bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Tire Tread and Body Interactions in the Contact Patch
Authors: Koehne S. H. , Matute B. , Mundl R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Today's tread pattern design development is done independently from the tire body construction in order to achieve the best traction and uniform local wear performance. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the interaction between tread and body is necessary to improve the above mentioned properties. An identical tire has been investigated in four pattern steps, starting from a smooth tire, carving a block structure with longitudinal and lateral grooves, and finishing with additional sipes in the blocks. A new developed test stand, which is capable of measuring the stresses in the contact patch of the rolling tire in all directions with a resolution of 1 mm, is described. The local contact stresses of the investigated tread blocks are simulated by FEA using the measured loading conditions of the smooth tire. The results of this simulation are compared with measurements and mechanically interpreted.
Prediction of Tire Tread Wear with FEM Steady State Rolling Contact Simulation
Authors: Zheng D. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A procedure based on steady state rolling contact Finite Element Analysis (FEM) has been developed to predict tire cross section tread wear profile under specified vehicle driving conditions. This procedure not only considers the tire construction effects, it also includes the effects of materials, vehicle setup, test course, and driver's driving style. In this algorithm, the vehicle driving conditions are represented by the vehicle acceleration histogram. Vehicle dynamic simulations are done to transform the acceleration histogram into tire loading condition distributions for each tire position. Tire weight loss rates for different vehicle accelerations are generated based on a steady state rolling contact simulation algorithm. Combining the weight loss rate and the vehicle acceleration histogram, nine typical tire loading conditions are chosen with different weight factors to represent tire usage conditions. It is discovered that the tire tread wear rate profile is changing continuously as the tire is worn. Simulation of a new tire alone cannot be used to predict the tire cross-section tread wear profile. For this reason, an incremental tread wear simulation procedure is performed to predict the tire cross section tread wear profile. Compared with actual tire cross-section tread wear profiles, good results are obtained from the simulations.
BAT Model Lateral Parameters Characterization Using Finite Element Model
Authors: Kao B. G. , Warholic T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The bushing analogy tire (BAT) model has been shown to be capable of modeling tire dynamics in vehicle dynamic simulations. In a recent paper, the tire and vehicle data have been used to demonstrate that the BAT model yields reasonable predictions of the vehicle vertical suspension dynamic responses up to the tire 2nd vertical mode (∼90 Hz). This paper studies the modeling of the tire dynamics in the lateral direction as the next step toward completion of the BAT model as a consistent 3-dimensional tire dynamics model.
Finite element (FE) analysis is an advanced analytical method for engineering analysis and has been accepted as the standard analytical tool for tires in the automotive industry. The tire data generated with FE models are also repeatable, without the data noise contained in physically measured laboratory tire data. FE models are also ideal for tire modeling studies because they enable the analysts to precisely control the modeling parameters. A tire FE model is, therefore, used here to generate the needed tire data, including mass, static forces and dynamic vibration modes for BAT model characterization.
The BAT model parameters, including the tire lateral stiffnesses and the tire/wheel mass and inertia, are extracted from the FE analysis results. The analytically predicted lateral vibration modal frequencies of the BAT model are then compared with the corresponding lateral vibration modes of the same FE model. It is shown that the resulting BAT model is a good approximation for the FE model in the lateral direction up to the third lateral (including rotational) vibration mode (∼70 Hz).
A New Paint Test for the Quantitative Evaluation of Irregular Wear
Authors: Chung S. R. , Lee K. S. , Yu H. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
An improved method for a paint test is presented. The test consists of applying a single layer of paint to the tread surface by spraying, measuring the intensity of reflecting light to check the evenness of the paint thickness, running the tire on a vehicle for a short distance, and assessing the wear rate by measuring the intensities of reflecting light at various locations, and comparing them with the fresh paint values. The wear rate is the change in gray level at each point on the tread block. Under well-controlled test conditions, the wear rate can be measured with a very high resolution. An example is provided to show the wear distribution from shoulder to shoulder of a truck tire. Using the presented technique, the effect of wheel alignment and tire type on uneven wear is studied.
Electric Vehicle Traction and Rolling Resistance in Winter
Authors: Shoop S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Low rolling resistance tires help optimize the economy of electric vehicle (EV) operation. Five types of EV tires were evaluated under cold weather conditions and compared with traditional winter tires in terms of traction and rolling resistance. Other contributions to vehicle resistance (brake drag, wheel bearing resistance, driveline resistance, and air drag) were also measured and used to estimate changes in total vehicle resistance and associated changes in range with temperature. At low speeds, tire rolling resistance is the primary contribution to increased vehicle resistance at cold temperatures, with snow tires having both higher resistance and a stronger dependence on temperature than low rolling resistance tires. Lowering tire pressure increases both resistance and temperature dependence for most tires but also improves traction and therefore may serve as a temporary safety measure in winter conditions.
A Finite Element System for the Hierarchical Design of Agricultural Tires
Authors: Fodor E. , Kriston S. , Nándori F. , Sárközi L. , Szabó T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Due to the many requirements with respect to the processing and operational activities of agricultural tires, their design is not an easy task. To provide support, a special purpose nonlinear FE package called Agrotyre/2D/3D has been worked out, by which 2D asymmetric and 3D boundary problems can be solved for the case of inflation and for the case of vertical loading. In the latter situation, the whole tire is meshed into 16-noded elements including all of the lugs. By assuming the circumferential strain to be equal to zero, the asymmetric model can be analyzed for given prescribed radial displacements, and the results of the cord force distributions can be compared with that of the results of the 3D analysis. The preprocessing of the 2D and 3D meshes are on a common basis for which the data are transferred from a CAD system. In the package there is a further module by which the strength behavior of a unique lug can also be investigated. The paper presents some characteristic pictures that illustrate the usage of this new software.
Effect of Cohesion Loss Factor on Wet Skid Resistance of Tread Rubber
Authors: Takino H. , Isobe N. , Tobori H. , Kohjiya S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The effect of cohesion loss factor on wet skid resistance has not been studied systematically using three major factors, i.e., adhesion, hysteresis, and cohesion. Two different abrasions, PICO and BPST, as the cohesion loss factor were investigated for different polymers, carbon black grades, and carbon black/oil loadings. These two abrasion mechanisms are quite different, and BPST abrasion was concluded to be more suitable as a cohesion loss factor for the BPST (wsn) and tire wet μa. From the difference between PICO and BPST abrasions, superior material factors were analyzed from the viewpoint of the compatibility of both abrasion life and wet skid resistance of tire.
Tire Temperature and Rolling Resistance Prediction with Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Ebbott T. G. , Hohman R. L. , Jeusette J.-P. , Kerchman V. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A finite element-based method is demonstrated to predict tire rolling resistance and temperature distributions. Particular attention is given to the material properties and constitutive modeling as these have a significant effect on the predictions. A coupled thermomechanical method is described where both the stiffness and the loss properties are updated as a function of strain, temperature, and frequency. Results for rolling resistance and steady state temperature distribution are compared with experiments for passenger and radial medium truck tires. An extension of the method for transient temperature predictions is also demonstrated.
A Rolling Resistance Simulation of Tires Using Static Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Shida Z. , Koishi M. , Kogure T. , Kabe K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A practical rolling resistance simulation method for tires using a static finite element method is presented that fulfills three requirements: (1) easy input data preparation, (2) shorter computation time, and (3) adequate accuracy. The method implements a static deflection analysis first and the stress and strain thus obtained, together with the loss factors of the materials determined separately, are used to estimate the energy dissipation of a rolling tire.
First, the stress and strain profiles of all element groups that have the same cross-sectional coordinates and are located along the circumferential direction are obtained. Second, hysteresis loops are computed by introducing a viscoelastic phase lag between the stress and strain profiles. The sum of the areas of the hysteresis loops is regarded as the dissipation energy density of the element group. The loss factors of the rubber materials are experimentally obtained and the effective loss tangents of the fiber-reinforced rubber are determined by the homogenization theory of dynamic viscoelasticity. The rolling resistance simulation of a passenger radial tire using this approach accurately captures the trends of an actual tire.
The Effects of Tire Properties and Their Interaction with the Ground and Suspension on Vehicle Dynamic Behavior — A Finite Element Approach
Authors: Zhang Y. , Hazard C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The effects of tire properties and their interaction with the ground and the suspension system on vehicle dynamic behavior was studied using a newly developed finite element analysis method. This analysis method used the explicit nonlinear dynamic code LS-DYNA as a solver and contained finite element models for both the vehicle body structure and subsystems like chassis/suspension. The case presented in this paper is curb impact. Different tire properties such as tire/wheel assembly mass, tire stiffness, tire inflation pressure, tire size, etc., as well as different curb heights, were used with the same vehicle body and suspension system. Simulation results of the impact forces, wheel center jumps, and vehicle body roll/pitch angles at impact are compared for different parameters of the tires and the curb. The analyses presented in this paper provided an accurate and practical method for tire and vehicle dynamics analysis.
Effects of Carcass Cords' Properties on Sidewall Indentation in a Monoply Tire
Authors: Lim W.-W. , Yoon K.-Y. , Cho C.-T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Sidewall indentation is a cosmetic problem in monoply tires. To improve the indentation, we modeled two simple indentation phenomena. We also evaluated an actual indentation depth in inflated tires using several textile cords of different moduli.
We used two models of sidewall indentation. One was that the indentation occurs in tires having the same cords applied to the carcass. In this case the indentation depth had a strong relationship with cord modulus. Another is the case where a higher elongation cord than that of a nonsplice region was used at a localized splice region. In this case the depth was expressed by an equation including the moduli and a number of cords.
The indentation depth could vanish theoretically at the modulus ratio of 0.5 between splice and nonsplice regions (Es/Ens = 0.5).
The above prediction is verified by experiments on the actual sidewall indentation for given tires having a specific construction. The indentation depth minimized at the ratio of elongation at specified load (EASL) of splice and nonsplice region of 2.0 or the modulus ratio of 0.5 (EASLs/EASLns = 2.0 or Es/Ens = 0.5).
Tire Cord Shape Influence on Stresses Using a Micromechanics Model
Authors: Kocak S. , Pidaparti R. M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of cord shape in cord-rubber composites using a three-dimensional micromechanical model. The micromechanical model integrates a solid rubber finite element with a twisted cord finite element that takes into account various coupling effects. The developed micromechanical model is used to investigate the effect of cord shape on deformations and interface stresses. Numerical results of deformations and stress distributions are presented to illustrate the influence of cord shape, cord properties, loading, and rubber thickness.
A Three-Dimensional Dynamic Tire Model for Vehicle Dynamic Simulations
Authors: Kao B. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Traditional multibody dynamic (MBD) tire models concentrate on the tire patch force development and the tire in-plane characteristics. The tire lateral dynamics and nonlinear effects caused by the tire compliances during rough terrain driving and severe maneuvers are mostly neglected in vehicle analytical simulations. The tire finite element models, though capable of dealing with these phenomena, are basically not designed for quick vehicle dynamic evaluations. A simple three-dimensional (3-D) MBD tire model for full vehicle performance and maneuvering simulations over various road surfaces is therefore desirable for the ever expanding analysis capabilities and the improved accuracy of the computer-aided vehicle design analysis.
In this paper a tire modeling concept to extend the in-plane dynamic tire model to full 3-D tire dynamics is proposed. Essentially, this tire model divides the traditional tire/wheel system model into three elements: two rigid bodies representing the wheel mass/inertia and the tire tread mass/inertia, and a spring/damper representing the sidewall visco-elasticity. Thus, 6 degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) are added for each tire over traditional tire models. Using any existing tire patch force calculation model, this proposed model can be used to simulate full 3-D dynamic responses of a vehicle.
To implement this model, techniques to extract the nonlinear spring rates of the sidewalls and to enhance the tire patch force calculations over uneven terrains are explained in this paper. Results of the vehicle simulation using this tire model were compared with measured field data. They showed that this tire modeling concept yields a practical representation for tire 3-D nonlinear dynamic characteristics.
The Strain Generated on a Rubber Surface in the Course of Pattern Abrasion
Authors: Iwai T. , Uchiyama Y. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The surface strain on a rubbing rubber surface was examined in the course of pattern abrasion. Rubbing experiments between the outermost surface of a rotating isoprene rubber wheel and a cylindrical lens were conducted. Observations of the contact area were made through the lens. Markers were put on the rubbing rubber surface to measure strain. The maximum strains at the inclined rubber surface between the ridges were from around 40% to 100%. In order to measure the strain at the crack-propagating area, a marker was put on the lower front part of the ridge. It was found that the strain necessary for crack propagation underneath the ridge was 750%, which was almost equivalent to its breaking strain, irrespective of the applied load. At that moment, newly generated crack surface was confirmed. However, no visible crack was observed through an optical microscope when the strain was measure at 200% to 400%.
Tire/Suspension Aligning Moment and Vehicle Pull
Authors: Yu H. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Vehicle drifts are affected by the forces and moments of the tire and the suspension. A steering moment equation that calculates the residual aligning torque (RAT) of a tire matched to a vehicle is derived. Using this equation, tire makers can save on development cycle time by delivering matching tires as soon as the suspension configuration is defined.
Influence of Friction on the Cyclic Response of Simple Straight Wire Rope Strands under Axial Loads
Authors: Labrosse M. , Nawrocki A. , Conway T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The frictional damping properties of axially loaded simple straight wire rope strands are studied using an analytical model for cables of current design. Since the cable axial response is driven by the interwire local pivoting, a first linear model is built in which pivoting occurs without friction. A hysteretic model is then built after a specific law of friction is established. Using comparisons with experimental results described in the literature, the frictional energy dissipated over a load cycle is shown to be very small compared to the elastic strain energy and other dissipations. This result is in agreement with the experimental fact that axially loaded simple straight strands do not experience fretting-induced failures, except when they are close to the terminations.
Internal Temperature Distribution in a Rolling Tire
Authors: Oh B. S. , Kim Y. N. , Kim N. J. , Moon H. Y. , Park H. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A computer program is developed to calculate the internal temperature distribution in a rolling tire. The geometry of the tire cross section is transformed to simple computational domains by using a boundary-fitted coordinate transformation method. A heat transfer equation in the tire is also transformed to be calculated in the computational domain. Heat generation rates are estimated from load, speed, contained air pressure, and a static stress and strain analysis. An unsteady two-dimensional heat conduction equation is solved with heat convection and radiation boundary conditions. External surface temperature distributions are measured by an infrared camera system and the temperature of the contained air is measured by a thermocouple. The conductivities of various materials in the tire and various heat transfer coefficients along the tire boundary are given in an input file. Some internal temperatures measured by buried thermocouples in the actual tire are compared with the calculated temperatures.
Investigation into the Influence of Tire Construction on Coast-by Noise
Authors: Doan V. Q. , Brackin D. , Nishihata S. , Sauerzapf J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
It is generally known that a high peak value exits at around 1 kHz in the coast-by noise spectrum and dominates the coast-by noise level. This phenomenon occurs in tires having tread patterns and for blank tires. Therefore this noise at around 1 kHz is not only generated by tread patterns (pattern blocks, pipe resonance etc.) but also by the vibrations of the tire components, especially the tread portion. Experimental and FE analyses were carried out to clarify the relation between coast-by noise and tread vibration, and the influence of changes in tire construction on tread vibration.
Optimum Young's Modulus Distribution in Tire Design
Authors: Abe A. , Kamegawa T. , Nakajima Y. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A new approach to determine the optimum compound characteristics in each tire material is developed and applied to improve various tire performances following the corresponding objective functions and constraints. In the new approach, optimization technology is combined with a finite element method so that the optimum compound characteristics in each tire material are obtained by minimizing an objective function, while satisfying the constraints. Hence, the targets of rubber characteristics in each material of a tire can be determined by the proposed approach to improve tire performance. When we optimize the compound characteristics in each element of a tire model, the number of design variables becomes more than a few hundred. Therefore, the sensitivity of the stiffness matrix in the optimization is obtained by a semi-analytical (or implicit differentiation) method and computational time is greatly reduced compared to the finite difference method. The new approach is applied and verified to improve the rolling resistance of a tire. Furthermore, we can obtain guidelines for a new topological tire structure by the Young's modulus optimization, considering that the rubber material should be removed from the initial tire design, if the optimum Young's modulus is almost zero at the element.
An Application of Finite Element-Based Fracture Mechanics Analysis to Cord-Rubber Structures
Authors: Ebbott T. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A finite element-based method to analyze the severity of internal cracks in cord-rubber structures is presented. The method includes materials testing to characterize rubber fatigue behavior, a global-local finite element analysis to provide the detail necessary to model explicitly an internal crack, and use of the J-integral and virtual crack closure techniques for energy release rate evaluation. Analysis of the multiaxial and cyclic fracture situation is carried out by considering the cycle of each mode of fracture separately and then combining the effect of each mode to determine the total effect. Crack growth rates in the structure are assumed to be the same as the crack growth rate in a laboratory specimen at the same level of cyclic energy release rate. Results are presented for a material change in a critical tire region.
Development of a 60-Series Self-Supporting Tire
Authors: Willard W. L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Recent advances in rubber compounding as well as a more advanced understanding of deflated tire mechanics, combined with consumer demand for increased vehicle safety and convenience, have led to the development of self-supporting tires. Self-supporting tires, which are available for lightly loaded sport vehicles, are now available for the more common 60-series tire and the luxury car segment.
This paper highlights some of the methods used to develop the P225/60R16 MXV4 ZP and provides information on its application and performance. Modeling for the zero-psi tire and factors that influence performance (speed, load, cornering, and ambient conditions) are discussed.
Finite Element Analysis of a Quasi-Static Rolling Tire Model for Determination of Truck Tire Forces and Moments
Authors: Goldstein A. A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The finite element method is used to simulate the slow (quasi-static) rolling of a radial truck tire subjected to ground plane tractions. Three conditions are considered, namely, (1) straight free rolling, (2) cornering, and (3) braking. Lateral and longitudinal slip are calculated by analyzing the motion of a moveable road surface relative to the wheel plane. Footprint moments are calculated for the cornering and braking condition. In addition, cornering stiffness, braking stiffness, and aligning stiffness are calculated and compared to measured results. Computational benchmark data is provided. The simulation was performed with the ABAQUS finite element program.