bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Counts? Literacy Assessment in Urban Schools
Authors: Teale William H. 
Published: November 2008

This article describes problems with current literacy assessment programs and processes in many U.S. urban elementary schools and proposes steps for changing those programs and processes to make them factors that contribute to higher reading and writing achievement for urban youth.صف هذه المقالة مشاكل برامج تقييم مستوى معرفة القراءة والكتابة وعملياتها في كثيرا من مدارس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية الابتدائية المدينية وتقدّم إجراءات لتغيير تلك البرامج والعمليات ليجعلها عناصر تساهم في إنجاز مستوى أعلى في القراءة والكتابة لدى البنين المدينيين.\u672c\u6587\u63cf\u8ff0\u6709\u5173\u73b0\u4eca\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bb8\u591a\u5c0f\u5b66\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u8bfb\u5199\u80fd\u529b\u8bc4\u4f30\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u8bae\u6539\u5584\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bc4\u4f30\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u4f7f\u8bc4\u4f30\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6210\u4e3a\u63d0\u9ad8\u57ce\u5e02\u5e74\u9752\u4eba\u9605\u8bfb\u4e0e\u5199\u4f5c\u6210\u7ee9\u7684\u6709\u5229\u56e0\u7d20\u3002本文描述有关现今在美国许多小学所采用的读写能力评估计划和程序的问题，并提议改善那些评估计划和程序的几个步骤，使评估计划和程序成为提高城市年青人阅读与写作成绩的有利因素。Cet article présente les problèmes que posent les programmes et les processus courants d'évaluation de la littératie dans de nombreuses écoles élémentaires de villes américaines et propose des démarches pour changer ces programmes et ces processus afin d'en faire des facteurs qui contribuent à une meilleure réussite en lecture et écriture de la jeunesse des cités.В статье описаны проблемы, связанные с программами оценивания грамотности и процессами ее становления, которые практикуются во многих начальных школах в разных городах США (В городских школах учатся, в основном, дети из малоимущих и неблагополучных семей. – прим. пер.). Предлагаются определенные шаги для того, чтобы совершенствовать эти программы и процессы и сделать их факторами, которые смогут существенно повысить уровень чтения и письма среди юных жителей городов.Este artículo describe problemas con los programas y procesos usados hoy día para evaluar las competencias en muchas de las escuelas primarias urbanas de los Estados Unidos y propone pasos ha tomar para cambiar esos programas y procesos de tal manera que se conviertan en factores que contribuyan a mejorar la lectura y la escritura de los adolescentes urbanos.
First Graders and Fairy Tales: One Teacher's Action Research of Critical Literacy
Authors: Bourke Ryan T. 
Published: November 2008

By using the fairy tale genre, one teacher was able to foster critical literacy in a first‐grade classroom. By encouraging a critical perspective, the author reveals how the issues of identity, rules, and power were exposed to the students. The article also portrays how the author engaged in significant learning himself, realizing that to instill critical habits is tantamount to changing the way children view the world.كان يستطيع معلم أن يغرس معرفة القراءة والكتابة النقدية في الصف الأول باستخدام ميدان القصص الخيالية. ويكشف المؤلف عن طريقة لتعرض مسائل الهوية والأحكام والسلطان للطلبة بواسطة تشجيعهم على بناء وجهة النظر النقدية. وتصور المقالة كيف المؤلف قام بتعلم مهم هو بنفسه مدركاً أن إغراز عادات نقدية بمثابة تغيير الطريقة التي ينظر فيها الأولاد إلى العالم.一位小学一年级教师通过采用神仙故事体裁，能够在课堂教学中促进学生的批判式读写能力发展。本文鼓励发展一个批判的角度，并揭示如何让学生接触身份、规则、权力等问题。本文更描述作者自己的重要学习经历与体会，认为灌输批判式思考习惯是等同于改变儿童对这个世界的看法。En utilisant le genre du conte de fées, un enseignant a réussi à renforcer la littératie critique dans une classe de première année. En encourageant une perspective critique, l'auteur révèle comment les questions de l'identité, des règles et du pouvoir ont été présentées aux élèves. L'article décrit aussi comment l'auteur s'est engagé lui‐même dans un apprentissage significatif, réalisant qu'instiller des habitudes critiques revient à changer la façon dont les enfants voient le monde.Используя жанр сказки, учитель развивает у первоклассников критическую грамотность. Автор показывает, как младшие школьники знакомились с такими понятиями, как личность, правила и власть с точки зрения критической грамотности. В статье также описано, как расширял свои знания сам автор, как постепенно к нему пришло понимание того, что развитие у ребенка критических навыков – трамплин, который изменит его взгляды на мир в целом.Usando el género de los cuentos de hadas, un maestro pudo fomentar las competencias críticas de sus estudiantes de primer grado. Al favorecer una perspectiva crítica, el autor revela cómo los temas de la identidad, las reglas, y el poder fueron manifestados a los estudiantes. Este artículo también muestra cómo el propio autor llegó a aprender mucho al darse cuenta que el crear hábitos críticos equivale a cambiar la forma en que los niños ven el mundo.
Dairy washwater treatment using a horizontal flow biofilm system
Authors: Clifford E. , Rodgers M. , de Paor D. 
Published: November 2008

In Ireland, land-spreading is the most widely used method for treating dairy wastewaters. This can be labour intensive and can cause, in some cases, nitrate contamination of groundwater. In this study a simple pilot-scale horizontal flow biofilm reactor (HFBR) with a step-feed was developed and tested at a dairy farm site in County Offaly, Ireland for partial remediation of this soiled water prior to landspreading.
During the 122-day study, the top surface plan area (TSPA) hydraulic loading rate was 50 L/m2/day. Influent concentrations averaged: 2904.2 mg total chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L, 950 mg 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)/L and 177.9 mg total nitrogen (TN)/L. Between Days 1 and 45 frequent ambient temperatures below 4°C inhibited the build-up of biomass resulting in low removals. From Day 45 the HFBR unit removed 74.9% total COD and 69.6% BOD5, equivalent to TSPA removals of 108.8 g COD/m2/day and 33.1 g BOD5/m2/day. On Sheet 29, by the end of the study, the NH4–N had reduced from 123.1 mg/L in the influent to 37.0 mg/L. TN removal in the reactor averaged 56.0% equating to a TSPA removal rate of 5.0 g TN/m2/day.
The HFBR does not require any mechanical aeration, was simple and inexpensive to construct and can provide a robust and economical alternative for the remediation of agricultural soiled water before landspreading.
Food Intake Patterns Associated With Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Liese Angela D. , Weis Kristina E. , Schulz Mandy , Tooze Janet A. 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—Markers of hemostasis and inflammation such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen have been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to identify food intake patterns influencing this pathway and evaluate their association with incident diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study cohort included 880 middle-aged adults initially free of diabetes. At the 5-year follow-up, 144 individuals had developed diabetes. Usual dietary intake was ascertained with a 114-item food frequency questionnaire. Using reduced rank regression, we identified a food pattern maximizing the explained variation in PAI-1 and fibrinogen. Subsequently, the food pattern–diabetes association was evaluated using logistic regression.
RESULTS—High intake of the food groups red meat, low-fiber bread and cereal, dried beans, fried potatoes, tomato vegetables, eggs, cheese, and cottage cheese and low intake of wine characterized the pattern, which was positively associated with both biomarkers. With increasing pattern score, the odds of diabetes increased significantly (Ptrend &lt; 0.01). After multivariate adjustment, the odds ratio comparing extreme quartiles was 4.3 (95% CI 1.7–10.8). Adjustment for insulin sensitivity and secretion and other metabolic factors had little impact (4.9, 1.8–13.7).
CONCLUSIONS—Our findings provide support for potential behavioral prevention strategies, as we identified a food intake pattern that was strongly related to PAI-1 and fibrinogen and independently predicted type 2 diabetes.
The relativistic bound and scattering states of the Manning-Rosen potential with an improved new approximate scheme to the centrifugal term
Authors: Wei Gao-Feng , Zhen Zhi-Zhong , Dong Shi-Hai 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The approximately analytical bound and scattering state solutions of the arbitrary l-wave Klein-Gordon equation for the mixed Manning-Rosen potentials are carried out by an improved new approximation to the centrifugal term. The normalized analytical radial wave functions of the l-wave Klein-Gordon equation with the mixed Manning-Rosen potentials are presented and the corresponding energy equations for bound states and phase shifts for scattering states are derived. It is shown that the energy levels of the continuum states, reduce to the bound states of those at the poles of the scattering amplitude. Some useful figures are plotted to show the improved accuracy of our results and the special case for wave is studied briefly.
The extradural temporopolar approach: a review of indications and operative technique
Authors: Zada Gabriel , Day J. Diaz , Giannotta Steven L. 
Published: November 2008

Object
The extradural temporopolar approach is used for enhanced exposure of the cavernous sinus and petroclival regions in the treatment of complex lesions not amenable to sole treatment via radiosurgical or endovascular methods. The authors' objective was to review the indications, surgical experience, and operative technique in a series of patients who underwent surgery with this approach.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective review to identify patients who underwent a temporopolar approach from 1992 to 2008. An orbitozygomatic craniotomy was frequently used, followed by extradural retraction of the temporal lobe. A sequential progression of bone removal at the anterior and middle skull base, followed by opening the layers of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus was next performed to safely retract the brain and widen the exposure to the cavernous sinus, interpeduncular fossa, and upper petroclival regions.

Results
Sixty-six patients were identified and included in the study. The mean patient age was 49 years. The main indications for surgery were as follows: meningioma (25 patients, 38%), basilar artery aneurysm (11 patients, 17%), trigeminal schwannoma (7 patients, 11%), chordoma (5 patients, 7%), hemangioma (3 patients, 5%), pituitary adenoma (3 patients, 5%), superior cerebellar artery aneurysm (3 patients, 5%), and other lesions (9 patients, 14%). Complications included hemiparesis in 4 patients (6%), infarcts in 4 patients (6%), transient aphasia in 1 patient (1.5%), and cranial nerve paresis in 20 patients (30%).

Conclusions
The extradural temporopolar approach offers a relatively safe and wide exposure of the sphenocavernous and petroclival regions. Mobilization of the cranial nerves and internal carotid artery allow gentle brain retraction and maximal preservation of venous outflow. This is an advantageous approach to large tumors in these regions and for complex upper basilar artery or superior cerebellar artery aneurysms.
Surgery for clival lesions: open resection versus the expanded endoscopic endonasal approach
Authors: Carrabba Giorgio , Dehdashti Amir R. , Gentili Fred 
Published: November 2008

Object
Clival lesions pose significant challenges with regard to their surgical management. The expanded endoscopic endonasal (EEE) approach is a promising minimally invasive technique for lesions of the central skull base. The authors' aim in the current paper was to discuss the surgical treatment of clival lesions and to present the technical details, indications, and limitations of the EEE approach. Data from a recent endoscopically treated group will be compared with findings in a previous cohort of patients treated via classic open anterior and lateral approaches.

Methods
Since June 2005, 17 patients with clival lesions underwent surgery via the EEE approach. Suitable candidates were chosen according to lesion characteristics, clinical parameters, and surgical goals. Neurological outcomes, Karnofsky Performance Scale scores, the extent of lesion resection, and complications were evaluated among these patients. Eighteen percent of the patients in the endoscopic group presented with recurrent disease. Another series of 43 patients, who had undergone resection of clival lesions via an anterior (rhinotomy, maxillectomy, microscopic transsphenoidal surgery, or transoral surgery) or lateral (pterional, frontoorbitozygomatic, or combined suprainfratentorial retrosigmoid) approach, was similarly reviewed. Twenty-three of these patients (53%) presented with recurrent disease and thus had undergone prior surgery.

Results
Following the EEE approach, 11 (79%) of 14 patients who had presented with neurological symptoms experienced improvement, and gross-total resection was achieved in 59% of the patients and subtotal removal in 41%. Complications included CSF leakage (24%), tension pneumocephalus (6%), and intracranial hematoma (6%). The patient with the latter complication was the only one who experienced permanent neurological worsening. In the open resection group, neurological worsening occurred in 33% of the patients (14 of 43). Total and grosstotal removals were achieved in 84% of patients and subtotal removal in 14%.

Conclusions
The EEE approach has been shown to be a safe and effective technique for the resection of clival lesions with limited lateral extension. The choice of surgical approach must be tailored according to both patient and tumor characteristics. Although the 2 patient series featured in this paper are not comparable—because of a selection bias—higher rates of neurological morbidity and total and gross-total resections were observed in the open resection group. Given the long survival of some patients, the EEE approach should be favored whenever reasonable.
Evaluation of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque distribution by using long-axis high-resolution black-blood magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Yoshida Kazumichi , Endo Hideki , Sadamasa Nobutake , Narumi Osamu , Chin Masaki , Inoue Katsumi , Mitsudo Kazuaki , Yamagata Sen 
Published: November 2008

Object
The goal of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of long-axis black-blood MR (BB–MR) imaging for assessing plaque morphology and distribution in patients with atherosclerotic carotid artery (CA) stenosis.

Methods
Sixty-eight carotid arteries in 67 patients who were scheduled to undergo CA endarterectomy or CA stent placement due to atherosclerotic stenosis were included in this study. The patients had undergone CA BB–MR imaging and digital subtraction (DS) angiography within 3 weeks of revascularization. The DS angiography studies were performed using the transfemoral artery approach with selective common CA catheterization. The BB–MR images were acquired using a 1.5-T whole-body MR imaging unit, and T1-weighted images parallel to the long axis of the artery at 1-mm intervals were obtained. Plaque distribution was evaluated by measuring the distance between the CA bifurcation and the point that appeared to be the distal extent of the plaque on BB–MR imaging (D–MR imaging) and DS angiography images (D–DS angiography).

Results
Plaque distribution was clearly shown in 88.2% of the cases using long-axis BB–MR images, except for 8 arteries with poor image quality. In 4 arteries, D–DS angiography could not be obtained because the distal plaque end could not be confirmed. In 56 vessels, both the D–DS angiography and D–MR imaging could be measured; the mean D–MR imaging (19.75 ± 6.85 mm [standard deviation]) was significantly longer than the average D–DS angiography (16.32 ± 7.07 mm).

Conclusions
Long-axis BB–MR imaging can provide a noninvasive and accurate way to show CA plaque distribution; it is of great use not only for stroke risk assessment in patients with CA atherosclerosis but also for preoperative evaluation in patients requiring CA endarterectomy or CA stent placement.
Results and complications of transarterial embolization of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas using Onyx-18
Authors: Lv Xianli , Jiang Chuhan , Li Youxiang , Wu Zhongxue 
Published: November 2008

Object
Use of the Onyx liquid embolic system has become an option for treating dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) because of its advantageous nonadhesive and cohesive properties. However, the complication rates associated with the use of this system have not been reported. The authors present their initial experience of the risks related to transarterial embolization using this system.

Methods
Between February 2005 and February 2007, 31 patients with DAVFs were treated at Beijing Tiantan Hospital. Transarterial embolization using Onyx-18 was performed as a preoperative adjunct or as definitive therapy. The demographic characteristics, angiographic features, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of the patients were reviewed. Clinical follow-up status was supplemented by telephone interviews to determine Glasgow Outcome Scale scores.

Results
In 19 patients (61.3%) there was complete angiographic evidence of elimination of the shunts and resolution of the symptoms. The remaining 12 patients were treated successfully but did not attain complete embolization and had residual shunting. Adverse events occurred in 5 of 31 patients, with 3 DAVFs located at the tentorium, 1 at the inferior petrosal sinus, and 1 at the cavernous sinus. Complications included trigeminocardiac reflex in 2 patients (6.5%), hemifacial hypesthesia in 3 patients (9.7%), hemifacial palsy in 2 patients (6.5%), jaw pain in 1 patient (3.2%), posterior fossa infarction in 1 patient (3.2%), and microcatheter gluing in 1 patient (3.2%). At the last follow-up examination, all patients had returned to an independent clinical status.

Conclusions
Although a complete resolution of symptoms can be achieved with transarterial embolization using the Onyx liquid embolic system, the potential for serious complications exists with this procedure, necessitating the participation of a skilled neurointerventionalist.
Microsurgical bilateral decompression via a unilateral approach for lumbar spinal canal stenosis including degenerative spondylolisthesis
Authors: Sasai Kunihiko , Umeda Masayuki , Maruyama Tohkun , Wakabayashi Ei , Iida Hirokazu 
Published: November 2008

Object
Surgical outcome and radiographic changes after microsurgical bilateral decompression via a unilateral approach (MBDU) for lumbar spinal canal stenosis during midterm follow-up periods (> 2 years) have not been reported. The authors retrospectively investigated surgical outcomes after MBDU in patients with lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis in comparison with patients with degenerative stenosis during a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. Radiographic changes at the affected intervertebral level were analyzed during that follow-up period.

Methods
Forty-eight patients (23 in the spondylolisthesis group, 25 in the degenerative stenosis group) were included in the study. The average follow-up period was 46 months (range 24–71 months). Surgical outcome was evaluated using the Neurogenic Claudication Outcome Score (NCOS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Additionally, the back pain score within the NCOS was also compared. There were no statistically significant differences between the spondylolisthesis group and the degenerative stenosis group with regard to sex, age, follow-up period, operating time, blood loss, surgical sites, approach side, preoperative NCOS, preoperative back pain score, and preoperative ODI. Comparisons were also made between groups using 2 satisfaction measurements at the last follow-up visit. Radiographically, intervertebral angles of 80 sites and slip percentages of 24 sites were measured preoperatively and at the last follow-up.

Results
No patient in either group had additional surgery in the lumbar spine, including fusion procedures. The NCOS, back pain score, and ODI had significantly improved at the last follow-up in both groups. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in these 3 parameters and the 2 satisfaction measurements at the last follow-up, although those for the spondylolisthesis group indicated a somewhat worse outcome. Intervertebral angles, dynamic intervertebral angles, and dynamic slip percentage did not significantly change after surgery, whereas only slip percentage significantly increased postoperatively (p = 0.0319).

Conclusions
A satisfactory outcome of MBDU persisted for a period longer than 2 years for patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis as well as for those with degenerative stenosis. Radiographically in both groups this less invasive procedure was not likely to result in postoperative dynamic instability at the affected level, although the slippage progressed in the spondylolisthesis group.
Evidence of log-periodic oscillations and increasing icequake activity during the breaking-off of large ice masses
Authors: Faillettaz Jérome , Pralong Antoine , Funk Martin , Deichmann Nicholas 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn 1973, surface velocities were measured for the first time on an unstable hanging glacier to predict its collapse. The observed velocities have been shown to increase as a power-law function of time up to infinity at the theoretical time of failure (known as ‘finite time singularity’). This is the characteristic signature of critical phenomena and has been observed in the case of various other naturally occurring ruptures such as earthquakes, landslides and snow avalanches. Recent velocity measurements performed on Weisshorn and Mönch hanging glaciers, Switzerland, confirmed this behaviour, while log-periodic oscillations superimposed on this general acceleration were also detected. Despite different rupture mechanisms in both cases, the log frequency of the oscillations is shown to be the same. The seismic activity was recorded near the unstable Weisshorn hanging glacier, simultaneously with the velocity measurements. Results show dramatically increasing icequake activity 3 days before the final collapse. Combined motion–seismic monitoring seems to be a promising way to accurately predict the breaking-off of hanging glaciers. Such a combined analysis is also useful for capturing the physical mechanisms of rupture in natural heterogeneous materials.