bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ISOLATION OF SAUMAREZ REEF VIRUS, A NEW FLAVIVIRUS, FROM BIRD TICKS ORNITHODOROS CAPENSIS AND IXODES EUDYPTIDIS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: St. George TD , Standfast HA , Doherty RL , Carley JG , Fillipich Cheryl , Brandsma Janet 
Published: November 2007

SummaryStrains of a new flavivirus, for which the name Saumarez Reef Virus is proposed, were isolated from seabird ticks collected from four localities. Two strains were isolated from ticks of the species Ornithodoros capensis Neumann 1901 collected from the nests of Sooty Terns, Sterna fuscata Linnaeus 1766 on coral cays off the east coast of Queensland, Australia. The other three strains were isolated from ticks of the species Ixodes eudyptidis Masked 1885 taken from two dead Silver Gulls Larus novachollandiae Stephens 1826 in northern Tasmania. The new virus was compared serologically with 50 other flaviviruses at the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit and was found to be most closely related to Tyuleniy virus.
FUSION AND HYBRIDIZATION OF MARSUPIAL AND EUTHERIAN CELLS. HETEROKARYON FORMATION
Authors: Graves JA Marshall , Hope RM , Maccregor A 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMarsupial × eutherian cell hybrids would he very useful for studies of mammalian genetics and cell biology. A critical step in the formation of such hybrids is the fusion of cells to form heterokaryons. We have examined many different combinations of marsupial and eutherian cells for their ability to fuse, and we have found that nil combinations yielded heterokaryons, but with different frequencies, depending on the cell types used. Ranked in order of decreasing ability to fuse with eutherian cells, the marsupial cell types were; established lines, primary diploid fibroblasts and lymphocytes. In all fusion experiments there was a marked preference for the formation of homokaryons compared with heterokaryons. It was possible to control the numbers and types of heterokaryons formed by varying the input ratio of parental cells.
EVIDENCE IMPLICATING THE MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM OF THE RAT IN IMMUNITY TO INFECTIONS WITH TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI
Authors: Ferrante A , Jenkin CR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe present study emphasises the importance of the mononuclear phagocytic system of the rat in immunity to infections with Trypanosoma lewisi. Despite the great increase in the weight of the spleen, the liver played a major role in removing the parasites from the circulation. No evidence could be obtained that removal of the parasites was related to the lytic activity of specific antibody and complement.
INDUCTION OF ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE IN SYNCHRONIZED BHK CELLS BY CALF SERUM AFTER A SHORT PERIOD OF SERUM‐STARVATION
Authors: Hibasami H , Tanaka M , Nagai J , Ikeda T 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAddition of calf serum to serum‐starved cultures of synchronized BHK cells induced temporary production of ornithine decarboxylase, irrespective of the phase of the cell cycle of the BHK cells. The induction depended on the duration of serum starvation and on the amount of serum added. In addition, incorporation of 3H‐thymidine into the acid‐insoluble fraction of BHK cells in the S phase was stimulated by this treatment.
EFFECTS OF A HYPERCALORIC HIGH CARBOHYDRATE DIET ON ADIPOSE TISSUE METABOLISM IN MAN
Authors: Chinayon S , Goldrick RB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of a hypercaloric high carbohydrate diet on lipolysis and esterification were studied in biopsy samples of adipose tissue obtained from 5 healthy subjects. Overfeeding with carbohydrate enhanced the rate of esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) without any alteration in the rate of lipolysis. The release of FFA from adipose tissue was inhibited. These observations indicate that the utilization of glucose and FFA by adipose tissue for the synthesis of triglycerides was facilitated during weight gain on a high carbohydrate diet.
EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN Mg++ ION CONCENTRATION UPON BACTERIAL INHIBITION BY β‐2‐THIENYLALANINE IN DEFINED MEDIA
Authors: Brown Kurt J , Lines David R 
Published: November 2007

SummaryVariation in the inhibition of growth of Escherichia coli and Shigella sp. in various media containing β‐2‐thienylalanine was attributed to differences in concentrations of Mg++ ions.Random blood samples from 112 infants were tested for elevated phenylalanine in the phenylketonuria (PKU) screening assay. Magnesium ion levels also affected the results of this assay. At 0·05 g/l MgS04, the concentration present in commercial PKU test agar, four false positives were detected, while no readings could be made due to overgrowth of the Bacillus subtilis test strain when the concentration was increased to 0·1 g/l.
SEPARATION OF MOUSE BONE MARROW CELLS USING WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININ AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Nicola NA , Burgess AW , Metcalf D , Battye FL 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMouse bone marrow cells were fractionated on columns of wheat germ agglutinin‐Sepharose 6MB (WGA‐Sepharose) and conditions established for specific binding and cell enrichment in the eluted fractions. A small proportion (7%) of the cells applied did not bind to the column and 60% of these were lymphocyte‐like cells. Twice as many cells were eluted from the WGA‐Sepharose column using N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (GlcNAc), and 80% of these cells were polymorphonuclear granulocytes and metamyelocytes. These cells were only released from the matrix in the presence of GlcNAc at high buffer flow rates (> 4 ml/min).Approximately 3 × 108 bone marrow cells bound to 1 ml of WGA‐Sepharose. At least 5 min were required for 90% binding of the cells and elution of the cells with GlcNAc required nearly 20 min at 24°. At 37° the elution of cells with CIcNAc was much faster (< 5 min) and a much larger percentage of cells (40‐50%) was specifically eluted. Sodium azide (0·02%. w/v) did not prevent cells binding to WGA‐Sepharose or alter the distribution of cells eiuted by GlcNAc, but did slightly increase cell yields. Elution of cells with different concentrations of GlcNAc gave fractions enriched in different cell types.Analysis of cell fractions with a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter showed that the lymphocyte subpopulation which failed to bind to WGA‐Sepharose had been depleted of cells with a high density of immunoglobulin on their surface. The lymphocytes with a high density of surface immunoglobulin were recovered in the cells released from WGA‐Sepharose using mechanical agitation.
TOTAL PROTEIN PATTERNS IN HUMAN AMNIOTIC FLUID
Authors: Roychoudhury Arati , Sharma Archana , Talukder Ceeta 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTotal protein patterns of amniotic fluid samples of different age groups, following polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, showed a wide range of variation in early pregnancy, but no two cases had identical banding, indicating their genetic variability.An assessment has been made here of the total protein, albumin and transferrin patterns from normal amniotic fluids of different age groups by gel electrophoresis, in order to observe the genetic variations and relationship with foetal age, if any.
A SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF AUSTRALIAN WILDLIFE FOR ANTIBODIES TO LEPTOSPIRES OF THE HEBDOMADIS SEROGROUP
Authors: Durfee Philip T , Presidente Paul JA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA serological survey for antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was conducted on 574 serum samples from 10 native and 4 introduced wildlife species in south‐eastern Australia. The microscopic agglutination (MA) test was used, and titres to hardjo antigen were detected in 33.5% of 352 brush‐tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) sampled in several areas of Victoria. Prevalence of reactors ranged from 14 to 66% in 4 populations examined intensively, Serovar balcanica was isolated from possums with hardjo antibodies from two different areas. Of 20 wombats (Vombatus ursinus) examined in Victoria, antibodies to hardjo were found in sera from 4 and titres to Pyrogenes and Pomona serogroups were detected in another. Hardjo antibodies were demonstrated in sera from 13 of 19 rusa deer (Cervus timorensis). Negative MA test results to hardjo antigens were recorded in 55 mountain possums (T. caninus), 63 macropods (Macropus spp.), 17 water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster), 39 fallow dew (Dama dama), 2 hog deer (Axis porcinus) and 2 water buffalo (Bubalus bubalus). No MA antibodies to any of 16 leptospiral serogroups were detected in 17 water rats tested. Kidneys were examined from 330 of those animals and focal interstitial nephritis suggestive of leptospirosis was found in kidneys of 63 of 169 T. vulpecula, 3 of 55 T. caninus, 12 of 18 V. ursinus, 6 of 22 Macropus spp., 9 of 16 H. chrysogaster, 5 of 11 C. timorensis and 3 of 39 D. dama. A statistical association between focal interstitial nephritis and MA antibodies to hardjo was found in T. vulpecula.
PRODUCTION OF TREMORGENIC TOXINS BY PENICILLIUM JANTHINELLUM BIOURGE: A POSSIBLE AETIOLOGICAL FACTOR IN RYEGRASS STAGGERS
Authors: Lanigan GW , Payne AL , Cockrum PA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTopsoil herbage and faces collected during an outbreak of ryegrass staggers in sheep were examined for tremorgenic peniecllia. No such fungi were recovered from the plant material, but they were found among the predominant fungi in the soil and faecal samples. The commonest species of Penicillium and almost the only tremorgenic species encountered, was Penicillium Janthinellum Biourge. When fed to sheep, the mycelium of this fungus evoked a number of the clinical signs seen in field eases of ryegrass staggers. Two tremorgenic toxins were isolated from the mycelial felts and available evidence indicates that they are verruculogen and funitremorgin A. P. janthinethum also produced these tremorgens when from this study are in accord with the hypothesis that ryegrass staggers is caused by tremorgenic mycotoxins.
PURIFICATION OF ANTIBODIES TO INFLUENZA A VIRUS STRUCTURAL PROTEINS BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY, AND THEIR PARTICIPATION IN HAEMAGGLUTINATION‐INHIBITION, NEUTRALIZATION AND ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
Authors: Watanabe H , Pollett Marcaket , Mackenzie JS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAffinity chromatography was used to purify rabbit antibodies to common and strain‐specific antigeneic determinants of haemagglutinin, to neuraminidase, and to a combination of the internal proteins of influenza A viruses. The purity of the antibodies was assessed by haemagglutination‐inhibition, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and competition ELISA. The antibodies were examined for their participation in neutralization and haemagglutination‐inhibition assays, and in ELISA. ELISA was found to be the most sensitive technique for detecting antibodies. Antibodies to the common and strain‐specific determinants of haemagglutinin were shown to participate in neutralization assays and ELISA, but only those antibodies to the common determinants were detected by haemagglutination‐inhibition.
ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO INFLUENZA VACCINES CONTAINING A/USSR/90/77
Authors: Feery BJ , Gallichio HA , Rodda SJ , Hampson AW 
Published: November 2007

SummaryStudies were undertaken in adult groups aged 17–24 years, 25–64 years and 66–100 years to determine the haemagglutination‐inhibiting antibody responses to sub‐unit influenza vaccines containing A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1). Antibody responses to A/USSR/90/77 were low in all groups. The young adult group (17–24 years) produced a primary response to A/USSR/90/77 and showed a significant response to a second dose of vaccine, whereas their responses to the A/Texas/1/77 (H3N2) and B/Hong Kong/8/73 components were of the anamnestic type and showed no significant increase to a second dose. The adult (25–64 years) and aged (66–100 years) groups responded anamnestically to all three vaccine components. There was no impairment of the antibody response in the aged group in comparison with the response in the adult group. A comparative assay in microtitre trays and WHO plates showed two‐ to four‐fold differences in antibody titre to A/USSR/90/77 in these systems.
IMMUNE RETENTION: IMMUNOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MAINTAINING AN EASILY DEGRADABLE ANTIGEN IN VIVO
Authors: Tew JG , Mandel TE , Miller GA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRadioactive human serum albumin (125I‐HSA) was injected into the hind foot pads of unimmunized mice, actively immunized mice and mice passively immunized with mouse or rabbit anti‐HSA serum. Eleven days later the unimmunized mice had cleared most of the 125I‐HSA. In contrast, a high concentration of 125I‐USA was retained in the feet and draining lymph nodes and, to a lesser extent, in the spleen of the actively or passively unimmunized mice. Although immune retention required specific antibody, it appeared to be independent of T‐cells or T‐cell factors, since passively immunized nude mice retained antigen as well as actively or passively immunized normal mice. Depletion of the complement system with cobra venom factor (CVF) increased antigen retention in the feet but decreased retention in the spleen. Treatment with CVF did not decrease antigen retention in lymph nodes of actively immunized mice. Such treatment did, however, decrease retention in lymph nodes of passively immunized mice although not to the same extent as in the spleen. Retention of antigen in the feet was not only complement‐independent but was also Fc independent, since F(ab′)2 fragments of IgG could mediate immune retention. Antigen dose response studies indicated that immune retention in lymph nodes occurred optimally with minute amounts of antigen, whereas optimal retention in the feet required much higher concentrations of antigen. Foot pad injections of non‐radiolabelled USA eliminated 60% of the radioactivity retained in the foot pads of unimmunized mice. In contrast, non‐radioactive egg albumin (EA) had almost no effect on retained HSA. However, if the mice were immunized to both EA and HSA, an injection of EA would displace a significant amount of retained HSA. Complexes of one specificity can apparently displace some retained antigen of a differing specificity.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF CALVES AND SHEEP WITH LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS SEROVAR BALCANICA
Authors: Durfee Philip T , Presidente Paul JA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTwo of four calves inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica developed low microscopic agglutinating (MA) titres to serovar hardjo. A third calf had an MA titre of 1:1024 by day 19 post‐inoculation (PI). Transient leptospiruria was recorded in one calf on days 12 and 13 PI. An in‐contact calf did not seroconvert. None of the calves had fever or other clinical signs of disease. Four ewes inoculated with balcanica developed MA titres to hardjo by day 13 PI, and a transient leptospiruria between days 14 and 25 PI. None of the ewes showed any evidence of clinical disease and three of them delivered healthy lambs 22 to 64 days PI. One ewe had mild lesions of focal interstitial nephritis.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS AND OTHER MOSQUITOES AT KOWANYAMA, NORTH QUEENSLAND, AND CHARLEVILLE, SOUTH WEST QUEENSLAND
Authors: Kay BH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAt Kowanyama, 104,006 adult female mosquitoes of a probable 47 species were collected on twelve occasions from April, 1972, to April, 1976. At Charleville, 71,791 adult females of 20 taxa were taken during thirteen periods from February, 1974, to February, 1976. Culex annulirostris was predominant at Kowanyama and especially at Charleville where it comprised up to 99% of dry season collections. Culex fatigans, Ae normanensis, An annulipes and, at Kowanyama only, An bancroftii were the other major species collected. Several bait trapping methods were suitable for monitoring densities of Cx annulirostris and other species but mammalian baits were best. Because Cx annulirostris activity continued throughout winter even at Charleville, continuous cycles of arbovirus transmission are possible, although the potential of dormant Aedes eggs also bears investigation as a method of arbovirus survival.
ISOLATION OF VIRUS STRAINS FROM MOSQUITOES COLLECTED IN QUEENSLAND, 1972–1976
Authors: Doherty RL , Carley JG , Kay BH , Filippich Cheryl , Marks Elizabeth N , Frazier Christina L 
Published: November 2007

Summary171,348 mosquitoes and 4,353 other arthropods collected at three centres in Queensland in 1972–1976 yielded 151 strains of 18 viruses. Culex annulirostris was the major source of virus notation but 42 strains from Aedes normanensis indicate it in be a vector of importance. Ross River and Kokobera viruses were isolated at Kowanyama in the dry season, a finding of interest as being compatible with year‐round survival in vector‐vertebrate cycles. Culex fatigans has in part replaced Culex annulirostris in peridomestic breeding sites at Kowanyama; the infreguency of virus isolation from it suggests that this replacement may lower arbovirus infection rates Twelve strains were identified as viruses antigenically distinct from any previously isolated in Australia or New Guinea: Ch16129, shown by the International Reference Centre for Arboviruses to be a previously undescribed member of the Simbu Group (Facey's Paddock virus), Ch16313 (Murweh), Ch19520 (Parker's Farm) and Ch19546 (Little Sussex). The remaining strains were identified as viruses previously known in Australia, but included many new host or geographical records.
HOMOLOGY BETWEEN ROUNDWORM (ASCARIS) AND HOOKWORM (N. AMERICANUS) ANTIGENS DETECTED BY HUMAN IgE ANTIBODIES
Authors: Turner KJ , Fisher EH , McWILLIAM AS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryUtilizing the techniques of radioallergosorbent test (RAST), inhibition of RAST and isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels, antigenic cross‐reactivity has been shown between extracts of Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris suum and Necator americanus (hookworm). Antigenic homology is extensive between the two Ascaris preparations. The antigens common to hookworm and Ascaris, while representing a minor component of Ascaris body fluid, are nonetheless potent Stimulators of IgE antibody production in subjects infected only with hookworm larvae. These shared antigens appear to have a pI of less than 5.1. The hookworm specific antigens also have a pI of less than 5.1, whereas those specific to Ascaris have pI values in the ranges of 5.0 to 6.0 and 7.0 to 8.6. These latter antigens, i.e. those with pI between 7.0 and 8.6, apparently elicit an immune response only during an active infection with Ascaris.
DNA METHYLATION IN ISOLATED NUCLEI DURING DEVELOPMENT OF CHICK EMBRYOS
Authors: Tanaka M , Hibasami H , Nagai J , Ikeda T 
Published: November 2007

Summary5‐Methylcytosine content of chick embryo DNA was almost constant, independent of the age of embryos. Labelling experiments with isolated nuclei revealed that 5‐methylcytosine was only the methylated product and the rate of DNA methylation in nuclei decreased with the age of embryos. The enzyme activity of nuclear extract paralleled the decrease. DNA from the 4 and 10‐day embryos were methylated at the same rate by solubilized DNA methylase, indicating that the degree of DNA methylation does not vary with the age of embryos.
PROSPECTS OF A LIVING ATTENUATED VACCINE AGAINST INFLUENZA
Authors: Tannock GA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLiving attenuated vaccines offer the promise of providing more effective immunity against influenza than inactivated vaccines. However, the development of such vaccines presents unique problems, because influenza A viruses undergo frequent antigenic change and are highly infectious. Ideally, a living vaccine should produce substantial immunity to the disease from a single dose administered in the form of nose drops. The vaccine should be suitably attenuated, with attenuation being determined by in vitro markers which allow the ready detection of revertants to virulence. The only practical approach is to use a thoroughly accredited master strain which can be recombined with a contemporary virulent strain to produce an attenuated recombinant having the surface antigens of the contemporary strain. Of the master strains currently being developed, temperature‐sensitive (ts) and cold‐adapted (ca) mutants appear to have the greatest promise.
AN IMPROVED ASSAY FOR INTERLEUKIN 2 (LYMPHOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR) PRODUCED BY MITOGEN‐ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Lafferty KJ , Prowse SJ , Al‐Adra A , Warren HS , Vasalli J , Reich E 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe continued proliferation of activated T cells requires the presence of a lymphocyte growth factor in the culture medium. This study describes a rapid, highly reproducible assay to quantitatively measure levels of this lymphokine. The use of Concanavalin‐A blast cells gives this assay a high degree of flexibility and convenience. It is shown that the lymphokine measured is Interleukin 2. The presence of an inhibitor in the supernatant of mitogen‐activated lymphocytes and the species specificity of the factor are demonstrated.
THE EFFECT OF PRE‐NATAL THYMECTOMY ON LYMPHOCYTE SUB‐POPULATIONS IN THE SHEEP
Authors: Fahey KJ , Outteridge PM , Burrells C 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTen sheep foetuses were thymectomized between 55 and 77 days gestation. The subsequent growth of the lambs was not affected for periods up to 500 days after birth. Prior to 240 days of age the thymectomized lambs were markedly lymphopenic and the response of their blood lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was significantly reduced. Peanut agglutinin‐binding cells were found to be depleted in the blood of thymectomized lambs, while an unmarked ‘null’ cell population was virtually absent. The absolute numbers of E‐rosette forming cells and sIg+ cells were similar for both groups. These findings indicated that ‘null’ cells in sheep may be immature thymus‐dependent lymphocytes. The effects of thymectomy on blood lymphocyte counts, PHA responsiveness and the numbers of ‘null’ cells were less evident in thymectomized sheep that survived beyond 240 days. Possible differentiation pathways for sheep T‐cells are discussed, together with the role played by the thymus in the maturation of T‐cells.
SOME BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE ADAPTATION ASSOCIATED WITH XYLITOL INGESTION IN RATS
Authors: Krishnan Ravi , James Heather M , Bais Renze , Rofe Allan M , Edwards John B , Conyers Robert AJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe mechanism of adaptation to dietary carbohydrates was investigated by examining cellular metabolism in the liver and gut lumen. The inclusion of 10% (w/w) glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, sorbitol, xylitol or arabitol in the diet of rats for 7 days had essentially no effect on the ability of liver homogenates to produce 14CO2 from labelled glucose, fructose, xylose, sorbitol or xylitol. Moreover, no major changes were observed in the activities of hepatic enzymes. In these studies, diarrhoea and caecal distension were only observed in those rats receiving dietary sugar alcohols.Rats were also fed 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20% (w/w) xylitol in their diets for periods ranging from 1 to 14 days. These diets caused no significant changes in 16 of the commonly assessed blood parameters which included liver function tests. Xylitol feeding, however, caused caecal distension, caecal gas production, decreases in the pH of caecal contents, the appearance of a fluffy layer in the centrifuged specimens of caecal contents, and diarrhoea. These changes were directly related to the concentration of xylitol in the caecal contents. After various periods, and depending on the concentration of xylitol in the diet, the rats underwent an adaptation which reduced the incidence of diarrhoea. In the short term, dietary xylitol does not affect the function of the liver or the gut wall, but causes an adaptation within the gut microflora. This adaptation leads to the increased ability of gut microflora to utilise xylitol, followed by a subsequent reduction in the caecal osmotic load and diarrhoea.