bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of BK virus in acute respiratory tract disease and the presence of BKV DNA in tonsils
Authors: Goudsmit J. , Dillen P. Wertheim‐van , van Strien A. , van der Noordaa J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe significance of BKV infections relative to infections by generally tested respiratory agents was investigated in children with acute respiratory disease. Paired sera from 177 children admitted to a hospital for acute respiratory disease were tested for significant rises in antibodies. Sera from seven patients showed a seroconversion to BKV and clinical signs of acute upper respiratory tract infection were exhibited by each of these patients.BKV infections were present in 8% of the patients with upper respiratory tract disease while seroconversions to adenovirus (2%), influenza A virus (1%), parainfluenza virus (5%), RS virus (6%) and mycoplasma pneumoniae (1%) were observed in 15% of the patients with upper respiratory tract disease. BKV was isolated from the urine of one child with tonsillitis with a concomitant seroconversion to BKV.Tonsils from children with recurrent attacks of acute respiratory disease were tested for the presence of BKV DNA by hybridization with a cloned genomic 32P‐labeled DNA of prototype BKV. Five of twelve tonsil DNAs showed hybridization with BKV DNA. Each tonsil showing hybridization with BKV DNA contained multiple nonintegrated copies of the BKV genome per diploid amount of host cell DNA.Attempts to recover infective BKV by transfection of primary human embryonic cells with tonsil DNAs or by co‐cultivation of tonsillar cells with primary human embryonic cells were unsuccessful.
Variance in rotavirus infection rates in different urban population groups in South Africa
Authors: Schoub B. D. , Cohen F. , Thompson D. , Koornhof H. J. , Miliotis M. D. , Still C. S. , Berkowitz F. E. , Miller S. , Kushlick E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRotavirus infection in black infants contrasts markedly with that of white infants in being much less common and showing no seasonal variation. In this multicentre study in Johannesburg, the aetiology of winter infantile gastroenteritis in black, coloured, and white infants was investigated. Stools were examined by electron microscopy and also by enzyme‐immunoassay to detect subparticular antigen which may be missed by electron microscopy in patients presenting late in the course of the illness. Stools were also examined bacteriologically by conventional techniques. Rotavirus was the most common pathogen in all three population groups with bacteria playing a relatively minor role. Striking differences were observed in the rotavirus rates between the three groups. Infection in the whites was five times more common than in the blacks (60% versus 12%) with the coloureds intermediate at 40%. The hypothesis was put forward that the relative protection of the black population may be due to a greater degree of colonization of neonates, thus inducing protection against symptomatic infection at the target age of 6 to 34 months. This may well have important implications in immunoprophylaxis. The reason for the lack of seasonal variation in the black population is still unclear.
Cold adaptation of parainfluenza virus type 3: Induction of three phenotypic markers
Authors: Belshe Robert B. , Hissom Frances K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to attenuate parainfluenza type 3 virus, a wild type strain that was isolated from a child with respiratory disease was adapted to replicate in African green monkey kidney cells at 20°C. Replication at 20°C was not a property of the wild type virus. The virus was serially passaged 45 times in the cold, and clones were selected following passage levels 7, 12, 18, and 45. The population of cold‐adapted virus was found to be progressively enriched with temperature sensitive (ts) mutants. After 7 passages in the cold, 1 of 9, and after 12 passages in the cold, 3 of 12 clones were temperature sensitive. Following 18 passages in the cold, 80% of the clones were temperature sensitive and after 45 passages in the cold, all clones were temperature sensitive. In addition to being temperature sensitive each ts clone manifested the tiny plaque morphology. Each temperature‐sensitive clone was also cold adapted. Some clones were cold adapted but were not temperature sensitive. The mutants were found to be genetically stable when serially passaged at 32°, 35°, or 39°C. The mutants may possess the necessary degree of attenuation for use as live attenuated intranasal vaccines.
Complexes between hbsag and igm in serum of patients with acute hepatitis
Authors: Toti Mario , Almi Paolo , Rizzi Roberto , Bonino Ferruccio , Palla Mario 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHBsAg bound to IgM was measured in the serum of HBsAg carriers with acute hepatitis using a radioimmunoassay based on selective absorption of IgM on solid phase coated with antiserum to human IgM.HBsAg/IgM was detected in 94 (100%) patients with acute type B hepatitis during the acute phase of infection and persisted after the fourth week only in 13 of them, who developed chronic liver disease. HBsAg/IgM was detected only in 1 patient out of 15 carriers of the HBsAg with superimposed non‐B hepatitis. No activity was found in serum of 20 patients with acute HBsAg‐negative hepatitis.The nature of the IgM component of the complex is uncertain, however, blocking experiments of the HBsAg/IgM reaction with polymerized human albumin suggest that the IgM component of the complex might represent antibody to the denatured protein. Persistent HBsAg/IgM complex detection in patients with acute type B hepatitis provides a useful tool to predict transition of HBV infection to chronicity. Its absence in patients with acute HBsAg‐positive hepatitis is indicative of non‐B hepatitis in chronic carriers of the HBsAg.
Experimental infection of tamarins with human non‐a, non‐b hepatitis virus
Authors: Karayiannis P. , Bamber M. , Thomas H. C. , Scheuer P. J. , Cohn D. , Hurn B. A. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNon‐A, non‐B (NANB) viral hepatitis was successfully transmitted to two colonyborn Tamarins following inoculation with antihaemophilic factor VIII concentrate or the “H” inoculum. Both animals showed histological and ultrastructural evidence of viral hepatitis, with raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels from the second week after inoculation through to the end of follow‐up, 5 months later.
Specific IgG and IgA antibodies to herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus in acute peripheral facial palsy patients
Authors: Hadar Tuvia , Tovi Ferit , Sidi Jack , Sarov Batia , Sarov Israel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe role of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) in acute peripheral facial palsy (APFP) was evaluated in 153 patients. The sera of patients were examined for IgG and IgA antibodies to HSV and VZV by the immunoperoxidase antibody‐membrane antigen (IPAMA) technique. The prevalence of IgG and IgA seropositivity to HSV was significantly higher in the APFP patients than in the matched control group. No significant difference was found in the geometric mean titer (GMT) to HSV antibodies in the APFP patients compared to the matched control groups. The prevalence of IgA antibodies to VZV was significantly higher in the APFP patients group than in the matched control group. The GMT for VZV IgG antibodies was significantly higher in the APFP patients than in the matched control group. No significant difference was found in the GMT of VZV IgA antibodies. Eleven of 83 patients for whom paired sera were available had significantly increased or decreased IgG and IgA antibody titers to VZV on subsequent examination. Four of these patients did not show any evidence of zosterian eruption. These studies support the concept that VZV and HSV might have a role in the etiopathogenesis of APFP in some of the patients.
Prevalence of a non‐A, non‐B‐associated antigen/antibody system detected by radioimmunoassay in acute and chronic liver disease
Authors: Luo Kang‐Xian , Karayiannis Peter , Burns David Macdonald , Bamber May , Kernoff Peter , Thomas Howard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn antigen/antibody system associated with one form of parenterally transmitted non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis has been identified by solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA). The antigen is found in 3% of normal subjects and in increased frequency in patients with haemophilia, renal homograft recipients, homosexual men, prostitutes, drug addicts, and patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The antigen was found in normal frequency in patients with acute hepatitis A and B, sporadic NANB hepatitis (nondrug addicts), autoimmune and alcohol‐induced chronic liver disease, and primary biliary chirrhosis.
The mechanism of replication of hepatitis B virus: Evidence of asymmetric replication of the two DNA strands
Authors: Fowler M. J. F. , Monjardino J. , Tsiquaye K. N. , Zuckerman A. J. , Thomas H. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this study we have characterised the DNA replicative intermediates of hepatitis B virus and have shown that HBV‐DNA replication is asymmetric. This pattern of HBV replication is similar to that reported for the related duck hepatitis virus (DHBV) and suggests the involvement of a similar reverse transcription process in HBV‐DNA replication.
Hepatitis B in the cambridge dialysis and transplant unit 1966–1983
Authors: Nagington J. , Sutehall G. M. , Cohen B. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe results of hepatitis B surveillance of the Cambridge dialysis and transplant units from June 1969 to July 1983 are reported. On admission 34/528 (6.44%) haemodialysis patients had anti‐HBc. Preadmission screening excluded 19 HBs Ag carrier patients and two carrier staff. Eight patients became antigenaemic after admission and two others were found to be antigenaemic post‐transplantation but pretransplant sera were not available from them. These two had active hepatitis and of the others, seven had asymptomatic carriage and one had acute hepatitis during haemodialysis. Two infected patients were admitted temporarily and one antigenaemic organ donor identified retrospectively. No cross infection occurred on the unit and the only instance of accidental infection of a member of staff was from an outpatient.
Factors associated with primary cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy
Authors: Stagno Sergio , Cloud Gretchen , Pass Robert F. , Britt William J. , Alford Charles A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe compared a group of 40 susceptible pregnant women who acquired CMV during gestation with a group of 86 women of similar race and socioeconomic background who remained seronegative to define factors associated with the risk of CMV infection during pregnancy.A logistic regression model using a stepwise procedure showed that a positive statistically significant correlation occurred with the age of the mother, the father's high‐intensity contact with young children, and children living at home. A negative correlation occurred with mother's high‐risk intensity contact with children outside the home. This study underlines the possibility that pregnant women may acquire CMV infection introduced into the household by their young children and husbands, a phenomenon that is reminiscent of rubella infection.
Incidence of coxsackievirus B type 4 (CB4) infections concomitant with onset of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Mirkovic Radmila R. , Varma Surendra K. , Yoon Ji‐Won 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFrom September 1979 to August 1981, a total of 25 children with newly diagnosed insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were admitted for management to the Pediatric Ward, Lubbock General Hospital, Lubbock, Texas. Parents of the 24 admitted patients gave informed consent for their child to participate in the study. While hospitalized, all study patients donated early‐phase (acute) blood samples and specimens for virus isolation attempts. Eighteen of the 24 patients originally enrolled in the study continued to come for follow‐up visits to the Endocrinology Clinic of the Department of Pediatrics, and hence, provided the late‐phase (convalescent) blood samples for the completion of serologic evaluation. The result of this two‐year survey is the following: 1) one of the 24 hospitalized cases yielded a non‐CB4 enterovirus; 2) serologically, only 2 of 18 IDDM patients showed some CB4 neutralizing antibody (NtAb) activity, ie, rising titers in their late phase sera. In view of the time of onset of patients' symptoms compatible with IDDM, the diabetogenic input of a past CB4 infection could have been considered in one of these two patients. In conclusion, results of our two‐year study indicate that occasionally the onset of IDDM might be associated with an acute CM4 infection.
Etiopathogenetic aspects of hepatitis A. II. Specific and nonspecific humoral immune response during the course of infection
Authors: Ślusarczyk J. , Hansson B. G. , Nordenfelt E. , Krawczyriski K. , Karwowska S. , Knap J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe anti‐HAV humoral immune response in the IgM, IgA, and IgG classes was analyzed weekly in 35 patients with clinically overt hepatitis A during the time of their hospitalization and 2–3 years afterward. In parallel, the dynamics of total immunoglobulins and complement C3 component (C3) levels were determined. The results suggest that the appearance of class‐specific anti‐HAV is compatible with the course of primary humoral immune response, with IgM and IgA anti‐HAV, providing immunity in the early and intermediate phases of the infection, and IgG anti‐HAV, providing immunity in the later phase. The overall appearance of anti‐HAV, total immunoglobulins, and C3, do not support the view that liver injury is mediated by the humoral immune mechanisms. Instead, the hepatocyte damage is probably caused by direct viral cytotoxicity. This hypothesis is supported by a case of hepatitis A in a patient under immunosuppressive treatment.
Restriction enzyme analysis of human cytomegalovirus using DNA extracted from infected cells
Authors: Grillner Lena , Blomberg Ingrid 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCytomegalovirus (CMV) isolates were investigated by restriction enzyme analysis. A method for extraction of cellular CMV DNA is described which uses CMV DNA released into the Hirt supernatant after precipitation of cellular DNA. CMV DNA is further purified by ultracentrifugation in neutral sucrose gradient.Fifteen strains from unrelated patients all had unique cleavage patterns with three restriction enzymes, although many of the fragments comigrated. Strains from related patients mostly showed identical patterns. The CMV genome seems to be stable since the pattern did not change in five isolates obtained from the same patient during a 5‐year period.
The seroepidemiology of infection due to Epstein‐Barr virus in southern India
Authors: Venkitaraman Ashok R. , Lenoir Gilbert M. , John T. Jacob 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe investigated the seroepidemiology of infection due to Epstein Barr virus (EBV) in 181 south Indian subjects aged 0–25 years using the indirect immunofluorescence method to titrate antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA), nuclear antigen (EBNA), and early antigen (EA). The age‐specific prevalence of IgG antibodies to VCA rose rapidly to 90% by the age of 5 years. The prevalence of VCA‐specific IgM and the geometric mean titre of VCA‐specific IgG antibodies were highest between the ages of 6 months and 2 years, the median age of primary infection being 1.4 years. Thus primary EBV infection occurs early in life. EA antibody prevalence was highest (55%) in the third year of life and remained between 30% and 40% thereafter. This pattern of EA antibody prevalence suggests that the latent EBV infection that persists lifelong after primary infection may be reactivated in many individuals. EBNA antibody prevalence was low until the age of 2 years but rose to 80% in the fourth year. Geometric mean titres of antibodies to EA and EBNA were low and stable at all ages. These results are similar to data from areas where EBV‐associated Burkitt's lymphoma is endemic and indicate a high EBV infection load early in life.
Treatment of chronic type B hepatitis with multiple ten‐day courses of adenine arabinoside monophosphate
Authors: Hoofnagle Jay H. , Davis Gary L. , Hanson Reginald G. , Pappas S. Chris , Peters Marion G. , Avigan Mark I. , Waggoner Jeanne G. , Howard Ruby , Jones E. Anthony , Straus Stephen E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTen patients with chronic type B hepatitis were treated with three courses of adenine arabinoside monosphosphate (Ara‐AMP). The drug was given intramuscularly at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/day in ten‐day courses during each of three sequential months. The patients were all men, aged 31–61 years, who were known to have had chronic hepatitis for one to four years. Each of the ten‐day courses of Ara‐AMP was accompanied by a marked inhibition in the serum levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and DNA polymerase activity. However, HBV‐DNA remained detectable in every patient during treatment and invariably rebounded to pretreatment levels soon after each course was stopped. One patient developed severe, and two patients developed mild neuromuscular side effects. During a 12–18‐month follow‐up period, only one of the ten patients has had a sustained clinical, serum biochemical, and serological remission. In this patient, serum HBeAg, HBV‐DNA, and DNA polymerase became undetectable three months after the final course of treatment; serum aminotransferase levels subsequently fell into the normal range; and a follow‐up liver biopsy showed a diminution in the chronic inflammatory cell activity and a disappearance of intrahepatic hepatitis B core antigen reactivity. Thus, multiple ten‐day courses of Ara‐AMP do not induce a high rate of remissions in this disease and are associated with appreciable neuromuscular toxicity. Ara‐AMP is a potent inhibitor of serum levels of hepatitis B virus, but Ara‐AMP therapy has not been shown to have long‐term beneficial effects in chronic type B hepatitis.
Hepatitis B virus infection in upper and lower Egypt
Authors: Sherif Mohamed M. , Abou‐Aita Badawy A. S. , Abou‐Elew Mohamed H. , El‐Kafrawi Ahmed O. M. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relative prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti‐HBs, and anti‐hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBc), as markers of hepatitis B virus infection, among 1,866 apparently healthy residents of two Egyptian provinces representing Upper and Lower Egypt populations was determined using solid–phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA).The prevalence rate of HBsAg in the Egyptian population was moderately high (10.1%); it was higher in the Upper Egypt (11.7%) than the Lower Egypt (8.0%) population and more frequent in young adults—especially those of Upper Egypt—and males than females in both populations. The prevalence of anti‐HBs gradually increased with age; it was higher in the Lower Egypt (51.1%) than the Upper Egypt (41.7%) population, and it was higher in females than males. A remarkably high infection rate, as shown by the prevalence of anti‐HBc, was found in both populations (88.0%), with minor variations depending on age, sex, and geographic area.
Early and late antigens of human cytomegalovirus:Electroimmunodiffusion assay of numbers, relationships, and reactivities with donor sera
Authors: Sweet George H. , Bryant Steven A. , Tegtmeier Gary E. , Beneke Janet S. , Bayer William L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEarly antigens (EA) of human cytomegalovirus extracted from cytosine arabinoside‐blocked cells infected with 0.01–20 infectious units (IU)/cell were assayed with human serum by electroimmunodiffusion (EID). The number of detectable EA types increased from one to eight as the IU/cell was raised from 0.01 to 10. There was no increase in the number of EA with further increases in IU/cell, with prolonged culture, or when detergent was included in the extraction buffer. At least five of the eight EA gave reactions of identity with late‐time antigens (LTA) extracted from unblocked cells at late times postinfection. In studies on a panel of sera from donors who were excreting virus and donors who were not, EID was as sensitive as conventional techniques (complement fixation and indirect hernagglutination for LTA, indirect immunofluorescence for EA) in detection of both types of antibodies from excretors but less sensitive in not detecting low levels of the antibodies in some of the sera from nonexcretors. No consistent relationships were observed between donor virological status and the numbers or types of antibodies to EA and LTA.
Comparison of western blot analysis to microneutralization for the detection of type‐specific herpes simplex virus antibodies
Authors: Bernstein David I. , Garratty Eileen , Lovett Michael A. , Bryson Yvonne J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA newly developed system (as described in the previous paper) employing separated herpes simplex virus (HSV) polypeptides electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose paper, Western Blot Analysis (WBA), was compared to microneutralization (MN) for the detection of type‐specific antibody to HSV types 1 and 2 in 98 human sera. Sera containing HSV1‐specific antibodies reacted at least twofold more densely (as quantitated by densitornetric scanning) to HSV1 than HSV2 polypeptides, while sera with HSVZspecific antibodies reacted twofold more densely to HSV2 polypeptides. The reliability of this system was determined (1) by analysis of sera from patients with true primary herpes simplex infections, (2) by adsorption studies that removed cross‐reacting antibodies, and (3) by comparison with neutralization. Of 36 sera found to have HSVl‐type‐specific antibody by WBA, 83% had MN ratios of <85 (indicating HSVl antibody), while of 28 sera found to have HSV2‐type‐specific antibody by WBA, 89% had MN ratios of >85 (indicating HSV2 antibodies). The MN ratio obtained on sera felt to have both HSV1‐type‐specific and HSV2‐type‐specific antibody by WBA ranged from 67 to 160. WBA agreed more closely with clinical isolates and adsorption studies than MN. This system not only accurately determines the HSV‐type‐specific antibody status of patients but provides important information on the specific immunogenic proteins.
Studies by electron microscopy on the assembly of duck hepatitis B virus in the liver
Authors: McCaul Thomas F. , Tsiquaye Kwesi N. , Zuckerman Arie J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLiver specimens from 1‐day‐old ducklings infected in ovo with maternally transmitted duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were examined by electron microscopy. Complete and incomplete DHBV particles were located within hypertrophied cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. The complete viral particles found intracellularly have inner cores with a diameter ranging from 35 to 37.5 nm and an outer coat or envelope. The whole particle measures approximately 45–65 nm in diameter. Naked core particles were located in the nuclei, free in the cytoplasm, and also near or on the cisternal membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum on the cytoplasmic face. Duck hepatitis B virions appear to share morphological characteristics with the viral coat and core of human hepatitis B virus (HBV). Electron microscopy suggested that the core particles of DHBV migrate from the nucleus into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores. The complete viral particles are probably formed by protrusion of the core particles through the endoplasmic reticulum and by simultaneous encapsulation with a coat derived from the endoplasmic reticulum.