bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-Level Cloud Variability over the Equatorial Cold Tongue in Observations and Models
Authors: Mansbach David K. , Norris Joel R. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Examination of cloud and meteorological observations from satellite, surface, and reanalysis datasets indicates that monthly anomalies in low-level cloud amount and near-surface temperature advection are strongly negatively correlated on the southern side of the equatorial Pacific cold tongue. This inverse correlation occurs independently of relationships between cloud amount and sea surface temperature (SST) or lower tropospheric static stability (LTS), and the combination of advection plus SST or LTS explains significantly more interannual cloud variability in a multilinear regression than does SST or LTS alone. Warm anomalous advection occurs when the equatorial cold tongue is well defined and the southeastern Pacific trade winds bring relatively warm air over colder water. Ship meteorological reports and soundings show that the atmospheric surface layer becomes stratified under these conditions, thus inhibiting the upward mixing of moisture needed to sustain cloudiness against subsidence and entrainment drying. Cold anomalous advection primarily occurs when the equatorial cold tongue is weak or absent and the air–sea temperature difference is substantially negative. These conditions favor a more convective atmospheric boundary layer, greater cloud amount, and less frequent occurrence of clear sky.
Examination of output from global climate models developed by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) indicates that both models generally fail to simulate the cloud–advection relationships observed on the northern and southern sides of the equatorial cold tongue. Although the GFDL atmosphere model does reproduce the expected signs of cloud-advection correlations when forced with prescribed historical SST variations, it does not consistently do so when coupled to an ocean model. The NCAR model has difficulty reproducing the observed correlations in both atmosphere-only and coupled versions. This suggests that boundary layer cloud parameterizations could be improved through better representation of the effects of advection over varying SST.
Interaction between the QBO and the Hadley Circulation: Evidence of Solar Influence?
Authors: Salby Murry L. , Callaghan Patrick F. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Recent evidence points to a decadal modulation of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), one that varies with the 11-yr cycle of UV irradiance and ozone heating in the upper stratosphere. Interaction between the QBO and the Hadley circulation is considered here through an analysis that accounts for cyclic variations in their relationship, which may cancel and, hence, be invisible in the long-term average.
The analysis reveals coherent changes in the tropical stratosphere and troposphere. Involving periods shorter than 5 yr, their relationship manifests itself in major properties associated with the QBO and the Hadley circulation. Like the QBO’s relationship to the polar stratosphere, its relationship to the Hadley circulation reverses on the time scale of a decade. The systematic swing in their relationship leads to two important implications: 1) Interannual changes of one circulation operate coherently with changes of the other, reflecting their interaction. 2) At least one is influenced by a decadal variation. The latter is interpreted in light of the cyclic variation of ozone heating in the upper stratosphere, where the phase of the QBO is set.
A Regional Ocean–Atmosphere Model for Eastern Pacific Climate: Toward Reducing Tropical Biases*
Authors: Xie Shang-Ping , Miyama Toru , Wang Yuqing , Xu Haiming , de Szoeke Simon P. , Small R. Justin O. , Richards Kelvin J. , Mochizuki Takashi , Awaji Toshiyuki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe tropical Pacific Ocean is a climatically important region, home to El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. The simulation of its climate remains a challenge for global coupled ocean–atmosphere models, which suffer large biases especially in reproducing the observed meridional asymmetry across the equator in sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall. A basin ocean general circulation model is coupled with a full-physics regional atmospheric model to study eastern Pacific climate processes. The regional ocean–atmosphere model (ROAM) reproduces salient features of eastern Pacific climate, including a northward-displaced intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) collocated with a zonal band of high SST, a low-cloud deck in the southeastern tropical Pacific, the equatorial cold tongue, and its annual cycle. The simulated low-cloud deck experiences significant seasonal variations in vertical structure and cloudiness; cloud becomes decoupled and separated from the surface mixed layer by a stable layer in March when the ocean warms up, leading to a reduction in cloudiness. The interaction of low cloud and SST is an important internal feedback for the climatic asymmetry between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In an experiment where the cloud radiative effect is turned off, this climatic asymmetry weakens substantially, with the ITCZ migrating back and forth across the equator following the sun. In another experiment where tropical North Atlantic SST is lowered by 2°C—say, in response to a slow-down of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation as during the Younger Dryas—the equatorial Pacific SST decreases by up to 3°C in January–April but changes much less in other seasons, resulting in a weakened equatorial annual cycle. The relatively high resolution (0.5°) of the ROAM enables it to capture mesoscale features, such as tropical instability waves, Central American gap winds, and a thermocline dome off Costa Rica. The implications for tropical biases and paleoclimate research are discussed.
Validation and Development of Melting Layer Models Using Constraints by Active/Passive Microwave Observations of Rain and the Wind-Roughened Ocean Surface
Authors: Brown Shannon T. , Ruf Christopher S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
A physically based method is developed to estimate the microphysical structure of the melting layer in stratiform rain using airborne observations by a dual-frequency radar and a 10.7-GHz radiometer. The method employs a nonlinear optimal estimation approach to find two parameters of the gamma drop size distribution (DSD) at each radar range gate from the Ku/Ka-band reflectivities. The DSD profile is used to determine the atmospheric absorption/extinction profile, which enables the surface contribution to the measured brightness temperature to be estimated. The surface wind speed is estimated from the surface emissivity by inverting the forward model, which relates the two. Retrievals in stratiform precipitation require a model to describe the thermodynamic and electromagnetic properties of melting hydrometeors. The melting layer can contribute a majority of the total atmospheric absorption, making it a key component for accurate retrievals in stratiform rain. Several melting layer models were evaluated based on their fit to the dual-frequency reflectivity measurements in the melting layer. A candidate model is selected and tuned to match the radar measurements. The melting layer model is then incorporated into the full forward model for the brightness temperature observed by the radiometer. The surface wind speed assumed in the forward model is forced by the radiometer observations. If the actual surface wind speed is known, this approach provides a powerful constraint on the possible melting layer model. A case study is presented from an airborne campaign over areas of precipitation off the coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The estimated wind speeds are found to be uncorrelated with the reflectivity and their average value is within 1 m s−1 of that retrieved in a clear area adjacent to the rain.
Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Models Used in Support of Infrared Hyperspectral Measurement Simulation and Product Algorithm Development
Authors: Otkin Jason A. , Posselt Derek J. , Olson Erik R. , Huang Hung-Lung , Davies James E. , Li Jun , Velden Christopher S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
A novel application of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models within an end-to-end processing system used to demonstrate advanced hyperspectral satellite technologies and instrument concepts is presented. As part of this system, sophisticated NWP models are used to generate simulated atmospheric profile datasets with fine horizontal and vertical resolution. The simulated datasets, which are treated as the “truth” atmosphere, are subsequently passed through a sophisticated forward radiative transfer model to generate simulated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances across a broad spectral region. Atmospheric motion vectors and temperature and water vapor retrievals generated from the TOA radiances are then compared with the original model-simulated atmosphere to demonstrate the potential utility of future hyperspectral wind and retrieval algorithms. Representative examples of TOA radiances, atmospheric motion vectors, and temperature and water vapor retrievals are shown to illustrate the use of the simulated datasets.
Case study results demonstrate that the numerical models are able to realistically simulate mesoscale cloud, temperature, and water vapor structures present in the real atmosphere. Because real hyperspectral radiance measurements with high spatial and temporal resolution are not available for large geographical domains, the simulated TOA radiance datasets are the only viable alternative that can be used to demonstrate the new hyperspectral technologies and capabilities. As such, sophisticated mesoscale models are critically important for the demonstration of the future end-to-end processing system.
Beam Multiplexing Using the Phased-Array Weather Radar
Authors: Yu Tian-You , Orescanin Marko B. , Curtis Christopher D. , Zrnić Dusan S. , Forsyth Douglas E. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The recently installed S-band phased-array radar (PAR) at the National Weather Radar Testbed (NWRT) offers fast and flexible beam steering through electronic beam forming. This capability allows the implementation of a novel scanning strategy termed beam multiplexing (BMX), with the goal of providing fast updates of weather information with high statistical accuracy. For conventional weather radar the data acquisition time for a sector scan or a volume coverage pattern (VCP) can be reduced by increasing the antenna’s rotation rate to the extent that the pedestal allows. However, statistical errors of the spectral moment estimates will increase due to the fewer samples that are available for the estimation. BMX is developed to exploit the idea of collecting independent samples and maximizing the usage of radar resources. An improvement factor is introduced to quantify the BMX performance, which is defined by the reduction in data acquisition time using BMX when the same data accuracy obtained by a conventional scanning strategy is maintained. It is shown theoretically that a fast update without compromising data quality can be achieved using BMX at small spectrum widths and a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Applications of BMX to weather observations are demonstrated using the PAR, and the results indicate that an average improvement factor of 2–4 can be obtained for SNR higher than 10 dB.
Liberation and regulation? Some paradoxes of empowerment
Authors: Baistow Karen 
Published: April 2007

During the last decade empowerment has emerged as a socially desir able construct and as an organising principle for various forms of personal and social change which focus on exercising the ability to take control of one's life. One notable feature of this development is the appearance of 'empowerment' in a range of views, from the right as well as the left, and its espousal as a quasi-moral principle by a range of fields from human resource management to radical social work. As importantly, while empowerment remains in the domain of those who seek to empower themselves, a new ground has opened-up during this period for professionals, particularly from the fields of health and welfare, who seek to empower others.This paper examines the emergence of empowerment as pro fessional practice and argues that the ubiquitous presence of empower ment in current health and welfare discourses has important regulatory as well as liberatory implications for potential empowerment 'candi dates' and for practitioners, which may jeopardise the possibilities of maintaining a critical meaning for the term.
Physico-Chemical Characterization of Agar-Type Polysaccharides Used as Aqueous Gels in in vitro Micropropagation of Several Clones of Thuja plicata
Authors: Pochet B. , Rouxhet V. , Mestdagh M.M. , François J. 
Published: April 2007

The influence of four agar-type polysaccharides on the budding and the elongation of five clones of Thuja plicata was tested. The polysac charides were used as solidifying agents for culture media and differed in their sulfate content (0.14 to 10.95% W/W). Budding was reduced on the most highly sulfated polysaccharide, and the differences observed between clones in elonga tion were as important as those observed between agar types. In order to understand factors determining the gel "quality" of agar, we have investigated the chemical composition, mechanical properties and thermal sta bility of the gel samples. The results of this investigation show that the main factors that control the mechanical properties of gels are: the sulfate content, added nutrient medium, and autoclaving.
The Life Cycle of Life Styles: Projecting the Course of Local Evolutionary Sequences
Authors: Erickson Edwin E. 
Published: April 2007

With few exceptions, researchers in culture evolutionary theory have given short shrift to the data and issues of specific, as opposed to general, evolution (i.e. to process and sequences that are bound to specific spatial contexts vs. those that are, or are presumed to be, hologeistic). In this paper, data from two disparate and well-delimited sequences, Pre-Norman England and Lowland Classic Maya (data assembled respectively by Rob ert Carneiro and S. G. Morley), are fitted to the same math ematical model, the hyperbolic tangent variant of the " lazy-S" curve. It is demonstrated that growth and development in these two sequences, though clearly in different phases, is adequately epitomized by that function, when suitable parameters are es timated empirically. This paper is programmatic, in the sense that it provides an example of how one might do systematic statistical comparisons of growth processes between specific evolutionary sequences, and how these might contribute to general evolutionary theory. In this connection, the paper contains a brief discussion of growth-rate research in other social science areas. [Cultural evolution; culture patterns; mathematical models.]
Evidence-based practice: A mixture of motives?
Authors: Salvage Jane 
Published: April 2007

The growing importance of research and development in the NHS presents a major challenge to nurses. They are not centrally involved in influencing the R&D agenda, while nursing research, despite its recent boom, is not seen as integral to evidence-based practice. This paper suggests that the R&D initiative, like most policy developments, mixes altruism and pragmatism. Its aims include cost containment and control of the professions, alongside its more overtly expressed commitment to improving the quality of care. Useful efforts are being made to tackle the shortcomings of nursing research. However, it is argued that nurses attempting to influence the R&D agenda need to be alert to its political nuances if they are to be effective.
Induction and role of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells in tolerance to the transgene product following hepatic in vivo gene transfer
Authors: Cao Ou , Dobrzynski Eric , Wang Lixin , Nayak Sushrusha , Mingle Bethany , Terhorst Cox , Herzog Roland W. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Gene replacement therapy is complicated by the risk of an immune response against the therapeutic transgene product, which in part is determined by the route of vector administration. Our previous studies demonstrated induction of immune tolerance to coagulation factor IX (FIX) by hepatic adeno-associated viral (AAV) gene transfer. Using a regulatory T-cell (Treg)–deficient model (Rag-2−/− mice transgenic for ovalbumin-specific T-cell receptor DO11.10), we provide first definitive evidence for induction of transgene product-specific CD4+CD25+ Tregs by in vivo gene transfer. Hepatic gene transfer–induced Tregs express FoxP3, GITR, and CTLA4, and suppress CD4+CD25− T cells. Tregs are detected as early as 2 weeks after gene transfer, and increase in frequency in thymus and secondary lymphoid organs during the following 2 months. Similarly, adoptive lymphocyte transfers from mice tolerized to human FIX by hepatic AAV gene transfer indicate induction of CD4+CD25+GITR+ that suppresses antibody formation to FIX. Moreover, in vivo depletion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs leads to antibody formation to the FIX transgene product after hepatic gene transfer, which strongly suggests that these regulatory cells are required for tolerance induction. Our study reveals a crucial role of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in preventing immune responses to the transgene product in gene transfer.
DFT Study on the Mechanisms of C4H2 + CN Reaction
Authors: Tang Yizhen , Sun Hao , Pan Yaru , Wang Rongshun 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
A detailed theoretical survey on the potential energy surface for the CN + C4H2 reaction is carried out at the QCISD(T)/6-311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. The geometries, vibrational frequencies, and energies of all stationary points involved in the reaction are calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. The results suggest that there are two different mechanisms and six pathways in the title reaction. Six products are yielded, and P3: H + HC5N is the dominant product from the view of energy.
The First Resonance Hybrid of Silyl–Carbene and Pyridyl–Silylene Complexes: Formation by Aryl C–H Bond Activation of DMAP [4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine] on a Silylene Complex
Authors: Begum Rockshana , Komuro Takashi , Tobita Hiromi 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Treatment of a tungsten bis(silyl) complex Cp*W{κ3(Si,Si,O)-xantsil}(CO)(H) [xantsil = (9,9-dimethylxanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(dimethylsilyl)] with 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) causes ortho-metallation in a DMAP-stabilized silylene complex that is generated from the bis(silyl) complex through silicon-to-tungsten 1,2-methyl migration and methane elimination. Resulting W–Si–N–C four-membered metallacycle Cp*W[κ3(Si,Si,C)-(SiMe2){SiMe(NC5H3NMe2)}(C15H12O)](CO)(H) can be regarded as the resonance hybrid of silyl–carbene and pyridyl–silylene complexes.
Controlled Fabrication of Decahedral Gold Nanostructures by a Thermal Approach
Authors: Zhou Min , Chen Shenhao , Sun Haiqing , Liu Xiuyu 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Multiple-twinned gold nanostructures with decahedral shape have been prepared in aqueous solution by a one-step thermal process method. The decahedra of nano-gold can be obtained by heating aqueous PVP/HAuCl4 solution. In this process, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) acted as both reducing agent and shape-controlling surfactant. By control of the reaction condition, decahedral, icosahedral, and plate-like gold nanostructures have been obtained.
Green Neoliberal Space: The Mesoamerican Biological Corridor
Authors: Finley-Brook Mary 
Published: April 2007

With claims of authoritative environmental knowledge, transnational development agencies are spatially redefining a "sustainable" and "eco-efficient" Central America. In the mid-1990s, the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC) emerged from transnational cooperation on security, trade, and environmental protection. Despite the large size and scope of the MBC, there has been little research on its transnational structure or how it intersects with the Central American Free Trade Agreement and the Puebla-Panama Plan. In this paper I examine national corridors. Nicaraguan portions of the MBC, especially the extensive Atlantic Biological Corridor (ABC), receive the most attention. The MBC has been touted as participatory, but Nicaraguan findings suggest a limited role in decision-making on the part of local governments and impacted populations. Proposed development projects in corridors would more often stimulate resource marketing and future donor lending rather than strengthening biodiversity protection. There is sporadic protection of biodiversity hotspots, but projects are riddled with tensions. As imagined, the MBC may contribute to the intensification of uneven development.  	Con la políticas del conocimiento ambiental autoritario, las agencias trasnacionales del desarrollo están redefiniendo una Centroamérica "sostenible" y "eco-eficiente." En el medio de la última década, el Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano (CBM) surgió de la cooperación trasnacional de la seguridad, del comercio y de la protección ambiental. Aunque el CBM es una escala grande con cobertura de amplio alcance, ha sido poca la investigación sobre los actores involucrados, la estructura internacional, o la manera en que se interseca con el Tratado de Libre Comercio Centroamericano y el Plan Puebla- Panamá. En este trabajo yo examino los corredores nacionales, especialmente los de Nicaragua. El CBM ha sido publicitado como un proyecto participativo, pero mis conclusiones sugieren un papel limitado en la toma de decisiones por parte de los gobiernos locales y los pueblos impactados en Nicaragua. Los proyectos de desarrollo propuestos dentro de los corredores estimularían el mercadeo de los recursos naturales y los futuros préstamos ajenos más que fortalecer la protección de la biodiversidad. Aunque hay protección esporádica de los "hotspots" de la biodiversidad, dentro de los proyectos existen muchas tensiones. Como lo imaginaron, el CBM podría contribuir a la intensificación del desarrollo desnivelado.
El derecho a la ciudad y la cuestión del espacio público: Experiencias en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca
Authors: Formiga Nidia 
Published: April 2007

En este artículo se propone la reflexión sobre la problemática del espacio público en las ciudades latinoamericanas, desde la perspectiva geográfica. En primer lugar se hace una revisión del concepto de espacio público y su significación en la estructuración del espacio urbano. Se toman como referencia estudios realizados sobre el tema en varios países de América Latina, con el objetivo de analizar las perspectivas aplicadas al estudio del espacio público, así como la situación y los rasgos principales en su conformación actual. Como estudio de caso, se aborda el análisis del espacio público en Bahía Blanca, ciudad intermedia localizada en el sudoeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.	This article reflects on the problematic of public space in Latin American cities, from a geographic perspective. First, a review of public space and it significance in the structuration of urban space is presented, based on a variety of Latin American case studies, in order to examine what has already been studied in relation to public space, as well as an examination of general patterns at the present time. Second, as a case study, an analysis of public space in the city of Bahía Blanca, a medium-sized city located in the southwest of Buenos Aires Province, is presented.