bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Making of Customary Territories: Social Change at the Intersection of State and Indigenous Territorial Politics on Lake Titicaca, Peru
Authors: Kent Michael 
Published: November 2008

RESUMENEste artículo explora la relación entre la política indigena, el manejo de áreas protegídas y formas consuetudinarias de territorialidad en los Andes, mediante el análisis de un conflicto relacionado con la Reserva Nacional del Titicaca en Perú. Cuestiona la literatura académica que supone la pre‐existencia de los territorios consuetudinarios, cuya defensa desencadenaría conflictos entre los moviementos indígenas y los actores externos. En contraste, este artículo demuestra como la conformación de territorios consuetudinarios ha sido el resultado corolario del conflicto entre las autoridades de la Reserva y varios grupos indígenas. Durante este proceso, territorios flexibles, vagamente definidos y compartidos, se han transformado en territorios “consuetudinarios” fijos, claramente definidos y exclusivos.This article explores the relation between indigenous politics, protected area management, and customary forms of territoriality in the Andes, by analyzing a conflict over the Titicaca National Reserve, Peru. It questions academic literature that assumes the pre‐existence of customary territories, the defence of which supposedly leads to conflicts between indigenous movements and external actors. Instead, this article shows how theproductionof customary territories has been the corollary result of the conflict between the Reserve's authorities and a variety of indigenous groups. In the process, flexible, vaguely defined, and shared territories have transformed into fixed, clearly defined, and exclusive “customary” territories.
Surface Scale Formation on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Proximal Balance of Plant Components
Authors: Gerdes Kirk , Johnson Christopher 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Chromium containing alloys used as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) interconnects can generate volatile chrome species that deposit as Cr2O3(s) at the SOFC cathode/electrolyte interface under modest current densities (∼0.5 A/cm2). Deposition of chromic oxide at this interface increases overpotential losses, thereby degrading fuel cell performance and efficiency. Balance of plant components have not received attention as a chromium source but can produce volatile Cr species through direct thermal contact with the hot cell stack. In this work, materials representative of BoP component alloys were exposed to dry air at temperatures between 600°C and 800°C for 72 h. The material classes tested include austenitic steel, ferritic steel, alumina formers, silica formers, and a specialty ferritic with elevated alumina and silica content. The surface scales formed on each alloy were identified using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Thin surface scales were formed that included Cr-, Fe-, Al-, and Si-oxides as well as Mn–Cr spinel. The surface composition estimated from the analytical data is used to thermodynamically calculate the abundance of volatile chromium species over the alloys. Using the calculated vapor composition and assumed rate efficiencies, it is possible to calculate the mass of Cr2O3 that will deposit on the SOFC surface. Up to 4.3 cm2 of SOFC active area can be deactivated in 2000 h of operation assuming a 1% efficiency of volatilization of chrome species and a 1% efficiency of deposition of Cr2O3. This is estimated to be approximately 5% of the starting active area of an ∼20 W SOFC. Degradation of SOFC performance is expected to scale almost linearly with stack size.
Small molecule XIAP inhibitors cooperate with TRAIL to induce apoptosis in childhood acute leukemia cells and overcome Bcl-2–mediated resistance
Authors: Fakler Melanie , Loeder Sandra , Vogler Meike , Schneider Katja , Jeremias Irmela , Debatin Klaus-Michael , Fulda Simone 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Defects in apoptosis contribute to poor outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), calling for novel strategies that counter apoptosis resistance. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that small molecule inhibitors of the antiapoptotic protein XIAP cooperate with TRAIL to induce apoptosis in childhood acute leukemia cells. XIAP inhibitors at subtoxic concentrations, but not a structurally related control compound, synergize with TRAIL to trigger apoptosis and to inhibit clonogenic survival of acute leukemia cells, whereas they do not affect viability of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, suggesting some tumor selectivity. Analysis of signaling pathways reveals that XIAP inhibitors enhance TRAIL-induced activation of caspases, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release in a caspase-dependent manner, indicating that they promote a caspase-dependent feedback mitochondrial amplification loop. Of note, XIAP inhibitors even overcome Bcl-2–mediated resistance to TRAIL by enhancing Bcl-2 cleavage and Bak conformational change. Importantly, XIAP inhibitors kill leukemic blasts from children with ALL ex vivo and cooperate with TRAIL to induce apoptosis. In vivo, they significantly reduce leukemic burden in a mouse model of pediatric ALL engrafted in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Thus, XIAP inhibitors present a promising novel approach for apoptosis-based therapy of childhood ALL.
Differential replication dynamics for large and small Vibrio chromosomes affect gene dosage, expression and location
Authors: Dryselius Rikard , Izutsu Kaori , Honda Takeshi , Iida Tetsuya 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
Replication of bacterial chromosomes increases copy numbers of genes located near origins of replication relative to genes located near termini. Such differential gene dosage depends on replication rate, doubling time and chromosome size. Although little explored, differential gene dosage may influence both gene expression and location. For vibrios, a diverse family of fast growing gammaproteobacteria, gene dosage may be particularly important as they harbor two chromosomes of different size.

Results
Here we examined replication dynamics and gene dosage effects for the separate chromosomes of three Vibrio species. We also investigated locations for specific gene types within the genome. The results showed consistently larger gene dosage differences for the large chromosome which also initiated replication long before the small. Accordingly, large chromosome gene expression levels were generally higher and showed an influence from gene dosage. This was reflected by a higher abundance of growth essential and growth contributing genes of which many locate near the origin of replication. In contrast, small chromosome gene expression levels were low and appeared independent of gene dosage. Also, species specific genes are highly abundant and an over-representation of genes involved in transcription could explain its gene dosage independent expression.

Conclusion
Here we establish a link between replication dynamics and differential gene dosage on one hand and gene expression levels and the location of specific gene types on the other. For vibrios, this relationship appears connected to a polarisation of genetic content between its chromosomes, which may both contribute to and be enhanced by an improved adaptive capacity.
Immunohistochemical profiling of benign, low malignant potential and low grade serous epithelial ovarian tumors
Authors: Ouellet Véronique , Ling Tak Hay , Normandin Karine , Madore Jason , Lussier Christian , Barrès Véronique , Bachvarov Dimcho , Rancourt Claudine , Tonin Patricia N , Provencher Diane M , Mes-Masson Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
Serous epithelial ovarian tumors can be subdivided into benign (BOV), low malignant potential (LMP) or borderline and invasive (TOV) tumors. Although the molecular characteristics of serous BOV, LMP and low grade (LG) TOV tumors has been initiated, definitive immunohistochemical markers to distinguish between these tumor types have not been defined.

Methods
In the present study, we used a tissue array composed of 27 BOVs, 78 LMPs and 23 LG TOVs to evaluate the protein expression of a subset of selected candidates identified in our previous studies (Ape1, Set, Ran, Ccne1 and Trail) or known to be implicated in epithelial ovarian cancer disease (p21, Ccnb1, Ckd1).

Results
Statistically significant difference in protein expression was observed for Ccnb1 when BOV tumors were compared to LMP tumors (p = 0.003). When BOV were compared to LG TOV tumors, Trail was significantly expressed at a higher level in malignant tumors (p = 0.01). Expression of p21 was significantly lower in LG tumors when compared with either BOVs (p = 0.03) or LMPs (p = 0.001). We also observed that expression of p21 was higher in LMP tumors with no (p = 0.02) or non-invasive (p = 0.01) implants compared to the LMP associated with invasive implants.

Conclusion
This study represents an extensive analyse of the benign and highly differentiated ovarian disease from an immunohistochemical perspective.
The association between psychiatric diagnosis and violent re-offending in adult offenders in the community
Authors: Grann Martin , Danesh John , Fazel Seena 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackgroundHigh rates of repeat offending are common across nations that are socially and culturally different. Although psychiatric disorders are believed to be risk factors for violent reoffending, the available evidence is sparse and liable to bias.MethodWe conducted a historical cohort study in Sweden of a selected sample of 4828 offenders given community sentences who were assessed by a psychiatrist during 1988–2001, and followed up for an average of 5 years for first violent offence, death, or emigration, using information from national registers. Hazard ratios for violent offending were calculated by Cox regression models.ResultsNearly a third of the sample (n = 1506 or 31.3%) offended violently during follow-up (mean duration: 4.8 years). After adjustment for socio-demographic and criminal history variables, substance use disorders (hazard ratio 1.97, 95% CI, 1.40–2.77) and personality disorders (hazard ratio 1.71, 1.20–2.44) were significantly associated with an increased risk of violent offending. No other diagnoses were related to recidivism risk. Adding information on diagnoses of substance use and personality disorders to data recorded on age, sex, and criminal history improved only minimally the prediction of violent offending.ConclusionDiagnoses of substance use and personality disorders are associated with the risk of subsequent violent offending in community offenders about as strongly as are its better documented demographic and criminal history risk factors. Despite this, assessment of such disorders in addition to demographic and criminal history factors enhances only minimally the prediction of violent offending in the community.
Effect of dexamethasone on quality of life in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a prospective observational study
Authors: de Vries Machteld AG , van Litsenburg Raphaële RL , Huisman Jaap , Grootenhuis Martha A , Versluys A Birgitta , Kaspers Gert Jan L , Gemke Reinoud JBJ 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
Glucocorticoids are important in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). However, cyclic administration of high dose glucocorticoids may cause rapid and substantial changes in quality of life (QoL). The maintenance phase of the Dutch ALL-9 protocol consisted of alternating two weeks on and five weeks off dexamethasone (6 mg/m2/day). The present study was performed to assess the effect of dexamethasone on QoL during treatment for ALL according to this protocol.

Methods
In a multicentre prospective cohort study, QoL was assessed halfway (T1) and at the end of the two-year treatment (T2). A generic (Child Health Questionnaire) and disease specific (PedsQL™ cancer version) QoL questionnaire were used to assess QoL in two periods: on and off dexamethasone, respectively.

Results
41 children (56% males) were evaluated, mean age at diagnosis was 5.6 years. The CHQ physical and psychosocial summary scores were significantly lower than population norms. At T1 and T2, overall QoL showed no significant change. However, regarding specific domains (pain, cognitive functioning, emotion/behaviour and physical functioning) QoL decreased over time. QoL was significantly more impaired during periods on dexamethasone.

Conclusion
Dexamethasone was associated with decreased QoL. At the end of treatment, reported QoL during dexamethasone deteriorated even more on certain scales (pain, cognitive functioning, emotion/behaviour and physical functioning). Knowledge of the specific aspects of QoL is essential to improve counselling and coping in paediatric oncology. Adverse effects of specific drugs on QoL should be taken into account when designing treatment protocols.
Genetic and systems level analysis of Drosophila sticky/citron kinase and dFmr1 mutants reveals common regulation of genetic networks
Authors: Bauer Christopher R , Epstein Andrew M , Sweeney Sarah J , Zarnescu Daniela C , Bosco Giovanni 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
In Drosophila, the genes sticky and dFmr1 have both been shown to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and chromatin structure. These genes also genetically interact with Argonaute family microRNA regulators. Furthermore, in mammalian systems, both genes have been implicated in neuronal development. Given these genetic and functional similarities, we tested Drosophila sticky and dFmr1 for a genetic interaction and measured whole genome expression in both mutants to assess similarities in gene regulation.

Results
We found that sticky mutations can dominantly suppress a dFmr1 gain-of-function phenotype in the developing eye, while phenotypes produced by RNAi knock-down of sticky were enhanced by dFmr1 RNAi and a dFmr1 loss-of-function mutation. We also identified a large number of transcripts that were misexpressed in both mutants suggesting that sticky and dFmr1 gene products similarly regulate gene expression. By integrating gene expression data with a protein-protein interaction network, we found that mutations in sticky and dFmr1 resulted in misexpression of common gene networks, and consequently predicted additional specific phenotypes previously not known to be associated with either gene. Further phenotypic analyses validated these predictions.

Conclusion
These findings establish a functional link between two previously unrelated genes. Microarray analysis indicates that sticky and dFmr1 are both required for regulation of many developmental genes in a variety of cell types. The diversity of transcripts regulated by these two genes suggests a clear cause of the pleiotropy that sticky and dFmr1 mutants display and provides many novel, testable hypotheses about the functions of these genes. As both of these genes are implicated in the development and function of the mammalian brain, these results have relevance to human health as well as to understanding more general biological processes.
Impact of Raloxifene or Tamoxifen Use on Endometrial Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
Authors: DeMichele Angela , Troxel Andrea B. , Berlin Jesse A. , Weber Anita L. , Bunin Greta R. , Turzo Elene , Schinnar Rita , Burgh Desiree , Berlin Michelle , Rubin Stephen C. , Rebbeck Timothy R. , Strom Brian L. 
Published: November 2008

Purpose Raloxifene reduces breast cancer risk in women with osteoporosis, and both tamoxifen and raloxifene prevent breast cancer in high-risk women. However, in vitro, raloxifene does not share the pro-estrogenic effects of tamoxifen on the endometrium. Randomized trials of these agents have provided limited information about endometrial cancer risk in the general population. We sought to compare endometrial cancer risks associated with raloxifene, tamoxifen, and nonusers of a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) in the general population and characterize the endometrial tumors occurring in these groups. Methods We performed a case-control study of white and African American women age 50 to 79 years in the Philadelphia area. Patients were diagnosed with endometrial cancer between July 1999 and June 2002. Controls were identified through random-digit dialing. Results We analyzed 547 cases and 1,410 controls. Among cases, 3.3% had taken raloxifene; 6.2% had taken tamoxifen. Among controls, 6.6% had taken raloxifene; 2.4% had taken tamoxifen. After adjustment for other risk factors, the odds of endometrial cancer among raloxifene users was 50% that of nonusers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.85), whereas tamoxifen users had three times the odds of developing endometrial cancer compared with raloxifene users (OR = 3.0; 95% CI, 1.3 to 6.9). Endometrial tumors in raloxifene users had a more favorable histologic profile and were predominantly International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I and low grade. Conclusion Raloxifene users had significantly lower odds of endometrial cancer compared with both tamoxifen users and SERM nonusers, suggesting a role for raloxifene in endometrial cancer prevention and individualization of SERM therapy.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Advance Care Planning Among Patients With Cancer: Impact of Terminal Illness Acknowledgment, Religiousness, and Treatment Preferences
Authors: Smith Alexander K. , McCarthy Ellen P. , Paulk Elizabeth , Balboni Tracy A. , Maciejewski Paul K. , Block Susan D. , Prigerson Holly G. 
Published: November 2008

PurposeDespite well-documented racial and ethnic differences in advance care planning (ACP), we know little about why these differences exist. This study tested proposed mediators of racial/ethnic differences in ACP.Patients and MethodsWe studied 312 non-Hispanic white, 83 non-Hispanic black, and 73 Hispanic patients with advanced cancer in the Coping with Cancer study, a federally funded multisite prospective cohort study designed to examine racial/ethnic disparities in ACP and end-of-life care. We assessed the impact of terminal illness acknowledgment, religiousness, and treatment preferences on racial/ethnic differences in ACP.ResultsCompared with white patients, black and Hispanic patients were less likely to have an ACP (white patients, 80%; black patients, 47%; Hispanic patients, 47%) and more likely to want life-prolonging care even if he or she had only a few days left to live (white patients, 14%; black patients, 45%; Hispanic patients, 34%) and to consider religion very important (white patients, 44%; black patients, 88%; Hispanic patients, 73%; all P < .001, comparison of black or Hispanic patients with white patients). Hispanic patients were less likely and black patients marginally less likely to acknowledge their terminally ill status (white patients, 39% v Hispanic patients, 11%; P < .001; white v black patients, 27%; P = .05). Racial/ethnic differences in ACP persisted after adjustment for clinical and demographic factors, terminal illness acknowledgment, religiousness, and treatment preferences (has ACP, black v white patients, adjusted relative risk, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.49 to 0.83]; Hispanic v white patients, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.47 to 0.89]).ConclusionAlthough black and Hispanic patients are less likely to consider themselves terminally ill and more likely to want intensive treatment, these factors did not explain observed disparities in ACP.
Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma: Its Potential Role in Primary Peritoneal Serous Carcinoma and Serous Cancer Prevention
Authors: Carlson Joseph W. , Miron Alexander , Jarboe Elke A. , Parast Mana M. , Hirsch Michelle S. , Lee Yonghee , Muto Michael G. , Kindelberger David , Crum Christopher P. 
Published: November 2008

Purpose A diagnosis of primary peritoneal serous carcinoma (PPSC) requires exclusion of a source in other reproductive organs. Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC; stage 0) has been described in asymptomatic women with BRCA mutations and linked to a serous cancer precursor in the fimbria. This study examined the frequency of STIC in PPSC and its clinical outcome in BRCA-positive women. Patients and Methods Presence or absence of STIC was recorded in consecutive cases meeting the 2001 WHO criteria for PPSC, including 26 patients with nonuniform sampling of the fallopian tubes (group 1) and 19 patients with complete tubal examination (group 2; sectioning and extensively examining the fimbriated end, or SEE-FIM protocol). In selected cases, STIC or its putative precursor and the peritoneal tumor were analyzed for p53 mutations (exons 1 to 11). Outcome of STIC was ascertained by literature review. Result Thirteen (50%) of 26 PPSCs in group 1 involved the endosalpinx, with nine STICs (35%). Fifteen (79%) of 19 cases in group 2 contained endosalpingeal involvement, with nine STICs (47%). STIC was typically fimbrial and unifocal, with variable invasion of the tubal wall. In five of five cases, the peritoneal and tubal lesion shared an identical p53 mutation. Of 10 reported STICs in BRCA-positive women, all patients were without disease on follow-up. Conclusion The fimbria is the source of nearly one half of PPSCs, suggesting serous malignancy originates in the tubal mucosa but grows preferentially at a remote peritoneal site. The generally low risk of recurrence in stage 0 (STIC) disease further underscores STIC as a possible target for early serous cancer detection and prevention.
Darrieus turbines: The physics of self-starting
Authors: Hill N , Dominy R , Ingram G , Dominy J 
Published: November 2008

As the demand for renewable energy grows, the use of small wind turbines becomes increasingly attractive. Turbines using vertical-axis geometries are particularly suited to the urban environment by virtue of their operation being independent of wind direction. However, such designs have received much less attention than the more common ‘propeller type’ designs and the understanding of some aspects of their operation remains weak. This is particularly true of their starting characteristics. Indeed, some authors maintain that they cannot start without external assistance. In this investigation a numerical model is used to simulate the starting of an H-rotor Darrieus turbine under steady wind conditions. Experimental wind-tunnel data for a small prototype is presented, demonstrating unaided start-up of a three-bladed Darrieus in a steady wind. Discrepancy between the modelled and experimental results demonstrate that modelling remains constrained by the quality of data on aerofoil characteristics.