bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Distribution, Aggregation, and Habitat Selection of Common Carp in Clear Lake, Iowa
Authors: Penne Christopher R. , Pierce Clay L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe common carpCyprinus carpiois widely distributed and frequently considered a nuisance species outside its native range. Common carp are abundant in Clear Lake, Iowa, where their presence is both a symptom of degradation and an impediment to improving water quality and the sport fishery. We used radiotelemetry to quantify seasonal distribution, aggregation, and habitat selection of adult and subadult common carp in Clear Lake during 2005‐2006 in an effort to guide future control strategies. Over a 22‐month period, we recorded 1,951 locations of 54 adults and 60 subadults implanted with radio transmitters. Adults demonstrated a clear tendency to aggregate in an offshore area during the late fall and winter and in shallow, vegetated areas before and during spring spawning. Late‐fall and winter aggregations were estimated to include a larger percentage of the tracked adults than spring aggregations. Subadults aggregated in shallow, vegetated areas during the spring and early summer. Our study, when considered in combination with previous research, suggests repeatable patterns of distribution, aggregation, and habitat selection that should facilitate common carp reduction programs in Clear Lake and similar systems.
The burden of silicosis, pulmonary tuberculosis and COPD among former Basotho goldminers
Authors: Girdler‐Brown Brendan V. , White Neil W. , Ehrlich Rodney I. , Churchyard Gavin J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of silicosis, pulmonary tuberculosis and COPD is described in 624 South African gold miners 18 months after cessation of work.MethodsThis was a prevalence study. Questionnaires were administered, and spirometry, chest radiography, tuberculosis investigations, and urine HIV antibody assays were performed.ResultsAttendance was 80.1% (624/779), mean age 49.4 years, and mean employment duration 25.6 years. Most subjects had had medium (26.5%) or high (65.4%) dust‐exposure jobs. Current smoking rate was 35%, with ever smoking 61%. HIV antibodies were detected in the urine in 22.3%. Prevalences were: silicosis 24.6%, past tuberculosis 26%, current tuberculosis 6.2%, airflow obstruction 13.4%, and chronic productive cough 17.7%. Almost 50% of these miners had at least one of these respiratory conditions.ConclusionsA heavy burden of silicosis, tuberculosis and COPD was present in this group of former goldminers. Intensification of work place dust control measures and TB and HIV prevention activities are needed on South African gold mines. In labor sending communities investment is needed in silicosis and tuberculosis surveillance as well as HIV treatment and care. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:640–647, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic animations of journal maps: Indicators of structural changes and interdisciplinary developments
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet , Schank Thomas 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe dynamic analysis of structural change in the organization of the sciences requires, methodologically, the integration of multivariate and time‐series analysis. Structural change—for instance, interdisciplinary development—is often an objective of government interventions. Recent developments in multidimensional scaling (MDS) enable us to distinguish the stress originating in each time‐slice from the stress originating from the sequencing of time‐slices, and thus to locally optimize the trade‐offs between these two sources of variance in the animation. Furthermore, visualization programs like Pajek and Visone allow us to show not only the positions of the nodes, but also their relational attributes such as betweenness centrality. Betweenness centrality in the vector space can be considered as an indicator of interdisciplinarity. Using this indicator, the dynamics of the citation‐impact environments of the journals Cognitive Science, Social Networks, and Nanotechnology are animated and assessed in terms of interdisciplinarity among the disciplines involved.
The three‐dimensional arrangement of the myocytes in the ventricular walls
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Smerup Morten , Sanchez‐Quintana Damian , Loukas Marios , Lunkenheimer Paul P. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTche arrangement of the myocytes aggregated together within the ventricular walls has been the subject of anatomic investigation for more than four centuries. The dangers of analyzing the myocardium on the basis of arrangement of the skeletal myocytes have long been appreciated, yet some still described the ventricular myocardium in terms of a unique band extending from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. Another current interpretation, with much support, is that the ventricular myocytes are compartmentalized in the form of sheets, albeit that the extent of division, and interrelations, of the sheets is less well explained. Histological examination, however, shows that the only muscular unit to be found within the myocardial walls is the cardiac myocyte itself. Our own investigations show that, rather than forming a continuous band, or being arranged as sheets, the myocytes are aggregated together as a three‐dimensional mesh within a supporting matrix of fibrous tissue. Within the mesh of aggregated myocytes, it is then possible to recognize two populations, depending on the orientations of their long axes. The first population is aligned with the long axis of the aggregated myocytes tangential to the epicardial and endocardial borders, albeit with marked variation in the angulation relative to the ventricular equator. Correlation with measurements taken using force probes shows that these myocytes produce the major unloading of the blood during ventricular systole. The second population is aligned at angles of up to 40° from the epicardium toward the endocardium. The correlation with measurements from force probes reveals that these intruding myocytes produce auxotonic forces during the cardiac cycle. The three‐dimensional arrangement of the mesh also serves to account for the realignment of the myocytes that must take place during ventricular contraction so as to account for the extent of systolic mural thickening. Clin. Anat. 22:64–76, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear air‐bearing slider modeling for hard disk drives with ultra‐low flying heights
Authors: Shi Bao‐Jun , Li H. Q. , Shu D. W. , Zhang Y. M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAs the areal recording density increases in hard disk drives (HDDs), the physical spacing between the head/slider and the disk media reduces to a few nanometers and the likelihood of head/disk contact during full speed rotation increases. Therefore, the dynamics of air‐bearing sliders with ultra‐low flying heights (FHs) becomes an important issue for HDDs. Two nonlinear air‐bearing models are proposed to investigate the dynamic behavior of air‐bearing sliders for HDDs with ultra‐low FHs. A modified Newmark β method is developed for solving the nonlinear dynamic equation. Parametric studies are conducted to further investigate the dynamic property of the air‐bearing slider models. Numerical results show obvious nonlinear behavior for air‐bearing sliders with ultra‐low FHs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled Assembly of [Nb6–xWxO19](8–x)– (x = 0–4) Lindqvist Ions with (Amine)copper Complexes
Authors: Anderson Travis M. , Rodriguez Mark A. , Stewart Thomas A. , Bixler Joel N. , Xu Wenqian , Parise John B. , Nyman May 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe mixed addenda isopolyanion, [N(CH3)4]2Na2[cis‐Nb2W4O19]·18H2O, reacts with Cu(NO3)2 in water and in the presence of NH2CH2CH2NH2 (en) or NH4OH at 60 °C to yield a phase that is decorated {[Cu(en)2(H2O)]2[Nb2W4O19]·2H2O (1)} or charge‐balanced {[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)]2[Nb2W4O19]·8H2O (2)}, respectively, by (amine)copper complexes. The prolonged heating at 95 °C of [N(CH3)4]6[Nb10O28]·6H2O, [N(CH3)4]2Na2[cis‐Nb2W4O19]·18H2O, or Na4K2[cis‐Nb4W2O19]·12H2O and Cu(NO3)2 in a mixed water/amine [en or NH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 (dap)] solution results in the formation of two‐dimensional materials with alternate layers of (amine)copper complexes linking Lindqvist [Nb6–xWxO19](8–x)– (x = 0–4) clusters. These phasesinclude: [Cu(dap)2]3[Nb4W2O19]·7H2O (3), [Cu(dap)2]3[H2Nb6O19]·6H2O (4), [Cu(dap)2]3[Nb3W3O19]·Cl·6H2O (5), and [Cu(en)2]3[Nb4W2O19]·6H2O (6). Complexes 4 and 5 result from the decomposition of [Nb10O28]6– and [cis‐Nb2W4O19]4– to [H2Nb6O19]6– and [fac‐Nb3W3O19]5–, respectively, in alkaline solution. Complex 5 contains an extra‐framework site that is occupied by Cl–, but this site is occupied by a water molecule in 3 and is vacant in structures 4 and 6. The results of this study suggest that charge density, cluster charge and symmetry, and cluster‐cation pairing are all important parameters in the incorporation of d‐electron metals onto the surfaces of [Nb6–xWxO19](8–x)– (x = 0–4) clusters or into the frameworks of Lindqvist‐based complex materials.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Long term care staff beliefs about evidence based practices for the management of dementia and agitation
Authors: Ayalon Liat , Arean Patricia , Bornfeld Heather , Beard Renee 
Published: June 2008

AbstractContextDespite a growing literature on effective interventions for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and agitation, the management of these conditions in long term care (LTC) often is inadequate. The goals of the present study were: (a) to evaluate existing beliefs about evidence based practices (EBP) for the management of Alzheimer's disease and agitation among LTC staff; and (b) to evaluate the contribution of demographic and attitudinal variables to LTC staff beliefs about these EBP.MethodA cross sectional study of 371 LTC staff members completed an EBP questionnaire, a short demographic questionnaire, and an attitudinal questionnaire about AD and agitation.ResultsParaprofessional caregivers, those of lower educational level, and ethnic minorities were more likely to be in disagreement with the EBP views examined in this study. Those in disagreement with the EBP views also reported a preference towards not working with residents with AD and agitation and a sense of helplessness associated with such work. Disagreement with EBP views was associated with both normalization and stigmatization of AD and agitation.ConclusionsParaprofessional caregivers, ethnic minorities, and people of lower educational level are most at need for educational activities about AD and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Educational efforts geared towards changing the belief system of LTC staff should target not only EBP but also information about AD and agitation as conditions that are deviant from the normal aging process, yet non‐stigmatizing. It is expected that following EBP will empower staff and improve staff motivation to work with residents with AD and agitation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do HMO and its for‐profit expansion jeopardize the survival of hospital safety net services?
Authors: Shen Yu‐Chu 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis study examines the effect of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and for‐profit HMO share on the survival of safety net services in hospitals between 1990 and 2004. The primary data sources are the American Hospital Association Annual Surveys, the Medicare hospital cost reports, and the HMO enrollment and ownership data from Interstudy. I analyze the risks of shutting down each safety net service separately using the proportional hazard models. I find that the risks of shutting down hospital safety net services do not vary by different levels of overall HMO penetration. However, conditional on the overall HMO penetration level, increasing for‐profit presence of HMO does increase the risks of shutting down several safety net services. Policies evaluating the for‐profit expansion or ownership conversion of health plans should take this potential adverse effect into consideration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth hormone signaling and hippocampal neurogenesis: Insights from genetic models
Authors: Ransome Mark I. , Turnley Ann M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAdult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is modulated by a variety of factors through effects on the proliferation‐differentiation‐survival regulatory axis. We have employed growth hormone receptor knockout (GH‐R−/−) and suppressor of cytokine signaling‐2 transgenic (SOCS‐2 Tg) mice as models of altered GH‐signaling to assess their affects on basal and exercised‐induced hippocampal neurogenesis. Assessment of proliferation 24‐h after 7‐days of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling with or without voluntary running showed that the density of BrdU(+) cells in the subgranular zone remained unchanged between genotypes in control housing, while running induced significant increases in BrdU‐labeled cells in WT, GH‐R−/−, and SOCS‐2 Tg mice. The proportion of BrdU/doublecortin and BrdU/S100β cells did not vary between genotype or running conditions at this time‐point. Assessment of cell survival 28‐days after BrdU labeling showed that SOCS‐2 Tg animals had significantly higher BrdU(+) cell densities in the granule cell layer compared to WT and GH‐R−/− animals in control housing and after voluntary running. There were no differences in cell survival between WT and GH‐R−/− mice with or without running. Mature phenotype analysis showed similar proportions of BrdU/NeuN and BrdU/S100β in all groups. While SOCS‐2 Tg mice had similar social interaction behaviors and sensorimotor gating, they appeared to be less anxious with heightened basal locomotor activity and showed enhanced performance in the Morris watermaze test. Overall, our data indicated that mice over‐expressing SOCS‐2 showed increased survival of neurons generated during AHN, which correlated with improved performance in a hippocampal‐dependent cognitive task. Furthermore, voluntary running increased AHN in WT, SOCS‐2 Tg, and serum‐IGF‐1‐deficient GH‐R−/− mice. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catecholestrogens induce oxidative stress and malignant transformation in human endometrial glandular cells: Protective effect of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase
Authors: Salama Salama A. , Kamel Marwa , Awad Mohamed , Nasser Abdel‐Hakim Ben , Al‐Hendy Ayman , Botting Shaleen , Arrastia Concepcion 
Published: June 2008

AbstractProlonged exposure to unopposed estrogens is a major risk factor for the development of endometrial cancer. Oxidative metabolism of estradiol (E2) into the catecholestrogens (CEs), 4‐hydroxyestradiol (4‐OHE2) and 2‐hydroxyestradiol (2‐OHE2), may play an important role in estrogen carcinogenicity. CEs can be oxidized to the corresponding ortho‐quinone derivatives with concomitant formation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) is the major enzyme involved in the detoxification of CEs in extrahepatic tissues. We investigated the potential of E2, 2‐OHE2and 4‐OHE2to induce microsatellite instability (MSI) and neoplastic transformation of immortalized human endometrial glandular (EM) cells. We also investigated the functional significance ofCOMTgene expression on modulating the effects of E2and CEs in EM cells. Our data indicated that E2and 4‐OHE2induce MSI, ROS and neoplastic transformation in EM cells. The capacity of E2and its catechol metabolites to induce MSI, ROS and neoplastic transformation in EM cells is ranked as follows: 4‐OHE2> E2> 2‐OHE2. Knockdown ofCOMTexpression in EM cells resulted in increased estrogenic milieu and increased estrogen‐induced cell proliferation. More importantly, knockdown ofCOMTincreased the propensity of E2or CEs to induce ROS, MSI and neoplastic transformation of EM cells. In contrast, overexpression ofCOMTin EM cells significantly reduced the cellular estrogenic milieu and protected against E2‐ or CEs‐induced, ROS, MSI and neoplastic transformation. The capacity of E2or CEs to induce neoplastic transformation of human endometrial glandular cellsin vitromay suggest that E2‐induced endometrial cancer is mediated by its metabolism into CEs. Our study clearly indicates thatCOMTgene expression plays a critical role in modulating the hormonal and carcinogenic effects of E2and CEs and, consequently, modifies the risk for E2‐induced endometrial cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to (i) demonstrate the potential capacity of estrogen and its catechol metabolites to induce neoplastic transformation of immortalized human endometrial glandular cells; and (ii) illustrate the important role ofCOMTgene expression in protecting against E2‐induced endometrial cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suppression of integrin αυβ6 by RNA interference in colon cancer cells inhibits extracellular matrix degradation through the MAPK pathway
Authors: Wang Jiayong , Zhang Zhaoyang , Xu Kesen , Sun Xiaohui , Yang Guangyun , Niu Weibo , Liu Enyu , Peng Cheng , Lin Pengfei , Wang Jian , Chen Rong , Agrez Michael , Niu Jun 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIntegrin αυβ6 plays a very important role in the progression of colon cancer cells and is now defined as a novel, independent prognostic indicator for aggressive colon cancer in humans. Herein, we use the RNA interfering technology to downregulate the expression of αυβ6 in colon cancer cells. Our data demonstrate that plasmid vector based shRNA can effectively down‐regulate αυβ6 expression in protein and mRNA levels. Supression of integrin αυβ6 inhibits the phosphorylation and nonphosphorylation level of ERK1/2, the secretion of uPA, pro‐MMP‐9 and pro‐MMP‐2 in tumor conditioned medium, and more important, inhibits MAPK‐dependent [3H] labeled collagen IV degradation via the plasminogen activation cascade. Our study demonstrates in vitro that supression of integrin αυβ6 inhibits extracellular matrix degradation through the MAPK pathway. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of melanogenesis as a radiation sensitizer for melanoma therapy
Authors: Brożyna Anna A. , VanMiddlesworth Lester , Slominski Andrzej T. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMelanin pigment displays strong photo‐ and radioprotective properties, suggesting that inhibition melanogenesis could increase sensitivity of melanoma to ionizing radiation. We tested this concept in human melanoma cells cultured in either Ham's F10 medium to maintain amelanotic phenotype or DMEM to induce/stimulate melanin production, respectively; N‐phenylthiourea (PTU) and D‐penicillamine were used as an inhibitor of melanogenesis. Melanogenic activity was evaluated by visual inspection (color of cell pellets) or by measurement of tyrosinase (dopa oxidase) activity assay. Amelanotic cells or cells with various melanin content were exposed to gamma radiation and tested for viability and colony forming capability. Gamma radiation at doses of 2–15 Gy inhibited cell viability and colony forming efficiency in dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, but pigmented melanoma cells were significantly more resistant to gamma radiation than nonpigmented cells (p < 0.05–0.001). Both PTU and D‐penicillamine inhibited strongly tyrosinase activity and melanin production in melanoma cells (p < 0.05–0.001). Furthermore, inhibition of melanogenesis by PTU or D‐penicillamine resulted in enhancement of melanoma cells sensitivity to killing by gamma rays. In conclusion, the results of these cell culture experiments give support to a clinical trial of pharmacologically induced decrease in melanin synthesis to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy in advanced melanomas. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A robust ex vivo model for evaluation of induction of apoptosis by rhTRAIL in combination with proteasome inhibitor MG132 in human premalignant cervical explants
Authors: Hougardy Brigitte M.T. , Reesink‐Peters Nathalie , van den Heuvel Fiona A.J. , ten Hoor Klaske A. , Hollema Harry , de Vries Elisabeth G.E. , de Jong Steven , van der Zee Ate G.J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDevelopment of medical therapies for high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II/III) is hampered by the lack of CIN II/III cell lines. Tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis upon binding to its receptors DR4 or DR5. Proteasome inhibition by MG132 sensitized cervical cancer cell lines to recombinant human (rh)TRAIL. In our study, we aimed to develop an ex vivo model for CIN II/III and to investigate the apoptosis‐inducing effect of rhTRAIL and/or MG132 in cervical explants from CIN II/III patients. A short‐term ex vivo culture system was optimized for cervical biopsies, in which explants from normal cervix and CIN II/III lesions were exposed to either rhTRAIL (1 μg/ml), MG132 (5 μM) or the combination and compared to untreated explants for apoptosis induction. Normal cervix (n = 90) and CIN II/III (n = 24) explants could be reproducibly put in culture and kept viable for up to 7 days using a transwell membrane system. CIN II/III explants (n = 5) were highly sensitive to rhTRAIL plus MG132 (mean % apoptosis: 91 ± 5) compared to normal cervix (n = 10) treated with rhTRAIL plus MG132 (mean % apoptosis: 24 ± 10, p < 0.0001), while monotherapy with either rhTRAIL, MG132 or medium resulted in a mean % apoptosis <10 in both CIN II/III and normal cervix. Our ex vivo model system allows preclinical evaluation of (topical) medical therapies for CIN II/III. A strong synergistic apoptosis‐inducing effect of the combination of rhTRAIL and MG132, especially in CIN II/III lesions indicates that rhTRAIL combined with proteasome inhibitors deserves exploration as medical treatment for CIN II/III. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of heme oxygenase 1 expression by small interfering RNA decreases orthotopic tumor growth in livers of mice
Authors: Sass Gabriele , Leukel Petra , Schmitz Volker , Raskopf Esther , Ocker Matthias , Neureiter Daniel , Meissnitzer Matthias , Tasika Elena , Tannapfel Andrea , Tiegs Gisa 
Published: June 2008

AbstractEndogenous overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) has been shown to occur in various cancer diseases and might contribute to cancer progression. We compared the expression levels of HO‐1 in human liver to expression levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as the effect of HO‐1 inhibition by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on cellular survival and apoptosis in the mouse hepatoma cell lines Hepa129 and Hepa1‐6 and on orthotopic tumor growth in immune‐competent C3H/HeN mice. Our results show that HO‐1 is frequently overexpressed in human HCC. Downmodulation of HO‐1 by siRNA resulted in increased cellular damage and apoptosis, reduced proliferation, reduced growth of orthotopic HCC and reduced angiogenesis. Livers and kidneys of treated animals did not reveal signs of damage by this treatment. In conclusion, a specific knockdown of HO‐1 might represent a novel therapeutic approach in HCC therapy. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two‐photon laser‐scanning fluorescence microscopy applied for studies of human skin
Authors: Ericson M. B. , Simonsson C. , Guldbrand S. , Ljungblad C. , Paoli J. , Smedh M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTwo‐photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy (TPM) has been shown to be advantageous for imaging optically turbid media such as human skin. The ability of performing three‐dimensional imaging without presectioning of the samples makes the technique not only suitable for noninvasive diagnostics but also for studies of topical delivery of xenobiotics. Here, TPM is used as a method to visualize both autofluorescent and exogenous fluorophores in skin. Samples exposed to sulforhodamine B have been scanned from two directions to investigate attenuation effects. It is shown that optical effects play a major role. Thus, TPM is excellent for visualizing the localization and distribution of fluorophores in human skin, although quantification might be difficult. Furthermore, an image‐analysis algorithm has been implemented to facilitate interpretation of TPM images of autofluorescent features of nonmelanoma skin cancer obtained ex vivo. The algorithm was designed to detect cell nuclei and currently has a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 78% to single cell nuclei. However, in order to detect multinucleated cells, the algorithm needs further development. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)