bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus dendritic architectures: polyanionic and polycationic derivatives
Authors: Caminade Anne‐Marie , Turrin Cédric‐Olivier , Laurent Régis , Rebout Cyrille , Majoral Jean‐Pierre 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of phosphorus dendrimers having charges in their structure, either in the interior or as end‐groups, is briefly reviewed. The emphasis is then put on the properties and applications of these compounds in the fields of materials science and biology. In the first case, polyionic dendrimers have been used to elaborate new mesoscopically ordered hybrid materials, nanoporous materials, hydrogels, fibres, nanotubes, microcapsules and vesicles. In the second case, the low cytotoxicity measured for the positively charged dendrimers has indicated their potential as transfection agents, and as anti‐prion agents. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Interfacial structures and mechanical properties of PVC composites reinforced by CaCO3 with different particle sizes and surface treatments
Authors: Sun Shuisheng , Li Chunzhong , Zhang Ling , Du HL , Burnell‐Gray JS 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe effects of particle size and surface treatment of CaCO3 particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites filled with CaCO3 particles via a melt blending method were studied by SEM, an AG‐2000 universal material testing machine and an XJU‐2.75 Izod impact strength machine. The tensile and impact strengths of CaCO3/PVC greatly increased with decreasing CaCO3 particle size, which was attributed to increased interfacial contact area and enhanced interfacial adhesion between CaCO3 particles and PVC matrix. Titanate‐treated nano‐CaCO3/PVC composites had superior tensile and impact strengths to untreated or sodium‐stearate‐treated CaCO3/PVC composites. The impact strength of titanate‐treated nano‐CaCO3/PVC composites was 26.3 ± 1.1 kJ m−2, more than three times that of pure PVC materials. The interfacial adhesion between CaCO3 particles and PVC matrix was characterized by the interfacial interaction parameter B and the debonding angle θ, both of which were calculated from the tensile strength of CaCO3/PVC composites. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of effective poly(4‐vinylpyridine) nanocomposites: in situ polymerization from edges/surfaces and interlayer galleries of clay
Authors: Şen Sinan , Memeşa Mine , Nugay Nihan , Nugay Turgut 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPoly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP) nanocomposites have been prepared by using an in situ polymerization method in the presence of organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) clays with a quarternary salt of cocoamine containing a vinyl group, as well as trimethoxy vinyl silane. The nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The desired exfoliated nanocomposite structure was achieved when the MMT modification was conducted in the presence of both modifiers, whereas individual modifications all resulted in intercalated structures. This resultant exfoliated nanocomposite was found to have better thermal stability and dynamic mechanical performance when compared to the other nanocomposites, even with 2 % clay loading. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative structure–property relationship studies of polymeric cohesive energy by density functional theory
Authors: Yu Xinliang , Wang Xueye , Li Xiaobing , Gao Jinwei , Wang Hanlu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDensity functional theory calculations have been carried out for monomers of polymers at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. The quantum chemical descriptors of the calculated results, which are the molecular average polarizability, the most positive net atomic charge on hydrogen atoms in a molecule, the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and the molecular dipole moment, have been used to predict the cohesive energy of polymers with the structure (C1H2C2R3R4). A general quantitative structure–property relationship model, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.986 and a standard error of s = 2636 J/mol, has been built by multiple linear regression analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 409–415, 2006
Lung Function Tests in Neonates and Infants with Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy: Functional Residual Capacity
Authors: Hülskamp Georg , Pillow J. Jane , Dinger Jürgen , Stocks Janet 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis is the second paper in a review series that will summarize available data and discuss the potential role of lung function testing in infants and young children with acute neonatal respiratory disorders and chronic lung disease of infancy. The current paper addresses the expansive subject of measurements of lung volume using plethysmography and gas dilution/washout techniques. Following orientation of the reader to the subject area, we focus our comments on areas of inquiry proposed in the introductory paper to this series. The quality of the published literature is reviewed critically, and recommendations are provided to guide future investigation in this field. Measurements of lung volume are important both for assessing growth and development of lungs in health and disease, and for interpreting volume‐dependent lung function parameters such as respiratory compliance, resistance, forced expiratory flows, and indices of gas‐mixing efficiency. Acute neonatal lung disease is characterized by severely reduced functional residual capacity (FRC), with treatments aimed at securing optimal lung recruitment. While FRC may remain reduced in established chronic lung disease of infancy, more commonly it becomes normalized or even elevated due to hyperinflation, with or without gas‐trapping, secondary to airway obstruction. Ideally, accurate and reliable bedside measurements of FRC would be feasible from birth, throughout all phases of postnatal care (including assisted ventilation), and during subsequent long‐term follow‐up. Although lung volume measurements in extremely preterm infants were described in a research environment, resolution of several issues is required before such investigations can be translated into routine clinical monitoring. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of vibrational spectroscopy to study protein and DNA structure, hydration, and binding of biomolecules: A combined theoretical and experimental approach
Authors: Jalkanen K. J. , Würtz Jürgensen V. , Claussen A. , Rahim A. , Jensen G. M. , Wade R. C. , Nardi F. , Jung C. , Degtyarenko I. M. , Nieminen R. M. , Herrmann F. , Knapp‐Mohammady M. , Niehaus T. A. , Frimand K. , Suhai S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe report on our work with vibrational absorption, vibrational circular dichroism, Raman scattering, Raman optical activity, and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy to study protein and DNA structure, hydration, and the binding of ligands, drugs, pesticides, or herbicides via a combined theoretical and experimental approach. The systems we have studied systematically are the amino acids (L‐alanine, L‐tryptophan, and L‐histidine), peptides (N‐4271 acetyl L‐alanine N′‐methyl amide, N‐acetyl L‐tryptophan N′‐methyl amide, N‐acetyl L‐histidine N′‐methyl amide, L‐alanyl L‐alanine, tri‐L‐serine, N‐acetyl L‐alanine L‐proline L‐tyrosine N′‐methyl amide, Leu‐enkephalin, cyclo‐(gly‐L‐pro)3, N‐acetyl (L‐alanine)n N′‐methyl amide), 3‐methyl indole, and a variety of small molecules (dichlobenil and 2,6‐dochlorobenzamide) of relevance to the protein systems under study. We have used molecular mechanics, the SCC‐DFTB, SCC‐DFTB+disp, RHF, MP2, and DFT methodologies for the modeling studies with the goal of interpreting the experimentally measured vibrational spectra for these molecules to the greatest extent possible and to use this combined approach to understand the structure, function, and electronic properties of these molecules in their various environments. The application of these spectroscopies to biophysical and environmental assays is expanding, and therefore a thorough understanding of the phenomenon from a rigorous theoretical basis is required. In addition, we give some exciting and new preliminary results which allow us to extend our methods to even larger and more complex systems. The work presented here is the current state of the art to this ever and fast changing field of theoretical spectroscopic interpretation and use of VA, VCD, Raman, ROA, EA, and ECD spectroscopies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Solving quantum trajectories in Coulomb potential by quantum Hamilton–Jacobi theory
Authors: Yang Ciann‐Dong 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe show that the quantum central‐force problems can be modeled and solved exactly by quantum Hamilton–Jacobi formulation, from which the quantum operators $\hat{L}$z, $\hat{L}$2, and $\hat{H}$ can be derived without using the quantization principle p → ($\hbar$/i)∂/∂x. Quantum conservation laws expressed by the Poisson bracket show that the eigenvalues of these quantum operators are just equal to the constants of motion along the eigen‐trajectories defined in a complex domain. The shell structure observed in bound systems, such as the hydrogen atom, is found to stem from the structure of the quantum potential, by which the quantum forces acting on the electron can be uniquely determined, the stability of atomic configuration can be justified, and the quantum trajectories of the electron can be obtained by integrating the related quantum Lagrange equations. On solving the quantum equations of motion, the solution of the Schrödinger equation serves as the first integration of the second‐order quantum Lagrange equations. The stable equilibrium points of the derived first‐order nonlinear quantum dynamics are shown to be identical to the positions with maximum probability predicted by standard quantum mechanics. The internal mechanism of how the quantum dynamics evolve continuously to classical dynamics and of how the quantum conservation laws transit continuously to the classical conservation laws as n → ∞ are analyzed in detail. The construction of the quantum scattering trajectory by searching for an unbound solution for the Schrödinger equation is investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
The phase transition in the cluster‐scaled model of a random graph
Authors: Luczak Malwina , Łuczak Tomasz 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor 0 < p < 1 and q > 0 let Gq(n,p) denote the random graph with vertex set [n]={1,…,n} such that, for each graph G on [n] with e(G) edges and c(G) components, the probability that Gq(n,p)=G is proportional to $p^{e(G)}(1-p)^{({n \atop 2})-e(G)}q^{c(G)}$. The first systematic study of Gq(n,p) was undertaken by Bollobás, Grimmett, and Janson (Probab Theory Relat Fields 104 (1996), 283–317), who analyzed the phase transition phenomenon corresponding to the emergence of the giant component. In this paper we describe the structure of Gq(n,p) very close the critical threshold. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2006
Enhancing the damping of wind turbine rotor blades, the DAMPBLADE project
Authors: Chaviaropoulos P. K. , Politis E. S. , Lekou D. J. , Sørensen N. N. , Hansen M. H. , Bulder B. H. , Winkelaar D. , Lindenburg C. , Saravanos D. A. , Philippidis T. P. , Galiotis C. , Hansen M. O. L. , Kossivas T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA research programme enabling the development of damped wind turbine blades, having the acronym DAMPBLADE, has been supported by the EC under its 5th Framework Programme. In DAMPBLADE the following unique composite damping mechanisms were exploited aiming to increase the structural damping: tailoring of laminate damping anisotropy, damping layers and damped polymer matrices. Additional objectives of the project were the development of the missing critical analytical technologies enabling the explicit modelling of composite structural damping and a novel ‘composite blade design capacity’ enabling the direct prediction of aeroelastic stability and fatigue life; the development and characterization of damped composite materials; and the evaluation of new technology via the design and fabrication of damped prototype blades and their full‐scale laboratory testing. After 4 years of work a 19 m glass/polyester damped blade was designed, manufactured and tested using the know‐how acquired. Modal analysis of this blade at the testing facility of CRES showed a nearly 80% increase in the damping ratio of both the first flap and lag modes compared with the earlier, standard, design practice. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated printing technology as a new tool for liquid sample preparation for micro x‐ray fluorescence (MXRF)
Authors: Miller Thomasin C. , Hastings Elizabeth P. , Havrilla George J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe focus of this study was to explore automated printing technology (APT) as an alternative means to manual methods for nanoliter dried spot sample preparation of liquid samples for micro x‐ray fluorescence analysis (MXRF). APT was used successfully to dispense 20 and 50 nl volumes of multielemental standard solutions onto AP1 and Kapton film substrates. Automated droplet deposition was rapid and minimized operator skill and human error in the sample preparation process. Dried spots prepared by APT were generally circular in shape and similar in appearance to those prepared by manual dried spot deposition techniques. Furthermore, multiple dried spots could be accurately and reproducibly deposited in the same precise location on the film substrate surface, allowing for increased sample loadings within the MXRF analysis area for higher elemental sensitivity. The characteristics of the substrate did affect the quality of dried spot formation, with irregularly shaped spots forming on the thicker, more hydrophobic Kapton film, especially with higher droplet mass loadings. Adverse effects of irregular spot formation on quantitative analysis could be easily minimized by increasing the MXRF analysis area to encompass the entire dried spot residue. Nanoliter dried spot sample preparation is useful not only for MXRF analysis of liquid samples, but can also be applied to other analytical techniques such as IR, Raman or UV/fluorescence spectroscopy, the applications of which can benefit from rapid sample throughput and matrix reduction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective, Randomized, Placebo‐controlled Study of the Effect of TENS on Postthoracotomy Pain and Pulmonary Function
Authors: Erdogan Mükerrem , Erdogan Abdullah , Erbil Nazmiye , Karakaya Hanife (Kabukcu) , Demircan Abid 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe investigated the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for postthoracotomy pain control in a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. We studied two groups of patients undergoing posterolateral thoracotomy. In group 1, TENS was used postoperatively on 60 patients for 5 days. Group 2 contained 56 patients without TENS. In both groups a visual analog scale (VAS) was used to indicate if analgesia was needed. When the VAS was higher than 4, an analgesic was administered. We observed the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), the forced vital capacity (FVC), partial arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2), partial arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2), and how many doses of analgesia were given at postoperative 0 (extubation time), 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours. TENS was not employed in patients with cardiac or neurologic disease. In group 1, TENS reduced the need to administer opioids during the 5‐day postoperative period. This result is statistically significant (P = 0.013). Additionally, following the sixth postoperative hour, TENS increased the spirometric breath function. The FEV1, FVC, and PaO2 were high and PaCO2 was low when the first group is compared to the second. All these results are statistically significant (P = 0.012, P = 0.01, P = 0.024, and P = 0.02 respectively). We observed that TENS produced no evidence of side effects or intolerance in the patients of group 1. TENS is thus beneficial for pain relief following thoracotomy and has no side effects. Consequently, the routine use of TENS following thoracic surgery is recommended.
Audit of specialist registrar training in tympanomastoid surgery for chronic otitis media
Authors: Mahendran S , Bennett A M D , Jones S E M , Young B A , Prinsley P R 
Published: December 2005

Background: A prospective audit of specialist registrars' (SRs') training in tympanomastoid surgery for chronic otitis media within the Anglia Regional Training Scheme is described. This audit recorded the surgical activity of the trainees and their contribution to operative procedures, and assessed the results of the procedures. This type of systematic approach to the audit of surgical training is important in light of the current shortened training programmes and increased accountability of trainers.Objectives: The study aimed to establish the levels of exposure to, supervision of and outcome of ear operations for chronic otitis media performed by ENT trainees in the East Anglia region.Method: A prospective, region-wide, minimum otology dataset-based proforma audit was undertaken, with compulsory SR participation. Proformas were completed at the time of operation (form one) and at a minimum interval of nine months post-operatively (form two). Data on form one included hospital, supervising consultant, name and training year of SR, contribution of SR (based on England Royal College of Surgeons guidelines interpreted by the SR), pre-operative audiology average (air conduction/bone conduction over 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz), the pathology and the state of the ear at the time of surgery, and a breakdown of the procedure(s) undertaken. Form two recorded data relevant to form one as well as information regarding patient satisfaction and the operative result obtained, graded as ‘gold’ (no disease, dry ear and hearing average < 25 dB), ‘silver’ (two of these three) and ‘bronze’ (one of these three). All completed forms were analysed using Microsoft Access software.;>   Results: Completed copies of 409 form ones and 156 form twos were analysed. With advancing years, SRs' contributions to procedures increased without significant effect on the graded outcome, which appeared to be independent of SR year of training. Different regional hospitals were compared. Data collected also provided an otology training portfolio for SRs, forming part of their registrar in-training assessment (RITA).Conclusion: The East Anglia SR audit of SRs' training in tympanomastoid surgery for chronic otitis media was a powerful training tool. It demonstrated the safe progression of SR training in supervised ear surgery, with SRs' results being comparable to those for consultant-performed procedures.
The Role of the Karguzar in the Foreign Relations of State and Society of Iran from the mid-nineteenth century to 1921. Part 1: Diplomatic Relations
Authors: Martin Vanessa , Nouraei Morteza 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe foreign relations of Iran from 1800 to 1921 have on the whole been discussed in terms of diplomatic relations between states, of ‘Great Power’ policy, and of the impact of the world economy upon a comparatively weak and traditional society. A brief survey of the existing literature reveals that Iran's lack of progress has been attributed among other factors to her form of government, foreign interference and to her predicament as a buffer state between the British and Russian empires. The traditional power structures of Iran, as dominated by an absolute monarchy intent on personal interest with a concomitant lack of realism when engaging in war, was, in Ramazani's view, the origin of the country's weakness. Kazemzadeh saw the subject from the point of view of Anglo-Russian rivalry at the highest levels, and argued that both powers sought to impose hegemony on Iran by a variety of means, including, putting pressure on the Shah and chief ministers, using commercial concessions and exercising intimidation. The competition of Britain and Russia was so intense that each was determined to undermine any plan of development proposed by the other, opportunities were numerous, as, for example, in the introduction of railways. Yapp, to some extent, questioned this argument by pointing out that British interests were more complex than those of the Russians; on the one hand a stronger Iran was a more efficient buffer-state, but on the other hand it could undermine British influence in Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf. Yapp also noted that the British and Russian presence gave advantages to Iran in terms of the development of international trade, the control of internal disorder and in the imposition of regional security. Greaves saw Britain's diplomatic connections with Iran as dominated by her preoccupation with the defence of India, and believed that its attitudes to Iran were neither consistent nor strong. Issawi, in his study of economic development, also presented a more complex picture which emphasises the variety of the factors involved, and also the fluctuations in the economy over the period. He pointed out that trade did grow steadily, that the country benefited from new technology, for example the telegraph and the construction of the Suez Canal, and that it lived within its means. On the other hand, involvement in the international economy from 1890–1914 led to rapidly increasing foreign financial and political factors, which undermined the county's independence. Wright provided a different approach in that, while acknowledging the baleful effects of aspects of Anglo-Russian rivalry on Iran, he was more concerned with the experiences of a variety of ‘English’ amongst the Iranians, and thus offered a study of interaction between foreigners and Iranians at a level below that of international politics.
Fading of 5‐HT4 receptor‐mediated inotropic responses to 5‐hydroxytryptamine is caused by phosphodiesterase activity in porcine atrium
Authors: Kaumann Alberto J , Levy Finn Olav 
Published: December 2005

Inotropic responses to 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in human and porcine atrium can fade, suggesting 5‐HT4 receptor desensitization. De Maeyer et al., however, show in this issue that inhibition of phosphodiesterases with isobutyl‐methyl‐xanthine prevents fading of 5‐HT4 receptor‐mediated responses to 5‐HT and the partial agonist prucalopride in porcine atrium.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 128–130. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706501
Mitochondria: a target for cancer therapy
Authors: Armstrong Jeffrey S 
Published: December 2005

Mitochondria, the cells powerhouses, are essential for maintaining cell life, and they also play a major role in regulating cell death, which occurs upon permeabilization of their membranes. Once mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) occurs, cells die either by apoptosis or necrosis. Key factors regulating MMP include calcium, the cellular redox status (including levels of reactive oxygen species) and the mobilization and targeting to mitochondria of Bcl‐2 family members. Contemporary approaches to targeting mitochondria in cancer therapy use strategies that either modulate the action of Bcl‐2 family members at the mitochondrial outer membrane or use specific agents that target the mitochondrial inner membrane and the mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pore. The aim of this review is to describe the major mechanisms regulating MMP and to discuss, with examples, mitochondrial targeting strategies for potential use in cancer therapy.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 239–248. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706556