bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prospective examination of post‐traumatic stress disorder in rape victims
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B. , Riggs David S. , Murdock Tamera , Walsh William 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPost‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related psychopathology were examined in 95 female rape victims beginning soon after the assault (mean = 12.64 days). Subjects were assessed weekly for 12 weeks. Ninety‐four percent of women met symptomatic criteria for PTSD at Assessment 1, decreasing to 65% at Assessment 4 (mean = 35 days postassault), and 47% at Assessment 12 (mean = 94 days postassault). PTSD and related psychopathology decreased sharply between Assessments 1 and 4 for all women. Women whose PTSD persisted throughout the 3‐month study did not show improvement after the fourth assessment; women who did not meet criteria for PTSD 3 months postassault showed steady improvement over time. This pattern was evidenced even after initial PTSD severity was statistically controlled. Moreover, PTSD status at 3 months postassault could be predicted with a high degree of accuracy by two brief self‐report measures administered at the first assessment. The implications of the present findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Using Frankl's concepts with PTSD clients
Authors: Lantz Jim 
Published: May 2007

AbstractViktor Frankl was one of the first mental health professionals who worked with and wrote about victims of trauma and terror. His existential treatment approach with Nazi death camp survivors has considerable value and usefulness with other kinds of PTSD clients. In Franklian psychotherapy, the PTSD client is helped to remember the details of their trauma experiences to identify meaning opportunities embedded in memories of trauma and terror and to make use of such meaning opportunities for self‐transcendent giving to the world.
Self‐report versus observer ratings of distress and pathology in Vietnam veterans with PTSD
Authors: Perconte Stephen , Wilson Anne 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFew efforts have been made to examine the relationship between standard self‐report measures and observer ratings of distress in veterans suffering from post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the present study correlations between self‐report (verbal ratings and scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory) and observer ratings (scores on the Brief Hopkins Psychiatric Rating Scale) of pathology and distress were analyzed for 40 Vietnam combat veterans participating in a weekly outpatient PTSD therapy program. The relationship of these measures to the Mississippi PTSD scale and measures of combat exposure and duration was also examined. Results suggested that the self report and observer measures of distress were significantly correlated for this group. While written self report and observer ratings were correlated with scores on the Mississippi Scale, verbal self reports of distress were not. However, the verbal self reports of distress were most strongly related to reported combat exposure.
Re‐integration stress for desert storm families: Wartime deployments and family trauma
Authors: Peebles‐Kleiger Mary Jo , Kleiger James H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBecause the war was relatively brief, casualties relatively light, and the Nation sanctioned the war socially, veterans of Desert Shield/Storm and their families were not anticipated to suffer symptoms of trauma or re‐entry stress beyond that expected in routine peacetime military deployments. However, the authors argue that the stress imposed on families by Desert Shield/Storm was not analogous to that of routine deployments. The call to duty was unexpected, disruptive, and “hazardous” (i.e., highly dangerous) which places it in the category of a “catastrophic” stressor as defined by McCubbin and Figley (1983). The deployment was a call to war, which creates unique stress beyond those experienced during peacetime deployments. The deployment also carried with it prolonged “anticipation of trauma.” For these reasons, the authors argue, the deployment to Desert Shield/Storm created a situation of “family trauma” for veterans and their families. Suggestions are offered for education, prevention and treatment for families undergoing unexpected wartime military deployments.
The concept of the second generation program in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans
Authors: Johnson David Read , Feldman Susan C. , Southwick Steven M. , Charney Dennis S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe concepts of First and Second Generation treatment programs for Vietnam veterans with post‐traumatic stress disorder are presented, based on a developmental theoretical model of adaptation. First Generation programs focus on accessing and then working through the effects of the war trauma and aim to diminish the intensity of core PTSD symptoms. Second Generation programs focus on reintegrating veterans into the social context of family and work, and aim to improve their ability to function in society. Both types of treatment may be required in order to help veterans resume their psychological and social development. The need to develop sophisticated models of comprehensive inpatient treatment in order to support scholarly discourse and outcome research is emphasized.
Battered women's cognitive schemata
Authors: Dutton Mary Ann , Burghardt Kimberly J. , Perrin Sean G. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Halle Pauline M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examined battered women's cognitive schema in relation to their cognitions about violence (i.e., the “meaning” attached to the violence), post‐traumatic reactions to violence, and sexual victimization histories. Seventy‐two battered women seeking help from an outpatient family violence clinic were subjects. The meaning of the violence (e.g., expectations of recurrent violence and of severe/lethal violence, causal attribution) was found to explain variance in cognitive schemata about SAFETY, SELF, AND OTHER (McCann and Pearlman, 1990a). All measures of cognitive schemata were significantly related to various global and specific measures of posttraumatic stress (GSI, MMPI‐PTSD, IES). No differences were found for cognitive schemata based on histories of sexual victimization. Results point to the importance of assessing the impact of traumatic experiences on core cognitive beliefs as a component in the constellation of post‐traumatic sequelae.
Understanding acute psychological distress following natural disaster
Authors: Freedy John R. , Saladin Michael E. , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Resnick Heidi S. , Saunders Benjamin E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA household probability sample of 229 adults was interviewed four to seven months after the Sierra Madre earthquake (June 28, 1991; Los Angeles County). The study predicted psychological distress from these variables: demographics, traumatic event history, low magnitude event history, earthquake related threat perceptions, and earthquake related resource loss. Based on the Conservation of Resources (COR) stress model, it was predicted that resource loss would be central in predicting psychological distress. Three major hypotheses were supported: (1) resource loss was positively associated with psychological distress; (2) resource loss predicted psychological distress when other predictors were statistically controlled; and (3) resource loss was associated with mild to moderate elevations in of psychological distress. The findings support COR stress theory. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Disaster relief work: An assessment of training effectiveness
Authors: Paton Douglas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study evaluates the applicability of the training and operational practices of a group of firefighters to disaster search and rescue duties. Using schema theory it is hypothesized that training effectiveness could be evaluated by assessing the incidence with which event characteristics are perceived as stressors. A comparison of the propensity of a group of firefighters and a group of predominantly nonemergency service volunteers (who were specifically trained for disaster relief work) to define event characteristics as stressors provided the means of testing the hypothesis. The results suggest that the training and experience of these firefighters did not prepare them for major disaster work. The difference in stressor susceptibility serves as a basis for identifying training and response factors that appeared to promote an adaptive response. The implications of schema theory for the design of training programs is discussed.
“I felt like a slut”: The cultural context and women's response to being raped
Authors: Lebowitz Leslie , Roth Susan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper examines how cultural beliefs (cultural constructions) about women influence how women survivors of rape make sense of their traumatic experience. A thematic content analysis of interviews with female survivors of rape was undertaken to provide a systematic description of the phenomenology of the experience. This paper reports on one major finding which highlighted the ways in which cultural beliefs about women, sexuality, and rape become salient to women, and are accessed by them as they struggle to bring meaning to the experience of being raped. The nature of these beliefs and their implications for response and recovery are discussed.
Emotional processing in vocal and written expression of feelings about traumatic experiences
Authors: Murray Edward J. , Segal Daniel L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare vocal and written expression of feeling about interpersonal traumatic and trivial events in 20‐min sessions over a 4‐day period. Similar emotional processing was produced by vocal and written expression of feeling about traumatic events. The painfulness of the topic decreased steadily over the 4 days. At the end, both groups felt better about their topics and themselves and also reported positive cognitive changes. A content analysis of the sessions suggested greater overt expression of emotion and related changes in the vocal condition. Finally, there was an upsurge in negative emotion after each session of either vocal or written expression. These results suggest that previous findings that psychotherapy ameliorated this negative mood upsurge could not be attributed to the vocal character of psychotherapy.
Psychological distress of adolescents exposed to Hurricane Hugo
Authors: Hardin Sally Brosz , Weinrich Martin , Garrison Carol , Weinrich Sally , Hardin Thomas L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo ascertain the effects of a natural disaster on adolescents, 1482 South Carolina high school students who were exposed to Hurricane Hugo were surveyed 1 year after the disaster. Subjects completed a self‐administered questionnaire measuring Hugo exposure, nonviolent and violent life events, social support, self‐efficacy, and psychological distress. Results showed that the students reported minimal exposure to the hurricane and psychological distress variables approximated national norms. As exposure increased, adolescents reported increased symptoms of psychological distress; i.e., anger, depression, anxiety, and global mental distress. Females and white students experienced higher levels of distress. In most cases, other stressful life events were at least as strong a predictor of psychological distress as was exposure to the hurricane. Self‐efficacy and social support were protective.
Interacting with trauma survivors in contexts of continuing trauma
Authors: Straker Gillian , Moosa Fathima 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWithin a burgeoning literature on the survivors of catastrophic trauma, there is an increasing focus on therapists' reactions to these survivors. Within this tradition, the present paper examines the responses of a group of therapists working with survivors of South Africa's political repression and civil conflict. It highlights how, in this context, both the potential for retraumatization of survivors, as well as the potential for direct traumatization of the therapists, intensifies these reactions and complicates their resolution. The similarities and differences between this particular context and other contexts of trauma within which therapists may work are discussed.
The historical evolution of PTSD diagnostic criteria: From Freud to DSM‐IV
Authors: Wilson John P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study examined the evolution of the diagnostic criteria from the early writings of Sigmund Freud to the current DSM‐IV. Freud's original model of neurosis, known as Seduction Theory, was a post‐traumatic paradigm which placed emphasis on external stressor events. In 1897, due to a confluence of factors, he shifted his paradigm to stress intrapsychic fantasy as the focus of analytic treatment for traumatic neurosis. Freud's thinking influenced both the DSM‐I and II classification of stress response syndromes as transient reactive processes. However, it is evident from his lectures in 1917–1918 that he understood the interrelatedness of what today is the four diagnostic categories in the DSM‐IV.
Functional neuroanatomical correlates of the effects of stress on memory
Authors: Bremner J. Douglas , Krystal John H. , Southwick Steven M. , Charney Dennis S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecently there has been an increase in interest in the relationship between stress and memory. Brain regions which are involved in memory function also effect the stress response. Traumatic stress results in changes in these brain regions; alterations in these brain regions in turn may mediate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Neural mechanisms which are relevant to the effects of stress on memory, such as fear conditioning, stress sensitization, and extinction, are reviewed in relation to their implications for PTSD. Special topics including neural mechanisms in dissociation, neurobiological approaches to the validity of childhood memories as they apply to controversies over the “False Memory Syndrome,” and implications of the effects of stress on memory for psychotherapy, are also reviewed. The findings discussed in this paper are consistent with the formulation that stress‐induced alterations in brain regions and systems involved in memory may underlie many of the symptoms of PTSD, as well as dissociative amnesia, seen in survivors of traumatic stress.
Say it once again: Effects of repeated questions on children's event recall
Authors: Fivush Robyn , Schwarzmueller April 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we review research examining the influences of repeated questioning on children's event recall. Issues addressed include how children's free recall changes across multiple recounts of the same event, whether responding to specific questions about an event affects subsequent responses to those same questions, and whether there are developmental differences in how children respond to repeated questioning. Both naturalistic studies of conversational remembering and more controlled studies using standardized interviews are discussed. Effects of repeated questioning both within and across interviews are assessed. In integrating the research findings, we present a developmental framework for understanding the effects of repeated questioning that relies on children's developing memory and narrative skills as well as their social understanding of the recall context.
Children's long‐term retention of salient personal experiences
Authors: Ornstein Peter A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResearch on young children's long‐term retention is reviewed in this article. More specifically, the abilities of 3‐ to 7‐year‐olds to remember the details of two types of medical experiences—a routine physical examination and an invasive radiological procedure—are discussed in the context of a framework for considering the flow of information in the developing memory system. The framework emphasizes four general themes about memory performance and provides a vehicle for relating research on memory development to discussions of children's testimony and adults' abilities to remember early experiences.
Cumulative trauma: The impact of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and spouse abuse
Authors: Follette Victoria M. , Polusny Melissa A. , Bechtle Anne E. , Naugle Amy E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated the relationship between trauma symptoms and a history of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and physical abuse by a partner as an adult. While there has been some research examining the correlation between individual victimization experiences and traumatic stress, the cumulative impact of multiple victimization experiences has not been addressed. Subjects were recruited from psychological clinics and community advocacy agencies. Additionally, a nonclinical undergraduate student sample was evaluated. The results of this study indicate not only that victimization and revictimization experiences are frequent, but also that the level of trauma specific symptoms are significantly related to the number of different types of reported victimization experiences. The research and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Coping with Ottoman Turkish genocide: An exploration of the experience of Armenian survivors
Authors: Kalayjian Anie S. , Shahinian Siroon P. , Gergerian Edmund L. , Saraydarian Lisa 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study explored the experiences of the survivors of the Ottoman‐Turkish Genocide of the Armenians (1915–1923). Coping strategies, communication patterns and the impact of continuing Turkish denial of the events were the specific research areas. Semi‐structured interviews were administered to 40 Genocide survivors, residing at two Armenian homes for older adults in the mid‐Atlantic United States. Destruction of life, physical harm, deportation, pillaging, and loss of status were identified by respondents as stressors experienced. Religion, family, work, denial, and resignation were identified as coping methods and sources of survival. Most respondents had not discussed their experiences with others. When asked about their reactions to the Turkish denial, respondents expressed a range of negative affect, including resentment, hatred, and rage. When asked about sources of pride in their lives, respondents cited accomplishments such as surviving the Genocide, surviving as Armenians and procreating. The social, developmental, and psychiatric implications of the findings were discussed.
Periodic limb movements of sleep in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Brown Terry M. , Boudewyns Patrick A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwenty‐five veterans suffering from combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder were studied for 1–4 nights with all‐night polysomnography. All subjects had sleep complaints. Analysis reveals that nineteen (76%) of the patients were found to have clinically significant periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMs) by the second night of study. PLMs are associated with sleep complaints in normals. For this reason the common assumption that sleep complaints in posttraumatic stress disorder are related only to the psychiatric disorder itself are challenged.
Survivors of torture and organized violence: Demography and diagnosis
Authors: van Velsen Cleo , Gorst‐Unsworth Caroline , Turner Stuart 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSixty patients, with a history of torture or other repressive state violence, newly referred to two psychiatrists, were assessed using a standard instrument. Thirty one met the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (FTSD) and 21 met the criteria for MOD. Relationships between these diagnoses and history of trauma, loss of health, and social losses were investigated. Sexual torture is associated with an avoidance reaction.
Initial posttraumatic stress responses following motor vehicle accidents
Authors: Bryant Richard A. , Harvey Allison G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPosttraumatic stress was assessed in 114 motor vehicle accident (MVA) victims within 2 weeks of hospital admission. Approximately one third of patients reported high levels of posttraumatic stress and anxiety. Intrusion symptoms were best predicted by fear of the MVA and absence of head injury. Avoidance symptoms were best predicted by fear of the accident and recent stressful events. Findings indicate that intrusion and avoidance responses to trauma are mediated by different patterns of injury‐related and response‐related factors.
Effectiveness of short‐term specialized inpatient treatment for war‐related posttraumatic stress disorder: A role for adventure‐based counseling and psychodrama
Authors: Ragsdale Kim G. , Cox Robert D. , Finn Penny , Eisler Richard M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPsychological tests were administered to 24 participants of an inpatient posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment program both immediately before and following completion of treatment. Responses were compared to a treatment/wait list comparison group composed of 24 subjects awaiting entry into the program. All treatment/wait list comparison group subjects received weekly PTSD outpatient group therapy. Significant improvements were found in the inpatient treatment group in areas of hopelessness, feelings of guilt and shame, loneliness, and emotional expressiveness. Other indices of psychological functioning, including interpersonal skills, gender role stress, anxiety, anger, and PTSD symptomatology did not change significantly in response to treatment. No positive changes in any area of psychological function occurred in the treatment/wait list comparison group. Implications for treatment of PTSD and areas of future research are discussed.
The revised civilian Mississippi scale for PTSD: Reliability, validity, and cross‐language stability
Authors: Norris Fran H. , Perilla Julia L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExamined in two studies the psychometric properties of a revised 30‐item version of the civilian form of the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) developed by Keane, Caddell, and Taylor (1988). Study 1, whose sample was composed of 37 bilingual adults who had experienced a variety of traumatic events, was undertaken primarily to examine the linguistic equivalence of a Spanish translation of the scale. High cross‐language stability was demonstrated, and both English and Spanish versions showed high internal consistency. Study 2, which used a sample of 404 victims of Hurricane Andrew, provided additional evidence of scale reliability and also showed that the scale correlates in meaningful ways with known traumatic stressors. Together the results indicate that the scale is applicable to different populations and events and constitutes a valid and reliable self‐report measure of PTSD.
Interpersonal and self‐reported hostility among combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Beckham Jean C. , Roodman Allison A. , Barefoot John C. , Haney Thorn L. , Helms Michael J. , Fairbank John A. , Hertzberg Michael A. , Kudler Harold S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated self‐reported and interpersonal hostility in 70 Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 60 comparison community volunteer subjects. Veterans were 50 help‐seeking, male Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD and 20 non‐help‐seeking male combat veterans without PTSD. Vietnam veterans with PTSD not only reported more hostility than non‐PTSD veterans and healthy community volunteers, but also reacted behaviorally with more hostility during an interpersonal interaction. Compared to veterans without PTSD, veterans with PTSD reported significantly higher levels of hostility and demonstrated significantly greater non‐verbal expressions of hostility during an interpersonal task. These results suggest that the level of hostility in PTSD combat veterans may be high as compared to comparison groups. The implications of these results and possible research directions are presented.