bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variant Surface Glycoprotein gene repertoires in Trypanosoma brucei have diverged to become strain-specific
Authors: Hutchinson O Clyde , Picozzi Kim , Jones Nicola G , Mott Helen , Sharma Reuben , Welburn Susan C , Carrington Mark 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
In a mammalian host, the cell surface of African trypanosomes is protected by a monolayer of a single variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). The VSG is central to antigenic variation; one VSG gene is expressed at any one time and there is a low frequency stochastic switch to expression of a different VSG gene. The genome of Trypanosoma brucei contains a repertoire of > 1000 VSG sequences. The degree of conservation of the genomic VSG repertoire in different strains has not been investigated in detail.

Results
Eighteen expressed VSGs from Ugandan isolates were compared with homologues (> 40 % sequence identity) in the two available T. brucei genome sequences. Fourteen homologues were present in the genome of Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927 from Kenya and fourteen in the genome of T. b. gambiense Dal972 from Cote d'Ivoire. The Ugandan VSGs averaged 71% and 73 % identity to homologues in T. b. brucei and T. b. gambiense respectively. The sequence divergence between homologous VSGs from the three different strains was not random but was more prevalent in the parts of the VSG believed to interact with the host immune system on the living trypanosome.

Conclusion
It is probable that the VSG repertoires in the different isolates contain many common VSG genes. The location of divergence between VSGs is consistent with selection for strain-specific VSG repertoires, possibly to allow superinfection of an animal by a second strain. A consequence of strain-specific VSG repertoires is that any vaccine based on large numbers of VSGs from a single strain will only provide partial protection against other strains.
Influenza pandemic intervention planning using InfluSim: pharmaceutical and non- pharmaceutical interventions
Authors: Duerr Hans P , Brockmann Stefan O , Piechotowski Isolde , Schwehm Markus , Eichner Martin 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
Influenza pandemic preparedness plans are currently developed and refined on national and international levels. Much attention has been given to the administration of antiviral drugs, but contact reduction can also be an effective part of mitigation strategies and has the advantage to be not limited per se. The effectiveness of these interventions depends on various factors which must be explored by sensitivity analyses, based on mathematical models.

Methods
We use the freely available planning tool InfluSim to investigate how pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions can mitigate an influenza pandemic. In particular, we examine how intervention schedules, restricted stockpiles and contact reduction (social distancing measures and isolation of cases) determine the course of a pandemic wave and the success of interventions.

Results
A timely application of antiviral drugs combined with a quick implementation of contact reduction measures is required to substantially protract the peak of the epidemic and reduce its height. Delays in the initiation of antiviral treatment (e.g. because of parsimonious use of a limited stockpile) result in much more pessimistic outcomes and can even lead to the paradoxical effect that the stockpile is depleted earlier compared to early distribution of antiviral drugs.

Conclusion
Pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical measures should not be used exclusively. The protraction of the pandemic wave is essential to win time while waiting for vaccine development and production. However, it is the height of the peak of an epidemic which can easily overtax general practitioners, hospitals or even whole public health systems, causing bottlenecks in basic and emergency medical care.
Impact of a Commercial Reference Laboratory Test Recurrence Score on Decision Making in Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Oratz Ruth , Paul Dev , Cohn Allen L. , Sedlacek Scot M. 
Published: July 2007

Purpose To investigate whether recurrence score (RS) as determined using a commercial reference laboratory test influences clinicians' treatment recommendations and eventual treatment in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 74 patients from a community-based oncology practice with estrogen receptor (ER) –positive, lymph node (LN) –negative stage I or II breast cancer for which RS was obtained. Demographic and pathology information was extracted from medical records. Ten-year relapse-free survival was calculated using Adjuvant! Online. Treatment recommendations before the RS knowledge were compared with treatment recommendations after RS knowledge and to the treatment eventually administered. Results and Conclusion A weak correlation was found between RS and both patient age and tumor size, modest correlation between RS and tumor grade, and modest correlation between RS and 10-year recurrence as determined by Adjuvant! Online. For 21% and 25% of patients, knowledge of the RS changed the clinicians' treatment recommendations and eventual treatment, respectively. The decision to change from hormone therapy to chemotherapy (with or without hormone therapy) was generally associated with high RS (high distant recurrence risk as determined by the commercial reference laboratory test), whereas the decision to change from chemotherapy to hormone therapy was generally associated with low RS (low distant recurrence risk as determined by the commercial reference laboratory test). Knowledge of the RS changed treatment recommendations and eventual treatment in patients with ER-positive/LN-negative early-stage breast cancer. Use of genomic-based prognosis may result in more accurate estimates of true recurrence risk than currently possible with commonly used prognostic factors (such as patient age, tumor size, and tumor grade) alone and thus lead to an increase in appropriate adjuvant therapy decision making.
Rhabdomyoma of the pharyngeal wall
Authors: James Rooks J. , Cassisi N. J. , Alexander R. W. , Smith R. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRhabdomyoma is a rare benign tumor of skeletal muscle, and the head and neck region is the most common extracardiac area for these tumors to occur. Twenty‐one cases have previously been reported, and this report, “A Rhabdomyoma of the Pharyngeal Wall,” brings the total to 22. Pathologically, these tumors show abundant polygonal skeletal muscle cells with demonstrable cross striations. Differential diagnosis of these tumors has included granular cell myoblastoma and rhabdomyoscarcoma. Treatment is usually complete excision.
Treatment of keloid
Authors: Neshat Amir A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA case is presented in which a large infected keloid of the back of the neck was widely excised and the edges of the tumor were injected with triamcinolone acetate. The area was covered with partial thickness skin graft. The steroid injections were continued postoperatively. At fourteen months follow‐up, there is no evidence of recurrence.
Ototoxicity and the olivocochlear bundle
Authors: Capps Mary Jayne , Duvall Arndt J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCochlear hair cell damage due to kanamycin sulfate was studied in chinchillas receiving 200 mg/kg kanamycin for nine days. The drug was given to a group of animals with lesions of the crossed olivocochlear bundle, a group that had received a sham operative procedure, and a group of normal animals. The animals were sacrificed 14 days after the last drug injection and the cochleae removed for examination by surface preparation. The lesioned animals showed markedly less hair cell loss than the control groups, and this was attributed to the fact that the loss of the efferent endings rendered these animals less susceptible to the ototoxic effects of kanamycin.
Periostitis of the mandible. A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Aden‐Wansbury Cory 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPeriostitis of the mandible has not been previously discussed in the otolaryngologic literature and only infrequently in the dental literature.It is characterized by a hard, painless, fixed mass overlying the mandible in a child or young adult. The etiology is usually an endosteal infection in the molar region with periosteal inflammation. Reactive new bone is deposited beneath the elevated periosteum, external to the outer cortex of the jaw, and separated from it by a layer of suppurative fluid.Treatment consists of removal of involved teeth and infected bone, drainage of the fluid pocket and appropriate antibiotics. Patients are followed with repeat X‐rays and erythrocyte sedimentation rates.A case is presented and the world literature is reviewed.The otolaryngologist should be aware of this entity and include it in the differential diagnosis of any fixed jaw mass to avoid mistaking it for a more malignant process with unfortunate consequences.
Traumatic carotid‐cavernous sinus fistula
Authors: Sofferman Robert A. , Fabian Richard L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeventy‐five percent of carotid‐cavernous sinus fistulae result from high velocity head trauma. The most common symptom is a pulse synchronous bruit which usually becomes apparent when the patient regains his sensorium. The objective manifestations of such an arteriovenous fistula are characteristically localized to the ipsilateral orbit. A periorbital bruit and venous engorgement of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae are pathognomonic features. Bilateral carotid angiography confirms the diagnosis and determines which of several techniques might be used to obliterate the fistula. Occasionally the classic signs and symptoms may be delayed for days or weeks. Thus, the maxillofacial surgeon must be aware of this clinical entity to avoid untimely repair of facial fractures with potentially disastrous consequences.
Safe use of epinephrine with halothane anesthesia
Authors: Lowry Louis Dale 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA review of the anesthesia literature outlines safe limits for use of epinephrine with halothane anesthesia and adequate ventilation. Excluded from the safe category are patients with previous cardiac disease, hypertension, patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors and reserpine. Considered as safe is 10 milliliters of 1:100,000 epinephrine in 10 minutes and not more than 30 milliliters of 1:100,000 epinephrine per hour.
Experimental results of cancellous autografts and frozen allografts transplanted into the canine frontal sinus
Authors: Abramson Allan L. , Eason Robert L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAutograft and frozen allograft cancellous bone were each placed into one of the canine frontal sinus cavities of eight animals and analyzed by radiographie and histologie methods after one year. Complete and equal bony obliteration was demonstrated. Thus no advantage was seen in using an autograft over a frozen allograft in obliterating the frontal sinus cavity.
Stapedectomy‐fistula repair
Authors: Caparosa Ralph J. , Shamblin Jerry D. , Junkkr Carolyn W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPerilymphatic fistulae have been proposed to occur most frequently on the short side of the graft in stapedectomized patients. The usual recommendation in fistula cases has been replacement of the entire prosthesis by a piston and tissue graft complex.In this case the stapedectomy had been performed, using a polyethylene Shea strut, 15 years previously. The air‐bone gap had been closed during this entire period. A fistula was suspected after sudden hearing loss developed after barotrauma. At the time of exploratory tympanotomy, a fistula was noted on the long side of the oval window graft. It was elected to leave the polyethylene tube prosthesis in place because of its solid fixation, both laterally and medially. The fistula was closed by subcutaneous tissue graft.
Air caloric test: Irrigation technique
Authors: Proctor L. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe technique of using air to perform the caloric test is discussed. Greater temperature differences and larger volumes of air are needed to achieve stimulations equal to those caused by water irrigations. Special consideration must be given to the design and operation of air irrigation equipment. The effects of irrigating a wet canal and of misdirecting the air jet are discussed. A new air irrigation apparatus is described.
Z‐Plasty repositioning of an anatomical unit
Authors: Dickinson John T. , Moyce Andrew W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Z‐Plasty was originally described in the writings of Hippocrates and since that time has developed into one of the most useful techniques in facial plastic surgery. Familiarity with its myriad of uses is invaluable to the practicing otolaryngologist.The basic technique of Z‐Plasty consists in the design and transposition of adjacent triangular soft tissue flaps. Most common applications capitalize on the changes which occur during transposition to the common limb between the flaps. The resultant lengthening is used to provide needed tissue in areas of contracted scars and the change in direction is useful in camouflage of scars which cross skin tension lines. Additionally, displaced anatomical units such as the auricle, angle of the mouth or eyelid can be included in the flaps of the Z‐Plasty to transpose them into a new anatomical position. Many congenital and acquired deformities can be corrected by this technique without loss of valuable tissue.The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the above principle utilizing two patients with congenitally displaced auricles.
Gastro‐esophago‐pharyngeal reflux
Authors: Chodosh Paul L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractReflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, pharynx, and larynx does occur. This phenomenon can produce hoarseness, globus, dysphagia, otalgia and laryngospasm. It may be responsible for the appearance of contact granulomata, esophageal webs, and pachyderma.The key to reflux is the lower esophageal sphincter and the nature of the stomach contents. Multiple factors may be influential including those conditions causing aerophagia. The diagnosis of reflux depends on a high index of suspicion. Physical findings may reveal only subtle changes of arytenoid erythema. Thyrohyoid tenderness is not an infrequent sign. Treatment is usually simple, involving first elimination of those factors which increase intragastric pressure or lower the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Elevation of the head of the bed and antacids will often prevent further gastric insult to the pharynx and larynx and thus eliminate the patient's discomfort.
Vestibular dysfunction associated with benign paroxysmal vertigo
Authors: Mcclure Joseph , Lycett Paul , Rounthwaite John 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBenign paroxysmal vertigo (BPV) is a clinical syndrome of vestibular origin although generally no evidence of vestibular dysfunction can be demonstrated with conventional tests. In a review of 1350 consecutive dizzy patients, there were 125 with BPV and of these, 33 underwent a quantitative rotational test of vestibular function. The rotational results showed reduced vestibular system gain for these BPV patients. In addition, they could be subdivided on the basis of a normal or shorter cupular time constant (Tc).Separation of patients into diagnostic categories revealed that those categorized as cupulolithiasis and viral labyrinthitis had a normal Tc range and those categorized as trauma and idiopathic had a short Tc. The reduced gain and short Tc in the latter group suggests hair cell and/or nerve damage since these same changes occur in patients with destructive peripheral vestibular disease.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the head and neck
Authors: Blitzer Andrew , Lawson William , Biller Hugh F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractReview of the literature reveals of 29 cases of fibrous histiocytoma of the deep structures of the head and neck. Three additional cases are reported: a multicentric case involving the submandibular gland with metastases to the lungs; an intraosseous tumor of the mandible locally invasive; and a submental tumor which rapidly recurred after simple excision. A metastatic potential of 22% is established. The history, nomenclature, histopathology and clinical features are reviewed. The value of electron microscopy and tissue culture in arriving at the current diagnosis are stressed. Wide excision is the treatment of choice.
Use of implantation in facial deformities
Authors: Stucker F. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAugmentation of facial defects remains an area of challenge and controversy. Advocates of alloplastic implants cite the convenience of prepackaged materials, which they feel outweighs the possibility of rejection. Those favoring autografts prefer their long‐term predictability, but must contend with resorption and the disadvantages of obtaining the implantation material.The use of supramid mesh may combine the advantages of alloplasts with the long‐term predictability of autografts after fibrous ingrowth has occurred. Our experience over the past 4 years in 164 cases indicates that supramid mesh may represent a significant advance in augmentation of facial deformities.
Cervical angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia
Authors: Weintraub Marvin I. , Shibata Carlos 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA three‐and‐a‐half‐year‐old male with cervical angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia is presented. Only 185 cases of this lesion have ever been described. The greater majority of these (80%) were located in the mediastinum. This case represents the youngest patient ever described as having such a lesion, especially located in the neck. The history, etiological theories, and pathology of this problem are discussed.
Combined effect of 3', 4'‐dideoxykanamycin B and potent diuretics on the cochlea: (A scanning and transmission electron microscopic evaluation)
Authors: Nakai Yoshiaki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn investigations on the action of DKB (3' 4'‐dideoxykanamycin B), an aminoglycoside type drug, on the inner ears of mice and guinea pigs by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, it was evident that the action of DKB against the inner ear is similar to that of kanamycin.When the same type of investigation was performed using the diuretics furosemide and ethacrynic acid, changes were observed in the stria vascularis.When DKB and ethacrynic acid, which show no long lasting defects when given independently, were administered concurrently in the same doses, a very high level of degeneration was found in the organs of Corti of guinea pigs.From the above results, it is evident that when two or more types of ototoxic drugs are administered concurrently, they have a potentiating action on the ear and care should be taken clinically concerning this point.
Repair pattern of the reticular lamina of the organ of corti in human ears
Authors: Watanuki Kozo , Sato Yoshiki , Hozawa Jiro , Kawamoto Kazutomo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe repair pattern of the reticular lamina of the organ of Corti was studied in the cochleae of human ears. The inner ears were obtained at autopsy from the individuals who had no evidence of auditory or vestibular disorders or therapy with ototoxic drugs:

After a loss of outer or inner hair cells, the framework of the reticular lamina was distorted but no gaps were detected. The supporting cells were hypertrophied but no reparative proliferation of the supporting cells was found in the organ of Corti.
Defects due to the collapse of outer hair cells of the first row were filled in mainly by the hypertrophied heads of the outer pillar cells.
Defects due to the collapse of outer hair cells of the second, third and fourth row were filled in mainly by the hypertrophied phalanges of Deiters' cells of the first, second and third row respectively.
The space due to inner hair cell loss was filled in by the nearest inner supporting cells which were hypertrophied and extended toward the space.
The distortion of the reticular lamina and the aging degeneration were regarded as two possible causes for the total loss of the organ of Corti near the end of the first turn.
Management of congenital ear abnormalities
Authors: Pulec Jack L. , Freedman Harvey M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCongenital malformation of the ear has a complex origin and the possibility of hereditary, viral and toxic etiologies.The authors require audiometric evaluation, using the objective brain stem evoked response in young children, and polytomography of the middle and inner ears in all patients with atretic external auditory canals.Unilaterally atretic ear canals can be repaired electively at the discretion of the family and the patient, while in bilateral cases reconstruction is ideally done at approximately age four years. Regular follow‐up is recommended to be certain that no cholesteatoma develops medial to an atretic external ear canal. The authors propose a working classification for congenital malformation of the ear.In the authors' series of 35 operations for the repair of congenital ear abnormalities, 55% were improved to adequate levels of hearing without the use of a hearing aid. Eight exemplary cases and comments are presented.
Epidemiology of head and neck cancer
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe epidemiology of head and neck cancer can be accounted for largely in terms of known carcinogens introduced into the body through the mouth. Though there are many environmental exposures—such as asbestos, radon, nickel and arsenic—which have strong carcinogenic effects, most of these have only a small impact on the general population because exposure is limited, usually to small occupational groups. Two prevalent exposures, however, tobacco and alcohol, are strong risk factors for nearly all sites in the head and neck, and together account for about 80%&90% of all cancers of the head and neck. There is evidence for biologic interaction between some occupational exposures and cigarette smoking for cancer of the lung, and tobacco and alcohol for cancer of the mouth. Based on this evidence for biologic interaction and the prevalence of smoking, it seems likely that tobacco is related to about 80% of all cancers of the head and neck in the United States.
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
Authors: Lockey Myron W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs a serendipitous by‐product of polio virus research, a highly fatal amoebic meningoencephalitis was recognized in animals. The causative microorganisms, contaminants of the viral cultures, were identified as small soil amoebae. These organisms, previously considered non‐pathogenic, are prevalent throughout the world. Based on animal studies, the original investigators suggested the possibility of a similar disease in humans. Seven years later, human cases of amoebic meningoencephalitis were reported from widely separated areas of the world. Since 1965, a total of 79 cases have been reported.The literature of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is presented. The history of the discovery and elucidation of this disease is reviewed. The 79 cases reported in the world literature are divided into two groups, those diagnosed retrospectively after reviewing previous deaths from meningoencephalitis, and those diagnosed at the time of the illness. The classification, morphology, pathogenicity, virulence and distribution of pathogenic soil amoebae are reviewed. The presenting clinical findings, diagnostic procedures, pathology, and management of this recently recognized, highly fatal, human disease is presented along with a report of a new case. Otolaryngologists should become familiar with this serious disorder with a transnasal portal of entry.