bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological Changes Occurring in Picked Climacteric Fruit Infected with Different Pathogenic Fungi*)
Authors: Schiffmann‐Nadel Mina , Michaely H. , Zauberman G. , Chet I. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe main purpose of this work was to study the host‐parasite relationship between attacking fungi and the infected climacteric fruit. The study dealt mainly with physiological changes such as respiration and ethylene evolution pattern occurring in fruit inoculated with different fungi after picking. These physiological changes in infected fruit were found to be basically similar to those of uninfected fruit, but they were substantially accelerated. A direct correlation was obtained between the rate of fungal development in fruit (incubation period and rot development) and the extent of acceleration of respiration and ethylene evolution; in general, a faster development of the fungus was related to greater acceleration of ethylene and respiration rate of the infected fruit. Fungal infection was found to have an effect on fruits similar to that of exogenic ethylene treatment on sound fruit.
Improvements in Assays for Soil Populations, of Pythium ultimum and Macrophomina phaseolina
Authors: Chun D. , Lockwood J. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe method of Stanghellini and Hancock to enumerate Pythium ultimum Trow, populations in soil was modified by distributing 1 ml dilutions of soil containing the pathogen into 100–120, 2.5 mm diam. Wells made in 2% water agar in 9 × 15 mm Petri dishes. The modified method was more sensitive than the original method m which droplets or soil dilutions are placed on agar, it permitted the use of lower soil dilutions, and was rapidly performed. Sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. (=M. phaseoli [Maubl.] Ashby) were recovered by flotation using 60% sucrose, collected by aspiration onto nylon filters, and surface‐sterilized. The viable Sclerotia were enumerated by counting colonies growing on a selective medium. Efficiency of recovery was 95–97% of Sclerotia added to soil. Large numbers of samples could be processed rapidly by this method which utilized readily available materials, and gave higher counts than earlier methods, which involved only sieving or flotation.
Protein and Esterase Patterns of Pathogenic, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis and F. oxysporum var. redolens from Africa, and Non‐Pathogenic K oxysporum from Malaysia
Authors: Ho Y. W. , Varghese G. , Taylor G. S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractProtein and esterase patterns of eleven isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis, one isolate of F. oxysporum var. redolens pathogenic to oil palm from Africa and six non‐pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum from oil palm soils in Malaysia were studied by vertical disc‐electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, to determine whether the pathogenic and saprophytic forms of F. oxysporum could be distinguished using these two methods. The protein patterns of all the isolates studied by the two methods were almost identical qualitatively and it was impossible to distinguish between the pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis and F. oxysporum var. redolens from Africa and saprophytic isolates of F. oxysporum from Malaysia. Esterase zymograms of the isolates produced by the two methods were different. Esterase zymograms produced by vertical disc‐electrophoresis showed great variations between and within the African and Malaysian isolates, but the esterase patterns produced by isoelectric focusing were almost identical qualitatively.
Histopathology of Oil Palm Seedlings Infected by, Pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Isolates from Africa
Authors: Ho Y. W. , Varghese G. , Taylor G. S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOil palm seedlings (one‐leaf stage) grown from Malaysian seed were inoculated with six African isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis and one African isolate of Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens. All the isolates induced similar symptoms and anatomical responses in the inoculated palms. The pathogen invaded the root, bulb, leaf bases and leaves in that sequence. In the root and bulb, infection resulted in plugging of xylem elements with mycelium, conidia, tyloses and gums, disintegration and plugging of phloem tissues, disintegration of plugged vascular elements forming gaps and cavities, and collapse of cortical tissues leading to the isolation of the infected vascular tissues. Formation of hypertrophic or hyperplastic cells in the xylem parenchyma was not observed. Anatomical changes in the infected leaf bases and petioles were similar to those occurring in the infected bulb; except that tyloses were formed less frequently. Generally there was no sign of the pathogen in the wilted leaf blade, but the epidermal, hypodermal and mesophyll cells appeared shrunken or to have collapsed. No hyphae or anatomical changes were observed m the tissues of symptomless inoculated palms.
Brome Mosaic Virus Infection Mimics, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Disease Symptoms in Small Grains
Authors: VON Wechmar M. B. , Rybicki E. P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPrevious studies on the occurrence of “barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) disease” in South Africa have led to the conclusion that, although this virus is present, the main causative agent of “yellow dwarf” disease in cereals appears to be the unrelated brome mosaic virus (BMV). In this study, material from South Africa, Britain and Australia that had been identified symprtomatically as being infected with BYDV, was found by serological testing to contain BMV. No BYDV could be detected in the same samples. This report discusses the hazards of relying on symptom expression for the diagnosis of a common world‐wide disease problem.
Zur Mycelcharakterisierung holzzerstörender Pilze auf der Basis von unterschiedlichen Pilzproteinen
Authors: Gellen J. , Jung J. A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstact Abstract Characterization of Wood Destroying Fungi on the Basis of different Fungus‐Proteins Isoelectric focusing proved as reliable separating method in the investigation of culture filtrate proteins of fungi. On a 5 cm separation distance can be discerned 159 protein bands within 3.75 pH units (from pH 2.15 to 5.90).In the case of Basidiomycetes focused plants of nine genera and species show characteristic band‐patterns.As identify‐typical characteristics can be considered distribution of major and minor protein‐bands, the number of bands and the pH‐range, in which the major protein focuse.There are to state genus‐ and species‐specific distinctions based on characteristic protein‐patterns.
The Association of “Pathogenesis‐related” Proteins with Viral Induced Necrosis in Nicotiana sylvestris
Authors: Sherwood J. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe association of “pathogenesis‐related” (PR) proteins with protection from superinfection, systemic acquired resistance and production of localized necrotic lesions was examined with a system using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Nicotiana sylvestris. Leaves of N. sylvestris with a mosaic from earlier inoculation with a systemically infecting strain of TMV (TMV‐C) and control plants were challenged with a necrotizing strain of TMV (TMV‐P), RNA of TMV‐P and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). TMV‐P virions produced localized necrotic lesions only in the dark green areas of the mosaic of TMV‐C infected plants. Both RNA of TMV‐P and TuMV produced localized necrotic lesions in both light green and dark green areas of the mosaic of TMV‐C infected plants. All three challenge inocula produced localized necrotic lesions in previously uninoculated plants. Six days after challenge inoculation proteins were extracted from separated dark green and light green mosaic leaf tissue, and leaf material from control plants. Proteins were separated by electrophoresis in a 5 % polyacrylamide spacer gel and 10 % polyacrylamide running gel. PR proteins were found in tissue where localized necrotic lesions were produced as a result of challenge inoculation, but not in tissue that was not superinfected. PR proteins were not found in light green or dark green mosaic leaf tissue as a result of TMV‐C inoculation. No PR proteins were evident in protein extracts from light green tissue challenged with TMV‐P, although PR proteins were produced in dark green tissue, where necrosis occurred, from the same leaves. Systemic acquired resistance (reduction in size of lesions formed by a challenge inoculation) to TuMV or RNA of TMV‐P and PR protein concentration was measured at various times in light green areas of mosaic leaves where dark green areas of the mosaic leaves had been inoculated with TMV‐P. No quantitative or temporal relationship between the onset of resistance and PR protein production was found. It is concluded that PR proteins are a result of pathogen induced necrosis and not significantly involved in the mechanism(s) of viral induced resistance.
Post harvest Spoilage of Mangoes by Penicillium cyclopium and its Control by Gamma‐Radiation and a Fungicide
Authors: Palejwala V. A. , Modi V. V. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Penicillium cyclopium has been isolated from spoiled ripe alphonso mango, Spores were found resistant up to a 500 krad dose of γ‐radiation. A 25 krad dose treatment which is normally used for the prolongation of shelf life of mangoes could not protect them against artificial or natural infection. Bavistin (2‐(methoxy carbamoyl)‐ benzimidazole) inhibited completely spore germination at a concentration of 100 mg/1. A post harvest dip of unripe mangoes into an aqueous solution of this fungicide lowered the degree of spoilage considerably.
Characterization of Virion RNAs of Southern Bean Mosaic Virus by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Sehgal O. P. , El‐Hassan S. , Murti K. G. , Hsu C. H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractElectron microscopy of denatured RNA of southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) shows two principal linear components, 0.31 ± 0.08 μm (subgenomic RNAs, MW 0.51 × 106) and 0.80 ± 0.17 μm (genomic RNA, MW 1.3 × 106 25S). Nondenatured RNA (∼ 32S) from heat‐inactivated virions measure 1.0 ± 0.20 μm (MW 1.64 × 106) but is poorly‐infectious. Upon denaturation the 325 RNA disaggregates into components of lengths typical of the genomic and subgenornic RNAs and infectivity is restored.
Growth, Sporulation and Spore Germination of Colletotrichum capsici as Influenced by Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection in Capsicum annuum L.
Authors: Bansal R. D. , Khatri H. L. , Sharma O. P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGrowth and sporulation of C. capsici were lesser in different solid and liquid media containing of virus infected leaves than in media containing extracts of healthy leaves. Spore germination and formation of appressoria in different dilutions of the extract were poor as compared to healthy leaf extracts The antimetabolite/inhibitor in TMV infected plants is water soluble.
Identification of Phytopathogenic Virus Strains by their Luminescent Properties
Authors: Trubitsyn A. G. , Reifman V. G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA quick test has been developed to identify phytopathogenic virus strains by variations in their photoluminescence parameters. When heated, the virus suspension shows a jumpwise drop or rise in fluorescence intensity caused by conformational changes in the macromolecules of the virion protein capsules. The relative value of the jump in fluorescence intensity and the temperature value at which the jump occurs are essentially strain‐specific. The minimum time needed for one test is from 15 to 20 minutes.
Lectin Binding Studies on the Cell Walls of Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.)
Authors: Ebrahim‐Nesbat F. , Hoppe H. H. , Rohringer R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWalls of uredospores, infection structures, intercellular hyphae and haustoria of the soybean rust fungus (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) were studied by electron microscopy using gold‐labeled wheat germ lectin (WGL) and Concanavalin A (ConA) as cytochemical probes. Receptors for WGL (probably chitin) were detected in all fungal walls included in this study. WGL‐binding occurred throughout the entire walls (uredospores, appressorial cone, penetration hyphae, haustorial mother cells) or only to the inner wall layers (germ tubes, appressoria, intercellular hyphae).
Plant Reactions to Inoculation of Roots with Fungi and Bacteria
Authors: Gerhardson B. , Alström S. , Rämert B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe potential of 120 isolates of fungi and bacteria from plant rhizospheres to interfere with plant development and growth was studied in greenhouse experiments. The pure cultured isolates were obtained from plant roots in the field and applied as suspensions to the roots of eight test plant species. 10–20% of the isolates caused distinct symptoms on shoots, growth retardations without other symptoms or growth promotions. Responses of treated plants ranged from death of plants soon after treatment to up to about 40% higher shoot fresh weight than in control plants. Two bacterial isolates induced strong reactions in most of the plant species tested while other isolates showed a more or less pronounced specificity by giving reactions in only some of the plant species tested.
Resistance Mechanism of Cultured Plant Cells to Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Toyoda H. , Oishi Y. , Matsuda Y. , Chatani K. , Hirai T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn somaclonal tissues obtained from systemically TMV‐infected tobacco plants, a relation between changes of TMV amounts and the callus growth was examined. The culture medium was suitable for maintaining a constant concentration of TMV as well as active callus growth. By using the shake‐culture method, somaclonal tissues were separated into two classes on the basis of callus sizes. In large callus tissues, TMV amounts were constant during subculturing but the tissues did not either grow or release the newly divided cells after the last subculture. On the other hand, smaller callus tissues grew markedly and the TMV amounts were conspicuously lowered. After shake‐subculture of smaller tissues, they were successfully regenerated to plantlets. None of the plantlets expressed any mosaic symptoms, while plantlets from the original somaclones showed severe mosaic symptoms of TMV in leaflets. Thus, the present report describes the successful production of virus‐free plantlets from infected somaclonal callus cultures.
Wachstum und Sporenbildung einer schweizerischen Rasse von Puccinia graminis tritici in vitro
Authors: Naef‐Roth S. , Kern H. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Growth and spore formation of a Swiss race of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in vitro On a medium containing Evans Pepton and yeast Extract, the rust formed aecidiospores in great number. The aecidiospores were able to infect wheat plants. On media 4–9 (Table 1) uredospores and teliospores are formed. Highest numbers of teliospores were produced on substrates with ATP, nucleotide bases, and ribose.
Mechanical Transmission, Purification and Properties of an Isolate of Maize Stripe Virus from Venezuela
Authors: Lastra R. , Carballo O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA Venezuelan isolate of maize stripe virus (MStpV) was successfully transmitted mechanically and by the leafhopper Peregrinus maidis from field infected plants to sweet cv. Iochief. After purification of maize infected with MStpV, fine spiral filamentous particles about 4 nm in diameter and with variable lengths were consistently associated with a nucleoprotein band present in CsCl or Cs2SO4 isopycnic gradients. Purified preparations exhibited a typical nucleoprotein absorption spectrum with a maximum at 260–263 nm and a minimum at 240–243 nm and a 260–280 ratio of 1.38. The density of the nucleoprotein in CsCl gradients was estimated at 1.29 g/ml. The sedimentation coefficient was calculated at 62 S. The nucleoprotein consisted of 5 % single stranded RNA and a capsid protein of molecular weight 33.500 daltons. Large quantities of non‐capsid proteins were isolated from infected tissue with a molecular weight of 17.500 and 16.500 daltons. Peregrinus maidis, injected with purified MStpV preparation failed to transmit the disease to healthy plants. However, they were infectious when injected with clarified infected plant sap. Antisera against capsid and non‐capsid proteins from MStpV‐Florida strain reacted positively with the Venezuelan antigens.
Mycoplasma‐Like Organisms in Clove Trees Affected by Sudden Death Disease in Zanzibar and Pemba
Authors: Dabek A. J. , Jones P. , Martin P. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMycoplasma‐like organisms were seen in eight of twenty trees affected by sudden death disease from the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. Vesicular bodies were also seen in the phloem of a further six affected trees but did not possess all the characteristics of mycoplasma‐like organisms. No virus‐like particles were found in any of the twenty sudden death trees examined.
An Isolate of Cucumber Mosaic Virus from Fluted Pumpkin in Nigeria
Authors: Atiri G. I. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe properties of a virus isolated from fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) was investigated. It produced symptoms in some members of the Solanaceae and Leguminosae, and was transmitted nonpersistently by the aphid, Aphis spiraecola. On the basis of these alone, it is distinct from another previously described virus, Telfairia mosaic virus, which neither caused symptoms in members of these families nor was it transmitted by insects.Furthermore, the virus in crude sap or purified preparations reacted with antiserum to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), but not with antisera to several common viruses in Nigeria. Electron microscopic examination revealed isometric particles of 29 × 1 nm in diameter. These properties confirmed that the virus is an isolate of CMV, and closely resembles the Y‐strain in causing systemic mosaic symptoms in Vigna unguiculata. From infectivity and pathogenicity tests, it is concluded that it is the main cause of mosaic disease in fluted pumpkin.
Phytotoxity and pathogenicity of Fusarium nivale towards cereal seelings
Authors: Mańka Matgorzata , Chelkowski J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractStrong phytotoxic activity towards whew seedling has been derected in culatural extracts of 12 Fusarium nivale strains.The exmined isolates have been found strong pathogens of rye. triticale and wheat seedlings. However, their phytotoxity was not corrclued with their pathogenicity.
Nucleic Acid Content in Leafblight disease of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis caused by Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire
Authors: Maitra S. , Samajpati N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe effect of Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire infection on the changes of nucleic acids of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis was studied. An increase in vocal nucleid adds (57%), DNA (44%) and RNA (150 %) in infected leaves was found. The increase in RNA content was due to an increase of all the four nucleotide contents. Guanylic acid increased significantly more than the other three nucleotides. The increase in G/C ratio was also due to an increase in guanylic acid.
Three Types of Sensitivity to Metalaxyl in Plasmopara viticola
Authors: Herzog J. , Schüepp H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe sensitivity of Plasmopara‐isolates to metalaxyl was determined by a leaf disc test. For the first time this permitted the distinction and clear characterization of not only sensitive and resistant isolates but also of isolates belonging to a third type of sensitivity, termed the reduced sensitive type.
Effect of Seed‐Borne Fusarium Species on the Physico‐Chemical Properties of Rapeseed Oil
Authors: Ashraf S. S. , Chaudhary K. C. Basu 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme and F. semitectum isolated from Brassica campestris var. dichotoma seeds were grown on autoclaved seeds and after several weeks of incubation the oil was analysed. All the three Fusarium species reduced oil content and altered its colour. The infested oil emitted mouldy odour and the refractive index increased. The free fatty acid content increased progressively. The saponification value increased but the iodine value decreased.
Effects of Infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae on Root Anatomy of Rape
Authors: Gustafsson M. , Liljeroth E. , Gunnarsson Marie , Lundborg T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe anatomy of five‐week old roots of rape (Brassica napus L.) infected by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. was studied and compared with corresponding non‐infected roots using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The club‐root gall was characterized by atypically initiated vascular strands separated by large, proliferating parenchymatic cells originating from secondary tissues and infected by the parasite. Similarities in the anatomy of the club‐root gall and storage roots of Brassica are discussed together with aspcets of the pathogen control of the host anatomy.
Ricerche sperimentali nell' Oltrepò Pavese (Valle Padana) sugli aspetti epidemiologici delle ruggini del frumento
Authors: Di Fogliani G. , Caffarri E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractExperimental researches in Oltrepò Pavese (Padana Valley), on wheat rust epidemiological aspects related to the climatic conditionsOur experimental researches began in 1976 in Oltrepò Pavese, one of the most important seedwheat growing environment in the Padana Valley.Wheat rust epidemiology, on the cv San Pastore, was studied in relation to the following climatic conditions: temperature and rain. Therefore, after having illustrated the modalities of observation and survey of the three rusts, we studied the infection behaviour on plants in field and hence the infection behaviour on the single leaves. In the end, knowing, by statistical analysis, the relations between infections and climatic parameters, it was possible to define as follows.By comparing the three rusts infections in our environment, we noted that San Pastore wheat has been more affected by Puccinia striiformis West. with maximum infection points of 26,4 % on the leaves. We noted the greater development of this infection from the fourth to the sixth observation, in correspondence with average values of T° max rising from 23,7° to 26,4°C; in the same period, precipitations varied with a daily average from 3,0 to 1,7 mm.Both P. striiformis and P. recondita Rob. ex Desm. appeared when the average of the T° max was 20,6°C, and in lack of rain. P. recondita had a development rising from the fourth to the sixth observation showing, with regard to P. striiformis, lower demands of humidity and relatively greater demands of temperature; in fact, it reached a maximum point of infection of 26,4 % on the leaves, assuming a more gradual development than P. striiformis. P. graminis Pers. appeared much later, as it needs higher T° max, followed by rains. Indeed, it appeared with average T° max of 23, 8 °C and with average daily rains of 0,4 mm, rising above all at the sixth observation with 26,4° C and 1,7 mm, respectively.So, we can affirm that the actual experimental investigations point out and confirm what has been already met by other Authors, that is: a) among the three rusts considered, P. striiformis and P. recondita show to begin their development at the same time, in climatic conditions characterized by T° max relatively mild and high environmental humidity; b) P. striiformis shows, afterwards, the highest infections percentages; c) P. graminis appeared much later reaching modest infection percentages.
Occurrence of Erysiphe cichoracearum Perithecia on Wild Lactuca Species
Authors: Lebeda A. , Buczkowski J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPerithecia of Erysiphe cichoracearum (powdery mildew) were found on several, but not all, accessions of Lactuca serriola, L. saligna, L. aculeata and L. serriola × L. sativa hybrid. Their occurrence varied between Lactuca species and different accessions of the same species. Perithecia were globular, had a mean diameter of 125.5 μm and contained an average 13–14 asci. Asci had mean dimensions of 55.0 × 26.1 μm and each contained two ascospores which measured an average 17.4 × 10.6 μm. There were however significant differences in the dimensions of spores and other structures obtained from different Lactuca accessions.