bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
River Enhancement in the Upper Mississippi River Basin: Approaches Based on River Uses, Alterations, and Management Agencies
Authors: O’Donnell T. Kevin , Galat David L. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract The Upper Mississippi River is characterized by a series of locks and dams, shallow impoundments, and thousands of river channelization structures that facilitate commercial navigation between Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Cairo, Illinois. Agriculture and urban development over the past 200 years have degraded water quality and increased the rate of sediment and nutrient delivery to surface waters. River enhancement has become an important management tool employed to address causes and effects of surface water degradation and river modification in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. We report information on individual river enhancement projects and contrast project densities, goals, activities, monitoring, and cost between commercially non‐navigated and navigated rivers (Non‐navigated and Navigated Rivers, respectively). The total number of river enhancement projects collected during this effort was 62,108. Cost of all projects reporting spending between 1972 and 2006 was about US$1.6 billion. Water quality management was the most cited project goal within the basin. Other important goals in Navigated Rivers included in‐stream habitat improvement and flow modification. Most projects collected for Non‐navigated Rivers and their watersheds originated from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the USDA were important sources for projects in Navigated Rivers. Collaborative efforts between agencies that implement projects in Non‐navigated and Navigated Rivers may be needed to more effectively address river impairment. However, the current state of data sources tracking river enhancement projects deters efficient and broad‐scale integration.
Convulsive Status Epilepticus: Clinical Profile in a Developing Country
Authors: Murthy Jagarlapudi M. K. , Jayalaxmi Sita S. , Kanikannan Meena A. 
Published: July 2007

Summary
Purpose: In developing countries optimal care of status epilepticus (SE) is associated with major barriers, particularly transportation.
Methods: A prospective study of SE was performed between 1994 and 1996 to determine the clinical profile, response to treatment and outcome, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS).
Results: Of the 85 patients admitted, the mean age was 33 years (8–75 years), 16% <16 years of age. The mean duration of SE before admission was 18.02 h (1–72 h). Only 23 (28%) patients, all locals, presented within <3 h of onset. Etiology included acute symptomatic (54%), remote symptomatic (7%), cryptogenic (19%), and established epilepsy (20%). Central nervous system infections accounted for 24 (28%) of the etiologies. Seventy‐five (88%) patients responded to first‐line drugs and 10 (12%) required second‐line drugs. The mean duration of SE was significantly long in nonresponders (Mean ± SD: 32.6 ± 20.11 vs. 15.2 ± 18.32, p < 0.006). Duration (p < 0.01; OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.07) and acute symptomatic etiology (p < 0.038; OR 10.38, 95% CI 1.13–95.09) were the independent predictors of no‐response to first‐line drugs. Of the nine deaths (10.5%), eight were in acute symptomatic group. Predictors of mortality included female sex (p < 0.017, OR 13.41, 95% CI 1.59–115.38) and lack of response to first‐line drugs (p < 0.0001, OR 230.27, 95% CI 8.78–6037.19). Longer duration was associated with poor GOS 1–4 (p = 0.001). Of the 37 patients with <6 h, 81% had GOC5 outcome.
Conclusion: This study suggests that longer duration of SE and acute symptomatic etiology are independent predictors of lack of response to first‐line drugs. Failure to respond to first‐line drugs and duration predict the outcome.
Distribution of Alcohol Consumption and Expenditures and the Impact of Improved Measurement on Coverage of Alcohol Sales in the 2000 National Alcohol Survey
Authors: Kerr William C. , Greenfield Thomas K. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  To validate improved survey estimates of alcohol volume and new expenditures questions, these measures were aggregated and evaluated through comparison to sales data. Using the new measures, we examined their distributions by estimating the proportion of mean intake, heavy drinking days, and alcohol expenditures among drinkers grouped by volume.Methods:  The 2000 National Alcohol Survey is a random digit dialed telephone survey of the United States with 7,612 respondents including 323 who were recontacted for drink ethanol measurement. Among drinkers, we utilized improved drink ethanol content estimates and beverage‐specific graduated frequency measures to assess alcohol consumption and past month beverage‐specific spending reports to estimate expenditures.Results:  Coverage of alcohol sales by the new measures was estimated to be 52.3% for consumption and 59.3% for expenditures. Coverage was best for wine at 92.1% of sales, but improved most for spirits from 37.2% to 55.2%, when empirical drink ethanol content was applied. Distribution estimates showed that the top 10% of drinkers drank 55.3% of the total alcohol consumed, accounted for 61.6% of all 5+ and nearly 80% of all 12+ drinking days. Spirits consumption was the most concentrated with the top decile consuming 62.9% of the total for this beverage. This decile accounted for 33% of total expenditures, even though its mean expenditure per drink was considerably lower ($0.79) than the bottom 50% of drinkers ($4.75).Conclusions:  The distributions of mean alcohol intake and heavy drinking days are highly concentrated in the U.S. population. Lower expenditures per drink by the heaviest drinkers suggest substantial downward quality substitution, drinking in cheaper contexts or other bargain pricing strategies. Empirical drink ethanol estimates improved survey coverage of sales particularly for spirits, but significant under‐coverage remains, highlighting need for further self‐report measurement improvement.
Uncertainty Management and Social Issues: Uncertainty as an Important Determinant of Reactions to Socially Deviating People1
Authors: Van Den Bos Kees , Euwema Martin C. , Poortvliet P. Marijn , Maas Marjolein 
Published: July 2007

In this paper, the social psychology of uncertainty management is used to explain reactions to socially deviating people. In Study 1, we examine how people react to a person communicating negative messages about their home country; in Study 2, how a representative sample of the Dutch society reacts to encounters with a homeless person; and in Study 3, what the behavioral and psychological reactions are of people in an anticipated interaction with a homeless individual. All 3 studies reveal that personal uncertainty—whether made salient in a subtle manner or measured by means of individual differences in the extent to which uncertainty is considered an emotionally threatening experience—is an important determinant of reactions to socially deviating persons.
Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest‐tossed, to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF LYSOSTAPHIN FROM STAPHYLOCOCCUS SIMULANS AGAINST GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN MILK AND SOME OTHER FOOD PRODUCTS
Authors: SZWEDA PIOTR , KOTŁOWSKI ROMAN , ŁĄCKA IZABELA , SYNOWIECKI JÓZEF 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT The effect of lysostaphin from Staphylococcus simulans expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10 strain on Staphylococcus aureus used for inoculation of milk, ground pork and mayonnaise salad was investigated. The populations of this pathogen in ultrahigh‐temperature milk preserved at 4C by lysostaphin added up to concentrations of 1.5 or 3.0 µg/mL were reduced by 0.73 and 0.92 log(cfu/mL) in control samples without enzyme addition. The protective influence of lysostaphin was diminished in case of milk storage (20C) prolonged up to 24 h. Furthermore, a final reduction level by 0.92 log(cfu/mL) was achieved after 24 h of pork storage. The smaller and more dependent on enzyme concentration inactivation of S. aureus was observed in the case of the mayonnaise salad, and it led to the conclusion that some food components or proteolytic enzymes originating from other bacteria caused lysostaphin inactivation.
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE–POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION DETECTION OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN NATURALLY CONTAMINATED MUSSELS (MYTILUS EDULIS)
Authors: ELAMRI DORSAF ESSEBAI , AOUNI MAHJOUB 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT With the development of modern molecular techniques, the shellfish enteric viruses became easily detectable. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of four methods quoted in the literature to extract hepatitis A virus (HAV) from naturally contaminated mussel tissues and to identify the viral material by a sensitive reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). The results obtained after real‐time RT–PCR showed a decreasing efficiency for HAV mussel extraction with glycine buffer, borate buffer, saline beef–polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and saline beef buffer, respectively, as it was reported in previous works. However, the sensitivity of HAV extraction method using glycine buffer in artificial contaminated mussel was insufficient to allow the detection of HAV at a concentration below 102 50% tissue culture infective doses. Running the real‐time amplification reaction with a mixture containing PVP and T4 gene 32 protein has removed RT–PCR inhibitors and has improved sensitivity of this technique in comparison with conventional RT–PCR.
Post‐Katrina provision of health care to veterans in a mobile clinic: Providers’ perspectives
Authors: Lafuente Corazon R. , Eichaker Veronica , Chee Vernon E. , Chapital Eleanor 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPurpose: To describe the challenges faced by healthcare providers in the aftermath of one of the worst natural disasters in the United States.Data sources: Eight healthcare providers describe their perceptions of the care they provided to veterans at a mobile clinic in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. This informal report used Giorgi’s phenomenological approach to gathering and analyzing information provided in written response to eight specific questions.Conclusions: Four broad categories of challenges and concerns are discussed in this article: (a) What was important in the provision of care for the veterans, (b) the hindrances encountered, (c) factors that facilitated the care given, and (d) the perceived effects of the care they provided. Three key themes characterized the lived experience of the eight participants: uncertainty, deprivation, and stabilization. Although this was not a formal research study, the authors and participants were able to use their research backgrounds and understandings to organize and make sense of their experiences during this chaotic period.Implications for practice: As hurricane season in the United States and the anniversary of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005) approach, it is hoped that this report on the experiences and recommendations of healthcare providers will benefit other providers in similar situations.
5α‐reductase inhibition for men with enlarged prostate
Authors: Issa Muta M. , Kraft Kate H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPurpose: Increasingly, men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are seeking treatment in the primary care setting. This article reviews the use of α‐blockers and 5α‐reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) in the management of LUTS and enlarged prostate.Data sources: Information is based on a critical review of the published literature. Relevant studies were identified using MEDLINE and review of reference lists of published studies.Conclusions: Enlargement of the prostate is a common occurrence among aging men. Nurse practitioners (NPs) are in a unique, frontline position to evaluate symptoms and bother and to recommend appropriate treatment of patients with enlarged prostate. Both α‐blockers and 5ARIs are effective at reducing symptoms in the short term. However, only the 5ARIs impact disease progression and maintain improvement in symptoms in the long term.Implications for practice: NPs play an important role in assessing and treating LUTS in men with enlarged prostate. When treating men with LUTS, assess the severity of symptoms and the extent of prostate enlargement. For symptomatic men with enlarged prostate, long‐term therapy with 5ARIs should be considered to treat symptoms as well as address the disease progression.
An Air Quality Impact Assessment for the Proposed Development of Stansted Airport
Authors: McINTYRE A. E. , PERRY R. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYThe results of an air quality impact assessment conducted in 1980, for the proposed development of Stansted airport, Essex, to a capacity of 15 million passengers per annum, are presented. Air pollutant concentrations measured in the vicinity of the airport were found to be low in comparison to ambient air quality guidelines and also when compared with other airports and urban areas.Atmospheric dispersion modelling to predict future emissions and ambient concentrations of air pollutants revealed that air quality standards would be unlikely to be infringed and that concentrations would be generally within the range of those measured at Gatwick airport in 1979.
Tolo Harbour – the Case for Integrated Water Quality Management in a Coastal Environment
Authors: HOLMES PAUL R. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISTolo Harbour is a marine inlet which is under severe development pressure. Degradation of the environment has caused visual nuisance, adverse ecological changes, economic losses, and health risks. The increasing occurrence of damaging and potentially dangerous red tides is closely correlated with the increase in nutrient pollution loading. This comes mainly from two sewage treatment works, even though they are performing in accordance with their design. The Hong Kong Government's response involves a co‐ordinated sequence of conventional pollution control activities. The problems which are now being faced would not be so severe if earlier planning had given adequate recognition to the ecological consequences of all the aspects of development in combination.
The Disposal of Spoil from the Channel Tunnel Development
Authors: BARRON JANE M. , SIMONS M. A. S. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISThis paper describes the nature of the spoil from the tunnelling activities, the plant requirements for its handling, and the investigation into possible disposal locations carried out in 1986 with a view to minimizing environmental impact. It further describes some of the steps currently being taken to minimize environmental impact at Shakespeare Cliff.
Digital Mapping for Watermains in Torbay
Authors: HOOPER B. D. , SINCLAIR A. N. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISThe development of a digital mapping and database system for water supply and distribution is described. The procedures adopted in producing the User Requirement Specification and preparing the existing records for conversion to digital form are outlined, and the manual digitization methods used for data conversion are detailed.
Controlling Nitrate Leaching in Water Supply Catchments
Authors: KNIGHT M. S. , TUCKWELL S. B. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSprings from a catchment to the north east of Bath to provide up to 80 per cent of the water supply to a population of 96 000. A review in 1984 suggested that within a few years nitrate concentrations in these sources could exceed the limit for drinking water (11.3 mg N/1). Nitrate was being leached from agricultural land and when an opportunity arose to alter the largely arable farming on part of the catchment, guidelines were devised to reduce nitrate leaching. This paper describes the guidelines and the effects of their implementation.
A Senegal Village Water Supply Project
Authors: HORSFIELD A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis Project Describes a rural water supply project in Senegal, West Africa, carried out in phases by Balfours, during the period 1983‐88.The first phase was a study, followed by detailed survey, construction works and borehole drilling.The scheme was financed by a $6 million grant from the Overseas Development Administration (ODA). British equipment such as the vehicles, pumps, elevated sectional steel water towers, pipes and fittings, were purchased and shipped to Senegal by the Crown Aents.Balfours designed, specified, and supervised the construction of water supply systems in 18 villages in Senegal comprising deep boreholes, pumping plant, elevated sectional steel water towers, and limited piped distribution systems. In order to ensure a full understanding of the project by the people it was to serve, and because major international contractors were unwilling to bid for a project which was scattered across a large area of Senegal, the work was carried out by direct labour, much of which was recruited in the villages in which the works were located. About 85000 people and 250000 cattle and sheep were provided with safe, reliable supplies of clean drinking water, as a result of the project.
Developments in Sewage Sludge Incineration
Authors: FROST R. C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWithin THE LAST few years there has been a resurgence of UK interest in incineration as a sludge disposal option. However, the last plant installed in the UK represented the technology and design thinking of the 1970s and there have been significant developments since that time. These are reviewed in this paper.Especial attention is given to changes in legislation and attitudes concerning the environmental impact of incineration, and the effects on process selection. The wide range of options for the achievement of autothermic operation are itemized and a brief review of costs given.It is considered likely that incineration will have an increased role in the future, though continuing to be rather specialized. Keeping an open mind on equipment selection is urged, as is the conduct of an organized programme of work to establish process design information before going out to tender.
Economic Optimization of Distribution Leakage Control
Authors: SHORE D. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTEvry WATER DISTRIBUTION system has an economic optimum level of leakage. To maintain that optimum level of leakage there is a corresponding optimum level of leakage control activity.Despite much work on this subject, particularly in recent years with publication of DoE Report No. 261, many undertakers remain unclear about their economic optimum leakage level and how much effort is required to maintain that level.This paper describes development of an economic model which attempts to quantify optimum leakage through measurement of parameters which should be readily available or obtainable.The model was originally developed specifically for routine sounding. However, extension of the basic principles allows development of a general optimization theory. The paper then shows how the theory can be applied to optimization of district metering
2. Risk Management and Reservoir Maintenance
Authors: Parr N. M. , Cullen N. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of a typical earth embankment dam in North West England has been undertaken as part of the development of a methodology for prioritizing expenditure on monitoring, maintenance, and remedial works. The techniques used, difficulties encountered, and potential areas of usefulness are listed, and component tasks for a simplified approach are outlined. The paper recommends publication of the results of the assessment, continued development of the approach. and that the water industry should consider developing emergency plans for dam failure, and extending use of PRA techniques to study of other hazards.
Domestic per Capita Water Consumption in South West England
Authors: Hall M. J. , HOOPER B. D. , POSTLE S. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWHEN THE Component Method is applied to produce a forecast of future water demand, particular attention must be paid to the unmeasured consumption. This component consists largely of domestic water demand and takes into account the major water uses within the home. A knowledge is therefore required of the ownership of water‐using appliances, the volumes of water involved and the frequency of use. These data are best obtained by the metering of individual households, supplemented by questionnaire surveys and the completion of diaries for each major element of water use.Such a survey was carried out by South West Water over a 13‐month period during 1977‐78. Subsequent updating, which has included further surveys of appliance ownership in the original sample of households and of the capacities of individual appliances, has shown that domestic per capita consumption has increased from 113.4 1/hd/d in 1977 to 131.6 1/hd/d in 1985.
Estimates of Crop Evapotranspiration in Egypt
Authors: FAULKNER RICHARD D. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISThe WORK DESCRIBED is part of a feasibility study for the rehabilitation of the Old Lands irrigation areas in Egypt. Despite much previous work there is still some controversy regarding the consumptive use of water by crops in Egypt. The present study utilized the Energy Balance (sometimes also called Bowen Ratio) method to determine the actual evapotranspiration occurring over crops. It was found that the modified form of the Penman equation recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization overestimated evapotranspiration by approximately 30 per cent. Alternatively, the use of an earlier form of the Penman equation yielded acceptable estimates.
Contamination of Groundwaters from Diffuse Sources arising from Farming Activities
Authors: HEADWORTH H. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere is wide concern in developed countries that groundwater resources are deteriorating in the long‐term, both in quantity and quality. Some causes of pollution have a largely agricultural origin of which nitrates and pesticides are thought to pose serious risks to human health. This paper briefly reviews the sources of agricultural pollution of groundwater and the extent of the problem. It summarizes the various processes which take place in aquifers to remove, alter or attenuate contaminants.
The Use of Chemicals in Agriculture
Authors: MALCOLM J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the use of agrochemicals in modern agriculture and horticulture. It begins by reflecting on the uncertainties of agricultural and horticultural production prior to the use of synthetic chemicals, then discusses the improved quantity and quality of output which is possible using agrochemicals. The social, environmental and agricultural hazards attendant upon chemical use are also considered. Provided that proper safeguards are observed, the use of agrochemicals is a sine qua non for the majority of farmers and growers in the UK.
Problems Encountered in the Hotwells District Small‐Scale Metering Trial
Authors: BESSEY S. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs the debate on the fairness of water metering continues, the Hotwells metering trial has revealed two new contentious issues which could add credibility to the arguments of those who are opposed to a universal system. One could not have predicted that the safety of electrical appliances would make media headlines on the subject of water metering, or that supporters of rateable value should object to being charged by measured floor area when these two systems are so similarThis paper sets out to concentrate on two particular problems which were encountered during the consultative and installation phases of the Hotwells trial. Whilst the author would not claim to be able to provide definitive answers, he can share the approaches taken by the Company on apportionment and electrical earthing, and highlight I‐the most important factors.