bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transpalpebral Eye Enucleation in 40 Standing Horses
Authors: POLLOCK PATRICK J. , RUSSELL TOM , HUGHES THOMAS K. , ARCHER MICHAEL R. , PERKINS JUSTIN D. 
Published: April 2008

Objective—To report a technique for eye enucleation in standing sedated horses and to report outcome in 40 horses.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Horses (n=40) requiring eye enucleation.Methods—The eye was enucleated using a transpalpebral technique in 40 horses restrained in stocks and sedated. Anesthesia of orbital structures was provided by local nerve blocks and infiltration of the surgical site with local anesthetic solution.Results—Affected eyes were successfully enucleated with the horse standing. Short‐term complications included moderate swelling (5 horses) and wound discharge (1). Long‐term complications were not observed.Conclusions—A diseased eye can be safely enucleated with a horse standing.Clinical Relevance—Enucleating an equine eye in the standing position eliminates the risks and costs of general anesthesia.
Patent ductus arteriosus evaluation by serial echocardiography in preterm infants
Authors: O'Rourke DJ , EL‐Khuffash A , Moody C , Walsh K , Molloy EJ 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is associated with morbidity and mortality in premature neonates.Methods: The effect of serial echocardiography performed by a neonatologist and early targeted medical PDA treatment was evaluated and compared to historical controls. One hundred ninety‐two infants <1500 g were included and 45 infants had a PDA.Results: Serial echocardiography allowed significantly earlier identification and treatment of PDA versus awaiting the evolution of clinical signs. Severe intraventricular haemorrhage and ventilator days were significantly decreased in the studied cohort following the introduction of echocardiography. In addition, hospital stay was also reduced in the non‐PDA group and other outcomes were unchanged.Conclusion: Serial echocardiography for PDA evaluation, performed by a neonatologist trained in echo, may reduce morbidity in preterm infant.
The Order of Things in Anglo‐Saxon Studies: Categorization and the Construction of a Discipline
Authors: Trilling Renée R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis essay surveys the effects of disciplinary categorization on the study of Anglo‐Saxon literature. Because its languages and forms are so different from later British literature, Anglo‐Saxon literature receives short shrift in literary studies. The institutional location of Anglo‐Saxon studies within English departments encourages readers to approach early medieval texts through critical categories that often hamper their understanding of the texts themselves. Survey textbooks often cast Anglo‐Saxon literature as a quaint and curious ancestor of British literature, while scholarly editions and critical studies reinforce anachronistic categories of genre, form, and language that do not best describe Anglo‐Saxon texts. Anglo‐Saxon literature in languages other than Old English is generally ignored, and texts that are not easily categorized as poetry or prose narrative are likewise overlooked. The author argues that students and scholars can use Anglo‐Saxon literature to question the basic definitions and literary categories that have dominated and distorted the discipline.
Fine structural description of the compound eye of the Madagascar ‘hissing cockroach’Gromphadorhina portentosa (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae)
Authors: Mishra Monalisa , Meyer‐Rochow Victor Benno 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe compound eyes of the wingless adults of the Madagascar ‘hissing cockroach’Gromphadorhina portentosa Sachum, 1853 were examined by light and electron microscopy. Each eye contains 2 400‐2 500 mostly hexagonal facets. However, irregularities affecting both shape and size of the ommatidia are relatively common, especially towards the margins of the eye. An individual ommatidium of this eucone type of apposition eye contains eight retinula cells, which give rise to a centrally‐fused, tiered rhabdom. The distal end of the latter is funnel‐shaped and accommodates the proximal end of the cone in its midst. Further below, the rhabdom (then formed by the rhabdomeres of four retinula cells) assumes a squarish profile with microvilli aligned in two directions at right‐angle to each other. Cross sections through the proximal regions of the rhabdom display triangular rhabdom outlines and microvilli (belonging to 3‐4 retinula cells different from those involved in the squarish more distal rhabdom) that run in three directions inclined to one another by 120°. Overall the organization of the eye conforms to the orthopteroid pattern and particularly closely resembles that of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. However, since G. portentosa possesses fewer ommatidia, this could be a consequence of its inability to fly. On the other hand, the large size of the facets and the voluminous rhabdoms suggest considerable absolute sensitivity and an ability to detect the plane of linearly polarized light. Based on the pattern of microvillus orientations in combination with the crepuscular lifestyle G. portentosa leads and the habitat it occurs in, the prediction is made that this insect uses its green receptors for e‐vector discrimination in the environment of down‐welling light that reaches the forest floor.
The Value of Subsidence Data in Ground Water Model Calibration
Authors: Yan Tingting , Burbey Thomas J 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe accurate estimation of aquifer parameters such as transmissivity and specific storage is often an important objective during a ground water modeling investigation or aquifer resource evaluation. Parameter estimation is often accomplished with changes in hydraulic head data as the key and most abundant type of observation. The availability and accessibility of global positioning system and interferometric synthetic aperture radar data in heavily pumped alluvial basins can provide important subsidence observations that can greatly aid parameter estimation. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the value of spatial and temporal subsidence data for automatically estimating parameters with and without observation error using UCODE‐2005 and MODFLOW‐2000. A synthetic conceptual model (24 separate cases) containing seven transmissivity zones and three zones each for elastic and inelastic skeletal specific storage was used to simulate subsidence and drawdown in an aquifer with variably thick interbeds with delayed drainage. Five pumping wells of variable rates were used to stress the system for up to 15 years. Calibration results indicate that (1) the inverse of the square of the observation values is a reasonable way to weight the observations, (2) spatially abundant subsidence data typically produce superior parameter estimates under constant pumping even with observation error, (3) only a small number of subsidence observations are required to achieve accurate parameter estimates, and (4) for seasonal pumping, accurate parameter estimates for elastic skeletal specific storage values are largely dependent on the quantity of temporal observational data and less on the quantity of available spatial data.
Regulation of the human serotonin transporter mediated by long‐term action of serotonin in Caco‐2 cells
Authors: Iceta R. , Aramayona J. J. , Mesonero J. E. , Alcalde A. I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of long‐term serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) treatment on the human serotonin transporter (hSERT) function and its expression.Methods:  This study was carried out in the enterocyte‐like cell line Caco‐2. These cells constitutively express the hSERT and have been shown to be an excellent model for the study of this protein. We measured serotonin transport, levels of mRNA expression and of the SERT protein after treating the cells with serotonin.Results:  Serotonin treatment diminished hSERT activity in a concentration and period‐dependent way by increasing the Kt value and reducing Vmax. This inhibition was reversible and was not mediated by either the action of 5‐HT2, 5‐HT3 or 5‐HT4 receptors, or by the intracellular second messengers, protein kinase C and cAMP. 5‐HT did not seem to affect either the mRNA level of the SERT or the protein transporter measured in either the membrane or the cell lysate. The 5‐HT treatment effect was additive to the inhibitory effect of treatment with a low concentration of citalopram and fluoxetine. Nevertheless, 5‐HT did not increase the inhibition yielded by treatment with high concentration citalopram.Conclusion:  The chronic increase in serotonin in the extracellular medium diminishes the function of the SERT. This effect seems to be due to an effect on the transporter molecule itself in the membrane, without altering protein synthesis, intracellular traffic, or its availability.
Expression of Integrin αvβ3 in Gliomas Correlates with Tumor Grade and Is not Restricted to Tumor Vasculature
Authors: Schnell Oliver , Krebs Bjarne , Wagner Erika , Romagna Alexander , Beer Ambros J. , Grau Stefan J. , Thon Niklas , Goetz Claudia , Kretzschmar Hans A. , Tonn Jörg‐Christian , Goldbrunner Roland H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn malignant gliomas, the integrin adhesion receptors seem to play a key role for invasive growth and angiogenesis. However, there is still a controversy about the expression and the distribution of αvβ3 integrin caused by malignancy. The aim of our study was to assess the extent and pattern of αvβ3 integrin expression within primary glioblastomas (GBMs) compared with low‐grade gliomas (LGGs). Tumor samples were immunostained for the detection of αvβ3 integrin and quantified by an imaging software. The expression of αvβ3 was found to be significantly higher in GBMs than in LGGs, whereby focal strong reactivity was restricted to GBMs only. Subsequent analysis revealed that not only endothelial cells but also, to a large extent, glial tumor cells contribute to the overall amount of αvβ3 integrin in the tumors. To further analyze the integrin subunits, Western blots from histologic sections were performed, which demonstrated a significant difference in the expression of the β3 integrin subunit between GBMs and LGGs. The presented data lead to new insights in the pattern of αvβ3 integrin in gliomas and are of relevance for the inhibition of αvβ3 integrin with specific RGD peptides and interfering drugs to reduce angiogenesis and tumor growth.
Misperceptions about Norm Misperceptions: Descriptive, Injunctive, and Affective ‘Social Norming’ Efforts to Change Health Behaviors
Authors: Blanton Hart , Köblitz Amber , McCaul Kevin D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe have known for a long time that people are often motivated to conform to the wishes of groups. Such peer influence can shape human behavior through the creation of social norms, and the frequency of some health behaviors (e.g., alcohol use) may depend on the perception of these norms. We discuss the influence of perceived social norms, especially normative misperceptions on health behaviors. We then describe social norms campaigns that are intended to reduce risky health behaviors by ‘debiasing’ perceptions of behavioral norms, and we point out practical problems and faulty theoretical assumptions of such interventions. A better alternative might be to develop interventions that debias misperceptions of injunctive norms or affective norms, although such alternatives have not yet been adequately tested. Still, we present the theoretical grounding for these different approaches and preliminary data suggesting that they could be successful in reducing risky health behaviors.
The Application of System CFD to the Design and Optimization of High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Greyvenstein Gideon P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to model the steady-state and dynamic operation of a pebble-bed-type high temperature gas-cooled reactor power plant using a system computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. System CFD codes are 1D network codes with embedded 2D or even 3D discretized component models that provide a good balance between accuracy and speed. In the method presented in this paper, valves, orifices, compressors, and turbines are modeled as lumped or 0D components, whereas pipes and heat exchangers are modeled as 1D discretized components. The reactor is modeled as 2D discretized system. A point kinetics neutronic model will predict the heat release in the reactor. Firstly, the layout of the power conversion system is discussed together with the major plant parameters. This is followed by a high level description of the system CFD approach together with a description of the various component models. The code is used to model the steady-state operation of the system. The results are verified by comparing them with detailed cycle analysis calculations performed with another code. The model is then used to predict the net power delivered to the shaft over a wide range of speeds from zero to full speed. This information is used to specify parameters for a proportional-integral-derivative controller that senses the speed of the power turbine and adjusts the generator power during the startup of the plant. The generator initially acts as a motor that drives the shaft and then changes over to a generator load that approaches the design point value as the speed of the shaft approaches the design speed. A full startup simulation is done to demonstrate the behavior of the plant during startup. This example demonstrates the application of a system CFD code to test control strategies. A load rejection example is considered where the generator load is suddenly dropped to zero from a full load condition. A controller senses the speed of the low pressure compressor/low pressure turbine shaft and then adjusts the opening of a bypass valve to keep the speed of the shaft constant at 60rps. The example demonstrates how detailed information on critical parameters such as turbine and reactor inlet temperatures, maximum fuel temperature, and compressor surge margin can be obtained during operating transients. System CFD codes is a powerful design tool that is indispensable in the design of complex power systems such as gas-cooled nuclear power plants.
Three-Dimensional Slightly Nonplanar Cracks
Authors: Gao Huajian 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Three-dimensional slightly nonplanar cracks are studied via a perturbation method valid to the first-order accuracy in the deviation of the crack shape from a perfectly planar reference crack. The Bueckner-Rice crack-face weight functions are used in the perturbation analysis to establish a relationship, within first-order accuracy, between the apparent and local stress intensity factors for the nonplanar crack. Perturbation solutions for a cosine wavy crack with arbitrary wavelengths are used to examine the effects of three T-stress components, Txx, TXZ, TZZ, on the stability of a mode 1 planar crack in the x-z plane with front lying along the z-axis. A condition for the mode 1 crack to be stable against three-dimensional wavy perturbations of wavelengths λx and λz is determined as Txx + Tzzg &lt; 0 where g is negative, with a very small magnitude, for 0&lt;λx/λz&lt;1/3 and positive for 1/3&lt;λx/λz&lt;∞; this suggests that when Txx = 0, a compressive stress Tzz may cause crack deflection with large wavelengths parallel to the crack front and a tensile stress Tzz may cause deflection with small wavelengths parallel to the front. For comparable T-stress values, it is shown that a negative Txx always enhances the stability of a mode 1 planar crack and a negative Tzz ensures the stability of a mode 1 crack against perturbations parallel to the crack front. The shear component Txz, while not affecting the mode 1 path stability, induces a mode 3 stress intensity factor once crack deflection occurs, and thus promotes the formation of en echelon-type cracking patterns.
A Novel Constant Bias Flow Rate CPAP Mask for OSA Therapy
Treatments
Authors: Zhen Z. F. , Al-Jumaily A. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is considered the most effective treatment for patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) symptom. A CPAP mask is the interface between the patient and the CPAP humidifier, which contains a series of orifice to circulate the air and ensure that the expired carbon dioxide from the patient's breathing is not rebreathed. The flow through those orifices is called bias flow. For the existing CPAP mask, this bias flow rate increases as the CPAP pressure increases. This raised bias flow rate usually causes a bigger pressure swing inside the mask when the patient is breathing, which is unfavorable for OSA therapy due to the much bigger breathing load required. However, a minimum bias flow rate needs to be maintained inside the mask in order to keep carbon dioxide concentration low. Therefore, this paper introduces a novel mask that can produce a relatively constant bias flow rate (CBFR) over a CPAP range of 0-20cm H2O. Dynamic response tests have proved that this CBFR mask can constrict the mask pressure swing by an order of two so as to offer better comfort for OSA patients.
Serological Survey for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Wildlife in Eastern Africa and Estimation of Test Parameters of a Nonstructural Protein Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Buffalo
Authors: Bronsvoort B. M. D. C. , Parida S. , Handel I. , McFarland S. , Fleming L. , Hamblin P. , Kock R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIn this study we estimate the seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in wildlife from eastern and central Africa. Sera were sourced from between 1994 and 2002 from a rinderpest surveillance program. Our study compared a nonstructural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Cedi test) with a virus neutralization test. The study shows that there is only a low seroprevalence of FMDV in sampled nonbuffalo species. The seroprevalence in the Cape buffalo was high for SAT2, lower for SAT1, and lowest for SAT3. As the SAT2 serotype was most prevalent, the Cedi test largely reflected the occurrence of SAT2-positive animals. The results also suggest that SAT2 became dominant around 1998, with a large increase in seroprevalence. The sensitivity and specificity of the Cedi test were estimated by comparison to the combined virus neutralization test results from all three SAT tests. A Bayesian implementation of the Hui-Walter latent class model was used to estimate the test parameters. The model permits estimation in the absence of a gold standard test. The final model, using noninformative priors and assuming conditional independence of test performance, estimated Cedi test sensitivity at 87.7% and specificity at 87.3%. These estimates are similar to those for domestic bovines; they suggest that the Cedi test is a useful tool for screening buffalo for infection with the various serotypes of FMDV.
Catalase-Negative
Staphylococcus aureus
Strain with Point Mutations in the
katA
Gene
Authors: Piau C. , Jehan J. , Leclercq R. , Daurel C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

Methicillin-susceptible catalase-negative
Staphylococcus aureus
strain UCN61 was isolated from an arterial leg ulcer. The deduced sequence of the structural
katA
gene for the catalase was 99% identical to those of other
S. aureus
strains. Two mutations were identified in
katA
from
S. aureus
UCN61, including one leading to a substitution of key histidine 58 by a tyrosine.
Different Mutational Pathways to CXCR4 Coreceptor Switch of CCR5-Using Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Ho Siu-hong , Trunova Nataliya , Gettie Agegnehu , Blanchard James , Cheng-Mayer Cecilia 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

We report here a second case of coreceptor switch in R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus SF162P3N (SHIV
SF162P3N
)-infected macaque CA28, supporting the use of this experimental system to examine factors that drive the change in coreceptor preference in vivo. Virus recovered from CA28 plasma (SHIV
CA28NP
) used both CCR5 and CXCR4 for entry, but the virus recovered from lymph node (SHIV
CA28NL
) used CXCR4 almost exclusively. Sequence and functional analyses showed that mutations in the V3 loop that conferred CXCR4 usage in macaque CA28 differed from those described in the previously reported case, demonstrating divergent mutational pathways for change in the coreceptor preference of the R5 SHIV
SF162P3N
isolate in vivo.
The Affinity of EBNA1 for Its Origin of DNA Synthesis Is a Determinant of the Origin's Replicative Efficiency
Authors: Lindner Scott E. , Zeller Krisztina , Schepers Aloys , Sugden Bill 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replicates its genome as a licensed plasmid in latently infected cells. Although replication of this plasmid is essential for EBV latent infection, its synthesis still fails for 16% of the templates in S phase. In order to understand these failures, we sought to determine whether the affinity of the initiator protein (EBNA1) for its binding sites in the origin affects the efficiency of plasmid replication. We have answered this question by using several engineered origins modeled upon the arrangement of EBNA1-binding sites found in DS, the major plasmid origin of EBV. The human TRF2 protein also binds to half-sites in DS and increases EBNA1's affinity for its own sites; we therefore also tested origin efficiency in the presence or absence of these sites. We have found that if TRF2-half-binding sites are present, the efficiency of supporting the initiation of DNA synthesis and of establishing a plasmid bearing that origin directly correlates with the affinity of EBNA1 for that origin. Moreover, the presence of TRF2-half-binding sites also increases the average level of EBNA1 and ORC2 bound to those origins in vivo, as measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Lastly, we have created an origin of DNA synthesis from high-affinity EBNA1-binding sites and TRF2-half-binding sites that functions severalfold more efficiently than does DS. This finding indicates that EBV has selected a submaximally efficient origin of DNA synthesis for the latent phase of its life cycle. This enhanced origin could be used practically in human gene vectors to improve their efficiency in therapy and basic research.
Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector Mediates Postexposure Protection against Sudan Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Geisbert Thomas W. , Daddario-DiCaprio Kathleen M. , Williams Kinola J. N. , Geisbert Joan B. , Leung Anders , Feldmann Friederike , Hensley Lisa E. , Feldmann Heinz , Jones Steven M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors expressing homologous filoviral glycoproteins can completely protect rhesus monkeys against Marburg virus when administered after exposure and can partially protect macaques after challenge with
Zaire ebolavirus
. Here, we administered a VSV vector expressing the
Sudan ebolavirus
(SEBOV) glycoprotein to four rhesus macaques shortly after exposure to SEBOV. All four animals survived SEBOV challenge, while a control animal that received a nonspecific vector developed fulminant SEBOV hemorrhagic fever and succumbed. This is the first demonstration of complete postexposure protection against an Ebola virus in nonhuman primates and provides further evidence that postexposure vaccination may have utility in treating exposures to filoviruses.