bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penetration of malathion into locusts
Authors: Ahmed Hafiz , Gardiner B. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTopically applied dilute solutions of malathion in kerosene extract ‘bottoms’ are more toxic and rapid in action than concentrated ones. Dilute solutions spread farther, penetrate more rapidly and consequently their rate of activation into the more toxic malaoxon is higher. With a single dose of 2·5% malathion the rate of penetration and activation varies according to the loci of topical application, presumably reflecting differences in sclerotisation of the cuticle. There are also inherent differences in the susceptibility of various body regions associated perhaps with the differential vulnerability of some vital internal organ (e.g. the central nervous system).Very rapid hydrolytic degradation of malathion occurs through its conversion into malaoxon; locusts survive the lethal action of malathion by way of such degradation only where activation into malaoxon takes place in areas away from the sensitive head region, or where the rate of activation is slow, or where the circulatory system delays its arrival at such sensitive sites.The higher rate of activation observable in immature adults of Schistocerca gregaria compared with mature adults is, however, counterbalanced by a higher rate of hydrolysis in the former.
A new model membrane system for the investigation of penetrative properties of plant growth substances
Authors: Kennedy C. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new model membrane system has been developed which simulates in many ways the behaviour of a plant cell membrane. It is very suitable for studying the penetration and associated effects of plant growth substances because of its large size (4.9±0.3 cm2), its ease of preparation and its reproducible properties. It consists of a Millipore filter disc impregnated with egg yolk lecithin, n‐octanol and n‐tetradecane.The effect of a number of plant growth and allied compounds on membrane conductivity at 25±0.5°c has been assessed by the addition of various concentrations of these substances to the solutions (0.01 M‐NaCl) on each side of the membrane. Certain compounds present in the solutions (pH 3.0) in the concentration range 10−4 M to 10−3 M considerably reduced the membrane conductivity. This effect was seen to be related to the structure of the hydrophobic portion of the molecule.The flux through the membrane at 25±0.5°c of various organic substances (2,4‐D, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, benzamide and benzaldehyde) was measured for membranes containing no lecithin and compared with the flux obtained in comparable experiments, with lecithin present in the membrane. The presence of lecithin increased the flux, and the percentage increase was used to assess in each case the part played by lecithin in transport. The flux of 2,4‐D was much greater at low pH values.A possible interpretation of these phenomena is suggested.
Changes in cross‐resistance patterns of houseflies selected with natural pyrethrins or resmethrin (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (±)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemate)
Authors: Farnham A. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA pyrethrins‐resistant strain of houseflies, 213ab, previously selected with a 1:10 (by wt.) mixture of natural pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide, was further selected either with natural pyrethrins alone (strain NPR) or with resmethrin (strain 104). After 50 generations the two populations differed in their resistance to the natural and synthetic esters. Both were resistant to all pyrethroids. Part of strain NPR was immune and very much more resistant than strain 104 to the natural pyrethrins and allethrin, but it was only 2–3 times more resistant than strain 104 against the new synthetic esters resmethrin (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (±)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemate), bio‐resmethrin (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemate), pyresmethrin (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl pyrethrate) and 5B2Me3FC (5‐benzyl‐2‐methyl‐3‐furylmethyl (±)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemate). Pretreatment of both strains with sesamex diminished but did not eliminate resistance. Synergism was greater in strain NPR, especially with natural pyrethrins and allethrin. Both strains had great resistance to DDT indicating that resistance to DDT and pyrethroids is linked.Differences in resistance to different compounds suggest that at least three factors can confer resistance, one of which, pen, delays penetration and two others involve detoxication, one py a on the acid side of the ester linkage and the other, py b, on the alcohol side. Natural pyrethrins and resmethrin select for different groupings of these factors. Treatment with resmethrin does not select for py b presumably because this mechanism cannot attack the resmethrin molecule. Similarly when piperonyl butoxide is added to the natural pyrethrins py b is inhibited and so removed from selection pressure. Under these conditions, the strain produced contains the same factors as one selected by resmethrin and so shows the same small resistance to natural pyrethrins alone.
Methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate, the fungitoxic principle of thiophanate‐methyl
Authors: Vonk J. W. , Sijpesteijn A. Kaars 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA correlation was found between the formation of benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate esters from the thiophanate fungicides [thiophanate, thiophanate‐methyl and 2‐(3‐methoxycarbonylthioureido)aniline] and the fungitoxie activity of these fungicides. Fungitoxic activity of the thiophanates is increased by ageing in aqueous media while fungitoxicity as well as conversion rate decrease at lower pH. It is concluded that it is not the thiophanates themselves but the corresponding benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate esters that are responsible for the fungitoxic effect. Hence thiophanate‐methyl, like benomyl, is a precursor of the fungitoxic agent methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate (MBC). Indications were obtained that fungal metabolic activity can increase the rate of conversion of thiophanate‐methyl into MBC.
Metabolism of 3‐chloro‐4‐methoxyaniline and some N‐acyl derivatives in soil
Authors: Briggs G. G. , Ogilvie S. Y. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract3‐Chloro‐4‐methoxyaniline at concentrations of 10ppm or more in soil is converted to a mixture of 3,3′dichloro‐4,4′‐dimethoxyazobenzene, 3‐chlorobenzoquinone‐4‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methoxy)anil and its reduction product 2,3′‐dichloro‐4‐hydroxy‐4‐'methoxydiphenylamine, probably by a free radical mechanism.The herbicide metoxuron, N'‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐N,N‐dimethylurea and its demethylated metabolites probably break down to the amine too slowly in soil for coupling products to be detected. 3‐Chloro‐4‐methoxyacetanilide at 25 ppm rapidly gives rise to amine coupling products in soil slurries and ethyl N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methoxyphenyl)carbamate does so after two months in the slurries.
The importance of whole plant studies in determining the biochemical mode of action of herbicides, as shown by studies with the experimental compound 6‐chloro‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐imidazo(4, 5‐b)pyridine
Authors: Bond C. P. , Corbett J. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe experimental herbicides 6‐chloro‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐imidazo(4,5b)pyridine and 2‐t‐butyl‐6‐chloroimidazo(4,5‐b)pyridine inhibit the Hill reaction of isolated chloroplasts by 50% at 1.5 and 2.4 pm, respectively. The first compound also uncouples plant and animal oxidative phosphorylation at about 50 pm, whilst the second compound is not an uncoupler, Surprisingly, light does not affect the herbicidal action of either compound on whole plants, so it is unlikely that the herbicidal activity is due to inhibition of the Hill reaction. Since both compounds probably act by the same mechanism, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation cannot be the site of herbicidal action, which therefore remains unknown.A study of the metabolism of 6‐chloro‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐imidazo(4,5‐b)pyridine shows the occurrence of hydroxylation of the pyridine ring in rat and maize and conversion to trifluoroacetic acid in the latter.
Degradation of phosphonates. breakdown of soman (O‐pinacolyl‐methylphosphonofluoridate in wheat plants
Authors: Hambrook Joy L. , Howells D. J. , Utley D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fate of pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Soman) in wheat has been studied. Using wheat grown in hydroponic culture and applying the compound Soman via the culture solution, it has been shown that Soman is rapidly hydrolysed in the plants and that the resulting pinacolyl hydrogen methylphosphonate is further degraded to methylphosphonic acid.
Fungicidal activity and chemical constitution. XVIII. The activity of 4‐(1‐cyclo‐, 1‐iso‐ and 1‐n‐propylalkyl)‐2, 6‐dinitrophenols against powdery mildews
Authors: Fieldgate Diana M. , James Carolyn S. , Byrde R. J. W. , Clifford D. R. , Woodcock D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of seven 4‐(1‐cyclopropylalkyl)‐ and eight 4‐(1‐isopropylalkyl)‐2, 6‐dinitrophenols is described. When tested, together with six 4‐(1‐n‐propylalkyl)‐2, 6‐dinitrophenols, several of these compounds showed high protectant activities against apple and cucumber powdery mildews. Their activities are discussed in relation to π values obtained from g.l.c. retention times, and to hydrogen bonding characteristics (both intra‐and inter‐) derived from infrared spectroscopic data.
Resistance to anticoagulants in rodents
Authors: Greaves J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present status of anticoagulant‐resistant populations of Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus in Britain is elaborated and special reference is made to evidence of the practical consequences of resistance for rodent control. A short review is given of genetical and toxicological aspects of resistance and it is predicted that continued dependence upon the anticoagulant rodenticides will lead to the development of new resistance problems. The failure of schemes for the eradication or containment of resistant rat populations by local use of alternative rodenticides is discussed and an approach based more soundly upon the principles of ecological genetics is indicated. It seems in practice, however, that the continued spread of resistance to anticoagulants in Britain is now inevitable and that the development of improved alternative rodenticides will be necessary in order to avoid a decline in the standard of rodent control.
Pyrethrum dermatitis I. The allergenic properties of various extracts of pyrethrum flowers
Authors: Rickett F. E. , Tyszkiewicz K. , Brown N. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExtracts of pyrethrum flowers were obtained by treatment with various aqueous and organic solvents. These were tested for immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs previously sensitised to pyrethrum by single subcutaneous injection of the ground flowers suspended in Freund's complete adjuvant. Strong reactions were elicited by various aqueous extracts of the flowers; the allergens are of high molecular weight, being non‐dialysable. A hexane extract (similar to pyrethrum oleoresin) produced a moderate reaction, but a commercially refined pyrethrum extract proved negative.An extract of the spent flowers with methylene chloride showed irritant effects in unsensitised guinea pigs.
Gelatin as a carrier for S2‐cyanoethyl N‐[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]thioacetimidate, an experimental molluscicide
Authors: Stephenson J. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGelatin and gelatin hardened by formaldehyde, were immersed in water or exposed out of doors on bare soil, and their resistance to these treatments is described. It is shown that the water‐soluble, protein‐rich, constituents of wheat bran are palatable to slugs and can be used as an arrestant. Hardened gelatin made with aqueous wheat bran extract in which the toxicant was incorporated did not disintegrate and continued to kill slugs over a large period in wet weather.
Effects of aliphatic acids on the metabolism and potency of fenitrothion in flour beetles
Authors: Rowlands D. G. , Dyte C. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFormic, acetic, or n‐propionic acid applied with fenitrothion to Tribolium castaneum, inhibited the production of both fenitroxon and O‐desmethyl fenitrothion, but did not appear to affect metabolic attack on the P‐O‐phenyl link. These effects are comparable to those of some pyrethrum synergists. The toxicity of fenitrothion was synergised by formic or acetic acid, and antagonised by propionic acid, but these effects on potency were slight.
Toxicity of some pyrethroids to the adult desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria forsk
Authors: Ford M. G. , Reay R. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of a number of topically applied pyrethroids has been tested against adult male desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria: the most potent proved to be 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemate (bioresmethrin) with a weighted mean LD50 of 4.0 μg/g. The remaining compounds may be ranked in order of toxicity as follows: 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (±)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemate (resmethrin) > 4‐allyl‐2,6‐dimethyl‐benzyl(+)‐trans‐chrysanthemate > 4‐allylbenzyl (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemate > 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzyl (+)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemate > 2,3,4‐trimethylbenzyl (+)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemate > 2,4‐dimethylbenzyl (±)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemate; 2‐methylbenzyl (±)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemate. A small factor of synergism (4.2) was obtained with bioresmethrin following pre‐treatment with sesamex, but with resmethrin the synergistic ratio (1.6) was of little practical significance.
Fungitoxicity of acid and alkaline hydrolysis products of drazoxolon and related arylhydrazonoisoxazolones
Authors: Lehtonen K. , Summers L. A. , Carter G. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDrazoxolon and related 3‐methyl‐4‐arylhydrazono‐5‐isoxazolones are hydrolysed by acid to 2‐arylhydrazono‐3‐oxobutyric acids and by alkali to 1‐arylhydrazono‐2‐hydroxyiminopropanes and 2‐arylhydrazono‐3‐hydroxyiminobutyric acids. Although many of the hydrolysis products show good antifungal activity in spore germination tests they are inferior to drazoxolon as protectants for the control of Uromyces fabae on broad bean and as protectants and eradicants against Erysiphe graminis on wheat. Neither drazoxolon nor its hydrolysis products show much activity as therapeutants.
The analysis of crops and soils for the triazine herbicide cyanazine and some of its degradation products. II. Results
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Bosio P. , Elgar K. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCrops and soils from field trials in 1967–1970 in several countries have been analysed for residues of the triazine herbicide cyanazine (‘BLADEX’Shell Registered Trade Mark.
a or ‘FORTROL’a' 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine) and for its degradation products 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐carbarmoyl‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine (II), 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐amino‐1,3,5‐triazine (V) and 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐carbonyl‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐amino‐1,3,5‐triazine (VI).The time for the concentration of cyanazine in soils to fall to half the initial value was in the range 1.3 to 5 weeks with a mean value of 2.4 weeks. The rate of loss was not affected by sparse crop cover and there was some indication that the rate was greater under moist soil conditions.Residues of up to 0.5 part/million of (II) and up to 0.08 part/million of (VI) were detected in soils at 4 weeks from cyanazine application at 2 kg/ha. The residues of cyanazine and the degradation products declined rapidly and were 0.07 part/million or less at 16 weeks from treatment. Repeated annual applications did not lead to a detectable build up of residues in soil.Neither residues of cyanazine nor those of (II), (V) or (VI) could be detected in a wide range of crops harvested from soil treated in accordance with the likely recommendations and the limits of detectability were 0.01 to 0.04 part/million.
Fumigation of citrus fruit with ethylene dibromide: Desorption of residues and ethylene evolution
Authors: Alumot E. , Chalutz E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe desorption of ethylene dibromide (EDB) residues from fumigated Shamouti citrus fruits is fitted by a single exponential equation at 17 and 22°C, and by an equation with a double exponential term at 5°C. Establishing the rate constant enables calculation of the initial concentration of EDB residues in the peel, thereby obtaining information on conditions during fumigation and on the possibility of peel injury development in the fumigated fruit. Healthy, harvested Shamouti citrus fruit evolve ethylene at a low rate, which is increased by EDB fumigation. Fumigated fruit in which EDB caused peel injury evolved ethylene at a higher rate than fumigated fruit in which peel injuries did not develop. This information could be used for predicting peel injuries and in studies aimed at a better understanding of the processes leading to the development of peel injuries in fumigated citrus fruit.
Effect of sodium 2‐phenylphenate applied in wax coatings on appearance of injuries in citrus fruit
Authors: Rajzman Anna , Apelbaum A. , Heller Hana 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCitrus fruits were treated with wax coatings containing sodium 2‐phenylphenate tetrahydrate (SOPP) and stored at 10 °C. No injuries appeared during 30 days' storage in Valencia oranges sprayed with waxes containing up to 4.75% of SOPP, or during 70 days' storage in Shamouti oranges and in grapefruit dipped in waxes containing up to 2.16% of SOPP. In Shamouti oranges and grapefruit dipped in waxes containing 3.1 to 3.88% of SOPP, injuries appeared at the beginning of storage. In non‐injured fruits, the amounts of SOPP applied by waxing did not exceed 74.7 μg/cm2 of the fruit surface and the 2‐phenylphenol (OPP) residues in the fruits did not exceed 36.8 parts/million; in injured fruits the amounts of SOPP applied varied between 105.1 and 211.3 μg/cm2 and the OPP residues between 41.5 and 123.6 parts/million. In non‐injured fruit the amount of wax applied did not exceed 3.46 μl/cm2; in injured fruits the figure varied between 3.19 and 6.2 μg/cm2, suggesting that the wax coating concentrates at some places on the peel, causing injuries to the fruit. In injured grapefruit 7.93 μl/cm2 of wax was found on the injured part of the peel, and 3.21 μl/cm2 on the non‐injured part, so that 124.6 μg of SOPP/cm2 corresponding to 61.6 parts/million of OPP in the fruit was applied to the fruit without causing injuries.
Phloem transport in Ricinus
Authors: Milburn John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecently, Ricinus has been used extensively to investigate the mechanism of phloem transport. This work is reviewed. In many respects, both anatomically and physiologically, Ricinus seems to approach the ideal for work on phloem physiology. Its anatomy is typical of many plants so that valid comparisons can probably be drawn with other species. However, the actual measurement of the proportion of sieve tubes is difficult.Exudation from the wounded phloem can be controlled by a variety of treatments. It seems to represent the true phloem transport stream, and from all observations to date seems to fulfill the requirements of the pressure flow theory. The actual velocity of the mass flow of sap by displacement has been shown to be very considerable, as might be expected on the pressure flow theory, and to become polarised towards a wound from each side in roughly equal proportions. There seem to be considerable concentration gradients in the stem, as indicated by refractometry in the direction one would expect on the basis of pressure flow.Attention has been drawn to the mechanism by which exudation is prevented by the plant. Ricinus seems ideal material for investigations into the sealing mechanisms which can curtail or permit exudation on wounding. Probably, when these systems are understood we can solve the ultimate problem of the condition of intact sieve plate pores.
A rapid method for the determination of total acid equivalence of sodium salt pesticides using a cationic ion exchange resin
Authors: Glennie‐Holmes Malcolm 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of a cationic exchange resin column for the analysis of total acid equivalence of sodium salt pesticides of technical grade gives results suitable for use in quality control. The method is rapid, convenient and safe and has been applied successfully to sodium trichloroacetate, 2,4‐D‐sodium, dalapon‐sodium, chlorfenac‐sodium and particularly sodium fluoroacetate. The method is accurate providing that the range and type of interference are known.
General principles governing the behaviour of granular formulations
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGranular formulations are defined and a brief description is given of the most common methods used for their preparation. The physical behaviour of granules when applied to the soil surface is discussed in terms of uniformity of the treatment and release of toxicant by rain and by diffusion. The importance of granule size, toxicant content, application rate and granule density is considered and the way in which changes in these parameters are likely to affect the performance of granular formulations is illustrated.
The effect of the physical properties of granules on their insecticidal performance
Authors: Walker P. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe physical properties of granules which are important in certain practical situations are discussed. Their particulate nature affects their distribution in water, in the soil and on plants. Distribution is affected by applicator design, wind, humidity, size and other factors. In water, the properties affecting action on insect vectors of disease and rice pests are mentioned; in soil, the effects of placement, tilling, time of application, type and size of granule are important; on crops, retention on rice, maize, sugarcane and pineapple is discussed. In laboratory tests, toxicity of endrin granules to Pieris larvae was maximal at 66% RH, but was affected by particle size. There is a need for standard methods of assaying granule properties.
Insecticide granules in mushroom culture
Authors: Wyatt I. J. , Binns E. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn laboratory tests, chlorfenvinphos granules were distributed in various ways in mushroom casing (a peat/chalk mixture) to relate efficiency of mixing to effectiveness against larvae of Lycoriella auripila. Amounts giving complete control when thoroughly mixed, killed only 40% when “clumped”. Whenever untreated patches were provided, some larvae survived. Pulverising granules, however, improved control in thorough mixes.By using fluorescent granules it was found that insecticide incorporation in mushroom compost was very irregular after mixing in a spawning machine. At best, only half the compost was acceptably treated; that is, it received between a half and double the intended dose.
Some aspects of tri‐allate volatility
Authors: Hance R. J. , Holroyd J. , McKone C. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe volatility of tri‐allate from different formulations when mixed with 2 soils containing water at 2%, 6% and field capacity was estimated in the laboratory. Volatility increased with increasing water content in each case. It was generally highest from an emulsifiable concentrate and lowest from a granule formulation with that from unformulated tri‐atlate intermediate. In a greenhouse experiment rates of loss of tri‐allate from a dry soil were similar for both emulsifiable concentrate and granule formulations, but from a wet soil and an aluminium foil dish losses were much greater from the emulsifiable concentrate. The persistence of trii‐allate from granules applied in the field was virtually the same for granules containing 2.5, 5 or 10% active ingredient.