bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baker's Yeast as a Potential Substitute for Live Algae in Aquaculture Diets: Artemia as a Case Study
Authors: Coutteau Peter , Lavens Patrick , Sorgeloos Patrick 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this study baker's yeast was evaluated as a substitute for live Dunuliella tertiolecta algae in the culture of the brine shrimp Artemia. Consumption of fresh baker's yeast resulted in poor growth and survival of brine shrimp. However, the nutritional value of the yeast sigaificantly improved after complete removal of the yeast cell wall by enzymatic treatment. Baker's yeast was also made digestible for Artemia by simple chemical treatment which did not reduce rigidity of the yeast cell. The external mannoprotein layer of the yeast cell wall is probably the major barrier to digestion by Artemia. Chemically treated baker's yeast offers promising possibilities as a substitute for algal feeds in aquaculture.
Effects of Intraspecific Hybridization in Tilapia nilotica on Survival Under Ambient Winter Temperature in Alabama
Authors: Tave Douglas , Jayaprakas V. , Smitherman R. Oneal 
Published: April 2007

AbstractViability under ambient winter temperatures in Alabama was assessed for Auburn University‐Egypt and Auburn University‐Ivory Coast strains of Tilapia nilotica and their F1, F2, and four backcross hybrids. Egypt strain was more viable (P= 0.05) than Ivory Coast strain. Observed mean viabilities of the F1 hybrids were intermediate between those of the parental strains. Viabilities of the reciprocal F1 hybrids were not significantly different. Viabilities of the reciprocal F2 hybrids were not significantly different. Backcross hybrids that were produced by crossing F1 hybrid females to Egypt strain had a greater observed mean viability than those that were produced by crossing F1 hybrid females to Ivory Coast strain. Average viabilities of the parental strains, F1, F2, and backcross hybrids were not significantly different. Heterosis in F1, F2, and backcross hybrids was −1.39%,−0.82%, and −2.08%, respectively. Viability under ambient winter temperatures in Alabama in T. nilotica appears to be controlled by additive rather than by dominance effects, which means that selection rather than crossbreeding is the breeding technique that should be evaluated to improve this trait in T. nilotica.
Commercial‐Scale Production of Florida Red Tilapia Seed in Low‐ and Brackish‐Salinity Tanks
Authors: Ernst Douglas H. , Watanabe Wade O. , Ellingson Lisa J. , Wicklund Robert I. , Olla Bori L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCommercial‐scale production of Florida red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) seed (eggs, sacfry, and fry) under methods that minimized freshwater usage was studied on Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. Comparisons of seed production by broodstock held in low‐salinity (LS = 5 ppt; mixed rain and ground water) and brackish‐salinity (BS = 18 ppt; mixed ground and sea water) tanks (34 m2) showed that seed production over an 8 month period was significantly greater in LS (77.7 seed/m2/ day) than in BS tanks (47.4 seed/m2/day), with average proportion of brooding females and number of seed per clutch being greater in LS (26.9% and 763) than in BS tanks (19.8% and 643). While LS seed production was among the highest reported values for tilapias, BS production was within reported ranges for fresh and low‐salinity tilapia hatcheries. Seed production per unit of low‐salinity water (i.e., rain and/or groundwater) consumed in both LS (7,262 seed/m3) and BS (5,337 seed/ m3) tanks exceeded reported values. The results support the feasibility of commercial‐scale production of Florida red tilapia seed under intensive methods and of salinities as high as 18 ppt in regions where fresh or low‐salinity water resources are limited.
Recruitment and Commercial Seed Procurement of the Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis in Maine
Authors: Newell Carter R. , Hidu H. , McAlice B. J. , Podniesinski G. , Short F. , Kindblom L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA thorough understanding of recruitment in the blue mussel is necessary if the new industry is to maximize seed procurement without impinging upon other fisheries. Larval appearance is a relatively precise event in Maine, cued to early summer water temperature of 10–12 C and, apparently, full moon spawning events. Mussel larvae are more abundant on the flood tides indicating inshore and estuarine retention, although this retention relates to the morphometry and relative energy of the system. Webb Cove, a wide embayment with maximum sample station current velocity of 0.2 m/s, showed a random ebb tide vs. flood tide larval distribution; the narrow, long Damariscotta River estuary with 0.35 m/s current velocity showed a two‐fold flood tide larval enhancement and the Jordan River with 1.5 m/s current velocities showed up to a 14‐fold flood tide enhancement of mussel larvae and bysally drifting juveniles. Thus certain Maine estuaries may act as larval traps, providing areas of concentrated settlement and seed abundance. Primary setting normally begins with a large initial pulse in June followed by one or more secondary pulses throughout the summer. Secondary settlement (reattachment of bysally drifting juveniles) occurs at lower levels throughout the year, especially in late July and early August. Maximum attachment of larvae and juveniles occurs during periods of maximum current velocity. Extensive eelgrass beds at the mouths of some estuaries (i.e., Jordan River) may be the sites of extensive primary and secondary setting. Great Eastern Mussel Farms, the industry component, guided by these studies, is testing the deployment of live and shell mussel cultch to develop and optimize a new seed procurement system.
Establishment of Tilapia Spawning Families Providing a Continuous Supply of Eggs for in vitro Fertilization
Authors: Phillips Peter C. , Kohler Christopher C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus ± O. niloticus) spawning families were established in three separate culture tanks to provide a continuous supply of fresh gametes. An ovulation event, resulting in a natural spawn, an artificial spawn or oocyte resorption, occurred with a mean of every 1.4 days among 19 females, though only a few females demonstrated periods of evenly spaced 10 to 20 day maturation‐ovulation cycles. Ovulation events/female/year were similar among the three spawning families: 13.1, 17.5 and 13.4/female, as were mean interovulation intervals (23.6, 21.9, and 23.9 days). Estimated fertilization rates, both natural and as a result of strip‐spawning, were highly variable. Rates from natural spawns ranged from a mean per female of 25.7 to 57.3%, and from artificial spawns from 47.8 to 58.8%. Establishment and active management of spawning families of tilapias proved to be an effective procedure for obtaining a continuous supply of gametes for manipulative genetic research.
A Partial Energy Budget for the Australian Crayfish Cherax tenuimanus
Authors: Villarreal Humberto 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe freshwater crayfish Cherax tenuimanus (marron) has been attracting an increasing degree of attention for aquaculture due to its high growth rate and large harvest size. In this study some important parameters related to the physiological energetics of C. tenuimanus were defined in a series of independent experiments.Food consumption by marron increased when fed a variety of foods, providing up to 29 joule/g dry wt crayfish per hour. Mean energy content of feces was 7, 941 joule/g dry wt representing up to 17% of ingested food while excreted energy was not important in the overall budget. Metabolic requirements per hour were 5.4 joule/g dry wt. Gross conversion efficiency was up to 58% for the experimental diets. This ability gives the species a marked advantage for commercial culture over other related species with more subdued growth efficiencies.
A Standard Reference Diet for Crustacean Nutrition Research VI. Response of Postlarval Stages of the Caribbean King Crab Mithrax spinosissimus and the Spiny Lobster Panulirus argus
Authors: Lellis William A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to determine if two proposed crustacean reference diets, BML 81S or HFX CRD‐84, could serve as nutritional standards for early postlarval stages of the Caribbean king crab Mithrax spinosissimus or the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. In the first study, after an eight week trial period, survival of postlarval crabs (initial mean weight = 20 mg) was higher (P < 0.05) for crabs fed a control diet of commercial larval fish feed (66.7%) or BML‐81S (45.8%) than for crabs fed HFX CRD‐84 (16.7%). Final mean weight was also greater (P < 0.05) for crabs consuming the fry feed than for crabs fed BML‐81S or HFX CRD‐84 (710 vs. 460 and 340 mg, respectively). In the second study, after a ten week trial period, survival of second stage postlarval spiny lobsters (initial mean weight = 0.20 g) was greater (P < 0.05) for animals fed live adult Artemia (93.3%) than for lobsters fed HFX CRD‐84 (26.7%) or BML‐8lS (0%). Lobsters offered the casein‐based BML‐81S did not consume the feed and died within 25 days. Results suggest that BML‐81S may be an acceptable reference diet for Mithrax spinosissimus, but that neither BML‐81S nor HFX CRD‐84 is adequate for the early postlarval stages of Panulirus argus.
Mineral Requirements of Penaeus vannamei: A Preliminary Examination of the Dietary Essentiality for Thirteen Minerals
Authors: Davis D. Allen , Lawrence Addison L. , Gatlin Delbert M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDiets containing a complete mineral premix or mineral premixes from which Ca, P, Na, CI, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, I, Se, or Cr were individually deleted were fed to juvenile Penaeus vunnamei (mean initial weight 79.5 mg) over a 4‐week experimental period. Final mean percent weight gain ranged from 1,472 (Cu‐free mineral premix) to 1,991% (Na‐free mineral premix) with an average of 1,812% for all treatments. Survival during the first two week period and the second two week period was greater than 92% and 88%, respectively. There were no significant differences observed among treatments for growth and survival data.Upon termination of the growth trial, the hepatopancreas and carapace were dissected from the shrimp and evaluated for ash, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu content. Of the minerals analyzed, the individual deletion of Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu from the mineral supplement resulted in reduced tissue mineralization in P. vannamei whereas, the deletion of Ca and P from the mineral mix did not produce significant responses. Deletion of Se from the mineral premix resulted in a significant increase in the ash content of the carapace. Based on the information provided by this and other studies, further investigation of the dietary requirements of P. vannamei for Ca, P, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Se is recommended.
Confinement and Transport‐Induced Stress in White Bass Morone chrysops × Striped Bass M. saxatilis Hybrids: Effect of Calcium and Salinity1
Authors: Weirich Charles R. , Tomasso Joseph R. , Smith Ted I. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStress induced by severe confinement in cages and by simulated transport was evaluated in reciprocal white bass × striped bass hybrids (Morone chrysops × M. saratilis) after acclimation to various calcium concentrations in freshwater (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L calcium) and various salinities (1, 8, 16, and 24%o) at 25 C. Survival was monitored in both confinement and transport events. In confinement events, changes in plasma osmolality were used as an indicator of osmoreg‐ulatory dysfunction. After 6 h of severe confinement in cages, survival was significantly affected by treatments in both freshwater (FW) and saltwater (SW) events. Survival was greatest in 80 mg/L calcium in FW treatments and 8%o in the SW treatments. Simultaneous analysis of both FW and SW confinement data revealed that, after compensating for fish weight, survival increased as environmental ionic content increased (up to 8%o) then decreased with increasing salinity. Plasma osmolality decreased significantly from baseline levels with respect to confinement time in all FW treatments. Significant differences in plasma osmolality were observed among SW treatments: plasma osmolality of fish confined in 1%o decreased while those confined in salinities of 16 and 24%o increased. The plasma osmolality offish confined in 8%o remained near baseline levels. Almost no mortality (<5% in all treatments) occurred during (12 h) and after (5 d) transport in both FW and SW. Fish were in good condition and acclimated to transport water quality prior to transport events which may have been a major reason for high survival. Results from this study indicate that detrimental effects due to handling and transporting hybrid striped bass are reduced in FW environments that provide sufficient calcium and in SW environments which are near isoosmotic with the plasma.
Comparative Stress Dynamics of Brood Stock Striped Bass Morone saxatilis Associated with Two Capture Techniques
Authors: Harrell Reginal M. , Moline Mark A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMature striped bass (Morone saxatilis) were collected from the spawning reaches of the Choptank River, Maryland for the purpose of evaluating stress effects associated with capture. Two commonly used capture devices were evaluated—gillnetting and electrofishing. Results indicated that stress, as measured by changes in plasma corticosteroid and chloride concentrations, was significantly lower and recovery time quicker in those fish captured by electrofishing compared to gillnetting. By the end of the study period (48 h), those fish captured by electrofishing had recovered from the initial capture shock as evidenced by corticosteroid levels returning to near baseline levels. Conversely, at 48 h post‐capture, those fish captured by gillnetting exhibited severe hypochloremia and elevated corticosteroid levels approaching that of the initial stress associated with capture.
Measurement of Resting and Stress‐elevated Serum Cortisol in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Experimental Net‐pens
Authors: Kebus Myron J. , Collins Michael T. , Brownfield Mark S. , Amundson Clyde H. , Kayes Terrence B. , Malison Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA commercially available heterogeneous, solid‐phase tube enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) was modified and validated for the measurement of serum cortisol in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The assay is accurate and precise. Resting and stress‐elevated serum cortisol concentrations were measured in rainbow trout with a sensitivity of 1.5 ng/ml. Fish held in net‐pens at a density of 0.4 kg/m3/cm had a resting cortisol level of 16.5 ± 3.8 ng/ml (mean ± SE). At 3 h postdisturbance, serum cortisol levels were not affected by the removal of fish from adjacent net‐pens with dip nets or by the use of 200 mg/L tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222) as an anesthetic for obtaining samples. However, an acute stress (60 s removal from water) elevated serum cortisol levels to 73.7 ± 9.4 ng/ml.
A Survey of Water Quality Characteristics of Effluent from Hawaiian Aquaculture Facilities
Authors: Ziemann David A. , Walsh William A. , Saphore Eva G. , Fulton‐Bennett Kim 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTen water quality parameters were measured in influent and effluent water at 11 aquaculture facilities in Hawaii. The data were grouped into four categories based on the types of organisms cultured: freshwater fish, freshwater prawn, marine fish, and marine shrimp. Within each category, concentrations of most parameters were lognormally distributed and spanned one to two orders of magnitude. Geometric mean concentrations of suspended materials, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pigments were highest in effluent from freshwater prawn ponds and lowest in marine fish pond effluent. Nitrate/Nitrite and total ammonia concentrations were higher in fish pond effluent than in crustacean pond effluent. Parameter concentrations were generally higher in effluent than in influent water, with freshwater fish and prawn ponds exhibiting the greatest increases in suspended materials and pigments. In contrast, nitrate/nitrite concentrations were lower in effluent than in influent waters. These data provide a basis for analyzing the environmental impacts of warm‐water aquaculture effluent discharges.
Metamorphosis to Postlarvae of Penaeus chinensis Osbeck by Removal of Heavy Metals from Rearing Systems with Polymeric Absorbent
Authors: Yuan You‐Xian , Gao Cheng‐Nian , Zhang Du‐Xi , Guo Xiang‐Ping 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of removing heavy metal ions (copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium) with a polymeric heavy metal absorbent (PHMA) on metamorphosis of Penueus chinensis Osbeck was investigated. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in metamorphosis of protozoea to mysis at concentrations more than 31.0 μg/L copper, 38.3 μg/L zinc, 32.5 μg/L lead, and 30.3 μg/L cadmium, in the absence of PHMA. At concentrations more than 61.0 μg /L copper, 68.3 μg/L zinc, 62.5 μg/L lead, and 60.3 μg/L cadmium there was a significant (P < 0.01) interaction between the absence and the presence of PHMA for metamorphosis of mysis to postlarvae. At concentrations of 12.3 μg/L copper, 45.8 μg/L zinc, 106.2 μg/L lead, and 200.2 μg/L cadmium, the metamorphosis of protozoea to mysis was blocked, but it was 51.4% in the presence of PHMA. At concentrations of 252.3 μg/L copper, 335.8 μ/L zinc, 806.2 μg/L lead and 300.2 μg/L cadmium, the metamorphosis of mysis to postlarvae was stopped, but it was 51.0% in the presence of PHMA. The toxicity of copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium to P. chinensis was reduced with PHMA.
Recovery of Serratia marcescens in Hemolymph of Macrobrachium rosenbergii from Experimentally Seeded Water
Authors: Brady Yolanda J. , Lassodela Vega Ernesto 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Seratia marcescens was used as an indicator to determine if different concentrations of bacteria in water relate to concentrations in the hemolymph of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Prawns were exposed to high (105 to 106 cells/ml), low (103 to 104 cells/ml) and control (no S. marcescens) treatments with S. marcescens inoculated in aquaria water. S. marcescens ranged from 10 to 9.9 ± 103 cells/ml from the high concentration group; a single isolate and zero S. marcescens were recovered from the low and control groups, respectively.
Experimental Collection of Pearl Oyster, Pinctada mazatlanica and Pteria sterna, Spat on a Filament Substrate
Authors: Caceres‐Martinez Carlos , Ruiz‐Verdugo Cesar A. , Ramirez‐Filippini David H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJuveniles of Pinctada mazatlanica and Pteria sterna were collected with artificial collectors from Falsa Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico during a 12 month experimental period. Filament substrate artificial collectors contained in 2 mm plastic mesh bags (25 ± 25 cm) were deployed from the surface to 17 m of depth, and replaced monthly. Pinctada mazatlanica had the greatest recruitment (12 juveniles/cm2) in late summer and P. sterna (5 juveniles/cm2) in winter. Maximum spat collection from September 1986 to April 1987 occurred at 10 m depth for P. mazatlanica and at 4–7 m depth for P. sterna. However, peak spatfall under 11m depth occurred from late July to August 1987. The mean prodissoconch shell height was 254 μm (SE = 0.003; N = 50) for P. mazatlanica and 313 μm (SE = 0.004; N= 50) for P. sterna. The growth equations for the first five weeks of both species, based on the prodissoconch shell height and the maximum spat height (measured from the umbo to distal edge) are presented.
Larviculture of Mediterranean Marine Fish Species: Current Status and Future Trends
Authors: Sweetman John W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe larviculture of Mediterranean marine fish species has focused on the production of Spurus auruta and Dicentrarchus labrar. European fry production of these species has increased from 12 million in 1987 to 28 million in 1989 and is expected to rise to nearly 40 million fry in 1990.Within differing hatchery systems, larval survival has been improved through the use of commercially available w3‐HUFA rich live food enrichment diets. This combined with the use of surface cleaning techniques has led to a standardization of larval rearing procedures enabling mass production of quality fry. Increased concern with larval hygiene has resulted in larger larval rearing batch production and regular sterilization periods in most European units.Market pressure is stimulating established producers to diversify their species range and industrial quantities of Puntazzo puntuzzo, and Pagrus major are already being produced. Work has started on the larval culture of Dentex dentex, Pagrus pagrus and Seriola dumerilli.
A Review of Feeding Practices, Growth and Nutritional Physiology in Larvae of the Catfishes Clarias gariepinus and Clarias batrachus
Authors: Verreth J. , Eding E. H. , Rao G. R. M. , Huskens F. , Segner H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA comparative study of larval growth in the different species of the genus Clarias in different regions revealed that in spite of strong differences in egg and larval size, the growth potential was quite similar. Differences in growth between species and regions were strongly correlated with the applied feeding strategy, the applied growth parameter and period of measuring. To evaluate feeding strategies, standardized procedures for measuring growth are needed. Recalculating the results of the mentioned study according to these standardized procedures revealed that both in India and Indonesia, the growth rate of C. batrachus larvae was too low. This is probably due to low feeding levels in India and premature weaning in Indonesia.The basic biology and nutritional physiology of the larvae of C. gariepinus have been studied extensively. At the start of exogenous feeding, the larvae have an advanced digestive system with a functional pancreas, liver and nutrient absorption capabilities, but lack a functional stomach. The advanced digestive system is further exemplified by the development of the enzymatic complex. Probably because of the rapid development of the digestive system, feeding live food organisms is mostly practiced for a few days only and is soon replaced by wet and/or dry diets. It is hypothesized that the requirement of live food or specific larval diets during the first days of exogenous feeding is related to the absence of pepsin digestion during this period. Further optimization of the feeding strategies should focus on this conclusion.
The Culture of the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis with Chlorella vulgaris Containing Vitamin B12 in its Cells
Authors: Maruyama Isao , Hirayama Kazutsugu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe rotifer Brachionus plicatilis requires vitamin B12. Freshwater Chlorella, which is produced by traditional culture, cannot support rotifer growth under bacteria‐free conditions. However, Chlorella enriched with vitamin B12 can support rotifer growth. To attain stable mass production of Brachionus, it is desirable to develop a food that can completely support growth of the rotifers. The authors cultured rotifers at experimental and mass culture scale with concentrated Chlorella vulgaris suspension enriched with vitamin B12 in their cells. Chlorella suspensions were prepared containing different amounts of vitamin B12 in their cells, and rotifers were then cultured in 20 ml of the prepared suspensions. The highest rotifer yield was obtained from the group cultured with Chlorella containing more vitamin B12 in their cells. The suitable content of vitamin B12 in the concentrated Chlorella suspension commercially available for mass culture of the rotifer is considered to be 200 μg per 100 g dry matter of Chlorella. The amount of vitamin B12 necessary to produce one individual rotifer is calculated at 0.32 pg.The authors conducted mass production of the rotifer with baker's yeast and refrigerated concentrated Chlorella containing vitamin B12 Rotifer culture with vitamin B12 was more stable and showed 1.3 times higher production than with normal Chlorella.