bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of psychiatrists' concepts of mental illness
Authors: Harland R. , Antonova E. , Owen G. S. , Broome M. , Landau S. , Deeley Q. , Murray R. 
Published: December 2008

BackgroundThere are multiple models of mental illness that inform professional and lay understanding. Few studies have formally investigated psychiatrists' attitudes. We aimed to measure how a group of trainee psychiatrists understand familiar mental illnesses in terms of propositions drawn from different models.MethodWe used a questionnaire study of a sample of trainees from South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust designed to assess attitudes across eight models of mental illness (e.g. biological, psychodynamic) and four psychiatric disorders. Methods for analysing repeated measures and a principal components analysis (PCA) were used.ResultsNo one model was endorsed by all respondents. Model endorsement varied with disorder. Attitudes to schizophrenia were expressed with the greatest conviction across models. Overall, the ‘biological’ model was the most strongly endorsed. The first three components of the PCA (interpreted as dimensions around which psychiatrists, as a group, understand mental illness) accounted for 56% of the variance. Each main component was classified in terms of its distinctive combination of statements from different models: PC1 33% biologicalversusnon-biological; PC2 12% ‘eclectic’ (combining biological, behavioural, cognitive and spiritual models); and PC3 10% psychodynamicversussociological.ConclusionsTrainee psychiatrists are most committed to the biological model for schizophrenia, but in general are not exclusively committed to any one model. As a group, they organize their attitudes towards mental illness in terms of a biological/non-biological contrast, an ‘eclectic’ view and a psychodynamic/sociological contrast. Better understanding of how professional group membership influences attitudes may facilitate better multidisciplinary working.
Suicide in paradise: aftermath of the Bali bombings
Authors: Suryani L. K. , Page A. , Lesmana C. B. J. , Jennaway M. , Basudewa I. D. G. , Taylor R. 
Published: December 2008

BackgroundThe relationship between the Bali (Indonesia) bombings of October 2002 and suicide has not previously been investigated, despite anecdotal evidence of the economic and psychological consequences of these attacks.MethodSuicide rates were calculated over the period 1994–2006 in three Bali regencies to determine whether suicide increased in the period following the first Bali bombings. Poisson regression and time-series models were used to assess the change in suicide rates by sex, age and area in the periods before and after October 2002.ResultsSuicide rates (age-adjusted) increased in males from an average of 2.84 (per 100 000) in the period pre-2002 to 8.10 in the period post-2002, and for females from 1.51 to 3.68. The greatest increases in suicide in the post-2002 period were in the age groups 20–29 and ⩾60 years, for both males and females. Tourist arrivals fell significantly after the bombings, and addition of tourism to models reduced relative risk estimates of suicide, suggesting that some of the increase may be attributable to the socio-economic effects of declines in tourism.ConclusionsThere was an almost fourfold increase in male suicide risk and a threefold increase in female suicide risk in the period following the 2002 bombings in Bali. Trends in tourism did not account for most of the observed increases. Other factors such as indirect socio-economic effects and Balinese notions of collective guilt and anxieties relating to ritual neglect are important in understanding the rise in suicide in the post-2002 period.
Adapting SVM for data sparseness and imbalance: a case study in information extraction
Authors: LI YAOYONG , BONTCHEVA KALINA , CUNNINGHAM HAMISH 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSupport Vector Machines (SVM) have been used successfully in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. The novel contribution of this paper is in investigating two techniques for making SVM more suitable for language learning tasks. Firstly, we propose an SVM with uneven margins (SVMUM) model to deal with the problem of imbalanced training data. Secondly, SVM active learning is employed in order to alleviate the difficulty in obtaining labelled training data. The algorithms are presented and evaluated on several Information Extraction (IE) tasks, where they achieved better performance than the standard SVM and the SVM with passive learning, respectively. Moreover, by combining SVMUM with the active learning algorithm, we achieve the best reported results on the seminars and jobs corpora, which are benchmark data sets used for evaluation and comparison of machine learning algorithms for IE. In addition, we also evaluate the token based classification framework for IE with three different entity tagging schemes. In comparison to previous methods dealing with the same problems, our methods are both effective and efficient, which are valuable features for real-world applications. Due to the similarity in the formulation of the learning problem for IE and for other NLP tasks, the two techniques are likely to be beneficial in a wide range of applications1.
Review of:Comparison of gene expression profiles predicting progression in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen
Authors: Loi S. 
Published: December 2008

Citation of original article:Koket al.Breast Cancer Research and Treatment4 March 2008 [Epub ahead of print].Abstract of the original article:Background:Molecular signatures that predict outcome in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients have been identified. For the first time, we compared these response profiles in an independent cohort of (neo)adjuvant systemic treatment naïve breast cancer patients treated with first-line tamoxifen for metastatic disease.Methods:From a consecutive series of 246 estrogen receptor (ER) positive primary tumors, gene expression profiling was performed on available frozen tumors using 44K oligoarrays (n= 69). A 78-gene tamoxifen response profile (formerly consisting of 81 cDNA clones), a 21-gene set (microarray-based Recurrence Score), as well as the HOXB13-IL17BR ratio (Two-Gene Index, RT-PCR) were analyzed. Performance of signatures in relation to time to progression (TTP) was compared with standard immunohistochemical (IHC) markers: ER, progesterone receptor (PgR) and HER-2.Results:In univariate analyses, the 78-gene tamoxifen response profile, the 21-gene set and the HOXB13-IL17BR ratio were all significantly associated with TTP with hazard ratios of 2.2 (95% CI 1.3–3.7,P= 0.005), 2.3 (95% CI 1.3–4.0,P= 0.003) and 4.2 (95% CI 1.4–12.3,P= 0.009), respectively. The concordance among the three classifiers was relatively low, they classified only 45–61% of patients in the same category. In multivariate analyses, the association remained significant for the 78-gene profile and the 21-gene set after adjusting for ER and PgR.Conclusion:The 78-gene tamoxifen response profile, the 21-gene set and the HOXB13–IL17BR ratio were all significantly associated with TTP in an independent patient series treated with tamoxifen. The addition of multigene assays to ER (IHC) improves the prediction of outcome in tamoxifen-treated patients and deserves incorporation in future clinical studies.
Introduction à l'étude historique du mouvement syndical chrétien
Authors: Vignaux Paul 
Published: December 2008

The aim of the author of this article was merely to write an introduction, i.e. to offer some observations on the methods and theories appropriate, in his opinion, to the study of the Christian Syndicalist Movement.In part I he deals with the organisations' internal life. Here he examines in turn:The circumstances of the organisations' foundation, namely partly clerical and doctrinal influences, partly the reactions of the workers. The various ways in which Christian Trade-Unionism is influenced by the clergy. The structure of the confederations, especially the problems of centralism and bureaucracy, democracy and federalism. And finally recruiting-conditions, viz. the degree of confessionalism of the organisation, the religious attitude of the members as a whole, and the distrubution both geographically and vocationally. Here he adds a comparison between the fluctuations in the number of members of Christian and of socialist organisations.
Kriminalität und Konjunktur
Authors: Schwarz Herbert 
Published: December 2008

The aim of the present treatise is to illustrate the connection between the ever-changing economic situation and the anti-social activity of a group living under a uniform juridical system. In the sphere of anti-social activity which presents so many aspects—numerically summarized in the statistics of morality— the student is confronted with several conflicting theories in causality research. The extremes are repressented by the “indeterminist theory of free will” and the “determinist doctrines of environment and heredity”. Whichever theory is accepted is of decisive importance in considering the principles of the policy of criminal law to be applied and its administration at any given period.The present investigation does not confine itself in the matter of deduction to one of the above theories. It also avoids the analysis of isolated cases. It endeavours to obtain some insight into the functional and causal relationships between the two classes of phenomena by comparing data provided by mass statistics relating to economic and anti-social life.After introductory expositions on both the significance and nature of the position of the problems and the method underlying the investigation, the historical part of the study deals with the phenomena of crimes against property and the connection between them and economic conditions in Germany during the years 1882—1936. This period is divided into three sections. The years 1882—1913 cover the period of steady development. The war period (1914—18), owing to lack of statistical data, is only treated summarily. In the post-war section the law reforms begun in 1933 are not taken into account, because they did not yet cover the legislative repression of crimes against property.
Hoofdtrekken der Nederlandsche Arbeidersbeweging in de jaren 1876 tot 1886
Authors: RÜter A. J. C. 
Published: December 2008

The present article is the second part of a study on the Dutch working-class movement between 1876 and 1886, (the first part was published in Vol. III of this Review), and deals with the economic crisis and the unemployment problem in the years 1884 to 1886.The economic position of Holland was very bad at that time. Apart from an agricultural crisis, which set in about 1875, a crisis in commerce and industry, especially in ship-building and other building trades, made itself felt after 1883. The number of unemployed was considerable throughout the country; it was particularly great, however, in the large towns, to which numerous labourers from the rural districts had migrated. The author tries to ascertain the magnitude of this unemployement on the strength of certain figures, which, although incomplete, are important as the first data on the unemployment in Holland in the 19th century. Then follows an investigation into the methods of fighting this unemployment, which brings out that, generally speaking, both the government and the individual municipalities were of the opinion that interference in this matter did not fall within their sphere of action. When the normal church- and municipal dole proved to be insufficient, private persons were expected to provide for the extra wants of the poor. This was indeed the case in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and various smaller towns in the form of a special dole and the organization of relief work. Unemployment insurance was practically not yet thought of at that time.
An oligarchic microbial assemblage in the anoxic bottom waters of a volcanic subglacial lake
Authors: Gaidos Eric , Marteinsson Viggo , Thorsteinsson Thorsteinn , Jóhannesson Tomas , Rúnarsson Árni Rafn , Stefansson Andri , Glazer Brian , Lanoil Brian , Skidmore Mark , Han Sukkyun , Miller Mary , Rusch Antje , Foo Wilson 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
In 2006, we sampled the anoxic bottom waters of a volcanic lake beneath the Vatnajökull ice cap (Iceland). The sample contained 5 × 105 cells per ml, and whole-cell fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and PCR with domain-specific probes showed these to be essentially all bacteria, with no detectable archaea. Pyrosequencing of the V6 hypervariable region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, Sanger sequencing of a clone library and FISH-based enumeration of four major phylotypes revealed that the assemblage was dominated by a few groups of putative chemotrophic bacteria whose closest cultivated relatives use sulfide, sulfur or hydrogen as electron donors, and oxygen, sulfate or CO2 as electron acceptors. Hundreds of other phylotypes are present at lower abundance in our V6 tag libraries and a rarefaction analysis indicates that sampling did not reach saturation, but FISH data limit the remaining biome to &lt;10–20% of all cells. The composition of this oligarchy can be understood in the context of the chemical disequilibrium created by the mixing of sulfidic lake water and oxygenated glacial meltwater.
Precision and recall estimates for two-hybrid screens
Authors: Huang Hailiang , Bader Joel S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMotivation: Yeast two-hybrid screens are an important method to map pairwise protein interactions. This method can generate spurious interactions (false discoveries), and true interactions can be missed (false negatives). Previously, we reported a capture–recapture estimator for bait-specific precision and recall. Here, we present an improved method that better accounts for heterogeneity in bait-specific error rates.Result: For yeast, worm and fly screens, we estimate the overall false discovery rates (FDRs) to be 9.9%, 13.2% and 17.0% and the false negative rates (FNRs) to be 51%, 42% and 28%. Bait-specific FDRs and the estimated protein degrees are then used to identify protein categories that yield more (or fewer) false positive interactions and more (or fewer) interaction partners. While membrane proteins have been suggested to have elevated FDRs, the current analysis suggests that intrinsic membrane proteins may actually have reduced FDRs. Hydrophobicity is positively correlated with decreased error rates and fewer interaction partners. These methods will be useful for future two-hybrid screens, which could use ultra-high-throughput sequencing for deeper sampling of interacting bait–prey pairs.Availability: All software (C source) and datasets are available as supplemental files and at http://www.baderzone.org under the Lesser GPL v. 3 license.Contact: joel.bader@jhu.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Analyses of Advanced Rice Anther Transcriptomes Reveal Global Tapetum Secretory Functions and Potential Proteins for Lipid Exine Formation
Authors: Huang Ming-Der , Wei Fu-Jin , Wu Cheng-Cheih , Hsing Yue-Ie Caroline , Huang Anthony H.C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe anthers in flowers perform important functions in sexual reproduction. Several recent studies used microarrays to study anther transcriptomes to explore genes controlling anther development. To analyze the secretion and other functions of the tapetum, we produced transcriptomes of anthers of rice (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) at six progressive developmental stages and pollen with sequencing-by-synthesis technology. The transcriptomes included at least 18,000 unique transcripts, about 25% of which had antisense transcripts. In silico anther-minus-pollen subtraction produced transcripts largely unique to the tapetum; these transcripts include all the reported tapetum-specific transcripts of orthologs in other species. The differential developmental profiles of the transcripts and their antisense transcripts signify extensive regulation of gene expression in the anther, especially the tapetum, during development. The transcriptomes were used to dissect two major cell/biochemical functions of the tapetum. First, we categorized and charted the developmental profiles of all transcripts encoding secretory proteins present in the cellular exterior; these transcripts represent about 12% and 30% of the those transcripts having more than 100 and 1,000 transcripts per million, respectively. Second, we successfully selected from hundreds of transcripts several transcripts encoding potential proteins for lipid exine synthesis during early anther development. These proteins include cytochrome P450, acyltransferases, and lipid transfer proteins in our hypothesized mechanism of exine synthesis in and export from the tapetum. Putative functioning of these proteins in exine formation is consistent with proteins and metabolites detected in the anther locule fluid obtained by micropipetting.
Expansion and Diversification of thePopulusR2R3-MYB Family of Transcription Factors
Authors: Wilkins Olivia , Nahal Hardeep , Foong Justin , Provart Nicholas J. , Campbell Malcolm M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe R2R3-MYB proteins comprise one of the largest families of transcription factors in plants. R2R3-MYB family members regulate plant-specific processes, such as the elaboration of specialized cell types, including xylem, guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs, and the biosynthesis of specialized branches of metabolism, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. As such, R2R3-MYB family members are hypothesized to contribute to the emergence of evolutionary innovations that have arisen in specific plant lineages. As a first step in determining the role played by R2R3-MYB family members in the emergence of lineage-specific innovations in the genus Populus, the entire Populus trichocarpa R2R3-MYB family was characterized. The Populus R2R3-MYB complement is much larger than that found in other angiosperms with fully sequenced genomes. Phylogenetic analyses, together with chromosome placement, showed that the expansion of the Populus R2R3-MYB family was not only attributable to whole genome duplication but also involved selective expansion of specific R2R3-MYB clades. Expansion of the Populus R2R3-MYB family prominently involved members with expression patterns that suggested a role in specific components of Populus life history, including wood formation and reproductive development. An expandable compendium of microarray-based expression data (PopGenExpress) and associated Web-based tools were developed to better enable within- and between-species comparisons of Populus R2R3-MYB gene expression. This resource, which includes intuitive graphic visualization of gene expression data across multiple tissues, organs, and treatments, is freely available to, and expandable by, scientists wishing to better understand the genome biology of Populus, an ecologically dominant and economically important forest tree genus.
Gender and non‐medical use of prescription opioids: results from a national US survey*
Authors: Tetrault Jeanette M. , Desai Rani A. , Becker William C. , Fiellin David A. , Concato John , Sullivan Lynn E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAims  Gender differences exist regarding alcohol and illicit drug use disorders in the United States. Little is known about the gender‐related factors associated with non‐medical use of prescription opioids.Design  Using data from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we examined risk factors for past‐year non‐medical use of prescription opioids stratified by gender.Setting  Non‐institutionalized US residences.Participants  Civilian, non‐institutionalized US citizens aged 12 years and older.Measurements  Self‐reported alcohol and drug use, focusing specifically on past‐year non‐medical use of prescription opioids.Findings  Among 55 023 respondents, 4.8% reported past‐year, non‐medical use of prescription opioids. For both women and men, alcohol abuse/dependence and marijuana, hallucinogen, cocaine, non‐medical stimulant and sedative/tranquilizer use were associated with past‐year non‐medical use of prescription opioids. Among women but not men, first use of illicit drugs beginning at 24 years or older [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) 1.90, 95% CI 1.05–3.44], serious mental illness (AOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.29–2.17) and cigarette smoking (AOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05–1.68) were associated with past‐year non‐medical use of prescription opioids. Among men but not women, past‐year inhalant use (AOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.28–2.92) was associated with the outcome.Conclusions  For both women and men, illicit drug use is associated with the non‐medical use of prescription opioids. Additionally, certain factors associated with the non‐medical use of prescription opioids are notably gender‐specific. Clinicians should recognize that patients with a history of illicit substance use or misuse of other prescription medications are at increased risk for non‐medical use of prescription opioids, and that gender‐specific factors can help to identify individuals at greatest risk.
The role of spending money and drinking alcohol in adolescent smoking
Authors: Zhang Bo , Cartmill Carrie , Ferrence Roberta 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAims  Previous studies have shown inconsistent findings with regard to the association between amount of spending money and adolescent smoking. Drinking alcohol may be a mediator of the association between spending money and adolescent smoking. However, no studies have examined this potential role. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between amount of spending money and adolescent smoking and the potential mediation role of alcohol use in this association.Design  The 2003 Ontario Student Drug Use Survey of students in grades 7–12.Measurements  Multivariable logistic, probit and linear regression models were used to investigate the association between amount of spending money and smoking, and the contribution of drinking alcoholic beverages to this relationship.Findings  Spending money was associated positively with experimental smoking, current smoking and daily consumption of cigarettes (P < 0.01). The analysis adjusted for confounders showed that students with spending money ≥$20/week were significantly more likely to be experimental smokers, students with ≥$30/week were significantly more likely to be current smokers and students with ≥$60/week smoked significantly more cigarettes/day (P ≤ 0.05), compared to students with <$10/week. Alcohol use was an important mediator, responsible for 81% of the association of spending money with experimental smoking, 38% with current smoking and 37% with daily consumption of cigarettes.Conclusions  Amount of spending money was associated significantly and positively with smoking among adolescents, and alcohol use mediated this association. Integrated tobacco prevention programs may be more effective, and increasing taxes on cigarettes and alcohol would increase price sensitivity among youth and protect against adolescent smoking.