bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metro Santiago – Design and Construction of Shallow Tunnels
Authors: Gomes Alexandre R. A. , Pimentel Karla C. A. , Houska Michael 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn the early year 2000, the Santiago's subway network was comprised of not more than 40 km and 46 stations with only about a half of its network being underground construction, mainly cut and cover boxes. Nowadays, with the additional 17.5 km of new line extensions (Line 1 and 5), the subway network will achieve a considerable expansion reaching a total length of 104.5 km and 108 stations, with over 60 km of shallow mined tunnels and more than 70 underground stations. The construction of the new extensions of Line 1 (3.3 km) to the East and Line 5 to Maipu/West (14.2 km) have started in the beginning of 2007 and are planned to be completed in 2009. The mined tunnel sections of both lines include twelve large shallow underground stations and several intermediate ventilation and emergency exit shafts and tunnels. The present article describes some relevant aspects associated to the design and construction of shallow tunnels for the Metro Santiago and gives an insight into the current ongoing construction works of the new Line 5 extension.
Metro Istanbul – Kadıköy, an Underground Station Close to the Sea and Below a Historical Building
Authors: Ayaydin Nejad , Ekici Zafer , Walter Herbert 
Published: June 2008

AbstractOn the Asian side of Istanbul a 21.7 km long new metro system with 16 underground stations will run from the Bosphorus shipping pier Kadıköy to the suburb district Kartal in the southeast. The single track running tunnels will be constructed by means of two single shield TBM. Stations and switch tunnels are constructed with NATM. Driving at a depth of 25 to 35 m the rock is weathered and intensely fractured by tectonic processes. The area of Kadıköy station was a shallow harbor in the Ottoman time and has been filled up in the beginning of 20th century. Special care had to be taken to minimize settlements of the foundation of a historical building. In order to investigate the influence of the tunnel construction on settlements and to achieve an economic design of the primary lining at intersections a three‐dimensional time‐dependent finite element model has been developed. The Eurocode‐based design concept and numerical results are presented in some detail. The chosen design concept including a 30 cm shotcrete primary lining and additional protection by a pipe‐umbrella guaranteed a safe and economic construction and prevented damage to the historical building.
A brief cannabis‐associated problems questionnaire with less potential for bias
Authors: Lavender Jason M. , Looby Alison , Earleywine Mitch 
Published: June 2008

AbstractExisting measures of problems associated with cannabis use may contain gender‐biased items. The Cannabis‐Associated Problems Questionnaire (CAPQ), a measure of occupational, social, and psychological problems related to cannabis use, contains items that men and women may endorse differentially. Gender discrepancies in CAPQ scores may indicate true differences in overall problem severity but could also signify the presence of biased items. Additionally, a short form could improve the measure's utility. Examination of responses from a large internet sample of current cannabis users revealed five items that functioned differentially for men and women, suggesting a potential for bias. Omitting these items resulted in a shorter scale with nearly identical psychometric properties. Correlations with cannabis use indices were comparable to those of the full scale, and the effect size for the difference between men's and women's responses did not change significantly. Thus, a short form of the CAPQ could benefit cannabis research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A nonparametric decomposition of the Mexican American average wage gap
Authors: Mora Ricardo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper shows that average wage gap decompositions between any two groups of workers can be carried out using nonparametric wage structures. It also proposes an algorithm to correct for sample selection in nonparametric models known as tree structures. This paper studies the wage gap between third‐generation Mexican American and non‐Hispanic white workers in the southwest. It is shown that the decomposition heavily depends on functional assumptions, and that different aproaches to flexibility may render sufficiently good and similar results Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing for country heterogeneity in growth models using a finite mixture approach
Authors: Alfò Marco , Trovato Giovanni , Waldmann Robert J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe define a bivariate mixture model to test whether economic growth can be considered exogenous in the Solovian sense. For this purpose, the multivariate mixture approach proposed by Alfò and Trovato is applied to the Bernanke and Gürkaynak extension of the Solow model. We find that the explanatory power of the Solow growth model is enhanced, since growth rates are not statistically significantly associated with investment rates, when cross‐country heterogeneity is considered. Moreover, no sign of convergence to a single equilibrium is found. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standardized protocol to identify high‐risk patients undergoing therapeutic apheresis procedures
Authors: Lu Qun , Nedelcu Elena , Ziman Alyssa , Bumerts Pam , Fernando Leonor , Schiller Gary 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAs the scope of therapeutic apheresis (TA) expands and more procedures are requested for critically ill patients, adverse reactions (AR) associated with TA become a major concern for physicians, nurses, patients and their families. To assess the risks for ARs associated with patients' underlying diseases, we developed a preprocedure assessment tool with a set of high‐risk criteria which included: (1) unstable vital signs, (2) active nonphysiological bleeding, (3) evidence of severe bronchoconstriction, (4) severe anemia, (5) projected extracorporeal volume (ECV) >15% of total blood volume (TBV) in adults or >10% of TBV in pediatric patients, (6) pregnancy, and (7) conditions requiring continuous nursing support. A standard operating procedure with a “Request for Apheresis Procedure on High‐Risk Patient” form and protocol were developed to identify patients as high‐risk before initiation of a TA procedure. Here we report our experience in the 3‐year period following the implementation of this protocol. During this period, a total of 3,254 TA procedures were performed, 44 of which were for patients identified as high‐risk by the protocol. The incidence of overall ARs was 8% for all TA procedures and 45.5% for procedures performed for high‐risk patients. The incidence of moderate‐to‐severe ARs was 3.7% for all TA procedures and 36.4% for procedures performed for high‐risk patients. The protocol identified a group of patients with an increased risk for ARs, especially moderate‐to‐severe reactions during and/or immediately following TA. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silver‐embedded granular activated carbon as an antibacterial medium for water purification
Authors: Bandyopadhyaya Rajdip , Sivaiah M. Venkata , Shankar P. A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSilver (Ag) particle embedded granular activated carbon (GAC) was made for the first time to assess its ability in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli), a water‐borne bacterial pathogen. Ag‐GAC was made by impregnating GAC with AgNO3 and then reducing it to metallic Ag. Plate assay showed slight inhibition of E. coli, even with Ag‐GAC prepared from 0.005 mol L−1 AgNO3, but this and shake flask tests showed a conspicuous effect only for higher concentrations of 0.1–1 mol L−1 AgNO3. Flow tests further indicated that Ag‐GAC made from 1.0 mol L−1 AgNO3 caused a desirable three orders of reduction in E. coli number concentration in less than 30 s. An optimum of 9–10.5 wt% of embedded Ag in the final Ag‐GAC product was necessary for the requisite complete inhibition of E. coli, killing bacteria in the contact‐mode for up to 350 L of flowing water. These results prove that Ag‐GAC possesses antibacterial properties and can be used for disinfection to produce potable quality water. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Seabream GnRH immunoreactivity in brain and pituitary of XX and XY Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus during early development
Authors: Swapna I. , Sudhakumari C. C. , Sakai F. , Sreenivasulu G. , Kobayashi T. , Kagawa H. , Nagahama Y. , Senthilkumaran B. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSeabream gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (sbGnRH)—the chief preoptic area‐hypothalamus (POA‐H) form of GnRH in tilapia is involved in sexual maturation. In this study, we investigated the qualitative changes in ontogeny of sbGnRH immunoreactivity (ir‐), between sexes to understand its impending role during sex differentiation. For this, the differences in immunocytochemical localization of sbGnRH in genetically male (XY) and female (XX) fish were studied from 1 day after hatching (dah), through the critical period of sex differentiation (7–21 dah) to 40 dah and mature Nile tilapia. Specific antisera against sbGnRH were used for immunolocalization. SbGnRH ir‐ neurons were observed in POA‐H as early as 5 and 15 dah in XY fish and XX fish, respectively. Higher ir‐ was detected in the POA‐H of XY tilapia compared with XX population till 10 dah. There was a qualitative drop in sbGnRH ir‐ neurons/cell bodies in POA‐H around 20 dah till 30 dah in XY population compared with other durations. SbGnRH ir‐ cells were detected in pituitary of XX fish by 15 dah and in XY fish around 10 dah but seemed to drop down by 20 dah in XY whereas it continued to remain steady in XX fish. The sbGnRH ir‐ in XY fish showed a rise from 35 dah and thence till 40 dah. This study revealed subtle differences in POA‐H and pituitary sbGnRH ir‐ during early development between genetic male and female fish with possible implications in sex differentiation. J. Exp. Zool. 309A:419–426, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scanning electron microscopy of the fetal membranes of an oviparous squamate, the corn snake Pituophis guttatus (Colubridae)
Authors: Knight Siobhan M. , Blackburn Daniel G. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAlthough the fetal membranes of viviparous squamates have received much study, morphology of their homologues among oviparous reptiles is poorly understood. The scarcity of information about these membranes in egg‐laying reptiles hampers attempts to distinguish specializations for viviparity from ancestral oviparous features. We used scanning electron microscopy to examine fetal membranes of an oviparous snake (Pituophis guttatus) throughout the developmental period from oviposition to hatching. The external surface of the chorion contains broad, flattened cells that lack surface features; these cells form a continuous layer over the allantoic capillaries and offer a minimal barrier to respiratory exchange. In contrast, the surface epithelium of the omphalopleure bears elaborate surface ridges suggestive of absorptive capabilities. These ridges are prominent in the first few weeks after oviposition, but diminish thereafter. During development, the isolated yolk mass (IYM) of the omphalopleure becomes depleted, and the tissue becomes heavily vascularized by allantoic vessels. Surface features of the omphalopleure progressively take on the appearance of the chorioallantois, but the changes are not synchronous with loss of the IYM or membrane vascularization. Previous studies on viviparous snakes suggest that the chorioallantois and omphalopleure are respectively specialized for gas exchange and absorption in the intrauterine environment. Our studies of fetal membranes in P. guttatus offer evidence that cytological specializations for these functions originated under oviparous conditions, reflecting functional capacities that predate viviparity. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐energy collision‐induced fragmentation of negative ions derived from diesters of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids made with hydroxybenzoic acids
Authors: Nishshanka Upul , Attygalle Athula B. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDiesters of ortho‐hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) made with glutaric, adipic, and pimelic acids are the monomers of some potential drug candidates for aspirin patches. Collision‐induced dissociation (CID) spectra of negative ion derived from these compounds show a 120‐Da ‘neutral loss’ specific to the ortho isomers. In contrast, the anions derived from diesters of meta‐ and para‐hydroxybenzoic acids show a 138‐Da loss for an elimination of elements of hydroxybenzoic acid by a charge‐remote mechanism. Deuterium labeling studies confirmed that the hydrogen atom transferred for hydroxybenzoic acid loss originates specifically from the α position of the dicarboxylic acid moiety. Although all spectra showed a peak at m/z 137, a charge‐mediated process specific for the ortho compounds renders it the most prominent peak in the spectra of ortho compounds. Appropriate deuterium labeling experiments demonstrated that the hydrogen atom transferred for the formation of the m/z 137 ion in ortho compounds is specifically derived from the α position of the dicarboxylic acid moiety. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An algorithm for thorough background subtraction from high‐resolution LC/MS data: application to the detection of troglitazone metabolites in rat plasma, bile, and urine
Authors: Zhang Haiying , Ma Li , He Kan , Zhu Mingshe 
Published: June 2008

AbstractInterferences from biological matrices remain a major challenge to the in vivo detection of drug metabolites. For the last few decades, predicted metabolite masses and fragmentation patterns have been employed to aid in the detection of drug metabolites in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) data. Here we report the application of an accurate mass‐based background‐subtraction approach for comprehensive detection of metabolites formed in vivo using troglitazone as an example. A novel algorithm was applied to check all ions in the spectra of control scans within a specified time window around an analyte scan for potential background subtraction from that analyte spectrum. In this way, chromatographic fluctuations between control and analyte samples were dealt with, and background and matrix‐related signals could be effectively subtracted from the data of the analyte sample. Using this algorithm with a ± 1.0 min control scan time window, a ± 10 ppm mass error tolerance, and respective predose samples as controls, troglitazone metabolites were reliably identified in rat plasma and bile samples. Identified metabolites included those reported in the literature as well as some that had not previously been reported, including a novel sulfate conjugate in bile. In combination with mass defect filtering, this algorithm also allowed for identification of troglitazone metabolites in rat urine samples. With a generic data acquisition method and a simple algorithm that requires no presumptions of metabolite masses or fragmentation patterns, this high‐resolution LC/MS‐based background‐subtraction approach provides an efficient alternative for comprehensive metabolite identification in complex biological matrices. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The electrothermal macromodel of switching voltage regulators from the L4970 family
Authors: Górecki Krzysztof 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe paper concerns the problem of modelling switching voltage regulators from the L4970 family in SPICE with the phenomenon of self‐heating taken into account. The way of formulating the electrothermal macromodel of this class of circuits and its form are presented. The correctness of the formulated macromodel is verified experimentally on the example of the regulator L4975 operating in the switching stabilizer with the buck converter. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient analysis of planar microwave circuits with mixed‐order prism vector finite macroelements
Authors: Karatzidis D. I. , Yioultsis T. V. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper introduces a new concept of a mixed‐order prism macroelement, suitable for an efficient analysis of three‐dimensional planar microwave circuits, using two‐dimensional meshes and preprocessors. The mixed‐order concept used here implies arbitrary orders of variation in different directions and differs essentially from the well‐known mixed‐order approximation that is an integral part of every Whitney element. It is the existence of a related systematic theory of higher‐order vector finite elements, previously documented, that facilitates the introduction of such a concept. The second‐ and third‐order elements, derived by this approach, are successfully applied in the analysis of planar microwave circuits, rendering the application of finite element method in such problems still a favorable option. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic, structural and theoretical studies of 2‐methyl‐4‐nitroaniline (MNA) crystal. Electronic transitions in IR
Authors: Okwieka U. , Szostak M. M. , Misiaszek T. , Turowska‐Tyrk I. , Natkaniec I. , Pavlukojć A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPolarized FT‐IR, Raman, neutron scattering (IINS), and UV‐Vis‐NIR spectra of 2‐methyl‐4‐nitroaniline (MNA) crystal plates, powder, and solutions were measured in the 10–50 000 cm−1 range. The FT‐IR spectrum of deuterated MNA (DMNA) in KBr pellet, the Raman spectrum of the DMNA powder as well as the EPR spectrum of the MNA powder were also recorded. Complete assignments of bands to normal vibrations have been proposed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of wavenumbers and potential energy distribution (PED) have been performed to strengthen the assignments. The analysis of vibrational and electronic spectra has revealed vibronic couplings in MNA molecules in solutions and in crystals. In the polarized FT‐IR spectra of the crystal five unusually large bands are observed in MIR and NIR regions. Their origin is discussed in terms of NH···O, CH···O, CH···HN hydrogen bonds, intermolecular charge transfers, electrostatic interactions, and ion radicals formation in the crystal. The role of a methyl group introduction to 4‐nitroaniline is analyzed. The crystal structure of MNA at the room temperature was re‐investigated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman analysis of synthetic eritadenine
Authors: Enman Josefine , Ramser Kerstin , Rova Ulrika , Berglund Kris Arvid 
Published: June 2008

AbstractEritadenine, 2(R),3(R)‐dihydroxy‐4‐(9‐adenyl)‐butyric acid, is a cholesterol‐reducing compound naturally occurring in the shitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes). To identify the unknown Raman spectrum of this compound, pure synthetic eritadenine was examined and the vibrational modes were assigned by following the synthesis pathway. This was accomplished by comparing the known spectra of the starting compounds adenine and D‐ribose with the spectra of a synthesis intermediate, methyl 5‐(6‐Aminopurin‐9H‐9‐yl)‐2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐5‐deoxy‐β‐D‐ribofuranoside (MAIR) and eritadenine. In the Raman spectrum of eritadenine, a distinctive vibrational mode at 773 cm−1 was detected and ascribed to vibrations in the carbon chain, ν(CC). A Raman line that arose at 1212 cm−1, both in the Raman spectrum of MAIR and eritadenine, was also assigned to ν(CC). Additional Raman lines detected at 1526 and at 1583 cm−1 in the Raman spectrum of MAIR and eritadenine were assigned to ν(NC) and a deformation of the purine ring structure. In these cases the vibrational modes are due to the linkage between adenine and the ribofuranoside moiety for MAIR, and between adenine and the carbon chain for eritadenine. This link is also the cause for the disappearance of adenine specific Raman lines in the spectrum of both MAIR and eritadenine. Several vibrations observed in the spectrum of D‐ribose were not observed in the Raman spectrum of eritadenine due to the absence of the ribose ring structure. In the Raman spectrum of MAIR some of the D‐ribose specific Raman lines disappeared due to the introduction of methyl and isopropylidene moieties to the ribose unit. With the approach presented in this study the so far unknown Raman spectrum of eritadenine could be successfully identified and is presented here for the first time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensory properties of soy yoghurts prepared from yellow and black soymilk using Streptococcus infantarius 12 and Weisellia sp. 4
Authors: Chun Jiyeon , Kwon Dae‐Young , Kim Jong Sang , Kim Jeong‐Hwan 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Soy yoghurts containing enhanced bioactive isoflavone aglycones were prepared from combinations of yellow (YS) and black soymilk (BS) (YS:BS = 100:0, 70:30, 50:50 and 0:100, v/v) by fermentation with Streptococcus infantarius 12 and Weisellia sp. 4 at 37 °C for 10 h. Sensory properties of the bioactive soy yoghurts were investigated. Furthermore, other characteristics including the contents of isoflavones, viable cell numbers, pH, colour and DPPH radical scavenging activity were investigated.RESULTS: One hundred percent YS yoghurt showed the highest scores of all sensory attributes while 100% BS yoghurt was the lowest for colour and smoothness. The overall acceptability scores were 5.9 and 5.2 for 100% YS and 100% BS yoghurts, respectively (9‐point scale). The L‐values of soy yoghurts decreased as the percentage BS increased, indicating darkening of soy yoghurts. The contents of bioactive isoflavone aglycones (daidzein and genistein) in soy yoghurts remarkably increased (>1300 mg kg−1) by fermentation. Viable cell numbers and pH of soy yoghurts ranged from 8.4 × 108 to 9.6 × 108 CFU g−1 and 4.43 to 4.54, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity significantly increased as the percentage BS increased (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: One hundred percent YS yoghurt was better for overall sensory properties while 100% BS yogurt was more bioactive in terms of the isoflavone aglycone contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to other yoghurts. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Pichia membranaefaciens combined with salicylic acid on controlling brown rot in peach fruit and the mechanisms involved
Authors: Xu Xiangbin , Chan Zhulong , Xu Yong , Tian Shiping 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Fruits are usually stored at low temperature to slow physiological metabolism, maintain quality and extend storage life. However, brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola often occurs in peach fruit at low temperature, resulting in serious losses. As a promising alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides, the antagonistic yeast Pichia membranaefaciens showed a potential effect on controlling post‐harvest brown rot. To improve biocontrol efficacy of the yeast against fungal pathogen, the biocontrol efficacy of P. membranaefaciens combined with salicylic acid (SA) in inhibiting brown rot in peach fruit caused by M. fructicola was investigated.RESULTS: As compared to P. membranaefaciens used alone, the yeast combined with SA significantly reduced lesion diameter caused by M. fructicola, and increased the activities of chitinase, β‐1,3‐glucanase and peroxidase (POD), as well as enhanced the expressions of chitinase and β‐1,3‐glucanase genes in peach fruit. Moreover, SA at 2 mmol concentration did not affect yeast growth, but inhibited pathogen growth.CONCLUSION: The mechanism by which SA enhances the biocontrol efficacy of the antagonistic yeast against brown rot may be related to inducing biochemical defence responses in peach fruit, and a moderate inhibitory effect of SA on growth of M. fructicola. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry