bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The allogeneic effect in vitro: activation of antibody synthesis in aggressor and target lymphocyte populations by allogeneic interaction
Authors: Möller G. , Coutinho A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNormal F1 hybrid spleen cells, interacted in tissue culture with cortisone‐resistant thymocytes (CRT) of parental origin, were activated to increased antibody synthesis against SRC (sheep red cells) as compared to F1 hybrid lymphocytes mixed with syngeneic CRT. However, an equal or greater stimulation occurred when parental spleen cells were mixed with F1 hybrid CRT as compared to syngeneic mixtures. When the experiments were performed in cultures containing fetal calf serum, large doses of T cells suppressed the immune response to SRC in both directions. Supernatants from a mixture of parental CRT and normal F1 spleen cells stimulated the immune response of both parental and F1 spleen cells to SRC.Analogous results were obtained when the secondary response was studied. Thus, spleen cells from mice hyperimmunized to SRC were activated to increased synthesis of indirect plaque‐forming cells by allogeneic confrontation. However, hyperimmune parental spleen cells were activated by confrontation with nonimmune F1 lymphocytes to the same extent or more than hyperimmune F1 spleen cells mixed with normal parental cells.It is concluded that the stimulating effect on the immune response caused by allogeneic interaction does not exhibit specificity for the genotype of the target B lymphocytes. Possible mechanisms by which specificity can be detected by in vivo experiments are discussed.
The mechanism of antigenic competition. i. the macrophage as a site of a reversible block of t‐b lymphocyte collaboration
Authors: Schrader J. W. , Feldmann Marc 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA model of antigenic competition, initiated in vivo, but expressed in vitro, was developed in order to study the cellular basis of antigenic competition. This was initiated by the injection of donkey or chicken red cells 2 days before sacrifice. To permit a response to a thymus‐dependent hapten protein conjugate in vitro, it was necessary to prime the mice with the carrier some weeks prior to culture. Thus the response of mice primed with fowl gamma globulin (FGG) to dinitrophenylated (DNP) FGG in vitro was used as the test for antigenic competition. The function of B cells was found to be normal, since the response to a thymus‐independent antigen, DNP flagella of Salmonella adelaide, was found to be normal, while that to DNP FGG was suppressed. The locus of suppression in antigenic competition was found to be the macrophage, since small numbers (3000) of peritoneal cells which had been depleted of T cells by treatment with anti‐θ serum and complement restored the response to DNP‐FGG. Trypsinization of the spleen populations also overcame antigenic competition, indicating that there was no irreversible block of any cell type. Trypsinization did not augment the in vitro response to DNP‐FGG of noninjected mice or that to DNP‐FLA of normal or DRC injected mice. Thus, trypsinization overcame competition without augmenting the response of either T or B cells and thus acted to remove a surface inhibitor from the surface of macrophages. The results were interpreted in the light of current concepts of the mechanism of T‐B collaboration. It is proposed that antigenic competition is a byproduct of the release of complexes of IgT and antigen by T cells. These bind to macrophages, initiating the response to the first antigen, but competing out the binding of IgT complexes to a subsequently administered antigen which are needed to trigger B cells and thus blocking the cooperative response to the second antigen.
Antibody isoelectric spectra visualized by antigen‐coated erythrocytes
Authors: Phillips Jennifer M. , Dresser D. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method is described for visualizing isoelectric spectra of antibody with antigen‐coated erythrocytes. The method, which is quick and simple, can be used for a wide range of antigens. This hemolytic technique detects antibodies which are not detectable by the radiolabeling method.
Thymus reticulum cell cultures confer T cell properties on spleen cells from thymus‐deprived animals
Authors: Wekerle H. , Cohen I. R. , Feldman M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe development of T lymphocyte immunocompetence appears to depend upon the function of the thymus gland. To study this function in greater detail, we developed a method for preparing monolayer cultures of thymus reticulum cells. We found that populations of lymphocytes from thymus‐deprived mice acquired the ability to produce T lymphocyte reactions when incubated with reticulum cells in vitro. These results provide evidence about the role of the thymus reticulum in inducing immunocompetence of T lymphocytes.
Transfer of low zone tolerance to normal syngeneic mice by Θ‐positive cells
Authors: Weber G. , Kölsch E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLow zone tolerance (LZT) of mice to bacteriophage fd has been further investigated and found to be specific for the antigen and inducible within 24 h. LZT and immunity are retained when spleen cells from tolerant or immune animals are transferred into thymectomized, lethally irradiated recipients reconstituted with fetal liver. Thymocytes, educated in vivo with antigen doses inducing LZT, are capable of transferring this tolerance into normal syngeneic mice and maintaining it there specifically. Treatment with anti‐Θ serum abolishes the suppressive capacity of the educated thymocytes. The data suggest that LZT is actively maintained by living T cells.
Sequential recruitment of antibody class‐committed B lymphocytes during ontogeny
Authors: Ivanyi J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChickens were bursectomized surgically during the first week after hatching and immunized subsequently with human serum albumin (HSA). Bursectomy (Bx) 4 days posthatching suppressed the IgG response, but did not affect the IgM response when tested at 2 weeks. The overall responsiveness had declined by 4 weeks, however, probably due to the nonreplicating character of the early peripherally seeded B cells. Furthermore, these chickens failed to give a memory response. B cells with self‐replicating and memory potential are seeded later than 4 days posthatching. However, 7 day Bx still produced a selective suppression of the primary IgG response while the IgM response, although delayed, reached a normal peak titer. Treatment of memory cells in vitro with anti‐μ serum interfered with the adoptive transfer of both IgM and IgG responses. The data are interpreted in terms of sequential seeding of IgM and IgG precursors of the anti‐HSA clones, both of which maintain membrane‐bound μ‐chain antigen.
Immunoglobulin determinants on lymphocytes in germ‐free piglets
Authors: Jarošková Lydie , Trebichavský I. , Řiha I. , Kovářů F. , Holub M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSurface IgM determinants on splenic lymphocytes were detected in 80‐day old pig fetuses using anti‐L and anti‐μ sera conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. Similarly, by the immunofluorsecence technique, only IgM determinants were demonstrated on unprimed lymphocytes from spleen and bone marrow in fetuses at the end of gestation (on the 112–114th day) and in precolostral, germ‐free piglets.The pattern of labeling with anti‐μ sera is characteristic for nonactivated lymphocytes as documented on fetal splenic lymphocytes or the small lymphocytes in a dense lymphatic area of the omentum of precolostral piglets. The lymphocytes which showed surface immunofluorescence staining with anti‐γ serum were observed in conventionally reared, nonimmunized piglets and appeared in all the germ‐free reared piglets which were immunized with sheep red blood cells, human serum albumin or bacterial antigens.We conclude that the true antigen recognition units, or “primary” receptors, on antigen‐sensitive uncomitted lymphocytes are exclusively of the IgM type and that the IgG‐carrying cells can be detected in piglets only after antigenic stimulation.
Antibodies specific for human T lymphocytes in cold agglutinin and lymphocytotoxic sera
Authors: Thomas D. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSera of patients with cold agglutinin disease (anti‐I,i), systemic lupus erythematosus, infectious mononucleosis or cryoglobulinemia contained cold IgM antibodies cytotoxic for a subpopulation of normal lymphocytes. Evidence was obtained that the antibodies were specific for T lymphocytes. There was an enrichment of cells reacting with the sera after removal of Ig‐bearing cells on immuno adsorbent columns. Absorption studies with adult and cord erythrocytes revealed a minimum of three antigenic determinants on the lymphocyte membrane, viz. i,I and a third specificity which was unique to T cells. Antibodies to this third specificity were present, at high titer, in sera which were monoclonal for the i antigen.
Difference between the lymph node response to injection of autosensitized T lymphocytes and that in a graft‐versushost reaction
Authors: Cohen I. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThymus (T) lymphocytes autosensitized in vitro were shown in previous studies to produce enlargement of draining popliteal lymph nodes upon injection into the footpads of syngeneic rats. Specific autoreactive effector lymphocytes were found to be recruited within these lymph nodes. In the present study, the cellular basis of lymph node enlargement in mice by autosensitized lymphocytes was compared with that produced in a graft‐vs.‐host (GvH) reaction. T lymphocytes of C3H mice were autosensitized against syngeneic fibroblasts in vitro for 16 to 18 h in the absence of serum, and 107 lymphocytes were injected into the footpads of syngeneic mice. Control lymphocytes were incubated without fibroblasts. The GvH reaction was produced by injecting 107 C3H T lymphocytes into the footpads of (C3H × C57BL)F1 adult recipients. The index of relative enlargement of the draining popliteal lymph nodes was measured 6 days after injection. Experiments were done to identify the origin of the lymph node cells in these reactions. Irradiation of the donor lymphocytes (1000 r) or the recipient mice (550 r) was used to prevent proliferation of the lymphocytes of either origin. The participation of recipient T lymphocytes in lymph node enlargement was investigated by using thymectomized mice.The following results were obtained.1) The GvH lymph node enlargement was found to depend on proliferation of the donor T lymphocytes, but did not seem to require the participation of radiosensitive cells within the recipient mice.2) In contrast, the response of the lymph nodes to autosensitized donor T lymphocytes depended on the function of radiosensitive T lymphocytes within the syngeneic recipients. The autosensitized donor lymphocytes themselves did not have to proliferate to recruit the response of recipient T lymphocytes.3) It was found that recruitment of recipient lymph node cells could be super‐imposed upon a conventional GvH reaction by presensitizing the C3H donor lymphocytes in vitro. Both autosensitization against syngeneic or allosensitization against C57BL fibroblasts augmented the lymph node response of (C3H × C57BL)F1 hybrid recipients. The recruited or donor components of these mixed responses could be selectively abolished by irradiating either the donor lymphocytes or the recipient mice.Hence, the autosensitization response, like the host‐vs.‐graft transplantation reaction, can be induced by sensitization of lymphocytes peripherally and involves recruitment of lymphocytes within regional lymph nodes. The GvH response manifested in the same popliteal lymph nodes does not appear to require the recruitment of radiosensitive T lymphocytes.These findings suggest that different classes of T lymphocytes function in the autosensitization and GvH responses.
Synthesis and immunological properties of an artificial antigen with the repeating oligosaccharide unit of Salmonella illinois as haptenic group
Authors: Kleinhammer G. , Himmelspach K. , Westphal O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe serological specificity of Salmonellae (O‐specificity) is mediated by oligosaccharide subunits (repeating units) of the species‐specific cell wall polysaccharides. With S. illinois (O‐specificities 3, 15 and 34 of the Kauffmann‐White scheme) as a representative example, it was possible to achieve the coupling of a complete repeating unit of that kind (in the case of S. illinois a tetrasaccharide) to protein, thus converting it into an artificial antigen. The repeating tetrasaccharide of the O‐specific S. illinois polysaccharide has been obtained by partial acid hydrolysis of the O‐specific S. illinois lipopolysaccharide and has the following structure with rhamnose as the reducing terminal sugar: magnified image In a reaction of this tetrasaccharide (TSill) with o‐phenylenediamine and m‐nitrophenylhydrazine and its subsequent reduction, TSill‐illl‐(3‐amino‐phenyl)‐flavazole was prepared, which was then coupled to edestin by means of the azo‐method.Antisera obtained after immunization of rabbits with the TSill‐illl‐(3‐azophenyl)‐flavazole‐edestin conjugate contained TSill‐specific antibodies, as shown by agglutination of S. illinois bacteria as test antigen (titers up to 1:2500). The specificity of these antibodies was tested in detail by cross‐agglutination with various bacterial strains. These antibodies are predominantly directed against the non‐reducing end group Glc magnified image Gal magnified image (Man) (O‐factor 34), and only to a slight extent against the internal groupings' Gal magnified image Man (O‐factor 15) and Man magnified image (Rha) (O‐factor 3). The serum antibodies did not show cross‐reactions with O‐factor 122, which differs from O‐factor 34 in the configuration of the Galmagnified imageMan‐linkage (122 :α‐glycosidic, 34:β‐glycosidic). Thus, by immunization of rabbits with a TSill‐illl‐(3‐azophenyl)‐flavazole edestin conjugate, a largely factor‐specific (anti‐34) antiserum was obtained.
Macrophages bearing hapten‐carrier molecules as foci inducers for T and B lymphocyte interaction
Authors: Askonas Brigitte A. , Roelants G. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn a syngeneic cell transfer system in C3H/He mice, we studied the effect of antigen‐bearing macrophages on the expression of B memory cells specific for the 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) group. The development of anti‐DNP clones was enhanced by macrophages carrying antigen on transfer of limiting dilutions of DNP‐BGG (bovine IgG)‐primed spleen cells. Triggering of B memory cells in irradiated hosts was enhanced both in terms of clonal expression with resulting high levels of antibody production, and of the number of anti‐DNP clones (B memory cells) colonizing the spleen effectively.To observe this enhancement, both hapten and carrier determinants needed to be carried by the same macrophage. The results are most easily interpretable by assuming that antigen‐carrying macrophages provide a center for the attraction of T and B cells in a spleen focus where they can interact more efficiently.
Anti‐lymphocytic antibodies and marrow transplantation. III. Effect of heterologous anti‐brain antibodies on acute secondary disease in mice
Authors: Rodt H. , Thierfelder S. , Eulitz M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAntisera against murine thymus‐derived lymphocytes were raised in rabbits injected with mouse brain. It was possible to remove contaminating antibodies which cross‐reacted with B cells and hemopoietic stem cells by absorption with liver and plasmacytoma followed by purification and fractionation over DEAE‐cellulose. T cell specificity of the absorbed anti‐mouse brain serum (AMBS) and its purified globulin fraction (AMBG) was demonstrated by cytotoxicity, complement fixation and unaltered numbers of plaque‐forming cells and colony‐forming units. In vivo, the effect of absorbed AMBG on the graft‐versus‐host reaction was investigated in an H‐2‐incompatible parent‐to‐F1 hybrid donor‐recipient combination. (C57BL/6 × CBA)F1 mice irradiated with 900 rad and transfused with C57BL/6 spleen cells died from acute secondary disease within 20 days. They survived as complete chimaeras beyond day 300 without symptoms of secondary disease when the donor cells had been preincubated with absorbed AMBG. The implications of the suppression of secondary disease in this model are discussed.
The use of protein A‐containing Staphylococcus aureus as a solid phase anti‐IgG reagent in radioimmunoassays as exemplified in the quantitation of α‐fetoprotein in normal human adult serum
Authors: Jonsson S. , Kronvall G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new technique for the separation of antigen‐antibody complexes from free antigen in radioimmunoassays has been developed. The technique is based on the interaction between the Fc portion of IgG and staphylococcal protein A. One ml of a 10 % suspension of formaldehyde‐treated and heat‐killed staphylococci of strain Cowan I, particularly rich in protein A, at equivalence binds 1.2–1.5 mg IgG in a pure IgG solution and 0.8–1.0 mg of IgG present in serum. This staphylococcal solid phase anti‐IgG reagent is added in excess of the IgG content in the preincubated radioimmunoassay reaction mixture. Centrifugation can be started within minutes. The bacteria form a solid pellet, so the supernatant can be decanted without further washing being required. Nonspecific uptake of radioactivity is below 7 %. In our assay for human α‐fetoprotein using antiserum raised in the rabbit, completeness of separation is better than 98 %. The present technique will differentiate between the presence of antigen and homologous IgG antibody in a sample tested.
Synthesis of the second and fourth components of complement by tissue culture cell lines
Authors: Wyatt H. V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA number of tissue culture cell lines were tested for synthesis of C1, C2 and C4. Supernates from two human embryo cell lines were positive for C1 when received, but on further culturing gave only slight amounts of C1. A number of cell lines produced C2 over a long period. This production was followed in hybrid cells formed by cell fusion. Some mixed rat liver cell cultures produced both C2 and C4. Of 30 tissue cultures tested, seven were found to synthesize C2.A cell line derived from guinea pig peritoneal cells produced C2 when grown with heat‐inactivated serum or in a synthetic medium. About 310 effective C2 molecules were produced per hour per cell. Unlike fresh peritoneal cells, production of C2 by the cell line was unaffected by hydrocortisone. Addition of stimulated or unstimulated lymphocytes with or without macrophages did not alter C2 production.
Production of anti‐H‐2 antibodies in thymectomized mice
Authors: Klein J. , Livnat S. , Hauptfeld V. , Jeřábek L. , Weissman I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNeonatally and adult thymectomized (Tx) mice of strains C57BL/10Sn and A. BY (H‐2b) were immunized at the age of 5 – 8 weeks with lethally irradiated spleen and lymph node cells from adult B 10. A and A (H‐2a) donors, respectively. The titer of H‐2 hemagglutinins and cytotoxins was determined at different intervals after immunization. Both untreated antibodies and antibodies reduced with 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐Me) were tested. The non‐Tx control mice responded with production of both 2‐Me‐sensitive and 2‐Me‐resistant H‐2 antibodies. In the Tx mice, only 2‐Me‐sensitive H‐2 antibodies were detected. Thus, the anti‐H‐2 IgM response appears to be thymus‐independent and the anti‐H‐2 IgG response thymus‐dependent.
Three classes and four (sub)classes of rat immunoglobulins: IgM, IgA, Ige and IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c
Authors: Bazin H. , Beckers A. , Querinjean P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractClass or subsclass‐specific differences have been investigated in the monoclonal immunoglobulins produced by 184 secreting immunocytomas raised in the LOU/Wsl inbred strain of rats. Seven classes or subclasses of rat immunoglobulins were detected and the names IgM, IgA, IgE, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG2c proposed for them. The sedimentation coefficients of rat IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2c were found to be respectively, 6.7, 6.4 and 6.7 S. Rat IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2c were found to cross‐react with antisera to human γ‐chains.
Hapten inhibition of the immune response in vitro
Authors: Kettman J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe in vitro primary immune response of mouse spleen cells against a hapten, the 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl (TNP) group, bound to an erythrocyte carrier is inhibited by the polyvalent, but nonimmunogenic TNP17HSA (human serum albumin) when added at the same time as the immunogen. Resistance to the effect of TNP17HSA develops in 24 h after the addition of immunogen. Sensitivity to this inhibition can be quickly re‐established after a mild physical dissociation of cell aggregates in the spleen cell cultures even 48 h after the start of a response. This sensitivity is rapidly lost again if the culture are incubated for a few hours before the TNP‐HSA is added.
Cooperation by mouse T lymphocytes: the role of antibody in T cell specificity
Authors: Playfair J. H. L. , Marshall‐Clarke S. , Hudson L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse thymus cells were educated in vivo with horse red blood cells (RBC) and tested for their ability to cooperate in the response of bone marrow cells to sheep RBC. Significant cooperation was observed only when anti‐sheep serum was injected into the educating mouse. We suggest that cooperation and some other properties of the T cell are mediated by passively acquired antibody.
Familial occurrence of isolated IgA deficiency associated with antibodies to IgA. Evidence against a structural gene defect
Authors: van Loghem Erna 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo families were investigated for the occurrence of IgA deficiency and antibodies to IgA. Several members of the families were found to be deficient for IgA1, as well as for IgA2, which strongly suggested that the disorder is genetically determined. By means of typing for genetic markers a defect of structural α genes could be excluded.An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of genes committed with the synthesis of IgA accounts best for the observations.Anti‐IgA antibodies of different specificity were encountered in eight out of fifteen IgA‐deficient family members; sometimes more than one specificity was observed in the same individual. There was no association with Gm allotypes, nor any evidence for a possible stimulation of antibody production.
Selective activation of mouse T and B lymphocytes by periodate, galactose oxidase and soybean agglutinin
Authors: Novogrodsky A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractModifications of surface saccharides of mouse spleen cells wirh periodate (NaIO4) or with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase induced extensive blastogenesis. The mitogenic effects of these agents on purified thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T cells) and bone marrow‐derived lymphocytes (B cells) were investigated. Thymus cells were stimulated after treatment with NaIO4 or with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase. The stimulation of these cells was markedly enhanced upon addition of a lymphocyte‐activating factor obtained from human leukocyte culture. Spleen cells from congenitally athymic mice did not respond to treatment with NaIO4 or with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase. Spleen cells from mice deprived of T cells by thymectomy, irradiation and bone marrow reconstitution, responded poorly to the above mentioned agents. It was concluded that periodate or treatment with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase stimulates exclusively T cells. Soybean agglutinin (SBA) had selective effects on T and B mouse lymphocytes. Neuraminidase treatment rendered T cells highly responsive to stimulation by SBA. On the other hand the small but significant stimulation of B cells by SBA is reduced after treatment of the cells with neuraminidase. SBA stimulates B cells and neuraminidase‐treated T cells by interaction with galactose‐like sites.