bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Sydney N.S. tar pond sludge in a pilot‐scale rotary kiln
Authors: Jia L. , Anthony E. J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTar pond wastes from Sydney, Nova Scotia, containing 50 ppm or more of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were treated in a pilot‐scale rotary kiln. In order to use the existing feed system attached to the rotary kiln, the wastes were first oven‐dried. Stack gas sampling was conducted during the test, which included measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), semi‐volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), HCl, and metals. The purpose of this study was to determine emissions from treatment of the tar pond waste using rotary kiln technology. It was found that the dried sludge could sustain combustion in the kiln without any supporting fuel. The emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) were higher than the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) air emissions guidelines, and the reasons for this are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bioremediation of a former dry cleaner using potassium lactate
Authors: Fu Amy Y. , Keenan Richard S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractChlorinated solvents were released to the surficial groundwater underneath a former dry cleaning building, resulting in a groundwater plume consisting of high concentrations of trichloroethene (TCE) and cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene (cis‐1,2‐DCE) and low concentrations of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and vinyl chloride. The initial remedial action included chemical oxidation via injection of 14,400 gallons of Fenton's Reagent in March 2002, and an additional 14,760 gallons in April 2002. A sharp reduction of contaminant concentrations in groundwater was observed the following month; however, rebound of contaminant concentrations was evident as early as October 2002. A source area of PCE‐impacted soils was excavated in June 2004. Following the excavation, Golder Associates Inc. (2007) implemented a biostimulation plan by injecting 55 gallons of potassium lactate (PURASAL® HiPure P) in September 2005, and again in February 2006. Comparing the preinjection and postinjection site conditions, the potassium lactate treatments were successful in accomplishing a 40 to 70 percent reduction in mass within four months following the second injection. Elevated vinyl chloride concentrations have persisted through both injection events; however, significant vinyl chloride reduction has been observed in one well with the highest total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations following each injection. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abnormal Sylvian fissure on prenatal cerebral imaging: significance and correlation with neuropathological and postnatal data
Authors: Guibaud L. , Selleret L. , Larroche J. C. , Buenerd A. , Alias F. , Gaucherand P. , Des Portes V. , Pracros J.‐P. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo illustrate and determine the significance of abnormal Sylvian fissure development (or abnormal operculization) in cases in which prenatal cerebral imaging is suggestive of underlying cortical dysplasia.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 15 fetuses at 24–34 weeks in which abnormal operculization was identified on prenatal cerebral imaging and for which follow‐up data were available. The imaging findings were correlated to macro‐ and microscopic neuropathological data (n = 11) or to postnatal clinical and imaging findings (n = 4).ResultsOn microscopic examination of fetuses from 11 terminated pregnancies, abnormal operculization was associated with cortical dysplasia in four cases and the cortex was normal in seven. Abnormal operculization was associated with cortical dysplasia in only one of the four liveborn infants. Cases of abnormal Sylvian fissure development with normal cortical architecture were classified, according to associated anomalies of the central nervous system, into one of five groups: those with neural tube defects, microcephaly or frontal hypoplasia, glutaric aciduria, other cerebral abnormalities, and extracerebral anomalies.ConclusionAbnormal operculization on prenatal imaging does not systematically reflect underlying cortical dysplasia. It may be related to extracortical factors such as abnormal cerebral volume or other developmental anomalies of the central nervous system. An understanding of the significance of abnormal Sylvian fissure development could be useful in integrating its analysis into a more general one of the whole central nervous system. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in regional fetal cerebral blood flow perfusion in relation to hemodynamic deterioration in severely growth‐restricted fetuses
Authors: Hernandez‐Andrade E. , Figueroa‐Diesel H. , Jansson T. , Rangel‐Nava H. , Gratacos E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo study regional cerebral blood perfusion with power Doppler ultrasound (PDU) imaging in appropriate‐for‐gestational age (AGA) fetuses and those with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) at different hemodynamic stages of fetal deterioration.MethodsBrain blood perfusion was studied with PDU imaging, and the fractional moving blood volume (FMBV) was estimated in 56 growth‐restricted and 56 AGA matched fetuses at 26–32 weeks of gestation. Fetuses with IUGR were classified according to progression of hemodynamic deterioration as follows: Group 1, abnormal umbilical artery (UA) pulsatility index (PI) (mean > 2 SD, n = 13); Group 2, abnormal UA‐PI and middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI (mean < 2 SD, n = 15); Group 3, abnormal UA‐PI, MCA‐PI and ductus venosus (DV) PI (mean > 2 SD) but atrial (a‐wave) flow present (n = 16); and Group 4, absent or reversed DV atrial flow (n = 12). FMBV was calculated in the complete mid‐sagittal, frontal, basal ganglia and cerebellar regions.ResultsIn all growth‐restricted fetuses, FMBV was significantly increased in all regions. Fetuses in Group 1 showed considerable increments in FMBV values in the frontal, complete mid‐sagittal and cerebellar regions, and a mild increase in the basal ganglia. From Groups 2 to 4, there was a steady reduction (compared with Group 1) in frontal FMBV values (F = 3.25, P = 0.027) together with a significant increment in the basal ganglia values (F = 11.61, P < 0.001). A trend for increasing FMBV values was also observed in the cerebellum, whereas a decreasing trend was noted in the complete mid‐sagittal area.ConclusionsBrain perfusion in growth‐restricted fetuses shows clear regional variations, which change with progression of hemodynamic deterioration. After an initial and early increase in the frontal area, progression of fetal deterioration was rapidly associated with a pronounced decrease in frontal perfusion, together with an increase towards the basal ganglia. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral agent monotherapy
Authors: McAlister Finlay A. , Eurich Dean T. , Majumdar Sumit R. , Johnson Jeffrey A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAimTo determine if the risk of developing heart failure (HF) is associated with the use of sulfonylurea or metformin in patients with diabetes.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of all adults without HF newly treated with oral antidiabetic drugs in Saskatchewan, Canada between 1991 and 1999.ResultsOf 5631 diabetic subjects (mean age 66±13years) newly treated with a single oral agent and followed for 4.7 (±2.2) years, 981 developed HF (4.1 cases per 100 patient years). The incidence of HF was greater in patients using sulfonylurea monotherapy (4.4 cases per 100 treatment years) than those taking metformin monotherapy (3.3 cases per 100 years), and users of high‐dose sulfonylureas were more likely to develop incident HF than users of high‐dose metformin (adjusted HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01–1.54). Users of high‐dose sulfonylureas were also more likely to develop HF (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.20–1.60) than users of low‐dose sulfonylureas; no such association existed for metformin users (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.81–1.41).ConclusionsUsers of higher doses of sulfonylurea exhibited a greater risk of developing HF. Clinicians should carefully weigh the need for high‐dose sulfonylurea therapy in diabetic subjects with, or at high risk of, HF.
The challenges of diagnosis and treatment of malaria in pregnancy in low resource settings
Authors: OMO‐AGHOJA LAWRENCE O. , ABE EGHE , FEYI‐WABOSO PAUL , OKONOFUA FRIDAY E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMalarial infestation in pregnancy is a major public health concern in endemic countries and ranks high amongst the commonest complications of pregnancy, especially in large areas of Africa and Asia. It is an important preventable cause of significant maternal morbidity and mortality with associated fetal as well as perinatal wastage. The burden of malaria is greatest in sub‐Saharan Africa where it contributes directly or indirectly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The need for prompt and accurate diagnosis as well as prevention and treatment of malaria during pregnancy cannot, therefore, be overemphasized. This commentary focuses on the challenges of diagnosis and treatment of malaria in pregnancy.
Pregnant women's awareness and knowledge of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV in South Central China
Authors: LUO YANG , HE GUO‐PING 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective. China has, in recent years, seen an increase in the number of HIV‐positive children due to the increase in number of HIV‐positive women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the awareness and knowledge of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV and its prevention among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinics in South Central China. Methods. The study was carried out in three antenatal clinics of three hospitals from February 2005 to March 2006, and it was based on personal interviews and questionnaires designed to assess the pregnant women's awareness about HIV/AIDS, evaluate their knowledge of possible routes of transmission, particularly mother‐to‐child transmission, and determine their familiarity with measures that prevent vertical transmission from mother to child. Two thousand three hundred and ninety pregnant women were included in the study. Results. All individuals were aware of HIV/AIDS. The majority (91%) of those women were aware that HIV/AIDS can coexist with pregnancy but only 64% had heard about mother‐to‐child transmission. Transplacental route, vaginal delivery and breastfeeding were identified as routes of transmission from mother to child by 85%, 60% and 20% of respondents, respectively. Cesarean section was believed to be a route of transmission by 55% of respondents, but no one identified cesarean section as a method of prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission. Conclusions. The level of awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS among pregnant women attending our antenatal clinics seems to be superficial; more education and knowledge about mother‐to‐child transmission are needed in China.
Effects of different compression techniques on diagnostic accuracies of breast masses on digitized mammograms
Authors: Liang Zhigang , Du Xiangying , Liu Jiabin , Yang Yanhui , Rong Dongdong , Yao Xinyu , Li Kuncheng 
Published: June 2008

Background: The JPEG 2000 compression technique has recently been introduced into the medical imaging field. It is critical to understand the effects of this technique on the detection of breast masses on digitized images by human observers. Purpose: To evaluate whether lossless and lossy techniques affect the diagnostic results of malignant and benign breast masses on digitized mammograms. Material and Methods: A total of 90 screen-film mammograms including craniocaudal and lateral views obtained from 45 patients were selected by two non-observing radiologists. Of these, 22 cases were benign lesions and 23 cases were malignant. The mammographic films were digitized by a laser film digitizer, and compressed to three levels (lossless and lossy 20:1 and 40:1) using the JPEG 2000 wavelet-based image compression algorithm. Four radiologists with 10–12 years’ experience in mammography interpreted the original and compressed images. The time interval was 3 weeks for each reading session. A five-point malignancy scale was used, with a score of 1 corresponding to definitely not a malignant mass, a score of 2 referring to not a malignant mass, a score of 3 meaning possibly a malignant mass, a score of 4 being probably a malignant mass, and a score of 5 interpreted as definitely a malignant mass. The radiologists’ performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results: The average Az values for all radiologists decreased from 0.8933 for the original uncompressed images to 0.8299 for the images compressed at 40:1. This difference was not statistically significant. The detection accuracy of the original images was better than that of the compressed images, and the Az values decreased with increasing compression ratio. Conclusion: Digitized mammograms compressed at 40:1 could be used to substitute original images in the diagnosis of breast cancer.
Bewitchment, Biology, or Both: The Co‐Existence of Natural and Supernatural Explanatory Frameworks Across Development
Authors: Legare Cristine H. , Gelman Susan A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThree studies examined the co‐existence of natural and supernatural explanations for illness and disease transmission, from a developmental perspective. The participants (5‐, 7‐, 11‐, and 15‐year‐olds and adults; N = 366) were drawn from 2 Sesotho‐speaking South African communities, where Western biomedical and traditional healing frameworks were both available. Results indicated that, although biological explanations for illness were endorsed at high levels, witchcraft was also often endorsed. More important, bewitchment explanations were neither the result of ignorance nor replaced by biological explanations. Instead, both natural and supernatural explanations were used to explain the same phenomena, and bewitchment explanations were highest among adults. Taken together, these data provide insight into how diverse, culturally constructed belief systems about illness co‐exist across development.
Working Memory in Wayfinding—A Dual Task Experiment in a Virtual City
Authors: Meilinger Tobias , Knauff Markus , Bülthoff Heinrich H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis study examines the working memory systems involved in human wayfinding. In the learning phase, 24 participants learned two routes in a novel photorealistic virtual environment displayed on a 220° screen while they were disrupted by a visual, a spatial, a verbal, or—in a control group—no secondary task. In the following wayfinding phase, the participants had to find and to “virtually walk” the two routes again. During this wayfinding phase, a number of dependent measures were recorded. This research shows that encoding wayfinding knowledge interfered with the verbal and with the spatial secondary task. These interferences were even stronger than the interference of wayfinding knowledge with the visual secondary task. These findings are consistent with a dual‐coding approach of wayfinding knowledge.
Assessment of AFLP® marker behaviour in enriching STS radiation hybrid maps
Authors: Ajmone Marsan P. , Gorni C. , Milanesi E. , Mazza R. , Van Eijk M. J. T. , Peleman J. D. , Williams J. L. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryRadiation hybrid (RH) mapping provides a powerful tool to build high‐resolution maps of genomes. Here, we demonstrate the use of the AFLP® technique for high‐throughput typing of RH cell lines. Cattle were used as the model species because an RH panel was available to investigate the behaviour of AFLP markers within the microsatellite‐ and STS‐based maps of this species. A total of 747 AFLP markers were typed on the TM112 RH radiation panel and 651 of these were assigned by two‐point analysis to the 29 bovine autosomes and sex chromosomes. AFLP markers were added to the 1222 microsatellite and STS markers that were included in earlier RH maps. Multipoint maps were constructed for seven example chromosomes, which retained 248 microsatellite and STS markers, and added 123 AFLP markers at LOD 4. The addition of the AFLP markers increased the number of markers by 42.1% and the map length by 10.4%. The AFLP markers showed lower retention frequency (RF) values than the STS markers. The comparison of RF values in AFLP markers and their corresponding AFLP‐derived STSs demonstrated that the lower RF values were due to the lower detection sensitivity of the AFLP technique. Despite these differences, AFLP and AFLP‐derived STS markers mapped to identical or similar positions. These results demonstrate that it is possible to merge AFLP and microsatellite markers in the same map. The application of AFLP technology could permit the rapid construction of RH maps in species for which extensive genome information and large numbers of SNP and microsatellite markers are not available.
Refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura: current strategies for investigation and management
Authors: Psaila Bethan , Bussel James B. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryThere is currently no consensus on how best to manage refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). In part, this reflects the need for individualized treatment due to the wide spectrum of patients' requirements and responsiveness to therapies. The objective of this review is to provide a clinically useful guide to current management strategies. This article suggests investigations to identify factors that may exacerbate thrombocytopenia and underlie poor therapeutic responses, and highlights emerging therapies, including the thrombopoietic agents, which are anticipated to dramatically alter the natural history of “refractory” ITP. Morbidity, mortality and heath‐related quality of life are also discussed.
Coaching parents to enable children's participation: An approach for working with parents and their children
Authors: Graham Fiona , Rodger Sylvia , Ziviani Jenny 
Published: June 2008

In this paper, Occupational Performance Coaching (OPC) is presented as a means whereby occupational therapists can support parents in achieving goals for themselves and their children. OPC is a coaching intervention that assists parents to recognise and implement social and physical environment changes that support more successful occupational performance for themselves and their children. OPC utilises collaborative problem‐solving within a coaching relationship in which parents are guided towards identifying and implementing effective, autonomous solutions to occupational performance dilemmas. OPC is described in relation to the principles of contemporary practice; in particular that intervention is both family‐ and occupation‐centred, and leads, as directly as possible, to the enablement of children's participation at home and in the community. Tentative empirical support for coaching parents draws on the supporting evidence for similar interventions in cognate disciplines. The unique features of OPC, namely, overt collaborative analysis of performance with parents and parent‐initiated solution finding, are highlighted and their potential contributions to interventions currently employed by therapists are outlined. Recommendations are advanced as to how further research can support the adoption of this intervention strategy.
V3 Laparoscopic abdomino‐sacral composite resection for rectal cancer
Authors: Gonsalves S. J. , Smith K. , McAllister I. , Phillips N. , Sagar P. M. 
Published: June 2008

Introduction:  Locally advanced rectal cancer with posterior fixity is a difficult oncological problem. Abdomino‐sacral composite resection is a procedure that benefits a select group of patients whose preoperative imaging confirms the absence of distant metastases and the possibility of an R0 resection, despite sacral invasion. Our video describes the technique of laparoscopic abdomino‐sacral composite resection.Method and outcome:  A 55‐year‐old male with low rectal cancer presented with large bowel obstruction for which he had a diverting loop ileostomy. Subsequent staging investigations, including MR of the rectum and CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, confirmed a rectal cancer at 5 cm from the anal verge with no metastatic disease. The tumour extended posteriorly and involved the margin of the S5 vertebra. The patient received neoadjuvant long course chemoradiotherapy.The video demonstrates laparoscopic mobilisation of the left hemicolon, TME and vascular pedicle ligation. The patient was then turned into the prone jack‐knife position. The video shows sacrectomy at the S3/4 junction, aperture completion of the rectal dissection and specimen retrieval. A composite mesh was used to close the sacral aperture.Discussion:  We have found this combined technique to be both feasible and safe for the management of posteriorly advanced rectal tumours with sacral extension.
V5 Minimal access right hemicolectomy – no ports!
Authors: Macdonald A. , Sharma T. , Milligan R. 
Published: June 2008

Introduction:  The recent trend towards minimal access surgery for colon cancer (particularly right‐sided cancer) implies that this type of surgery always requires laparoscopic assistance. We present a video which demonstrates that in selective cases a safe, adequate resection can be carried out through a small transverse incision.Methods:  A retrospective review of prospectively collected data on all patients undergoing RH by a single surgeon was performed. Data was collected on age, sex, BMI, elective/emergency status, ASA grade, curative intent incision (traditional midline vs small transverse; < 10 cm), and nodes retrieved, length of post hospital stay, complications and curative intent. Results are expressed as a median (range) and where appropriate compared using ANOVA.Results:  Lymph node counts were similar in both groups, TI group 13(5–22) and MI group 12(3–22), P = NS. In those undergoing curative surgery, no positive margins were identified in either group.Conclusions:  There is no difference in lymph node retrieval when a right hemicolectomiy is performed through a minimal access transverse incision as compared to a midline approach. We recommend that in appropriate cases right hemicolectomy can be carried out safely/adequately through a small transverse incision without the aid of laparoscopy.
V7 Laparoscopic ileo‐caecectomy for terminal ileal Crohn's disease with intracorporeal anastomosis
Authors: Tan Y. W. , Harris C. A. , Wright C. K. 
Published: June 2008

Introduction:  Laparoscopic management of patients with Crohn's disease produces better outcome than open approach in selected group of patients. Resections are commonly performed with laparoscopic assisted division of mesentery followed by extracorporeal anastomosis. We wish to present a short video showing a 20‐year‐old lady with terminal ileal Crohn's disease who underwent laparoscopic ileocaecectomy with intracorporeal anastomosis.Surgery:  We discussed three parts of the operation – Part I: mobilisation of bowels; Part II: resection and preparing for anastomosis; Part III: intracorporeal anastomosis.Discussion:  Laparoscopic ileocaecectomy should not alter the indications for surgery. However some patients may prefer this approach to more conventional open surgery or medical therapy. It needs not be difficult to perform laparoscopically.