bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VANADIUM AND MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS IN CLAYS1
Authors: PALMER L. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTEight different light‐firing clays and shales containing small amounts of insoluble vanadium and molybdenum compounds were studied. It was found that during firing, soluble salts of these elements were formed which later appeared as a green‐yellow efflorescence on the fired clay. The color of the efflorescence was chiefly due to alkali vanadates.It was found that the use of either sodium fluosilicate or calcium fluoride is effective in eliminating the green‐yellow efflorescence. The use of these chemicals is usually a more economical procedure than either hard firing or the use of lead compounds. The results of various trial firings made with clays to which were added varying amounts of several different chemicals are given.
THE INSULATION OF ROOFS OF GLASS FURNACES
Authors: Pike Robert D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt is unjustifiable to assume that a furnace roof cannot be safely insulated. The principal variables controlling the possibility of safe insulation are: (1) temperature of bath below melting point of silica brick roof; (2) transparency of the atmosphere within the furnace, i.e., no possibility of impingement of dense hot flames. The data of this paper are taken from observations on a glass tank furnace in which the combustion rate (B.t.u. per cu. ft. per hr.) is very low. A testing method is described which will show whether or not insulation is safe for any given furnace, considering only the temperature of the inside face of the brick as affected by the application of insulation. The possibility that if the roof is insulated the progress of fluxing of the silica brick by dust and fumes within the furnace may be accelerated because the higher mean temperature of the brick is considered. In the furnace observed, corrosive dust and fumes were in the gases to a considerable extent, yet no unusual deterioration of the roof brick was noted after three years of insulation under continuous operation.
PYROPHYLLITE, A NEW CERAMIC RAW MATERIAL1
Authors: Shelton G. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe relationship among the minerals pyrophyllite, kaolinite, and steatite together with a statement of the properties of pyrophyllite are given. The North Carolina deposits of pyrophyllite are briefly described. A preliminary report is made on tests now being conducted to determine the possible use of pyrophyllite as a constituent in whiteware bodies.
THE ACTION OF FLUORINE IN ENAMEL SMELTS1
Authors: Wilcox H. G. , Westendick F. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt is proved that all fluorine is not volatilized from enamels and that the duration of smelting and viscosity of smelt affect the amount driven off. These facts were determined by quantitative analysis of enamels of varied compositions smelted under varied time treatments.
SOME LEADLESS BOROSILICATE GLAZES CONTAINING NICKEL OXIDE1
Authors: Holscher H. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe literature pertaining to the use of nickel oxide in all types of glazes is briefly reviewed. A study of the effect of the various glaze constituents on the color and other properties of some leadless borosilicate glazes containing nickel oxide as a colorant is given. Nickel oxide has not proved useful in glossy non‐opaque glazes. It is not recommended for use where a deep (dark) color is desired but can be made to produce very pretty opaque glazes, light tan in color and of a semimat character.
GREATER EFFICIENCY IN TUNNEL DRIERS1
Authors: Richardson W. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe chief causes of inefficiency in waste‐heat tunnel driers are (1) the cold bottom in the upper half of tunnels and (2) the hot air which enters the tunnels immediately goes to the top and does not return to the bottom but passes over the top of the ware and emerges at the receiving end of drier only partially saturated. A method is shown of insuring a hot bottom throughout the tunnel and of recirculating the air in the tunnel by means of small fans cooperating with steel baffles on the end of every thud ear, these baffles registering with beams across the top of the tunnel and with pilasters on the sides, thus dividing the tunnel into compartments, with alternately up and down circulation through the ware.
THE ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF HIGH TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Forsythe W. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe standard temperature scale is defined and methods of realizing it both in laboratory and in factory practice are outlined. Methods of measuring temperature from very low values to the highest obtainable are described. The use of thermocouples, the errors encountered in the use of both base metal and rare metal thermocouples, and the methods used to avoid these errors are discussed. Thermocouples are useful in measuring temperatures up to about 1000 to 1500°C. Beyond the range of thermocouples and sometimes even in this range it is necessary to use some means of measuring temperature that depends on the energy radiated from the source under consideration. For this class of work the optical pyrometer is recommended as one very good method.Different forms of optical pyrometers are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of these types are pointed out. The conclusion is reached that for many types of work the disappearing‐filament type of optical pyrometer has certain advantages over other forms. Some of these advantages are pointed out and reasons given for the selection of this pyrometer. The necessity for the use of a monochromatic screen with a pyrometer is discussed and a list of the various screens available are given. Reasons are given for the general choice of a red screen for this work. In the use of an optical pyrometer it is at times necessary to know something concerning the wave‐length of the light used. This brings up the question of the effective wave‐length of the screen used. The effective wave‐length is defined and methods given for determining and using this effective wave‐length in optical pyrometry. It is shown that with a well‐calibrated screen just as definite results can be obtained as with a spectrometer for determining wavelength, and the advantages of the screen over the spectrometer are set forth.Methods of calibrating optical pyrometers are discussed which bring in the idea of a black body. Methods of realizing the theoretical black body are given together with some experimental results along this line.The use of absorbing screens in extending the scale of an optical pyrometer is outlined and methods are given of obtaining the transmission of the absorbing screens so that it is easy to calculate the extension of the temperature scale with a particular screen. The kind of an absorbing screen needed for this work is shown and the advantages and disadvantages of the absorbing screens are given.Accuracy tests are included in which it is shown that very good agreement can be obtained in the use of a disappearing‐filament optical pyrometer by untrained or slightly trained observers. Results are also given to show what accuracy may be expected from experienced observers from this form of pyrometer.
GEOLOGIC RELATIONS OF THE DIASPORE AND FLINT FIRE CLAYS OF MISSOURI1
Authors: McQueen H. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSink‐hole type deposits filled with flint fire clay have been known in the Ozark region of Missouri for many years. Within the last ten years, an associated clay, formerly discarded as waste, but now recognized as diaspore clay has been developed. The paper outlines the general geology of the district and discusses the clays and mode of occurrence of the deposits, Brief mention is made regarding future production and probable developments in this interesting district.
A CONE FUSION MUFFLE FURNACE FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE WORK1
Authors: Baumann Henry N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA laboratory type muffle furnace in which the muffle (inside dimensions 9 by 6 inches) was built of standard “Refrax” brick and heated by means of two slotted graphite electric resistors, has been in use for over a year in the Research Laboratory of The Carborundum Company at Niagara Falls. Although specifically designed for cone fusion studies, in which work it is very successful, it can be used for other laboratory work especially at high temperatures (up to at least 1600°C)such as small fusions, heat treatment, etc.
DETERMINATION OF THE SOURCE AND MEANS OF PREVENTION OF STONES IN GLASS
Authors: Insley Herbert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe microscopic characteristics of different crystalline materials occurring as stones or lumps in glass are described and photomicrographs of stones originating from devitrification of the glass, incomplete solution of batch constituents, and incorporation in the glass of refractory wall material are reproduced. Methods of determining the location in the glass‐making system of the source of stones, using microscopic as well as other methods, are given. Means of prevention or elimination of the stones are suggested.
CORRECTION OF AN EXTREME CASE OF CRACKING IN THE DRYING OF BRICK1
Authors: Fréchette Howells , Phillips J. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTI. In the manufacture of stiff‐mud brick from a highly colloidal clay of low permeability to water, drying breakage was extremely high even though the drying was conducted at a very slow rate under high humidity conditions. Laboratory investigation yielded two methods of correcting the faults: (1) Preheating the clay for half an hour at a temperature between 400 °C and 500 °C increased the permeability to such an extent that brick made from the preheated clay could be dried rapidly without cracking.(2) Coagulating chemicals, such as aluminium chloride, ferric chloride, sodium chloride, and hydrochloric acid, in conjunction with moderate additions of grog, increased the permeability and thus improved the drying properties of the clay. II. Plant scale tests using ferric chloride, sodium chloride, and grog resulted in the production of brick which could be dried safely in a reasonable time. The fired brick were improved in quality as to strength and color. III. The chemical treatment of the clay using 1% ferric chloride and 0.5% sodium chloride with 10 to 15% grog was adopted for plant operation and resulted in increased production, lower cost of manufacture, and improved quality of product.
SOME WASTE‐HEAT DRIER CALCULATIONS AND CHARTS1
Authors: Westman A. E. R. , Mills R. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTEquations were developed which, when used in conjunction with hygrometric charts, enabled the usual waste‐heat drier calculations involving heat supply and water removal to be performed by direct substitution. These equations were used in preparing charts showing the effect of (1) atmospheric humidity conditions, and (2) air discharge temperature on the operation of a typical waste‐heat drier. The advantages which might result from the control of the initial moisture content of the air used in drying and the feasibility of using silica gel for this purpose are discussed. Changes in drier design which would permit higher exit temperatures for the air used in drying are suggested by the outcome of the calculations.
DRYING HEAVY CLAY PRODUCTS IN A PROGRESSIVE DRIER USING RADIATED HEAT AND MECHANICAL CIRCULATION1
Authors: Straight H. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe principles which should be followed for the safe drying of clay products are discussed. These are as follows: (1) direction of air circulation, (2) rate of air circulation, (3) humidity, (4) the use of clear air, (5) temperature of air in drier. A pallet system is proposed as an ideal manner of arrangement in the drier for drying brick, hollow tile or drain tile, and similar heavy clay products.
PHYSICAL TESTS FOR VITREOUS ENAMELS. I1
Authors: Kinzie C. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMethods and apparatus for determining certain physical properties of vitreous enamels are described. These properties are as follows: (1) resistance to thermal shock of vitreous enamels applied to flat surfaces, (2) resistance to mechanical impact of vitreous enamels, (3) resistance of vitreous enamels to abrasion.
THE EFFECTS OF SODA, BARIUM, AND ZINC ON THE ELASTICITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS OF GLASS1
Authors: Fetterolf L. D. , Parmelee C. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn investigation is made of the effect, on the elasticity and expansion behavior of a base glass containing 60%, SiO2 and 40% Na2O, of replacing Na2O in this glass by ZnO and BaO, respectively. The elasticity and expansion factors of the two oxides, ZnO and BaO, are determined and compared with published results. Elasticity factors of 80 for ZnO, 35 for Na2O, and 55 for BaO are proposed. Cubical coefficient of expansion factors of 12.5 Na2O, 5.7 for BaO, and 1.85 for ZnO are also proposed. Neither the factors of Winkelmann and Schott nor those of English and Turner fit very well the results reported in this paper.
THE COMPRESSIVE AND TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF BRICK1
Authors: McBurnby J. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the compressive strength flat and on edge and the transverse strength of twenty‐seven makes of brick covering a range of conditions in method of manufacture and degree of firing. The attempt is made to correlate the variation in ratios of these different measures of strength with the various structural features of the check.
EFFECT OF TYPICAL SLAGS ON FIRE BRICK WITH A METHOD OF DETERMINATION CORRELATED TO SERVICE1
Authors: Grigsby Chester E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn an investigation of the problem of producing refractories which would give maximum resistance to slags encountered in service, laboratory slag tests were made in a rotary slagging test furnace. A photograph and sketch of the furnace are given and the method of operation is described. A photograph of a typical test is shown and test data are given for typical high iron oxide, high lime, and high soda slags. These data include the numerical rating of ten test bricks in each case. Ten slag tests have been made with 50 different mixes, all in the field of fireclay and diaspore refractories.Bricks of the brands which give best results in the laboratory were tested in service in malleable iron air furnaces, gray iron cupolas, and “bull” ladles where sodium carbonate purifier is used. Operating conditions are given and chemical analyses of slags presented in several instances. Special firing treatment was given a few bricks prior to service tests.Excellent correlation between laboratory and service tests was obtained in cases where high‐temperature abrasion was not severe, demonstrating the reliability of the rotary furnace type of slagging test in predicting service results insofar as slag alone is concerned.Of equal importance with the reliability of the slag test is the need of a reliable high‐temperature abrasion test. The data indicate that in many installations high‐temperature abrasion is the major cause of failures that are charged entirely to slag erosion.
ORGANIC AGENTS AS AIDS TO THE ADHESION AND SUSPENSION OF GLAZES1
Authors: Foster E. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTOne phase of glaze preparation and application that has received very little description deals with the use of organic adhesive and suspensive agents. This paper describes the kinds, sources, and uses of the principal organic agents. In addition, shop practice with reference to terra cotta glazes is described. To supplement these descriptions curves are given showing the comparative effects of organic agents on the bonding strengths of a ball clay‐silica mixture.
THE MANUFACTURE OF FUSED BIFOCAL SPECTACLE LENSES1
Authors: Montgomery Robert J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTI. The process of making fused bifocal spectacle lenses is based on patents taken out about 1906. Such lenses are made by fusing a crown glass with an index of refraction of 1.5230 with a lead glass having indexes of refraction of 1.616, 1.66, and 1.69. 11. Problems in making satisfactory glass involved thermal expansion, surface crystallization, surface bubbles, and the softening temperatures of the glasses. The effect of composition of the glass in curing these defects is discussed and satisfactory compositions are given. Testing methods for control are given. III. A later development is the so‐called colorless fused bifocal in which a barium glass replaces the lead glass of the normal lens. The use of barium glass introduces new problems, especially the quality of the glass and the tarnishing of the surface. The relative softening temperatures of the barium and crown glass as well as the thermal expansion had to be controlled.
RATE OF DRYING OF A PLASTIC PORCELAIN MASS DUE TO REDUCED PRESSURE AND HEAT1
Authors: Navias Louis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTExperiments in drying plastic porcelain masses are performed using reduced pressures of 0.7, 5, 15, and 36 cm., with surrounding temperatures of 23, 50, and 65°C. Plotting the logarithm of the loss of weight against the logarithm of time, straight‐line relationships are found to exist for the drying rate. With the lowest pressure a single slope is found, whereas with the three higher pressures there are two slopes to each curve. The lowering of the temperature of the whole mass with lowering in pressure is shown. Effect of shape of specimen and humidity of air on rate of drying is discussed.
THE PREDICTION OF SERVICE VALUE FROM LABORATORY TEST DATA1
Authors: Westman A. E. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAccurate prediction of service value is a prerequisite to the devising of methods of control, development, and specification based on laboratory test data. The precision conditions which must be met before such prediction is possible are given in the paper and the difficulties usually encountered in trying to meet these conditions in ceramic work are shown by examples chosen from the field of refractories.
USE OF PULVERIZED COAL AS A FUEL FOR PERIODIC KILNS1
Authors: Watson D. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA research problem on the control of the temperature, using pulverized coal as a fuel for intermittent kilns. The paper consists of a description of the operation and design of a fire box with a hot‐spot combustion chamber for the ignition of the fuel during the water‐smoking period, and first part of the oxidation period.
STABILITY AND PROGRESS OF THE PUBLIC UTILITY FUEL SERVICE1
Authors: Gates E. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBecause ceramic products require accurate control in all heating operations, natural gas has acquired a high rating as a fuel, but because of difficulties encountered such as exhaustion of supply, distant markets, etc., producer gas is more popular. City gas is available in all urban localities and therefore broadens the selection of location for any industry. The question of price of the city gas as compared with natural gas is dealt with and it is pointed out that the increase in recovery of by‐products and efficiency of manufacture, together with a steady decline of price of the utility fuel service since 1923, tends to lessen the difference in price between city and natural gas. Examples are cited where city gas is used for enamel smelting and brick firing successfully.
A COKE‐FIRED GAS PRODUCER FOR THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY1
Authors: Barrety H. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe initial installation of a coke‐fired gas producer for manufacturing gas for firing silica brick in the United States is described in detail. The advantages of cold, clean gas over dirty gas are pointed out with clarity. The features of the automatic operation are set forth, showing that a better grade of constant volume and pressure gas can be produced. Operating data of a plant on million cubic‐foot basis gives the power, coke, and water consumption.
A DEFORMATION STUDY OF COBALT OXIDEIRON OXIDE‐SILICA MIXTURES1
Authors: Shepherd John F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDeformation eutectic fusions are reported for 46%Co3O4‐54%Fe2O3 and 36%Co3O4‐42%Fe2O3‐22%SiO2. Either of these eutectics could be substituted for cobalt as an enamel ground coat.
WET‐PROCESS LEADLESS CAST‐IRON ENAMELS1
Authors: Andrews A. I. , Commons C. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSeveral promising compositions have been developed in the laboratory in an extensive investigation for the development of satisfactory leadless wet‐process cast‐iron enamels. Each series investigated is described. It is concluded that such an enamel is feasible as several fair enamels and one good one were developed during the investigation. Best results were obtained when the enamels were washed and although this is impractical in plant practice it is hoped that an insoluble frit may be obtained thus eliminating the necessity for washing in order to obtain the required gloss.
THE CAPILLARY SUCTION OF SOME CERAMIC MATERIALS1
Authors: Westman A. E. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe forces which act when clay is mixed with water and when water is removed from wet clay by evaporation have received little study. For this reason, very little definite information regarding the internal mechanism of the drying of clayware is available. In this paper, the writer reviews the experiments and theories of Pukall, Terzaghi, Dixon, etc., lists some of the forces which may act when ware is drying, and defines an important force which he calls “capillary suction.” A simple experiment is described, by means of which this force can be readily demonstrated. The development and final form of an apparatus for measuring the capillary suction of ceramic materials is described and data obtained from measurements on a ball clay, a kaolin, flint, feldspar and mixtures of these substances are reported. Capillary suction decreases rapidly with increase in the flint and feldspar of a ceramic body. By utilizing the capillary suction produced by evaporation of water from a clay surface, water at atmospheric pressure has been made to enter a steel bomb in which the gas pressure was maintained at 200 lbs. per square inch.
THE EFFECT OF MAGNESIA ON THE DEVITRIFICATION OF A SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASS1
Authors: Morey George W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of magnesia on the devitrifimtion of a certain soda‐lime‐silica glass has been ascertained. The initial glass had a composition 1.15Na2O.0.84CaO.6SiO2, and tridymite separated as primary phase. On substitution of MgO for CaO, tridymite remained primary phase, and the melting point was lowered, but the curve shows double inflection. Addition of 2% of MgO lowered the melting point almost 200°, with the glass passing from the field of tridymite to that of Na2O.3CaO.6SiO2, but with more than 3%, MgO diopside became the primary phase, and the melting point rapidly increased.