bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevalence and Proportion Diagnosed Based on Bayesian Multiparameter Synthesis of Surveillance Data
Authors: Goubar A. , Ades A. E. , De Angelis D. , McGarrigle C. A. , Mercer C. H. , Tookey P. A. , Fenton K. , Gill O. N. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryEstimates of the number of prevalent human immunodeficiency virus infections are used in England and Wales to monitor development of the human immunodeficiency virus–acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic and for planning purposes. The population is split into risk groups, and estimates of risk group size and of risk group prevalence and diagnosis rates are combined to derive estimates of the number of undiagnosed infections and of the overall number of infected individuals. In traditional approaches, each risk group size, prevalence or diagnosis rate parameter must be informed by just one summary statistic. Yet a rich array of surveillance and other data is available, providing information on parameters and on functions of parameters, and raising the possibility of inconsistency between sources of evidence in some parts of the parameter space. We develop a Bayesian framework for synthesis of surveillance and other information, implemented through Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The sources of data are found to be inconsistent under their accepted interpretation, but the inconsistencies can be resolved by introducing additional ‘bias adjustment’ parameters. The best-fitting model incorporates a hierarchical structure to spread information more evenly over the parameter space. We suggest that multiparameter evidence synthesis opens new avenues in epidemiology based on the coherent summary of available data, assessment of consistency and bias modelling.
Modelling Multivariate Volatilities via Conditionally Uncorrelated Components
Authors: Fan Jianqing , Wang Mingjin , Yao Qiwei 
Published: May 2008

SummaryWe propose to model multivariate volatility processes on the basis of the newly defined conditionally uncorrelated components (CUCs). This model represents a parsimonious representation for matrix-valued processes. It is flexible in the sense that each CUC may be fitted separately with any appropriate univariate volatility model. Computationally it splits one high dimensional optimization problem into several lower dimensional subproblems. Consistency for the estimated CUCs has been established. A bootstrap method is proposed for testing the existence of CUCs. The methodology proposed is illustrated with both simulated and real data sets.
Forskolin induction of late‐LTP and up‐regulation of 5′ TOP mRNAs translation via mTOR, ERK, and PI3K in hippocampal pyramidal cells
Authors: Gobert Delphine , Topolnik Lisa , Azzi Mounia , Huang Linda , Badeaux Frédérique , DesGroseillers Luc , Sossin Wayne S. , Lacaille Jean‐Claude 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe late phase of long‐term potentiation (LTP) requires activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and synthesis of new proteins. mTOR regulates protein synthesis via phosphorylation of 4E‐binding proteins (4E‐BPs) and S6K, and via selective up‐regulation of 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine (5′ TOP) mRNAs that encode components of the translational machinery. In this study, we explored the regulation of 5′ TOP mRNAs during late‐LTP (L‐LTP). Synaptic plasticity was studied at Schaffer collateral – CA1 pyramidal cell synapses in rat organotypic hippocampal slices. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, induced L‐LTP in organotypic slices that was mTOR‐dependent. To determine if 5′ TOP mRNAs are specifically up‐regulated during L‐LTP, we generated a 5′ TOP‐myr‐dYFP reporter to selectively monitor 5′ TOP translation. Confocal imaging experiments in cultured slices revealed an increase in somatic and dendritic fluorescence after forskolin treatment. This up‐regulation was dependent on an intact TOP sequence and was mTOR, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)‐dependent. Our findings indicate that forskolin induces L‐LTP in hippocampal neurons and up‐regulates 5′ TOP mRNAs translation via mTOR, suggesting that up‐regulation of the translational machinery is a candidate mechanism for the stabilization of LTP.
HIV‐1 viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 produces oxidative stress and regulates the functional expression of multidrug resistance protein‐1 (Mrp1) in glial cells
Authors: Ronaldson Patrick T. , Bendayan Reina 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBrain human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1) infection is associated with oxidative stress, which may lead to HIV‐1 encephalitis, a chronic neurodegenerative condition. In vitro, oxidative stress can be induced in glial cells by exposure to HIV‐1 envelope protein glycoprotein (gp120). Multidrug resistance proteins (Mrps) are known to efflux endogenous substrates (i.e. GSH and GSSG) involved in cellular defense against oxidative stress. Altered GSH/GSSG export may contribute to oxidative damage during HIV‐1 encephalitis. At present, it is unknown if gp120 exposure can alter the functional expression of Mrp isoforms. Heat‐shock protein 70, inducible nitric oxide synthase, intracellular GSSG, 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, and extracellular nitrite were increased in primary cultures of rat astrocytes triggered with gp120, suggesting an oxidative stress response. RT‐PCR and immunoblot analysis demonstrated increased Mrp1 mRNA (2.3‐fold) and protein (2.2‐fold), respectively, in gp120 treated astrocytes while Mrp4 mRNA or protein expression was not changed. Cellular retention of 2′,7′‐bis‐(2‐carboxyethyl)‐5‐(and‐6)‐carboxyfluorescein, an established Mrp substrate, was reduced (twofold) in gp120‐treated astrocytes, suggesting increased Mrp‐mediated transport. In addition, GSH and GSSG export were enhanced in gp120‐triggered cells. These data suggest that gp120 can up‐regulate Mrp1, but not Mrp4, functional expression in cultured astrocytes. Our observation of increased GSH/GSSG efflux in response to gp120 treatment implies that Mrp isoforms may be involved in regulating the oxidative stress response in glial cells.
Dietary composition specifies consumption, obesity, and lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Skorupa Danielle A. , Dervisefendic Azra , Zwiener Jessica , Pletcher Scott D. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe inability to properly balance energy intake and expenditure with nutrient supply forms the basis for some of today's most pressing health issues, including diabetes and obesity. Mechanisms of nutrient homeostasis may also lie at the root of dietary restriction, a manipulation whereby reduced nutrient availability extends lifespan and ameliorates age‐related deteriorations in many species. The traditional belief that the most important aspect of the diet is its energetic (i.e. caloric) content is currently under scrutiny. Hypotheses that focus on diet composition and highlight more subtle characteristics are beginning to emerge. Using Drosophila melanogaster, we asked whether diet composition alone, independent of its caloric content, was sufficient to impact behavior, physiology, and lifespan. We found that providing flies with a yeast‐rich diet produced lean, reproductively competent animals with reduced feeding rates. Excess dietary sugar, on the other hand, promoted obesity, which was magnified during aging. Addition of dietary yeast often limited or reversed the phenotypic changes associated with increased dietary sugar and vice versa, and dietary imbalance was associated with reduced lifespan. Our data reveal that diet composition, alone and in combination with overall caloric intake, modulates lifespan, consumption, and fat deposition in flies, and they provide a useful foundation for dissecting the underlying genetic mechanisms that link specific nutrients with important aspects of general health and longevity.
REVIEWS
Authors: EDDY. J. W. M. 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:World Resources and Industries. By Erich W. ZimmermannWilliam. James Ashley: A Life. By Anne Ashley.The Economics of Imperfect Competition. By Joan Robinson.Problems of Staple Production in Canada. By Harold A. Innis,Australia's Government Bank. By L. C. Jauncey.The Measurement of Price Changes: Retrospect and Prospect. By A. W. Flux, C.B., M.A.Gold, Capitalism and Unemployment. By T. E. Gregory, D.Sc.L'Heure de la France. By E. Bélime.Les Doctrines Monetaires a L'zpreuve des Paits. By F. Herbette and others.Wholesale Prices for 213 Years, 1702 to 1932. Part I. Wholesale Prices in the United States for 135 years, 1797 to 1932. By G. F. Warren and F. A. Pearson.Wholesale Prices for 213 Years, 1702 to 1932. Part II. Wholesale Prices at New Pork City, 1720 to 1800.By Herman M. Stoker.The Physicd Volume of Production in the United States. By G. F. Warren and F. A. Pearson.Monopole und Besteuerung. By E. Doblin.The Peopling of Australia (Further Studies). Pacific Relations Series No, 4.The Foundation of Industrial Stability. By E. M. Daltroff.Balances of Payments 1931 and 1932. League of Nations.Industrial Relations in Great Britain. By Prof. J. H. Richardson, M.A., Ph.D.Money, Gold, Silver and Paper. By Francis W. Hirst.The Midas Delusion. By R. F. Irvine, M.A.The Professions. A. M. Carr‐Saunders and P. A. WilsonWorld Economic Survey, 1933‐33. League of Nations.The Search for Confidence in 1932: The Second Series of Bulletins of the Unclaimed Wealth Utilization Committee of Geneva, Under the Chairmanship of A. H. Abbatti.Money, Business and Prices. By John Philip Wernette, Ph.D.The Tourist Movement. By F. W. Ogilvie.Research in Marketing of Farm Products. John D. Black, Editor.The Worker's Point of View. A Symposium. With a Preface by C. T. Cramp.This Hmey Business. By Barnard Ellinger, C.B.E.Australia as Producer and Trader, 1920–1932. By Nancy Windett.
Geochronology of high‐pressure mafic granulite dykes in SW Sweden: tracking the P–T–t path of metamorphism using Hf isotopes in zircon and baddeleyite
Authors: SÖDERLUND U. , HELLSTRÖM F. A. , KAMO S. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAlthough the U–Pb zircon chronometer has been widely used for dating metamorphism in moderate‐ to high‐grade rocks, it is generally difficult to link the U–Pb age of zircon to specific metamorphic reactions. In this study, the initial Hf isotopic composition of secondary zircon is compared with the evolution of Hf isotopic composition of the bulk sample, back‐projected from the measured value through time. This approach may enhance the interpretation of radiometric ages performed on metamorphic mineral assemblages. Here, U–Pb, Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf geochronology and thermobarometry have been integrated and applied to two metamorphosed diabase dykes in the Sveconorwegian orogen, SW Sweden. The dykes are located ∼5 km east of the NNE‐trending Göta Älv deformation zone in the Idefjorden terrane, and trend parallel to this zone. The Lunden dyke is recrystallized into a coronitic, granulite facies assemblage. U–Pb isotopic analyses of baddeleyite in this dyke indicate an emplacement age of c. 1300 Ma. Thermobarometric techniques applied to garnet and omphacitic clinopyroxene coronas indicate high‐pressure metamorphism at ∼15 kbar and ∼740 °C. The growth of polycrystalline zircon at the expense of baddeleyite occurred at 1046 ± 6 Ma. The identical Hf isotopic composition of polycrystalline zircon and baddeleyite shows that the baddeleyite‐to‐zircon transition took place before Hf equilibration among the other metamorphic minerals and, hence the c. 1046 Ma age of polycrystalline zircon sets an upper age limit of metamorphism of this sample. The Haregården dyke is recrystallized into a granoblastic transitional upper amphibolite to granulite facies assemblage. The estimated P–T conditions are ∼10 kbar and ∼700 °C. Analyses of small (∼30 μm), clear and round zircon in this sample yield a Concordia U–Pb age of 1026 ± 4 Ma, which is indistinguishable from the Lu‐Hf and Sm‐Nd mineral isochron ages of 1027 ± 9 and 1022 ± 34 Ma, respectively. This type of secondary zircon plots at the lower end of the Lu‐Hf isochron and indicates simultaneous growth with garnet at c. 1026 Ma, a time when Hf isotopic equilibrium among minerals must have been reached.
Timing of high‐pressure metamorphism and exhumation of the eclogite type‐locality (Kupplerbrunn–Prickler Halt, Saualpe, south‐eastern Austria): constraints from correlations of the Sm–Nd, Lu–Hf, U–Pb and Rb–Sr isotopic systems
Authors: THÖNI M. , MILLER C. , BLICHERT‐TOFT J. , WHITEHOUSE M. J. , KONZETT J. , ZANETTI A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSm–Nd, Lu–Hf, Rb–Sr and SIMS U–Pb data are presented for meta‐gabbroic eclogites from the eclogite type‐locality (Haüy, 1822) Kupplerbrunn–Prickler Halt and other areas of the Saualpe (SE Austria) and Pohorje Mountains (Slovenia). Mg‐rich eclogites derived from early gabbroic cumulates are kyanite‐ and zoisite rich, whereas eclogites with lower Mg contents contain clinozoisite ± kyanite. Calculated P–T conditions at the final stages of high‐pressure metamorphism are 2.2 ± 0.2 GPa at 630–740 °C.Kyanite‐rich eclogites did not yield geologically meaningful Sm–Nd ages due to incomplete Nd isotope equilibration, whereas Sm–Nd multifraction garnet–omphacite regression for a low‐Mg eclogite from Kupplerbrunn yields an age of 91.1 ± 1.3 Ma. The Sm–Nd age of 94.1 ± 0.8 Ma obtained from the Fe‐rich core fraction of this garnet dates the initial stages of garnet growth. Zircon that also crystallized at eclogite facies conditions gives a weighted mean U–Pb SIMS age of 88.4 ± 8.1 Ma. Lu–Hf isotope analysis of a kyanite–eclogite from Kupplerbrunn yields 88.4 ± 4.7 Ma for the garnet–omphacite pair. Two low‐Mg eclogites from the Gertrusk locality of the Saualpe yield a multimineral Sm–Nd age of 90.6 ± 1.0 Ma. A low‐Mg eclogite from the Pohorje Mountains (70 km to the SE) gives a garnet–whole‐rock Lu–Hf age of 93.3 ± 2.8 Ma.These new age data and published Sm–Nd ages of metasedimentary host rocks constrain the final stages of the eo‐Alpine high‐pressure event in the Saualpe–Pohorje part of the south‐easternmost Austroalpine nappe system suggesting that garnet growth in the high‐pressure assemblages started at c. 95–94 Ma and ceased at c. 90–88 Ma, probably at the final pressure peak. Zircon and amphibole crystallization was still possible during incipient isothermal decompression. Rapid exhumation of the high‐pressure rocks was induced by collision of the northern Apulian plate with parts of the Austroalpine microplate, following Jurassic closure of the Permo‐Triassic Meliata back‐arc basin.
Self‐Prescription Practices in Recent Latino Immigrants
Authors: Coffman Maren J. , Shobe Marcia A. , O'Connell Beth 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
Objective: Self‐prescription involves the purchase and use of restricted medications without medical advice. Although common in Central and South American countries, little is known about this practice among Latino immigrants in the United States. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore how Latino immigrants obtain and use prescription medications without accessing the formal health care system.Design: This exploratory descriptive study used focus groups to gain an understanding of the use of prescription medications without medical care.Sample: Three focus group discussions were held with 19 adult Latino immigrants who were new residents in the United States, and did not have health insurance; most were undocumented.Results: Analysis of the data revealed 4 major themes: (a) health care barriers, (b) cultural norms, (c) self‐care, and (d) self‐prescription.Conclusions: The data indicate that this population experiences significant barriers to accessing health care, forcing them to seek treatment alternatives including the purchase and use of drugs manufactured in Mexico. There are many public health and safety concerns related to self‐prescription practices. Nurses need to be aware of the barriers to health care that lead to these potentially dangerous medication practices, and to recognize and understand self‐prescription.
Psychometric Properties of the Breastfeeding Self‐Efficacy Scale‐ Short Form in an Ethnically Diverse U.K. Sample
Authors: Gregory Anna , Penrose Kate , Morrison Claire , Dennis Cindy‐Lee , MacArthur Christine 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
Objective: To psychometrically assess the Breastfeeding Self‐Efficacy Scale‐Short Form (BSES‐SF) among a multicultural U.K. sample and to examine the relationship between breastfeeding self‐efficacy and maternal demographic variables.Design: A cohort study where breastfeeding women completed questionnaires in‐hospital and at 4 weeks postpartum.Sample: 165 breastfeeding women at the maternity ward in Birmingham Women's Hospital inpatient department.Measurements: BSES‐SF.Results: The Cronbach's α co‐efficient was .90 and evidence for predictive validity was demonstrated through exclusively breastfeeding mothers at 4 weeks postpartum having significantly higher in‐hospital BSES‐SF scores (M=49.4, SD=12.9) than mothers who were partially breastfeeding (M=44.7, SD=9.5) or bottle‐feeding, M=42.4, SD=11.7; F(2)=1.62, p<.001. Caucasian mothers had significantly lower mean scores (M=44.4, SD=12.1) than those of other ethnicity, M=48.4, SD=12.9, t(163)=−2.06, p=.04.Conclusions: This study builds upon previous research and provides additional evidence suggesting that the BSES‐SF has sound psychometric properties and can be utilized among diverse samples, including Southeast Asian mothers.
Favorable Response to Analgesics Does Not Predict a Benign Etiology of Headache
Authors: Pope Jennifer V. , Edlow Jonathan A. 
Published: May 2008

Background.— Distinguishing between primary and secondary headaches (HAs) is essential for the safe and effective management of patients with HA. A favorable response to analgesics may be observed with both classes of HAs and therefore is not a good predictor of who needs further evaluation.Objective.— To systematically review the data that a favorable response to analgesics including triptans should not be used to exclude a serious secondary cause of HA.Design.— PubMed search of English‐language articles between 1980 and 2007 and reference lists of these articles. Two authors independently reviewed articles for study results and quality. Inclusion was based on 100% agreement between authors. We included articles that described secondary HAs as (1) having a favorable response to analgesics and/or (2) having a favorable response to sumatriptan. Of the 548 studies identified by our search strategy, 18 were included in our final analysis.Results.— Seven of the 18 studies found that 46/103 patients (44%) described a significant or complete resolution of secondary HA from medications such as anti‐emetics and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Eleven of the 18 articles including 25/25 patients (100%) described a significant or complete resolution of secondary HA from sumatriptan, a serotonin 5HT agonist.Conclusions.— A favorable response to analgesics including triptans should not be used to exclude a serious secondary cause of HA.
Glut‐1 deficiency syndrome masquerading  as idiopathic generalized epilepsy
Authors: Roulet‐Perez Eliane , Ballhausen Diana , Bonafé Luisa , Cronel‐Ohayon Stephanie , Maeder‐Ingvar Malin 
Published: May 2008

SummaryTo report the case of a child with short absences and occasional myoclonias since infancy who was first diagnosed with an idiopathic generalized epilepsy, but was documented at follow‐up to have a mild phenotype of glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome. Unlike other reported cases of Glut‐1 DS and epilepsy, this child had a normal development as well as a normal head growth and neurological examination. Early onset of seizures and later recognized episodes of mild confusion before meals together with persistent atypical EEG features and unexpected learning difficulties led to the diagnosis. Seizure control and neuropsychological improvements were obtained with a ketogenic diet.
Effect of Aluminum Oxide Addition on the Flexural Strength and Thermal Diffusivity of Heat‐Polymerized Acrylic Resin
Authors: Ellakwa Ayman E. , Morsy Mohamed A. , El‐Sheikh Ali M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Purpose: This work was undertaken to investigate the effect of adding from 5% to 20% by weight aluminum oxide powder on the flexural strength and thermal diffusivity of heat‐polymerized acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: Seventy‐five specimens of heat‐polymerized acrylic resin were fabricated. The specimens were divided into five groups (n = 15) coded A to E. Group A was the control group (i.e., unmodified acrylic resin specimens). The specimens of the remaining four groups were reinforced with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powder to achieve loadings of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 1 week before flexural strength testing to failure (5 mm/min crosshead speed) in a universal testing machine. Results were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey paired group comparison tests (p < 0.05). Weibull analysis was used to calculate the Weibull modulus, characteristic strength, and the required stress for 1% and 5% probabilities of failure. Cylindrical test specimens (5 specimens/group) containing an embedded thermocouple were used to determine thermal diffusivity over a physiologic temperature range (0 to 70°C). Results: The mean flexural strength values of the heat‐polymerized acrylic resin were (in MPa) 99.45, 119.92, 121.19, 130.08, and 127.60 for groups A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. The flexural strength increased significantly after incorporation of 10% Al2O3. The mean thermal diffusivity values of the heat‐polymerized acrylic resin (in m2/sec) were 6.8, 7.2, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.3 for groups A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. Thermal diffusivities of the composites were found to be significantly higher than the unmodified acrylic resin. Thermal diffusivity was found to increase in proportion to the weight percentage of alumina filler, which suggested that the proper distribution of alumina powders through the insulating polymer matrix might form a pathway for heat conduction. Conclusion: Al2O3 fillers have potential as added components in denture bases to provide increased flexural strength and thermal diffusivity. Increasing the flexural strength and heat transfer characteristics of the acrylic resin base material could lead to more patient satisfaction.
Effect of Surface Acid Etching on the Biaxial Flexural Strength of Two Hot‐Pressed Glass Ceramics
Authors: Hooshmand Tabassom , Parvizi Shaghayegh , Keshvad Alireza 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of surface acid etching on the biaxial flexural strength of two hot‐pressed glass ceramics reinforced by leucite or lithium disilicate crystals. Materials and Methods: Forty glass ceramic disks (14‐mm diameter, 2‐mm thick) consisting of 20 leucite‐based ceramic disks (IPS Empress®) and 20 lithia disilicate‐based ceramic (IPS Empress 2®) were produced by hot‐pressing technique. All specimens were polished and then cleaned ultrasonically in distilled water. Ten specimens of each ceramic group were then etched with 9% hydrofluoric (HF) acid gel for 2 minutes and cleaned ultrasonically again. The biaxial flexural strength was measured by the piston‐on‐three‐ball test in a universal testing machine. Data based on ten specimens in each group were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA (α= 0.05). Microstructure of ceramic surfaces before and after acid etching was also examined by a scanning electron microscope. Results: The mean biaxial flexural strength values for each group tested were (in MPa): nonetched IPS Empress = 118.6 ± 25.5; etched IPS Empress = 102.9 ± 15.4; nonetched IPS Empress 2 = 283.0 ± 48.5; and etched IPS Empress 2 = 250.6 ± 34.6. The results showed that the etching process reduced the biaxial flexural strengths significantly for both ceramic types (p= 0.025). No significant interaction between the ceramic type and etching process was found (p= 0.407). Conclusion: From the results, it was concluded that surface HF acid etching could have a weakening effect on hot‐pressed leucite or lithia disilicate‐based glass ceramic systems.