bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Multinomial Model for Identifying Significant Pure-Tone Threshold Shifts
Authors: Schlauch Robert S. , Carney Edward 
Published: November 2007

Purpose
Significant threshold differences on retest for pure-tone audiometry are often evaluated by application of ad hoc rules, such as a shift in a pure-tone average or in 2 adjacent frequencies that exceeds a predefined amount. Rules that are so derived do not consider the probability of observing a particular audiogram.

Methods
A general solution for evaluating threshold differences on retest was developed on the basis of multinomial probabilities. The model uses the standard deviation of inter-test differences for 1 frequency as a parameter of the underlying Gaussian distribution of test results. The number of test frequencies, the categories of threshold change, and the probability of each category’s occurrence are used to calculate the probability that a given pattern of threshold differences on retest (or 1 rarer) could occur by chance.

Results
The multinomial model was compared with 2 other methods for identifying threshold shifts in persons exposed to high sound pressure levels during concerts. The multinomial model identified the same audiograms as the ad hoc methods.

Conclusion
Tables developed using a multinomial model can provide a clinical tool for evaluating audiograms by identifying statistically significant patterns of test–retest differences in hearing thresholds.
Late Language Emergence at 24 Months: An Epidemiological Study of Prevalence, Predictors, and Covariates
Authors: Zubrick Stephen R. , Taylor Catherine L. , Rice Mabel L. , Slegers David W. 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe primary objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of late language emergence (LLE) and to investigate the predictive status of maternal, family, and child variables.MethodThis is a prospective cohort study of 1,766 epidemiologically ascertained 24-month-old singleton children. The framework was an ecological model of child development encompassing a wide range of maternal, family, and child variables. Data were obtained using a postal questionnaire. Item analyses of the 6-item Communication scale of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ; D. Bricker & J. Squires, 1999; J. Squires & D. Bricker, 1993; J. Squires, D. Bricker, & L. Potter, 1997; J. Squires, L. Potter, & D. Bricker, 1999) yielded a composite score encompassing comprehension as well as production items. OneSDbelow the mean yielded good separation of affected from unaffected children. Analyses of bivariate relationships with maternal, family, and child variables were carried out, followed by multivariate logistic regression to predict LLE group membership.Results13.4% of the sample showed LLE via the ASQ criterion, with 19.1% using the single item of “combining words.” Risk for LLE at 24 months was not associated with particular strata of parental educational levels, socioeconomic resources, parental mental health, parenting practices, or family functioning. Significant predictors included familial history of LLE, male gender, and early neurobiological growth. Covariates included psychosocial indicators.ConclusionResults are congruent with models of language emergence and impairment that posit a strong role for neurobiological and genetic mechanisms of onset that operate across a wide variation in maternal and family characteristics.
Monte Carlo feature selection for supervised classification
Authors: Dramiński Michał , Rada-Iglesias Alvaro , Enroth Stefan , Wadelius Claes , Koronacki Jacek , Komorowski Jan 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Motivation: Pre-selection of informative features for supervised classification is a crucial, albeit delicate, task. It is desirable that feature selection provides the features that contribute most to the classification task per se and which should therefore be used by any classifier later used to produce classification rules. In this article, a conceptually simple but computer-intensive approach to this task is proposed. The reliability of the approach rests on multiple construction of a tree classifier for many training sets randomly chosen from the original sample set, where samples in each training set consist of only a fraction of all of the observed features.
Results: The resulting ranking of features may then be used to advantage for classification via a classifier of any type. The approach was validated using Golub et al. leukemia data and the Alizadeh et al. lymphoma data. Not surprisingly, we obtained a significantly different list of genes. Biological interpretation of the genes selected by our method showed that several of them are involved in precursors to different types of leukemia and lymphoma rather than being genes that are common to several forms of cancers, which is the case for the other methods.
Availability: Prototype available upon request.
Contact: jan.komorowski@lcb.uu.se
Effect ofGanoderma lucidumcapsules on T lymphocyte subsets in football players on “living high−training low”
Authors: Zhang Y , Lin Z , Hu Y , Wang F 
Published: November 2007

Objective:G lucidumis a popular Chinese herb with an impressive array of reputed health benefits. The purpose of this study was to provide information related to the modulating effect ofG lucidumcapsules on T lymphocyte subsets in football players during a 28-day “living high−training low ”(LHTL) trial and their possible mechanism of action.Methods:Forty male football players were randomly assigned to four groups: control (living at sea level), LHTL1, LHTL2 and LHTL3. The three LHTL groups had stayed in normobaric hypoxic rooms for 28 days. The four groups trained together at sea level. LHTL1, LHTL2 and LHTL3 groups were provided with placebo,G lucidum10 capsules/day andG lucidum20 capsules/day, respectively, for 6 weeks (2 weeks baseline supplementation followed by 28 days of the treatment protocol). Lymphocyte subsets were quantitated using flow cytometry.Results:In the LHTL1 group, when the CD4+/CD8+ratio was expressed as relative changes from the baseline, a significant decrease was seen following the 28-day trial compared to the baseline. Furthermore, a significant decrease was observed between LHTL1 and control groups at 21 days. In the LHTL2 group, the relative change of CD4+/CD8+ratio from the baseline was significantly lower at 28 days compared with the pretrial baseline. Generally, in the LHTL3 group there was a trend for the per cent changes of the CD4+/CD8+ratio from the baseline to be higher than the values for the LHTL1 and LHTL2 groups, but this was not significant.Conclusion:LHTL could affect T lymphocyte subsets significantly as a result of the two simultaneous stimuli of physical activity and exposure to hypoxia. The ingestion ofG lucidumin the LHTL3 group could help to ameliorate the variation of the CD4+/CD8+ratio in LHTL training, and polysaccharides fromG lucidummight be the main active components for the cell-mediated immune function.
Off-the-shelf in-shoe heel inserts: does cost matter?
Authors: Ramanathan A K , John M C , Arnold G P , Cochrane L A , Abboud R J 
Published: November 2007

Objective:A growing exercise culture has lead to an increase in the use of off-the-shelf heel inserts. While there are a variety of designs in a spectrum of cost ranges, probably the ease of availability and cost would mainly determine the choice of purchase. This study was designed to determine whether expensive designs provide better pressure attenuation under the heel than their less expensive counterparts.Participants and Design:Six brands of off-the-shelf heel inserts were tested. Selection of these was based purely on their availability in all sizes. Cost per pair ranged from £6 to £30. Thirty-five asymptomatic subjects walked on a 10 m walkway, once with no inserts and once with each pair of inserts. The Pedar in-shoe system recorded a range of parameters under the heel.Setting:Institute of Motion Analysis and Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee.Main outcome measures:Evaluation of plantar pressure parameters under the heel.Results:All inserts reduced peak pressure under the heel. Maximum force and pressure-time integral also decreased. Contact time generally increased with the use of inserts. Values of contact area with and without inserts were comparable.Conclusions:No significant differences were observed under the heel between the pressure attenuation properties of the lowest-priced and the most expensive designs, and hence the less expensive inserts can be considered as good as the expensive brands. However, the endurance power of these inserts may differ and this should be evaluated.
Energy expenditure during a single-handed transatlantic yacht race
Authors: Myers S D , Leamon S M , Nevola V R , Llewellyn M G L 
Published: November 2007

Background:The popularity of sports that expose people to consecutive days of high-intensity physical activity continues to increase. The ability to adequately nourish the human body to sustain the required level of competitive performance may be a key contributor to success in such events.Methods:The energy expenditure of a male competitor in a single-handed, transatlantic race (Transat 2004) was assessed using the doubly-labelled water technique.Results:Mean total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) during the race (13 days) was 14.5 MJ/day with a peak expenditure of 18.6 MJ during the most physically demanding 24-hour period.Discussion:This mean TDEE was approximately 25% lower than that reported in a previous study (14.5 vs. 19.3 MJ/day) for a 13-day leg of a fully crewed offshore race. The difference in results was probably due to the fact that in the previous study, the crew operated in “watches” (work shifts), affording each crew member greater opportunity to eat, rest and sleep. Effective planning and efficient management of resources is essential to the success of the solo sailor. However, the extent to which maintenance of energy balance underpins competitive success remains to be established. To maintain energy balance during the race, a mean daily energy intake of 14.5 MJ/day was necessary for the subject in this study. However, this mean value for energy intake would have been inadequate to match the peak energy expended during the most physically demanding 24 hours of the race.
Injuries to junior club cricketers: the effect of helmet regulations
Authors: Shaw L , Finch C F 
Published: November 2007

Objective:Despite the popularity of cricket at the junior community level, few studies have described injuries for this level of play. This study describes the epidemiology of cricket injuries in junior club cricket across three playing seasons to identify priorities for prevention.Design:Prospective on-field injury data collection during match observation of acute injuries. Pre and post observational evaluation of mandatory helmet wearing.Setting:The Sutherland Shire Junior Cricket Association, New South Wales, Australia during the 2002–03, 2003–04 and 2004–05 playing seasons.Participants:All junior teams (Under 8 (U8)–U16).Intervention:Compulsory headgear introduced for all batters before the 2004–05 season.Main outcome measures:Frequency of injury according to age level, grade of play and playing position, and injury rates per 100 registered players.Results:155 injuries were reported. No U8 player sustained an injury, and injury frequency increased with age. Traditional cricket was associated with more injuries than modified cricket. At each age level, the most skilled players had the lowest frequency of injury. Overall, batting accounted for 49% of all injuries and 29% occurred when fielding; contact with a moving ball was responsible for 55% of injuries. The most commonly injured body region was the face (20%), followed by the hand (14%). In batters, the frequency of head/neck/facial injuries fell from 62% in 2002/03 to 35% in 2003–04 to just 4% in 2004–05 after headgear use was compulsory.Conclusions:Injury rates in junior players are low, but increase with age and level of play. Use of protective headgear, particularly by batters, leads to a significant reduction in injuries.
Specific diving training-induced arterial circulation changes
Authors: Gole Y , Louge P , Boussuges A 
Published: November 2007

Objective:Several stressors such as cold water immersion, hyperoxic exposure and decompression-induced circulating bubbles can alter arterial circulation after a dive. The aim of this study was to investigate the arterial modifications induced by a specific diving training including repeated hyperbaric exposures and physical training.Method:Arterial pressure measurement and pulse wave velocity (PWV) recordings were performed in 12 student military divers before and after 15 weeks’ training. The results were compared with the same investigations performed in 12 non-diver healthy subjects.Results:A decrease in systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure was observed at both upper and lower limbs in student military divers after the training. Non-significant decreases in both carotido-femoral PWV and carotido-pedal PWV were found after the training. When the pulse time transit was divided by the cardiac cycle length between two R peaks ((RR) interval), a significant increase was observed between the carotid and femoral sensors. On the other hand, some differences were noticed between military divers and controls. Controls and divers were matched appropriately according to age and height, although the divers had a higher aerobic capacity as well as lower resting heart rate and lower pulse wave velocity.Conclusion:In trained military subjects, a training which includes repeated diving exposures and endurance exercises leads to vascular modifications suggesting an increase in central arterial compliance. There was no sign of arterial alteration induced by repeated diving exposures.
Characterization of Coffea chloroplast microsatellites and evidence for the recent divergence of C. arabica and C. eugenioides chloroplast genomes
Authors: Tesfaye Kassahun , Borsch Thomas , Govers Kim , Bekele Endashaw 
Published: November 2007

Comparative sequencing of >7 kb of highly variable chloroplast genome regions (atpB–rbcL, trnS–trnG, rpl22–rps19, and rps19–rpl2 spacers; introns in atpF, trnG, trnK, and rpl16) with microsatellites known from other angiosperms was carried out in Coffea . Samples comprised 8 diploid species of Coffea, 5 individuals of tetraploid C. arabica representing geographically distant wild populations from Ethiopia, 2 commercial cultivars of C. arabica, and Psilanthus leroyi and Ixora coccinea as outgroups. Phylogeny reconstruction using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference resulted in congruent topologies with high support for C. arabica and C. eugenioides being sisters. Partitioned analyses showed that all regions except the atpB–rbcL spacer resolved this sister-group, although this was often unsupported. The large sequence data set further shows that chloroplast genomes of C. arabica and C. eugenioides each possess apomorphies, indicating that not C. eugenioides but an ancestor or close relative of C. eugenioides is the maternal parent of C. arabica. Seven variable chloroplast microsatellites were characterized in Coffea. Most microsatellites are poly(A/T) stretches, whereas one in the trnS–trnG spacer has an (AT)n motif. Most strikingly, all individuals of C. arabica possess identical sequences, suggesting a single chloroplast haplotype. This can be explained by a recent origin of C. arabica in a unique allopolyploidization event, or by severe bottleneck effects in the evolutionary history of the species. Reconstruction of the evolution of microstructural mutations shows much higher levels of homoplasy in microsatellite loci than in other parts of spacers and introns. Microsatellites are inferred to evolve by insertion and deletion of 1 to 3 motif copies in one step.
Promoting food intake in older adults living in the community: a review
Authors: Keller Heather H. 
Published: November 2007

Older adults (>65 y) living in the community have the potential to have significant nutrition concerns and deficits owing to the physiological, social, and psychological changes that occur with ageing. However, poor nutrition should not be considered an inevitable consequence of ageing. Older adults are quite heterogenous, including those ageing “successfully”, “usually”, and at “accelerated” rates. By improving the nutritional status of older adults, significant health and quality of life gains can be realized. These three subgroups of older adults have different concerns and risk factors and thus need different interventions. A substantial amount of research on older adult nutrition needs, determinants of food intake, risk of poor nutrition, and interventions has occurred in the past decade in Canada. The purpose of this review is to summarize this research and identify how nutrition promotion for older adults can be improved. Research to date indicates that the need for nutrition promotion is substantial. A variety of interventions have improved food intake and health of participants, although most programs are provided at a tertiary prevention level. Nutrition screening can help to identify in a timely manner those older adults who may benefit from limited services and which secondary prevention activities need to be increased. Nutrition promotion policy is currently lacking for older adults in Canada and is an important barrier to improving food intake in this growing segment of the population.
Minimal whey protein with carbohydrate stimulates muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise in trained young men
Authors: Tang Jason E. , Manolakos Joshua J. , Kujbida Greg W. , Lysecki Paul J. , Moore Daniel R. , Phillips Stuart M. 
Published: November 2007

Whey protein is a supplemental protein source often used by athletes, particularly those aiming to gain muscle mass; however, direct evidence for its efficacy in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is lacking. We aimed to determine the impact of consuming whey protein on skeletal muscle protein turnover in the post-exercise period. Eight healthy resistance-trained young men (age = 21 ± 1 .0 years; BMI = 26.8 ± 0.9 kg/m2 (means ± SE)) participated in a double-blind randomized crossover trial in which they performed a unilateral leg resistance exercise workout (EX: 4 sets of knee extensions and 4 sets of leg press; 8–10 repetitions/set; 80% of maximal), such that one leg was not exercised and acted as a rested (RE) comparator. After exercise, subjects consumed either an isoenergetic whey protein plus carbohydrate beverage (WHEY: 10 g protein and 21 g fructose) or a carbohydrate-only beverage (CHO: 21 g fructose and 10 g maltodextran). Subjects received pulse-tracer injections of l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and l-[15N]phenylalanine to measure MPS. Exercise stimulated a rise in MPS in the WHEY-EX and CHO-EX legs, which were greater than MPS in the WHEY-RE leg and the CHO-RE leg (all p < 0.05), respectively. The rate of MPS in the WHEY-EX leg was greater than in the CHO-EX leg (p < 0.001). We conclude that a small dose (10 g) of whey protein with carbohydrate (21 g) can stimulate a rise in MPS after resistance exercise in trained young men that would be supportive of a positive net protein balance, which, over time, would lead to hypertrophy.
Dietary intake, capillary blood glucose, and activity level of activity-restricted, hospitalized, pregnant women in the third trimester: a pilot study
Authors: Tomkins Christy C. , Mottola Michelle F. , Giroux Isabelle 
Published: November 2007

Activity restriction in hospital is commonly prescribed by care providers to decrease the incidence of maternal or fetal morbidity in high-risk pregnancies. The purpose of this pilot descriptive study was to collect preliminary data on dietary intake, capillary blood glucose concentrations, and activity level in high-risk, activity-restricted, pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Dietary food intake records, capillary blood glucose, and daily pedometer step totals were investigated in 20 activity-restricted women over 7 consecutive days in hospital. Subjects were asked to collect hospital meal tickets, as well as record any additional items not provided by the hospital in a dietary log each day. Capillary blood glucose was collected every morning (fasting) as well as 1 h after breakfast (post-prandial) using a glucometer. Subjects wore a pedometer 24 h/d, and recorded step totals 4 times daily in a pedometer log. In the analysis, average energy and macronutrient intakes met dietary reference intake (DRI) recommendations, as did average intakes of all micronutrients, including maternal supplementation. Without supplementation, vitamin E and iron intakes were lower (p < 0.05) than the DRI recommendations. Average fasting (4.6 ± 0.5 mmol/L) and post-prandial (7.1 ± 1.0 mmol/L) blood glucose concentrations in subjects without gestational diabetes (GDM) did not exceed Canadian Diabetes Association cut-off values for screening of GDM. The mean daily step total of 1579 ± 936 was lower than ambulatory third-trimester women (6495 ± 2282 steps; p < 0.001). Results from this pilot study suggest that with maternal supplementation, these activity-restricted, hospitalized, pregnant women were meeting dietary recommendations, and did not have elevated capillary blood glucose. However, given the severity of activity restriction, these women may be at risk for consequences of extreme inactivity.
Effect of timing of energy and carbohydrate replacement on post-exercise insulin action
Authors: Stephens Brooke R. , Sautter Jeffrey M. , Holtz Kaila A. , Sharoff Carrie G. , Chipkin Stuart R. , Braun Barry 
Published: November 2007

The nutritional environment surrounding an exercise bout modulates post-exercise insulin action. The purpose of this study was to determine how timing energy and carbohydrate replacement proximate to an exercise bout influences exercise-enhanced insulin action. To create an appropriate baseline, sensitivity to insulin was reduced in 9 healthy young men (n = 6) and women (n = 3) by 2 days of energy surplus and detraining. Then, insulin action (glucose uptake per unit plasma insulin) was assessed by stable isotope dilution during a continuous glucose infusion 12 h after a standardized meal under 4 conditions. In 3 conditions, the meal replaced the energy and carbohydrate expended during an exercise bout (62.9 ± 2.8 min cycle ergometry at 65% VO2 peak followed by ten 30 s sprints). The meal was given before (Pre), immediately after (ImmPost), or 3 h after exercise (Delay). The 4th condition was a no-exercise control (Control). Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with planned contrasts. Relative to Control, insulin action increased by 22% in Pre (p = 0.05), 44% in ImmPost (p < 0.01), and 19% in Delay (p = 0.09). Non-oxidative disposal was higher, and oxidative disposal was lower in ImmPost relative to Control and Pre (p < 0.05). Hepatic glucose production was suppressed by the infusion to a greater extent in Pre and Delay (76.9% ± 8.8% and 81.2% ± 4.7%) compared with ImmPost (64.7% ± 10.0%). A bout of exercise enhances insulin action even when expended energy and carbohydrate are replaced. Further, timing of energy and carbohydrate consumption subtly modulates the effectiveness of exercise to enhance insulin action.