bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of French Bread Baked from Wheat Flours of Reduced Starch Amylose Content
Authors: Park C. S. , Baik B.‐K. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTWheat genotypes of wild type, partial waxy, and waxy starch were used to determine the influence of starch amylose content on French bread making quality of wheat flour. Starch amylose content and protein content of flours were 25.0–25.4% and 14.3–16.9% for wild type; 21.2 and 14.9% for single null partial waxy; 15.4–17.1% and 13.2–17.6% for double null partial waxy; and 1.8 and 19.3% for waxy starch, respectively. Wheat flours of double null partial waxy starch produced smaller or comparable loaf volume of bread than wheat flours of wild type and single null partial waxy starch. Waxy wheat flour, despite its high protein content, generally produced smaller volume of bread with highly porous, glutinous, and weak crumb than wheat flours of wild type and partial waxy starch. French bread baked from a flour of double null partial waxy starch using the sponge‐and‐dough method maintained greater crumb moisture content for 24 hr and softer crumb texture for 48 hr of storage compared with bread baked from a flour of wild type starch. In French bread baked using the straight‐dough method, double null partial waxy wheat flours with protein content >14.3% exhibited comparable or greater moisture content of bread crumb during 48 hr of storage than wheat flours of wild type starch. While the crumb firmness of bread stored for 48 hr was >11.4 N in wheat flours of wild type starch, it was <10.6 N in single or double null partial waxy flours. Wheat flours of reduced starch amylose content could be desirable for production of French bread with better retained crumb moisture and softness during storage.
Histidine Phosphorylation Site Identification by ESI-MS: Figure 1.
Authors: Sickmann Albert , Meyer Helmut E. 
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTIONHistidine phosphate is moderately stable under alkaline conditions; however, the half-life of this phosphoamino acid under acidic conditions (pH <5) is less than 20 min. Thus, it is better to process proteins containing phosphohistidine rapidly and under alkaline conditions. The use of acidic matrices such as α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid for MALDI-MS prevents the detection of phosphohistidine. An alkaline MALDI matrix is a poor alternative because it often decreases the sensitivity of detection of phosphorylated amino acids. Surprisingly, phosphohistidine is stable under acidic conditions when stored on C18 column resins. Therefore, HPLC separation on C18 resin with an acidic solvent system combined with ESI-MS is possible.
Observational Methods Used to Assess Rat Behavior: Behavioral Patterns
Authors: Paul Carol Ann , Beltz Barbara , Berger-Sweeney Joanne 
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for quantifying observation of normal rat behaviors in a controlled environment and in a defined area. It is necessary to have precise definitions of the behaviors to be quantified and a reliable procedure for quantifying them. The observation room should be quiet, and it should be equipped for light or dark observations (rats cannot see red light so dark observations can be made using a red light). Ideally, the observer should be separated from the animal by a one-way screen. If such a screen is not available, the observer should stand or sit in a constant, unobtrusive position and make as few movements as possible.
Drosophila Embryo Dechorionation
Authors: Rothwell Wendy F. , Sullivan William 
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTIONEarly Drosophila embryos are particularly amenable to cellular analysis. However, they are protected by an outer chorion layer, as well as an impermeable and opaque vitelline membrane. Consequently, preparation of Drosophila embryos for fixed-sample analysis must include procedures for chorion removal, vitelline membrane permeabilization, fixation, and finally, vitelline membrane removal. This protocol describes a method for removing the chorion layer.
Fixation of Drosophila Embryos
Authors: Rothwell Wendy F. , Sullivan William 
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTIONA number of techniques are available for fixation of Drosophila embryos, each with their own advantages and limitations. The technique appropriate for a specific study will depend on a number of variables, including the preservation qualities of the cellular components to be examined, the position of the components within the embryos, and the probe used. Formaldehyde-based techniques are useful for preserving deep and/or cytoskeletal elements. Fixation with methanol or boiling is harsher, but both result in nearly total devitellinization of the embryos. Fixation without methanol requires devitellinization of the embryos by hand. While the most tedious, this latter method often produces the highest-quality results. It may be necessary to try all of these techniques to determine which one is the most appropriate for each new antibody or reagent.
Cutaneous Two-Stage Chemical Carcinogenesis
Authors: Filler Renata B. , Roberts Scott J. , Girardi Michael 
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTIONThe induction of cutaneous carcinogenesis in mice by topical administration of chemicals enables the local, systemic, and environmental factors that influence tumor susceptibility, growth, and progression to be studied in the laboratory. Chemical carcinogenesis in mouse skin has been used for several decades, and continues to help in the identification of important molecular and immunological pathways involved in cutaneous malignancy. This protocol describes the two-stage application of chemicals to the skin for the initiation and promotion of cutaneous tumors. In the two-stage model of induction, a single application of the chemical initiator mutagen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is followed by repeated applications of a pro-inflammatory phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA; otherwise known as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate [PMA]). Resulting tumors may develop in the form of benign papillomas that regress or progress to SCC, or SCC may arise without an apparent precursor lesion. Thus, two-stage chemical carcinogenesis provides an opportunity to monitor early and late events in cancer development and progression.
Generation of Transgenic Xenopus laevis: III. Sperm Nuclear Transplantation
Authors: Ishibashi Shoko , Kroll Kristin L. , Amaya Enrique 
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTIONManipulating genes specifically during later stages of amphibian embryonic development requires fine control over the time and place of expression. These protocols describe an efficient nuclear-transplantation-based method of transgenesis developed for Xenopus laevis. The approach enables stable expression of cloned gene products in Xenopus embryos. The procedure is based on restriction-enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) and can be divided into three parts: (I) high-speed preparation of egg extracts, (II) sperm nuclei preparation, and (III) nuclear transplantation. This protocol describes a method for the nuclear transplantation in Xenopus laevis. Permeabilized sperm nuclei are incubated briefly with linearized plasmid DNA, after which egg extract and a small amount of restriction enzyme are added. The egg extract partially decondenses the chromosomes, and the restriction enzyme stimulates recombination by creating double-strand breaks, facilitating integration of DNA into the genome. Diluted nuclei are transplanted into unfertilized eggs. Because the transgene integrates into the genome prior to fertilization, the resulting transgenic embryos are not chimeric and there is no need to breed to the next generation in order to obtain nonmosaic transgenic animals.
Acute phase proteins do not account for unmeasured anions in critical illness
Authors: Kneidinger N. , Lindner G. , Fuhrmann V. , Doberer D. , Dunkler D. , Schneeweiss B. , Funk G. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground  The increasingly recognized prognostic impact of the strong ion gap in critical illness is in contrast to its largely unknown chemical nature. Experimental and clinical evidence suggest that acute phase proteins might account for elevation of the strong ion gap. The hypothesis of this investigation was that acute phase proteins account for strong ion gap in critically ill patients.Materials and methods  The charges of the two acute phase proteins C‐reactive protein and fibrinogen were estimated by a computer model. Additionally, 142 patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit of a university hospital were studied prospectively during a six month period. Serial daily observations were recorded and classified according to the systemic inflammatory state. The acute phase proteins C‐reactive protein and fibrinogen were measured and the strong ion gap was calculated from the measured acid‐base variables.Results  The approximated mean charges of C‐reactive protein and fibrinogen at a pH of 7·4 are –4·0 and –13·6 per molecule, respectively. Therefore, their negative charge is too small to explain the elevated strong ion gap even during a substantial increase of C‐reactive protein and fibrinogen due to an acute‐phase reaction. Moreover, C‐reactive protein did not correlate with the strong ion gap when partialized for creatinine (R = 0·02, P = 0·567). Fibrinogen did not correlate with the strong ion gap. Creatinine correlated with the strong ion gap (R = 0·42, P < 0·001). Neither systemic inflammatory state nor increasing C‐reactive protein levels were associated with an increasing strong ion gap.Conclusion  Acute phase proteins do not account for an elevated strong ion gap in critically ill patients.
Arteriogenesis: basic mechanisms and therapeutic stimulation
Authors: Grundmann S. , Piek J. J. , Pasterkamp G. , Hoefer I. E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPharmacological attempts to stimulate the growth of collateral arteries (arteriogenesis) are evolving towards a new treatment option for patients with vascular occlusive diseases. This enlargement of small pre‐existing anastomoses towards large conductance arteries takes place independent of local oxygen tension and is driven by changes in luminal shear stress and infiltration of circulating cells. With the increasing knowledge regarding the distinct differences between capillary sprouting (angiogenesis) and arteriogenesis, several cytokines and growth factors have been demonstrated to stimulate the growth of arterial blood vessels in preclinical models of vascular disease. However, the translation towards clinical practice remains difficult and first in‐man trials show limited success. Intensive research especially regarding new drug delivery platforms and the potentially serious side effects of pro‐arteriogenic therapeutics is warranted before stimulation of arteriogenesis could become a significant treatment option for vascular occlusive diseases. This review focuses on the recent advances in the field of collateral artery growth. In addition, possible means to overcome the hurdles that have hampered the clinical implementation of pro‐arteriogenic therapies will be discussed.
Patterns of relatedness and parentage in an asocial, polyandrous striped hyena population
Authors: WAGNER AARON P. , CREEL SCOTT , FRANK LAURENCE G. , KALINOWSKI STEVEN T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe investigated patterns of relatedness and reproduction in a population of striped hyenas in which individuals are behaviourally solitary but form polyandrous spatial groups consisting of one adult female and multiple adult males. Group‐mate males were often close relatives, but were unrelated or distantly related in some cases, indicating that male coalitions are not strictly a result of philopatry or dispersal with cohorts of relatives. Most male–female pairs within spatial groups were unrelated or only distantly related. Considering patterns of relatedness between groups, relatedness was significantlyhigheramong adult males living in non‐neighbouring ranges than among neighbouring males. Mean relatedness among male–female dyads was highest for group‐mates, but relatedness among non‐neighbouring males and females was also significantly higher than among dyads of opposite‐sex neighbours. Female–female relatedness also increased significantly with increasing geographic separation. These unusual and unexpected patterns may reflect selection to settle in a nonadjacent manner to reduce inbreeding and/or competition among relatives for resources (both sexes), or mates (males). Finally, resident males fathered the majority of the resident female's cubs, but extra‐group paternity was likely in 31% of the cases examined, and multiple paternity was likely in half of the sampled litters.
Behavioural inbreeding avoidance in wild African elephants
Authors: ARCHIE ELIZABETH A. , HOLLISTER‐SMITH JULIE A. , POOLE JOYCE H. , LEE PHYLLIS C. , MOSS CYNTHIA J. , MALDONADO JÉSUS E. , FLEISCHER ROBERT C. , ALBERTS SUSAN C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe costs of inbreeding depression, as well as the opportunity costs of inbreeding avoidance, determine whether and which mechanisms of inbreeding avoidance evolve. In African elephants, sex‐biased dispersal does not lead to the complete separation of male and female relatives, and so individuals may experience selection to recognize kin and avoid inbreeding. However, because estrous females are rare and male–male competition for mates is intense, the opportunity costs of inbreeding avoidance may be high, particularly for males. Here we combine 28 years of behavioural and demographic data on wild elephants with genotypes from 545 adult females, adult males, and calves in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, to test the hypothesis that elephants engage in sexual behaviour and reproduction with relatives less often than expected by chance. We found support for this hypothesis: males engaged in proportionally fewer sexual behaviours and sired proportionally fewer offspring with females that were natal family members or close genetic relatives (both maternal and paternal) than they did with nonkin. We discuss the relevance of these results for understanding the evolution of inbreeding avoidance and for elephant conservation.
High prevalence of multiple paternity within fruits in natural populations of Silene latifolia, as revealed by microsatellite DNA analysis
Authors: TEIXEIRA SARA , BERNASCONI GIORGINA 
Published: September 2007

AbstractData on multiple paternity within broods has been gathered in several animal species, and comparable data in plants would be of great importance to understand the evolution of reproductive traits in a common framework. In this study, we first isolated and characterized six microsatellite loci from the dioecious plant Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). The polymorphism of the loci was assessed in 60 individual females from four different populations. Two of the investigated loci showed a pattern of inheritance consistent with X‐linkage. These microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic and therefore useful tools for parentage analysis. We then used four of the markers to determine paternity within naturally pollinated fruits in four European populations. This study revealed widespread multiple paternity in all populations investigated. The minimum number of fathers per fruit varied from one to nine, with population means ranging from 3.4 to 4.9. The number of fathers per fruit was not significantly correlated with offspring sex ratios. High prevalence of multiple paternity within fruits strongly suggest that pollen competition is likely to occur in this species. This may substantially impact male reproductive success and possibly contribute to increase female and offspring fitness, either through postpollination selection or increased genetic diversity. Wide variation in outcrossing rates may be an overlooked aspect of plant mating systems.
Menstrual versus clinical estimate of gestational age dating in the United States: temporal trends and variability in indices of perinatal outcomes
Authors: Ananth Cande V. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryAccurate estimation of gestational age early in pregnancy is paramount for obstetric care decisions and for determining fetal growth and other conditions that may necessitate timing the iatrogenic intervention or delivery. We sought to examine temporal changes in the distributions of two measures of gestational age, namely, those based on menstrual dating and a clinical estimate. We further sought to evaluate relative comparisons and variability in indices of perinatal outcomes. We utilised the Natality data files in the US, 1990–2002 comprising women that delivered a singleton livebirth between 22 and 44 weeks gestation (n = 42 689 603).Changes were shown in the distributions of gestational age based on menstrual vs. clinical estimate between 1990 and 2002, as well as changes in the proportions of preterm (<37, <32 and <28 weeks) and post‐term (≥42 weeks) birth, and small‐ (SGA; <10th percentile) and large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA; birthweight >90th percentile) births. While the absolute rates of preterm birth <37 weeks, SGA and LGA births were lower based on the clinical estimate of gestational age relative to that based on menstrual dating, the increases in preterm birth rate between 1990 and 2002 were fairly similar between the two measures of gestational dating. However, the decline in post‐term births was larger, based on the clinical estimate (−73.8%), than on the menstrual estimate (−36.6%) between 1990 and 2002. While the clinical estimate of gestational age appears to provide a reasonably good approximation to the menstrual estimate, disregarding the clinical estimate of gestational age may ignore the advantages of gestational age assessment in modern obstetrics.
Trends and differentials in higher‐birthweight infants at 28–31 weeks of gestation, by race and Hispanic origin, United States, 1990–2002
Authors: Kirmeyer Sharon E. W. , Martin Joyce A. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryBirth certificate gestational age data based on the date of the mother's last menstrual period (LMP) are considered problematic. Of particular concern are birthweight distributions for infants reported on the birth certificate as having been delivered at 28–31 weeks' gestation; these distributions have been shown to be distinctly bimodal. The ‘second curve’ of the birthweight distribution at 28–31 weeks includes implausible birthweight/gestational age combinations and, thus, has been hypothesised to represent erroneous gestational ages due to misidentification of the date of LMP. It has been suggested that such ‘misclassification’ has declined in recent years and that this change can affect trends in preterm birth rates (<37 weeks' gestation), particularly rates among non‐Hispanic black infants. This present study used primarily simple and multivariable analyses to review trends and differentials in birthweight distributions at 28–31 weeks by race and Hispanic origin of the mother. It aggregated data for the years 1990–92 and 2000–02 from the US vital statistics Natality files.Over the decade, the percentage of births in the second curve declined for all births and for each racial and Hispanic origin group studied. The largest decline was observed for non‐Hispanic blacks; the smallest for Hispanic births. Later initiation of prenatal care, younger maternal age, lower educational attainment, higher birth order and vaginal and singleton delivery were positively associated with a larger second curve, suggesting misclassification of gestational age. Declines in the second curve over the study period were suggested to contribute significantly to the observed decrease in overall preterm birth rates for non‐Hispanic black births. Further analysis is needed to estimate the influence of reporting error on preterm birth rates by race and Hispanic origin.
Effects of different data‐editing methods on trends in race‐specific preterm delivery rates, United States, 1990–2002
Authors: Qin Cheng , Dietz Patricia M. , England Lucinda J. , Martin Joyce A. , Callaghan William M. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn recent years, national vital statistics data indicate that the US preterm delivery rate has decreased among African Americans and increased among whites. These trends in preterm delivery rates may have been affected, in part, by improvements in the accuracy of gestational age reporting on birth certificates. Several data‐editing methods have been developed with the intention of reducing the percentage of records with misclassified gestational age. We explored whether three data‐editing methods yielded different trends in preterm delivery for years 1990–2002 among US non‐Hispanic white and non‐Hispanic African American singleton livebirths. Using National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) public‐use data, we assessed two published methods for editing gestational age, one by Alexander et al. and the other by Zhang and Bowes (Zhang/Bowes). We also assessed a third method that substitutes the clinical estimate (CE) of gestational age when the NCHS last menstrual period (LMP)‐based estimate differs from the CE by more than 2 weeks (the LMP/CE method). The percentage of records excluded and/or reclassified by each method was calculated for years 1990, 1996 and 2002. Gestational age‐specific birthweight distributions were plotted by race for each method. Preterm delivery rates were calculated and compared by method of editing over time.The percentage of records excluded or reclassified declined from 1990 to 2002 regardless of the method applied. For infants at 28–33 weeks' gestation using the NCHS edited data, birthweight distributions were bimodal, with the second (right‐sided) mode showing a mean birthweight consistent with that of term infants. The second mode was less pronounced using the Alexander et al. and the Zhang/Bowes methods, and was not present when the LMP/CE method was used. From 1990 to 2002, preterm delivery rates increased for non‐Hispanic whites regardless of method (range 21.3–31.3%). Preterm delivery rates increased slightly for non‐Hispanic African Americans with the LMP/CE method (1.8%), and decreased with the other methods (range 6.7–10.8%). Different approaches to editing gestational age from vital records can result in variation in preterm delivery rates and trends. Uncertainty persists around the true trends in preterm delivery, especially among African Americans. Additional research is needed to identify the approach that results in the most accurate classification of gestational age.