bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraocular straylight and contrast sensitivity after LASIK
Authors: MICHAEL R , OSPINO A , GIOINO J , RECANCOF A , BARRAQUER RI 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To give a review about the effect of refractive surgery on glare, intraocular straylight and contrast sensitivity and to present the results of a study at the Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer. Methods: Altogether 50 eyes of 33 patients (mean age 31 years; refractive error range 3.5 to ‐7.5 D) were treated for LASIK with Bausch & Lomb Technolas Z100 and studied pre‐op and two month post‐op. Intraocular straylight was measured with the Oculus C‐quant and contrast sensitivity with the CSV‐1000 (at 3, 6, 12, 18 cycles/degree). Results: In our study at the Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, pre‐op mean log(s) straylight parameter of 0.98 (+/‐0.06 confidence interval [CI]) did not change at two month post‐op 0.97 (+/‐0.05 CI). Only two eyes out of 50 had straylight values increased by more than 0.2 log units. There was no significant change in contrast sensitivity at all four spatial frequencies. Conclusions: This and one earlier study by Beerthuizen showed no change of the mean values of intraocular straylight at one or two month post‐op after refractive surgery, but a few cases had a more than 0.2 log units increase. Results with regard to contrast sensitivity are not consistent in the literature, with improvement or decrease depending on post‐op time, illumination level and type of refractive procedure.
Redox regulation of the proteasome in human lens epithelial cells and intact mouse lens
Authors: PETERSEN A , CARLSSON T , KARLSSON JO , ZETTERBERG M 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: This study examined the proteasome susceptibility to oxidative stress and changes in the redox system after proteasome inhibition. Results: Oxidative stress by H2O2 significantly decreased all three main peptidase activities of the proteasome, the chymotrypsin‐like, the trypsin‐like and the peptidylglutamyl peptidase activities of the proteasome in human lens epithelial cells (HLEC). Oxidatively stressed mouse lenses showed trends of decreased chymotrypsin‐like proteasome activity as well as decreased GSH‐levels.In HLEC lysate, the chymotrypsin‐like and the peptidylglutamyl peptidase activities were stimulated by GSH and all three peptidase activities were inhibited by GSSG addition.Inhibition of the proteasome in HLEC by MG‐132 and lactacystin caused increased apoptosis as revealed by Hoechst 33342 staining and caspase‐3 determination. Proteasome inhibition increased superoxide and peroxide production, depolarised the mitochondria and decreased the level of glutathione. However apoptosis could be prevented by addition of GSH. Non‐stressed HLEC exposed to GSH, did not present any change in apoptotic respons. Conclusions: The present data indicate that the protesasome may regulate apoptosis through oxidative mechanisms.
Enhanced diabetic cataract in mice lacking Cu‐Zn superoxide dismutase
Authors: OLOFSSON EM , MARKLUND SL , BEHNDIG A 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: We have previously shown that lenses from mice lacking the antioxidant enzyme copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1 null mice) develop cataract and show signs of cell damage when exposed to high levels of glucose in vitro. The superoxide radical, elevated in the SOD1 null lenses, is thought to contribute to the cataractogenesis in these lenses possibly through the reaction with nitric oxide, generating the highly toxic peroxynitrite. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus on cataract formation and oxidative stress in SOD1 null mice in vivo. Methods: SOD1 null and wild‐type mice were rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections for 5 consecutive days. Mice injected with citrate buffer were used as controls. After eight weeks of diabetes, the mice were sacrificed and the lenses removed and photographed in retro‐illumination. The cataract formation was quantified from the photographs using digital image analysis. Lens cell damage was assessed by analyzing the leakage of LDH from the lenses and markers of oxidative stress, such as glutathione (GSSG/GSH) and protein oxidation were measured in lens homogenates. The results were statistically analyzed using a general linear model. Results: There was a strong relationship between glucose levels and cataract development, especially in the SOD1 null mice (p=0.003). The lenses showing increased cell damage also developed more cataract, an effect which also was more evident in the SOD1 null lenses (p=0.002). Also, with increasing markers of oxidative damage, the lenses showed increased cataract development (p≤0.03). Conclusions: The study suggests that increased formation of superoxide radicals and derived oxidants might be the cause of diabetic cataract.
Retinal dystrophies & dysfunctions
Authors: LEROY BP 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To provide an overview of the current status of knowledge in inherited retinal dystrophies and dysfunctions. Methods: A case presentation format will be used to illustrate an overview of current insights into genotypes and phenotypes of generalised dystrophies and dysfunctions of the retina. Results: Much progress has been made in unravelling the molecular mysteries underlying generalised retinal dystrophies and dysfunctions, with a wide variety of functions attributed to proteins encoded by causative genes. Conclusions: Rapid progress is being made in the field of generalised genetic retinal disease, with the first gene therapy trial for Leber congenital amaurosis currently underway.
Misinterpretation of common ophthalmic tests
Authors: BORRUAT FX 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: In order to solve the case of a patient with a neuro‐ophthalmic disorder, paraclinical tests are frequently needed. They include evaluation of the visual fields, electroretinography, visual evoked cortical potentials to name a few.Without a careful examination of the results, the clinician might be mislead in the diagnosis and the care of the patient might be inappropriate. Methods: Illustrative cases will be presented in an interactive way. Conclusions: At the end of the session, the participant will be aware of some of the "traps" that can be avoided with a thorough examination of such test results.
Using local carboplatin in the treatment of retinoblastoma
Authors: DESJARDINS L 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Introduction: Carboplatin is one of the most active chemotherapy in the treatment of retinoblastoma. Like other chemotherapeutic agents, it has potential mutagenic effects.To avoid these mutagenic effects, local delivery of carboplatin was studied Methods: Preliminary animal studies: Concentrations of carboplatin in the vitreous in mice proved to be higher after subconjunctival injections then after intraveinous injections and to have a dose dependent effect on retinoblastoma vitreous disease (Harbour 1996, Murray 1996 and 1997, Hayden 2000 and 2004 and Yan Ke xue Bao 2004).Coulomb controlled iontophoresis was also studied in mice by Hayden. Results: Clinical results: a phase I/II study was performed by D Abramson on 13 eyes and reported in 1999: Vitreous and retinal tumor response were observed but no subretinal disease responded.Two children were treated in Curie institute ; One child with recurrent disease after external beam radiation including vitreous seeding was treated with 3 subconjunctival injections of carboplatin and iodine plaque brachytherapy . He is free of disease 9 years laterAnother child with recurrent vitreous disease after external beam radiation was treated with carboplatine iontophoresis ; no response was observedDespite good initial response late recurrences can occur; Atrophy of optic nerve and severe orbital fibrosis have been reported and because of these severe side effects the use of subconjunctival injections cannot be recommended. Conclusions: Local delivery of carboplatin may be one of the treatment modalities in the future if fibrin sealant ( Van Quill 2005 , Gorodetsky 2005)or iontophoresis delivery can achieve good concentrations of carboplatin in the eye with less orbital toxicity; further studies are needed.
Autofluorescence : additional value in clinical management of ARMD
Authors: VACLAVIK V , BIRD AC 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Autofluorescence is a noninvasive technique that allows the assessment of the viability of the RPE/photoreceptor complex. With the higher expectations of newer biological treatments in age related macular degeneration (ARMD), the assessment of the viability of retina and RPE at the beginning of treatment is a precious indication on the potential therapeutic results. Methods: We studied 79 eyes with untreated early‐stage subfoveal neovascular AMD. Autofluorescence images were compared with digital fluorescein angiography and fundus color photographs. Autofluorescence at the macula was correlated with visual acuity, angiographic lesions characteristics, lesion size and length of symptoms. Results: In 54 eyes, the autofluorescence was present, continuous at the macula and this correlated significantly with visual acuity, lesion size, length of symptoms, but not choroidal neovascularization type. Conclusions: Intact autofluorescence at the macula correlating with visual acuity confirmed the hypothesis that visual outcome is determined by maintenance of RPE function. Autofluorescence assessment may allow a better identification of patients who would benefit substantially from ARMD treatment.
(Multifocal) ERG : additional functional information in research and clinical settings
Authors: TSANG SH , SANTOS R , GREENSTEIN VC 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the relationship between areas of hyper‐ and hypofluorescence and measures of visual function in patients with macular diseases. Methods: Eight patients (8 eyes) with macular disease aged from 26‐80 yrs. were enrolled in the study. All tested eyes had best corrected visual acuities of at least 20/100 and areas of abnormal fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in the posterior pole. Retinal function was evaluated with the multifocal ERG (mfERG) VERIS system using a display of 61 hexagons. Fixation was continuously monitored. First order kernel responses were analyzed. Results: The pattern of hyperfluorescence varied with the macular findings as well as the stage of disease. For all patients, MP‐1 and HVF fields showed decreased sensitivity in locations corresponding to and adjacent to hypofluorescent (atrophic) areas. Multifocal ERG response amplitudes were decreased and sometimes delayed in the same regions. Deficits extended into areas of normal FAF. Hyperfluorescent areas adjacent to normal appearing areas had normal visual function, whereas those adjacent to atrophic areas had decreased visual function. In patients with ABCA4 related maculopathy, flecks adjacent to normal FAF had normal visual function with the MP‐1. In contrast, flecks adjacent to atrophic areas had reduced visual sensitivity. Two patients with ABCA4 dystrophies had eccentric PRLs in superior retina. Conclusions: The correlation of fundus hyperfluorescence with cone system function is related to the health of adjacent retinal pigment epithelium. There is a need to use functional techniques as well as FAF in monitoring macular disease progression.
Cellular responses to lysosomal dysfunction in RPE cells
Authors: KOPITZ J 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Several lines of evidence suggest that dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a crucial event in triggering molecular pathways contributing to clinically relevant ARMD‐changes. Such dysfunction may be induced by phagocytosis of photoreceptor‐derived compounds conveying lysosomotropic effects. We therefore analysed cellular responses of cultured RPE cells to various lysosomotropic compounds. Methods: Cultured RPE cells were treated with 9‐hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, A2E, or leupeptin. Their action on intralysosomal degradative capacities and intracellular storage was monitored and the resulting effects on secretion of undegraded material, autophagic sequestration and cytokine production were analysed. Results: When the cells were challenged by feeding with photoreceptor outer segments, all tested compounds severely impaired lysosomal degradative functions resulting in intracellular accumulation of undegraded macromolecules and formation of lipofuscin‐like material. In polarised RPE cells lysosomal dysfunction caused secretion of undegraded phagocytosis‐derived material at the basolateral side of the cell layer. Intracellular autophagic sequestration rates were strikingly reduced. Finally longterm lysosomal dysfunction caused increased production of stress‐related cytokines, including VEGF‐A. Conclusions: Basolateral secretion of undegraded material observed in polarized cells suggests that an analogous pathomechanism may also in vivo contribute to deposition of undegraded material below the RPE layer. Autophagic sequestration is considered a cellular anti‐aging mechanism, therefore impaired autophagy may add to RPE aging and degeneration. Altered cytokine production induced by lysosomal dysfunction of the RPE should be further evaluated as a pathogenic factor in ARMD.
Regulation of complement activation in ocular and vascular inflammation
Authors: SEPPO M 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe complement system keeps the body clear from invading microbes and accumulating debris. Its main regulator, factor H (FH), protects host tissues and limits excessive activation. Polymorphisms or mutations in FH and other complement proteins (C3, FB) predispose to age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and other diseases with complement‐mediated tissue damage: membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (MPGN II) and recurrent atypical hemolytic‐uremic syndrome (aHUS). AMD‐associated polymorphism in the middle part of FH influences the ability of FH to bind to C‐reactive protein (CRP). This would affect phagocytic clearance of debris (e.g. eye pigment) and cause local inflammation. Accumulation of pigment, protein aggregates and stress conditions in retinal pigment epithelial cells provide a challenge to complement‐mediated clearance. Excess cellular stress or regulatory complement disturbances sensitize tissues to complement attack and inflammation. An interplay between CRP and complement is seen also in atherosclerotic vasculitis. Loss of the ability of FH to recognize C3b molecules deposited of polyanion‐rich self structures predisposes to aHUS, where blood cells, platelets and endothelial cells, particularly in kidneys, become targets for repeated complement attacks. The pathogenetic mechanisms of these diseases are being increasingly understood, which will help in designing new therapies.
The first consultation & photophobia in anterior segment disease
Authors: HAWLINA M 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: First consultation and anterior segment diseases associated with photophobia are described.Photophobia may be caused either by ocular or neurological disorders. Methods: Principles of first consultation include differential diagnosis between ocular and neurological causes of photophobia. Detailed history for exposure to foreign bodies, allergens, systemic symptoms (e.g., arthritis) and physical exam should include a detailed ocular exam (including dilated fundoscopic and slit‐lamp exam if possible), eyelid eversion to rule out foreign bodies, fluorescein staining of the cornea to rule out abrasion, and intraocular pressure measurement is mandatory. In suspected neurological diseases, neurological workup is necessary. Results: Almost any condition of the eye may cause photophobia, including dry eye, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, keratitis, corneal dystrophies, iritis, aniridia, albinism, glaucoma, optic nerve and retinal diseases. If anterior uveitis is suspected, targeted testing may include CBC, ESR, ANA, ACE level (sarcoidosis), RPR (syphilis), PPD, chest X‐ray (TB/sarcoidosis), Lyme titers, Chlamydia cultures (Reiter's syndrome), HLA‐B27 assay, sacroiliac spine films (ankylosing spondylitis), and colonoscopy (inflammatory bowel disease). If retinal dystrophy is suspected, electrophysiology is mandatory for the diagnosis. If optic neuritis is diagnosed, an MRI of the brain and orbits is indicated to evaluate for demyelination. Other neurological reasons include migraine, meningitis and SAH. A number of drugs can also cause photophobia. Conclusions: Detailed history often gives good insight in differential diagnosis. However, differentiation between ocular and neurological disorders may be complex and should be based on detailed clinical examination and appropriate tests.
The potential of iontophoresis in introducing methotrexate and carboplatin into the eye
Authors: FRUCHT‐PERY J , PE'ER J , DOMB AJ , ELJARRAT‐BINSTOCK E 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Intraocular injections of methotrexate have been used recently in place of the systemic approach to treat intraocular lymphoma and, sometimes, intraocular inflammation. Subconjunctival/subtenon injections of carboplatin have been recently used lately in some centers to treat retinoblastoma. In the last few years we have investigated the potential of iontophoresis for introducing these two drugs into the eye. Methods: Cylindrical agar gels served as a model resembling the eye for examining the transport of carboplatin in‐vitro. In‐vivo iontophoretic studies of methotrexate and carboplatin were performed on eyes of healthy rabbits, and the levels of the drugs were measured in different parts of the eye. The iontophoretic device we have employed is a portable, easy‐to‐use (Tonopen‐like) system, operated by battery. The drugs were loaded into hydrogels of different sizes and shapes, and varying electrical currents were tested. Results: Iontophoresis increased significantly the levels of methotrexate in the various eye parts. In contrast, levels of carboplatin achieved by iontophoresis were not significantly different from our control mock iontophoresis. Conclusions: A short, low‐current, non‐invasive iontophoresis treatment using methotrexate‐loaded hydrogels has potential clinical value in treating ocular inflammatory diseases and intraocular lymphoma. In contrast, carboplatin has high passive diffusion properties from the hydrogel into the ocular tissue, and iontophoretic application has no obvious advantage over local injection or application.
PKP versus LKP: rehabilitation speed, optical performance, endothelial cell loss
Authors: KESTELYN P , CLAERHOUT I 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis presentation will provide a critical comparison between penetrating and lamellar keratoplasty as far as rehabilitation speed, optical performance, endothelial cell loss and immunological rejection rate is concerned.Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty has the advantage of retaining a stronger globe and no risk of late endothelial failure, implying patients might be able to keep their graft for the rest of their life. There is also a reduced risk of graft rejection, or at least the damage caused will not be directed towards the vital endothelial cells. This however seems to go at the expense of visual acuity and quality. High postoperative astigmatism remains an issue and interface haze ‐when dissection is not down to bare Descemets‐ limits the vision to 20/40 in some cases. The decrease in recipient endothelial cell loss mimics the physiological cell loss of non operated corneas except maybe in patients with macular dystrophy.The results of deep endothelial keratoplasty (either DLEK of DSAEK) seem very promising as far as astigmatic control is concerned as there is virtually no astigmatic change induced. Vision outcome in the largest reported series of DLEK was a vision of 20/40 or better in 49% of eyes. This compared to a percentage of respectively 62% and 87% in patients with DSEK or DSAEK. Contrary to common belief endothelial rejection can still hapen in patients undergoing deep endothelial keratoplasty. DS(A)EK seems to induce more endothelial cell loss than DLEK which is probably a direct consequence of the current taco folding techniques. New insertion devices are currently developped to minimise this increased cell loss.
Non endoscopic endonasal DCR
Authors: MAVRIKAKIS I 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: During this lecture we will describe a nonendoscopic endonasal DCR technique Methods: It is based on the principles and concepts of the endoscopic approach using standard oculoplastic equipment without the need for an endoscope. Surgical loupes and a nasal speculum are used for direct visualization of the osteotomy site. A vitrectomy light pipe through the upper canaliculus into the lacrimal sac is providing transillumination trough the thin lacrimal bone within the nose. Formation of the osteotomy is performed using a Kerrison rongeur. Results: overall success rate better than 90%. Conclusions: Nonendoscopic endonasal DCR is a safe and effective method in treating epiphora with an overall success rate better than 90%.
Endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: ELOY P 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Methods: With the advances of the endonasal endoscopic surgery, DCR performed through the nose becomes with the time a viable and highly effective alternative to the conventional DCR performed through an external approach.The optimal indication is low obstruction of the lacrimal pathway. This requires a precise preoperative assessment of the lacrimal pathway including a complete ophthalmological examination, seringing and probing of the lacrimal pathway and an imaging (dacryocystography and in some cases, a scintigraphy of the lacrimal pathway).The authors present the technique using the powered instrumentation. They emphasize the importance of the resection of the vertical part of the uncinate process and a large drilling of the frontal process of the maxilla in order to expose widely the nasolacrimal duct and the inferior part of the lacrimal sac. Stenting is not routinely necessary except when the epithelium of the canalicular system is damaged by the probing or when a high obstruction of the lacrimal pathway is associated to the low obstruction or in case of functional obstruction.A review of their results and those published in the worldwide literature is exposed. Results: With good selection of patient the success rate is around 90%.
Nasolacrimalduct interventions‐dacryocystoplasty (Ballooncatheter dilatation in pre‐and postsaccal obstructions)
Authors: WILHELM K , LACHMUND U 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To examine the clinical outcome of the ballon dilatation in stenosis and obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. Methods: Patients with epiphora and proven stenosis or radiologic short‐distance occlusions were successful treated with ballondilatation only, of the nasolacrimal duct were treated with ballon dilatation. The diagnosis was established by dacryocystography. The intervention with balloondilatation was followed by a one‐week period of additional treatment wirh antiinflammatory and antioedematous eye‐drops. Patientes were followed for clinical evaluation at 6 and 12 weeks and yearly thereafter. Results: Technical success was obtained in 90% of cases with stenosis and in 100% of cases in occlusions.. Over a mean follow‐up of 6 months patency of the nasolacrimal duct system was achieved in 83 % in stenosis and 66 % in radiologic short‐distance occlusions. Conclusions: Balloon dacryocystoplasty is a minimal‐invasive alternative, performed in local anesthesia that recover the normal anatomy of the nasolacrimal duct system. It is a good alternative in the treatment of epiphora caused by nasolacrimal duct obstructions.