bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep sedation with propofol in preschool children undergoing radiation therapy
Authors: SCHEIBER G. , RIBEIRO F. C. , KARPIENSKI H. , STREHL K. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryImmobilization of children undergoing radiation therapy always requires anaesthesia. Deep sedation with continuous infusion of propofol and spontaneous breathing, (we call it ‘sedative anaesthesia’), may be an alternative to general anaesthesia with intubation and controlled ventilation. This clinical report deals with 155 anaesthetics performed in 11 consecutive paediatric oncology patients, mean age 30 months (range 19–42), who required radiation therapy for from seven to 33 consecutive days. Mean duration of anaesthesia was 18 (±11) mins. For induction, a loading dose of 3.6 (SD±0.59) mg·kg−1 propofol was administered immediately followed by a continuous infusion of 7.4 (±2.2) mg·kg−1.h−1 for maintenance of anaesthesia. There were no complications of clinical importance involving respiration, circulation or neurology, except for one short episode of transient desaturation, which was managed by suctioning and changing head position. Children opened their eyes spontaneously four (±3.7) min after discontinuing the propofol infusion and could be discharged about 30 mins later. Tachyphylaxis or unpleasant side effects during and after anesthesia have not been observed. Sedative anaesthesia with propofol seems to be an excellent method to immobilize paediatric patients during radiotherapeutic procedures.
Systematic screening for diabetic retinopathy with a digital fundus camera following pupillary dilatation in a university diabetes department
Authors: Deb‐Joardar N. , Germain N. , Thuret G. , Garcin A.‐F. , Manoli P. , Defreyn A. , Gain P. , Estour B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAims  Screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is highly inadequate in France because of insufficient infrastructure and increasing disease prevalence. We describe the results of the first systematic DR screening programme established in a university diabetes department.Methods  In this cross‐sectional study conducted over 1 year, consecutive adult patients underwent three‐field retinal photography with the Topcon TRC NW6S digital fundus camera following pupillary dilatation with Tropicamide 1%. A questionnaire provided information on patients’ systemic and ocular history. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured at the screening visit. Two ophthalmologists graded the retinal photographs in a masked fashion.Results  Of 1157 patients attending the diabetes department, 1153 (99.7%) underwent photographic screening. Images were gradable in 96% patients. Diabetic retinopathy was detected in 522 (45%) patients and sight‐threatening DR in 167 (14%). Of 704 (61%) patients previously believed to have no DR, 254 (34%) screened positive. The presence of DR was associated with age, insulin use and non‐Caucasian ethnicity in Type 2 patients, and with duration of diabetes and HbA1c in Type 1 and Type 2 patients. Associated ocular pathologies were diagnosed in 612 (53%) patients.Conclusions  Our photographic screening programme using pharmacological mydriasis provided a high screening coverage feasible in a hospital setting. We obtained information regarding prevalence and associated risk factors of DR in patients attending a tertiary care centre. Screening was well accepted by patients and met with no protest from city ophthalmologists. It generated considerable interest among endocrinologists and feedback of results is expected to improve optimization of glycaemic control.
Dental Manpower
Authors: Birch Stephen , Maynard Alan 
Published: February 2007

A recent report by the Department of Health and Society Security (DHSS) has argued that a 10% reduction in the intake to dental schools is needed if an oversupply of dentists over the next forty years is to be avoided. Whilst welcoming this recommendation it is likely that it may not go far enough. In this article we describe the approach used in the DHSS report to estimate the demand for and supply of dental care and examine the relevance and implications of the methods used and assumptions made in that report.It is argued that the use of extrapolations of past trends and the absence of sensitivity analysis in much of the analysis implies that little confidence can be placed in the estimates and that on balance the conclusions of the report are likely to lead to an excess supply of dentists over the next forty years. Recommendations are made for improving the planning of the future supply of dentists.
Reforming Supplementary Benefit: The impact on claimants
Authors: Walker Carol 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Government bill to reform social security will become an Act in 1986, and is planned for implementation in April 1987. One of the most significant areas for change will be the supplementary benefit scheme, which now has some four million claimants, and supports over seven million people. It will be replaced by the income support scheme, which will differ in important respects from the current provision.The review of the SB scheme, set up by Norman Fowler, was the second major review of the scheme in less than a decade. The first review was set up by the Labour Government in 1976 and culminated in major changes introduced by the Conservative Government in the Social Security Act 1980.This article examines what impact the 1980 scheme had on claimants, on their standard of living, on their understanding of the scheme and on the extent to which the scheme meets their needs. It then goes on to examine whether the Fowler Act will meet some of the criticisms of the 1980 reforms and, in particular, if it will improve the position of claimants.
Policing Mental Disorder: Controversies, Myths and Realities
Authors: Rogers Anne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn this article the premises on which Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983 have been evaluated traditionally will be outlined and assessed using data from a recent empirical study. In examining the nature of police action in implementing this provision it is shown that police discretion and ability to act autonomously is constrained by the social context within which officers become involved in incidents and the external influences impinging on police decision making. It is suggested that legalism is inadequate both in accounting for the social realities of policing and relevant social policy implications. Instead, a social constructivist approach capable of accounting for wider influences on police action and mental health policy more generally is advocated as the basis on which to evaluate the future use of the provision.
Co‐Production and Self‐Care: New Approaches to Managing Community Care Services for Older People1
Authors: Wilson Gail 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA lack of management theory which is relevant to human service agencies, combined with a failure to recognize the very large contribution which older people make to their own care, makes it difficult to deliver supportive services effectively. Self care by elders is divided, in this preliminary classification, into new strategies for everyday living, the reallocation of time and the avoidance of risk. Managers who understand that service users are co‐producers of care and recognize the need to manage the users, as well as their own staff and relations with other agencies, are more likely to be able to deliver good services. However the management of co‐production is at present only theorized for the private sector where ethical issues are less pressing and users are customers. In future a greater understanding of co‐production and the development of theory and practice which will combine the management of co‐production with the empowerment of users within the public sector will be essential.
Poverty and Anti‐Poverty Programmes in Rural China Since the Mid‐1980s
Authors: Guan Xinping 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the characteristics of poverty in rural China, focussing on regional absolute poverty in particular. It comments on the different types of explanation put forward by researchers to account for the incidence and persistence of this type of poverty and argues that governmental anti‐poverty programmes must take more than economic factors into account if they are to be fully effective. There is discussion of existing governmental anti‐poverty practices and of the latest proposals for reform. The paper concludes by offering further suggestions for the future in respect of both anti‐poverty action and research.
Do‐It‐Yourself Social Policy: Searching for a New Paradigm?
Authors: Klein Rudolf , Millar Jane 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOne of the most significant trends of recent decades has been the growing importance of do‐it‐yourself social policy: i.e. individuals constructing their own welfare mix both within the public sector and in private markets. This paper argues that this challenges the traditional top‐down bias of social policy studies and requires a shift of focus within the discipline. The implications for normative theory, research strategy and policy analysis are explored. Some of the arguments for and against choice as a guiding principle are sketched out; some existing research on benefit take‐up and choice in education and health is reviewed and the case for moving away from the economist's simple model of rationality is put forward. Finally, we argue, there should be more emphasis in social policy on developing a better understanding of the way in which individuals take their decisions, the context of public policy within which they act and the interaction between the two.
Awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards sun protection among skin cancer‐treated patients in France
Authors: Meyer N , Pruvost‐Balland C , Bourdon‐Lanoy E , Maubec E , Avri M‐F 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground  The incidence of skin cancer has risen over the past years, owing to increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Sun protection measures include avoiding exposure to the sun, using covering clothing and applying sunscreen. We evaluated the knowledge and compliance with advices about sun protection in a population of patients who had presented skin tumour(s).Subjects and methods  A 30 question self‐reporting questionnaire evaluating sun protective behaviour was distributed to 217 consecutive skin cancer‐treated patients and completed by 198 of them.Results  72% of the responders had presented a melanoma, and 26% of them had presented only non‐melanoma skin cancer. The present survey shows that patients who have had a skin cancer were aware of the cancer related risk of sunlight since 98% of the responders knew that ultraviolet radiations can include skin cancer. These patients did also take sun‐protective measures because 73% of them had worn covering clothes when in the sun and 59% of them avoided outdoor activities during the midday hours.Conclusion  These results suggest that, after diagnosis of a skin cancer, patients limited their sun exposure; and wear protective clothing. However, sun‐protection measures did not seem to be completely adequate. An evaluation of the various barriers to sun safety might be a key to understanding the sub‐optimal sun protection.
Coping with acne: beliefs and perceptions in a sample of secondary school Greek pupils
Authors: Rigopoulos D , Gregoriou S , Ifandi A , Efstathiou G , Georgala S , Chalkias J , Katsambas A 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground  Information on the understanding of acne in adolescents has only occasionally been reported in the medical literature.Objective  To evaluate the perceptions of Greek high school students regarding acne causation, exacerbating factors, sources of information, and effect on their daily life and school performance.Patients and methods  Three‐hundred and forty‐seven students (aged 13–18) of four Athenian high schools completed a self‐reported questionnaire.Results  Self‐reported acne was present in 59.2% (187/316). Popular sources of information were parents (31.6%), dermatologists (26.7%), magazines and television (17.5%), pharmacists (16.2%), friends (5.3%), beauticians (1.6%) and other doctors (1.1%). Fifty‐two per cent considered the information received as inadequate. Reported causal or exacerbating acne factors included: diet (62.3%), hormones (55.1%), poor hygiene (42.4%), stress (31.9%), infection (14.9%) and genetics (5.7%). Reported ameliorating factors included frequent washing (80.7%), sunbathing (38.6%) and adequate hours of sleep (32%). These notions did not differ among pupils with and without acne or among pupils receiving information from different sources (P < 0.05 in all comparisons). Smoking habits, school performance, hours of sleep, sleep disturbances and self‐assessment of stress status were not statistically significantly different between pupils with and without acne. Among pupils with acne 48.6% believed that acne was compromising interpersonal relations while 64.4% believed that acne was compromising their self‐image. Fifteen per cent of adolescents reported pruritus associated with their acne lesions.Conclusion  Beliefs of Greek adolescents about acne were shown to be similar to those of pupils in other developed countries.
Relation between deaf children's phonological skills in kindergarten and word recognition performance in first grade
Authors: Colin S. , Magnan A. , Ecalle J. , Leybaert J. 
Published: February 2007

Background:  The aim of the present study was twofold: 1) to determine whether phonological skills measured in deaf prereaders predict their later phonological and reading skills after one year of reading instruction as is the case for hearing children; 2) to examine whether the age of exposure to a fully specified phonological input such as Cued Speech may explain the inter‐individual differences observed in deaf children's phonological and word recognition levels.Method:  Twenty‐one 6‐year‐old deaf prereaders and 21 hearing children of the same chronological age performed two phonological tasks (rhyme decision and generation tasks); they were re‐assessed 12 months later and presented with other phonological tasks (rhyme decision and common unit identification tasks) and a written word choice test.Results:  Phonological skills measured before learning to read predicted the written word recognition score the following year, both for hearing and for deaf participants. Age of onset of exposure to Cued Speech was also a strong predictor of phonological and written word recognition scores in beginning deaf readers.Conclusions:  The evidence broadly supports the idea of a capacity for acquiring phonological skills in deaf children. Deaf children who are able to develop an implicitly structured phonological knowledge before learning to read will be better readers when this knowledge becomes explicit under the pressure of reading instruction.
PROBLEMS IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE ENDOSOMATIC GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE
Authors: Holmquest Donald , Edelberg Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn analog computer model of the endosomatic galvanic skin response has been constructed from a theoretical interpretation of end organ function and has been used to study some of the parameters of a response consisting of two opposing components. The results demonstrate that the interaction between the faster negative component and the slower positive component can produce triphasic patterns as well as alterations in maximum deflection and rates of rise and decay. The character and degree of alteration of the negative component is shown to be heavily dependent on the amplitude and time delay of the positive component. The possible application of this model in the development of an automatic analyzer is considered.GSR, Endosomatic, Electrodermal potential. Wave form. Analog computer. Simulation. (D. L. Holmquest)
THE EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONAL SETS ON AUTONOMIC RESPONSIVITY
Authors: Bternbach Richard A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose was to determine whether instructional sets would influence the pattern of autonomic response.In the first study sound and pain were compared in three groups instructed as to expected effects of the sound: (a) “neutral,” (b) analgesic, (c) hyperalgesic. Palmar sweating, heart rate, and finger pulse were recorded. In the second study one group was tested three times with instructions as to expected effects on stomach of 3 “drugs,” (a) “relaxant,” (b) “placebo,” (c) “stimulant.” All 3 drugs were the same capsule containing the magnet for recording stomach motility.It was found that the instruction produced the expected autonomic response pattern in the majority of subjects.Stomach‐motility, GSR, HR, FPV, Expectation, Instructional‐set. Pain, Soimd.
AUTONOMIC AND CLINICAL CORRELATES OF DIFFERENTIAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM RESPONSE TO COLD PRESSOR STIMULATION
Authors: Sterman M. B. , Clemens T. L. , Wenger M. A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo psychiatric patient subgroups, defined on the basis of an extremely brief or an extremely prolonged electroencephalogram (EEG) response to cold pressor stimulation, also differ with regard to several aspects of autonomic response. The patients showing only a brief EEG desynchronization, with recovery during stimulation, also show a relatively brief autonomic response with recovery beginning during stimulation. They are specifically characterized by elevated levels of skin conductance throughout the measurement period. On the other hand, patients with prolonged EEG response show more prolonged autonomic response and are distinguished as a group by high heart rate levels. Clinical comparisons disclosed no diagnostic correlations. The rapid EEG and visceral recovery observed is discussed in terms of recently described neurophysiological mechanisms of homeostasis.
THE EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE DEPRIVATION OF STATES OF SLEEP IN THE DEVELOPING MONKEY
Authors: Berger Ralph J. , Meier Gilbert W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFour groups, two comprising three neonatal rhesus monkeys and two comprising two juvenile rhesus monkeys, were selectively deprived of either low‐voltage, fast‐wave sleep (LVF) or of high‐voltage, slow‐wave sleep (HVS), respectively. Both infant and juvenile Ss displayed an over‐all increase in threshold to the tone‐shock combination during the deprivation of either phase of sleep. However, the thresholds of the infant Ss were greater, throughout deprivation, than the thresholds of the juvenile Ss.The juvenile Ss exposed to LVF deprivation were unique in exhibiting a sharp increase in frequency of forced awakenings from LVF, to values significantly greater than for the other groups, and in displaying compensatory recovery effects, manifested by increases in proportion of total sleep time spent in LVF, following termination of deprivation.Behavioral disturbances accompanying deprivation were not evident in any of the experimental groups.The study revealed a number of methodological problems related to the definition and to the selective deprivation of a particular state of sleep.
A RESTRAINT DEVICE FOR CATS IN AN ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY FIELD
Authors: Frey Allan H. , Thornton Sarah Jane 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA restraint apparatus for cats for use in ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic fields is described. It should also he useful in general psychophysiological experimentation with a variety of species. It basically consists of wooden dowel rods affixed to the cat and to a fixed bar parallel to the spine. It is simple, inexpensive, and well tolerated by cats in a variety of experiments.
AN OBSERVATIONAL NOTE ON EYE MOVEMENT PATTERNS DURING REM AND NON REM SLEEP IN SUBJECTS WITH CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS
Authors: Arkin Arthur M. , Weitzman Elliot D. , Hastey John M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFully developed nystagmus present in five Ss with congenital nystagmus while awake with eyes open or closed did not appear during the REM or non‐REM sleep phases. However, rapid conjugate eye movements were present during REM sleep in all five Ss, and could not be distinguished from the patterns recognized in normal subjects.
COVERT ORAL BEHAVIOR AND AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS
Authors: McGuigan F. J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis research sought to establish the existence of covert oral language behavior (as measured by chin muscle action potentials (MAP), tongue MAP, breathing amplitude, and whispered sound production) immediately prior to a psychotic's report of auditory hallucinations. The results indicate that two of these response measures (chin MAP and breathing amplitude) significantly increased just before the report of the hallucinations, and that the other two measures tended to increase at that time. Furthermore, slight whisperings were detected significantly often immediately before the hallucinations were reported. Control measures suggest that the response changes were localized in the speech mechanism and thus are not part of a general bodily arousal. It is concluded that, at least in one case, covert oral language behavior significantly often preceded the occurrence of auditory hallucinations. It is the task of future research to ascertain the nature and generality of the relationship between that behavior and the report of hallucinations.
EXTRAVERSION AND SENSORY THRESHOLD
Authors: Smith Stuart L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIt was predicted that Introverts would have lower auditory thresholds than Extraverts, in line with other physiological differences between these groups. Using an ear‐choice technique and controlling the factor of guessing, the prediction was verified, using non‐patients who score at the two ends of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The extraverted behavior of hysterics and psychopaths has been thought to have partly a constitutional or physiological basis and this experiment points in that direction.
HEART RATE RESPONSE TO SOUND AND LIGHT
Authors: Roessler Robert , Collins Forrest , Burch Neil R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe heart rate (HR) response to five intensities of sound was examined in 18 subjects and to five intensities of light in 12 subjects. Each subject was tested on four occasions at monthly intervals. After covariance adjustment, significant acceleration to sound was found within the first 5 beats after stimulus onset but no significant deceleration occurred. There were no differences between testings. Individuals’ HR acceleration was reliable over testings and differing experimental contexts. No habituation occurred and no consistent relationship between HR response and ego strength was found. There was no significant HR response to light stimulation. The results were discussed in relation to Graham and Clifton's (1966) hypotheses concerning the relationship of the HR response to the orienting reflex (OR).
AUTONOMIC RESPONSE PATTERNS DURING SADNESS AND MIRTH
Authors: Averill James R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAutonomic responses were recorded from three groups of subjects as they viewed a sadness‐inducing film, a comedy film, or a control film. Psychological reactions indicated that the stimulus films were effective in eliciting sadness and mirth. Physiologically, sympathetic activation was common to both emotions, with cardiovascular changes being more prominent during sadness and respiratory changes more characteristic of mirth. The relevance of these findings for the investigation of differential physiological patterning during emotion is discussed, and an hypothesis is presented concerning the biological significance of grief.