bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Episodic psychiatric disorders in teenagers with learning disabilities with and without autism
Authors: Bradley Elspeth , Bolton Patrick 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundMental health problems in people with learning disabilities and autism are poorly understood.AimsTo investigate the prevalence of episodic psychiatric disorders in a sample of teenagers with learning disabilities with and without autism.MethodTeenagers with learning disabilities living in one geographical area were identified. Those with autism were matched to those without. A semi– structured investigator-based interview linked to Research Diagnostic Criteria was used to assess prevalence and type of episodic disorders.ResultsSignificantly more individuals with autism had a lifetime episodic disorder, most commonly major depression. Two individuals with autism had bipolar affective disorder. Other episodic disorders with mood components and behaviour change were also evident, as were un classifiable disorders characterised by complex psychiatric symptoms, chronicity and general deterioration. Antipsychotics and stimulants were most frequently prescribed; the former associated with episodic disorder, the latter with autism.ConclusionsTeenagers with learning disabilities and autism have higher rates of episodic psychiatric disorders than those with learning disabilities alone.
Contribution of depression and anxiety to impaired health-related quality of life following first myocardial infarction
Authors: Dickens Chris M. , McGowan Linda , Percival Carol , Tomenson Barbara , Cotter Lawrence , Heagerty Anthony , Creed Francis H. 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundThe extent to which depression impairs health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the physically ill has not been clearly established.AimsTo quantify the adverse influence of depression and anxiety assessed at the time of first myocardial infarction and 6 months later, on the physical aspect of HRQoL 12 months after the infarction.MethodIn all, 260 in-patients, admitted following first myocardial infarction, completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Medical Outcomes Study SF–36 assessment before discharge and at 6- and 12-month follow-up.ResultsDepression and anxiety 6 months after myocardial infarction predicted subsequent impairment in the physical aspects of HRQoL (attributable adjusted R2=9%, P<0.0005). These negative effects of depression and anxiety on outcome were mediated by feelings of fatigue. Depression and anxiety present before myocardial infarction did not predict HRQoL 12 months after myocardial infarction.ConclusionsDetection and treatment of depression and anxiety following myocardial infarction improve the patient's health-related quality of life.
Theoretical Studies on the Structure and Dynamics of Water, Ice, and Clathrate Hydrate
Authors: Tanaka Hideki , Koga Kenichiro 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We have investigated various anomalous properties of water such as the divergent character of the thermodynamic functions and liquid–liquid transition in supercooled water, the phase behaviors of water and new ices in nanoscale confinement, the thermodynamic stability of clathrate hydrates over a wide range of pressure, and anomalous thermodynamic and structural properties of ices. These are studied by some theoretical calculations and Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics computer simulations. It is demonstrated that the potential energy surface and the connectivity of supercooled water are keys to understand why liquid–liquid transition can take place in deeply supercooled water. A tetrahedral coordination of water is preserved even in extreme confinements, forming tubule ice and bilayer crystalline (or amorphous) ice, although the heavy stress makes the bond angles and lengths different from the ideal values. Thermodynamic stability of clathrate hydrates, including double occupancy, is more accurately predicted by considering the host–guest coupling and other factors. The negative thermal expansivity and the change in slope of the Debye–Waller factor of ice are explained with a simple model of water.
One-Pot Synthesis of Soluble Precursors Possessing Both Al–N and B–N Backbones and Their Pyrolysis
Authors: Mori Yusuke , Sugahara Yoshiyuki 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Soluble precursors possessing both Al–N and B–N backbones have been prepared from LiAlH4, LiBH4, and RNH2·HCl (R = Me and Et) in one pot. The infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the precursors indicate that the precursors possess Al–H and B–H groups as well as Al–N, B–N, Al–(μ-H)2–Al, and Al–(μ-H)2–B bonds. TG analysis reveals that the ceramic yield of the precursor [AB11_Me (LiAlH4/LiBH4/MeNH2·HCl = 1/1/2)] up to 1000 °C under an argon atmosphere is 74.4 mass %. The transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of AB11_Me that was pyrolyzed at 1600 °C indicate that the average size of crystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) is about 14 nm and that crystalline AlN particles are distributed homogeneously in an amorphous matrix.
A Simple Preconcentration-Storing Technique Based on Sulfide Precipitation for Multipoint Monitoring of Mercury in Rainwater and Snow by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Kagaya Shigehiro , Serikawa Yuka , Yashima Ryosuke , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Hasegawa Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A preconcentration-storing technique that does not require any special or expensive apparatus and reagents was developed to monitor mercury in rainwater and snow at many points as simultaneously as possible. A commercially available sodium hypochlorite solution was added to the sample solution to prevent a decrease in mercury concentration after sampling. Mercury(II) ion (0.5–50 ng) in 500 mL of the sample solution was concentrated by adding zinc(II) ion and a small amount of sulfide ion and then coagulating/coprecipitating with Zn(OH)2 or ZnS after reduction of residual hypochlorite by addition of hydroxylammonium chloride. The supernatant solution was discarded by decantation, and the solution including the precipitates could be stored for at least 20 days without any loss of mercury. The recoveries of mercury(II) ion from the 500 mL of the sample solutions spiked with mercury(II) ions were 99–109%, with standard deviation ranges of 3–8%, although the recovery of methylmercury(II) ion was 68 ± 5%. Using this technique, the determination of mercury in rainwater and snow was demonstrated at Toyama Prefecture, Japan, from April 2004 to February 2005; mercury levels ranging from 2.7 to 33.7 ng L−1 were found.
Development of a New Type of Open Tubular Capillary Liquid Chromatography System Based on Microphase Separation of Mixed Solvents
Authors: Tabata Masaaki , Wu Ying Guang , Charoenraks Thiraporn , Samaratunga Sethsiri Sunil 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This paper describes a new type of open tubular capillary liquid chromatography (OTCLC) which utilizes the microheterogenities and preferential solvation phenomena in organic-water mixed solvents. Several model compounds have been separated by the proposed OTCLC system, and it has been confirmed the separation occurs due to the micro-phase separation of the mobile phase enhanced by salts. The well-known Golay equations were applied to characterize and optimize the OTCLC system.
Geometrical Analysis to Understand the Ability of Halogen Atoms to Act as Hydrogen-Bond Acceptors: A Structural Database Study
Authors: Malathy Sony Subramanian Manimekalai , Ponnuswamy Mondikalipudur Nanjappa 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Non-covalent interactions involving halogen atoms play a major role in supramolecular chemistry, biochemistry, coordination and organometallic chemistry and also act as conformation-determining factors. Therefore, the hydrogen-bonding nature of the halogen acceptors in solid state are analyzed statistically, and the geometrical characteristics of weak hydrogen-bonded interactions are studied for the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon atom donors. The hybridization states of the donor atoms and the different coordination environment of the halogen acceptors were also considered. The distance and the directionality characteristics that dictate the hydrogen bonds are given importance. Oxygen and nitrogen donors both showed the ability to form a strong hydrogen bond whereas carbon donors formed weak hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen-bonding nature of the carbon donor with a halogen acceptor was proven with this analysis; however, it had a hydrogen···acceptor distance cutoff of 2.7 Å for chlorine. Different hybridization states of the donor atoms did not significantly change the nature of the interaction; however, various coordination environments had some effect.
Reversible Photodissociation of Hexacarbonyl Tungsten in Cross-Linked Polymers
Authors: Watanabe Akira , Watanabe Tomoko , Shan Yue Jin , Tezuka Keitaro , Imoto Hideo , Uedono Akira 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Reversible photochromic reaction of hexacarbonyltungsten(0) caused by the photodissociation of a carbonyl ligand was studied in cross-linked transparent polymers: polymer of bis(hydroxymethyl)tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]decane dimethacrylate (A) and polymer of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane tetrakis(acrylate) (B). Rate constants of the photodissociation and recombination reactions were determined from the observed spectral changes. Because the dimensions of the cavities in these polymers, determined by the positron annihilation experiments, were similar to those of the complex [W(CO)6], the photoactivated complexes could contribute to the coloring of the polymer only when the dissociated CO molecule moved to the neighboring space. In polymer B, with a higher density of cross-links between polymer chains, the complex had a higher dissociation rate constant but a lower saturation concentration. These results indicated that the kinetics of the dissociation are controlled by thermal motion of the polymer chains around the gate to the neighboring space. The decay of the complex after recycling of the dissociation–recombination process was much smaller in polymers, especially in polymer B, than in DMF solution.
Utilization of an Aromatic [4.4.4]Propellane as Thermally Stable Hole-Transport Materials in OLEDs
Authors: Kimura Makoto , Kuwano Seiichi , Shimada Kou , Kamata Ryouko , Yasuda Shuji , Sawaki Yasuhiko , Fujikawa Hisayoshi , Noda Koji , Taga Yasunori , Takagi Katsuhiko 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
In order to develop the thermally stable hole-transport materials (HTMs) in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), hexabenzo-annulated [4.4.4]propellane that has three-biphenyl substructures around the C–C hub has been exploited as the core substance. Introduction of bis-, tetrakis-, or hexakis(diphenylamino) substituents at the 4 and 4′-positions of each biphenyl moiety leads to monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric derivatives of N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenylbenzidine; N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine (TPD) has excellent electroluminescent (EL) characteristics but low thermal stability. The key step in the preparation of these derivatives (2S-, 4S-, and 6S-P) was the coupling of appropriate fluorenes with requisite ortho-bromo biphenyl compounds. All of these had not only excellent EL characteristics, but also glass transition temperatures (Tg) of over 120 °C which was higher than that of TPD (62 °C) representative of the HTM. This result is consistent with that the parent hydrocarbon is unusually stable even at 300 °C. Structural effects of the present monomeric to trimeric TPD analogues on the thermal stability and EL characteristics are discussed.
Potentiometric investigations on the interaction of humic acid with Cu(II) and Eu(III) ions
Authors: Kolokassidou Constantina , Pashalidis Ioannis 
Published: November 2006

The interaction of Cu(II) and Eu(III) ions with humic acid has been studied by potentiometry under normal atmospheric conditions at pH 6,I=0.1 M (NaClO4) at room temperature (23±2 °C). The investigation was performed for the Cu(II) ion directly by means of a Cu2+ion selective electrode, whereas for the Eu(III) ion it was indirectly based on competition reactions between the Cu(II) ion and the Eu(III) ion. The evaluation of the conditional formation constants, which was based on the charge neutralization model, resulted in as follows:logβ(Cu-HA(II)) = 5.6±0.3logβ(Eu-HA(III)) = 6.2±0.5
The fate of the epsilon phase (Mo-Ru-Pd-Tc-Rh) in the UO2 of the Oklo natural fission reactors
Authors: Utsunomiya Satoshi , Ewing Rodney C. 
Published: November 2006

In spent nuclear fuel (SNF), the micrometer- to nanometer-sized epsilon phase (Mo-Ru-Pd-Tc-Rh) is an important host of 99Tc which has a long half life (2.13×105 years) and can be an important contributor to dose in safety assessments of nuclear waste repositories. In order to examine the occurrence and the fate of the epsilon phase during the corrosion of SNF over long time periods, samples of uraninite from the Oklo natural reactors (∼ 2.0 Ga) have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Because essentially all of the 99Tc has decayed to 99Ru, this study focuses on 4d-elements of the epsilon phase. Samples were obtained from the research collection at University of Michigan representing reactor zone (RZ) 10 (836, 819, 687) and from RZ 13 (864, 910).
Several phases with 4d-metals have been identified within UO2 matrix at the scale of 50−700 nm; froodite, PdBi2, with trace amounts of As, Fe, and Te, and palladodymite or rhodarsenide, (Pd,Rh)2As. The most abundant 4d-metal phase is ruthenarsenite, (Ru,Ni)As, which has a representative composition: As, 59.9; Co, 2.5; Ni, 5.2; Ru, 18.6; Rh, 8.4; Pd, 3.1; Sb, 2.4 in atomic %. Ruthenarsenite nanoparticles are typically surrounded by Pb-rich domains, galena in most cases; whereas, some particles reveal a complexly zoned composition within the grain, such as a Pb-rich domain at the core and enrichment of Ni, Co, and As at the rim.
Some ruthenarsenites and Rh-Bi-particles are embedded in surrounding alteration products, e.g., chlorite, adjacent to uraninite (no further than ∼5 μm). A few of those particles are still coated by a Pb-rich layer. Based on these results, the history that epsilon phases have experienced can be described as follows: (i) The original epsilon phase was changed to, in most cases, ruthenarsenite, by As-rich fluids with other trace metals. Dissolution and a simultaneous precipitation may be responsible for the phase change. (ii) All Mo and most of the Tc were released from the epsilon phase. Galena precipitated surrounding the 4d-metal phases. (iii) Once the uraninite matrix has dissolved, the epsilon nanoparticles were released and “captured” within alteration phases that are immediately adjacent to the uraninite.
Use of thermodynamic sorption models to derive radionuclide K
d values for performance assessment: selected results and recommendations of the NEA sorption project
Authors: Ochs Michael , Davis James A. , Olin Markus , Payne Timothy E. , Tweed Cherry J. , Askarieh M. M. , Altmann S. 
Published: November 2006

For the safe final disposal and/or long-term storage of radioactive wastes, deep or near-surface underground repositories are being considered world-wide. A central safety feature is the prevention, or sufficient retardation, of radionuclide (RN) migration to the biosphere. To this end, radionuclide sorption is one of the most important processes. Decreasing the uncertainty in radionuclide sorption may contribute significantly to reducing the overall uncertainty of a performance assessment (PA).
For PA, sorption is typically characterised by distribution coefficients (K
d values). The conditional nature of K
d requires different estimates of this parameter for each set of geochemical conditions of potential relevance in a RN´s migration pathway. As it is not feasible to measure sorption for every set of conditions, the derivation of K
d for PA must rely on data derived from representative model systems. As a result, uncertainty in K
d is largely caused by the need to derive values for conditions not explicitly addressed in experiments.
The recently concluded NEA Sorption Project [1] showed that thermodynamic sorption models (TSMs) are uniquely suited to derive K
d as a function of conditions, because they allow a direct coupling of sorption with variable solution chemistry and mineralogy in a thermodynamic framework. The results of the project enable assessment of the suitability of various TSM approaches for PA-relevant applications as well as of the potential and limitations of TSMs to model RN sorption in complex systems.
Evaluation of the Recovery Period in Mark–Recapture Population Estimates of Rainbow Trout in Small Streams
Authors: Temple Gabriel M. , Pearsons Todd N. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We compared the backpack electrofishing capture efficiencies and Petersen-type mark–recapture abundance estimates of resident rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss that had recovered for 24 h versus 3 h after electrofishing, handling, marking, and release in thirteen 100-m sites in four Yakima River basin tributary streams in central Washington State. Our results indicate that the catchability of rainbow trout was not significantly different between the two recovery periods (P = 0.27). Similarly, Petersen-type mark–recapture abundance estimates did not differ between the two recovery periods (P = 0.20). Despite vigilant effort at installing and maintaining block nets during the 24-h period, we detected fish movement out of 75% of our sites. In addition, our block nets collapsed or were destroyed by small animals in 36% of sites used for a 24-h recovery period; therefore, valid estimates could not be calculated. In contrast, no movement or net failure was detected during the 3-h recovery period. Some of the advantages of a 3-h recovery period between mark–recapture backpack electrofishing events include (1) increased probability of generating a population estimate because of a low threat of block-net failure; (2) lower probability of violating the movement assumption associated with the Petersen-type mark–recapture estimator; and (3) completion of field sampling within a single site visit on a single day. We believe that these advantages should be considered when designing sampling protocols for enumerating stream fish populations.
Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Endangered Colorado Pikeminnow: A Comparison among Hatchery Stocks and Historic Specimens
Authors: Borley Kimberly , White Matthew M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius is a federally endangered species restricted to the Colorado River. Dexter National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center, Dexter, New Mexico, maintains three separate captive stocks of the Colorado pikeminnow: 1974YC (Yampa River), 1981YC (Green–Colorado rivers), and 1991YC (Colorado River). We surveyed mitochondrial DNA diversity in these three stocks (879 base pairs [bp]; ND-4L and ND-4 genes; N = 30) and in museum specimens collected from 1890 to 1976 (450 bp; ND-4; N = 11). All individuals had the same haplotype except for a 1-bp variant detected in 2 of the 12 fish from 1981YC. The low variation is postulated to be the result of a post-Pleistocene bottleneck in the wild and small sizes of the hatchery founder populations.
Predicted Changes in Subyearling Fall Chinook Salmon Rearing and Migratory Habitat under Two Drawdown Scenarios for John Day Reservoir, Columbia River
Authors: Tiffan Kenneth F. , Garland Rodney D. , Rondorf Dennis W. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We evaluated the potential effects of two different drawdown scenarios on rearing and migration habitat of subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in John Day Reservoir on the Columbia River. We compared habitats at normal operating pool elevation with habitats at drawdown to spillway crest elevation and drawdown to the historical natural river elevation for two flows (4,417 and 8,495 m3/s). Using two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling and a predictive habitat model, we determined the quantity and spatial distribution of rearing habitat and predicted water velocities. We predicted that the most habitat area would occur under normal pool elevation, but 93% of habitat was located in the upper third of the reservoir. Although less habitat area was predicted under drawdown to the spillway crest and the natural river, it was distributed more homogeneously throughout the study area. Habitat connectivity, patch size, and percent of suitable shoreline were greatest under drawdown to the natural river elevation. Mean cross-sectional water velocity and the variation in velocity increased with increasing level of reservoir drawdown. Water velocities under drawdown to the natural river were about twice as high as those under drawdown to spillway crest and five times higher than those under normal pool. The variability in water velocity, which may provide cues to fish migration, was highest under drawdown to the natural river and lowest under normal pool elevation. The extent to which different drawdown scenarios would be effective in John Day Reservoir depends in part on restoring normative riverine processes.
Effectiveness of Atimycin-A as a Toxicant for Control of Invasive Asian Swamp Eels
Authors: Reinert Thomas R. , Straight Carrie A. , Freeman Byron J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus is native to southeast Asia but has established populations in several locations within the United States. These eels grow up to 1 m long and may prey on or compete with native fishes and amphibians. Additionally, these eels are obligate air-breathers, can survive long periods out of water, and will travel over land in search of new habitats when necessary. As early as 1990, Asian swamp eels were introduced to several ponds at a local nature center near Atlanta, Georgia, within the Chattahoochee River drainage basin; individuals have since migrated to an adjacent marsh of the Chattahoochee River. Because this population is relatively contained, several methods for control, containment, and possible eradication are being investigated. Juvenile and adult swamp eels primarily obtain oxygen through surface air, although very young eels absorb oxygen directly through their skin. Because they are obligate air-breathers, standard piscicides (e.g., rotenone and antimycin-A) that are transmitted across the gill membrane may not be effective. Nonetheless, we tested the effectiveness of antimycin-A on 2–3-week-old Asian swamp eels in case transmission occurred across the epidermis. We tested antimycin-A concentrations of 2, 5, 10, and 100 nL/L (ppb). No concentration was effective at killing Asian swamp eels, although golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas were susceptible at 10 nL/L. Eels that have not undergone metamorphosis (&lt;10 d old) may be susceptible to piscicides such as antimycin-A, but the lack of effectiveness at the early life stage we tested indicates that eradication through such toxicants probably is not a feasible control method.