bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic study of free‐form sinomenine in rat skin by microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Zheng Hong , Shi Li‐Fu , Hu Jin‐Hong 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSinomenine (7,8‐didehydro‐4‐hydroxy‐3,7‐dimethoxy‐17‐methylmorphinan‐6‐one) is a pure alkaloid extracted from the Chinese medical plant. In this report a liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry (LC–ESI‐MS) method with in vivo microdialysis for the pharmacokinetic study of free‐form sinomenine in rat skin has been developed. A microdialysis probe was surgically implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the rats and an isotonic phosphate buffer (PBS) was used as the perfusion medium. Samples were collected and then analyzed off‐line by LC–ESI‐MS. The chromatographic separation was achieved within 4.2 min by using a narrow‐bore Xterra C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 5 µm) with acetonitrile–(10 mmol/L ammonium acetate buffer, 0.1% acetic acid) (15:85, v/v). Ion signal m/z 330.1 for sinomenine was measured in the positive mode. Linearity was established for the range of concentrations of 2.0–10000.0 ng/mL with a coefficient of determination (r) of 0.9989. The intra‐ and inter‐day reproducibility of the present method was better than 6%. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 1.0 ng/mL. The proposed method described provides more authentic information on pharmacokinetics and metabolism at the site of action by using the coupling of microdialysis to LC–ESI‐MS technique than the traditional sampling methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of radial basis function networks and successive projections algorithm in a QSAR study of anti‐HIV activity for a large group of HEPT derivatives
Authors: Akhlaghi Yousef , Kompany‐Zareh Mohsen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of 1‐[2‐hydroxyethoxy‐methyl]‐6‐(phenylthio)thymine] (HEPT) derivatives, as nonnucloside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), was investigated using a nonlinear quantitative structure‐anti‐HIV‐1‐activity relationship (QSAR) study. Molecular descriptors derived solely from molecular structure were used to represent molecular structure. Utilizing successive projections algorithm (SPA) and a stepwise backward elimination, a subset of 11 descriptors were selected. Application of SPA minimizes the collinearity between the selected descriptors, which are known to be responsible for the anti‐HIV‐1 activity. Three layer radial basis function networks (RBFNs) were used to construct the nonlinear QSAR models in all stages of study. The relative standard error percent in anti‐HIV activity predictions for the training set by the application of cross‐validation (RSECV%) was 9.94%, and for prediction set (RSEP%) was 9.99%. The obtained model outperforms those given in the literature in both the fitting and predicting stages. RBFN analysis yielded predicted activities in the excellent agreement with the experimentally obtained values (cross‐validation r = 0.927, prediction r = 0.925). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heavy‐Metal‐Ion Capture, Ion‐Exchange, and Exceptional Acid Stability of the Open‐Framework Chalcogenide (NH4)4In12Se20
Authors: Manos Manolis J. , Malliakas Christos D. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hydrothermal synthesis of the purely inorganic open‐framework indium selenide (NH4)4In12Se20 (1) is reported. Compound 1 exhibits a unique three‐dimensional open‐framework structure. The framework of 1 shows an unusual, for a chalcogenide compound, rigidity arising from the unprecedented connection mode of its building blocks. Compound 1 possesses ion exchange capacity for Cs+, Rb+, NH4+, but it has selectivity against Na+ and Li+. It also showed exceptional stability in relatively concentrated hydrochloric acid. Ion exchange of 1 with hydrochloric water solutions can produce its solid acid analogue H2(NH4)2In12Se20. The maximum cation‐exchange capacity of 1 was found equal to two equivalents per mol, which is consistent with an exchange mechanism taking place in the 1D‐channels formed by the largest cavities. In addition, 1 can do ion‐exchange with heavy‐metal ions like Hg2+, Pb2+, and Ag+. The capacity of 1 to clean water solutions from heavy‐metal ions was preliminarily investigated and found very high. Specifically, 1 can remove 99.9 % of Hg2+, 99.8 % of Ag+, and 94.9 % of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions of each of these ions. Using different synthetic conditions, we isolated compound (NH4)2In12Se19 (2), which also has as good an acid stability as 1, but no ion‐exchange properties. Overall, this work provides new hydrothermal synthetic approaches for isolation of all‐inorganic open‐framework chalcogenides.
Enriched expression and developmental regulation of the middle‐weight neurofilament (NF‐m) gene in song control nuclei of the zebra finch
Authors: Velho Tarciso A.F. , Lovell Peter , Mello Claudio V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSongbirds evolved a complex set of dimorphic telencephalic nuclei that are essential for the learning and production of song. These nuclei, which together make up the oscine song control system, present several neurochemical properties that distinguish them from the rest of the telencephalon. Here we show that the expression of the gene encoding the middle‐weight neurofilament (NF‐M), an important component of the neuronal cytoskeleton and a useful tool for studying the cytarchitectonic organization of mammalian cortical areas, is highly enriched in large neurons within pallial song control nuclei (nucleus HVC, robustus nucleus of the arcopallium, and lateral magnocellular nucleus of the nidopallium) of male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). We also show that this transcript is highly expressed in large neurons in the medulla, pons, midbrain, and thalamus. Moreover, we demonstrate that NF‐M expression in song control nuclei changes during postembryonic development, peaking during an early phase of the song‐learning period that coincides with the maturation of the song system. We did not observe changes in NF‐M expression in auditory areas or in song control nuclei in the contexts of hearing song or singing, although these contexts result in marked induction of the transcription factor ZENK. This observation suggests that NF‐M might not be under the regulatory control of ZENK in auditory areas or in song control nuclei. Overall, our data indicate that NF‐M is a neurochemical marker for pallial song control nuclei and provide suggestive evidence of an involvement of NF‐M in the development and/or maturation of the oscine song control system. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:477–497, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motoneurons of the flight power muscles of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala: Structures and mutual dye coupling
Authors: Schlurmann M. , Hausen K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe morphologies of the motoneurons of the dorsolongitudinal and the three dorsoventral flight power muscles (DLM, DVM 1–3) of Calliphora were investigated by means of cobalt backfills and intracellular biocytin stainings. The DLM is innervated by four prothoracic motoneurons supplying the four ventral muscle fibers and one mesothoracic motoneuron supplying the two dorsal fibers. The three fibers of the DVM 1 and the two fibers of the DVM 2 are innervated by five mesothoracic motoneurons, whereas the two fibers of the DVM 3 are innervated by two prothoracic motoneurons. In general, the motoneurons of each muscle have a common ventral soma cluster located in a characteristic position on the ipsilateral side of the thoracic ganglion, show similar dendritic arborizations in the mesothoracic wing neuropil, and have the same axon pathway. Only the soma of the common motoneuron of two dorsal fibers of the DLM is situated dorsally in the contralateral hemiganglion. The motoneurons of each muscle were found to be strongly dye coupled with each other, indicating that they are connected by gap junctions. In addition, the motoneurons of each muscle establish characteristic coupling patterns with the motoneurons of the other flight power muscles on both sides of the thorax and with two bilateral groups of local mesothoracic interneurons. The revealed coupling patterns are assumed to be of major relevance for the generation the characteristic, rhythmic flight activity of the motoneurons described in previous studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:448–464, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postsynaptic targets of somatostatin‐containing interneurons in the rat basolateral amygdala
Authors: Muller Jay F. , Mascagni Franco , McDonald Alexander J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe basolateral amygdala contains several subpopulations of inhibitory interneurons that can be distinguished on the basis of their content of calcium‐binding proteins or peptides. Although previous studies have shown that interneuronal subpopulations containing parvalbumin (PV) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) innervate distinct postsynaptic domains of pyramidal cells as well as other interneurons, very little is known about the synaptic outputs of the interneuronal subpopulation that expresses somatostatin (SOM). The present study utilized dual‐labeling immunocytochemical techniques at the light and electron microscopic levels to analyze the innervation of pyramidal cells, PV+ interneurons, and VIP+ interneurons in the anterior basolateral amygdalar nucleus (BLa) by SOM+ axon terminals. Pyramidal cell somata and dendrites were selectively labeled with antibodies to calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMK); previous studies have shown that the vast majority of dendritic spines, whether CAMK+ or not, arise from pyramidal cells. Almost all SOM+ axon terminals formed symmetrical synapses. The main postsynaptic targets of SOM+ terminals were small‐caliber CaMK+ dendrites and dendritic spines, some of which were CaMK+. These SOM+ synapses with dendrites were often in close proximity to asymmetrical (excitatory) synapses to these same structures formed by unlabeled terminals. Few SOM+ terminals formed synapses with CaMK+ pyramidal cell somata or large‐caliber (proximal) dendrites. Likewise, only 15% of SOM+ terminals formed synapses with PV+, VIP+, or SOM+ interneurons. These findings suggest that inhibitory inputs from SOM+ interneurons may interact with excitatory inputs to pyramidal cell distal dendrites in the BLa. These interactions might affect synaptic plasticity related to emotional learning. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:513–529, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of bidirectional transport ofArcmRNA in neuronal dendrites
Authors: Dynes Joseph L. , Steward Oswald 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mRNA for Arc (activity‐regulated cytoskeletal protein) is delivered into dendrites and localizes selectively at active synapses. Here we use a green fluorescent protein‐based labeling system and confocal microscopy to define the transport kinetics of exogenously expressed mRNA from chimaericArcconstructs (Arc/MS2 mRNA) in the dendrites of living rat neurons in culture. Arc/MS2 mRNA assembles into particles that move independently, bidirectionally, and intermittently in a fashion indicative of transport. Transport velocities range from below 6 to 65 μm/minute, which is consistent with actin‐based and microtubule‐based transport, respectively. In general, orthograde translocations are longer than retrograde translocations. Rapidly translocating Arc/MS2 mRNA particles sometimes reverse direction and decrease velocity just before stopping, suggesting that local signals regulateArcmRNA targeting movements. These observations identify several phases ofArcmRNA movement that serve as potential points for regulatingArcmRNA localization. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:433–447, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental compensation in Swedish road planning
Authors: Rundcrantz Kristina 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEnvironmental compensation has been discussed in Europe for a long time and in the Swedish context for almost a decade, but it was not until the latest environmental legislation came into force in 1999 that it became easier to formally require compensation for loss of environmental value. The use of compensation can be one method in trying to reach a more sustainable development. The work with EIA for roads ensures that avoidance of damage to nature is given serious attention. Still, impacts that could require compensation measures will remain. This paper examines 15 planned Swedish state road projects in order to investigate the intended use of environmental compensation. The analysis serves to point out problems and opportunities for improvement to facilitate the use of compensation. The results show that while environmental compensation is proposed in several projects, measures are seldom explicitly documented or interpreted as compensation measures. The planning process also needs to be better coordinated. The most explicitly described environmental compensation in the Swedish projects is connected to water issues, while compensation for impacts in small biotopes is rare. The proposed measures are almost never in sufficient proportion to the damage that is caused. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Effect of storage of olive mill wastewaters on hydroxytyrosol concentration
Authors: Feki Mongi , Allouche Noureddine , Bouaziz Mohamed , Gargoubi Adel , Sayadi Sami 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis investigation was designed to determine the effect of olive mill wastewaters (OMW) storage on the continuous extraction of potentially high‐added‐value phenolic compounds from these effluents. Particular emphasis was made on the extraction of hydroxytyrosol, one of the major compounds occurring in OMW. The hydroxytyrosol concentration was constant in OMW supplemented with 10% ethanol during storage. However, with 5 and 0% ethanol, a noticeable increase was observed in the hydroxytyrosol concentration. At time zero, the main polyphenols detected in two samples of fresh OMW without ethanol addition were hydroxytyrosol, hydroxytyrosol‐4‐β‐glucoside, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, p‐coumaric acid, ferulic acid, oleuropein, and some other unidentified compounds. After 5 months of storage, significant accumulation of hydroxytyrosol was observed. The corresponding concentration increased from 0.98 to 3.5 g/L for the OMW sample collected in November 2004 and from 0.77 to 3.1 g/L for the sample collected in January 2006. However, the concentrations of the other phenolic compounds were markedly decreased. Furthermore, it was deduced that the OMW storage facilitates the continuous extraction procedure and improves the extraction yield of hydroxytyrosol. This last parameter increased from 85.5 to 96.8%.
Effect of fatty acids and tocopherols on the oxidative stability of vegetable oils
Authors: Kamal‐Eldin Afaf 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oxidative stability of vegetable oils is determined by their fatty acid composition and antioxidants, mainly tocopherols but also other non‐saponifiable constituents. The effect of fatty acids on stability depends mainly on their degree of unsaturation and, to a lesser degree, on the position of the unsaturated functions within the triacylglycerol molecule. Vegetable oils contain tocopherols and tocotrienols, especially α‐ and γ‐tocopherols, as their main antioxidants. The antioxidant behavior of tocopherols represents a complex phenomenon as they are efficient antioxidants at low concentrations but they gradually lose efficacy as their concentrations in the vegetable oils increase. The “loss of efficacy” of tocopherols, sometimes referred to as a “pro‐oxidant effect”, is witnessed by an increase in the rate of oxidation during the induction period, despite elongation of this phase. The phenomenon is much obvious for α‐tocopherol, but is also evident for other tocopherols. In agreement with nature's wisdom, the tocopherol levels in vegetable oils seem to be close to the optimal levels needed for the stabilization of these oils. The presence of other antioxidants in the oils, e.g. carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and Maillard reaction products, may synergize with tocopherols and minimize this loss of efficacy.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) CE microchips replicated from poly(dimethylsiloxane) templates for the determination of cations
Authors: Qu Song , Chen Xiaohong , Chen Di , Yang Penyuan , Chen Gang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA novel method for the rapid fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic chips using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) templates has been demonstrated. The PDMS molds were fabricated by soft lithography. The dense prepolymerized solution of methyl methacrylate containing thermal and UV initiators was allowed to polymerized between a PDMS template and a piece of a 1 mm thick commercial PMMA plate under a UV lamp. The images of microchannels on the PDMS template were precisely replicated into the synthesized PMMA substrates during the UV‐initiated polymerization of the prepolymerized solution on the surface of the PMMA plate at room temperature. The polymerization could be completed within 10 min under ambient temperature. The chips were subsequently assembled by thermal bonding of the channel plate and the cover sheet. The new fabrication method obviates the need for specialized replication equipment and reduces the complexity of prototyping and manufacturing. Nearly 20 PMMA chips were replicated using a single PDMS mold. The attractive performance of the new microfluidic chips has been demonstrated by separating and detecting cations in connection with contactless conductivity detection. The fabricated PMMA microchip has also been successfully employed for the determination of potassium and sodium in environmental and biological samples.
Field simultaneous measurements, modeling, and simulation of harmonic components in a small generation‐transmission network
Authors: Ríos M S. , Raineri B R. , Fuster F J. , Dán A. , Czira Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a detailed deterministic model for a small electrical transmission network (110 kV), representing a large (150 MVA) industrial Copper mine production plant. This model is developed and validated with simultaneous field measurements. The network topology allows two operating modes, ring and open ring operation, without disturbing the busbar loads. Experimental results of—simultaneous—measurements at the three load busbars confirm the simulation results obtained with a state space deterministic model. A sensitivity assessment of busbar harmonic distortions, based on singular and eigenvalues analysis, is also presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explorative two‐locus linkage analysis suggests a multiplicative interaction between the 7q32 and 16p13 myoclonic seizures‐related photosensitivity loci
Authors: Pinto Dalila , Kasteleijn‐Nolst Trenité Dorothée G.A. , Cordell Heather J. , Mattheisen Manuel , Strauch Konstantin , Lindhout Dick , Koeleman Bobby P.C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn traits suspected to be governed by at least two loci, linkage analysis incorporating the joint action of both loci may improve the power to detect linkage, increase the precision of estimating locus positions and provide insight into the underlying etiological mechanism. Recently, we mapped two susceptibility loci for epilepsy‐related photosensitivity (or photoparoxysmal response, PPR) at regions 7q32 (PPR1) and 16p13 (PPR2) in PPR families with prominent myoclonic seizures background (MS‐related PPR). To follow‐up these results and evaluate interaction effects between these regions, we conducted two‐locus (2L) linkage analyses using parametric and non‐parametric methods. The 2L linkage was calculated under a multiplicative (MULT) epistasis model, encompassing models where each locus is necessary but not sufficient for MS‐related PPR and a heterogeneity (HET) model, encompassing models in which each locus is by itself sufficient but not necessary for MS‐related PPR expression. We found maximal 2L linkage under the (MULT) model, which was significantly better than the 2L linkage under the (HET) model (P = 0.001). The 2L analyses gave no increase in power to detect linkage over the single‐locus analyses nor did they improve location estimates at PPR1 and PPR2, as expected under a best‐fit 2L (MULT) model in an affecteds‐only analysis. Our findings suggest that the genes underlying the PPR1 and PPR2 susceptibility loci may have similar functions or act in the same biochemical pathway. Genet. Epidemiol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retropharyngeal node metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Otsuki Naoki , Nishikawa Tasuku , Iwae Shigemichi , Saito Miki , Mohri Mitsuhiro , Nibu Ken‐ichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground.Papillary thyroid carcinomas commonly metastasize to paratracheal and jugular lymph nodes. Metastasis to the retropharyngeal node is rare for this tumor.Methods.Five patients underwent surgical treatment for metastasis of thyroid papillary carcinoma to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes that presented as a parapharyngeal or retropharyngeal mass. All patients had a history of total or subtotal thyroidectomy as their initial treatment. Among them, 3 patients had undergone ipsilateral modified radical neck dissection at their initial treatment. The other 2 patients had a history of bilateral or ipsilateral modified neck dissection for their subsequent cervical lymph node metastases.Results.Metastatic retropharyngeal nodes were successfully resected via transcervical approach in all patients. Although aspiration and difficulty in swallowing were observed in 2 patients after surgical treatment for metastatic retropharyngeal nodes, these complications spontaneously resolved within a few months.Conclusions.This study suggests that neck dissection and/or metastatic cervical lymph nodes might alter the direction of lymphatic drainage to the retrograde fashion, resulting in the unusual metastasis to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Although the cases described here are rare, metastasis to the retropharyngeal node should be considered at the follow‐up for thyroid papillary carcinoma. Because these metastases will be missed by routine ultrasonography of the neck, periodic CT scan or MRI is recommended for follow‐up, especially for patients with a history of neck dissection. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2007
Serving two organizations: Exploring the employment relationship of contracted employees
Authors: Coyle‐Shapiro Jacqueline A‐M , Morrow Paula C. , Kessler Ian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough growth has occurred in contract employment arrangements both in the public and private sectors, scant research has been conducted on the organizations and employees affected by these arrangements.This study examines the employment relationship of long‐term contracted employees using a social exchange framework. Specifically, we examine the effects of employee perceptions of organizational support from contracting and client organizations on their (a) affective commitment to each organization and (b) service‐oriented citizenship behavior. We also examine whether felt obligation toward each organization mediates this relationship. Our sample consists of 99 long‐term contracted employees working for four contracting organizations that provide services to the public on behalf of a municipal government. Results indicate that the antecedents of affective commitment are similar for the client and contracting organization. Employee perceptions of client organizational supportiveness were positively related to felt obligation and commitment to the client organization. Client felt obligation mediated the effects of client perceived organizational support (POS) on the participation dimension of citizenship behavior. Our study provides additional support for the generalizability of social exchange processes to nontraditional employment relationships. Implications for managing long‐term contracted employees are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.