bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing by fourier transform infrared species variation during melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin preparation
Authors: Kandelbauer A. , Despres A. , Pizzi A. , Taudes I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe preparation of an industrially used sequential formulation of a melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin was followed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The analysis allowed us to identify the increases and decreases of the main groups in the resin and to compare this system of resin analysis with results previously obtained by 13C‐NMR analysis. The FTIR analysis, although considerably more limited than 13C‐NMR analysis, allowed us nonetheless to identify and follow the appearance, increase, decrease, and disappearance of several of the main chemical groups during the preparation of the initial urea–formaldehyde (UF) phase of the reaction and the subsequent reaction of melamine with the UF resin that was formed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Effect of sequence distribution of PES/PEES random, block, and alternative copolymers on excimer formation in solution
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Ming 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThree copolymers of poly(ether sulfone) and poly(ether ether sulfone) with the same composition but different sequence distribution were synthesized by three kinds of methods. Their molecular aggregation in dichloromethane was studied by fluorescence spectrophotometer and electron microscope. The experimental results revealed that the formation of intermolecular excimers in alternative copolymer (A50) dichloromethane solution were observed at a A50 concentration about 1.6 × 10−2 g/mL by the fluorescence analysis, but the formation of intermolecular excimers in dichloromethane were not found for random copolymer (R50) and block copolymer (B50). The electron micrograph of three copolymer films, heat‐treated at 200°C for 7 days, presented a diffraction micrograph, which suggest that three copolymer molecular aggregation is changed from a randomly coiled amorphous phase to an ordered one, and the order structure of alternative copolymer (A50) was the most distinct in three copolymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Halogen‐free solvent for oxidative carbonylation of bisphenol A to polycarbonate
Authors: Okamoto Masaya , Sugiyama Jun‐Ichi , Takeuchi Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHalogen‐free solvents for oxidative carbonylation of bisphenol A to polycarbonate using carbon monoxide were investigated. Tetrahydorofuran, γ‐butyrolacton, and acetophenone, which dissolve both bisphenol A and polycarbonate, gave a polycarbonate yield that was lower than using a halogenated solvent of dichloromethane. On the other hand, propylene carbonate that has a carbonate bond gave a polycarbonate yield the same as using dichloromethane. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Optical loss changes in siloxane polymer waveguides during thermal curing
Authors: Hegde Shashikant G. , Liu Fuhan , Chang Gee‐Kung , Sitaraman Suresh K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe optical loss change in siloxane polymer waveguides during isothermal curing conditions is studied for the wavelengths of 850 and 1310 nm. As a first step, the evolution of degree‐of‐cure is determined from differential scanning calorimetry and compared to optical absorption from spectroscopy. It is found that the optical loss due to absorption mechanisms is related to the extent of cure reactions in the polymer. Optical loss due to scattering mechanisms is related to local density fluctuations, and is studied using dielectric analysis. Optical loss measurements are conducted on both uncladded and cladded waveguides during isothermal cure, which results in certain optical loss trends. Based on the trends, the underlying mechanisms for the optical loss variations are proposed and a cure schedule to realize the lowest optical loss is suggested. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Pharmacokinetic modelling of blood–brain barrier transport of escitalopram in rats
Authors: Bundgaard Christoffer , Jørgensen Martin , Larsen Frank 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study examined the pharmacokinetics and distribution of escitalopram in the brain extracellular fluid in rats by the concurrent use of intracerebral microdialysis and serial blood sampling. Following three constant intravenous infusions, drug concentrations in the hippocampus and plasma were monitored for 6 h. To estimate the integrated pharmacokinetics and intercompartmental transport parameters, including blood–brain barrier (BBB) transport over the entire dose range, unbound brain and plasma escitalopram concentration data from all doses were simultaneously analysed using compartmental modelling. The pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that systemic clearance decreased as a function of dose, which was incorporated in the integrated model. Escitalopram was rapidly and extensively transported across the BBB and distributed into the brain extracellular fluid. The modelling resulted in an estimated influx clearance into the brain of 535 µl/min/g brain, resulting in an unbound brain‐to‐plasma AUC ratio of 0.8 independent of escitalopram dose. The model may be applied for preclinical evaluations or predictions of escitalopram concentration‐time courses in plasma as well as at the target site in the CNS for various dosing scenarios. In addition, this modelling approach may also be valuable for studying BBB transport characteristics for other psychotropic agents. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acetonitrile‐Facilitated Reductive Dimerization of TCNE to Octacyanobutanediide, [C4(CN)8]2−, by Iron(II) Chloride
Authors: Pokhodnya Konstantin I. , Bonner Michael , DiPasquale Antonio G. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Miller Joel S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe redox properties of MCl2 (M=Mn, Fe, Co) acetonitrile solvates were electrochemically and spectroscopically characterized. The three voltammogram waves at 0.86, 0.48, and 0.21 V versus SCE for FeCl2 dissolved in MeCN are assigned as one‐electron reduction potentials for [FeIIClx(NCMe)4−x]2−x (1≤x≤3), respectively, and only [FeIICl3(NCMe)]− {and [FeIICl4]2− (${E{{{\rm o}\hfill \atop 1/2\hfill}}}$=0.04 V vs. SCE), if present} has a potential sufficient for TCNE reduction. The presence in solution of [FeII(NCMe)6]2+ was also spectroscopically confirmed. The reduction potentials of MIICl2 (M=Mn, Co) acetonitrile adducts were inadequate to reduce TCNE. FeCl2 reacts with TCNE in MeCN to form [FeII{C4(CN)8}(NCMe)2] (4), which is composed of layers of octahedral FeII ions equatorially bonded to the four terminal N atoms of the μ4‐[C4(CN)8]2− ion, with trans‐MeCN groups and with 15‐membered rings. Formation of 4 requires the simultaneous presence of [TCNE].− and [FeII(NCMe)6]2+ in solution, which is in contrast to when [(NEt4)2][FeIICl4] was used to reduce TCNE. A reaction scheme is proposed. Paramagnetic [FeII{C4(CN)8}(NCMe)2] exhibits substantial antiferromagnetic coupling (θ=−13.3 K), and orders as an antiferromagnet below 7.8 K. The irreversibility of zero‐field and field‐cooled magnetization suggests that the material exists below Tc in two magnetic states relatively close in energy, that is, the purely antiferromagnetic ground state and a slightly canted antiferromagnetic metastable state.
Structures and Electronic Properties of Al7X0,‐ and Al13X1,2,12‐ Clusters with X: F, Cl, and Br
Authors: Sun Jiao , Lu Wen‐Cai , Zhao Li‐Zhen , Zhang Wei , Li Ze‐Sheng , Sun Chia‐Chung 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Local Electronic Structure of Olivine Phases of LixFePO4.
Authors: Miao Shu , Kocher Michael , Rez Peter , Fultz Brent , Yazami Rachid , Ahn Channing C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metal—Metal Bonding in Tetracyanometalates (M: PtII, PdII, NiII) of Monovalent Thallium. Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Characterization of the New Compounds Tl2Ni(CN)4 and Tl2Pd(CN)4.
Authors: Maliarik Mikhail , Nagle Jeffrey K. , Ilyukhin Andrey , Murashova Elena , Mink Janos , Skripkin Mikhail , Glaser Julius , Kovacs Margit , Horvath Attila 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Investigation of Phase Equilibria in the System Nd2O3—Na2O—P2O5 : The Partial System NdPO4—Na3PO4—Na4 P2O7.
Authors: Znamierowska T. , Bandrowski Sz. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Quasi‐Ternary CdSe—Ga2Se3—Sb2Se3 System.
Authors: Sosovska S. M. , Olekseyuk I. D. , Parasyuk O. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Spectral and Thermal Properties of Non‐Linear Optical Crystal ZnMg(SCN)4.
Authors: Kannan R. Bharathi , Chandramohan A. , Sekar J. Chandra , Kandhaswamy M. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dititanium‐Containing 19‐Tungstodiarsenate(III) [Ti2(OH)2As2W19O67 (H2O)]8‐: Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemistry, and Oxidation Catalysis.
Authors: Hussain Firasat , Bassil Bassem S. , Kortz Ulrich , Kholdeeva Oxana A. , Timofeeva Maria N. , de Oliveira Pedro , Keita Bineta , Nadjo Louis 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
13‐Tungstoborate Stabilized by an Organostannoxane Hexamer.
Authors: Reinoso Santiago , Dickman Michael H. , Matei Marius F. , Kortz Ulrich 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Copper‐Linked Hexaniobate Lindqvist Clusters — Variations on a Theme.
Authors: Bontchev Ranko P. , Venturini Eugene L. , Nyman May 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Repetitive Application of a Fluorous Chiral BINAP—Ru Complexes in the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Olefins.
Authors: Horn Joachim , Bannwarth Willi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Diels—Alder Reaction of 1,3‐Butadienes with (—)‐Dimenthyl Fumarate in the Presence of BBr3 and BBr3×OEt2.
Authors: Mamedov E. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Task‐Specific Ionic Liquids as Reaction Media for the Cobalt‐Catalyzed Cyclotrimerization Reaction of Arylethynes.
Authors: Lombardo Marco , Pasi Filippo , Trombini Claudio , Seddon Kenneth R. , Pitner William R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electrochemically Induced Knoevenagel Condensation in Solvent‐ and Supporting Electrolyte‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Feroci Marta , Orsini Monica , Palombi Laura , Inesi Achille 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Nonconjugated Alkenes in Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Malik Chanchal K. , Vaultier Michel , Ghosh Subrata 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Vanadium‐Catalyzed Selective Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones with tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide.
Authors: Rout Laxmidhar , Nath Pinku , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Anaerobic Palladium‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols with α‐Bromo Sulfoxide as a Co‐Oxidant.
Authors: Rodriguez Nuria , Medio‐Simon Mercedes , Asensio Gregorio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct N‐ and C‐Alkenylation of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles with Magnesium Alkylidene Carbenoids.
Authors: Sakurada Jo , Satoh Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Hydrosilylation of Ketimines Catalyzed by Lewis Basic C2‐Symmetric Chiral Tetraamide.
Authors: Wang Zhouyu , Wei Siyu , Wang Chao , Sun Jian 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A General and Efficient Iron‐Catalyzed Benzylation of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Kischel Jette , Mertins Kristin , Michalik Dirk , Zapf Alexander , Beller Matthias 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Synthesis of N‐Methoxy‐N‐methylamides from 4,6‐Pyrimidyl Urethane and Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Lee Jae In 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Di‐ and Monofluoromethylated Vicinal Ethylenediamines with Di‐ and Monofluoromethyl Sulfones.
Authors: Liu Jun , Li Ya , Hu Jinbo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nickel‐Catalyzed [3 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Ethyl Cyclopropylideneacetate and Diynes. Synthesis of 7,6‐ and 7,5‐Fused Bicyclic Compounds.
Authors: Maeda Kyotaro , Saito Shinichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Preparative Method for New 1,3‐Bis(hetaryl)‐2‐chloropropen‐1‐ones Using β‐Alkoxy‐α‐chloroalkenyllithium Compounds.
Authors: Itoh Akinori , Sakai Miho , Yoshimatsu Mitsuhiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Synthetic Methodologies. Part 137. An Expedient Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐ and (E)‐Allyl Iodides from Baylis—Hillman Adducts Along with Selective Iodination of Benzylic Alcohols Using the Polymethylhydrosiloxane—Iodine System.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Holla Harish , Srinivas Yallamalla , Chowdhury Nikhil , Bandgar B. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ag+‐Assisted Hydrosilylation: Complementary Behavior of Rh and Ir Catalysts (Reversal of Enantioselectivity).
Authors: Froelander Anders , Moberg Christina 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Efficient Threonine‐Derived Organocatalysts for Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in Water.
Authors: Wu Xiaoyu , Jiang Zhaoqin , Shen Han‐Ming , Lu Yixin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Fluorous Prolinol as a Pre‐Catalyst for Catalytic Asymmetic Borane Reduction of Various Ketones.
Authors: Goushi Sakiko , Funabiki Kazumasa , Ohta Masaya , Hatano Keisuke , Matsui Masaki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Asymmetric Three‐Component Organocatalytic anti‐Selective Mannich Reactions in a Purely Aqueous System.
Authors: Cheng Lili , Wu Xiaoyu , Lu Yixin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A General, Highly Efficient Ullmann C—O Coupling Reaction under Microwave Irradiation and the Effects of Water.
Authors: Zhu Xin‐Hai , Chen Gong , Ma Yan , Song Hua‐Can , Xu Zun‐Le , Wan Yi‐Qian 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient and General Approach to β‐Functionalized Ketones.
Authors: Jiao Jingliang , Nguyen Larry X. , Patterson Dennis R. , Flowers Robert A. II 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transformations of Stereoisomeric 2‐Chloro‐3‐R‐pentane‐1,5‐diones in Reaction with Phenylhydrazine.
Authors: Moskovkina T. V. , Kalinovskii A. I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enesulfonamides as Nucleophiles in Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions.
Authors: Matsubara Ryosuke , Doko Takashi , Uetake Ryosuke , Kobayashi Shu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pharmacophoric 2‐Hydroxyalkyl Benzenesulfonamide: A Single‐Step Synthesis from Benzenesulfonamide via Hemiaminal.
Authors: Singh Sunil K. , et al. et al. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Investigation of the Synthetic and Mechanistic Aspects of the Highly Stereoselective Transformation of α‐Thioamides to α‐Thio‐β‐chloroacrylamides.
Authors: Murphy Maureen , Lynch Denis , Schaeffer Marcel , Kissane Marie , Chopra Jay , O'Brien Elisabeth , Ford Alan , Ferguson George , Maquire Anita R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Desymmetrization of meso‐N‐Sulfonylaziridines with Thiols.
Authors: Luo Zhi‐Bin , Hou Xue‐Long , Dai Li‐Xin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Heterosubstituted Hexaarylbenzenes via Asymmetric Carbonylative Couplings of Benzyl Halides.
Authors: Potter Robert G. , Hughes Thomas S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4,5‐Diaryl‐1,2,3‐benzenetricarboxylates by Reaction of 4‐Hydroxycyclopent‐2‐en‐1‐one‐2‐carboxylates with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate.
Authors: Sher Muhammad , Fischer Christine , Reinke Helmut , Langer Peter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Highly Enantioselective Intramolecular Michael Reaction Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes.
Authors: Phillips Eric M. , Wadamoto Manabu , Chan Audrey , Scheidt Karl A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Monofluoro‐Substituted Azomethine Ylides in Fluorocarbene Reactions with Imines. Synthesis and Transformations of Monofluoroaziridines.
Authors: Konev A. S. , Novikov M. S. , Khlebnikov A. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Titanocene(III) Chloride Mediated Radical‐Induced One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Methylene‐γ‐butyrolactones.
Authors: Paira Moumita , Banerjee Biplab , Jana Samaresh , Mandal Samir Kumar , Roy Subhas Chandra 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Functionalized and Stereocontrolled Syntheses of 2‐(2‐Methylenecycloalkyl)‐furan Derivatives by Pd‐Catalyzed Cycloreduction.
Authors: Oh Chang Ho , Park Hyun Mi , Park Dai In 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.