bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the relationship between baseline risk and risk under treatment
Authors: Wang Hao , Boissel Jean-Pierre , Nony Patrice 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Background
In medical practice, it is generally accepted that the 'effect model' describing the relationship between baseline risk and risk under treatment is linear, i.e. 'relative risk' is constant. Absolute benefit is then proportional to a patient's baseline risk and the treatment is most effective among high-risk patients. Alternatively, the 'effect model' becomes curvilinear when 'odds ratio' is considered to be constant. However these two models are based on purely empirical considerations, and there is still no theoretical approach to support either the linear or the non-linear relation.

Presentation of the hypothesis
From logistic and sigmoidal Emax (Hill) models, we derived a phenomenological model which includes the possibility of integrating both beneficial and harmful effects. Instead of a linear relation, our model suggests that the relationship is curvilinear i.e. the moderate-risk patients gain most from the treatment in opposition to those with low or high risk.

Testing the hypothesis
Two approaches can be proposed to investigate in practice such a model. The retrospective one is to perform a meta-analysis of clinical trials with subgroups of patients including a great range of baseline risks. The prospective one is to perform a large clinical trial in which patients are recruited according to several prestratified diverse and high risk groups.

Implications of the hypothesis
For the quantification of the treatment effect and considering such a model, the discrepancy between odds ratio and relative risk may be related not only to the level of risk under control conditions, but also to the characteristics of the dose-effect relation and the amount of dose administered. In the proposed approach, OR may be considered as constant in the whole range of Rc, and depending only on the intrinsic characteristics of the treatment. Therefore, OR should be preferred rather than RR to summarize information on treatment efficacy.
Isolation and characterization of a genotype 4 Hepatitis E virus strain from an infant in China
Authors: Zhang Wen , Yang Shixing , Shen Quan , Liu Junfeng , Shan Tongling , Huang Fen , Ning Huibo , Kang Yanjun , Yang Zhibiao , Cui Li , Zhu Jianguo , Hua Xiuguo 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In the present study, a genotype 4 HEV strain was identified in the fecal specimen from a seven months old infant with no symptom of hepatitis in Shanghai Children's hospital. The full capsid protein gene (ORF2) sequence of this strain was determined by RT-PCR method. Sequence analysis based on the full ORF2 sequence indicated that this HEV strain shared the highest sequence identity (97.6%) with another human HEV strain isolated from a Japanese patient who was infected by genotype 4 HEV during traveling in Shanghai. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this genotype 4 HEV was phylogenetically far from the genotype 4 HEV strain that was commonly prevalent in Shanghai swine group, suggesting that this strain may not come from swine group and not involved in zoonotic transmission in this area.
Analysis of adenoviral attachment to human platelets
Authors: Shimony Nilly , Elkin Gregory , Kolodkin-Gal Dror , Krasny Lina , Urieli-Shoval Simcha , Haviv Yosef S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
Systemic adenoviral (Ad) vector administration is associated with thrombocytopenia. Recently, Ad interaction with mouse platelets emerged as a key player determining liver uptake and platelet clearance. However, whether Ad can activate platelets is controversial. Thus, in vitro analysis of Ad attachment to platelets is of interest.

Methods
We developed a direct flow cytometry assay to specifically detect Ad particles adherent to human platelets. The method was pre-validated in nucleated cells. Blocking assays were employed to specifically inhibit Ad attachment to platelets. Platelet activation was analyzed using annexin v flow cytometry.

Results
We found in vitro that Ad binding to human platelets is synergistically enhanced by the combination of platelet activation by thrombin and MnCl2 supplementation. Of note, Ad binding could activate human platelets. Platelets bound Ad displaying an RGD ligand in the fiber knob more efficiently than unmodified Ad. In contrast to a previous report, CAR expression was not detected on human platelets. Integrins appear to mediate Ad binding to platelets, at least partially. Finally, αIIbβ3-deficient platelets from a patient with Glanzmann thrombasthenia could bind Ad 5-fold more efficiently than normal platelets.

Conclusion
The flow cytometry methodology developed herein allows the quantitative measurement of Ad attachment to platelets and may provide a useful in vitro approach to investigate Ad interaction with platelets.
KinImmerse: Macromolecular VR for NMR ensembles
Authors: Block Jeremy N , Zielinski David J , Chen Vincent B , Davis Ian W , Vinson E Claire , Brady Rachael , Richardson Jane S , Richardson David C 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundIn molecular applications, virtual reality (VR) and immersive virtual environments have generally been used and valued for the visual and interactive experience – to enhance intuition and communicate excitement – rather than as part of the actual research process. In contrast, this work develops a software infrastructure for research use and illustrates such use on a specific case.MethodsThe Syzygy open-source toolkit for VR software was used to write the KinImmerse program, which translates the molecular capabilities of the kinemage graphics format into software for display and manipulation in the DiVE (Duke immersive Virtual Environment) or other VR system. KinImmerse is supported by the flexible display construction and editing features in the KiNG kinemage viewer and it implements new forms of user interaction in the DiVE.ResultsIn addition to molecular visualizations and navigation, KinImmerse provides a set of research tools for manipulation, identification, co-centering of multiple models, free-form 3D annotation, and output of results. The molecular research test case analyzes the local neighborhood around an individual atom within an ensemble of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) models, enabling immersive visual comparison of the local conformation with the local NMR experimental data, including target curves for residual dipolar couplings (RDCs).ConclusionThe promise of KinImmerse for production-level molecular research in the DiVE is shown by the locally co-centered RDC visualization developed there, which gave new insights now being pursued in wider data analysis.
Celiac disease as a potential cause of idiopathic portal hypertension: a case report
Authors: Zamani Farhad , Amiri Afsaneh , Shakeri Ramin , Zare Ali , Mohamadnejad Mehdi 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Introduction
Idiopathic portal hypertension is a disorder of unknown etiology, clinically characterized by portal hypertension, splenomegaly and anemia secondary to hypersplenism.

Case presentation
A 54-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of malaise, weight loss, abdominal swelling and lower limb edema. His paraclinical tests revealed pancytopenia, large ascites, splenomegaly and esophageal varices consistent with portal hypertension. Duodenal biopsy and serologic findings were compatible with celiac disease. His symptoms improved on a gluten-free diet, but his clinical course was further complicated with ulcerative jejunoileitis, and intestinal T-cell lymphoma.

Conclusion
It seems that celiac disease, by an increased immune reaction in the splenoportal axis, can result in the development of idiopathic portal hypertension in susceptible affected patients.
Detection of lymphangiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer and its prognostic value
Authors: Sun Jian-guo , Wang Yan , Chen Zheng-tang , Zhuo Wen-lei , Zhu Bo , Liao Rong-xia , Zhang Shao-xiang 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
Our aim was to detect lymphatic endothelial marker podoplanin, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR)-3 and study the prognostic relevance of lymphangiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Materials
82 paraffin-embedded tissues and 40 fresh frozen tissues from patients with NSCLC were studied. Tumor samples were immunostained for the lymphatic endothelial markers. Lymphangiogenesis was assessed by immunohistochemical double stains for Podoplanin and Ki-67. The prognostic relevance of lymphangiogenesis-related clinicopathological parameters in NSCLC was evaluated.

Results
We found that the number of podoplanin positive vessels was correlated positively with the number of LYVE-1 positive vessels. Most of VEGFR-3 positive, few of LYVE-1 positive and none of podoplanin positive vessels were blood vessels. Peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (ptLVD), pathologic stage, lymph node status, lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI), vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression and Ki-67 index of the endothelium cells of the micro lymphatic vessels (Ki67%) were associated significantly with a higher risk of tumor progress. ptLVD, pathologic stage, lymph-node metastasis and Ki67% were independent prognostic parameters for overall survival.

Conclusion
Podoplanin positive ptLVD might play important roles in the lymphangiogenesis and progression of NSCLC. Patients with high podoplanin+ ptLVD have a poor prognosis.
Screening offenders for risk of drop‐out and expulsion from correctional programmes
Authors: Nunes Kevin L. , Cortoni Franca , Serin Ralph C. 
Published: February 2009

Purpose. The goal of the present research was to develop a screening measure to assist in identifying offenders at risk for drop‐out or expulsion from correctional programmes.Methods. Non‐Aboriginal male offenders (N = 5,247) were randomly divided into a development sample (N = 2,617) and a validation sample (N = 2,630). In the development sample, individual predictors were identified through univariate and multivariate analyses, weighted based on their relationship with drop‐out/expulsion, and combined into a composite measure we called the drop‐out risk screen (DRS).Results. The DRS consists of five items, including static and dynamic risk factors for recidivism as well as motivation for intervention. It significantly predicted drop‐out/expulsion in the development sample (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]= .72) and performed similarly in the validation sample (AUC = .70).Conclusions. The results indicate that the DRS is a valid screening instrument for risk of drop‐out/expulsion. Prior to commencement of a treatment programme, offenders with high scores on the DRS could be more thoroughly assessed and, if necessary, targeted with pre‐treatment efforts to increase their motivation and general readiness for treatment.
Physical space structure refinement of decagonal quasicrystal in rhombic Penrose tiling model
Authors: Wolny Janusz , Kozakowski Bartlomiej , Kuczera Pawel , Takakura Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
For the first time, the refinement of a decagonal Al72Ni20Co8 quasicrystal was conducted in physical space. We used a structure factor obtained in statistical approach. As a reference lattice we took a rhombic Penrose tiling to which we applied overlapping rules of clusters. The resulting structure gives R-factor = 8.0% and R
w-factor = 6.1%. The density of the refined structure is very close to the experimental one.
Phonon-enhanced thermoelectric power of Y–Al–Ni–Co decagonal approximant
Authors: Dolinsek Janez , Smontara Ana , Barisic Osor S. , Gille Peter 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We have investigated anisotropic electrical resistivity and thermoelectric power of the ypsilon-phase Al–Ni–Co (Y–Al–Ni–Co) decagonal approximant with composition Al76Co22Ni2. The crystalline-direction-dependent measurements were performed along three orthogonal directions a*, b and c of the Y–Al–Ni–Co unit cell, where (a, c) monoclinic atomic planes are stacked along the perpendicular b direction. Anisotropic electrical resistivity is low in all crystalline directions, appearing in the order ρ
a* > ρ
c > ρ
b and showing positive temperature coefficient typical of electron-phonon scattering mechanism. Thermopower shows electron-phonon enhancement effect. Anisotropic bare thermopower (in the absence of electron-phonon interactions) was extracted, appearing in the same order as the resistivity, ΙS
a*
bare/TΙ > Ι S
c
bare/T Ι > Ι S
b
bare/T Ι.
Optical transmission through generalized Thue-Morse superlattices
Authors: Yang Xiangbo , Chen Fuming , Xing Da 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In this paper we study the transmission properties of light through generalized Thue-Morse (GTM (m, n)) aperiodic superlattices and obtain the formulae of the transmission coefficients (TCs) analytically at the central wavelength, which are confirmed by numerical simulations. It is found that: (1) all of the 1st generation systems are transparent to the substrates medium B; (2) GTM (m, 2 j) systems are transparent to the substrates medium B; (3) GTM (2i, 2j + 1) systems are translucent to the substrates medium B except the 1st generation; and (4) when i not equal j, transmission through GTM (2i + 1, 2j + 1) systems attenuates rapidly with the increase of generation number l and sequence parameters m, n. On the other hand, the positional correlations between the constituents of GTM (m, n) aperiodic superlattices responsible for the resonant states are also discussed. Based on the conclusions we study the properties of the amplitude of the electric field vector and find that they are different from those of periodic lattices and chaotic systems.
Anisotropic electrical and thermal conductivities of the Al76Co22Ni2 decagonal approximant
Authors: Smontara Ana , Stanic Denis , Smiljanic Igor , Dolinsek Janez , Gille Peter 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The electrical (σ) and thermal conductivity (λ) of Al76Co22Ni2 decagonal approximant has been measured along three orthogonal directions a
*, b and cof the Al76Co22Ni2 unit cell, where (a, c) monoclinic atomic planes are stacked along the perpendicular b direction. Electrical conductivity is relatively high in all crystalline directions, appearing in the order σb
>> σc
> σa*
. Thermal conductivity appears in the same order λb
> λc
> λa*, so that b is the most conducting direction for both electricity and heat. The results are compared to the reported anisotropic electrical and thermal conductivity of the d-Al–Ni–Co decagonal quasicrystal.
Thermoelectric performance of Al–Pd–Mn quasicrystals: comparison with (1/1, 2/1-)AlPdMnSi approximants and improvement by Ga substitution for Al
Authors: Takagiwa Yoshiki , Kamimura Takahiko , Hosoi Sizuka , Kimura Kaoru 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We report the thermoelectric properties of polygrain icosahedral Al–Pd–Mn quasicrystal and compare with those of (1/1, 2/1-)AlPdMnSi approximant crystals. To improve the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT), we substitute Ga for Al atoms in Al–Pd–Mn quasicrystal in accordance with the guiding principle of “weakly bonded rigid heavy clusters” (WBRHCs). Although the thermoelectric properties do not obey the WBRHCs principle, the maximum ZT increased by a factor of 1.4 from 0.18 for Al71Pd20Mn9 to 0.26 for Al68Ga3Pd20Mn9 quasicrystal.
Hydriding properties of Mg–Al–Zn quasicrystal powder produced by mechanical alloying
Authors: Bystrzycki Jerzy , Polanski Marek , Malka Iwona E. , Komuda Aneta 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The stable quasicrystal belonging to the Bergman class based on Mg–Al–Zn (Mg44Al15Zn41) was prepared by the mechanical alloying of elemental powders. The phase structure, chemical composition and hydriding properties of the obtained quasicrystal were investigated by XRD, SEM, EDS, DSC and the volumetric Sievert method. Our results have shown that the Mg44Al15Zn41 quasicrystal is unstable while hydriding above 200 °C and decomposes irreversibly into different Mg–Zn based intermetallic compounds. While being hydrided at 200 °C, where the quasicrystal is stable, Mg44Al15Zn41 decomposes mainly into the MgZn2 based intermetallic compound with MgH2 but above 300 °C, where the 2/1 approximant is stable, Mg44Al15Zn41 transforms mainly into the Frank-Kasper phase with MgH2.
Magnetic behaviors of Ti50Zr33Ni17 quasicrystals measured by VSM
Authors: Lee Yunman , Jeon Jae-kyun , Shin Hyemin , Kim Jae-yong 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Quasicrystals made with Ti, Zr and Ni are good candidate materials studying the magnetic properties of aperiodic structure because the role of Ni in stabilization of the quasicrystal phase is important. Various magnetic states in quasicrystals have been reported including diamagnetism, paramagnetism, spin glass, ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism. We prepared Ti–Zr–Ni quasicrystals by rapid quenching method. The magnetization (M) of Ti50Zr33Ni17 quasicrystal was measured as a function of applied magnetic field (H) and a temperature by using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). When the magnetic fields of higher than 2000 G were applied, the magnetization values were decreased as increasing temperature. The field-cooling (FC) and zero-field-cooling (ZFC) magnetization of the samples were also measured and showed no significant difference in magnetization behavior. Our combined results demonstrated that the rapidly quenched Ti–Zr–Ni quasicrystals exhibit paramagnetic properties with no hint of a measurable magnetic hysteresis. It is shown that Ti50Zr33Ni17 quasicrystals demonstrate papramagnetic characteristic to the maximum applied magnetic field of 10 000 Oe. Interestingly, magnetization fluctuation was noticed in the regions of high magnetic field and at low temperature (25–300 K).
Al4(Cr, Fe): single crystal growth by the Czochralski method and structural investigation with neutrons at FRM II
Authors: Bauer Birgitta , Pedersen Björn , Gille Peter 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A single crystal of Al4(Cr,Fe) with composition Al78Cr19Fe3 grown by the Czochralski method was studied by neutron diffraction for the first time. As a preliminary result the neutron diffraction experiment suggests a body-centered orthorhombic space group Immm with a = 1.24985(3) nm, b = 1.25500(3) nm and c = 3.0512(2) nm as found by Deng et al. (Pearson symbol: oI366-59.56) [1] using single crystal X-ray diffraction. Additionally, more or less diffuse maxima at positions with k = n/2 (n = odd) are clearly observable.
Phason disorder effects in the Penrose tiling antiferromagnet
Authors: Szallas Attila , Jagannathan Anuradha 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We discuss the ground state of a disordered two dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet. The starting structure is taken to be a perfectly deterministic quasiperiodic tiling, and the type of disorder we consider is geometric, involving frozen phason flips of a randomly selected subset of sites. We consider S = 1/2 quantum spins placed on the vertices of the tiling, and interacting with the nearest neighbor spins with a uniform exchange interaction J. We calculate the energy spectrum, ground state energy and real space local magnetization values as a function of degree of disorder. We find that quantum fluctuations are enhanced by disorder. The real space staggered magnetization loses its symmetry properties and the average staggered magnetization decreases compared to the case of the perfect Penrose tiling. We explain our results in terms of a simple Heisenberg star cluster model that takes into account the changes of local environments due to phason flips.
Structural defects in Al–Ni–Rh and Al–Pd–Fe crystalline approximant phases
Authors: Sun Wei , Wang Jun-Ping , Zhang Ze 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Structural defects of high density have been observed to exist in the as-cast crystalline approximants Al–Ni–Rh ξ and Al–Pd–Fe ε
16 which contain columnar atom clusters as the most fundamental building blocks. By means of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), the structural and distributional features of these defects have been revealed. It is clearly shown that, accommodating structural defects of high density in the Al–Ni–Rh ξ-phase can lead to the formation of a unique mixed structure in which nearly regular arrangement of structural defects can be established. On the basis of HREM observations, long-range structural features of the defective ξ- and ε
16-structures have been discussed in terms of the characteristic arrays of columnar atom clusters.
Effect of atom substitution on the low-temperature phase transitions in Cd- and Zn-based 1/1 cubic approximants
Authors: Yamada Tsunetomo , Tamura Ryuji 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Effect of atom substitution on the low-temperature phase transitions in binary Cd6Ca and Zn6Sc 1/1 cubic approximants were investigated by means of electrical resistivity and X-ray diffraction. By adding thirdelements such as Yb, Cu and Fe to the binary approximants, it is concluded that Yb is substituted to the icosahedron site in both Cd6Ca and Zn6Sc, and Cu and Fe are substituted to the Zn sites in Zn6Sc. Upon the substitutions of the third elements, the temperature of the resistivity anomaly decreases without an exception and the anomaly disappears above a certain level of substitutions. Moreover, it is found that the chemical disorder introduced in the 2nd shell of the icosahedral cluster plays a crucial role in the suppression of the ordering of the Zn tetrahedron. On the other hand, the chemical disorder introduced in the 3rd icosahedron shell affects the transition temperature (T

c
) rather weakly. Finally, the variation of T

c
has been found to depend on the difference of the atomic radius between the host and the guest elements and the distortion of the outer shells is considered to be mainly responsible for the suppression of the ordering of the tetrahedra.
Synthesis and superstructure of Al—Ir, Al—Ir—Pd crystalline approximants and their electrical resistivities
Authors: Oishi Atsushi , Nishimoto Kazue , Tamura Ryuji 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Chemically ordered Al2.7Ir and Al64.5Ir22Pd13.5 1/0 approximants are prepared by two different methods and characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Al2.7Ir possesses a primitive cubic lattice with a = 15.345(6), whereas Al64.5Ir22Pd13.5 has a face-centered cubic lattice with a = 15.497(9). Examination of the samples prepared by two different methods reveals that the texture of the samples prepared by spark plasma sintering is more homogeneous than those prepared by arc melting. Electrical resistivities of both the compounds exhibit metallic characters, i.e., a positive temperature coefficient of the resistivity (TCR) with a high resistivity value. The results suggest that the TCR may not always be negative for 1/0 approximants with 15 to 16 periodicity but the high residual resistivities are common to all the approximants, which is presumably attributed to the common structural unit, an icosahedral cluster of about 7.7.
Origin of magnetic moments in i-Al–Pd–Mn quasicrystal
Authors: Krajci Marian , Hafner Jürgen 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Using ab-initio density-functional methods in the generalized gradient approximation we have investigated the origin of magnetic moments on Mn atoms in icosahedral (i) Al–Pd–Mn quasicrystals. Two major mechanisms contribute to the formation of magnetic moments on Mn atoms located at special sites – loosely packed environments of the Mn atoms and the interaction of the Mn atoms with nearest-neighbor Pd atoms leading to a shift of the Mn d-band to lower binding energies and an increased partial density of states at the Fermi level. Mn–Pd nearest neighbors exist only at special sites located at intersections of the pseudo-Mackay and the Bergman clusters building the icosahedral structure. A change in the chemical decoration of these sites can lead to a complete disappearance of magnetism in i-Al–Pd–Mn. Total energy calculations show that the models with a chemical ordering disfavoring moment formation on Mn atoms are also lowest in energy.