bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sibling pairs with affective disorders: resemblance of demographic and clinical features
Authors: O'MAHONY E. , CORVIN A. , O’CONNELL R. , COMERFORD C. , LARSEN B. , JONES I. R. , McCANDLESS F. , KIROV G. , CARDNO A. G. , CRADDOCK N. , GILL M. 
Published: August 2008

Background. As part of a collaborative linkage study, the authors obtained clinical and demographic data on 160 families in which more than one sibling was affected with a bipolar illness. The aim of the study was to identify clinical characteristics that had a high degree of familiality.Method. Data on age at onset, gender, frequency of illness-episodes and proportion of manic to depressive episodes were examined to determine intra-pair correlations in affected sibling pairs. Dimension scales were developed measuring frequency and severity of lifetime mania, depression, psychosis and mood-incongruence of psychotic symptoms; degree of familial aggregation for scores on these dimensions was calculated.Results. Sibling pairs correlated significantly for age at onset (ρ = 0·293, P<0·001); dimension scores for psychosis (ρ = 0·332, P < 0·001); and proportion of manic to depressive episodes (ρ = 0·184, P = 0·002). These findings remained significant when correcting for multiple testing. Of the other test variables; mania (ρ = 0·171, P = 0·019); incongruence dimensions (ρ = 0·242, P = 0·042); frequency of manic episodes (ρ = 0·152, P = 0·033); and frequency of depressive episodes (ρ = 0·155, P = 0·028) were associated with modest correlations but these were not significant after correction. Degree of familial aggregation was not significant for sex (κ = 0·084) or dimension scores for depression (ρ = 0·078, P = 0·300).Conclusions. Significant but modest familial resemblance has been shown for some specific features of bipolar illness, particularly age at onset and degree of psychosis. Further research may establish the extent to which these findings are mediated by genetic and/or environmental factors.
Combined effect of mental disorder and low social support on care service use for mental health problems in the Dutch general population
Authors: TEN HAVE M. , VOLLEBERGH W. , BIJL R. , ORMEL J. 
Published: August 2008

Background. People with a mental disorder have high rates of service utilization for emotional or addiction problems. Little is known about the role of functional impairments and low social support in such service use. This article investigates: (1) whether the presence of multiple functional impairments mediates the link between mental disorder and service use; and (2) whether social support modifies that association.Methods. Data were derived from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study, NEMESIS, a prospective general population study. Predictors of service use (mental disorder; functional impairments; social support) were recorded in the second wave of the study, and service use in the third wave.Results. Persons with a DSM-III-R disorder and persons with multiple functional impairments were three to seven times as likely to use primary or mental health care. People with low perceived social support were two to three times as likely to use them, and living alone increased the likelihood by 30% to 80%. The effect of mental disorder on service use was mediated by multiple functional impairments. In people with a mental disorder, low levels of social support intensified mental health service use.Conclusion. Service utilization by people with mental problems can be better understood through a model incorporating: (1) independent effects of mental disorder, functional impairments and social support on service use; (2) a mediating effect of multiple functional impairments on the link between mental disorder and service use; and (3) interaction effects of mental disorder and low social support on service use.
Sustained attention in young people at high risk for schizophrenia
Authors: COSWAY R. , BYRNE M. , CLAFFERTY R. , HODGES A. , GRANT E. , MORRIS J. , ABUKMEIL S. S. , LAWRIE S. M. , MILLER P. , OWENS D. G. C. , JOHNSTONE E. C. 
Published: August 2008

Background. Sustained attention has been found to be impaired in individuals suffering from schizophrenia and their close relatives. This has led to the hypothesis that impaired sustained attention is an indicator of vulnerability to schizophrenia.Methods. The Edinburgh High Risk Study used the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs version (CPT-IP) to assess sustained attention in 127 high risk participants, 30 controls and 15 first-episode schizophrenic patients. A second assessment was completed by 59 high risk and 18 control participants 18 months to 2 years after the first.Results. No differences in attentional capacity were found between the high risk and control groups and there was no association between genetic liability to schizophrenia and poor performance on the CPT-IP. Additionally, no association between occurrence of psychotic symptoms in the high risk group and impaired attentional capacity was found.Conclusions. The results suggest that deficits in sustained attention are not indicative of a genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia, and are not associated with the occurrence of psychotic symptoms.
Psychosocial work characteristics as risk factors for the onset of fatigue and psychological distress: prospective results from the Maastricht Cohort Study
Authors: BÜLTMANN U. , KANT IJ. , VAN DEN BRANDT P. A. , KASL S. V. 
Published: August 2008

Background. Prolonged fatigue has recently attracted attention in occupational (mental) health research since it may lead to sickness absenteeism and work disability. To date, little is known about the role of psychosocial work characteristics in the aetiology of fatigue. In this study we examined prospectively a wide range of psychosocial work characteristics as possible risk factors for the onset of fatigue and psychological distress in the working population.Methods. This study is based on 8833 employees, participating in the Maastricht Cohort Study of ‘Fatigue at Work’. A wide range of psychosocial work characteristics, measured at baseline, was used to predict the onset of fatigue and psychological distress 1 year later. Fatigue was measured with the Checklist Individual Strength; the General Health Questionnaire was used to measure psychological distress.Results. The cumulative incidence of fatigue during 1 year follow-up was 9·7% (N = 492) in men, and 13·5% (N = 241) in women. Psychological demands at work as well as physical and emotional demands increased the risk for fatigue in men, whereas decision latitude in men and co-worker social support in women were protective against fatigue. These prospective associations remained significant after adjustments for potential confounders and baseline fatigue. As regards psychological distress, no association was found with decision latitude, while conflicts at work increased the risk of psychological distress.Conclusions. Psychosocial work characteristics were significant predictors for the onset of fatigue in the working population. The prospective associations suggest some differential effects in the aetiology of fatigue and psychological distress. Good interpersonal relationships at work and high decision authority were demonstrated to be relevant aspects that should be targeted for prevention.
Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population
Authors: STEFANIS N. C. , HANSSEN M. , SMIRNIS N. K. , AVRAMOPOULOS D. A. , EVDOKIMIDIS I. K. , STEFANIS C. N. , VERDOUX H. , VAN OS J. 
Published: August 2008

Background. The aims of the study were: first to examine, using clinical symptoms of patients as a template, whether the correlated but independent dimensions of positive, negative and depressive symptoms that have been identified in clinical psychosis, also have a distribution as non-clinical experiences in the general population; and second, to establish to what degree population variation in experience of positive and negative features of psychosis is actually independent of experience of depression.Method. In a representative population sample of 932 young men, we measured experiences of positive, negative and depressive features of psychosis, using a 40-item self-report instrument. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the fit of hypothesized one-, two- and three-factor solutions.Results. A three-factor model of separate depressive, positive and negative dimensions provided a better fit to the data than either a two-factor or unidimensional model. All three dimensions were correlated with each other, but also showed good discriminant validity in relation to established scales, confirming their relative independence.Conclusion. The data suggest that the correlated dimensions of clinical psychosis also have a distribution in the general population, and that depressive symptoms may form an integral part of psychosis-like experiences in the general population.
Suicide in female nurses in England and Wales
Authors: HAWTON K. , SIMKIN S. , RUE J. , HAW C. , BARBOUR F. , CLEMENTS A. , SAKAROVITCH C. , DEEKS J. 
Published: August 2008

Background. Female nurses appear to have an increased risk of suicide but the reasons are unknown.Method. We have concluded a study of nurse suicides (N = 106) in England and Wales, including a psychological autopsy study (N = 42) and case–control comparison with living nurses (N = 84).Results. Nearly three-quarters of the nurse suicides had previous contact with psychiatric services and almost half had been psychiatric in-patients in the past. There were particularly marked differences between the cases and controls for current psychiatric disorder (90·5% v. 7·1%, OR = 68·5), personality disorder (38·1% v. 1·2%, OR = 32), and history of deliberate self-harm (71·4% v. 2· 4%, OR = 58·5). Family background and social factors (especially concerning interpersonal relationships) also distinguished the two groups. Smoking and serious alcohol abuse were much more frequent in the suicides. There was some indication that while many of the suicides were in contact with psychiatric services, care may not have been optimal in some cases.Conclusions. The most important strategies for suicide prevention in nurses are in prevention, detection and management of psychiatric disorders. In assessing suicide risk a history of DSH and the presence of comorbid psychiatric and personality disorders are particularly important.
Biochemical stress of caring
Authors: DA ROZA DAVIS J. M. , COWEN P. J. 
Published: August 2008

Background. Carers of patients with clinical dementia have increased rates of depressive illness but the biological mechanisms by which the stress of caring can lead to mood disorders is not well understood.Methods. We recruited 30 full-time carers of patients with dementia and 28 age and gender-matched controls. None of the subjects were suffering from a significant depressive disorder. We measured salivary cortisol at four time points throughout a single day and also took a single fasting morning blood sample for plasma tryptophan.Results. Salivary cortisol levels were significantly higher in carers than controls at 12.00 h and 22.00 h. Plasma total tryptophan but not free tryptophan levels were significantly lower in carers.Conclusions. The changes found in these non-depressed carers were essentially similar to those in patients with major depression. We suggest that increased cortisol secretion and lowered tryptophan availability increase the risk of mood disorders in carers.
Dynamics of biochemical and biophysical reactions: insight from computer simulations
Authors: Warshel Arieh , W. Parson William 
Published: August 2008

1. Introduction 5632. Obtaining rate constants from molecular-dynamics simulations 5642.1 General relationships between quantum electronic structures and reaction rates 5642.2 The transition-state theory (TST) 5692.3 The transmission coefficient 5723. Simulating biological electron-transfer reactions 5753.1 Semi-classical surface-hopping and the Marcus equation 5753.2 Treating quantum mechanical nuclear tunneling by the dispersed-polaron/spin-boson method 5803.3 Density-matrix treatments 5833.4 Charge separation in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers 5844. Light-induced photoisomerizations in rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin 5965. Energetics and dynamics of enzyme reactions 6145.1 The empirical-valence-bond treatment and free-energy perturbation methods 6145.2 Activation energies are decreased in enzymes relative to solution, often by electrostatic effects
that stabilize the transition state 6205.3 Entropic effects in enzyme catalysis 6275.4 What is meant by dynamical contributions to catalysis? 6345.5 Transmission coefficients are similar for corresponding reactions in enzymes and water 6365.6 Non-equilibrium solvation effects contribute to catalysis mainly through Δg[Dagger], not the
transmission coefficient 6415.7 Vibrationally assisted nuclear tunneling in enzyme catalysis 6485.8 Diffusive processes in enzyme reactions and transmembrane channels 6516. Concluding remarks 6587. Acknowledgements 6588. References 658Obtaining a detailed understanding of the dynamics of a biochemical reaction is a formidable
challenge. Indeed, it might appear at first sight that reactions in proteins are too complex to
analyze microscopically. At room temperature, even a relatively small protein can have as
many as 1034 accessible conformational states (Dill, 1985). In many cases, however, we have
detailed structural information about the active site of an enzyme, whereas such information
is missing for corresponding chemical systems in solution. The atomic coordinates of the
chromophore in bacteriorhodopsin, for example, are known to a resolution of 1–2 Å.
In addition, experimental studies of biological processes such as photoisomerization and
electron transfer have provided a wealth of detailed information that eventually may make
some of these processes classical problems in chemical physics as well as biology.
The construction of a ‘realistic utopia’: John Rawls and international political theory
Authors: BROWN CHRIS 
Published: August 2008

‘The limits of the possible in moral matters are less narrow than we think. It is our weaknesses, our vices, our prejudices that shrink them.’Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract Book II, Chapter 12.2 [cited from John Rawls The Law of Peoples, p. 7]After presenting a brief sketch of John Rawls's theory of justice, his international political theory is outlined and evaluated. Rawls develops a classification of ‘peoples’ based on whether or not they are ‘well-ordered’. The Law of Peoples covers ‘liberal’ and ‘decent’ peoples who adhere to minimum standards of human rights and are not aggressive in their international relations. This is in the realm of ‘ideal’ theory; ‘non-ideal’ theory must cope also with societies that are not well-ordered, such as outlaw states and burdened societies. The long-term aim is that all should be part of a confederation of decent peoples. Rawls's theory has been criticized by cosmopolitan liberals for its communitarian tendencies, but has much to offer scholars of international relations, including a systematic basis for classifying states, a helpful discussion of the distinction between reasonableness and rationality, and a powerful restatement of the importance of utopian thinking in international relations.
Completely mechanical quick changeable joints for multipurpose explosive ordnance disposal robots
Authors: Kececi E. Faruk 
Published: August 2008

SUMMARYThis paper is an investigation of completely mechanical quick changeable joints for multipurpose explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) robots. With the assistance of a quick changeable joint, an ordinary EOD robot becomes a multipurpose robot with an end effector which can be switched during the task. This exchangeable end effector permits the robot to perform more complex duties. Making the joint completely mechanical increases its capacity and decreases its complexity of control and risk of failure. In this paper, the design, manufacturing, and testing stages are explained for four quick changeable joints each possessing different physical working principles. The test results reveal the best design for a multipurpose EOD robot and give ideas for other uses of quick changeable joints. Employing the quick changeable joints in other mobile robot applications can increase a robot's capacity and efficiency.
The zeta function of [sfr ][lfr ]2 and resolution of singularities
Authors: DU SAUTOY MARCUS , TAYLOR GARETH 
Published: August 2008

Let L be a ring additively isomorphic to ℤd. The zeta function of L is defined to bewhere the sum is taken over all subalgebras H of finite index in L. This zeta function
has a natural Euler product decomposition:These functions were introduced in a paper of Grunewald, Segal and Smith [5] where
the local factors ζL[otimes ]ℤp(s) were shown to always be rational functions in p−s. The proof
depends on representing the local zeta function as a definable p-adic integral and then
appealing to a general result of Denef’s [1] about the rationality of such integrals.
The proof of Denef relies on Macintyre’s Quantifier Elimination for ℚp [8] followed
by techniques developed by Igusa [6] which employ resolution of singularities.
On the size of Diophantine m-tuples
Authors: DUJELLA ANDREJ 
Published: August 2008

Let n be a nonzero integer. A set of m positive integers {a1, a2, …, am} is said to
have the property D(n) if aiaj+n is a perfect square for all 1 [les ] i [les ] j [les ] m. Such a
set is called a Diophantine m-tuple (with the property D(n)), or Pn-set of size m.Diophantus found the quadruple {1, 33, 68, 105} with the property D(256). The
first Diophantine quadruple with the property D(1), the set {1, 3, 8, 120}, was found
by Fermat (see [8, 9]). Baker and Davenport [3] proved that this Fermat’s set cannot
be extended to the Diophantine quintuple, and a famous conjecture is that there does
not exist a Diophantine quintuple with the property D(1). The theorem of Baker and
Davenport has been recently generalized to several parametric families of quadruples
[12, 14, 16], but the conjecture is still unproved.On the other hand, there are examples of Diophantine quintuples and sextuples like
{1, 33, 105, 320, 18240} with the property D(256) [11] and {99, 315, 9920,
32768, 44460, 19534284} with the property D(2985984) [19]].
Avian influenza vaccines: a practical review in relation to their application in the field with a focus on the Asian experience
Authors: PEYRE M. , FUSHENG G. , DESVAUX S. , ROGER F. 
Published: August 2008

SUMMARYVaccination can be a useful tool for the control of avian influenza (AI) outbreaks, but its use is prohibited in most of the countries worldwide because of its interference with AI surveillance tests and its negative impact on poultry trade. AI vaccines currently in use in the field increase host resistance to the disease but have a limited impact on the virus transmission. To control or eradicate the disease, a carefully conceived vaccination strategy must be accompanied by strict biosecurity measures. Some countries have authorized vaccination under special circumstances with contradictory results, from control and disease eradication (Italy) to endemicity and antigenic drift of the viral strain (Mexico). Extensive vaccination programmes are ongoing in South East Asia to control the H5N1 epidemic. This review provides practical information on the available AI vaccines and associated diagnostic tests, the vaccination strategies applied in Asia and their impact on the disease epidemiology.
The significance of manic syndromes in old age
Authors: Shulman Kenneth I 
Published: August 2008

IntroductionSince the last review of this topic in this journal, there has been a focusing of efforts to clarify the classification of manic syndromes and their neurobiologic basis. This has involved proposals for more refined subtypes, as well as descriptions of brain localization and co-morbidity. Our understanding of the epidemiology, genetics, clinical course and treatment of manic syndromes has not substantially altered over the last decade.
Call for Papers Verification and Computational Logic Special Issue of Theory and Practice of Logic Programming
Authors: Leuschel Michael , Podelski Andreas , Ramakrishnan C. R. , Ultes-Nitsche Ulrich 
Published: August 2008

Submission deadline: January 10, 2002The past decade has seen dramatic growth in the application of model checking
techniques to the validation and verification of correctness properties of hardware,
and more recently software systems. One of the methods is to model a hardware
or software system as a finite, labelled transition system which is then exhaustively
explored to decide whether a given temporal specification holds. Recently, there has
been increasing interest in applying logic programming techniques to model checking
in particular and verification in general. For example, table-based logic programming
can be used as an efficient means of performing explicit model checking. Other
research has successfully exploited set-based logic program analysis, constraint logic
programming, and logic program transformation techniques.The aim of this special issue is to attract high-quality research papers on the
interplay between verification techniques (e.g. model checking, reduction and abstraction)
and logic programming techniques (e.g. constraints, abstract interpretation, program
transformation).
Overview of the Issue
Authors: BROWN JEFFREY , HABERMAN STEVEN , MILEVSKY MOSHE , ORSZAG MIKE 
Published: August 2008

This is the final issue of the first volume of the Journal of Pension Economics and Finance. We are pleased that the Journal has had a very successful first year, both in terms of the quality of submissions and in terms of building up an extensive and high quality subscription base. We will report in more detail on our first year as well as our plans for the future in the first issue of the second volume.The four articles in this issue span a broad range of topics. The first article is by David McCarthy (Oxford University, Institute of Ageing), Olivia Mitchell (University of Pennsylvania, Pension Research Council) and John Piggott (University of New South Wales, Centre for Pensions and Superannuation) who have written a paper entitled: Asset rich and cash poor: retirement provision and housing policy in Singapore.As mandatory defined contribution systems are increasingly adopted around the world, the experience in Singapore is particularly relevant in that its Central Provident Fund (CPF) is one of the oldest major international examples of a mandatory defined contribution pension system. With funds representing roughly 60% of Singapore's GDP, the CPF is also one of the most prominent publicly managed investment funds in the world.The particular focal point of the McCarthy et al. paper is the effect of rules in Singapore which allow individuals to use their accumulated funds to pay for housing. The use of retirement savings vehicles for approved purposes, such as medical care, education and unemployment, is an important policy issue, with most countries continuing to have strict prohibitions on drawing funds prior to retirement.