bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fibre Optic Well Monitoring System
Authors: Bjornstad B. , Kvisteroy T. , Eriksrud M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Alcatel Kabel in Norway is developing a downwell monitoring system for permanent installations, based on optical excitation and interrogation of micromachined resonant sensors. The optical measuring concept, integrated with fibre optic communication and in combination with silicon material properties, provide unique sensor system performance, which can meet the requirements of downwell monitoring.
The key components have been developed and comprises; sensor and sensor housing, fibre optic cable, fibre optic cable splices, fibre optic wet mateable connector, and optoelectronic equipment for system operation. The components have been fully characterised and tested in an onshore test well. The test results verify the inherent advantages of optical technology and demonstrate the system's high reliability potential and ability to function in high temperature applications.
The Future of UK Gas Marketing: Impact on North Sea Producers
Authors: Hallas P. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Traditionally, an oil company wishing to develop UK gas reserves almost always faced a protracted gas sales negotiation with British Gas. British Gas then had an effective monopoly in the resale of that gas to final consumers. This traditional pattern is now in a process of fundamental change, as a result oi recent UK gas market re-regulation and the emergence of a new large scale opportunity to sell gas for power generation.
The impact of these changes is still not very well understood outside a relatively small group of gas specialists – but is likely to be significant for British Gas, consumers and UK gas producers. This paper outlines the background to the recent changes, the possible future of UK gas marketing and the likely impact on gas producers in the North Sea.
Experimental Study of Gas Rise Velocity and Its Effect on Bottomhole Pressure in a Vertical Well
Authors: Skalle P. , Podio A. L. , Tronvoll J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A 500 ft vertical well was used to study slip velocity of air in mud and pressure gradients through a 2.93" annulus (5.43 – 2.50") during continuous two phase flow in flowing liquids and in stagnant liquid columns. The well was instrumented to measure liquid- and air flow rate, surface back pressure and annular pressure gradients.
Tests were undertaken with a broad range of air and liquid rates, different liquid properties, and with the injection of air slugs at different rate combinations. It was possible to detect these slugs as they passed the pressure transducers in the annulus. Results were applied to determine gas rise velocity.
Correlation has been developed for gas rise velocity, which was used to estimate gas and liquid hold up. The in situ gas velocity and terminal settling velocity were determined for both dispersed bubbly flow and slug flow. The resulting pressure gradients have been compared to estimates from 8 different empirical correlations. The best results were obtained by using the Zuber & Findley correlation for holdup estimation with a gas holdup of 0.6 to distinguish the boundary between bubble and slug flow. This high transition value was mainly caused by the geometry of the well (tool joints) and partly by the rheology of the mud. A very good agreement between recorded and estimated downhole pressure was achieved, with a mean error of approximately 1% and a standard derivation of 2.9%.
A New Mechanism for Integrating Long Term Reservoir Predictions and Short Term Topsides/Compressor Performance to Produce Accurate Gas Production Forecasts
Authors: Kearns J. , Guinee M. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
North Sea gas sales contracts are defined in such a way that a seller for the decline years of a gas supply must, on an annual basis, nominate expected short term production levels to his gas purchaser. Failure to meet these production targets can result in severe financial penalties. On the other hand, under nominating is detrimental to project economics. Reservoir models alone can be too coarse a tool to provide the necessary accuracy when looking forward only one or two years. Process systems and compressor performance also need to be modelled in order to more accurately define short term production potential. This paper describes a novel way of integrating long term reservoir predictions and short term topsides performance characteristics so as to provide an accurate nomination of gas production rate.
Stress and Strain Wearing Compressed Air-Breathing Apparatus
Authors: Puttiger P. H. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes a study carried out among 44 employees who use breathing apparatus in the form of compressed air masks during their work. The purpose of the study was to determine the extra load caused by working with compressed air masks during the performance of (simulated) tasks. The average exertion level demanded by the four tasks varies from 30% to 93% of the maximum load during cycle ergometry. The data relating to the extra load are obtained by recording heart rate using the Sporttester PE 3000 and by measuring oxygen uptake using a modified Oxylog apparatus. The duration of the tasks is also recorded.
The study results show that at a low level of exertion when working with compressed air equipment, the extra load gives no special cause for concern. At high exertion levels, the subjects adapt to the increase in the external load by taking more time to perform the task. This increase in the external load has the additional effect of reducing the available reserve capacity (cardiovascular and energetic).
When rescuing a victim, this could mean that the operation takes longer when compressed air mask equipment is used;it is then in the interests of both the victim and the rescue worker with breathing apparatus that the latter has an excellent physical work capacity.
Presence of Mercury in Natural Gas: An Occupational Health Programme
Authors: Gijselman P. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the occupational health programme used to ensure that NAM and contractor personnel of the Nederlandse Aardolie Mij (NAM) exposed to mercury, common in Dutch gas, are adequately protected through the correct use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), proper instruction and suitable work procedures.
To avoid health damage due to mercury exposure during maintenance and shutdown activities the occupational health department of NAM set up a programme covering 3 activities: –monitoring of atmospheric air; sampling of inspired air during work, and measurement of mercury excretion in urine of workers–instruction of company and contractor personnel–consultancy during preparation of work instructions
The monitoring programme showed that, through correct use of PPE, staff do not exhibit mercury concentration levels exceeding the human toxicity limit (100 ug/g creatinine) even after exposure to mercury vapour concentrations above the TLV of 0,05 mg/m3.
The correct use of PPE is a result of the instruction programme which also promotes increased awareness for personnel of the harmful effects of mercury.
Finally, the provision of consultancy during the preparation of work instructions has contributed to various measures; for instance, staff wearing plastic (Viton) protective suits may not work longer than 2 hours continuously to avoid heat exhaustion.
The Analysis Of Drill Stem Test Pressures
Authors: Mahn F.H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Procedures for the analysis of drill stem test pressures are developed. They are based on the solution for radial flow of a slightly compressible fluid from a radially infinite, homogeneous and isotropic reservoir into a finite well with a "skins". They differ from previously used methods in that they take account of variations in flow rate throughout the flowing period.
The formulas cover the cases of measured and unmeasured flow rates; a short flow period with a relatively long shut-in, comparable flow and shut-in periods, and multiple shut-in tests. They solve for fully built-up pressure, formation flow resistance (transmissibility) and skin pressure, formation flow resistance (transmissibility) and skin resistance, and for flow rates when these are not measured.
The procedures are quick and easy to apply, given the appropriate pressure measurements, although checking the validity of results lengthens pressure measurements, although checking the validity of results lengthens the calculations appreciably in one case. It appears that highly precise results are obtainable by these methods for most drill stem tests causing smoothly varying single phase flow in the reservoir.
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to present methods for the analysis of drill stem test pressures, allowing for the large changes in flow rate which normally occur but are seldom measured. The analysis derives the parameters required both to predict performance for the interval tested parameters required both to predict performance for the interval tested and to estimate the pressure gradients caused by flow in the reservoir nearby.
Detailed analyses of drill stem tests have been made at the BP Research Centre and have shown that:
the peak flow rate usually is two to ten times the final flow rate. this flow rate variation has a considerable effect on the subsequent pressure build-up. the build-up is very sensitive to the final flow rate and the total production but is poorly sensitive to early flow rates. the rate of rise of pressure at the and of a flow period usually differs significantly from the rate of increase of the static head in the drill pipe, even for very low gas-oil ratio fluids such as water, when flow rates exceed a few tens of barrels per day.
P. 427
Environmental Risk in the Offshore Industry
Authors: Woods I. T. , Shirley D. , Bottelberghs P. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The subject of oil pollution of thesea by the offshore industry is topical as a result of recent incidents both in the U.K and overseas. Whilst these incidents have primarily involved crude carriers, it has led to pressure to quantify the risk to the environment from the offshore industry in general. Here a method for the assessment of the frequency and size of oil spills from offshore installations is presented. It relies on previously reported spills to determine spill size/frequency information for a range of offshore activities, such as transport by pipeline, drilling and processing. Modification factors are used solocal conditions, such as the number of wells drilled, throughput andwell depth, can be considered in the assessment of the oil spill riskfrom a particular installation.
Deep Water Oil Production System
Authors: Walker R.W. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The offshore industry is rapidly approach-a barrier that may be far more difficult to overcome than the problem of increasing water depth.
The cost of installation and operation of production facilities in deep water increases at such a rate that economics rather than technologies determine the real limits.
To date, substantial research has been directed toward the development of deep water production systems. Unfortunately, the production systems. Unfortunately, the resulting systems consistently fail to achieve economic acceptability. It therefore appears that the question is not "can production systems be devised for deep water locations" but rather, "can the industry afford deep water production systems". production systems".The objective of this presentation is to outline a program that meets the operational and economic limits associated with deep water drilling and production.

Introduction
At the present time the oil industry is entering a new phase of offshore production.
The past years have seen a development of drilling and production techniques that have made possible the recovery of reserves in water depths of 300–400 ft. These reserves are being produced today by fixed platforms as well as produced today by fixed platforms as well as ocean floor installations. As production from deeper water is contemplated it becomes immediately apparent that the increase in cost for fixed structures directs attention toward alternate systems.
Drilling from floating structures and completing the well with all components located on the sea floor has been common within the industry for a number of years. The full economic advantage of the ocean-floor completion has not been realized primarily because a fully integrated production system has not existed.
Designers and manufacturers of subsea equipment in shallow water have in the past been confronted with a marginal advantage, if any, over platform installations. A preference on the part of operators for the more accessible and familiar equipment used on fixed platforms has also served to retard the acceptance of sea floor production equipment. With the advent of installations in deeper water the cost differentials between fixed platforms and sea floor production units become significant and greater production units become significant and greater consideration must be given to the subsea installations.
The North Sea Bird Club: Ten Years of Recording in the North Sea
Authors: Doyle P. A. T. , Gorman M. L. , Howe S. , Patterson I. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The creation of a club for the purpose of encouraging oil and gas workers to watch birds may not at first seem a viable proposition. To the layperson, birds offshore conjures up an image of hundreds of "seagulls" following fishing boats, and very little else. Also, the act of birdwatching is not seen as a typical offshore worker's activity.
Anyone who has worked on an installation offshore and who has any interest in wildlife will be aware of the occasional presence of land-birds. Two decades ago, prompted by some keen offshore workers, a single oil company set up a monitoring programme, which quickly became popular with a number of its employees. Birds seen offshore were recorded on data forms and collected together. At this stage the club was purely another recreation facility; however, when the data were collated it was soon realised that installations offshore were being used as "staging posts" by birds on migration, and that the information being collected would be of great interest in the study of bird movements.
All over Britain, at strategic points on the coastline, there are bird observatories which record the arrival and departure of migrating birds. The presence of several hundred solid structures up and down the North Sea, which are used by birds en route, represents a huge, unique bird observatory, capable of uncovering facts about bird migration which have long eluded land-based scientists.
Environmental Applications of Plasma Spectrometries Within the Oil Industry
Authors: McCourt C. B. , Price R. J. , John S. D. , Penny D. M. , Clarke L. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Plasma emission and plasma mass spectrometries are elemental analysis techniques which have been widely exploited for environmental applications. Their effectiveness for such work is due to their truly multi-element nature, sensitivity and wide linear range. This paper provides examples within the context of the North Sea, of their exploitation for analysis of effluent waters, seabed sediments and crude oils.
Bioaccumulation From Mineral Oil-Wet and Synthetic Liquid-Wet Cuttings in an Estuarine Fish, Fundulus grandis
Authors: Rushing J. H. , Churan M. A. , Jones F. V. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The long-term effects of discharged oily drill cuttings on native fish populations are of major concern. This study investigates the uptake of oil and synthetic liquid by the mud minnow, Fundulus grandis. when exposed to three different concentrations of low-aromatic mineral oil-wet and synthetic liquid-wet cuttings in flow-through bioassay chambers.
Fish were introduced into the flow-through bioassay system and cultured for 30 days. Water, cuttings, and fish were sampled routinely for analysis. Fish samples were dissected; gut and tissue samples were analyzed separately.
Flow-through water was analyzed by extracting the water sampling tube absorbent. The cutting samples were analyzed by Soxhlet extraction. Fish tissue and gut samples were digested in sodium hydroxide and extracted with ether. The extracted organics in all the samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph!mass spectrometry.
Gas chromatograph!mass spectrometry identified uptake of the mineral oil in fish tissue and gut samples for all cuttings treated with mineral oil-based mud (MOBM). No uptake was measured in any of the tissue samples for all cuttings treated with synthetic liquid-based mud (SBM). An accumulation of synthetic liquid was only detected in one sample of fish gut from the lowest concentration of SBM. The contrast in uptake between the mineral oil and the synthetic liquid is perhaps due to the greater molecular size of the synthetic liquid over that of the mineral oil. It is hypothesized that the greater molecular size of the synthetic liquid restricts uptake by gill and digestive structures.
During the study, there was little migration of either base fluid from the cuttings. Hydrocarbon amounts in the water samples generally decreased during the 30-day test period. All collected organics were liberated as negligibly soluble microdroplets. Tests indicated no selective solubility of released microdroplets and little if any biodegradation for both SBM and MOBM.
Marine Toxicity and Persistence of Surfactants Used in the Petroleum Producing Industry
Authors: Maddin C. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a survey of marine toxicity and biodegradability data for surfactants used in the petroleum industry.
Surfactants are key chemicals in the formulation of products such as emulsifiers, demulsifiers, dispersants and inhibitors. They are also used directly as foaming and defoaming agents. Because they function at low concentrations, below 1%, and have a tendency to adsorb on solid surfaces, their long-term environmental effects are minimal. In applications such as cementing, surfactants cannot migrate into the environment and, thus, have no bioavailability.
The possibility of environmental contamination has caused well operators and regulatory agencies to require fish toxicity and persistence data for products used in servicing wells. This data has been organized for nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants. Nonionic surfactants are toxic to fish at concentrations below 10 mg/L to over 2500 mg/L depending on their chemical compositions. Anionic surfactants are toxic to fish at concentrations under 1 mg/L to several hundred mg/L depending on their chemical compositions. Cationic and amphoteric surfactants are generally toxic to fish at concentrations below 50 mg/L.
Overall efforts are aimed at low toxicity and high biodegradability with the least compromise in product efficiency. This requires the continual testing and environmental evaluation of surfactants summarized herein.
The Formation of Emulsions at Marine Oil Spills and the Implications for Response Strategies
Authors: Jenkins R. H. , Grigson S. J. W. , McDougall J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes an empirical laboratory procedure to obtain information about the different tendencies of six North Sea crude oils to form stable and highly viscous water-in-oil emulsions. Very different behavioural patterns were observed between the oils tested and the implications of these differences on the appropriate choice of response strategies are discussed. In particular the effectiveness of dispersant application to the surface slick and the persistence of the slicks are considered in relationship to the different behaviour patterns observed.
No reliable correlations were evident between the behaviour of the crude oils and their pour points, asphaltene or wax contents. Hence the importance was highlighted in obtaining this sort of laboratory data to assist making decisions on the appropriate response strategies following an oil spill incident
Organisation of Psychosocial Disaster Management in an Exploration and Production Co.
Authors: Løvås E. L. , Leitao J. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In view of data indicating that adequate psychosocial disaster management (PDM) ensures optimal behavior in the crisis situation, increases the number of survivals and reduces the aftermath of trauma, too few companies have established a satisfactory psychosocial disaster organisation.
Following a review of the literature on psychosocial effects of disasters and psychosocial disaster manage-ment, several suggestions are made for improving disaster preparedness and response in a given company. An intra- and interorganisational model is proposed.
Compression Forces on Lumbar Vertebral Column During Drops With an 8-m-Long Freefall Lifeboat
Authors: Westerink J. , Tragter H. , Dekker G. , Rookmaaker D. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
On behalf of and in cooperation with NAM, the University of Twente (UT) has carried out an investigation into the compression forces on the lumbar verte-bral column at the level L5-S1 during drops with a 8-metre long Free-Fall Lifeboat, used for the training of offshore personnel.
The following questions were posed: –What is the effect of two different seat positions at a drop height of 15.5 m:where a seat is reclined at 15° and facing the stern of the boat?where a seat is reclined at 75° and facing the bow of the boat?–What is the effect of different drop heights (5, 10, 15.5 and 20 m)?
In addition,it was requested that the permissibility of the calculated com-pression forces be estimated.
Using the 3-D computer man model TADAPS, approximate calculations have been made of the compression forces for the various situations.
From the results, it can be concluded that there is a substantially lower maximum compression force for the seat reclined at 75° than for that reclined at 15°.
Evaluating the results, using the NIOSH standard and a safety factor of 1.25 for the model approximation, the following conclusions can be made: –The seat reclined at 15° remains below the permissible limit at a drop height of 10 m;–The seat reclined at 75° remains below the permissible limit at a drop height of 15.5 m.
It is recommended that seats reclined at 75°, facing forwards, be used for the Free-Fall Lifeboat under investigation. Furthermore, the training drop height, based on the NIOSH standard, should be 15 m.
Higher 'drops' are only permissible, under emergency conditions.
Structure/Performance Relationships for Barium Sulfate and Strontium Sulfate Antiscalants
Authors: Miller James W. , O'Neill John J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
High performance gel permeation chromatography in combination with high temperature antiscalant testing has been used to establish structure/performance relationships for barium sulfate and strontium sulfate scale-control additives. Test results indicate that the best performing antiscalants share two important characteristics: (1) a high anionic charge density due to the presence of repeating succinic acid units in the polymer, and (2) a low weight-average molecular weight (850-2700): Of the 17 antiscalant candidates tested, polymaleic acid, polyitaconic acid, and a maleic acid/acrylic acid copolymer gave the best performance. High performance gel permeation test methodology and high temperature barium and strontium sulfate antiscalant tests are discussed. Structure/performance parallels are drawn between barium and strontium sulfate antiscalants and antiscalants for multi-stage flash evaporators.