bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personality in unipolar and bipolar manic‐melancholic patients
Authors: Bech P. , Shapiro R. W. , Sihm F. , Nielsen B.‐M. , Sørensen B. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2007

By use of standardized case‐recording criteria (MULTI‐CLAD) manic‐melancholic patients were classified as unipolar (n= 13) and bipolar (n= 23). Personality patterns were evaluated when patients were in a neutral mood (defined by low symptom rating scale scores).Results showed that the similarities in the personality patterns of unipolars and bipolars were much more pronounced than the differences.In general, the score patterns of the various scales in both groups of patients were found to be within the normal score range. However, this was indirectly expressed by high Lie (or denial) score levels on the Eysenck scale. The dynamic explanations of this form of symptom‐denial are discussed. Moreover, our findings are discussed in connection with lithium treatment which was the main therapy the patients had received.
Renal function in lithium and non‐lithium treated patients with affective disorders
Authors: Coppen A. , Bishop M. E. , Bailey J. E. , Cattell W. R. , Price R. G. 
Published: August 2007

Renal function was examined in 101 patients maintained on sustained‐release lithium carbonate for periods ranging from 1 to 12.5 years. A control group of patients with affective disorders who had never been given lithium was also investigated as well as a control group of normal subjects of comparable age and sex.Creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, maximum urine osmolality after DDAVP administration, urine and plasma β2‐micro‐globulin and the urinary excretion of N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase were not significantly different between patients on lithium and depressed patients never on lithium. Side effects that have been related to lithium therapy were not correlated with duration of lithium therapy.It is concluded that there was little evidence of a serious renal functional impairment attributable to lithium therapy.
Influence of maternal distress during pregnancy on complications in pregnancy and delivery
Authors: Blomberg S. 
Published: August 2007

Children of women whose applications for legal abortion in 1960 had been refused were compared with the next children born in the same delivery wards, whose mothers were of similar age, parity and social class. 133 pairs thus matched were studied concerning the incidence of complications during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium.There were no statistically significant differences during either pregnancy, delivery or puerperium.The conclusion is that children of unwanted pregnancies do not run a greater risk of damage during delivery than the controls and the hypothesis of a negative influence due to an initially unwanted pregnancy was not supported.
ACTH4–10 and memory in ECT‐treated patients and untreated controls II. EFFECT ON RETRIEVAL
Authors: D'Elia G. , Frederiksen S.‐O. 
Published: August 2007

The aim of the investigation was to find whether a single dose of ACTH4–10 could alleviate the retrograde dysmnesic effects of unilateral ECT and improve retrieval.Twenty depressive inpatients participated in the study, which was a double‐blind intraindividual cross‐over comparison between ACTH4–10 (30 mg subcutaneously) and placebo. The drug was administered 150 min after learning and 90 min after the second or third ECT unilateral treatment. Retrieval was tested 30 min after the administration of the drug.An identical design was used in 20 unmedicated healthy female subjects.The results of both studies give no support to the hypothesis that a single dose of ACTH4–10 facilitates memory retrieval.
A nation‐wide census of psychiatric out‐patients in Denmark
Authors: Kastrup M. 
Published: August 2007

A nation‐wide census of Danish psychiatric out‐patient clinics has been undertaken with a two‐fold purpose, firstly to categorize psychiatric out‐patients, secondly to compare them with psychiatric in‐ and day‐patients.On January 1st, 1977, Denmark had a population of 5,079,879, of which 3,947,383 were 15 years or older. On census day, a total of 3,161 patients, 1,366 males and 1,795 females corresponding to 0.89 males and 0.80 females respectively per 1,000 were in outpatient treatment. On April lst, 1976, 10,335 patients, 4,378 males and 5,947 females, corresponding to 2.26 males and 2.95 females respectively per 1,000 were psychiatric in‐patients and 1,624 patients, 874 males and 750 females corresponding to 0.43 males and 0.37 females, respectively per 1,OOO were psychiatric day‐patients.The overall prevalence rate increased with increasing age in both sexes. Peak prevalence in out‐patients was between 25‐44 years in males and 45‐64 years in females. In males, schizophrenia was the prevailing diagnosis in all three therapeutic groups, accounting for 38.1%. In females no single diagnostic group was prevailing in all types of treatment, but in the total group schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis, amounting to 37.7%. Analysis of contact pattern showed that 74.4% of the patients were former in‐patients. Only 8% were referred from the general practitioner.
An objective study of relationships and discontinuities between paranoid schizophrenia and Kretschmer's syndrome of sensitive delusions of reference
Authors: Douglass A. B. , Hays P. 
Published: August 2007

The nosological status of Kretschmer's syndrome of sensitive delusions of reference (Sensitiver Beziehungswahn) has been a matter of discussion over many years. In an attempt to resolve the matter, a series of 147 consecutive patients who had been diagnosed as schizophrenic were reviewed. A group of 13 patients met specified criteria for Kretschmer's syndrome of sensitive delusions of reference, and these patients were compared with the remainder in a variety of ways.The patients with the syndrome of sensitive delusions of reference differed from the remainder in their antecedents (family history and premorbid personality), their EEG status, stresses at time of onset, and response to treatment.The evidence offered here points to the separateness of this syndrome from the other schizophrenic illnesses displayed by the patients reviewed.
Prevalence of mental disorders. A 5‐year follow‐up study with questionnaires
Authors: Helgason T. , ÁSmundsson G. 
Published: August 2007

In order to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders in the general population by commonly used health questionnaires it is necessary to add some questions related to alcohol abuse. Even if this is done, the estimates are probably too low as the group not responding to questionnaires probably contains a larger proportion of mentally ill persons.In a 3.7% random sample of the population in Iceland aged 20–49 years the prevalence of mental disorders was estimated at approximately 20% by a health questionnaire with questions relating to alcohol abuse being added. The prevalence rate was highest in the youngest age group. The respondents in this sample have been approached again after a period of five years and asked to answer the same questionnaire. The overall prevalence rate was this time found to be similar, but slightly lower, while the prevalence rate in the youngest age group was significantly lower. The remission rate among the respondents in the follow‐up was 8.5% while the incidence over the five years was found to be 6.7%.
Case‐finding and characteristics of schizophrenic patients of recent onset in Mannheim
Authors: Schwarz R. , Biehl H. , Krumm B. , Schubart C. 
Published: August 2007

This paper reports on first experiences with the WHO Collaborative Study on the Assessment and Reduction of Psychiatric Disability in schizophrenic patients in Mannheim and gives a description of the patient cohort.Screening criteria and procedure of 70 new schizophrenic patients, who were included in our cohort between 1.1.1978 and 20.9.1978 are described. This patient group has so far been followed‐up twice in half‐year intervals with the described instruments, used in all participating centers.First results of the initial assessment (diagnostic grouping, average length of stay, demographic data) and related hypotheses are presented.
Empirical measurement of social isolation in relation to mental disorders of the elderly
Authors: Sosna U. 
Published: August 2007

An interview procedure for assessing social isolation is described, which is currently being used in a psychogeriatric field‐study in Mannheim. The interview generates scores corresponding to three main aspects of social isolation: (1) infrequency of social contacts; (2) lack of help and support provided by social relationships; (3) alienation from group norms. Two indices of social class, based on occupational prestige, are also used.In an inter‐rater‐reliability study based on 42 joint‐interviews, high levels of reliability were found with respect to all these five indices. In a preliminary analysis of data from the current field‐study, inter‐correlation between the individual indices was found to be generally low. A first step towards validation of the three indices of social isolation yielded positive results. The findings are discussed in relation to the generic concept of “social isolation” and also to possible further applications of this research technique.
A study concerning the time‐related and other burdens when severely handicapped children are reared at home
Authors: Dupont A. 
Published: August 2007

In order to examine the impact of a handicapped person on the family a representative sample of families with severely mentally retarded children (IQ < 50) living at home was studied.The material was based on an epidemiological survey of severe mental retardation among children in the county of Aarhus, Denmark, performed by Dr. Bemsen. Of the 171 families involved in Dr. Bernsen's survey 39 had a child between six and 14 years and these children were all living at home and attended day‐institutions or schools (with one exception).Results: on an average, the families devoted 7 hours and 11 minutes seven days per week to the care, supervision, occupation, and training of these children. In 80 % of the cases the parents’ sleep was disturbed by the child. Only one fourth of the children could be left alone, and only for about half an hour. All the others needed constant care and supervision. Eighty‐seven percent of the families had limited cultural activities, 77% had limited contact with friends, 49% had limited contact with relatives and 59% had stopped going on vacation. Sixty‐seven percent of the families stated that the circumstances had been altered, and stressed the special conditions under which the other siblings lived. In one third of the families the siblings took part in the care, in two thirds of the families the siblings supervised the handicapped child.If the family shall not suffer too much, it is necessary that they receive advisory service from skilled social workers and home advisers, technical aid equipment, financial support, as the work they carry out is a full‐time job, and most important: a possibility of regular leisure‐time and holiday arrangements.
The selective factors leading to psychiatric referral
Authors: Hurry J. , Tennant C. , Bebbington P. 
Published: August 2007

Community surveys identify a much higher proportion of people suffering from “mental disorder” than are found in psychiatric clinics. We wanted to examine the role that social class played in selection into treatment and to what extent this influence if any, was due to an interaction effect with severity of illness.A community psychiatric survey was carried out in a working class area of London, sampling 800 adults. The Present State Examination was used to identify those subjects with psychological impairment, while a structured interview was used to elicit demographic data. In addition 74 “new” outpatient referrals were selected at random from a psychiatric case register existing in the area and interviewed using the same instruments.Is it concluded that while own social class has no significant effect on service use, father's social class and education are directly related to service use, though weakly, and that this relationship is unaltered when severity of illness is taken into account.
Prevalence of suicidal feelings in a sample of non‐consulting medical students
Authors: Okasha A. , Lotaif F. , Sadek A. 
Published: August 2007

Five hundred and sixteen final‐year non‐consulting medical students were studied as to the occurrence of different degrees of suicidal feelings. A total of 12.6 % reported some degree of suicidal feelings during the past year. Responses ranged along a continuum such that subjects reporting the more intense feelings also reported the less intense feelings.In 5.6 % of the subjects the maximum intensity was only a feeling that life was not worthwhile, 4 % had thought of taking their life, 0.9 % had seriously considered suicide or made plans, and 0.4 % had made an actual suicide attempt.Subjects experiencing suicidal feelings in the past year had had more minor psychiatric symptoms, particularly of depression, and had experienced more stressful events and somatic illness. In these respects they resembled the description of completed suicide.
A follow‐up study of operated transsexual males
Authors: Sørensen T. 
Published: August 2007

The opportuneness of operating on transsexuals has often been discussed but it has obviously been the only form of treatment they wish themselves. Most transsexuals in Denmark have been assessed at the Rigshospital prior to surgery. Since 1951, when the first operation on a transsexual took place, we have had a thorough pre‐operative knowledge of a total of 29 transsexual males who have all obtained official status as females and who have subsequently been followed up.A phenomenologically based clinical theory of the dynamic coherence of the symptomatology of transsexuals has been advanced. A special core group of transsexual males has been described as characterized by a stable defence in the form of a pseudofeminine narcissism, a stable ego strength, an intact reality testing and a poor genital interest. These patients are expected to have a relatively stable life postoperatively.Of the 29 operated transsexual males six were not interviewed, three had committed suicide and two refused to take part in the follow‐up. These last five did not belong to the core group, whereas one patient, who emigrated to Canada after sex‐reassignment, belonged to the core group. The remaining 23 have all been interviewed, of these 14 belonged to the core group. The average for the follow‐up period is 6 years.The operations turned out not to be resocializing, rather the contrary. The majority had no occupation at follow‐up and the number of persons with disablement pension had increased considerably. About 66% lived alone and the majority of those with sexual relationships had had problems. Both before and after operation the majority felt socially isolated. About 66% were satisfied with the surgical outcome, nevertheless 50% wished for supplementary plastic surgery. None of the patients showed signs of more severe psychic sufferings or psychoses postoperatively. Psychically, 83% felt better after than before sex‐reassignment. The majority have had complications and subjective trouble in connection with plastic surgery leading to reoperations of the vagina in most of them. Almost 75% have had sexual relationships postoperatively but not without difficulties.Characteristic of the persons in the core group is a better economy, a better adjustment to the environment and less problems with neighbours, they are more satisfied with the surgical outcome and have had fewer surgical corrections and also have a better psychic condition than the rest.It is the general impression at follow‐up that the advantages of sex‐reassignment outweigh the disadvantages where the core group is concerned. But among the persons who do not belong to the core group subjective and objective problems seem so pronounced that operation must be advised against in spite of the often extremely, subjectively unsatisfactory condition of these patients preoperatively.
Fluvoxamine and clomipramine in depressed patients A DOUBLE‐BLIND CLINICAL STUDY
Authors: Klok C. J. , Brouwer G. J. , Van Praag H. M. , Doogan D. 
Published: August 2007

In a double‐blind study we compared fluvoxamine, a new selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitor, with clomipramine. In 36 female in‐patients with vital depression, the antidepressant properties of fluvoxamine and clomipramine were studied. Eight patients did not complete the study.During a 4‐week treatment period the Hamilton‐, Zung‐, Clinical Global Impression‐ and Leyden ratings showed, apart from the last scale in the fluvoxamine group, significant improvement in both groups. In the latter scale, a statistically significant difference was found in favour of clomipramine. Additional anxiolytic‐sedative medication was required equally in both groups. CSF data in 10 patients are discussed. Non‐specific electrocardio‐graphic (ECG) repolarization disturbances were observed in both groups. Anticholinergic side effects were more prominent with clomipramine than with fluvoxamine; gastrointestinal symptoms and agitation were more prominent with fluvoxamine than with clomipramine. Fluvoxamine did not show particular advantages or disadvantages over clomipramine.
A depot neuroleptic withdrawal study
Authors: Wistedt B. 
Published: August 2007

A double‐blind withdrawal trial in 41 chronic schizophrenic outpatients on neuroleptics was carried out during 6 months. Long‐acting neuroleptics (fluphenazine decanoate or flupenthixol decanoate) were used in comparison with placebo to determine the value in maintenance therapy. Most patients had a rather low maintenance dose, about 12.5‐25 mg fluphenazine decanoate or 20–40 mg flupenthixol decanoate every third week.Relapse was often characterized by a return of the same symptoms as the patient had during his first schizophrenic attack. Drugs were significantly more effective than placebo in preventing relapse and readmission to hospital. 62 % relapsed in the placebo groups as compared with 27 % in the drug group.All patients on active substance and without relapse during the controlled study had their treatment discontinued for 24 months in an open follow‐up investigation. This resulted in relapse of all patients but one, i.e. a final relapse frequency of 97 %.A significant weight decrease was observed in the placebo group. The risk of withdrawal is discussed.
Electroconvulsive therapy: A comparison of seizure duration as monitored with electroencephalograph and electromyograph
Authors: Sørensen P. Soelberg , Bolwig T. G. , Lauritsen B. , Bengtson O. 
Published: August 2007

EEG and EMG were monitored simultaneously at 72 ECT sessions in 18 patients. When EMG was recorded from the leg the duration of EMG curve convulsions varied between 43 and 89 % of the EEG recorded seizure duration of the same fit. The EMG/EEG seizure ratio varied widely among different patients as well as within the single patient during a series of ECT sessions. EMG recording from the masseter muscles showed EMG seizure duration to be more in accordance with the EEG seizure duration than EMG recordings from the leg. The EMG/EEG seizure ratio (masseter) varied from 65 to 100 %, which was significantly higher than the EMG/EEG seizure ratio obtained with EMG recorded from the calf muscles.The use of EEG monitoring of ECT is advocated in order to obtain the most precise evaluation of the cerebral seizure activity. If EEG monitoring is not available EMG recorded from the masseter muscles provides a reasonably accurate and easily applicable method of monitoring the presence and duration of the ECT‐induced seizure.
Flupenthixol decanoate in recurrent manic‐depressive illness
Authors: Ahlfors U. G. , Baastrup P. C. , Dencker S. J. , Elgen K. , Lingjærde O. , Pedersen V. , Schou M. , Aaskoven O. 
Published: August 2007

The hypothesis that flupenthixol decanoate may serve as an alter‐native to prophylactically administered lithium in recurrent manicdepressive illness, bipolar and unipolar type, was tested in two groups of patients. In Group I the patients were allocated randomly to maintenance treatment with either lithium or flupenthixol decanoate. The patients in Group II had previously been given lithium and were switched to flupenthixol decanoate because of unsatisfactory prophylactic effect of lithium, doubtful tablet compliance, troublesome side effects, or fear of later harmful effects. The flupenthixol decanoate dosage was 20 mg every 2–3 weeks. The study was not blind.In Group I neither lithium treatment (14 patients) nor treatment with flupenthixol decanoate (19 patients) led to a significant fall of mean episode frequency or mean per cent time ill. The reasons for this lack of response are not clear, but prognostically negative selection of the patients presumably took place before and possibly also during the hospitalization. Since absent effects cannot be compared, this part of the trial remains inconclusive.In Group II (93 patients) treatment with flupenthixol decanoate was associated with significant falls of the frequency of manic episodes and per cent time ill in mania and with significant rises of the frequency of depressive episodes and per cent time ill in depression. Increase of depressive morbidity was seen only in patients who had been given lithium during the pre‐trial period and was presumably a result of the discontinuation of lithium.It is not known whether flupenthixol decanoate is of value in the prophylactic treatment of recurrent manic‐depressive illness, but the drug may be worth trying in patients whose disease is dominated more by manic than by depressive recurrences and who do not respond to lithium or do not tolerate it or do not take it.
Intellectual efficiency in manic‐depressive patients treated with lithium
Authors: Loo H. , Bonnel J. , Etevenon P. , Benyacoub J. , Slowen P. 
Published: August 2007

A longitudinal study of 21 non‐hospitalized manic‐depressive subjects treated with lithium was carried out over a 3‐year period: year 1 (Y1), year 2 (Y2), year 3 (Y3). A control group C of 21 subjects matched for age, sex and educational level was compared to Y1, Y2 and Y3 using the Cattell Intelligence Scale, the immediate memory recall test of numbers, the Code Test (WAIS), the 15‐Word Test and the Benton Visual Retention Test. The vocabulary test of Binois and Pichot was first applied to C and Y1 to test the homogeneity of intellectual level between these two groups.A strategy of variance analysis followed by non‐parametric Mann‐Whitney and Wilcoxon tests was applied for statistical analysis of the results. Generally, except for the Cattell test, the patients presented lower scores than the control group. This decrease was not accentuated as time elapsed; the non‐verbal were not affected more than the verbal tests.A clinical analysis was carried out relating the importance of the criteria “deterioration” to four other criteria: “age”, “gravity and duration of illness”, “history of E.C.T.” and “insufficient mood stabilization”. The factor “gravity of the illness” was slightly more frequently associated with factor deterioration.