bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Canadian National Standard on Design for Disassembly and Adaptability for Buildings
Authors: Clapham M. , Foo S. , Quadir J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In recent years, both the public concern on environmental issues and the interest and demand for sustainable buildings have been growing worldwide. Architects, engineers, building developers, and buildings owners are feeling pressure to design, construct, and maintain buildings that respect sustainability and the environment. In support of sustainable development initiatives of governments and the building industry, the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) has established a Technical Committee on Sustainable Buildings, which has been tasked to develop national standards to advance the design, construction, and maintenance of buildings in a sustainable manner. This paper first discusses the standards development environment in Canada and the standards development process in CSA and goes on to describe the development of a new standard on the design for disassembly and adaptability of buildings.
Toxicity of Five Therapeutic Compounds on Juvenile Salmonids
Authors: Taylor Peter W , Glenn Richard A 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Toxicity levels of therapeutic compounds used in aquaculture may vary depending on fish size and species, water quality, concentration of the compound, and duration of exposure. Two different sizes (2.0 and 10.0 g) of three salmonids (rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, coho salmon O. kisutch, and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha) were given immersion treatments with formalin, potassium permanganate, copper sulfate, acetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide at different concentrations for 1 h. Mortality curves and doses lethal to 50% (LD50) and 2% (LD2) of test fish within 96 h were developed. Analysis of the data showed significant differences in some toxicity levels based on the size of fish within a given species; small fish often were more tolerant than large fish. Among species, some differences in tolerance were apparent. This study showed that fish size and species can affect toxicity and must be considered when developing treatment regimes for those compounds or when collecting target animal safety data for new animal drug applications.
Aquaculture of the Atlantic Red Porgy
Authors: Morris James A. , Rezek Troy C , McNeill Neil A , Watanabe Wade O 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Aquaculture of red porgy Pagrus pagrus (Sparidae) in North America was assessed by the investigation of broodstock conditioning and egg production, larval growth and survivorship, and juvenile grow out. Red porgy broodstock were collected off the coast of North Carolina and held in an outdoor recirculating seawater tank under ambient photoperiod and offshore bottom temperatures. Red porgy broodstock (n = 20) produced up to 300,000 viable eggs/d during their natural spawning period between January and March 2005. Larval survival to 10 d posthatch (dph) was 75.0 ± 2.2% (mean ± SE). Survival declined markedly after 13 dph and was 2.4% by 35 dph, when 1,200 postmetamorphic-stage juveniles remained. Larvae reached 11.2 ± 1.12 mm and 29.3 ± 0.55 mg at 35 dph, and juveniles reached 55 mm total length (TL) at 90 dph. Juvenile grow-out trials in recirculating tanks resulted in red porgy reaching 195 ± 0.32 mm TL and 158 ± 0.14 g at 313 dph and a weight-specific growth rate of 6.8%. The results suggest a lower larval growth rate for western Atlantic red porgy compared with Mediterranean red porgy culture; however, juvenile growth rates were significantly higher than previously reported. Given the high market demand for reef fish species, the red porgy appears to be a good candidate for marine fish culture in North America.
Production and Associated Economics of Channel Catfish Fed Different Practical Diets in the Fingerling–Stocker Phase of Culture
Authors: D'Abramo Louis R , Hanson Terrill R , Steeby James A 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Two practical diets that differed in cost based upon protein sources were evaluated as treatments relative to production and associated economics of the fingerling–stocker phase of culture for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The commercially manufactured fingerling feeds contained approximately 35% crude protein and were fed to fingerling channel catfish (mean weight = 13.8 g; mean length = 12.2 cm, respectively) stocked into experimental earthen ponds (0.05 ha) at a density of 123,550 fish/ha. There were five replicates (ponds) per treatment. The fish were fed daily to satiation, unless some physical or biological factor warranted an abstention of one or more days. After 180 d, all ponds were harvested by seine and then completely drained. Mean individual harvest weight and length of fish fed the high-cost practical diet were significantly greater than those of fish fed the low-cost diet. Survival and feed conversion ratios were not significantly different between dietary treatment groups. The percentage of harvested fish exceeding 114 g, a size that escapes predation by cormorants Phalacrocorax spp., ranged from 47% to 56% for the low-cost treatment and from 72% to 77% for the high-cost treatment. Individual stocker production cost was US.217 for the low-cost dietary treatment and .258 for the high-cost treatment. Economic analyses were used to compare the three-phase (modular) production scheme (which incorporated the two diet-dependent fingerling–stocker management scenarios) with the traditional multiple-batch system (partial harvest and topping off). Total production costs for the three-phase system were .04–0.24 per kilogram less than those of the multiple-batch production system. Total cost of food fish production in the three-phase system ranged from $1.406 (low-cost diet) to $1.417 (high-cost diet) per kilogram. The fingerling–stocker phase offers a variety of management options to meet different production goals, and the three-phase system appears to be a cost-effective alternative management strategy for the farming of channel catfish.
Comparison of Soy and Fish Oils in Practical Diets for Fingerling Walleyes
Authors: Clayton Richard D , Morris Joseph E , Summerfelt Robert C 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A 63-d feeding trial was conducted to compare growth and other performance variables of feed-trained juvenile walleyes Sander vitreus fed an open-formula diet containing 10% soy oil (SO) as a replacement for 11.75% Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus oil that is used in the commercially manufactured walleye grower diet (WG). The SO diet was formulated to be identical to the WG formulation except for the oil. The feeds contained 46% crude protein and similar gross energy (SO: 1,121 J/g; WG: 1,192 J/g). Fish were stocked (209 fish; 5.1 g/L) into triplicate 1,000-L tanks. Fish were fed 7% body weight/d during a 16-h light period with in-tank lighting. Juvenile walleyes were 157 d old, 124 ± 1.0 mm in total length (mean ± SE), and 24.4 ± 0.71 g at the start of the trial. Differences between treatment in relative growth, specific growth rate, survival, final mean length, and mean weight between treatments were not statistically significant. Although derived from a short-term trial, the findings suggest that SO at 10% is a suitable replacement for nearly 12% marine fish oil in a feed for juvenile walleyes. In 2007, the cost of Atlantic menhaden oil in the WG formulation was 1.6-fold greater (US.39/0.454 kg) than that of the SO (.29/0.454 kg) used in the diets.
Preliminary Observations of Mortality Reduction in Stressed, Flavobacterium columnare–Challenged Golden Shiners after Treatment with a Dairy-Yeast Prebiotic
Authors: Sink Todd D , Lochmann Rebecca T 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We conducted preliminary studies to evaluate the effects of including dairy-yeast prebiotics in the diets of golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas with access to natural foods on their resistance to challenge with Flavobacterium columnare. In trial 1, fish were fed either a control diet or a 2% dairy-yeast prebiotic diet for 10 weeks in outdoor pools before challenge. In trial 2, fish fed the experimental diets were either subjected to confinement stress or left unmolested before challenge. Mortality (mean ± SE) was not significantly different in the control diet (23.4 ± 3.4%), the prebiotic diet (10.0 ± 3.3%), and the prebiotic diet with stress (16.7 ± 3.4%) treatments. However, mortality was significantly greater in the control diet with stress treatment (50.0 ± 3.3%) than in the other treatments. This preliminary investigation suggests that prebiotic supplementation in golden shiner feeds before a stressful event would significantly reduce the mortality from F. columnare.
Possible feto-maternal clinical risk of the Kristeller’s expression
Authors: Habek Dubravko , Vuković Bobić Mirna , Hrgović Zlatko 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe aim of this clinical case study is evaluation of possible intrapartal complication of the uncritical Kristeller’s expression. In this retrospective clinical study, data on seven parturients with significant maternal or fetal intrapartum complications during the second labor stage and Kristeller expression, associated with the maneuver, were analyzed. Data was obtained from patient files: history of delivery delivery room protocol and neonatal reports from two tertiary maternal wards. There were five uterine ruptures that were treated by laparotomy and uterine sutures. Atypical rupture location on the uterine fundus occurred in one case, isthmus rupture in three cases, and rupture of the scar left after a previous cesarean section as a potential risk factor for uterine rupture in one case. Complex uterine cervicoisthmic rupture with incomplete colporrhexis occurred during the delivery of a macrosomic child at an outpatient ward. In one case, unilateral fracture of the tenth and eleventh ribs resolved spontaneously without complications. One case of peripartum trauma, possibly associated with extensive expression was observed in one neonates: cutaneous and subcutaneous hematoma on the back with traumatic unilateral adrenal hemorrhage. Both newborns were monitored, successfully treated, and discharged from the hospital free from complications. In conclusion, in the obstetrics as a high risk profession, a very critical approach should be exercised on choosing this maneuver, which should be reserved for the rare and strictly indicated cases, thereby strictly following the professional rules to avoid generally unnecessary and unpleasant litigation and forensic expertise.
Cell electrophoresis — a method for cell separation and research into cell surface properties
Authors: Korohoda Włodzimierz , Wilk Anna 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss the application of various methods of cell electrophoresis in research into cell surface properties (analytical methods), and the separation of uniform cell subpopulations from cell mixtures (preparative methods). The emphasis is on the prospects of the development of simplified and versatile methodologies, i.e. microcapillary cell electrophoresis and horizontal cell electrophoresis under near-isopycnic conditions. New perspectives are considered on the use of analytical and preparative cell electrophoresis in research on cell differentiation, neoplastic transformation, cell-cell interactions and the biology of stem cells.
Enzymology
Authors: Cass Tony 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEnzymes are one of the major molecular components of biosensors and biochips, acting both as specific recognition elements and as “machines” that catalyze chemical transformations that ultimately give rise to a signal. In molecular recognition, they can distinguish very similar molecules, while as catalytic machines they can be enormously efficient with rates of reaction limited by diffusion. Add to their intrinsic properties the ability to introduce or modify functionality through gene technology and it becomes clear that an understanding of enzyme structure, kinetics, and chemical mechanisms is essential if they are to be used effectively in devices. This chapter will provide an overview of the principles of enzymology in sufficient detail to allow the reader to appreciate their function in biosensors and biochips.
Yeast‐Based Biosensors and Their Incorporation of Mammalian Protein Receptors for High‐Throughput Screening
Authors: Findlay John B. C. , Tang Lisa , Whyteside Graham 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe use of biological entities in diagnostics has recently become widespread. Such devices are called biosensors and consist of a detector and a reporter component, of which one is a biological moiety. Many biological molecules have been incorporated into biosensors with examples being, Abs, enzymes, DNA, and more recently microorganisms. In this chapter we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using live organisms for biosensors. In particular we discuss the suitability of yeast for biosensor development using mammalian GPCR's. In addition we also discuss the potential use of these biosensors in high‐throughput screening.
Data Validation and Interpretation
Authors: Spichiger‐Keller Ursula E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this chapter, the technical analytical value of a test result is distinguished from the diagnostic value. The analytical procedure is validated technically in order to provide information on the technical uncertainty of a test result. This validation process follows globally accepted protocols and recommendations, which are cited in this chapter (Internet links are given). The diagnostic value relies primarily on biological uncertainties, on the position of a cutoff limit for two populations from different sources to distinguish between the test results and on other factors, which are described systematically. Models and discussions about how to interpret data are primarily found in the literature, which deals with diagnostic screening tests for medical applications. However, the rules are generally valid in all fields of data interpretation in analytical chemistry. This is the message given in this chapter.
Nanosphere Lithography‐Based Chemical Nanopatterns for Biosensor Design
Authors: Colpo Pascal , Valsesia Andrea , Lisboa Patricia , Rossi François 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
One of the major challenges for the development of analytical devices for biological analysis is the ability to design advanced surfaces that interact properly with the biological world. The special behavior of the biomolecules that interact with nanostructured materials has been the main motivation for the development of submicrometer chemical patterning techniques. The most important aspect of the nanostructuring of biointeracting surfaces is the immobilization of the biomolecular probes with higher binding‐site accessibility for the biorecognition of the target molecules and the reduction in the nonspecific adsorption. In this chapter we describe the concept of fabricating chemical nanopattern using a combination of nanosphere lithography and biofunctional layers produced by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE‐CVD) and self assembled monolayers (SAMs). Applications of the produced nanopatterns in protein immobilization and biosensing protocols are described.
Label‐Free Gene and Protein Sensors Based on Electrochemical and Local Plasmon Resonance Devices
Authors: Kerman Kagan , Endo Tatsuro , Tamiya Eiichi 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Label‐free detection systems have become increasingly popular for biosensors with their promising properties that enable convenient bioassay systems. Label‐free biosensors brought several advantages to genetic tests with their short analysis time, minimum liquid handling, and lower sample volume requirement. Thus, if the development of label‐free methods in sensing technologies progresses in parallel with the great demand, label‐free biochips may soon become an important part of routine analysis.
Design of Data Algorithms for Blood Glucose Biosensors
Authors: Rippeth John J. , Ho Wah O. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Blood glucose monitors and their test strips are used by diabetics worldwide to control and monitor the concentration of glucose in their blood. These deceptively simple, self‐contained diagnostic systems, which can be held in the palm of a hand, contain a collection of software algorithms that monitor the state of the meter, detect the presence of an inserted test strip, determine whether that strip is faulty or has previously been used, and convert the raw data, such as current, received after a glucose measurement from a test strip into a glucose concentration value displayed to the user. These algorithms are developed over a substantial period of time to suit the specific test system, that is, the meter and the strip. Such algorithms are designed to convert the raw data (e.g., current, charge, temperature) from a glucose biosensor strip in response to an applied sample such as blood or a control solution, and provide the user with a value for glucose concentration in the sample in a matter of seconds. Accuracy and precision of the final glucose value is of paramount importance as the result from a meter is intended to prompt the user to seek treatment, that is, inject insulin, take glucose, or to indicate that no treatment is required. In the worst case, a result indicating a high glucose concentration may prompt the user to inject insulin, when in fact the glucose concentration is already low. Such a contrary action could lead to a dramatic reduction in the glucose concentration leading to coma and be potentially life threatening. Such consequences place great responsibility upon manufacturers to ensure that the data algorithms used are fully tested and robust enough to account for any possible influence from the test sample (e.g., blood types such as capillary, venous, arterial, and neonate, hematocrit, drugs, high concentrations of endogenous substances such as cholesterol, triglyceride, and oxygen level) and diverse external factors such as temperature, humidity, altitude, and strip and meter defects.
Glucose Measurement Within Diabetes via “Traditional” Electrochemical Biosensors
Authors: Hall Elizabeth A. H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBy 2025, the International Diabetes Foundation estimates 333 million people will have diabetes, making it one of the most important international health issues. Self‐monitoring of blood glucose levels is an integral part of a care regime. This chapter examines the bio–physico–chemical principles involved in developing an enzyme‐based glucose amperometric biosensor. The enzyme reaction pathway is linked to electrochemically reactive species and influence the electrode design and manufacturing technology considered in a measurement system suitable for a self‐test kit.
Examples of Biosensors for the Measurement of Trace Medical Analytes
Authors: Minunni Maria , Tombelli Sara , Centi Sonia , Mascini Marco 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe most suitable approach as an analytical alternative methodology for the detection of trace clinical analytes is based on affinity sensing, in which the immobilized biological element (receptor) can be an antibody, a receptor (natural or synthetic), a nucleic acid, or an aptamer.Immunosensors, based on antibody–antigen interactions, and DNA‐based sensing, based on nucleic acid hybridization, are first reported. Finally an aptasensor, based on a new category of relevant receptors, nucleic acid sequences selected in vitro named aptamers, is shown. The reported examples deal with two different transduction principles, electrochemical and piezoelectric, applied to analyte detection of clinical interest. The development of immunosensors for progesterone detection by electrochemical sensing is first reported. Then DNA‐based sensing, for point mutation detection in the b‐globin gene, occurring in b‐thalassemia, is shown. Finally aptasensing for thrombin detection is discussed.Both single‐use and multiuse sensing have been shown to be suitable for trace analysis in clinical chemistry. Both approaches possess sensitivity, reproducibility, and analysis times compatible with the final application.
Optical Biosensor for the Determination of Trace Pollutants in the Environment
Authors: Gauglitz Güenter , Proll Güenther , Tschmelak Jens 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A robust, cost‐effective, automated, and immunoassay‐based water analysis system is used to determine several organic pollutants at low concentration levels (a few nanograms per liter) without requiring any time‐consuming sample preconcentration or pretreatment. This system uses total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) as the transduction method employing bulk as well as integrated optical waveguides to allow low limits of detection and quantification. More than 20 analytes have been determined. The system allows remote operation and automated data processing; evaluation strategies and the results of field tests are discussed. Pollutant values exceeding predefined threshold values cause an alarm signal via telemetry.
Regulatory and Validation Issues for Biosensors and Related Bioanalytical Technologies
Authors: Sergeev Nikolay V. , Herold Keith E. , Rasooly Avraham 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Biosensor‐based clinical diagnostics is a dynamic and rapidly evolving area. Biosensors and bioanalytical technologies have the potential to decrease detection time, lower the detection limit, increase specificity and sensitivity, and allow high‐throughput analysis of biologically important molecules. These characteristics position biosensors as extremely powerful tools for in vitro diagnostics (IVD). The main safety concerns of using biosensors in IVD arise from the risk of misdiagnosis due to a false‐positive or false‐negative result, leading to improper patient management and, in some cases, inappropriate public health response. To reduce risk to public health associated with this type of devices, standardization organizations and regulatory agencies, such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), developed guidelines, standards, operating procedures, and performance criteria applicable to major aspects of biosensors manufacturing and use.
Since numerous design variations of biosensors for IVD were developed in recent years, in some cases, it is still left to the manufacturer to determine the best methods to attain quality objectives. However, it is mandatory that the key quality system requirements are met or exceeded to enable development of a safe and effective diagnostics device.
In this chapter we overview the key regulatory and validation issues affecting overall performance of biosensors for IVD, such as intended use, accuracy, reproducibility, analytical sensitivity/specificity, cross‐reactivity, interference, sample matrix effects, limits of detection/quantitation, linearity, range, diagnostic sensitivity/specificity, diagnostic efficiency, and predictive positive/negative values.
Smart Hydrogel Materials
Authors: Moschou Elizabeth A. , Bachas Leonidas G. , Daunert Sylvia 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
“Smart” hydrogel materials constitute a new and emerging category of multifunctional materials with unique characteristics. These hydrogels are based on hydrophilic polymeric networks integrating bio/chemical recognition elements, which are able to identify specifically a selected biochemical agent. Their mechanism of response, most commonly based on the formation of physical interactions in the bulk of their polymeric network, translates the recognition of the specific analyte into controlled phase transitions of the material. These controlled phase transitions can be utilized in a series of real‐life applications, like in bioanalysis and medical diagnostics for the development of biosensors and high‐throughput analysis systems. In this chapter, we discuss some examples of smart hydrogel materials that are based on synthetic and natural recognition elements, and that are selective for a variety of analytes, including ions, carbohydrates, drugs, and proteins.