bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emancipatory Cosmopolitanism: Towards an Agenda
Authors: Pieterse Jan Nederveen 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThis contribution explores what, in outline, an agenda of emancipatory cosmopolitanism would consist of. The first step in this treatment is to scrutinize capitalist cosmopolitanism as the dominant variant of cosmopolitanism. Understanding its influence is crucial to the task of counterbalancing it. The second section concerns the strange double life of conventional cosmopolitanism, which, while claiming universality, reflects a regional, parochial order. This paper argues that if globalization is multipolar then cosmopolitanism too is multicentric and this involves overcoming West‐centrism or monocultural cosmopolitanism. Third, whilst acknowledging the importance of the reflection on planetary ethics, the tendency toward normative abstraction is problematic; bringing history back into cosmopolitanism is necessary as a counterpoint to monocultural cosmopolitanism.
International Relations and Responsibility in an Increasingly Unequal World
Authors: Murphy Craig N. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTMartha Nussbaum has provided a major service to the study and practice of international relations (IR) by articulating the moral claims made on states and international organizations by the fact of human capabilities. In return, something of what has been learned by scholars of IR can contribute to her project by considering the ways in which concrete international institutions (such as UNDP) have struggled with their international responsibilities, highlighting the role of egalitarian social movements in the establishment and reform of global level intergovernmental organizations, and searching for ways to embody Nussbaum's ‘Principles for Global Structure’ in the current agenda for reform of the United Nations' system.
Parental Divorce and Students’ Performance: Evidence from Longitudinal Data*
Authors: Sanz‐de‐Galdeano Anna , Vuri Daniela 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this article, we analysed data from the National Education Longitudinal Study to investigate whether experiencing parental divorce during adolescence had an adverse impact on students’ performance on standardized tests. To account for the potential endogeneity of parental divorce we employed double and triple difference models that rely on observing teenagers from intact and divorced backgrounds before and after the divorce occurs. We found that parental divorce does not negatively affect teenagers’ cognitive skills. Our results also suggest that cross‐sectional estimates overstate the detrimental effect of parental divorce.
Is Child Work Necessary?*
Authors: Bhalotra Sonia 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article investigates the hypothesis that child labour is compelled by poverty. It shows that a testable implication of this hypothesis is that the wage elasticity of child labour supply is negative. Using a large household survey for rural Pakistan, labour supply models for boys and girls in wage work are estimated. Conditioning on non‐labour income and a range of demographic variables, the article finds a negative wage elasticity for boys and an elasticity that is insignificantly different from zero for girls. Thus, while boys appear to work on account of poverty compulsions, the evidence for girls is ambiguous.
Networks, Regional Development and Democratic Control
Authors: HADJIMICHALIS COSTIS , HUDSON RAY 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe networking literature has burgeoned in recent years within a complex cross‐disciplinary field and particularly in economic geography and regional planning. Networks have been analysed both as organizational expressions of globalization, linked to claims about the rise of the network society, and as territorial and cultural systems of exchange. Concepts of networks and networking have been accepted as positive, and sometimes also as progressive or radical within both social science and policy discourses. In this article we analyse regionally embedded economic networks and the EU’s urban and regional policy networks as a new mode of administration, at a variety of spatial scales. Little attention has been paid to the theoretical implications of using the concept of network as a social metaphor or to the operation of actually existing networks, as a result of conceptualizing networks in ways that deny their constitutive inequalities, asymmetries and democratic deficits. This darker side has been pushed into the shadows by the rhetorical emphasis on the benefits claimed for networked organizational forms.
Cities as the Industrial Districts of Housebuilding
Authors: BUZZELLI MICHAEL , HARRIS RICHARD 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn North America the housebuilding industry is ubiquitous and locally autonomous. In Ontario during the 1990s, 81% of urban single‐family homes were erected by locally based builders, a proportion that varied with urban isolation. Urban areas may be regarded as the industrial districts of home builders: numerous small, specialized firms interact frequently within a rich, embedded market network; subcontracting is the norm; networks and firm boundaries are fluid. The theory of industrial districts offers a useful vocabulary for analysing the neglected building industry. Analytically, the building industry offers unequalled opportunities to explore the dynamics of industrial districts, and how economic globalization meets local limits.
Nail changes associated with chemotherapy in children
Authors: Chen W , Yu Y‐S , Liu Y‐H , Sheen J‐M , Hsiao C‐C 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground  Large series of chemotherapy‐induced nail changes in children have rarely been reported in the literature.Objective  To study the pattern and onset of nail changes in cancer children receiving various chemotherapy regimens.Methods  A cross‐sectional study was performed on 30 paediatric patients (aged 1–17, mean 8.3 years), including 11 with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, five with acute myeloid leukaemia, and others.Results  Nail changes developed in 10 children during chemotherapy, five of whom had Muehrcke's lines, three Beau's lines, one Mees’ lines and another had trachyonychia. There appeared to be no correlation between the pattern of nail alteration and the underlying cancer types or stages, or the regimens of chemotherapy.Conclusion  One third of the children with cancers developed nail changes associated with chemotherapy. Among them, Muehrcke's lines were the most common manifestation, which were unrelated to hypoalbuminaemia in our series.
A Comparative Study of Stress Profiles in Mothers of Children with Autism and those of Children with Down's Syndrome
Authors: Pisula Ewa 
Published: December 2006

Background  The purpose of the present study was to determine the stress in mothers whose children have autism and to compare it with the stress in mothers whose children have Down's syndrome.Method  Fifty mothers whose children had autism (n = 25) or Down's syndrome (n = 25) completed the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (QRS) and answered some demographic questions.Results  The mothers of children with autism presented higher stress levels on seven of the 15 scales of the QRS.Conclusion  The results are discussed in the context of the unsatisfactory care system for children with autism in Poland.
Psychosocial stress predicts future symptom severities in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome and/or obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Lin Haiqun , Katsovich Liliya , Ghebremichael Musie , Findley Diane B. , Grantz Heidi , Lombroso Paul J. , King Robert A. , Zhang Heping , Leckman James F. 
Published: December 2006

Background:  The goals of this prospective longitudinal study were to monitor levels of psychosocial stress in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome (TS) and/or obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) compared to healthy control subjects and to examine the relationship between measures of psychosocial stress and fluctuations in tic, obsessive‐compulsive (OC), and depressive symptom severity.Methods:  Consecutive ratings of tic, OC and depressive symptom severity were obtained for 45 cases and 41 matched healthy control subjects over a two‐year period. Measures of psychosocial stress included youth self‐report, parental report, and clinician ratings of long‐term contextual threat. Structural equation modeling for unbalanced repeated measures was used to assess the temporal sequence of psychosocial stress with the severity of tic, OC and depressive symptoms.Results:  Subjects with TS and OCD experienced significantly more psychosocial stress than did the controls. Estimates of psychosocial stress were predictive of future depressive symptoms. Current levels of psychosocial stress were also a significant predictor of future OC symptom severity, but not vice versa. Current OC symptom severity was a predictor of future depressive symptom severity, but not vice versa. Current levels of psychosocial stress and depression were independent predictors of future tic severity, even after controlling for the effect of advancing chronological age.Conclusions:  The impact of antecedent psychosocial adversity is greater on future depressive symptoms than for tic and/or OC symptoms. Worsening OC symptoms are also a predictor of future depressive symptoms. Advancing chronological age is robustly associated with reductions in tic severity.
The role of smoking‐cessation‐specific parenting in adolescent smoking‐specific cognitions and readiness to quit
Authors: Van Zundert Rinka M. P. , Van De Ven Monique O. M. , Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Otten Roy , Van Den Eijnden Regina J. J. M. 
Published: December 2006

Background:  An instrument assessing smoking‐cessation‐specific parenting was developed and tested in relation to a) the pros of smoking and quitting and self‐efficacy to resist smoking, and b) adolescent readiness to quit.Methods:  Cross‐sectional survey data from 998 Dutch adolescents who smoked regularly were used to perform structural equation analyses.Results:  Adolescents who perceived relatively few advantages of smoking and many benefits of quitting reported a high readiness to quit. Self‐efficacy was not related to readiness to quit. Smoking‐cessation‐specific parenting was both directly related to a high readiness to quit, and indirectly through the perceived pros of quitting. Also, if one or both parents were smokers, adolescents reported experiencing less smoking‐cessation‐specific parenting and a lower readiness to quit. However, in general, differences in paths were not found between adolescents with two parents who did not smoke and adolescents with one or two parents who smoked.Conclusions:  Given that anti‐smoking socialisation has not yet been operationalised in terms of smoking‐cessation‐specific parenting, the present results will warrant further research into smoking‐cessation‐specific parenting in relation to adolescent smoking cessation. Further, parental smoking should not discourage parents from engaging in smoking‐cessation‐specific parenting as its relations with smoking cognitions and readiness to quit were highly similar in both the group with two parents who did not smoke and the group with one or two parents who smoked.
Are sibling relationships protective? A longitudinal study
Authors: Gass Krista , Jenkins Jennifer , Dunn Judy 
Published: December 2006

Background:  Although the protective effects of familial and parental support have been studied extensively in the child psychopathology literature, few studies have explored the protective quality of positive sibling relationships.Methods:  A two‐wave longitudinal design was used to examine the protective effect of positive sibling relationships on child adjustment for children experiencing stressful life events. Mothers reported on stressful life events and child adjustment. Older siblings assessed the quality of relationship between themselves and target children.Results:  Sibling affection moderated the relationship between stressful life events and internalizing symptomatology but not the relationship between stressful life events and externalizing symptomatology. Notably, the protective effect of sibling affection was evident regardless of mother–child relationship quality.Conclusions:  Positive sibling relationships are an important source of support for children experiencing stressful life events. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Phonological short‐term memory, language and literacy: developmental relationships in early adolescence in young people with SLI
Authors: Conti‐Ramsden Gina , Durkin Kevin 
Published: December 2006

Background:  Research has consistently documented a relationship between phonological short‐term memory skills (STM) and specific language impairment (SLI). This study reports on the development of phonological STM abilities over 3 years in 80 young adolescents with a history of SLI, investigating the nature of the relationship between phonological STM abilities and language and literacy skills, and vice versa.Methods:  Tests of nonverbal ability, expressive and receptive language, reading and nonword repetition were administered at 11 and 14 years of age.Results:  There was striking longitudinal stability of phonological STM capacity in young people with SLI. This finding was consistent for the group as a whole, for subgroups, and at the individual level. Regression analyses revealed reciprocal relationships between phonological STM abilities and language/literacy measures. In particular, phonological STM abilities contributed significantly to later expressive language skills and basic reading skills contributed to later phonological STM abilities. Poor phonological STM abilities related to Expressive‐Receptive profiles of SLI (ER‐SLI) and to the presence of reading difficulties.Conclusions:  Relationships among the processes involved in language, literacy and memory in young adolescents with SLI indicate complex reciprocal interactions across development.
Systematic review: Laparoscopic colposuspension and tension‐free vaginal tape: a systematic review*
Authors: Dean N , Herbison P , Ellis G , Wilson D 
Published: December 2006

Background  Advances in surgical techniques have led to the availability of a number of minimal‐access procedures to treat urodynamic stress incontinence (USI). These procedures have been individually compared with the ‘gold standard’ open Burch colposuspension; however, it now seems appropriate to compare like with like and compare these minimal‐access techniques with each other.Objectives  To determine the effectiveness of laparoscopic colposuspension with tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) for the treatment of USI.Search strategy  Randomised trials in woman with USI, which compared laparoscopic colposuspension with TVT in the arms of the trial, were identified from the Cochrane Incontinence Review Group’s Specialised Register of Controlled Trials.Selection criteria  The trials were evaluated for methodological quality and appropriateness for inclusion by the reviewers using the Incontinence Group’s assessment criteria.Data collection and analysis  The data were extracted independently, and when appropriate, meta‐analysis was undertaken to calculate pooled estimates and their confidence intervals (CI). The main outcomes measured were: subjective cure, objective cure, quality of life (QoL) measurements, surgical outcomes and health economic measures.Main results  Seven trials compare laparoscopic colposuspension (n= 264) with TVT (n= 290). There was no statisticallysignificant difference in the reported subjective cure rate between laparoscopic colposuspension and TVT within 18 months (relative risk [RR] 1.12, 95% CI 0.98−1.29). However, within the same time period, the overall objective cure rate was statistically significantly higher for TVT (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.07−1.25). There were no significant differences between the two procedures with regards to perioperative complication, de novo detrusor overactivity, voiding dysfunction, procedural costs and QoL scores. However, TVT procedure is quicker to perform and has a shorter hospital stay.Conclusions  The evidence so far appears to be in favour of the TVT as the minimal‐access technique of choice for USI in comparison with laparosopic colposuspension; however, long‐tem data are needed. Further well‐designed trials with standardized outcomes are required to draw accurate conclusions from this comparison.
Three hundred and thirty cycles of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for serious genetic disease: clinical considerations affecting outcome
Authors: Grace J , El‐Toukhy T , Scriven P , Ogilvie C , Pickering S , Lashwood A , Flinter F , Khalaf Y , Braude P 
Published: December 2006

Objective  To report on our experience with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) cycles performed for serious genetic disease in relation to the clinical factors affecting outcome.Design  Retrospective review of data from a single centre.Setting  Tertiary referral PGD centre in a London teaching hospital.Methods  The PGD cycles included 172 cycles for chromosome rearrangements, 96 cycles for single‐gene disorders and 62 cycles for X‐linked disorders. In vitro fertilisation was the preferred method in chromosome rearrangement and X‐linked cases, while intra cytoplasmic sperm injection was used in all single‐gene disorders. Appropriate in situ hybridisation fluorescence probes were used in chromosome rearrangement and X‐linked cases and polymerase chain reaction was used in single‐gene disorders. All pregnancies were followed till delivery.Main outcome measure  Live birth rate per PGD cycle started.Results  Eighty‐six percent of cycles started (283) reached oocyte retrieval and 3743 eggs were collected, of which 2086 fertilised normally (55.7%). Two hundred and fifty cycles (76%) had embryos sutiable for biopsy on day 3 of in vitro culture, 1714 embryos were biopsied, and in 205 cycles (62%), there was at least one unaffected embryo available for transfer, resulting in 90 pregnancies, 68 clinical pregnancies and 58 live birth. The live birth rate was 18% per cycle started, 21% per egg retrieval and 28% per embryo transfer which significantly affected the live birth outcome. Woman age, number of eggs collected and achieving cryopreservation of surplus embryos had no statistically significant effect on treatment outcome.Conclusions  The live birth outcome of PGD cycles for serious genetic disorder is modest and is affected by the number of embryos genetically suitable for transfer.
Improving the existing diagnostic strategy by accounting for characteristics of the women in the diagnostic work up for postmenopausal bleeding
Authors: Opmeer BC , Van Doorn HC , Heintz APM , Burger CW , Bossuyt PMM , Mol BWJ 
Published: December 2006

Objectives  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the efficiency of the current diagnostic work up following postmenopausal bleeding could be improved by diagnostic strategies that take into account characteristics of the women in addition to the currently recommended transvaginal measurement of endometrial thickness to determine for subsequent histological assessment.Design  Multicenter, prospective cohort study.Setting  A university hospital and seven teaching hospitals in the Netherlands.Sample  Consecutive women not using hormone replacement therapy, presenting with postmenopausal bleeding.Methods  Five hundred and forty women underwent transvaginal sonography, and in case of endometrial thickness (double layer) above 4 mm, subsequent endometrial sampling was performed. Presence of carcinoma was ruled out by the absence of abnormalities in histological specimen or by an uneventful follow up of at least 6 months.Main outcome measures  Probability of endometrial carcinoma was estimated by multivariable logistic regression models. For each diagnostic strategy, we calculated diagnostic accuracy (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]), negative predictive value (NPV) and the number of diagnostic procedures.Results  A strategy with transvaginal sonography alone with a fixed threshold incorrectly classified 0.7% of the women as nonmalignant (NPV: 99.3% [98.5–100%]), with 97% sensitivity and 56% specificity. A strategy integrating characteristics of the women with transvaginal sonography could result in less false reassurances (NPV: 99.6% [99.2–100%]), with only marginal decrease in diagnostic procedures, or a minor increase in false reassurances (NPV: 99.0% [98.3–100%]), with a substantial reduction (15–20%) in the procedures. AUCs associated with these strategies could improve from 0.76 (0.73–0.79) for transvaginal sonography alone to 0.90 (0.87–0.93) for the integrated strategy.Conclusion  Taking into account the characteristics of the women could increase the efficiency of the diagnostic work up for postmenopausal bleeding.
Risk factors for first trimester miscarriage—results from a UK‐population‐based case–control study
Authors: Maconochie N , Doyle P , Prior S , Simmons R 
Published: December 2006

Objective  The aim of this study was to examine the association between biological, behavioural and lifestyle risk factors and risk of miscarriage.Design  Population‐based case–control study.Setting  Case–control study nested within a population‐based, two‐stage postal survey of reproductive histories of women randomly sampled from the UK electoral register.Population  Six hundred and three women aged 18–55 years whose most recent pregnancy had ended in first trimester miscarriage (<13 weeks of gestation; cases) and 6116 women aged 18–55 years whose most recent pregnancy had progressed beyond 12 weeks (controls).Methods  Women were questioned about socio‐demographic, behavioural and other factors in their most recent pregnancy.Main outcome measure  First trimester miscarriage.Results  After adjustment for confounding, the following were independently associated with increased risk: high maternal age; previous miscarriage, termination and infertility; assisted conception; low pre‐pregnancy body mass index; regular or high alcohol consumption; feeling stressed (including trend with number of stressful or traumatic events); high paternal age and changing partner. Previous live birth, nausea, vitamin supplementation and eating fresh fruits and vegetables daily were associated with reduced risk, as were feeling well enough to fly or to have sex. After adjustment for nausea, we did not confirm an association with caffeine consumption, smoking or moderate or occasional alcohol consumption; nor did we find an association with educational level, socio‐economic circumstances or working during pregnancy.Conclusions  The results confirm that advice to encourage a healthy diet, reduce stress and promote emotional wellbeing might help women in early pregnancy (or planning a pregnancy) reduce their risk of miscarriage. Findings of increased risk associated with previous termination, stress, change of partner and low pre‐pregnancy weight are noteworthy, and we recommend further work to confirm these findings in other study populations.