bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of phase‐transfer catalytic reactions to fatty acids and their derivatives: Present state and future potential
Authors: Urata Kouichi , Takaishi Naotake 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhase‐transfer catalysts (PTC), which accelerate reactions between liquid(organic)‐liquid(water) and liquidsolid heterogeneous states, have been investigated and developed. Several processes with PTC have succeeded in industrial processes involving fatty acids and their derivatives. For example, preparation of fatty alkyl glycidyl ethers, from which fatty alkyl glyceryl ethers and their derivatives can be obtained, has been carried out with PTC. However, some problems remain to be solved. For example, preparation of the fatty alkyl glycidyl ether by a PTC reaction was considered, but typical problems to be solved included: (i) how to reuse or recover the catalysts; (ii) how to control the heterogeneous reaction without obstacles to produce useful chemical materials; (iii) how to satisfy the environmental requirements for the catalysts; and (iv) are there more effective catalysts? We address these problems based on our own experiences with phase‐transfer catalytic Williamson ether syntheses of fatty alkyl glycidyl ethers. Moreover, we describe recent developments in phase‐transfer catalytic reactions related to oleochemistry, such as transition metal‐catalyzed reactions of long‐chain olefins in liquid(organic)‐liquid(water) or liquid‐solid heterogeneous states. Based on these results, we have considered the potential of PTC as a synthetic tool in oleochemistry.
Effect of homolog distribution on the toxicity of alcohol ethoxylates
Authors: García M. T. , Ribosa I. , Leal J. Sánchez , Hreczuch W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrevious work established a high correlation between the potential environmental toxicity of oxyethylenated nonionic surfactants and the average degree of ethoxylation. For this reason, it was considered of interest to determine whether a narrow‐ or broad‐range homolog distribution of polydisperse commercial alcohol ethoxylates would influence toxicity. Ethoxylated fatty alcohols, both linear and branched, were synthesized with sodium hydroxide or an unconventional calcium‐based catalyst. Toxicity tests were run onDaphnia magna and luminescent marine bacteria. Toxicity of ethoxylated alcohols as a function of type of ethoxylate homolog distribution (narrow or broad) and average degree of polyaddition is analogous for both test species. However, narrow‐range ethoxylates show lower toxicity values than conventional ethoxylates. Differences in toxicity values between broad‐ and narrow‐range ethoxylates depend on the degree of ethoxylation.
Surface‐active properties of novel cationic surfactants with two alkyl chains and two ammonio groups
Authors: Kim Tae‐Seong , Kida Toshiyuki , Nakatsuji Yohji , Hirao Toshikazu , Ikeda Isao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series ofbis‐quaternary ammonium salts was easily prepared by the reaction of a long‐chaintert‐alkylamine with epichlorohydrin, and their surface‐active properties were measured. The prepared amphipathic compounds had good water solubility and showed characteristic surface‐active properties, particularly, extremely excellent foaming ability and foam stability for some specific compounds, such as the compound with a dodecyl and a tetradecyl group as the lipophilic chains. Their critical micelle concentration, which decreased with increased alkyl chainlength, is two orders of magnitude lower compared with the conventionalmono‐quaternary ammonium salts. In comparison with surface‐active properties ofbis‐quaternary ammonium salts, prepared from various organic dichlorides, there are little differences based on the kind of connecting group in the surface‐active properties except for foaming.
Biodegradability and aquatic toxicity of glycoside surfactants and a nonionic alcohol ethoxylate
Authors: Madsen Torben , Petersen Gitte , Seierø Connie , Tørsløv Jens 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe environmental properties of three glycoside surfactants and one alcohol ethoxylate were examined by standardized laboratory methods. All of the surfactants biodegraded extensively in aerobic screening tests and may be assumed to approach 100% removal in aerobic wastewater treatment plants, except in cases of high loadings or otherwise exceptional conditions. Anaerobic biodegradability tests showed that an ethyl glycoside monoester (EGE) and a linear alkyl polyglycoside (APG) were both mineralized (>70%) under methanogenic conditions. In contrast, a branched APG resisted anaerobic degradation, while the alcohol ethoxylate was partially mineralized by anaerobic bacteria. The EGE surfactant was most rapidly mineralized in aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability tests. None of the surfactants inhibited respiration in activated sludge at the highest concentration tested (200 mg/L). Tests with aquatic organisms showed increasing toxicity in the following order: branched APG<EGE<linear APG<alcohol ethoxylate. Negligible aquatic toxicity was observed for the branched APG, while the alcohol ethoxylate was highly toxic to examined organisms. This evaluation demonstrates that considerable variation in biodegradability and toxicity responses can be seen within structurally related glucose‐based surfactants.
Effects of branching upon some surfactant properties of sulfated alcohols
Authors: O'Lenick Anthony J. , Parkinson Jeffrey K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study was undertaken to determine the surfactant properties of various sulfated alcohols. Most notably, the Krafft point and the ability to emulsify decane were studied. A series of sulfated Guerbet alcohol and Guerbet alcohol alkoxylate sulfates with 16 carbon atoms and an analogous series based upon cetyl alcohol, a linear C16, were studied as hydrophobes.
Pelargonic acid in enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Noureddini H. , Rempe M. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOxidation of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as erucic and oleic acids, results in the formation of dibasic fatty acids, such as brassylic and azelaic acids. Dibasic acids find many industrial applications. Pelargonic acid is the co‐product of the process. Expanded use of dibasic acids would require an expansion in the existing and possibly new uses for pelargonic acid and its derivatives. In this study, the potential for using pelargonic acid in enhanced oil recovery is investigated. Experimental results are presented for the enhanced oil recovery by waterflooding with the aid of a surfactant.In situ formation of surfactant at the oil‐water interface vs. the formation of surfactant in the floodwater prior to injection is examined.
Adolescent problem behavior: The effect of peers and the moderating role of father absence and the mother‐child relationship
Authors: Mason Craig A. , Cauce Ana Mari , Gonzales Nancy , Hiraga Yumi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExamined the effect of peer problem behavior, the absence of a father or equivalent in the home, and the mother‐adolescent relationship as predictors of adolescent problem behavior in a sample of 112 African American adolescents. Statistical analyses compared a moderator model to a mediational model and a cumulative risk model. As predicted, the moderator model was superior to the alternative models. Specifically, whereas the mediational model predicted that the effect of father absence and the mother‐child relationship upon adolescent problem behavior would be mediated by peer problem behavior, neither effected peer problem behavior or adolescent problem behavior. Similarly, a cumulative risk index did not predict either child or parent reports of problem behavior and was not sensitive to specific contingencies that existed between the predictor variables. In contrast, an interactive, moderator model described the data quite well. This model suggested that father or equivalent absence magnifies the negative impact of peer problem behavior, while a positive mother‐adolescent relationship attenuates this risk. A strong mother‐adolescent relationship also served to protect adolescents in father‐absent homes from the risk of peer problem behavior.
Phospholipid composition of neonatal guinea pig liver and plasma: Effect of postnatal food restriction
Authors: Hunt Alan N. , Burdge Graham C. , Postle Anthony D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPreterm guinea pigs were delivered on day 65 of gestation (term=68 d) and were allowed either free or restricted access to food for the subsequent 48 h. Plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) concentration increased postnatally from 190 (range 144–307) to 751 (426–1039) and 883 (758–977) μM for fed and starved pups, respectively. Plasma PC composition in both groups of pups was characterized by selective and equivalent relative increases to individual molecular species containing 18∶0 at thesn‐1 position. Hepatic PC concentration increased from 6.75 (5.41–8.20) to 8.65 (6.54–10.63) and 9.23 (8.18–10.17) μmol/g for fed and starved pups, respectively, and, under all conditions, hepatic PC molecular composition closely mirrored that of plasma PC. These results support the hypothesis that the molecular species composition of plasma PC for the guinea pig in the immediate postnatal period is determined largely by the composition of the hepatic PC pool destined for lipoprotein secretion. Hepatic PC composition and concentration of the starved neonatal guinea pig were maintained independently of any dietary nutrient intake, at the expense of mobilization of extra hepatic lipid reserves. While this adaptive mechanism has inherent limited survival potential in neonatal starvation, it has implications for studies measuring plasma phospholipid fatty acid compositions as biochemical markers of dietary fat intake in preterm infants.
An improved method for rapid analysis of the fatty acids of glycerolipids
Authors: Ichihara Ken’ichi , Shibahara Akira , Yamamoto Kohei , Nakayama Takao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn improved rapid procedure to determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids is described. The procedure includes KOH‐catalyzed transesterification and high‐speed gas chromatography. Glycerolipids (20–40 mg) were mixed with 2 mL of hexane and 0.2 mL of 2 M methanolic KOH at room temperature for 1–2 min. The fatty acid methyl esters in the hexane layer were analyzed by gas chromatography on 10% SP‐2340 at 240°C. Methyl linolenate and docosahexaenoate eluted within 2 and 5 min, respectively. Analysis was thus completed with 5 min for common vegetable oils and 8 min for fish oils.
Functionalization at the double‐bond region of jojoba oil. 8. Chemical binding of jojoba liquid wax to a polymer matrixvia an amine “spacer”
Authors: Binman S. , Belfer S. , Shani A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractJojoba wax was chemically bonded to a polymer matrixvia stable C‐N covalent bonds. The polymer matrix was prepared by amination of several types of styrene‐divinyl benzene or styrene‐vinylbenzylchloride‐divinylbenzene copolymers with diamines or polyethylene imines (polyamines). The jojoba wax was attached to the aminated polystyrene matrix by reacting an allyl‐brominated derivative of jojoba with the matrix to form a C‐N bond between the matrix and the jojoba wax. The amount of bound jojoba wax added to the polymer was in the range of 20–70% (w/w), depending on the type of polymer matrix and reaction conditions. The double‐bond regions in the jojoba wax bonded to the matrix were preserved, and they were subsequently functionalized by phosphonation and sulfur‐chlorination reactions.
Mineral acid‐catalyzed condensation of meadowfoam fatty acids into estolides
Authors: Isbell Terry A. , Kleiman Robert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMeadowfoam fatty acids (83% monoenoic fatty acid), reacted with 0.01–0.1 mole equivalents of perchloric acid, gave 33–71% yield of estolide, an oligomeric 2° ester, resulting from self condensation. Equimolar amounts of perchloric acid to fatty acid failed to produce estolide but converted the fatty acids to a mixture of lactones, mainly γ‐eicosanolactone. Temperature plays a critical role; higher temperatures (75–100°C), at the same acid concentration, provide lactones while lower temperatures (20–65°C) yield estolides. Lower acid levels (<0.1 mole equivalents) gave the best yields (≈70%) at 65°C. The estolide and monomer were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared high‐pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The estolide is a mixture of oligomers with an average distribution near 1.65 ester units. The ester linkages are located mainly at the original double bond positions but have some positional isomerization to adjacent sites in accord with carbocation migration along the alkyl chain. The residual double bond of the estolide was extensively isomerized fromcis totrans and positionally along the chain. The distilled monomer is similar in structure to the unsaturated portion of the estolide with geometrical and positional double bond isomerization. In addition, a significant amount of cyclization of the fatty acids to lactone (≈30%) had occurred.
Study of reaction and kinetics in pyrolysis of methyl ricinoleate
Authors: Guobin Han , Zuyu Liu , Suling Yao , Rufeng Yan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of pyrolysis temperature, space‐velocity, and dilution ratio of starting materials on the reaction have been studied in the pyrolysis of methyl ricinoleate. The reaction parameters were optimized to obtain yield ranges of 25.8–26.7% for heptaldehyde and 45.7–46.5% for methyl undecenoate. The kinetic study showed that pyrolysis of methyl ricinoleate is a first‐order reaction at 828–878 K, and the activation energy is 1.729×105 j/mol.
The isolation of hydroxy acids from lesquerella oil lipolysate by a saponification/extraction technique
Authors: Hayes Douglas G. , Carlson Kenneth D. , Kleiman Robert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lipolysate from immobilizedRhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozymetm)‐catalyzed hydrolysis of lesquerella oil contains typically 35% free fatty acid (FFA), 2% monoglyceride, 25% diglyceride (DG), and 38% triglyceride (TG). Of the FFA, 75–80% are hydroxy acids (HFA). Various methods for isolating HFA from the lipolysate were examined, and a novel saponification/extraction method was developed. Lipolysate was mixed with 4 vol equivalents each of KOH/phosphate buffer and polar organic solvent. Hexane was then added to enhance phase separation. Three phases formed: a lower aqueous phase containing nothing of interest, a polar organic solvent middle phase that contained mostly fatty acid soaps, and a hexane‐rich upper phase that contained mostly DG and TG, which can be recycled to a relipolysis step. The middle phase, when treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid, NaCl‐saturated water, and hexane, released the FFA into the hexane. This fraction, referred to as the “Product” contained >99% of the FFA released in the lipolysis. “Product” consisted of 85–90% FFA, of which 75–80% was HFA. The other 10–15% of the “Product” consisted of partial glycerides and TG. The most critical parameters for the extraction are the pH of the aqueous solution and the polarity of the organic solvent (acetone was found to be the best choice). Additional purification steps for the “Product” are discussed.
Effect of dehulling methods and desolventizing temperatures on proximate composition and some functional properties of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed flour
Authors: Inyang U. E. , Ekanem J. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSesame seeds were dehulled mechanically and in 10% sodium chloride solution before oil extraction and drying to obtain the flour. The effect of these dehulling methods on the proximate composition, oil and water absorption, emulsification, and foaming properties of the flour was investigated. The effect of desolventizing temperatures (80, 90, and 100°C) on these properties was also investigated. Protein contents of seeds, dehulled mechanically (MDSF) and in 10% NaCl solution (SDSF), were 58.5 and 52.1%, respectively. Carbohydrate and ash contents of both flours also varied. The oil and water absorption capacities of the flours were 268 and 252% for MDSF and 370 and 410% for SDSF, respectively. The emulsion capacity of the MDSF sample was slightly lower (20.0 mL oil/g sample) but more stable than the SDSF sample, whose value was 20.4 mL oil/g sample. The foam capacity of MDSF was, however, higher (48.5%) but less stable than SDSF (33.7%). An increase in desolventizing temperatures of the meal led to increases in oil and water absorption capacities of the flours. Foam and emulsion capacities, on the other hand, decreased with increase in temperature. Desolventizing temperatures had no effect on the stability of the formed emulsion but had a decreasing effect on the stability of the foam.
Influence of solvent content on phase‐transition temperatures of oil sedimen and solution viscosity in acetone/canola oil systems
Authors: Liu Hua , Przybylski Roman , Michael Eskin N. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of acetone on phase transition behavior of sediment in canola oil was studied by differential scanning calorimetry under dynamic heating/cooling regimes. The melting temperature of sediment decreased with an increase in the solvent content of canola oil, suggesting an increase in the solubility of sediment in the oil solution. The crystallization of sediment in oil solution was facilitated by acetone, as indicated by the increase in the sediment crystallization temperature. Acetone dramatically reduced the viscosity of canola oil, particularly in the first 30% addition. The reduction of viscosity was far less with further addition of acetone. These results suggested that the optimum range of acetone content needed for sediment precipitation in canola oil would be in the range of 30–40%. A linear relationship was found between the density of canola oil and temperature. The influence of solvent on the density of canola oil/acetone solution can be accounted for by the mixing theory of ideal solutions, whereas the effect of temperature on the dynamic viscosity of oil solution is best described by a modified Arrhenius equation.
Improved quantitative13C nuclear magnetic resonance criteria for determination of grades of virgin olive oils. The normal ranges for diglycerides in olive oil
Authors: Vlahov Giovanna 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA quantitative method was established to determine the presence and composition of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides of olive oils of superior gradevia13C NMR. The total diglyceride content and the ratio ofsn‐1,2‐ andsn‐1,3‐diglycerides in extra virgin oils extracted from different olive cultivars were correlated with maturity. The correlation can be applied to identify the oils by variety. No monoglycerides were detected in the oils examined.
Restructing butterfat through blending and chemical interesterification. 1. Melting behavior and triacylglycerol modifications
Authors: Rousseau Dérick , Forestière Karine , Hill Arthur R. , Marangoni Alejandro G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChemical interesterification of butterfat‐canola oil blends, ranging from 100% butterfat to 100% canola oil in 10% increments, decreased solid fat content (SFC) of all blends in a nonlinear fashion in the temperature range of 5 to 40°C except for butterfat and the 90∶10 butterfat/canola oil blend, whose SFC increased between 20 and 40°C. The sharp melting associated with butterfat at 15–20°C disappeared upon interesterification. Heats of fusion for butterfat to the 60∶40 butterfat/canola oil blend decreased from 75 to 60 J/g. Blends with >50% canola oil displayed a much sharper drop in enthalpy. Heats of fusion were 30–50% lower on average for interesterified blends than for their noninteresterified counterparts. Both noninteresterified and interesterified blends deviated substantially from ideal solubility, with greater deviation as the proportion of canola oil increased. The change in the entropy of melting was consistently higher for noninteresterified blends than for interesterified blends. Chemical interesterification generated statistically significant differences for all triacylglycerol carbon species (C) from C30 to C56′ except for C42′ and in SFC at most temperatures for all blends.
Restructuring butterfat through blending and chemical interesterification. 2. Microstructure and polymorphism
Authors: Rousseau Dérick , Hill Arthur R. , Marangoni Alejandro G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBlending of butterfat with canola oil and subsequent chemical interesterification modified the crystal morphology and X‐ray diffraction patterns of butterfat, 90∶10 (w/w), and 80∶20 (w/w) blends of butterfat‐canola oil. The morphology of 50∶50 (w/w) was also greatly influenced by interesterification.Polarized light microscopy revealed that addition of canola oil led to gradual aggregation of the crystal structure. Scanning electron microscopy revealed all samples to be mixtures of defined crystalline regions and amorphous areas with greater amorphism as oil content increased. Most samples revealed segregation of solid from liquid. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of butterfat revealed complex aggregated structures that were composed of outwardly radiating filaments from a central nucleus. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed a predominance of β′ and a small proportion of β crystals for all samples examined except interesterified butterfat, which consisted solely of β′ crystals.
Chemical composition and physical properties of soft (tub) margarines sold in Malaysia
Authors: Idris Nor Aini , deMan Leny , Tang T. S. , Chong C. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeven samples of domestic and imported Malaysian tub margarines were analyzed for their fatty acid and triglyceride (carbon number) composition, solid fat content, dropping and softening points, crystallization temperature, polymorphic form, color, and textural attributes. Domestic margarines were formulated from palm oil or palm olein and palm kernel oil with a liquid oil but no hydrogenated oils. Two imported products contained hydrogenated palm oil product, which resulted in a high level of β′ crystals, whereas the domestic nonhydrogenated products contained more β than β′ crystals. Crystal habit was related to the fatty acid and triglyceride composition of the high‐melting glycerides. Domestic products were firmer in texture, probably because they were formulated to be sold in a tropical climate.
Determination of the oxidative stability of vegetable oils by rancimat and conductivity and chemiluminescence measurements
Authors: Mathäus Bertrand W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oxidative stability of five different oils was determined by Rancimat analysis with conductivity and chemiluminescence measurements for evaluation of the induction periods. Samples of oil, taken at intervals from the Rancimat apparatus, were used for chemiluminescence measurements. The chemiluminescence results were plotted vs. time, and the resulting curves were evaluated with a graphical tangential procedure in the same way as the curves of the Rancimat method (conductivity measurement). Induction periods of the oils assessed by Rancimat and chemiluminescence methods showed a significant linear correlation (r=0.9865). The temperature dependence of the induction periods evaluated by chemiluminescence and by conductivity was investigated with walnut oil. A marked temperature dependence was observed for both.