bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A SPATIALLY RESPONSIVE HYDROLOGIC MODEL TO PREDICT EROSION AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT1
Authors: Ross B. B. , Shanholtz V. O. , Contractor D. N. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A finite element numerical model has been developed by the authors which routes overland and channel flows in a watershed, given soils, land use, topographic descriptors, and rainfall as input. Such processes as infiltration, canopy interception, seasonal growth of vegetation, and depression storage are described in the hydrologic context of the model. These capabilities, along with the spatial detail and responsiveness of the model, allow a ready adaptation of the model to provide for the prediction of sediment transport and yield.It is assumed that the best results can be obtained by a technique which utilizes the following procedures. Sediment yield to the channel is described by functions describing soil detachment by rainfall and overland flow and transport by overland flow. Since the model description of the channel flow processes involves a more realistic representation of the physical drainage system, an attempt was made to define sediment transport in the channel by erosion and sedimentation mechanics.A conceptual framework is provided whereby the integrated effects of various land use activities on sediment transport and yield can be evaluated. Inherent in this provision of the model is the capability of determining the effects of any control measures to be implemented on a watershed.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE CARBON AND NITROGEN IN RIVER WATER1
Authors: Whitfield Paul H. , McKinley James W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of storing samples prior to determination of particulate nitrogen and carbon concentrations were investigated. Freezing of water samples between collection and analysis has a substantial effect on the results obtained. Storage of samples at 5°C also affects the results, although the changes which occurred were generally less than for frozen samples. When the particulates were collected onto a filter immediately after sample collection and stored in that form until analysis only small changes in the results were observed. This suggests that samples for the determination of particulate nitrogen and carbon concentrations should be filtered immediately upon sample collection and the analysis performed as soon as possible.
WATER LOSS EQUATIONS AND COEFFICIENTS TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL1
Authors: Foroud N. , Broughton R. S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTInfiltration models are based on physical characteristics of the soil and initial soil moisture. For a given soil it is based on the initial soil moisture distribution.A computer simulation model for flood runoff systems (FH‐Model) was used to analyze 39 sets of rainfall‐runoff data on four small watersheds ranging in size from 17 to 342 square kilometers located in the Yamaska River basin in Quebec. From these analyses, parameters and coefficients have been determined for a water loss (infiltration) equation.A method for determining the loss parameters, using a nonlinear least square curve fitting technique, is presented. Expressions were made to relate the loss parameters to antecedent precipitation. The equations were tested on 11 storm rainfall and runoff events on a watershed located in the same region and close agreements were found.
AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION PROGRAM: AN EVALUATION1
Authors: Henry John R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP), is undergoing a new, rigorous evaluation to determine its effectiveness in conserving the Nation's agricultural soils and waters.ACP deals with many types of conservation practices, but the focus here is on the evaluation of soil and water related practices. ACP has depended heavily on the State and private forestry services, Soil Conservation Service, and the Cooperative Extension Services, for technical expertise. Thus, the process is an evaluation of the effectiveness of a “team of agencies,” as well as of the program itself.Results of the evaluation have helped to develop new thrusts which have moved ACP further into the position of treating the total conservation problem.Phase I has its limitations. It did not address the impact of wind erosion, water quality, change in productive capacity, soil quality, wildlife habitat, off site and farm income impacts. It does show that ACP has and is doing a very good job in meeting its stated purposes. It is clear that ACP's effectiveness can be improved with more and better advanced planning and more intensive use of soil maps, the USLE, and other scientific tools. ACP is headed in this direction.
WATER QUALITY FROM TWO SMALL FORESTED WATERSHEDS IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS1
Authors: Brozka R. J. , Rolfe G. L. , Arnold L. E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTwo intermittent streams on oak‐hickory watersheds in southern Illinois were gaged with a V‐notched weir and sampled with an automatic water sampler. For three years data were collected on flow volume and water quality. Flow volumes show large variations between years and watersheds. Samples were analyzed for Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, P, and NO‐3. Water quality was consistently high, although there were significant differences between watersheds. A baseline for water quality has been established for comparison after one of the watersheds is clearcut at a later date.
LEGAL CHALLENGE OF THE UNGAGED WATERSHED1
Authors: Kibler David F. , Hrubovcak John M. , Froehlich David C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe lack of uniform techniques for estimating design discharges in ungaged areas is a source of growing concern in the courts now faced with challenges to floodplain boundaries and culvert design for highway crossings. This paper summarizes a court case in which calculations of the design discharge and the hydraulic backwater effects of a major highway culvert were contested by the plaintiff. Emphasis in the paper is placed on the variation in computed flows and the interpretation of the court in the face of diverse hydrologic methods for the ungaged watershed. The results of a preliminary evaluation of ungaged watershed methods applicable to Pennsylvania are also reported in terms of standard error and bias.
A WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE SENEGAL RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Gould Michaels. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA study was made to determine the impact on water quality due to water resource development in a large river basin in a semi‐arid region of West Africa. Mathematical modeling and the examination of case histories were used to project impacts. The impacts associated with changes in water quality were shown to be slight assuming that modern basin and agricultural management practices are adopted. Analytical techniques normally implemented in studies of more highly developed basins are useful for analysis of water quality impacts in relatively undeveloped basins.
EFFLUENT FEES, AN ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM FOR ACHIEVING WATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY1
Authors: Link Albert N. , Scott Frank A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the findings of a case study of the relative costs of a uniform standards system and an effluent fee system of water quality control. A 30‐mile stretch of the Black Warrior River in Alabama is considered. The analysis demonstrates that the dischargers could reduce total pollution abatement costs by 33 percent under the suggested effluent fee system.
SOLID SET IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN USING LINEAR PROGRAMMING1
Authors: Oron Gideon , Karmeli David 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Irrigation systems can be formulated to enable linear programming to be used to obtain optimal systems. Linear programming is a readily available technique in most scientific and technical centers which have computer facilities. The objective function towards a minimal cost is based on a suggested classification of the system components, and the constraints mainly refer to required pressures and discharges. A case study in which linear programming is used to determine optimal pipe diameters is given for the solution of a solid set under tree sprinkler system.
A MONTHLY TIME SERIES MODEL OF MUNICIPAL WATER DEMAND1
Authors: Hansen Roger D. , Narayanan Rangesan 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA multivariate time series model is formulated to study monthly variations in municipal water demand. The left hand side variable in the multivariate regression model is municipal water demand (gallons per connection per day) and the right hand side contains (explanatory) variables which include price (constant dollars), average temperature, total precipitation, and percentage of daylight hours. The application of the regression model to Salt Lake City Water Department data produced a high multiple correlation coefficient and F‐statistic. The regression coefficients for the right hand side variables all have the appropriate sign. In an ex post forecast, the model accurately predicts monthly variations in municipal water demand. The proposed monthly multivariate model is not only found useful for forecasting water demand, but also useful for predicting and studying the impact of nonstructural management decisions such as the effect of price changes, peak load pricing methods, and other water conservation programs.
EFFECTS OF LAKE MICHIGAN DIVERSION ON THE WATER CHEMISTRY OF THE ILLINOIS WATERWAY1
Authors: Kothandaraman Veerasamy , Evans Ralph L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Chemical quality characteristics of the Illinois waterway covering a stretch of 270 river miles were monitored at approximately 10 mile intervals, during the period June to September of 1978 and 1979. A statistical method was used to define the interstation relationships for the chemical parameters. These mathematical models were used to predict the effects of Lake Michigan diversion. The mineral content of the mixed flow resulting from increased diversions are not likely to be altered drastically.
ANALYSIS OF ROCK STRESS AROUND A LIQUID WASTE INJECTION SYSTEM IN ILLINOIS1
Authors: Heidari Manoutchehr , Cartwrighi Keros 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The danger to the environment associated with the injection of liquid industrial wastes into a deep, confined, subsurface rock formation may arise from the transport of the waste laterally or vertically in the formation. The pattern of lateral transport, which can take place as a result of convection as well as dispersion and diffusion, can be determined by an approximate analytical solution to the mass transport equation. Vertical transport may take place through both natural fractures and fractures created by hydrostatic stresses generated around the well during injection. To determine the stresses, we used the finite element method to get a numerical solution of the flow equation. We applied a solution of the flow equation to calculate the stress buildup and decay for the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation's injection well near Hennepin in Putnam County, Illinois. According to our computations, the stress buildup due to injection is about 0.16 pounds per square inch per foot ‐ psi ‐ (0.362 Newton per square centimeter per meter), which, added to normal pressure, makes an estimated total stress of 0.60 psi/ft (1.36 Newton/cm2/m). That pressure is insufficient to cause fracturing of the Cambrian Eau Claire aquitard, the confining bed for the disposal zone.
DUAL PURPOSE DETENTION BASINS IN STORM WATER MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Whipple William 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStorm water management contributes to flood hazard mitigation; but new approaches now being developed consider also the reduction in particulate pollution and stream erosion. Such approaches involve retardation of storm runoff, or detention programs of some kind, and detention basins are usually required if large storms are to be controlled. The usual concept is that future storms occurring after development should have no more adverse effect than similar storms would have had before development; but a number of different criteria are being used. If control of storms of different sizes is required, only a small amount of additional capacity is required to obtain retention of particulate pollution in the same basin. In at least three different parts of the country, such dual purpose detention basins are being required of developers. In such programs the developers bear the cost, the governmental contributions are not involved.
MANAGING CRISIS: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LOCAL DISTRICTS FOR CONTROL OF GROUND WATER MINING1
Authors: Keller Lawrence F. , Heatwole Craig G. , Weber James W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This article examines the willingness and capacity of local districts to control ground water mining of the Ogallala Aquifer in the High Plains. The questions of willingness and capacity were approached through extensive field interviews and a survey of all district board members and managers. The analysis focuses on the policy alternatives board members and managers perceive and how they evaluate these alternatives. Methodologically, the study utilized factor analysis of responses rating the desirability of various policy alternatives to ascertain what alternatives were perceived by the sample. Then the sample's preferences for each of the identified factors were calculated. The results demonstrate that the sample of those who must regulate if ground water mining is to be controlled at the substate level are not oriented to regulatory policies and therefore lack the willingness to deal with ground water mining.
SOME SUSPENDED SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM SOUTH ISLAND CATCHMENTS, NEW ZEALAND1
Authors: Griffiths George A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Estimates of specific annual suspended sediment yields, some of which rank among the highest reported in the world, are presented for 33 basins of South Island, New Zealand. Yield from each basin was determined by combining a suspended sediment concentration rating with the complete flow record of each catchment stream gaging station. A multiple regression analysis between sediment yields and climatic, hydrologic and physiographic parameters of each basin demonstrates that most of the variance in yields is explained by catchment mean rainfall. Geology apparently has little influence on sediment yield as suspended sediment concentration ratings, from rivers draining catchments of differing lithology, and regolith, are indistinguishable. Specific suspended sediment yield prediction equations are given for four defined regions covering in area almost all South Island; and except for one area, feature rainfall as the principle independent variable. Differences between regions may be due to variations in intensity, frequency, and duration patterns of storms. It is proposed that a simple power law relationship between yield and rainfall provides useful suspended sediment yield estimates in mountainous regions of temperate maritime climate, provided catchments have not been modified extensively by man.
PLANNING LEVEL ESTIMATES OF THE VALUE OF RESERVOIRS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND FLOW AUGMENTATION IN NEW HAMPSHIRE1
Authors: Dingman S. Lawrence 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In general, the choice among reservoirs for water supply or flow augmentation is a multiobjective problem. Choices are based in part on the yield available from water supply reservoirs or, in the case of flow augmentation reservoirs, on the increase in low flows at downstream locations. Detailed estimates of these effects may be too costly for basin planning purposes. Thus this paper presents methods for rapid estimation of those quantities for New Hampshire. For water supply reservoirs, a composite empirical relation between Y95 (the draft available 95 percent of the time) and storage ratio, S*, is developed from previous studies in the region. For flow augmentation reservoirs, empirical relations between S* and degree of regulation, R*, are applied to each upstream regulating reservoir. Values of regulation arc then summed and divided by the mean flow at the downstream reach of interest. This parameter, (ΓR)*, is then related to increase in flow available 95 percent of the time by an empirical relation.
A METHOD FOR OBTAINING SLOPE INFORMATION FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELS1
Authors: Haack Barry N. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method is described for obtaining surface slope information for analysis with other land resource and water quality data in hydrologic models of nonpoint sources of water pollution. The method described requires a point sampling scheme, topographic maps, and a coordinate digitizer. Sample point elevation, slope direction, and slope magnitude are calculated from locations of the sample point and the nearest upper and lower contour lines. Details of the data collection methodology and associated problems are discussed.
ESTIMATION OF SOIL MOISTURE WITH API ALGORITHMS AND MICROWAVE EMISSION1
Authors: Blanchard Bruce J. , McFarland Marshall J. , Schmugge Thomas J. , Rhoades Edd 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTLarge area soil moisture estimations are required to describe input to cloud prediction models, rainfall distribution models, and global crop yield models. Satellite mounted microwave sensor systems that as yet can only detect moisture at the surface have been suggested as a means of acquiring large area estimates. Relations previously discovered between microwave emission at the 1.55 cm wavelength and surface moisture as represented by an antecedent precipitation index were used to provide a pseudo infiltration estimation. Infiltration estimates based on surface wetness on a daily basis were then used to calculate the soil moisture in the surface 0–23 cm of the soil by use of a modified antecedent precipitation index. Reasonably good results were obtained (R2= 0.7162) when predicted soil moisture for the surface 23 cm was compared to measured moisture. Where the technique was modified to use only an estimate of surface moisture each three days an R2 value of 0.7116 resulted for the same data set. Correlations between predicted and actual soil moisture fall off rapidly for repeat observations more than three days apart. The algorithms developed in this study may be used over relatively flat agricultural lands to provide improved estimates of soil moisture to a depth greater than the depth of penetration for the sensor.
THE EVOLUTION OF TEXAS WATER LAW AND THE IMPACT OF ADJUDICATION1
Authors: Tempter Otis W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTexas' surface water law began its evolution during the Hispanic period of occupance. Later, the English riparian doctrine was adopted, and finally, in the late 1800's, the prior appropriation doctrine was superimposed, resulting in an exceedingly complex dual system. Though the judiciary, legislature, and state water agencies have wrestled with the problem of coordinating these diverse water rights and more accurately delineating and measuring riparian rights and water use since early in this century, until recently all attempts were unsuccessful. The unknown riparian element, in particular, made coordinated and efficient management and administration of the state's surface water resources impossible. Finally, measurable progress toward solution of these problems began in 1967 with passage of the Water Rights Adjudication Act, aimed at identifying all unrecorded surface water rights claims and eventually merging all claims into the permit system. This paper examines the gradual evolution of Texas' curious blend of Hispanic‐English riparian rights and later appropriate rights; discusses the resultant problems of water resource administration; and traces the progress of the ongoing water rights adjudication, a lengthy, expensive, and complex procedure, which should eventually make possible more efficient administration of all surface water rights.
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WATER CONSERVATION POLICY1
Authors: Whipple William 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWater conservation is a much emphasized policy of the Federal government. Discussion of water conservation proposals often involves confusion between a conservation “ethic,” which is an end in itself, and conservation as a means for attaining various economic objectives. Analysis indicates that outside of ground water “mining.” water is usually a renewable and reusable resource. During periods of normal precipitation, water conservation should be employed only when the value of the water saved exceeds the cost of effecting the savings. Water conservation is most valuable as a drought contingency tactic. Water conservation as a substitute for structural provision to meet normal water demand growth is apt to prove shortsighted.
RIVER DYE GAGING1
Authors: van't Woudt Bessel D. , Nicolle Kelvin 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTProcedures have been developed (a) to inject a tracer at a constant rate below the water surface at selected points across a stream and (b) to deal with suspended sediment. Mixing remained far from complete in relatively long channels, owing to channel and flow divergence with uncertainty where to sample downstream and which marginal sample values to include for flow calculation. These problems are encountered when mixing is largely dependent on transverse diffusion. Accurate and replicable results were obtained where dye was injected upstream and detected downstream from riffles that induced thorough turbulent mixing. Dye gaging should be practical in gorges or wherever flow is turbulent across the whole width of a channel.
POTENTIAL WATER USE AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PATTERNS UNDER ALTERNATIVE WATER PRICES1
Authors: Christensen Douglas A. , Heady Earl O. , Morton Andrew S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTOut study deals with the demand for water and alternative agricultural production and land use patterns under varying prices for both surface and ground water. We derive irrigation water demands for both the United States and regions of it. Not only is a different amount of water used at each set of water prices but also a different mix of crops, livestock, and production technology develops among the different regions. Under the highest set of prices used, more than fourteen million acres are converted into dryland farming. Total irrigated water use decreases by more than 25 million acre‐feet. Irrigated crop yields are reduced and cropping patterns shift away from irrigation. Commodity shadow prices increase as much as 15 percent under high prices for both surface and ground water. A redistribution of farm income occurs between irrigated and dryland regions.
EFFECTS OF CLEARCUTTING AND SLASHBURNING ON STREAM TEMPERATURE IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA1
Authors: Feller M. C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA paired watershed study was conducted in western hemlock/western redcedar/Douglas fir forests of southwestern British Columbia to assess the effects of clearcutting and clearcutting plus slash‐burning treatments on stream water characteristics. In the case of stream temperatures, both treatments increased summer temperatures as well as summer daily temperature fluctuations. These effects lasted for seven years in the case of the clearcut stream but longer in the case of the clearcut and slashburned stream. Clearcutting increased winter stream temperatures whereas slashburning caused a decrease. These changes lasted less than four years. Clearcutting and slashburning had a greater impact on stream temperatures than did clearcutting alone.