bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some new results and current challenges in the finite element analysis of shells
Authors: Chapelle Dominique 
Published: July 2008

This article, a companion to the article by Philippe G. Ciarlet on the mathematical
modelling of shells also in this issue of Acta Numerica, focuses on
numerical issues raised by the analysis of shells.Finite element procedures are widely used in engineering practice to analyse
the behaviour of shell structures. However, the concept of ‘shell finite
element’ is still somewhat fuzzy, as it may correspond to very different ideas
and techniques in various actual implementations. In particular, a significant
distinction can be made between shell elements that are obtained via the
discretization of shell models, and shell elements – such as the general shell
elements – derived from 3D formulations using some kinematic assumptions,
without the use of any shell theory. Our first objective in this paper is to give
a unified perspective of these two families of shell elements. This is expected
to be very useful as it paves the way for further thorough mathematical
analyses of shell elements. A particularly important motivation for this is the
understanding and treatment of the deficiencies associated with the analysis
of thin shells (among which is the locking phenomenon). We then survey these
deficiencies, in the framework of the asymptotic behaviour of shell models. We
conclude the article by giving some detailed guidelines to numerically assess
the performance of shell finite elements when faced with these pathological
phenomena, which is essential for the design of improved procedures.
Architectural and authentic
Authors: THE EDITORS  
Published: July 2008

‘Linking practice with research’ is both our cover slogan and our objective. arq
covers the broad spectrum of architectural endeavour – which comes together
in design and buildings – and publishes contributions from both academics and
practitioners. Take this issue.First, it covers and considers architectural research in many forms and ways.
There's Rem Koolhaas' research on shopping; a pioneering application of a passive
environmental system; a competition-winning scheme for new housing; an account
of a completely unknown project by Le Corbusier; and an introduction to an
alternative to air-conditioning in hot, dry climates. There's also a timely look back
towards the beginnings of university-based architectural research in the 1960s; the
first English translation of Freyssinet's remarkable essay on the sublime; and a
review of Zaha Hadid's recent work and its theoretical base.Second, each of this broad spread of topics is design and practice-related. Most of
the authors have academic affiliations but seven are also architects in practice and
one is a practising engineer. Just two are architectural historians. Two of the articles
– those on the design of the Jersey Archive and on passive downdraught evaporative
cooling are interdisciplinary and based on considerations of sustainability. Our
letters pages reveal a bias towards practice – but, although all our correspondents
are practising architects or engineers, most have strong connections with academia.But this issue takes things a step further: it is the very first arq to carry an article
directly based on an architect's drawings and design report – rather than on a piece
especially written for publication. ‘From table to basin: St Mary's Island’ (pp.
229–247) is a lightly edited version of a competition-winning entry for a large
‘brownfield’ site in South-East England. For many years, there have been very few
competitions of this kind. The Editors felt that Buschow Henley's scheme deserved
more coverage than it had enjoyed in the professional press. Our referees agreed
and made just one recommendation – that the architects should write a short
introduction outlining their theoretical position.In our second issue, in the middle of a lively debate then being conducted in our
pages (arq 1/1 and 2), Philip Tabor wrote a leader entitled ‘Design is research: is it?’
He asked whether ‘a design submission, entirely drawn and unaccompanied by text,
would be awarded a research degree in architecture? Or, closer to home, would arq’s
editor and referees, accept it for publication?’ The answer he concluded, was
‘Probably not.’ Six years on, ‘From table to basin’ represents a shift in editorial policy
and a demonstration of the way in which designers can reflect upon their work as
research in a way that journalists cannot.
Figuring ground: notes on recent work by the Office of Zaha Hadid
Authors: Sharif Mohamed 
Published: July 2008

On studying the latest monograph
dedicated to recent work by the
Office of Zaha Hadid (OZH) – El
Croquis No.103: ‘Zaha Hadid
1996–2001’ – one enjoys two distinct
sensations: awe and pleasure. Truly
remarkable in both number and
quality, this collection of
sophisticated, poised and delicate
projects – some recently realized,
others imminent – demonstrates
syntheses more sizable and more
programmatically challenging
than those of the previous 15-year
period. Indeed, in conversation
with Architectural Association
Chairman Mohsen Mostafavi,
Hadid offers that ‘a new degree of
complexity has been entered’.As Mostafavi notes, the
conceptual theme evident in recent
work is that of geology. The
genealogy of this theme can be read
in early seminal works like the
Hong Kong Peak Project of 1983,
where planarity and spatial
compression combined with
sculptural tactics, like the carving
of existing landscape, to produce
public spaces within a newly
animated topography. But Hadid
comments that more recent
projects have tended to another
strain of the geological thematic:
the volumetric.
hapConstructor: automatic construction and testing of haplotypes in a Monte Carlo framework
Authors: Abo Ryan , Knight Stacey , Wong Jathine , Cox Angela , Camp Nicola J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSummary: Haplotypes carry important information that can direct investigators towards underlying susceptibility variants, and hence multiple tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) are usually studied in candidate gene association studies. However, it is often unknown which SNPs should be included in haplotype analyses, or which tests should be performed for maximum power. We have developed a program, hapConstructor, which automatically builds multi-locus SNP sets to test for association in a case-control framework. The multi-SNP sets considered need not be contiguous; they are built based on significance. An important feature is that the missing data imputation is carried out based on the full data, for maximal information and consistency. HapConstructor is implemented in a Monte Carlo framework and naturally extends to allow for significance testing and false discovery rates that account for the construction process and to related individuals. HapConstructor is a useful tool for exploring multi-locus associations in candidate genes and regions.Availability: http://www-genepi.med.utah.edu/GenieContact: ryan.abo@hsc.utah.edu
An integrated approach for automating validation of extracted ion chromatographic peaks
Authors: Nelson William D. , Viele Kert , Lynn Bert C. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Summary: Accurate determination of extracted ion chromatographic peak areas in isotope-labeled quantitative proteomics is difficult to automate. Manual validation of identified peaks is typically required. We have integrated a peak confidence scoring algorithm into existing tools which are compatible with analysis pipelines based on the standards from the Institute for Systems Biology. This algorithm automatically excludes incorrectly identified peaks, improving the accuracy of the final protein expression ratio calculation.
Contact: wnels2@uky.edu
Source and Supplementary Information: http://www.chem.uky.edu/research/lynn/Nelson.pdf
Development and application of seasonal indices of coastal-zone eutrophication
Authors: Ryan Scott A. , Roff John C. , Yeats Philip A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Ryan, S. A., Roff, J. C., and Yeats, P. A. 2008. Development and application of seasonal indices of coastal-zone eutrophication. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1469–1474. Indices of coastal-zone eutrophication were developed based on combined values of nitrogen, phosphorus, and phytoplankton biomass (measured as Chl a). Measurements of nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, Chl a, and total phosphorous were taken at a series of inlets (bays and estuaries) along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia and the north shore of Prince Edward Island in summer 2006. Reference data from offshore sites and measured data are displayed on a N (nitrogen):P (phosphorus) nutrient–space diagram, which clearly indicates thresholds between impacted and unimpacted inlets. The problem of seasonal variability in nutrient levels and phytoplankton concentrations is accounted for by using an amalgamation of the Redfield nutrient ratios and the coastal carbon–Chl a ratio and allowing for sedimentary losses. This amalgamated ratio allows for the inverse seasonal relationship between labile nutrient levels and Chl a, permitting the collection, comparison, and interpretation of seasonally variable data. Measured concentrations of phosphate were adjusted from measured Chl a and were compared with measured levels of total phosphorous for the Nova Scotian sites to assess the accuracy of conversions. Given regional calibration, these indices should be applicable to all coastal waters.
Evaluating potential indicators for an ecosystem approach to fishery management in European waters
Authors: Piet Gerjan J. , Jansen Henrice M. , Rochet Marie-Joëlle 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Piet, G. J., Jansen, H. M., and Rochet, M-J. 2008. Evaluating potential indicators for an ecosystem approach to fishery management in European waters. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1449–1455. This study describes the process of evaluating potential indicators for an ecosystem approach to fishery management in European waters by evaluating these indicators against existing criteria using questionnaires completed by experts. We (i) compare the use of a longer list of simple criteria with a shorter list of elaborate ones; (ii) compare evaluation results when screening criteria are applied to specific indicators vs. high-level headline indicators; and (iii) examine whether detailed questionnaires, with elaborate indicators and elaborate criteria, result in ranked scores that are less influenced by familiarity with the indicators. The results show that the ranked scores of indicators are affected by the level of detail, both in terms of criteria and indicators, provided in the questionnaires. It appears that adding detail to the questionnaires makes the scoring process more transparent and provides better founded scores; at a certain point, however, more-detailed indicators and/or more-detailed criteria result in decreased performance of the scoring process, reflecting mostly factors that do not determine the suitability of the indicator (e.g. the level of familiarity), while giving the false impression of a more thorough analysis.
TonB induces conformational changes in surface‐exposed loops of FhuA, outer membrane receptor of Escherichia coli
Authors: James Karron J. , Hancock Mark A. , Moreau Violaine , Molina Franck , Coulton James W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFhuA, outer membrane receptor of Escherichia coli, transports hydroxamate‐type siderophores into the periplasm. Cytoplasmic membrane–anchored TonB transduces energy to FhuA to facilitate siderophore transport. Because the N‐terminal cork domain of FhuA occludes the C‐terminal β‐barrel lumen, conformational changes must occur to enable siderophore passage. To localize conformational changes at an early stage of the siderophore transport cycle, four anti‐FhuA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were purified to homogeneity, and the epitopes that they recognize were determined by phage display. We mapped continuous and discontinuous epitopes to outer surface‐exposed loops 3, 4, and 5 and to β‐barrel strand 14. To probe for conformational changes of FhuA, surface plasmon resonance measured mAb binding to FhuA in its apo‐ and siderophore‐bound states. Changes in binding kinetics were observed for mAbs whose epitopes were mapped to outer surface‐exposed loops. Further, we measured mAb binding in the absence and presence of TonB. After forming immobilized FhuA–TonB complexes, changes in kinetics of mAb binding to FhuA were even more pronounced compared with kinetics of binding in the absence of TonB. Measurement of extrinsic fluorescence of the dye MDCC conjugated to residue 336 in outer surface‐exposed loop 4 revealed 33% fluorescence quenching upon ferricrocin binding and up to 56% quenching upon TonB binding. Binding of mAbs to apo‐ and ferricrocin‐bound FhuA complemented by fluorescence spectroscopy studies showed that their cognate epitopes on loops 3, 4, and 5 undergo conformational changes upon siderophore binding. Further, our data demonstrate that TonB binding promotes conformational changes in outer surface‐exposed loops of FhuA.
Estimating density of Kirk’s dik‐dik (Madoqua kirkiiGünther), impala (Aepyceros melampusLichtenstein) and common zebra (Equus burchelliGray) at Mpala, Laikipia District, Kenya
Authors: Shorrocks Bryan , Cristescu Bogdan , Magane Samiro 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study compares two methods of estimating the density of three ungulate species: Kirk’s dik‐dik, impala and common zebra, in a dry savannah ecosystem. Fixed strip width and distance sampling involving direct animal counts were used in parallel, and tested for bias and precision in two habitats. Distance sampling was the method that achieved a better balance between accuracy and precision. The differences in sightability of ungulates, according to body size, colour and habitat characteristics, are taken into account by the distance sampling method, but not by the strip method, which produced, what we suspect are, underestimates of animal density.
Diet selection and density estimates of forest buffalo in Campo‐Ma’an National Park, Cameroon
Authors: Bekhuis Patricia D. B. M. , De Jong Christine B. , Prins Herbert H. T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe studied diet selection and density of forest buffalo in the Campo Ma’an National Park of southern Cameroon. The buffalo’s diet in this rainforest comprised 43% grass, including 15%Leptochloa caerulecens. Other species eaten were non‐graminoid monocots (21.3%), mainly Commelinaceae (18.2%), including Palisota spp. and dicotyledons (32.7%), mainly leaves (26.5%). This diet revealed that buffalo collect their food on road verges, logging tracks and along large rivers. This agrees well with the distribution of buffalo tracks in the study area. Mean buffalo density in the forest was only 0.01 buffalo km−2, whereas the density on the road together with its direct surroundings was 0.4 buffalo per km of road. We estimated the total number of buffalo in the 650 km2 southern part of National Park Campo‐Ma’an of only twenty individuals. We suggest that the buffalo’s ancestral niche was not a primeval type of rainforest, as suggested by Kingdon, but an interface between savanna and rainforest. The Campo‐Ma’an buffalo most likely depend to a very large extent on anthropogenic vegetation types. Maintaining some grass cover by annual clear‐cutting along roads and on logging tracks might be necessary for the survival of the buffalo population within the National Park.
The microbiological and chemical composition of silage over the course of fermentation in round bales relative to that of silage made from unchopped and precision‐chopped herbage in laboratory silos
Authors: McEniry J. , O’Kiely P. , Clipson N. J. W. , Forristal P. D. , Doyle E. M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe composition of baled silage frequently differs from that of comparable conventional silage. A factorial experiment was conducted with three wilting treatments (0, 24 or 48 h) × three ensiling systems [unchopped grass in bales, unchopped grass in laboratory silos (LS), precision‐chopped grass in LS] × six stages of ensiling to (i) confirm that the fermentation of unchopped grass in LS could be used as an adequate model for baled silage fermentation, (ii) quantify the differences between baled silage and silage made from precision‐chopped herbage across a range of dry‐matter contents and (c) quantify the fermentation dynamics within the various treatments. The onset of fermentation as evidenced by the accumulation of fermentation products and the decline in pH were slower (P < 0·05) in baled silage compared with silage made from precision‐chopped herbage. Furthermore the pH (P < 0·001) and overall concentration of fermentation acids (P < 0·01) were lower while ammonia‐N concentration was generally higher in baled silage, making it more conducive to the activities of Clostridia, Enterobacteria and yeast. Numbers of Enterobacteria were higher (P < 0·001) in baled silage in the early stages of ensilage and persisted in baled silage at the end of the storage period. The implications of a slower onset of fermentation in baled herbage are greater in farm practice, as the fermentation would be further restricted by a more extensive wilting of the herbage prior to ensiling.
Intake, rumen fermentation, degradability and digestion kinetics in beef cattle offered autumn grass herbage differing in regrowth interval
Authors: Owens D. , McGee M. , Boland T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe effects of a 10‐d increase in regrowth interval (35 and 45 d) of a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward harvested in two periods in the autumn in Ireland on feed intake, rumen fermentation, in situ degradability and rumen digesta kinetics was examined using six ruminally cannulated Holstein–Friesian steers in three replicates of a 2 × 2 crossover design. The longer regrowth interval had a higher grass dry‐matter (DM) yield of herbage by 615 kg DM ha−1 and a lower crude protein (CP) concentration of herbage by 27 g kg−1 DM. There was no effect of regrowth interval on DM intake, rumen pH, total volatile fatty acid concentration or the molar proportions of acetate, propionate or butyrate in the rumen but the concentration of rumen ammonia (NH3‐N) was lower on the longer regrowth interval. The longer regrowth interval had a lower apparent total tract digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), N and neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF). There was no effect of regrowth interval on the in situ degradability of DM, OM, N or NDF. The passage rates (kp) of DM and OM were higher while the rate of digestion (kd) of DM and NDF was lower with the longer regrowth interval. The results indicated that, although increasing the regrowth interval by 10 d in autumn reduced the apparent digestibility of the grass herbage, there was no adverse effect on DM intake, rumen fermentation pattern or in situ rumen degradability. The reduction in rumen NH3‐N concentrations, reflecting the lower herbage CP concentration in herbage for the longer regrowth interval, may potentially reduce nitrogen excretion to the environment.
Quality and textural behaviour of par‐baked and rebaked cake during prolonged storage
Authors: Karaoğlu Mehmet Murat , Kotancilar Halis Gürbüz 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe effect of par‐baking and refrigerator storage on the quality of cake was investigated. Quality evaluation of rebaked cakes was performed by using physical, chemical and instrumental texture profile analysis. Cakes were par‐baked for 15, 20 and 25 min at 175 °C and then they were stored at refrigerator temperature (4 °C) for 30, 60 and 90 days, wrapped with two polyethylene bags. After storage, par‐baked cakes were rebaked at 175 °C and were subjected to analysis. Par‐baking and intermediate storage time had a significant effect on baking loss, crumb moisture content, colour, symmetry index and textural properties of cake. The increase in the par‐baking time led to a decrease in the baking loss and an increase in the moisture content of cake. Specific volume, moisture content, L colour value and symmetry index significantly decreased with increasing intermediate storage time, while baking loss significantly increased. However, regarding the crumb hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness, the results indicated that the best result was obtained when cakes were baked for 15 min at the par‐baking stage. Overall, the cakes became firmer, less cohesive and less dry crumb as the intermediate storage time increased, whereas springiness increased.
Inhibition of toxicogenic Bacillus licheniformis 553/1 in Nigerian Wara soft cheese by nisin‐producing Lactococcus lactis LAC309
Authors: Raheem Dele , Saris Per E. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryWara soft cheese is a traditionally produced cheese in Nigeria. The production of this cheese includes a heating step for killing vegetative cells. Therefore, mainly spore‐forming bacteria surviving the process may function as the first spoilers resulting in lowered shelf‐life and safety of the product. In this study, we investigated if the addition of a nisin‐producing Lactococcus lactis LAC309 starter after the high temperature treatment could result in nisin production and inhibition of the toxicogenic Bacillus licheniformis 553/1 strain spiked into the cheese. The results showed that L. lactis LAC309 could produce nisin in Wara cheese and that the strain inhibited (3 log reduction) B. licheniformis 553/1 in Wara cheese. Food technologists developing industrialised Wara cheese should therefore consider including a nisin‐producing starter strain in the cheese‐making process.
Starch‐lipid composites in plain set yogurt
Authors: Singh Mukti , Byars Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryStarch‐lipid composites (SLC) were used to replace milk solids in yogurt mixes. The effects of the SLC on the yogurt fermentations and rheology were studied. The rate of fermentation was evaluated by the change of pH during the fermentation of yogurt. The syneresis of yogurt was observed over 3 weeks of storage. Small amplitude oscillatory shear flow measurements of the storage modulus, the loss modulus, and the loss tangent were obtained using a vane geometry. Yogurt mixes with milk solids partially replaced by SLC fermented at a similar rate than as with no milk solids replaced. Initial viscosity was higher for yogurt mixes with higher levels of SLC. The higher initial viscosity did not affect the gel structure. The addition of SLC above a level of 3% strengthened the gel and resulted in no syneresis for yogurt samples stored for 3 weeks at 4 °C.
Process optimisation and physicochemical characterisation of potato powder
Authors: Carillo Petronia , Cacace Domenico , De Rosa Maria , De Martino Ermanno , Cozzolino Concettina , Nacca Francesco , D’Antonio Rosaria , Fuggi Amodio 
Published: July 2008

SummarySamples of two potato cultivars (Agria and Merit), cultivated either conventionally or organically, were analysed to evaluate their suitability to transformation into powder. Agria cultivar potatoes from the conventional farming were selected as the most suitable for drying process both for their high‐dry matter and good nutritional value. Blanching resulted in the most effective treatment to prevent potato browning. The potato powder was obtained by means of a drum dryer using different process parameters (temperature, time and product thickness) to minimise thermal damage on the final product. The effects of these different processes were evaluated by analysing some quality indicators, as final moisture, nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids) and colour of the powder, and rheological properties of the rehydrated puree. The results of such analyses showed that the lower the process temperature, the better the powder quality.