bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Centrosophia des Athanasius Kircher SJ: Geometrisches Paradigma und geozentrisches Interesse
Authors: Leinkauf Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe main subject of the paper is to give an example of what could be called, in the history of philosophy and science, reinforcement of traditional topics or paradigms of explanation in order to give explanatory support to or to coooborate the defence of old or the solution of new problems. In the 17th century nearly all positions in the natural science are dependent from theological and philosophical (metaphysical) presuppositions, especially all positions which belong to types of the scientia universalis (Yves de Paris, S. Izquierdo, A. Kircher). To defend the finiteness of the world and the geocentric position of the earth, the Jesuit A. Kircher (1602–1680) returns to an old topic of cosmological speculation, to the geometria speculativa, in order to demonstrate the absolute perfect and finite structure of the world as an analogon of the absolute perfect and finite structure of the cercle or, better, the sphere (globe). He shows this in his Iter exstaticum (Rome 1656) and in his Mundus subterraneus (Amsterdam 1665). The paper discusses only a central part of the Mundus subterraneus titled ‘Centrosophia’: here we find all typical arguments for the phenomenon of reinforcement of old topics and paradigms. God is the center or the non‐dimensional point (punctum) of the cosmic sphere (which is the sphere of all being) and he is in consequence the principle of all geometrical (ontological) parts of this figure. Kircher transmits the evidence of the perfect geometric relation between center and circumference modo analogico to the relation God (creator) and world. Together with this well known and often used analogy he develops a new theory: the theory of the dignity of the subterranean parts of the earth and the earth as earth, as the unic and ideologically exclusive place in all reality that gives mankind the fundament to develop its own implications. The high estimation of the earth sets free an unprejudiced view of what the subterranean area really is: Kircher thinks here in organologic categories — the subterranean world is an analogon of the world as such and this world is a great animal. Kircher develops in the limits of his traditional geocentric position an new non‐traditional theory of the inner side of the world.
Biomarkers of depression in cancer patients
Authors: Jehn Christian Friedrich , Kuehnhardt Dagmar , Bartholomae Andrea , Pfeiffer Sebastian , Krebs Michael , Regierer Anne Constanze , Schmid Peter , Possinger Kurt , Flath Bernd Christian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Inflammation and perturbation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis function appears to play a putative role in the etiology of depression. Patients with metastatic cancer demonstrate elevated prevalence rates for depression. The objective of the current study was to illustrate the efficacy of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and HPA axis function as adjuncts to support the diagnosis of depression in cancer patients.METHODS.Plasma concentrations of IL‐6 and cortisol were measured in 114 cancer patients with and without depression. The relative diurnal variation of cortisol (cortisol VAR), expressed as a percentage, was calculated. Receiver operating characteristics analysis was performed.RESULTS.Depression was associated with increased plasma concentrations of IL‐6 (18.7 pg/mL vs. 2.7 pg/mL; P < .001) and higher cortisol concentrations at 8 AM and 8 PM. The relative cortisol VAR (11.7% vs. 60.6%, respectively; P < .001) was found to be decreased in cancer patients with depression, indicating a disturbed circadian function of the HPA axis. As a biomarker of depression, IL‐6 yielded at a cutoff value of 10.6 pg/mL, a sensitivity of 79%, and a specificity of 87% (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.86; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.78–0.94), whereas cortisol VAR demonstrated a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 88% (AUC = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74–0.97) at a cutoff value of 33.5%.CONCLUSIONS.Depression is associated with increased plasma IL‐6 concentrations in patients with cancer. These patients demonstrate a dysfunction of the HPA‐axis, characterized by a decreased diurnal variation of cortisol. The high sensitivity and specificity of these parameters biomarkers of depression make IL‐6 and cortisol VAR helpful tools in the diagnosis of depression in patients with cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Copper/Zinc L‐Tartrates: Mixed Crystals and Thermolysis to a Mixture of Copper Oxide and Zinc Oxide That Is Catalytically Active in Methanol Synthesis
Authors: Weiss Rainer , Vukojević Sascha , Baltes Christian , d’Alnoncourt Raoul Naumann , Muhler Martin , Epple Matthias 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe system consisting of copper/zinc L‐tartrate mixed crystals has been systematically explored in the whole range from pure copper tartrate to pure zinc tartrate. Mixed crystal L‐tartrates were prepared and their thermochemical behaviour under oxygen was investigated. Oxidic precatalysts (CuO/ZnO) for catalytic tests in methanol synthesis were prepared by mild thermolysis of the mixed tartrates in air at 300 °C. Catalytic tests were performed with a multi‐channel parallel reactor. The catalytic activity shows a maximum at about equal amounts of copper and zinc whereas the specific surface area (BET surface) increases strongly when going from CuO to ZnO. This system offers a convenient, inexpensive route to CuO/ZnO precatalysts with adjustable compositions that avoids all other metals during preparation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Bis(dithiolene) Molybdenum Complex that Promotes Combined Coupled Electron–Proton Transfer and Oxygen Atom Transfer Reactions: A Water‐Active Model of the Arsenite Oxidase Molybdenum Center
Authors: Sugimoto Hideki , Tarumizu Makoto , Miyake Hiroyuki , Tsukube Hiroshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCombined CEPT (coupled electron–proton transfer)/OAT (oxygen atom transfer) reactions were accomplished in (Bu4N)2[MoIVO(bdtCl2)2] (1) and (Bu4N)2[MoVIO2(bdtCl2)2] (2) complexes in aqueous media. The reaction mechanism of the CEPT reaction was analyzed electrochemically and the conversion of 1 to 2 was revealed to proceed by a two‐proton two‐electron oxidative process. The structural and reaction profiles provide a new model for the arsenite oxidase catalytic center. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Bidirectional redistribution of AMPA but not NMDA receptors after perforant path simulation in the adult rat hippocampus in vivo
Authors: Moga D.E. , Shapiro M.L. , Morrison J.H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLong‐term potentiation (LTP) in vitro reveals dynamic regulation of synaptic glutamate receptors. AMPA receptors may be inserted into synapses to increase neurotransmission, whereas NMDA receptors may redistribute within the synapse to alter the probability of subsequent plasticity. To date, the only evidence for these receptor dynamics in the hippocampus is from the studies of dissociated neurons and hippocampal slices taken from young animals. Although synaptic plasticity is induced easily, the extent of AMPA and NMDA receptor mobility after LTP is unknown in the adult, intact hippocampus. To test whether AMPA or NMDAR subunits undergo activity‐dependent modifications in adult hippocampal synapses, we induced LTP at perforant path‐dentate gyrus (DG) synapses in anesthetized adult rats, using high frequency stimulation (HFS), verified layer‐specific Arc induction, and analyzed the distribution of postsynaptic AMPA and NMDAR subunits, using immunogold electron microscopy. The number of synapses with AMPA receptor labeling increased with LTP‐inducing HFS in the stimulated region of the dendrite relative to the nonstimulated regions. The opposite trend was noted with low frequency stimulation (LFS). Moreover, HFS increased and LFS decreased the ratio of synaptic to extrasynaptic AMPA receptor labeling in the postsynaptic membrane. In contrast, HFS did not significantly alter NMDAR labeling. Thus, LTP in the adult hippocampus in vivo selectively enhanced AMPA but not NMDAR labeling specifically in synapses undergoing activity‐dependent plasticity relative to the remainder of the dendritic tree. The results suggest a mechanism by which rapid adjustments in synaptic strength can occur through localized AMPA receptor mobility and that this process may be competitive across the dendritic tree. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Difference in time course of modulation of synaptic transmission by group II versus group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in region CA1 of the hippocampus
Authors: Giocomo Lisa M. , Hasselmo Michael E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe investigated the time course of modulation of synaptic transmission by group II and group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in region CA1 of the hippocampus. In the presence of 50 μM picrotoxin, pressure pulse application of 1 mM glutamate resulted in a fast onset of suppression of synaptic transmission in stratum lacunosum moleculare and a slower onset of suppression in stratum radiatum, with both effects returning to baseline over the course of several minutes. Application of 50 μM of the group II agonist (2R,4R)‐APDC in stratum lacunosum moleculare resulted in the same fast onset of suppression while having no effect in stratum radiatum. Pressure pulse application of 100 μM DL‐AP4 in stratum lacunosum moleculare and stratum radiatum resulted in a much slower onset of suppression of synaptic transmission than (2R,4R)‐APDC. Suppression by (2R,4R)‐APDC was accompanied by a rapid enhancement of paired pulse facilitation, indicative of a presynaptic mechanism. This demonstrates that activation of group II mGluRs in the hippocampus causes a fast onset of suppression in stratum lacunosum moleculare, while activation of group III mGluRs causes a slower onset of suppression. The difference in time course for group II vs. group III mGluRs suggests a different functional role, with group II playing a potential role in making synapses act as low pass filters. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrologic processes at the urban residential scale
Authors: Xiao Q. , McPherson E. G. , Simpson J. R. , Ustin S. L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the face of increasing urbanization, there is growing interest in application of microscale hydrologic solutions to minimize storm runoff and conserve water at the source. In this study, a physically based numerical model was developed to understand hydrologic processes better at the urban residential scale and the interaction of these processes among different best management practices (BMPs). This model simulates hydrologic processes using an hourly interval for over a full year or for specific storm events. The model was applied to treatment and control single‐family residential parcels in Los Angeles, California. Data collected from the control and treatment sites over 2 years were used to calibrate and validate the model. Annual storm runoff to the street was eliminated by 97% with installation of rain gutters, a driveway interceptor, and lawn retention basin. Evaluated individually, the driveway interceptor was the most effective BMP for storm runoff reduction (65%), followed by the rain gutter installation (28%), and lawn converted to retention basin (12%). An 11 m3cistern did not substantially reduce runoff, but provided 9% of annual landscape irrigation demand. Simulated landscape irrigation water use was reduced 53% by increasing irrigation system efficiency, and adjusting application rates monthly based on plant water demand. The model showed that infiltration and surface runoff processes were particularly sensitive to the soil's physical properties and its effective depth. Replacing the existing loam soil with clay soil increased annual runoff discharge to the street by 63% when climate and landscape features remained unchanged. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of subchronic parathion administration on sodium salicylate excretion kinetics in female rats
Authors: Tabche Laura Martínez , Del Rio Francisco A. Posadas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOrganophosphorus (OP) pesticides are considered to be environmental contaminants, and chronic exposure to low levels through the diet may affect drug action. To study this possible interaction, ethyl parathion was administered by intubation to female rats for 35 consecutive days at a dose of 0.05 or 0.2 mg/kg of body weight per day. At 7, 21 and 35 days after parathion was initiated, rats were administered a single dose of 20 mg/kg sodium salicylate intraperitoneally. Total salicylates, salicyclic acid (SA), salicyluric acid (SU) and gentisic acid (GA) were determined in urine. At 7 days, parathion treatment slowed the excretion of total salicylates. This effect was more evident at longer treatment times. Total excretion of SA was increased at the expense of GA at 7 days. However, this effect was reversed at 21 and 35 days. Excretion of SU was drastically diminished after 21 days of treatment with parathion. The results suggest that subchronic oral administration of parathion to female rats changes the excretion kinetics of sodium salicylate through combined effects on renal excretion mechanisms and biotransformation processes. Thus, exposure to low concentrations of environmental contaminants may produce important changes in drug action.
Differing hepatotoxicity and lethality after subacute trichloroethylene exposure in aqueous or corn oil gavage vehicles in B6C3F1 Mice
Authors: Merrick B. A. , Robinson M. , Condie L. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSubacute toxicity of trichloroethylene (TCE) was evaluated in male and female B6C3F1 mice using corn oil or aqueous gavage vehicles. Mice received oral doses of TCE five times a week for 4 weeks at 600, 1200 and 2400 mg/kg/day for males and 450, 900 and 1800 mg/kg/day for females. Vehicle control mice were dosed with either corn oil or a 20% aqueous solution of Emulphor. A dose‐related increase n lethality occurred in male and female mice receiving TCE in Emulphor but not corn oil during the first week of treatment. Lethality was consistent with central nervous system depressant effects of TCE. After 4 weeks of exposure, body weights were not altered by TCE but liver/body weight ratios were uniformly increased by TCE administered in either vehicle in both sexes. Only male mice treated with TCE in corn oil, however, sustained elevations in serum enzyme levels, accompanied by liver histopathology. TCE in corn oil produced inflammation‐associated focal necrosis in 30–40% of the male mice, with increasing severity from low to high dose. Lipid accumulation, as indicated by Oil‐Red O staining, was most prevalent in male mice treated with TCE in corn oil but also occurred to a lesser degree in animals receiving either gavage vehicle alone. This study indicates that the type of oral gavage vehicle is an important factor in determining the nature of TCE toxicity.
Elevated blood pressure and heart rate in rats exposed to a coal‐derived complex organic mixture
Authors: Sasser L. B. , Lundstrom D. L. , Zangar R. C. , Springer D. L. , Mahlum D. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe susceptibility of the cardiovascular system to exposure to a high‐boiling coal liquid (heavy distillate, HD) was studied in the rat using an isoproterenol (ISO) myocardial infarction model. Male Fischer rats were exposed to HD by inhalation (0.7 mg/l), 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. After a 10‐day recovery period, sham‐exposed and HD‐exposed rats were injected subcutaneously with 0, 20, 40 or 60 mg ISO/kg body weight. Blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram and 99mTc uptake by the heart were measured 1 day later. A dose‐related increase was observed in the uptake of 99mTc by the hearts of both sham‐exposed and HD‐exposed animals after ISO injection; however, uptake by the sham‐exposed group was significantly greater than that of exposed groups. The most striking observation was a 20% elevation in arterial blood pressure of HD‐exposed rats over that of sham‐exposed animals when no ISO was injected. These results suggest that the cardiovascular system could be detrimentally affected by exposure to coal‐derived complex mixtures and, possibly, to other complex organic mixtures.
Synthesis of 15N‐5‐doxylstearic acid for improved EPR characterization of lipid motion in biomembranes
Authors: Venkataramu Sindhaghatta D. , Pearson Donald E. , Beth Albert H. , Balasubramanian K. , Park Charles R. , Park Jane H. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract15N‐5‐Doxylstearic acid has been synthesized to improve EPR spectral characterization of the motional properties of the lipid in biological membranes. The EPR spectrum of the title compound displayed a 1.73 fold gain in sensitivity compared with the corresponding label substituted with the common isotope of nitrogen.
Preparation of quercetin‐4‐14C
Authors: Elliger Carl A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe preparation of radiolabeled quercetin proceeds through initial preparation of an alkoxyacetonitrile followed by condensation with phloroglucinol to give the acetophenone, carbonyl‐14C. Esterification with veratroyl chloride and rearrangement with triethylamine in refluxing pyridine yields a flavone labeled in position‐4. Saponification and dealkylation give quercetin‐4‐14C.
Synthèse DE LA colchicine (méthoxyle‐1 14C)
Authors: Pontikis R. , Nguyen‐Hoang‐Nam  , Hoellinger H. , Pichat L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract1‐demethylcolchicine obtained by selective demethylation of colchicine was condensed with (14C) CH3 I to gave (1‐methoxy 14C) colchicine 4. After two purifications by silicagel column chromatography 4 was obtained in a 40% yield from (14C) CH3 I and a radiochemical purity of 99% (specific activity : 57 mCi/mmole).
Deuterated organic compounds XXV synthesis of 1, 4, 5, 8‐tetradeuterionaphthalene
Authors: Renaud R. N. , Leitch L. C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract1, 4, 5, 8‐Tetradeuterionaphthalene was synthesized from 1, 4‐dibromonaphtalene by two methods. In the first method naphthalene was repeatedly brominated in chloroform and then debrominated with zinc dust in alkaline deuterium oxide. In the second, 1, 4‐dibromonaphthalene was nitrated to produce 1, 4‐dibromo‐5‐nitronaphthalene which underwent reductive debromination with zinc in alkaline deuterium oxide to 1‐amino‐5, 8‐dideuterionaphthalene. The latter was converted into 1‐bromo‐5, 8‐dideuterionaphthalene by a modified Sandmeyer reaction which was brominated to 1, 4‐dibromo‐5, 8‐dideuterionaphthalene and then debrominated to 1, 4, 5, 8‐tetradeuterionaphthalene.
Emploi du bromure de vinylmagnésium pour la synthèse de molécules marquées au 14C: Nouvelle méthode de préparation de glycérol 14C‐1 et d'acide glycérique 14C‐1
Authors: Pichat L. , Herbert M. , Aubert F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAcrylic acid 1‐14C is obtained with an 80% yield by carbonation of vinylmagnesium bromide. In desagreement with the literature it has been found that LiAlH4 reduction of acrylic acid does not give rise to allyl alcohol but mainly to n‐propanol. By successive additions of bromine and diazomethane acrylic acid 1‐14C yields methyl 2‐3 dibromo propionate. Reduction by LiAlH4‐AlCl3 at −80° C provides 2‐3 dibromo propanol which is converted into 2‐3 diacetoxy‐propanol 1‐14C. Saponification followed by partition chromatopraphy gives glycerol 1‐14C overall yield 35% calculated on Ba14CO3. Glyceric acid 1‐14C is obtained with an overall yield 43% based on Ba14CO3 from methyl 2‐3 dibromopropionate 1‐14C.
Synthèse de l'acide DL‐shikimique 14C‐1–2 à partir de l'acrylate de méthyle 14C‐2–3
Authors: Chabannes B. , Pichat L. , Herbert M. , Pacheco H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDL‐Shikimic, 1–2‐14C acid has been prepared by a 5 stage synthesis with a total yield of about 11% from methyl acrylate 2, 3‐14C.
Synthesis of tritiated p‐terphenyls, labelled at specific positions
Authors: Otto P. Ph. H. L. , Juppe G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe tritiated compounds p‐terphenyl‐4‐T, ‐3‐T, ‐2‐T and ‐2′‐T have been synthesized by catalytic reduction of the corresponding bromo‐p‐terphenyls with tritium gas under mild conditions. For each of the labelled p‐terphenyls, the activity distribution over the positions in the molecule has been determined by degradation.
Iodation enzymatique de protéines
Authors: Nunez J. , Pommier J. , El Hilali M. , Roche J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn iodination enzymatic method has been studied which makes possible the preparation of 125I or 131I labelled proteins.Iodide oxidation is catalyzed by horse‐radish peroxydase; H2O2 is furnished by another enzymatic system: glucose‐glucose oxydase. We have studied:

The optimal enzymatic iodination conditions for various proteins with different biological activities (immunological, hormonal, enzymatic).
The enzymatic iodination reaction mechanism.
Some molecular characteristics of the iodoproteins prepared.
We have established that:

The iodide oxidation is catalized by the horse‐radish peroxydase and not directly caused by H2O2 produced by the glucose‐glucose oxydase system.
When iodide atoms are introduced in a protein in the conditions defined above — serumalbumin or thyroglobulin, for instance — no apparent denaturation occurs; but a shift of the sedimentation coefficient established by sucrose gradient ultra‐centrifugation appears which may be due to a change of the proteins shape.
These results has been discussed:

as to the validity of this method from a preparative point of view.
as a simple model of the physiological structural transitions observed during the biosynthesis and iodination of thyroglobulin.
Isotopic exchange of active methyl hydrogens. II. Deuteration of diphenylmethylpyrylium and methyltropylium salts
Authors: Gǎrd E. , Bally I. , Vasilescu A. , Arsene A. , Balaban A. T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMethyl groups of 2, 6‐diphenyl‐4‐methylpyrylium, 2, 4‐diphenyl‐6‐methylpyrylium and methyltropylium salts were deuterated with deuterim oxide and/or acetic acid. The dedeuteration rated of the two diphenylmethylpyrylium salts are contrary to expectations, the 4‐methyl group reacting faster than the 2‐methyl groups at 50° in acetic acid.
Determination of carbon‐14 and/or tritium in the methyl group of organic compounds. Isotopic C‐methyl analysis
Authors: Kornhauser A. , Nystrom R. F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe determination of the millimolar radioactivity of C‐methyl groups in selected carbon‐14 and tritium labelled compounds by modification of the Kuhn‐Roth method is presented. Oxidation of the radioactive sample in an open vessel using a solution of sodium dichromate and sulfuric acid allows radioassay of the C‐methyl group as acetic acid. This procedure has been tested with a representative group of labelled compounds and found to be isotopically reliable.
The synthesis and isotopic analysis of CH318OH and CH317OH
Authors: Borowitz J. L. , Raviv A. , Rona P. , Sadeh D. , Samuel D. , Klein F. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA number of methods of synthesis of methanol labelled with 18O or with 17O have been evaluated. The best method is considered to be the partial hydrolysis of trimethyl phosphate. Ethanol‐18O can be prepared analogously by the partial hydrolysis of triethyl phosphate. The most accurate method for the isotopic analysis of oxygen in methanol is by pyrolysis in a specially designed vessel, the hydrogen being extracted through a palladium tube and the residual carbon monoxide analysed mass‐spectrometrically.
Synthesis of 14C‐lanosterol and 14C‐desmosterol
Authors: Danieli B. , Russo G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of lanosterol [Ia] and desmosterol [IIa] labeled with 14C in the 25 position by a Wittig reaction between triphenyl‐2 14C isopropylidene‐phosphorane [IVb] and the corresponding aldehydes are described. The specific activities obtained are, respectively, 0.539 mC/mM and 0.752 mC/mM and the purities of the compounds, respectively, 96 and 99%.