bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Shauri ya Sera Kali’: the colonial regime of urban housing in Kenya to 1939
Authors: HAY ALISON , HARRIS RICHARD 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTThe social relationships of housing tenure shape urban life. One of the most peculiar tenure regimes emerged in the towns of East and Central Africa during the colonial period. In accordance with the colonial policy of trusteeship, employers and municipalities were together responsible for housing all permanently employed Africans, who constituted the majority in most urban centres. Contemporaries noted that employers and municipalities commonly failed to do their job, a judgement that historians have endorsed. In fact, their contribution varied greatly from place to place and, though generally insufficient, was still substantial. This paternalistic tenure regime created dependency and open-ended commitments that could not be met.
Healthy whole-grain choices for children and parents: a multi-component school-based pilot intervention
Authors: Burgess-Champoux Teri L , Chan Hing Wan , Rosen Renee , Marquart Len , Reicks Marla 
Published: December 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to pilot-test a school-based intervention designed to increase consumption of whole grains by 4th and 5th grade children.DesignThis multi-component school-based pilot intervention utilised a quasi-experimental study design (intervention and comparison schools) that consisted of a five-lesson classroom curriculum based on Social Cognitive Theory, school cafeteria menu modifications to increase the availability of whole-grain foods and family-oriented activities. Meal observations of children estimated intake of whole grains at lunch. Children and parents completed questionnaires to assess changes in knowledge, availability, self-efficacy, usual food choice and role modelling.Setting/sampleParent/child pairs from two schools in the Minneapolis metropolitan area; 67 in the intervention and 83 in the comparison school.ResultsWhole-grain consumption at the lunch meal increased by 1 serving (P< 0·0001) and refined-grain consumption decreased by 1 serving for children in the intervention school compared with the comparison school post-intervention (P< 0·001). Whole-grain foods were more available in the lunches served to children in the intervention school compared with the comparison school post-intervention (P< 0·0001). The ability to identify whole-grain foods by children in both schools increased, with a trend towards a greater increase in the intervention school (P= 0·06). Parenting scores for scales for role modelling (P< 0·001) and enabling behaviours (P< 0·05) were significantly greater for parents in the intervention school compared with the comparison school post-intervention.ConclusionsThe multi-component school-based programme implemented in the current study successfully increased the intake of whole-grain foods by children.
Jets of energetic particles generated by magnetic reconnection at a three-dimensional magnetic null
Authors: Dalla Silvia , Browning Philippa K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMagnetic reconnection is a candidate mechanism for particle acceleration in a variety of astrophysical contexts. It is now widely accepted that reconnection plays a key role in solar flares, and reconstructions of coronal magnetic fields indicate that three-dimensional (3D) magnetic null points can be present during flares. We investigate particle acceleration during spine reconnection at a 3D magnetic null point, using a test particle numerical code. We observe efficient particle acceleration and find that two energetic populations are produced: a trapped population of particles that remain in the vicinity of the null, and an escaping population, which leave the configuration in two symmetric jets along field lines near the spine. While the parameters used in our simulation aim to represent solar coronal plasma conditions of relevance for acceleration in flares, the fact that the 3D spine reconnection configuration naturally results in energetic particle jets may be of importance in other astrophysical situations. We also compare the results obtained for the spine reconnection regime with those for the other possible mode of 3D reconnection, fan reconnection. We find that in the latter case energetic particle jets are not produced, though acceleration is observed.
Cosmic particle acceleration in astrophysical shear flows
Authors: Rieger Frank M. , Duffy Peter 
Published: December 2007

AbstractShear flows are ubiquitous phenomena in astrophysical environments. In the present contribution the stochastic acceleration of energetic charged particles by Fermi-type processes in relativistic shear flows is considered. We briefly summarize recent theoretical progress in the field of viscous shear acceleration and indicate its significance for particle energization in relativistic flows of AGNs and GRBs.
Populations of candidate black holes at redshift 7 or above
Authors: Koekemoer Anton M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractI will describe recent results on constructing samples of candidate active galactic nuclei (AGN) at or beyond redshift 7, probing several orders of magnitude fainter than the top end of the quasar luminosity function at redshift 6. These advances have been made possible by the advent of deep, wide multi-waveband surveys that enable the selection of samples of sources that are detected at radio or X-ray wavelengths but completely undetected at optical wavelengths to very deep limits. A variety of multi-band selection criteria are used to identify the high-redshift candidates and eliminate lower-redshift interlopers by means of extensive spectral energy distribution modelling. The resulting constraints on the numbers of high-redshift AGN at or above redshift 7 are used to examine the evolution of the AGN luminosity function at high redshift, and help understand the properties of the first supermassive black holes in the universe.
SN 1006 in context: from Type Ia supernova to remnant
Authors: Chevalier Roger A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe evolutionary phases in going from a Type Ia supernova explosion to a 1000-yr-old remnant are reviewed. The explosion sets up the density and composition structure of the ejecta and can have radiative effects on the surroundings. The early shock interactions may be observable at radio and X-ray wavelengths if the circumstellar density is sufficiently high. The later interaction with the interstellar medium is affected by the collisionless shock physics and hydrodynamic instabilities.
Sternberg Astronomical Institute Supernova Catalogue, and radial distribution of supernovae in host galaxies
Authors: Bartunov O. S. , Tsvetkov D. Yu. , Pavlyuk N. N. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe present a new version of the Sternberg Astronomical Institite Supernova Catalogue and the results of our investigation of the supernova radial distribution in their host galaxies based on the new data.
Pre-solar grains: outlook and opportunities for astrophysics
Authors: Nittler Larry R. , Alexander Conel M. O'D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAs pristine condensates from a large number of stars, pre-solar grains provide unique information on the sources, types, compositions and processing histories of dust in the Galaxy. However, their promise remains largely unfulfilled. Here we discuss some of the astrophysical problems for which pre-solar grains might provide important insights and constraints in coming years.
Sporadic radio emission of the Sun in the decametre range
Authors: Melnik Valentin N. , Konovalenko Alexander A. , Rucker Helmut O. , Lecacheux Alain 
Published: December 2007

AbstractResults of the last observations of solar sporadic radio emission at the UTR-2 radio telescope (Kharkov, Ukraine) at the frequencies 10 - 30 MHz are presented. The use of new backend facilities, the DSP and 60-channel spectrometer, allows us to obtain data with time resolution up to 2 ms and frequency resolution of 12 kHz in the continuous frequency band 12 MHz. Usual Type III bursts, Type IIIb bursts, U- and J-bursts in the decameter range are discussed. Special attention is paid to detection and analysis of Type II bursts and their properties, newly discovered fine time structures of Type III bursts, Type III-like bursts, s-bursts, new observational features of drift pair bursts, and ‘absorption’ bursts.
Diffuse radio sources in clusters of galaxies: models and long-wavelength radio observations
Authors: Sarazin Craig L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractClusters of galaxies contain several types of diffuse radio sources with very steep radio spectra which are associated with the cluster environment, including central radio bubbles, cluster radio relics, and cluster radio halos. Radio halos and relics are found only in merging clusters. Cluster radio relics may be produced by particle acceleration in merger shocks, while radio halos, may result from electron re-acceleration by turbulence produced by mergers. Secondary production of electrons and positrons by hadronic interactions also plays a role. If cluster radio halos and relics are related to mergers, then deep low frequency radio surveys could detect 1000's of clusters. Long-wavelength radio observations have a great potential to help us understand clusters and large scale structure, and can provide a diagnostic of cluster mergers, which affect the use of clusters in cosmological and dark energy studies.
Special-purpose computing for dense stellar systems
Authors: Makino Junichiro 
Published: December 2007

AbstractI'll describe the current status of the GRAPE-DR project. The GRAPE-DR is the next-generation hardware for N-body simulation. Unlike the previous GRAPE hardwares, it is programmable SIMD machine with a large number of simple processors integrated into a single chip. The GRAPE-DR chip consists of 512 simple processors and operates at the clock speed of 500 MHz, delivering the theoretical peak speed of 512/226 Gflops (single/double precision). As of August 2006, the first prototype board with the sample chip successfully passed the test we prepared. The full GRAPE-DR system will consist of 4096 chips, reaching the theoretical peak speed of 2 Pflops.
Joint Discussion 17 Highlights of recent progress in the seismology of the Sun and Sun-like stars
Authors: Bedding Timothy R. , Brun Allan S. , Christensen-Dalsgaard Jørgen , Crouch Ashley , De Cat Peter , García Raphael A. , Gizon Laurent , Hill Frank , Kjeldsen Hans , Leibacher John W. , Maillard Jean-Pierre , Mathis S. , Rabello-Soares M. Cristina , Rozelot Jean-Pierre , Rempel Matthias , Roxburgh Ian W. , Samadi Réza , Talon Suzanne , Thompson Michael J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe seismology and physics of localized structures beneath the surface of the Sun takes on a special significance with the completion in 2006 of a solar cycle of observations by the ground-based Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) and by the instruments on board theSolar and Heliospheric Observatory(SOHO). Of course, the spatially unresolved Birmingham Solar Oscillation Network (BiSON) has been observing for even longer. At the same time, the testing of models of stellar structure moves into high gear with the extension of deep probes from the Sun to other solar-like stars and other multi-mode pulsators, with ever-improving observations made from the ground, the success of theMOSTsatellite, and the recently launchedCoRoTsatellite. Here we report the current state of the two closely related and rapidly developing fields of helio- and asteroseimology.
Evaluation of Minimal Trichoderma reesei Cellulase Mixtures on Differently Pretreated Barley Straw Substrates
Authors: Rosgaard Lisa , Pedersen Sven , Langston Jim , Akerhielm Derek , Cherry Joel R. , Meyer Anne S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe commercial cellulase product Celluclast 1.5, derived from Trichoderma reesei (Novozymes A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark), is widely employed for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks. This enzyme preparation contains a broad spectrum of cellulolytic enzyme activities, most notably cellobiohydrolases (CBHs) and endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanases (EGs). Since the original T. reesei strain was isolated from decaying canvas, the T. reesei CBH and EG activities might be present in suboptimal ratios for hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulosic substrates. We employed statistically designed combinations of the four main activities of Celluclast 1.5, CBHI, CBHII, EGI, and EGII, to identify the optimal glucose‐releasing combination of these four enzymes to degrade barley straw substrates subjected to three different pretreatments. The data signified that EGII activity is not required for efficient lignocellulose hydrolysis when addition of this activity occurs at the expense of the remaining three activities. The optimal ratios of the remaining three enzymes were similar for the two pretreated barley samples that had been subjeced to different hot water pretreatments, but the relative levels of EGI and CBHII activities required in the enzyme mixture for optimal hydrolysis of the acid‐impregnated, steam‐exploded barley straw substrate were somewhat different from those required for the other two substrates. The optimal ratios of the cellulolytic activities in all cases differed from that of the cellulases secreted by T. reesei. Hence, the data indicate the feasibility of designing minimal enzyme mixtures for pretreated lignocellulosic biomass by careful combination of monocomponent enzymes. This strategy can promote both a more efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of (ligno)cellulose and a more rational utilization of enzymes.
Orphan GPCR research
Authors: Chung S , Funakoshi T , Civelli O 
Published: December 2007

Orphan G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are receptors lacking endogenous ligands. Found by molecular biological analyses, they became the roots of reverse pharmacology, in which receptors are attempted to be matched to potential transmitters. Later, when high‐throughput screening technology was applied to reverse pharmacology, dozens of orphan GPCRs became deorphanized. Furthermore, novel neuropeptides were discovered. This review retraces the history of the orphan GPCRs and of the discoveries of their endogenous ligands, it also discusses the difficulties that the search for new ligands is presently encountering.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, S339–S346; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707606; published online 10 December 2007
THE NEW WELFARE STATE SETTLEMENT IN EUROPE
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The post-war settlement rested on confidence that state welfare combined with neo-Keynesian economic management supported economic progress and enhanced social stability. New approaches from the 1970s onwards inspired by monetarism saw extensive state welfare as a damaging economic burden. The welfare settlement that is currently emerging in European debates argues that a welfare state centred on social investment, combined with appropriate de-regulation and use of social benefits to support employment mobility can again contribute to economic and social objectives in a virtuous spiral of growth and justice. In practice, however, most European states have been far more successful in what might broadly be called negative activation (less regulation, restrictions on passive benefits and targeted help for high-risk groups), than in investment to enhance the knowledge base and improve mobility. The differences between the new social investment welfare state and more limited de-regulated welfare system seem to be less marked in practice than the tenor of policy debate implies.
Publishing technologies: what does the future hold?
Authors: PENNY Dan 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTWeb technologies have given publishers and researchers alike opportunities to interact in new ways. These have had an impact on business models, the value of formal and informal communication, and the role of publishers in the networked community. This article looks at some recent examples which are likely to set precedents for the future of publishing technologies. In particular, it focuses on the evolution of Web searching, the growing importance of online communities, the potential of Web tools for self‐publishing, and the way in which publishers can control their content even post‐publication. It also suggests that the recent rash of e‐book readers is unlikely to be of importance to scholarly publishing.
Innovation and the Wiley—Blackwell Compass Journals
Authors: LAFAYE Vanessa 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT‘Innovation’ is one of those words, like ‘challenge', which inspires different reactions in different people. Depending on one's background or job sector, it can either represent an exciting opportunity or a resource‐draining waste of time. Yet innovate we must, to satisfy our markets' increasing expectations, especially in the online environment. Some brand leaders have separate ‘laboratories’ where new features and ideas are developed and floated for feedback. In the absence of such a dedicated space, there are several issues relating to innovation within a publishing organization. This article looks at how these are handled at Wiley–Blackwell in the Compass journals team, and tries to distil some working principles.
Data, disciplines, and scholarly publishing
Authors: BORGMAN Christine L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTData are becoming an essential product of scholarship, complementing the roles of journal articles, papers, and books. Research data can be reused to ask new questions, to replicate studies, and to verify research findings. Data become even more valuable when linked to publications and other related resources to form a value chain. Types and uses of data vary widely between disciplines, as do the online availability of publications and the incentives of scholars to publish their data. Publishers, scholars, and librarians each have roles to play in constructing a new scholarly information infrastructure for e‐research. Technical, policy, and institutional components are maturing; the next steps are to integrate them into a coherent whole. Achieving a critical mass of datasets in public repositories, with links to and from publisher databases, is the most promising solution to maintaining and sustaining the scholarly record in digital form.
Codes over rings of size four, Hermitian lattices, and corresponding theta functions
Authors: Shaska T. , Wijesiri G. 
Published: December 2007

Let

K
=
Q
(

−
ℓ

)

K=Q(\sqrt {-\ell })

be an imaginary quadratic field with ring of integers

O

K

\mathcal {O}_K

, where

ℓ
\ell

is a square free integer such that

ℓ
≡
3

mod

4

\ell \equiv 3 \mod 4

, and let

C
=
[
n
,
k
]

C=[n, k]

is a linear code defined over

O

K

/

2

O

K

\mathcal {O}_K/2\mathcal {O}_K

. The level

ℓ
\ell

theta function

Θ

Λ

ℓ

(
C
)

\Theta _{\Lambda _{\ell } (C) }

of

C
C

is defined on the lattice

Λ

ℓ

(
C
)
:=
{
x
∈

O

K
n

:

ρ
ℓ

(
x
)
∈
C
}

\Lambda _{\ell } (C):= \{ x \in \mathcal {O}_K^n : \rho _\ell (x) \in C\}

, where

ρ

ℓ

:

O

K

→

O

K

/

2

O

K

\rho _{\ell }:\mathcal {O}_K \rightarrow \mathcal {O}_K/2\mathcal {O}_K

is the natural projection. In this paper, we prove that: i) for any

ℓ
,

ℓ
′

\ell , \ell ^\prime

such that

ℓ
≤

ℓ
′

\ell \leq \ell ^\prime

,

Θ

Λ
ℓ

(
q
)

\Theta _{\Lambda _\ell }(q)

and

Θ

Λ

ℓ
′

(
q
)

\Theta _{\Lambda _{\ell ^\prime }}(q)

have the same coefficients up to

q

ℓ
+
1

4

q^{\frac {\ell +1}{4}}

, ii) for

ℓ
≥

2
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)

n

−
1

\ell \geq \frac {2(n+1)(n+2)}{n} -1

,

Θ

Λ

ℓ

(
C
)

\Theta _{\Lambda _{\ell }} (C)

determines the code

C
C

uniquely, iii) for

ℓ
>

2
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)

n

−
1

\ell > \frac {2(n+1)(n+2)}{n} -1

, there is a positive dimensional family of symmetrized weight enumerator polynomials corresponding to

Θ

Λ
ℓ

(
C
)

\Theta _{\Lambda _\ell }(C)

.
Homogeneous Hilbert scheme
Authors: Álvarez Amelia , Sancho Fernando , Sancho Pedro 
Published: December 2007

Let

S
S

be a locally noetherian scheme and

R
R

an

N

\mathbb N

-graded

O

S

\mathcal O_S

-algebra of finite type. We say that

X
=
Spec
⁡
R

X=\operatorname {Spec}R

is a homogeneous variety over

S
S

. In this paper we prove that the functor

HomHilb
_

X

/

S

:

[

Locally noetherian

S

-schemes

]

a
m
p
;
⇝
Sets

T

a
m
p
;
⇝

closed subschemes of

X

×
S

T

flat and homogeneous over

T

\begin{align*} \underline {\operatorname {HomHilb}}_{X/S} \colon \left [ \begin {array}{l} \text {Locally noetherian}\\ \text {$S$-schemes} \end{array} \right ] & \leadsto \text {Sets}\\ T & \leadsto \begin {array}{l} \text {closed subschemes of $X\times _ST$}\\ \text {flat and homogeneous over $T$} \end{array} \end{align*}

is representable by an

S
S

-scheme that is a disjoint union of locally projective schemes over

S
S

. The proof is very simple, and it only makes use of the theory of graded modules and standard flatness criteria. From this, one obtains an elementary construction (which does not make use of cohomology) of the ordinary Hilbert scheme of a locally projective

S
S

-scheme.
A prospective longitudinal population‐based study of clinical miscarriage in an urban Swedish population
Authors: Blohm F , Fridén B , Milsom I 
Published: December 2007

Objective  To describe the incidence of clinical miscarriage and to investigate the factors influencing the occurrence of clinical miscarriage.Design  Prospective study with both cross‐sectional and longitudinal comparisons.Setting  City of Göteborg, Sweden.Population  Population‐based study in cohorts of 19‐year‐old women followed longitudinally.Main outcome measures  Incidence of miscarriage and pregnancy outcome.Material and methods  A postal questionnaire was sent to women born in 1962 and resident in the city of Göteborg in 1981 (n= 656) regarding pregnancy outcome, clinical miscarriage and other reproductive health factors. Responders in 1981 were contacted again and requested to answer a similar questionnaire every fifth year up to 2001. The same process was repeated in 1991 with women born in 1972 (n= 780) with follow up of these responders in 1996 and 2001. A third cohort of 19‐year‐old women born in 1982 (n= 666) was interviewed in 2001. The self‐reported pregnancy data were verified from hospital files.Results  Complete data were available for 341 women born in 1962 and assessed up to the age of 39 years (ever pregnant, n= 320, 94%). There were in total 887 pregnancies (live birth, n= 590, 67%; miscarriage, n= 108, 12%; legal abortion, n= 173, 20% and ectopic pregnancy, n= 16, 2%). Of the 320 ‘ever pregnant’ women, 80 women (25%) had experienced a miscarriage. 76.3% had experienced one miscarriage, 16.3% had two miscarriages and 7.4% had three or more miscarriages. The clinical miscarriage rates in women at different ages were as follows: 20–24 years 13.5%, 25–29 years 12.3%, 30–34 years 10.3% and 35–39 years 17.5%. The corresponding miscarriage rate in the 1972 cohort followed from 19 to 29 years of age was 11%, and in the 1982 cohort assessed at 19 years of age, the miscarriage rate was 9%. No risk factor for miscarriage could be reliably identified.Conclusions  Clinical miscarriage constituted 12% of all pregnancies, and one in four women who had been pregnant up to 39 years of age had experienced a miscarriage. Three or more miscarriages were experienced by 7.4%. The occurrence of a miscarriage was not influenced by the order of the pregnancy.