bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of smoulder (Botrytis narcissicold) in narcissus with fungicides
Authors: O'NEILL T M , HANKS G R , WILSON D W 
Published: July 2006

SummarySmoulder, caused by Botrytis narcissicola, is the most widespread foliar disease of narcissus (Narcissus cultivars) in the UK and causes significant losses in bulb and flower yield. A range of current and novel fungicide treatments was examined to determine if control of the disease could be improved and to measure the effect of treatments on bulb yield. In assays on pot‐grown plants, carbendazim+flusilazole, epoxiconazole, iprodione + thiophanate‐methyl, tebuconazole and vinclozolin reduced lesion size by more than 90%, compared with untreated plants, when applied 1 day before inoculation with the fungus; vinclozolin and tebuconazole were also effective when applied 2 days after inoculation. In field experiments in Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire, significant reductions were observed in secondary smoulder symptoms (leaf lesions and stem rot) following fungicide sprays. Spray programmes of the novel fungicides azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, kresoxim‐methyl, tebuconazole and pyrimethanil were as effective, or more so, than the standard treatments (chlorothalonil, vinclozolin) used by growers. Mixtures of carbendazim + tebuconazole and azoxystrobin + tebuconazole also gave effective control of smoulder. Programmes of four to six sprays, using two or three fungicides with different modes of action, applied alternately, reduced smoulder by 35–69% and increased bulb yields by 7–59%. Although treatment around and after flowering resulted in the greatest control of secondary smoulder, treatment before flowering was required for the highest bulb yields. The choice of fungicides for use in spray programmes to provide effective and reliable control of smoulder, and the possibility of control using fewer sprays, are discussed.
Autumn, winter and spring dynamics of aphid Sitobion avenae and parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi interactions
Authors: LEGRAND M A , COLINET H , VERNON P , HANCE T 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe potential of parasitoids for aphid control during summer has been well documented. Few results are available on the impact of parasitoid populations on aphid hosts during autumn and winter and on the dynamics of their interactions during this period. The population development of Sitobion avenae, in Belgium, is analysed, from October to April, in the presence and absence of the parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi. In the presence of parasitoids in winter, aphid populations decreased markedly and remained low at the beginning of spring. Induction of winter diapause in A. rhopalosiphi was observed during November at a mean temperature of 6.3°C and a decreasing photoperiod from 9.5–8.5 h of day light. A large range of A. rhopalosiphi mummy colourations, between dark and light, was noticed. This range of colouration did not allow a clear‐cut distinction between diapausing and non‐diapausing individuals of A. rhopalosiphi. The influence of seasonal weather and particularly temperature conditions on parasitoid mortality, strategy for overwintering and aphid population dynamics are discussed.
Spatial sampling to detect slug abundance in an arable field
Authors: ARCHARD GABRIELLE A , BOHAN DAVID A , HUGHES LOUISE , WILTSHIRE CHRISTOPHER W 
Published: July 2006

SummaryOveruse of molluscicides by farmers in arable systems can lead to environmental and product contamination. Here we assess a simple and inexpensive surface trapping method for monitoring populations of slugs(Deroceras reticulatum and Arion intermedius). This method was biased against small slugs, and againstA. intermedius, when compared to direct soil sampling. Regression was used to model the relationship between the results of surface trapping and soil sampling methods. Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (SADIE) algorithms were used to describe the spatial relationships between the two sets of samples. Using both traditional statistical methods and spatial statistics, the spatial information collected from surface traps was sufficient to identify patches and gaps in slug numbers and possibly to allow the spot application of slug control, and thus provide land managers who experience slug damage with a way of reducing molluscicides use, whilst maintaining slug control. Further improvements and applications of the model are discussed.
Effects of long‐term salt stress on antioxidant defence systems, leaf water relations and chloroplast ultrastructure of potato plants
Authors: FIDALGO FERNANDA , SANTOS ARLETE , SANTOS ISABEL , SALEMA R 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe effect of long‐term (30 days) NaCl treatments (100 mM and 200 mM) on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes, level of antioxidant metabolites, water relations and chloroplast ultrastructure, was studied in potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. Désirée) leaves. Salt stress negatively affected relative water content, leaf stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. In treated plants, proline was enhanced, but there was a significant decrease in ascorbate and proteins. Total superoxide dismutase activity was increased. The isozyme patterns detected in native gels from salt‐irrigated plants were not changed although all the isoforms appeared more heavily stained due to higher activity. In contrast, at both levels of NaCl, catalase activity decreased and ascorbate peroxidase activity showed no significant change in comparison with an untreated control. At ultrastructural level, only thylakoid swelling and a decrease in the amount of grana stacking was observed in treated plants. The overall behaviour of the antioxidant enzymes suggests an increase of cellular H2O2 that would contribute to the oxidative stress of potato plants, but which may be alleviated somewhat by the enhanced levels of proline.
First impact of biotechnology in the EU: Bt maize adoption in Spain
Authors: DEMONT M , TOLLENS E 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn the present paper a bio‐economic model was constructed to estimate the impact of a biotechnology innovation in EU agriculture. Transgenic Bt maize offers the potential to efficiently control corn borers that cause economically important losses in maize growing in Spain. Since 1998, Syngenta has commercialised the variety Compa CB, equivalent to an annual maize area of about 25 000 ha. During the 6‐year period 1998–2003, a total welfare gain of 15.5 million euros was estimated from the adoption of Bt maize, of which Spanish farmers captured two thirds, the rest accruing to the seed industry.
Loss of decreased‐rubisco phenotype between generations of wheat transformed with antisense and sense rbcS
Authors: MITCHELL ROWAN A C , JOYCE PRIYA A , RONG HONGLIN , EVANS VICTORIA J , MADGWICK PIPPA J , PARRY MARTIN A J 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe elite UK winter wheat cv. Riband was transformed with constructs containing rbcS in sense and antisense orientations driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter with a transformation efficiency of 1.2%. Of 77 primary transformants 31% of the sense‐rbcS transformed lines and 78% of the antisense‐rbcS transformed lines had decreased rubisco content compared to wild‐type and marker‐only controls, with decreases of up to 60%. However, in the T1 progeny which inherited the transgene, only 5% showed significantly decreased rubisco content and these effects were on the margins of significance. Five potential T2 homozygous lines from T1 parents which had transgene segregation consistent with a single locus were identified. There was no significant decrease in rubisco content relative to wild‐type in any of these lines (LSD of 8% for P= 0.05). Expression of antisense rbcS transgenes in two of these T2 lines was low but was increased following exposure of the plants to 37°C for 48 h. However this did not induce a significant decrease in rubisco protein content relative to controls. Southern analysis of two antisense lines showed that they had low copy number and 1–2 insertion events. In one of the two lines there was increased methylation of the ubiquitin intron in T2 samples compared to the TO primary transformant. Further work is required to establish whether methylation occurred in all the lines which lost the phenotype, and therefore the likelihood of this being the cause. The disappearance of the decreased rubisco‐content phenotype between generations may therefore be attributable to (1) greater activity of the ubiquitin promoter due to greater stress in the T0 generation plants and/or (2) increased methylation of the transgene promoter region between generations.
Proteome‐level changes in the roots of Pisum sativum in response to salinity
Authors: KAV NAT N V , SRIVASTAVA SANJEEVA , GOONEWARDENE LAKSIRI , BLADE STANFORD F 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWe initiated a proteomics‐based approach to identify root proteins affected by salinity in pea (Pisum sativum cv. Cutlass). Salinity stress was imposed either on 2‐wk old pea plants by watering with salt water over 6 wk or by germinating and growing pea seeds for 7 days in Petri dishes. Concentrations of NaCl above 75 mM had significant negative effects on growth and development of peas in both systems. Salinity‐induced root proteome‐level changes in pea were investigated by 2‐D electrophoresis of proteins from control, 75 and 150 mM NaCl‐treated plants and seedlings. The majority of the protein spots visualised showed reproducible abundance in root protein extracts from whole plants and seedlings. Of these proteins, 35 spots that exhibited significant changes in abundance due to NaCl treatment were selected for identification using ESI‐Q‐TOF MS/MS. The identities of these proteins, which include pathogenesis‐related (PR) 10 proteins, antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) are presented, and the roles of some of them in mediating responses of pea to salinity are discussed. This is the first report of salinity‐induced changes in the root proteome of pea that suggests a potential role for PR10 proteins in salinity stress responses. Our findings also suggest the possible existence of a novel signal transduction pathway involving SOD, H2O2, NDPK and PR10 proteins with a potentially crucial role in abiotic stress responses.
An overview of the factors affecting sugar content of potatoes
Authors: KUMAR DINESH , SINGH B P , KUMAR PARVEEN 
Published: July 2006

SummaryPotatoes destined for making chips, French fries and other fried products, need to have low sugar content to avoid browning of the finished product. The sugar content of potatoes is determined by the genotype and several pre‐ and post‐harvest factors. The major pre‐harvest factors affecting sugar content are crop maturity, temperature during growth, mineral nutrition and irrigation, while important post‐harvest factors are mechanical stresses and storage conditions. Each genotype requires an ideal pre‐and post‐harvest treatment to maintain low sugar levels; any kind of stress results in sugar accumulations.
The effects of temperature and light integral on early vegetative growth and chlorophyll fluorescence of four contrasting genotypes of cacao (Theobroma cacao)
Authors: DAYMOND A J , HADLEY P 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe effect of temperature on early vegetative growth, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content was examined on four genotypes of cacao (Amelonado, AMAZ 15–15, SCA 6 and SPEC 54/1). A controlled environment glasshouse was used to simulate the temperature conditions of three cacao‐growing regions (Bahia, Brazil; Tafo, Ghana and Lower Perak, Malaysia) over the course of a year. Base temperatures calculated from increments in main stem growth varied from 18.6°C for AMAZ 15/15 to 20.8°C for SPEC 54/1. Temporal variation in Fv/Fm observed for two of the clones (SCA 6 and SPEC 54/1) in two of the compartments were correlated with temperature differences over time. Significant differences were also recorded between genotypes in leaf chlorophyll content. It was shown that variation over time in leaf chlorophyll content could be quantified accurately as a function of temperature and light integral. The results imply that genetic variability exists in cacao in response to temperature stress.
Tebufenozide distorted codling moth larval growth and reproduction, and controlled field populations
Authors: SMAGGHE G , BYLEMANS D , MEDINA P , BUDIA F , AVILLA J , VIÑUELA E 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe activity of the ecdysteroid agonist tebufenozide was evaluated on the codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Tebufenozide affected larval feeding and growth, showing clear symptoms of a double head capsule. Under the SEM and TEM, symptoms of precocious apolysis of the larval integument were observed. Although this process was accompanied with a great inhibition of locomotion, muscle attachment to the new cuticle seemed not to be affected confirming the primary mode of action of tebufenozide as ecdysteroid‐like. In addition, tebufenozide exerted a sterilising action in female and male adults in the laboratory. Finally, the potency of tebufenozide was evaluated in an experimental orchard for commercial apple production in Belgium being, at least, as effective as diflubenzuron.
The effect of cassava mosaic geminiviruses on symptom severity, growth and root yield of a cassava mosaic virus disease‐susceptible cultivar in Uganda
Authors: OWOR B , LEGG J P , OKAO‐OKUJA G , OBONYO R , OGENGA‐LATIGO M W 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA study was carried out to assess the effect of different cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) occurring in Uganda on the growth and yield of the susceptible local cultivar ‘Ebwanateraka’. Plants infected with African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), ‘mild’ and ‘severe’ strains of East African cassava mosaic virus‐Uganda (EACMV‐UG2) and both ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 were grown in two experiments in Kabula, Lyantonde in western Uganda. The most severe disease developed in plants co‐infected with ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 and in those infected with the ‘severe’ form of EACMV‐UG2 alone; disease was least severe in plants infected with the ‘mild’ strain of EACMV‐UG2. ACMV‐infected plants and those infected with the ‘mild’ strain of EACMV‐UG2 were tallest in the 1999–2000 and 2000–2001 trials, respectively; plants dually infected with ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 were shortest in both trials. Plants infected with ‘mild’ EACMV‐UG2 yielded the largest number and the heaviest tuberous roots followed by ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 ‘severe’, respectively, whilst plants dually infected with ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 yielded the least considering the two trials together. Reduction in tuberous root weight was greatest in plants dually infected with ACMV and EACMV‐UG2, averaging 82%. Losses attributed to ACMV alone, EACMV‐UG2 ‘mild’ and EACMV‐UG2 ‘severe’ were 42%, 12% and 68%, respectively. Fifty percent and 48% of the plants infected with both ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 gave no root yield in 1999–2000 and 2000–2001, respectively. These results indicate that CMGs, whether in single or mixed infections, reduce root yield and numbers of tuberous roots produced and that losses are substantially increased following mixed infection.
A yen for sushi: an analysis of demographic and behavioural patterns of sushi consumption in Japan
Authors: De Silva Devarahandhi , Yamao Masahiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSushi is an ancient Japanese art popularized as the crown prince of Pacific Rim party food. The main objective of this study was to analyse Japanese consumers’ sushi purchasing behaviour and their attitudes towards consumption of sushi. This paper also reports the timeline for sushi businesses in Japan. Data on consumers’ sushi consumption habits, demographic characteristics and attitudes towards sushi were collected using structured questionnaires and informal interviews. The sample of consumers included 108 individuals from the Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Sushi is the most popular traditional food among Japanese consumers. The most common frequency for having sushi meals was between once and less than once a month. Older women were the heaviest consumers, preferring to purchase from supermarkets rather than from specialized sushi bars. Sushi made from tuna was in the highest demand (76%), with salmon as a second choice. The ‘freshness of fish’ and the ‘special price of sushi’ were the most important factors for the final purchasing decision. Sushi consumption patterns in Japan seem to closely reflect the evolution of households’ life cycle.
Food acceptance and acculturation
Authors: Mitchell Janet 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDespite the notion held by many British people that ‘sausages and your joint of beef or your traditional meat and two vegetables or stews, pies that sort of thing’ represents typical British food, it appears that new dishes are replacing the old. A list of the nation’s 10 favourite dishes based on a survey conducted in 2003 by the British Broadcasting Corporation revealed spaghetti Bolognese, and curry and rice as the nation’s two favourite dishes. This paper questions how these dishes have become mainstream British dishes. The study relates immigration to changes in British food choices by examining popular 20th century cookbooks and relating the incorporation of new dishes to changes in the ethnicity of the British population brought about by immigration. The results reveal the importance of meal structure in acceptance and popularization of immigrant foods by the host population. It reveals acculturation as a two‐way process that has contributed to the evolution of British food habits.
Roselle/sorrel (Hibiscus subdariffa L.) wines with varying calyx puree and total soluble solids: sensory acceptance, quantitative descriptive and physicochemical analysis
Authors: Mounigan Pascale , Badrie Neela 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEffects of varying roselle sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) puree and total soluble solids (TSS) on physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance of wines were investigated. For puree, calyces were hot‐water processed at 90°C for 30 min, cooled and treated with 1.0% pectolase at 23°C for 24 h. Wine treatments were w/v 20% puree/20°Brix, 30% puree/26°Brix and 30% puree/30°Brix. Wines varied in chroma (P < 0.05), pH (P < 0.01), total titratable acidity (P < 0.01), TSS (P < 0.01), transmission (P < 0.01) and sensory colour (P < 0.01), clarity (P < 0.01), flavour (P < 0.05), balance (P < 0.05) and overall acceptability (P < 0.05). Wines with higher puree had more acceptable (P < 0.05) flavour. Sorrel wine of 30% sorrel puree/26°Brix was most acceptable overall (P < 0.05) of wines, with descriptors of bright clarity, intense redness, high alcohol, strong balance and weak bitterness. The reading of health benefits on sorrel influenced (P < 0.05) only hedonic colour of wines. There was no (P > 0.05) correlation between hedonic scores and descriptive intensity scores.
PRESERVATION OF FISH SPREAD WITH ENTEROCINS 1071A AND 1071B, TWO ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES PRODUCED BY ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS BFE 1071
Authors: DICKS LEON M.T. , TODOROV SVETOSLAV D. , VAN DER MERWE MARLA P. , DALTON ANNELINE , HOFFMAN LOUW C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Enterocins 1071A and 1071B, produced by Enterococcus faecalis BFE 1071, kept the total aerobic cell numbers in fish spread between 8 × 104 and 2 × 105 cfu/g for the first 6 days of storage. The total aerobic cell numbers in a batch preserved with a combination of sodium benzoate (0.045%, w/w) and potassium sorbate (0.059%, w/w) remained between 8 × 104 and 2 × 105 cfu/g during the first 18 days of storage. In a batch containing no preservatives, cell numbers gradually increased from 1 × 105 to 1 × 108 cfu/g over 21 days. The spoilage organisms were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis and atypical Proteus vulgaris. The pH of all batches remained constant over the 21‐day storage period, with minimal variations recorded in textural and organoleptic qualities. The number of microbial cells recorded in fish spread preserved with enterocins 1071A and 1071B was 8 × 106 after 21 days of cold storage (4C), whereas microbial cell numbers of 1 × 108 were recorded in fish spread that had not been preserved.
STUDY ON BACTERIAL LOAD DURING GELATIN MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND ITS EFFECT ON FOOD GRADE GELATIN
Authors: SHARMA A. , DOUR P. , SEHGAL R.K. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT A total of 138 samples from different stages of gelatin manufacturing process were analyzed to detect bacterial contamination of food grade gelatin and to see its effect on the quality of gelatin. The isolated bacterial species included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium perfringens, which exhibited gelatinase activity and caused depletion in the nutritional quality of food grade gelatin. Marked changes in the amino acid content with incubation days indicated degradation of food grade gelatin because of the secretion of gelatinases that were depicted by paper chromatography. Because these isolated species are known pathogens and have gelatinolytic properties, their occurrence in food grade gelatin can make it an unsafe and unsuitable for food applications.
PREVALENCE OF THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. IN RETAIL CHICKEN MEAT IN ANKARA
Authors: SAVA ÇI MUSTAFA , ÖZDEMİR HAYDAR 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT From May to August 2004, 127 samples of chicken meat for sale on the retail market in Ankara were analyzed for the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 83.4% of the samples analyzed. Campylobacter jejuni was found in 74.8% of all samples. A total of 364 thermophilic Campylobacter strains were isolated and the species distribution among these strains was 70.1% C. jejuni, 21.1% Campylobacter coli and 8.6% Campylobacter lari. The results obtained from the study indicate that hygienic and technical compliance is needed in all stages of poultry processing to reduce contamination and to prevent public health hazard. An integrated HACCP plan must be applied from the farm to the table for the prevention of C. jejuni infections.
VOCAL INDIVIDUALITY OF IN‐AIR WEDDELL SEAL (LEPTONYCHOTES WEDDELLII) PUP “PRIMARY” CALLS
Authors: Collins Kym T. , Terhune John M. , Rogers Tracey L. , Wheatley Kathryn E. , Harcourt Robert G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAs a result of selective pressures faced during lactation, vocal recognition may play a crucial role in maintaining the phocid mother–pup bond during the period of dependence. To investigate this possibility, we examined whether Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) pups produce individually distinctive “primary” calls. One temporal, nine fundamental frequency features, and two spectral characteristics were measured. A discriminant function analysis (DFA) of 15 Vestfold Hills pups correctly classified 52% of calls, while the cross‐validation procedure classified 29% of calls to the correct pup. A second DFA of 10 known‐age McMurdo Sound pups correctly classified 44% of “test” calls. For novel calls, the probabilities of attaining such classification rates by chance are low. The relationship between age and call stereotypy indicated that pups 2 wk and older may be more vocally distinctive. Overall, findings suggest that Weddell seal pup “primary” calls are moderately distinctive and only exhibit sufficient stereotypy to aid maternal recognition by approximately two weeks of age.