bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monooxygenase activities in the liver of fish living in Lake Baikal and after treatment with waste waters from the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill
Authors: Kotelevtsev S.V. , Stepanova L.I. , Lindström-Seppä P. , Hänninen O. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The biological effects of the waste waters released by Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill were studied in fish collected from Lake Baikal. Fish were also exposed in laboratory conditions to known inducers of hepatic monooxygenase activities. We did not find any differences in monooxygenase activities of grayling and sculpins caught near the pulp and paper mill compared to control fish caught in the middle part of Lake Baikal. The results showed that the waste water treatment in the mill is effective. Usually the treated waste water enters the lake diluted up to 5% concentration. However, only at 20% concentration did the treated waste water induce hepatic monooxygenase activities in the fish studied in laboratory conditions.
Sediment quality assessment of flowing waters in South-West Germany using acute and chronic bioassays
Authors: Ziehl T.A. , Schmitt A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Four bioassays were selected to examine sediment-elutriates of three flowing waters in the Saarland (South-West Germany). The aims of this study were the determination of the most sensitive bioassay for a sediment assessment within routine screening procedures and the comparison of a recently developed long-term bacterial assay with other commonly used and standardized bioassays.
Sediment samples were elutriated with water and also with dimethyl sulphoxide in order to extract organic compounds. An expected accumulation of toxicants in the sediments was checked by additional examination of surface water at respective sampling sites, applying bioassays as well as chemical analysis methods.
Whereas the sensitivity of the Daphnia magna assay was relatively low, the Scenedesmus subspicatus chlorophyll fluorescence test denoted the presence of high loads of nutrients at all sites. The results obtained using the Vibrio fischeri short-term bioassay suggested that an ecotoxicological risk can be excluded.
The long-term luminescent bacteria assay is a further development of the short-term V. fischeri-assay. Prolonging the test duration from 30 min to 24 h should track down subacute toxicities, thus leading to a greater degree of sensitivity. However, the prolongation caused severe problems in respect of an accurate interpretation of the results. The long-term assay is not suited for routine deployment without major improvements.
The extractable content of metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated hydrocarbons remained below their threshold values by several orders of magnitude.
The use of dimethyl sulphoxide as solvent caused a decrease of bioluminescence in both bacterial assays. The inhibition was caused by toxic metabolic products of dimethyl sulphoxide formed by autochthonous bacteria from the sediment samples during the elutriation procedure. Thus, the use of dimethyl sulphoxide is not recommended for examinations of environmental samples when applying a luminescent bacteria assay.
Status of the health conditions of subtropical Atezca Lake
Authors: Vázquez G. , Favila M.E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Four indicators of ecosystem function and health were monitored monthly during two years (1981–82 and 1983–84) in Atezca Lake, Mexico: (a) physical and chemical parameters; (b) species diversity of the phytoplankton community; (c) phytoplankton community structure, and (d) rate of population increase. In addition, phytoplankton species composition was examined in April and July of 1986 and 1988 to evaluate possible changes in the health of the lake.
In both the annual cycles high concentrations of nutrients were found at the beginning of the stratification period, decreasing toward the end. During the mixing period, the amount of nutrients increased. Diatoms, dinoflagellates and blue–green algae appeared mostly in spring; in summer, green algae, dinoflagellates and some blue–green algae bloomed; and in winter, green algae dominated. Two of the three possible classes of population increase were recognized during each cycle in relation to environmental conditions. Class 2 species (0.2 &lt; k′ &gt; 0.4 day-1 average increase) exhibited maximum increment during stratification and recirculation. Most of the Class 3 species (k′ &lt; 0.2 day-1) appeared during the entire annual cycle, but reached their maximum increment during the end of the stratification period. The species composition found in 1986 was similar to that of two earlier annual cycles. Changes in dominance in 1988 from green algae to blue–green algae suggest that eutrophic processes in Atezca Lake increased from 1984 to 1988. Studies are urgently needed to investigate this situation in detail.
The phytoplankton community as a bioindicator of health conditions of Atezca Lake, Mexico
Authors: Díaz-Pardo E. , Vazquez G. , López-López E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Atezca Lake is located in a mountainous zone of North–eastern Mexico. It is a small subtropical monomictic system with a winter circulation period, and stratification in spring and summer. The lake was first studied monthly during two annual cycles in 1981 and 1983; biannual sampling was then conducted in the stratification and circulation periods for 10 years (1984–1994) in order to determinate the seasonal and annual successional patterns of the phytoplankton community.
Thermal behaviour was found to influence both physical and chemical features. A high concentration of nitrates and phosphates occurred at the beginning of the stratification period and decreased toward late stratification. During the overturn period these nutrients increased. These dynamics affected the phytoplankton assemblage because bacillariophyceans and chlorophyceans were dominant in early stratification, dinophyceans and cyanophyceans in late stratification and bacillariophyceans and chrysophyceans were abundant at circulation.
The long term changes showed an increase in the thickness of the anoxic hypolimnion; surface nitrates also diminished, whereas phosphates tended to increase. From 1981 to 1986 the phytoplankton community was dominated by chlorphyceans; however from 1990 to 1994 they were replaced by cyanophyceans, especially Microcystis aeruginosa. The results indicate that the lake has shown severe signs of eutrophication in recent years. The prospects for recovery depend upon sewage input control, hyplomnetic discharges and conservation of the forest in the catchment area.
Fish as indicators of environmental quality in the Río Lerma Basin, México
Authors: Soto-Galera Eduardo , Díaz-Pardo Edmundo , López-López Eugenia , Lyons John 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The Río Lerma basin, one of the most important hydrographic regions of Mexico, has a distinctive fish fauna. In recent years, the basin has experienced major increases in human populations and industrial and agricultural development. To assess the health of aquatic ecosystems in the Lerma basin, we analyzed the current status and long-term trends in fish species occurrence at 116 widely distributed sites in relation to water quality and land use information. Our results reveal a staggering and unprecedented level of environmental degradation. Over 50% of our sites are no longer capable of supporting fish life. Many sites have completely disappeared because of groundwater extraction, water diversions, or urbanization. The Alto Lerma subprovince has experienced the greatest negative impacts, but no region of the basin has escaped significant damage. Only 15% of our sites currently support species that we classify as sensitive to environmental degradation, and most of these sites are on small headwater streams or isolated highland lakes that are protected as parks or municipal water supplies. Only one lowland river, the Río Turbio, retains relatively good environmental quality. Forty percent of the 42 species native to the basin have experienced major declines in frequency of occurrence, and three endemic species, Algansea barbata, Chirostoma charari, and Chirostoma compressum may be extinct. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting all sites that still hold native fishes, with particular emphasis on the Río Turbio.
Ecological and ecotoxicological surveys of moderately contaminated floodplain ecosystems in The Netherlands
Authors: de Jonge J. , Brils J.M. , Hendriks A.J. , Ma W.C. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Floodplains of the rivers Rhine and Meuse in the Netherlands are moderately polluted with heavy metals and toxic compounds. In these floodplain areas a number of nature rehabilitation programmes are being planned and executed. The question arises whether or not the contaminants of concern pose a risk to organisms exposed, and, if so, whether this will hinder the expected ecosystem recovery. This study focuses on the effects of contaminants on aquatic and terrestrial macro-invertebrates in the field situation. In three shallow lakes in the floodplains of the river Rhine, showing different degrees of contamination, chemical analyses and laboratory bioassays have been carried out on sediment samples together with intensive biological field surveys (a so called TRIAD-approach). A nearly identical set-up was chosen to assess 18 terrestrial floodplain sites. The concentrations of several contaminants exceed generic critical risk levels. Risk assessment models show that actual effects on top predators cannot be excluded. Species of lower trophic status might be at risk as well. In the aquatic compartments chemical, ecotoxicological and ecological results point in the same direction. They can be summarised as moderate biological effects, which can mainly be attributed to the elevated levels of a mixture of priority pollutants (metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons). No large differences were found among the three lakes. At terrestrial sites, however, fewer effects were found in field surveys and bioassays, while the chemical analyses revealed the same levels of pollution as in the lakes study. This suggests a lower bioavailability of the contaminants than expected. In conclusion, no extreme effects have been found. This conclusion only partly supports the predictions made by present day-risk assessment models. The advantages of nature rehabilitation, that is, improvement of ecological quality through habitat diversity, seem to be larger than the disadvantages of increasing toxic stress by exposing a larger diversity of species to floodplain contaminants. To confirm this statement rehabilitation programmes should include overall as well as in-depth monitoring studies.
Balancing ecological destruction and restoration: the only hope for sustainable use of the planet
Authors: Cairns J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIntergenerational fairness and equity is the pivotal component of sustainable use of the planet. Much discussion continues on sustainable development and sustainable use of the planet even though the rate of ecological destruction still vastly exceeds ecological restoration. Ecological destruction is definitely not inevitable, and restoration alone is an unsuitable strategy for balancing destruction. Prevention is better than a cure, but, until human society is better able to check ecological destruction, and even for a period afterwards, restoration will be extremely important. Ecological destruction is irrational if the human species is dependent upon an ecological life support system. A call for sustainable use of the planet while destruction continues is rational only if human ingenuity and technology can free humans from the biophysical laws of ecology that bind other species. The future of natural systems depends on which school of thought represents the foundation of the guiding beliefs of human society. This manuscript advocates the development of a new relationship between human society that is sustainable, ethical and mutually beneficial.
Effects of potential xenoestrogens (DEHP, nonylphenol and PCB) on sexual differentiation in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Norrgren L. , Blom A. , Andersson P.L. , Börjeson H. , Larsson D.G.J. , Olsson P.-E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The effects of 17β-estradiol and potential xenoestrogens were investigated on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Juvenile salmon fed diets containing 15 and 30 mg 17β-estradiol kg-1 food for 4 weeks after yolk-sac resorption differentiated into 88 and 100% phenotypic females, respectively. The reference group, fed uncontaminated food, consisted of 49% females. A significant overrepresentation of phenotypic females (64%) was recorded in the group fed 1500 mg di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate kg-1 food. Atlantic salmon fed diets contaminated with nonylphenol showed no differences in sex ratios compared with the control group. A significantly increased liver somatic index was detected for groups exposed to diets contaminated with 15 and 30 mg 17β-estradiol, 300 mg nonylphenol or 1500 mg di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate kg-1 food.
Intraperitoneal injections of nonylphenol, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, or polychlorinated biphenyls 58, 104, 112 and 188 did not induce synthesis of vitellogenin which is considered to be a hallmark for estrogenic activity in in vivo testing. Therefore, in vivo assays, that is, intraperitoneal injection, can not always predict how endocrine processes in organisms are affected by pollutants.
Characterisation of harbour and coastal sediments: specific destinations of dredged material
Authors: Pellegrini D. , Ausili A. , Onorati F. , Ciuffa G. , Gabellini M. , Bigongiari N. , De Ranieri S. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Most sediment dredged in Italian harbours is discharged into coastal areas. Italian legislation provides physical and chemical characterisations of dredged material. However, to determine whether materials are discharged to a dumping site, used for coastal nourishment or other beneficial use, toxicological assessment should be required. In 1995, 12 sediment cores were taken from dredged areas of Viareggio harbour (Tyrrhenian coast). Nine superficial sediments were collected in two coastal areas: a disposal site and a potential nourishment site. Particle size, total organic matter, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls were analysed. In order to assess sediment toxicity and evaluate the best destination, three bioassays were performed on two harbour and one offshore superficial samples using Vibrio fisheri, Corophium volutator and larvae of Crassostrea gigas.
The different harbour areas showed an increase of contaminant levels from the entrance to the inner zones. A comparison of sediment quality of the harbour and coastal areas (physical, chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics) suggested that materials dredged from different areas should be handled in different ways depending on contaminant types and loads. Dredged sediments could be dumped off-shore without decontamination or further use, used to build up eroded areas or be subjected to on-site decontamination treatment.
Involvement of REG Iα protein in the regeneration of ductal epithelial cells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Kimura T , Fukui H , Sekikawa A , Yamagishi H , Ichikawa K , Tomita S , Fujii S , Imura J , Kawamata H , Chiba T , Imai Y , Fujimori T 
Published: November 2008

Summary
The regenerating gene (Reg) was originally isolated from regenerating rat pancreatic islets and revealed recently to constitute a multi-gene family in humans. REG Iα protein is known to be overexpressed not only in various human inflammatory diseases but also in various experimental models of inflammation in animal tissues. However, its involvement in pathophysiology of the minor salivary gland (MSG) is not clear. We investigated REG Iα expression in the MSG of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and assessed its role in ductal epithelial cell proliferation in such tissues. Lip biopsy specimens were obtained from 40 patients with primary SS and examined using immunohistochemistry for REG Iα protein, Ki67 and single-strand DNA (ssDNA). The relationships among clinicopathological factors and expression of REG Iα protein, Ki67 and ssDNA in the MSG were then analysed. REG Iα protein was expressed rarely in ductal epithelial cells of the normal MSG but was apparently overexpressed in those of patients with SS. The labelling indices for both Ki67 and ssDNA in the ductal cells of the MSGs were significantly higher in SS patients than in controls. Moreover, these labelling indices were significantly higher in REG Iα-positive than in negative SS patients. REG Iα protein may play a role in the regeneration of ductal epithelial cells in the MSGs of patients with SS.
Kidney transplantation before or after augmentation cystoplasty in children with high‐pressure neurogenic bladder
Authors: Basiri Abbas , Otookesh Hasan , Hosseini Rozita , Simforoosh Nasser , Moghaddam Seyed Mohammadmehdi Hosseini 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVETo compare the outcome and complications of augmentation cystoplasty before or after renal transplantation in children with neurogenic bladders, with those after kidney transplantation in children with normal bladders.PATIENTS AND METHODSAugmentation cystoplasty preceded transplantation in 21 children (group 1) and after transplantation in 23 (group 2) operated from 1985 to 2006; these two groups were compared with a control group of 45 children with a normal bladder (group 3) who also received a transplant, for kidney function, episodes of urinary tract infection (UTI), surgical and medical complications.RESULTSThe mean age of the three groups was 12.9, 13.2 and 13.6 years, respectively (P = 0.2). Graft survival at 1, 3, 5 and 7 years was 90%, 76%, 65% and 43% in group 1, 94%, 61%, 50% and 40% in group 2, and 94%, 87%, 81% and 75% in group 3, respectively, which was not significantly different between groups 1 and 2, but was higher in group 3 (P = 0.03). Febrile UTI was reported in five (24%), seven (30%) and one (2%) patients in groups 1–3, respectively. UTI was significantly less frequent in group 3 (P = 0.01) but was not different between groups 1 and 2. Acute rejection was reported in nine (43%), nine (39%) and 15 (33%) patients in groups 1–3, respectively (P = 0.2).CONCLUSIONThe timing of cystoplasty in relation to transplantation has no apparent significant effect on the outcome of transplantation.
Social Capital and Social Influence on the Board of Directors
Authors: Stevenson William B. , Radin Robert F. 
Published: November 2008

abstractIt is often assumed that directors with human capital such as prior management experience or independence from the company are the most influential board members. By contrast, in a survey of all the board members in 14 companies we found that ties to others in a network of strong ties among those who meet outside of board meetings were more important predictors of social influence than human capital or ties across boards. These ties within the board represent the social capital of members in the form of prior relationships with other directors, ties to others on the board, and membership in cliques within the board's network of ties. These results support a social capital perspective on influence that emphasizes relationships with others on the board as important factors in the social dynamics of board decision‐making.
COMPTES RENDUS: Nouvelles revues de linguistique
Authors: Malmberg Bertil 
Published: November 2008

Lingua e stile. Quaderni dell'Istituto de glottologia dell'Università degli studi di Bologna. Direttore Luigi Heilmann. Società editrice il Malino. Bologna. Num. I, 1966, 131 pp.Révue do phonétique appliquée. Rédaction Professeur Raymond Renard. Centre universitaire de l'État. Mons (Belgique). I, 1965, 99 pp.Langages. I, mars 1966: Recherches sémantiques, sous la rédaction de Tzvetan Todorov. Conseil de direction: R. Barthes, J. Dubois, A.‐J. Greimar, B. Pottier, B. Quemada, N. Ruwet.Aletheia. No 4, mai 1966: Le structuraliame. Pp. 187–280. Réaliaé par Danielle Cohen, Jean Mettas, Jean‐Claude Quirin, Dan Sperber et Sérge Thion.
ON NEGATION–A POSSIBLE ANALYSIS
Authors: Källgren Gunnel 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis paper treats of the syntax of negation in English. It is formulated within a variant of case grammar called “bicomponential syntax”. This model is no necessary prerequisite for the rules of negation, which could probably be reformulated in accordance with other models. Still, I hope to be able to show that it has advantages of its own.The principles of this syntactic model were first suggested in a work on verb phrase topicalization in Swedish (Källgren 1972) and further explorations showed it to be easily applicable to related problems in other languages. In this paper I will present some basic facts about topicalization and introduce the important idea of an underlying verb. In connection with a sample derivation the characteristics of bicomponential grammar are shown and motivated. A concept called “in dominant construction with” is suggested and compared to “in construction with” and “command”. The consequences of double modification, i. e. allowing negation and questioning to work on both sentence and constituent level, are investigated. The effect of all this apparatus on negation and connected problems, e. g. subject‐aux inversion, do‐support, the so‐called “affective contexts” and the choice between some and any, is shown.The latter part of the article contains a survey of earlier works in the same area, discussing the contributions of Klima, Langacker, Ross, and Jackendoff. The advantages of the approach presented here are demonstrated. Finally, the possible drawbacks are treated with regard to suprasegmental, textual and contextual influences. A formalization of the more important rules is given in an Appendix.
Seedling establishment of Asteraceae forbs along altitudinal gradients: a comparison of transplant experiments in the native and introduced ranges
Authors: Poll Myriam , Naylor Bridgett J. , Alexander Jake M. , Edwards Peter J. , Dietz Hansjörg 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTAim  Since ecological and evolutionary context changes when a plant species is introduced to a new area, it can be assumed that responses of alien plants to changing conditions along environmental gradients differ from those in their native range. Even if seed availability is not limited, the distribution of alien plants along such a gradient might still be restricted by their ability to germinate and establish as seedlings. In the present study, we aim at testing what factors promote or limit plant invasions during early establishment by using altitude as a model gradient.Location  Altitudinal gradients in the Wallowa Mountains (Oregon, USA) and the Swiss Alps (Valais, Switzerland).Methods  In transplant experiments along altitudinal gradients, we investigated the early establishment success of eight invasive alien Asteraceae species in their native and introduced ranges in the Wallowa Mountains and the Swiss Alps.Results  Seedling recruitment was not restricted to relatively lower altitudes in the introduced range. In addition, we found no evidence for genetic adaptation along the altitudinal gradient in the introduced range, highlighting the importance of phenotypic flexibility for invasions. Furthermore, seedling recruitment was only enhanced by disturbance in the native range where vegetation was comparably dense but not in the introduced range. However, plant development was strongly delayed in the introduced range, probably due to low seasonal water availability.Main Conclusions  We conclude that introduced plants, due to their ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, are not necessarily more restricted in their altitudinal limits than they are in their native range. Furthermore, due to other interacting factors (e.g. different competition situations among ranges), attempts to predict distributions of alien plants in the introduced range that are based on their distributions in the native range may be misleading.