bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrated α-Synuclein-Induced Alterations in Microglial Immunity Are Regulated by CD4+ T Cell Subsets
Authors: Reynolds Ashley D. , Stone David K. , Mosley R. Lee , Gendelman Howard E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMicroglial inflammatory neuroregulatory activities affect the tempo of nigrostriatal degeneration during Parkinson’s disease (PD). Such activities are induced, in part, by misfolded, nitrated α-synuclein (N-α-syn) within Lewy bodies released from dying or dead dopaminergic neurons. Such pathobiological events initiate innate and adaptive immune responses affecting neurodegeneration. We posit that the neurobiological activities of activated microglia are affected by cell-protein and cell-cell contacts, in that microglial interactions with N-α-syn and CD4+ T cells substantively alter the microglial proteome. This leads to alterations in cell homeostatic functions and disease. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress N-α-syn microglial-induced reactive oxygen species and NF-κB activation by modulating redox-active enzymes, cell migration, phagocytosis, and bioenergetic protein expression and cell function. In contrast, CD4+CD25− effector T cells exacerbate microglial inflammation and induce putative neurotoxic responses. These data support the importance of adaptive immunity in the regulation of Parkinson’s disease-associated microglial inflammation.
Is there a trade‐off between fertility and longevity? A comparative study of women from three large historical databases accounting for mortality selection
Authors: Gagnon Alain , Smith Ken R. , Tremblay Marc , Vézina Hélène , Paré Paul‐Philippe , Desjardins Bertrand 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFrontier populations provide exceptional opportunities to test the hypothesis of a trade‐off between fertility and longevity. In such populations, mechanisms favoring reproduction usually find fertile ground, and if these mechanisms reduce longevity, demographers should observe higher postreproductive mortality among highly fertile women. We test this hypothesis using complete female reproductive histories from three large demographic databases: the Registre de la population du Québec ancien (Université de Montréal), which covers the first centuries of settlement in Quebec; the BALSAC database (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi), including comprehensive records for the Saguenay‐Lac‐St‐Jean (SLSJ) in Quebec in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; and the Utah Population Database (University of Utah), including all individuals who experienced a vital event on the Mormon Trail and their descendants. Together, the three samples allow for comparisons over time and space, and represent one of the largest set of natural fertility cohorts used to simultaneously assess reproduction and longevity. Using survival analyses, we found a negative influence of parity and a positive influence of age at last child on postreproductive survival in the three populations, as well as a significant interaction between these two variables. The effect sizes of all these parameters were remarkably similar in the three samples. However, we found little evidence that early fertility affects postreproductive survival. The use of Heckman's procedure assessing the impact of mortality selection during reproductive ages did not appreciably alter these results. We conclude our empirical investigation by discussing the advantages of comparative approaches. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence variants on chromosome 9p21.3 confer risk for atherosclerotic stroke
Authors: Gschwendtner Andreas , Bevan Steve , Cole John W. , Plourde Anna , Matarin Mar , Ross‐Adams Helen , Meitinger Thomas , Wichmann Erich , Mitchell Braxton D. , Furie Karen , Slowik Agnieszka , Rich Stephen S. , Syme Paul D. , MacLeod Mary J. , Meschia James F. , Rosand Jonathan , Kittner Steve J. , Markus Hugh S. , Müller‐Myhsok Bertram , Dichgans Martin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveRecent studies have identified a major locus for risk for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction on chromosome 9p21.3. Stroke, in particular, ischemic stroke caused by atherosclerotic disease, shares common mechanisms with myocardial infarction. We investigated whether the 9p21 region contributes to ischemic stroke risk.MethodsIn an initial screen, 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering the critical genetic interval on 9p21 were genotyped in samples from Southern Germany (1,090 cases, 1,244 control subjects) and the United Kingdom (758 cases, 872 control subjects, 3 SNPs). SNPs significantly associated with ischemic stroke or individual stroke subtypes in either of the screening samples were subsequently genotyped in 2,528 additional cases and 2,189 additional control subjects from Europe and North America.ResultsGenotyping of the screening samples demonstrated associations between seven SNPs and atherosclerotic stroke (all p < 0.05). Analysis of the full sample confirmed associations between six SNPs and atherosclerotic stroke in multivariate analyses controlling for demographic variables, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and vascular risk factors (all p < 0.05). The odds ratios for the lead SNP (rs1537378‐C) were similar in the various subsamples with a pooled odds ratio of 1.21 (95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.37) under both fixed‐ and random‐effects models (p = 0.002). The point estimate for the population attributable risk is 20.1% for atherosclerotic stroke.InterpretationThe chromosome 9p21.3 region represents a major risk locus for atherosclerotic stroke. The effect of this locus on stroke appears to be independent of its relation to coronary artery disease and other stroke risk factors. Our findings support a broad role of the 9p21 region in arterial disease. Ann Neurol 2009;65:531–539
Delayed treatment with a p53 inhibitor enhances recovery in stroke brain
Authors: Luo Yu , Kuo Chi‐Chung , Shen Hui , Chou Jenny , Greig Nigel H. , Hoffer Barry J. , Wang Yun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveCerebral ischemia can activate endogenous reparative processes, such as proliferation of endogenous neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Most of these new cells die shortly after injury. The purpose of this study was to examine a novel strategy for treatment of stroke at 1 week after injury by enhancing the survival of ischemia‐induced endogenous NPCs in SVZ.MethodsAdult rats were subjected to a 90‐minutes middle cerebral artery occlusion. A p53 inhibitor pifithrin‐α (PFT‐α) was administered to stroke rats from days 6 to 9 after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Locomotor behavior was measured using an activity chamber. Proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation of endogenous NPCs were examined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling, and immunohistochemistry.ResultsPFT‐α enhanced functional recovery as assessed by a significant increase in multiple behavioral measurements. Delayed PFT‐α treatment had no effect on the cell death processes in the lesioned cortical region. However, it enhanced the survival of SVZ progenitor cells, and promoted their proliferation and migration. PFT‐α inhibited the expression of a p53‐dependent proapoptotic gene, termed PUMA (p53‐upregulated modulator of apoptosis), within the SVZ of stroke animals. The enhancement of survival/proliferation of NPCs was further found in SVZ neurospheres in tissue culture. PFT‐α dose‐dependently increased the number and size of new neurosphere formation.InterpretationDelayed treatment with a p53 inhibitor PFT‐α is able to modify stroke‐induced endogenous neurogenesis and improve the functional recovery in stroke animals. Ann Neurol 2009;65:520–530
Sympathetic block with botulinum toxin to treat complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: Carroll Ian , Clark J. David , Mackey Sean 
Published: March 2009

AbstractComplex regional pain syndrome is a refractory pain condition with few tested therapies. We hypothesized that botulinum toxin A (BTA) would prolong analgesia after sympathetic blocks in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. We compared the duration of standard lumbar sympathetic block (LSB) with bupivacaine to LSB with bupivacaine and BTA in nine patients with refractory complex regional pain syndrome. Median time to analgesic failure was 71 (95% confidence interval, 12–253) days after LSB with BTA compared with fewer than 10 days (95% confidence interval, 0–12) after standard LSB (log‐rank, p < 0.02). BTA profoundly prolonged the analgesia from sympathetic block in this preliminary study. Ann Neurol 2009;65:348–351
Detection of human herpesvirus‐6 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with encephalitis
Authors: Yao Karen , Honarmand Somayeh , Espinosa Alex , Akhyani Nahid , Glaser Carol , Jacobson Steven 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveVirus infections are the most common causes of encephalitis, a syndrome characterized by acute inflammation of the brain. More than 150 different viruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of encephalitis; however, because of limitations with diagnostic testing, causative factors of more than half of the cases remain unknown.MethodsTo investigate whether human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) is a causative agent of encephalitis, we examined for evidence of virus infection by determining the presence of viral sequence using polymerase chain reaction and assessed HHV‐6 antibody reactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of encephalitis patients with unknown cause. In a cohort study, we compared virus‐specific antibody levels in cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with encephalitis, relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis, and other neurological diseases.ResultsOur results demonstrated increased levels of HHV‐6 IgG, as well as IgM levels, in a subset of encephalitis patients compared with other neurological diseases. Moreover, cell‐free viral DNA that is indicative of active infection was detected in 40% (14/35) of encephalitis patients, whereas no amplifiable viral sequence was found in either relapsing‐remitting MS or other neurological diseases patients. In addition, a significant correlation between polymerase chain reaction detection and anti‐HHV‐6 antibody response was also demonstrated.InterpretationCollectively, these results suggested HHV‐6 as a possible pathogen in a subset of encephalitis cases. Ann Neurol 2009;65:257–267
TARDBP mutations in motoneuron disease with frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Benajiba Lina , Le Ber Isabelle , Camuzat Agnès , Lacoste Mathieu , Thomas‐Anterion Catherine , Couratier Philippe , Legallic Solenn , Salachas François , Hannequin Didier , Decousus Marielle , Lacomblez Lucette , Guedj Eric , Golfier Véronique , Camu William , Dubois Bruno , Campion Dominique , Meininger Vincent , Brice Alexis ,   French Clinical and Genetic Research Network on Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration/Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration with Motoneuron Disease
Published: March 2009

AbstractTDP‐43 (TAR‐DNA binding protein) aggregates in neuronal inclusions in motoneuron disease (MND), as well as in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and FTLD associated with MND (FTLD‐MND). Mutations in TARDBP gene, coding for TDP‐43, were found in patients with pure MND. We now describe TARDBP mutations in two patients with FTLD‐MND, presenting with a behavioral variant of FTLD and semantic dementia, suggesting that TDP‐43 may also have a direct pathogenic role in FTLD disorders. Ann Neurol 2009;65:470–474
Platelet activity and outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Naidech Andrew M. , Bernstein Richard A. , Levasseur Kimberly , Bassin Sarice L. , Bendok Bernard R. , Batjer H. Hunt , Bleck Thomas P. , Alberts Mark J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThere are few data on platelet function in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We prospectively enrolled 69 patients with ICH and measured platelet function on admission. Aspirin use before ICH was associated with reduced platelet activity. Less platelet activity was associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (516.5 [interquartile range (IQR), 454–629.25] vs 637 [IQR, 493–654] aspirin reaction units; p = 0.04) and death at 14 days (480.5 [IQR, 444.5–632.5] vs 626 [IQR, 494–652] aspirin reaction units; p = 0.04). Objective measures of platelet function on admission are associated with intraventricular hemorrhage and death after ICH. Ann Neurol 2009;65:352–356
The challenge of multiple sclerosis: How do we cure a chronic heterogeneous disease?
Authors: Weiner Howard L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMultiple sclerosis is (MS) a T‐cell autoimmune disease characterized by a relapsing‐remitting followed by a progressive phase. Relapses are driven by the adaptive immune system and involve waves of T helper cell 1 (Th1), Th17, and CD8 cells that infiltrate the nervous system and provoke a attack. These cells are modulated by regulatory T and B cells. Infiltration of T cells into the nervous system initiates a complex immunological cascade consisting of epitope spreading, which triggers new attacks, and activation of the innate immune system (microglia, dendritic cells, astrocytes, B cells), which leads to chronic inflammation. The secondary progressive phase is due to neurodegeneration triggered by inflammation and is driven by the innate immune system. Why a shift to the progressive stage occurs and how to prevent it is a central question in MS. Effective treatment of MS must affect multiple disease pathways: suppression of proinflammatory T cells, induction of regulatory T cells, altering traffic of cells into the nervous system, protecting axons and myelin, and controlling innate immune responses. Without biomarkers, the clinical and pathological heterogeneity of MS makes treatment difficult. Treatment is further hampered by untoward adverse effects caused by immune suppression. Nonetheless, major progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of MS. There are three definitions of cure as it applies to MS: (1) halt progression of disease, (2) reverse neurological deficits, and (3) prevent MS. Although the pathways to each of these cures are linked, each requires a unique strategy. Ann Neurol 2009;65:239–248
Extensive astrocyte infection is prominent in human immunodeficiency virus–associated dementia
Authors: Churchill Melissa J. , Wesselingh Steven L. , Cowley Daniel , Pardo Carlos A. , McArthur Justin C. , Brew Bruce J. , Gorry Paul R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAstrocyte infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is considered rare, so astrocytes are thought to play a secondary role in HIV neuropathogenesis. By combining double immunohistochemistry, laser capture microdissection, and highly sensitive multiplexed polymerase chain reaction to detect HIV DNA in single astrocytes in vivo, we showed that astrocyte infection is extensive in subjects with HIV‐associated dementia, occurring in up to 19% of GFAP+ cells. In addition, astrocyte infection frequency correlated with the severity of neuropathological changes and proximity to perivascular macrophages. Our data indicate that astrocytes can be extensively infected with HIV, and suggest an important role for HIV‐infected astrocytes in HIV neuropathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2009;66:253–258
Closed and Open Clamlike Structures Formed by Hydrogen‐Bonded Pairs of Cyclotricatechylene Anions that Contain Cationic “Meat”
Authors: Abrahams Brendan F. , FitzGerald Nicholas J. , Hudson Timothy A. , Robson Richard , Waters Tom 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEingeschnappt: Zwei Moleküle des Hexaphenols Cyclotricatechylen bilden muschelförmige Strukturen, die Kationen einschließen. Die Molekülpaare sind über variable Wasserstoffbrücken verbunden, sodass sich der Innenraum zum Einschluss von Kationen wie Rb+ oder Cs+ verkleinern und zur Einlagerung größerer Kationen wie NMe4+ und NEt4+ teilweise öffnen kann (siehe Bild).magnified image
Composition optimization of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐/cornstarch‐blended biodegradable composite using response surface methodology
Authors: Chen Ying‐Da , Peng Jinchyau , Lui Wai‐Bun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractResponse surface methodology was used to analyze the effect of amylase level (X1) and glycerol level (X2) on the objective [water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), and Max. loading] attributes of a poly(vinyl alcohol)‐/cornstarch‐blended composite. A rotable central‐composite design (CCD) was used to develop models for the objective responses. The experiments were run at die temperature 100°C with a feed rate of 25 g/min and a screw speed of 35 rpm. Responses were most affected by changes in the amylase level (X1) and to a lesser extent by glycerol level (X2). Individual contour plots of the different responses were overlaid, and regions meeting the optimum WSI of 3.03 (%), WAI of 5.08 (g gel/g dry wt), and Max. loading of 29.36 (N) were identified at the amylase level of 2.8 (mL) and the glycerol level of 92.2 (mL), respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile using a differential microemulsion polymerization technique
Authors: Norakankorn Chaiwat , Pan Qinmin , Rempel Garry L. , Kiatkamjornwong Suda 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNanosized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles with a high molecular weight of 106 g mol−1 and a polydispersity index of about 1–2 were synthesized, for which 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile was used as the initiator and a differential microemulsion polymerization technique was employed. The kinetics of the polymerization, the glass transition temperature, tacticity, the particle size distribution, and the morphology of the nanosized PMMA synthesized were investigated. The dependence of the number of the polymer particles (Np) and the number of the micelles (Nm) on the concentration of the surfactant was discussed. The molecular weight distribution was found to be nearly constant over the polymerization time, which was attributed to the significance of micellar polymerization. The resultant nanosized PMMA has a rich syndiotactic configuration (53–57% rr triads) with a glass transition temperature of about 125°C. A beneficial operation condition was discovered where the conversion reached a maximum at a high monomer‐to‐water ratio. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Reverse atom transfer radical graft polymerization of 4‐vinylpyridine onto inorganic oxide surfaces
Authors: Lewis Gregory T. , Nguyen Van , Shih Wen‐Yi , Cohen Yoram 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThin poly(4‐vinylpyridine) films terminally anchored onto nonporous inorganic oxide substrates were synthesized by aqueous phase reverse atom transfer radical graft polymerization (ATRGP). Surface initiators were immobilized on the inorganic substrate surface by chemically attaching glycidoxytrimethoxy silane onto the substrates followed by conversion of the glycidoxy silane into azobis silane by a reaction with 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid). Reverse ATRGP of 4‐vinylpyridine onto the active surface azo sites was carried out in a 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone/water solvent mixture using CuCl2/2,2′‐bipyridine as the catalyst‐ligand complex with initial monomer concentration [M]0 = 2.32M at 90°C. Controlled radical polymerization was achieved at catalyst to initiator molar ratios of 2 : 1 and 3 : 1, with a catalyst to ligand molar ratio of 1 : 2. Controlled polymerization was indicated by a first‐order rate of polymerization kinetics, with respect to monomer conversion at the surface and in solution, the linear increase of the P4VP graft yield with time, and a low polydispersity index (PDI < 1.40). The highest graft yield of 8 mg/m2 was achieved at a 3 : 1 catalyst to initiator molar ratio which corresponded to a number‐average molecular weight of 11,500 g/mol, surface density of 0.69 μmol/m2, and a polydispersity index of 1.28. AFM surface analysis of the grafted polymer films, prepared by reverse ATRGP of 4VP, revealed a decrease in the RMS surface roughness (RRMS = 1.04 nm) and feature size (feature diameter = 20–45 nm), relative to uncontrolled free radical graft polymerization (RRMS = 1.42 nm; feature diameter = 60–145 nm), thereby providing an additional indication that a denser and controlled reaction was achieved via reverse ATRGP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
High‐quality cellulose triacetate prepared from bamboo dissolving pulp
Authors: He Jianxin , Zhang Ming , Cui Shizhong , Wang Shan‐Yuan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCellulose triacetate (CTA) was prepared from high‐grade bamboo dissolving pulp in general acetylation medium of acetic acid/acetic anhydride/sulfuric acid system. Despite its properties being improved compared with these of CTA prepared from viscose bamboo pulp, many insoluble residues still remained in its acetylation medium, which resulted in the decrease of the brightness and thermal stability of prepared CTA. Characterization of the insoluble residue indicated that its formation was associated with a higher content of xylan and ash in high‐grade bamboo pulp than in high‐grade hardwood pulp, in which insoluble residue was negligible. Because of the poor solubility of xylan diacetate (XDA) in acetylation medium, the insoluble residue formed through the aggregation of XDA and CTA by ultrastructural effects of the pulps during the precipitation of XDA. An addition to the good solvent of XDA, such as 1,2‐dichloroethane to acetylation medium of high‐grade bamboo pulp, could release the aggregation of XDA and CTA and dissolve the insoluble residue, which could lead to the improvement of the transmittance of reaction solution, as well as the properties of CTA prepared such as brightness and thermal stability. This study showed that high‐quality CTA could be prepared from high‐grade bamboo dissolving pulp in acetylation with an addition of solvent. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Elucidation of the nanoparticle effect on the grafting of vinyl monomers onto cotton fabric
Authors: Effenberger F. , Schweizer M. , Mohamed W. S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe grafting emulsion polymerization of vinyl monomers onto cotton was carried out in the presence of double‐modified montmorillonite clay. The obtained results show that grafting with glycidyl methacrylate/montmorillonite gave a higher rate of grafting than grafting with methyl methacrylate/montmorillonite in all clay percentages, and also, the grafting yield of glycidyl methacrylate monomer onto cotton in the presence of montmorillonite clay had a higher value than that in the absence of the clay for all factors studied. Cotton grafted with glycidyl methacrylate/montmorillonite with a graft yield of about 50% was prepared according to the emulsion polymerization technique and was treated with different concentrations of dibutylamine solutions ranging from 1 to 4%. The obtained samples were characterized according to nitrogen content, thermal stability, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical properties, water absorption, and color strength according to acid, basic, and reactive dyes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009