bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Current Underground Injection Control Regulations and Practices in Illinois
Authors: Visocky Adrian P. , Nealon John S. , Brower Ross D. , Krapac Ivan G. , Hensel Bruce R. , Guthrie Mark A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 1984, the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources was required to assess the regulations and practices of the Illinois Underground Injection Control (UIC) program as it relates to Class I hazardous waste disposal wells. Nine injection wells, including two standbys (one inactive), are currently in operation at seven sites in the state. These wells range in depth from 1540 to 5524 feet (470 to 1683m; most inject wastes into porous carbonate formations (two wells inject into a thick sandstone). In 1984, approximately 300 million gallons (1.1 billion liters) of industrial wastes were disposed of in these wells. Acids were the most common waste disposed of, although water made up 70 to 95 percent of the wastes by volume. Illinois has been granted primacy in operating this program.The geologic environment, consisting of the unit accepting the waste and confining units lying above and below, has the capacity to accept the waste, to retain it, and to protect all underground sources of drinking water (USDW) from contamination by its injection. The geology of Illinois is relatively simple and includes disposal zones and associated confining units suitable for deep‐well injection across the central two‐thirds of the state.The regulatory structure for Class I injection wells is generally adequate in concept and scope to ensure containment of injected wastes and to safeguard underground sources of drinking water in Illinois. There is a need to update and strengthen selected portions of the regulatory practices in the areas of waste sampling protocol, chemical analysis of collected waste samples, and evaluation of injection well testing and monitoring data.A number of technologies exist that can treat and dispose of most hazardous and non‐hazardous waste streams. Each of these technologies has associated with it economic, environmental and societal impacts.
Operation and Maintenance of Underground Injection Wells
Authors: Buttam Jack R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe DuPont Victoria Texas plant has gained 195 well‐years of experience in operating and maintaining underground injection wells since 1953. This experience demonstrates that it is very important to locate wells where proper geology exists for ground water protection. The well construction features and materials are equally important. Well operation at this plant features a leak detection system that continuously monitors the mechanical integrity of the wells. The evaluation of these monitoring data provides early detection of problems before the environment can be harmed. Investigation and diagnostic techniques are then used to determine the nature and exact location of problems, whether they exist at the surface or downhole in the injection tubing, packer or casing. Once the problem is defined, remedial action is instituted. Finally the success of the repair is confirmed through additional testing.Only a limited number of repairs have been required over the past 33 years and all have been carried out without endangering the environment.
An Inexpensive Flow‐Through Cell and Measurement System for Monitoring Selected Chemical Parameters in Ground Water
Authors: Garske Edward E. , Schock Michael R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn inexpensive flow‐through cell was designed and constructed to enable the accurate measurement of redox potential (Eh), conductivity and pH from shallow monitoring wells. The cell accepts sample water from inert gas‐operated bladder pumps. The electrodes are monitored by meters mounted in a portable rugged waterproof carrying case. The cell is useful for monitoring the purging of stagnant water from the well prior to sample collection for chemical analysis, as well as to provide pH, Eh and conductivity data under conditions as close to in situ as presently practical. In conjunction with the development of the flow‐through cell and measuring system, a portable field kit was constructed and equipped to determine the alkalinity of the water via modified Gran plot titration, immediately upon sample collection.In addition to the measurement cell system, an in‐line membrane filtration system was developed, that included valves to sequentially switch to different filter units, in case of membrane plugging.
A Laboratory Study of Electromigration as a Possible Field Technique for the Removal of Contaminants from Ground Water
Authors: Runnells Donald D. , Larson Jay L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method for removing dissolved contaminants from ground water by emplacing electrodes in the aquifer has been tested using laboratory columns of pure quartz silty sand saturated with solutions of CuSO4 and copper‐contaminated synthetic ground water. In the Soviet Union a similar method is commonly used in searching for hidden deposits of metallic minerals. In the Soviet method, electrodes are emplaced in the ground and ions of the metals being sought are caused to migrate along an imposed voltage gradient; the ions are collected for analysis in acid‐filled ceramic cylinders which surround the cathodes.In this study, quick‐freezing was used to obtain the distribution of ions within the columns as a function of time and space. With voltages up to 2.5 V and cur‐rents of a few tens of microamps, more than 50 percent of the dissolved copper was removed from the interstitial fluid in the porous columns in a period of five days. Current efficiencies ranged from more than 80 percent to less than 5 percent, depending on such factors as length of time of electrolysis, pH, concentration of Cu, and presence of other ions. The efficiency and economics of the technique of electromigration should be evaluated in additional laboratory studies and in the field, but in theory the method should be useful for removing any charged species in ground water, including some organics.
In Situ Biorestoration as a Ground Water Remediation Technique
Authors: Wilson John T , Leach Lowell E. , Henson Michael , Jones Jerry N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn situ biorestoration, where applicable, is indicated as a potentially very cost‐effective and environmentally acceptable remediation technology. Many contaminants in solution in ground water as well as vapors in the unsaturated zone can be completely degraded or transformed into new compounds by naturally occurring indigenous microbial populations. Undoubtedly, thousands of contamination events are remediated naturally before the contamination reaches a point of detection. The need is for methodology to determine when natural biorestoration is occurring, the stage the restoration process is in, whether enhancement of the process is possible or desirable, and what will happen if natural processes are allowed to run their course.In addition to the nature of the contaminant, several environmental factors are known to influence the capacity of indigenous microbial populations to degrade contaminants. These factors include dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, oxidation‐reduction potential, availability of mineral nutrients, salinity, soil moisture, the concentration of specific pollutants, and the nutritional quality of dissolved organic carbon in the ground water.Most enhanced in situ bioreclamation techniques available today are variations of hydrocarbon degradation procedures pioneered and patented by Raymond and coworkers at Suntech during the period 1974 to 1978. Nutrients and oxygen are introduced through injection wells and circulated through the contaminated zone by pumping one or more producing wells.The limiting factor in remediation technology is getting the contaminated subsurface material to the treatment unit or units, or in the case of in situ processes, getting the treatment process to the contaminated material. The key to successful remediation is a thorough understanding of the hydrogeologic and geochemical characteristics of the contaminated area.
Factors Which Affect Soil‐Pore Liquid: A Comparison of Currently Available Samplers with Two New Desians
Authors: Hornby W.J. , Zabcik J.D. , Crawley W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPresently available suction and free drainage soil‐pore liquid (SPL) samplers were compared with two new SPL sampler designs for use in unsaturated zone monitoring programs. Comparisons and recommendations for appropriate SPL monitoring equipment were based on factors that influence sample quality. These factors are:

The nature of the matrix being sampled
The nature of the constituent being monitored
Seasonal and site managerial influences on water movement
Site condition influence on available options for installation of monitoring equipment.
The Transiometer: An Alternative Method of Soil Moisture Measurement in Slowly Permeable Soils
Authors: Trooien Todd P. , Bender Alan R. , Bischoff John H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe union of a piezoresistive pressure transducer and a porous ceramic cup was termed “transiometer.” The transiometer was constructed from economical and readily available materials. It could be used to measure soil water potentials in both saturated and unsaturated conditions, and was well suited to continuous monitoring with data acquisition equipment.Transiometer testing was conducted at two sites, one of moderate permeability and the other of slow permeability. The slowly permeable site was instrumented with four replications of the following: (1) transiometers installed at four depths, (2) a transi‐ometerwithout the ceramic cup, (3) apiezometer, and (4) access tubes for monitoring soil moisture with a neutron probe. The moderately permeable site was instrumented with a transiometer, two piezometers, and an access tube for monitoring with a neutron probe.In saturated conditions the transiometer had a faster response time after installation than the piezometer. Faster response makes the transiometer more desirable for use in slowly permeable soils, especially when monitoring dynamic soil water.Calculated random error of the transiometer measuring system, including a digital voltmeter and a scanner, was typically 0.09 feet (2.8cm), with a maximum calculated to be 0.38 feet (11.5cm). The two most significant components were imprecision of the scanner card and calibration shift. The transiometer was sensitive to atmospheric pressure fluctuations, with sensitivity to atmospheric pressure change increasing with installation depth.
Analysis of a Contaminated Bedrock Aquifer by Means of a Packer and Attempts at Remediation Using a Packer
Authors: Hiltgen K.D. , Anderson S.E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA dolomite bedrock aquifer in the Northeast has been contaminated with volatile organic compounds. These compounds have made their way into our pumping well, which contains total volatile organic concentrations averaging 2 to 4 ppm. The source of these organics has not been positively identified. Television video logs show considerable vertical fractures in the upper 20 feet of the bedrock aquifer. Below this, where bedrock is more consolidated, there are a few areas of caverns and large crevices, some of which are 10 feet thick. It was first thought that perhaps the organics were entering the well through a few of the crevices that could be grouted off from the remainder of the aquifer. We fabricated an inflatable packer so that isolated sections of the well could be sampled. Using the video logs as guides, the vertical sections of the well was sampled and the centerline of the plume was determined.The packer was comprised of two steel rim supports that supported innertubes. The two packers were separated with 4 feet of steel rod. Placed on top of the lower section was a standard submersible well pump that could pump a flow rate of 10 gpm. The packer assembly was lowered into the well with a winch and then at selected locations the packer was inflated with air to 50 psig. The submersible pump was turned on and allowed to pump the section for 30 minutes to adequately purge the area and obtain a representative sample.The results of the sampling showed the maximum concentration to be at 95 feet below the surface. The entire aquifer is 125 feet thick. This means the lower third contains the organics. To determine what vertical section supplies the most water, we divided the well into thirds, and ran a material balance using three different compounds. From the analysis, we determined that a packer placed at the 70‐foot level and only pumping from that section will reduce organics concentration by a factor of 10 and reduce flow only by 20 percent.A commercial packer has been installed at the 70‐foot level in the well and the pump was raised above this level in hopes to reduce organics concentration in the well water. The packer is still under testing, but after four months of operation, there has been no dramatic decrease in contaminant levels. This may be the result of leakage around the packer or due to the high permeability of the dolomite aquifer.
Use of Computers in the Field
Authors: Gravengaard Gabrielle B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPerforming long‐term pump tests, single‐well aquifer tests and long‐term ground water monitoring were, in the past, considered costly and labor‐intensive tasks. However, because of recent advances in portable data acquisition systems, these field tests can be performed in a relatively cost‐effective and efficient manner. Certain data acquisition systems (DAS) have unique options available. Recently developed and commonly used computers are the Envirolab®, the Paroscientific®, and the In‐Situ®. The use of implementing DAS in ground water field studies has proved to be successful when compared to the many disadvantages of performing those tasks manually. Successful acquisition of aquifer characterization data using computerized methods is highly dependent on the implementation of proper field programming and operational procedures. In order to provide high qualify and meaningful data, the field operator must be familiar with proper equipment implementation and programming instructions. Once familiar with these procedures, the use of DAS in the field provides a cost‐effective and efficient tool for aquifer testing.
Volatilization Losses of Organics During Ground Water Sampling from Low Permeability Materials
Authors: McAlary T. A. , Barker J.F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVolatilization biases that can affect a aground water sample before its collection from a monitoring well were evaluated in this study. Previous studies showed that volatilization losses during sampling of high permeability materials do not introduce unacceptable bias, except; for the most volatile compounds. In low permeability materials, however, ground water must normally accumulate for hours to days after flushing before a volume sufficient for sampling is available. During this period, the ground water sample is open to the atmosphere and volatilization can lower the concentration of volatile compounds in solution.Laboratory simulations were conducted to evaluate this bias using four chlorinated, one‐ and two‐carbon compounds. Two distinct conditions of headspace exposure were investigated: (a) the water standing in the well casing, and (b) formation water entering the screen of a well that has been dewatered during purging.Water standing in the well was depleted in volatile organics by exponential decay with a half life of about four days. Volatilization losses will be less than 10 percent if the standing time is less than about six hours. In wells that have been purged dry, volatilization losses of 10 percent are likely in as little as five minutes as the recovering formation water trickles through the headspace in the dewatered sand filter pack. Losses may reach 70 percent for recovery periods of one hour. When the sand filter pack is drained by the purging procedure, the sample should not be analyzed for volatile constituents since volatilization biases are likely to be substantial.Conventional open system monitoring wells should be used to collect volatile organic samples only if fresh formation water can be drawn into the well with minimal turbulence and exposure to the atmosphere. One should therefore avoid drawing the water level down into the sand pack when the well is purged. Specialized sampling methods should be developed and evaluated for volatile organics where sample integrity is critical.
Field Evaluation of Well Purging Procedures
Authors: Robin M.J.L. , Gillham R. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn order to avoid contamination of ground water samples by stagnant water in the well bore, it is generally recommended that the well be purged prior to sampling. There is however, a divergence of opinion both on the need for purging and the best methods of purging. This paper describes detailed field tests in which non‐reactive tracers were used to examine, from a well hydraulics point of view, the need for purging and also the effectiveness of various purging procedures. Results show that in the permeable geologic materials of the test site, and for the non‐reactive tracers, the water within the screened interval will be purged by the natural flow of water through the screen, while the water above will remain stagnant. The volume of water above the screen is referred to here as one bore volume. It,is suggested that with consideration of the required sample volume, the volume of water stored in the screen, the sampling rate, and the position of the sampler intake, dedicated samplers could be used to obtain representative ground water samples without prior purging of the well.Of the purging procedures tested, pumping from just below the air‐water interface in the well, or the method of “complete removal” of the water within the well bore were the only effective means for complete removal of the stagnant water. Using these procedures, it appeared that representative samples could be obtained with the removal of only two to three bore volumes of water.
Radon‐222 Concentration and Aquifer Lithology in North Carolina
Authors: Loomis Dana P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe presence of the radioactive gas radon (Rn‐222) in many ground water supplies is a potentially significant source of public exposure to ionizing radiation. A wide range of radon concentrations has been measured in ground water in North Carolina, including some far in excess of national average concentrations. North Carolina is, however, geologically complex and ground water radon concentrations vary considerably among the state's aquifers. The highest average radon concentrations occur in areas underlain by granites (geometric mean 5910 pCi/l), and the lowest occur in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region (48 pCi/l). Average radon levels intermediate between these extremes are characteristic of the large areas of North Carolina underlain by gneisses, schists and metavolcanic rocks. Relative average radon concentrations in ground water from the rock types surveyed are consistent with relative abundances of uranium, the parent element of radon, in these rocks. Although other geologic and hydrologic factors also have an effect, aquifer lithology is a useful predictor of the concentration of radon in ground water. The occurrence of high radon concentrations in certain aquifer types; such as granites, shows that geologic factors should be considered in estimates of population exposure to radon, and that knowledge of aquifer geology can help to predict ground water radon concentrations in areas where field sampling has not been done.
Some Biases in Sampling Multilevel Piezometers for Volatile Organics
Authors: Barker J. F. , Patrick G. C , Lemon L. , Travis G. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMultilevel piezometers are cost‐effective monitoring devices for determining the three‐dimensional distribution of solutes in ground water. Construction includes flexible tubing (plastic or Teflon®). Their sampling is subject to a number of'potential biases, particularly: (1) losses of volatile organic solutes via volatilization, (2) sorption onto the flexible tubing of the piezometers, (3) leaching of organics from this tubing, and (4) collection of unrepresentative samples due to inadequate piezometer flushing. It is shown that these biases are minimal or are easily controlled in most situations.Another source of bias has been recognized. Organic solutes present in ground water above the screened level can penetrate the flexible plastic or Teflon tubing and contaminate the sampled water being drawn through this tubing. Laboratory tests and field results indicate this transmission causes low organic contaminant concentrations to be erroneously attributed to ground water which is free of such contaminants. The transmitted organics apparently desorb from the plastic tubing during flushing of even 40 piezometer volumes.Recognition of this transmission problem provides for a better interpretation of existing organic contaminant distribution data. Caution is advised when considering the use of these monitoring devices in organic solute contaminant studies.
Fault Controlled Hydrogeology at a Waste Pile
Authors: Keller Barry , Hoylman Edward , Chadbourne John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGeologic mapping, subsurface drilling and monitoring well data indicate the existence of a complex and irregular ground water regime in the vicinity of a cement kiln dust pile on an inactive splay of the Garlock Fault System. Artesian flow, active seeps and water levels that are substantially higher than the elevation of apparent saturated conditions encountered during drilling show that ground water flows upward in certain localized zones. Tracing of chemical indicator parameters characteristic of kiln dust leachate shows that the dust pile is not affecting the chemistry of nearby ground water.
Effects of Selected Sampling Equipment and Procedures on the Concentrations of Trichloroethylene and Related Compounds in Ground Water Samples
Authors: Pearsall Kenneth A. , Eckhardt David A. V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVariations in concentrations of trichloroethylene and related compounds in ground water obtained from seven ground water samplers were used to compare the performance of three submersible pumps, a centrifugal pump, two peristaltic pumps, and a bailer. Two‐ and 4‐inch diameter submersible pumps and a centrifugal pump produced samples whose trichloroethylene concentrations, on the average, did not differ significantly from each other. Ground water samples collected by using a peristaltic pump and silicone tubing had significantly lower trichloroethylene concentrations than samples from the submersible pumps. Concentrations of 1,2‐dichloroethylene and trichloroethylene in ground water samples collected by using a bailer were indistinguishable from those in samples taken by a submersible pump when the concentrations were as much as 96 and 76 micrograms per liter, respectively, but were 15 and 12 percent lower when concentrations were as low as 29 and 23 micrograms per liter, respectively. Tests of different configurations of sampler placement in observation wells indicate that pump placement, rate of pumping, duration of pumping, and the uniformity of the vertical and lateral distribution of trichloroethylene in ground water near the well screen have a potentially significant influence on trichloroethylene concentrations in ground water samples and that these factors can have a greater effect than the type of sampler used.