bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positivism and the Collection of Data
Authors: Chenhall R. G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe statement of Fritz and Plog that an explicit formulation of potential laws must precede the collection of data is challenged on the grounds that (1) the collection of data, from some areas at least, must be made now or it will be lost forever, and (2) relevant archaeology can be done with salvage materials, gathered without knowledge of their ultimate use.
Matching Polychrome Sets from Acatlán, Puebla
Authors: Moser Chris L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPreviously published descriptions of pottery styles known from the Mixteca Baja, Acatlán, Puebla area have been concerned with describing and interpreting the relief designs on the interiors of polychrome grater bowls. Attention is directed here to the observation that there are actually two forms of slab-legged, tripod vessels from Acatlán which co-occur in sets. One form is a food preparation bowl or molcajete, and the other is a raised tripod serving vessel or dish that also functioned as a lid or cover to the molcajete. These matching sets were probably high-status burial offerings and may have been used in part of the burial ritual of preparing food for the dead.
A Possible Noncultural Bias in Lithic Debris
Authors: Lischka Leslie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAnalysis of two separate assemblages of lithic debris from Archaic sites in the Pecos River Drainage (New Mexico) has led to the discovery of what appears to be a noncultural bias affecting flake size, which is believed to be caused by the inherent properties of the flaking material. Graphs of the flake length/thickness ratio versus frequency of ratio occurrence coincide remarkably in their curve characteristics, indicating a nonrandom causal factor. This factor is attributed to the wave pattern created by the blow of the flaking implement and is governed by the physical properties of the medium through which it is passing.
Problems of Mammal Skull Identification Due to Age Differences in the Dentition
Authors: Olsen Stanley J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMost keys that are designed for use in identifying mammal skulls discuss and figure the skulls and dentitions of mature adults only. In some groups, particularly carnivores, there is considerable variation from the deciduous teeth of the young to the worn dentitions of the old adult. A series covering this age group, of the North American Raccoon, Procyon lotor is figured and discussed.
Southern Paiute Archaeology
Authors: Euler Robert C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThrough the use of the direct historical method and analysis of materials from more than 250 sites that indicate Southern Paiute occupation, a reconstruction of the culture history of this ethnic group is attempted. The data permit the following hypotheses: that the Southern Paiute were essentially a Desert culture people with the addition of agriculture in the south; that they entered the Southwest and the southern Great Basin about A.D. 1150 or slightly earlier from the north; that they did not develop from any of the Pueblo groups in the area; and that they maintained their maximum range until disrupted by European incursions betweenA.D.1800 and 1860.
Settlement Archaeology—Its Goals and Promise
Authors: Trigger Bruce G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSettlement Archaeology is defined as the study of societal relationships using archaeological data. A separate approach is required because of the inadequacy of the concept of “phase” or “culture” for the investigation of this sort of problem. An examination of the history of Iroquoian warfare in the light of archaeological and ethnological data suggests that while the archaeologist’s ability to interpret prehistoric social phenomena remains severely limited, the questions raised by this sort of approach are important and, among other results, will stimulate a desire to pay still greater attention to traditional problems of cultural archaeology.
Sandy Lake Ware and Its Distribution
Authors: Cooper Leland R. , Johnson Elden 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA newly defined pottery named the Sandy Lake ware is described. This ware extends from northwestern Wisconsin westward across east-central Minnesota into the extreme Mississippi River headwaters region. It is associated with Clam River focus pottery in Wisconsin and in Minnesota. It has a beginning association with Blackduck focus pottery but has a temporal duration beyond Blackduck to the latest prehistoric and perhaps protohistoric period.
Hopewellian Affiliations of Certain Sites on the Gulf Coast of Florida
Authors: Sears William H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Hopewellian Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture, on the Florida Gulf Coast, includes seven or more burial mounds. Analysis of the individual complexes demonstrates that these mounds occupy points on a cultural continuum, with some clustering into two mortuary or ceremonial complexes. The earlier Yent complex, with the Pierce, Crystal River, and Yent mounds is in the Deptford time period. Some of the pottery has Tchefuncte characteristics, and there are Hopewell artifacts. The later, Green Point complex includes the Huckleberry Landing and Green Point mounds, with mostly complicated-stamped pottery and a few Hopewellian traits. The latest mounds, also placed in the Green Point complex, are Andersons Bayou and Alligator Bayou, which have Troyville or Troyville-like pottery associated with complicated-stamped pottery in an east-side deposit, a characteristic of the following Weeden Island period. The continuum originates in a Deptford-Tchefuncte period, in which there are direct Ohio-Illinois contacts, and ends in the Troyville period with Lower Mississippi Valley rather than midwest contacts. The inferred time span is from approximately 200 B.C. to A.D. 800.
Stone Artifacts of Southeastern Alaska
Authors: Keithahn Edward L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe fact that Northwest Coast Indians obtained iron for tool making at least 175 years ago makes it unlikely that any literate person ever saw stone edge tools in use in this area, or even talked with an Indian who had seen them in use. Thus, interpretation of the function of stone tools in southeast Alaska is based on an estimate of the type of tools needed for the known aboriginal industries, experimental use of the tools, and Indian tradition. The use of 25 stone artifact types is discussed, including adzes and similar tools, mauls and hammers, mortars and pestles, lamps and pipes, clubs and fighting tools, projectile points, and ornaments.
Moche Copper Analyses: Early New World Metal Technology
Authors: Friedman Arnold M. , Olsen Edward , Bird Junius B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEighteen analyses are presented for 12 different Moche copper pedestal cups. Eight of the cups were made from naturally-occurring copper metal ore; the remaining 4 from copper obtained by smelting of complex oxidized ores. The use of both ore types suggests either a matter of convenience or technology in transition. In general, these people possessed a more advanced level of metallurgical technology than their utilization of primitive naturally-occurring copper metal implies.
The Growth of Archaeology in the West Coast and the Great Basin, 1935-60
Authors: Meighan Clement W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeological research in the Far West of North America is reviewed in terms of the contributions to methodology and theory. The generally simple level of culture in an area in which functioning native cultures survived until recent times has led to the perfection of analytical techniques for non-ceramic evidence, the development of ingenuity in deriving conclusions, and a considerable use of the direct-historical approach. New methodological approaches have been developed in analysis of physical components of sites, determination of food resources, estimation of population density, establishment of functional typologies, testing of the value of chemical and other changes for chronological control, and experimentation with statistical techniques of seriation. Theoretical trends include a lack of culture classification systems comparable to those in other North American areas, a dependence on classificatory units on the level of the complex or assemblage, and a tendency toward the development of a classificatory system based on an ecological framework.
Microlithic Sites in the Asiatic USSR
Authors: Formozov A. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMicrolithic cultures of the steppe and desert zone of Asia include the Kel'teminar of the Aral Sea region and comparable cultures in Kazakhstan, Turkmenia, Trans-Baikal, Mongolia and China. This microlithic industry is characterized not by the size of the tools, but by the use of blades rather than flakes for the manufacture of stone tools. The prismatic core, often small and pencil-shaped, is very common; bifacial retouch is rare. The microliths are consistently found in association with pottery and bifacially worked projectile points of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic of the third and second millennia B.C. The tendency of Soviet archaeologists to seek the ethnic affiliations of archaeological complexes may explain the considerable regional variation in pottery and stone tool inventories, but adjustment to environment is a more likely explanation for the wide-spread occurrence of the basic features of the microlithic industry. A way of life based on migratory hunting of small game and collecting developed as a result of refinements in missile weapons which included the bow and arrow. These developments can be correlated with the introduction of the microlithic blade technology. This way of life and the use of microliths survived in the steppe and desert areas, but in the regions to the south where farming developed the microliths were rapidly replaced by heavy tools such as hoes and pestles, and in the northern forests harpoons, fishhooks, and heavy wood-working tools indicate a shift to a more sedentary life based on intensive fishing. The widespread microlithic survivals in northern Asia demonstrate similar subsistence patterns in similar ecological zones rather than basic ethnic unity. Suggestions concerning origins, historical and cultural ties, and possible population movements are gradually emerging from detailed studies of the boundaries between the microlithic zone and the pottery and forest areas as well as from broader comparative analyses.
Radiocarbon Dates for South-Eastern Fiber-Tempered Pottery
Authors: Bullen Ripley P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFive new radiocarbon dates from an Archaic midden at the Palmer site on the Florida Gulf coast confirm the previous estimate of 2000 B.C. for the beginning of pottery making in the Southeast. Correlations over hundreds of miles give extremely close results between archaeological subperiods and radiocarbon dates.
Pre-Columbian Pottery Mushrooms from Mesoamerica
Authors: De Borhegyi Stephan F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUntil recently, pre-Columbian mushroom-shaped pottery objects were known only from El Salvador. New evidence indicates that they were also used in Chiapas, Tabasco, and Veracruz, in Mexico, in the Lowland Maya Rain Forest area, and possibly on the Pacific coast of Guatemala. They seem to be diagnostics of the latter part of the Late Pre-Classic and Proto-Classic periods. Due to their resemblance, when turned upside down, to round-bottomed, tall-necked jars, an undetermined number of specimens may have been classified by archaeologists and illustrated in the literature as jars. Their function is still unknown, but it is believed that, like the mushroom stones, they were used in connection with the ceremonial consumption and adoration of hallucinogenic mushrooms.
A Pre-agricultural Occupation on the Central Coast of Peru
Authors: Lanning Edward P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMore than 50 campsites, quarries, and workshop sites belonging to the pre-agricultural stage have been explored at Ancón on the central coast of Peru. The sites are located in areas of extinct fog vegetation, which was exploited not only for its seeds and roots, but also for grazing animals. The sites are winter camps. Six different lithic industries have been identified and seriated in a tentative sequence which may reach back to the Pleistocene. The earliest industry almost entirely lacks projectile points and other fine stone work. The next two industries are characterized by their stemmed projectile points and distinctive scrapers, while the three latest assemblages have stemless points and lack scrapers. The pre-agricultural stage came to an end around 2500 or 2000 B.C. with the establishment of permanent villages near the shore as a result of the retreat of the fog vegetation and the enrichment of the sea.
Contemporaneity and Cross-dating in Archaeological Interpretation
Authors: Patterson Thomas Carl 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThat cultural units are contemporary merely means that they are assigned to the same arbitrary division of time, or period. The degree of contemporaneity which is implied when units are assigned to the same period depends upon the duration of the units and the length of the period. Correlation is the alignment of sequences of units or the placement of units with respect to sequences. Synchronic correlation, or cross-dating, involves assigning units to the same period because they are contemporary. When correlations are based on contemporaneity, detailed interpretations of the archaeological evidence are possible. Precise cross-dating permits more detailed statements about cultural process and relationship. Precise cross-dating is possible when units are assigned to periods which have brief spans in time or when reference is made to a chronological framework which is not defined in terms of the archaeological materials. Cross-dating is most credible when both the sequences of units in the different localities and the patterning of each cultural unit are known and understood.
Identity of Archaeologic Grain Amaranths from the Valley of Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Sauer Jonathan D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCoxcatlán Cave has yielded the earliest records of two domesticated species still grown as minor grain crops in Mexico. Amaranthus cruentus, previously unknown archaeologically, is tentatively identified from a level dated at about 4000 B.C. and positively identified from six levels dated between about 2500 B.C. and the time of the Conquest. Amaranthus hypochondriacus was found at two levels dated about A.D. 500. There is no evidence that either species was domesticated locally.
Systematic, Intensive Surface Collection
Authors: Redman Charles L. , Watson Patty Jo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeologists would agree that the cultural debris lying on the surface of a site in some way reflects what is buried below. However, few attempts have been made to discover just how closely one can predict from detailed knowledge of surface distributions what he will find if he digs.In October and November, 1968, surface collections based on statistical sampling techniques were made at two mounds in Diyarbakir Vilayet, Turkey. The tabulated data were put into the form of contour maps. We find that study of these maps, singly or in combination as overlays, suggests numerous hypotheses that can be formulated much more precisely than those deriving from the usual intuitive method based on simple inspection of the site surface. Soundings were made to test some of the major hypotheses. The results of the soundings plus subsequent statistical analyses suggest that intensive, systematic surface collection is an extremely useful technique for determining where to dig. It is also highly productive of testable hypotheses relevant to the total interpretation of the site.
Native Made Glass Pendants from East of the Mississippi
Authors: Brown Margaret Kimball 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNative made glass pendants have long been known in the upper Missouri region, but it is not generally realized these also have appeared east of the Mississippi River. The find sites and their dates are discussed and the context of the pendants where known. Indications are that the differences evident in the sizes and shapes of the pendants may be due to temporal factors. A previous estimate of 1798 for the time of the origin of the craft must be changed and evidence from the east suggests a beginning at least as early as 1730.
Food-Producing Systems Available to the Ancient Maya
Authors: Wilken Gene C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDiscussion on the subsistence base of the ancient Maya has centered mainly around the potentialities and limitations of shifting cultivation. The case for alternative and more intensive food-producing systems warrants serious consideration. Reports and personal observation reveal that techniques of terracing, irrigation, drainage, gardening, and tree culture, plus gathering and intensified shifting cultivation were likely known and used. Like other high cultures in America, the Maya probably employed a number of food-producing systems to exploit the rich variety of environments found in their region.
Ancient Peruvian Potters' Marks and Their Interpretation through Ethnographic Analogy
Authors: Donnan Christopher B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPre-fire incised marks can be observed on many of the plain cooking and storage ceramic vessels of the Moche style, which flourished on the north coast of Peru from approximately 100 B.C. to A.D. 800. A possible explanation of these marks is suggested on the basis of an ethnographic analogy to the present-day practices of potters in the central sierra of Peru. It is suggested that the marks were made to facilitate the identification of the pots of each potter during production and prior to the actual marketing of the pots.
Three Long-Nosed God Masks from Western Illinois
Authors: Bareis Charles J. , Gardner William M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree marine-shell masks, one with a removable nose and two with nonremovable noses, were excavated by two local residents from a location in the Mississippi River Valley in Pike County, Illinois. These were found in association with other items. Information pertaining to the reported provenience of the artifacts is discussed, and the typological characteristics of the masks are described. It is suggested that the masks and associated materials were part of a ceremonial kit and that they date from the same time level as similar finds reported in the eastern United States.
Is There a Hohokam-Pima Culture Continuum?
Authors: Ezell Paul H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis question, which was answered affirmatively as early as 1716 by the missionary Velarde and more recently by some archaeologists, is reviewed in terms of trend and tradition through the archaeological and ethnographic sequence, ceramic, architectural, and other comparisons, the acculturational history of Pimas and Yumans, the broader context of the postcontact period, and the complete lack of archaeological evidence for the prehistoric Pima. The concept of a Hohokam-Pima continuum is accepted, although aboriginal Pima culture is seen as a product of multiple cultural influences.
A System of Archaeological Sites Designation for Alaska
Authors: Hadleigh-West Frederick 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSince Alaska lacks stable political units equivalent to counties, it has become necessary to develop an alternative for a standardized system of site designation. This system utilizes the 1:250,000 USGS topographic quadrangle as an areal base equivalent to the county. Alaska is completely covered at this scale. The quadrangle names may be abbreviated and joined with the prefix "49" to form a trinomial paralleling the Smithsonian system. A list of these quadrangles and abbreviations is appended.
The Pleistocene Carved Bone from Tequixquiac, Mexico: A Reappraisal
Authors: Anda Luis Aveleyra Arroyo de 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA carved sacrum from a fossil camelid was found near Tequixquiac in 1870 in Upper Pleistocene deposits of the Valley of Mexico. At that time it was described as one of the first discoveries that proved the co-existence of man with extinct fauna in the New World. The specimen was apparently lost at the end of the 19th century and serious doubts have been expressed about its authenticity. This carved bone was rediscovered in 1956, and recent studies of the specimen tend to demonstrate its authenticity and scientific value. A survey of all known examples of similar finds in North America suggests that the Tequixquiac bone is probably the only example of true art that has yet been found in Paleo-Indian levels in the New World.
Issues in Evaluating the Significance of Archaeological Resources
Authors: Glassow Michael A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe evaluation of the significance of archaeological resources, mandated by federal, state, and local statutes, has forced American archaeologists to justify why sites or their contents should be preserved. The currently popular approach toward evaluation emphasizes determination of the relevance of archaeological resources to regional research problems. However, this approach fails to recognize that resources have values to research problems not yet conceived. It is argued, therefore, that evaluation must focus directly on the observational properties of resources. Using Spaulding's article, "Dimensions of Archaeology," as an initial inspiration, five such properties were defined: variety, quantity, clarity, integrity, and environmental context. A recent project in coastal California provides examples of how this alternative approach may be used.
Topoxte and Tayasal: Ethnohistory in Archaeology
Authors: Chase Arlen F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSome questions concerning the Postclassic Peten can be answered by systematic use of ethnohistoric sources with archaeological data. A review and re-analysis of these data for the Itza capital Tayasal are presented. A plausible argument is formulated for a relocation of the ethnohistoric Tayasal as the archaeologically recognized Postclassic site of Topoxte in Lake Yaxha, Guatemala. It is further argued that a closer correlation of the ethnohistoric data with the archaeological record and a complete re-analysis of other pertinent data may prove useful to the archaeologist when confronted with conflicting interpretations or concepts.
A Statistical Determination of the Black Sand Occupation at the Macoupin Site, Jersey Co., Illinois
Authors: Rackerby Frank 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSmall quantities of Early Woodland ceramics and knives were identified in a collection excavated from a predominantly Middle Woodland (Havana-Hopewell phase) occupation site in the lower Illinois Valley. Using simple statistical significance tests, hypotheses generated by the vertical and horizontal distribution of these items are tested. The results confirm an earlier observation that Black Sand phase sites tend to be located on a particular soil type, and that the Dickson knife co-occurs with Black Sand ceramics.
The Relationship Between Access Volume and Content Diversity of Storage Facilities
Authors: Schiffer Michael B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA hypothesis incorrectly reported in the Current Research section of the April, 1971, American Antiquity is clarified. The methods and results of preliminary testing of this hypothesis are described. A high correlation obtains between the 2 variables, which leads to the construction of a regression equation. By use of this equation, the access volume of a facility may be predicted from knowledge of the diversity of contents.
A Rapid Chemical Field Test for Archaeological Site Surveying
Authors: Eidt Robert C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA simple and inexpensive qualitative chemical field method, or spot test, is described for ascertaining the presence of enriched soil phosphate. The spot test is an efficient technique for rapid archaeological site surveying, for elimination of guesswork in establishing trench lines, and for creating phosphate maps depicting type, extent, and relative duration of abandoned settlement features.