bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Theory to Prediction and Analysis of Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites
Authors: Goldman AY 
Published: April 2008

A comparison was made between experimental and computed dependencies of the dynamic modulus, and the mechanical loss tangent of the composites with a glassy polymer matrix - styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) or (SAN-P) acrylonitrile-methacrylate-styrene in ASA plastic (acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylic) copolymer with particles of a peroxidic butylacrylate rubber (BAR-P). The composite material was obtained by emulsion polymerization.
An algorithm was developed for determining, prediction and optimization of the viscoelastic properties of composite materials with spherically layered inclusions by varying microstructure parameters.
The dynamic mechanical characteristics of the grafted copolymer that form a part of the ASA plastic allow the viscoelastic properties of ASA plastic to be predicted with better precision than if the dispersed face were identified with the BAR-P itself.
Cellular Toxicity of Different Classes of Adjuvants
Authors: de Ruiter H , Nijhuis E , Wollenweber H-W , Mainx H-G 
Published: April 2008

The phytotoxicity of adjuvants depends on the amount of surfactant deposited per unit of leaf area, the penetration of the surfactant into the leaf, and the cellular toxicity. In this study we investigated the cellular toxicity by determining the leakage of electrolytes from potato discs. We included four adjuvant classes [alkylpolyglycosides (APG), polyoxyethylene fatty alcohols (FAL-EO), methylated polyoxyethylene fatty acids (FAC-EO-ME), and esterified polyoxyethylene glycerols (G-EO-E),]. In each class we included a lipophilic and a hydrophilic product by variation of the C-content of the alkyl chain (APG) or EO-content (other classes). Conductivity of the bathing media was measured at concentrations of 10-4,10-3,10-2,10-1, and 1% (w/v). A polyoxyethylene (10) nonylphenol was included as a reference compound. The cellular toxicity of the adjuvants started at concentrations &gt;0.01% (FAL-EO and FAC-EO-ME) or &gt;0.1% (APG).
The glycerol derivatives (G-EO-E) were not toxic at all concentrations tested. The FAC-EO-ME class of adjuvants was the most toxic class; on average 65% of the total electrolyte content of the discs was released within 3h. The FAL-EO and the APG adjuvants were less toxic excepted the C8-C10 APG giving a release of 56% at a concentration of 1%. In each adjuvant class the lipophilic product was less toxic than the more hydrophilic product. The results are discussed in relation to the physical-chemical properties of the adjuvants.
Foam Control Strategies for Formulating with Alkypolyglycoside Surfactants
Authors: Lachut FJ 
Published: April 2008

Alkylpolyglycosides are versatile, mild and environmentally friendly surfactants derived from starch and fatty alcohol Renowned for their high tolerance of ionic strength, alkylpolyglycosides are the only class of nonionics that will provide wetting, interfacial tension reduction, and emulsification properties to these systems absent the presence of other classes of surfactants or hydrotroping agents. This property makes them especially valuable when considering how to couple together today's multicomponent pesticide products with disparate properties as where one component is water-soluble and others are oil soluble. The utility is further heightened when it is remembered that both water soluble and oil soluble active ingredients can have their efficacy potentiated by nonionic surfactants. Complex combinations of adjuvant chemistry have also recently entered the marketplace which require tolerance of high ionic strength.
Foam is a property exhibited by most nonionic surfactants, alkylpolyglycosides included. A limited number of agricultural applications benefit from foam but for most formulators using these products the challenge is to control the foam whatever source it comes from. A number of chemical approaches have been investigated and those persons familiar with the chemistry of nonionic surfactants will recognize the similarity to strategies employed with traditional nonionics based on alcohol or alkylarylphenol ethoxylates. The alkypolyglycoside can be based on a low molecular weight fatty alcohol, the degree of polymerization can be extended or truncated and the hydroxyl groups can be functionalized. None of these modifications are without impact on the same properties that attracted us to these surfactants initially and the impact is not always positive.
The focus of the present work is not on structural modification. It is to compare the effectiveness of a range of coformulants and foam control agents available to the agricultural formulator working with alkylpolyglycoside surfactants. Foam control agents based on fluorochemistry, silicone chemistry, hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols and polymeric defoaming surfactant are compared with each other in the alkylpolyglycoside environment. Relative effectiveness of foam control is assessed and recommendations offered to guide formulation development.
Variable Inclinable Stepmeter: Using Test Subjects to Evaluate Walkway Surface/Footwear Combinations
Authors: Medoff H , Brungraber R , Hilferty C , Patel J , Mehta K 
Published: April 2008

A variety of techniques have been used to measure walkway-surface/shoe-outsole slip resistance, employing both stationary and portable devices. In operation, typically, a shoe outsole material is placed in contact with a walkway surface and the ratio of the tangential force to the normal force at motion inception is a measure of the static coefficient of friction between the surfaces.
Recently introduced in Europe is a motorized inclinable ramp. A test subject walks both up and down the inclineable ramp and the ramp angle is incrementally increased until a slip occurs. The tangent of the ramp angle when slip occurs is an indication of the slip resistance between the walkway and shoe bottom. The ramp surface can be covered with a liquid for testing wet floor surfaces
The device described in this paper, called a ‘Stepmeter,’ is a simplified ramp device. It has a test subject stepping down with one foot on a variably inclinable ramp surface. The test subject's other foot rests on a flat, level surface. The ramp angle is incrementally increased until the subject's foot slips. The tangent of the angle at slip is a measure of the slip resistance between the shoe bottom and walkway surface. Tribometer test feet were constructed from the same shoe outsoles as on the shoes worn by the test subjects. These test feet were used in two portable tribometers on the same test surfaces as used in the device we developed.
Preliminary results indicate that this device can reproduce consistent results. Stepmeter results and the (limited) portable-tribometer slip resistance test results were similar.
Quantifying Contributions of Aggregate Characteristics to HMA Performance Using PURWheel Laboratory Tracking Device
Authors: Stiady J , Hand A , White T 
Published: April 2008

The effects of nominal maximum aggregate size (NMS), coarse aggregate type, fine aggregate angularity (FAA), and gradation types on HMA rutting performance were evaluated using the Purdue Laboratory Wheel Track Device (PURWheel).
Correlation between PURWheel and Indiana Department of Transportation/Purdue University (INDOT/Purdue) Accelerated Pavement Tests (APT) was used as an initial step to field pavement rutting performance evaluation. Test results showed that PURWheel and APT are well correlated. This is positive because the traffic loading andcompaction method used in the prototype scale APT is essentially identical to field conditions.
The rutting performance of 9.5 and 19 mm mixtures and that of limestone and granite mixtures was not statistically different. Analysis of the data revealed that adequate performance could be obtained with mixture gradations plotting above (ARZ), through (TRZ), and below (BRZ) the restricted zone. FAA significantly impacted the rutting performance in PURWheel tests. However, mixtures incorporating very high FAA values did not perform better than those incorporating typical (≈ 45) FAA values.
Image Analysis Techniques to Determine Fine Aggregate Angularity
Authors: Chowdhury A , Button JW , Wilson D , Masad E , Prowell BD 
Published: April 2008

The validity of the Superpave fine aggregate angularity (FAA) test isquestioned by the paving industry. State agencies are concerned that local materials which have provided good field performance now cannot meet the Superpave requirements. Previous research has shown that these questions and concern are valid. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the ability of FAA test procedure to distinguish aggregates with good and poor performance in HMA and to examine the potential of image analysis methods of quantifying fine aggregate angularity.
Twenty-three fine aggregates from different parts of the USA were tested using ASTM C 1252, Method A. These same aggregates were tested using three different image analysis methods, including: Hough transform at University of Arkansas at Little Rock, unified image analysis at Washington State University, and VDG-40 videograder at Virginia Transportation Research Council. Results from the image analysis methods were compared with FAA test results and available pavement performance history.
The FAA test method does not consistently identify angular, cubical aggregates as high quality materials. Reasonably good correlations were found between FAA and all three image analysis methods. Moreover, the image analysis methods exhibited good correlations among themselves. Those crushed cubical fine aggregates with FAA values lower than 45 showed high angularity in all three imaging methods. These crushed, cubical materials also demonstrated good field performance history.
Image analyses appear to be very promising methods for directly measuring fine aggregate angularity and to replace the current FAA method. Since they are in their initial stage, more research work is needed to optimize their use and make them commercially viable
Status of Standards and Guides Related to the Application of Spatial Methods to Environmental and Hydrologic Problems
Authors: Hansen DT 
Published: April 2008

Geographic information systems (GIS) and related technologies are active tools in addressing environmental and hydrologic problems. The application of spatial methods to environmental and hydrologic problems has been supported by the rapid development of computer systems, software, and the internet. The present computing environment has become increasingly dynamic and the use of spatial methods to address local issues has been rapidly growing.
The fields of environmental studies and hydrology have long been active areas for the development of standard guides and practices. ASTM has been active in the development of standards for site characterization, modeling of surface and groundwater systems, and the application of statistical and geostatistical techniques. Standards related to spatial data are more recent. These include the content of digital spatial data and procedures for capturing and recording surface location and elevation. Work has also been done on defining characteristics for particular sets of data in the United States. This includes developing base data layers and classification schemes for some thematic layers. Some work has been done on analysis methods.
The use of spatial methods to address site-specific issues will be assisted by further development of the standards process in this dynamic environment. Data management, data integration, and data quality are common issues in this environment. Common methods, practices, or guides that address these issues will assist in the application of spatial methods to site-specific issues.
Connectivity of the Air Barrier and Building Envelope System: Materials, Process, and Quality Assurance
Authors: Day KC 
Published: April 2008

The engineering of air barrier and building envelope details for the construction of exterior walls requires that construction sequence and quality assurance be addressed. Further, the assembly of specific materials should not be based merely on “what was used in the last project” since the interior and exterior conditions of a given building may be vastly different from the proverbial last project.
The word “connectivity” is used in the information technology industry, and this word has been deliberately selected for the title of this paper to describe the inter-connection of materials that form an air barrier system in exterior wall assemblies.
This paper considers the air barrier system, as it relates to moisture management strategies for condensation and precipitation control, exterior and interior conditions, and the quality assurance of the air barrier installation. An example wall assembly is presented to demonstrate some of the issues that must be considered during the construction sequence.
Evaluation of the Condensation Index Rating as Determined using the Proposed Testing Method in the NFRC 500 Draft Procedure
Authors: Wise DJ , Shah BV , Curcija D , Baker J 
Published: April 2008

This paper presents a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the proposed NFRC 500 Procedure currently under development in the NFRC Technical Committee, as developed by the NFRC Condensation Subcommittee. The proposed NFRC 500 Procedure contains a new element in the evaluation of condensation, that being the utilization of computer software in analyzing and calculating the condensation index for comparative purposes. For those products that can't be simulated, a test only option is also offered.
The primary focus for this paper is the analysis of the testing portion of the proposed NFRC 500 Procedure, emphasizing the testing calculations as defined in the procedure. Two NFRC annual round robins will be characterized, 1999 and 2000. The 1999 and 2000 NFRC round robin tests employed a nominal 1520 mm × 910 mm (60“ × 36“) non-thermal aluminum horizontal sliding window with high performance glazing. The simulated results will be used as a benchmark for the analysis of the testing data. Each round robin test specimen was tested at the NFRC-accredited Testing Laboratories. The tested fenestration thermal performance ratings (U-factors) were acquired in accordance with NFRC 100 (1997): Procedures for Determining Fenestration Product U-factors and NFRC Test Procedure for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems (April 1997).
This paper details specific data regarding various measured and calculated performance values as required by the NFRC Procedures and Program Documents.
Selected Performance Characteristics of a Dual Purpose 100% Acrylic Polymer-Based Coating that Performs as Both a Weather Resistive Component for Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS), and as an Adhesive for Attachment of the Insulation Board
Authors: Konopka KM , McKelvey JL , Rimmer JW , O'Brien MJ 
Published: April 2008

The multi-component Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS) designed nearly 30 years ago are still the basis for today's EIFS. However, over the years new EIFS have been developed to meet the needs of the building industry. One such system, EIFS with drainage, incorporates the components of the basic barrier EIFS, but adds the dimension of a drainage plane behind the insulation board. One EIFS with drainage system consists of a liquid coating that can be used as a flexible weather resistive barrier in place of building paper, and as an adhesive in place of the metal fasteners
This paper describes the testing and selected performance characteristics of one component of EIFS with drainage, an acrylic polymer-based coating that trowels easily, forms breathable, highly water resistant weather barrier assemblies, and adheres the insulation board to the typical EIFS sheathings, all in one step. Early grab, or “green strength”, helps hold the insulation board when it is first set in place, which may allow the insulation board to be rasped sooner than when a more conventional liquid adhesive is used.
Full component testing of the EIFS, including joint-treatment and flashing requirements, is not the objective of this paper.
A Dynamic Model for the Performance of Carving Skis
Authors: Bruck F , Lugner P , Schretter H 
Published: April 2008

To analyze the behavior and the local force transfer condition by simulation techniques, the ski was modeled with 18 segments and an additional shovel segment. The elastic and damping properties of the ski were concentrated to the joints between the segments representing the bending and torsional characteristics according to measurements. The ski-snow contact comprises forces due to penetration, cutting properties of the edge and friction; new measurements were used for essential data. Since the experimental verification of the simulation results was essential, a special ski-sledge was used instead of a skier.
The results on the one hand show good agreement between measured trajectories for a half turn and their simulated counterparts. On the other hand, by the simulation the discrepancy between carving radii of the deformed skis and the traveled radius became obvious — and consequently starting points for improvements. Moreover, the local force transfer along the edge shows the vertical force distribution and the positions where lateral skidding is relevant.
Further utilization of the dynamic simulation, including local force distribution, should lead to more optimal design of skis and binding plates — as local stiffening of the structure — thereby enhancing sports performance and reducing the effort for recreational skiers.
A Method for Comparing Alpine Skiing Injuries Among Studies
Authors: Johnson RJ , Ettlinger CF , Shealy JE 
Published: April 2008

This study compares regional differences in the risk of skiing injury using readily available data. A simple system compares skiing injury data from unrelated studies in several countries using the frequency of ACL sprains as a base for comparison with the frequency of a target injury group, in this case tibia shaft fractures. Prior studies involving the authors' 29-year case-control study at a medium-sized Vermont ski area serve as a basis for this analysis.
For the period from 1992–93 to 1999–2000 the number of total skiing injuries, tibia shaft fractures, and ACL sprains were obtained from widely disbursed sources in 5 countries. The 8-year study involved 5382 tibia fractures and 26,331 ACL sprains.
The ratio of ACL sprains to tibia fractures was computed by dividing the number of ACL sprains by the number of tibia fractures from each source for each year. The authors expected the relationship of ACL injuries to tibia shaft fractures, expressed by this ratio, to reflect differences in the quality of ski binding release function among regions.
Over the 8-year study, the ratio for the authors Vermont study averaged 9.0 while the ratio for the five regions surveyed were from 2.0, 2.1, 2.3, 5.6, and 10.5. The authors propose that low ratios be regarded as an indication of a low standard of ski equipment care in the region. However, high ratios, the authors believe are an indication of a high standard of ski equipment care or comparatively poor snow conditions in the region.
The study shows that the standard of equipment care varies greatly throughout the world. The authors plan to expand the survey to investigate both snow conditions and equipment factors more completely.
Femur and Tibial Plateau Fractures in Alpine Skiing
Authors: Shealy JE , Johnson RJ , Ettlinger CF 
Published: April 2008

For the past 29 ski seasons, the authors have prospectively tracked skiing injuries at the Sugarbush resort in northern Vermont. This study updates two previous papers on femur and tibial plateau fracture (TPF) injuries in alpine skiing. We examined the etiology and biomechanics of the femur and tibial plateau fracture injury groups, and the demographics of the population at risk. Total skier visits equals 5 912 735, the total number of injuries equals 16 790; femur fractures equals 67, tibial plateau fractures equals 88.
Femur fractures: There has been no significant change in MDBI (Mean Days Between Injury) for femur fractures. No significant changes were found in skier demographics, or injury mechanism, from our previous study. Collisions with trees or other objects remain the principal mechanism of injury. Femur fractures are predominantly male injuries. Femur injured skiers are younger and lighter than the population at risk. Femur-injured skiers reported that they skied faster at the time of injury than those in the “all-other-injury” category.
Tibial plateau fractures: The exponentially regressed MDBI rate has significantly changed over time from 216 800 to 38 500, but this change coincides with a very significant increase in the age of the population at risk. At the same time, the mean age for this injury has not significantly changed. Tibial plateau injured skiers have the oldest mean ages for any injury group in our study. This is a predominantly female injury. The TPF injured person is heavier than those in the all-other-injury group in spite of being predominantly female but not significantly taller. Eighty-nine percent of these injuries involve the lateral aspect of the plateau. The most common mechanism is a crushing injury to the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau via valgus bending, where the lateral femoral condyle presses against the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau.
The Prevalence of Previous Serious Knee Injuries in Freestyle World Championship Skiers
Authors: Heir S , Krosshaug T , Ekeland A 
Published: April 2008

Previous major knee injuries among the participants in the FIS Freestyle World Championship 2001 in Whistler/Blackomb, Canada were recorded. Ninety-five skiers answered the questionnaire (response rate: 63%). Forty-seven percent of the skiers reported mean 1.6 previous serious knee injuries (range 1–5), female skiers with a significant higher prevalence than males. Thirty percent of the women and 24% of the men (p = 0.49) had suffered 1–3 ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee. There was no significant difference between the disciplines (mogul and aerial skiing) in the prevalence of any type of knee injury.
In conclusion, nearly half of the responding FIS freestyle World Championship skiers had previously sustained one or more major knee injuries and still returned to such a high level of athletic performance. One fourth of the skiers had sustained one or more former ACL ruptures. The prevalence of previous serious knee injuries over all was significantly higher among female than among male skiers.