bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language Ideology and Second Language Learning
Authors: McGarry Theresa 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe increasing recognition of the concept language ideology and the corresponding increasing use of the term have not yet been matched by applications in the field of second language acquisition. However, applications of the concept in analysis of actual classroom practices have shown it to have considerable explanatory power. Greater consideration of language ideology in SLA is necessary not only to achieve greater understanding of the role of ideology in various areas but also to show connections between these areas that may yield important generalizations and to impel the application of the concept in areas where it has been neglected by highlighting its uneven treatment.
A Common Nonsynonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the SLC30A8 Gene Determines ZnT8 Autoantibody Specificity in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Wenzlau Janet M. , Liu Yu , Yu Liping , Moua Ong , Fowler Kimberly T. , Rangasamy Sampathkumar , Walters Jay , Eisenbarth George S. , Davidson Howard W. , Hutton John C. 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—Zinc transporter eight (SLC30A8) is a major target of autoimmunity in human type 1A diabetes and is implicated in type 2 diabetes in genome-wide association studies. The type 2 diabetes nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) affecting aa325 lies within the region of highest ZnT8 autoantibody (ZnT8A) binding, prompting an investigation of its relationship to type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—ZnT8A radioimmunoprecipitation assays were performed in 421 new-onset type 1 diabetic Caucasians using COOH-terminal constructs incorporating the known human aa325 variants (Trp, Arg, and Gln). Genotypes were determined by PCR-based SNP analysis.
RESULTS—Sera from 224 subjects (53%) were reactive to Arg325 probes, from 185 (44%) to Trp325probes, and from 142 (34%) to Gln325probes. Sixty subjects reacted only with Arg325 constructs, 31 with Trp325 only, and 1 with Gln325 only. The restriction to either Arg325 or Trp325 corresponded with inheritance of the respective C- or T-alleles. A strong gene dosage effect was also evident because both Arg- and Trp-restricted ZnT8As were less prevalent in heterozygous than homozygous individuals. The SLC30A8 SNP allele frequency (75% C and 25% T) varied little with age of type 1 diabetes onset or the presence of other autoantibodies.
CONCLUSIONS—The finding that diabetes autoimmunity can be defined by a single polymorphic residue has not previously been documented. It argues against ZnT8 autoimmunity arising from molecular mimicry and suggests a mechanistic link between the two major forms of diabetes. It has implications for antigen-based therapeutic interventions because the response to ZnT8 administration could be protective or immunogenic depending on an individual's genotype.
Metabolism-Independent Sugar Sensing in Central Orexin Neurons
Authors: González J. Antonio , Jensen Lise T. , Fugger Lars , Burdakov Denis 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE— Glucose sensing by specialized neurons of the hypothalamus is vital for normal energy balance. In many glucose-activated neurons, glucose metabolism is considered a critical step in glucose sensing, but whether glucose-inhibited neurons follow the same strategy is unclear. Orexin/hypocretin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus are widely projecting glucose-inhibited cells essential for normal cognitive arousal and feeding behavior. Here, we used different sugars, energy metabolites, and pharmacological tools to explore the glucose-sensing strategy of orexin cells.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We carried out patch-clamp recordings of the electrical activity of individual orexin neurons unambiguously identified by transgenic expression of green fluorescent protein in mouse brain slices.
RESULTS— We show that 1) 2-deoxyglucose, a nonmetabolizable glucose analog, mimics the effects of glucose; 2) increasing intracellular energy fuel production with lactate does not reproduce glucose responses; 3) orexin cell glucose sensing is unaffected by glucokinase inhibitors alloxan, d-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine; and 4) orexin glucosensors detect mannose, d-glucose, and 2-deoxyglucose but not galactose, l-glucose, α-methyl-d-glucoside, or fructose.
CONCLUSIONS— Our new data suggest that behaviorally critical neurocircuits of the lateral hypothalamus contain glucose detectors that exhibit novel sugar selectivity and can operate independently of glucose metabolism.
Reduced Progression to Type 2 Diabetes From Impaired Glucose Tolerance After a 2-Day In-Hospital Diabetes Educational Program
Authors: Kawahara Tetsuya , Takahashi Keiichi , Inazu Tetsuya , Arao Tadashi , Kawahara Chie , Tabata Takahiro , Moriyama Hiroyuki , Okada Yosuke , Morita Emiko , Tanaka Yoshiya 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—We assessed the effects of a 2-day in-hospital diabetes educational program in preventing or delaying progression of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 diabetes, including analysis of changes in serum lipids, body weight, and blood pressure after the program.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 426 subjects (51 ± 9 years, BMI 24.6 ± 3.9 kg/m2) with newly diagnosed IGT were randomly assigned to three groups, 143 as the short-term hospitalization with diabetes education and support (STH) group, 141 as the nonhospitalization but diabetes education and support (DES) group, and 142 as the neither hospitalization nor education (control) group.RESULTS—The average follow-up was 3.1 years. The incidence of diabetes was 8.0, 10.7, and 13.2 cases per 100 person-years for STH, DES, and control groups, respectively. The incidence of diabetes was 42% lower (95% CI 33–51%) in the STH group and 27% lower (15–37%) in the DES group than in the control group. The incidence of diabetes was 21% lower (10–31%) in the STH group than in the DES group.CONCLUSIONS—The 2-day in-hospital program with diabetes education and support every 3 months was more effective in preventing or delaying the progression from IGT to diabetes than only diabetes education and support every 3 months.
Young Women With Type 1 Diabetes Have Lower Bone Mineral Density That Persists Over Time
Authors: Mastrandrea Lucy D. , Wactawski-Wende Jean , Donahue Richard P. , Hovey Kathleen M. , Clark Angela , Quattrin Teresa 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—Individuals with type 1 diabetes have decreased bone mineral density (BMD), yet the natural history and pathogenesis of osteopenia are unclear. We have previously shown that women with type 1 diabetes (aged 13–35 years) have lower BMD than community age-matched nondiabetic control subjects. We here report 2-year follow-up BMD data in this cohort to determine the natural history of BMD in young women with and without diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 2 years later in 63 women with type 1 diabetes and in 85 age-matched community control subjects. A1C, IGF-1, IGF binding protein-3, serum osteocalcin, and urine N-teleopeptide were measured at follow-up.
RESULTS—After adjusting for age, BMI, and oral contraceptive use, BMD at year 2 continued to be lower in women ≥20 years of age with type 1 diabetes compared with control subjects at the total hip, femoral neck, and whole body. Lower BMD values were observed in cases &lt;20 years of age compared with control subjects; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Lower BMD did not correlate with diabetes control, growth factors, or metabolic bone markers.
CONCLUSIONS—This study confirms our previous findings that young women with type 1 diabetes have lower BMD than control subjects and that these differences persist over time, particularly in women ≥20 years of age. Persistence of low BMD as well as failure to accrue bone density after age 20 years may contribute to the increased incidence of osteoporotic hip fractures seen in postmenopausal women with type 1 diabetes.
Can Admission and Fasting Glucose Reliably Identify Undiagnosed Diabetes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome?
Authors: Okosieme Onyebuchi E. , Peter Rajesh , Usman Muhammad , Bolusani Hemanth , Suruliram Prem , George Lindsay , Evans L. Marc 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of previously undiagnosed abnormal glucose tolerance, i.e., diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in patients with acute coronary syndrome and to assess the utility of admission and fasting glucose in identifying diabetes in these patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Glycemic status was characterized on the basis of admission plasma glucose (APG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 140 patients admitted to the hospital with acute coronary syndrome, who were not known to have diabetes (mean ± SD age 67.3 ± 13.4 years; 79% men). OGTTs were performed on days 5–7 after admission.
RESULTS—The prevalences of diabetes and IGT were 27 and 39%, respectively, according to OGTT criteria. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the area under the curve for diagnosing diabetes was 0.83 (P &lt; 0.001) for FPG, 0.79 (P &lt; 0.001) for APG, and 0.84 (P &lt; 0.001) for FPG and APG applied in combination. A FPG cutoff ≥5.6 mmol/l (100 mg/dl) and/or APG ≥7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) yielded a sensitivity of 89.5% and a positive predictive value of 43.6% for detecting diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS—A high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance was seen in patients with acute coronary syndrome. The combination of FPG ≥5.6 mmol/l (100 mg/dl) and/or APG ≥7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) was highly sensitive for identifying diabetes. Although weakly specific, this simple algorithm could offer a practical initial screening tool at the acute setting in the high-risk population with acute coronary syndrome.
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among a Racially/Ethnically Diverse Group of U.S. Eighth-Grade Adolescents and Associations With Fasting Insulin and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance Levels
Authors:   Studies to Treat or Prevent Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes (STOPP-T2D) Prevention Study Group
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)–defined metabolic syndrome and its components among a cross-sectional sample of racially/ethnically diverse eighth grade youths and examine the association between the presence of the syndrome and participant fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data were from a cross-sectional study with 1,453 racially/ethnically diverse eighth grade students from 12 middle schools in three U.S. states (Texas, North Carolina, and California). Height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were recorded. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, glucose, and insulin; HOMA-IR was calculated. Sex, race/ethnicity, and pubertal stage were self-reported. IDF criteria were used to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. The odds ratio for being classified with the syndrome was calculated by quintiles of fasting insulin and HOMA-IR.
RESULTS—Of the sample, 138 students (9.5%) were classified with metabolic syndrome. Hispanics were more likely to have high abdominal adiposity and high triglycerides. Male adolescents were more likely to have high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose. Participants in the highest insulin quintile were almost 200 times more likely to be classified with the syndrome than participants in the lowest quintile with comparable associations for HOMA-IR quintiles.
CONCLUSIONS—In a racially/ethnically diverse sample of U.S. adolescents, 9.5% of participants were identified with the metabolic syndrome using the IDF criteria. The likelihood of metabolic syndrome classification significantly increased with higher insulin and HOMA-IR values.
Development and analytic validation of a radioimmunoassay for the quantification of canine calprotectin in serum and feces from dogs
Authors: Heilmann Romy M. , Suchodolski Jan S. , Steiner Jörg M. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To develop and analytically validate a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the quantification of canine calprotectin (cCP) in serum and fecal extracts of dogs.
Sample Population—Serum samples (n = 50) and fecal samples (30) were obtained from healthy dogs of various breeds and ages.
Procedures—A competitive, liquid-phase, double-antibody RIA was developed and analytically validated by assessing analytic sensitivity, working range, linearity, accuracy, precision, and reproducibility. Reference intervals for serum and fecal cCP concentrations were determined.
Results—Sensitivity and upper limit of the working range were 29 and 12,774 μg/L for serum and 2.9 and 1,277.4 μg/g for fecal extracts, respectively. Observed-to-expected ratios for serial dilutions of 6 serum samples and 6 fecal extracts ranged from 95.3% to 138.2% and from 80.9% to 118.1%, respectively. Observed-to-expected ratios for spiking recovery for 6 serum samples and 6 fecal extracts ranged from 84.6% to 121.5% and from 80.3% to 132.1%, respectively. Coefficients of variation for intra-assay and interassay variability were < 3.9% and < 8.7% for 6 serum samples and < 8.5% and < 12.6% for 6 fecal extracts, respectively. Reference intervals were 92 to 1,121 μg of cCP/L for serum and < 2.9 to 137.5 μg of cCP/g for fecal extracts.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The RIA described here was analytically sensitive, linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible for the quantification of cCP in serum and fecal extracts. This assay should facilitate research into the clinical use of serum and fecal cCP measurements in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease.
Effects of triamcinolone acetonide, sodium hyaluronate, amikacin sulfate, and mepivacaine hydrochloride, alone and in combination, on morphology and matrix composition of lipopolysaccharide-challenged and unchallenged equine articular cartilage explants
Authors: Bolt David M. , Ishihara Akikazu , Weisbrode Stephen E. , Bertone Alicia L. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), sodium hyaluronate (HA), amikacin sulfate (AS), and mepivacaine hydrochloride (MC) on articular cartilage morphology and matrix composition in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged and unchallenged equine articular cartilage explants.
Sample Population—96 articular cartilage explants from 4 femoropatellar joints of 2 adult horses.
Procedures—Articular cartilage explants were challenged with LPS (100 ng/mL) or unchallenged for 48 hours, then treated with TA, HA, AS, and MC alone or in combination for 96 hours or left untreated. Cartilage extracts were analyzed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content by dimethyl-methylene blue assay (ng/mg of dry wt). Histomorphometric quantification of total lacunae, empty lacunae, and lacunae with pyknotic nuclei was recorded for superficial, middle, and deep cartilage zones.
Results—LPS induced a significant increase in pyknotic nuclei and empty lacunae. Treatment with TA or HA significantly decreased empty lacunae (TA and HA), compared with groups without TA or HA, and significantly decreased empty lacunae of LPS-challenged explants, compared with untreated explants. Treatment with AS or MC significantly increased empty lacunae in unchallenged explants, and these effects were attenuated by TA. Treatment with MC significantly increased empty lacunae and pyknotic nuclei and, in combination with LPS, could not be attenuated by TA. Content of GAG did not differ between unchallenged and LPS-challenged explants or among treatments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment with TA or HA supported chondrocyte morphology in culture and protected chondrocytes from toxic effects exerted by LPS, AS, and MC.
Relationship between plasma iron concentration and gastric pH in captive adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Mitchell Mark A. , Solangi Moby A. , Clemons-Chevis Connie L. , Vanderpool Delphine , Romagnoli Marci , Hoffland Tim , Jowett Peter 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the correlation between plasma iron concentrations and gastric pH in a population of captive Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).
Animals—6 adult female dolphins that ranged from 16 to 30 years of age.
Procedures—Blood and gastric samples were collected from each dolphin to allow measurement of plasma iron concentrations and gastric pH, respectively. Samples were collected each month for 12 months.
Results—Within each dolphin, plasma iron concentrations and gastric pH did not differ significantly over time. There was a strong negative correlation (r = −0.85) between plasma iron concentration and gastric pH, which suggested that dolphins with a lower gastric pH had a higher plasma iron concentration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of results reported here suggested that gastric pH may play an important role in iron absorption in dolphins.
Effect of adipose-derived nucleated cell fractions on tendon repair in horses with collagenase-induced tendinitis
Authors: Nixon Alan J. , Dahlgren Linda A. , Haupt Jennifer L. , Yeager Amy E. , Ward Daniel L. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To assess the potential of adipose-derived nucleated cell (ADNC) fractions to improve tendon repair in horses with collagenase-induced tendinitis.
Animals—8 horses.
Procedures—Collagenase was used to induce tendinitis in the superficial digital flexor tendon of 1 forelimb in each horse. Four horses were treated by injection of autogenous ADNC fractions, and 4 control horses were injected with PBS solution. Healing was compared by weekly ultrasonographic evaluation. Horses were euthanatized at 6 weeks. Gross and histologic evaluation of tendon structure, fiber alignment, and collagen typing were used to define tendon architecture. Biochemical and molecular analyses of collagen, DNA, and proteoglycan and gene expression of collagen type I and type III, decorin, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), and insulin-like growth factor-I were performed.
Results—Ultrasonography revealed no difference in rate or quality of repair between groups. Histologic evaluation revealed a significant improvement in tendon fiber architecture; reductions in vascularity, inflammatory cell infiltrate, and collagen type III formation; and improvements in tendon fiber density and alignment in ADNC-treated tendons. Repair sites did not differ in DNA, proteoglycan, or total collagen content. Gene expression of collagen type I and type III in treated and control tendons were similar. Gene expression of COMP was significantly increased in ADNC-injected tendons.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—ADNC injection improved tendon organization in treated tendons. Although biochemical and molecular differences were less profound, tendons appeared architecturally improved after ADNC injection, which was corroborated by improved tendon COMP expression. Use of ADNC in horses with tendinitis appears warranted.
Refractive states of eyes and association between ametropia and breed in dogs
Authors: Kubai Melissa A. , Bentley Ellison , Miller Paul E. , Mutti Donald O. , Murphy Christopher J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To assess the refractive state of eyes in various breeds of dogs to identify breeds susceptible to ametropias.
Animals—1,440 dogs representing 90 breeds.
Procedures—In each dog, 1 drop of 1% cyclopentolate or 1% tropicamide was applied to each eye, and a Canine Eye Registration Foundation examination was performed. Approximately 30 minutes after drops were administered, the refractive state of each eye was assessed via streak retinoscopy. Dogs were considered ametropic (myopic or hyperopic) when the mean refractive state (the resting focus of the eye at rest relative to visual infinity) exceeded ± 0.5 diopter (D). Anisometropia was diagnosed when the refractive error of each eye in a pair differed by > 1 D.
Results—Mean ± SD refractive state of all eyes examined was −0.05 ± 1.36 D (emmetropia). Breeds in which the mean refractive state was myopic (≤ −0.5 D) included Rottweiler, Collie, Miniature Schnauzer, and Toy Poodle. Degree of myopia increased with increasing age across all breeds. Breeds in which the mean refractive state was hyperopic (≥ +0.5 D) included Australian Shepherd, Alaskan Malamute, and Bouvier des Flandres. Astigmatism was detected in 1% (14/1,440) of adult (≥ 1 year of age) dogs; prevalence of astigmatism among German Shepherd Dogs was 3.3% (3/90). Anisometropia was detected in 6% (87/1,440) of all dogs and in 8.9% (8/90) of German Shepherd Dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Refractive states of canine eyes varied widely and were influenced by breed and age. In dogs expected to have high visual function (eg, performance dogs), determination of refractive state is recommended prior to intensive training.
Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of pirfenidone administered intravenously in horses
Authors: Braim Amy E. Poulin , MacDonald Melinda H. , Bruss Michael L. , Stanley Scott D. , Giri Jill K. , Giri Shri N. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To characterize the plasma pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of pirfenidone administered IV in healthy horses.
Animals—6 adult horses.
Procedures—A 15 mg/kg dose of pirfenidone was administered IV over 5 minutes. Physical variables were recorded and blood samples collected prior to infusion; 2.5 minutes after beginning infusion; at the end of infusion; and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, and 90 minutes and 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after completion of infusion. Plasma concentrations of pirfenidone and its metabolites were determined.
Results—Mild clinical effects, including tachycardia and muscle fasciculations, were observed during drug administration but stopped at the end of the infusion. Pirfenidone and 2 metabolites, hydroxypirfenidone and carboxypirfenidone, were detected by the end of the 5-minute infusion. Mean peak plasma concentration of pirfenidone was 182.5 μmol/L, detected at the end of the infusion. Mean peak plasma concentrations of hydroxypirfenidone and carboxypirfenidone were 1.07 and 3.4 μmol/L, respectively, at 40 minutes after infusion. No parent drug or metabolites were detected at 24 hours. Distribution of pirfenidone best fit a 2-compartment model, and the drug had mean ± SEM elimination half-life of 86.0 ± 4.7 minutes, mean body clearance of 6.54 ± 0.45 mL/kg/min, and apparent volume of distribution at steady state of 0.791 ± 0.056 L/kg.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intravenous administration of pirfenidone was tolerated with transient adverse affects during infusion, and drug clearance was rapid.