bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Click Chemistry Using Azide and Alkyne Scavenger Resins
Authors: Leeb Laurin , Gmeiner Peter , Löber Stefan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe copper catalyzed [3+2]‐cycloaddition of azides and alkynes has attracted enormous attention due to its striking suitability for the construction of bioconjugates, polymers, and bioactive small molecules. We herein present new, readily approachable polymer‐supported scavenger resins allowing an efficient and high yielding parallel synthesis of 1,4‐substituted 1,2,3‐triazoles. Azidomethyl‐substituted polystyrene 1 and the alkynoylamino functionalized resin 3 proved to quantitatively remove unreacted alkynes and azides, respectively. Model libraries of triazole derivatives could be obtained in high yield and excellent purity suggesting the application of this practical methodology for parallel solution phase chemistry.
In Situ Functionalization of Thermoresponsive Polymeric Micelles using the “Click” Cycloaddition of Azides and Alkynes
Authors: Lutz Jean‐François , Pfeifer Sebastian , Zarafshani Zoya 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWell‐defined surfactants, composed of a hydrophobic cholesterol moiety and a hydrophilic polymer segment, were synthesized via the atom transfer radical copolymerization of various oligo(ethylene glycol) (meth)acrylates initiated by Cholesteryl‐2‐Bromoisobutyrate (CBI). After polymerization, the bromine ω‐end‐groups of the surfactants were transformed into an azide function by nucleophilic substitution. Depending on their hydrophilic‐hydrophobic balance, these novel surfactants lead to different types of structures in pure deionized water. For instance, surfactants with a hydrophilic block based on Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Methyl Ether Acrylate (OEGA) repeat units were found to be molecularly soluble in pure water, even for very short hydrophilic segments. On the other hand, surfactants based on copolymers of OEGA with the more hydrophobic monomer 2‐(2‐Ethoxyethoxy)Ethyl Acrylate (EEO2A) formed defined micellar aggregates (Dh∼100 nm) in aqueous solution. These aggregates were found to be thermoresponsive and exhibited a lower critical solution temperature in water at approximately 45 °C. Moreover, the outer‐corona of these micellar assemblies could be successfully functionalized in situ using the copper‐catalyzed “click” cycloaddition of azides and alkynes. For instance, the azide functions of the surfactants could be efficiently “clicked” to propargyl alcohol at room temperature and in dilute aqueous solutions. FTIR and 1H NMR measurements indicated that the yield of click cycloaddition was in most cases above 95%.
Rotaxanes and Catenanes by Click Chemistry
Authors: Miljanić Ognjen Š. , Dichtel William R. , Aprahamian Ivan , Rohde Rosemary D. , Agnew Heather D. , Heath James R. , Fraser Stoddart J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCopper(I)‐catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition between terminal alkynes and azides – also known as the copper (Cu)‐catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) – has been used in the syntheses of molecular compounds with diverse structures and functions, owing to its functional group tolerance, facile execution, and mild reaction conditions under which it can be promoted. Recently, rotaxanes of four different structural types, as well as donor/acceptor catenanes, have been prepared using CuAAC, attesting to its tolerance to supramolecular interactions as well. In one instance of a rotaxane synthesis, the catalytic role of copper has been combined successfully with its previously documented ability to preorganize rotaxane precursors, i.e., form pseudorotaxanes. The crystal structure of a donor/acceptor catenane formed using the CuAAC reaction indicates that any secondary [π⋅⋅⋅π] interactions between the 1,2,3‐triazole ring and the bipyridinium π‐acceptor are certainly not destabilizing. Finally, the preparation of robust rotaxane and catenane molecular monolayers onto metal and semiconductor surfaces is premeditated based upon recent advances in the use of the Huisgen reaction for surface functionalization.
Application of the 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction in Chemical Biology: Approaches Toward Multivalent Carbohydrates and Peptides and Peptide‐Based Polymers
Authors: Pieters Roland J. , Rijkers Dirk T. S. , Liskamp Rob M. J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this mini review we highlight our recent results and the related literature regarding the application of the Cu(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition “click” reaction. The synthetic applications of the click reaction focus on multivalent carbohydrates and peptides and peptide‐based polymers. Furthermore, a related reaction is described involving the coupling of thio acids and sulfonyl azides leading to the chemoselective formation of amides.
Model Studies Toward the Synthesis of Thymidine Oligonucleotides with Triazole Internucleosidic Linkages Via Iterative Cu(I)‐Promoted Azide–Alkyne Ligation Chemistry
Authors: Nuzzi Andrea , Massi Alessandro , Dondoni Alessandro 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGiven the importance of non‐natural oligodeoxyribonucleotide antisense agents acting as inhibitors of target deleterious genes responsible for various diseases, a new approach has been explored to oligothymidines in which triazole internucleosidic linkages replace the native phosphodiester groups. The designed approach is based on the repetition of the copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition as a key ligation process of suitably functionalized thymidine building blocks. The viability of the method has been demonstrated by the preparation of a triazole‐linked trinucleoside, i.e., a non‐natural “triazole codon”.
From (bio)Molecules to Biohybrid Materials with the Click Chemistry Approach
Authors: Dirks A. (Ton) J. , Cornelissen Jeroen J. L. M. , van Delft Floris L. , van Hest Jan C. M. , Nolte Roeland J. M. , Rowan Alan E. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn order to construct biologically active materials for applications in nanotechnology and medicine, materials scientists have extensively explored the use of nature‐derived building blocks, in particular amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Typically, these building blocks are assembled into larger arrays, or attached to synthetic scaffolds or other biomolecules, in such a way that novel biohybrid materials can be obtained with new or improved properties. To ensure that the original activity of the building blocks herein is preserved, the construction of biohybrid materials needs to proceed in a well‐defined manner employing selective coupling techniques with a high functional group tolerance. Consequently, the concept of “click chemistry” has rapidly established a prominent role in the synthesis of these types of biologically active materials. In particular, the Cu‐catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne [3+2] Cycloaddition (CuAAC) has proven to be extremely valuable to many researchers in the field of biohybrid materials science, including our own groups. This mini‐review will focus on the application of the CuAAC in the construction of biohybrid materials and will discuss our recent efforts as well as related work from other groups.
Microwave‐Assisted Click Chemistry for the Preparation of 3‐ and 4‐Triazolyl‐2(1H)‐quinolones as Potential Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Glasnov Toma N. , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSynthetic pathways toward the preparation of selected 3‐ and 4‐triazolyl‐2(1H)‐quinolones with expected fluorescent properties were investigated. Crucial steps for the synthesis were the Cu(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of an organic azide to a terminal acetylene (click chemistry) as well as the photochemical rearrangement of quinoline N‐oxides into quinoline‐2(1H)‐ones. The click procedure was facilitated by controlled microwave irradiation.
Synthesis of Furo[2,3‐b]pyrazine Nucleoside Analogues with 1,2,3‐Triazole Linkage
Authors: Ermolat'ev Denis S. , Mehta Vaibhav Pravinchandra , Van der Eycken Erik V. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSonogashira coupling reaction with the readily available 1‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐3,5‐dichloropyrazin‐2(1H)‐ones was followed by mild silver‐catalyzed cyclization to provide the corresponding 2‐chlorofuro[2,3‐b]pyrazines in excellent yields. A second Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction resulted in the formation of 2‐ethynylfuro[2,3‐b]pyrazines, which were coupled with D‐ribose and 2‐deoxy‐D‐ribose using a microwave‐assisted Cu(I)‐catalyzed Huisgen [2+3] dipolar cycloaddition reaction, to generate a small library of new nucleoside analogues.
The Bayesian aerosol release detector: An algorithm for detecting and characterizing outbreaks caused by an atmospheric release ofBacillus anthracis
Authors: Hogan William R. , Cooper Gregory F. , Wallstrom Garrick L. , Wagner Michael M. , Depinay Jean‐Marc 
Published: October 2007

AbstractEarly detection and characterization of outdoor aerosol releases ofBacillus anthracisis an important problem. As health departments and other government agencies address this problem with newer methods of surveillance such as environmental surveillance through the BioWatch program and enhanced medical surveillance, they increasingly have newer types of surveillance data available. However, existing methods for the statistical analysis of surveillance data do not account for recent meteorological conditions, as human analysts did in the case of the Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979 to determine whether the locations of victims were consistent with meteorological conditions in the week preceding their onset of illness.This paper describes the Bayesian aerosol release detector (BARD), an algorithm that analyzes both medical surveillance data and meteorological data for early detection and characterization of outdoor releases ofB. anthracis. It estimates a posterior distribution over the location, quantity, and date and time conditioned on a release having occurred. We report a proof‐of‐concept evaluation of BARD, which demonstrates that the approach shows promise and warrants further development and evaluation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A local sensitivity analysis approach to longitudinal non‐Gaussian data with non‐ignorable dropout
Authors: Xie Hui 
Published: October 2007

AbstractLongitudinal non‐Gaussian data subject to potentially non‐ignorable dropout is a challenging problem. Frequently an analysis has to rely on some strong but unverifiable assumptions, among whichignorabilityis a key one. Sensitivity analysis has been advocated to assess the likely effect of alternative assumptions about dropout mechanism on such an analysis. Previously, Maet al.applied a generalindex of local sensitivity to non‐ignorability(ISNI) to measure the sensitivity of missing at random (MAR) estimates to small departures from ignorability for multivariate normal outcomes. In this paper, we extend the ISNI methodology to handle longitudinal non‐Gaussian data subject to non‐ignorable dropout. Specifically, we propose to quantify the sensitivity of inferences in the neighborhood of an MAR generalized linear mixed model for longitudinal data. Through a simulation study, we evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology. We then illustrate the methodology in one real example: smoking‐cessation data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multinational HRM in privatized Jordanian enterprises: An exploration of the influence of political contingencies
Authors: Al‐Husan Faten Baddar , James Philip 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWithin the international human resource management literature, it is recognized that a range of “host‐country effects” can influence how multinational corporations approach the management of human resources within overseas subsidiaries. This article seeks to further knowledge of these effects by using the findings obtained from two case studies conducted in companies that had come under the control of French multinationals through the Jordanian government's privatization program to explore how subsequent processes of human resource reform were shaped by governmental policies and wider political considerations and the dynamics underlying these shaping processes. In particular, it explores the tensions that arose between government policies and corporate business objectives, the negotiating strategies that the companies adopted in order to resolve them, and the factors that influenced the usage and outcome of these strategies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Entry barriers of small and medium‐sized software firms in the Japanese market
Authors: Ojala Arto , Tyrväinen Pasi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Japanese software market size was U.S. $131,773 million in 2004. Due to limited domestic software production, Japan is highly dependent on imported software products. Despite the market potential for foreign software firms in Japan, almost no research exists on what kind of challenges foreign software firms encounter when they are entering the market. To fill this gap, this article investigates the entry barriers of small and medium‐sized software firms in the Japanese market by using a multicase study. The findings suggest that most of the barriers are firm‐specific and mainly related to firms' resources and capabilities to operate in the market. The entry barriers encountered also seem to differ somewhat from earlier investigations, which have mainly targeted large manufacturing firms. The new observations included common barriers related to the intensive information flow of customization and localization needs and market requirements of software products. The findings are useful for both practice and further research. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interval timed coloured Petri net: efficient construction of its state class space preserving linear properties
Authors: Boucheneb Hanifa 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
We consider here the interval timed coloured Petri net model (ITCPN). This model associates with each created token a time interval specifying when the token will become available and forces enabled transitions to occur as soon as possible. This model can simulate other timed Petri nets and allows to describe large and complex real-time systems. We propose a much more efficient contraction for its generally infinite state space than those developed in the literature. Our contraction approach captures all linear properties of the model and produces finite graphs for all bounded models.
Dose-ranging effects of citrulline administration on plasma amino acids and hormonal patterns in healthy subjects: the Citrudose pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Moinard C. , Nicolis I. , Neveux N. , Darquy S. , Bénazeth S. , Cynober L. 
Published: October 2007

Previous experimental studies have highlighted that citrulline (CIT) could be a promising pharmaconutrient. However, its pharmacokinetic characteristics and tolerance to loading have not been studied to date. The objective was to characterise the plasma kinetics of CIT in a multiple-dosing study design and to assess the effect of CIT intake on the concentrations of other plasma amino acids (AA). The effects of CIT loading on anabolic hormones were also determined. Eight fasting healthy males underwent four separate oral loading tests (2, 5, 10 or 15 g CIT) in random order. Blood was drawn ten times over an 8 h period for measurement of plasma AA, insulin and growth hormone (Gh). Urine samples were collected before CIT administration and over the next 24 h. None of the subjects experienced side effects whatever the CIT dose. Concerning AA, only CIT, ornithine (ORN) and arginine (ARG) plasma concentrations were affected (maximum concentration 146 (sem 8) to 303 (sem 11) μmol/l (ARG) and 81 (sem 4) to 179 (sem 10) μmol/l (ORN); time to reach maximum concentration 1·17 (sem 0·26) to 2·29 (sem 0·20) h (ARG) and 1·38 (sem 0·25) to 1·79 (sem 0·11) h (ORN) according to CIT dose). Even at high doses, urinary excretion of CIT remained low ( < 5 %). Plasma insulin and Gh were not affected by CIT administration. Short-term CIT administration is safe and well-tolerated. CIT is a potent precursor of ARG. However, at the highest doses, CIT accumulated in plasma while plasma ARG levels increased less than expected. This may be due to saturation of the renal conversion of CIT into ARG.
Body as subject
Authors: MEIR IRIT , PADDEN CAROL A. , ARONOFF MARK , SANDLER WENDY 
Published: October 2007

The notion of subject in human language has a privileged status relative to other arguments. This special status is manifested in the behavior of subjects at the morphological, syntactic, semantic and discourse levels. Here we present evidence that subjects have a privileged status at the lexical level as well, by analyzing lexicalization patterns of verbs in three different sign languages. Our analysis shows that the sub-lexical structure of iconic signs denoting states of affairs in these languages manifests an inherent pattern of form–meaning correspondence: the signer's body consistently represents one argument of the verb, the subject. The hands, moving in relation to the body, represent all other components of the event – including all other arguments. This analysis shows that sign languages provide novel evidence in support of the centrality of the notion of subject in human language. It also solves a typological puzzle about the apparent primacy of object in sign language verb agreement, a primacy not usually found in spoken languages, in which subject agreement generally ranks higher. Our analysis suggests that the subject argument is represented by the body and is part of the lexical structure of the verb. Because it is always inherently represented in the structure of the sign, the subject is more basic than the object, and tolerates the omission of agreement morphology.
Shared assumptions: Semantic minimalism and Relevance Theory
Authors: WEDGWOOD DANIEL 
Published: October 2007

Cappelen & Lepore (2005, 2006a, 2007) note that linguistic communication requires ‘shared content’ and claim that Relevance Theory makes content sharing impossible. This criticism rests upon two important errors. The first is a flawed understanding of Relevance Theory, shown in the application of an omniscient third party perspective to parts of Relevance Theory that depend only upon subjective judgements made by the addressee of an utterance. The second is confusion about different definitions of content. Cappelen & Lepore's evidence actually involves the communication of what they term Speech Act content, which need not be perfectly ‘shared’ according to their own position. Looking beyond this flawed criticism, a general comparison of Relevance Theory with Cappelen & Lepore's semantic minimalism reveals significant parallels, pointing to a notable convergence of two distinct approaches – one cognitive-pragmatic, the other philosophical-semantic – on the rejection of currently dominant assumptions in linguistic semantics. The key remaining difference is Cappelen & Lepore's claim that shared content is propositional. This contradicts other claims made for such content and in any case plays no active role in the explanation of communication. Cappelen & Lepore's position thus poses no threat to Relevance Theory; rather, Relevance Theory can benefit from their philosophical analysis of the state of semantic theory.
Weakly nonlinear dust ion-acoustic waves in a charge varying dusty plasma with non-thermal electrons
Authors: TRIBECHE MOULOUD , BERBRI ABDERREZAK 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe weakly nonlinear dynamics of dust ion-acoustic waves (DIAWs) are investigated in a dusty plasma consisting of hot ion fluid, variable charge stationary dust grains and non-thermally distributed electrons. The Korteweg–de Vries equation, as well as the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation, are derived on the basis of the well-known reductive perturbation theory. It is shown that, due to electron non-thermality and finite ion temperature, the present dusty plasma model can support compressive as well as rarefactive DIA solitary waves. Furthermore, there may exist collisionless DIA shock-like waves which have either monotonic or oscillatory behavior, the properties of which depend sensitively on the number of fast non-thermal electrons. The results complement and provide new insights into previously published results on this problem (Mamun, A. A. and Shukla, P. K. 2002 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 30, 720).
Diagnostic co-morbidity in 2300 psychiatric out-patients presenting for treatment evaluated with a semi-structured diagnostic interview
Authors: Zimmerman M. , McGlinchey J. B. , Chelminski I. , Young D. 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundThe largest clinical epidemiological surveys of psychiatric disorders have been based on unstructured clinical evaluations. However, several recent studies have questioned the accuracy and thoroughness of clinical diagnostic interviews; consequently, clinical epidemiological studies, like community-based studies, should be based on standardized evaluations. The Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project is the largest clinical epidemiological study using semi-structured interviews assessing a wide range of psychiatric disorders conducted in a general clinical out-patient practice. In the present report we examined the frequency of DSM-IV Axis I diagnostic co-morbidity in psychiatric out-patients.MethodA total of 2300 out-patients were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) upon presentation for treatment.ResultsThe mean number of current and lifetime DSM-IV Axis I disorders in the 2300 patients was 1.9 (s.d.=1.5) and 3.0 (s.d.=1.8) respectively. The majority of patients were diagnosed with two or more current disorders, and more than one-third were diagnosed with three or more current disorders. Examination of the most frequent current disorders in the patients with the 12 most common principal diagnoses indicated that the pattern of co-morbidity differed among the disorders. The highest mean number of current co-morbid disorders was found for patients with a principal diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder and bipolar disorder.ConclusionsClinicians should assume that psychiatric patients presenting for treatment have more than one current diagnosis. The pattern of co-morbidity varies according to the principal diagnosis.