bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The swelling effect of polyphosphates on lean meat
Authors: Bendall J. R. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract(1) Orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, Calgon and Phosphate Glass all increase the uncooked volume of minced rabbit muscle by 10‐20%, when added at an over‐all concentration of 0.5% to a mixture of equal parts of meat and water. On cooking, the volume falls to between 65 and 75% of the volume of fresh meat. These effects are about the same as that of sodium chloride at an over‐all concentration of 1%.(2) When sodium chloride is added to a final concentration of 1%, the uncooked volume of the mince is increased by about 30% in the presence of 0.5% of orthophosphate, Calgon, Phosphate Glass or metaphosphate, but by at least 55% in the presence of 0.5% of disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate (anhydrous). The’cooked volume‘in 1% sodium chloride solution only is about 75% of the original volume of fresh meat. This is increased to about 80% in the presence of the phosphate compounds, except pyrophosphate, when it is increased to at least 95%.(3) Detailed study of the effect of 0.25% and 0.5% of pyrophosphate in 1% sodium chloride solution (over‐all concentrations) gives the following average results for the increase in uncooked volume: 1% sodium chloride solution 20 ± 6.0%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.25% pyrophosphate, 51 ± 14%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.5% pyrophosphate, 64 ± 14%. The cooked volumes, as a percentage of the volume of fresh meat, were : 1% sodium chloride solution, 71 ± 4.0%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.25% pyrophosphate, 89 ± 8.0%; 1% sodium chloride solution/0.5% pyrophosphate, 99 ± 6.0%.(4) Pyrophosphate exerts an effect in 1% sodium chloride solution at least twice as great as that of sodium chloride of corresponding ionic strength. The effect is therefore specific, and it is suggested that it consists in the splitting of the contractile protein, actomyosin, into its components and the partial conversion of these from the gel into the sol form.(5) Addition of Ca or Mg ions at the concentrations found in tap‐water does not significantly affect the action of pyrophosphate.
Differences in esterases from insect species : Toxicity of organo‐phosphorus compounds and in vitro anti‐esterase activity
Authors: Lord K. A. , Potter C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo types of esterase, the one capable of hydrolysing phenyl acetate and not acetylcholine, the other able to hydrolyse acetylcholine, have been examined in adults of four species of insect—Tenebrio molitor L., Tribolium castaneum Hbst., Dysdercus fasciatus Sign. and Blatella germanica L.The in vitro inhibition of both types of enzyme from each species has been examined with five organo‐phosphorus compounds : tetraethyl pyrophosphate, paraoxon, parathion, OO‐diethyl S‐p‐nitrophenyl phosphorothiolate and OS‐diethyl O‐p‐nitrophenyl phosphorothiolate. Both types of esterase were inhibited by high dilutions of inhibitors. Susceptibility of both types of enzyme appeared to vary from species to species and may provide a basis for specific differences in resistance to insecticides.There is no consistent correlation between the toxicity of the compounds examined and the in vitro inhibition of either kind of esterase. Parathion did not inhibit any of the esterases. The other four substances were, in general, less potent inhibitors of the esterases that hydrolysed acetylcholine than those that did not. Therefore both types of esterase are worthy of further investigation since there are insufficient data to decide which type of esterase is involved in the insecticidal action of organo‐phosphorus compounds.
Chemical investigation of seed oil of sesbania aegyptica
Authors: Farooq M. O. , Ahmad M. S. , Malik M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe composition of the mixed fatty acids from the seed oil of Sesbania aegyptica, as determined by the thiocyanometric and fractionation methods, has been found to be oleic 24.4, linoleic 36.3, linolenic 10.9, palmitic 8.98, stearic 17.53 and lignoceric 1.89%. The saturated acids were obtained by the Bertram oxidation method.
The assay of‘pyrethrin’ and allethrin concentrates with 2 : 4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazine
Authors: Moore B. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new technique for the assay of‘pyrethrins’ and allethrin, based upon the reaction with 2 : 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine, is described. Comparative assays on a series of standards and concentrates indicate that the new method is consistent and accurate, but that the A.O.A.C. (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists) method gives seriously high results.
The chemical constituents of victoria plums : Preliminary qualitative analysis
Authors: Dickinson Denis , Gawler Joy H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVictoria plums from a number of sources, and including samples from trees on different rootstocks, have been examined with a view to identifying their major and minor constituents. The red pigment common to all samples is cyanidin‐3‐monoglucoside, and obvious differences in colour appear to be due to variations in the amounts of green or brown pigments. The present paper concerns the essentially qualitative preliminary examination of the fruits, which is to be followed by quantitative analyses continued over several years.
The use of antibiotics in the food of fattening pigs
Authors: Robinson K. L. , Coey W. E. , Burnett G. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a series of trials, weanling pigs were fed all‐vegetable diets and diets containing fish meal, with and without procaine penicillin, under both ad libitum feeding and restricted feeding systems. The responses to the various treatments, as indicated by live‐weight gains, suggest that factors that tend to promote keenness of appetite, such as antibiotics or fish meal, are favoured by ad libitum feeding, but do not exert their full effect with restricted feeding. These trials, and further trials with older pigs, confirm that responses to procaine penicillin are small after the 100‐lb. live‐weight stage, whether the supplement is first introduced then or has been fed continuously from an earlier period. The addition, of a cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) supplement was found to enhance the growth‐promoting effect of procaine penicillin on weanling pigs. Discontinuing the feeding of an antibiotic, after an initial response had been obtained, resulted in some degree of retardation.The results for carcass conformation indicate no significant differences due to antibiotic treatments, and afford no evidence that such treatments result in commercially inferior carcasses.
The fats: A story of nature's art
Authors: Hilditch T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acids that constitute the glycerides of natural fats are, over wide ranges of biological species, remarkably uniform in kind, although the particular acids vary in fats of different biological origin, e.g. those of land flora, those of land fauna and those of aquatic origin. Concurrently with this very marked regularity in qualitative composition, striking although rare exceptions occur, in all sections of natural fats, in which the fat of a single family, and even of a single species of a family, consists largely of an acid which is uniquely different from any of the more prevalent and characteristic acids.The overwhelming preponderance of natural fats that contain only a few specific mixtures of component acids is contrasted with the much less frequent and apparently erratic instances in which quite exceptional acids are to be observed.The composition of the mixed glycerides, as shown by many examples in which a natural fat has been studied by the modern method of preliminary segregation into relatively simple mixtures of mixed glycerides by intensive crystallization from solvents at low temperatures, is much more regular. Each acid behaves in exactly the same way and as an individual, with the result that it tends to be distributed as evenly or widely as possible among all the glyceride molecules. Exceptions to this generalization occur only in a very few seed fats, and in certain animal body and milk fats (chiefly those of ruminant animals).
Beef‐curing brines. I.—Bacterial and chemical changes occurring in rapidly developing, short‐life brines
Authors: Hornsey H. C. , Mallows J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe changes taking place in this type of brine are shown to be: an increase of bacterial population (almost entirely a halophilic Gram‐negative rod of the Achromobacter species), with a consequential lowering of the oxidation/reduction potential, hence a reduction of nitrate to nitrite, and ultimately, when the potential is low enough, to gaseous nitrogen and free alkali, resulting in an increased pH. This reduction occurs at the expense of the lactic acid derived from the meat, which is oxidized to carbon dioxide.When the lactic acid has been used up, the large bacterial population, at the low potential and high pH then reached, produces ‘off’ odours by the decarboxylation of amino‐acids.No evidence of protein breakdown has been found.
The influence of the method of determination of lignin on the lignin‐ratio technique for digestibility in the cow
Authors: Balch D. A. , Balch C. C. , Rowland S. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree methods for the determination of lignin (Norman & Jenkins, Ellis et al. and Armitage et al.) have been compared on samples of food and faeces from eight digestibility trials with lactating cows receiving a diet of hay and concentrates. Details are given of the different values obtained for crude lignin, the nitrogen content of the crude lignin, and lignin corrected for its nitrogen content. The method of Armitage et al. gave the lowest values. The mean digestibility coefficients for crude lignin and corrected lignin respectively, for the three methods in the above‐mentioned order, were 9.3 ± 0.7 and 8.3 ± 0.5, 4.7 ± 0.6 and 9.1 ± 0.7, 1.3 ± 0.8 and 4.4 ± 1.0. Thus lignin as determined by the method of Armitage et al., and expressed as crude lignin, showed a negligible digestibility, which should be acceptable as the basis of a ratio technique for the dairy cow. In a subsequent series of ten digestibility trials with cows on hay‐concentrate diets, and when using this method, the mean digestibility coefficient for crude lignin was ‐ 0.72 ± 0.7.
Chemical aspects of the brownish‐yellow discoloration of salt cod
Authors: Ólfsson Páll 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe brownish‐yellow discoloration of salt cod has been studied chemically. The discoloured fish tissue is found to contain considerably more total calcium, and more calcium in excess of sulphate, than the ordinary tissue. The concentration of sulphate falls in the deteriorating fish and in the salt in the stacks. Calcium is found to have a pronounced catalytic effect on the process of discoloration. Sterilization of the salt suppresses the cause of discoloration. Micro‐organisms are considered to play an important role.
Theogallin, a polyphenol occurring in tea
Authors: Cartwright R. A. , Roberts E. A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA polyphenol, now named theogallin, detected by paper chromatography in tea‐leaf, has been shown not to be identical with m‐digallic acid as originally thought. A method of preparation is described but the final product still contains appreciable impurities. Its reactions suggest it to be a depside of gallic acid with some highly hydroxylated organic acid.
The plant‐growth‐promoting properties of gibberellic acid, a metabolic product of the fungus gibberella fujikuroi
Authors: Brian P. W. , Elson G. W. , Hemming H. G. , Radley Margaret 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGibberellic acid is a metabolic product of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, similar in physiological properties to the gibberellins described by Japanese investigators. Supplied in a nutrient solution to wheat plants growing in water culture, it causes increased growth of the shoots, as a result of increased length of stem internodes and leaves. The leaves are narrower and paler than those of untreated plants. Under similar conditions pea seedlings develop much elongated stem internodes, but the leaves are little changed in size. These morphological responses are similar to those seen in etiolation.The total dry weight of both peas and wheat so treated is increased; if shoots alone are considered the increase in dry weight is even greater; the dry weight of roots is reduced, though this does not occur if the gibberellic acid is applied to the shoots in a lanolin paste. The increased dry weight is mainly attributable to increased carbon assimilation. Treated plants contain more soluble carbohydrate than controls, but this accounts only for a small part of the increased carbon assimilation. The increase in glucose content is particularly striking.Gibberellic acid is rapidly biologically degraded in soil.
Soil fumigation. III —The sorption of ethylene dibromide by soils at low moisture contents
Authors: Wade Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIsotherms of ethylene dibromide sorbed on two soils have been plotted at relative humidities between o and 98% of saturation. The sorptive capacities of the soils (an organic soil and a clay) decreased with increasing humidity, and the shape of the isotherms obtained changed from Type II (Brunauer, Deming, Deming & Teller1 classification of isotherms) on the dry soils, becoming similar to Type III isotherms at humidities above 50%. The measurements were made with the aid of a helical spring balance, the construction of which is described.
The free amino‐acids of fish. I. —Taurine in the skeletal muscle of codling (Gadus callarias)
Authors: Jones N. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTaurine is present in the free amino‐acid fraction of codling muscle. Considerable losses of the amino‐acid occur during storage in ice. These apparently result from the combined actions of ‘drip’ on gutting and leaching by ice‐melt water.
The component acids and glycerides of Indian crocodile (Gavialis gangeticus) fat
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Pande G. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of a crocodile depot‐fat, determined by the usual esterfractionation method, with an electrically heated and packed column, is recorded. The glyceride structure was studied by crystallization of the neutral fat from acetone at room temperature and lower (−18°). The composition of each of the three fractions, thus obtained, was studied separately by the fractionation method, and the final glyceride composition computed therefrom is also given. The component saturated acids are palmitic (25.8%), stearic (8.7%), myristic (4.2%) and lauric (0.2%), and unsaturated acids are C14 (2.0%), C16 (11.6%), C18 (35.5%). C20 (10.0%) and minor proportions of C2 (2.0%). The component glycerides are: (I) fully saturated 7.5%, (II) mono‐unsaturated‐disaturated 27.7%, (III) diunsaturated‐monosaturated 64.8%.
The movement of higher fatty acids under electrophoresis on filter‐paper strips
Authors: John A. , Barnett G. , Smith D. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn connexion with studies on the possible breakdown of higher fatty acids in silage and in in vitro rumen studies, various techniques for the estimations of such acids are being investigated. The present work covers the preliminary exploration of the separation of higher fatty acids by electrophoresis on paper, and a potential application of the method is described.
The browning reaction in dehydrated carrot and potato: Its initiation and the separation and partial characterization of an intermediate from dehydrated carrot
Authors: Wager Harold G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe compounds that initiate the browning reaction in dehydrated carrot were shown to be soluble in water or 60% alcohol. Alcoholic extracts of dehydrated carrot and potato were separated into basic, acidic and neutral fractions by ion‐exchange resins and then heated separately and in all combinations at 30% r.h. and 52°. Browning was only considerable when the basic and neutral fractions were both present, indicating that a Maillard type of reaction is probably the first in the chain of reactions leading to browning in carrot and potato.A limited amount of browning occurred in the basic fraction when heated by itself and this was shown to result from a colourless intermediate of the browning reaction which has been isolated and partially characterized. Its minimum molecular weight was found to be about 235 and its properties lead to the suggestion that it is an isoglycosylamine.
The role of arboricides in bush and forest eradication
Authors: Fryer J. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper is in two parts: in the first the literature on the development and present usage of arboricides is reviewed; in the second some experimental work carried out in Africa during recent years is briefly described.The most widely used arboricide for the destruction of individual trees is sodium arsenite; promising non‐poisonous substitutes are ammonium sulphamate and synthetic plant‐growth regulators based on phenoxyacetic acid. These growth regulators are also being used successfully in certain instances for the treatment of unwanted trees or scrub, both in land clearing and in forestry operations. The control of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) in Texas and of woody vegetation on road verges in the U.S.A. generally are outstanding examples.The experimental work in Africa has been mainly concerned with the initial evaluation of arboricides and defoliants as part of the general problem of tsetse‐fly control. The results have shown that the synthetic growth‐regulators are promising for certain applications. Further work is in progress.
The value of sewage‐sludge ashes as phosphorus fertilizers
Authors: Cooke G. W. , Nixon H. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen sewage sludge is incinerated the ash contains most of the phosphorus present in the sludge. The fertilizer value of phosphorus in ashes prepared from three sewage sludges was investigated by pot experiments.One sludge prepared from domestic sewage contained phosphorus which appeared to be equivalent to water‐soluble phosphorus in a pot experiment on turnips. After this sludge was burnt at 900° the phosphorus in the ash remaining was of very little value.Three sewage sludges were burned at approximately 350°, 600° and 900° and the ashes were compared as phosphorus fertilizers with superphosphate in a pot experiment on radishes. Ashes prepared at low temperatures contained phosphorus of some value to radishes. Ashes prepared at higher temperatures from two digested sludges containing some calcium carbonate were useless. High‐temperature burning of a third sludge prepared by acid precipitation from sewage containing wool residues gave products which had some value as phosphorus fertilizers.The 2% citric acid test used for basic slags did not differentiate between sewage‐sludge ashes of varying fertilizer value.Ash remaining after burning most sludges is not likely to have much value as a phosphorus fertilizer, but any product made in quantity may be worth biological testing.
The alkaline hydrolysis of haddock actomyosin. II. —Peptide‐bond hydrolysis
Authors: Nottingham P. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe acid and alkaline hydrolysis of haddock actomyosin has been followed by the determination of free amino‐acids and free amino groups. It was found that although amino‐acid decomposition, like ammonia formation, is dependent on temperature, being greater at higher temperatures, the rate of peptide‐bond hydrolysis is influenced more by alkali concentration than by temperature.
Studies of lactic acid bacteria associated with brewery products. III. —Amino‐acid requirements of 34 organisms
Authors: Bhandari R. R. , Russell C. , Walker T. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe amino‐acid requirements of 34 strains of lactic acid bacteria have been investigated. All the organisms required glutamic acid and leucine, but none required histidine, hydroxyproline, methionine, norleucine or norvaline. The maximum number of amino‐acids essential to any organism was ten, and the minimum was two. In some cases the omission, as a group, of individually non‐essential amino‐acids resulted in failure of growth.
Studies on dried peas. I. —The determination of phytate phosphorus
Authors: Holt R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relation of phytate concentration to colour produced by standard quantities of thiocyanate and ferric iron in a solution is inverse and almost linear. This is the basis of the method proposed for the determination of phytate phosphorus. It has been applied to the determination of quantities between 75 and 150 ug. in extracts from dried peas with an accuracy of ± 5%. Chloride, sulphate, citrate, tartrate and malate do not interfere in concentrations of the same order as that of the phytate. Interference by o‐I mg. of orthophosphate phosphorus is negligible; 0.4 mg. causes a positive error of less than 5%. It is suggested that there may be less interference in aqueous alcohol.
The composition of whale‐meat meals of various grades
Authors: Pritchard H. , Cawthorne M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples representing the range of whale‐meat meals most often used in this country were examined in the laboratory to assess the variation of their composition. Besides the normal analytical figures required by the Fertiliser & Feeding Stuffs Regulations, the albuminoid protein, as given by copper precipitation, rate of digestion of protein with pepsin, and some of the members of the vitamin‐B group were also determined.Although no official method of grading exists, the whaling companies and merchants designate whale‐meat meals with protein content from 80 to 85% as Grade A, those containing from 40 to 65% of protein as Grade B, and meals derived mostly from bone as Grade C.The albuminoid nitrogen was as high as 97.2% of the total crude nitrogen in Grade‐A meals, as was the rate of digestion with pepsin. Where high ash contents occurred, as in Grade‐B and Grade‐C meals, however, both these figures were substantially lower.The results obtained for vitamins of the vitamin‐B group indicated that a wider variation in potency existed than had previously been suspected; one case of Grade‐A whale‐meat meal had a nicotinic acid content as high as 171 μ./g., but a sample of Grade C contained only 15 μ./g.Whale‐meat meals are accepted as a valuable source of nutrients to livestock, but grading and quality are important factors to be considered in their selection.
The relationship between the boron contents of soils and swede roots
Authors: Smith A. M. , Anderson G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBy boiling a I : 2 suspension of soil in water under reflux for 15 minutes, a quantity of boron was extracted which gave a good index of the amount available to plants. If this ‘available’ boron fell below 0.7‐1.0 p.p.m. of air‐dried soil, raan (brown heart) was liable to occur in swedes grown in the area.Dressings to the soil of up to 30 lb. of borax per acre increased the available boron by substantial amounts. The boron content of the swedes cropped was also raised considerably and the incidence of raan lowered, and no toxic effects of borax treatment were noted. There was no effect on yield of roots and only a little on dry‐matter content.An application of limestone to a heavy soil, bringing the pH up to 8‐1, caused only negligible symptoms of raan in a swede crop and did not appear to fix any of the applied boron.