bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No Escape
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Internalists are typically careful to design their views to escape the famous dilemma for foundationalism posed by Wilfrid Sellars. Because the Sellarsian dilemma is similar in ways to the dilemma proposed in Chapter 1, this might make such internalists think that their views can escape this dilemma as well. This chapter argues that even those most sensitive to the Sellarsian dilemma — Richard Fumerton, Timothy McGrew, Laurence BonJour, and Evan Fales — fail to escape the dilemma proposed in Chapter 1.
Mentalism
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues against both mentalism and the mentalist account of internalism. Mentalism is the view that a belief’s justification supervenes on the believer’s mental states: holding fixed their mental states holds fixed the justification of their beliefs. A mentalist account of internalism says that internalism is equivalent to mentalism. In arguing against the mentalist account of internalism, the dilemma proposed in Chapter 1 is defended, which relies on that account’s falsity. Further support for externalism is offered, whose two main competitors are internalism and mentalism.
Unconventional Voices on Special Relativity
Authors: Brown Harvey R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of Einstein's writings. It argues that the special relativity of 1905 was not a constructive theory, and part of the reason is the role that rods and clocks play in Einstein's attempt to operationalize inertial coordinate systems. It is evident that Einstein harboured a sense of unease about their status in his theory. The chapter then considers the publications of Hermann Weyl, Pauli and Eddington, W. F. G. Swann, L. Jánossy and J. S. Bell.
What is Special Relativity?
Authors: Brown Harvey R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of Minkowski's geometrization of special relativity (SR). It then discusses Minkowski space-time, what absolute geometry explains, and special relativity. It is argued that Einstein's contribution was not to establish a clear-cut divide between kinematics and dynamics, but the demonstration (a) of the full operational significance of the Lorentz transformations, and (b) that the latter could be obtained by imposing simple phenomenological constraints on the nature of the fundamental interactions in physics.
The View from General Relativity
Authors: Brown Harvey R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn his 1923 book The Mathematical Theory of Relativity, Arthur Eddington distinguished between two chains of reasoning in general relativity. The first familiar one starts with the existence of the four-dimensional space-time interval ds, whose meaning is the usual one associated with the readings of physical rods and clocks and possibly light rays. The other less familiar chain of reasoning ‘binds the physical manifestations of the energy tensor and the interval; it passes from matter as now defined by the energy-tensor to the interval regarded as the result of measurements made with this matter.’ This chapter takes up the challenge of outlining this second chain of reasoning. In developing this reasoning, it argues that the dynamical underpinning of relativistic kinematics that has been defended in this book is consistent with the structure and logic of GR.
Asceticism and Christological Controversy in Fifth-Century Palestine
Authors: Horn Cornelia B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis book explores anti-Chalcedonian asceticism in Palestine, an area that has so far been relatively neglected in academic studies. Anti-Chalcedonian asceticism in Palestine is significant because it was in Jerusalem in the middle of the 5th century that monks who opposed the Council of Chalcedon first attempted to establish a dissenting anti-Chalcedonian ecclesiastical hierarchy. The monk Peter the Iberian, in particular, was a key force in this project because of his high-level political connections to the members of the imperial court in Constantinople. The beginnings of anti-Chalcedonian history in Palestine constitute the fist tangible manifestation of the schism between the adherents and opponents of the Council of Chalcedon, a schism which endures until today. This study also offers a further contribution in the field work carried out on site in the Middle East, which traced the footsteps of Peter the Iberian and his followers into the regions of modern Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Sinai/Egypt.
Introduction
Authors: Horn Cornelia B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a description of the main focus of this study, namely the career of Peter the Iberian, drawing on the extant historical, literary, and hagiographical sources. Peter the Iberian is introduced as a key figure in the Christological controversies and as one of the most influential ascetic leaders of the anti-Chalcedonian movement in 5th-century Palestine. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
5 The Sign of Perfection: The Anti‐Chalcedonian Ascetic as Bearer of the Cross
Authors: Horn Cornelia B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter shows that Abba Isaiah and Philoxenus of Mabbugh were influential contributors to anti-Chalcedonian theological and ascetico-spiritual perspectives in Palestine. They provided an immediate context for the theology and spirituality of Peter the Iberian, John Rufus, and their anti-Chalcedonian ascetic followers in the Gaza area. The importance of the Cross in the spiritual theology of these two teachers and leaders is discussed.
Individuality in Classical Physics
Authors: French Steven , Krause Décio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents a summary of the history of classical statistical mechanics, emphasizing the underlying assumptions regarding particle individuality. It is argued that the relevant sense of individuality is articulated within the theory in two different forms: transcendental individuality and space-time individuality. Huggett’s claim that classical statistics is metaphysically neutral is analyzed with regard to individuality, and it is shown that a form of space-time individuality is presupposed. This is articulated in the context of a ‘field theoretic’ re-writing of the theory free of any underlying presupposition of ‘transcendental individuality’. Hence, classical statistical mechanics supports (at least) two different accounts of particle individuality, and hence we have a weak form of underdetermination of the relevant metaphysics by the physics. Talk of ‘space-time’ individuality leads into a discussion of the individuality and identity of the space-time points themselves, covering the debate between Grünbaum and Stein, and the recent work of Hoefer and others.
Quantum Statistics and Non-Individuality
Authors: French Steven , Krause Décio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents the history of quantum statistics, from its beginnings in Planck’s work, through the development of Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics, to the more recent work on forms of parastatistics, focusing on the role played by considerations of particle identity and individuality. The new physics was taken to imply that quantum particles are non-individuals in some sense. This provides the framework for a novel account of Bohr’s view of particle individuality, which further illuminates his complementarity interpretation as well as Born and Schrödinger’s broadly structuralist approaches. Schrödinger’s view that identity does not apply to quantum particles is emphasized, as is Weyl’s incorporation of this view into his treatment of aggregates of particles.
Names, Nomological Objects and Quasets
Authors: French Steven , Krause Décio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter begins with a broad discussion of the use of names in science and their role in physical theories. The philosophy of names is outlined, covering the ‘Descriptivist’, ‘Non-descriptivist’, and ‘Hybrid’ accounts. The claim that Kripke’s theory of rigidly designating names is tied to classical statistics is critically assessed, and it is argued that a form of the ‘Hybrid’ account can accommodate quantum particles understood as named individuals for which distinguishing descriptions cannot be given. Toraldo di Francia and Dalla Chiara’s theory of quasets is presented as the formal counterpart to this view. This is compared with Krause’s theory of quasi-sets in Chapter 7.
The Mathematics of Non-Individuality
Authors: French Steven , Krause Décio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents the theory of quasi-sets, and argues that this offers an appropriate set-theoretic formalism for non-individual quantum objects. The basic idea is that in a quasi-set, there may exist elements for which the traditional concept of identity does not apply — these elements are called the ‘m-atoms’. Thus, a quasi-set may have a cardinal but not an associated ordinal. The other elements can be regarded as standard elements of a set. Hence, the theory encompasses a copy of Zermelo-Frankel set theory with Urelement. A number of alternatives are also presented with a view to possible physical applications, such as allowing the cardinality of a quasi-set to vary in time and thereby accommodating aspects of relativistic quantum theory. The formal framework is also applied to the development of quantum statistics, which can be naturally captured by the theory.
Non-Reflexive Quantum Logics
Authors: French Steven , Krause Décio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTraditionally by ‘quantum logic’, one understands the study of the lattice of the subspace of Hilbert space. Here, ‘quantum logic’ is taken to be the underlying logic of quantum physics. Following Schrödinger’s idea that the standard concept of identity cannot be applied to quantum objects, a kind of ‘non-reflexive’ logic called Schrödinger logic is presented, in which the reflexive law of identity is taken not to apply. First order Schrödinger logics are presented, and extended to higher order logics and also to an intensional logic. Classical semantics is presented, and a weak completeness theorem is sketched. The last part of the chapter covers a logic of sortal predicates for which a quasi-set semantics is delineated. This completes the formal framework capable of accommodating quantum non-individuality and thus the initial understanding of Born, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger, as well as the second horn of the above metaphysical underdetermination, can be formally represented.
The International Struggle Over Iraq
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Spanning the last quarter century, this book examines the impact the United Nations Security Council has had on Iraq - and Iraq’s impact on the Security Council. Told largely in chronological fashion, five phases of the story are here discerned. The first phase deals with the Council’s role as Cold War peacemaker during the Iran-Iraq war. The second phase involves its response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. The third phase is characterized by ‘creeping unilateralism’, occurring within the context of a more multidisciplinary approach to peace operations. The fourth phase covers the period between 9/11 to the bombing of UN headquarters in Baghdad in August 2003. The fifth phase focuses on the Council’s efforts to find its feet in Iraq, and its contemplation of reform in its way of doing business.
1 Introduction
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the UN Security Council’s involvement in Iraq. It then provides background information on the Iraqi state, Saddam Hussein, the mood in the UN Security Council, post-Cold War US multilateralism, and the split between the P-5 (Permanent Five members of the Security Council). An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
5 Sanctions Enforcer: Economic Sanctions and the Oil‐for‐Food Program
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the inspections-plus-sanctions approach to Iraqi disarmament, which characterized the enforcement aspects of this third phase of UN involvement in Iraq. The sanctions regime against Iraq stands as a paradigm of both the virtues and vices of the sanctions approach. It was the Iraq sanctions regime that demonstrated the utility and the challenges of Security Council subsidiary bodies operating as delegated regulators, through a supervisory committee established to monitor implementation of the sanctions. Although Haiti and other cases provided lessons, it was also the Iraq sanctions regime that demonstrated most clearly how a cunning target government could turn sanctions to its own ends, and how terrible the resulting cost to civilians might be.
6 Weapons Inspector: UNSCOM, UNMOVIC and the Disarming of Iraq
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the disarmament of Iraq following the First Gulf War. Disarmament controlled by inspections and monitoring was the cornerstone of the vision set out for Iraq by SCR 687 in 1991. Weapons inspections were the administrative mechanism for the verification of Iraqi disarmament, with sanctions and the threat of force providing the incentive for Iraq to disarm. But for over a decade, Saddam Hussein successfully obscured the degree to which actual disarmament had been achieved, an uncertainty assessed very differently by Paris and Washington. The establishment of the UN Special Commission (UNSCOM) and the UN Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) is discussed.
Temporal Supervenience
Authors: Sattig Thomas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter serves as an introduction to the themes of the book. The thesis of temporal supervenience is that all facts about ordinary time, all facts shaped by our ordinary temporal discourse, logically supervene on facts about spacetime; what goes on in spacetime fully determines what goes on in ordinary time. Temporal supervenience has many aspects, corresponding to various kinds of supervenient temporal phenomena. Among the most basic phenomena are persistence and change through ordinary time. The problem of temporal supervenience with respect to these phenomena has two components. The first component is to specify the spatiotemporal supervenience base of persistence and change. How do objects occupy spacetime? And how are properties instantiated across occupied spacetime? The second component is to build an explanatory bridge from the supervenience base to the supervenient phenomena. Such a bridge requires an ‘analysis’ of temporal existence and temporal instantiation, that is, a semantic account of ordinary temporal predications such as ‘a was F’. The problem of temporal supervenience thus connects the metaphysics of time with the semantics of temporal discourse. Before the supervenience of ordinary temporal facts on spacetime facts can be explained, the shape of ordinary time needs to be clarified. This is a further task of Chapter 1. Tenserism and A-time are criticized in the context of temporal supervenience with the aim of promoting detenserism as the correct account of tense and B-time as the true shape of ordinary time.
Three‐Dimensionalism and Four‐Dimensionalism
Authors: Sattig Thomas 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Part of the problem of temporal supervenience is the problem of spatiotemporal location: how are objects located in spacetime? This chapter provides a detailed statement of various answers to this problem. The main answers are three-dimensionalism and four-dimensionalism. The three-dimensionalist holds that an object occupies many temporally unextended regions of spacetime, whereas the four-dimensionalist holds that an object occupies only a single temporally extended region of spacetime. Subsequently to stating these accounts of spatiotemporal location, the chapter discusses the relationship of three-dimensionalism and four-dimensionalism to other theses and theories, including the theory of temporal parts, endurantism, perdurantism, eternalism, and presentism.
Multicultural Nationalism
Authors: Hussain Asifa M. , Miller William L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis book is a pioneering study of how multiculturalism interacts with sub-state nationalism in Britain. It gives equal attention to Scotland’s largest ‘visible’ and ‘invisible’ minorities: ethnic Pakistanis (almost all of them Muslim) and English immigrants; and to the Islamophobia and Anglophobia of majority Scots. Rising Scottish self-consciousness could have threatened both these minorities. But in reality, problems proved to be solutions, integrating rather than alienating. In the eyes of the minorities, the devolution of power to a Scottish Parliament has made Scots at once more proud and less xenophobic. English immigrants also felt that devolution has defused tensions, calmed frustrations, and forced Scots to blame themselves rather than others for their problems. Muslims suffered increased harassment after 9/11, although less in Scotland than elsewhere. Consciously or unconsciously, they continued to use Scottish identities and even Scottish nationalism as tools of integration. Conversely, nationalism in Scotland did not increase the majority’s Islamophobia as it did in England and elsewhere. The book is based on extensive quotations from focus-group discussions with minorities, in-depth interviews with elites, and statistical analysis of large-scale surveys of minorities and majorities.
1 Multicultural Nationalism
Authors: Hussain Asifa , Miller William 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter reviews the definitions or types of nationalism, including the distinction between ‘ethnic’ and ‘civic’ nationalism, and the less common and apparently self-contradictory concept of ‘multicultural nationalism’. It argues that identities are not only chosen, multiple, and fluid, but also used for purposes, for integration, as well as for differentiation. This chapter also describes two key Scottish minorities: ethnic Pakistani Muslims and English immigrants, reviews the historical and political setting, and describes the plan of the book.
2 What Is Best and Worst about Scotland
Authors: Hussain Asifa , Miller William 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWhen asked what is best or worst about Scotland, one minority places more emphasis on racism, the other on freedom, the friendliness of majority Scots, and the relatively low numbers of ethnic minorities. English immigrants complain the most about Scottish bigotry and racism; ethnic Pakistanis strongly praise freedom and friendliness; and ethnic Pakistanis feel alienated by high concentrations of minorities.
3 Islamophobia—In England and Scotland
Authors: Hussain Asifa , Miller William 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSince 9/11, multiculturalism has been under attack and Islamophobia has increased. Questions were placed in the 2003 British Social Attitudes Survey and its Scottish counterpart to compare the level of Islamophobia in Scotland and England. Islamophobia was significantly higher in England. Analysis showed that the majority population in Scotland differed significantly from the majority in England. In particular, English nationalism encouraged Islamophobia while Scottish nationalism did not. Unlike elite-level nationalists, street-level nationalists in Scotland were not particularly inclusive or multiculturalist compared to the majority of Scots. Street-level Scottish nationalists were less Islamophobic than the majority of English, and far less Islamophobic than street-level nationalists in England.
9 After Devolution: Parliament and People
Authors: Hussain Asifa , Miller William 
Published: September 2006

Abstract‘Multicultural nationalism’ comes very close to being an oxymoron: devolution increased national self-consciousness and 9/11 added to the problems of multiculturalism everywhere, including Scotland. But in practice, potential problems proved to be solutions. Since England has a key role in defining Scottish identity, Scottish nationalism stimulates Anglophobia but not Islamophobia, and Muslims can use Scottish nationalism as a tool of integration. 9/11 made life worse for Muslims in Scotland, but not as much as elsewhere. Thus, 9/11 and the ‘war on terror’ bound Muslims more closely to Scotland. Although both minorities criticized the governing performance of the new Scottish Parliament, both felt that its street-level impact has been more positive than negative. English immigrants feel that devolution has defused tensions, and Muslims self-consciously distinguish between the positive impact of devolution and the concurrent, negative impact of 9/11. Against the odds, multiculturalism and sub-state nationalism have not merely coexisted, but actually interacted positively within post-devolution Scotland.
The Good Will Reading Meshes With Major Ideas of Kant's Ethics
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter argues that reading ‘humanity’ in the humanity formulation as good will provides the best fit between the humanity formulation and other major themes of Kant’s ethics. An analysis of Kant’s most significant claims about value in Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals shows that good will and humanity are equivalent. Since all of Kant’s claims about value must be read in light of his position that value is just a way to describe the choices that rational beings would make, it is especially significant to note that he often describes humanity as a moral ideal that must be pursued at all costs. Taking the end in itself to be good will also explains why the duty to aid others in pursuing their ends does not include their immoral ends, and allows for stronger connections between the different formulations of the Categorical Imperative.
How Duties Follow from the Categorical Imperative
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractKant recognizes that even if one accepts the humanity formulation as a basic moral principle, there is a further task of applying the principle to derive more specific categories of duties. Kant refers to the more complete system of duties as a ‘metaphysics of morals’. It is argued that the key concept in moving from the basic moral principle to a set of duties is the concept of Achtung, or respect for moral law and for persons who act on moral law. Unlike the proposals of some other commentators, the strategy suggested in this chapter does not depend on any brute claims about the value of persons, and so it succeeds in preserving Kant’s position that rational choice is conceptually prior to value.