bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contexts of rubbing behavior in Alouatta guariba clamitans: a scent‐marking role?
Authors: Hirano Zelinda Maria Braga , Correa Isabel Coelho , de Oliveira Dilmar Alberto Gonçalves 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRubbing behaviors are well known in several primate species and are usually seen as scent‐marking behaviors, with several functions proposed but still widely debated. The genus Alouatta is highly sexually dimorphic and a suitable subject for the study of sexual and hierarchical divergences associated with rubbing behavior: males should mark more than females, and dominant individuals more than subordinate ones. Three wild groups of Southern brown howler monkeys, Alouatta guariba clamitans, were studied at Morro Geisler, Indaial, Brazil, from September 2004 to February 2005. One hundred and twenty‐three rubbing episodes were registered; data on performers and associated contexts showed that anogenital, dorsum and hyoid regions were the most often rubbed. Adult males rubbed significantly above expected levels, whereas subordinated females and juveniles tended to rub below the expected levels. Females were the main performers of anogenital rubbing, often preceded by defecation. The predominance of rubbing in males probably serves an important function in intrasexual communication and social interactions. Intrasexual competition can also lead to a relationship between rubbing and social status in females. Hyoid and sternum rubbing by males are probably agonistic signals associated with extragroup conflict. The possible cleaning function of anogenital rubbing does not preclude a communicative function. Whether rubbing behavior in howlers is solely for the function of scent marking or can also be a visual signal (e.g. as a display or to color the substrate with pigment) requires further study. Am. J. Primatol. 70:575–583, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The functions of the “Greeting Ceremony” among male mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) on Agaltepec Island, Mexico
Authors: Dias Pedro Américo D. , Rodríguez Luna Ernesto , Canales Espinosa Domingo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractNonhuman primates use greeting behaviors as nonaggressive communicatory signals in multiple social contexts. Adult male mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) perform a ritual greeting that has been associated with bond‐strengthening functions. The aim of this study is to explore the greeting patterns of male howlers living on Agaltepec Island, Mexico. Specifically, we analyzed the relationships between greetings and several individual, relational, and contextual variables, such as the expression of affiliation and agonism, dominance rank, age, kinship relationships, spatial organization, activity patterns, and subgrouping patterns. Greetings were more frequent between males with closer dominance ranks. Among those dyads that greeted at least once, dominant males initiated greetings more frequently than less‐dominant males. On the other hand, more greetings were observed when one of the participants had recently returned to a subgroup and during locomotion. On the basis of these results, we propose that on Agaltepec greetings are a conflict management mechanism used between males of similar ranks. The fission–fusion social system of this group of howlers allows males with conflicting interests to remain separated, and greetings may reduce tension during fusion events. Am. J. Primatol. 70:621–628, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grandmothers' longevity negatively affects daughters' fertility
Authors: Madrigal Lorena , Meléndez‐Obando Mauricio 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe evolution of postmenopausal longevity in human females has been the subject of debate. Specifically, there is disagreement about whether the evolution of the trait should be understood as an adaptive or a neutral process, and if the former, what the selective mechanism is. There are two main adaptive proposals to explain the evolution of postreproductive longevity: the grandmother and the mother hypotheses. The grandmother hypothesis proposes that postreproductive longevity evolved because it is selectively advantageous for females to stop reproducing and to help raise their grandchildren. The mother hypothesis states that postmenopausal longevity evolved because it is advantageous for women to cease reproduction and concentrate their resources and energy in raising the children already produced. In this article, we test the mother and the grandmother hypotheses with a historical data set from which we bootstrapped random samples of women from different families who lived from the 1500s to the 1900s in the central valley of Costa Rica. We also compute the heritability of longevity, which allows us to determine if genes involved in longevity are nearly fixed in this population. Here we show that although longevity positively affects a woman's fertility, it negatively affects her daughter's fertility; for this reason, the heritability of longevity is unexpectedly high. Our data provide strong grounds for questioning the universality of the grandmother hypothesis and for supporting the mother hypothesis as a likely explanation for the evolution of human postreproductive longevity. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic variation in the enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South‐Central Russia: Insights into Turkic population history
Authors: Gokcumen Omer , Dulik Matthew C. , Pai Athma A. , Zhadanov Sergey I. , Rubinstein Samara , Osipova Ludmila P. , Andreenkov Oleg V. , Tabikhanova Ludmila E. , Gubina Marina A. , Labuda Damian , Schurr Theodore G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Altaian Kazakhs, a Turkic speaking group, now reside in the southern part of the Altai Republic in south‐central Russia. According to historical accounts, they are one of several ethnic and geographical subdivisions of the Kazakh nomadic group that migrated from China and Western Mongolia into the Altai region during the 19th Century. However, their population history of the Altaian Kazakhs and the genetic relationships with other Kazakh groups and neighboring Turkic‐speaking populations is not well understood. To begin elucidating their genetic history, we analyzed the mtDNAs from 237 Altaian Kazakhs through a combination of SNP analysis and HVS1 sequencing. This analysis revealed that their mtDNA gene pool was comprised of roughly equal proportions of East (A‐G, M7, M13, Y and Z) and West (H, HV, pre‐HV, R, IK, JT, X, U) Eurasian haplogroups, with the haplotypic diversity within haplogroups C, D, H, and U being particularly high. This pattern of diversity likely reflects the complex interactions of the Kazakhs with other Turkic groups, Mongolians, and indigenous Altaians. Overall, these data have important implications for Kazakh population history, the genetic prehistory of the Altai‐Sayan region, and the phylogeography of major mitochondrial lineages in Eurasia. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of methacrylamide grafted and dye‐ligand immobilized PET fibers: Studies of adsorption and purification of lysozyme
Authors: Karakisla Meral , Bayramoğlu Gülay , Arıca M. Yakup 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this study, novel affinity chromatographic fibers was prepared from methacrylamide grafted poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET‐g‐pMAA, using benzoylperoxide as an initiator. A dye ligand (i.e., Procion Brown) as a ligand was then covalently immobilized on the different amount of pMAAm grafted PET fibers, (PET‐g‐pMAAm‐PB). The fibers were characterized by surface area measurement, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adsorptive properties of the composite fibers were tested using a model protein (i.e., lysozyme). To achieve these purposes, the influence of pH, ionic strength, initial lysozyme concentration, and temperature on adsorption system has been investigated and evaluated. A maximum lysozyme adsorption PET‐g‐pMAAm‐PB fiber was obtained as 43.9 mg g−1 at pH 7.5. The experimental equilibrium data obtained for lysozyme adsorption onto PET‐g‐pMAAm‐PB fibers fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The result of kinetic analyzed for lysozyme adsorption onto affinity fibers showed that the second‐order rate equation was favorable. The purity of the eluted lysozyme, as determined by HPLC, was 84% with recovery 73% for PET‐g‐pMAAm‐PB fiber. Experiments on regeneration and dynamic adsorption were also performed. It appears that PET‐g‐pMAAm‐PB fibers can be applied for lysozyme separation without causing any denaturation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Architecture of rod–brush block copolymers synthesized by a combination of coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Hatoyama Naomasa , Uchida Satoshi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA combination of coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was applied to a novel synthesis of rod–brush block copolymers. The procedure included the following steps: (1) the monoesterification reaction of ethylene glycol with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide (BIBB) yielded the bifunctional initiator monobromobutyryloxy ethylene glycol and (2) a trichlorocyclopentadienyl titanium (CpTiCl3; bifunctional initiator) catalyst was prepared from a mixture of CpTiCl3 and bifunctional initiator. The coordination polymerization of n‐butyl isocyanate initiated by such a catalyst provided a well‐defined macroinitiator, poly(n‐butyl isocyanate)–bromine (PBIC–Br). (3) The ATRP method of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate initiated by PBIC–Br provided rod [poly(n‐butyl isocyanate) (PBIC)]–coil [poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)] block copolymers with a CuCl/CuCl2/2,2′‐bipyridyl catalyst. (4) The esterfication of PBIC‐block‐PHEMA with BIBB yielded a block‐type macroinitiator, and (5) ATRP of methyl methacrylate with a block‐type macroinitiator provided rod–brush block copolymers. We found from the solution properties that such rod–brush block copolymers formed nanostructured macromolecules in solution. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Controlled release of argatroban from PLA film—Effect of hydroxylesters as additives on enhancement of drug release
Authors: Mochizuki Akira , Niikawa Takuya , Omura Ikuo , Yamashita Shuuzo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop a drug eluting stent that prevents vein restenosis. For this, we selected argatroban as the study drug and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as the matrix. To enhance the release of argatroban from PLA film, the addition of hydroxylesters (additives) was investigated. The additives investigated were diethyl tartrate (DET), diethyl malate (DEM), and triethyl citrate (TEC). Marked enhancement of drug release was observed in DET‐added film, while TEC‐ or DEM‐added film showed little enhancement. To clarify the effect of DET, the release profile based on the contents of the drug and DET in the film and the effect of alkyl chain length of tartrate were studied. Tartrates used were dimethyl, di‐i‐propyl, and di‐n‐butyl esters (DMT, DiPT, and DnBT, respectively), and the enhancement order was DMT ≅ DET ≫ DiPT ≅ DBT ≅ PLA alone. The reasons for enhancement were discussed from the viewpoint of drug release behavior, degradation of PLA, water uptake within the film, and SEM observations. It was concluded that enhancement of drug release was due to large amounts of water uptake within the film which resulted in the formation of open pores at its surface. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
The effects of noise disturbance from various recreational boating activities common to inland waters on the cardiac physiology of a freshwater fish, the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Authors: Graham Ashley L. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Recreational boating continues to grow in popularity, yet little is known about the effects of noise disturbance from boating on fish. Therefore, this study evaluated the organism‐level cardiovascular disturbance associated with different recreational boating activities using largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) as a model.
Cardiac output and its components (heart rate and stroke volume) were monitored in real time, allowing for the determination of the magnitude of disturbance and the time required for recovery. Fish responses to three noise disturbances (canoe paddling, trolling motor, and combustion engine (9.9 hp)) for 60 s were contrasted using a Latin squares design.
Exposure to each of the treatments resulted in an increase in cardiac output in all fish, associated with a dramatic increase in heart rate and a slight decrease in stroke volume. The level of change in cardiac output and its components increased in magnitude from the canoe treatment to the trolling motor treatment with the most extreme response being to that of the combustion engine treatment. Furthermore, time required for cardiovascular variables to recover varied across treatments with shortest periods for the canoe paddling disturbance (∼15 min), the longest periods for the combustion engine (∼40 min), and intermediate recovery periods for the trolling motor (∼25 min).
Collectively, these results demonstrate that fish experienced sublethal physiological disturbances in response to the noise propagated from recreational boating activities. This work contributes to a growing body of research that has revealed that boating activities can have a number of ecological and environmental consequences such that their use may not be compatible with aquatic protected areas. Future research should evaluate how free‐swimming fish in the wild respond to such stressors relative to frequency of exposure and proximity to noise as most research to date has occurred in the laboratory.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and chain conformation of β‐glucan isolated from Auricularia auricula‐judae
Authors: Ma Zhaocheng , Wang Jianguo , Zhang Lina 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFrom Auricularia auricula‐judae, a water soluble β‐D‐glucan, named as AAG, was isolated by extraction with 70% ethanol/water solution. Its chemical structure was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), matrix‐assisted laser desorption /ionization (MALDI)‐time of flight (TOF), and 1D, 2D NMR. AAG was detected, for the first time, to be composed of a main chain of (1→4)‐linked D‐glucopyranosyl with glucopyranosyl side groups at O6. With the help of MALDI‐TOF‐MS, the sequence and the distribution of glucuronic acid were determined and the content of glucuronic acid is about 19%. Five fractions were prepared from the AAG sample in water by ultrasonic degradation method. Their molecular weight, size, and shape (chain conformation) were studied by dynamics light scattering (DLS), static laser light scattering (LLS), size exclusion chromatography combined LLS (SEC‐LLS) and viscometry in 0.1M NaCl aqueous solution at 25°C. The dependence of intrinsic viscosity ([η]) on Mw for this polysaccharide was established to be [η] = 1.22 ×10−3Mw1.00 (cm3 g−1) in the range of Mw from 3.40 × 104 to 2.88 × 105. The conformational parameters of the AAG polysaccharide were found to be 820 nm−1 for molar mass per unit contour length (ML), 12.3 nm for persistence length (q) and 2.1 for ρ (〈s2〉1/2/Rh). The results suggested that the polysaccharide exists as extended chains in 0.1M NaCl aqueous solution. The chemical structure of AAG containing glucuronic acid and side groups led to steric hindrance, resulting in the increased stiffness of the chains. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 614–622, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Reductive unfolding of serum albumins uncovered by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: David Catalina , Foley Sarah , Mavon Christophe , Enescu Mironel 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe reductive unfolding of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) induced by dithiothreitol (DTT) is investigated using Raman spectroscopy. The resolution of the S‐S Raman band into both protein and oxidized DTT contributions provides a reliable basis for directly monitoring the S‐S bridge exchange reaction. The related changes in the protein secondary structure are identified by analyzing the protein amide I Raman band. For the reduction of one S‐S bridge of BSA, a mean Gibbs free energy of −7 kJ mol−1 is derived by studying the reaction equilibrium. The corresponding value for the HSA S‐S bridge reduction is −2 kJ mol−1. The reaction kinetics observed via the S‐S or amide I Raman bands are identical giving a reaction rate constant of (1.02 ± 0.11) M−1 s−1 for BSA. The contribution of the conformational Gibbs free energy to the overall Gibbs free energy of reaction is further estimated by combining experimental data with ab initio calculations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 623–634, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Quantification of power consumption and oxygen transfer characteristics of a stirred miniature bioreactor for predictive fermentation scale‐up
Authors: Gill N.K. , Appleton M. , Baganz F. , Lye G.J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMiniature parallel bioreactors are becoming increasingly important as tools to facilitate rapid bioprocess design. Once the most promising strain and culture conditions have been identified a suitable scale‐up basis needs to be established in order that the cell growth rates and product yields achieved in small scale optimization studies are maintained at larger scales. Recently we have reported on the design of a miniature stirred bioreactor system capable of parallel operation [Gill et al. (2008); Biochem Eng J 39:164–176]. In order to enable the predictive scale‐up of miniature bioreactor results the current study describes a more detailed investigation of the bioreactor mixing and oxygen mass transfer characteristics and the creation of predictive engineering correlations useful for scale‐up studies. A Power number of 3.5 for the miniature turbine impeller was first established based on experimental ungassed power consumption measurements. The variation of the measured gassed to ungassed power ratio, Pg/Pug, was then shown to be adequately predicted by existing correlations proposed by Cui et al. [Cui et al. (1996); Chem Eng Sci 51:2631–2636] and Mockel et al. [Mockel et al. (1990); Acta Biotechnol 10:215–224]. A correlation relating the measured oxygen mass transfer coefficient, kLa, to the gassed power per unit volume and superficial gas velocity was also established for the miniature bioreactor. Based on these correlations a series of scale‐up studies at matched kLa (0.06–0.11 s−1) and Pg/V (657–2,960 W m−3) were performed for the batch growth of Escherichia coli TOP10 pQR239 using glycerol as a carbon source. Constant kLa was shown to be the most reliable basis for predictive scale‐up of miniature bioreactor results to conventional laboratory scale. This gave good agreement in both cell growth and oxygen utilization kinetics over the range of kLa values investigated. The work described here thus gives further insight into the performance of the miniature bioreactor design and will aid its use as a tool for rapid fermentation process development. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 1144–1155. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A critical comparison of extant batch respirometric and substrate depletion assays for estimation of nitrification biokinetics
Authors: Chandran Kartik , Hu Zhiqiang , Smets Barth F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEstimation of nitrification biokinetics has been conducted using different batch techniques viameasurement of nitrogen species or surrogates such as oxygen (respirometry). However, there are no reports that specifically compare kinetic parameters estimated from respirometry with those from direct nitrogen species measurements. In this study, we evaluated the ability of parameter estimates from isolated and optimally designed complete extant respirometric assays to describe concurrently obtained ammonia and nitrite depletion profiles. Additionally, we mapped the different parameter sets to steady‐state bioreactor performance. Using multivariate analysis of variance, we found that estimates from respirometric and substrate depletion assays were predominantly statistically different at the 95% confidence level. The sensitivity of predicted stead‐state nitrifying reactor performance to differences in parameter estimates was highest close to the limiting solids retention time (SRT). However, at characteristic nitrifying SRTs the predicted reactor performance using parameter estimates from respirometry and substrate depletion assays were in very close correspondence. Therefore, parameters estimated from extant respirometric assays can be used to adequately predict nitrifying reactor performance. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 62–72. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous and bidirectional transport of kinesin‐coated microspheres and dynein‐coated microspheres on polarity‐oriented microtubules
Authors: Yokokawa Ryuji , Tarhan Mehmet Cagatay , Kon Takahide , Fujita Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2008

AbstractArtificial nanotransport systems inspired by intracellular transport processes have been investigated for over a decade using the motor protein kinesin and microtubules. However, only unidirectional cargo transport has been achieved for the purpose of nanotransport in a microfluidic system. Here, we demonstrate bidirectional nanotransport by integrating kinesin and dynein motor proteins. Our molecular system allows microtubule orientation of either polarity in a microfluidic channel to construct a transport track. Each motor protein acts as a nanoactuators that transports microspheres in opposite directions determined by the polarity of the oriented microtubules: kinesin‐coated microspheres move toward the plus end of microtubules, whereas dynein‐coated microspheres move toward the minus end. We demonstrate both unidirectional and bidirectional transport using kinesin‐ and dynein‐coated microspheres on microtubules oriented and glutaraldehyde‐immobilized in a microfluidic channel. Tracking and statistical analysis of microsphere movement demonstrate that 87–98% of microspheres move in the designated direction at a mean velocity of 0.22–0.28 µm/s for kinesin‐coated microspheres and 0.34–0.39 µm/s for dynein‐coated microspheres. This bidirectional nanotransport goes beyond conventional unidirectional transport to achieve more complex artificial nanotransport in vitro. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 1–8. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of (NH4)3GaF6 Investigated by Multinuclear Magic‐Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy in Comparison with Rietveld Refinement.
Authors: Krahl Thoralf , Ahrens Mike , Scholz Gudrun , Heidemann Detlef , Kemnitz Erhard 
Published: March 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Supported Formation of Needlelike Co3O4 Nanotubes and Their Application as Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes.
Authors: Lou Xiong Wen , Deng Da , Lee Jim Yang , Feng Ji , Archer Lynden A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.