bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic pulsed‐wave radiation in spherical models of dispersive biological substances
Authors: Moten Krishnan , Durney Carl H. , Stockham Thomas G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn analytical studies, we investigated induced‐field patterns and SAR distributions in a lossy, dispersive, homogeneous, dielectric sphere typical of muscle tissue as irradiated by a plane‐wave pulse train consisting of a pulse‐modulated sinusoidal carrier wave. Calculations were made for carrier frequencies of 1, 3, and 15 GHz, pulse widths of 0.333, 2.0 and 4 ns, and pulse repetition rates of 1.11 × 106, 100 × 106, and 181.18 × 106pps. The classical Mie solution was modified for a train of incident pulses that was represented by a Fourier series, and the fast‐Fourier transform was used to sum the series. Computationally, the technique proved to be feasible and less expensive than we expected. The calculated field patterns show that the sphere's physical dimensions and the internal wavelength of the carrier greatly influence the nature of pulse‐train propagation in the sphere. Harmonics having internal wavelengths nearly equal to the radius of the sphere produce most of the absorption; other harmonics produce little absorption. An intense hot spot is observed in spheres with radii that match the carriers' wavelengths.
Magnetic field exposure assessment for adult residents of maine who live near and far away from overhead transmission lines
Authors: Kavet Robert , Silva J. Michael , Thornton David 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSixty‐Hz magnetic field exposures were measured for 45 adult residents of Maine. Thirty of the subjects resided near rights‐of‐way (ROWs) with either 345‐ and 115‐kV transmission lines, or ROWs with only 115‐kV transmission lines; fifteen resided far from any transmission lines. Personal exposure data for a single 24‐hour period was acquired with the EMDEX. The EMDEX's event‐marker button was used to partition exposures into Home and Away components. Also, three area measurements were taken for each subject during the personal exposure measurement period: 1) 24‐hr fixed‐site bedroom measurement with a second EMDEX; 2) Spot measurements in at least three rooms of every residence; and 3) Spot measurements outside each residence. Residence near transmission lines highly loaded during the measurement period was associated with increased Home and Total exposure relative to a far‐away population. Average exposure level while away from home was uniform (at about 2 mG) throughout the study population. On a quantitative level, Home exposure was correlated equivalently with Spot‐In (r = .70) and the 24‐hr fixed site measurement (r = .68). Correlations of area measurements with Total exposure were weaker because of the dilution effect of Away exposure (r = .64 for Spot‐In; r = .61 for 24‐h Bedroom). Away and Home exposures were not correlated (r = .14), which reinforced our confidence that the participants used the EMDEX correctly. The data suggest the need for caution before inferences are drawn about total personal exposure from area measurements. The study demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining valid measures of magnetic‐field exposure with the personal exposure monitors that have been developed.
Bursting responses of Lymnea neurons to microwave radiation
Authors: Bolshakov M. A. , Alekseev S. I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMicroelectrode and voltage‐clamp techniques were modified to record spontaneous electrical activity and ionic currents of Lymnea stagnalis neurons during exposure to a 900‐MHz field in a waveguide‐based apparatus. The field was pulse‐modulated at repetition rates ranging from 0.5 to 110 pps, or it was applied as a continuous wave (CW). When subjected to pulsed waves (PW), rapid, burst‐like changes in the firing rate of neurons occurred at SARs of a few W/kg. If the burst‐like irregularity was present in the firing rate under control conditions, irradiation enhanced its probability of occurrence. The effect was dependent on modulation, but not on modulation frequency, and it had a threshold SAR near 0.5 W/kg. CW radiation had no effect on the firing rate pattern at the same SAR. Mediator‐induced, current activation of acetyl‐choline, dopamine, serotonin, or gamma‐aminobutyric‐acid receptors of the neuronal soma was not altered during CW or PW exposures and, hence, could not have been responsible for the bursting effect. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Opioid receptor subtypes that mediate a microwave‐induced decrease in central cholinergic activity in the rat
Authors: Lai H. , Carino M. A. , Horita A. , Guy A. W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe performed experiments to investigate subtypes of opioid receptors in the brain involved in the effect of acute (45 min) pulsed microwave exposure (2,450‐MHz, 2‐μs pulses, 500 pps, average power density 1 mW/cm2, peak‐power density, 1 W/cm2, average whole body SAR 0.6 W/kg) on cholinergic activity in the rat brain. Rats were pretreated by microinjection of specific antagonists of μ, δ, and κ opioid‐receptors into the lateral cerebroventricle before exposure to microwaves. The data showed that all three subtypes of opioid receptors are involved in the microwave‐induced decrease in cholinergic activity in the hippocampus. However, the microwave‐induced decrease in cholinergic activity in the frontal cortex was not significantly affected by any of the drug treatments, confirming our previous conclusion that the effect of microwaves on the frontal cortex is not mediated by endogenous opioids. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modification of acoustic startle by microwave pulses in the rat: A preliminary report
Authors: Seaman Ronald L. , Beblo Dolores A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSingle, 1.25‐GHz microwave pulses of 0.8‐ to 1.0‐μs duration were presented to each of four rats 100 ms before presentation of a startle‐inducing acoustic stimulus. This sequential pairing of microwave pulse and acoustic stimulus was found to modify the startle response. At an energy dose to the head of 22–43 mJ/kg per pulse (peak SAR, 23–48 kW/kg), the mean latency to the startle response was longer and the mean amplitude of the response was smaller with respect to control responses that occurred to acoustic stimuli alone. However, at a higher energy dose per microwave pulse in the range of 59–107 mJ/kg (peak SAR, 63–111 kW/kg), the mean latency and amplitude of the startle response were not statistically different from the respective means of control responses. 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Research on the neurological effects of nonionizing radiation at the university of washington
Authors: Lai Henry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews research on neurological effects of low‐level microwave irradiation, which was performed at the University of Washington, during the decade of the 1980s. We studied in the rat the effects of microwave exposure on the actions of various psychoactive drugs, on the activity of cholinergic systems in the brain, and on the neural mechanisms involved. Our results indicate that endogenous opioids play an important mediating role in some of the neurological effects of microwaves, and that parameters of microwave exposure are important determinants of the outcome of the microwave effects. 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of magnetic fields on mammary tumor development induced by 7, 12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in rats
Authors: Mevissen Meike , Stamm Andreas , Buntenkötter Siegfried , Zwingelberg Reinhard , Wahnschaffe Ulrich , Löscher Wolfgang 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA series of epidemiological studies have indicated associations between exposure to magnetic fields (MFs) and a variety of cancers, including breast cancer. In order to test the possibility that MF acts as a cancer promoter or copromoter, four separate experiments have been conducted in rats in which the effects of chronic exposure to MFs on the development of mammary tumors induced by 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) were determined. Female rats were exposed in magnetic coils for 91 days (24 h/day) to either alternating current (AC; 50 Hz)‐MF or direct current (DC)‐MF. Magnetic flux density of the DC‐MF was 15 mT. Two AC‐MF exposures used a homogeneous field with a flux density of 30 mT (rms); one used a gradient field with flux density ranging from 0.3–1 μT. DMBA (5 mg) was administered orally at the onset of MF exposure and was repeated thrice at intervals of 1 week. In each experiment, 18–36 animals were exposed in 6 magnetic coils. The same number of rats were used as sham‐exposed control. These control animals were treated with DMBA and were placed in dummy coils in the same room as the MF‐exposed rats. Furthermore, groups of age‐matched rats (reference controls) were treated with DMBA but housed in another room to exclude any MF exposure due to the magnetic stray field from the MF produced by coils. At the end of the exposure or sham‐exposure period, tumor number and weight or size of tumors were determined at necropsy. Results were as follows: In sham‐exposed animals or reference controls, the tumor incidence varied between 50 and 78% in the 4 experiments. The average number of mammary tumors per tumor‐bearing animal varied between 1.6 and 2.9. In none of the experiments did MFs significantly alter tumor incidence, but in one of the experiments with AC‐MF exposure at 30 mT, the number of tumors per tumor‐bearing animal was significantly increased. Furthermore, exposure to a DC‐MF at 15 mT significantly enhanced the tumor weight. Exposure to a gradient AC‐MF at 0.3–1 μT exerted no significant effects. These experiments seem to indicate that MFs at high flux densities may act as a promoter or copromoter of breast cancer. However, this interpretation must be considered only a tentative conclusion because of the limitations of this study, particularly the small sample size used for MF exposure and the lack of repetition of data. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Effects of 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields on maturation of the rat neopallium
Authors: Yu Mang C. , Gona Amos G. , Gona Ophelia , Al‐Rabiai Suad , Von Hagen Stanley , Cohen Edwin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF; 60 Hz) electromagnetic (EM) fields on somatic growth and cortical development, as well as biochemical and morphological maturation, of the rat neopallium. On the fifth day of pregnancy, female rats were put in pairs into plastic cages that were housed in a specially constructed apparatus for irradiation under three separate sets of combination and intensity: 1) 1 kV/m and 10 gauss; 2) 100 kV/m and 1 gauss; and 3) 100 kV/m and 10 gauss. The dams were exposed for 23 h daily, from days 5 through 19 postconception after which they were returned to cages outside the exposure apparatus until they littered. The neonates were culled to eight pups per litter. At 0 (birth), 5, 12, and 19 days postnatally, they were killed for biochemical and morphological studies. Another group of pregnant rats was sham‐exposed in an identical apparatus, which was not energized, and the pups were used as controls. The irradiated rats exhibited no physical abnormalities, nor did they show brain deformities such as swelling or herniation following exposure to ELF‐EM fields. There was no difference in somatic growth between control and exposed rats, but a small reduction in cortical weight was observed in rats exposed at 1 kV/m and 10 gauss, and 100 kV/m and 1 gauss, respectively. Biochemical measurements of DNA. RNA, protein, and cerebroside concentrations indicated that among the three separate exposures, only the neopallium of rats exposed at 1 kV/m and 10 gauss showed a small reduction in DNA level, as well as small reductions in RNA and protein levels. No changes were noticed in cerebroside levels in any exposed animals, and there were no differences in protein/DNA and cerebroside/DNA ratios between control and exposed rats. Morphological observations did not reveal any detectable alterations in the irradiated rats. These results indicate that exposure to ELF‐EM fields caused minimal or no changes in somatic growth and cerebral development of the rat. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pain control using high‐intensity pulsed magnetic stimulation
Authors: Ellis Wladislaw V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHigh‐intensity pulsed magnetic stimulation (HIPMS) non‐invasively depolarizes neurones, which can be deeply embedded in local tissues. Trans‐ or subcutaneous electrical stimulation can produce analgesia. To test the hypothesis that similar analgesia could be obtained using HIPMS, analgesia was determined in ten blinded subjects following HIPMS. Analgesia was consistently produced in all subjects with long‐lasting pain relief occurring in half of the cases. ©1993 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Characteristics of microwave evoked body movements in mice
Authors: Brown Dennis O. , Lu Shin‐Tsu , Elson Edward C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMicrowave evoked body movements were studied in mice. A resonant cavity was used to provide head and neck exposure of the mouse to pulsed and gated continuous wave (CW) 1.25 GHz microwaves. No difference in response to pulsed and gated CW stimuli of equal average power was found. The incidence of the microwave evoked body movements increased proportionally with specific absorption (dose) when the whole‐body average specific absorption rate was at a constant level (7300 W/kg). Under a constant average specific absorption rate, the response incidence reached a plateau at 0.9 kJ/kg. For doses higher than 0.9 kJ/kg, response incidence was proportional to the specific absorption rate and reached a plateau at 900 W/kg. Body movements could be evoked by a single microwave pulse. The lowest whole‐body specific absorption (SA) tested was 0.18 kJ/kg, and the corresponding brain SA was 0.29 kJ/kg. Bulk heating potentials of these SAs were less than 0.1 °C. For doses higher than 0.9 kJ/kg, the response incidence was also proportional to subcutaneous temperature increment and subcutaneous heating rate. The extrapolated absolute thresholds (0% incidence) were 1.21 °C temperature increment and 0.24 °C/s heating rate. Due to high subcutaneous heating rates, these microwaves must be perceived by the mouse as an intense thermal sensation but not a pain sensation because the temperature increment was well below the threshold for thermal pain. Results of the present study should be considered in promulgation of personnel protection guideline against high peak power but low average power microwaves. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sinusoidal 60 Hz electromagnetic fields failed to induce changes in protein synthesis in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kropinski Andrew M. , Morris William C. , Szewczuk Myron R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEscherichia coli JM83 {F− ara Δ(lac‐proAB) rpsL [ϕ80dΔ(lacZ)M15]} in midlog growth phase at 30 °C were exposed to 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field of 3 mT of nonuniform diverging flux, inducing a nonuniform electric field with a maximum intensity of 32 μV/cm using an inductor coil. Exposed and unexposed control cells were maintained at 30.8 ± 0.1 °C and 30.5 ± 0.1 °C, respectively. Quadruplicate samples of exposed and unexposed E. coli cells were simultaneously radiolabeled with 35S‐L‐methionine at 10 min intervals over 2 hr. Radiochemical incorporation into proteins was analyzed via liquid scintillation counting and by denaturing 12.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results showed that E. coli exposed to a 60 Hz magnetic field of 3 mT exhibited no qualitative or quantitative changes in protein synthesis compared to unexposed cells. Thus small prokaryotic cells (less than 2 μm × 0.5 μm) under constant‐temperature conditions do not alter their protein synthesis following exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields at levels at 3 mT. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral sensitivity of rats to extremely‐low‐frequency magnetic fields
Authors: Smith Robert F. , Clarke Rex L. , Justesen Don R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWork in our laboratory has revealed autonomic and/or behavioral sensitivity of mice, rats, and a domestic fowl to extremely‐low‐frequency (ELF) or nominally static magnetic (B) fields at flux densities between 250 and 1700 μT (rms). To extend our work, an automated exposure and data‐acquisition system was used with the technique of conditional suppression to assess behavioral sensitivity to time‐varying B fields. Each of five rats was exposed aperiodically to a B field during 3 min warning periods that terminated in a brief electric shock. The difference between rates of lever pressing during B‐field warning periods and rates during immediately antecedent, 3 min control periods was analyzed at frequencies of 7, 16, 30, 60, and 65.1 Hz. To produce equivalent induced voltages in the rat at each frequency, graded flux densities were established that ranged from 1900 μT at 7 Hz to 200 μT at 65.1 Hz. Analysis of differences in lever‐pressing rates revealed that in a given session of testing the rats would increasingly suppress responding when exposed to a B field, but this trend was independent of frequency. This experiment provides evidence of behavioral sensitivity by a mammal to an ELF magnetic field. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conductivity differences distort probe measurements of magnetically induced electric fields
Authors: Miller Douglas L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMeasuring internal induced electric fields in animals with a miniaturized probe involves a potential error related to the difference between the hole conductivity (σh) and the surrounding tissue conductivity (σt). Theory was developed to describe this phenomenon and checked by probe measurements in agar‐filled petri dishes. The value measured in the hole is 2σt/(σh + σt) times the actual field in the tissue. For example, a probe hole in muscle, which is filled with blood, could yield a measurement only about 22% of the true value in the muscle. This potential source of error can be mitigated to some extent by not actually cutting a hole, by using a low‐conductivity (e.g., 0.2 S/m) coupling medium in the hole, or by ensuring contact between the probe's electrodes and the tissue. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields on the pulse rate of human heart
Authors: Korpinen L. , Partanen J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis investigation studied the effects of 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields on the pulse rate of the human heart. The ECG (electrocardiograms) of 41 male volunteers were recorded with a Holter recorder. Twenty‐six subjects were measured in and outside real fields, and 15 subjects were measured in and outside “sham” fields. The blood pressure and EEG (electroencephalogram) were also measured, but this article presents only the results of ECG recordings. The measurements took 3 h. The subjects were first sitting for 1 h outside the fields, then 1 h in the real or “sham” fields, and then, again, 1 h outside the fields. The electric field strength varied from 3.5 to 4.3 kV/m and the magnetic flux density from 1.4 to 6.6 μT. An analysis of the ECG recordings showed that the subjects' pulse rates were the same in and outside the fields. No response occurred when the subjects were exposed to real or “sham” fields. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Weak extremely‐low‐frequency magnetic fields and regeneration in the planarianDugesia tigrina
Authors: Jenrow K. A. , Smith C. H. , Liboff A. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExtremely‐low‐frequency (ELF), low‐intensity magnetic fields have been shown to influence cell signaling processes in a variety of systems, both in vivo and in vitro. Similar effects have been demonstrated for nervous system development and neurite outgrowth. We report that regeneration in planaria, which incorporates many of these processes, is also affected by ELF magnetic fields. The rate of cephalic regeneration, reflected by the mean regeneration time (MRT), for planaria populations regenerating under continuous exposure to combined DC (78.4 μT) and AC (60.0 Hz at 10.0 μTpeak) magnetic fields applied in parallel was found to be significantly delayed (P≪ 0.001) by 48 ± 1 h relative to two different types of control populations (MRT ˜ 140 ± 12 h). One control population was exposed to only the AC component of this field combination, while the other experienced only the ambient geomagnetic field. All measurements were conducted in a low‐gradient, low‐noise magnetics laboratory under well‐maintained temperature conditions. This delay in regeneration was shown to be dependent on the planaria having a fixed orientation with respect to the magnetic field vectors. Results also indicate that this orientation‐dependent transduction process does not result from Faraday induction but is consistent with a Ca2+cyclotron resonance mechanism. Data interpretation also permits the tentative conclusion that the effect results from an inhibition of events at an early stage in the regeneration process before the onset of proliferation and differentiation. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of static magnetic field on specific adenosine‐5′‐triphosphatase activities and bioelectrical and biomechanical properties in the rat diaphragm muscle
Authors: Iteǧgin Mustafa , Günay Ismail , Loǧoǧlu Gülay , Isbir Turgay 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of chronically applied static magnetic field (200 Gauss) on specific ATPase activities and bioelectrical and biomechanical responses in the isolated rat diaphragm muscle. The mean activities of Na+‐K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase determined from the diaphragm homogenates were significantly higher in the magnetic field exposed group (n = 20), but that of Mg2+ ATPase was nonsignificantly lower compared to the control group (n = 13). Resting membrane potential, amplitude of muscle action potential, and overshoot values (mean ± SE) in the control group were found to be −76.5 ± 0.6, 100 ± 0.8, and 23.5 ± 0.6 mV, respectively; these values were determined to be −72.8 ± 0.4, 90.3 ± 0.5, and 17.2 ± 0.4 mV in the magnetic field‐exposed group, respectively. The latency was determined to increase in the experimental group, and all the above‐mentioned bioelectrical differences between the groups were significant statistically. Force of muscle twitch was found to decrease significantly in the magnetic field‐exposed group, and this finding was attributed to the augmenting effect of magnetic field on Ca2+ ATPase activity. These results suggest that magnetic field exposure changes specific ATPase activities and, thence, bioelectrical and biomechanical properties in the rat diaphragm muscle. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of whole‐animal data using the ion parametric resonance model
Authors: Blanchard J. P. , House D. E. , Blackman C. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChanges observed in the behavioral response of land snails from exposure to parallel ac and dc magnetic fields demonstrate limited agreement with the predictions of an interaction model proposed by Lednev and the predictions of a recently proposed ion parametric resonance (IPR) model. However, the inadequate number of reported data points, particularly in a critical exposure range, prevents unambiguous application of either the Lednev or the IPR model. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.