bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between Insulin Sensitivity and Measures of Body Fat in Asymptomatic Men and Women
Authors: Sierra‐Johnson Justo , Johnson Bruce D. , Bailey Kent R. , Turner Stephen T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess whether measures of body fat by DXA scanning can improve prediction of insulin sensitivity (SI) beyond what is possible with traditional measures, such as BMI, waist circumference, and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR).Research Methods and Procedures: Frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in 256 asymptomatic non‐Hispanic white subjects from Rochester, MN (age 19‐60 years; 123 men and 133 women) to determine the SI index by Bergman's minimal model technique. Height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were measured for calculation of BMI and WHR; DXA was used to determine fat in the head, upper body, abdomen, and lower body. Linear regression was used to assess their relationships with SI after sex stratification and adjustment for age.Results: After controlling for age, increases in traditional and DXA measures of fat were consistently associated with smaller declines in SI among women than among men. In men, after controlling for age, all of the predictive information of SI was provided by waist circumference (additional R2 = 0.39, p < 0.001); none of the DXA measures improved the ability to predict SI. In women, after adjustment for age, BMI, and WHR, the only DXA measure that improved the prediction of SI was percentage head fat (additional R2 = 0.03, p < 0.001).Discussion: Equivalent increases in most measures of body fat had lesser impact on SI in women than in men. In both sexes, the predictive information provided by DXA measures is approximately equal to, but not additive to, that provided by simpler, traditional measures.
African‐American Girls’ Dietary Intake while Watching Television
Authors: Matheson Donna M. , Wang Yun , Klesges Lisa M. , Beech Bettina M. , Kraemer Helena C. , Robinson Thomas N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Television viewing has been associated with childhood obesity, although the mechanisms that link television viewing to higher BMI have not been established. Therefore, our objectives, in this report, were to describe the amount and types of foods that African‐American girls consume while watching television and to examine the associations between African‐American girls’ BMI and the food they consume while watching television.Research Methods and Procedures: Data were collected from 210 8‐ to 10‐year‐old African‐American girls at four field centers by trained and certified nutritionists. Two nonconsecutive 24‐hour dietary recalls were collected from each girl. For each eating episode reported, the girls were asked if they had been watching television while eating. Height and weight were collected using standard methods and used to calculate BMI.Results: The data were analyzed separately by field center. The proportion of average daily energy intake that the girls consumed while watching television ranged from 26.9% to 35.0%. At all field centers, 40% to 50% of evening meals were consumed while watching television. None of the Spearman correlations between girls’ BMI and the amount and type of foods consumed while watching television or at other times during the day were statistically significant (p > 0.05).Discussion: This research revealed that a significant proportion of African‐American girls’ daily energy intake is consumed while watching television. Interventions that target reductions in food consumption while watching television or reducing television viewing may be effective strategies to decrease children's energy intakes. These results support a need for research to test the efficacy of these approaches.
Covariability in Diet and Physical Activity in African‐American Girls
Authors: Thompson Deborah , Jago Russell , Baranowski Tom , Watson Kathy , Zakeri Issa , Cullen Karen W. , Story Mary , Sherwood Nancy E. , Pruitt Leslie A. , Matheson Donna M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Our goal was to examine 12‐week covariability in diet and physical activity changes among 8‐ to 10‐year‐old African‐American girls and if these changes predicted percent change in BMI.Research Methods and Procedures: Covariability among percent changes [(post − pre)/pre × 100] in nutrients, food groups, and physical activity was assessed among 127 8‐ to 10‐year‐old African‐American girls. Pearson correlation and hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed.Results: Percent change in percentage kilocalories from carbohydrate was negatively correlated with percent change in both percentage kilocalories from fat (r = −0.85; p ≤ 0.01) and protein (r = −0.51; p ≤ 0.01). No statistically significant relationships were observed in percent changes among food group variables. Negative relationships were observed between percent changes in fruit/100% juice and percentage kilocalories from fat (r = −0.20; p ≤ 0.05) and between percent changes in minutes of moderate‐to‐vigorous and sedentary activity (r = −0.60; p ≤ 0.01). No significant associations were observed between percent change in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity and diet variables or percent change in BMI or waist circumference and percent change in diet or physical activity.Discussion: No relationships were observed between percent changes in physical activity and dietary variables. Percent change in diet and/or physical activity did not predict percent change in BMI. This may have been due to the small sample size, the small changes in diet or physical activity, the short duration of the intervention, or because data from different interventions were combined. Understanding these relationships could have significant implications for addressing the obesity epidemic.
Relationship between Physical Activity and Diet among African‐American Girls
Authors: Jago Russell , Baranowski Tom , Yoo Sunmi , Cullen Karen W. , Zakeri Issa , Watson Kathy , Himes John H. , Pratt Charlotte , Sun Wanjie , Pruitt Leslie A. , Matheson Donna M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the cross‐sectional relationships between physical activity and dietary behaviors among 8‐ to 10‐year‐old African‐American girls.Research Methods and Procedures: Two hundred ten 8‐ to 10‐year‐old African‐American girls from four field centers participated. Computer Science and Applications (CSA) activity monitors were worn for 3 days. CSA data were expressed as mean CSA counts per minute, mean minutes of moderate to vigorous activity per day, and mean metabolic equivalents (METS) per minute. Two nonconsecutive 24‐hour dietary recalls were analyzed for kilocalories; percent kilocalories from fat; daily servings of fruit, 100% fruit juice, and vegetables; sweetened beverages; and water consumption. Height and weight were measured, and information on household income, material possessions, and participant age were obtained.Results: All three expressions of physical activity were significantly negatively associated with percentage calories from fat (r = −0.147 to −0.177, p < 0.01), and mean METS per minute were significantly positively associated with percentage calories from carbohydrate (r = 0.149, p < 0.05) after controlling for household income, material possessions, field center, and total caloric intake. Income was inversely associated with percentage calories from fat.Discussion: Physical activity and dietary fat consumption were inversely related among African‐American girls. Efforts to prevent obesity in preadolescent African‐American girls should focus on increasing physical activity and lowering dietary fat consumption.
Biology of Eating Behavior in Obesity
Authors: Schwartz Gary J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUnderstanding normal and dysfunctional energy regulation and body weight regulation requires neural evaluation of the signals involved in the control of food intake within a meal, as well as signals related to the availability of stored fuels. Work from our laboratory has focused on peripheral and central nervous system studies of behavior and physiology designed to improve our understanding of the role of gut—brain communication in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis. Gastrointestinal administration of nutrients reduces subsequent meal size, suggesting a potent role for peripheral nutrient sensing in the negative feedback control of ingestion. Vagal afferent nerves supply gastrointestinal sites stimulated during food intake, and these nerves are responsive to mechanical and nutrient chemical properties of ingested food. In addition, the presence of nutrients in these gastrointestinal sites stimulates the release of peptides that affect energy intake. These gut peptides also modulate the activity of peripheral gastrointestinal sensory nerves in ways that may contribute to their effects on food intake. In the central nervous system, adiposity hormones and their downstream mediators have been shown to work at both hindbrain and forebrain sites to affect food intake and metabolism. Importantly, recent data has shown that adiposity hormones acting in the brain increase the behavioral and neural potency of feeding inhibitory gastrointestinal stimuli. These data support the suggestion that insensitivity to adiposity hormones in obesity may be characterized by alterations in their ability to modulate the neural processing of food signals important in determining how much food is consumed during a meal.
Carbohydrates and Increases in Obesity: Does the Type of Carbohydrate Make a Difference?
Authors: Wylie‐Rosett Judith , Segal‐Isaacson CJ , Segal‐Isaacson Adam 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWith the prevalence of obesity increasing in the U.S. and elsewhere, the place of carbohydrates in the diet has recently been under closer examination. This has led to the development of methods for analyzing the effects of dietary carbohydrate. Primary among these methods is the glycemic index, a measure of a food's effect on blood glucose levels, which was initially designed as a method for determining suitable carbohydrates for people with diabetes. However, the glycemic index does not address other metabolic issues related to excess sugar consumption. Prominent among these issues is the use of low glycemic index sweeteners, particularly fructose, which is increasingly present in processed food. Fructose is associated with increased adiposity, which may result from its effects on hormones associated with satiety. Other methods of determining “good” carbohydrates have also been developed. The common theme among them is increased nonstarchy vegetables and higher‐fiber legumes.
The High Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Mexican Children
Authors: Del Río‐Navarro Blanca E. , Velázquez‐Monroy Oscar , Sánchez‐Castillo Claudia P. , Lara‐Esqueda Agustín , Berber Arturo , Fanghänel Guillermo , Violante Rafael , Tapia‐Conyer Roberto , James W. Philip T. ,   The Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENSA) 2000 Working Group
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To establish the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Mexican children 10 to 17 years of age according to the percentiles from both the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF).Research Methods and Procedures: Heights and weights were measured in children from nationally representative, randomly chosen households in the Mexican National Health Survey 2000. The study population consisted of 7862 boys and 8947 girls, 10 to 17 years of age. Measurements used were the percentage of children in the corresponding BMI categories for overweight and obesity specified by the CDC and the IOTF BMI percentiles.Results: The children were short, with mean Z scores for height by age varying from − 0.62 ± 1.26 to −1.12 ± 1.06 in boys and from −0.45 ± 1.25 to −1.19 ± 1.12 in girls. CDC‐based overweight prevalences varied by age from 10.8% to 16.1% in boys and 14.3% to 19.1% in girls, with obesity prevalences from 9.2% to 14.7% in boys and 6.8% to 10.6% in girls; these prevalences did not relate to stunting. IOTF‐based excess weight prevalences were similar, with higher overweight rates (boys, 15.4% to 18.8%; girls, 18.4% to 22.3%) but lower obesity rates (boys, 6.1% to 9%; girls, 5.9% to 8.2%).Discussion: Mexican children have one‐half the overweight/obesity prevalences of U.S. Mexican‐American children; however, there are higher rates in Northern Mexico, which is closer to the U.S. These escalating rates of excess weight demand new prevention, as well as management, policies.
Influence of Methylphenidate on Eating in Obese Men
Authors: Leddy John J. , Epstein Leonard H. , Jaroni Jodie L. , Roemmich James N. , Paluch Rocco A. , Goldfield Gary S. , Lerman Caryn 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Rapid synaptic dopamine transport or reduced brain dopamine receptor signaling may influence energy intake. Methylphenidate, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, increases brain synaptic dopamine and produces anorexia, suggesting that it may reduce energy intake. We investigated the effects of two doses of short‐acting methylphenidate on energy intake over one meal in obese adult males.Research Methods and Procedures: Nine obese males (>85th BMI percentile) ingested a placebo or a moderate dose (0.5 mg/kg) or a high dose (1.0 mg/kg) of methylphenidate in a within‐subject double‐blind acute laboratory study. One hour after ingestion, pizza consumption was measured in a naturalistic laboratory setting.Results: Participants reduced energy intake by 23% for the moderate dose vs. the placebo (p< 0.02), but there was no significant difference for the high dose vs. the moderate dose (p> 0.05). Participants consumed 34% fewer kilocalories after ingesting the lowest effective dose of methylphenidate compared with placebo (725.7 ± 404.5 vs.1095 ± 271.1 kcal,p< 0.01). Seven of nine subjects responded to the moderate dose. The increase in perceived drug effect above placebo was correlated with the reduction in energy intake for both the moderate (r= −0.85,p= 0.004) and the high (r= −0.75p= 0.021) doses. Hunger scores were not different across drug doses or placebo before drug administration.Discussion: Methylphenidate reduced energy intake of a highly palatable food over one meal by one‐third in obese adult males. Dopamine transport inhibition may be an effective component of a comprehensive treatment for obesity.
A Weight Reduction Program Preserves Fat‐Free Mass but Not Metabolic Rate in Obese Adolescents
Authors: Lazzer Stefano , Boirie Yves , Montaurier Christophe , Vernet Jean , Meyer Martine , Vermorel Michel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the effects of a multidisciplinary weight reduction program on body composition and energy expenditure (EE) in severely obese adolescents.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐six severely obese adolescents, 12 to 16 years old [mean BMI: 33.9 kg/m2; 41.5% fat mass (FM)] followed a 9‐month weight reduction program including moderate energy restriction and progressive endurance and resistance training. Body composition was assessed by DXA, basal metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry, and EE by whole‐body indirect calorimetry with the same activity program over 36‐hour periods before starting and 9 months after the weight reduction period.Results: Adolescents gained (least‐square mean ± SE) 2.9 ± 0.2 cm in height, lost 16.9 ± 1.3 kg body weight (BW), 15.2 ± 0.9 kg FM, and 1.8 ± 0.5 kg fat‐free mass (FFM) (p < 0.001). Basal metabolic rate, sleeping, sedentary, and daily EE were 8% to 14% lower 9 months after starting (p < 0.001) and still 6% to 12% lower after adjustment for FFM (p < 0.05). Energy cost of walking decreased by 22% (p < 0.001). The reduction in heart rate during sleep and sedentary activities (−10 to −13 beats/min), and walking (−20 to −25 beats/min) (p < 0.001) resulted from both the decrease in BW and physical training.Discussion: A weight reduction program combining moderate energy restriction and physical training in severely obese adolescents resulted in great BW and FM losses and improvement of cardiovascular fitness but did not prevent the decline in EE even after adjustment for FFM.
Weight‐Bearing Physical Activity among Girls and Mothers: Relationships to Girls’ Weight Status
Authors: Fulkerson Jayne A. , French Simone A. , Story Mary , Hannan Peter J. , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne , Himes John H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess weight‐bearing physical activity (WBPA) barriers, benefits, self‐efficacy, social influence, and behaviors [WBPA and physical activity (PA)] among girls and their mothers according to girls’ weight status (nonoverweight vs. overweight).Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 9‐ to 11‐year‐old girls (n = 295) and their mothers who participated in the baseline assessment of a nutrition and PA intervention trial. Girls’ and mothers’ WBPA attitudes and mothers’ WBPA behaviors were self‐reported on questionnaires. Girls’ WBPA and total PA behaviors were self‐reported using a structured interview (Physical Activity Checklist Interview). Stature and weight were measured by standardized anthropometrics. Overweight status was based on BMI.Results: Compared with nonoverweight girls, overweight girls were significantly more likely to report barriers to WBPA participation and perceive social influence from family and friends to do more WBPA. They were also significantly less likely to report self‐efficacy regarding WBPA and to believe that they did enough WBPA. Compared with mothers of nonoverweight girls, mothers of overweight girls were significantly more likely to report that it is difficult to persuade their daughters to do more WBPA and significantly less likely to report that WBPA was fun for their daughters. Girls’ overweight status was not associated with girls’ reports of minutes spent per week in PA or WBPA.Discussion: The present study's findings of lower WBPA self‐efficacy, lack of enjoyment of WBPA, and higher perceived social influence to do WBPA among overweight girls suggest that efforts are needed to promote physical competencies and positive perceptions of PA among overweight girls.
Weight Cycling and the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes among Adult Women in the United States
Authors: Field Alison E. , Manson JoAnn E. , Laird Nan , Williamson David F. , Willett Walter C. , Colditz Graham A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the role of weight cycling independent of BMI and weight change in predicting the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: A six‐year follow‐up of 46, 634 young and middle‐aged women in the Nurses’ Health Study II was conducted. Women who had intentionally lost ≥20 lbs at least three times between 1989 and 1993 were classified as severe weight cyclers. Women who had intentionally lost ≥10 lbs at least three times were classified as mild weight cyclers. The outcome was physician‐diagnosed type 2 diabetes.Results: Between 1989 and 1993, ∼20% of the women were mild weight cyclers, and 1.6% were severe weight cyclers. BMI in 1993 was positively associated with weight‐cycling status (p < 0.001). During 6 years of follow‐up (1993 to 1999), 418 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. BMI in 1993 had a strong association with the risk of developing diabetes. Compared with women with a BMI between 17 and 22 kg/m2, those with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2 were approximately seven times more likely to develop diabetes, and those with a BMI ≥35 kg/m2 were 63 times more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for BMI, neither mild (relative risk = 1.11, 95% confidence interval, 0.89 to 1.37) nor severe (relative risk = 1.39, 95% confidence interval, 0.90 to 2.13) weight cycling predicted risk of diabetes.Discussion: Weight cycling was strongly associated with BMI, but it was not independently predictive of developing type 2 diabetes.
Improvement of Insulin Resistance and Early Atherosclerosis in Patients after Gastric Banding
Authors: Hanusch‐Enserer Ursula , Cauza Edmund , Spak Marita , Endler Georg , Dunky Attila , Tura Andrea , Wagner Oswald , Rosen Harald R. , Pacini Giovanni , Prager Rudolf 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effect of massive weight loss on insulin sensitivity, soluble adhesion molecules, and markers of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS).Research Methods and Procedures: Eighteen morbidly obese patients underwent gastric banding and were evaluated before and 6 and 12 months after surgery. Total insulin secretion, hepatic insulin extraction, and insulin sensitivity were analyzed by oral glucose‐tolerance test model analysis. In addition, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, E‐selectin, leptin, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, plasminogen activating factor‐1 (PAI‐1), and tissue plasminogen activator were measured.Results: BMI dropped from 45.22 ± 5.62 to 36.99 ± 4.34 kg/m2 after 6 months and 33.72 ± 5.55 kg/m2 after 12 months (both p < 0.0001). This intervention resulted in a significant reduction of blood pressure (p < 0.00001), triglycerides (p < 0.01), fasting blood glucose (p = 0.03), basal insulin (p < 0.001), and basal C‐peptide (p = 0.008) levels. Total insulin secretion decreased (p < 0.05), whereas hepatic insulin extraction (p < 0.05) and oral glucose insulin sensitivity index (p < 0.0001) increased compared with baseline. Leptin (p < 0.0001) and E‐selectin levels decreased significantly after 6 and 12 months (p = 0.05), whereas significantly lower levels of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 and PAI‐1 were only seen after 6 months. Subclinical inflammation, measured by high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, was lowered to normal ranges. No changes were observed in vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 and tissue plasminogen activator levels.Discussion: Although gastric banding ameliorates several features of the IRS, including 29.05% improvement in insulin sensitivity and blood pressure and reduction of soluble adhesion molecules and PAI‐1, considerable weight loss did not normalize all components of the IRS in morbidly obese patients.
State‐Level Estimates of Annual Medical Expenditures Attributable to Obesity*
Authors: Finkelstein Eric A. , Fiebelkorn Ian C. , Wang Guijing 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To provide state‐level estimates of total, Medicare, and Medicaid obesity‐attributable medical expenditures.Research Methods and Procedures: We developed an econometric model that predicts medical expenditures. We used this model and state‐representative data to quantify obesity‐attributable medical expenditures.Results: Annual U.S. obesity‐attributable medical expenditures are estimated at $75 billion in 2003 dollars, and approximately one‐half of these expenditures are financed by Medicare and Medicaid. State‐level estimates range from $87 million (Wyoming) to $7.7 billion (California). Obesity‐attributable Medicare estimates range from $15 million (Wyoming) to $1.7 billion (California), and Medicaid estimates range from $23 million (Wyoming) to $3.5 billion (New York).Discussion: These estimates of obesity‐attributable medical expenditures present the best available information concerning the economic impact of obesity at the state level. Policy makers should consider these estimates, along with other factors, in determining how best to allocate scarce public health resources. However, because they are associated with large SE, these estimates should not be used to make comparisons across states or among payers within states.