bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promotional Chat on the Internet
Authors: Mayzlin Dina 
Published: April 2006

Chat rooms, recommendation sites, and customer review sections allow consumers to overcome geographic boundaries and to communicate based on mutual interests. However, marketers also have incentives to supply promotional chat or reviews in order to influence the consumers’ evaluation of their products. Moreover, firms can disguise their promotion as consumer recommendations due to the anonymity afforded by online communities. We explore this new setting where advertising and word of mouth become perfect substitutes because they appear indistinguishable to the consumer. Specifically, we investigate here whether word of mouth remains credible and whether firms choose to devote more resources promoting their inferior or superior products. We develop a game theoretic model in which two products are differentiated in their value to the consumer. Unlike the firms, the consumers are uncertain about the products’ quality. The consumers read messages online that help them decide on the identity of the superior product. We find a unique equilibrium where online word of mouth is persuasive despite the promotional chat activity by competing firms. In this equilibrium, firms spend more resources promoting inferior products, in striking contrast to existing advertising literature. In addition, we discuss consumer welfare implications and how other marketing strategies might interact with promotional chat.
Isolation of Mutations That Bypass the Requirement of the Septation Initiation Network for Septum Formation and Conidiation inAspergillus nidulans
Authors: Kim Jung-Mi , Lu Ling , Shao Rongzhong , Chin Jaclyn , Liu Bo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe kinase cascade of the septation initiation network (SIN), first revealed in fission yeast, activates the contraction of the actomyosin ring, and plays an essential role in fungal septation. Mob1p, an evolutionarily conserved SIN protein, is associated with the most downstream kinase of this cascade in fission yeast. In this study, the mobA gene encoding a homologous protein was isolated from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, whose mycelium is made of multinucleate cells. The MOBA protein was required for septation and conidiation, but was not essential for hyphal extension and colony formation. To identify genes that act antagonistically against the SIN, UV mutagenesis was carried out to isolate suppressor (smo) mutations that restored conidiation when MOBA was not expressed. Microscopic examination indicated that the restored conidiation was concomitant with restored septation in the absence of the MOBA protein. Eight recessive smo mutations in five complementation groups also bypassed the requirement of the SIN kinases SEPH and SIDB for septum formation and conidiation. However, none of these smo mutations affected the localization of MOBA. Among smo mutations, smoA and smoB mutations caused reduced hyphal growth and colony formation. They also rendered hypersensitivity to low doses of the microtubule-depolymerizing agent benomyl for conidiation. Therefore, in A. nidulans, proteins encoded by the smo genes likely have an antagonistic interaction against the SIN pathway to regulate septation and conidiation.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Donor Preference During Mating-Type Switching Is Dependent on Chromosome Architecture and Organization
Authors: Coïc Eric , Richard Guy-Franck , Haber James E 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Saccharomyces mating-type (MAT) switching occurs by gene conversion using one of two donors, HMLα and HMRa, located near the ends of the same chromosome. MATa cells preferentially choose HMLα, a decision that depends on the recombination enhancer (RE) that controls recombination along the left arm of chromosome III (III-L). When RE is inactive, the two chromosome arms constitute separate domains inaccessible to each other; thus HMRa, located on the same arm as MAT, becomes the default donor. Activation of RE increases HMLα usage, even when RE is moved 50 kb closer to the centromere. If MAT is inserted into the same domain as HML, RE plays little or no role in activating HML, thus ruling out any role for RE in remodeling the silent chromatin of HML in regulating donor preference. When the donors MAT and RE are moved to chromosome V, RE increases HML usage, but the inaccessibility of HML without RE apparently depends on other chromosome III-specific sequences. Similar conclusions were reached when RE was placed adjacent to leu2 or arg4 sequences engaged in spontaneous recombination. We propose that RE's targets are anchor sites that tether chromosome III-L in MATα cells thus reducing its mobility in the nucleus.
Adaptive Divergence in Experimental Populations ofPseudomonas fluorescens. II. Role of the GGDEF Regulator WspR in Evolution and Development of the Wrinkly Spreader Phenotype
Authors: Goymer Patrick , Kahn Sophie G , Malone Jacob G , Gehrig Stefanie M , Spiers Andrew J , Rainey Paul B 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWrinkly spreader (WS) genotypes evolve repeatedly in model Pseudomonas populations undergoing adaptive radiation. Previous work identified genes contributing to the evolutionary success of WS. Here we scrutinize the GGDEF response regulator protein WspR and show that it is both necessary and sufficient for WS. Activation of WspR occurs by phosphorylation and different levels of activation generate phenotypic differences among WS genotypes. Five alleles of wspR, each encoding a protein with a single amino acid substitution, were generated by mutagenesis. Two alleles are constitutively active and cause the ancestral genotype to develop a WS phenotype; the phenotypic effects are allele specific and independent of phosphorylation. Three alleles contain changes in the GGDEF domain and when overexpressed in WS cause reversion to the ancestral phenotype. Ability to mimic this effect by overexpression of a liberated N-terminal domain shows that in WS, regulatory components upstream of WspR are overactive. To connect changes at the nucleotide level with fitness, the effects of variant alleles were examined in both structured and unstructured environments: alleles had adaptive and deleterious effects with trade-offs evident across environments. Despite the proclivity of mutations within wspR to generate WS, sequence analysis of wspR from 53 independently obtained WS showed no evidence of sequence change in this gene.
High-Resolution Radiation Hybrid Map of Wheat Chromosome 1D
Authors: Kalavacharla Venu , Hossain Khwaja , Gu Yong , Riera-Lizarazu Oscar , Vales M Isabel , Bhamidimarri Suresh , Gonzalez-Hernandez Jose L , Maan Shivcharan S , Kianian Shahryar F 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Physical mapping methods that do not rely on meiotic recombination are necessary for complex polyploid genomes such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This need is due to the uneven distribution of recombination and significant variation in genetic to physical distance ratios. One method that has proven valuable in a number of nonplant and plant systems is radiation hybrid (RH) mapping. This work presents, for the first time, a high-resolution radiation hybrid map of wheat chromosome 1D (D genome) in a tetraploid durum wheat (T. turgidum L., AB genomes) background. An RH panel of 87 lines was used to map 378 molecular markers, which detected 2312 chromosome breaks. The total map distance ranged from ∼3,341 cR35,000 for five major linkage groups to 11,773 cR35,000 for a comprehensive map. The mapping resolution was estimated to be ∼199 kb/break and provided the starting point for BAC contig alignment. To date, this is the highest resolution that has been obtained by plant RH mapping and serves as a first step for the development of RH resources in wheat.
The Artis Grammaticae Opusculum of Bartolomeo Sulmonese: A Newly Discovered Latin Grammar of the Quattrocento
Authors: Keith Percival W. 
Published: April 2006

In the course of collecting manuscript copies of the Latin grammar of Guarino Veronese (1376-1460) I recently chanced to examine Codex Palatinus Latinus 1760, which according to the inventory in the Vatican Library contains a copy of Guarino's grammar. The inventory is correct: this manuscript does indeed contain the work in question, but as I quickly discovered, it also contains another grammatical work, unnoticed by the compiler of the inventory.This is a manuscript of eighty-two leaves, of which the text of Guarino's grammar occupies the first thirty-two (fols. 1-32), and the second work the remainder (fols. 33-82), with a blank page (fol. 32v) between the two.
Stuart Civic Pageants and Textual Performance
Authors: Bergeron David M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPlaywrights increasingly intend the pageant texts for readers; these texts become commemorative books that both capture the event and add to it. They assume an expository and narrative function that sets them apart from the typical dramatic text. By examining the extant printed texts of Jacobean and Caroline Lord Mayor's Shows, I argue that these publications do not obliterate theatrical performance or displace it so much as they complete it. Dramatists and printers come to recognize the lasting value of textual performance in civic pageants.
Prognostic significance of Fas (CD95/APO‐1) positivity in patients with primary nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Eser Bulent , Sari Ismail , Canoz Ozlem , Altuntas Fevzi , Cakmak Erol , Ozturk Ahmet , Ozkan Metin , Er Ozlem , Cetin Mustafa , Unal Ali 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFas (CD95/APO‐1) is a protein that is mainly related to apoptosis of lymphoid cells. The increment of Fas expression is associated with long‐term survival in various malignancies. However, there are limited studies regarding the effect of Fas expression on the course and prognosis of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of immunohistochemical Fas expression on the prognosis of nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma.A total of 63 patients with primary nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma diagnosed in the Erciyes University Department of Hematology between 1990 and 2003 were included in the study. The median age of the patients was 55 years old (range 19–102 years old). The median follow‐up period was 19 months (2–132 months). Histopathological sections were stained immunohistochemically and evaluated by light microscopy for Fas, bcl‐2, and p53. Clinical and laboratory parameters including Fas, bcl‐2, and p53 positivity, age, sex, performance status, clinical stage, presence of B symptoms, bone marrow involvement, extranodal involvement, and lactic dehydrogenase levels were evaluated to compare overall survival.Complete remission was obtained in 28 patients (44.4%) after first‐line chemotherapy. Fas positivity, male gender, good performance status, clinical stage I‐II, absence of B symptoms, normal lactic dehydrogenase value, and absence of bone marrow involvement were favorable prognostic factors for complete remission in statistical analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that positive Fas expression and ECOG performance status were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Also, Fas‐positive patiens had significantly prolonged progression‐free survival.Immunohistochemical Fas positivity was a favorable prognostic factor for complete remission and overall and progression‐free survival in primary nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Am. J. Hematol. 81:307–314, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantum‐Dot‐Labeled DNA Probes for Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in the Microorganism Escherichia coli
Authors: Wu Sheng‐Mei , Zhao Xiang , Zhang Zhi‐Ling , Xie Hai‐Yan , Tian Zhi‐Quan , Peng Jun , Lu Zhe‐Xue , Pang Dai‐Wen , Xie Zhi‐Xiong 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSemiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as a kind of nonisotopic biological labeling material have many unique fluorescent properties relative to conventional organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, such as composition‐ and size‐dependent absorption and emission, a broad absorption spectrum, photostability, and single‐dot sensitivity. These properties make them a promising stable and sensitive label, which can be used for long‐term fluorescent tracking and subcellular location of genes and proteins. Here, a simple approach for the construction of QD‐labeled DNA probes was developed by attaching thiol‐ssDNA to QDs via a metal–thiol bond. The as‐prepared QD‐labeled DNA probes had high dispersivity, bioactivity, and specificity for hybridization. Based on such a kind of probe with a sequence complementary to multiple clone sites in plasmid pUC18, fluorescence in situ hybridization of the tiny bacterium Escherichia coli has been realized for the first time.
Application of lentivirus‐mediated RNAi in studying gene function in mammalian tooth development
Authors: Song Yiqiang , Zhang Zunyi , Yu Xueyan , Yan Minquan , Zhang Xiaoyun , Gu Shuping , Stuart Thomas , Liu Chao , Reiser Jakob , Zhang Yanding , Chen Yiping 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRNA interference (RNAi) has recently become a powerful tool to silence gene expression in mammalian cells, but its application in assessing gene function in mammalian developing organs remains highly limited. Here we describe several unique developmental properties of the mouse molar germ. Embryonic molar mesenchyme, but not the incisor mesenchyme, once dissociated into single cell suspension and re‐aggregated, retains its odontogenic potential, the capability of a tissue to instruct an adjacent tissue to initiate tooth formation. Dissociated molar mesenchymal cells, even after being plated in cell culture, retain odontogenic competence, the capability of a tissue to respond to odontogenic signals and to support tooth formation. Most interestingly, while dissociated epithelial and mesenchymal cells of molar tooth germ are mixed and re‐aggregated, the epithelial cells are able to sort out from the mesenchymal cells and organize into a well‐defined dental epithelial structure, leading to the formation of a well‐differentiated tooth organ after sub‐renal culture. These unique molar developmental properties allow us to develop a strategy using a lentivirus‐mediated RNAi approach to silence gene expression in dental mesenchymal cells and assess gene function in tooth development. We show that knockdown of Msx1 or Dlx2 expression in the dental mesenchyme faithfully recapitulates the tooth phenotype of their targeted mutant mice. Silencing of Barx1 expression in the dental mesenchyme causes an arrest of tooth development at the bud stage, demonstrating a crucial role for Barx1 in tooth formation. Our studies have established a reliable and rapid assay that would permit large‐scale analysis of gene function in mammalian tooth development. Developmental Dynamics 235:1334–1344, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combining desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance for differential metabolomics without sample preparation
Authors: Chen Huanwen , Pan Zhengzheng , Talaty Nari , Raftery Daniel , Cooks R. Graham 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDesorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI‐MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are used to provide data on urine examined without sample preparation to allow differentiation between diseased (lung cancer) and healthy mice. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to shortlist compounds with potential for biomarker screening which are responsible for significant differences between control urine samples and samples from diseased animals. Similar PCA score plots have been achieved by DESI‐MS and NMR, using a subset of common detected metabolites. The common compounds detected by DESI and NMR have the same changes in sign of their concentrations thereby indicating the usefulness of corroborative analytical methods. The effects of different solvents and surfaces on the DESI mass spectra are also evaluated and optimized. Over 80 different metabolites were successfully identified by DESI‐MS and tandem mass spectrometry experiments, with no prior sample preparation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ‘preferred mode’ of the axisymmetric jet
Authors: Hussain A. K. M. F. , Zaman K. B. M. Q. 
Published: April 2006

The ‘preferred mode’ of an incompressible axisymmetric free jet has been organized through controlled perturbation, and spatial distributions of time-average as well as phase-average flow properties in the near field are documented. The excitation produces noticeable changes in the time-average measures of the jet, although these changes are less dramatic than those for the excitation producing stable vortex pairing. For different stages in the evolution of the preferred-mode coherent structure, the phase-average vorticity, coherent Reynolds stress, and incoherent turbulence intensities and Reynolds stress have been educed through phase-locked hot-wire measurements, over the spatial extent of the structure and without invoking the Taylor hypothesis. For a particular stage of the evolution (i.e. when the structure is centred at x/D ≃ 3) the distributions of these quantities have been compared for both initially laminar and fully turbulent exit boundary layers, and for four jet Reynolds numbers. The relative merits of the coherent structure streamline and pseudo-stream-function patterns, as compared with phase-average velocity contours, for structure boundary identification have been discussed. The structure shape and size agree closely with those inferred from the average streamline pattern of the natural structure educed by Yule (1978).These data as well as τ-spectra show that even excitation at the preferred mode cannot sustain the initially organized large-scale coherent structure beyond eight diameters from the jet exit. The background turbulence is organized by the coherent motions in such a way that the maximum rate of decrease of the coherent vorticity occurs at the structure centres which are the saddle points of the background-turbulence Reynolds-stress distributions. The structure centres are also the locations of peak phase-average turbulence intensities. The evolving shape of the structure as it travels downstream helps explain the transverse variations of the wavelength and convection velocity across the mixing layer. The coherent structure characteristics are found to be independent of whether the initial boundary layer is laminar or turbulent, but depend somewhat on the jet Reynolds number. With increasing Reynolds number, the structure decreases in the streamwise length and increases in the radial width and becomes relatively more energetic, and more efficient in the production of coherent Reynolds stress.
Experiments on heat-stabilized laminar boundary layers in water
Authors: Barker Steven J. , Gile Douglas 
Published: April 2006

There has been much recent interest in the stabilization of water boundary layers by wall heating. Calculations based upon linear stability theory have predicted transition Reynolds numbers as high as 200 million for a zero pressure gradient boundary layer over a heated wall. The experiment described in this paper was intended to investigate these predictions. The test boundary layer develops on the inside surface of a cylindrical tube which is 0·1 m in diameter and 6·1 m in length. The displacement thickness is small relative to the tube radius under all conditions of interest. The tube is heated by electrical heaters on the outside wall. The location of transition is determined by flush-mounted hot-film probes, or by flow visualization at the tube exit.A transition Reynolds number of 15 million has been obtained without heat, which shows that free-stream turbulence and other perturbations are well controlled. A transition Reynolds number of 47 million has been obtained with an 8 °C wall overheat. However, as temperature is further increased there are no additional increases in transition Reynolds number, which is in contradiction to the theory. Several possible reasons for the discrepancy between theory and experiment have been investigated.
A visual study of turbulent spots
Authors: Perry A. E. , Lim T. T. , Teh E. W. 
Published: April 2006

From the results of a flow visualization experiment, certain physical characteristics of a turbulent spot are suggested by the authors. The spot was artificially initiated at a point by a small intermittent wall jet. The authors also carried out experiments behind vibrating trip wires and observed the ‘signatures’ or ‘footprints’ of the A-shaped vortices seen by other workers. The fact that these ‘signatures’ are also observed in a turbulent spot leads one to suspect that these spots consist essentially of an array of A-shaped vortices. The formation of the spot is subsequently described in terms of three-dimensional disturbances of the cross-stream vortex filaments.The basic structure of the turbulent spot proposed here is similar to the suggested structure of fully developed turbulent boundary layers first put forward by Theodorsen (1955) and more recently by Bandyopadhyay & Head (1979).
Couette flow of dilute solutions of macromolecules: embryo cells and overstability
Authors: Green J. , Jones W. M. 
Published: April 2006

The outer cylinder was kept stationary whilst the inner rotated. Weak circulatory motion (‘embryo cells’) was observed in all the fluids investigated at Taylor numbers Ta less than the critical Taylor number Tac. These cells grew with increasing Ta, then burst into vigorous Taylor vortices at Ta = Tac. In solutions of rigid elongated molecules having concentrations above a minimum concentration, an axial oscillation (overstability?) of the embryo cells was observed. The oscillation did not occur in solutions of flexible folded molecules nor in the solvent. The oscillation was observed over a range Ta0 ≤ Ta ≤ Tac. For concentrations above the minimum Ta0/Tac decreased with increasing concentration.Other phenomena of the flow were also studied. It was found for solvent and solutions that the torque on the outer cylinder increased relatively less rapidly with the speed of rotation of the inner cylinder when
\[
Ta/Ta_c > 1.08
\]
than it did when
\[
1 < Ta/Ta_c\leqslant 1.08.
\]
In this latter range there was a torque reduction in the flow of the solutions relative to that in the flow of solvent. At sufficiently high speeds of rotation circumferential waves occurred in the fully developed Taylor cells (at Ta = Taw) and it was found that when R1/R2 = 0·95 then Taw/Tac = 1·5 for the solvent, whereas for the solutions Taw/Tac ≥ 1·5. When R1/R2 = 0·90 then Taw/Tac = 1·25, and for the solutions Taw/Tac > 1·25. No experiment was done at Ta > Taw. The normal-stress coefficients of the solution have been evaluated from the results.
Longshore motion due to an obliquely incident wave group
Authors: Ryrie S. C. 
Published: April 2006

We consider longshore motion generated within the surf zone by obliquely incident breaking waves, and seek to describe the effect on such motion of variations, caused by wave grouping, in the incident longshore momentum flux. The effects of associated variations in set-up are not considered.We use the linear long-wave equations to describe the motion resulting from the longshore momentum contained in a wave group. This consists of a succession of edge waves which disperse along the beach, and, for the example considered, an eventual steady circulation cell at the position of the wave group. We suggest that such a cell is always likely to be formed if the wave group is sufficiently localized, and that higher-modenumber edge waves are more likely to be excited.We find timescales for the dispersal of the edge waves, and for the decay, due to bottom friction, of the circulation cell: we suggest that the latter may more generally be used, as a timescale for the effect of friction on longshore motion.