bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow potential of fracture corridors and large conductive fractures in a clastic reservoir, Oman
Authors: Ozkaya S. I. , Minton K. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Borehole image logs, without accompanying flowmeter logs, are found to be of little use in identifying fluid conductive faults and fractures in a clastic reservoir in Oman. Both high permeability opening mode fluid conductive fractures and low-permeability deformation bands filled with sand and clay gouge appear conductive on image logs. Regional tectonic evolution and the nature of structural elements do not provide sufficient information to differentiate fluid conductive seismic faults or fault segments. Rapid water breakthrough may be indicative of fluid conductive faults and large fractures, but water cut rise is complex. The effect of faults and fractures may be masked by spud date, and water fingering through highly permeable layers, especially when the percentage of fluid conductive fault segments and fractures is low. Faults, deformation bands and large conductive fractures are found to cause openhole log spikes in this field. Since openhole logs are available from a large number of horizontal wells, it becomes feasible to prepare risk maps from map distribution of openhole log spikes even though it is not possible to pinpoint the exact location of fluid conductive faults and large fractures.
Stone decay induced by fire on historic buildings: the case of the cloister of Lisbon Cathedral (Portugal)
Authors: Dionísio A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Lisbon Cathedral, built in Late Romanesque style, is one of the most ancient Portuguese monuments. Its cloister was severely damaged by a fire that occurred in 1755 right after an earthquake. The aim of this investigation is to study stone thermal damage through the application of
in situ
and laboratory techniques. With this study it is possible to identify and characterize (chemically and mineralogically) the main thermal decay forms. Special attention is given to colour modification and granular disintegration. Through the application of an indirect ultrasound method it is verified that only a small number of stone blocks are relatively sound (11%). In terms of chromatic alteration, two factors are considered to explain heat-induced colour modification: the transformation of goethite into hematite and an increase in hematite single crystalline domains. It is also established that the most probable high-temperature range to which the cloister stones were subjected during the fire was 300–350 °C.
Effect of long-term changes in air pollution and climate on the decay and blackening of European stone buildings
Authors: Grossi C. M. , Brimblecombe P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper reviews the long-term effects of past, present and future air pollution and climate on the decay of stones from historic buildings. It summarizes the historical effects as well as causes and consequences of damage. The most significant change in terms of pollution has been a shift from high levels of sulphate deposition from coal burning to a blackening process dominated by diesel soot and nitrogen deposition from vehicular sources in cities. Blackening of light-coloured fabric eventually reaches a point where it becomes publicly unacceptable. Public opinion can assist the development of aesthetic thresholds and derive limit values for elemental carbon in urban air. Public perception is also affected by the pattern of blackening. This century new climate regimes will cause dramatic changes in blackening patterns by wind-driven rain. Climate changes, most particularly changes in temperature, humidity stress and time of wetness, can also affect the weathering of stone in terms of responses to frost and soluble salts. Future pollution and climate are relevant considerations in the management of historic buildings.
Dilation of building materials submitted to frost action
Authors: Thomachot C. , Matsuoka N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the results of laboratory frost weathering of five geomaterials used in stone monuments showing more or less frost damage: two sandstones (France), molasses (Switzerland), and a volcanic tuff and brick (Japan). Samples were submitted to unidirectional freezing simulations during which temperature and dilation were measured. The aim of these experiments was to understand which internal or external factors prevailing on dilation would lead to cracking. Results showed that water supply and repetition of freeze-thaw cycles were most important in the dilation of the materials. They also showed that the materials with the weakest transfer properties by capillary absorption were the most sensitive to frost action.
Green walls?: integrated laboratory and field testing of the effectiveness of soft wall capping in conserving ruins
Authors: Viles H. A. , Wood C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Soft wall capping, which involves placing a cap of soil and turf (or other vegetation) on the top of ruined walls, is a potentially low cost, easy to maintain, ecologically sensitive and effective method of conserving ruined monuments. An integrated programme of laboratory and field testing has been designed to test the performance of soft capping in comparison with hard capping at a range of sites in England. A sample of ruined walls has been soft capped and monitored using repeat photography, with more detailed wooden dowel monitoring of wall moisture and electronic monitoring of temperatures and moisture levels at the base of soft caps at some sites. Experiments designed to test the thermal blanketing capability of the soft caps have been run in an environmental cabinet on scaled-down versions of soft and hard caps, and similar set-ups have also been monitored outdoors in Oxford. Short-term data from both field trials and laboratory tests illustrate the success of soft wall capping under a wide range of environmental conditions, but longer-term monitoring is needed to evaluate more fully the conservation benefits of soft capping.
The
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60 Denizli Basin earthquake and the apparition of Archangel Michael at Colossae (Aegean Turkey)
Authors: Piccardi Luigi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

This paper illustrates the results of a multidisciplinary study on the active tectonics of Hierapolis and Colossae in Aegean Turkey. Tectonic analysis is combined with a study of historical seismicity, highlighting the use of historical sources from oral tradition (legends and myths) to derive important geological information for which the legendary account is the only witness. Strong correlation between tectonic and historical/mythological data suggests that the legendary narration is based on real geological events. This allows a better understanding of the local active tectonics and seismic history. At Hierapolis, it is possible to recognize evidence of surface faulting from the
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60 earthquake. At Colossae, we can reconstruct the local geomorphic evolution, and show its relationship to the
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60 earthquake.
Sorption of lanthanum onto clay minerals: a potential tracer for fine sediment transport in the coastal marine environment?
Authors: Spencer K. L. , James S. L. , Taylor J. A. , Kearton-Gee T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In order to improve predictions of coastal morphological response to sea-level rise and sustainably manage dredged sediment there is an urgent need to develop a field methodology that can measure accurately transport pathways of the <63 µm sediment fraction in coastal and estuarine environments. Techniques such as sediment trend analysis and sediment tracing using fluorescent sands are well established for the silt and sand fraction but are unsuitable for clay sediments due to their cohesive nature. Geochemically labelled clays have been used as fine sediment tracers in freshwater environments with some success, although little is known about their chemical or physical behaviour once released in saline environments.

A number of pure clays and natural estuarine sediments were labelled with La following agitation in a 0.01 M solution of La Cl
3
. In order to examine the retention of La on the clay mineral surface the labelled sediment was washed sequentially four times using both de-ionised water and artificial seawater. A labelled bentonite retained 43000 µg g
-1
La and this was only reduced to 36000 µg g
-1
La after washing in seawater. This suggests that retention of La is good even in saline conditions and concentrations of La are high enough to enable detection after considerable signal dilution. Sorption of La is dependent predominantly upon the cation exchange capacity of the sediment.
Use of swath bathymetry in the investigation of sand dune geometry and migration around a near shore ‘banner’ tidal sandbank
Authors: Schmitt Thierry , Mitchell Neil C. , Ramsay Tony S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Banner tidal sandbanks in the Bristol Channel have been repeatedly surveyed with a multibeam sonar to study the geometry and migration patterns of superimposed dunes. The data presented in this paper constitute one of the first studies concerned with sediment transport around a banner sandbank (Helwick Sands in the Bristol Channel) using repeated swath- bathymetry. The data reveal that the dunes maintain their shapes over a period of 11 months, and that they migrate in opposite directions on the alternate sides of the bank. Curiously, dunes connect over the crest of the bank despite opposing sediment transport directions on the flanks. Dune height increases with water depth as found in similar environments. We suggest how the morphology of the dunes results from the complex interaction between surface waves and tidal currents that occurs within the proximity of the headland.
Micritic fabrics define sharp margins of Wenlock patch reefs (middle Silurian) in Gotland and England
Authors: Kershaw Steve , Li Yue , Guo Li 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Silurian reefs are well known to comprise frame-building corals, stromatoporoids and algae, but also a range of calcimicrobial components and micritic sediments of possible microbial origin. The margins of Wenlock patch reefs tend to have diffuse edges that grade into the surrounding bedded facies because of talus shed from the reefs. However, portions of patch reefs show sharp-bounded reef margins, with bedded limestones terminating abruptly against the reef edge. Examples of sharp boundaries where the reef comprises only carbonate mudstone-wackestone with poorly-defined gross fabric, and containing no metazoan framework, have been found in Wenlock patch reefs the UK and Gotland. Although in some cases the micrite may demonstrate a peloidal structure, in others there is no clear structure, broadly fitting the aphanitic (structureless) type of fabric found in leiolites (suspected microbial facies that show no structure). The fabrics are interpreted to have been formed by microbial mediation of micrite precipitation as part of reef construction, and are therefore automicrites. In all cases the sharp reef edges indicate coherence of the micritic fabric, interpreted as a lithified wall against which bedded limestones were deposited. This arrangement supports published interpretations of pronounced topography of Wenlock patch reefs, and shows the presence of steep, vertical and, possibly, overhanging reef margins, formed prior to bedded sediment accumulation. Thus, there is likely to have been a time interval between reef formation and deposition of bedded sediments, possibly caused by reef upward growth in transgressive settings, followed by catch-up of bedded limestone deposition.
Glacial contourites on the Antarctic Peninsula margin: insight for palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic conditions
Authors: Lucchi Renata G. , Rebesco Michele 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Deep-sea finely laminated and barren glacial sediments occur in the sediment drift field offshore the Pacific margin of the Antarctic Peninsula where a weak contour current flows at present to the SW. Atypical sedimentary facies were related to the coexistence and interaction of different sedimentary processes. Three ‘end-members’ of radiograph facies were defined to represent the sedimentary sequences controlled by a dominant process, as follows. (1) Direct influence of turbidity currents on sedimentation is observed in the area surrounding the Alexander Channel system with silty layers interbedded with laminated mud free of ice-rafted debris (IRD). (2) Distal meltwater turbid flows dominate the more proximal area of the top plateau with structureless and coarser-grained sediments containing IRD. (3) Along the crest of the drift, persistent weak bottom currents control the deposition of fine-grained sediments conveyed into the system through other processes. These laminated sediments contain IRD and are, atypically, not bioturbated, because of unusual, climatically related, environmental conditions of suppressed primary productivity and oxygen-reduced deep waters. These glacial contourites were observed on most of the Antarctic margin with the exception of the areas in which polynyas were maintained during the glacial stages. Glacial contourites can be used as a proxy to define temporal and spatial extension of the Antarctic sea-ice.
The Eirik Drift: a long-term barometer of North Atlantic deepwater flux south of Cape Farewell, Greenland
Authors: Hunter S. E. , Wilkinson D. , Stanford J. , Stow D. A. V. , Bacon S. , Akhmetzhanov A. M. , Kenyon N. H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe Eirik Drift lies on the slope and rise off the southern tip of the Greenland margin where it formed under the influence of the North Atlantic deep western boundary current. The drift contains a semi-continuous and often expanded sedimentary record ranging from Early Eocene to Holocene and so contains a record of bottom current strengths over decadal to millennial time scales. These variations in current strength can be related to changes in thermohaline circulation and climate. The drift body is composed of four seismic sequences, with a number of internal discontinuities, reflecting a variety of palaeoceanographic events. Three secondary ridges are observed trending to the NW from the main ridge crest. The presence of these ridges, which have been active since the Early Pliocene, suggests that the deep current separates into three strands as it crosses the Eirik Drift, with each strand depositing a separate ridge. Variation in the degree of lateral migration within the Early to Late Pliocene sequence between ridges reflects local variation in the angle of slope on which the ridges formed. Cyclicity of reflector amplitude within the Late Pliocene to Pleistocene sequence could reflect changes in carbonate accumulation and deep current strength linked to glacial-interglacial variations.
Who were the makers of customary law in medieval Europe? Some answers based on sources about the spokesmen of Flemish feudal courts
Authors: Heirbaut D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDue to a lack of sources, the makers of customary law in the middle ages are largely unknown to us. However, a unique source, the Lois des pers du castel de Lille, makes it possible to identify the spokesmen of customary law courts, who were the intellectual authors of these courts' judgements and, thus, the main creators of customary law. An analysis of their careers shows that they were legal advisers, lords and/or bailiffs and members or spokesmen of other courts. In short, they were their community's legal experts. They had learned their trade by doing and can be considered to have been semi-professionals. Certain spokesmen were more successful than others and served as a court's main spokesman, but it is hard to determine why someone became the main spokesman or spokesman at all, though knights had more 'natural' authority for acting as spokesman than others. In fact, although the spokesmen formed a community of legal experts in their area, two subgroups (the knights and the others) can be distinguished. The case studied in this article concerns the spokesmen of a Flemish castellany court around 1300, but spokesmen can be found in Flanders already in 1122 and they were common in North-western Europe. Therefore, this article concludes with a call for further research about these key figures of medieval customary law.
Roman-canonical elements in the ancient 'Germanic' system of proof
Authors: Waelkens Laurent 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMany scholars consider that medieval trials by ordeal and collective oaths are typical of primitive societies. They occured all over the world and would have been introduced by the Germans in early-medieval Western Europe. These means of proof emerged in the eighth and ninth century, at a time when the administration of justice by the lords and the bishops were intertwined. When comparing them to Roman procedure and the canonists' approach to confession, party oaths and torture, one may consider those 'irrational' proofs as having Roman-canonical origins, as so many other institutions of the time. They should therefore not necessarily be compared to non-European developments.
Effect of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency on in vivo Translation and Rotation of the Knee during Weightbearing Flexion
Authors: Li Guoan , Papannagari Ramprasad , Li Meng , Bingham Jeffrey , Nha Kyung W. , Allred Dain , Gill Thomas 
Published: December 2007

Background The effect of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) deficiency on 6 degrees of freedom in vivo knee-joint kinematics is unclear. Hypothesis In addition to constraining anterior-posterior translation, the PCL also functions to constrain the medial-lateral translation and rotation of the knee during weightbearing flexion of the knee. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Eight patients with a PCL injury in 1 knee and the other intact were scanned with magnetic resonance imaging, and 3-dimensional models of the femur and tibia were created for both knees. Each knee was imaged during quasistatic weightbearing flexion (from 0° to 105°) using a dual-orthogonal fluoroscopic system. The translation and rotation of the PCL-deficient knee were compared with the intact contralateral control. Results Posterior cruciate ligament deficiency caused an increase in posterior tibial translation beyond 30° of flexion compared with the intact contralateral knees. At 90° of flexion, PCL deficiency increased posterior tibial translation by 3.5 mm ( P < .05). In the medial-lateral direction, PCL deficiency resulted in a 1.1 mm increase in lateral tibial translation at 90° of flexion ( P < .05). With regard to rotation, PCL deficiency caused a significantly lower varus rotation (on average, 0.6° lower) at 90° of flexion. Posterior cruciate ligament deficiency caused a decreased internal tibial rotation throughout the range of flexion, but no significant difference was detected. Conclusions This study quantitatively describes the effect of PCL injury on 6 degrees of freedom kinematics of the knee during quasistatic weightbearing flexion. Using the intact contralateral side as a control, we found that PCL injuries not only affect anterior-posterior tibial translation but also medial-lateral translation and rotation of the knee. Clinical Relevance These data provide baseline knowledge of the in vivo kinematics of the knee after PCL injury. Surgical reconstruction of the injured PCL, either using single-bundle or double-bundle technique, should not only focus on restoration of posterior stability of the knee but also the medial-lateral stability as well as the rotational stability. These findings may help to explain the long-term degenerative changes seen in PCL-deficient knees.
Childhood sarcoidosis: long-term follow-up
Authors: Milman N. , Hoffmann A. L. 
Published: December 2007

The aim of the present study was to describe clinical features and long-term survival in childhood sarcoidosis.In total, 46 ethnic Caucasian Danish children (aged <16 yrs, 24 males) with sarcoidosis were identified in 1979–1994. In 33 (72%) children, diagnosis was verified by histology and, in the remaining 13, by clinical and radiological findings. In total, 37 subjects had a follow-up examination. Median (range) age at onset of disease was 14 (0.7–15.8) yrs and median (range) clinical follow-up was 15 (3–23) yrs after onset of disease. The median (range) age at clinical follow-up was 28 (17–30) yrs.At follow-up: 36 (78%) children recovered completely; 30 (65%) showed complete clinical regression at a median (range) 0.7 (0.6–5.9) yrs after onset of disease; two (4%) recovered with organ damage (unilateral loss of vision, abnormal chest radiograph); five (11%) still had chronic active disease with multiorgan involvement and impaired lung function; and three (7%) were deceased, due to central nervous system sarcoidosis and acute myeloid leukaemia probably caused by cytostatics.In Danish children, sarcoidosis had a favourable prognosis; the majority recovered <6 yrs after onset of disease. Some developed chronic active disease and impairment of pulmonary function, demanding continuous medical treatment. Prognosis was not related to the age at onset of disease. Erythema nodosum was associated with a good prognosis, and central nervous system involvement with a poor prognosis.
Reference equations for lung function screening of healthy never-smoking adults aged 18–80 years
Authors: Kuster S. P. , Kuster D. , Schindler C. , Rochat M. K. , Braun J. , Held L. , Brändli O. 
Published: December 2007

The need for updated spirometric reference values to be used on European populations is widely acknowledged, especially for subjects aged >70 yrs. Their reference values are generally based on extrapolations. The aim of the present study was to calculate reference values for lung function screening of healthy, never-smoking adults aged 18–80 yrs and to compare them with the most widely used reference equations.Results of screening spirometry of 8,684 healthy, never-smoking adults were used to calculate mean values and fifth percentiles of lung function variables.The European Community of Coal and Steel (ECCS) reference equations underestimate forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). For example, in 50-yr-old males (height 175 cm), lower limits of normal for FEV1are underestimated by 198 mL, and for FVC by 210 mL. In 50-yr-old females (height 165 cm), lower limits of normal for FEV1are underestimated by 191 mL, and for FVC by 270 mL. The decline of FVC in elderly subjects is steeper than predicted by the ECCS.Reference equations derived from spirometry data locally collected in a practical setting by well-trained personnel might be more appropriate for everyday use than generally used equations based on data from scientific studies in the distant past.