bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping Residual Pyrite after a Mine Spill Using Non Co‐Located Spatiotemporal Observations
Authors: Vanderlinden Karl , Ordóñez Rafaela , Polo Maria J. , Giráldez Juan V. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTMonitoring of soil chemical properties for pollution assessment generally requires destructive soil sampling and results in spatiotemporal datasets where data from different sampling dates are non co‐located. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial distribution of residual pyrite sludge at a reclaimed site, using temporally non co‐located data on pH; soil oxidizable fraction (SOF); and EDTA‐extractable Fe, Zn, and Cu from six different sampling dates over a period of 2 yr. During this period spatially averaged pH and Zn concentrations ranged, respectively, from 4.4 to 6.6 and from 60 to 140 mg kg−1, with minimum pH values of below 2.7. The data were merged into a single dataset for each chemical property after applying a normal score (ns) transform. Normal score pH was significantly negatively correlated with the ns metal concentrations. A principal component analysis (PCA) showed that normal score pH, Zn, and Fe were associated with the residual contamination, while ns Cu, SOF, and elevation were related with historic contamination. The spatial dependence between the properties was found to be scale‐dependent. The best ns estimates were produced by ordinary kriging with an anisotopic variogram model, for the properties related with Principal Component (PC) I, while those associated with PC II were best estimated using simple kriging with varying local means. A classified ns pH map showed that 33% of the study area reached at least once values of below 4 during the 2‐yr period. This part of the area should be excluded to ensure successful revegetation.
Environmental and Production Consequences of Using Alum‐Amended Poultry Litter as a Nutrient Source for Corn
Authors: Warren Jason G. , Phillips Steven B. , Mullins Greg L. , Keahey Dale , Penn Chad J. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTField trials were established to compare alum‐treated poultry litter (ATPL), normal poultry litter (NPL), and triple superphosphate (TSP) as fertilizer sources for corn (Zea mays L.) when applied at rates based on current litter management strategies in Virginia. Trials were established in the Costal Plain and Piedmont physiographic regions near Painter and Orange, VA, respectively. Nitrogen‐based applications of ATPL or NPL applied at rates estimated to supply 173 kg of plant‐available nitrogen (PAN) ha−1 resulted in significantly lower grain yields than treatments receiving commercial fertilizer at the same rate in 2000 and 2001 at Painter. These decreases in grain yield at the N‐based application rates were attributed to inadequate N availability, resulting from overestimates of PAN as demonstrated by tissue N concentrations. However, at Orange no treatment effects on grain yield were observed. Applications of ATPL did not affect Al concentrations in corn ear‐leaves at either location. Exchangeable soil Al concentrations were most elevated in treatments receiving only NH4NO3 as an N source. At N‐based application rates, the ATPL resulted in lower Mehlich 1–extractable P (M1‐P) and water‐extractable soil phosphorus (H2O‐P) concentrations compared to the application of NPL. A portion of this reduction could be attributed to lower rates of P applied in the N‐based ATPL treatments. Runoff collected from treatments which received ATPL 2 d before conducting rainfall simulations contained 61 to 71% less dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) than treatments receiving NPL. These results show that ATPL may be used as a nutrient source for corn production without significant management alterations. Alum‐treated poultry litter can also reduce the environmental impact of litter applications, primarily through minimizing the P status of soils receiving long‐term applications of litter and reductions in runoff DRP losses shortly after application.
Reduction of Malodorous Compounds from a Treated Swine Anaerobic Lagoon
Authors: Loughrin John H. , Szogi Ariel A. , Vanotti Matias B. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTThere is a need for treatment technologies that can eliminate environmental problems associated with anaerobic lagoons. These technologies must be able to capture nutrients, kill pathogens, and reduce emissions of ammonia and nuisance odors. To meet these needs, a full‐scale wastewater treatment plant was installed as a demonstration project on one of three 4360‐pig (Sus scrofa) production units in a finishing farm in Duplin County, North Carolina. Once the treatment plant was operational, flow of raw manure into the unit's corresponding lagoon was discontinued and the lagoon was used to store treated wastewater. Water quality was monitored in the converted lagoon and in the two conventional lagoons. A gas chromatographic method was developed to measure concentration of five selected malodorous compounds (phenol, p‐cresol, 4‐ethylphenol, indole, and skatole) in liquid lagoon samples. Dramatic improvements in the water quality parameters TKN, NH3–N, solids, COD, and BOD in the converted waste lagoon paralleled reductions in malodorous compounds. Nine months after conversion, identified malodorous compounds in liquid extractions averaged 6.6 and 38.8 ng mL−1 in water from the converted lagoon and the conventional lagoons, respectively. The reduction was particularly marked for p‐cresol, 4‐ethylphenol, and skatole, all of which make important contributions to swine waste odors due to their characteristic odors and low detection thresholds.
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis to Identify Sources of Soil in Surface Water
Authors: Banowetz Gary M. , Whittaker Gerald W. , Dierksen Karen P. , Azevedo Mark D. , Kennedy Ann C. , Griffith Stephen M. , Steiner Jeffrey J. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTEfforts to improve land‐use practices to prevent contamination of surface waters with soil are limited by an inability to identify the primary sources of soil present in these waters. We evaluated the utility of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles of dry reference soils for multivariate statistical classification of soils collected from surface waters adjacent to agricultural production fields and a wooded riparian zone. Trials that compared approaches to concentrate soil from surface water showed that aluminum sulfate precipitation provided comparable yields to that obtained by vacuum filtration and was more suitable for handling large numbers of samples. Fatty acid methyl ester profiles were developed from reference soils collected from contrasting land uses in different seasons to determine whether specific fatty acids would consistently serve as variables in multivariate statistical analyses to permit reliable classification of soils. We used a Bayesian method and an independent iterative process to select appropriate fatty acids and found that variable selection was strongly impacted by the season during which soil was collected. The apparent seasonal variation in the occurrence of marker fatty acids in FAME profiles from reference soils prevented preparation of a standardized set of variables. Nevertheless, accurate classification of soil in surface water was achieved utilizing fatty acid variables identified in seasonally matched reference soils. Correlation analysis of entire chromatograms and subsequent discriminant analyses utilizing a restricted number of fatty acid variables showed that FAME profiles of soils exposed to the aquatic environment still had utility for classification at least 1 wk after submersion.
Fall Fertilization Timing Effects on Nitrate Leaching and Turfgrass Color and Growth
Authors: Mangiafico Salvatore S. , Guillard Karl 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTFall season fertilization is a widely recommended practice for turfgrass. Fertilizer applied in the fall, however, may be subject to substantial leaching losses. A field study was conducted in Connecticut to determine the timing effects of fall fertilization on nitrate N (NO3−N) leaching, turf color, shoot density, and root mass of a 90% Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.), 10% creeping red fescue (Festuca rubraL.) lawn. Treatments consisted of the date of fall fertilization: 15 September, 15 October, 15 November, 15 December, or control which received no fall fertilizer. Percolate water was collected weekly with soil monolith lysimeters. Mean log10NO3−N concentrations in percolate were higher for fall fertilized treatments than for the control. Mean NO3−N mass collected in percolate water was linearly related to the date of fertilizer application, with higher NO3−N loss for later application dates. Applying fall fertilizer improved turf color and density but there were no differences in color or density among applications made between 15 October and 15 December. These findings suggest that the current recommendation of applying N in mid‐ to late November in southern New England may not be compatible with water quality goals.
Specific Conductance and Ionic Characteristics of Farm Canals in the Everglades Agricultural Area
Authors: Chen Ming , Daroub Samira H. , Lang Timothy A. , Diaz Orlando A. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTSpecific conductance in farm canals of the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in south Florida is an important water quality parameter that was categorized as a parameter of concern according to an observed frequency of >5% excursions over the Class III water quality criterion and needed to be addressed as a part of the Everglades Regulatory Program. This study was conducted to evaluate specific conductance in farm canals of the EAA. Specific conductance was monitored at 10 representative farms (a total of 12 pump stations) in the EAA using multi‐parameter water quality data loggers, for periods ranging from 24 to 83 mo. Cation and anion concentrations were also determined. Nonparametric Mann‐Kendall trend analyses and Sen's slope analysis of specific conductance were conducted to determine specific conductance trends. Mean specific conductance ranged from 0.74 to 1.68 dS m−1 and only 2 of the 10 farms were above the State Class III water quality criterion of 1.275 dS m−1 Statistically significant downward trends were observed at 3 of the 10 farms. Determination of ion compositions in grab samples at 8 of the 10 farms indicated that the major ions contributing to the increase in specific conductance in the EAA were Cl−, HCO3−, and Na+ Mean Na/Cl ratios in most of the EAA canals ranged from 0.57 to 0.78, whereas those of SO4/Cl ranged from 0.46 to 0.98. Investigation of historical data and literature indicates that elevated specific conductance in parts of the EAA is a natural phenomenon due to entrapment of connate seawater in the Everglades formation. Sulfur contributes minor increases in specific conductance in the EAA with probable sources from organic soil mineralization, ground water, Lake Okeechobee, and S fertilizers.
Mechanical and surface properties of membranes prepared from waterborne cationic hydroxyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane/polyurethane surfactant‐free micro‐emulsion
Authors: Li Xiaorui , Fei Guiqiang , Wang Haihua 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWith the action of catalyst and cosolvent, a series of hydroxyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HPMS) based polyurethane (PU) micro‐emulsion were gotten by surfactant‐free copolymerization. They were successfully prepared by reacting isophorone isocyanate, poly(tetramethylene glycol), and HPMS with N‐methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) as chain extender and trimethylolpropane (TMP) as crosslinker. After neutralizing with dimethyl sulfate and inversing the emulsion polymerization with deionized water, a series of microemulsions were obtained. The emulsions were then cast into membranes named as PU–HPMS. The mechanical properties and water absorption of the PU–HPMS were determined and simultaneously the effects of the content of hard segment, solvent, TMP, MDEA, HPMS, and the molecular weight of soft segment were studied. It is noticed that the tensile strength decreased and elongation at break increased in the HPMS/PU when compared with pure PU, which confirm that PU was end‐capped with PDMS. It is also noticed that water absorption increased in the HPMS/PU when compared with pure PU. As HPMS content increased from 0.0 to 25.0 wt %, the surface free energies decreased from 0.3446 to 0.2317 mN/cm and water absorption decreased from 11.2% to 0.14%. The surface free energies of the membranes were decreased by more than 32.76%, which demonstrate that the membrane surfaces have excellent water and oil repellency. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 40–46, 2006
Trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 22 European countries: Continuing increases in incidence and declines in mortality
Authors: Bray Freddie , Richiardi Lorenzo , Ekbom Anders , Pukkala Eero , Cuninkova Martina , Møller Henrik 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study profiles testicular cancer incidence and mortality across Europe, and the effects of age, period and generational influences, using age‐period‐cohort modeling. Despite a 5‐fold variation in incidence rates, there were consistent mean increases in incidence in each of the 12 European countries studied, ranging from around 6% per annum (Spain and Slovenia) to 1–2% (Norway). In contrast, declines in testicular cancer mortality of 3–6% per annum were observed in the 1980s and 1990s for the majority of the 22 countries studied, particularly in Northern and Western Europe. The mortality trends in several European countries were rather stable (Romania and Bulgaria) or increasing (Portugal and Croatia). Short‐term attenuations in increasing cohort‐specific risk of incidence were indicated among men born between 1940 and 1945 in 7 European countries. In Switzerland, successive generations born from the mid 1960s may have experienced a steadily declining risk of disease occurrence. While the underlying risk factors responsible remain elusive, the temporal and geographical variability in incidence may point to an epidemic in different phases in different countries—the result of country‐specific differences in the prevalence of one or several ubiquitous and highly prevalent environmental determinants of the disease. Advances in treatment have led to major declines in mortality in many European countries from the mid 1970s, which has translated to cohorts of men at successively lower risk of death from the disease. Slower progress in the delivery of optimal care is however evident from the mortality trends in several lower‐resource countries in Southern and Eastern Europe. The first beneficiaries of therapy in these populations may be those men born—rather than diagnosed—in the era of major breakthrough in testicular cancer care. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glycemic load, glycemic index and carbohydrate intake in relation to risk of stomach cancer: A prospective study
Authors: Larsson Susanna C , Bergkvist Leif , Wolk Alicja 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe glycemic effects of diets high in refined grains and starchy foods might increase stomach cancer risk by affecting circulating glucose, insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐I levels. No prospective data on the role of high glycemic load and glycemic index diets on stomach cancer risk have been reported. We therefore prospectively investigated dietary glycemic load, overall glycemic index and carbohydrate intake in relation to the incidence of stomach cancer among 61,433 women in the population‐based Swedish Mammography Cohort. Diet was assessed at baseline (1987–1990) and again in 1997. During 903,586 person‐years of follow‐up, a total of 156 incident cases of stomach cancer were ascertained. We observed no material associations of dietary glycemic load, overall glycemic index and total carbohydrate intake with the risk of stomach cancer. The multivariate hazard ratios for the highest versus the lowest quintile were 0.76 (95% CI = 0.46–1.25) for glycemic load, 0.77 (95% CI = 0.46–1.30) for overall glycemic index and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.50–1.43) for carbohydrate intake. The associations did not vary according to body mass index. Lack of information on Helicobacter pylori infection status did not allow stratification by this potential effect modifier. Findings from this population‐based prospective cohort of middle‐aged and elderly women did not provide evidence of a positive association between glycemic load, glycemic index and carbohydrate intake with risk of stomach cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adverse effects of neuromuscular blocking agents based on yellow card reporting in the U.K.: are there differences between males and females?
Authors: Light Karen Patricia , Lovell Anthony Timothy , Butt Hisham , Fauvel Nicholas John , Holdcroft Anita 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackgroundAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) are known to occur during anaesthesia; in the U.K. such ADRs may be reported through the Yellow Card Scheme (YCS). Our aim was to determine the demographics of ADRs to neuromuscular blocking drugs without formal causality assessment.MethodsA retrospective analysis of ADRs to seven neuromuscular blocking drugs reported via the YCS during a greater than 30‐year period was performed. Sex and age were analysed in order to identify at risk groups.ResultsOf 998 reports, 969 included gender. Non‐allergic suspected reactions occurred with almost the same frequency as those with an allergic component. The majority occurred in females 676 (70%), and significant sex differences were measured between drugs. Males were more likely to have suffered an ADR to atracurium (p = 0.01) whilst females experienced more ADRs to suxamethonium (p = 0.01). ADRs proved fatal in 81 (9%) of the 950 reports for single drugs. Mortality following suxamethonium was significantly higher in males at 22% compared with 9% females (p < 0.001). More women than men were reported to have allergic reactions, 73% (362/499) compared with 27% (137/499) respectively. The female:male ratio for ADRs was reversed for subjects < 10 years compared with peak ADR reports during the decade from 31–40 years.ConclusionsSex differences in mortality exist in this analysis. The unexpected high frequency of non‐allergic ADRs suggests that morbidity and mortality from reactions to established drugs is twice that expected from allergic reactions alone. Standards and guidance for the reporting of ADRs warrant urgent development. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diamond light emitting diode activated with Xe optical centers
Authors: Zaitsev A. M. , Bergman A. A. , Gorokhovsky A. A. , Huang Mengbing 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA diamond light emitting diode (LED) activated with Xe‐related optical centres is reported. The device was made on a high quality single crystal CVD diamond substrate using B+ and Li+ ion implantation, subsequent implantation by Xe+ ions and vacuum annealing to 1400 °C. A diode behaviour with the rectification ratio of 105 at 100 V was achieved. The electroluminescence (EL) of the device was found to concentrate at the B+ ion doped p‐type area likely as a result of dominating injection of holes. The room temperature EL spectrum in the range 450 to 850 nm was presented by a narrow band emission of the zero phonon lines 812.5 nm and 794 nm of the Xe centre on a low emission background of the 575 nm nitrogen‐related centre. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Targeted Therapeutic Applications of Acoustically Active Microspheres in the Microcirculation
Authors: CHAPPELL JOHN C. , PRICE RICHARD J. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTThe targeted delivery of intravascular drugs and genes across the endothelial barrier with only minimal side effects remains a significant obstacle in establishing effective therapies for many pathological conditions. Recent investigations have shown that contrast agent microbubbles, which are typically used for image enhancement in diagnostic ultrasound, may also be promising tools in emergent, ultrasound–based therapies. Explorations of the bioeffects generated by ultrasound–microbubble interactions indicate that these phenomena may be exploited for clinical utility such as in the targeted revascularization of flow‐deficient tissues. Moreover, development of this treatment modality may also include using ultrasound–microbubble interactions to deliver therapeutic material to tissues, and reporter genes and therapeutic agents have been successfully transferred from the microcirculation to tissue in various animal models of normal and pathological function. This article reviews the recent studies aimed at using interactions between ultrasound and contrast agent microbubbles in the microcirculation for therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, the authors present investigations involving microspheres that are of a different design compared to current microbubble contrast agents, yet are acoustically active and demonstrate potential as tools for targeted delivery. Future directions necessary to address current challenges and advance these techniques to clinical practicality are also discussed.
Health Insurance and Health at Age 65: Implications for Medical Care Spending on New Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Hadley Jack , Waidmann Timothy 
Published: January 2006

Objectives. To investigate the consequences of endogeneity bias on the estimated effect of having health insurance on health at age 63 or 64, just before most people qualify for Medicare, and to simulate the implications for total and public insurance (Medicare and Medicaid) spending on newly enrolled beneficiaries in their first years of Medicare coverage.Data. The longitudinal Health and Retirement Survey of people who were 55–61 years old in 1992, followed through biannual surveys to age 63–64 or until 2000 (whichever came first), and those who were 66–70 years olds from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Surveys, 1992–1998.Study Design. Instrumental variable (IV) estimation of a simultaneous equation model of insurance choice and health at age 63–64 as a function of baseline health and sociodemographic characteristics in 1992 and endogenous insurance coverage over the observation period.Findings. Continuous insurance coverage is associated with significantly fewer deaths prior to age 65 and, among those who survive, a significant upward shift in the distribution of health states from fair and poor health with disabilities to good to excellent health. Treating insurance coverage as endogenous increases the magnitude of the estimated effect of having insurance on improved health prior to age 65. The medical spending simulations suggest that if the near‐elderly had continuous insurance coverage, average annual medical spending per capita for new Medicare beneficiaries in their first few years of coverage would be slightly lower because of the improvement in health status. In addition, total Medicare and Medicaid spending for new beneficiaries over their first few years of coverage would be about the same or slightly lower, even though more people survive to age 65.Conclusions. Extending insurance coverage to all Americans between the ages of 55 and 64 would improve health (increase survival and shift people from good–fair–poor health to excellent–very good health) at age 65, and possibly reduce total short‐term spending by Medicare and Medicaid for newly eligible Medicare beneficiaries, even though more people would enter the program because of increased survival.