bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salviae miltiorrhizae radix increases dopamine release of rat and pheochromocytoma PC12 cells
Authors: Kim Cheorl‐Ho , Koo Byung‐Soo , Kim Kyeong‐Ok , Kim June‐Ki , Chang Young‐Chae , Lee In‐Seon 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Radix of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) (SMR), an eminent herb, is often included as an ingredient in various herbal remedies recommended for vascular circulation therapies. The present study investigated the effect of SMR on dopaminergic neurotransmission. Various extracts prepared from the stems of SMR were tested for cytotoxic activity on pheochromocytoma PC12 cells using the XTT assay method. The ethanol extract (IC50 > 100 µg/mL), water extract (IC50 > 100 µg/mL) and chloroform (IC50 = 90 µg/mL) fraction exhibited weak cytotoxic activity. However, the butanol (IC50 = 80 µg/mL) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc; IC50 = 70 µg/mL) fractions exhibited strong cytotoxic activity. Also, the extracts and fractions were investigated for dopamine release effects. The EtOAc fraction showed a stronger stimulatory effect on dopamine release activity than the other fractions. The effect of the crude EtOAc fraction (50 µg/mL) of SMR on K+ (20 mm)‐stimulated dopamine (DA) release from rat striatal slices was compared with amphetamine (10−4 m) using high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to measure endogenous DA. The EtOAc fraction significantly increased K+‐stimulated DA release (p < 0.001) from rat striatal slices when compared with K+‐stimulated alone. The EtOAc fraction potentiated the effect of amphetamine on K+‐stimulated DA release (p < 0.001) when compared with amphetamine alone. To examine whether in vitro the EtOAc fraction treatment induces DA release in PC12 cells, the role of protein kinases was investigated in the induction of the EtOAc fraction‐mediated events by using inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) or protein kinase A (PKA). The PKC inhibitors chelerythrine (50 nm and 100 nm) and Ro31‐8220 (100 nm) and the MAP kinase kinase inhibitor, PD98059 (20 µm), inhibited the ability of the EtOAc fraction of SMR to elicit the EtOAc fraction‐stimulated DA release. The PKC activator, 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl phorbol 13‐acetate (TPA, 100 nm) mimicked the ability of the EtOAc fraction of SMR to elicit DA release. In contrast, a selective PKA inhibitor, 50 µm Rp‐8‐Br‐cAMP, blocked the development of EtOAc fraction‐stimulated DA release. It was demonstrated that the EtOAc fraction of SMR stimulated DA release. Therefore the mechanism by which the EtOAc fraction of SMR induced the enhancement in EtOAc fraction‐stimulated DA release is apparent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant flavonol glycosides from Schinus molle
Authors: Marzouk Mohamed S. , Moharram Fatma A. , Haggag Eman G. , Ibrahim Magda T. , Badary Osama A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChromatographic separation of aqueous MeOH extract of the leaves of Schinus molle L. has yielded two new acylated quercetin glycosides, named isoquercitrin 6″‐O‐p‐hydroxybenzoate (12) and 2″‐O‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐hyperin 6″‐O‐gallate (13), together with 12 known polyphenolic metabolites for the first time from this species, namely gallic acid (1), methyl gallate (2), chlorogenic acid (3), 2″‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐hyperin (4), quercetin 3‐O‐β‐d‐neohesperidoside (5), miquelianin (6), quercetin 3‐O‐β‐d‐galacturonopyranoside (7), isoquercitrin (8), hyperin (9), isoquercitrin 6″‐gallate (10), hyperin 6″‐O‐gallate (11) and (+)‐catechin (14). Their structures were established on the basis of chromatographic properties, chemical, spectroscopic (UV, 1H, 13C NMR) and ESI‐MS (positive and negative modes) analyses. Compounds 4–9 and 11 exhibited moderate to strong radical scavenging properties on lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion generations with the highest activities shown by 6 and 7 in comparison with that of quercetin as a positive control in vitro. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidants from Rabdosia japonica
Authors: Masuoka Noriyoshi , Isobe Takahiko , Kubo Isao 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds: pedalitin, quercetin, rutin, isoquercitrin, and rosmarinic acid, isolated from the dried leaves of Rabdosia japonica Hara (Labiatae) were elucidated. All the phenolics tested exhibited superoxide scavenging activity and an inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase (EC 1.1.3.22), and pedalitin showed the most potent antioxidant activity. Pedalitin prevents the generation of superoxide radicals in part by inhibiting xanthine oxidase competitively. Both pedalitin and quercetin inhibited uric acid formation by xanthine oxidase, and the inhibition kinetics analysed by Lineweaver‐Burk plots found both flavonoids to be competitive inhibitors. On the other hand, isoquercitrin, rutin and rosmarinic acid were effective in scavenging superoxide radicals generated by the xanthine–xanthine oxidase system without inhibiting the enzyme. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effects of Korean herbal remedy against oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes
Authors: Kim Myung‐Sunny , Kwon Dae Young , Cho Hye‐Jin , Lee Myeong Soo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOndamtanggagambang (ODG) has been used as a prescription for psychological anxiety and depression in Korean medicine. In this study, we found that ODG have protective effects against oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. Pretreatment with ODG extract prevented H2O2 and ZnCl2‐induced cell damage in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, whereas simultaneous treatment of ODG extract did not. The protective effect of ODG extract on oxidative stress‐induced damage was suppressed significantly by heme oxygenase (HO) inhibitors, zinc protoporphyrin‐IX (ZnPP‐IX, p < 0.01) and tin protoporphyrin‐IX (SnPP‐IX, p < 0.01) in H9c2 cells. ODG stimulation of cells strongly induced the expression of HO‐1 protein. Taken together, it is suggested that ODG‐induced expression of HO‐1 may have a beneficial role in cardiomyocytes under oxidative stress. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) as a function of growth under different conditions
Authors: Kulkarni Sunil D. , Tilak Jai. C. , Acharya R. , Rajurkar Nilima S. , Devasagayam T. P. A. , Reddy A. V. R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe antioxidant activity of wheatgrass, which is consumed as a dietary supplement, was estimated at different levels. The methods employed include FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), ABTS (2,2′‐azobis‐3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) and DPPH (1,1′‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl) assays. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of wheatgrass grown under different conditions over a period of 6, 7, 8, 10 and 15 days were used. Lipid peroxidation and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were determined and utilized to check the potency of a few selected extracts. Different conditions used for growth were (1) tap water, (2) tap water with nutrients, (3) soil and tap water, and (4) soil with nutrients. For comparison, a commercially available wheatgrass tablet was analysed. To explain the reasons behind the observed differences, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were measured. These contents increased with growth under all the conditions. The ethanol extracts were found to have a higher phenolic and flavonoid content than the aqueous extracts. The highest FRAP values occurred on day 15 of growth under condition 4, the values being 0.463 and 0.573 mmol of ascorbic acid and Trolox equivalents/100 g fresh wheatgrass for aqueous and ethanol extracts, respectively. In the aqueous extracts no specific trend was observed with the DPPH assay for the different conditions nor for the growth period. In the case of ethanol extracts, however, it increased with the growth period and the wheatgrass grown in condition 4 was found to be the most effective. These extracts were also found to inhibit significantly ascorbate‐Fe2+ induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria. The ORAC values of aqueous and ethanol extracts of day 10 with condition 4 were found to be 39.9 and 48.2, respectively, being higher than those reported for many natural extracts or vegetables. opyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of iron nanoparticles for groundwater remediation
Authors: Zhang Wei‐xian , Elliott Daniel W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIron nanoparticles are increasingly being applied in site remediation and hazardous waste treatment. Nearly a decade after it was first proposed in 1996, the iron nanoparticle technology is at a critical stage of its developmental process. Significant research innovations have been made in terms of synthetic methods, surface property modification, and enhancement for field delivery and reactions. Extensive laboratory studies have demonstrated that nanoscale iron particles are effective for the treatment of a wide array of common groundwater contaminants such as chlorinated organic solvents, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organic dyes, and various inorganic compounds. Several field tests have also demonstrated the promising prospective for in situ remediation. Nonetheless, there are still considerable knowledge gaps on many fundamental scientific issues (e.g., fate, transport, and environmental impact) and economic hurdles, which could determine the acceptance of the technology within the academic community as well as by regulators and the private sector. An overview of the iron nanoparticle technology is provided in this article, beginning with a description of the process fundamentals. This is followed by a discussion of the synthetic schemes for the nanoparticle types developed at Lehigh University. Next, a summary of the major research findings is provided, highlighting the key characteristics and remediation‐related advantages of the iron nanoparticle technology versus the granular/microscale iron technology. A discussion of challenges related to its future directions and environmental impact is presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanotechnology and groundwater remediation: A step forward in technology understanding
Authors: Macé Christian , Desrocher Steve , Gheorghiu Florin , Kane Allen , Pupeza Michael , Cernik Miroslav , Kvapil Petr , Venkatakrishnan Ramesh , Zhang Wei‐xian 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNanotechnology application to contaminated site remediation, and especially the use of nanoscale zero‐valent iron particles to treat volatile organic compound (VOC)‐impacted groundwater, is now recognized as a promising solution for cost‐effective in situ treatment. Results obtained during numerous pilot tests undertaken by Golder Associates between 2003 and 2005 in North America (United States and Canada) and Europe have been used to present a synthetic cross‐comparison of technology dynamics. The importance of a comprehensive understanding of the site‐specific geological, hydrogeological, and geochemical conditions, the selection of appropriate nanoscale particles, the importance of monitoring geochemical parameters during technology application, and the potential of nanoparticle impact on microbial activity are discussed in this article. The variable technology dynamics obtained during six pilot tests (selected among numerous other tests) are then presented and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Field and laboratory evaluation of the treatment of DNAPL source zones using emulsified zero‐valent iron
Authors: Hara Suzanne O' , Krug Thomas , Quinn Jacqueline , Clausen Christian , Geiger Cherie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractEmulsified zero‐valent iron (EZVI) is a surfactant‐stabilized, biodegradable emulsion that forms droplets consisting of a liquid‐oil membrane surrounding zero‐valent iron (ZVI) particles in water. This article summarizes the results obtained during the first field‐scale deployment of EZVI at NASA's Launch Complex 34 (LC34) located on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, in August 2002 and presents the results of recent follow‐on laboratory tests evaluating the mechanisms, which contribute to the performance of the technology. The field‐scale demonstration evaluated the performance of EZVI containing nanoscale zero‐valent iron (NZVI) when applied to dense, nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) trichloroethylene (TCE) in the saturated zone. Results of the field demonstration indicate substantial reductions in TCE soil concentrations (greater than 80 percent) at all but two soil boring locations and significant reductions in TCE groundwater concentrations (e.g., 60 percent to 100 percent) at all depths targeted with EZVI. Laboratory tests conducted in 2005 suggest that both NZVI particles and EZVI containing NZVI can provide significant reductions in TCE mass when used to treat TCE DNAPL in small test reactors. However, EZVI was able to reduce TCE concentrations to lower levels than were obtained with NZVI alone, likely as a result of the combined impact of sequestration of the TCE into the oil phase and degradation of the TCE with the NZVI. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth performance and proximate profile of Telfairia occidentalis Hook F. (cucurbitaceae) grown in crude oil‒contaminated soil
Authors: Wegwu Matthew Owhondah , Onyeike Eugene N. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this study, the growth performance and nutritional quality of Telfairia occidentalis planted in soil polluted with varied levels of water‐soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil (Bonny light) were evaluated to assess the effectiveness of organic nutrients (poultry manure and sawdust) in the phytore mediation of WSF‐contaminated soil. The results showed that WSF application delayed germination of vegetables. However, treatment of soils with organic nutrients enhanced the germination rate of vegetables, promoted greenish coloration of leafs and increased the levels of energy‐yielding macronutrients (carbohydrate, lipid, and protein). Also, soils supplemented with poultry manure gave the highest caloric values for all the percentages of WSF studied, followed by sawdust. Our findings suggest that the adverse effects of WSF on soil could be remediated through organic nutrient supplementation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An application of a phytoremediation technology in Bulgaria—The Kremikovtzi Steel Works experiment
Authors: Simeonova Biana G. , Simeonov Lubomir I. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe first in‐field phytoremediation trial in Bulgaria was initiated in the summer of 1998 at two highly polluted heavy‐metal sites within the industrial region of Kremikovtzi Steel Works, near the capital town of Sofia. The experiment targeted phytoextraction of lead, according to the selection of Brassica juncea seed material and technology, generously provided by Phytotech, Inc. The metal concentrations in soil samples were measured before planting and after harvest. Leaf and stem plant samples were investigated by laser mass spectrometry in search of metal accumulation depots. The results of the one‐planting experiment show a very uneven decrease between 0 and 25.9 percent of the initial lead concentration at various sample locations. The trial, which was initially planned for three consecutive years, was unfortunately terminated in the second year because the Steel Works entered a privatization procedure. Nevertheless, the experimental data obtained confirmed the general applicability of phytoremediation to treat soil polluted with heavy metals. The experiment was further successful, because it confirmed the proposal to clean the three‐kilometer ecological zone around the Steel Works with two plantings per year in two years to levels below the maximum permissible level for lead of 25 to 80 g/t for pH 4, according to the Bulgarian Environmental Standards. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An evaluation of bivariate random‐effects meta‐analysis for the joint synthesis of two correlated outcomes
Authors: Riley R. D. , Abrams K. R. , Lambert P. C. , Sutton A. J. , Thompson J. R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOften multiple outcomes are of interest in each study identified by a systematic review, and in this situation a separate univariate meta‐analysis is usually applied to synthesize the evidence for each outcome independently; an alternative approach is a single multivariate meta‐analysis model that utilizes any correlation between outcomes and obtains all the pooled estimates jointly. Surprisingly, multivariate meta‐analysis is rarely considered in practice, so in this paper we illustrate the benefits and limitations of the approach to provide helpful insight for practitioners.We compare a bivariate random‐effects meta‐analysis (BRMA) to two independent univariate random‐effects meta‐analyses (URMA), and show how and why a BRMA is able to ‘borrow strength’ across outcomes. Then, on application to two examples in healthcare, we show: (i) given complete data for both outcomes in each study, BRMA is likely to produce individual pooled estimates with very similar standard errors to those from URMA; (ii) given some studies where one of the outcomes is missing at random, the ‘borrowing of strength’ is likely to allow BRMA to produce individual pooled estimates with noticeably smaller standard errors than those from URMA; (iii) for either complete data or missing data, BRMA will produce a more appropriate standard error of the pooled difference between outcomes as it incorporates their correlation, which is not possible using URMA; and (iv) despite its advantages, BRMA may often not be possible due to the difficulty in obtaining the within‐study correlations required to fit the model. Bivariate meta‐regression and further research priorities are also discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age, period and cohort effects in Bayesian smoothing of spatial cancer survival with geoadditive models
Authors: Sauleau Erik A. , Hennerfeind Andrea , Buemi Antoine , Held Leonhard 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBased on the example of data on breast cancer survival in a specific area in France, this paper describes a Bayesian approach to analysing individual continuous‐time spatially referenced survival data. Starting from the well‐known Cox model we develop a geoadditive survival model with a baseline effect, spatial effects, age, period and cohort effects as well as the effect of the number of metastases at the time of diagnosis. Furthermore, we also investigate temporal and spatial variations in the effect of the number of metastases. Our approach is particularly useful since we find clear hints for a violation of the proportional hazards assumption and the existence of different spatial patterns for patients with no, one and more than one metastasis. The reliability of our approach is attested by comparison with a parametric model and with several simulated data sets with known risk profiles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A shared random effects model for censored medical costs and mortality
Authors: Liu Lei , Wolfe Robert A. , Kalbfleisch John D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a model for medical costs recorded at regular time intervals, e.g. every month, as repeated measures in the presence of a terminating event, such as death. Prior models have related monthly medical costs to time since entry, with extra costs at the final observations at the time of death. Our joint model for monthly medical costs and survival time incorporates two important new features. First, medical cost and survival may be correlated because more ‘frail’ patients tend to accumulate medical costs faster and die earlier. A joint random effects model is proposed to account for the correlation between medical costs and survival by a shared random effect. Second, monthly medical costs usually increase during the time period prior to death because of the intensive care for dying patients. We present a method for estimating the pattern of cost prior to death, which is applicable if the pattern can be characterized as an additive effect that is limited to a fixed time interval, saybunits of time before death. This ‘turn back time’ method for censored observations censors cost databunits of time before the actual censoring time, while keeping the actual censoring time for the survival data. Time‐dependent covariates can be included. Maximum likelihood estimation and inference are carried out through a Monte Carlo EM algorithm with a Metropolis–Hastings sampler in the E‐step. An analysis of monthly outpatient EPO medical cost data for dialysis patients is presented to illustrate the proposed methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal tricuspid regurgitation at the 11 + 0 to 13 + 6‐week scan: association with chromosomal defects and reproducibility of the method
Authors: Falcon O. , Faiola S. , Huggon I. , Allan L. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the reproducibility of diagnosing tricuspid regurgitation (TR) at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation, to examine further the relationship between TR and the presence of chromosomal defects and to calculate the likelihood ratios for trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 in fetuses with TR.MethodsPulsed wave Doppler of flow across the tricuspid valve was carried out by 12 obstetricians, trained in fetal echocardiography, to ascertain the presence or absence of TR in 1557 fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks. The assessment was carried out immediately before chorionic villus sampling for fetal karyotyping. In 128 cases, assessment of tricuspid flow was also performed by experienced fetal cardiologists to examine the reproducibility of the method.ResultsTricuspid flow was successfully assessed in 1538 (98.8%) cases and TR was present in 58 (4.4%) of the 1323 chromosomally normal fetuses, 77 (67.5%) of the 114 cases with trisomy 21, and 14 (33.3%) of the 42 cases with trisomy 18. The kappa coefficient of agreement between obstetricians and cardiologists was 0.872 (P < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that, in chromosomally normal fetuses, significant prediction of the likelihood of TR was provided by delta nuchal translucency (NT). The likelihood ratio for trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 for TR, derived by dividing the likelihood (%) of TR in trisomy 21 by the likelihood (%) in normal fetuses, decreased with delta NT.ConclusionAt 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks, TR is a common finding in fetuses with trisomies 21 and 18. Assessment of the tricuspid flow can be performed by sonographers trained in fetal echocardiography. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pregnancy and parenthood among young people in and leaving care: what are the influencing factors, and what makes a difference in providing support?☆
Authors: Chase Elaine , Maxwell Claire , Knight Abigail , Aggleton Peter 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPrevious research has shown increased vulnerability to teenage parenthood for young people with experience of local authority care. This study explored factors contributing to early pregnancy and parenthood among young people in and leaving care; the types of support available; and the extent to which services are perceived as accessible. Semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with 63 young people. The study findings suggest that young people's experiences both prior to, and during care, influence their decisions in relation to pregnancy and impact on how they view and engage with services. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of recent changes in legislation and services throughout England.