bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing Party Access to Elections
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Carter Elisabeth , Farrell David M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines whether it has become easier or more difficult for political parties to participate in elections. It does this by comparing the electoral systems and the wider electoral laws (including those governing ballot access, media access, and the receipt of state subventions) in operation in a number of OECD countries in 1960 to those in operation in 2000. While it finds there has been little electoral system change over this period, it does report evidence of changes in the wider electoral laws, the general evolution of which appears to have been towards a more liberal environment for all political parties. This does not necessarily mean an easier time for small or new parties, however, and may instead suggest a type of cartelization between the established parties.
Towards More Open Democracies: The Expansion of Freedom of Information Laws
Authors: Cain Bruce E. , Egan Patrick , Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter tracks the expansion of Freedom of Information (FoI) laws in advanced democracies, and examine the patterns of usage by citizens and the press in a few selected cases. In 1970s, only four nations had FoI laws, now they exist in 16 advanced industrial democracies and the European Union. These information laws are heavily utilized in some nations, giving citizens and groups new access to information on government policies. When combined with an aggressive, independent, and investigative press tradition, FoI laws can be used effectively to increase government accountability.
A Second Transformation of Democracy?
Authors: Warren Mark E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe forms of representative democracy familiar to democratic theory are being overgrown by many new political forces that would appear to have democratic features. These include the rise of social movements, dramatic increases in the numbers and activities of civil society organizations, new forms of direct action, increasing use of referendums, devolution and de-concentration of decision-making and governance, stakeholder representation within bureaucracies, a growing use of the courts to press citizen interests, new experiments in deliberative democracy and collaborative governance, more vigorous public sphere debates about policies, public monitoring of government and corporate activities, new political uses of communication technologies, and small groups aggregated into networks that are now often global in scale. The first major transformation of democracy involved changes from pre-modern forms of local and direct democracy to modern forms of representative democracy. The question of whether these new changes so consequential that they amount to second major transformation of democracy is raised.
Micro-Econometrics for Policy, Program and Treatment Effects
Authors: Lee Myoung-jae 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This book brings to the fore recent advances in econometrics for treatment effect analysis. It aims to put together various economic treatment effect models in a coherent fashion, determine those that can be parameters of interest, and show how these can be identified and estimated under weak assumptions. The emphasis throughout the book is on semi- and non-parametric estimation methods, but traditional parametric approaches are also discussed. This book is ideally suited to researchers and graduate students with a basic knowledge of econometrics.
Design and instrument for hidden bias
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
If the treatment (T) and control (C) groups are different in unobserved variables e as well as in observed variables x, and if e affects both the treatment and response, then the difference in outcome y cannot be attributed to the difference in the treatment d. The difference in x causing overt bias can be removed with one of the methods discussed in the preceding chapters, but the difference in e causing hidden bias is hard to deal with. In this and the following chapter, hidden bias due to the difference in e is dealt with. An econometrician’s first reaction to hidden bias (or endogeneity problem) is to ‘use an instrument’. But good instruments are hard to come by. Much easier, but less conclusive, is exploring ways to detect the presence of hidden bias; this is done in the name of ‘coherence’ (or consistency, if one does not mind the abuse of this term), whether the main scenario of the treatment effect is coherent with other auxiliary findings. This task can be done with multiple treatment groups, multiple responses, or multiple control groups, which are easier to find than instruments; checking coherence leads to an emphasis on study design rather than estimation techniques. The treatment-effect literature sheds new light on instrumental variables, i.e., the instrumental variable estimator is shown to be for the effect on those whose treatment selection is affected by the instrument.
6 The Bare Authority of Feeling: James Beattie in Context
Authors: Harris James A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In his very popular Essay on Truth, James Beattie reiterates Kames’s claim that we have a natural belief in the freedom of will, but argues that this belief is so strong and universal, and so essential to morality and religion, that there is no reason to answer arguments which purport to show it to be false. Such an approach to the free will question is to be found also in writers such as Berkeley, Butler, Price, and Johnson.
8 Liberty and Necessity after Reid
Authors: Harris James A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the terms of the free will debate are regarded as having been set by the confrontation between Priestley and Reid. A Reidian libertarianism is developed by James Gregory and Dugald Stewart, while English writers such as Thomas Belsham and William Godwin take up Priestley’s version of necessitarianism. For Stewart, as for Locke, the principal question concerning liberty and necessity is the character of introspective experience.
A Critique of the Systemic and Sociological Approaches to Eating Disorders
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter offers a critique of systemic and sociological approaches to eating disorders. The fundamental assumption of these approaches is that mental disorders are adaptations to illogic and deviant relational systems. Mental disorders are thus transactional problems. The subjects of the analysis of systemic approaches may be two (for example, mother and daughter), three (sufferer and parents), more than three (the whole family), indeterminate (sufferer and social context), or intergenerational (it may include the parents of the sufferer’s parents). This chapter argues that these approaches provide important information on eating disorders. However, it moves three critiques to them. First, they often utilise the same moral categories that support eating disorders, and thus risk reinforcing the moral logic that is at the heart of the disorder. Second, they generally suggest that the variables in the family or society may cause or explain eating disorders, whereas this chapter takes the view that the variables that are identified in the systems give elements to aid in the understanding of what the person feels and experiences, but cannot cause or explain eating disorders. Third, these approaches risk presenting the individual as determined by the context in which he or she lives. The role of the individual in the articulation of external influences is emphasized.
Eating or Treating? Legal and Ethical Issues Surrounding Eating Disorders
Authors: Giordano Simona 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter presents UK legislation concerning people with mental disorders. It provides an account of both Statute and Case Law, and It explains issues such as competence and coercive treatment in cases of mental disorders. It then focuses on the particular case of eating disorders, and looks at issues of competence to refuse treatment for eating disorders and legislation relating to force-feeding. The legal account is accompanied by a punctual philosophical and ethical critique of UK jurisdiction. It suggests that the Mental Health Act should be abolished.
Truth and the End of Inquiry
Authors: Misak C. J. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This book elucidates and defends C.S. Peirce’s pragmatist account of truth. Peirce was interested in exploring truth’s connections to the practices of inquiry, belief, and assertion. This distinctly pragmatic project resulted in the view that truth is what would be agreed upon, were inquiry to be pursued as far as it could fruitfully go. The view that a belief is true if it would be indefeasible connects truth to human practices, but which takes truth to be something to be discovered. That is, Peirce’s view of truth is much more objectivist than some currently popular brands of pragmatism. In this expanded edition, advances in the understanding of Peirce’s theory of truth are noted, and include a new chapter which shows how Peirce’s view of truth is friendly to moral judgements.
Retirement pensions
Authors: Clasen Jochen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe chapter discusses three periods of policy change in the field of pension policy. It explains basic parameters of public pension systems and the scope of private provision, comparing contemporary systems with those which existed in the late 1970s. Using a number of indicators, it assess the scale and profile of change in each country. The different reform profiles are identified and their genesis discussed in the context of major legislative changes. It argues that the impact of policy legacies have played a major role in shaping policy profiles. The notion of ‘path dependence’ is a more instructive concept in pension than in unemployment or family policy, rendering radical policy change less likely in Germany than in the UK. However, changes in contextual conditions, not least due to German unification, have contributed to programmatic re-orientations and power relations within major political parties.
7 Positive and Negative Integration
Authors: Majone Giandomenico 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRepeated policy failures suggest that the system created by the European treaties is more suitable to the promotion of negative integration than to the development of measures of positive integration. Positive integration is often identified with positive values like social protection and the correction of market failures, negative integration with deregulation, social dumping, and the protection of economic interests. In fact, economic and other special interests may find it convenient to support measures of positive integration, while fundamental rights are often better protected by negative integration. At any rate, in an increasingly diverse EU it may be necessary to revert to a negative-integration regime, under which most regulatory responsibilities would be left with the people who are directly affected by a given problem, and who have to bear the costs of its solution.
3 Regimes of Political Consolidation: The Putin Presidency in Soviet and Post‐Soviet Perspective
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the leadership of Vladimir Putin from the perspective of consolidative regimes in Soviet and post-Soviet history. It focuses on the New Economic Policy from 1921-27, period of ‘high Stalinism’, Brezhnev’s consolidative regime, and Yeltsin’s consolidative phase. It argues that Putin seeks — with varying levels of success and failure — to simultaneously liberalize much of the economy and to integrate it into global capitalism, while pushing the political system back towards greater authoritarianism, greater central control over regions, breaking the power of selected economic tycoons, and ensuring that Moscow retains dominant influence over the energy and resources sector.
4 Soviet Political Leadership and ‘Sovietological’ Modelling
Authors: Service Robert 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses studies of the USSR. In the years following the October 1917 Revolution, most studies of the USSR — carried out by either emigres or persons associated with conflicts in the country — focused on the Soviet leadership and its politics. With the inception of the New Economic Policy in 1921, writers began discussing whether the nature of the Soviet order had already begun to change. In the late 1930s, attention focused on the totalitarian model, enhanced by state support for academic study of the USSR. This was followed by studies by ‘revisionists’, who sought to incorporate long overlooked aspects of the Soviet past and present into Sovietology.
Quakers, Jews, and Science
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study examines how two religious minorities — the Quaker and Anglo-Jewish communities — engaged with the sciences. It argues that for both Quakers and Jews, science offered educational and career opportunities and ways of participating in the wider society. Members of both communities pursued their own scientific interests, with Quakers being attracted principally to the observational sciences. Drawing on a wealth of documentary material, this book charts the involvement of Quakers and Jews in many different aspects of science: scientific research, science education, science-related careers, and scientific institutions ranging from the Royal Society to the Great Exhibition. Particularly instructive are the responses of both communities to the challenge of modernity posed principally by Darwin’s theory of evolution. It is shown that both communities were generally pro-evolution, and looked askance at those dogmatic Christians who opposed Darwin’s theory. During the closing years of the nineteenth century, progressives in both communities deployed science, especially the theory of evolution, in their arguments against traditionalists within their own ranks.
Education and Careers
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Quakers founded their own schools to ensure that their children learned Quaker values and would not be contaminated by, say, Anglican principles. Science played a significant role in Quaker schools, especially Bootham School (York), which had a flourishing Natural History Society and an observatory. Jewish children often attended the Jewish schools (where science was not so prominent) or the public schools. With Oxford and Cambridge closed to non-Anglicans until the mid-19th century, Quakers flocked to Scottish universities, especially Edinburgh Medical School. Some Jews also attended Scottish universities, but the study of mathematics under Augustus de Morgan at University College London proved particularly attractive. With the opening of Oxford and Cambridge to non-Anglicans, the first cohorts of Jewish and Quaker science students are traced.
Development Policies and Governance
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
East Asia’s success can be attributed to a market friendly policy or getting the basics right. The development of agriculture, social risk management, technology openness, and the accumulation of physical and human capital gave East Asian economies the economic basics or fundamentals, while interventionist policies and export promotion encouraged rapid growth. Most East Asian countries had authoritarian regimes which were effective in leading economic development.
Causes of the East Asian Crisis: Structural Weakness vs. Liquidity Panic View
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Critics and experts blamed structural weaknesses and misguided macroeconomic policies as the major causes of the 1997 financial crisis. These include financial sector frailties, weakness in the corporate and government sectors, a deteriorating external situation, and contagion. It is argued that neither the structural nor liquidity-panic view accounts for the causes and consequences of the crisis. East Asian countries had failed to reform and improve the efficiency of their financial and corporate sectors.
A Long Road to Anglo-Americanization
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
How East Asian emerging economies will narrow the gap in per-capita income vis-á-vis developed economies remains to be seen. Two policy options are examined: trade liberalization and export promotion. China’s rapid growth, its increasing influence in the region, and relations with neighboring countries will determine the scope and speed of economic liberalization in East Asia.
PLEASURE AS A SENSORY QUALITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter contends that the fact that a bodily sensation is one of pleasure consists in its having a sensory quality of pleasantness, which is supervenient upon other qualities of the sensation. The rather widespread view that the pleasantness of a sensation consists in its being the object of a positive reaction of liking is rejected. The perception of beauty is analysed in an analogous way.
THE CONCEPT OF EMOTION
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter defines an emotion as a normally felt pattern of bodily changes which is caused by a belief. The belief should not be conceived as evaluative, since that would rule out a definition of evaluation by reference to emotion. In the case of some, but not all kinds of emotion, this pattern includes the acquisition of some desire. The most important point for the present book is that emotions — in contrast, e.g., to moods —involve a belief for this ensures that there can be reasons for having emotions, that they can be assessed in terms of rationality.
SOMATIST THEORIES OF OUR IDENTITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
If the criticisms of immaterialism and non-reductionism in chapter 19 and of matter-based psychological views in chapter 20 are correct, it would seem that animalism or the biological view that personal identity consists in the identity of human organisms must be right. This chapter argues that this view is also mistaken, for we can imagine that the organic matter of our bodies is imperceptibly transformed into something inorganic. But it would be absurd to say that we cease to exist in these circumstances when our consciousness flows on without any introspectible change; so, we are not essentially human organisms. The upshot is a factual nihilism, that no view of our nature and identity can be tenable because there are incompatible psychologist and animalist strands in our commonsensical conception of ourselves.
THE IDENTITY OF MATERIAL BODIES
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Since it has been found that identity consists in the identity of our bodies, as the subject and object of our experiences, this chapter takes a brief look at the identity of material bodies through time. Although it seems possible to formulate a sufficient condition of this identity in terms of spatio-temporal continuity, the problem is to formulate this condition in a non-circular way. There are also problems about the necessity of such a condition, having to do, for instance, with the fact that the disintegration of a thing into parts followed by a creation of the same sort of thing sometimes amounts to a reappearance of numerically the same thing and sometimes does not. It is suggested that this matter is decided partly by pragmatic considerations and, thus, that the distinction between identity and non-identity is less deep than it might be thought to be. The chapter ends by considering what the account given implies the famous ship of Theseus.
SELF-CONCERN AND SELF-APPROVAL
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Chapter 23 concluded that the bias towards oneself is not rationally justifiable. This chapter tries to provide a causal explanation of the elements of this bias. It explains how self-concern arises out of the anticipation of future experiences. And it explains self-approval, or liking for oneself, as being based on properties one is aware of oneself as having rather than on the recognition of identity.
MORAL INDIVIDUALISM: AUTONOMY AND AGREEMENT
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Moral individualism is the doctrine that rationality leaves room for the individualities or personalities of subjects to express themselves in the moral realm in an autonomous choice between idealism and fulfilment-maximization. By leaving this room for autonomy, moral individualism avoids some objections that have been launched, by Bernard Williams in particular, against monistic theories like utilitarianism. On the other hand, moral individualism also provides a great deal of space for moral disagreement. The chapter ends by pointing to some factors that enable us to enter into agreements that could limit the extent of this disagreement.
THE DILEMMA AS REGARDS PERSONAL NEUTRALITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter sets out the second dilemma or conflict between the rationalist aim of having rational attitudes and the satisfactionalist aim of fulfilment-maximization. Since it has been found that the bias towards oneself is irrational, rationalists must strive to rid themselves of it. It goes without saying that prudentialist maximizers whose goal is to see to it that their own life contains as much fulfilment as possible should retain this bias. But this chapter argues that it is irrational, even for those satisfactionalists who accept the requirement of universalizability and endorse the universal fulfilment-maximization goal of utilitarianism, to strive to rid themselves of this bias.
THE DEONTOLOGICAL ELEMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on two doctrines that make up deontology: the act-omission doctrine and the doctrine of the double effect. Some arguments against these doctrines are sketched. The main point is that the tenability of these deontological doctrines is not of great moment for this book. If they are false, it would follow that we could be as much responsible for what we let happen as for what we do, and for what we do with foresight as for what we do with intention. But the feasibility of extending our desert-entailing responsibility reactions in these two ways is not of much interest if it is the case, as this part of the book argues, that we are rationally obliged to dispose of these reactions entirely. It is also suggested that the idea of responsibility underlying these deontological doctrines is the idea of ultimate responsibility.
8 Tense and Reality
Authors: Fine Kit 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt is argued that if one is going to be a realist about tense, then one should be a nonstandard realist in preference to a standard realist; rather than taking the present time to be privileged, one should take the contents of all times to be equally real. It is also argued that if one is going to be a nonstandard realist about tense, then one should be a fragmentalist rather than a relativist; rather than holding reality to be relative to a time, one should take it to be fragmented, not ‘of a piece’.
Theologies of Technology
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the ideas of theologians who have attended to the question of theology. Classically, theology sought the subordination of technology to spiritual values (Maritain, Guardini, Berdyaev, and Tillich are amongst those discussed). Despite some techno-optimists such as Teilhard de Chardin, the pessimism of Jacques Ellul has had most influence in recent periods, particularly on green, liberation, and feminist theologies. A narrativist approach to the question is examined but found wanting.