bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental susceptibility of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (L.), and Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), to different genotypes of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus
Authors: Snow M , King J A , Garden A , Raynard R S 
Published: December 2005

AbstractViral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is a well‐characterized disease of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, which has also caused economic losses in marine turbot farms in the British Isles. We have previously demonstrated that turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, are susceptible to isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) that are endemic in the marine environment, highlighting a potential risk to marine aquaculture. Given the increasing interest in the intensive rearing of additional aquaculture species such as Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, and Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, this study aimed at investigating the susceptibility of these species to VHSV. Both species were found to be largely resistant to VHS following immersion challenge with a selection of 18 isolates, representing the known marine VHSV genotypes. Only one and two VHSV‐associated mortalities occurred out of a total of 1710 and 1254 halibut and cod, respectively. These findings suggest that there is a low direct risk to the development of commercial cod and halibut aquaculture from the existing endemic reservoir of VHSV. This study, coupled to field observations has, however, highlighted the fact that both species can become infected with VHSV. The known adaptability of RNA viruses, together with the selection pressures associated with intensive aquaculture would thus advocate a cautious approach to VHSV surveillance within these emerging industries.
Noradrenergic, serotonergic and GABAergic antagonists injected together into the XII nucleus abolish the REM sleep‐like depression of hypoglossal motoneuronal activity
Authors: FENIK VICTOR B. , DAVIES RICHARD O. , KUBIN LESZEK 
Published: December 2005

SummaryRecently, we reported that the suppression of hypoglossal (XII) motoneuronal activity that occurs during the carbachol‐induced, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep‐like state is abolished by the microinjection into the XII nucleus of a drug mix that antagonizes aminergic excitation and amino acid‐mediated inhibition (prazosin, methysergide, bicuculline and strychnine). We now assess the role of glycinergic inhibition in the depression of XII motoneuronal activity and estimate the distribution of the antagonists around the XII nucleus at the time when they are effective. Towards the first goal, REM sleep‐like episodes were elicited in urethane‐anesthetized rats by 10 nl carbachol microinjections into the dorsomedial pons prior to, and at different times after, combined microinjections into the XII nucleus of only three antagonists (strychnine omitted). As in our previous study, the carbachol‐induced depression of XII activity was abolished during tests performed 42–88 min after the antagonists, whereas other characteristic effects of carbachol (appearance of hippocampal theta, cortical activation, decreased respiratory rate) remained intact. The depressant effect of carbachol on XII motoneurons partially recovered after 2.5 h. Towards the second goal, using a drug diffusion model, we determined that the tissue concentrations of the antagonists at the time when they were effective were within the range of their selective actions, and the drugs acted within 0.9–1.4 mm from the injection sites, thus within a space containing XII motoneurons and their dendrites. We conclude that antagonism of α‐adrenergic, serotonergic, and GABAA receptors are sufficient to abolish the REM sleep‐like atonia of XII motoneurons.
Analysis of oscillatory patterns in the human sleep EEG using a novel detection algorithm
Authors: OLBRICH E. , ACHERMANN P. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryThe different brain states during sleep are characterized by the occurrence of distinct oscillatory patterns such as spindles or delta waves. Using a new algorithm to detect oscillatory events in the electroencephalogram (EEG), we studied their properties and changes throughout the night. The present approach was based on the idea that the EEG may be described as a superposition of stochastically driven harmonic oscillators with damping and frequency varying in time. This idea was implemented by fitting autoregressive models to the EEG data. Oscillatory events were detected, whenever the damping of one or more frequencies was below a predefined threshold. Sleep EEG data of eight healthy young males were analyzed (four nights per subject). Oscillatory events occurred mainly in three frequency ranges, which correspond roughly to the classically defined delta (0–4.5 Hz), alpha (8–11.5 Hz) and sigma (11.5–16 Hz) bands. Their incidence showed small intra‐ but large inter‐individual differences, in particular with respect to alpha events. The incidence and frequency of the events was characteristic for sleep stages and non‐rapid eye movement (REM)–REM sleep cycles. The mean event frequency of delta and sigma (spindle) events decreased with the deepening of sleep. It was higher in the second half of the night compared with the first one for delta, alpha and sigma oscillations. The algorithm provides a general framework to detect and characterize oscillatory patterns in the EEG and similar signals.
Frequency of narcolepsy symptoms and other sleep disorders in narcoleptic patients and their first‐degree relatives
Authors: OHAYON M. M. , FERINI‐STRAMBI L. , PLAZZI G. , SMIRNE S. , CASTRONOVO V. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryNarcolepsy is a rare neurological sleep disorder affecting around 0.05% of the general population. Genetic factors are known to have an important role in narcolepsy. However, because of its very low prevalence, it is difficult to have groups of comparison between first‐degree relatives and general population subjects in order to identify a specific spectrum of disorders in these families. Consequently, from 157 Italian patients with narcolepsy, 263 first‐degree relatives were recruited, two refused to participate. These family members were compared with a matched group of 1071 subjects selected from a sample of 3970 subjects representative of the general population of Italy (46 million inhabitants). Finally, 68 spouses of narcoleptic patients were used to assess for possible role of environmental factors. All subjects were interviewed by telephone using the Sleep‐EVAL system. Nineteen cases of narcolepsy were discovered among the first‐degree relatives of 17 probands (10.8%). Compared with the general population subjects, the relative risk of narcolepsy among female first‐degree relatives was of 54.4 and of 105.1 among male first‐degree relatives. First‐degree relatives were also at higher risk for idiopatic hypersomnia (OR: 23.0), obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OR: 6.8), adjustment sleep disorder (OR: 4.0), insufficient sleep syndrome (OR: 7.0), circadian rhythm disorders (OR: 2.5), REM behavior disorder (OR: 4.4), and sleep talking (OR: 2.0). The vulnerability to sleep disorders is very high in first‐degree relatives and the link with different expressivity and severity of hypersomnia can be confirmed.
Sleep loss‐related decrements in planning performance in healthy elderly depend on task difficulty
Authors: BLATTER KATHARINA , OPWIS KLAUS , MÜNCH MIRJAM , WIRZ‐JUSTICE ANNA , CAJOCHEN CHRISTIAN 
Published: December 2005

SummaryPrefrontal cortex (PFC)‐related functions are particularly sensitive to sleep loss. However, their repeated examination is intricate because of methodological constraints such as practice effects and loss of novelty. We investigated to what extent the circadian timing system and the sleep homeostat influence PFC‐related performance in differently difficult versions of a single task. Parallel versions of a planning task combined with a control group investigation were used to control for practice effects. Thirteen healthy volunteers (five women and eight men, range 57–74 years) completed a 40‐h sleep deprivation (SD) and a 40‐h multiple nap protocol (NAP) under constant routine conditions. Each participant performed 11 easy and 11 difficult task versions under either SD or NAP conditions. The cognitive and motor components of performance could be distinguished and analysed separately. Only by thoroughly controlling for superimposed secondary factors such as practice or sequence effects, could a significant influence of circadian timing and sleep pressure be clearly detected in planning performance in the more difficult, but not easier maze tasks. These results indicate that sleep loss‐related decrements in planning performance depend on difficulty level, and that apparently insensitive tasks can turn out to be sensitive to sleep loss and circadian variation.
Investigating couples’ sleep: an evaluation of actigraphic analysis techniques
Authors: MEADOWS R. , VENN S. , HISLOP J. , STANLEY N. , ARBER S. 
Published: December 2005

Summary‘Blip’ analysis, fast wavelet transformations (FWT) and correlation analysis have all been used to actigraphically assess the impact one person is having on another's sleep, yet no review exists as to the differences between, and applicability of, these methods for investigating couples’ sleep. Using actigraphy data and audio sleep diaries collected from 18 couples, this paper provides such a review. This paper constructs and assesses two novel, analytical methods: Lotjonen's sleep/wake algorithm, and the partner impact on sleep wake analysis (PISWA). Both ‘blip’ analysis and correlation suggest that the strongest relationship between bed partners occurs on an epoch‐to‐epoch basis. However, ‘blips’ deal strictly with onset of movement and fail to incorporate strength and duration of movement. Conversely, correlation analysis incorporates some elements of strength and duration of movement but makes identification of onset problematic. FWT offer useful ‘relativistic’ pattern recognition, identifying onset, strength and duration of movement, but are difficult to quantify. Although audio diary data support the potential of Lotjonen's sleep/wake algorithm to identify sleep non‐movement, sleep movement, wake non‐movement (or quiet wakefulness) and wake movement, the problem remains that this method also relies on visualization. Of most promise, we argue, is the PISWA, which examines ‘impact’ of bed partners through incorporating elements of ‘blip’ analysis and the sleep/wake algorithm.
Nocturnal ghrelin levels – relationship to sleep EEG, the levels of growth hormone, ACTH and cortisol – and gender differences
Authors: SCHUESSLER PETRA , UHR MANFRED , ISING MARCUS , SCHMID DAGMAR , WEIKEL JOTTA , STEIGER AXEL 
Published: December 2005

SummaryGhrelin, an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor, stimulates sleep, appetite and weight gain as well as the secretion of GH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol in humans and rodents. The interaction between nocturnal ghrelin levels, sleep EEG and the secretion of these hormones was not investigated systematically so far. Furthermore conflicting data exist on gender differences in nocturnal ghrelin secretion. We examined simultaneously sleep EEG and the nocturnal levels of ghrelin, GH, ACTH and cortisol in young and middle‐aged normal human subjects (eight males, eight females). A significant interaction between gender and the course of ghrelin concentration was observed to the interval between 20:00 and 23:00 hours. In males a continuous increase of ghrelin levels before sleep onset was found. In females, however, a rise of ghrelin during the night was missed. We found a trend suggesting a lower time spent in stage I sleep in subjects with high nocturnal ghrelin levels. Other systematic interactions between plasma ghrelin, sleep EEG and other hormones were not found. No peak in plasma ghrelin levels resembling the GH surge was observed. We suggest that under naturalistic conditions plasma ghrelin levels show no distinct interaction with sleep.
Functional brain imaging of a complex navigation task following one night of total sleep deprivation: a preliminary study
Authors: STRANGMAN GARY , THOMPSON JOHN H. , STRAUSS MONICA M. , MARSHBURN THOMAS H. , SUTTON JEFFREY P. 
Published: December 2005

SummarySeveral neuroimaging studies have demonstrated compensatory cerebral responses consequent to sleep deprivation (SD), but all have focused on simple tasks with limited behavioral response options. We assessed the cerebral effects associated with SD during the performance of a complex, open‐ended, dual‐joystick, 3D navigation task (simulated orbital docking) in a cross‐over protocol, with counterbalanced orders of normal sleep (NS) and a single night of total SD (∼27 h). Behavioral performance on multiple measures was comparable in the two sleep conditions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple compensatory SD > NS cerebral responses, including the posterior superior temporal sulcus [Brodmann area (BA) 39/22/37], prefrontal cortex (BA 9), lateral temporal cortex (BA 22/21), and right substantia nigra. Right posterior cingulate cortex (BA 31) exhibited NS > SD activity. Our findings extend the compensatory cerebral response hypothesis to complex, open‐ended tasks.
Occurrence ofSalmonellain the Ileum, Ileocolic Lymph Nodes, Tonsils, Mandibular Lymph Nodes and Carcasses of Pigs Slaughtered for Consumption
Authors: Vieira‐Pinto M. , Temudo P. , Martins C. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryThis study evaluates the occurrence ofSalmonellain pork carcasses and in some risk tissues (ileum, ileocolic and mandibular lymph nodes and tonsils), that can be involved inSalmonellacontamination during slaughter.Salmonellawas identified in 27 (26.7%) pigs and in 13 (12.9%) carcasses. From these positive carcasses, 69.2% presented the same serotype as that identified in the corresponding pig, which emphasize the pigs importance as a source ofSalmonelladuring the slaughter, suggesting that measures should be taken at the level of pig production in order to reduce the slaughtering ofSalmonella‐positive animals. The highest value ofSalmonellaoccurrence was reached in the ileocolic lymph nodes (18.8%) and in the ileum (13.9%), representingSalmonellapotential faecal source during pork processing at the abattoir. In these samples, a high level ofSalmonellawas observed in the ileocolic lymph nodes in comparison with the ileum. The mandibular lymph nodes (12.9%) also presented a higher occurrence in comparison with the tonsils (9.9%). These results indicate that the lymph nodes analysis could be more sensitive in the detection ofSalmonellathan the closer drainage tissue. Otherwise, the presence ofSalmonellain the lymph nodes indicates lymphatic spread of the organism, which reflects an increased risk of pork contamination. These results also indicate that, in order to achieve a better control ofSalmonellacontamination during the slaughter process, it is important to consider the improvement of the evisceration practices and the tonsils as well the extraction of mandibular lymph nodes after slaughter.
Eimeriosis in Cattle: Current Understanding
Authors: Daugschies A. , Najdrowski M. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryThis report addresses various aspects of the protozoan parasiteEimeriawhich contribute to their increasing recognition as important protozoal pathogens in cattle. Among others, questions of parasite biology and epidemiology, its impact on host physiology, and control strategies are dealt with. The tenacious oocysts are found ubiquitously in the environment making an infection of calves and young cattle, the most susceptible age group, almost inevitable. Further development, comprising of asexual multiplication, the merogony, and a subsequent sexual stage, the gamogony, takes place within cells of the small and large intestines, after which numerous unsporulated oocysts are formed and shed with the faeces. Of the more than a dozen species,Eimeria bovisandEimeria zuerniionly are made responsible for severe clinical disease characterized by haemorrhagic diarrhoea with sometimes fatal outcome. To a lesser extent,Eimeria alabamensisalso can cause clinical disease. Because of the damage inflicted on the intestinal tissue, the digestive process and overall homeostasis can become severly affected, even with absence of clinical disease, with adverse effects on animal welfare and performance. The consequent economic losses for the cattle industry are thus substantial. Active (species specific) immunity, both humoral and cellular, develops rapidly after first antigen contact, its intensity being dependent on the number of oocysts ingested. However, no absolute protection is achieved and even older animals can excrete oocysts, contributing to a state of endemic stability. For efficient control, exact diagnosis of theEimeriaspecies involved and the evaluation of animal management and husbandry practices are of utmost importance. Mixed infections are the rule and only an occurrence of pathogenic species, together with clinical symptoms, justifies the assumption of a coccidiosis. Proper hygiene regime and ensuring unfavourable conditions for oocyst survival in the environment (cool and dry, disinfection procedures) will help to reduce infection pressure on the herd. Of the various pharmacological compounds used to treat coccidiosis, those which act against the late developmental stages, administered during prepatency (metaphylactically rather than therapeutically), are currently considered most effective.
Development of Performance Indicators for the Bovine Clinical Salmonellosis Surveillance Network in France
Authors: Hendrikx P. , Chazel M. , Buret Y. , Dufour B. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryPerformance indicators are variables used to calculate on a continuous basis the operational level of a surveillance network's priority activities. A 10‐step process was developed to enable network co‐ordinators to identify specific performance indicators to help them monitor their networks. The methodology was based on a listing of surveillance activities, the definition and choice of network's global priority objectives, the construction of performance indicators and monitoring tables and the implementation of the system within the network. This process was implemented for the bovine clinical digestive salmonellosis surveillance network in France (RESSAB). The process produced a list of 26 activities synthesized into 15 global objectives, from which 12 were retained as priority objectives. This made it possible to develop 12 performance indicators. Indicators retrospectively calculated for the year 2003 indicated that RESSAB was operating according to the objectives set by the network's stakeholders and its financial supporter. The methodology was implemented successfully and was not very time consuming (12 person‐days) or expensive. The decision makers and actors in the network quickly appropriated the system. The methodology can thus be considered validated through this example. Nevertheless, the risks inherent in the use of performance indicators must be addressed by ensuring the relevance of the selected indicators through external assessment and by prioritizing an internal and participatory approach to avoid a misuse of the performance indicators. In addition, considering that performance indicators address only the operation of the network, relevance of surveillance procedure should be addressed by external evaluation.
Effect of independent expert reports in Australian takeovers
Authors: Bugeja Martin 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe Corporations Law 2001 mandates the preparation of an expert report in circumstances where the bidder is perceived to have a superior bargaining position. The present study tests whether the findings in Eddey (1993) can be extrapolated to all bids, irrespective of payment method. Inconsistent with Eddey, the results indicate that target premiums are lower where an expert report is required. The results confirm a higher frequency of price revisions where an expert indicates that the offer is ‘not fair’. However, this increased offer is insufficient to raise the price to the level in takeovers without expert reports.
Changes in risk characteristics of firms issuing hybrid securities: case of convertible bonds
Authors: Rai Atul 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe present paper examines changes in risk characteristics of a firm when it issues convertible bonds by studying the change in beta before and after the issuance of convertible bonds. Using a sample of 149 firms, strong evidence was found of change in beta, along with significant heterogeneity across firms. On average, the beta of a firm issuing convertible bonds declines, although 40 per cent of firms showed an increase in beta. A cross‐sectional regression shows that after controlling for the reversion‐to‐mean phenomenon, the change in beta is significantly related to potential dilution of equity as well as to increase in debt, but is not significantly related to either the change in bond rating of a firm or to the stated use of funds from issuance.
Consumer acceptance and physicochemical quality of osmodehydrated carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) slices
Authors: Maharaj Lauren K. , Badrie Neela 
Published: December 2005

AbstractConsumer acceptability and physicochemical properties of candied osmodehydrated (OD) carambola were evaluated in an effort to increase consumption of the fruit. Fresh carambola slices (Averrhoa carambola L.) were soaked in either 15% or 20% or 25% NaCl brine for 18 h, then in 40 °Brix sucrose for 18 h, followed by 60 °Brix sucrose for 18 h and dried at 55°C for 18 h. Slices soaked in 15% NaCl were most preferred by a focus group. Decreases in pH, total soluble solids (TSS) and increase in salinity were recorded in sucrose solutions after soaking carambola. During osmosis, carambola became less green and more orange‐yellow (P < 0.05). The pH of candied OD products varied between 3.62 and 4.16, salinity 16–28 ppt, TSS of 67–70 °Brix and 18.8–20.8% moisture. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in flavour or texture for products brined in 15% NaCl and soaked in either refined white sucrose (RS) solutions or brown unrefined sucrose (URS) syrups, but differences (P < 0.05) in appearance, colour and overall acceptability. Candied RS carambola had higher (P < 0.05) overall acceptability (6.2 – liked slightly to moderately) to products from URS (5.6 – neither liked nor disliked to liked slightly), which was also supported by paired preference testing. Flavour was most liked (P < 0.05) of all sensory attributes.
Fashion consumers and fashion problem recognition style
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Studak Cathryn M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractConsumer spending over the life span of today's 18‐ to 25‐year‐old emerging adults will reach into the $10 trillion range. Emerging adults are a powerful force in shaping demand for consumer products. The problem recognition styles associated with emerging adults can help marketers understand this group of consumers and provide insight into what kinds of products, services, and messages will appeal to them as lifelong consumers. The purpose of this study was to examine differences between men and women and among fashion consumer groups in fashion problem recognition style. Participants were a convenience sample of emerging adult consumers from one Midwestern university in the US, 136 men and 158 women who completed the Measure of Fashion Innovativeness and Opinion Leadership, Fashion Problem Recognition Style Scale, and provided demographic information. Both fashion followers and men reflected a need‐based approach to problem recognition. Both fashion change agents and women reflected a want‐based approach to problem recognition. Male fashion followers differed from all other groups in indicating a need‐based approach to problem recognition. This study built on previous work by examining differences in problem recognition style owing to fashion consumer group and gender. The basic premise behind problem recognition style was validated; that is, actual state (need‐based) vs. ideal state (want‐based) approaches to fashion problem recognition did relate to fashion consumer group membership and gender.