bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of nasal obstruction in infancy and early childhood upon ventilation
Authors: Konno Akiyoshi , Togawa Kiyoshi , Hoshino Tadahiko 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo evaluate the effect of nasal obstruction in infants and young children upon ventilation during sleep, change of ventilation was followed by polygraphic recordings of esophageal pressure, tidal volume and percutaneous oxygen tension when the nostrils were mechanically obstructed in 10 subjects; 3 types of ventilatory changes were noted. In 4 subjects periodic breathing appeared in which hypoventilation was alternated with occasional hyperventilation. Esophageal pressure, tidal volume and PO2 showed concomittant fluctuation. PO2 lowered during hypoventilatory phase was compensated by periodic hyperventilation. In 5 subjects upper airway obstruction was compensated for by increased respiratory endeavor and tidal volume and PO2 remained normal in spite of markedly increased esophageal pressure. In 1 subject tidal volume and PO2 remained decreased with marked increase of esophageal pressure. Largest airway obstruction was noted between the upper and the lower lips.
Permanent middle ear aeration: Long‐term follow‐up of transosseous ventilating tubes
Authors: Haberkamp Thomas J. , Silverstein Herbert L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA technique for achieving permanent middle ear aeration by inserting a flanged silicone tube (SPAT) through a hole drilled in the external auditory canal was introduced in 1970.Since 1970, we have used the transosseous procedure in 36 patients (11%) of cases that required middle ear ventilation. The average length of time the transosseous SPAT functioned was 51 months (range 0–138). Best results were obtained in patients over 16 years of age, when chronic ear surgery was not performed simultaneously. Transient otorrhea occurred in 23% of cases. Forty‐four percent of tubes became blocked and required removal or were extruded. No patient developed facial weakness, middle ear cholesteatoma, or persistent tympanic membrane perforation. In selected cases, the transosseous SPAT provides long‐term middle ear aeration without the risk of permanent tympanic membrane perforation.
Current clinical and pathological features of round window diseases
Authors: Paparella Michael M. , Goycoolea Marcos V. , Schachern Patricia A. , Sajjadi Hamed 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe round window niche and membrane can be involved in clinical problems including perilymphatic fistulas, sensorineural hearing loss in otitis media, and a variety of others. The background of these problems is documented by a review of the literature and recent experimental evidence on round window grafting and tracer studies. Clinical pathological correlates including recent clinical experience are discussed for perilymphatic fistulas (sudden deafness, chronic progressive fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, and association with Meniere's disease), sensorineural hearing loss in acute and chronic otitis media, and findings in round window membrane including absent round window reflex in cases of exploratory tympanotomy and otosclerosis. In addition, a new syndrome termedperilymphatic hypertensionis described as seen in a subset of patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
Influence of Processing Temperature on Microcellular Injection‐Moulded Wood–Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Bledzki Andrzej K. , Faruk Omar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: Microcellular wood fibre reinforced polymer materials are significant because of their possibility to reduce the density of automotive components through microcellular structure, process and product part advantages, and as a new development with bio‐fibre strengthened plastics. Soft wood fibre reinforced PP composites in box part and panel shape were prepared by an injection moulding process. Polymeric microspheres as a chemical foaming agent (endothermic) were used to produce the microcellular composites. The influence of injection moulding processing temperature on the microcellular structure and properties (tensile and flexural properties, notched charpy impact strength) was investigated by varying the temperature over the 150–170 °C, 160–180 °C and 170–190 °C. A comparative study of cell morphology, weight reduction and mechanical properties was conducted between box part and panel. Microcell morphology, cell size, shape and distribution were investigated using scanning electron micrographs. The results indicated that the lower processing temperature should be below the range of 170–190 °C and processing temperature at 160–180 °C, where the composites showed finer cellular structure compared to other processing temperatures. The mechanical properties did not differ with the variation of processing temperature regardless of composite types (box part or panel). Cellular structure changes in the box part were found considering near or far from injecting point.Microcellular injection‐moulded box part (geometry: 150 × 100 × 70 mm3 in size) of soft wood fibre–PP composites.magnified imageMicrocellular injection‐moulded box part (geometry: 150 × 100 × 70 mm3 in size) of soft wood fibre–PP composites.
Use and misuse of the IUCN Red List Criteria in projecting climate change impacts on biodiversity
Authors: AKÇAKAYA H. RESIT , BUTCHART STUART H. M. , MACE GEORGINA M. , STUART SIMON N. , HILTON‐TAYLOR CRAIG 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecent attempts at projecting climate change impacts on biodiversity have used the IUCN Red List Criteria to obtain estimates of extinction rates based on projected range shifts. In these studies, the Criteria are often misapplied, potentially introducing substantial bias and uncertainty. These misapplications include arbitrary changes to temporal and spatial scales; confusion of the spatial variables; and assume a linear relationship between abundance and range area. Using the IUCN Red List Criteria to identify which species are threatened by climate change presents special problems and uncertainties, especially for shorter‐lived species. Responses of most species to future climate change are not understood well enough to estimate extinction risks based solely on climate change scenarios and projections of shifts and/or reductions in range areas. One way to further such understanding would be to analyze the interactions among habitat shifts, landscape structure and demography for a number of species, using a combination of models. Evaluating the patterns in the results might allow the development of guidelines for assigning species to threat categories, based on a combination of life history parameters, characteristics of the landscapes in which they live, and projected range changes.
OCCURRENCE OF N‐ACETYL‐l‐GLUTAMIC ACID IN THE HUMAN BRAIN
Authors: Auditore Joseph V. , Wade Littleton , Olson Erik J. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYA substance apparently identical with N‐acetyl‐l‐glutamic acid was isolated from an aqueous extract from human brain by a combination of paper and ion exchange chromatography. The isolated substance does not react with ninhydrin reagent but yields glutamic acid upon acid hydrolysis. Acetyl hydrazide was identified by paper chromatography of hydrazinolysates of the isolated substance and N‐acetyl‐l‐glutamic acid. The configuration was determined with l‐specific hog kidney acylase.
STOFFWECHSELUNTERSUCHUNGEN DES CEREBRALEN ANFALLSGESCHEHENS
Authors: Wiechert P. , Göllnitz G. 
Published: October 2006

Zusammenfassung—Die Aktivität der Glutamat‐Decarboxylase im Gehirn von Ratten während und vor experimentell ausgelösten cerebralen Anfällen wird der von Kontroll‐ratten gegenübergestellt. Es konnte eine Hemmung der Enzymaktivitat im tonischen Krampf nach i.c. Injektion von l‐Glutamat, Pyridoxal‐5‐phosphat, nach audiogener Reizung, nach intraperitonealer Injektion von Pentamethylentetrazol und im Elektrokrampf beobachtet werden. Im prakonvulsiven Stadium ist das Enzym nach i.c. Injektion von l‐Glutamat, l‐Aspartat und nach audiogener Reizung stark gehemmt. Lediglich nach i.c. Injektion von Pyridoxal‐5‐phosphat ist die Enzymaktivitat gegeniiber von Kontroll‐ratten unverändert. Insbesondere wird auf die unterschiedliche Wirkung auf l‐Glutamat und Pyridoxal‐5‐phosphat in vivo und in vitro auf die Glutamat‐Decarboxylase hingewiesen. Die Hemmung dieses Enzyms in vivo wird als eine der moglichen Ursachen für die Entstehung cerebraler Anfälle vermutet.
LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF MARINE VERTEBRATES
Authors: Galli C. , Fumagalli R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The lipid composition of the central nervous system of some marine vertebrates and two mammalian species (rat and man) was analysed by one‐ and two‐dimensional quantitative thin‐layer chromatography, and the cerebroside fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography.The concentrations of sphingomyelin and cerebrosides are higher in mammals than in fishes, while no significant differences are observed for other lipid classes.Furthermore, in mammals the ratio between hydroxy and normal fatty acids in the cerebrosides is much higher than in fishes. The cerebrosides of mammals contain more very long chain fatty acids than those of marine vertebrates.
IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIPLE FORMS OF AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN : SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION
Authors: Waksman A. , Bloch M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) At least four distinct molecular forms of 4‐aminobutyrate: 2‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase from mouse and rat brain, have been separated by electrophoresis on paper, cellogel, agargel, silicagel and by immunoelectrophoresis.(2) The existence of specific typical electrophoretic profiles in mitochondrial and extramitochondrial compartments was shown.(3) A differential effect of pH on the anionic and cationic 4‐aminobutyrate:2‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase transaminase activities has been shown.(4) The possible consequences of the 4‐aminobutyrate: 2‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase isozyme compartimentation on the local availability of γ‐aminobutyric acid pools has been discussed.
EFFECT OF PENTAMETHYLENE TETRAZOLE (METRAZOL) ON RAT BRAIN PHOSPHORYLASE IN VITRO
Authors: Biswas C. , Talwar G. Y. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—1. The effect of pentamethylene tetrazole (PTZ) or metrazol on rat brain phosphorylase (E.C.2.4.1.1.) was studied in vitro. The inhibitory action of PTZ was dependent on its concentration, being most marked in about 4 mM concentration. The inhibitory effect could be reversed to a great extent by inclusion of 5’AMP in the preincubation mixture. GMP, UMP and pyridoxal phosphate had no protective action under similar conditions.2. PTZ did not appear to be a general inhibitor of enzymes. It had no effect on the activity of rat brain guanine deaminase, E. coli RNA‐polymerase, or E. coli aspartate kinase. The inhibition of rat liver phosphorylase activity by PTZ was of a lower order (20 per cent) in comparison with that of brain phosphorylase (56 per cent).3. Megimide, another convulsant drug, also inhibited the brain phosphorylase in vitro, but the effect of Nikethamide was not so pronounced. Pentothal sodium (a sedative drug) had very little effect on the brain phosphorylase activity.
EFFECT OF ION REMOVAL ON THE SOLUBILITY OF RAT BRAIN PROTEINS IN CHLOROFORM‐METHANOL MIXTURES*
Authors: Lees† Marjorie B. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The amount of chloroform‐methanol‐soluble protein obtained from rat brain tissue homogenates which have been subjected to washing by repeated contrifugation or dialysis is a several‐fold greater than that obtained from untreated homogenates. The increase consequence of the removal of loosely bound electrolytes during the process of centrifugation or dialysis: little or no increase is observed upon (a) the addition of the supernatant, the ashed supernatant, or the diffusate to the washed homogenate; (b) the addition of inorganic salts to the washed homogenate; or (c) washing of the homogenate with a salt solution.The previously observed effect of sucrose in increasing the amount of chloroform–methanol‐soluble protein obtained from subcellular fractions is apparently superimposed upon the effect of the removal of salts.
ENZYMES OF PHOSPHOINOSITIDE METABOLISM DURING RAT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Salway J. G. , Harwood J. L. , Kai M. , White G. L. , Hawthorne J. N. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The activities of four enzymes concerned with inositol lipid metabolism have been determined in homogenates of rat brains of different ages. The enzymes are CDP‐diglyceride inositol phosphatidate transferase, phosphatidylinositol kinase, diphosphoinositide kinase and triphosphoinositide phosphomonoesterase. The activities of all the enzymes increased with age. Phosphatidylinositol kinase activity rose most sharply well before myelination, reaching a maximum at about 6 days of age. Diphosphoinositide kinase and triphosphoinositide phosphomonoesterase activities increased most rapidly during myelination. The increase in CDP‐diglyceride inositol phosphatidate transferase showed no definite association with any period of development. It is concluded that triphosphoinositide metabolism is associated with myelin or a closely related structure.
SPHINGOLIPIDS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN MICROSOMES AND MYELIN FROM NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL BRAINS
Authors: Cumings J. N. , Thompson E. J. , Goodwin H. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Myelin and microsomes were separated from human cerebral white matter and cortex respectively using the technique of 15% caesium chloride and their sphingolipid and phospholipid contents estimated. Normal brains as well as cerebral material from cases of metachromatic leucodystrophy, Krabbe's disease and Tay‐Sachs’disease were studied.Gangliosides were not present in normal myelin but were found in microsomes and in myelin from the pathological material. The ratio of cerebroside to sulphatide in myelin was 4 to 1 in normal, 1 to 20 in metachromatic and 7 to 1 in Krabbe's disease.The results in the human material are briefly discussed.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS IN HUMAN BRAIN OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
Authors: Singh M. , Bachhawat B. K. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Five distinct glycosaminoglycan fractions have been isolated from human brain of various age groups, by employing an improved fractionation procedure. Analysis of these fractions showed that human brain contains hyaluronic acid, chondroitin‐4‐sulphate, chondroitin‐6‐sulphate, dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate and two unidentified low sulphated fractions. The pattern of variation of these compounds with age, indicates that they may be playing an important role in the process of myelination and brain maturation.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN RAT BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Guroff G. , Hogans Alice F. , Udenfriend S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The incorporation of uridine into RNA in brain slices was studied. Optimal conditions for uridine incorporation were determined. The characteristics of the product suggest that de novo DNA‐directcd synthesis of fairly high molecular weight material takes place. Incorporation into RNA of several areas of brain was studied. The incorporation was also studied as a function of the age of the animal. Finally, an apparent correlation was observed between the decrease in uridine incorporation with age and the increase of the enzyme uridine nucleosidase which hydrolyses uridine to uracil, a material which cannot be incorporated into RNA.
THE SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION AND NUCLEOTIDE SPECIFICITIES OF Na+, K+‐STIMULATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE AND [14C]ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE‐ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE EXCHANGE REACTIONS IN RAT BRAIN
Authors: Stahl W. L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) The subcellular distributions of Na‐K ATPase and [14C]ADP‐ATP exchange activities were studied in rat brain. The data presented are not consistent with a discrete localization of these enzymes in any given fraction, but nerve endings and microsomes had similar specific activities. The supernatant fraction had the highest exchange and the lowest Na‐K ATPase activities, measured at a concentration of 3 mm‐MgCl2.(2) Nucleotide specificity of the Na‐K ATPase was determined in all fractions, and this enzyme system showed an absolute requirement for ATP. The [14C]ADP‐ATP exchange, measured at 3mm‐MgCl2, possessed broader specificity and also was active toward ITP, UTP and GTP; this serves to differentiate it from the Na‐K ATPase.(3) Treatment of nerve ending fractions with NaI medium removed the bulk of the [14C]ADP‐ATP exchange activity without loss in Na‐K ATPase activity.(4) The exchange activity in NaI‐insoluble fractions was insensitive to NaCl in the presence of 3 mm‐MgCl2, but it was stimulated 502‐820 percent at low MgCl2 concentrations, a finding which may be consistent with the postulated role of this exchange reaction in the Na‐K ATPase system.
FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPIRATORY CONTROL IN BRAIN MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: Higgins E. S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—A simple technique was described for isolation of the mitochondrial fraction from central nervous tissue of the rat. The fraction so prepared satisfied structural and functional criteria of intactness and relative homogeneity. Oxidation of various substrates and the influences of inhibitors and experimental conditions were examined. The refractoriness of brain mitochondria to thyroxine was confirmed. Oxidation of glutamate was characterized by a very high degree of respiratory control. There was a pronounced Mg requirement by mitochondria in the aerobic active state, but not in the controlled state. Reverse acceptor control was manifest during succinate oxidation by Mg deficient mitochondria.
THE APPEARANCE OF GANGLIOSIDE DURING EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FROG1
Authors: Yiamouyiannis J. A. , Dain J. A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Embryological stages after fertilization were examined for the appearance of gangliosides. In Rana pipiens, gangliosides were found to appear first at the late gastrula, a stage well before any morphological appearance of a nervous system. Furthermore, at this stage and at a later stage, hatching, only two of the four major gangliosides were detected, namely, monosialoganglioside GM1 and disialoganglioside GD1a.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES OF CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (ChAc) ACTIVITY IN CHICK EMBRYO SPINAL AND SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA
Authors: Marchisio P. C. , Consolo Silvana 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The ChAc activity of spinal and sympathetic ganglia was measured throughout the embryonic life of the chick.In spinal ganglia, the ChAc activity reached a first peak when the maximal proliferation of neuroblasts occurred. Then, the relative ChAc activity decreased. After the 12th day of incubation, the enzyme activity increased again and reached a second peak on the 16th day.In sympathetic ganglia, the general course of the development of ChAc activity was similar to spinal ganglia. However, higher enzymic activity was found. Furthermore, the earlier peak of ChAc activity occurred 48 hr later than the corresponding peak in spinal ganglia.The behaviour of ChAc activity in these two areas of the developing nervous system is interpreted as a function of their histogenesis.
CORRELATION BETWEEN [U‐14C]GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND FUNCTION IN PERFUSED CAT BRAIN
Authors: Otsuki S. , Watanabe S. , Ninomiya K. , Hoaki T. , Okumura N. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— In brain perfusion experiments conducted with blood containing [U‐14C]glucose the relative specific activity (RSA) of blood glucose carbon incorporated in brain intermediate metabolites was measured. It was demonstrated that the so‐called metabolic pattern of Geiger is not constant, but it bears a close relation to the function of the brain. The results of the study may be summarized briefly as follows.(1) In a group (A) of cats with a high level of brain function, the RSA of lactic acid was 75 per cent; that of glutamic acid 80 per cent; aspartic acid 75 per cent; glutamine 61 per cent; GABA 43 per cent; and respiratory CO2 55 per cent. It was observed that the major part of the carbon of amino acids, such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which are directly associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle are derived from blood glucose.(2) In a group (B) showing a low level of brain function, the RSA of each amino acid was considerably lowered. The RSA of glutamic acid and aspartic acid was about 50 per cent and that of respiratory CO2 was 27 per cent.(3) In a group (C) with a still lower level of brain function, each amino acid as well as the respiratory CO2 had still lower RSA values.(4) The metabolic pattern of Geiger corresponds to values obtained during low functional activity of the brain in our experiment.
ESTIMATION OF CHOLINESTERASE AND CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE IN BOVINE ANTERIOR PITUITARY, POSTERIOR PITUITARY, AND PINEAL BODY*
Authors: LaBella F. S. , Shin S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were estimated colorimetrically with thiocholine (SCh) esters as substrates in homogenates of bovine anterior pituitary (AP), posterior pituitary (PP), and pineal body (PB), and the levels were referred to those of whole rat brain. The levels of BuChE were very similar in all four tissues, approximately 10.25 μm‐BuSCh hydrolysed/g tissue/hr; indicating that this enzymic activity represents a common structural component, perhaps vascular elements. Acetyl‐thiocholine (ASCh) hydrolysis by AChE for brain, PP, PB, and AP was 338, 37,24, and 6 μm/g/hr, respectively. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) was estimated by the formation of [14C]acetylcholine from [14C]acetyl CoA. ChAc activity of posterior pituitary was generally found to be 15–20 per cent that of brain; the activity was always lowest in the anterior pituitary and pineal body, sometimes undetectable, but generally 5–10 per cent that of brain. The basis for the interpretation that cholinergic components in the posterior pituitary are due to acetylcholme‐containing nerve endings and in anterior pituitary and pineal body to axons of sympathetic neurons was discussed.
INOSITOL CHANGES IN NERVE AND LENS OF GALACTOSE FED RATS1
Authors: Stewart M. A. , Kurien Mary M. , Sherman W. R. , Cotlier E. V. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— —(1) Major organs of rats fed a 40 per cent galactose diet for one month were surveyed for changes in free myo‐inositol. The levels were reduced only in lens and sciatic nerve.(2) In nerve and lens the low myo‐inositol level was associated with high concentrations of galactitol and increased water content.(3) In nerve and lens myo‐inositol levels returned towards normal during a period of 1–2 weeks in which animals were fed a regular diet again. The pattern of change showed (a) an initial lag period, and (b) return to normal after galactitol concentrations had fallen to a low level and at the same time that water content returned to normal.(4) In nerve there were changes in scyllo‐inositol levels that paralleled those in myoinositol.(5) The evidence suggests that the inositol changes were related to the osmotic effects of galactitol accumulation rather than to a direct inhibition of myo‐inositol synthesis or uptake.