bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct detection of Streptococcus mutans in human dental plaque by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Igarashi T. , Yamamoto A. , Goto N. 
Published: December 2007

Igarashi T, Yamamoto AA, Goto N. Direct detection of Streptococcus mutans in human dental plaque by polymerase chain reaction. Streptococcus mutans is an etiological agent in human dental caries. A method for the detection of S. mutans directly from human dental plaque by polymerase chain reaction has been developed. Oligonucleotide primers specific for a portion of the dextranase gene (dexA) of S. mutans Ingbritt (serotype c) were designed to amplify a 1272‐bp DNA fragment by polymerase chain reaction. The present method specifically detected S. mutans (serotypes c, e and f), but none of the other mutans streptococci: S. cricetus (serotype a), S. rattus (serotype b), S. sobrinus (serotypes d and g), and S. downei (serotype h), other gram‐positive bacteria (16 strains of 12 species of cocci and 18 strains of 12 species of bacilli) nor gram‐negative bacteria (1 strain of 1 species of cocci and 20 strains of 18 species of bacilli). The method was capable of detecting 1 pg of the chromosomal DNA purified from S. mutans Ingbritt and as few as 12 colony‐forming units of S. mutans cells. The S. mutans cells in human dental plaque were also directly detected. Seventy clinical isolates of S. mutans isolated from the dental plaque of 8 patients were all positive by the polymerase chain reaction. These results suggest that the dexA polymerase chain reaction is suitable for the specific detection and identification of S. mutans.
Disaster preparedness for farmers: A methodology
Authors: Brammer H. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYIn summary, four elements are considered to be essential for introducing a national system of agricultural disaster preparedness planning:

the initiative should be taken by the Ministry of Agriculture (or its equivalent); within project areas, the initiative should be taken by the project authority, although preferably within a national system;
contingency planning should form part of an annual/ seasonal agricultural production planning; appropriate budgetary allocations should be made at this stage;
regional or district agricultural officers should be given specific responsibility to collect relevant environmental and land use information for disaster‐prone areas and to prepare relevant contingency plans; and
all agricultural officials, from the Ministry down to the lowest field level, should be trained in how to make and use disaster preparedness plans; local government representatives and officials should also be trained.

Training is regarded as the key element. This is a field where international agencies such as FAO and UNDRO could assist governments to improve their state of disaster preparedness. Voluntary agencies could also play an important role in training community leaders in the identification of disaster preparedness needs and possibilities.
Urban flooding in Australia: Policy development and implementation
Authors: Smith D.I. , Handmer J.W. 
Published: December 2007

This paper presents a review of Australian urban riverine flooding. By world standards the Australian flood problem is relatively small, though there are pockets of development subject to regular severe inundation. In the past, government response to flooding was ad hoc and characterized by structural adjustments. The 1970s and 1980s, however, have seen a major shift in approach. The new approach emphasizes resource management rather than construction, and consists of the announcement of policies, enactment of enabling legislation, and the introduction of procedures to help ensure that the widest range of flood damage reduction measures are considered. The changes are evident at both the federal and state levels of government.Though problems remain, particularly at the local government level, where ultimate responsibility for policy implementation generally rests, the authors feel there are good grounds for optimism. Some suggestions for future policy are offered and the importance of public safety is stressed.
Methods of increasing food self‐sufficiency following disasters in the commonwealth Caribbean*
Authors: Mcintosh Curtis E. 
Published: December 2007

In the Caribbean, catastrophic events take their toll on food availability through loss of food crops and livestock, disruption in the channels of distribution and loss of foreign exchange earnings from export crops, which are used to procure imported foodstuffs. Nutritional consequences such as the protein energy malnutrition among children, pregnant and lactating women and hard‐working males and females are likely to follow.Choice of crops and livestock systems following disasters should be such as to allow for a rapid rehabilitation of the agricultural production and distribution system to eliminate prolonged dependence on food aid. Opportunities should be provided for balanced meal plans including staples, legumes, vegetables, food from animals, fruits, oils and fats. These issues are addressed in this article.
Malnutrition among the Akamba of Kenya ‐Problem or response to a problem?
Authors: Brabin Loretta 
Published: December 2007

Two recent studies amongst the Kenyan Akamba are contrasted to illustrate how malnutrition can be regarded either as a response to a problem in the local environment, or as the problem itself, arising from general conditions of poverty and ignorance. Differences in methodology are compared and it is shown that nutrition studies often ignore local factors in reaching conclusions on nutritional status. Consequently, nutrition policy recommendations provide general solutions of limited value. It is suggested that factors in the local environment which may cause malnutrition be investigated by hypothesis testing, in order to provide specific information for community‐based action.The category of the poor is not merely inadequate for evaluative exercises and a nuisance for causal analysis, it can also have distorting effects on policy matters. On the causal side, the lack of discrimination between different circumstances leading to poverty gives rise to a lack of focus in policy choice.
The Cameroon volcanic gas disaster. An analysis of a makeshift response
Authors: Othman‐Chandev M. 
Published: December 2007

The Cameroon Volcanic Gas Disaster has seen yet again a number of burning issues relating to relief management. These relate to the exxasgerantion and indequacy of facts from the field, media amplification of information, inappropriate and abundant intrnational response and lack of logistic considerations.Disaster relief assessment should continue to be a top priority, no matter who performs it initially. Accurate assessment and immediate and appropriate satisfaction of the needs of victims are imperative if relief actors ar to be hare credibility. For international relief to be effective there is a need to expand existing contacts betwen a stricken government and its foreign counterparts, NGOs and the media. Part of this process includes the participation of resident relief and aid oriented agencies in national relief committees. Greater relief discipline should also outweight donor compassion.
Does nutritional surveillance have a role to play in early warning of food crisis and in the management of relief operations?*
Authors: Shoham Jeremy 
Published: December 2007

A major area of investment in data collection in developing countries has been that of nutritional surveillance and monitoring. From recent debate it is clear that there is currently no consensus on the potential role of nutritional status as an early warning indicator.The author presents a synthesis of the broad spectrum of views on the role nutritional surveillance could or should have in early warning. Conceptual problems and technical difficulties are reviewed in the light of recent experiences in Africa and Asia. The author raises a number of issues for future discussion in this ongoing debate.
Social and Ecological Aspects of Resettlement and Villagization among the Konso of Southwestern Ethiopia
Authors: KLOOS HELMUT , ABATE TUFA , HAILU ASRAT , AYELE TEKLEMARIAM 
Published: December 2007

TEKLEMARIAM AYELE2This is a study of the changing settlement and land use patterns of the Konso in three peasant associations in southwestern Ethiopia and an evaluation of their attitudes toward government‐sponsored villagization in the lowlands. Over the years, the Konso have moved spontaneously from the overpopulated highlands toward lower elevations and have recently begun to cultivate on the Yanda plain, but without settling there. Fear of tropical diseases, armed conflict with pastoralists and the Konso perception of lowland living continue to be powerful deterrents to settlement in the lowlands. Major objectives of the government villagization programme are unlikely to be achieved in the Konso area and may instead lead to disaster unless this programme is drastically revised to provide suitable conditions for resettlement and to meet the specific needs of the population.
REVIEWS
Authors: Ottokar King , Hero  , Leander  
Published: December 2007

King Ottokar, His Rise and Fall. By Franz Grillparzer. Hero and Leander. By Franz Grillparzer. Franz Kafka, Parable and Paradox. By Hcinz Politzer. Kafkas Dichtungen: Die Travestien des Mythos. By Kurt Weinberg. Humour et création littéraire dans l'œuvre de Kafka. By Michel Dentan. Rilkes Duineser Elegien. By Jacob Steiner.Stefan Zwcig Schachnovelle, edited by Harry Zohn. Die Darstellung der Dimensionen menschlicher Existenz in Brochs ‘Tod des Vergil’. By D. Meinert. Der Leserkontakt in den Erzählungen Hugo von Hofmannsthals. By D. Schafer. Dichterische Hauptwerke. By Paul Scheerbart. Prosa, Briefe, Verse. By Gustav Sack. Der junge Goethe. Edited by Hanna Fischer‐Lamberg. Goethe. A Critical Introduction. By Henry Hatfield. August von Goethe und Ottilie von Pogwisch. Briefe aus der Verlobungszeit. Erstausgabe. Edited by Heinz Bluhm with a commentary by Dorothea Lohmeyer‐Hölscher. Studien zu den Passions‐ und Osterspielen des deutschen Mittelalters in ihrem Übergang vom Latein zur Volkssprache. By Wilfried Werner.Rudolf von Ems: Der guote Gêrhart. (Altdeutsche Textbibliothek, Nr. 56). Edited by John A. Asher. Herder: God. Some Conversations. Translated by Frederick H. Burkhardt. Theatergeschichte Europas, Bd. IV. Von der Aufklärung zur Romantik (I. Teil). By Heinz Kindermann. Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Der Dichter im Spiegel der Freunde. Edited by Helmut A. Fiechtner. Zeitgefährten. By Felix Braun.
STEREOSCOPIC CONSTANCY SCALING WITH ANISEIKONIC LENSES
Authors: Morrison L. C. , Fox T. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract When objects are viewed with an aniseikonic lens they appear to tilt from a subject's frontal plane and distort in shape, the distortion being attributed to size constancy scaling.A technique was devised which permitted both the amount apparent tilting and of constancy scaling hi be measured. Therefore, the relation between the two tjualitios could be studied.The results failed in confirm the invariance theory assumed by Ogle (1950). i.e. that scaling ii upplied in proportion to the amount of perceived tilting, but were consistent with the direct response theory of Gillam (1967) which assers that perceived tilting and constancy scaling are determined independently. Indeed, the results suggest that, for slanting objects with perspective attributes, the chief function of the stereoscopic cues is to set the constancy scaling and thus stereopsis greatly contributes to the shape constancy of tilted objects.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLINICAL STEREOTESTS
Authors: Hall Chris 
Published: December 2007

Abstract The stereo‐thresholds of 67 normal binocular subjects and two smaller groups of non‐binocular and temporarily occluded subject's were measured using three clinical stereotests and a laboratory two‐needle test. The Titmus, Frisby and two‐needle test were found to give a much lower mean threshold than the TNO test.It was found that there is low, but significant, correlation between most pairs of the rests. This suggests they all measure the same underlying function of stereopsis, but other factors must also influence performance in these tests.The non‐binocular subjects performed slightly better than the occluded subjects in some of the stereotests.
COMPARISON OF THE ANTI‐INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY AND EFFECT ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE OF FLUOROMETHALONE, CLOBETASONE BUTYRATE AND BETAMETHASONE PHOSPHATE EYE DROPS
Authors: Kadom A. H. M. , Forrester J. V. , Williamson T. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract— (1) The effect of fluoromethalone 0.1% suspension (FML), clobetasone butyrate 0.1% (Eumovate) and betamethasone phosphate 0.1% (Betnesol) in post‐operative inflammation was studied in 60 eyes (50 patients) in a randomized trial.(2) No significant differences were noted, although two patients required higher penetration steroids than FML or Eumovate.(3) Betnesol seemed to have a greater tendency to cause raised intraocular pressure than FML. In this series, however, the authors are unable to comment on differences between Eumovate and Betnesol.
The experience of a university‐based low vision clinic
Authors: Leat Susan Jennifer , Rumney Nicholas James 
Published: December 2007

An open low vision clinic has been in operation at University of Wales College of Cardiff, Department of Optometry for 5 years. This paper describes the demography and visual characteristics of 218 consecutively presenting patients. A detailed survey of the aids prescribed is conducted. A significant proportion of low vision patients required only simple aids (56.8%) and low magnification (71.6%). It is suggested that these patients could be assisted in an optometric practice.In addition, visual acuity, distance or near is not a good indicator of eventual visual performance with an LVA. Therefore, it was concluded that all patients having measurable form vision should receive a low vision assessment.
Glassblowers' ocular health and safety: optical radiation hazards and eye protection assessment
Authors: Oriowo Olanrewaju M. , Chou B. Ralph , Cullen Anthony P. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe arms of this study were to investigate the levels of optical radiation exposure in glassblowing and to determine type(s) of protective eyewear commonly used. Radiometric measurements of radiant emissions from different molten glass materials and heating systems were carried out in six installations. Spectral transmittance curves of available protective lenses used at the locations were obtained. Significant variation (P= 0.0001) in ocular irradiation was obtained. All operations produced irradiances higher than the threshold limit values (TLVs for the visible spectrum (400 to 700 nm). In craft glassblowing which employs furnace systems, irradiance levels exceeding the TLVs for near infrared (760 to 1100nm) were obtained. Molten soda‐lime and quartz glasses emitted substantial subthreshold near UV radiation. This study shows that variation exists in glassblowing ocular radiation exposure due to different glass materials and heating systems, therefore selection of appropriate eye protector should be on an individual basis.
TECTONIC CONTROL OF OFFSHORE SEDIMENTARY BASINS TO THE NORTH AND WEST OF IRELAND
Authors: Max M. D. 
Published: December 2007

A newly compiled tectonic map of Ireland and part of the offshore area can be used to show that a pattern of rejuvenated Caledonian structures was superseded by newly imposed structures at about the time of the opening of the northern North Atlantic Ocean. There are three distinct patterns of structural control: 1. Older Caledonian structures, 2. Younger Caledonian structures and 3. ‘Oceanic’ structures. Younger structural patterns are each superimposed on older, so that locally interference patterns are developed. Each of the structural regimes has controlled sedimentation in particular zones, and where superimpostion has occurred, mixed shelf‐continental and ‘oceanic’ sedimentation can be expected at different structural levels.One of the major control structures in and immediately off NW Ireland is the Great Glen Fault system, which has been repeatedly rejuvenated since its development in Caledonian times. Other major control structures are associated with the Porcupine Seabight, which probably developed during the initiation of the immediately adjacent North Atlantic Ocean basin. Where these structural systems intersect at the head of the Seabight, sedimentational provinces can be defined.A poorly defined E‐W structural line at about 53° 25′ across the northern part of the Seabight may reflect deep wrench faulting related to a subjacent transform. Major structures along this line would have influenced sedimentation and consequent growth structures. This line may be an eastward analogue of the Gibbs Fracture Zone against which the axial zone of ‘quasi‐oceanic’ or attenuated continental crust in the Porcupine Seabight could terminate.
THE EMERGENT HORMUZ SALT PLUGS OF SOUTHERN IRAN
Authors: Kent P. E. 
Published: December 2007

The extrusive salt plugs in the “gently folded zone”of the Zagros mountain belt are almost exclusively composed of Hormuz evaporites carrying exotic blocks, originating at depth of 3–5 km below surface, dated as mainly late Precambrian.In recent years, there have been considerable advances in the understanding of the history of emplacement, on the stratigraphy of the very large exotic blocks of bedded Infra‐Cambrian sediments, on the stratigraphy of the very large exotic blocks of bedded Infra‐ Cambrian sediments on the entrained volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks and on the mineral occurrences. The charactreistic and controversial feature are described, with the minearl occurrences. The characteristic and controversial fetures are described, with emphasis on the newer information and on the relationships of the plugs to normal folds, thrusts and transverrse fracture zones.The absences at surface of the many cubic kms of country rock displaced from the neck of each plug has hitheto presented an unsoloved probelm; prevoious explanation fail to fit availabel facts. It is now postulated that in most cases initial extrusion took place at higher stratigraphic levels, and that the original vent material has been eroded along with the sediments lost following uplift of the mountain belt.The concept that pre‐orogenic plug movement was not exceptinal but normal, so that the plugs penetrated an essentially flat‐lying sedimentary blanket, resolves also the contrast between their regular distribution in the southeastern Zagros and their random reltion to the Pliocene fold trends, as well as the tendency for inflexions of fold axes to be located where they encounter the weak points provided by the salt intrusions.
SOME HOLOCENE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND SEDIMENTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FROM OMAN AND THEIR PALAEOGEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Beydoun Z. R. 
Published: December 2007

Observed exhumed Pleistocene river channel conglomerates now standing as ridges, and inland sabkha sedimentological structural phenomena from Oman, are discussed. Their significance as tools in the interpretation of similar palaeogeological environments is considered. Correlation with similar channel fills elsewhere in Arabia and Iran indicates aggradation as having occurred between 35,000–7,000 yrs BP and suggests that this was principally by sustained flow during pluvial phases accompanying the last global glaciation, (at least in this part of the Middle East). Elevations of the now inverted channels above their deflated desert surroundings are used for calculating deflation rates, and reservoir porosity‐permeability characteristics of similar ancient deposits are considered. Additional and new data on halite crust structures from the Umm‐as‐Samim inland sabkha are presented mainly in photographs backed by factual data which are commented upon; sabkha formation probably commenced about 4,500 yrs BP. The preservation of similar origin halite deposits in the stratigraphic record is briefly discussed.This note is intended to augment data on desert environments that appear to have either had passing mention, or simply recording without assessment of their significance as tools or indicators in the interpretation of similar palaeogeological environments. It is the hope that the observations recorded here will stimulate further work on these and other Holocene phenomena in the region concerned and also elsewhere, together with dissemination of results, so that implications to various aspects of applied geology can be better evaluated and understood.
PRIMARY PETROLEUM MIGRATION BY MOLECULAR SOLUTION: CONSIDERATION OF NEW DATA
Authors: Price Leigh C. 
Published: December 2007

Previous criticisms of primary petroleum migration by molecular solution have been: (1) the large compositional and molecular weight differences between hydrocarbons most readily dissolved in water and those found in crude oils, and (2) previously‐measured aqueous petroleum solubilities were not high enough to account for petroleum deposits using reasonable geologic assumptions. New crude oil aqueous solubility data remove both of these criticisms. Above 275° C, with both increasing gas content and temperature, the solute hydrocarbons become compositionally more and more similar to, and eventually exactly match, the starting material. Mass balance calculations, using experimentally‐measured crude oil solubilities, show that between 275° and 375° C, under realistic geologic assumptions, crude oil aqueous solubility is high enough to account for petroleum deposits. These new data also show that molecular solution is not a viable agent of primary petroleum migration below 275° C.Although the new data remove these two criticisms, three others are immediately raised: (1) there is inadequate water in sediments at temperatures between 275° to 375° C for migration by molecular solution, (2) sediment hydrocarbons will be thermally destroyed by these temperatures, and (3) these high temperatures are not present in most petroleum basins. Consideration of existing data suggests these criticisms can be satisfactorily answered. It is therefore concluded that a deep‐hot origin of petroleum and its migration by solution could fall within the restraints of the natural system.It is possible much or most of the world's oil has undergone primary migration by molecular solution; however two other mechanisms may also be viable: gaseous solution, and in the case of extremely rich source rocks, some form of a bulk phase migration.