bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A sonography assisted technique for the removal of a femoral interlocking nail – a technical note
Authors: Tsai Kai-Jow , Shen Po-Wen , Hutton William C 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
Open methods for removal of femoral interlocking nails involve an incision (up to 10 cm) over the trochanter to find the tip of the nail. The distal locking screws are some times difficult to palpate and an incision (up to about 5 cm) is often needed for exposure. Intra-operative fluoroscopy is often used as an adjunct technique to minimize the surgical wound. However, patients and surgeons are exposed to a radiation hazard. Sonography can provide a real-time and efficient alternative to fluoroscopy.

Methods
Sonography of soft tissue has been established to identify a foreign body. A metallic implant has a hyperechoic image; therefore, we can identify the correct position of the screws preoperatively and intraoperatively.

Results
We have developed a technique using sonography and minimal incisions for the removal of a femoral interlocking nail. The proximal wound is 2.5 cm in length and the wound is 0.5 cm in length for each distal locking screw.

Conclusion
The sonography can be used to minimize the length of incision and prevent radiation exposure in the removal of intramedullary femoral nails.
Utilization of Diagnostic Studies in the Pretreatment Evaluation of Invasive Cervical Cancer in the United States: Results of Intergroup Protocol ACRIN 6651/GOG 183
Authors: Amendola Marco A. , Hricak Hedvig , Mitchell Donald G. , Snyder Bradley , Chi Dennis S. , Long Harry J. , Fiorica James V. , Gatsonis Constantine 
Published: October 2005

Purpose To review the current utilization of diagnostic tests prescribed by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) clinical staging guidelines in the pretreatment work-up of invasive cervical cancer, and to compare the data with those of previous patterns of care studies. Patients and Methods This interdisciplinary American College of Radiology Imaging Network/Gynecologic Oncology Group prospective clinical trial was conducted between March 1, 2000, and November 11, 2002. Twenty-five participating institutions, all from the United States, enrolled a total of 208 patients. Only patients scheduled for surgery with biopsy-confirmed cervical cancer of clinical FIGO stage IB or higher were eligible. The patterns of care data analysis was based on 197 patients who met all inclusion criteria. The conventional FIGO-recommended tests used for pre-enrollment FIGO clinical stage classification were at the discretion of the treating physician; overall frequency of use was tabulated for each test. Results Use of cystoscopy (8.1%) and sigmoidoscopy or proctoscopy (8.6%) was significantly lower than in 1988 to 1989 (P < .0001 in each instance). Intravenous urography was used in only 1% of patients as compared with 42% in 1988 to 1989 and 91% in 1983. No patient included in the data analysis had barium enema or lymphangiography. Only 26.9% of patients had examination under anesthesia for FIGO clinical staging. Conclusion There is a large discrepancy between the diagnostic tests recommended by FIGO and the actual tests used for cervical cancer staging, suggesting a need to reassess the relevance of the FIGO guidelines to current clinical practice in the United States.
Immunohistochemical Expression of DNA Repair Proteins in Familial Breast Cancer DifferentiateBRCA2-Associated Tumors
Authors: Honrado Emiliano , Osorio Ana , Palacios José , Milne Roger L. , Sánchez Lydia , Díez Orland , Cazorla Alicia , Syrjakoski Kirsi , Huntsman David , Heikkilä Päivi , Lerma Enrique , Kallioniemi Anne , Rivas Carmen , Foulkes William D. , Nevanlinna Heli , Benítez Javier 
Published: October 2005

PurposeMorphologic and immunohistochemical studies of familial breast cancers have identified specific characteristics associated with BRCA1 mutation-associated tumors when compared with BRCA2 and non-BRCA1/2 tumors, but have not identified differences between BRCA2 and non-BRCA1/2 tumors. Because BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes participate in the DNA repair pathway, we have performed an immunohistochemical study with markers related to this pathway to establish the profile of the three groups.Materials and MethodsWe have studied two tissue microarrays that include 103 familial and 104 sporadic breast tumors, with a panel of DNA repair markers including ATM, CHEK2, RAD51, RAD50, XRCC3, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen.ResultsWe found more frequent expression of CHEK2 in BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumors than in non-BRCA1/2 and sporadic tumors. We found absence of nuclear expression and presence of cytoplasmic expression of RAD51 in BRCA2 tumors that differentiate them from other familial tumors. We validated these results with a new series of patient cases. The final study with 253 familial patient cases (74 BRCA1, 71 BRCA2, 108 non-BRCA1/2), and 288 sporadic patient cases, has allowed us to confirm our preliminary results. Because BRCA2 tumors present a specific immunohistochemical profile for RAD51 and CHEK2 markers that is different from non-BRCA1/2 tumors, we have built a multivariate model with these markers that distinguish both tumors with an estimated probability of at least 76%.ConclusionOur results suggest that BRCA2 tumors demonstrate more cytoplasmic and less nuclear RAD51 staining, and increased CHEK2 staining. This pattern may distinguish BRCA2 from familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors.
Ionizing Radiation and Tobacco Use Increases the Risk of a Subsequent Lung Carcinoma in Women With Breast Cancer: Case-Only Design
Authors: Prochazka Michaela , Hall Per , Gagliardi Giovanna , Granath Fredrik , Nilsson Bo N. , Shields Peter G. , Tennis Meredith , Czene Kamila 
Published: October 2005

Purpose To analyze the risk of lung cancer in women treated with radiotherapy for breast cancer. We accessed the lung dose in relation to different radiotherapy techniques, provided the excess relative risk (ERR) estimate for radiation-associated lung cancer, and evaluated the influence of tobacco use. Patients and Methods The Swedish Cancer Registry was used to identify 182 women diagnosed with breast and subsequent lung cancers in Stockholm County during 1958 to 2000. Radiotherapy was administered to 116 patients. Radiation dose was estimated from the original treatment charts, and information on smoking history was searched for in case records and among relatives. The risk of lung cancer was assessed in a case-only approach, where each woman contributed a pair of lungs. Results The average mean lung dose to the ipsilateral lung was 17.2 Gy (range, 7.1 to 32.0 Gy). A significantly increased relative risk (RR) of a subsequent ipsilateral lung cancer was observed at ≥ 10 years of follow-up (RR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.36). Squamous cell carcinoma (RR = 4.00; 95% CI, 1.50 to 10.66) was the histopathologic subgroup most closely related to ionizing radiation. The effect of radiotherapy was restricted to smokers only (RR = 3.08; 95% CI, 1.61 to 5.91). The ERR/Gy for women with latency ≥ 10 years after exposure was 0.11 (95% CI, 0.02 to 0.44). Conclusion Radiotherapy for breast cancer significantly increases the risk of lung carcinoma more than 10 years after exposure in women who smoked at time of breast cancer.
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans Treated at a Single Institution: A Surgical Disease With a High Cure Rate
Authors: Fiore Marco , Miceli Rosalba , Mussi Chiara , Lo Vullo Salvatore , Mariani Luigi , Lozza Laura , Collini Paola , Olmi Patrizia , Casali Paolo G. , Gronchi Alessandro 
Published: October 2005

Purpose Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare, low-grade, cutaneous sarcoma with autocrine overproduction of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) β-chain from gene rearrangement as a key pathogenetic factor, now susceptible of molecular-targeted therapy. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to explore the outcome of patients with primary or recurrent DFSP. Patients and Methods Two hundred eighteen patients surgically treated at the Istituto Nazionale per lo studio e la cura dei Tumori (Milan, Italy) over 20 years were reviewed. Local relapse, distant metastasis, and survival were studied. Results One hundred thirty-six patients (62.4%) presented with a primary DFSP, while 82 patients (37.6%) had a recurrent disease. In the primary group, margins were microscopically positive in 11.8%, while in the recurrent group they were positive in 14.6% (P =.613). In the primary group, patients undergoing re-excision after inadequate previous surgery had residual disease in 62% of cases. Reconstructive surgery was needed in 30%, significantly more frequently in patients with a recurrence or a head and neck tumor. The crude cumulative incidence of local relapses was 4% at 10 years, and 2% at 10 years for distant metastases. No significant difference was found between primary and recurrent patients, as well as between positive and negative margins. Conclusion This being one of the largest mono-institutional series of DFSP, we confirm that long-term outcome is excellent, in terms of both local and distant control, after a wide excision with negative margins. Reconstructive surgery is often needed. Novel medical therapies will be of use in a limited subgroup of patients.
Prognostic Factors in HIV-Related Diffuse Large-Cell Lymphoma: Before Versus After Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Lim Soon-Thye , Karim Roksana , Tulpule Anil , Nathwani Bharat N. , Levine Alexandra M. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose To compare the prognostic factors for survival and the validity of the International Prognostic Index (IPI) in patients with HIV-related diffuse large-cell lymphoma (HIV-DLCL) treated with curative intent in the pre–highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era versus the HAART era. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 192 patients with HIV-DLCL diagnosed from 1982 to 2003. Pre-HAART era included 120 patients who did not receive HAART, whereas the HAART era included 72 patients diagnosed after January 1997 who received HAART. Results There were no statistically significant differences in terms of either lymphoma or HIV-related characteristics in the two time periods. The complete response rate improved from 32% in the pre-HAART to 57% in the HAART era (P = .0006), and median survival time improved from 8.3 to 43.2 months (P = .0005). In groups with low-, low-intermediate–, and high-intermediate–risk IPI disease, 3-year overall survival rates were 20%, 22%, and 5% in the pre-HAART era and 64%, 64%, and 50% in the HAART era, respectively. On multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with decreased survival in both periods were increasing IPI scores and failure to attain complete remission, whereas CD4 less than 100 cells/μL predicted shorter survival in only the pre-HAART era. Conclusion Prognostic factors and overall survival of patients with HIV-DLCC have changed. Clinical outcomes in patients with HIV-DLCL are now approaching the outcomes of patients with de novo lymphoma.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Bennett M , Kertesz T , Yeung P 
Published: October 2005

Background: Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) and tinnitus are common. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) may improve hearing loss and/or reduce the intensity of tinnitus.Methods: We performed a systematic search of the literature for randomized controlled trials, and made pooled analyses of pre-determined clinical outcomes where possible.Results: Six trials contributed to this review (304 subjects). Pooled analysis suggested a significantly increased chance of a 25 per cent improvement in hearing threshold on pure tone average with HBOT (relative risk (RR) 1.39, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.84, p = 0.02; number-needed-to-treat 5, 95 per cent CI 3–20), but not a 50 per cent increase (RR 1.53, 95 per cent CI 0.85–2.78, p = 0.16). The significance of any improvement in tinnitus following HBOT could not be assessed due to poor reporting.Conclusions: HBOT improved hearing, but the clinical significance of the level of improvement is not clear. Routine application of HBOT to patients with ISSHL is not justified by this review. More research is needed.
Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease in Community-Dwelling Elders Taking Vitamin C and/or Vitamin E
Authors: Fillenbaum Gerda G , Kuchibhatla Maragatha N , Hanlon Joseph T , Artz Margaret B , Pieper Carl F , Schmader Kenneth E , Dysken Maurice W , Gray Shelly L 
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND Since increased oxidative stress may impair cognition and be a risk factor for dementia, there has been interest in determining whether use of antioxidants could protect against such events. OBJECTIVE To determine whether supplement use of vitamins C and/or E in a community-based sample of older African American and white individuals delayed incident dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We selected a subgroup from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, a longitudinal study of community-representative persons aged 65–105 years living in 5 adjacent counties in North Carolina, and followed them for dementia (1986–1987 through June 2000). Information gathered during in-home interviews included sociodemographic characteristics, health status, health service use, and vitamin use. Diagnosis of dementia and AD was based on evaluations using the clinical and neuropsychological batteries of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease, with final determination by consensus agreement of specialists using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third revision, and National Institute for Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke–Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders criteria. RESULTS Of 616 persons initially dementia-free (mean age 73 y; 62% female; 62% African American), 141 developed dementia, of whom 93 developed AD. Increased age and mobility problems were risk factors for dementia (only age for AD), while an increased number of outpatient visits reduced the likelihood of developing dementia. Neither use of any vitamins C and/or E (used by 8% of subjects at baseline) nor high-dose use reduced the time to dementia or AD. CONCLUSIONS In this community in the southeastern US where vitamin supplement use is low, use of vitamins C and/or E did not delay the incidence of dementia or AD.
Measurement and Interpretation of Electrokinetic Phenomena (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Delgado A. V. , González-Caballero F. , Hunter R. J. , Koopal L. K. , Lyklema J. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In this report, the status quo and recent progress in electrokinetics are reviewed. Practical rules are recommended for performing electrokinetic measurements and interpreting their results in terms of well-defined quantities, the most familiar being the z-potential or electrokinetic potential. This potential is a property of charged interfaces, and it should be independent of the technique used for its determination. However, often the z-potential is not the only property electrokinetically characterizing the electrical state of the interfacial region; the excess conductivity of the stagnant layer is an additional parameter. The requirement to obtain the z-potential is that electrokinetic theories be correctly used and applied within their range of validity. Basic theories and their application ranges are discussed. A thorough description of the main electrokinetic methods is given; special attention is paid to their ranges of applicability as well as to the validity of the underlying theoretical models. Electrokinetic consistency tests are proposed in order to assess the validity of the z-potentials obtained. The recommendations given in the report apply mainly to smooth and homogeneous solid particles and plugs in aqueous systems; some attention is paid to nonaqueous media and less ideal surfaces.
Early Presentation With Angioedema and Urticaria in Cross-reactive Hypersensitivity to Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Among Young, Asian, Atopic Children
Authors: Kidon Mona Iancovici , Kang Liew Woei , Chin Chiang Wen , Hoon Lim Siok , See Yvonne , Goh Anne , Lin Jenny Tang Poh , Chay Oh Moh 
Published: October 2005

Objective. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), mainly ibuprofen, are used extensively among children as analgesic and antipyretic agents. Our initial survey in the Kendang Kerbau Children's Hospital in Singapore showed NSAIDs to be the second most common adverse drug reaction-causing medications among children of Asian descent. We attempted to characterize the clinical and epidemiologic profile of NSAID reactions in this group of patients.Methods. A retrospective case series from a hospital-based pediatric drug allergy clinic was studied. A diagnosis of NSAID hypersensitivity was made with a modified oral provocation test. Atopy was evaluated clinically and tested with a standard panel of skin-prick tests. We excluded from analysis patients with any unprovoked episodes of urticaria and/or angioedema, patients &lt;1 year of age, and patients who refused a diagnostic challenge test.Results. Between March 1, 2003, and February 28, 2004, 24 patients, including 14 male patients (58%) and 18 Chinese patients (75%), with a mean age of 7.4 years (range: 1.4–14.4 years), were diagnosed as having cross-reactive NSAID hypersensitivity. A family history consistent with NSAID hypersensitivity was elicited for 17% of patients. None of the patients reported any episodes of angioedema/urticaria unrelated to NSAIDs. The median cumulative reaction-eliciting dose was 7.1 mg/kg. Facial angioedema developed for all patients (100%) and generalized urticaria for 38% of challenged patients, irrespective of age. There was no circulatory compromise, but respiratory symptoms of tachypnea, wheezing, and/or cough were documented for 42% of patients. A cross-reactive hypersensitivity response to acetaminophen was documented for 46% of our patients through their history and for 25% through diagnostic challenge. Compared with patients with suspected adverse drug reactions to antibiotics, patients in the NSAID group were older (7.4 vs 4.8 years) and more likely to have a diagnosis of asthma (odds ratio: 7.5; 95% confidence interval: 3.1–19).Conclusions. Early presentations of facial angioedema and urticaria are key features of dose- and potency-dependent, cross-reactive reactions to NSAIDs in a subpopulation of young, Asian, atopic children. Significant overlap with acetaminophen hypersensitivity, especially among very young patients, for whom the use of a cyclooxygenase-2-specific medication may not be feasible, severely limits options for medical antipyretic treatment.
The lodide/lodate Actinometer in UV Disinfection: Determination of the Fluence Rate Distribution in UV Reactors
Authors: Rahn Ronald O. , Bolton James , Stefan Mihaela I. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTThirty‐seven Suprasil quartz spheres, each approximately 1 cm in diameter and containing an iodide‐iodate actinometric solution, were attached to a metal rack and inserted into a bench‐scale UV reactor filled with water. The spheres were located at various distances and heights around a 12.4 W low‐pressure Hg lamp housed inside a 3.2 cm‐radius quartz sleeve in the middle of an annular batch reactor. UV light exposure at 254 nm was performed with the percent transmittance of the water present in the reactor at either 13% or 100% defined over a 1 cm path length. The spheres were simultaneously exposed to the UV light for a given period of time, after which the solutions were removed from the spheres and the yield of triiodide determined from the increase in absorbance at 352 nm. The resulting fluence rate at each site was then calculated on basis of the yield of triiodide. These results were compared with the predictions of a mathematical model based on the multiple point source summation approximation, including reflection and refraction at the air‐quartzwater interface. Initially, the agreement was not satisfactory, especially in regions at an oblique angle to the lamp. The model was modified from a multiple point source model to a multiple cylindrical segment model by incorporating a cosine factor. The agreement between the new model and the experimental data was excellent and these experiments provide a strong validation of the model, even under conditions in which the fluence rate varied by >1000‐fold between extreme sites in the reactor.
Reacetylated chitosan/cashew gum gel: Preliminary study for potential utilization as drug release matrix
Authors: Maciel Jeanny S. , Paula Haroldo C. B. , Miranda Marcus A. R. , Sasaki Jose M. , de Paula Regina C. M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe aim of this work was to characterize and investigate the potential of chitosan/cashew gum (CH/CG) gel for the controlled release of pilocarpine hydrochloride. Gels were prepared by reacetylation of CH with acetic anhydride, characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and X‐ray diffraction. Swellings in water and in phosphate buffers were also investigated. The release of pilocarpine for CH and CH/CG gels was shown to be similar in the first 100 min, where about 60% of the pilocarpine was released. After this time, addition of CG to the gels decreases pilocarpine release rate in the medium. CH gel release was found to be dependent on pH values, a non‐Fickian mechanism was observed for the release at pH 2 and 7.4, while at pH 9.8, a Fickian (diffusion) mechanism took place. On the other hand the release of pilocarpine in CH/CG matrix occurred by Fickian mechanism, independent of the pH value. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 326–334, 2006
Structure–property relationship of polyethylene glycol‐based PU/PAN semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Kumar H. , Siddaramaiah  , Somashekar R. , Mahesh S. S. , Abhishek S. , Row T. N. Guru , Kini Geetha S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPolyethylene glycol‐400 (PEG) based polyurethane (PU) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) (PU/PAN; 90/10, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50) have been prepared by sequential polymerization method. The prepared SIPNs have been characterized by physicomechanical properties. The microcrystalline parameters such as crystal size (〈N〉), lattice disorder (g), surface (Ds) and volume (Dv) weighted crystal size of SIPNs have been estimated using wide angle X‐ray scattering studies, and quantification of the polymer network has been carried out on the basis of these parameters. The microstructural parameters have been established using Exponential, Lognormal, and Reinhold asymmetric column length distribution functions and the results are compiled. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 177–187, 2006