bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Note on Log Sort Yard Location Problems
Authors: Broad L. R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Sort yards placed either at forest locations or at locations between forest and utilization sites may be used to sort logs into log types that are more consistent with their final form of utilization. This sorting procedure has the potential to increase returns from log scales. A formulation of the inherent location problem as a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) is presented. For. Sci. 35(2):640-645.
Spatial Stochastic Modeling of Growth and Forest Resource Evaluation
Authors: Samra J. S. , Gill H. S. , Bhatia V. K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Possibilities of spatial interpolations by the unbiased and minimum variance technique of kriging for mapping forest inventories have been examined. Observations recorded on the height of Dharek (Melia azedarach Linn.) planted in a sodic soil at 3 x 6 m spacing were used as test data. Coefficient of variation (CV) in the tree height was 28%, 30%, and 27% after 1, 2, and 3 years of growth as compared to 6% 1 month after the sapling establishment. The heterogeneity was modeled as intrinsic random fields of geostatistics after removing the deterministic component nonparametrically. Tree height varied both as a function of direction in the field (anisotropy) as well as lag distance. Depending on the age, 70 to 77% of the heterogeneity was structured in the NW-SE direction. Since modeling could be validated very precisely, interpolation (kriging) of the values at locations between the sampled sites for the inventory mapping has been recommended. Error variance of the kriging estimator (jackknifing) was 9% of the general mean. Suitability of this technique for forest resource evaluation from the samples taken on the ground or on the remotely sensed devices has been indicated. For Sci. 35(3):663-676.
Substitution in Demand Between Sawnwood and Other Wood Products in Norway
Authors: Baudin Anders , Solberg Birger 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A combined factor and consumer demand logit model for analyzing the substitution between sawnwood, particleboard, fiberboard, and gypsumboard was estimated for four industrial sectors in Norway. The causes of substitution are discussed. It is found that they are not uniform over the sectors. For instance, in the building and construction sector, labor costs dominated while in the furniture sector, price differentials between sawnwood and particleboard were most important. Sectoral substitution analyses are used to make projections of sawnwood demand, by applying a multisector macroeconomic model for Norway. For. Sci. 35(3):692-707.
Long-Term Effects of Fertilization on Stem Form, Growth Relations, and Yield Estimates of Slash Pine
Authors: Jokela E. J. , Harding R. B. , Nowak C. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The long-term effects of time-of-planting phosphorus (P) fertilization on stem form were evaluated in a 25-year-old slash pine plantation in north Florida. Cylindrical form factor (CFF), relative taper curves, the constant-stress principle of stem formation, and individual tree volume and biomass estimation equations were compared among treatments. Significant differences in CFF and taper existed between control and fertilized trees. Treatment-induced changes in crown size and accelerated tree and stand development may be responsible for these differences. Although statistically significant, alteration of stem form by fertilization was of minor importance relative to the accurate estimation of stand volume and weight. The cost and effort necessary to develop treatment-specific equations for quantifying fertilizer responses for slash pine on P-deficient sites appears unwarranted. For. Sci. 35(3):832-842.
Cumulative Employment Effects on Northern California's Wood Products Industries from National Forest Timber Harvests
Authors: Sullivan Jay , Gilless J. Keith 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Econometric models of labor demand are used to examine the relationship between timber harvest levels and employment in the logging and sawmill industries of northern California. Evidence is found to reject the hypothesis of a linear relationship, implying that timber harvests have cumulative effects across national forests. Questions raised about current national forest planning include the accuracy of estimated employment impacts and the appropriateness of developing land management plans independently for adjacent national forests. For. Sci. 35(3):00-00.
Comparing Basal Area Growth Rates in Repeated Inventories: Simpson's Paradox in Forestry
Authors: Thomas Charles E. , Parresol Bernard R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recent analyses of radial growth rates in southern commercial forests have shown that current rates are lower than past rates when compared diameter class by diameter class. These results have been interpreted as an indication that the growth rate of the forest is declining. In this paper, growth rates of forest populations in Alabama are studied. Basal area growth (a function of both radius and radial growth squared) by diameter classes is examined for plantation and natural stands. Basal area growth and population distributions for the 1962-1972 and 1972-1982 measurement periods are presented. Also, significance of Simpson's paradox in these analyses is discussed. Basal area growth proves to be consistent with changes that have occurred in tree frequency in diameter classes, i.e., stand structure. In Alabama's natural stands, basal area growth is shown to be relatively constant over the most recent inventories, while it has increased in plantations. Simple comparison of radial growth would be misleading. For. Sci. 35(4): 1029-1039.
Field Performance of Ponderosa, Scots, and Austrian Pines with Pisolithus tinctorius Ectomycorrhizae in Prairie Soils
Authors: Riffle Jerry W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Pinus ponderosa, P. sylvestris, and P. nigra seedlings, with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) ectomycorrhizae formed with standard or industrially produced pure culture inoculum, were planted on prairie soils in south-central and southeastern Nebraska, or in central Kansas. Survival and growth of the seedlings were evaluated annually over a 5-year period. Seedlings also were examined for presence of Pt and naturally occurring ectomycorrhizae. Pt remained viable on inoculated trees in each of three plantings during the 5-year period, but ectomycorrhizae formed with this symbiont did not improve survival and growth of the three pine species when compared to noninoculated control trees that had become ectomycorrhizal with naturally occurring symbionts. Factors (high soil pH and other fungi) contributing to the lack of growth response under field conditions for trees with Pt ectomycorrhizae are discussed. For. Sci. 35(4):935-945.
Air-Conducting Porosity in Slash Pine Roots from Saturated Soils
Authors: Fisher H. M. , Stone E. L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
On many sites, slash pine taproot systems extend into zones of perennially saturated, anoxic soil. Tap and sinker roots, submerged for weeks or months by periodic rising of the water table, appear to be undamaged by anoxia. On such sites, green wood of large-diameter sinkers and a taproot had unusually high air contents (48% to 69% of green volume), a consequence of low wood substance and low moisture volumes. Green root sections conducted air longitudinally when small pressures (0.06 to 0.98 kPa) were applied at one end. Mass air flow through root wood increased linearly with the pressure applied and was approximately proportional to root cross-sectional area. Since sinker roots taper, root length influenced mass flow by affecting both pressure gradient and the conducting cross-section. Using Darcy's Law, mass air flow through each root was characterized by K, an air-permeability factor, which incorporates the unique anatomic or morphologic features of each root section. The average K for the population of green sinker and taproot sections was 68.6 cm² kPa-1 min-1, which is the same magnitude of Darcy K estimates reported for mass air flow through dried pine stem wood. The findings suggest that vertical roots simultaneously conduct water up from, and air down to, submerged distal ends of the root system. The large gas-filled volume in wood likely serves as a pool for diffusive gas exchange between the atmosphere and 02-depleted tissues. For. Sci. 36(1):18-33.
Growth and Biomass Partitioning of Northern Red Oak and Yellow-Poplar Seedlings: Effects of Shading and Grass Root Competition
Authors: Kolb T. E. , Steiner K. C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Seedling growth of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were compared under conditions of grass root competition (Poa pratensis L.) and shading. Each species was grown from seed for 2 years in each of four environments: (1) 100% sun/no grass, (2) 100% sun/grass, (3) 37% sun/no grass, and (4) 37% sun/grass. Leaf, stem, and root biomass and projected surface areas of leaves and roots were measured by destructive harvests in each year. Growth allocation to organs was compared among environments by coefficients of the allometric equation Y = aXb. Total seedling biomass of oak was greater than yellow-poplar in all environments and harvests because of an initial growth advantage from larger seed reserves. However, biomass relative growth rate of yellow-poplar was greater than oak in all environments. Grass root competition reduced biomass of both species, but more for yellow-poplar than for oak. In the absence of grass, shading reduced biomass of both species, especially yellow-poplar, while shading in the presence of grass resulted in a nonsignificant increase in biomass of both species. In all environments, shoot-root ratio and partitioning of leaf and root biomass to surface area for yellow-poplar was greater than oak. In response to competition for soil resources, both species increased biomass partitioning to the root at the expense of the shoot. In response to shading, yellow-poplar increased leaf area proportion, while oak did not. Thinner leaves and a more fibrous root system were more important in explaining yellow-poplar's higher relative growth rate under conditions of shading and root competition compared to oak than differences in shoot-root weight ratio or plasticity in biomass partitioning. For. Sci. 36 (1):34-44.
Effects of Pollen Source on Loblolly Pine Resistance to Cronartium Quercuum f. sp. Fusiforme
Authors: Snow G. A. , Matthews F. R. , Nance W. L. , Foster G. S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Pine seedlings from control-pollinated and wind-pollinated seeds of nine loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine trees were inoculated with Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme in separate experiments at Gulfport, Mississippi, and Athens, Georgia. A factorial mating design was used in which nine female parent trees were crossed with six other loblolly trees (males). The male and female parents were chosen to represent a range of resistance to the pathogen. Results at the two laboratories were similar in that the percentage of trees galled for pine families was highly correlated. Resistant parents, either male or female, usually produced resistant progeny, and susceptible parents usually produced susceptible progeny. There were notable exceptions, as one female parent produced highly resistant progeny when crossed with three of the males, but crosses of this female with the other males, including a cross with pollen carried by the wind, were highly susceptible. Gall form, a variable derived from gall length divided by gall diameter, gave an equal or better determination of female rust susceptibility than the percent-galled variables for certain crosses in the Gulfport experiment. Development of round galls appears to be an indication of tolerance to the disease and may be a useful trait for resistance work. The advantage of using control-pollinated progeny instead of wind-pollinated progeny to detect trees that can be crossed to produce highly resistant progeny was demonstrated. The avoidance of errors that can be introduced by using unknown male parents was strongly implied by the dramatic effects of resistant and susceptible males. For. Sci. 36(2):304-312.
Some Novel Statistical Analyses Relevant to the Reported Growth Decline of Pine Species in the Southeast
Authors: Warren William G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Existing statistical methodology has been adapted to give additional insight into the data on pine-growth reduction in the Southeast as presented by Sheffield et al. (1985). Specifically the generation of confidence intervals for the percentage growth reduction is illustrated. The probability integral transformation and cumulative sum techniques are employed as a meta-analytic approach to testing the significance of the growth reduction. While these methods are suggested as a means of obtaining a quantitative overview of these particular data, the potential for wider application exists. It is also shown how the observed pattern of reduction and most, if not all, of its magnitude can be explained by a simple conceptual model for hardwood competition. Verification of this approach is, however, not possible with the data as provided by Sheffield et al. For. Sci 36(2):448-463.
Multicriteria Nonlinear Programming for Optimal Spatial Allocation of Stands
Authors: Roise Joseph P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The forest planning problem is formulated using stand level variables for each management unit. It is shown that harvests can be spatially allocated to stands to meet nonadjacency requirements by using a nonlinear programming formulation. A penalty function form of the mathematical program is used to find solutions. This study represents a first attempt at a possibly robust technique. It appears to be applicable to small forest areas. For larger forest areas containing many stands (&gt;200) the method is predicted to converge too slowly for practical use. The considerable conflict between achieving optimal present net value of the forest and meeting nonadjacency requirements is illustrated for example cases. For. Sci. 36(3):487-501.
A Sampling Strategy for Estimating Past Crown Recession on Temporary Growth Plots
Authors: Maguire Douglas A. , Hann David W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Seven alternative sampling strategies for estimating past crown recession on temporary plots were compared using known 5-yr recession rates reconstructed on permanent plots. Actual past crown recession was established on 28 Douglas-fir trees by application of a branch mortality dating technique to all branches in 10-15 whorls below present crown base. Seven sampling schemes were then chosen to sample only two or four whorls per tree. Proposed estimators for each scheme were applied to compute past crown recession for each tree over various 5-yr intervals. Simple linear regressions of estimated on actual recession demonstrated that several of the sampling strategies produced an intercept and slope not significantly different (P &lt; 0.01) from zero and one, respectively, and hence were satisfactory for estimating past 5-yr crown recession on these plots. Extension of this technique by tailoring sampling strategies to specific site conditions is discussed. For. Sci. 36(3):549-563.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Response to Water and Nutrient Status of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Ross Darrell W. , Berisford C. Wayne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were grown in a greenhouse under conditions of variable water and nutrient availability and then exposed to natural populations of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana [Comstock]). Seedling growth was directly related to water and nutrient availability. Tip moth oviposition was highest on the most vigorous seedlings, even after accounting for differences in seedling size among treatments. The ratios of mean number of pupae per seedling to mean number of eggs per seedling for each treatment indicated percent tip moth survival may have been lower on vigorous seedlings than on stressed seedlings, but differences may have been due to factors other than the suitability of seedlings as larval food. Larger numbers of heavier pupae developed on vigorous seedlings than on stressed seedlings. Pupal weights were directly related to total nitrogen concentration and inversely related to total phenolic and condensed tannin concentrations of pine shoot tissues. Total phenolic and condensed tannin concentrations were inversely related to seedling growth. These results suggest that tip moth populations will increase rapidly following silvicultural treatments that increase water and nutrients available to young loblolly pines. For. Sci. 36(3):719-733.
Allocation Patterns of Carbon and Minerals in Juvenile and Small-Adult Juniperus occidentalis
Authors: Miller P. M. , Eddleman L. E. , Kramer S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Allocation patterns in juvenile and small-adult western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook. subsp. occidentalis) were studied to understand how a successful, invasive, native species balances the allocation of resources between above-ground tissue to optimize photosynthetic capacity, and below-ground tissue to maintain itself in a semi-arid environment. Above- and below-ground biomass, gross heat of combustion, concentrations of macro- and micronutrient elements, and construction costs were measured on seven trees with 100% juvenile foliage (juveniles) and seven with both juvenile and adult foliage (small-adults) from a site in central Oregon. Adult foliage had the highest heat of combustion, nitrogen concentrations, and construction cost. Allocation patterns indicated a larger investment in resources to above-ground than below-ground tissue in both juvenile and small-adult J. occidentalis. The proportions by weight of nutrient elements in juniper foliage were 1.3 to 29 times higher that the optimal proportions required for maximum growth of Pinus sylvestris. The relatively high nutrient status of J. occidentalis may indicate that additional root biomass is not required to balance the activity and relative growth rate of above-ground tissue. Assuming that unrecovered fine roots were a similar percentage of total root dry mass and that sampling errors were similar between studies, J. occidentalis had high root:shoot ratios when compared with other conifer species from more mesic habitats and Larrea tridentata from more xeric habitats. Compared with similar-aged species for which data are available, juvenile and small adult J. occidentalis allocate larger proportions of dry mass to foliage, to optimize photosynthetic capacity, and to roots, to optimize water and nutrient acquisition; the larger allocation to foliage and roots was accomplished through reduction of allocation to branch/trunk. For. Sci. 36(3):734-747.
Nutrient Leaching of a Loblolly Pine Forest Floor by Simulated Rainfall I. Intensity Effects
Authors: Schreiber J. D. , Duffy P. D. , McDowell L. L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Material from the L(Oi) and F (Oe) horizons was collected from the floor of a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation and subjected separately and in combination to 25.4 mm of simulated rain at 6.1, 25.4, and 98.8 mm · h-1 using a multiple-intensity rainfall simulator. Leachate (rainfall that flowed through the floor materials), sampled at intervals during each simulated storm, was analyzed for PO4-P, NO3-N, NH4-N, and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations. Generally, the concentration and amount of nutrients in the leachate were greater at the lower rainfall intensities. In the leachate within each storm the concentration increased rapidly to a maximum and then decreased to a nearly constant value for each intensity, horizon, and nutrient. After reaching a maximum concentration, the function C = aTb best described the relationship of concentration (C) with time (T); however, the function C = aebQ best described the relationship of concentration with cumulative leachate volume (Q). Of the total nutrient stored in the combined L and F horizons, a single storm leached ≤0.23% of the N as NH4-N and NO3-N, ≤0.15% of C as TOC, and up to 2.0% of the P as PO4-P. Results provide greater insight to nutrient cycling, provide input to chemical transport models, and make implications about management practices that change the forest floor. For. Sci. 36(3):765-776.
The Gain in Efficiency in πps Sampling over Poisson Sampling
Authors: Schreuder H. T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A ratio is derived for the relative efficiency of mean-of-ratio estimation for πps sampling without replacement relative to Poisson sampling, assuming the model for which πps sampling with this estimator is optimum. This efficiency ratio is R = 1 + 1/ne where ne = the expected sample size in Poisson sampling and the sample size used in pps sampling. πps sampling from the cumulated x-values, a replacement sampling scheme, is compared to Poisson sampling in a simulation study using four sets of three populations, where two populations in each set are realizations of the optimal linear model for πps sampling with the Horvitz-Thompson estimator, and the third is an actual data set. The derived ratio is a good indicator of the gain in efficiency of πps sampling relative to Poission sampling. This is confirmed by simulation results from some populations. For. Sci. 36(4):1146-1152.
Cost Effectiveness from Regional Optimization in the USDA Forest Service
Authors: Hof John G. , Baltic Tony J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper addresses the potential for improving cost effectiveness in the National Forest System through large-scale optimization. It is shown theoretically why allocations of output targets and budgets across National Forests should be expected to be inefficient in the absence of large-scale optimization analysis. And, conservative estimates of the potential for cost savings from large-scale optimization are developed using a multilevel optimization model. These estimates indicate that the output levels in the current "preferred alternatives" in Forest Service land management planning could be achieved for at least 1 to 11% less cost if outputs and budgets were allocated more efficiently across forests. For. Sci. 36(4):939-954.
Effects of Annual Fertilization and Sustained Weed Control on Dry Matter Partitioning, Leaf Area, and Growth Efficiency of Juvenile Loblolly and Slash Pine
Authors: Colbert S. R. , Jokela E. J. , Neary D. G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Productivity and stand development of juvenile loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) were investigated using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment (species, fertilization, weed control) in north-central Florida. After four growing seasons, annual fertilization and complete weed control produced similar levels of response, increasing aboveground biomass 700% for loblolly pine and 300% for slash pine. The combined treatment improved total dry matter production 1600% (from 1.9 to 32.2 Mg ha-1) for loblolly pine and 450% (from 4.3 to 23.6 Mg ha-1) for slash pine. Equally large treatment-associated increases (up to 1210%) in all-sided leaf area index were measured. Cultural treatments increased the proportional allocations of dry matter to stem wood, stem bark, and branches for both species, a consequence of accelerated stand development. Regardless of treatment, dry matter partitioning to bole (stem wood and stem bark) tissues was greater for slash than loblolly pine (58 vs. 44%), whereas the opposite was true for the crown (foliage and branches) components (42 vs. 57%). Bole production per unit leaf area (growth efficiency) improved with increasing intensity of cultural treatments and was significantly greater for slash than loblolly pine. Results indicate that the potential to increase southern pine productivity on Lower Coastal Plain flatwoods sites is large, and that soil-plant nutrient availability is an important limiting factor. For. Sci 36(4):995-1014.