bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracheotomy and Decannulation Rates in a Level 3 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A 12‐Year Study
Authors: Sidman James D. , Jaguan Abraham , Couser Robert J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to determine the rates of tracheotomy tube placement and subsequent decannulation in all admissions to a single‐site, tertiary newborn intensive care unit (NICU).Methods: Records from total admissions to a tertiary single‐site NICU between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 2002, were retrospectively analyzed. Long‐term medical follow‐up for this cohort included data through September 1, 2003. All patients were analyzed for occurrence of tracheotomy tube placement and decannulation, airway procedures, and comorbidities.Results: There were 10,428 total NICU admissions during the 12‐year study period. Seventy‐eight (0.7%) of these patients underwent tracheotomy tube placement. Sixty‐six of these 78 (85%) infants survived. None of the 12 deaths were related to tracheotomy tube placement. The most common indications for tracheotomy tube placement were subglottic stenosis (32%), chronic lung disease (28%), craniofacial abnormality (14%), chronic ventilator dependency (11%), and a neurologic disorder (8%). Decannulation was achieved in 41 of 66 (62%) survivors. Patients who failed decannulation had a major neurologic disorder, underlying pulmonary disorder, or both.Conclusion: A baseline tracheotomy tube placement rate of 0.7% was observed in this single‐site tertiary NICU setting. Decannulation was accomplished early in life in two thirds of the surviving infants. Those infants failing decannulation had either severe underlying pulmonary or neurologic disorders.
Evaluation of Patients with Globus Pharyngeus with Barium Swallow Pharyngoesophagography
Authors: Caylakli Fatma , Yavuz Haluk , Erkan Alper Nabi , Ozer Cem , Ozluoglu Levent Naci 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to determine the value of barium swallow pharyng‐oesophagography in the investigation of patients with globus pharyngeus who had no known disease, no operation history in the head and neck region, and no thyroid pathology. We compare the clinical presentation with the radiologic findings to assess the diagnostic accuracy of barium swallow in such patients.Methods: This was a retrospective study of the clinical records and radiologic reports of 194 patients with globus pharyngeus, between October 1998 and October 2004, that were reviewed and analyzed for correlations between clinical signs and symptoms and barium swallow findings using the ξ2 test. All the patients had normal ear, nose, and throat examination, including indirect laryngoscopy and/or nasoendoscopy. Patients with known pharyngeal and esophageal disease, neurologic disease known to cause pharyngeal or esophageal dysfunction, evidence of autoimmune disease or diabetes mellitus, with a thyroid operation in the past and thyroid nodules detected with radiologic investigation were excluded.Results: There were 116 (59.8%) female and 78 (40.2%) male patients. In 114 patients (59%), globus was the only symptom. Sore throat was the most common associated complaint. Benign barium swallow findings were detected in 63.9% of the patients. Cervical osteophyte indentation was the most common finding. In 36.1% of the patients, the radiologic finding was normal. The statistical analysis using the ξ2 test showed a significant relationship (P < .001) between the symptoms of globus pharyngeus and the barium swallow results.Conclusion: Barium swallow pharyngoesophagography is useful to detect underlying benign characteristic pathologies in patients with globus who have no known head and neck illness.
Lateral Thyrotomy for Excision of Laryngeal Paragangliomas
Authors: Brown Seth M. , Myssiorek David 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLaryngeal paragangliomas, although rare, are lesions that warrant appropriate diagnosis and treatment secondary to their location and high risk of bleeding when violated. This article describes a method to workup patients with solid submucosal lesions of the larynx to diagnose a paraganglioma without a biopsy. When recognized preoperatively, a lateral approach to removal can be performed, decreasing the risk of significant bleeding and the need for tracheotomy or permanent laryngostoma. This article also adds two more cases to the reported literature of 75.
Domestic violence as risk factor for unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Kaye Dan K. , Mirembe Florence M. , Bantebya Grace , Johansson Annika , Ekstrom Anna Mia 
Published: January 2006

SummaryObjective  To compare pregnancy intention and domestic violence among women with induced and spontaneous abortion.Method  Case‐control study in Mulago Hospital, Uganda, from September 2003 to June 2004 of 942 women seeking post‐abortion care. Direct inquiry, records review and clinical examination identified 333 with induced abortion (cases) and 609 with spontaneous abortion (controls), who were compared regarding socio‐demographic characteristics, contraceptive use, domicile (rural or urban, nuclear or extended families), pregnancy intention, household decision‐making and domestic violence. Data was analysed with EPI‐INFO and STATA, using Student t‐test and analysis of variance for continuous and chi‐square for categorical variables. Stratified and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for confounding and interaction at the 95% confidence level.Results  Cases significantly differed from controls as they were younger or more often single; had lower parity and education, less household decision‐making and fewer living children. They were similar to controls (P > 0.05) regarding employment, spouse's age, years spent in marital relationship and domicile. Cases more frequently (P < 0.001) had mistimed, unplanned or unwanted pregnancy at conception and presentation. Cases were more likely to have a recent history of domestic violence (physical, sexual or psychological) [OR: 18.7 (95%CI: 11.2–31.0)] after adjusting for age, pregnancy intention and marital status.Conclusion  Domestic violence is a risk factor for unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion among women seeking post‐abortion care.
Review of the Minimus Complex of Anopheles, main malaria vector in Southeast Asia: from taxonomic issues to vector control strategies
Authors: Garros C. , Van Bortel W. , Trung H. D. , Coosemans M. , Manguin S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBackground  The Minimus Complex of Anopheles subgenus Cellia is composed of two sibling species, A and C, on the Southeast Asian mainland, and a third allopatric species E that occurs in the Ryukyu Archipelago (Japan), a malaria‐free region. Anopheles minimus s.l. is considered to be one of the main malaria vector in the hilly forested regions of Southeast Asia. Despite a large number of studies over its range of distribution, it is difficult to have a global view of the ecological and bionomical characteristics of the individual species as different identification methods were used, generally without specific identification of the sibling species.Objectives  (1) To review the main malaria studies on An. minimus s.l.; (2) to discuss recently published data on the biology and ecology of each sibling species; and (3) to identify gaps in our understanding of the Minimus Complex.Review Results  Major biological and ecological trends are addressed, such as the high plasticity of trophic behaviour and the sympatry of species A and C over the Southeast Asian mainland. Despite the availability of rapid molecular identification methods, we still lack important information concerning the biological characteristics of each sibling species. These gaps must be filled in the future because An. minimus species A and C may exhibit different abilities to transmit malaria.Conclusion  We expect that entomological surveys will employ molecular methods to clearly identify these two species, and thus elucidate the biological characteristics of each species. As a consequence, current vector control strategies will be improved by targeting the most efficient vectors.
Evaluation of three rapid diagnostic tests for cholera: does the skill level of the technician matter?
Authors: Kalluri Pavani , Naheed Aliya , Rahman Saifur , Ansaruzzaman Mohammad , Faruque Abu Syed Golam , Bird Michele , Khatun Fatema , Bhuiyan Nurul Amin , Nato Farida , Fournier Jean‐Michel , Bopp Cheryl , Breiman Robert F. , Nair Gopinath Balakrish , Mintz Eric D. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryObjective  To evaluate SMARTTM, MedicosTM Dip Stick and an Institut Pasteur (IP) cholera dipstick tests for accuracy and ease of use.Method  Every 50th patient presenting with diarrhoea at ICDDR,B between 1 April 2003 and 30 November 2003 was enrolled. The rapid diagnostic tests were performed by field and laboratory technicians, and sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values calculated.Results  We isolated Vibrio cholerae O1 from 116 (38%) of 304 patients. The Se, Sp, PPV and NPV of the SMARTTM test were 58%, 95%, 84% and 84% for field technicians, and 83%, 88%, 83% and 88% for laboratory technicians. The Se, Sp, PPV and NPV of the IP dipstick test were 93%, 67%, 63% and 94% for field technicians, and 94%, 76%, 70% and 95% for laboratory technicians. The Se, Sp, PPV and NPV of the MedicosTM test were 84%, 79%, 71% and 90% for field technicians, and 88%, 80%, 72% and 92% for laboratory technicians. A high proportion of indeterminates (30%) hampered the performance of the SMARTTM test. The IP dipstick had the highest Se, irrespective of technician skill level.Conclusion  The IP dipstick is the most appropriate rapid diagnostic assay for the detection of V. cholerae O1 in locations where the skill level of personnel may be low, such as remote areas or refugee camp settings. High cost may limit the utility of any diagnostic test in the developing world.
Synergistic associations between hookworm and other helminth species in a rural community in Brazil
Authors: Fleming Fiona M. , Brooker Simon , Geiger Stefan M. , Caldas Iramaya R. , Correa‐Oliveira Rodrigo , Hotez Peter J , Bethony Jeffrey M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryObjective  To identify possible synergistic associations of hookworm and other helminths.Method  Cross‐sectional survey of all households within 10 km2 of Americaninhas, a rural community in Minas Gerais, Brazil. We determined the prevalence and intensity of single and multiple helminth species infection in an age‐stratified sample of 1332 individuals from 335 households.Results  Hookworm was the most prevalent helminth infection (68.2%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (48.8%) and Schistosoma mansoni (45.3%). Overall, 60.6% of individuals harboured mixed helminth infections. Multivariate analysis indicated significant positive associations for co‐infection with hookworm and S. mansoni and for co‐infection with hookworm and A. lumbricoides. Co‐infections with hookworm and A. lumbricoides resulted in higher egg counts for both, suggesting a synergistic relationship between these species, although, we found important age differences in this relationship. However, the intensity of S. mansoni or A. lumbricoides co‐infection did not differ from that of mono‐infection.Conclusion  These results have implications for the epidemiology, immunology and control of multiple helminth infections. More research is needed to examine the rates of re‐infection and immune responses after chemotherapy, and to what extent the effects of polyparasitism are altered by chemotherapy.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yemen: clinicoepidemiologic features and a preliminary report on species identification
Authors: Khatri Mishri Lal , Haider Nasser , Di Muccio Trentina , Gramiccia Marina 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective  To study the clinicoepidemiologic profile of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Yemen (Hajjah and adjacent regions) and to identify the Leishmania species responsible.Methods  All 136 cases [96 (70.6%) males and 40 (29.4%) females] were subjected to detailed analysis. The diagnosis was based on positive slit skin smear and histopathologic studies when needed. In four cases, in vitro culture and Leishmania characterization by isoenzyme electrophoresis of 15 isoenzymes were attempted.Results  Most of the patients (107; 78.7%) were residents of the Hajjah Governorate. The majority of the patients had a single noduloulcerative lesion on the face. Slit skin smear was positive for parasites in 128 (94%) cases (highly positive in 63 cases) and four Leishmania isolates were obtained. The isoenzyme characterization results revealed L. tropica to be the species responsible, and zymodeme analysis showed that one strain belonged to zymodeme MON137, and three strains belonged to two previously undescribed zymodemes similar to zymodeme MON71.Conclusion  CL seems to be endemic in this region. L. tropica was identified as the species responsible in four strains.
Cutaneous adornment in the Yoruba of south‐western Nigeria – past and present
Authors: George Adekunle O. , Ogunbiyi Adebola O. , Daramola Olaniyi O. M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe traditional practice of cutaneous adornment is rich and vast amongst the Yoruba in the south‐western part of Nigeria. There are varieties of traditionally made products, such as oils, soaps, fragrances, and beads, that have been employed over the years to enhance body beauty. This rich cultural heritage, however, has more or less given way to the values of Western culture, together with the disadvantages of the latter, manifesting as sequelae on the skin.
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A personal approach to management
Authors: Callen Jeffrey P 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYSkin disease in patients with lupus erythematosus may be subdivided into two broad categories – those lesions that when biopsied demonstrate interface dermatitis and those that do not demonstrate interface dermatitis. The skin lesions that are represented by the interface dermatitis include discoid lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Patients with these ‘specific’ manifestations have varying degrees of systemic involvement from rare systemic disease in patients with localized discoid lupus erythematosus to common and often severe involvement in patients with acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Patients who do not demonstrate interface dermatitis also may have systemic disease and in some instances the skin manifestations are linked to some of the more severe systemic manifestations. Many patients with cutaneous lesions characterized by the interface dermatitis can be controlled with ‘standard’ therapies including sunscreens, protective clothing and behavioural alteration, and topical corticosteroids with or without an oral antimalarial agent. This review presents a brief summary of each common cutaneous manifestation of lupus erythematosus, its relationship to systemic involvement and treatment issues to effectively deal with the lupus erythematosus patient who has skin disease.
Distribution of abundance across the range in eastern North American trees
Authors: Murphy Helen T. , VanDerWal Jeremy , Lovett‐Doust Jon 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTAim  We analysed spatial datasets of abundance across the entirety, or near entirety, of the geographical ranges of 134 tree species to test macroecological hypotheses concerning the distribution of abundance across geographical ranges.Location  Our abundance estimates came via the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis Eastwide Database, which contains data for 134 eastern North American tree species.Methods  We extracted measures of range size and the spatial location of abundance relative to position in the range for each species to test four hypotheses: (a) species occur in low abundance throughout most of their geographical range; (b) there is a positive interspecific relationship between abundance and range size; (c) species are more abundant in the centre of their range; and (d) there is a bimodal distribution of spatial autocorrelation in abundance across a species range.Results  Our results demonstrate that (a) most species (85%) are abundant somewhere in their geographical range; (b) species achieving relatively high abundance tend to have larger range sizes; (c) the widely held assumption that species exhibit an ‘abundant‐centre distribution’ is not well supported for the majority of species; we suggest ‘abundant‐core’ as a more suitable term; and (d) there is no evidence of a bimodal distribution of spatial autocorrelation in abundance.Main ConclusionsFor many tree species, high abundance can be achieved at any position in the range, though suitable sites are found with less frequency towards range edges. Competitive relationships may be involved in the distribution of abundance across tree ranges and species with larger ranges (and possibly broader niches) may be affected more by biotic interactions than smaller ranging species.
Are green turtles globally endangered?
Authors: Broderick Annette C. , Frauenstein Robert , Glen Fiona , Hays Graeme C. , Jackson Andrew L. , Pelembe Tara , Ruxton Graeme D. , Godley Brendan J. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTAim  To examine the exploitation, recovery and current status of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting at Ascension Island.Location  Ascension Island (UK) (7°57′ S, 14°22′ W), South Atlantic Ocean.Methods  We analysed records of the harvest of green turtles nesting at Ascension Island between 1822 and 1935, illustrating the decline in numbers over this period. Using a deterministic age‐class structured model we predict the initial number of breeding females present in the population prior to the recorded harvest and compare this to our estimate of the current population based upon our recent annual surveys (1999–2004).Results  Prior to 1822 we estimate the nesting population of green turtles to have been at least 19,000–22,000 individuals in order for the population to have survived the level of harvest recorded. From recent data (1999–2004), we estimate the current breeding population of green turtles at this site to be 11,000–15,000 females. Our results illustrate a dramatic recovery of the population, which is still increasing exponentially and shows no evidence of slowing, suggesting it has not reached 50% of its carrying capacity.Main conclusions  We estimate that, since the 1970s, the Ascension Island population of green turtles has increased by 285% and question the recent listing of this species as endangered by the IUCN (World Conservation Union), in particular in the Atlantic Ocean, where 75% of the populations assessed by the IUCN are increasing. Indeed, we estimate the global population of this species to be in excess of 2.2 million individuals. We suggest that the IUCN's global listing process detracts attention from those populations that are truly threatened with extinction and should not, in its present form, be applied to globally distributed long‐lived species such as marine turtles.
Dyspareunia and Urinary Sensory Symptoms in India: Population-Based Study
Authors: Padmadas Sabu S. , Stones R.W. , Matthews Zoë 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Population level estimates of sexual dysfunction in less developed settings where sexuality is not openly discussed or is culturally constrained are lacking.

Aim
To determine the prevalence of dyspareunia and identify associated symptoms and sociocultural factors.

Methods
Data from a population-based national level family health sample survey conducted in Indian states from 1998 to 1999 which collected sexual and reproductive health information from 84,644 currently married women. The main outcome measure was dyspareunia.

Results
The overall prevalence of dyspareunia was 12.6%, with a higher prevalence in the central region, among newly married and younger women, among Muslims, rural residents, and among nonusers or traditional contraceptive method users. Dyspareunia was significantly more common among respondents who had urinary sensory symptoms when compared with their counterparts (adjusted odds ratio: 6.57, 95% confidence interval: 6.28, 6.87).

Conclusion
Dyspareunia prevalence and the associated symptoms reported in this analysis could be underestimates because of possible underreporting. There is a substantial hidden burden of sexual health problems especially affecting younger women.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: Analysis of Risk Factors
Authors: El-Sakka Ahmed I. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is unclear. Conventionally, little attention has been given to the association between ED and LUTS.

Aim
To evaluate ED risk factors in patients with LUTS.

Methods
A total of 476 male patients with ED were enrolled in this study. They were interviewed for ED by using the International Index of Erectile Function. All patients were screened for socio-demographic data and risk factors for ED that included age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease (IHD), dyslipidemia, and psychological disorders. All patients were also screened for LUTS by using the International Prostate Symptoms Score. Patients underwent routine laboratory investigation in addition to testosterone and prolactin assessment.

Results
Mean age ± SD were 55.1 ± 8.7 years and 40.4 ± 11.2 years for patients with and without LUTS, respectively. Of the patients, 27.6% had mild, 30% had moderate, and 42.4% had severe ED. Seventy-seven percent of the patients had LUTS; of those, 22.8% had mild, 42% had moderate, and 35.2% had severe grades. Significant associations between LUTS and both the longer duration and the increased severity of ED were detected. There were also significant associations between LUTS and the following ED risk factors: age, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and IHD. Presence of at least one risk factor was significantly associated with LUTS in patients with ED.

Conclusions
ED risk factors are very prevalent among patients with LUTS. The current study supports previous studies suggesting that LUTS were significantly associated with ED. Furthermore, a significant association between the increased severity of LUTS and the increased severity of ED was confirmed.
Sexual Health Inquiry and Support is a Primary Care Priority
Authors: Sadovsky Richard , Nusbaum Margaret 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT
The World Health Organization defines sexual health as “a state of physical, emotional, mental and sexual well-being related to sexuality.” This broad definition goes beyond simply inquiring about sexual dysfunction and ideally fits the model of patient-centered primary care. As we observe that sexual health and physical health are often closely related, discussions about sexual activity can be very revealing. Sexual intimacy appears positively related to loving relationship satisfaction and stability. Sexual problems have a clear negative impact on both the quality of life and emotional state regardless of age. Learning about specific sexual dysfunctions among men can reveal a variety of as-yet-undiagnosed comorbid pathologic conditions such as: (i) depression and other emotional illnesses; (ii) psychosocial stress; (iii) actual cardiovascular disease as well as related risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and/or hyperlipidemia; (iv) hyperprolactinemia; and (v) low serum testosterone. Specific sexual dysfunctions among women can reveal pathologic conditions such as: (i) depression and other adverse imitational and psychosocial conditions; (ii) low serum estrogen or testosterone; and/or (iii) vaginal or pelvic disorders. A discussion about sexual health can be accomplished efficiently in a primary care office with the inquiring clinician having the option to deal with any sexual problems and dysfunctions directly, or to refer the patient to an appropriate specialized care source.