bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Febrile Transfusion Reactions Reduced by Use of Buffy‐Coat‐Poor Erythrocyte Concentrates
Authors: Liedén Gudrun , Hildén Jan‐Olof 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn a medium‐sized Swedish hospital there was a switch on a certain date from unprepared whole blood to buffy‐coat‐poor concentrates in all erythrocyte transfusions. The incidence of febrile transfusion reactions decreased by half.
A Simple Method for the Standardization of Centrifugation Procedures in Blood Component Preparation
Authors: Högman Claes F. , Johansson Anne , Bergius Bengt 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe total sedimentation effect in centrifugation procedures is described by including the phases of acceleration and retardation and expressing the effect by the product g.s. 91 CPD whole blood units were centrifuged at different speeds and times, between 373 g for 9 min 52s and 2,606 g for 22s. All procedures gave a sedimentation effect of 244,090 g.s. The platelet yield in the platelet‐rich plasma was 78–92% of whole blood. No significant difference was observed between low g force for a long time as compared to high g force for a short time.
Immunochemical Studies of Infectious Mononucleosis IX. Heterophile Antigen Associated with a Glycoprotein from the Bovine Erythrocyte Membrane
Authors: Fletcher Mary Ann , Caldwell Karen E. , Latif Zuhair 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA glycoprotein was isolated from the membrane of the bovine erythrocyte by refluxing the acetone‐ and ethanol‐extracted stroma residue with 75% ethanol. The glycoprotein was purified by phosphocellulose chromatography, ethanol precipitation, lipid‐solvent extraction and DEAE chromatography. The glycoprotein appeared to have two serological determinants, both reactive with antibodies present in the sera of patients with infectious mononucleosis. One of the determinants is similar to the Paul‐Bunnell heterophile antigen found on sheep erythrocytes. It is dependent on carbohydrate, including sialic acid residues. Another specificity, seemingly not shared by sheep erythrocytes to any great extent, is resistance to neuraminidase and to alkaline borohydride treatment and thus it may be located either on the polypeptide portion of the molecule or on an alkali‐stable oligosaccharide. The purified glycoprotein comprises 73% amino acids. Carbohydrate components and their molar ratios were sialic acid (1.0): galactose (1.5): N‐acetylglucosamine (1.1): N‐acetylgalactosamine (0.5): mannose (0.1).
G6PD Varadero A New Variant of Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Associated with Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Estrada M. , García M. , Gutiérrez A. , Quintero I. , González R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variant was studied in a mulatto patient with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. This variant has reduced activity, increased thermolability, a reduced Michaelis constant for glucose‐6‐phosphate, slightly increased electrophoretic mobility, a biphasic pH activity profile, high 2‐deoxy‐glucose‐6‐phosphate utilization, normal diamino nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate utilization and a peak of elution profile after G6PD B. The electrophoretic, kinetic, and chromatographic properties of this erythrocyte G6PD variant allow the conclusion that G6PD Varadero is probably a new variant.
Individualizing the Dose of Intravenous Immune Serum Globulin for Therapy of Patients with Primary Humoral Immunodeficiency
Authors: Schiff Richard I. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe availability of safe and effective IgG preparations for replacement therapy for patients with primary disorders of humoral immunity allows almost unlimited doses of IgG to be used. Thus, knowledge of the optimal dose and serum concentration of IgG to be achieved is of practical importance. In a multicenter study of a reduced and alkylated IgG preparation (MISG), it was shown that the MISG was well tolerated and as effective as the intramuscular immune serum globulin (ISG) used for more than 30 years. During the course of this study, we observed that the standard dose of 100 mg/kg/month resulted in a wide range of IgG levels. We began a study using another intravenous IgG preparation to determine whether the variable IgG levels were due to variability in the half‐life of IgG in these patients and whether an individualized dose of IgG could be calculated based on the half‐life for each patient. The half‐life was greatly prolonged, ranging from 26 to 86 days compared with 21 days in normal individuals. However, there was no correlation between the half‐life and the serum IgG concentration over the range of concentrations measured. When patients were treated with higher doses of IgG, based on the amount calculated to raise the serum IgG concentration to 200 mg/dl, only 1 patient actually achieved that level and only 3 had a significant increase in the serum concentration despite the higher dose. Failure to achieve the predicted levels could not be explained by a shortened half‐life and seemed to be related to increased losses in the early, redistribution, phase. The half‐life was not reduced in patients who did achieve higher serum IgG concentrations, suggesting that the half‐life is characteristic for each patient and not directly dependent on the serum IgG concentration. However, only modest increases were observed and additional studies using much higher doses of IgG will be necessary before this issue can be settled. Similarly, we did not see an additional benefit in those patients receiving higher doses of IgG, and further studies will be necessary before it can be determined whether higher levels of IgG can reduce the incidence of chronic infections and justify the increased time and expense. The results of the completed study have been published elsewhere [7].
Intravenous Immune Serum Globulin in Immune Thrombocytopenia: Clinical Results and Biochemical Evaluation
Authors: Bussel James 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIntravenous gamma‐globulin of the pH 4‐treated Swiss Red Cross (SRC) preparation is an effective therapy for acute and chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) of childhood and chronic ITP in adults. Patients who may respond satisfactorily to treatment include those without detectable immune complexes and those with poor response to pre‐treatment. Results are especially good in children, half of whom with chronic conditions are able to discontinue therapy.
Transfusion‐Transmitted Cytomegalovirus Infections: Significance and Control
Authors: Tegtmeier Gary E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpes virus which can give rise to primary infections, reactivated infections, or reinfections in humans. Seroepidemiologic studies have shown CMV infection to be worldwide with the highest antibody prevalences detected in Third World countries; however, significant regional variations can be seen within a given country. Antibody prevalence varies directly with age and inversely according to socioeconomic status.Numerous prospective studies of blood transfusion recipients carried out since 1966 have shown marked differences in infection rates but relatively little associated disease. Infection rates were highest in seronegative recipients given large amounts of fresh blood. Recently published reports have shown substantially lower infection rates than earlier studies, a change likely to be due to the current practice of transfusing fewer units of older blood. CMV has not been found to play a significant role in the etiology of posttransfusion hepatitis.CMV infections have been found to be an important source of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Several studies of transfused, premature infants have shown significant differences in infection rates and disease expression. Seronegative low‐birth‐weight infants receiving blood from seropositive donors are at greatest risk. Blood from CMV‐seronegative donors substantially lowers the risk of infection.Receiving a kidney or heart from a CMV‐seropositive donor appears to be a more salient risk factor than blood transfusion in renal and cardiac transplant patients who are also more likely to have symptomatic CMV infections. Leukocyte transfusions have been found to be a significant source of CMV infection and disease in bone marrow transplant patients. Random donor blood and blood components are likely sources of CMV in marrow recipients although this has yet to be proved in a controlled study.Methods for preventing or ameliorating CMV infection in immunocompromised patients include the use of CMV‐seronegative blood, frozen‐washed red cells, and CMV immune globulin.
Has Hepatitis A Virus Been Transmitted by Clotting Factor Concentrates among Hemophiliacs in the United States?
Authors: Mosley J.W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHepatitis A virus (HAV) infection occurred after administration of factor VIII concentrate in Europe associated with one manufacturing process. We determined if there was an excess prevalence of anti‐HAV among hemophiliacs in the United States, and whether any infections here were potentially concentrate‐associated. We observed clotting disorder patients and household members for up to 7 years at 6‐month intervals. Selected specimens were titered for anti‐HAV‐immunoglobulin G content to distinguish whether they were passively or actively acquired. Our results show that anti‐HAV prevalence was 20–25%, but males with clotting deficiencies had a 44% rate (p < 0.001). Passive anti‐HAV (≥ 30 to < 950 mIU/ml) from intermediate‐purity factor VIII may have protected against community HAV exposure. Factor IX concentrates, which contain no anti‐HAV, did not protect and a few instances of past transmission are possible. Criteria for present‐day concentrate‐associated cases were developed; no subject conclusively met these criteria during the period between late 1985 and May 1993. In conclusion, the excess of anti‐HAV prevalence in male clotting disorders is attributable to both passive administration in concentrate, and past therapy prior to concentrates. No untoward HAV event related to concentrate was found in our population, but measures to prevent transmission of nonenveloped viruses should be instituted.
Ultracentrifugal Analysis of Factor VIII and von Willebrand Factor in Therapeutic Preparations
Authors: Aronson David L. , Chang Ping 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPlasma and therapeutic preparations of factor VIII (1 recombinant factor VIII and two monoclonally purified plasma‐derived factor VIII preparations, Kogenate, and AHF‐M and Monoclate, respectively) were centrifuged in a sucrose density gradient, and the fractions were analyzed for factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWF). The residual vWF in the monoclonally purified factor VIII preparations sediments more slowly than the vWF of plasma. In the absence of added vWF, the factor VIII in all preparations sediments more slowly than plasma factor VIII. These same preparations of factor VIII added to hemophilic plasma as a source of vWF sediment differently. The addition of either recombinant factor VIII or AHF‐M results in sedimentation of the factor VIII with the plasma vFW and in a position indistinguishable from factor VIII in plasma. In contrast, when Monoclate is added to hemophilic plasma in vitro, the factor VIII sediments more slowly than the vWF of the hemophilic plasma. However, 5 min after the infusion of Monoclate into a patient with hemophilia A, the factor VIII sediments with the plasma vWF. These results indicate that the addition of recombinant factor VIII and AHF‐M results in random binding to all vWF multimers of plasma, while there is little exchange between the added factor VIII in Monoclate and the plasma vWF in vitro. In contrast, when the Monoclate is infused, there is rapid binding of factor VIII to the plasma vWF. This is presumably due to tight binding of the factor VIII to the vWF in Monoclate, whereas the factor VIII in Kogenate and AHF‐M, containing no or very low amounts of vWF, are free to bind to plasma vWF. In vivo there are other conditions, as yet uninvestigated, which allow for the binding of factor VIII to vWF.
Large‐Scale Production and Properties of Immunoaffinity‐Purified Human Activated Protein C Concentrate
Authors: Orthner Carolyn L. , Ralston Annemarie H. , Gee Dan , Kent Randy , Kolen Billy , McGriff J.D. , Drohan William N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractActivated protein C (APC) is a highly specific serine proteinase which functions as an important naturally occurring antithrombotic enzyme. APC also has antiinflammatory properties. We have developed a large‐scale process for the production of APC for therapeutic use starting with cryoprecipitate‐poor human plasma. This report describes the process, its performance at the pilot plant scale, and the characteristics of immunoaffinity‐purified human APC concentrate referred to as APC (human). The process consists of three chromatographic steps, an enzymatic conversion step, and incorporates a solvent/detergent treatment step for the inactivation of lipid‐enveloped viruses. Solvent/detergent was shown to rapidly inactivate spiked HIV‐1, as well as three marker viruses to nondetectable levels under process conditions. The immunoaffinity‐purified protein C (PC) intermediate was enriched 13,600‐fold over plasma and had a specific activity of 231 U/mg. The overall yield of the process following enzymatic conversion of the PC intermediate to APC and its processing by anion exchange chromatography was 36%. APC (human) was shown to be highly purified, functional and stable.
Monitoring Anti‐HPA‐1a Platelet Antibody Levels during Pregnancy Using the MAIPA Test
Authors: Dawkins B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnti‐HPA‐1a platelet antibody levels in pregnant women with a history of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FMAIT) were monitored longitudinally using the monoclonal antibody immobilisation of platelet antigens (MAIPA) assay, in order to examine any variation in optical density (OD) readings obtained over the course of pregnancy and after delivery. Seven women were selected; 4 were studied retrospectively and 3 prospectively (the latter being treated with intravenous gammaglobulin; IVGG). Levels of anti‐HPA‐1a were measured at various intervals after delivery of the first affected infant, to post delivery of the following affected infant. A decrease in MAIPA OD was demonstrated in all patients during the course of these pregnancies. This assay is a useful tool for monitoring anti‐HPA‐1a in women with a history of infants affected with FMAIT. A maternal antibody ‘resting’ level prior to, or early in the first trimester, must be established for comparison.
Incidence and Diagnosis of EDTA‐Dependent Pseudothrombocytopenia in a Consecutive Outpatient Population Referred for Isolated Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Silvestri Federico , Virgolini Luigi , Savignano Chiara , Zaja Francesco , Velisig Marinella , Baccarani Michele 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAmong 111 patients referred to our outpatient clinic for isolated thrombocytopenia during a 24‐month period, 17 (15.3%) cases of EDTA‐dependent pseudothrombocytopenia (EDTA‐PTCP) were identified. EDTA‐PTCP represented the second most frequent cause of thrombocytopenia in this population. The diagnosis was confirmed by the following findings: (a) normal platelet numbers immediately after blood withdrawal; (b) progressive fall of platelet counts and evident platelet clumping over time, only in EDTA‐anticoagulated blood. A simple, inexpensive and quick diagnostic method was devised, that consists in evaluating the platelet number in a blood sample anticoagulated with EDTA immediately after blood withdrawl and 4 h later.
Reemphasis on Leukocyte Transfusions: Induction of Myeloid Marrow Recovery in Critically ill Neutropenic Children with Cancer
Authors: Saarinen U. M. , Hovi L. , Vilinikka L. , Juvonen E. , Myllylä G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNeutropenia is the major factor predisposing to sepsis in cancer patients, and its duration is important for survival. We administered leukocyte transfusions (LT) to 10 children suffering from documented life‐threatening infections during profound, prolonged neutropenia. Nine had acute leukemia, and one had aplastic anemia; three were bone marrow transplant recipients. These 10 were the only patients in our unit who received LT during the past 7 years. The median leukocyte dose was 0.6×109/kg in total. Instead of leukapheresis products, we used pooled buffy coats from random donors, with a high relative content of lymphocytes and especially T lymphocytes. The leukocyte concentrates were irradiated with 15 Gy. In all 10 patients, we observed prompt and sustained myeloid marrow recovery following LT. Such an effect of LT has never been described before. We hypothesize that in the internal milieu of these aplastic patients the transfused leukocytes were stimulated to secrete cytokines, the result being a cascade‐like phenomenon and stimulation and proliferation of the patient's own bone marrow cells. The bone marrow‐stimulating effect of LT merits further study.
Standardization of the Flow Cytometric Determination of HLA Class I Antigens, ‘Platelet‐Specific’ Glycoproteins and Activation Markers
Authors: Neumüller J. , Tohidast‐Akrad M. , Jilch R. , Schwartz D.W. M. , Mayr W.R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFlow cytometry (FC) provides a reproducible investigation of cell surface antigens on platelets. The aim of this study was to elaborate appropriate protocols and to compare them with other techniques that have already been published. (1) Venipuncture with tubes containing citrate was better for the preservation of the antigenicity than using ACD tubes. The isolated platelets could not be completely distinguished from detritus and protein aggregates. Therefore a platelet concentration between 107 and 108/ml measurement buffer was necessary to obtain a sufficient resolution by FC. (2) Isolation methods using either differential centrifugation or diluted Ficoll‐Hypaque as a flotation medium provided platelets of equal purity. The method with Ficoll‐Hypaque resulted in a higher number of isolated platelets than differential centrifugation. The demonstration of platelets and their antigens in whole blood without isolation gave good results provided the platelets were not activated. Activation of platelets with 1 NIH‐U thrombin/1 resulted in the loss of a part of the highly activated platelets because of their aggregation. (3) Comparing different concentrations of paraformaldehyde in PBS, fixation with 1% for 15 min provided the best antigen preservation for most of the antigens investigated. Isolation induced platelet activation. In order to avoid this effect, the whole anticoagulated blood was fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde for 15 min immediately after venipuncture. Then the platelets were isolated using diluted Ficoll‐Hypaque. In this way, systemic activation of platelets can be detected with antibodies against glycoproteins which are translocated from the α‐granules or lysosomes to the cell membrane. These activation markers can be determined on immediately fixed platelets (already in the whole blood) without any interference due to unspecific activation caused by the isolation procedure. (4) Platelet treatment with citric acid at pH 3, in order to remove the antigenicity of HLA‐class I molecules, was sensitive to immediate fixation with paraformaldehyde in the whole blood. Fixation after isolating the platelets made it possible to demonstrate antigen stripping, and the free heavy chain, devoid of the β2‐microglobulin, could be clearly demonstrated. (5) Using standardization beads, the average number of antigenic sites per platelet could be determined for the investigated specificities. It was shown that antibodies which have been directly conjugated or biotinylated and combined with streptavidin‐phycoerythrin yielded similar results in terms of the number of antigenic binding sites while unconjugated antibodies in combination with FITC‐conjugated anti‐mouse‐IgG led to overestimation of antigenic binding sites.
Significance of Anti‐LU8 in Pregnancy
Authors: Watt J. , Jones M.L. , Rose P. , Pepper R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnti‐LU8, an antibody defining a high‐frequency antigen in the Lutheran system, was identified in the serum of a gravida 4 para 0 pregnant woman who had never been transfused. The antibody consisted of both an IgM and an IgG1 component and was nonreactive in the antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. The red cells of the mother and 3 siblings of the patient typed as LU:8,14 and were incompatible with the patient's serum. The baby was born at term with a negative direct antiglobulin test and typed as LU:8,14. There was no clinical evidence of haemolytic disease of the newborn.
ABO Blood Group Genotype and Plasma von Willebrand Factor in Normal Individuals
Authors: Shima Masayuki , Fujimura Yoshihiro , Nishiyama Takayuki , Tsujiuchi Tomomi , Narita Nobuhiro , Matsui Taei , Titani Koiti , Katayama Masahiko , Yamamoto Fumi‐ichiro , Yoshioka Akira 
Published: March 2009

Abstractvon Willebrand factor (vWF) is a multimeric plasma protein with ABO (H) blood group sugar chains. We investigated a total of 330 plasmas from normal individuals having various ABO genotypes, with special reference to vWF antigen and its platelet glycoprotein‐Ib‐related biological activities, termed ristocetin cofactor (RCof) and botrocetin cofactor (BCof). RCof reflects the biological activity of higher vWF multimers, while BCof reflects that of vWF of multimers of all sizes. Plasmas from normal individuals carrying one O gene (genotypes AO and BO) had slightly, but proportionally lower levels of vWF antigen, RCof, and BCof than those carrying no O gene (genotypes AA, AB, and BB). Normal plasmas from individuals carrying two O genes (genotype 00) showed much lower values for these parameters than the other plasmas, as previously reported. However, multimeric analysis of plasma vWF antigen revealed no differences among the different genotypes.
Lewis Histo‐Blood Group System and Associated Secretory Phenotypes
Authors: Henry Stephen , Oriol Rafael , Samuelsson Bo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis review summarises present knowledge of the chemistry, immunology, genetics and clinical significance of antibodies in the Lewis and secretor histoblood group systems. Although red cell serology has laid the foundations for these systems, more recent advances have been made by studying Lewis and related glycoconjugates with monoclonal antibodies, determining structures by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, identifying enzymes and their specificities, and identifying the genes by molecular biology. The expression of Lewis system antigens is dependent on Lewis and secretor loci. Fucosyltransferases coded by genes at these loci compete and interact with each other and with other transferases to determine an individual's Lewis and secretor phenotype. Exocrine epithelial cells, mostly of endodermal origin, synthesise the Lewis antigens which, as plasma glycolipids, are secondarily acquired by cells of the peripheral circulation. Phenotyping red cells is often regarded as a simple way of determining the Lewis and sometimes the secretor status of an individual; however, the red cell phenotype is influenced by many factors and may not necessarily reflect someone's Lewis and secretor genotypes. Two main red cell Lewis groups are usually found, Lewis negative and Lewis positive. In Lewis‐negative individuals, the secretor genotype does not affect the Lewis phenotype, but in Lewis‐positive individuals, the non‐secretor genotype generates the Le(a+b–) phenotype, the secretor genotype causes the Le(a–b+) phenotype, and the partial secretor genotype gives rise to the Le(a+b+) phenotype.