bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of supraperiosteal injection of dexamethasone on postoperative pain
Authors: Mehrvarzfar Payman , Shababi Behnam , Sayyad Reza , Fallahdoost Arjang , Kheradpir (Late) Khadije 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMany patients suffer from mild, moderate or severe pain during or after root canal therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of supraperiosteal injection of dexamethasone into the periapical tissues to prevent postoperative pain associated with inflammation. In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial, 100 patients with moderate or severe pain who were referred to dental school of Tehran Islamic Azad University participated in this study. All patients had a tooth with clinical diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis. After administration of local anaesthesia, access cavity was prepared. Then, the root canals were instrumented to a minimum of a No. 25 K‐file. One millilitre dexamethasone (8 mg 2 mL−1) or placebo was injected around the tooth. The severity of pain was assessed with regard to a modified visual analogue scale after 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. The data was analysed statistically with chi‐square test. Dexamethasone was considerably effective on controlling the severity of pain during the first 24 h; in contrast, there was no difference between dexamethasone and placebo groups 48 h after the first appointment. A single dose of dexamethasone infiltrated around the apex of a tooth with irreversible pulipitis could be effective in reduction or prevention of postoperative endodontic pain during the first 24 h.
Time‐dependence of coronal seal of temporary materials used in endodontics
Authors: Madarati Ahmad , Rekab Mohammad Salem , Watts David Christopher , Qualtrough Alison 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe aim of this in vitro study was to compare parametrically the coronal seal ability over different periods of times of four restorative materials used to seal the pulpal access cavity after endodontic treatment. One hundred and thirty‐five mandibular premolars were divided randomly into three time groups (1, 2 and 4 weeks), each of which was in turn divided into four subgroups. Each subgroup was restored using one of four restorative materials: Coltosol, glass ionomer cement (GIC), zinc phosphate (ZP) cement, or intermediate restorative material (IRM) cement. The root canals were prepared using the crown‐down technique, and obturated using lateral condensation. Following placement of the restorative material, the samples were incubated in distilled water at 37°C and were subjected to 50 thermocycles (0 ± 4, 56 ± 4C). After immersing in (2%) methylene blue dye for 24 h, teeth were longitudinally sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope. The results showed that Coltosol and GIC cement were significantly superior in sealing ability to ZP and IRM cements (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between GIC cement and Coltosol. Both Coltosol and GIC after 1 week were significantly better than 4 weeks. There was no significant difference in the seal ability at different time periods when ZP and IRM cements were used.
The Place of Islam in the Geography of Religion: Trends and Intersections
Authors: Gale Richard 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article reviews recent geographical research on Islam and Muslim identities. In the wake of the events of 11 September 2001, the forms taken by public debate surrounding Muslim communities and societies have been manifold and not always edifying. In the present political climate, where public attitudes to a particular suite of issues are often as misinformed as they are deeply held, the need for academics to furnish insights born out of robust research is acute. While the responses of academics to debates coalescing around Muslim communities and identities have emanated predominantly from religious studies, sociology and anthropology, geographers, with their attention to the spatial components inherent to the articulation of social identities, are making an increasingly significant contribution to our knowledge in this field. This article reviews this contribution, focusing on four areas in which geographical research on Islam has been most pronounced: Muslim residential segregation and ‘community cohesion’; the relationship between Islamic dress codes and spatial context in the articulation of Muslim gender identities; the contestation of space that has attended the architectural expression of Muslim identity in urban landscapes and the spatial politics embedded in the construction of Muslim identities at simultaneously national and transnational scales. While the predominant focus is therefore geographical, the article also establishes linkages to other writings on the spatiality of Islam where relevant to the specific themes under discussion.
Understanding the Geography of International Finance
Authors: Sarre Philip 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe article introduces the geography of international finance, a major influence on economic and development geography. Key activities and terminology are identified in history and in current markets. Contrasts before and after 1970 show that today's ‘financial architecture’ differs significantly from its precursor. Data sources show the unevenness of economic activity and savings rates between countries, and the even greater unevenness of international banking and trading in securities, foreign exchange and derivatives, which are concentrated in world cities and a mix of on‐ and offshore tax havens or financial centres. Interpretations of the system, mainly from geography, economics and political economy, show that the developed world is increasingly integrated by financial flows, but that lower‐income countries derive few benefits. The article concludes by suggesting that more geographers should take an interest in finance as an object of study and a question of policy.
Contagious Cities
Authors: Ali S. Harris , Keil Roger 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that unfolded at various locations throughout the world represented the first collective threat to public health that was amplified by the processes and structures of our contemporary globalized society – such as, the compression of time and space and increased linkages between various cities of the world. In this article, the global outbreak of SARS in 2003 is used as an empirical referent to discuss the implications of infectious disease spread among and within cities under the conditions of globalization. To capture the uniquely dynamic qualities associated with infectious disease outbreaks under globalizing conditions, we suggest that conventional accounts of the spatial diffusion of pathogens incorporate topological principles that are sensitive to such properties as: fluidity, flows, mobility and networks, that now play a critical role in disease diffusion.
If the rise of farming was . . . a bonanza for our microbes, the rise of cities was a greater one, as still more densely packed human populations festered under even worse sanitation conditions. (Diamond 1999, 205)The explosive increase of world travel by Americans, and in immigration to the United States, is turning us into another melting pot – this time, of microbes that we previously dismissed as just causing exotic diseases in far‐off countries. (Diamond 1999, 206)
The influence of the full moon on the number of accessions to an animal emergency centre
Authors: McALEES TJ , ANDERSON GA 
Published: September 2007

Objective  To test the hypothesis that the number of animal emergency centre accessions is associated with the time of the full moon.Design and procedure  Retrospective study. A comparison was made of the number of accessions to the University of Melbourne Animal Emergency Centre in the period February 2003 to January 2006 on full moon and non–full moon days, adjusted for day of the week and public holiday. A three day period with the day of the full moon as the middle day was taken to be a full moon period.Results  A total of 12,102 animals were presented to the Centre in this time. An adjusted count ratio of 1.048 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.14; P = 0.26) for accessions on full moon days compared with those on non–full moon days indicated that there was no significant association between the full moon and the number of accessions per day.Conclusion  There was no significant difference between the number of animals presented to the University of Melbourne Animal Emergency Centre on full moon days and non–full moon days.
False positive Kleihauer results: an unusual cause in a postnatal patient in remission from acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: GRANT R. , KEIDAN J. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA 34‐year‐old woman, in remission from acute myeloid leukaemia, had a positive postnatal Kleihauer result. Following our standard local protocol for positive Kleihauer tests in Rh‐D negative patients, the specimen was referred for confirmatory testing, which proved the result to be false positive. Hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin was excluded as a Kleihauer test performed in a pregnancy prior to the development of leukaemia was negative. Further testing confirmed mild elevation of foetal haemoglobin (HbF) and increased F‐cells. Elevated‐HbF levels have been widely reported in patients with haematological malignancy. In this case, the patient was confirmed to be in a true molecular remission from leukaemia and yet appeared to have a residual clonal population of HbF erythrocytes; the significance of this finding remains unclear. This case also highlights the importance of confirmatory testing of suspected foeto‐maternal haemorrhage, as not all positive Kleihauer tests are true positives.
A partial nucleated differential cell count of the bone marrow aspirate that is independent of peripheral blood dilution
Authors: LEE S.‐H. , HO S.‐J. , THOMAS D. T. , GIRI P. , LEE H. , SIA H. , TO L. B. , SULLIVAN T. R. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn the bone marrow (BM) nucleated differential cell count (NDC), myeloblasts are enumerated as a percentage of total nucleated cells, which are inevitably diluted with peripheral blood nucleated cells (PBNC) during BM aspiration. We propose a partial NDC (PNDC) comprising only immature haemopoietic cells capable of division, i.e. myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes and erythroblasts. We show that the myeloid : erythroid (M : E) ratio of the PNDC remains approximately constant in progressively dilute aliquots of BM aspirates. We determined the PNDC in 22 healthy subjects and investigated the effect of peripheral blood dilution on disease stratification of 66 BM aspirates with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). NDC and PNDC myeloblast counts were compared and the equivalent PNDC myeloblast counts for NDC myeloblast threshold counts of 5, 10 and 20% were derived. Reclassification of MDS samples with the PNDC resulted in a change in disease category in 33.3% of 51 MDS samples with NDC myeloblast counts ranging from 3 to 26%. The PNDC is independent of PBNC dilution and can be determined in dilute BM samples. It alters the disease category in a significant proportion of BM aspirates with MDS and has the potential to better stratify MDS to improve clinical outcomes and treatment.
Assessment of Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-QUB Markers To Further Discriminate the Beijing Genotype in a Population-Based Study of the Genetic Diversity of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Clinical Isolates from Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Japan
Authors: Millet Julie , Miyagi-Shiohira Chika , Yamane Nobuhisa , Sola Christophe , Rastogi Nalin 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

The present investigation focused on genetic diversity and drug resistance of 101
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strains isolated between July 2003 and February 2005 in the Okinawa prefecture, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. A high rate of clustering (87%, eight clusters, 2 to 69 strains/cluster) was observed upon spoligotyping; most of it was due to the lower discriminatory power of this method for the Beijing lineage (
n
= 72; 71.3% of the isolates). The remaining diversity was limited to seven clusters (two to five isolates/cluster), with the following distribution of major lineages: ill-defined T (
n
= 13; 12.8%), ancestral East African-Indian (
n
= 6; 5.9%), Haarlem (
n
= 4; 4%), Latin American-Mediterranean (
n
= 2; 2%), X1 (
n
= 1; 1%), and a total absence of the central Asian clade. Three remaining strains could not be classified on the basis of their spoligotype pattern and were labeled “unknown.” Subtyping with mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs) in association with additional QUB minisatellites was performed to discriminate among the Beijing strains. Based on an “in-house” spoligotyping/MIRU database (
n
= 694 Beijing strains), eight highly discriminative MIRU loci for Beijing strains were selected (loci numbered 10, 16, 23, 26, 27, 31, 39, and 40). The highest discriminatory power (
h
) observed in our sample (
n
= 72; M-26, 0.385; M-10, 0.38; M-31, 0.255; M-16, 0.238) was too low, and 73.6% of the Beijing strains from Okinawa remained clustered. Typing of Beijing strains with additional QUB loci (with the exception of “one-copy” QUB-1451) resulted in higher discriminatory powers: QUB-11b, 0.68; QUB-11a, 0.656; QUB-26, 0.644; QUB-18, 0.553; QUB-4156, 0.5; and QUB-1895, 0.453. A definitive algorithm on the use of QUB markers to subtype Beijing isolates in expanded studies would shed light on their hypervariability, which may sometimes blur recognition between epidemiologically linked Beijing isolates. The total absence of multiple drug resistance among Beijing isolates from Okinawa, as well as the relatively older ages of the patients (majority above 60 years), shows that tuberculosis (TB) is a declining disease in Okinawa, and an adequate TB control program has successfully avoided both the emergence and the spread of multidrug-resistant TB in this insular setting.
Case of Pyomyositis Due to
Mycobacterium haemophilum
in a Renal Transplant Recipient
Authors: Jang Eun-Young , Lee Sang-Oh , Choi Seong-Ho , Sung Heungsup , Kim Mi-Na , Kim Bum-Joon , Choi Sang-Ho , Kim Yang Soo , Woo Jun Hee 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

We report a case of pyomyositis due to
Mycobacterium haemophilum
in a renal transplant recipient.
M. haemophilum
was identified by PCR-mediated sequence analysis of the heat shock protein gene in the DNA of the specimen. The patient was successfully treated with repeated surgical debridement and prolonged antimycobacterial therapy.
Utility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope as a T-Cell Immunogen
Authors: Peut Viv , Kent Stephen J. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8 T lymphocytes are important for the control of viremia, but the relative utility of responses to the various HIV proteins is controversial. Immune responses that force escape mutations that exact a significant fitness cost from the mutating virus would help slow progression to AIDS. The HIV envelope (Env) protein is subject to both humoral and cellular immune responses, suggesting that multiple rounds of mutation are needed to facilitate viral escape. The Gag protein, however, has recently been shown to elicit a more effective CD8 T-cell immune response in humans. We studied 30 pigtail macaques for their CD8 T-lymphocyte responses to HIV-1 Env and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag following prime/boost vaccination and intrarectal challenge with simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV
mn229
. Eight CD8 Env-specific T-cell epitopes were identified and mapped in 10 animals. Animals that generated Env-specific CD8 T-cell responses had equivalent viral loads and only a modest advantage in retention of peripheral CD4 T lymphocytes compared to those animals without responses to Env. This contrasts with animals that generated CD8 T-cell responses to SIV Gag in the same trial, demonstrating superior control of viral load and a larger advantage in retention of peripheral CD4 T cells than Gag nonresponders. Mutational escape was common in Env but, in contrast to mutations in Gag, did not result in the rapid emergence of dominant escape motifs, suggesting modest selective pressure from Env-specific T cells. These results suggest that Env may have limited utility as a CD8 T-cell immunogen.
The transcription of the gene for iso-orotate decarboxylase (IDCase), an enzyme of the thymidine salvage pathway, is downregulated in thepregcmutant strain of Neurospora crassa grown under phosphate starvation
Authors: Leal Juliana , Squina Fabio M. , Martinez-Rossi Nilce M. , Rossi Antonio 
Published: September 2007

The preg gene encodes a cyclin-like protein that is implicated in the derepression of nucleases and phosphatases that scavenge phosphate from the environment. To better understand the regulatory role of the preg gene product, the differential display reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction was used to isolate transcripts differentially expressed in the pregcmutant strain of the mold Neurospora crassa grown under phosphate starvation, at pH 7.8. Two transcripts, whose differential expressions were confirmed by Northern blotting, were downregulated in a strain of N. crassa carrying a loss-of-function mutation in the preg gene (pregcallele). These transcripts revealed genes coding for enzymes involved in the thymidine salvage pathway (iso-orotate decarboxylase) and in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone C-methyltransferase), which may be relevant to a further understanding of the molecular events involved in the phosphorus sensing in N. crassa.
Evaluation of baroreflex control of heart rate in renovascular hypertensive mice
Authors: Peotta Veronica A. , Gava Agata L. , Vasquez Elisardo C. , Meyrelles Silvana S. 
Published: September 2007

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the baroreflex and the autonomic control of heart rate (HR) in renovascular hypertensive mice. Experiments were carried out in conscious C57BL/6 (n = 16) mice 28 days after a 2-kidney 1-clip procedure (2K1C mice) or a sham operation (sham mice). Baroreflex sensitivity was evaluated by measuring changes in heart rate (HR) in response to increases or decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) induced by phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside. Cardiac autonomic tone was determined by use of atropine and atenolol. Basal HR and MAP were significantly higher in 2K1C mice than in sham mice. The reflex tachycardia induced by decreases in MAP was greatly attenuated in 2K1C mice compared with sham mice. Consequently, the baroreflex sensitivity was greatly decreased (2.2 ± 0.4 vs. 4.4 ± 0.3 beats·min–1·mmHg–1) in hypertensive mice compared with sham mice. The reflex bradycardia induced by increases in MAP and the baroreflex sensitivity were similar in both groups. Evaluation of autonomic control of HR showed an increased sympathetic tone and a tendency to a decreased vagal tone in 2K1C mice compared with that in sham mice. 2K1C hypertension in mice is accompanied by resting tachycardia, increased predominance of the cardiac sympathetic tone over the cardiac vagal tone, and impairment of baroreflex sensitivity.
Endothelial expression of endoglin in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic C57BL/6J mice before and after atorvastatin treatment
Authors: Nachtigal Petr , Pospisilova Nada , Jamborova Gabriela , Pospechova Katerina , Solichova Dagmar , Andrys Ctirad , Zdansky Petr , Semecky Vladimir 
Published: September 2007

Endoglin (CD105) is a homodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein strongly related to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling and many pathological states. In this study, we wanted to evaluate whether endoglin is expressed in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic C57BL/6J mice as well as whether it is affected by atorvastatin treatment in these mice. C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow diet or an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks after weaning. In 2 atorvastatin-treated groups, mice were fed the same diets (chow or atherogenic) as described above except atorvastatin was added at the dosage of 10 mg·kg–1·day–1for the last 8 weeks before euthanasia. Biochemical analysis of blood samples revealed that administration of atherogenic diet significantly increased levels of total cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, and decreased levels of HDL. Atorvastatin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in total cholesterol and VLDL only in mice fed by atherogenic diet. Quantitative stereological analysis revealed that atorvastatin significantly decreased endothelial expression of endoglin in C57BL/6J mice fed the atherogenic diet. In conclusion, we demonstrated that endothelial expression of endoglin is upregulated by hypercholesterolemia and decreased by the hypolipidemic effect of atorvastatin in C57BL/6J mice, suggesting that endoglin expression could be involved in atherogenesis.
Fine spatial scale phenotypic divergence in wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus)
Authors: Meier P.T. 
Published: September 2007

I studied local divergence in growth, a trait previously shown to be both phenotypically plastic and heritable, among wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus (LeConte, 1825)) tadpoles inhabiting four ponds within a continuous woodland. Mark–recapture results revealed very low levels of migration among ponds as close as 35 m and no more than 185 m apart. Common garden experiments conducted at two temperatures revealed consistent year-to-year patterns of phenotypic divergence in tadpole growth performance among the four pond populations. The divergence in growth performance was conserved when controlling for parental effects via half-sibling experiments. Results of cross-transplant experiments suggest that the divergence in tadpole growth reflected either genetic drift or adaptation to local pond conditions. Taken together, the results suggest that divergence in growth performance among the tadpoles from the four ponds is the result of selection or genetic drift reinforced by low levels of gene flow among pond populations.
A review of recent Phanerozoic time-scales
Authors: Snelling N. J. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The development of the K-At and Rb-Sr methods of age-determination together with a re-evaluation of the stratigraphical position of critical specimens used by Holmes when constructing his 1947 time-scale indicated the need for a revision of this scale. Holmes published a revised time-scale in 1959, but the latest and most comprehensive revision was published by Kulp in 1961. This paper summarizes the evidence used by these and other authors in dating the limits of the geological periods. The beginning of the Cambrian period was set at about 600 m.y., the end of the Palaeozoic era at 230 m.y. (Kulp 1961) and 250 m.y. (Holmes 1959), and the end of the Mesozoic era at 63 m.y. (Kulp) and 70 m.y. (Holmes).
Potassium—argon decay constants and age tables
Authors: Smith Alan Gilbert 
Published: September 2007

Summary
This paper outlines the physical measurements that determine the potassium–argon decay constants; compares the constants currently in use with those derived from the best physical measurements; and shows the magnitude of error in the time-scale due to different estimates of the constants and to a 5 per cent error in each of the constants. Tables are given which can be used by the non-specialist to relate K–Ar ages directly to the experimentally determined argon/potassium ratios using ‘standard’ constants.
The Silurian period
Authors: Strachan I. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Radiometric dates for the Silurian at present depend upon determinations on sediments. Available data suggest a time-span of up to about 50 m.y. for the Silurian period, with upper and lower limits of bout 390 m.y. and 440 m.y. Relations between graptolite zones and the time-scale imply a stratigraphical precision of about 1 m.y. Problems of international correlation are mentioned. The world maximum thickness of the system is estimated at about 70000 ft.