bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water in Site Investigation
Authors: Penman A. D. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
It is water that makes the difference between a dried-out clay as hard as a brick, and mud. The dry fields of summer can become a quagmire for construction work.
Examples are given of rapid deterioration of chalk when allowance had not been made for the effect of a known high water table when excavation went below it and the effect of water on loose backfill at an opencast site. Houses had been built before the water level rose in the old pit and were damaged by the resulting settlements.
Soil fabric can make the overall field permeability much greater than that obtained from tests on small samples and completely upset predictions of quantities of water and number of wells required for ground water lowering.

Out of balance water pressures caused by allowing the water level in a borehole to be much below the ground water level can lead to low SPT
N
values and disturbed samples. The result could be unnecessary expense on the new works.

False results may be obtained if excessive pressures are used in making field permeability tests such as the Lugeon test. On the other hand, hydraulic fracture tests can be used to obtain an assessment of total stress conditions in the ground.
Static Electric Cone Penetration Testing in Shallow Water
Authors: Adam C. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper describes the methods available to perform static electric cone penetration tests (CPT's) in shallow waters. It refers to both the coastal environment and inland waterways up to a water depth of around 25 to 30 m.
Whilst the benefits of the speed of CPT's over water are reduced, compared with testing on land, the technique is still much quicker than conventional boring and sampling methods and offers significant cost savings. One of the other main advantages is the quality and accuracy of the information obtained particularly in submerged fine grained granular soils.
There are a number of techniques which can be used to perform CPT's in shallow waters. These include detached CPT rigs mounted on small jack-up barges, fixed platforms and floating barges and seabed ballast block systems. The most suitable technique depends on a number of factors including water depth, site exposure, tidal conditions and seabed soil conditions.
The cone design, testing methods and interpretation of CPT data are discussed briefly. Particular reference is made to recent developments in the use of the piezocone and other sensors.
The Use of Small Scale Trial Compactions for Earthwork Design
Authors: Cox D. W. , Dawson A. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper describes an on-site method of assessing the suitability of soil for use in earthworks.
The method consists of a miniature compaction trial on material excavated and recompacted into a trial pit using a narrow trench roller.
The application and utility of the method is discussed and a comparison is made with laboratory based suitability assessments.
Techniques for Site Investigation Using Trial Pits
Authors: Cox D. W. , Dawson A. R. , Hall J. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Current site investigation is predominantly based on routine
sampling in exploratory boreholes, with transport and testing
of samples at a distant laboratory. A number of specialised
in
situ
techniques and tests have grown around the initial
premise of using boreholes.

The paper describes the development of parallel
alternative techniques using test pits for trials and tests which
the writers' have used in practice. The British Standard,
BS 5930, briefly describes test pits but in general is related to
current practice using boreholes. It is hoped that the paper
will supplement the present Standard in this area.

The
in situ
test techniques described are for dynamic and
static penetration tests. The miniaturised trials model
foundation pressure, compressibility, permeability and
compaction.

Relatively new techniques for pit plate bearing tests and
penetrometers mounted on an excavator bucket, which
utilise the excavator as a site robot, are presented.
Notes on the Correlation of Cone Penetration Test Results in Weak Chalk at Norwich, Norfolk
Authors: Erwig H. , Pattinson J. I. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

A site investigation has been carried out at Norwich, Norfolk consisting of deep boreholes and static electric cone penetration tests. Notes are given on the methods of investigation and on tentative classification of the weak chalk in this area together with the measured parameters of cone end resistance and standard penetration test ‘
N
’ values.
The Limitations and Interpretation of the “Angle of Repose” in Terms of Soil Mechanics: a Useful Parameter?
Authors: Francis S. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Previous workers including Terzaghi (1943), Skempton (1945) and Lambe & Whitman (1979) have suggested that an “angle of repose” of a granular soil is approximately equal to
ϕ
′

cv

. Unfortunately a variety of definitions of different angles of repose exist, with up to six different angles having been identified. To minimise further confusion, it is recommended that the term should either be avoided or standardised.

Following an evaluation of the variability of repose slopes, the findings of a detailed study of the relationship between this parameter and
ϕ
′

cv

for a variety of artificial and natural soils is presented,
ϕ
′

cv

measurements were made using both 60 mm and 100 mm shearboxes under wet and dry conditions at low confining stresses, and repose measurements were made both in air and under water. Overall, correlation between the two angles was good, with some of the scatter in results being attributable to identifiable soil particle characteristics.

Observation of the repose slope during measurement gave a preliminary insight into avalanching mechanisms, which are more problematic than was expected. An explanation of repose slope behaviour is then proposed, which also provides an explanation of the similarity in slope angles of subaerial and subaqueous sand dunes. Practical implications of the correlation are then discussed.
The Use of Tracer Techniques to Assess Groundwater Flows in Site Investigations
Authors: Siddle H. J. , Jones D. B. , Warren C. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Procedures of site investigation included in BS 5930:1981 concentrate on obtaining information on ground conditions near proposed structures. Groundwater flow paths, however, are often influenced by hydrogeological conditions well beyond the area and tracer tests have been found a useful addition to investigations.
Different types of groundwater tracers are described and their uses in establishing groundwater flow paths and other hydrogeological characteristics of some regimes are outlined. Precautions are always necessary when using tracers, however, and these are especially stringent with radioactive tracers. The paper shows how groundwater tracers were employed in investigations of landslips, waste disposal studies and other investigations with which the authors have been involved.
The paper concludes that the specification of standard procedures for tracer tests is probably not appropriate but reference to the techniques available would be useful in promoting their application.
A New Procedure for Determination of Point Load Strength in Site Investigation
Authors: Turk N. , Dearman W. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
As a result of developments over the last twenty years, the point load test has become a cheap and practical method for field and laboratory determination of rock strength.

Since point load strength is size dependent, the test results are generally corrected to a standard thickness of 50 mm by using empirical correction charts and the median
I
(50) value is given as the point load strength. This may be used to estimate other rock properties.

As the failure of specimens is in the tensile mode and strength is size dependent, the point load test results are well accounted for by the Weibull theory. When mean point load strength values are plotted against corresponding specimen sizes on a log-log scale, a linear relation with a negative slope is obtained. The slope of the best fit line gives the reciprocal of the Weibull modulus (
m
).
I
(50) is found from the intercept with the 50 mm thickness line. Similarly
I
(
s
) values for any thickness can be determined.

If rock cores of single size are tested, the “
m
” modulus is estimated first from the Weibull distribution plot of the point load strengths. A strength-size relation is thus established from which
I
(50) can be determined.

These methods are simple to apply and do not require a correction chart.
Investigation of Weak Sandstones
Authors: Dobereiner L. , de Freitas M. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
It is proposed that coverage of the class of material described in BS 5930 as weak rock, is in need of improvement.
Results from research into the behaviour of weak sandstone (0.5-20 MPa uniaxial compressive strength) are presented to illustrate this need. The strength, deformability, and propagation of compressional waves are reported for weak sandstones and recommendations presented for describing these materials and for testing their strength and deformability. Problems associated with the measurement of compressional wave velocity are also considered.
An index test for assessing the strength of weak sandstone (the index of vacuum saturated moisture content) is described and presented.
Protective works and geological conservation
Authors: McKirdy A. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Britain’s rich heritage of internationally important geological sites is well known to engineers and geologists alike, but from time to time, the undertaking of protective works on unstable slopes or cliffs designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest bring conservationists and engineers into conflict.
Many classic geological localities occur along the coastline of Britain, such as the Jurassic sequences of Dorset, the glacial and interglacial sediments of the North Norfolk Coast and the stratotypes of the Hampshire Basin. Unfortunately, many of these coastlines are inherently unstable, suffering rates of erosion of up to 2–3 m per annum. Where such cliffs occur in close proximity to areas of habitation or recreation, there is strong local pressure to find an engineered solution to the problem of coastal erosion. Traditionally, such schemes involve the construction of concrete sea walls, cliff grading and cliff drainage, leading in some instances to the obliteration of any geological interest which may formerly have existed.
The Nature Conservancy Council has a direct responsibility to monitor developments which may have an effect on all SSSIs and is automatically consulted in the event of an application being made by an individual or local authority to undertake coast protection works. It must be said that only a small proportion of the total number of applications made are considered to be damaging to the network of SSSIs and in those instances, an attempt is made to negotiate a compromise which allows for the coast to be protected from further erosion, whilst safeguarding the scientific interest. Case histories are given to illustrate the range of problems which are posed by engineering works and the way in which apparent conflict of interests may be resolved.
The application of airborne remote sensing to the detection of solution features in limestone
Authors: Edmonds C. N. , Kennie T. J. M. , Rosenbaum M. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Airborne remote sensing techniques have been developed for the detection of collapse and subsidence features in chalk and other limestone rocks. The detection of such features in the early stages of an engineering project is of crucial importance if serious geotechnical problems to building construction and public safety are to be avoided. Particular attention is paid to the potential of airborne multispectral scanner (MSS) and thermal infrared (IR) data as a means of detection. Background information is also provided concerning a project to obtain multitemporal thermal IR data over two test sites on the Cretaceous Chalk outcrop of southern England.
Identification of former shallow coal mining from aerial photographs: an example from West Yorkshire
Authors: Giles J. R. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Systematic, large-scale, aerial photography is now available for many areas of the exposed coalfields. In West Yorkshire 1:10000 or 1:10 560 scale cover is generally available, supplemented by 1:5000 and 1:3000 cover in more limited areas. Examination of aerial photographs, in conjunction with detailed geological mapping, has identified characteristic ground patterns associated with the existence of former shallow workings. These patterns are interpreted in terms of changes of style of mining with increasing depth.
The presence of shallow mine workings is a major constraint on planning in areas of exposed coalfield. The examination of large scale aerial photographs offers a rapid reconnaissance method of identifying such workings.
Monitoring of geotechnical processes by close range photogrammetry
Authors: Kennie T. J. M. , McKay W. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The role of close range photogrammetry (CRP) in engineering geology is described, the relative advantages and limitations of the technique being outlined. A comprehensive literature review reports on the use of CRP for
in situ
monitoring of earth and rockfill dams, retaining walls, rockfaces and landslides, channel and gully erosion and, also, laboratory based experiments. The historical development of analytical CRP and the types of project where such a technique would be appropriate are subsequently discussed. Two case histories illustrating the use of analytical CRP for monitoring a series of eroded slopes in southern England are reported. The paper also examines the benefits which occur when digital photogrammetric data of this type are integrated with suitable ground modelling software.
Environmental geology maps of Bath and the surrounding area for engineers and planners
Authors: Forster A. , Hobbs P. R. N. , Wyatt R. J. , Entwisle D. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In March 1984 the British Geological Survey commenced an environmental geological study of parts of west Wiltshire and south east Avon for the Department of the Environment. The objective of this study was to collect the available geological data relevant to the area, and to present them as a series of thematic maps accompanied by a descriptive report and a database/archive of the data used.
The output is intended to be used by land-use planners. It is designed simultaneously to be understandable by people not trained in geology and yet to contain detailed information required by specialists concerned with the environment and its development. The 14 maps which were produced describe themes which include solid lithostratigraphy, drift deposits, the inferred distribution of Great Oolite Freestone, the inferred distribution of fuller’s earth, groundwater, ground conditions in relation to groundwater, geotechnical properties of bedrock and superficial deposits, landslipped and cambered strata, distribution of slope angle, and mining.
Although the task was primarily a desk study, it was found necessary to carry out a small amount of field survey to re-interpret the foundered strata to the north-west of Bath. This re-survey has been presented in a style consistent with the mapping of the rest of the study area. A fifteenth map showing the result of the re-interpretation of the foundered strata was produced as a supplement to the main report.
This paper describes the methods and the results of this study and comments on the implications of the technique for land-use planning.
Planning and development control in an area susceptible to landslides
Authors: Siddle H. J. , Payne H. R. , Flynn M. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
There is an increasing desire amongst those concerned in the planning process for the availability of adequate information on potential geological constraints to development. The potential for landsliding is a hazard of relevance to many areas of the United Kingdom, including South Wales, where the Department of the Environment and the Welsh Office have sponsored a research project to produce a methodology for the preparation of ‘Landslip Potential Planning Maps’. This paper describes the methodologies used to reduce hazards through planning in various parts of the world and outlines the proposed implementation of the pilot scheme in the Rhondda Valleys.
Land evaluation and site assessment (hazard and risk)
Authors: Fookes P. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Most natural hazards can be dealt with be measures involving avoidance or prevention, the causes of such hazards being relatively well understood so that identification and prediction (admittedly not in absolute terms) can be made. Nonetheless in many parts of the world, the response to natural hazards by means of risk evaluation and consequent land use planning is lacking. Many methods are available to evaluate the risk which potential hazards present. The results can be used to produce hazard-risk maps. It could be another generation or two before there is enough user generated feedback to help establish a model for mapmakers to follow.
Physical hazard and risk assessment in Jamaica, West Indies
Authors: O'Hara M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Jamaica is prone to both earthquakes and hurricanes. The cities of Port Royal and Kingston respectively were destroyed by earthquakes in 1692 and 1907, whilst the island lies within the Caribbean hurricane belt with recent devastation being caused by a tropical depression in 1979 and Hurricane Allen in 1981.
The Geological Survey of Jamaica has been actively involved in land use planning for many years. The recent contributions are briefly reviewed, particularly with respect to natural hazards such as landslips and flooding. The problems of preparing risk assessment maps from a weak data base are discussed. Preliminary Earthquake and Tropical Cyclone hazard maps which were prepared for the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation are presented as examples of the approach taken. The method, of necessity, was based on largely subjective assessments of ground materials and levels of risk. The preliminary maps were intended to provide general guidelines for planning and development and to prepare the way for further studies. The preparation of detailed engineering design guides was regarded as the logical development of this work and, to illustrate this, some initial results of a subsequent hydrological study of flood flow characteristics and flood prediction techniques are presented.
Planning constraints and their influence on quarrying of the Magnesian Limestone
Authors: Clark A. R. , Morey A. J. , Gilbert S. T. , Bacciarelli R. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Magnesian Limestone deposits of north-east and central England represent a natural resource of national importance which has been extensively quarried over the centuries for a wide range of end uses, particularly construction materials and industrial minerals. The development of mineral extraction along the outcrop has been determined by a number of factors such as the presence of mineral reserves, material quality, market end use, product demand and also constraints placed upon quarrying as a result of both physical limitations and planning controls. It has been necessary for planning authorities to exert greater control over quarry operations along the outcrop not only to preserve the environment but also to safeguard natural resources including mineral reserves, from undue sterilization. This paper discusses the various planning policies and procedures identified, at both national and county levels and illustrates their effect on quarry development with reference to a case study area within County Durham, at the northern end of the outcrop.
The statutory controls over waste disposal and the role of the engineering geologist
Authors: Harris R. C. , Skinner A. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A number of factors have combined in recent years to increase the threat of pollution to water resources from waste disposal operations. A decided shift towards containment sites has meant an increased role for engineering geologists and civil engineers in specifying conditions, selecting materials and monitoring site works. The paper highlights the areas where adequate engineering input to landfill design is necessary and discusses the grey area between planning and pollution control legislation. It also addresses the problem of ineffective monitoring and suggests changes to protect the interests of the water authorities. Examples are given of situations where acceptable solutions have been achieved.
Geotechnical design for a controlled tip in Hong Kong
Authors: Powell G. E. , Irfan T. Y. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
As a result of the rapid expansion of the population of Hong Kong, and a chronic shortage of land close to, or within, urban areas, sites for the controlled disposal of refuse often involve major earthworks on steep slopes and encroachment of the tip site into the sea. The particular project described will infill a complete valley of approximately 20 ha with an average height of 80 m of refuse fill. The front of the tip will be up to 200 m from the existing shore and is supported by a permanent seawall. Filling over marine sediments wil be necessary.
Waste disposal and engineering geology in the creation of the Liverpool International Garden Festival site
Authors: Raybould J. G. , Potter A. F. , Crowther J. , Matan E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The site of the 1984 International Garden Festival in south Liverpool originated when part of an eroding foreshore of the Mersey estuary was reclaimed by the deposition of 6 million tonnes of domestic waste behind a 10 m high retaining wall. The scheme began in 1957, and was an extension to an even older reclamation project which produced the Otterspool Promenade Gardens. Development of the 40 ha Festival site, following completion of tipping, involved a substantial amount of re-contouring of the waste materials to produce a more interesting landscape, including several water features. Associated engineering works were required to maintain the cleanliness of surface water, control the emission of methane and permit the construction of buildings over refuse. The scheme is an example of the way in which the least sophisticated method of waste disposal can, with appropriate engineering, produce environmental benefits in terms of both coastal protection and land reclamation. Other examples, though less ambitious, demonstrate that this is not an isolated case.
The selection and handling of soil materials for restoration of land to agriculture in the UK
Authors: Reeve M. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A greater awareness of the problems of land restoration to agriculture, and the additional powers of the 1981 Minerals Act, is resulting in a more scientific approach to land restoration. After considering the specifications required for an agricultural soil, sources of soil-forming material are considered. The importance is stressed of an investigation of surface soil resources prior to restoration, and preferably prior to excavation. By using the plastic limit as a threshold above which earthmoving should not proceed, soil damage can be reduced, but delays to site operations can be considerable. The adverse physical problems of restored soils and methods used to alleviate them are discussed.