bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in American bison
Authors: Thoen Charles O. , Throlson Kenneth J. , Miller Lyle D. , Himes Elmer M. , Morgan Ronald L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eighteen 12-month-old bison were randomly placed in each of 3 groups (6 animals/group): group-1 bison were exposed to live Mycobacterium bovis, group-2 bison were inoculated with killed M bovis in oil, and group-3 bison were noninfected controls. Six, 6-month-old, tuberculin test-negative calves were placed (pen contact) with group-1 bison 30 days after exposure to M bovis. Tuberculin skin test responses (caudal fold and/or comparative cervical) were detected in all bison in groups 1 and 2 at 2, 4, 6,10, and 12 months. Tuberculin skin test responses were observed in 2 of 6 calves at 9 and 11 months after pen contact with M bovis-exposed bison (group 1). Statistically significant lymphocyte blastogenic responses to M bovis purified protein derivative were detected in group-1 bison exposed to live M bovis at 2 months after exposure (P < 0.025). Significant elisa reactions were detected in sera of bison at 2 months after exposure to killed M bovis in oil (P < 0.005) and in bison 2 months after exposure to live M bovis (P < 0.01). Significant tuberculin skin responses, elisa reactions, or lymphocyte blastogenic responses to M bovis purified protein derivative were not observed in the 6 control bison. Grossly visible tuberculous lesions were observed in lymph nodes and/or lung collected at necropsy in 4 of 6 bison at 12 months after exposure to live M bovis. Microscopic granulomas compatible with tuberculosis were detected in 5 of 6 bison; M bovis was isolated from tissues of each of the 6 bison. Grossly visible lesions were not detected in pen-contact calves at necropsy; M bovis was not isolated.
Cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials in the horse
Authors: Strain George M. , Taylor D. Scott , Graham Margaret C. , Kamerling Steven G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials (sep) were recorded from thoracic and pelvic limbs in 15 horses (13 Thoroughbreds and 2 Quarter Horses). Ulnar nerve sep were evoked by electrical stimulation of the lateral palmar branch of the ulnar nerve at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Recordings were taken between electrodes at 2 cm lateral to the vertex (contralateral to the stimulated limb) and the midpoint of the interorbital line. Four peaks were found in all recordings: N1, P1, N2, and P2. Latencies to the peaks were 39.0 ± 2.7, 45.5 ± 5.3, 50.4 ± 5.2, and 62.3 ± 3.7 ms (mean ± sd), respectively. Tibial nerve sep were evoked by stimulation of the lateral plantar nerve branch of the tibial nerve at the level of the metatarsophalangeal joint. Recordings were taken between electrodes at the vertex (contralateral to the stimulated limb) and the midpoint of the interorbital line. Four peaks were also found in all tibial nerve sep recordings: N1, P1, N2, and P2. Latencies to the peaks were 64.6 ± 11.8, 84.5 ± 9.7, 121.2 ± 11.6, and 134.0 ± 11.1 ms, respectively. Amplitude variability was high for the ulnar nerve and the tibial nerve sep. There was no effect of sex seen on peak latency or amplitude, and peak latencies were not affected by body length.
Comparison of Po2, Pco2, and pH in blood collected from the femoral artery and a cut claw of cats
Authors: Solter Philip F. , Haskins Steve C. , Patz John D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A technique for collection of blood samples from the cut claw of the cat was developed. Forty-six blood samples were collected simultaneously from the cut claw and the femoral artery of 7 healthy cats. Blood gas and pH values were measured and compared. There was no difference between sample pairs for blood Po2 and Pco2, but the pH values were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the capillary samples (7.432 ± 0.033) than in the samples from the femoral artery (7.419 ± 0.031).
Electrocardiographic values from clinically normal, anesthetized ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Bone L. , Battles A. H. , Goldfarb R. D. , Lombard C. W. , Moreland A. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Electrocardiograms were recorded from 25 clinically normal male ferrets anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and from 7 ferrets anesthetized with ketamine alone. Ferrets anesthetized with ketamine alone had excessive salivation, open eyes, muscle tremors, muscle twitching, paddling motions, attempts to stand, and an unstable ecg baseline. Because ketamine/xylazine combination resulted in induction and good muscle relaxation, the ecg had little interference resulting from muscular movement.
Pharmacokinetics of sodium cephapirin in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Prades Marta , Brown Murray P. , Gronwall Ronald , Miles Nancy S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sodium cephapirin was administered (10 mg/kg of body weight, im) at 8-hour intervals in 4 consecutive doses to each of 6 lactating dairy cows. Blood, normal milk, mastitic milk, urine, and endometrial tissue samples were collected serially. Mean peak cephapirin concentrations in serum were 13.3 μg/ml 10 minutes after the 1st injection and were 15.8 μg/ml 20 minutes after the 4th injection (post[initial]injection hour [pih] 24.33). The overall elimination rate constant value was 0.66/h and plasma clearance was 760 ml/h/kg. Mean peak cephapirin concentration in normal milk was 0.11 μg/ml at pih 2 and mean peak cephapirin concentration in mastitic milk was 0.18 μg/ml at pih 4. Cephapirin was not detected in the endometrium. The highest concentration of cephapirin in urine was 452 μg/ml, 2 hours after the 4th dose (pih 26).
Mycotoxicosis caused by aerosolized T-2 toxin administered to female mice
Authors: Thurman J. D. , Creasia D. A. , Trotter R. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thymus, spleen, adrenal glands, and small intestine of female mice exposed to aerosolized T-2 mycotoxin were examined at postexposure hours (peh) 0.25, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, and 24. Lymphocyte necrosis was observed at peh 1 in the thymus, spleen, and lamina propria and Peyer patches of the small intestine. Necrosis of small intestinal crypt epithelial cells was observed at peh 2, and necrosis of parenchymal cells and increased number of neutrophils were seen in sinusoids of the adrenal cortex at peh 4. These results indicated that the earliest microscopic evidence of T-2 mycotoxicosis after aerosol exposure was necrosis of lymphocytes in the thymus, spleen, and lamina propria and Peyer patches of the small intestine.
Dexamethasone-induced serum biochemical changes in goats
Authors: Maddux Jeanne M. , Moore William E. , Keeton Kerry S. , Shull Robert M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dexamethasone was administered at sequential dosages of 0.1 mg/kg/day for 3 days and 1 mg/kg/day for 3 days to 6 adult female goats. The greatest effects induced were hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperglycemia. At low dosages of dexamethasone, transient increases (P < 0.05) developed in serum sodium and chloride concentrations. An effect on hepatic physiology or iron metabolism was not observed.
Relationship between serologic recognition of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (J5) and clinical coliform mastitis in cattle
Authors: Tyler Jeff W. , Cullor James S. , Osburn Bennie I. , Bushnell Robert B. , Fenwick Brad W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum IgG1 elisa titers recognizing gram-negative core antigens (Escherichia coli [J5]) were studied at a large dairy in central California. Population mean log10 titer was 2.7357 (equivalent to 1:544) with a se of 0.03843. Titers increased with increased lactation number (unstandardized regression coefficient = 0.06733). Changes in lactation number accounted for only 6.77% of titer variation. Titers < 1:240 were associated with 5.33 times the risk of clinical coliform mastitis. Also, older cattle were at greater risk to develop clinical coliform mastitis. These factors apparently affect incidence in a nonlinear fashion, with greatly increased risk associated with titers < 1:240 and with fourth or greater lactations.
Combined Kirschner-Ehmer apparatus and dorsal spinal plate fixation of caudal lumbar fractures in dogs: Biomechanical properties
Authors: Shores Andy , Nichols Chad , Koelling H. A. , Fox W. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The strength and rigidity of a new surgical technique for the stabilization of caudal lumbar fractures in dogs, using a Kirschner-Ehmer apparatus and a dorsal spinal plate (ke/dsp), were compared with 2 other methods of internal spinal fixation and with intact (control) spines, using a spinal test system that subjected the spines to 4-point bending. The fixation devices were applied to isolated canine lumbosacral spines (L1 to S3) from cadavers. A complete spinal separation was made in the spine implant specimens at L5-L6 by sharp dissection of all ligamentous structures connecting the two vertebrae. Bending moment vs L5-L6 angular deformation curves, and rigidity and load sustained at 10° angular deformation (failure) were recorded for each fixation method and for the control spines. Values were compared by statistical analysis. The combined ke/dsp fixation and a combined vertebral body plate/dorsal spinal plate (vbp/dsp) fixation were stronger and more rigid than were the control spines and those fixed with a modified segmental-fixation method (P < 0.05). There were no statistical differences in strength and rigidity between the 2 combined-fixation techniques. Although the vbp/dsp technique is not applicable to clinical caudal lumbar (L5-L6) fractures, it was compared in this study to the ke/dsp technique because a similar vbp/dsp technique was reported strongest in a similar study of L3-L4 simulated fractures, compared with 3 other spinal-fixation techniques that have been used in repair of caudal lumbar fractures. The technique has been used successfully in 6 dogs with caudal lumbar fractures.
Use of pulsatile intravenous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone to induce fertile estrus in bitches
Authors: Cain Janice L. , Cain Gary R. , Feldman Edward C. , Lasley Bill L. , Stabenfeldt George H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pulsatile iv administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was evaluated as a method to induce fertile estrus in 8 anestrous Beagle bitches. Bitches received 1.25 μg of GnRH every 90 minutes for 11 to 13 days. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone was delivered by use of an automatic pump. Reproductive history was known for all bitches, 4 of which, on the basis of 3 or 4 preceding cycles, had an interestrous interval of 219 ± 14 days (mean ± sem). Estrus induction was attempted during early anestrus in 6 bitches (ie, 148 ± 10 days since the preceding estrus) and late anestrus in 1 bitch (ie, 260 days since the preceding estrus); another bitch had not had an estrous cycle for nearly 2 years before GnRH administration. Signs of estrus were seen within 16 days after the start of GnRH administration in the bitches with regular estrous cycles (group 1, n = 7), and within 23 days in the bitch (group 2) with prolonged anestrus. All bitches were bred, and 7 of 8 (87.5%) became pregnant, with a mean litter size of 4.5 ± 0.75. A normal hormonal response pattern was observed in group-1 bitches—a peak increase in plasma estrogen concentration of 22.3 ± 2 pg/ml immediately before the onset of estrus. Peak plasma progesterone concentration (17.3 ± 3 ng/ml) was observed 1 to 14 days after the onset of diestrus in the group-1 bitches that ovulated, and adequate plasma progesterone concentration was maintained throughout gestation. The group-2 bitch also had a similar hormonal response pattern, but the onset of estrous cycle events was delayed, compared with that in group-1 bitches. Her plasma estrogen concentration peaked (16.1 pg/ml) 20 days after starting GnRH administration, and her plasma progesterone concentration peaked (25.8 ng/ml) on the second day of diestrus. The bitch (group 1) that did not conceive apparently did not ovulate (ie, had low plasma progesterone concentration), and her subsequent fertility was not altered. Adverse clinical signs attributable to GnRH treatment were not observed.
Effects of weaning on diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in three-week-old pigs
Authors: Sarmiento Juan I. , Dean Evelyn A. , Moon Harley W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
We attempted to determine whether weaning is required for induction of diarrhea in pigs with postweaning enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Three-week-old newly weaned pigs and their suckling littermates were inoculated with the K88+ enterotoxigenic E coli strain M1823B. Fourteen of 21 weaned and 12 of 20 suckling pigs were genetically resistant to intestinal adhesion by the K88+ strain of E coli; they remained healthy, and gained weight at similar rates. Both groups of K88-resistant pigs gained weight faster, and shed fewer bacteria of strain M1823B in their feces, than did their K88-susceptible counterparts. Diarrhea developed in K88-susceptible pigs in the weaned (6 of 7 pigs) and suckling (4 of 8 pigs) groups, and 1 of the 4 affected suckling pigs died from complications resulting from diarrhea. The incidences of diarrhea, weight gain rates, and the numbers of strain M1823B shed in feces of susceptible weaned and suckling pigs were not significantly (P > 0.05) different. Diarrhea scores of susceptible weaned pigs were significantly (P < 0.02) higher than those of susceptible suckling pigs on the second day after inoculation. In this experimental model, it was concluded that weaning is not required for induction of diarrhea, but may modestly increase its severity.
Effects of an orally administered live Escherichia coli pilus vaccine on duration of lacteal immunity to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in swine
Authors: Moon Harley W. , Rogers Douglas G. , Rose Rebecca 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Primigravid swine were vaccinated orally with a live enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (etec) strain that produces pilus antigen K99. The titers of K99 antibody in colostrum and milk of vaccinates remained higher than those of nonvaccinated controls through the first lactation after vaccination (4 weeks). Some control swine had low titers of K99 antibody in colostrum or developed low titers of K99 antibody in milk during lactation. Lacteal K99 antibody titers of vaccinates dropped to control levels during the second lactation, 6 months after vaccination. Pigs suckling vaccinates and controls were equally susceptible to challenge exposure to K99+ etec during the second lactation. Orally vaccinated swine given a parenteral booster vaccination (with killed K99+ etec) during their second gestation had K99 antibody in milk through their second lactation. During the second lactation, these orally vaccinated parenterally revaccinated swine had higher titers of K99 antibody in postcolostral milk than did nonvaccinated controls, controls given only the parenteral booster injection, or controls vaccinated parenterally during both gestations.
Use of monoclonal antibodies to serotype-specific antigens of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 in passive immunization
Authors: Korvuo Armi , Lindberg Lars-Axel , Tuomi Jaakko , Schröder Jim 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prophylactic value of mouse monoclonal antibodies to the pig pathogen Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae was studied. Approximately 250 mg of purified mouse monoclonal antibody specific to capsular antigens of H pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 was given iv to five 9-week-old pigs. Five additional pigs from the same litter served as controls. On the following day, all pigs were given a lethal dose (5 × 109) of H pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 into the trachea. Four controls and 1 pig that was given antibodies died within 24 hours. The surviving 5 pigs developed typical signs of pleuropneumonia. After 6 days, the pigs were euthanatized and their respiratory tracts were examined for pathologic changes. All 5 pigs had pathologic changes, but they were less severe in the 4 pigs that had been given antibodies, compared with those in the control pig.
Efficacy of febantel against abomasal nematodes and lungworms in cattle
Authors: Williams J. C. , Marbury K. S. , Eddi C. S. , Willis E. R. , Luther D. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of febantel at a dosage of 5 mg/kg (45.5% paste formulation) against inhibited early 4th-stage larvae (EL4) of Ostertagia ostertagi, other nematodes of the abomasum, and Dictyocaulus viviparus was investigated in 4- to 6-month-old Holstein calves that grazed on pasture heavily contaminated with parasites from February 24 to April 1, 1986 (36 days). In Louisiana, this is the first month of a 3-month period in which increasing numbers of inhibition-prone O ostertagi larvae are acquired, and infection risk with D uiviparus may remain high. Three of 4 calves that died of lungworm infection during the pasture-exposure period were necropsied. Large numbers of abomasal nematodes, including inhibited O ostertagi larvae, and large numbers of D uiviparus were recovered. Twenty-five calves were randomly allotted by equal distribution of body weight to 2 groups and treated on April 4: placebo-treated calves (n = 13) and febantel-treated calves (n = 12). Equal numbers of treated and control calves were killed at 6 and 7 days, respectively, after treatment. Mean numbers of O ostertagi in control cattle were: adults, 4,931; developing 4th-stage larvae (DL4), 1,119; and inhibited EL4, 3,410. Ostertagia lyrata, Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus sp, and D viviparus were well distributed in nearly all control calves. Percentage reduction of O ostertagi in treated calves, when compared with controls, was: adults, 83.6%; DL4, 57.8%; and inhibited EL4, 34.8%. Percentage reductions of other species were: O lyrata, 92.6%; T axei adults, 99.3%, and 4th-stage larvae (L4), 100%; Haemonchus sp adults, 66.7%, and L4, 64%; D viviparus adults 90.6%, and immature forms, 97.1%. It was concluded that the poor efficacy against adults of Haemonchus sp and O ostertagi may have been attributable to the high numbers of DL4 and EL4 of both species. In the 6- to 7-day interval between treatment and slaughter, the DL4 could have reached the adult stage and replaced adults lost through treatment.
Efficacy of morantel sustained-release bolus in control of gastrointestinal nematodes of weaned calves during the autumn-winter grazing season
Authors: Stuedemann J. A. , Ciordia H. , Walstrom D. J. , McCampbell H. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 168-day study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of morantel tartrate sustained-release bolus (msrb) in controlling gastrointestinal parasitism in weaned calves during autumn-winter grazing in the temperate climate of southern United States. Sixty-two weanling Angus heifers were used to assess treatment differences. Six sentinel heifers were necropsied to assess pretrial gastrointestinal worm counts. The remaining 56 heifers were assigned to 4 groups of 14 heifers each and were placed on four 4.86-hectare dormant Bermuda grass pastures (1 group/pasture) that had been no-till interseeded with cereal rye in early October. Heifers in 2 groups were given 1 msrb in early November; the other 2 groups served as nonmedicated controls. Three heifers (principals) from each of the 4 groups were necropsied on posttreatment days 57, 112, and 168 (end of study) for total worm recovery. Eight 5-month-old tracer steers, raised worm-free from birth, grazed the 4 pastures (2/pasture) for the first 21 days of the study and then were kept in drylot for 21 days before being necropsied. Level of larval contamination of pastures grazed by control and msrb-treated heifers were comparable, because the mean number of nematodes recovered from tracer steers grazing the control and msrb pastures were 47,449 and 53,835, respectively. At 28 days after treatment, msrb-treated heifers had lower (P < 0.05) mean egg counts/g of feces than did control heifers (280 vs 13). Although the magnitude of the differences between treated and control heifers decreased as the study progressed, the differences were significant (P < 0.05) at each sampling date throughout the 168-day study. Necropsy of 6 sentinels revealed a mean nematode count of 43,135. Necropsy of principal heifers revealed higher mean worm counts in control heifers, compared with those in msrb-treated heifers on day 57 (35,758 vs 2,113; P < 0.05), 112 (20,740 vs 13,764; P = 0.15), and 168 (27,252 vs 6,957; P < 0.05). There were no differences in average daily weight gain between control and msrb-treated heifers (0.53 and 0.53 kg, respectively) over the duration of the study. However, msrb significantly (P < 0.05) reduced egg counts and actual worm numbers during the entire 168-day autumn-winter grazing study.
Anthelmintic efficacies of fenbendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole against Nematodirus battus infections in lambs
Authors: Zimmerman Gary L. , Hoberg Eric P. , Rickard Lora G. , Bishop Janell K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anthelmintic efficacies of fenbendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole were evaluated against naturally acquired infections of Nematodirus battus in lambs. Four groups of 10 lambs each were used. Oral administration of 8 mg of levamisole/kg of body weight or 5 mg of fenbendazole/kg significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the degree of infection by N battus (adults) by > 99%. An oral formulation of 200 μg of ivermectin/kg was 98% effective (P < 0.01). Numbers of other Nematodirus spp (including N filicollis and N spathiger) were significantly reduced.
High concentration of serum gastrin immunoreactivity and abomasal mucosal hyperplasia in calves infected with Ostertagia ostertagi and/or Trichostrongylus axei
Authors: Snider T. G. , Williams J. C. , Karns P. A. , Markovits J. E. , Romaire T. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Parasite-free, 4-month-old-calves were inoculated with Ostertagia ostertagi and/or Trichostrongylus axei, followed 6 weeks later by inoculation with increasing doses of O ostertagi for 8 weeks in the 2 groups (n = 4) of calves that had been given O ostertagi. Gastrin immunoreactivity concentration in serum was measured before and after infection and was correlated with changes in mucosal thickness.
Gastrin immunoreactivity concentration in preinoculation control sera ranged from 95.2 to 287.1 pg/ml, and increased values were measured in all parasitized calves after 15 weeks. Significantly (P < 0.05) increased serum gastrin immunoreactivity concentration compared with the preinfection value, was found in calves infected with O ostertagi or T axei, and highly significant (P < 0.01) values were observed in calves infected with both parasites. Abomasal mucosal hyperplasia was observed in all parasitized calves; increased mucosal thickness and mucosal cross-sectional area were most prominent in calves infected with O ostertagi and T axei.
Histochemical study of normal and collapsed tracheas in dogs
Authors: Dallman Mark J. , McClure Robert C. , Brown Esther M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tracheas from 15 toy breed dogs with normal tracheas and 6 dogs with collapsed tracheas were examined histologically and histochemically. Tracheal cartilage was analyzed for chondroitin sulfate by means of alcian blue (CEC method) and for calcium with alizarin red S. Cartilage arcs from dogs with collapsed tracheas had areas that were apparently hypocellular, and some had other areas that appeared like fibrocartilage or fibrous tissue. Histochemically, collapsed tracheal cartilage had less chondroitin sulfate and calcium than did normal tracheal cartilage. Cartilage arcs from the collapsed tracheas were not uniformly affected to the same degree, and parts of a given tracheal arc appeared normal, whereas other parts had an abnormal histologic appearance.