bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deformation-promoted defects and retrograde chloritization of biotite in slates from a shear zone, Southern Iberian Massif, SE Spain
Authors: Jiménez-Millán Juan , Vázquez Mercedes , Velilla Nicolás 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNaturally deformed biotite in contact-metamorphosed slates affected by a shear zone of the Southern Iberian Massif near Jaén (SE Spain) were studied by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and high-resolution transmission and analytical electron microscopy. Biotite is found in the contact metamorphism aureole produced by the intrusion of a granodioritic stock, but shear strain caused its deformation. The southern part of the shear band is strongly deformed, containing thick clay gouge zones. The northern part is less deformed and develops weaker planar-linear fabrics. X-ray diffraction data reveal the predominance of the 2M1 biotite in the undeformed samples whereas the 1M polytype is predominant in the sheared samples. Chemical data and electron images of the biotite from unsheared slates do not show the presence of intercalated phases. This biotite is almost defect-free and electron diffraction patterns have sharp reflections indicating a two-layer polytype (probably 2M1). Back-scattered electron images from the deformed biotite in the moderate deformation part of the shear zone do not reveal intergrown minerals, but the electron microprobe analyses show some Fe- and Mg-enriched compositions. Transmission electron microscopy indicates that disordered polytype packets are predominant (probably 1Md). Their electron diffraction patterns have diffuse streaking along c*. These packets have high dislocation densities, microcavities with ∼5 Å latticefringe regions (probably brucite-like sheets) and interlayering of chlorite-berthierine. Kaolinized biotite can be observed in the clay gouges from the strongly deformed south part of the shear zone. The degree of streaking, as an indication of the intensity of deformation, revealed that the disordered polytype packets are more deformed than the two-layer polytype packets. The microcavities of the disordered polytype packets could act as potential channels for transport of fluids during the shearing stage and serve as sites for chloritization of biotite, producing chlorite-berthierine domains within biotite. Berthierine is an intermediate metastable phase replaced by chlorite with along-layer transitions.
Alteration of spodumene to cookeite and its pressure and temperature stability conditions in Li-bearing aplite-pegmatites from northern Portugal
Authors: Bobos Iuliu , Vieillard Philippe , Charoy Bernard , Noronha Fernando 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe alteration of spodumene to cookeite has been identified in a Li-bearing aplite-pegmatite from northern Portugal. Optical microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) were used to characterize the alteration products in both cookeite + quartz and cookeite + kaolinite ± mica assemblages. Mutual relationships between the minerals were assessed using back-scattered electron imaging. The first assemblage occurs along the cleavage planes of spodumene, whereas the second forms as the result of spodumene breakdown. Fine mica grains surrounded the cookeite aggregates in the second assemblage only. Precipitations of cookeite and quartz in open pore spaces and parallel packets of cookeite and kaolinite were identified by TEM. Selected area electron diffraction carried out on cookeite identified a layer-stacking sequence from highly disordered to one-layer order-disorder with a lesser participation of two-layer polytypes. The thickness of one-layer cookeite packets averaged ∼85 −100 nm. Disordered cookeite has a mean thickness of 450 nm. The chemistry of cookeite was analyzed by both electron and ionmicroprobe techniques. The structural formula of cookeite from the first assemblage corresponds to: Al2.0(Si3.23Al0.766)O10(OH)2(Al1.80Li1.166Mg0.004Fe0.09)(OH)6. Two distinct compositional varieties were found: one corresponding to ideal cookeite, whereas the second belongs to the cookeite-donbassite join.The thermodynamic stability field for the observed minerals was calculated using the SUPCRT® programme. Two distinct stages of cookeite crystallization are discussed. The lower pressure and temperature stability of the reaction of spodumene to cookeite + quartz were estimated at ∼2.4 kbar and 240°C. The cookeite + kaolinite ± mica assemblage is still in equilibrium with quartz at ∼2.2 kbar and 220°C. The lower limit for the stability of cookeite was found at 205°C and 2 kbar.
Water retention of two natural compacted bentonites
Authors: Villar M. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis work presents the water retention curves obtained for two natural bentonites compacted at different dry densities. The density of the bentonite was kept constant during the determination, for which specific methodologies were developed. The materials tested are the FEBEX and the MX-80 bentonites, in the first of which divalent cations (Ca and Mg) predominate in the exchange complex; MX-80 is mainly sodic. The water retention capacity of the FEBEX bentonite is greater, although the difference between both bentonites becomes smaller towards low suctions. The effect of dry density on the water retention curve is very small or imperceptible for suctions >10 MPa, and below this value the lower the density of the bentonite, the greater its water content. The basal spacing of the samples equilibrated at different suctions has been measured and found to be in the order of those measured by other authors in powder samples equilibrated to the same suctions. The study was performed in the framework of projects concerning the engineered bentonite barrier of high-level radioactive waste repositories.
Fougerite, a new mineral of the pyroaurite-iowaite group: Description and crystal structure
Authors: Trolard Fabienne , Bourrié Guilhem , Abdelmoula Mustapha , Refait Philippe , Feder Frédéric 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFougerite (IMA 2003-057) is a mixed M(II)-M(III) hydroxysalt of the green rust group, where M(II) can be Fe or Mg, and M(III) is Fe. The general structural formula is: [Fe1−2+xFex3+Mgy(OH)2+2y]+x[x/nA−n.mH2O]−x where A is the interlayer anion and n its valency, with 1/4 ≼ x/(1+y) ≼ 1/3 and m ≼ (1−x+y). The structure of green rusts and parent minerals can accommodate a variety of anions, such as OH−, Cl−, CO32−,SO42−${\rm{CO}}_3^{2 - },\;{\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$. The structure of the mineral was studied by Mössbauer, Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS) at the FeK edge. Mössbauer spectra of the mineral obtained at 78 K are best fitted with four doublets: D1 and D2 due to Fe2+ (isomer shift δ ≈ 1.27 and 1.25 mm s−1, quadrupole splitting ΔEQ ≈ 2.86 and 2.48 mm s−1, respectively) and D3 and D4 due to Fe3+ (δ ≈ 0.46 mm s−1, ΔEQ ≈ 0.48 and 0.97 mm s−1, respectively). Microprobe Raman spectra obtained with a laser at 514.53 nm show the characteristic bands of synthetic green rusts at 427 and 518 cm−1. X-ray absorption spectroscopy shows that Mg is present in the mineral in addition to Fe, that the space group is and the lattice parameter a ≈ 0.30–0.32 nm. The mineral forms by partial oxidation and hydrolysis of aqueous Fe2+, to give small crystals (400–500 nm) in the form of hexagonal plates. The mineral is unstable in air and transforms to lepidocrocite or goethite. The name is for the locality of the occurrence, a forested Gleysol near Fougères, Brittany, France. Its characteristic blue-green color (5BG6/1 in the Munsell system) has long been used as a universal criterion in soil classification to identify Gleysols. From a thermodynamic model of soil-solution equilibria, it was proposed that for the eponymous mineral, Fougères-fougerite, OH− may be the interlayer anion. In other environments, the interlayer anion may be different, and other varieties of fougerite may exist. Fougerite plays a key role in the pathways of formation of Fe oxides.
Socratic Epagōgē and Socratic Induction
Authors: McPherran Mark L. 
Published: July 2007

Aristotle holds that it was Socrates who first made frequent, systematic use of epagôgç in his elenctic investigations of various definitions of the virtues (Meta. 1078b7–32). Plato and Xenophon also target epagôgç as an innovative, distinguishing mark of Socratic methodology when they have Socrates' interlocutors complain that Socrates prattles on far too much about "his favorite topic" (Mem. 1.2.37)—blacksmiths, cobblers, cooks, physicians, and other such tiresome craftspeople—in order to generate and test general principles concerning the alleged craft of virtue. It is remarkable, then, how little secondary literature exists on this subject—moreover, several of the few accounts we do have naively assume that epagôgç is the same as modern inductive generalization. Others are in conflict as to whether, for example, we can find any legitimate instances of probabilistic inductive epagôgç in the Socratic dialogues. This paper addresses these and other issues by offering a new, critical account of Socratic epagôgç—one tied to its occurrences in several key Socratic elenchoi.
A Generalized Relationship for Estimating Dielectric Constant of Soils
Authors: Bhat Ajaz Masood , B. Hanumantha Rao , Singh D. N. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Efforts were made in this study to develop a methodology for estimating the dielectric constant of the fine- and coarse-grained soils, based on their dielectric dispersion. A generalized relationship that can be employed for estimating the dielectric constant of any type of soil, corresponding to a given ac frequency and any compaction state, has been developed. The utility and efficiency of this relationship has been demonstrated based on the results reported in the literature for different types of soils and glass-beads.
Lapatinib-Associated Toxicity and Practical Management Recommendations
Authors: Moy Beverly , Goss Paul E. 
Published: August 2007

Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss lapatinib-associated toxicities and provide practical management recommendations based on available data.Describe the mechanism of action of lapatinib.Discuss the breast cancer clinical trial data for lapatinib.CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Erlotinib in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment: Current Status and Future Development
Authors: Gridelli Cesare , Bareschino Maria Anna , Schettino Clorinda , Rossi Antonio , Maione Paolo , Ciardiello Fortunato 
Published: August 2007

Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the molecular mechanism of action of erlotinib.Define clinical and molecular predictors of response to erlotinib.Describe the clinical trials performed with erlotinib in NSCLC and underline future clinical development of this drug in the treatment of NSCLC.CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development
Authors: Grey David , Sadoff Claudia W. 
Published: July 2007

Achieving basic water security, both harnessing the productive potential of water and limiting its destructive impact, has always been a societal priority. To capture this duality, water security is defined here as the availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks to people, environments and economies. This paper looks broadly at those countries that have achieved water security, the paths they chose and the costs they paid, and those countries that have not achieved water security and how this constrains economies and societies. It defines three typologies: countries that have harnessed hydrology, those hampered by hydrology and those that are hostage to hydrology. It finds that countries remaining hostage to hydrology are typically among the world's poorest. They face “difficult” hydrologies often characterized by high inter- and intra-annual rainfall and runoff variability, where the level of institutional and infrastructure investment needed is very high and the ability to invest is low.
This paper seeks to capture the dynamics of achieving water security in a hypothetical water and growth “S-curve”, which illustrates how a minimum platform of investments in water institutions and infrastructure can produce a tipping point beyond which water makes an increasingly positive contribution to growth and how that tipping point will vary in different circumstances. As there are inevitable trade-offs, achieving water security is never without social and environmental costs; in some countries these are significant, often unforeseen and even unacceptable. This brief analysis suggests that the only historically demonstrated path to achieving water security at the national level has been through investment in an evolving balance of complementary institutions and infrastructure, but that lessons exist for following this basic path in more sustainable and balanced ways. Insights are provided for balancing and sequencing investments, adapting to changing values and priorities, and pushing down the social and environmental costs.
The paper concludes that most water-insecure countries today face far greater challenges than those that achieved water security in the last century and are wealthy countries today. They face more difficult hydrologies and a greater understanding of and therefore greater responsibility for, the social and environment trade-offs inherent in water management. As the costs of poor countries not achieving water security, in terms of human suffering, sustained poverty, constrained growth and social unrest, would be very high, achieving water security is a challenge that must be recognized and must be met.
Determination of norfloxacin in pharmaceuticals, human serum, and urine using a luminol—dissolved oxygen chemiluminescence system
Authors: Shao X. , Liu H. , Gao X. , Chen W. , Song Z. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA sensitive chemiluminescence method, based on the enhancive effect of norfloxacin on the reaction between luminol and dissolved oxygen in a flow injection system, was proposed for the determination of norfloxacin. The increment of the chemiluminiscence intensity was proportional to the concentration of norfloxacin, giving a calibration graph linear over the concentration from 0.4 ng mL−1 to 400.0 ng mL−1 (r 2 = 0.9988) with the detection limit of 0.1 ng mL−1 (3 × σ noise). At the flow rate of 2.0 mL min−1, a complete determination of norfloxacin, including sampling and washing, could be accomplished in 30 s with the relative standard deviation lower than 3.0 %. The proposed method was applied successfully to determine norfloxacin in pharmaceuticals, human urine, and serum. Possible mechanism of the reaction was also discussed.
Systemic Diseases Associated with Nasal Symptoms
Authors: Settipane Guy A. 
Published: July 2007

Many systemic diseases are associated with nasal symptoms, Rhinitis associated with asthma is probably the most common with leprosy and fungal infections being the rarest. A careful history and nasal examination in a patient with rhinitis may lead to the discovery of more significant systemic diseases. Proper treatment of systemic disease will often cure or improve the associated rhinitis. Similarly, appropriate treatment of the rhinitis/sinusitis may reduce systemic complaints such as asthma. At times, identification of the cause of rhinitis as in CSF rhinorrhea, Wegeners’ syndrome, etc., alerts one to a life-threatening entity. Thus, it is apparent that the nose is an excellent mirror of some systemic diseases and identifying and understanding the differential diagnosis of nasal symptoms may be a tremendous help in diagnosing the disease and treating the whole patient.
Complications of Endoscopic Nasal Surgery: Occurrence and Treatment
Authors: Stankiewicz James A. 
Published: July 2007

A consecutive series of 80 patients undergoing endoscopic nasal sinus surgery was reviewed. There were 25 complications (31%) in 19 patients in this group. Eight complications (10%) including CSF leak, temporary blindness, and hemorrhage were considered major with the latter occurring most commonly. Synechiae were the most commonly occurring minor complication. Endoscopic nasal sinus surgery performed by inexperienced operators carries with it the same risks and complications as traditional intranasal sinus surgery. Any surgeon who does not routinely perform traditional intranasal ethmoidectomy should accrue endoscopic experience through appropriate didactic training and multiple cadaver dissections (akin to otologic training).
Mediators of Anaphylaxis, Anaphylactoid Reactions, and Rhinitis
Authors: Mathews Kenneth P. 
Published: July 2007

Besides histamine, a large and increasing number of mediators of allergic reactions are being found to be released by mast cells or basophils during anaphylactic reactions. Many of these same substances are released by stimuli other than allergen-IgE interactions, and this type of phenomenon (anaphylactoid or pseudo-allergic reaction) may account for some nasal symptoms that simulate allergy. In addition to rapidly developing reactions of these types, numerous recent investigations have emphasized the importance of late-phase reactions that occur as a consequence of the immediate reactivity. Besides mast cells and/or basophils, these late effects seem to involve a complex network of cellular interactions, which may include neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and platelets. Studies of nasal washings following allergen challenges in humans have provided cogent in vivo support of earlier hypotheses about mediator release based on in vitro experimentation.
Prevalence of Sinonasal Symptoms in Patients with HIV Infection
Authors: Porter Jennifer Parker , Patel Alpen A. , Dewey Charlene M. , Stewart Michael G. 
Published: July 2007

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is increasing in prevalence, and disease patterns are changing as patient survival lengthens. The purpose of this cross-sectional epidemiological study was to assess the prevalence and severity of self-reported symptoms of otolaryngologic disease in a group of patients attending a general HIV outpatient clinic (n = 203), and to compare the prevalence of self-reported symptoms with a sample of patients without HIV infection (n = 100). Of the HIV-infected patients, 65% of patients had AIDS, 35% were HIV-positive, and the median CD4 count was 135. Although only 11% of patients had seen an otolaryngologist in the prior 6 months, the majority of patients (66%) reported the presence of sinonasal disease during that time. Allergic rhinitis (80%) and sinusitis (54%) were the most commonly reported sinonasal symptoms, and 44% regularly used nasal or sinus medications. Sinonasal disease severity was significantly higher than the self-reported severity of mouth/throat disease (p = 0.01), ear disease (p = 0.03), and neck/salivary disease (p = 0.01). Although patients’ self-reported overall health status was associated (p = 0.02) with CD4 count, the severity of sinonasal symptoms was not associated (p = 0.93) with CD4 count. Similarly, sinonasal symptom severity did not differ between HIV-positive and AIDS patients (p = 0.45). In other words, sinonasal disease severity did not improve as general health status improved. In this series, sinonasal disease was the most significant otolaryngologic manifestation in HIV-positive and AIDS patients. A similar prevalence and severity of self-reported sinonasal symptoms was reported in the non-HIV-infected group of patients. These data may help guide resource allocation and policy decisions on research and treatment of HIV-infected patients.
Application of lipase immobilized on nylon‐6 for the synthesis of butyl acetate by transesterification reaction inn‐heptane
Authors: Pahujani Shweta , Shukla Surendra Kumar , Bag Bhawani Prasad , Kanwar Shamsher S. , Gupta Reena 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA purified alkaline thermotolerant bacterial lipase fromBacillus coagulansBTS‐3 was immobilized on nylon‐6 matrix activated by glutaraldehyde. The matrix showed ∼ 70% binding efficiency for lipase. The bound lipase was used to perform transesterification inn‐heptane. The reaction studied was conversion of vinyl acetate and butanol to butyl acetate and vinyl alcohol. Synthesis of butyl acetate was used as a parameter to study the transesterification reaction. The immobilized enzyme achieved ∼ 75% conversion of vinyl acetate and butanol (100 mmol/L each) into butyl acetate inn‐heptane at 55°C in 12 h. When alkane of C‐chain lower or higher thann‐heptane was used as an organic solvent, the conversion of vinyl acetate and butanol to butyl acetate decreased. During the repetitive transesterification under optimal conditions, the nylon bound lipase produced 77.6 mmol/L of butyl acetate after third cycle of reuse. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Enzymatic retting of kudzu fibers
Authors: Kawahara Yutaka , Tsuda Tomoyuki , Minami Hideaki , Nishiuchi Shigenori , Endo Rie 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe enzymatic retting of kudzu fibers was performed with several commercial enzymes, and the effects on the retting were compared with respect to the smoothness of the surface of the fibers and the mechanical properties. The commercial enzymes were classified into two types, that is, cellulase and pectinase. For the cellulase type, enzymatic decomposition occurred almost topochemically because of the cooperation of cellulase with high activity, and then the retting was fully achieved, suppressing the damage to the intercellular matrix (middle lamella) by pectinase. For the pectinase type, decomposition predominately occurred in the middle lamella joining the adjacent fibrous cells. Therefore, the tensile properties of the retted fibers were lowered. In the retting of kudzu fibers, a topochemical process is promising for producing fibers with excellent luster that retain the tensile properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and characterization of 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane‐based benzoxazines and their polymers
Authors: Men Weiwei , Lu Zaijun 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA series of diamine‐based benzoxazine precursors have been prepared using 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane, formaldehyde, and different phenol derivatives including phenol, p‐cresol, and 2‐naphthol. Their chemical structures were identified by FTIR, 1H NMR, and elemental analysis. The curing reactions of those precursors were monitored by FTIR and DSC. The obtained materials exhibited higher glass transition temperature and char yields than the corresponding bisphenol‐A based polybenzoxazines. The polybenzoxazine prepared from phenol showed the highest char yields of 65% and thermal stability with 5 and 10% weight‐loss temperatures at 346 and 432°C, respectively. The polybenzoxazine prepared from 2‐naphthol exhibited the highest glass transition temperature at 244°C. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007