bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomvolumina und Ladungsverteilungen in Nitridometallaten
Authors: Bronger Welf , Baranov Alexey , Wagner Frank R. , Kniep Rüdiger 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAtom Volumina and Charge Distributions in NitridometalatesThe linear relation between the nitride volumina calculated by use of the QTAIM‐method developed by Bader and those derived from the tables of volume increments reported by Biltz does not hold for nitridometalates Aa[MmNn] (A = alkali or alkaline earth metal, M = transition metal). The clear deviation from linearity is caused by the different kinds of chemical bonds being present within the complex [MmNn] anions on the one hand and between the complex anions and the cations on the other hand. The significant covalency of the chemical bonds within the complex [MmNn] anions is reflected by the calculated volumina and the charge distributions between the M and N atoms using the Bader method. By comparing the oxidation numbers of the atoms forming the complex anions with their calculated charge assignments (QTAIM method) a significant charge reduction becomes evident.
Emotional Reaction to Fragile X Premutation Carrier Tests Among Infertile Women
Authors: Pastore Lisa M. , Morris Wendy L. , Karns Logan B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFemale fragile X premutation carriers are at ∼10‐fold increased risk of premature ovarian failure (follicle stimulating hormone >40 mIU/mL, amenorrhea, age <40). A milder degree of premature ovarian aging (diminished ovarian reserve, where follicle stimulating hormone levels are typically 10–20 mIU/mL) results in infertility. Approximately 10% of fertility clinic patients have this diagnosis. A cohort of 20 women diagnosed with diminished ovarian reserve provided a blood specimen (confidential results), and completed structured questionnaires that assessed emotional reactions to potentially being a premutation carrier (pretest questionnaire, n = 20) and the posttest known carrier status (3 month follow‐up questionnaire, n = 18 non‐carriers). Responses were measured using 9‐point scales, and analyzed with Fisher exact and Wilcoxon exact tests. While most participants did not view fragile X premutations as a serious medical condition, perceptions of seriousness were positively correlated with anger and regret about not knowing sooner of the potential association of these premutations with infertility. Overall, when women (pretest) imagined themselves as carriers, their self‐esteem and Health Orientation Scale responses were unchanged with the exception of feeling more afraid (p = 0.004). Despite strongly wishing for negative test results, they were glad to know there might be a medical explanation for their infertility.
Free‐Radical‐Scavenging Effect of Carbazole Derivatives on DPPH and ABTS Radicals
Authors: Tang You‐Zhi , Liu Zai‐Qun 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe major objective was to measure the trolox (6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid) equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of carbazole derivatives (Ar2NHs) by means of scavenging 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) radical cation (ABTS+·). The Ar2NHs included phenoxazine (PozNH), phenothiazine (PtzNH), iminostilbene (IsbNH) and diphenylamine (DpaNH), and the TEAC of trolox, α‐tocopherol (TocH), l‐ascorbic acid (VC) and l‐ascorbyl‐6‐laurate (VC‐12) were measured as well. The TEAC results revealed that the ability to scavenge DPPH (PozNH > IsbNH ~PtzNH ~TroH ~TocH ~VC ~VC12), differed from the ability to scavenge ABTS+ (PtzNH > IsbNH > PozNH > DpaNH ~TroH ~TocH ~VC ~VC12). CazNH did not react with DPPH and ABTS+·. Furthermore, the addition of acetic acid accelerated the reaction rate of Ar2NH to scavenge DPPH, suggesting that a sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) mechanism occurred with amine‐type antioxidants during the trapping of DPPH. In contrast, the addition of acetic acid or pyridine reduced the reaction rate of Ar2NH to scavenge ABTS+., suggesting that the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism is the basis for the reaction that is occurring.
Melting and Solidification Properties of Palm Kernel Oil, Tallow, and Palm Olein Blends in the Preparation of Shortening
Authors: Jin Qingzhe , Zhang Ting , Shan Liang , Liu Yuanfa , Wang Xingguo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTernary systems composed of palm kernel oil (PKO), tallow, and palm olein (POo) were studied in terms of their physical properties such as solid fat content (SFC), melting characteristics by DSC and polymorphism by X‐ray diffraction. Ternary phase behavior was analyzed with isosolid diagrams. The results showed that as the POo content of the blends was increased the SFC value decreased, while the increase of tallow content increased the SFC value. Eutectic effects within the ternary system were confirmed from the deviation of the measured SFC from the calculated SFC for corresponding thermodynamically ideal blends. The deviation reached a maximum when the amounts of PKO and POo are both about 45%. X‐ray diffraction results showed that addition of PKO into the blends promoted stabilization in the β′ crystalline form.
Genetische Störungen der Zahnentwicklung und Dentition
Authors: Bloch-Zupan A. 
Published: October 2007

ZusammenfassungDie Zähne sind Organe, die aus ektodermalen epithelialen Aussackungen im Bereich des 1. Kiemenbogens entstehen, gesteuert von epitheliomesenchymalen Interaktionen. Dabei spielen zahlreiche Signalmoleküle speziell der 4 großen Familien TGF-β, FGF, Hedgehog und WNT sowie diverse Transkriptionsfaktoren eine Rolle. Eine Beteiligung der Retinoide an der Odontogenese ist durch umfangreiche Befunde belegt, auch wenn die Inaktivierung relevanter Gene in Mausmodellen meist keine Zahnanomalien verursacht. Die Zahnentwicklung wird klassischerweise in verschiedene Stadien eingeteilt: Entstehung der Zahnleiste, der Zahnknospe, der Schmelzkappe, der Schmelzglocke, die Wurzelbildung und der Zahndurchbruch. Anomalien der Zahnentwicklung können isoliert oder gemeinsam mit anderen Symptomen im Zusammenhang mit Syndromen auftreten. Sie können genetisch bedingt sein oder unter Einwirkung teratogener Stoffe während der Bildung und Mineralisierung der Zahnkeime zustande kommen. Dentibukkale Entwicklungsanomalien treten im Kontext seltener Erkrankungen auf und finden zunehmend Beachtung, da sie bei bestimmten Erkrankungen in der Diagnostik und als prädikative Faktoren wichtige Anhaltspunkte geben können. Allerdings ist hierfür eine interdisziplinäre und internationale Kooperation notwendig, die bislang erst in Ansätzen verwirklicht wurde.
Bioavailability of astaxanthin stereoisomers from wild (Oncorhynchusspp.) and aquacultured (Salmo salar) salmon in healthy men: a randomised, double-blind study
Authors: Rüfer Corinna E. , Moeseneder Jutta , Briviba Karlis , Rechkemmer Gerhard , Bub Achim 
Published: October 2007

The objective of the present study was to investigate the bioavailability and the configurational isomer distribution of the carotenoid astaxanthin (AST) in human plasma after ingestion of wild (Oncorhynchusspp.) and aquacultured (Salmo salar) salmon. In a randomised and double-blind trial, twenty-eight healthy men consumed 250 g wild or aquacultured salmon daily for 4 weeks which provided 5 μg AST/g salmon flesh. The plasma AST concentrations as well as the isomer distribution were measured by HPLC using a reversed and a chiral stationary phase. After 6 d of intervention with salmon, plasma AST concentrations reached a plateau of 39 nmol/l after consumption of wild salmon and of 52 nmol/l after administration of aquacultured salmon. At days 3, 6, 10 and 14 – but not at day 28 – the AST concentrations in human plasma were significantly greater after ingestion of aquacultured salmon. After administration of wild salmon, the (3S,3′S) isomer predominated in plasma (80 %), whereas after intake of aquacultured salmon themesoform (3R,3′S) prevailed (48 %). Therefore, the AST isomer pattern in human plasma resembles that of the ingested salmon. However, after consumption of both wild and aquacultured salmon for 28 d the relative proportion of the (3S,3′S) isomer was slightly higher and the (3R,3′R) form lower in human plasma compared with the isomer distribution in salmon flesh. A selective process of isomer absorption could be responsible for the observed differences in the relative proportions of the (3S,3′S) and (3R,3′R) isomers in human plasma compared with salmon flesh.
A statistical taxonomy and another “chance” for natural frequencies
Authors: Barton Adrien , Mousavi Shabnam , Stevens Jeffrey R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe conclusions of Barbey & Sloman (B&S) crucially depend on evidence for different representations of statistical information. Unfortunately, a muddled distinction made among these representations calls into question the authors' conclusions. We clarify some notions of statistical representations which are often confused in the literature. These clarifications, combined with new empirical evidence, do not support a dual-process model of judgment.
Nested sets and base-rate neglect: Two types of reasoning?
Authors: De Neys Wim 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBarbey & Sloman (B&S) claim that frequency formats and other task manipulations induce people to substitute associative thinking for rule-based thinking about nested sets. My critique focuses on the substitution assumption. B&S demonstrate that nested sets are important to solve base-rate problems but they do not show that thinking about these nested sets relies on a different type of reasoning.
Dual-processing explains base-rate neglect, but which dual-process theory and how?
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T. , Elqayam Shira 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe agree that current evolutionary accounts of base-rate neglect are unparsimonious, but we dispute the authors' account of the effect in terms of parallel associative and rule-based processes. We also question their assumption that cueing of nested set relations facilitates performance due to recruitment of explicit reasoning processes. In our account, such reasoning is always involved, but usually unsuccessful.
Enhancing sensitivity to base-rates: Natural frequencies are not enough
Authors: Fantino Edmund , Stolarz-Fantino Stephanie 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe present evidence supporting the target article's assertion that while the presentation of base-rate information in a natural frequency format can be helpful in enhancing sensitivity to base rates, method of presentation is not a panacea. Indeed, we review studies demonstrating that when subjects directly experience base rates as natural frequencies in a trial-by-trial setting, they evince large base-rate neglect.
Ecologically structured information: The power of pictures and other effective data presentations
Authors: Gaissmaier Wolfgang , Straubinger Nils , Funder David C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe general principle behind the effects of nested sets on the use of base rates, we believe, is that the mind is prepared to take in “ecologically structured information.” Without any need to assume two cognitive systems, this principle explains how the proper use of base rates can be facilitated and also accounts for occasions when base rates are overused.
Frequency formats are a small part of the base rate story
Authors: Griffin Dale , Koehler Derek J. , Brenner Lyle 
Published: October 2007

AbstractManipulations that draw attention to extensional or set-based considerations are neither sufficient nor necessary for enhanced use of base rates in intuitive judgments. Frequency formats are only one part of the puzzle of base-rate use and neglect. The conditions under which these and other manipulations promote base-rate use may be more parsimoniously organized under the broader notion of case-based judgment.
Implications of natural sampling in base-rate tasks
Authors: Kleiter Gernot D. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe hypothesis that structural properties and not frequencies per se improve base-rate sensitivity is supported from the perspective of natural sampling. Natural sampling uses a special frequency format that makes base-rates redundant. Unfortunately, however, it does not allow us to empirically investigate human understanding of essential properties of uncertainty – most importantly, the understanding of conditional probabilities in Bayes' Theorem.
Dual concerns with the dualist approach
Authors: Lagnado David A. , Shanks David R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBarbey & Sloman (B&S) attribute all instances of normative base-rate usage to a rule-based system, and all instances of neglect to an associative system. As it stands, this argument is too simplistic, and indeed fails to explain either good or bad performance on the classic Medical Diagnosis problem.
Naturally nested, but why dual process?
Authors: Newell Ben , Hayes Brett 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe article by Barbey & Sloman (B&S) provides a valuable framework for integrating research on base-rate neglect and respect. The theoretical arguments and data supporting the nested set model are persuasive. But we found the dual-process account to be under-specified and less compelling. Our concerns are based on (a) inconsistencies within the literature cited by B&S, and (b) studies of base-rate neglect in categorization.
Converging evidence supports fuzzy-trace theory's nested sets hypothesis, but not the frequency hypothesis
Authors: Reyna Valerie F. , Mills Britain 
Published: October 2007

AbstractEvidence favors the nested sets hypothesis, introduced by fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) in the 1990s to explain “class-inclusion” effects and extended to many tasks, including conjunction fallacy, syllogistic reasoning, and base-rate effects (e.g., Brainerd & Reyna 1990; Reyna 1991; 2004; Reyna & Adam 2003; Reyna & Brainerd 1995). Crucial differences in mechanisms distinguish the FTT and Barbey & Sloman (B&S) accounts, but both contrast with frequency predictions (see Reyna & Brainerd, in press).
Varieties of dual-process theory for probabilistic reasoning
Authors: Samuels Richard 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThough Barbey & Sloman (B&S) distinguish various frequentist hypotheses, they opt rapidly for one specific dual-process model of base-rate facilitation. In this commentary, I maintain that there are many distinct but related versions of the dual-process theory, and suggest that there is currently little reason to favor B&S's formulation over the alternatives.
The effect of base rate, careful analysis, and the distinction between decisions from experience and from description
Authors: Schurr Amos , Erev Ido 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBarbey & Sloman (B&S) attribute base-rate neglect to associative processes (like retrieval from memory) that fail to adequately represent the set structure of the problem. This commentary notes that associative responses can also lead to base-rate overweighting. We suggest that the difference between the two patterns is related to the distinction between decisions from experience and decisions from description.
Why the empirical literature fails to support or disconfirm modular or dual-process models
Authors: Trafimow David 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBarbey & Sloman (B&S) present five models that account for performance in Bayesian inference tasks, and argue that the data disconfirm four of them but support one model. Contrary to B&S, I argue that the cited data fail to provide strong confirmation or disconfirmation for any of the models.
The motivated use and neglect of base rates
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis , Brescoll Victoria L. , Pizarro David 
Published: October 2007

AbstractEgo-justifying, group-justifying, and system-justifying motivations contribute to base-rate respect. People tend to neglect (and use) base rates when doing so allows them to draw desired conclusions about matters such as their health, the traits of their in-groups, and the fairness of the social system. Such motivations can moderate whether people rely on the rule-based versus associative strategies identified by Barbey & Sloman (B&S).
Base-rate respect meets affect neglect
Authors: Whitney Paul , Hinson John M. , Matthews Allison L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWhile improving the theoretical account of base-rate neglect, Barbey & Sloman's (B&S's) target article suffers from affect neglect by failing to consider the fundamental role of emotional processes in “real world” decisions. We illustrate how affective influences are fundamental to decision making, and discuss how the dual process model can be a useful framework for understanding hot and cold cognition in reasoning.
Adaptive redundancy, denominator neglect, and the base-rate fallacy
Authors: Wolfe Christopher R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHomo sapiens have evolved a dual-process cognitive architecture that is adaptive but prone to systematic errors. Fuzzy-trace theory predicts that nested or overlapping class-inclusion relations create processing interference, resulting in denominator neglect: behaving as if one ignores marginal denominators in a 2 × 2 table. Ignoring marginal denominators leads to fallacies in base-rate problems and conjunctive and disjunctive probability estimates.
The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans?
Authors: Suddendorf Thomas , Corballis Michael C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn a dynamic world, mechanisms allowing prediction of future situations can provide a selective advantage. We suggest that memory systems differ in the degree of flexibility they offer for anticipatory behavior and put forward a corresponding taxonomy of prospection. The adaptive advantage of any memory system can only lie in what it contributes for future survival. The most flexible is episodic memory, which we suggest is part of a more general faculty of mental time travel that allows us not only to go back in time, but also to foresee, plan, and shape virtually any specific future event. We review comparative studies and find that, in spite of increased research in the area, there is as yet no convincing evidence for mental time travel in nonhuman animals. We submit that mental time travel is not an encapsulated cognitive system, but instead comprises several subsidiary mechanisms. A theater metaphor serves as an analogy for the kind of mechanisms required for effective mental time travel. We propose that future research should consider these mechanisms in addition to direct evidence of future-directed action. We maintain that the emergence of mental time travel in evolution was a crucial step towards our current success.
How developmental science contributes to theories of future thinking
Authors: Atance Cristina M. , Meltzoff Andrew N. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractActing in the present in anticipation of the future is argued to be a behavioral correlate of mental time travel (MTT). Yet, it is important to consider how other future-directed behaviors – including planning, delay of gratification, and acts of prospective memory – figure into a theory of MTT and future thinking more broadly. Developmental science can help in this formulation.
Memory, imagination, and the asymmetry between past and future
Authors: Merker Bjorn 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA number of difficulties encumber the Suddendorf & Corballis (S&C) proposal regarding mental time travel into the future. Among these are conceptual issues turning on the inherent asymmetry of time and causality with regard to past and future, and the bearing of such asymmetry on the uses and utility of retrospective versus prospective mental time travel, on which I comment.
Has mental time travel really affected human culture?
Authors: Mesoudi Alex 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSuddendorf & Corballis (S&C) claim that mental time travel has significantly affected human cultural change. This echoes a common criticism of theories of Darwinian cultural evolution: that, whereas evolution is blind, culture is directed by people who can foresee and plan for future events. Here I argue that such a claim is premature, and more rigorous tests of S&C's claim are needed.
Empirical evaluation of mental time travel
Authors: Raby Caroline , Alexis Dean , Dickinson Anthony , Clayton Nicola 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAlthough the mental time travel (MTT) hypothesis provides a rich, conceptual framework, the absence of clear, empirically tractable, behavioural criteria for determining the capacity for MTT restricts its usefulness in comparative research. Examples of empirical criteria for evaluating MTT in animals are given. We also question the authors' evaluation of semantic foresight and their even-handedness in assessing human and nonhuman behaviour.
First test, then judge future-oriented behaviour in animals
Authors: Sterck Elisabeth H. M. , Dufour Valérie 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSuddendorf & Corballis (S&C) argue that animals are not capable of mental time travel (MTT) or its components. However, new results on chimpanzees suggest that they plan for the future and possess some MTT components. Moreover, future-oriented behaviour and episodic-like memory in other animals suggest that not all animals are limited to the present. Animals' capacities should not be dismissed without testing them.
The medium and the message of mental time travel
Authors: Tulving Endel , Kim Alice 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe add one point to Suddendorf & Corballis's (S&C's) story of mental time travel: For the future success of this hot, new area of research, it is imperative to pay attention to the fundamental distinction between the general brain/mind capacity that makes possible conscious awareness of the past and the future (the “medium”), on the one hand, and specific expressions of this capacity in a large variety of future-related mental activities (the “message”), on the other.
Mental time travel across the disciplines: The future looks bright
Authors: Suddendorf Thomas , Corballis Michael C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThere is a growing interest in mental time travel in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, developmental psychology, comparative psychology, and evolutionary psychology. Here we review current issues in each of these disciplines. To help move the debates forward we name and distinguish 15 key hypotheses about mental time travel. We argue that foresight has for too long lived in the shadows of research on memory and call for further research efforts.
Parthenogenetic activation of bovine oocytes using single and combined strontium, ionomycin and 6-dimethylaminopurine treatments
Authors: Méo S.C. , Yamazaki W. , Ferreira C.R. , Perecin F. , Saraiva N.Z. , Leal C.L.V. , Garcia J.M. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIn vitro-matured (IVM) bovine oocytes were activated with single and combined treatments of strontium (S), ionomycin (I) and 6-DMAP (D). Using oocytes IVM for 26 h, we observed that activation altered cell cycle kinetics (faster progression, MIII arrest, or direct transition from MII to pronuclear stage) when compared toin vitrofertilization. The effect of oocyte age on early parthenogenesis was assessed in oocytes IVM for 22, 26 and 30 h. Better results in pronuclear development were obtained in treatments ISD (81.7%) at 22 h; D (66.7%), IS (63.3%), ID (73.3%) and ISD (76.7%) at 26 h; and D (86.7%), IS (85.0%) and ID (78.3%) at 30 h. Higher cleavage occurred on ISD (80.0%) at 22 h; ID (83.3%) and ISD (91.7%) at 26 h; and I (86.7%), IS (90.0%), ID (85.0%) and ISD (95.0%) at 30 h. More blastocysts were achieved in ID (25.0%) and ISD (18.3%) at 22 h; and in ID at 26 h (45.0%) and 30 h (50.0%). We also observed that IS allowed higher haploid (77.4%) embryonic development, whilst ID was better for diploid (89.1%) development. It was concluded that association of S and D without I was not effective for blastocyst development; treatments using S were less influenced by oocyte age, but when S was associated with D there was a detrimental effect on aged oocytes; treatment ISD promoted higher activation and cleavage rates in young oocytes and ID protocol was the best for producing blastocysts.