bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectric Scanner
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the physical principle, design, and characterization of piezoelectric scanners, which is the heart of STM and AFM. The concept of piezoelectricity is introduced at the elementary level. Two major piezoelectric materials used in STM and AFM, quartz and lead zirconate titanate ceramics (PZT), are described. After a brief discussion of the tripod scanner and the bimorph, much emphasis is on the most important scanner in STM and AFM: the tube scanner. A step-by-step derivation of the deflection formula is presented. The in-situ testing and calibration method based on pure electrical measurements is described. The formulas of the resonance frequencies are also presented. To compensate the non-linear behavior of the tube scanner, an improved design, the S-scanner, is described. Finally, a step-by-step procedure to repole a depoled piezo is presented.
3 The Ladder of Advancement
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter outlines the process by which clergy were secured appointment to parishes. It discusses the complex identities and roles of curates, and their financial position, and suggests that they were not a depressed underclass. It examines the practise of patronage, describing who exercised it, how it worked, the significance or not of political influence, and the influence of the parishioners. Numerous examples are provided of how clergy set out to seek preferment, and of the expenses involved in being presented to a parish.
10 Supervision of the Clergy
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter investigates the evidence for the oversight and supervision of the clergy. It examines the processes of visitations by bishops and archdeacons, and the use of rural deans in monitoring the conduct and activities of parish clergy. It looks at the evidence for clerical societies and deanery meetings of clergy which were encouraged by bishops, especially in the early 18th and early 19th centuries. The process for making and investigating complaints against clergy is examined. The procedures used by bishops for disciplining clergy, and the levels of expectation by parishioners and bishops are considered.
5 Understanding US Opposition to the ICC
Authors: Ralph Jason 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explains why the Clinton administration chose to sign, and the Bush administration chose to ‘unsign’ the Rome Treaty. Both argued that the Treaty violated the principle of sovereign consent and they both appealed to Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to support their argument. The chapter then asks why the US finds this argument so compelling when other democratic states are not threatened by the Court. The chapter offers an answer that goes beyond arguments that focus on America's national interests and its international responsibilities. Instead, it focuses on the cultural role that democratic consent plays in constituting America as a separate nation. The policy of opposing the ICC while offering alternative approaches to international criminal justice is, therefore, a representational practice designed to instantiate a particular image of America as well as a political move to protect the national interest.
8 Conclusion: International Society and American Empire
Authors: Ralph Jason 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter summarises and interprets the main arguments of the book. To do this it draws on E.H.Carr's criticism of the idea that a harmony always exists between the particular interests of the great powers and those of wider society. To the extent that US interests are advanced by the society of states and to the extent that liberty can grow within this society, it is possible to accept the idea that the US promotes and Empire of Liberty. But to the extent that the society of states continues to tolerate injustice, then the supposed harmony between US defence of that society and the world's demand for justice quickly breaks down. The chapter reminds readers of the utopian element of Carr's philosophy and his argument that great powers often need to compromise in order to maintain credibility. In this context, it concludes that support for the ICC is a more effective means of fulfilling America's purpose and a less costly sacrifice for the US to make than that demanded by the ‘Americanist’ policy of nation‐building.
4 Non‐combatant Immunity and the Definition of Non‐innocence and Innocence
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter tackles the question of why soldiers, allegedly, are legitimate targets and civilians not. Four approaches to the explanation of the difference are discussed: the moral guilt theory, the convention theory, the self-defence theory, and the justifying emergency theory. All these approaches have a valid moral principle at heart, but are nevertheless misleading in that they raise their respective principle to the status of the absolute. The chapter outlines how a comparative weighting of the principles can proceed if applied to concrete cases. The resulting approach does not square the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate targets with the distinction between soldiers and civilians; this has extremely important consequences for the conduct of war.
2 The Scope of Inherent Powers
Authors: Fisher Louis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the constitutional source of ‘inherent powers’. Firstly it analyzes what is meant by express, implied, and emergency powers. Then it examines closely the 1936 Supreme Court case, Curtiss-Wright, that is most often cited for supporting inherent and extra-constitutional powers for the president. The chapter then moves to discussing the use of inherent powers by President Harry Truman in 1952 to seize steel mills to prosecute the war in Korea, and the reliance on inherent powers by President George W. Bush to accomplish a range of war-related actions. Truman's initiative was repudiated by the Supreme Court in the Youngstown case, but the legal and political limits of Bush's actions are still being played out.
8 The Public, the President, and the War in Iraq
Authors: Jacobson Gary C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter reviews a selection of polling data on the president and the war to document the unprecedented partisan polarization in public attitudes these have jointly provoked, and to begin to explore some of the questions the data can be used to address concerning the formation, evolution, and consequences of mass opinion on the war. The public's unusually wide partisan divisions over evaluations of President Bush and his decision to force a regime change in Iraq are closely connected. Among Republicans of all stripes, but especially Christian conservatives, initial high regard for the president and trust in his honesty encouraged acceptance of his original case for war. When its premises proved faulty, they either missed that story or decided it was irrelevant and continued to support the war, accepting the administration's claim that it was integral to the war on terrorism and thus to the security of the US. Democrats tended to neither trust Bush nor appreciate his performance as president, so their support for the war depended crucially on belief in its necessity.
11 Managing the News: The Bush Communications Operation
Authors: Kumar Martha Joynt 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the Bush White House's communications operation, including its basic functions and the staff requirements of each. Special attention is given to the need for both long-term planning and coordination for offensive efforts and for an organization capable of quick-response defensive moves. In the first term, the White House was able to set priorities, plan ahead, coordinate among government units, and stick with the plan, making news on the president's terms. The administration has been less successful, however, in handling unanticipated situations and criticisms of the president, and in responding to what others wanted to talk about. At the same time, there were natural limits to what communications operations can do that depend upon the president himself, the difficulties in most administrations of admitting communications problems, and the troubles that come with promoting unpopular policies.
Conclusion: Anglicanism and Empire, 1700–c.1850
Authors: Strong Rowan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
An Anglican theological paradigm was important in this period because Christianity was both sincerely believed and widely influential, and because most English people were Christian and Anglican. The empire and its inhabitants were understood through a series of theological motifs and the traditions of the Church of England. Anglicanism was imperialist in the sense of believing the English-British Empire in being connected with inequalities of power in the empire. But the empire was also subordinate to, and conditional upon, the English-British fulfilling divine providential purposes.
God Is Not a Story
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe book argues that the contemporary theological practice of describing Christian doctrines or beliefs as ‘narratives’ or ‘stories’ leads to a non-realistic idea of God, that is, to conceiving God as a story or narrative invented by ourselves. The idea that doctrines are narratives derives from an emphasis on the method of theology, that is, the substitution of a self-reflective description of how we know about God for saying what God is. The aspect of how we know about God upon which descriptive or narrative theologies focus is visual, and hence we characterize such theologies as cinematic or ‘movieish’. The book considers four ways in which narrative theologies replace content with method. Within ecclesiology, Barthian narrative theologians stress our grasp of the resurrected Christ at the expense of the resurrection witnesses. In the context of arguing for God's existence, Thomistic narrativists discuss the rationality of our questioning rather than the evidence for God's existence. Since, therefore, neither Barthian nor Thomistic narrative theologies can assume that the Creator God is metaphysically known, they visualize the problem of evil, presenting it like a melodramatic conflict. Fourthly, the attempt to elucidate the Trinity by means of narration or description tends toward modalism or Sabellianism. The focus of narrative theologies on methodological or epistemic issues entails that they reflect either the faith of the believer (rather than the object of belief) or the reason of the reasoner (rather than its target). This book proposes that theology can bypass this fideism/rationalism axis by making love the basis of theology, and that in four ways: the source of the Church and its scriptures is an act of love; the evidential image on which proofs for the existence of God can be based is the love of mother for child; the appearance of the Trinity in our history is the expression of the love of God; and hence, since its principal object is God's active love, theology refers, not to a melodrama, but to a real drama.
Naming God
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter is about arguments for the existence of God. It shows how grammatical Thomists like Herbert McCabe and Denys Turner make proving that God exists into a matter of proving that it is rational to question whether God exists. Their leading question, ‘why is there something rather than nothing?’ assumes rather than proves that the world is contingent: it takes us around the ‘story’ of God's existence from the inside of faith, and does not refer to any specific creative action of God. Circulating thus within human psychological acts, the grammatical Thomist argument is focussed on the act of questioning rather as a movie holds our attention by repeatedly posing new questions, causing us to suspend disbelief but not to credit it with real agency. The way in which story Barthians use the ‘ontological argument’ makes the Biblical stories about God into an evidential basis of God's existence. Robert Jenson's ‘story Thomism’ takes Thomistic and Barthian narrative theology to a logical conclusion by making ‘God’ a character within a wider story, whose plot requires ‘contingent’ and ‘Creator’ characters.
Inflection
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractInflection is the expression of morphosyntactic properties on words. Examples are case and number marking on nouns, and number and person marking on verbs. These properties play a role in computing the correct form of word in a sentence. Unlike derivation, inflectional processes do not create new words but forms of a word. There are different theoretical models for inflection: Word-and-Paradigm, Item-and-Arrangement, and Item-and-Process models.
1 Challenges to Capital
Authors: GLYN ANDREW 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses challenges faced by the capital system. It begins with a description of the unprecedented boom of the economies of the most developed capitalist countries (North America, Western Europe, Japan, and Australasia) in the 1950s and 1960s, dubbed as the ‘Golden Age’, characterized by low unemployment, low inflation, and rapidly growing living standards. This was followed by the apparent decline of the capitalist system during the second half of the 1960s and through the 1970s, characterized by the emergence of organized labour, international disorganization, and productivity slowdown.
Spreading The Mind: Projection, Necessity and Realism
Authors: Kail P. J. E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes Hume's positive account of our idea of necessity, the perceptual nature of the metaphor of ‘spreading the mind’, and revisits realism. It is argued that Hume's account is projective in two senses. The first is explanatory, whereby the modal element of causal thought is explained non-detectively. The second is feature projective, whereby we attribute a feature of mind to an external object. The chapter argues that Hume's account is better than commentators have thought.
Chapter 13 Saving between Cohorts: The Role of Planning
Authors: Lusardi Annamaria , Beeler Jason 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter compares the saving behavior of Early Baby Boomers (age 51-56 in 2004) and its predecessor cohort in the Health and Retirement Study (age 51-56 in 1992). Results indicate that the Boomers accumulated more wealth than the previous cohort, largely because they benefited from rising house prices. Nevertheless, some Boomer families are less well off, particularly those headed by those with low education and low income, and minorities. The survey also shows that many Boomers have not planned for retirement, and like the earlier cohort, nonplanners have much less wealth than planners. In other words, lack of planning is tantamount to lack of saving, irrespective of the economic changes observed over the last dozen years.
Chapter 14 Retiring on the House? Cross-Cohort Differences in Housing Wealth
Authors: Coronado Julia L. , Maki Dean , Weitzer Ben 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter evaluates housing wealth and its potential role in Baby Boomers' retirement wellbeing. The Health and Retirement Survey is used to compare Boomers' wealth position to that of the immediately preceding cohort, just prior to retirement. Results show that Boomers have more valuable homes but have also borrowed more against them, so they have a similar fraction of assets allocated to home equity as their predecessors. Unlike prior studies, this chapter shows that people do view housing as a source of wealth that can help them finance their retirement needs. Indeed, a substantial fraction of older households do move and appear to liquidate some home equity in the process. Consequently, some of the recent home equity extraction may be related to the aging of the population rather than a cyclical response to rapid house appreciation.
Latin Poetry and the Judgement of Taste
Authors: Martindale Charles 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe aim of this book is to encourage an interest in the tradition of modern Western aesthetics as it applies to poetry and the arts. It argues that the study of literature today is unduly dominated by ideology critique, and that there is a need for a new recognition of the importance of beauty and the aesthetic in our response to the arts. It explores ways in which Kant’s aesthetic theory, as set out in the Critique of Judgement, still provides powerful tools of analysis for the modern critic. For example, the Kantian aesthetic — the free judgement of taste — carries a rebuke to the means/end rationality that is so widespread and so dangerous in the contemporary West. It shows that the Kantian ‘judgement of taste’ is a judgement of form and content together, and is thus not a version of formalism. It explores the relationship between politics and aesthetics in the responses to the arts, arguing that aesthetic judgements are not simply disguised judgements of other kinds. Finally, it urges on those writing about literature the value of aesthetic criticism — the attempt to isolate the unique aesthetic quality of artworks — as pioneered by Walter Pater, offering three essays on Latin poets as examples of what might be done.
Prologue
Authors: Martindale Charles 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis short prologue deplores the widespread ignorance of the modern European tradition of philosophical aesthetics and the current hegemony of ideology-critique and culturalism. It stakes a claim for the importance and value of beauty and the aesthetic, and of free judgement. It also sets out the structure of the book. First, Kant’s principal claims and their value for thinking about the aesthetic today are investigated. Second, a detailed response is given to two major objections to aesthetic judgements, namely that they necessarily entail formalism and that they are really occluded judgements of other kinds (social, political, economic). Finally, these obstacles are confronted and with a turn from the past to the future, the possible forms that aesthetic criticism might take are investigated.
Content, Form, and Frame
Authors: Martindale Charles 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter attempts to counter one common objection to aesthetic judgements about artworks (including works of literature): that they are formalistic, detaching formal features of the work from the discursive and ideological contexts of their use. It argues that the Kantian judgement of taste is a judgement of form and content. This is illustrated in connection with some Odes of Horace and poem 64 of Catullus. It argues that the issue changes complexion if attention shifts from qualities ‘in’ the work to the mind of the receiver. Derrida’s deconstruction of the neo-Kantian notion of the autonomy of art and the issue of the frame/parergon (with Propertius 1. 16 as an instance) are also examined.
Distinguishing the Aesthetic: Politics and Art
Authors: Martindale Charles 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter counters another commonly made objection to aesthetic judgements about artworks (including works of literature): that they are really occluded judgements of other kinds. It considers politics and aesthetics as rival discourses, and the kind of interpretations that each generates by analyzing Horace Odes 2.7 and Virgil’s Eclogues. It argues for the legitimacy of aesthetic readings as well as political ones, and shows how the notion that the aesthetic is essentially a ‘reactionary’ category is quite at odds with the history of aesthetics. The specially privileged importance assigned to the aesthetic by Schiller (as a propaedeutic to good citizenship) and Pater (as a superior form of knowledge to any other), and the problems of their accounts are analysed. It is argued that a crucial feature of the aesthetic is the absence of hierarchy. The language and concepts of ideology critique are used to demonstrate the shortcomings of the chapter’s attack on the aesthetic.
A Water Perspective on Population, Environment, and Development
Authors: Falkenmark Malin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter attempts to integrate population growth, environment, and development, taking as its starting point that fact that the water-cycle may be seen as the central clockwork of the biosphere. After discussing how the water cycle can be seen as the propagator of various disturbances, the chapter focuses on causes of water scarcity. Genuine water scarcity is hydro-climatically defined, whereas ‘man-induced’ scarcity is a manifestation of scarcity the causes of which can be traced back to human actions. The main argument of this chapter is that water scarcity is essentially a problem of population growth. The tremendous threat induced by uncontrolled population growth is that increased population will produce more waste, but the per capita amount of water in which this waste may be diluted decreases. Therefore, population growth must be minimized. The avoidable part of that growth should be mitigated by child-spacing methods, and the unavoidable part of that growth should be met by decisive preparations for food and water security and improved waste handling in industry.
Transplants, Transfer, and Work Transformation
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces long running debates about Japanese firms, both as developers of distinctive models of production and employment relations in Japan, and as the potential disseminators of these models internationally through transplantation, transfer, and work transformation within their overseas subsidiaries. It develops a distinctive contribution to these debates, which draws on labour process theory and institutionalist analyses to address the ways in which enterprise managers respond to the cross-cutting constraints of system, societal, and dominance effects. Finally, it situates the research reported elsewhere in the book in relation to these debates, outlines the structure of the book, and summarizes the contributions of each chapter to the overall analysis.
The Internationalization of Japanese Manufacturing
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter charts the timing and geographical spread of Japanese foreign direct investment. It discusses different interpretations of the distinctive characteristics of Japanese manufacturing multinationals and the evolution of their internationalization strategies, focusing on the rapid growth of such investment from the mid-1980s and their goals in establishing overseas subsidiaries. It argues that many earlier analyses were too optimistic in their expectations of upgrading, especially in the light of the ebb, flow, and international repositioning of investment as Japanese companies respond to changing economic conditions at home and the wider international division of labour, with its regional rivalries and new centres of low-cost production. Thus, some subsidiaries will remain routine manufacturing plants, some may move up the value chain and others may face contraction or closure. These different trajectories will help shape the production regimes and employment relations of specific subsidiaries, mediating any process of global localization.