bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Typification of the names of two widespread Eurasian grass species: Avena pratensis L. and A. pubescens Huds. (Poaceae: Helictotrichon)
Authors: Röser Martin 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRöser, M.: Typification of the names of two widespread Eurasian grass species: Avena pratensis L. and A. pubescens Huds. (Poaceae: Helictotrichon). – Taxon 44: 395‐399. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A lectotype is designated for Avena pratensis, based on a specimen preserved at S, maintaining the current use of this name. The identity of the specimens at LINN is discussed. For A. pubescens Huds. a neotype is proposed, collected at Hudson's type locality.
Lectotypification of Asplenium lucidum Burm. f. (Aspleniaceae)
Authors: Roux J. P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRoux, J. P.: Lectotypification of Asplenium lucidum Burm. f. (Aspleniaceae). – Taxon 43: 641‐642. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The previously lectotype designation for Asplenium lucidum Burm. f. is here superseded by designation of a new lectotype specimen kept at the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Genève (G). A. lucidum thus becomes synonymous with the earlier A. adiantum‐nigrum L.
Studies on the suitability of RAPD and ISTR for identification of palm species (Arecaceae)
Authors: Anzizar Idoia , Herrera Marimar , Rohde Wolfgang , Santos Amoldo , Dowe John L. , Goikoetxea Pablo , Ritter Enrique 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAnzizar, I., Herrera, M., Rohde, W., Santos, A., Dowe, J. L., Goikoetxea, P. & Ritter, E.: Studies on the suitability of RAPD and ISTR for identification of palm species (Arecaceae). – Taxon 47: 635‐645. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.66 genotypes of species in 50 palm genera were analysed by RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) and ISTR (inverse‐sequence tagged repeat analysis). Significant numbers of polymorphic DNA fragments were generated by both techniques, which allowed identification of all individuals. Genetic similarities between the genotypes were established by cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficients. Individuals of the same genus always formed clusters, and most of the related species formed subclusters. The systematics of individuals as established by morphological, cytological and ecological considerations, however, could only be partially confirmed by the molecular studies. For the palm species considered in this study, RAPD and ISTR represent a powerful tool for genotype identification and differentiation, but they may not be useful for analysis of genetic relationships above the genus level.
Plant population biology and systematics
Authors: Schaal Barbara A. , Leverich Wesley J. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySchaal, B. A. & Leverich, W. J.: Plant population biology and systematics. ‐ Taxon 50: 679–695. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Traditionally population genetics and systematics have been separate fields, with distinct conceptual frameworks, tools, and statistics. Hennig drew a clear distinction between the reticulate genealogical relationships among individuals and populations on one hand, and the hierarchical phylogenetic relationships among divergent species or taxa on the other. For many plant species, such distinctions blur. The genetic structuring of plant populations is strongly affected by phylogenetic history, and the phylogenetic relationships among species are frequently confounded by gene migration between species. The identification of molecular markers that vary within species, as well as reductions in costs and time associated with DNA sequencing, have set the stage for a blending of the two fields. Haplotype variation at a non‐recombining locus can be historically ordered to produce a gene genealogy. Genealogical analysis coupled with the theoretical framework of coalescence theory can be used to estimate the roles of migration, founder effects and range expansion during the formation and subsequent establishment of species. Such studies hold great promise for understanding the interplay of phylogenetic history and population level process in shaping distinct evolutionary lineages.
Lectotypification and epitypification of the name Veronica multifida (Scrophulariaceae)
Authors: Martínez Montserrat , Muñoz Félix , Rico Enrique , Turland Nicholas J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMartínez, M., Muñoz, F., Rico, E. & Turland, N. J.: Lectotypification and epitypification of the name Veronica multifida (Scrophulariaceae). – Taxon 47: 437‐439. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A lectotype is designated for Veronica multifida L., the only original element that will not disrupt the current usage of the name. Since this element is demonstrably ambiguous, an epitype is also designated.
Higher‐level classification in the angiosperms: new insights from the perspective of DNA sequence data
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Fay Michael F. , Savolainen Vincent 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChase, M. W., Fay, M. F. & Savolainen, V.: Higher‐level classification in the angiosperms: new insights from the perspective of DNA sequence data. – Taxon 49: 685–704. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Higher‐level classification of the angiosperms has recently been addressed with large amounts of DNA sequence data, and this wealth of information now facilitates a wide range of other studies as well. An overview is presented of how both the branching pattern and amount of divergence, both morphological and molecular, can be applied to familial and ordinal classification. Angiosperm families have been classified as easily with DNA sequence data as they had been previously with morphological characteristics and represent evolutionary units held together by aspects of genomic organisation developed over long periods of time. Radiations that produced extant lineages (families) only became successful (as measured by taxon‐richness) after more of the genomes of these plants were recruited into highly canalised syndromes of characteristics. Thus, single evolutionary novelties are less important in the context of the long histories of these families than is otherwise generally held for recent species/generic radiations. After monophyly, the secondary principles of maximising both information content and support led to the incorporation of divergence into classification. Using DNA patterns as a general meter of overall genetic divergence provides another means of evaluating family delimitation in groups that are not apparently as morphologically cohesive as most, although circumscribing families based on such patterns will inevitably lead to taxa that cannot be readily identified in the field. Nonetheless, in the interests of providing other researchers with a multi‐purpose classification, the delimitation of some highly heterogeneous taxa is inevitable.
A re‐evaluation of the generic status of Amphithalea and Coelidium (Fabaceae)
Authors: Schutte Anne Lise 
Published: April 2006

SummarySchutte, A. L.: A re‐evaluation of the generic status of Amphithalea and Coelidium (Fabaceae). ‐ Taxon 47: 55–65. 1998. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The generic distinctness of Amphithalea and Coelidium (Fabaceae) is reappraised. The fusion of the stamens, diadelphous in Amphithalea and monadelphous in Coelidium, has been used as the only character to differentiate between the two genera. A cladistic analysis of 16 morphological and one alkaloidal characters indicates that they both, taken together, are monophyletic, but that Amphithalea by itself is paraphyletic, Coelidium being nested in it. Coelidium is therefore reduced to synonymy under Amphithalea, and the necessary nomenclatural changes are made.
Campylium (Musci, Amblystegiaceae), a name typified by Pfeiffer
Authors: Isoviita Pekka , Hedenäs Lars 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIsoviita, P. & Hedenäs, L.: Campylium (Musci, Amblystegiaceae), a name typified by Pfeiffer. – Taxon 46: 315‐318. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The moss genus Campylium is heterogeneous. An early type designation by Pfeiffer had been overlooked. Arguments for and against possible conservation of the name with the traditional type, C. hispidulum, are assessed. In the light of new taxonomic evidence, adoption of the type designated by Pfeiffer, C. stellatum, is recommended. In this way, that well‐known species name and the phytosociological designations based on it will remain unaltered, whereas C. hispidulum must be transferred to the genus Campylophyllum, which is closely related to some species of Hypnum.
Autofluorescent walls of connective bases in anthers of Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae), and systematic implications
Authors: Pesacreta Thomas C. , Stuessy Tod F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPesacreta, T. C. & Stuessy, T. F.: Autofluorescent walls of connective bases in anthers of Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae), and systematic implications. – Taxon 45: 473‐485 1996 – ISSN 0040‐0262.Stamens from 20 species of the subfamily Barnadesioideae were examined with confocal scanning laser microscopy to determine some of the characteristics of the connective base epidermis. All species had autofluorescent cell walls. Wall autofluorescence was more intense in the abaxial connective epidermis than in the filament epidermis. In most species all autofluorescent cell walls were evenly thickened, but in several species of Barnadesia some either had spiral thickenings or were irregularly thickened, perhaps an adaptation for increased strength in longer filaments and anthers as part of a hummingbird pollination syndrome, a derived condition within the subfamily. In slightly less than half the species the connective base exhibited a more intense autofluorescence than any other region of the connective. The adaxial epidermis was autofluorescent in eight species. The occurrence of autofluorescent cells in both Calyceraceae and Barnadesioideae suggests this as a possible synapomorphy, but in the former the cells are tangentially elongate and irregular, rather than longitudinally elongate with rectangular outline.
Types of names accepted in Haworthia (Aloaceae)
Authors: Breuer Ingo , Metzing Detlev 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBreuer, I. & Metzing, D.: Types of names accepted in Haworthia (Aloaceae). – Taxon 46: 3‐14. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Although several revisions of Haworthia have been published, less than one third of the names have been typified. In this paper we list all names that will be accepted for species or infraspecific taxa in a forthcoming revision, with full references to their source and type data. Neo‐, lecto‐ and/or epitypes are designated here for 47 previously untypified names.
On the status and synonymy of the names Dactylorhiza majalis and D. incarnata (Orchidaceae) and their typification
Authors: Pedersen Henrik Ærenlund 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPedersen, H. Æ. : On the status and synonymy of the names Dactylorhiza majalis and D. incarnata (Orchidaceae) and their typification. ‐ Taxon 49: 539–544. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.In conjunction with a proposal to reject the name Orchis latifolia L. 1753 (Pedersen 2000), the nomenclature of the two species commonly known as Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) P.F. Hunt & Summern, and D. incarnata (L.) Soó is examined. The basionyms, Orchis majalis Rchb. 1828 and O. incarnata L. 1755, respectively, are both considered to be legitimate. The former is lectotypified here, whilst Vermeulen's lectotypification of the latter is accepted. Orchis fistulosa Moench 1794, considered by Baumann & Künkele as the basionym for the correct name of the species here called Dactylorhiza majalis, is considered to be illegitimate (O. latifolia pro syn.). Dactylorhiza strictifolia (Opiz) Rauschen is found to be a synonym of D. incarnata. Orchis comosa Scop. 1772, accepted by P. D. Sell as the basionym for the correct name of the species here called Dactylorhiza majalis, is here considered to be legitimate. However, a lectotype and an epitype designated in the present paper in effect place Orchis comosa in the synonymy of Dactylorhiza incarnata. In conclusion, the names Dactylorhiza incarnata and D. majalis should be accepted [assuming that the proposed rejection of Orchis latifolia is approved; otherwise, the name Dactylorhiza latifolia (L.) Soó must be recognised as the correct name for either D. incarnata, D. sambucina, or D. majalis–depending on its much‐debated typification]. However, if a wide species concept is applied, Orchis majalis Rchb. 1828 may be found conspecific with O. data Poiret 1786 [the basionym of Dactylorhiza elata (Poiret) Soó].
Typification of the generic name Sasamorpha
Authors: Stapleton Chris 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStapleton, C: Typification of the generic name Sasamorpha. ‐ Taxon 49: 545–546. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Clarification of the definition of a generitype from the Sydney Code onwards shows that previous citations of generitypes for Sasamorpha represented not the type but rather the names considered correct for the “type species”. Sasamorpha purpurascens was actually the first name designated as the generitype, for which S. borealis is currently considered the correct name.
Typification of several specific and generic names in the tribe Loteae (Papilionaceae)
Authors: Sokoloff D. D. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySokoloff, D. D.: Typification of several specific and generic names in the tribe Loteae (Papilionaceae). – Taxon 48: 57‐59.1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.3 generic and 13 specific names belonging in the leguminous tribe Loteae are typified.
The ultimate types of Anchusa L. and Lycopsis L. (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Selvi Federico , Nardi Enio , Bigazzi Massimo 
Published: April 2006

SummarySelvi, F., Nardi, E. & Bigazzi, M.: The ultimate types of Anchusa L. and Lycopsis L. (Boraginaceae). – Taxon 45: 305‐307. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Lectotypes of Lycopsis arvensis L. and Anchusa officinalis L., which provide the types of the corresponding generic names, are designated.
The typification of Astragalus physodes L., based on material in the Herbarium of Moscow University (MW), and the discovery of an isolectotype of Phlox sibirica L.
Authors: Jarvis Charles E. , Majorov Sergey R. , Sokoloff Dmitry D. , Balandin Sergey A. , Gubanov Ivan A. , Simonov Sergey S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJarvis, C. E., Majorov, S. R., Sokoloff, D. D., Balandin, S. A., Gubanov, I. A. & Simonov, S. S.: The typification of Astragalus physodes L., based on material in the Herbarium of Moscow University (MW), and the discovery of an isolectotype of Phlox sibirica L. – Taxon 50: 1129–1135. 2001. – ISSN 0040–0262.A lectotype is designated for Astragalus physodes L. and the typification of Phlox sibirica L. is reconsidered. The history of specimens linked with Linnaeus in the Herbarium of Moscow University is briefly discussed.
Prumnopitys andina reinstated as the correct name for “Ueuque”, the Chilean conifer recently renamed P. spicata (Podocarpaceae)
Authors: Mill Robert R. , Quinn Christopher J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMill, R. R. & Quinn, C. J.: Prumnopitys andina reinstated as the correct name for “lleuque”, the Chilean conifer recently renamed P. spicata (Podocarpaceae). – Taxon 50: 1143–1154. 2001. – ISSN 0040–0262.It is demonstrated that Prumnopitys andina (Poepp. ex Endl.) de Laub. (Podocarpaceae) is the correct name for the Chilean conifer, known locally as “lleuque”, which was recently renamed Prumnopitys spicata (Poepp.) Molloy & Muñoz‐Schick. Podocarpus spicatus R. Br. ex Mirb., a name that applies to the New Zealand species, Prumnopitys taxifolia (Sol. ex D. Don) de Laub, (based on Dacrydium taxifolium Sol. ex D. Don), commonly called “matai” or black pine, is validly published, and makes Pod. spicatus Poepp., upon which Molloy & Muñoz‐Schick based their new combination, illegitimate. Moreover, if Podocarpus L'Hér. ex Pers. is circumscribed broadly to include Prumnopitys Phil., the epithets of two of the three species discussed in this paper must be changed from those used legitimately under Prumnopitys. Pod. spicatus R. Br. ex Mirb. is the only available name for that species (matai) in Podocarpus, because Pod. taxifolius Kunth, applicable to a tropical South American species, Prumnopitys montana (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth. ex Willd.) de Laub, (known locally as “chaquiro”), antedates Dacrydium taxifolium D. Don, preventing the use of Don's epithet in Podocarpus. Chaquiro, currently called Pr. montana, would become Pod. taxifolius Kunth. Full synonymies of the names for the Chilean and New Zealand species and a limited synonymy for that of the tropical South American taxon are given.
Count F. C. Raben’s Brazilian herbaria
Authors: Ryding Olof 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article provides a short life history of the Danish count and amateur botanist Frederik Christian Raben, giving a short account of his journey in Brazil, a history of his Brazilian herbaria, and explanations of the annotations on his specimens. A few years after his death, F. C. Raben’s Brazilian herbarium was divided into different sets. Specimens with scanty or sometimes even misleading collection data were already accessible to students of Brazilian flora in 1842. Specimens with Raben’s original rather informative labels that remained with his family were temporarily accessible in 1887–1905 and were acquired by the herbarium in Copenhagen in 1996.
Biological inventories and thePhyloCode
Authors: Berry Paul E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper assesses how the debate between thePhyloCodeand Linnaean nomenclature and ranked classifications relates to biological inventory and monographic activities. I propose that there is a considerable gap between the overall inventory of biological resources and the better phylogenetic knowledge of certain groups. Since ranks and binomials are a useful societal convention, and alternative ways exist of dealing with improved phylogenetic knowledge without abandoning the Linnaean hierarchy, it could be counterproductive to the field as a whole to embark upon an alternative nomenclature system such as thePhyloCodeat this time.
A diffusion process model for the optimal investment strategies of an R & D project
Authors: Zuckerman Dror 
Published: April 2006

In this article we examine an R & D project in which the project status changes according to a diffusion process. The decision variables include a resource expenditure strategy and a stopping policy which determines when the project should be terminated. The drift and the diffusion parameters of the project status process are assumed to be functions of the resource expenditure rate.The terminal reward from the project is a non-decreasing function of the project status. Our purpose is to select optimal investment strategies under the discounted return criterion.The value of the project is shown to be a solution of a second order, non-linear differential equation. Finally, we derive the optimal investment strategies for an R & D project in which the project status changes according to a non-homogeneous compound Poisson process by using diffusion approximation.
An optimal sequential policy for controlling a Markov renewal process
Authors: McNamara J. M. 
Published: April 2006

This paper discusses a renewal process whose time development between renewals is described by a Markov process. The process may be controlled by choosing the times at which renewal occurs, the objective of the control being to maximise the long-term average rate of reward. Let γ ∗ denote the maximum achievable rate. We consider a specific policy in which a sequence of estimates of γ ∗ is made. This sequence is defined inductively as follows. Initially an (a priori)estimate γo is chosen. On making the nth renewal one estimates γ ∗ in terms of γo, the total rewards obtained in the first n renewal cycles and the total length of these cycles. γ n then determines the length of the (n + 1)th cycle. It is shown that γ n tends to γ ∗ as n tends to∞, and that this policy is optimal.The time at which the (n + 1)th renewal is made is determined by solving a stopping problem for the Markov process with continuation cost γ n per unit time and stopping reward equal to the renewal reward. Thus, in general, implementation of this policy requires a knowledge of the transition probabilities of the Markov process. An example is presented in which one needs to know essentially nothing about the details of this process or the fine details of the reward structure in order to implement the policy. The example is based on a problem in biology.
Genetic parameters for osteochondrosis traits in elbow joints of crossbred pigs and relationships with production traits
Authors: Jørgensen B. , Nielsen B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA total of 9360 offspring of 12 purebred Duroc sires and 692 Landrace × Yorkshire sows were evaluated for six osteochondrosis traits in the left elbow joints at slaughter. Osteochondrosis traits, growth pre- and post weaning, and meat content at slaughter were analysed simultaneously by a multivariate genetic model. Castrates scored worse than female pigs for nearly all osteochondral traits. Heritability of elbow osteochondrosis was moderate (0·02 to 0·28) and, thus, selection against the disorder is possible. Phenotypic correlations among joint surface abnormalities, cartilage thickness, subchondral lesions and cracks in the cartilage at the osteochondral junction in the medial condyle ranged from 0·33 to 0·69, whereas genetic correlations ranged from 0·75 to 0·97. Phenotypic correlations of the sagittal central groove with other abnormalities in the medial condyle were low and insignificant but genetic correlations were strongly significant (0·66 to 0·77). Depression of the proximal edge of the radius was to some extent phenotypically correlated to abnormalities in the medial humeral condyle (around 0·2), while genetic correlations ranged from 0·05 to 0·52. Significant genetic correlations among osteochondral traits indicate that all are part of the osteochondrosis complex. Abnormalities in the joint surface showed the strongest genetic correlations with other osteochondrosis variables in the elbow joint and were moderately inherited (h2= 0·22), which indicates that this trait can be used as a marker to select against osteochondrosis. Osteochondral traits had no significant genetic correlations with growth to weaning and to 30 kg, slight negative (favourable) genetic correlations with growth from 30 to 100 kg, and slightly positive (unfavourable) genetic correlations with meat content in carcass.