bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An architecture for adaptive intrusion‐tolerant applications
Authors: Pal Partha , Rubel Paul , Atighetchi Michael , Webber Franklin , Sanders William H. , Seri Mouna , Ramasamy HariGovind , Lyons James , Courtney Tod , Agbaria Adnan , Cukier Michel , Gossett Jeanna , Keidar Idit 
Published: August 2006

AbstractApplications that are part of a mission‐critical information system need to maintain a usable level of key services through ongoing cyber‐attacks. In addition to the well‐publicized denial of service (DoS) attacks, these networked and distributed applications are increasingly threatened by sophisticated attacks that attempt to corrupt system components and violate service integrity. While various approaches have been explored to deal with DoS attacks, corruption‐inducing attacks remain largely unaddressed. We have developed a collection of mechanisms based on redundancy, Byzantine fault tolerance, and adaptive middleware that help distributed, object‐based applications tolerate corruption‐inducing attacks. In this paper, we present the ITUA architecture, which integrates these mechanisms in a framework for auto‐adaptive intrusion‐tolerant systems, and we describe our experience in using the technology to defend a critical application that is part of a larger avionics system as an example. We also motivate the adaptive responses that are key to intrusion tolerance, and explain the use of the ITUA architecture to support them in an architectural framework. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MetaSockets: design and operation of runtime reconfigurable communication services
Authors: Sadjadi S. M. , McKinley P. K. , Kasten E. P. , Zhou Z. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the internal architecture and operation of an adaptable communication component called the MetaSocket. MetaSockets are created using Adaptive Java, a reflective extension to Java that enables a component's internal architecture and behavior to be adapted at runtime in response to external stimuli. This paper describes how adaptive behavior is implemented in MetaSockets, as well as how MetaSockets interact with other adaptive components, such as decision makers and event mediators. Results of experiments on a mobile computing testbed demonstrate how MetaSockets respond to dynamic wireless channel conditions in order to improve the quality of interactive audio streams delivered to iPAQ handheld computers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ISAMadapt: abstractions and tools for designing general‐purpose pervasive applications
Authors: Augustin I. , Yamin A. C. , da Silva L. C. , Real R. A. , Frainer G. , Geyer C. F. R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe concept of pervasiveness provides the future of computing with an attractive perspective. However, software support for physical and logical mobility raises a set of new requirements and challenges for software production, creating demand for new types of applications, the so‐called pervasive applications, which express follow‐me semantics. The core of these challenges is a dynamic operating environment, which originates with the users' movement in different terminals and locations, and determines different execution contexts. For this envision to become a reality, developers must build applications that constantly adapt to a highly dynamic computing environment. Research works in pervasive computing have already addressed important issues, but they do not approach the problem of how to program general‐purpose pervasive systems. Pervasive applications are distributed, mobile, adaptive and consider context as a first‐order concept. To make the developers' task easier, we have introduced the software architecture called ISAM, which provides an integrated environment aimed at building pervasive applications composed of a development environment and an execution middleware. As part of our study within the ISAM project, we have been investigating how context‐awareness can be expressed at the programming language level with a basis on four main abstractions: context, adapters, adaptation commands, and adaptive behavior management policies. This paper introduces such abstractions, and presents some development and management tools anchored on an example application, which is under development. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
End‐user programming of reconfigurable systems
Authors: Hague Rob , Robinson Peter 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThere is no ideal programming language. Each is better suited to some tasks rather than others. This is true not only for complete programs, but also for different stages such as architectural design, detailed implementation and maintenance. The situation is even more acute in the case of end‐user programming languages, which cater for a much more varied user population. It would therefore be advantageous to allow the same program to be viewed, and edited, in a number of different languages. We have developed a system, Lingua Franca, that provides this facility for end‐user programming languages in the setting of ubiquitous computing in the home. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A validation approach for neural network‐based online adaptive systems
Authors: Yerramalla Sampath , Fuller Edgar , Cukic Bojan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTraditional software validation methods cannot guarantee the safe behavior of online self‐adaptive systems. These systems are characterized by continual adaptation to changing environmental conditions. We present a novel methodology for validating adaptive software systems based ononline operational monitoring. The methodology inherits its theoretical underpinnings from the generic stability and convergence analysis ofLyapunov's theory. Lyapunov theory is well established in mathematics and control theory, but has not been used before for software validation. The presented validation technique is applied to a neural network‐based online self‐adaptive system,the intelligent flight control system. In this application, environmental changes include system failure modes, such as a stuck stabilator, broken aileron and/or rudder, sensor failure, etc. Our case study for validation is a specific online self‐adaptive system, the intelligent flight control that utilizes dynamic cell structures' neural networks to perform online adaptation. The theoretical foundation and practicability of the presented validation technique make the presented validation approach generally applicable to other types of online adaptive systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using context and preferences to implement self‐adapting pervasive computing applications
Authors: Henricksen Karen , Indulska Jadwiga , Rakotonirainy Andry 
Published: August 2006

AbstractApplications that exploit contextual information in order to adapt their behaviour to dynamically changing operating environments and user requirements are increasingly being explored as part of the vision of pervasive or ubiquitous computing. Despite recent advances in infrastructure to support these applications through the acquisition, interpretation and dissemination of context data from sensors, they remain prohibitively difficult to develop and have made little penetration beyond the laboratory. This situation persists largely due to a lack of appropriately high‐level abstractions for describing, reasoning about and exploiting context information as a basis for adaptation. In this paper, we present our efforts to address this challenge, focusing on our novel approach involving the use of preference information as a basis for making flexible adaptation decisions. We also discuss our experiences in applying our conceptual and software frameworks for context and preference modelling to a case study involving the development of an adaptive communication application. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adapting workload distribution on software DSM clusters
Authors: Liu Yen‐Tso , Liang Tyng‐Yeu , Shieh Ce‐Kuen 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAchieving an appropriate workload distribution is essential if user applications are to achieve a satisfactory performance on software distributed shared memory (SDSM) clusters. To address this problem, the present study develops a novel method for distributing program threads onto the individual computers of SDSM clusters. In contrast to alternative methods, the proposed approach takes account not only of processor speed and data‐sharing aspects, but also memory availability, such that application performance can be enhanced through the implementation of appropriate workload distributions. In addition, when distributing the program threads, the proposed method specifically chooses only those computers that can enhance the performance of the application, rather than simply distributing the threads to all the available nodes in the cluster. This location policy makes it possible to specify the appropriate node combinations that optimize program performance while simultaneously maximizing resource utilization. The proposed method is implemented on a testbed referred to as Teamster. The experimental results demonstrate that, compared to alternative methods, the proposed approach delivers a 20–30% improvement in the performance of the chosen test applications. Importantly, it is shown that the proposed method can efficiently specify proper node combinations for the applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The FRACTAL component model and its support in Java
Authors: Bruneton Eric , Coupaye Thierry , Leclercq Matthieu , Quéma Vivien , Stefani Jean‐Bernard 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper presents FRACTAL, a hierarchical and reflective component model with sharing. Components in this model can be endowed with arbitrary reflective capabilities, from plain black‐box objects to components that allow a fine‐grained manipulation of their internal structure. The paper describes JULIA, a Java implementation of the model, a small but efficient runtime framework, which relies on a combination of interceptors and mixins for the programming of reflective features of components. The paper presents a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of this implementation, showing that component‐based programming in FRACTAL can be made very efficient. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of the psychosocial effects of false‐positive results on parents and current communication practices in newborn screening
Authors: Hewlett J. , Waisbren S. E. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryAs more states adopt expanded newborn screening for metabolic disorders, the overall number of false positives increases. False‐positive screening results have been associated with increased anxiety and stress in parents of infants who require follow‐up testing, even after the infant's good health is confirmed. This article reviews the literature on the negative impact of false‐positive newborn screening results on parents, along with a review of current communication practices for follow‐up screening. The results of this review suggest that parental stress and anxiety can be reduced with improved education and communication to parents, specifically at the time of follow‐up screening. Communication strategies with sample materials are proposed.
TAT gene mutation analysis in three Palestinian kindreds with oculocutaneous tyrosinaemia type II; characterization of a silent exonic transversion that causes complete missplicing by exon 11 skipping
Authors: Maydan G. , Andresen B. S. , Madsen P. P. , Zeigler M. , Raas‐Rothschild A. , Zlotogorski A. , Gutman A. , Korman S. H. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryDeficiency of the hepatic cytosolic enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) causes marked hypertyrosinaemia leading to painful palmoplantar hyperkeratoses, pseudodendritic keratitis and variable mental retardation (oculocutaneous tyrosinaemia type II or Richner–Hanhart syndrome). Parents may therefore seek prenatal diagnosis, but this is not possible by biochemical assays as tyrosine does not accumulate in amniotic fluid and TAT is not expressed in chorionic villi or amniocytes. Molecular analysis is therefore the only possible approach for prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection. To this end, we sought TAT gene mutations in 9 tyrosinaemia II patients from three consanguineous Palestinian kindreds. In two kindreds (7 patients), the only potential abnormality identified after sequencing all 12 exons and exon–intron boundaries was homozygosity for a silent, single‐nucleotide transversion c.1224G > T (p.T408T) at the last base of exon 11. This was predicted to disrupt the 5′ donor splice site of exon 11 and result in missplicing. However, as TAT is expressed exclusively in liver, patient mRNA could not be obtained for splicing analysis. A minigene approach was therefore used to assess the effect of c.1224G > T on exon 11 splicing. Transfection experiments with wild‐type and c.1224G > T mutant minigene constructs demonstrated that c.1224G > T results in complete exon 11 skipping, illustrating the utility of this approach for confirming a putative splicing defect when cDNA is unavailable. Homozygosity for a c.1249C > T (R417X) exon 12 nonsense mutation (previously reported in a French patient) was identified in both patients from the third kindred, enabling successful prenatal diagnosis of an unaffected fetus using chorionic villous tissue.
Measure of experimental pain using Rasch analysis
Authors: Decruynaere Céline , Thonnard Jean‐Louis , Plaghki Léon 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMost common instruments used to assess the painfulness of nociceptive stimuli and the perception of such stimuli are ordinal. This property limits arithmetical operations and statistical procedures that can be applied on their numbers. The Rasch methodology provides mathematical procedures for transforming scores on an ordinal scale into measures on an interval scale. The present paper aims at presenting the basics of this methodology by applying it to the measurement of experimentally induced pain. Six blocks of seven CO2 laser heat stimuli varying in intensity were delivered on the hand of 100 healthy subjects. They rated their pain perception on a three‐level verbal rating scale (not painful, slightly painful, painful). One member of the family of Rasch models, the many‐facet model, was applied to the analysis of these ratings. The analysis provided linear measures of the painfulness for each intensity of stimulation, of the pain perception of each subject and of the painfulness of each successive block. All these measures are located on a single pain perception continuum. Advantages and disadvantages of this methodology will be discussed in terms of subsequent possible mathematical analyses, statistical tests and implications for experimental and clinical investigations.
Climate regime shifts and community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska: how do recent shifts compare with 1976/1977?
Authors: Litzow Michael A. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Climate regime shifts have recently occurred in the North Pacific (1998–1999) and the Arctic (2000), but the nature of biological reaction to these events is poorly understood. An index of local climate (1960–2005), and data from commercial fishery catches (1960–2004) and from small-mesh trawl surveys (1972–2005) are used to assess the impacts of these climate events in the Subarctic Gulf of Alaska. Non-linear regression showed that survey catch composition strongly responded to local climate at lags of 2 and 4 years, providing evidence of rapid ecological response to climate change in the system. A sequential regime shift detection method identified rapid change in local climate, and in survey and commercial catches following the well-documented regime shift to a positive state of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in 1976/1977. However, the analysis failed to detect the 1998/1999 regime shift in local climate, or in survey or commercial catches. This result is consistent with the view that the 1998/1999 climate regime shift did not represent a reversion to a negative PDO state. Local temperature increased and local sea level pressure decreased in the Gulf of Alaska during the years 2001–2005, consistent with anthropogenic warming and recent spatial reorganization in Arctic climate. There was no evidence of community reorganization following this climate event. Further observation will be required to evaluate the persistence of this new climate pattern, and the nature of community reaction to it.
Feeding of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts in the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Haugland Monika , Holst Jens Christian , Holm Marianne , Hansen Lars Petter 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Stomach samples from 1384 Atlantic salmon, collected from 1991 to 2003 in the Northeast Atlantic, were analysed to fill the gap between studies on post-smolt diet in fjords and coastal areas of the Northeast Atlantic and studies on the diet of pre-adults and adults in the Norwegian Sea. The post-smolts fed largely on 0-group fish. Blue whiting was an important prey only in the slope current transporting the larvae from the spawning areas west of the United Kingdom into the North and Norwegian Seas. Sandeel and herring were important or present in the stomachs throughout most of the area studied. Unusually large quantities of 0-group herring in the Norwegian Sea in summer 2002 coincided with a high condition factor of post-smolts that year. The forage ratio of the post-smolts was positively related to the proportion of herring in the stomachs and the abundance of herring recruits. Despite these findings, the most productive period for Atlantic salmon on record, the 1970s, coincided with the collapse of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring, which raises the question as to whether herring is more important as a competitor than as a food source. Hyperiid amphipods were more important prey than krill, in contrast to the situation for other pelagic fish species.
A refined fish consumption model for lactating Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus), based on scat analyses
Authors: Mecenero Silvia , Kirkman Stephen P. , Roux Jean-Paul 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA refined fish consumption model for lactating Cape fur seals in Namibia during the eight-month lactation period, which allows for spatio-temporal variation in the diet as determined by scat analyses, has been developed. Previous estimates of prey consumption by Cape fur seals have been based mostly on coarse diet composition models. Sensitivity analyses showed that the energetic requirement and mass of lactating females (bioenergetic variables), as well as the energetic density of prey (diet variable), contributed most to the uncertainty in consumption estimates. Uncertainty in the remaining input variables had minimal effects on the estimates of food consumption. The consumption of commercial prey (horse mackerel, hake and pelagic fish) was greatest by the colony at Cape Cross. The model estimated that a female of average mass 55 kg ingested, on average, 11% of her body mass per day. This model is easily applied to other age/sex classes of the seal population. It permits improvement of the estimates of prey consumption by seals, which are useful for assessing levels of competitive interactions between seals and fisheries or other predators, or the impacts of seals on prey species.
Automated Generation of Animl Documents by Analytical Instruments
Authors: Roth Alexander , Jopp Ronny , Schäfer Reinhold , Kramer Gary W. 
Published: August 2006

The scope of this project covers the storing of result data produced by generic laboratory devices during processing of analytical experiments, the data describing the examination methods, and the audit trail using the Analytical Information Markup Language (AnIML) standard. This project also considers the integration of generic devices in automated laboratory environments. AnIML is an upcoming ASTM standard format for recording analytical data and workflows with accompanying experimental metadata. Adapting this standard to existing instruments currently requires manual intervention. The goal of this project is to automate as many steps as possible in generating an AnIML document with all its essential information supplied directly by the analytical instrument. Software with such functionality could be integrated into analytical instruments or reside in firmware boxes hooked to the instruments. This would allow a smooth transition to the new standard even in complex existing environments. A set of prerequisites have to be fulfilled before the feasibility of this approach can be shown. The prototype application we describe here integrates the generic description of an instrument using the Laboratory Equipment Control Interface Specification, Object Management Group (LECIS OMG) Device Capability Dataset. Information about the device's commands and the device's data stream with its semantics can be found there. The experiment's metadata are provided by the test order. In both cases, XML schemas contain the information syntax. Using this information, we developed a generic interface that maps the result stream semantically and then transforms it into an AnIML document without manual intervention. At this time, we have completed and tested a prototype implementation and are working to support the full functionality of both the LECIS OMG and the ASTM AnIML standards. (JALA 2006;11:247–53)
Improving IC50 Results with Acoustic Droplet Ejection
Authors: Olechno Joseph , Shieh Jean , Ellson Richard 
Published: August 2006

IC50 analyses are typically sample, time, and labor intensive. They commonly require multiple dilution steps and consume significant amounts of sample compound. Aqueous intermediate dilutions of concentrated stock solutions can lead to rapid sample precipitation and the generation of false negatives (Spicer, T.; Fitzgerald, Y.; Burford, N.; Matson, S.; Chatterjee, M.; Gilchrist, M.; Myslik, J.; O'Connell, J. Pharmacological evaluation of different compound dilution and transfer paradigms on an enzyme assay in low volume 384-well format, Poster presented at Drug Discovery Technology, August 2005, Boston, MA). Hydrophobic compounds may stick to pipette tips or intermediate dilution vessels, reducing the concentration of the analyte in the dilution and also increasing the possibility of cross contamination. The requirement for multiple serial dilutions in common IC50 analyses causes significant accumulated error. Concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the typical solvent used to solubilize compound libraries, as low as 1% in the final assay solution can significantly affect the results of the experiment. Finally, the cost of pipette tips and intermediate dilution vessels, and the frequency of the DMSO washes of tips grows significantly as the number of compounds being analyzed is increased. A system incorporating acoustic droplet ejection of compounds improves IC50 results by reducing the amount of sample used in the analysis to nanoliters, eliminating intermediate aqueous dilutions and accumulated pipetting error, lowering DMSO concentrations in the final assay to below 1%, and reducing costs of consumables (plastics, solvents, and their disposal). (JALA 2006;11:240–6)