bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONSUMER'S COLOR ACCEPTANCE OF STRAWBERRY NECTARS FROM PUREE
Authors: GÖSSINGER M. , MAYER F. , RADOCHA N. , HÖFLER M. , BONER A. , GROLL E. , NOSKO E. , BAUER R. , BERGHOFER E. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT In two surveys (600 consumers) (1) the importance of color on a consumer's decision to buy strawberry nectar and jam, (2) the consumer's color acceptance of strawberry nectars from puree and adequate products containing colorants from the market as well as specially prepared samples and (3) the associated attributes to these samples were studied. In addition, a test was carried out in order to (4) characterize strawberry color and its changes during storage sufficiently with one value. Color has a big impact on a consumer's decision to buy strawberry nectars as well as strawberry jam. Neither gender nor age or consumption habits of consumers had a significant impact on color acceptance. For color assessment, an “acceptance factor” (AF) was calculated from colorimetric data that provides processors the prediction of color quality of nectars from puree. Nectars with an AF lower than 0.4 were not accepted, whereas nectars with an AF higher than about 0.7 were described as excellent. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe results of this study show the first time that it is possible to characterize the color of strawberry products by means of the calculation of an “acceptance factor” (AF = a*/h), and to predict whether the color will be accepted from the consumers or not (excellent [AF > 0.7], acceptable [AF > 0.4] or not acceptable [AF < 0.4]). This data could be used as basis for the production of new strawberry nectars (containing colorants) and the assessment for the stability and shelf life of strawberry products from puree.
DEVELOPMENT OF A HYBRID MODEL PREDICTING THE MOUTHFEEL OF YOGURT
Authors: MATHMANN KATRIN , KOWALCZYK WOJCIECH , DELGADO ANTONIO 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT Texture perception and mouthfeel are sensory variables that still need further clarification. A reliable method to describe mouthfeel quantitatively by means of physicochemical measurements is missing so far. The current study focuses on a better understanding of the texture perception of yogurt. The final aim of the study consists of the development of a novel hybrid model, which is able to predict mouthfeel sensations objectively. For this purpose, cognitive methods are used in order to merge underlying data pools with respect to process parameters and the composition of dry matter content. These employed data pools result from rheological characterizations as well as sensory analyses of yogurt and from numerical simulations of fluid flow in a simplified anatomical model of the human mouth. This paper introduces the exact procedure of the study. Furthermore, the methods for generating the underlying data pools are described, and the results are presented. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe in‐mouth model is based on fluid mechanics and enables the investigation of human consumption processes that accompany fluid flow in the oral cavity. Here, it reveals mechanical stimuli, which occur because of the movement of the tongue during deglutition. Therewith, the ongoing study affords a new approach to understand factors influencing the popularity and consumer acceptance of several products as their behavior in the mouth can be clarified. Having the software development completed, this innovation represents a great potential for the food industry. While supporting future sensory analyses, it both shortens development cycles of new products and optimizes existing foodstuff.
INTERPRETATION OF THE FORCE–DEFORMATION CURVES OF COOKED RED LENTILS (LENS CULINARIS)
Authors: ROSS K.A. , ALEJO‐LUCAS D. , MALCOLMSON L. , ARNTFIELD S.D. , CENKOWSKI S. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT The effect of cooking time on the textural properties of red lentils was determined using an Instron universal testing machine equipped with an Ottawa texture cell. A sigmoid‐shaped force–deformation curve was observed for all samples. As cooking time increased, texture changes, in terms of undercooked and optimally cooked, were identified by changes in slope and plateau force values of the force–deformation curves. At short cooking times, the samples were undercooked, and slope and plateau force values were high. At prolonged cooking times, slope and plateau force values decreased to a certain point and became independent of cooking time as values leveled off. However, significant textural changes as determined with sensory methods continued. Cooking time affected the location of the inflection point on the force–deformation curve. Deformation at inflection was a parameter that successfully determined textural differences between cooked samples and overcooked samples. Force–deformation curves can describe cooking quality of red lentils. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThere is little information available on the instrumental methods used to measure the texture of red lentils despite the fact that red lentils account for the majority of world lentil production and trade. Thus, there is a need to demonstrate how the force–deformation curves resulting from the instrumental measurement of red lentil texture are affected by cooking. A detailed interpretation of a force–deformation curve would allow for investigation of the effects of biochemical differences in red lentils because of genotype, agronomic practices and postharvest handling on the cooking quality. This work used an Instron universal testing machine equipped with an Ottawa texture cell to obtain force–deformation curves that were interpreted and used to explain the effects of cooking on the textural properties of red lentils.
Fluorescence Study on the Interaction Between Hypericin and Lens Protein “α‐Crystallin”
Authors: Youssef Tareq 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHypericin has been reported as a potent photosensitizing agent exhibiting antiviral, antibacterial, antineoplastic activities. Although its photophysics and mode of action are strongly modulated by the binding protein, detailed information about its mechanism of interaction with possible cellular targets, including proteins, is still lacking. Previous in vitro studies demonstrated that hypericin can be uptaken by intact lens and is able to bind to the major lens protein “α‐crystallin.” In this study, the mechanism of interaction of this potent drug with α‐crystallin was studied using the chemical denaturant guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) and the hydrophobic surface probe, 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS). Fluorescence measurements showed that the increased exposure of tryptophan resulting from partial unfolding of α‐crystallin incubated with 1.0 mol L−1 of GdnHCl corresponds to the maximum accessibility of hydrophobic sites to ANS at the same GdnHCl concentration. Interestingly at this additional hydrophobicity of the protein, hypericin exhibited its maximum fluorescence intensity. This in vitro study implied that hydrophobic sites of α‐crystallin play a significant role in its interaction with hypericin. The binding between α‐crystallin and hypericin was found to be enhanced by partial perturbation of the protein.
Characterization of 155 EST‐derived microsatellites from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and validation for linkage mapping
Authors: HIGGINS B. , HUBERT S. , SIMPSON G. , STONE C. , BOWMAN S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMicrosatellite markers for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were identified from a collection of 30 630 expressed sequence tags. Primers were designed for 395 microsatellites and 155 were successfully amplified. Allele number varied from 1 to 26 (average 6.34). Average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.50 and 0.54, respectively. A subset of 105 microsatellites tested for Mendelian segregation showed no significant distortion of segregation when correcting for multiple tests. Null alleles were detected at four loci. Significant blastx matches were found for 23 loci. These microsatellites will be used to create a linkage map to enhance genetic selection in commercial cod breeding.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the Brazil nut tree Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. (Lecythidaceae)
Authors: REIS ALESSANDRA M. M. , BRAGA ALINE C. , LEMES MARISTERRA R. , GRIBEL ROGÉRIO , COLLEVATTI ROSANE G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTwelve polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), one of the most valuable non‐timber forest products from the Amazon, based on enrichment protocol. Six to 18 (mean 10.4) alleles per locus were identified and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.663 to 0.923 based on a screen of 40 individuals from one population of B. excelsa. The combined probabilities of genetic identity (8.39 × 10−17) and paternity exclusion (0.999999) indicated that multilocus genotypes are likely to be unique allowing precise analyses of genetic structure, gene flow, and mating system of this economically important species.
Microsatellite markers for the diploid basidiomycete fungus Armillaria mellea
Authors: BAUMGARTNER K. , GRUBISHA L. C. , FUJIYOSHI P. , GARBELOTTO M. , BERGEMANN S. E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe isolated and characterized 12 microsatellite markers for two North American populations (California, Pennsylvania) of Armillaria mellea, a fungal pathogen responsible for Armillaria root disease of numerous woody plants. Allele frequency ranged from two to nine alleles per locus, and gene diversity ranged from 0.05 to 0.86. Of the 12 loci, eight loci were polymorphic in the California and Pennsylvania populations, and showed no evidence of heterozygote deficiencies or severe linkage disequilibrium. Our results suggest that we have isolated and characterized variable loci to estimate genotypic diversity, gene flow and migration, and to determine population structure of North American A. mellea.
Microsatellite loci for the white‐dotted mosquito (Culex restuans), a principal vector of West Nile virus in North America
Authors: FONSECA DINA M. , OKADA KENLI , KRAMER LAURA D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe characterized the first microsatellite loci in the white‐dotted mosquito, Culex restuans, a critical early spring West Nile virus vector. An enrichment protocol yielded 960 positive clones of which we sequenced 300. We designed primers to amplify 29 unique di‐, tri‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellites and chose 17 that amplified consistently across populations and were polymorphic. We developed three multiplex primer combinations for all 17 loci. A survey of 44 individuals revealed two to 20 alleles across loci, and expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.17 to 0.89. These markers will allow examination of the life history of this mysterious early season encephalitis vector.
Eskimo Education in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Hobart Charles W. 
Published: January 2009

En premier lieu cet article inventorie la litterature traitant des caracteristiques des enseignants, du programme d'etude et des techniques pedagogiques en au‐tant que ces elements sont efficaces dans l'education des jeunes indiens et esqui‐maux. Par apres, en s'appuyant sur l'ensemble des publications sur le sujet et sur les propres etudes nordiques de l'auteur a printemps 1969 on cherche a savoir jusqu'a quel point ces caracteristiques ideales du professeur, du programme et des techniques pedagogiques se retrouvent dans les salles de cours du nord. II semble que les enseignants autochtones esquimaux, meme avec peu d'entrainement, obtiendraient de meilleurs resultats scolaires que les edu‐cateurs blancs durant les premieres annees. Un programme de cette nature de type experimental est maintenant en cours au Nouveau Quebec. Les professeurs esquimaux enseignent en esquimau et utilisent un materiel didactique special.This paper first reviews the literature on teacher characteristics, curriculum, and classroom teaching techniques as these relate to effectiveness in teaching Indian and Eskimo children. There follows a consideration of the extent to which ideal teacher and curriculum characteristics and teaching techniques are found in northern classrooms, based on published literature and the author's research in the north in the spring of 1969. It appears that ill‐trained Eskimo teachers might teach the early grades more effectively than white teachers. Such an experimental program is found in Nouveau Quebec where Eskimo teachers using special material use Eskimo as the language of instruction.
Local and Cosmopolitan Physicians*
Authors: Hetherington Robert W. 
Published: January 2009

La theorie du localisme‐cosmopolitanisme est appliquee a l'identification des types de medecin. L'analyse factorielle, le coefficient de concordance de Kendall ainsi que les gamma et chi‐carres sont utilises selon diverses combinaisons pour identifier des constellations de variables. On identifie deux types de medecins qui sont statistiquement bien differencies: le professionnel de la medecine (cosmopolitain) et le politicien de la medecine (local). Une demonstration empirique s'ensuit laquelle etablit que les cosmopolitains ont une attitude plus liberate que les locaux vis‐a‐vis les problemes sociaux et medicaux et une attitude plus critique vis‐a‐vis les regimes d'assurance maladie.The theory of localism‐cosmopolitanism is applied to the identification of physician‐types. Factor analysis, Kendall's coefficient of concordance, gamma and chi‐square are used in combination to identify variable clusters. Two statistically distinct types were found, the professional (cosmopolitan) and the medical politician (local). Empirical evidence is presented which indicates that cosmopolitans tend to be more liberal than locals in attitudes toward certain medical‐social issues, and more critical of health insurance plans.
Structure and Randomness in a Juvenile Legal System*
Authors: Tepperman Lorne 
Published: January 2009

Est‐ce que les evenements dus au hasard sont des erreurs qui demontrent le caractere inadequat d'une explication sociologique, d'une prediction ou d'un plan ou s'ils appartiennent a des structures conferant ainsi au sociologue des pouvoirs predictifs additionnels ? On demontre qu'un systeme legal pour adolescents est fonctionnel en autant qu'on utilise sa propre definition de TefBcacite. Cependent, une simulation au hasard indique que ce niveau de succes ne depasse pas une efficacite aleatoire. Au moment de planifier ou d'e valuer des organisations, les sociologues doivent identifier les effets du hasard sur l'efficacite globale du systeme avant de chercher a expliquer son niveau d'efficacite en tenant compte des variables causales habituelles, soit des variables physiques, psychologiques et sociales. Si on ne se plie pas a cette exigence on surestimera les facteurs explicatifs de l'efficacite et on risquera de ne pas etre en mesure de predire ou de produire les resultats escomptes.Are random events merely “errors” demonstrating the inadequacy of a sociological explanation, prediction or plan or are they structured, thus providing the sociologist with additional predictive powers? A juvenile legal system is shown to be successful within its own definition of effectiveness; however a random simulation suggests that this degree of success does not exceed random effectiveness. Sociologists must, in planning or evaluating organizations, partial out the contributions of randomness to the total effectiveness of the organization before attempting to explain success in terms of the usual “causal” ‐ physical, psychological and social ‐ variables. Failure to do so will result in “over‐explanations” of success which may fail to predict or produce desired outcomes.
Recent Trends in Canadian Fertility*
Authors: Henripin Jacques , Legare Jacques 
Published: January 2009

Depuis 1941, on a observe au Canada des variations importantes du niveau de la fecondite et la tendance est souvent illustree par les fluctuations du taux de natalite. Afin de mieux interpreter ces fluctuations, une analyse des principales composantes du taux de natalite s'avere necessaire: la distribution par age de la population feminine (mariee ou de tout etat matrimonial) et les taux de fecondite par age tant pour les femmes mariees que pour l'ensemble des femmes. C'est la baisse de la fecondite legitime qui est en majeure partie la cause de la chute du taux de natalite observee depuis 1959. Pour approfondir l'analyse, on etablit une comparaison entre des indices de fecondite legitime de cohorte et du moment. De 1946 a 1960, les indices du moment sont nettement plus eleves que ceux de cohorte; cependant contrairement a ce qui s'est passe au cours de cette periode, on observe maintenant un etalement des intervalles entre naissances, de telle sorte que depuis 1960, les indices du moment sont nettement plus faibles que les indices de fecondite legitime de cohorte.Observers have witnessed important changes in the level of fertility in Canada since 1941. The trend is often illustrated by variations in the birth rate. To understand these variations better, the main components of the birth rate will be analysed: age distribution of total and married female population, and age‐specific fertility rates for all women and married women. The decline of marital fertility is mostly responsible for the fall of the birth rate observed since 1959. In a further analysis, period and cohort marital fertility are compared: from 1946 to 1960, period measures were much higher than cohort measures; in contrast to what happened during those years we now observe a spread in birth intervals, so that, since 1960, period measures are much lower than cohort marital fertility measures.
Contradiction and Change of Performance Expectations*
Authors: Foschi Martha 
Published: January 2009

L'auteur propose deux hypotheses pour justifier le fait que les anticipations de ≪ performance ≫ changent lorsqu'elles sont mises en présence de faits objectifs qui les contredisent. On peut prédire que ce changement dans les anticipations evolue en fonction de la variété et du niveau des contradictions. Le cas de celui dont les attentes pour soi sont inferieur aux attentes pour les autres est utilise pour des fins expérimentales de verification des hypothèses. A la fin de l'article l'auteur apporte des suggestions dans le but d'améliorer l'arrière‐plan théorique des hypothèses.Two hypotheses are proposed on the way specific performance expectations change when confronted with objective evidence that contradicts them. The change in expectations is predicted to be a function of the number and the degree of the contradictions they receive. The case of initial lower expectations for self than for other is used in an experimental test of the hypotheses, and these are confirmed by the results of the test. Some suggestions for the refinement of the hypotheses' theoretical background are discussed at the end.
Aspects of Family Formation in Canada*
Authors: POOL D. IAN , BRACHER M.D. 
Published: January 2009

La fécondité est en déclin au Canada. Nous tentons d'expliquer ce changement, et d'en dégager les implications pour la formulation de politiques. Nous faisons la critique des études canadiennes récemment publiées sur la question en les situant par rapport à une adaptation du cadre de référence Davis et Blake. Ceci nous permet de formuler des hypothèses relatives à deux niveaux dont la distinction est implicite dans le cadre de référence: (1) le niveau de la structure sociale (variables indépendantes), (2) le niveau des phénomènes qui déterminent plus directement la fécondité (variables “intermédiaires”). Les données disponibles nous permettent de vérifier nos hypothèses. Un problème demeure cependant: le déclin de la fécondité est‐il lié au fait qu'on veut limiter les naissances ou les différer?Fertility is declining in Canada. We attempt to account for this change and to suggest policy implications. We review recent Canadian studies fitting them into an adaptation of the Davis‐Blake framework. This permits the formulation of hypotheses at two levels implicit in the framework: (1) social structural (independent variables); (2) proximate (“intermediate” variables). Hypotheses were tested against available data, but a problem remained: does the decline result from deferring or averting of births?
Modernization and Fertility: The Case of the James Bay Indians*
Authors: ROMANIUK A. 
Published: January 2009

II a été souvent avancé, mais sans preuve empirique suffisante, que le processus de modernisation peut s'accompagner, à son stade initial, d'une augmentation du taux de fécondité, notamment grâce au relâchement des contraintes traditionnelles qui affectent la procréation. Les données d'une enquête auprès des Indiens de la Baie James semblent corroborer la théorie. En effet, elles révèlent que les intervalles intergénésiques diminuent au fur et à mesure qu'on passe des générations plus anciennes aux générations plus récentes des méres indiennes. Trois facteurs, reliés au processus de modernisation, semblent avoir contribuéà ce phénomène: (1) changement dans les habitudes d'allaitement dans le sens d'une réduction de la période ou même d'un abandon de l'allaitement naturel; (2) réduction des accidents puerpéraux, intervenue à la suite des progrès médicaux et du passage du nomadisme à un mode de vie plus stable de la société indienne dans cette région; (3) diminution des incidences des séparations prolongées des époux dans la mesure où s'améliorent les communications entre les villages et la société indienne tend à devenir sédentaire.The theory that modernization at its initial stage may result in an increase in fertility through the relaxation of restrictive customs governing procreative behaviours of premodern societies has often been postulated, but little empirical evidence has been provided to support it. Data collected on fertility for Indians living in the James Bay area of Canada tend to confirm the validity of this theory. They reveal, for this population, that intervals between successive births tend to become shorter among younger as compared to older generations of mothers, and this is attributed to three factors related to modernization: (1) changes in lactation habits whereby an increasingly larger proportion of mothers either do not breast‐feed at all, or do so for shorter periods of time than did the older generations; (2) reduction in the level of pregnancy wastage resulting both from medical progress and from the fact that hardship and pregnancy accidents to which the pregnant mothers were formerly exposed probably have diminished as James Bay Indians have shifted from a nomadic to a sedentary society; and (3) reduction in the incidence of prolonged temporary separation of spouses as the communication between home villages of spouses has improved and as Indian families have given up their nomadic mode of life.