bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the enigma of solar energetic particles
Authors: Lin R. P. 
Published: October 2006

The Sun is the most powerful natural particle accelerator in our solar system, able to accelerate ions to energies of many gigaelectron volts and electrons to hundreds of megaelectron volts. This acceleration occurs as a consequence of transient releases of energy in solar flares and/or coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Solar flares are explosions occurring near sunspots, regions of strong, ∼103 Gauss, magnetic fields.Traditionally, flares have been detected by ground‐based optical observatories as brightenings in the emission of the hydrogenalpha line. In the largest flares, as much as ∼1032 ergs is released in ∼103s. Energy is thought to be stored in the magnetic field and released through some type of instability. Because the number of sunspots waxes and wanes over an ∼11‐year cycle, the frequency of occurrence of flares also varies with this solar activity cycle; the last solar maximum occurred from 1989 to 1990.
Internal Washington power game adds to earmark controversy
Authors: Wakefield J. 
Published: October 2006

In the ongoing controversy over congressional earmarks, some new bones of contention have surfaced. Late last month, the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee heard testimony that the dynamics of Washington's so‐called “iron triangle” are adding to the inequities that many claim are caused by the earmarking of funds for scientific research.Nonetheless, earmarking remains a legitimate part of the appropriations game, and a practice that many still champion. At the hearing, the president of Boston University, John R. Silber, lauded the “excellence” of projects funded by earmarks.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Three presentations were named Outstanding Student Papers in the Atmospheric Science Section at the AGU 1994 Spring Meeting in Baltimore.Bjorn Stevens presented “Sensitivities of Simulated Marine Stratocumulus Cloud Albedos to Changes in Cloud Condensation Nuclei Concentrations.” Stevens is a doctoral student in atmospheric science at Colorado State University; he received his B.S. and M.S. in electrical engineering at Iowa State University, focusing on radio astronomy. Recently, he received a NASA Global Change fellowship. His dissertation research is directed toward increasing the understanding of microphysical and dynamical interactions in cloud‐topped marine boundary layers through an exploration of the solution space of sophisticated numerical models.
Fellowships offer an Entrée to Public Science Policy
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The American Physical Society and the American Institute of Physics are accepting applications for their 1995–1996 Congressional Science Fellowship programs. For one year, fellows serve on the staff of a senator, representative, or congressional committee. They are afforded an opportunity to learn the legislative process and explore science policy issues from the lawmakers' perspective, while at the same time lending scientific and technical expertise to public policy issues.Applicants should have a Ph.D. in physics or a closely related field, a strong interest in science and technology policy and, ideally, some experience in applying scientific knowledge toward solving societal problems. Fellows must be U.S. citizens and members of AIP or one of its member societies, which include AGU.
Analysis of comet Shoemaker‐Levy 9 data just beginning
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

July's cosmic collision between Jupiter and Comet Shoemaker‐Levy 9 has presented many paradoxes and puzzles for astronomers, space physicists, and planetary scientists. For a start, the more that scientists analyze the data, the more that questions arise, and the deeper become the valleys in the debate. Indeed, synthesizing the data from the literally hundreds of thousands of assorted images, observations, and measurements has proven to be a daunting task for the entire space science community. And one that was still getting off the ground at last week's annual American Astronomical Society's (AAS) Division of Planetary Sciences meeting here.Though some clear ideas about what happened were emerging by the end of last week, the community was still divided over many fundamental questions.
Symposium explores the high‐latitude heliosphere
Authors: Marsden Richard 
Published: October 2006

The October 6, 1990, launch of the joint European Space Agency (ESA)‐NASA Ulysses mission marked the start of a new era in the study of the heliosphere. For the first time since the dawn of the space age, in situ observations of heliospheric fields and particles are being made in the Sun's polar regions and over the full range of heliographic latitudes.Since shortly after launch, Ulysses has returned an unprecendented data set with which to study the properties of the solar wind, the heliospheric magnetic field, locally accelerated and solar energetic particles, and cosmic rays, as well as important interstellar constituents, dust, and neutral helium. The spacecraft also carries instrumentation to detect solar X rays and cosmic gamma rays, and a radio science investigation to probe the solar corona.
Outstanding student paper
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

One presentation was named Outstanding Student Paper in the Geodesy Section at the AGU 1994 Spring Meeting in Baltimore.Mara Yale was honored for “Along‐Track Resolution of Individual and Stacked ERS‐1, Topex, and Geosat/ERM Profiles.” Yale is currently a graduate student at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, working toward a Ph.D. in physics. Her research at Scripps involves geodynamics.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

For the Space Physics and Aeronomy Section, seven presentations were named Outstanding Student Papers at the AGU 1994 Spring Meeting.Lee Bennett presented “Steady‐State Hybrid Simulations of Quasi‐Parallel Shocks.” Bennett is a doctoral candidate in physics at North Carolina State University, from which he also received his B.S. in physics. His current research interest is simulations of particle acceleration at collisionless, astrophysical shocks.
New Law of the Sea could facilitate marine scientific research
Authors: Knauss John A. 
Published: October 2006

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 enters into force November 16, 1994. Most important, because of agreement reached in the United Nations July 29 to a series of amendments to the deep seabed mining part of the treaty, the Convention is now widely agreed upon by the major maritime powers including the United States.What effect, if any, will its entering into force have on those who do science at sea? I believe the new Convention may ease the difficulties we have had in recent years in gaining access to waters whose resources are controlled by other nations. Improvement in the clearance process will not happen, however, unless our State Department and the foreign offices of other major oceanographic nations take full advantage of all parts of this complicated treaty.
Public information committee generates new initiatives
Authors: Thomas David W. 
Published: October 2006

Various ways to increase public and media interest in the geosciences—involving communication vehicles ranging from radio to film to the information highway—were the focus of AGU's Public Information Committee meeting, which was held in September.To increase the public's interest in the geosciences, each AGU section is being asked to designate a press officer to work with the AGU public information staff.
Planning the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program
Authors: Elders Wilfred A. 
Published: October 2006

A new research frontier—continental scientific drilling—has the potential to substantially increase our knowledge of fundamental problems throughout the solid Earth sciences. A consensus of interdisciplinary Earth scientists is growing worldwide supporting the establishment of an International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICSDP) as a logical next step in the development of the Earth sciences. After all, the continents are where most of the Earth's history is recorded, most of our resources are found, and most of the world's population lives.In the development of all of the sciences there have been thresholds that, when crossed, led to rapid and exciting new advances and the creation of new paradigms. Usually, these thresholds were crossed when new methods were developed that yielded new observations and better testing of old hypotheses. Crossing that threshold in ocean drilling with the development of the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) revolutionized marine geology and geophysics and mademajor contributions to our understanding of fundamental aspects of the Earth's crust and upper mantle. The time has come to cross the threshold of scientific drilling on land.
Mt. Etna lava flows analyzed with remote sensing
Authors: Abrams Michael , Realmuto Vince , Piere David , Buongiomo Fabrizia 
Published: October 2006

Remote sensing offers the potential to understand the behavior of active lava flows by providing information on flow shape and morphology, temperature distribution, steepness of the slope, and other terrain parameters. The images of the recent Mt. Etna, Italy, lava flows presented here represent a major step in constraining some of these properties; in the future, images like these may be used to predict the course of a flow. The societal benefits of such predictions for hazard mitigation are obvious.Current technology, however, has major limitations, such as the high cost and infrequent temporal coverage of satellite data and the unavailability of appropriate instrumentation on aircraft platforms, to name a few. Nevertheless, recent investigations like the one at Mt. Etna have demonstrated the capabilities of remote sensing for volcanological studies.
River Mixing
Authors: Rayej Mohammad 
Published: October 2006

River Mixing is a well written book that explains the general processes of mixing in rivers via advection and diffusion. It begins with a good introduction on the subject of mixing phenomenon in rivers, and much of the book goes on to analyze longitudinal, transverse, and vertical mixing in rivers, giving good theoretical insight. The book is also well organized; at the beginning of each chapter, subject matter is followed by practical examples solving dispersion problems.A particularly good section examines field and lab measurements of dispersion coefficients, which is important in calibrating a transport model. One chapter is devoted to transport models and their applications and limitations in each specific case. The book warns readers, and rightfully so, not to use any model blindly. A good reference list of previous work by researchers is cited throughout the book.
Fellows Committee Actions
Authors: Spiess Fred 
Published: October 2006

In addition to its activities in selecting Fellows, over the past two years the Committee of Fellows has undertaken an in‐depth review of the entire Union honors program. This review has resulted in significant changes and in recommendations for further changes.The review included revisiting recommendations of earlier studies, polling of prior medal committee chairs, examining the honors programs of comparable societies, compiling the Fellow selection procedures of the Sections, and generating statistical material from membership data.
Global emissions inventories to aid atmospheric modelers
Authors: Graedel T. E. 
Published: October 2006

Computer projections of changes in global atmospheric chemistry could become more accurate and more easily compared with the availability of standard global emissions inventories. Starting in 1994, the Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA) began to finalize gridded global emissions inventories and distribute them to atmospheric scientists. GEIA operates under the auspices of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project, a cooperative effort of several hundred atmospheric scientists from more than 30 countries. The purpose of the IGAC Project is to measure, understand, and predict changes in global atmospheric chemistry, particularly those contributing to global problems such as acid rain, depletion of stratospheric ozone, greenhouse warming, and increased oxidant levels that damage biota.A 1992 survey by participants in the GEIA project [Graedel et al., 1993] showed that suitable emissions inventories are rarely available. The chlorofluorocarbon inventory, regarded as well quantified, was unavailable in gridded form. Inventories for CO2, CH4, NOx, SO2, reduced sulfur, and radon were regarded as having excess uncertainty, inadequate spatial resolution, or both; inventories for other chemical species were sketchy or nonexistent. Temporal resolution was almost uniformly poor. The survey made it clear that internally consistent, rigorously developed, gridded inventories with adequate spatial and temporal resolution would be valuable.
AGU authorizes electronic journal, takes other actions
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The AGU Council has authorized publication of an electronic journal to be published jointly with several other scientific societies. At a Council Meeting convened December 8 during AGU's Fall Meeting in San Francisco, the Council unanimously approved the plan presented by the Publications Committee.The Council also unanimously adopted the 1995 budget at $19.7 million, which includes an allowance of about $225,000 for the first year of the journal development.
In from the cold
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Despite the shutdown of much of the federal government, American scientists conducting austral summer research in the Antarctic will be able to eat, stay warm, and finish their work for two more months, according to officials at the National Science Foundation (NSF). In the early weeks of December, several administrators and scientists openly worried about whether the U.S. Antarctic Program would be able to pay its bills and keep the research going. Questions were even raised about the logistics of getting the researchers home.But financial guidance from the Office of Management and Budget has allowed NSF— the lead institution overseeing U.S. Antarctic research—to pay for the commitments and support services already contracted for the season.
Court rejects challenge to publication of pricing surveys
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

For the second time, the U.S. District Court in New York has upheld the right to publish surveys analyzing the prices of scientific journals. The decision is a significant confirmation of the legal protection given to a form of speech important to the scholarly community.In 1986 and 1988, the American Institute of Physics (AIP) and The American Physical Society (APS) published the results of surveys that analyzed the comparative prices of physics journals. Journals published by AIP and APS scored near the top of the rankings, and several of Gordon & Breach's (G & B) journals scored at or near the bottom. G&B sued AIP and APS in New York and in Europe, claiming that the publication of the survey results constituted false or misleading advertising.
Comment on [“Plasma Physics: An Introductory Course”] Book Review
Authors: Bryant Duncan A. 
Published: October 2006

The review of Plasma Physics: An Introductory Course [Eos 76, p.53, 1995] is marred by a serious inaccuracy and several misleading omissions. The review reports, erroneously, that chapter 9 part 1 states that“…electric fields due to space charge separation play no role in charged particle acceleration at shocks or in the auroral region.” The fact is that the chapter describes and advocates a mechanism (Landau damping) by which acceleration at these locations is caused by electrostatic waves where “the motion of the electrostatic barrier…is essential for energy transfer.”The statement to which the review refers carries the crucial, and twice explicitly mentioned, qualification that the space‐charge electric field is static, relative to particle transit time, and, therefore, effectively conservative. When properly represented, therefore, the statement is seen to follow directly from one of the basic principles of physics—the conservative nature of fields due to central forces, from which it is clear that it is no more possible for energy to be delivered by unchanging (in the observing frame) electrostatic fields than it is possible for an engine to run on gravity. In citing the simulation literature as offering strong evidence against this “opinion,” as it is described, the review neglects to mention that the chapter challenges such evidence with the prediction that all models claiming to accelerate particles by unchanging electrostatic fields will be found to contain a major flaw, such as equipotentials that are not closed surfaces.
Field of dreams
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

As if mesmerized by the expansiveness of the universe, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) gazed for parts of ten consecutive days in December on a single sliver of sky. What it saw was the most perceptive, detailed view of the universe ever recorded optically.Training the HST on a patch of sky near the handle of the Big Dipper (and in Ursa Major), a team of astronomers led by Robert Williams of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) captured in four different wavelengths the faintest galaxies ever photographed—down to the thirtieth magnitude, or roughly four billion times fainter than what can be seen by the naked eye. Most of the galaxies photographed in the Hubble Deep Field have never been seen by even the largest earthbound telescopes. Astronomers consider this “keyhole” view of the universe—a speck of sky equivalent to looking at a dime that is 22 meters away—to be representative of the distribution of galaxies in all directions.
Italian seismic databank allows on‐line access
Authors: Barba Salvatore , Giovambattista Rita Di , Smriglio Giuseppe 
Published: October 2006

Users can interactively query, search, and download parametric information, and digital recordings collected by the Italian Telemetered Seismic Network (ITSN) through the Istituto Nazionale Di Geofisica Seismic Network Databank (ISND). The databank is completely menu‐driven and easy to use.The ITSN comprises about 80 seismic stations (Figure 1) equipped with several seismometers acting at a critical damping of 70% and characterized by a period of 1 Hz. The seismometers' signals are transmitted over telephone lines or radio relay systems and then demodulated and recorded by an automatic acquisition system developed in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey. Digital data are stored on a magnetic disk and then processed through interactive procedures. The automatic selection of the seismic phases is checked daily and eventually corrected by seismic analysts. New data are available to users within a week.
Atmospheric Radiative Transfer
Authors: Perliski Lori 
Published: October 2006

Because radiative transfer cuts across many scientific disciplines with applications including remote sensing, climate, atmospheric chemistry, and photobiology, there is a need for comprehensive books on this subject that can appeal to a wide readership. While Atmospheric Radiative Transfer takes strides toward filling this niche by addressing a broad range of topics, it is dry reading and suffers from lack of detail. The book was based on a graduate‐level course taught at the University of Sciences and Technologies in Lille, France, and indeed, the text reads much like an expanded outline perhaps derived from lecture notes.Part one deals with general radiative transfer, and part two covers Earth's radiation budget, the climate system, and remote sensing techniques. The radiative transfer equation and solutions for absorbing and scattering atmospheres are discussed as are the details of absorption, such as energy levels, line strengths, line intensities, equivalent widths, and weak‐ and strong‐line limits.
Ulrich Siegenthaler (1941”1994)
Authors: Joos Fortunat , Stocker Thomas , Oeschger Hans 
Published: October 2006

Uli Siegenthaler lost his long battle with cancer on July 14,1994. His death is a great loss to both his family and the scientific community. For decades, as one of a select few involved in developing Earth system science, he contributed to a balanced and competent view of the multifaceted aspects of complex climate and environmental issues.Siegenthaler was born in 1941 in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. After his studies of Physics at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zurich he joined Hans Oeschger's group at the Physics Institute of the University of Bern. In 1971 he completed his doctoral studies there—with summa cum laude—on the application of stable isotopes to the water cycle. He married Ilse, and they raised a family of two children in Bern.
Planetary Landscapes
Authors: Strom Robert G. 
Published: October 2006

If you are looking for a well‐illustrated book on the qualitative aspects of planetary and satellite landforms, then Planetary Landscapes (2nd Ed.) is for you. However, if you are looking for a textbook or reference volume on planetary geology that discusses the more controversial and most exciting issues in planetary geology with at least some quantitative treatment of geologic processes, look elsewhere.Like the first edition, Planetary Landscapes contains outstanding black and white images of surface features on the planets and satellites, including excellent examples of various landforms on Earth. The images are well documented so that the reader can easily access the original image, and the book's extensive list of references allows the reader to look up an original paper on a given subject.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Two Outstanding Student Paper Awards were given in the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Section at the AGU Fall Meeting, which was held last December in San Francisco.Florence Garnier, who presented “Geomagnetic Field Intensity Over the Last 42,000 Years Obtained From Core SOH‐4, Big Island Hawaii,” received the French equivalent of an M.S. in Geophysics in July 1993 from the University of Paris 7/Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris. In September 1993, she started a Ph.D. program in paleomagnetism at the Centre des Faibles Radioactivit7eacute;s, Laboratoire mixte CEA‐CNRS, located in Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France. Her research focuses on long‐term changes of the geomagnetic field intensity retrieved from lava sequences of Kilauea, Mauna Loa, and Mauna Kea volcanoes. In this research, which is a joint project between her laboratory and the University of Hawaii, she uses mainly paleomagnetic methods, but also uses radiometric datings.
Outstanding student paper
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

One Outstanding Student Paper award was given in the Ocean Sciences Section at the AGU Fall Meeting, which was held last December in San Francisco.Leigh Welling was honored for “Distribution of Polycystine Radiolaria and Their Relation to the Physical Environment During the 1992 El Niño and Following Cold Event.” Welling is a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University. Her primary research has entailed identifying and analyzing the radiolarian component of plankton tows, sediment traps, and sediments in the northeast and tropical Pacific. Because these siliceous microfauna leave behind a fossilized record they are frequently used to construct past climate, ocean currents, and ecological environments from the preserved sediment record.