bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quaternary history of the European roe deer Capreolus capreolus
Authors: SOMMER R. S. , FAHLKE J. M. , SCHMÖLCKE U. , BENECKE N. , ZACHOS F. E. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

The European roe deer Capreolus capreolus is a typical faunal element of the Holocene. It was already present in Europe at least 600 000 years ago and it has been known from both glacial and interglacial phases since then. With nearly 3000 fossil and subfossil records, it is one of the most frequent mammals in the Late Quaternary.
During the Middle and Late Weichselian Pleniglacial, the distribution of the roe deer was not restricted to the Mediterranean peninsulas but repeatedly reached regions of central Europe. In contrast to that, roe deer records from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21.0–14.5 ka 14C BP) are largely confined to the Mediterranean peninsulas – with the exception of south‐western France and the surroundings of the Carpathians where several records attest to its occurrence during the LGM.
During the Greenland Interstadial 1 (12.5–10.8 ka 14C BP), the species' distribution extended further north and the roe deer appeared north of the Alps and reached regions of central Germany. This seems to be correlated with the abrupt change to more favourable environmental conditions during this period. It is very likely that the roe deer disappeared north of the Alps during the Younger Dryas cooling (10.8–10.0 ka14C BP). The northern regions of the central European lowlands were recolonized by roe deer during the late Preboreal 9.7–9.5 ka 14C BP for the first time since the Weichselian Glacial.
The combined pattern of genetic data and fossil records of European roe deer suggests several regions in the Iberian peninsula, southern France, Italy and the Balkans as well as in the Carpathians and/or eastern Europe as glacial refugia. It further suggests that C. capreolus might have recolonized most parts of central‐northern Europe out of one or more eastern European (not Balkan) and/or Carpathian refugia. This recolonization wave might have blocked immigration from the traditional Mediterranean areas.
Readiness for self‐directed change in professional behaviours: factorial validation of the Self‐reflection and Insight Scale
Authors: Roberts Chris , Stark Patsy 
Published: October 2008

Context  Self‐reflection, the practice of inspecting and evaluating one’s own thoughts, feelings and behaviour, and insight, the ability to understand one’s own thoughts, feelings and behaviour, are central to the self‐regulation of behaviours. The Self‐Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS) measures three factors in the self‐regulation cycle: need for reflection; engagement in reflection, and insight.Methods  We used structural equation modelling to undertake a confirmatory factor analysis of the SRIS. We re‐specified our model to analyse all of the data to explain relationships between the SRIS, medical student characteristics, and responses to issues of teaching and learning in professionalism.Results  The factorial validity of a modified SRIS showed all items loading significantly on their expected factors, with a good fit to the data. Each subscale had good internal reliability (> 0.8). There was a strong relationship between the need for reflection and engagement in reflection (r = 0.77). Insight was related to need for reflection (0.22) and age (0.21), but not to the process of engaging in reflection (0.06).Conclusions  Validation of the SRIS provides researchers with a new instrument with which to measure and investigate the processes of self‐reflection and insight in the context of students’ self‐regulation of their professionalism. Insight is related to the motive or need for reflection, but the process of reflection does not lead to insight. Attending to feelings is an important and integral aspect of self‐reflection and insight. Effective strategies are needed to develop students’ insight as they reflect on their professionalism.
Focus group study of student physiotherapists’ perceptions of reflection
Authors: Roche Aisling , Coote Susan 
Published: October 2008

Context  The reflective practice module in the physiotherapy programme at the University of Limerick, Ireland represents the first incidence of the inclusion of such a module within physiotherapy curricula in Ireland. However, research examining the contribution of reflection as a means of learning is limited, particularly from the student perspective.Objectives  This study sought to explore students’ perceptions of reflection and its potential contribution to their development before and after the module.Methods  A qualitative research methodology using focus groups was employed to evaluate physiotherapy undergraduate students’ perceptions of the module. Three focus groups were held in total. Two were held with Year 3 students, before and after their reflective practice module, respectively, to examine any changes in their perceptions of reflection. A third was held with Year 4 students to determine their perceptions after both the module and subsequent clinical placements. Sessions were audiotaped, transcribed and subjected to in‐depth thematic analysis to resolve the significant themes that emerged from the data.Results  Students reported a more advanced level of reflective ability post‐module completion. They perceived personal and professional benefits to practising reflection and recognised these skills as strategies with which they could continue to facilitate their professional development. For students, time constraints in the clinical setting represented a barrier to reflection.Conclusions  Students support inclusion of the module in their training, acknowledging its role in improving their confidence and clinical reasoning, and facilitating continuing professional development. Further studies are required to generalise these findings to a wider population.
Possible role of the adhesin ace and collagen adherence in conveying resistance to disinfectants on Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Kayaoglu G. , Erten H. , Ørstavik D. 
Published: October 2008

Introduction:  This study aimed to evaluate whether the presence of the ace gene and Ace‐mediated binding to collagen confers on Enterococcus faecalis resistance against common endodontic disinfectants.Methods:  Isogenic strains of E. faecalis: OG1RF (wild‐type) and TX5256 (ace insertion mutant of OG1RF) were grown in brain–heart infusion broth at 46°C overnight. Standardized bacterial suspensions were pretreated for 1 h either with acid‐soluble collagen or acidified phosphate‐buffered saline (ac‐PBS). Bacteria were challenged with chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), iodine potassium‐iodide (IKI), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. Samples were removed at 1, 3, and 6 h, and cultured on Todd–Hewitt agar plates. Colonies were counted, the absolute values were log transformed, and the data were statistically analyzed using Fisher’s least significant differences test and t‐test.Results:  OG1RF was more resistant than TX5256 to IKI, NaOCl, and Ca(OH)2 (P < 0.05). Collagen‐exposed OG1RF was more resistant than the ac‐PBS‐pretreated OG1RF against CHX at 3 h and against IKI at 1 h (P < 0.05); no significant difference was found against NaOCl. As expected, the ace mutant strain, TX5256, pretreated with collagen or ac‐PBS did not differ significantly in viability when challenged with CHX, IKI, and NaOCl. An unexpected result was found for Ca(OH)2: collagen‐pretreated OG1RF and TX5256 were both more susceptible than ac‐PBS‐pretreated OG1RF and TX5256, respectively (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  The presence of the ace gene confers resistance against IKI, NaOCl, and Ca(OH)2 on E. faecalis. Exposure to collagen makes the wild‐type bacterium more resistant against CHX and IKI; however, exposure to collagen apparently decreases resistance to Ca(OH)2.
Differential effects of five Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans strains on gingival epithelial cells
Authors: Shimada T. , Sugano N. , Nishihara R. , Suzuki K. , Tanaka H. , Ito K. 
Published: October 2008

Introduction:  We investigated gingival epithelial cell proliferation and expression of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) in response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a, b, and c.Methods:  Human gingival cells (Ca9‐22) were cultured in bacterial extracts prepared from five strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans: ATCC 43717 (serotype a); ATCC 29524, ATCC 29522, and ATCC 43718 (all serotype b); and ATCC 43719 (serotype c).Results:  In bacterial extracts of ATCC 29522, cell growth was significantly impaired, while the expression of IL‐8 and ICAM‐1 was significantly increased. The level of induction in response to the other strains was minimal.Conclusion:  Our results indicate that the five strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans have distinct effects on the abilities of human gingival epithelial cells to proliferate and to produce proinflammatory factors.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans adhesion inhibited in a flow cell
Authors: Sliepen I. , Hofkens J. , Van Essche M. , Quirynen M. , Teughels W. 
Published: October 2008

Introduction:  Microbial interactions are considered important in the adhesion process of pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity. This study addressed the hypothesis that a streptococcal biofilm influences the hard tissue colonization by the periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans under hydrodynamic conditions.Methods:  The colonization of a green‐fluorescent‐protein‐labelled A. actinomycetemcomitans strain on surfaces coated with a streptococcal biofilm, was monitored in real time using a confocal laser scanning microscope‐mounted flow cell. Culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction data were obtained in parallel from a Modified Robbins Device.Results:  Colonization of A. actinomycetemcomitans was inhibited by the four tested streptococci (Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus mitis). The most inhibiting species was S. sanguinis.Conclusion:  These results confirmed the hypothesis that some bacterial species influence A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization of hard surfaces in vitro under hydrodynamic conditions.
Sodium fluoride and chlorhexidine effect in the inhibition of mutans streptococci in children with dental caries: a randomized, double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Lobo P. L. D. , De Carvalho C. B. M. , Fonseca S. G. C. , De Castro R. S. L. , Monteiro A. J. , Fonteles M. C. , Fonteles C. S. R. 
Published: October 2008

Objective:  We aimed to compare the effect of sodium fluoride and chlorhexidine on salivary levels of mutans streptococci (MS), in a double‐blind, randomized clinical trial.Methods:  Thirty‐five healthy volunteers, aged 4–8 years, with at least one active carious lesion and no previous history of allergies were selected to participate in the study. A gel formulation containing either 1.23% sodium fluoride or 1% chlorhexidine was topically administered to the dentition every 24 h for 6 consecutive days. Salivary MS levels were measured at baseline (D1) and on the 6th (D6), 15th (D15), and 30th (D30) days. For microbiological analysis, Mitis Salivarius‐Bacitracin agar medium was used.Results:  Difference between treatments was only verified on D6. On the last day of treatment 1% chlorhexidine gel was significantly more effective than fluoride (P = 0.0000). The use of sodium fluoride did not cause a statistically significant variation in salivary MS levels throughout the duration of the study. Following treatment, a subsequent increase in MS counts between D6 and D15 (P = 0.0001) was observed with chlorhexidine.Conclusion:  A 6‐day treatment with a 1% chlorhexidine gel was effective in reducing salivary MS; there was a significant MS increase once treatment was suspended. The use of 1.23% sodium fluoride under the same regimen was not able to reduce salivary MS levels. Our results suggest repeated treatment with 1% chlorhexidine as a means for maintaining low salivary MS levels in children with dental caries.
Phenotypic and genotypic identification of Candida dubliniensis from subgingival sites in immunocompetent subjects in Argentina
Authors: Jewtuchowicz V. M. , Mujica M. T. , Brusca M. I. , Sordelli N. , Malzone M. C. , Pola S. J. , Iovannitti C. A. , Rosa A. C. 
Published: October 2008

Introduction:  It is generally recognized that Candida dubliniensis is commonly found in immunocompromised patients, such as those with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection, at sites of periodontal disease. Since there are no data available for Argentina, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of and to identify C. dubliniensis in periodontal pockets from immunocompetent subjects living in Buenos Aires, Argentina, through a comparison of phenotypic and molecular assays.Methods:  Yeasts recovered from subgingival plaque samples were studied for 180 immunocompetent non‐smoking patients with periodontal disease. Yeasts were identified by conventional mycological methods and by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Fluconazole and voriconazole susceptibility studies were performed in keeping with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Results:  Among 76 yeasts isolated, C. dubliniensis comprised 10.5% (n = 8; 95% confidence interval 4.7–19.7), which corresponded to 4.4% of patients studied (8/180). C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species of yeast. A great majority of C. dubliniensis isolates was susceptible with only one isolate resistant to both antifungals.Conclusion:  Micromorphology on Staib agar was the phenotypic method that was most concordant with PCR and it was useful for selecting presumptive C. dubliniensis. This is the first report to use PCR to identify C. dubliniensis in subgingival fluid from immunocompetent individuals with periodontal disease in Argentina. On the basis of the findings presented here, we confirm that C. dubliniensis can colonize periodontal pockets of immunocompetent patients with periodontal disease.
Stability of Sweet Potato Cultivars to Alternaria Leaf and Stem Blight Disease
Authors: Osiru Moses Omongin , Olanya Modesto Ocen , Adipala Ekwamu , Lemaga Berga , Kapinga Regina 
Published: October 2008

Abstract Alternaria leaf petiole and stem blight is an economically important disease of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus L.) in tropical and sub‐tropical environments. Published research on cultivar resistance to the sweet potato disease is limited. To evaluate cultivar reaction and stability to the disease, multi‐location and replicated experiments were established in 12 environments in Uganda. Disease severity (area under disease progress curves – AUDPC), and cultivar root yield were also assessed. Significant differences (P < 0.001) in AUDPC were detected among cultivars. Mean AUDPC ranged from 46.3 (Araka Red) to 78.4 (New Kawogo) across locations and seasons and the genotypes Araka Red and Tanzania had the lowest disease values. The location and season effects accounted for 67.1% and 7.5% of the total variance of AUDPC recorded among cultivars. The ranking of cultivars based on predicted AUDPC from Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interactive model (AMMI) showed that the NASPOT 1, the susceptible check, and New Kawogo were most susceptible to the disease in 11 of the 12 environments. Low and stable disease was consistently recorded and predicted on NASPOT 3 and the landrace cultivars Tanzania, Dimbuca, and Araka Red across environments. These results suggest that landrace cultivars had relative stability to the disease and wide adaptation across environments. These results suggest that AMMI statistical model and other multivariate techniques can be utilized for prediction of Alternaria disease stability in these locations.
Temporal Relationships and Repeatability of Follicle Diameters and Hormone Concentrations within Individuals in Mares
Authors: Jacob JC , Gastal EL , Gastal MO , Carvalho GR , Beg MA , Ginther OJ 
Published: October 2008

ContentsData were collected daily from 23 mares during two consecutive interovulatory intervals (IOIs). Several significant (p < 0.05) new observations on temporal relationships were made. The FSH increase that begins before ovulation temporarily plateaued on the day of discharge of follicular fluid into the peritoneal cavity in association with ovulation. During the declining portion of the pre‐ovulatory oestradiol surge, an abrupt reduction in the rate of decrease occurred in synchrony with the peak of the LH surge and is consistent with a negative effect of LH on oestradiol. Repeatability within mares was based on the following positive and significant correlations between the two IOIs: (i) length of the interval between ovulations and between ovulation and the beginning of follicle deviation; (ii) diameter of the pre‐ovulatory follicle on days ‐3 to ‐1; (iii) number of follicles in diameter classes of 2–5 mm (correlation for 22/23 days of the IOI), 5.1–10 mm (18/23 days), 10.1–15 mm (12/23 days) and 15.1–20 mm (12/23 days) and (iv) concentrations of FSH (18/23 days) and LH (22/23 days). The greatest repeatability for the follicle‐diameter classes occurred in the 2–5 mm class, and thereafter the repeatability progressively decreased as the diameters for the classes increased. Results demonstrated measurable repeatability within mares for several end points between consecutive IOIs.
Stimulation by cochlear implant in unilaterally deaf rats reverses the decrease of inhibitory transmission in the inferior colliculus
Authors: Argence Meritxell , Vassias Isabelle , Kerhuel Lubin , Vidal Pierre‐Paul , De Waele Catherine 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the last decade, numerous studies have investigated synaptic transmission changes in various auditory nuclei after unilateral cochlear injury. However, few data are available concerning the potential effect of electrical stimulation of the deafferented auditory nerve on the inhibitory neurotransmission in these nuclei. We report here for the first time the effect of chronic electrical stimulation of the deafferented auditory nerve on α1 subunit of the glycinergic receptor (GlyRα1) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)67 expression in the central nucleus of inferior colliculus (CIC). Adult rats were unilaterally cochleectomized by intracochlear neomycin sulphate injection. Fifteen days later, the ipsilateral auditory nerve was chronically stimulated either 4, 8 or 22 h daily, for 5 days using intracochlear bipolar electrodes. GlyRα1 and GAD67 mRNA and protein were quantified in the CIC using in situ hybridization and immunohistofluorescence methods. Our data showed that as after surgical ablation, GlyRα1 and GAD67 expression were strongly decreased in the contralateral CIC after unilateral chemical cochleectomy. Most importantly, these postlesional down‐modulations were significantly reversed by chronic electrical stimulation of the deafferented auditory nerve. This recovery, however, did not persist for more than 5 days after the cessation of the deafferented auditory nerve electrical stimulation. Thus, downregulations of GlyRα1 and GAD67 may be involved both in the increased excitability observed in the CIC after unilateral deafness and consequently in the tinnitus frequently observed in unilateral adult deaf patients. Electrical stimulation of the deafferented auditory nerve in patients may be a potential new approach for treating tinnitus with unilateral hearing loss.
Systematics, biogeography and evolution of the endemic Hemidactylus geckos (Reptilia, Squamata, Gekkonidae) of the Cape Verde Islands: based on morphology and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences
Authors: Arnold E. N. , Vasconcelos R. , Harris D. J. , Mateo J. A. , Carranza S. 
Published: October 2008

A total of 1854 bp of mitochondrial DNA (669 bp of cytochrome b (cyt b) and 386 bp of 12S rRNA), and 804 bp of a nuclear gene (RAG2) were investigated in endemic Hemidactylus from eight Cape Verde Islands, and used to explore their phylogeny, biogeography and evolution. Maximum‐likelihood, maximum‐parsimony and Bayesian analyses based on mtDNA revealed four well‐supported clades with uncorrected genetic divergences of 7.8–12.4% in the cyt b plus 12S rRNA genes, which were also supported by nuclear DNA. A population from the southern island of Fogo is the most divergent in both molecules and morphology and is described as Hemidactylus lopezjuradoi sp. n., and the populations on Sal and Boavista are also assigned species status as H. boavistensis. Although divergent in their DNA, the clade on S. Nicolau and that in the north‐western islands are morphologically similar and both are assigned to H. bouvieri for the present. Hemidactylus b. razoensis from Raso is genetically similar to H. b. bouvieri and differs only in its smaller body size. A molecular clock suggests that the ancestor of the endemic Hemidactylus of the Cape Verde Islands colonized the archipelago approximately 10 ± 2.48 Mya, perhaps reaching the north‐eastern islands first. The H. lopezjuradoi lineage separated soon after, and the north‐western islands were colonized progressively but slowly, S. Nicolau probably being reached first, then S. Vicente and islands on the same bank, and finally Sto. Antão, which is likely to have been colonized less than 1 Mya. Hemidactylus boavistensis is abundant on the arid islands where it occurs, but H. bouvieri appears to have been uncommon at least since it was described 130 years ago, and the same may be true of H. lopezjuradoi sp. n. The impact of introduced H. angulatus and H. mabouia on the endemic Hemidactylus of the Cape Verde Islands is not clear, but the discovery of substantial genetic diversity in endemic Cape Verde Hemidactylus means that the conservation requirements of the group should be reassessed.
Preschoolers continue to trust a more accurate informant 1 week after exposure to accuracy information
Authors: Corriveau Kathleen , Harris Paul L. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract To determine whether children retain a preference for a previously accurate informant only in the short term or for long‐term use, 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children were tested in two experiments. In both experiments, children were given accuracy information about two informants and were subsequently tested for their selective trust in the two informants (Experiment 1: immediately, 1 day and 1 week later; Experiment 2: immediately, 4 days and 1 week later). Both age groups preferred to trust the accurate informant not only immediately after receiving accuracy information but also at subsequent time‐points. Children who were immediately able to explicitly identify the accurate informant were significantly more likely to seek and accept information from her 1 week later. However, even when they had not been asked to explicitly identify the accurate informant both age groups still maintained their preference for her. Thus, by 3 years of age, children spontaneously choose a previously accurate informant up to 1 week after exposure to information regarding her accuracy.
Early gesture selectively predicts later language learning
Authors: Rowe Meredith L. , Goldin‐Meadow Susan 
Published: October 2008

Abstract The gestures children produce predict the early stages of spoken language development. Here we ask whether gesture is a global predictor of language learning, or whether particular gestures predict particular language outcomes. We observed 52 children interacting with their caregivers at home, and found that gesture use at 18 months selectively predicted lexical versus syntactic skills at 42 months, even with early child speech controlled. Specifically, number of different meanings conveyed in gesture at 18 months predicted vocabulary at 42 months, but number of gesture+speech combinations did not. In contrast, number of gesture+speech combinations, particularly those conveying sentence‐like ideas, produced at 18 months predicted sentence complexity at 42 months, but meanings conveyed in gesture did not. We can thus predict particular milestones in vocabulary and sentence complexity at age by watching how children move their hands two years earlier.