bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SERUM FSH, LH AND PROLACTIN IN NORMAL MALES AND PATIENTS WITH PROSTATIC DISEASES
Authors: HAMMOND G. L. , KONTTURI M. , MÄÄTTÄLÄ P. , PUUKKA M. , VIHKO R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum FSH, LH and prolactin were measured in fifty‐eight normal males between 30 and 80 years of age. At the same time, similar estimations were performed on samples taken from 232 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and twenty‐six patients with prostatic carcinoma. The three groups were compared with respect to age, and it was observed that significant rises related to age occurred in the serum levels of FSH, LH and prolactin in normal men after the sixth decade. The patient groups did not differ significantly from each other, or from the normal age‐matched population in respect to prolactin and FSH levels. Serum LH in both the carcinoma and BPH patient groups, however, differed significantly from the controls, and remained at the level associated with younger normal males. It is suggested that testosterone metabolites from the prostate exert a negative feedback on pituitary LH secretion.
AMILORIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM AND ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: KREMER D. , BODDY K. , BROWN J. J. , DAVIES D. L. , FRASER R. , LEVER A. F. , MORTON J. J. , ROBERTSON J. I. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAmiloride (40 mg/day) was given to nineteen patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. There were significant falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in total exchangeable sodium, and in serum sodium and bicarbonate; while total exchangeable potassium, total body potassium, serum potassium, chloride and urea, and plasma renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone all increased significantly. Amiloride was effective in reducing blood pressure in patients with and without adrenocortical adenoma. No carry‐over effect was seen on withdrawing amiloride. Similar changes were associated with amiloride treatment in five patients with essential hypertension; hyperkalaemia was not observed. Only negligible side‐effects were encountered in the entire series of twenty‐four patients.
THE ROLE OF DOPAMINERGIC DEPLETION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CUSHING'S DISEASE AND THE POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES FOR MEDICAL THERAPY
Authors: LAMBERTS S. W. J. , TIMMERMANS H. A. T. , DE JONG F. H. , BIRKENHÄGER J. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn four patients suffering from pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome plasma ACTH and cortisol were lowered after a single dose of 2.5 mg bromocriptine, but ACTH and cortisol responses to hypoglycaemia remained absent after bromocriptine administration. In contrast, in three of these patients a growth hormone response which had previously been absent appeared to return 3 h after bromocriptine. While untreated, basal prolactin levels were at the upper limit of normal and a subnormal response was seen after hypoglycaemia. With bromocriptine therapy, basal prolactin levels were depressed and no reaction to hypoglycaemia was seen. In three patients 400 μg TRH did not elicit an increase of TSH and growth hormone while a normal increase of prolactin was induced. In one patient a dose of 2.5 mg bromocriptine caused an attack of nausea and hypotension possibly complicated by relative adrenocortical insufficiency. Four patients were studied during treatment with a daily dose of 5–20 mg bromocriptine for 1–20 weeks. In one patient, pituitary‐adrenocortical function escaped three times from the effect of bromocriptine treatment. One patient showed an increase of urinary 17‐OHCS during treatment lasting 7 days. Two other patients responded well to bromocriptine therapy, In one patient the treatment had to be stopped after 7 days because of complaints of extreme muscle weakness, while urinary 17‐OHCS had become low‐normal; in another patient Cortisol Secretion Rate was normalized throughout bromocriptine treatment lasting 20 weeks.Our results suggest that a hypothalamic dopaminergic depletion plays a role in the abnormal ACTH and growth hormone secretion in pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome. The place of bromocriptine in the management of Cushing's disease remains uncertain.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF THYROID HORMONES IN AN INFANT WITH UNTREATED NEONATAL THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: WILKIN T. J. , KENYON EILEEN , ISLES T. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe clinical course from birth and serial measurements of serum T3, T4 and TSH in an infant with untreated neonatal thyrotoxicosis are reported. The thyroid hormone levels fell exponentially with time at rates very much slower than those previously reported for the maternally‐transmitted thyroid stimulating antibody generally thought to cause the disorder. Steady physiological levels of thyroid hormones were achieved after 110 days (serum T3 = 3.4 nmol/1, T4 = 118 nmol/1). TSH first rose to a measurable level after about 90 days.
EVIDENCE FOR A DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY OF METHYSERGIDE IN HUMANS
Authors: OPPIZZI G. , VERDE G. , DE STEFANO L. , COZZI R. , BOTALLA L. , LIUZZI A. , CHIODINI P. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe acute administration of 2 mg of methysergide significantly reduced plasma prolactin levels in nine normal subjects and in seven hyperprolactinaemic patients. The prolactin lowering effect of this drug was abolished by sulpiride. Moreover methysergide lowered plasma GH levels in four out of nine acromegalic patients, who were also responsive to a dopaminergic drug such as bromocriptine. Although methysergide did not significantly blunt the TRH‐induced prolactin release, our data suggest that this drug may affect GH and prolactin release through a dopaminergic mechanism of action. This effect should be taken into account when methysergide is employed as antiserotoninergic drug in neuroendocrinological studies.
LOW SERUM l‐T3 LEVELS IN THE ELDERLY SICK: PROTEIN BINDING, THYROID AND PITUITARY RESPONSIVENESS, AND REVERSE T3 CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: BURROWS A. W. , COOPER E. , SHAKESPEAR R. A. , AICKIN C. M. , FRASER S. , HESCH R.‐D. , BURKE C. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroid function was studied in thirty‐five euthyroid geriatric inpatients to define the relative importance of T4 to T3 conversion or pituitary‐thyroid dysfunction as a cause of low serum T3 concentrations. A previously reported finding of low serum total T3 levels was confirmed, and was associated with a fall in mean unbound T3 to 5.23 pmol/l (6.70 in younger normal subjects) and a rise in unbound T4 to 52.7 pmol/l (36.4 in normals). However, the protein binding of T3 and T4 was weaker in the patients (e.g. per cent unbound T4 increased 1.4 times) despite a mean increase in serum immunoreactive TBG concentration of 30%. Mean serum reverse T3 concentration (rT3) was nearly doubled in the patients (0.42 nmol/l compared with 0.24 in normals) but the correlation between high rT3 and low T3 was not close, and in a fifth of patients low T3 was not associated with high rT3. The T3 response to TSH injection was greater in patients with low T3 levels, and the T4 response smaller. The overall effect of TSH injection was to restore the previously increased T4 to T3 ratio of the patients to normal. The TSH response to TRH was absent in about a third of patients, and delayed in about another quarter, especially, although not exclusively so, in patients with low serum T3. The data suggest that several factors are concerned in the pathogenesis of low serum T3 concentrations in the elderly in hospital. Among these may be a shift in T4 deiodination from T3 to rT3, and hypothalamo‐pituitary TSH dysfunction. But it appears that other undefined factors may be responsible (such as nutrition or steroid levels); the pathogenesis is probably not the same in all patients.
MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM WITH GYNAECOMASTIA DUE TO TESTICULAR 17‐KETOSTEROID REDUCTASE DEFICIENCY
Authors: AKESODE F. ADEMOLA , MEYER WALTER J. , MIGEON CLAUDE J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 28‐year‐old male pseudohermaphrodite with gynaecomastia was raised as a female until the age of 17 years, at which time he developed masculine features (deepening of the voice, development of facial hair, male distribution of body hair and male body habitus) and assumed a male gender role. He had a small phallus with perineal urethra, absence of labioscrotal fusion, presence of vaginal pouch and undescended testes. The testicular biopsy showed hyalinization of the tubular basement membrane, lack of spermatogenesis and hyperplastic Leydig cells. Baseline peripheral plasma studies showed androstenedione concentrations ten times normal, low testosterone, elevated oestrone and elevated gonadotrophins. The in vitro incubation of testicular tissue showed no significant conversion of androstenedione to testosterone. However, two types of peripheral tissues, skin fibroblasts and erythrocytes, had a normal conversion, as did the body overall as measured by the technique of androstenedione constant infusion. These studies demonstrate that the 17‐keto‐steroid reductase deficiency of the patient was limited to the testes.
THYROID FUNCTION AND THYROID REGULATION IN EUTHYROID MEN WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE: EVIDENCE OF MULTIPLE ABNORMALITIES
Authors: GREEN J. R. B. , SNITCHER E. J. , MOWAT N. A. G. , EKINS R. P. , REES LESLEY H. , DAWSON A. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTotal and free serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), basal serum thyrotrophin (TSH) and the serum TSH response to a standard intravenous dose of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) have been measured in fifteen men with liver cirrhosis and in eight alcoholic men with fatty liver change. All the patients studied were clinically euthyroid. In cirrhotics, total T4 and free T4 (FT4) concentrations were normal as were free T3 (FT3) concentrations but total T3 concentrations were significantly reduced and basal TSH concentrations were significantly higher than normal. Alcoholics with fatty liver change had normal basal TSH concentrations and normal total and free thyroid hormone concentrations apart from reduced FT4. Correlation of thyroid function tests with liver function (serum albumin concentration) showed significant positive correlations for serum albumin with both total T3 and FT3 and significant negative correlations with both FT4 and basal TSH. Nine of fifteen cirrhotics had an abnormal serum TSH response to TRH, the commonest abnormal pattern being a delayed response (seven patients). Three of eight alcoholics with fatty liver change also had an abnormal TSH response to TRH. These findings not only show complex disturbances in hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid relationships in chronic liver disease but also provide indirect evidence of reduced extra‐thyroidal conversion of T4 to T3.
LIPID PROFILES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN THE WHICKHAM AREA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THYROID FAILURE
Authors: TUNBRIDGE W. M. G. , EVERED D. C. , HALL R. , APPLETON D. , BREWIS M. , CLARK F. , EVANS J. GRIMLEY , YOUNG E. , BIRD T. , SMITH P. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe age and sex distribution of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), other vascular disorders and serum lipid concentrations and the possible association between these factors and thyroid failure have been examined in a community survey. A past history of IHD occurred in 7.5% of males and 4.8% of females.‘Chest pain on effort’was found in 7.4% of males and 7.8% of females and‘possible infarction’in 5.4% of males and 3.8% of females. Major ECG changes were found in 4.7% of both sexes and minor changes in 6.5% of males and 11% of females. Intermittent claudication was present in 4.8% and cerebrovascular accidents had occurred in 2% of the sample. Diastolic blood pressures greater than 100mmHg were found in 13% of all males and 11% of all females. Cholesterol concentrations were normally distributed. Mean cholesterol rose by approximately 0.25 mmol/1/decade in both sexes to reach a maximum in the 55–64 years age group and declined slightly thereafter. Trigly‐ceride values were skewed to the right and increased by 0.2 mmol/1/decade in males up to the 45–54 years age group and by 0.1 mmol/1/decade in females to a peak in the 65–74 years age group — and declined after these ages. Electrophoresis revealed Type IIa patterns in 3% of males and 9% of females, IIb in 1% of both sexes and Type IV in 13% of males and 3% of females. There was no association in males between IHD and thyroid antibodies or minor degrees of thyroid failure. There was a weak association between minor ECG changes and minor degrees of hypothyroidism (but not thyroid antibodies) in females which was independent of other variables. The significance of this observation depends upon the interpretation of the ECG abnormalities and will only be established by longitudinal studies. No association was noted between lipid concentrations and thyroid antibodies or minor degrees of hypothyroidism.
THE HYPOGLYCAEMIC ACTION OF SOMATOSTATIN IN THE ANAESTHETIZED DOG
Authors: BLAUTH C. I. A. , SÖNKSEN P. H. , TOMPKINS C. V. , BLOOM S. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe hypoglycaemic action of somatostatin was investigated in fasted anaesthetized dogs. An isotopic turnover technique with radioactive D‐[2‐3H] glucose tracer was used to measure the rats of hepatic production and peripheral utilization of glucose before, during, and after a 60 min infusion of 150 μg somatostatin. Plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol and free fatty acids were also measured.Somatostatin infusion caused a fall of plasma glucose demonstrable within 10 min. After 60 min plasma glucose had fallen to 75% of the pre‐infusion concentration. Simultaneously the specific activity of the D‐[2‐3H] glucose increased and calculation of the rates of production and utilization of glucose over 10 min intervals indicated that the mean hepatic production rate of glucose fell to 59% of the pre‐infusion rate while the rate of peripheral utilization of glucose fell to 83% of the pre‐infusion rate. These results show that the hypoglycaemic action of intravenous somatostatin depends exclusively upon the inhibition of hepatic glucose production. This effect may have been partly due to a fall of plasma glucagon concentration and occurred despite a fall of plasma insulin to less than 1 mu 1‐1.
FAMILIAL GOITRE WITH PARTIAL IODINE ORGANIFICATION DEFECT, LACK OF THYROGLOBULIN, AND HIGH LEVELS OF THYROID PEROXIDASE
Authors: NIEPOMNISZCZE HUGO , MEDEIROS‐NETO GERALDO A. , REFETOFF SAMUEL , DEGROOT LESLIE J. , FANG VICTOR S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFrom a sibship of three sisters having congenital goitre and normal hearing, two had impairment of organification of iodide. S1 (4 years old) had goitre since birth, euthyroidism, and a negative perchlorate test. S2 (15 years old) and S3 (13 years old) were hypothyroid, and had radioiodide discharge after potassium perchlorate administration of 19.8% and 26.1%, respectively. Thyroid tissue was obtained at thyroidectomy. Peroxidase activity, in the thyroidal subcellular particles, was found to be qualitatively normal, but quantitatively increased. In the triiodide assay, the activity was: S1 6912 u, S2 2590 u, and S3 3844 u (normal values 900‐1700 u). In the tyrosine‐iodinase assay, the activities, expressed as nmoles of iodide incorporation per gram of tissue, were S1 1046, S2 471, and S3 547 (normal values 220‐410). The activity of the thyroidal NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase, an enzyme possible involved in hydrogen peroxide generation, was: S1 0.084, S2 0.047, and S3 0.055 (normal values 0.018 μEq/min/mg). No thyroglobulin was detected by analytical ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or double immunodiffusion in agar of the supernatant fractions. In patient S3, whose gland was labelled in vivo with 125I, 60% of the total radioactivity of the gland (pooled nodular and paranodular specimens) was in a particulate iodoprotein that was solubilized by trypsin, deoxycholate or digitonin. In the soluble fraction there were two iodoproteins: iodoalbumin, and a second iodoprotein similar to the solubilized particulate iodoprotein.It is postulated that absence of the normal thyroidal receptor protein might be in some cases a cause of iodine organification defect.
A LONG‐TERM FOLLOW UP OF PATIENTS WITH AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE
Authors: KHANGURE M. S. , DINGLE P. R. , STEPHENSON J. , BIRD T. , HALL R. , EVERED D. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA survey in a general practice in the North‐East of England in 1963 detected thyroglobulin antibodies in 16.2% of women and 4.3% of men. High titres of antibodies were found in 4.6% of women and 1.6% of men. Forty‐six subjects with thyroglobulin antibodies (from an original total of fifty‐two) were studied in 1972 and forty of these were studied further in 1975. These subjects were compared with a group of age‐ and sex‐matched controls from the original survey. Three of the subjects had developed overt hypothyroidism by 1975 and a raised serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration was found more frequently in euthyroid subjects previously found to be antibody positive. There was a striking difference in the antibody studies in that only 26% of the previously antibody positive subjects had thyroglobulin antibodies in 1972 and 30% in 1975. A raised serum TSH concentration was found to correlate with cytoplasmic antibodies and particularly with the combination of cytoplasmic and thyroglobulin antibodies.
PLASMA AND PITUITARY THYROTROPHIN (TSH) IN SEVERE AND PROLONGED HYPOTHYROIDISM, AS STUDIED IN THE RAT
Authors: CACICEDO L. , GARCIA M. D. , DE ESCOBAR G. MORREALE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroidectomized rats, kept on a low iodine diet, were killed at 60, 80 and 270 days after thyroidectomy and plasma and pituitary TSH levels measured. Pituitary TSH content was lower in the thyroidectomized rats than in the controls at 60 and 80 days, starting to increase between 60 and 80 days, and reaching higher values than those of the controls by 270 days. Plasma TSH was higher in the thyroidectomized rats than in the controls at all the times studied, but declined markedly between 60 days (17.53 ± 1.98 μg/ml) and 270 days (3.63 ± 0.49 μg/ml). This decrease in plasma TSH levels was accompanied by a decrease in plasma PBI: from 0.69 ± 0.08 μg/dl at 60 days to 0.06 ± 0.01 μg/dl at 270 days. The daily injection of 1.75 μg T4/100 g body weight for 12 days in either thyroidectomized rats or normal intact rats resulted in a decline of plasma TSH levels in both groups. Pituitary TSH content increased in the thyroidectomized rats and decreased in the controls after T4 treatment. Present results agree with previous observations indicating that severe and chronic thyroid hormone deficiency is not accompanied by a progressive increase in circulating TSH levels, though an elevation is always found even in mild or subclinical forms or primary hypothyroidism. They show that in the rat this cannot be accounted for by an impairment of TSH synthesis, as previously suggessted: an impairment of TSH secretion appears more probable.
DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN PLASMA PROLACTIN, GROWTH HORMONE, CORTISOL AND BLOOD GLUCOSE IN LABILE DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: DREJER JENS , HENDRIKSEN CARSTEN , NIELSEN LILL MOLL , BINDER CHRISTIAN , HAGEN CLAUS , KEHLET HENRIK 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn labile diabetes mellitus without ketoacidosis we have studied plasma prolactin levels and a possible causal connection between fluctuation in blood glucose concentration and plasma prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol levels. The hormone concentrations in plasma and blood glucose concentration were determined at 20 min intervals for a 24 h period in six male patients with insulin treated diabetes mellitus. Prolactin varied within the normal range but without any significant rise in relation to sleep in five out of the six patients. Growth hormone levels were low with superimposed secretory peaks. Plasma cortisol showed a normal diurnal rhythm. Blood glucose fluctuated as expected, but the variations and especially the falls in blood glucose to non‐hypoglycaemic levels were not followed by increases in plasma hormone concentrations. No relationship could be demonstrated between the changes in the plasma concentration of prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol.
HIGH LEVEL OF A NERVE GROWTH FACTOR IN THE SERUM OF A PATIENT WITH MEDULLARY CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: BIGAZZI MARIO , REVOLTELLA ROBERTO , Aand SILVIO CASCIANO , VIGNETI ELIANA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe serum of a patient with a familial medullary thyroid carcinoma showed levels of a factor, active in the nerve growth factor (NGF) bioassay and cross‐reacting immunologically with mouse NGF, 20‐1000 times higher than sera from normal controls or from patients with unrelated tumours. Variations of the level of this factor in the serum closely correlated with the progression of the disease. One of the patient's sons, apparently clinically normal, also showed high levels of this factor in the serum, raising the possibility that abnormality in the production of this factor could be present at an early stage of the disease.
EFFECTS OF A FEMINIZING TESTICULAR LEYDIG CELL TUMOUR ON NONTUMOROUS TESTICULAR TISSUE: AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY
Authors: SOHVAL ARTHUR R. , CHURG JACOB , SUZUKI YASUNOSUKE , KATZ NORMAN , GABRILOVE J. LESTER 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe ultrastructural effects of a Leydig cell tumour of the testis on nontumorous testicular tissue have not yet been reported. Described here are the electron microscopic findings in the nonneoplastic testicular tissue of a patient with a feminizing testicular Leydig cell neoplasm. Serial studies were carried out over a period of 3 1/2 years prior to removal of the tumour.The overall general picture was characterized by progressive degeneration of Leydig cells, cells of the germinal series and Sertoli cells. Concomitantly, there was increasing thickening and fibrosis of the tubular walls. Cytoplasmic focal accumulations of glycogen, increasing with the duration of the disease, were conspicuous in many spermatogonia. All of these alterations are nonspecific and are attributable to adverse endocrine effects introduced by the oestrogen‐secreting tumour. They were present bilaterally and were more prominent on the tumour‐bearing side.Attention is drawn to the role of artifacts, fixation technique and degenerative processes in the production and appearance of certain ultrastructural findings, such as ‘light’ and ‘dark’ cells, myelin figures, membranous whorls and focal glycogen accumulations.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF FREE THYROID HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THYROID DISEASE
Authors: YEO P. P. B. , LEWIS M. , EVERED D. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDirect radioimmunoassay of free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) in serum dialysate has been performed in fifty‐two normals, twenty‐one hyperthyroid, and twenty‐one hypothyroid patients. In health, there is an almost equimolar concentration of fT3 and fT4. In hyperthyroidism, the free thyroid hormone concentrations were clearly discriminated from the normals. In a proportion of the symptomatic hypothyroids studied, the free hormone values fell within the normal range, challenging the concept that free thyroid hormone concentrations are the sole determinants of thyroid status. In the population studied, there were statistically significant correlations between fT3 and fT4, as well as the free hormones with their respective total hormone levels. It is concluded that fT3 and fT4 estimations are unlikely to play a major role in the routine investigation of thyroid disease.