bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of El Niño/La Niña on the Seasonality of Oceanic Water Vapor: A Proposed Scheme for Determining the ITCZ
Authors: Chen Ge , Lin Hui 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Previous research has shown that oceanic water vapor (OWV) is a useful quantity for studying the low-frequency variability of the atmosphere–ocean system. In this work, 10 years (1993–2002) of high-quality OWV data derived from the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX) microwave radiometer are used to investigate the impact of El Niño/La Niña on the amplitude and phase of the annual cycle. These results suggest that El Niños (La Niñas) can weaken (strengthen) the seasonality of OWV by decreasing (increasing) the annual amplitude. The change of amplitude is usually slight but significant, especially for the five most dynamic seasonal belts across the major continents at midlatitudes. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impact on the annual phase of OWV is seen to be fairly systematic and geographically correlated. The most striking feature is a large-scale advancing/delay of about 10 days (as estimated through empirical modeling) for the midlatitude oceans of the Northern Hemisphere in reaching their summer maxima during the El Niño/La Niña years. In addition, an alternative scheme for estimating the mean position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) based on the annual phase map of OWV is proposed. This ITCZ climatology favors 4°N in mean latitude, and agrees with existing results in that its position meanders from 2°S to 8°N oceanwide, and stays constantly north of the equator over the Atlantic and eastern Pacific.
Atmospheric Hydrology of the Anomalous 2002 Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Fasullo J. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The 2002 Indian summer monsoon season is unique because of its exceptional weakness, its association with a relatively weak El Niño, and its precedence by over a decade in which ENSO events fail to be associated with significant monsoon anomalies. In this study, atmospheric hydrology during the 2002 summer monsoon and its relationship to monsoon seasons accompanying El Niño events since 1948 are assessed using reanalysis and satellite fields.
Strong hydrologic deficits are identified for July and September 2002. During July, the impact of the disturbed Hadley and Walker circulations in the African and Indian Ocean region on vertically integrated moisture transport (VIMT) in the Arabian Sea and India is found to be key to the Indian drought. Interhemispheric coherence in satellite-derived surface wind anomalies is also identified. During September, VIMT and surface wind anomalies, both to the east and west of India, contribute to anomalous moisture divergence in India. Bay of Bengal SST and Indian CAPE anomalies are found to act in response to the season’s major break episodes, contrary to other studies that suggest their role as instigators of break periods.
The 2002 season is also found to exhibit characteristics that are common to other recent weak monsoons accompanying El Niño, such as strong westerly VIMT anomalies in the western Pacific Ocean and easterly VIMT anomalies in the Arabian Sea. Hydrologic anomalies that distinguish many recent normal monsoon seasons coinciding with El Niño from the El Niño distribution overall are not evident in 2002. In many respects, the 2002 season thus represents a reemergence of the hydrologic anomalies that have accompanied a strong monsoon–ENSO teleconnection over the past 50 yr and may present a challenge for perspectives that suggest a lasting decoupling of the monsoon–ENSO systems.
Retrospective Forecasts of Interannual Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies from 1982 to Present Using a Directly Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Model
Authors: DeWitt David G. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A large number of ensemble hindcasts (or retrospective forecasts) of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) have been made with a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (CGCM) that does not employ flux correction in order to evaluate the potential skill of the model as a seasonal forecasting tool. Oceanic initial conditions are provided by an ocean data assimilation system. Ensembles of seven forecasts of 6-month length are made starting each month in the 1982 to 2002 period. Skill of the coupled model is evaluated from both a deterministic and a probabilistic perspective. The skill metrics are calculated using both the bulk method, which includes all initial condition months together, and as a function of initial condition month. The latter method allows a more objective evaluation of how the model has performed in the context in which forecasts are actually made and applied. The deterministic metrics used are the anomaly correlation and the root-mean-square error. The coupled model deterministic skill metrics are compared with those from persistence and damped persistence reference forecasts. Despite the fact that the coupled model has a large cold bias in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific this coupled model is shown to have forecast skill that is competitive with other state-of-the-art forecasting techniques.
Potential skill from probabilistic forecasts made using the coupled model ensemble members are evaluated using the relative operating characteristics method. This analysis indicates that for most initial condition months this coupled model has more skill at forecasting cold events than warm or neutral events in the central Pacific.
In common with other forecasting systems, the coupled model forecast skill is found to be lowest for forecasts passing through the Northern Hemisphere (NH) spring. Diagnostics of this so-called spring predictability barrier in the context of this coupled model indicate that two factors likely contribute to this predictability barrier. First, the coupled model shows a too-weak coupling of the surface and subsurface temperature anomalies during NH spring. Second, the coupled-model-simulated signal-to-noise ratio for SST anomalies is much lower during NH spring than at other times of the year, indicating that the model’s potential predictability is low at this time.
Using Sounding Data to Detect Gulf Surges during the North American Monsoon
Authors: Dixon P. Grady 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Periodic surges of moisture from the Gulf of California are considered to be partly responsible for widespread showers and thunderstorms across the deserts of Arizona during the summer monsoon season. Presently, the primary method for detecting these surges is to look for changes in the surface observations at Yuma, Arizona. Unfortunately, these surface data are easily influenced by gust fronts, marine layers, and the dramatic diurnal patterns of the desert environment. Therefore, a new method for Assessing Low-level Atmospheric Moisture using Soundings (ALARMS) is proposed. Gulf surge–induced moisture increases identified by this new set of criteria are compared to other methods in order to determine the usefulness of each. This study demonstrates that the proposed method performs much better than the others that were tested, with the additional advantage of being relatively easy to apply.
Development of Convective Systems over Baja California during Tropical Cyclone Linda (2003)
Authors: Farfán Luis M. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Characteristics of the life cycle and motion of convective systems that occurred over the Baja California Peninsula were determined from a case study in September of 2003. This note applies data from satellite imagery, regular observations from upper-air and surface networks, and operational analyses. Changes in environmental conditions over northwestern Mexico are documented and these are associated with the development of Tropical Cyclone Linda in the eastern Pacific Ocean. When Linda became a tropical storm and was located several hundred kilometers away to the southwest, a convective outbreak occurred over land.
An examination of large-scale conditions indicated that flow from the eastern flank of Linda supplied low- to midlevel moisture. Significant convection is associated with specific thresholds for precipitable water, CAPE, and lifted index. Convective systems initiated in the early afternoon remained active for several hours and provided localized areas of precipitation along the western side of the peninsular mountains. An assessment of all the available surface data was performed to determine regional elements that played a role in the development of these systems. Results include documentation of a sea breeze from the Gulf of California onto the mountain slopes when organized convection was first detected.
The Improved AMSU Rain-Rate Algorithm and Its Evaluation for a Cool Season Event in the Western United States
Authors: Qiu Shuang , Pellegrino Paul , Ferraro Ralph , Zhao Limin 
Published: October 2005

AbstractRain-rate retrievals from passive microwave sensors are useful for a number of applications related to weather forecasting. For example, in the United States, such estimates are useful for offshore rainfall systems approaching land and in regions where the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) network is inadequate. Improvements have been made to the rain-rate retrieval from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POESs). The new features of the improved rain-rate algorithm include a two-stream correction of the satellite brightness temperatures at 89 and 150 GHz, cloud- and rain-type classification for better retrieval of rain rate, and removal of the two ad hoc thresholds in the ice water path (IWP) and effective diameter (De) retrieval where the scattering signals are very small. In this paper, the new algorithm has been compared to the previous NOAA operational algorithm. In particular, the better utilization of the measurements at and above 150 GHz is shown to produce improved sensitivity to light rainfall associated with winter season storm systems. This improvement is demonstrated through a wintertime case study over southern California during February 2003.
The 4 June 1999 Derecho Event: A Particularly Difficult Challenge for Numerical Weather Prediction
Authors: Gallus William A. , Correia James , Jankov Isidora 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWarm season convective system rainfall forecasts remain a particularly difficult forecast challenge. For these events, it is possible that ensemble forecasts would provide helpful information unavailable in a single deterministic forecast. In this study, an intense derecho event accompanied by a well-organized band of heavy rainfall is used to show that for some situations, the predictability of rainfall even within a 12–24-h period is so low that a wide range of simulations using different models, different physical parameterizations, and different initial conditions all fail to provide even a small signal that the event will occur. The failure of a wide range of models and parameterizations to depict the event might suggest inadequate representation of the initial conditions. However, a range of different initial conditions also failed to lead to a well-simulated event, suggesting that some events are unlikely to be predictable with the current observational network, and ensemble guidance for such cases may provide limited additional information useful to a forecaster.
Structural brain correlates of unconstrained motor activity in people with schizophrenia
Authors: Farrow Tom F. D. , Hunter Michael D. , Wilkinson Iain D. , Green Russell D. J. , Spence Sean A. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryAvolition affects quality of life in chronic schizophrenia. We investigated the relationship between unconstrained motor activity and the volume of key executive brain regions in 16 male patients with schizophrenia. Wrist-worn actigraphy monitors were used to record motor activity over a 20 h period. Structural magnetic resonance imaging brain scans were parcellated and individual volumes for anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex extracted. Patients' total activity was positively correlated with volume of left anterior cingulate cortex. These data suggest that the volume of specific executive structures may affect (quantifiable) motor behaviours, having further implications for models of the ‘will’ and avolition.
Impact of a fast-track assessment clinic on waiting times and non-attendance rates for new referrals to a community mental health centre
Authors: Ogunbamise Akinwande , Reardon Marion , Mohoboob Mo , Lelliott Paul 
Published: October 2005

Aims and MethodA new fast-track assessment (FTA) clinic was established by a community mental health team (CHMT) in SouthEast London. Previously, those who responded to an opt-in letter were offered an appointment with a duty worker or at an out-patient clinic. In the new system, all routine referrals are booked into a single fortnightly clinic staffed by two doctors and two to three other CMHT staff with post-clinic discussion of all cases (2–6 min per case). A total of 100 consecutive referrals before the introduction of the FTA clinic were compared with 100 following the introduction.ResultsThe interval between receipt of referral to first appointment offered was reduced from 55 to 18 days and to actual assessment from 71 to 26 days. Eighty-four referrals to the FTA were offered a first appointment date that was within 21 days of receipt of a referral, compared with four before the introduction of the FTA. These differences were highly significant. There was a trend for more patients to attend for assessment after the FTA clinic was introduced (79 compared with 68).Clinical ImplicationsThis simple re-engineering of the assessment process within a CMHT has achieved its objective of reducing waiting times to first assessment appointment. It also appears to have reduced the number of referrals that do not result in an assessment.
Syntheses, Structures, and Antimicrobial Activities of Light-Stable and Di- and Mononuclear Silver(I) Carboxylate Complexes Composed of Triphenylphosphine, and Chiral and Racemic Forms of 2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic Acid (H2pyrrld). A Variety of Ag–O Bonding Modes in the Silver(I) Complexes Constructed with Hard Oxygen and Soft Phosphorus Atoms
Authors: Noguchi Ryusuke , Sugie Akiyoshi , Okamoto Yohei , Hara Akihiro , Nomiya Kenji 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Using light-stable dimeric silver(I) carboxylate precursors {[Ag(Hpyrrld)]2}n formed with chiral and racemic forms of 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid (H2pyrrld) ligand, six novel light-stable, triphenylphosphinesilver(I) complexes consisting of both a hard Lewis base (O atom) and a soft Lewis base (P atom) were prepared, i.e. [Ag2(R-Hpyrrld)2(H2O)(PPh3)2]·H2O (1), [Ag(R-Hpyrrld)(PPh3)2]2 (2), [Ag2(S-Hpyrrld)2(H2O)(PPh3)2]·H2O (3), [Ag(S-Hpyrrld)(PPh3)2]2 (4), {[Ag(R,S-Hpyrrld)(PPh3)]2}n (5), and [Ag(R,S-Hpyrrld)(PPh3)2] (6). Their solid-state and solution structures were unequivocally characterized with elemental analysis, TG/DTA, FTIR, X-ray structure analysis, molecular weight measurements in EtOH with the vaporimetric method, solution (1H, 13C, and 31P) NMR, and solid-state 31P CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. Two sets of the enantiomeric complexes were isolated as (1 and 3) and (2 and 4). X-ray crystallography revealed that these complexes possessed different Ag–O bonding modes, depending on the number of PPh3 ligands and the chirality of the Hpyrrld− ligand. The complexes 1–6 behaved as a monomeric species in EtOH and CD2Cl2. The antimicrobial activites by the silver(I) complexes in the water–suspension system against selected bacteria, yeast, and molds, were significantly correlated with the number of coordinating PPh3 ligands per silver(I) atom in the complexes.
Preparation of Silica Nanosprings Using Cationic Gelators as Template
Authors: Yang Yonggang , Fukui Hiroaki , Suzuki Masahiro , Shirai Hirofusa , Hanabusa Kenji 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Cationic cyclo(dipeptide) gelators 10mimClO4, 11mimClO4, and 11pyClO4 were synthesized as templates for the sol–gel transcription reaction of alkoxysilanes. They were able to cause physical opaque gels in alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol. Three-dimensional fibrous networks responsible for physical gelation were found in SEM images of gels. Sol–gel transcription reactions using the self-assemblies of three gelators as the templates were carried out in the presence of propylamine as a catalyst. When tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was selected as a precursor, three kinds of morphologies, such as inner-helical nanotubes, right-handed nanobundles, and right-handed helical nanosprings were observed by electron microscopy. The helical nanosprings were preferentially formed as compared with nanotubes and nanobundles. On the other hand, the sol–gel polymerization of bis(triethoxysilyl)methane, 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, and 1,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene as precursors gave nanoballs instead of tubular structures. When tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) was used as a catalyst, a helical tubular structure coated by silica nanoballs was identified.
High Tg Fluorene-based Hole-transporting Materials for Organic Light-emitting Diodes
Authors: Shao Ke-Feng , Li Ying-Feng , Yang Lian-Ming , Xu Xin-Jun , Yu Gui , Liu Yun-Qi 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A new series of fluorene-based hole-transporting materials, 9,9-bis[4-(di-p-tolylamino)phenyl]-2,7-bis(diphenylamino)fluorene (1), 9,9-bis[4-(di-p-tolylamino)phenyl]-2,7-bis(di-p-tolylamino)fluorene (2), 9,9-bis[4-(di-p-tolylamino)phenyl]-2,7-bis(2-naphthylphenylamino)fluorene (3), and 9,9-bis[4-(di-p-tolylamino)phenyl]-2,7-bis(9-carbazolyl)fluorene (4), was prepared and employed in the fabrication of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). These materials were designed to have bulky triarylamine moieties at the C-9 position, which provides them with excellent thermal stability and high glass-transition temperatures (Tg = 139–171 °C). 1 and 3 are comparable to 1,4-bis(1-naphthylphenylamino)biphenyl (NPB) in terms of device performance (maximum luminence and current efficiency) in a standard hole-transporting layer (HTL)/tris(8-hydroxyquinolino)aluminum (Alq3) double-layer device, but are superior to NPB in terms of higher glass-transition temperatures (Tg = 139 and 145 °C, respectively), while 2 shows higher luminance and current efficiency as well as Tg (140 °C) than those of NPB (100 °C).
A Convenient Method for the Preparation of Alkyl Aryl Sulfides from Alcohols and (Chloromethylene)dimethylammonium Chloride
Authors: Kawano Yoshikazu , Kaneko Nobuya , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
(Chloromethylene)dimethylammonium chloride (Vilsmeier reagent), prepared easily from DMF and oxalyl chloride, works as an efficient condensation reagent for the thioetherification of alcohols in one-pot under mild conditions. Various alcohols are successively converted into the corresponding sulfides with inversion of configurations in moderate to high yields.
Mid-term wear characteristics of an uncemented acetabular component
Authors: Goosen J. H. M. , Verheyen C. C. P. M. , Tulp N. J. A. 
Published: October 2005

We investigated the rate of polyethylene wear of a cementless acetabular component at different periods of follow-up in order to test the hypothesis than an irrecoverable deformation process (creep) was followed by an initially low, but gradually increasing wear rate. We studied prospectively 93 uncemented total hip arthroplasties in 83 patients (mean age 50 years (22 to 63)) with a mean follow-up of 8.2 years (3 to 12). We measured the penetration of the femoral head from radiographs taken immediately after surgery at three, six and nine years, or at the latest follow-up. The median wear rate was 0.17 mm per year in the first three years, a finding which we considered to be caused by creep. Thereafter, the rate of wear declined to 0.07 mm per year (four- to six-year period) and then increased to 0.17 mm per year (seven to nine years) and 0.27 mm per year (more than nine years), which we considered to be a reflection of genuine polyethylene wear. After the nine-year follow-up the wear rates were higher in patients with marked osteolysis. We found no relationship between the inclination angle of the acetabular component or femoral head orientation and the rate of wear. No acetabular component required revision.
Tenodesis of the extensor carpi ulnaris for chronic, post-traumatic lunotriquetral instability
Authors: Shahane S. A. , Trail I. A. , Takwale V. J. , Stilwell J. H. , Stanley J. K. 
Published: October 2005

We describe a technique of soft-tissue reconstruction which is effective for the treatment of chronic lunotriquetral instability. Part of extensor carpi ulnaris is harvested with its distal attachment preserved. It is passed through two drill holes in the triquetrum and sutured to itself. This stabilises the ulnar side of the wrist. We have reviewed 46 patients who underwent this procedure for post-traumatic lunotriquetral instability with clinical signs suggestive of ulnar-sided carpal instability. Standard radiographs were normal. All patients had pre-operative arthroscopy of the wrist at which dynamic lunotriquetral instability was demonstrated. A clinical rating system for the wrist by the Mayo clinic was used to measure the outcome. In 19 patients the result was excellent, in ten good, in 11 satisfactory and in six poor. On questioning, 40 (87%) patients said that surgery had substantially improved the condition and that they would recommend the operation. However, six (13%) were unhappy with the outcome and would not undergo the procedure again for a similar problem. There were six complications, five of which related to pisotriquetral problems. The mean follow-up was 39.1 months (6 to 100). We believe that tenodesis of extensor carpi ulnaris is a very satisfactory procedure for isolated, chronic post-traumatic lunotriquetral instability in selected patients. In those with associated pathology, the symptoms were improved, but the results were less predictable.
Men and women have similar Q angles
Authors: Grelsamer R. P. , Dubey A. , Weinstein C. H. 
Published: October 2005

The Q angle is an important determinant of patellar tracking, though its clinical relevance is debatable. One controversy centres around any possible differences in its value between men and women. The accepted, though unproven explanation, for the greater Q angle in women is that a woman has a wider pelvis. However, because of the long distance between the pelvis and patella, relative to the distance from the patella to the tibial tuberosity, large changes in the position of the anterior superior iliac spine are necessary to effect significant changes in the Q angle. In our study of 69 subjects, we did not find such large differences in the position of the anterior superior iliac spine, and found a mean difference of only 2.3° between the Q angles of men and women. Furthermore, we found that men and women of equal height demonstrated similar Q angles, with taller people having slightly smaller Q angles. The slight difference in Q angles between men and women can be explained by the fact that men tend to be taller.