bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nursing Education and International Health in the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean
Authors: Wright Maria da Gloria Miotto , Godue Charles , Manfredi Maricel , Korniewicz Denise M. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To identify international health activities in United States, Latin American, and Caribbean schools of nursing. In the international community, nurses face challenges similar to those in related professions, but without the benefit of a long tradition. There is little research about how nursing education and associated activities prepare nurses to deal with international health, and little information about the extent of international health activities in U.S. schools of nursing.Design: Descriptive.Method: Using a questionnaire with 16 items, a survey was conducted in 1995 on a random sample of representatives from 100 university schools of nursing in the United States plus 15 schools with known international activities (10 from the United States and 5 from Latin America and the Caribbean).Findings: International health as a program topic was found in one‐third of U.S. schools of nursing. However, nursing curriculums do not integrate international health with other subjects. Also, partnerships with foreign institutions are incipient and international health activities are usually individual initiatives with little institutional support.Conclusions: For nurses to become major contributors to international health, nursing curriculum content must shift from “international nursing” to “international health.” Programs of nursing education should include study of social, economic, and political factors that affect health care systems. Schools should develop partnership agreements.Educación en Enfermeía y Salud Internaciónal en los Estados Unidos, América Latina y el Caribe
Quality Health Outcomes Model
Authors: Mitchell Pamela H. , Ferketich Sandra , Jennings Bonnie M. ,   American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel on Quality Health Care
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Donabedian's 1966 framework of structure, process, and outcome has guided three decades of study in the United States of the elements needed to evaluate and compare medical care quality. Donabedian's perspective was essentially linear, assuming that structures affect processes, which in turn affect outcomes. Patient characteristics are sometimes considered as mediating outcomes and clinical interventions are considered to be processes. A model is presented in the following article that relates multiple factors affecting quality of care to desired outcomes. It extends previous models by positing dynamic relationships with indicators that not only act upon, but reciprocally affect the various components.Scope and Sources: The proposed model was derived from a synthesis of the authors' experience in quality of care practice and research, as well as selected previous theories.Conclusions: The quality health outcomes model is sufficiently broad (a) to guide development of databases for quality improvement and outcomes management, (b) to suggest key variables in clinical intervention research, and (c) to provide a framework for outcomes research and outcomes management that compares not only treatment options, but organizational or system level interventions. The model also has several policy implications.
Nurses, Indirect Trauma, and Prevention
Authors: Clark Marcia L. , Gioro Sandra 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To begin examining the nature of vicarious or indirect trauma and to discuss risk factors and prevention strategies. Despite the fact that many nurses are traumatized indirectly, few recognize the insidious development of such trauma. The dynamics of indirect trauma are relevant to nursing as are risk factors and prevention strategies.Scope: Brief review of the literature (1974–1997) on vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress disorder, and traumatic countertransference using short vignettes for illustration.Conclusion: Nurses who are informed about vicarious trauma and who actively maintain a balanced personal and professional life are in the best position to bring themselves and their clients through the many hazards of trauma work. The implications of vicarious or indirect trauma for nurses and clients are serious and complex requiring thoughtful analysis and research to clarify its effects.
Making Do with Fewer Nurses in the United States, 1945–1965
Authors: Grando Victoria T. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To analyze the perceptions that nurses and hospital administrators had about the nursing shortage between 1945 and 1965 and the actions they took. Reasons nurses' wages remained low during this period of shortages and high demand were also examined to expand knowledge of nursing labor during a critical time in nursing history.Method: Historical analysis of primary and secondary sources generated between 1945 and 1965 including: (a) American Nurses' Association's (ANA) central files in Washington, DC; (b) ANA archives at the Mugar Memorial Library, Boston University; (c) official proceedings oftheANA's and American Hospital Association's (AHA) conventions; (d) nursing and hos pital journals; (e) ANA and US. Government statistical documents and reports on the status of nursing labor; and (g) monographs on nursing, hospitals, the history of women's labor and the history of women in the 19405, 1950s, and 1960s.Findings: Hospital administrators and nurses disagreed on the causes of the nursing shortage and its remedies in the 20 years after World War II. Hospital managers believed the shortage occurred because many nurses left the work force to remain at home with their families. Nurses, however, identified low wages and deplorable working conditions as the cause.Conclusions: Hospital managers were successful at easing the shortage and controlling nursing costs by employing ancillary workers to replace RNs. Nurses took several different actions to deal with poor working conditions: initiating the ANA Economic Security Program, joining unions, and leaving hospital nursing.
Shifting Images of Chronic Illness
Authors: Thorne Sally , Paterson Barbara 
Published: October 2007

Purpose:To describe results of a meta‐study of client roles in two decades of qualitative research on elements of chronic illness experiences. While a vast body of qualitative health research has uncovered insider perspectives on a range of chronic diseases and their related illness experiences, Systematic analysis has not been attempted, and research has not yet contributed to coherent theoretical developments.Organizing Construct:Health care relationships as articulated in the context of insider research into chronic illness experience.Sources:Elements of meta‐theory, meta‐method, and meta‐data‐analysis in the available qualitative research reports addressing chronic illness experience published 1980 through June 1996. Of over 400 published reports, 158 met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to systematic analysis on a number of themes, one of which is reported in this article.Methods:Data selection, reduction, thematic analysis, and synthesis using constant comparative analysis.Findings:Early conceptualizations of individuals with chronic illness shift from a focus on loss and burden toward images of health within illness, transformation, and normality. Parallel conceptualizations of health care relationships appropriate to chronic illness shift from client‐as‐patient to client‐as‐partner for the 15‐year period.Conclusions:Meta‐study permits critical analysis of the location of current inquiry into the larger context of systematic patterns in knowledge development. Researchers are cautioned against uncritical acceptance of current trends in interpretation.
Middle‐Range Theory Of Chronic Sorrow
Authors: Eakes Georgene G. , Burke Mary L. , Hainsworth Margaret A. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose:To introduce a middle‐range nursing theory of chronic sorrow that presents this sorrow as a normal response to ongoing disparity due to loss. Chronic sorrow is the periodic recurrence of permanent, pervasive sadness or other grief related feelings associated with a significant loss. The theory provides a framework for understanding and working with people following a single or ongoing loss.Organizing framework:The model of chronic sorrow includes antecedents, trigger events, and internal and external management methods.Scope:Theory is useful for analyzing individual responses of people experiencing ongoing disparity due to chronic illness, caregiving responsibilities, loss of the “perfect” child, or bereavement.Sources:The theory was developed using concept analysis, critical review of research, and validation in 10 qualitative studies of various loss situations.Conclusions:Chronic sorrow has been shown to explain the experience of people across the lifespan who encounter ongoing disparity because of significant loss. Nurses need to view chronic sorrow as a normal response to loss and, when it is triggered, provide support by fostering positive coping strategies and assuming roles that increase comfort.
Health Promotion Among Immigrant Women From India Living in Canada
Authors: Choudhry U.K. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe the health promoting practices of immigrant women from India and how cultural knowledge, norms, and values influence their behavior.Design: Descriptive using a small convenience sample.Method: Using ethnographic methodology, 20 women between the ages of 40 and 70 years living in Canada, 1995–1996, were interviewed individually using open‐ended questions. Community get‐togethers were also observed.Findings: The sample of women consistently reported that to remain healthy, a good diet, activity, and weight control were important. In addition, prayers, spiritual activities, and good relationships with families helped.Conclusions: Health professionals should be aware of the special needs of immigrant women to help them promote healthy lifestyles in their cultural context.
Hospital Nurses' Perceptions of the Ethical Climate of Their Work Setting
Authors: Olson Linda L. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To develop an instrument to measure how hospital nurses perceive the ethical climate of their work setting and to evaluate its psychometric properties. A way to measure ethical climate can help nurses understand the work setting influences on their practice and can be used to diagnose areas for organizational change as well as to evaluate effectiveness of organizational interventions.Design: Descriptive. Instrument developed was the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey (HECS). Sampled were 360 RNs (48% response rate) employed in clinical practice at two acute‐care hospitals in one U.S. midwestern city. The nurses completed a questionnaire in 1993–1994 consisting of items developed to assess their perceptions of ethical climate, along with the 43‐item Integrity Audit, a social desirability scale, and a demographic inventory.Methods: Construct validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using the LISREL®7 statisticaI program.Results: The final CFA model consisted of 26 variables in five factors, which were organized according to the relationships of nurses with peers, patients, managers, hospital, and physicians. Internal consistency reliability, using Cronbach's alpha, for the final 26‐item instrument was 0.91 (range 0.68 to 0.92) for the subscales.Conclusions: The Hospital Ethical Climate Survey has acceptable initial reliability and validity.
Factors Associated with Domestic Violence in Low‐Income Lebanese Families
Authors: Keenan Colleen K. , El‐Hadad Ayam , Balian Sossy A. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose:To analyze the cultural context of domestic violence in low‐income Moslem and Christian‐Armenian families living in Lebanon. Analysis also included an identification of family stressors, conflict management strategies, and Moslem and Christian‐Armenian cultural differences. The study was part of a larger project designed to identify patterns of wife and child abuse in low‐income Middle Eastern families living in Lebanon and Egypt.Design:Qualitative content analysis of descriptive narratives by 60 low‐income women who self‐reported spouse abuse in two urban Lebanese clinics during a 2‐month period in 1992.Methods:Narratives describing exemplary incidents were obtained during a semi‐structured interview and recorded in the participant's native language then translated to English for coding and content analysis.Findings:Contextual factors for violence included unmet gender role expectations, conflict with husband's relatives, and alcohol abuse. Family stressors were: emotional, financial, and work. Women used three types of conflict management: negotiation, taking initiative, and passive resignation.Conclusion:From a cultural perspective, the analysis revealed both strengths and vulnerabilities of Lebanese women who experienced domestic violence. The study raised several questions, including whether it is appropriate to apply Western‐generated domestic violence theories to a Middle Eastern population. Culturally‐specific nursing interventions should be directed toward bolstering strong family and social resources to cope with family stressors and to modify patterns of maladaptive communication.
Case Study of Institution‐Building by Nurse Bertha Wright and Colleagues
Authors: Nichols D. Jeanette , Hammer Marjorie S. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose:To illuminate the history of nurses' participation in institution‐building in the early 1900s, using the Baby Hospital in Oakland, California (now called Children's Hospital Oakland) as a case.Design:Historical research using a framework of women's history theory focused on the women who founded Oakland's Baby Hospital, 1910–1930.Method:Data collection included studying original sources, archival material, and interviews. Data evaluation included external criticism for authenticity and genuineness, and internal criticism for accuracy and bias.Findings:In 1912, nurse Bertha Wright and social worker Mabel Weed, with a circle of community women, including Jessica Peixotto and Jean Howard McDuffie, established the Baby Hospital. Their activism included home visits, education, research, publications, political lobbying, and state policy and program development. At the center of this activity, was the lifelong commitment of Wright and Weed, who created new definitions of family. With social changes in the late 1920s, the male Board of Directors seized control of the hospital, and relegated women to auxiliary roles.Conclusions:Health and social issues of the United States at the turn of the century are still problematic as a new century approaches and pertain to maternal‐child health, foster care, and immigration. Feminists, including nurses, have played a central role in creating solutions. Knowledge of some of their incredible effort has been lost, particularly nursing's history in the western United States.
Estimation of a safety limit for ultraviolet radiation‐B (UVR‐B)‐induced cataract in an in vivo pigmented guinea pig model
Authors: MODY V , KAKAR M , DONG X , ZHANG Y , HUANG S , GALICHANIN K , LÖFGREN S , SÖDERBERG PG 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To establish a threshold measure, maximum tolerable dose (MTD), for avoidance of UVR‐B‐induced cataract in the pigmented guinea pig. Methods: Thirty female guinea pigs, five to nine weeks of age, were divided into 5 groups of 6 guinea pigs each. Pupils were dilated bilaterally before exposures. The guinea pigs were unilaterally exposed to UVR‐B under anesthesia in vivo, receiving between 0 and‐84.9 kJ/m2 over a duration of 60 minutes. Each guinea pig was sacrificed 24 hours after exposure. Lenses were extracted and photographed in vitro. Intensity of forward light scattering was measured for each lens. The data were analyzed with regression using a second order polynomial model, considering the first order term to be 0. The applied MTD concept is based on the UVR‐B dose response curve obtained for the pigmented guinea pig. Results: All of the guinea pigs exposed to UVR‐B developed cataracts in the anterior subcapsular region. MTD for avoidance of UVR‐B‐induced cataract was estimated to be 69.0 kJ/m2 in the pigmented guinea pig. Conclusions: The MTD for avoidance of UVR‐B‐induced cataract in the pigmented guinea pig is significantly higher than the threshold obtained by Pitts et al. in the pigmented rabbit. MTD is an appropriate method for estimation of toxicity for UVR‐B‐induced cataract in the guinea pig. The pigmented guinea pig is less sensitive to UVR‐B exposure than the pigmented rabbit, pigmented rat, and pigmented mouse.
Use of Mitomycin C in the treatment of conjunctival and corneal squamous cell carcinoma. a case report
Authors: CELLINI M , LEONETTI P , STROBBE E , CAMPOS EC 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Corneal conjunctival squamous carcinoma is a rare form of slowly progressive carcinoma of low malignant potential. Mitomycin C (MMC) is a chemiotherapic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces Caespitosus and medical literature reports efficacy of MMC in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma. We present a case of conjunctival and corneal squamous cell carcinoma which was treated with both surgical excision and topical use of MMC 0.02%. Methods: A 78‐year old man with a red‐grey vascularized elevated epithelial lesion that started at the conjunctiva and extended past the corneoscleral limbus on to the cornea for about 1.5 mm.The patient was given surgical exeresis of the conjunctival neoformation and the histological exam highlighted a corneal conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma. after three monthes a recurrence of the neoformation was displayed and we therefore decided to start topical MMC 0.02% eye drops treatment four times daily for 7 days. Four cycles of treatment were done with a one‐week interval during which only sodium hyaluronate 0.4% lubricant eye drops were administered. Results: During the period of treatment with the MMC 0.02% eye drops, the patient did not display any adverse systemic or ocular reactions. At the end of the treatment we found a complete regression of the disease. Twelve months after treatment he was without conjunctival and corneal epithelial dysplasia. Conclusions: This case highlights the efficacy of MMC 0.02% eye drops in the treatment of conjunctival and corneal squamous cell carcinoma that can avoid the topical use with sponge of MMC at higher concentration that it would present a not predictable long term effects on the conjunctival fornix and on lachrymal secretion.
Correction of congenital ptosis using Ptose‐up
Authors: ALTAN‐YAYCIOGLU R , AKOVA YA 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To determine the functional and cosmetic results of Ptose‐up ptosis sling material for the correction of congenital ptosis. Methods: In this prospective study, 13 frontalis sling suspension surgeries were performed by the same surgeon in 12 consecutive children with congenital ptosis. The sling material was sutured to the tarsus through an eyelid crease incision. The eyelid contour, complications during and following surgery were recorded. Results: The ages of the cases ranged from 1 to 21 years (mean 7.5 ± 6.9 years). The patients were followed‐up for at least 6 months (mean 16.7 ± 8.4 months). All ptotic eyelids were corrected with acceptable final lid position. Exposure keratitis, wound infection, eyelid contour abnormality or overcorrection was not observed in any patient. One case had trauma to the periorbital area one month following surgery which resulted in recurrent ptosis and required re‐operation. Another patient with recurrent ptosis at presentation had persistent eyelash ptosis following surgery which required an additional surgery. Good to excellent final postoperative height was achieved in 8 patients (9 eyelids), and 2 cases with mental retardation could achieve good height with conscious active brow elevation. Conclusions: Ptose‐up sling material is a biocompatible, biointegrable, inert material, which results in cosmetically and functionally satisfactory results following surgery of congenital ptosis. Following surgery, patients learn to use their frontalis muscle to achieve satisfactory eyelid height. This can also be achieved in patients with mental retardation if taught to exert conscious effort to activate the frontalis muscle.
Which color vision test should be used in progressive cone dystrophy?
Authors: THIADENS AAHJ , VAN LITH‐VERHOEVEN JJC , BERNAERTS MGJ , KLAVER CCW 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: The early manifestation of progressive cone dystrophy (COD) can remain unrecognized due to the relatively normal macular appearance. Color vision testing can be very useful as a first diagnostic step. The many available color vision tests have different benefits and shortcomings. We aimed to identify which test would be preferred to use in a clinical setting as a first step towards diagnosis of COD. Methods: We compared patients (n=18) derived from the ophthalmogenetic unit of Erasmus Medical Center and University Medical Center Nijmegen, with various levels of cone dysfunction. Golden Standard for diagnosis of COD was a diminished photopic ERG and a relative central scotoma on Goldmann perimetry. Controls (n=33) were patients from these clinics with other diagnoses or healthy companions of COD patients. We estimated sensitivity and specificity of the Ishihara test, Lanthony Desaturated and Saturated Panel D15 test, the Hardy‐Rand‐Rittler (HRR) pseudo‐isochromatic plates, and the Nagel anomaloscope. We analyzed sensitivity, specificity and the predictive value with receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Results: The HRR test had the highest sensitivity and specificity for protan and deutan axes. HRR and Ishihara had the highest predictive value. Lanthony Panel D15 test did not have an additional predictive value for severe color vision defects. The Nagel anomaloscope was not reliable due to low specificity. Its results showed high variations among both healthy and afflicted individuals. Conclusions: The HRR test was the most useful for COD. This test had the highest sensitivity in detecting early dysfunction of all three cone types, and it adequately quantifies the level of cone dysfunction in the course of the disease.
Age dependence of cataract induced by ultraviolet radiation‐B in mice
Authors: ZHANG Y , WANG J , DONG X , MEYER L , MODY V , LÖFGREN S , GALICHANIN K , SÖDERBERG PG 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To investigate for the C57BL/6 mouse if there is an age dependence of the dose‐response function for in vivo UVR‐300 nm induced forward light scattering in the lens. Methods: Each of four age groups of 25 mice aged 3, 6, 12, or 24 weeks were randomly distributed on five age group specific UVR‐B dose levels. The dose levels selected for each age group were derived from the expected maximum tolerable dose (MTD). Expected MTDs were set to 1.9, 3.2, 4.8, and 6.0 kJ/m^2 for the 3, 12, and 24 weeks mice, respectively, based on published data for the albino Sprague Dawley rat. Each animal was unilaterally exposed to UVR‐B to the pre‐determined dose, delivered during 15 minutes. All mice were sacrificed two days after exposure and both lenses were extracted for; macroscopic imaging in incident illumination against a grid and in dark‐field illumination, and measurement of intensity of forward light scattering. The difference of intensity of forward light scattering between the exposed and the contralateral not exposed lens was fitted against dose received using regression based on a second order polynomial model. Results: Two days after exposure, subcapsular opacities were observed in the exposed lenses from all dose groups except at 0 kJ/m^2. In all age groups, the difference of intensity of forward light scattering increased with increasing UVR‐B dose. The increase was age dependent. Conclusions: In the pigmented C57BL/6 mouse, an increasing in vivo dose of UVR‐300 nm induces an increasing intensity of forward light scattering that is age dependent in the age interval 3‐24 weeks. This finding should be considered in future design of experiments on UVR‐effects to the mouse lens.