bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the rigidity of quasiconformal Anosov flows
Authors: FANG YONG 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe develop further our study of quasiconformal Anosov flows in our previous (Y. Fang. Smooth rigidity of uniformly quasiconformal Anosov flows. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.24 (2004), 1–23). For example, we prove the following result: Let φ be a transversely symplectic Anosov flow with dim Ess≥2 and dim Esu≥2. If φ is quasiconformal, then it is, up to finite covers, $C^\infty $ orbit equivalent either to the suspension of a symplectic hyperbolic automorphism of a torus or to the geodesic flow of a closed hyperbolic manifold.
On the total disconnectedness of the quotient Aubry set
Authors: SORRENTINO ALFONSO 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this paper we show that the quotient Aubry set, associated to a sufficiently smooth mechanical or symmetrical Lagrangian, is totally disconnected (i.e. every connected component consists of a single point). This result is optimal, in the sense of the regularity of the Lagrangian, as Mather’s counterexamples (J. N. Mather. Examples of Aubry sets. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.24(5) (2004), 1667–1723) show. Moreover, we discuss the relation between this problem and a Morse–Sard-type property for (the difference of) critical subsolutions of Hamilton–Jacobi equations.
Optimal arrest and guidance of a moving prismatic object using multiagents
Authors: Sharma Pankaj , Saxena Anupam , Dutta Ashish 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYGenetic algorithm is used to determine the optimal capture points for the multi agents required to grasp a moving generic prismatic object by arresting it in form closure. Thereafter, the agents approach their respective moving goals using a decentralized projective path planning algorithm. Post arrest, the object is guided along a desired linear path to a desired goal point. Form closure of the object is obtained using the concept of accessibility angle. A convex envelop is formed around the object, and the goal points on the object boundary are mapped onto the envelope. The robots approach the mapped goal points first, and then, converge on the actual object. This ensures that the agents reach the actual goal points almost simultaneously, and do not undergo looping at a local concave region. The object is assumed alive while being captured but is assumed compromised thereafter. Post arrest, robots alter their positions optimally around the object to transport it along a desired direction. Frictionless point contact between the object and a robot is assumed. The shape of the mobile robot is considered cylindrical such that it can only apply force along the outward radial direction. Simulation results are presented that illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Adaptation of microbial communities in soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls, leading to the transformation of more highly chlorinated congeners in biofilm communities
Authors: Macedo A. J. , Neu T. R. , Kuhlicke U. , Abraham W.-R. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTA site polluted for many years with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) was used to elucidate the metabolic adaptation of microbial communities to these xenobiotics. Soil samples taken along a gradient of PCB-pollution at this site were used to grow biofilm communities on PCB oil. The biofilm communities originating from the non-polluted soil formed rather uniform and thin bacterial layers on PCB oil, while the biofilms originating from contaminated soil samples formed agglomerated structures on the PCB droplets. Biofilm communities were very diverse but those from highly polluted soil were dominated byBurkholderiaspecies, a genus known for degrading several PCBs. All biofilm communities could transform low to medium chlorinated PCB congeners but a strong increase in the rate and degree of PCB transformation in communities from heavily polluted soil was observed. Notably, pentachlorinated congeners were transformed only by biofilms derived from the highly polluted soil but at the same time the content of trichlorinated congeners did not decrease. It is assumed that biofilms from the highly contaminated soil reductively dechlorinated PCB, converting pentachlorinated congeners to trichlorinated congeners in the spherical biofilm aggregates by diffusing to the surface of the aggregates, where aerobic transformation took place.
Human nuclear pregnane X receptor cross-talk with CREB to repress cAMP activation of the glucose-6-phosphatase gene
Authors: Kodama Susumu , Moore Rick , Yamamoto Yukio , Negishi Masahiko 
Published: October 2007

The nuclear PXR (pregnane X receptor) was originally characterized as a key transcription factor that activated hepatic genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes. We have now demonstrated that PXR also represses glucagon-activated transcription of the G6Pase (glucose-6-phosphatase) gene by directly binding to CREB [CRE (cAMP-response element)-binding protein]. Adenoviral-mediated expression of human PXR (hPXR) and its activation by rifampicin strongly repressed cAMP-dependent induction of the endogenous G6Pase gene in Huh7 cells. Using the −259 bp G6Pase promoter construct in cell-based transcription assays, repression by hPXR of PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase)-mediated promoter activation was delineated to CRE sites. GST (glutathione transferase) pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays were employed to show that PXR binds directly to CREB, while gel-shift assays were used to demonstrate that this binding prevents CREB interaction with the CRE. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PXR represses the transcription of the G6Pase gene by inhibiting the DNA-binding ability of CREB. In support of this hypothesis, treatment with the mouse PXR activator PCN (pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile) repressed cAMP-dependent induction of the G6Pase gene in primary hepatocytes prepared from wild-type, but not from PXR-knockout, mice, and also in the liver of fasting wild-type, but not PXR-knockout, mice. Moreover, ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assays were performed to show a decreased CREB binding to the G6Pase promoter in fasting wild-type mice after PCN treatment. Thus drug activation of PXR can repress the transcriptional activity of CREB, down-regulating gluconeogenesis.
The farnesoid X receptor induces fetuin-B gene expression in human hepatocytes
Authors: Murakami Takeshi , Walczak Robert , Caron Sandrine , Duhem Christian , Vidal Vincent , Darteil Raphaël , Staels Bart 
Published: October 2007

FXR (farnesoid X receptor), a nuclear receptor activated by BAs (bile acids), is a key factor in the regulation of BA, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The recent development of synthetic FXR agonists and knockout mouse models has accelerated the discovery of FXR target genes. In the present study, we identify human fetuin-B as a novel FXR target gene. Treatment with FXR agonists increased fetuin-B expression in human primary hepatocytes and in the human hepatoma HepG2 cell line. In contrast, fetuin-B expression was not responsive to FXR agonist treatment in murine primary hepatocytes. Fetuin-B induction by FXR agonist was abolished upon FXR knockdown by siRNA (small interfering RNA). In addition to the previously described P1 promoter, we show that the human fetuin-B gene is also transcribed from an alternative promoter, termed P2. Transcription via the P2 promoter was induced by FXR agonist treatment, whereas P1 promoter activity was not sensitive to FXR agonist treatment. Two putative FXR-response elements [IR-1 (inverted repeat-1)] were identified in the region –1.6 kb upstream of the predicted P2 transcriptional start site. Both motifs bound FXR–RXR (retinoid X receptor) complexes in vitro and were activated by FXR in transient transfection reporter assays. Mutations in the IR-1 sites abolished FXR–RXR binding and activation. Taken together, these results identify human fetuin-B as a new FXR target gene in human hepatocytes.
Heterodimerization, trafficking and membrane topology of the two proteins, Ostα and Ostβ, that constitute the organic solute and steroid transporter
Authors: Li Na , Cui Zhifeng , Fang Fang , Lee Jin Young , Ballatori Nazzareno 
Published: October 2007

Co-immunoprecipitation studies using mouse ileal proteins and transfected HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-293) cells revealed that the two proteins, Ostα and Ostβ, which generate the organic-solute transporter are able to immunoprecipitate each other, indicating a heteromeric complex. Mouse ileal Ostα protein appeared on Western blots largely as bands of 40 and 80 kDa, the latter band consistent with an Ostα homodimer, and both of these bands were sensitive to digestion by the glycosidase PNGase F (peptide:N-glycosidase F). Ostβ appeared as bands of 17 and 19 kDa, and these bands were not sensitive to PNGase F. Both the 40 and 80 kDa forms of Ostα, and only the 19 kDa form of Ostβ, were detected among the immunoprecipitated proteins, indicating that the interaction between Ostα and Ostβ is associated with specific post-translational processing. Additional evidence for homodimerization of Ostα and for a direct interaction between Ostα and Ostβ was provided by BiFC (bimolecular fluorescence complementation) analysis of HEK-293 cells transfected with Ostα and Ostβ tagged with yellow-fluorescent-protein fragments. BiFC analysis and surface immunolabelling of transfected HEK-293 cells also indicated that the C-termini of both Ostα and Ostβ are facing the intracellular space. The interaction between Ostα and Ostβ was required not only for delivery of the proteins to the plasma membrane, but it increased their stability, as noted in transfected HEK-293 cells and in tissues from Ostα-deficient (Ostα−/−) mice. In Ostα−/− mice, Ostβ mRNA levels were maintained, yet Ostβ protein was not detectable, indicating that Ostβ protein is not stable in the absence of Ostα. Overall, these findings identify the membrane topology of Ostα and Ostβ, demonstrate that these proteins are present as heterodimers and/or heteromultimers, and indicate that the interaction between Ostα and Ostβ increases the stability of the proteins and is required for delivery of the heteromeric complex to the plasma membrane.
High-fat diets: healthy or unhealthy?
Authors: Guldstrand Marie C. , Simberg Caroline L. 
Published: October 2007

In the current dietary recommendations for the treatment and prevention of Type 2 diabetes and its related complications, there is flexibility in the proportion of energy derived from monounsaturated fat and carbohydrate as a replacement for saturated fat. Over the last few years, several population studies have shown that subjects eating a lot of refined grains and processed foods have a much larger increase in waist circumference than those following a diet higher in monounsaturated fat, protein and carbohydrates rich in fibre and whole grain. In the present issue of Clinical Science, Sinitskaya and co-workers have demonstrated that, in normal-weight rodents categorized into groups of high-fat and medium-carbohydrate [53%/30% of energy as fat/carbohydrate; 19.66 kJ/g (4.7 kcal/g)], high-fat and low-carbohydrate [67%/9% of energy as fat/carbohydrate; 21.76 kJ/g (5.2 kcal/g)] and high-fat and carbohydrate-free [75%/0% of energy as fat/carbohydrate; 24.69 kJ/g (5.9 kcal/g)] diets, the high-fat diets containing carbohydrates were both obesogenic and diabetogenic, whereas the very-high-fat and carbohydrate-free diet was not obesogenic but led to insulin resistance and higher risk of cardiovascular disease. This finding may indicate that high-fat diets could easily give rise to an unhealthy diet when combined with carbohydrates, highlighting the significance of macronutrient composition, rather than caloric content, in high-fat diets.
Determination of the density of air: a comparison of the CIPM thermodynamic formula and the gravimetric method
Authors: Madec Tanguy , Meury Paul-André , Sutour Christophe , Rabault Thierry , Zerbib Serge , Gosset André 
Published: October 2007

Today, the determination of the density of air is the main source of uncertainty (10 µg) in a comparison of a platinum–iridium alloy national prototype with a stainless steel reference standard. The method currently recommended by the BIPM is to calculate this density, using a formula developed in 1981 and revised in 1991 by the CIPM, from the measured values of the pressure, temperature, hygrometry and molar fraction of CO2in air. Recent work has found significant differences between the values given by this formula and those given by a method using artefacts having identical masses and very different volumes (6.4 × 10−5with a relative uncertainty of 1.2 × 10−5). To investigate this difference, the BIPM asked the member laboratories of the Consultatitve Committee for Mass (CCM) to investigate two lines of approach:- check the composition of the air, in particular the argon content, which may explain the discrepancies found; this is the object of a study by the chemical metrology unit of LNE (see the article by Sutouret alin this issue),- study the behavior of artefacts during the air–vacuum transfer in a comparator that can work both in a controlled atmosphere and in a vacuum, to confirm or not confirm the discrepancies; this latter study is the object of this paper.
A Ligation-Independent Cloning Tobacco Rattle Virus Vector for High-Throughput Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Identifies Roles forNbMADS4-1and -2in Floral Development
Authors: Dong Yiyu , Burch-Smith Tessa M. , Liu Yule , Mamillapalli Padmavathi , Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractVirus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a widely used, powerful technique for reverse genetics. VIGS vectors derived from the Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) are among the most popular for VIGS. We have developed a TRV RNA2 vector that allows the insertion of gene silencing fragments by ligation-independent cloning (LIC). This new vector has several advantages over previous vectors, particularly for applications involving the analysis of large numbers of sequences, since TRV-LIC vectors containing the desired insert are obtained with 100% efficiency. Importantly, this vector allows the high-throughput cloning of silencing fragments without the use of costly enzymes required for recombination, as is the case with GATEWAY-based vectors. We generated a collection of silencing vectors based on 400 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) expressed sequence tags in this TRV-LIC background. We have used this vector to identify roles for SlMADS1 and its Nicotiana benthamiana homologs, NbMADS4-1 and -2 in flowering. We find that NbMADS4-1 and -2 act nonredundantly in floral development and silencing of either gene results in loss of organ identity. This TRV-LIC vector should be a valuable resource to the plant community.
Zeaxanthin Has Enhanced Antioxidant Capacity with Respect to All Other Xanthophylls in Arabidopsis Leaves and Functions Independent of Binding to PSII Antennae
Authors: Havaux Michel , Dall'Osto Luca , Bassi Roberto 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe ch1 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) lacks chlorophyll (Chl) b. Leaves of this mutant are devoid of photosystem II (PSII) Chl-protein antenna complexes and have a very low capacity of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of Chl fluorescence. Lhcb5 was the only PSII antenna protein that accumulated to a significant level in ch1 mutant leaves, but the apoprotein did not assemble in vivo with Chls to form a functional antenna. The abundance of Lhca proteins was also reduced to approximately 20% of the wild-type level. ch1 was crossed with various xanthophyll mutants to analyze the antioxidant activity of carotenoids unbound to PSII antenna. Suppression of zeaxanthin by crossing ch1 with npq1 resulted in oxidative stress in high light, while removing other xanthophylls or the PSII protein PsbS had no such effect. The tocopherol-deficient ch1 vte1 double mutant was as sensitive to high light as ch1 npq1, and the triple mutant ch1 npq1 vte1 exhibited an extreme sensitivity to photooxidative stress, indicating that zeaxanthin and tocopherols have cumulative effects. Conversely, constitutive accumulation of zeaxanthin in the ch1 npq2 double mutant led to an increased phototolerance relative to ch1. Comparison of ch1 npq2 with another zeaxanthin-accumulating mutant (ch1 lut2) that lacks lutein suggests that protection of polyunsaturated lipids by zeaxanthin is enhanced when lutein is also present. During photooxidative stress, α-tocopherol noticeably decreased in ch1 npq1 and increased in ch1 npq2 relative to ch1, suggesting protection of vitamin E by high zeaxanthin levels. Our results indicate that the antioxidant activity of zeaxanthin, distinct from NPQ, can occur in the absence of PSII light-harvesting complexes. The capacity of zeaxanthin to protect thylakoid membrane lipids is comparable to that of vitamin E but noticeably higher than that of all other xanthophylls of Arabidopsis leaves.
The pCLEAN Dual Binary Vector System forAgrobacterium-Mediated Plant Transformation
Authors: Thole Vera , Worland Barbara , Snape John W. , Vain Philippe 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe development of novel transformation vectors is essential to the improvement of plant transformation technologies. Here, we report the construction and testing of a new multifunctional dual binary vector system, pCLEAN, for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. The pCLEAN vectors are based on the widely used pGreen/pSoup system and the pCLEAN-G/pCLEAN-S plasmids are fully compatible with the existing pGreen/pSoup vectors. A single Agrobacterium can harbor (1) pCLEAN-G and pSoup, (2) pGreen and pCLEAN-S, or (3) pCLEAN-G and pCLEAN-S vector combination. pCLEAN vectors have been designed to enable the delivery of multiple transgenes from distinct T-DNAs and/or vector backbone sequences while minimizing the insertion of superfluous DNA sequences into the plant nuclear genome as well as facilitating the production of marker-free plants. pCLEAN vectors contain a minimal T-DNA (102 nucleotides) consisting of direct border repeats surrounding a 52-nucleotide-long multiple cloning site, an optimized left-border sequence, a double left-border sequence, restriction sites outside the borders, and two independent T-DNAs. In addition, selectable and/or reporter genes have been inserted into the vector backbone sequence to allow either the counter-screening of backbone transfer or its exploitation for the production of marker-free plants. The efficiency of the different pCLEAN vectors has been assessed using transient and stable transformation assays in Nicotiana benthamiana and/or Oryza sativa.
Indulgences at Norwich cathedral priory in the later middle ages: popular piety in the balance sheet
Authors: Swanson R. N. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Indulgences were a vital element in late medieval English religion, but evidence of their attractiveness is limited. Material from the sacrists' rolls of Norwich cathedral priory offers information to cast light on their local appeal, changing over time yet open to manipulation and exploitation. Records of offerings at shrines and images within the cathedral also provide comparative figures to set the scale of indulgence receipts in perspective.
The magistrate, the community and the maintenance of an orderly society in eighteenth-century England
Authors: Morgan Gwenda , Rushton Peter 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The lone magistrate was the central figure of early modern English law enforcement, yet few records of his activities survive. This study of one of the rare notebooks kept by a local J.P. in north-east England in the eighteenth century suggests that his primary purpose was to negotiate peace between disputants rather than to secure prosecution and conviction of those accused of crimes. Prosecutions in court were few. Reconciliation was mixed with enforcement in areas such as employment relations, poor relief and the maintenance of illegitimate children, but here, as in the many cases of physical assault, outcomes were frequently ‘agreed’.
To be a member of the leading gentry: the Suffolk voluntary subscriptions of 1782
Authors: Aoki Yasushi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This article examines the Suffolk voluntary subscription campaign conducted to raise funds for the building of naval ships in 1782. By carefully analysing the list of subscribers, as well as by looking into the initial process of the campaign, it demonstrates the importance of the county's leading gentry group. Special attention is paid to Sir Charles Davers of Rushbrooke, one of the principal proposers of the patriotic project, who contributed the comparatively large sum of £300.
Whiggery, science and administration: Grenville and Lord Henry Petty in the Ministry of All the Talents, 1806–7
Authors: Bord Joe 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The Ministry of All the Talents (1806–7) has been dismissed because it failed in most of its declared objectives. In a series of secondary matters, however – vaccination, medical reform, the improvement of the curriculum at Maynooth and the New Plan of Finance (1807) – a distinctive style of administrative liberalism was being practised. Here termed ‘scientific’, ‘technical’ and ‘empirical’ because of its concern with the management of knowledge or rational inquiry by public authority, this liberal style formed part of the background of politics, and connected Pittite management with mid century Liberal government. Despite their differences, two Whig statesmen, Lord Henry Petty (1780–1863) and Lord Grenville (1759–1834) cultivated this style in an atmosphere of caution and austerity. As chancellor of the exchequer and prime minister respectively, in 1806–7, Petty and Grenville brought the ‘pessimistic meliorism’ of their wider beliefs to the problems cited, articulating a kind of liberalism that was distinct from the Foxite canon.
Planning health care in developing countries
Authors: Nambiar B. , Lewycka S. , Mwansambo C. , Costello A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe major challenge for health care planners lies in integrating health promotion and disease prevention on the one hand and treatment of acute illness and chronic care on the other. This has to be done at all levels of the health system with the aim of delivering quality services equitably and efficiently to the whole population. This is a particular problem as many governments spend less than US $10 per person per year on health. Acute sector healthcare, including anaesthesia, is often deficient under these circumstances.
Anaesthesia and safe motherhood
Authors: Clyburn P. , Morris S. , Hall J. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe challenges of obstetric care in the developing world are enormous. Many fit young mothers die or suffer disabling birth injuries from preventable complications of pregnancy that are easily treated with basic facilities. Maternal mortality rates in excess of 1% have been recorded in a number of countries. Access to Caesarean section is a particular problem, with rates lower than 1% being commonplace. The provision of appropriate anaesthesia services is of international concern.
Paediatric anaesthesia in developing countries
Authors: Hodges S. C. , Walker I. A. , Bösenberg A. T. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryEach year millions of children undergo surgery in the developing world with inadequate facilities, equipment and drugs. In many hospitals, anaesthesia is largely dependent on the availability of ketamine. Application of well‐established clinical techniques, particularly for postoperative pain control, would relieve unnecessary suffering in children. Improvements in peri‐operative care are required by investment in health systems and training.
Pain management in developing countries
Authors: Size M. , Soyannwo O. A. , Justins D. M. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryAccess to pain relief is an integral part of peri‐operative care jointly managed by clinicians and nursing staff. Simple regimens, relying on inexpensive drugs, are often not followed due to inadequate healthcare systems. This article describes some of the common challenges, and suggests practical approaches to overcoming them.