bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The intramuscular bioavailability of a phenylbutazone preparation in the horse
Authors: LANDUYT J. , DELBEKE F. T. , DEBACKERE M. 
Published: April 2008

Landuyt, J., Delbeke, F.T. & Debackere, M. The intramuscular bioavailability of a phenylbutazone preparation in the horse.J vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 16, 494– 500.The plasma concentrations of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and its major metabolites, oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ) and γ‐OH‐phenylbutazone (OHPBZ) were determined for up to 72 h in six horses, following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of 4 g phenylbutazone, 20 ml Phenylarthrite® Ventoquinol (Vetoquinol Specialites Pharmaceutiques Veterinaires, Magny‐Vernois, 70200 Lure, France). After i.v. dosing the plasma disposition was best described by a two‐compartment open model. The hydroxylated metabolites OPBZ and OHPBZ were present in detectable concentrations for 72 h and 48 h, respectively. After 36 h the OPBZ concentrations exceeded plasma PBZ concentrations. The plasma disposition following i.m. injection could be described by a one‐compartment open model. The hydroxylated metabolites OPBZ and OHPBZ were present in detectable concentrations for 72 h and 36 h, respectively. Only after 72 h was the concentration of OPBZ in plasma higher than the concentration of PBZ. The mean i.m. bioavailability of phenylbutazone was calculated to be 91.7 ± 10.1%.
Lack of arrhythmogenicity of aminophylline in dogs
Authors: HAMLIN R. L. , SALLY J. L. 
Published: April 2008

This study was designed to determine if doses of aminophylline up to 10 mg/kg given i.v. would produce ventricular arrhythmias in seven healthy dogs anaesthetized with fentanyl‐dropelidol‐pentobarbital. Arrhythmias were sought by inspection of ECGs before and after attempts at provoking them with 5 pg/ kg boluses of epinephrine given i.v., or by programmed electrical stimulation. After cumulative doses of 10 nig aminophylline/kg body weight, producing an estimated plasma concentration of greater than 30 pginil, no ventricular ectopia other than escape depolarizations were observed. We were unable t o documentan arrhythmogenic effect of aminophylline when given rapidly by the i.v. route. I t is possible that the anaesthetic regimen reduced the arrhythmogenic property of aminophylline, or that arrhythmias might be produced in either obese or ill dogs; but it is unlikely that chronic administration of aminophylline would be more arrhythmogenic.
Gastrointestinal distribution of albendazole metabolites following netobimin administration to cattle: relationship with plasma disposition kinetics
Authors: LANUSSE C. E. , GASCON L. H. , PRICHARD R. K. 
Published: April 2008

The gastrointestinal (GI) distribution and plasma disposition kinetics of alberidazole (ABZ) metabolites after oral administration of netobirnin (NTB) to cattle were studied. Eight Holstein steers (150–180 kg) were surgically fitted with permanent cannulae in the rumen, abomasum and ileum. After post‐surgical recovery, the ariinials were treated orally with a suspension of neto1)imin zwitterion (400 mg/ml) at 20 nig/kg. Jugular blood and ruminal, abomasal arid ileal fluid samples were taken serially over a 96 h period and analysed by HPLC for NTB and its metabolites, including ABZ, ABZ sulphoxide (ABZSO), AH%sulphone (ABZSO?) and amino‐albendazole sulphone (NHp4BZSOy). N T B parent drug was only fonnd in the G I tract and for only 12–18 h post‐treatment. ABZSO and ABZSOp were the main metabolites found in plasma, being present for 30–36 h. These metabolites were exchanged between plasma and different GI fluids and were greatly concentrated in the abomasum. This phenornenori may account for the presence of ABZ, ABZSO and ABZSO? in the GI tract f'or 72 h post‐treatment despite the fact that ABZ was riot detected in plasma and ABZSO and ABZSO.;, were detected for only 30–36 h in plasma. The presence o f ABZ and ABZSO in the abomasum and intestine for this extended period of time is probably relevant for anthelmintic efficacy against GI parasites. The NH2ABZSO2metabolite was detected in plasma, abomasum and ileum and its disposition kinetics were characterized for the first time.
Disposition and bioavailability of neomycin in Holstein calves
Authors: PEDERSOLI W. M. , RAVIS W R , JACKSON J. , SHAIKH B. 
Published: April 2008

Pedersoli, W.M., Ravis, W.R., Jackson, J., Shaikh, B. Disposition and bioavailability of neomycin in Holstein calves. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.17, 5–11.The disposition and absorption kinetics of neomycin were studied in healthy ruminating dairy calves (n ‐6), approximately 3‐months‐old. The calves were treated with single intravenous (i.v.) (12 mg/kg), intramuscular (i.m.) (24mg/kg), oral (p.o.) (96 mg/kg) and repeated p.o. (96 mg/kg, b.i.d., 15½ days) doses of neomycin. A 3‐week rest period was allowed between treatments A and B and B and C Baseline and serial venous blood samples were collected from each calf plasma concentrations of neomycin were determined by a high performance liquid chromatography procedure. The resulting data were evaluated by using compartmental pharmacokinetic models and nonlinear least squares regression analysis. The mean of some selected parameters were t½λ3 7.48 ± 2.02 h, Clt= 0.25 ± 0.04 L/h/kg, Vd(ss)= 1.17 ± 0.23 L/kg, and MRT = 4.63 ± 0.87 h for the i.v. data and t½= 11.5 ± 3.8 h, MRTabs= 0.960 ± 1.001 h, F = 127 ± 35.2%, and Clt/F= 0.199 ± 0.047 L/h/kg for the i.m. data, respectively. Only one calf absorbed neomycin to any significant degree (F = 0.0042) after a single p.o. dose. Selected mean parameters determined after repeated oral dosing were: F = 0.45 ± 0.45%, Cmax= 0.26 ± 0.37 &#x006d;̈g/ml, and tmax= 2.6 ± 2.9 h. Terminal half‐lives determined for the i.v. and i.m. treatments were considerably longer than those reported previously in the literature.
Concentration of ceftiofur metabolites in the plasma and lungs of horses following intramuscular treatment
Authors: JAGLAN P. S. , ROOF R. D. , YEIN F. S. , ARNOLD T. S. , GILBERTSON T. J. 
Published: April 2008

Jaglan, P.S., Roof, R.D., Yein, F.S., Arnold, T.S., Brown, S.A., Gilbertson. T.J. Concentration of ceftiofur metabolites in the plasma and lungs of horses following intramuscular treatment. J. vet. Pharmacol Therap. 17, 24–30.Ceftiofur sodium, a broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic approved for veterinary use, is metabolized to desfuroylceftiofur which is conjugated to micro as well as macromolecules. Twelve horses, weighing 442–618 kg, were injected intramuscularly with a single dose of 2.2 mg ceftiofur/kg (1.0 mg/lb) body weight. Blood was collected at various intervals over 24 h after treatment. Three groups of four horses each were euthanized and lungs were collected at 1,12, and 24 h after treatment.The concentration of desfuroylceftiofur and desfuroylceftiofur conjugates in the plasma and lungs was determined by converting them to desfuroylceftiofur acetamide (DCA) and measured DCA by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The average maximum concentration (Cmax) of desfuroylceftiofur and related metabolites in plasma expressed as ceftiofur equivalents was 4.46 ± 0.93 &#x006d;̈g/ml occurred at 1.25 ± 0.46 h after treatment. These concentrations declined to 0.99 ± 0.16, 0.47 ± 0.15 and 0.17 ± 0.02 &#x006d;̈g/ml at 8, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The mean residence time of ceftiofur metabolites was 6.10 ± 1.27 h.Concentration of desfuroylceftiofur and desfuroylceftiofur conjugates in the lungs of horses expressed as ceftiofur equivalents were 1.40 ± 0.36, 0.27 ± 0.07, and 0.15 ± 0.08 &#x006d;̈g/ml at 1, 12, and 24 h, respectively. These concentrations of the drug at 12 and 24 h in lung homogenate were similar but slightly lower than plasma concentrations in the same horses, and the plasma pharmacokinetic values including half‐life were similar to those observed at the approved dose of 1.1–2.2 mg ceftiofur/kg body weight administered intramuscularly once daily for 3–5 days in cattle.
Single‐dose pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in bovine synovial fluid after intravenous regional injection
Authors: GAGNON H. , FERGUSON I G. , PAPICH M. G. , BAILEY I. V. 
Published: April 2008

Gagnon, H., Ferguson, J.G., Papich, M.G., Bailey, J.V. Single‐dose pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in bovine synovial fluid after intravenous regional injection. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 17, 31–37.The pharmacokinetic properties of cefazolin in the synovial fluid of the tibiotarsal joint were determined in 10 healthy mature cattle after intravenous regional injection of 2 50 mg cefazolin. A pneumatic tourniquet was positioned proximal to the tibiotarsal joint and the intravenous injection was performed distal to the tourniquet. Synovial fluid concentrations of cefazolin increased in the first 30 mm and fluctuated between 54.7 ± 11.0 &#x006d;̈g/ml (mean ± SEM) and 73.2 ± 13.2 &#x006d;̈g/ml in the following 90 min while the tourniquet remained inflated. After tourniquet removal, synovial fluid concentration‐time curves followed first‐order one‐compartment model decay in most of the animals with an elimination half‐life of 0.82 h (harmonic mean). Therapeutic concentrations of cefazolin in the synovial fluid of normal joints were reached and this injection technique could be used as an alternative to systemic administration of antibiotics to provide adequate concentrations in a localized area.
The effect of xylazine on the isolated sheep trachea
Authors: PAPAZOGLOU L. , RAPTOPOULOS D. , KOUNENIS G. 
Published: April 2008

The effect of xylazine on the isolated sheep trachea and its possible interactions with the α2‐adrenergic antagonist, atipamezole, and the anticholinergic agent, atropine, was studied. The mechanical responses of the tracheal preparations were recorded after exposing each one to cumulatively increasing concentrations of xylazine alone or in the presence of atipamezole or atropine.Xylazine exerted a concentration‐dependent contractile effect, with a threshold concentration of 10‐‐7M while the maximum activity was produced at a concentration of 10‐‐5M (EC50= 2.3 × 10‐‐7). This xylazine‐induced contractile effect was inhibited by atipamezole, but not significantly modified by atropine. Thus, it is concluded that α2‐adrenoceptors exist in the sheep trachea and it is suggested that α2‐adrenoceptor agonists may act on airways in sheep directly through stimulation of peripheral α2‐adrenergic receptors and indirectly via central α2‐adrenergic receptor activation of parasympathetic tone.
Relationship between plasma creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate in dogs
Authors: FINCO D.R. , BROWN S.A. , VADEN S.L. , FERGUSON D.C. 
Published: April 2008

Glomerula filtration rate (GFR), plasma creatinine concentration (CR), and plasma urea nitrogen concentration (BUN) were measured in 129 adult dogs with reduced renal mass. A preliminary examination of the relationship between CR and GFR was conducted, and the inverse model (GFR vs. 1/CR) was chosen for further evaluation. The slope of the regression of GFR on 1/CR which was computed from actual data was not statistically different from a theoretical regression line generated from the clearance equation.Evaluation of subsets of the population revealed no significant difference between male (n= 69) and female (n = 60) dogs on the slope of the regression equations. Diets differing in protein concentration (16% protein, n = 35: 21% protein, n = 75: 32% protein,n= 19) did not cause a significant difference in the slope of the regression equations.The regression equation and the confidence intervals generated in this study may be used to predict a probable range of GFR values from CR in individual dogs. Such values may be useful in adjusting drug dosages in dogs with renal disease. However, since the derived equation did not differ significantly from the theoretical inverse relationship between GFR and CR, it remains to be established whether the equation is advantageous.
Trends in stillbirths, early and late neonatal mortality in rural Bangladesh: the role of public health interventions
Authors: Ronsmans Carine , Chowdhury Mahbub Elahi , Alam Nurul , Koblinsky Marge , Arifeen Shams El 
Published: April 2008

SummaryTrends were examined in a cohort study of stillbirths and early and late neonatal deaths in Matlab, a rural area of Bangladesh between 1975 and 2002, using routinely collected demographic surveillance data. Main outcome measures were stillbirths per 1000 births, early neonatal deaths per 1000 livebirths, and late neonatal deaths per 1000 children surviving after 1 week. We performed a logistic regression examining trends over time and between two areas in the three outcome measures, controlling for the effects of parental education, religion, time, geography, parity, maternal age and birth spacing.There was a marked decline in stillbirths, early and late neonatal mortality over time in both areas, though the pace of decline was somewhat faster in the ICDDR,B (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh) service area. Stillbirths declined by 24% overall in the ICDDR,B service area (crude OR comparing 1996–2002 with 1975–81: 0.76 [95% CI 0.68, 0.84]), compared with 15% in the Government service area (crude OR comparing 1996–2002 with 1975–81: 0.85 [0.76, 0.94]). The overall reduction in early and late neonatal mortality comparing the same periods was 39% and 73%, respectively, in the ICDDR,B area, compared with 30% and 63%, respectively, in the Government service area. Adjusting for socio‐economic or demographic factors did not substantially alter the time or area differentials. The dramatic decline in neonatal mortality was, in large part, due to a fall in deaths from neonatal tetanus. The pace of decline was faster in the area receiving intense maternal and child health and family planning interventions, but stillbirths, early and late neonatal deaths also declined in the area not receiving such intense attention, suggesting that factors outside the formal health sector play an important role.
Measuring dietary sodium intake in infancy: a review of available methods
Authors: Sutton Eileen , Emmett Pauline , Lawlor Debbie A. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIt has been hypothesised that infancy may be a particularly sensitive period with respect to the effect of dietary sodium (salt) intake on later blood pressure. If this is the case, interventions to reduce dietary sodium intake in infancy could have major public health impact by reducing cardiovascular disease in the future. However, research in this area is hampered by difficulties of how to measure dietary sodium intake in infancy. Here we review the literature with an aim to describe different methods that have been used for research purposes, how these have been used and their relative strengths and limitations.We identified five studies that were relevant to our aim. In epidemiological and intervention studies sodium intake in infancy has been assessed via parents using diet diaries, which appear to be feasible and acceptable to parents. In these studies, sodium concentration in breast milk is assumed not to vary from one woman to the next, which may not be correct but has been poorly studied. The gold standard method – 24 h urinary excretion of sodium – was used in only one study and there is debate about the most appropriate way to collect urine for research purposes in infants. None of the studies directly compared different methods for determining infant dietary sodium intake. We conclude that research is required to determine the best methods of estimating dietary sodium intake in infants in different research contexts.
Phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate accumulates extracellularly upon xylanase treatment in tomato cell suspensions
Authors: GONORAZKY GABRIELA , LAXALT ANA M. , TESTERINK CHRISTA , MUNNIK TEUN , DE LA CANAL LAURA 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTVarious phosphoinositides have been implicated in plant defence signalling. Until now, such molecules have been exclusively related to intracellular signalling. Here, evidence is provided for the detection of extracellular phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate (PI4P) in tomato cell suspensions. We have analysed and compared the intracellular and extracellular phospholipid profiles of [32Pi]‐prelabelled tomato cells, challenged with the fungal elicitor xylanase. These phospholipid patterns were found to be different, being phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) the most abundant phospholipid in the extracellular medium. Moreover, while cells responded with a typical increase in phosphatidic acid and a decrease in intracellular PIP upon xylanase treatment, extracellular PIP level increased in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Using two experimental approaches, the extracellular PIP isoform was identified as PI4P. Addition of PI4P to tomato cell suspensions triggered the same defence responses as those induced by xylanase treatment. These include production of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of defence‐related gene transcripts and induction of cell death. We demonstrate that extracellular PI4P is accumulated in xylanase‐elicited cells and that exogenous application of PI4P mimics xylanase effects, suggesting its putative role as an intercellular signalling molecule.
Large shear zones with no relative displacement
Authors: Nicolas Adolphe , Boudier Françoise 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the Oman ophiolite, the large scale Makhibiyah shear zone, in Wadi Tayin massif was generated with no or little relative motion between the two adjacent blocks, in contrast with what is reported from otherwise similar shear zones in deep crust and upper mantle. This shear zone is asymmetrical with, along one margin an asthenospheric mantle (∼1200 °C) and along the adjacent margin, a lithospheric mantle (∼1000 °C). Within the hotter side and with increasing shear strain, horizontal flow lines smoothly swing towards the shear zone direction before abutting against the wall of the lithosphere side. Profuse mafic melts issued from the hotter mantle are frozen in the shear zone by cooling along this lithospheric wall. Tectonic and magmatic activities are entirely localized within the asthenospheric compartment. Mantle flow lines were rotated, during their channelling along this NW‐SE shear zone, in the NW and SE opposite directions. Depending on whether the flow lines are deviated NW or SE, dextral or sinistral shear sense is recorded in the shear band mylonitic peridotites. This demonstrates that the shear zone was not generated by strike‐slip motion, a conclusion supported by regional observations.
Toxicity related to autologous peripheral blood haematopoietic progenitor cell infusion is associated with number of granulocytes in graft, gender and diagnosis of multiple myeloma
Authors: Bojanic I. , Cepulic B. Golubic , Mazic S. , Batinic D. , Nemet D. , Labar B. 
Published: April 2008

Background and Objectives  We prospectively evaluated the infusion‐related toxicity of autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) in 215 patients with haematologic malignancies or solid tumours.Materials and Methods  PBPCs were collected by apheresis after mobilization with chemotherapy and/or granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). The grafts were cryopreserved in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored in liquid nitrogen. Patients were monitored for vital signs and symptoms of the toxicity during and after infusion.Results  The adverse reactions were reported during 149 (56·9%) infusions. During 21·0% infusions occurred just one symptom classified as grade 1, while during 35·9% occurred multiple symptoms classified as grade 2. Logistic regression analysis showed that female gender, diagnosis of multiple myeloma and number of granulocytes infused per kg body weight were significant predictors of occurrence of adverse reactions during infusion.Conclusion  Our results indicate that beside the infused DMSO dose, the composition of graft as well as patient's diagnosis are also very important factors for infusion‐related toxicity.
Underwater germination potential of common ash seed (Fraxinus excelsiorL.) originating from flooded and non‐flooded sites
Authors: Dacasa Rüdinger M. C. , Dounavi A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOxygen availability is one of the main factors affecting seed germination capacity. On floodplains, oxygen supply is seasonally restricted because of flooding events. Seed ecotypes are able to cope with total submergence to different extents, depending on the species and its position in a given environmental gradient. This investigation tested three provenances of common ash (Fraxinus excelsiorL.), one from a lowland site and two from upland sites, for germination capacity and germination velocity under water. The final germination capacity of all provenances was unaffected, but the germination velocity was decreased for all provenances. The adaptational significance of these results is discussed.
Outbreak of severe disseminated aspergillosis in a flock of ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Khosravi A. R. , Shokri H. , Ziglari T. , Naeini A. R. , Mousavi Z. , Hashemi H. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThis study was undertaken to describe clinical, mycological and histopathological findings in black neck ostriches affected with severe aspergillosis in a flock including 80 birds, near Tehran, Iran. The signs included anorexia, depression, notable weight loss, diarrhoea, severe respiratory distress and death. Grossly, the lungs showed numerous white to yellow caseous nodules and the walls of the thoracic and abdominal air sacs were thickened with inflammatory exudates containing cellular debris, necrotic masses and green mold colonies. Multiple nodules were observed in the liver, spleen and gastrointestinal tract as well. Histopathologically, there were conidial heads and fungal hyphae in the air sacs and multifocal necrotic and granulomatous lesions with septated and dichotomously branched hyphae in various tissues, which were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Grocott’s methenamine silver nitrate. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated in various tissues taken from affected ostriches.
Usefulness and pharmacokinetic study of oral terbinafine for hyperkeratotic‐type tinea pedis
Authors: Kikuchi Izumi , Tanuma Hiroyuki , Morimoto Kensuke , Kawana Seiji 
Published: April 2008

SummaryTo study and establish an optimal administration method of oral antifungal, terbinafine (TBF), for hyperkeratotic‐type tinea pedis from the pharmacokinetic point of view, 20 patients with hyperkeratotic‐type tinea pedis were given TBF 125 mg once daily for 4 weeks and observed over time for improvement of dermatological symptoms and mycological efficacy. Targeting five of the patients, TBF concentration in the stratum corneum was measured using the LC‐MS/MS method. TBF was detected in the stratum corneum of the sole 1 week after beginning the treatment in some cases and reached its peak 1 week after the completion of the treatment with a concentration of 247.8 ng g−1, which was approximately more than 50 times higher than its minimal inhibitory concentration against dermatophytes. TBF was not detected at 8 weeks post‐treatment, although its concentration was 50.73 ng g−1 at 6 weeks post‐treatment. All cases were subjected to analysis for final total efficacy, general safety and usefulness. Its effectiveness rate (effective + markedly effective) was 95% (19/20) with no adverse reactions, including abnormal changes in the laboratory test values, in any patients. From the above, it is noted that TBF showed excellent efficacy and safety for refractory hyperkeratotic‐type tinea pedis, and also it was considered as a useful drug to treat cutaneous mycosis, including hyperkeratotic‐type tinea pedis, from the pharmacokinetic point of view.