bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoothed minima baseflow separation tool for perennial and intermittent streams
Authors: Aksoy Hafzullah , Unal Necati Erdem , Pektas Ali Osman 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe United Kingdom Institute of Hydrology (UKIH) smoothed minima baseflow separation method originally developed for the daily flow data of perennial streams and adopted for intermittent streams is presented. The adopted method (AdUKIH) is the generalized version of the UKIH and hence applicable not only to intermittent streams but also to perennial streams. The AdUKIH method is applied on three daily streamflow gauging stations from the European part of Turkey, the Thrace region. The AdUKIH enables one to change the parameter 0·9 in the UKIH method and also introduces different block sizes, which is limited to five days in the original UKIH method. The AdUKIH method is considered a useful tool in helping practitioners and researchers to separate continuous baseflow from the daily flow in perennial and intermittent streams. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monetary policy in an estimated open‐economy model with imperfect pass‐through
Authors: Lindé Jesper , Nessén Marianne , Söderström Ulf 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe develop a structural model of a small open economy with gradual exchange rate pass‐through and endogenous inertia in inflation and output. We then estimate the model by matching the implied impulse responses with those obtained from a VAR model estimated on Swedish data. Although our model is highly stylized it captures very well the responses of output, domestic and imported inflation, the interest rate, and the real exchange rate. However, in order to account for the observed persistence in the real exchange rate and the large deviations from uncovered interest parity (UIP), we need a large and volatile premium on foreign exchange. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurofeedback fMRI‐mediated learning and consolidation of regional brain activation during motor imagery
Authors: Yoo Seung‐Schik , Lee Jong‐Hwan , O'Leary Heather , Panych Lawrence P. , Jolesz Ferenc A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe report the long‐term effect of real‐time functional MRI (rtfMRI) training on voluntary regulation of the level of activation from a hand motor area. During the performance of a motor imagery task of a right hand, blood‐oxygenation‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signal originating from a primary motor area was presented back to the subject in real‐time. Demographically‐matched individuals also received the same procedure without valid feedback information. Followed by the initial rtfMRI sessions, both groups underwent 2‐week long, daily‐practice of the task. Off‐line data analysis revealed that the individuals in the experimental group were able to increase the level of BOLD signal from the regulatory target to a greater degree compared with the control group. Furthermore, the learned level of activation was maintained after the 2‐week period, with the recruitment of additional neural circuitries such as the hippocampus and the limbo‐thalamo‐cortical pathway. The activation obtained from the control group, in the absence of proper feedback, was indifferent across the training conditions. The level of BOLD activity from the target regulatory region was positively correlated with a self evaluative score within the experimental group, while the majority of control subjects had difficulty adopting a strategy to attain the desired level of functional regulation. Our results suggest that rtfMRI helped individuals learn how to increase region‐specific cortical activity associated with a motor imagery task, and the level of increased activation in motor areas was consolidated after the 2‐week self‐practice period, with the involvement of neural circuitries implicated in motor skill learning. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 69–78, 2008
Independent vector analysis (IVA) for group fMRI processing of subcortical area
Authors: Lee Jong‐Hwan , Lee Te‐Won , Jolesz Ferenc A. , Yoo Seung‐Schik 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDuring functional MRI (fMRI) studies, blood oxygenation‐level dependent (BOLD) signal associated with neuronal activity acquired from multiple individuals are subject to the derivation of group‐averaged brain activation patterns. Unlike other cortical areas, subcortical areas such as the thalamus and basal ganglia often manifest smaller, biphasic BOLD signal that are aberrant from signals originating from cortices. Independent component analysis (ICA) can offer session/individual specific brain activation maps without a priori assumptions regarding the timing or pattern of the signal responses. The small activation loci within the subcortical areas are sparsely distributed among the subjects, and a conventional group processing method based on the general linear model (GLM) or ICA may fail to characterize the activation loci. In this article, we present an independent vector analysis (IVA) to overcome these limitations by offering an analysis of additional dependent components (compared to the ICA‐based method) that are assigned for use in the automated grouping of dependent (i.e., similar) activation patterns across subjects. The proposed IVA algorithm was applied to simulated data, and its utility was confirmed from real fMRI data employing a trial‐based hand motor task. A GLM and the group ICA of the fMRI toolbox (GIFT) were also applied for comparison. From the analysis of activation patterns within subcortical areas, in which the hemodynamic responses (HRs) often deviate from a canonical, model‐driven HR, IVA detected task‐related activation loci that were not detected through GLM and GIFT. IVA may offer a unique advantage for inferring group activation originating from subcortical areas. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 29–41, 2008
Composite MR contrast agents for conditional cell‐labeling
Authors: Marzelli Matthew , Fischer Krisztina , Kim Young Beom , Mulkern Robert V. , Yoo Seung‐Schik , Park HyunWook , Cho Zang‐Hee 
Published: June 2008

AbstractGadolinium‐chelates (Gd‐DTPA) and superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (SPIO) are two commonly used MR contrast agents that exhibit inherently different relaxation properties. These two agents have been used to label cells ex‐vivo to generate signal contrast with respect to background tissue when introduced to a tissue‐of‐interest. Assuming minimal mutual interaction between these two agents, we were motivated to investigate the creation of composite relaxation properties by mixing the two in aqueous solutions for conditioning cell labeling. Concentration‐dependent relaxivity coefficients were first obtained from each contrast agent, independently, in saline solution at 3 Tesla. These coefficients were then used to predict both the R1 and R2 relaxation rates of a composite contrast agent using a linear model combining the effects of both contrast media. The predicted relaxation rates were experimentally confirmed from 25 composite solutions (combinations of SPIO‐concentration ranging from 0 to 1 μg/mL and Gd‐DTPA‐concentration ranging from 0 to 0.20 mM). We show that the combination of SPIO and Gd‐DTPA in an aqueous solution exhibits unique and predictable relaxivity properties that are unattainable via the individual use of either agent. The method may be applied to create “user‐tunable” contrast conditions for the visualization of magnetically labeled cells in the context of cell replacement therapy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 79–84, 2008
System harmonisation: a framework for applied regional irrigation business planning
Authors: Khan Shahbaz , Malano Hector M. , Davidson Brian 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIrrigation and environmental sustainability in irrigated catchments have, to date, been managed as two competing enterprises under separate and divergent control. There is an increasing quest and support for a “harmonised” business approach to sustainable use of land and water resources to achieve enduring business partnerships in the water management. The “system harmonisation” approach seeks to identify business opportunities for irrigators to become an integral part of an expanding environmental services industry and in so doing support a truly sustainable and diversified irrigation business environment The system harmonisation framework involves an all‐encompassing approach that combines research and business principles to achieve productive and environmental improvements at the catchment level. The framework involves five feasibility steps including three research components and a business analysis component leading to the formation of regional irrigation business partnerships (RIBPs). The system harmonisation process establishes the base physical, economic and social position of the region, identifies the key biophysical, economic, social, environmental or institutional pressure points in the system and the system constraints. Changes in these key pressure points need to be assessed and acted upon, in a comprehensive and systematic way, to enhance the multifunctional productivity of irrigation systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salinity–sodicity relationships of the Kalipatnam drainage pilot area, Godavari Western Delta, India
Authors: Sreenivas Ch. , Reddy Ch. Konda 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe present study was conducted to characterize the nature of salinity, to understand the relationship between pH, EC, Ca, SAR and ESP and to develop leaching curves for the Kalipatnam drainage pilot area, India. Soils are saline sodic. A relation was developed between the ECe and EC5 for routine soil analysis. A negative correlation was observed between pH and salinity. A regression equation was developed between SAR and ECe of the soils. Variations in soluble Ca2+ ion concentrations between soils were negatively related to soil pH and positively related to soil salinity. A negative relation was observed between organic carbon and ESP. Gapon's coefficient for these soils is 0.031 with a negative intercept of −0.499.Water requirements for leaching of saline soils of the Kalipatnam drainage pilot area were estimated. An irrigation depth of 30 cm leached about 50% of salts only in clay and sandy loam soils. The plateau after 50% salt reduction can be attributed to a shallow water table (40 cm only). Empirical equations are not useful for these soil conditions for predicting desalinization pattern. Leaching curves developed based on Y and DW/DS, where Y = ECf − ECeq/ECi − ECeq will give better estimates than other relations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serving families who have served: providing family therapy and support in interdisciplinary polytrauma rehabilitation
Authors: Collins Rose C. , Kennedy Maureen C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSevere polytraumatic injuries sustained in combat operations require intensive rehabilitation and often result in complex, long‐term disabilities. Understandably, these significant injuries have a substantial emotional impact on families. In this article, the authors discuss the importance of a family‐centered care philosophy, the interdisciplinary team approach, the therapeutic milieu, and two family‐systems treatments (medical family therapy and ambiguous loss theory). A case example illustrates the key processes of psychological support and therapy when treating polytrauma patients and their families. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 64:1–11, 2008.
Developmental potential for morphogenesis in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Kaneko Kunihiko , Sato Katsuhiko , Michiue Tatsuo , Okabayashi Koji , Ohnuma Kiyoshi , Danno Hiroki , Asashima Makoto 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDevelopment is a complex process that involves differentiation into a variety of cell types. In spite of its complexity, the macroscopic pattern and cell types are robust to environmental and developmental perturbations. Even in vitro far from normal developmental conditions, ten normal tissues have been generated from Xenopus animal caps by successive treatment with activin and retinoic acid (RA). To describe both normal development and in vitro organogenesis, we introduce developmental potential following the pioneering study by Waddington. This potential value represents changeability of a cellular state, which decreases toward a local minimum through development. The attraction to a particular cell type through development is described as a process to decrease the potential value to its local minimum. By choosing an explicit potential form as a function of the concentrations of treated activin and RA, the concentration dependence of in vitro organogenesis is reproduced. The potential landscape is shown to have several local minima, each of which represents a stable cell type. This potential also explains why the induction of given tissues requires more treatment of activin at later stages. The consequences of the developmental potential hypothesis encompass the robustness of each tissue generation, the loss of competence through development, and the order of tissues in induction by tissues, which we have confirmed experimentally for in vitro organogenesis. The developmental potential hypothesis for a global description of early development is crucial to understanding the robustness of morphogenesis and explains the achievement of in vitro organogenesis using few molecules as well. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310B:492–503, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Placing soil‐genesis and transport processes into a landscape context: A multiscale terrain‐analysis approach
Authors: Möller Markus , Volk Martin , Friedrich Klaus , Lymburner Leo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractLandforms and landscape context are of particular importance in understanding the processes of soil genesis and soil formation in the spatial domain. Consequently, many approaches for soil generation are based on classifications of commonly available digital elevation models (DEM). However, their application is often restricted by the lack of transferability to other, more heterogeneous, landscapes. Part of the problem is the lack of broadly accepted definitions of topographic location based on landscape context. These issues arise because of: (1) the scale dependencies of landscape pattern and processes, (2) different DEM qualities, and (3) different expert perceptions. To address these problems, we suggest a hierarchical terrain‐classification procedure for defining landscape context. The classification algorithm described in this paper handles object detection and classification separately. Landscape objects are defined at multiple scales using a region‐based segmentation algorithm which allows each object to be placed into a hierarchical landscape context. The classification is carried out using the terrain attribute mass‐balance index across a range of scales. Soil genesis and transport processes at established field sites were used to guide the classification process. The method was tested in Saxony‐Anhalt (Germany), an area that contains heterogeneous land surfaces and soil substrates. The resulting maps represent adaptation degrees between classifications and 191 semantically identified random samples. The map with the best adaptation has an overall accuracy of 89%.
From marl to rock powder: On the history of soil fertility management by rock materials
Authors: Winiwarter Verena , Blum Winfried E. H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe ancient practice of marling and the recent application of rock powder to soils are interventions into the orogenic energy budget of soils. Both are slow‐release, long‐term fertilizers or better, soil conditioners. Marls and their uses are reviewed by a study of knowledge and practices from the 1st century AD to the 1800s, for rock powders, a review of the recent theoretical and experimental literature is presented. Under pre‐industrial conditions, paucity of energy prevented the wide‐spread use of such materials, today they are marketed as by‐product of industrial operations. For marls and rock powders alike, their positive effect depends to a large extent on the soil matrix to which the minerals are applied, on the cultivar, and the specific type of applied material. Drawing parallels between the two materials, we suggest that the long‐term experience with marls could be used to study the effects of rock powders, as duration of experiments with these is most often too limited to allow conclusions.
Attempt of a flux‐based evaluation of field capacity
Authors: Zacharias Steffen , Bohne Klaus 
Published: June 2008

AbstractField capacity is one of the most frequently used soil parameters. According to the original definition, the field capacity is a site‐specific parameter, which is closely connected to soil water flux. Many of the existing procedures for field‐capacity estimation neglect its flux‐based character. In this study, a method and selected results are presented. This allows a better reflection of the unsteady behavior of unsaturated water flow in estimating field capacity. Based on the velocity of the relative internal drainage, a threshold value is defined (field‐capacity threshold) which enables a flux‐based estimation of the field‐capacity value. Furthermore, the direct consideration of the drainage time allows the soil water contents to be estimated for defined internal drainage durations.
Silicon fractions in Histosols and Gleysols of a temperate grassland site
Authors: Höhn Axel , Sommer Michael , Kaczorek Danuta , Schalitz Gisbert , Breuer Jörn 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe importance of silicon (Si) in nutrition is currently being recognized by its beneficial effects on many crops. Therefore, it is important to determine the soil Si status and to examine different extractants for testing plant‐available Si. Little information is available about the Si status of Histosols and Corg‐rich Gleysols in temperate climate. This study was undertaken (1) to characterize different Si pools in Corg‐rich groundwater soils of an experimental site and (2) to study the influences of small‐scale variability on element distribution. At the experimental site, the thickness of the Corg‐rich layer ranges between 4 and 5 dm overlying fine‐sandy fluvial sediments. Four extractants were evaluated: 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.5 M acetic acid, 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate, and 0.1 M Tiron (C6H4Na2O8S2 · H2O). Further, total element content was determined following HNO3/HF digestion. Calcium chloride–soluble Si shows no significant relations to other parameters analyzed. On the basis of published data, the soils investigated could be classified as Si‐deficient. The Si fraction extracted with acetic acid displays relations to Corg content of the soil and a weak correlation to CaCl2‐soluble Si, indicating that both solutions extract overlapping but not the same fractions. Sodium pyrophosphate extracts mainly organo‐mineral Fe and Al complexes in the soils studied, which is reflected in a highly positive correlation to Corg. Pyrophosphate‐soluble Si showed a negative relationship to Corg, which means a closer relation of this Si fraction to mineral matter than to Corg. The Tiron solution extracted most Si of all extractants, but this amounts only 1% of the total Si content. Taking into account the element‐specific relationship between pyrophosphate and Tiron‐extractable Fe, Al, and Si, it can be concluded that Tiron dissolves mainly the opaline silica present in Histosols and Corg‐rich Gleysols. The distribution of Corg and ash content shows clear spatial trend at the experimental site, which is correlated to pyrophosphate‐extractable as well as total Si. This small‐scale variability of soil parameters itself is related to a distinct microrelief.
Soil respiration across scales: The importance of a model–data integration framework for data interpretation
Authors: Reichstein Markus , Beer Christian 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSoil respiration represents the second largest CO2 flux of the terrestrial biosphere and amounts 10 times higher than the current rate of fossil‐fuel combustion. Thus, even a small change in soil respiration could significantly intensify—or mitigate—current atmospheric increases of CO2, with potential feedbacks to climate change. Consequently, to understand future dynamics of the earth system, it is mandatory to precisely understand the response of soil respiration to changing environmental factors. Among those changing factors, temperature is the one with clearest and most certain future trend. The relationship of soil respiration to environmental factors and particular temperature has been tackled at a variety of scales—from laboratory via field to global scale, with each of the approaches having its particular problems, where results from different scales are sometimes contradictory. Here, we give an overview of modeling approaches to soil respiration, discuss the dependencies of soil respiration on various environmental factors, and summarize the most important pitfalls to consider when analyzing soil respiration at the respective scale. We then introduce a model–data synthesis framework that should be able to reconcile and finally integrate apparently contradictory results from the various scales.
Accumulation of cadmium in growing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings—Its effect on lipid peroxidation and on the antioxidative enzymes catalase and guaiacol peroxidase
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Mehta Urmil J. , Hazra Sulekha 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn plants exposed to high metal concentrations, mechanisms to counteract the oxidative burst are crucial for its survival. To investigate the temporal sequence of physiological reactions of peanut seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.) to cadmium exposure, seeds were cultured in increasing concentrations of CdCl2, ranging from 50 to 300 μM. Germination frequency was scored, and the distributions of Cd in root, stem, and leaves were determined after 2 and 4 weeks of culture. Lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidative enzymes including catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX; EC 1.11.1.7) were estimated in these three parts of the plant. Germination of seedlings was not affected, but the growth of seedlings was severely suppressed with increasing concentrations of CdCl2 and incubation period. Pattern of Cd distribution in the three organs varied with concentration and period of exposure to Cd. Increased lipid peroxidation was detected in all parts of the developing seedlings with increasing metal accumulation. Catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activity varied in the three parts of the seedlings with concentration of Cd and incubation period. Guaiacol peroxidase activity appears to be more active in scavenging the reactive oxygen species in developing peanut seedlings. The results of the present experiment demonstrate the advantages of a tissue‐culture model system in studying the complex network of interactions of various factors in stress tolerance.