bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractal compression and adaptive sampling: reducing the image acquisition time in scanning probe microscopy
Authors: Cheng Marvin H.‐M. , Chiu George T.‐C. , Reifenberger Ronald 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn typical scanning probe microscope experiment a three‐dimensional image of a substrate is obtained. For a given scanning mechanism, the time needed to image an area depends mainly on the number of samples and the size of the image. The imaging speed is further compromised by drifts associated with the substrate and the piezoscanner. It is therefore desirable to improve the imaging speed with limited impact to the effective resolution of the resulting image. By utilizing an adaptive sampling scheme with fractal compression technique, we have demonstrated that the number of the required samples can be significantly reduced with minimal impact to the image quality. SCANNING 30: 463–473, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reusing web contents: a DOM approach
Authors: Álvarez‐Sabucedo L. M. , Anido‐Rifón L. E. , Santos‐Gago J. M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper addresses the development of new web sites by reusing already existing contents from external sources. Unlike common links, which retrieve the whole web resource, we propose an approach where partial retrieval is possible. In our case, the unit for reuse is a node in a DOM tree. A suitable proposal for extracting just one single node is presented. This solution permits the partial reuse of external and heterogeneous web contents with no need for client (browser) modifications and with only minor changes for web servers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of changes in body image concerns of Chinese adolescents
Authors: Chen Hong , Jackson Todd 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis nine‐month prospective study tested the extent to which risk factors implicated in recent accounts of body dissatisfaction predicted changes in body image concerns of adolescent boys and girls in China. A sample of 593 Chinese adolescents (217 boys, 376 girls) completed measures of weight esteem, appearance esteem and physical stature concern in addition to demographics, internalization of attractiveness ideals, negative affect, and appearance pressure, teasing, and comparison at baseline and nine‐month follow‐up. For girls, initial levels of social comparison, and internalized attractiveness ideals predicted decreases in body esteem over time. Time 1 negative affect contributed to changes in both appearance esteem and weight esteem for boys. Baseline level of stature concerns and reported height were the only predictors of later stature concerns within each sex. In sum, this study suggests specific factors previously implicated in Western accounts also have utility for understanding body image concerns of adolescents in China.
Intravenous salbutamol for external cephalic version
Authors: Vani Subramaniam , Lau Soon Yen , Lim Boon Kiong , Omar Siti Zawiah , Tan Peng Chiong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the success of external cephalic version (ECV) using an adjusted bolus dose of intravenous salbutamol compared with no tocolysis.MethodsAn open‐label randomized study of 114 women with a term breech fetus randomized to receive either an intravenous bolus dose of 0.1 mg salbutamol with further boluses every 5 minutes, as required, before commencing ECV, or no tocolysis. Primary outcomes were successful ECV and rate of cesarean delivery.ResultsSalbutamol tocolysis resulted in a higher rate of successful ECV compared with no tocolysis (70.2% [40/57] vs 36.8% [21/57]; RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.8; P < 0.001). Cesarean delivery rate was lower in the salbutamol group compared with the control group (31.6% [18/57] vs 63.2% [36/57]; RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3–0.8; P = 0.001). Salbutamol dose ranged from 0.1–0.4 mg and outcome was not related to dose.ConclusionAdjusted dose intravenous salbutamol tocolysis prior to ECV increases its success rate and reduces the cesarean delivery rate.
EVALUATING COMPLETENESS OF MATERNAL MORTALITY REPORTING IN A RURAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS UNIT IN VELLORE, INDIA, 2004
Authors: KIM SHIN Y. , ROCHAT ROGER , RAJARATNAM ABEL , DIGIROLAMO ANN 
Published: October 2008

SummaryHealth systems in developing countries infrequently implement and evaluate maternal death surveillance. This study identified under-reported and misclassified maternal deaths among women of reproductive age between 1999 and 2004 in a rural service unit in Vellore, India. In-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews and structured questionnaires were used to identify maternal deaths known to health care providers and community leaders who regularly come in contact with pregnant women. Eighteen under-reported and misclassified cases – or 50% of maternal deaths – were reported. These included 29% of abortion-related and 7% of domestic violence-related deaths. Based on this study’s fieldwork, the existing death surveillance system detected 100% of the maternal deaths reported by hospital staff; however, it missed most maternal deaths reported by community workers. The latter are more likely than deaths reported by hospital workers to result from abortion and family violence. The existing surveillance system should be augmented with a community-based death surveillance system. This comprehensive approach identified twice as many maternal deaths than previously recorded and could be applied in other settings. Appropriate public health interventions should be initiated to prevent maternal deaths in this community.
Invariance Principles as Regulative Ideals: From Wigner to Hilbert
Authors: Ryckman Thomas 
Published: October 2008

Eugene Wigner's several general discussions of symmetry and invariance principles are among the canonical texts of contemporary philosophy of physics. Wigner spoke from a position of authority, having pioneered (and won the Nobel prize in 1963) for recognition of the importance of symmetry principles from nuclear to molecular physics. But perhaps recent commentators have not sufficiently stressed that Wigner always took care to situate the notion of invariance principles with respect to two others, initial conditions (or events) and laws of nature. Wigner's first such general consideration of invariance principles, an address presented at Einstein's 70th birthday celebration, held in Princeton on 19 March 1949, began by laying out just this distinction, and in a way that seems to suggest that the three notions arise through abstraction in an analysis of the general problem of cognition in the natural sciences:
The world is very complicated and it is clearly impossible for the human mind to understand it completely. Man has therefore devised an artifice which permits the complicated nature of the world to be blamed on something which is called accidental and thus permits him to abstract a domain in which simple laws can be found. The complications are called initial conditions; the domain of regularities, laws of nature. (…) the underlying abstraction is probably one of the most fruitful the human mind has made. It has made the natural sciences possible.
Does the Sun have a subsolar metallicity?
Authors: Asplund Martin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe solar chemical composition has recently undergone a drastic revision, in particular in terms of the C, N, O and Ne abundances that have been lowered by almost a factor of two. In this invited review I will describe the different compounding reasons for this change (3D model atmospheres, non-LTE line formation, improved atomic/molecular data) and discuss some astrophysical implications thereof, which fall under both good (solar neighborhood) and bad (helioseismology) news. The most recent literature regarding the solar O abundance is surveyed and a critical evaluation whether or not these support the low solar abundance scale is presented. Finally I venture to make some predictions to what the real solar O abundance may be.
SMART – a computer program for modelling stellar atmospheres
Authors: Aret A. , Sapar A. , Poolamäe R. , Sapar L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractProgram SMART (Spectra and Model Atmospheres by Radiative Transfer) has been composed for modelling atmospheres and spectra of hot stars (O, B and A spectral classes) and studying different physical processes in them (Sapar & Poolaäe 2003, Sapar et al. 2007). Line-blanketed models are computed assuming plane-parallel, static and horizontally homogeneous atmosphere in radiative, hydrostatic and local thermodynamic equilibrium. Main advantages of SMART are its shortness, simplicity, user friendliness and flexibility for study of different physical processes. SMART successfully runs on PC both under Windows and Linux.
Mixing-length parameter from binaries and clusters
Authors: Yıldız Mutlu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMixing length parameter of the mixing length theory is a free parameter and used to calibrate radii of late-type stars. From the Hyades cluster and the α Centauri system, we find that the parameter depends on the stellar mass and some other properties of stars. Considering some other systems, we describe how the parameter depends on stellar parameters.
Non-LTE Spectral Analysis of Extremely Hot Post-AGB Stars: Constraints for Evolutionary Theory
Authors: Rauch Thomas , Werner Klaus , Ziegler Marc , Koesterke Lars , Kruk Jeffrey W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSpectral analysis by means of Non-LTE model-atmosphere techniques has arrived at a high level of sophistication: fully line-blanketed model atmospheres which consider opacities of all elements from H to Ni allow the reliable determination of photospheric parameters of hot, compact stars. Such models provide a crucial test of stellar evolutionary theory: recent abundance determinations of trace elements like, e.g., F, Ne, Mg, P, S, Ar, Fe, and Ni are suited to investigate on AGB nucleosynthesis. E.g., the strong Fe depletion found in hydrogen-deficient post-AGB stars is a clear indication of an efficient s-process on the AGB where Fe is transformed into Ni or even heavier trans iron-group elements. We present results of recent spectral analyses based on high-resolution UV observations of hot stars.
The Dynamics Of Galactic Globular Cluster
Authors: Ding Chen 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe have used the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to measure proper motion of the globular cluster NGC 6656 (M22) with respect to the background bulge stars and its internal velocity dispersion profile. With the space velocity of (Π, Θ, W) = (184±3, 209±14, 132±15) km s−1, we also calculate the orbit of the cluster. The central velocity dispersion in both components of the proper motion of cluster stars is 16.99 km s−1. We derive the mass-to-ration (M/L)∼1.7 which is relatively higher than the past works.
Tidal disruption of stripped red giants by massive black holes
Authors: Lu Y. , Huang Y. F. , Zhang S. N. , Lu P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe investigate the tidal disruption of a red giant whose envelope is thought to be stripped off when it passed by a massive black hole. Since the low-density stellar envelope would be lost, the tidal disruption of a red giant by massive black hole is regarded as primarily happening in its core region. The object is called a stripped red giant (SRG). Comparing our results with the three candidate tidal disruption events detected by Chandra in 2001 and 2002, i.e., the X-ray flares of NGC 5905, RX J1242.6-1119A, and RX J1624.9+7554, we argue that the tidal disruption of a stripped red giant is strongly ruled out.
Advanced test of the model stellar atmospheres: the nature of the light variability of magnetic chemically peculiar stars
Authors: Krtička J. , Mikulášek Z. , Zverko J. , Žižňovský J. , Zvěřina P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe magnetic chemically peculiar stars exhibit both inhomogeneous horizontal distribution of chemical elements on their surfaces and the light variability. We show that the observed light variability of these stars can be successfully simulated using models of their stellar atmospheres and adopting the observed surface distribution of elements. The most important elements that influence the light variability are silicon, iron, and helium.
A Spectroscopic Study of Blue Stragglers in M67
Authors: Liu G. Q. , Deng L. , Chávez M. , Bertone E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSpectrophotometric observations of the complete sample of twenty four blue stragglers (BSs) in the old galactic open cluster M67 (NGC2682) have been collected, using the Guillermo Haro Observatory in Cananea, Mexico. All the calibrated spectra were re-calibrated by the Beijing Arizona Taipei Connecticut (BATC) photometric system which includes fluxes in 11 photometric bands covering ~3600–10000 Å. The goal of the current work is to provide observational constraints on spectral properties of BSs by determining the effective temperature (Teff) and surface gravity (log g). The overall results, obtained by applying the flux fitting method, indicate that Teff and surface gravities of BSs in M67 are fully compatible with those expected for main sequence stars.
The Missing Population of Be+Black Hole X-Ray Binaries
Authors: Sadowski Aleksander , Ziółkowski J. , Belczyński K. , Bulik T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAt present, 117 Be/neutron star (Be/NS) X-ray binaries (XRBs) are known in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds, but not a single Be/black hole (Be/BH) binary was found so far. We carried out the calculations of stellar population synthesis to investigate the case of the apparently missing population of Be/BH XRBs. According to our calculations, the main reason of this disparity is the fact that within the orbital period range where Be XRBs are found (~10 to ~300 days), these systems are formed predominantly with a NS component. The systems with a BH component are formed predominantly with much longer orbital periods and they are not easy to detect.
The Y2 Isochrones Getting an Extra Dimension
Authors: Yi Sukyoung K. , Kim Yong-Cheol , Demarque Pierre , Lee Young-Wook , Han Sang-Il , Kim Do Gyun 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe Yonsei-Yale Isochrones have been widely used since its birth in 2001. We announce a major upgrade mainly making varieties of helium values available. The recent works on the globular clusters with extreme helium abundances have called for such a need. The new version of the Y2 Isochrones are available for [α/Fe] = 0 through 0.6, ΔY/ΔZ = 1.5 through 3.0, and extreme helium abundances (Y = normal 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2), and for 11 metallicity grids, with full capability of interpolation. The database will be powerful for making population models. Besides, the accuracy of the models on the lower main sequence has been substantially improved. We illustrate the major upgrades and demonstrate the power of the new grids.
Blue Stragglers from Primordial Binary Evolution
Authors: Chen Xuefei , Han Zhanwen 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBinaries exist in all clusters and much evidence suggests that close-binary evolution makes an important contribution to the blue straggler population, at least in some clusters as well as in the field. Here we present different channels to blue stragglers from primordial binary evolution and examine their contributions to the integrated spectral energy distribution of the host clusters in theory via binary population synthesis.
A Model for Adiabatic Mass-loss
Authors: Ge Hongwei. , Webbink R. F. , Han Z. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe describe our work on the development and application of a stellar structure code to compute model sequences representing donor stars in interacting binaries subject to rapid (adiabatic) mass-loss. The donor star is assumed to remain in hydrostatic equilibrium, but no heat flow is allowed. These sequences can be used to define bifurcation sequences in close binary evolution, and to circumscribe possible survivors of common envelope evolution.
Structure and evolution of W UMa-type systems
Authors: Li Lifang , Zhang Fenghui , Han Zhanwen , Jiang Dengkai , Jiang Tianyu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe summarize and discuss our recent works on the structure and evolution of low-mass W UMa-type contact binary stars. Three conclusions are given as followings: (1) The energy transfer is taken place in the radiative region of common envelope of W UMa systems; (2) The magnetic activity level of W UMa systems is weaker than that of non-contact binaries or rapid-rotating single stars; (3) The evolutionary outcome of W UMa systems might be the rapid-rotating single stars, and an average lifetime is derived to be about 7 Gyr for W UMa systems.
Learning the law
Authors: ENGEL CHRISTOPH 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the population, the knowledge of the law is at best fragmentary. It takes law students years to handle the law properly. How is the law nonetheless able to govern people's lives? To find an explanation, this paper draws on neurobiology, developmental psychology, and the psychology of learning.Typically, the law reaches its addressees indirectly. The law is not followed, it is learned. There are two learning objects. In childhood, individuals acquire normative proficiency, i.e. the ability to handle normative expectations. This procedural knowledge is gradually filled with the declarative knowledge of individual normative expectations of legal origin.If the law changes, through secondary learning, individuals must acquire new normative expectations. To that end, some intermediary must translate the new rule into a more contextualized social mirror rule. If changes are fundamental, as after the fall of the iron curtain, individuals must also learn new ways to handle normative expectations.
Mycophagous growth of Collimonas bacteria in natural soils, impact on fungal biomass turnover and interactions with mycophagous Trichoderma fungi
Authors: Höppener-Ogawa Sachie , Leveau Johan H J , van Veen Johannes A , De Boer Wietse 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Collimonas are widely distributed in soils, although at low densities. In the laboratory, they were shown to be mycophagous, that is, they are able to grow at the expense of living hyphae. However, so far the importance of mycophagy for growth and survival of collimonads in natural soil habitats is unknown. Using a Collimonas-specific real-time PCR assay, we show here that the invasion of field soils by fungal hyphae (Absidia sp.) resulted in a short-term, significant increase (average fourfold) of indigenous collimonads. No such responses were observed for other soil bacteria studied (Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns of total bacteria and Burkholderia). Hence, it appears that the stimulation of growth of Collimonas bacteria by fungal hyphae is not common among other soil bacteria. In the same field soils, Trichoderma, a fungal genus known for mycophagous (mycoparasitic) growth, increased upon introduction of Absidia hyphae. Hence, mycophagous growth by Collimonas and Trichoderma can occur in the same soils. However, in controlled experiments (sand microcosms), collimonads appeared to have a negative effect on mycophagous growth of a Trichoderma strain. The effect of mycophagous growth of collimonads on fungal biomass dynamics was studied in sand microcosms using the same Absidia sp. as a test fungus. The growth of collimonads did not cause a significant reduction in the Absidia biomass. Overall, the study indicates that mycophagous nutrition may be important for collimonads in natural soils, but the impact on fungal biomass turnover is likely to be minor.
Gene cassettes encoding resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds: a role in the origin of clinical class 1 integrons?
Authors: Gillings Michael R , Xuejun Duan , Hardwick Simon A , Holley Marita P , Stokes H W 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
DNA sequencing, phylogenetic and mapping studies suggest that the class 1 integron found in pathogens arose when one member of the diverse family of environmental class 1 integrons became embedded into a Tn402 transposon. However, the timing of this event and the selective forces that first fixed the newly formed element in a bacterial lineage are still unknown. Biocides have a longer use in clinical practice than antibiotics, and a qac (quaternary ammonium compound) resistance gene, or remnant thereof, is a normal feature of class 1 integrons recovered from clinical isolates. Consequently, it is possible that the initial selective advantage was conferred by resistance to biocides, mediated by qac. Here, we show that diverse qac gene cassettes are a dominant feature of cassette arrays from environmental class 1 integrons, and that they occur in the absence of any antibiotic resistance gene cassettes. They are present in arrays that are dynamic, acquiring and rearranging gene cassettes within the arrays. The abundance of qac gene cassettes makes them a likely candidate for participation in the original insertion into Tn402, and as a source of a readily selectable phenotype. More broadly, the increasing use of qac and other biocides at the present time seems likely to promote the fixation of further novel genetic elements, with unpredictable and potentially adverse consequences for human health and agriculture.
The genetic equidistance result of molecular evolution is independent of mutation rates
Authors: Huang Shi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe well-established genetic equidistance result shows that sister species are approximately equidistant to a simpler outgroup as measured by DNA or protein dissimilarity. The equidistance result is the most direct evidence, and remains the only evidence, for the constant mutation rate interpretation of this result, known as the molecular clock. However, data independent of the equidistance result have steadily accumulated in recent years that often violate a constant mutation rate. Many have automatically inferred non-equidistance whenever a non-constant mutation rate was observed, based on the unproven assumption that the equidistance result is an outcome of constant mutation rate. Here it is shown that the equidistance result remains valid even when different species can be independently shown to have different mutation rates. A random sampling of 50 proteins shows that nearly all proteins display the equidistance result despite the fact that many proteins have non-constant mutation rates. Therefore, the genetic equidistance result does not necessarily mean a constant mutation rate. Observations of different mutation rates do not invalidate the genetic equidistance result. New ideas are needed to explain the genetic equidistance result that must grant different mutation rates to different species and must be independently testable.
Isolation and characterization of a lectin with potentially exploitable activities from caper (Capparis spinosa) seeds
Authors: Lam Sze Kwan , Han Qi Feng , Ng Tzi Bun 
Published: October 2008

A dimeric 62-kDa lectin exhibiting a novel N-terminal amino acid sequence was purified from caper (Capparis spinosa) seeds. The purification protocol involved anion-exchange chromatography, cation-exchange chromatography and, finally, gel filtration by FPLC on Superdex 75. Approx. 100-fold purification was achieved. The haemagglutinating activity of the lectin, which was stable in the pH range 1–12 and up to 40°C, could be inhibited by D(+) galactose, α-lactose, raffinose and rhamnose at 1 mM concentration, by 25 mM L(+)-arabinose and by 100 mM D(+)GlcN (glucosamine). The lectin potently inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 of 0.28 μM and proliferation of both hepatoma HepG2 and breast cancer MCF-7 cells with an IC50 of approx. 2 μM. It induced apoptosis in HepG2 and MCF-7 cells. It manifested a weaker mitogenic activity on mouse splenocytes than ConA (concanavalin A). It inhibited mycelial growth in Valsa mali with an IC50 of 18 μM.