bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The toxicity of organic sulphides to the eggs and larvae of the glasshouse red spider mite. II.—miscellaneous sulphides
Authors: Brookes R. F. , Cranham J. E. , Greenwood D. , Stevenson H. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe activities against the eggs and young mites of the glasshouse red spider (Tetranychus telarius L.) shown by a number of compounds, all containing two benzene nuclei linked by various sulphur‐containing bridges, are tabulated and discussed.
The toxicity of organic sulphides to the eggs and larvae of the glasshouse red spider mite. III.—benzyl phenyl sulphides substituted only by halogens
Authors: Clark N. G. , Cranham J. E. , Greenwood D. , Marshall J. R. , Stevenson H. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe activities against the eggs and young mites of the glasshouse red spider (Tetranychus telarius L.) have been determined for a series of benzyl phenyl sulphides containing only halogen nuclear substituents. The results, together with the results from some of the corresponding sulphoxides and sulphones, are tabulated and discussed.
Bitter principles of the cucurbitaceae. VI.—the isolation and characterization of six new crystalline bitter principles
Authors: Enslin P. R. , Rehm S. , Rivett D. E. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe isolation and properties of six new crystalline bitter principles, cucurbitacins F, G, I, J, K and L, and a method for their separation on formamide‐impregnated cellulose powder are described.
The effect of soil conditioners on plant growth and soil structure
Authors: Simpson K. , Hayes S. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of field and pot experiments, over a period of five years, with HPAN, VAMA and seaweed meal is described.Soil‐conditioner treatments, which persisted in a clay soil for at least 42 months, increased the percentage of water‐stable aggregates in all soil types used. Resistance to wind erosion was strikingly increased in a very sandy soil.Secondary effects on crops included increases in crop yields (in one experiment a decrease), delay in time of emergence, increase in percentage emergence on clay soils, reduction in ‘damping‐off’ with dressing rates up to 0.025% and postponement of permanent wilting up to 16 days on a sandy soil.Seaweed meal hastened germination and increased percentage emergence, but had little effect on final crop yield. Under humid conditions it induced almost complete damping off of seedlings.
A modified procedure for the fractionation and determination of soil phosphorus
Authors: Bertheux M. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Williams phosphorus fractionation procedure for soils has been modified to make it suitable for the rapid routine analysis of soils of low phosphate status. The total phosphorus is determined by digestion with perchloric acid, followed by application of the vanadate colorimetric method. The fractions extracted by acetic acid and sodium hydroxide are treated by wet digestion methods to remove organic matter and 8‐hydroxyquinoline.
The interaction of polyphenols and proteins during cacao curing
Authors: Forsyth W. G. C. , Quesnel V. C. , Roberts J. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe solubility and activity of the glycosidase, oxidase and proteinase enzymes in acetone‐washed powders prepared from samples of cacao beans taken throughout a commercial curing have been determined. The enzymes, and indeed all the proteins, are rendered insoluble by phenolic tanning immediately following the death of the bean. The relevance of this reaction to the quality of the processed bean is discussed. The enzymes, although insoluble, remain active but at much reduced rates. The necessity for slow drying becomes apparent when the degree of inactivation and immobilization of the enzymes is realized.
Objective spoilage tests for fish stored under conditions other than normal chilling in ice
Authors: Luijpen A. F. M. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCod fillets were stored at various temperatures between −2° and +4° c without ice and subsequently subjected to organoleptic grading and several objective deterioration tests. The determination of trimethylamine‐nitrogen gave a constant value for the threshold of acceptability with sufficient accuracy. Bacterial counts and the determination of ammonia‐nitrogen, volatile acid and tyrosine did not meet the relevant requirements. None of these determinations proved satisfactory as an objective deterioration test for thawed, quick‐frozen fish.
Studies on egg shells. IX.—The influence of individuality, breed and season on certain characteristics of egg shells from pullets
Authors: Tyler C. , Geake F. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn examination of a sample of the eggs obtained over a year from four birds, each of four breeds, namely, White Leghorn, Black Leghorn, Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex, has been made. This examination included studies of percentage of cracked eggs, shell thickness and porosity, membrane thickness, total shell nitrogen and insoluble and soluble fractions. All these characteristics varied widely from bird to bird, but, despite this, all except porosity showed marked breed differences too, although on the basis of quantitative values, no one breed excelled in all characteristics. Shell thickness declined in the summer months and membrane thickness was very low in April, but no other characteristic appeared to be affected by the season. Shell thickness of itself was not a guide to the cracking of eggs but for any one bird the cracked eggs had the thinner shells. There was also a possibility that the cracked eggs had the thicker membranes. Thin‐shelled eggs had a higher nitrogen content and this has been explained on the basis of shell structure. The close relationship between weight of true shell per unit area and shell thickness has been reaffirmed and it is suggested that weight per unit area is an easier, more reliable and quicker method of obtaining relative thicknesses of shells, than is the measurement of shell thickness using a micrometer screw gauge.
The role of lipids in baking. V.—Chromatographic and other studies
Authors: Coppock J. B. M. , Fisher N. , Ritchie M. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation has been made of the acetone‐insoluble fraction of flour oil which appears to be the primary source of substances capable of increasing or decreasing loaf volume and crumb firmness. A qualitative separation of the fatty acids present in this fraction has been made by gas chromatography and the presence of unsaturated C6 and C7 acids, among other acids, has been demonstrated, and also of an unsaturated C19 acid fraction in flour oil. The acetone‐insoluble fraction has also been fractionated by countercurrent distribution, the best solvent system being carbon tetrachloride‐methanol‐water‐ethyl acetate‐ammonia. Six pooled fractions so obtained were hydrolysed and examined by paper chromatography. Two fractions were obtained free from choline, and partial resolution of choline phosphatides in the remaining four fractions was observed. Galactolipids were concentrated in a single fraction; protein and glycerol were detected in all fractions. The presence of acetal and of serine‐ and ethanolamine‐containing phospholipids was demonstrated.It is clear that lipoprotein is associated with the lipid extracted from flour by carbon tetrachloride and it appears that for the purposes of characterization, lipid will require separating from the lipid‐protein complexes. This is considered of importance because of the fundamental effect these substances appear to have on bread quality, the nature of which is not revealed by conventional flour testing methods.
Processing of raw cocoa. II.—Uniformity in heap fermentation and development of methods for rapid fermentation of west african amelonado cocoa
Authors: Rohan T. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn an earlier publication1 reference was made to a noticeable difference between the temperatures at the top and centre of heaps of fermenting cocoa. A study of this phenomenon has been extended to a detailed investigation of the lack of uniformity in the rates at which some of the chemical and physical changes, associated with fermentation, occur at different levels in the cocoa mass. A method is described for rapid fermentation of Amelonado cocoa.
Studies on protein denaturation in frozen fish. III.—The mechanism and site of denaturation at low temperatures
Authors: Love R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe proportion of protein soluble in 5% sodium chloride (‘soluble protein’) was measured in cod muscle which had been frozen at various speeds, after storage for different times at different temperatures. It was found that fish originally frozen in about 60 min. formed more insoluble protein after storage for a given time than those frozen at other speeds: the effect was very pronounced at low storage temperatures. As a result of the work, it is concluded that the cause of changes in the solubility in salt solution of fish muscle during cold‐storage was inorganic salt present in liquid solution in the frozen fish. Possible mechanisms of protein denaturation under different conditions of freezing are suggested.The limitations of the decrease in soluble protein content as an index of deterioration in frozen and cold‐stored fish are discussed.
Insecticidal synergism with the pyrethrins: Studies on the relationship between chemical structure and synergistic activity in the 3 :4‐methylenedioxyphenyl compounds
Authors: Moore B. P. , Hewlett P. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of 3 : 4‐methylenedioxyphenyl compounds of graded complexity have been synthesized and tested for synergism with the pyrethrins against adult Black Fungus beetles, Alphitobius laevigatus. The results establish the minimal molecular requirements for such synergism and point to the methylene group as the seat of activity. The effects of stepwise modification of the minimal synergist molecule are considered in the light of current theories of the mode of action.
The use of insecticides against the desert locust
Authors: Rainey R. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA survey is made of the control of the Desert Locust by baiting, dusting, ground spraying and (more particularly) spraying from aircraft. Quantitative field assessments of each of these types of control operation, together with laboratory data on the insecticides concerned, are discussed as evidence of the potentialities and limitations of the methods and materials used.
Theogallin, a polyphenol occurring in tea. II.—Identification as a galloylquinic acid
Authors: Roberts E. A. H. , Myers M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImproved methods are described for the extraction of theogallin from unprocessed tea‐leaf. Gallic and quinic acids have been unequivocally identified as products of hydrolysis. Analytical data indicate theogallin to be a mono‐galloylquinic acid. By analogy with 3‐caffeoylquinic acid, it seems probable that the galloyl group is attached to the 3‐position of the quinic acid.
Factors in the development of oxidative rancidity in ready‐to‐eat crisp oatflakes
Authors: Martin H. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen ready‐to‐eat, fully gelatinised crisp oatflakes are prepared from raw enzyme‐active groats, the natural stability of the oat fat is destroyed during the cooking with live steam. When enzyme‐inactive groats are used, the degree of stability retained in the fat depends on the duration of the steam cooking, the subsequent method of drying and the final moisture content of the flakes. The last is critical, and the optimum moisture content is determined by the temperature of drying.
The composition and manurial value of poultry excreta, straw‐droppings composts and deep litter. I.—Introduction; experimental materials, methods of sampling and analysis
Authors: Tinsley J. , Nowakowski T. Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn order to study changes in the composition, particularly the transformation of nitrogen compounds in composts and deep litter, reliable procedures were devised for the determination of total nitrogen, uric acid nitrogen and forms of nitrogen soluble in cold o.IN‐H2SO4 in fresh sub‐samples. The experimental errors have been estimated for each stage of the nitrogen determinations.
Through‐circulation drying of vegetable materials. VII.–Potatoes
Authors: Davidson C. M. , Hughes J. M. , Mitchell T. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe drying characteristics of unscalded diced potato have been investigated in a laboratory through‐circulation dryer. The potatoes used in 1/4‐in. dice form had initial moisture content 75–85%.Shallow layers of the material were tested to find the effect of the following factors on the drying rate: scalding, shape of material (0.125–0.5‐in. dice), slice thickness (0.125—0.5‐in.), air flow (9–20 lb. of dry air/sq. ft./min.), temperature of air (120–220d F) and wet‐bulb depression (20–80d F).Deep beds of diced potato were similarly investigated and a prediction method based on the shallow‐bed tests applied to determine the drying times between moisture content limits of 5.0 to 0.1. This method gave an accuracy of 9.0%.Shrinkage of the material during drying was also studied.
Through‐circulation drying of vegetable materials. VIII.—Beetroot
Authors: Hughes J. M. , Mitchell T. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBoth shallow and deep beds of diced beetroot have been studied, variables investigated being D.B.T. (120–200° Ff); air flow (6–12 lb. of air/sq. ft./min.); W.B.D. (10–70° F), and bed‐loading (Ld = 0.21‐2.1 Ib. of B.D.S./sq. ft.).Drying rates in shallow beds were found to depend largely on the D.B.T., the W.B.D. and air‐flow rate having a less marked effect. A prediction method used to determine the drying times of deep beds of diced beetroot in the moisture content range 8 to 0.1 was applied and found to be accurate to ±M9.0%.Moisture distribution in a single slice of beetroot during drying has also been studied.
Extractives from the New Zealand myrtaceae. V.—The volatile oil of Leptospermum ericoides
Authors: Corbett R. E. , Gibson M. G. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe volatile oil of Leptospermum ericoides has been shown by fractionation in an efficient column, to contain at least thirteen constituents. Eight of these have been identified with known compounds, namely, (+)‐α‐pinene, (+)‐β‐pinene, 1: 8‐cineole, dipentene, β‐terpinene, linaloöl, (+)‐α‐terpineol and (+)‐aromadendrene. Other constituents include a terpene alcohol, a sesquiterpene and a new sesquiterpene alcohol.
Carotenoids ofBrassica napus
Authors: Joyce A. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe following hydrocarbon polyenes have been found by chromatography and spectroscopic examination in the vegetable swede (Brassica napus) : two fluorescent polyenes, η‐carotene, β‐carotene, carotene, γ‐carotene, neurosporene, lycopene, seven poly‐cis‐lycopenes and three tri‐cis‐lycopenes. Only one non‐hydrocarbon pigment was present in sufficient quantity to permit investigation, and the quantity did not permit the assigning of a definite identity. The type of pigments occurring in swede shows a close similarity to those occurring in berries and fruits.These pigments have so far only been found in sprouted swede. In fresh swede there are substances which interfere with and, in fact, prevent chromatographic analysis.
Phenolic constituents of Prunus domestica. III.—Identification of the major constituents in the tissues of victoria plum
Authors: Hillis W. E. , Swain T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBy chromatographic examination of the extracts of various tissues of the Victoria plum (Prunus domestica var. Victoria), little difference was noted in the samples collected at different times of the year. Scopoletin, (+)‐catechin, (‐)‐epicatechin, rutin and chlorogenic acid have been identified in the extracts. The strong blue fluorescence of the pathological heartwood under ultra‐violet light was attributed to scopoletin. A pronounced difference exists between the phenolic constituents of the woody tissues of Victoria plum and those of the Asian Prunus spp.
Relative antioxidant activities of the seven tocopherols
Authors: Lea C. H. , Ward R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe antioxidant activities of the seven tocopherols and of the unmethylated parent compound (tocol) have been compared in several systems.The three tocopherols unsubstituted in the 5‐position (δ, γ and η) were more effective than the other four in protecting carotene in mineral oil solution at 75°.In lard esters at 90° and in methyl linoleate at 50° δ, γ, η and β were the most, and ϵ, ζ and α the least, effective, the precise order depending on the conditions and concentrations used. the tocopherols were much less effective in protecting lard esters exposed to light, δ being the best of the series.
Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus). II.—The free amino‐acids of herring flesh and their behaviour during post‐mortem spoilage
Authors: Hughes R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seasonal variation of the free amino‐acids in herring is determined; histidine and taurine are quantitatively the most important. No correlation was found between sexual maturity and content of total or individual amino‐acids.In post‐mortem spoilage, the taurine content remained constant, but the histidine content after a slight initial increase dropped to zero. Histamine developed 40‐50 h. after death. Three other imidazole‐like compounds were also detected. Leucine, valine, alanine, glycine, threonine and glutamic acid increased, but lysine and serine decreased. Aspartic acid and tyrosine, and arginine and (?)methionine were apparent after 40 and 58 h. respectively.
Differential and selective media for the faecal streptococci
Authors: Barnes Ella M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBoth sodium azide and thallous acetate have been incorporated separately in media for the selective isolation of the faecal streptococci (Lancefield group D). It has been found that the various methods developed for increasing the selectivity of the sodium azide media often eliminate Str. bovis. the importance of this in relation to these organisms as indicators of faecal pollution in water and foods is discussed. By the addition of tetrazolium to the thallous acetate agar at pH 6.0, it is possible to distinguish colonies of Str. faecalis and variants zymogenes and liquefaciens from Str. faecium and Str. durans. This method has been used for determining the numbers and types of faecal streptococci in the intestines of the various meat animals and poultry and to show changes in species following antibiotic feeding.
Processing of raw cocoa. III.—Enzymic aspects of cocoa fermentation
Authors: Holden Margaret 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe changes in the levels of a number of oxidising and carbohydrate‐splitting enzymes of Amelonado cacao bean cotyledons during both large‐ and small‐scale fermentations were determined, on samples of beans taken after various periods of fermentation from the top and centre of heaps of different sizes. Inactivation of enzymes took place sooner in the top layer, where the temperature rise was more rapid, than at the centre. Enzyme levels started to diminish during the period when the beans were dying and continued until, after 3 days' fermentation, little or no activity was detectable. the results suggest that prolonging fermentation for several days after the beans are dead is neither necessary nor desirable.A germination inhibitor which was found in the pulp and testa of beans decreased in amount during ripening and disappeared during fermentation. Preliminary attempts were made to separate the inhibitor.
Uptake and distribution of strontium in vegetables and cereals
Authors: Duckworth R. B. , Hawthorn J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments are described in which a range of cereals, root crops and Brassicas was grown in sand using culture solutions containing strontium‐89. The distribution of the tracer in the mature plants and in the different parts of the cereal grains is reported and illustrated using auto‐radiography. The mode of uptake of fall‐out radio‐strontium by plants in the field is discussed and the present results are interpreted in terms of the extent to which man's selection of particular parts of plants may affect the levels of radio‐strontium in his own immediate diet.
Mode of action of dipyridyl quaternary salts as herbicides
Authors: Homer R. F. , Mees G. C. , Tomlinson T. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA specific type of herbicidal activity is shown by certain diquaternary salts of 2,2′‐, 2,4′‐ and 4,4′‐dipyridyl; the diquaternary salts of 2,3′‐ and 3,3′‐dipyridyl are devoid of this activity. The herbicidal compounds have redox properties, giving rise to stable water‐soluble free radicals by uptake of a single electron on reduction. A correlation exists between the redox potential of this reduction and the degree of herbicidal action. Evidence is presented that the compounds are normally reduced in green tissues by energy ultimately derived from light, but that as activity is also present in the dark, though at a reduced level, other reduction mechanisms are also possible.
Changes in the actin of cod flesh during storage at −14°
Authors: Connell J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractActin has been prepared from fresh cod flesh and from cod flesh which has been stored at −14° for up to 127 weeks. The properties of these actin preparations have been compared with respect to ability to polymerise and to combine with cod myosin. It is concluded that up to the time (30 weeks) when the actomyosin portion of the salt‐soluble protein of the flesh becomes completely insoluble, there is only a very small change in the properties of the actin.
Proteolysis in the storage of beef
Authors: Locker R. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe method of N‐terminal analysis has been applied to the protein fractions of beef to detect proteolysis on storage at low or high temperature. Parallel studies have been made on the histology, non‐protein nitrogen and free amino‐acids, and on the extractability and electrophoresis of the structural proteins. While definite small increases in free amino‐acids occur, increases in N‐terminal groups were negligible. Other results give no evidence of proteolysis. It is concluded that proteolysis is not a significant factor in the tenderising of beef by ageing.
Determination of dry matter and volatiles in silage
Authors: McDonald P. , Dewar W. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn apparatus designed to collect the volatile constituents produced during the drying of foods has been used to investigate the losses of volatiles from silages dried at 100°. In 28 silages examined the mean volatility of acetic acid was 87‐9% and of butyric acid 89‐4%. In all samples, lactic acid was found to be volatile, the percentage volatility ranging from 1–4 to 16–4. Appreciable losses of nitrogen occurred during the drying of silages with high pH values.
The nitrate nitrogen content of herbage. II.—Effect of different levels of application of sulphate of ammonia on the nitrate content of herbage
Authors: ap Griffith G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a field experiment where sulphate of ammonia was applied in April at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 cwt. per acre to three grass mixtures which were cut for silage in early June, the nitrate‐N content of the herbage was detectable at the 4‐cwt. level and considerable at the 12‐cwt. level. A close relation was demonstrated between nitrate‐N content and the crude protein content of the herbage.