bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic analysis reveals that Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence is combinatorial
Authors: Lee Daniel G , Urbach Jonathan M , Wu Gang , Liberati Nicole T , Feinbaum Rhonda L , Miyata Sachiko , Diggins Lenard T , He Jianxin , Saucier Maude , Déziel Eric , Friedman Lisa , Li Li , Grills George , Montgomery Kate , Kucherlapati Raju , Rahme Laurence G , Ausubel Frederick M 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Background
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium and an important opportunistic human pathogen. Generally, the acquisition of genes in the form of pathogenicity islands distinguishes pathogenic isolates from nonpathogens. We therefore sequenced a highly virulent strain of P. aeruginosa, PA14, and compared it with a previously sequenced (and less pathogenic) strain, PAO1, to identify novel virulence genes.

Results
The PA14 and PAO1 genomes are remarkably similar, although PA14 has a slightly larger genome (6.5 megabses [Mb]) than does PAO1 (6.3 Mb). We identified 58 PA14 gene clusters that are absent in PAO1 to determine which of these genes, if any, contribute to its enhanced virulence in a Caenorhabditis elegans pathogenicity model. First, we tested 18 additional diverse strains in the C. elegans model and observed a wide range of pathogenic potential; however, genotyping these strains using a custom microarray showed that the presence of PA14 genes that are absent in PAO1 did not correlate with the virulence of these strains. Second, we utilized a full-genome nonredundant mutant library of PA14 to identify five genes (absent in PAO1) required for C. elegans killing. Surprisingly, although these five genes are present in many other P. aeruginosa strains, they do not correlate with virulence in C. elegans.

Conclusion
Genes required for pathogenicity in one strain of P. aeruginosa are neither required for nor predictive of virulence in other strains. We therefore propose that virulence in this organism is both multifactorial and combinatorial, the result of a pool of pathogenicity-related genes that interact in various combinations in different genetic backgrounds.
Impairment of T cell interactions with antigen-presenting cells by immunosuppressive drugs reveals involvement of calcineurin and NF-κB in immunological synapse formation
Authors: Zeyda Maximilian , Geyeregger René , Poglitsch Marko , Weichhart Thomas , Zlabinger Gerhard J , Koyasu Shigeo , Hörl Walter H , Stulnig Thomas M , Watschinger Bruno , Saemann Marcus D 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA stable supramolecular cluster in T cells at the contact site of APCs, the immunological synapse (IS), is essential for full T cell activation. Failure of IS maturation, as determined by defective relocalization of the TCR/CD3 complex at the T cell/APC contact site, is linked with T cell hyporesponsiveness. The effects of clinically used immunosuppressants on these critical events, however, are undefined. Here, we show that treatment of T cells with cyclosporin A, FK506, and dexamethasone, which are known to inhibit calcineurin and NF-κB, respectively, but not rapamycin, the inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, selectively prevented TCR/CD3 relocalization into the IS, while relocalization of adhesion and cytoskeletal proteins as well as T cell/APC conjugate formation remained unaltered. The involvement of calcineurin and NF-κB in IS maturation was confirmed by using specific inhibitors of these molecules (FR901725, gossypol, SN50). FK778, as an inhibitor of DNA replication and also TCR/CD3-activated tyrosine kinases, globally abrogated cytoskeletal, adhesion, and signaling molecule relocalization, thereby preventing formation of an IS at an earlier, immature stage along with impaired, antigen-specific T cell/APC conjugate formation. Collectively, blocking IS formation at distinct stages may mediate effects on T cell activation of currently used immunosuppressants, apart from their capacity to block gene transcription, cytokine signaling, and DNA replication. Furthermore, these data imply novel functions of calcineurin and NF-κB for successful IS maturation.
New Durable Sealant of Telechelic Polyacrylate
Authors: Masaoka Y , Nakagawa Y , Hasegawa T , Ando H 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss the application possibilities of a novel telechelic acrylic polymer (NTP) which we have been developing as a versatile base polymer for sealants and adhesives. Due to its unique features, our NTP is expected to offer a variety of applications, including the one for sealants applied in contact with self-cleaning glass (SCG). Our discussion here focuses on the possibilities of this particular application. SCG possesses a photocatalyst layer which enables two reactions, i.e., lessening the contact angle of the glass surface and decomposing organic compounds on the glass surface, by reacting with sunlight. The reactions help wash off dust from the glass surface, mainly by rainwater, to maintain the clearness and beauty of the glass used for building windows in particular. Conventional sealants for this application often lack sufficient weatherability or risk, or a combination thereof contaminating the glass surface causing hydrophobicity. The NTP sealants, on the other hand, has no surface-polluting substances such as a low-molecular-weight silicone often contained in silicone sealants, while maintaining high weatherability. We have conducted our research to study the weatherability of the NTP sealants on SCG and the possible contamination of the SCG surface by the sealants. Our studies have found that the NTP sealants retain good adhesiveness after more than 10 000 h of exposure to UV irradiation (in a Super Xenon Weather Meter) at the interface between the sealant and the glass. We also have found almost no contamination on the SCG surface by the NTP sealants, demonstrated by the results of our tests conducted to measure the contact angles of sealant samples to the glass, through outdoor exposure for about two months.
A Comparison of Predictions From Probabilistic Crack Growth Models Inferred From Virkler's Data
Authors: Cross RJ , Makeev A , Armanios E 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The significant variability observed in fatigue crack growth experiments requires application of probabilistic modeling techniques to fatigue analyses. In this work, philosophical and practical concerns for probabilistic modeling are discussed. Several probabilistic fatigue models are derived from the Virkler data and then used to make predictions under a different loading condition. This comparison of predictions demonstrates their sensitivity to the choice of model. In this effort a method for inference of random process parameters and corresponding confidence limits from highly statistically dependent observations is developed.
Generation and Characterization of Rabbit Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Wang Shufen , Tang Xianghui , Niu Yuyu , Chen Hongwei , Li Bin , Li Tianqing , Zhang Xiuzhen , Hu Zhixin , Zhou Qi , Ji Weizhi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We described the derivation of four stable pluripotent rabbit embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines, one (RF) from blastocysts fertilized in vivo and cultured in vitro and three (RP01, RP02, and RP03) from parthenogenetic blastocysts. These ESC lines have been cultivated for extended periods (RF &gt;1 year, RP01 &gt;8 months, RP02 &gt;8 months, and RP03 &gt;6 months) in vitro while maintaining expression of pluripotent ESC markers and a normal XY or XX karyotype. The ESCs from all lines expressed alkaline phosphatase, transcription factor Oct-4, stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEA-1, SSEA-3, and SSEA-4), and the tumor-related antigens (TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81). Similar to human and mouse ESCs, rabbit ESCs expressed pluripotency (Oct-4, Nanog, SOX2, and UTF-1) and signaling pathway genes (fibroblast growth factor, WNT, and transforming growth factor pathway). Morphologically, rabbit ESCs resembled primate ESCs, whereas their proliferation characteristics were more like those seen in mouse ESCs. Rabbit ESCs were induced to differentiate into many cell types in vitro and formed teratomas with derivatives of the three major germ layers in vivo when injected into severe combined immunodeficient mice. Our results showed that pluripotent, stable ESC lines could be derived from fertilized and parthenote-derived rabbit embryos.
Distinct Population of Hair Cell Progenitors Can Be Isolated from the Postnatal Mouse Cochlea Using Side Population Analysis
Authors: Savary Etienne , Hugnot Jean Philippe , Chassigneux Yolaine , Travo Cecile , Duperray Christophe , Van De Water Thomas , Zine Azel 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In mammals, the permanence of hearing loss is due mostly to the incapacity of the cochlea to replace lost mechano-receptor cells (i.e., hair cells [HCs]). The generation of new HCs from a renewable source of progenitors is a principal requirement for developing a cell therapy within this sensory organ. A subset of stem cells, termed side population (SP), has been identified in several tissues of mammals. The ATP-binding cassette transporter Abcg2/Bcrp1 contributes to the specification of the SP phenotype and is proposed as a universal marker for stem/progenitor cells. A defining character of these SP cells is a high efflux capacity for Hoechst dye. Here, we demonstrate that Abcg2 transporter is expressed with two other stem/progenitor cell markers (i.e., Nestin and Musashi1) in distinct and overlapping domains of the supporting cells within the postnatal cochlea. We have developed and describe a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technique that enables the purification of a discrete subpopulation of SP-supporting cells from the early postnatal mouse cochlea based on their ability to exclude Hoechst dye. These FACS-isolated cells can divide and express markers of stem/progenitor cells such as Abcg2, a determinant of the SP phenotype, and Musashi1, a neural stem/progenitor cell marker. These markers can differentiate cells expressing markers of HCs and supporting cells in vitro. Our observation that these SP cells are capable of differentiating into HC-like cells implies a possible use for such cells (i.e., the replacement of lost auditory HCs within damaged cochlea).
Identification of Candidate Murine Esophageal Stem Cells Using a Combination of Cell Kinetic Studies and Cell Surface Markers
Authors: Croagh Daniel , Phillips Wayne A. , Redvers Rick , Thomas Robert J.S. , Kaur Pritinder 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe identification and characterization of esophageal stem cells are critical to our understanding of the biology of the esophageal epithelium in health and disease. However, the proliferative compartment within the mouse esophageal epithelium remains poorly characterized. Here, we report that the basal cells of the mouse esophagus can be separated into three phenotypically and functionally distinct subpopulations based on the expression of α6 integrin and transferrin receptor (CD71). Cells that express high levels of α6 integrin and low levels of CD71, termed α6briCD71dim, are a minor subpopulation of small and undifferentiated cells that are enriched for label-retaining cells and thus represent a putative esophageal stem cell population. Conversely, cells expressing high levels of both α6 integrin and CD71 (α6briCD71bri), the majority of basal esophageal cells, are enriched for actively cycling cells and therefore represent a transit-amplifying population. Kinetic analyses revealed that a third cell population, which is α6 integrin-dim and CD71-bright (α6dim), is destined to leave the basal layer and differentiate.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Modulates Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts and Human ESCs (hESCs) to Support hESC Self-Renewal
Authors: Greber Boris , Lehrach Hans , Adjaye James 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is known to promote self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). In addition, it has been shown that transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling is crucial in that the TGFβ/Activin/Nodal branch of the pathway needs to be activated and the bone morphogenic protein (BMP)/GDF branch repressed to prevent differentiation. This holds particularly true for Serum Replacement-based medium containing BMP-like activity. We have reinvestigated a widely used protocol for conditioning hESC medium with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We show that FGF2 acts on MEFs to release supportive factors and reduce differentiation-inducing activity. FGF2 stimulation experiments with supportive and nonsupportive MEFs followed by genome-wide expression profiling revealed that FGF2 regulates the expression of key members of the TGFβ pathway, with Inhba, Tgfb1, Grem1, and Bmp4 being the most likely candidates orchestrating the above activities. In addition, restimulation experiments in hESCs combined with global expression analysis revealed downstream targets of FGF2 signaling in these cells. Among these were the same factors previously identified in MEFs, thus suggesting that FGF2, at least in part, promotes self-renewal of hESCs by modulating the expression of TGFβ ligands, which, in turn, act on hESCs in a concerted and autocrine manner.
Der Nachbargruppeneffekt bei Additionsreaktionen VI. Mitt.: Lactonisierung von Penten‐(4)‐säuren durch Jod
Authors: Campos M. de Moura , Amaral L. Do 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Abhängigkeit der Lactonbildung von der Jodzugabe wird bei verschiedenen Penten‐(4)‐säuren und γ‐Methyl‐penten‐(4)‐säuren, die Alkyl‐gruppen in α‐Stellung enthalten, untersucht.Die Größe des Alkylsubstituenten in α‐Stellung ist wichtig für das Zustandekommen des Lactons. Die Lactonausbeute erhöht sich durch die eingeführte Methylgruppe in γ‐Stellung des Moleküls.Allylmalonsäuren unterliegen nicht der „Selbstlactonisierung”︁.
Darstellung einiger 2‐Alkyl‐4‐acylpyridinthiosemicarbazone. 1. Mitt.: Über Tuberkulostatika
Authors: Eilhauer H. D. , Meinicke K. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEs wird die Synthese einiger 2‐Alkyl‐4‐acylpyridine und deren Thiosemicarbazone beschrieben. Das 2‐Äthyl‐4‐acetyl‐pyridinthiosemicarbazon zeigte gegenüber dem unsubstituierten 4‐Acetylpyridinthiosemicarbazon keine charakteristische Verbesserung der tuberkulostatischen Wirkung.
Untersuchung der Fettsäuren des Öles aus dem Samen von Luffa echinata Roxb.
Authors: Srivastava K. C. , Tewari J. P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEs wird gezeigt, daß das Öl aus Samen von Luffa echinata ähnlich zusammengesetzt ist wie das anderer Cucurbitaceensamen und daß als Fettsäuren hauptsächlich Öl‐ und Linolsäure vorkommen.
Beiträge zur Konstitution des Alkaloides Amurin und zur Polarographie der Cyclohexadienon‐Verbindungen
Authors: Maturová M. , Hruban L. , Šantavý F. , Wiegrebe W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie bisher für richtig gehaltene Strukturformel des Alkaloides Amurin wird durch chemische Umsetzungen widerlegt und ein neuer Strukturformel‐Vorschlag als Cyclohexadienon‐Derivat u. a. durch polarographische Untersuchungen des Amurins und authentischer Cyclohexadienon‐Abkömmlinge gestützt.
Polarographische Auswertung von Dünnschicht‐Chromatogrammen
Authors: Oelschläger H. , Volke J. , Lim G. T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDünnschicht‐chromatographische getrennte Substanzen, z. B. 2‐ und 3‐Nitro‐4‐acetamino‐phenetol, lassen sich schnell und mit großer Genauigkeit (± 3%) polarographisch in Gegenwart des in großen Überschuß vorhandenen Sorptionsmittels ohne Störung bestimmen, wenn das Aluminiumoxid oder Kieselgel vor Zugabe des Elektrolyten mit Dimethylformamid (DMF) geschüttelt worden ist. Durch diese Vorbehandlung wird eine vollständige Desorption des Depolarisators erzielt, eine erneute Adsorption tritt in DMF‐haltigen Elektrolyten nicht ein.
Über das Vorkommen von Isosakuranetin‐7‐rhamnosidoglucosid im Blatt von Monarda didyma L.
Authors: Brieskorn C. H. , Meister G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDas Blatt von Monarda didyma enthält zu 0,02% ein Flavanon‐Glykosid. Sein Aglykon ist 5,7‐Dihydroxy‐4′‐methoxy‐flavanon. Als Zucker liegen Rhamnose und Glucose vor, die über das C‐7‐Hydroxyl des Flavanons gebunden sind. Entgegen anders lautenden Literaturangaben enthält das ätherische Öl von Monarda didyma kein Thymol.
Darstellung einiger Di‐ und Tricarbonsäure‐cetylester
Authors: Neissner R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDirekte Veresterung einiger Di‐ und Tricarbonsäuren mit Cetylalkohol ergibt aus Aceton gut kristallisierende Ester, deren Schmelzpunkte zum Teil erheblich über den in der Literatur angegebenen Werten liegen. Durch Umsetzung der Säurechloride mit Cetylalkohol und Umkristallisieren aus Aceton werden die Schmelzpunkte der durch direkte Veresterung hergestellten Ester bestätigt. Der Citronensäure‐tricetylester wird erstmalig dargestellt.
Zur Biosynthese der Calycanthinalkaloide
Authors: Schütte H. R. , Maier B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn Calycanthus floridus kommen Indol‐ und Chinolinalkaloide vergesellschaftet vor, zu deren Biosynthese eine gemeinsame Herkunft aus Tryptophan diskutiert wird. Zur Prüfung wurde Tryptophan‐[β‐14C] an Calycanthus floridus verabreicht. Die gleichen Einbauraten dieser Aminosäure in die Indol‐ und Chinolinalkaloide sprechen für Tryptophan als gemeinsamen Präcursor.
Phosphatase‐Modelle und ihr Verhalten gegenüber Substraten des intermediären Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels
Authors: Trapmann H. , Devani M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIonen der Metalle der IV. Nebengruppe des Periodensystems zeigen gegen‐über phosphathaltigen Substraten des Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels in saurem und alkalischem Milieu phosphatatische Eigenschaften; auch Verbindungen wie Adenosintri‐ und ‐monophosphorsäuren werden durch diese Metall‐Ionen dephosphoryliert. Unterschiedliche Katalysatormengen verändern den Substratumsatz; hierfür sind u. a. die Zusammensetzung der Metallhydroxide und der zerfallsfähigen Zwischenprodukte verantwortlich.
Dehydrierung einiger sekundärer Tetrahydroisochinoline mit Hg(II)‐ÄDTA
Authors: Knabe J. , Roloff H. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract6,7‐Dimethoxy‐1‐phenyl‐ (II) und 6,7‐Dimethoxy‐1‐tert.butyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisochinolin (III) lassen sich mit Hg(II)‐ÄDTA unter milden Bedingungen in Ausbeuten von 40% (II) und 85% (III) dehydrieren. Als Hauptprodukte entstehen dabei die entsprechenden 3,4‐Dihydroisochinoline neben einer geringen Menge der betreffenden Isochinoline.
Synthesen in der Reihe der 3,5‐Dioxo‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolidine, III. 19. Mitt. über Hydroxylamin‐Derivate
Authors: Zinner G. , Weber R.‐O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHydroxyharnstoffe lassen sich auch ohne Acidifizierung durch einen Phenyl‐Substituenten mit Chlorameisensäureäthylester in 3,5‐Dioxo‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolidine überführen; in einigen Fällen bleibt die Reaktion aber auf der Stufe der Äthoxycarbonyloxy‐harnstoffe stehen. Die Alkylierung der monosubstituierten Ringe mit Diazomethan erfolgt am N‐4, im Falle von unsubstituiertem N‐2 jedoch am O der benachbarten Oxo‐Gruppe. Weiter wird über die Ringschlußreaktion des 1,5‐Diphenyl‐3‐hydroxybiurets und Bildungswege des 2‐Phenylcarbamoyl‐4‐phenyl‐3,5‐dioxo‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolidins berichtet.
Untersuchungen an antibakteriellen Substanzen. (VII. Mitt.)
Authors: Goud A. Nagana , Jamkhandi P. S. , Rajagopal S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEs wird die Synthese einiger 4‐(Phenylthio)‐chinazolinverbindungen, die am Phenylkern alkyl‐ und halogen‐substituiert sind, beschrieben. Zusammenhänge zwischen Struktur und antibakterieller Wirkung werden diskutiert.
Dehydrierung von tertiären Aminen mit Hg(II)‐ÄDTA 12. Mitt.: Synthese und Hofmann‐Abbau von 6,7‐Dimethoxy‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐bisbenzylisochinoliniumjodid
Authors: Knabe J. , Roloff H. , Shukla U. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDurch Synthese und Hofmann‐Abbau von 6,7‐Dimethoxy‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐bis‐benzyl‐isochinoliniumjodid (IX) wird gezeigt, daß der früher bei der Hg(II)‐ÄDTA‐Dehydrierung von 6,7 Dimethoxy‐2‐methyl‐1,1‐bisbenzyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisochinolin erhaltenen Isochinoliniumverbindung nicht die Struktur IX zukommt. Da die 1,4‐Stellung der beiden Benzylgruppen in dem fraglichen Dehydrierungsprodukt bewiesen ist, steht damit fest, daß eine zusätzlich angenommene Methylgruppe tatsächlich vorhanden ist.
Zur Kritik des objektiven Mechanismus: Nietzsche und Hegel
Authors: Löw Reinhard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractKant is often incorrectly regarded as the father of objective mechanism, a theory of ontological realism in the 19th and 20th century. Nietzsche raised the objection that the notion of causality has its origin in the self‐experience of subjects ‐ so objectivity could not be claimed for mechanism at all. Physics as well as metaphysics is interpretation, not explanation of the world. Hegel likewise asserts the theoretical impregnance of „facts”︁, but here the difference between concept and thing is one which calls for its surmounting. Mechanism is one step in the development of the absolute idea; it is a necessary category, but, taken as the absolute, in itself contradictory. Ultimately the interpretation of nature is grounded in the way mankind wants to understand itself: as free or as a machine.
Politik und Wissenschaft im schwedischen Exil
Authors: Korlén Gustav 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolitics and Scholarship Among Germans in Swedish Exile. The author's main source is H. Müssener's doctoral thesis on the fate of the about 5,000 refugees of German speech who left Hitler‐dominated Europe for Sweden during the fateful years 1933‐45. Thirty per cent left for political reasons. Only about 60 immigrants possessed an academic background. Well‐known is the Swedish influence on Willy Brandt, Bruno Kreisky, Herbert Wehner and others. But whereas the political refugees could count upon the solidarity and assistance of their Swedish party associates, the academics would find themselves moving in a milieu which was still strongly influenced by the pro‐German university tradition ever since the period of German cultural predominance following upon Bismarck's foundation of the Reich. Only two academics were awarded university professorships, the philosopher Ernst Cassirer in Gothenburg and the psychologist David Katz in Stockholm, who both had to cope with the prevalent positivistic orientation of Swedish philosophy. The pro‐German attitude of the German departments, coupled with their purely linguistic tradition, made it impossible for two prominent scholars to obtain a subsistence within the universities: Walter Berendsohn and Käte Hamburger. In 1952, however, Berendsohn was given a readership at the university of Stockholm and thanks to him the German Department soon became a centre for literary research, especially with regard to German literature in exile. Also in musicology immigrants have come to play an important part. After the war German literary critics and journalists, many of them by this time bi‐lingual (like Peter Weiss), contributed to the re‐establishment of cultural relations between Sweden and the German‐speaking countries.
Romantischer Dilettantismus — Johann Wilhelm Ritter und die Begründung der Elektrochemie
Authors: Dietzsch Steffen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper the psychological and historical problems of the german philosophy of nature at the time about 1800 are described. During this time the romantic philosopher and scientist of nature Ritter developed a new scientific branch of knowledge: the electrochemistry. Ritter represents exemplarily the type of a romantic dilettante. In this period, the problem of dilettantism got a new validity, especially by Goethe and Schiller: it was recognized as a positive power of human.In the romantic dilettantism of Ritter three aspects are shown: 1st, romantic dilettantes are intellectual flaneurs; 2nd, romantic dilettantes confront facts and general provisions, which up to this moment are supposed to be paradox, and obtain by this method a synthesis; 3rd, romantic dilettantes favour the intuitive power.