bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4 Statebuilding in Kosovo
Authors: Zaum Dominik 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyses the statebuilding efforts of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) that was established after the Kosovo war in 1999. It is divided into three parts. While the first part outlines the background to the intervention, analyses the scope of the international authority, and discusses the transition to local rule, the other two sections contain detailed case studies of statebuilding: the reform of the judicial system, and the privatization of socially owned enterprises, one of the most controversial reform efforts of UNMIK. The chapter not only shows the influence of norms on UNMIK's statebuilding policies, but also the problems of ‘statebuilding without statehood’: building political and administrative institutions if the future legal status of a territory remains unresolved.
6 The Sovereignty Paradox
Authors: Zaum Dominik 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This last chapter brings together the findings from the analysis, and raises a range of theoretical and practical questions that arise from the analysis of the normative framework underlying statebuilding. Part One discusses the implications of the findings for our understanding of the role of sovereignty in international society. Part Two considers the implications of the book's findings for the governance and development efforts of international administrations. It examines whether international administrations possess the legitimacy and authority themselves that they try to establish in the territories they govern and restructure, and how their authority could be strengthened. It also looks at some of the pathologies of international administration, and concludes by discussing what the book's findings suggests for exit strategies of international administrations.
Cultural Exclusion and the Definition of Art
Authors: Crowther Paul 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter proposes that formalist and Institutional approaches to the definition of art are both conceptually flawed and involve cultural exclusion in an unacceptable way. A sustained critical assessment of Bell and Beardsley, and then Dickie and Danto's difficulties in these areas is offered. An alternative approach is then developed, which emphasizes the image's interpretative style as a distinctive mode of the aesthetic, and explores its important connections with mental imagery and the structure of self-consciousness. This offers the basis of a normative definition of art with a universal orientation, rather than one based on the centrality of marginal western idioms.
Defining Art, Defending the Canon, Contesting Culture
Authors: Crowther Paul 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter criticizes fashionable anti-foundational relativism and its aesthetic counterpart, the Institutional definition of art. It shows that both involve unconscious racism and are conceptually problematic in their implications for non-western representation. It is argued that the aesthetic is an integral part of the making and perception of representational artifacts, even in non-western contexts. However, it is western culture which has developed this as a specialist practice, so it is then argued further that such a pursuit has significantly developed the logical scope of art media. If this development is related to a comparative horizon of of diachronic history, it is possible to establish the idea of a canon and to justify aesthetic judgements on an objective, universalist basis.
From Beauty to Art: Developing Kant's Aesthetics
Authors: Crowther Paul 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter provides a sustained phenomenological development of Kant's aesthetics of beauty and theory of art. This allows both aesthetic experience and art's distinctive articulation of it to be disclosed in great detail. Importance is assigned to the harmony of imagination and understanding as the basis of aesthetic experience, and to disinterestedness as a logical criterion of it. The chapter then outlines briefly a theory of artistic beauty derived from Kant's general position, and then goes on to more sustained consideration of his theory of art. Special attention is paid to the notions of originality and exemplariness as a basis for canonic value, and to the special character of those ‘aesthetic ideas’, which are central to Kant's account of the art object.
Introduction
Authors: Engster Daniel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCaring practices are essential for the survival, development, and social functioning of human beings, but until recently have generally been overlooked as a moral grounding for a theory of justice. This chapter suggests that caring practices can, and should, be placed at the heart of any consistent theory of justice. The unique nature of a caring theory of justice is demonstrated by contrasting it with other contemporary justice theories including liberalism, communitarianism, and natural law theory. Care theory is further situated in relation to contemporary feminist theories of justice. A caring theory of justice is shown to have special relevance in addressing contemporary social problems relating to the care of children, the elderly, and other dependent individuals, and in generating a minimal account of justice that can accommodate diverse cultural and religious views.
Adversaries on the Left: Revolutionary Rhetoric and Reformist Realities
Authors: Hayward Jack 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Weak party and trade union organizations have been fragmented by fascination with revolutionary rhetoric despite recourse in practice to reformism. Following a contrast between anarchist outsiders and Radical insiders, the vicissitudes of partisan French socialism are recounted. The secular decline of the sectarian Communist Party has coincided with the collapse of Marxism's ideological hegemony.
Patents as an Incentive to Innovate
Authors: Guellec Dominique 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates the rationale of patents, their economic role, and the circumstances in which they are the most effective. The utilitarian theory considers patents as an incentive — a policy instrument used by society for encouraging inventions. Patents are a response to the public good nature of knowledge, which makes imitation easier than invention. They are one of the instruments of innovation policy along with grants, prizes, subsidies, universities, and public laboratories. Compared with other instruments, patents are more market friendly, leaving all technical and economic choices to firms and customers; and they restrict the use of knowledge. The evidence so far supports the view that patents are quite effective in encouraging innovation, especially in certain industries like pharmaceuticals or chemicals, and less so in electronics, and have little direct effect in other industries, especially in services.
The Problem of Evil
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis book contains in eight chapters the revised text of eight Gifford lectures, which were delivered at the University of St Andrews in 2003. The problem of evil may be formulated as a question addressed to theists: why would an all-powerful and benevolent God permit the existence of vast amounts of truly horrible suffering? Many reflective people are convinced that this question has no answer. The reasons that underlie this conviction can be formulated as an argument for the non-existence of God, the so-called argument from evil: if there were a God, he would not permit the existence of vast amounts of truly horrible suffering; since such suffering exists, there is no God. The examination of the problem of evil in these chapters is largely an examination of the argument from evil, which the author of the book regards as a paradigmatically philosophical argument. The conclusion of the main argument of the chapters (which takes the form of a debate centred on the ‘free-will defence’) is that the argument from evil is, like most philosophical arguments, a failure. The following topics receive special attention: the concept of God; success and failure in philosophical argument; versions of the argument from evil that depend on the vast amount of evil in the world and versions of the argument that depend on a particular evil, such as the Holocaust; the free-will defence; animal suffering; and the problem of the hiddenness of God.
The Problem of Evil and the Argument from Evil
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter is a defence of the author's approach to the problem of evil, by way of an examination of the argument from evil. Several different ‘problems of evil’ and ‘arguments from evil’ are examined. The contention that there is an ‘overarching’ problem of evil, a problem that confronts both theists and atheists, is considered and rejected.
The Idea of God
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers a more or less traditional list of the ‘divine attributes’. The following theses are defended: (i) this list represents an attempt to flesh out the Anselmian notion of a ‘something than which a greater cannot be conceived’; (ii), the concept of God should be understood in this Anselmian sense; (iii) it is implausible to suppose that a ‘something than which a greater cannot be conceived’ should lack any of the attributes in the traditional list. The chapter raises and attempts to answer the question: to what extent is it possible to revise the traditional list of divine attributes without replacing the concept of God with another concept?
Grundlagen
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
If our ability to count depends on the structure of space and time, this may explain its applicability to the things we intuit in space and time, but it will also limit its applicability to just those things: we shall, in short, be left without the ability to count anything that is not made up of spatio-temporal elements. This evidently did not bother Kant, but it has seemed implausible to many subsequent thinkers. The most notable of these was Frege, who published Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (The Foundations of Arithmetic), a book arguing against Kant's conclusion, in 1884. Frege was the first to put forward the thesis, now known as logicism, that logic is capable of grounding mathematical truths without thereby rendering them wholly trivial.
The Tractatus
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLudwig Wittgenstein studied with Russell in Cambridge from 1911 to 1913, and wrote the Tractatus while on active service in the Austrian army during the First World War. Large parts of the book are devoted to explaining and correcting errors in the conception of logic to be found in Principia. Wittgenstein did not, as is sometimes suggested, reject the idea of a hierarchy of types, but he did reject the notion that mathematics (and in particular arithmetic) could be based, as in Principia, on classes. For this reason although the account of arithmetic given in the Tractatus is in a sense logicist, it is very different from Russell's.
Ramsey
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFrank Ramsey was involved in preparing the English translation of the Tractatus as an undergraduate at Cambridge. He developed an account of the theory of types which avoided the difficulties associated with the axiom of reducibility by following what he took to be Wittgensteinian principles. In December 1924, he wrote an essay which was eventually published under the title ‘The foundations of mathematics’. The material in the essay that is relevant here falls into three distinct parts: in the first Ramsey showed how to develop a theory of types on Wittgensteinian principles that had no need of the problematic axiom of reducibility; in the second he dealt with the derivation of the theory of classes from the theory of types; and in the third he addressed the problematic dependence of the theory on the axiom of infinity.
Emotion As Cognitive and Its Therapy
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe idea of philosophy as psychotherapy goes back to 5th century BCE Presocratics. All ancient philosophers regard emotions as involving cognition in some way, though the point is hidden in Gorgias. In the 4th century BCE, Plato's Socrates goes so far as to say that fear actually is expectation of harm, but that intellectualist treatment of an emotion was not further developed until the Stoics. Aristotle discusses emotion in psychology, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and poetics. The last two contexts are inter-related and require close attention to the content of thoughts, but he does not yet contrast appearance with judgement, like the Stoics. The Epicureans recognize the role of cognition and even of unconscious beliefs. But this book focuses more on the Stoics, because they took the subject much further forward, and had a huge influence on philosophers, including the Christians.
The Traditions Of Moderation and Eradication
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Stoic advocacy of freedom from emotion (apatheia) is opposed to Aristotle's of moderate emotion (metriopatheia), which was the majority preference, although Plato has shifting emphases. Some saw the two states as ideals for different people or (Plotinus) for different stages of progress. Freedom from emotion is associated with Anaxagoras, the Socratics and Cynics. Pyrrhonians claimed to free themselves from emotion but not from unpleasant sensation. Philodemus' ‘natural anger’ is not so far from Stoic freedom from anger, but the substantive dispute was wrongly called merely verbal. This was part of an attempt not to take opponents seriously, which also often misunderstood the idea of first movements, good emotions (eupatheiai), or selection of indifferents as if these let in emotion, and tendentious paraphrases of the idea of emotion as perturbation or disease were exploited to make the dispute seem verbal.
First Movements In Augustine
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAugustine agreed that sin starts when we enjoy or prolong bad thoughts, and concluded that we need to seek forgiveness by saying the Lord's Prayer every day. He was against the view he ascribed to Pelagians that one might reach the stage of sinlessness or Stoic apatheia through one's own efforts. But he misinterpreted Stoic first movements, inferring that the Stoics disagreed with him only verbally, because Aulus Gellius' Latin report of the Stoics used an ambiguous word, when it said that the Stoics allowed pavor. Augustine took it to mean that they abandoned apatheia by allowing real fear, whereas what they allowed was only jitters, a first movement. Another misunderstanding occurred in Augustine's treatment of lust as more bad, unlike anger, because disobedient to the will. He overlooked that he was comparing the first movements of lust with actual actions of anger.
Augustine On Lust and the Will
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAugustine was attacked by Pelagians as still being a Manichaean who deplored marriage. In fact, Augustine now thought that in marriage — a bad thing, lust — was put to a good use, procreation, but he could not agree with Pelagians that in marriage lust was good in moderation. He chose a weak ground for calling lust a bad thing, namely that it was disobedient to will. He thought that in the Garden of Eden, either sex would have been possible without lust, or lust would have been obedient to will. The Pelagian, Bishop Julian of Eclanum, replied that the desire to eat or drink, salivation, digestion, and sleep are also not commanded by will, but like lust, have the consent of will, and sleep, like lust, impedes thought, yet Augustine does not deplore them. Elsewhere, Augustine worried whether lustful dreams were sinful, for the opposite reason that the will does consent.
The Intuitive Cosmology of Fictional Worlds
Authors: Skolnick Deena , Bloom Paul 
Published: May 2007

AbstractYoung children and adults understand the difference between reality and fiction. But recent work in developmental psychology has found that this is not the only distinction that children and adults make: members of both age groups also consider different fictional worlds to be metaphysically separate from each other. This surprising finding reveals that both adults and children impose a much more nuanced structure onto the stories they hear than previously thought. This chapter explores the origins of this structure, arguing that it is the result of how adults and children create and conceptualize the fictional worlds they encounter. Because each fictional world is based on the real world, the entities and relationships that hold in the real world will also tend to hold in any given fictional world. Objections and extensions to this theory are considered.
Modality, Modal Epistemology, and the Metaphysics of Consciousness
Authors: Hill Christopher S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCartesian modal arguments for property dualism presuppose that facts about the essential natures of pain and other qualitative properties can be grasped a priori by merely conceiving of them or imagining them. This chapter argues that this presupposition fails. It then proposes a theory of metaphysical necessity that in effect reduces it to the subjunctive conditional — to say that it is metaphysically necessary that p, it claims, is equivalent to saying that p would be the case no matter what else was the case. Using this theory of metaphysical necessity as a foundation, the chapter gives an account of how claims concerning metaphysical necessity can be known to be true. This account allows that such claims can, in many cases, be known a priori, but it implies that in many other cases, our grasp of them is a posteriori. The account sustains the criticisms of Cartesian modal arguments offered in the early sections of the chapter.
The Pluralism of Disadvantage
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , De-Shalit Avner 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature of disadvantage. It opens with an analysis of the pluralism of disadvantage, and rejects the ‘monist’ view. If instead of building a theory of equality on imaginary examples, theorists start by examining real life cases, it will become clear that not all disadvantages are reducible to each other, and therefore disadvantage is plural in its nature. But this pluralism implies that there will be a problem of indexing: deciding which disadvantages are more important or urgent. The capability approach, developed by Amartya Sen and others, serves as the starting point for the theory advanced here. According to this theory, in order to understand how well or badly someone's life is going, we need to attend to what they can ‘do and be’; their ‘capability to function’.
The Indexing Problem
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , De-Shalit Avner 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
If disadvantage is plural, how could we know who are the least advantaged? One possible way of treating this ‘indexing problem’ is to claim that pluralism is not the problem but the solution: that is, the state should isolate each functioning and challenge each area of disadvantage separately (sectoral justice). It is argued this approach is unable to show how to set priorities between different budget heads. A method is suggested for indexing disadvantages relying on the idea of ‘weighting sensitivity’, which looks for convergence in ordering between different weighting schemes. However, this method is complex and a simpler, pragmatic method is proposed, which looks directly for clustering of disadvantage between six ‘high-weight’ functionings which appeared as the most important ones in the interviews: life, bodily health, bodily integrity, affiliation, control over environment, and sense of imagination and thought. Those who do poorly on several of these categories will be among the least advantaged in society.
Chapter 6 Measuring Functionings
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , De-Shalit Avner 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In the previous chapter, it was assumed that it is possible to measure the functioning level of each representative individual for each functioning. This chapter explores how and why such measurement can and should be done. It suggests that such a method should combine both subjective and objective measures, gaining the benefits of both, but providing a cross-check on each other. The York model — named after research on poverty conducted by scholars from the University of York — provides a sound approach which, from the point of the view of the current project, has many advantages. It is suggested that using one subjective and two objective measures, and looking for overlap between at least two measures is a very promising way of assessing disadvantage within possibly each category of functioning.
Introduction
Authors: Samely Alexander 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of rabbinic texts. Rabbinic texts constitute a scholarly discourse in that their statements are concerned with halakhic norms, or linguistic meaning in Scripture. And they are presented in a framework of arguments, and often contested. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is also presented. Thirteen small literary forms are described, which constitute apparently self-sufficient units of meaning and some of them occur in most rabbinic works. How the small forms are combined to build larger documents of various types is explained. Typical features of selected rabbinic genres are considered, including the Mishnah; Midrashic Bible commentaries and homilies; and the Babylonian Gemara.
The Works of Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Samely Alexander 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter explains the main categories by which rabbinic documents can be sorted into groups. It introduces thirteen key small forms which make up the bulk of rabbinic literature. Also it presents five main arrangement principles according to which the small forms are put together in extended texts. An artificial synthesis of rabbinic ideas about God, the Torah, and Israel is developed, and why such syntheses have no direct evidence to support them, is also explained.
Appropriating Scripture
Authors: Samely Alexander 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter explains the importance of Scripture for the rabbinic world-view, using the analogy of modern sciences. The presence of the idea of ‘canon’ in rabbinic writings is discussed, and how cutting Scripture down to segments makes it possible to appropriate biblical words for rabbinic themes is explained. It is suggested that the segments are treated as if they constituted the divine response in a conversation with the rabbis. Some common techniques of rabbinic Bible interpretation are listed.
The Literary Device of Quoting Rabbis
Authors: Samely Alexander 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the fact that many individual statements occurring in rabbinic texts are quoted as direct speech by named rabbis. Speech reports are interpreted as minimal narratives which provide the form, but not the contents, of a ‘history’ of rabbinic texts. Concentrating on the Mishnah, the anonymous voice which does the quoting is distinguished from the named voices which are quoted. Attention is drawn to the importance of disputes, where the two types of voices become mixed.
Conclusion
Authors: Samely Alexander 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The preceding chapters show that rabbinic thought is intertwined with the nature of its texts, with rabbinic textuality. In the absence of a compelling textual Gestalt, the formal self sufficiency and independence of the single statement allows it to enter into many diverse relationships with other statements, so that it can be difficult to determine its exact scope and import. Direct knowledge of the halakhic practice of a text's own time and place, which would resolve many such ambiguities, is mostly not available. Nevertheless, the absence of a sentence-connecting Gestalt is not a mere lack. It is, like all sustained text formation, an achievement and a contrivance: Gestalt of another order. Several factors are discussed in detail, which contribute to this outcome in various measure.