bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Clinical Prostatitis, and the Risk of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Sutcliffe Siobhan , Giovannucci Edward , De Marzo Angelo M. , Leitzmann Michael F. , Willett Walter C. , Platz Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Background: Although previous case-control studies have observed positive associations among gonorrhea, syphilis, clinical prostatitis, and prostate cancer, many may have been susceptible to recall and interviewer biases due to their retrospective designs. Therefore, to investigate these associations without concerns of recall and interviewer biases, we conducted a large, prospective investigation in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study.
Methods: In 1992, participants were asked to report their histories of gonorrhea, syphilis, and clinical prostatitis by mailed questionnaire. Prostate cancer diagnoses were ascertained by self-report on the 1994 and each subsequent biennial follow-up questionnaire and confirmed by medical record review.
Results: Of the 36,033 participants in this analysis, 2,263 were diagnosed with prostate cancer between the date of return of the 1992 questionnaire and 2002. No association was observed between gonorrhea [adjusted relative risk (RR), 1.04; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.79-1.36] or syphilis (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.44-2.59) and prostate cancer. Overall null results were also observed between clinical prostatitis and prostate cancer (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.96-1.20), although a significant positive association was observed among younger men (&lt;59 years) screened for prostate cancer (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.08-2.06; Pinteraction = 0.006).
Conclusions: Gonorrhea and syphilis do not seem to be risk factors for prostate cancer in this cohort of men with a lower burden of sexually transmitted infections. Clinical prostatitis is also unlikely to be a risk factor, although possible roles for prostatitis in younger men and asymptomatic prostatic infection and inflammation cannot be ruled out. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;5(11):2160–6)
Cervical Cancer Screening among Women in Metropolitan Areas of the United States by Individual-Level and Area-Based Measures of Socioeconomic Status, 2000 to 2002
Authors: Coughlin Steven S. , King Jessica , Richards Thomas B. , Ekwueme Donatus U. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Few studies have examined cancer screening among women residing in metropolitan areas in relation to both individual-level and area-based measures of socioeconomic status (SES). To learn more, we examined self-reported rates of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing among women living in metropolitan areas in relation to individual-level measures of SES (household income and education), and area-based measures of SES (percentage of residents living in poverty, percentage with low education, and percentage working class).Methods: Data were obtained from women who were interviewed by telephone during 2000 and 2002 as part of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Self-reported county of residence was used to classify respondents as residents of metropolitan statistical areas. Only BRFSS respondents who resided in 35 metropolitan statistical areas with a population of ≥1.5 million in 2000 were included in this analysis. Analyses were limited to women ages ≥18 years with no history of hysterectomy (n = 49,231). Area-based measures of SES were obtained by using county-level information from the 2000 U.S. Census.Results: Only 75.4% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 73.8-77.1%] of 3,947 women ages ≥18 years who had a reported household income of &lt;$15,000 per year had received a Pap test in the previous 3 years, compared with 92.2% (95% CI, 91.2-93.1%) of 18,698 women with a household income of ≥$50,000. Overall, 77.5% (95% CI, 75.7-79.3%) of women without a high school education had received a Pap test compared with 91.7% (91.0-92.3%) of college graduates. In multivariate analysis, we also found education level to be positively associated with Pap testing rates, especially among women residing in areas where a relatively low percentage of residents had a low education level (P &lt; 0.0001).Conclusions: Individual-level measures of SES may be modified by county-level measures of SES. Analyses of cancer screening rates by measures of income, educational attainment, and other factors may help health officials to better direct their finite resources to areas of greatest need. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2154–9)
The Methionine Synthase Polymorphism c.2756A&gt;G Alters Susceptibility to Glioblastoma Multiforme
Authors: Semmler Alexander , Simon Matthias , Moskau Susanna , Linnebank Michael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGenetic polymorphisms of methionine metabolism, in particular methionine synthase (MTR) c.2756A&gt;G (D919G) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) c.677C&gt;T (A222V), have been associated with various human cancers. We investigated MTR c.2756A&gt;G, MTHFR c.677C&gt;T, and a third polymorphism, transcobalamin 2 c.776C&gt;G (P259R), for a potential association with the formation of glioblastoma multiforme. The MTR c.2756G allele was significantly underrepresented among 328 glioblastoma multiforme patients of Caucasian origin when compared with 400 population controls [patients AA/AG/GG: 0.72/0.26/0.02 and controls AA/AG/GG: 0.57/0.38/0.05, degrees of freedom = 2; χ2 = 17.86 (Pearson); P &lt; 0.001]. No association between glioblastoma multiforme and the two other polymorphisms was observed. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2314–6)
Polymorphisms of Vitamin D Receptor and Survival in Early-Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
Authors: Zhou Wei , Heist Rebecca S. , Liu Geoffrey , Neuberg Donna S. , Asomaning Kofi , Su Li , Wain John C. , Lynch Thomas J. , Giovannucci Edward , Christiani David C. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Our previous analysis suggested that surgery season in the summer time and high vitamin D intake are associated with improved survival in early-stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Here, we investigated the associations of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms of Cdx-2 G&gt;A, FokI C&gt;T, and BsmI C&gt;T with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in 373 early-stage NSCLC patients. The data were analyzed using log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards models. The median follow-up time was 71 months (range, 0.1-140 months), with 186 deaths and 127 recurrences. There was no association between VDR polymorphisms and survival, overall or among adenocarcinoma patients. Among squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients, the G/A+A/A genotype group of the Cdx-2 polymorphism was associated with better OS: the 5-year OS rates were 41% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 28-53] for the G/G and 55% (95% CI, 39-71) for the G/A+A/A genotypes, respectively (P = 0.04, log-rank test), with the adjusted hazard ratio of 0.56 (95% CI, 0.33-0.95) for G/A+A/A versus G/G. For the joint effects of the three polymorphisms, subjects with two or more “protective” alleles have better OS among SCC patients, with the adjusted hazard ratios of 0.20 (95% CI, 0.09-0.48), 0.40 (95% CI, 0.19-0.87), and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.19-0.97), respectively, for subjects with two, three, and four or more “protective” alleles when compared with subjects with zero or one “protective” allele (Ptrend = 0.71). Similar associations were found in haplotype analysis and for RFS among SCC patients. In conclusion, VDR polymorphisms may be associated with improved survival among SCC patients of early-stage NSCLC. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2239–45)
Genetic Polymorphisms in Xenobiotic Clearance Genes and Their Influence on Disease Expression in Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Talseth Bente A. , Meldrum Cliff , Suchy Janina , Kurzawski Grzegroz , Lubinski Jan , Scott Rodney J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Background: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is associated with germ-line mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes. There is considerable variation in disease expression that cannot be explained by genotype/phenotype correlation, which is likely to be the result of polymorphic modifier genes. One candidate group of modifiers is the xenobiotic clearance enzyme genes that encode CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, and NAT2. Alterations in these xenobiotic clearance genes can potentially influence the host response to carcinogen exposure and thereby alter cancer risk. We have investigated eight polymorphisms in xenobiotic clearance genes to assess the effect on the risk of disease in mutation positive HNPCC patients.
Methods: DNA samples from 220 mutation-positive HNPCC participants (86 Australian and 134 Polish) were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, and NAT2. The association between the SNPs and disease characteristics, disease expression and age of diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), was tested with Pearson's χ2 and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.
Results: The HNPCC population displays a significant difference in the genotype frequency distribution between CRC patients and unaffected mismatch repair gene mutation carriers for the CYP1A1 SNP where the CRC patients harbor more of the mutant genotype.
Conclusions: Evidence from this study is not conclusive, but our data suggest that the CYP1A1 influences disease expression in individuals with HNPCC. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2307–10)
Modeling Human Metabolism of Benzene Following Occupational and Environmental Exposures
Authors: Kim Sungkyoon , Vermeulen Roel , Waidyanatha Suramya , Johnson Brent A. , Lan Qing , Smith Martyn T. , Zhang Luoping , Li Guilan , Shen Min , Yin Songnian , Rothman Nathaniel , Rappaport Stephen M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We used natural spline (NS) models to investigate nonlinear relationships between levels of benzene metabolites (E,E-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid, phenol, hydroquinone, and catechol) and benzene exposure among 386 exposed and control workers in Tianjin, China. After adjusting for background levels (estimated from the 60 control subjects with the lowest benzene exposures), expected mean trends of all metabolite levels increased with benzene air concentrations from 0.03 to 88.9 ppm. Molar fractions for phenol, hydroquinone, and E,E-muconic acid changed continuously with increasing air concentrations, suggesting that competing CYP-mediated metabolic pathways favored E,E-muconic acid and hydroquinone below 20 ppm and favored phenol above 20 ppm. Mean trends of dose-specific levels (μmol/L/ppm benzene) of E,E-muconic acid, phenol, hydroquinone, and catechol all decreased with increasing benzene exposure, with an overall 9-fold reduction of total metabolites. Surprisingly, about 90% of the reductions in dose-specific levels occurred below about 3 ppm for each major metabolite. Using generalized linear models with NS–smoothing functions (GLM + NS models), we detected significant effects upon metabolite levels of gender, age, and smoking status. Metabolite levels were about 20% higher in females and decreased between 1% and 2% per year of life. In addition, levels of hydroquinone and catechol were greater in smoking subjects. Overall, our results indicate that benzene metabolism is highly nonlinear with increasing benzene exposure above 0.03 ppm, and that current human toxicokinetic models do not accurately predict benzene metabolism below 3 ppm. Our results also suggest that GLM + NS models are ideal for evaluating nonlinear relationships between environmental exposures and levels of human biomarkers. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2246–52)
Correlates of Repeat and Recent Mammography for Women Ages 45 to 75 in the 2002 to 2003 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 2003)
Authors: Rakowski William , Meissner Helen , Vernon Sally W. , Breen Nancy , Rimer Barbara , Clark Melissa A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Most national-level mammography data are for ever-had and most-recent screening. There are few national-level data on rates of repeat, on-schedule mammography, and on the prevalence and correlates of repeat mammography. It is also important to investigate the similarity of correlates for repeat and recent mammography.Methods: Analyses were from data for women ages 45 to 75 in the 2002 to 2003 Health Information and National Trends Survey (HINTS 2003; N = 1,581). The two dependent variables were self-report of repeat mammography (two exams on schedule, based on an every-other-year interval) and recent mammography only (one mammogram within the past 2 years).Results: The prevalence of recent mammography was 81.6% (95% confidence interval, 79.1-84.1) and for repeat mammography was 72.2% (95% confidence interval, 69.0-75.4). An access to care variable combining insurance coverage and regular source of care was the strongest sociodemographic correlate of both mammography indicators. Most other sociodemographic variables were not associated with mammography status. Five psychosocial/behavioral variables were associated with both mammography indicators (smoking status, attention to health information, knowledge of screening interval, worry about breast cancer, and recent mood status). Correlates were very similar for repeat and recent mammography.Conclusions: Although access to care had the strongest association with mammography, psychosocial and behavioral variables did better as a group than the sociodemographic variables. A standard set of such variables should be considered for all national surveys. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2093–101)
Ethnic Disparity in the Relationship between Obesity and Plasma Insulin-Like Growth Factors: The Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Henderson Katherine DeLellis , Goran Michael I. , Kolonel Laurence N. , Henderson Brian E. , Le Marchand Loïc 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrevious studies on the relationship between obesity and circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) hormones show inconsistent findings and have not considered the possibility of racial/ethnic–specific differences that may exist. We therefore examined the relationship between obesity status [as measured by body mass index (BMI)] and plasma levels of the IGF proteins, IGF-I, IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and the molar ratio of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 in Whites, African Americans, Latinos, Japanese Americans, and Native Hawaiians from the ongoing Hawaii and Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort Study. We measured plasma IGF-I and IGFBP-3 by ELISA in a random sample of 811 Multiethnic Cohort participants (53% male, age range = 47-82 at blood draw). In a multivariate regression of IGF-I levels, we found a statistically significant interaction between race/ethnicity and obesity status (P = 0.005). Plasma IGF-I levels declined with increasing BMI most dramatically in Latinos and Japanese. This decline was attenuated in Whites and absent in African-American and Native Hawaiian subjects. In Japanese, the quadratic term (BMI2) was statistically significant in a multivariate model (P = 0.002). In Latinos, the adjusted least-squares mean IGF-I levels in ng/mL for BMI &lt; 25, 25 to 29.99, and ≥30 were 184.6, 147.7, and 132.7, respectively. No interaction between race/ethnicity and BMI explained the plasma IGFBP-3 levels in these data. These results may help to resolve the uncertainty in the relationship between circulating IGF levels and obesity and highlight the potential importance of racial/ethnic–specific effects among these factors in explaining ethnic disparities in obesity-related cancers. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2298–302)
Somatic BRAF-V600E Mutations in Familial Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Vandrovcova Jana , Lagerstedt-Robinsson Kristina , Påhlman Lars , Lindblom Annika 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The BRAF gene is mutated in 4% to 12% of unselected colorectal cancers, particularly those with high microsatellite instability and in premalignant lesions, such as serrated adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. However, it has been shown that activating BRAF mutations are almost never found in tumors from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer patients. To evaluate the role of oncogenic BRAF mutations in non-hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer/non-familial adenomatous polyposis familial colorectal cancer, we did a mutation screening of the most common BRAF mutation, the V600E mutation, in 194 colorectal tumors from patients with a positive family history of the disease. The BRAF-V600E mutation was identified in 100% (8 of 8) of microsatellite-unstable tumors and in 9.7% (18 of 186) of microsatellite-stable tumors. Interestingly, families with extracolonic tumors showed a much higher mutation frequency (17.5%) compared with families with colonic cancer only (3.5%; P = 0.009). In addition, we studied colonoscopic results from 448 family members who had been under colonoscopic surveillance for several years. Subjects from families where the V600E mutation was identified had less adenomas compared with those from families where no BRAF mutation had been found (odds ratio, 8.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-64.6). These findings indicate that adenomas might be less important in the cancer development in the group of families with BRAF-V600E mutations and indirectly support a previous hypothesis that tumors might develop through the hyperplastic polyp-serrated adenoma pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest that BRAF-V600E mutations are mainly involved in colorectal cancer families characterized by an increased risk of other common malignancies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;66(23):2270–3)
Adolescent Milk Fat and Galactose Consumption and Testicular Germ Cell Cancer
Authors: Stang Andreas , Ahrens Wolfgang , Baumgardt-Elms Cornelia , Stegmaier Christa , Merzenich Hiltrud , de Vrese Michael , Schrezenmeir Jürgen , Jöckel Karl-Heinz 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Recent case-control studies suggested that dairy product consumption is an important risk factor for testicular cancer. We examined the association between consumption of dairy products, especially milk, milk fat, and galactose, and testicular cancer in a population-based case-control study including 269 case and 797 controls (response proportions of 76% and 46%, respectively). Dietary history was assessed by food frequency questions for the index persons and through their mothers including diet 1 year before interview and diet at age 17 years. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios as estimates of the relative risk (RR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and to control for social status and height. The RR of testicular cancer was 1.37 (95% CI, 1.12-1.68) per additional 20 servings of milk per month (each 200 mL) in adolescence. This elevated overall risk was mainly due to an increased risk for seminoma (RR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.30-2.12) per additional 20 milk servings per month. The RR for seminoma was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.15-1.48) for each additional 200 g milk fat per month and was 2.01 (95% CI, 1.41-2.86) for each additional 200 g galactose per month during adolescence. Our results suggest that milk fat and/or galactose may explain the association between milk and dairy product consumption and seminomatous testicular cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2189–95)
Antibiotics and Risk of Breast Cancer: Up to 9 Years of Follow-up of 2.1 Million Women
Authors: Friedman Gary D. , Oestreicher Nina , Chan James , Quesenberry Charles P. , Udaltsova Natalia , Habel Laurel A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Antibiotic use has been associated with risk of breast cancer in previous reports. Using Cox proportional hazards analysis, we evaluated this association in 2,130,829 adult female subscribers of a health care program according to their receipt of prescriptions of antibiotics from outpatient pharmacies. Hormone use was taken into account. Altogether, 18,521 women developed breast cancer in up to 9.4 years of follow-up. Use of any antibiotic was associated with slightly increased risk [hazard ratio (HR), 1.14; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.10-1.18] but there was little, if any, evidence of dose response, with HR of 1.17 (95% CI, 0.97-1.42) for &gt;1,000 days of use compared with no use. The only two weakly associated antibiotic groups (HR &gt;1.10 for &gt;100 days of use) were tetracyclines and macrolides with HRs (95% CI) of 1.23 (1.11-1.36) and 1.16 (0.98-1.36), respectively. An association of lincosamides with breast cancer in an earlier, smaller database was not confirmed, but follow-up was too short in the present data for adequate evaluation. Medical record review suggested that acne and/or rosacea could be the underlying factor, associated with long-term antibiotic therapy and found by others to be associated with risk of breast cancer. Although causality cannot be ruled out, the observed associations of antibiotics overall, tetracyclines, and macrolides with breast cancer were weak and could be explained by uncontrolled confounding by the diseases being treated or by other factors. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2102–6)
Risk Group, Skin Lesion History, and Sun Sensitivity Reliability in Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Progression
Authors: Clouser Mary C. , Harris Robin B. , Roe Denise J. , Saboda Kathylynn , Ranger-Moore James , Duckett Laura , Alberts David S. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
In studies of skin cancer, participants are often classified into risk groups based on self-reported history of sun exposure or skin characteristics. We sought to determine the reliability of self-reported skin characteristics among participants of a study to evaluate markers for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Multiple questionnaires and screening protocols were administered over a 3-month period to individuals from three risk groups: existing sun damage on forearms but no visible actinic keratoses (n = 91), visible actinic keratoses (n = 38), and history of resected squamous cell skin cancer in the last 12 months (n = 35). We assessed consistency of risk group assignment between telephone screen and study dermatologist assignment, self-reported sun sensitivity (telephone recruitment form versus participant completed profile), and self-reported history of NMSC skin lesions (telephone recruitment form versus health history). There was substantial agreement between probable risk group and final assignment (κ = 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.65-0.85) and agreement did not differ by gender. Agreement for self-reported sun sensitivity was moderate (κ weighted = 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.56) with higher agreement for women. For self-reported NMSC lesion history between two interviews, 24 days apart, κ estimates ranged from 0.66 to 0.78 and were higher for women than men. Overall, there was evidence for substantial reproducibility related to risk group assignment and self-reported history of NMSC, with self-reported sun sensitivity being less reliable. In all comparisons, women had higher κ values than men. These results suggest that self-reported measures of skin cancer risk are reasonably reliable for use in screening subjects into studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2292–7)