bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of anthropometry on race performance in extreme endurance triathletes: World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon 2006
Authors: Knechtle Beat , Knechtle Patrizia , Andonie Jorge Luis , Kohler Götz 
Published: June 2007

Objective:To investigate the influence of anthropometric variables on race performance in ultra-endurance triathletes in an ultra-triathlon.Design:Descriptive field study.Setting:The “World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon 2006” in Monterrey, Mexico, in which everyday for 10 consecutive days athletes had to perform the distance of one Ironman triathlon of 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling and 42.195 km running.Subjects:Eight male ultra-endurance athletes (mean (SD) age 40.6 (10.7) years, weight 76.4 (8.4) kg, height 175 (4) cm and body mass index (BMI) 24.7 (2.2) kg/m2).Interventions:None.Main outcome measures:Direct measurement of body mass, height, leg length, skinfold thicknesses, limb circumference and calculation of BMI, skeletal muscle mass (SM), percentage SM (%SM) and percentage body fat (%BF) in order to correlate measured and calculated anthropometric variables with race performance.Results:Race time was not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the directly measured variables, height, leg length, body mass, average skinfold thicknesses, or circumference of thigh, calf or upper arm. Furthermore, no significant (p>0.05) correlation was observed between race time and the calculated variables, BMI, %SM and %BF.Conclusions:In a multistage ultra-triathlon over 10 Ironman triathlon distances in 10 consecutive days, there was no effect of body mass, height, leg length, skinfold thicknesses, limb circumference, BMI, %SM or %BF on race performance in the only eight finishers.
Indefinite for non-invasive neoplasia lesions in gastric intestinal metaplasia: the immunophenotype
Authors: Cassaro Mauro , Rugge Massimo , Tieppo Chiara , Giacomelli Luciano , Velo Daniela , Nitti Donato , Farinati Fabio 
Published: June 2007

Background:In the Padova International Classification, gastric precancerous lesions are labelled as “indefinite for non-invasive neoplasia” (Indef-NiN) cytohistological alterations mimicking non-invasive neoplasia (NiN), but lacking all the attributes required for a definite NiN categorisation.Aim:To apply a panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers of cell proliferation (Mib1), intestinal differentiation (Cdx2), apoptosis (pro-caspase 3) and cell immortalisation (hTERT) to compare the IHC profiles of a series of precancerous lesions arising in gastric intestinalised (ie, IM-positive) glands.Materials and methods:By applying the histological criteria consistently provided by both the Padova Classification and the World Health Organization International Agency, 112 consecutive cases were considered: intestinal metaplasia (IM; n = 54), Indef-NiN in IM-positive gastric glands (n = 28) and low-grade (LG) NiN (n = 30). In each histological category, the expression of the marker was separately scored in superficial, proliferative and coil compartments.Results:In all glandular compartments, Mib1, Cdx2, hTERT and pro-caspase 3 were consistently more expressed in LG-NiN than in either IM or Indef-NiN lesions (analysis of variance: p<0.001). Significant ORs (calculated by ordinal logistic regression analysis for each glandular compartment) associated IM, Indef-NiN and LG-NiN with the expression of the considered markers.Conclusions:A consistent overexpression (unrestricted to the proliferative zone) of IHC markers of cell proliferation, intestinal differentiation, decreased apoptosis and cell immortalisation differentiates LG-NiN from both (simple) IM and Indef-NiN (arising in IM). An increased proliferative activity in the proliferative zone discriminates Indef-NiN lesions (ie, hyperproliferative IM) from IM. Such divergent IHC profiles may provide a rationale for scheduling follow-up protocols more properly tailored on the patient’s risk for cancer.
Software reliability and validation (Panel Session)
Authors: Leubity Joseph A. , Wortz Charles , Glass Bradford L. , Marino Richard , Oliver S. Ron 
Published: June 2007

Minicomputers are the newest tool adopted by businesses to improve their efficiency and profitability. The typical small business which seeks such a system, however, lacks the technical skills which have characterized computer installations in the past. They also lack the financial resources to establish such a function. As a result, these businesses have turned to systems houses, consultants and the hardware vendors for a “turnkey” approach. “I just want to plug it in and run it” is the typical businessman's comment.
Unfortunately, that approach is frought with problems. The turnkey vendor does not have the same understanding of the small business as its management has. The vendor may have a “package” which he wants to fit his customer into, rather than fitting the programs to the business. There may be contract problems - and most lawyers for small businesses do not understand the special status of a computer turnkey system. There may be problems in training operators or converting data. And on and on.
These problems can be avoided. Proper planning and knowing when to get help and from where will go a long way. The purpose of this presentation will be to discuss these problems and solutions in the context of the small business.
The concept of attached processing and attached resource computer systems (Paper Session)
Authors: Thomas Paul A.V. 
Published: June 2007

Attached Processing, a new concept in business data processing, specifies a new system architecture constituting an on-line computer system of arbitrary size, made up of an arbitrary number of functionally dispersed processors which nevertheless maintain common data bases. Information stored in such a system is immediately accessible, under user-configured security controls, by any processor attached to it.
Such a system can expand by simple accretion, without economic penalty. To obtain more processing throughput, one attaches more processors. To obtain more data storage, one attaches additional disk drives as needed.
In its practical realization, Attached Processing assumes the form of an Attached Resource Computer. The Attached Resource Computer does not employ a central, controlling host computer. System control is decentralized. Failure of any individual processor in the system cannot bring all processing to a halt. Functional reconfigurations are easy since no processor is hard-wired to a specific task or tasks.
The automated desk
Authors: Yedwab Laura , Herot Christopher F. , Rosenberg Ronni L. , Gross Carol 
Published: June 2007

The
Automated Desk
is an online, spatial interface to a time-shared computer utility. It supports a user in organizing, locating, and handling computerized information and tools. Naive computer users benefit from the ability to use the power of an operating system without knowing operating system commands. Experienced programmers benefit from the ability to “browse” a large number of “virtual terminals,” each running instances of various software programs. All users benefit from the ability to access computer-resident information while retaining the familiar visual orientation of the office desk.

The user sees his “desk top” through an intelligent display terminal that is connected to a host computer. The desk top is a large flat surface about 100 times the size of an ordinary desk top. On it, the user can place objects in groupings that are meaningful to him. Processes can be associated with these objects to perform any online information handling function.
The Automated Desk is a derivative of the Spatial Data Management System (SDMS) implemented by Computer Corporation of America. In the Automated Desk, the essential SDMS concepts of spatial organization and pictorial identification are implemented in simple ways on equipment of modest cost. The objective of the Automated Desk is to put key SDMS-like capabilities into an inexpensive product that runs on widely-available equipment. It is intended for widespread use in practical applications.
An architecture for a relational dataflow database
Authors: Bic Lubomir , Herendeen Mike 
Published: June 2007

A relational database system based on the principles of functional, data-driven computation is proposed. An architecture composed of a large number of independent, asynchronously operating processing units, each equiped with a separate memory unit holding a portion of the database is shown which implements the relational database system. All processing units are interconnected via 1) a circular shift-register bus, and 2) a daisy chain connection.
Relations are represented as streams of values (tuples) where each value is carried by a unique token. To perform a query on the data base, relations involved in the query are replicated from the database as streams and used as inputs to dataflow programs (graphs) implementing the relational algebra.
All operators represented within the dataflow program are executed by independent processing units and are data-driven. Proceeding asynchronously as stream values needed as inputs are produced.
A time complexity of O(n) is achieved for any relational algebra query assuming a sufficient number of processing units are available.
Data bases for microcomputers
Authors: Bouchet P. , Chesnais A. , Feuvre J. M. , Jomier G. 
Published: June 2007

In this paper we present PEPIN, a relational data base management system implemented on microcomputers, written in PASCAL and developped by the performance evaluation project at INRIA.
At the moment, as we work towards a totally distributed system, the base versions of PEPIN are operational and support tasks oriented to office automation applications.
Z - the 95% program editor
Authors: Wood Steven R. 
Published: June 2007

Recently much attention has been focused on structure-oriented program editors that have specific knowledge about the syntax and semantics of a particular programming language [1, 4, 5, 18]. These editors provide many desirable features for editing programs. However, the user interface is constrained by the syntax and semantics of the target language, and editing operations that are simple in a text editor can be quite complicated in a structure-oriented editor. In addition, the user has an editor that is limited to a single language and must use a different editor for text editing. Existing implementations of structure-oriented editors use a parse-tree representation for a program along with a supporting lexical analyzer, parser, and pretty-printer; this representation significantly complicates the implementation of an editor.
We believe that the most natural representation of programs is text and that the editor should be able to take advantage of the same visual cues that programmers use to understand their programs. With a text-oriented model of program structure, the editor is both a program editor and a document editor. As a program editor it provides features to support many different programming languages, such as LISP, APL, PASCAL, and BLISS. As a document editor it provides basic word-processing functions such as text justification and spelling correction. A text orientation considerably simplifies the design of the editor and presents the user with a simple but powerful model of program structure. This paper describes a text-oriented display editor called Z. Z is the production editor in the Yale Computer Science Department.
Etude and the folklore of user interface design
Authors: Good Michael 
Published: June 2007

Research in user interface design is like the weather—everybody talks about it, but nobody does anything about it. While this isn't strictly true, the great majority of guidelines for user interface design that one is likely to come across are based on the experience or gut feelings of a particular designer. These are better than nothing, but they are made less useful since 1) a particular recommendation could be based on factors unique to the designer's own system, 2) the population for whom the particular system is intended is either not described in detail or is not a generalizable sample of computer users, 3) designers' gut feelings are notoriously inaccurate sources for human factors guidelines. Thus the main body of recommendations available to the designer of a new system is more in the category of folklore than of readily accepted engineering principles.
So long as one recognizes these limitations, it is still very helpful to consider the recommendations one finds in the literature when designing a new system. Some of these are based on experimental evidence, while others are repeated often enough and with so little opposition that their utility is better than average. In this paper, I will show how these principles have been applied in designing the Etude text processing system. After summarizing the major ideas behind the design of Etude, I will focus on several specific areas of user interface design, comparing Etude's approach with the appropriate recommendations from the folklore. I will conclude by briefly describing a forthcoming experiment which is intended to determine if adherence to the folklore has in fact produced a system that is easy to use.
The document editor
Authors: Walker Janet H. 
Published: June 2007

As understanding of a particular problem domain matures, its tools become more specialized, moving from general low-level tools to more specialized high-level tools. Early work in a field applies the same set of low-level aids to all problems. Gradually more specialized tools emerge as we come to better understand the problem and the tools that are best for it.
Since the emergence of the first program editors in the early 1960s we have learned a lot about the editing process and about building editors. Recently several editors specialized for editing program sources, text, and data structures have been developed. To date, little work has been reported on specialized document editors for editing complex text. This paper describes a research effort into identifying the requirements for an interactive environment for editing complex documents and an initial implementation for the environment.
PIC—a language for typesetting graphics
Authors: Kernighan Brian W. 
Published: June 2007

PIC is a language for specifying pictures so that they can be typeset as an integral part of a document preparation system.
The basic objects in PIC are boxes, lines, arrows, circles, ellipses, arcs and splines, which may be placed anywhere and labeled with arbitrary text. Most of the effort in designing PIC has gone into making it possible to specify the sizes and positions of objects with minimal use of absolute coordinates.
This paper describes PIC, with primary emphasis on those aspects of the language that make it easy to use.
A graphics typesetting language
Authors: Van Wyk Christopher J. 
Published: June 2007

We present a new programming language, IDEAL, in which two-dimensional figures can be expressed. The language is intended to work with existing text-formatting systems so that text and figures can be typeset at the same time.
The building block for IDEAL programs is called a “box” it shares some features with procedures and some with records in general-purpose programming languages. A box includes a system of constraints (in this incarnation, equations in complex variables) that declares the relative positions of its significant points and requests for actions to be performed at those points.
A box is called by adding enough constraints to the system in its definition that its significant points can be solved for uniquely. A box call may also include additional actions to be performed during the call. The notions of drawing a line using a pattern and texturing a polygonal area follow directly from the mechanism for defining and calling boxes.
Users may also ask for a box to be “opaque” so that it blots out pieces of picture that it covers. Finally, two commands embody the idea of sketching several pictures on different parallel planes, then merging them into a single picture. We use these when erasing to create one part of a picture would destroy another part that we want.
We discuss good algorithms for implementing IDEAL when the constraints are expressed as a special kind of nonlinear system and the pictures are composed of straight lines and circular arcs. The language has been implemented, and was used to produce the paper.
Playing the language-games of design and use-on skill and participation
Authors: Ehn Pelle 
Published: June 2007

This paper deals with computers and cooperative work. Focus in not on applications for cooperative work, but on the cooperative process of designing such and other computer applications. Focus is on the role of skill and participation in design as a creative and communicative process.
The paper suggests a need to go beyond the Cartesian philosophical assumptions of rationalistic reasoning as epistemology and dualism as ontology, so strongly embedded in traditional design methods.
There are many philosophical candidates for such a reinterpretation. In this paper I have chosen to elaborate on language-games and the ordinary language philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Hence, focus is on the shift in design from language as description towards language as action.
Some consequences of such a shift is illustrated with reflections on examples from UTOPIA (a research and development project for skill enhancing computer based tools for graphic workers), and with design ideas on an application simulator from a new research programme on Cooperative Design and Communication.
Object management system concepts
Authors: Zdonik Stanley B. 
Published: June 2007

An office database should be a “total” information resource in that it should be capable of storing data of many arbitrary types. Users of such a system should be able to store conveniently their documents and graphics objects in the same logical storage space as their more traditional records-oriented data.
This paper presents a data model that can be used to describe more effectively the objects that occur naturally in the office environment. This model exploits some of the richer semantics of office objects such as the containment of one object within another (e.g., reports contain chapters) and the version histories of objects and their constituent parts. This model forms the basis for our experimental object management system which is used to support the creation of new office application programs.
An architecture for object management in OIS
Authors: Ahlsén Matts , Björnerstedt Anders , Britts Stefan , Hultén Christer , Söderlund Lars 
Published: June 2007

The design of a prototype for an application development environment in OIS (Office Information Systems), OPAL, is outlined. OPAL is based on an object management approach.
The paper starts with a short discussion on object oriented systems and some important related concepts including Modularity, Instantiation, Property Inheritance and Subclassing, Active Objects and finally OIS-Modeling Tools.
The authors' effort in this direction, OPAL, is based on the PACKET concept, which is the principal data and action structuring device. Programs, data including large data bases, meta-data as well as system defined components are all represented as objects which in turn are implemented as packets. Since all components in the system are considered as objects, it is possible to manage them all in a uniform way which in turn simplifies the system tremendously.
Modeling the office structure
Authors: Aiello Luigia , Nardi Daniele , Panti Maurizio 
Published: June 2007

A structural description formalism for the construction of office models is proposed. In this formalism an office is represented in terms of interacting agents. Each agent is characterized by a structural component and a specification of the office functions he is enabled to perform.
The advantages of our approach to office modeling are generality and flexibility. In fact, the formalism allows to model various kinds of office organizations and to reflect changes and updates in the office structure.
The model is intended to be the basis for the construction of an integrated Office Information System and of an Office Expert System which is a tool for decision making in the domain of office organization.
Software for interactive on-line conferences
Authors: Sarin Sunil K. , Greif Irene 
Published: June 2007

A layered architecture for the implementation of real-time conferences is presented. In a real-time conference a group of users each at his or her own workstation, share identical views of on-line application information. The users cooperate in a problem solving task by interactively modifying or editing the shared view or the underlying information, and can use a voice communication channel for discussion and negotiation.
The lower layer in this architecture, named Ensemble, supports the sharing of arbitrary application-defined objects among the participants of a conference, and the manipulation of these objects via one or more application-defined groups of commands called activities. Ensemble provides generic facilities for sharing objects and activities, and for dynamically adding and removing participants in a conference; these can be used in constructing real-time conferencing systems for many different applications. An example is presented of how the Ensemble functions can be used to implement a shared bitmap with independent participant cursors.
The relation between this layered architecture and the ISO Open Systems Interconnection reference model is discussed. In particular, it is argued that Ensemble represents a plausible first step toward a Session-layer protocol for “multi-endpoint connections”, a neglected area of communication protocol development.
OTTER - An information retrieval system for office automation
Authors: Sacco Giovanni Maria 
Published: June 2007

Design choices and most important features of an information retrieval system for office automation are described. The office environment is shown to be quite different from the traditional bibliographic search environment for which well-established information retrieval techniques exist. Therefore, the system offers facilities to model the semantics of portions of text (for example numeric data), to acquire a certain amount of user knowledge, and to support repetitive interactions.
All pertinent documents are presented to the user, with the system ordering them in inverse estimated relevance order. It is shown that no single estimator can accurately estimate document relevance, because intended user access patterns are different. Consequently, knowledge on how the user wants to access data is acquired, and the appropriate estimators are used in each case.
SEDL—A language for specifying integrity constraints on office forms
Authors: Ferrans James C. 
Published: June 2007

ODIN is a system developed by Western Electric to automate the construction of electronic form entry, processing, and retrieval systems. An important component of ODIN is SEDL, the language used to define the logical structure of forms and the integrity constraints that each form must pass as it is entered.
SEDL is a powerful, concise end-user language. Its integrity constraints are sophisticated assertions which are combined by using standard programming language constructs. Lists on forms are considered to be relations in a miniature relational database, and data manipulation language constructs are used to specify constraints involving them. SEDL's expressive power has been more than adequate for the complex office applications that have used it.