bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chirality Amplification of Porphyrin Assemblies Exclusively Constructed from Achiral Porphyrin Derivatives
Authors: Chen Penglei , Ma Xiaoguang , Duan Pengfei , Liu Minghua 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo achiral porphyrin derivatives, 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐21H,23H‐porphine (TPPOMe) and 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐21H,23H‐porphine (TPPOH), were spread onto an air/water interface. The spreading films were transferred onto solid substrates by the Langmuir–Schaefer (LS) method. Although both of the porphyrin derivatives are achiral species, the transferred LS multilayer films shows macroscopic supramolecular chirality, which is suggested to be due to the spontaneous symmetry breaking that occurs at the air/water interface. A strong CD signal is observed from the as‐deposited TPPOH LS film, while a relatively weak CD signal is detected from that of TPPOMe. Interestingly, when the TPPOMe LS film was annealed in high vacuum, a significant amplification of the supramolecular chirality is observed. Atomic force microscopy observations confirm that TPPOMe form more ordered aggregates upon annealing. It is suggested that the small amount of chiral assemblies formed in the as‐deposited LS film grow into larger ones following the “sergeants and soldiers” principle during the annealing process.
Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals Modified with Acidic Amino Acids
Authors: Boanini Elisa , Fini Milena , Gazzano Massimo , Bigi Adriana 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHA‐aspartic acid (HA‐ASP) and HA‐glutamic acid (HA‐GLU) composite nanocrystals were synthesized in aqueous medium. The relative amino acid content, determined through HPLC analysis, increases with the amino acid concentration in solution up to a maximum of about 7.8 wt.‐% for HA‐ASP and 4.3 wt.‐% for HA‐GLU composites. The dimensions of the composite nanocrystals decrease on increasing the amino acid content. The line profile analysis of the X‐ray diffraction reflections was performed using: (i) the Scherrer method, (ii) the Warren–Averbach approach, and (iii) the Rietveld refinement. The results indicate that the broadening of the diffraction peaks is partly due to the decrease of crystallite size on increasing amino acid content, and even more to the simultaneous increase of microstrain. The different extent of structural disorder induced by the two amino acids, in agreement with their different incorporation, suggests a greater affinity of aspartic acid for hydroxyapatite structure. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Effects of pH of Fermentation Medium on Biosynthesis of Poly[(3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐co‐(3‐mercaptopropionate)] by Wautersia eutropha
Authors: Isemori Yuichi , Tajima Koichiro , Tanaka Syogo , Yu Fang , Ishida Kazuki , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: A series of P(3HB‐co‐3MP)s with different 3MP unit content was biosynthesized by the fermentation of W. eutropha in a medium containing sodium gluconate and DTDP as carbon sources at different pH conditions ranging from pH 6.0 to 8.0. The P(3HB‐co‐3MP) samples were fractioned using the solvent/nonsolvent mixed solvent chloroform/heptane and the comonomer unit composition was investigated. It was found that W. eutropha produces P(3HB‐co‐3MP)s with extremely different 3MP unit content ranging from 3.6 to 70.0 mol‐%, depending on the pH value of the fermentation medium. The copolyester samples produced in mild basic medium have a considerably narrower compositional distribution than the samples from acidic medium. The highest polymer yield was obtained at pH 8.0.DSC diagram for P(3HB‐co‐3MP)s biosynthesized in different pH medium.magnified imageDSC diagram for P(3HB‐co‐3MP)s biosynthesized in different pH medium.
Iron filled singlewalled carbon nanotubes – synthesis and characteristic properties
Authors: Borowiak‐Palen E. , Bachmatiuk A. , Rümmeli M. H. , Gemming T. , Pichler T. , Kalenczuk R. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn efficient and simple wet chemistry methodology to synthesize iron filled singlewalled carbon nanotubes (Fe‐SWCNT) is presented. The route leads to the formation of long continuous iron cables within the tubes. Partial filling is also observed. The morphology, high filling aspect and the chemical profile of the produced sample is studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and its X‐ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) mode. The bulk scale chemical composition is confirmed with a bulk sensitive electron energy‐loss spectrometer (EELS). The resulting material exhibits ferromagnetic properties at room temperature and 3 K. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determinants of cost efficiencies in the mutual fund industry
Authors: Malhotra D.K. , Martin Rand , Russel Philip 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe evaluate determinants of cost efficiencies in the U.S. mutual fund industry for 1998–2003. Our empirical results show that cost increases in this industry have been less than proportional to increases in assets. We find that funds without a 12b‐1 plan show larger economies of scale than funds with a 12b‐1 plan; institutional funds show greater economies of scale than do retail funds; and that fund families that are more focused in their investment objectives reap benefits of lower fund management costs than do fund families that are more diversified in their investment objectives.
The NIMH MATRICS Initiative: Development of a Consensus Cognitive Battery
Authors: Kern Robert S. , Green Michael F. , Marder Stephen R. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTA key obstacle to the development of new drugs to treat the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia was the absence of a standard by which to measure their efficacy. Before granting approval for any new drug for this condition, the US Food and Drug Administration wanted a standard cognitive endpoint based on a broad consensus-based method. To address this obstacle, the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) intiative oversaw a process to develop a consensus neurocognitive battery. Its development included a ten-step process that is described in this article.
Analysis of HIV-1 pol sequences using Bayesian Networks: implications for drug resistance
Authors: Deforche K. , Silander T. , Camacho R. , Grossman Z . , Soares M. A. , Van Laethem K. , Kantor R. , Moreau Y. , Vandamme A.-M. ,   on behalf of the non-B Workgroup
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) antiviral resistance is a major cause of antiviral therapy failure and compromises future treatment options. As a consequence, resistance testing is the standard of care. Because of the high degree of HIV-1 natural variation and complex interactions, the role of resistance mutations is in many cases insufficiently understood. We applied a probabilistic model, Bayesian networks, to analyze direct influences between protein residues and exposure to treatment in clinical HIV-1 protease sequences from diverse subtypes. We can determine the specific role of many resistance mutations against the protease inhibitor nelfinavir, and determine relationships between resistance mutations and polymorphisms. We can show for example that in addition to the well-known major mutations 90M and 30N for nelfinavir resistance, 88S should not be treated as 88D but instead considered as a major mutation and explain the subtype-dependent prevalence of the 30N resistance pathway.
Contact: koen.deforche@uz.kuleuven.ac.be
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Assessment of anti‐inflammatory activity of Poria cocos in sodium lauryl sulphate‐induced irritant contact dermatitis
Authors: Fuchs S. M. , Heinemann C. , Schliemann‐Willers S. , Härtl H. , Fluhr J. W. , Elsner P. 
Published: October 2006

Objective: In the present study, we evaluated the anti‐inflammatory activity of Poria cocos (PoCo) on experimentally induced irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in a repeated sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) irritation model.Methods: The anti‐irritative effect of PoCo was evaluated with a visual score and quantified by non‐invasive bioengineering methods, namely chromametry and transepidermal water loss. Three concentrations of PoCo in base cream DAC (amphiphilic emollient; German pharmacopoeia) were tested in a 4‐day repetitive irritation test using SLS.Results: A statistically significant anti‐inflammatory activity was observed for PoCo by all three methods when applied in parallel to the induction period of ICD. Application of PoCo after induction of ICD once a day for 5 days, starting just at the end of 4 days, was without any effect.Conclusion: An anti‐inflammatory efficacy of PoCo on the elicitation phase of the ICD induced by repeated SLS test could be observed and quantified by three independent, non‐invasive biophysical assessment parameters. This effect can be explained by its influence on pro‐inflammatory enzymes, namely phospholipase A2.
Costs of patient management of visceral leishmaniasis in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
Authors: Meheus Filip , Boelaert Marleen , Baltussen Rob , Sundar Shyam 
Published: October 2006

SummaryObjectives To identify and quantify the direct and indirect economic cost of treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) with conventional Amphotericin B deoxycholate, currently the first‐line treatment in Muzaffarpur.Methods Costs of patient management for VL were estimated from a societal and household perspective by means of a questionnaire designed for this study, interviews and financial reports.Results The total cost of care per episode of VL from the societal perspective was estimated at US$355, equivalent to 58% of annual household income. The largest cost category was medical costs (55%), followed by indirect costs (36%) and non‐medical costs (9%). The cost from the household perspective was equivalent to US$217. The largest cost category was indirect costs (59%), followed by medical costs (27%) and non‐medical costs (15%). Loss of income because of illness and hospitalization and expenses for drugs were the largest cost components.Conclusions The economic costs related to VL are substantial, both to society and the patient. Public health authorities in Bihar should focus on policies that detect VL in the early stage and implement interventions that minimize the burden to households affected by VL.
DISTRIBUTION OF N‐ACETYL‐l‐ASPARTIC ACID IN RAT BRAIN
Authors: Marcucci F. , Mussini E. , Valzelli L. , Garattini S. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThe distribution of N‐acetyl‐l‐aspartic acid in the rat brain has been studied by means of a new gas‐chromatographic method. The results obtained concern twelve different brain areas.
THE ISOLATION OF HOMOANSERINE FROM BOVINE BRAIN*†
Authors: Nakajima T. , Wolfgram F. , Clark W. G. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYHomocarnosine, homoanserine, 3‐methylhistidine, and 1‐methylhistidine have been isolated from bovine brain. The first three compounds were crystallized and compared with the synthetic compounds. The synthesis of homoanserine nitrate is described.
[14C]ACETYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS BY CORTEX SLICES OF RAT BRAIN12
Authors: Browning E. T. , Schulman M. P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

A procedure has been developed to measure ACh synthesis from [14C]‐precursors. As little as 10−9 moles of ACh were detected as the result of de nova synthesis. Following incubation of cortex slices of rat brain with eserine and a tagged metabolite, ACh carrier was added to the incubation medium and to an extract from the slices. ACh was purified by chromatography on Amberlite CG‐50, precipitation and recrystallization of ACh chloroaurate.
[U−14C]glucose and [2−14C]pyruvate formed similar amounts of [14C]ACh. Hydrolysis of ACh with subsequent chromatography of the resultant acetic acid demonstrated that all of the label was located in the acetyl moiety. [14C]acetate did not serve as a precursor of the acetyl group of ACh. Equivalent incorporation of carbons 1 and 6 of glucose into ACh indicated that glucose metabolism to ACh occurred via the Embden‐Meyerhof pathway.
The amount of ACh detected by bioassay after incubation of cortex slices with [U−14C]glucose was approximately the same as that calculated as labelled ACh; this demonstrates that all of the acetyl groups of ACh formed during incubation were derived from glucose.
[14C]choline, either methyl or chain labelled, formed [14C]ACh while labelled ethanolamine, serine and methionine did not. Synthesis from labelled choline did not occur in the absence of glucose.
When both [U−14C]glucose and [14C]choline were incubated with brain slices, the acetyl and choline moieties of ACh were equally labelled; this demonstrates that the entire molecule was formed from added precursors. Slices supported a high rate of ACh synthesis without addition of choline. The addition of 10−4m‐hemicholinium‐3 inhibited ACh formation by more than 90 per cent from either [U‐14C]glucose or [Me‐14C]choline.
Study of the time course of ACh synthesis from glucose demonstrated a rapid formation of [14C]ACh within the slices which reached a maximum during the first hour of incubation. [14C]ACh in the incubation medium accumulated at a linear rate for 3 hr. Replacement of a portion of the sodium chloride of the incubation medium by potassium chloride to a final concentration of 31 mm‐KCI markedly increased the formation of [14C]ACh found in the incubation medium. Decreased amounts of [14C]ACh were extracted from the slices by homogenization or by subsequent heating at pH 4 in the high potassium ion medium.
ACID PHOSPHATASE LOCALIZATION IN INDIVIDUAL NEURONS BY A QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMICAL METHOD*
Authors: Hirsch Hilde E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—By an adaptation of the fluorometric method of Campbell and Moss (1961), the activity of α‐naphthyl acid phosphatase was measured in individual neurons of monkey and human spinal cord and found to be many times higher in nerve cell bodies than in the surrounding neuropil. It was also measured in cerebellar cortex and found most concentrated in the granular (neuronal) layer. As this distribution is distinctive and paralleled by two other acid hydrolases, β‐galactosidase and β‐glucuronidase, it is considered to offer additional support for the lysosomal concept in nervous tissue and to indicate that nerve cell perikarya are much richer in lysosomes than are axons, dendrites or glial cells.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SULPHATIDE‐CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS IN RAT BRAIN1
Authors: Herschkowitz N. , McKhann G. M. , Saxena S. , Shooter E. M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) Water‐soluble [35S]sulphatide is found in the 105,000 g supernatant (SN) of rat brain after intraperitoneal injection of Na235SO4. This labelled sulphatide has a density between those of free lipid and free protein.(2) Fractionation of SN by preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that the [35S]sulphatide is not distributed among all SN proteins, but is associated with certain specific proteins. One of the isolated [35S]sulphatide‐containing proteins appears homogeneous by analytical acrylamide gel electrophoresis at several pH values.(3) Comparison of the turnover of [35S]sulphatide in microsomes, SN, and myelin indicates that these three subcellular fractions behave as distinct metabolic pools, which meet the requirements for a precursor‐product relationship between microsomes and SN and between SN and myelin.(4) These results suggest that sulphatide, synthesized in the microsomes, is transported to the myelin membrane as water‐soluble sulphatide containing Iipoproteins in SN.
MONOAMINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND VARIOUS OTHER BRAIN AREAS AND IN SOME ENDOCRINE GLANDS OF THE RAT DURING THE ESTRUS CYCLE12
Authors: Kamberi I. A. , Kobayashi Yutaka 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO, EC 1.4.3.4) was measured in the entire hypothalamus and different hypothalamic regions, in the amygdala, frontal and lateral cerebral cortex, in the pituitary, adrenals and genital organs of male rats and of female rats during the estrus cycle. Activity of MAO changed cyclically in the hypothalamus, amygdala, adrenals and ovaries. The highest levels in the hypothalamus occurred at 10 a.m. on the day of proestrus and during estrus. The lowest levels occurred at 6 p.m. on the day of proestrus, of metestrus and during diestrus. Cyclical variations similar to those found in the whole hypothalamus were also observed in anterior, posterior and lateral portions and the median eminence of the hypothalamus. Activity in the median eminence was greater than that of the whole hypothalamus or its various other portions. The amygdala exhibited less marked cyclical activity which followed the pattern of the hypothalamus by increasing at 10 a.m. and peaking at 3 p.m. on the day of proestrus. At the‘post‐critical’period of proestrus, when the activity of MAO in the hypothalamus and amygdala decreased, the activity of MAO in the ovaries and adrenals rose. During the estrus cycle much lower levels of activity of MAO were demonstrated in other regions of the brain (frontal and lateral cerebral cortex), in the pituitary and in the uterus, none of which showed cyclical changes. The changes in activity of MAO in cerebral tissues, endocrine glands and genital organs have been discussed in relation to the probable participation of monoamines in the mechanism(s) of secretion of gonadotrophins by the hypothalamus.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF LACTOSYLCERAMIDE BY RAT BRAIN PREPARATIONS AND COMPARISON WITH THE FORMATION OF GANGLIOSIDE GM1 AND PSYCHOSINE DURING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Hildebrand J. , Stoffyn P. , Hauser G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—This report deals with some properties of the enzyme from rat brain, which catalyses in vitro the formation of lactosylceramide, a probable precursor of the gangliosides, from UDP‐galactose and glucosylceramide. The enzyme is present in microsomes, mitochondria and synaptosomes, the latter having the highest specific activity, and appears to be firmly bound to the membranes of these particles. The enzymic activity is optimal at pH 6·8 and requires the presence of Mn2+.Lactosylceramide, the product of the reaction, was tentatively identified by its elution pattern from a Florisil column, its resistance to mild alkaline hydrolysis, thin‐layer co‐chromatography with authentic standards in six solvent systems, and location of the radioactivity in the galactose portion of the product obtained after incubation of labelled UDP‐galactose with unlabelled glucosylceramide and in the glucose portion after incubation of glucose‐labelled glucosylceramide with unlabelled UDP‐galactose.The activity of this enzyme, per unit of brain weight, was found to be highest at birth and to decrease gradually thereafter. A similar age distribution was observed for another galactosyltransferase, the one which catalyses the formation of ganglioside GM1 from Tay‐Sachs’ganglioside. In contrast, the activity of a third galactosyltransferase, which catalyses the formation of psychosine, and thus possibly is related to the increase of cerebrosides during myelination, is negligible during the first week and maximal about 20 days after birth.
OCCURRENCE AND PROPERTIES OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE IN ADRENERGIC NEURONS
Authors: Jarrott B. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Monoamine oxidase activity of peripheral organs of various species has been examined after surgical, chemical and immunological sympathectomy to assess the proportion of enzyme activity in adrenergic neurons and in extraneuronal cells. Significant falls in monoamine oxidase activity of vas deferens, submaxillary gland, iris and spleen were seen after sympathetic denervation although not in heart, small intestine and kidney. It was suggested that a correlation exists between the extent of the fall in monoamine oxidase activity after sympathectomy and the density of sympathetic innervation of the control organ. Studies of monoamine oxidase activity in vas deferens after inhibition with clorgyline suggested multiple forms of monoamine oxidase. Differences in inhibitor sensitivity, substrate specificity and thermal inactivation of monoamine oxidase in normal and denervated vas deferens were found and it was suggested that differences exist in the properties of the neuronal and extraneuronal monoamine oxidase.
THE EFFECT OF ELECTROCONVULSIVE SHOCK ON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: Dunn A. , Giuditta A. , Pagliuca Nicola 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of a single electroconvulsive shock on protein synthesis in mouse brain cortex was studied by observing the incorporation into protein of intraperitoneally injected [3H]‐ or [14C]leucine. When the precursor was injected immediately after the electroshock there was a 50 per cent inhibition of the incorporation which was not seen with injections at times later than 10 min. To investigate a possible specificity, the cerebral cortices of experimental and sham control animals which had been injected with different isotopes were homogenized together and fractionated by differential centrifugation. Cell fractions were then separately extracted with phosphate buffer and with Triton X‐100. The ratio of 3H to 14C in each fraction was compared with that of the total homogenate to reveal any specific effects due to the electroconvulsive shock. The treatment produced a slight inhibition of the incorporation of the isotope into the heavier particulate fractions (i.e. nuclei, mitochondria, synaptosomes) relative to that in the microsome and cell sap fractions. A possible explanation of these results is given with a discussion of the limitations of the technique.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE MYELIN PROTEINS OF BOVINE PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SPINAL CORD
Authors: Uyemura K. , Tobari C. , Hirano S. , Tsukada Y. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— (1) Two myelin fractions of bovine peripheral nerve and spinal cord have been studied comparatively. Cholesterol as well as cerebroside content per mg of protein in the peripheral nerve myelin was less than that in the spinal cord myelin, while no significant difference in the total phospholipid content was noted.(2) The basic proteins in myelin fractions were quantitatively estimated by disc gel electrophoresis. Around one‐fourth of the total myelin protein in the bovine peripheral nerve was a basic protein with a mobility of 1.07 relative to lysozyme by Reisfeld's disc gel electrophoresis.(3) The myelin proteins in the peripheral nerve were less completely solubilized than those of the spinal cord by treatment with deoxycholate as well as by Triton‐salt solution. The protein fractions obtained from the peripheral nerve myelin by techniques similar to that for obtaining the proteolipids from the spinal cord myelin, contained different types of protein.(4) 2′,3′‐Cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphohydrolase activity in the peripheral nerve myelin was only one tenth of that in the spinal cord myelin. The Triton‐salt insoluble fraction showed remarkable high activity among subfractions of the spinal cord myelin.(5) By immunological studies, it may be concluded that an antigenic substance for experimental allergic neuritis was localized in the peripheral nerve myelin, but not in its basic protein.
ON THE PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 ACTIVITY OF HUMAN CEREBRAL CORTEX
Authors: Cooper Mary F. , Webster G. R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Preparations of phospholipase Az have been obtained from human cerebral cortex. The enzyme was extracted from acetone‐dried tissue and purified by heat‐treatment and gel filtration on Sephadex.Although heating at 65°C or 70°C destroys most of the phospholipase A1 activity that is present in crude extracts, a small proportion remains associated with the A2 activity during these procedures. The heat‐treated extracts hydrolyse lecithin in preference to phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine but have no action on lysolecithin or neutral lipids. The results suggest that A2 activity and the heat‐stable component of A1 may both be due to a single phospholipase A that can hydrolyse diacylglycerophosphatides at either the 2‐or the 1‐position, to form a mixture of isomeric lysoderivatives.A molecular weight of 55,000 was calculated for the enzyme.