bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developments in Using Scanning Probe Microscopy to Study Molecules on Surfaces — From Thin Films and Single‐Molecule Conductivity to Drug‐Living Cell Interactions
Authors: Thordarson Pall , Atkin Rob , Kalle Wouter H. J. , Warr Gregory G. , Braet Filip 
Published: September 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2003, featuring cancer among U.S. Hispanic/Latino populations
Authors: Howe Holly L. , Wu Xiaocheng , Ries Lynn A. G. , Cokkinides Vilma , Ahmed Faruque , Jemal Ahmedin , Miller Barry , Williams Melanie , Ward Elizabeth , Wingo Phyllis A. , Ramirez Amelie , Edwards Brenda K. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe American Cancer Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Cancer Institute, and North American Association of Central Cancer Registries collaborate annually to provide U.S. cancer information, this year featuring the first comprehensive compilation of cancer information for U.S. Latinos.METHODSCancer incidence was obtained from 90% of the Hispanic/Latino and 82% of the U.S. populations. Cancer deaths were obtained for the entire U.S. population. Cancer screening, risk factor, incidence, and mortality data were compiled for Latino and non‐Latino adults and children (incidence only). Long‐term (1975–2003) and fixed‐interval (1995–2003) trends and comparative analyses by disease stage, urbanicity, and area poverty were evaluated.RESULTSThe long‐term trend in overall cancer death rates, declining since the early 1990s, continued through 2003 for all races and both sexes combined. However, female lung cancer incidence rates increased from 1975 to 2003, decelerating since 1991 and breast cancer incidence rates stabilized from 2001 to 2003. Latinos had lower incidence rates in 1999–2003 for most cancers, but higher rates for stomach, liver, cervix, and myeloma (females) than did non‐Latino white populations. Latino children have higher incidence of leukemia, retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, and germ‐cell tumors than do non‐Latino white children. For several common cancers, Latinos were less likely than non‐Latinos to be diagnosed at localized stages.CONCLUSIONSThe lower cancer rates observed in Latino immigrants could be sustained by maintenance of healthy behaviors. Some infection‐related cancers in Latinos could be controlled by evidence‐based interventions. Affordable, culturally sensitive, linguistically appropriate, and timely access to cancer information, prevention, screening, and treatment are important in Latino outreach and community networks. Cancer 2006. Published 2006 by the American Cancer Society.
Interplay between O2 and SnO2: Oxygen Ionosorption and Spectroscopic Evidence for Adsorbed Oxygen
Authors: Gurlo Alexander 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTin dioxide is the most commonly used material in commercial gas sensors based on semiconducting metal oxides. Despite intensive efforts, the mechanism responsible for gas‐sensing effects on SnO2 is not fully understood. The key step is the understanding of the electronic response of SnO2 in the presence of background oxygen. For a long time, oxygen interaction with SnO2 has been treated within the framework of the “ionosorption theory”. The adsorbed oxygen species have been regarded as free oxygen ions electrostatically stabilized on the surface (with no local chemical bond formation). A contradiction, however, arises when connecting this scenario to spectroscopic findings. Despite trying for a long time, there has not been any convincing spectroscopic evidence for “ionosorbed” oxygen species. Neither superoxide ions O2−, nor charged atomic oxygen O,− nor peroxide ions O22− have been observed on SnO2 under the real working conditions of sensors. Moreover, several findings show that the superoxide ion does not undergo transformations into charged atomic oxygen at the surface, and represents a dead‐end form of low‐temperature oxygen adsorption on reduced metal oxide.
Survey of medical students about attitudes toward organ donation
Authors: Topic Iva , Brkljacic Tihana , Grahovac Gordan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjective.The aim of this study was to assess and explore medical students' attitudes toward tissue and organ donation and their willingness to donate their own organs or those of a deceased relative in a setting without well‐organized organ donation programs and education.Methods.Medical students from all 6 years of medical studies were surveyed using a questionnaire that included attitude and willingness measures. We also asked the medical students about the feelings they would expect to experience if they had the responsibility of asking family members of a recently deceased patient about donating the patient's organs.Results.Participants had highly positive attitudes toward tissue and organ donation and a great willingness to donate tissues and organs. Students in this study were more willing to donate if the purpose was helping others than if the purpose was to help the development of science, and they were more willing to donate their own organs than those of a deceased family member. Although students were willing to donate all organs, the organ they were most willingness to donate after death was the kidney. Participants who had signed donor cards held more positive attitudes about organ donation and were more willing to donate organs than were participants who had not signed donor cards. More than half the medical students said they would feel uncomfortable if in a situation of asking others for organ donation.Conclusion.These findings suggest there is a constant need for structured education of medical students in the practical, legal, and ethical aspects of organ and tissue donation.
Segmental expression of the T‐box transcription factor, Tbx2, during early somitogenesis
Authors: Harrelson Zachary , Papaioannou Virginia E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTbx2 belongs to the T‐box transcription factor gene family and is expressed in a variety of tissues and structures throughout development, although not all expression domains have been thoroughly described. Two areas of segmented expression along the rostral‐caudal axis of E10.5–11.5 embryos were identified as inter‐somitic vessels and dorsal root ganglia. In addition, Tbx2 expression is observed during somitogenesis beginning at E9.5, both in the posterior half of prospective somites and in a progressively restricted pattern in recently formed somites. Developmental Dynamics 235:3080–3084, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of hedgehog signalling components in adult mouse testis
Authors: Szczepny Anette , Hime Gary R. , Loveland Kate L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHedgehog (Hh) signalling is known to regulate many aspects of normal development as well as being upregulated in various cancers. Signalling is mediated by the Gli family of zinc finger transcription factors. Based on observations that deletion of one of the three Hh genes,Dhh, leads to male infertility, we hypothesized that regulated expression of Hh signalling components would be a feature of adult spermatogenesis. We used in situ hybridization to characteriseGligene expression in juvenile and adult mouse testes. In the first wave of spermatogenesis, mRNAs encoding all threeGlisare detected in spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. In adult mouse testes, these transcripts are observed in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, with reduced signal intensity in round spermatids. The mRNAs encoding key effectors of Hh signalling,Ptc2, Smo, andFu, are also most apparent in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and to a lower extent in round spermatids. In contrast, mRNA encodingSuFu, a negative regulator of Hh signalling, was most predominant in round spermatids and the protein is evident in round and elongating spermatids, suggesting that SuFu protein may switch off Hh signalling in haploid germ cells. Overall, the coordinated expression pattern of these genes in adult mouse testis indicates a role for Hh signalling in spermatogenesis.Developmental Dynamics 235:3063–3070, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A homologue of snail is expressed transiently in subsets of mesenchyme cells in the sea urchin embryo and is down‐regulated in axis‐deficient embryos
Authors: Hardin Jeff , Illingworth Charles A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractVertebrate members of the zinc finger transcription factor family related to Drosophila snail are expressed in neural crest and paraxial mesoderm along the left–right axis of the embryo. As simple deuterostomes, echinoderms are an important sister phylum for the chordates. We have identified populations of patterned, nonskeletogenic mesenchyme in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus by their expression of a sea urchin member of the snail family (Lv‐snail). Lv‐snail mRNA and protein are detectable at the midgastrula stage within the archenteron. At the late gastrula stage, a contiguous cluster of cells on the left side of the tip of the archenteron is Lv‐snail–positive. At the early prism stage, two small clusters of mesenchyme cells near the presumptive arm buds are also Lv‐snail–positive. At the pluteus stage, staining is detectable in isolated mesenchyme cells and the ciliated band. Based on fate mapping of secondary mesenchyme cells (SMCs) and double‐label immunostaining, these patterns are consistent with expression of SNAIL by novel subsets of SMCs that are largely distinct from skeletogenic mesenchyme. In radialized embryos lacking normal bilateral symmetry, mesenchymal expression of Lv‐SNAIL is abolished. These results suggest that transient expression of Lv‐snail may be important for the differentiation of a subset of axially patterned nonskeletogenic mesenchyme cells and suggest conserved functions for snail family members in deuterostome development. Developmental Dynamics 235:3121–3131, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inducible Cre recombinase activity in mouse cerebellar granule cell precursors and inner ear hair cells
Authors: Chow Lionel M.L. , Tian Yong , Weber Thomas , Corbett Mary , Zuo Jian , Baker Suzanne J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA transgenic mouse line expressing the CreERTM fusion protein under the control of the Math1 enhancer was generated. Expression of the transgene in the postnatal mouse was restricted to hair cells of the inner ear and granule neurons in the external granule layer of the cerebellum in a temporally regulated manner. Cre activity was virtually nonexistent in uninduced mice; however, treatment of newborn pups with tamoxifen, leading to nuclear translocation of the fusion protein, resulted in efficient recombination at LoxP sites in the appropriate cell types. Up to two thirds of cerebellar granule neurons and 80–90% of cochlear hair cells underwent Cre‐specific recombination. This mouse line provides a powerful tool to dissect gene function at early and late stages in development of the cerebellum and inner ear. Developmental Dynamics 235:2991–2998, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental test of the affect‐regulation theory of bulimic symptoms and substance use: A randomized trial
Authors: Burton Emily , Stice Eric , Bearman Sarah Kate , Rohde Paul 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjective:Conduct a randomized trial to test whether a cognitive behavioral intervention designed to decrease depressive symptoms produces subsequent decreases in bulimic and substance use symptoms.Method:Female participants (N = 145) with elevated depressive symptoms were randomly assigned to a 4‐session depression intervention or a measurement‐only condition and assessed through 6‐month follow‐up.Results:Relative to control participants, intervention participants showed decreases in depressive symptoms. Intervention participants also showed significantly greater reductions in bulimic symptoms, but not substance use, and change in depressive symptoms mediated this effect for bulimic symptoms.Conclusion:The results provide experimental support for the theory that affect disturbances contribute to bulimic pathology, but do not support the affect regulation theory of substance use. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Cultural correlates of eating attitudes: A comparison between native‐born and immigrant university students in Israel
Authors: Greenberg Liron , Cwikel Julie , Mirsky Julia 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjective:This study explores the association between gender and exposure to Western culture and attitudes toward eating.Method:Four hundred and ninety‐nine university students participated in the study: 216 Israeli natives, 153 new immigrants (3 years or less since immigration) from the Former Soviet Union (FSU), and 130 veteran immigrants from FSU (4–15 years since immigration). Attitudes toward eating were measured using the Eating Attitude Test – EAT‐26.Results:Israeli born women had higher weight and body mass index (BMI) than did new immigrant women. Higher scores on the EAT‐26 were found among women than among men. Among women only, native‐born Israelis and veteran immigrants were more likely to have positive EAT‐26 scores (19.6%, 18.8%) than were new immigrant women (7.9%), indicating disordered eating attitudes. Part of the differences in EAT‐26 scores was explained by differences between the groups on age and BMI; however, even after adjustment the differences remained significant on the bulimia subscale.Conclusion:The results suggest a rapid cultural effect in attitudes toward eating that may reflect a tendency toward eating disorders as well as a difference in the proportion of obesity. It seems that the veteran immigrants have adopted Western cultural norms and eating patterns in a way that has erased the differences in tendency toward eating disorders between them and the Israeli born women. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Symptom severity in obese women with binge eating disorder as a function of smoking history
Authors: White Marney A. , Grilo Carlos M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjective:To compare obese female former smokers with binge eating disorder (BED) to women with BED with no smoking history in the severity of binge eating and associated symptoms.Method:A consecutive series of 91 obese women with current diagnoses of BED were administered structured diagnostic and investigator‐based interviews and self‐report questionnaires to assess symptoms associated with eating disorders. Participants were classified as “never” or “former” smokers and symptom profiles were compared across smoking groups.Results:Former and never‐smoking groups did not differ in age, body mass index, or current binge frequency. Former smokers reported significantly higher levels of dietary restraint, rigid dieting strategies, and avoidance of eating.Conclusion:Former smokers were significantly more likely than never‐smokers to endorse specific symptoms of eating pathology (i.e., rigid dieting strategies). Despite the average 15‐year interval since smoking cessation, the former smokers in this patient group resembled current smokers with other eating disorders in terms of rigid and restrictive weight control methods. Obese patients with a smoking history may benefit from treatment to address rigid/pathological dieting and strategies. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Phagocytosis of Leishmania donovani amastigotes is Rac1 dependent and occurs in the absence of NADPH oxidase activation
Authors: Lodge Robert , Descoteaux Albert 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMacrophages produce little superoxide during phagocytosis of Leishmania donovani amastigotes. In this study, we characterized molecular events associated with L. donovani amastigotes uptake by mouse macrophages, to further define the mechanisms by which they are internalized without triggering superoxide production. Using transient transfections, we first showed that internalization of L. donovani amastigotes is mediated by the GTPases Rac1 and Arf6, of which Rac1 is recruited and retained on parasite‐containing phagosomes. Next, we showed that, whereas internalization of amastigotes induced no superoxide release, co‐internalization of serum‐opsonized zymozan and amastigotes resulted in superoxide production. Furthermore, in co‐internalization experiments, we detected superoxide production in over 95% of phagosomes containing IgG‐opsonized SRBC compared to 5% of amastigote‐harboring phagosomes. These results suggest that amastigotes evade the ability of macrophages to produce superoxide during phagocytosis. Consistently, we observed that amastigotes induced barely detectable phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase component p47phox, leading to a defective phagosomal recruitment of p67phox and p47phox. Finally, we showed that amastigotes disrupt phagosomal lipid raft integrity, potentially interfering with NADPH oxidase assembly. Collectively, our results indicate that internalization of L. donovani amastigotes is a Rac1‐ and Arf6‐dependent process that occurs in the absence of significant NADPH oxidase activation.
Precursor frequency can compensate for lower TCR expression in T cell competition during priming in vivo
Authors: Rechtsteiner Gerd , Warger Tobias , Hofmann Matthias , Rammensee Hans‐Georg , Schild Hansjörg , Radsak Markus P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe factors controlling clonal dominance of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are currently not well understood. To study the functional impact of the strength of the interaction of a T cell with an antigen‐presenting cell in this context, we established a new mouse model comprised of two T cell receptor (TCR)‐transgenic strains expressing the identical TCR in differing amounts, hence providing two CTL clones with different avidities but identical specificity and affinity. Utilizing this new model, we show that upon antigen challenge higher‐avidity CTL expand at the expense of moderate‐avidity CTL in vivo if present in equal numbers. Beyond this, moderate‐avidity T cells can also contribute to a CTL response when present in excess. These results suggest that in addition to a proposed affinity/avidity threshold, the precursor frequency is important in defining clonal dominance. A new model in which TCR density and precursor frequency define the outcome of a CTL response is discussed.
The use of short‐lived radionuclides to quantify transitional bed material transport in a regulated river
Authors: Salant Nira L. , Renshaw Carl E. , Magilligan Francis J. , Kaste James M. , Nislow Keith H. , Heimsath Arjun M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe investigate the use of the short‐lived fallout radionuclide beryllium‐7 (7Be; t1/2= 53·4 days) as a tracer of medium and coarse sand (0·25–2 mm), which transitions between transport in suspension and as bed load, and evaluate the effects of impoundment on seasonal and spatial variations in bed sedimentation. We measure7Be activities in approximately monthly samples from point bar and streambed sediments in one unregulated and one regulated stream. In the regulated stream our sampling spanned an array of flow and management conditions during the annual transition from flood control in the winter and early spring to run‐of‐the‐river operation from late spring to autumn. Sediment stored behind the dam during the winter quickly became depleted in7Be activity. This resulted in a pulse of ‘dead’ sediment released when the dam gates were opened in the spring which could be tracked as it moved downstream. Measured average sediment transport velocities (30–80 metres per day (m d−1)) exceed those typically reported for bulk bed load transport and are remarkably constant across varied flow regimes, possibly due to corresponding changes in bed sand fraction. Results also show that the length scale of the downstream impact of dam management on sediment transport is short (c.1 km); beyond this distance the sediment trapped by the dam is replaced by new sediment from tributaries and other downstream sources. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of LIDAR‐derived images for mapping old landslides under forest
Authors: Eeckhaut M. Van Den , Poesen J. , Verstraeten G. , Vanacker V. , Nyssen J. , Moeyersons J. , Beek L. P. H. van , Vandekerckhove L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLarge, deep‐seated landslides are common features in the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium). As most of these old (>100 years) landslides are located under forest in this hilly region, aerial photograph interpretation is not an appropriate landslide mapping method. This study tested the potential of LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) images for mapping old landslides under forest. Landslide inventory maps were created for a 125 km2 area by applying the expert knowledge of seven geomorphologists to LIDAR‐derived hillshade, slope and contour line maps in a GIS environment. Each of the seven LIDAR‐based landslide inventories was compared (i) with the other six, (ii) with a detailed field survey‐based inventory, and (iii) with a comparable study in which topographic data were extracted from a topographical map. The combination of the percentage of field landslides indicated by an expert and the percentage of positional discrepancies (expressed in terms of positional mismatch) were used to evaluate the quality of the LIDAR‐based inventory maps. High‐quality LIDAR‐derived landslide inventory maps contain more than 70 per cent of the landslides mapped during the field survey, and have positional discrepancies smaller than 70 per cent when compared with the field survey‐based inventory map. Four experts and the combination map of all experts satisfied these criteria. Together the seven experts indicated all landslides mapped in the field. Importantly, LIDAR enabled the experts to find ten new landslides and to correct the boundaries of eleven (of the 77) landslides mapped during the field survey. Hence, this study showed that large‐scale LIDAR‐derived maps analysed by experienced geomorphologists can significantly improve field survey‐based inventories of landslides with a subdued morphology in hilly regions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oligonucleotide array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) of 90 neuroblastomas reveals aberration patterns closely associated with relapse pattern and outcome
Authors: Spitz Ruediger , Oberthuer Andre , Zapatka Marc , Brors Benedikt , Hero Barbara , Ernestus Karen , Oestreich Joern , Fischer Matthias , Simon Thorsten , Berthold Frank 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe study of genomic alterations in neuroblastoma is of particular importance since several cytogenetic markers proved to be closely associated with the clinical phenotype. To disclose patterns of gains and losses, we performed high‐resolution oligonucleotide array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). A total cohort of 90 patients was classified into 6 subsets according to tumor stage and outcome: Stages 1‐3+ (with event), Stage 1‐3− (no event), Stage 4+/−, and Stage 4S+/−. The aberration patterns in Stages 1‐3− and 4S− tumors differed from all other groups as they were predominantly characterized by losses (3, 4, 14, X) and gains (7, 17) of whole chromosomes. However, 59/65 (91%) tumors of Stages 1‐3+ or Stage 4 revealed numerous structural copy number alterations (sCNA). While deletions in chromosomes 1, 3, and 11 discriminated outcome in Stage 4, there were no specific sCNA that distinguished tumor stage within the subgroup of unfavorable tumors. sCNA in 1p, 3p, 11q, 17q, or MYCN amplification (MNA) was seen among 22/24 patients who died, 10/12 with metastatic relapses, and 5/9 with local recurrences. Detailed breakpoint analyses on chromosomes 1, 3, 11, and 17 disclosed preferred breaking areas, although breakpoints were not identical. Amplifications were found in 18 patients and involved 2p24 (MYCN) and other segments of chromosome 2, as well as regions on chromosome arms 6q, 12q, and 17q. One single feature in 21q21.1 (BU678720, without known function yet) attracted particular attention since five patients showed a homozygous loss of this sequence. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.