bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an Equivalent Hole Effective Massfor Si/SiGe Structures
Authors: Rodríguez Salvador , Banqueri J. , Carceller J. E. 
Published: September 2007

We have studied the carrier profile and calculated a unique effective mass for a two‐dimensional
hole gas confined in a SiO2/Si/Si1_xGex/Si structure when an external
voltage is applied. For this purpose, we have solved the system of differential equations
provided by the 6 x 6 Luttinger Hamiltonian [1] simultaneously with the Poisson
equation, applying an iterative process until convergence was achieved. This enabled us
to incorporate the warping and the strong coupling among the subbands that constitute
the band structure [2].From the calculated density of carriers we were able to evaluate an average effective
mass. Although our calculations indicate that this effective mass varies notably with the
hole confinement level, in general, we observed a decrease in the calculated effective
mass as the molar fraction of Ge increases, which might justify the use of this kind of
device.
A Regularly Structured Parallel Multiplier with Low‐power Non‐binary‐logic Counter Circuits
Authors: Lin Rong 
Published: September 2007

A highly regular parallel multiplier architecture along with the novel low‐power, high‐performance
CMOS implementation circuits is presented. The superiority is achieved
through utilizing a unique scheme for recursive decomposition of partial product
matrices and a recently proposed non‐binary arithmetic logic as well as the
complementary shift switch logic circuits.The proposed 64×64‐b parallel multiplier possesses the following distinct features:
(1) generating 64 8×8‐b partial product matrices instead of a single large one; (2)
comprising only four stages of bit reductions: first, by 8×8‐b small parallel multipliers,
then, by small parallel counters in each of the remaining three stages. A family of shift
switch parallel counters, including non‐binary (6, 3)∗ and complementary (k, 2) for
2 ≤ k ≤ 8, are proposed for the efficient bit reductions; (3) using a simple final adder.The non‐binary logic operates 4‐bit state signals (representing integers ranging from
(0 to 3), where no more than half of the signal bits are subject to value‐change at any
logic stage. This and others including minimum transistor counts, fewer inverters, and
low‐leakage logic structure, significantly reduce circuit power dissipation.
Complementary therapy: complement or threat to modern medicine?
Authors: Veeramah E.K. , Holmes S. 
Published: September 2007

Some believe that medicine has lost its holistic perspective as a result of which many people now seek help from 'alternative' practitioners who seem able to devote time to their patients and listen to their concerns. Such practitioners also treat the 'whole person' rather than only their symptoms, a feature which seems to be valued by patients. The use of complementary therapies is, therefore, increasing world-wide. This paper explores this increase, questioning whether this truly reflects dissatisfaction with 'traditional' (allopathic) medicine or rather represents an increased satisfaction with 'alternative' therapies. It also investigates the use of such therapies in mainstream medicine revealing considerable variation in attitudes towards and use of such therapies in current medical practice questioning whether this should be seen as a threat to modem medicine or their use may enhance patient well-being and quality of life.
The use of anthropometric and clinical parameters for early identification and categorisation of nutritional risk in pre-school children in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Ojo O. , Deane R. , Amuna P. 
Published: September 2007

This study was conducted in Benin City, Nigeria between June and August 1996 to assess nutritional status and health risks of three to five-year-old children, with the view to suggesting practical approaches to their early detection and intervention. A total of 165 children comprising 90 males and 75 females was studied. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight-for-age (WFA), weight-for-height (WFH) and height-for-age (HFA) z-scores were determined and used to calculate percentage preva lence of malnutrition. Clinical features of macro- and micro-nutrient deficiency were used to develop a clinical scoring system which was subsequently matched with anthro pometric z-scores. The results showed that MUAC z-scores (-1.91 SD±0.74) gave the highest percentage prevalence of malnutrition of 45.2% in this population, followed by the WFA (-1.22 SD±1.07) and HFA (-0.84 SD±1.42) z-scores with a percentage preva lence of 23.3% and 20.6% respectively. The WFH z-score (-0.89 SD±1.06) was the least sensitive in detecting malnutrition (14.7% prevalence). The percentage prevalence calculated from MUAC z-scores matched FAO figures (43%) for the sub-Saharan African region in 1996. MUAC z-scores also correlated more closely with the clinical features of malnutrition (R2 = 0.7087). Progressively worsening clinical features were also seen with decreasing z-scores for all variables. Even though moderate differences in clinical and anthropometric variables were detected between the sexes with females fairing better than male subjects, these differences were not statistically significant. Comparisons between anthropometric variables showed only weak correlation, except for WFA vs. HFA z-scores (R2 = 0.5233) and WFH vs. WFA z-scores (R2 = 0.4559) which showed moderately positive correlation. We conclude that whereas MUAC z-scores were most sensitive in detecting the extent of malnutrition in this population, merely using anthropometric variables alone may lead to significant under-reporting of the prevalence of malnutrition in a commu nity. A combination of various anthropometric z-scores with clinical features will how ever help in the early identification and categorisation of subjects in terms of degree of nutritional risk. The training of field health and nutrition workers should therefore emphasise the routine use and combination of anthropometric and clinical variables in the determination of prevalence of malnutrition and in the formulation of intervention strategies for nutrition rehabilitation.
Do Asians with diabetes in Sandwell receive inferior primary care? A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Stewart A. , Rao J.N. 
Published: September 2007

Although diabetes is more prevalent among Asian people, Asians with diabetes are anecdotally believed to receive a lesser standard of care, compared with non-Asians. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Asian patients with diabetes in Sandwell receive an inferior standard of care in primary care compared with non-Asians. Standards were based on tests carried out, in compliance with Sandwell's Diabetes Local Clinical Guideline. Data were collected from records of 774 patients with diabetes in 14 Sandwell practices. Proportions were recorded of Asian patients receiving specified tests, compared with non-Asians. No significant differences were observed between Asians and non- Asians for checks on feet, eyes, body mass index (BMI), smoking or blood pressure. Significantly fewer Asians received an HbA1c check. The mean HbA1c value was higher in Asians. More Asian patients received a urine test than non-Asians. Asian patients generally had lower BMI values. When stratified by practice however, no significant differences between Asians and non-Asians were observed for any single check. No significant differences were found between the over all proportions of checks carried out between Asians and non-Asians. A wide variation was observed in the proportion of patients who had individual checks done, between practices. There were no systematic differences in the standard of care given to Asian and non-Asian patients. Practices varied a great deal in the extent to which they carry out, and record, checks on patients with diabetes. A possible explanation for the reason that no summary result showed a significant difference was due to the confounding effect of the practice: that general practices tended to treat all their patients - Asian and non-Asian - similarly. Nevertheless, general prac titioners should therefore take steps to ensure that all patients with dia betes have these checks at recommended intervals.
Comfort and health in commercial aircraft: a literature review
Authors: Brundrett Geoffrey 
Published: September 2007

Air travel is becoming increasingly more accessible to people both through the avail ability of cheap flights and because the air lines are now able to cater for individuals of all ages and disabilities. The wide bodies of many new aircraft permit the airlines to have very flexible seating options. Airline operators currently have an important role in determin ing the comfort and spaciousness of the seat ing in their aircraft. Passengers who remain seated for the bulk of a flight may risk oedema or deep vein thrombosis. This could be particularly impor tant for larger people in certain economy class seats. The absence of smoking on planes has encouraged designers to cut back on the rate of cabin ventilation and hence introduce fil tered recirculated air to the aircraft cabin. In new planes the ventilation rate is under pilot control and savings (economies) can be achieved by using decreased ventilation. A lower ventilation rate may lead to 'less com fortable air quality' in some parts of the plane and an increased risk of possible cross-infec tion from other passengers on the flight. Technological advances in jet engine design has permitted larger passenger planes to fly longer distances and at greater altitudes than ever before. The higher flying altitude is asso ciated with a lower cabin pressure, which has an important physiological effect on oxygen saturation in the blood of both crew and pas sengers, particularly for the very young, the elderly and those who are less fit.
Pattern of hand injuries in children and adolescents in a teaching hospital in Abha, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mirdad Tarek 
Published: September 2007

Over a seven-year period, 136 children and adolescents with hand injuries were prospectively studied at the Accident and Emergency Department of Asir Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Ara bia, to determine the pattern of hand injury. The male:female ratio was 1.7:1.0, both left and right hands were relatively equally injured. The age group ranged from two months to 16 years (average 5.3 years). The finger most commonly injured was the middle finger (24.6%) followed by the index finger (18.7%). The most common type of hand injury was crush injuries caused by doors at home (52.2%), heavy objects (6.6%) and injuries caused by grinding machines (6.6%). Since youngsters are often unaware of the dangers in their environment it is necessary to redesign the doors of our homes with safety devices to prevent injuries. Application of hydraulic auto matic door closures is a simple but useful way of ensuring smooth and safe closing of doors in homes.
Changes and developments in cancer prevention
Authors: Hill M.J. 
Published: September 2007

During the last 125 years, there has been a massive decrease in mortality from infectious disease, as a result of improved public health and later as a result of antibiotic use. This has led to a consequent increase in life span from less than 50 (when cancer is rare) to more than 70 (when cancer is common). As a result of these changes, cancer has moved from being a very minor cause of mortality in 1876 to one of the two major causes by 2000. During the last century theories of the causation of cancer have changed progressively. In the early phase the main cause was thought to be environ mental contamination with carcinogenic chemicals. Later, it was thought that all cancers were caused by cancers, then that cancer was caused by a breakdown in immune-surveillance. For 40 years we have known that tobacco smoke is a major cause of respiratory and other cancers, and preventive measures are cur rently having a dramatic effect on male lung cancer mortality. During the last 25 years it has become apparent that diet is the other major cause of cancer, but theories have moved steadily from a search for causal agents (eg, too much fat) to protective agents (eg, too little fruit and vegetable). Currently it is accepted that all of the above theories contribute to the total cancer risk.
Slimming experience among college students: variability in metabolic rate between and within individuals and its relevance to 'success' in slimming
Authors: Auckland J.N. , Morrison Elizabeth , Hunt C. 
Published: September 2007

THE DESIRE to be slim constitutes a strong social feature in the United Kingdom. A common characteristic of slimming experiences is the large and unexplained individual variation in slimming 'suc cess', in response to similar reducing diets. A major underlying cause of this variation is the large individual variability in energy output or loss due to the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and this study set out to measure this quantum of variability amongst a group of 25 young people. The coefficient of variation between the 25 volun teers was 22% when R.M.R. is expressed as Kcal/24 hours and nearly 17% if expressed as Kcal/24 hours/kg body weight. The regression of R. M. R. on bodyweight gave a correlation coefficient of r = 0.709; thus r = 0.503 indicating that in this investigation approximately 50% of total variability in R.M.R. between individuals is accounted for by differences in body weight. How ever, two females similar in body weight, age and height differed in R.M.R. by nearly 50%. Coefficients of variation within the same individual on different occasions were about 9% in both individuals studied, and tests showed a significant difference between the highest and lowest values within each subject. Thus a given individual does not necessarily possess a fixed and unchanging metabolic rate. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to 'success' in slimming.
Road Traffic Accidents in Riyadh
Authors: Bener A. , Abouammoh A.M. , Elkahlout G.R. 
Published: September 2007

IN RIYADH, the capital of Saudi Arabia, develop ment has been taking place very rapidly. The Saudi government investment of oil industry revenues has played a major role in development. Naturally some problems, including road traffic accidents, has increased significantly as a result of development. The objective of this paper is to discuss the magni tude and the epidemiology of motor vehicle accidents and their resulting casualties which have occurred during the period 1974-85. It was observed that Riyadh has higher accidents rates but lower casualty rates than Kuwait.
Road Accidents Costs in Jordan
Authors: Jadaan Khair S. 
Published: September 2007

IT IS extremely difficult to derive an acceptable measure of the cost of road accidents and the task is even more difficult in developing countries. This paper reviews the main approaches used to produce estimates of the cost of road accidents, presents a discussion of the attempts made to cost traffic accidents in Jordan and provides estimates for the cost of hospitalised injuries. Using the records of the two private hospitals in Irbid, hospital costs are estimated and presented as average unit costs and total costs.
Biomedical Surveillance of Workers Exposed to 4,4'-Methylene-bis-(2-Chloroaniline) (MBOCA) in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Wan K.C. , Dare B.R. , Street N.R. 
Published: September 2007

FROM 1984, a biomedical surveillance programme assessed the occupational exposure to 4, 4' methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) in seven factories which manufactured polyurethane poly mers. Urinary MBOCA concentrations were used to assess absorption of MBOCA which is a scheduled carcinogen under the Poisons Act in Western Aus tralia. The relevance and limitations of urinary MBOCA as a biological indicator of exposure to MBOCA, the use of spot urines based on creatinine concentrations in preference to 24 hour urine MBOCA estimations and urinary cytology are discussed. Preventive measures to reduce exposures to as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA principle) were imple mented after a seminar held in April 1987 which was attended by representatives of the seven factories concerned. Statistically significant falls in mean 24-hour urinary MBOCA levels were observed in follow-up levels in the five factories for which 'post-seminar' levels were measured.
Comparison of Phenothrin Shampoo and Malathion Lotion in the Treatment of Head Louse Infection
Authors: Kyle D.R. 
Published: September 2007

EIGHTY patients (age range 4-10 years) with head lice infection were recruited to the study. Forty patients were treated with a single application of 0.2% w/v phenothrin liquid shampoo and 40 with 0.2% w/v malathion lotion. Inspection of the patients one week later revealed that no live lice remained in either group, but that two patients had viable eggs in the malathion lotion group. Re-inspection four weeks after application revealed that five patients of the phenothrin shampoo group and seven of the malathion lotion group had viable eggs. Live lice were not seen to be present in either treatment group. The results indicate that both products are effective in the treatment of head lice infection and that the phenothrin shampoo would be a useful addition to the insecticides currently employed.
The New US Health Care Plan of 1993 and its Terminology
Authors: Wilson C. Nick 
Published: September 2007

The Clinton Administration is moving toward a fundamental change in the United States health care system. President Bill Clinton made the issue of health care reform one of his top campaign priorities and promised to introduce a reform pro posal for consideration in 1993. To that end, he asked his wife, Hillary Clinton, to lead the newly established Health Care Reform Task Force as it develops alternatives and the plan for health reform as promised to be introduced in 1993. While some uncertainty exists regarding how President Clinton will differ from candidate Clinton, current indications are that the health care reform will be somewhere between 'incre mental reform' which the opposition Republican Party favours, and the 'Single Payor/Canadian Style' approaches under which the federal government would take over most responsibilities now carried out by private health insurance companies. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the health reform plan, and to present the specialised terminology that is growing from the health reform initiatives.
Smoking Habits Among Physicians in Two Gulf Countries
Authors: Bener A. , Gomes J. , Anderson J.A.D. 
Published: September 2007

The smoking habit of physicians in United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Kuwait were studied as first step towards surveying the habit among medical professionals. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Kuwait between January-June 1990. Out of the 300 physicians who were contacted 252 (84%) completed the questionnaires, 190 (75%) were males and 62 (25%) were females. Among male physicians, current smokers were 86 (45.3%), ex-smokers were 34 (17.9%) and non- smokers were 70 (36.8%), while among the female physicians 10 (16%) were smokers and 52 (84%) were non-smokers. Also, a cross-sectional study was conducted between De cember 1991-November 1992 to identify the extent of smok ing among physicians in UAE. Of the 300 physicians, 275 (91.6%) responded, 214 (77.8%) were males and 61 (22.2%) were females. Among the males, current smokers were 94 (43.9%), ex-smokers were 32 (14.9%) and non-smokers were 88 (41.2%), while among the females 5 (8.2%) were smokers, 3 (4.9%) were ex-smokers and 53 (86.9%) were non-smokers. Most important factors responsible for non-smoking doctors for not taking up smoking were: 'Protection of health', 'Self- discipline' and 'To set a good example to others'. The majority of physicians in UAE (91.3%) and Kuwait (75.6%) strongly agreed that smoking is hazardous to health. The results revealed that less than 50% of physicians provide information to over 70% of smoking patients. The majority of physicians and health professionals were aware of association between smoking and various diseases. The ill- effects of tobacco smoking particularly as a major cause in relation to lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, coronary artery diseases, pulmonary emphysema, laryngeal cancer were widely and correctly known by all categories of doctors in both Gulf countries, UAE and Kuwait. The options favoured by doctors for preventing smoking included a ban on tobacco advertising, specific health waming on cigarette packs and restriction ofsmoking in public places, particularly hospitals and primary health clinics.
An Innovative Strategy to Promote Oral Health in Schoolchildren
Authors: Entwistle Nigel 
Published: September 2007

It is believed that the single most important factor affecting the incidence of dental caries in children is the frequency of exposure of teeth to non-milk extrinsic sugars, particularly sucrose, in the diet. Restricting consumption of sugar- containing snacks and drinks to mealtimes makes a signifi cant contribution to the reduction of dental caries in children and consequent improvement in oral health. Many schools offer children sugar-containing drinks and snacks at break-times although they may give children the option of healthy food choices at mealtimes. Attempts by dentists to persuade schools to change their break-time food and drink policies may be met with moderate success, especially with respect to drinks. Recently a sugar-free cup drink has been made available to schools in an attractive package and at an attractive price. An innovative campaign to promote sugar-free cup drinks in schools is described. By this campaign a reduction of dental caries' experience in schoolchildren may be achieved. Proposals are made for sugar-free cup drinks to be recog nised as a safe confectionery and to be endorsed with the 'Tooth-friendly Sweets' logo.
The role of nicotine in tobacco smoking: implications for tobacco control policy
Authors: Foulds Jonathan , Ghodse A.H. 
Published: September 2007

This paper outlines some of the evidence that tobacco smoking is maintained by addiction to nicotine. Smokers often perceive that tobacco helps them cope with stress and aids their mental alertness. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms are one important factor pre venting many smokers from quitting (only about 3% succeed with each unaided quit attempt). A number of policies are suggested to reduce the health consequences of smoking more quickly than at present. These include (a) banning all tobacco advertising and prosecuting retailers who sell illegally to children, in order to reduce the number of young people becoming addicted, (b) increasing the real price of tobacco in order to encourage more people to try to stop smoking, (c) providing specialist smokers' clinics in every large general hospital in order to assist highly motivated but addicted smokers to quit and (d) increasing the rate at which tobacco manufacturers must reduce permissible tar and carbon monoxide yields, such that in 20 years time only nicotine delivery products which are free of tar and carbon monoxide will be allowed.