bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rat Primary Hepatocyte Culture Model for Aging Studies
Authors: Shenvi Swapna V. , Dixon Brian M. , Petersen Shay Kate , Hagen Tory M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this protocol is to establish a primary hepatocyte culture system as a suitable model to examine age‐related changes in Phase II detoxication gene expression. Hepatocytes are isolated using a two‐step collagenase perfusion technique from young (3 to 6 months) and old (24 to 28 months) rats and placed in primary culture using collagen (Type I)‐coated plates as the extracellular matrix. A supplemented William's E Medium is used as the medium. This culture system maintains hepatocyte viability from both young and old rats for ∼60 hr, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase activity, while also maintaining their respective phenotypes relative to Phase II detoxification. We thus conclude that a collagen‐based cell culture system is suitable to study age‐associated deficits in Nrf2/ARE‐mediated Phase II gene regulation provided that experiments can be conducted within 60 hr after cell isolation. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 37:14.7.1‐14.7.10. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Determination of Membrane Protein Molecular Weight Using Sedimentation Equilibrium Analytical Ultracentrifugation
Authors: Fleming Karen G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBoth the stoichiometry and stability of native membrane protein complexes pose challenges to understanding the biology of these proteins. Sedimentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation is well recognized as a thermodynamically rigorous technique for determining these quantities for macromolecules. This unit describes the experimental strategies that can be used to extract this information for membrane proteins reconstituted in vitro in detergent micelle or detergent/lipid mixed micelle solutions. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 53:7.12.1‐7.12.13. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Production of Polyclonal Antisera
Authors: Cooper Helen M. , Patterson Yvonne 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMuch of modern biology and biochemistry relies on the availability of highly specific antibodies for use in such ubiquitous techniques as immunohistochemistry, ELISAs, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting. Thus, the generation of large quantities of specific antibodies directed to proteins or peptides of interest is essential to the success of both basic and applied research programs. In addition, with the advent of antibody‐based proteomic strategies for profiling protein expression and post‐translational modification, a requirement for timely production of specific antibodies has emerged. Polyclonal antibodies derived from animals immunized with purified proteins or peptides are particularly valuable for use in the laboratory. This unit provides protocols for the production of polyclonal antisera specific for protein antigens in rabbits, rats, mice, and hamsters. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 82:2.4.1‐2.4.10. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of Proliferative Responses of Cultured Lymphocytes
Authors: Muul Linda Mesler , Silvin Christopher , James Stephen P. , Candotti Fabio 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMeasurement of proliferative responses of human lymphocytes is a fundamental technique for the assessment of their biological responses to various stimuli. Most simply, this involves measurement of the number of cells present in a culture before and after the addition of a stimulating agent. This unit contains several different prototype protocols to measure the proliferative response of lymphocytes following exposure to mitogens, antigens, allogeneic or autologous cells, or soluble factors. Each of these protocols can be used in conjunction with an accompanying support protocol which contains methods for pulsing cultures with [3H]thymidine and determining incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA or assessing cell proliferation by nonradioactive methods, e.g., reduction of tetrazolium salts (MTT). The protocols described here provide an estimate of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in an entire cell population, but do not provide information on the proliferation of individual cells. A protocol for CFSE labeling allows specific subpopulations of cells to be separated viably for further analysis. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 82:7.10.1‐7.10.24. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation and Visualization of Mouse Placental Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Gekas Christos , Rhodes Katrin E. , K.A. Mikkola Hanna 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis unit describes the isolation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from the mouse placenta. The placenta was recently identified as an important hematopoietic site that generates HSCs de novo and provides a transitory niche for a large pool of HSCs during midgestation. This protocol includes a dissection technique for murine placenta, the mechanical and enzymatic steps of placental tissue dissociation, and phenotypical identification and isolation of HSCs. It also contains a method for immunohistochemical analysis of placenta tissue sections to visualize developing HSCs in the placenta. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 6:2A.1.1‐2A.1.14. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Generation of Cultured Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells from Rat Neonatal Brains
Authors: Larsen Eric C. , Kondo Yoichi , Fahrenholtz Cale D. , Duncan Ian D. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) is one of the most studied progenitor cells of the body. It has been extensively researched in tissue culture and more recently in vivo using a wide range of markers that recognize transcription factors and cell surface markers and identify its earliest development from neural stem cells onward. Isolation of OPCs in large numbers and in purified preparations has been sought after as a source of cells for the repair of human myelin disorders. It has been proposed that such cells could be used as an exogenous source of cells for the treatment of lesions in multiple sclerosis and the less common genetic myelin disorders such as Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher disease. Prior to clinical trials, such approaches can be tested in animal models. Here, we describe the isolation of rat OPCs in culture conditions that provide large numbers of purified populations of cells. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 6:2D.1.1‐2D.1.13. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preparing for Biofilm Studies in the Field
Authors: McLean Robert J.C. , Simpson Thomas R. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTIn their natural environments, microorganisms are under constant environmental selection to form biofilms. Using aquatic biofilms as an example, this unit illustrates general concepts in field biology and practical suggestions for designing, conducting, and analyzing biofilm experiments at varying distances from the laboratory. The unit also addresses an example of a special situation (space flight) where experimentation must be done by proxy through another individual or machine.
Laboratory Maintenance of Bartonella quintana
Authors: Battisti James M. , Minnick Michael F. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTTrench fever is the common name for the acute febrile syndrome associated with a Bartonella quintana bacterial infection. The focus of this unit is to describe reliable methods for cultivation and cryopreservation of B. quintana and can be applied to cultivation and preservation of all Bartonella. Detailed recipes for preparation of three types of semisolid media are also included.
Growth and Laboratory Maintenance of Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Davis Lindsay , DiRita Victor 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCampylobacter jejuni is a fastidious organism, growing in microaerophilic conditions with a temperature range between 37° and 42°C. Multiple types of media can be used to cultivate it; however, Mueller Hinton broth and agar support the best C. jejuni growth. Optimum atmosphere for C. jejuni is 85% N2, 10% CO2, and 5% O2. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 10:8A.1.1‐8A.1.7. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Animal Models of Listeria Infection
Authors: Cabanes Didier , Lecuit Marc , Cossart Pascale 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTListeria monocytogenes is an intracellular foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis, an infection characterized by gastroenteritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and maternofetal infections in humans. L. monocytogenes enters the host via contaminated foods, invades the small intestine, translocates to mesenteric lymph nodes, and spreads to the liver, spleen, brain and, in pregnant women, the fetoplacental unit. Many pathogenicity tests for studying L. monocytogenes have been developed, including tests using laboratory animals. A number of small animal species can be experimentally infected with Listeria. Mice and guinea pigs can be infected either intragastrically or intravenously, and virulence evaluated either by enumerating bacteria within infected target organs or by evaluating the 50% lethal dose (LD50). Although mice and guinea pigs can be infected with Listeria by a variety of routes, the intragastric route is the most relevant to the human foodborne listeriosis.
Aphid Transmission of Plant Viruses
Authors: Gray Stewart M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA majority of plant viruses are transmitted between hosts by insect vectors, and it is often important to use insect transmission in the laboratory to maintain virus isolates or to study virus‐vector‐plant interactions. Although many of these viruses can also be mechanically transmitted in the laboratory using infected sap, maintenance by mechanical transmission can often lead to changes in the virus, either minor changes in gene sequences or, in some cases, major deletions of genome sequences. These can affect both virus‐vector and virus‐host interactions. This unit describes some simple and practical methods for conducting virus transmission experiments using sap‐sucking insects. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 10:16B.1.1‐16B.1.10. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using tests to enhance 8th grade students' retention of U.S. history facts
Authors: Carpenter Shana K. , Pashler Harold , Cepeda Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractLaboratory studies show that retention of information can be powerfully enhanced through testing, but evidence for their utility to promote long‐term retention of course information is limited. We assessed 8th grade students' retention of U.S. history facts. Facts were reviewed after 1 week, 16 weeks or not reviewed at all. Some facts were reviewed by testing (Who assassinated president Abraham Lincoln?) followed by feedback (John Wilkes Booth), while others were re‐studied. Nine months later, all students received a test covering all of the facts. Facts reviewed through testing were retained significantly better than facts reviewed through re‐studying, and nearly twice as well as those given no review. The best retention occurred for facts that were reviewed by testing after a 16‐week time interval. Although the gain in item was numerically small, due to floor effects, these results support the notion that testing can enhance long‐term retention of course knowledge. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When goals constrain: Eye movements and memory for goal‐Oriented map study
Authors: Brunyé Tad T. , Taylor Holly A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPerspective goals, such as studying a map to learn a route through an environment or the overall layout of an environment, produce memory congruent with the goal‐directed rather than the studied perspective. One explanation for this finding is that perspective goals guide attention towards actively gathering relevant information during learning. A second explanation is that information is automatically organized into a goal‐congruent spatial model that guides retrieval. Both explanations predict goal‐congruent memory, but only the former one predicts eye movement differences during study. The present experiment investigated the effect of perspective goals on eye movement during map study and the flexibility of resulting spatial memories. Results demonstrate eye movements towards goal‐congruent map elements during learning, and lasting memory effects at test. These findings carry implications for the design of adaptive hand‐held and in‐vehicle navigation interfaces that accommodate for varied user goals. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selectivity versus conversion and optimal operating policies for plants with recycle
Authors: Griffin Derek W. , Mellichamp Duncan A. , Doherty Michael F. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA simple and fast procedure is developed for determining optimal steady state operating policies for chemical plants with recycle. This article improves upon the previous findings by Griffin et al. (Ind Eng Chem Res. 2006;45:8056‐8062) and now provides a more general classification procedure for process chemistries that have reversible reactions or reactions of unequal overall order or both. Selectivity vs. conversion relationships are indirectly determined herein, requiring only the reaction orders of reaction species. The effect of these relationships allows process chemistries to be classified into two equivalence classes: bounded and nonbounded. This classification has important implications for the optimal operation and plantwide control structure of a flexible plant with spare equipment capacity. For instance, using the classification procedure and decision tree developed in this article, it can be determined quickly whether or not it is economically optimal to operate the reactor at the holdup constraint under all operating conditions (bounded) or away from the constraint with a variable holdup operating policy (nonbounded). © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Reactive scheduling using parametric programming
Authors: Li Zukui , Ierapetritou Marianthi G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTo address the various disruptive events that occur during process operations, reactive scheduling is commonly used. However, a major limitation of the existing reactive scheduling techniques is the response time, which might cause significant delay while the generation of a new schedule takes place. In this article, a novel approach is proposed to improve the efficiency of reactive scheduling and to avoid the resolution of a complex optimization problem when uncertain event occurs during the scheduling period. In the proposed method, reactive schedule is obtained from the solution of multiparametric programming problem, which is solved ahead of time and covers all possible outcomes of future uncertainty. The multiparametric programming problem is derived from a new reactive scheduling formulation, which integrates disruptive events (rush order and machine breakdown) as uncertain parameters in the process modeling. Several examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A review and analysis of the relationship between neuropsychological measures and DAT1 in ADHD
Authors: Rommelse Nanda N.J. , Altink Marieke E. , Arias‐Vásquez Alejandro , Buschgens Cathelijne J.M. , Fliers Ellen , Faraone Stephen V. , Buitelaar Jan K. , Sergeant Joseph A. , Franke Barbara , Oosterlaan Jaap 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMeta‐analyses indicate that the gene coding for the dopamine transporter (DAT1 or SLC6A3) is associated with an increased risk for ADHD. The mechanisms of this gene for ADHD are unclear. We systematically reviewed studies linking the VNTR in the 3′ UTR of the DAT1 to neurophysiological and neuropsychological measures. In addition, a broad set of executive/cognitive and motor tests was administered to 350 children (5–11 years) and adolescents (11–19 years) with ADHD and 195 non‐affected siblings. Two VNTRs (in intron 8 and the 3′ UTR) and four SNPs (two 5′ and two 3′) in DAT1 were genotyped. The effect of the polymorphisms on neuropsychological functioning was studied. The review indicated that the majority of studies did not find a relation between DAT1 and neurophysiological or neuropsychological measures. In our sample, several of the polymorphisms of DAT1 were associated with ADHD and ADHD was associated with impaired neuropsychological functioning. However, none of the DAT1 polymorphisms was convincingly associated with neuropsychological dysfunctioning. This suggests that the effect of DAT1 on ADHD was not mediated by neuropsychological performance. However, since DAT1 is mainly expressed in the striatum and not the prefrontal cortex, it may influence striatum‐related functions (such as delay aversion) more heavily than prefrontal related functions (such as executive functions). Associations of DAT1 with ADHD were only found in adolescents, which may suggest that DAT1 mainly exerts its effect in adolescence, and/or that having a more persistent form of ADHD may mark a more severe or homogeneous genetic form of the disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal properties and flame retardancy of polyglycidyloxypropyl silsesquioxane/layered titanate nanocomposites
Authors: Harada Miyuki , Minamigawa Shuichi , Ochi Mitsukazu 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPolyglycidyloxypropyl silsesquioxane, which has an excellent heat resistance, was combined with sheet‐like and spherical titanate as nano‐fillers. The burning property of the composites was related to the shape of the dispersed titanate. A burning test was carried out according to the UL‐94 test method. As a result, though the test specimen burned from one end to the other in the spherical titanate filled composite system, a fire extinguishing property was observed in the sheet‐like titanate filled composite system. The extinguishing time of the latter system classified V‐0 in the specification test. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto cocoyam starch by ceric ion in the presence of N,N′‐dimethylacetamide
Authors: Eromosele I. C. , Eromosele C. O. , Ayinde K. S. , Adegoke O. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractGrafting of acrylic acid onto cocoyam starch, Xanthosoma sagittitolium was initiated by ceric ion—N,N′‐dimethylacetamide redox pair in aqueous media. The reaction was characterized by high graft yields of up to 676%, and infrared spectroscopy affirmed the presence of grafted polymer. Graft yield was enhanced by N,N′‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) in the concentration range, 9.0–36.0 × 10−4M but lower concentrations were more favorable with the ratio of percentage graft, Pg/Pg0, in the presence and absence of DMAc respectively, of up to 1.34 at 9.0 × 10−4M of the latter. Ceric ion was nonterminating of the graft reaction and a 10‐fold increase in its concentration of 4.16 × 10−3M resulted in high efficiency of graft of 50.2% in monomer conversion to grafted polymer. Enhanced homopolymer formation and low efficiency of graft were observed at monomer concentration greater than 0.69M. Long reaction time, greater than 30 min, was unfavorable to the graft reaction and the latter showed negative dependence on temperature in the range, 30–50°C. At 30‐min reaction time, the graft yield at 50°C was not more than 70% of the corresponding value at 30°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis of geranyl butyrate with the poly(acrylic acid‐co‐hydroxy propyl methacrylate‐cl‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) hydrogel immobilized lipase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC‐4713
Authors: Kanwar Shamsher S. , Gehlot Satyendra , Verma Madan Lal , Gupta Reena , Kumar Yogesh , Chauhan Ghansham S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMicrobial lipases (E.C. 3.1.1.3) are the preferred biocatalysts for the synthesis of various fragrance compounds, such as linalool acetate, citronellal acetate, and geranyl acetate, in organic solvents over chemical synthesis. In this study, a purified alkaline extracellular lipase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC‐4713 was efficiently immobilized onto a synthetic poly(AAc‐co‐HPMA‐cl‐EGDMA) hydrogel by surface adsorption, and the bound lipase was evaluated for its hydrolytic potential toward various p‐nitrophenyl acyl esters, which differed in their C‐chain length. Among four series of hydrogels prepared by the variation of the concentrations of monomer and crosslinker, two hydrogels, namely, I5d and I20d, that exhibited relatively higher protein (lipase activity) bindings were selected to perform hydrolytic and synthetic (geranyl butyrate) reactions in aqueous and organic solvents. The hydrogel‐bound lipase was highly hydrolytic toward p‐nitrophenyl ester (C: 16; p‐nitrophenyl palmitate). The hydrogel‐immobilized lipase was quite stable and retained approximately 57.6% of its original hydrolytic activity after the fifth cycle of reuse under optimized conditions (pH 8.5, 65°C). The hydrogel‐immobilized lipase when used to perform the esterification of geraniol/butyric acid (400 : 100 mM) in n‐heptane resulted in 98.8 mM geranyl butyrate at 65°C under shaking (120 rpm) after 15 h of reaction time. The addition of a molecular sieve (3 Å × 1.5 mm) to the reaction system at a concentration of 100 mg per reaction volume (1 mL) resulted in the complete conversion of the reactants into geranyl butyrate. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Nanostructured PZT synthesized from metal–polyvinyl alcohol gel: Studies on metal–polymer interaction
Authors: Roy Subir 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 (PZT) nanoparticles of size distribution ∼1–6 nm were synthesized by single‐step autoignition of metal–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel. The physical and chemical bonding between the metals ions and PVA in gel was analyzed from the results of the characterization by FTIR, SEM, and XRD techniques. The appearance of a doublet band between 3500 and 3200 cm−1 and the shifting of stretching frequency of OH band in the FTIR spectra of gel indicated strong electrostatic interaction between the metal ions and the polar OH groups of the polymer. The electrostatic interaction decreased the extent of hydrogen bonding drastically due to engagement of polar OH groups in complex formation with the metal ions. Microstructural study of the dried gel by SEM coupled with its FTIR analyses indicated crosslinking in the metal–polymer gel. The loss of crystallinity of PVA in gel detected by XRD also indicated the drastic degradation of hydrogen bonding in PVA due to the formation of coordination complex with the metal ions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Comparison of the corrosion protection of mild steel by polypyrrole–phosphate and polypyrrole–tungstenate coatings
Authors: Hosseini M. G. , Sabouri M. , Shahrabi T. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe electrodeposition of polypyrrole–phosphate (PPy–P) and polypyrrole–tungstenate (PPy–W) on mild steel (MS) were achieved in an oxalic acid medium with cyclic voltammetry techniques. Adherent and homogeneous PPy–P and PPy–W films were obtained. The corrosion behavior of mild steel with phosphate (PPy–P) and tungstenate (PPy–W) composite coatings in 3.5% NaCl solutions were investigated through a potentiodynamic polarization technique, open‐circuit potential–time curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). On the basis of a physical model for corrosion of mild steel composites, Zview (II) software was applied to the EIS to estimate the parameters of the proposed equivalent circuit. It was found that the PPy–W coatings could provide much better protection than the PPy–P and polypyrrole coatings. The effects of the phosphate and tungstenate process parameters on the morphology and structure of the passive films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersion X‐ray analyses. The results reveal that the PPy–P and PPy–W coated electrodes offered a noticeable enhancement in protection against corrosion processes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008