bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of soil management systems on the chemical composition and quality of apples. II. Cox's orange pippin and red jonathan apples
Authors: Gormley Ronan , Robinson David , O'Kennedy Niall 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe quality of fruit of Cox's Orange Pippin and Red Jonathan from different soil management treatments was tested in 1969 and again in 1970. The range of tests included soluble solids, reducing sugar and acid contents, texture measurements and taste panel assessment. The non‐cultivation treatment gave the highest yields and the quality of fruit of both cultivars from all treatments was acceptable. Grass improved the quality of Cox's Orange Pippin in 1969 but not in 1970. Cultivation gave higher soluble solids levels than non‐cultivation for Red Jonathan in both seasons. There was no correlation between soluble solids content and taste panel response for either cultivar. However, solids levels of fruit from the different treatments tested were close together thus making it difficult for the panel to distinguish between samples.Soluble solids levels increased in fruit of Cox's Orange Pippin during storage at 1°C in 1969 but remained constant in 1970. Levels in Red Jonathan decreased in both seasons. Fruit of Cox's Orange Pippin became softer during storage in both seasons while fruit of Red Jonathan softened only in 1969.Acid levels for fruit of both cultivars from the different soil management treatments were not significantly different in either season.
Lead in grapes exposed to automobile exhaust gases
Authors: Pertoldi Marletta G. , Favretto Gabrielli L. , Favretto L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLead accumulates in grapes exposed to automobile exhaust gases, the concentration of the metal diminishing parabolically with the logarithm of the distance from the source of pollution. The maximum extrapolated figure was 4 to 6 ug per g of dried grapes, or about 10 times the normal content. The pollution falls to zero 100 to 120 m away from the roadway.
The coupled oxidation of chlorophyll a with linoleic acid catalysed by lipoxidase
Authors: Orthoefer F. T. , Dugan L. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChlorophyll a was bleached in a model system composed of pigment, linoleic acid and lipoxidase. The rate of chlorophyll bleaching was a function of its concentration. The maximum rate with respect to linoleic acid occurred at the critical micelle concentration. Chlorophyll inhibited diene conjugation through a steric protection of the fatty acid. The active component in crude soya bean extracts which catalysed pigment bleaching was lipoxidase and the mechanism involved a coupled oxidation with the linoleic acid.
Chemical composition of some soups and stews of ghana
Authors: Ankrah E. K. , Dovlo Florence E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mineral and proximate composition of some Ghanaian soups and stews are reported. The moisture content of the soups ranged from 77.5 to 94.1% between varieties whilst that of the stews ranged from 55.1 to 82.9%. All the stew samples were found to contain high fat but among the soups only groundnut and palm soups were rich in fat. The plain types of soups and stews were low in protein but addition of fish or meat increased the protein value. The soup and stew samples were low in iron but high in calcium and phosphorus.
Flavour studies with fish meals and with fish oil fractions in broiler diets
Authors: Wessels Jacobus P. H. , Atkinson Alison , van der Merwe Roelof P. , De Jongh Johannes H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFish meals extracted with ethanol, benzene and/or warm water or acidified water were included in diets for broilers at 20 % levels, while in some instances certain amines, phospholipids from the fish oil extracted from fish meal (here called “residual” fish oil) and triglycerides from such fish oil were added to broiler diets singly or in different combinations. The experimental diets were given to broilertype chickens from their fifth week until they were slaughtered when 81/2 weeks old. Carcasses from the different treatment groups were subjected to organoleptic evaluation and the fatty acid make‐up of the fat in the carcasses and of the oils in the fish meals, determined by gas chromatography.Carcasses of chickens which received diets containing fish meal extracted with the fat solvents consistently had a chicken flavour. When the diets contained fish meal extracted with warm water or a warm, weak, acid solution the carcasses had a neutral flavour. Unextracted fish meal and the triglyceride fraction of fish oil (at a 2.0 % level) in the diet invariably produced carcasses with a “fishy” taint. The phospholipid fraction of “residual” fish oil had no effect on carcass flavour while additional amines (trimethylamine, ethanolamine and choline) in the diet in most instances aggravated the foreign taint.The high correlation between flavour score and the levels of certain highly unsaturated fatty acids in the chicken carcasses was confirmed.
Changes in the lipid and fatty acid composition during maturation of seeds of white mustard (sinapis alba)
Authors: Dasgupta Swapan K. , Friend John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oil content of the seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba) was determined 3 weeks after flowering and at weekly intervals until seeds were matured. Examination of the lipid classes by quantitative t.l.c. showed that triglycerides were the major components at all stages and were accompanied by sterol esters, diglycerides and polar lipids; monoglycerides were only detected in the first 2 samples. The fatty acid composition of the total oil and the mono‐, di‐ and triglycerides and sterol esters was determined by g.l.c. The 7 major fatty acids, namely palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic and erucic acids were present at all stages of maturity. The fatty acid composition of the triglyceride fraction was similar to that of the total oil whereas the mono‐ and diglycerides and sterol esters contained a relatively higher proportion of saturated fatty acids. Erucic acid, the major acid of the oil from mature seeds did not become the major acid until 35 days after flowering. The results are discussed in relation to pathways of lipid synthesis in higher plants.
The bacteriological condition of animal feeds: A survey to aid in determining product standards for proteinaceous feed ingredients
Authors: Mossel David A. A. , Shennan Jean L. , Vega Clara 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe bacteriological condition of 34 milk replacer products and 110 mixed animal feeds from feed mills in The Netherlands and U.K. was examined. The object of the survey was to provide guidelines for determining bacteriological standards to be applied to proteinaceous feed ingredients.Significant differences in counts were observed between milk replacers for calves, whether from Dutch or British sources, and mixed feeds for other animals, but, with one exception, i.e. the Enterobacteriaceae count, a striking similarity was found in the microbiological condition of the same type of product in both countries. From the data obtained, the conclusion that proteinaceous feed components manufactured according to good processing practices will meet the specifications indicated by the mean counts in Tables 2 and 3 appears justified.
The influence of processing upon the nutritive value of the potato. Digestibility studies with pigs
Authors: Whittemore Colin T. , Taylor Alexander G. , Elsley Francis W. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDigestibility trials were undertaken with pigs weighing 40 kg to determine the nutritive value of cooked potato flour, dried potato dice and raw potato mash. Apparent digestibility coefficients were, respectively, 0.96, 0.95 and 0.92 for energy and 0.89, 0.80 and 0.69 for nitrogen (N). The digestible energy values were 16.5, 16.3 and 15.7 MJ/kg d.m., and the contents of digestible N were 1.35, 1.05 and 1.02 g N/100 g d.m.When fed with balancer meals based on either maize or oat husk meal, the raw potato caused an apparent depression in the digestibility of N in the diet as a whole, and a reduction in the efficiency of utilisation of digested N.The findings are discussed in relation to the ability of the pigs to digest raw potato starch and the possibility of a component of raw potato, rendered ineffective by cooking but only partly so by drying, interfering with N digestibility and utilisation.
Meat Emulsions
Authors: Sulzbacher William L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe manufacture of emulsion based meat products plays an important part in modern meat distribution. In the United States, the current annual production of such products approaches 3 × 109 pounds, which gives some idea of their relative importance in the economics of our food industry. Although meat emulsions have been prepared by practical men for innumerable years, the chemical and physical principles involved have only become objects of systematic investigation in recent years. This paper will review some of the more important principles revealed by recent investigations and touch on their practical application to sausage making practice.
Carbohydrates of spring and winter field beans (vicia faba L.)
Authors: Pritchard Penelope J. , Dryburgh Elizabeth A. , Wilson Brian J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe proportions of available and unavailable carbohydrate were determined in samples of eight varieties of field beans (Vicia faba L.). Available carbohydrate consisted of dextrins, water‐soluble and insoluble starches and ethanol‐soluble sugars; the unavailable carbohydrate fraction contained lignin, cellulose, hemi‐cellulose and water‐soluble polysaccharides. The component sugars of extracts and hydrolysates of all fractions except lignin were measured by anion‐exchange, thin‐layer and paper chromatography.Winter‐sown beans contained 46 to 48% available and 19 to 20% unavailable carbohydrate, while spring‐sown beans contained 30 to 42% available and 22 to 37% unavailable carbohydrate on a dry matter basis.Two of the spring‐sown varieties were atypical in certain respects: Strubes had a high percentage of available carbohydrate (42.4%), similar to the level found in winter‐sown beans, while Ackerperle had a high percentage of total carbohydrate (67.4%) but the lowest percentage of available carbohydrate (30.1%). The protein content of Strubes (30.2%) was typical of spring‐sown varieties, but that of Ackerperle (27.7%) corresponded to the lower level of winter varieties.
Ranking in incomplete blocks. The use of the technique and the interpretation of the results
Authors: Levitt David J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is often more convenient or expedient to obtain data in the form of rankings than in the form of scores or measurements. Analysis of such data has, however, been difficult to perform and to interpret except for the most simple experiments. The model described by Bradley and Terry1 provides a very useful analysis in the case of ranking by paired comparisons. A method of analysis similar to the Bradley‐Terry model, but dealing with ranking in incomplete blocks or complete blocks of any size, has been developed. The results of this analysis are readily interpretable and should enable more use to be made of ranking procedures.
Effect of phosphorus on the growth and mineral composition of four tropical forage legumes
Authors: Falade Joshua A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of phosphorus on the growth and mineral composition of four tropical pasture legumes—Centrosema pubescens, Centrosema plumeris, Puereria phaseoloides and Stylosanthes gracilis—was investigated in the greenhouse. All the species except P. phaseoloides responded to phosphorus application. C. pubescens required more phosphorus for optimum growth than C. plumeris and S. gracilis which required about the same amount.In the species, the potassium, sodium and calcium concentrations in plants given phosphorus seemed higher than that of the control except in S. gracilis where the potassium, and in C.plumeris where the calcium, concentration appeared to be lowered by phosphorus. The concentration of magnesium of C. plumeris seemed to be increased but unaffected in other species by phosphorus addition. Phosphorus tended to depress plant sulphur but it had no effect on percent nitrogen.The percentages of phosphorus, in the species for maximum growth at 65 days from sowing were: C. pubescens, 0.293; P. phaseoloides, 0.228; C. plumeris, 0.280; and S. gracilis, 0.270.
Gas‐chromatographic determination of volatile constituents in Yugoslav plum brandies
Authors: Filajdić Mirko , Djuković Jovan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGas‐chromatographic analysis, extraction and titration methods were used to determine the volatile components of 17 home‐made natural plum brandy samples as well as 14 samples of industrially‐produced plum brandy. The plum used for the production of Yugoslav plum brandies is Prunus domestica L.Eighteen alcohols, 23 esters and 21 organic acids were determined qualitatively and quantitatively. Eight aldehydes and nine ketones were only qualitatively determined.Apart from other components, the plum brandies analysed contained approximately 0.30 to 4.39 g of methanol/1; 0.40 g of 1‐propanol/1; 0.19 g of 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol/1; 0.05 g of 1‐butanol/1; 0.10 g of 2‐methyl‐1‐butanol/1; and 0.28 g of 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol/1. The plum brandies also contained approximately 0.50 g of ethyl acetate/1 and about 0.03 g of acetaldehyde/1. The concentration of the free carboxylic acids present was about 1.50 g/1. Acetic acid constituted about 90% v/v of the total acid concentration.
The selective extraction of aroma components from alcoholic distillates
Authors: Williams Anthony A. , Tucknott Owen G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeparating funnel extractions of ethanolic solutions of esters and alcohols using pentane showed preferential removal of esters. Trichlorofluoromethane was less selective and ether showed no selectivity at all. The amounts of both alcohols and esters extracted by an equal volume of pentane decreased with increase in ethanol concentration, this decrease being most marked for alcohols. Increase in the amounts of components extracted by a fixed volume of solvent would, however, generally be expected from concentrating ethanolic solutions. Similar extractions, using pentane showed continuous extractors generally to be more efficient. Recoveries, and the ability to extract esters selectively in the presence of alcohols, were dependent not only on the ethanol concentration but also on the degree of purification imposed on the recycling solvent. The selective nature of pentane was lost in the process of increasing efficiency.
Sensory evaluation of high‐moisture dried prunes preserved with sodium benzoate
Authors: Guadagni Dante G. , Schade John E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBoth sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate were significantly detected (P < 0.05) in prune juice at levels of 500 to 600 parts/million. Detection levels for both preservatives in high‐moisture dried prunes were higher (about 800 parts/million). No significant flavour differences were found between prunes treated with similar amounts of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate. Since it was necessary to use more sodium benzoate than potassium sorbate to preserve prunes, comparisons were made between prunes containing equally effective levels of the two preservatives. No significant flavour differences were found between prunes effectively preserved with sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate. This suggests that sodium benzoate could be used as a preservative for high‐moisture dried prunes with essentially no flavour problem.
The use of spray‐dried buffalo milk as a potential infant food
Authors: El‐Salam M. H. Abd , Hofi A. A. , Mahran G. A. , Abdel‐Hamid Laila B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFour different formulae have been used to modify buffaloes' milk. These formulae shared the basic modifications of dilution with rennet whey, addition of sucrose and starch and fortifying with vitamins. Formula B differed from A by replacement of butter fat with liquid butter fat at 23 °C; formula C one‐third of its fat content was replaced with corn oil, while formula D was acidified with citric acid to pH 5.7 before processing. The chemical properties of formula A, B and C were nearly the same, while formula D differed considerably. The rate of peptic and tryptic digestion of the different formulae were comparable to spraydried buffalo milk.Milk powder with different formulae were stored under nitrogen for 6 months at room temperature. The samples were analysed every month for moisture, free fat, pH, solubility and wettability. The changes in these properties were slight being in the same order in formula A, B and C while formula D showed slightly greater changes. Formula A and D showed good oxidative stability, while formula B and C became oxidised in the fifth month.
The component fatty acids of Aspergillus ochraceus fat
Authors: Sood Madan Gopal , Singh Jagjit 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAspergillus ochraceus, grown as a surface culture in a chemically defined medium of sucrose and inorganic salts, gave a high yield of fat (47.5%) the main component acids of which were shown to be myristic (0.2%); palmitic (37.6%); stearic (0.1%); oleic (14.6%); linoleic (45.3%); and linolenic (2.2%). The high content of linoleic acid gives this fat considerable potential importance.
Composition of the surface waxes of apple fruits and changes during storage
Authors: Morice Isobel M. , Shorland Francis B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hydrolysed surface waxes of Dougherty, Granny Smith and Sturmer apples at harvesting consisted of 57 to 62% acids, 21 to 26% hydrocarbons, 7% primary alcohols, 3 to 5% secondary alcohols and 4 to 7% of other constituents. The hydrocarbon homologues ranged from C18 to C31 with n‐nonacosane comprising 84 to 92% of the total hydrocarbons. The primary alcohols (C14 to C28) were mainly n‐hexacosanol in Sturmer and n‐tetracosanol in Dougherty and Granny Smith cultivars, the amounts of these alcohols being, respectively, 53.4, 32.4 and 35.6% of the total alcohols. In all three cultivars the secondary alcohols consisted almost entirely of one component, possibly nonacosan‐10‐ol. The Sturmer waxes were distinguished from those of the Dougherty and Granny Smith by a lower content of linoleic and by a generally higher content of palmitic acid. During storage the amount and composition of the waxes of Sturmers did not change appreciably. The wax content of the Granny Smith cultivar increased up to 268 days and that of the Dougherty up to 70 days of storage. Changes in fatty acid composition also occurred during storage, the most remarkable being the up to 11‐fold elevation of the linolenic acid content of the Granny Smith apples.
A cellulase digestion technique for predicting the dry matter digestibility of grasses
Authors: Jones D. I. H. , Hayward Margaret V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA digestion technique using a commercially‐available crude cellulase preparation from Trichoderma viride is described. The enzyme showed cellulase, hemicellulase and proteolytic activity when tested on herbage or herbage polysaccharides. A high correlation (r = 0.92, P < 0.001, residual standard deviation 2.5) was found between a simple one stage enzyme digestion and in vivo dry matter digestibility for a range of grass species and varieties. In vitro dry matter digestibility and detergent fibre were also determined on the same samples and the results correlated with in vivo dry matter digestibility. The cellulase method is rapid and reproducible and particularly well suited for the evaluation of plant material in breeding programmes.
Low molecular weight carbohydrates from rapeseed (Brassica campestris) meal
Authors: Siddiqui I. R. , Wood P. J. , Khanzada G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTen low molecular weight carbohydrates from the deionised 80% ethanol‐soluble fraction of rapeseed meal were characterised either in the crystalline form or by the isolation of crystalline derivatives. The average percentage composition of these components in the oligosaccharide fraction (48%) of the deionised 80% ethanol‐soluble solids as determined by g.l.c. was: D‐fructose, 1.52; D‐glucose, 2.8; D‐galactose, traces; myo‐inositol, 0.31; sucrose, 22.65; galactinol, 0.39; raffinose, 3.23; stachyose, 15.21; digalactosyl‐glycerol 0.97; and digalactosylinositol, traces.
Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen concentation in water draining through soil monoliths in lysimeters cropped with grass or clover or uncropped
Authors: Low A. James 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe composition of the water draining through soil monoliths and receiving no nitrogen fertilisers, cropped with white clover or grass or uncropped, was measured for 4‐1/2 years. The concentration of nitrate nitrogen which drained through a pure grass sward was very low, generally less than 1 mg/I/year. In the water draining through an actively growing white clover sward, the mean concentration for the same period was about 29 mg/1, while on a bare soil the mean was 42 mg/1 (when the total nitrogen of the soil was approximately 0.19% in the upper 10 cm).On removing the clover after 4‐1/2 years growth and leaving the soil bare, the nitrate nitrogen concentration averaged 34 mg/1 over a period of about one year.
Effect of replacing potassium by sodium on growth and on inorganic and organic composition of Italian ryegrass
Authors: Nowakowski Tadeusz Z. , Bolton John , Byers Marjorie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo pot experiments, one with 23 factorial (1969) the other with 33 factorial (1970) N × K × Na design, showed that yields of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were increased by both potassium and sodium, when sufficient nitrogen was given but responses to potassium were larger than to sodium. Yields were only increased by potassium fertiliser when the grass contained less than 2.0 % K in the dry matter, irrespective of the Na content.The main effect of potassium and sodium on the soluble carbohydrates was to increase the production of fructosan; again potassium was more effective than sodium.Total N concentrations in the grass decreased with the increased production of dry matter from potassium and sodium fertilisers. Ammonium N, nitrate N and soluble organic N (expressed as the percentage of total N) were also decreased by potassium and sodium. In 1969, both potassium and sodium increased the percentages of most amino acids and decreased the percentages of asparagine and glutamine within the free amino acid pool; potassium was more effective than sodium. In 1970, sodium alone had little effect on the percentage distribution of free amino acids.Under conditions of severe potassium deficiency sodium can substitute to some extent for potassium in its effects on yields, soluble carbohydrates and various N fractions.
Studies on rumen metabolism. VIII. Characteristics of lipases in rumen contents and in rumen bacteria
Authors: Faruque A. J. M. O. , Jarvis B. D. W. , Hawke J. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoluble lipases obtained from the rumen contents of pasture‐fed cows had pH optima of 7.0 and 8.0 to 8.5, respectively, with tributyrin and triolein as substrates. At these optima the activity towards tributyrin was about 30 times greater than towards triolein.Tributyrin‐splitting bacteria were abundant in the rumen of pasture‐fed cows but none of the three strains isolated were able to hydrolyse triolein. One of these strains showed a limited capacity to de‐esterify galactolipid.