bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illness perception and its relationship to readiness to change in the eating disorders: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Stockford Katie , Turner Hannah , Cooper Myra 
Published: September 2006

Objective This study investigated the psychometric properties of a modified version of the Illness Perception Questionnaire – Revised (IPQ‐R) in individuals with eating disorders. The relationship between illness representations and stage of change was then explored.Design and method A cross‐sectional design was employed and participants were asked to complete a set of questionnaires. A subset of participants completed the IPQ‐R again after 2 weeks in order to assess test‐retest reliability. The relationship between illness representations and stage of change was explored using hierarchical multiple regression analyses.Results Sixty‐nine participants with a clinical eating disorder took part in the study. With the exception of the causal subscales, the modified version of the IPQ‐R had good internal validity and good test‐retest reliability. Consequences, treatment control and personal control as well as cyclical timeline perceptions accounted for a significant and unique amount of variance in readiness to change stage scores.Conclusions Findings suggest that this modified version of the IPQ‐R provides a reliable means of exploring illness representations in individuals with eating disorders. Given the significant relationships between illness representations and stage of change, it may be helpful to consider these aspects of illness representations when carrying out therapeutic work with this clinical population. Further research might usefully investigate the relationship between illness perceptions and clinical outcome, as well as examine what factors are important in the shift between stages of change in a longitudinal design.
Friendship quality, body dissatisfaction, dieting and disordered eating in adolescent girls
Authors: Schutz Helen K. , Paxton Susan J. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives This study examined relationships between adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, quality of same‐sex peer relationships and beliefs about thinness in interpersonal relationships, before and after controlling for depression.Design Correlations between body image, eating and friendship variables were examined before and after controlling for depressive symptoms. Top and bottom quartiles on symptom variables were identified and analyses of variance, with and without depressive symptoms entered as a covariate, were used to compare scores between groups on friendship variables.Methods Grade 10 girls (N=324) completed self‐report questionnaires.Results Consistent relationships were observed between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, and negative friendship qualities (friend alienation, friend conflict), but not positive friendship qualities (friend communication, friend trust and peer acceptance). The strength of relationships with negative friendship qualities was reduced when depressive symptoms were taken into account. High and low symptom groups differed on perceived friend concern with weight and advantages of thinness in interpersonal relationships before and after controlling for depressive symptoms.Conclusions Results suggest the importance of addressing negative aspects of peer relationships, social anxieties and beliefs about the importance of thinness in the peer environment as well as depressive symptoms, in interventions for body dissatisfaction and eating problems.
Specificity of autobiographical memory in depressed older adults and its relationship with working memory and IQ
Authors: Birch Lucy S. , Davidson Kate M. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives The study investigated whether depressed older adults retrieve fewer specific memories and more categoric memories than non‐depressed older adults on the autobiographical memory test (AMT). The second objective was to investigate the relationship between AMT performance and both working memory and intelligence quotient (IQ).Design The study was cross‐sectional, involving a single interview with each participant.Methods A group of 17 depressed participants was matched for age, gender and education with a group of 17 non‐depressed participants. All were screened for cognitive impairment. Participants completed the AMT, spatial span and letter‐number sequencing subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale III and the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading.Results The depressed group retrieved significantly fewer specific memories than the non‐depressed group, but did not differ in their categoric memory recall. Specific memory scores were positively correlated with measures of working memory, but not with IQ. Categoric memory scores were negatively correlated with measures of working memory, but not with IQ.Conclusions Depression adversely affects older adults' ability to retrieve specific memories. Working memory capacity was related to specific autobiographical memory retrieval independently of IQ. A strong relationship between AMT performance and spatial span is discussed.
Prospects for a cognitive‐developmental account of psychotic experiences
Authors: Bentall Richard P. , Fernyhough Charles , Morrison Anthony P. , Lewis Shôn , Corcoran Rhiannon 
Published: September 2006

PurposeIt has recently been recognized that psychosis represents the end‐point of abnormal developmental pathways. The neurodevelopmental framework, within which this observation has typically been interpreted, has a number of limitations, particularly its failure to take account of recent advances in our understanding of the psychology of unusual experiences, such as hallucinations and delusions. The purpose of the present review is to highlight the advantages of considering psychosis within the framework of mainstream developmental psychology. The approach we advocate integrates findings from neurodevelopmental research with research on typical cognitive and sociocognitive development and the psychology of psychotic symptoms.MethodWe review selected research on the developmental precursors of psychosis and on the role of cognitive processes in psychotic symptoms, together with relevant literature addressing the development of these processes in healthy children.ResultsDevelopmental psychology provides clues about the cognitive and sociocognitive abnormalities that may be involved in hallucinations and delusions. An integration of these findings with existing knowledge on the neurodevelopment of psychosis suggests new avenues of research for investigators working at both biological and psychological levels of explanation.ConclusionsThe literature on typical cognitive and sociocognitive development provides a rich source of hypotheses about the ontogenetic pathways leading to psychosis.
Investigating the active ingredients of cognitive behaviour therapy and counselling for patients with chronic fatigue in primary care: Developing a new process measure to assess treatment fidelity and predict outcome
Authors: Godfrey E. , Chalder T. , Ridsdale L. , Seed P. , Ogden J. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. To develop a brief measure of the therapy process and use it to examine which therapeutic ingredients were associated with outcome in a sample of patients from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) versus counselling for patients with chronic fatigue in primary care. It was hypothesized that the two therapies would be clearly distinguishable and that in terms of process variables, the therapeutic alliance would be important in predicting outcome.Design. The data for this study were collected alongside a RCT in primary care and included audiotaped therapy sessions. These tapes were assessed by two independent raters using a newly devised measure in order to evaluate therapy process and its relationship with outcome.Methods. Tapes from 71 patients participating in the RCT were assessed to form the basis of the process analysis. Outcome was self‐reported fatigue symptoms at 6 months follow‐up. Data reduction was achieved via a principal component analysis (PCA). Factors were entered into a multiple regression analysis to produce a final model of predictors of outcome.Results. The process measure showed that although the treatments could be distinguished, there was some overlap between them. The key predictor of a good fatigue outcome was emotional processing, including the expression, acknowledgement and acceptance of emotional distress.Conclusions. A new process measure was developed successfully which now warrants further testing. It was able to assess treatment adherence and unpack, and distinguish the common factor which predicted outcome across therapy modalities. The findings lend preliminary support to the view that the specific techniques associated with particular ‘brand names’ of therapy are not necessarily the ‘active ingredients’ that help patient's change within the primary care setting. Emotional processing predicted outcome for patients with chronic fatigue and therefore future research might explore this in more depth, in order to understand better how it can be facilitated.
The figure copy and recall test of the Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery: Inter‐rater reliability
Authors: Allen Lizanne , Brechin Don , Skilbeck Clive , Fox Ruth 
Published: September 2006

Objective Examined inter‐rater reliability of the scoring of the Figure Copy and Recall subtest of the Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery (AMIPB; Coughlan & Hollows, 1985).Method Figure Copy and Recall tests of 56 individuals referred for neuropsychological assessment were independently scored by three experienced neuropsychologists and the scores correlated. Detailed analysis of reasons for scoring discrepancies was carried out.Results Raters scores were highly correlated in relation to both forms of the tests. The major source of discrepancy was errors in accuracy.Conclusions Results indicate that the AMIPB manual instructions are sufficiently detailed to obtain good inter‐rater reliability when the raters are experienced clinicians. Further research using trainees or assistant psychologists is suggested.
Trial venue decisions in juvenile cases: Mitigating and extralegal factors matter
Authors: Nunez Narina , Dahl Mindy J. , Tang Connie M. , Jensen Brittney L. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This study assessed whether the characteristics of juvenile offenders and their victims affected respondents' decisions regarding whether a juvenile offender should be transferred to the adult criminal justice system.Method. Participants (N = 758) read a scenario about a juvenile accused of murder and decided whether the youth should be tried as an adult or as a juvenile. The age of the offender (11‐, 13‐ or 15‐years‐old), the sex of the offender, abuse history and victim type (neighbour or father) were varied. After indicating jurisdictional preference, participants read a series of statements (e.g. importance of punishment) and rated how important each was in their decision.Results. Significant main effects and complex interactions between defendant gender, age and abuse history were found. In general, younger defendants were more likely than older defendants to be recommended for juvenile court. Overall, juvenile offenders with a history of child abuse received less harsh verdicts. For males, a history of abuse affected decisions about trial venue and verdict both alone and in combination with other factors such as age, sex and relationship to victim. Results supported a mediational model in which extralegal and mitigating factors influenced the importance of a ‘just desserts’ orientation, which, in turn, influenced jurisdictional decisions.Conclusion. Despite a recent tendency for policymakers to pass legislation that requires more juveniles be sent to adult courts, the present study suggests that the public does not support automatic transfers to adult courts and that mitigating factors are important to their jurisdictional decisions.
Predicting institutional adjustment with the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles composite scales: Replication and extension
Authors: Walters Glenn D. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose. The principal aim of this study is to determine whether the Proactive (P) and Reactive (R) composite scales of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) are capable of predicting institutional adjustment in a group of medium security prison inmates.Method. The P and R composite scales were correlated with dichotomized and count measures of total, non‐aggressive and aggressive incident reports (IRs) received during a 2‐year period in a group of 219 male medium security US federal prisoners.Results. The R scale predicted dichotomized total, non‐aggressive, and aggressive IRs (point biserial correlations, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, classification analyses) and all three classes of count IRs (negative binomial regression) when age, education, race, marital status, confining offence, prior disciplinary record, program completion and time in the institution were controlled. The P scale, on the other hand, predicted dichotomized total (point biserial correlation, classification analysis) and non‐aggressive (point biserial correlation, ROC) IRs and the total disciplinary count when age, education, race, marital status, confining offence, prior disciplinary record, program completion and time in institution were accounted for in a negative binomial regression.Conclusion. The modest but consistent relationship observed between the R scale and subsequent disciplinary infractions suggests that R may well serve as one component of a larger assessment battery for identifying inmate's at risk for future disciplinary problems.
Interventions with arsonists and young fire setters: A survey of the national picture in England and Wales
Authors: Palmer Emma J. , Caulfield Laura S. , Hollin Clive R. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. Arson is a serious problem that has high costs in both financial and non‐financial terms. It is important that effective provision to intervene with arsonists and young fire setters is available.Method. A national survey was conducted of organizations delivering interventions to arsonists and young fire setters. This survey included fire and rescue services, probation areas, youth offending services, forensic mental health units, several government departments, and the National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders. The survey was followed by site visits to eight organizations to conduct interviews with relevant staff.Results. The majority of interventions for children and adolescents were provided by fire and rescue services, often in conjunction with local youth offending services. Some forensic mental health units provided interventions, but no specialist provision for arsonists appeared to be available in either the prison or probation services. The site visits and interviews revealed areas of good practice across the organizations visited, and highlighted areas where developments might be made to improve services.Conclusions. The findings are discussed in light of the available literature, and recommendations made for future practice.
Context matters: Alibi strength varies according to evaluator perspective
Authors: Sommers Samuel R. , Douglass Amy Bradfield 
Published: September 2006

Purpose. The nascent field of alibi evaluation research has produced interesting and inconsistent findings. We focus on a heretofore unexamined variable that may play a critical role in alibi evaluation: context. Specifically, two experiments tested the hypothesis that the same alibi can be evaluated differently when presented in the context of a police investigation vs. criminal trial.Method. In Study 1, 101 college participants evaluated an alibi in one of three contexts: police investigation, criminal trial, or a control condition devoid of specific legal context. Dependent measures included ratings of alibi strength and credibility, as well as the likelihood that the suspect was guilty. In Study 2, both context and the presence of a corroborating witness were varied in a scenario presented to 139 college participants.Results. Across studies, an alibi was rated as stronger in the police investigation vs. trial context, consistent with the prediction that the fact that a case has proceeded to trial implies to perceivers that the alibi is relatively weak. In Study 2, an alibi was deemed stronger when corroborated vs. uncorroborated, but this difference was only significant in the police investigation context.Conclusions. If alibi research is to fulfil its promise for legal and policy implications, a clearer understanding of the variables that influence alibi evaluation must be developed. The present results illustrate the importance of context in this investigation, suggesting that two researchers studying evaluations of the same alibi may arrive at different conclusions based on the simple framing of the experimental task.
Paradoxes of proof and punishment: Psychological pitfalls in judicial decision making
Authors: de Keijser Jan W. , van Koppen Peter J. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This study focuses on two psychological mechanisms that may inadvertently affect judges' decisions on proof of guilt and on punishment. It involves mechanisms that are clearly in conflict with formal judicial doctrine. One hypothesis, theconviction paradox, asserts that, faced with very serious offences, a judge's standard of proof will be lower than for less serious, but otherwise comparable, offences. A second hypothesis,compensatory punishment, asserts that in cases with relatively weak evidence, judges who nevertheless render a guilty verdict will be inclined to compensate their initial doubt on the matter of guilt by meting out a less severe sentence.Method. The hypotheses are evaluated in an experiment with Dutch judges and justices who serve in criminal courts. This was done using fictitious but highly realistic dossiers of criminal cases.Results. Neither of the two hypotheses was supported in the present study.Conclusions. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for theory development and future research in the area of legal decision making.
Children's live and videotaped testimonies: How presentation mode affects observers' perception, assessment and memory
Authors: Landström Sara , Granhag Pär Anders , Hartwig Maria 
Published: September 2006

Purpose. Children's testimonies can be presented to the court in many different formats, for example, live, videotapes, closed‐circuit television (CCTV) or transcripts. However, little is known about how different presentation formats affect the observers' processing of the testimonies. This study investigated how two different presentation modes (live vs. video) affected observers' perception, veracity assessments and memory of children's appearance and statements.Method. Fourteen children (10–11 years old) either experienced an event or learned about the event by hearsay. Two weeks later, the children testified about the event as if they had all experienced it. Mock jurors watched the children's testimonies either live (N = 68) or on video (N = 68), rated their perception of the children's statement and appearance, and assessed the children's veracity. In addition, their memory of the children's statement was examined.Results. The live observers perceived the children in more positive terms and rated the statements as being more convincing than did video observers. The observers rated the lying children as having to think harder than the truth‐telling children. Both live and video observers' ability to assess the children's veracity was mediocre. Live observers had a better subjective, as well as objective, memory of the children's statements than video observers.Conclusions. The results show that presentation mode influences both perception and memory of child witnesses' testimonies. We argue that the presentation mode is important to consider when evaluating and reforming courtroom procedures.
Offending behaviour programmes in the community: The effects on reconviction of three programmes with adult male offenders
Authors: Palmer Emma J. , McGuire James , Hounsome Juliet C. , Hatcher Ruth M. , Bilby Charlotte A. L. , Hollin Clive R. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This study presents the findings of an evaluation of the effect on reconviction of three general offending behaviour programmes in the English and Welsh Probation Service with adult male offenders.Method. The study employed a quasi‐experimental design comparing the reconviction rates of three groups: offenders who were allocated to and completed a programme, offenders allocated to a programme but failed to complete, and a comparison group.Results. The main finding from the analyses indicated that, controlling for salient population factors, the offenders who had completed a programme had a lower rate of reconviction as compared with non‐completers and comparison groups. Additionally, the non‐completers had a higher rate of reconviction than the comparison group.Conclusions. The findings are discussed in light of the extant literature and a range of explanations is presented.
Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration … or is it? An investigation of the impact of motivation and feedback on deception detection
Authors: Porter Stephen , McCabe Sean , Woodworth Michael , Peace Kristine A. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose. Although most people perform around the level of chance in making credibility judgments, some researchers have hypothesized that high motivation and the provision of accurate feedback could lead to a higher accuracy rate. This study examined the influence of these factors on judgment accuracy and whether any improvement following feedback was related to social facilitation, a gradual incorporation of successful assessment strategies, or a re‐evaluation of ‘tunnel vision’ decision‐making.Methods. Participants (N = 151) were randomly assigned to conditions according to motivation level (high/low) and feedback (accurate, inaccurate or none). They then judged the credibility of 12 videotaped speakers either lying or telling the truth about a personal experience.Results. Highly motivated observers performed less accurately (M = 46.0%), but more confidently, than those in the low‐motivation condition (M = 60.0%). Although there was no main effect of feedback, the provision of any feedback (accurate or inaccurate) served to diminish the motivational impairment effect. Further, high motivation was associated with a relatively low ‘hit’ rate and high ‘false‐alarm’ rate. This suggested that in the absence of feedback the judgments of highly motivated participants were made through tunnel vision.Conclusions. The results suggest that it is important for lie‐catchers to monitor their motivation level to ensure that over‐enthusiasm is not clouding their judgments. It may be useful for professionals engaged in deception detection to regularly discuss their judgments with colleagues as a form of feedback in order to re‐evaluate their own decision‐making strategies.