bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effet des contraintes lexicales sur l'exploration oculaire d'un mot
Authors: Doré Karine , Beauvillain Cécile 
Published: November 2007

Summary : The effect of lexical constraints on visual exploration of words.
An experiment is reported examining the way in which 5- and 7-letter words, identifiable by information at their beginning or end, are inspected. Eye movements were recorded when reading isolated words displayed first in the parafovea. In order to test the weight of initial and ending letters, the relative intensity of beginning letters was manipulated by keeping their sum constant. Three relative-intensity conditions were used; the luminance of the initial letters relative to that of the whole-word configuration was either 80 %, 20% or 50 % (isoluminance). Two findings are reported : 1/ the informativeness of initial letters influences the landing position in word, 2/ the gaze duration is affected by the position of pertinent information within words. For long words, redundant beginning and informative ending words received a longer gaze (and the probability of refixating the word was higher) than informative-beginning and redundant-ending words. We conclude that the distribution of information within words influences the way in which words are read.
Key words : reading, informativeness, word-beginning, word-ending.
Catégorisation et logique intensionnelle chez l'enfant
Authors: Houdé Olivier , Charron C. 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Categorization and intensional logic in children.
The purpose of this study was to show that criteria for assessing logicalness based solely on extensional quantification and its various « traps » are not sufficientfor accurately delimiting developing rationality. This theoretical and methodological limitation is clearly illustrated here for the case of categorization. We compared the extensional logic performance fsuccess or failure in Piaget's quantification of inclusion task) and the intensional logic performance of 72 children between the ages of 5 and 8. Three intensional logic tasks were used to test for meaningful implication : Forced-Choice-Transitivity, Entailment, and Partition. The results indicated that already at the extensional logic failure level (preoperational, non-including level), children are « intensional logicians ». The discussion deals with the relationship between rationality and the inhibition of extensional reasoning biases.
Key words : development, categorization, intensional logic, meaningful implication, transitivity, inhibition, reasoning bias.
Amorçage phonologique masqué et dénomination
Authors: Ferrand Ludovic , Segui Juan , Grainger Jonathan 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
II a été montré précédemment (Ferrand, Grainger et Segui, 1994) que le temps de dénomination du dessin d'un objet est facilité quand celui-ci est précédé par la présentation masquée de son nom ou d'un pseudo-homophone de celui-ci.
Le but de la recherche présentée ici est de confirmer la nature phonologique de l'effet de facilitation en utilisant comme item amorce masqué un mot homophone mais non homographe du nom de l'objet.
Les résultats obtenus montrent des effets de facilitation analogues pour les conditions de répétition et d'homophonie. Les mots «roue» et « roux » facilitent de manière comparable la dénomination du dessin d'une roue.
Ces résultats suggèrent que l'effet de facilitation observé est indépendant de la relation sémantique existant entre le mot amorce et le nom de l'image. C'est le partage des propriétés phonologiques qui serait responsable de cette facilitation.
Mots-clés : dénomination de dessins, amorçage phonologique, masquage.
Variations journalières de performances et rythmes élémentaires
Authors: Querrioux-Coulombier Geneviève , Rossi Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Circadian variations of performances and basic rhythms.
Difficulties with chronopsychology studies include a masking ejfect of variables, the combination of different rhythms and variations of strategies. An experiment is conducted to analyze the role of circadian variations of elementary processes in the variations of performance for a complex task. Twenty-four subjects solved anagrams and tried to find the rule of anagram construction, during two sessions, at 10 am and 5 pm. Responses were classified in three groups : (a) discovery of the anagram construction rule (R2 responses) ; (b) resolution of anagram without discovery of rule (RI responses) ; (c) failure, no resolution of anagram (RO responses). During the second session, R2 performances were better at 10 am than at 5 pm. In contrast, RI performances were better at 5 pm than at 10 am. Rule application was faster at 10 am than at 5 pm. Results are discussed in terms of variations of short-term memory capacity (Folkard and Monk, 1980). Using chronopsychology to analyze the role of elementary processes in a complex task is discussed.
Key words : circadian rhythm, short-term memory, problem solving.
L'effet du contexte sémantique dans l'élaboration de la représentation du problème
Authors: Clément Évelyne 
Published: November 2007

Summary: The role of semantic context in the selection of problem's representation.
The present paper deals with the general question of how the interpretation of the problem is elaborated, and more precisely which part is played by the semantic factors. We used Tower of Hanoi isomorphs to investigate the process of discovery of new properties and to explain the great difference of difficulty observed (Kotovsky, Hayes and Simon, 1985; Kotovsky and Fallside, 1989). Our hypothesis was that this difference is not due mainly to the nature of the operator, as claims Kotovsky et al., but lies in the compatibility of prior knowledge activated by the context and the adequate representation of the action needed to solve the problem. In the experiment 1 and 2, we used three isomorphs in which the only difference was the nature of the operator (Move or Change of size). In the experience 3 and 4, four isomorphs were used by combining the nature of the operator (Move or Change of size) and the nature of the context (result or transformation). One hundred and sixty-four subjects were asked either to judge the legality of moves (experiment 1 and 3) or either to solve the problem (experiment 2 and 4). Results of experiments 1 and 2 show that the Change-of-size problems were more difficult than the Move problem. But, as predicted, the results of experiments 3 and 4 show that when the context emphasizes the adequate representation, the difference due to the nature ofthe operator disappears. The more difficult isomorphs were those that involve changing the first representation and constructing a new one. This research is an attempt to explain the insight and restructuration phenomena described by the Gestalt theory using an information processing framework.
Key words : semantic context, prior knowledge, comprehension, isomorphic problem.
Le vieillissement de la mémoire : approche globale et approche analytique
Authors: Syssau Arielle 
Published: November 2007

Summary: Memory and aging: Global and analytic approaches.
A survey of different explanations of memory deficits related to aging is presented. According to some, the decline of cognitive resources explains memory performance. These cognitive resources include working memory capacity, inhibitory efficiency and processing speed. According to other explanations, more specific factors such as metamemory or emotion are responsible for memory performances. These explanations are described, global and analytic approaches are distinguished, and the idea that these explanations can determine our general idea of aging is suggested.
Key words : aging, memory, cognitive resources, metamemory, emotion.
La production d'inférences lors de la compréhension de textes chez des adultes : une analyse de la littérature
Authors: Martins Daniel , Le Bouédec Brigitte 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Dans cette revue critique, les inférences produites au cours de la lecture de textes sont tout d'abord classées par rapport à leur fonction dans la représentation mentale : rendre cette dernière cohérente localement, globalement et l'enrichir avec des inférences d'élaboration. On examine ensuite dans quelles conditions, c'est-à-dire pourquoi, les inférences sont produites. Ces conditions sont en relation avec le but du lecteur, l'intérêt pour le contenu, le type de texte, la profondeur du traitement. Ensuite, on explique comment le lecteur produit les inférences en faisant référence, de manière critique, aux conceptions minima-liste et constructiviste. Enfin, on examine quand les inférences d'élaboration sont produites. Dans la conclusion, on signale diverses directions de recherche en soulignant la nature des différents niveaux de la représentation mentale, le type de traitement, les buts du lecteur, les capacités de la mémoire de travail et la nécessité d'approfondir les théories de l'activation et des modèles mentaux.
Mots-clés : activation, cohérence, compréhension de textes, modèles mentaux, représentation mentale.
Effets de l'âge sur les stratégies d'encodage en lecture de phrases
Authors: Schelstraete Marie-Anne , Hupet Michel , Desmette Donatienne 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
La recherche présentée dans cet article s'intéresse à la façon dont des sujets jeunes et âgés lisent des phrases qu'ils doivent rappeler immédiatement. La tâche est une épreuve de lecture de phrases en autoprésentation segmentée avec rappel littéral. La recherche teste l'hypothèse selon laquelle on observerait chez les personnes âgées un ralentissement sélectif à l'encodage (i.e. à certains endroits de la phrase) qui serait la manifestation d'une réduction des capacités de la mémoire de travail (Stine, 1990) ; ce ralentissement serait adaptatif dans la mesure où il permettrait aux personnes âgées d'obtenir des performances de rappel similaires à celles des jeunes. Les résultats montrent que globalement les sujets âgés lisent plus lentement que les jeunes et que cette différence varie selon les endroits de la phrase. Les résultats montrent également que ce ralentissement différencié est en partie lié à la mémoire de travail. Le ralentissement opéré par les personnes âgées ne leur permet toutefois pas d'atteindre un niveau de performance équivalent à celui des jeunes. Les difficultés rencontrées par les personnes âgées résideraient en fait essentiellement dans le repérage des constituants ainsi que dans l'ouverture de structures en mémoire à long terme.
Mots-clés : vieillissement cognitif, mémoire de travail, stratégies d'autoprésentation, lecture.
Comment comprenons-nous les métaphores ?
Authors: Gineste M.-D. , Scart-Lhomme Véronique 
Published: November 2007

Summary : How do we understand metaphors ?
This article is a review of the experimental research on metaphor. We describe briefly the concept of metaphor and present two main theories about metaphor : the comparison theory (or similarity theory) and the interaction theory. According to the comparison theory, a comparison of features between the two concepts involved in the metaphor is the fundamental process underlying the interpretation of metaphor. According to the interaction theory, a metaphor induces the emergence of features that are associated neither with the topic nor with the vehicle ofthe metaphor. In order tofind arguments infavour of one or the other theory, we present the experimental results which were obtained using two kinds ofmethods : macroscopic methods including sentence completion tasks, judgment tasks, and memory tasks ; and microscopic methods which include lexical decision tasks, reading time, and functional imaging techniques. Macroscopic methods aim at describing what the characteristics of metaphors and apprehending the resuit of metaphor interpretation. Microscopic methods try to follow the comprehension of a metaphor. While examining data, a synthesis of main factors which have been investigated (similarity, comprehensibility, context) is presenled. We conclude on the difflculty to favor one or the other theory, and the necessity to develop interdisciplinary research.
Organisation perceptive, délai inter­ essais et catégorisation chez les bébés de quatre mois
Authors: Lécuyer Roger , Rovira Katia 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Perceptual organization, inter-trial delay and categorization in 4 month-old infants.
The relationship between four-month-olds' capacity of categorization and their perceptual organization, with figures that comprise a symmetry axis, was studied under different habituation conditions. Four experiments were conducted. In the first two experiments, figures composed of six elements were presented in the habituation phase. Three elements were displayed on each part ofthe vertical axis. The elements varied from figure to figure. In the test phase, a figure constructed in the same way was presented in alternance with a figure produced by a complete permutation (experiment 1) or a partial permutation (experiment 2) along the vertical axis. In the third andfourth experiments, the figures' and permutations' axis was horizontal. The delays of the beginning and end of trials were varied in the different experiments. As opposed to the results obtained by Rovira and Lecuyer (1995) with equivalent figures, in discrimination situations, infants did not seem to achieve categorization. Delays used for starting or ending a trial and delays between trials had an important effect on trials' duration. However no clear-cut relation was found between categorization performances and trial durations. The results are discussed.
Key words : infants, perceptual organization, symmetry, categorization, habituation method.
Différences individuelles dans l'utilisation de stratégies en arithmétique
Authors: Gilles Pierre-Yves , Masse Christel , Lemaire Patrick 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Cette recherche porte sur l'étude des différences individuelles dans l'emploi et l'exécution d'une heuristique en arithmétique. L'heuristique de la règle de 5 consiste à rejeter les équations multiplicatives comportant 5 comme multiplicande et dont le résultat se termine ni par 0 ni par 5 (e.g., 5 x 14 = 73). Les résultats montrent que : 1/ La règle de 5 est utilisée, par tous les sujets, mais sur les problèmes complexes ; 2/ L'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'heuristique, et l'adaptation des choix stratégiques aux conditions expérimentales sont affectées par les compétences en arithmétique. La discussion considère les implications, du point de vue de la compréhension des effets de certaines variables expérimentales et des différences individuelles sur l'utilisation des stratégies.
Mots-clés : arithmétique, stratégies, heuristiques, différences individuelles.
Le développement des traitements analytique et global
Authors: Thibaut Jean-Pierre , Gelaes Sabine 
Published: November 2007

Summary : The development ofanalytic and holistic processing
The central issue is the development of analytic and holistic processing. Following a presentation of the most important paradigms in the field, we summarize models according to which analytic processing foliotes holistic processing during development. In contrast, other authors claimed thatfrom the start, young children have analytical abilities which increase during development. We will review different conceptions of these two modes of processing (Cook, Kemler Nelson, Shepp, Smith and Word) as well as their representational presuppositions. We will discuss the limits ofeach paradigm. We will also rephrase holistic explanations in terms of analytic explanations. The last part ofthe paper summarizes recent work thai characterizes the nature of existing differences between the younger and older children in terms of selective attention capacity, perceptual differenciation, inhibition and memorisation.
Key words : development, analytical processing, holistic processing, children, perception, categorization.
La menace du stéréotype : une interaction entre situation et identité
Authors: Desert Myriam , Croizet Jean-Claude , Leyens Jacques-Philippe 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Stereotype threat : An interaction between situation and identity.
This article proposes a critical review ofthe literature on stereotype threat. First, we present the pioneering studies of Steele and Aronson (1995). We discuss the originality of their approach and review the research that has established the generality of the stereotype threat phenomenon. Then, we examine the conditions necessary for this phenomenon, its scope, and the mediators thought to explain how stereotypes can undermine performance. We present the research that has focused on the means to reduce the detrimental effects of stereotype threat on performance. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this phenomenon for understanding the well-known academie underachievement oflow status groups.
Key words : stereotype threat, behavioral confirmation.
Généralisation de propriétés chez l'enfant et chez l'adulte : usage des informations perceptives et conceptuelles
Authors: Frutos Sophie , Berger C. 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Property generalization in children and adults : Consideration of perceptual and conceptual information.
The use of conceptual and of perceptual information was studied in children (ages 5 and 7) and adults in an property generalization task. Participants have to decide if a nonobvious property associated with a target can be generalized to comparison objects related to this target by perceptual similarity and/or a schematic relation. The results reveal an effect of similarity in 7-year-old children and in adults, but not in 5-year-old children. Moreover, it seems that the schematic relations influence the older participants' generalizations (at least on certain items). The question of the links between induction and categorization skills is examined on the basis of these results.
Key words : development, categorization, generalization of properties.
L'étude des inférences causales en lecture : adaptation du matériel verbal de Myers, Shinjo et Duffy (1987)
Authors: Demanet Laurence , Schelstraete Marie-Anne , Hupet Michel 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Causal inferences in reading : An adaptation of the Myers, Shinjo and Duffy (1987) material.
This study presents verbal material appropriate for studying various aspects of how causal inferences may intervene in the processing of verbal information. The material consists of pairs of sentences adapted front the material designed originally by Myers, Shinjo and Duffy, 1987 for their seminal study of these inferences. To ensure the adequacy of the materials proposed in the French adaptation, the degree of causal relatedness was controlled as precisely as possible for each pair of sentences ; it was also ensured (a) that the procedure of judgment is free from methodological bias, and (b) that the material does not show any differences in relatedness judgment between young and older adults.
Key words : norming study, causal relatedness ratings, causal inferences, cognitive aging.
Comparaisons sociales des compétences et dynamiques d'influence sociale dans les tâches d'aptitudes
Authors: Mugny Gabriel , Butera F. , Quiamzade Alain , Dragulescu Agatta , Tomei Alexander 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
On propose un modèle visant à rendre compte des dynamiques d'influence dans les tâches d'aptitudes. Ce modèle est une extension de celui déjà proposé par Butera, Gardair, Maggi et Mugny (1998). Ce dernier avançait quatre dynamiques d'influences selon le haut ou bas degré de compétence de la cible d'influence d'une part et de la source de l'autre. Il était proposé qu'une source compétente n'obtenait le plus souvent aucune influence sur des cibles d'égale compétence et seulement de l'influence manifeste sur des cibles incompétentes. Une source incompétente quant à elle n'était censée obtenir de l'influence qu'à un niveau profond face à des cibles d'égale incompétence, et aucune sur des cibles de compétence supérieure. La présente extension tient compte d'un paramètre supplémentaire, la présence ou l'absence de menace pour l'identité de la cible introduite par le contexte de comparaison sociale. Il est argué que les sources compétentes introduisent le plus souvent une menace, tandis que ce n'est pas le cas des sources incompétentes. Le modèle considère les modifications des dynamiques du modèle précédent qu'on peut attendre lorsque le contexte d'influence évacue cette menace lors de confrontations avec une source compétentes et l'introduit lors de confrontations avec une source incompétente. Un premier étayage expérimental de ces dynamiques est proposé.
Mots clés : influence sociale, comparaison sociale, compétence, menace de l'identité.
Les illusions McGurk dans la parole : 25 ans de recherches
Authors: Colin Cécile , Radeau Monique 
Published: November 2007

Summary : The McGurk illusions in speech: 25years of research.
When presented with an auditory /b/ dubbed onto a visual /g/, listeners perceive sometimes a fused phoneme like /d/ whereas with the reverse presentation, they experience a combination such as /bg/. These two kinds of illusions were reported by McGurk and MacDonald (1976).
The aim of this paper is to review research on the McGurk effect and on the underlying cognitive processes. Different experimental manipulations that are likely to modulate the size of the effect are examined, such as spatial separation and temporal desynchronisation between the signals, vocalic and consonantic environment, articulation rate, stimulus quality, cognitive influences and cross-linguistic differences. Datafrom studies bearing on the issue of the level of processing at which audiovisual integration occurs relative to phonetic categorization are considered. The place of the McGurk effect in current theories of speech perception is also discussed, as well as the development of the effect during childhood, and finally the possible cerebral bases.
Key words : audiovisual integration, speech reading, speech perception
Faut-il préférer l'analyse de variance à l'analyse de régression dans les expériences utilisant des VI continues ?
Authors: Méot Alain , Bonin Patrick 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Should we use analysis of variance rather than regression analysis for experiences using continuous independent variables ?
In this paper, we discuss the two possible statistical approaches when IV are continuous : analysis of variance and multiple linear regression. The statistical model common to these two approaches, and analysis of covariance is first briefly reminded. Using general arguments, followed by a psycholinguistic illustration, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of using an experimental control of confoundings and random variability, which leads to analysis of variance, or a statistical control, which leads to multiple regression analysis. The problems to avoid for insuring the validity of the chosen approach are also underlined.