bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Composition and Fabrication Process on Out-of-Pile and In-Pile Properties of M5 Alloy
Authors: Mardon J-P , Charquet D , Senevat J 
Published: April 2008

Within the scope of the optimization of the M5 cladding tubes made of ternary alloy (Zr, Nb, O), an extensive program of investigation and industrial development has been undertaken. The various possible factors and potential causes of variability have been thoroughly analyzed with the aid of industrial-scale or laboratory ingots from the point of view of their impact on the finished product properties.
In this way, all the chemical composition variabilities of the alloying elements (Nb, O) and impurities (Fe, S, C) have been studied through variable-composition ingots. Also, a number of manufacturing process variants (number of melts, quench, extrusion, heat treatments, pilgering …) have been studied. In some cases, it was possible to investigate the combined effect of two types of parameters (sulfur-process and iron-process interactions). For each of the products manufactured in this way, systematic characterization of: creep, microstructure (optical microscopy, TEM), corrosion (autoclave) tests was accomplished. In each case, the influence of each variability parameter was tested, and in many cases correlations with the out-of-pile characteristics of the finished tubes were established.
Lastly, for some variables (process, S content, …) the effect of irradiation was more specifically analyzed. These investigations pointed to a new and very important factor, the effect of sulfur concentration on the in-pile operating properties, especially creep and growth.
This set of results constitutes a database covering the whole industrial variability range of this alloy, allowing Framatome to embark upon its industrial development phase and to offer M5 cladding tube on the market.
This product has been irradiated over a wide range of PWR service and environmental conditions in Europe and the U.S. The improvements in corrosion (Factors 3 to 4), hydriding (Factors 5 to 6), and creep and growth (Factors 2 to 3) data after five cycles (55 GWd/tU) show impressive gains over optimized low-tin Zircaloy-4.
Contribution to a Better Understanding of the Detrimental Role of Hydrogen on the Corrosion Rate of Zircaloy-4 Cladding Materials
Authors: Blat M , Legras L , Noel D , Amanrich H 
Published: April 2008

The kinetics of waterside corrosion of Zircaloy-4 in PWR systems reveal accelerated reaction rates at high burnup levels. In such cases, a thick and dense hydride layer is observed beneath the metal/oxide interface. Laboratory corrosion tests on samples prehydrided using gaseous and cathodic charging techniques clearly indicate a deleterious effect of hydrogen on the corrosion rate. This effect increases with the hydrogen level, particularly in the case of dense hydride layers formed by cathodic charging. The purpose of the present work was to confirm the detrimental effect of hydrogen over a wider range of experimental conditions [steam, primary light water (2 ppm Li, 1000 ppm B), heavy water and air] to determine whether or not it is due to matrix damage during the charging process and to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved.
With respect to the effect of the hydrogen-charging technique, a detailed examination of representative specimens after cathodic charging was performed using SEM and TEM. The main conclusions of these observations are that no evolution or degradation of the α-Zr matrix or second-phase particles could be identified after hydrogen charging. Moreover, these results are supported by steam corrosion tests on materials with the same hydrogen level and different surface properties (cathodic charging with and without homogenizing heat treatment, pickled or untreated outer surface, gaseous charging).
As a result of these investigations, the detrimental effect of hydrogen has been confirmed in different environments studied (primary light water, air, heavy water). Many different techniques were used to study the oxide and the effect of the hydrides. The periodicity of the stratification within the oxide was shorter on prehydrided specimens, and the density of cracks was higher in oxide grown above a dense hydride layer. TEM examination close to the metal/oxide interface showed no significant variation in the oxide morphology, with no change in either the defect population (shape, number, size, etc.) or the zirconia crystallites, which remain essentially columnar.
These results are discussed in relation to the different working hypotheses concerning the mechanisms involved, i.e., mechanical degradation of the oxide integrity or modification in the transport properties of the oxide grown on hydrided metal.
Stress Distribution Measured by Raman Spectroscopy in Zirconia Films Formed by Oxidation of Zr-Based Alloys
Authors: Godlewski J , Bouvier P , Lucazeau G , Fayette L 
Published: April 2008

Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize zirconia films formed on Zircaloy-4 and Zr-1%Nb-0.12%O oxidized in pure water and in water containing 70 ppm of Li as LiOH at 360°C in an autoclave.
Raman spectra of monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia change across the thickness of the oxide films. The use of a high-pressure cell enabled us to calibrate the line frequency variation of monoclinic zirconia with pressure. Thus we obtained the distribution of compressive stress in the zirconia films. By developing a model, it was possible to use the Raman spectra to obtain the distribution of compressive stresses and of the fraction of the tetragonal phase in the oxide films. Using Raman imaging, we showed that tetragonal zirconia is formed in large quantities close to the metal/oxide interface.
The distribution of the compressive stresses changes according to the oxidation stage. In the case of Zircaloy-4 oxidation in water containing 70 ppm of Li as LiOH, the appearance of Phase III correlates with the gradual decrease of compressive stresses close to the metal/oxide interface. The level and distribution of the stresses in the zirconia films depend on the chemical composition of the alloy and the oxidizing medium.
Multi-Scale Characterization of the Metal-Oxide Interface of Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Bossis P , Lelièvre G , Barberis P , Iltis X , Lefebvre F 
Published: April 2008

The structure of the metal-oxide interface and its effect on the stability of the corrosion layers, hydrogen uptake, and the global oxidation kinetics are studied using a systematic multi-scale characterization of the oxide layers formed on autoclaved Zircaloy-4 samples. The multi-scale approach made use of complementary tools: metallography on cross sections, SEM coupled to image-processing analysis, TEM with EDX analysis, and ionic imaging by SIMS. In addition to these local characterizations, impedance measurements were used to give global information about the oxide protective characteristics.
SEM observations show a wavy interface and the existence of lateral cracks distributed throughout the oxide layer. Image-processing analysis of 15 randomly chosen images of each sample allows a correlation to be established between the roughness of the interface and the formation of cracks. On the metal-oxide interface, a band-like region composed of grains having a ω-Zr hexagonal structure and containing large amounts of oxygen is occasionally seen by TEM and EDX, also indicating oxygen flux variations along the interface. Ionic imaging shows a correlation between the localization sites of hydrogen in the oxide and the presence of intermetallic precipitates, which is also linked with the detection of zirconium hydrides in the metal underneath. This is understood as an indication of preferred routes for hydrogen ingress through the metal-oxide interface.
This multi-scale approach highlights some differences: the oxide appears to be composed of two distinct sublayers having different properties in terms of conductivity and transport, and the oxygen and hydrogen fluxes do not seem homogeneous through the inner protective layer and across the metal-oxide interface. The link between these different results and the global oxidation kinetics is discussed.
The Usefulness of HDT and a Better Alternative to Describe the Temperature Dependence of Modulus
Authors: Sepe MP 
Published: April 2008

The vast majority of the short-term properties that appear in a material data sheet are measured at room temperature. The heat deflection temperature (HDT) represents the only systematic attempt to characterize elevated temperature performance. The HDT test describes a particular response to temperature under a very specific set of conditions, however it is often used in the material selection process as a maximum continuous use temperature. As the trend toward the computerization of property data has progressed, the tendency to rank order properties for a large number of materials from different families has increased the separation between the property value and its significance to the design engineer.
This paper will briefly review the HDT test as defined in the ASTM Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics Under Flexural Load (D 648) and the International Standards counterpart, ISO 75. It will then discuss an alternative method for capturing a more complete picture of the effect that temperature has on modulus. This technique, known as dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), provides an excellent tool for evaluating materials and comparing their mechanical performance over a wide range of temperatures.
Tension Testing of Thin Bulk Adhesive Specimens
Authors: Albrecht P , You J , Albrecht M , Eley K 
Published: April 2008

This paper describes a method of measuring the tensile properties of a bulk adhesive — including modulus of elasticity, yield stress and strain, and tensile strength and strain. The authors developed the method unaware of ASTM Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting (D 882). Not surprisingly, requirements founded on common sense are the same in the ASTM Standard as in the present study.
Augmenting ASTM D 882, this paper offers suggestions on (1) building tensiometers for low-load tests including a load cell and displacement-controlled loading apparatus, (2) building environmental chambers housing multiple tensiometers per chamber, (3) controlling relative humidity and temperature, (4) casting adhesive sheets, (5) cutting strip specimens from the sheets and preparing them for testing, (6) conditioning the specimens, (7) applying displacements with a computer-controlled stepper motor, and (8) acquiring data automatically.
The need to carefully control the environment and strain rate is shown with stress-strain curves that were measured at different relative humidities (15, 50 and 85%), temperatures (-15, 30 and 50 °C) and initial strain rates (10-2, 10-4, 10-6 and 10-8 s-1).
Five series of tests were conducted to determine the effects of batch, loading method, environment, strain rate, and adhesive. The results show that the testing system is highly reliable. Stress-strain curves of replicate specimens tested in the same environment and at the same strain rate are highly reproducible.
The testing system is suited particularly well for thin film specimens of any material whose tensile properties are affected by relative humidity and temperature such as epoxy, acrylic, gelatin, photographic emulsion, and many kinds of paints and plastics.
Composite Materials: Testing and Design, Fourteenth Volume
Authors: Bakis CE 
Published: April 2008

Description
Twenty-two peer-reviewed papers cover a variety of topics, including testing and design methods related to high speed fiber reinforced composite rotors for energy storage in space applications. Fiber reinforced polymer composite rotors are ideal for light-weight flywheel energy storage devices because of their high strength to density ratio. Eight peer-reviewed papers on composite flywheels cover material properties testing, nondestructive evaluation, manufacturing, time dependent deformation, burst testing, and containment.
This new volume also addresses computational simulation as it relates to composite material behavior and verification testing strategies, infrastructure applications, and general topics dealing with testing and design.
Five sections cover
Research & development engineers, and university and government laboratory researchers will find this new publication to be a valuable resource.
Fatigue Testing and Analysis Under Variable Amplitude Loading Conditions
Authors: McKeighan PC , Ranganathan N 
Published: April 2008

Description
Thirty-eight peer-review papers provide the latest information on fatigue testing and analysis under variable amplitude spectrum loading conditions focus purely on fatigue testing, fatigue design techniques, or a combination of both. This new ASTM publication serves as an important reference for engineers and scientists involved in structural integrity and component lifetime management.
Six sections cover
Indirect Verification of Pendulum Impact Testing Machines: The French Subsidiary from Its Origins to the Present, Changes in Indirect Verification Methods, Effects on Dispersion, and Perspectives
Authors: Galban G , Revise G , Mougin D , Laporte S , Lefrançois S 
Published: April 2008

A straightforward method of checking pendulum impact testing machines was developed at the end of the 1970s at the request of French industrialists. This method was based on the use of reference test pieces to compare the energy provided by a reference machine with that of test (or industrial) machines. These principles are outlined in French standard NFA 03-508 and France had a national source of unnotched, reference test pieces. The manufacture of reference test pieces, characterization of calibrated batches and the indirect verification of industrial machinery therefore have been practised for twelve years or so.
Various European studies and changes in standardisation protocols have led to the replacement of unnotched test pieces by Charpy notched test pieces. France developed a source of reference test pieces of this type in the early 1990s. The French system, which is based on a partnership comprising the Fédération Française de l'Acier (French Steel Federation), steelmakers Aubert and Duval, and national laboratories (CTA and LNE), has been in operation since European standard EN 10 045-2 was first applied in 1993. Experience together with discussions between partners and users has led to considerable advances in the processes used to manufacture these test pieces, thus improving the dispersion obtained. The quality situation, especially accreditation procedures implemented by national organisations such as COFRAC (Comité Français d'Accréditation — French Accreditation Comity), has also contributed to advances in perfecting methods and assessing approximations.
Skiing Trauma and Safety: Fourteenth Volume
Authors: Johnson RJ , Lamont MK , Shealy JE 
Published: April 2008

Description
Authored by the world's leading experts, this new publication examines some of the leading causes of serious snow sport injuries, including prevention and treatment. Thirteen peer-reviewed papers cover:
EQUIPMENT ISSUES examine
EPIDEMIOLOGY addresses
Audience: This new publication is a valuable resource for sports medicine physicians, orthopaedic surgeons, biomechanics, sports physiologists, human biodynamics researchers, ski area management professionals, ski trade organizations, skiing equipment manufacturers, skiing coaches and trainers and any individual interested in this alpine sport.
Electron Beam Welded Charpy Test Specimen for Greater Functionality
Authors: Hughes RK , Dixon BF 
Published: April 2008

Applying an electron beam weld (EBW) at the base of the notch has modified Charpy test specimens to provide a reduced scatter, sharper transition, higher upper-shelf energy and higher transition temperature for tough, high-strength steels. The procedure considerably improves determination of the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and the reproducibility of the test.
Sectioning of the specimens after testing showed that the weld acts as a brittle crack starter at temperatures up to the transition temperature. In other words, the weld initiates cracking without absorbing significant energy itself. Therefore the test is measuring the energy necessary to drive a sharp crack through the 5.8-mm-wide unwelded ligament.
At temperatures above the transition, the fracture path switches from the weld zone to lower strength, ductile parent metal. The fracture is ductile because cracking initiates and travels through the lower strength parent metal that is ductile at these temperatures. This reflects the practical situation in which brittle weld zones may be present in steel that is inherently tough at the testing temperature.
Cold Starting and Pumpability Studies in Modern Engines — Results from the ASTM D02.07C Low Temperature Engine Performance Task Force Activities: Phase II Pumpability Testing
Authors: Rhodes RB , De Paz EF , Girshick FW , Henderson KO , May CJ , Tseregounis S , Ying LH 
Published: April 2008

The Low Temperature Engine Performance Task Force Phase II pumpability test program focused on the evaluation of six engine oils which exhibited significant yield stress or gelation index in slow-cool bench tests. The test oils were designed specifically to have abnormal flow properties and are considered to be non-commercial formulations. The light duty engines that primarily were used included the 2.2L I-4, 3.8L V-6, 4.0L I-6 and 4.6L V-8 engine, with some additional work in the 2.3L I-4, 1.9L I-4 and 3.0L V-6. Four laboratories contributed work, and each used different engines, and often, different cooling profiles, in attempts to better establish the importance of yield stress and gelation index to air-binding failures in modern engines.
For the majority of Phase II oils tested, air-binding failures were not detected. No pumping failures were detected with the phase II test oil LTEP 23, which had a gelation index of 16. Using the 4.6L V8 engine, an air-binding failure was detected only with LTEP 27, an oil that had caused air-binding failures in other work. The 2.2L I-4 engine did not fail by air-binding, but the 3.8L V-6 and 4.0L I-6 engines, which generally exhibit flow-limited failures, were “tricked” into producing air-binding failures by use of a reduced volume of test oil LTEP 28. This oil exhibited a gelation index of 40; it also exhibited a substantial yield stress (70–105 Pa) and a relatively low pumping viscosity when the engine pumping tests were run.
Pumpability — Past Accomplishments; Present and Future Challenges
Authors: Selby TW 
Published: April 2008

The possible problem of inadequate low-temperature engine oil pumpability was considered in the early '60s and grew into prominence in the late '60s and early '70s with the success of the automotive industry in improving low-temperature engine startability. Reported incidents of field pumpability problems in the early '70s led to an extensive ASTM study using several cold-rooms and a number of reference oils. This study confirmed the previously anticipated existence of two forms of pumpability problems — flow-limited pumpability caused by higher viscosities and air-binding pumpability caused by engine oil gelation under certain cooling conditions.Of these two forms of engine pumpability failure, air-binding was the primary threat to engine life. This was a consequence of the fact that some engine oil formulations could be induced to gelate at temperatures well above viscosity-limited temperatures. Despite these extensive cold-room studies and the development of a Mini-Rotary Viscometer bench test closely simulating the cold-room results, the work did not prepare those studying the problem area for the disastrous winter of 1980–81 when several million dollars of engines failed in the field as a result of air-binding oil effects.In renewed efforts to develop viable bench tests correlating to these field-failing engine oils representing real world conditions, two instruments emerged: one in 1982 called the Scanning Brookfield Technique and the second, a further adaptation of the original MiniRotary Viscometer (called the MRV TP-1), in 1985.Another recent ASTM cold-room study has confirmed improved startability and brought into question whether or not modern engines are less prone to air-binding.At the same time, new pressures on both automotive and heavy-duty diesel engines have just come to attention as a consequence of long drain intervals and their effects on engine oil oxidation. It has been shown that such intervals can have serious effects on the engine through the coupling of both viscosity-limited and air-binding characteristics, In a similar manner, high soot loading in diesel engines recently redesigned to reduce oxides of nitrogen has produced further low-temperature pumpability problems and the associated needs to understand the chemistry and rheology of such oils at these temperatures and to find ways of reliably and repeatably measuring these phenomena.
Designing Low Temperature Performance for Diverse Basestocks
Authors: Girshick FW , Gaines LH , Martella DJ 
Published: April 2008

A new class of Lubricant Oil Flow Improvers (LOFI) was developed using statistically-based molecular design techniques, employing model compound studies and fundamental mechanistic understanding. These LOFI's were designed to be effective in a broad range of solvent- and catalytically-dewaxed basestocks, including API Group II and III hydrocracked stocks.
Basestocks for crankcase oil formulations are changing in composition. The volume of hydrocracked basestocks is increasing, realtive to solvent extracted basestocks. New dewaxing processes have been successfully introduced, such as catalytic dewaxing and catalytic iso-dewaxing. These process changes, and increasingly varied crude sources, lead to significantly different types and distributions of wax in the basestock.
LOFI'S, also called pour point depressants, optimized for traditional solvent-extracted, solvent-dewaxed basestocks may not work efficiently in these newer stocks, or may not work at all. Conversely, LOFI's designed for the newer basestocks may be ineffective in the more traditional basestocks which still dominate the market. An ideal LOFI will be able to treat both types of basestock with a wide range of viscosity modifiers, to maximize formulators flexibility.
The traditional empirical approaches to selecting LOFI can require excessive time and test costs as the basestock slate becomes more complicated and new test requirements are introduced. The design and selection approach presented here is based on the use of model diagnostic compounds which maximize the response of oil formulations to the molecular parameters of the LOFI. These parameters include molecular weight, average carbon number of the side chains, and the distribution of side chain lengths.