bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and tuberculosis coexistence in the same organs: a report of two cases
Authors: Fanourgiakis P , Mylona E , Androulakis I I , Eftychiou C , Vryonis E , Georgala A , Skoutelis A , Aoun M 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) may be preceded by chronic inflammatory diseases and furthermore has been related to immune deficiency. Tuberculosis (TB), on the other hand, is a chronic infectious disease whose presentation and reactivation is known to be promoted by cell mediated immunodeficiency. The coexistence of NHL and TB in the same organ is rare. We report two cases of NHL and TB coexistence in two different organs: cervical lymph nodes and kidney. The cases illustrate how misleading the concurrence of NHL and TB infection can be, delaying the diagnosis and treatment of either disease.
Progression of early warning scores (EWS) in patients with acute pancreatitis: a re-evaluation of a retrospective cohort of patients
Authors: Garcea G , Jackson B , Pattenden C J , Ong S L , Neal C P , Dennison A R , Berry D P 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Early warning scores (EWS) is a physiological scoring system measured hourly. This study determined how progression of EWS affected outcome in acute pancreatitis.

Methods
The single worst EWS score for each 24 h period following admission was recorded for 110 patients with acute pancreatitis. Scores falling below 3 were defined as improving; scores which remained at 3 or rising were considered deteriorating.

Results
Deteriorating EWS values were associated with a greatly increased risk of mortality (p&lt;0.001). All patients within the groups, who died, had an adverse outcome or had severe pancreatitis, demonstrated a failure to improve on a median admission EWS of ⩾3 or a deterioration of their median EWS to above this. This progression occurred within 48 h of admission. Evaluating the progression of EWS (that is, improving or deteriorating scores) resulted in an improvement in the sensitivity and specificity in predicting adverse outcome, mortality or severe pancreatitis when compared to previously published data on EWS scores alone, on days 1 to 3 following admission.

Conclusion
Deteriorating EWS values within the 48 h from admission are associated with adverse outcome or death in acute pancreatitis. Measuring progression of EWS over 72 h from admission can further improve accuracy of this monitoring system for acute pancreatitis.
Clinical applications and advances of positron emission tomography with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) in the diagnosis of liver neoplasms
Authors: He Y-x , Guo Q-y 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) has been widely used not only for detecting and staging malignant tumours but also for monitoring therapy response and for differentiating malignant lesions from benign lesions. However, the sensitivity of 18F-FDG PET for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is low. Recent research about the novel drug shows that the sensitivity of 11C-acetate PET for HCC is higher than that of 18F-FDG PET and 11C-acetate also indicates tumour cell differentiation. 18F-FDG PET proved to be highly sensitive in detecting hepatic metastases from different primaries. 18F-FDG PET has also been shown to be useful and more accurate than conventional imaging modalities in demonstrating the effect of local treatments in liver tumours. With the development of small animal imaging, animal research about 18F-FDG PET is increasing.
Debugging debugged, a metaphysical manifesto of systems integration
Authors: Schaefer Robert 
Published: May 2008

Systems designers will most often design to the N-1 criterion whether the designers know they are doing so or not. Systems designed to the N-1 criterion detect, isolate and (possibly) recover from at most one fault at a time. In contrast to the N-1 criterion, systems integrators must fault isolate in the presence of multiple simultaneous faults and in the absence of user guides. The purpose of this paper is to debug the debugging process used by systems integrators. To that end this paper describes the systems integration environment, identifies factors that drive the efficiency of that effort and provides a critique of the historical roots of architectural firewalls. (If there were
no
firewalls everything could theoretically interfere with everything else as only the stricture of time would prevent everything from happening at once. Yet a
perfect
firewall would be an impossibility; a Maxwell's demon of information.) This paper penultimately provides philosophical musings, a self-reflection on meanings uncovered. As this paper has strong non-linear content an attempt has been made for textual constraint by theme:

I. The Systems Integration Environment
II. An Efficient Systems Integration Efficiency Metric
III. Architectural Investigations
IV. the Problem Behind the Problem (tPBtP)
Adapting Support Vector Machines for F-term-based Classification of Patents
Authors: Li Yaoyong , Bontcheva Kalina 
Published: May 2008

Support Vector Machines (SVM) have obtained state-of-the-art results on many applications including document classification. However, previous works on applying SVMs to the F-term patent classification task did not obtain as good results as other learning algorithms such as kNN. This is due to the fact that F-term patent classification is different from conventional document classification in several aspects, mainly because it is a multiclass, multilabel classification problem with semi-structured documents and multi-faceted hierarchical categories.
This article describes our SVM-based system and several techniques we developed successfully to adapt SVM for the specific features of the F-term patent classification task. We evaluate the techniques using the NTCIR-6 F-term classification terms assigned to Japanese patents. Moreover, our system participated in the NTCIR-6 patent classification evaluation and obtained the best results according to two of the three metrics used for task performance evaluation. Following the NTCIR-6 participation, we developed two new techniques, which achieved even better scores using all three NTCIR-6 metrics, effectively outperforming all participating systems. This article presents this new work and the experimental results that demonstrate the benefits of the latest approach.
A nine year study of file system and storage benchmarking
Authors: Traeger Avishay , Zadok Erez , Joukov Nikolai , Wright Charles P. 
Published: May 2008

Benchmarking is critical when evaluating performance, but is especially difficult for file and storage systems. Complex interactions between I/O devices, caches, kernel daemons, and other OS components result in behavior that is rather difficult to analyze. Moreover, systems have different features and optimizations, so no single benchmark is always suitable. The large variety of workloads that these systems experience in the real world also adds to this difficulty.
In this article we survey 415 file system and storage benchmarks from 106 recent papers. We found that most popular benchmarks are flawed and many research papers do not provide a clear indication of true performance. We provide guidelines that we hope will improve future performance evaluations. To show how some widely used benchmarks can conceal or overemphasize overheads, we conducted a set of experiments. As a specific example, slowing down read operations on ext2 by a factor of 32 resulted in only a 2--5% wall-clock slowdown in a popular compile benchmark. Finally, we discuss future work to improve file system and storage benchmarking.
A parallel dynamic compiler for CIL bytecode
Authors: Campanoni Simone , Agosta Giovanni , Reghizzi Stefano Crespi 
Published: May 2008

Multi-core technology is being employed in most recent high-performance architectures. Such architectures need specifically designed multi-threaded software to exploit all the potentialities of their hardware parallelism.
At the same time, object code virtualization technologies are achieving a growing popularity, as they allow higher levels of software portability and reuse.
Thus, a virtual execution environment running on a multi-core processor has to run complex, high-level applications and to exploit as much as possible the underlying parallel hardware. We propose an approach that leverages on CMP features to expose a novel pipeline synchronization model for the internal threads of the dynamic compiler.
Thanks to compilation latency masking effect of the pipeline organization, our dynamic compiler, ILDJIT, is able to achieve significant speedups (26% on average) with respect to the baseline, when the underlying hardware exposes at least two cores.
Electrochemical and Thermal Studies of LiFePO4 Cathode in Lithium-Ion Cells
Authors: Joachin Humberto , Kaun Thomas D. , Zaghib K. , Prakash J. 
Published: May 2008

The carbon-coated LiFePO4 Li-ion cathode material was studied for its electrochemical and thermal performance. This electrode exhibited a reversible capacity corresponding to more	than 90% of the theoretical capacity, when cycled between 2.5 V and 4.0 V. The material also showed good capacity retention at high powers implying that the carbon coating improves the	electronic conductivity and hence the cycling of this	material. Thermal studies were also investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) and compared with the commonly used lithium metal oxide cathodes with layered structure.
Electrochemical Performance of Various Electrodes for Lithium -Ion Batteries Deposited by the Condensation-Solidification Method
Authors: Kylyvnyk Kostyantyn Y. , Kalynushkin Yevgen P. , Novak Peter J. 
Published: May 2008

High-Pressure Deposition Solidification (HDS) proprietary	method was proposed for the production of nanostructured coatings. HDS method has the ability to embed active powder materials (both cathode and anode) into the metal substrate,	resulting in the formation of thin and thick electrodes with	high electrochemical performance. HDS electrodes based on LiMn2O4 spinel, MnO2, Si, SiO, Li4Ti5O12, and LiCoO2 were	prepared and electrochemical testing of HDS electrodes was conducted. All the above-mentioned active materials after	deposition had particle size less than 200 nm and reproduced	the electrochemical properties of initial materials. Mostly, HDS LiMn2O4 electrodes were described, and they showed good repeatability, cycleability (800 cycles), low charge- transfer resistance and as a result good C-rate performance. As an example of application of HDS electrodes, prototype of thin battery with thickness of approximately 50 µm and capacity of 0.15 mAh/cm2 was proposed.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Nanocarbon-Supported Platinum and Palladium Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Vijayaraghavan Ganesh , Stevenson Keith J. 
Published: May 2008

A direct scheme for the synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT) supported Pt and Pd catalysts is reported. Pt and Pd	nanocatalysts deposited on nitrogen doped CNTs (NCNTs) were prepared via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using thermally labile metal organic precursors. These materials were characterized by a host of techniques including	TEM, XPS, TGA and voltammetry. The MOCVD based synthetic route	offers several advantages including the circumvention of a majority of processing steps that are normally required to disperse and activate such catalysts on carbon supports. The low temperature dispersion and loading of catalysts also allows for study of the synergistic role of the carbon support on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The activity of NCNT supported Pt catalysts for ORR was comparable to Pt/ Vulcan catalysts. Results from preliminary experiments and prospects for extending the MOCVD synthesis route for preparing viable carbon	supported catalysts for ORR are discussed.
Some Observations on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) At Platinum Catalysts based on Post Year 2000 Reports
Authors: Gottesfeld Shimshon 
Published: May 2008

This paper examines theoretical and experimental ORR work	performed post year 2000, with the targets of reviewing new insights and new advances and addressing remaining apparent disagreements on proper reading and interpretation of new theoretical and experimental results. It is argued that the description of the ORR rate at a Pt , or Pt alloy catalyst in a fuel cell cathode, has to be relevant to the actual nature of the catalyst surface in the fuel cell-relevant potential range, i.e., a Pt surface with potential dependent coverage by chemisorbed oxygen which blocks metal sites required for the ORR. A way to achieve this goal, is to express the pre-exponential factor in the rate expression in terms of the cathode potential vs. E0Pt-OH2/ Pt-OH , while the exponential factor remains a	function of over-potential vs. E0H2O/O2 . It is further suggested, that the surface couple Pt-OH2 / Pt-OH, can be described as redox mediator for the ORR process at a Pt catalyst with a partly oxidized surface and, consequently, ignition of the ORR process at Pt may critically depend on the potential difference E- E0Pt-OH2/Pt-OH .
Direct Mechanism of OH Radicals Formation in PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Atrazhev Vadim , Timokhina Elena , Burlatsky Sergey F. , Sultanov Vadim , Madden Thomas , Gummalla Mallika 
Published: May 2008

The generation of hydroxyl and/or peroxyl (•OOH) radicals on fuel cell catalysts has direct consequences for the durability of the polymer electrolyte membrane. Whether radical generation occurs from hydrogen peroxide decomposition vs.	direct generation on the Pt catalyst surface is of key interest. Ab initio calculations were performed with Gaussian software employing both cluster models of a platinum surface, as well as single / double Pt atom ensembles. Although complete four-electron reduction to water on Pt is desired, hydrogen peroxide is also formed at potentials below 0.6 Vrhe. In this work, we show that the main pathway of H2O2 formation on platinum involves the •OH free radical as an intermediate. •OH radicals may be released from the Pt surface either by dissociation of the adsorbed OOH intermediate at high	potentials or by dissociation of one-site adsorbed peroxide intermediate at low potentials. Adsorptio n of hydrogen	peroxide transported to the Pt surface to achieve this state,	though possible, is unfavored.	These results indicate that the direct formation of hydroxyl radicals on Pt surfaces is possible under certain conditions and need not proceed through a peroxide intermediate.
Preparation of Pt/Electro-conductive polymer Loaded Carbon Composite for Improvement of Electrode Durability for Fuel Cells
Authors: Mizuhata Minoru , Oga Masako , Miyachi Yoshikazu , Deki Shigehito 
Published: May 2008

The platinum nanoparticles/Electroconductive polymer; e. g., polypyrrole(PPy) and polyaniline(PANi) composite loaded on	carbon was synthesized successfully by following process; oxidation of carbon, ion-exchange of H+ and platinum ion, and the polymerization of pyrrole using the platinum ion dispersed on carbon as oxidant in the previous study. The thin layer of polypyrrole suppresses the ionization to platinum ion and distribute into electrolyte under operational condition of fuel cells. The catalytic activity and the size of the platinum particles of synthesized composite had less change than the	conventional electrocatalyst, platinum nanoparticles/carbon composite (Pt/C), during the durability test, multiple scanning	of the cyclic voltammetry. The catalytic activity for the Pt/PPy/C was held during the durability examination up to 12500 cycles between -0.2-1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl without a coagulation and crystal growth of the platinum particles.
Oxygen Reduction on PtFe/C Electrocatalysts Prepared in Microemulsions
Authors: Malheiro Arthur R. , Perez Joelma , Villullas Hebe D. 
Published: May 2008

PtFe/C nanocatalysts of different compositions and nearly	constant particle size were prepared by a microemulsion method. Crystallite sizes and degree of alloying were determined by X-ray diffraction. Particle size and distribution were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and average composition was determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Measurements of electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction were done using the rotating disk electrode technique in O2 saturated 0.5 mol L-1 sulfuric acid solutions, at room temperature. For all catalysts oxygen reduction begins at ~	0.90V. Tafel plots show slopes of c.a. 60 and 120 mV dec-1 in the regions of low and high overpotentials, respectively. The best results for the ORR were obtained for the PtFe/C catalyst of composition Pt:Fe 70:30. This catalyst was also found to exhibit the largest methanol tolerance.
Effects of Cobalt Phthalocyanine on Pt/C as the Cathodic Catalyst in DMFC
Authors: Lu Yuhao , Reddy Ramana G. 
Published: May 2008

The CoPc-Pt/C system exhibits unique electrocatalytic behavior as cathodic catalyst in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). In this work electrochemical behavior of CoPc-Pt/C was studied with emphasis on effects of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) on platinum/carbon. Physical properties and structural change of CoPc-Pt/C and CoPc were investigated using TGA, EDAX, IR, XRD and XPS. Electrochemical techniques were conducted to obtain	electrochemical performance of catalysts. All results	indicated that CoPc interacts with platinum and modifies the	surface of the platinum. The interaction synergizes the electrocatalytic activity of CoPc-Pt/C catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The modification of CoPc prevents platinum from the absorption of methanol and intermediate	compounds produced by methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), which improves the resistance of catalysts for methanol poisoning.	The presence of metallic cobalt in catalyst increases t he electrocatalytic activity for MOR, however metallic cobalt does not improve resistance of catalyst for methanol	poisoning.
Performance and Durability of Chalcogenide-Modified Ruthenium Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction: Hydrogen-Air MEA and RRDE Studies
Authors: Johnston Christina M. , Choi Jong-Ho , Babu Panakkatu , Wieckowski Andrzej , Zelenay P. 
Published: May 2008

The ORR performance of a Se/Ru catalyst has been evaluated by RRDE measurements and in fuel cell tests. The catalyst was prepared by adding aqueous SeO2 to metallic Ru black, then bubbling H2 through the mixture. The Tafel slope (80{plus minus}5 mV decade-1 at low overpotential) and activation energy (25{plus minus}3 kJ mol-1 at 0.40 V overpotential) indicate that	this Se/Ru catalyst behaves mechanistically in a similar way	to pure noble metal catalysts (e.g., Pt and Ru). In comparison	to other Se/Ru catalysts, the sample shows higher activity, presumably due to the greater number of Ru sites uncovered by Se available for reaction with oxygen, as estimated by CO stripping. Fuel cell tests demonstrate that Se/Ru is superior to Ru black at low current densities, thanks to the inhibiting effect of Se on the oxidation of Ru to inactive species. The stability of Se under aqueous and fuel cell conditions is also discussed.
Structural Investigation of Carbon Supported Ru-Se Based Catalysts using Anomalous Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
Authors: Haas Sylvio , Hoell Armin , Zehl Gerald , Dorbandt Iris , Bogdanoff Peter , Fiechter Sebastian 
Published: May 2008

Selenium modified ruthenium nano-particles are of interest as methanol tolerant electro-catalysts replacing the rare and	expensive platinum at the cathode side of low-temperature Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Recently, it has been found that both the activity and the oxidation resistance of ruthenium can be improved significantly by selenium. The structure and chemical composition of that RuSe(x)O(y) electro-catalyst were analyzed by Anomalous Small Angle X-ray Scattering (ASAXS). ASAXS represents a powerful tool that yields	not only averaged structural parameters, but also useful data on the chemical composition on the sub-nanometer scale.	Comprehensive ASAXS measurements using X-ray energies near below the Se-K- and Ru-K- absorption edges have been performed in addition to XRD, EXAFS, XPS and TEM studies of these catalysts.	The results obtained allowed to deduce a structural model. A cluster like distribution of sub-nanometer sized selenium on the	surface of carbon black supported ruthenium nano-particles has	been proven.
A Kinetic Study of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Palladium-Nickel Alloy Surfaces
Authors: Li Bing , Amiruddin Shabab , Prakash J. 
Published: May 2008

Polycrystalline Palladium-nickel alloy was successfully electrodeposited on gold disk of a rotating ring-disk electrode	(RRDE) and on gold foils. The structure and morphology of the deposits were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical	measurements of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and RRDE measurement were also carried out to characterize the Pd-Ni alloy and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on this alloy. The number of electrons transferred in a potential range of 0.36V to 0.04V was calculated to be between 2.1 to 3.3, and Tafel slope	obtained was about 110mV/dec on this smooth polycrystalline Pd- Ni alloy surface. The tolerance of this alloy towards methanol oxidation was also investigated.
Novel Binderless Nanostructured Carbon Nanotubes-Carbon Aerogel Composites for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors
Authors: Bordjiba Tarik , Mohamedi Mohamed , Dao LÊ H. 
Published: May 2008

In this work, we report an electrochemical characterization of novel binderless monolithic nanocomposites based on multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) coated with carbon aerogel (CAG). These interesting architectures became possible trough application of a newly developed technique in our laboratory that is based on coating carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) directly	grown on an electrically conductive carbon paper (MFCP) with	CAG. The electrochemical properties of these nanocomposites electrodes were studied by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge in 5 M KOH. Remarkable high specific capacitance of 524 F/g was demonstrated by these novel nanocomposites.
A Study of Amorphous Carbon Coated Graphite for Lithium Ion Battery Anode Material
Authors: Amiruddin Shabab , Joachin Humberto , Li Bing , Prakash J. 
Published: May 2008

Amorphous carbon coated natural graphite (modified graphite, MG) was studied for its thermal and electrochemical performance as a lithium ion anode material. This electrode exhibited a reversible capacity of 94% when compared with the theoretical	capacity. MG showed a comparable electrochemical performance when compared with mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB). The morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy and transmission	electron microscopy. Thermal studies were also investigated using Differential Scanning Calorimeter.
Various Carbon Metal Nanocomposites for Lithium Ion Batteries and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Zhao Zhengwei , Guo Zaiping , Liu Huakun , Duo Shixue 
Published: May 2008

In this review, the recent activities in our laboratory for the synthesis of metal carbon nanocomposites are presented.	Different types of carbon (carbon nanotube-CNT, mesoporous carbon-MC, carbon aerogel-CA) metal nanocomposites (Sn,	Ni/CNT, Sn/MC, Pt/ CNT, Pt/ MC, Pt/ CA) were synthesized by various methods as novel electrodes and electrocatalysts for lithium ion batteries and direct methanol fuel cells. The	physical and electrochemical properties of these nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, CV, charge/discharge measurements, etc. These novel carbon supported metal nanocomposites exhibit great potential to substitute the current used anodes materials for lithium ion batteries or electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells.