bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contributions solicited for Atlas of Marine Glacigenic Features
Authors: Davies Thomas A. 
Published: October 2006

A new atlas of seismic images of marine glacigenic features, planned for publication in late 1995, is now being developed by COLDSEIS, an international working group devoted to seismic facies analysis of marine glacigenic sequences. The atlas will show typical examples of seafloor and subseafloor features seen in glacio‐marine environments and serve as a reference for Quaternary scientists, marine geologists, geophysicists, geotechnical engineers, offshore industry professionals, and students. Features of Arctic, Antarctic, and fjord environments for both regions that are now glaciated and those that underwent Pleistocene glaciation will be included.The atlas will consist of a series of individually authored contributions of brief explanatory text followed by illustrations of both uninterpreted and interpreted data, including seismic sections, side‐scan maps and images, and three‐dimensional data, possibly supplemented by bottom photographs and core data. Multiple views of features as observed by different instruments are of particular interest.
Workshop examines New Zealand volcanic zone
Authors: Simmons S. F. , Bibby H. M. , Houghton B. F. , Cole J. W. , Weaver S. D. 
Published: October 2006

Examination of the deeper structure of the central Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) and the processes of heat and mass transfer associated with this large active silicic volcanic system were the focus of TVZ Workshop '94, held in February 1994 at the Wairakei Research Centre, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand. This multidisciplinary workshop attracted 35 geoscientists, who reviewed current knowledge through oral presentations, field excursions, and small group discussions on controversial issues and new research directions.Central TVZ is a region of intense Quaternary silicic volcanism created during the rapid extension and thinning of young continental crust. It is part of the 250‐km long TVZ continental arc segment, which marks the southernmost part of the Tonga‐Kermadec‐Hikurangi subduction zone.
Chapman Conference delves into double‐diffusive convection
Authors: Fernando H. J. S. , Brandt Alan 
Published: October 2006

A recent AGU Chapman Conference brought together a variety of research groups to review significant advances made in double‐diffusive convection (DDC) over the past decade. This phenomenon occurs when two or more species of different molecular diffusivities make opposing contributions to a stable density gradient, causing fluid motions to develop even in the absence of external driving forces. If more than two components are involved, it is called multicomponent convection.In a double‐diffusive (DD) system, if the fluid is unstably stratified with respect to the slowly diffusive solute and vice versa, narrow fingerlike cells may appear, within which fluid particles may rise and sink. This is known as finger convection. When the fluid system is unstable with respect to the faster diffusing species, a series of convecting layers separated by stable interfaces is formed; such interfaces are known as diffusive interfaces. In the decade following the discovery of DDC, linear stability theories for the finger and diffusive cases were developed and laboratory experiments and oceanic observations on DDC phenomenon were reported. Applications in areas such as fluid dynamics, astrophysics, geology, oceanography, limnology, and energy technology were soon realized.
Mission studies the composition of Earth's middle atmosphere
Authors: Offerman Dirk , Conway Robert R. , White M. Catherine 
Published: October 2006

Remote sensing of the middle atmosphere from Earth orbit has provided a wealth of two‐ and three‐dimensional images over the last 15 years. Although these images have been powerful tools for testing chemical‐dynamical models, they lacked high‐horizontal spatial resolution. In contrast, high‐altitude aircraft experiments provided high spatial resolution along the aircraft flight path at the expense of limited area coverage.The aircraft observations made during the Antarctic and Arctic ozone campaigns proved invaluable in unraveling the respective roles of dynamics and chemistry in the formation of the ozone hole during the austral spring. The importance of high‐resolution easurements is further suggested by the predictions of increasingly detailed three‐dimensional models which show that trace gases are distributed with spatial structures on many scales and that these structures can form clear signatures of specific dynamical activity.
Mission studies Earth's atmosphere and solar input
Authors: Miller Timothy L. , Smith Steven A. , Kaye Jack A. 
Published: October 2006

A space shuttle mission has obtained detailed observations of Earth's middle atmosphere and the Sun's input to the Earth system. The ATLAS‐3 mission employed two atmospheric instruments and four solar instruments to collect data during the November 3–14, 1994, flight. All but one of the mission's instruments performed flawlessly.The first two ATLAS payloads were flown in March 1992 and April 1993. The latest mission was the first to obtain preliminary results in real time. These results included confirmation of dehydration and a dramatic reduction of chlorine‐absorbing nitrogen compounds in the Antarctic polar vortex, surprisingly low concentrations of chlorine nitrate in the polar vortex after the ozone depletion process was complete, and measurements of the absolute solar UV spectrum to within 5%.
Not‐for‐profit status provides benefits, presents challenges
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

AGU was created in 1919 to advance the science of geophysics, the study of Earth and its environment in space. For its first 53 years, AGU was a part of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 1972, when the Union broke away to form a separate entity, its organizers agreed to exclusively support activities related to science and education. No profit would be used for other purposes, and particularly not for the benefit of individuals. On the basis of its mission, AGU was granted not‐for‐profit status by the federal government.To be in this circle of tax‐exempt scientific, educational, charitable, and religious organizations is indeed a privilege that affords significant benefits. AGU receives lower postal rates, the opportunity to receive charitable contributions, exemption from income tax except on unrelated business income, and access to the tax‐exempt bond market.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Two presentations in the Ocean Sciences Section were named Outstanding Student Papers at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.Walter Borowski, who presented “Gas Hydrates, Methane Inventory, and Sulfate Profiles: Predicting Methane Flux and Gas Hydrate Occurrence From Sulfate Profiles in Piston Cores,” is a doctoral student in geology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill working with Charles K. Paull. Borowski earned undergraduate degrees at Case Western Reserve University in geology and biology, and an MS in geology from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. For nine years, he worked as an exploration and production geologist at ARCO Oil and Gas Company. Now his research investigates the effects of gas hydrates on the chemical signatures of pore waters within the continental rise of sediments of the southeastern United States. He will sail as an inorganic geochemist on ODP Leg 164 (Gas Hydrates) later this year.
Omnibus Science R&D Bill passes House
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

In a largely symbolic action that presages other initiatives in the management of federal science programs, the U.S. House of Representatives has passed H.R. 2405, the Omnibus Civilian Science Authorization Act of 1995. The immediate future of the bill remains clouded, as the Senate has not yet taken up the measure, and President Bill Clinton has threatened a veto.In a largely partisan vote—248 to 161— on October 13, the House formally adopted the bill sponsored by Rep. Robert Walker (R‐Pa.) and the leadership of the House Science Committee. H.R. 2405 bundles seven traditionally separate authorization bills for research funding into one broad package. Each of the constituent parts of the omnibus bill has been passed in the House, and those individual authorizations will apply to current science appropriations under consideration by Congress. Those bills establish spending levels for the National Science Foundation (NSF), NASA, the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Global Positioning System Network monitors the western Alps
Authors: Chéry J. , Vigny C. , Meyer B. , Ferhat G. , Anzidei M. , Bayer R. , Boloh L. , Briole P. , Deschamps A. , Feigl K. L. , Gamond J. F. , Geiger A. , Jouanne F. , Kasser M. , Lepape M. , Martinod J. , Ménard G. , Ruegg J. C. , Scheubel J. M. , Walch J. J. 
Published: October 2006

A high‐precision GPS network was installed in the Western Alps in September 1993 to map the movement of the African and Eurasian plates in the Mediterranean region. The GPS measurements will explain how convergence is distributed in the Western Alps, the largest, highest, and most deformed range in the Alpine collision zone. If a large earthquake strikes the region, the network will also help constrain the dislocation at depth.Measurements of convergence will be made every five years. Global plate motion models predict a north‐south mean convergence rate of 6 mm/yr between the African and Eurasian plates in the Western Mediterranean region (Figure lb). Most of this deformation is probably accommodated in the active mountain belts: the Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, and Maghrebids. Deformation in these structures is complex.
Changing weather report on Jupiter
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

With two months to further refine their data sets according to corrections in instrument calibrations, principal investigators for the Galileo probe of Jupiter are revising their report on the chemistry and weather of the gas giant.The composition of Jupiter's upper atmosphere is more Sun‐like than scientists suggested at a January presentation of probe results (Eos, January 30, 1996). A more comprehensive analysis of data from the helium abundance detector—as well as correlation with the neutral mass spectrometer—reveals that the percentage of helium in the Jovian atmosphere is roughly 24%. That figure is significantly higher than the 13.7% announced in January and is quite close to the composition of the Sun.
Stanley Keith Runcorn (1922–1995)
Authors: Opdyke Neil D. 
Published: October 2006

The life of Keith Runcorn came to an end when he was murdered by an unknown assailant on December 5, 1995, in his hotel room in San Diego. His many friends sorely missed his presence at the AGU Fall meeting, and his death is difficult to accept.Over the last 45 years Keith Runcorn was an important and influential member of the geophysical community who made important contributions to debates related to geomagnetism, paleomagnetism, continental drift, the evolution of planetary interiors, lunar magnetism, the changing length of the day, Earth currents, and the excitation of the Chandler wobble. Runcorn actively pursued research in all of these fields, and some of his ideas were often controversial. It would be fair to say that he never avoided controversy; in fact, he enjoyed it.
Dietrich receives Horton Award
Authors: Howard Alan D. , Dietrich William 
Published: October 2006

The 1995 Robert E Horton Medal was presented to William Dietrich at the AGU Fall Meeting award ceremony in San Francisco, Calif., on December 13, 1995. The medal is given by the Hydrology Section for contributions over a career, with more weight given to the last 5 years. The award citation and Dietrich's response are given here.It is with great pleasure that I present William E. Dietrich with the Robert E. Horton Award. Bill's research exemplifies both in subject area and in excellence the precedent of Robert Horton in coupling hydrology and geomorphology to provide a mechanistic explanation for the relationship between process and form in drainage basins.
Global Change Master Directory enhances search for Earth science data
Authors: Olsen Lola 
Published: October 2006

The Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) offers an on‐line search and retrieval system for those interested in identifying Earth science data sets for educational and research needs. At the heart of the directory is a database of 3400 Earth science entries.It includes references to data held at many federal agencies, universities, and foreign countries. Content is updated and software is upgraded continuously by the GCMD staff. Earth science data set descriptions in the GCMD are written in the Directory Interchange Format (DIF). The DIF has gained interagency and international acceptance in documenting directory‐level information for the Earth sciences. New fields have recently been added to bring the DIF into compliance with the Federal Geographic Data Committee's Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata. These additional new fields allow more complete documentation for all data sets, including those held in Geographic Information Systems.
Methane gas hydrate drilled at Blake Ridge
Authors:   ODP Leg 164 Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: October 2006

Gas hydrate is a solid phase of water and low‐molecular‐weight gases, mostly methane, that forms in marine sediments when gas concentrations are adequate, temperature is low, and pressure is high. Although gas hydrate may be a common phase in the shallow geobiosphere, little is known about it because it is unstable under normal surface conditions.Leg 164 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) studied natural gas hydrate in marine sediment at the Blake Ridge on the continental margin off southeastern North America and found that it occupies more than 1% of the sedimentary section from 200 to 450 m below seafloor (mbsf). At the Blake Ridge, free gas is dispersed throughout a region a few hundred meters thick beneath the gas hydrate—bearing zone. Coupled with geophysical data indicating that gas hydrate occurs throughout a laterally extensive portion of the Blake Ridge, the drilling confirmed that these sediments contain enormous amounts of methane.
Colbeck appointed Editor of Water Resources Research
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Samuel Colbeck will begin a four‐year term as editor of Water Resources Research, beginning January 1,1997. He succeeds George Hornberger of the University of Virginia.Colbeck has been an active member of AGU, and a Fellow since 1992. Colbeck received AGU's Horton Award in 1980. He is also a participant on several National Academy of Sciences committees, the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), and the International Glaciological Society. His service ranges from his participation on the Hydrological Section Executive Committee (1992–1993) to his chairmanship of the IAHS' Working Group on Snow Classification, International Commission on Snow and Ice (1986–1990). Most recently, Colbeck chaired the Union's Budget and Finance Committee (1944–1996). He is also a founding member of the American Association of Avalanche Professionals.
Aging of oceanic crust at the Southern East Pacific Rise
Authors: Weigel W. , Grevemeyer I. , Kaul N. , Villinger H. , Lüdmann T. , Wong H. K. 
Published: October 2006

The oceanic crust covers almost 57% of the Earth's surface and is created by seafloor spreading at mid‐ocean ridges. Although crustal structure is similar everywhere, seismic experiments near spreading ridges indicate that seismic velocities in the top of the igneous crust are typically much lower than those in mature oceanic crust. While profound differences between juvenile and mature crust have long been recognized, little is known about the relationship between crustal aging and the properties of oceanic crust.German researchers from the Universities of Hamburg and Bremen explored seafloor created over the last 8 million years at the “super‐fast” spreading East Pacific Rise south of the Garrett Fracture Zone (14–16°S) during a 52‐day marine geophysical survey aboard the R/V Sonne. The seafloor in that area spreads at a rate of 150 mm/yr. The researchers studied age‐dependent trends in the structure and properties of upper oceanic crust; this was the first study in nearly two decades to use an integrated approach to study variations and heat transfer in the upper crustal structure.
Autonomous underwater vehicle maps seafloor
Authors: Tivey Maurice A. , Bradley Albert , Yoerger Dana , Catanach Rodney , Duester Alan , Liberatore Steve , Singh Hanu 
Published: October 2006

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs)—which operate without a tether or human supervision—represent an emerging technology that can be used to solve many scientific problems in the deep ocean, the last unexplored frontier on Earth. AUVs are well suited to “lawn‐mower” style geophysical surveys for mapping bathymetry, magnetic field, or water column properties. They are fast and efficient synoptic mappers and are inexpensive to operate.Manned submersibles and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) allow intensive study of an area, but can remain at a site for only a few hours, days, or weeks. AUVs can remain in an area gathering data in between submersible and ROV visits to provide information on temporal variations and can respond rapidly to events such as volcanic eruptions when large oceanographic vessels and equipment cannot be mobilized quickly.
Mountain building and active deformation studied in New Zealand
Authors: Stern T. A. , Wannamaker P. E. , Eberhart‐Phillips D. , Okaya D. , Davey F. J. ,   South Island Project Working Group
Published: October 2006

Strong, eastward dipping (∼40°) reflectors found 23 km below the central South Island were recorded by a joint U.S.‐New Zealand geophysical project during austral summer 1995–1996. When projected to the surface, the reflectors define a plane that coincides with the surface trace of the Alpine Fault (Figure 1).Data processing is still at an early stage, but preliminary results, reported at a workshop held at Victoria University of Wellington February 17–19, 1997, give an overall picture of asymmetric crustal thickening and active processes in the mid to lower crust. A jump in crustal thickness of about 20 km is inferred across the Alpine Fault, and the locus of thickening does not occur beneath the highest mountains, but is imaged at least 20 km farther to the east. Low seismic velocities and high electrical conductivity roughly coincide with the strong eastward‐dipping reflections in the mid to lower crust. Excess fluids and high pore pressure probably explain both the low seismic velocities and high electrical conductivity.
Mars has crustal, complex magnetic field
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Scientists working on the Mars Global Surveyor project announced last week that new satellite evidence indicates that the magnetic field around Mars is most likely of crustal rather than dynamo origin. They also say that the field is much stronger than previously anticipated and that it could greatly vary in strength in different locations on the planet.“Based on evidence collected over several orbits, we now have strong evidence that the field is of crustal origin,” says Mario Acuña, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center who is the principal investigator for the magnetometer and electron reflectometer instruments on the satellite.
Comment on “Climate control requires a dam at the Strait of Gibraltar”
Authors: Marotzke Jochem , Adcroft Alistair 
Published: October 2006

While we appreciate the editor's desire to publish contributions of general scientific interest, societal relevance, and controversial nature, Eos should not sacrifice scientific rigor to achieve this. Publication of "Climate Control Requires a Dam at the Strait of Gibraltar" by R. G. Johnson (Eos, July 8,1997) was irresponsible. The connection between Mediterranean salinity and ice age initiation is only postulated but not substantiated through quantitative reasoning supported by data.Climate is complex because many competing feedbacks act simultaneously. Even if every single one of the hypothesized mechanisms were correct, there would always be competing effects, so quantitative analysis is needed to determine the net response. For example, it is hypothesized that a warming of the Labrador Sea would lead to additional land ice formation, but one could argue equally well that the extra ice would simply melt because the surroundings were warmer. Some of the postulated mechanisms are blatantly inconsistent with what is known about fluid mechanics (e.g., the existence of the “fluidic switch,” through which, apparently, a tiny current can deflect a large one) or about climate dynamics (if global warming could indeed lead to an ice age, i.e., global cooling, current climate would be unstable).
Physical Properties of Rocks: Fundamentals and Principles of Petrophysics
Authors: Wilkens Roy H. 
Published: October 2006

When you get right down to it, most of what geoscientists believe they know about the structure and workings of the solid earth is based very little on direct observation and to a great extent on interpreting geophysical measurements. The mortar that has been used to build that understanding—the ties between what we can get our hands on and what we can only measure—is petrophysics.Laboratory measurements of shear and compressional wave velocity, density, porosity, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, and a host of other properties have been carried out many thousands of times under differing conditions in laboratories throughout the world. While physical models and empirical relationships interrelating these properties have been built over time, curiously few attempts have been made to summarize this wide array of work in a single volume. Books focusing on laboratory techniques, particular properties (most notably acoustics), or physical theories have been written; however, when a student enters my office looking for help in translating seismic velocities in a particular setting into density, porosity, or lithology, I still find myself handing him or her a list of papers and book chapters rather than a single source. No more.
Survey Provides Seismic Insights Into an Old Suture Zone
Authors: Krawczyk Charlotte M. 
Published: October 2006

Initial results of a new marine survey in the Baltic Sea may shed light on the hotly debated geodynamic evolution of the complex North German Basin. Data reveal continuation of fault structures mapped onshore,s edimentary inversion structures, deep crustal and upper mantle structures, and the Moho depth.Fault‐bounded half grabens of the Triassic Age were imaged, for example, and these were almost invariably inverted during the Cretaceous [Er/strom et a/., 1997]. This differs completely from structures found so far in other parts of the basin, which shows little extensional faulting and inversion at its southern rim profile. Data also suggest collision tectonics with flake geometry in the basin. This may help to solve the evolutionary puzzle of whether Baltica overrode Avalonia during collision or whether the structures represent older deformation.