bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Sampling of the Building Envelope for Water Leakage
Authors: Haughton Lonnie L. , Murphy Colin R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Industry standards for intrusive water leakage evaluations of the building envelope are promulgated by ASTM E 2128, “Standard Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls,” which lays out a purposeful step-by-step methodology by which information is accumulated and succeeding sampling locations are identified by a skilled professional; however, some laypersons have criticized building envelope survey findings that are not derived statistically from random sampling. This paper notes that there are relatively few building envelope investigations for which statistical random sampling, in and of itself, is a legitimate or practical methodology for achieving a comprehensive understanding of the sources and mechanisms of water leakage and, therefore, the use of quantitative (i.e., statistical) survey protocols to evaluate the validity of purposeful qualitative sampling of the building envelope is not appropriate. Further, this paper demonstrates that a building envelope evaluation that has been carried out in conformance with ASTM E 2128 satisfies current rules of evidence that require an expert’s sampling methodology and analysis to be based upon “scientifically valid” principles. In addition, this paper identifies fundamental assumptions that guide the initial steps of most water leakage evaluations, proposes basic categories for prioritizing the sampling, and discusses the potentially complementary roles of limited surveys by plaintiff and defense experts.
Façade Renovation of the Wexner Center for the Arts
Authors: Li Shawn S. , McClelland Neil 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Wexner Center for the Arts went through a major façade renovation to fix the water leakage and condensation problems. The work included replacing glazed skylights, curtain walls, and roofs. This paper describes how renovation work has been done with modern technologies to study thermal and lighting performance on the new façade. In addition to the computational analysis, a full scale mock-up was constructed in a laboratory for air, water, and structural test, and to evaluate the condensation resistance performance. Currently there are no industry standards for condensation evaluation for a mock-up of this size. The mock-up test method refers to ASTM C 1199, “Standard Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot Box Methods,” and AAMA 1053 test procedures but with modifications to suit the project. The new façade of the Wexner Center is a perfect example of how façade design can be done with modern analyses tools and a coordinated design approach to deliver an environmentally efficient cladding system. The paper also describes the issues for the current test standards to the projects that have specific design conditions.
Bedraggled, a Putative Transporter, Influences the Tissue Polarity Complex During the R3/R4 Fate Decision in the Drosophila Eye
Authors: Rawls Amy S , Schultz Sarah A , Mitra Robi D , Wolff Tanya 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The tissue polarity pathway is required for the establishment of epithelial polarity in a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate organs. Core tissue polarity proteins act in a dynamically regulated complex to direct the polarization of the Drosophila eye. We report the identification and characterization of bedraggled (bdg), a novel gene that regulates one output of the tissue polarity pathway—the establishment of the R3/R4 photoreceptor fates. bdg encodes a novel, putative transporter protein and interacts genetically with all of the core polarity genes to influence the specification of the R3 and R4 cell fates. Finally, bdg is required for both viability and the initial stages of imaginal disc development.
The Dynamics of therooTransposable Element In Mutation-Accumulation Lines and Segregating Populations ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Papaceit Montserrat , Ávila Victoria , Aguadé Montserrat , García-Dorado Aurora 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe estimated the number of copies for the long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposable element roo in a set of long-standing Drosophila melanogaster mutation-accumulation full-sib lines and in two large laboratory populations maintained with effective population size ∼500, all of them derived from the same isogenic origin. Estimates were based on real-time quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. Considering previous estimates of roo copy numbers obtained at earlier stages of the experiment, the results imply a strong acceleration of the insertion rate in the accumulation lines. The detected acceleration is consistent with a model where only one (maybe a few) of the ∼70 roo copies in the ancestral isogenic genome was active and each active copy caused new insertions with a relatively high rate (∼10−2), with new inserts being active copies themselves. In the two laboratory populations, however, a stabilized copy number or no accelerated insertion was found. Our estimate of the average deleterious viability effects per accumulated insert [E(s) &lt; 0.003] is too small to account for the latter finding, and we discuss the mechanisms that could contain copy number.
An Interrelationship Between Autophagy and Filamentous Growth in Budding Yeast
Authors: Ma Jun , Jin Rui , Jia Xiaoyu , Dobry Craig J , Wang Li , Reggiori Fulvio , Zhu Ji , Kumar Anuj 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Over the last 15 years, yeast pseudohyphal growth (PHG) has been the focus of intense research interest as a model of fungal pathogenicity. Specifically, PHG is a stress response wherein yeast cells deprived of nitrogen form filaments of elongated cells. Nitrogen limitation also induces autophagy, a ubiquitous eukaryotic stress response in which proteins are trafficked to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation and recycling. Although autophagy and filamentous growth are both responsive to nitrogen stress, a link between these processes has not been investigated to date. Here, we present several studies describing an interrelationship between autophagy and filamentous growth. By microarray-based expression profiling, we detect extensive upregulation of the pathway governing autophagy during early PHG and find both processes active under conditions of nitrogen stress in a filamentous strain of budding yeast. Inhibition of autophagy results in increased PHG, and autophagy-deficient yeast induce PHG at higher concentrations of available nitrogen. Our results suggest a model in which autophagy mitigates nutrient stress, delaying the onset of PHG; conversely, inhibition of autophagy exacerbates nitrogen stress, resulting in precocious and overactive PHG. This physiological connection highlights the central role of autophagy in regulating the cell's nutritional state and the responsiveness of PHG to that state.
Evolution of Gene Sequence in Response to Chromosomal Location
Authors: Díaz-Castillo Carlos , Golic Kent G 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Evolutionary forces acting on the repetitive DNA of heterochromatin are not constrained by the same considerations that apply to protein-coding genes. Consequently, such sequences are subject to rapid evolutionary change. By examining the Troponin C gene family of Drosophila melanogaster, which has euchromatic and heterochromatic members, we find that protein-coding genes also evolve in response to their chromosomal location. The heterochromatic members of the family show a reduced CG content and increased variation in DNA sequence. We show that the CG reduction applies broadly to the protein-coding sequences of genes located at the heterochromatin:euchromatin interface, with a very strong correlation between CG content and the distance from centric heterochromatin. We also observe a similar trend in the transition from telomeric heterochromatin to euchromatin. We propose that the methylation of DNA is one of the forces driving this sequence evolution.
The Persistence of Parasitic Plasmids
Authors: Lili Loukia N , Britton Nicholas F , Feil Edward J 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The conditions under which plasmids are predicted to persist remain controversial. Here, we reevaluate the ordinary differential equations used previously to model plasmid persistence and conclude that the parameter space required for maintenance is far less stringent than has been supposed. Strikingly, our model demonstrates that purely parasitic plasmids may persist, even in the absence of heterogeneity in the host population, and that this persistence is expressed by oscillations or damped oscillations between the plasmid-bearing and the plasmid-free class.
Transplantation of Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Endodermal Cells into Mice with Induced Lethal Liver Damage
Authors: Ishii Takamichi , Yasuchika Kentaro , Machimoto Takafumi , Kamo Naoko , Komori Junji , Konishi Sayuri , Suemori Hirofumi , Nakatsuji Norio , Saito Michiko , Kohno Kenji , Uemoto Shinji , Ikai Iwao 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
ESCs are a potential cell source for cell therapy. However, there is no evidence that cell transplantation using ESC-derived hepatocytes is therapeutically effective. The main objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of the transplantation of ESC-derived endodermal cells into a liver injury model. The β-galactosidase-labeled mouse ESCs were differentiated into α-fetoprotein (AFP)-producing endodermal cells. AFP-producing cells or ESCs were transplanted into transgenic mice that expressed diphtheria toxin (DT) receptors under the control of an albumin enhancer/promoter. Selective damage was induced in the recipient hepatocytes by the administration of DT. Although the transplanted AFP-producing cells had repopulated only 3.4% of the total liver mass 7 days after cell transplantation, they replaced 32.8% of the liver by day 35. However, these engrafted cells decreased (18.3% at day 40 and 7.9% at day 50) after the cessation of DT administration, and few donor cells were observed by days 60–90. The survival rate of the AFP-producing cell-transplanted group (66.7%) was significantly higher in comparison with that of the sham-operated group (17.6%). No tumors were detected by day 50 in the AFP-producing cell-transplanted group; however, splenic teratomas did form 60 days or more after transplantation. ESC transplantation had no effect on survival rates; furthermore, there was a high frequency of tumors in the ESC-transplanted group 35 days after transplantation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates, for the first time, that ESC-derived endodermal cells improve the survival rates after transplantation into mice with induced hepatocellular injury.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Development of Investment‐Casting Process of Mg‐Alloys for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Arruebarrena G. , Hurtado I. , Väinölä J. , Cingi C. , Dévényi S. , Townsend J. , Mahmood S. , Wendt A. , Weiss K. , Ben‐Dov A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractInvestment casting offers high‐quality castings with good dimensional accuracy, being therefore suitable for aircraft applications. Since commercial ceramic shells react with Mg melts and appropriate inhibitors being not available, magnesium alloys are not widely used in industrial investment‐casting. In order to overcome this situation and enable the aircraft industry to take advantage of the light‐weight properties of magnesium, the process is analyzed within the European FP6 IDEA project, which aims at developing new high‐strength magnesium casting alloys for aeronautic applications.
Microstructural and Mechanical Behavior of Friction Welds in a High Creep Resistance Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Pinheiro G. A. , Olea C. A. W. , dos Santos J. F. , Kainer K. U. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFriction weldability of Mg based alloys has been worldwide discussed. Within this context the aim of this study was to investigate rotational friction welding of an Aluminum‐Rare Earth based high creep resistance Mg alloy AE42HP from the viewpoint of thermo cycle‐microstructure‐performance relationships to evaluate the potential use of FW in joining modern Mg‐alloys.
Mg Based Bulk Metallic Glasses with high Mechanical Strength and Large Viscoplastic Forming Capacity
Authors: Puech S. , Blandin J. J. , Soubeyroux J. L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractVarious Mg based BMG were successfully elaborated by copper mould casting. High strengths (> 600 MPa) were obtained in compression at room temperature associated with a large elastic strain (≈ 0.015) but also to a macroscopically brittle behavior. Deformation capacity in the glass transition interval has been investigated. For such temperatures, thanks to Newtonian rheologies, glasses exhibit a particularly good viscoplastic forming ability with low viscosities. However, in some cases, crystallization can occur during the process and increase sharply the viscosity.
Thermally Responsive Biomineralization on Biodegradable Substrates
Authors: Shi J. , Alves N. M. , Mano J. F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBiomineralization offers an elegant example of how nature can design complex, hierarchical, and structurally/morphologically controllable materials. In this work, the surface of bioactive substrates prepared from poly(L‐lactic acid) and reinforced with Bioglass are modified by the graft polymerization of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), (PNIPAAm) after plasma activation. It is found that such treatment, together with temperature, could trigger the formation of apatite on the biodegradable substrate upon immersion in simulated body fluid above the PNIPAAm lower critical solution temperature (LCST); in contrast, no apatite is formed at room temperature. A control experiment on a material that is not subjected to surface treatment does not show any evidence of mineral deposition at the two analyzed temperatures. This “smart” biomineralization concept is combined with patterning methodologies to control the microstructure of the surface onto which PNIPAAm is grafted. In this case, the apatite is formed at 37 °C in the modified regions. We suggest that this concept could be extended in the biomimetic production of other minerals, where it would be triggered by another kind of stimulus (e.g., pH or ionic strength) in substrates with more complex geometries.
Characterization of Geoinspired and Synthetic Chrysotile Nanotubes by Atomic Force Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Piperno S. , Kaplan‐Ashiri I. , Cohen S. R. , Popovitz‐Biro R. , Wagner H. D. , Tenne R. , Foresti E. , Lesci I. G. , Roveri N. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGeoinspired synthetic chrysotile nanotubes both stoichiometric and 0.67 wt % Fe doped were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Bending tests of the synthetic chrysotile nanotubes were performed using the atomic force microscope. The nanotubes were found to exhibit elastic behaviour at small deformations (below ca. 20 nm). Young's modulus values of (159 ± 125) GPa and (279 ± 260) GPa were obtained from the force‐deflection curves using the bending equation for a clamped beam under a concentrated load, for the stoichiometric and the Fe doped chrysotile nanotubes, respectively. The structural modifications induced by Fe doping altered the mechanical properties, with an apparent dependence of the latter on the number of constituting walls of the nanotubes.
Highly Efficient Non‐Doped Blue‐Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on an Anthrancene Derivative End‐Capped with Tetraphenylethylene Groups
Authors: Shih P.‐I , Chuang C.‐Y. , Chien C.‐H. , Diau E. W.‐G. , Shu C.‐F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA novel blue‐emitting material, 2‐tert‐butyl‐9,10‐bis[4‐(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)phenyl]anthracene (TPVAn), which contains an anthracene core and two tetraphenylethylene end‐capped groups, has been synthesized and characterized. Owing to the presence of its sterically congested terminal groups, TPVAn possesses a high glass transition temperature (155 °C) and is morphologically stable. Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) utilizing TPVAn as the emitter exhibit bright saturated‐blue emissions (Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of x = 0.14 and y = 0.12) with efficiencies as high as 5.3 % (5.3 cd A–1)—the best performance of non‐doped deep blue‐emitting OLEDs reported to date. In addition, TPVAn doped with an orange fluorophore served as an authentic host for the construction of a white‐light‐emitting device that displayed promising electroluminescent characteristics: the maximum external quantum efficiency reached 4.9 % (13.1 cd A–1) with CIE coordinates located at (0.33, 0.39).
High Performance Polymer Electrophosphorescent Devices with tert‐Butyl Group Modified Iridium Complexes as Emitters
Authors: Wei X. , Peng J. , Cheng J. , Xie M. , Lu Z. , Li C. , Cao Y. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and photophysical study of two novel tert‐butyl modified cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes, i.e., bis(4‐tert‐butyl‐2‐phenylbenzothiozolato‐N,C2′) iridium(III)(acetylacetonate) [(tbt)2Ir(acac)] and bis(4‐tert‐butyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazolato‐N,C2′) iridium(III)(acetylacetonate) [(tpbi)2Ir(acac)], are reported, their molecular structures were characterized by 13C NMR, 1H NMR, ESI‐MS, FT‐IR, and elementary analysis. Compared with their prototypes without tert‐butyl substituents [(bt)2Ir(acac) and (pbi)2Ir(acac)], (tbt)2Ir(acac) and (tpbi)2Ir(acac) both have shortened phosphorescent lifetimes[(tbt)2Ir(acac) versus (bt)2Ir(acac), 1.1 μs:1.8 μs; (pbi)2Ir(acac) versus (tpbi)2Ir(acac), 0.8 μs:1.82 μs]. Moreover, (tbt)2Ir(acac) has much more improved phototoluminescence quantum efficiencies in CH2Cl2 solution, [(tbt)2Ir(acac), 0.51; (bt)2Ir(acac), 0.26]. Employing them as dopants, high performance double‐layer PLEDs were fabricated. The (tbt)2Ir(acac)‐based and (tpbi)2Ir(acac)‐based PLEDs have the maximum external quantum efficiencies of 8.71 % and 10.25 %, respectively, and high EL quantum efficiencies of 5.92 % and 7.21 % can be achieved under high driven current density of 100 mA cm–2. PLEDs fabricated with both the two phosphors have much broadened EL spectra with FWHM of > 110 nm, which afford the feasibility to be used as dopants in white LEDs, and the best doping concentrations of the two complexes in fabrication of PLEDs were optimized.
Shape‐Selective Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles with Controlled Sizes, Shapes, and Plasmon Resonances
Authors: Zhang J. , Liu H. , Wang Z. , Ming N. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe attachment of water molecules to poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) is used in conjunction with the region‐selective distribution of PVP and water in a water/PVP/n‐pentanol system to confine reactions along the surface of PVP, thus achieving the highly shape‐selective synthesis of anisotropic Au nanostructures with controlled sizes and remarkable shapes such as regular octahedrons, triangles, rods, dumbbells, belts, and hexagons. The IR absorption spectra of the Au nanoparticles confirm that the nanoparticles are formed around PVP, and corroborate the adsorption of PVP on Au. The size, shape, and plasmon resonance of the Au nanoparticles can be readily tuned by modifying the adsorption behavior and/or the reducing ability of PVP by adjusting the relative amounts of PVP and water, directly adding gold seeds, or changing the stirring conditions in the reaction mixture. The obtained highly pure anisotropic Au nanostructures and the synthesis method demonstrated here enable us to study distinct nanostructures to search for novel physicochemical properties and technological applications. Our method is also successfully extended to prepare highly pure silica spheres, tubes, and needles with controlled aspect ratios.
Why not ADR? Burdened by backlogs, the system that deals with veterans' disability claims needs help
Authors: Rosenbleeth Richard M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCiting ADR's effectiveness and civic duty, Richard M. Rosenbleeth, of Philadelphia, writes that the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs needs to adapt programs it already uses elsewhere to deal with the backlog of injured and sick veterans' disability claims.
Angiogenin loss‐of‐function mutations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Wu David , Yu Wenhao , Kishikawa Hiroko , Folkerth Rebecca D. , Iafrate A. John , Shen Yiping , Xin Winnie , Sims Katherine , Hu Guo‐fu 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveHeterozygous missense mutations in the coding region of angiogenin (ANG), an angiogenic ribonuclease, have been reported in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. However, the role of ANG in motor neuron physiology and the functional consequences of these mutations are unknown. We searched for new mutations and sought to define the functional consequences of these mutations.MethodsWe sequenced the coding region of ANG in an independent cohort of North American ALS patients. Identified ANG mutations were then characterized using functional assays of angiogenesis, ribonucleolysis, and nuclear translocation. We also examined expression of ANG in normal human fetal and adult spinal cords.ResultsWe identified four mutations in the coding region of ANG from 298 ALS patients. Three of these mutations are present in the mature protein. Among the four mutations, P(‐4)S, S28N, and P112L are novel, and K17I has been reported previously. Functional assays show that these ANG mutations result in complete loss of function. The mutant ANG proteins are unable to induce angiogenesis because of a deficiency in ribonuclease activity, nuclear translocation, or both. As a correlate, we demonstrate strong ANG expression in both endothelial cells and motor neurons of normal human spinal cords from the developing fetus and adult.InterpretationWe provide the first evidence that ANG mutations, identified in ALS patients, are associated with functional loss of ANG activity. Moreover, strong ANG expression, in normal human fetal and adult spinal cord neurons and endothelial cells, confirms the plausibility of ANG dysfunction being relevant to the pathogenesis of ALS. Ann Neurol 2007
Organometallverbindungen von Titan und Zirconium als selektive nucleophile Reagentien für die Organische Synthese
Authors: Weidmann Beat , Seebach Dieter 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBei der Addition von carbanionoiden Organometallverbindungen (meist RLi oder RMgX) an Carbonylgruppen – einem Schlüsselschritt unzähliger Synthesen – können Komplikationen und Probleme auftreten. Abhilfe in vielen Fällen schafft die Zugabe von (RO)3TiCl, (RO)3ZrCl oder (R2N)3TiX zu den klassischen Li‐und Grignard‐Reagentien. Dabei entstehen meist stabile Organotitan‐ und Organozirconiumreagentien, die sich für hochselektive Carbonyladditionen eignen. Zum Beispiel unterscheiden sich die Geschwindigkeiten der Reaktionen von CH3Ti(OiPr)3 mit Benzaldehyd und mit Acetophenon bei Raumtemperatur um mehr als fünf Zehnerpotenzen; Reagentien RTi(OiPr)3 addieren sich glatt an Cyan‐, Nitro‐ oder Iod‐substituierte Benzaldehyde, und sie können in chlorierten Lösungsmitteln oder in Acetonitril umgesetzt werden; die Zirconiumanaloga haben eine besonders geringe Basizität und addieren sich mit hohen Ausbeuten an α‐ und β‐Tetralone oder an Substrate, die eine Nitroaldolgruppe enthalten; Einbau chiraler OR*‐Gruppen ergibt enantioselektive Reagentien (bis 90% e. e.); allylische (RO)3Ti‐Derivate reagieren völlig regioselektiv am höher substituierten C‐Atom und diastereoselektiv (bis 98% ds) auch mit Ketonen des Typs R1COR2. Neuartig sind Reaktionen wie die direkte geminale Dialkylierung (CO→CMe2) und alkylierende Aminierung [C→O→CR(NR′2)] mit Ti‐Reagentien. _ Die Modifizierung und Feineinstellung (“Zähmung”) der carbonylophilen Reaktivität muß nicht teuer erkauft werden: Ausgangsmaterialien sind die wohlfeilen und harmlosen “Zähmung”, Zirconate und zugehörigen Tetrachloride.
1‐Alkinylamine durch elektrophile Aminierung
Authors: Boche Gernot , Bernheim Michael , Nießner Manfred 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDas vollständige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983, 34. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198300340