bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fiber Surface Properties in Relation to Linear Assemblies During Processing 1
Authors: Scardino Francis L. , Lyons W. James 
Published: March 2008

Two polyester fiber samples, differing only in surface roughness, which served as models, were processed on the cotton and woolen staple yarn systems. As was found in earlier experiments on the worsted system, static and dynamic cohesion tests on slivers and rovings indicated that geometrically smoother fibers (those having fewer asperities on the surface) lead to greater cohesion in fiber assemblies. Similarly, in slivers composed of blends of the polyester models with cotton and with wool fibers, the cohesion was found to increase steadily with an increasing proportion of smooth fibers. A similar effect of surface roughness on cohesion was found in slivers composed of uncrimped fibers. The degree of twist normally used in staple yarns was found to restrict sufficiently the relative movement of fibers to mask the direct effects of fiber surface roughness in the tensile loading of yarns. However, the influence of roughness on the behavior of assemblies during drafting, in the early stages of processing, was reflected in the even ness and average tensile properties of the yarns. Smooth fibers in continuous-filament form were found to lead to higher frictional forces in yarn-to-yarn and yarn-to-metal tests.
Microscopical Evaluation of Cellulose Esters with Low Degrees of Substitution
Authors: Cannizzaro Anna M. , Goynes Wilton R. , Rollins Mary L. , Berni Ralph J. 
Published: March 2008

The effects on cotton of esterification to low degrees of substitution have been investi gated by light and electron microscopy. Observations were made on partially esterified celluloses which included esters of acetic, palmitic, stearic, 12-hydroxystearic, linoleic, and ricinoleic acids and of the aromatic benzoic, cinnamic, naphthoic, and pkenylundecanoic acids. The uniformity of the esterification of cellulose was followed by dyeing and swelling techniques. Refractive index measurements were used to follow changes in optical anisotropy which accompanied the chemical modification. The average refractive indices of cellulose esters containing aromatic groups were greater than those of the esters with aliphatic substituents, the greatest difference being between indices measured perpendicu lar to the fiber axis. The normal fibrillate texture of the scoured surface appeared to become smooth upon esterification. Fragmentation of the esters in water in a laboratory blendor produced long strands of fibrillate material intermingled with clumps of spongy or amorphous material. On de-esterification of the fragments with an alcoholic base, the structure of the material reverted to that of unesterified cotton—fibrils became distinct and, in some cases, saponification proceeded to a stage where hydrocellulose-like particles were formed. , Many of the esterified fibers of low degrees of substitution swelled in the conventional methacrylate embedding technique. The swelling caused the cell wall to separate into layers, and the internal structure could then be studied by examination of thin sections of these fibers with the electron microscope. By use of an alternative embedding medium, aqueous polyvinyl alcohol, in the preparation of thin sections, compact unlayered struc tures of the esterified cottons were obtained. This permitted observations of the undis turbed structure of the modified cottons. Both types of observations were used in the microscopical evaluation of cotton fibers esterified to low degree of substitution to demonstrate structural changes brought about by the esterification reaction.
Centrifugal Effects in Inflated, Rotating Bias-Ply Tires
Authors: Walter J.D. 
Published: March 2008

An equation is derived which governs the dynamic equilibrium contour taken by an inflated and rotating, but otherwise unloaded, bias-ply tire. This equation, which is in the form of a hyperelliptic integral, is based on the membrane theory of shells and the netting analysis of composite materials. Results are obtained for the meridional geom etry of a typical two-ply automobile tire, which are in reasonable agreement with ex perimental measurements. This integral, which describes the dynamic equilibrium contour of the tire, is then used to obtain an algebraic cord load formula. The formula shows how the cord tension at any location is dependent on mass distribution, angular velocity, inflation pressure, deformed tire geometry, and number of cords in the tire. Centrifugal effects, as they influence cord tension, are more pronounced in the bead region than in the crown region. Cord forces are experimentally measured up to 1600 rpm, using the tirecord tension transducer which is a strain-gage instrumented tension link embedded in the tire and placed in series with the cord. Agreement between the theoretically predicted and ex perimentally measured cord forces is good, especially in the range of angular velocities and inflation pressures used in service.
Stereoscan Microscopy of Chlorine/ Resin-Treated Wool
Authors: Anderson C.A. , Katz H.J. , Lipson M. , Wood G.F. 
Published: March 2008

The scanning electron microscope (Stereoscan) has been used to study the surface modifications that occur during chlorine-resin shrinkproofing. Each stage of the treat ment causes a variety of clearly distinguishable changes in the fiber surface. After chlorination or neutralization, four types of surface topography occur, while the resin- treated fibers may be divided into two or three types, depending on the level of treatment. The main features of the chlorinated fibers are the rounding of the scale tip, together with the appearance of longitudinal striations in the cuticle, and a smooth region near the distal end of the scale. Further modifications occur during neutralization, the scale tips becoming more rounded and the surface generally more smooth.- When a high degree of shrink resistance is obtained, all the fibers are completely covered by a layer of resin which may be smooth or rough with thick ridges of resin along the scale tips. These resin layers remain intact even after severe washing for long times.
The Dimensional Properties of Knitted Wool Fabrics
Authors: Knapton J.J.F. , Fong W. 
Published: March 2008

Dimensionally stable, machine-washalle, all-wool interlock and Swiss double-piqué fabrics may be guaranteed if the yarns have been adequately treated against felting and the fabrics fully-relaxed. The practical fully-relaxed state of the Swiss double-piqué structure is attained when the fabrics have been thoroughly wetted, hydroextracted, and tumble-dried for at least 1 hr at 70°C. From this fabric state, dimensional changes in machine-washing and tumble-drying for high shrink-resist-treated yarns over a period of 10 cycles lie within the allowable limits of ±8% area and ±5% linear shrinkage limits. This relaxation process is, however, insufficient to contain relaxation shrinkage of the interlock structure. In washing from this state, linear shrinkages greater than ±5% are often found. Because in machine-washing the majority of residual relaxation occurs in the initial wash, at least two tumble-drying relaxation processes may be required to practi cally inhibit relaxation shrinkage of the interlock structure. But an effect of yarn twist on the geometry of the inter lock structure is listed. Fabric dimensions in a relaxed state are dependent upon yarn, fabric, and machine variables. Dimensions in the fully- relaxed state are, however, for both structures, essentially independent of these variables and predictable by constants whose values are different for each structure. The dimensional behavior of the interlock structure in washing is anisotropic,3 i.e., a length shrinkage is usually asso ciated with a width expansion, whereas the Swiss double-piqué structure behaves isotropically, 3 i.e., length and width shrinkages are usually found. It is proposed that the difference in dimensional behavior between these structures is due to the dissimilar nonrelaxed geometrical shapes of the individual structural units forming these two double-knit structures.
Polyamide 66 for Deep Dyeing
Authors: De Winter Walter , Decorte A. 
Published: March 2008

This paper shows the differences in spinning, acid-dyeing, and light exposure behavior of various "deep-dyeing" poly hexamethylene adipamides as a result of minor differences in chemical structure due to polycondensation with excess hexamethylene diamine, use of phenylphosphorus compounds, or boron derivatives. The boron and phosphorus derivatives give higher melt viscosity than the regular and "excess-diamine" polyamide. The excess diamine and boron-based fibers have an acid dye uptake equivalent to their amine end-group content—twice the end-group content of regular polyamide. Phenylphosphorus fibers demonstrate a large degree of overdyeing—nearty twice their amino end-group content. Only the phenylphosphorus fibers show decreased light stability, compared to regular polyamide.
Kinetics of Oily Soil Release
Authors: Kissa Erik 
Published: March 2008

The kinetics of detergency of liquid and mixed (liquid-solid) oily soil from cellulosic and synthetic fabrics has been investigated. A three-step soil-release mechanism is postulated involving (a) an induction period during which soil re moval is slow, (b) a rapid soil-removal period during which the amount of soil retained decreases linearly with the loga rithm of washing time, and (c) a final period during which soil retention is essentially constant. The soil-release rate is related to the diffusion rate of water into the soiled fabric. The ability of a fabric to release soil is not related to the rate at which the liquid front of a hydrophilic liquid (water, an aqueous detergent, ethylene glycol, etc) advances on the unsoiled fabric, but to the diffusion of water into the entire capillary system of the fabric. Diffusion of water into the fiber bundle facilitates soil release. Studies were made of the release of oily soil as affected by amount of soil (0.7-87% owf), wash temperature, agitation, and viscosity of oily soil in contact with an aqueous detergent. It is shown that soil which forms a highly viscous emulsion with water or an aqueous detergent solution is especially difficult to remove by aqueous detergency. Soil removal under conditions emphasizing spontaneous soil release is compared to practical laundering, and the effect of agitation is discussed. Mechanical work causing dynamic shear and flexing can be the dominant factor in oily soil removal from hydrophobic fibers with smooth surfaces and these compensate for a slow spontaneous soil release.
The Dimensional Properties of Knitted Wool Fabrics
Authors: Knapton J.J.F. , Fong W. 
Published: March 2008

Experimental evidence confirms the existence of a fixed knit-cell configuration of completely-relaxed weft-knitted wool fabrics. In this fabric condition, achieved after considerable mechanical agitation in the presence of water, the k or u parameters are constant and independent of the tightness factor. Fabric dimensions, therefore, are governed largely by loop length, as predicted by Munden, but a small effect of fiber quality (fineness) on the completely-relaxed mean values of the k or u is found. Theoretical models of the knitted loop configuration, designed basically for idealized yarns, predict only approximately the observed dimensional behavior of weft-knitted wool fabrics.
Stress Development in Glass Fiber Textile Forming Packages
Authors: Greene N.E. 
Published: March 2008

An elementary model has been developed for predicting the stresses generated within a glass strand textile forming package taking into account the package profile and variable internal support caused by the gradual retraction of the movable segments of a rotating expandable collet as the package is being formed. The results of an analysis of the extreme conditions typifying a marginal production operation have been used to relate observed package quality and processability characteristics to predicted mechanical behavior. It is shown that a given system's operating characteristics can be displayed on an operating diagram in terms of dimensionless collet finger collapse and maximum package size parameters. It is also suggested that the resulting package quality and processability can be predicted from the promixity of its operating characteristics to a critical region in the diagram. This critical region represents conditions under which winding continues to take place after the interior portions of the package have been subjected to axial compression, probably resulting in trapped ends and inter-fiber abrasion. Other representative winding conditions have been examined in light of this model and have shown quantitative and qualitative agreement.
The Mechanics of Fiber Migration
Authors: El-Shiekh Aly , Backer Stanley 
Published: March 2008

In this paper the theories of fiber migration have been reviewed. Modification of an analysis of migration in a 7-ply structure has been carried out. The frequency of migration is predicted for two models, and it suggests that slack forma tion is the mechanism for outward migration in an open structure, while forced buckling of the central fiber is the corre sponding mechanism for a packed structure, such as occurs in practical spinning. The slack needed to initiate outward migration was analyzed and found to be dependent on the geometry and fiber arrangement in the zone hetween the roller nip and the point of yarn formation. On the other hand, the buckling strain in practical spinning theoretically depends on the surrounding fiber matrix, the twisting tension, and the mechanical properties of the fiber.
Hydrolytically Stable Organophosphorus Cellulose Reactants
Authors: Sello Stephen B. , Gaj Bernard J. , Stevens Catherine V. 
Published: March 2008

The N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of polycarbamates containing phosphorus in dialkylphosphonate and phosphine oxide structures were prepared. Their effectiveness as flame retardants for cellulosic substrates was evaluated and compared with that of a corresponding polycarboxamide. Under the application conditions investigated, the poly- carbamate and polycarboxamide derivatives react in high yield with cellulosic hydroxyl groups, but do not co-condense with the melamine derivative used as a source of additional nitrogen. Thus, the N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of these organophosphorus compounds and melamine can be employed in any desired ratio to study flame retarding effectiveness. The cellulose ethers obtained by reacting cotton with a com bination of trimethylol melamine and a tricarbamate derived from tris (hydroxymethyl) phosphine oxide or a correspond ing tricarboxamide withstand multiple launderings with little or no decrease in flame resistance. The sequence ot in solubilization of the polymethylol melamine and organophosphorus compounds was found to have a pronounced effect on the degree of flame resistance obtained.
Method for the Complete Removal of Cuticle from Wool Fibers
Authors: Bradbury J.H. , Peters D.E. 
Published: March 2008

It is shown by scanning electron microscopy that cuticle cells can be removed virtually completely from wool fibers with minimal removal of cortical cells by refluxing in formic acid for 20 min, followed by shaking for 16 hr in formic acid at room temperature. Control fibers with cuticle retained are produced by a similar treatment, but without agitation. The descaled fibers show a large increase in the amount of water sorbed at saturation as compared with the control. Descaled fibers of this type may serve as useful models in attemps to elucidate the relative contributions of cuticle and cortex to the overall properties of wool fibers.
Effect of Feeding ConditiQns at the Ringframe Upon Yarn Quality and Spinning Performance
Authors: Balasubramanian N. , Trivedi G.K. 
Published: March 2008

The paper deals with studies elucidating the effects of hank of the ingoing material and of doubling at the ringframe upon yarn quality and spinning performance under different spinning conditions obtained by varying the spindle speed and count spun. The results show that with coarse and medium mixings, the hank of the roving fed could be varied over a wide range without affecting yarn properties. The use of finer hank, however, led to a reduction in end-breakage rate in such mixings. With fine mixings, finer input hank and low ringframe drafts led to poorer yam quality and comparable or poorer spinning performance. Doubling at the ringframe improved the strength and regularity of yarns significantly in the case of coarse and medium mixings but only marginally in the case of fine mixings. The improved yarn quality thus obtained did nbt lead to better ringframe performance and the relative merits of single and double feeds in this regard were dependent upon mixing characteristics and spinning conditions. With coarse mixing, double feed invariably led to inferior spinning performance and the effect became highly pronounced when overspinning or at higher spindle speeds. With fine mixings, the two feeds were comparable at lower counts and spindle speeds but the deterioration in performance with increase of count or spindle speed was more rapid with double feed. In double feed spinning, end breakage rate was found to be lower on those spindles where the rovings were kept together by means of a cross-over of the strands in the break draft zone. The application of a condenser to keep the strands together was helpful in overcoming the deterioration in spinning per formance in double feed. The Minimum twist spinning test showed a better correspondence with end breakage rate under adverse conditions of spinning than under normal conditions.
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers Part III: The Dynamic Shrinkage of Polyester Yarns in Organic Solvents1
Authors: Ribnick Arthur S. , Wkigmann Hans-Dietrich 
Published: March 2008

'rhe broad spectrum of interactions hetween a polyester yarn and different organic solvents has been investigated with a new experimerltal methocl called dynamic shrinkage. This technique is based on the measurement of the length changes of polyester yarns immersed in a solvent at programmed rates of heating. The dynamic shrinkage curves of a polyester yarn in various solvents are usually composed of a noncquilibrium and an equilibrium shrinkage region. From the former, it is possible to estimate the activation energies for the shrinkage process. From the equilibrium shrinkages, two analytical approaches have been used to estimate the glass-transition temperatures of about 22 polyester-solvent systems. The lowering of the glass-transition temperature of polyester by organic solvents is expressed as a function of their total solubility parameter. A bimodal distribution with interaction maxima at solu bitity parameter values of 10 and 12 is observed. 'I'he effects of solvent-induced crystallization on the transition tempera tures of polyester-solvent systems are discussed.
The Stability of Acid, Basic, and Direct Dyes to Light and Water
Authors: Porter John J. 
Published: March 2008

The stability of twenty different commercial dyes to visible and ultraviolet light has been studied in water. The dyes were selected on the basis of their importance from three major dye classes including: basic, acid and direct. The results are compared to the degradation of two of the dyes in natural sunlight as they would exist in the environment the dyes degraded at least 10 times as fast in artificial light as in sunlight. Some previously identified degradation products of Basic Green 4 were confirmed and a mechanism leading to their formation is proposed. The over-all results show that most commercial colors are resistant to sunlight and water degradation and that it would take many weeks before appreciable dye degradation occurred in a natural acquatic environment.
Sorption of Water Vapor in Jute Fibers
Authors: Watt I.C. , Kabir M. 
Published: March 2008

Sorption kinetics of the jute—water-vapor system have been followed gravimetrically using a sorption balance under controlled temperature and humidity conditions and absorption isotherms determined from the equilibrium water ' contents. The sorption kinetics are dependent on the initial water content of the jute sample and the humidity range of the sorption step and can be related to the various regions of the sigmoidal-shaped isotherm. At low water contents, corresponding to the initial steep portion of the isotherm, sorption can be described as a diffusion process in accordance with Fick's laws. Above 2.5% water content, only the initial portion of the uptake, to a quasi-equilibrium, occurs by a rate-controlling diffusion process, and a slow second stage of uptake is attributed to a stress relaxation mechanism. For a large step change in concentration no separate second stage is observed, presumably because stress relaxation occurs rapidly. At high humidities (>80% RH) absorption and desorption processes are non-Fickian over the whole range. On absorption a transient overshoot above the equilibrium water content value is explained as a consequence of the break down of the hydrogen-bonded structure of the fiber followed by the reformation of the interchain network to a new stable state. Similarities between the data obtained for the jute-water system and other polymer-penetrant systems are pointed out.
The Chemical Composition of Wool
Authors: Bradbury J.H. , Kulkarni V.G. 
Published: March 2008

Orthocortical cells, produced from Merino wool by ultrasonication in formic acid, are digested with α-chymotrypsin to produce fibrous material (in low yield) of the diameter of microfibrils and microfibrillar aggregates. These are sepa rated from other material by a centrifugation procedure.The amino acid analysis of the microfibrils and microfibrillar aggregates is much closer to that of orthocortical cells than to the low-sulphur proteins obtained from wool. It is likely that microfibrils do not consist solely of low-sulphur protein.
Chromatographic Separation of the Lyophilized Reaction Products of Formaldehyde and Methyl Carbamate
Authors: Cashen Norton A. 
Published: March 2008

A mixture of the condensation products obtained from formaldehyde and methyl carbamate, prepared in an aqueous medium according to the procedure of Reid and coworkers, was studied and its components tentatively identified. The mixture was lyophilized, and birefringence under polarized light showed that the solid product was comprised of mixed crystals. These crystalline products were then separated as essentially pure compounds by thick-layer chro matography: mass spectra of the chromatographic eluates contained masses 279, 284, and 137 that appear to be molecular ions, and a mass of 129 that is possibly a fragment of a linear dimer.
Moisture Content of Polyester Bobbins During Conditioning
Authors: Ruf Eberhard , De Riz O. , Kaethner K.I. 
Published: March 2008

Nondimensional moisture concentration rates are determined across the bobbin cross section for different diffusion coefficients and geometrical structures of the bobbin as a function of time. The large value for the ratio of the mass-transfer coefficient β at the package surface to the diffusion coefficient D of the bobbin yields a steep concentration gradient in the outer filament layers, provided no moisture equilibrium exists between the moisture concentration in the package and the surrounding atmosphere. Even in the case of small diffusion co efficients, the moisture content will differ in the layers at the ends of the bobbin and on the surface already after a short period of conditioning. These fluctuations can be the cause of an irregular dyeing of the filament yarn.