bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Studies Of Aluminum Alloys Under DesalinationConditions And Their Relationship to Pilot/Plant,Experience
Authors: Lindberg R.L. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Early in the operation of a 50,000-gal/D pilot plant with aluminum heat transfer " surfaces, it became apparent that the electrochemical relationships among aluminum alloys were, radically different than at "normal";" conditions. " As a result, a series of laboratory investigations were undertaken to determine the effect of variables upon solution potential of aluminum alloys, as well as on their corrosion characteristics. Sample size, temperature time to equilibrium, and alloy were among the major variables. Factors such as alloy temper, velocity and pressure were of secondary importance.
Marked excursions of solution potential vs. temperature were, found for all alloys tested. The effect of velocity is small in comparison to the effect of temperature. Sample, size has been found to be a critical factor when relating, lab experience to field observations.
Pilot plant inspection data, obtained aft, er21 months of operation, are compared to laboratory data when such comparisons are possible. Major pilot plant problems encountered. were galvanic in nature. The primary problem was with contact to steel, but less, severe effects were found between aluminum alloys. The data from the lab indicate that present operating limits are most severe, for "aluminum and that an increase or decrease in temperature could reduce galvanic interactions.
Based on both lab and field data, the use of aluminum in desalting appears to be nearing engineering reality.

TEXT
The operation of a 50,000-gal/D multistage flash desalting plant with aluminum heat transfer surfaces indicated that the electrochemical relationships of the alloys" changed markedly at higher temperatures. At temperatures above 180 °F, the sacrificial cladding of alclad alloys was expended so rapidly that alloys suitable for normal seawater are no onger useful. Similarly, anodes used to protect steel evaporator sections were rapidly used up., Galvanic attack to steel was greatly accelerated. Finally, an aluminum-magnesium alloy normally immune to grain boundary precipitation developed this problem under a combination of heat and cold work.
A proposal for a laboratory study of:-the potential vs. temperature relationships of various alloys was made to the Office of Saline Water (OSW). This proposal was limited to studies in recycle brine and product water from the pilot plant. Effects of velocity and oxygen concentration were also to be considered. The proposal was. accepted and became OSW Contract 14-01-0001-2301. This paper describes work done under'; the contract prior to Nov. 1, 1970. The contract was completed Jan. 31, 1971.
Static potential-temperature studies were made in an autoclave depicted schematically in Fig. 1. The autoclave is made of type 304 stainless steel and contains an 8-1 glass vessel in which the test solutions are contained. PVC pipe connects the half cell to the solution. The unit is gas fired with suitable regulators, gauges and safety valves.
Competitive CVAR-FPSO concepts with Dry trees in ultra-deepwater; Weathervaning CVAR-FPSO for Brazil and Indonesia vs. Non-weathervaning for West Africa
Authors: Okamoto Norihiko , Hirayama Hiroaki , Ishida Kozo , Otomo Kazuhisa , Nishigaki Makoto 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A new FPSO concept termed CVAR-FPSO is under development by a JNOC headed Joint Industry Project (JIP). The concept, using Compliant Vertical Access Risers (CVARs), dry trees, a workover rig, and including the ability to complete and workover wells, offers enormous economic and operational benefits to deepwater oil field development. The JIP introduced the CVAR-FPSO - "OTC 12990 An FPSO with Surface Wells and Workover System in Deepwater" at the OTC2001. The original CVAR-FPSO design for Indonesia and Brazil allows weathervane with a turret, fluid transfer system, and riser centering system, which are the most expensive facilities of the FPSO. However, the CVAR-FPSO doesn't require these expensive facilities in West Africa, because a spread mooring system works without weathervaning there. Hence, CVAR-FPSO with CVAR, a spread mooring system and a skidding W.O. rig delivers much more practical and economical performances in West Africa. The central attribute of the CVAR-FPSO is the use of CVARs. These compliant but rigid risers connect wells from the seafloor to the dry trees mounted on the FPSO, and the compliancy can compensate for vessel motion. The CVAR, being vertical access to the wells, also allows completion and workover operations to be performed from the FPSO. The field development concept involves the drilling and temporary abandonment of wells by a MODU. The CVAR-FPSO is then moved onto location. CVARs are installed, and wells are completed from the CVAR-FPSO.
CVAR-FPSO would be more economical and practical with the following system; weathervane system in Indonesia and Brazil, and non-weathervane system in West Africa.

1. Introduction
The JIP introduced the original CVAR-FPSO design which allows weathervane with a turret, fluid transfer system, and riser centering system (we call it CVAR-FPSO I afterward). Here, we introduce CVAR-FPSO with CVARs, a spread mooring and rig skidding (we call it CVAR-FPSO II afterward). CVAR-FPSO I works in Indonesia and Brazil, while CVAR-FPSO II works in West Africa. Each Figure. 1 and Figure 2 shows CVAR-FPSO I and II. Background of introduction of the CVAR-FPSOs is the following.
An FPSO has become a widely used oil production platform worldwide, being used in many different seas, for many different reservoir types. This wide range of applications is due to the inherent benefits of the system, including the ability to produce, store, offload, the ease of adaptability to different reservoir and sea conditions, re-usability, applicability as Extended Well Test (EWT) or Early Production System (EPS) and relatively short system implementation lead times.
However, current FPSO implementations have disadvantages, as all use subsea completions, connected to the FPSO via a turret or buoy. Subsea completions are more complex and expensive than surface completions, with wellknown reliability issues.
Nonlinear Dynamic Response Of Offshore Structures
Authors: Selna Lawrence G. , Cho M. David 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT:
The problem discussed concerns the dynamic response of offshore bottom supported structures to the action of periodic deep water waves when yielding is considered in the structure. Results of mathematical studies show that unbounded response can occur after several near-breaking waves have passed a typical offshore structure. Also, the predicted response of a structure, which is considered to, yield, is significantly affected by the number of degrees of freedom considered in the idealization.

INTRODUCTION

Background
Ocean structure engineers have recently been concerned with the design of offshore tower structures for dynamic behavior. Pursuant to the design procedure, knowledge of the dynamic loads and structural behavior is necessary. The research concerned with the loading on these structures has been pertinent and of high quality. It is surprising that very few tudies have been started with the purpose of finding basic structural behavior, viz. deformation patterns or even failure regimes. The basic simulation has not been made for the case where materials in the structure exceed the elastic limit.
The relationship of force on structures to fluid motion due to free gravity waves - considered to be a design load case-has received a great deal of attention (1,2,3,4). Large amounts of experimental data on wave forces have been gathered for shallow water cases where structural motions are small. Unfortunately no data has been gathered for cases where there is structural dynamic wave interaction type response.
Theoretical studies have frequently(2,3,S) sought to characterize wave forces using statistical methods. The following comments extracted from Ref.(2) are pertinent: " ... The statistical techniques ... neglect the time sequence of the phenomena as they assume the random phase. Thus, one entire class of information is often thrown away in the analysis of waves. From an engineering standpoint, it is the groups of several periodic waves, which are almost always the highest waves in the wave system, that are most effective in causing structural damage..." These comments are unfortunate because the statistical method makes a valuable contribution to wave force evaluation by characterizing the spectrum of the water surface elevation(6). Clearly a reconciliation of views between the deterministic wave train and surface spectrum approaches is needed.
Other studies on wave forces were concerned with effects of structural motions on the forces. The governing equation, originally developed by Morison, et. al.(l), has Deen generalized so that relative fluid velocities and accelerations are related to force on the structure (7,8). In certain cases these modifications will significantly alter the predicted results. Experimental verification of these proposed modifications is needed.
Perhaps the most comprehensive representation of structural behavior during application of wave forces was attempted by Edge and Mayer(9). This linear mathematical model was structured to include effects of soil and waves on the tower.
Composite Choke and Kill Lines
Authors: Johnson Douglas B. , Baldwin Donald D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Replacement of existing steel choke and kill lines on a drilling riser string with composite lines will result in weight savings that will allow third generation mobile offshore drilling units to operate in 6,000 feet of water depth without undergoing major upgrades. The design and analysis, fabrication and qualification testing of high pressure (15,000 psi) composite choke and kill lines is discussed. The objective is to develop a low-cost composite design of reliability equivalent to that of existing metal systems.

Introduction
Replacement of the steel choke and kill lines on a standard drilling riser string with composite tubulars will result in a 15%-20% weight saving. Table 1 is a weight comparison of a typical 4.5" steel choke and kill line with a comparable composite line. This straightforward substitution would allow a third generation mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU) to operate in water depths as great as 6,000 feet without major upgrades. One of the limiting factors in taking a MODU out into deepwater and ultra-deepwater is the deckload capacity of the vessel. Mooring lines, riser joints, hook, and variable loads all contribute to this weight. A variety of other limitations require third generation semisubmersibles to undergo major upgrades before they can operate in water depths as great as 6,000 feet.
For composite lines to be widely accepted, they must be designed to be 100% interchangeable with existing steel lines, with no modifications required to the riser pipe body, flange, brackets or buoyancy modules. When installed on a steel main riser pipe and flange joint, these composite lines create a hybrid drilling riser system. Such hybrid riser joints would then be completely interchangeable with the all-steel riser joints of a deepwater riser system.
The market focus for a hybrid riser system is very specific. The drilling and production units being targeted are those third generation rigs on the edge of deepwater that want to be able to drill in 6,000 feet of water without undergoing major upgrades. The use of hybrid riser joints will lighten deckload, hookload and craning requirements for these MODU"s. Equally important is the reduction in the volume of syntactic foam buoyancy needed to support the riser joints underwater. Foam modules with a smaller outside diameter can be used, allowing the hybrid riser to be run by many of the vessels operating on the fringe of deepwater which still have 49.5- inch rotary tables. Another advantage to the use of smaller diameter buoyancy is the narrower profile of the riser string in the water, which reduces the drag forces of the sea currents.

Composite Choke and Kill Line Requirements
The API specification for choke and kill systems (Ref. 1) states that: "Choke and Kill Lines are an integral part of the surface blowout prevention equipment required for well control. The kill line provides a means of pumping fluid into the well bore when normal circulation through the drill string cannot be employed.
Malampaya Deep Water Gas-to-Power Project: Onshore Gas Plant Value Engineering and Flawless Start Up
Authors: Reymert D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Malampaya field development comprises subsea wells in 820 metres water-depth producing via a subsea manifold and two 16 inch diameter inconel clad flowlines to a shallow water platform 30 km distant. Condensate is removed on the platform and the dry gas is then transported via a 504 km long 24 inch export pipeline to an onshore gas plant at Tabangao (Batangas, Luzon Island) for extraction of H2S. The condensate is stored in the platform CGS caisson prior to export via a short 3 km long 24 inch diameter pipeline and CALM buoy.
The Malampaya Onshore Gas Plant (OGP) at Batangas is a vital part of the overall Shell Philippines Exploration B.V. (SPEX) Malampaya Deep Water Gas-to-Power Development. The plant design and execution schedule was from the outset extremely tight, mainly due to uncertainties during the definition stage on the exact requirements for H2S removal. Consequently, the project awarded the main Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) contract ahead of final design optimisation.
To ensure an optimised design and to reduce cost without scarifying the functional requirements, the project executed a Value Engineering exercise prior to start of detail design. The exercise not only resulted in a reduction of overall cost of20%, it also produced a better design.
In addition to discussing the benefits gained through the Value Engineering process, this paper will address the fast track nature of the Project and the application of the conceptof Flawless Start-Up to meet the tight schedule. This involved the necessary up front work in detailed engineering, procurement and construction, as well as commissioning, start up planning and risk analysis to support a short and trouble free start up.
The paper also addresses key aspect of HSE management in construction and start up for this green field project in Batangas, Philippines. The OGP executed some 11.3 manhours without a Lost Time Incident (LTI) utilising mainly local, in most cases unskilled, labour. The project was also certified to ISO 14001 from start of construction and through until start up and full operation.

Introduction
The OGP facilities are designed to take the sour dehydrated gas from the Malampaya gas export pipeline, which lands at Batangas and process up to 500 MMscf/d of natural gas. The treated gas feeds three power stations with a cumulative capacity of 2700 MW of electric power for domestic consumption (Fig. 1).
The OGP is designed to remove up to 1000 ppm H2S from the gas, using an amine process and deliver specification gas(less than 20 ppm H2S) to the customers. The facility also includes fiscal metering for the three customers, a sulphur recovery unit and various utilities. The plant has two process trains with common inlet and outlet facilities.
Introducing the AUUV: An Autonomous Underwater Utility Vehicle
Authors: Sonnier Carl 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The unprecedented partnership of Boeing, Fugro and Oceaneering has resulted in the development of an AUV incorporating many unique features. This paper introduces this new AUV, its modular payload and its extended weather launch and recovery system.
With AUVs finally approaching commercial viability, they are expected to be the tool of choice for deep water site and corridor (route) surveys providing improved productivity, reduced cost and the ability to survey in areas previouslyinaccessible.
This paper presents an overview, comparing productivity, sensor quality and positioning accuracy of the new AUV with a deep tow system using identical sensors.

Introduction
At the Underwater Intervention Conference of 2001, Boeing, Fugro and Oceaneering announced a joint effort to field a commercially viable AUV within a year. That year is approaching an end and the AUV is now in Sea Trials.
At the start of this program we were confident that AUVs could collect excellent data on par with Fugro's DeepTow II and do so much faster than deep towed systems. The partnership was formed to address poor reliability of commercial AUVs, weather-limited launch & recovery systems that often required deployment of a small boat to effect recovery, and to achieve full autonomous operation with the required navigation accuracy.
The teaming of a survey company with an ROV engineering company along with a military contractor, as unusual as it sounds was a natural given our goals for the AUV. Boeing brought to the effort experience with autonomous vehicles where reliability and true autonomous navigation were normal mission objectives. Oceaneering took on the task of building an all weather solution for AUV launch and recovery. Fugro brings to the partnership its extensive experience with deep water surveys, its positioning systems and its knowledge of remote sensing.
The intent of this paper is to focus on the unique aspects of this new AUV and how these bring us closer to the goal of conducting routine surveys with AUVs.

Background
AUVs are just another platform to carry sensors underwater. For survey, the typical sensor package includes a sidescan sonar (SSS) a sub-bottom profiler (SBP) and a multibeam swath bathymetry system (MB). The sidescan system provides a map of the acoustic reflectivity of the seafloor to either side of the tool. The swath bathymetry system provides the depths of the seafloor to either side of the tool and the subbottom profiler penetrates the seafloor directly beneath the tool to image the sediment layers.

Alternative Sensor Platforms.
In this section, we will compare alternatives to the AUV for deep water surveys and discuss the advantages and disadvantages.

Near Surface Sensors.
Near surface sensor platforms include vessels with hull mounted multibeam systems, shallow towed sidescan and bathymetric systems along with the use of 3-D seismic data. All of these near surface sensors share the advantages of wide swath and fast speed of data acquisition. They also all share limited resolution.
Ceiba Field Subsea Architecture Design and Installation
Authors: Davidson Bruce W. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Ceiba Field, Offshore Equatorial Guinea was a fast track phased development with Deepwater Features and Innovations. In order to meet Triton Equatorial Guinea Inc. (acquired by Amerada Hess Corporation in August 2001), aggressive schedule of 14 months from discovery to first oil for Phase 1, development of a seamless project team was critical. After confirmation from drilling of prolific resevoirs and ideal conditions, contracts were awarded to key contractors whom besides having experience with Project Management on deepwater developments exhibited the right attitude for this challenging project. This paper describes the events of this significant achievement and the technical challenges and innovative solutions associated with installation of the subsea architecture.

Introduction
The Challenges:Fast track phased development-14 months from discovery to first oilVery tight procurement and fabrication schedulesInnovative technology-Subsea based riser structure versus traditional arches - Deepwater freespan rectification-Flexible jumpers versus rigid jumpersMultiple interfacesWater depth from 95m at FPSO to 750m at the wellheadsLong step-out distancesA large number of wells, with 40 risers required in total for full field developmentHigh risk of congestion between criss-crossing risers, pipelines and umbilicalsSeabottom topography reflecting steep slopes, ravines and Freespans
A Systematic Approach is presented Showing:Definition of the scope of work and development ofspecifications to suit the Ceiba FieldEstablishment of, via early brain storming meetings, interface issues, defining the problems and finding the technical solutionsThe importance of detailed planning showing the various interfaces and determining the critical path for the projectEstablishment of communication procedures and trust leading to successful execution of the project objectivesAdaptation of off-the-self deepwater technology to achieve immediate production goals and to facilitate continuationof full field developmentOptimization of the local services (fabrication yards, marine bases, and offshore equipment)Creation of flexibility in the operational schedule by utilizing multipurpose resources

Subsea Architecture Design and Installation
One of the most technically challenging portions of the Ceiba project was the installation of the subsea flowlines, umbilicals and manifolds from each of 4 subsea wells that formed the EPS phase of the project. Triton selected Stolt Offshore. The two companies worked closely to develop the frame work for this fast track project. This included innovative designs and procedures, refine design basis, select qualified material suppliers and prepare the Master Schedule identifying the critical path for the project. The first-oil timing objectives meant that the design basis, scope of work, specifications, interfaces (drilling, subsea hardware supplier and FPSO owner), material procurement and offshore vessel allocations would need to be defined in detail and well managed.