bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conjugated linoleic acid and chromium lower body weight and visceral fat mass in high‐fat‐diet‐fed mice
Authors: Bhattacharya Arunabh , Rahman M. Mizanur , McCarter Roger , O'Shea Marianne , Fernandes Gabriel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMore than half of the U.S. population has a body mass index of 25 kg/m2or more, which classifies them as overweight or obese. Obesity is often associated with comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. CLA and chromium have emerged as major dietary supplements that reduce body weight and fat mass, and increase basal metabolic rate in animal models. However, studies show that CLA induces insulin resistance in mice and in humans, whereas Cr improves insulin sensitivity. Hence, we designed the present study to examine the combined effect of CLA and Cr on body composition and insulin sensitivity in a Balb/c mice (n=10/group) model of high‐fat‐diet‐induced obesity. CLA alone lowered body weight, total body fat mass, and visceral fat mass, the last of which decreased further with the combination of CLA and Cr. This effect was accompanied by decreased serum leptin levels in CLA‐fed and CLA+Cr‐fed mice, and by higher energy expenditure (EE) and oxygen consumption (OC) in CLA+Cr‐fed mice. Serum levels of glucose, insulin, the pro‐inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), as well as insulin resistance index (IRI), decreased with CLA, whereas CLA and Cr in combination had significant effects on insulin and IL‐6 concentrations and IRI. In summary, CLA+Cr decreased body weight and fat mass in high‐fat‐diet‐fed mice, which may be associated with decreased leptin levels and higher EE and OC.
Effect of species and genotype on the efficiency of enrichment of poultry meat with n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Rymer C. , Givens D. I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of poultry species (broiler or turkey) and genotype (Wrolstad or BUT T8 turkeys and Ross 308 or Cobb 500 broilers) on the efficiency with which dietary long‐chain n−3 PUFA were incorporated into poultry meat was determined. Broilers and turkeys of both genotypes were fed one of six diets varying in FA composition (two replicates per genotype x diet interaction). Diets contained 50 g/kg added oil, which was either blended vegetable oil (control), orpartially replaced with linseed oil (20 or 40 g/kg diet), fish oil (20 or 40 g/kg diet), or a mixture of the two (20 g linseed oil and 20 g fish oil/kg diet). Feeds and samples of skinless breast and thigh meat were analyzed for FA. Worlstad dark meat was slightly more responsive than BUT T8 (P=0.046) to increased dietary 18∶3 concentrations (slopes of 0.570 and 0.465, respectively). The Ross 308 was also slightly more responsive than the Cobb 500 (P=0.002) in this parameter (slopes of 0.557 and 0.449). There were no other significant differences between the genotypes. There was some evidence (based on the estimates of the slopes and their associated standard errors) that white turkey meat was more responsive than white chicken meat to 20∶5 (slopes of 0.504 and 0.289 for turkeys and broilers, respectively). There was no relationship between dietary 18∶3 n−3 content and meat 20∶5 and 22∶6 contents. If birds do convert 18∶3 to higher FA, these acids are not then deposited in the edible tissues.
Dose‐response impact of various tocotrienols on serum lipid parameters in 5‐week‐old female chickens
Authors: Yu Suzanne G. , Thomas Ann M. , Gapor Abdul , Tan Barrie , Qureshi Nilofer , Qureshi Asaf A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe cholesterol‐suppressive action of the tocotrienol‐rich‐fraction (TRF) of palm oil may be due to the effect of its constituent tocotrienols on β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase activity. The tocotrienols modulate HMG‐CoA reductase activity via a post‐transcriptional mechanism. As a consequence small doses (5–200 ppm) of TRF‐supplemented diets fed to experimental animals lower serum cholesterol levels. These findings led us to evaluate the safety and efficacy of large supplements of TRF and its constituents. Diets supplemented with 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 ppm of TRF, α‐tocopherol, α‐tocotrienol, γ‐tocotrienol, or δ‐tocotrienol were fed to chickens for 4 wk. There were no differences between groups or within groups in weight gain, or in feed consumption at the termination of the feeding period. Supplemental TRF produced a dose‐response (50–2,000 ppm) lowering of serum total and LDL cholesterol levels of 22% and 52% (P<0.05), respectively, compared with the control group. α‐Tocopherol did not affect total or LDL‐cholesterol levels. Supplemental α‐tocotrienol within the 50–500 ppm range produced a dose‐response lowering of total (17%) and LDL (33%) cholesterol levels. The more potent γ and δ isomers yielded dose‐response (50–2,000 ppm) reductions of serum total (32%) and LDL (66%) cholesterol levels. HDL cholesterol levels were minimally impacted by the tocotrienols; as a result, the HDL/LDL cholesterol ratios were markedly improved (123–150%) by the supplements. Serum triglyceride levels were significantly lower in sera of pullets receiving the higher supplements. The safe dose of various tocotrienols for human consumption might be 200–1,000 mg/d based on this study.
Influence of diet on fatty acids and tocopherols in M. Longissimus Dorsi from reindeer
Authors: Sampels S. , Wiklund E. , Pickova J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOur aim was to compare the effects of two pelleted diets containing differing FA composition with natural lichen pasture on reindeer's meat FA composition. In addition we wanted to increase the knowledge about reindeer FA metabolism and the effect of animal sex and age on FA composition in reindeer muscle.The trial included five reindeer groups: three grazing, consisting of adult males, adult females, and calves; and two groups of calves fed conventional pellets (CPD) and pellets containing crushed linseed (LPD), respectively, for two months before slaughter. Differences between male and female animals were mainly found in the neutral lipid fraction and related to fatness. Calves differed significantly from adult males and females in FA and lipid class composition. CPD led to a higher ratio of n−6 to n−3 FA compared with grazing. The ratio n−6/n−3 in the polar lipid (PL) fraction of the animals fed LPD was slightly, but not significantly, higher than that in the grazing reindeer. LPD‐fed animals had lower proportions of long‐chain polyunsaturated FA (LCPUFA), namely 20∶4n−6, 22∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3, in the PL fraction compared with the grazing animals due to the content of these FA in the natural feed. The animals seemed unable to elongate dietary FA in significant amounts. We conclude that by adding crushed linseed to the pellets it was possible to keep the favorable FA composition of meat from grazing reindeer with regard to the n−6/n−3 ratio but not in LCPUFA.
Year‐round high arachidonic acid levels in herbivorous rabbit fish Siganus fuscescens tissues
Authors: Osako Kazufumi , Saito Hiroaki , Kuwahara Koichi , Okamoto Akira 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo identify a stable resource of 20∶4 n−6 (arachidonic acid, AA) in marine fish tissues, the lipid profiles of Siganus fuscescens organs (muscle, liver, and other viscera) and stomach contents were examined throughout the year. Crude total lipid (TL) contents in respective organs showed seasonal variations and were high in winter and low in summer. The main FA in TL were 16∶0, 18∶0, 16∶1n−7, 18∶1n−9, AA, and 22∶6n−3 (DHA). These FA were those generally observed in marine fish lipids, except for comparatively high levels of AA. In TL of muscle and liver, AA showed relatively high values during the period from late May to August (muscle, 4.6–13.1%; liver, 4.5–9.1%), compared with other seasons (muscle, 4.3–9.5%; liver, 3.6–8.4%). The AA levels in TL of other viscera and stomach contents fluctuated (other viscera, 2.0–10.7%; stomach contents, 7.6–26.7%). Regardless of the fishing season, each organ contained a higher level of AA in polar lipids (PL) than in neutral lipids. It was concluded that the fish contain comparatively high levels of AA in their TL throughout the year, and they accumulate AA characteristically in their tissue PL, probably from dietary food sources. Moreover, it was suggested that S. fuscescens has potential utility as a natural marine source of nutritional lipids, because the fish contain comparatively high levels of DHA and AA.
cis‐4,7,10,trans‐13–22∶4 fatty acid distribution in phospholipids of pectinid species Aequipecten opercularis and Pecten maximus
Authors: Kraffe Edouard , Soudant Philippe , Marty Yanic 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe distribution of cis‐4,7,10,trans‐13‐docosate‐traenoic (c4,7,10,t13–22∶4), a peculiar FA previously isolated in the glycerophospholipids of some pectinid bivalves, was investigated in glycerophospholipid classes and subclasses of separated organs (gills, mantle, gonads, and muscle) of the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis and the king scallop Pecten maximus. Plasmalogen (Pls) and diacyl + alkyl (Ptd) forms of serine, ethanolamine, and choline glycerophospholipids were isolated by HPLC and their FA compositions analyzed by GC‐FID. Pls and Ptd forms of serine glycerophospholipids (PlsSer and PtdSer), and to a lesser extend the Pls form of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (PlsEtn), were found to be specifically enriched with c4,7,10,t13–22∶4. This specificity was found to decrease in the tested organs in the following order: gills, mantle, gonad, and muscle. In gills, c4,7,10,t13–22∶4 was shown to be the main unsaturated FA of serine glycerophospholipids in both Pls and Ptd forms (23.8 and 19.4 mol%, respectively, for A. opercularis, and 21.0 and 26.2 mol% for P. maximus). These results represent the first comprehensive report on the FA composition of plasmalogen serine subclass isolated from pectinid bivalves. The specific association of the PlsSer with the c4,7,10,t13–22∶4 for the two pectinid species can be paralleled to the specific association of the PlsSer with the non‐methylene interrupted (NMI) FA and 20∶1(n−11) observed in mussels, clams, and oysters (Kraffe, E., Soudant, P., and Marty, Y. (2004) Fatty Acids of Serine, Ethanolamine and Choline Plasmalogens in Some Marine Bivalves, Lipids 39, 59–66.) This, led us to hypothesize a similar functional significance for c4,7,10,t13–22∶4, NMI FA, and 20∶1(n−11) associated with PlsSer subclass of bivalves.
Synthesis of 3‐oxalinolenic acid and β‐oxidation‐resistant 3‐oxa‐oxylipins
Authors: Hamberg Mats , Chechetkin Ivan R. , Grechkin Alexander N. , de León Inés Ponce , Castresana Carmen , Bannenberg Gerard 
Published: February 2007

Abstract3‐Oxalinolenic acid (3‐oxa‐9(Z), 12(Z), 15(Z)‐octadecatrienoic acid or (6(Z), 9(Z), 12(Z)‐pentadecatrienyloxy)acetic acid) was synthesized from 5(Z), 8(Z), 11(Z), 14(Z), 17(Z)‐eicosapentaenoic acid by a sequence involving the C15 aldehyde 3(Z), 6(Z), 9(Z), 12(Z)‐pentadecatetraenal as a key intermediate. Conversion of the aldehyde by isomerization and two steps of reduction afforded 6(Z), 9(Z), 12(Z)‐pentadecatrienol, which was coupled to bromoacetate to afford after purification by HPLC >99%‐pure 3‐oxalinolenic acid in 10–15% overall yield. 3‐Oxalinolenic acid was efficiently oxygenated by soybean lipoxygenase‐1 into 3‐oxa‐13(S)‐hydroperoxy‐9(Z), 11(E), 15(Z)‐octadecatrienoic acid, and this hydroperoxide could be further converted chemically into 3‐oxa‐13(S)‐hydroxy‐9(Z), 11(E), 15(Z)‐octadecatrienoic acid and 3‐oxa‐13‐oxo‐9(Z), 11(E), 15(Z)‐octadecatrienoic acid. The 3‐oxa‐hydroperoxide also served as the substrate for the plant enzymes allene oxide synthase, divinyl ether synthase, and hydroperoxide lyase to produce 3‐oxa‐12‐oxo‐10, 15(Z)‐phytodienoic acid and other 3‐oxa‐oxylipins that were characterized by MS, 3‐Oxalinolenic acid was not oxygenated by 9‐lipoxygenase from tomato but was converted at a slow rate into 3‐oxa‐9(S)‐hydroperoxy‐10(E), 12(Z), 15(Z)‐octadecatrienoic acid by recombinant maize 9‐lipoxygenase. Recombinant α‐dioxygenase‐1 from Arabidopsis thaliana catalyzed the conversion of 3‐oxalinolenic acid into a 2‐hydroperoxide, which underwent spontaneous degradation into a mixture of 6,9,12‐pentadecatrienol and 6,9,12‐pentadecatrienyl formate. A novel α‐dioxygenase from the moss Physcomitrella patens was cloned and expressed and was found to display the same activity with 3‐oxalinolenic acid as Arabidopsis thaliana α‐dioxygenase‐1. Lipoxygenase‐generated 3‐oxa‐oxylipins are resistant toward β‐oxidation and have the potential for displaying enhanced biological activity in situations where activity is limited by metabolic degradation.
2,6‐hexadecadiynoic acid and 2,6‐nonadecadiynoic acid: Novel synthesized acetylenic fatty acids as potent antifungal agents
Authors: Carballeira Néstor M. , Sanabria David , Cruz Clarisa , Parang Keykavous , Wan Baojie , Franzblau Scott 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe hitherto unknown 2,6‐hexadecadiynoic acid, 2,6‐nonadecadiynoic acid, and 2,9‐hexadecadiynoic acid were synthesized in two steps and in 11–18% overall yields starting from either 1,5‐hexadiyne or 1,8‐nonadiyne. Among all the compounds 2,6‐hexadecadiynoic acid displayed the best overall antifungal activity against both the fluconazole‐resistant Candida albicans strains ATCC 14053 and ATCC 60193, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC of 11 μM), and against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 66031 (MIC<5.7 μM). 2,9‐Hexadecadiynoic acid did not display any significant cytotoxicity against the fluconazole‐resistant C. albicans strains, but it showed fungitoxicity against C. neoformans ATCC 66031 with a MIC value of <5.8 μM. Other FA, such as 2‐hexadecynoic acid, 5‐hexadecynoic acid, 9‐hexadecynoic acid, and 6‐nonadecynoic acid were also synthesized and their antifungal activities compared with those of the novel acetylenic FA, 2‐Hexadecynoic acid, a known antifungal FA, exhibited the best antifungal activity (MIC=9.4 μM) against the fluconazole‐resistant C, albicans ATCC 14053 strain, but it showed a MIC value of only 100 μM against C. albicans ATCC 60193. 2,6‐Hexadecadiynoic acid and 2‐hexadecynoic acid also displayed a MIC of 140–145 μM toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in Middlebrook 7H12 medium. In conclusion, 2,6‐hexadecadiynoic acid exhibited the best fungitoxicity profile compared with other analogues. This diynoic FA has the potential to be further evaluated for use in topical antifungal formulations.
Differential biohydrogenation and isomerization of [U‐13C]Oleic and [1‐13C]Oleic acids by mixed ruminal microbes
Authors: Mosley Erin E. , Nudda Anna , Corato Adolfo , Rossi Erica , Jenkins Tom , McGuire Mark A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe additional mass associated with 13C in metabolic tracers may interfere with their metabolism. The comparative isomerization and biohydrogenation of oleic, [1‐13C]oleic, and [U‐13C]oleic acids by mixed ruminal microbes was used to evaluate this effect. The percent of stearic, cis‐14 and‐ 15, and trans‐9 to‐16 18∶1 originating from oleic acid was decreased for [U‐13C]oleic acid compared with [1‐13C]oleic acid. Conversely, microbial utilization of [U‐13C]oleic acid resulted in more of the 13C label in cis‐9 18∶1 compared with [1‐13C]oleic acid (53.7 vs. 40.1%). The isomerization and biohydrogenation of oleic acid by ruminal microbes is affected by the mass of the labeled tracer.
Abuse during pregnancy in Mexico City
Authors: Díaz‐Olavarrieta C. , Paz F. , Abuabara K. , Martínez Ayala H.B. , Kolstad K. , Palermo T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective: Measure the prevalence of physical and sexual abuse during pregnancy, determine the nature and severity of abuse, and assess correlates with abuse. Method: A total of 1314 women seeking prenatal care between July 2000 and January 2003 were approached at three public hospitals in Mexico City. An original composite case record form was created to measure physical and sexual abuse before and during pregnancy. Result: Forty‐one percent of respondents had a history of physical or sexual abuse, with current abuse reported by 11.1%, and abuse during pregnancy by 7.6%. Among abused women, 71% reported an increase in the severity of abuse since becoming pregnant. Logistic regression revealed physically fighting with a partner and a history of abuse best predict violence during pregnancy. Conclusion: The severity of abuse among abused women appears to increase during pregnancy. Prenatal care visits in Mexico are an important opportunity for violence screening and intervention.
Peatland development at the arctic tree line (Québec, Canada) influenced by flooding and permafrost
Authors: Bhiry Najat , Payette Serge , Robert Élisabeth C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study, we documented the Holocene history of a peat plateau at the arctic tree line in northern Québec using stratigraphic and macrofossil analyses to highlight the effects of geomorphic setting in peatland development. Paludification of the site began about 6800 cal yr BP. From 6390 to 4120 cal yr BP, the peatland experienced a series of flooding events. The location of the peatland in a depression bounded by two small lakes likely explains its sensitivity to runoff. The proximity of a large hill bordering the peatland to the south possibly favored the inflow of mineral-laden water. The onset of permafrost aggradation in several parts of the peatland occurred after 3670 cal yr BP. Uplifting of the peatland surface caused by permafrost stopped the flooding. According to radiocarbon dating of the uppermost peat layers, permafrost distribution progressed from the east to the west of the peatland, indicating differential timing for the initiation of permafrost throughout the peatland. Most of the peatland was affected by permafrost growth during the Little Ice Age.Picea marianamacroremains at 6450 cal yr BP indicate that the species was present during the early stages of peatland development, which occurred soon after the sea regression.
The Würm in NW Iberia, A pollen record from Area Longa (Galicia)
Authors: Gómez-Orellana Luis , Ramil-Rego Pablo , Muñoz Sobrino Castor 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe pollen record at Area Longa is the westernmost sequence available for investigation of the last glaciation in continental Europe. It is located in a region, NW Iberia, for which data from times earlier than the late glacial period are scarce. It comprises a series of exposed limnetic levels that lie above an Eemian (Oxygen Isotope Stage [OIS] 5e) beach and are separated by inorganic layers. The oldest limnetic level (Level I), attributed to the early glacial period (OIS 5a to OIS 5d), shows a dominance of woodland with high proportions of Fagus pollen and is tentatively identified with St. Germain I. The lower pleniglacial (OIS 4) Level II records a stadial landscape of grassland and shrub. Level III, from the pleniglacial interstade (OIS 3), reflects a complex period in which three warmer woodland phases alternated with periods of more open vegetation. This cyclical behavior correlates with the ice core isotope record and with the general tendencies observed in other Würmian pollen records, but the composition of our pollen profiles differs from those observed in these other records. In NW Iberia, the dominant trees were deciduous taxa, not conifers. Of particular note is the presence of lowland Fagus woodlands during the pre-Würm, and the occurrence of Carpinus considerably farther west than the boundary of its current distribution in the Iberian Peninsula.
Alternative Drying Processes for the Industrial Preservation of Lactic Acid Starter Cultures
Authors: Santivarangkna Chalat , Kulozik Ulrich , Foerst Petra 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe preservation of lactic acid starter cultures by alternative drying processes has attracted increasing attention due to the high costs and energy consumption of freezing and freeze drying. This review thus aims to provide a survey regarding the state of knowledge of starter culture production at high levels of viability. The results from numerous studies on various drying processes and lactic acid bacteria are summarized. The alternative drying processes considered, such as spray drying, fluidized bed drying, and vacuum drying, are mainly of industrial interest. The features, advantages, and disadvantages of these drying processes are described. In conclusion, the important factors that need to be considered, standardized, or optimized to achieve high levels of viability include intrinsic tolerance of cultures, growth media and conditions, stress induction, cell harvesting conditions, protective agents, rehydration conditions, enumeration of cells, and storage conditions.
The homophilic adhesion molecule sidekick‐1 contributes to augmented podocyte aggregation in HIV‐associated nephropathy
Authors: Kaufman Lewis , Yang Guozhe , Hayashi Kayo , Ashby James R. , Huang Li , Ross Michael J. , Klotman Mary E. , Klotman Paul E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe collapsing glomerulopathy of HIV‐associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is characterized by podocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation. In affected glomeruli, proliferating podocytes adhere in aggregates to form glomerular pseudocrescents and fill an enlarged Bowman's space. Previously, we reported that sidekick‐1 (sdk‐1), an adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, was highly up‐regulated in HIV‐1 transgenic podocytes. In the current work, we explore how sdk‐1 overexpression contributes to HIVAN pathogenesis. Murine podocytes infected with HIV‐1 virus expressed significantly more sdk‐1 than control‐infected cells. Podocytes stably transfected with an sdk‐1 expression construct grew in large aggregates with a simplified morphology characterized by a disorganized actin cytoskeleton, changes similar to podocytes in HIVAN. In contrast to controls, HIV‐1 infected podocytes adhered to stably transfected sdk‐1 podocyte aggregates in mixing studies. Furthermore, substrate‐released cell sheets of wild‐type podocytes were readily dissociated by mechanical stress, whereas HIV‐1 podocytes remained in aggregates. The number of HIV‐1 podocyte aggregates was significantly reduced in cells expressing a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) construct specific for sdk‐1 compared with cells expressing control shRNA. Finally, in a HIVAN mouse model, sdk‐1 protein was detected in podocytes in collapsed glomerular tufts and in glomerular pseudocrescents. These findings suggest that sdk‐1 is an important mediator of cellular adhesion in HIV‐infected podocytes and may contribute to podocyte clustering that is characteristic of pseudocrescent formation in HIVAN.—Kaufman, L., Yang, G., Hayashi, K., Ashby, J.R., Huang, L., Ross, M.J., Klotman, M.E., Klotman, P.E. The homophilic adhesion molecule sidekick‐1 contributes to augmented podocyte aggregation in HIV‐associated nephropathy. FASEB J. 21, 1367–1375 (2007)