bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hearing in the Mind's Ear: A PET Investigation of Musical Imagery and Perception
Authors: Zatorre Robert J. , Halpern Andrea R. , Perry David W. , Meyer Ernst , Evans Alan C. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Neuropsychological studies have suggested that imagery processes may be mediated by neuronal mechanisms similar to those used in perception. To test this hypothesis, and to explore the neural basis for song imagery, 12 normal subjects were scanned using the water bolus method to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) during the performance of three tasks. In the control condition subjects saw pairs of words on each trial and judged which word was longer. In the perceptual condition subjects also viewed pairs of words, this time drawn from a familiar song; simultaneously they heard the corresponding song, and their task was to judge the change in pitch of the two cued words within the song. In the imagery condition, subjects performed precisely the same judgment as in the perceptual condition, but with no auditory input. Thus, to perform the imagery task correctly an internal auditory representation must be accessed. Paired-image subtraction of the resulting pattern of CBF, together with matched MRI for anatomical localization, revealed that both perceptual and imagery. tasks produced similar patterns of CBF changes, as compared to the control condition, in keeping with the hypothesis. More specifically, both perceiving and imagining songs are associated with bilateral neuronal activity in the secondary auditory cortices, suggesting that processes within these regions underlie the phenomenological impression of imagined sounds. Other CBF foci elicited in both tasks include areas in the left and right frontal lobes and in the left parietal lobe, as well as the supplementary motor area. This latter region implicates covert vocalization as one component of musical imagery. Direct comparison of imagery and perceptual tasks revealed CBF increases in the inferior frontal polar cortex and right thalamus. We speculate that this network of regions may be specifically associated with retrieval and/or generation of auditory information from memory.
Semantic Processing and Orthographic Specificity in Hemispatial Neglect
Authors: McGlinchey-Berroth Regina , Milberg William P. , Verfaellie Mieke , Grande Laura , D'Esposito Mark , Alexander Michael 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Two sets of experiments, each consisting of a semantic priming task and a discrimination task, investigated the proceedings of lexical information in the neglected visual field. In the semantic priming task, subjects made lexical decisions to target words preceded by lateralized word primes; in the discrimination task, they indicated which of two words corresponded to a target word presented to the left visual field (LVF) or right visual field (RVF). The first set of experiments indicated that although patients were unable to discriminate words presented in the LVF, they showed significant priming when LVF primes were followed by semantically related targets compared to unrelated targets. The second set of experiments further examined the nature of this priming effect by comparing priming in a condition in which primes were semantically related to the target word (e.g., TEA-CUP) and a condition in which primes were unrelated to the target word, but orthographically similar to a related prime (e.g., PEA-CUP). This experiment replicated the previously established semantic priming effects and demonstrated significant negative priming for targets preceded by LVF primes that were orthographically similar to a semantically related word. Again, patients performed at chance in the forced-choice discrimination task when targets were presented in the LVF These findings indicate that semantic processing of neglected lexical information is based on fully specified perceptual and orthographic information. A lateral inhibitory mechanism is proposed that maximizes the probability, albeit unsuccessfully, that neglected orthographic information will reach awareness.
Imagining Real and Unreal Things: Evidence of a Dissociation in Autism
Authors: Scott Fiona J. , Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Current theories of visual imagery hold that the same neural processes govern both the representation of real objects and the representation of imagined (but real) objects. Here we test whether the representation of imagined (real) objects and the representation of imagined (but unreal) objects depend on the same or different neurocognitive processes. A likely clinical group for a dissociation between these two types of imagination are children with autism, since they show deficits in imaginative play, impoverished imagination is part of their diagnosis, but they can search for hidden objects. The present study explored imagination in autism using experimental methods. Experiment 1 investigated if children with autism could introduce changes to their representations of people and houses, using Karmiloff-Smith's (1989) technique of asking children to draw “impossible” people or houses. Results showed that children with autism were significantly worse than matched controls in their ability to introduce “unreal” changes to their representations of people and houses. Instead, they tended to draw real people or objects. Experiment 2 investigated whether the performance in Experiment 1 by children with autism was due to an inability to disengage from “real world” representations, as executive dysfunction theorists would argue. To do this, the experimenter instructed them on what to draw and how to draw it. Results showed that even when executive control passed to the experimenter in this way, the children with autism were still significantly impaired in their ability to draw imaginary but unreal things relative to the matched controls. Experiment 3 investigated whether the results from Experiments 1 and 2 arose because of a generativity deficit in autism, which might be the executive dysfunction theorists' alternative account. To test this, the same subjects were given a test of Verbal Fluency and a test of imagining multiple functions of a brick. Results showed that the children with autism were no worse than clinical controls in their ability to generate ideas about real objects, suggesting that a global generativity deficit cannot explain the previous findings. Rather, these results point to a specific impairment in the ability to imagine unreal objects. This is discussed in terms of its possible neural dissociability from other kinds of imagery, and in terms of its possible relationship to theory of mind.
Eye Movements and Orienting of Attention in Patients with Visual Neglect
Authors: Làdavas E. , Zeloni G. , Zaccara G. , Gangemi P. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between overt and covert orienting of attention in visual neglect patients with parietal and fronto-parietal lesions. Two stimuli were presented at eccentricities of 8° or 20° to the left (LVF) or right (RVF) visual fields and the patient was required to maintain fixation on the central mark and to respond only manually upon the appearance of the stimulus. Neglect patients with fronto-parietal lesion showed a lack of oculomotor control and the presence of leftward eye movements without corresponding attentional shifts. Neglect patients with parietal lesions did not show this phenomenon. They rarely responded ocularly and manually to LVF stimuli, whereas they were unable to inhibit an automatic ocular orienting reaction towards RVF stimuli. When a RVF stimuli triggered both ocular and attentional shifts, the pattern of responses revealed a retinal eccentricity effect. Patients were more accurate to respond to stimuli located at 8° than 20°. In contrast, when a RVF stimuli triggered only attentional shifts, the results showed the attentional gradient effect (Iiidavas, 1990). Patients were more accu- rate to respond to stimuli located at 20° than 8°. Therefore, the results of the present study seem to suggest a functional dissociation of the mechanisms subserving attentional and gaze orienting and a differential role played by the frontal and parietal lobes in overt visual orienting.
Brain Activation in Young and Older Adults During Implicit and Explicit Retrieval
Authors: Bäckman Lars , Almkvist Ove , Andersson Jesper , Nordberg Agneta , Winblad Bengt , Reineck Robert , Långström Bengt 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPositron emission tomography was used to study regional cerebral blood flow (H2 15O method) in groups of young and older adults during implicit and explicit retrieval, following a procedure devised by Squire et al. (1992). At study, subjects were exposed to four lists of words. Following list presentation, subjects were presented with three-letter word stems under four conditions: (1) silent viewing, (2) completion of word stems that could not form words from the study list, with the instruction to provide the first word that came to mind (baseline), (3) completion of word stems, half of which could form words from the study list, with the instruction to provide the first word that came to mind (priming), and (4) completion of word stems, half of which could form words from the study list, with the instruction to use the stems as cues for recall of list words (memory). The behavioral data indicated an agerelated deficit in cued recall that was reduced in priming. Both age groups showed a similar decrease of blood flow in right posterior cortex during priming relative to baseline. During cued recall, bilateral increases of blood flow were observed in prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus for both age groups. The young adults showed selective increases of activity in left cerebellum and Wernicke's area, whereas the older adults showed a selective bilateral activation in the perirhinal region of the medial-temporal cortex during cued recall. The results suggest a simiiar biological basis of priming in both age groups: a decrease in the neural activity required to process a particular stimulus during a subsequent encounter compared with a previous one. In addition, the importance of prefrontal regions for conscious retrieval was substantiated and extended to late adulthood. Finally, the agedifferential activations observed during cued recall were discussed relative to prominent concepts in the current literature on cognitive aging (e.g., speed of processing, self-initiated operations, cross-modal recoding).
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Prefrontal Cortex Delays Contralateral Endogenous Saccades
Authors: Ro Tony , Henik Avishai , Machado Liana , Rafal Robert D. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The contributions of the superior prefrontal cortex (SPFC) and the superior parietal lobule (SPL) in generating voluntary endogenous and reflexive visually guided saccades were investigated using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Subjects made choice saccades to the left or right visual field in response to a central arrowhead (endogenous go signal) or a peripheral asterisk (exogenous go signal) that were presented along with a single TMS pulse at varying temporal intervals. TMS over the SPFC increased latencies for saccades made in response to an endogenous go signal toward the contralateral hemifield. No effects were observed when the go signal was exogenous and TMS was over the SPFC or when TMS was over the SPL for either saccade type. The delayed contralateral endogenous saccades observed in this study are likely a consequence of disruption in the normal operations of the human frontal eye field.
Visual Imagery Facilitates Visual Perception: Psychophysical Evidence
Authors: Ishai Alumit , Sagi Dov 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Visual imagery is the invention or recreation of a perceptual experience in the absence of retinal input.The degree to which the same neural representations are involved in both visual imagery and visual perception is unclear. Previous studies have shown that visual imagery interferes with perception (Perky effect). We report here psychophysical data showing a direct facilitatory effect of visual imagery on visual perception. Using a lateral masking detection paradigm of a Gabor target, flanked by peripheral Gabor masks, observers performed imagery tasks that were preceded by perceptual tasks. We found that both perceived and imaginary flanking masks can reduce contrast detection threshold. At short target-to-mask distances imagery induced a threshold reduction of 50% as compared with perception, while at long target-to-mask distances imagery and perception had similar facilitatory effect. The imagery-induced facilitation was specific to the orientation of the stimulus, as well as to the eye used in the task. These data indicate the existence of a stimulus-specific short-term memory system that stores the sensory trace and enables reactivation of quasi-pictorial representations by topdown processes. We suggest that stimulus parameters dominate the imagery-induced facilitation at short target-to-mask distances, yet the topdown component contributes to the effect at long target-to-mask distances.
Intact Perceptual Priming in a Patient with Damage to the Anterior Inferior Temporal Lobes
Authors: Srinivas Kavitha , Breedin Sarah D. , Coslett H. Branch , Saffran Eleanor M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We conducted three experiments to examine whether the anterior portion of the inferior temporal (IT) lobe is involved in the processing of visual objects in humans. In monkeys, damage to this region results in severe deficits in perception and in memory for visual objects. Our study was designed to examine both these processes in a patient (DM) with bilateral damage to the anterior portion of the inferior temporal lobe. Neuropsychological examination revealed a significant semantic impairment and a mild deficit in the discrimination of familiar objects from nonobjects. Despite these difficulties, the results of several studies indicated that DM was able to form and retain descriptions of the structure of objects. Specifically, DM showed normal perceptual priming for familiar and novel objects on implicit memory tests, even when the objects were transformed in size and left-right orientation. These results suggest that the anterior IT is not'involved in (1) the storage of pre-existing structural descriptions of known objects, (2) the ability to create new structural descriptions for novel objects, and (3) the ability to compute descriptions that are invariant with respect to changes in size and reflection. Instead, the anterior IT appears to provide the interface between structural descriptions of objects and their meanings.
Mamillary Body Lesions in Monkeys Impair Object-in-Place Memory: Functional Unity of the Fornix-Mamillary System
Authors: Parker Amanda , Gaffan David 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Six monkeys were trained preoperatively in an automated object-in-place memory task in which they learned 20 new scenes in each daily session. Three of the six monkeys then received stereotaxically guided bilateral mamillary body lesions, leaving the fornix intact, while the other three received a control operation. Postoperatively the control animals' rate of learning new scenes was unchanged, but the animals with mamillary body lesions showed a severe impairment, equal to that seen in previous experiments after fornix transection. All six animals were then given fornix transection, in addition to the existing mamillary or control operation. The control group now showed, after fornix transection, an impairment equal to that of the animals with mamillary body lesions alone. But the animals with mamillary body lesions did not show any additional impairment following fornix transection. We conclude that (1) the role of the mamillary bodies in a model of human episodic memory is as important as the role of the fornix, (2) the fornix and mamillary bodies form a single functional memory system, since the effect of lesions in both parts is no more severe than the effects of a lesion in one of the parts alone, and (3) the idea that the functional effects of fornix transection result from cholmergic deafferentation of the hippocampus receives no support from the present results; rather, they support the idea that in primates the fornix and mamillary bodies, together with connected structures, including the subiculum, mamillo-thalamic tract, anterior thalamic nuclei, and cingulate bundle, form a cortico-cortical association pathway for episodic memory.
Common Blood Flow Changes across Visual Tasks: II. Decreases in Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Shulman Gordon L. , Fiez Julie A. , Corbetta Maurizio , Buckner Randy L. , Miezin Francis M. , Raichle Marcus E. , Petersen Steven E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Nine previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies of human visual information processing were reanalyzed to determine the consistency across experiments of blood flow decreases during active tasks relative to passive viewing of the same stimulus array. Areas showing consistent decreases during active tasks included posterior cingulate/precuneous (Brodmann area, BA 31/7), left (BAS 40 and 39/19) and right (BA 40) inferior parietal cortex, left dorsolateral frontal cortex (BA S), left lateral inferior frontal cortex (BA 10/47), left inferior temporal gyrus @A 20), a strip of medial frontal regions running along a dorsal-ventral axis (BAs 8, 9, 10, and 32), and the right amygdala.
Experiments involving language-related processes tended to show larger decreases than nonlanguage experiments. This trend mainly reflected blood flow increases at certain areas in the passive conditions of the language experiments (relative to a fixation control in which no task stimulus was present) and slight blood flow decreases in the passive conditions of the nonlanguage experiments. When the active tasks were referenced to the fixation condition, the overall size of blood flow decreases in language and nonlanguage tasks were the same, but differences were found across cortical areas. Decreases were more pronounced in the posterior cingulate/precuneous (BAS 31/7) and right inferior parietal cortex (BA 40) during language-related tasks and more pronounced in left inferior frontal cortex (BA 10/47) during nonlanguage tasks.
Blood flow decreases did not generally show significant differences across the active task states within an experiment, but a verb-generation task produced larger decreases than a read task in right and left inferior parietal lobe (BA 40) and the posterior cingulate/precuneous (BA 31/7), while the read task produced larger decreases in left lateral inferior frontal cortex (BA 10/47). These effects mirrored those found between experiments in the language-nonlanguage comparison.
Consistent active minus passive decreases may reflect decreased activity caused by active task processes that generalize over tasks or increased activity caused by passive task processes that are suspended during the active tasks. Increased activity during the passive condition might reflect ongoing processes, such as unconstrained verbally mediated thoughts and monitoring of the external environment, body, and emotional state.
Infants Attribute Value± to the Goal-Directed Actions of Self-propelled Objects
Authors: Premack David , Premack Ann James 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Motion is a fundamental source of information for basic human interpretations; it is basic to the fundamental concept of causality and, the present model argues, equally basic to the fundamental concept of intentionality.
The model is based on two main assumptions: When an infant perceives an object (1) moving spontaneously and (2) displaying goaldirected action, it will interpret the object as intentional and assign to it the unique properties of the psychological domain. The key property tested was: Do infants attribute value to interactions between intentional objects using criteria specified by the model?
We showed infants (average age 52 weeks) computer-generated animations of spontaneously moving “balls,” using looking time in a standard habituation/dishabituation paradigm. In two positive interactions, one ball either “caressed” another, or “helped” it achieve its goal; whereas in two negative interactions, one ball either “hit“ another, or “prevented” it from achieving its goal. In keeping with predictions of the model, when transferred to a negative condition, infants who had been habituated on a positive condition showed greater dishabituation than those habituated on a negative condition. The results could not be easily explained by the similarity relations among the animations depicting the interactions.
The results suggest that well before the age when the child can ascribe mental states or has a “theory of mind,” it recognizes the goals of self-propelled objects and attributes value to the interactions between them.
The Challenges Faced by the Iraqi High Tribunal: The Dujail Trial
Authors: Folsché Céline 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFrom its creation as an "internationalized domestic tribunal" until the execution of his first sentence in the Dujail case, the Iraqi High Tribunal has been criticized by States, International as well as Non-Governmental Organizations and scholars. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the first and most expected decision of the Iraqi High Tribunal: the condemnation and execution of the former dictator Saddam Hussein.The first part of the article describes the controversy over the choice of tribunal and explains how, in the context of the multiplication of international and hybrid criminal bodies, the decision of the Iraqi government to create a domestic court with some international law elements has added fuel to the criticisms and complicated the task of the Tribunal to render justice.The second part of the article scrutinizes the Tribunal decision in the Dujail case. The International Community was eager to read how the Tribunal would deal with the exceptions to the competence raised by the defendants. Despite a very lengthy decision, the response of the Tribunal was not entirely satisfactory. Furthermore, the aspects of the merit dealing with international law precedents were quite disappointing.Finally, the third part of the article examines the legality of the death penalty. Saddam Hussein and his co-defendants were hanged immediately after a short and fast appeal procedure. Consequently, the reactions towards the execution have been strong and highly critical.
An Automated Radar Technique for the Identification of Tropical Precipitation
Authors: Xu Xiaoyong , Howard Kenneth , Zhang Jian 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A radar-based automated technique for the identification of tropical precipitation was developed to improve quantitative precipitation estimation during extreme rainfall events. The technique uses vertical profiles of reflectivity to identify the potential presence of warm rain (i.e., tropical rainfall) microphysics and delineates the tropical rainfall region to which the tropical Z–R relationship is applied. The performance of the algorithm is examined based on case studies of five storms that produced extreme precipitation in the United States. Results demonstrate relative improvements in radar-based quantitative precipitation estimation through the automated identification of tropical rainfall and the subsequent adaptation of the tropical Z–R relation to account for the potential warm rain processes.