bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity and reliability of a new instrument for assessing mood symptomatology: the Structured Clinical Interview for Mood Spectrum (SCI‐MOODS)
Authors: Fagiolini Andrea , Dell'osso Liliana , Pini Stefano , Armani Antonella , Bouanani Siham , Rucci Paola , Cassano Giovanni B. , Endicott Jean , Maser Jack D. , Katherine Shear M. , Grochocinski Victoria J. , Frank Ellen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe evaluated the internal consistency, discriminant validity, inter‐rater reliability and test–retest reliability of a new instrument for the assessment of lifetime symptoms related to mood spectrum disorders: the Structured Clinical Interview for Mood Spectrum (SCI‐MOODS). We report on results obtained from 491 subjects assessed across eight psychiatric centres in Italy who were given the SCI‐MOODS and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The study sample consisted of four groups: 141 students, 116 gastrointestinal (GI) patients, 112 bipolar patients and 122 patients with recurrent depression. To evaluate the inter‐rater reliability and the test–retest reliability, an additional group of 30 subjects (10 non‐psychiatric patients enrolled in an orthopaedic clinic, 10 unipolar patients and 10 bipolar patients) was given the SCI‐MOODS at a baseline assessment and six to eight days later. At the baseline assessment, these subjects were also interviewed using the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID IV) and were rated for the severity of symptomatology using the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). The internal consistency of the four domains and six subdomains of the interview, expressed in terms of the Kuder–Richardson coefficient, was high, ranging from 0.79 to 0.92. Correlations of each of the domains with the others ranged from 0.63 to 0.85, indicating a strong interrelationship among the domains. Moreover, the correlations of each of the three manic subdomains with the others and each of the three depressive subdomains with the others were consistently higher than those between manic and depressive subdomains. The SCI‐MOODS was found to discriminate between patients with mood disorders and subjects belonging to two control groups as well as between bipolar and unipolar patients. The inter‐rater reliability for the four domains and the six subdomains was excellent, with the intra‐class correlation coefficient being close to unity for each of them. Test–retest reliability was also excellent, ranging from 0.93 to 0.94 for the four domains. Test–retest reliability was slightly lower in the manic (0.86 to 0.89) than in the depressive subdomains (0.95 to 0.96), but well within the acceptable range. These findings provide strong support for the internal consistency, the discriminant validity and the reliability of the SCI‐MOODS. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
On the development and psychometric testing of the WHO screening instrument to assess disablement in the general population
Authors: Rehm Jürgen , Üstün T. Bedirhan , Saxena Shekhar , Nelson Christopher B. , Chatterji Somnath , Ivis Frank , Adlaf ED 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe development and psychometric testing of the new World Health Organization (WHO) disablement screening instrument for the general population is described. Two samples were used for the empirical tests: the cross‐cultural sample of the WHO Disablement Assessment Schedule (WHO‐DAS II) field tests in 19 countries (N = 1323), and an Ontario (Canada) general population sample (N = 802). Psychometric tests included procedures from classical test theory as well as analyses based on item response theory (IRT), both parametric and non‐parametric. Results showed that the disablement screener had good properties with respect to classical test theory, but lacked compatibility with respect to IRT criteria. This lack of compatibility with IRT criteria generally leads to a test that must be redefined for each new sample and each time it is administered. Hence, the results reported in this paper suggest that the WHO disablement screener needs revision, if it is to serve as an international cross‐cultural instrument. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The Computer Body Image Test: a procedure for the assessment of body image perception
Authors: Hennighausen Klaus , Remschmidt Helmut 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe aim of our study was to develop a procedure that combines the capabilities of body‐part estimation procedures and image distortion techniques. Distorted computerized images of the subjects are presented on a computer monitor. The whole body and body parts can be manipulated interactively. Reliability, stability and validity of the perceived and ideal body image were obtained in a sample of 36 inpatients suffering from anorexia nervosa. The procedure yielded a very high reliability. Perceived and ideal body images are stable after a mean time interval of 60 days. Significant correlations with the Body Shape Questionnaire and subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory indicate the validity of the procedure. The procedure adds a significant improvement to common image distortion techniques by adding the possibilities of body part distortions. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The unidimensionality of a psychiatric scale: a statistical point of view
Authors: Falissard Bruno 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn quantitative psychopathology, one of the most crucial questions is whether a set of items measure just one thing in common. This property may be defined as unidimensionality. After a formal definition of unidimensionality, this paper discusses the use of the different tools traditionally related to this area. For quantitative measurements, factor analysis remains a good approach, goodness‐of‐fit tests, however, are of questionable value. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is more related to reliability than unidimensionality. The scree plot and the proportion of variance accounted for by the first principal component are, in practice, interesting tools. Item response theory leads to models that require unidimensionality to obtain efficient estimates of latent attributes; these methods, however, are not really adapted for assessing the unidimensionality of a set of items. Finally, even if unidimensionality is a fundamental psychometric property, there is a need for general multidimensional instruments that reflect the heterogeneity of psychiatric disorders. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
How specific is the association of two disorders with respect to the association with a third disorder?
Authors: Höfler Michael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA common problem in psychiatric epidemiology is that of finding appropriate statistical methods to determine the specificity of an association of two disorders (A and B), when disorder A is also associated with a third disorder C. This paper discusses this problem, which is particularly frequent in mental disorders due to substantial comorbidity between disorders. It is suggested that a measure of specificity of association (MSA) can be applied to address this problem. By building on mutually exclusive categories, classes, this measure indicates a high specificity of association A–B whenever two conditions are fulfilled: (a) there is a considerable difference in strength of association of A with pure B (not C) on the one hand and A with pure C (not B) on the other hand, and (b) the association of A with comorbid cases (cases that have both disorders B and C) is at least not stronger than the association of A with pure B cases. The measure is based on a logistic regression model with the probability of having disorder A as the outcome and mutually exclusive categories of B and C as explanatories as well as possibly other confounding variables.Statistical inference in MSA is based on a bias‐corrected bootstrap confidence interval. This paper exemplifies the use of this measure with an example from a longitudinal prospective study on the relationship of nicotine dependence with ‘affective’ and ‘anxiety’ disorders. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Are importance ratings useful in the assessment of subjective quality of life in schizophrenic patients?
Authors: Franz Michael , Meyer Thorsten , Gallhofer Bernd 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSubjective quality of life (QOL) is predominantly measured as satisfaction in various life domains. However, this approach has often been criticized for not taking individual preferences into account. A combination of importance and satisfaction ratings allows for the different weights that different life domains have in a person's QOL. The present study aimed to investigate empirically the usefulness of combined satisfaction and importance ratings in the assessment of schizophrenic patients. In a cross‐sectional study, 149 schizophrenic patients and 106 healthy controls rated their satisfaction with and the importance of 19 different life domains. Results of multidimensional scaling suggested that satisfaction and importance ratings tap different concepts in mentally healthy controls and schizophrenic patients. However, as compared with satisfaction ratings, importance ratings were even more shifted towards the positive pole of the scale and showed less variance. Very high correlations were found between the pure and the weighted satisfaction scores. No additional variance could be accounted for with regard to psychopathology, age or sex. Although a combination of satisfaction and importance ratings fits better with the subjective concept of QOL on a theoretical level, the results of this study do not support the application of this model in QOL assessment in schizophrenic patients. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The Asian Cultural Identity Schedule: an investigation of culture and deliberate self‐harm
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Bhui Kamaldeep , Desai Manisha , Singh Jayshree , Baldwin David 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAcculturation as a process, during which cultural identity is challenged, plays an important role in the psychological wellbeing of minority ethnic groups. This paper introduces the Asian Cultural Identity Schedule, and demonstrates its use in an investigation of acculturation and deliberate self‐harm. The Asian Cultural Identity Schedule (ACIS) consists of 106 questions, from which 12 scores represent acculturation on specific domains. The schedule was used as an interview in two research studies of deliberate self‐harm among Asian adolescents and Asian women. Asian adolescents (N = 22), their parents (N = 22) and a sample of Asian women (N = 54) were interviewed. A half of the subjects in each of these three groups were cases; the rest were controls. The acculturation items are compared among each of three groups of cases and controls, and then between subgroups. The results showed that adolescents were less traditional than their parents on the following items: language, leisure, decision making, food shopping and living with a white person. In the absence of any discordance among control group adolescents and their parents, there are less traditional attitudes to work and marriage held by adolescents who attempted deliberate self‐harm in comparison to their parents. Adolescents who attempt deliberate self‐harm show as untraditional aspirations as their parents, and as control group adolescents. The parents of control group adolescents are more traditional, reflecting a protective effective of traditionalism. Women who attempted deliberate self‐harm show less traditional attitudes to social contact and aspirations than control women. In comparison with control parents, women who attempt self‐harm have less traditional attitudes to food shopping, work and living with a white person, whilst showing more traditional attitudes to religion. It may be concluded that acculturation on specific domains is associated with deliberate self‐harm. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Expressed Emotion about children: reliability and validity of a Camberwell Family Interview for Childhood (CFI‐C)
Authors: Scott Stephen , Campbell Caroline 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA Camberwell Family Interview for Childhood (CFI‐C) was developed by adding questions about the family impact of the child's problems to a semi‐structured interview on child psychiatric symptoms. The whole CFI‐C took under an hour to administer; the questions about family impact added 15–20 minutes. The inter‐rater reliability was good (kappa 0.64–1.0). Mothers of 25 boys aged four to nine years referred with disruptive behaviour, and 25 matched controls were interviewed twice in five months. Test‐retest stability was fair to good (kappa 0.36–1.0). Discriminant validity between referred and control samples was strong for critical comments, positive comments and warmth, but not significant for emotional overinvolvement or hostility. The same three scales showed strong discriminant validity between child symptom domains, being strongly correlated with conduct symptoms (kappa = 0.49–0.71) but not emotional symptoms (kappa = 0.10–0.17). Sensitivity to change with treatment was shown by a reduction in the mean number of critical comments from 4.7 to 2.9, an increase in positive comments from 2.3 to 3.9, and an increased score on the warmth scale from 2.1 to 2.6. The CFI‐C is a useful instrument for the study of the relationship between parenting style and child psychiatric symptoms. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Acceptability and psychometric properties of the Structured Clinical interview for Anorexic‐Bulimic Spectrum (SCI‐ABS)
Authors: Mauri M. , Borri C. , Baldassari S. , Benvenuti A. , Cassano G.B. , Rucci P. , Shear M.K. , Grochocinski V.J. , Frank E. , Maser J.D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this study we evaluated the psychometric properties of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Anorexic‐Bulimic Spectrum (SCI‐ABS), including internal consistency, concurrent validity, discriminant validity and test–retest reliability. We also determine acceptability and feasibility of administration of the interview. The SCI‐ABS was designed to assess typical and atypical symptoms, behaviours and temperament traits pertaining to eating disorders. The interview included 134 items grouped into nine domains, four of which were divided into subdomains.Data were collected from 372 subjects: 55 psychiatric patients with any eating disorder according to DSM‐IV criteria, 118 university students, 141 subjects working out in a gym, and 65 obstetrical patients. Concurrent validity of the instrument was assessed against the Eating Attitude Test (EAT) and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI). Thirty‐five subjects were also recruited to study the test–retest reliability and 25 women with any eating disorder were administered both the self‐report and the interview formats of the SCI‐ABS. Internal consistency of domains and subdomains was good. Mean domain and subdomain scores were significantly higher in patients with eating disorders, supporting the discriminant validity of the instrument. Correlation with EAT and EDI indicated good concurrent validity. Test–retest reliability was excellent and the agreement between the interview and self‐report formats was satisfactory. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Why do primary care doctors diagnose depression when diagnostic criteria are not met?
Authors: Höfler Michael , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study examines predictors of false positive depression diagnoses by primary care doctors in a sample of primary care attendees, taking the patients' diagnostic status from a self‐report measure (Depression Screening Questionnaire, DSQ) as a yardstick against which to measure doctors' correct and false positive recognition rates.In a nationwide study, primary care patients aged 15–99 in 633 doctors' offices completed a self‐report packet that included the DSQ, a questionnaire that assesses depression symptoms on a three‐point scale to provide diagnoses of depression according to the criteria of DSM‐IV and ICD‐10. Doctors completed an evaluation form for each patient seen, reporting the patient's depression status, clinical severity, and treatment choices. Predictor analyses are based on 16,909 patient‐doctor records. Covariates examined included depression symptoms, the total DSQ score, number and persistence of depression items endorsed, patient's prior treatment, history of depression, age and gender.According to the DSQ, 11.3% of patients received a diagnosis of ICD‐10 depression, 58.9% of which were correctly identified by the doctor as definite threshold, and 26.2% as definite subthreshold cases. However, an additional 11.7% of patients not meeting the minimum DSQ threshold were rated by their doctors as definitely having depression (the false positive rate). Specific DSQ depression items endorsed, a higher DSQ total score, more two‐week depression symptoms endorsed, female gender, higher age, and patient's prior treatment were all associated with an elevated rate of false positive diagnoses. The probability of false positive diagnoses was shown to be affected more by doctors ignoring the ‘duration of symptoms’ criterion than by doctors not following the ‘number of symptoms’ criterion for an ICD or DSM diagnosis of depression. A model selection procedure revealed that it is sufficient to regress the ‘false positive diagnoses’ on the DSQ‐total score, symptoms of depressed mood, loss of interest, and suicidal ideation; higher age; and patient's prior treatment. Further, the total DSQ score was less important in prediction if there was a prior treatment. The predictive value of this model was quite good, with area under the ROC‐curve = 0.86.When primary care doctors use depression screening instruments they are oversensitive to the diagnosis of depression. This is due to not strictly obeying the two weeks duration required by the diagnostic criteria of ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV. False positive rates are further increased in particular by the doctor's knowledge of a patient's prior treatment history as well as the presence of a few specific depression symptoms. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Randomization in psychiatric intervention research in the general practice setting
Authors: Feltz‐Cornelis CM Van Der , Adèr HJ 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMost studies of psychiatric interventions in general practice settings conform only in part to the requirements of randomization, placebo control and blinding as formulated by the Cochrane Collaboration. It is possible, nonetheless, to develop experimental research designs that are sufficiently near to this standard. These must deal with certain methodological issues specific to psychiatric research. This article discusses scientific standards of psychiatric research with special consideration of interventions in general practice settings. These issues are accompanied by concrete examples and suggestions on how to confront the problems. In psychiatric intervention research, equivalence studies with single‐blind outcome assessment, a tested and ethically justified method, are generally used in place of placebo‐controlled studies. The article also examines randomization procedures in greater depth. Randomization can be applied across trial subjects or across doctors' practices. Practical consequences of randomizing across subjects, and specific implementations of it such as crossover and pre‐post designs in general practice settings, are clarified. Overall, a research design using randomization across doctors' practices is judged preferable to one that randomizes across trial subjects. One potential problem is that the control group may become too small, especially when considerable effects are expected from the intervention being studied. One might consider making the control condition smaller in the first place, or, if indicated on ethical grounds, performing an intermediate analysis and then breaking off the study as soon as a statistically significant effect has been demonstrated. Multilevel statistical techniques offer new opportunities for analysis within such designs. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Inter‐rater reliability of the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS) in a multi‐centre trial: results from Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #394
Authors: Edson Robert , Lavori Philip , Bloch Daniel , Tracy Kathlene , Adler Lenard A. , Rotrosen John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe US Department of Veterans' Affairs (VA) conducted Cooperative Study #394 at nine sites to determine whether vitamin E was a safe and effective treatment for tardive dyskinesia (TD). The study used the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) to measure TD. To monitor inter‐rater reliability (IRR) on the AIMS, personnel at each site did initial AIMS assessments, on seven occasions, on a set of five unique subjects from videotapes. On four of these occasions raters re‐assessed sets of five subjects from seven to 13 months after their initial ratings. We analysed the initial ratings of 34 videotaped subjects and the second ratings of 19.To measure IRR, we used the intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) for each initial or second rating of the sets of interviews. The ICCs ranged from 0.50 to 0.86, and the ICC for the initial ratings over all 34 subjects was good (0.75; 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 0.83).To determine whether there was significant ‘rater drift’ during the study, we performed linear mixed effects regression on the data with fixed effects for rating (initial or second), rater type, and site and a random effect for rating. The results indicated that scores varied little between ratings (about 0.05 points). Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The Galicia study of mental health of the Elderly I: general description of methodology
Authors: Mateos R. , GonzÁLEZ F. , Páramo M. , García M.C. , Carollo M.C. , Rodríguez‐López A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractReports of epidemiological surveys do not always adequately provide a careful description of the methodology used and the sociocultural context involved. The objective of this paper is to describe the methodology used in a survey whose aim was to study the prevalence of the wide range of psychiatric disorders that were present in a population aged 60 and above who were living at home. The Galicia Community Study of Mental Health of the Elderly was designed in two phases. In the first, a random sample of 3,580 people over 60 years of age, representative of each of the nine public health authority areas, was interviewed at home. The 60‐item version of Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was the screening instrument. In the second phase, all the traced subjects with high GHQ scores (N = 532) and a representative sample (N = 149) of people below the cut‐off point, were interviewed at home using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS‐III). This paper analyses the sociodemographic context of Galicia (a natural region in south‐western Europe with a population of 2.7 million inhabitants), the sampling method, the sociodemographic makeup of the sample, the fieldwork, and the method for obtaining the estimate of prevalence. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.