bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereospecific analysis of triacyl‐sn‐glycerolsvia resolution of diastereomeric diacylglycerol derivatives by high‐performance liquid chromatography on silica
Authors: Christie William W. , Nikolova‐Damyanova Boryana , Laakso Päivi , Herslof Bengt 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe compositions of positionssn‐1, 2 and 3 of triacylglycerols can be determined by partial hydrolysis with ethyl magnesium bromide, derivatization of the total products with (S)‐(+)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate and isolation of the diacyl‐sn‐glycerol urethane derivatives by chromatography on solid‐phase extraction columns containing an octadecylsilyl phase. The diastereomericsn‐1,2‐and 2,3‐diacylglycerol derivatives are separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography on silica for determination of their fatty acids by gas chromatography. Each step in the process has been evaluated rigorously. The compositions of all three positions can be calculated with good accuracy from the analyses of these compounds and that of the total triacylglycerols. Although the 1,3‐sn‐diacylglycerol derivatives can also be isolated easily, they do not give reliable results for the composition of positionsn‐2 because acyl migration occurs during their generation. The stereospecific analysis procedure has been applied to some plant and animal triacyl‐sn‐glycerols of commercial and scientific interest, containing predominantly C16 and C18 fatty acids,i.e. safflower, sunflower, olive and palm oils, tallow, egg and rat adipose tissue. The method is not at present suited to the analysis of more complex triacylglycerols, such as milk fat or fish oils, and problems associated with these are discussed.
Studies of jasmine wax: I. Physical properties and chemical composition
Authors: El‐Magoli S. B. , Hassanen N. Z. , Morad M. M. , El‐Wakeil F. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractJasmine wax was fractionated using thin layer chromatography. Six fractions were isolated, purified and identified using combined gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Infrared spectra were adopted for the chemical structure confirmation of each fraction. The fractions were 49.44% hydrocarbons, 15.73% esters, 3.49% aldehydes and ketones, 7.91% primary fatty alcohols, 8.31% free fatty acids and 8.99% was considered origin. The hydrocarbon fraction was found to consist mainly of saturated chains with C29, C31 and C27 the most predominant. The aldehyde fraction was characterized by straight chains with even numbers of carbon atoms ranging between C10 and C28, whereas the ketone fraction was found to contain a longer chain structure, i.e., C36. However, the C = O was found to be at the C8 and C11 positions. Free primary alcohols were found to occur in short chains, indicating their existence in the liquid phase, whereas the free fatty acids were found in long chains and were more likely in the solid phase.
Studies of jasmine wax: II. Use of the wax fractions in producing enriched cleansing cream and as a fixative for soap perfumes
Authors: El‐Wakeil F. A. , Hassanen N. Z. , Morad M. M. , El‐Magoli S. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe primary alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and part of the wax esters were used as fixatives for the odor in soap perfume. Statistical analysis proved the sutiability of this fraction for this purpose. The hydrocarbons and the free fatty acid fractions were used to replace carnauba wax in the production of an enriched cleansing cream. The triangle panel test proved that this fraction could replace carnauba wax without affecting the quality of that type of cleansing cream.
Solar thermal systems in industry
Authors: Allen D. J. , Gangadharan A. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA significant portion of the demand for industrial process heat can be met with solar energy. Whether this energy source is widely used will depend not only on its economic attractiveness, but also on the ease with which solar thermal systems interface with the remainder of the industrial plant. Foster Wheeler has recently designed solar thermal systems to supply hot water and process steam to industry and has nearly completed the construction of one of these. Drawing on this experience, this paper discusses selection of solar technologies that can best satisfy the user’s energy requirements and minimize interfacing problems.
The decomposition of secondary esters of castor oil with fatty acids
Authors: Erciyes A. T. , Dandik L. , Erkal F. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this study, thermal splitting of secondary fatty acid esters of castor oil was investigated to determine the reaction kinetics under various conditions. Zinc oxide,p toluenesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid were used as catalysts. Reactions were carried out at 260, 270, and 280°C. Experimental data fitted the first‐order rate equation for the catalyzed and noncatalyzed reactions. In addition to the kinetic investigation, the splitting (pyrolysis) mixture was evaluated in the preparation of a synthetic drying oil. For this purpose, the mixed fatty acids of linseed, sunflower andEcballium elaterium seed oils were used in the esterification stage of the process. Pyrolysis mixtures were converted to drying oils by combining the liberated acids with equivalent amounts of glycerol. The oils thus obtained show good drying oil properties.
Atrovenetin as a potent antioxidant compound from penicillium species
Authors: Ishikawa Yukihiro , Morimoto Kyozo , Iseki Shigeyasu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe have established a program to screen large numbers of wild‐type fungi isolated from soil for potential producers of antioxidants and synergists for tocopherol (Toe). An antioxidant and potent Toc synergist was isolated from mycelial mats ofPenicillium paraherquei. It was one of the deoxyherqueinone‐type phenalenones and has been identified as atrovenetin.Under autoxidation conditions, the induction periods of this compound (0.025%) tested by the active oxygen method were 571 and 171 hr in lard with and without Toc (0.04%), respectively. It was also capable of stabilizing vegetable oils such as soybean, rapeseed and palm oils.
An evaluation of commercial nickel catalysts during hydrogenation of soybean oil
Authors: Chu Yan‐Hwa , Lin Li‐Hui 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe activities of several commercial nickel catalysts were determined by measuring their activation energies. Among these catalysts, G95E, Resan 22, Nysosel 222 and 325, all with low activation energy, were more active than DM3 and G95H, which had higher activation energy. However, the less active catalysts increased the linoleate selectivity of soybean oil during hydrogenation. The yields of bothtrans isomers and winterized oil were higher for the more selectively hydrogenated oil catalyzed by the less active catalysts. In the sensory evaluation, the fractionated solid fat that contained moretrans isomers was lower in flavor scores than the fractionated liquid oil after hydrogenation and winterization of soybean oil.
Physical and textural characteristics of some North American shortenings
Authors: de Man L. , de Man J. M. , Blackman B. 
Published: July 2007

A number of North American vegetable and animal fat shortenings were evaluated for their melting, crystallization, textural and polymorphic crystal characteristics and solid fat content (SFC). The majority of the dropping points and crystallization temperatures of the fats ranged from 42 to 46°C and from 27 to 31°C, respectively. Softening points of the products were higher than the dropping points of their fats, especially for the vegetable shortenings. Differential scanning calorimetry melting curves of the products were different for the various products. The animal fat shortenings were mainly in theβ‐polymorphic form, while vegetable shortenings containing palm oil were in theβ′ form. Textural evaluation was carried out on the products with the cone penetrometer, constant speed penetration and constant speed compression. Constant speed compression supplied a measure of brittleness and a degree of viscosity. Lard and shortenings containing high levels of palm oil were able to withstand large deformations without breakage.The effect of tempering temperature of the fat in the SFC determination was evaluated and the values obtained were compared with the SFC of the actual product. SFC of fat and product were determined by pulse nuclear magnetic resonance. Correlation of values within textural methods was significant (P<..01), but were not significant between texture and SFC of the fat, indicating that the nature of the crystal network also plays a role in texture.
Chinese Vegetable Tallow‐characterization and contamination by stillingia oil
Authors: Jeffrey B. S. J. , Padley F. B. 
Published: July 2007

Samples of seed of the Chinese Vegetable Tallow (CVT) tree,Sapium sebiferum, obtained from trial plantings in the U.S., together with materials obtained directly from a small‐scale production unit in China, have been examined. The major glycerides of the CVTs have been characterized and a wide variation in the tripalmitin and 2‐oleodipalmitin levels has been observed.The contamination of CVT by stillingia oil has been examined. The major source of contamination occurs at the isolation/separation stage of CVT production. Only very low amounts of stillingia oil are actually present in the seed coat. The wider exploitation of this fat will depend upon satisfactory methods being available to ensure that estolide‐type glycerides (from stillingia oil) are essentially absent from CVT.
Rapid extraction of canola oil
Authors: Diosady L. L. , Rubin L. J. , Ting N. , Trass O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe simultaneous size reduction and solvent extraction of canola seeds were studied using a laboratory blender and a small, pilot‐scale Szego mill. The laboratory tests established that over 95% of the oil may be removed from the seed in a single contact stage. The effects of contact time and solvent‐to‐seed ratio were investigated. The extraction equilibrium favored the extraction of the oil at higher solvent‐to‐seed ratios. In all cases the extraction reached some 90% of the equilibrium value after 3 min. Runs in the Szego mill, which is a unique orbitalmill developed by one of us (O. Trass), confirmed that solvent grinding is an efficient extraction technique. In this equipment, contact times as short as 30 sec give significant extraction, with the system approaching equilibrium in one minute. The Szego mill appears to be suitable for the rapid extraction of edible oil seeds such as rapeseed.
Lipid oxidation in potato chips
Authors: Min D. B. , Schweizer D. Q. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractQualitative and quantitative analyses of volatile compounds in fresh and aged potato chips and unused fresh and aged frying oils showed that oxidation of oils was mainly responsible for volatile compound changes in potato chips during storage. The lipid oxidation of potato chips was determined by measuring the peroxide value of potato chips and the amount of volatile compounds and oxygen content in the headspace of potato chip bottles by gas chromatography. The correlation coefficients between volatile compounds and oxygen content, volatile compounds and peroxide value, and peroxide values and oxygen content were ‐0.93, 0.95 and ‐0.93, respectively. These high correlation coefficients indicated that volatile compound changes in potato chips during storage were mainly due to the oxidation of oil. The lipid oxidation of potato chips during storage can be studied by measuring oxygen content and the amount of volatile flavor compounds in the headspace. The potato chips produced in oil containing an antioxidant tertiarybutyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) had better oxidation stability than the chips fried in oil without TBHQ.
High performance liquid chromatographie separation of fatty imidazolines from their diamide hydrolysis derivatives
Authors: Hampson James W. , Bistline Raymond G. , Linfield Warner M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA reverse‐phase high performance liquid Chromatographic method is described which separates long‐chain fatty dialkyl imidazolines from their corresponding diamide hydrolysis derivatives. This permits fol‐lowing the synthesis of these compounds and their storage stability. With a mobile phase of methanol/dilute acetic acid and a differential refractometer, both qualitative and quantitative analysis can be done quickly. Elution order follows chain length with the imidazo‐line eluting before the diamide. Capacity and selectivity factors are presented for the imidazoline‐diamide pairs from pelargonic to lauric acid.
Fluorination of fatty alcohols with 1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropyl diethylamine
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Suga K. , Nasuno I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFluorination of fatty alcohols with 1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropyl di‐ethylamine (PPDA) was investigated. A mixture of lauryl fluoride (yield 45%) and lauryl 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropionate (yield 22%) was obtained from the reaction of PPDA and lauryl alcohol. Similar results were obtained from other fatty alcohols.
Bleaching with sodium hypochlorite: Interactions of temperature, time, pH and concentration with stain removal and fabric strength
Authors: Simpson L. Palmer , Riggs C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn response to recent concern for energy conservation while laundering at lowered temperatures, this study investigated stain removal and fabric degradation effects of sodium hypochlorite bleach on stained cotton fabrics. Blue and green reflectance readings were used to calculate both whiteness values and percentage of stain removal values, while tensile strength measurements were used to determine fabric degradation. An “acceptable bleach treatment” category was established, having a minimum of 75% whiteness and 90% of origi‐nal breaking strength. Temperature, bleach concentration, time and pH were investigated, with each factor except pH being significant. Low bleach concentration was more satisfactory than high concen‐tration, while cold and warm temperatures were more acceptable than very cold and hot temperatures. An overnight bleach soak treatment of up to 16 hr was not damaging if a cold temperature of 25 C was chosen. Selecting cold (room) temperatures for chlorine bleaching could provide energy savings for the consumer, textile mill or commercial laundry, while providing acceptable whiteness and fabric strength retention.
New accelerated test for rapid measurement of detergent biodegradability
Authors: Hitzman D. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new accelerated biodegradation test has been developed in order to determine rapidly the biodegradability of detergents. Natural river water is fortified with additional microorganisms isolated from sewage effluent by continuous centrifugation to remove residual detergent. This increases the reproducibility between different samples of river water and decreases seasonal effects. Using detergents of different chemical structures, this accelerated procedure gave the same biodegradable results as obtained with the usual river die‐away test. However, such data can now be obtained in as little as ten days or less.Multiple test results are presented showing the rate and degree of biodegradation of representative test detergents and the reproducibility between different series of tests with the same compound. Examples are given showing that the extent and completeness of biodegradability of the test compounds depends on the degree of branching.
Evaluation of fatty vinyl ether polymers and styrenated polymers for metal coatings
Authors: Brand B. G. , Schoen H. O. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA further evaluation of fatty vinyl ether poly‐mers as potential coatings for metals (particu‐larly cans) includes studies on 12 linseed and soy‐bean polymers containing isobutyl vinyl ether and cyclopentadiene. Baked films with and with‐out driers from these homo‐, co‐, and terpolymers and their styrenated derivatives were examined for flexibility, adhesion, chemical resistance and hardness. Film properties were related to chemi‐cal composition of the polymers, including the effect of styrenation, linseed vs. soybean polymers and content of cyclopentadiene. Films possessed excellent flexibility, adhesion and hardness. Sur‐prisingly, for most polymers, the hardest films were obtained without driers.
Production and nutritional evaluation of extrusion‐cooked full‐fat soybean flour
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Griffin E. L. , Allen L. E. , Smith O. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA processing method for preparing full‐fat soybean flours for human consumption by a new extrusion‐cooking method was developed. Biological evaluations were made of samples produced experimentally by this method to determine the best conditions for preparing a product of maximum nutritive value and stability. Twelve processed full‐fat soybean flours, prepared under different conditions, were evaluated by means of chemical analyses, biological assays, available lysine content, organoleptic and bacteriological tests, and oxidative stability storage tests. Flour of high nutritive value and good stability can be prepared by preheating unextracted soybean flakes or grits to 200–212F, premixing and adding sparge steam at 212F to adjust moisture content to 18–21%, extruding for 1–1.5 min with final extrusion temp reaching 250–290F, cooling, drying and grinding. Clinical testing of the flour with infants up to 12 months of age has begun in two Far Eastern countries on a fairly extensive scale, and completed results should be available by late 1964.
Hydrogenation of canola oil using chromium catalysts
Authors: Bernstein P. A. , Graydon W. F. , Diosady L. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHomogeneous, supported and precipitated chromium catalysts were prepared from chromium hexacarbonyl in an attempt to selectively hydrogenate canola oil. These chromium compounds showed low activity, lowering the iodine value of the oil by only 10 IV units. The concentration oftrans‐isomers, however, was very low (<1% for most runs). Infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of a Cr(CO)3(diene) PPH3complex in two of the hydrogenated oils. The selectivity and the mechanism by which chromium catalysts hydrogenate unsaturates are discussed.
Investigation of 1‐decyne formation in cottonseed oil fried foods
Authors: Fan Lucy L. , Tang Jiunn‐ Yann , Wohlman Alan 
Published: July 2007

Abstract1‐Decyne identified in oxidized cottonseed oil was previously thought to originate from oleic acid. However, we have demonstrated that 1‐decyne is a degradative product from the photo‐oxidation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) naturally present in cottonseed oil. Products containing photooxidized cottonseed oil have the distinct off‐flavor of 1‐decyne. Experiments were conducted to identify the factors involved in 1‐decyne formation. Reactions were done under the following conditions: (a) in the dark or under light, (b) with or without removal of CPFA from cotton‐seed oil, (c) in the presence or absence of singlet oxygen quenchers, (d) in the presence or absencc of a hydroperoxide‐reducing agent (triphenylphosphine), and (e) with or without photosensitizers. Methyl sterculate was used as a substrate for studying 1‐decyne formation under photosensitized oxidation conditions in a model system. We have concluded that 1‐decyne is formed by the photo‐oxidation of CPFA utilizing chlorophyll as a photosensitizer. A reaction mechanism for 1‐decyne formation is proposed.
Fatty alcohols: Natural or petrochemical feedstocks in the 1980s?
Authors: Leonard E. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe economics of fatty alcohol use and production is reviewed. Beyond that in place or announced, there is little likelihood of more US fatty alcohol capacity in the next ten years. Barring a cataclysmic event, the real price of ethylene will increase at a rate approximately equal to the rate of increase for coconut oil price in the next ten years. Producers of fatty alcohols will be indifferent, if feedstock economics are the only consideration, between natural and petrochemical raw material bases for this class of oleochemicals. Presented at the 73rd annual meeting of the AOCS, Toronto, May 1982.
The selection of surfactants for specific household applications
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Matson Ted P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe various criteria involved in choosing a surfactant for laundry products, light‐duty liquids, shampoos and liquid soap products are discussed. These include cleaning performance, foam characteristics, formulatability, tolerance to water hardness, processability, and cost. The effect of surfactant composition on performance is also discussed.
Hard butters and confectionery coatings
Authors: Babayan V. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe art on confectionery coatings and hard butters is reviewed showing the evolution and acceptability of such products over the years. The various types of hard butters are identified, and their application in confectionery coatings is indicated. The practices and the areas of application for the different products are discussed as well as the raw materials used to produce the confectionery fats. Raw material cost of chocolate and hard butters is projected over the years to demonstrate the advantages of hard butters for confectionery coatings.
Distribution of chlorinated pesticides in soybeans, soybean oil, and its by‐products during processing
Authors: Chaudry M. M. , Nelson A. I. , Perkins E. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoybean samples were collected from seven different locales in Central Illinois and subjected to analysis for chlorinated pesticides. Different parts of the beans showed varying levels of residue concentrations. It was found that pesticide residues had a tendency to accumulate, in descending order, in hypocotyls, hulls and cotyledons on the basis of ground samples. When oils extracted from the same fractions were analyzed, much higher concentrations of residues were located in hulls than hypocotyls, which had greater concentrations than cotyledons. Crude, refined, bleached and deodorized oils, soapstock, Fuller's earth sludge and deodorization condensate swere analyzed for hexachlorobenzene isomers, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, DDD and DDE. None of the processing steps except deodorization were completely effective in the removal of chlorinated pesticide residues. Oil deodorized at 250 C under 1‐5 mm pressure was almost free of such residues, whereas all the residues were concentrated in deodorization condensate.