bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pregnant women with nonorganic psychosis: life situation and experience of pregnancy
Authors: McNeil T. F. , Kaij L. , Malmquist‐Larsson A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTEighty‐eight index women with a history of nonorganic psychosis and 104 demographically similar control women were interviewed during pregnancy after quickening concerning their experience of pregnancy and their current life situation. The index group, compared with controls, reported a significantly increased frequecy of material‐situational problems, interpersonal difficulties and a lack of support for the pregnancy among the spouse and the woman's parents, an initially unplanned and undesired pregnancy, a negative attitude toward the pregnancy after quickening, moderate‐to‐heavy smoking, nervousness and anxiety, panic about the delivery, and great concern about their own mental health in the near future. No significant difference between groups was found on frequency of typical pregnancy symptoms, the experienced effect of pregnancy on physical health or concerns about the child's health or mothering.
Expectations of improvement and attitudes to treatment proceses in relation to outcome with four treatment methods for phobic disorders
Authors: Persson G. , Nordlund C. L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTOne hundred and three agora‐ or sociophobic women who were not suitable for insight‐oriented psychotherapy filled in an inventory with questions pertaining to expectations as to improvement, and atitudes towards goal of treatment and function of the therapist. The patients received one of four randomly assigned types of outpatient treatment for 3 months. All patients received basal therapy in the form of medication, standardized information and selfexposure instructions. One group received this treatment only once a month (B). The others received in addition either therapist‐directed prolonged exposure in vivo (PE), dynamically oriented supportive therapy (ST), or relaxation therapy (R). The patients were rated by an independent rater with regard to symptoms and functions at the start and termination of the treatment, and at the end of the followup period 9 months after termination.1) The patient's expectation as to improvement was positively associated with outcome with R and B, but there was no association with PE and ST. Thus, expectancy was associated with outcome when the treatment given was fairly unspecific. 2) A good match between the patient's pretreatment attitude to the goal of treatment and how the therapist should function was associated with a better outcome.
Persistent discrepancy in international diagnostic practice since 1970
Authors: Saugstad L. F. , Ødegärd Ø. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTNational admission statistics by diagnosis since 1970, were available from seven WHO member countries. All had officially introduced the ICD 8, but only two countries strictly adhered to the ICD categories in practice. The new 3‐digit category 298 (Other psychosis) has met with no succes, nor did the new subgroups of schizophrenia with a favourable outcome (295.4, 295.5 and 295.7) gain much acceptance. The discrerepancy in diagnostic distribution is virtually unchanged from that before 1970 with a persistent wide concept of schizophrenia in U.S.A. and of depressive illness in England. A new feature is the striking increase in non‐psychotic admissions at a time when there is a marked decline in the hospital population. This is taken to indicate that the social stigma attached to the term psychosis persists, and is met with evasion. A preference for unspecified terms (fourth digit 9) is evident, as is the use of terms which leave open whether the patient is psychotic or not (311 in ICD 9). Evidently, instruction in the use of the WHO glossary is called for. In the U.S.A. the replacement of the ICD by the local classification DSM‐III is likely to accelerate the reluctance to accept international standards. Moreover, the development of local diagnostic systems for research purposes in England and U.S.A. is not without problems, as there is a disturbing lack of consensus in diagnosis between these two national systems. Obviously, we need the ICD with its clear concepts, and above all the ICD is valuable for securing continuity in diagnostic classification.
Psychological reactions to edentulousness and treatment with jawbone‐anchored bridges
Authors: Blomberg S. , Lindquist L. W. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT– Total edentulousness can lead to chewing problems as well as to feelings of insecurity and inferiority and considerable psycho‐social problems. For many people a conventional removable denture is unsatisfactory. A new method ‐ osseointegration ‐ involves a titanium screw being operated into the jawbone and the attachment pre‐ and postoperativelv 3 monts and then 2 years after the insertion pre‐ and postoperatively 3 months and then 2 years after the insertion of a jawbone‐anchored bridge.The majority of them state that there has been a significant improvement in their lives, that they have regained confidence in themselves, and that, in contrast to a conventional denture, they accept the fixed bridge as part of their body.More attention should be focused on psychological reactions to total edentulousness. Individuals who cannot be rehabilitated by means of conventional prosthetic procedures should be given the opportunity of having a jawbone‐anchored bridge inserted. Such treatment means an odontological and psycho‐social restitutio ad integrum.
Sulpiride in Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Gerlach J. , Casey D E 
Published: August 2007

Abstract The pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia (TD) appears to consist of a combination of a predisposing vulnerability of the patient and an antidopaminergic (neuroleptic) treatment. This combination may result in 1) a relative dopamine hyperreactivity associated with an increased number of dopamine receptors and/or a cholinergic hypo‐function (reversible TD), and 2) in long‐term treatment, degenerative phenomena leading to a decreased threshold for expressing dyskinetic symptoms (irreversible TD).Sulpiride, a selective D‐2 dopamine receptor blocker, is able to suppress TD without producing a reciprocal aggravation in parkinsonism, although in vulnerable patients it may induce/aggravate parkinsonian symptoms. Animal data suggest that sulpiride has less TD‐inducing effect than traditional neuroleptics, but long‐term clinical studies are still needed to prove this suggestion.Abstract
Relationship of free nortriptyline levels to therapeutic response
Authors: Perry P.J. , Browne J.L. , Alexander B. , Pfohl B.M. , Dunner F.J. , Sherman A.D. , Tsuang M.T. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT– The relationship between the free plasma concentration of nortriptyline and therapeutic reponse was examined. Eighteen depressed inpatients were treated for 21 days with steady state total nortriptyline plasma concentrations between 50–150 ng/ml. Steady state free nortriptyline concentrations were measured. The therapeutic nortriptyline response was measured by administering the Hamilton and the Carroll Rating scales at day zero and day 21.Statistical relationships between free levels of drug and clinical response were found to be insignificant. Qualitative assessment of the data suggest that free serum levels of nortriptyline in excess of 10 ng/ml may have an inhibitory effect on clinical response.
Profiles of antidepressant activity with the Montgomery‐Asberg depression rating scale
Authors: Montgomery Stuart A. , Smeyatsky N. , de Ruiter M. , Montgomery D. B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10 item severity scale constructed to be sensitive to change with treatment. It was designed to be sensitive for individual items and is therefore useful for measuring differential profiles of action. The MADRS profiles of activity were examined in a six‐week double‐blind comparative group study of depressed patients treated with mianserin or zimeldine. Three of the ten items on the MADRS showed individual significant advantages for mianserin, reduced sleep (weeks 1 and 3), concentration difficulties (week 1), and reduced appetite (week 3). These findings are in agreement with earlier reports of poor sleep and gastrointestinal upset associated with the 5‐HT uptake inhibitor zimeldine. The selective improvement in concentration difficulties and in the other items support the view that mianserin is particularly useful in alleviating the anxiety associated with depression. The sedative effect of mianserin did not appear to interfere with concentration. There were significant improvements in the mianserin‐treated group at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks for the MADRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Clinicians Global Impression scale. There was no significant advantage for mianserin at 5 and 6 weeks. The differential clinical effects were apparent early in the study but any selectivity of action appeared to be overwhelmed by the general antidepressant effect later in treatment.
REGISTER STUDIES: DATA FROM FOUR AREAS IN NORTHERN ITALY
Authors: Torre Eugenio , Marinoni Alessandra 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTDescriptive statistics derived from four psychiatric case‐register areas are presented. Attrition numbers of long‐stay inpatients and the accumulation of high‐user patients in non‐residential facilities are discussed, with the aim of providing tentative suggestions for a more rational planning of services. Similarities and differences among various areas of Northern Italy are also described.
Psychotherapeutically Oriented Treatment of Schizophrenia: Results of 5‐year‐follow‐up
Authors: ALANEN YRJÖ O , RÄKKÖLÄINEN VILJO , RASIMUS RIITTA , LAAKSO JUHANI , KALJONEN ANNE 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe authors have developed a psychotherapeutic approach to schizophrenia within the community psychiatric health care system. The orientation is psychodynamic but global in the meaning that the therapeutic plans are made on the basis of case‐specific need of the patients and of their families and include both individual psychotherapy, family therapy and therapeutic communities.The material is composed of 100 successive patients of the schizophrenia group aged 16 ‐ 44 years and for the first time admitted for treatment into the different units of the Turku Mental Health District in 1976‐77. A multiprofessional staff was acting as therapists, supported by a continuous and intensive on‐the‐job ‐training and supervision.The results preliminary reported in this paper are based on a follow‐up study 5 years after admission to treatment. 56 patients could be included in the psychotherapy group given at least some mode of psycho‐therapy in an adequate amount. The background variables of patients selected for various modes of therapy as well as the prognositc results are studied with the aid of logistic regression analyses.The findings indicate that the development of a global psychother‐apeutic orientation is possible in the field of community psychiatry and yields results that demonstrate its meaningfulness. The implementation of psychotherapy had clearly positive explanatory connections with a favourable prognosis, and although these connections were not equally strong as the connections of some central clinical and psycho‐social variables, they were obvious and manifold.
Aging and Schizophrenic Psychosis
Authors: CIOMPI LUC 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe author discusses the question of the interference of schizophrenia and aging, and specially of the impact of biologic and organic versus social and situational factors. The presentation is based on long‐term follow‐up‐studies by the author himself and others, showing favorable outcomes in about half of the cases. Contrary to general beliefs, old age has quite often a favorable influence, eg. by dampening acute productive symptoms and drives and by improving interpersonal relations. Psycho‐organic deterioration is hardly more frequent, in schizophrenics, than in the general population. In conclusion, in old age, too, schizophrenia does no longer appear as a fatally progressive organic disease, but as a multi‐conditional open life process in vulnerable individuals with persisting potential for improvement even in old age.
Depression Research: A Review with Special Emphasis Etiology
Authors: KRINGLEN EINAR 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this review of depression research the author has focused the attention on twin and adoption studies, although problems of classification, epidemiology, and biological and environmental factors related to depression are also touched upon.It is being noted that the available studies in the area are few, the number of twins in the various samples is small and the diagnostic classificationsvary. Of particular interest are the results presented by Bertelsen et al. (l), because of the large systematic sample. A summary of the studies that are based upon sampling through twin registers, i.e. the Scandinavian investigations, employing a relatively strict concept of manic depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder), gives a mean concordance of 50% in MZ twins and 15% in DZ twins. (1, 2, 3) Whereas genetical factors seem to play a significant role in the etiology of severely depressed subjects, there is no evidence that hereditary factors are of importance in the neurotic or reactive depressions, since concordance is low in both MZ and DZ (4).The available adoption studies are also few and replications are definitely necessary before one can arrive at firm conclusions. Mendlewicz & Rainer (5) reported more psychopathology of an affective nature in the biological parents of the adoptees with bipolar illnes than in the social parents. In contrast, von Knorring et al. (6) did not observe an increase in affective psychopathology in the biological parents of adoptees with affective disorder. Noteworthy is the excess of affective psychoses in the social parents.The author holds the view that any speculation with regard to genetic transmission is premature.Although the findings from the various investigations are not unambiguous, twin and adoption studies support the notion that genetic factors play a considerable role in bipolar disorder, whereas non‐bipolar depression is basically environmentally determined.
Changing Patterns of Mentall Health Care
Authors: HÄFNER HEINZ 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe evaluation of intra‐ and extramural psychiatric care nowadays calls for new models and methods of services research as the transition from custodial to community mental health care results in patterns of utilization of high complexity. Not only the capacity and the components of the care system has changed considerable but also the composition of the cared patient groups.In Mannheim 3/4 of the schizophrenic patients requiring institutioned care for one year or more are admitted to sheltered homes and appartments due to the establishment of complementary sevices in the last 15 years. Data of a representation cohort of 148 schizophrenics observed over a period of 18 months show that corresponding to the multiple needs of the patients multiple needs of the patients multiple utilization prevails. The efectiveness of extramural care can be demonstrated by a reduced probability of readmission to inpatient treatment.The economic efficiency of the provision of complementary care was evaluated by analyzing coostts of service use by the cohort. The diect costs per case of all the servies utilized over on year averaged 43% compared with an uninterrupted stay in a mental state hospital. Also in community mental health care almost 80% of the total costs accrue rom hospital readmission due to relapses.
Perphenazine Decanoate vs. Perphenazine Enanthate
Authors: Knudsen Peder , Hansen Lars Bolvig , Auken Grete , Wæhrens Jens , Højholdt Karsten , Larsen Niels‐Erik 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn a six‐week randomized, double‐blind study the efficacy and side effects of perphenazine decanoate (PD) and perphenazine enanthate (PE) were evaluated and compared in 26 and 24 acute psychotic patients respectively. Of either formulation 100 mg were administered intramuscularly every two weeks. Maximum and minimum plasma concentrations of perphenazine were measured for each injection period using gas liquid chromatography. There was no statistically significant difference between PD and PE in terms of overall antipsychotic efficacy, assessed by means of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). However, when an ‘Amelioration Score’ (AMS) of at least 50% of the totally obtainable scores was defined as individual response criterion it was revealed that in the PD group only one patient (4%) did not meet this criterion, compared with six patients (25%) in the PE group. Extrapyramidal side effects were significantly more pronounced in the PE‐treated patients, who also required significantly higher amounts of antiparkinson medication. The mean maximum concentration of perphenazine in plasma was 5.0 nmol/l in the PD, and 10.6 nmol/l in the PE‐treated patients. The ratio of the mean maximum to the mean minimum concentraion was 1.41 and 4.02 in the decanoate and enanthate groups respectively.In the patients treated with PD there were signs of accumulation indicating the possibility of prolonging dosage intervals. The present study yielded further support to previous findings demonstrating that intramuscular administration of PD dissolved in sesame oil, in contrast to PE, results in even and flat plasma perphenazine concentration curves, which not only provides a stable antipsychotic effect but also most likely carry the responsibility for the low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects observed.
The effect of lithium on platelet count
Authors: Balon R. , Berchou R. , Lycaki H. , Pohl R. B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of lithium on platelet count was studied by examing 12 patients treated with lithium carbonate without any additional medication, 13 patients treated with lithium carbonate with additional psychotropic medication, 25 patients with major affective disorder prior to any treatment, 25 patients with panic disorder prior to any treatment and 25 healthy controls. The platelet counts were increased in the group of subjects treated with lithium carbonate without any additional psychotropic medication. The increase was not clinically significant.
Experiences from a marital‐sex therapy clinic in Nairobi
Authors: Ndetei D. M. , Wazome E. G. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTOut of 100 first referrals to a newly started family/marital ‐ sex therapy clinic in Nairobi, 52 cases were studied for sociodemographic characteristics, help‐seeking pattern for their sexual problems, presentation of the sexual problems, factors that might sustain the sexual problems, types of sexual problems and the treatment approaches. There was a male preponderance. Both married and non‐married patients were seen. The problems tended to occur in relatively young people, and for those who were married in relatively early years of their marriage. The patients attributed the causes of the sexual problems to physical rather than psychological factors, although objective assessment found relatively very few possible physical causes. Elementary rather than subtle psychological causes were frequent. These formed fertile grounds for intervention. The findings are discussed in the light of the social‐cultural context in which they were obtained.
Detection of physical disorder in newly admitted psychiatric patients
Authors: Ferguson B. , Dudleston K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTScreening tests for the detection of physical illness in 650 newly admitted psychiatric patients were examined critically. Almost 17% of these investigations were found to be abnormal and certain high risk groups were identified. These included patients suffering from significant weight loss, substance abuse, disorientation and self‐neglect in addition to the elderly and patients with clinical evidence of physical disorder on examination. The young and physically fit had the least number of abnormalities, and it is suggested that more clinical common sense should determine the screening procedure and that no test is rightly “routine”.
Parapartum mental illness: timing of illness onset and its relation to symptoms and sociodemographic characteristics
Authors: Bågedahl‐Strindlund M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTClinical pictures and certain sociodemographic factors were studied retrospectively in all women in the county of Stockholm who had a baby during 1976–77 and also had been admitted to a psychiatric department after the 20th week of pregnancy or during the first postpartum year. The sample was classified according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria. A significant rise in the incidence of mental illness was found within the first 3 months postpartum and particularly so within 1 month postpartum as compared with during pregnancy and the following 9 months. This peak in incidence was due to a rise in the number of women classified as Unspecified Functional Psychosis. The nosology of postpartum psychosis is discussed. An increased frequency of neurotic or minor psychiatric disorders was noted during pregnancy as compared with the first 3 months postpartum and the following 9 months. No associations were found between the sociodemographic factors considered and the time of illness onset, although marital discord tended to be more frequent in women with onset of illness during pregnancy.
Immunoglobulin and C3 abnormalities in acute psychiatric disorders
Authors: Ahokas A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn a prospective study of 54 patients with acute psychiatric disorders, elevated absolute concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM and complement factor C3 were found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in seven (P< 0.001), eight (P< 0.01) and in four patients, respectively, and in serum in seven, 19 and 17 patients (P< 0.001 in all), respectively, quantified by automated immunoprecipitin nephelometry in unconcentrated CSF and serum and compared with neurological controls with peripheral neurological symptoms. Elevation of the IgG‐index was observed in seven patients (P< 0.001) and CSF/S albumin ratio in four patients (P< 0.05). The presence of oligoclonal IgG bands was found in 22 patiens (P< 0.001). The results suggest that viral infections, inflammatory and autoimmune processes may have significance in the etiopathogenesis of acute psychiatric disorders.
Identifying children at high somatic risk: long‐term effects on mother‐child interaction
Authors: McNeil T. F. , Harty B. , Thelin T. , Aspegren‐Jansson E. , Sveger T. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe identification of α1 antitrypsin deficiency (ATD) by neonatal screening was hypothesized to have had negative long‐term effects on the mother‐child relationship. This hypothesis was tested by studying selected aspects of mother‐child interaction in a structured task situation in the home, and comparing 53 cases with clinically healthy 5–7‐year‐old children with ATD versus 52 control cases with children without ATD. The mothers in the two groups did not differ notably from each other. However, as compared with controls, ATD‐children were found to evidence considerably more problematic behavior in interacting with their mothers (being e.g. inappropriately childish, silly, precocious, inhibited, tense, irritated). The findings were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis of a negative long‐term effect of identifying the child's ATD.