bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Heart of Justice
Authors: Engster Daniel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis book proposes a new framework of political justice based upon the practice of caring. Integrating the insights of earlier care theorists with the concerns of traditional justice theorists, the author forges a new synthesis between care and justice, and further argues that the institutional and policy commitments of care theory must be recognized as central to any adequate theory of justice. The book begins by offering a practice‐based account of caring and a theory of obligation that explains why individuals should care for others. It then systematically demonstrates the implications of this account of caring for domestic politics, economics, international relations, and culture. In each of these areas, it reviews the contributions of earlier care theorists and then extends their arguments to provide a more complete description of the institutions and policies of a caring society. Care ethics is further put in dialogue with diverse cultural and religious traditions and used to address the challenges of multicultural justice, cultural relativism, and international human rights. More fully than other works on care theory, this book provides an overarching account of the institutions and policies of a caring society.
1 The Nature of Caring and the Obligation to Care
Authors: Engster Daniel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCaring is usually defined either too narrowly or too broadly to support a moral and political theory. This chapter outlines a definition of caring that is better suited for guiding the development of a moral and political theory. Caring is defined as a practice encompassing everything we do directly to help individuals satisfy their basic biological needs, develop or maintain their basic capabilities, and avoid or alleviate pain and suffering. The chapter further outlines a theory of obligation for caring, arguing that we all have obligations to care for others in need because we all have made claims upon others to care for us when in need. The last part of the chapter discusses the rightful distribution of our caring obligations, arguing that we might justifiably show partiality in caring for ourselves and our loved ones but ultimately have obligations to care for all individuals in need when we are capable of doing so.
2 Care Theory and Domestic Politics
Authors: Engster Daniel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCare theorists have described a number of elements of a political theory of caring, but have not fully elaborated the basic political institutions and policies of a caring society. This chapter takes up the task of outlining a caring theory of justice for domestic politics. This chapter begins by addressing a question that care theorists have not satisfactorily answered: Why should government assume responsibility for supporting caring activities at all? The chapter then outlines six guiding principles of a caring government, and describe in detail the specific institutions and policies necessary for supporting personal caring activities and providing individuals with adequate care. Since any discussion of minimally adequate care will inevitably raise questions about cultural bias, the chapter next discusses the relation between care theory and multiculturalism. In the final section, the chapter addresses a number of possible objections to a caring government, including concerns about its costs and moral hazards.
The Global Argument Continued
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe chapter begins with an examination of three philosophical theses about free will, each of which would, if true, refute Theist's attempt to reply to the argument from evil by employing the free-will defence: compatibilism; the incompatibility of free will and divine foreknowledge; and the existence of ‘middle knowledge’. It is shown how Theist can cast sufficient doubt on these theses to block Atheist's attempt at conversion. The body of the chapter is devoted to Atheist's contention that the free-will defence cannot account for ‘natural evil’. Theist is represented as employing a version of the free-will defence that postulates a primordial separation of our remote ancestors from God, and as defending the conclusion that according to this story, the suffering of human beings that is caused proximately by natural evils might also be remotely caused by the abuse of free will.
Reason's Nearest Kin
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis book is a critical examination of the astonishing progress made in the philosophical study of the properties of the natural numbers from the 1880s to the 1930s. It reassesses the brilliant innovations of Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, and others, which transformed philosophy as well as the understanding of mathematics. The book argues that through the problem of arithmetic participates in the larger puzzle of the relationship between thought, language, experience, and the world, we can distinguish accounts that look to each of these to supply the content we require: those that involve the structure of our experience of the world; those that explicitly involve our grasp of a ‘third realm’ of abstract objects distinct from the concrete objects of the empirical world and the ideas of the author's private Gedankenwelt; those that appeal to something non-physical that is nevertheless an aspect of reality in harmony with which the physical aspect of the world is configured; and finally those that involve only our grasp of language.
Introduction
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the philosophical problem posed by arithmetic: accounting for our knowledge of arithmetic proper in a manner that explains the relationship between it and its applications. It is argued that the challenge of accounting for the applicability of arithmetic to the world participates in the wider puzzle of explaining the link between experience, language, thought, and the world. It is therefore natural to try to resolve the issue concerning the grounding of the truths of arithmetic on one of four elements: that arithmetic is based not on experience itself but on a feature of the way we humans experience the world; that language itself supplies the necessary intuition; that what grounds arithmetic is a feature not of the way we experience the world but of the way we think; and that arithmetic is reducible to logic.
Why Irony is Pretence
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter defends the thesis that irony is a form of pretence. It traces the development of this view, and presents a stronger version of it than has previously been available. It contrasts the pretence theory with its strongest rival: the echoic theory. The similarities and differences between the theories are described, and the conclusion reached is that the pretence theory is better. Empirical evidence used to support the echoic theory is examined; this evidence supports the pretence theory at least as well. While the pretence theory does not apply directly to what are called dramatic and situational irony, it can be seen that these are closely related to irony proper as the pretence theory characterizes it.
Disadvantage
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , de-Shalit Avner 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
What does it mean to be disadvantaged? Is it possible to compare different disadvantages? What should governments do to move their societies in the direction of equality, where equality is to be understood both in distributional and social terms? Linking analytical philosophical theory with broad empirical studies, including interviews conducted for the purpose of this book, it is shown how taking theory and practice together is essential if the theory is to be rich enough to be applied to the real world, and policy systematic enough to have purpose and justification. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1 presents a pluralist analysis of disadvantage, modifying the capability theory of Sen and Nussbaum to produce the ‘genuine opportunity for secure functioning’ view. This emphasizes risk and insecurity as a central component of disadvantage. Part 2 shows how to identify the least advantaged in society even on a pluralist view. It is suggested that disadvantage ‘clusters’ in the sense that some people are disadvantaged in several different respects. Thus, it is not necessary to solve the problem of how to weigh different categories of disadvantage against each other in order to identify the least advantaged. Conversely, a society which has ‘declustered disadvantaged’ — in the sense that no group lacks secure functioning on a range of functionings — has made considerable progress in the direction of equality. Part 3 explores how to decluster disadvantage, by paying special attention to ‘corrosive disadvantages’ — those disadvantages that cause further disadvantages, and ‘fertile functionings’ — those which are likely to secure other functionings.
Soil CO2Efflux in a Mixed Pine-Oak Forest in Valsaín (Central Spain)
Authors: Inclán Rosa , De la Torre Daniel , Benito Marta , Rubio Agustín 
Published: May 2007

Soil-surface CO2efflux and its spatial and temporal variation were investigated in a southern Mediterranean, mixed pine-oak forest ecosystem on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Guadarrama in Spain from February 2006 to July 2006. Measurements of soil CO2efflux, soil temperatures, and moisture were conducted in nine 1963-m2sampling plots distributed in a gradient around the ecotone betweenPinus sylvestrisL. andQuercus pyrenaicaLam. forest stands. Total soil organic matter, Walkey-Black C, particulate organic matter, organic matter fraction below 53 μm, total soil nitrogen content, total soil organic carbon content, and pH were also measured under three representative mature oak, pine, and mixed pine-oak forest stands. Soil respiration showed a typical seasonal pattern with minimums in winter and summer, and maximums in spring, more pronounced in oak and oak-pine stands. Soil respiration values were highest in pine stands during winter and in oak stands during spring and summer.Soil respiration was highly correlated with soil temperatures in oak and pine-oak stands when soil moisture was above a drought threshold of 15%. Below this threshold value, soil moisture was a good predictor of soil respiration in pine stands. Greater soil organic matter, particulate organic matter, Walkey-Black C, total organic C, and total N content in pine compared to oak sites potentially contributed to the greater total soil CO2efflux in these stands during the winter. Furthermore, opposing trends in the organic matter fraction below 53 μm and soil respiration between plots suggest that in oak stands, the C forms are less affected by possible changes in use. The effects of soil properties on soil respiration were masked by differences in soil temperature and moisture during the rest of the year. Understanding the spatial and temporal variation even within small geographic areas is essential to assess C budgets at ecosystem level accurately. Thus, this study bears important implications for the study of large-scale ecosystem dynamics, particularly in response to climatic change.
Similarities in the thermodynamics and kinetics of aggregation of disease‐related Aβ(1–40) peptides
Authors: Meinhardt Jessica , Tartaglia Gian Gaetano , Pawar Amol , Christopeit Tony , Hortschansky Peter , Schroeckh Volker , Dobson Christopher M. , Vendruscolo Michele , Fändrich Marcus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIncreasing evidence indicates that polypeptide aggregation often involves a nucleation and a growth phase, although the relationship between the factors that determine these two phases has not yet been fully clarified. We present here an analysis of several mutations at different sites of the Aβ(1–40) peptide, including those associated with early onset forms of the Alzheimer's disease, which reveals that the effects of specific amino acid substitutions in the sequence of this peptide are strongly modulated by their structural context. Nevertheless, mutations at different positions perturb in a correlated manner the free energies of aggregation as well as the lag times and growth rates. We show that these observations can be rationalized in terms of the intrinsic propensities for aggregation of the Aβ(1–40) sequence, thus suggesting that, in the case of this peptide, the determinants of the thermodynamics and of the nucleation and growth of the aggregates have a similar physicochemical basis.
Single molecule analyses of the conformational substates of calmodulin bound to the phosphorylase kinase complex
Authors: Priddy Timothy S. , Price E. Shane , Johnson Carey K. , Carlson Gerald M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe four integral δ subunits of the phosphorylase kinase (PhK) complex are identical to calmodulin (CaM) and confer Ca2+ sensitivity to the enzyme, but bind independently of Ca2+. In addition to binding Ca2+, an obligatory activator of PhK's phosphoryltransferase activity, the δ subunits transmit allosteric signals to PhK's remaining α, β, and γ subunits in activating the enzyme. Under mild conditions about 10% of the δ subunits can be exchanged for exogenous CaM. In this study, a CaM double‐mutant derivatized with a fluorescent donor–acceptor pair (CaM‐DA) was exchanged for δ to assess the conformational substates of PhKδ by single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) ±Ca2+. The exchanged subunits were determined to occupy distinct conformations, depending on the absence or presence of Ca2+, as observed by alterations of the compact, mid‐length, and extended populations of their FRET distance distributions. Specifically, the combined predominant mid‐length and less common compact conformations of PhKδ became less abundant in the presence of Ca2+, with the δ subunits assuming more extended conformations. This behavior is in contrast to the compact forms commonly observed for many of CaM's Ca2+‐dependent interactions with other proteins. In addition, the conformational distributions of the exchanged PhKδ subunits were distinct from those of CaM‐DA free in solution, ±Ca2+, as well as from exogenous CaM bound to the PhK complex as δ′. The distinction between δ and δ′ is that the latter binds only in the presence of Ca2+, but stoichiometrically and at a different location in the complex than δ.
Primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis with unusual clinical features in a patient with Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: KONISHI Asako , FUKUOKA Miyuki , NISHIMURA Youichi 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA 69‐year‐old woman presented with a 2‐year history of an eczematous lesion covering the genital area. Histopathological examination showed deposits of amorphous, eosinophilic material and an infiltrate of plasma cells through the entire dermis into the subcutaneous fatty tissue. Congo red‐stained deposits showed apple‐green birefringence with polarizing microscopy. On immunohistochemistry, the deposited material was positively stained with anti‐κ light chain antibodies but not with anti‐λ light chain. A diagnosis of primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis (PLCA) was made, and the patient was also diagnosed as having Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) based on clinical and laboratory findings. The lesion of PLCA has spontaneously regressed over a period of 18 months. We report a unique case of PLCA and SjS that clinically demonstrated genital eczematous features and spontaneous involution, and we also describe a possible association between PLCA and SjS.
Two cases of pressure ulcer healing after liver transplantation in cirrhosis patients
Authors: INUI Shigeki , HARADA Toshiko , NAKAJIMA Takeshi , ITAMI Satoshi 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTWe report two cases of pressure ulcers in liver cirrhosis patients. In case 1, a 64‐year‐old Japanese woman had suffered from liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C virus and developed a pressure ulcer on her sacral and coccygeal area due to long‐term bedrest. After she received a living donor liver transplantation from her child, the ulcer healed synchronizing with improvement of serum cholinesterase and bilirubin. Likewise, her systemic condition also got much better after the transplantation. In case 2, a 53‐year‐old Japanese man with hepatitis B virus cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma developed a pressure ulcer on his sacral area. Although he received a living donor liver transplantation from his brother, his general status and pressure ulcer were fluctuating in conformity with the variance of serum bilirubin. However, at 5 weeks after the transplantation, the ulcer gradually started improving, entrained to serum bilirubin decrease. From these findings, the condition of the pressure ulcer in liver cirrhosis patients synchronized with serum bilirubin as well as systemic condition, suggesting a possible influence of bilirubin for wound healing.
Diagnostic biomarker of asbestos‐related mesothelioma: Example of translational research
Authors: Okio Hino , Kazu Shiomi , Masahiro Maeda 
Published: May 2007

Mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor arising from the mesothelium, and is usually associated with previous exposure to asbestos. The incubation period of asbestos‐related mesothelioma is estimated to be approximately 30–40 years. Once mesothelioma has occurred, there is no effective treatment. So, identification of tumor markers and a method for early diagnosis using such markers are urgently needed. Recently, several enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay systems for Erc/mesothelin have been developed, the reported usefulness of which has been assessed and demonstrated as a diagnostic tool. Asbestos‐related mesothelioma should be ascribed as a typical environmental carcinogen. In this review, we will present asbestos‐related mesothelioma for the study of problems in environmental carcinogenesis. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1147–1151)
Adverse drug reactions in a hospital general medical unit meriting notification to the Committee on Safety of Medicines
Authors: SMITH C. C. , BENNETT P. M. , PEARCE H. M. , HARRISON P. I. , REYNOLDS D. J. M. , ARONSON J. K. , GRAHAME‐SMITH D. G. 
Published: May 2007

1We have retrospectively analysed data collected by a local adverse drug reactions reporting scheme in an acute hospital medical setting and have determined the numbers and types of reactions that would have merited notification as yellow card reports according to the guidelines of the Committee on Safety of Medicines. 2The data related to 20 695 consecutive acute general medical admissions on seven general medical wards (140 beds) and were collected over 3 years, from April 1990 to March 1993. 3Over 3 years there were 1420 reports of suspected adverse drug reactions, a rate of 68.7 per 1000 admissions. 4If the guidelines for reporting issued by the Committee on Safety of Medicines had been strictly followed, 477 yellow cards would have been sent (23.1 per 1000 admissions). In 357 of these reports (74.8%), the reaction had caused admission to hospital. Only 31 of the 477 potential cards (6.5%) involved black triangle drugs and 10 of these were for minor reactions. 5Only 30 of the 477 potential yellow cards (6.3%) were known to have been sent. The majority of those reactions not reported were for drug‐related admissions, most of which were for well‐known reactions to established drugs. 6We have confirmed and quantified the extent of under‐reporting of serious suspected adverse drug reactions to the Committee on Safety of Medicines from our hospital medical unit.
TSH concentration within the normal range is associated with cognitive function and ADHD symptoms in healthy preschoolers
Authors: Álvarez‐Pedrerol Mar , Ribas‐Fitó Núria , Torrent Maties , Julvez Jordi , Ferrer Carlos , Sunyer Jordi 
Published: May 2007

SummaryObjective  Thyroid hormone concentrations outside the normal range affect brain development, but their specific influence on behaviour and mental abilities within normal values is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate whether thyroid hormone concentrations are related to neurodevelopment and ADHD (attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder) symptoms in healthy preschoolers.Design subjects and measurements  Children from two general population birth cohorts in Menorca (n = 289) and Ribera d’Ebre (n = 53), Spain, were assessed in a cross‐sectional study at the age of 4. Thyroid hormones (free T4 and T3) and TSH concentrations were measured and mental and motor development was assessed using McCarthy's scales for neuropsychological outcomes and ADHD‐DSM‐IV for attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms.Results  Children with TSH concentrations in the upper quartile of the normal range performed lower on McCarthy's scales and were at higher risk for attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. In the Menorca cohort, a decrease of 5·8 (P < 0·05) and 6·9 (P < 0·01) points was observed in memory and quantitative skills, respectively. In contrast, high T4 concentrations were associated with decreased risk of having 1–5 attention deficit symptoms (odds ratio: 0·25; P < 0·01); these findings were observed in both cohorts despite differences in mean TSH concentrations. No associations were observed with T3.Conclusions  Despite being within the normal range, high TSH concentrations are associated with a lower cognitive function and high TSH and low free T4 with ADHD symptoms in healthy preschoolers. Statistically significant differences were observed in the highest quartiles of TSH, suggesting a need for re‐evaluation of the upper limit of the normal TSH range.
Should the laboratory assess the sampling adequacy of cervical smears?
Authors: DUVALL E. 
Published: May 2007

Should the laboratory assess the sampling adequacy of cervical smears?The results of a questionnaire answered by 14 out of the 18 NHS laboratories in Scotland reporting cervical smears showed that, since the publication of Guidelines for Judging the Adequacy of a Cervical Smear, by the British Society for Clinical Cytology (BSCC), rates of unsatisfactory smears had risen from a mean of 3.3% to 6.5%, with some laboratories reporting rates of over 10%. Four laboratories followed the guidelines closely in requiring the presence of two indicators of sampling of the transformation zone, i.e. endocervical cells, metaplastic cells or endocervical mucus. Seven laboratories required one indicator either in all smears or in a subset, whilst three did not require any indicator at all. The laboratories observing the guidelines closely had a higher mean unsatisfactory rate than those partially observing them. The main impediment to the full implementation of the BSCC guidelines appeared to be fear of an unmanageably high unsatisfactory smear rate. The accuracy of the assessment of adequacy is questioned, as is the cost effectiveness of doing so.