bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of polar mesospheric clouds measured by Odin/OSIRIS in the northern hemisphere in 2002–2005
Authors: Petelina S V , Llewellyn E J , Degenstein D A 
Published: October 2007

Interseasonal variations in the properties of Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMC) measured by the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS) on the Odin satellite during the northern hemisphere (NH) summers of 2002–2005 are described in this work. The lowest PMC latitudes were about 50°N for every season with the number of detections smallest in 2002 and largest in 2004. In 2004 and 2005, the detection of PMCs at lower latitudes was asymmetric with the larger number of clouds observed during the first half and fewer at during the second half of the season. PMC occurrence frequency in 2002 was 25–30% lower than in 2003–2005, and the season duration was shortest in 2002 and longest in 2004. For all NH seasons except 2002, PMC occurrence frequency was systematically 20–50% higher than the Solar Mesosphere Explorer climatology. Similar to PMC occurrence frequency, cloud brightness was lowest in 2002 and highest in 2004 at all latitudes. The daily mean brightness maximum at 50°–60°N was less than 8% of that at highest latitudes. This contrasts with the maximum PMC occurrence frequency that reached nearly 30% at these latitudes in 2004 and 2005. PMC brightness showed no apparent seasonal asymmetry at lower latitudes in 2004 and 2005 that was seen in the occurrence frequency. Significant, by about a factor of 2, oscillations observed in the daily mean cloud brightness at high latitudes were also not seen in the corresponding occurrence frequency. These results suggest that the occurrence frequency alone does not provide detailed information on the cloud population and ice mass in the mesosphere. There is no significant interannual variability in the seasonal mean OSIRIS PMC altitude. Its value was very close to 8350 km for all seasons except 2004 when it was 83.42 km. The mean PMC altitudes for each season increased by 0.3–0.6 when the minimum altitude in the database was increased from 80 to 82 km. PACS Nos.: 92.05.Fg, 92.60.hc, 92.60.Jq, 92.60.Mt, 92.60.Nv, 92.60.Vb
An evaluation of Odin/OSIRIS limb pointing and stratospheric ozone through comparisons with ozonesondes
Authors: McLinden C A , Fioletov V E , Haley C S , Lloyd N , Roth C , Degenstein D , Bourassa A , McElroy C T , Llewellyn E J 
Published: October 2007

Five-plus years of Odin/OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System) ozone profiles (version 3.0 and SaskMART) have been compared with coincident ozonesonde profiles from the tropopause to the middle stratosphere (~10–35 km). The OSIRIS(v3.0)-sonde comparisons, together with the “knee” technique, suggest that OSIRIS pointing is stable with an accuracy (systematic uncertainty) of 100~m and a precision (random uncertainty) of 400 m. Comparison of coincident profiles revealed excellent overall agreement with differences generally not exceeding 10% between 10 and 35 km. During periods of satellite eclipse larger differences above 25 km were found and concluded to be the result of flexing of the spacecraft frame brought about by cooling. Uncertainties derived from the intercomparison suggest an OSIRIS precision of 25–30% at 10 km, reaching a minimum of about 4–6% in the middle-stratosphere (23–28 km), and 6–8% at 35 km. Ozonesonde uncertainties were also derived and found to be slightly larger in the tropics than mid-latitudes, possibly due to a lack of column normalization at some of the tropical stations. OSIRIS SaskMART ozone, an alternative ozone data product, was found to be very comparable with the v3.0 ozone, with slightly smaller biases relative to the ozonesondes. OSIRIS is concluded to be a robust and accurate source of stratospheric ozone profiles. PACS Nos.: 82.33.Tb, 95.75.Qr, 42.68.–w
Intercomparison of Odin/SMR ozone measurements with MIPAS and balloon sonde data
Authors: Jones A , Murtagh D , Urban J , Eriksson P , Rösevall J 
Published: October 2007

The Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) on board Odin measures various important atmospheric species, including stratospheric ozone. In this study, we compare the three versions (v1.2, v2.0, and v2.1) of level 2 Odin/SMR global stratospheric ozone data to coincident level 2 MIPAS V4.61 and balloon sonde stratospheric ozone data during 2003. The most current product from Odin/SMR (at time of writing), the v2.1, showed the smallest systematic differences when compared to coincident MIPAS and sonde data. Between 17 and 55 km, v2.1 values agreed with MIPAS within 10% (a maximum of 0.42 ppmv), while comparisons to sonde measurements showed an agreement of typically 5–10% between 22 and 35 km (less than 0.5 ppmv below 33 km). Tropical latitudes below 35 km presented the largest absolute systematic differences between v2.1 and sonde coincidences, where Odin/SMR was systematically lower by ~0.9 (more than 10% difference) at approximately 30 km. Comparisons concerning the previous two Odin/SMR versions showed much larger systematic differences, especially at the higher and lower stratospheric altitudes. The main conclusion here is that we suggest that v2.1 of Odin/SMR ozone data should be used for scientific studies. PACS Nos.: 92.60.hd, 95.75.Rs, 95.85.Fm
OSIRIS observations of a tongue of NOx in the lower stratosphere at the Antarctic vortex edge: comparison with a high-resolution simulation from the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model
Authors: Sioris C E , Chabrillat S , McLinden C A , Haley C S , Rochon Y J , Ménard R , Charron M , McElroy C T 
Published: October 2007

Selected NOx profiles of the Antarctic lower stratosphere inferred from OSIRIS NO2 observations are presented from the austral spring of 2003. These observations show a tongue of NOx at 100 hPa, with a concentration typical of the middle stratosphere. Simulations with the Global Environmental Multiscale model show that this small-scale tongue of NOx-rich air descended into the lower stratosphere. The tongue was formed as a result of a Rossby wave breaking days earlier, transporting NOx from the pole, where larger concentrations had recently appeared, to the edge of the vortex. The three-dimensional structure of the breaking wave is illustrated in detail. PACS Nos.: 92.60.hf, 92.60.Xg, 93.30.Ca
Assessment of the quality of the ozone measurements from the Odin/SMR instrument using data assimilation
Authors: Massart S , Piacentini A , Cariolle D , Amraoui L El , Semane N 
Published: October 2007

Space-based remote-sensing instruments providing atmospheric measurements have different time and space resolutions, and coverage. This makes the direct comparison of the measurements very difficult. Data assimilation has proven to be a far more powerful tool than simple interpolation techniques to create three-dimensional analyzed fields for a given data set. In this paper, we describe how the assimilation of ozone data from the Odin/SMR instrument can be used to assess its precisions and biases against other ozone-measuring instruments. To assess the quality of Odin/SMR ozone retrievals by MOLIERE-5 against ozonesondes, Envisat/MIPAS, Earth Probe/TOMS, and UARS/HALOE data, we use a three-dimensional variational assimilation scheme applied to the Météo-France MOCAGE chemistry transport model. The MOCAGE-PALM assimilation system has been already used by Météo-France and CERFACS to analyse the Envisat/MIPAS data for the ASSET intercomparison exercise. We have further developed and calibrated the configuration of this system to better account for the Odin/SMR ozone profiles. The upgraded system is used to assimilate the Odin/SMR ozone during the August 2003 – November 2003 period and intercomparisons are made with the other ozone measuring techniques. The Odin/SMR analysis and the other ozone data sets are in good agreement at mid and high latitudes, while in the lower tropical stratosphere, we found a positive bias of the Odin/SMR, Envisat/MIPAS, and Earth Probe/TOMS data compared to measurements from UARS/HALOE and ozonesondes. The precision of Odin/SMR ozone retrievals in terms of standard deviation is about 20% in the tropics, below 10% at high southern latitudes, and below 5% at high northern latitudes. PACS No.: 82.33.Tb
The retrieval of vertical profiles of the ozone number density using Chappuis band absorption information and a multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique
Authors: Roth C Z , Degenstein D A , Bourassa A E , Llewellyn E J 
Published: October 2007

A new algorithm, SaskMART, is presented that uses observations of limb-scattered sunlight and a radiative transfer model to determine the ozone number-density profile up to 35 km altitude. In practice, clouds limit the lower extent of the retrieval to around 15 km but if the troposphere is clear the retrieval can be extended to altitudes as low as 10 km. SaskMART is an iterative Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Technique that generates accurate results and is insensitive to the initial estimate of the ozone profile. Examples are presented using the OSIRIS limb-scattered radiance measurements and good agreement has been found when these results are compared with those derived from SAGE II measurements. PACS Nos.: 33.20.Kf, 33.20.Lg, 42.68.Ca, 42.68.Mj, 92.60.H–, 92.60.hd
A comparison of NO2 absorption measurements from an FTIR spectrometer and the OSIRIS spectrograph
Authors: Puckrin E , Evans W FJ 
Published: October 2007

Spectral measurements of the transmission of a gas cell filled with various amounts of NO2 were obtained with two instruments, a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and the OSIRIS spectrograph of the grating type. Five different gas-cell concentrations were investigated for the purpose of calibrating the OSIRIS instrument in the 400–700 nm region where NO2 absorbs visible radiation. The NO2 column amounts derived from the OSIRIS measurements ranged from 6.05 × 1017 to 1.17 × 1016 molecules/cm2, and agreed within 10% of the values determined from the FTIR measurements. These measurements suggest that the OSIRIS spectrograph is well suited for the remote sensing of atmospheric NO2. PACS Nos.: 07.60.Rd, 07.87.+v, 32.30.Jc, 39.30.+w, 42.68.Ca, 82.33.Tb, 97.70.Cp
Rediscovering and conserving the Lower Palaeozoic ‘treasures’ of Ethel Woods (neé Skeat) and Margaret Crosfield in northeast Wales
Authors: Burek C. V. , Malpas J. A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This paper explores, within a historical context, the importance of geoconservation of not only sites but also artefacts, collections and specimens as well as letters and original documents. It sets out the search and finding of sites in northeast Wales and materials thought lost then found and the subsequent nomination of Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphological Sites (RIGS) conservation status of the sites to safeguard them for the future. It is important to note that RIGS can be designated for their historical value alone, which is in contrast to Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), which are protected solely for their national scientific and research value.
The role of Ethel Woods (neé Skeat) and Margaret Crosfield in developing an understanding of the geological history of northeast Wales had been lost over time. This paper contains biographical sketches of the two women, followed by their Lower Palaeozoic lithological, structural and graptolite research and places it in an historical context. This case study illustrates how female curiosity, perseverance and attention to detail unearthed previously forgotten treasures.
The importance of conserving their sites, specimens and sketch field notebooks in our electronic and throw-away age is vital. The role of the North East Wales Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphological Sites (NEWRIGS) in conserving this information is put forward as an example of good practice.
Etheldred Benett (1776–1845): the first woman geologist?
Authors: Laming S. , Laming D. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Etheldred Benett was chosen as the emblem for the Conference ‘The role of women in the history of Geology’ held in November 2005 at the Geological Society of London. This short synopsis was submitted as a poster to the conference.
Grace Anne Milne (Lady Prestwich): more than an amanuensis?
Authors: Mather J. D. , Campbell I. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Grace Anne Milne, born in 1832, was the eldest child of James Milne of Findhorn in Morayshire and his wife Louisa Falconer, sister of the eminent botanist and palaeontologist Hugh Falconer. A marriage to George McCall in 1854 was short-lived. Widowed within 18 months and also losing her infant son, bereavement was followed by some years of depression. At this stage in her life an interest in geology was kindled by her uncle, who had been forced to give up his post in India because of the state of his health. From 1858 she travelled abroad with Falconer and subsequently resided with him in London until his death in 1865. During this period Grace both organized his household and acted as his secretary and companion. His regular and frank letters to her, about his scientific ideas, demonstrate that the relationship was more than one of domestic convenience. In 1870 Grace married Joseph Prestwich, a friend of Falconer and a London wine merchant who spent all his spare time ‘geologizing’. They lived at Shoreham near Sevenoaks in Kent and, between 1874 and 1887, lived for part of the year in Oxford after Prestwich's appointment as professor of geology at the university. With Prestwich's encouragement, from 1874, she began to publish novels, travel articles and scientific papers, as well as helping him in the preparation of his own lectures and diagrams. Her six
Chapters on Geology
were published in 1880 as well as other articles on subjects such as Scottish scenery and the Channel Tunnel. Most were published in magazines, such as
Leisure Hour
and
Every Girl's Magazine
, designed for a readership from the prosperous middle classes. Her interest in geology meant that she was able to play a full part in Prestwich's life, helping him with his work and travelling with him on his geological adventures. She was a geologist in her own right and held in high regard by the Fellows of the Geological Society.
Anne Phillips: John Phillips's geological companion
Authors: Morgan N. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In the late summer of 1842, Anne Phillips, working under her brother's instructions, found the crucial piece of evidence – known thereafter as Miss Phillips' conglomerate – that disproved Murchison's theories about the intrusive origin of the Malvern Hills. Later she travelled with her brother to examine the volcanics of the Auvergne. But these were not her first, or her only, geological achievements. From 1829 until her death in 1862, Anne served as housekeeper to her bachelor older brother. Orphaned at an early age, both John and Anne were taken in by their uncle, William Smith. Smith arranged for John's schooling and introduced John to the science of geology as a teenager. However, little evidence exists about Anne's upbringing and education. A series of 234 letters written by John to Anne between 1829 and 1841, and preserved in the Phillips archive at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, reveals that Anne was clearly well educated and provided her brother with valuable scientific back-up as well as essential domestic and emotional support during their 33 years together.
Keeping it in the family: the extraordinary case of Cuvier's daughters
Authors: Orr M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In the history of French geology, Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) is largely figured as the antagonist to Etienne Geoffroy St Hilaire, and as the arch-conservative who blocked the path of more ‘Darwinian’ ideas about the evolution of species. If historians mention him as a key player in Catholic French secondary education reform, despite being a Protestant, it is his extraordinarily enlightened encouragement and employment of his daughter, and perhaps even more importantly his step-daughter, in his collaborative projects which this paper investigates. Trained up in the latest scientific ideas of the epoch (because Cuvier lived with his family at the Jardin des Plantes), and as his ‘research assistants’, theirs is a story within women's history of science that has never been told. While to label them ‘women scientists’ or ‘geologists’ is a misnomer for the period in France, the direct contributions of these daughters to cross-Channel, geological endeavour of the period can at last have a place in the history of geology.
The influential Muriel Arber: a personal reflection
Authors: Robinson E. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Muriel Agnes Arber (1913–2004) was a female geologist of our time. However, she drew her energies from traditional sources, her family and their contribution to academic science, and the Geologists' Association. She benefited from the town and gown life of Cambridge and the influence of frequent visits to Lyme Regis, where family and science were drawn together, and where she met people to whom she could relate. This paper explore-these aspects of her life from a personal point of view.
The role of women in geological higher education – Bedford College, London (Catherine Raisin) and Newnham College, Cambridge, UK
Authors: Burek C. V. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This paper explores the place of geology within science education and the part women have played in geological higher education through history. The context is set firstly by exploring the informal role women have played in education in general and secondly by examining in detail the positions they held after 1870, when female higher education was put on to a more formal footing. To illustrate this, the evolution of two female colleges of higher education, Bedford College, London, and Newnham College, Cambridge, both offering geological education within science, are evaluated within a wider educational context. Finally, the cases of Dr Catherine Raisin, who was based at Bedford College, and Dr Gertrude Elles, based at Newnham College as role models are highlighted within this wider framework. This is supported by examining the student experience offered at these institutions through the formal laboratory and lecture provision and also informally by societies, specifically the Sedgwick Club in Cambridge and the Natural History Society at Bedford College, which were both supported strongly by the aforementioned female role models. Some other key figures, both students and staff, are also examined and an analysis of student destinations from both institutions during the late 19th and early 20th centuries are tabulated. The place of women firstly within science education and then specifically within geological education forms the context of this paper. The conclusions develop a portrait of early geological role-model women.
The role of Annie Greenly in the elucidation of the geology of Anglesey
Authors: Williams T. P. T. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Annie Greenly (née Barnard) is the great woman standing behind Edward Greenly. During his 25 years of surveying and producing the two volumes of the
Memoir of Anglesey
, she played a crucial role producing the index among other things. Her interaction with Greenly, first in the Highlands of Scotland and then on the Island of Anglesey, is detailed in this paper. Greenly outlived his wife by many years but he always acknowledged the debt he owed her.
Fossil hunters, a cave explorer and a rock analyst: notes on some early women contributors to geology
Authors: Creese M. R. S. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The work and achievements of nine women contributors to 19th- and early 20th-century developments in the geological sciences are sketched. Two of these women – Gordon Cumming and Gray – were Scottish, two – Owen and Maury – were from the United States, Cleve von Euler and Sahlbom were Swedish, and three – Pavlova, Solomko and Tsvetaeva – were Russian. Of these nine, seven worked in palaeontology (then and later the branch of the field most often taken up by women), Owen made her name primarily as a speleologist and Sahlbom was a rock and mineral analyst. The sketches are offered as additional material for the ongoing effort to uncover and assess the role played by women in early work in the sciences.
The contribution of British women to Carboniferous palaeobotany during the first half of the 20th century
Authors: Fraser H. E. , Cleal C. J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
During the first half of the 20th century, over a third of British palaeobotanists working on Carboniferous plants were women; neither before nor after this period have women played such a prominent role in this field. Few of these women were able to develop significant careers within the subject. They nevertheless produced some of the most innovative work in the field, pioneering work in plant phylogeny, cuticle studies, biostratigraphy, morphological variation, and anatomical thin sectioning. Two factors were critical for allowing this work to develop: the support of a small number of male colleagues, notably F. W. Oliver, W. H. Lang and D. H. Scott; and the existence of colleges that specifically supported women's education, including Newnham College (Cambridge), and Bedford, Royal Holloway, Westfield and University Colleges (London).
The quiet workforce: the various roles of women in geological and natural history museums during the early to mid-1900s
Authors: Wyse Jackson Patrick N. , Spencer Jones Mary E. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
When examining the work of women in geology during the 18th and 19th centuries, one can broadly, and perhaps crudely, divide those women with geological interests into two broad groups: firstly, the geological wife, sister, or daughter, and the museum assistant; and secondly the museum user, the academic and the museum research scientist. It was not until the close of the 19th century that women began to have a role, albeit minor, in museum education. Women typically were employed in the major national or university museums as preparators, illustrators or assistants, and this trend continued until the 1930s. These women received little academic credit for their research as it was frequently incorporated into the publications of the men for whom they worked. Adelaide Quisenberry worked for Ray Bassler at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC, while Edith Goodyear was employed as an assistant to Edmund Garwood at University College, London. Edith later published an important paper in 1924, co-authored with Garwood. From 1964, Veronica Burns, a women of a very modest character, spent 17 years at Trinity College, Dublin, where as curator she diligently amassed many important specimens (some of which were used by colleagues in publications) and published two papers in her own right. By the 1930s, women were being appointed to serious research positions in some museums – among the earliest such appointment was that of Helen Muir-Wood, a specialist in Upper Palaeozoic brachiopods to the staff of the British Museum (Natural History). Anna Birchall Hastings was also appointed by the same institution to work on Recent bryozoans, but upon her marriage was required to relinquish her post, even though she had married a museum palaeontologist; he remained in post while she became a volunteer.