bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the single radial complement fixation test for serodiagnosis of influenza, respiratory syncytial, mumps, adeno type 3, and herpes simplex type 1 virus infections
Authors: Sato S. , Ochiai H. , Niwayama S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA stabilized modification of the single radial complement fixation (SRCF) test in gel was developed for detecting various virus antibodies. The principle of the test is based on the use of a single‐stage procedure with an agarose plate containing virus antigens and antibody‐coated erythrocytes, and thin plastic film coated with complement. By filling the wells in the agar plate with a 1:4 diluted heat‐inactivated sera and covering the agar surface with a complement film, a zone of unlysed cells surrounded by a hemolytic area appears after incubation overnight at 4°C and then for 1–2 h at 37°C, depending on the antibody titers. The SRCF antibody titer is calculated numerically from the square of the diameter of the unlysed cell zone. The stability of reagents could be significantly improved using thin complement film and several stabilizers.When this test was used for serodiagnosis of influenza, respiratory syncytial (RS), mumps, adeno virus type 3 and herpes simplex type 1 virus infections (using a total of 400 sera), excellent correlations were demonstrated for antibody titers between conventional complement fixation (CF) and SRCF titers. Furthermore, the expression of antibody titer as an SRCF unit with consecutive value, produced results sensitive to fluctuations in the antibody titers.The simplicity of the procedure, stability of the reagents, and excellent correlation with the conventional CF test might make this a useful test for routine serodiagnosis and seroepidemiological survey of various virus infections.
Prognostic significance of adenosine deaminase determinations in subjects with the lymphoadenopathy syndrome
Authors: Casoli Claudio , Magnani Giacomo , Scovassi Ivana , Bertazzoni Umberto , Starcich Riccardo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe association between human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV‐I) infection and high levels of erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) has been suggested by Cowan et al [1986]. We have analyzed the specific activities of the same enzyme during different stages of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), including asymptomatic subjects at high risk and patients with lymphoadenopathy syndrome (LAS), AIDS‐related complex (ARC), full‐blown AIDS, and AIDS encephalopathy (AIDS enc). The ADA activities were significantly higher (P < .05) in asymptomatic HIV‐I serum‐positive individuals (13.1 U ± 1.1) and in different groups of patients (LAS = 23.6 U ± 10.2; ARC = 23.7 ± 4.1) than those found in controls (9.5 U ± 1.8) and in HIV‐I serum‐negative subjects (10.4 ± 1.5). In patients with AIDS the mean ADA activity was of 32.3 U ± 7.1, whereas in two cases with AIDS enc it was of 10 U. A tendency to increase in median ADA values with the progression of the disease was observed.In LAS patients the ADA values presented two distinct subsets falling below and above the cut‐off line of 15 U/109 erythrocytes, respectively. A specific correlation to drug addition and its duration was observed: LAS subjects who discontinued drug abuse (median addiction time: 3 years) presented ADA values (median = 13 U) that are lower than for addicts (median = 27.2 U; median addiction time = 7 years) and are close to those observed for asymptomatic HIV‐I serum‐positive group. Evidence was also obtained for a progressive increase of ADA values of LAS patients with disappearance of the product of gag gene. These results suggest that LAS subjects with elevated ADA activities present a longer history of HIV‐I infection and a higher probability of developing AIDS.
Low and high molecular weight cytomegalovirus‐specific immunoglobulin M antibody in renal transplant patients with cytomegalovirus infections
Authors: O'Neill H. J. , Shirodaria P. V. , Simpson D. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera from 27 renal transplant patients with primary and recurrent CMV infections and which were known to contain CMV‐specific IgM antibodies were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of virus‐specific high molecular weight IgM (19S IgM) and low molecular weight IgM (7S IgM). After sucrose gradient fractionation of the sera, 19S IgM was found in all 27 patients, whereas 7S IgM was present in 11 out of 19 (56%) patients with primary CMV infection and in 1 out of 8 (12%) patients with recurrent CMV infection. The presence of 7S IgM was unrelated to the titre of the virus‐specific IgM in whole serum. The presence of IgM rheumatoid factor was monitored by a sensitive fluorescence assay using measles virus antigen/antibody complexes. The absorption of the serum fractions with heat‐aggregated gamma globulin failed to remove the specific IgM staining indicating that it was not due to IgM rheumatoid factor. On the other hand adsorption with protein A/sepharose removed the specific IgM staining from the 7S IgM fractions but not from the 19S IgM fractions. This suggests that specific 19S and 7S IgM antibodies may belong to different subclasses of IgM.
Clearance of pre‐S2 antigen: A marker of successful interferon therapy in hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Brahm Javier , Alexander Graeme J. M. , Fagan Elizabeth A. , Smith Heather M. , Daniels Helena M. , Eddleston Adrian L. W. F. , Williams Roger 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relation between viral replication, the presence of HBsAg and pre‐S2 in serum and eventual clinical outcome has been investigated in fourteen patients undergoing treatment with lymphoblastoid interferon for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In four patients permanent loss of pre‐S2 was accompanied by loss of serum HBV‐DNA in association with a marked elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase activity and in each of these cases HBsAg was subsequently cleared from serum. In contrast there was no significant fluctuation in the concentration of either pre‐S2 or HBsAg in four cases not responding to therapy although substantial or complete inhibition of viral replication had been observed during treatment. In the third group, permanent loss of HBV‐DNA was observed but in these cases pre‐S2 and HBsAg persisted in serum, albeit at lower concentrations, while in this group loss of HBV‐DNA from serum was not accompanied by a flare in disease activity.These results suggest first, that assay of pre‐S2 is a further measure of the response to interferon and second that in some cases interferon enhances immune recognition of both the pre‐S2 and HBsAg polypeptides.
IgG subclass reactivity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Mathiesen Tiit , Sönnerborg Anders , Sydow Madeleine Von , Gaines Hans , Wahren Britta 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 17 patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were analysed for specific IgG1‐4 against HIV and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Measles IgG was studied as a reference to detect blood‐brain barrier (BBB) defects. All patients had IgG1 antibodies against HIV in both CSF and serum, and all had CMV IgG1 in serum (16 in CSF). Anti‐HIV IgG was synthesised intrathecally in 11 patients, IgG3 in three patients, and IgG4 in three patients. Intrathecal production of anti‐CMV IgCl was found in three patients, IgG2 in one, IgC3 in three, and IgG4 in one. Intrathecal anti‐HIV IgG synthesis could be demonstrated in all stages of the disease. Analysis of all IgG subclasses allowed intrathecal HIV and/or IgG production to be detected also in patients in whom intrathecally synthesised IgG was restricted to IgG2, 3, or 4. The expression of HIV‐specific IgG subclasses in CSF and serum was more restricted in AIDS patients than in HIV‐infected persons without clinical AIDS. On the contrary, the largest number of CMV‐specific IgG subclasses was found in AIDS patients. Intrathecal HIV or CMV IgG subclass production was seen both with and without neurological symptoms. The peripheral T4 cell counts were not obviously related to neurological symptoms. Even patients with low peripheral T4 cell counts had evidence of intrathecal antibody synthesis against HIV and sometimes CMV, suggesting a retained helper function of T cells in the central nervous system.
Genome type analysis of adenovirus 37 isolates
Authors: Adrian Th. , de Jong J. C. , Wermenbol A. G. , Van Der Avoort H. G. A. M. , Wigand R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeventy‐six strains of adenovirus type 37 (AV37), isolated during a period of 10 years from 73 patients on three continents, were analysed with eight DNA restriction endonucleases. Strains identical with the prototype (56 strains) prevailed; four deviating genome types were found, which differed only slightly from the prototype, with one exception. Half of the strains were tested in detail by neutralisation and haemagglutination inhibition. Minor differences in neutralisation were not reflected by differences in DNA restriction patterns. In comparison to genome types of other subgenera, field strains of adenovirus 37 showed only a moderate genetic variability.
Synthesis of human rotavirus polypeptides in cell culture
Authors: Heath R. L. , Birch C. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe replication strategy of a human serotype 1 rotavirus, adapted to rapid growth in CV‐1 cells, was investigated. A single cycle growth curve revealed eclipse and latent periods of 3 and 4 hours, respectively. Although the extent of reduction of host cell protein synthesis was directly related to the multiplicity of infection of the virus, incorporation of actinomycin D and excess NaCl into the medium resulted in significant reduction in host cell background and enabled observation of viral polypeptides as early as 2 hours post infection. Five polypeptides were found to be structural components of the virion, and a further eight appeared to be nonstructural proteins or intermediates. Five polypeptides were glycosylated during virus replication, but only one of these, VP7, was a definite structural glycoprotein. Pulse‐chase experiments revealed that four low molecular weight polypeptides underwent posttranslational modifications.
Antibody response to epstein‐barr virus antigens in patients with chronic viral infection
Authors: Roubalová Kateřina , Roubal Jaroslav , Skopový Petr , Fučiková Terera , Domorázková Eva , Vonka V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe tested antibody titres against Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) antigens in patients suffering from chronic viral disease and compared them with those determined in sex‐and age‐matched healthy controls. Patient sera showed signs of active EBV infection [antibodies against early antigen (EA) and/or viral capsid antigen (VCA) in the IgM or IgA classes] significantly more frequently than the control group. Correspondingly, geometric mean titres (GMT) of antibodies against all viral antigens were elevated in the patients. The strongest association with EBV was observed in patients whose clinical symptoms closely resembled infectious mononucleosis: 92% of the Subjects in this subgroup possessed anti‐EA and 41 and 25% had IgM and IgA anti‐VCA antibody, respectively. In patients with signs of lymphoproliferation only and in those suffering from frequent respiratory infections the association with EBV was less marked but still significant. Patients with transient defects in humoral and cellular immunity mounted higher titres against VCA in the IgG class than those without immune defects.
Status of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma: A study based on paired tumor and nontumor liver tissues
Authors: Lai Ming‐Yang , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Chen Pei‐Jer , Lee Sheng‐Chung , Sheu Jin‐Chuan , Huang Guan‐Tarng , Wei Ta‐Cheng , Lee Chue‐Shue , Yu Sen‐Chang , Hsu Hey‐Chi , Sung Juei‐Low 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo investigate the hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA status in the liver when hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has developed, 35 paired nontumorous and tumorous liver tissues from 27 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐seropositive and 8 HBsAg‐negative patients with HCC were studied by Southern blot analysis. The hybridization patterns of HBV DNA were different in the nontumor and tumor parts in 26 (96.3%) of the 27 HBsAg‐positive patients. In the nontumor parts, integration of HBV DNA into the host genome was significantly less when compared to the tumor parts (15/27 vs. 25/27, P < 0.05), whereas free replicative viral forms were significantly more frequent (17/27 vs. 7/27). The integrated HBV DNA in the nontumor parts showed discrete band patterns in the majority of cases (13/15). Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was significantly associated with the expression of free replicative forms of HBV DNA in the tumor tissues. An integrated HBV DNA sequence was detected in the tumor part of one HBsAg‐negative patient, but not in her nontumor counterpart. Our observation that discrete integrated HBV DNAs are present in the nontumor part, representing subclinical clonal expansion that precedes the development of HCC, suggests the risk of future new tumor growth from these cell clones.
Rabbit model for mucosal immunity in the bowel: I. establishment of virus‐infected ileal loops
Authors: Holmes Michael John , Ramsay Alistair John 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn animal model was designed for use in studies of initial cellular immune responses to virus infection of the intestinal mucosa. The animal chosen was the New Zealand White rabbit and the mucosal site the subterminal ileum, isolated in a Thiry‐Vella loop. The antigen used was parainfluenzavirus type 3, which would normally be destroyed by bile salts if ingested. Loops approximately 20 cm in length, each containing at least one Peyer's patch, were exteriorised through left paramedian stomata. Atrophic changes began to appear in the loops by 7 days, but no observable diminution in their associated lymphoid tissues was evident.The genesis of parainfluenzavirus type 3 infection in the loops was monitored by assay of sequential loop washings for infectious virus and in fluorescent antibody studies of cells from infected loop epithelia. Infectious virus was recovered for up to 13 days after inoculation and specific intracytoplasmic immunofluorescence was detected in loop epithelial cells. There was little serological evidence of systemic spread of the virus.A localised cellular immune response against parainfluenzavirus type 3 was mounted in the lymphoid tissues associated with the infected loops by day 14, but was not detected in systemic lymphoid tissues. No reactivity was detected in rabbits given inactivated virus via their loops or in those receiving infectious virus intravenously.This model appears to be capable of generating mucosal cellular responses to infection and may therefore be suitable for further studies in this field.
Randomized prospective trial of ganciclovir maintenance therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis
Authors: Jacobson Mark A. , O'Donnell James J. , Brodie Howard R. , Wofsy Constance , Mills John 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe report the first randomized prospective comparative study of long‐term maintenance ganciclovir (9‐[2‐hydroxy‐1‐(hydroxymethyl)ethoxymethyl]guanine, BW759U, DHPG) therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Eleven retinitis patients who received a 10‐day course of ganciclovir induction therapy and then were randomized to receive either immediate daily ganciclovir maintenance therapy or deferred maintenance (eight deferred maintenance, three immediate maintenance) were evaluated for drug efficacy. Median time to retinitis progression was 42 days for the immediate maintenance group compared with 16 days for the deferred maintenance group, (P = 0.07). After crossing over to maintenance therapy, patients in the deferred group had a median time to retinitis progression of 58 days compared to 16 days while not on maintenance therapy (P = 0.13). Only 9% of cultures obtained while patients received maintenance therapy were positive for cytomegalovirus, vs 40% of those obtained off maintenance (P < 0.001). We can state then that maintenance therapy with ganciclovir delays, but does not halt, progression of cytomegalovirus retinitis and suppresses, but does not eradicate, cytomegalovirus shedding in patients with AIDS.
Immunogenicity and pathogenicity of temperature‐sensitive modified respiratory syncytial virus in adult volunteers
Authors: McKay Elizabeth , Higgins Peter , Tyrrell David , Pringle Craig 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSingle temperature‐sensitive (ts) mutants of a subgroup A strain of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus whose multiplication is restricted at 39°C in MRC‐5 cells and double ts mutants that are restricted at 38°C, were obtained following mutagenesis using 5‐fluorouracil and acridine‐like compounds. Isolation and propagation of the parental RSS‐2 strain of RS virus and its derived ts mutants were carried out entirely in MRC‐5 human diploid cells.The immunogenicity and disease‐producing ability of four of these mutants and the parental unmodified strain have been assessed by intranasal administration into groups of about 20 adult volunteers. The results of these trials indicate that the capacity of the parental RSS‐2 strain to produce upper respiratory tract infection in adults was not diminished by limited propagation in MRC‐5 cells. The mutants on the other hand were impaired in this respect to varying extents. The double mutant tslB in particular has characteristics that suggest that it may be suitable for further development as a live RS virus vaccine. It retained near normal immunogenicity and replicative ability in the upper respiratory tract, while exhibiting greatly reduced disease‐producing potential.
Frequent integration of hepatitis B virus DNA in noncancerous liver tissue from hepatocellular carcinoma patients
Authors: Tanaka Y. , Esumi M. , Shikata T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo investigate the relationship between hepatocarcinogenesis and integration of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the cellular DNA of the liver, we studied the integration of HBV DNA in various noncancerous regions of the liver from 31 patients using Southern blot analysis. Of 13 patients without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 4 had heterogeneously integrated HBV DNA. Of the latter four patients, two had chronic liver disease, and two had nonspecific histological changes. In contrast, integration of HBV DNA was found in noncancerous tissue from 11 of 18 patients with HCC. In eight patients, homogeneous integration was found in noncancerous tissue, and restriction fragments of integrated HBV DNA were different from those found in cancerous tissue. Moreover, integration of HBV DNA was found in all portions examined from the same liver, and homogeneously integrated HBV DNA showed different restriction patterns in different areas. These results suggest that integration of HBV DNA may occur in heterogeneous sites of cellular DNA before hepatocarcinogenesis. Subsequently, multifocal clonal populations develop from these hepatocytes, especially frequently in the case of HCC. Integrated HBV DNA may play an important role in the clonal growth of hepatocytes, although the development of HCC requires additional factors.
Genome types of adenovirus types 19 and 37 isolated from patients with conjunctivitis in Hiroshima city
Authors: Noda Mamoru , Otagaki Yasushi , Ikeda Yoshifumi , Matsuishi Takeaki , Ogino Takeo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA total of 74 strains out of 33 strains of adenovirus type 19 (Ad19) plus 103 strains of type 37 (Ad37) isolated from patients with conjunctivitis at two ophthalmology clinics in Hiroshima City during the period March 1983 to December 1986 were analyzed by eight DNA restriction endonucleases in comparison with their prototype strains. All 27 Ad19 isolates examined displayed identical DNA cleavage patterns with all enzymes used (HindIII, KpnI, PstI, XhoI, BamHI, SacI, EcoRI, and SmaI), but their cleavage patterns were different from those of the prototype except with HindIII. The genome type of these isolates was tentatively named Ad19a. Forty‐seven Ad37 isolates examined were divided into three genome types. They were tentatively named Ad37p, Ad37a, and Ad37b: 16 isolates (Ad37p) displayed DNA cleavage patterns identical with those of the prototype with all eight enzymes described above. Thirty isolates (Ad37a) showed the same patterns as the prototype except with EcoRI. One isolate (Ad37b) showed the same patterns as the prototype except with SmaI. The most frequently isolated genome type during the period studied was Ad37a, but the change of the predominant genome type in yearly incidences was observed.
Efficient isolation of HIV from plasma during different stages of HIV infection
Authors: Ehrnst Anneka , Sönnerborg A. , Bergdahl S. , Strannegård Ö. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAttempts to isolate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from blood plasma using inoculation of pellets from ultracentrifuged samples into cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) resulted in a high overall recovery rate (75%) of the virus from 76 patients in various stages of HIV infection. The recovery rate was dependent on the stage of infection; in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) it was 100%, in AIDS‐related complex (ARC) 86%, in persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) 64%, and in asymptomatic patients 54%. The HIV isolation rates compared favorably with those obtained after cocultivation of patient and target PBMC (overall recovery rate 67%). HIV was isolated from plasma but not from PBMC in 8 cases, whereas the reverse was true in 3 of 71 simultaneously tested cases. Isolation from plasma was found to be superior to detection of serum p24 antigen for the demonstration of HIV (positivity rates 75% and 30%, respectively). The time to appearance of p24 antigen in cultures inoculated with HIV‐containing plasma samples was inversely related to the presence of detectable p24 antigen in serum. There was a significantly shorter time to culture positivity of plasma samples from AIDS and ARC patients than from PGL and asymptomatic patients. These results suggested that there is a progressive increase in the concentrations of infectious HIV in plasma from the asymptomatic to the AIDS stage.HIV isolation from plasma samples is a reliable means of demonstrating HIV viremia and has obvious advantages over the more commonly used cocultivation procedures. The frequent occurrence of cell‐free, infectious HIV in plasma suggests that the majority of HIV‐infected patients have a relative lack of functional neutralizing antibodies against the virus, at least during the late stages of disease.
Elevation of serum sex hormone‐binding globulin in females with fulminant hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Forbes Alastair , Alexander Graeme J. M. , Smith Heather M. , Williams Roger 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAmongst adults exposed to the hepatitis B virus (HBV), the infection pursues a fulminant course more frequently in females, while conversely a chronic carrier state is more frequent in males. Because of these differences in sex ratio, we investigated the relationship between the outcome of HBV infection and serum concentrations of sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), a circulating glycoprotein that exerts an important influence on the balance of free sex hormones. SHBG levels were significantly elevated in females with fulminant HBV infection compared to females with either uncomplicated acute or chronic HBV infection (P < .05 and P < .001, respectively). That this was not a nonspecific effect of fulminant hepatitis was confirmed by the significantly higher levels in this group than in age‐matched females with fulminant hepatitis unrelated to HBV (P < .05). In contrast, four of 15 female HBsAg carriers had SHBG values in the male range, and these included three of four patients who had acquired HBV as adults. SHBG levels were normal in all male groups. These results suggested that for adults the hormonal environment may be important in determining the course of HBV infection.