bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Deformation
Authors: Hui K. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Surface deformation is a fundamental tool for the construction and animation of three‐dimensional (3‐D) models. Deforming a surface requires adjusting the defining parameters in the representation of the surface or the use of deformation tools. This description gives an overview of the parameters that can be used for deforming different types of surfaces. Geometry‐based deformation tools, namely, free‐form deformation, axial deformation, and constraints‐based deformation, will be discussed. These tools allow objects to be deformed by manipulating a lattice of control vertices, an axial curve, or a set of constraints. Physics‐based deformation will also be discussed. Physics‐based deformation associates material properties to an object such that the deformation of objects can be performed according to physical laws. Physics‐based deformation provides an essential tool for generating motions of deformable objects for animation purposes.
Information Age
Authors: Eisner Howard 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

The Information Age is a period of time, or era, in which information itself, in its various forms, constitutes a key or dominant ingredient in our delivery of products and services. The Information Age began to emerge in a most serious manner about halfway through the twentieth century, when, for the first time, white collar workers started to outnumber blue collar employees. This newly born and growing Information Age was facilitated, in large measure, by

pre‐existing successes in telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television;

bringing large‐scale computers into our businesses, led by IBM;

the success of xerography and copying machines, notably by Xerox; and

the response to the challenge represented by the 1957 launch of Sputnik by the Russians.

All of the above provided initial fuel for the Information Age engine by proving the importance of information‐related technologies and demonstrating their economic value in the marketplace. Two additional and extremely significant sets of events included the refinement and market penetration of

the personal computer (PC) along with its resident applications, and

connectivity and the Internet.
Futility Analysis
Authors: Freidlin Boris 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMost randomized clinical trials are designed to demonstrate benefit of experimental versus standard treatment. For ethical and economic reasons, it is important to stop a trial early for “futility” if there is no longer a reasonable chance that the experimental arm can be shown to be definitively better than the standard arm. Futility monitoring has become a widely accepted component of clinical trial methodology. We provide a review of commonly used futility procedures and discuss practical aspects of their implementation.
Bayesian Dose‐Finding Designs in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Zhou Yinghui 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the majority of phase I clinical trials, experimental drugs are administered via predefined dose‐escalation schemes to healthy volunteers to explore the relationship between the dose administered and the primary responses of interest. The responses might be binary outcomes such as adverse events; quantitative summary measures concerning pharmacokinetics (PK), such as the average or maximum plasma concentration over time; or pharmacodynamic (PD), such as heart rate or blood pressure changes from baseline. Conventional dose‐escalation designs can take a long time to complete to investigate every available dose. Also, conventional statistical analyses are not accurate due to small sample sizes: 20 to 80 volunteers are typically used in phase I trials. Adaptive designs have been studied as they can potentially speed up dose‐escalation and have better properties in terms of avoidance of unsafe doses and accuracy of estimation when compared with conventional designs. This review of state‐of‐the‐art adaptive designs illustrates how such a design can be implemented and discusses some practical issues met during implementation.
Covariates
Authors: Sauerbrei Willi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The central role of covariates for several issues in clinical research and patient management is discussed. In clinical trials covariates are used to define the patient population, to allocate treatment in a randomized trial, to adjust the estimate of a treatment effect, and to define subgroups for the investigation of interactions. Furthermore, we will discuss the issue of categorization or determination of the functional relationship to describe the influence of a continuous covariate on an outcome of interest. Some issues of reporting and of the summary assessments of prognostic markers are discussed in the last section. (The issues of analyzing a prognostic marker study are discussed elsewhere.) To further increase and improve the use of covariate data of individual patients, it is important to have reliable measurements and to analyze the data and their interrelationships with the most suitable statistical approach. Often, this will require a close collaboration between clinicians and statisticians.
Biased‐Coin Randomization
Authors: Smith Mike D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe biased coin randomisation is introduced as a procedure to minimize study bias whilst maintaining treatment balance throughout the trial. The range of biased coin randomizations are described for 2 and more than 2 treatment groups, and also for equal and unequal randomization. Biased coin randomizations are described which use both fixed and adaptive levels of coin ‘bias’. The well‐known urn model is described as a special representation of the biased coin randomization, and the link is discussed. Finally, the use of the biased coin randomization procedure for balance within covariate strata, and the application to response adaptive randomizations are described.
Clinical Trials to Support Prescription to Over‐the‐Counter Switches
Authors: Brass Eric P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In contrast to prescription drugs, over‐the‐counter (OTC) drugs require the consumer to make decisions about the use of the drug without the aid of a health‐care professional. Clinical research studies designed to assess the ability of consumers to use the OTC drug label to guide their treatment with the drug are an essential element of OTC regulatory decision making. Label comprehension studies test the label's communication of key messages to consumers. Actual use studies elucidate consumer behaviors when using the proposed OTC drug in a simulated OTC environment. Examples of how these studies can be used to inform program development and decision making are illustrated by case studies.
Interfacial Strain: The Driving Force for Selective Orbital Occupancy in Manganite Thin Films
Authors: Abad L. , Laukhin V. , Valencia S. , Gaup A. , Gudat W. , Balcells L. , Martínez B. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractComplex oxides with perovskite structure are the ideal arena to study a plethora of physical properties including superconductivity, ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity and more. Among them, transition metal oxides are especially relevant since they present large electronic correlations leading to a strong competition between lattice, charge, spin, and orbital degrees of freedom. In particular, manganese perovskites oxides exhibit half‐metallic character and colossal magnetoresistive response rendering them as the ideal materials to develop novel concepts of oxide‐electronic devices and for the study of fundamental physical interactions. Due to the close similarity between kinetic energy of charge carriers and Coulomb repulsion, tiny perturbations caused by small changes in temperature, magnetic or electric fields, strain and so forth may drastically modify the magnetic and transport properties of these materials. In particular clarifying the role of interfacial strain in manganite thin films is interesting not only for device applications but also for basic understanding of physical interactions. A better comprehension of such strongly correlated systems might lead to control the different degrees of freedom in a near future contributing to the development of the so called orbitronics, i.e. controlling and modifying at will the orbital orientation of the 3d levels in transition metals. Here we reveal the importance of interfacial strain in high quality epitaxial thin films of La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (LCMO), grown on top of SrTiO3 (STO) and NdGaO3 (NGO) (001)‐oriented substrates. We show that in such systems interfacial strain due to lattice mismatch lifts the degeneracy of the eg and t2g orbitals close to the film/substrate interface inducing Jahn‐Teller like distortions and promoting selective orbital occupancy and the appearance of an orbital glass insulating state in an otherwise ferromagnetic metallic material. These results highlight the role of strain and identify it as a key parameter in orbital control.
Structural Evolution of Self‐Assembling Nanohybrid Thin Films from Functionalized Urea Precursors
Authors: Karatchevtseva I. , Cassidy D. J. , Wong Chi Man M. , Mitchell D. R. G. , Hanna J. V. , Carcel C. , Bied C. , Moreau J. J. E. , Bartlett J. R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHybrid organic‐inorganic thin films exhibiting patterned structuring on the nanometer scale have been prepared through the controlled hydrolysis‐condensation of enantiomerically pure chiral urea‐based silyl compounds. The thin films are obtained by spin‐coating of sols obtained via acid‐ or base‐catalyzed hydrolytic condensation of these molecular precursors. A self‐templating process is demonstrated via atomic force and transmission electron microscopy, showing the formation of nanometer size aggregates consisting of interconnected spherulates under acidic condition and of assembled fibers under basic conditions.
Intra‐community infanticide and forced copulation in spider monkeys: a multi‐site comparison between Cocha Cashu, Peru and Punta Laguna, Mexico
Authors: Gibson K. Nicole , Vick Laura G. , Palma Ana Cristina , Carrasco Farah M. , Taub David , Ramos‐Fernández Gabriel 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe describe two cases of infanticide, two suspected infanticides, and a forced copulation by familiar resident males in two populations of wild spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth chamek and A. geoffroyi yucatanensis). These are the first known infanticides and forced copulation in spider monkeys. Data were gathered from four neighboring communities of spider monkeys in Manu National Park at the Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Peru and two communities in the Otoch Ma'ax Yetel Kooh Reserve at Punta Laguna, Mexico, during intensive field studies of over 2,000 hr each. These are rare behaviors, but results suggest that mating history and sexual coercion are important in spider monkey social relationships. Am. J. Primatol. 70:485–489, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carbohydrate accumulation and utilization by oocytes of Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Santos Rachel , Mariano Ana C. , Rosas‐Oliveira Rafael , Pascarelli Bernardo , Machado Ednildo A. , Meyer‐Fernandes José R. , Gondim Katia C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe processes of accumulation and mobilization of carbohydrate stores in eggs of Rhodnius prolixus were analyzed. During oogenesis, the total amounts of glycogen, glucose, and trehalose increased with an accumulation of proteins, especially when oocytes grew from 1.0 to 1.5 mm in length. At 2.0 mm length, when oocytes were ready for oviposition, nutrient reserves did not increase appreciably and trehalose content decreased. Mating did not affect the final content of carbohydrates or proteins in oocytes of mated and virgin females. A trehalase activity was detected in follicles containing vitellogenic oocytes, 1.0 and 1.5 mm length, in both mated and virgin females. This activity was extremely low in chorionated, 2.0‐mm oocytes. After oviposition, glycogen content decreased in fertilized eggs, but not in unfertilized ones, and some was present in newly hatched nymphs. Glucose content remained constant in unfertilized eggs, but increased in fertilized ones, while total protein amount was constant in both groups after egg laying. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coordination Features of a Hybrid Scorpionate/Phosphane Ligand Exemplified with Iridium
Authors: Camerano José A. , Casado Miguel A. , Ciriano Miguel A. , Tejel Cristina , Oro Luis A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAlthough the pentacoordinated complex [Ir{(allyl)B(CH2PPh2)(pz)2}(cod)] (1; pz=pyrazolyl, cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene), isolated from the reaction of [{Ir(μ‐Cl)(cod)}2] with [Li(tmen)][B(allyl)(CH2PPh2)‐ (pz)2] (tmen=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethane‐1,2‐diamine), shows behavior similar to that of the related hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate complex, the carbonyl derivatives behave in a quite different way. On carbonylation of 1, the metalmetal‐bonded complex [(Ir{(allyl)B(CH2PPh2)(pz)2}CO)2(μ‐CO)] (2) that results has a single ketonic carbonyl bridge. This bridging carbonyl is labile such that upon treatment of 2 with PMe3 the pentacoordinated IrI complex [Ir(CO){(pz)B(η2‐CH2CHCH2)(CH2PPh2)(pz)}(PMe3)] (3) was isolated. Complex 3 shows a unique fac coordination of the hybrid ligand with the allyl group η2‐bonded to the metal in the equatorial plane of a distorted trigonal bipyramid with one pyrazolate group remaining uncoordinated. This unusual feature can be rationalized on the basis of the electron‐rich nature of the metal center. The related complex [Ir(CO){(pz)B(η2‐CH2CHCH2)(CH2PPh2)(pz)}(PPh3)] (4) was found to exist in solution as a temperature‐dependent equilibrium between the cis‐pentacoordinated and trans square planar isomers with respect to the phosphorus donor atoms. Protonation of 3 with different acids is selective at the iridium center and gives the cationic hydrides [Ir{(allyl)B(CH2PPh2)(pz)2}(CO)H(PMe3)]X (X=BF4 (5), MeCO2 (6), and Cl (7)). Complex 7 further reacts with HCl to generate the unexpected product [Ir(CO)Cl{(Hpz)B(CH2PPh2)(pz)CH2CH(Me)}(PMe3)]Cl (9; Hpz=protonated pyrazolyl group) formed by the insertion of the hydride into the Ir(η2‐allyl) bond. In contrast, protonation of complex 4 with HCl stops at the hydrido complex [Ir{(allyl)B(CH2PPh2)(pz)2}(CO)H(PPh3)]Cl (8). X‐ray diffraction studies carried out on complexes 2, 3, and 9 show the versatility of the hybrid scorpionate ligand in its coordination.
A General Method for Constructing Optically Active Supramolecular Assemblies from Intrinsically Achiral Water‐Insoluble Free‐Base Porphyrins
Authors: Zhang Yiqun , Chen Penglei , Liu Minghua 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe have developed a general method to construct optically active porphyrin supramolecular assemblies by using a simple air–water interfacial assembly process. The method involved the in situ diprotonation of the free‐base porphyrins at the air–water interface and subsequent assembly under compression. We showed that two intrinsically achiral water‐insoluble free‐base porphyrin derivatives, 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐octaethyl‐21H,23H‐porphine (H2OEP) and 5,10,15,20‐tetra‐p‐tolyl‐21H,23H‐porphine (H2TPPMe), could be diprotonated when spread onto a 2.4 M hydrochloric acid solution surface, and the Langmuir–Schaefer (LS) films fabricated from the subphase exhibited strong circular dichroism (CD) absorption, whereas those fabricated from pure Milli‐Q water subphase did not. The experimental data suggested that the helical stacking of the achiral porphyrin building blocks was responsible for the supramolecular chirality of the assemblies. Interestingly, such a method was successfully applied to a series of other intrinsically achiral free‐base porphyrins such as 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐21H,23H‐porphine (H2TPPOMe), 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenyl‐21H,23H‐porphine (H2TPP), 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐(allyloxy)phenyl)‐21H,23H‐porphine (H2TPPOA), and 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐21H,23H‐porphine (H2TPPDOMe). A possible mechanism has been proposed. The method provides a facile way to obtain optically active porphyrin supramolecular assemblies by using intrinsically achiral water‐insoluble free‐base porphyrin derivatives.
In an Attempt to Provide a User's Guide to the Galaxy of Benzylidene, Alkoxybenzylidene, and Indenylidene Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Bieniek Michał , Michrowska Anna , Usanov Dmitry L. , Grela Karol 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe data reported in this paper demonstrate that great care must be taken when choosing an appropriate catalyst for a given metathesis reaction. First‐generation catalysts were found to be useful in the metathesis of sterically unhindered substrates. Second‐generation catalysts (under optimised conditions) showed good to excellent activities toward sterically hindered and electron‐withdrawing group (EWG)‐substituted alkenes that do not react using the first‐generation complexes. A strong temperature effect was noted on all of the reactions tested. Interestingly, attempts to force a reaction by increasing the catalyst loading were much less effective. Therefore, when possible, it is suggested that metathesis transformations should be carried out with a second‐generation catalyst at 70 °C in toluene. However, different second‐generation catalysts proved to be optimal for different applications and no single catalyst outperformed all others in all cases. Nevertheless, some empirical rules can be deduced from the model experiments, providing preliminary hints for the selection of the optimal catalysts.
Why Are Some ML2 Molecules (M: Ca, Sr, Ba; L: H, F, Cl, Br) Bent While Others Are Linear? Implications of the Pseudo Jahn—Teller Effects.
Authors: Garcia‐Fernandez Pablo , Bersuker Isaac B. , Boggs James E. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structures of Na1/2Ln1/2TiO3 (Ln: La, Eu, Tb).
Authors: Ranjan Rajeev , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Boysen Hans , Baehtz Carsten , Frey Friedrich 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Structural Study of a New NASICON‐Type Solid Solution: Li1‐xLax/3Zr2(PO4)3.
Authors: Barre M. , Crosnier‐Lopez M. P. , Le Berre F. , Suard E. , Fourquet J. L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [K([2.2]crypt)]2[HgGe9](dmf).
Authors: Boeddinghaus M. Bele , Hoffmann Stephan D. , Faessler Thomas F. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Two New Cobalt Selenite Halides: Co5(SeO3)4X2 (X: Cl, Br).
Authors: Becker Richard , Prester Mladen , Berger Helmuth , Lin Ping Hui , Johnsson Mats , Drobac Djuro , Zivkovic Ivica 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical Preparation of Diosphenols by Ring Opening of α,β‐Epoxyketones Catalyzed by Silica Gel Supported Acids.
Authors: Zhu Rui , Xing Lixin , Wang Xinyan , Cheng Chuanjie , Liu Bo , Hu Yuefei 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intermolecular Hydroamination of Methylenecyclopropane Catalyzed by Group IV Metal Complexes.
Authors: Smolensky Elena , Kapon Moshe , Eisen Moris S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple One‐Pot Procedure for the Direct Conversion of Alcohols into Alkyl Nitriles Using TsIm.
Authors: Soltani Rad Mohammad Navid , Khalafi‐Nezhad Ali , Behrouz Somayeh , Faghihi Mohammad Ali 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mimicry of Polyketide Synthases—Enantioselective 1,4‐Addition Reactions of Malonic Acid Half‐Thioesters to Nitroolefins.
Authors: Lubkoll Jana , Wennemers Helma 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Allenols by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Reaction of Alkynyl Oxiranes with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Shimada Masahiko , Ku Sung‐Yu , Tamai Tomohiro , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Simple Method for the Preparation of Symmetrical Alkyl and Aryl Disulfides with Alkyl Sulfonyl Halides in Nitrogenous Base.
Authors: Ali Firdous Imran , Hashmi Imran Ali , Siddiqui Bina S. , Rasheed Munawwer 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Insecticidal Evaluation of N‐tert‐Butyl‐N′‐thio [O‐(1‐methylthioethylimino)‐N′′‐methylcarbamate]‐N,N′‐diacylhydrazines.
Authors: Shang Jian , Liu Yuxiu , Huang Runqiu , Bi Fuchun , Wang Qingmin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A General Copper‐Catalyzed Sulfonylation of Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Kar Anirban , Sayyed Iliyas Ali , Lo Wei Fun , Kaiser Hanns Martin , Beller Matthias , Tse Man Kin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene—Palladium Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Oxidative Carbonylation of Amines to Ureas.
Authors: Zheng Shuzhan , Peng Xingao , Liu Jianming , Sun Wei , Xia Chungu 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Induction in Darzens Condensation by Means of (R)‐5,5‐Dimethyl‐4‐phenyloxazolidin‐2‐one as an Effective Chiral Auxiliary.
Authors: Badrian Abed , Mamaghani Manouchehr , Tabatabaeian Khalil , Valizadeh Hassan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.