bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An environmental soil test to estimate the intrinsic risk of sediment and phosphorus mobilization from European soils
Authors: Withers P. J. A. , Hodgkinson R. A. , Barberis E. , Presta M. , Hartikainen H. , Quinton J. , Miller N. , Sisák I. , Strauss P. , Mentler A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMethodologies are required to help identify soils that are vulnerable to both suspended sediment (SS) and phosphorus (P) transfer in land run‐off to combat the adverse impacts of agriculture on water quality. A laboratory test that quantifies dispersed particles and associated P in the same suspension was developed to estimate the potential mobilization of SS and P due to rainfall impact from 26 European soils with varied soil physical and chemical properties and P inputs. The test recovers an aliquot of the clay and fine silt (<20 μm) fraction of soils after gently shaking in distilled water for 1 min at a 1:50 soil‐to‐solution ratio and measures the dry residue, total P and dissolved (<0.45 μm) P content. The results of the test correlated well (r2 = 0.7–0.8) with the amounts of SS, total P and dissolved P in overland flow generated by indoor simulated rainfall (intensity 60 mm h−1 for 30 min and a 5° slope). Variation in SS and particulate P mobilization was linked to soil pH, organic matter (or clay) and sesquioxide content, although a multiple regression analysis showed these factors accounted for no more than 55% of this variation. Ranking showed that the soils generating the most sediment did not necessarily generate the most P loss due to variable degrees of P enrichment of the particulate fraction and variable contributions of dissolved P. Particulate P enrichment was related weakly (r2 = 0.5) to soil total P, while dissolved P fractions were predicted well (r2 = 0.8–0.9) by conventional soil P tests (water and Olsen). The environmental soil test has a potential role in identifying the comparative risk of sediment and P mobilization from critical source areas connected via both surface and subsurface pathways, and in providing data for incorporation into models predicting sediment and P transfer at the field and catchment scale.
Using critical source areas for targeting cost‐effective best management practices to mitigate phosphorus and sediment transfer at the watershed scale
Authors: Strauss P. , Leone A. , Ripa M. N. , Turpin N. , Lescot J.‐M. , Laplana R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe impact of implementing different best management practices (BMPs) at the small watershed scale were examined for the Petzenkirchen catchment in Austria and Lake Vico in Italy, in terms of data needs, hydrological processes, tools and models involved. Identification of critical source areas for targeting soil and phosphorus losses turned out to be crucial for correct allocation of BMPs. Comparison of environmental effectiveness and costs, both calculated using various modelling approaches, enabled us to compare different levels of introducing BMPs ecologically and economically. Within each catchment, small areas of land tended to be the source of disproportionately large amounts of pollution. Therefore, confining mitigation to these areas costs less than targeting wider areas. This suggests that a policy for environmental programmes should be focussed on hydrological units and critical source areas within these units instead of introducing universal controls – the ‘watering can’ principle – as practised today.
Appraisal of phosphorus and sediment transfer in three pilot areas identified for the catchment sensitive farming initiative in England: application of the prototype PSYCHIC model
Authors: Collins A. L. , Strőmqvist J. , Davison P. S. , Lord E. I. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe England Catchment Sensitive Farming Delivery Initiative has recently identified 40 priority catchments where stakeholders require assistance with tackling harmful diffuse pollution, including that associated with phosphorus (P) and sediment. Newly appointed Catchment Sensitive Farming Officers require appropriate means of targeting P and sediment mitigation methods. In this context, the prototype PSYCHIC (Phosphorus and Sediment Yield CHaracterization In Catchments) model was used to characterize three pilot catchments in England, namely: the Derwent‐Cocker (626 km2), Teme (1623 km2) and Wensum (689 km2). Modelled annual total P export from the Derwent‐Cocker catchment is 1.2 kg ha−1 year−1, compared with 0.6 kg ha−1 year−1from the Teme catchment and 0.9 kg ha−1 year−1from the Wensum catchment. Corresponding sediment export is predicted at 271 kg ha−1 year−1, 124 kg ha−1 year−1and 70 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively. The findings highlight the importance of factors including P application rates, soil types and the increased connectivity provided by assisted drainage in determining pollution ‘hotspots’. Model output is being used to engage stakeholders and devise abatement strategies.
Land use scenarios for England and Wales: evaluation of management options to support ‘good ecological status’ in surface freshwaters
Authors: Johnes P. J. , Foy R. , Butterfield D. , Haygarth P. M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper analyses historic records of agricultural land use and management for England and Wales from 1931 and 1991 and uses export coefficient modelling to hindcast the impact of these practices on the rates of diffuse nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) export to water bodies for each of the major geoclimatic regions of England and Wales. Key trends indicate the importance of animal agriculture as a contributor to the total diffuse agricultural nutrient loading on waters, and the need to bring these sources under control if conditions suitable for sustaining ‘Good Ecological Status’ under the Water Framework Directive are to be generated. The analysis highlights the importance of measuring changes in nutrient loading in relation to the catchment‐specific baseline state for different water bodies. The approach is also used to forecast the likely impact of broad regional scale scenarios on nutrient export to waters and highlights the need to take sensitive land out of production, introduce ceilings on fertilizer use and stocking densities, and controls on agricultural practice in higher risk areas where intensive agriculture is combined with a low intrinsic nutrient retention capacity, although the uncertainties associated with the modelling applied at this scale should be taken into account in the interpretation of model output. The paper advocates the need for a two‐tiered approach to nutrient management, combining broad regional policies with targeted management in high risk areas at the catchment and farm scale.
Evaluation of contrasting buffer features within an agricultural landscape for reducing sediment and sediment‐associated phosphorus delivery to surface waters
Authors: Owens P. N. , Duzant J. H. , Deeks L. K. , Wood G. A. , Morgan R. P. C. , Collins A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThere are a variety of buffering features within the landscape that can be used to trap sediment and associated contaminants such as phosphorus (P), thereby helping to reduce sediment and P delivery to watercourses. Astroturf mats (n = 136) were placed within contrasting buffer features at nine sites [mid‐field hedges (two sites), edge‐of‐field grass strips (six sites) and channel wetlands (one site)] within the River Parrett basin in England. Sediment was recorded on the mats at seven of the sites during the 18‐month sampling period. At the other two sites either there was insufficient erosion or sediment by‐passed the mats. At the seven sites where mats collected sediment, there was a considerable range in sediment deposition over the 18‐month sampling period with site‐average values (based on all mats at a site) ranging from 0.02 ± 0.06 to 1.15 ± 1.88 g cm−2; the average for all 136 mats was 0.41 ± 1.08 g cm−2, or approximately 0.27 g cm−2 year−1. Most of the sediment collected on the mats (n = 60) was sand‐sized (>63 μm) material. The site‐average total‐P content of the <63 μm fraction of the deposited sediment ranged between 616 and 1938 mg kg−1 (average 890 mg kg−1). About half of all the mats that collected sediment were from the front of the buffers. Comparison of the sediment in the buffer features with topsoil from the contributing upslope fields suggests that the buffers trap coarser sediment with lower P concentrations, than the contributing topsoil. This suggests that the finer fraction, enriched in total‐P, may be passing through the buffers towards river channels. Comparison between sites indicates that sediment deposition within buffers is greater at sites with steeper slopes, erodible soils and certain types of land use, such as maize for silage, reflecting the greater soil erosion and sediment transfers in these fields. The location and careful design of buffer features is a key factor in their effectiveness.
Agriculture as a source of phosphorus for eutrophication in southern Europe
Authors: Torrent J. , Barberis E. , Gil‐Sotres F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractLarge areas of the southern European countries possess a Mediterranean climate, which influences soil properties, land use, fertilizer application practices and pathways of phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural soils. On average, inputs of fertilizer P exceed P exports from the agricultural areas in these countries; however, large differences in P surplus/deficit and soil P test values exist among regions. Losses of P in drainage water are modest except in some irrigated areas and in those regions where intensive animal production is concentrated. Losses of P in runoff water, whether as dissolved reactive or particulate P, can be substantial as a result of the significance of erosive processes under the land uses typical of the Mediterranean region, where extreme rainfall events contribute disproportionately to such losses. Eutrophication due sensu lato to agricultural P sources affects a relatively high proportion of rivers, lakes and reservoirs. The typical Mediterranean climate and patterns of land use result in marked seasonality in the concentration of P in surface waters. Despite the growing number of studies conducted, the contribution of agricultural P to eutrophication in southern European countries remains largely unassessed and thus warrants pertinent research at the soil, field and catchment scales.
Phosphorus and nitrogen losses to surface waters from a forested feedlot for bulls in Finland
Authors: Uusi‐Kämppä J. , Jauhiainen L. , Huuskonen A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPhosphorus and nitrogen losses to water from a forested feedlot (10 000 m2) for 10 bulls was studied for 2 years in northwestern Finland. The nutrient loading was estimated by monitoring nutrient accumulation and migration in a feedlot soil profile and run‐off to a nearby ditch. Ditch water was sampled for total phosphorus (TP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), total nitrogen (TN), NH4‐N and NO3‐N analyses. The concentrations of ammonium acetate extractable phosphorus (PAAAc), NH4‐N and NO3‐N in the soil were measured before and during the study. The mean PAAAc rose in the surface soil layer (0–5 cm) from 5.0 to 13.8–21.3 mg L−1, being the highest in the areas where bulls congregated. Also the mean contents of NH4‐N and NO3‐N in the 0.6‐m soil layer rose from 5.4 and 0.5 kg ha−1 up to 270 and 30 kg ha−1, respectively; an approximately 50‐ to 60‐fold increase. Although the annual losses of DRP, TP, NH4‐N, NO3‐N and TN (0.6, 0.9, 1.4, 0.3 and 3.5 kg ha−1, respectively) increased only moderately in ditch water during the study period, our results suggest that forested feedlots may represent a long‐term source of increased nutrient loading to water if cattle rearing with high stock numbers continues for a long time in the same place.
Vasopressin therapy in dogs with dopamine‐resistant hypotension and vasodilatory shock
Authors: Silverstein Deborah C. , Waddell Lori S. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , King Lesley G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjective: To describe the therapeutic use of vasopressin in dogs with dopamine‐resistant hypotension and vasodilatory shock.Series summary: We report the effects of intravenous vasopressin therapy on mean arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure (CVP) in 5 dogs with dopamine‐resistant hypotension from vasodilatory shock. All subjects had documented hypotension and vasodilation, despite adequate intravascular volume and catecholamine therapy. There was an increase in mean arterial pressure following vasopressin administration. No cardiac arrhythmias were noted, nor were there clinically significant changes in CVP.New information provided: Mean arterial blood pressure increased following vasopressin therapy in all of the dogs. Vasopressin may prove useful in the treatment of vasodilatory shock, however further research is warranted.
NIM811, a nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporine analogue, suppresses collagen production and enhances collagenase activity in hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Kohjima Motoyuki , Enjoji Munechika , Higuchi Nobito , Kotoh Kazuhiro , Kato Masaki , Takayanagi Ryoiichi , Nakamuta Makoto 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground/Aims: A recent decrease in patient survival has been reported among hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected liver transplant recipients and this may be attributable to progression of fibrosis. We reported previously that cyclosporine suppressed the proliferation of, and collagen production in, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Here, we investigated the effects of NIM811, a cyclosporine analogue, on cell growth, collagen production and collagenase activity in HSCs.Methods: Rat HSCs and human HSC‐derived TWNT‐4 cells were cultured for the study. The expression of collagen, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP‐1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) and collagenase activity was evaluated. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured. Phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Smad2 and Smad3 was evaluated. The expression of the tumour growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)‐receptor and Smad7 genes was also evaluated.Results: NIM811, as well as cyclosporine, suppressed the transcription and synthesis of collagen and stimulated the production of MMP‐1 with a concomitant enhancement of collagenase activity, although it did not change the expression of TIMP‐1. NIM811 inhibited proliferation without induction of apoptosis. In the MAPKs and TGF‐β signalling pathways, NIM811 enhanced the phosphorylation of JNK and p38, but not extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2, and suppressed the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, accompanied by increased Smad7 transcription and decreased TGF‐β‐receptor transcription.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that NIM811 not only suppresses collagen production and proliferation but also increases collagenase activity. These effects are accompanied by inhibition of TGF‐β signalling pathways.
Performance of Doppler ultrasound in the prediction of severe portal hypertension in hepatitis C virus‐related chronic liver disease
Authors: Vizzutti Francesco , Arena Umberto , Rega Luigi , Romanelli Roberto Giulio , Colagrande Stefano , Cuofano Stefania , Moscarella Stefania , Belli Giacomo , Marra Fabio , Laffi Giacomo , Pinzani Massimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate the correlation between hepatic vein pressure gradient measurement and Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD).Patients and methods: Sixty‐six patients with fibrotic to cirrhotic hepatitis C virus‐related CLD, were consecutively included upon referral to our haemodynamic laboratory. Superior mesenteric artery pulsatility index (SMA‐PI), right interlobar renal and intraparenchymal splenic artery resistance indices, were determined, followed by hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement.Results: A correlation was found between HVPG and intraparenchymal splenic artery resistance index (SA‐RI) (r=0.50, P<0.0001), SMA‐PI (r=−0,48, P<0.0001), right interlobar renal artery resistance index (RRA‐RI) (r=0.51, P<0.0001) in the whole patient population. However, dividing patients according to the presence/absence of severe portal hypertension (i.e. HVPG ≥12 mmHg), a correlation between HVPG and intraparenchymal SA‐RI (r=0.70, P<0.0001), SMA‐PI (r=−0.49, P=0.02), RRA‐RI (r=0.66, P=0.0002) was observed only for HVPG values <12 mmHg. HVPG but not DUS correlated with the presence of esophageal varices (P<0.0001).Conclusions: Superior mesenteric artery pulsatility index, intraparenchymal splenic and right interlobar renal artery resistance indices do not adequately predict severe portal hypertension.
Glycine reduces hepatic warm ischaemia–reperfusion injury by suppressing inflammatory reactions in rats
Authors: Yamanouchi Kosho , Eguchi Susumu , Kamohara Yukio , Yanaga Katsuhiko , Okudaira Sadayuki , Tajima Yoshitsugu , Kanematsu Takashi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground: Glycine, a non‐essential amino acid, is known to have an anti‐inflammatory effect on haemorrhagic and endotoxic shock in animals. In the present study, we examined the effects of glycine on inflammatory reactions and hepatocellular damage after hepatic warm ischaemia–reperfusion (I–R) in rats.Methods: Using Sprague–Dawley rats, ischaemia was induced in 92% of the liver by clamping the hepatic inflows for 60 min, and part of the non‐ischaemic lobe was resected after reperfusion. Before the induction of I–R, rats were treated by an intravenous administration of either glycine (Glycine group) or normal saline (Control group). The severity of hepatocellular injury was determined by serum levels of hepatic enzymes and histological necrosis. To evaluate the effect of glycine on inflammatory reactions, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α mRNA expression in the liver, serum levels of TNF‐α and chemokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) and the number of neutrophils in the liver were compared between the groups.Results: At 60 min after reperfusion, the serum levels of hepatic enzymes in the Glycine group were significantly lower than those in the Control group (P<0.05). TNF‐α mRNA expression was also suppressed in the livers in the Glycine group. Furthermore, the serum levels of TNF‐α and CINC in the Glycine group were significantly lower than those in the Control group (P<0.05). Pretreatment with glycine also significantly reduced hepatic necrosis and the number of neutrophils at 24 h after reperfusion.Conclusion: Glycine has a protective effect against inflammatory reactions, and reduces hepatocellular injury induced by hepatic warm I–R in rats.
Apoptosis versus necrosis rate as a predictor in acute liver failure following acetaminophen intoxication compared with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure
Authors: Bechmann Lars P. , Marquitan Guido , Jochum Christoph , Saner Fuat , Gerken Guido , Canbay Ali 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCell death is known to play a crucial role in liver diseases. We compared the clinical courses of two cases of liver failure of different origins correlated with the extent of cell death (apoptosis and/or necrosis), measured in the patient's blood. Patient 1 was admitted with acute liver failure following acetaminophen intoxication. Intravenous therapy with acetylcysteine was performed. The percentage of apoptotic cell death measured by M30 was three times higher than normal and the overall cell death measured by M65 was more than 30 × higher than normal. High levels of aminotransferases were detected, indicating high rates of necrosis. M30 and M65 values rapidly returned to normal levels, while the liver function test (LFT) levels decreased with latency. Patient 2 was admitted with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure with known liver fibrosis. M30 values were 16 × higher than normal. In contrast, M65 values were lower than in the first case. This time, no movement in M30 levels was seen until the M30 levels rapidly increased indicating the inevitable death of the patient, while LFTs did not change. These results indicate the role of M30 and M65 immunoexpression as markers for functioning liver cell mass, capacity for recovery and therefore as predictive markers in acute liver failure.
Treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Méndez‐Sánchez Nahum , Arrese Marco , Zamora‐Valdés Daniel , Uribe Misael 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic illness with multiple consequences. The spectrum of disease ranges from simple steatosis, with benign prognosis, to a potentially progressive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which may lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in NAFLD is comparable with that observed in hepatitis C‐infected patients once cirrhosis is established. Current therapy is limited to lifestyle changes and control of associated metabolic disorders; however, new treatments are on the way from basic research to bedside. A review of the current literature on treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is presented in this article.
Commentary: Trzeciak S et al. (2006). Translating research to clinical practice: a 1‐year experience with implementing early goal‐directed therapy for septic shock in the emergency department
Authors: Robson Wayne P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEarly goal‐directed therapy (EGDT) has been shown to decrease mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Consensus guidelines now advocate EGDT for the first 6 h of sepsis resuscitation. However, EGDT has not yet been widely adopted in practice. A need for effective collaboration between emergency medicine and critical care medicine services has been identified as an obstacle to implementation. We aimed to determine if EGDT end‐points could reliably be achieved in real‐world clinical practice. EGDT was implemented as a collaborative emergency medicine/critical care quality improvement initiative. EGDT include the following: intravenous (IV) fluids (IVF) targeting central venous pressure ≥8 mmHg, vasopressors targeting mean arterial pressure ≥65 mmHg, and (if necessary) packed RBCs (PRBCs) and/or dobutamine targeting central venous oxygen saturation ≥70%. A retrospective analysis was performed of emergency department (ED) patients with persistent sepsis‐induced hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg despite 1.5 L of IVF) treated with EGDT during the first year of the initiative. Primary outcome measures included successful achievement of EGDT end‐points and time to achievement. A secondary analysis was performed, comparing EGDT cases to historical control cases (non‐protocolized control subjects without invasive monitoring). All end‐points were achieved in 20 of 22 cases (91%). The median time to reach end‐point was ≤6 h. In the secondary analysis, patients (n = 38; EGDT, n = 22; pre‐EGDT, n = 16) had similar age, do‐not‐resuscitate status, severity scores, hypotension duration and vasopressor requirement (p = not significant). In the ED, EGDT used more IVF and included PRBC/dobutamine utilization, without any effect on the overall use of these therapies through the first 24 h in the ICU. EGDT was associated with decreased intensive care unit pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) utilization (9.1% versus 43.7%, p = 0.01). With effective emergency medicine/critical care collaboration, we demonstrate that EGDT end‐points can reliably be achieved in real‐world sepsis resuscitation. ED‐based EGDT appears to decrease ICU PAC utilization. Abstract reprinted from the Chest volume 129, Trzeciak et al., ‘Translating research to clinical practice: a 1–year experience with implementing early goal‐directed therapy for septic shock in the emergency department.’, pages 225–232. © 2006, with permission from Blackwell Publishing Ltd.