bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Context‐dependent flight speed: evidence for energetically optimal flight speed in the bat Pipistrellus kuhlii?
Authors: Grodzinski Uri , Spiegel Orr , Korine Carmi , Holderied Marc W. 
Published: February 2009

Summary

Understanding the causes and consequences of animal flight speed has long been a challenge in biology. Aerodynamic theory is used to predict the most economical flight speeds, minimizing energy expenditure either per distance (maximal range speed, Vmr) or per time (minimal power speed, Vmp). When foraging in flight, flight speed also affects prey encounter and energy intake rates. According to optimal flight speed theory, such effects may shift the energetically optimal foraging speed to above Vmp.
Therefore, we predicted that if energetic considerations indeed have a substantial effect on flight speed of aerial‐hawking bats, they will use high speed (close to Vmr) to commute from their daily roost to the foraging sites, while a slower speed (but still above Vmp) will be preferred during foraging. To test these predictions, echolocation calls of commuting and foraging Pipistrellus kuhlii were recorded and their flight tracks were reconstructed using an acoustic flight path tracking system.
Confirming our qualitative prediction, commuting flight was found to be significantly faster than foraging flight (9·3 vs. 6·7 m s−1), even when controlling for its lower tortuosity.
In order to examine our quantitative prediction, we compared observed flight speeds with Vmp and Vmr values generated for the study population using two alternative aerodynamic models, based on mass and wing morphology variables measured from bats we captured while commuting. The Vmp and Vmr values generated by one of the models were much lower than our measured flight speed. According to the other model used, however, measured foraging flight was faster than Vmp and commuting flight slightly slower than Vmr, which is in agreement with the predictions of optimal flight speed theory.
Thus, the second aerodynamic model we used seems to be a reasonable predictor of the different flight speeds used by the bats while foraging and while commuting. This supports the hypothesis that bats fly at a context‐dependent, energetically optimal flight speed.
Hybridization between escaped domestic and wild American mink (Neovison vison)
Authors: KIDD A. G. , BOWMAN J. , LESBARRÈRES D. , SCHULTE‐HOSTEDDE A. I. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe release of domesticated organisms into natural populations may adversely affect these populations through predation, resource competition, and the introduction of disease. Additionally, the potential for hybridization between wild and domestic conspecifics is of great concern because it can alter the evolutionary integrity of the affected populations. Wild American mink (Neovison vison) populations may be threatened not only by competition for resources with domestic mink originating from farms, but by breeding with such escapees. Using 10 microsatellite loci, we genotyped mink from Ontario, Canada, sampled from two farms, two putatively mixed populations in regions surrounding the mink farms, and two wild populations with no recent history of mink farming. Using individual‐based Bayesian population assignment, we identified four population clusters, including one wild, and three domestic populations. The latter were not clustered by farm but rather by distinct line‐bred colour phases. Population clustering also identified domestic and hybrid mink in the free‐ranging populations. Nearly two‐thirds of the mink sampled in the two putatively mixed populations (78% and 43%) were either farm escapees or descendants of escapees. Principal components analysis of allele frequencies supported our Bayesian assignment results. The power of our assignment test was assessed using simulated hybrid genotypes which suggested that our overall correct classification rate was 96.2%. The overwhelming presence of domestic animals and their hybridization with mink in natural populations is of great concern for the future sustainability of wild mink populations.
Discovery of a large clonal patch of a social amoeba: implications for social evolution
Authors: GILBERT OWEN M , QUELLER DAVID C , STRASSMANN JOAN E 
Published: February 2009

AbstractStudies of genetic population structures of clonally reproducing macro‐organisms have revealed large areas where only one clone is found. These areas, referred to as clonal patches, have not been shown to occur in free‐living microbes until now. In free‐living microbes, high genetic diversity at local scales is usually maintained by high rates of dispersal. We report, however, a highly dense, 12‐m clonal patch of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum in a cattle pasture located in a Texas Gulf Coast prairie. We confirm the presence of only one clone by the analysis of 65 samples and amplification of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Samplings of additional cattle pastures nearby showed higher clonal diversity, but with a density of D. discoideum isolates lower than in the clonal patch. These findings show that high rates of microbial dispersal do not always produce genetic diversity at local scales, contrary to the findings of previous studies. The existence of clonal patches may be particularly important for microbial social evolution.
Estimating connectivity in marine populations: an empirical evaluation of assignment tests and parentage analysis under different gene flow scenarios
Authors: SAENZ‐AGUDELO P. , JONES G. P. , THORROLD S. R. , PLANES S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe application of spatially explicit models of population dynamics to fisheries management and the design marine reserve network systems has been limited due to a lack of empirical estimates of larval dispersal. Here we compared assignment tests and parentage analysis for examining larval retention and connectivity under two different gene flow scenarios using panda clownfish (Amphiprion polymnus) in Papua New Guinea. A metapopulation of panda clownfish in Bootless Bay with little or no genetic differentiation among five spatially discrete locations separated by 2–6 km provided the high gene flow scenario. The low gene flow scenario compared the Bootless Bay metapopulation with a genetically distinct population (FST = 0.1) located at Schumann Island, New Britain, 1500 km to the northeast. We used assignment tests and parentage analysis based on microsatellite DNA data to identify natal origins of 177 juveniles in Bootless Bay and 73 juveniles at Schumann Island. At low rates of gene flow, assignment tests correctly classified juveniles to their source population. On the other hand, parentage analysis led to an overestimate of self‐recruitment within the two populations due to the significant deviation from panmixia when both populations were pooled. At high gene flow (within Bootless Bay), assignment tests underestimated self‐recruitment and connectivity among subpopulations, and grossly overestimated self‐recruitment within the overall metapopulation. However, the assignment tests did identify immigrants from distant (genetically distinct) populations. Parentage analysis clearly provided the most accurate estimates of connectivity in situations of high gene flow.
Allergic contact dermatitis in 136 children patch tested between 2000 and 2006
Authors: Hammonds L. Mark , Hall Virginia C. , Yiannias James A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  Allergic contact dermatitis is often under‐recognized in the pediatric population but it may affect greater than 20% of this age group.Methods  We conducted a retrospective review of the Mayo Rochester, Jacksonville and Arizona patch test database of all children 18 or younger over a 7‐year period (January 1, 2000–December 31, 2006).Results  One‐hundred thirty‐six children were patch tested from age 3 to 18. Females constituted 66% of those tested and males 34%. Eighty percent of the children were equally distributed between age groups 11–15 and 16–18, with the remainder being 10 years or younger. Sixty‐one percent of the children tested positive to at least one allergen. Fifty‐three percent of these reactions were deemed to be of current relevance, 31% questionable relevance, 5% past relevance, and 10% not relevant. Males younger than 10 were most likely to have a positive patch test. However, the percent of positive tests in males decreased with increasing age. Females younger than age 10 were less likely to have a positive test than older females. The most common allergens were nickel, cobalt, gold, and thimerosal.Conclusion  In children suspected to have allergic contact dermatitis, 61% were confirmed to have a positive reaction to at least one allergen. The utility of patch testing children whose clinical presentation is suggestive for allergic contact dermatitis is high.
Treatment of cellulite with LPG endermologie
Authors: Tülin Güleç A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  LPG endermologie is a FDA‐approved massage system in use worldwide for cellulite treatment that lacks clinical study.Objective  To determine the efficacy and safety of LPG endermologie in treating cellulite.Methods  Thirty‐three healthy women (cellulite grades, 1–3 based on the 4‐stage Nurnberger–Muller scale) had LPG treatments twice weekly for a total of 15 sessions. Clinical evaluation was performed by digital photography for cellulite grade assessment, and perimetric measurements of eight body sites for the evaluation of body contours.Results  Significant differences were found regarding mean cellulite grades before and after treatment. However, improved cellulite appearance occurred in only 5 women (15%). All patients showed a significant circumference loss at every measured body site. Weight losers had significantly greater loss of total and average body circumference than weight gainers.Limitations  Relatively small sample size and lack of more‐objective methods for assessing treatment success.Conclusion  LPG endermologie is a well‐tolerated and effective method for reducing the diameter of body circumference, however, it is mildly effective in reducing the cellulite grade and so, improving its orange‐peel appearance.
Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: report of 12 cases and literature review
Authors: Guevara‐Gutierrez Elizabeth , Uribe‐Jimenez Elia , Diaz‐Canchola Margarita , Tlacuilo‐Parra Alberto 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis is an acute pustular eruption occurring after infection and/or drug ingestion, with spontaneous cure after a single eruption.Aim  To communicate a series of cases of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis.Methods  A retrospective analysis was performed on cases of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, observed between 1993 and 2006 at the Dermatology Department, Hospital General de Occidente, Jalisco, Mexico.Results  Twelve patients were included, with a predominance of male patients and a mean age of 28 years. The most common cause was drugs, detected in 83% of cases, and most of these were a result of anticonvulsants and antimicobials. The most frequent symptoms were itching, present in all cases, and fever, present in 92% of cases.Conclusions  Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis is considered to be a distinct clinical and histopathologic entity. Because of its self‐resolving character, early recognition can help to avoid unnecessary diagnostic studies and treatments.
Temporary malar augmentation helps with preoperative planning for a permanent procedure
Authors: Taheri Arash , Mansoori Parisa 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  Cheek augmentation improves the appearance of patients with flat malar eminences, creating a more youthful image. Autologous adipose tissue has been demonstrated to be a safe injectable filling material for malar augmentation.Methods  Before proceeding to fat transplantation, a rapidly absorbable substance such as normal saline is injected into the cheek with a fine needle to enhance the malar eminence.Results  This method helps the surgeon to determine the location and amount of fat to be injected. Patients can also see a simulation of the final results.Conclusions  A temporary malar augmentation could be performed before a potentially permanent procedure, particularly when the surgeon or patient is hesitant about the aesthetic results.
Unusual clinical variants of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sicily
Authors: Bongiorno Maria Rita , Pistone Giuseppe , Aricò Mario 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  The term “leishmaniasis” defines a group of vector‐borne diseases caused by species of the genus Leishmania and characterized by a spectrum of clinical manifestations. Parasite properties (infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence), host factors, and host responses regulate heterogeneous disease expression. Sicily is one of the major islands of the Mediterranean Basin and is considered to be a hypo‐endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania infantum is the most common species on the island.Methods  Fifty patients (both sexes and different ages) with lesions clinically suggestive of cutaneous leishmaniasis were recorded over a 1‐year period. The diagnosis was based on positive slit‐skin smear and histopathologic studies when needed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed as test confirmation.Results  Twenty‐five patients had typical solitary lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Multiple lesions were present in five patients. In 20 patients, the lesions were very unusual, including erysipeloid, zosteriform, and lupoid leishmaniasis. The results of Leishmania isoenzyme characterization identified Leishmania infantum as the species responsible for the 20 atypical cases.Conclusion  The global number of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sicily has increased in recent years, and such increases can be explained, in part, by the fact that, in this region, sandflies are present during a large part of the year. This is a result of the climatic variation in recent years (increasing temperature and humidity). There has also been an increase in the number of new and rare variants of cutaneous leishmaniasis. A knowledge of the unusual clinical variants of cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as classical forms, allows early detection.
Evaluation of plexiform neurofibroma in neurofibromatosis type 1 in 18 family members of 3 generations: ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging a diagnostic supplement
Authors: Sehgal Virendra N. , Sharma Sonal , Oberai Rakesh 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPlexiform neurofibroma in neurofibromatosis type 1, an autosomal‐dominant genetic disorder, is characterized by a combination of interlacing components or a network. The prominent enlargement of a nerve with tumor nodules results in the gross pathologic appearance termed “bag of worms.” Plexiform neurofibroma was found in two of seven family members with neurofibromatosis type 1 in three generations. Ultrasonography/color doppler and magnetic resonance imaging, in addition to microscopic pathology, were used as diagnostic tools, and their indications for future use in the diagnosis of plexiform neurofibroma are highlighted.
Does asthma control correlate with quality of life related to upper and lower airways? A real life study
Authors: Braido F. , Baiardini I. , Balestracci S. , Ghiglione V. , Stagi E. , Ridolo E. , Nathan R. , Canonica G. W. 
Published: February 2009

Background:  The goal of asthma therapy is to achieve an optimal level of disease control, but the relationship between asthma control, impact of comorbid rhinitis and health related quality of life (HRQoL) in real life remains unexplored.Objective:  The aims of this real life study were to evaluate asthma control, the impact of asthma (with and without rhinitis) on HRQoL, the relationship between asthma control and HRQoL, and the role of rhinitis on asthma control and HRQoL.Methods:  122 asthma patients completed the Asthma Control Test, Rhinitis Symptoms score (T5SS) and RHINASTHMA.Results:  Asthma control was unsatisfactory (44.27% of uncontrolled patients), as well as HRQoL. Controlled patients controlled showed significantly lower scores in all the RHINASTHMA domains compared to uncontrolled. Irrespective of their level of control, patients with rhinitis symptoms showed worse HRQoL in Upper Airways (UA) (P < 0.0001), Lower Airways (LA) (P < 0.001), and Global Summary (GS) (P < 0.0001). In patients with symptomatic rhinitis, RHINASTHMA were lower in controlled asthma patients (UA P = 0.002; LA P < 0.0001; RAI P < 0.01; GS P < 0.0001). Asthma control was associated with lower T5SS score (P = 0.034).Conclusion:  Asthma control in real life is unsatisfactory. Rhinitis and asthma influence each other in terms of control and HRQoL. The control of rhinitis in asthma patients can lead to an optimization of HRQoL related to the upper airways, while this phenomenon is not so evident in asthma. These results suggest to strengthen the ARIA recommendation that asthma patients must be evaluated for rhinitis and vice versa.
The basophil activation test in the diagnosis of allergy: technical issues and critical factors
Authors: Sturm G. J. , Kranzelbinder B. , Sturm E. M. , Heinemann A. , Groselj‐Strele A. , Aberer W. 
Published: February 2009

Background:  The basophil activation test (BAT) is a widely validated and reliable tool especially for the diagnosis of hymenoptera venom allergy. Nevertheless, several pitfalls have to be considered and outcomes may differ because of diverse in‐house protocols and commercially available kits. We aimed to identify the factors that may influence results of the CD63‐based BAT.Methods:  Basophil responses to monoclonal anti‐IgE (clone E124.2.8) and bee and wasp venom were determined by BAT based on CD63. The effect of stimulating factors such as, IL‐3, cytochalasin B and prewarming of the samples was investigated. Furthermore, we compared two different flow cytometer systems and evaluated the influence of storage time, different staining protocols and anti‐allergic drugs on the test results.Results:  Interleukin‐3 enhanced the reactivity of basophils at 300 pM, but not at 75 and 150 pM. Prewarming of samples and reagents did not affect basophil reactivity. CD63 expression assayed after storage time of up to 48 h showed that basophil reactivity already started to decline after 4 h. Basophils stained with HLA‐DR‐PC5 and CD123‐PE antibodies gated as HLA‐DRneg/CD123pos cells showed the highest reactivity. No effect on test outcomes was observed at therapeutic doses of dimetindene and desloratadine. Finally, slight differences in the percentage of activated basophils, depending on the cytometer system used, were found.Conclusion:  Basophil activation test should be performed as early as possible after taking the blood sample, preferably within 4 h. In contrast to the skin test, BAT can be performed in patients undergoing treatment with antihistamines. For reasons of multiple influencing factors, BAT should be performed only at validated laboratories.
Intraoperative hyponatremia during craniofacial surgery
Authors: RANDO K. , ZUNINI G. , NEGROTO A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryBackground:  Hyponatremia is an important cause of morbidity in some groups of hospitalized children. Our aim is to describe the incidence and severity of intraoperative hyponatremia in children undergoing craniofacial surgery, and determine the associated risk factors.Methods:  A descriptive retrospective study of children who underwent primary craniofacial surgery between March 1994 and February 2008 was performed. All administered fluids contained a minimum sodium concentration of 140 mmol·l−1. Hyponatremia was classified as follows: severe ≤125 mmol·l−1; moderate 126–130 mmol·l−1; and, mild 131–134 mmol·l−1.Results:  Hundred and seven cases are reported. Severe, moderate and mild intraoperative hyponatremia occurred in 14 (13%), 21 (19%) and 23 (22%) children respectively. Mannitol was given to 31 (29%) children, but was not associated with the development of hyponatremia. Neither the type nor duration of surgery, type of fluid replacement nor hourly urinary output, was associated with development of hyponatremia. Most episodes of significant intraoperative hyponatremia (44%) were detected between the 2nd and the 4th hour of surgery. There were no identified neurological sequelae (e.g. coma, neurological deficit) attributable to the hyponatremia.Conclusion:  Despite strict avoidance of low sodium solutions (<140 mmol·l−1), hyponatremia occurs frequently in children undergoing craniofacial surgery in our practice; and is unrelated to the administration of mannitol. Although the mechanisms are yet to be determined, anesthesiologists should be aware of this issue and be prepared to monitor and treat this potentially serious complication.
Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring in infants and children
Authors: TOBIAS JOSEPH D. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryObjective:  To review the technology required for and the applications of transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TC‐CO2) monitoring in infants and children.Data source:  A computerized, bibliographic search regarding the applications of transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TC‐CO2) monitoring in infants and children.Results:  Although the direct measurement of PaCO2 remains the gold standard, it provides only a single measurement of what is often a rapidly changing and evolving clinical picture. Given these concerns, there remains a clinical need for a means to continuously monitor PaCO2 without the need for repeated blood gas analysis. Although initially introduced into the neonatal intensive care unit; with improvements in the technology, TC‐CO2 monitoring can now be used in infants, children and even adults. When compared with end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ET‐CO2) monitoring techniques, TC‐CO2 monitoring has been shown to be equally as accurate in patients with normal respiratory function and more accurate in patients with shunt or ventilation–perfusion inequalities. TC‐CO2 monitoring can be applied in situations that generally preclude ET‐CO2 monitoring such as high frequency ventilation, apnea testing, and noninvasive ventilation. TC‐CO2 monitoring has also been used in spontaneously breathing children with airway and respiratory issues such as croup and status asthmaticus as well as to monitor metabolic status during treatment of acidosis related to diabetic ketoacidosis.Conclusions:  Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring may be a useful adjunct in various clinical scenarios in infants and children. It should be viewed as a complimentary technology and may be used in combination with ET‐CO2 monitoring.
Specialist training in pediatric anesthesia – the Scandinavian approach
Authors: HANSEN TOM G. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThere has been a great deal of focus on specialist training in pediatric anesthesia in the last decade or so. Internationally, however, there is still no uniform agreement as to how such a training program should be arranged and organized. Since September 2003, the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine has coordinated an advanced Inter‐Nordic educational program in pediatric anesthesia and intensive care. The training program is managed by a Steering Committee. This program is intended for physicians who recently have received their specialist degree in anesthesiology and intensive care. The training period is 12 months of which 9 months are dedicated to pediatric anesthesia and 3 months to pediatric intensive care. During the 1‐year training period, the candidates are designated a Scandinavian host clinic (at a tertiary pediatric center in Scandinavia approved by the Steering Committee). The host clinic employs the candidate in an appropriate position for the duration of the training program. The program also includes three theoretical courses each of 4 days duration and a 4‐week exchange module at another pediatric center inside or outside Scandinavia. In this article the Scandinavian training program in pediatric anesthesia and intensive care is presented and discussed in more details. International collaboration on how best to arrange and organize a training program in pediatric anesthesia and intensive care is encouraged.