bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jaguar (Panthera onca) feeding ecology: distribution of predator and prey through time and space
Authors: Weckel M. , Giuliano W. , Silver S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractJaguars Panthera onca inhabiting tropical or subtropical evergreen moist forest have often been classified as opportunistic predators because they consume prey relative to its availability. However, these studies failed to address simultaneously the distribution of predator and prey through time and space, which may lead to an incomplete or erroneous understanding of jaguar foraging strategies. In this study, we reconstructed jaguar diet from scat, and used camera traps to investigate jaguar prey availability and the distribution of jaguar and its prey through space and time. We focused our examination of predator–prey temporal and spatial relations on forest infrastructure comprising man‐made paths, small mammal trails, tapir Tapirus bairdi trail and trail‐less, forested areas as they represent distinct habitats for prey selection. Overall, we observed high overlap between the prey used and available, suggestive of opportunistic foraging. However, jaguars exhibited selective tendencies in discriminating between larger prey. Jaguars used collared peccary Tayassu tajacu greater than its availability, while preying upon the equally abundant and similarly distributed white‐lipped peccary Tayassu pecari and tapir less than predicted based upon availability. Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus and paca Agouti paca, 56.6% of total consumption, were consumed relative to availability but exhibited low spatial overlap with jaguar. Armadillo and paca used trail‐less, forested areas and small mammal trails not used by jaguar and were photographed more frequently at greater distances from man‐made paths, major thoroughfares for jaguars. This study suggests that although forest jaguars use prey relative to its abundance, jaguars may rely on foraging strategies other than chance encounters for exploiting prey.
Clinicopathological profile of primary bronchogenic carcinoma treated in a tertiary care hospital of western Nepal
Authors: CHANDRASHEKHAR Thummalahally Sreeramareddy , BINU Valsala Sreekumaran , VADIVELU Gnanaprakasam , MALLIK Singaraju , KURIEN Renju , JOSHI Hari Shankar 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:  Bronchogenic carcinoma is the most common cancer in Nepal. There is no information available about the incidence and clinicopathological features of bronchogenic carcinoma from Nepal. We aimed to study the clinicopathological features of primary bronchogenic carcinoma treated in a tertiary care hospital.Methods:  A retrospective case‐series analysis of 136 cases of primary bronchogenic carcinoma treated between September 2001 and August 2005 in a tertiary care hospital of western Nepal was performed.Results:  The median age of the male and female patients was 67 (interquartile range 60, 71.75) and 66 (interquartile range 60, 70) years, respectively. The maximum number of patients was in the 60–69 year age group. One‐hundred and thirteen (83.1%) of these patients were smokers. Among the male patients, 83.3% (60/72) were smokers and females 82.8% (53/64) were smokers. The male to female ratio of the patients was 1.1: 1. The most common histological type was squamous‐cell carcinoma (51.5%), followed by small‐cell carcinoma (17.6%) and adenocarcinoma (8.1%). Ninety‐eight (72.1%) patients were diagnosed in late stages of the disease (IIIb and IV).Conclusion:  The clinicopathological features are in accordance with reports from other studies. The results of the present study indicate that bronchogenic carcinoma has a higher average age incidence, higher proportion of female patients and higher proportion of diagnosis of the disease in late stages. The higher rate of bronchogenic carcinoma among females indicates scope for further research into risk factors. Intervention measures for prevention and early diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma are to be undertaken.
Mechanisms of Irregular Bleeding with Hormone Therapy: The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors
Authors: Hickey M. , Crewe J. , Mahoney L. A. , Doherty D. A. , Fraser I. S. , Salamonsen L. A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Context: Irregular bleeding is common in users of combined hormone therapy (HT) and often leads to invasive and expensive investigations to exclude underlying pathology. The mechanisms of HT-related bleeding are poorly understood. Endometrial matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are believed to regulate bleeding during the normal menstrual cycle and are known to be altered in breakthrough bleeding with progestogen-only contraception.
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine how HT exposure alters endometrial production of MMP-1, -3, -9, and -14 and their tissue inhibitors TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 and to determine the relationship between MMP and TIMP production and bleeding patterns in HT users. Endometrial leukocytes regulating MMP production and activation were also assessed.
Design: A prospective observational study was conducted between 2003 and 2005.
Setting and Patients: The study occurred at a tertiary referral menopause clinic at King Edward Memorial Hospital, Western Australia, and included 25 postmenopausal women not taking HT and 73 women taking combined HT.
Interventions: Endometrium was obtained during and outside bleeding episodes.
Main Outcome Measures: We assessed production of MMP-1, -3, -9, and -14 and their tissue inhibitors TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 and their relationship to bleeding patterns in HT users.
Results: All MMPs studied, with the exception of MMP-9, were expressed at low levels in postmenopausal endometrium. Increases in both MMP-3 and -9 localization were seen in association with irregular bleeding, but these did not reach statistical significance. Endometrial production of TIMP-1 was significantly increased in association with bleeding. Endometrial leukocytes were not related to bleeding, with the exception of uterine natural killer cells, which were significantly increased during bleeding, as previously published.
Conclusions: Irregular bleeding in HT users is associated with a distinct pattern of MMP and TIMP production that differs from that seen in normal menstrual bleeding and from that seen in contraceptive-related breakthrough bleeding. This suggests that the endometrial balance between MMP and TIMP contributes to vascular breakdown with HT but by a different mechanism than that seen in normal menstruation or in breakthrough bleeding.
Changes Induced by Physical Activity and Weight Loss in the Morphology of Intermyofibrillar Mitochondria in Obese Men and Women
Authors: Toledo Frederico G. S. , Watkins Simon , Kelley David E. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Context: In obesity, skeletal muscle insulin resistance may be associated with smaller mitochondria.
Objective: Our objective was to examine the effect of a lifestyle-modification intervention on the content and morphology of skeletal muscle mitochondria and its relationship to insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant subjects.
Design: In this prospective interventional study, intermyofibrillar mitochondrial content and size were quantified by transmission electron microscopy with quantitative morphometric analysis of biopsy samples from vastus lateralis muscle. Systemic insulin sensitivity was measured with euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps.
Setting: The study took place at a university-based clinical research center.
Participants: Eleven sedentary, overweight/obese volunteers without diabetes participated in the study.
Intervention: Intervention included 16 wk of aerobic training with dietary restriction of 500-1000 kcal/d.
Main Outcome Measures: We assessed changes in mitochondrial content and size and changes in insulin sensitivity.
Results: The percentage of myofiber volume occupied by mitochondria significantly increased from 3.70 ± 0.31 to 4.87 ± 0.33% after intervention (P = 0.01). The mean individual increase was 42.5 ± 18.1%. There was also a change in the mean cross-sectional mitochondrial area, increasing from a baseline of 0.078 ± 0.007 to 0.091 ± 0.007 μm2 (P &lt; 0.01), a mean increase of 19.2 ± 6.1% per subject. These changes in mitochondrial size and content highly correlated with improvements in insulin resistance (r = 0.68 and 0.72, respectively; P = 0.01).
Conclusions: A combined intervention of weight loss and physical activity in previously sedentary obese adults is associated with enlargement of mitochondria and an increase in the mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle. These findings indicate that in obesity with insulin resistance, ultrastructural mitochondrial plasticity is substantially retained and, importantly, that changes in the morphology of mitochondria are associated with improvements in insulin resistance.
Design and evaluation of a documentation system to support the continuity of pharmaceutical care of day-case oncology patients between hospital and community pharmacists
Authors: Fisher Julie , Macintyre Jill , Kinnear Moira , Hudson Steve 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Objective
Survey and analysis of pharmaceutical care issues (PCIs) occurring during the course of chemotherapy. Feedback from future users to design and test a documentation system to facilitate information transfer between hospital and community pharmacists.

Setting
Day-case chemotherapy clinics at the Edinburgh Cancer Centre, community pharmacies providing palliative care services and community pharmacies used by patients recruited to the survey.

Method
Prospective cross-sectional cohort survey of PCIs in 90 day-case patients receiving chemotherapy. The identified PCIs and the interview transcripts from one-to-one interviews with six local specialist community pharmacists informed the design of the patient medication profile (PMP), the use of which was tested in 20 patients. Two postal questionnaires were used: one to 153 pharmacists in other UK cancer centres/units, one to 20 community pharmacists involved in the testing of the PMP.

Key findings
Of the 271 recorded PCIs in 90 patients, 41% (112/271) PCIs were identified for the transfer of care and were mostly associated with supportive medication prescribed to manage chemotherapy toxicities. In the testing of the PMP, 88 PCIs were identified in 20 patients and 59% (52/88) of PCIs judged relevant to continuity of care were documented on the PMP and transferred via the patient to community pharmacists together with an information sheet and questionnaire. Seventy-five percent (15/20) of pharmacists replied to the questionnaire, indicating they had followed up 52% (27/52) of all transferred PCIs. ‘Lack of time’ was the only reason given by community pharmacists for not following up PCIs. The majority of community pharmacists thought the information received was useful and increased their contribution to patient care.

Conclusion
Although oncology patients receive treatment in secondary care, almost half of the associated PCIs require follow-up in primary care between cycles of chemotherapy. The PMP was considered supportive to community pharmacists in the continuity of pharmaceutical care of these patients. The study helped to define the next stage of the development work which requires to define patients' needs and to test a system in practice. Community pharmacists' expectations and requirements must be part of the continuing development of the seamless provision of pharmaceutical care to this patient group.
Redox Potential Measurements of Spectral Sensitizing Dyes by Means of Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry
Authors: Nomura Satoshi , Okazaki Satoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Fast scan cyclic voltammetry dramatically reduced the effect of consecutive chemical reaction involved in electrooxidation or reduction process of cyanine dyes. This electrochemical measurement has enabled to obtain more correct redox potentials of the dyes directly from cyclic voltammograms allowing more exact electrochemical characterization of spectral sensitizing dyes.
An Effective Activation of O-Trimethylsilyl Monothioacetal under Extremely Mild Conditions Using a Novel Catalyst System, Trimethylsilyl Chloride and Indium(III) Chloride
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Ohno Takashi , Nishimura Takashi , Han Jeong Sik , Kobayashi Shu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A novel catalyst system, trimethylsilyl chloride and indium(III) chloride, effectively catalyzes the reaction of O-trimethylsilyl monothioacetals with triethylsilane and silylated carbon nucleophiles, respectively, to afford the corresponding sulfide derivatives in good to high yields.
One-step Formation of Acetone from Propene and Water on Ultrastable Y-type Zeolite Catalyst
Authors: Mori Hiroshi , Ueno Hisashi , Mizuno Noritaka , Yahiro Hidenori , Iwamoto Masakazu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Proton exchanged ultrastable Y-type zeolite showed a pronounced catalytic activity for the formation of acetone directly from propene and water. The formation rate of acetone was higher or comparable to those on MoO3-based catalysts in the oxidation of propene by oxygen to produce acetone.
Synthetic Approach for (+)-Africanol
Authors: Sugimura Takashi , Futagawa Tohru , Tai Akira 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Syntheses of (+)-africanol (1) and (+)-isoafricanol (2) were attempted by reductive radical cyclization of (1S,2S,8S)-2-(4′-butenyl)-1,5,5-trimethyl-bicyclo[5.1.0]-3-octanone derived from (1R,2S,4S,8S)-4-alkoxy-1,6,6-trimethyl-tricyclo[6.1.0.O2,4]nonane. This cyclization gave (+)-1 and (+)-2 as minor components, together with trans fused epimers as major components.
Multiple regression of cost data: use of generalised linear models
Authors: Barber Julie , Thompson Simon 
Published: May 2006

Objective: Choosing an appropriate method for regression analyses of cost data is problematic because it must focus on population means while taking into account the typically skewed distribution of the data. In this paper we illustrate the use of generalised linear models for regression analysis of cost data. Methods: We consider generalised linear models with either an identity link function (providing additive covariate effects) or log link function (providing multiplicative effects), and with gaussian (normal), overdispersed poisson, gamma, or inverse gaussian distributions. These are applied to estimate the treatment effects in two randomised trials adjusted for baseline covariates. Criteria for choosing an appropriate model are presented. Results: In both examples considered, the gaussian model fits poorly and other distributions are to be preferred. When there are variables of prognostic importance in the model, using different distributions can materially affect the estimates obtained; it may also be possible to discriminate between additive and multiplicative covariate effects. Conclusions: Generalised linear models are attractive for the regression of cost data because they provide parametric methods of analysis where a variety of non-normal distributions can be specified and the way covariates act can be altered. Unlike the use of data transformation in ordinary least-squares regression, generalised linear models make inferences about the mean cost directly.
Blood Glucose and Coronary Artery Disease in Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: Nielson Christopher , Lange Theodore , Hadjokas Nicholas 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—Nondiabetic patients were studied to determine whether modest elevations in blood glucose may be associated with a greater incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Baseline morning blood glucose determinations were evaluated with respect to subsequent coronary disease using records from 24,160 nondiabetic patients. CAD was identified from myocardial infarction, new diagnoses of angina, or new prescriptions for nitroglycerin that occurred more than a year after baseline glucose determinations.
RESULTS—Of 24,160 patients studied, 3,282 patients developed CAD over a total analysis time at risk of 77,048 years. Higher baseline morning glucose (100–126 vs. &lt;100 mg/dl) was associated with a 53.9% greater myocardial infarction incidence rate, an 18.6% greater acute coronary syndrome incidence rate, and a 26.4% greater number of new prescriptions for nitrates (all P &lt; 0.05). A Cox proportional hazards model with adjustment for age, BMI, sex, creatinine, lipids, smoking, and medications showed that elevated fasting glucose was associated with an increased hazard for new CAD (hazard ratio 1.13 [95% CI 1.05–1.21], glucose &gt;100 vs. &lt;100 mg/dl). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that elevated baseline glucose was associated with a progressive increase risk of CAD with time.
CONCLUSIONS—Patients with higher baseline blood glucose levels in the absence of diabetes and after adjustment for covariants have a significantly greater risk for development of CAD.
The Use of Insulin Pumps With Meal Bolus Alarms in Children With Type 1 Diabetes to Improve Glycemic Control
Authors: Chase H. Peter , Horner Brian , McFann Kim , Yetzer Hannah , Gaston Jana , Banion Carolyn , Fiallo-Scharer Rosanna , Slover Robert , Klingensmith Georgeanna 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of meal bolus alarms would result in fewer missed meal boluses per week in youth with type 1 diabetes using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was a randomized trial of 48 youth using CSII, who were in suboptimal glycemic control with HbA1c (A1C) values ≥8.0%. Twenty-four subjects were randomized to use a Deltec Cozmo insulin pump with meal bolus alarms (experimental group), while the other 24 subjects continued use of their current insulin pumps (control group) without meal bolus alarms.
RESULTS—After 3 months of study, the number of missed meal boluses per week was significantly lower in the experimental group (from 4.9 ± 3.7 to 2.5 ± 2.5; P = 0.0005) but not significantly lower in the control group (from 4.3 ± 2.7 to 4.2 ± 3.9; P = 0.7610). Also after 3 months, the mean A1C value of the experimental group declined significantly (from 9.32 ± 1.12 to 8.86 ± 1.10; P = 0.0430). No significant decline in A1C was present for the control group (from 8.93 ± 1.04 to 8.67 ± 1.17; P = 0.1940). After 6 months of study, the significant decline in A1C from baseline in the experimental group was no longer present. Pooling of all available data from the control and experimental groups showed that at baseline and 3 and 6 months, the number of missed meal boluses per week was significantly correlated with A1C values.
CONCLUSIONS—While meal bolus alarms may have the potential to improve suboptimal glycemic control in youth using CSII, our results demonstrated that these alarms had only a transient, modest effect in doing so.
Comparison of Weighted Performance Measurement and Dichotomous Thresholds for Glycemic Control in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Pogach Leonard M. , Rajan Mangala , Aron David C. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—Quality measures of glycemic control using threshold values do not assess incremental quality improvement. We compared health care system performance using weighted continuous versus dichotomous measures for glycemic control.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We performed retrospective cross-sectional analysis of chart abstraction data on 37,142 diabetic patients from 141 Veterans Health Administration medical centers in 2000–2001.RESULTS—Subjects per facility ranged from 163 to 740 (mean 263). Mean overall HbA1c (A1C) was 7.58%. A continuous measure for glycemic control was calculated based on percentage of maximal quality-adjusted life-years saved (QALYsS). Overall mean facility performance using the dichotomous measure was 62% &lt;8% A1C (range 48–75%) and 39% &lt;7% A1C (21–57%), in comparison with 45% maximal QALYsS (31–60%). Correlation between QALYsS and A1C thresholds of &lt;8 (0.848) and &lt;7 (0.838) for facility rankings was excellent; correlation between facility level performance using thresholds of &lt;8 and 7% was poor (r = 0.13, P = 0.14). Comparison of facility rankings between the &lt;7% dichotomous measure and the QALYsS-weighted measure showed that 22% changed their ranking by ≥2 deciles with marked changes in top and bottom deciles.CONCLUSIONS—Facility rankings vary by threshold or continuous methodology. However, because significant numbers of individuals are unable to reach “optimal” target goals (thresholds) even in clinical trials with extensive exclusion criteria, we propose that a continuous measure assessing improvement toward optimal A1C, rather than a pass/fail optimal target, is both a fairer assessment clinical practice and a more accurate reflection of population health improvement.
Whole-Grain, Bran, and Cereal Fiber Intakes and Markers of Systemic Inflammation in Diabetic Women
Authors: Qi Lu , van Dam Rob M. , Liu Simin , Franz Mary , Mantzoros Christos , Hu Frank B. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the dietary predictors for the markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We examined whether intakes of whole grains and dietary fiber were associated with inflammatory indicators among 902 diabetic women in the Nurses’ Health Study.
RESULTS—After adjustment for age, BMI, lifestyle, and dietary covariates, intakes of whole grains and bran were both associated with significantly decreasing trends of C-reactive protein (CRP) (P for trend = 0.03 and 0.007, respectively) and tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2 (TNF-R2) (P for trend = 0.017 and 0.06). High intake of cereal fiber was also inversely associated with the lower levels of CRP (P for trend = 0.03) and TNF-R2 (P for trend = 0.01). The concentrations of CRP and TNF-R2 were 18 and 8% lower in the highest quintile of cereal fiber as compared with the lowest quintile. Dietary glycemic index was positively associated with CRP (P for trend = 0.04) and TNF-R2 (P for trend = 0.0008) levels. The concentrations of CRP and TNF-R2 were 32 and 11% higher, respectively, in the highest quintile of dietary glycemic index as compared with the lowest quintile.
CONCLUSIONS—Our data indicate that whole grains and a low-glycemic index diet may reduce systemic inflammation among women with type 2 diabetes.