bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The TEPMA and the javelin in Pindar, Nemean vii 70–3, and Greek athletics
Authors: Lee Hugh M. 
Published: May 2006

‘O Sogenes of the Euxenid clan, I swear that I did not, having stepped up to the line, hurl forth my tongue like a bronze-cheeked javelin which sends the neck and strength of limbs without sweat from the wrestling before the limb falls in the glare of the sun.’ Nem. vii 70–3)In the passage given above, Pindar employs the image of the javelin thrower to describe the kind of poet which he is. Within the simile there occurs the participial phrase, τέρμα προβαίς, which I translate as ‘having stepped up to the line’, the line here being the one from which the athlete throws the javelin and over which he cannot step without being penalised. However, before I present my reasons for this interpretation of the phrase, it will be helpful to explain more fully the meaning of the simile.First the image itself. The poet compares himself to a javelin thrower in order to assure the audience that his pronouncements do justice to the merits of the victor. In Greek athletics the javelin throw was one of the five contests which comprised the pentathlon, the other four event being the foot race, discus, long jump, and wrestling.
Types épidauriens de miracles dans la vie de Syméon Stylite le Jeune
Authors: Festugière A. J. 
Published: May 2006

Les thèmes de folklore ont la vie dure. Chacun connaît les miracles d'Epidaure (v.gr. R. Herzog, Die Wunderbarheilungen von Epidauros, Leipzig, 1931). Or quelques uns de ces types de miracles se retrouvent dans la Vie, écrite quelque dix siècles plus tard, de Syméon Stylite le Jeune (521–592), éditée par Paul Van den Ven (Subsidia Hagiographica des Bollandistes, n° 32, 2 vol. Bruxelles, 1962 et 1970).Ch. 41 (A). En tête de la première suite de miracles, accomplis par Syméon alors qu'il est encore sur sa colonne de 40 pieds dans le ‘monastère du bas’ (entre 533 et 541, Syméon ayant de 12 à 20 ans), vient une première liste du Trois anges, qui s'étaient mis à inscrire les noms des malades guéris par Syméon (40.16 ss.), lui annoncent qu' ils vont cesser de le faire: 41.7 ss. (parce que désormais toutes choses s'accompliront, grâce à toi, par la vertu de ta parole et de ta puissance)
Sparta and the First Peloponnesian War
Authors: Holladay A. J. 
Published: May 2006

In JHS xcvii (1977) 54–63 I argued against the view that the prevalent Spartan attitude towards Athens throughout the Pentekontaetia was aggressive and that in the First Peloponnesian War Sparta was eager to engage and crush her, being prevented only by the barrier of Mt. Geraneia with its Athenian garrisons. There seemed to me to be four main difficulties in this view:(a) The Corinthians succeeded in crossing Mt. Geraneia with their local allies early in the war, even though the Athenians were already present: so why not Sparta?(b) A full Peloponnesian army was able to reach central Greece by sea after the war had been in progress for some three years, and their reluctance on that occasion to cross the northern frontier of Attica even after they had defeated the Athenians seems inexplicable on this view.
Ringing the changes on Gyges: philosophy and the formation of fiction in Plato'sRepublic
Authors: Laird Andrew 
Published: May 2006

AbstractGlaucon's story about the ring of invisibility inRepublic359d-60b is examined in order to assess the wider role of fictional fabrication in Plato's philosophical argument. The first part of the article (I) looks at the close connections this tale has to the account of Gyges in Herodotus (1.8-12). It is argued that Plato exhibits a specific dependence on Herodotus, which suggests Glaucon's story might be an original invention: the assumption that there must be a lost ‘original’ to inspire Plato's story of the ring has never accommodated the possibility of Plato drawing, perhaps quite directly, from Herodotus. The next section (II) considers the function of that fable within the larger philosophical and aesthetic structure of theRepublic. Appreciation of the entire dialogue as an exercise in fiction, as well as philosophy, helps to reveal the ways in which philosophical argument and fictional invention are closely bound up in the formation of Glaucon's fabulous anecdote. Finally (III), a reading of Cicero's treatment of the story inDe Officiisconfirms the degree to which philosophical reasoning and fiction can be quite generally interdependent. Although the arguments in Sections II and III are consistent with the opening contention that the ring story was invented by Plato, they do not presuppose it.
Aristotle on equality and market exchange
Authors: Meikle Scott 
Published: May 2006

Commercial buying and selling had replaced mutual gift giving long before Aristotle's time, and he gives fair exchange primacy over the other forms of justice in book five of the Nicomachean Ethics just because it provided philia for an activity which he knew to be more basic than any other in the life of the polis. He calls it ‘the salvation of states’, and repeats the judgement in the Politics.Yet the account of fair exchange in EN v 5 has a reputation for obscurity which ought to seem surprising. There is no agreed meaning for the formula ‘as builder to shoemaker, so many shoes to a house’ (1133a23-5, 32-3), and chapter 5 has become the poor relation in book five partly for this reason. The formula has a simple explanation, however, which has been overlooked because of a mistaken belief that inequality enters into it.
Herakles, Peisistratos and the Unconvinced
Authors: Boardman John 
Published: May 2006

Robert Cook has again placed us in his debt by two characteristic Notes in JHS cvii (1987) 167–71 which sharply dissect, scrutinise and reject some recent hotheaded theories. Of one directed against a theory that I (with others) have proposed over recent years, he writes (n. 2) ‘and I think he [Boardman] agrees with much that I say’. In this he is correct.The problem is the possibility of the political manipulation of myth in the archaic and classical periods in Athens. Cook admits some political allusions which reflect ‘results of political action [but] need not have political intent’ in the popularity of Theseus from the end of the sixth century on ‘with official encouragement it seems’.
The Fundamentals of Nigerian Foreign Policy
Authors: Stremlau John S. 
Published: May 2006

Throughout nearly twenty years of often tumultuous post-colonial history, Nigerian foreign policy has been surprisingly consistent. It may be too early to judge the capabilities and determination of the new civilian government of Alhaji Shehu Shagari, but if the past is any guide, the basic concerns of Nigerian foreign policy are not likely to change.Future decisions will probably continue to reflect the pursuit of three vital and interrelated domestic objectives: to build greater national unity by overcoming deep regional, ethnic, and religious differences; to achieve rapid economic development for a nation that, despite great oil wealth, has a per-capita income of less than $400; and to complete the process of full self-determination which has yet to encompass all sectors of the modern economy. Among the three, the quest for national integration has been of paramount concern.
Mission To Renamo: The Militarization of the Religious Right
Authors: Askin Steve 
Published: May 2006

A century ago, Cecil Rhodes told a Dutch Reformed missionary’s mother that “your son among the natives is worth as much to me as a hundred policemen.” He was referring, of course, to the role many missionaries played in turning Christianity into an ideology which could be used to convince Africans not to resist white domination.Rhodes’ modern-day successors—South Africa’s white rulers and their allies—have gone one dangerous step further. For them, it is not enough to use the church as a kind of ideological cheering section for white domination. Instead they are quite literally using pastors and missionaries as soldiers and policemen.
Subjects of Concern: Rwanda, October 1994
Authors: Reyntjens Filip 
Published: May 2006

Having recently returned from a short research trip to Rwanda (from October 15 to October 22), I want to comment on certain serious problems which threaten to weigh heavily on the immediate future of the country. I do not intend to judge the performance of the regime in power after only three months in power; it would be premature to do so, and in any case the administration lacks virtually all financial resources. Instead, I seek here only to share a few observations on the current situation.Before this trip I believed that the essential problem faced by the country was the threat of renewed warfare by the armed forces of the former government, and their associated militias, now in exile in the neighboring countries. That is still a threat.
Skeptical Notes on “Constructive Engagement”
Authors: Nolutshungu Sam C. 
Published: May 2006

But do you not think that there is safety in the other course? For here also it is necessary since you have forced us to abandon considerations of justice and are persuading us to give ear to what is in your interests, for us to tell you what is to our advantage, and if our interests happen to be the same to try to persuade you.There are many arguments advanced in support of “constructive engagement,” but the following claims are probably the most important. Apartheid is morally unacceptable. It creates difficulties in the West. It is in the interest of the West that it should come to an end with Western help. That interest coincides with that of most South Africans, except perhaps, an increasingly unrepresentative minority. Total disengagement, disinvestment, and trade boycotts are deemed impractical and unlikely, in any event, to succeed in supplanting the racist regime.
Raising Women’s Consciousness Towards Transformation in Nigeria: The Role of Literature
Authors: Okereke Grace E. 
Published: May 2006

This paper illuminates the marginalization or absenting of the female from transformational processes in Nigeria evident in male-authored works, specifically the novel. This has engendered the woman writer’s creative response to the need for consciousness raising towards female capabilities, by redefining the female as an achiever in multiple transformational spaces—cultural, social, economic, educational, political. The paper argues that literature has played and is still playing a major role in female consciousness raising towards the transformation of Nigerian society.Consciousness denotes awareness. Thus, to be conscious is to attain a state of awareness. Given that “the locus of consciousness [is] the psyche,” consciousness raising should re-educate and re-structure the psyche towards a growing awareness. Transformation connotes change in all spheres of life—the cultural, social, economic, educational, political, etc.
Inscriptions from Jerash
Authors: Jones A. H. M. 
Published: May 2006

The following inscriptions, published by permission of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and of Yale University, are all from Jerash, the ancient Gerasa, or the immediate neighbourhood. They range in date from the reign of Domitian to after that of Justinian. The language is almost always Greek; the few examples of Latin are, with one exception, memorials of members of the imperial civil service or the army. I here put the Latin inscriptions first (nos. 1–10); the Greek I have arranged as far as possible in their chronological order, leaving to the end those which I cannot date.It may save repetition to note that Gerasa employed throughout her known history the Pompeian era, which was reckoned as beginning from about October 1, 63 B.C. (Brünnow, Die Provincia Arabia, iii, 304).
A Roman Senator under Domitian and Trajan
Authors: Dessau H. 
Published: May 2006

Sir W. M. Ramsay has honoured me with a commission to publish in the Journal of Roman Studies the following fragmentary inscription which he discovered under various difficulties, in July, 1913, close to Yalowadj, the site of the ancient (originally Phrygian) Antiochia Caesarea, which belonged to the Roman province of Galatia. The text of the inscription is given on page 302; the circumstances of the discovery are thus described to me by the finder:The inscription is on a block of stone built into the pier of a bridge at the village of Gemeu, about two hours by road south-east from Yalowadj. The stone is broken on the right, complete on the other three sides. When we found the stone it was almost wholly covered by the soil of the river-bank, but a few letters of the right-hand titulus stood clear. In front of the left-hand titulus is a column which forms part of the bridge. It was very difficult to cut away the soil, as the column stands close to the letters, and after the soil was removed, it was not easy to read the letters, as one had to look at them sideways from a little distance. The letters are, fortunately, as sharp and distinct as when they were first engraved; had it not been for this, it would not have been possible to attain certainty about many of the letters in the left-hand titulus. At least one line of each titulus has been lost at the top. The missing line or lines were engraved on another stone, which stood upon this one. Part of the left-hand titulus is lost; this also must have been engraved on an adjoining block. The entire inscription, therefore, was incised on a wall of some building.
Pietas and Victoria: the Emperor and the Citizen
Authors: Charlesworth M. P. 
Published: May 2006

In dealing with so wide-ranging a subject, a remark of an American scholar, Mr. Hoey, on the intimate connection between the titles pius, felix, and invictus provides a convenient starting-point.The first observation I would make is to call your attention to the consecutive (and almost causal) connection of these adjectives : because the Emperor is pius the gods will render him felix (for felicitas is their gift to their favourites) and his felicitas is best demonstrated in his being invictus. Nearly every nation of antiquity believed and hoped that its gods would bring it success : the Roman People, with seven centuries of expansion and increasing power to look back on, were convinced that their scrupulous attention to the due performance of the proper rites had won them this success, that their pietas had secured to them victoria; if the Emperor could be termed pius felix invictus, it was because he summed up and incarnated there the Roman People.
Roman Colonisation from the Second Punic War to the Gracchi
Authors: Salmon E. T. 
Published: May 2006

The following list of the colonies planted in this period can be made (a name in italics indicates that the colony was of the Latin type):194 Puteoli, Salernum, Buxentum, Liternum, Volturnum, Sipontum, Tempsa, Croton (Livy xxxiv, 45; cf. xxxii, 29, 3). ca. 194 Pyrgi (see below, p. 28).193 Copia (Livy xxxv, 9, 7; cf. xxxiv, 53, 1).192 Vibo Valentia (Livy xxxv, 40, 5; cf. xxxiv, 53, 1).189 Bononia (Livy xxxvii, 57, 7; cf. 47, 2).184 Pisaurum, Potentia (Livy xxxix, 44, 10).183 Mutina, Parma, Saturnia (Livy xxxix, 55).181 Gravisca (Livy xl, 29, 1), Aquileia (Livy xl, 34, 2; cf. xxxix 55, 4).177 Luna (Livy xli, 13, 4).
Celtic Rock-Carvings in Northern Italy and Yorkshire
Authors: Jacobsthal P. 
Published: May 2006

Since 1932 rock-carvings have been coming to light in the Val Camonica, the valley through which the Oglio flows before debouching into the Lago d'Iseo; they were published by Marro and Battaglia and recently, thanks to the initiative of Leo Frobenius' ‘Institut für Kulturmorphologie,’ their number has been considerably increased. F. Altheim in two articles has tried to connect them with Scandinavian rock-carvings and has drawn from them weighty conclusions for the history of early Europe.I must leave it to competent scholars to check Mr. Altheim's results where Scandinavia, Pre-Italic dialects, runes, terremare and many other interesting subjects are concerned which are hors de ma vitrine. I should only like to draw attention to some pictures which are more or less closely connected with the Celts.
The Nerva Inscription in Beroea
Authors: Cormack J. M. R. 
Published: May 2006

The Nerva Inscription in Beroea still lies, where Delacoulonche first reported it, on the right hand of the entrance to the Orta Cami. During a visit to Beroea in 1936, in the company of Mr. C. F. Edson of Harvard University, I was enabled to gather some fresh information about this dedication.The slab of marble which bears the inscription is embedded in the ground on its side, so that the left half of the inscription has not been seen since the building of the Mosque, the raising of the heavy marble flags of the entrance being a formidable task without some mechanical aid. A rough-surfaced margin surrounds the smooth inscribed field. The lettering is elaborate Imperial, with many ligatures. H. 116 m. Exposed W. at top 0.53 m. Exposed W. at bottom 0.50 m.
Octavian after the Fall of Alexandria
Authors: Wilcken Ulrich 
Published: May 2006

When I received the welcome invitation to take part in this tribute to Sir Henry Stuart Jones, I realized, to my great regret, that other pressing obligations would not leave me time to prepare a paper worthy of the occasion. But, as altogether to miss this opportunity of expressing my respect and admiration would have been most distasteful, I have ventured to offer him the notes which follow, slight and modest though they are.It had long been known that in Egypt under Augustus dates were given, in accordance with age-old custom, by his regnal years; but the papyri have revealed, as I was able to show with the help of two examples in 1895, that side by side with this system there existed another method of dating by the years τῆς Καίσαρος κρατήσεως θεοῦ υἱοῦ, both systems alike reckoning from the Egyptian New Year's day in 30 B.C. ( I Thoth = 29 August).
Roman Garrisons and Soldiers in Asia Minor
Authors: Ramsay W. M. 
Published: May 2006

The following corrections and additions are required in Section III of this article (J.R.S. xviii, p. 187, the last nine lines). Any reader is requested to delete the last nine lines, and to substitute the following.The important inscription published by Buckler and Calder in J.R.S. xvi, p. 74 shows that cohors I Sugambrorum came from Moesia to Eumeneia somewhere about A.D. 130: apparently Eumeneia was the goal of this march, and vows became payable on arrival. It has elicited valuable comments from Atkinson (loc. cit.) and Ritterling (J.R.S. xvii, p. 28), who have, however, not exhausted the evidence. This coh. I Sug. quing. was intended to replace another cohort, which was moved up to the East, probably coh. I Raet.
A third-century Inscription relating to angareia in Phrygia
Authors: Frend W. H. C. 
Published: May 2006

During a brief visit to Afyon Karahisar in central Anatolia in September, 1954, my attention was drawn by Bay Süleiman Gökce, Curator of the Vilayet Museum, to a large inscription which had recently been brought to him. It had been found at Sulmenli (Eulandra ?) some nine miles away, and salvaged by local officials. Thanks to the Curator's kindness I was able to make a copy on the spot and take a squeeze and photograph. The latter was improved upon considerably by Mr. Michael Ballance, former Fellow of the British Institute at Ankara, who visited Afyon in September, 1955, at my request, with the result that many of the difficulties in reading a battered and incomplete text have been resolved.The inscription (pls. VII and VIII) had been carefully cut on a large slab of greyish-yellow marble with a moulded edge. It had been broken on the left-hand side and below. There was a hole in the right side approximately 0·64 m. from the top for a dowel about 2 cm. square in section. There were two more holes in the back, and it is clear that the inscription had been originally fixed to a wall, perhaps in the village which won the case. Height, 0·82 m.; width at widest point, 0·69 m.; thickness, 0·12 m.; letters, 1·4–1·5 cm. for the first twenty-nine lines, and thereafter approximately 1·6 cm. The greater part of the first forty-one lines have survived, the surviving portion containing between forty-eight and fifty-six letters on each line.
The Origin of Verism in Roman Portraits
Authors: Richter Gisela M. A. 
Published: May 2006

Was the verism of Roman Republican portraits due to Italic, Etruscan, Roman, Egyptian, or Greek influence? This question has been much discussed, especially of late. Of particular interest is the recent theory that late Egyptian portraits played a decisive part. In this article I want first to discuss the evidence for the various influences that have been considered potent in the creation of Roman verism, and then try from this evidence to deduce which factor, or which factors, were the most potent. I shall examine in particular the Egyptian and the Greek theories, for in these fields I may perhaps have something new to say, whereas the Italian side has been thoroughly explored.The question at issue is an important one; for, as Schweitzer has said, the birth of Republican Roman portraiture was as momentous a happening in the history of art as was the birth of individualistic representation in Greek art. The many different views that have been held regarding the origin testify to the complexity of the question. If a convincing solution could be obtained, it would clarify, I think, our whole understanding of that great phenomenon—the origin of Roman art.First I must define the word ‘verism’, which has only comparatively recently entered our archaeological vocabulary. Verism I take to mean a somewhat dry realism, a realism which shows the person portrayed as he really is, without idealizing tendencies, with wrinkles and warts and other physical defects, and also, what is more important, with an expression not of a philosopher or poet or visionary, but of what might be called a man of affairs.
Roman Private Law and the Leges Regiae
Authors: Watson Alan 
Published: May 2006

According to tradition Rome was founded by Romulus in 753 B.C. and was ruled by seven kings until the expulsion of Tarquin the Proud in 509. Later writers, particularly Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Plutarch, attribute a considerable volume of legislation to these kings, especially to Romulus, Numa Pompilius and Servius Tullius.The story of this legislation is doubted by modern scholars in two ways. First it is maintained that at such an early time law would not be created by legislation. Secondly it is claimed that law such as is described for the period could not then have existed, but is either an invention of the history writers or is the law of a later period which has been pushed back in time. The doubts are so profound that it has been said we know as good as nothing about law before the decemviri.
Tacitus: Some Sources of his Information
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: May 2006

I. When a consular turned to the writing of history he had full years of experience behind him; and the reminiscences of elderly survivors, not missed by an alert youth, carried a man nearly a century into the past. The mass of knowledge thus accruing has not always been taken into account by adepts of Quellenforschung.A senator's employment could hardly fail to affect his beliefs and opinions. It might be expected to leave traces here and there in his writings. For Cornelius Tacitus ascertainment comes against impediments: reticence all through. He even proclaimed a distaste for ‘iactantia’ when adducing his praetorship and priesthood on the occasion of the Ludi Saeculares held in 88. For occupations abroad he chose to reveal only the four years' absence from Rome not long after that season. That disclosure was likewise made in strict relevance to his theme. The command of a legion will be assumed without discomfort.