bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental Knowledge About Antibiotic Use: Results of a Cluster-Randomized, Multicommunity Intervention
Authors: Huang Susan S. , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L. , Kleinman Ken , Kotch Jamie , Schiff Nancy , Stille Christopher J. , Steingard Ron , Finkelstein Jonathan A. 
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to determine the impact of a community-wide educational intervention on parental misconceptions likely contributing to pediatric antibiotic overprescribing.
METHODS. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial of a 3-year, community-wide, educational intervention directed at parents of children &lt;6 years of age in 16 Massachusetts communities to improve parental antibiotic knowledge and attitudes and to decrease unnecessary prescribing. Parents in 8 intervention communities were mailed educational newsletters and exposed to educational materials during visits to local pediatric providers, pharmacies, and child care centers. We compared responses from mailed surveys in 2000 (before the intervention) and 2003 (after the intervention) for parents in intervention and control communities. Analyses were performed on the individual level, clustered according to community.
RESULTS. There were 1106 (46%) and 2071 (40%) respondents to the 2000 and 2003 surveys, respectively. Between 2000 and 2003, the proportion of parents who answered ≥7 of 10 knowledge questions correctly increased significantly in both intervention (from 52% to 64%) and control (from 54% to 61%) communities. We did not detect a significant intervention impact on knowledge regarding appropriate antibiotic use in the population overall. In a subanalysis, we did observe a significant intervention effect among parents of Medicaid-insured children, who began with lower baseline knowledge scores.
CONCLUSIONS. Although knowledge regarding appropriate use of antibiotics is improving without additional targeted intervention among more socially advantaged populations, parents of Medicaid-insured children may benefit from educational interventions to promote judicious antibiotic use. These findings may have implications for other health education campaigns.
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Penetrates Readily Into the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children After Intravenous Administration
Authors: Kumpulainen Elina , Kokki Hannu , Halonen Toivo , Heikkinen Marja , Savolainen Jouko , Laisalmi Merja 
Published: April 2007

INTRODUCTION. The main action of paracetamol (acetaminophen) is presumed to be in the central nervous system. The central nervous system penetration of paracetamol has been described in children with intracranial pathologies but not in children with an intact blood-brain barrier.OBJECTIVE. We investigated the cerebrospinal fluid penetration of paracetamol in 32 healthy children, aged 3 months to 12 years, who were undergoing surgery in the lower body using spinal anesthesia.MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this open-label prospective study, children were given a single intravenous injection of paracetamol (15 mg/kg). Cerebrospinal fluid and venous blood samples were obtained between 5 minutes and 5 hours after injection. Paracetamol concentrations were determined from the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma by using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay.RESULTS. Paracetamol was detected in cerebrospinal fluid from the earliest sample at 5 minutes, although in this sample paracetamol concentration was below the limit of quantification of 1.0 mg/L. Subsequent paracetamol concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid ranged between 1.3 and 18 mg/L (median: 7.2 mg/L), plasma concentrations ranged between 2.4 and 33 mg/L, and cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratios ranged between 0.06 and 2.0. The highest CSF paracetamol concentration was detected at 57 minutes.CONCLUSIONS. Paracetamol permeates readily into the cerebrospinal fluid of children. This fast and extensive transfer enables the rapid central analgesic and antipyretic action of intravenous paracetamol.
Controlled Layer‐by‐Layer Formation of Ultrathin Oxide Films on Silver Island Films for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Measurement
Authors: Mahurin Shannon M. , Bao Lili , Dai Sheng 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMethods for the controlled deposition of ultrathin metal oxide layers onto silver island films for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements are reported. Two related deposition techniques are explored for thin film growth: a surface sol‐gel method and atomic layer deposition. Both methods exhibit excellent control of the deposited film thickness to atomic level precision while conformally coating the complex structures found in silver island films. Coating of metal oxide films onto silver substrates provides a method for monitoring the distance dependence of SERS enhancements and offers a platform for exploring adsorption and interaction of analytes on dielectric surfaces. Analysis of the distance dependence of the Raman signal with increasing film thickness yields estimated silver particle sizes that are in agreement with microscopy, which is consistent with the layer‐by‐layer growth mechanism of uniform metal oxide films on the silver substrate. These methods can be easily extended to grow a variety of laminar or mixed metal oxide films for the exploration of interfacial phenomena.
Evaluation of Two Commercially Available Pressure Chambers to Induce Triploidy in Saugeyes
Authors: Abiado Mary Ann G , Penn Michael , Dabrowski Konrad , Stafford James 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The production of sterile, triploid saugeyes (female walleye Sander vitreus × male sauger S. canadensis) for aquaculture and recreational fisheries depends on the availability of a technique for large-scale induction of triploidy with more than 50% survival of hatched embryos. This study aims to provide preliminary data and observations on the use of a 2.7-L-capacity electric pressure chamber (TRC Hydraulics, Dieppe, New Brunswick, Canada) for producing triploid saugeyes for stocking into Ohio waters. Small-scale experiments tested the effects of a 4-min initiation followed by 5–16 min at 9,000 psi (lb/in2; 6.89 psi = 1 kPa) on the induction of triploidy and survival of saugeye embryos produced using the TRC chamber and a manually operated 1-L pressure chamber (Aquacenter, Leland, Mississippi). There were no differences in survival to the eyed egg stage of pressure-shocked saugeye embryos (4.9–18.2%) produced using the two pressure chambers for each set of parameters tested. Survival in the control group ranged from 56.1% to 64.9%. All the pressure shock parameters produced 100% triploid saugeyes when the TRC pressure chamber was used. Triploidy ranged from 80% to 96.7% when the 1-L pressure chamber was used. We conducted large-scale experiments on May 31-April 4, 2003, and pressure-shocked 4.2 L of eggs, with sample volumes ranging from 100 to 450 mL per trial (one run) using the 2.7-L hydraulic pressure chamber at 9,000 psi (initiation time, 4 min; duration, 12 min). A large-scale batch of untreated controls (690 mL) also was produced on April 4, 2003. Both pressure-shocked and control groups were transported in plastic bags to the Hebron State Fish Hatchery for incubation at 13.2 ± 3.6°C. A total of 89.1% (n = 46) of the fish from the pressure-shocked groups were triploids and 100% (n = 40) of the fish from the controls were diploids based on flow cytometry of the hatched embryos. Survival rates for pressure-shocked and control embryos were 22.4% and 54%, respectively. The hatched embryos from each group were stocked into fertilized ponds and reared for 27–36 d. Survival of saugeyes in the two ponds with pressure-shocked fish (76.4 ± 1.75% [mean ± SD]) was 19.9% higher than that of saugeyes in 38 other Ohio Division of Wildlife (ODW) ponds (56.5 ± 19.1%). The pressure-shocked saugeye juveniles were 97.9% triploids (n = 48), whereas the ODW control saugeye juveniles were 100% diploids (n = 24) based on flow cytometry. Less than 0.1% of the Ohio State University control saugeyes stocked in ponds survived. Pressure-shocked saugeyes were smaller and shorter than control saugeyes. The condition factors of pressure-shocked saugeyes did not differ from those of ODW control saugeyes. The use of the electric hydraulic pressure chamber for mass production of triploid saugeyes shows promise for improving survival rates.
Enriched Artemia and Probiotic Diets Improve Survival of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout Larvae and Fry
Authors: Arndt Ronney E , Wagner Eric J 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
In a sequence of two tests, probiotics were tested for their ability to enhance the survival of larvae and fry of the Colorado River cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus. For the first test (12 d), first-feeding fish were fed Artemia franciscana that had been enriched with Lactobacillus bacteria, a commercial probiotic formula, or Selco (an emulsion containing omega-3 fatty acids and essential fatty acids combined with phytoplankton). Two control treatments—an Artemia control group fed nauplii that had not been enriched and a commercial feed control group that was fed a commercial swim-up feed formulation—were also included. There were no significant differences between treatments with respect to survival, although the swim-up feed controls had 82% survival over 12 d, compared with an average of 93% for the other treatments. Swim-up control fish grew significantly better than fish in the Lactobacillus-fed treatment. As a continuation of the study (second test), growth and survival between the swim-up control fish and the Lactobacillus-fed treatment were compared over 71 d. The swim-up control fish were fed a commercial diet for the duration, the particle size increasing with fish growth. The Lactobacillus-fed fish were offered the same-sized diet as the control except that it was top-dressed with lactobacilli. Survival was improved for fry fed the Lactobacillus diet compared with fish fed the unmodified commercial formulation. Feed conversion ratios were also significantly better for fry fed the Lactobacillus diet. Artemia and probiotics appear to be useful methods for improving the survival of Colorado River cutthroat trout larvae and fry.
Effects of Road Decommissioning on Stream Habitat Characteristics in the South Fork Flathead River, Montana
Authors: McCaffery Magnus , Switalski T. Adam , Eby Lisa 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated the negative effects of roads on stream characteristics important for fish survival; however, few have examined whether decommissioning reverses these adverse impacts. We examined the relationships between the percentage of fine sediment in stream substrate and roads and looked at whether decommissioning had measurable effects on stream habitat in the Flathead National Forest, Montana. We conducted habitat surveys and substrate coring in 12 streams encompassing three watershed treatment types: (1) roadless areas, (2) areas with roads in use, and (3) areas with decommissioned roads. Significant positive correlations were found between the percentage of fine sediment in substrate and various measures of road impact (road density, roads in use, and number of stream crossings). Watersheds with roads in use had higher percentages of fine sediment than those without roads and those with decommissioned roads. Watersheds with high levels of vegetative regrowth on decommissioned roadbeds had a lower percentage of fines in stream sediment. Decommissioning efforts that enhance regrowth may improve stream habitat, although significant effects of these manipulations are difficult to detect through spatial comparisons. Future studies using either before‐after or before‐after‐control designs to evaluate the effects of decommissioning practices on fish and wildlife habitat and populations are needed.
The Contribution of Interleukin‐13 and ‐15 to the Cytokine Network Within Normal and Diseased Gingiva
Authors: Johnson Roger B. , Serio Francis G. 
Published: April 2007

Background: There are no comparisons of concentrations of interleukin (IL)‐13 and ‐1‐ and gingival sulcular depth within healthy or inflamed gingiva. Study of non‐oral inflammations indicated that IL‐15 has similar functions to IL‐2, and IL‐13 has similar functions to IL‐4 and ‐10. Thus, IL‐13 and ‐15 likely have a function in gingival inflammation.Methods: We compared the concentrations of IL‐13 and ‐1‐ within healthy or inflamed human gingiva to gingival sulcular depth and the concentration of various T‐helper 1 and T‐helper 2 cytokines in a group of Hispanic subjects. Gingival papillae were grouped by the depth of the adjacent gingival sulcus: ≤3 mm (normal); 3 to 6 mm and >6 mm (diseased). The gingival concentrations of IL‐2, ‐4, ‐6, ‐10, ‐13, and ‐15 and interferon (IFN)‐γ were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: IL‐2, ‐4, ‐6, ‐10, and ‐13 and IFN‐γ concentrations were higher within gingiva adjacent to 3 to 6 mm diseased compared to normal; IL‐1‐ concentrations were significantly greater within normal gingiva than within diseased gingiva (P <0.001). Within gingiva adjacent to >6 mm sulci, IL‐6 concentrations were significantly higher than in normal gingiva, and the concentrations of the other cytokines were similar to those in normal gingiva. Gingival IL‐6 concentration correlated significantly with the adjacent gingival sulcular depth, whereas the IL‐15 concentration correlated inversely with the adjacent gingival sulcular depth (P <0.001).Conclusions: IL‐13, ‐4, and ‐10 had a similar concentration pattern within normal and diseased tissue; however, the concentration pattern of IL‐1‐ was not similar to IL‐2. Relatively low IL‐15 concentrations within diseased gingiva suggest that IL‐15 might have anti‐inflammatory properties.
The Evolution of Buccal Gingival Recessions in a Student Population: A 5‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Daprile Giuseppe , Gatto Maria Rosaria , Checchi Luigi 
Published: April 2007

Background: Data from cross‐sectional studies revealed that gingival recession commonly occurred in subjects with a good standard of oral hygiene, but very little has been reported about longitudinal changes in the presence and extent of gingival recession in a similar sample of the population. The aim of this study was to follow up on the evolution of gingival recession at buccal tooth surfaces in a student population attending the fifth year at Bologna University Dental School who had been examined in a study 5 years earlier.Methods: The clinical examination involved assessment of the number of buccal surfaces with plaque and buccal gingival recession. Information about toothbrushing habits (brushing technique and frequency and toothbrush bristle stiffness) was collected in an interview.Results: The number of subjects with at least one recession and the total number of recessions had increased significantly. Comparing data from the baseline and the present study, no significant differences were observed for toothbrush type and frequency of toothbrushing, whereas the use of correct brushing techniques increased to 87% of the subjects.Conclusion: The percentage of affected sites increased with the level of oral hygiene education, and this increase developed despite a reduction in the frequency of dangerous toothbrushing habits.
Evaluation of the Benefits of Using a Power Toothbrush During the Initial Phase of Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Gugerli Patrick , Secci Graziella , Mombelli Andrea 
Published: April 2007

Background: Studies evaluating the efficacy of oral hygiene procedures typically focus on prevention or maintenance after periodontal therapy. Little is known about the specific benefit of a power toothbrush during therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of power toothbrushing compared to manual toothbrushing in patients undergoing the initial phase of periodontal therapy.Methods: This was an examiner‐masked, randomized, two‐arm parallel study involving 70 adults (range, 23 to 81 years) with untreated periodontitis. After an initial supragingival debridement, subjects were assigned to toothbrushing with a manual (group M) or power (group P) toothbrush. Subjects returned for evaluation after 7, 14, and 28 days.Results: At day 28, the mean plaque index (PI) was significantly lower for subjects in group P than for those in group M (P = 0.006). The mean number of sites with PI >1 at days 14 and 28 and the mean number of sites with bleeding on probing at days 14 and 28 also were significantly lower in these subjects (P = 0.018 and P = 0.005, respectively, and P = 0.017 and P = 0.034, respectively). Differences in the mean gingival index, the number of sites with a gingival index >1, mean recession, mean probing depth, and the number of pockets >4 mm were not significant.Conclusion: Subjects using a power toothbrush during initial treatment reduced supragingival plaque to lower levels and showed significantly less bleeding on probing than subjects using a manual brush.
Extracellular ATP and ATPγS Suppress the Proliferation of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells by Different Mechanisms
Authors: Kawase Tomoyuki , Okuda Kazuhiro , Yoshie Hiromasa 
Published: April 2007

Background: Periodontitis, similar to many other known inflammatory diseases, is thought to increase adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in extracellular spaces. Extracellular ATP acts on specific receptors to modulate the proliferation of various cell types. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) contains high levels of ectonucleotidase activity capable of degrading ATP. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ATP on the proliferation of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and how these effects are altered by ectonucleotidases.Methods: PDL cells were derived from healthy young volunteers. ATP content and DNA synthesis were quantified by a bioluminescence and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. CD39 and p21WAF1/cip1 expression was analyzed by Western blot. Apoptosis was evaluated by caspase‐3/7 activity, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end‐labeling (TUNEL) activity, annexin‐V–binding, and DNA fragmentation.Results: CD39 and ectonucleotidase‐like activity were found in PDL cells and serum, respectively. Because less CD39 is expressed in freshly plated cells, both exogenous ATP and ATPγS, a slowly hydrolysable analog, inhibited cell proliferation under low serum conditions. ATP upregulated p21WAF1/cip1, an inhibitor of cell‐cycle progression, whereas ATPγS induced caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Either upregulation of CD39 or added serum rescued cells from the cytostatic actions of exogenous ATP.Conclusions: In PDL cells expressing low CD39 levels, both ATP and ATPγS inhibited proliferation but by different mechanisms. ATP‐induced growth arrest suggests that periodontal tissue regeneration is often suppressed at the site of injury. Furthermore, added ectonucleotidases protected PDL cells from ATP's cytostatic actions, suggesting that ectonucleotidase‐rich PRP augments the regenerative actions of its constituent growth factors by protecting against exogenous ATP at clinical sites.
Low‐ and High‐Yield Cigarette Smoke Inhalation Potentiates Bone Loss During Ligature‐Induced Periodontitis
Authors: Nogueira‐Filho Getúlio da R. , Rosa Bruno Trevisan , César‐Neto João B. , Tunes Roberto S. , Tunes Urbino da R. 
Published: April 2007

Background:It is well recognized that cigarette consumption is a strong risk factor for periodontitis. Tobacco companies have developed a cigarette with low levels of toxic compounds; however, its effect on periodontium has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to verify the impact of smoke produced by low‐ and high‐yield cigarettes on bone loss resulting from ligature‐induced periodontitis.Methods:A total of 36 male Wistar rats were used in the study. A ligature was placed around one of the mandibular first molars (ligated teeth) of each animal, and they were assigned randomly to one of three groups: group 1: control (N = 10), group 2: 30 days’ inhalation of smoke produced by high‐yield cigarettes (N = 13), and group 3: 30 days’ inhalation of smoke produced by low‐yield cigarettes (N = 13). The animals were sacrificed 30 days after ligature placement, and the specimens were processed for decalcified sections.Results:Intergroup analysis of unligated teeth (without periodontal disease) did not show a significant difference regarding periodontal ligament area (2.40 ± 0.5 mm2, 2.72 ± 0.7 mm2, and 2.61 ± 0.4 mm2for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively;P>0.05). Conversely, significant differences were noted in ligated teeth (with periodontitis); bone loss was directly proportional to the level of toxic compounds in the cigarettes (5.74 ± 0.5 mm2, 7.40 ± 0.50 mm2, and 6.51 ± 0.50 mm2for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively;P<0.05).Conclusion:Low‐ and high‐yield cigarettes potentiated bone loss during experimental periodontitis in a directly proportional fashion.
Expression of the Receptor of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Gingival Tissue of Smokers With Generalized Periodontal Disease and After Nornicotine Induction in Primary Gingival Epithelial Cells
Authors: Katz Joseph , Yoon Thomas Y.H. , Mao Song , Lamont Richard J. , Caudle Robert M. 
Published: April 2007

Background: The association between smoking and periodontal disease is well established; however, the mechanism by which smoking augments the destruction of periodontal tissue is not clear. We hypothesize that smoking is related to an increased expression of receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in gingival tissues of smokers.Methods: Gingival biopsies from five smokers and five age‐ and gender‐matched non‐smokers were examined. In addition, gingival epithelial cells (GECs) were reacted with 1 μM nornicotine for 4, 16, 24, and 48 hours for mRNA for RAGE and an additional 72 hours for protein expression. RAGE mRNA was amplified by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and expression of RAGE at the protein level in GECs was studied with Western blots.Results: In the gingival biopsies from all 10 subjects, RT‐PCR with RAGE‐specific primers produced a band of the predicted size. For all pairs, the smoker biopsies expressed a greater level of RAGE compared to the matched non‐smokers. When viewed as groups, analysis of the band intensity indicated that RAGE mRNA in smokers was ∼1.4‐fold of the expression in non‐smokers (Wilcoxon test; P = 0.031). In GECs treated with nornicotine, there was a time‐dependent increase in RAGE expression up to two‐fold at 48 hours. RAGE protein levels initially were reduced but increased to 1.4‐fold after 48 hours.Conclusion: The ability of nornicotine to elevate RAGE expression in GECs, along with increased RAGE expression in inflamed gingival tissue from smokers, indicates that RAGE may be associated with periodontal disease linked to smoking.
Social Inequalities in Perinatal Mortality in Belo Horizonte, Brazil: The Role of Hospital Care
Authors: Lansky Sônia , França Elisabeth , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We examined the contribution of hospital type and quality of care to perinatal mortality rates in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Methods. We used a cohort study of all births (40953) and perinatal deaths (826) in Belo Horizonte in1999. After adjusting for maternal education and birthweight, we compared mortality rates according to hospital category—defined by a hospital’s relation to the national Universal Public Health System (SUS)—and quality of care. We used the Wigglesworth Classification to examine perinatal deaths. Results. After we controlled for birthweight and maternal education, the highest perinatal death rates were observed in private and philanthropic SUS-contracted hospitals (relative to private, non-SUS-contracted hospitals). Hospital quality was also directly associated with perinatal death rates. Mortality rates were especially high for normal-birthweight babies born in private SUS-contracted hospitals. Intrapartum asphyxia was the leading cause of preventable death. Conclusions. In a class-segregated health care system, such as Brazil’s, disparities in quality of care between SUS-contracted and non-SUS-contracted hospitals contribute to the unacceptably high rates of perinatal mortality.