bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Physics and Chemistry of Electrosurgical Plasma Discharges
Authors: Stalder K. R. , Woloszko J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe physics of nonequilibrium microplasmas produced by electrical discharges in saline environments are described. Electrosurgical devices employing such discharges are finding increased use in surgical procedures requiring fine control of the tissue excision, cauterization, or debulking process. Optical spectroscopy, electrical diagnostics and gas analysis are the primary experimental methods used to study the plasmas. Water is dissociated in the plasma by electron impact processes principally into chemically‐active atomic hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals, which can subsequently interact with fibrous collagenous tissue surfaces to cut and coagulate tissue. The molecular potential energy curves of water are used to explain some features of the plasma‐induced chemistry. The Franck‐Condon principle is used to show that the fragments from electron‐impact‐dissociated water can possess excess kinetic energy, thereby enhancing their surface reactivity. Energetic electrons from the plasma can also interact directly with the tissue surface and cause fragmentation of surface proteins. Chemical kinetics simulations of water vapor periodically irradiated by energetic electrons shows that many chemical species are formed, including reactive radicals that may play a role in tissue modification useful for surgical procedures. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Perspective on the Development of Microplasma Technology: The Role of Oxygen in Downstream Microwave Plasma
Authors: Wu Y.‐T. , Liao J.‐D. , Weng C.‐C. , Wang M.‐C. , Chang J.‐E. , Chen C.‐H. , Zharnikov M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe studied the role of a minor fraction of oxygen in nitrogen and argon downstream microwave plasma in view of plasma‐processing of ultrathin organic films ‐ self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs). As test systems we used SAMs of alkanethiolates on gold substrate. The plasma‐induced processes in the films, including their chemical modification, oxidation, and partial decomposition, were monitored in detail. These processes could be directly correlated with the presence of reactive, oxygen‐derived species in the plasma. The major plasma‐induced processes could be well described by the first order kinetics; the respective reaction rates were also derived. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Statistical criteria to establish optimal antibody dilution in flow cytometry analysis
Authors: Collino Cesar J. G. , Jaldin‐Fincati Javier R. , Chiabrando Gustavo A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground:In direct techniques of flow cytometry, the optimal antibody dilution or titer point is established from the plateau area of the antibody titration curve. However, the plateau area is defined without any statistical criteria, which may lead to an incorrect selection of antibody dilution. Herein, we report statistical criteria to establish the optimal antibody dilution for CD14, CD8, CD4, and CD3 analysis by flow cytometry in peripheral whole blood.Methods:The unpaired t‐test (two‐tail P value) was used as statistical criteria to analyze the titration curve of the following monoclonal antibody panels: CD14‐FITC, CD8‐FITC, CD4‐RD1, and CD3‐PC5.Results:Using the unpaired t‐test (two‐tail P value), the plateau area from the antibody titration curve was fitted when two consecutive antibody volumes showed mean peak of channel fluorescence (MPCF) values not significantly different. When the antibody was used at volume corresponding to that of the antibody titration point, the flow cytometry analysis of whole blood samples with different density of cell antigens can be correctly discriminated.Conclusion:This statistical criteria allows the fitting of the plateau area of MPCF versus antibody volume and consequently, to define the optimal antibody dilution. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
Polycomblike‐2‐deficient mice exhibit normal left–right asymmetry
Authors: Wang Shusheng , He Fenglei , Xiong Wei , Gu Shuping , Liu Hongbin , Zhang Tao , Yu Xueyan , Chen Yiping 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPolycomb group (PcG) proteins are required for maintaining the repressed state of developmentally important genes such as homeotic genes. Polycomblike (Pcl), a member of PcG genes with two characteristic PHD finger motifs, was shown to strongly enhance the effects of PcG genes in Drosophila. Three Pcl genes exist in the mouse genome, with their function largely unknown. Our previous studies demonstrate that the chick Pcl2 is essential for the left–right asymmetry by silencing Shh expression in the right side of the node (Wang et al., [2004b] Development 131:4381–4391). To elucidate the in vivo role of mouse Pcl2, we generated Pcl2 mutant mice. Phenotypic analyses indicate the normal development of left–right asymmetry in the Pcl2 mutant mice. However, Pcl2 mutant mice exhibit posterior transformation of axial skeletons and other phenotypic defects, with a relatively low penetrance. These results demonstrate that Pcl2 is dispensable for the normal left–right axis development in mice. Developmental Dynamics 236:853–861, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A hypermorphic mouse Gli3 allele results in a polydactylous limb phenotype
Authors: Wang Chengbing , Pan Yong , Wang Baolin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGli3 protein processing to generate the Gli3 repressor is mediated by proteasome and inhibited by Hedgehog signaling. The Gli3 repressor concentration is graded along the anterior–posterior axis of the developing vertebrate limb due to posteriorly restricted Sonic hedgehog expression. In this study, we created a small deletion at the Gli3 locus (Gli3Δ68), which causes a half reduction in the Gli3 repressor levels and a slightly increased activity of full‐length mutant protein in the limb. Mice homozygous for Gli3Δ68 develop one to two extra partial digits in the anterior of the limb, while mice carrying one copy of the Gli3Δ68 allele die soon after birth and display seven digits. These phenotypes are more severe than those found in mice lacking one wild‐type Gli3 allele. The expression of dHand, Hoxd12, and Hoxd13 is anteriorly expanded in the limb, even though no up‐regulation of Gli1 and Ptc RNA expression is detected. These findings suggest that a decrease in the Gli3 repressor level in combination with an increase in Gli3 full‐length activity results in more severe digit patterning abnormalities than those caused by a loss of one wild‐type Gli3 allele. Developmental Dynamics 236:769–776, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complex genomic rearrangement in CCS‐LacZ transgenic mice
Authors: Stroud Dina Myers , Darrow Bruce J. , Kim Sang Do , Zhang Jie , Jongbloed Monique R.M. , Rentschler Stacey , Moskowitz Ivan P.G. , Seidman Jonathan , Fishman Glenn I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe cardiac conduction system (CCS)‐lacZ insertional mouse mutant strain genetically labels the developing and mature CCS. This pattern of expression is presumed to reflect the site of transgene integration rather than regulatory elements within the transgene proper. We sought to characterize the genomic structure of the integration locus and identify nearby gene(s) that might potentially confer the observed CCS‐specific transcription. We found rearrangement of chromosome 7 between regions D1 and E1 with altered transcription of multiple genes in the D1 region. Several lines of evidence suggested that regulatory elements from at least one gene, Slco3A1, influenced CCS‐restricted reporter gene expression. In embryonic hearts, Slco3A1 was expressed in a spatial pattern similar to the CCS‐lacZ transgene and was similarly neuregulin‐responsive. At later stages, however, expression patterns of the transgene and Slco3A1 diverged, suggesting that the Slco3A1 locus may be necessary, but not sufficient to confer CCS‐specific transgene expression in the CCS‐lacZ line. genesis 45:76–82, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dendritic cells internalise and re‐present conformationally intact soluble MHC class I alloantigen for generation of alloantibody
Authors: Curry Allison J. , Pettigrew Gavin J. , Negus Margaret C. , Easterfield Alistair J. , Young Joyce L. , Bolton Eleanor M. , Bradley J. Andrew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFollowing organ transplantation soluble MHC class I is released from the graft and may contribute to alloimmunity. We determined in a well‐established rat model whether DC are able to internalise soluble MHC class I alloantigen and then re‐present intact alloantigen to B cells and T cells for generation of an alloantibody or CD8 T cell response. PVG.RT1u BM‐derived DC internalised (via an active process) and retained intact a recombinant soluble form of RT1‐Aa (sRT1‐Aa). When PVG.RT1u rats were immunised with sRT1‐Aa‐pulsed syngeneic DC, they developed a strong anti‐sRT1‐Aa alloantibody response and showed accelerated rejection of RT1‐Aa‐disparate PVG.R8 heart grafts. Alloantibody production and accelerated heart graft rejection were both dependent on immunisation with viable sRT1‐Aa‐pulsed DC. The alloantibody response to sRT1‐Aa‐pulsed DC was directed exclusively against conformational epitopes expressed by sRT1‐Aa and not epitopes expressed, for example, by non‐conformational sRT1‐Aa heavy chain. Immunisation with sRT1‐Aa‐pulsed syngeneic DC did not stimulate a CD8 T cell response. Our findings suggest a novel alloantigen recognition pathway whereby soluble MHC class I alloantigen released from an allograft may be taken up by recipient DC and presented in an intact unprocessed form to B cells for the generation of an alloantibody response.
Therapeutic human papillomavirus DNA vaccination strategies to control cervical cancer
Authors: Wu T.‐C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is considered causal and necessary for the continued growth of cervical cancer. Thus, vaccination against HPV represents a plausible approach to prevent and treat cervical cancer. A report in the current issue of the European Journal of Immunology describes a therapeutic HPV DNA vaccination strategy using the HPV‐16 E7 antigen fused to the invariant chain to enhance the E7‐specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell immune responses, resulting in a potent anti‐tumor effect against E7‐expressing tumors. Continued exploration of HPV therapeutic DNA vaccines may lead to eventual clinical application.See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636233
Structural Studies of Keggin‐Type Polyoxotungstates by Extended X‐ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy
Authors: Balula M. Salete S. , Santos Isabel C. M. S. , Gamelas José A. F. , Cavaleiro Ana M. V. , Binsted Norman , Schlindwein Walkiria 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExtended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy(EXAFS) was used to characterize several Keggin‐type polyoxotungstates (tetrabutylammonium salts) in the solid state and in acetonitrile solution. The polyoxometalates studied were [PW12O40]3– (the parent Keggin anion), [PW11O39]7– (a lacunary anion), [PW11M(H2O)O39]4–, M = Fe, Ru, and [XW11MnIII(H2O)O39]n–, X = P, Si, B (transition‐metal‐substituted anions). The role of multiple‐scattering contributions was evaluated for [PW12O40]3– for which an accurate structure determination was available. The results from the multiple‐scattering analyses were compared with the single‐scattering method. The average W‐shell inter‐atomic distances were determined in relation to a selected tungsten atom (Wc) by W LIII edge transmission analysis. Several shells of up to 3.8–4.0 Å were identified. For the anion [PW12O40]3–, the obtained inter‐atomic distances in the solid sample and in acetonitrile were identical but for the lacunary anion the EXAFS spectrum of the solid was different from that in solution (the number of atoms coordinated to Wc in [PW11O39]7– was the same in both cases, but the calculated distances for the shells were slightly different). Metal‐substituted anions were studied by W LIII edge transmission and by Fe, Mn, or Ru K edge fluorescence analysis. The average coordination sphere of tungsten was affected by the replacement of a W=O by a M–OH2 group. The EXAFS results indicate that on average the MnO6 octahedron is larger than FeO6 or RuO6 and also larger than the average of all WO6 octahedra in [PW11M(H2O)O39]4–. This was attributed to the occurrence of the Jahn–Teller effect in the coordination sphere of MnIII. A comparison of the W LIII edge analysis EXAFS data for three MnIII‐substituted anions (X = P, Si, B) suggested that the average size of the W3O13 groups did not depend on X. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Electronic Control of the Rotational Barrier in η2‐Alkyne‐1‐thio Complexes
Authors: Seidel Wolfram W. , Sánchez Beatriz López , Meel Matthias J. , Hepp Alexander , Pape Tania 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA family of thio‐alkyne complexes [Tp′Mo(CO)(L)(BnSC2S)] {Bn = benzyl, Tp′ = hydrotris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)borate, L = carbonyl (2), 2,6‐dimethylphenyl isocyanide (7), tert‐butyl isocyanide (8), 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine (9)} was prepared by reductive removal of a benzyl group in the corresponding bis(benzylthio)acetylene complexes [Tp′Mo(CO)(L)(BnSC2SBn)](PF6) (1‐PF6, 4‐PF6, 5‐PF6 and 6‐PF6). All complexes were characterized by IR, 1H, 13C spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. X‐ray diffraction studies of 5‐PF6, 8 and 9 were carried out. The alkyne ligand is bound symmetrically to molybdenum in 5‐PF6 and unsymmetrically in 8 and 9. The trend in the π‐acidity of ligand L is reflected in the spectroscopic and electrochemical data as well as in the molecular structures. Variable temperature 1H NMR investigations with 7, 8 and 9 disclosed that the barrier of the alkyne rotation at molybdenum decreases in the order of rising electron density at the metal center while the steric demand increases. Therefore, electronic control of the barrier by the specific character of the ligand L is evident.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Metal–Organic Hybrids of 1,3,5‐Tris(4‐pyridylsulfanylmethyl)‐2,4,6‐trimethylbenzene with Mercuric Halides
Authors: PrakashaReddy Jayarama , Pedireddi Venkateswara Rao 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSynthesis and solid‐state structure elucidation of metal–organic hybrids of 1,3,5‐tris(4‐pyridylsulfanylmethyl)‐2,4,6‐trimethylbenzene with HgII halides (HgCl2, HgBr2, and HgI2) are reported. In the metal‐hybrids of L1, a reaction with HgCl2 in dmso as well as in dmf gave host–guest complexes, 1a and 1b, respectively, with the corresponding solvent of crystallization as the guests, while a reaction with HgI2 gave open‐frame network structures without any solvent of crystallization from both dmso and dmf (1c). However, reaction with HgBr2 gave crystals of two different morphologies from each solvent dmso and dmf (1d–1f), which corresponds to the structures with and without solvent of crystallization that resemble the related structures formed by HgCl2 and HgI2, respectively. Three‐dimensional structures of all the compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. While 1a and 1b crystallize in triclinic P$\bar {1}$ space groups 1a: a = 9.049(2), b = 13.646(4), c = 16.298(4) Å, α = 111.99(1), β = 90.43(1), γ = 101.57(1)°, Z = 2, V = 1820.6(8) Å3; 1b: a = 8.979(3), b = 13.611(5), c = 16.355(5) Å, α = 111.57(1), β = 92.37(1), γ = 101.07(1)°, Z = 2, V = 1810.05(11) Å3, complexes 1c–1f crystallize into monoclinic space groups [1c: C2/c, a = 27.661(7), b = 18.821(4), c = 15.786(4) Å, β = 113.13(1), Z = 4, V = 7558(3) Å3, 1d: P21/c, a = 17.950(5), b = 9.031(2), c = 22.200(6) Å, β = 113.62(1), Z = 4, V = 3297.3(15) Å3, 1e: C2/c, a = 26.753(15), b = 18.415(10), c = 14.940(7) Å, β = 109.50(1), Z = 4, V = 6938(6) Å3, 1f: P21/n, a = 17.697(10), b = 9.224(5), c = 21.933(12) Å, β = 112.50(1), Z = 4, V = 3308(3) Å3]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis and Structure of Cyclic Trinuclear Zinc Disiloxides
Authors: Krempner Clemens , Reinke Helmut , Weichert Katja 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and structure of the new disilane‐1,2‐diol [(Me3Si)2SiOH]2 (2b) and the trinuclear zinc disiloxides of the formula [Me2Si{(Me3Si)2SiO}2]2Zn3Me2 (3a), [{(Me3Si)2SiO}2]2Zn3Me2 (3b) and [E‐{Me(Me3Si)3SiSiO}2]2Zn3Me2 (3c) are reported. Compounds 3a–c were prepared by reactions of the corresponding silanedioles 2a–c with ZnMe2. The results of an X‐ray structure analysis of 3b reveal an almost perfectly planar spirocyclic Zn3O4 core with a square‐planar geometry of the inner Zn2+ ion, whereas in 3a,c the inner zinc ions are distorted tetrahedral. Upon treatment with B(C6F5)3, compounds 3b,c have been converted quantitatively into the complexes [{(Me3Si)2SiO}2]2Zn3(C6F5)2 (4b) and [E‐{Me(Me3Si)3SiSiO}2]2Zn3(C6F5)2 (4c).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Pybox/Lanthanide‐Catalysed Diels–Alder Reactions with an Unsaturated α‐Oxo Ester or 3‐Alkenoyl‐2‐oxazolidinone as Dienophile: The Sense of Stereoinduction in Five‐ or Six‐Membered Bidentate Reagent Coordination
Authors: Desimoni Giovanni , Faita Giuseppe , Mella Mariella , Piccinini Francesca , Toscanini Marco 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe enantioselective Diels–Alder (DA) reactions of cyclopentadiene with 3‐cinnamoyl‐1,3‐oxazolidinone (3) and methyl (E)‐2‐oxo‐4‐phenyl‐3‐butenoate (4) carried out in the presence of lanthanide triflate complexes of (4′S,5′S)‐2,6‐bis[4′‐(triisopropylsilyloxymethyl)‐5′‐phenyl‐1′,3′‐oxazolin‐2′‐yl]pyridine (1) have been compared. The aim of this work was to compare the effect of the α‐ and β‐dicarbonyl derivatives, coordinated to the cationic site of the catalysts through a five‐ or six‐membered ring chelation, respectively, on the face‐selectivity of the reaction. Only the ScIII triflate complex of 1 was found to be a very selective catalyst in the reaction with cinnamoyloxazolidinone 3, which allowed almost complete stereocontrol. The reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl keto ester 4 was more complicated because, in addition to the expected normal DA adducts 7 and 8, the less expected endo‐9 product of the [4+2] hetero‐DA (HDA) reaction, which resulted from the α‐keto ester behaving as a heterodiene, was obtained. [3,3] Claisen rearrangement of HDA adduct 9 stereospecifically gave the endo DA product, which allowed a correlation to be made between the absolute configuration of these products. The scandium complex was found to be the best catalyst in both reactions: the DA reaction gave an endo‐7:exo‐8 ratio of 95:5 and the ee of (2R,3R)‐7 was 99.5 %, whereas the HDA reaction was strongly selective and gave a single stereoisomer: (4R,4aS,7aR)‐9 with an ee > 99.5 %. The lanthanum complex furnished the opposite enantiomer in both reactions, albeit with low ee; the lanthanides with intermediate ionic radius gave results that were in between those of scandium and lanthanum. A rationale of the stereochemical outcome is proposed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Biassed processing of persuasive information: on the functional equivalence of cues and message arguments
Authors: Erb Hans‐Peter , Pierro Antonio , Mannetti Lucia , Spiegel Scott , Kruglanski Arie W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractResearch on persuasion has shown that inferences based on heuristic or peripheral cues can bias the subsequent processing of persuasive messages. Two studies (total N = 296) examined the additional possibilities that a message argument can serve as a biassing factor and cue‐related information can serve as the target of processing bias. It was demonstrated that a message argument can bias (a) the processing of subsequent other message arguments (Study 1) and (b) the processing of subsequent cue information (Study 2). Results are discussed within dual‐process models and the recently developed unimodel of persuasion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined Two‐Stage Xanthate Processes for the Treatment of Copper‐Containing Wastewater
Authors: Chang Y. K. , Leu M. H. , Chang J. E. , Lin T. F. , Chiang L. C. , Shih P. H. , Chen T. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeavy metal removal is mainly conducted by adjusting the wastewater pH to form metal hydroxide precipitates. However, in recent years, the xanthate process with a high metal removal efficiency, attracted attention due to its use of sorption/desorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. In this study, two kinds of agricultural xanthates, insoluble peanut‐shell xanthate (IPX) and insoluble starch xanthate (ISX), were used as sorbents to treat the copper‐containing wastewater (Cu concentration from 50 to 1,000 mg/L). The experimental results showed that the maximum Cu removal efficiency by IPX was 93.5 % in the case of high Cu concentrations, whereby 81.1 % of copper could rapidly be removed within one minute. Moreover, copper‐containing wastewater could also be treated by ISX over a wide range (50 to 1,000 mg/L) to a level that meets the Taiwan EPA's effluent regulations (3 mg/L) within 20 minutes. Whereas IPX had a maximum binding capacity for copper of 185 mg/g IPX, the capacity for ISX was 120 mg/g ISX. IPX is cheaper than ISX, and has the benefits of a rapid reaction and a high copper binding capacity, however, it exhibits a lower copper removal efficiency. A sequential IPX and ISX treatment (i.e., two‐stage xanthate processes) could therefore be an excellent alternative. The results obtained using the two‐stage xanthate process revealed an effective copper treatment. The effluent (Ce) was below 0.6 mg/L, compared to the influent (C0) of 1,001 mg/L at pH = 4 and a dilution rate of 0.6 h–1. Furthermore, the Cu‐ISX complex formed could meet the Taiwan TCLP regulations, and be classified as non‐hazardous waste. The xanthatilization of agricultural wastes offers a comprehensive strategy for solving both agricultural waste disposal and metal‐containing wastewater treatment problems.
Progressive changes in the morphology of fluvial terraces and scarps along the Rappahannock River, Virginia
Authors: Colman Steven M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProgressive geomorphic changes in the flight of fluvial terraces along the Rappahannock River, Virginia, provide a framework for analysing the effect of time on landforms. The oldest terrace is probably no younger than early Quaternary, and the youngest major fill terrace probably correlates with the high sea level of the last major interglacial. A uranium‐series date of 187,000 yr has been obtained on coral from marine sediments related to this terrace.Indices of terrace preservation, especially drainage densities and area to perimeter ratios, show systematic changes with terrace age. Hence, these variables appear to satisfactorily indicate relative age, and could perhaps be used to estimate actual ages if suitably calibrated.The morphology of scarps formed by entrenchment of the fluvial terraces is more variable than analogous morphology of fault scarps and wave‐cut bluffs. However, measurements of the fluvial scarps clearly indicate that for a given terrace age, higher scarps tend to have steeper slopes, and that for a given scarp height, older scarps tend to have gentler slopes.The terrace forms themselves are preserved for at least several million years. Depositional features such as bars and channels with l–3m of relief are preserved on terraces on the order of 105 yr old. Scarps related to the formation of terraces of this age are well preserved and have slopes of about 6–8 degrees where the scarp height is about 5 m. The preservation of fluvial landforms and scarps suggests that, if fault scarps comparable to these features were commonly formed by earthquakes in low relief areas of the eastern United States, many should be recognizable.