bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of coordination patterns during unsteady locomotion in mammals
Authors: Abourachid Anick , Herbin Marc , Hackert Rémi , Maes Ludovic , Martin Véronique 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYA framework to study interlimb coordination, which allowed the analysis of all the symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits, was recently proposed. It suggests that gait depends on a common basic pattern controlling the coordination of the forelimbs (fore lag, FL), the coordination of the hindlimbs (hind lag, HL)and the relationship between these two pairs of limbs (pair lag, PL) in an anteroposterior sequence of movement (APS). These three time parameters are sufficient for identifying all steady gaits. We assumed in this work that this same framework could also be used to study non-steady locomotion, particularly the transitions between symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits. Moreover, as the limbs are coordinated in time and also in space during locomotion, we associated three analogous space parameters (fore gap, FG; hind gap, HG and pair gap, PG) to the three time parameters. We studied the interlimb coordination of dogs and cats moving on a runway with a symmetrical gait. In the middle of the runway, the gait was disturbed by an obstacle, and the animal had to change to an asymmetrical coordination to get over it. The time(FL, HL, PL) and space (FG, HG, PG) parameters of each sequence of the trials were calculated. The results demonstrated that the APS method allows quantification of the interlimb coordination during the symmetrical and asymmetrical phases and during the transition between them, in both dogs and cats. The space and time parameters make it possible to link the timing and the spacing of the footfalls, and to quantify the spatiotemporal dimension of gaits in different mammals. The slight differences observed between dogs and cats could reflect their morphological differences. The APS method could thus be used to understand the implication of morphology in interlimb coordination. All these results are consistent with current knowledge in biomechanics and neurobiology, therefore the APS reflects the actual biological functioning of quadrupedal interlimb coordination.
Genetic dissection of attractant-induced conductances inParamecium
Authors: Bell Wade E. , Preston Robin R. , Yano Junji , Van Houten Judith L. 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYParamecium tetraurelia is attracted to acetate and biotin by swimming smoothly and fast up gradients of these attractants, and turning immediately and slowing down when leaving these stimuli. We use a group of mutants, each with a different defect in an identified ion conductance, to show that these two stimuli open different ion channels, and the behaviors that occur upon application of stimulus (on-response) and removal of stimulus(off-response) have different roles in attraction to these two stimuli. The most important parameters for successful attraction to acetate are the on-response behaviors of fast swimming with few turns, and the mutants'behavior suggests that IK(Ca,h) is the conductance involved that initiates this behavior. IK(Ca,h or d)appears to be important to the on-response in biotin; the results with mutants suggest that the biotin off-response depolarization is initiated by an ICa, which can be large enough or close enough to channels to open IK(Ca,d), INa(Ca) and IMg(Ca).
Total body oxygen stores and physiological diving capacity of California sea lions as a function of sex and age
Authors: Weise Michael J. , Costa Daniel P. 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYA defining physiological capability for air-breathing marine vertebrates is the amount of oxygen that can be stored in tissues and made available during dives. To evaluate the influence of oxygen storage capacity on aerobic diving capacity, we examined the extent to which blood and muscle oxygen stores varied as a function of age, body size and sex in the sexually dimorphic California sea lion, Zalophus californianus. We measured total body oxygen stores, including hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCHC, plasma volume, blood volume and muscle myoglobin in pups through adults of both sexes. Blood and muscle oxygen storage capacity was not fully developed by the end of the dependency period, with blood stores not fully developed until animals were larger juveniles (70 kg; 1.5-2.5 years) and muscle stores not until animals were sub-adult size (125 kg; 4-6 years). Differences in aerobic diving capacity among size classes were reflective of these major milestones in the development of oxygen stores. Male sea lions had greater absolute blood volume than females and reflected the larger mass of males, which became apparent when animals were large juveniles. Adult female sea lions had greater muscle myoglobin concentrations compared to males, resulting in greater mass-specific muscle and total oxygen stores. Delayed development of oxygen stores is consistent with the shallow epi-mesopelagic foraging behavior in this species. We hypothesize that the greater mass-specific oxygen stores of female sea lions compared to males is related to differences in foraging behavior between the sexes.
The predictive start of hunting archer fish: a flexible and precise motor pattern performed with the kinematics of an escape C-start
Authors: Wöhl Saskia , Schuster Stefan 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYOnce their shots have successfully dislodged aerial prey, hunting archer fish monitor the initial values of their prey's ballistic motion and elicit an adapted rapid turning maneuver. This allows these fish to head straight towards the later point of catch with a speed matched to the distance to be covered. To make the catch despite severe competition the fish must quickly and yet precisely match their turn and take-off speed to the initial values of prey motion. However, the initial variables vary over broad ranges and can be determined only after prey is dislodged. Therefore, the underlying neuronal circuitry must be able to drive a maneuver that combines a high degree of precision and flexibility at top speed. To narrow down which neuronal substrate underlies the performance we characterized the kinematics of archer fish predictive starts using digital high-speed video. Strikingly, the predictive starts show all hallmarks of Mauthner-driven teleost C-type fast-starts, which have previously not been noted in feeding strikes and were not expected to provide the high angular accuracy required. The high demands on flexibility and precision of the predictive starts do not compromise their performance. On the contrary, archer fish predictive starts are among the fastest C-starts known so far among teleost fish, with peak linear speed beyond 20 body lengths s-1, angular speed over 4500 deg. s-1, maximum linear acceleration of up to 12 times gravitational acceleration and peak angular acceleration of more than 450 000 deg. s-2. Moreover, they were not slower than archer fish escape C-starts, elicited in the same individuals. Rather, both escapes and predictive starts follow an identical temporal pattern and all kinematic variables of the two patterns overlap. This kinematic equivalence strongly suggests that archer fish recruit their C-start escape network of identified reticulospinal neurons, or elements of it, to drive their predictive starts. How the network drives such a rather complex behavior without compromising speed is a wide open question.
Parameters of variable reward distributions that affect risk sensitivity of honey bees
Authors: Drezner-Levy Tamar , Shafir Sharoni 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARY
We investigated risk sensitivity with harnessed honey bees in a proboscis-extension conditioning paradigm. We conditioned each subject to turn its head and extend its proboscis towards one of two presented odors; one odor was associated with a constant reward and the other with a variable reward that was either low or high, with probabilities P and (1-P),respectively. Reward values and probabilities were set so that the expected value of the variable alternative was equal to that of the constant one. We performed six experimental conditions in which variability was in reward volume and three conditions in which variability was in reward concentration. The experiments were designed to systematically test the effect of various parameters that describe the reward distributions on levels of risk sensitivity. Risk aversion was greatest when variability was in reward volume,and the variable distribution included zero rewards and had a high coefficient of variation (CV=s.d./mean). The variance itself did not affect risk sensitivity. Subjects were risk indifferent when the variable distribution did not include zero rewards, however these distributions were positively skewed. The independent effects of zero rewards and distribution skew remain to be tested. Subjects were risk indifferent in conditions where variability was in reward concentration, but concentration range was limited and these distributions did not include zero rewards and were skewed. We conclude that risk aversion to variability in reward amount is a robust phenomenon for some reward distributions. A systematic evaluation of the effect of various reward distribution parameters on choice behavior should complement functional and mechanistic approaches.
Measurable Emission Color Change: Size-dependent Reversible Fluorescence Quenching of CdTe Quantum Dots by Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Xia Yunsheng , Zhang Tianlong , Diao Xuelian , Zhu Changqing 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The measurable emission color change resulting from size-dependent quenching of water-soluble CdTe quantum dots by molecular oxygen was observed experimentally. Particle size, capping ligands as well as pH is proven to govern this quenching process.
Regioselective Metallation of Octaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0) with Mixed Bipyrrole Units by Using CuII or CuI
Authors: Mori Megumi , Setsune Jun-ichiro 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Metallation of meso-tetraphenyloctaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0) with mixed bipyrrole units with CuII or CuI resulted in the selective formation of CuII octaphyrins in two different figure eight loop conformations.
Size- and Stereo-specific Accommodation of Alkanes and Alkenes in Calixarene-based Microporous Solids
Authors: Ishii Yusuke , Nakayama Naoki , Konishi Katsuaki 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Hydrophobic micropores created in the crystal lattice of a calix[4]arene–polyoxometalate hybrid (C2-PW) selectively accommodated heptane rather than the branched homologues. The sorption properties were tunable by slight modification of the calixarene unit, whereby the recognition of E–Z stereochemistry of 2-heptene was achieved.
Attenuation of Slat Trailing Edge Noise Using Acoustic Liners
Authors: Ma Zhaokai , Smith Malcolm G. , Richards Simon K. , Zhang Xin 
Published: January 2007

Noise generated by high-lift devices such as the slats on the leading edge of a wing is a major contributor to the overall airframe noise during the landing approach of a commercial aircraft. In this work the concept of attenuating noise sources located at the trailing edge of a slat using absorptive acoustic liners in the slat gap is explored using a time-domain computational aeroacoustic (CAA) scheme. The aim of the computational modelling is to demonstrate the feasibility of controlling slat noise using acoustic liners, and to optimize the design for a future experiment. A model scale three-element high-lift airfoil is modelled; the slat and flap deflection angles are 23 deg and 32 deg respectively and the slat has a blunt trailing edge. The freestream Mach number is 0.2 and the main element angle of attack is 5 deg, corresponding to a typical approach condition. The Reynolds number is 3.6 million, based on the airfoil chord with the high-lift devices retracted. The computational results are divided into three parts: (1) an unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation using high-order spatial and temporal schemes is conducted for a wing without acoustic liners; the computed flow shows the presence of vortex shedding and acoustic sources behind the slat trailing edge; (2) a calculation of the radiated sound field is made for a range of liner impedance values by solving the linearised Euler equations (LEE) for a modelled acoustic source located at the trailing edge of the slat; (3) URANS computations for the wing with liner treatment are conducted. The results show that acoustic liners on the slat cove and on the main element can provide useful attenuation of slat trailing edge noise.
Does the type of prompt affect the accuracy of information provided by alleged victims of abuse in forensic interviews?
Authors: Lamb Michael E. , Orbach Yael , Hershkowitz Irit , Horowitz Dvora , Abbott Craig B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractForty‐three victims of sexual abuse averaging 9.78 years of age and 52 youths who admitted abusing them were interviewed about the abusive incidents. Forensically relevant details provided by the victims were categorised as confirmed, contradicted or ignored by the perpetrators. Most (66.6%) of the details were ignored, but details were more likely to be confirmed when they were elicited using invitations (open‐ended free‐recall prompts) rather than focused prompts. However, similar effects were not evident with respect to contradictions. The results support predictions that information elicited using free‐recall prompts is more likely to be accurate than information elicited using focused prompts. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material Elegance
Authors: DeLanda Manuel 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn the everyday, elegance is a wholly subjective attribute. Whether we deem someone to be ‘elegant’ is entirely dependent on our own personal perception of their outward appearance. Here, Manuel DeLanda provides for architecture an objective interpretation of the elegant or smart solution in which ‘there is a measurable economy of means to achieve a certain outcome’. Through a brief historical survey, he traces an empirical tradition of material elegance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Everything is Curved: The Mercedes‐Benz Museum, Stuttgart, Germany
Authors: van Berkel Ben , Bos Caroline 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn the Mercedez‐Benz Museum, Stuttgart, organisational and spatial strategies combine to yield an elegant form. Its presence, formal balance and refinement of features, along with its continuity of surface, create a building that is spatially and formally opulent. The structure rises above its context, while achieving harmony through its spatial configuration, which defies gravity ‐ cars and people are able to drive and walk up the building. Ben van Berkel and Caroline Bos of UNStudio describe here how they set out to achieve this by dedicating the spatiotemporal experience of the museum to motion and reiteration. Copyright © 2007 Ben van Berkel and Caroline Bos.
Deus Ex Machina: From Semiology to the Elegance of Aesthetics
Authors: Foster Gage Mark 
Published: January 2007

AbstractArchitecture's ability to realise large‐scale effects permits its emphasis to shift aesthetics on a project‐by‐project basis. Elegance unleashes a specific visual intelligence that can be achieved by refinement and precision of surface. Here, Mark Foster Gage investigates how elegance can be designed into a project. This requires a ‘visual and formal expertise’ combined with a careful curation of mutation and awareness of ‘extreme differentiation’. Elegance often only reveals itself partially, acquired, in the design stage, through ‘isolated views and expertly calibrated moments’ and perceived fleetingly in built work. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabricating Elegance: Digital Architecture's Coming of Age
Authors: Rosa Joseph 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFor Joseph Rosa, John H Bryan Curator of Architecture at the Institute of Chicago, elegance with its ‘refined aesthetic ability’ represents a concurrent maturing of design culture and technologies. It builds on the pioneering fabrication techniques of the late 1990s, spearheaded in seminal projects such as the Korean Presbyterian Church in New York by Greg Lynn, Douglas Garofalo and Michael McInturf, and the Yokohama Port Terminal by Foreign Office Architects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weiss/Manfredi Architects
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFor at least a decade, Weiss/Manfredi Architects has been considered one of the top New York firms ‐ contenders for prestigious public commissions that require more than a good solid commercial job. Now, with the opening of the Seattle Art Museum's Olympic Sculpture Park, they are making their mark on the national scene in the US, and their particular talent for place making is being widely recognised. Jayne Merkel talks with partners Marion Weiss and Michael Manfredi about that talent and how it developed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orchard Building, Bedales School
Authors: Melvin Jeremy 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe new classroom and administration building by Walters and Cohen for Bedales School also acts as a new entrance for the campus. Jeremy Melvin describes how as such the architecture is ‘symbolically as well as functionally significant’ in a manner that is in keeping with the school's ethos. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional Core/Shell Nanoparticles Self‐Assembled from pH‐Induced Thermosensitive Polymers for Targeted Intracellular Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Soppimath K. S. , Liu L.‐H. , Seow W. Y. , Liu S.‐Q. , Powell R. , Chan P. , Yang Y. Y. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract Core/shell nanoparticles that display a pH‐sensitive thermal response, self‐assembled from the amphiphilic tercopolymer, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐N,N‐dimethylacrylamide‐co‐10‐undecenoic acid) (P(NIPAAm‐co‐DMAAm‐co‐UA)), have recently been reported. In this study, folic acid is conjugated to the hydrophilic segment of the polymer through the free amine group (for targeting cancer cells that overexpress folate receptors) and cholesterol is grafted to the hydrophobic segment of the polymer. This polymer also self‐assembles into core/shell nanoparticles that exhibit pH‐induced temperature sensitivity, but they possess a more stable hydrophobic core than the original polymer P(NIPAAm‐co‐DMAAm‐co‐UA) and a shell containing folate molecules. An anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), is encapsulated into the nanoparticles. DOX release is also pH‐dependent. DOX molecules delivered by P(NIPAAm‐co‐DMAAm‐co‐UA) and folate‐conjugated P(NIPAAm‐co‐DMAAm‐co‐UA)‐g‐cholesterol nanoparticles enter the nucleus more rapidly than those transported by P(NIPAAm‐co‐DMAAm)‐b‐poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) nanoparticles, which are not pH sensitive. More importantly, these nanoparticles can recognize folate‐receptor‐expressing cancer cells. Compared to the nanoparticles without folate, the DOX‐loaded nanoparticles with folate yield a greater cellular uptake because of the folate‐receptor‐mediated endocytosis process, and, thus, higher cytotoxicity results. These multifunctional polymer core/shell nanoparticles may make a promising carrier to target drugs to cancer cells and release the drug molecules to the cytoplasm inside the cells.
n‐Channel, Ambipolar, and p‐Channel Organic Heterojunction Transistors Fabricated with Various Film Morphologies
Authors: Shi J. W. , Wang H. B. , Song D. , Tian H. K. , Geng Y. H. , Yan D. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe relationship between the performance characteristics of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) with 2,5‐bis(4‐biphenylyl)bithiophene/copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (BP2T/F16CuPc) heterojunctions and the thickness of the BP2T bottom layer is investigated. Three operating modes (n‐channel, ambipolar, and p‐channel) are obtained by varying the thickness of the organic semiconductor layer. The changes in operating mode are attributable to the morphology of the film and the heterojunction effect, which also leads to an evolution of the field‐effect mobility with increasing film thickness. In BP2T/F16CuPc heterojunctions the mobile charge carriers accumulate at both sides of the heterojunction interface, with an accumulation layer thickness of ca. 10 nm. High field‐effect mobility values can be achieved in continuous and flat films that exhibit the heterojunction effect.
Biochemical mechanisms leading to tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase activation
Authors: Li Junsuo S. , Han Qian , Fang Jianmin , Rizzi Menico , James Anthony A. , Li Jianyong 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase (TDO) is the first enzyme in the tryptophan oxidation pathway. It is a hemoprotein and its heme prosthetic group is present as a heme‐ferric (heme‐Fe3+) form that is not active. To be able to oxidize tryptophan, the heme‐Fe3+ form of the enzyme must be reduced to a heme‐ferrous (heme‐Fe2+) form and this study describes conditions that promote TDO activation. TDO is progressively activated upon mixing with tryptophan in a neutral buffer, which leads to an impression that tryptophan is responsible for TDO activation. Through extensive analysis of factors resulting in TDO activation during incubation with tryptophan, we conclude that tryptophan indirectly activates TDO through promoting the production of reactive oxygen species. This consideration is supported by the virtual elimination of the initial lag phase when either pre‐incubated tryptophan solution was used as the substrate or a low concentration of superoxide or hydrogen peroxide was incorporated into the freshly tryptophan and TDO mixture. However, accumulation of these reactive oxygen species also leads to the inactivation of TDO, so that both TDO activation and inactivation proceed with the specific outcome depending greatly on the concentrations of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. As a consequence, the rate of TDO catalysis varies depending upon the proportion of the active to inactive forms of the enzyme, which is in a dynamic relationship in the reaction mixture. These data provide some insight towards elucidating the molecular regulation of TDO in vivo. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 64:74–87, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ubiquitin Binds to a Short Peptide Segment of Hydrolase UCH‐L3: A Study by FCS, RIfS, ITC and NMR
Authors: Roth Günter , Freund Stefan , Möhrle Bernd , Wöllner Karin , Brünjes Jente , Gauglitz Günter , Wiesmüller Karl‐Heinz , Jung Günther 
Published: January 2007

AbstractScreening for small peptidic affinity tags for the detection of ubiquitin and ubiquitinated proteins yielded the dodecapeptide amide DPDELRFNAIAL‐NH2 as a specific ubiquitin‐interacting ligand. A peptide collection—based on crystal structures with ubiquitin‐interacting proteins—was designed and confirmed by sequence comparison of ubiquitin‐interacting motifs. Four independent physical detection methods demonstrated that the peptide binds to monomeric ubiquitin with an affinity of about 10 μM and with fast on and off rates. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with fluorescent peptides showed specific interaction with ubiquitin. Reflectometric interference spectroscopy with surface‐immobilized peptides and isothermal calorimetry measurements confirmed the specific binding of ubiquitin and fast rate constants. 1H,15N heteronuclear NMR localised the interaction site across the β sheet of ubiquitin. The peptide aligns well with the ubiquitin‐interacting motif and represents a lead structure for the rational design of high‐affinity tags for targeting ubiquitinated protein in vitro and in vivo.