bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A GENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE APPEARANCE OE SPECIFIC ANTIBODY IN SERUM AND SECRETIONS FOLLOWING CHALLENGE WITH ANTIGEN
Authors: Banyard MRC , Morris B 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe concentration of specific antibody in the tear secretion following subconjunctival inoculation with Keyhole Limpet haemocyanin was influenced by genotype. Cattle of the Bos indicus type responded more strongly to subconjunctival inoculation than did Bos Taurus animals. The regression analysis of the concentration of specific antibody in tears on the concentration of specific antibody in the serum suggested a quantitative difference in the transfer of specific antibody from the scrum to tears. The concentration of specific antibody in serum was different in Bus indicus and Bos taurus animals. The relative position of this difference was influenced by the route of inoculation used.
A RAPID AND EFFICIENT PROCEDURE FOR THE REMOVAL OF NONVIABLE CELLS FROM SUSPENSION CULTURE OF LYMPHOID CELL LINES
Authors: Hurrell John GR , Black Paul H , Haber Edgar , Zurawski Vincent R 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe selective removal of nonviable cells from suspension cultures of lymphoid cell lines by buoyant density centrifugation at 400 × g on a Ficoll‐Hypaque (FH) cushion is described. Viable cells collect at the medium‐FH interface whereas nonviable cells pellet. This method has proven useful in separating viable from nonviable cells with human lymphoblastoid cell lines, rabbit lymphoid cell lines and mouse myeloma and hybridoma cell lines.
GENERATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS SPECIFIC DELAYED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY T CELLS IN VITRO. SECONDARY EFFECTOR CELLS.
Authors: Leung KN , Ada GL 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhen spleen cells from mice injected 3 weeks or more previously with influenza A virus (responder cells) are mixed with normal spleen cells exposed 1 h previously lo influenza A virus (stimulator cells) and the mixture cultivated at 37° for 5–6 days, the surviving cell population contains effector T cells (Td) which can mediate delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. If infectious virus is used to prime both the donor mice and to infect the stimulator cells, the cell population also contains cytotoxic T cells (Tc). In this case, both Tc and Td have similar specificity patterns, as cells raised to one sub‐type A virus are cross‐reactive to other A strain viruses but not to Sendai virus. If non‐infectious virus is used to immunize the donor mice. Td but not Tc are generated and these cells are specific for the sub‐type A virus used in the original immunization. Both preparations of Td are Lyl+23− and require IA sharing of donor and recipient mice for transfer of DTH activity to be successful. Td cells produced this way are similar to those produced in vivo except they may have different migratory properties and must be injected directly into the footpad for DTH activity to be elicited. In such transfers. H‐2 restriction can be clearly demonstrated if the challenging antigen is injected into the footpad some hours before the injection of cells.
PROPERTIES OF A MURINE LYMPHOKINE THAT AUGMENTS E‐ROSETTE FORMATION
Authors: Morrison JJF , Halliday WJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAntigenic stimulation of spleen mononuclear cells from contact‐sensitized mice produced a soluble factor that enhanced the formation of E‐rosettes by human lymphocytes in vitro. Production of this murine E‐rosette augmenting factor (E‐RAF) occurred over a narrow range of antigen concentrations, was hapten‐specific, and depended on T‐lymphocytes. The factor was not dialysable, in contrast to other substances extracted from normal leucocytes. Murine E‐RAF is thus a lymphokine whose action is not species restricted. It was readily detected 30 min after contact of cells with antigen. E‐RAF formation by spleen cells and delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions were elicited over a similar period after contact sensitization of mice.
ASCORBIC ACID IN INTESTINAL TISSUES
Authors: Oelrichs BA , Kratzing CC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAbout a fifth of the ascorbic acid is readily lost from intestinal tissue during handling procedures such as washing with saline and blotting. Further losses occur during incubation in Krebs‐phosphate saline; after 10 min strips of intestine retained 80% of their original ascorbic acid content and chopped tissue only 50%. This suggests that some of the intestinal ascorbic acid is very loosely held in the tissue. The small intestine is capable of accumulating double the normal amount of ascorbic acid when animals are dosed intramuscularly and retains some ascorbic acid (0·7 to 5 μg/mg DNA) even when the animals' body stores are depleted.
EXPERIMENTS WITH BANANA TRUNK JUICE AS A NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKER
Authors: Lee SK , Ng LL , Lee SI 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe juice of the banana trunk produces a non‐depolarising neuromuscular block. Oxygenation of the extract enhances its potency. Reversals with anticholin‐esterases are transient. Partial reversals in isolated preparations indicate these could be both specific and non‐specific binding which could account for blockade after washing. It could be specifically bound to ACh receptors in an irreversible way since its action appears similar to that of α‐Bu TX.
A MURINE MODEL FOR ASSESSMENT OF LIVING ATTENUATED INFLUENZA A VACCINES
Authors: Wark Margaret C , Tannock Gregory A , Sutherland Megan M , Smith Linda E 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe laboratory mouse was evaluated as a model to assess the genetic stability of influenza A mutants of potential use as living vaccine strains. The growth of three mutant recombinants. A/Hong Kong/68‐ts‐IE (H3N2), A/HK/123/77x‐ts‐1A2 (H1N1) and A2/AA/6/60‐ca (H2N2) was studied in 15 g mice. Yields of ts‐1E from both lungs and turbinates were ten‐fold less than that of a control virus with the same surface antigens. All ts‐1E isolates showed evidence of loss of ts phenotype. Ts‐1A2 and ca recombinants grew to a much lower titre than those of ts‐1E, and revertants were obtained from one ts‐1A2 lung isolate and one ca turbinate isolate. In other studies with hamsters, the stability of the ts character of these mutants during replication in the lungs of hamsters has been shown to be correlated with their residual virulence for man (Murphy et al., 1972; Murphy et al., 1974; Richman et al., 1977). The results from the present study suggest that the laboratory mouse is at least as sensitive as the hamster as an in vitro model for the detection of ts revertants.
NORWALK VIRUS GASTROENTERITIS IN VOLUNTEERS CONSUMING DEPURATED OYSTERS
Authors: Grohmann GS , Murphy AM , Christopher PJ , Auty E , Greenberg HB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFollowing the widespread outbreaks of oyster‐associated gastroenteritis which occurred throughout Australia in 1978, several programmes were introduced to minimise the occurrence of further outbreaks. One programme included the depuration (purification) of oysters and the use of human volunteers to test‐consume samples from batches of depurated oysters before their sale to the public. Oysters from the Georges River and Brisbane Waters were test‐consumed from December, 1978, to August, 1979. None of the volunteers was ill after consuming Brisbane Waters oysters but 52 reported ill after eating Georges River oysters. The predominant symptoms were nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea with an average incubation period of 42 hours. Recovery was usually complete in 36‐48 hours. Of the 52 illnesses reported 31 (60%) occurred in two particular weeks ending July 1st and 22nd when rates of 18·3% and 7·8% were reported. The average illness rate for the remainder of the period under study was only 1 %. Norwalk virus was found in 8 of 25 (32%) stools, and antibody increases demonstrated in seven of ten paired sera, giving an overall diagnostic rate for Norwalk infection of 37·0% for these two peak periods. Heavy rain preceded these two weeks in which the illnesses occurred. No evidence of Norwalk infection was found at any other time. These studies confirmed the epidemiological findings of the major outbreak of gastroenteritis in 1978, and showed that only Georges River oysters caused Norwalk virus infections and that depuration as carried out in 1979 was not entirely satisfactory.
EXPERIMENTAL ERYTHROCYTE AUTOIMMUNITY. SPECIFICITY OF AUTOANTIBODIES AND OF AUTOANTIBODY‐SPECIFIC SUPPRESSOR CELLS ELICITED BY RBC FROM VARIOUS STRAINS OF RATS
Authors: Cox KO , Cox Judie 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAutoantibodies and autoantibody‐specific suppressor cells are produced in mice injected with RBC from rats. In this report it is shown, first, that the RBC from various strains of rats stimulate similar clones of auto‐reactive B‐cells. The evidence for this conclusion was obtained using antibodies eluted from the RBC and sera from mice positive in direct Coombs' tests. Autoantibodies elicited by RBC from any strain of rat were absorbed by RBC from all strains of rat tested but not by sheep RBC. Secondly, it is shown that spleen cells from mice injected with RBC of one strain of rat delayed autoantibody production elicited by RBC from syngeneic and allogeneic rats when transferred to syngeneic mice before the first injection of rat RBC. Serum antibody levels to rat RBC were not reduced.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NUDE RAT (rnunz). Functional Characteristics
Authors: Marshall Elaine , Miller Thomas 
Published: November 2007

SummaryGross histopathological and morphological observations in an accompanying paper confirmed the absence of a thymus and thymus‐derived lymphocytes in the New Zealand athymic nude mutant (rnunz). In the present studies an analysis of the cell‐mediated immune status of the rnunz rat is reported. Lymphocyte transformation studies showed that lymphocytes from the rnunz strain did not respond to mitogenic stimulation with the T lymphocyte specific mitogen Concanavalin A. This confirmed the absence of potentially functional T lymphocytes suggested by the morphological analysis. Lymphocytes from the rnunz strain also failed to initiate a graft versus host response, and the absence of host versus graft response established the immune deficit in cell‐mediated immunity in the intact animals. Additionally, the rnunz strain has been used as a reference point to determine the effectiveness of neonatal thymectomy and adult thymectomy with irradiation as a means of depleting the host of T cells.
ANTIGEN‐SPECIFIC CYTOPHILIC ACTIVITY OF SHEEP IgG1 and IgG2 ANTIBODIES
Authors: Yasmeen Dilruba 
Published: November 2007

SummarySheep were immunised with chicken red blood cells in the area drained by the popliteal lymph node and lymph was collected from the stimulated nodes. The immune lymph samples were fractionated into IgG1 and IgG2 antibody fractions; these were then tested by passive direct and passive indirect rosette tests for antigen‐specific cytophilic activity on adherent mononuclear cells (macrophages) from non‐immunised sheep. Antigen‐specific cytophilic activity for homologous macrophages appeared within a week following primary immunisation. Fractionation of the immune lymph showed that antibodies associated with IgG1, but not IgG2, subclass were highly active in promoting binding of the antigen to the macrophages. Pretreatment of the macrophages with uncomplexed IgG1 from non‐immunised sheep inhibited binding of cytophilic IgG1 complexed with antigen. The binding of non‐immune, uncomplexed IgG1 to the macrophages appeared to be very weak since washing of cell monolayers after passive sensitisation with non‐immune, uncomplexed IgG1 overcame the inhibition of binding of antibody IgG1 complexed with antigen.
HYBRIDOMAS SECRETING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Authors: Johnson Alan M , McNamara PJ , Neoh SH , McDonald PJ , Zola H 
Published: November 2007

SummarySix hybridomas that secrete monoclonal antibody to Toxoplasma gondii have been developed. Four of these secrete antibody of the IgG1 subclass, one secretes antibody of the IgG2a subclass and the remaining hybridoma secretes antibody of the IgG3 subclass. One IgG1 subclass antibody reacts only in the indirect haemagglutination antibody test (IHAT), four (3 IgG1 and 1 IgG2a) react only in the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and the IgG3 antibody reacts in both the IHAT and IFAT.
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE ECOLOGY OF ARBOVIRUSES IN THE DERBY AREA OF THE KIMBERLEY REGION, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Wright AE , Anderson S , Stanley NF , Liehne PFS , Britten DK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA survey of mosquito populations in the Derby area of the Kimberley region, Western Australia, in March/April of 1977 yielded a total of 3,318 adult female mosquitoes. Fifteen taxa were represented, seven being new locality records for this area. Culex annulirostris was the dominant species, comprising 85·41% of the total catch. All mosquitoes collected were processed for virus isolation and thirteen strains of four (and possibly five) distinct arboviruses were obtained, all from pools of Culex annulirostris. These viruses include Murray Valley encephalitis, Ross River, Wongal, an untyped non‐haemagglutinating member of the Koongol group and a virus which reacts to polyvalent antisera against the Anopheles A and B groups. With the exception of Ross River, all these viruses had been previously isolated from the Ord River Valley, some 500 km to the north‐east.Comparison of virus isolations in the Ord Valley and Derby supports the suggestion that both sites share a common viral flora. Both also display an exceeedingly high overall isolation rate (approximately 20% for Cx. annulirostris pools). Such comparisons suggest that a number of arboviruses transmitted by Cx. annulirostris are active throughout the Kimberley region and have peak isolation rates at the end of the wet season. Further studies are needed to fully define these viral cycles.
SLOW‐REACTING SUBSTANCE FROM ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES—A MECHANISM OF ASTHMA?
Authors: Cade JF , Clancy RL , Walker SE , Pain MCF 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of alveolar macrophages on bronchial reactivity were studied in vitro to determine whether these cells could provide a pathogenetic link between cellular components of the inflammatory response, chemical mediation of smooth muscle contraction and possible local mechanisms of asthma. Alveolar macrophages harvested from rabbit lungs produced consistent and prolonged contractile responses in guinea‐pig tracheal rings. The contractile material had the pharmacological and physical properties of slow‐reacting substance (SRS) and, in particular, it was completely antagonized by minute concentrations (5 ng/ml) of a specific SRS antagonist, FPL 55712. The average contractile response per 106 macrophages was quantitatively equivalent to that produced by 76 ng methacholine. These findings not only support the view that local mechanisms may be of relevance in the pathogenesis of asthma, but could also have possible implications for therapy.
INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CRYOPRECIPITATES IN CATTLE RECOVERING FROM ACUTE BABESIA BOVIS (ARGENTINA) INFECTION
Authors: Goodger BV , Wright IG , Mahoney DF 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe plasma of cattle recovering from severe Babesia bovis infection contained cold precipitable protein which consisted of immune complexes formed in antibody excess. The major immunoglobulin in the complexes was IgM although IgG1 and IgG2 were also present at lower concentrations. In addition, fibrinogen, α2 macroglobulin and C3 component of complement were detected. As the complexes were produced after parasiteamia fell below the detectable level and the inflammatory response to B. bovis was waning, the complexes did not appear to have much pathological significance.
THE EFFECT OF IRON AND PROTEIN DEFICIENCY ON PLASMA LEVELS AND PARASITE UPTAKE OF [14C] FENBENDAZOLE IN RATS INFECTED WITH NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS
Authors: Prichard RK , Kelly JD , Bolin TD , Duncombe VM , Fagan MR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe Nippostrongylus brasiliensis‐rat model was used to determine whether iron and protein deficiency, which are commonly associated with parasitic infections, affected the pharmacokinetic behaviour of fenbendazole as measured by plasma concentrations and uptake by worms. Plasma 14C concentrations after [14C] fenbendazole administration were higher in iron and protein‐deficient rats than in sufficient rats. However, the uptake of 14C by N. brasiliensis in iron and protein‐deficient rats was significantly less than in worms from diet‐sufficient rats. The reduced anthelmintic uptake by worms in protein and iron‐deficient hosts may account, in part, for reduced anthelmintic efficacy under these circumstances. These findings are relevant to understanding variations in response to chemotherapy in populations of parasitised hosts containing malnourished individuals.
CONCANAVALIN A‐INDUCED MACROPHAGE AGGREGATING FACTOR
Authors: Badenoch‐Jones P 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe production of the lymphokine activity macrophage aggregating factor (MAgF) by Concanavalin A (Con A)‐pulsed guinea‐pig spleen cells has been investigated. The following observations have been made: (1) MAgF can be assayed quantitatively by measuring the light absorbance of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) using a spectrophotometer, rather than the previously used Born platelet aggregometer; (2) both Con A and antigen‐induced MAgF elute from Sephadex G‐200 over the 30,000‐70,000 m wt range; (3) Con A‐pulsed spleen cells generate supernatants which can be assayed directly for MAgF. Inhibitor studies with α‐methyl‐D‐mannoside show that the observed PEC aggregation is due to MAgF and not to residual Con A, which also aggregates these cells.
THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN OSMOLALITY ON AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE OF THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Lingard JM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn order to differentiate between the effect of increased amino acid (substrate) concentration and the accompanying rise in fluid osmolality on renal tubular amino acid transport properties, the transport of cycloleucine has been examined under conditions where the osmolality only was altered with raffinose. In stationary microperfusion experiments it has been demonstrated that an increase in osmolality to 400 mosmol/kg on both sides of the epithelium at once does not alter the active transporting capacity achieved. Although no experimental evidence is yet available, theoretical considerations suggest that neither component of this active transporting capacity, viz. active transepithelial transport rate or the permeability coefficient, would have changed.
THE INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL CELL GROWTH BY KETONE BODIES
Authors: Potezny Nicholas , Atkinson Elinor R , Rofe Allan M , Conyers Robert AJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of ketone bodies on the growth, in culture, of Escherichia coli was investigated. Both growth and glucose utilisation were inhibited in the presence of 20 mmol/l D‐3‐hydroxybutyrate. Lower concentrations of D‐3‐hydroxybutyrate caused proportionally less inhibition of growth. Acetoacetate also inhibited growth but other glycolytic inhibitors and chemical analogues of D‐3‐hydroxybutyrate either did not inhibit or proved to be too toxic for bacterial growth. Citrate enhanced the ketone body effect. D‐3‐hydroxybutyrate also inhibited the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella typhimurium. The possible relationship between ketone body inhibition of cell growth and oxygen limitation is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON THE MIGRATION OF LEUCOCYTES INTO THE PERITONEAL CAVITY OF RATS FOLLOWING INJECTION OF AN INFLAMMATORY AGENT
Authors: Bassett JR , Tait NN 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAlthough previous studies have shown that the injection of exogenous corticosteroids suppresses the inflammatory response, no study has been made on the effect on inflammation of endogenous corticosteroids released in response to stress. In the present study a reduction was observed in the total number of leucocytes migrating into the peritoneal cavity of stressed rats in response to the injection of an inflammatory agent. The reduction in total counts was due to a stress‐induced reduction of both polymorph and mononuclear cells. Permeability studies and blood leucocyte counts were conducted to determine the mode of action of the stress‐induced reduction of leucocyte migration. In the case of the polymorphs. evidence is presented to implicate both a reduced release of these cells into the blood stream from storage sites and a blockade of the increased vascular permeability. The situation is not as clear for the mononuclear cells where no change in the circulating levels of these cells was observed in either stressed or control rats following induction of an inflammatory response.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND TRAFFIC OF SPECIFIC HOMOCYTOTROPIC ANTIBODY‐SYNTHESIZING CELLS IN NIPPOSTRONGYLIJS BRASILIENSIS‐INFESTED RATS
Authors: Allan W , Mayrhofer G 
Published: November 2007

SummarySynthesis of specific homocytotropic antibody by cells from various lymphoid and haemopoietic organs in rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis has been studied by use of homologous adoptive cutaneous anaphylaxis and compared with the kinetics of appearance in the serum and thoracic duct lymph of specific IgE antibodies. Using this technique, synthesis of specific mast cell‐sensitizing antibody has been detected in the draining lymph nodes of the lung as early as 12 days after infestation and by 14 days in the draining lymph nodes of the small intestine. Specific IgE antibody was not detected in serum unlit between 16 and 18 days after infestation. The delay in detection of antibody in the serum is at least in part due to its rapid removal from the blood, because antibody en route to the bloodstream from the gut‐associated lymphoid tissue was detected in the thoracic duct lymph plasma as early as day 12, A major traffic of homocytotropic antibody‐secreting cells has been detected in the thoracic duct lymph of the infested rats. The results are discussed in terms of the possible role of immediate hypersensitivity in the expulsion of the parasite. the origin of the IgE antibody response to the parasite and the mechanism of the potentiated reagin response.
QUANTITATIVE ALTERATIONS OF THE AEROBIC BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE POUCH OF SETONIX BRACHYURUS (QUOKKA) DURING OESTRUS, ANOESTRUS, PREGNANCY AND LACTATING ANOESTRUS (POUCH YOUNG)
Authors: Charlick J , Manessis C , Stanley N , Waring H , Cockson A 
Published: November 2007

SummaryQuantitative and qualitative differences have been shown in the bacterial flora of the pouch of quokkas in different sexual stales. Oestrus was characterised by high numbers of Gram‐negative bacilli (GNB), and during non‐lactating anoestrus a predominantly Gram‐positive flora was found. Faecal contamination from the pouch young is the probable source of enteric organisms isolated from animals in lactating anoestrus. A marked selective decrease in Gram‐negative flora occurred during the gestation period until GNB were virtually non‐existent in the pouch prior to birth.