bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modernité et néo-clercs
Authors: Bodart Josianne 
Published: March 2007

While mutual aid is secular, social work as a profession is not yet a hundred years old, and training in this field only began at the turn of the century. Neither priest nor doctor, but equally devoted and competent, the social worker is half-way between the two. His relay function is mediatized by a salary received not from his client, but from an institution which acknowledges he has a cer tain effectiveness. Social work thus reminds us at one and the same time of the priest's priesthood and the doctor's specializa tion. This neo-cleric treats the soul as well as the body and he has ambiguous relations with spelialized institutions which are in pur suit of the sacred or in pursuit of health. The social worker tries to find reference models both in the religious world and in the medi cal world. Furthermore, an analysis of his discourse reveals that he mobilizes items of counter-legitimacy with respect to both the religious and the medical field. This intentionally marginal belonging to two worlds leads him to constantly have doubts about the objectives to be pursued and the decisions to be taken. It is probably in this perspective that the feeling of uneasiness which persuades the world of social work and which prevents these professionals from getting away from vagueness and uncertainty, should be understood.
Theory of Dyeing Polyester and Polyacrylic Fibers1
Authors: Remington W.R. , Schroeder H.E. 
Published: March 2007

These two fiber classes are similar in that both are dyed by disperse-type dyes; however, polyacrylic fibers can be dyed with anionic dyes if positive sites are provided. This can be done, for example, by using fiber containing ammonium groups. Alterna tively, positive sites in the form of bound cuprous ions can be produced by treatment of the fiber with cuprous salts. In either case, ion exchange occurs in which colorless anions and dye amons compete for positive sites in the fiber. In contrast, disperse dyes, which are used on all common fibers except cellulose and wool, require no specific dyeing sites. In polyethylene terephthalate, the dyeing reac tion behaves like a simple solution in the tiber, with dipole interactions and dispersion forces probably very important. The rate of dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate tends to be inconveniently slow, and organic compounds called carriers are used frequently to increase the rate. They are effective by mcreasing the diffusion rate of dye through the fiber.
Stable Ultraviolet Light Absorbers
Authors: Gantz G.M. , Sumner W.G. 
Published: March 2007

It has been found that many substituted benzophenones are very effective as ab sorbing agents for ultraviolet light. Unlike most organic compounds which have been used for this purpose, this new class of absorbers is quite resistant to degradation. The physical properties and uses of these ultraviolet absorbers are discussed in detail. The ultraviolet component of solar radiation extends from 400 down to about 290 mμ. A major objective in the development of stable organic absorbers has been to achieve a maximum of ultraviolet absorbing power with a minimum of visible color. A variety of interesting applications have been found for these absorbers. They may be used in protective coatings or filters to protect substrates from ultraviolet light. They are usually quite effective as stabilizers when incorporated in ultraviolet sensitive materials. There are many potential applications of ultraviolet absorbers in the textile industry. They could be incorporated in fabric coatings or in finishes applied to yarns or fabrics that are known to degrade in outdoor exposure because of ultraviolet light. They can improve markedly the light fastness of those dyes which are faded by ultra violet light. Some of the problems involved in these applications are discussed.
Direct Dye Staining of Viscose Rayon Cross Sections and Some of Its Applications
Authors: Kato Koichi 
Published: March 2007

A differential staining method for the skin of viscose rayons is described. The pro cedure consists in the dyeing of fiber cross sections by a blue direct dye, Azine Brilliant Blue, followed by washing through the usual alcohol series. Being so simple in opera tion and involving no special technique. it can be used conveniently for routine work. The results obtained are identical to those of the Victoria Blue method and are com parable to results using the Gentian Violet method. It is most probable that all these microscopical stains differentiate between the skin and core in the normal viscose rayons only in terms of physical phenomena, such as diffusion, absorption, and swelling. The skin is stained much more slowly, but retains the dye much more strongly than the core, which is quickly dyed and readily washed out. The present technique has been applied to a wider range of cellulosic fibers. Among others, cotton and BX fiber (a French viscose rayon produced by high concentration sulfuric acid spinning) are shown to be similar to the core, while mercerized cotton, Shintoramomen (a Japanese viscose rayon staple produced by low concentration sulfuric acid spinning), and Fortisan (a rayon regenerated from cellulose acetate) are found to be like the skin in their respective staining properties.
A Laboratory Study of Package Dyeing
Authors: Woerner Philip , Fordemwalt Fred , Alten Eugene 
Published: March 2007

In package dyeing with vat dyes by the pigment method, the finely dispersed pig ment is circulated through the package and exhausts on the fiber in the oxidized state. The degree of pigmentation varies greatly from one part of the package to another, resulting in initial unlevelness of the package. The degree of levelness of the final dyeing will depend on the amount of migration that takes place after the pigment is reduced to the leuco vat dye. Dyes having leucos with high affinity for the fiber, as is shown by measurements of the free energy of dyeing, migrate less and produce less level package dyeings. Reducing the particle size of the pigment sometimes gives more level pigmentation at the beginning, but this is not necessarily reflected in more level final dyeings. The vat acid process also leads to more uniform pigmentation, but still does not give level dyeings in every case; it is also quite inconvenient. Retarding agents promote levelness by tying up leuco and slowing the strike, but are uneconomical because much dye is left in the bath. Solvents slow the rate of dyeing and promote levelness, but also interfere with exhaustion and are very expensive. A higher temperature (212°-220° F.) during the pigmentation and reduction shifts the equilibrium in favor of the dye bath and promotes levelness; the temperature can then be lowered to put the remaining dye on the fiber. However, pressure machines are necessary; also. many dyes are unstable at the higher temperatures. A migration test for vat dyes, whereby a dyed and undyed skein are placed in a caustic-hydro solution and allowed to reach equilibrium, has been found to give a good indication of the dye's leveling ability.
Dyeing Theory: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Neale S.M. 
Published: March 2007

The physico-chemical approach to the understanding and elucidation of a phe nomenon proceeds in three stages. The first stage consists of the collection of reasonably accurate quantitative data. In the second stage qualitative or rough quantitative explanations of the observed trends are put forward,, and in the final stage the whole phenomenon is made amenable to precise treatment in mathematical terms. The development of dyeing theory passed fairly rapidly through the first and second stages during the 1930's and is now struggling to enter the third stage.
Liberty and Theatrical Space in Montesquieu's Political Theory
Authors: HUNDERT E. J. , NELLES PAUL 
Published: March 2007

“The crowns and scepters of stage emperors,” remarked Sancho, “were never known to be of pure gold; they are always of tinsel or tinplate.” “That is the truth,” said Don Quixote, “for it is only right that the accessories of a drama should be fictitious and not real, like the play itself. Speaking of that, Sancho, I would have you look kindly upon the art of the theater and, as a consequence, upon those who write the pieces and perform in them, for they render a great service to the state by holding up a mirror for us at each step we take, wherein we may observe, vividly depicted, all the varied aspects of human life; and I may add that there is nothing that shows us more clearly, by similitude, what we are and what we ought to be than do plays and players.” Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, II, iii, 12
Some Children Die
Authors: Birtwistle John , Day Sally 
Published: March 2007

No one ever told me that grief felt so much like fear. I am not afraid, but the sensation is like being afraid. The same fluttering in the stomach, the same restlessness, the yawning. I keep on swallowing. At other times it feels like being mildly drunk, or concussed. There is a sort of invisible blanket between the world and me. I find it hard to take in what anyone says. Or perhaps, hard to want to take it in. It is so uninteresting. Yet I want the others to be about me. I dread the moments when the house is empty. If only they would talk to one another and not me. (C.S. Lewis, 1961)
Issue Voting in the Republic of China on Taiwan's 1992 Legislative Yuan Election
Authors: Hsieh John Fuh-Sheng , Niou Emerson M.S. 
Published: March 2007

In the past few years, the Republic of China on Taiwan has undergone a quiet transformation from an authoritarian to a democratic system. On 19 December 1992, forty-five years after the first legislative yuan election, voters went to the poll to elect the entire body of the second legislative yuan. The 1992 election marks a turning point in the ROC's electoral history. This paper examines the role that issues played in that election. The Kuomintang and the Democratic Progressive Party competed on four main issues during the 1992 legislative yuan election. Based on the survey results, the paper depicts the salience of these issues to individual respondents, the distribution of respondents preferences, and their perceptions of the two parties' policy positions on these issues. The authors then test whether these issues play an important role in explaining the variation in voters' evaluation of the two parties, and, indirectly, their vote choices. The results show that among the four issues included in the model, the democracy/stability issue has the greatest impact on voters' evaluations of parties, followed by the economic and national identity issues, with the environmental issue having the smallest impact. In addition, the paper examines the role of issue salience in affecting voters' comparative evaluation of the parties. The results show that on the economic, national identity, and democracy/stability issues, difference in salience between those who think of the issue as most important and those who think otherwise contributes to a difference in the impact of issues on party evaluation between the two groups, but on the environmental issue it does not.
College Athletics On Trial: the Mark Hall Decision and Its Implications for the Future
Authors: Porto Brian L. 
Published: March 2007

Disputes involving athletic scholarship recipients, their universities, and the N.C.A.A. are increasingly being brought to court for resolution. One such case is Hall v University of Minnesota wherein petitioner Mark Hall successfully sought to have his declaration of academic ineligibility overturned on the grounds that he had been denied due process of law. The real significance of the Hall case though, and the heart of this article, lies in its implications for future relations between athletes, universities, and professional sports leagues. Most notably, could a university recruit a student with an unimpressive high school transcript and subsequently suspend the student for subpar grades and have this reasonably be construed as a denial of a property right, i.e. the pursuit of a professional contract? The article concludes that the question is likely to remain open and a potential subject for judicial scrutiny as long as: 1) athletes and coaches view intercollegiate athletics as a training ground for professional sports careers and 2) educators shirk their responsibility to clearly define the role of athletes in an academic community.
The Right to Inconsistency
Authors: Nijhoff Pieter 
Published: March 2007

To Bauman the incongruities of life are best reflected in an analytical effort that moves between perspectives without forcing them into a synthesis. He seems to arrogate the right to inconsistency when operating from points of view. This violates a curious requirement of scholarly discourse: an author is free to select his conceptual framework and method — but once they are selected, he must stick to them. This practically inviolable rule of consistency might come (as Bauman himself suggests) from the juridical pretensions sociology had from its birth. Consistency gives an aura to academicians who feel called to legislate, judge and legitimize. To Bauman, however, truth in judgement, reality in empirical studies and responsibility in practical affairs are approached by a constant movement between incongruous points of view. These ambitions make heavy demands on the composition of his writing. In many stretches of linear argument, imagery is interjected, showing lateral connections and complications — conversely, in many pieces of interpretation causal explanations intrude. A discourse with all these boundary violations is rather suspect in modern eyes. When Bauman contaminates the purity of analytical lines with terminology from other branches, he is demonstrating in a stylistic way that our reality is multitudinous — be it premodern enchantment, ambivalence in modernity or liberated postmodern polyvalence.
Globalization or the Age of Transition?
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel 
Published: March 2007

Globalization is a misleading concept, since what is described as globalization has been happening for 500 years. Rather what is new is that we are entering an `age of transition'. We can usefully analyze the current world situation using two time frames: 1945 to the present and circa 1450 to the present. The period since 1945 has been one long Kondratieff cycle, with an A-phase that ran through 1967-76 and a B-phase ever since. The economic and political developments of the last 50 years are easy to place within this framework. The period from 1450 to the present is the long history of the capitalist world-economy, with its secular trends all reaching critical points. This article analyzes the long-term rise in real wage levels, in costs of material inputs of production and of levels of taxation, the combination of which has been creating constraints on the possibilities of capital accumulation. The long history of the antisystemic movements and their structural failures has led to a serious decline in the legitimacy of state structures which is threatening to subvert the political pillars of the existing world-system. For all these reasons, the modern world-system is in structural crisis and has entered into a period of chaotic behavior which will cause a systemic bifurcation and a transition to a new structure whose nature is as yet undetermined and, in principle, impossible to predetermine, but one that is open to human intervention and creativity.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ONTOLOGY OF THE LIFE-WORLD AND THE EXISTENTIAL SITUATION IN MODERN SOCIAL SCIENCE
Authors: Koev Kolyo 
Published: March 2007

This article analyses three variants of a situation characteristic for modern social science called `Roquentin's situation', the main character in Sartre's Nausea who symbolises the mutual estrangement between a researchers' standpoint and their social object. The first variant is represented by the transcendentalist position of Edmund Husserl. We find Roquentin in the passages of the transcendental ego expanding the philosopher's position by a certain constellation of inner viewpoints of the social object itself. The idea of a possible ontology of the life-world appears to be an indispensable condition for this reassessment. But the lack of a sociologically worked out concept of everyday life as a self-problematising layer of the culturally formed life-world confines it to an idea ` en passant' and results in privileging the self-evidences of the philosopher as `functionary of European mankind'. Everyday life as a `paramount reality' has already become privileged in Alfred Schutz's social phenomenology. Thus emerges the intersubjective drama between the ego agens and the objective observer, which leads to the figure of the ontologist of the life-world. Schutz's solution tacitly leads to ensuring a firm position for scientific consciousness. Harold Garfinkel's ethnomethodology provokes the figure of the objective observer as an ontologist of the life-world as well as the figure of the philosopher as a functionary of European mankind. The ethnomethodological attitude provokes not only functioning intentionality itself, but also gains access to its own mode of functioning. Thus the peculiar mobility of the researcher's position becomes clarified as a continual gaining of marginal grounds between practical everyday worlds and scientific reality as everyday reality par excellence. In other words, Roquentin's situation here is not resolved but becomes a motif for its own incessant reproduction. We feel that even when all possible scientific questions have been answered, the problems of life remain completely untouched. Of course there are then no questions left, and this itself is the answer. (Wittgenstein 1969: 149)
THE CRISIS AS A BANK RUPTCY OF TRUST: THE FIDUCIARY ATTITUDE, HUMAN NATURE AND ETHICAL SCIENCE
Authors: Vaitkus Steven 
Published: March 2007

Edmund Husserl's Crisis of the European Sciences prompts the search for an alternative to the development of nihilistic social systems which arise out of this situation. The breadth of the crisis problem manifesting itself in all realms of culture, including not only the natural sciences, but even art and music is first outlined, followed by a general definition which includes those found in Georg Simmel, Max Weber and Florian Znaniecki. Husserl's phenomenological and first depth analyses of the crisis, theoretically and historically tracing it back to its mathematical-natural scientific origins, are briefly considered until they break off around the problem of intersubjectivity, which he first discovered around the turn of the century. Bertrand Russell and Rudolf Carnap are then seen to attempt to dissolve this problem into a logical mystical intersubjectivity so as to maintain that there was never really a scientific crisis of the sciences and never one calling for such a notion. Finally, the works of Alfred Schutz and Aron Gurwitsch, as an extension of the original Husserlian intuition with their consideration of intersubjectivity now as `a mundane problem of the natural attitude' of the everyday social group, are taken up as a guide in this search for the non-nihilistic ( aliquid). Through an independent description of a `fiduciary attitude' (i.e. a trustful and not necessarily practical attitude), new light is thrown on the crisis as essentially a `bankruptcy of trust', and a brief attempt is then made to describe our most profound and foundational fiduciary engagement in that primordial `something' which is seen to be in the end a very ` human nature'. Upon this basis, and more specifically upon a fiduciary familiar milieu of social nature, I must simply have faith carrying hopes and fears in the world. This is the basis for a trustfully grounded science in everyday life. It may be developed by `well-informed actors' into a modern higher reflection involving a supreme respect for the unknown in the other and in nature, so as to give rise to an ethical science guided by faith in the future advancement of our one single international world.
The Employment of Foreign Workers in Korea
Authors: Lee Hye-kyung 
Published: March 2007

Since 1991 Korea has experienced a large influx of foreign workers. The number of foreign workers in Korea in 1992 was 100,000 but has grown to 160,000 in 1996. Most of them are Korean-Chinese, Filipino, Bangladeshis and other Asian workers. While the Korean-Chinese tend to work in the construction, service and manufacturing industries, other Asians are concentrated in manufacturing. The Korean government has utilized trainee programs since 1992. About 10,000 Asian workers came to Korea under this program in 1992, and there were about 57,000 trainees in Korea in June 1996. However, the trainee program produced problems: the trainees tended to become undocumented workers due to wage differentials, and the trainees were not protected by the Labor Standard Law because they were not classified as laborers. Pointing out the problems of the trainee program in particular and the employment of foreign workers in general, this article suggests that: first, the employment of foreign workers should be minimized until the Korean labor market can promote skill advancement for local production workers, prevent local female workers from leaving the labor market, and utilize more of the potential Korean work force, such as married women, older and disabled people; and, second, in order to minimize the number of foreign illegal workers, the trainee program should be changed to a well-defined contract worker program.
A Comparative Study of Public Food Marketing as Viewed by Consumers in Mexico and India
Authors: Dahringer Lee D. , Hilger Marye T. 
Published: March 2007

Public marketing of essential goods and services is frequently undertaken in developing economies, often with controversial results. Most evaluation and planning of public marketing has been from the perspective of economists, or public policy planners. Relatively few analyses have examined public marketing from the perspective of its impact upon those the system serves-consumers. This article presents an analysis of two national public food marketing agencies, one in Mexico and one in India. It reports on the performance of each agency as an active participant in the marketplace from the end user's perspective. The data in both countries suggest that consumers support each public marketing agency as important to economic development and as offering good values. However, CONASUPO in Mexico appears to serve better its intended target market than does FCI in India. Both agencies are viewed by consumers as powerful competitors, although their impact on prices in private stores was not apparent. Data also suggest the importance of non-patrons in successful management of public food marketing.