bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing universal accessibility requirements in software‐intensive projects
Authors: Akoumianakis Demosthenes 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article presents a reference framework and a consolidated overview of techniques aiming to advance universal access project management practices during the design and development of interactive software. The perspective adopted is that universal accessibility is a nonfunctional quality attribute, and as such, it requires suitable process‐oriented support ‘sensitive’ to the technical issues involved. Consequently, a frame of reference for managing universal accessibility in interactive software development projects is described in terms of a generic and configurable development process and a collection of methods addressing specific technical targets across the various stages of the proposed process. The proposed process builds upon the scenario‐based perspective on systems development and unfolds stages involved in generating and articulating scenarios from quality attributes relevant to universal accessibility. The techniques presented cover a wide range of technical targets from requirements engineering for universal accessibility to design representations, platform integration, user interface prototyping and evaluation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiences of a value assessment for products
Authors: Ojala Pasi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn the near history, software process and product improvement has been recognized as a usable possibility to increase the quality of software development. Recently the costs and value of software process improvement (SPI) as well as the cost‐effectiveness and productivity of software development have become vitally important to many companies as competition has become tougher.The main purpose of this study is to collect experiences whether the value assessment for products support earlier‐defined value‐based approach and whether the value assessment works in practise, what are the strengths and weaknesses of using it and is it useful to companies. This is done by implementing value assessment in a case company step by step to study which phases possibly work and which phases possibly do not work.The industrial case shows that proposed value assessment for products is useful and supports value‐based approach. As well it demonstrates in practice, the strengths and weaknesses of using it and what should be taken into consideration when implementing it. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in AC Power Standard in Japan
Authors: Shirai Terumitsu 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe precise measurement of electric power will increase in importance because of the growth of power consumption and the deregulation of electric utilities. An electric power and energy calibration system was developed at the Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC) in 2004, and it was designated as the national electric power and energy standards in Japan in 2005 to replace the aging AC/DC watt comparator. The methods of establishing the electric power standard at foreign National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) can be classified roughly into a method by a sampling wattmeter, a method by the principle of the current comparator, and a method based on dual‐heater multijunction thermal converters. This article describes the transition of the electric power and energy standards in Japan and in foreign countries. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TEM Analysis of Hcp‐Co Films Deposited by Gas Flow Sputtering
Authors: Sakuma Hiroshi , Tai Hayato , Ishii Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this study, the crystal structure of Co thin films deposited by a low‐energy sputtering, gas flow sputtering (GFS) and conventional RF magnetron sputtering (MS) is investigated. The emphasis is on whether fcc‐like regions are present in a hcp‐Co film. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) shows no fcc peak for both films deposited by GFS and MS. Electron diffraction reveals that fcc structure is present in the film deposited by MS. Lattice images are observed by using transmission electron microscopy. Every other line in the lattice image of the film deposited by GFS is bright or dark, which is suggestive of the ABAB stacking of the hcp structure. In addition, stacking faults are observed. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐frequency Impedance and Sensitivity of Micro‐fluxgate Sensors Fabricated with Cobalt Base Amorphous Films
Authors: Shin Kwang‐Ho , Choi Sang‐On 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMicro‐fluxgate sensors 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide were fabricated with CoZrNb amorphous films. Their high‐frequency input/output impedance was measured and evaluated to investigate whether the sensor output and/or sensitivity could be estimated by the complex impedance, especially the reactance. The output reactance changed from 11.1 to 6.1 ohm at 8 MHz by applying the external magnetic field of 10.5 Oe, whereas the input impedance changed from 12.3 to 10.1 ohm. The parasitic capacitance was driven from the measured reactance and resonance frequency. The inductance and inductive reactance could be evaluated with the parasitic capacitance and measured reactance. The tendency of output voltage dependent on frequency is similar to that of inductive reactance. The sensitivity of the fabricated sensor was 17.6 mV/VOe at 8 MHz. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
AFM Nano‐oxidation of NiFe Thin Films Capped with Al‐Oxide Layers for Planar‐type Tunnel Junction
Authors: Hasegawa Shunsuke , Yamada Shogo , Yamada Tsutomu , Shirakashi Jun‐ichi , Takemura Yasushi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe NiFe‐based planar‐type magnetic tunnel junction was fabricated. The patterned NiFe thin film of 10 nm thickness was covered with an insulating Al‐oxide layer. The channel width was 2 µm. The nano‐oxidation technique using an atomic force microscope was used in order to form a tunnel barrier of the junction. The current‐voltage characteristic of the junction exhibited a rectifying curve, which indicated that the nanowires of NiFe‐oxide acted as the potential barrier. Equivalent values for the barrier height and barrier width of 1.75 eV and 1.5 nm were deduced from the Simmons' formula, respectively. Copyright © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Combined Harpoonlike Jagged Microneedles Imitating Mosquito's Proboscis and Its Insertion Experiment with Vibration
Authors: Izumi Hayato , Yajima Tsubasa , Aoyagi Seiji , Tagawa Norio , Arai Yasuhiko , Hirata Masayuki , Yorifuji Shiro 
Published: June 2008

AbstractImitating the mosquito's proboscis, the combined microneedles comprising a central straight needle and two outer jagged needles have been already proposed by the authors, and the effectiveness of these needles for easy insertion was investigated by the finite element method (FEM) simulation. Following this, in the present paper, silicon microneedles are practically fabricated by using a silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process. A sole straight needle, a sole jagged needle, and combined jagged needles are employed. The fabricated shape and size of the harpoon‐like jagged protrusions are almost the same as the mosquito's. The resistance force during inserting these fabricated needles into an artificial skin of silicone rubber is experimentally investigated. Comparing the results, the effect of combining needles for easy insertion is confirmed. It is also confirmed that applying vibration to the needles with jagged shape is fairly effective for easy insertion. The mechanisms of employing jagged shape needles, applying vibration, and combining needles are discussed. For practical medical applications, a silicon needle is not safe enough on the human body owing to its brittleness. To cope with this problem, coating the silicon surface with biocompatible parylene is proposed. It is proved that parylene‐coated needle surely penetrates silicone rubber, although the necessary force increases. © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Fast Stereo Matching Algorithm for Sewer Inspection Robots
Authors: Ahrary Alireza , Ishikawa Masumi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we present a fast stereo matching algorithm for sewer inspection robots. Conventional algorithms such as the sum of squared difference (SSD) and cross‐correlation based on segmentation, graph cuts and so on have been proposed. However, most of them are computationally expensive. In order to solve the problem, we propose a fast stereo matching algorithm using interpolation in this paper. In our algorithm, an image is initially divided into many blocks. Then, a matching measure combining SSD and the cross‐correlation is calculated only at the corner points of each block. A down sampled sewer disparity image is composed of only the corner points. Because the disparities change continuously in the sewer environment, we use the cubic interpolation for extending the down sampled sewer disparity image into a regular‐sized disparity image. The experimental results show that our algorithm outperforms the conventional algorithms in both accuracy and speed in the sewer environment. © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Particle Swarm Optimization with Diverse Parameters
Authors: Takei Mari , Yasuda Keiichiro , Ishigame Atsushi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) with diverse parameters that achieve an appropriate balance between diversification and intensification during the search based on numerical stability analysis. Numerical experiments using seven typical benchmark problems with 100, 500, and 1000 dimensions validate the robustness and search capabilities of the proposed PSO. © 2008 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experiments on turbulent convection over a rotating continental shelf–slope
Authors: LIANG H. , HIGGINSON R. C. , MAXWORTHY T. 
Published: June 2008

A series of Southern Hemisphere experiments have been performed to study turbulent convection on a continental shelf–slope placed in a large rotating tank filled with fresh water. Dense salt water was uniformly released at the fluid surface above the shelf. The resulting negatively buoyant bottom flow travelled over the shelf and then downslope. The non-dimensional reduced gravity of the dense downslope flow was found to scale as$G'\,{=}\,g'h^{4/3}/(B_{0}^{2/3}W)$for a fixed slope angle, whereB0the buoyancy flux at the surface,g′ the reduced gravity of the bottom flow,hthe water depth above the shelf andWthe width of the dense water source. Under rotation, a bottom Ekman layer, with superimposed roll waves, propagated down the slope and towards the left sidewall when looking down the slope. As the modified natural Rossby numberPdecreased, whereP= (B0/f3h2)1/2W/handfis the Coriolis parameter, the appearance of the bottom layer had four different forms: laminar flow, the continuous formation of waves, the periodic release of wave groups, and the periodic generation of eddies. Vortices generated on the surface were cyclonic, suggesting, but not proving, that eddies in the dense bottom layer as originally formed were anticyclonic.With a canyon cut from the middle of the shelf to the bottom of the slope,G′ values measured in dense flows to the left of the canyon, were significantly reduced. The canyon channelled a large amount of dense fluid with a buoyancy considerably larger than that of dense flows on the slope. However, the flow regime criteria remained basically unchanged with eddies and downslope Ekman layer being able to partially cross the canyon.
Simulation of flow around a row of square cylinders
Authors: KUMAR SHASHI RANJAN , SHARMA ATUL , AGRAWAL AMIT 
Published: June 2008

In this paper, the low-Reynolds number (Re= 80) flow around a row of nine square cylinders placed normal to the oncoming flow is investigated using the lattice-Boltzmann method. The effects of the cylinder spacing on the flow are studied for spacing to diameter ratios of 0.3 to 12. No significant interaction between the wakes is observed with spacings greater than six times the diameter. At smaller spacings, the flow regimes as revealed by vorticity field and drag coefficient signal are: synchronized, quasi-periodic and chaotic. These regimes are shown to result from the interaction between primary (vortex shedding) and secondary (cylinder interaction) frequencies; the strength of the latter frequency in turn depends on the cylinder spacing. The secondary frequency is also related to transition between narrow and wide wakes behind a cylinder.The mean drag coefficient and Strouhal number are found to increase rapidly with a decrease in spacing; correlations of these parameters with spacing are proposed. The Strouhal number based on gap velocity becomes approximately constant for a large range of spacings, highlighting the significance of gap velocity for this class of flows. It is also possible to analyse the vortex pattern in the synchronized and quasi-periodic regimes with the help of vorticity dynamics. These results, most of which have been obtained for the first time, are of fundamental significance.
Detecting RFI Through Integrity Monitoring at a DGPS Reference Station
Authors: Yun Youngsun , Kee Changdon , Rife Jason , Luo Ming , Pullen Sam , Enge Per 
Published: June 2008

Because GPS is a radio navigation system which has a very low power level, it is vulnerable to RFI. Excessive RFI could cause receiver performance degradation, such as degradation of position accuracy, loss of lock and increased acquisition time. After GPS modernization plans introduce dual-frequency civil signals to mitigate ionospheric errors, RFI will remain as one of the dominant threats for differential GPS navigation systems. Examples of safety-critical civil aviation and military missions threatened by RFI include the Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) and the Joint Precision Approach and Landing System (JPALS). This paper focuses on RFI mitigation through integrity monitoring for a DGPS system like LAAS or JPALS. The mitigation strategy consists of two parts. First, the paper develops a new RFI detection method, using a raw divergence statistic. Second, the paper investigates strategies for maintaining integrity in the case that RFI is detected.To validate the utility of the divergence-based RFI monitor, this paper takes an experimental approach. The experiments assess the performance of the divergence metric and compare it to existing alternatives for RFI detection, such as metrics for Automatic Gain Control (AGC) and carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0). Generating a monitoring threshold for these statistics proves challenging, because the threshold depends both on the type of RFI threat (e.g. continuous wave, narrow band, wideband, pulsed) and on environmental conditions, such as temperature. As experiments illustrate, the divergence statistic resolves these limitations, as divergence directly estimates ranging source error, independent of the type of RFI threat or the environmental conditions.
Human-competitive machine invention by means of genetic programming
Authors: Koza John R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractGenetic programming is a systematic method for getting computers to automatically solve problems. Genetic programming uses the Darwinian principle of natural selection and analogs of recombination (crossover), mutation, gene duplication, gene deletion, and certain mechanisms of developmental biology to progressively breed, over a series of many generations, an improved population of candidate solutions to a problem. This paper makes the points that genetic programming now routinely delivers human-competitive machine intelligence for problems of automated design and can serve as an automated invention machine.
Consumer perceptions of fruit and vegetables serving sizes
Authors: Pollard Christina M , Daly Alison M , Binns Colin W 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess consumer understanding of fruit and vegetable serving sizes.DesignThe Western Australian Health Department launched the Go for 2&5® campaign to promote fruit and vegetables in March 2002. The Health & Wellbeing Surveillance System surveyed 1108 adults, aged 16 years and over, between September and November 2002 about what constituted a serving of fruit and of vegetables, their usual daily fruit and vegetables intake, and their recall of the campaign.SettingThe study was undertaken as a part of a public health intervention – social marketing campaign in Western Australia, which had a population of 1 927 000 in 2002.ResultsForty-two per cent of respondents knew that the fruit serving size was one piece and only 14·5 % reported the ½ cup vegetable serving size. The mean fruit intake was 1·8 (95 % CI 1·7, 1·8) servings/d and the mean vegetable intake was 2·8 (95 % CI 2·7, 3·0) servings/d. Vegetable intake was associated with being female (P = 0·006), increasing age (P < 0·0001), awareness of the campaign (P = 0·031) and knowledge of standard serving size (P = 0·006). Fruit consumption was associated with being female (P = 0·007). Fruit and vegetable intakes were not associated with educational attainment or household income.ConclusionsThe Go for 2&5® campaign uses a prescriptive message to promote increased consumption of fruit and vegetables. Respondent’s knowledge of the standard of serving sizes for fruit and vegetables suggests there is value in separating fruit and vegetable recommendations in messages to encourage increased consumption.
Development and piloting of a community health worker-based intervention for the prevention of diabetes among New Zealand Maori in Te Wai o Rona: Diabetes Prevention Strategy
Authors: Simmons D , Rush E , Crook N ,   on behalf of the Te Wai o Rona: Diabetes Prevention Strategy Team
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe progression from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)/impaired fasting glucose (IFG) to type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed through intensive lifestyle changes. How to translate this to implementation across whole communities remains unclear. We now describe the results to a pilot of a personal trainer (Maori Community Health Worker, MCHW) approach among Maori in New Zealand.Design, setting and subjectsA randomised cluster-controlled trial of intensive lifestyle change was commenced among 5240 non-pregnant Maori family members without diabetes from 106 rural and 106 urban geographical clusters. Baseline assessments included lifestyle questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and venesection. A pilot study (Vanguard Study) cohort of 160 participants were weighed before and during MCHW intervention, and compared with fifty-two participants weighed immediately before intervention and with 1143 participants from the same geographical area. Interactions between participants and the MCHW were reported using personal digital assistants with a programmed detailed structured approach to each interview.ResultsDuring the Vanguard Study, participants and MCHW found the messages, toolkit and delivery approach acceptable. Those with IGT/IFG diagnosed (n 27) experienced significant weight loss after screening and during the Vanguard Study (5·2 (sd 6·6) kg, paired t test P < 0·01). Significant weight loss occurred during the Vanguard Study among all participants (−1·3 (sd 3·6) kg, P < 0·001).ConclusionsComparable initial weight loss was shown among those with IGT/IFG and those from existing trials. Community-wide prevention programmes are feasible among Maori and are likely to result in significant reductions in the incidence of diabetes.
Alaska's Pavlof Volcano Ends 11‐Year Repose
Authors: Waythomas Christopher F. , Prejean Stephanie G. , McNutt Stephen R. 
Published: June 2008

After an 11‐year period of repose, Pavlof volcano on the Alaska Peninsula (Figure 1) began an episode of Strombolian eruption lasting 31 days, from 14 August to 13 September 2007.The eruption began abruptly on 14 August after a minor increase in seismicity the previous day. Nearly continuous lava fountaining, explosions, and lahars caused by minor disruption of the ice and snow cover on the volcano characterized the eruption. The eruption also produced diffuse ash plumes that reached 5–6 kilometers above sea level, but the plumes were too small and did not extend high enough to affect local or regional air travel. Melting of snow and ice on the upper part of the edifice by hot debris avalanches and lava resulted in numerous lahars that entered the sea and inundated a 2×106 square meter area on the volcanos southern slope.
Characterization of Fe(II) oxidizing bacterial activities and communities at two acidic Appalachian coalmine drainage-impacted sites
Authors: Senko John M , Wanjugi Pauline , Lucas Melanie , Bruns Mary Ann , Burgos William D 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We characterized the microbiologically mediated oxidative precipitation of Fe(II) from coalmine-derived acidic mine drainage (AMD) along flow-paths at two sites in northern Pennsylvania. At the Gum Boot site, dissolved Fe(II) was efficiently removed from AMD whereas minimal Fe(II) removal occurred at the Fridays-2 site. Neither site received human intervention to treat the AMD. Culturable Fe(II) oxidizing bacteria were most abundant at sampling locations along the AMD flow path corresponding to greatest Fe(II) removal and where overlying water contained abundant dissolved O2. Rates of Fe(II) oxidation determined in laboratory-based sediment incubations were also greatest at these sampling locations. Ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer analysis and sequencing of partial 16S rRNA genes recovered from sediment bacterial communities revealed similarities among populations at points receiving regular inputs of Fe(II)-rich AMD and provided evidence for the presence of bacterial lineages capable of Fe(II) oxidation. A notable difference between bacterial communities at the two sites was the abundance of Chloroflexi-affiliated 16S rRNA gene sequences in clone libraries derived from the Gum Boot sediments. Our results suggest that inexpensive and reliable AMD treatment strategies can be implemented by mimicking the conditions present at the Gum Boot field site.
Effects of Temptation and Weight on Hedonics and Motivation to Eat in Women
Authors: Ouwehand Carolijn , De Ridder Denise T.D. 
Published: June 2008

Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the extent to which food temptation influences liking, the hedonics of food, and wanting, the motivation to eat, and whether this effect differed between normal‐weight and overweight women.Methods and Procedures: Ninety‐seven normal‐weight and overweight women participated in a randomized experiment, which used a two‐by‐two design with food temptation and body weight as independent variables. ANOVAs tested the effect of these factors on wanting and liking.Results: The most important finding of this study was that food temptation had a significant effect on wanting, but not on liking. Wanting was mainly influenced by temptation; however, this effect was moderated by weight. Interestingly, temptation caused a decrease in wanting, but only in normal‐weight women. This effect of temptation could not be explained by a change in affect after manipulation or a difference in hunger before the start of the experiment.Discussion: A possible explanation for the finding that normal‐weight women showed a decline in wanting after the confrontation with highly palatable food may be that normal‐weight women are protected by a higher sensory‐specific satiety. Moreover, it is possible that in these women goals regarding, for example, weight maintenance are more easily evoked, which may remind them of the positive consequences of not yielding into temptation.