bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the In Vitro Transcriptional Response of Human Pharyngeal Epithelial Cells to AdherentStreptococcus pneumoniae: Evidence for a Distinct Response to Encapsulated Strains
Authors: Bootsma Hester J. , Egmont-Petersen Michael , Hermans Peter W. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTInfection of the human host byStreptococcus pneumoniaebegins with colonization of the nasopharynx, which is mediated by the adherence of bacteria to the respiratory epithelium. Several studies have indicated an important role for the pneumococcal capsule in this process. Here, we used microarrays to characterize the in vitro transcriptional response of human pharyngeal epithelial Detroit 562 cells to the adherence of serotype 2 encapsulated strain D39, serotype 19F encapsulated strain G54, serotype 4 encapsulated strain TIGR4, and their nonencapsulated derivatives (Δcps). In total, 322 genes were found to be upregulated in response to adherent pneumococci. Twenty-two genes were commonly induced, including those encoding several cytokines (e.g., interleukin 1β [IL-1β] and IL-6), chemokines (e.g., IL-8 and CXCL1/2), and transcriptional regulators (e.g., FOS), consistent with an innate immune response mediated by Toll-like receptor signaling. Interestingly, 85% of genes were induced specifically by one or more encapsulated strains, suggestive of a capsule-dependent response. Importantly, purified capsular polysaccharides alone had no effect. Over a third of these loci encoded products predicted to be involved in transcriptional regulation and signal transduction, in particular mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Real-time PCR of a subset of 10 genes confirmed the microarray data and showed a time-dependent upregulation of, especially, innate immunity genes. The downregulation of epithelial genes was most pronounced upon adherence of D39Δcps, as 68% of the 161 genes identified were repressed only by this nonencapsulated strain. In conclusion, we identified a subset of host genes specifically induced by encapsulated strains during in vitro adherence and have demonstrated the complexity of interactions occurring during the initial stages of pneumococcal infection.
Differential Contribution of BacterialN-Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl- Phenylalanine and Host-Derived CXC Chemokines to Neutrophil Infiltration into Pulmonary Alveoli during Murine Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Gauthier Jean-François , Fortin Andrée , Bergeron Yves , Dumas Marie-Christine , Champagne Marie-Eve , Bergeron Michel G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTDespite the development of new potent antibiotics,Streptococcus pneumoniaeremains the leading cause of death from bacterial pneumonia. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) recruitment into the lungs is a primordial step towards host survival. Bacterium-derivedN-formyl peptides (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine [fMLP]) and host-derived chemokines (KC and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 [MIP-2]) are likely candidates among chemoattractants to coordinate PMN infiltration into alveolar spaces. To investigate the contribution of each in the context of pneumococcal pneumonia, CD1, BALB/c, CBA/ca, C57BL/6, and formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-knockout C57BL/6 mice were infected with 106or 107CFU of penicillin/erythromycin-susceptible or -resistant serotype 3 or 14S. pneumoniaestrains. Antagonists to the FPR, such as cyclosporine H (CsH) and chenodeoxycholic acid, or neutralizing antibodies to KC and MIP-2 were injected either 1 h before or 30 min after infection, and then bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were obtained for quantification of bacteria, leukocytes, and chemokines. CsH was effective over a short period after infection with a high inoculum, while anti-CXC chemokine antibodies were effective after challenge with a low inoculum. CsH prevented PMN infiltration in CD1 mice infected with either serotype 3 or 14, whereas antichemokine antibodies showed better efficacy against the serotype 3 strain. When different mouse strains were challenged with serotype 3 bacteria, CsH prevented PMN migration in the CD1 mice only, whereas the antibodies were effective against CD1 and C57BL/6 mice. Our results suggest that fMLP and chemokines play important roles in pneumococcal pneumonia and that these roles vary according to bacterial and host genetic backgrounds, implying redundancy among chemoattractant molecules.
ITS sequence variation supports the hybrid origin ofMalus toringoidesHughes
Authors: Feng Ting-Ting , Zhou Zhi-Qin , Tang Jian-Min , Cheng Ming-Hao , Zhou Shi-Liang 
Published: August 2007

Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes was suggested to have originated from hybridization between Malus transitoria Schneid. and Malus kansuensis Rehd., followed by repeated backcrossing to one of the putative parents. In the present study, the sequence information of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) was used to re-examine the origin of this species. A total of 69 accessions from three natural populations (Maerkang, Xiaba and Kehe, Aba Autonomous Region, Sichuan, China) of M. toringoides and 10 accessions of its putative parents were analyzed. Using Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx., Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. and Malus doumeri Chev. as outgroups, our phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequences of M. toringoides and its putative parents showed that M. toringoides was not monophyletic, and two different types of ITS sequences which were obtained from each of the six accessions of M. toringoides were found to have clustered separately with those of the two putative parent species on the gene tree. A comparison of the sequence variation between M. toringoides and its putative parents revealed an additive variation pattern of ITS sequences in the putative hybrid species. These results are consistent with the previous morphological and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data which suggested that M. toringoides was of hybrid origin. Our ITS data provide new molecular evidence for the hybrid origin hypothesis of M. toringoides and these results are of great importance for future study on hybridization, polyploid speciation and evolution of the genus Malus Miller.
Flowering and seedling production of understory herbs in old-growth forests affected by 1980 tephra from Mount St. Helens
Authors: Zobel Donald B. , Antos Joseph A. 
Published: August 2007

To determine the variation in flowering among species and the contribution of flowering to the recovery of forest herbs, we counted the flowering shoots, vegetative shoots, and first-year seedlings in old-growth forests affected by tephra from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Using permanent 1 m2 plots with either undisturbed tephra or with the tephra removed, we obtained 2–9 years of flowering data during 1980–2000 for six sites that received 2–15 cm of tephra. Flowering was infrequent for most species. Most of the 12 commonest species had 2%–4% of their shoots flowering (range 0%–15%). Among growth forms, deciduous nonclonal species flowered most. Flowering percentage increased with plant density; thus microsites favorable for growth were also favorable for flowering. Flowering varied considerably among sampling years. Incidence of flowering was higher on shallow than on deep tephra, and higher on natural tephra than in cleared plots. Seedlings were more common on shallow than on deep tephra. The 20-year increase in shoot density on tephra (ratio of 2000 to 1981 values) was positively related among species to the number of seedlings produced per previous-year flowering shoot. Our results indicate how species vary in the quantity and timing of flowering and also in their reliance on seedling establishment versus clonal growth for population increase following disturbance.
Seedling emergence and survival of Warea carteri (Brassicaceae), an endangered annual herb of the Florida Scrub
Authors: Weekley Carl W. , Menges Eric S. , Quintana-Ascencio Pedro F. 
Published: August 2007

Seedling emergence and survival to flowering are critical processes in the life history of annual plants. We evaluated the importance of year and habitat on seedling emergence and the effects of year, habitat, timing of seedling emergence, and seedling density on survival of Warea carteri Small, an annual mustard endemic to Florida scrub. We tagged 1329 seedlings in 78 permanent 0.25 m2 quadrats in two habitats (scrub and disturbed) between 1999 and 2002 and followed seedlings monthly. Most (>80%) seedling emergence occurred between September and December. Emergence peaked 2 months earlier and was more variable in disturbed sites than in scrub. Seedling survival among years ranged from 3.5% to 12.0%. Seedling density varied from 1 to 75 per 0.25 m2 quadrat, with an overall median of 6.0. Survival was not density dependent. Median age at flowering ranged from 11.7 to 15.2 months, with late season recruits most likely to survive to flowering. Warea carteri recruits like a winter annual but flowers like a summer annual. Its delayed germination and a 12–15 month life span contribute to population cycling. Complete reproductive failure in unfavorable years, high seed production in favorable years, low rates of seed germination, and a persistent seed bank are consistent with predictions for an annual species in a variable habitat.
Rice phosphate transporters associated with phosphate uptake in rice roots colonised with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Glassop Donna , Godwin Rosamond M. , Smith Sally E. , Smith Frank W. 
Published: August 2007

The completed rice-genome sequence was screened with a known inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter sequence to reveal a family of 13 Pi transporters. This family can be used for studies into Pi acquisition and translocation throughout the plant. Plants that form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are of particular interest with respect to Pi acquisition because of their ability to utilize both direct and fungal pathways of uptake. Localization of transcripts of two Pi transporters by real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization were conducted in rice subjected to low Pi, high Pi, and AM colonization. One Pi transporter, ORYsa;Pht1;13, was detected in rice roots under all growth conditions. ORYsa;Pht1;11 was only expressed in roots colonized by AM fungi. Antisense RNA probes of ORYsa;Pht1;11 localized to cortical cells containing arbuscules and hyphal coils, formed by Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith and Scutellospora calospora (Nicolson and Gerdemann) Walker and Sanders, respectively. Localization of the ORYsa;Pht1;13 probes was similar to that observed for ORYsa;Pht1;11 in colonized rice roots. This research proposes that at least two rice Pi transporters are involved in acquiring Pi via AM fungi, emphasising the complexity of Pi acquisition in plants with access to two Pi uptake pathways.
ANISOTROPIC STABLE LEVY COPULA PROCESSES — ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL ASPECTS
Authors: FARKAS WALTER , REICH NILS , SCHWAB CHRISTOPH 
Published: August 2007

We consider the valuation of derivative contracts on baskets of risky assets whose prices are Lévy-like Feller processes of tempered stable type. The dependence among the marginals' jump structure is parametrized by a Lévy copula. For marginals of regular, exponential Lévy type in the sense of Ref. 7 we show that the infinitesimal generator [Formula: see text] of the resulting Lévy copula process is a pseudo-differential operator whose principal symbol is a distribution of anisotropic homogeneity. We analyze the jump measure of the corresponding Lévy copula processes. We prove that the domains of their infinitesimal generators [Formula: see text] are certain anisotropic Sobolev spaces. In these spaces and for a large class of Lévy copula processes, we prove a Gårding inequality for [Formula: see text]. We design a wavelet-based dimension-independent tensor product discretization for the efficient numerical solution of the parabolic Kolmogorov equation [Formula: see text] arising in valuation of derivative contracts under possibly stopped Lévy copula processes. In the wavelet basis, diagonal preconditioning yields a bounded condition number of the resulting matrices.
Prognostic Impact of Microvasculopathy on Survival After Heart Transplantation
Authors: Hiemann Nicola E. , Wellnhofer Ernst , Knosalla Christoph , Lehmkuhl Hans B. , Stein Julia , Hetzer Roland , Meyer Rudolf 
Published: August 2007

Background—Epicardial vasculopathy has been shown to be associated with poor outcome after heart transplantation. We demonstrate that histologically proven stenotic microvasculopathy is a novel prognostic factor for long-term survival.Methods and Results—In 9713 biopsies harvested within the first posttransplantation year from 873 patients (83% male; mean age, 49.1±0.6 years), light microscopic evaluations (×200) were performed for microvasculopathy, defined as stenotic endothelial and/or medial disease. Prevalence of severe epicardial vasculopathy was defined by presence of ≥75% luminal stenosis in coronary angiography (available in 611 of 873 patients), which was present in 118 of 611 patients (19%). For Kaplan-Meier analysis, we defined fatal cardiac events as lethal acute myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and graft failure. Stenotic microvasculopathy was present in 379 of 873 patients (43%) and was due to medial (345/379; 91%) rather than endothelial disease (2/379; 1%) or a combination of both (31/379; 8%;P<0.001). Endothelial disease (median [95% CI], 12.07 [10.69 to 13.44] versus 12.73 years [10.16 to 15.30];P=0.3329) and nonstenotic medial disease (12.44 [11.14 to 13.74] versus 12.43 years [10.51 to 14.35];P=0.4047) did not decrease overall survival or time to fatal cardiac event. Stenotic microvasculopathy was associated with poor overall survival (10.90 [9.16 to 12.60] versus 13.40 years [11.79 to 15.07];P=0.0374) and decreased freedom from fatal cardiac events (1, 5, 10 years, 95.6±1.4%, 86.9±2.3%, 75.5±3.1% versus 99.1±0.5%, 96.8±1.0%, 89.8±1.9%;P<0.0001). This finding was independent of epicardial transplant vasculopathy (P=0.0031).Conclusions—Stenotic microvasculopathy is frequent in routinely processed biopsies and a new prognostic factor for long-term survival after heart transplantation.
Economic Development and the Common Good: Lonergan and Cobb on the Need for a New Paradigm
Authors: Hoyt-O'Connor Paul 
Published: August 2007

AbstractJohn B. Cobb, Jr and his associates offer a critique of prevailing economic theory and practice in the hopes of contributing to the reformation of both by examining the meaning and relevance of the common good in the economic sphere. This paper examines Cobb's critique of economic theory and practice and his contribution toward an understanding of economic life that would do greater justice to environmental and communal sustainability. It also examines the contours of the new paradigm for economic theory and practice that he and Herman E. Daly propose. While that paradigm stands in need of greater elaboration, their work suggests a line of further development, one that anticipates Bernard Lonergan's macroeconomic dynamics. The latter, I argue, accounts for Cobb's concerns and criticisms and provides a basis for the formulation of moral precepts that promote economic progress in ways consonant with a fuller vision of human flourishing.
THE SYRIAN PHOENIX—THE REVIVAL OF THE SYRIAN SOCIAL NATIONAL PARTY IN SYRIA
Authors: Zisser Eyal 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article addressed the surprising revival of the Syrian Social National Party (SSNP), in Syria since the early 1990s. This revival was a result of convergence between the ruling Ba&#1548th regime in Syria and the SSNP, its historical bitter rival. This convergence on the one hand resulted from the SSNP's recognition and acceptance of defeat in its political struggle with the Ba&#1548th and, on the other hand, the Ba&#1548th regime's readiness to adopt many of the SSNP's ideological precepts, mainly those of "Historic or Greater Syria" and of "Syrian Unity" or even a "Syrian Nation", as part of its efforts to reinforce its standing in Syria and its need to redefine its own ideological beliefs. Thus, alongside this political defeat, the SSNP held the upper hand ideologically, certainly in terms of the vision of the Syrian nation, although with an Arab cloak—a nation with a distinctive identity of its own that had sprung from the Syrian region. This vision was appropriated by the Ba&#1548th regime as a useful tool, and possibly even as an authentic credo, albeit while still paying lip service to the Arabist ethos.
Concerning Ben Sira and Demotic Wisdom: A Response to Matthew J. Goff
Authors: Sanders Jack 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn a recent issue of this journal M. J. Goff took issue with my 1983 study Ben Sira and Demotic Wisdom and sought to show that some of my conclusions there were unwarranted. His procedure, however, was different from mine, in that he analyzed similarities of themes in Ben Sira and in the Demotic Wisdom Book rather than similarities of vocabulary and construction, as I had done. Unfortunately, he also ignored some of the more striking evidence that I presented originally. After renewed examination of the evidence, I must disagree with Goff and stay with my original conclusion.
Überlegungen zum Leserkreis der &#0132Antiquitates" des Josephus
Authors: Höffken Peter 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe "ideal reader" is a reader for whom the author of a work is writing. Therefore he is essential for the constitution of a text. In the case of Josephus the proem of the Antiquitates shows clearly who this ideal reader is: A member of the Greek/Greek-speaking world, interested in religion and culture of Israel (and other religions and cultures). Sometimes Josephus is also speaking of a Jewish readership, but this has not a decisive role for the constitution of the book, nor does it give the same importance to this Jewish readership. We should therefore not argue for a double readership, for which Josephus develops two different messages.
The Use of Alternative Names by Diaspora Jews in Graeco-Roman Antiquity
Authors: Williams Margaret 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn contrast to Palestine, where the use by Jews of nicknames and other forms of alternative name has been extensively studied, little scholarly attention has been paid to the behaviour of Diaspora Jews in this area of onomastics. This paper aims to fill that gap by collecting and analysing all the available evidence, most of it epigraphic. It will be shown that contrary to popular belief, the use of alternative names by Diaspora Jews was relatively rare. It was also largely different in form from that found in Palestine, as it arose out of different social circumstances and was a response to different social imperatives.
Surface-to-Atmosphere Exchange in a River Valley Environment
Authors: Acevedo Otávio C. , Moraes Osvaldo L. L. , da Silva Rodrigo , Anabor Vagner , Bittencourt Daniel P. , Zimmermann Hans R. , Magnago Roberto O. , Degrazia Gervásio A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObservations of the turbulent exchange between a river surface and the atmosphere in a mountainous area in southern Brazil are presented and discussed. A micrometeorological tower was installed directly above the surface of a 60-m-wide river. This paper describes the observed turbulent fluxes over 12 days of observations at this site. Eddy correlation sensible and latent heat fluxes are directed toward the river during daytime and from the river at night, and they are controlled by differences between water and air temperatures. The magnitude of the vertical fluxes between the river and the atmosphere increases during daytime with increasing temperature gradient up to a threshold, beyond which the increasing stability starts to dampen the fluxes. Water and air temperatures show very little variations across the width of the river, indicating that the measurements taken at one margin may be representative of the mean river exchange. Local scalar budgets show that daytime warming and moistening rates above the river are controlled by local transport from the riverbanks. The main vertical fluxes have a very small magnitude: 0.8 W m−2 for sensible heat and 1.1 W m−2 for latent heat. Events of very large sensible heat fluxes from the river to the atmosphere and very large latent heat fluxes from the atmosphere to the river happened on 3 days, following nights with a very deep fog layer in the valley. These events represented the passage of a warm and dry air mass down the river. A process to explain the occurrence of these large fluxes is suggested that is associated with differential fog dissipation over the valley.
Vorticity-Based Detection of Tropical Cyclogenesis
Authors: Gierach Michelle M. , Bourassa Mark A. , Cunningham Philip , O’Brien James J. , Reasor Paul D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOcean wind vectors from the SeaWinds scatterometer aboard the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagery are used to develop an objective technique that can detect and monitor tropical disturbances associated with the early stages of tropical cyclogenesis in the Atlantic basin. The technique is based on identification of surface vorticity and wind speed signatures that exceed certain threshold magnitudes, with vorticity averaged over an appropriate spatial scale. The threshold values applied herein are determined from the precursors of 15 tropical cyclones during the 1999–2004 Atlantic Ocean hurricane seasons using research-quality QuikSCAT data. The choice of these thresholds is complicated by the lack of suitable validation data. The combination of GOES and QuikSCAT data is used to track the tropical disturbances that are precursors to the 15 tropical cyclones. This combination of data can be used to test detection but is not as easily used to examine false alarms. Tropical disturbances are found for these cases within a range of 19–101 h before classification as tropical cyclones by the National Hurricane Center. The 15 cases are further subdivided based upon their origination source (i.e., easterly wave, upper-level cutoff low, stagnant frontal zone, etc.). The primary focus centers on the cases associated with tropical waves, because these waves account for the majority of all Atlantic tropical cyclones. The detection technique illustrates the ability to track these tropical disturbances from near the coast of Africa. Analysis of the pretropical cyclone (pre-TC) tracks for these cases depicts stages, related to wind speed and precipitation, in the evolution of a tropical disturbance within an easterly wave to a tropical cyclone.
Performance of the Hail Differential Reflectivity (HDR) Polarimetric Radar Hail Indicator
Authors: Depue Tracy K. , Kennedy Patrick C. , Rutledge Steven A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A series of poststorm surveys were conducted in the wake of hailstorms observed by the Colorado State University–University of Chicago–Illinois State Water Survey (CSU-CHILL) S-Band polarimetric radar. Information on hail characteristics (maximum diameter, building damage, apparent hailstone density, etc.) was solicited from the general-public storm observers that were contacted during the surveys; the locations of their observations were determined using GPS equipment. Low-elevation angle radar measurements of reflectivity, differential reflectivity ZDR, and linear depolarization ratio (LDR) were interpolated to the ground-observer locations. Relationships between the hail differential reflectivity parameter HDR and the observer-reported hail characteristics were examined. It was found that HDR thresholds of 21 and 30 dB were reasonably successful (critical success index values of ∼0.77) in respectively identifying regions where large (&gt;19 mm in diameter) and structurally damaging hail were observed. The LDR characteristics in the observed hail areas were also examined. Because of sensitivities to variations in the hailstone bulk ice density, degree of surface wetness, and shape irregularities, the basic correlation between LDR magnitude and hail diameter was poor. However, when the reported hail diameters exceeded ∼25 mm, LDR levels below ∼−24 dB were uncommon.