bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to special section on the Northern Chugach Mountains‐Southern Copper River Basin Segment of the Alaskan Transect
Authors: Page Robert A. 
Published: February 2008

This special section of the Journal of Geophysical Research is the second part of a collection of papers on the nature and evolution of the lithosphere in southern Alaska, specifically beneath the Chugach Mountains and Copper River Basin. The studies in this collection were conducted under the Trans‐Alaska Lithosphere Investigation [Stone et al., 1986]: a coordinated geological and geophysical transect of the Alaskan lithosphere along the north‐south, trans‐Alaska oil pipeline corridor between Valdez and Prudhoe Bay and across the Pacific and Arctic continental margins. The Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) project of the U.S. Geological Survey was the primary source of support for these studies, including all the seismic refraction and reflection profiling and most of the geologic field investigations.The first part of the collection appeared in the April 1989 issue and focused on the geology and tectonics of the northern Chugach Mountains and southern Copper River Basin and on the interpretation of a 107‐km‐long seismic reflection profile along the transect. Appended to those papers, but not included in the introduction [Page, 1989], was an interpretation of the upper crustal structure of the Chugach terrane derived from a transverse (east‐west) seismic refraction profile along the axis of the Chugach Mountains [Wolf and Levander, 1989].
Introduction to Special Section on Logging and Downhole Measurements in Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program Deep Crustal Holes
Authors: Becker Keir 
Published: February 2008

One of the most important achievements during the first two years of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) was the concerted effort to conduct major programs of logging and downhole measurements upon revisiting three of the deepest holes drilled into the oceanic crust by the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). This effort established holes 395A, 418A, and 504B (Table 1) as our best reference sites to “ground truth” the structure and physical properties of the upper oceanic crust. The results of logging and downhole measurements at these and other ODP holes and their relationship to regional geophysical studies were the subject of a poster symposium at the AGU 1988 Fall Meeting, from which this special section developed.Although it was not the intent to restrict this special section to results from holes 395A, 418A, and 504B, all of the papers here deal with at least one of these holes. This emphasizes their importance as reference sites, which arises not only because of the extensive downhole measurements but simply because they are among the four deepest DSDP/ODP penetrations into genuine upper oceanic crust (i.e., crust formed at a mid‐ocean ridge; Figure 1). Holes 395A and 418A were drilled in North Atlantic crust formed at a slow spreading rate, and 504B was drilled in eastern Pacific crust formed at a moderate spreading rate. Thus the set of reference sites lacks deep holes in crust formed at fast spreading rates, which is a serious shortcoming that will hopefully be addressed by upcoming ODP drilling in the Pacific Ocean. (The set of deep reference holes has already been complemented by the drilling and logging success in 500 m of tectonically exposed gabbros in hole 735B during leg 118 to the southwest Indian Ocean in 1987 [Robinson et al., 1989]; however, interpretation of the logging results from hole 735B had not progressed enough to be included here and will appear first in the work by Robinson et al. [1990].)
Linear and nonlinear wave motion
Authors: Bourodimos E. L. 
Published: February 2008

Wave motion is studied through the development of theoretical models of linear and nonlinear boundary value wave problems. Flow field characteristics and specific boundary conditions and assumptions are considered in each case. A general method for wave propagation over an uneven bottom is presented. The following conclusions may be stated:1. The linear and nonlinear characteristics of gravity surface waves at discrete frequency were studied on the basis of relative amplitudea*, depthd*, and breaking parameterBr. Part of the breaking behavior has been confirmed experimentally.2. An increase in energy dissipation up to 50% with increase of values of breaking parameter of the oncoming wave has been established experimentally.3. The wave amplitude variation and wave energy transmission, unlimited by reflection and friction, are predicted theoretically to the first approximation for any form of channel geometry and type of wave motion.4. For small‐amplitude waves in shallow water, Green's law has been found from the integral expression in the general case. For waves in intermediate depth or deep water an exponential formula applies.
Theoretical petrology
Authors: Luth W. C. 
Published: February 2008

A discussion of significant advances in theoretical petrology is primarily a prediction of what the future holds in the way of application of ‘new’ approaches developed over the past quadrennium. Thompson [1970, p. 550] expressed the situation quite clearly:My advice to those who wish to understand rocks more fully is to go ahead and experiment freely with new ways of doing things despite cries of ‘Who needs it!’ What is useless will be forgotten soon enough, what is not will stick and should.
Review of marine geochemistry
Authors: Spencer Derek W. , Farrington J. W. 
Published: February 2008

In the period from January 1971 to December 1974, marine geochemical studies have progressed and expanded without major changes in direction from the previous half decade. One of the most significant aspects of this period is the establishment of some large cooperative international programs developed for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration.The end of 1974 has seen the completion of much of the fieldwork of programs such as Geosecs (Geochemical Ocean Section Study), CUEA (Coastal Upwelling EcoSystems Analysis), and Climap (Climate/Long Range Investigation Mapping and Predictions). The accelerated rate of acquisition of data on many oceanic parameters, a direct result of these programs, has yet to have its full influence on the science, but it is already clear that a number of our concepts of factors controlling the distribution of various chemical species in the ocean are in need of revision.
Ocean sediment coring program and marine sedimentation
Authors: Peterson M. N. A. 
Published: February 2008

During the past 4 years the work surrounding the National Science Foundation Ocean Sediment Coring Program Deep Sea Drilling Project has so dominated the field of marine sedimentation as to be virtually identical with it.The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) is funded by the National Science Foundation under contract with the University of California; project management is delegated to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at La Jolla, California. The University, in turn, subcontracts with Global Marine, Inc., of Los Angeles for the operation of the remarkable and specially designed drilling vessel Glomar Challenger. This fine relatively young offshore drilling and operating corporation is to be greatly complimented for the excellent and responsive manner in which they have carried out the needs associated with this unique and interesting project.
Ionospheric D and E regions
Authors: Sechrist C. F. 
Published: February 2008

Several review papers on D and E region topics appeared during the quadrertnium as follows: the lower ionosphere [Thomas, 1971], theoretical models of the D region [Sechrist, 1972], the relationship of theory and experiment in the D region [Aikin, 1972], E region model parameters [Swider, 1972], progress in ionospheric research [Bowhill, 1973], chemistry of metallic elements in the ionosphere and mesosphere [Brown, 1973], theory of the D region [Thomas, 1974], physics and chemistry of the E region [Strobel, 1974], and lower ionosphere ion chemistry [Sechrist, 1974a].Although D and E region research has made rapid progress in the past decade, it is evident that as knowledge expands, these regions become more complex physical and chemical systems, and our views appear to be less distinct than before; and aeronomers need to be reminded that the lower ionosphere is an ionospheric region that is hydrodynamically coupled to the lower atmosphere and electrodynamically coupled to the magnetosphere.
Marine magnetic anomalies
Authors: Blakely Richard J. , Cande Steven C. 
Published: February 2008

Marine magnetic data have been available for many years from all of the world's oceans, and their contribution to marine geophysics and geology is profound. These data, for example, have allowed charting the age of the ocean floor, reconstruction of the geologic history of the major ocean basins, development of a Cenozoic and Mesozoic timescale of geomagnetic reversals, and speculation on the processes of sea‐floor spreading. Research on these and similar problems actively continued during this quadrennial, but here we discuss only a few topics in which we believe the most significant advances have been made during the last four years: the source of marine magnetic anomalies, the geomagnetic time‐scale, high‐amplitude anomalies, and studies of back‐arc basins.Source of AnomaliesStudies of magnetic surveys over continental areas can often be constrained by the magnetic properties of samples collected from below the survey. Until recently, model studies of marine magnetic anomalies have enjoyed the luxury of an inaccessible source. Except for samples scraped from the ocean floor by dredging [e.g., Irving, 1970] and inferences drawn from magnetic studies of ophiolite sequences [e.g., Vine and Moores, 1972], very little information was available for constraining studies of marine magnetic anomalies.
Polar oceanography I: Arctic Ocean
Authors: Aagaard Knut 
Published: February 2008

Oceanographic work in the Arctic seas the past four years has concentrated on the dynamics of the planetary boundary layer, meso‐scale events, regional problems (particularly on the shelves), and the connection with the North Atlantic (including the formation and outflow of deep water).A major U.S. effort in the Arctic during the present reporting period was the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX). While the main thrust of the work was in ice dynamics, a good deal of oceanography was accomplished, particularly in boundary layer flow. During the 1972 pilot study, the first simultaneous measurements were made of mean and turbulent velocity at several levels through a fully developed planetary boundary layer (McPhee and Smith, 1976). The turbulent structure corresponded closely to recent atmospheric planetary boundary layer models when scaled by U*, U*2, and U*/f for velocity, stress, and depth, where U* is the surface layer friction velocity and f is the Coriolis parameter. The general conceptual framework developed was used to interpret results of the year‐long 1975–76 AIDJEX main experiment. In particular, McPhee (1977) used a bulk transport model and measured winds to predict ice drift during the melt season, when stress gradients in the ice were small. The simulations reproduced the observed velocity and velocity gradient fields remarkably well, underscoring the idea that U*/f scaling is appropriate, rather than, say, a mixed‐layer slab approach. In a second paper, McPhee (1978b) refined the statistics of the ice drift/water stress couple to show that a model adapted from the atmospheric planetary boundary layer theory of Businger and Arya (1974) gave statistics that were indistinguishable from the AIDJEX observations. The model was consistent with a Rossby‐number similarity law for the ice drag. The observations preclude the type of drag one would obtain by assuming constant eddy viscosity for a mixed‐layer slab. Other studies of the stress field beneath the ice include that of Hunkins (1975), as well as a large number published in the AIDJEX Bulletin by a variety of investigators.
Boundary layer physics and turbulence—Observational aspects
Authors: Wyngaard J. C. 
Published: February 2008

Since the range of applications of boundary‐layer meteorology is broad, and my space limited, I thought it best to direct this review toward structural and dynamical fundamentals of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) rather than toward particular applications. In doing so, I have made slight reference to the particular needs of users in large‐scale circulation, air‐pollution meteorology, agricultural meteorology, and environmental engineering. Certainly, however, much PBL research owes its justification and support to those communities.This review is organized, therefore, along lines that would be generally appropriate for a discussion of any turbulent flow. Section 2 deals with the structure of the PBL, and the effects of stratification; Section 3 covers the interactions of the PBL with the surface below and the flow above; and Section 4 covers advances in measurement and (as they bear on observations) modeling.
Outer planets satellites
Authors: Morrison David 
Published: February 2008

During the four years 1979–1982, studies of the satellites of the outer planets matured into a major branch of planetology, largely in consequence of seven spacecraft encounters with the Jovian and Saturnian systems. Previously these objects had been investigated only by a small group of planetary astronomers, and few planetologists recognized their potential contribution to the study of planetary origins and evolution. A good perspective on the accomplishments of these largely astronomical studies can be found in reviews by Morrison and Cruikshank (1974), Morrison and Burns (1976), Morrison et al. (1977), Johnson (1978), and Cruikshank (1979).The first direct studies of the outer solar system were accomplished by the Pioneer spacecraft, which flew through the Jovian system in 1973 and 1974 and achieved a first encounter with Saturn in September 1979. These appropriately‐named craft were the pathfinders for the much more sophisticated and intensive explorations of Voyager 1 and 2, which encountered the Jovian system in 1979 (March and June) and the Saturnian system in 1980 (November) and 1981 (August). More than a dozen objects, heretofore only faint points of light visible in the telescope, were revealed as complex worlds amenable to geological and geophysical investigation. As a result, a planetologist in 1982 can consider the comparative study of about triple the number of solid‐surface planets under investigation four years ago. This sudden and dramatic expansion in our data base promises to support a revolution in perspective comparable to that achieved earlier when the first geological information was returned by spacecraft from the Moon, Mars, and Mercury.
Ground water: A review
Authors: Bredehoeft J. D. 
Published: February 2008

There is growing documentation that a significant portion of the Nation's fresh ground water in the densely populated areas of the country is contaminated. Because of the slow rates of ground‐water movement, ground water once contaminated will remain so for decades, often longer. Cleanup of contaminated ground water is almost always expensive and often technically unfeasible; the expense is often prohibitive.While questions remain about the fundamental nature of dispersion, engineering estimates of the movement of contaminants in a porous medium are within the current state of the art. Chemical reactions commonly take place as the contaminants are transported by ground water. Estimates of contaminant movement in situations where chemical reactions play an important role are possible in those instances in which the reactions are understood. The biological control of many of the organic reactions taking place with organic contaminants in ground water is presently poorly understood.The fractured media remain as the major area in ground‐water physics for which no consensus about the appropriate flow and/or transport theory exists. Flow and transport in fractured media remain as unsolved theoretical problems in ground‐water hydrology.The methods for solving the mathematical problems posed by flow and transport a in porous medium have to a large extent been solved during the last decade. However, the methods for obtaining the parameters in the field which characterize real systems are largely those developed in the 1940's and 1950's. The problem of obtaining field data remains cumbersome and expensive; new and improved methods are needed.
Ridge crest volcanism
Authors: Edmond John M. 
Published: February 2008

Developments in this area have preceeded very rapidly. Much of this progress has resulted from sophisticated multi‐channel seismic surveys of the ridge axes and especially from the detailed investigation or mapping of small areas using multibeam arrays, towed cameras and submersibles.The Magma ChamberThe depth‐lateral dimensions of the magma chamber remain unconstrained. Multi‐channel seismic reflections from the mantle and from the top of the magma chamber under the crest of the East Pacific Rise at 9°N have been reported by Stoffa et al. [1980] and Herron et al. [1980]. These have been re‐interpreted by Hale et al. [1982] as showing an assymetric chamber caused perhaps by assymetric spreading or by the intersections of the profile with an unmapped fracture zone. Herron [1982] using the same data has resolved the transition from the pillow basalt layer to the sheeted dyke complex at a depth of about 400 m. All interpretations are consistent with the top of the magma chamber being at a depth of between 1.5 and 2 km below the sea floor in this area.
Dynamics of the middle atmosphere
Authors: Schoeberl Mark R. 
Published: February 2008

This review summarizes middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) research in the United States over a period from October 1982 to May 1986. Some important relevant works by foreign investigators are also included. Previous work is summarized in the IUGG report by Hartmann (1983). The reference list encompasses the relevant work although each individual paper may not be discussed in the text.The research topics discussed here cover all scales of motion in the stratosphere and mesosphere except for acoustic phenomena. The categories are: extratropical wave motions and instabilities (e.g., planetary to medium scale waves), gravity waves, tropical motions, the general circulation of the middle atmosphere and constituent transport where dynamically significant. These categories are not definitive. Nonetheless, this division of motion fields roughly follows historical precedence and the scaling approximations used in dynamical meteorology.
Progress in magnetospheric physics: 1983–86
Authors: Schulz Michael 
Published: February 2008

It has been a distinct pleasure, as well as an educational experience, to have served as associate editor for magnetospheric physics on this quadrennial report to IUGG. Fourteen authors and eighteen referees have done their utmost, despite the pressure of firm deadlines and the constraint of severe page limits, to make the magnetospheric report (consisting of the ten papers that follow) a valuable resource for the international space‐research community. Users of this report are encouraged to cite not only the original references found pertinent to their research but also the IUGG review article(s) in which those original references were compiled.Authors of the ten review articles that follow were asked to compile fairly complete lists of relevant papers based on work performed at institutions in the United States and published between late 1982 and late 1986. Additional papers could be cited in the interest of providing context or perspective. Review authors were not required to mention in text every article included in their reference lists. The reader should attach no stigma, however, to the omission of any paper from either the text or the reference list of an IUGG review article. Any omission may have been an oversight, or it may have been necessary for the flow or balance of a particular review.
Modeling of the magnetosphere
Authors: Stern David P. 
Published: February 2008

Magnetospheric modeling is the art of deriving the configuration of the magnetosphere and representing its behavior. Two main levels exist: descriptive modeling which tries to represent the observed magnetic field B and perhaps the electric field E, and physical modeling which also includes plasma effects. Descriptive modeling must only satisfy Maxwell's equations, in particular ∇ · B = 0; physical modeling adds density ρ, pressure p etc. and must also satisfy conservation laws of magneto‐hydrodynamics (MHD).Discussed below are descriptive models and simple physical ones, up to the level of the magneto‐hydrostatic (MHS) approximation; full MHD simulations are covered in a companion report. In the MHS approximation the MHD momentum balance condition reduces to∇p =j×B
URSI: The International Scientific Radio Union
Authors: Silver Samuel 
Published: February 2008

The International Scientific Radio Union,1 better known as URSI (an abbreviation derived from the French name, Union Radio Scientifique Internationale), is one of the oldest of the family of scientific unions comprising the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The Union was founded in 1913 under the title ‘International Commission of Scientific Wireless Telegraphy,’ and it celebrated its golden jubilee in 1963 in conjunction with a general assembly held in Tokyo. The history of the Union, and the development of its commissions, and programs, and worldwide services, was recorded in the URSI Golden Jubilee Memorial volume published by the URSI Secretariat in 1963. The aims of the Union as stated by the late J. H. Dellinger in his history of the URSI in the Jubilee Memorial are2:1. To promote international cooperation in the scientific study of radio.2. To encourage and aid in the organization of radio research requiring cooperation on a large scale.3. To promote the establishment and use of common methods and standards of measurement.4. To encourage and aid the discussion and dissemination of the results of these activities.
Foreword
Authors: Waterman A. T. 
Published: February 2008

The material in this document has been prepared by various members of Commissions to the U.S. National Committee of URSI. It represents a highly condensed account of progress within the general field of each Commission during the past three years.Every three years URSI holds a General Assembly in which the member countries report to each other the advances that have been made. The material contained here represents the report of the United States to this international body. The subject matter is arranged in accordance with the commission structure of URSI. These Commissions, eight in number, are 1, Radio Standards and Measurements; 2, Radio and Non‐ionized Media; 3, On the Ionosphere; 4, On the Magnetosphere; 5, Radio Astronomy; 6, Radio Waves and Circuits; 7, Radio Electronics; and 8, Radio Noise of Terrestrial Origin.