates, the ozonides in our method reacted with the hydroxyl group of the glycol to form an ester linkage with a terminal hydroxy group. Statistical analysis of the product mixture indicates that the resulting polyol mixture is more uniform than the original TG mixture, having (2‐hydroxy)nonanoate as the major component of the new hydroxyl functional TG. The chemical structure of the polyols produced was further characterized by iodine number and 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, which confirmed the cleavage of the double bonds, the presence of hydroxyl groups, and the formation of new ester linkages.
Transesterification of brazilian vegetable oils with methanol over ion‐exchange resins
Authors: dos Reis Simone C. M. , Lachter Elizabeth R. , Nascimento Regina S. V. , Rodrigues Jorge A. , Reid Marcelli Garcia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe transesterification of several Brazilian vegetable oils with methanol was carried out at 60°C in the presence of several ion‐exchange resins having different structures. The vegetable oils used were from Babassu coconut, corn, palm, palm kernel, and soybean. The effect of the methanol/oil mole ratio and the influences of the structure of the ion‐exchange resin and the type of vegetable oil used on the catalytic activity of the ionexchange resins were investigated. The resins used were Amberlyst 15, Amberlyst 31, Amberlyst 35, and Amberlyst 36. Amberlyst 15 produced the best results for the transesterification of vegetable oils. The methyl ester yield is higher for palm kernel oil and Babassu coconut oil than for soybean oil, probably owing to their higher content of shorter‐chain FA. Therefore, it was shown that the catalytic activity of the resin depends on the FA composition of the vegetable oil employed.
The influence of genotypic variation in protein composition on emulsifying properties of soy proteins
Authors: Pesic Mirjana B. , Vucelic‐Radovic Biljana V. , Barac Miroljub B. , Stanojevic Sladjana P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study describes the relationship between the emulsifying properties of soybean proteins and their composition, i.e., glycinin (11S) and β‐conglycinin (7S). Twelve investigated soybean genotypes showed significant differences in storage protein composition. The β‐conglycinin concentration positively correlated with extractable soluble protein content, which was positively correlated with protein extractability. These data suggest that the level of β‐conglycinin has a positive influence on protein extractability. The emulsion activity index (EAI) was strongly and positively correlated with the 11S∶7S ratio and strongly and negatively correlated with the concentration of β‐conglycinin. The emulsion stability index (ESI) showed a moderate positive correlation with the monomeric form of glycinin and a strong positive correlation with the ratio of the monomeric to dimeric form of glycinin. No association was evident between ESI and EAI. Also, no relationship was found between ESI or EAI and extractability. Based on these data, it appears that the 11S∶7S ratio strongly reflects the ability of soybean proteins to form emulsions, whereas the ratio of the two different forms of glycinin may be crucial factors for the stability of soybean protein emulsions. Thus, understanding the relationship between protein composition and functionality could be useful for further improvement of functional behavior of soy proteins in food systems.
Development of a method for chlorophyll removal from canola oil using mineral acids
Authors: Bahmaei Manochehr , sadat Sabbaghian Elham , Farzadkish Ebrahim 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBecause of the high level of chlorophyll‐type compounds found in canola oil, bleaching is an important and critical step in the canola oil refining process. In this study, a new method for reducing the chlorophyll‐type impurities prior to the bleaching step was developed. This method is based on precipitating the chlorophyll compounds with mineral acids. Concentrations of chlorophyll‐type compounds of up to 30 ppm could be reduced to amounts of less than 0.01 ppm by mixing the crude canola oil with a 0.4 wt% mixture of phosphoric and sulfuric acids (2:0.75, vol/vol) for 5 min at 50°C. Centrifugation and filtration also were examined as two main methods for separating the chlorophyll precipitates. The results showed that filtration by a precoated textural filter with filter‐aid clay could separate the precipitates as well as the centrifugation method.
Computational estimation of the composition of fat/oil mixtures containing interesterifications from gas and liquid chromatography data
Authors: van Vliet Martin H. , van Kempen Geert M. P. , Reinders Marcel J. T. , de Ridder Dick 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA mathematical framework is introduced that relates analytical data to the composition of fat and oil mixtures. Within this framework, the noise characteristics of four common analytical techniques [FAME, FAME2‐pos, CN (carbon number), and AgLC] were investigated and modeled by both additive and multiplicative noise terms. The fat blend recognition (FBR) performance was investigated under these two types of noise, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Furthermore, an extension is proposed that makes it possible to detect interesterifications of unknown mixtures, which was impossible before. The proposed procedure is divided into a qualitative estimation stage, which is focused on identifying the raw materials (RM), followed by a quantitative estimation stage, which is focused on quantifying the levels of the RM identified. We compared two qualitative strategies and four quantitative methods for their ability to correctly estimate simulated mixtures under the noise characteristics determined. The comparison of methods was extended to actual mixtures, revealing promising results. Our analysis presents multiple directions for further adulteration and FBR studies.
Sterol fractions in hazelnut and virgin olive oils and 4,4′‐dimethylsterols as possible markers for detection of adulteration of virgin olive oil
Authors: Damirchi Sodeif Azadmard , Savage Geoffrey P. , Dutta Paresh C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractReports on the methylsterol fractions of hazelnut oils are scarce. The objectives of this study were to characterize methylsterols in hazelnut and virgin olive oils and to study the possibility of detection of adulteration of virgin olive oils. In hazelnut oils, 4‐desmethylsterols were present in higher proportions (86 to 91%) than in virgin olive oils where this fraction was ca. 50% of the total sterol. In the 4‐monomethylsterol fraction, citrostadienol was the major component in both kinds of oils followed by cycloeucalenol and obtusifoliol in virgin olive oils, and obtusifoliol in hazelnut oils. 24‐Methylenecycloartanol was predominant in both kinds of oils in the 4,4′‐dimethylsterols. For the first time, δ‐amyrin was tentatively identified by comparing published mass spectral data in the analyzed samples of both kinds of oils. An unknown compound X (containing a lupane skeleton) and lupeol were detected only in the 4,4′‐dimethylsterols fraction of hazelnut oils at a level of 2–8 and 6–10%, respectively. GC‐MS analysis showed that adulteration of virgin olive oil by hazelnut oil could be detected at a level less than 4% by using these two compounds as possible potential markers.
Safety evaluation of ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus linn) seed oil
Authors: Rao Y. R. , Jena K. S. , Sahoo D. , Rout P. K. , Ali Shakir 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seeds of ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus Linn), after selective extraction of fragrance from the seed coat, are flaked and extracted with hexane to obtain a fatty oil. The FA composition and iodine value of the oil indicate it possesses saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FA in ratios close to the recommendations of the United Nations World Health Organization; these characteristics make it suitable as an edible oil. Acute oral toxicity and safety evaluation in a 13‐wk feeding trial on albino rats showed the oil is comparable to groundnut oil in all the parameters and is suitable for edible use.
High‐throughput determination of oil content in corn kernels using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kotyk John J. , Pagel Marty D. , Deppermann Kevin L. , Colletti Ronald F. , Hoffman Norman G. , Yannakakis Elias J. , Das Pradip K. , Ackerman Joseph J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new high‐throughput method for measuring oil content in intact, single corn kernels is demonstrated using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods. This nondestructive technique enables the evaluation of relative oil content in up to 2,592 corn kernels in less than 40 min using a 1.5 T clinical MRI scanner. Custom software was developed to process and analyze 3‐D magnetic resonance (MR) image data rapidly. The precision and accuracy of the MR method for measuring oil content are discussed. The precision of the MRI results is shown to be dependent on MR scanner noise. The MRI results show very good relative accuracy compared with low‐field NMR, NIR transmission, and accelerated solvent extraction measurements. Minor differences between the MRI and low‐field NMR experimental protocols were shown to be inconsequential to the oil content measurement. Extending the MRI method to the analysis of other oilseeds and/or the use of other magnetic field strengths is discussed, as is a comparison of this MRI method relative to other high‐throughput magnetic resonance screening techniques.
Characterization of laurel fruit oil from Madeira Island, Portugal
Authors: Castilho Paula C. , Costa Maria do Céu , Rodrigues Ana , Partidário Ana 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fixed oil extracted from Laurus spp. fruit from Madeira Island, Portugal, is used in local traditional medicine for a wide variety of health complaints. Physical properties, density and refractive index, as well as the TAG FA composition, sterols, and waxes were determined. The oil was found to have an unusually high content of volatiles (ca. 10%), with trans‐ocimene and germacrene D predominating. Oleic (30%) and linoleic (20%) acids were the main unsaturated FA, whereas lauric (18%) and palmitic (up to 22.5%) acids were the main saturated FA in the neutral lipid fraction. The oil had a sterol content on the same order as olive oil, with β‐sitosterol (84%) predominating. Two sesquiterpene lactones, dehydrocostuslactone and costunolide, accounted for 5% of the overall composition. Madeira laurel oil is not currently used as an edible oil because of its very strong flavor. Its claimed medicinal properties have not yet been validated, and this is the first report on the characterization of the commercial product.
Evaluation of oxidative stability of canola oils by headspace analysis
Authors: Richards Amy , Wijesundera Chakra , Salisbury Phil 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipid oxidation is a major factor affecting flavor quality and shelf life of vegetable oils. Oxidative stability is therefore an important criterion by which oils are judged for usefulness in various food applications. In this study a method based on headspace analysis was developed to evaluate relative oxidative stability of canola oils. The method does not require the use of chemicals, involves minimal sample preparation, and can be performed on a relatively small sample size in comparison with traditional wet chemical methods. Canola oils freshly extracted in the laboratory from different seed samples were subjected to accelerated oxidation and analyzed for PV by standard methods and headspace volatiles by solid phase microextraction/GC‐MS. Forward stepwise regression analysis of the data revealed a relationship between PV and headspace concentration of the volatile lipid oxidation products hexanal and trans,trans‐2,4‐heptadienal. The PV calculated using this formula correlated (R2=0.73) with those measured by conventional methods.
Lipase‐assisted acidolysis of high‐laurate canola oil with eicosapentaenoic acid
Authors: Hamam Fayez , Daun James , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe production of structured lipids via acidolysis of high‐laurate canola oil (Laurical 15) with EPA in hexane was carried out using lipase from Pseudomonas sp. The optimal reaction conditions used 4% lipase, at a mole ratio of oil to EPA of 1∶3 at 45°C over 36 h. The positional distribution of FA on the glycerol backbone of unmodified oil indicated that lauric acid was mainly located at the sn‐1,3 positions. Stereospecific analysis of the oil modified with EPA showed that lauric acid remained mostly esterified to the sn‐1,3 positions of the TAG molecules and that EPA was also primarily in the sn‐1,3 positions of the TAG molecules. Thus, the resultant structured lipids may have optimal value for use in applications where quick energy release and EPA supplementation are required.
Lipase‐catalyzed esterification of lactic acid with straight‐chain alcohols
Authors: Roenne Torben H. , Xu Xuebing , Tan Tianwei 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEnzymatic synthesis of esters of lactic acid and straight‐chain alcohols with different chain lengths (C6–C18) were investigated in batch reactions with hexadecanol (C16) as the model alcohol. Cyclohexane was the best solvent for higher ester yields, and the best biocatalyst was the immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435) as well as the textile‐immobilized Candida sp. lipase. A method was established to obtain ester yields in the range of 71 to 82% for the different alcohols, and the most favorable conditions for the esterification reaction using Novozym 435 were an equimolar ratio of lactic acid to alcohol, each at a concentration of 120 mM each; a 50°C reaction temperature; 190 rpm shaking speed; and the addition of 100 mg molecular sieves (4 Å) for drying. The ester yield increased with increasing lipase load, and a yield of 79.2% could be obtained after 24 h of reaction at 20 wt% of Novozym 435. The immobilized Candida sp. lipase prepared in the laboratory also could be used to produce esters of lactic acid and straight‐chain alcohols, but it had a much lower activity than Novozym 435 with a temperature optimum of 40°C.
Sepiolite: An effective bleaching adsorbent for the physical refining of degummed rapeseed oil
Authors: Sabah Eyüp , Çelik Mehmet Sabri 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe efficiency of Turkish sepiolite in bleaching degummed rapeseed oil has been investigated. Experimental results indicate that the bleaching efficiency is more dependent on the ratio of sepiolite to oil than on operating parameters such as contact time and temperature. An increase in the sepiolite dosage reduces the color bodies of the rapeseed oil. Its effect on oxidation state, however, is complex and related to both primary and secondary oxidation products. The removal of impurities such as chlorophyll a, β‐carotene, and phosphorus increases with increasing sepiolite dosage and reaches a maxumum at 1.5% sepiolite addition and 100°C bleaching temperature. Chlorophyll a, β‐carotene, and phosphorus adsorptions can be described by a mechanism involving surface are and porosity of acid‐activated sepiolite as key variables. The sorption is also independent of the polarity of the adsorbate molecules. Direct comparison of activated sepiolite with the commercial bleaching earth Tonsil 210 FF shows that in some respects sepiolite offers significant advantages.