bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine and acepromazine in pregnant cows in late gestation
Authors: Hodgson David S. , Dunlop Colin I. , Chapman Phillip L. , Smith John A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of sedation achieved by xylazine (XYL) or acepromazine (ACE) on cardiopulmonary function and uterine blood flow in cows in late gestation.Animals—8 cows between 219 and 241 days of gestation.Procedure—Doses of ACE (0.02 mg/kg) or XYL (0.04 mg/kg) were administered IV. Measurements were obtained to determine cardiopulmonary effects and oxygen delivery to the uterus.Results—Heart rate was not significantly affected by administration of ACE, but it decreased markedly after administration of XYL. Uterine artery flow was decreased at all times by XYL and was always less than for ACE. Xylazine increased uterine vascular resistance through 30 minutes and caused reduced PaO2and increased PaCO2at all time periods. Acepromazine caused a 5% decrease in PaO2only at 5 minutes. Xylazine reduced oxygen delivery by 59% at 5 minutes and 32% at 45 minutes. In contrast, ACE caused a nonsignificant reduction of oxygen delivery by 16% at 15 minutes and a return to baseline values by 45 minutesConclusions and Clinical Relevance—Xylazine markedly reduces flow and availability of oxygenated blood to the uterus, which may critically impair delivery of oxygen to the fetus at a stressful and important time of development or delivery. Acepromazine was associated with slight reductions of much shorter duration. When XYL is used to sedate pregnant cows, it could impose physiologic distress on the fetus and potentially increase fetal morbidity and mortality. When sedation of the dam is desirable, ACE could be an alternative to XYL. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1695–1699)
Epidemiologic investigation of seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in cats and rodents
Authors: DeFeo Monica L. , Dubey J. P. , Mather Thomas N. , Rhodes III Richard C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To provide an epidemiologic investigation of the seroprevalence of antibodies toToxoplasma gondiiin populations of cats and wild rodents in Rhode Island and to address the possible epidemiologic role of wild rodents in the spread of toxoplasmosis.Animals—200 cats and 756 small wild rodents.Procedure—Serum samples were obtained from 84 cats in animal shelters and 116 cats in veterinary hospitals. Serum samples were also obtained from 756 small wild rodents from multiple sites in Rhode Island. Sera from rodents and cats were assayed for antibodies toT gondiiby use of the modified agglutination testResults—Overall, 42% (84/200) of cats had serum antibodies toT gondii. Seroprevalence was not significantly different between stray (50%; 42 /84) versus client-owned (36%; 42/116) cats, between male (43%; 40/94) versus female (42%; 39/93) cats, or between indoor (26%; 7/27) versus outdoor (39%; 35/89) cats. Seroprevalence rate of trapped rodents was 0.8% (6/756). Six rodents captured in Washington County accounted for of the seropositive rodents. Four of 6 of the seropositive rodents were trapped at a single site in Washington County (an abandoned barn). Five stray cats, known to have resided at the same site in Washington County as 4 of the seropositive rodents, were also found to be seropositive for antibodies toT gondii.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Seroprevalence rate in rodents was not correlated with the seroprevalence rate in cats. Stray cats, especially those known to be feral, may be more likely to perpetuate the cat-mouse cycle ofT gondiithan clientowned cats. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1714–1717)
Myoplasmic calcium regulation in myotubes from horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Lentz Linnea R. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Herold Lee V. , Onan Gary W. , Mickelson James R. , Gallant Esther M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether alterations in myoplasmic calcium regulation can be identified in muscle cell cultures (myotubes) and intact muscle fiber bundles derived from Thoroughbreds affected with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER).Animals—6 related Thoroughbreds with RER and 8 clinically normal (control) Thoroughbred or crossbred horses.Procedures—Myotube cell cultures were grown from satellite cells obtained from muscle biopsy specimens of RER-affected and control horses. Fura-2 fluorescence was used to measure resting myoplasmic calcium concentration as well as caffeine- and 4-chloro-m-cresol (4-CMC)-induced increases in myoplasmic calcium. In addition, intact intercostal muscle fiber bundles were prepared from both types of horses, and their sensitivities to caffeine- and 4-CMC-induced contractures were determined.Results—Myotubes of RER-affected and control horses had identical resting myoplasmic calcium concentrations. Myotubes from RER-affected horses had significantly higher myoplasmic calcium concentrations than myotubes from control horses following the addition of ≥ 2mM caffeine; however, there was no difference in their response to 4-CMC (≥ 1mM). Caffeine contracture thresholds for RER and control intact muscle cell bundles (2 vs 10mM, respectively) were significantly different, but 4-CMC contracture thresholds of muscle bundles from RER-affected and control horses (500µM) did not differ.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An increase in caffeine sensitivity of muscle cells derived from a family of related RER-affected horses was detected in vitro by use of cell culture with calcium imaging and by use of fiber bundle contractility techniques. An alteration in muscle cell calcium regulation is a primary factor in the cause of this heritable myopathy. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1724–1731)
Establishment of an immortalized cell line and transplantable xenograft from a bronchioloalveolar lung carcinoma of a cat
Authors: Grossman Deborah A. , McNiel Elizabeth A. , Hackett Timothy B. , Barsky Sanford H. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To establish an immortalized cell line and
transplantable xenograft of feline bronchioloalveolar
lung carcinoma (BAC).

Sample Population—Pleural effusion from a 12-yearold
Persian male cat with BAC.

Procedure—Tumor cells from the pleural effusion
were grown in monolayer cell culture and injected
into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice
to establish an immortalized cell line as well as a
transplantable xenograft.

Results—Both the primary lung carcinoma, the
derived cell line, and the transplantable xenograft had
evidence of a type-II pneumocyte origin expressing
lamellar bodies ultrastructurally and thyroid transcription
factor-1 and surfactant immunocytochemically. All
3 also expressed nuclear p53 immunoreactivity. A
metaphase spread of the cell line (SPARKY) probed
with fluorescein-labeled genomic feline DNA gave evidence
of its feline origin. Flow cytometric studies indicated
aneuploidy with a DNA index of 1.6. An R-banded
karyotype revealed a modal number of 66 including
the feline Y chromosome. The cell line had a doubling
time of 16 hours. The xenograft (SPARKY-X)
reached a diameter of 1 cm in 3 weeks in SCID mice.
Deoxyribonucleic acid fingerprint analysis revealed
that SPARKY and SPARKY-X were novel and strongly
matched each other, except for the murine component
found in SPARKY-X. Interestingly, SPARKY-X
manifested the characteristic lepidic growth pattern of
pulmonic BAC.

Conclusions—Both the cell line and xenograft
retained their autochthonous BAC phenotype, making
them useful for the subsequent dissection of molecular
abnormalities in feline BAC and in vitro screening
of chemotherapeutic agents. (Am J Vet Res 2002;
63:1745–1753)
Multivariate regression analysis of epidural pressure in cattle
Authors: Lee Inhyung , Yamagishi Norio , Oboshi Kenji , Yamada Haruo , Ohtani Masayuki 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the effects of growth, maturity,
and pregnancy on epidural pressure in cattle.

Animals—50 healthy Holstein cattle (18 heifers, 23
lactating cows, and 9 pregnant nonlactating cows).

Procedure—Each of the cattle was restrained in a
standing position. Height of the second lumbar vertebra's
transverse process (2LTP) and humeral tuberosity
(HT) on the right side as well as abdominal girth
(AG) were measured in each animal, and body condition
score (BCS) was ascertained. Skin caudal to the
first lumbar spinous process was aseptically prepared,
and anesthetic was injected. After inserting a
16-gauge 120-mm Tuohy needle in the ligamentum
flavum, a calibrated pressure transducer was connected
to the needle. Then, the needle was introduced
into the epidural space, and epidural pressure
was recorded.

Results—Mean ± SD residual epidural pressure of
heifers (–9.3 ± 3.3 mm Hg) was significantly higher than
that of lactating (–17.4 ± 5.5 mm Hg) or nonlactating
(–14.5 ± 2.4 mm Hg) cows. Stepwise regression of 5
variables revealed that only the difference in height
between 2LTP and HT (2LTP – HT) in heifers and only
BCS in lactating cows were significantly correlated with
residual epidural pressure. For all cattle, the optimal
equation (R2 = 0.47) describing the relationship was
y = –12.7 + 6.3x1 – 0.4x2 – 0.1x3, where y is epidural
pressure, x1 is BCS, x2 is 2LTP – HT, and x3 is age.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Negative
epidural pressure was detected in standing cattle.
Growth, maturity, and pregnancy affect epidural pressure
in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:954–957)
Validation of a cell culture bioassay for detection of petroleum exposure in mink (Mustela vison) as a model for detection in sea otters (Enhydra lutris)
Authors: Ziccardi Michael H. , Mazet Jonna A. K. , Gardner Ian A. , Boyce Walter M. , Denison Michael S. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To validate a luciferase bioassay, which is
based on a recombinant mouse hepatoma cell line, for
the detection of exposure to petroleum in mustelid
species.

Animals—122 American mink (Mustela vison) and 15
sea otters (Enhydra lutris).

Procedures—Mink were exposed to Bunker C fuel oil or
Alaska North Slope crude oil externally as a single exposure
or internally via low dose concentrations in their
ration for 6 months. Serum samples were analyzed for
cytochrome P450 1A1 induction by quantification of
luciferase activity in the bioassay. Mink liver specimens
were also evaluated for cytochrome P450 1A1 induction
by quantification of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity.
Serum collected from exposed and unexposed sea
otters was also analyzed using the luciferase bioassay.

Results—Serum samples from mink externally
exposed to petroleum had significantly increased
luciferase activities at 1 week after exposure. Serum
samples taken at later time points or from mink
exposed to either product in the ration did not cause
significant luciferase induction. Samples from otters
exposed to petroleum had significantly higher
luciferase induction as compared with samples from
otters not exposed to petroleum at 2 and 8 years after
the spill. Cytochrome P450 1A1 activity in liver specimens
collected from mink that were internally
exposed through diet was significantly increased at
the conclusion of our study.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—The luciferase
bioassay is a sensitive and specific method for determining
recent exposure to petroleum in mink. The
lack of luciferase activity in serum samples collected
from mink greater than 1 week after experimental
exposure was likely attributable to lower overall petroleum
exposure in our trial, compared with natural
exposures. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:963–968)
Evaluation of the influence of prostaglandin E2 on recombinant equine interleukin-1β-stimulated matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, and 13 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression in equine chondrocyte cultures
Authors: Tung Jayne T. , Arnold Carolyn E. , Alexander Lee H. , Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan Vilma , Venta Patrick J. , Richardson Dean W. , Caron John P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) on recombinant equine interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP 1, MMP 3, MMP 13) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1) in vitro.Sample Population—Cultured equine chondrocytes.Procedure—Stationary monolayers of first-passage chondrocytes were exposed to graduated concentrations of PGE2with or without a subsaturating dose (50 pg/ml) of recombinant equine IL-1β (reIL-1β) to induce expression of MMP 1, MMP 3, MMP 13, and TIMP 1, followed by RNA isolation and northern blotting. In subsequent experiments, gene expression was similarly quantified from mRNA isolated from cultures pretreated with phenylbutazone to quench endogenous PGE2synthesis, followed by exposure to reIL-1β and exogenous PGE2(5 mg/ml) with appropriate controls.Results—Exogenous PGE2(10 mg/ml) significantly reduced reIL-1β-induced expression of MMP 1, MMP 3, MMP 13, and TIMP 1. Abrogation of cytokine induction with this dose of PGE2was comparable to that for dexamethasone (10–5M) control. Similarly, pretreatment with phenylbutazone, followed by exposure to reIL-1β and PGE2(5 mg/ml), was associated with a reduced expression of the genes of interest, an effect that was significant for MMP 1, MMP 13, and TIMP 1.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The MMP and TIMP 1 are important mediators in the pathophysiologic events in osteoarthritis. The potential for physiologically relevant regulation of expression of these genes by PGE2is a consideration in the use of drugs that inhibit prostanoid synthesis in the treatment of equine arthropathies. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:987–993)
Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison
Authors: Pinard Chantale L. , Weiss Mark L. , Brightman Alan H. , Fenwick Bradley W. , Davidson Harriet J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison.Sample Population—Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison.Procedure—Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme.Results—Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:104–108)
Radiographic findings before and after oral administration of a magnet in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Authors: Braun Ueli , Gansohr Barbara , Flückiger Mark 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate by use of radiography the efficacy
of oral administration of magnets in the treatment
of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cows.

Animals—90 cows referred because of indigestion.

Procedure—Radiography of the reticulum was performed.
In all cows, radiographic findings revealed a
metal foreign body in the reticulum. A magnet was
administered orally, and the reticulum was again radiographed
to assess the position of the magnet and to
determine whether the foreign body was attached to
the magnet.

Results—The magnet was observed in the reticulum
in 75 cows and in the cranial aspect of the dorsal sac
of the rumen in 9 cows; in 6 cows, the magnet was
not observed. The foreign body was fully attached to
the magnet in 49 cows. In 6 cows, the foreign body
was in contact with the magnet but still penetrated
the reticulum. In 24 cows, the foreign body did not
contact the magnet, and in 11 cows, it was not clear
whether the foreign body was attached to the magnet.
A foreign body at an angle to the ventral aspect
of the reticulum of > 30° was less likely to become
attached to a magnet, compared with a foreign body
situated horizontally on the ventral aspect of the reticulum.
A foreign body with no contact to the ventral
aspect of the reticulum or a perforating foreign body
was also less likely to become attached to a magnet.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Position of
the foreign body within the reticulum greatly influences
the efficacy of treatment with a magnet.
(Am J Vet Res 2003;64:115–120)
Anti-inflammatory effects of intramammary infusions of glycyrrhizin in lactating cows with mastitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci
Authors: Kai Kenzo , Komine Ken-ichi , Asai Ken-ichi , Kuroishi Toshinobu , Komine Yumiko , Kozutsumi Tomoyuki , Itagaki Masashi , Ohta Minoru , Endo Yasuo , Kumagai Katsuo 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine the anti-inflammatory
effects of glycyrrhizin (GL) in lactating cows with mastitis
attributable to naturally occurring infection with
coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS).

Animals—12 lactating Holstein cows with mastitis
attributable to infection with CNS and 2 healthy cows
without mastitis.

Procedure—Clinical signs, number of bacteria in milk,
somatic cell count (SCC) in milk, concentrations of
α-lactalbumin and lactoferrin in milk, and concentration
of histamine in milk were investigated before and
after intramammary infusion of GL (6 cows) or antimicrobials
(6 cows). Glands of 2 healthy cows were
infused with staphylococcal enterotoxin; milk leukocytes
were then harvested and incubated with various
doses of GL.

Results—In cows infected with CNS that had a low
bacterial concentration in milk, infusion of GL alone
resulted in significant improvements in swelling, firmness
of glands, and number of clots in milk, and it
decreased the SCC, but not significantly. Percentage
of neutrophils decreased significantly (to < 30%) by 2
days after infusion. Use of lactoferrin as a marker of
inflammation in mammary glands revealed a
decrease in concentrations, whereas use of α-lactalbumin
as a marker of recovery for mammary glands
revealed significant increases in concentrations in the
GL-infused group. Accompanying these anti-inflammatory
effects, a decrease in the concentration of histamine
in milk was observed in the GL-infused group.
Glycyrrhizin decreased histamine production by milk
leukocytes in a concentration-dependent manner.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Infusion of
GL may regulate intramammary inflammation through
modulation of inflammatory mediators such as histamine.
(Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1213–1220)
Evaluation of the safety of ivermectin-praziquantel administered orally to pregnant mares
Authors: Mercier Patrick , Alves-Branco Francisco , Sapper Maria de Fatima , White Christopher Roger 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the safety of an orally administered
ivermectin and praziquantel paste with regard
to variables associated with clinical findings, parturition,
lactation, maternal care, and neonate viability in
pregnant mares.

Animals—40 pregnant mares.

Procedure—Mares were randomly allocated into
treatment (n = 20) and control (20) groups and administered
a placebo or 3 times the therapeutic dosage of
ivermectin (0.6 mg/kg) and praziquantel (4.5 mg/kg) at
14-day intervals until parturition. Physical examinations
were performed on mares and their foals after
parturition (on postpartum days 30, 60, and 90) to
identify any drug-related effects. As an aid in assessing
general health, hematologic and serum biochemical
analyses were performed monthly on the mares.

Results—In blood constituents, minor alterations that
were not biologically important were observed.
Reproductive performance was not affected by the
unusual treatment duration or high dosage, although
the drugs were administered during a crucial period of
equine embryonic development (30 to 60 days).
Neither adverse effects on mares nor abortions
occurred. Follow-up evaluations of the foals for a 3-
month period did not detect any abnormalities.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration
of the ivermectin-praziquantel paste appears
to be safe in pregnant mares and their foals.
(Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1221–1224)
Gelatinase activity in synovial fluid and synovium obtained from healthy and osteoarthritic joints of dogs
Authors: Volk Susan W. , Kapatkin Amy S. , Haskins Mark E. , Walton Raquel M. , D'Angelo Marina 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine matrix metalloproteinase
(MMP) activity in synovial fluid (SF) obtained from the
joints of dogs with degenerative joint disease (DJD)
secondary to various underlying conditions.
Sample Population—35 samples of SF obtained
from 18 clinically normal (control) dogs and 34 samples
of SF obtained from 17 dogs with DJD; dogs
with DJD were from 2 populations (client-owned
dogs and research dogs that had DJD secondary to
the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis
VII).
Procedure—MMP activity in samples of SF was
semiquantitatively examined by use of gelatin or
casein zymography. Western blot analysis was performed
by use of antibodies for MMP-2 and MMP-9.
In addition, in situ MMP activity was observed in sections
of synovial membrane obtained from healthy
and osteoarthritic joints.
Results—Samples of SF from osteoarthritic joints
had higher MMP-2 activity and dramatically increased
MMP-9 activity, compared with values for healthy
joints. Substrate-overlay analyses indicated minimal
gelatin-degrading activity in synoviocytes obtained
from control dogs, whereas greater activity was seen
in osteoarthritic synoviocytes, with additional activity
in the underlying tissue.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Higher
MMP-2 activity and dramatic increases in MMP-9
activity were associated with the osteoarthritic
state, even though MMP-2 activity was detected
in healthy joints. This study expands information
on MMP production in SF of osteoarthritic joints in
other species and documents the similarity of
MMP activity patterns regardless of the cause of
DJD. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1225–1233)