bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Management and Prevention of Pica: A Retrospective Follow‐Up of 41 Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities and Pica
Authors: Williams Don E. , Kirkpatrick‐Sanchez Sharon , Enzinna Christie , Dunn Jacqueline , Borden‐Karasack Deborah 
Published: January 2009

Background  Pica is a very dangerous form of self‐injurious behaviour because one occurrence can be lethal. Dealing successfully with dangerous pica in a large institution requires a high level of administrative support. It cannot be relegated to each psychologist to write a programme. A written behaviour programme is only one component of long‐term treatment.Method  This study describes an intervention for people with intellectual disabilities and pica that included comprehensive management of the environment as well as behaviour treatment over a 9‐year period.Results  Over a 9‐year period, nine surgeries for pica‐related incidents occurred prior to intervention; over the 9 years of intervention, pica surgeries were eliminated. Eighty‐five percent of participants experienced a 75–100% reduction in pica. Sixteen participants still had restrictive procedures including oral hygiene, overcorrection, contingent personal restraint, contingent mechanical restraint and visual screening with goggles. All continuous mechanical restraint that had been used in baseline was eliminated.Conclusion  People with intellectual disabilities and dangerous pica can be protected on a long‐term basis from serious harm if proper management and clinical interventions are both employed. Although restrictive interventions were used on a long‐term basis, they were contingent upon a pica incident or pica attempts, which occurred much lower than in baseline sessions. Resident rights were protected throughout the intervention.
The Effects of an Action Plan, Staff Training, Management Support and Monitoring on Restraint Use and Costs of Work‐Related Injuries
Authors: Sanders Kim 
Published: January 2009

Background  Dignity and respect are at the foundation of good care and effective treatment planning and are guiding service principles. The use of physical restraints is contrary to treatment with dignity and respect. Because of the numerous risks to clients and employees associated with the use of physical restraints, an innovative plan was implemented to minimize the use.Method  Information was gathered to obtain a clear understanding of the employees’ feelings about the initiative to minimize physical restraint. Training was provided regarding philosophical issues as well as how to utilize a new tool/procedure to keep everyone safe during aggressive outbursts. Presence by the management team was increased to support employees and encourage newly trained techniques. Finally, a formal system of processing was put in place to learn from each restraint in order to prevent the situation in the future.Results  The Winchester Region reduced the use of physical restraint by 99.4% and client‐induced employee injuries by 37.7%.Conclusions  We drastically reduced physical restraints, staff injuries and created a safer place to work.
The contribution of callous‐unemotional traits and conduct problems to bullying in early adolescence
Authors: Viding Essi , Simmonds Elizabeth , Petrides K.V. , Frederickson Norah 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Although a lot is known about the association of conduct problems with bullying, less attention has been paid to co‐occurring traits, such as callous‐unemotional (CU) traits that might additionally contribute to the risk of engaging in bullying. This study investigated the contribution of CU traits to direct and indirect bullying, alongside the contributions made by conduct problems and gender.Methods:  Seven hundred and four 11–13‐year‐olds completed self‐report measures of callous‐emotional traits and psychopathology, including conduct problems. Peer‐report measures of direct and indirect bullying were collected from classmates.Results:  Higher levels of CU traits were associated with higher levels of direct bullying, over and above the association between bullying and conduct problems. Conduct problems and CU traits interacted in the prediction of both direct and indirect bullying. In line with previous research, males were more likely to engage in direct and females in indirect bullying.Conclusions:  This study highlights the importance of viewing CU traits and conduct problems, not only as related phenomena, but also as distinct entities in mediating the underlying susceptibility of children to bully others directly. Furthermore, a combination of these traits appears to be a particularly potent risk factor for both direct and indirect bullying. Implications for intervention are discussed, in particular the concern that lack of empathy and insensitivity to punishment in those with CU traits may also make them particularly resistant to current forms of bullying intervention.
Children’s experiences with chat support and telephone support
Authors: Fukkink Ruben G. , Hermanns Jo M.A. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  In line with the wider trend of offering support via the Internet, many counseling and referral services for children have introduced online chat, often in addition to a traditional telephone service.Methods:  A comparative study was conducted between the telephone service and the confidential one‐on‐one online chat service of the Dutch Kindertelefoon. The design included a concise pretest and a posttest (n = 902). The study also comprised a follow‐up test (n = 213), which included the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.Results:  Children experienced a higher sense of well‐being and a reduced severity of their problems after consulting the Kindertelefoon. The results were slightly more favorable for the chat service than for the telephone service. The follow‐up survey showed that many of the children who contact the Kindertelefoon suffer from relatively severe emotional problems.Conclusions:  Both the telephone and the web‐based support improved the children’s well‐being and decreased their perceived burden of problem. The results of this study underline the need for closer cooperation between child helplines and mental health and child welfare services.
Prosocial development from childhood to adolescence: a multi‐informant perspective with Canadian and Italian longitudinal studies
Authors: Nantel‐Vivier Amélie , Kokko Katja , Caprara Gian Vittorio , Pastorelli Concetta , Gerbino Maria Grazia , Paciello Marinella , Côté Sylvana , Pihl Robert O. , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard E. 
Published: January 2009

Objectives:  To longitudinally describe prosocial behaviour development from childhood to adolescence, using multiple informants within Canadian and Italian samples.Method:  Participants in Study 1 were 1037 boys from low socioeconomic status (SES) areas in Montreal, Canada, for whom yearly teacher and mother reports were obtained between the ages of 10 and 15. Participants in Study 2 were 472 children (209 girls) from Genzano, Italy, for whom yearly self and teacher reports were obtained between the ages of 10 and 14. Developmental trajectories were estimated from ratings by each informant to identify subgroups of children following distinct courses of prosocial development.Results:  In Study 1, three trajectory groups (low/declining 53%, high/declining 16%, high/steep declining 31%) were identified from teacher ratings, while five trajectories (low/stable 7%, low/declining 19%, moderate/stable 41%, high/declining 24%, high/stable 9%) were identified from mother ratings. Small but significant associations were observed between mother and teacher ratings. In Study 2, three trajectory groups (low/stable 9%, moderate/stable 50%, high/stable 42%) were identified from self‐ratings, while four trajectory groups (low/stable 8%, moderate/declining 48%, high/declining 37%, increasing 7%) were identified from teacher ratings. Small but significant associations were observed between self‐ and teacher ratings.Conclusions:  The present studies investigated levels of prosocial behaviours from childhood to adolescence, using a multi‐informant, cross‐cultural perspective. All but one of the developmental trajectories identified were characterised by stable or declining levels of prosocial behaviours. Further research longitudinally investigating prosociality across developmental periods is needed to clarify prosocial behaviour development over time.
Interplay of genes and early mother–child relationship in the development of self‐regulation from toddler to preschool age
Authors: Kochanska Grazyna , Philibert Robert A. , Barry Robin A. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  A broad capacity for deliberate self‐regulation plays a key role in emotion regulation. This longitudinal investigation from infancy to preschool age examines genotype by environment (G × E) interaction in the development of self‐regulation, using molecular measures of children’s genotypes and observed measures of the quality of early mother–child relationship, as reflected in attachment organization in infancy.Methods:  In 89 children, we assessed the polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR, ss/sl vs. ll allele status), security of attachment to mothers at 15 months in the Strange Situation, and children’s ability for self‐regulation at 25, 38, and 52 months, using behavioral batteries of tasks that called for deliberately suppressing a dominant response and performing instead a sub‐dominant response.Results:  There was a robust G × E interaction between genetic risk and the quality of early relationship. Among children who carried a short 5‐HTTLPR allele (ss/sl ), those who were insecurely attached developed poor regulatory capacities, but those who were securely attached developed as good regulatory capacities as children who were homozygotic for the long allele (ll ). There was no effect of security for ll homozygotes.Conclusions:  Those findings, consistent with diathesis‐stress model, bridge research on self‐regulation in typically developing children with research on non‐human primates and research on psychopathology. They also indicate that a secure attachment relationship can serve as a protective factor in the presence of risk conferred by a genotype.
Brevican distinctively assembles extracellular components at the large diameter nodes of Ranvier in the CNS
Authors: Bekku Yoko , Rauch Uwe , Ninomiya Yoshifumi , Oohashi Toshitaka 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBrevican is known to be an abundant extracellular matrix component in the adult brain and a structural constituent of perineuronal nets. We herein show that brevican, tenascin‐R (TN‐R) and phosphacan are present at the nodes of Ranvier on myelinated axons with a particularly large diameter in the central nervous system. A brevican deficiency resulted in a reorganization of the nodal matrices, which was characterized by the shift of TN‐R, and concomitantly phosphacan, from an axonal diameter‐dependent association with nodes to an axonal diameter independent association. Supported by the co‐immunoprecipitation results, these observations indicate that the presence of TN‐R and phosphacan at nodes is normally brevican‐dependent, while in the absence of brevican these molecules can also be recruited by versican V2. The versican V2 and Bral1 distribution was not affected, thus indicating a brevican‐independent role of these two molecules for establishing hyaluronan‐binding matrices at the nodes. Our results revealed that brevican plays a crucial role in determining the specialization of the hyaluronan‐binding nodal matrix assemblies in large diameter nodes.
Identification of a minimal segment of complexin II essential for preferential distribution in axons
Authors: Kataoka Masakazu , Sekiguchi Mariko , Takahashi Masami 
Published: January 2009

AbstractComplexin II (CPLX2) is a soluble pre‐synaptic protein believed to regulate neurotransmitter release from pre‐synaptic terminals. CPLX2 is localized in pre‐synaptic terminals in mature brain, but the mechanism of selective localization remains unclear. Here we identified an essential segment of CPLX2 for preferential axonal distribution. Myc‐tagged CPLX2 was expressed in cultured rat hippocampal neurons and its distribution between axons and dendrites was compared by immunocytochemistry and image analysis. Fluorescence signals were detected in both axons and dendrites; however, their respective distribution varied significantly. Despite the fact that signal intensity decreased almost linearly from the base to the tip of the dendrite, a substantial level was sustained along the axon, even at a position near the tip. Image analyses using a series of mutants indicated that the deletion of 19 amino acid residues, G71‐P89, within the ‘central core’ for binding to soluble N‐ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor proteins resulted in the loss of preferential axonal distribution. The enhanced green fluorescent protein derivative fused with the G71‐P89 fragment exhibited a similar localization to that of wild type CPLX2, indicating that the G71‐P89 region of CPLX2 is essential and sufficient for preferential axonal distribution.
Pleiotropic effects of spastin on neurite growth depending on expression levels
Authors: Riano Elena , Martignoni Monica , Mancuso Giuseppe , Cartelli Daniele , Crippa Francesca , Toldo Irene , Siciliano Gabriele , Di Bella Daniela , Taroni Franco , Bassi Maria Teresa , Cappelletti Graziella , Rugarli Elena I. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is characterized by weakness and spasticity of the lower limbs, owing to degeneration of corticospinal axons. The most common form is due to heterozygous mutations in the SPG4 gene, encoding spastin, a microtubule (MT)‐severing protein. Here, we show that neurite growth in immortalized and primary neurons responds in pleiotropic ways to changes in spastin levels. Spastin depletion alters the development of primary hippocampal neurons leading to abnormal neuron morphology, dystrophic neurites, and axonal growth defects. By live imaging with End‐Binding Protein 3‐Fluorescent Green Protein (EB3‐GFP), a MT plus‐end tracking protein, we ascertained that the assembly rate of MTs is reduced when spastin is down‐regulated. Spastin over‐expression at high levels strongly suppresses neurite maintenance, while slight spastin up‐regulation using an endogenous promoter enhances neurite branching and elongation. Spastin severing activity is exerted preferentially on stable acetylated and detyrosinated MTs. We further show that SPG4 nonsense or splice site mutations found in hereditary spastic paraplegia patients result in reduced spastin levels, supporting haploinsufficiency as the molecular cause of the disease. Our study reveals that SPG4 is a dosage‐sensitive gene, and broadens the understanding of the role of spastin in neurite growth and MT dynamics.
GDNF control of the glutamatergic cortico‐striatal pathway requires tonic activation of adenosine A2Areceptors
Authors: Gomes Catarina A. R. V. , Simões Patrícia F. , Canas Paula M. , Quiroz César , Sebastião Ana M. , Ferré Sergi , Cunha Rodrigo A. , Ribeiro Joaquim A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGlial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) affords neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease in accordance with its ability to bolster nigrostriatal innervation. We previously found that GDNF facilitates dopamine release in a manner dependent on adenosine A2Areceptor activation. As motor dysfunction also involves modifications of striatal glutamatergic innervation, we now tested if GDNF and its receptor system, Ret (rearranged during transfection) and GDNF family receptor α1 controlled the cortico‐striatal glutamatergic pathway in an A2Areceptor‐dependent manner. GDNF (10 ng/mL) enhanced (by ≈13%) glutamate release from rat striatal nerve endings, an effect potentiated (up to ≈30%) by the A2Areceptor agonist CGS 21680 (10 nM) and prevented by the A2Areceptor antagonist, SCH 58261 (50 nM). Triple immunocytochemical studies revealed that Ret and GDNF family receptor α1 were located in 50% of rat striatal glutamatergic terminals (immunopositive for vesicular glutamate transporters‐1/2), where they were found to be co‐located with A2Areceptors. Activation of the glutamatergic system uponin vivoelectrical stimulation of the rat cortico‐striatal input induced striatal Ret phosphorylation that was prevented by pre‐treatment with the A2Areceptor antagonist, MSX‐3 (3 mg/kg). The results provide the first functional and morphological evidence that GDNF controls cortico‐striatal glutamatergic pathways in a manner largely dependent on the co‐activation of adenosine A2Areceptors.
The basal flux of Akt in the mitochondria is mediated by heat shock protein 90
Authors: Barksdale Keri A. , Bijur Gautam N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAkt is a known client protein of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). We have found that HSP90 is responsible for Akt accumulation in the mitochondria in unstimulated cells. Treatment of SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and human embryonic kidney cells with the HSP90 inhibitors novobiocin and geldanamycin caused substantial decreases in the level of Akt in the mitochondria without affecting the level of Akt in the cytosol. Moreover, intracerebroventricular injection of novobiocin into mice brains decreased Akt levels in cortical mitochondria. Knockdown of HSP90 expression with short interfering RNA also caused a significant decrease in Akt levels in the mitochondria without affecting total Akt levels. Using a mitochondrial import assay it was found that Akt is transported into the mitochondria. Furthermore, it was found that the mitochondrial import of Akt was independent of Akt activation as both an unmodified Akt and constitutively active mutant Akt; both readily accumulated in the mitochondria in an HSP90‐dependent manner. Interestingly, incubation of isolated mitochondria with constitutively active Akt caused visible alterations in mitochondrial morphology, including pronounced remodeling of the mitochondrial matrix. This effect was blocked when Akt was mostly excluded from the mitochondria with novobiocin treatment. These results indicate that the level of Akt in the mitochondria is dependent on HSP90 chaperoning activity and that Akt import can cause dynamic changes in mitochondrial configuration.
Role of the ERK/MSK1 signalling pathway in chromatin remodelling and brain responses to drugs of abuse
Authors: Brami‐Cherrier Karen , Roze Emmanuel , Girault Jean‐Antoine , Betuing Sandrine , Caboche Jocelyne 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDrugs of abuse induce neuroadaptations through regulation of gene expression. Although much attention has focused on transcription factor activities, new concepts have recently emerged on the role of chromatin remodelling as a prerequisite for regulation of gene expression in neurons. Thus, for transcription to occur, chromatin must be decondensed, a dynamic process that depends on post‐translational modifications of histones. We review here these modifications with a particular emphasis on the role of histone H3 phosphorylation at the promoter of specific genes, including c‐fos and c‐jun. We trace the signalling pathways involved in H3 phosphorylation and provide evidence for a role of mitogen and stress‐activated protein kinase‐1 (MSK1) downstream from the MAPK/extracellular‐signal regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. In response to cocaine, MSK1 controls an early phase of histone H3 phosphorylation at the c‐fos promoter in striatal neurons. MSK1 action may be potentiated by the concomitant inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 by nuclear translocation of dopamine‐ and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein Mr = 32 000. H3 phosphorylation by MSK1 is critically involved in c‐fos transcription, and cocaine‐induced locomotor sensitization. Thus, ERK plays a dual role in gene regulation and drug addiction by direct activation of transcription factors and by chromatin remodelling.
The interplay between inorganic phosphate and amino acids determines zinc solubility in brain slices
Authors: Rumschik Sean M. , Nydegger Irma , Zhao Jinfu , Kay Alan R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractInorganic phosphate (Pi) is an important polyanion needed for ATP synthesis and bone formation. As it is found at millimolar levels in plasma, it is usually incorporated as a constituent of artificial CSF formulations for maintaining brain slices. In this paper, we show that Pi limits the extracellular zinc concentration by inducing metal precipitation. We present data suggesting that amino acids like histidine may counteract the Pi‐induced zinc precipitation by the formation of soluble zinc complexes. We propose that the interplay between Pi and amino acids in the extracellular space may influence the availability of metals for cellular uptake.
Helicobacter pylori eradication: role of individual therapy constituents and therapy duration
Authors: Qasim Asghar , O’Morain Colm A. , O’Connor Humphrey J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTreatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has become a key factor in the management of dyspepsia and is the treatment of choice for peptic ulcer disease. First‐line eradication regimens combining a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) with clarithromycin and amoxicillin or metronidazole are considered most effective when given for a minimum period of 1 week. Eradication regimens of shorter duration have shown promising results but clinical experience remains limited. Pharmacological properties such as bioavailability and plasma concentrations of individual PPIs differ between individuals but it remains unclear whether these differences impact on the efficacy of eradication therapy and are influenced by renal or hepatic impairment. Bioavailability of PPIs also differs and is impacted on by factors including intragastric pH, metabolic pathways, potency on an mg‐for‐mg basis and intrinsic antibacterial activity. Several significant pharmacokinetic differences between the PPIs do not seem to influence overall H. pylori eradication rates for first‐line triple therapy. However, comparison of factors including pharmacokinetics and treatment duration may prove important in achieving successful eradication with second‐ and third‐line treatments. Based on the factors which influence therapy outcome, we suggest an algorithm for the use of H. pylori eradication therapies.
Lysosomal abnormalities during benzo(a)pyrene‐induced experimental lung carcinogenesis – defensive role of capsaicin
Authors: Anandakumar P. , Kamaraj S. , Jagan S. , Ramakrishnan G. , Devaki T. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to investigate whether lysosome is a target in benzo(a)pyrene‐induced, oxidative stress‐mediated lung cancer in Swiss albino mice and the plausible role of the phytochemical substance capsaicin in mitigating lysosomal damage. Oxidative stress was assessed based on the level of carbonyl content. The activities of lysosomal proteases like cathepsin‐D, cathepsin‐B, β‐d‐glucosidase, β‐d‐galactosidase, β‐d‐glucuronidase, β‐d‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase and acid phosphatase were assessed to evaluate lysosomal function. Administration of benzo(a)pyrene (50 mg/kg body weight) to mice induced a increase in the activities of lysosomal enzymes and oxidative stress was evident by the increase in carbonyl content. Treatment with capsaicin (10 mg/kg body weight) decreased carbonyl content and restored the activities of lysosomal enzymes to near normalcy. Transmission electron microscopic study of lysosomes further showed the defensive action of capsaicin against the lysosomal damage caused in benzo(a)pyrene‐induced lung cancer. From the present study, it can be concluded that lysosomal damage is an indispensable event in benzo(a)pyrene‐induced lung cancer, and capsaicin was able to effectively prevent it, which proves the chemoprotective effect of capsaicin against benzo(a)pyrene‐induced experimental lung carcinogenesis.