bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD ESTIMATION‐EASTERN UNITED STATES1
Authors: Ely Paul B. , Peters John C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn 1982, the National Weather Service (NWS) published criteria for developing the spatial and temporal precipitation distribution characteristics of Probable Maximum Storms. The criteria, which are intended for use in the United States east of the 105th meridian, involve four variables: (1) location of the storm center, (2) storm‐area size, (3) storm orientation, and (4) temporal arrangement of precipitation amounts. A computer program has been developed which applies the NWS criteria to produce hyetographs of spatially‐averaged precipitation for a basin, or for each subbasin if the basin is subdividided. The basis and operational characteristics of the program are described, and an application is illustrated in which the program is used in conjunction with a precipitation‐runoff simulation program (HEC‐1) to compute a Probable Maximum Flood.
EFFLUENT IRRIGATION OF PARA GRASS: WATER, NITROGEN, AND BIOMASS BUDGETS1
Authors: Handley Linda L. , Ekern Paul C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTPara grass, irrigated with secondary domestic sewage effluent, showed excellent response for disposal of large amounts of water, effective nitrogen removal, and high production of excellent fodder. This grass is found throughout the tropics and parts of the subtropics. It endures flooding and forms dense, easily maintained stands. This is the first time its use has been reported for effluent irrigation.Water, nitrogen, and biomass budgets over a 17‐month period were measured in eight percolate style lysimeters.Under irrigation rates as great as 98 mm/day, five days/week, evapo‐transpiration averaged 4.6 mm/day. With nitrogen applications of 130 to 2,600 kg/ha/yr, ≥ 79 percent of applied nitrogen was harvested in the grass; 3 percent percolated; and ≤ 28 percent was denitrified. With the highest effluent irrigation rates, nitrate‐nitrogen levels remained below the 10 mg/L maximum recommended for potable water.Crop productivity for full effluent treatments averaged 110 t/ha/yr, dry weight. Maximum calculated crude protein content was 13 percent. No nitrate‐nitrogen level in the forage exceeded 0.1 percent.
LOCAL OPPOSITION TO THE TRANSFER OF WATER SUPPLIES:AN OKLAHOMA CASE STUDY1
Authors: Shelley Fred M. , Wijeyawickrema Chandrasiri 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTInterregional conflicts over the allocation and transfer of water supplies have occurred with increasing frequency in the contemporary United States. This paper presents the results of a case study of citizen opposition to a proposal to transfer water supplies within Oklahoma. Residents of the area adjacent to Lake Tenkiller in eastern Oklahoma were surveyed concerning their reactions to a proposal of the City of Tulsa to transfer large volumes of water from the reservoir to the city. Results of the survey indicated that a community based concern for preserving local water levels transcended individual self‐interests in maintaining Tenkiller's water levels. The results support the recently developed concept of “turf politics,” which suggests that regional and community based considerations tend to dominate interregional locational conflict resolution.
EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON PREFERRED AND LETHAL TEMPERATURES OF THE BLACKCHIN TILAPIA, SARATHERODON MELANOTHERON1
Authors: Stauffer Jay R. , Vann David K. , Hocutt Charles H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAcclimation to varying salinities did not affect the preferred temperature of Saratherodon melanotheron, which had a final preferred temperature of 33.5 C. However, fish acclimated to 25 C and 0, 15, and 30 o/oo salinities had lower lethal temperatures of 15, 13, and 15 C, respectively, and an upper lethal temperature of 37 C. The thermal zone of tolerance for fish acclimated in freshwater was 17‐35 C, and was not dependent upon acclimation temperatures. Data suggest this species could expand its range in North America.
FLOW‐THROUGH MICROCUVETTE FOR FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CHLOROPHYLL1
Authors: Knowlton Matthew F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a flow‐through microcuvette for determination of chlorophyll with the Turner Designs model 10 fluorometer. The device approximately doubles the speed of repetitive chlorophyll determinations. With a single‐standard calibration procedure, chlorophyll concentrations in the approximate range of 0.01‐2.0 ug/mL (in solvent extracts) can be determined with a relative error of less than 3 percent.
ESTIMATION OF DRAINAGE AREAS IN A HOMOGENEOUS LANDSCAPE1
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn areas where there is little or no topographic relief and where soils, vegetation, geologic structure and other factors are essentially uniform, identification of drainage basin boundaries is difficult or impossible. In such a homogeneous landscape, however, assumptions may be made that the hydrologic and geomorphic controls over drainage basin development are constant within the area. If this is true, it is suggested, the drainage area of a stream is related solely to the stream length and factors governing the length‐area relationship are also constant. A simple formula based on these assumptions and the gravity model is proposed which can be used to estimate drainage divides in a homogeneous landscape.
USE OF A DAM BREAK MODEL TO ASSESS FLOODING AT HADDAM NECK NUCLEAR POWER PLANT1
Authors: Scherrer James S. , Chery Donald L. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryBecause of their proximity to necessary supplies of cooling water, nuclear power plants are susceptible to riverine flooding. Greater flood hazards exist where plants are located downstream of large dams. The consequences of the Quabbin Reservoir dam failure on the Haddam Neck Nuclear Power Plant situated on the Connecticut River were investigated using a dam break flood routing model. Reasons for selecting a particular model are presented and the input assumptions for the modeling process are developed. Relevant information concerning the level of manpower involvement is presented. The findings of this analysis demonstrate that the plant is adequately protected from the consequences of the postulated flood event.
FARMERS' ATTITUDES TOWARD NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL AND PARTICIPATION IN COST‐SHARE PROGRAMS1
Authors: Kerns Waldon R. , Kramer Randall A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe success of government programs to control nonpoint source pollution depends upon attitudes toward those programs and the availability of technical and financial assistance. Applicants for the Rural Clean Water Program cost‐share funding in Virginia possess different personal and operational characteristics than do nonapplicants. Factors associated with participation in the Rural Clean Water Program differed from those associated with the more traditional soil conservation programs. Discriminant analysis was used to differentiate between other farmers who may become applicants and nonapplicants.Farmers' attitudes toward various policy options for inducing implementation of nonpoint source management practices varied greatly. Farmers were most favorable to cost sharing, low‐interest loans and tax credits, and least favorable to a soil loss tax. They were either very favorably or very unfavorably inclined toward cross‐compliance between pollution control and other agricultural programs.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC DAMAGE CAUSED BY SEDIMENT FROM AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCES1
Authors: Duda Alfred M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTEnvironmental and economic damages caused by agricultural nonpoint source inputs of sediment and associated pollutants are examined. Widespread water quality problems are identified in lakes, rivers, and estuaries in agricultural areas, and billions of dollars of on‐site and offsite costs result from this eroded soil every year. Some water bodies have been irretrievably damaged, and expensive rehabilitation programs are needed to remedy in‐place water pollution problems if Clean Water Act goals are to be achieved. Unless effective abatement and rehabilitation programs are established, billions of dollars of benefits to future generations will not be realized as more waters become irretrievably damaged, and billions more will continue to be spent by government to treat symptoms of these sediment‐related problems.
SIMULATION AND DECISIONMAKING: THE PLATTE RIVER BASIN IN NEBRASKA1
Authors: Gilliland Martha W. , Becker Lee , Cady Ralph , Gabig Joe , Gilley James , Kern Richard A. , Larson Arley , Nguyen Quang M. , Powers William , Supalla Raymond 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSubstantial conflict exists over water management and allocation in the Platte River Basin of Nebraska. An interdisciplinary computer simulation model, representing the water quantity, water quality, environmental, and economic dimensions of the conflict, was developed in order to analyze the tradeoffs among allocation scenarios. Most importantly, decisionmakers and interest groups were involved in model development.Simulation results for a base case and two scenarios are presented. One scenario favors protection of instream flow for wildlife; the other favors water diversions for agriculture. Impacts of the instream flow scenario, as measured by the amount of land irrigated, groundwater levels, the amount of wildlife habitat for cranes and catfish, and net agricultural benefits did not differ greatly from those of the base case. However, impacts of the diversion scenario were substantial. On the negative side, instream flows and wildlife habitat declined an average of 39 percent; while, on the positive side, groundwater levels and net agricultural benefits each increased 6 percent.The modeling process was successful insofar as it promoted an understanding among the highly diverse interest groups of the systems nature of the Basin. One agreement on a water diversion schedule among three of the parties has been reached, partly as a result of this process. More comprehensive compromises have not yet been forged. Our experience, however, indicates that modeling success at the policymaking level depends more on the extent to which the policymakers understand the model than it does on model sophistication.
FLOWING WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Keup Lowell E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTUsing data related to stream order and the morphological characteristics associated with streams of different discharge rates, an estimate of the river resources of the United States is made. The national totals are: 3,200,000 miles total length of rivers; 15,000 square miles of river surface; and 29 cubic miles of water stored in river channels. Using the same techniques, more exact estimates may be made for individual river basins. Suggestions are given for application of the techniques and river data in the management of water resources.
ADDRESSING SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Viessman Warren 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTUnderstanding social goals and objectives and incorporating them in water resources planning, management, education and engineering processes is the key to solving many current and emerging water resources problems. Water resources professionals must turn more of their attention to this issue. Various avenues are open for their involvement. They include lobbying, participating in government, education and research, publishing, establishing institutions, interacting with the public and analyzing existing systems.
STORM CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVECTIVE‐SCALE PRECIPITATION1
Authors: Pani Eric A. , Haragan Donald R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA classification scheme for convective precipitation, having applications in both analysis and modeling of meteorological and hydrological events, is presented. The method is based upon observations of rainfall at the ground, radar scans of storm events, and visible and infrared satellite imagery of larger storm systems. Empirical and theoretical frequency distributions are derived for total storm rainfall, rainfall duration and time between storms for each of the convective categories. This stratification is directly applicable to the experimental design and evaluation of weather modification projects and may be useful for the development and interpretation of meteorological and hydrological models. When atmospheric conditions limit storm development to cells, rainfall was seldom observed. Small clusters also produce small amounts of rainfall but have a longer lifetime than cells and are likely candidates for cloud seeding attempts to encourage their growth to large clusters. Large and nested clusters usually produce large amounts of natural precipitation. A few large storms account for most of a season's rainfall.
FOG DRIP, WATER YIELD, AND TIMBER HARVESTING IN THE BULL RUN MUNICIPAL WATERSHED, OREGON1
Authors: Ingwersen James B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAnalysis of recent streamflow data from the Fox Creek Experimental Watersheds in the Bull Run Municipal Watershed, Oregon, indicates a significant recovery from the impacts on summer water yield due to a loss of fog drip upon timber harvesting. Measurable impacts and their associated recovery are notable only during the months of June and July. Recovery begins about five or six years following harvest, possibly due to renewed fog drip from prolific revegetation. Watershed positioning with respect to prevailing weather systems and the extent of burning or removal of slash and residual vegetation during logging appear to be important factors in predicting the impact of fog drip reduction associated with planned harvest. Apparently, once the temporary reduction in summer yield is offset by renewed fog drip, the expected increase in yield due to decreased evapotranspiration can be observed. Redistribution of fog drip may be a major factor in the measurements of local interception and water yield.
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE RESPONSE TO POLLUTION ABATEMENT: STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS1
Authors: Rabeni Charles F. , Davies Susan P. , Gibbs K. Elizabeth 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWe examined changes in certain structural and functional aspects of the benthic invertebrate community in the Penobscot River, Maine, between 1974 and 1981. During this period, two pulp and paper manufacturers and three municipalities spent an estimated $33 million to reduce point source effluents harmful to aquatic life. We developed a biotic index based on objectively derived pollution tolerance values for resident taxa. Analysis of the benthic invertebrate community indicated that substantial improvement in water quality had resulted from pollution abatement. We established a four‐group water quality classification scheme based on biotic index ranges, and showed that every site that was not in the best water quality classification in 1974 improved its classification to a better water quality group in 1981, and that the sites in the best group did not change. Relative abundances of functional feeding groups also changed, as were predicted by the river continuum theory. The effluents had acted as a “reset mechanism” that shifted polluted areas from autotrophic to more heterotrophic conditions. The direction of the shift was reversed in response to abatement efforts. Functional analyses of energy dynamics could lead to a more ecologically sound classification of water quality.
A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING SCOUR AND FILL OF SALMON SPAWNING RIFFLES IN HEADWATER STREAMS1
Authors: Duncan S. H. , Ward J. W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA 30 x 0.9 cm piece of steel rod bent in the shape of an “L” and attached by hose clamps to a 15 x 3.2 cm section of plastic pipe sliding on an 86 x 1.9 cm steel shaft was tested for use in measuring scour and fill of salmon spawning riffles. Installed along channel cross‐sections, results of tests at four sites on two hydraulically different streams showed the device to be useful in monitoring event specific scour and fill. Measurement error was estimated to be ± 10 mm.
STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF TIME‐AGGREGATED HYDROLOGIC DATA1
Authors: Rao A. Ramachandra , Rao Srinivasa G. , Kashyap R. L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStochastic models fitted to hydrologic data of different time scales are interrelated because the higher time scale data (aggregated data) are derived from those of lower time scale. Relationships between the statistical properties and parameters of models of aggregated data and of original data are examined in this paper. It is also shown that the aggregated data can be more accurately predicted by using a valid model of the original data than by using a valid model of the aggregated data. This property is particularly important in forecasting annual values because only a few annual values are usually available and the resulting forecasts are relatively inaccurate if models based only on annual data are used. The relationships and forecasting equations are developed for general aggregation time and can be used for hourly and daily, daily and monthly or monthly and yearly data. The method is illustrated by using monthly and yearly streamflow data. The results indicate that various statistical characteristics and parameters of the model of annual data can be accurately estimated by using the monthly data and forecasts of annual data by using monthly models have smaller one step ahead mean square error than those obtained by using annual data models.
KALMAN FILTER ESTIMATION AND PREDICTION OF DAILY STREAM FLOWS: II. APPLICATION TO THE POTOMAC RIVER1
Authors: Bergman M. J. , Delleur J. W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTResults are reported from an application of the state space formulation and the Kalman filter to real‐time forecasting of daily river flows. It is shown that the application of filtering techniques improves the overall forecasting performance of the model. As is true for most hydrologic systems, the model is not completely known. Therefore, the procedures pertaining to on‐line parameter and noise statistics estimation, as presented in the first paper, are implemented. The example in this paper shows that these techniques also perform satisfactorily when applied to a real‐world situation.
DERIVATION OF THE GAMMA DISTRIBUTION BY USING THE PRINCIPLE OF MAXIMUM ENTROPY (POME)1
Authors: Singh Vijay P. , Singh Kulwant 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe principle of maximum entropy (POME) was used to derive the two‐parameter gamma distribution used frequently in synthesis of instantaneous or finite‐period unit hydrographs. The POME yielded the minimally prejudiced gamma distribution by maximizing the entropy subject to two appropriate constraints which were the mean of real values and the mean of the logarithms of real values of the variable. It provided a unique method for parameter estimation. Experimental data were used to compare this method with the methods of moments, cumulants, maximum likelihood estimation, and least squares.
LONG‐TERM PATTERNS OF WATER QUALITY IN A MANAGED WATERSHED IN OREGON: 1. SUSPENDED SEDIMENT1
Authors: Sullivan Kathleen 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe cumulative effects of forest management activities on water quality at a downstream point were monitored from 1972‐1980 during development of a watershed for timber resources. Suspended sediment concentration and turbidity were measured at two hydrologic stations which bracketed a 10‐km reach of the Middle Santiam River in the Western Cascades of Oregon as it flowed through an 8000‐ha block of intensively managed forest land. Slope failures often accompany road building and harvesting in steep forested watersheds and pose the most serious threat to water quality. Although 180 km of road were constructed and 3400 ha of old‐growth forests were harvested from slopes averaging over 60 percent, long‐term changes in sediment yields remained undetectable during the period of measurement. The geologic characteristics of the basin and the road construction and maintenance techniques as prescribed by Oregon's forest practice regulations helped to minimize the occurrence of slope failures so that long‐term changes in suspended sediment export rates did not occur. Throughout the nine‐year measurement period, seven slope failures which added sediment directly to streams produced measurable short‐term responses at the downstream sampling location, but these erosion events were too small and too infrequent to produce long‐term changes in sediment yield from the watershed.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER AND HUMAN HEALTH1
Authors: Wolman Abel 
Published: June 2007

The following paper was presented by Dr. Abel Wolman at the Plenary Session of the 22nd Annual Conference of the American Water Resources Association in Atlanta, Georgia, November 10, 1986.Dr. Wolman is Professor Emeritus of Sanitary Engineering at The Johns Hopkins University. He was educated at Johns Hopkins and has received an Honorary Doctor of Engineering (1937) and Honorary Doctor of Laws (1969) from his alma mater.Dr. Wolman held a number of positions before joing the faculty of The Johns Hopkins University as Professor and Chairman of the Department of Sanitary Engineering (1937–1959). He has served as consultant for many studies and projects, in the United States and overseas, and has a long‐term record of service to communities, states and governments. A long list of awards and honors include the Sedgwick Memorial Award, APHA; Arthur Sidney Bedell Award, WPCF; Hemisphere Award, inter‐American Association of Sanitary Engineers; U.S. Award of the National Medal of Science; Tyler Award, Ecological Society of America; Ben Gurion Award from the State of israel; and the Gordon Maskew Fair Award, WPCA. He is author, co‐author or editor of four books and over 3000 technical publications, most in refereed journals.
STREAM IMPROVEMENTS AND FISH RESPONSE: A BIO‐ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Orsborn John F. , Anderson John W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Human modifications of natural streams in the name of habitat improvement take various forms, and the impacts of those improvements, both positive and negative, vary by orders of magnitude from stream to stream. The positive impacts are achieved through careful and timely planning, design, installation and monitoring of projects. Negative impacts are the results of rush jobs dictated by available money, a lack of consideration for limiting factors, untrained and inexperienced personnel, force‐fitting structures instead of bending the flow, lack of a watershed plan, poor communication and cooperation among disciplines, not using the team approach, and single habitat solutions which neglect diversity and artificial constraints.These problems are discussed from various perspectives, but emphasis on an integrated, bioengineering approach is threaded throughout the discussion of the problems and benefits associated with stream improvements and fish response. A general systems approach is presented which uses common language as a focal point for interdisciplinary communication, which is one of the major problems in resource management. Various conceptual models are discussed to describe system complexities, and factors which constrain project evaluation in terms of biological, physical, economic and other components. Conclusions about why some projects are successful, while others are not, are followed by recommendations for concerted and diversified efforts to improve our success in stream stewardship.