bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative studies of Roman Catholicism: dioceses as strategic units
Authors: Vallier Ivan 
Published: March 2007

La naissance de nouveaux intérêts dans le catholicisme contemporain pourrait être canalisée en des séquences productives de recherche, dans la mesure où l'on parviendrait à définir les problèmes théoriques géné raux, à spécifier les unités d'analyse, et à utiliser des projets de type comparatif. Bien que l'accent que l'on met actuellement sur les structures paroissiales et sur les attitudes religieuses contribue à augmenter nos connaissances, il ne conduit pas à établir le lien sociologique des struc tures d'autorité, des processus de prise de décisions, et des interdépen dances église-société. Ces questions pourraient être étudiées aussi bien en profondeur que comparativement si l'on prenait le diocèse comme unité fondamentale d'analyse. Dans la première partie de son article l'auteur pose des critères qui font du diocèse un foyer particulièrement riche d'études institutionnelles et de processus sociaux. Il faudrait souligner que le diocèse permet l'identification de variations internes au groupe en ce qui concerne les styles de leadership, les modes de changement et les rapports politico ecclésiaux, ainsi que des variations dans le groupe et trans-culturelles. Le diocèse est une unité entièrement liée aux conditions locales et, à un autre niveau, aux structures nationales et internationales. Etant donnés les avantages méthodologiques de la recherche compara tive, ainsi que sa capacité de fournir des théories explicatives, l'auteur a élaboré dix variables dépendantes qui sont en rapport avec des aspects structurels et avec des processus de l'activité diotésaine. Ces variables sont parmi celles qu'il considère importantes pour pouvoir isoler des variations dans le catholicisme contemporain. Cependant, les variations ici esquissées devraient être mises en relations avec des facteurs doués de pouvoir explicatif. L'anteur formule nu certain nombre de variables indépendantes provisoires, et suggère ensuite quels types de données il faudrait rassembler dans le but de tester les hypothèses. Les derniers paragraphes de l'article offrent une proposition provisoire pour l'étude de 120 diocèses dans 15 pays de l'Europe de l'Ouest et d'Amérique (du Nord et du Sud). Partant des données qualitatives fournies par Banks et Textor dans leur Cross-Polity Survey, l'anteur résume quelques unes des différences et des similitudes des qninze pays, et envisage ensnite les problèmes du choix des diocèses. Sans en nommer spécifiquement, il suggère la nécessité de baser l'échantillon sur un critère proportionnel, de telle sorte que les pays avec un plus grand nombre de diocèses aient un nombre plus élevé d'unités dans l'échantil lon (toujours avec le total de 120) que les pays où il y a moins de diocèses. Dans les dernières pages il est proposé qu'll soit tenu compte des diocèses dans des études comparatives des rapports entre religion et société non limitées au seul catholicisme. L'auteur exprime l'efpoir que cet essai puisse accélérer et renforcer l'intérêt actuel dans l'étude compa rative des institutions religieuses.
Préférence pour le mariage non-mixte parmi les Amidistes « Shin » du bouddhisme japonais
Authors: Morioka Kiyomi 
Published: March 2007

This study seeks to identify the factors influencing the marked reli gious endogamy among Shin-Amidists and was conducted in a village where this tendency was clearly evident ; there being only 5 cases of mixed marriage recorded between 1870 and 1952. The author first looks at the social background. Do Shin-Amidists not marry Shingonists because of differing social status ? But in fact, the two groups are represented in the same proportion in the social pyramid. Neither can differences in profession, family life or locality be show to be significant. The author then turns to the religious back ground, but finds little support for this practice in doctrine, he did discover though, that the Shin-Amidists do hold at regular intervals religious meetings whose function is, in part, to encourage marriages between the families, and similar meetings are held by the Shingonists. A mixed marriage would therefore run counter to the object of these gatherings and undermine their aim. The author looks again at the question of social class as endogamy is hard to find among the upper class, but he concludes this is due to their small numbers. In the author's opinion therefore endogamy is a sign of the inte gration of their religious faith into the daily life of the Shin-Amidists.
La situation socio-économique des chrétiens de Malwa (MP), Inde
Authors: Pothen K.P. 
Published: March 2007

This article contains the results of an enquiry into social and economic aspects of a Christianity founded in India in the 19th Century. The work takes the form of statistical analysis, interviews and close observation of 100 families in a rural environment and 100 families in an urban environ ment. The author describes, first of all, the history of this Christian Community and then puts forward the major conclusions of the study. It seems clear that, in spite of the fact that for the last ten years the influence of the Church has been constantly declining, the growth in the numbers of Christians is sufficient to ensure the continued existence, in material terms, of the Church's institutions. The annual income per head of 447 Roupees puts the Christian Community of Malwa above the average for India as a whole, but there is a considerable difference, in this as in other aspects, between rural and urban areas. It appears that Christianity is much less firmly rooted in rural areas than it is in the towns ; conversion means much less socially to the country-dweller who lives in an environment where the caste-system, with its religious overtones, is still very influential. The achievement of Independence has made a very con siderable difference to the conditions of missionary work. The Church is no longer the sole means of influence in providing advancement and employment.
Religious Brotherhoods : A Sociological View
Authors: Jioultsis Basil 
Published: March 2007

De l'impuissance de l'Eglise du siècle passé à répondre aux besoins spirituels du peuple grec est née la nécessité du développement d'une initiative privée dans le domaine de la mission intérieure. Cette initiative a provoqué l'apparition des confréries religieuses qui ont sérieusement influencé la vie religieuse en Grèce durant le siècle présent. L'œuvre des ces confréries primitivement prédicative, catéchétique et piétiste s'est ensuite exprimée comme une protestation contre la situation administrative, spirituelle et morale de la hiérarchie de l'Eglise. La présente étude examine les origines historiques et idéologiques des confréries religieuses et ensuite leur organi sation intérieure. Cette organisation présente un intérêt parti culier, car elle révèle dans les confréries l'existence d'une typologie des relations, de l'administration, de la vie intérieure et de l' œuvre spirituelle selon les classes sociales auxquelles elles s'adressent. L'étude examine le phénomène des confréries religieuses du point de vue microsociologique.
Les « Fêtes du village » en Corée et leur signification sociale
Authors: Deschamps Christian 
Published: March 2007

The village celebrations take place within the context of villages which are not administrative units, but which are autonomous social units in which the actual power is held by the generation of older men. The offering ceremony is the central part of the celebration ; it occurs in a place called tang, which can be a tree, a rock or a small building. It is adressed to one or several spirits which have a rather imprecise physionomy, but whose main feature is their being the protec tive spirit of the village. Those who officiate at the offering ceremony are chose from among the village men ; the essential condition for this position is to be « pure » from any contact with a death or a birth. After the offering ceremony, which consists of offering the protective spirit of the village rice wine and food, and pre senting him prayers for the village, the inhabitants gather for a communion meal, after which they hold a meeting in which they discuss village affairs. The village celebration is an important moment of the manifestation of a village community's identity. It gives the latter the possibility to renew the link with its origins and to assert itself in a regard to the other villages. Moreover it plays an important role as a catalyst of social cohesiveness of the village. But the importance of this celebration in village life varies from village to village, and by observing the way in which the inhabitants participate in the celebration you can measure rather accurately the degree of cohesiveness which exists among the village inhabitants.
Jehovah's Witnesses and Immigration in Continental Western Europe
Authors: Leman Johan 
Published: March 2007

Face à sa situation de transplanté, l'immigré peut s'orienter de diverses manières : se replier sur son passé ; vivre dans le présent (avec le risque du mimétisme et du conformisme) ; s'orienter vers un avenir précis. A partir d'une recherche empirique menée parmi les Témoins de Jéhovah immigrés et autochtones en Belgique, l'Auteur cherche à expliquer le pourquoi de l'adhésion croissante des migrants à ce mouvement religieux. Sa thèse consiste à dire que le Mouvement de la Tour de Garde permet au migrant une possibilité de réponse à son problème d'orientation : faire un « choix d'avenir » qui consolide fondamentalement son passé au moment où il traverse une crise.
Lourdes - un pèlerinage à l'échelle de la catholicité: bilan d'une enquête
Authors: GADILLE Jacques 
Published: March 2007

This study is based on a survey conducted among pilgrims visiting Lourdes from many countries of the Third World. In June and July 1984, sixty people were questioned in forty interviews. Many of these interviewees are active in their churches. They were asked four questions. (1) What brought you to Christianity? (2) What is your place in the local or national Church? (3) What do you think of the French Christians? (4) What matters have you been keen to discuss with French Christians? Analysis of the results highlighted the persistence and weight of familial or religious traditions and of popular forms of piety, and illustrated a strong inclination towards ecumenical meetings. Lourdes is valued as a place for dialogue, in order to establish an effective Catholic society. Our inquiry would seem to justify the foundation in Lourdes of a permanent centre for intercultural Christian dialogue, a sort of observatory of religious knowledge, attitudes and behaviour.
The Soiling Characteristics of Textile Fibers
Authors: Weatherburn A.S. , Bayley C.H. 
Published: March 2007

The influence on soil retention of filament denier and cross-sectional contour of a series of man-made fibers has been studied. The fibers used included normal acetate (with the usual serrated cross section), circular cross-sectional acetate, nylon. Terylene, 2 and viscose rayon. Filament deniers varied from approximately 2 to 16. Soil content was determined by dissolving the soiled fiber in a suitable solvent and measuring the optical density of the resulting suspension. In general, soil retention increases with decreasing filament denier, and for any one type of fiber, e.g., acetate, circular cross-sectiunal fibers retain less soil than those of similar denier but having a serrated cross section. Soil retention by any one type of fiber is a linear function of the gross surface area of the filaments. There are differ ences in soil retention by various chemical types of fiber that apparently cannot be re lated to differences in physical size and shape of the filaments. The influence of static electricity on soiling is not clear, soil retention showing no correlation with the mag nitude of the electrostatic charge. The visual appearance of soiled fibers is not neces sarily indicative of the quantity of soil retained.
The Significance of Wool Fiber Crimp Part I: A Study on the Worsted System
Authors: Menkart J. , Detenbeck Jeanne C. 
Published: March 2007

Two batches of Merino wool, closely matched in fiber diameter and length, but dif fering in their crimp content. have been processed into worsted yarn on the French sys tem and converted into fabric. The changes in the properties of the fibers through processing have been followed. and the properties of intermediate assemblies and of the fabric examined. The fiber crimp was found to persist through processing and to exert an effect on the properties of top. roving, yarn. and fabric. The wool with greater crimp content produced twistless assemblies with greater cohesion; performed better in spinning: gave rise to a bulkier yarn with lower stiffness in extension and lower breaking extension : and resulted in a thicker fabric with softer handle, smoother appearance, lower re sistance to air-flow. slightly lower bending stiffness and better drape, and slightly better recovery from extension and from wrinkling. Crimp appeared to have no influence on the tensile properties of the fabric. or on its resistance to flex abrasion.
The Nonaqueous Carboxymethylation of Cotton
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Fenner Terrence W. , Reid J. David 
Published: March 2007

Cotton fiber, thread, and fabric were carboxymethylated by a nonaqueous process. Activated cotton was impregnated with an isopropanol solution of monochloroacetic acid and refluxed with 0.3% sodium hydroxide in a mixture of methanol and isopropanol. Degrees of substitution ranging up to 0.09 were achieved. Higher values can be ob tained by retreatment or premercerization. Four varieties of cotton fiber have been carboxymethylated by this method. Cor relation between the reactivity and the original physical properties of the fibers has been shown. Textile properties of fabric treated by this nonaqueous method and those of a sample treated by the usual aqueous alkali method were compared at equal substitution. The α-methyl-, α-ethyl-, α-propyl-, α-decyl-, and α-cetylcarboxymethyl derivatives of cotton were prepared in low degrees of substitution, using the appropriate α-halo carboxylic acid as etherifying agent in the nonaqueous reaction.
Melange or Vigoureux Printing of Wool: A Method for Increasing the Rate of Dye Fixation
Authors: Delmenico J. 
Published: March 2007

The steaming time required for dye fixation has been reduced from the generally accepted 1 or 2 hrs. at atmospheric pressure to a matter of minutes by the use of suitable solvents in the printing paste and by increasing the steam pressure. For example, with 5-10% benzyl alcohol in the paste, most neutral dyeing pre- metallized and many acid dyes required 5-15 min. steaming at 5-10 lb./sq. in. Chrome dyes required somewhat longer. Besides increaaing the rate of fixation, suitable solvents increased the depth of color obtained for a given amount of dye.
The Reliability of the Soil Burial Method for Evaluating Textile Preservative Treatments
Authors: Ashcroft J.M. 
Published: March 2007

The variability in the degradation rate of a fabric treated with each of two rot- inhibiting treatments was measured after burial in a biologically active soil for varying periods of time under controlled conditions. The purpose of the experiment was to determine what limits of reliability might be expected in average strength measurements as a consequence of random variations inherent in the soil burial procedure employed under practicable measures of control. The experiment utilized a random block design, which permitted estimation of the effect of soil variations among the several blocks. The design also made possible an analysis of the results as 5 replicate measurements of 10 observations, or, when combined, as a single measurement of 50 observations. The results showed that the variability in fabric strength measurements increased as deterioration progressed, reaching a maximum when 40-60% of the original strength was lost. The increase was greater in the treated than in untreated fabric, and for one treatment than for the other. The degradation rate of untreated fabric in the several soil blocks showed highly significant differences. But a similar block effect on the treated fabric could not be detected in 8 of the 10 exposure periods. The increased variability and reduced rate of deterioration resulting from the treatment evidently tended to mask the smaller effect of soil variation. At the stage corresponding to the greatest variability, the 95% confidence range for measurements based on 10 observa tions was for one treated fabric 43.8% of the original strength, and for the other, 22.4%. This degree of precision does not justify the high confidence often placed in soil burial test data based on 10 or fewer observations per sample. The variability measurements indicate several measures that can be taken to increase the precision of the test pro cedure by reducing the random variations. The shortcomings inherent in the general practice of reporting the results of soil burial tests as the average percentage of the original strength lost or retained are dis cussed. A novel method of presenting test data in the form of a histogram of the cumulative frequency distribution is proposed as a means of overcoming most of the disadvantages of the conventional methods of reporting data.
Hobbes's Biblical Beasts
Authors: SPRINGBORG PATRICIA 
Published: March 2007

Beyond the actual works of nature a poet may now go; but beyond the conceived possibility of nature, never. I can allow a Geographer to make in the Sea, a Fish or a Ship, which by the scale of his map would be two or three hundred mile long, and think it done for ornament, because it is done without the precincts of his undertaking; but when he paints an Elephant so, I presently apprehend it as ignorance and a plain confession of Terra incognita. Hobbes's Answer to Sir William Davenant's Dedicatory Preface to Gondibert, 1651, 81.
A Field Study of "Blaxploitation" Films
Authors: Washington Michael , Berlowitz Marvin J. 
Published: March 2007

This field study by high school youth utilized Alvin Poussaint's construct of what has come to be known as "blaxploitation" films. The racist exploitation of Black actors and actresses involved in the production of these films, combined with the derogatory effect of these movies on the Black populace, provides the genesis of the word "blaxploitation." Being the result of Hollywood's quest to improve profits in the late 1960's, these films substituted the positive images associated with the Black liberation movement for the images of violence, degeneracy, and es capism that characterized the themes of these movies. Acting as researchers as well as subjects, the stu dents involved with the project found that the themes of these movies either glorified the lumpen elements of the Black community or put forth fantastically unrealistic solutions to genuine problems. They found that the films attracted millions of Blacks to the theatre and resulted in detrimental effects on the psychology of the entire Black community, the moral training in the Black family, the religious values of Black people, and the educational aspirations of Black youth.
Plus va Change, Plus C'est la Meme Chose
Authors: Stobie Ingeborg 
Published: March 2007

This article considers processes of change and persistence in educational psychology within a historical context. The immediate impetus for such an exploratory investigation has come from the current local government reorganization in the UK which is of relevance to educational psychologists in relation to theories, paradigms and practice. Models for processes of change and continuance are discussed. Daring as it is to investigate the unknown, even more so it is to question the known. Kaspar
On What Grounds?
Authors: Pinder Richard 
Published: March 2007

In the December 1981 edition we printed an article on 'Young Rastafarians and the Probation Service'. The authors drew attention to the extent of changes in understanding and practice which were needed if the Service was to be seen as other than irrelevant or hostile to young blacks. Here, we publish an account of unorthodox work by one probation officer, who has been struggling to negotiate the establishment of practice, acceptable to his black clients and his employers.
Political Communication: The Construction of a Model
Authors: Wolton Dominique 
Published: March 2007

Political communication introduces in the sphere of politics a change that is equal in scope to those introduced by the mass media in the field of information and by polls in that of public opinion. It essentially constitutes a locus for the exchange of conflicting discourses between three main actors, all endowed with legitimacy: political leaders; journalists; public opinion as expressed by polls. This restricted definition has the advantage of showing that the originality of political communication consists in dealing with contradictory and complementary elements of mass democracy: Politics, Information and Communication. Stressing the importance of communication in politics does not imply an erasure of conflict, which would be absurd, given the consubstantiality of conflict and political life. It merely serves to underline the fact that in democratic systems conflict can also be expressed through communication. Thus communication is both a fact of everyday life, and a necessary concept to the understanding of pluralistic mass democracies.
National Language, Identity Formation and Broadcasting
Authors: Van den Bulck Hilde , Van Poecke Luc 
Published: March 2007

This article presents part of the findings that came out of a two-year research conducted within the frame of a FKFO project.1 The purpose of this project was to show how the study of the evolving language policies of public service broadcasting (PSB),2 can give a good insight into the (self-) ascribed role of PSB in the nation-building project and wider identity formation within communities. In other words, it showed how the evolving language policies of PSB can be explained by looking at their wider socioeconomic, political, cultural and sociolinguistic context.3 The study was comparative in the sense that the language policy of the Flemish, German-Swiss and Dutch PSB were taken as case studies. As we show, their seemingly different language policies must be understood as the result of different `accents' in the process of nation-building and in the position of language in this process. The study was also diachronic. Throughout time, the PSB services have modified their language policies considerably. These changes must be understood as a symptom of sociocultural transformations and consequent changes in identity formation within these communities. As such, the language policies of PSB can be situated within the shift from a modern to a postmodern or postmaterialist society.