bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The U
L
31 and U
L
34 Gene Products of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Are Required for Optimal Localization of Viral Glycoproteins D and M to the Inner Nuclear Membranes of Infected Cells
Authors: Wills Elizabeth , Mou Fan , Baines Joel D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

U
L
31 and U
L
34 of herpes simplex virus type 1 form a complex necessary for nucleocapsid budding at the inner nuclear membrane (INM). Previous examination by immunogold electron microscopy and electron tomography showed that pU
L
31, pU
L
34, and glycoproteins D and M are recruited to perinuclear virions and densely staining regions of the INM where nucleocapsids bud into the perinuclear space. We now show by quantitative immunogold electron microscopy coupled with analysis of variance that gD-specific immunoreactivity is significantly reduced at both the INM and outer nuclear membrane (ONM) of cells infected with a U
L
34 null virus. While the amount of gM associated with the nuclear membrane (NM) was only slightly (
P
= 0.027) reduced in cells infected with the U
L
34 null virus, enrichment of gM in the INM at the expense of that in the ONM was greatly dependent on U
L
34 (
P
< 0.0001). pU
L
34 also interacted directly or indirectly with immature forms of gD (species expected to reside in the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear membrane) in lysates of infected cells and with the cytosolic tail of gD fused to glutathione
S
-transferase in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, suggesting a role for the pU
L
34/gD interaction in recruiting gD to the NM. The effects of U
L
34 on gD and gM localization were not a consequence of decreased total expression of gD and gM, as determined by flow cytometry. Separately, pU
L
31 was dispensable for targeting gD and gM to the two leaflets of the NM but was required for (i) the proper INM-versus-ONM ratio of gD and gM in infected cells and (ii) the presence of electron-dense regions in the INM, representing nucleocapsid budding sites. We conclude that in addition to their roles in nucleocapsid envelopment and lamina alteration, U
L
31 and U
L
34 play separate but related roles in recruiting appropriate components to nucleocapsid budding sites at the INM.
A Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Protein That Forms Inhibitory Complexes with Type I Interferon Receptor Subunits, Jak and STAT Proteins, and Blocks Interferon-Mediated Signal Transduction
Authors: Bisson Sabine A. , Page Anne-Laure , Ganem Don 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT
Type I interferons (IFNs) are important mediators of innate antiviral defense and function by activating a signaling pathway through their cognate type I receptor (IFNAR). Here we report that lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) efficiently blocks type I IFN signaling and that an important effector of this blockade is the viral protein RIF, the product of open reading frame 10. RIF blocks IFN signaling by formation of inhibitory complexes that contain IFNAR subunits, the Janus kinases Jak1 and Tyk2, and the STAT2 transcription factor. Activation of both Tyk2 and Jak1 is inhibited, and abnormal recruitment of STAT2 to IFNAR1 occurs despite the decrement in Tyk2 activity. As a result of these actions, phosphorylation of both STAT2 and STAT1 is impaired, with subsequent failure of ISGF3 accumulation in the nucleus. The presence in the viral genome of potent inhibitors of type I IFN signaling, along with several viral genes that block IFN induction, highlights the importance of the IFN pathway in the control of this human tumor virus infection.
A Limited Group of Class I Histone Deacetylases Acts To Repress Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Expression
Authors: Keedy Kara S. , Archin Nancie M. , Gates Adam T. , Espeseth Amy , Hazuda Daria J. , Margolis David M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Silencing of the integrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome in resting CD4
+
T cells is a significant contributor to the persistence of infection, allowing the virus to evade both immune detection and pharmaceutical attack. Nonselective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are capable of inducing expression of quiescent HIV-1 in latently infected cells. However, potent global HDAC inhibition can induce host toxicity. To determine the specific HDACs that regulate HIV-1 transcription, we evaluated HDAC1 to HDAC11 RNA expression and protein expression and compartmentalization in the resting CD4
+
T cells of HIV-1-positive, aviremic patients. HDAC1, -3, and -7 had the highest mRNA expression levels in these cells. Although all HDACs were detected in resting CD4
+
T cells by Western blot analysis, HDAC5, -8, and -11 were primarily sequestered in the cytoplasm. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we detected HDAC1, -2, and -3 at the HIV-1 promoter in Jurkat J89GFP cells. Targeted inhibition of HDACs by small interfering RNA demonstrated that HDAC2 and HDAC3 contribute to repression of HIV-1 long terminal repeat expression in the HeLa P4/R5 cell line model of latency. Together, these results suggest that HDAC inhibitors specific for a limited number of class I HDACs may offer a targeted approach to the disruption of persistent HIV-1 infection.
Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Resistance to Protease Inhibitors on Evolution of Resistance to the Maturation Inhibitor Bevirimat (PA-457)
Authors: Adamson Catherine S. , Waki Kayoko , Ablan Sherimay D. , Salzwedel Karl , Freed Eric O. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe maturation inhibitor bevirimat [3-O-(3′,3′dimethysuccinyl)betulinic acid; BVM; also known as PA-457 or DSB] potently inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by blocking protease (PR)-mediated cleavage at the junction between capsid (CA) and spacer peptide 1 (SP1) in Gag. We previously isolated a panel of single-amino-acid substitutions that confer resistance to BVM in vitro (C. S. Adamson, S. D. Ablan, I. Boeras, R. Goila-Gaur, F. Soheilian, K. Nagashima, F. Li, K. Salzwedel, M. Sakalian, C. T. Wild, and E. O. Freed, J. Virol. 80:10957-10971, 2006). The BVM resistance mutations cluster at or near the CA-SP1 cleavage site. Because BVM likely will be used clinically in patients harboring viruses resistant to PR inhibitors (PIs), in this study we evaluated the interplay between a PI-resistant (PIR) PR and the BVM resistance mutations in Gag. As expected, the PIR mutations had no effect on inhibition by BVM; however, we observed general processing defects and a slight delay in viral replication in Jurkat T cells associated with the PIR mutations, even in the absence of compound. When combined, most BVM resistance and PIR mutations acted additively to impair viral replication, particularly in the presence of BVM. The BVM-resistant mutant SP1-A1V was an exception, as it supported robust replication in the context of either wild-type (WT) or PIR PR, even at high BVM concentrations. Significantly, the emergence of BVM resistance was delayed in the context of the PIR PR, and the SP1-A1V mutation was acquired most frequently with either WT or PIR PR. These results suggest that resistance to BVM is less likely to emerge in patients who have failed PIs than in patients who are PI naïve. We predict that the SP1-A1V substitution is the most likely to emerge in vivo, as this mutant replicates robustly independently of PR mutations or BVM. These findings offer insights into the effect of PIR mutations on the evolution of BVM resistance in PI-experienced patients.
SYNCHRONIZATION AND CANCELATION IN WORKFLOWS BASED ON RESET NETS
Authors: WYNN M. T. , VAN DER AALST W. M. P. , TER HOFSTEDE A. H. M. , EDMOND D. 
Published: March 2009

Workflow languages offer constructs for coordinating tasks. Among these constructs are various types of splits and joins. One type of join, which shows up in various incarnations, is the OR-join. Different approaches assign a different (often only intuitive) semantics to this type of join, though they do share the common theme that branches that cannot complete will not be waited for. Many systems and languages struggle with the semantics and implementation of the OR-join because its non-local semantics require a synchronization depending on the analysis of future execution paths. The presence of cancelation features, potentially unbounded behavior, and other OR-joins in a workflow further complicates the formal semantics of the OR-join. In this paper, the concept of the OR-join is examined in detail in the context of the workflow language YAWL, a powerful workflow language designed to support a collection of workflow patterns and inspired by Petri nets. The paper provides a suitable (non-local) semantics for an OR-join and gives a concrete algorithm with two optimization techniques to support the implementation. This approach exploits a link that is proposed between YAWL and reset nets, a variant of Petri nets with a special type of arc that can remove all tokens from a place when its transition fires. Through the behavior of reset arcs, the behavior of cancelation regions can be captured in a natural manner.
Pleading for Hell: Postulates, Fantasies, and the Senselessness of Punishment
Authors: Burkert Walter 
Published: March 2009

If the ideal of justice includes effective punishment of offenders, an extension into afterlife must be postulated. This still involves all the questionable aspects and paradoxes of punishment that make rational and enlightened argumentation difficult.
A historical survey of ancient tentatives at hell lore shows diverse starting points and interests. There is just a germ of such speculations in Sumerian. When hell fire first appears in Egypt, it goes together with the fear of magic from the dead; in Zoroastrianism and Judaism it is partisan interest which makes the adherents of the wrong religion destined for hell. In Greece we find various ethical and poetical motifs interfering, from the powerful yet enigmatic images in the Odyssey to a general proclamation of punishments in the Hymn to Demeter. The most graphic and horrible descriptions of something like hell are finally found in Plato, whose sources — besides Homer — can be postulated but not identified.
The Concept and Purpose of Hell: Its Nature and Development in West Semitic Thought
Authors:   Wyatt
Published: March 2009

A number of currents of thought gradually coalesced into the Judaeo-Christian conception of “hell.” This article attempts to relate them. The earliest traceable ideas involve a disembodied, subterranean existence of the common dead, or in exceptional cases total annihilation. Deceased kings were deified and continued to be involved in the affairs of the living, as in the Ugaritic funeral and
kispum
text KTU 1.161. This was parodied in Isaiah 14, which also indicates that such a belief was current, if criticised, in Israel-Judah. The theme of cosmic rebellion, wrongly traced to text KTU 1.6 i 43–67, actually emerged in such passages as Isaiah 14, Ezekiel 28 and post-biblical derivative texts. The arrogant royal figure of such passages merged with the developing figure of Satan. The tradition of child sacrifice in Israel-Judah, performed at the
tophet
in the Valley of Hinnom, also contributed to the geography of hell in its Greek form
Gehenna
.
Christian Hell: From the Apocalypse of Peter to the Apocalypse of Paul
Authors: Bremmer Jan 
Published: March 2009

Although the
Apocalypse of Paul
is just one of the hell-scapes that were produced by early Christianity, it is the most important step in the direction that would find its apogee in Dante. It is also a product of a specific place and time, undoubtedly produced for certain needs, even though these are no longer recoverable. In my contribution I first look at its place and date of origin, probably a monastic milieu in Egypt around AD 400. I then consider the sins in the
Apocalypse of Paul
and note that the author has mostly concentrated on matters of religious concern, whereas, in the
Apocalypse of Peter
, more general ethical problems, such as murder or false witnesses, still play a role. Moreover, there is no longer a border drawn against the pagans outside the Church, but against those who do not profess the orthodox doctrines. Finally, I discuss the question to what extent the punishments have been inspired by the penalties and tortures of the martyrs. Were they mainly inspired by literary tradition or by the historical reality?
Islamic Hell
Authors: Thomassen Einar 
Published: March 2009

Ideas about punishment in hell (the Fire,
Jahannam
) have an important place both in the Qur'an and in later Muslim literature. The article surveys the scenarios of hell given in these sources and discusses the various functions of hell-talk in Islamic discourse. In particular, a tension exists between conceiving hell as a place of punishment for sins and as a place reserved for disbelievers, or non-Muslims. The two perspectives meet in the idea that disbelief (
kufr
) is the worst of all sins, though ambiguities regarding who belong in hell remain. Strategies to mediate this ambiguity are found in the ideas that hell is divided into several levels or that the punishment in hell is only temporary.
Three Functions of Hell in the Hindu Traditions
Authors: Jacobsen Knut 
Published: March 2009

In this article are analysed three functions of hell in the Hindu traditions, a narrative, a social and an economic. Because of the strong images the narratives of hell contain, they are excellent means to catch the attention of the audience. The social function of hell is to protect the social order, the security of the people and especially to protect the privileges of those on top of the hierarchy. Since gifts to the priests are matched with specific punishments in hell that they release from, one economic function of hell seems to be as a source of income for the priests. However, it is argued that even though hell is both a textual and ritual reality in the Hindu traditions, its significance should not be exaggerated. Death is not the end of life, but the end of one rebirth, and release,
moksa
, is not about escaping a destiny in hell, but to gain freedom from the rebirth realms.
Adorno on Education or, Can Critical Self-Reflection Prevent the Next Auschwitz?
Authors: Cho Daniel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article presents Theodor W. Adorno's concept of education, the basis of which is critical self-reflection. It argues that a close reading of Adorno's various writings on education yields a theory of critical self-reflection that is not simply introspection but an analysis of the social totality. Beginning with Adorno's assessment of education within capitalism – which is always a critique of capitalism itself – the article moves through his concept of critical self-reflection, and concludes by reassessing his claim that an education for critical self-reflection offers the strongest barrier to the recurrence of Auschwitz.
Capitalists and Conquerors Teaching Against Global Capitalism and the New Imperialism Rage and Hope: Interviews with Peter McLaren on War, Imperialism, and Critical Pedagogy
Authors: Lewis Tyson Edward 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThrough an immanent critique of Peter McLaren's recent work, the author demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of critical-revolutionary paedagogy. This review reveals internal lacks, gaps, and contradictions emerging from within the three main dimensions of McLaren's overarching manifesto including passion, reason, and revolution. Although McLaren is an important voice in linking Marxist political and cultural theory to the practice of education, his work ultimately cannot complete its own project and as such needs further development.
Subalternity and Language: Overcoming the Fragmentation of Common Sense
Authors: Green Marcus , Ives Peter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe topics of language and subaltern social groups appear throughout Antonio Gramsci's Prison Notebooks. Although Gramsci often associates the problem of political fragmentation among subaltern groups with issues concerning language and common sense, there are only a few notes where he explicitly connects his overlapping analyses of language and subalternity. We build on the few places in the literature on Gramsci that focus on how he relates common sense to the questions of language or subalternity. By explicitly tracing out these relations, we hope to bring into relief the direct connections between subalternity and language by showing how the concepts overlap with respect to Gramsci's analyses of common sense, intellectuals, philosophy, folklore, and hegemony. We argue that, for Gramsci, fragmentation of any social group's 'common sense', worldview and language is a political detriment, impeding effective political organisation to counter exploitation but that such fragmentation cannot be overcome by the imposition of a 'rational' or 'logical' worldview. Instead, what is required is a deep engagement with the fragments that make up subaltern historical, social, economic and political conditions. In our view, Gramsci provides an alternative both to the celebration of fragmentation fashionable in liberal multiculturalism and uncritical postmodernism, as well as other attempts of overcoming it through recourse to some external, transcendental or imposed worldview. This is fully in keeping with, and further elucidates Gramsci's understanding of the importance of effective 'democratic centralism' of the leadership of the party in relation to the rank and file and the popular masses.
Capitalism as Religion: Walter Benjamin and Max Weber
Authors: Löwy Michael 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBenjamin's fragment 'Capitalism as Religion', written in 1921, was only published several decades after his death. Its aim is to show that capitalism is a cultic religion, without mercy or truce, leading humanity to the 'house of despair'. It is an astonishing document, directly based on Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, but – in ways akin to Ernst Bloch or Erich Fromm – transforming Weber's 'value-free' analysis into a ferocious anticapitalist argument, probably inspired by Gustav Landauer's romantic and libertarian socialism. This article analyses Benjamin's fragment and explores its relationship to Weber's thesis, as well as to the tradition of romantic anticapitalism.
Another kind of Gewalt: Beyond Law Re-Reading Walter Benjamin
Authors: Tomba Massimiliano 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article is the first in a series of discussions of the essay 'Violence' by Balibar from the Historical-Critical Dictionary of Marxism, published in this issue of Historical Materialism. The article revisits Walter Benjamin's reflection on the concept of violence, attempting to rethink its semantics in the tension between right and justice. After examining the continuum of juridical violence in relation to the logic of the modern state, it attempts to delineate the possibility of another type of violence: a violence that is not a means in order to attain an end, but which finds in itself the criterion of its own justice. Research into this kind of violence has been a particularly urgent and complex problem in modern politics which, together with the foreclosure of justice, has rendered unthinkable qualitatively different types of Gewalt, types that lie beyond the sterile opposition between violence and non-violence. Rethinking the question of justice means that, in a conflict, however violent it might be, a non-teleological criterion is possible, starting with the extent to which some part of the struggle can be defined as just.
Revolution in Psychology: Alienation to Emancipation The Lacanian Left: Psychoanalysis, Theory, and Politics
Authors: Noys Benjamin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis review essay analyses the proposed synthesis of Lacanian psychoanalysis and Marxism, which often presents itself as a critique of the kind of utopianism associated with 'Freudo-Marxism'. In Yannis Stavrakakis's The Lacanian Left (2007) this anti-utopianism slides towards a left reformism, in which the emphasis on constitutive lack prevents any thinking of transformation. Ian Parker's Revolution in Psychology (2007) presents a bracing but reductive polemic, in which psychology and psychoanalysis seem to function as mere reflections of capitalist ideology. What goes missing in both accounts is the possibility of a re-thinking of subjectivity, both individual and collective, posed between Lacanian psychoanalysis and Marxism.
Low Risk of Injuries Among Children Playing Organized Soccer
Authors: Froholdt Anne , Olsen Odd Egil , Bahr Roald 
Published: March 2009

Background The injury rate in soccer is high, and studies have shown that the injury rate among players aged 16 years or older approaches that of adult players. However, little is known about the injury risk among the youngest players, that is, players between 6 and 12 years. Purpose To examine the risk of injuries in children 6 to 16 years old playing organized soccer. Study Design Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods Injuries were recorded prospectively throughout 1 season among 121 soccer teams (1879 players, aged 6–16 years) from 2 communities in the southeastern part of Norway. Results A total of 159 players sustained 200 injuries, corresponding to an overall injury incidence of 2.2 per 1000 playing hours (95% confidence interval, 1.8–2.6) among boys and 2.0 injuries per 1000 hours (95% confidence interval, 1.4–2.5) among girls. The overall injury incidence was significantly higher (relative risk, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–2.2) among older players (13–16 years; 2.6 injuries per 1000 hours, 95% confidence interval, 2.2–3.0) than among younger players (6–12 years; 1.6 injuries per 1000 hours, 95% confidence interval, 1.2–1.9). The injuries recorded in the youngest group were few and mainly mild. Conclusion The injury risk among young players (6–12 years) playing organized 5- or 7-a-side soccer is low, lower than that of adolescents and much lower than at the elite level. Soccer is a safe sport for children.