bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attachment and interpersonal distress: examining the relationship between attachment styles and interpersonal problems in a clinical population
Authors: Haggerty Greg , Hilsenroth Mark J. , Vala‐Stewart Rosemarie 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe present study examined the relationship between self‐perceived attachment styles and interpersonal problems. Specifically, we utilized a clinical sample from an outpatient university‐based community clinic who completed the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale‐Revised, the Relationship Questionnaire and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scales (IIP‐64) as part of a psychological assessment process. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the IIP‐64 total score and both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. Findings revealed significant negative relationships between a secure attachment and the dominant, vindictive, cold, socially inhibited and non‐assertive subscales of the IIP‐64. Findings also revealed a significant positive relationship between a fearful attachment and the dominant, vindictive, cold, socially inhibited and non‐assertive subscales of the IIP‐64. Finally, results showed a significant relationship between a dismissive attachment and the dominant subscale of the IIP‐64. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Magnetic Mirror on Near Wall Conductivity in Hall Thrusters
Authors: Yu D. , Liu H. , Cao Y. , Fu H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe effect of magnetic mirror on near wall conductivity is studied in the acceleration region of Hall thrusters. The electron dynamics process in the plasma is described by test particle method, in which electrons are randomly emitted from the centerline towards the inner wall of the channel. It is found that the effective collision coefficient, i.e. the rate of electrons colliding with the wall, changes dramatically with the magnetic mirror effect being considered; and that it decreases further with the increase of magnetic mirror ratio to enhance the electron mobility accordingly. In particular, under anistropic electron velocity distribution conditions, the magnetic mirror effect becomes even more prominent. Furthermore, due to decrease in magnetic mirror ratio from the exhaust plane to the anode in Hall thrusters, the axial gradient of electron mobility with magnetic mirror effect is greater than without it. The magnetic mirror effects on electron mobility are derived analytically and the results are found in agreement with the simulation. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spectroscopic Diagnostics of Pulsed arc Plasmas for Particle Generation
Authors: Behringer K. , Höschen T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPulsed arc plasmas were diagnosed by means of emission spectroscopy. A capacitor was discharged through argon and hydrogen leading to a few cycles of damped current oscillation with ≈120 μs period and 5‐12 kA maximum current. Spectroscopic measurements in the visible range were carried out in order to characterise the electron temperature and density in the arc channel as well as electron and gas temperatures in the afterglow plasmas. Spectra were integrated over 10 μs time windows and shifted in time from pulse to pulse. The plasmas also contained substantial fractions of electrode material (brass), namely copper and zinc. The electron density was measured in the conventional way from the broadening of Hβ or from the Ar I Stark width. In the arc channel, it ranged from about 3 · 1022 to 2 · 1023 m–3. The broadening of Zn II lines could also be used. Ratios of Ar I to Ar II and of Zn I to Zn II line intensities were analysed for the electron temperature. Line pairs were found which lay conveniently close in one frame of the spectrometer allowing automatic on‐line analysis without relying on reproducibility. Atomic physics models including opacity were developed for Ar II and Zn II in order to check the existence of a Boltzmann distribution of their excited states. These calculations showed that the observed levels were in fact close to thermodynamic equilibrium, in particular, if the resonance lines were optically thick. Electron temperature measurements yielded values between 14000 K and 21000 K. The gas temperature in the afterglow, where particles should have formed, was derived from the rotational and vibrational temperatures of C2 molecular bands. Ratios between Cu I line intensities yielded the electron temperatures. Both were found to be a few 1000 K. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Suitability of Low‐Current Z‐Pinch Plasma as an Absorption Medium for Laser Radiation
Authors: Brückner S. , Wieneke S. , Viöl W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this study the electron density of z‐pinch plasmas driven at relatively low currents (ca. 2‐5 kA) was determined using only emission spectroscopy. The suitability of a hollow‐cathode‐triggered z‐pinch plasma as an absorption medium for laser radiation was investigated. The temporal and spatial behaviors of electron temperature and density profiles were estimated using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to evaluate the experimental results. Temperature measurements were performed according to the Boltzmann plot method in the visible spectrum range, using the fact that, in low‐current z‐pinch plasma, a local thermodynamic equilibrium prevails for states at high principal quantum numbers (partial local thermodynamic equilibrium). In this case, the Saha equation can be used to determine the electron density. The results demonstrate that this method of determining the electron temperature and density of z‐pinch plasmas is only applicable during the pinching phase. However, in this case the experimentally determined values are in fairly good agreement with the values determined using the MHD model. A user‐oriented 1‐D radiation MHD code was used to simulate the dynamic evolution of the plasma. The experimentally determined maximum electron temperature of approximately 12 eV is in fairly good agreement with the simulated value. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cre recombinase activity specific to postnatal, premeiotic male germ cells in transgenic mice
Authors: Sadate‐Ngatchou Patricia I. , Payne Christopher J. , Dearth Andrea T. , Braun Robert E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe have generated a transgenic mouse line,Tg(Stra8‐cre)1Reb (Stra8‐cre), which expresses improved Cre recombinase under the control of a 1.4 Kb promoter region of the germ cell‐specific stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 (Stra8). cre is expressed only in males beginning at postnatal day (P)3 in early‐stage spermatogonia and is detected through preleptotene‐stage spermatocytes. To further define when cre becomes active, we crossed Stra8‐cre males with Tg(ACTB‐Bgeo/GFP)21Lbe (Z/EG) reporter females and compared the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) with the protein encoded by the zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 (Zbtb16) gene, PLZF—a marker for undifferentiated spermatogonia. Co‐expression of EGFP is observed in the majority of PLZF+ cells. We also tested recombination efficiency by mating Stra8‐cre;Z/EG males and females with wild‐type mice and examining EGFP expression in the offspring. Recombination is detected in >95% of Z/EG+ pups born to Stra8‐cre;Z/EG fathers but in none of the offspring born to transgenic mothers, a verification that cre is not functional in females. The postnatal, premeiotic, male germ cell‐specific activity of Stra8‐cre makes this mouse line a unique resource to study testicular germ cell development. genesis 46:738–742, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Precipitation control over inorganic nitrogen import–export budgets across watersheds: a synthesis of long‐term ecological research
Authors: Kane E. S. , Betts E. F. , Burgin A. J. , Clilverd H. M. , Crenshaw C. L. , Fellman J. B. , Myers‐Smith I. H. , O'Donnell J. A. , Sobota D. J. , Van Verseveld W. J. , Jones J. B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe investigated long‐term and seasonal patterns of N imports and exports, as well as patterns following climate perturbations, across biomes using data from 15 watersheds from nine Long‐Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites in North America. Mean dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) import–export budgets (N import via precipitation–N export via stream flow) for common years across all watersheds was highly variable, ranging from a net loss of − 0·17 ± 0·09 kg N ha−1mo−1 to net retention of 0·68 ± 0·08 kg N ha−1mo−1. The net retention of DIN decreased (smaller import–export budget) with increasing precipitation, as well as with increasing variation in precipitation during the winter, spring, and fall. Averaged across all seasons, net DIN retention decreased as the coefficient of variation (CV) in precipitation increased across all sites (r2 = 0·48, p = 0·005). This trend was made stronger when the disturbed watersheds were withheld from the analysis (r2 = 0·80, p < 0·001, n = 11). Thus, DIN exports were either similar to or exceeded imports in the tropical, boreal, and wet coniferous watersheds, whereas imports exceeded exports in temperate deciduous watersheds. In general, forest harvesting, hurricanes, or floods corresponded with periods of increased DIN exports relative to imports. Periods when water throughput within a watershed was likely to be lower (i.e. low snow pack or El Niño years) corresponded with decreased DIN exports relative to imports. These data provide a basis for ranking diverse sites in terms of their ability to retain DIN in the context of changing precipitation regimes likely to occur in the future. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wolves, trophic cascades, and rivers in the Olympic National Park, USA
Authors: Beschta Robert L. , Ripple William J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractGray wolves (Canis lupus) were extirpated in the early 1900s from the Olympic Peninsula of northwestern Washington. Thus, we studied potential cascading effects of wolf removal by undertaking a retrospective study of Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus) populations, riparian forests, and river channel morphology. For three riparian sites within the western portion of Olympic National Park, the age structure of black cottonwood and bigleaf maple indicated a pattern of significantly decreased recruitment (growth of seedlings/sprouts into tall saplings and trees) associated with intensive elk browsing in the decades following the loss of wolves. At a riparian site outside the park, which represented a refugium from elk browsing, cottonwood recruitment has been ongoing during the 20th century, indicating that climate and flow regimes, in the absence of intensive herbivory, have not limited the establishment and growth of this deciduous woody species. Using 1994 orthophotos, we also measured channel dimensions and planform morphology of 8‐km‐long river reaches at each vegetation sampling site and an additional reach outside the park. Channels inside the park versus those outside the park had greater percent braiding (37 vs 2%) and larger ratios of active channel width/wetted width (3·0 vs 1·5 m/m). Results for western Olympic National Park were consistent with a truncated trophic cascade hypothesis whereby ungulate browsing following the extirpation of wolves caused significant long‐term impacts to riparian plant communities which, in turn, allowed increased riverbank erosion and channel widening to occur. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroecological responses of the Athabasca Delta, Canada, to changes in river flow and climate during the 20th century
Authors: Wolfe Brent B. , Hall Roland I. , Edwards Thomas W. D. , Vardy Sheila R. , Falcone Matthew D. , Sjunneskog Charlotte , Sylvestre Florence , McGowan Suzanne , Leavitt Peter R. , van Driel Peter 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe employ water‐isotope tracers and multi‐proxy paleolimnological records to characterize contemporary controls on water balances of floodplain lakes in the Athabasca Delta, Canada, within the context of its hydroecological evolution over the 20th century. The insight gained from these approaches is necessary to gauge the hydroecological resiliency of the Athabasca Delta to past and future changes in Athabasca River flow regime. Results obtained from three lakes located in different regions of the Athabasca Delta indicate that hydroecological conditions were strongly affected by an engineered meander cut‐off on the Athabasca River in 1972, intended to maintain flow in the river main stem, and a natural bifurcation of one of the major distributaries (Embarras River) in 1982, in response to progressive overextension of the delta to the east. Climate warming and naturally declining river discharge have also contributed to directional change. Recent drying trends reconstructed from sediment cores at two of the three lakes are likely representative of rapidly evolving hydroecological conditions in the south‐eastern sector, based on mapping of a recent high‐magnitude ice‐jam flood that failed to recharge this portion of the delta, while wetting in the region of the third lake due to increased frequency of river flooding reflects increasing diversion of Athabasca River flow northward. Our findings highlight the hydroecological sensitivity of the Athabasca Delta to changes in the magnitude and timing of discharge in the Athabasca River and heighten the need for informed management strategies to safeguard the integrity of this unique wetland ecosystem. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecosystem impacts of disturbance in a dry tropical forest in southern India
Authors: Mehta Vishal K. , Sullivan Patrick J. , Walter M. Todd , Krishnaswamy Jagdish , DeGloria Stephen D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIndian forests provide a multitude of services to vast populations. Common human activities including livestock grazing, fuelwood extraction and burning have the potential to impact forest ecosystem structure and function. The effects of these activities on vegetation, ecology and soil properties were investigated in Bandipur National Park (BNP) in southern India. Data were collected from 200 sites in four watersheds within the park. Sample sites spanned a degradation gradient measured by a field disturbance index (FDI). This paper focusses on the impacts on vegetation structure, diversity and composition, and integrates impacts on soil. Shrub and tree species were inventoried and evaluated in plots 10‐m in diameter. The tree layer was dominated by Anogeissus–Emblica–Tectona species. The understory was dominated by invasives Chromolaena odorata and Lantana camara, and native Gymnosporia emarginata. Vegetation plot heights, canopy cover and tree diameters were negatively correlated with field disturbance resulting in stunted forest stature in degraded sites. Vegetation composition in degraded watersheds was dominated by small woody tree species and a greater diversity of shrub species. Ordination analysis was used to integrate soil data with vegetation and disturbance, revealing that deciduous forest in the park is degrading to scrub forest along with negative impacts on soil characteristics. Consequences of services currently enjoyed by local populations are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impacts of disturbance on soil properties in a dry tropical forest in Southern India
Authors: Mehta Vishal K. , Sullivan Patrick J. , Walter M. Todd , Krishnaswamy Jagdish , DeGloria Stephen D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractGrazing, fuelwood extraction and burning are common human activities in Indian forests. These activities can represent forest disturbances that drive the degradation of natural deciduous forest cover to scrub forest, with concurrent impacts on soils. The effects of human forest use on ecosystem functions were investigated inBandipur National Park (BNP)in Peninsular India. This paper reports the impacts on surface soils. Soils were sampled from 200 locations covering four watersheds within the Park. These samples spanned a degradation gradient measured by a field disturbance index (FDI). Soil physical, nutrient and hydraulic properties were measured. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were analyzed as key response variables describing nutrient availability and infiltration respectively. Effects of cattle and jeep trails on infiltration and bulk density were evaluated by sampling on‐and‐off trails. Trail density in research watersheds was estimated with satellite imagery. Soil nutrient availability is negatively impacted by disturbance, resulting from negative impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) and clay content. Available water capacity (AWC) and saturated moisture content (SMC) were significantly higher in protected watersheds, attributed to reduced clay content in degraded watersheds. Off trails, high spatial variability in infiltration overwhelmed any meaningful trends with disturbance. However, infiltration was substantially reduced on trails as a result of significant increase in bulk density. The density of trails was considerably higher in degraded watersheds compared to protected watersheds. These results provide ground‐based and remotely sensed evidence that forest disturbance within the Park has negative impacts on soil organic matter, nutrient availability and hydraulic characteristics. These have consequences for related ecological, nutrient cycling and hydrological processes, and the continuation of the services currently enjoyed by local human populations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a naturalized flow regime—an example from the Lower Missouri River, USA
Authors: Jacobson Robert B. , Galat David L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA group of river managers, stakeholders, and scientists met during summer 2005 to design a more naturalized flow regime for the Lower Missouri River (LMOR). The objective was to comply with requirements under the U.S. Endangered Species Act to support reproduction and survival of threatened and endangered species, with emphasis on the endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus), while minimizing negative effects to existing social and economic benefits of prevailing river management. Specific hydrograph requirements for pallid sturgeon reproduction are unknown, hence much of the design process was based on features of the natural flow regime. Environmental flow components (EFCs) extracted from the reference natural flow regime were used to design and assess performance of alternative flow regimes.The design process incorporated a primary stage in which conceptual hydrographs were developed and assessed for their general ecological and social‐economic performance. The second stage accounted for hydroclimatic variation by coding the conceptual hydrographs into reservoir release rules, adding constraints for downstream flooding and low‐storage precludes, and running the rules through 100 years of hydroclimatic simulation. The output flow regimes were then evaluated for presumed ecological benefits based on how closely they resembled EFCs in the reference natural flow regime. Flow regimes also were assessed for social‐economic cost indicators, including days of flooding of low‐lying agricultural land, days over flood stage, and storage levels in system reservoirs.Our experience with flow‐regime design on the LMOR underscored the lack of confidence the stakeholders place in the value of the natural flow regime as a measure of ecosystem benefit in the absence of fundamental scientific documentation. Stakeholders desired proof of ecological benefits commensurate with the certainty of economic losses. We also gained insight into the processes of integrating science into a collaborative management exercise. Although the 2005 collaborative effort failed to reach a consensus among stakeholders on a naturalized flow regime, the process was successful in pilot‐testing a design approach; it helped focus scienctific efforts on key knowledge gaps; and it demonstrated the potential for collaborations among scientists, stakeholders, and managers in river management decision making. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manganese(II) Trimeric Systems Derived from Pyridyldioximato Ligands: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Characterization
Authors: Escuer Albert , Cordero Beatriz , Solans Xavier , Font‐Bardia Mercé , Calvet Teresa 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThree new manganese compounds have been obtained by reaction of the 2,6‐diacetylpyridine dioxime (dapdoH2) ligand with several MnII salts. By using a variety of manganese(II) carboxylates, three MnII derivatives with general formula [Mn3(RCOO)6(dapdoH2)2], where RCOO– = formate (1), acetate (2), and benzoate (3), were obtained. Structural analysis reveals chains of trinuclear units for 1 and isolated trinuclear molecules for 2. Compound 1 provides an example of a new topology for the [Mn3(RCOO)6(L)2] general formula. Magnetic susceptibility studies reveal topological ferrimagnetism for 1 and conventional antiferromagnetic response for 2 and 3, with coupling constants of –3.1, –3.2, and –1.4 cm–1 inside the trimeric units of 1, 2, and 3, respectively.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Functionalized Sugars as Ligands towards Water‐Soluble [Fe‐only] Hydrogenase Models
Authors: Apfel Ulf‐Peter , Halpin Yvonne , Gottschaldt Michael , Görls Helmar , Vos Johannes G. , Weigand Wolfgang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOnly a small number of water‐soluble iron carbonyl type model compounds for the active centre in [Fe‐only] hydrogenase are known, and these models are mainly prepared by substitution of one of the CO ligands. In this publication we present new water‐soluble models for [Fe‐only] hydrogenase that contain a peripherally bound sugar residue. Compounds were prepared in which the 1,3‐disulfanyl‐2‐propyltetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside unit is coordinated to the iron carbonyl core through either a sulfur or a selenium bridgehead atom. Electrochemical results for both types of compounds reveal hydrogen gas evolution from acetic acid and water. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Hydrogen Bonding in Crystalline Alcohol Solvates of the Platinum(II) Sulfido Complex [Pt2(μ‐S)2(PPh3)4]
Authors: Henderson William , Thwaite Simon , Nicholson Brian K. , Hor T. S. Andy 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSuspension of [Pt2(μ‐S)2(PPh3)4] in lower alcohols results in recrystallisation, forming yellow to yellow‐orange microcrystals of the solvates [Pt2(μ‐S)2(PPh3)4]·nROH (R = Me, Et, nBu). The di‐ethanol solvate was characterised by means of a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The structure consists of an ethanol molecule hydrogen‐bonded in an asymmetric bifurcated fashion to the {Pt2S2} group, with the second, disordered ethanol molecule involved in a cooperative hydrogen‐bonding interaction with the oxygen of the first ethanol. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the alcohol is relatively easily lost, regenerating orange, unsolvated [Pt2(μ‐S)2(PPh3)4]. [Pt2(μ‐S)2(PPh3)4] readily dissolves in hexafluoro‐2‐propanol, yielding yellow crystals of [Pt2(μ‐S)2(PPh3)4]·6(CF3)2CHOH on evaporation. Characterisation by X‐ray diffraction shows that the structure contains a [Pt2(μ‐S)2(PPh3)4] hydrogen‐bonded to a single(CF3)2CHOH molecule, with the additional (CF3)2CHOH molecules forming a discrete hydrogen‐bonded pentameric cluster in the crystal.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)