bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lack of Motor Vehicle Occupant Restraint Use in Children Arriving at School
Authors: Emery Kathryn D. , Faries S. Glenn 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of mortality for children aged 4‐14 in the United States. Many children are driven daily to school, increasing their exposure to potential injury, especially if they are not appropriately restrained. Observing the level of motor vehicle occupant restraint (MVOR) use upon school arrival could lead to valuable information for the development of an injury prevention program targeted to this population. This study compares the rate of MVOR use upon arrival to elementary schools with that at regional intersections.Methods:  One hundred thirty‐five census tracts in the Denver, Colorado, area were identified and combined into 5 regions. Within each region, 1 controlled intersection and 1 elementary school were observed. Observations were conducted for 1 hour at each of these locations.Results:  At intersections, 618 children in private vehicles were observed. MVOR use rate was 71.2% (440/618). At schools, 665 children in private vehicles were observed. MVOR use was 24.8% (165/665). Children arriving at school were less likely to be restrained than those observed at intersections (relative risk: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.30‐0.40).Conclusions:  Children at elementary schools showed substantially lower MVOR use rates than those observed at controlled intersections. Further investigation is imperative to determine the reason behind the low use of MVOR in children being transported to school. Based on the reasons elicited, interventions emphasizing the importance of always using MVOR can be developed and tailored to meet the educational needs of parents transporting their children to school in private vehicles.
Perceived Competence in Addressing Student Substance Abuse: A National Survey of Middle School Counselors
Authors: Burrow‐Sanchez Jason J. , Lopez Adriana L. , Slagle Clark P. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  Student substance abuse is a serious concern for middle school personnel. School counselors are most likely to deliver mental health services, including substance abuse, in school settings. However, limited research is available on the perceived competence of middle school counselors for addressing student substance abuse concerns. The main purpose of this study was to determine how middle school counselors perceive their training in 9 competence areas related to student substance abuse. A secondary aim of this study was to identify which training areas counselors indicate as being most needed to address student substance abuse.Methods:  A survey study was conducted that included a national sample of 283 middle school counselors. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences between 9 competency areas rated by counselors. Further analysis was conducted to determine which training areas were most important to counselors.Results:  Counselors varied in their perceived competence depending on the specific area of student substance abuse; however, they were clearly able to identify the most important areas of training needed.Conclusions:  Overall, the findings from this study indicate that middle school counselors require more training in the area of student substance abuse. Specifically, this study provides information on the most important areas of training as identified by counselors.
Prevalence of Students With Symptoms of Depression Among High School Students in a District of Western Turkey: An Epidemiological Study
Authors: Unsal Alaaddin , Ayranci Unal 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  To determine the factors affecting the prevalence of depression and also to present some pertinent comments concerning prevention of depression among high school students. This study was deemed important and relevant due to the increasing importance of depression among high school students.Methods:  A sample of students aged 14‐19 years from the 6 high schools of 1 district of western Turkey were surveyed. The students selected were all attending the school during March and April 2006. The Beck Depression Inventory was used as a screening test.Results:  During the study, a total of 846 students completed the survey. Of the study group, 51.9% (439) were male and 48.1% (407) female, with an age average of 16.3 ± 1.1 years. According to the scale, the prevalence of depression was 30.7% (n = 260), 22.6% for males (n = 99) and 39.6% for females (n = 161). The most depression was seen in males (22.6%), those with any kind of physical problem (37.3%), those with diseases necessitating the use of medication (51.1%), those with acne vulgaris (35.2%), and those having previously experienced any kind of problem (47.3%).Conclusions:  These results highlight not only the need for students’ parents and teachers to be well informed on the subject of depression in terms of students’ health but also the need for more education programs to be aimed at students relating to the problems they may experience during the period of adolescence. Furthermore, these results show that students identified as depressed should be referred for an appropriate diagnosis to specialized psychiatry centers.
Applications of Game Theory in Linguistics
Authors: Jaeger Gerhard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe article gives a brief overview over the budding field of game theoretic linguistics, by focusing on game theoretic pragmatics on the one hand, and the usage of evolutionary game theory to model cultural language evolution on the other hand. Two specific applications are discussed in detail: the derivation of scalar implicatures via rational reasoning over communicative strategies, and the predictive potential of an evolutionary interpretation of exemplar dynamics in phonetics.
Representation and Democracy: Revisions and Possibilities
Authors: Saward Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn recent years, political theorists and others have questioned a series of longstanding assumptions about ‘representative democracy’. There are renewed doubts as to whether our existing systems of political representation serve democracy, as well as new ideas and empirical work about what representation in politics involves. This article explores some recent innovations in thinking about representation, and in particular the idea of representation as a process of claim‐making. It discusses a number of ways in which the representative claim perspective helps us to challenge several well‐established ideas and practices of representative democracy, including the distinction between ‘direct’ and ‘representative’ democracy and the potential for non‐elective representation in democracies.
Sociologies of Space, Work and Organisation: From Fragments to Spatial Theory
Authors: Halford Susan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWork organisations are made by the arrangement of space and working lives are made and lived through these spaces. Yet, explicit interest in space has been marginal to the development of sociologies of work organisation. Despite this, spatial analysis has often offered support to established theories of work and organisation. This paper reviews this contribution, excavating the spatial from past studies intended to address the labour process; semiotics and discourse; and the nature of everyday working lives. The second part of the paper emphasises the importance of making space more central to our conceptual and theoretical concerns and draws on spatial theory from social and cultural geography to do so. The paper endeavours to integrate the fragmented insights from different scholarly paradigms in the sociology of work with this spatial theory and to promote an enhanced spatial sensibility for the sociology of work and organisations. This review and fusion contributes to wider calls to develop a new sociology of work that prioritises the centrality of space to understanding work.
Trends in the Qualitative Study of Social Identities
Authors: Brekhus Wayne H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article reviews recent developments and trends in the qualitative study of social identities. Recent scholarship emphasizes multidimensionality and challenges notions of identity singularity and coherence. These challenges include critiques of the implicit identity monism of approaches that give master status primacy to a single marked identity attribute along race, class, gender, or sexuality axes or that portray static notions of a coherent single unified self‐identity. After analyzing the social bases of collective identities and self‐identities, this article examines identity strategies, claims to identity authenticity, identity shifts and transitions, and the contextual situatedness and multidimensionality of self‐identities. Recent developments in the sociology of identity focus on the multidimensionality and mobility of contemporary identities. These developments can be understood by separating identity research into its analysis of markedness and unmarkedness, authenticity claims, and the role of mobility and flexibility, in contributing to the multidimensional character of social identities
Absurdly Ambitious? Teenagers’ Expectations for the Future and the Realities of Social Structure
Authors: Baird Chardie L. , Burge Stephanie W. , Reynolds John R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExpectations for achievement in the US border on the unrealistic. High school students expect to obtain better jobs and more education than current cohorts have achieved. Many youth also seem unaware of how to realize their ambitions. These findings lead to several questions about the causes and consequences of ambition. First, how do American youths’ ambitions compare with those of past cohorts and what consequences stem from rising ambitions? Second, how likely is it that youth will achieve their ambitions? What structural forces hinder or assist the goal attainment process? Finally, what cultural and institutional forces shape ambition in the United States? We review available evidence for these questions. Experts agree that the youth are overly ambitious, but debate the consequences of over‐ambition. Furthermore, youth privileged by their race, class, and gender status are more likely to achieve their ambitions than less privileged youth, confirming the key sociological premise that broader social structures play an important role in whether individuals realize their dreams.
Rabies‐vaccination Coverage and Profiles of the Owned‐dog Population in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Authors: Suzuki K. , Pereira J. A. C. , Frías L. A. , López R. , Mutinelli L. E. , Pons E. R. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe Bolivian government issued a regulation for rabies control in November 2005, owing to increasing the prevalence of dog and human rabies cases in recent years. An assessment of rabies‐vaccination coverage and other factors that might influence the success of the on‐going vaccination campaign was needed. The objective of this study was to investigate dog rabies vaccination coverage and risk factors associated with dogs being unvaccinated against rabies, and profiles of the owned‐dog population in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, where dog rabies was endemic. Mainly due to logistical reasons, the WHO’s expanded programme on immunization cluster‐survey method was used. The 390 households were included in the study. Information about dog population and management characteristics was obtained for 542 dogs from 301 households. On average, households had 1.4 dogs and 1.8 dogs per dog‐owning household (median = 1). The human‐to‐dog ratio was 4.6 : 1. During the last 1 year prior to the study, of the 539 dogs aged ≥1 month, 463 (85%; 95% CI 79–91; design effect 3.6) were classified as vaccinated. Amongst the study dogs, dogs aged 1–11 months were the higher risk of dogs not being vaccinated (OR = 8.2; 95% CI 4.3–15.6; P < 0.01). Almost two‐thirds of the study dogs were allowed to roam freely throughout the day or in part. Community education efforts should address the importance of dog ownership and movement restriction, and the need to vaccinate young dogs.
A Multi‐stateSalmonellaTyphimurium Outbreak Associated with Frozen Vacuum‐packed Rodents used to Feed Snakes
Authors: Fuller C. C. , Jawahir S. L. , Leano F. T. , Bidol S. A. , Signs K. , Davis C. , Holmes Y. , Morgan J. , Teltow G. , Jones B. , Sexton R. B. , Davis G. L. , Braden C. R. , Patel N. J. , Deasy M. P. , Smith K. E. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryFrom December 2005 through January 2006, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) identified four human clinical isolates ofSalmonellaTyphimurium that were indistinguishable by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). During routine interviews, three of the cases reported attending the same junior high school and two handled snakes in the science classroom. MDH collected environmental samples from the school’s science classroom forSalmonellaculturing; these included environmental samples and frozen vacuum‐packed mice purchased over the internet to feed the classroom snakes.Through PulseNet, a national molecular subtyping surveillance network for enteric bacteria, 21 humanS. Typhimurium isolates with indistinguishable PFGE patterns were identified in the United States since December 2005. Each state determined whether these human cases had recent exposure to snakes fed vacuum‐packed rodents. Texas state officials conducted tracebacks of the vacuum‐packed mice and collected samples at the breeding facility.Nineteen of 21 cases were interviewed, and seven reported contact with frozen vacuum‐packed rodents from the same internet‐based supplier in Texas. In Minnesota, the outbreak PFGE subtype ofS.Typhimurium was isolated from the snakes, frozen feed rodents, and the classroom environment. Three human cases were identified in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming. The outbreak PFGE subtype ofS.Typhimurium was isolated from the Pennsylvania case’s frozen rodents and the Michigan case’s pet snake. The outbreak PFGE subtype ofS. Typhimurium was also isolated from the supplier’s rodent facility.This was aS.Typhimurium outbreak associated with frozen rodents. Human transmission likely occurred through direct contact with snakes and contaminated environmental surfaces. This report represents the second recent multi‐state salmonellosis outbreak associated with commercially distributed rodents. Stronger oversight of the commercial rodent industry is warranted.
Physical activity throughout life reduces the atherosclerotic wall process in the carotid artery
Authors: Sandrock M , Schulze C , Schmitz D , Dickhuth H-H , Schmidt-Trucksaess A 
Published: April 2008

Background:Good cardiorespiratory fitness has been associated with a reduced risk for clinical events of atherosclerotic vascular diseases. It is still unclear how this relates to a slower progression of the early atherosclerosis wall process.Method:Using a dynamic model, we generated new parameters for describing the pathologic wall process in the carotid artery, based on an automatic layer detection system. In this study, we scrutinised the influence of two ultrasonographic parameters, intima–media thickness (IMT) and roughness, by comparing two groups: a healthy inactive group (PIP) (mean (SD) age 64.37 (5.10) years; n = 50) and a healthy lifelong physically active group (PA) (mean (SD) age 64.48 (3.45) years; n = 51). All subjects underwent a blood test, spiroergometry, echocardiography and carotid ultrasound examination.Results:There was a significant difference in the well known risk factors for cardiovascular disease (for example, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride) between groups. PIP compared to PA had a significantly higher roughness (PIP 0.073 (0.015)vsPA 0.065 (0.0156); p<0.01). No significantly higher IMT was found for PIP (PIP 0.89 (0.18)vsPA 0.90 (0.22); p = 0.63) compared to PA. In this cross sectional study of middle aged men, Vo2max was inversely associated with carotid atherosclerotic parameters.Conclusion:In this study, good cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with an increase of the proven risk factors and a reduction of atherosclerosis in the common carotid artery. Roughness seems to be significantly more sensitive than IMT for characterising the changes of the arterial wall. We suggest measuring roughness in addition to IMT to gain additional information about the atherosclerotic wall.
Breast carcinomas that co-express E- and P-cadherin are associated with p120-catenin cytoplasmic localisation and poor patient survival
Authors: Paredes J , Correia A L , Ribeiro A S , Milanezi F , Cameselle-Teijeiro J , Schmitt F C 
Published: April 2008

Background:Changes in junctional catenin expression may compromise cadherin-mediated adhesion, increasing cell malignant properties such as invasive and metastatic abilities. Altered expression of α-, β-, γ- and p120-catenin has been reported to be associated with E-cadherin loss or decreased expression, in both breast carcinomas and breast cancer cell lines.Aims and Methods:To investigate the expression and subcellular localisation of p120- and β-catenin in a series of human invasive breast carcinomas, and correlate it with biological markers and clinicopathological parameters.Results:Both catenins frequently exhibited a reduced membranous or cytoplasmic staining pattern. These alterations were significantly correlated with lack of both E-cadherin and oestrogen receptor-α expression. It was possible to associate the expression of β-catenin with histological grade, tumour size and nodal status, suggesting a relevant role for this catenin as a prognostic factor. The majority of E- and P-cadherin co-expressing tumours were related to cytoplasmic expression of p120-catenin; in this group of breast carcinomas, patient survival was poor.Conclusion:Results indicate that p120-catenin cytoplasmic accumulation may play an important role in mediating the oncogenic effects derived from P-cadherin aberrant expression, including enhanced motility and invasion, particularly in tumours which maintain E-cadherin expression.
Open-Source Hinduism
Authors: Siddhartha  
Published: April 2008

AbstractHinduism is often taken to be a religion in the Abrahamic sense of the term. But the strength of Hinduism lies in the fact that it does not have one God, one prophet, and one book. Hinduism has always been an open-ended process that is constantly evolving. There was always a liberative current in Hinduism that spoke of justice and equality. But today even the dominant current of Hinduism can be shorn of its caste and gender inequalities. Hindu cultural nationalism, which has often shown an ugly and intolerant side, is unable to find any scriptural sanction for its excesses. It would be more fruitful to see Hinduism as a spiritual laboratory than a religion in the strict sense of the term. Just as Open Source software can be modified and changed on an ongoing basis, Hindu spirituality can also evolve and change itself to suit the complex social and ecological problems the world is now facing.
Inclusive Imagination: A Comment on Religion and Culture in India
Authors: Gowda Chandan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLiberal-secular thought, which relegates religion to the realm of the private, is limited in its ability to create a prejudice-free inter-religious life in India. Therefore, discovering or creating political languages that can appeal to the popular ethical imagination is a moral imperative for our times. Living ethical traditions need to be examined closely for imagining new forms of democratic existence. For instance, cinema, the most powerful source of public narratives in contemporary India, can offer lessons for fashioning a contemporary morality.
My Adventure with Inter-religious Dialogue
Authors: Samarakone Joseph 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Jesus we meet in the Gospels is an inter-religious person par excellence who was able to transcend fundamentalist interpretations that there is no God in all the earth except in Israel, and to recognize the faith of all people (Matt. 8:10). Jesus' mystical experience in the desert led him to realize Yahweh as Abba—the Father of all. Hence he proclaimed the kingdom as an inclusive reality, as the basis of all God experience (Matt 13:1–51). Stressing our need to develop such an inter-religious spirit, the author traces his own awakening spanning over five decades—from his adolescent faith in the "God of the Christians" to his new vision of a "universal kingdom of communion," which embraces all people and all reality. His message is that every disciple of Jesus—and the Church as Christ's sacrament—should live this legacy of Jesus and proclaim God's saving love for all people irrespective of religious affiliation.
Embodied Consciousness in Tantric Yoga and the Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Morley James 
Published: April 2008

AbstractYoga, the ancient inter-religious thread running through all Indian Spirituality, shares a remarkable congruence with twentieth-century phenomenology. But this conjuncture is not based on a common aspiration of "transcendence from the world," as argued by previous comparisons. Instead, by applying the more advanced Existential Phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty to the more indigenous Tantric stream of yoga, it will be shown that this congruence occurs in just the opposite direction of immersion into the very "flesh of the world"—the lived human body as homology of the cosmos. Yoga may offer phenomenology a much-needed somatic contemplative praxis, as much as phenomenology may offer yoga the basis for an appropriate theoretical articulation.
Confessions of a Hindu-Catholic Artist
Authors: Mackenzie Caroline 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDuring my first twelve years in India I studied Hindu art and philosophy, encountering "inculturated" Catholic Christianity for the first time. When I returned to the United Kingdom, I was struck by a manifest separation between the dry, orderly church, and the imaginative world of "New Age" networks such as Dances of Universal Peace. In 1999 I received a major commission to re-design a church in Wales. This opening allowed me to use art as a means to bring some of the insights gained in India into a Western Christian context. After this public work, I made a series of personal pictures that depicted the healing and empowering effect of the new public images (archetypes) on my inner world. I then tried to connect the work in the church to liturgy but found no opening in the UK. In 2003, I returned to India to the Fireflies Intercultural Centre in Bangalore. There I found a "laboratory of the spirit" that provided the right conditions for serious religious experimentation. In 2007, I found a way to express the vision of the artwork in the Welsh church via an embodied liturgy. Using masks representing the Elements, I worked with an Indian Catholic priest to create a cosmic Easter Triduum.
The Lord of the Heart: Abhinavagupta's Aesthetics and Kashmir Śaivism
Authors: Bäumer Bettina 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIndian aesthetics owes much to the genius of Abhinavagupta (fl. c. 950–1025), whose aesthetic theory combined elements of Tantric exegesis, philosophy, poetics, musicology, and mysticism. His aesthetics is also based on the cosmology of the Śaivagamas, as shown in the benedictory verses to his commentary on the Nātyaśāstra, Abhinava Bhāratī, where he invokes Śiva in the form of the cosmic and human elements (tattva). Abhinavagupta also uses the similes of the world drama and world picture to show the interconnectedness of theology and the arts, since Śiva is the Divine artist. Moreover, the doctrine that "everything is connected with everything else" provides a basis for an understanding of art in which even a fragment can reflect the beauty of the whole. Aesthetics also assumes the freedom of the artist to create, as well as the joy that emanates from a work of art—a joy directly connected with spiritual bliss.