bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Market evolution of the soap and detergent industry within the past five years in western europe
Authors: Costa P. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMembers of the Association Internationale de la Savonnerie et de la De’tergence (AIS) have furnished statistical information on various products showing growth in volume in total and in each of the countries. On the whole, the situation is favorable. In general, the global growth of the market of synthetic detergents is about 6% in volume per year, but it may vary greatly from one country to another. There is some doubt, however, that this growth rate will continue at a similar pace in the future. Although soaps have continued to decline in favor of detergents, we observe a certain stability of this type of product as a whole. As for detergents, they are increasing with respect to synthetic liquid products and washing powders. Such is not the case for cleaning products and auxiliary products. It is true, however, that the greater part of the market is presently taken by fabric washing and dishwashing products. In several countries, an important market for fabric softeners is developing recently; however, we do not yet have detailed statistical data concerning this market. While the greater part of synthetic detergent consumption has to do with household uses, there are at present many other applications. Products designed for indus trial uses are not in the AIS statistics and therefore are not covered in this study. Because the soap and detergent industry sells its products to the public, it pays close attention to the demands of the consumers, and we may expect it will continue to innovate and create new products. Within the framework of the AIS, we try to study market trends by presenting each year the statistical data of the preceding financial year (available from the AIS, 49 Square Marie Louise, Brussels). A retrospective study covering five years seemed to us interesting, and we venture to hope that the conclusions provided will serve to foresee the future.
The Australian soap and detergent industry
Authors: Strasser P. H. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe size, population distribution, and climatic variations of Australia are discussed. The standard of living is high; politically Australia is a federation of states; its manufacturing work force is highly unionized. The growth in the industry in the past 16 years is quantified, and the production of its raw materials and intermediates described, covering the appropriate technology. Product types are related to lifestyle and laundering habits and are described in that context. Marketing methods, advertising, and the industry association are briefly mentioned.
Natural oils and fats — Prospects for the 1980s
Authors: Lysons A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAll fats and oils are more or less interchangeable in varying degrees. Therefore, shortages or surpluses of one type of oil or fat have some effect on the whole supply and demand effect on a freely operating market. The trend in long term for real prices of soapmaking fats and oils is down — because it is projected that supplies are likely to increase faster than global demand. Inflation rates affecting production costs of soybean and palm oils are not expected to be large but probably the most important of any of the fats. The price of coconut oil, as an example, was relatively stable until ca. 4 years ago — 5 years ago it was $200/ton, 3% years ago it was $1,400/ton, 6 months ago it was $700/ton, and now (August 1977) it is $470/ton. It is projected, for example, that it will be at a level of $750/ton in 1990.
Recent developments in the field of inorganic builders
Authors: Berth P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInorganic builders offer limited choice. Certain sodium aluminum silicates may be used as laundry detergents in combination with sodium triphosphate (STP). Sodium aluminum silicates are available on an industrial scale. They are toxicologically and ecologically safe, and because of their inorganic nature, they do not cause any problems concerning biological degra dability; also, they do not contribute to eutrophication. In our experience binary builder systems have proven useful. These consist of STP and the sodium aluminum silicate, in which there is a balance between the chelating ability of STP and the ion exchanging ability of the sodium aluminum silicate. The technical manufacture of laundry detergents on this basis does not present any fundamental problems and does not require technological change.
Understanding the consumer through market research
Authors: Cole E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe housewife is potentially a source of an endless flow of extremely valuable information about product usage, attitudes to products, evaluation of formulation changes, and ultimate purchase of the product. She is both the ultimate dictator of success or failure and the willing supplier of information against which rogress toward this success or failure can be measured. While the industry generally is now very much more willing to treat her as an equal partner in this evaluation, there still remains a fund of data to be collected and used in product development and marketing by those disciplined enough in their thinking and creative enough in their approach to understand what is available to them.
Aquatic toxicology: A new element in the safety testing of surfactants?
Authors: Alabaster J. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAquatic toxicology is becoming increasingly important in assessing the risks from environmental contamination by surfactants. Recent work by the Water Research Centre and others is discussed to show that: (a) there is a need for flexibility in approach even for preliminary screening test procedures and for toxicity tests to be relevant to field situations; (b) where linear chain surfactants pass through a normal biological treatment process these are readily biodegraded and reduced in toxicity, and in these circumstances toxicity tests should be made using biodegraded materials; (c) methods of analysis currently used overestimate the acute toxocity of surfactants to fish.
Fatty acid composition of the oil of winged beans,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC
Authors: Garcia V. V. , Palmer J. K. , Young R. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of the oils of five varieties of winged beans,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC, was determined and found to be similar to peanut oil. The total unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 53.8% to 68.5% (mean, 62.0%). Oleic acid and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. The major saturated fatty acids were behenic, palmitic and stearic acids. Parinaric acid, a toxic fatty acid, previously reported to occur in winged beans, was not present in the oil of the winged beans analyzed.
Structure of peanut oil triacylglycerols from cultivars of diverse genetic background
Authors: Hokes J. C. , Worthington R. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTriacylglycerols (TG) were isolated from peanut cultivars chosen to embrace known extremes in oleic and linoleic acid content, and the TG structure were determined using pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. Molar concentrations of oleic and linoleic acid insn‐2‐monoacylglycerols (MG) were highly correlated with molar concentrations in TG. Correlation coefficients were 0.99 in each case. Molar concentrations of oleic and linoleic in 2‐MG are given by: MG18∶1=1.37TG18∶1‐20.8; MG18∶2=1.71TG18∶2+0.66. Linoleicoleic ratios ranged from 0.2–1.1 for TG, 0.2–2.6 forsn‐2‐MG, and 0.2–0.6 for acids in the 1(3)‐positions of TG. Molar concentrations of linoleic acid in the 1(3)‐positions of TG ranged from 7–26%. The linoleic‐oleic ratios and molar concentrations of 1(3) linoleic acid in some cultivars were similar to values that have been reported for relatively nonatherogenic corn oil and randomized peanut oil.
Copper catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils: I. The activity of the copper chromite catalyst
Authors: Johansson L. E. , Lundin S. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils with fresh copper chromite catalyst, the rate of reaction −d(IV)/dt varies extensively with time. These variations are ascribable to changes in phase composition of the catalyst during its reduction. This reduction is not restricted to an initial period but proceeds in two steps during the major part of a normal hydrogenation for the reduction of the linolenate content of the oil. Variations of the catalyst activity followed by experimental measurements have been related to the changes of the catalyst composition.
Copper catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils: III. The effect of pressure when using copper chromite catalyst
Authors: Johansson L. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe influence of pressure on hydrogenation is investigated between 2–20 atm. The relationship between rate of reaction and pressure is complex, with a maximum rate at 6 atm in the pressure range below 14 atm. This is because catalyst reduction is simultaneous with fat hydrogenation. Accumulation of conjugated dienes is measured and a suggested mechanism is presented.
Physical chemical properties of solutions of bis‐quaternary ammonium bromides
Authors: Parreira H. C. , Lukenbach E. R. , Lindemann M. K. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe physical chemical properties of a series of bisalkyldimethyldi‐ammonium polyoxyethylene bromides were studied by measuring the critical micelle concentrations as function of their molecular structure. The conductivity vs. concentration plots revealed the existence of two distinct discontinuities which were labeled CMC1 and CMC2. The CMC1 was always lower than the CMC2. The conventional surface tension vs. log concentration curve showed the classical sharp break which coincided with either the CMC1 or the CMC2, but failed to reveal the presence of both critical micelle concentrations in the same experiment. The existence of two CMC2 was attributed to the presence of the two charges localized in separated atoms. The CMC1 and CMC2 appear to follow an expression of the type CMC=A —Bn, where A and B are constants and n the number of carbon atoms present in the hydrocarbon long chain attached to the quaternary ammonium nitrogen. The CMCs appear to increase with the increasing number of oxyethylene residues up to a certain length of the polyoxyethylene chain. For most compounds there was a substantial drop in surface tension with the increasing concentration of the salt. However, some compounds containing only one oxyethylene residue showed practically no surface tension dependence on concentration although the critical micelle concentrations were apparent in the conductivity vs. concentration curve. The energy to transfer one methylene group from the aqueous to the micellar phase was found to vary from −0.57 kT to −0.84 kT. The alkylene oxylated bisquaternary bromides studied appear to have unusual physical chemical properties.
Comparison of three whole seed near‐infrared analyzers for measuring quality components of canola seed
Authors: Daun James K. , Clear Kathleen M. , Williams Phil 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhole seed near‐infrared (NIR) analyzers are capable of high‐speed compositional analysis of oilseed commodities. This study compared the PerCon Inframatic 8144 (Perten Instruments, North America Inc., Reno, NV), the Tecator Infratec 1225 (Tecator AB, Hoganas, Sweden) and the NIR‐Systems 6500 (NIR Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, MD) analyzers for measurement of oil, protein, chlorophyll and glucosinolates in intact canola seed of composite samples from the Grain Research Laboratory's (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) annual Western Canada Harvest Surveys (1985–1989) for assembly of calibration and prediction sets. No significant differences were found between the three instruments for oil [standard error of prediction (SEP 0.43–0.55%)], protein (SEP 0.35–0.42%) and glucosinolates (SEP 2.4–3.8 mM/g). Neither the Tecator nor the PerCon instruments were effective for determining chlorophyll. By combining oil content and fatty acid composition data to give an estimate of the total level of each fatty acid in the sample, high correlations were obtained for total saturates, linolenic acid, and linoleic acid although the RPD (ratio of the S.E. of prediction to the S.D. of the original data) values were not high enough to enable routine use of the method to predict results.
Identification and segregation of high‐value soybeans at a country elevator
Authors: Hurburgh Charles R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor three harvest seasons, 1989–1991, a whole‐grain nearinfrared transmission analyzer was used at a large Iowa elevator to measure oil and protein content of unground soybeans. In the third year, soybeans were physically sorted on the basis of the sum of protein and oil. The sum is a direct measure of processor revenue potential. The top 23% (approximately 150,000 bu or 4500 MT) of soybeans were isolated from the lower 77%. The “high‐value” beans (with sum 0.7 percentage points above the average) were isolated for future sale to a processor. The analyzer performed accurately and required about 1.5 min per test. Compared to the normal 1.0 min per test for moisture measurement, this caused an additional delay of about 30 s per load for farmers, which is a significant cost over the 100–300 loads per day received by the elevator. Because this was a new program for elevator employees, errors in data transcription and communication reduced the value difference of the high‐sum beans from its theoretical maximum of 1.2 percentage points, but the high‐value beans still had a theoretical 10 cent/bushel advantage over average unsegregated beans delivered to that elevator. Cost accounting showed the testing and segregation to cost about 2–3 cents per bushel. Testing and segregation is feasible in the U.S. grain market.
Oxidative stability of purified canola oil triacylglycerols with altered fatty acid compositions as affected by triacylglycerol composition and structure
Authors: Neff W. E. , Mounts T. L. , Rinsch W. M. , Konishi H. , El‐Agaimy M. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCanola oil triacylglycerols from genetically modified canola lines (InterMountain Canola Co., Cinnaminson, NJ) have been evaluated for their photooxidative and autoxidative stabilities, as influenced by their fatty acid compositions and their triacylglycerol compositions and structures. Purified canola oil triacylglycerols were oxidized in duplicate in fluorescent light at 25°C and in the dark at 60°C under oxygen, and their oxidative deterioration with time was monitored by determining colorimetric peroxide values. Also monitored with time, oxidation products were determined by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. Total volatiles, generated by thermal decomposition of the oxidized triacylglycerols, were quantitated by static‐head‐space gas chromatography. These experimental parameters were statistically correlated with predicted oxidizability, fatty acid composition, position of fatty acids on glycerol carbons and triacylglycerol composition. Oxidative deterioration of canola triacylglycerols correlated negatively with oleic acid composition, with oleic acid content at carbon 2 and with trioleoylglycerol content of the oil. Deterioration was positively correlated with the amount of linolenic acid on nonspecific locations on glycerol carbons 1,2 and 3, the amount of linoleic acid on glycerol carbon 2 and withsn‐oleoyllinoleoyllinolenoyl glycerol content. Differences in character or quantity of volatile product and triacylglycerol hydroperoxides were low, whether generated during autoxidation or photooxidation of the canola triacylglycerols.
Effects of frying oil composition on potato chip stability
Authors: Warner K. , Orr P. , Parrott L. , Glynn M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPotato chips were fried in six canola (low‐erucic acid rape‐seed) oils under pilot‐plant process settings that represented commercial conditions. Oil samples included an unmodified canola oil and oils with fatty acid compositions modified by mutation breeding or hydrogenation. Chips were fried for a 2‐d, 18‐h cycle for each oil. Chips and oil were sampled periodically for sensory, gas‐chromatographic volatiles and chemical analyses. Unmodified canola oil produced chips with lower flavor stability and oxidative stability than the other oils. The hydrogenated oil imparted a typical hydrogenation flavor to the chips that slightly affected overall quality. the modified canola oil (IMC 129) with the highest oleic acid level (78%) had the lowest content of total polar compounds and the lowest total volatile compounds at most of the storage times; however, the sensory quality of the potato chip was only fair. The potato chip with the best flavor stability was fried in a modified/blended oil (IMC 01‐4.5/129) with 68% oleic acid, 20% linoleic acid and 3% linolenic acid.
Possible causes for decreased stability of canola oil processed from green seed
Authors: Tautorus C. L. , Low N. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCanola oil extracted from seeds with a high‐chlorophyll content can contain chlorophyll derivatives in excess of 30 ppm. When processed, this oil has been observed to be less stable than oil (typically containing 5 to 25 ppm chlorophyll) processed from high‐grade seed. Possible causes for this phenomenon were investigated in this study. The effect of initial pheophytin content was examined by mixing fully saturated oil (tricapryloylglycerol) with increasing amounts of pheophytin and then by subjecting the mixtures to processing conditions. When the processed oils were combined with an unsaturated oil (canola oil), the oxidative stabilities decreased as the pre‐processing content of pheophytin increased. Examination of the effect of increased bleaching to remove excessive levels of pheophytin showed that oil stability decreased with increasing exposure to bleaching clay. Additionally, processing treatments did not remove secondary autoxidation products from oil that was abused prior to processing. Such a finding revealed the importance of initial oil quality on processed oil stability, i.e., the greater abuse of the crude oil (resulting in greater contents of secondary oxidation products), the lower the stability of the processed oil. Finally, previous reports by other researchers of pheophytin's pro‐oxidative effect in oil stored in light were confirmed.
A kinetic study on isothermal crystallization of palm oil by solid fat content measurements
Authors: Ng W. L. , Oh C. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIsothermal crystallization of plam oil was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry to monitor its solid fat content (SFC). The temperature of crystallization (Tc) varied from 0 to 30°C, depending on the method used. The plot of %SFC vs. time at 25°C was sigmoidal in shape. However, at lower temperatures, two consecutive curves were clearly visible. Results from DSC experiments showed the following interesting features. At each Tc, the crystals produced were of different compositions. From 0 to 8°C, the thermogram showed three peaks, with the first two peaks (I and II) sharp, and the third (III) rather broad. At elevated temperatures up to 20°C, peak II disappeared totally while peak III tended to shift toward peak I. Above 20°C, both peaks shifted downward to longer times. Peak I continued to be broadened, and then suddenly disappeared at Tc above 24°C. The melting thermograms of the crystals obtained above and below this cut‐off point were distinctly different. Kinetic studies on isothermal crystallization based on the data of SFC measurements showed that the data fit well into the Avrami‐Erofeev equation with n=3 over the first 70% of the crystallization.
Comparison between two procedures for stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols from vegetable oils—I: Olive oil
Authors: Damianl P. , Santinelli F. , Simonetti M. S. , Castellini M. , Rosi M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo methods for stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols are compared. Procedure A, based on stereospecific phosphorylation ofsn‐1,2‐diacylglycerols to phosphatidic acids, and procedure B, based on separation of the diastereomeric 1,2(2,3)‐diacylglycerol urethane derivatives by high‐performance liquid chromatography on silica, were applied to olive oil triacyl‐sn‐glycerols. Statistical evaluation of the results showed good reproducibility, and Student'st‐test indicates no statistical differences between the two considered procedures, although some small differences were observed and discussed. Fifteen samples of extra‐virgin olive oil, produced in the same region (Umbria, Italy), were analyzed with the two considered procedures.
Determination of wool wax in raw wool by raman spectroscopy
Authors: Church Jeffrey S. , Davie Ashley S. , James David W. , Leong Wah‐Hing , Tucker Daryl J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA Raman spectroscopic method for the determination of wool wax content in raw wool has been developed. The analyses were performed on 250‐mg wool samples by using a spectral component band resolution method. The method has a moderate sample throughput rate, is non‐destructive and does not require the use of solvents. Samples ranging between 0.5 and 31% (w/w) wool wax were analyzed. The results obtained were compared with those obtained by a solvent extraction method. If the nonextractable lipid content of the wool is considered, the results of the Raman spectral and extraction methods were in excellent agreement. From a practical standpoint, the minimum detection limit of the method is 3% wax. In general, the precision of the Raman spectroscopic method was better than that obtained for the extraction method.
The preparation and antioxidant activity of BHA bonded to porous glass
Authors: Clark B. C. , Chafin T. C. , Hunter G. L. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractButylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) has been bonded to porous glass beads, thus utilizing its functional characteristics while preventing it from entering the final food products. The glass‐bonded BHA has been tested in lard and found to have only one percent of the free BHA activity, which can be attributed to stereochemical shielding effects. Evidence is presented strongly indicating that the observed activity resulted from BHA bonded to glass, although activity resulting from BHA leached from the glass could not be conclusively ruled out.
A Simplified Technique for Translaryngeal Tracheostomy (TLT). A Preliminary Report
Authors: Katsaragakis S. , Theodorou D. , Drimousis P. , Stamou K. M. , Koutras A. , Kapralou A. , Bramis J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveIn this prospective observational study we present preliminary results of a modification of the translaryngeal tracheostomy technique that was introduced by Fantoni in 1997. The study was conducted in a five‐bed surgical intensive care unit of a university teaching hospital.Patients and MethodsThe study included 14 consecutive surgical patients (8 men, 6 women) who underwent a modified translaryngeal tracheostomy in a 6‐month period. In our modification of the technique, we keep the basic principle of the inside‐to‐outside approach of the Fantoni technique, and combine it with a blind needle insertion, as reported in the classic subcricoid retrograde intubation technique. The technique that we use involves two medical doctors and a nurse.ResultsMean patient age was 68.9 years (range: 31–85 years) and mean APACHE II score was 15.8 (range: 6–31). Mean operative time for the procedure was 15.2 min (range: 11.5–22 min). Eight of the patients died during the postoperative course in the ICU from causes relevant to their surgical pathology. One patient survived to be discharged from the ICU but died of an acute myocardial infraction later in the same hospital stay. Five patients survived to be discharged from the hospital.ConclusionsThe modified translaryngeal tracheostomy seems to be as reliable and safe as the original technique. In addition, the modified technique is faster and can be performed without the use of an endoscope.