bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aspect and evidentiality in four Bantu languages
Authors: Crane Thera Marie , Gunnink Hilde , Kanijo Ponsiano , Roth Tim 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Fully grammaticalized, obligatory evidentiality systems are thought to be rare in the languages of Africa, and in Bantu languages in particular. However, ongoing semantic research in Bantu languages continues to uncover systems that are primarily evidential in their semantics, as well as other grammatical categories that can be exploited secondarily to express evidential distinctions. In this chapter, we discuss Fwe, Nyamwezi, Nzadi, and Ikoma, four geographically and typologically diverse Bantu languages in which distinct grams with overlapping tense–aspect readings exhibit salient distinctions in their evidential force. The evidentiality distinctions seen in these languages add further support for the robust cross-linguistic link between resultatives and indirect evidentials. Links between progressive aspect and ‘authoritive’ (first-hand sensory or trusted second-hand) evidentials are also suggested.
Anthropogenic climate change
Authors: Dáttilo Wesley , González-Tokman Daniel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The rapid increase in the Earth’s global temperature in the last decades has drawn the attention of people around the world. The impact of human-induced global warming is becoming increasingly evident, emphasizing the urgent need to take effective measures to mitigate its consequences and secure a sustainable future for our planet. This chapter introduces the causes and consequences of anthropogenic climate change and identifies important trends, biases and gaps in the literature. Moreover, the authors make a call to action and research on climate change and point out the need for collective action that encompasses different actors from different sectors of society in order to protect biodiversity and human wellbeing. In short, climate change, resulting from various human activities, poses a pressing global challenge as it leads to changes in the natural dynamics of the planet in different ways (e.g., frequency of cyclones, severity of heat waves, extreme dry periods, severe storms, rising temperatures of ocean water and melting glaciers), causing significant and detrimental changes to Earth's ecosystems and weather patterns, all of which have direct influence on biodiversity and human life.
Healthcare Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Future Directions, and Anticipated Medical Workforce Needs
Authors: Hewson Thomas , Mahalingappa Sridevi Sira , Ramkisson Roshelle , Chaturvedi Santosh Kumar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A large proportion of the worldwide mental health burden exists in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This chapter explores health system challenges in LMICs, including workforce difficulties, and how addressing these is vital to lowering health inequalities. The pivotal role of undergraduate medical education in building a workforce equipped for addressing mental morbidity in LMICs is discussed. We explore how recruitment into medical schools and the design and delivery of undergraduate psychiatry curricula may shape the future skillsets and career destinations of doctors. Examples of innovative practice to build the capacity of medical schools and mental health services in LMICs are highlighted, including collaboration between high- and low-income countries and global academic networks. Interventions for supporting medical student wellbeing are additionally explored, which has important implications for workforce retention.
Measuring Wellbeing
Authors: Simons Gemma , Effah Raymond 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
To answer how we should measure medical student wellbeing a methodological systematic review that looks at how we have done this until now was conducted. In the 182 studies included in the systematic review operational definitions of wellbeing were not used and this led to heterogeneity. For example, 31.3% of studies while listing wellbeing as either an aim of measurement, or as an intended outcome in the methods, captured a different concept as an outcome in the results section. The outcomes used to measure wellbeing were either positive concepts (52%), negative concepts (42%), or student-specific neutral concepts (6%). Thirty-seven new, untested, outcome measurement instruments were used and 85, previously developed outcome measurement instruments were used, with the GHQ-12 being used most frequently. With an operational definition of wellbeing and a core outcome set with valid, reliable, and practical measurement instruments, medical student wellbeing research could move away from repeatedly measuring what is wrong, but instead identify and develop the contexts and mechanisms that are right.
Brazil
Authors: Blaas Israel Kanaan , Castaldelli-Maia João Mauricio 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how medical education can have significant negative effects on medical students’ wellbeing due to excessive workload and high levels of stress, competitiveness, sleep deprivation, and alcohol and drug use. Several studies in Brazil have found equal or higher rates of anxiety, depression, alcohol, and other drug use, and burnout than in other parts of the world. To date, efforts to improve student mental health have largely focused on improving access to mental health providers, reducing stigma and other barriers to mental health treatment, and implementing ancillary wellness programmes and curricular changes that are appropriate to the school’s context and mission.
Denmark
Authors: Kjær Jesper Nørgaard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Even though Denmark is a high-income group country and has a welfare state, high levels of psychological distress, and burnout were found among students attending medical school. The main cause of distress was studying and one in four had either paused a whole semester or prolonged their time at medical school by taking fewer classes than required. Alcohol use was problematic for almost one in five males. While at medical school, 16% reported being diagnosed with a mental disorder. The most prevalent were depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and stress-related disorder. Initiatives to improve medical student wellbeing are presented in the chapter.
Egypt
Authors: Okasha Tarek , Shaker Nermin , El-Gabry Dina Aly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Egyptian university students face many psychosocial stressors, both academic and non-academic, which significantly contribute to the development of chronic stress symptoms. Egyptian university medical students particularly face major difficulties, including long teaching hours, lack of recreation time, learning difficulty, language-based obstacles with absorbing the curriculum, irregular schedules, high frequency of tests, peer competition, and anxiety related to academic performance, achievement, and fear of failure. Although epidemiological data on the psychological health of undergraduate students in Egyptian universities remains scarce, however, some research regarding mental wellbeing among medical students has been conducted at different universities in different cities across Egypt. In this chapter, mental health and wellbeing, frequency of burnout syndrome, depression, and anxiety among Egyptian medical university students will be discussed.
Morocco
Authors: Chelieh Maha Lemtiri , Abouqal Redouane , Belayachi Jihane 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Moroccan healthcare system faces many issues like a shortage of human resources, geographical inequality of healthcare services and lack of medical infrastructures. To overcome those issues, Morocco is undergoing reform on a governmental, infrastructure, and human resources level. This reform includes the curriculum and medical studies. A literature review shows that medical students face many psychological issues and the different forms of psychological stress interact with each other. The bibliometric analysis related to ‘medical studies in Morocco’ shows that mental health is the main topic, which proves that mental health is a concerning theme. Interventions to support the mental health of Moroccan medical students are still few and more interventions both institutional and personal should be established.
The Emergence of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Mason Colin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractHow entrepreneurial ecosystems emerge and evolve has received little consideration in the literature. There is also a focus on successful, large city ecosystems. This chapter discusses these gaps by means of a study of a case study of Atlantic Canada—a small, peripheral, economically underdeveloped region that has nevertheless experienced a surge in tech start-ups since the early 2010s, along with a growth in venture capital investment. This can be attributed to the emergence of an entrepreneurial ecosystem that is supporting and resourcing entrepreneurial activity. This chapter provides an analysis of the emergence and evolution of the key elements in the region’s ecosystem. It highlights the key role of exits, ‘blockbuster’ entrepreneurs, universities, large companies, government, pipelines, and leadership.
Unintentional Innovation
Authors: Brail Shauna , Breznitz Shiri 
Published: March 2024

AbstractUniversities play a pivotal role in local economies. They are training grounds for talent and research, while university leaders, faculty, researchers, and students are increasingly expected to engage with public, private, and community partners through a wide range of efforts. One area in which there appears to be significant new demand for engagement with university actors is connected to the field of urban innovation. However, there is a paucity of scholarly research on the role that universities play in urban innovation and the forms that this work takes. This is what we are examining in this chapter. In particular, we aim to explore the connections between urban innovation and universities. Developing a deeper understanding of the intentional and unintentional innovation stemming from university inputs with respect to urban innovation will contribute to existing literature on urban innovation and allow us to understand the ways in which universities can and do contribute to urban innovation.
The Evolution of an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in St. Louis, United States
Authors: Motoyama Yasuyuki 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWhile studies of entrepreneurship and local systems—so-called entrepreneurship ecosystems—have grown exponentially in the past decade, most have been cross-sectional, and we still have limited understanding about the evolution of the ecosystem. Building upon the author’s earlier work, this chapter conducts an exploratory analysis of St. Louis, Missouri, over about fifteen years, during which the stakeholders in the region gained confidence as an upcoming entrepreneurial hub with increased venture capital investment and successful exits. The region has also experienced substantial transformation with privatization of support services and major reorientations by non-profit organizations, partially induced by a radical reduction in government funding. As a result, many organizations have pursued niche strategies with sectors and between districts inside the city. Given that the new entrepreneurial community emerged around Caucasian male entrepreneurs, the inclusion of women and minorities has become a pressing regional issue. Overall, the highly complex evolution, with many actors within the ecosystem, suggests that ecosystems do not follow linear patterns of nascence, growth, and maturity, but rather develop in a unique, highly complex way.
The Systematic Structure of Wolff’s German Ethics in Context
Authors: Schwaiger Clemens 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the present chapter I investigate the secret of the success of the German Ethics. In contrast to other contemporary compendia, the arrangement of the German Ethics is completely original. Universal practical philosophy, the topic of the book’s first, foundational part, was an influential Wolffian innovation. The subdivision of specialized ethics into duties to oneself, to God, and to others, recalls the triad of duties made popular by Pufendorf, more than anyone else, but is surprising in that it prioritizes duties to self for the first time. Finally, I investigate Wolff’s intense study of an edition of Chinese classics made by François Noël, on the basis of which the (in)famous rectoral address came into being around the same time as the German Ethics. My conclusion is that Confucian moral philosophy served as a kind of catalyst for the formation of Wolff’s intellectualist ethics of perfection.
Religion, Revolt, and Rome in Chariton, Xenophon of Ephesus, and Apuleius
Authors: Cioffi Robert 
Published: March 2024

AbstractChapter 1 examines the depictions of Egypt in Chariton’s Chaereas and Callirhoe and Xenophon’s An Ephesian Tale. Chariton’s protagonists never set foot in Egypt, but a sudden Egyptian revolt against the Persian king plays a decisive role in the narrative. The revolt reflects a wider emphasis on Egypt’s resistance to being ruled by outsiders, which Chariton coopts in his narrative of imperial resistance. For Xenophon, Egypt is characterized both as a site of individuals’ resistance to imperial administrators and as a location of religious and cultural influence in the eastern Mediterranean, from a Sicilian fisherman who mummifies his wife to the goddess Isis. These tendencies become even clearer in comparison with the so-called Isis book of Apuleius’ The Golden Ass, where the centrality of Rome represents a stark contrast to Xenophon. Chariton’s and Xenophon’s pictures of Egypt are, thus, united by an emphasis on its cultural and political independence and influence.
The Lives of Others
Authors: Cioffi Robert 
Published: March 2024

AbstractChapter 3 focuses on the Boukoloi (“Cowherds”) in Leucippe and Clitophon. These semi-nomadic pastoralists were imagined to be ungovernable bandits who spoke a non-Greek language, practiced human sacrifice, and fomented rebellions in Egypt against Roman imperial governance. This chapter, informed by the work of James C. Scott, seeks to read the Boukoloi against the grain, understanding the features that appear in Achilles Tatius’ description as “culturally primitive” to be adaptive responses to and a means of resisting Roman power. Furthermore, the Boukoloi help to put Achilles Tatius in dialogue with Demotic Egyptian literature. Such a comparison reveals how Greek and Egyptian traditions use their own culturally distinct literary forms to incorporate these recalcitrant rebels into their narratives. Taken together with Chapter 2, the human and animal worlds of the Nile Delta demonstrate how the representation of place in both Greco-Roman and Egyptian accounts is a potent means to express not only the reaches of imperial power but also its limits.
Epilogue
Authors: Cioffi Robert 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe book concludes with an epilogue that shows how the history of the novels’ readership has shaped our contemporary, scholarly understanding of the ancient genre and how critical attention to some of the oldest questions about the Greek novels can prompt new avenues for their interpretation. On the one hand, the ancient novels’ interests in Egypt and Ethiopia were central to the genre’s earliest Western European readers and interpreters, as they mapped the exploration and colonization of the Americas onto the travels of the ancient novels’ fictional protagonists. On the other, such a comparison shows how the novels’ narratives themselves already resisted the very ideas that they had put in motion.
The Formation of the Lib-Lab Pact, 1976–1977
Authors: Wager Alan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Lib-Lab Pact, a parliamentary agreement forged between a minority Labour government and the Liberal Party, was the first formal cross-party agreement in post-war Britain. It ran from 23 March 1977 to June 1978, and led to the Liberal Party being consulted on the government’s activity as well as having some legislative input, particularly in forcing a free vote on a proportional method of election to the European Parliament. David Steel, the Liberal leader, pinned his hopes of political reform on cross-party co-operation, but the pact struggled to be effective—primarily as Jim Callaghan’s Labour Party was determined that the institutional legacy of co-operation would be limited. Indeed, it became a salutary lesson in the dangers to smaller parties of political co-operation without effective policy concessions—and, in its creation, the pact demonstrated the pathologies in Westminster that make political alliances so difficult.
Public Takeovers
Authors: Recalde Castells Andrés , Winner Martin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
After initial reflections on the feasibility of including takeover regulation in the project of a European Capital Markets Code, the paper sets out the main features of European regulation as laid down in Directive 2004/25/EC (TOD) and considers strategies for further harmonization. The TOD was designed as a minimum directive, allowing member states to deviate from the standards achieved. This applies in particular to the mandatory bid and the powers of directors to block a takeover bid. In both cases, it is apparent that member states are increasingly deviating from the minimum standards achieved, which leads to a lack of coherence and frustrates the goal of a level playing field in European regulation for the market of corporate control. The paper does not advocate for greater harmonization in these areas nor for the regulation of new issues. The proposals for progress on harmonization are limited to areas where there are good arguments for more ambitious legislation and where there are also realistic chances of achieving these goals. This would be the case for pure securities regulation provisions such as supervision or the disclosure requirements. ESMA can play an important role in aligning national practices by collecting information on divergences, as it has done on shareholder cooperation and acting in concert. However, its limited powers would make it difficult to issue guidelines or recommendations.
Drivers of manufacturing export performance and competitiveness in Tanzania
Authors: Misati Roseline , Ngoka Kethi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This study examines the main constraints to manufacturing export competitiveness in Tanzania. Using panel data for the period 1997–2018, the study shows that supply-side factors dominate demand-side factors in explaining manufacturing export competitiveness. Specifically, the results reveal that foreign direct investment and tariffs have a negative and significant effect on export competitiveness in Tanzania, while infrastructure, total investment, labour productivity, and high institutional quality enhance manufactured exports. The study indicates scope for quality upgrading through technology diffusion as well as deeper integration of Tanzania’s nascent global value chains by building on existing competencies and negotiating deep trade agreements to increase market reach. Accordingly, measures to increase investment in infrastructure, strengthen institutional frameworks, and further develop human capital can boost export competitiveness in Tanzania. In addition, export competitiveness can be enhanced through reduction of tariffs and incentives to use cheaper value-adding intermediate inputs.
Faith and Doubt in Epistemology
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Epistemic anxiety is a felt epistemic dissatisfaction, which tends to make someone feel the need to seek out more evidence before closing a question. As Jennifer Nagel has emphasized, epistemic anxiety often plays beneficial roles in helping us recognize when to think more slowly and deliberately. But like any psychological tendency, it can misfire. When it does, it further contributes to the negative bias in epistemology. This chapter highlights the importance of epistemic faith. This need not contrast with evidence-based thinking; sometimes following the evidence is itself an act of faith. When one is employing a proper epistemic method but feels an understandable anxiety about whether one is doing so, it is sometimes proper—epistemically, as well as morally—to put faith in one’s judgments, despite feelings of epistemic anxiety. Central case studies discussed in this chapter include basic perception, the epistemology of logic, induction, trust in the scientific community, recognizing racism, and standpoint theory.
A Fictionalist Theory of Universals
Authors: Tim Button , Robert Trueman 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Universals are putative objects like wisdom, morality, redness, etc. Although we believe in properties (which, we argue, are not a kind of object), we do not believe in universals. However, a number of ordinary, natural language constructions seem to commit us to their existence. In this paper, we provide a fictionalist theory of universals, which allows us to speak as if universals existed, whilst denying that any really do.
Against Second-Order Logic
Authors: MacBride Fraser 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Is second-order logic logic? Famously Quine argued second-order logic wasn't logic but his arguments have been the subject of influential criticisms. In the early sections of this paper, I develop a deeper perspective upon Quine's philosophy of logic by exploring his positive conception of what logic is for and hence what logic is. Seen from this perspective, I argue that many of the criticisms of his case against second-order logic miss their mark. Then, in the later sections, I go beyond Quine to develop a novel case that quantification into polyadic predicate position, understood as requiring quantifiers to range over relations, isn't intelligible.
Against Second-Order Primitivism
Authors: Pickel Bryan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the language of second-order logic, first- and second-order variables are distinguished syntactically and cannot be grammatically substituted. According to a prominent argument for the deployment of these languages, these substitution failures are necessary to block the derivation of paradoxes that result from attempts to generalize over predicate interpretations. I first examine previous approaches which interpret second-order sentences using expressions of natural language and argue that these approaches undermine these syntactic restrictions. I then examine Williamson’s primitivist approach according to which second-order sentences are not offered readings in a previously understood language. I argue that the syntactic restrictions alone do not block the derivation of the paradox, unless they are backed by a principled reason that the language cannot be expanded to allow the grammatical substitution of first- and second- order variables. I argue that there is neither a syntactic nor a semantic principle that prohibits such an expansion.
Introduction
Authors: Owen David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the political and philosophical significance of internal displacement, reconstructs the development of the category of the ‘internally displaced person’ (IDP) as an object of international concern, identifies some of the main philosophical questions raised by internal displacement, and describes the structure of the volume. First, it outlines the development of the international order’s conceptualization and treatment of internal displacement. Then, it draws out some of the main philosophical questions raised by internal displacement through a discussion of the 1998 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. Finally, it describes the structure of the volume and draws connections between the chapters that follow.