bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracorporeal Shockwave for Chronic Patellar Tendinopathy
Authors: Wang Ching-Jen , Ko Jih-Yang , Chan Yi-Sheng , Weng Lin-Hsiu , Hsu Shan-Lin 
Published: February 2007

Background Chronic patellar tendinopathy is an overuse syndrome with pathologic changes similar to tendinopathies of the shoulder, elbow, and heel. Extracorporeal shockwave was shown effective in many tendinopathies. Hypothesis Extracorporeal shockwave therapy may be more effective than conservative treatment for chronic patellar tendinopathy. Study Design Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 2. Methods This study consisted of 27 patients (30 knees) in the study group and 23 patients (24 knees) in the control group. In the study group, patients were treated with 1500 impulses of extracorporeal shockwave at 14 KV (equivalent to 0.18 mJ/mm 2 energy flux density) to the affected knee at a single session. Patients in the control group were treated with conservative treatments including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy, exercise program, and the use of a knee strap. The evaluation parameters included pain score, Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment score, and ultrasonographic examination at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and then once a year. Results At the 2- to 3-year follow-up, the overall results for the study group were 43% excellent, 47% good, 10% fair, and none poor. For the control group, the results were none excellent, 50% good, 25% fair, and 25% poor. The mean Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment scores were 42.57 ± 10.22 and 39.25 ± 10.85, respectively, before treatment (P = .129) and 92.0 ± 10.17 and 41.04 ± 10.96, respectively, after treatment (P < .001). Satisfactory results were observed in 90% of the study group versus 50% of the control group (P < .001). Recurrence of symptoms occurred in 13% of the study group and 50% of the control group (P = .014). Ultrasonographic examination showed a significant increase in the vascularity of the patellar tendon and a trend of reduction in the patellar tendon thickness after shockwave treatment compared with conservative treatments. However, no significant difference in the appearance, arrangement, and homogeneity of tendon fibers was noted between the 2 groups. There were no systemic or local complications or device-related problems. Conclusion Extracorporeal shockwave therapy appeared to be more effective and safer than traditional conservative treatments in the management of patients with chronic patellar tendinopathy.
Three-dimensional Motion Analysis of the Lumbar Spine during “Free Squat” Weight Lift Training
Authors: Walsh James C. , Quinlan John F. , Stapleton Robert , FitzPatrick David P. , McCormack Damian 
Published: February 2007

Background Heavy weight lifting using a squat bar is a commonly used athletic training exercise. Previous in vivo motion studies have concentrated on lifting of everyday objects and not on the vastly increased loads that athletes subject themselves to when performing this exercise. Hypothesis Athletes significantly alter their lumbar spinal motion when performing squat lifting at heavy weights. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Forty-eight athletes (28 men, 20 women) performed 6 lifts at 40% maximum, 4 lifts at 60% maximum, and 2 lifts at 80% maximum. The Zebris 3D motion analysis system was used to measure lumbar spine motion. Exercise was performed as a “free” squat and repeated with a weight lifting support belt. Data obtained were analyzed using SAS. Results A significant decrease (P < .05) was seen in flexion in all groups studied when lifting at 40% maximum compared with lifting at 60% and 80% of maximum lift. Flexion from calibrated 0 point ranged from 24.7° (40% group) to 6.8° (80% group). A significant increase (P < .05) was seen in extension when lifting at 40% maximum was compared with lifting at 60% and 80% maximum lift. Extension from calibrated 0 point ranged from —1.5° (40% group) to —20.3° (80% group). No statistically significant difference was found between motion seen when exercise was performed as a free squat or when lifting using a support belt in any of the groups studied. Conclusion Weight lifting using a squat bar causes athletes to significantly hyperextend their lumbar spines at heavier weights. The use of a weight lifting support belt does not significantly alter spinal motion during lifting.
Continued Sports Activity, Using a Pain-Monitoring Model, during Rehabilitation in Patients with Achilles Tendinopathy
Authors: Silbernagel Karin Grävare , Thomeé Roland , Eriksson Bengt I. , Karlsson Jon 
Published: February 2007

Background Achilles tendinopathy is a common overuse injury, especially among athletes involved in activities that include running and jumping. Often an initial period of rest from the pain-provoking activity is recommended. Purpose To prospectively evaluate if continued running and jumping during treatment with an Achilles tendon-loading strengthening program has an effect on the outcome. Study Design Randomized clinical control trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods Thirty-eight patients with Achilles tendinopathy were randomly allocated to 2 different treatment groups. The exercise training group (n = 19) was allowed, with the use of a pain-monitoring model, to continue Achilles tendon-loading activity, such as running and jumping, whereas the active rest group (n = 19) had to stop such activities during the first 6 weeks. All patients were rehabilitated according to an identical rehabilitation program. The primary outcome measures were the Swedish version of the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment—Achilles questionnaire (VISA-A-S) and the pain level during tendon-loading activity. Results No significant differences in the rate of improvements were found between the groups. Both groups showed, however, significant (P < .01) improvements, compared with baseline, on the primary outcome measure at all the evaluations. The exercise training group had a mean (standard deviation) VISA-A-S score of 57 (15.8) at baseline and 85 (12.7) at the 12-month follow-up (P < .01). The active rest group had a mean (standard deviation) VISA-A-S score of 57 (15.7) at baseline and 91 (8.2) at the 12-month follow-up (P < .01). Conclusions No negative effects could be demonstrated from continuing Achilles tendon-loading activity, such as running and jumping, with the use of a pain-monitoring model, during treatment. Our treatment protocol for patients with Achilles tendinopathy, which gradually increases the load on the Achilles tendon and calf muscle, demonstrated significant improvements. A training regimen of continued, pain-monitored, tendon-loading physical activity might therefore represent a valuable option for patients with Achilles tendinopathy.
Analysis of the Cross-Sectional Area of the Adductor Longus Tendon
Authors: Strauss Eric J. , Campbell Kirk , Bosco Joseph A. 
Published: February 2007

Background Strain injury to the adductor longus muscle is a common cause of groin pain in athletes and generally occurs in the proximal portion of the muscle, near its origin from the anterior aspect of the pubis. The composition and cross-sectional anatomy of this muscle's origin has not been previously described. Hypothesis We hypothesize that the adductor longus muscle origin is composed mainly of muscle fibers and that the tendon composes only a small part of the cross section at the origin of the muscle. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods We harvested 42 adductor longus muscles from 28 cadavers and measured the cross-sectional dimensions of the tendon with microcalipers. Next, we determined the relative contributions of the tendon and muscle fibers to the cross-sectional anatomy of the muscle using optical scanning. These 2 sets of measurements were obtained at 3 locations: at the muscle origin and 1.0 and 2.0 cm distal to the origin. Results The average length and width of the tendon was 11.6 and 3.7 mm, respectively, at the origin. The average cross-sectional areas of the tendon were 49.3, 27.9, and 25.7 mm2 at points 0.0, 1.0, and 2.0 cm from its origin, respectively. The origin of the adductor longus muscle was composed of 37.9% tendon and 62.1% muscle tissue. At 1.0 cm from the origin, the percentage of tendon decreased to 34%. At 2.0 cm from the origin, the tendon composed 26.7% of the cross section. Conclusion The cross-sectional area of the tendon of the adductor longus muscle is relatively small. The muscle origin is composed predominantly of direct attachment of muscle fibers. Clinical Relevance Knowledge of the cross-sectional anatomy of the adductor longus muscle at its origin may help clinicians better understand the complex nature of injuries in this area.
JC virus in cerebrospinal fluid samples of multiple sclerosis patients at the first demyelinating event
Authors: Alvarez-Lafuente Roberto , García-Montojo Marta , De Las Heras Virginia , Bartolomé Manuel , Arroyo Rafael 
Published: February 2007

Objective To evaluate the possible involvement of JC virus (JCV) in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), through the comparison of DNA prevalences and viral loads of JCV in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients at the first demyelinating event and subjects suffering from other neurological diseases (OND). Methods Seventy-three CSF samples (43 from MS patients at the first demyelinating event, and 30 from patients with OND) were collected; all MS cases were followed up from 1 to 6.7 years after they were diagnosed with clinically definite MS. DNA was extracted and analysed by real-time PCR for the detection of JCV genomes. Results We found JCV DNA in the CSF of two MS patients (4.7%) with a mean viral load of 2.1 and 6.7 copies/mL of CSF. Among the patients of the OND group we did not find any positive sample. We did not find any difference in the course of the disease between MS patients with and without JCV genomes in their CSF along the follow up. Conclusion JCV seems to be only a bystander in the pathology of MS, and the presence of cell-free viral particles could be related to the immunological activation of the disease, mainly during relapses. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 590-595. http://msj.sagepub.com
Patient information and coping styles in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lode K. , Larsen J.P. , Bru E. , Klevan G. , Myhr K.M. , Nyland H. 
Published: February 2007

Background Patients with multiple sclerose (MS) live with their disease for many years. The cause of the disease is unknown and there are no curative therapies. Patients' adaption to chronic disease is dependent on the effectiveness of coping behaviour. Objectives To explore the correlation between the quality of perceived disease information and to estimate the correspondance between the quality of perceived disease information and later coping styles applied by MS-patients in stress situations related to their disease. Methods Of a total of 108 patients recently diagnosed with MS, 93 agreed to participate in the study and 86 of these completed two different questionnaires, one assessing quality of the perceived information and the other asessing coping styles (the COPE scale). Results 43.2% of the patients were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with the information by the time of diagnosis. MS-related coping styles were influenced by general coping styles and the most frequently employed strategies were `positive reinterpretation and growth', `planning' and `restraint coping' while `denial' was the most infrequently employed strategy. Patients who were satisfied with the information employed avoidance coping to a lesser extent and more actively both plan and seek information about the situation. Conclusion Optimizing the information process in the early phase of the disease may induce coping styles that produce a better adaption to living with MS. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 792-799. http:// msj.sagepub.com
Effects of education level and employment status on HRQoL in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Patti F. , Pozzilli C. , Montanari E. , Pappalardo A. , Piazza L. , Levi A. , Onesti E. , Pesci I. ,   the Italian Study Group on Quality of Life in MS
Published: February 2007

Purpose To evaluate the effects of education level and employment status on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a large cohort of patients affected by relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Patients This study included 648 patients with RRMS attending 40 Italian MS centers. Inclusion criteria were an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score between 1.0 and 5.5; stable disease on enrollment; and no previous treatment with interferons, glatiramer acetate, or immunosuppressive drugs. Quality of life (QoL) was evaluated by the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 questionnaire (MSQoL-54). Results Employed patients scored significantly higher than other patient groups in the majority of MSQoL-54 domains. Similarly, patients with academic degrees and secondary education had higher scores than those with primary education (ie, eight years of education) in several domains of HRQoL. Patients who were employed with a high educational level achieved significantly better scores than unemployed patients with a lower educational level. In multivariate analysis, occupation and educational level were found to be significant and independent predictors of HRQoL. Conclusions The results of our study suggest the importance of sustaining employment after a recent diagnosis of MS. In addition, education has a great influence on HRQoL; a higher education level may determine a stronger awareness of the disease, and a better ability to cope with the challenges of a chronic disease such as MS. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 783-791. http://msj.sagepub.com
Impact of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: the Fatigue Impact Scale for Daily Use (D-FIS)
Authors: Benito-León J. , Martínez-Martín P. , Frades B. , Martínez-Ginés M.L. , de Andrés C. , Meca-Lallana J.E. , Antigüedad A.R. , Huete-Antón B. , Rodríguez-García E. , Ruiz-Martínez J. 
Published: February 2007

Objective The Fatigue Impact Scale for Daily Use (D-FIS) is an eight-item instrument designed to measure subjective daily experience of fatigue. This study sought to determine the metric properties of the D-FIS in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.Methods Sixty-eight patients with operationally-defined MS and fatigue (54.8% of the sample) underwent the D-FIS. Usual clinical measures for MS, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis (FAMS) were also applied. In addition, patients with fatigue completed the Fatigue Descriptive Scale, the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), a Visual Analogue Scale for Fatigue (VAS-F), and a Global Perception of Fatigue Scale (GPF).Results Full computable data, 95.6%; both floor and ceiling effect=1.54%; item-total correlation =0.62 (item 1) to 0.84 (item 6); Cronbach's alpha =0.91; item homogeneity =0.55; standard error of measurement =3.18; convergent validity with other fatigue measures = -0.57 (VAS-F); 0.52 (GPF); and 0.46 (MFI-general fatigue). Test-retest reliability (ICC) =0.81. There was a strong association between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (FAMS) and D-FIS (rS=0.70).Conclusions In this study, D-FIS proved to be a feasible and valid instrument for measuring MSrelated fatigue, a frequent symptom associated with deterioration of patients' HRQoL. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 645-651. http://msj.sagepub.com
Socio-cultural insights and lymphatic filariasis control – lessons from the Pacific
Authors: Wynd Shona , Durrheim David N , Carron Jaime , Selve Billy , Chaine JP , Leggat Peter A , Melrose Wayne 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Background
Sustainable and equitable health programmes require a grounded understanding of the context in which they are being implemented. This socio-cultural understanding is pivotal for effective delivery of elimination programmes. Standardised valid methods are needed for gathering authentic socio-cultural insights. The currently recommended protocol for collecting Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) related socio-cultural data, while moving in the right direction, is inadequate. To collect data which provides an understanding of local health beliefs and practices, and communities' understanding of LF, techniques must be developed that are both valid and time efficient. An approach developed in the Pacific provides a basic snapshot of socio-cultural insights which are crucial to the development of relevant and sustainable health education and elimination programmes.

Summary
The increasing interest in socio-cultural LF research presents a unique opportunity for coupling socio-cultural and bio-medical understandings of LF. To address the backlog in the socio-cultural sphere will require investment of time and effort to integrate valid qualitative approaches into current data collection methodologies.
A dynamic model of gene expression in monocytes reveals differences in immediate/early response genes between adult and neonatal cells
Authors: Lawrence Shelley , Tang Yuhong , Frank M Barton , Dozmorov Igor , Jiang Kaiyu , Chen Yanmin , Cadwell Craig , Turner Sean , Centola Michael , Jarvis James N 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNeonatal monocytes display immaturity of numerous functions compared with adult cells. Gene expression arrays provide a promising tool for elucidating mechanisms underlying neonatal immune function. We used a well-established microarray to analyze differences between LPS-stimulated human cord blood and adult monocytes to create dynamic models for interactions to elucidate observed deficiencies in neonatal immune responses.We identified 168 genes that were differentially expressed between adult and cord monocytes after 45 min incubation with LPS. Of these genes, 95% (159 of 167) were over-expressed in adult relative to cord monocytes. Differentially expressed genes could be sorted into nine groups according to their kinetics of activation. Functional modelling suggested differences between adult and cord blood in the regulation of apoptosis, a finding confirmed using annexin binding assays. We conclude that kinetic studies of gene expression reveal potentially important differences in gene expression dynamics that may provide insight into neonatal innate immunity.
Phenotypic differences between Th1 and Th17 cells and negative regulation of Th1 cell differentiation by IL-17
Authors: Nakae Susumu , Iwakura Yoichiro , Suto Hajime , Galli Stephen J 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent evidence fromseveral groups indicates that IL-17-producing Th17 cells, rather than, as once was thought, IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells, can represent the key effector cells in the induction/development of several autoimmune and allergic disorders. Although Th17 cells exhibit certain phenotypic and developmental differences from Th1 cells, the extent of the differences between these two T cell subsets is still not fully understood. We found that the expression profile of cell surface molecules on Th17 cells has more similarities to that of Th1 cells than Th2 cells. However, although certain Th1-lineage markers [i.e., IL-18 receptor α, CXCR3, and T cell Ig domain, mucin-like domain-3 (TIM-3)], but not Th2-lineage markers (i.e., T1/ST2, TIM-1, and TIM-2), were expressed on Th17 cells, the intensity of expression was different between Th17 and Th1 cells. Moreover, the expression of CTLA-1, ICOS, programmed death ligand 1, CD153, Fas, and TNF-related activation-induced cytokine was greater on Th17 cells than on Th1 cells. We found that IL-23 or IL-17 can suppress Th1 cell differentiation in the presence of exogenous IL-12 in vitro. We also confirmed that IL-12 or IFN-γ can negatively regulate Th17 cell differentiation. However, these cytokines could not modulate such effects on T cell differentiation in the absence of APC.
Mycobacteria-induced Gr-1+ subsets from distinct myeloid lineages have opposite effects on T cell expansion
Authors: Dietlin Therese A , Hofman Florence M , Lund Brett T , Gilmore Wendy , Stohlman Stephen A , Van der Veen Roel C 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSimilar to the regulation of vasodilation, the balance between NO and superoxide (O2–) regulates expansion of activated T cells in mice. Reduction of suppressive NO levels by O2– is essential for T cell expansion and development of autoimmunity. In mice primed with heat-killed Mycobacterium, a splenocyte population positive for Gr-1 (Ly-6G/C) is the exclusive source of both immunoregulatory free radicals. Distinct Gr-1+ cell subpopulations were separated according to Ly-6G expression. In culture with activated T cells, predominantly monocytic Ly-6G− Gr-1+ cells produced T cell-inhibitory NO but no O2–. However, mostly granulocytic Ly-6G+ cells produced O2– simultaneously but had no measurable effect on proliferation. Recombination of the two purified Gr-1+ subpopulations restored controlled regulation of T cell proliferation through NO and O2– interaction. Coculture of p47phox−/− and inducible NO synthase−/− Gr-1+ cells confirmed this intercellular interaction. These data suggest that bacterial products induce development of distinct Gr-1+ myeloid lineages, which upon stimulation by activated T cells, interact via their respective free radical products to modulate T cell expansion.
Competition in Service Industries
Authors: Allon Gad , Federgruen Awi 
Published: February 2007

We analyze a general market for an industry of competing service facilities. Firms differentiate themselves by their price levels and the waiting time their customers experience, as well as different attributes not determined directly through competition. Our model therefore assumes that the expected demand experienced by a given firm may depend on all of the industry’s price levels as well as a (steady-state) waiting-time standard, which each of the firms announces and commits itself to by proper adjustment of its capacity level. We focus primarily on a separable specification, which in addition is linear in the prices. (Alternative nonseparable or nonlinear specifications are discussed in the concluding section.) We define a firm’s service level as the difference between an upper-bound benchmark for the waiting-time standard (w̅) and the firm’s actual waiting-time standard. Different types of competition and the resulting equilibrium behavior may arise, depending on the industry dynamics through which the firms select their strategic choices. In one case, firms may initially select their waiting-time standards, followed by a selection of their prices in a second stage (service-level first). Alternatively, the sequence of strategic choices may be reversed (price first) or, as a third alternative, the firms may make their choices simultaneously (simultaneous competition). We model each of the service facilities as a single-server M/M/1 queueing facility, which receives a given firm-specific price for each customer served. Each firm incurs a given cost per customer served as well as cost per unit of time proportional to its adopted capacity level.