bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Functional Bladder Damage after Intravesical Photodynamic Therapy with Three Different Photosensitizers
Authors: Post J. G. , te Poele J. A. M. , Schuitmaker J. J. , Stewart F. A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The influence of type of photosensitizer, drug and light dose, and time interval between photosensitizer and illumination on the extent of photodynamic therapy (PDT)‐induced bladder damage and recovery was investigated using a mouse model. The three photosensitizers studied were Photofrin, meso‐tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (m‐THPC) and bacteriochlorin a (BCA). Functional bladder damage was quantitatively assessed from increases in urination frequency index (FI) at 1‐35 weeks after illumination and histological damage was qualitatively assessed at 1 day, 1, 2 and 12 weeks.Photofrin‐mediated PDT caused an acute increase in FI at 1 week, with recovery within 2‐8 weeks after light doses of 2.7‐8.2 J/cm2. After higher light doses there was only partial recovery. Previous results indicated that the acute response and rate of recovery was the same whether Photofrin was given at 1 day or up to 7 days before illumination. The m‐THPC‐mediated PDT at drug doses of 0.3 mg/kg also resulted in a marked acute response with good recovery, even after 10.8 J/cm2. Lower drug doses in combination with 5.4 J/cm2 did not result in acute or late damage. There was no significant difference in acute response when m‐THPC was given 1, 3 or 7 days before illumination, although recovery was faster for the longer illumination intervals (3 or 7 days). Illumination at 1 h after 20 mg/kg BCA induced an acute response within 2 days after illumination, with recovery within 4‐8 weeks. Lower drug doses did not result in damage. The most prominent histological changes during the acute period with all three photosensitizers were submucosal edema and vessel dilation, with epithelial denudation (depending on drug/light dose).We conclude that BCA and m‐THPC are both potent new photosensitizers. They can induce a moderate to severe acute bladder response with complete healing over a period of a few weeks. The photosensitizer m‐THPC is very effective with low doses of photosensitizer and light, whereas relatively high doses of BCA and light are required to obtain equivalent functional bladder damage in our mouse model.
m‐THPC‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Does Not Induce Resistance to Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy or PDT on Human Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro
Authors: Hornung René , Walt Heinrich , Crompton Nigel E. A. , Keefe Kristin Anne , Jentsch Brigitte , Perewusnyk Gloria , Haller Urs , Köchli Ossi R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) uses laser light to activate a photosensitizer that has been absorbed preferentially by cancer cells after systemic administration. A photo‐toxic reaction ensues resulting in cell death and tissue necrosis. Some cells, however, may survive PDT. This study was performed to determine if surviving human breast cancer cells (MCF‐7) can become resistant to PDT, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The MCF‐7 cells were cultured under standard conditions prior to being exposed to the photosensitizer, 5,10,15,20‐meta‐tet‐ra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (zn‐THPC), for 24 h and then irradiated with laser light (652 nm). Surviving cells were allowed to regrow by allowing a 2 week interval between each additional PDT. After the third and final treatment, colony formation assays were used to evaluate the sensitivity of cultured cells to ionizing radiation and PDT and the ATP cell viability assay tested in vitro chemosen‐sitivity. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle. No alterations in the cell cycle were observed after three cycles of PDT with m‐THPC. Similar responses to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation were seen in control and treatment groups. The m‐THPC‐sensitized PDT did not induce resistance to subsequent cycles of PDT, chemo‐ or radiotherapy. Photodynamic therapy with m‐THPC may represent a novel adjunctive treatment of breast cancer that may be combined with surgery, chemotherapy or ionizing radiation.
Suppression of Delayed and Contact Hypersensitivity Responses in Mice Have Different UV Dose Responses
Authors: Kim Tae Heung , Ullrich Stephen E. , Ananthaswamy Honavara N. , Zimmerman Stuart , Kripke Margaret L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAlthough acute exposure to UV radiation suppresses the induction of delayed‐type (DTH) and contact (CHS) hypersensitivity in mice, it is not clear whether the photo‐biological mechanism(s) involved in suppressing these closely related immune reactions is the same. A careful examination of the UV dose responses and wavelength dependencies involved in suppressing CHS and DTH may provide important insights into the mechanisms involved. We compared the UV dose‐response curves for suppressing four closely related immune reactions, local and systemic suppression of CHS to dinitrofluorobenzene, systemic suppression of DTH to Candida albicans and systemic suppression of DTH to alloantigen using three different UV spectra (FS40 sunlamps, Kodacel‐filtered FS40 sunlamps and solar‐simulated light). For each immune response studied, the amount of UVB radiation required to induce 50% immune suppression was lowest when FS40 sunlamps were used, highest with solar‐simulated light and intermediate when Kodacel‐filtered FS40 sunlamps were used, but the differences observed were not statistically significant. The UV dose‐response curves for immune suppression differed significantly depending on the assay used, the site of antigenic sensitization and the antigen used. These findings suggest that the mechanisms by which UV radiation induces immune suppression differ for the four immunological reactions studied.
The Effects of Octanol on the Late Photointermediates of Rhodopsin
Authors: Mah Tina L. , Szundi Istvan , Lewis James W. , Jager Stefan , Kliger David S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMembrane suspensions of unperturbed rhodopsin and rhodopsin perturbed with 2.5 niM octanol were photo‐lyzed with 477 nm laser pulses at 20OC and 35°C. Changes in absorbance were monitored at times ranging from 1 u‐s to 80 ms after excitation. The data were analyzed using singular value decomposition, global exponential fitting and kinetic modeling. A recently proposed model involving the photointermediate Meta‐I380 (T. E. Thorgeirsson, J. W. Lewis, S. E. Wallace‐Williams, and D. S. Kliger, Biochemistry 32,13861–13872, 1993) fits data for samples with and without octanol. Comparison of the microscopic rates shows this alcohol accelerates the formation of Meta‐II via Meta‐I380. Activation and equilibrium thermodynamic parameters obtained from Ar‐rhenius plots suggest that octanol reduces the entropy increase in forming both Meta‐I3g0 and Meta‐II. It also lowers the enthalpy of Meta‐1, SI, relative to Lumi and of Meta‐II relative to Meta‐I480. To help determine whether octanol affects the protein directly or indirectly through the lipid bilayer, similar experiments were conducted using rhodopsin solubilized in 0.13% dodecyl maltoside with and without octanol. Spectral shifts in the presence of octanol suggest that a direct protein interaction exists in addition to previously reported effects dependent on membrane free volume.
Raman Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Photon Migration for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Imaging
Authors: Manoharan Ramasamy , Shafer Karen , Perelman Lev , Wu Jun , Chen Kun , Deinum Geurt , Fitzmaurice Maryann , Myles Jonathan , Crowe Joseph , Dasarl Ramachandra R. , Feld Michael S. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTWe are developing optical methods based on near infra‐red Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence photon migration for diagnosis and localization of breast cancer. We demonstrate the ability of Raman spectroscopy to classify accurately normal, benign and malignant breast tissues, an important step in developing Raman spectroscopic needle probes as a tool for improving the accuracy of needle biopsy. We also show that photon migration imaging can be used to localize accurately small fluorescent objects imbedded in a thick turbid medium with realistic optical properties, thus demonstrating the potential of this technique for optical imaging.
Comparison of Models Used for UV Index Calculations
Authors: Koepke Peter , Bais Alkiviadis , Balis Dimitrios , Buchwitz Michael , De Backer Hugo , de Cabo Xavier , Eckert Pierre , Eriksen Paul , Gillotay Didier , Heikkilä Anu , Koskela Tapani , Lapeta Bozena , Litynska Zenobia , Lorente Jeronimo , Mayer Bernhard , Renaud Anne , Ruggaber Ansgar , Schauberger Günther , Seckmeyer Gunther , Seifert Peter , Schmalwieser Alois , Schwander Harry , Vanicek Karel , Weber Mark 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTEighteen radiative transfer models in use for calculation of UV index are compared with respect to their results for more than 100 cloud‐free atmospheres, which describe present, possible future and extreme conditions. The comparison includes six multiple‐scattering spectral models, eight fast spectral models and four empirical models. Averages of the results of the six participating multiple‐scattering spectral models are taken as a basis for assessment. The agreement among the multiple‐scattering models is within ±0.5 UV index values for more than 80% of chosen atmospheric parameters. The fast spectral models have very different agreement, between ±1 and up to 12 UV index values. The results of the empirical models agree reasonably well with the reference models but only for the atmospheres for which they have been developed. The data to describe the atmospheric conditions, which are used for the comparison, together with the individual results of all participating models and model descriptions are available on the Internet: http://www.meteo.physik.uni‐muenchen.de/strahlung/cost/.
Singlet Sigma: The “Other” Singlet Oxygen in Solution
Authors: Weldor Dean , Poulsen Tina D. , Mikkelsen Kurt V. , Ogilby Peter R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe lowest excited electronic state of molecular oxygen, O2(a1‐DLg), is often called simply singlet oxygen. This singlet delta state is an acknowledged and well‐studied intermediate in many solution‐phase photosystems. However, the second excited electronic state of oxygen, O2(b1δg+), is also a singlet. It has recently become possible to monitor this singlet sigma state in solution, which, in combination with studies of the singlet delta state, contributes to a better understanding of a variety of general problems in chemistry.
Kinetic Analysis of the Light‐induced Fluorescence Quenching in Light‐harvesting Chlorophylla/bPigment‐Protein Complex of Photosystem II
Authors: Barzdat Virginijus , Jennings Robert C. , Zucchelli Giuseppe , Garab Gyozo 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe carried out a kinetic analysis of the light‐induced fluorescence quenching (AF) of the light‐harvesting chlorophylla/bpigment‐protein complex of photosystem II (LHCII) that was first observed by Jenningset at(Pho‐tosynth. Res.27, 57–64, 1991). We show that during a 2 min light, 2 min dark cycle, both the light and dark phases exhibit biexponential kinetics; this is tentatively explained by the presence of two types of light‐induced quenchers in different domains of aggregated LHCII. Quantitative analysis could be carried out on the faster kinetic component; the slower component that was not completed during the measurement was not amenable for quantitative analysis. Our analysis revealed that the rate of the light‐induced decrease of the fluorescence yield depended linearly on the light intensity, which shows that the generation of the quencher originates from a reaction that is first order with respect to the concentration of the excited domains. As shown by the estimated rate constant, pho‐togeneration of the quencher is a fast reaction that can compete with other excitation‐relaxation pathways. Both the decay and the recovery time constants of AF depended strongly on the temperature. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the fast light‐induced decline in the fluorescence was determined by a low fraction of the excited states. Recovery was associated with large decrease in the entropy of activation that indicated the involvement of large structural rearrangements. Macroaggregated LHCII exhibited larger ΔF than small aggregates, which is consistent with the proposed role of aggregated LHCII in thy‐lakoid membranes in nonphotochemical quenching.
Immunologic recovery in survivors following chemotherapy for AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Bower Mark , Stebbing Justin , Tuthill Mark , Campbell Victoria , Krell Johnathan , Holmes Paul , Ozzard Andrew , Nelson Mark , Gazzard Brian , Powles Tom 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The late effects of chemotherapy on immunologic parameters in AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have not been described. From a cohort of 105 consecutive patients treated with infusional chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 68 survived more than 3 months following the end of chemotherapy. Their lymphocyte subsets and plasma HIV viral loads were measured at regular intervals for 2 years and values compared with baseline. During chemotherapy, there were statistically significant falls in CD4 (helper T), CD8 (cytotoxic T), and CD19 (B) cell populations but no changes in the CD56 (natural killer [NK]) cell population. Among the 68 survivors, there were statistically significant increases in CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD56 cell populations during the first year of follow up, compared with the values at the start of chemotherapy. During the second year of follow up, there were further statistically significant rises in CD4 and CD19 cell populations, compared with the values at 12 months after chemotherapy. During 244 years of follow-up since chemotherapy in these 68 survivors, 7 second primary tumors and 8 opportunistic infections were diagnosed. Chemotherapy and concomitant HAART for AIDS-related NHL does not cause prolonged suppression of lymphocyte subsets. These data should provide reassurance regarding the long-term consequences of chemotherapy in these individuals.
SUICIDE ATTEMPTS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE DURING A PERIOD OF 6 MONTHS
Authors: Gioka Eleana , Tsamadou Athina , Kalostou Angeliki , Papathanassiou Vassiliki , Touloupaki Vassiliki , Neou Polyxene 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Suicide attempts in childhood and adolescence are a crucial issue that society should make every possible effort to solve.
OBJECTIVE: The goal was to correlate the problem of suicide attempts by children and adolescents with epidemiologic data concerning the kind of toxic substance used, the gender of the patient, and the timing of the suicide attempts.
METHODS: In a period of 6 months (May through October 2006), 3060 suicide attempts from all over the country were reported to the Poison Information Center at Panagiotis and Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital, 513 (16.76%) of which concerned children. The epidemiologic data, the patient's clinical state, the amount of the toxic substance used, and the outcome were evaluated.
RESULTS: Five hundred thirteen incidents were studied (89.1% girls, 10.9% boys). The children's ages ranged between 10 and 18 years. Two percent of the incidents concerned children aged 10 to 12, 32.8% concerned children aged 13 to 15, and 65.2% concerned children aged 16 to 18. The majority of the drugs consumed were those with no need for a doctor's prescription (paracetamol: 38.6%; nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: 21.2%; salicylates: 19.1%), whereas psychotropic drugs were involved in 18.9% of the intentional intoxications. Of the 513 patients, 8.6% were under treatment with psychotropic medicines. In addition, 6.6% had at least 1 previous suicide attempt. Of the patients, 20.6% had taken a highly toxic dose of substances. No deaths were reported.
CONCLUSIONS: Suicide attempts during childhood and adolescence remain a great problem. Immediate steps should be taken to decrease this number of attempts. Society, families, and the medical community should also make every possible effort to face this serious problem, which has an important social cost.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY MEDICAL EVALUATION OF CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 7.5 YEARS BORN AFTER PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS FOR MONOGENIC DISEASES
Authors: Touliatou Vassiliki , Thomaidis Loretta , Madoudis Stelios , Drandakis Hera , Kitsiou Sophia , Traeger-Synodinos Joanne , Vrettou Christina , Tzetis Maria , Kanavakis Emmanuel 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: The growing cohort of children conceived after preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) techniques underlines the importance of evaluating potential risks for their developmental outcome. There are some data concerning the incidence of congenital anomalies, medical status, and cognitive development of children conceived after PGD techniques, based mainly on reports and not on objective medical evaluation.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to perform multidisciplinary evaluation (physical, genetic, and developmental) of 31 children conceived after PGD techniques (aged 30 days to 7.5 years) and the stress level of parents who used PGD regarding their parental role.
METHODS: Among 24 couples at risk for transmitting monogenic diseases and with an unsuccessful reproductive history, 31 children conceived after PGD techniques were examined. Genetic examination was performed by 2 independent geneticists, and developmental assessment included formal testing of cognitive and motor skills (Bayley scales, Griffiths scales, Athina test). Parental stress was measured by using the Parent Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), a self-report questionnaire that assesses parental stress. The PSI-SF was also completed by 35 parents of naturally conceived, healthy children matched for age, gender, and socioeconomic level.
RESULTS: A high rate of cesarean deliveries were reported, but no higher risk was found for perinatal complications. The increased incidence of prematurity and low birth weight among children conceived after PGD techniques did not seem to affect their growth development later in life. Major malformations (cardiac, gastrointestinal, urogenital, skeletal) were present in 4 (12.9%) of 31 children, with a discrepancy between singletons and multiples. A significant number of children conceived after PGD techniques (6 of 31 [19%]), mostly multiple, premature, and small-for-gestational-age infants, experienced low levels of cognitive, verbal, and perceptual abilities (Global Development Quotient scores of &lt;85). Parents who used PGD experienced lower levels of parenting stress compared with controls (P &lt; .05).
CONCLUSIONS: Children conceived after PGD techniques seem to be at greater risk for exhibiting congenital malformations and lower cognitive skills. Whether these observations are linked to the PGD procedure itself, rather than to subfertility, multiplicity, or prematurity, is a question that is difficult to answer. An unexpected finding was that once parents who used PGD finally had what they struggled for (a healthy infant), the stresses of parenthood may have been offset by a broader sense of fulfillment.
PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF A NEWLY DEFINED TYPE OF DIABETES IN CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS, AND ADULTS IN THE LARGEST INTERNATIONAL SERIES TO DATE
Authors: Slingerland Annabelle S. , Hattersley Andrew 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Recently, interest in “neonatal” diabetes has increased because patients could stop taking insulin and improve glycemic control and associated neurologic features.
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the anticipated increase in prevalence and incidence of permanent neonatal diabetes in children, adolescents, and adults and investigate the impact of the new definition.
METHODS: We studied 293 (53% male) referrals to the Exeter Laboratory (Devon, United Kingdom) as part of the largest international series to date. The referred patients were diagnosed with diabetes below 6 months of age irrespective of current age, and their conditions had not remitted at the time of study. Data on 27 countries were collected, and age of diagnosis, date of birth, and gender were obtained from standardized forms. All referred patients were tested for KCNJ11 mutations.
RESULTS: The minimum observed prevalence of the 5 most representative countries was 1.17 (1.01–1.31) per million population, with the estimated true prevalence twice as high. Prevalence was higher for the pediatric versus adult age range (odds ratio: 0.78 [95% confidence interval: 0.54–1.31] vs 0.42 [95% confidence interval: 0–0.50], respectively; P = .009). Seventy-five percent of the patients were below 16 years of age with a median (interquartile range) of 5.7 (2.4–10.2) years, which implies underdiagnosis beyond 5 years of age. Age of diagnosis was skewed to a median (interquartile range) of 6 (1–13) weeks, with 62% in the first 8 weeks. During 2000–2004, the minimum observed incidence was 2.95 (0–49.1) per million live births.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to show 2 to 25 times higher prevalence than previous reports from 10 years ago. “Neonatal” should be changed to “diagnosed at &lt;6 months of age irrespective of current age,” and awareness should be increased, especially for those who are older than 5 years and present with treatment implications.
LEPTIN AND LEPTIN RECEPTOR IN SERUM AND URINE FROM CHILDREN WITH NEPHROTIC SYNDROME ACCOMPANYING HYPERLIPIDEMIA
Authors: Yang Xi Qiang , Wang Jian Jun , Wang Li Jia , Li Qiu 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Hyperlipidemia may cause glomerulosclerosis in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS).
OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to observe the role of soluble leptin receptor (sOBR) and leptin in serum and urine on the mechanism of hyperlipidemia in children with NS.
METHODS: Twenty-three children with untreated NS and 15 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched healthy controls were enrolled onto the study. Leptin and sOBR in serum and urine were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and plasma lipid and insulin levels were detected by automatic biochemistry analyzer and radioimmunoassay, respectively. sOBR messenger RNA and membrane protein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry.
RESULTS: Low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and apolipoprotein A levels were increased. sOBR messenger RNA and membrane protein expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells were significantly lower in the patient group compared with controls. The ratio of serum leptin versus sOBR (free leptin index) was significantly higher in the NS group. Urinary leptin in the patient group was higher than that in the control group. The free leptin index showed no correlation with BMI or total cholesterol, triglyceride, or apolipoprotein B levels in both groups but did show a correlation with plasma albumin, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A, and insulin levels in the patient group.
CONCLUSIONS: The reduced sOBR level, which enhanced the biologically active form of leptin in children with NS, might be correlated partly with serum lipid parameters, albumin, and insulin. Increased free leptin in serum might be a complementary mechanism against hyperlipidemia in children with NS.