bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Pore Network Characteristics on Steady-State Two-Phase Flow Based on a True-to-Mechanism Model (DeProF)
Authors: Valavanides Marios S. , Payatakes Alkiviades C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the recently developed "DeProF" model steady-state two-phase flow in porous media (SS2φPM) is modelled as a composition of three flow patterns, namely CPF (connected-oil pathway flow), GD (ganglion dynamics), and DTF (drop traffic flow). The key difference between these prototype flow patterns is the degree of disconnection of the non-wetting phase (‘oil’). The observed flow is usually a mixture of the basic prototype flows. Each flow pattern prevails over mesoscopic-scale regions of the porous medium (ranging from a few to several hundred pores), whereas the macroscopic flow is homogeneous.
The predictive capability of the DeProF model was used to investigate the effect of pore network geometry and topology on the pore scale mechanisms of two-phase flow in pore networks. The domain of the values of the operational parameters Ca and r, for which two-phase flow is sustained, is determined by performing simulations of two-phase flows in 2-D and 3-D pore networks and for various combinations of fluids. Macroscopic interstitial physical quantities that characterize two-phase flow are computed.
Data Management and Quality Control in the Petrophysical Environment
Authors: Al-Farisi Omar , Dajani Nasser , Boyd Douglas , Al-Felasi Ali 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Petrophysics gathers, evaluates, distributes and stores well logs, processed and interpreted data. These data are important, as it affects the outcome of reservoir decisions determining oil company profitability. Recognizing this, oil companies invest considerable amount of money and time in its acquisition. For a reasonably active drilling program, the data flow is continuous and unrelenting. Unless the data acquisition process is well controlled, quality can suffer. To efficiently manage and ensure high quality data streams, we developed a data process control system called UPIC (Universal Petrophysics Integrated Control). The system monitors and controls well log data flow through documentation. It addresses operation programming, data acquisition, job follow-up, quality, safety, interpretation, data archiving, training, cost control, petrophysical studies, developments and points out where improvements can be made. This paper presents our first two years' UPIC experience.
Jay Nitrogen Tertiary Recovery Study: Managing a Mature Field
Authors: Lawrence J. J. , Maer N. K. , Stern D. , Corwin L. W. , Idol W. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Jay field produces a light, sour crude from the Smackover carbonate at a depth of 15,000 feet [4600 meters]. Jay has been undergoing a miscible flood using alternating nitrogen and water injection since 1981. A third-party air liquefaction plant supplies the nitrogen; current injection rates are 77×106 scf/D [2.2×106 m3/D] of nitrogen and 170,000 bbl/D [27 000 m3/D] of water. The overall oil recovery at Jay is expected to approach 60% of OOIP with recoveries approaching 70% in the Upper Smackover formation. Incremental recovery from miscible nitrogen injection is estimated to be 7-10% of OOIP.
Most wells in the Jay field were cored, providing detailed rock properties for construction of valid and useful geologic and reservoir simulation models for reservoir management. Extensive core descriptions have identified cemented zones associated with stylolites as baffles to vertical flow. Recognizing, the resulting low vertical permeability, coupled with high horizontal permeability in the dolomite facies, has been the key to the high oil recovery.
Reservoir simulation has been an integral part of the development and operation of the Jay field. The latest full-field flow simulation model is derived from a new geologic model that incorporates sequence stratigraphy, the latest geostatistical methods, and a stylolite model. The flow simulation model is also more finely gridded than previous models and includes an updated fluid characterization treatment making possible simulation of processes that could not be accurately modeled previously. The history match of this model entailed well by well matches of production and pressure data for all 137 wells in the field.
Full-field flow simulation models of Jay have historically been used to evaluate the benefits of extending nitrogen injection, recycling produced nitrogen, and increasing water injection rate. Recent studies using the updated full-field model have been performed to optimize nitrogen distribution among patterns, investigate low-pressure operation, evaluate dedicated Lower Smackover wells, assess full-wellstream injection, and evaluate conversion of producers to injectors. Based in large part on these simulation studies, several major initiatives have been undertaken that extended field life by more than ten years.
Waterflood in Vuggy Layer of a Middle East Reservoir - Displacement Physics Understood
Authors: Dabbouk Chawki , Ali Liaqat , Williams Glyn , Beattie Garry 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Early water breakthrough has occurred in this giant Middle East reservoir. This has posed fresh challenges for maintaining plateau production and achieving a high recovery factor. Possible reasons for this early breakthrough are flow through vuggy, thin high permeability, and fractured layers. The stylolitic layers are also probably inhibiting water slumping, which maintains water in the "thief" layers. Poorly understood aspects are the amount of these rock types contributing to the rapid water transport, effective permeability and the amount of oil from these layers that is recovered by waterflood. This paper describes the results of an innovative study that reduces the uncertainty in water breakthrough prediction, and recovery efficiency, from a vuggy lithotypes layer.
The results of this study show that: The ultimate waterflood recovery efficiency from vuggy (rudist) rock was high and the oil was not by-passed in the vugs. Ultimate residual oil saturation was ∼24%.A simulated horizontal waterflood displacement from a vuggy rock predicted ∼30% less dry oil production at breakthrough compared to that of an equivalent homogeneous lithotype waterflood.
New technology developments were required to complete this study. These developments included waterflood of a whole core at full reservoir conditions using X-ray CT (computed tomography), a technique for conducting sophisticated flow studies on fragile, under gauge core at full reservoir overburden, and a technique for achieving initial water saturation in highly heterogeneous core. The study also provides new insights into the complex spatial arrangements of lithotypes, and a detailed 3 dimensional coreflood simulation match in a complex heterogeneous system.
Waterflood Saturation Measurement with Carbon-Oxygen Tools In a Middle-East Carbonate
Authors: Chandran T. P. R. , Vervest Edwin , Brown Matt , Al Hajeri Mubarak , Al-Anzi Ealian , Najeh Hamad , Chakravarthi Ravula 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper details a program to test saturation logging in a Middle East carbonate reservoir that recently began a secondary recovery project. The ability to measure oil and water saturations in the target flood zones is critical for optimizing recovery and finding unswept zones. Water saturation is typically determined using a pulsed neutron capture logging tool (PNC). The PNC differentiates between the neutron capture cross-section of high salinity water and hydrocarbon. In the case of this waterflood, seawater is injected, with a salinity of 25,000 ppm. This seawater has a similar neutron capture cross-section to the oil in the formation, making PNC tools unsuitable for determining water saturation in break through zones.
A test program was developed to determine the reservoir fluid saturation using carbon-oxygen (C/O) logging techniques. The new generation through-tubing C/O tools with higher measurement resolution enables detection of low salinity seawater. The test program consisted of a log-off between three logging service companies providing C/O tools. The C/O derived saturations were compared to the open hole log saturations and to PNC saturations in two wells in the waterflood pilot area – a comparison that was possible since the injected fluid in the pilot was high salinity formation water.
Most of the wells in the waterflood area are completed with dual tubing strings. The saturation logging target interval is generally in the short string of the dual completion, making wireline surveillance difficult. The test program also evaluated the ability of the contractors to log in a dual environment. This paper details the results of the C/O test logging program and provides recommendations on future saturation logging requirements for this type of reservoir.
Sequence Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Araej Formation (Middle Jurassic), UAE: Outcrop and Subsurface Compared
Authors: de Matos José Esteves 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A comparison of the Araej section cropping out in Wadi Naqab (southeast of Ras Al Khaimah in the UAE) with the subsurface of Abu Dhabi and nearby areas shows that the Araej Formation of onshore and offshore Abu Dhabi is very similar to that of Qatar. The surface section was compared to well data using core petrography, biostratigraphy, characterization of the cycles and depositional environments and sequence stratigraphic analysis.
The Araej Formation corresponds to the section between the top of the Izhara and the base of Tuwaiq Mountain Formation. The age of the Araej section of Wadi Naqab succession, similarly to the subsurface, ranges from Bathonian to Callovian.
In Wadi Naqab, the cyclic section equivalent to the Araej Formation comprises five sequences. The recently defined Arabian Maximum Flooding Surfaces, J30 and J40 are evident in Wadi Naqab. J30 coincides with the MFS of the first Bathonian sequence, in the lower part of the Lower Araej, while J40 can either be located near the top of Uweinat or near the base of Upper Araej.
The Uweinat is composed mainly of grainstones, micropeloidal in the lower and middle parts and oolitic and cross-bedded in several horizons throughout the section. Stromatoporoid and coral rudstones occur in the upper half. The Uweinat of Wadi Naqab seems similar to the offshore Uweinat reference section of well US-2, where reworked stromatoporoides were also recorded in the upper Uweinat.
As a result of regional correlations, the Araej section of a well of NE Abu Dhabi is proposed as the onshore reference section of the Araej Formation of Abu Dhabi.
The Sequence Stratigraphic interpretation with the identification of the Maximum Flooding Surfaces provides better chronostratigraphic control enhancing prediction accuracy of the geometric relationship of source, reservoir and seals. A better characterization of the Araej Reservoirs will support the regional correlation, exploration and production of the Middle Jurassic of the Middle East.
The Challenge of Improving Water Quality Prior to Discharge to the Sea During Well Clean Up and Testing Operations by the Rig/Barge
Authors: Sharkh AF. Abu , Fadaq A. S. , Kikuchi S. , Al Attas M. O. , El Housani Housam , Morrison Evan , Malash Karim 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Currently, all ZADCO/ADMA-OPCO wells are acid stimulated to remove formation damage and improve WELL PRODUCTIVITY. The low PH of the returned fluid during the back-flow of the acidized wells have an adverse impact on the production lines, down stream facilities, and environment.
Currently, ZADCO/ADMA-OPCO have been implemented successfully the Oil Re-Injection system with acid neutralization Process and achieved Zero oil flaring, zero gas flaring in high potential wells and improved the quality of water dumped to the sea down to 100 ppm oil in water, yet, it does not meet HSE requirements of 15 ppm.
Therefore, we have studied jointly with service providers various technology in order to achieve the HSE requirements. Selected the following two systems for trials:
➢ The 1st system (de-oiling) is mainly consisting of a degasser, hydro cyclone, reject oil tank, pumping units and control panel all on one skid. ➢ The 2nd system is a two-stage treatment process using patented adsorption media.
In this paper we will discuss the process description, field trial data, impact on the environment and other related technical information.
Utilization of a PhaseTester, MultiPhase Flow Meter in Cleanup and Testing Operations
Authors: Al Attas I. , Al Suwaidi I. , Sharekh A/F Abu , El-Khazindar Y. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The combustion efficiency of fully atmospheric oxidation is insufficient. Oil- and gas-flaring operations create significant amounts of emissions that contain unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, which produce acid rain, smog, ozone at ground levels, and greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere.
Acid rain depletes soil, pollutes water, damages forests, endangers animal habitats and food chains, and corrodes human-made structures, such as buildings, statues, automobiles, and other artifacts made of stone or metal. Smog and ozone cause human respiratory ailments, such as asthma, bronchitis and emphysema. Most scientists believe that greenhouse gases are a major cause of global warming. Increased concentrations of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases trap heat energy in the earth's atmosphere. A gradual rise in the earth's surface temperature is expected to melt polar ice caps and glaciers, expanding ocean volume and raising sea level, flooding some coastal regions and even entire islands.
Middle Eastern countries, including the U.A.E. with its low-lying coastal areas, are concerned about rising sea levels and potential flooding caused by global warming. They are concerned about increased radiation of heat and light from global warming, leading to regional desertification. As major producers of oil and gas, they are concerned about the deterioration of air quality from inefficient combustion of a sour gas supply.
Abu Dhabi is blessed with a charming environmental heritage. Nevertheless, the environment in this part of the world is no less fragile than anywhere else.
Recognizing mounting concerns over environmental issues, a joint task force was formed in June 1997. The Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company and the Zakum Development Company, with the assistance of Schlumberger, the contracted service provider, worked together as one team to implement new solutions for optimizing acid neutralization, reducing flaring operations in the short term, and ultimately achieving zero hydrocarbon flaring to eliminate environmental risk during well-testing operations(1–3).
In an effort towards realizing ADNOC's HSE guidelines towards eliminating Oil and Gas flaring during testing and cleanup operations, a Phase Tester, Multiphase flowmeter was utilized offshore Abu Dhabi during clean-up and testing operations, leading to a reliable flow rate data, safer and more environmentally friendly operations. The deployment of the Phase Tester, Multiphase flowmeter lead to eliminating the gas flared by 100% during the post cleanup operations and thus decreasing the total amount of gas flared during cleanup and testing operations by 60-70%.
Recent Developments in High-Temperature Acidizing with Super 13Cr Completions: Laboratory Testing
Authors: Nasr-El-Din H. A. , Al-Khuraidah A. S. , Kritzler T. , Cassidy J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Saudi Arabia embarked on an aggressive development of new gas fields to meet the increasing demand for natural gas and gas condensate. Therefore, it became necessary to further develop gas reservoirs. However, the reservoirs presented challenging conditions such as temperatures up to 275ºF, H2S contents up to 10 mol% and CO2 contents higher than 2 mol%. Previous completions utilized regular low-carbon steel (L-80 and C-95) metallurgy. Due to the nature of the reservoir conditions, these types of completion hardware could not be applied in areas where H2S content is very low and CO2 is high. Super 13Cr completions have been proven to be reliable in these environments. However, Super 13Cr completions cannot tolerate the high acid concentrations (28 wt% HCl Acid) that are needed to acid fracture the tight carbonate formations available in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, a special acid blend and corrosion inhibitor package had to be developed to effectively stimulate the carbonate formation through these types of completions.
This paper will present how the aforementioned problem was overcome by developing an acid blend using 15 wt% HCl and 9 wt% formic acid. Initial laboratory tests showed high corrosion rates for the Super 13Cr coupons when this acid formulation was applied. However, due to an intensive research effort, an effective corrosion inhibitor package was developed for Super 13Cr completions using this acid system. Several corrosion inhibitors and inhibitor aids were tested. Compatibility of various additives was conducted and corrosion tests were performed at bottom-hole conditions. As a conclusion, a new corrosion package was developed for Super 13Cr tubing. This package is compatible with reservoir fluids and other acid additives. In addition, it produces acceptable corrosion rates with no pitting.
A Poroelastic Analysis to Address the Impact of Depletion Rate on Wellbore Stability in Openhole Horizontal Completions
Authors: Salamy Salam P. , Finkbeiner Thomas 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper highlights the development of a coupled poroelastic geomechanical and fluid flow model which incorporates field and lab data with the objective to constrain the full in-situ stress tensor and rock strength in order to predict the stability of open hole horizontal completions during reservoir depletion.
Results of a four-year comprehensive testing and monitoring program conducted to assess the extent of hole instability during shut-in and flowing periods1 indicated that there was no immediate hole collapse. However, the study revealed the need to assess the long-term impact of reservoir depletion and pressure drawdown on wellbore stability.
The results of this study indicate that the in situ stress state can be characterized by a normal faulting environment with low differential stresses in which the maximum principal stress is approximately equal to the overburden. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of wellbore stability during production supports openhole completion for horizontal wells under the condition that reservoir depletion is limited to a maximum pressure drop of 1,500 psi. This finding is independent of well azimuth. Pressure drops exceeding 1,500 psi in the reservoir are likely to cause considerable wellbore instabilities. These results were achieved under the assumption of moderate to more pronounced amounts of drawdown (500-1000 psi) in the near wellbore region. The study also highlighted that laboratory-derived rock strength values from triaxial tests, are low and are not consistent with the drilling and production experiences to date in the field. Rather, the formation appears to behave in a plastic manner that strengthens the wellbore.
Gas Sweetening Process - Problems and Remedial Measures
Authors: Osman Khaled W , Vasagam Manicka 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Gas sweetening plant of an LNG train is a vital operating unit, where the sour contents (H2S and CO2) of the feed gas are removed to make it sweet for processing downwards to produce LNG. Any improper removal of sour gases from the feed natural gas would directly affect the quality of LNG and pose operational problem in Cryogenic column, where the LNG is produced. Besides the above, any problem in the Gas sweetening plant would reduce the gas handling capacity and in turn reduce the LNG production rate, which means loss of revenue. A severe operational problem was encountered during early 2001, in ADGAS' LNG Train-3 Gas sweetening plant. Through this article ADGAS shares their operating experience and describes the evaluation of the problem, successful remedial measures adopted and benefits derived.
Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company (ADGAS), as a part of ADNOC (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company) group, was formed in the year 1973 and started production in 1977 from their industrial facilities located on Das Island. Presently ADGAS operates at a capacity of around 8 million tons per year of LNG, LPG, C5+ and Liquid Sulphur as co-products. ADGAS was a pioneer in setting up the first combined LNG and LPG production facility in the Middle East.
ADGAS operates three LNG Trains. The first two Trains (Train 1 & 2) have been in operation since 1977, each operating at a capacity of 180 tons per hour of LNG. The third one (Train-3) was commissioned in 1994 with a capacity of 380 tons per hour of LNG.
Optimize Drilling Costs and Improving Safety, Environment and Operational Performance by Utilizing a Barge, an Abu Dhabi Experience
Authors: Darwish M. Ramzi , Nabucet M. , Cabillic J. , Metwalli Y. , El-Khazindar Y. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
To comply with ADNOC HSE guidelines, ADMA-OPCO HSE Management System, and to align with ADMA – OPCO management objectives to optimize drilling costs, ADMA-OPCO and Schlumberger, the contracted service provider worked in an integrated team to realize these objectives, focusing on improving HSE efficiency, and effectiveness by utilizing innovative techniques and proactive processes on board of a multi-purpose service vessel (MPSV).
Integrating a qualified and familiarized team, working with a fit for purpose set-up to develop and ensure that a unique quality control system is in place to safely carryout the post rig operation well evaluation phase with economic practices. As a result, the operational risks are reduced, and quality wells were obtained within a high level of health, safety, and environmental assurance. This assurance has been achieved through specified minimum safety training requirements, risk assessment studies, permanent equipment installation, and pre job evaluation. The end result has been of great benefit to all parties due to eliminating the risk associated with loading/off-loading, or switching from one set up to another. Consequently more than 56 wells have been successfully serviced from February 2001 to February, 2002 (one complete year of operations) with No LTI and No LTA.
Through an equipment redundancy system, and innovative technology, environmentally friendly operations were achieved. The use of an oil re-injection system, and the multiphase flow meter eliminated oil flaring completely, as well as the gas during the flow test periods. The gas flaring was reduced by more than 60% during the whole operation.
Due to the improved HSE performance described, an additional achievement and benefit was represented by a substantial cost reduction compared to the conventional practices. The new practices adopted have lead to better utilization of ADMA-OPCO rig fleet.
These proven practices will be implemented in other fields, where ADMA –OPCO is operating, and will be extended to other ADNOC group offshore companies.
The introduction of Multi-Purpose Service Vessel with a permanent set up and one specialized, well trained crew to carry out well evaluation phase, instead of the rig conventional way had a direct positive impact on HSE performance and reduced the drilling operation costs.
Commissioning and Start-Up of a "Grass Root" Gas Project
Authors: Saadawi Hisham 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Commissioning and start-up of large gas projects is a project in its own right, running in parallel to the main project. It requires years of advance planning. The management and detailed planning of this phase is crucial to the smooth transition from construction to operation.
This paper discusses the commissioning and start-up aspects of large projects in the oil and gas industry. These aspects are addressed in the context of a major "grass root" project which has been recently commissioned in Abu Dhabi.