bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of dopamine receptor genes and their products in the postnatal rat brain following maternal n‐3 fatty acid dietary deficiency
Authors: Kuperstein F. , Yakubov E. , Dinerman P. , Gil S. , Eylam R. , Salem N. , Yavin E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA combination of PCR‐Select cDNA subtraction and gene array hybridization was used to identify differentially expressed genomic markers in brains of rats fed for 3 weeks in utero and 2 weeks after birth on an n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐deficient diet supplied to dams. Total RNA was isolated, switch mechanism at 5′‐end of the RNA transcripts (SMART) applied and used for PCR‐Select subtraction of PUFA‐deficient and adequately‐fed control preparations. Subtracted and amplified ds‐cDNA end‐products were fragmented, terminally labeled with biotin‐ddUTP and hybridized with a RN‐U34A gene array. A 10‐fold increase in potential genes with log2(Tester/Driver) = 1.4 was found compared with traditional gene array technology when the same chip was tested using non‐subtracted targets. Reverse transcription–real‐time relative PCR confirmed 30% of the transcripts. Among the validated transcripts, D1 and D2 receptors for dopamine (DA), were most prominent among a number of over‐expressed neurotransmitter receptors and retinoic acid receptor (RXR α‐2 and α‐1). Immunohistochemical staining of brain sections from 2‐week‐old pups revealed a substantial enrichment of the D2 receptor in discrete regions of the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways as well as in a large number of brain areas from the n‐3 PUFA‐deficient pups. Punches of the same areas run on western blots showed similar results. The overwhelming expression of D1 and D2 receptors may be attributed to a behavioral hypersensitivity caused by the possible impairment of DA production during brain development, which may have implications in certain disorders of the nervous system.
C‐terminal PAL motif of presenilin and presenilin homologues required for normal active site conformation
Authors: Wang Jun , Beher Dirk , Nyborg Andrew C. , Shearman Mark S. , Golde Todd E. , Goate Alison 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe Alzheimer's disease‐associated β‐amyloid peptide is produced through cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by β‐secretase and γ‐secretase. γ‐Secretase is a complex containing presenilin (PS) as the catalytic component and three essential cofactors: Nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective (APH‐1) and presenilin enhancer‐2 (PEN‐2). PS and signal peptide peptidase (SPP) define a novel family of aspartyl proteases that cleave substrates within the transmembrane domain presumptively using two membrane‐embedded aspartic acid residues for catalysis. Apart from the two aspartate‐containing active site motifs, the only other region that is conserved between PS and SPP is a PAL sequence at the C‐terminus. Although it has been well documented that this motif is essential for γ‐secretase activity, the mechanism underlying such a critical role is not understood. Here we show that mutations in this motif affect the conformation of the active site of γ‐secretase resulting in a complete loss of PS binding to a γ‐secretase transition state analog inhibitor, Merck C. Analogous mutations in SPP significantly inhibit its enzymatic activity. Furthermore, these mutations also abolish SPP binding to Merck C, indicating that SPP and γ‐secretase share a similar active site conformation, which is dependent on the PAL motif. Exploring the amino acid requirements within this motif reveals a very small side chain requirement, which is conserved during evolution. Together, these observations strongly support the hypothesis that the PAL motif contributes to the active site conformation of γ‐secretase and of SPP.
Left Atrionodal Connections in Typical and Atypical Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardias: Activation Sequence in the Coronary Sinus and Results of Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation
Authors: NAM GI‐BYOUNG , RHEE KYOUNG‐SUK , KIM JUN , CHOI KEE‐JOON , KIM YOU‐HO 
Published: November 2005

Introduction: The presence of atrionodal connections and coronary sinus (CS) breakthrough in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) has been suggested. However, the incidence, anatomic relationship with reentrant circuit, and results of catheter ablation are unknown. Methods and Results: Fifty‐two patients with typical slow/fast AVNRT and 10 patients with atypical slow/intermediate or fast/slow AVNRT were included. Eccentric activation of the CS (EACS) was observed in 3 of 52 patients with typical and 8 of 10 patients with atypical AVNRT. The earliest CS activation in patients with an EACS was recorded at a site 10–20 mm inside the CS ostium. The postpacing interval after transient entrainment at the proximal CS in patients with EACS was 23 ± 21 msec longer than the pacing cycle length. Modification or ablation of the slow pathway was successful in all patients with typical slow/fast AVNRT and in 7 of 9 patients with atypical AVNRT by RF energy delivered at the right septal tricuspid annulus (TA). In 2 patients with atypical AVNRT and an EACS, RF delivery inside the CS targeting the earliest CS activation eliminated the sustained AVNRT. Conclusion: Eccentric coronary sinus activation is observed in some rare cases of typical AVNRT, and in a majority of atypical AVNRT. Entrainment results suggest that the proximal coronary sinus may be part of the reentrant circuit. RF ablation of atypical AVNRT, if it fails from the standard right‐side approach, can be targeted at the site of earliest retrograde atrial activation inside the CS.
The Different Mechanisms Between Late and Very Late Recurrences of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing a Repeated Catheter Ablation
Authors: HSIEH MING‐HSIUNG , TAI CHING‐TAI , LEE SHIH‐HUANG , LIN YUNG‐KUO , TSAO HSUAN‐MING , CHANG SHIH‐LIN , LIN YENN‐JIANG , WONGCHAOEN WANWARANG , LEE KUN‐TAI , CHEN SHIH‐ANN 
Published: November 2005

Introduction: The mechanisms of late (<1 year after the ablation) and very late (>1 year after the ablation) recurrences of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) after catheter ablation have not been reported. Methods and Results: Fifty consecutive patients undergoing a repeated electrophysiologic study to investigate the recurrence of paroxysmal AF after the first ablation were included. Group 1 consisted of 12 patients with very late (26 ± 13 months) and group 2 consisted of 38 patients with late (3 ± 3 months) recurrence of paroxysmal AF. In the baseline study, group 1 had a lower incidence of AF foci from the pulmonary veins (PVs) (67% vs 92%, P = 0.048) and a higher incidence of AF foci from the right atrium (50% vs 13%, P = 0.014) than group 2. In the repeated study, group 1 had a higher incidence of AF foci from the right atrium (67% vs 3%, P < 0.001) and a lower incidence of AF foci from the left atrium (50% vs 97%, P < 0.001), including a lower incidence of AF foci from the PVs (50% vs 79%, P = 0.07) and from the left atrial free wall (0% vs 29%, P = 0.046) than group 2. Furthermore, most of these AF foci (64% of group 1, 65% of group 2) were from the previously targeted foci. Conclusion: The right atrial foci played an important role in the very late recurrence of AF, whereas the left atrial foci (the majority were PVs) were the major origin of the late recurrence of AF after the catheter ablation of paroxysmal AF.
Attractiveness of year‐old polyethylene Isonet sex pheromone dispensers for Lobesia botrana
Authors: Anfora Gianfranco , Tasin Marco , Bäckman Anna‐Carin , de Cristofaro Antonio , Witzgall Peter , Ioriatti Clvaudio 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn this study, we have compared the release of sex pheromone from mating disruption dispensers exposed in the field for 12 months and from calling females. The main pheromone component of the grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (D. and S.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is (E)‐7,(Z)‐9‐dodecadienyl acetate, and a minor component is (Z)‐9‐dodecenyl acetate. Aged dispensers from two different years emitted a much higher amount of both pheromone components than calling females. However, the summer temperature during field exposure influenced the release from mating disruption dispensers the following year. In the wind tunnel, male L. botrana were equally attracted to 12‐month, field‐exposed dispensers, a standard monitoring pheromone lure, and to synthetic (E)‐7,(Z)‐9‐dodecadienyl acetate sprayed at the rate of 0.6–60 ng h−1. Field trapping tests confirmed that aged dispensers from both years were at least as attractive to L. botrana males as a standard monitoring pheromone lure. The possible contribution of previously applied dispensers to the mating disruption efficacy during following applications is discussed.
Using hosts of mixed sizes to reduce male‐biased sex ratio in the parasitoid wasp, Diglyphus isaea
Authors: Chow Andrew , Heinz Kevin M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractOverproduction of males in mass rearing of parasitic Hymenoptera contributes to higher costs for biological control because only females directly kill pests. We present a technique, based on manipulating host composition, to generate less male‐biased sex ratios in parasitoid species that adjust their sex allocation in response to relative host size. Our system consisted of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev var. ‘Miramar’; a leafminer, Liriomyza langei Frick (Diptera: Agromyzidae); and a commercially available parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). We compared the offspring sex ratios of D. isaea females presented with different compositions of L. langei larvae on chrysanthemum. Presenting individual females with only large hosts increased mean sex ratio from 32 to 67% male over 2 days. However, presenting individual females with progressively larger hosts over 1 or 2 days reduced mean sex ratio from 90 to 100% male to less than 30% male. Groups of females produced sex ratios around 58% male if presented with both plants infested by only small hosts and plants infested by only large hosts. In comparison, groups of females produced sex ratios around 48% male if presented with plants infested by both small hosts and large hosts. We compared the use of both small hosts and large hosts to only large hosts for simulated mass rearing of wasps over 8 weeks. Using both small hosts and large hosts produced similar numbers of wasps as using only large hosts, but reduced mean sex ratio of weekly cohorts from 66% male to 56% male. The two techniques produced females of similar size, but using both large hosts and small hosts produced slightly smaller males than using only large hosts. The use of both small hosts and large hosts for mass rearing of D. isaea could reduce actual costs of females by 23%.
Apple pollen as a supplemental food for the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis: response of individuals and populations
Authors: Zhi Junrui , Fitch Greg K. , Margolies David C. , Nechols James R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractExperiments were performed to investigate the influence of apple pollen, plant diet, and relative humidity on the individual life‐history traits and on the population growth of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). In experiments with individual thrips, availability of bean pods plus a mixture of apple pollen and lycopodium shortened larval development time, and hence time from egg to adult, compared to bean pods alone. Similarly, the total number of eggs laid and the mean number of eggs laid per female per day were greater in the presence of pollen plus bean pods than on bean pods alone. Diet did not affect survival or length of the pre‐oviposition and oviposition periods. A diet including bean pods plus pollen shortened the generation time and population‐doubling time, and increased the net reproductive rate and the intrinsic rate of increase, compared to bean pods alone. In experiments on populations, growth was measured with different amounts of pollen on bean pods under two relative humidities, ca. 38% and 66%, and separately on two bean substrates, pods or leaves, at ca. 45% r.h. The presence or amount of pollen had no effect on population growth regardless of the other variables. Greater population growth occurred under the higher relative humidity regardless of substrate. Population growth was greater on bean pods than on bean leaves. Despite reports on the nutritional benefit of pollen for F. occidentalis, this benefit may be affected by pollen type, host plant, and other factors. In situations in which pollen has little influence on the growth of F. occidentalis populations, pollen that benefits a thrips predator could be used in an integrated management plan for controlling thrips.
Interactions between a fungal pathogen, foliar properties, and generalist herbivores
Authors: Kellogg S.K. , Hebard F.V. , Rieske L.K. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAmerican [Castanea dentata (Marsh) Borkh.] × Chinese [Castanea mollissima Blume] chestnut (Fagac, ae) hybrids are a novel system in which to study influences of phytopathogenic fungi and woody plant hybridization on herbivore susceptibility, as the hybrids are well characterized with regard to resistance to the chestnut blight fungus [Cryphonectria parasita (Murr) Barr (Endothia) Diaporthales: Valsaceae] and variability is present. We chose two groups of resistance‐rated backcross chestnut that shared an F1 parent and had different American parents. Foliage from both backcross groups and the parent trees was sampled on three dates for use in feeding assays with gypsy moth larvae [Lymantria dispar (L.) [Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae], adult Japanese beetles [Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)], and fall webworm larvae [Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)], respectively. Foliar analyses were performed concurrently and included carbohydrate, tannin, and nitrogen content, toughness, and density. Blight resistance had almost no effect on herbivore performance or foliar chemistry. When the parent trees and backcross groups were compared, however, significant differences in gypsy moth performance and Japanese beetle consumption were evident. There were no differences in fall webworm consumption. Most foliar characteristics measured differed among chestnut genotypes at some point in the season, and all varied seasonally. No clear pattern emerges with respect to the relationship among blight resistance, herbivore susceptibility, foliar properties, and plant genotype, and more research is needed to separate these effects.
Effective management of smoking in an oral dysplasia clinic in London
Authors: Poate TWJ , Warnakulasuriya S 
Published: November 2005

Background:  Precancerous lesions precede the development of oral cancer; of several clinical types the most common is leukoplakia. The risk factors include tobacco and excess alcohol use and diets low in antioxidants. Studies concerning the management of risk factors related to oral precancer are meager.Objectives:  We investigated the effectiveness of smoking cessation at a dysplasia clinic among patients followed up for at least for 12 months.Methods:  Data from case notes relating to180 patients with white and red patches of oral mucosa (excluding other benign disorders confirmed by biopsy findings) attending a dysplasia clinic at a teaching hospital in London and seen by one consultant between 1993 and 2003 were transcribed. Effect of referring to a smoker's clinic to receive specialist help was evaluated against brief advice given at the dysplasia clinic ± medications.Results:  The mean age at the first visit was 48.5 years (±12.5), 65% were male, and 88% were white European. One hundred and sixty‐two patients (90%) had used tobacco and 83% were current smokers. Of the smokers 95% had smoked over 10 years, the majority smoking over 10 cigarettes per day. Nine were alcohol misusers including two binge drinkers. One hundred and forty‐six were diagnosed with oral leukoplakia, 16 with non‐homogeneous types (speckled or nodular). Three patients were diagnosed with an erythroplakia. Nineteen per cent exhibited the presence of dysplasia and one subject had in situ carcinoma. Five patients in the sample quit smoking prior to arrival in the dysplasia clinic. Twenty‐seven cases (20%) with oral leukoplakia quit smoking while registered as a patient at the dysplasia clinic: 17 of 100 subjects quit with brief advice ± medications and 10 of 30 following referral to the smoker's clinic. The difference between the two groups was significant for point prevalence abstinence at the last visit to the clinic (minimum 12 months follow up). Out of a total of 180 precancer cases managed in the dysplasia clinic (mean follow up 4.2 years) three patients subsequently developed invasive carcinoma during follow up.Conclusions:  Smoking cessation needs to be an integral component of management of cases attending a dysplasia clinic and referring to smoker's clinics could help to improve the effectiveness of managing patients with oral precancer to quit smoking.
Relationship of periodontal bacteria and Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA variations with phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth
Authors: Akiyama S , Amano A , Kato T , Takada Y , Kimura KR , Morisaki I 
Published: November 2005

Objectives:  We investigated the relationship between phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth (GO) and the harboring of periodontal bacteria.Materials and methods:  Periodontal conditions and subgingival bacterial profiles were examined in 450 sites of 75 subjects. A polymerase chain reaction method was used to detect six bacterial species; Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola (Td), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), and Prevotella nigrescens (Pn). Genetic variations of the Pg fimA gene were also examined. Bacterial occurrence was compared with the severity of GO, and alterations in the bacterial occurrence rate and quantities were monitored following periodontal treatment.Results:  The occurrences of Aa, Td, Pi, Pn, and Pg with type II fimA (type II Pg) were significantly associated with the severity of GO. Td occurrence was reduced in association with gingival improvement following ultrasonic scaling, however, no such relationship was observed with Aa, Pi, Pn, and Pg. In addition, Pg and Pi markedly persisted after treatment. Clinical improvement of the sites, following an Er:YAG laser treatment, significantly associated with quantitative reduction of Pg in improved sites, however, not that of Pi.Conclusion:  Type II Pg and Td were each found to have a significant relationship with the development and deterioration of GO.
A Point Mutation within the Replicase Gene Differentially Affects Coronavirus Genome versus Minigenome Replication
Authors: Galán Carmen , Enjuanes Luis , Almazán Fernando 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

During the construction of the
transmissible gastroenteritis virus
(TGEV) full-length cDNA clone, a point mutation at position 637 that was present in the defective minigenome DI-C was maintained as a genetic marker. Sequence analysis of the recovered viruses showed a reversion at this position to the original virus sequence. The effect of point mutations at nucleotide 637 was analyzed by reverse genetics using a TGEV full-length cDNA clone and cDNAs from TGEV-derived minigenomes. The replacement of nucleotide 637 of TGEV genome by a T, as in the DI-C sequence, or an A severely affected virus recovery from the cDNA, yielding mutant viruses with low titers and small plaques compared to those of the wild type. In contrast, T or A at position 637 was required for minigenome rescue in
trans
by the helper virus. No relationship between these observations and RNA secondary-structure predictions was found, indicating that mutations at nucleotide 637 most likely had an effect at the protein level. Nucleotide 637 occupies the second codon position at amino acid 108 of the pp1a polyprotein. This position is predicted to map in the N-terminal polyprotein papain-like proteinase (PLP-1) cleavage site at the p9/p87 junction. Replacement of G-637 by A, which causes a drastic amino acid change (Gly to Asp) at position 108, affected PLP-1-mediated cleavage in vitro. A correlation was found between predicted cleaving and noncleaving mutations and efficient virus rescue from cDNA and minigenome amplification, respectively.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Induction of AP-1 and Interleukin 6 during Primary Infection Mediated by Multiple Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways
Authors: Xie Jianping , Pan Hongyi , Yoo Seungmin , Gao Shou-Jiang 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTKaposi's sarcoma is an angioproliferative disseminated tumor of endothelial cells linked to infection with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). AP-1 transcription factors are involved in diverse biological processes, including infection and replication of viruses, cell growth, oncogenesis, angiogenesis, and invasion of cancer cells. Here we show that KSHV activates AP-1 during primary infection. The activation of AP-1 at the early stage of KSHV infection is mainly mediated by virus entry events. Concurrently, KSHV infection strongly activates MEK, JNK, and to a lesser extent, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Specific inhibitors or dominant negative constructs of MEK and JNK completely abolish AP-1 activation by KSHV, while those of p38 reduce it by half. Furthermore, individual MAPK pathways differentially regulate KSHV activation of AP-1 components. KSHV activation of AP-1 leads to the transcriptional induction of interleukin 6 (IL-6), which is inhibited by inhibitors or dominant negative constructs of MAPK pathways. Together, these results demonstrate that KSHV induces AP-1 and IL-6 during primary infection by modulating multiple MAPK pathways. Because of the diverse roles of IL-6, AP-1, and MAPK pathways in viral infection and tumor induction and promotion, these results have important implications in the pathogenesis of KSHV-induced malignancies.
A Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Recombinant Expressing Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Induces Enhanced T-Cell Responses and Is Highly Attenuated for Replication in Animals
Authors: Ramsburg Elizabeth , Publicover Jean , Buonocore Linda , Poholek Amanda , Robek Michael , Palin Amy , Rose John K. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTLive attenuated vectors based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) expressing foreign antigens are highly effective vaccines in animal models. In this study, we report that an rVSV (VSV-GMCSF1) expressing high levels of murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from the first position in the viral genome is highly attenuated in terms of viral dissemination and pathogenesis after intranasal delivery to mice. However, this highly attenuated virus generated antibody and T-cell responses equivalent to those induced by a control virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from the first position (VSV-EGFP1). The better containment and clearance of VSV-GMCSF1 may be due to enhanced recruitment of macrophages to the site of infection but is not explained by a greater induction of interferons. The primary CD8 T-cell and neutralizing antibody responses to VSV-GMCSF1 were equivalent to those generated by VSV-EGFP1, while the CD8 T-cell memory and recall responses to the vector were enhanced in mice infected with VSV-GMCSF1. It is likely that the GM-CSF produced by immunization with this virus results in an enhanced recruitment of antigen-presenting cells, leading to better acute and long-term T-cell responses. This recruitment appears to cancel out any negative effect of viral attenuation on immunogenicity.