bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in never smoker–never drinkers: A descriptive epidemiologic study
Authors: Dahlstrom Kristina R. , Little Jarrod A. , Zafereo Mark E. , Lung Margaret , Wei Qingyi , Sturgis Erich M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground.While the attributed risk factors for the vast majority of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) are smoking and alcohol abuse, there appears to be a rising proportion of SCCHN patients who report no significant smoking or drinking history. This study reports the demographic and potential risk factors of a large series of never smoker–never drinker (NSND) patients.Methods.All subjects were participants in a prospective epidemiologic study of incident SCCHN. We obtained demographic data, clinical characteristics, and potential etiologic factors for 172 NSND patients and 1131 ever smoker–ever drinker (ESED) patients.Results.NSND patients were more likely to be female and to present at extremes of age, but overall were significantly younger than ESED patients. NSND patients had a higher proportion of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers than ESED patients had. Eleven percent of NSND patients (17% of NSND men) reported regular use of noncigarette tobacco products or marijuana, 41% (45% of NSND women) reported regular environmental exposure to tobacco smoke, 24% (36% of NSND men) reported regular occupational exposures to carcinogens/toxins, and 30% had a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. More than half the NSND patients with an oropharyngeal primary were serologically positive for human papillomavirus type 16.Conclusion.NSND patients with SCCHN are commonly young women with oral tongue cancer, elderly women with gingival/buccal cancer, or young to middle‐aged men with oropharyngeal cancer. While several exposures studied may be important to the etiology of a subset of these cancers in NSND patients, it is likely that no single known factor is responsible for a majority of SCCHN in NSNDs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Cost of care for early‐ and late‐stage oral and pharyngeal cancer in the California Medicaid population
Authors: Epstein Joshua D. , Knight Tara K. , Epstein Joel B. , Bride Mark A. , Nichol Michael B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground.This study documents the direct medical costs associated with treating oral and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as early‐ or late‐stage disease according to the current standard of care.Methods.This retrospective analysis of California Medicaid claims data calculated direct payments for patients diagnosed with OSCC. Patients were defined as being treated for early‐ or late‐stage disease based on treatment modality. Regression determined significant predictors of year‐1 cost of care following diagnosis.Results.Median year‐1 cost of care following initial diagnosis was $25,319 for the 229 patients identified. Regression results determined that treatment modality and medical comorbidities were significant in predicting costs (p < .05). Costs for patients treated as having early‐stage OSCC were approximately 36% less than for those treated as having late‐stage disease (p = .002).Conclusion.Treatment for OSCC is a significant cost from Medicaid's perspective, and these data suggest early detection may ease its economic burden. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Determining factors for cryoprotectant accumulation in the freeze‐tolerant earthworm, Dendrobaena octaedra
Authors: Overgaard Johannes , Slotsbo Stine , Holmstrup Martin , Bayley Mark 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe freeze‐tolerant earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra is found in most of the European forest and tundra, Siberia, North America and Greenland where it over‐winters in the top soil and encounters winter frost. In response to freezing this earthworm rapidly synthesises glucose which acts as a cryoprotectant. Frost tolerance varies extensively between geographical populations, and of the populations studied so far, the Finnish worms are most and the Danish worms least frost tolerant. Little is known about the determining factors for glucose synthesis and this study therefore investigated possible roles of acclimation and the cues for synthesis of glucose, in Finnish and Danish worms. The Finnish population had significantly larger glycogen reserves than the Danish during acclimation and in all worms, glucose synthesis was the result of an almost stoichemical reduction in glycogen stores. Maximum glucose levels were reached after the onset of freezing and were significantly higher in Finnish worms where the sugar accounted for as much as 5% of the fresh weight. On average, both the total glycogen phosphorylase activity and the active enzyme pool increased during acclimation in the Finnish but not the Danish populations. However, the increase in this enzyme was only significant during the freezing process. In this study, we show contrary to previous theory that glucose synthesis is initiated before the onset of freezing and that in this species, cryoprotectant synthesis is sensitive to very small temperature changes below 0°C without the presence of ice. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:578–589, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selection of Ionic Liquids for Free Radical Polymerization Processes
Authors: Strehmel Veronika 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSummary: Ionic liquids are efficient solvents for free radical homo‐ and copolymerization. Important parameters for selection of ionic liquids are their liquidus range, their viscosity, and their polarity. Viscosity of ionic liquids strongly influences the degree of polymerization of homopolymers. Micropolarity of ionic liquids can be used to explain differences in the composition of copolymers made on the basis of a relatively nonpolar methacrylate and a highly polar zwitterionic methacrylate.
Common tea formulations modulatein vitrodigestive recovery of green tea catechins
Authors: Green Rodney J. , Murphy Angus S. , Schulz Burkhard , Watkins Bruce A. , Ferruzzi Mario G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEpidemiological evidence suggests a role for tea catechins in reduction of chronic disease risk. However, stability of catechins under digestive conditions is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of common food additives on digestive recovery of tea catechins. Green tea water extracts were formulated in beverages providing 4.5, 18, 23, and 3.5 mgper100 mL epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epigallocatechin‐gallate (EGCG), and epicatechin‐gallate (ECG), respectively. Common commercial beverage additives; citric acid (CA), BHT, EDTA, ascorbic acid (AA), milk (bovine, soy, and rice), and citrus juice (orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime) were formulated into finished tea beverages at incremental dosages. Samples were then subjected toin vitrodigestion simulating gastric and small intestinal conditions with pre‐ and post‐digestion catechin profiles assessed by HPLC. Catechin stability in green tea was poor with < 20% total catechins remaining post‐digestion. EGC and EGCG were most sensitive with ⪇ 10% recovery. Teas formulated with 50% bovine, soy, and rice milk increased total catechin recovery significantly to 52, 55, and 69% respectively. Including 30 mg AA in 250 mL of tea beverage significantly (p< 0.05) increased catechin recovery of EGC, EGCG, EC, and ECG to 74, 54, 82, and 45% respectively. Juice preparation resulted in the highest recovery of any formulation for EGC (81–98%), EGCG (56–76%), EC (86–95%), and ECG (30–55%). These data provide evidence that tea consumption practices and formulation factors likely impact catechin digestive recovery and may result in diverse physiological profiles.
Synthesis of graft copolymers of xyloglucan and acrylonitrile
Authors: Mishra Anuradha , Clark James H. , Vij Annu , Daswal Swati 
Published: August 2007

AbstractXyloglucan (XG), a water‐soluble food grade polysaccharide is reported as a substrate for the graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN). XG was extracted from tamarind seed mucilage. Polymerization was initiated both by ceric ion in aqueous medium under N2 atmosphere and with microwave (MW) irradiation. The progress of the reaction was monitored gravimetrically. The effect of different reaction parameters such as monomer concentration, level of ceric ammonium nitrate/HNO3 (CAN) initiator, reaction time and temperature, and MW power on the percent grafting (PG) was studied. Grafting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) onto XG was confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques have been used to study the thermal and morphological changes in the materials. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of injection‐molding process for mechanical properties of polypropylene components via a generalized regression neural network
Authors: Shie Jie‐Ren 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study analyzed contour distortions, wear and tensile properties of polypropylene (PP) components applied in the interior coffer of automobiles. A hybrid method integrating a trained generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method is proposed to determine an optimal parameter setting of the injection‐molding process. The specimens were prepared under different injection‐molding conditions by changing melting temperatures, injection speeds, and injection pressures. Average contour distortions at six critical locations, wear and tensile properties were selected as the quality targets. Sixteen experimental runs, based on a Taguchi orthogonal array table, were utilized to train the GRNN and then the SQP method was applied to search for an optimal setting. The trained GRNN was capable of predicting average contour distortions, wear and tensile properties at various injection‐molding conditions. In addition, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was implemented to identify significant factors for the molding process and the proposed algorithm was compared with traditional schemes like the Taguchi method and the design of experiments (DOE) approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporation of inherent safety principles in process safety management
Authors: Amyotte Paul R. , Goraya Attiq U. , Hendershot Dennis C. , Khan Faisal I. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractProcess safety management (PSM) deals with the identification, understanding, and control of process hazards to prevent process‐related injuries and incidents. Explicit incorporation of the principles of inherent safety in the basic definition and functional operation of the various PSM elements can help to improve the quality of the safety management effort.Numerous inherent safety examples, both technical and nontechnical, are given in this paper. Existing qualitative and quantitative tools that already include, or could incorporate, inherent safety are described. Recently developed inherent safety tools for quantitative hazard identification and assessment are identified from either the literature or the current authors' work. Qualitative protocols for incorporating inherent safety into PSM elements are also presented. The language of inherent safety, although largely unused in PSM documentation, has a key role to play in enhancing the effectiveness of PSM. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2007
Highly efficient bismuth telluride doped p‐type Pb0.13Ge0.87Te for thermoelectric applications
Authors: Gelbstein Yaniv , Dashevsky Zinovi , Dariel Moshe P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBi2Te3 doped p‐type Pb0.13Ge0.87Te samples were prepared by hot pressing. We report on very high power factor values of ∼30 μW/cm K2 at 500 °C, as were determined from Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity measurements. From dilatometric characterization, the phase transition from the low temperature rhombohedral to the high temperature cubic NaCl structures, takes place at 373 °C. This transition is accompanied by a continuous and gradual change of the lattice parameters, as was observed by hot stage XRD, suggesting a good mechanical durability upon thermal cycling and operating in large thermal gradients.magnified imageRhombohedral distortion of the cubic NaCl structure of Pb1–x Gex Te upon cooling, characterized by changes in the interaxial angle α and the lattice parameter.(© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Capillary gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry of resin acids in tall oil rosin
Authors: Holmbom B. , Avela E. , Pekkala S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe resin acid composition of Finnish tall oil rosin was investigated by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry employing open tubular capillary columns. On a column coated with 1,4‐butanediol succinate, 16 resin acids found in tall oil rosin samples were well resolved, and mass spectra could be recorded. All resin acids were confirmed to be of the pimaric and abietic types by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Eight of the acids were not detected in the corresponding crude tall oils and evidently had been formed during the technical distillation process. The presence of 8,15‐pimaradien‐18‐oic and 8,15‐isopimaradien‐18‐oic acids in the rosin, but not in the crude tall oil, indicates that the pimaric type acids also undergo extensive isomerization during tall oil distillation. Additionally, three dihydroabietic acids and two acids with identical mass spectra, tentatively stereoisomers of 7,9(11)‐abietadien‐18‐oic acid, were formed during the distillation process.
Lateral soft tissue neck X-rays: are they useful in management of upper aero-digestive tract foreign bodies?
Authors: Karnwal A , Ho E C , Hall A , Molony N 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectives:To assess the value of lateral soft tissue neck X-rays in patients presenting with upper aero-digestive tract foreign bodies.Design:Retrospective study.Inclusion criteria:(1) Patients referred to the ENT team, via either the accident and emergency department or their general practitioner; (2) a history of a non-aspirated, upper airway, aero-digestive tract foreign body; and (3) a lateral soft tissue neck X-ray taken on admission.Results:A total of 62 patients met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-four patients (38.7 per cent) had positive findings on lateral soft tissue neck X-ray. ‘Soft’ signs, such as widened pre-vertebral shadow and loss of lordosis, were seen in all 24 patients, and foreign bodies were visualised in six patients. Overall, lateral soft tissue neck X-rays were helpful in the management of 32 patients (51.6 per cent). Rather worryingly, doctors in the accident and emergency and ENT departments missed 79.2 and 66.6 per cent of the positive findings, respectively.Conclusions:A lateral soft tissue neck X-ray is a helpful tool in the management of patients presenting with upper aero-digestive tract foreign bodies. Junior doctors need better radiology training.
Modelling of road surface temperature from a geographical parameter database. Part 1: Statistical
Authors: Chapman Lee , Thornes John E , Bradley Andrew V 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe variation of road surface temperature across a road network is influenced regionally by meteorological parameters and locally by geographical parameters. A fast and reliable technique is described which allows the continuous collection of high resolution, geographical data including the sky‐view factor which is suitable for use in road climate modelling studies. Then, by use of regression analysis, the relative importance of five geographical parameters (altitude, topography, sky‐view factor, landuse and road construction) is assessed with respect to road surface temperature and atmospheric stability. Results show that sky‐view factors dominate surface temperatures at high atmospheric stability whereas altitude becomes increasingly important as stability decreases. Finally, a statistical road surface temperature model is discussed with the ability to explain up to 75% of the variation of residual road surface temperatures in the study area entirely by the interaction of geographical parameters. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Statistical interpretation of NWP products in India
Authors: Maini Parvinder , Kumar Ashok , Singh S V , Rathore L S 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAlthough numerical weather prediction (NWP) models provide an objective forecast, poor representation of local topography and other features in these models, necessitates statistical interpretation (SI) of NWP products in terms of local weather. The Perfect Prognostic Method (PPM) is one of the techniques for accomplishing this. At the National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, PPM models for precipitation (quantitative, probability, yes/no) and maximum/minimum temperatures are developed for monsoon season by using analyses from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. The SI forecast is then obtained by using these PPM models and output from the operational NWP model at the Center. Direct model output (DMO) obtained from the NWP model and the SI forecast are verified against the actual observations. The present study shows the verification scores obtained during the 1997 monsoon season for 10 locations in India. The results show that the SI forecast has good skill and is an improvement over DMO. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Measured and estimated evaporation and soil moisture deficit for growers and the water industry
Authors: Clark C 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMeasurements and estimates of evaporation have been routinely carried out for over a century. In the United Kingdom the most well‐known method of estimating evaporation and its derivatives such as soil moisture deficit (SMD) is the Meteorological Office Rainfall and Evaporation Calculation System (MORECS) which is based on the Penman‐Monteith equation. Direct measurements of evaporation have become less common in recent years. A comparison of measurements and estimates of evaporation and SMD at a single site and over two catchment areas is presented in this paper. Measurements of actual evaporation from a grassed lysimeter have been achieved for the period 1995–98 and they agree well with catchment losses over the same time period in two natural catchments, the Upper Brue and Upper Cary. In contrast to this, MORECS estimates of actual evaporation are different by an average of +20% for the Upper Brue catchment and +27% for the Upper Cary catchment. The largest difference is nearly +40% for the Upper Cary catchment. Similarly, there are substantial differences in the estimates of SMD, often up to 50 mm. When local rainfall is used together with MORECS estimates of potential evaporation the discrepancy is reduced but significant differences remain during much of the growing season, although improvements do occur. The results from this paper will be of great importance to growers, water resource planners, engineers who give flood warnings, and to river flow modellers. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Efforts to improve predictions of urban winter heating anomalies using various climate indices
Authors: Changnon David , Thompson Jeff , April Tony , Schmidt Eric , Falout Mike , Davis Jon B , Russo Mark 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMeteorologists who work in the energy commodities market continue to investigate ways to enhance predictions of seasonal temperature anomalies using oceanic/atmospheric indices. This study examines the relationship of three climate indices –ENSO (El Niño/Southern Oscillation), PNA (Pacific North American) and NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) –to heating degree day (HDD) totals accumulated in 11 cities in the Midwest and northeastern United States, to determine which, if any, has predictive power. The data covers the 48‐year period between 1951/52 and 1998/99, and focuses on two periods either side of 1 January (i.e. the winter months of October–December and January–April). The index most strongly related to the HDD anomalies during both winter periods was NAO. NAO values were negative for cold (above‐average HDD) anomalies occurring prior to and after 1 January, while the NAO values were generally positive during warm (below‐average HDD) anomalies. During cold anomalies, the PNA values were generally positive in the three months before 1 January and negative afterwards, indicating that different atmospheric teleconnection patterns cause similar temperature anomalies in these regions. The relationship between the equatorial Pacific sea‐surface temperatures (SST) data and temperature anomalies was the weakest. Confidence in these relationships increased when the extreme HDD anomaly years were examined. These results indicated that the relationships of climate indices to HDD anomalies exist and that these would be useful in developing and improving seasonal predictions for business applications. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Exploration of possible correlates of nutrition awareness and the relationship with nutrition-related behaviours: results of a consumer study
Authors: van Dillen Sonja ME , Jan Hiddink Gerrit , Koelen Maria A , de Graaf Cees , van Woerkum Cees MJ 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo unravel the concept of nutrition awareness, as it relates to risky personal nutrition-related behaviours, and to assess the sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates of nutrition awareness.DesignData were collected in a cross-sectional study with the aid of a face-to-face interview-assisted questionnaire that was based on the Precaution Adoption Process Model and Stages of Change Model.SettingDutch consumer homes.SubjectsSix hundred and three Dutch adults aged 18 to 80 years, selected from a panel.ResultsOur model explains nutrition awareness well (explained variance 53.7%). Psychosocial correlates were involvement with nutrition, health awareness, association with healthy food, perceived relevance of eating less fat, association with necessity, perceived relevance of vitamins, and perceived attributes of independent organisations. Sociodemographic correlates were gender and age. The relationship between nutrition awareness and nutrition-related behaviours proved to be very complicated.ConclusionsThe value of our study is that it unravels the concept of nutrition awareness. Understanding the correlates of nutrition awareness can contribute to a more effective application of behavioural change models. Our results support increasing involvement with nutrition through personalising and tailoring to the motivational stage.
Sustainability and Environmental Chemistry in Semi-Arid/Arid Regions: A Unique Research Opportunity with Global Implications
Authors: Rayne Sierra 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDr. Sierra Rayne will be speaking on the interplay of sustainability and environmental chemistry in semi-arid and arid regions worldwide. Drawing on his previous, current, and proposed research on organic and inorganic contaminants in aquatic systems, Dr. Rayne will illustrate the importance of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches towards tackling environmental problems. A key element of his work is looking at chemical dynamics in environmental matrices, and in particular, photochemically generated reactive intermediates and their impact on biological systems and net ecosystem functions. Semi-arid/arid regions also offer unique opportunities to focus on the role of photochemistry in the biogeochemical cycling of oxyanion-forming heavy metals such as arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, and uranium (among others). Given the importance of semi-arid/arid regions in hosting major mineral deposits, multidisciplinary environmental chemistry research can also help make contributions towards sustainability in the worldwide mining industry. These fields offer great opportunities for researchers and students interested in semi-arid/arid landscapes, and understanding the role and impact of these regions on global contaminant fluxes is at the core of Dr. Rayne’s program.