bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of baking on the nutritive value of Pakistani bread
Authors: Khan Mohammed Akmal , Eggum BjøRn O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe nutritive value of Pakistani breads prepared from wheat, maize, rice, barley, millet, triticale and sorghum were measured chemically, by proximate, fatty acid and amino acid analyses and biologically in N‐balance experiments with growing rats. Yeast was not used in the preparation of doughs. The levels of lysine, threonine and tryptophan were in several cases negatively affected by the baking procedure. According to FAO 1973 scoring pattern, lysine and threonine were found to be the first and second limiting amino acids in most of the breads. Methionine does not appear to be the third limiting amino acid. Net protein utilisation was negatively affected by baking only in the case of barley (6%) and maize (9%) whereas the biological value was improved in triticale (8%) and sorghum (6%) compared to the corresponding unprocessed samples. The baking procedure did not affect the digestible energy in triticale. Net dietary protein calories percentage values indicate that the cereal breads, except sorghum, had values higher than 5%.
An investigation of lignin extraction from dietary fibre using acetyl bromide
Authors: Robertson James A. , Eastwood Martin A. , Yeoman Michael M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcetyl bromide is a suitable reagent for the extraction of lignins from woody material and grasses but lignins present in vegetables do not give the expected absorbance spectrum. Treatment of the vegetable fibre with either organic solvents or dilute acid or the removal of protein and hemicellulose does not alter the absorbance spectrum of lignins present in vegetables. All methods used for lignin extraction are quantitatively consistent and show only a trace of lignin to be present in vegetable fibre.
Soil conditioners for stabilising trench backfill in an unstable loam soil of low permeability
Authors: Goossens Frans , Dierickx Willy , Gabriels Donald , de Boodt Marcel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLaboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate different soil conditioners for stabilising a loam soil, the aim being to increase the structural stability and the permeability of the backfill of drain trenches. Soil samples previously treated with different concentrations of polymer solutions or emulsions were dried to different moisture contents and packed in cylinders to determine the changes in water permeability. Identical soil samples were subjected to wet‐sieving tests for different lengths of time. Loam soil samples treated with emulsions need to be air‐dried to make them stable and highly permeable. At higher moisture contents the emulsions become ineffective because of the lack of coagulation between the soil particles. Polymer solutions are effective with regard to soil stability and water permeability even in situations where the soil remains wet. There is a fair agreement between the results of the wet‐sieving test and those of the permeability test on loam soil samples. Those two tests were considered as reflecting the behaviour of the soil in a backfilled drain trench.
Cation‐exchange capacity of clonal tea roots and its implications on fertiliser responses
Authors: Chamuah Ghanashyam S. , Dey Sunil K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFifteen genetically different tea clones showed no variation in their root cationexchange capacity (CEC) values when assessment was made separately on white (including creamy white and cream) and brown (including creamy brown and reddishbrown) portions of roots. But CEC values determined on the whole root system of the same clones were significantly different. This was true for plants varying in age from 8 to 18 months. Clones of Assam types gave lower root CEC values throughout the experimental period than China types, while clones of the Southern form of tea (Cambod) gave high root CEC values initially, which dropped rapidly as the plants became older. Root CEC of different clones was found to be negatively correlated with the brown: white root ratio and with the K: √Ca ratio of the plant tops. Ageing of plants decreased root CEC by increasing the proportion of brown roots, as a result of which the K: √Ca ratio also decreased with age.
An improved method based on gas chromatography for determining the amino acid composition of commercially produced fish‐meal
Authors: Moodie Iain M. , Collier Grant S. , Burger Jennifer A. , Werb Barbara C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe development and refinement of a technique, based on gas chromatography, for the amino acid analysis of fish‐meal are described. Emphasis is placed on streamlining the procedure to facilitate handling samples on a routine basis. Experiments are described from which data are assessed for precision. Results from these experiments confirm that the hydrolysis step contributes significantly to the reduced precision encountered in this type of analysis.
Crufomate residues in milk and milk products following treatment of dairy cows for warble‐fly
Authors: O'Keeffe Michael , Eades Joseph F. , Strickland Kenneth L. , Harrington Dermot 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA group of ten dairy cows were treated for warble‐fly with the organophosphorus pesticide, crufomate. The persistence of crufomate in the milk of the cows after treatment was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography with a phosphorus‐specific thermionic detector. The mean crufomate concentration in milk dropped below the Codex maximum limit of 0.05 mg kg−1 within 24 h of treatment. Crufomate was found to accumulate in the fat fraction of milk, giving rise to a higher concentration of crufomate in milk products, relative to the concentration in whole milk.
The effects of soil management systems on the chemical composition and quality of golden delicious and cox's orange pippin apples—a follow‐up study
Authors: Gormley T. Ronan , Robinson David W. , O'Kennedy Niall D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTests on Golden Delicious and Cox's Orange Pippin apples, evaluated in five and three seasons, respectively, between 1972 and 1980, indicated that method of soil management was still influencing fruit quality 15 years after commencement of the experiment, although to a lesser extent than in the earlier years. In 1973, the soluble solids content, skin colour and yield values of Golden Delicious differed between treatments but no differences were observed for fruit firmness in any of the five seasons when fruit were tested. Acidity values differed in 1972, 1973 and 1980. Overall herbicides gave the highest yields in 1973 and 1975 and the lowest levels of soluble solids. The yield of Cox's Orange Pippin fruit varied considerably between seasons; yields between treatments within seasons were only different in 1975. Correlation coefficients between yield and soluble solids were negative and ranged from ‐0.51 to ‐0.68.
Pollution of agricultural karstic soils by lead from automobile exhaust gases
Authors: Favretto Luciana Gabrielli , Marletta Giuliana Pertoldi , Favretto Luciano 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPollution of terra rossa soils from the Karst near Trieste by atmospheric lead from automobile exhaust gases is considered as a function of the distance from the source, an isolated straight road. The asymptotic decrease in lead concentration in soil with the distance on both sides of the road is empirically described by means of an intrinsically linear exponential function. The parameters (asymptote and curvature) of the function are first evaluated by linear regression with the linearised function, and then determined by a nonlinear regression program. The application of this model function allows an evaluation of the asymptotic lead concentration. Statistical analysis shows that fitting improves if lead concentration is referred to on a CaCO3‐free basis, because the calcareous grains from terra rossa < 1 mm‐samples contain only traces (< 2 μg −1) of metal. The effect of prevailing winds is also discussed.
Headspace analysis of laboratory samples of potato tubers treated with 1,4‐dimethylnaphthalene, carvone, pulegone and citral
Authors: Beveridge James L. , Dalziel John , Duncan Henry J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1,4‐Dimethylnaphthalene, carvone [2‐methyl‐5‐(1‐methylethenyl)‐2‐cyclohexene‐1‐one], pulegone [5‐methyl‐2‐(1‐methylethylidene) cyclohexanone] and citral (3,7‐dimethyl‐2,6‐octadienal) were applied as liquids on an alumina solid carrier to samples of potato tubers stored in boxes. The headspace concentrations of the chemicals were related to the degree of growth regulation found in this and earlier solid carrier application experiments and were compared to studies using constant vapour concentration applications which had been conducted previously by other workers. Headspace concentrations of all four chemicals increased with increasing application rates indicating non‐ideal behaviour. Pulegone (100 mg kg−1), carvone (100 mg kg−1) and citral (100 and 500 mg kg−1) did not prevent sprouting. Headspace concentrations of these treatments were less than the constant vapour concentrations previously shown to inhibit sprouting. Pulegone (500 mg kg−1) and carvone (500 mg kg−1) successfully inhibited sprouting. Initial headspace concentrations of these treatments were within the constant vapour concentration range previously shown to prevent sprouting. Headspace concentrations of all four chemicals decreased during the 14‐week treatment period. Headspace concentrations of 1,4‐dimethylnaphthalene, when applied at the recommended solid carrier application rate of 100 mg kg−1 were within the constant vapour concentration range previously shown to prevent sprouting. Headspace concentrations of 1,4‐dimethylnaphthalene between 3 and 6 mg m3 would be necessary if the chemical were to be successfully applied as a vapour. For these experiments a gas chromatographic (g.c.) analytical method using porous polymer adsorbents was developed. The method was rapid, with a coefficient of variation of 5%.
Effects of the application of fertilisers and trace elements on the cobalt content of herbage cut for conservation
Authors: Reith James W. S. , Burridge John C. , Berrow Michael L. , Caldwell Kynoch S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of the application of fertilisers, especially N and trace elements, on the content of Co in mixed grassland herbage and its main constituent species, have been studied. Data have been obtained from field experiments on three mineral soils and on a deep acid peat. The herbage was cut at the silage stage of growth three or four times a year for at least three successive years. Without added Co, N applications increased Co content in herbage on peat but reduced it on mineral soils mainly by eliminating clover which had a higher Co content than grasses. Applying 0.5 kg ha−1 Co as cobalt sulphate increased herbage Co content, the increase being greater on peat than on mineral soils. These increased levels were unaffected by N applications on mineral soils but were further increased by applied N on peat. The number of years during which the Co additions were effective in producing herbage containing at least 0.1 mg Co kg−1 dry matter varied on the different soils, ranging from barely three years on one mineral soil to over five years on peat. Without added Co the last cuts in October usually had the highest Co content and the first cuts in June the lowest. With added Co, the seasonal effects were more variable, but the Co content in the herbage frequently decreased from the first to the last cuts.
The influence of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Libudzisz Z. , Kirkwood R. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) (4 × 10−5M‐4 × 10−3M) on the growth and physiological activity of Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis and Lactobacillus casei has been investigated when cultivated in milk and lactose‐peptone media. The concentrations of 2,4‐D applied in milk did not cause complete growth inhibition of any of the strains. The degree of inhibition was dependent upon the bacterium species and the herbicide dose. Growth of the tolerant strain—L. casei W‐10—was reduced by about 40% (in the presence of 4 × 10−3M 2,4‐D), whereas the the level of lactic acid production remained almost unchanged. Under the same conditions, growth of the sensitive strain S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis 239 was reduced by almost 25 times and lactic acid production inhibited by about 40% in comparison with the controls. Cultivation of S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis 239 in lactose‐peptone medium with 2 × 10−3M 2,4‐D was characterised by a lengthened lag‐phase, lengthened generation time (3 times) and an increased rate of herbicide metabolism. In addition, selective or mutative action of 2,4‐D has been shown. Herbicide treatment inhibited the cells of c.f.u. producing the least acid and enhanced the contribution of the active ones. Cells of c.f.u. with activities not found in the control population have also been revealed. Both species of bacteria were capable of metabolism of 2,4‐D to 2,4‐dichlorophenol.
The effects of spoilage on the dielectric properties of frozen fish
Authors: Kent Michael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing a time‐domain technique to obtain low frequency dielectric data the effects of spoilage on certain dielectric properties of frozen cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and lemon sole (Microstomus kitt) have been measured at − 78.5°C in the frequency range 0.025–10 kHz. The spoilage varied with the period of storage in ice prior to freezing. The measurements revealed a relaxation, the frequency of which in cod and haddock depended on pre‐freezing quality of the fish. The relationship is discussed between this dependence and various other parameters and the relaxation is tentatively identified as that of a Maxwell‐Wagner mechanism.
Skull shape in relation to carcass fatness in pigs
Authors: Gregory Neville G. , Whelehan Oliver P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relationships between skull shape and carcass fatness were examined in sixty pigs using seventeen linear skull measurements and ten measurements of carcass fat weight. The skull measurements were combined using the multivariate statistical technique of principal components analysis to provide an index of the most variable feature of skull shape. The principal shape component was found to contrast long and narrow skulls with short and broad ones. Correlations showed that a long narrow skull, which is recognised as a late developing feature in the overall growth of the pig's skull, was associated with a fatter carcass. It is suggested that late developing features in bone growth may have value in assessing the overall development of late developing tissues such as fat.
Lipid oxidation in salted‐dried fish: The effect of temperature and light on the rate of oxidation of a fish oil
Authors: Davis Louise , Goodwin Lisa , Smith Gillian , Hole Michael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn relation to studies of lipid oxidation during the processing and storage of salted sun‐dried fish, the measurement of the initial rate of oxygen uptake has been studied on a model system consisting of a highly polyunsaturated fish oil. This parameter has been used for assessing the effects of temperature and light conditions on the model system and has been compared to changes in the peroxide value and the polyene index. Assessment of oxygen uptake using a Gilson respirometer was found to give a clearer indication than other methods of assessment of the effect of different conditions on fish oil oxidation. At 30°C the initial rate of oxygen uptake increased from 0‐103 μl O2, g−1 miir−1 to 0‐158 μl O2, g−1 min−1 with a change in light conditions from dark to photosynthesis light. At 40°C, the rate of oxygen uptake was fester than at 30 °C, and the effect of light was more pronounced, giving values of 0.188 μl O2, g−1 min−1 and 0.483 μ O2, g−1 min−1, for dark and photosynthesis light, respectively. The observed results for the measurement of the initial rate of oxygen uptake suggest its use as a sensitive and reliable method for the investigation of the contribution of the many components in salted sun‐dried fish towards the rate of oxidation and subsequent rancidity.
Solubilisation of non‐starch polysaccharides from oil‐seed meals by polysaccharide‐degrading enzymes
Authors: Düsterhöft E‐M. , Bonte A. W. , Voragen A. G. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe solubilisation of non‐starch polysaccharides from cell wall materials (CWM) of palm‐kernel and sunflower meals was studied using multi‐component polysaccharidase preparations or fractions thereof. In sunflower CWM, the degradability of pectic compounds and mannose‐containing polysaccharides was highest, as estimated from 40 to 70% solubilisation of their constituent monosaccharides arabinose, galactose, galacturonic acid, rhamnose and mannose. Dimers and monomers were produced as major neutral and acidic end‐products. Mannans in palm‐kernel CWM were hydrolysed to about 20–50%, depending on enzyme composition, with the monomer and dimer of mannose as major endproducts. In both materials, xylans, or other xylose‐containing polymers, were most resistant to enzymic hydrolysis. The results indicate the preferential solubilisation of parenchyma tissues from the seed in sunflower meal and the endosperm in palm‐kernel meal, and the resistance of sunflower hull and palm‐kernel endocarp to enzymic attack. The concentrations of notably cellulolytic, mannanolytic and arabinolytic activities clearly determined the extent to which the corresponding constituents were solubilised.
Effects of processing and storage on some chemical characteristics and lipid composition of a ghanaian fermented fish product
Authors: Yankah Vivienne Vera , Ohshima Toshiaki , Koizumi Chiaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo evaluate the effectiveness of the traditional method of processing in preservation of the final product, the changes in composition of lipids, free amino acids and organic acids of ‘momoni’, a Ghanaian fermented fish product, were investigated using Japanese jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) which is similar to African jack mackerel (Caranx hippos). The moisture content decreased drastically from 751 to 505 g kg−1 after fermentation for 3 days, and then remained almost constant during subsequent storage. Changes in pH were minimal although a gradual decrease was observed from 6·2 in the raw material to 5·9 after 2 months storage. Salt accumulation due to the salting process increased up to 325 g kg−1 but remained almost unchanged during subsequent storage. Volatile basic nitrogens (VBN) increased to 0·8 g kg−1 on a salt‐free dry matter basis, after 2 months storage. Most free amino acids, except histidine which was present in the highest concentration in the samples, increased during processing and subsequent storage. However, no detectable amount of histamine was formed after 2 months storage. Lactic acid, the most prominent organic acid (3·12 g kg−1 salt‐free dry matter) in the raw materials, decreased during processing and subsequent storage. Diphosphatidylglycerol, free fatty acids, and lysophosphatidylcholine increased appreciably. Processing resulted in depletion of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol with decreases in triglycerides, cholesterol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The proportion of the extracted total lipids present as polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased and this was accompanied by increases in the proportions of saturated fatty acids, indicating a high degree of oxidation. Peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value increased on fermentation, confirming the observed oxidation, but decreased during storage. In conclusion, although oxidation was extensive, following hygienic and good manufacturing practices, this simple method could prevent spoilage taking place in fish if good‐quality raw materials are used.
The performance of ELISA and dot‐blot methods for the detection of crab flesh in heated and sterilized surimi‐based products
Authors: Verrez‐Bagnis Véronique , Escriche‐Roberto Isabel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolyclonal anti‐lobster arginine kinase antiserum was used as a probe to test for the presence of crab flesh (invertebrate tissues) in surimi‐based products. Arginine kinase is a cytoplasmic enzyme present in many invertebrates and is absent from vertebrates. Antibodies against lobster arginine kinase interacted strongly with snow crab but they gave only a low response in molluscs such as limpet, squid and scallop. Surimi (washed fish mince) exhibited a slight residual immunobinding response. Arginine kinase could easily be detected in crab‐supplemented surimi preparations with a correlation between the level of crab added to surimi and the level of immunological response. Using direct enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and an immunodot procedure, the results showed that an addition of 10–25 g of crab flesh per kg surimi‐based products could be detected even after a high sterilization process.
Postharvest changes in ammonium, amino acids and enzymes of amino acid metabolism in asparagus spear tips
Authors: Hurst Paul L. , Clark Christopher J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHarvested asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L) spears accumulate ammonium and amino acids in their tips during storage at ambient temperatures. To further investigate these phenomena the authors held spears at 20°C in the dark after harvest and examined several parameters of amino acid metabolism in the tips. Soluble protein content declined faster than total protein over the 5‐day storage period. Protein loss was accompanied by an increase in total free amino acids with asparagine showing the most dramatic increase. A pronounced accumulation of ammonium occurred, starting after 3 days. The activities of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) and aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.1 and EC 2.6.1.2, respectively) declined slightly whereas glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) activity almost doubled over 5 days. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) activity declined rapidly during the first 2 days and then partially recovered. Asparagine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.1), asparagine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.14), asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) and glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) activities were not detectable at any time during the storage period. Ammonium accumulation could be caused by increased glutamate dehydrogenase activity coupled with a shortage of aspartate.
Determination of phenolic acids in plant cell walls by microwave digestion
Authors: Provan Gordon J , Scobbie Lorraine , Chesson Andrew 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMicrowave digestion (750 W for 90 s) with 4 M NaOH was used to release esterified and etherified hydroxycinnamic acids from cell walls of maize (Zea mays L), wheat (Triticum aestivum L), barley (Hordeum vulgare L) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L) stems. Subtraction of values for saponifiable phenolic acids obtained after treatment with I M NaOH at room temperature from digest results provided a measure of β‐ether linked units. These were exclusively (E + Z)‐ferulic acid in the cereal straws. Only trace amounts of ether‐ and ester‐linked hydroxycinnamic acids were released from the dicotyledon, ripe straw. Microwave digestion was shown to be an order of magnitude more effective than dioxane‐HCl at liberating β‐ether bound phenolic acids and as effective, but substantially quicker, than previously described high‐temperature alkaline digestions.