bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is quantum mechanics necessary for understanding magnetic resonance?
Authors: Hanson Lars G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEducational material introducing magnetic resonance (MR) typically contains sections on the underlying principles. Unfortunately the explanations given are often unnecessarily complicated or even wrong. MR is often presented as a phenomenon that necessitates a quantum mechanical explanation whereas it really is a classical effect, i.e. a consequence of the common sense expressed in classical mechanics. This insight is not new, but there have been few attempts to challenge common misleading explanations, so authors and educators are inadvertently keeping myths alive. As a result, new students' first encounters with MR are often obscured by explanations that make the subject difficult to understand. Typical problems are addressed and alternative intuitive explanations are provided. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 32A: 329–340, 2008.
High‐affinity Na+/K+‐dependent glutamate transporter EAAT4 is expressed throughout the rat fore‐ and midbrain
Authors: Massie Ann , Cnops Lieselotte , Smolders Ilse , McCullumsmith Robert , Kooijman Ron , Kwak Shin , Arckens Lutgarde , Michotte Yvette 
Published: September 2008

AbstractExcitatory amino acid transporter 4 (EAAT4), a member of the high‐affinity Na+/K+‐dependent glutamate transporter family, is highly enriched in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, although it is not restricted to these cells. The detailed expression of EAAT4 protein in different adult rat fore‐ and midbrain regions was examined. Despite moderate expression levels compared with the cerebellum, EAAT4 protein was omnipresent throughout the fore‐ and midbrain. With antibodies raised against the N‐terminal mouse EAAT4 sequence, the highest protein expression levels were observed in the substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area, paranigral nucleus, habenulo‐interpeduncular system, supraoptic nucleus, lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, subiculum, and superficial layers of the superior colliculus. Relatively high levels of EAAT4 protein were also detected in the hippocampal principal cells, in the glutamatergic, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, dopaminergic and most likely cholinergic cells of all nuclei of the basal ganglia, and in neurons of layers II/III and V of the cerebral cortex. The expression of EAAT4 was confirmed at the mRNA level in some important fore‐ and midbrain structures by in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and estimated to range from 6.7 to 1.6% of the amount in the cerebellum as measured by real‐time PCR. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:155–172, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solution of parabolic integro‐differential equations arising in heat conduction in materials with memory via He's variational iteration technique
Authors: Dehghan Mehdi , Shakeri Fatemeh 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this work, we present the solution of some parabolic integro‐differential equations, which naturally arise in many applications. He's variational iteration method is implemented to give the solution for this equation. This technique is based on the incorporation of a general Lagrange multiplier in the construction of correction functional for the equation. Application of variational iteration technique to this problem shows that it performs extremely well in terms of accuracy, efficiently, simplicity, stability and reliability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathways for the Non‐CO‐Involved Oxidation of Methanol on Pt(111)
Authors: Gao Wang , Zhao Ming , Jiang Qing 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe non‐CO‐involved oxidation of methanol (NCOIOM) on a Pt(111) surface is investigated by using density functional theory. Relative energy diagrams for the NCOIOM are established in which the reaction mechanisms for a catalytic cycle—including the associated barriers, the reactive energies, the intermediates, and the transient states—are shown. The results indicate that the reaction proceeds via the kinetically favored pathways: A) HCOH→HC(OH)2→HCOOH→HCOO‐ [‐COOH]→CO2 and B) CHO→HCOOH→HCOO‐ [‐COOH]→CO2, with OH playing a key role in the entire process. The vibrational frequencies of the intermediate states derived from the calculations are in agreement with the experimental measurements.
Gating‐ML: XML‐based gating descriptions in flow cytometry
Authors: Spidlen Josef , Leif Robert C. , Moore Wayne , Roederer Mario , Brinkman Ryan R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe lack of software interoperability with respect to gating due to lack of a standardized mechanism for data exchange has traditionally been a bottleneck, preventing reproducibility of flow cytometry (FCM) data analysis and the usage of multiple analytical tools. To facilitate interoperability among FCM data analysis tools, members of the International Society for the Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC) Data Standards Task Force (DSTF) have developed an XML‐based mechanism to formally describe gates (Gating‐ML). Gating‐ML, an open specification for encoding gating, data transformations and compensation, has been adopted by the ISAC DSTF as a Candidate Recommendation. Gating‐ML can facilitate exchange of gating descriptions the same way that FCS facilitated for exchange of raw FCM data. Its adoption will open new collaborative opportunities as well as possibilities for advanced analyses and methods development. The ISAC DSTF is satisfied that the standard addresses the requirements for a gating exchange standard. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Left‐asymmetric expression of Galanin in the linear heart tube of the mouse embryo is independent of the nodal co‐receptor gene cryptic
Authors: Schweickert Axel , Deissler Kirsten , Britsch Stefan , Albrecht Miriam , Ehmann Heike , Mauch Verena , Gaio Ursula , Blum Martin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOnly very few left/right asymmetrically expressed genes are known in the mammalian embryo. In a screen for novel factors we identified the gene encoding the neuropeptide Galanin in mouse. At embryonic day (E) 8.5 asymmetric mRNA transcription was found in the left half of the linear heart tube. During heart looping and morphogenesis expression became restricted to the atrio‐ventricular (AV) canal, followed by specific staining of the AV‐node and AV‐rings in the four‐chambered heart. Expression was inverted in inv/inv and randomized in homozygous iv mutant embryos. Left‐sided heart‐specific transcription of mouse Gal thus should be controlled by the left‐right pathway. The asymmetric pattern was retained in cryptic mutant embryos, in which the Nodal signaling cascade is disrupted. Surprisingly, Pitx2c was found to be expressed in 50% of cryptic mutant hearts as well, suggesting that some aspects of asymmetric gene expression in the heart are independent of cryptic. Developmental Dynamics 237:3557–3564, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence that Fgf10 contributes to the skeletal and visceral defects of an apert syndrome mouse model
Authors: Hajihosseini Mohammad K. , Duarte Raquel , Pegrum Jean , Donjacour Anne , Lana‐Elola Eva , Rice David P. , Sharpe James , Dickson Clive 
Published: September 2008

AbstractApert syndrome (AS) is a severe congenital disease caused by mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor‐2 (FGFR2), and characterised by craniofacial, limb, visceral, and neural abnormalities. AS‐type FGFR2 molecules exert a gain‐of‐function effect in a ligand‐dependent manner, but the causative FGFs and their relative contribution to each of the abnormalities observed in AS remains unknown. We have generated mice that harbour an AS mutation but are deficient in or heterozygous for Fgf10. The genetic knockdown of Fgf10 can rescue the skeletal as well as some of the visceral defects observed in this AS model, and restore a near normal level of FgfR2 signaling involving an apparent switch between ERK(p44/p42) and p38 phosphorylation. Surprisingly, it can also yield de novo cleft palate and blind colon in a subset of the compound mutants. These findings strongly suggest that Fgf10 contributes to AS‐like pathologies and highlight a complexity of Fgf10 function in different tissues. Developmental Dynamics 238:376–385, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A bioinformatics approach for identifying candidate transcriptional regulators of mesenchyme‐to‐epithelium transitions in mouse embryos
Authors: Bard Jonathan B.L. , Lam Mei Sze , Aitken Stuart 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article reports a method for identifying groups of genes associated with tissues undergoing a particular process during mouse development. Given the Theiler stage at which each tissue starts the process, Boolean intersection analysis identifies genes expressed in some or all of these tissues both before the process starts and once it has started. This analysis is implemented in GXD‐search; this tool downloads appropriate gene sets from GXD, the mouse gene expression database, and performs the calculations. Applied to mesenchyme‐to‐epithelium transitions (MET), GXD‐search has identified Crabp1 and six transcriptional regulators (Cited1, Cited2, Meox1, Lhx1, Foxc1, and Foxc2) that are usually expressed in tissues about to undergo this process. Expression pattern analysis of these transcriptional regulators, mutations in each of which affect epithelial development, shows that this gene set is expressed in no other tissues and they are, thus, candidates for regulating MET. GXD‐search is downloadable from http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/project/biosphere/GXD‐search.html. Developmental Dynamics 237:2748–2754, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is not sufficient for spontaneous murine breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Lou Yuanmei , Preobrazhenska Olena , auf dem Keller Ulrich , Sutcliffe Margaret , Barclay Lorena , McDonald Paul C. , Roskelley Calvin , Overall Christopher M. , Dedhar Shoukat 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEpithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to metastatic propensity. The 4T1 tumor is a clinically relevant model of spontaneous breast cancer metastasis. Here we characterize 4T1‐derived cell lines for EMT, in vitro invasiveness and in vivo metastatic ability. Contrary to expectations, 67NR cells, which form primary tumors but fail to metastasize, express vimentin and N‐cadherin, but not E‐cadherin. 4T1 cells express E‐cadherin and ZO‐1, but are migratory, invasive, and metastasize to multiple sites. 66cl4 cells form lung metastases and display a mixed phenotype, but are not as migratory or invasive as 67NR cells. These findings demonstrate that the metastatic ability of breast cancer cells does not strictly correlate with genotypic and phenotypic properties of EMT per se, and suggest that other processes may govern metastatic capability. Gene expression analysis of primary tumors did not identify differences in EMT markers, but did reveal candidate genes that may influence metastatic ability. Developmental Dynamics 237:2755–2768, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Broad mesodermal and endodermal deletion of Nodal at postgastrulation stages results solely in left/right axial defects
Authors: Kumar Amit , Lualdi Margaret , Lewandoski Mark , Kuehn Michael R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNodal signaling is a critical regulator of multiple aspects of early vertebrate development including asymmetry along the left/right (LR) axis. To study Nodal function occurring specifically in the postgastrulation embryo, we have used Cre/loxP based conditional mutagenesis. A floxed allele of Nodal was generated and shown to have wild‐type function. This allele was then used in conjunction with the T‐Cre line, which expresses Cre recombinase broadly in the mesodermal and definitive endodermal lineages posterior to the cranial region. T‐Cre activity leads to complete deletion of Nodal before its normal transient expression in the early somite stage lateral plate mesoderm, thereby causing severe LR developmental defects. No other abnormalities were found, suggesting that Nodal signaling has no additional essential functions in developmental patterning within the extensive mesodermal and endodermal domains marked by T‐Cre activity. Developmental Dynamics 237:3591–3601, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) in the ileal crypt epithelium after massive small bowel resection suggests a role for FGF10 in gut adaptation
Authors: Tai Cindy C. , Curtis Jennifer L. , Sala Frederic G. , Del Moral Pierre M. , Chokshi Nikunj , Kanard Robert J. , Al Alam Denise , Wang Jin , Burns R. Cartland , Ford Henri R. , Grishin Anatoly , Wang Kasper S. , Bellusci Saverio 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe have previously reported that fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is crucial for the survival and proliferation of progenitor cells during embryonic gastrointestinal development. We sought to characterize the potential role of FGF10 signaling in the adaptive response following small bowel resection. Adult wild‐type and Fgf10LacZ mice underwent 50% small bowel resection (SBR) or sham operation. Tissues were harvested 24 or 48 hr after surgery for histology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. After SBR, Fgf10 expression was demonstrated in the epithelium at the base of the crypts. Moreover, there was a statistically significant increase in proliferating cells and goblet cells after SBR. In vitro studies using rat intestinal epithelial crypt (IEC‐6) cells exposed to medium with or without recombinant FGF10 showed increased proliferation and phosphorylation of Raf and AKT with the addition of FGF10. Our results suggest that FGF10 may play a therapeutic role in diseases involving intestinal failure. Developmental Dynamics 238:294–301, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biological functions of the low and high molecular weight protein isoforms of fibroblast growth factor‐2 in cardiovascular development and disease
Authors: Liao Siyun , Bodmer Janet , Pietras Daniel , Azhar Mohamad , Doetschman Tom , Schultz Jo El J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) consists of multiple protein isoforms (low molecular weight, LMW, and high molecular weight, HMW) produced by alternative translation from the Fgf2 gene. These protein isoforms are localized to different cellular compartments, indicating unique biological activity. FGF2 isoforms in the heart have distinct roles in many pathological circumstances in the heart including cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia–reperfusion injury, and atherosclerosis. These studies suggest distinct biological activities of FGF2 LMW and HMW isoforms both in vitro and in vivo. Yet, due to the limitations that only the recombinant FGF2 LMW isoform is readily available and that the FGF2 antibody is nonspecific with regards to its isoforms, much remains to be determined regarding the role(s) of the FGF2 LMW and HMW isoforms in cellular behavior and in cardiovascular development and pathophysiology. This review summarizes the activities of LMW and HMW isoforms of FGF2 in cardiovascular development and disease. Developmental Dynamics 238:249–264, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fgf16IRESCre mice: A tool to inactivate genes expressed in inner ear cristae and spiral prominence epithelium
Authors: Hatch Ekaterina P. , Urness Lisa D. , Mansour Suzanne L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFibroblast growth factors play important roles in inner ear development. Previous studies showed that mouse Fgf16 is expressed asymmetrically during the otic cup and vesicle stages of development, suggesting roles in regulating or responding to anteroposterior axial cues. Here, we studied otic Fgf16 expression throughout embryonic development and found transcripts in the developing cristae and in a few cells in the lateral wall of the cochlear duct. To determine the otic function of Fgf16 and to follow the fate of Fgf16‐expressing cells, we generated an Fgf16IRESCre allele. We show that Fgf16 does not have a unique role in inner ear development and that the Fgf16 lineage is found throughout the three cristae, in portions of the semicircular canal ducts, and in the cochlear spiral prominence epithelial cells. This strain will be useful for gene ablations in these tissues. Developmental Dynamics 238:358–366, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrin‐linked kinase regulates E‐cadherin expression through PARP‐1
Authors: McPhee Timothy R. , McDonald Paul C. , Oloumi Arusha , Dedhar Shoukat 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRepression of E‐cadherin expression by the transcription factor, Snail, is implicated in epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cancer progression. We show here that Integrin‐Linked Kinase (ILK) regulates E‐cadherin expression through Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1). ILK overexpression in Scp2 cells resulted in stimulation of Snail expression and loss of E‐cadherin expression. Silencing of ILK, Akt or Snail resulted in re‐expression of E‐cadherin in PC3 cells. To elucidate the signaling pathway downstream of ILK, we identified candidate Snail promoter ILK Responsive Element (SIRE) binding proteins. PARP‐1 was identified as a SIRE‐binding protein. ILK silencing inhibited binding of PARP‐1 to SIRE. PARP‐1 silencing resulted in inhibition of Snail and ZEB1, leading to up‐regulation of E‐cadherin. We suggest a model in which ILK represses E‐cadherin expression by regulating PARP‐1, leading to the binding of PARP‐1 to SIRE and modulation of Snail expression. Developmental Dynamics 237:2737–2747, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dimethyltin(IV) Bis(3,5‐diphenylpyrazolate) as a Synthetic Reagent in the Preparation of Rare‐Earth Pyrazolate Complexes
Authors: Beaini Samar , Deacon Glen B. , Delbridge Ewan E. , Junk Peter C. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractReaction of SnMe2Cl2 with [Li(Ph2pz)] (Ph2pz = 3,5‐diphenylpyrazolate) in diethyl ether in a 1:2 ratio afforded the new transmetallation reagent [SnMe2(Ph2pz)2]. Treatment of [SnMe2(Ph2pz)2] with Ln metals in either 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (dme) or tetrahydrofuran (thf) provided a new route to the divalent [Ln(Ph2pz)2(dme)2] (Ln = Sm, Eu, Yb) and the trivalent [La(Ph2pz)3(dme)2] and [Yb(Ph2pz)3(thf)2] complexes in comparable yields to those from alternative methods. These reactions enabled isolation of the highly reactive [Sm(Ph2pz)2(dme)2] complex in good yield, in addition to the new cis isomer of [Eu(Ph2pz)2(dme)2], thereby establishing a rare case of geometric isomerism in lanthanoid chemistry. 1H and 119Sn NMR spectral studies and EDAX measurements were performed on the reaction mixture and/or residue to identify the tin‐containing products and suggest formation of SnMe4, Sn2Me6, tin metal and two other SnMe3 species, which plausibly result from decomposition of unstable “SnMe2”. Treatment of [Yb(Ph2pz)2(dme)2] with [SnMe2(Ph2pz)2] or [Tl(Ph2pz)] resulted in the isolation of [Yb(Ph2pz)3(thf)2]·2C6D6 and [Yb(Ph2pz)3(dme)]·0.5dme complexes, the structures of which have eight‐coordinate Yb atoms and contrast nine‐coordination observed for previous [Ln(Ph2pz)3(thf or dme)n] complexes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A Proton‐Triggered Cascade Reaction Involving a Heavy p‐Block Multiple Bond: Transformation of the Diphosphene C5Me5P=PC5Me5 into the Cationic Cage [C10Me10P2H]+
Authors: Presly Oliver C. , Davin Thomas J. , Green Michael , Kilby Richard J. , Mansell Stephen M. , McGrady John E. , Russell Christopher A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractProtonation of one of the phosphorus centers of the diphosphene C5Me5P=PC5Me5 triggers a remarkable cascade reaction leading to the direct formation of a C10P2 cage. Calculations suggest that the key mechanistic feature is the proximity of a C=C π‐system to a developing positive charge on one of the phosphorus centers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A Stereocontrolled Approach to Ethers with Two α Stereocentres
Authors: Felstead Robert , Gibson Susan E. , Rooney Aaron , Tse Eric S. Y. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe stereocontrolled synthesis of enantiomeric pairs of four ethers, in which the oxygen atom is flanked by two αstereocentres, has been achieved using a chiral base/arene chromium tricarbonyl activation approach. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Alcohols for the α‐Alkylation of Methyl Ketones and Indirect Aza‐Wittig Reaction Promoted by Nickel Nanoparticles
Authors: Alonso Francisco , Riente Paola , Yus Miguel 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNickel nanoparticles have been found to activate primary alcohols used for the α‐alkylation of ketones or in indirect aza‐Wittig reactions. These processes involve hydrogen transfer from the alcohol to the intermediate α,β‐unsaturated ketone or imine, respectively. All these reactions are carried out in the absence of any ligand, hydrogen acceptor or base under mild reaction conditions. For the first time nickel is employed as a potential alternative to noble‐metal‐based catalysts in both reactions. A reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of some deuteration experiments. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Nonprofits and evaluation: Managing expectations from the leader's perspective
Authors: Alaimo Salvatore P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe role of nonprofit human service executive directors in their organizations' program evaluation process is described. Recognizing that the leader's perspective from within the organization is fundamental to building capacity for and utilizing program evaluation, this study examines 42 executive directors to determine how they view program evaluation and what steps they took, if any, to build capacity for it in their organizations. The author explains how executive directors who recognize the external and internal organizational contexts for program evaluation, and who effectively balance the external pull with the internal push, are more likely to build long‐term capacity for program evaluation. This involves various aspects of leadership commitment, including prioritizing, driving the process, managing the political environment, and incorporating organizational learning. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TNAP, TrAP, ecto‐purinergic signaling, and bone remodeling
Authors: Kaunitz Jonathan D. , Yamaguchi Dean T. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBone remodeling is a process of continuous resorption and formation/mineralization carried out by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, which, along with osteocytes, comprise the bone multicellular unit (BMU). A key component of the BMU is the bone remodeling compartment (BRC), isolated from the marrow by a canopy of osteoblast‐like lining cells. Although much progress has been made regarding the cytokine‐dependent and hormonal regulation of bone remodeling, less attention has been placed on the role of extracellular pH (pHe). Osteoclastic bone resorption occurs at acidic pHe. Furthermore, osteoclasts can be regarded as epithelial‐like cells, due to their polarized structure and ability to form a seal against bone, isolating the lacunar space. The major ecto‐phosphatases of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, acid and alkaline phosphatases, both have ATPase activity with pH optima several units different from neutrality. Furthermore, osteoclasts and osteoblasts express plasma membrane purinergic P2 receptors that, upon activation by ATP, accelerate bone osteoclast resorption and impair osteoblast mineralization. We hypothesize that these ecto‐phosphatases help regulate [ATP]e and localized pHe at the sites of bone resorption and mineralization by pH‐dependent ATP hydrolysis coupled with P2Y‐dependent regulation of osteoclast and osteoblast function. Furthermore, osteoclast cellular HCO, formed as a product of lacunar V‐ATPase H+ secretion, is secreted into the BRC, which could elevate BRC pHe, in turn affecting osteoblast function. We will review the existing data addressing regulation of BRC pHe, present a hypothesis regarding its regulation, and discuss the hypothesis in the context of the function of proteins that regulate pHe. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 655–662, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.