Scaling Accuracy of Laboratory Steam Flooding Models
Authors: Pujol L. , Boberg T.C. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 43rd Annual California Regional Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME to be held in Bakersfield, Calif., Nov. 8–10, 1972. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
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Abstract
This paper deals with the adequacy of scaling methods used for steam-flooding studies in laboratory models of reservoirs containing viscous oils. For highly viscous oils, it was found that accurate capillary pressure scaling is not required. For these oils the ratio of capillary to viscous forces is so low that unscaled capillary pressures have negligible effect on oil recovery behavior. However, in the case of medium-viscosity oils (less than 10,000 cp) unscaled capillary pressures result in prediction of optimistic oil recovery. A technique to bring capillary pressures into scale was investigated, but found to give only qualitative improvement. The technique caused predicted recovery behavior to be sensitive to predicted recovery behavior to be sensitive to flooding rates.
Model predictions, after adjustment to field conditions to correct for differences between model and field starting oil saturations and injected steam quality, agree closely with numerical two-dimensional, three-phase calculations of the steam drive process. Oil recovery was found to depend mainly on the heat input per unit volume of reservoir sand. Injection rate was found to be a much less important variable.

Introduction
Laboratory models have been used for many years to simulate the behavior of a reservoir during thermal recovery operations. Unfortunately, the scaling of thermal recovery processes is difficult in small laboratory models because heat transfer and thermal effects on fluid properties must be accounted for as well as properties must be accounted for as well as capillary, gravity and viscous forces.
To achieve complete scaling of capillary, gravity and viscous forces, fluids with properties analogous to those of reservoir fluids are properties analogous to those of reservoir fluids are required. To scale the variation of fluid properties with temperature (especially the properties with temperature (especially the viscosities), the actual crude oil-water system must often be used. Since the temperature dependency of viscosity is critical in thermal recovery models, scaling of capillary forces in these models has frequently been neglected in order to use actual reservoir fluids.
Scaling theory of models has been discussed at length in the literature. Yet no quantitative information has been published indicating the scaling parameters having the greatest effect on results obtained with thermal models.