bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
[Comment on “The Haskell Norm”] More on units of measure
Authors: Holmes Neville 
Published: October 2006

The pseudonymous Dev L. Advocate rightly chides the S.1. people about their weird and prolific prefixes (Eos, July 30, 1996, p. 291). But propagating further standard units of measure is not really a better way of handling wide‐ranging numbers.Richard P. Feynman pointed out in a letter to the editor of Scientific American in November 1970 that scaling factors properly belong to the numbers themselves, not to their units of measurement. Rather than prescribe strange prefixes, or propagate new units like Dev's Haskell, notice should be taken of the commonly used representation of scaled numbers in so‐called E‐form, under which one Haskell would be given as 1E21 Pa s or 1E22 poise. The problem with this style is that any number has too many convenient representations because the scaling base is only 10.
New challenges for North Sea research discussed
Authors: Weinstein Alan 
Published: October 2006

Interactions between biology and physics, air and water, and the North and Baltic Seas were the focus of a recent international symposium on “New Challenges for North Sea Research.” The North Sea is affected by the North Atlantic, the Baltic, and rivers. As large‐scale ocean flows change and as riverine nutrients and heavy metals are reduced, the circulation, biology, and chemistry of the North Sea evolves.Approximately 150 attendees gathered in Hamburg, Germany, in October 1996, for the symposium, which commemorated the historic Fladenground Experiment (FLEX '76). Participants called for more research on timeand space‐scales and discipline interaction—for example, a study of coastal response to global warming. Most attendees felt that a series of focused studies rather than one major experiment would be the most productive successor to FLEX '76.
Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics
Authors: Dickinson Robert 
Published: October 2006

What the content of a core course in atmospheric sciences should be is of concern to both faculty and students of this discipline, as well as to scientists of other disciplines who wish to broaden their education.Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics provides one answer to this question. The book largely addresses the “homosphere” below an altitude of 100 km, but the first chapter on “Composition and Structure” also considers the region above 500 km and shows that heavier species take a long time to escape from the Earth's gravitational field.
Another thermostat
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

While Earth's surface temperatures have risen by 0.3°C to 0.6°C in this century, the eastern equatorial Pacific—a key component of the global climate system—seems to have cooled. According to a team of scientists from the Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory and NASA's Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes, this contradiction and the temperature gradients it leads to may help explain why global temperatures have risen by only half as much as computer models have suggested that they should.According to Mark Cane, of Lamont‐Doherty, and colleagues, a natural air‐ocean circulation system in the tropical Pacific may be partially offsetting the effect of rising air temperatures, a possibility that has not been properly accounted for in computer models of climate. In a phenomenon related to El Niño, the Pacific Ocean may in fact be slowing, or at least regulating, the process of global warming by redistributing heat to regions where it dissipates more easily.
Bell begins term as Eos Planetology editor
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Jim Bell, planetary scientist at Cornell University, succeeds Matthew Golombek, of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, as Eos Planetology Editor. Bell brings both enthusiasm and an interest in improving communications among AGU members to this editorship, which began February 1997 and extends to December 31, 1999.Bell holds an M.S. in geology and geophysics (1989) and a doctorate in planetary geosciences (1992) from the University of Hawaii at Manoa; and a B.S. in planetary science and aeronautics (1987) from the California Institute of Technology. He received several fellowships beginning as an undergraduate: the Caltech Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship; the NASA Graduate Student Researcher's Program Fellowship (1989–1992); and the NASA/National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship (1992–1994).
Highlights of the meeting of the Hydrology Section Executive Committee
Authors: Bencala Ken 
Published: October 2006

The meetings of Hydrology Section Executive Committee report on the details of the processes of the Section's activities and provide a forum for discussion of issues in the development of the hydrologic sciences.The most visible Section activities occur at the Fall and Spring Meetings. The Hydrology Section continues to grow in participation at the Fall Meeting. At the 1996 Fall Meeting, approximately 800 Hydrology Section abstracts were presented. As the Fall Meeting continues to grow overall for the Union, members can anticipate a growing percentage of posters. The Spring Meeting is a well‐attended activity of the Section. Unfortunately, participation in the Spring Meeting by certain sections of the AGU is quite low. The Union's Meetings Committee is actively seeking to maintain the ail‐Union character of the Spring Meeting.
Carl Sagan (1934–1996)
Authors: Chyba Christopher 
Published: October 2006

Carl Sagan, Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences at Cornell University and past AGU Planetology Section president, died of pneumonia on December 20, 1996, following a two‐year battle with the bone‐marrow disease, myelodysplasia. Sagan, a planetary scientist of the first rank, was also well known for his exceptional skills in bringing science to policymakers and the public.Following a broad undergraduate education with a degree in humanities and physics from the University of Chicago, Carl received his Ph.D. in astronomy and astrophysics from that institution in 1960. He quickly established himself as a pioneer in the investigation of the prospect for extraterrestrial life. His wide background in a variety of sciences, including a position as Visiting Assistant Professor of Genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine, prepared him well for this new, interdisciplinary field. (Carl's first scientific publication, in 1957, had been “Radiation and the origin of the gene,” in the journal Evolution.) In 1968, Carl came to Cornell University as director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies, heading a research group that combined spacecraft and theoretical expertise with laboratory investigations of solar system and interstellar organic chemistry.
Drilling in the Arctic: Unearthing the planet's secrets
Authors: Johnson Andrea 
Published: October 2006

The icy Arctic has long lured explorers, testing many and rewarding few. Now secrets of our planet's past, long buried in the Arctic's sediments and rocks, beckon to scientists. Among these hidden stories, one is making headlines: global climate change.The Nansen Arctic Drilling Program (NAD), an international scientific effort, will unite scientists worldwide to tackle the challenges of the Arctic and answer questions about past global climate change: How has Earth's climate evolved apart from human influence? Has the Arctic driven or responded to changes in Earth's climate? If so, how? These aspects of Earth's history will be revealed from long cores of the Arctic Ocean floor.
Building on the legacies of the International Geophysical Year
Authors: Malone Thomas 
Published: October 2006

During the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–1958, nearly 80,000 scientists and volunteers from 67 countries gathered data at about 8,000 stations from pole to pole on planet Earth in an ambitious endeavor to add to the storehouse of knowledge about our shared habitat. Lloyd Berkner, a prime mover of the IGY, noted that it was a program “operated by scientists, with the consent, cooperation and aid, but not the direction of governments.”The 40th anniversary of the IGY will be observed at AGU's Spring Meeting on May 28th. The All‐Union Session Building on the Legacies of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) for the 21st Century I (U31A) offers an opportune occasion to reflect on the rich legacies of the IGY and begin planning for a comparable science‐inspired initiative in the 21st century.
Space Age meets Cretaceous
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2006

Few of the Earth's regions remain unmapped, but some inhospitable areas near the poles are poorly charted. The dense, permanent ice offshore West Antarctica has prevented research vessels from examining clues left by seafloor spreading during the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwanaland 180 million years ago. As a result, exactly how the giant continent broke into its puzzle pieces has remained a mystery.Long‐hidden tectonic secrets have now been unlocked by satellite radar altimeter data, which has traditionally been useless where pack ice was present. Applying new analysis techniques to altimeter data collected by the European Space Agency's ERS‐1 satellite, Seymour Laxon of the Mullard Space Science Laboratory in Surrey, England, and David McAdoo, of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, produced detailed topographic maps of the polar regions that reveal the prehistoric path of tectonic plates. Three years ago, they applied their technique to data over the Arctic Ocean and discovered a previously unmapped spreading ridge in the ocean basin north of Canada.
Marti joins Eos as atmospheric sciences editor
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

James Marti, atmospheric scientist in the Remote Sensing Division of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, recently began work as atmospheric sciences editor for Eos. Marti succeeds Chip Levy of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. His tenure, which began in February, will extend to December 31,1999.Marti views Eos as having two important roles: it supports the rapid exchange of in formation between colleagues within fields, while allowing communication across the lines of the geoscience disciplines. “In this way,” says Marti, “Eos can knit together the geosciences and enable the kind of cross fertilization that can make for good science.”
Panel achieves consensus prediction of solar cycle 23
Authors: Joselyn Jo Ann , Anderson Jeffrey B. , Coffey Helen , Harvey Karen , Hathaway David , Heckman Gary , Hildner Ernie , Mende Werner , Schatten Kenneth , Thompson Richard , Thomson A. W. P. , White Oran R. 
Published: October 2006

In September 1996, a panel of experts on solar cycle prediction techniques met in Boulder, Colorado, to survey forecasts of solar and geomagnetic activity and to arrive at a consensus on how the solar cycle will develop. After two weeks of deliberation, the panel of 12 scientists (from Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States) agreed that a large amplitude solar cycle with a smoothed sunspot maximum of approximately 160 is probable near the turn of the century. The amplitude of the predicted cycle is comparable to that of the previous two solar cycles (see Figure 1).Our ability to predict solar and geomagnetic activity is crucial to many technologies, including the operation of low‐Earth orbiting satellites, electric power transmission grids, geophysical exploration, and highfrequency radio communications and radars. Because the scale height of Earth's upper atmosphere (and thus the drag on satellites in low Earth orbit) depends on the levels of short‐wavelength solar radiation and geomagnetic activity, we need to know the profile and magnitude of the next solar and geomagnetic cycle in order to plan for reboosting the Hubble Space Telescope and assembling the International Space Station.
Adding insult to injury
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2006

New predictions and observations suggest that global warming will exact the highest costs on developing countries. A recent economic analysis of global climate change indicates that developed countries, the primary emitters of carbon dioxide, would benefit by $82 billion per year from a 2°C increase in global mean temperature, while underdeveloped countries would lose $40 billion per year.For the economic analysis, global climate predictions were combined with economic data (for agriculture, forestry, coastal resources, energy, and tourism), but natural climate variability, including frosts, droughts, or severe thunderstorms, was not included. Countries predicted to suffer the greatest economic losses from global warming are island nations, said Michael Schlesinger, a University of Illinois atmospheric scientist who performed the economic analysis with colleagues from Yale University and Middlebury College. “These countries have long coast lines, sensitive tourism industries, and small, undeveloped economies.”
The Zen of Venn
Authors: Berkman Paul Arthur 
Published: October 2006

Art connects science through symbols that reduce complex concepts into lucid images. Among the most widely used art forms for demonstrating the integrated nature of science is the Venn diagram [Venn, 1971]. Introduced in the late 19th century, Venn diagrams—which consist of intersecting, concentric, or separated circles—can be used to illustrate logical relationships between diverse entities, concepts, and phenomena.The Venn diagram is a powerful descriptive tool for researchers, teachers, and students who are interpreting the complexities, ambiguities, and uncertainties of the interacting processes that influence the Earth system. On the Earth, matter and energy are transferred through a complex suite of reservoirs that include the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Venn diagrams can be used to simplify relationships as with thesea‐level intersection of the cryosphere and hydrosphere or the greenhouse‐gas intersection of the atmosphere and the biosphere. Identifying the intersections among different spheres is by individual design and elaboration, especially when the human dimensions are considered.
Workshop focuses on space weather's impact on electric power
Authors: Petschek Harry E. , Feero William E. 
Published: October 2006

The National Space Weather Program (NSWP) defines space weather as the “conditions on the sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of space‐borne and ground‐based technological systems and can endanger human life or health.” It further observes that “Adverse conditions in the space environment can disrupt satellite operations, communications, navigation, and electric power distribution grids and lead to a variety of socioeconomic losses [NSWP, 1996].While the NSWP clearly involves many areas of basic research, it also includes, by definition, an applied aspect. If the program is to have an impact on space weather's adverse effects on technological systems, the scientific community must learn to understand the real problems that users have. Conversely, users must learn what types of information may become available. Practical solutions to the problems space weather poses depend on a continuing dialogue between both communities.
Ancient quarries
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2006

Using a unique set of remote sensing techniques, a team of University of Colorado researchers has detected mining pits dug by Montana Indians 10,000 years ago. The team used satellite images, aerial photographs, and ground tests to locate quarries where ancient North Americans obtained chert for making tools.Anthropology doctoral student Thomas Carr, Mort Turner, of the University of Colorado's Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, and four undergraduate and graduate students developed 12 “spectral classes” characterizing distinct geologic and vegetation types found in the Horse Prairie Valley study area in southwest Montana. Their data included electromagnetic measurements of soil conductivity from a known Indian quarry in the area, where the altered bedrock contains veins of chert, and an adjacent area of disturbed soil. Using special computer software, the team compared characteristics of nearly one million 30‐m2 pixels from a 1985 regional Landsat satellite image to those of the 12 spectral classes. Twelve possible ancient mining sites in the 800‐square‐mile research area were identified. During a later ground survey using GPS satellite receivers, eight of these were confirmed to be ancient Indian quarries.
Terrestrial agents in the realm of space storms: Missions study oxygen ions
Authors: Daglis Ioannis A. 
Published: October 2006

Observations from two recent space missions, the Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers (AMPTE) and the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES), demonstrate that magnetospheric O+ ions originating in the ionosphere are important terrestrial agents in geospace. In other words, ionized oxygen escaping from the upper atmosphere can play a critical role in electromagnetic processes in near‐Earth space.The missions also demonstrated that the abundance of terrestrial plasma (O+ in particular) in the inner magnetosphere increases quickly, as a quick response of the ionosphere to enhanced geospace activity during magnetic storms and substorms [Daglis and Axford, 1996]. Furthermore, O+ becomes the dominant ion species during the main phase of great magnetic storms [Daglis, 1997]. Great magnetic storms are most remarkable global‐scale processes, and they are of particular interest because they often have severe impacts on technological systems.
El Niño rides again
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2006

Another weather‐disrupting El Niño may be brewing in the Pacific Ocean, according to ocean measurements taken by NASA instruments on two orbiting satellites. Sea‐surface height measurements taken by the radar altimeter on board the joint U.S.‐French TOPEX/Poseidon satellite and wind data collected by the NASA scatterometer on Japan's Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) have been used together for the first time to predict changing weather conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean.El Niño occurs when steady westward blowing trade winds weaken and reverse direction, moving the mass of warm water near Australia eastward to the coast of South America. The displacement of the warm water mass alters the atmospheric jet stream and weather patterns around the world. The TOPEX/Poseidon satellite uses an altimeter to bounce radar signals off the ocean's surface to make precise measurements of the distance between the satellite and sea surface. Researchers then map the barely perceptible hills and valleys of the sea surface by combining these data with measurements pinpointing the satellite's exact location in space.
Geological Society of America Special Paper 297: Archaeological Geology of the Archaic Period in North America
Authors: Dalan R. A. 
Published: October 2006

The Archaic was the longest cultural period in the prehistory of North America. Although the timing and duration of the period vary regionally, it spans roughly the six millennia between 8,000 and 2,000 years before present. A number of important cultural changes took place during the Archaic period, including a move toward sedentism, the refinement of a sophisticated hunting and gathering economy coupled with the cultivation of indigenous plants, and interaction and trade among people in distant areas.Given the length of this period and the significance of the cultural transitions that occurred, one would expect that archaeological understanding of Archaic cultures would be thorough. This is not the case, however, and this volume underscores one of the primary reasons why our knowledge is so fragmentary: physical changes that occurred in the land during the Holocene make it difficult to identify Archaic sites.
Spacecraft waltzes past Mathilde
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2006

On June 27 at 8:40 EDT, NASA's Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft flew within 1200 km of asteroid 253 Mathilde and snapped pictures for 25 minutes. An hour later, at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), scientists were in for a few surprises as the images formed on their computer screens.First, they saw a very deep shadow caused by a 20‐km‐wide crater, which turned out to be one of Mathilde's many scars. “The degree to which the asteroid has been battered by collisions is astounding,” said Joseph Veverka of Cornell University, who leads the missions's imaging science team. “At first glance, there are more huge craters than there is asteroid.”
Week 3: Red, white, and somewhat blue at the Pathfinder site
Authors: Edgett Ken 
Published: October 2006

ARES VALLIS, MARS—In keeping with the theme of its Fourth of July landing, Mars Pathfinder seems to have found itself in a red, white, and “blue” landscape. While Mars is known as the “Red Planet,” it is the white and somewhat‐blue stuff that is grabbing the attention of the science team.At a press briefing on July 22, the team showed an enhanced color image of the region in front of the rock, Yogi. (A gray‐scale version of this image is seen in Figure 1). The most exciting feature in the image is a white patch of subsurface material revealed by a deep scour in the soil that was caused by the rover wheels as it turned to examine Yogi. The white patch has a visible reflectance spectrum similar to the white, crusty material exposed by wind about 2.5 m away. Team member Mike Malin talked about these crusts during the first week of the mission. He interpreted them as evidence for the past presence of water that left behind dried mud and/or evaporite material. Also revealed by the new color perspective on the landing site: Yogi has a two‐toned surface. About 1/3 of the rock as seen from the lander is blue‐gray, the other 27/3 has a red, rust‐colored surface. The red material on Yogi and everywhere else at the landing site contains oxidized iron. The blue‐gray surface on this rock is thought to contain unoxidized iron.
Week 4: Overcast skies as Sagan Station searches for “pale blue dot“
Authors: Edgett Ken 
Published: October 2006

ARES VALLIS, MARS—Earth‐bound astronomers know the problem. You finally get your telescope time. You go up to the mountain. And it's socked‐in by clouds—you can't get the data.Now Mars Pathfinder knows the same problem. Pathfinder, also known as the Sagan Memorial Station, was attempting to observe the bright morning “star,” Earth. It was Pathfinder's sixteenth day on the planet, and Earth had risen several hours before the Sun. The IMP (Imager for Mars Pathfinder) team from the University of Arizona was eager to get this image of our home world—in part because it might inspire the public, and in part because Earth is one of a variety of astronomical targets that are used to help determine how much dust is suspended in the atmosphere.