bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intelligent gold nanocluster for effective treatment of malignant tumor via tumor-specific photothermal–chemodynamic therapy with AIE guidance
Authors: Liu Feng , Yang Tianfeng , Chang Xiaowei , Chen Li , Cheng Cheng , Peng Xiuhong , Liu Haihu , Zhang Yanmin , Chen Xin 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Precise and efficient therapy of malignant tumors is always a challenge. Herein, gold nanoclusters co-modified by aggregation-induced-emission (AIE) molecules, copper ion chelator (acylthiourea) and tumor-targeting agent (folic acid) were fabricated to perform AIE-guided and tumor-specific synergistic therapy with great spatio-temporal controllability for the targeted elimination and metastasis inhibition of malignant tumors. During therapy, the functional gold nanoclusters (AuNTF) would rapidly accumulate in the tumor tissue due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect as well as folic acid-mediated tumor targeting, which was followed by endocytosis by tumor cells. After that, the overexpressed copper ions in the tumor cells would trigger the aggregation of these intracellular AuNTF via a chelation process that not only generated the photothermal agent in situ to perform the tumor-specific photothermal therapy damaging the primary tumor, but also led to the copper deficiency of tumor cells to inhibit its metastasis. Moreover, the copper ions were reduced to cuprous ions along with the chelation, which further catalysed the excess H2O2 in the tumor cells to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, resulting in additional chemodynamic therapy for enhanced antitumor efficiency. The aggregation of AuNTF also activated the AIE molecules to present fluorescence, which not only imaged the therapeutic area for real-time monitoring of this tumor-specific synergistic therapy, but also allowed us to perform near-infrared radiation at the correct time point and location to achieve optimal photothermal therapy. Both in vitro and in vivo results revealed the strong tumor elimination, effective metastasis inhibition and high survival rate of tumor-bearing mice after treatment using the AuNTF nanoclusters, indicating that this AIE-guided and tumor-specific synergistic strategy could offer a promising approach for tumor therapy.
Deconstructing Victory
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the case of Sri Lanka and the patterns of conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) from 1998 to 2016. It analyzes SGBV reports in the period overlapping with the nation’s civil war (1983–2009) between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and in the postconflict period subsequent to the war’s end. The chapter finds that despite postconflict status, the reporting conditions for SGBV were still influenced by the political context and prevailing narratives of the conflict reflecting the clear Sinhalese victory over the Tamil minority. Victor’s justice did not end the violence, though, and SGBV reporting has faced intense politicization during the postwar years. The chapter considers the current narrative about conflict-related SGBV in Sri Lanka, and drawing on primary data, suggests that both parties to the conflict employed SGBV and much of this violence was not reported or able to be reported.
Definitions
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter defines four of the most frequently used terms in federal Indian law: Indian, Indian tribe, Indian country, and Indian title. It discusses who is an Indian, how a group becomes a federally recognized Indian tribe, what territory is Indian country, and how a tribe acquires Indian title to land. There is no single or universally accepted definition for any of these important terms. Many disputes have arisen, for instance, over who is an “Indian” and which group is an “Indian tribe.” Similarly, many lawsuits have been filed to determine whether an area of land is or is not “Indian country.” This chapter explains how each of these terms is used and the disputes surrounding them.
The Trust Responsibility
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently acknowledged the existence of “a general trust relationship between the United States and the Indian people.” As a result of that relationship, the federal government has moral and legal obligations to protect and support Indian tribes and their members and to promote tribal sovereignty. Congress has created more than fifty programs for Indians and tribes during the past fifty years, designed to help fulfill the government’s trust obligations. The trust doctrine is a motivating force. Federal officials, however, have often ignored their trust duties and, moreover, the U.S. Supreme Court, especially in recent years, has construed the trust doctrine narrowly. This chapter discusses the importance of honoring the government’s trust duties.
Civil Jurisdiction in Indian Country
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Every government has two broad powers: criminal jurisdiction and civil jurisdiction. A government exercises its criminal jurisdiction when it prohibits certain conduct and punishes those who engage in that conduct. All other governmental regulation is an exercise of civil jurisdiction. Most domestic matters, such as marriage, divorce, child custody, and adoption, and most property matters, such as taxation, land use, inheritance, and the sale of goods and services are regulated through a government’s civil jurisdiction. This chapter discusses which civil jurisdiction tribes, states, and the federal government have over Indians and non-Indians in Indian country.
Taxation
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Operating a government is expensive. Taxation is one method governments rely on to raise the money they need to operate. People on Indian reservations, therefore, may find themselves being taxed by three governments: federal, state, and tribal. State governments, for instance, constantly try to impose their taxes on Indians and non-Indians in Indian country. Many tribes, too, have begun taxing people on, and activities occurring within, Indian country. Many courts have wrestled with these issues. This chapter explains which taxes may validly be imposed by the federal, state, and tribal governments in Indian country.
The Indian Civil Rights Act
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Congress passed the Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA) in 1968. The ICRA does two things that no other law does. First, it confers federal rights on all persons subject to the jurisdiction of a tribal government. Second, it authorizes federal courts to enforce those rights in certain contexts. Thus, the ICRA permits federal judges to overrule decisions made by tribal officials in the administration of the tribal government. This is an encroachment on tribal sovereignty that many tribal members deeply resent, whereas other tribal members believe that these rights are necessary safeguards to protect them from tribal officials who abuse their authority. This chapter discusses why the ICRA was passed and what it does.
Judicial Review
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the types of lawsuits that can be filed by Indians and tribes seeking to protect and enforce their rights. Different remedies exist depending on whether the government violating the rights at issue is the tribe, the state, or the federal government. This chapter discusses when, where, and how to file suit to enforce your rights and what defenses the government may assert against any such lawsuit. It also explains the fact that, due to certain defenses a government has, some rights cannot be enforced in the courts. The single most effective defense that all three governments have is sovereign immunity: the general right not to be sued unless the government has consented to be sued. But sovereign immunity is not absolute, and this chapter explains when and where it applies.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Glaire D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Introduction introduces ʿAbbās Ibn Firnās as a medieval polymath. It contrasts the way he is remembered today, as an early scientist and aviator, with the way he was remembered in the medieval period. It discusses the representations of Ibn Firnās as aviator in visual arts and popular culture from the birth of the modern aerial age at the turn of the century to the present day. It then sets out the main issue of the book, art and science, or craft and intellect, and the relevance of the issue to art historical issues. Studying Ibn Firnās reveals a medieval Islamic culture of craft and intellect that was fully established by the Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century, and that may have shaped the arts of Renaissance and early modern Europe.
Entering the Psalms
Authors: Bodner Keith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The opening chapter outlines an approach for studying the Psalms that includes a discussion of the Psalms in their historical context, an overview of what is distinctive about the Psalms as a work of literature (including an introduction to biblical poetry and an explanation of parallelism as a foundational poetic feature in the Psalms, alongside other formal features such as metaphor, wordplay, irony, modulations in point of view, deliberate ambiguity, acrostic structures, temporal compression, and allusion), and a theological appreciation for the Psalms. There is discussion about distinctive beliefs held by ancient Israelites that contemporary readers may be unaware of and some of their basic assumptions about God and humanity that are useful to know when considering the Psalms.
Psalm Titles and Collections
Authors: Bodner Keith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Within the book of Psalms are a number of smaller groupings or sub-collections, such as the Korah psalms (42–49), the psalms of Asaph (73–83), and the so-called Egyptian Passover psalms (113–118). The majority of attention in this chapter, however, is devoted to two significant collections. The “songs of ascent” (Psalms 120–134) are a collection often thought to have originated as pilgrimage music, performed every year by travelers on their way to worship in Jerusalem. And there are twelve psalms with superscriptions that directly relate to events in the life of David, although they are scattered throughout the book of Psalms rather than appearing sequentially. Since David was considered the greatest king in Israelite history and his is the most extensively drawn portrait in the Hebrew Bible, the chapter offers a short overview of his life story and the position of King David in the book of Psalms.
Afghanistan
Authors: English Richard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews how Afghanistan became one part of the wider struggle against terrorism and terrorism-supporting states, and part of the campaign to destroy international terrorism and its threat to the US. In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, the fact that al-Qaida had relied heavily on their Afghan base during the period of the attack’s planning made it logical for the US government to act against them there and to also deal with the possibility of an enduring threat enabled by their Taliban hosts. While other regions of the world represented very sharp challenges with regard to al-Qaida and to terrorism more broadly, it was in Afghanistan that the US decided initially to commit its most concentrated energies in the War on Terror. The central strategic aims were: pursuing, finding, capturing, killing, damaging, degrading, defeating, and destroying al-Qaida, and overthrowing the Taliban regime which had provided haven for al-Qaida. Across the regimes of Presidents Bush, Obama, and Trump, it remained a counter-terrorist objective to weaken al-Qaida and other terrorists in Afghanistan so that they could not again threaten the US.
From the Six-Day War to the Gaza Tragedy
Authors: English Richard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by tracing the history of terrorism and counter-terrorism in Israel and Palestine. Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Israel/Palestine have centrally emerged over questions of state power. Terrorism has existed in relation to the state of Israel throughout its history: terrorism originating from those fighting to make the state exist, and terrorism subsequently emerging as a means of fighting to eradicate the state or to defend it. Israel had therefore been born amid violence between Jews and Palestinians. Counter-terrorism and terrorism shape each other, and the early decades of Israel’s life saw the emergence of major terrorist opponents, including the Palestine National Liberation Movement (Fatah) and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Nationalist rivalries over legitimate statehood; long-rooted local cycles of brutal violence; the establishment and sustenance of major non-state terrorist groups; tense animosity between mutually aggressive states within the region; the sometime intensification of local violence generated by global politics and events—all of these factors made the addressing of terrorist threats to Israel both more important and more difficult. The chapter then looks at the Six-Day War and the conflict in Gaza.
“Longing to See and Know Many Things,” 1819–1840
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A voracious reader, up to the minute in religious publishing, Mary Ann Evans was also a writer from a very young age. From an adolescence in which her earliest associations and experiences with writing were bound up with narrating a life of faith, she became a novelist whose works were likewise infused with the challenges of belief and the intense conviction that things mattered. Her own state of mind and soul were best expressed by using the words of Scripture, by reading herself into and through a textual tradition. From a small Midlands parish, Evans’s early exposure to denominational difference among family and acquaintances, and her unusually wide reading, helped shape a capacious religious sensibility, intensely focused on meeting the pressing and particular needs of individual human beings.
“New Treasures,” 1840–1842
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the period between 1840 and 1842, Mary Ann Evans rejected the supernatural basis of Christian faith and took on a series of intensive projects translating texts that read Scripture critically and resisted orthodox efforts to reconcile or substantiate the accounts of the Gospels in order to safeguard the binding, sacred nature of revelation. At home among new freethinking friends and partners in Coventry, Evans would become the translator of David Friedrich Strauss’s The Life of Jesus (1835), Ludwig Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity (1841), and Benedict de Spinoza’s Ethics (1677), texts which allowed English intellectuals access to German higher criticism and posited a basis for ethical modernity distinct from Christian orthodoxy.
The Major Lines of Descent
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Biologists generally classify organisms into prokaryotes and eukaryotes, based largely on differences in internal cell structure. However, although there are two major domains of life, one consists of bacteria, and the other contains basal groups of a different prokaryotic group, the archaea, with eukaryotes emerging out of the latter. The most recent common ancestor of all eukaryotes (the base of the eukaryotic tree), which dates to approximately two billion years ago, was endowed with multiple novel attributes at the genomic, structural, and functional levels. Rapid emergence of most major eukaryotic lineages occurred shortly thereafter. This explosive radiation into reproductively isolated groups may have had little to do with novel ecological opportunities, instead arising passively as a consequence of three major genomic changes: the origin of the mitochondrion and the progressive movement of genes to the nuclear genome; a period of substantial gene duplication; and the evolution of independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.
The Cell Life Cycle
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Although the life of a eukaryotic cell is commonly abstracted into stages associated with the progression through genome replication, the relative durations of such stages vary dramatically among phylogenetic lineages. Moreover, even where the regulatory networks governing cell-cycle behavior remain constant in form, there can be dramatic differences in underlying molecular participants. Variation in the nature of the mitotic cell cycle, and the origin of eukaryotic mitosis itself, appears to have involved the duplication and subsequent subfunctionalization of ancestral component genes. Meiosis was present in the stem eukaryote, and also appears to be a product of gene duplication followed by subsequent diversification among phylogenetic lineages. Although the production of variation by meiotic chromosomal segregation and recombination is commonly viewed as advantageous for evolutionary efficiency, it remains unclear whether such secondary benefits were relevant to the origin of meiosis. Many of the proteins associated with meiosis undergo rapid sequence evolution, possibly as a consequence of conflicts associated with centromere drive. Sexual reproduction, the combination of two haploid cells followed by the generation of variable offspring genotypes, imposes the necessity of cell fusion with appropriate partners, thereby promoting the evolution of mating types with appropriate combinations of pheromones and receptors. Mating type systems are highly diverse phylogenetically, with coevolutionary drift of messages and receptors leading to the passive emergence of reproductively isolated lineages. Unlike the common situation in vertebrates, unicellular species do not evolve fully differentiated sex chromosomes, possibly because their population-genetic environments prevent the progressive degradation of genetic material linked to sex-determination loci.
Cellular Senescence
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The molecular constituents of cells naturally deteriorate over time, raising the possibility of senescence in unicellular organisms analogous to the somatic aging that occurs in multicellular species. Studying this process requires a means for discriminating between parent and offspring cells, which can be difficult in species reproducing by binary fission. The asymmetric inheritance of damage by daughter cells can lead to the rejuvenation of one member of the pair at the expense of the other, thereby ensuring indefinite population survival, as in multicellular species that discard the senescing somas of aging individuals. Nonetheless, in ciliates and vertebrate cell cultures, entire unicellular lineages can have finite lifespans. The mechanisms driving extinction in these cases likely involve problems with chromosomal integrity and imbalance rather than the accumulation of deleterious point mutations, as rejuvenation can be accomplished by sexual outcrossing and/or inactivation of genes involved in telomere erosion. Two hypotheses have been suggested for the evolution of senescence in multicellular organisms: genetic trade-offs between the investment in early reproduction versus future survival; and reduced fitness returns associated with progeny produced late versus early in life. The extent to which these ideas extend to unicellular species remains unclear.
The Protein World
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Refined by more than three billion years of evolution, thousands of proteins govern most of the diverse structural and functional features of today’s cells. Although the alphabet of today’s proteins consists of 20 amino acids, highly functional molecules can be constructed out of a subset of these, and this was most certainly the case at the dawn of the protein world. A major challenge for proteins is the rapid attainment of proper structures by folding into stable subunits, which when exceeding 250 residues in length, requires the assistance of chaperones. Fewer than 25% of amino acid-altering mutations are accepted in nature, and of those that do survive, most have very small effects and can be guided by mutation bias. Despite their high levels of refinement, most proteins have catalytic rates and folding stabilities far below the limits set by biophysical constraints, suggesting a barrier imposed by random genetic drift. The stringency of selection is elevated for protein-coding genes with high levels of expression, as these incur relatively high investment costs and, when mistranslated, are most likely to engage in harmful protein–protein interactions. Although often nearly neutral with respect to fitness, acceptable amino-acid exchanges commonly alter protein features in subtle ways that dictate the future mutations that can be fixed at other positions. As a consequence, protein-sequence evolution is often dominated by compensatory remodelling changes that, in retrospect, appear to involve strong and essential epistatic interactions, but nonetheless had accumulated in a nearly neutral fashion.
Resource Acquisition and Homeostasis
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Cellular survival and proliferation require the maintenance of a proper internal cellular environment, generally in the face of limiting resources, and &gt;10% of cell energy budgets can be associated with nutrient uptake. The differential elemental composition of some amino acids, relative to environmental availability, can be sufficient to drive the frequency of usage of particular building blocks in prokaryotes with large effective population sizes, but not in eukaryotes. Although swimming can increase nutrient uptake in large eukaryotic cells by offsetting the problem of diffusion limitation, this is not the case in bacterial-sized cells, implying an alternate role for motility in such organisms. The most important metabolic process on earth, oxygenic photosynthesis, is ultimately responsible for almost all of the biosphere’s carbon fixation, but this is an energetically expensive process carried out by RuBisCO, one of the least efficient and most error prone of all known enzymes. To keep internal solute concentrations at optimal states for physiological function, all cells must osmoregulate, which is accomplished by use of cell walls, contractile vacuoles, and the production of internal cellular osmolytes. The challenges here are great, as the rate of removal of water by contractile vacuoles is often on the order of hundreds of cell volumes per day, an energetically expensive task. Despite having cell-division times that are commonly &lt;1 day, numerous unicellular species have evolved internal clocks with 24-hour periodicities to accommodate diurnal environmental shifts. The molecular mechanisms underlying such clocks are strikingly simple compared to the elaborate pathways in multicellular species.