bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of “conservative” medical regimens on the rate of hearing losses in meniere's syndrome: A retrospective computerized statistical analysis
Authors: Weintraub Jonathan , Arenberg I. Kaufman , Spector Gershon J. , Stroud Malcolm H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe records of 47 patients with Ménière's syndrome were analyzed in a retrospective computerized study to determine the effect of different medical regimens on the long term course of hearing loss. Four treatment groups, including histamine (subcutaneous), other vasodilators (oral), vitamins, and untreated controls were examined. Results suggest that there was no statistically significant difference among the four groups in the rates or absolute level of hearing loss or SRT despite different therapeutic regimens. The ability of these agents to conserve hearing in patients with Ménière's syndrome remains unproven on the basis of clinical and laboratory evidence.
An experimental model for the study of endolymphatic hydrops in sharks: Implications for the clinician
Authors: Arenberg I. Kaufman , Murray John P. , Rauchbach Erol , Schenck Nicholas L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn recent years, attention has focused on the role of the endolymphatic sac (ELS) and the endolymphatic duct (ELD) in the pathogenesis of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH). Changes have been noted surgically and ra‐diographically by others in the ELS and ELD in patients with ELH.This report summarizes the development of a shark model with which to study the pathophysiology of ELH. The background material and overall results of anatomic, histopathologic, and ultrastructural studies using the model are presented. Possible implications for the clinical handling of ELH as a result of this work is emphasized.
Division of posterior cricoid plate in young children with subglottic stenosis
Authors: Crysdale William S. , Platt L. J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSubglott́ic stenosis was corrected surgically in three young children. The key surgical maneuver is the anterior and posterior division of the cricoid cartilage. Endoscopic, xerographic and speech assessments have been done at intervals since decannulation. The anterior commissure is widened and the endolarynx derformed in two children examined. Radio‐graphic studies indicated that increased airway diameters have been maintained to date. Speech has been adversely affected to some degree in all three patients.
Pharyngoesophageal dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux
Authors: Henderson R. D. , Woolf C. , Marryatt G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPharyngoesophageal dysphagia occurred in 51.3 percent of 1,000 consecutive patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Aspiration, secondary to food obstruction, occurred in 30 percent of these patients, and some developed significant secondary respiratory symptoms.The site of obstruction was localized to the cricopharyngeus by timing the interval from swallow to obstruction. Cricopharyngeal incoordination was demonstrated in 20 of 52 patients studied by high speed esophageal manometry.Surgical correction of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with intractable reflux symptoms was shown to be effective in relieving pharyngoesophageal dysphagia in all but a small number of patients with very severe symptoms. In those with persistent dysphagia cricopharyngeal myotomy at a later stage was effective in giving relief.
Hemilaryngectomy for t3 (fixed cord) epidermoid carcinoma of larynx
Authors: Lesinski S. G. , Bauer W. C. , Ogura J. H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis clinicopathologic study was undertaken to determine whether true vocal cord fixation produced by epidermoid carcinoma is an absolute con‐tra‐indication to treatment by hemilaryngectomy.In a consecutive series of 114 hemilaryngectomies performed at McMillan Hospital (1960‐1967) for previously untreated epidermoid carcinoma, 18 patients had fixation of the involved true vocal cord. Each hemilaryngectomy specimen (serial step sections in the longitudinal plane) was re‐examined to ascertain the cause of vocal cord fixation; the adequacy of margin; and the presence of blood vessel, nerve sheath and cartilage invasion. Clinical follow‐up on each patient was current through December, 1972 (5‐12 years postop). All of these cases were seen initially by one of the authors (J. H. O.).Serial sections revealed that true vocal cord fixation was caused by muscle invasion in 14 of the 18 patients. “Positive margins” were present in eight patients but no immediate treatment was given. Two of these patients developed biopsy proven local recurrences, and both were cured with Co“0 irradiation.Among the 18 patients with T3 epidermoid carcinoma treated by hemilaryngectomy:

Three local recurrences developed, all in the anterior commissure. Two were cured with irradiation. The third had a laryngectomy but died from persistent cancer.
Two patients developed cervical metastases (without local recurrence), and one was salvaged with radical neck dissection.
Four patients died of other causes, cancer free, three to five years postoperatively.
Of the 14 determinant patients, two patients died of cancer. Twelve (85 percent) were alive and free of cancer five years postoperatively. Two had received full course irradiation; one had a radical neck dissection, and all 12 had a functioning larynx.When Ogura's patients are added to the reports of other hemilaryngec‐tomies performed despite true vocal cord fixation (Leroux‐Robert [1950] 18/24, Kirchner, Som [1971] 13/19), a determinant salvage rate of 78 percent can be expected.True vocal cord fixation is generally caused by invasion of the vocalis muscle and thus may be well encompassed by a hemilaryngectomy. The precise anatomical limits of the lesion should dictate the type of surgery required for cure.
Use of Modafinil for the Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Lindsay Shane E , Gudelsky Gary A , Heaton Pamela C 
Published: September 2006

Objective: To review the evidence for the use of modafinil in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (January 1990–May 2006) was conducted using MeSH terms ADHD and modafinil. The search was limited to English-language articles on clinical trials in humans. The Cochrane Database was also searched. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The literature search yielded 4 randomized clinical trials. Data Synthesis: The use of modafinil in the treatment of ADHD is associated with significant improvements in primary outcome measures used to assess the status of patients diagnosed with ADHD. Several aspects of cognitive function in ADHD patients also appear to improve following modafinil treatment. Modafinil shows a favorable adverse effect profile. Insomnia and headache were the most common adverse effects, seen in approximately 20% of treated individuals. However, it has not been demonstrated that the beneficial effects of modafinil are maintained with chronic administration. Conclusions: Modafinil may be a viable option for some patients in the treatment of ADHD, perhaps those for whom standard ADHD therapies have not been successful or tolerated. There remains a need for additional large, long-term studies using flexible titration methods to optimize the dose of modafinil to establish safety and efficacy, as well as head-to-head comparisons between modafinil and both long- and short-acting stimulants to determine the role of modafinil in the treatment of ADHD.
Whither the Garden Path? Some Gnomes Revisited and Some Others Worth Considering
Authors: Ewing Jan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn 1991 Dr Kevin Walsh, the founding President of ASSBI, presented an invited address entitled “Some gnomes worth knowing” in which he discussed examples of common errors and difficulties in neuropsychological test interpretation in the form of “gnomes” or aphorisms from prominent clinicians. His paper was aimed at demonstrating “the need for improvement in the education of all psychologists who are likely to be faced with essentially neuropsychological problems”. The current paper will examine the extent to which such improvement has occurred over the past eight years and will consider directions for the future. The major areas of concern outlined by Dr Walsh will be reviewed in terms of current clinical practice. Additional areas of controversy and concern which have emerged more recently, such as the assessment of mild head injury, the assessment of malingering and the impact of neurochemical changes in certain psychiatric conditions, will also be considered. The importance of considering the client in a more holistic manner, which takes into account a range of issues that may impact upon test scores, is emphasised. It is hoped that this presentation will assist in formulating more clearly the challenges facing all those involved in research, assessment and treatment of brain disorders as we approach a new millennium.
Stimulant Use in Paediatric Acquired: Brain Injury: Evaluation of a Protocol
Authors: Bakker Kathleen , Waugh Mary-Clare 
Published: September 2006

AbstractChildren with acquired brain injury (ABI) experience deficits in attentional skills such as, sustained attention, distractability and impulsivity, which have the potential to influence all aspects of their functioning. The use of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants is gaining increasing popularity in adult ABI literature. CNS stimulants have been successfully utilised in the management of attentional problems in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and are believed to have their therapeutic effect by modulating neurotransmitter function in the neocortex, an area of the brain implicated in the neurobehavioural sequelae of ABI. Research into the use of CNS stimulants in paediatric ABI reports contradictory findings. We present the case of LI a 7-year-old boy with a history of ABI who underwent a trial of stimulant medication for management of attentional deficits. The case is discussed with regard to the efficacy of the pharmacological intervention and the design of objective protocols for stimulant trials.
Traumatic Brain Injury Without Loss of Consciousness: A Case Study
Authors: Crowe Simon F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWhilst many investigators concede that traumatic brain injury (TBI) without loss of consciousness (LOC) can occur, the number of times that this phenomena is reported in the literature is small. This case report presents an instance of TBI without LOC as supported by the observation of slowed processing speed, anosmia and a marked post-traumatic dysexecutive syndrome featuring moderately severe disinhibition. The case is discussed with a view to determining the mechanics of the blow necessary to both damage the cerebral substance yet maintain consciousness intact.
Problems and Pitfalls in the Assessment of Posttraumatic Amnesia
Authors: Tate Robyn L , Pfaff Anne 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn the early stages of recovery after a traumatic brain injury, patients usually experience a period of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) in which they are confused, amnesic for ongoing events, and frequently behaviourally agitated. Although a variety of procedures and instruments are available to measure the duration of PTA, their applications in clinical practice are far from ideal. This review paper describes retrospective and prospective measures of PTA and critically examines variations in item content and scoring procedures. In particular, methods currently available to measure the amnesia component of PTA are especially problematic. The limitations of PTA scales give rise to a number of difficulties that impact upon clinical practice. These include determining precisely when a patient has emerged from PTA, and distinguishing between patients in PTA and those with chronic amnesia. It is concluded that there is a need to revisit basic constructs comprising PTA, and develop an instrument with greater specificity. More focus should be placed on examining the confusional component of PTA, and validity of PTA tests would be improved by measuring attention and behaviour, in addition to orientation and memory.
Cognitive Flexibility in the Normal Elderly and in Persons with Dementia as Measured by the Written and Oral Trail Making Tests
Authors: Kowalczyk Agata , McDonald Skye , Cranney Jacquelyn , McMahon Michael 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis study investigated cognitive flexibility as indexed by the Written and Oral Trail Making Test (TMT) in sixteen persons with dementia and 60 normal elderly. Written and Oral TMT performances were significantly correlated with each other and with other tests of cognitive flexibility providing an index of the convergent construct validity of these tests. Part B of the Written TMT was influenced by psychomotor ability although this was diminished by the use of a ratio score B/A rather than simply Part B performance. The Oral test was not related to visual or motor skills, providing evidence for its divergent validity. Both parts of the Written and Oral TMT were found to be sensitive to cognitive decline in dementia. Performance on both Oral and Written TMT was also influenced by age, gender, education and intellectual ability. Previous norms (e.g., MOANS) for the Written TMT which are based on relatively educated elderly, tended to provide deflated scores for the community group tested here. Some additional, preliminary normative data for both tests were compiled which take into account the influences of each of these variables.
ASSBI'S Founding President Reminisces
Authors: Walsh Kevin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOn addressing our first meeting in 1976, I speculated on whether the study of the brain and behaviour which had flowered in the preceding decade would continue to develop and assist us in treating brain impaired individuals. Not only did this happen but our Society (Australian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment) founded two years later has gone from one good thing to another. My reservation in accepting the invitation to speak at this 23rd Annual Brain Impairment Conference was a concern about preaching to the converted. My life-time role has been that of missionary, both at home and abroad and, like teachers of all faiths, I have no reservations about repeating what are to me fundamental truths. I will try to keep to the theme of the emergence of ideas rather than an autobiography, but some chronology will help set the background.
Effects of Variable Prey and Cohort Dynamics on Growth of Young‐of‐the‐Year Estuarine Bluefish: Evidence for Interactions between Spring‐ and Summer‐Spawned Cohorts
Authors: Scharf Frederick S. , Buckel Jeffrey A. , Rose Kenneth A. , Juanes Francis , Cowan James H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPrevious field studies of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix have documented variation in young‐of‐the‐year (age‐0) growth rates among years and between spring‐ and summer‐spawned cohorts. However, the potential factors responsible for generating variable growth in age‐0 bluefish have not been investigated. We constructed an individual‐based model that combined size‐dependent bluefish foraging with a bioenergetics model to quantify the potential effects of variable prey fish dynamics on first‐summer growth of juvenile bluefish. We used long‐term monitoring data to define baseline conditions and calibrate the model. We then performed three simulation experiments designed to assess the effects of initial density and arrival timing of prey species and bluefish cohorts on bluefish length distributions on October 1. Simulation experiments indicated that spring‐spawned bluefish were robust to fluctuations in prey dynamics because of a spawning strategy that ensures temporal overlap with a diversity of prey fish species. In contrast, summer‐spawned bluefish were sensitive to variation in prey fish dynamics because of their dependence on a single prey species. Model results also revealed the potential for the time of arrival and the initial density of the spring‐spawned cohort to affect the growth of the summer‐spawned cohort. Our findings demonstrate that population‐level interactions between bluefish and their prey can be complex and have a considerable influence on the early growth rates of the summer‐spawned cohort.
Difference in Channel Catfish Growth among Mississippi Stream Basins
Authors: Shephard Samuel , Jackson Donald C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe investigated basin‐scale factors that were likely to influence the growth of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Mississippi floodplain rivers. Channel catfish were collected from nine streams during 2001–2002. All fish were measured (total length; mm) and aged from pectoral spine sections. Linear growth models were fitted to mean back‐calculated length‐at‐age data for channel catfish from each stream and were compared among streams. Channel catfish growth rate differed among streams. Multiple linear regression was used to correlate growth rate to basin‐scale environmental variables. The growth rate for channel catfish was related positively to soil fertility and negatively to altitude and percentage of the watershed comprising bottomland hardwood forest. Basin‐scale determination of environmental features related to channel catfish growth can assist managers and fisheries administrators with establishment of realistic expectations for riverine channel catfish fisheries at a scale that is administratively feasible and functionally defensible.
Native and Introduced Populations of Smallmouth Bass Differ in Concordance between Climate and Somatic Growth
Authors: Dunlop Erin S. , Shuter Brian J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe characterized the association between climate and somatic growth in 125 North American populations of smallmouth bassMicropterus dolomieu. Using multivariate techniques (i.e., principal components and Procrustes analyses), we found an overall significant concordance between eight climate variables (cloud cover, frost frequency, precipitation, mean air temperature, minimum air temperature, maximum air temperature, mean summer air temperature, and growing degree‐days above 10°C) and four growth variables (body length increments for ages 1–4). Bivariate linear regressions revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between air temperature variables and early growth, while growth at later ages was generally less influenced by climate. Given that the geographical range of smallmouth bass has been rapidly expanding over the past century, we also examined how the climate–growth relationships differed in populations that have been introduced outside the native distribution. Analysis of residuals from the Procrustes test indicated that the concordance between climate and growth was probably higher for populations within the native range and lower for introduced populations. Mechanisms that might generate this pattern include the possibilities that (1) the introduced populations have not had time to adapt to their new environments and (2) growth might respond atypically to the more extreme climates experienced outside the native range of the species.
Modeling the Effect of Varying Swim Speeds on Fish Passage through Velocity Barriers
Authors: Castro‐Santos Theodore 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe distance fish can swim through zones of high‐velocity flow is an important factor limiting the distribution and conservation of riverine and diadromous fishes. Often, these barriers are characterized by nonuniform flow conditions, and it is likely that fish will swim at varying speeds to traverse them. Existing models used to predict passage success, however, typically include the unrealistic assumption that fish swim at a constant speed regardless of the speed of flow. This paper demonstrates how the maximum distance of ascent through velocity barriers can be estimated from the swim speed–fatigue time relationship, allowing for variation in both swim speed and water velocity.
Do Channel Catfish Stockings Affect Growth and Size Structure of Bluegills in Small Impoundments?
Authors: Michaletz Paul H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractChannel catfish Ictalurus punctatus are commonly stocked into small impoundments and may become abundant in these waters. When channel catfish are abundant, they may compete with bluegills Lepomis macrochirus for macroinvertebrate prey, resulting in reduced growth and size structure of bluegills. I determined whether bluegill growth and size structure were related to the varying abundance of channel catfish by means of two experimental pond studies and small‐lake survey data. In the first pond experiment, 16 ponds were stocked with bluegills at 39.5 kg/ha and with channel catfish at a rate of 10, 30, 50, or 100 kg/ha (4 ponds/treatment). In the second pond experiment, 12 ponds were stocked with one of four bluegill–channel catfish biomass combinations (3 ponds/treatment): 15 and 70 kg/ha, 15 and 130 kg/ha, 70 and 70 kg/ha, or 70 and 130 kg/ha. Bluegill growth increments (both length and mass) did not decrease with increases in channel catfish biomass in either experiment, but both fish species exhibited density‐dependent growth. Macroinvertebrate biomass did not differ among treatments for either experiment. Bluegill proportional stock density, relative stock density for fish of 203 mm total length (TL) or more, relative weight, and mean TL at ages 3 and 4 for females and males did not differ among lakes stocked with 12, 37, or 74 channel catfish fingerlings·ha−1·year−1. However, channel catfish abundance varied greatly among lakes within a given stocking rate. When bluegill population characteristics were compared with channel catfish catch per unit effort (CPUE; fish/tandem hoop‐net series), there was a general pattern in which bluegill variables were highly variable at low to moderate channel catfish CPUE but consistently low at high channel catfish CPUE (>200 fish/tandem hoop‐net series). Thus, bluegill growth and size structure may only be reduced when channel catfish are highly abundant.
Buoyancy Regulation and Barotrauma in Two Species of Nearshore Rockfish
Authors: Parker Steven J. , McElderry Howard I. , Rankin Polly S. , Hannah Robert W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFishes with closed swim bladders regulate buoyancy during depth changes by secreting and resorbing swim bladder gases. Forced ascent during fishery capture results in barotrauma caused by rapid expansion and exsolution of gases from body fluids. Pressure changes in hyperbaric chambers were used to examine changes in swim bladder integrity and acclimation rates in two ecologically different, yet congeneric, species: Black rockfish Sebastes melanops and China rockfish S. nebulosus. We also conducted simulated‐capture experiments to investigate the relationship between capture in a fishery, barotrauma from pressure change, and survival after release. Black rockfish acclimated faster than China rockfish to both increases and decreases in pressure, but both species were much slower to acclimate than other physoclists, such as Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Black rockfish required up to 48 h to acclimate from 4 atmospheres absolute (ATA; depth equivalent of 30 m) to surface pressure and required up to 168 h to become neutrally buoyant at 4 ATA after starting from surface pressure. In contrast, China rockfish required over 250 h to become neutrally buoyant at 4 ATA after starting from surface pressure. All black rockfish exposed to a 3‐ATA decrease in pressure during simulated capture had ruptured swim bladders. However, mortality from simulated capture and subsequent recompression was low; only 3.3 ± 1.7% (mean ±SE) mortality was observed after 21 d. In experiments with black rockfish, rapid recompression reversed visible barotrauma, suggesting that a quick return to depth could be used to minimize mortality of discarded black rockfish in nearshore fisheries.