bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The principles and applications of grouting
Authors: Cambefort H. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Soils are injected with grouts, the choice of which depends on the nature of the medium to be injected (fissured rock or sand and gravels) and the results desired: imperviousness, consolidation, cavity filling, the jacking-up of buildings.
Grouts may be unstable, stable, liquids or foams, and are characterized by their decantation, setting time, viscosity and rigidity.
They produce their effect either by impregnation or by “claquage”. For the injection of unstable grouts, the final injection pressures must be limited to a high value, whilst for stable or liquid grouts it is the quantity injected that must be fixed in advance.

The applications envisaged relate to:

The treatment of galleries,

cavity filling, and

the jacking up of buildings.

Over-strict specifications lead to disappointing results because of the heterogeneity of soils. Controls must relate to results and not to methods.
Flow of fossil groundwater
Authors: Burdon David J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The great groundwater basins of North Africa and Arabia extend over an area of some 6.5 million square kilometres. Gradients on the isopiezometric surfaces of their confined ground-waters are generally interpreted as indicating present-day flow of groundwater. Can such flow occur in basins where most or all of the groundwater is fossil and where effective infiltration and recharge may have ceased some 10 000 years ago?
Assuming that there is indeed no current recharge in these arid and sem-arid regions, the paper identifies seven groups totalling 12 possible mechanisms which can contribute in varying degrees to maintaining flow of groundwater long after effective recharge has ceased. These are: (i) Residual heads; (ii) Tilting of basin; (iii) Compaction effects, in terms of sediment loading, basalt loading and water loading/unloading; (iv) Thermal drive; (v) Gas drive; (vi) Lowering of discharge level, by tectonic displacement, by pressure bursts and by collapse of cover; and (vii) Evaporation in the discharge zone, such as lowering of lake levels and evaporation from sabkhas. Nine additional mechanisms were considered but rejected.
Combinations of these mechanisms can produce heads inducing flow of fossil groundwater, but appear to be insufficient to account for present hydraulic regimes without some current surface recharge. The findings have direct application to studies leading to the development, use and management of these major water resources of the arid zones of the Sahara and Arabia.
The analysis and planning of step drawdown tests
Authors: Clark Lewis 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A step drawdown test is a pumping test in which the drawdown in a well is observed while the discharge rate from the well is increased in steps. The methods of analysis and the criteria for planning step drawdown tests are discussed and evaluated in order to produce an optimum test programme and a comprehensive test analysis.
Step drawdown tests can be used to determine the aquifer transmissivity and the well loss component of the drawdown in the pumped well. The aquifer storage coefficient can also be estimated.
Short discussion on “Geochemistry of Groundwaters in British Triassic Sandstones” by W. M. Edmunds and M. Morgan-Jones
Authors: Coleman J. D. 
Published: November 2007

May I congratulate Messrs. Edmunds and Morgan-Jones on their paper on the Geochemistry of Groundwaters in British Triassic Sandstones. They have amassed a useful mine of data in an area where it is urgently needed, and gone a long way in interpreting the results.
May I comment in just one area, namely that concerned with the mineralogy of the sandstones, and, specifically, the first paragraph of that section (page 78) in the paper. The material on iron oxides there given seems unclear in that it is not made clear what is conjecture and what is experimentally established fact.
In particular, the redness of the sandstone is attributed to “haematite, goethite and a variety of amorphous hydrated ferric oxides”. Later, we are informed that “the iron present in the sandstone is in a hydrous, amorphous form, approximately FeO(OH)”. What, please, is the experimental evidence for these statements, when the X-ray analysis consistently shows only haematite?
If the authors suspect other oxides from microscope studies, unsupported by X-ray evidence, then I suggest that “haematite was confirmed and limonite was suspected” would cover the situation, where limonite has the meaning defined by Deer, Howie and Zussman i.e. “hydrated oxides of iron with poorly crystalline characters whose real identity is not known”.
An experimental scheme for the disposal of micaceous residues from the china clay industry
Authors: Hird C. C. , Humphreys J. D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
In the disposal of mining wastes, economic, safety and environmental considerations must be reconciled. The paper describes a new method of lagoon construction for disposing of fine residues (tailings) from the English China Clay industry which promises substantial economic and environmental benefits. A full-scale trial is in operation.
The design of the scheme is based on the assumption that the tailings will not be susceptible to liquefaction. This assumption is discussed in relation to the nature of the tailings and previous research before the initial results of a current laboratory investigation are presented.
Seepage from the new lagoon is being investigated by means of instrumentation. The seepage pattern depends on a complex distribution of permeability, which is also highly anisotropic. An account is given of an approximate prediction of future seepage patterns as development continues and of the alternative drainage measures which are being investigated.
Inclined drilling for the Kielder tunnels
Authors: Coats D. J. , Carter P. G. , Smith I. M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Vertical and near vertical joints can have an important effect on tunnelling operations in rock. This paper describes an inclined drilling programme to study jointing along nearly 5 km of tunnel within the Kielder Water Scheme. Drilling problems are discussed, logging methods are described and the results are given. It is concluded that inclined drilling can have an important role in tunnel site investigations.
Improvements in the Lugeon or packer permeability test
Authors: Pearson R. , Money M. S. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The Lugeon or packer test for estimating rock permeability is not standardized and often yields anomalous results. A programme of repeated tests has been carried out in shallow drillholes in sandstones and greywackes making use of constant head tanks with continuous monitoring of flow rate and pressure measurement in the test section. These improved techniques make it possible to distinguish during tests between test system faults, such as packer leakage, and non-equilibrium effects due to the hydraulic properties of the rock mass. It is shown that the results obtained depend on the duration of the test and on the sequence in which different test pressures are applied and it is suggested that these effects are due to the presence of small but significant storage capacity in the rock mass. The relationship between equilibrium flows and pressures appears to be non-linear in both rock types.
Geophysical detection of disused mineshafts in the Newcastle upon Tyne area, North-East England
Authors: Dearman W. R. , Baynes F. J. , Pearson R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The ground conditions associated with old mineshafts are reviewed. Both the resistivity and magnetic geophysical methods have been applied to the search for old mineshafts. Magnetic methods are preferred because they can be applied to the occasionally difficult terrain conditions likely to be associated with disused shafts. Two case histories of the application of the magnetic method in the Newcastle upon Tyne area are given in detail.
Peterhead Power Station cooling water intake tunnel: An engineering case study
Authors: Edmond J. M. , Graham J. D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The paper describes in outline the cooling water intake tunnel for Peterhead Power Station from its inception in the latter part of 1973 to its completion in 1976. The choice of site investigation, the results thereof, the design specification for the tunnel tender enquiry together with subsequent developments during the construction phase are covered.
The very weathered nature of the granite rock mass through which this tunnel was driven presented problems in interpretation of the site investigation and in the design and construction of the works which are of a fundamental nature. The more important of these aspects are dealt with in the paper.

Detailed comparisons are made between the rock as encountered in the tunnel and conditions predicted by the site investigation. Reasons are given to account for discrepancies between predicted and
in situ
conditions.
Micropalaeontological investigations for the site of the Thames Barrier, London
Authors: Carter D. J. , Hart M. B. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The Thames Barrier, now being built across the Thames between Silvertown and Woolwich, to prevent tidal flooding in London will consist of a series of rotatable gates built across the river and supported by massive concrete piers, the majority of which are founded in the chalk bedrock.

As part of the site investigation in early 1972 a micropalaeontological investigation of the chalk was undertaken to determine an accurate stratigraphic correlation of the chalk across the site, the position and nature of any faults which affected the site, and the distribution of
in situ
, soliflucted and frost-shattered chalk. As a part of the work various biostratigraphic techniques were employed and these are described in detail.

Following this investigation it was shown that that chalk had been gently flexed prior to pre-Thanetian erosion. Two sets of weak folds were detected, trending SE-NW and NE-SW. Five faults were recognized near the site. One trends slightly north of east, with the remaining four being en echelon along the navigation channel. Although some of these faults cut the pier sites their throws were considered too small to produce any significant difference in engineering properties across them.
Genetic influences on the properties of tills
Authors: McGown Alan , Derbyshire Edward 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Tills are a distinctive geological and engineering group of soils which are characterized by a wide range of behavioural patterns and a high degree of variability. As a means of identifying the various geological types of tills, a classification system based on their modes of formation, transportation and deposition has been developed. To accommodate the inherent variability of tills, sub-division of these classifications has been carried out on the basis of their gradational characteristics. Further, the fabric features contributing to variability in engineering behaviour are identified. From this, extended classifications are tentatively suggested to aid the prediction of the engineering properties of tills and the selection of the most appropriate sampling and testing techniques for them.
Jointing and rock slope stability in north-east Freetown, Sierra Leone
Authors: Chinsman B. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The main quarries producing quality aggregates for heavy civil engineering and road construction in Freetown can be found along the mountains directly overlooking the north-eastern area of the city. At these sites, the rocks are first dislodged by blasting after which they are crushed down to commonly required sizes. Recently, quarry owners have been beset by two problems arising from slope stability and the threat of closure resulting from claims for damage to private property. Previously the land around quarries was mainly wasteland but the scarcity of land in the city has led to an extension of the area of development so that a greater use is now being made of land occurring around and at the foot of quarry sites. This development has brought property owners directly into conflict with quarry owners who ironically are required to increase their output to meet increasing construction demands. To meet this demand, steeper slopes and more extensive faces are being excavated with the result that the frequency of accidents and instability has increased.
This paper presents the results of a discontinuity survey undertaken to determine safe and economic slope inclinations and alignments in the area.
Geotechnical aspects of route location studies for M4 north of Cardiff
Authors: Newbery John , Siva Subramaniam A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Route location studies involve the identification of a study corridor within which alternative routes are evaluated on economic and environmental grounds. Four stages are generally adopted: inception; comparative assessment; finalize preferred route; design. The scope of the geotechnical input at these stages is illustrated by reference to the Castleton to Coryton Section of the M4 Motorway north of Cardiff. Geology exercises a significant control because of its influence on the earthworks, upon which construction costs are dependent.
Geological issues were raised at the Public Inquiry and these are described.
Middle East—The Geological Background
Authors: Kent P. E. 
Published: November 2007

The Middle East is an area of widely varying geography and topography, mostly characterised either by low rainfall or full desert conditions. These present an abundance of engineering and environmental problems. It has diverse mineral resources of which only one—oil—has been developed on a large scale in modern times, Fig. 1.
Central to the area is the Arabian peninsula, which is geologically a prolongation of the African Continent. The various sedimentary and structural belts further east and north-east are peripheral to the edge of this old nucleus. It is, consequently, convenient to describe the region in terms of four parallel zones; the Arabian shield, shelf and the submerged sedimentary terrain of the Gulf; the Iranian coast and foothills; the mountain ranges of the Zagros; and finally the high Iranian Plateau. Geological columns through Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and Iraq are indicated on Fig. 3, and a generalised cross section shown in Fig. 4.
The Arabian peninsula has three major elements, see Fig. 2.
The westernmost element is the outcrop of the Crystalline Shield, which flanks the Red Sea from Jordan to the Yemen, widening to 400 km in a broad flat dome in west-central Saudi Arabia. The crystalline rocks have a peneplaned surface which dips gently eastwards beneath the strata of the Interior Homocline (see Fig. 4).
The sediments directly overlying the Crystalline Shield are the Palaeozoic clastics, which are succeeded by Permian and Mesozoic rocks, dipping gently northeastwards. The older Palaeozoics are undisturbed at outcrop, but appear to have
Middle East—Highway and airfield pavements
Authors: Tomlinson M. J. 
Published: November 2007

Problems in the design of highway and airfield pavements in the arid or semi-arid countries of the Middle East are concerned more with the detrimental effects of the environment on the completed pavement than with the capacity of the subgrade soil to carry the traffic loads. These problems occur even when pavements are constructed on soils which would be regarded as providing an excellent subgrade by Western European standards. In most Middle Eastern countries the soil conditions are such that the graded soil when compacted by traffic provides a good running surface for road vehicles or taxi-ing aircraft without any need for paving. Until quite recently many inter-city roads were unpaved, and propeller-driven and even jet aircraft operated successfully from unsurfaced runways (Fig. 1). Paving was required only when the intensity of road traffic reached the stage when ravelling of the road surface commenced with the consequent unpleasant ‘washboard’ effect. Similarly heavy trafficking on unsurfaced runways and taxiways resulted in ingestion of stones into aircraft engines and damage to wing surfaces.
The silty and clayey soils of parts of Jordan, Iraq and Iran, and the silty sabkha soils fringing the Trucial Coast undergo appreciable softening during rainy weather. Hence pavings are provided where all-weather serviceability is required from highways or airfields. Also run-off from the semi-impervious crust on the desert surface during heavy rain causes washouts of unpaved roads, requiring the attention of a grader to backfill the erosion gullies and restore the running surface. However, when a decision is
Middle East-Canals and Irrigation Problems
Authors: Swan C. H. 
Published: November 2007

Irrigation has been defined as the artificial control of soil moisture for agricultural purposes (Rydzewski 1974). Therefore the soil is probably the first consideration in any proposed scheme for irrigation, and geological survey must be a starting point to provide a clear understanding of the origin and distribution of the soils and groundwater conditions underlying them. The study of soils and their suitability for irrigated agriculture is a specialized subject. Its basis is an appreciation of the geology and in particular the geomorphology of the region.
Problems in irrigation engineering associated with ground conditions usually arise as a result of changes in moisture content of the soils or of the ground water regime in the underlying material. This paper deals with problems that are universal in irrigated agriculture of arid or semi-arid lands, but the experience on which it is based and the examples quoted are derived from the Middle East. Irrigation drawing its supply from ground water is becoming increasingly important in the region, but this paper does not deal with strictly hydrogeological problems associated with supply.
At the present time in the truly arid areas of the Middle East there is only limited experience of large scale irrigation. In some peripheral areas however, soils exist which, if irrigated, would be potentially of agricultural value. Extensive irrigation projects for semi-deserts and dry grassland indicate some of the problems that undoubtedly would be encountered if large scale irrigation schemes were attempted in the truly arid areas of the
Middle East—Sewerage Projects for Coastal Towns of the Libyan Arab Republic
Authors: Newbery J. , Siva Subramaniam A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Over the past two decades a number of main drainage and sewerage schemes constructed or currently under construction in coastal towns of LIbya have encountered a variety of ground problems. Locations involved are Tripoli, Benghazi, Tobruk, Derna and Misurata.
The geological setting of the work includes coastal dunes, sabkha deposits, terra rossa, limestone and marls—often with a capping of duricrust. Along the shore and in sabkha areas ground water is at or near sea-level, rising gradually inland. Thus, for a project serving large areas, excavation conditions vary significantly from place to place.
This paper describes in a geological context the construction methods adopted, with special reference to the works at Benghazi. Problems encountered include: culvert construction across soft sabkha deposits with a high water table; the penetration of caprock; high ground water inflows from karstic fissures; the provision of suitable materials for use as concrete aggregate and filter media.
Petrographical factors relating to porosity and permeability in the fell sandstone
Authors: Bell F. G. 
Published: November 2007

Samples of Fell Sandstone were taken from approximately every 3 m from the core material left at Shirlawhope Well, Longframlington, Northumberland. Most of the core remains and it extends to a depth of 94 m.
Various analyses were made at each 3 m depth interval. These included a modal analysis, particular attention being given to the cement and matrix material, as well as the void space; and a petrographic analysis of grain packing. Grain size analyses were also carried out at each depth to determine the individual median size and sorting coefficients. The absolute and effective porosities were obtained for each depth interval, together with permeabilities of intact specimens. The results of the individual parameters were compared statistically by means of correlation coefficients and Student's t tests in order to evaluate the significance of their relationships.
Porosity and permeability were shown to be influenced by void percentage and grain packing. Particle size distribution, however, does not influence porosity, although it has some influence on permeability. Cement-matrix content has little influence on porosity. A highly significant relationship was found to exist between effective porosity and permeability. Both porosity and permeability decrease with increasing depth from the surface.
A numerical model for the prediction of long term well yield in an unconfined chalk aquifer
Authors: Connorton B. J. , Reed R. N. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The prediction of the long term yield from individual pumped wells is one of the main problems to arise from the Thames Ground Water Scheme. A numerical method for solving this problem, more versatile than conventional non-equilibrium pumping test analysis techniques, is described. The method is based on the discrete space/discrete time radial flow model, developed recently by Rushton
et al.
(1974). Factors modelled include the detailed spatial distribution of aquifer parameters, a variable pumping rate, natural recession and wellfield interference effects. An outline of the fundamental hydrogeological aspects of the modelling work is also given.
Hydrogeological characteristics of artesian boreholes in the Chalk of Hampshire
Authors: Headworth H. G. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The characteristics of over fifty shallow overflowing artesian boreholes in the Chalk at twelve watercress farms in Hampshire have been studied as part of the monitoring programme for a river augmentation scheme. The boreholes are mainly 150 and 200 mm in diameter and are relatively shallow, with 90 percent of them less than 40 m in depth. Artesian flows of all the boreholes in the period 1972–75 averaged 12 litres per second and in one case exceeded 40 litres per second. Flow and caliper logging show their flows are concentrated in discrete fissures, and a number of distinct fissure levels can be identified over a wide area. Analysis of piezometric heads and artesian flows show that ground-water flow is concenrated in a narrow width of aquifer of high permeability.
Effect of deicing agents and sulphate solutions on concrete aggregate
Authors: Gillott J. E. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Concrete durability is adversely affected by deicing agents and sulphate solutions. Sodium chloride and calcium chloride are the commonly used deicing agents—salts thrown on roads and other pavements to help ice melt in winter. Sulphates are common in soils and clays in Britain, Europe, the Middle East, western North America and elsewhere, while chlorides and sulphates are also present in sea-water. Scanning electron micrographs of limestones (used quite commonly as aggregate in concrete) show that the surfaces of limestones scale and disintegrate when soaked in solutions of sodium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium sulphate. The morphology of both calcite and dolomite is changed, but calcite is attacked most rapidly, the progress of the reactions being observed to be controlled by cleavages and grain boundaries; the morphological results depend on the angle between the plane of weakness and the surface. Some limestones show dimensional change during continuous soaking in salt solutions at constant temperature. The adverse effect on concrete durability of deicers and sulphate solutions may thus result from attack on limestone aggregate as well as on cement paste.