bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Cycle Fatigue
Authors: Solomon HD , Halford GR , Kaisand LR , Leis BN 
Published: February 2009

Description
The symposium on Low Cycle Fatigue: Directions for the Future was held in Bolton Landing (on Lake George), New York, 30 September to 4 October 1985. It was sponsored by ASTM Committee E09 on Fatigue, with support from the Hudson-Mohawk Chapter of AIME and the Eastern New York Chapter of ASM. The symposium was organized by Harvey D. Solomon (chairman), Brian Leis, Gary Halford, and Leonard Kaisand.
Ground-Water Contamination: Field Methods
Authors: Collins AG , Johnson AI 
Published: February 2009

Description
Reviews and evaluates field methods used to study ground-water contamination. 30 peer-reviewed papers examine:
• ground-water sampling and sampling in unsaturated soils
• well-drilling (construction and monitoring)
• geophysical exploration
• quality assurance
• soil permeability
• and nonpoint source investigations.
Some case histories are included: for hydrologic engineer, hydrogeologists, soil scientists, and geotechnical engineers.
Men are Missing from African Family Planning
Authors: Frost Ashley E. , Dodoo F. Nii-Amoo 
Published: February 2009

Roughly 50 years ago it became clear that women across the developing world were bearing more children than they wanted. Poor access to modern contraception meant women couldn't properly plan their families or prevent unwanted pregnancies. Demographers and policy makers foresaw a potentially catastrophic global population explosion, and significant financial investments in family planning programs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America followed.
The Impact of Environmental Heterogeneity on Genetic Architecture in a Wild Population of Soay Sheep
Authors: Robinson Matthew R , Wilson Alastair J , Pilkington Jill G , Clutton-Brock Tim H , Pemberton Josephine M , Kruuk Loeske E B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This work demonstrates that environmental conditions experienced by individuals can shape their development and affect the stability of genetic associations. The implication of this observation is that the environmental response may influence the evolution of traits in the wild. Here, we examined how the genetic architecture of a suite of sexually dimorphic traits changed as a function of environmental conditions in an unmanaged population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries) on the island of Hirta, St. Kilda, northwest Scotland. We examined the stability of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental (residual) covariance in males during the first year of life between horn length, body weight, and parasite load in environments of different quality. We then examined the same covariance structures across environments within and between the adult sexes. We found significant genotype-by-environment interactions for lamb male body weight and parasite load, leading to a change in the genetic correlation among environments. Horn length was genetically correlated with body weight in males but not females and the genetic correlation among traits within and between the sexes was dependent upon the environmental conditions experienced during adulthood. Genetic correlations were smaller in more favorable environmental conditions, suggesting that in good environments, loci are expressed that have sex-specific effects. The reduction in genetic correlation between the sexes may allow independent evolutionary trajectories for each sex. This study demonstrates that the genetic architecture of traits is not stable under temporally varying environments and highlights the fact that evolutionary processes may depend largely upon ecological conditions.
Duplication, Selection and Gene Conversion in aDrosophila mojavensisFemale Reproductive Protein Family
Authors: Kelleher Erin S , Markow Therese A 
Published: February 2009

AbstractProtein components of the Drosophila male ejaculate, several of which evolve rapidly, are critical modulators of reproductive success. Recent studies of female reproductive tract proteins indicate they also are extremely divergent between species, suggesting that reproductive molecules may coevolve between the sexes. Our current understanding of intersexual coevolution, however, is severely limited by the paucity of genetic and evolutionary studies on the female molecules involved. Physiological evidence of ejaculate–female coadaptation, paired with a promiscuous mating system, makes Drosophila mojavensis an exciting model system in which to study the evolution of reproductive proteins. Here we explore the evolutionary dynamics of a five-paralog gene family of female reproductive proteases within populations of D. mojavensis and throughout the repleta species group. We show that the proteins have experienced ongoing gene duplication and adaptive evolution and further exhibit dynamic patterns of pseudogenation, copy number variation, gene conversion, and selection within geographically isolated populations of D. mojavensis. The integration of these patterns in a single gene family has never before been documented in a reproductive protein.
Impact of Postnatal Corticosteroid Use on Neurodevelopment at 18 to 22 Months' Adjusted Age: Effects of Dose, Timing, and Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Wilson-Costello Deanne , Walsh Michele C. , Langer John C. , Guillet Ronnie , Laptook Abbot R. , Stoll Barbara J. , Shankaran Seetha , Finer Neil N. , Van Meurs Krisa P. , Engle William A. , Das Abhik ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE. Postnatal steroid use decreases lung inflammation but increases impairment. We hypothesized that increased dose is associated with increased neurodevelopmental impairment, lower postmenstrual age at exposure increases impairment, and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia modifies the effect of postnatal corticosteroid.METHODS. Steroid dose and timing of exposure beyond 7 days was assessed among 2358 extremely low birth weight infants nested in a prospective trial, with 1667 (84%) survivors examined at 18 to 22 months' postmenstrual age. Logistic regression tested the relationship between impairment (Bayley Mental Developmental Index/Psychomotor Developmental Index of &lt;70, disabling cerebral palsy, or sensory impairment), total dose (tertiles: &lt;0.9, 0.9–1.9, and ≥1.9 mg/kg), and postmenstrual age at first dose. Separate logistic regression tested effect modification according to bronchopulmonary dysplasia severity (Romagnoli risk &gt; 0.5 as high risk, n = 2336 (99%) for days of life 4–7).RESULTS. Three hundred sixty-six (16%) neonates were steroid-treated (94% dexamethasone). Treated neonates were smaller and less mature; 72% of those treated were at high risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Exposure was associated with neurodevelopmental impairment/death. Impairment increased with higher dose; 71% dead or impaired at highest dose tertile. Each 1 mg/kg dose was associated with a 2.0-point reduction on the Mental Developmental Index and a 40% risk increase for disabling cerebral palsy. Older age did not mitigate the harm. Treatment after 33 weeks' postmenstrual age was associated with greatest harm despite not receiving the highest dose. The relationship between steroid exposure and impairment was modified by the bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk, with those at highest risk experiencing less harm.CONCLUSIONS. Higher steroid dose was associated with increased neurodevelopmental impairment. There is no “safe” window for steroid use in extremely low birth weight infants. Neonates with low bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk should not be exposed. A randomized trial of steroid use in infants at highest risk is warranted.
Efficient Channels of Energy Transfer in High Light Yield LuI3:Ce Scintillator
Authors: Knizhnik Andrey , Vasil'ev Andrey N. , Iskandarova Inna M. , Scherbinin Andrey V. , Markov Igor , Bagatur'yants Alexander A. , Potapkin Boris , Srivastava Alok , Vartuli James , Duclos Steven 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe extremely high scintillation efficiency of lutetium iodide doped by cerium is explained as a result of several factors controlling the energy transfer from the host matrix to activator, two of which are investigated in the present paper. The first one is the increase of the efficiency of energy transfer from self-trapped excitons to cerium ions in the row LuCl3-LuBr3-LuI3. The STE structure and the efficiency of STE to cerium energy transfer are verified by cluster ab initio calculations. We propose and theoretically validate the possibility of a new channel of energy transfer to excitons and directly to cerium, namely the Auger process when Lu 4f hole relaxes to the valence band hole with simultaneous creation of additional exciton or excitation of cerium. This process should be efficient in LuI3, and inefficient in LuCl3. In order to justify this channel we perform calculations of density of states using a periodic plane-wave density functional approach. The performed estimations theoretically justify the high LuI3:Ce3+ scintillator yield.
Bistable Electrical Switching and Rewritable Memory Effect in a Thin Film Acrylate Copolymer Containing Carbazole-Oxadiazole Donor–Acceptor Pendant Groups
Authors: Teo Eric , Ling Qidan , Lim Siew Lay , Neoh Koon Gee , Kang En-Tang , Chan Daniel Siu Hung , Zhu Chunxiang 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe molecular conformation-dependent write-once read-many-times (WORM) memory based on an acrylate polymer containing pendant carbazole (donor) groups is transformed into a flash (rewritable) memory when acrylate units containing pendant oxadiazole (acceptor) groups are incorporated to form a copolymer. The as-fabricated device based on the acrylate copolymer containing carbazole-oxadiazole donor-acceptor pendant groups is in its low conductivity state and can be written to a high conductivity state at a threshold voltage of -1.8 V. The high conductivity state can be switched (erased) to the low conductivity state with a positive bias of 3.6 V. The device exhibits a high ON/OFF current ratio of 103 at a read voltage of -1 V. This rewritable polymer memory can be programmed and erased repeatedly with good accuracy. The copolymer is potentially useful for application in flash memory devices.
Laser Direct Drawing of Silver Microwiring on a Double-Decker-Shaped Polysilsesquioxane Film using Silver Nanoparticle Ink
Authors: Aminuzzaman Mohammod , Watanabe Akira , Miyashita Tokuji 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRecent years have witnessed an explosion of interest in the application of polymers as the substrates for various electronic and display devices. The advantages of polymers are their mechanical flexibility, light weight, enhanced durability, roll-to-roll fabrication and low cost compared with rigid materials (such as silicon and glass). Hybrid polymers have drawn great attention because they offer the opportunity to prepare high-performance multifunctional advanced materials through the combination of properties of organic and inorganic segments. Recently, a new approach to construction of nanohybrid materials based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxne (POSS) as an inorganic moiety has attracted a lot of interest. Double-decker-shaped silsesquioxane (DDSQ) is a new family of silsesquioxane consisting of nanometer-sized Si-O-Si cage structure functionalized with a wide variety of organic groups. DDSQ-based hybrid polymer (Double-decker-shaped polysilsesquioxane, DDPSQ) possesses many fascinating properties such as high thermal stability, good mechanical properties, low dielectric constant, excellent transparency, excellent flexibility and so on. Due to these fascinating properties, DDPSQ can be used as a potential candidate substrate for various flexible electronic devices. For such applications drawing of conductive metal (Au, Cu, Ag) patterns on a DDPSQ substrate is required. Herein, we have described fabrication of Ag microwiring with submicron resolution on a DDPSQ film by laser direct writing. The line width of the Ag-wiring fabricated by this laser direct-write maskless technique can be controlled flexibly by changing the objective lens magnification and the focusing point. With an objective lens magnification 100x, Ag microwiring with a line width of about 5 μm has been achieved. The Ag-wiring shows an excellent adhesion to DDPSQ surface as evaluated by Schotch tape test. The resistivity of the Ag-wiring is determined to be 4.3 × 10-6 Ω cm ,which is comparable that of bulk Ag (1.6 × 10-6 Ω cm).
Diamond: A New Research Programme to Support UK Decommissioning, Immobilisation and Management of Nuclear Wastes for Disposal
Authors: Hyatt Neil Christian , Biggs Simon R , Livens Francis R. , Young James C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe background and planned research activities are outlined for a new UK research consortium focused on Decommissioning, Immobilisation And Management Of Nuclear-wastes for Disposal (DIAMOND). This consortium is the first integrated trans-disciplinary and multi-institution academic research network in the UK, focused on nuclear waste management.
Glass Development for Vitrification of Wet Intermediate Level Waste (WILW) from Decommissionning of the Hinkley Point ‘A’ Site
Authors: Bingham Paul A , Hyatt Neil C , Hand Russell J , Wilding Christopher R 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Immobilisation Science Laboratory, University of Sheffield, is working with Magnox South Ltd to develop a range of glass formulations that are suitable for vitrification of the Wet Intermediate Level Waste (WILW) envelope arising from decommissioning of the Hinkley Point ‘A’ (HPA) power station. Four waste mixtures or permutations are under consideration for volume reduction and immobilisation by vitrification. The inorganic fractions of several of the wastes are suitable for vitrification as they largely consist of SiO2, MgO, Fe2O3, Na2O, Al2O3 and CaO. However, difficulties may arise from the high organic and sulphurous contents of certain waste streams, particularly spent ion exchange (IEX) resins. IEX resin wastes may be the key factor in limiting waste loading, and possible thermal pre&#61485;treatments of IEX resin to decrease C and S contents prior to vitrification have been investigated. Our results suggest that low&#61485;temperature (90 °C) pre&#61485;treatment is more favourable than high&#61485;temperature (250, 450, 1000 °C) pre&#61485;treatment. A thorough desktop study has provided initial candidate glass compositions which have been down&#61485;selected on the basis of glass forming ability, melting temperature, viscosity, liquidus temperature, chemical durability and potential sulphate capacity. Early results for two of the candidate glass formulations indicate that formation of an amorphous product with at least 35 wt % (dry waste) loading is achievable for HPA IEX resin wastes.
Electrical Performance of Calcium doped Lanthanum Ferrite for use in Single-Step Co-fired Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
Authors: Zink Peter A. , Yoon Kyung Joong , Pal Uday B. , Gopalan Srikanth 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn the single-step SOFC co-firing process YSZ electrolytes with sintering aid densify at a temperature of ˜1300°C. Electrodes employed in the single-step co-fired SOFC must therefore sinter with the right microstructure at ˜1300°C. Calcium-doped lanthanum ferrite, La0.8Ca0.2FeO3±&#948; (LCF-20) was identified in earlier studies as a possible stable cathode material for the single-step co-fired SOFC. LCF-20 is also expected to be a more stable cathode material than LSCF (strontium and cobalt doped lanthanum ferrite).
Four-probe conductivity tests yielded ˜93 S/cm at 800°C and showed an increase in conductivity as pO2 increases, characteristic of p-type conduction. LCF has a higher electrical conductivity compared to LSCF and LCM+YSZ cathode materials. Oxygen ion conductivity of LCF-20 obtained from permeability measurements is higher than that of YSZ and LSF-20. Therefore LCF has excellent mixed conducting properties to serve as a catalytically active cathode material for co-fired solid oxide fuel cells operating at intermediate temperatures.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were made on symmetrical cells fabricated with YSZ electrolyte and the electrode materials. A gadolium doped ceria (GDC) barrier layer was employed to prevent LCF/YSZ reaction. Comparison of LCF/GDC/YSZ/GDC/LCF EIS data to LCM+YSZ/YSZ/LCM+YSZ EIS data gathered using identical test conditions and electrode microstructures shows that LCF has a measured polarization resistance (Rp) of approximately half that seen in LCM+YSZ. Variations in cathode thickness and porosity show the best performance with a cathode of a critical thickness and finer porosity.
Slight stoichiometric deviations in LCF result in the formation of a Ca-Fe-O liquid phase during electrode sintering at around 1220 C. The liquid phase migrates into and through the GDC layer. EDX line scans show the second phase to be rich in Ca and Fe. Thicker GDC layers seem to prevent the liquid phase from reaching the electrolyte/GDC interface. Structural analysis with TEM will be performed.
The properties and the effect of the Ca-Fe-O phase on the cathodic performance of the cell are being investigated; however, preliminary results indicate that minor amounts of the Ca-Fe-O phase will not interfere with the electrochemical performance of the LCF cathode. The high temperature instability in LCF has been observed in other studies, but has not been studied specifically in the literature.
Experimental Studies and Thermodynamic Simulations of Phase Transformations in Ti-(41-45)Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B Alloys
Authors: Clemens Helmut , Boeck Barbara , Wallgram Wilfried , Schmoelzer Thomas , Droessler Laura M. , Zickler Gerald A. , Leitner Harald , Otto Andreas 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTNM™ alloys are novel γ-TiAl based alloys which exhibit a high concentration of β-stabilizing elements such as Nb and Mo. Due to the high volume fraction of disordered β-phase these alloys can be hot-die forged under near conventional conditions. In this study, solid-state phase transformations and phase transition temperatures in Ti-(41-45)Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (in at%) alloys were analyzed experimentally and compared to thermodynamic calculations. Results from scanning electron microscopy, conventional and high-energy X-ray diffraction as well as differential scanning calorimetry were used for the characterization of the prevailing phases and phase transformations. For the prediction of phase stabilities and phase transition temperatures thermodynamic calculations were conducted. ThermoCalc® was applied using a commercially available TiAl database. Combining all results a stable as well as a metastable phase diagram for Ti-(41-45)Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B alloys is proposed.
Microscale Fracture Toughness Testing of TiAl PST Crystals
Authors: Miyaguchi Daisuke , Otsu Masaaki , Takashima Kazuki , Takeyama Masao 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA microscale fracture testing technique has been applied to examine the fracture properties of lamellar in TiAl PST crystals. Micro-sized cantilever specimens with a size ˜ 10×20×50 μm3 were prepared from Ti-48Al two-phase single crystals (PST) lamellar by focused ion beam (FIB) machining. Notches with a width of 0.5 μm and a depth of 5 μm were also introduced into the specimens by FIB. Two types of notch directions (interlamellar and translamellar) were selected when introducing the notches. Fracture tests were successfully completed using a mechanical testing machine for micro-sized specimens at room temperature. The fracture toughness (KQ) values of the interlamellar type specimens were obtained in the range 1.5–3.6 MPam1/2, while those of the translamellar specimens were 5.0–8.1 MPam1/2. These fracture toughness values are lower than those having been previously reported in conventional TiAl PST samples. For macro-sized specimens, extrinsic toughening mechanisms, including shear ligament bridging, act in the crack wake, and the crack growth resistance increases rapidly with increasing length of crack wake for lamellar structured TiAl alloys. In contrast, the crack length in microsized specimens is only 2–3 μm. This indicates that extrinsic toughening mechanisms are not activated in micro-sized specimens. This also indicates that intrinsic fracture toughness can be evaluated using microscale fracture toughness testing.
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Co3(Al,W) with the L12 Structure
Authors: Oohashi Takashi , Okamoto Norihiko L. , Kishida Kyosuke , Tanaka Katsushi , Inui Haruyuki 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSince the ternary intermetallic compound Co3(Al,W) with the L12 structure was discovered, two-phase Co-base alloys composed of the γ-Co solid-solution phase and the γ'-Co3(Al,W) phase as a strengthening phase have been investigated as promising high-temperature materials. Some Co-base alloys have been reported to exhibit high-temperature strength greater than those of conventional Ni-base superalloys. Although the excellent high-temperature physical properties of the Co-based alloys are considered to result from the phase stability and strength of Co3(Al,W), the pristine physical properties of Co3(Al,W) have not been fully understood, supposedly due to the difficulties in obtaining single-phase Co3(Al,W). In the present study, we examine the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure of alloys with compositions close to single-phase Co3(Al,W) as well as their mechanical properties, e.g. elastic modulus, thermal expansion, etc., in hope of deriving the pristine properties of the Co3(Al,W) phase. A single crystal with the composition of Co-10Al-11W grown by floating-zone melting exhibits a thermal expansion coefficient of 10×10-6 K-1 at room temperature, which is virtually identical to those of the commercial Ni-base superalloys. However, it increases with increasing temperature followed by a discontinuity at around 1000°C, inferring the phase transformation from γ' to γ. The investigated thermal expansion behavior indicates that the lattice mismatch between the γ' and γ phases is reversed from positive at room temperature to negative at high temperatures above around 500°C. The results of elastic property measurement and environmental embrittlement investigation of polycrystalline Co3(Al,W) will also be presented.
Plastic Deformation Behavior of Ti5Si3 Single Crystals
Authors: Kishida Kyosuke , Fujiwara Masakazu , Okamoto Norihiko L. , Tanaka Katsushi , Inui Haruyuki 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDeformation behavior of binary stoichiometric Ti5Si3 single crystals was examined as a function of the loading axis orientation and temperature. Two different types of deformation modes, namely {1100}[0001] prism slip, {2112}1/3<2113> pyramidal slip were newly identified to be activated above 1300 °C depending on the loading axis orientation. Critical resolved shear stresses (CRSS) for the {1100}[0001] prism slip and {2112}1/3<2113> pyramidal slip were estimated to be about 130 MPa and 330 MPa at 1400 °C, respectively. The values of the CRSS for these two slip systems decrease monotonously with increasing the temperature.