bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy, uptake and distribution of different herbicides in the water hyacinth
Authors: SINGH S.P. , MüLLER F. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Experiment conducted in the glasshouse with water hyacinth plants in pots revealed that 3h.after spraying parquet or 2.4‐D at recommendeb herbicida rates, 43 to 53, of the herbicide is found in the plants and the rest is present in the water culture Out of the total [14Clparaquat applied,38,9,8·8. 32 and 0.9% was found in the leaf blads. petioles, underwater foliage and roots respectively. The corresponding values for [14C]2, 4‐D were 320. 94. 13 and 0.2% As the time interval after spraying increased, a greater accumulation of herbicide in the under‐water parts was evident A net loss of 14 and 60%. of the applied 2,4‐D was recorded 1 and 2 weeks after spraying respectively the rate of paraquat loss from the plant water system was similar to 2,4‐D.Absorption of [14C]2,4‐D from the culture solution by the roots and the floats of the water hyacinth was. evident Translocation of root‐absorbed 2, 4‐D into the meristematic folrar parts was dernonstrated If the substrates was treated with 2,4‐D.a minimal concentration of 1 p. p. m. was required for water hyacinth death In another experiment glyphosite at 2 to 6 kg a 1 ha and 2.4‐D.amine at 0–75 2.25 kg a ha gave complete control of water hyacinth Asulam was found to be unsatis factory even at 6 kg a.1 ha the highest rate tried.
Prospects for using minimum and zero tillage in tropical lowland rice
Authors: DE DATTA S. K. , BOLTONAND F. R. , LIN W. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Four field experiments were conducted at The International Rice Research Institute during the 1975 and 1976 crop seasons to develop minimum and zero tillage techniques for transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.). High rates of glyphosate followed by a lower rate of paraquat effectively controlled Paspalum distichum L., but not Fimbristylis littoralis L. The tenminimum tillage treatments based on different combinations and sequences of pre‐plant herbicide application, tillage and flooding, gave a similar grain yield to conventional tillage, and significantly higher grain yield than zero tillage treatments. Conventional, minimum and zero tillage were compared over four successive crops. After two crops with zero tillage, the plots were dominated by the perennials, P. distichum and Scirpus maritimus L., but with minimum or conventional tillage, weed control and grain yield were satisfactory. Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer usage by the crop was the same with minimum as with conventional tillage but higher than with zero tillage and was increased by placement at 10 cm depth. The studies indicate that minimum tillage systems are a dependable alternative to conventional tillage for lowland rice production.
The uptake and translocation of 2,4,5‐T in gorse (Ulex emopaeus L.)
Authors: HONG‐THAT PHUNG , FIELD ROGER J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The uptake of 2,4,5‐T by spines of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) was limited and not enhanced when picloram was added to the application solution. Translocation of 2,4,5‐T in 6‐month‐old cuttings after treatment of a single spine or lateral branch was poor. The most significant accumulation of translocated herbicide occurred in stem tissue, with lesser amounts detected in root tissues, root nodules, stem apices and flowers. Untreated lateral branches or spines accumulated minimal amounts of herbicide. The pattern and extent of distribution of 2,4,5‐T was not increased by addition of picloram. The lack of efficient control of gorse by 2,4,5‐T can largely be attributed to its inadequate uptake and lack of true systemic translocation.
The effect of controlling Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. and Avena fatua L. individually and together, in mixed infestations on the yield of wheat
Authors: WILSON B. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Mixed infestations of Alopecurus myosuroides and Arena fatua growing in wheat were controlled individually or together in three experiments. Difenzoquat and ciofop‐isohutyl were applied at the early tillering or early stem extension stages of the crops. Early control of both species resulted in significantly higher yields than later control, even though weed emergence was incomplete at the early applications. Herbicides, re‐applied at the second date, improved the control of wild‐oats hut not of black‐grass; yields were not enhanced by this second application Halving the dose of herbicide gave little reduction in weed control or crop yield at the early date, but there was a greater response to dose with the later application. Yields were lower where only one weed was controlled. This work shows the need for broad spectrum control early in the life of the crop to safeguard yield where black‐grass, and wild oats occur together in large numbers.
The ecological life cycle of Thlaspi perfoliatum and a comparison with published studies on Thlaspi arvense
Authors: BASKIN JERRY M. , BASKIN CAROL C. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Thlaspi perfoliatum L. is an introduced winter annual that grows in waste places, but it is not a troublesome agricultural weed. Seeds are dormant at maturity in spring, afterripen during summer and germinate in autumn. Non‐dormant seeds that fail to germinate in autumn are induced into secondary dormancy by low winter temperatures and cannot germinate the following spring. These seeds afterripen during summer and germinate in autumn if conditions are suitable. Vernalization is not an absolute requirement for flowering. However, it shortens the time to flowering, and vernalized plants produce many more flowers and seeds than non‐vernalized plants. Results from studies on seed germination and flowering of T. perfoliatum are compared to published studies on the life cycle of Thlaspi arvense L., an introduced species that is a serious agricultural weed which behaves both as a winter and a summer annual.
The response of resistant and susceptible plants to diclofop‐methyl
Authors: HOERAUF ROLAND A. , SHIMABUKURO RICHARD H. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) plants sprayed at the 2‐or 3‐leaf stages of growth with diclotop‐methyl developed chlorosis over the entire leaf blade of all leaves. The leaves became necfrotic 7days after spraying Shool growth was inhibited. In wheat (Triticum aesicum L cv.Waldron) discrete chlorotic areas developed only where the herbicide convicted the 2nd or 3rd leaf with no visible injury so new growth uf'ter treutment. Growth inhibition of susceptible oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Garry) was sensitive to placement of diclutop‐methyl near the upica and meristematic sites of the plant. Chlorosis and necrosis were independent of herbicide placement. Selective herbicide placement induced chlorosis only or both chlorosis and growth inhibition Root growth in wild oat and barley (Hordeum rulgare L. cv. Dickson) was strongly inhibited by 1–0 μM diclofop‐methyl. Wild oat shoots were killed when seedlings were root‐treated with 10 μM diclofop‐melhyl. The 100 μM rool treatment killed barley shoots but only stunted the growth of wheat shoots by approximately 50%. In root‐ireated wheat plants the shoots were turgid and developed a light purple colour, whereas in foliar‐treated plants the shoots developed discrete chlorotic areas.
The movement of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid into the leaves of Rubus procerus P.J. Muell and its effect on chloroplast ultrastructure
Authors: BRETHERTON G. , HALLAM N. D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Examination of the fine structure of Rubus procerus leaves following application of 2.4.5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid a field does shows that the chloroplast is a side of herbicide action and that by 1 week after spraying the leaves show changes indicative of accelerated senescence. Both aqueous and non‐aqueous methods were used to isolate chloroplasts following treatment of leaves with radioactive 2.4.5‐T. Chloroplast isolation using the non‐aqueous method indicated an accmulation of radioactivity in that organelle.
Histological studies on the effects of benzoylprop ethyl and flamprop methyl on growth and development of wild oats*
Authors: MORRISON I. N. , HILL B. D. , DUSHNICKY L.G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Wild oats were trealed with benzoylprop eihyl and flamprop methyl alone or in combination with other herbicides and the effects on plant growth studied using histological techniques, Benzoylprop ethyl caused severe reductions in the growth of both the leaves and internodes of treated plants, Evidence was obtained which indieaies that cell division as well as cell elongalion was inhibited. The effects of flamprop methyl on plant growth were similar lo those observed for benzoylprop ethyl. Both compounds interfered with normal differentiation of vascular tissues which could account for retarded development of the higher internodes and shoot apex of treated plants. Of the various herbicides applied in combination with the wild oat herbicides, 2,4—D was more antagonistic than MCPA. while bromoxynil was the least antagonistic. Plants treated with benzoylprop ethyl plus 2.4—D had increased cell, leaf and internode lengths compared to plants treated with benzoylprop ethyl alone. Reductions in cell and internode lengths of plants treated with the herbicide combinations were not always proportional lo dry weight reductions.
Chemical control of Crotalaria goreensis and other weeds in Macroptilium atropurpureum
Authors: HAWTON D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The effects of several selective herbicides, combinations of diuron with activated carbon, slashing and stale seed bed treatments were tested in five field experiments conducted at Walkamin, Queensland, Australia to determine the best methods of controlling weeds, particularly the legume Crotalaria goreensis Guill. & Perr., in crops of Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb. cv. Siratro, grown for seed. Alachlor alone and combinations of trifluralin with either alachlor or propachlor were effective in preventing weeds causing a yield reduction in one experiment but not in a second. Trifluralin plus propachlor was more effective in controlling broad‐leaved weeds while trifluralin plus alachlor was more effective in controlling grasses. Activated carbon effectively protected M. atropurpureum from diuron damage but the control of weeds, particularly grasses, was not effective. Stale seed bed treatments involving three sequential applications of diquat prior to planting the crop was the most effective method of controlling C. goreensis.
Influence de la Pendiméthaline sur les méristèmes radiculaires de Allium cepa L.
Authors: BEURET E. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:La Pendimèthaline exerce une action milodépressive ainsi qu'une action mitoclasique très nettes sur les méristèmes radiculaires dAillium Cepa L. Le seuil de mitodépression se situe entre 10 et 1 M. alors que l'effet mitoclasique est encore sensible à 0.1 M. Les effets du traitement se marquent également par une inhibition de la croissance des racines, ainsi que par un épaississemcnt de la zone mèristématique.
Effect of canopy cover, seeding depth, and soil moisture on emergence of Centaurea maculosa and C. diffusa*
Authors: SPEARS B. M. , ROSE S. T. , BELLES W. S. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The effects of canopy cover, seeding depth, and soil moisture on emergence of Centaurea maculosa Lam. and C. diffusa Lam. were studied. Canopy cover had no effect on ermergence rate (seedlings/day/100 seeds) of either species. Seeds of both species emerged faster when placed on the soil surface. Emergence rate decreased as seeding depth increased. Both species required more than 55% initial soil moisture to initiate emergence, with 65–70% being optimum. Percentage emergence followed exactly the same trend as emergence rate. C. maculosa had better emergence characteristics over a wider range of conditions than C. diffusa, possibly being some of the reasons for the former having a wider geographical distribution in the United States and Canada.
Indices and criteria for comparing the tolerance of strawberries to herbicides in dose‐response experiments
Authors: CLAY D. V. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Three indices were used to assess the tolerance of strawberries to herbicides in different experiments. Tolerance was compared using a tolerance index. TI. (= ED value of the lest herbicide/ ED value of a standard herbicide). The degree of response to increases in dose was compared by calculating a dose‐response index, RI (= ED50/ED20 value) for each herbicide and the speed of action by a speed of action index. SI (=time to minimum ED value, test herbicide'time to minimum ED value, standard herbicide).The optimum time of the final assessment varied according to the mode of action of the herbicides being tested. There was generally good agreement between ED values obtained from scores of plant condition and from fresh weight measurements. ED20 values gave more useful estimates of relative tolerance than ED50's where the degree of response to increasing doses was different.
The use of separate root and shoot tests in the screening of herbicides for strawberries
Authors: CLAY D. V. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The tolerance of strawberries to herbicides was tested by applications to the roots of plants growing in sand and by foliage applications to plants grown in compost, and compared with tolerance in the field. Dimefuron was safe as a foliar application but much more toxic than simazine when applied in sand or in the field. Metamitron caused slight injury as a foliar spray; in sand and in the field it was intermediate in toxicity between simazine and lenacil. At normal rates propachlor was safe as a foliar spray and much safer than lenacil when applied in sand. High rates had no adverse effect in the field.Ethofumesate and pendimethalin caused some temporary stunting when applied to foliage, but were less toxic than lenacil when applied to roots in sand. Field applications of both herbicides at 1–1.5 kg/ha were safe. Foliage sprays of bentazone, oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen severely damaged the sprayed leaves, but these herbicides were less active than lenacil when applied to the roots. In the field they caused severe leaf damage, but by the end of the growing season the plants had recovered.The experiments demonstrated the value of separate root and shoot activity tests for indicating which herbicides merit further field testing.
Tests of soil fertility following repeated applications of MCPA, tri‐allate, simazine and linuron
Authors: FRYER J.D. , LUDWIG J.W. , SMITH P.D. , HANCE R. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The following herbicides were applied annually from 1963 to experimental plots of appropriate crops grown in monoculture: MCPA 1.7 kg ha−1, triallate 1.7 kg ha−1, simazine 1.7 kg ha−1 and linuron 0.84 kg ha−1 (applied twice per year). Before the eighth treatment in 1970, nutrient status, pH and growth in greenhouse tests of a range of plants were similar in soils from treated and control plots. There were no significant differences in yield when several test crops were grown in the field plots in 1977.In a similar experiment which ran for 6 years, the same herbicides were applied twice per year at twice the above rates on each occasion (three times a year at 1.7 kg ha−1 in the case of linuron) to uncropped plots. Three years after the last treatment, there were no differences in extractable nutrients, pH, soil structure and crop yield on treated or control plots. These results support the conclusion from the main monitoring of the experiments reported elsewhere that annual treatments with these herbicides have had no adverse affect on the soil.
The biology of African feather grass (Pennisetum macrourum Trin.) in Tasmania, II. Rhizome biology
Authors: HARRADINE A. R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The rhizome biology of Pennisetum macrourum was studied in a series of field and glasshouse experiments. The total available carbohydrate content of rhizomes remained between 15 and 22% of dry weight throughout the year, with fluctuations, related to the seasonal growth pattern. The percentage regeneration or rhizome fragments of one, two and four nodes buried at 15 cm was 13, 33 and 57, respectively. Thirty percent of 4‐node rhizome fragments regenerated from a depth of 25 cm. In 11 desiecation experiment, regeneration of 3‐node rhizome fragments occurred until rhizome moisture content was reduced to 14%, The time taken to reach this moisture content varied from 4 to 10 days depending on the temperature. The significance of these results for the control of P. macrourum is discussed.
Adsorption de quelques phénylurées herbicides par des acides humiques
Authors: GAILLARDON P. , CALVET R. , GAUDRY J. C. 
Published: July 2006

Résumé:L'adsorption de plusieurs phcnyluré (diuron, linuron. mtox‐ uron, isoproturon) par des acides humiques augmente lorsque le pH diminue, Lëtablissement de liaisons hydrogène entre les molécules herbicides el les groupements fonctionnels non disso‐ ciés des acides humiques pourrait expliquer cet effet, Compars au calcium, au mème pH, les cations Fe3+, Al3+, Cu2+ ne modifient pas l'intensité de l'adsorption mais, compte tenu de la composition ionique des acides humiques, on peut supposer l'existence d'interactions entre les molcules herbicides et ces cations fixs sur les acides humiques.
Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) growth characteristics as related to rhizome length
Authors: LOLAS P. C. , COBLE H. D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Growth characteristics of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepence(L) Pers] grown in the field from rhizomes 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 cm long were studied in a sandy loam soil for 2 years.Plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of tillers per plant, and fresh weight of new rhizomes and shoots were significantly dependent on the length of the planted rhizome 20, 40, 60, or 80 days after planting. All growth characteristics increased significantly as the length of planted rhizome increased from 2.5 cm to 10 cm to 25 cm Growth characteristics of Johnsongrass plants grown on rhizomes of adjacent lengths (differing by 5 cm) generally were not significantly different. Longer rhizomes (15, 20, or 25 cm) initiated new rhizome growth much earlier (about 20–30 days) than shorter rhizomes (2.5, 5, or 10 cm) Although all rhizome lengths showed a parallel growth potential, the lunger rhizomes were capable of more and faster growth, especially early after planting. It is suggested that Johnsongrass plants associated with longer rhizomes in the field as a result of limited tillage, coupled with their faster growth rate, are expected to interfere with crop production earlier than plants on shorter rhizomes unless controlled.
Mode of action of thiocyanate and iodide in relation to IAA metabolism
Authors: STEPHEN NORMAN H. , COOK GORDON T. , DUNCAN HENRY J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Whole plant studies have reaffirmed that of the halides and pseudohalide thiocyanate, only iodide and thiocyanate possess defoliant properties. Established work has indicated their possible involvement with IAA (indole‐3‐acetic acid). In vitro studies have suggested that IAA destruction is not through a direct interaction between IAA and the halides and pseudohalide but depends on their conversion to the halogen or pseudohalogen which can then destroy IAA. This may be accomplished by the peroxidase enzyme system for iodide only and docs not provide a mechanism for thiocyanate activity. However, both iodide and thiocyanate have chemical oxidation potentials suitable for their conversion to the halogen or pseudohalogen respectively via the photosynthetic apparatus. Hence, this would provide an explanation for then activity and the apparent inactivity of bromide, chloride and Buoride which would be oxidized very slowly or not at all.
Availability to plants of herbicide residues in soil. Part II: Data for use in vegetable crop rotations
Authors: PESTEMER WILFRIED , STALDER LUKAS , ECKERT BEATE 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The response of a variety of vegetable crops to fifteen herbicides was estimated in culture solution over concentration ranges chosen to correspond with those that might occur in soil solution. Examples are given to show how these results can be used, in conjunction with the method for estimating the available herbicide residues (in Part I), to decide which crops may safely be sown in soil containing a herbicide residue.
Persistence studies with [14C] 2,4‐D in soils previously treated with herbicides and pesticides
Authors: SMITH ALLAN E. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The persistence of [14C] 2,4‐D at a rate equivalent to 1 kg/ha was compared under laboratory conditions in samples of heavy clay, sandy loam, and clay loam at 85% of field capacity moisture and 20 ± 1°C which had either received no pre‐treatment, or had been pre‐treated for 7 days at the 2 μg/g level with the herbicides benzoylprop‐ethyl, diclofop‐methyl, dinitramine, flamprop‐methyl, nitrofen, picloram, tri‐allate, trifluralin, and a combination of tri‐allate and trifluralin. The breakdown of [14C] 2,4‐D was also studied in the same soils that had similarly received pre‐treatments of 2 μg/g of the cereal seed dressing Vitaflo‐DB, the insecticide, malathion, and a combination of Vitaflo‐DB and malathion.In each soil type, the half‐life of the 2,4‐D was similar regardless of whether the soil had, or had not, received any pre‐treatment, indicating that none of the chemicals investigated adversely affected the soil degradation of 2,4‐D.