bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotection in emerging psychotic disorders
Authors: Berger Gregor , Dell’Olio Margaret , Amminger Paul , Cornblatt Barbara , Phillips Lisa , Yung Alison , Yan Yung , Berk Michael , McGorry Patrick 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAim: The emerging phase of psychotic disorders is pleomorphic and fluctuates in presentation. Hence, from a clinical perspective, treatment modalities are often unclear. This paper investigates the rational and potential use of neuroprotective agents in emerging psychotic disorders.Methods: Medline databases were searched from 1966 to 2006 followed by the cross‐checking of references using following keywords: neuroprotection, apoptosis, natural cell death, neurodevelopment, plasticity, neurogenesis, combined with brain and schizophrenia.Results: Agents such as atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, omega‐3 fatty acids, modulators of glutamateric neurotransmission (e.g. ampakines, glycine, memantine), erythropoietin,N‐acetylcysteine, COX‐2 inhibitors or antioxidants have neuroprotective (anti‐apoptotic) properties and may therefore be able to protect brain maturational processes disturbed in emerging psychotic disorders. Clinical trials suggest that atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, omega‐3 fatty acids and low‐dose lithium as sole treatments were able to improve symptoms and functioning, and delay or in some cases even prevent the onset of frank psychosis. Initially these substances have been chosen because they have been used either as sole or augmentation treatments in established psychotic disorders. However, chronicity and already effective treatments may overshadow their potential clinical use in emerging (prodromal) psychosis.Conclusion: Neuroprotection as a new treatment paradigm for at‐risk mental states seems to be promising and pilot data are suggestive that more benign interventions may already be sufficient to delay or even prevent the onset of frank psychosis. A coordinated research effort will be necessary to address the question which agents should be used under which circumstances.
Facial affect recognition and schizotypy
Authors: Williams Beth T. , Henry Julie D. , Green Melissa J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAim:  Deficits in facial affect recognition are well documented in schizophrenia, and have been associated with reduced social functioning and interpersonal difficulties. The aim of the present study was to test the possibility that facial affect recognition deficits represent an endophenotypic marker of schizophrenia liability by testing this capacity in individuals with the predisposition to symptoms of schizophrenia.Methods:  Eight hundred and forty‐three psychologically healthy participants completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire of which 28 scoring in the upper 15% (high‐schizotypy group) and 28 scoring in the lower 15% (low‐schizotypy group) completed measures of facial affect identification, facial affect discrimination, facial identity recognition, and a measure of negative affect.Results:  After controlling for group differences in negative affect and facial identity recognition, negative (but not positive or disorganized) aspects of schizotypy were found to be significantly associated with reduced facial affect discrimination and facial affect recognition accuracy, and in particular, difficulties with the identification of negative emotions.Conclusions:  These results provide limited support for the potential trait status of facial affect recognition deficits in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and suggest that these deficits may be particularly associated with the predisposition to negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Molecular epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus in Thailand based on the analysis of pre‐S and S genes
Authors: Suwannakarn Kamol , Tangkijvanich Pisit , Thawornsuk Nutchanart , Theamboonlers Apiradee , Tharmaphornpilas Piyanit , Yoocharoen Pornsak , Chongsrisawat Voranush , Poovorawan Yong 
Published: August 2007

Aims:  This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes, antigen subtypes, “a” determinant variants and pre‐S gene mutations circulating on a large scale in Thailand.Methods:  The sequences of the Pre‐S1, Pre‐S2 and S regions were determined in serum samples of 147 HBsAg and HBV DNA‐positive subjects who had been enrolled from the nationwide seroepidemiological survey conducted on 6213 individuals in 2004.Results:  The results showed that genotypes C, B and A accounted for 87.1%, 11.6% and 1.3%, respectively. The distribution of the HBV antigen subtypes was: adr (84.4%), adw (14.2%) and ayw (1.4%). Regarding the “a” determinant, 2/43 (4.65%) and 2/104 (1.92%) samples of vaccinated and non‐vaccinated subjects, respectively, displayed mutations, all ofwhich were Thr126Asn. Sequencing analysis showed the pre‐S mutations in 14 (9.5%) samples, with pre‐S2 deletion as the most common mutant (4.1%) followed by pre‐S2 start codon mutation (2.9%), both pre‐S2 deletion and start codon mutation (2.0%), and pre‐S1 deletion (0.7%). The pre‐S mutations were associated with older age and higher mean serum HBsAg level.Conclusion:  This study demonstrated that HBV genotype/subtype C/adr and B/adw were the predominant strains circulating in Thailand. The “a” determinant variants seemed to be uncommon, and might not be attributed to vaccine‐induced mutation.
Robust Implicit Multigrid Reynolds-Stress Model Computation of 3D Turbomachinery Flows
Authors: Gerolymos G. A. , Vallet I. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a numerical methodology for the computation of complex 3D turbomachinery flows using advanced multiequation turbulence closures, including full seven-equation Reynolds-stress transport models. The flow equations are discretized on structured multiblock grids, using an upwind biased (O[ΔxH3]MUSCL reconstruction) finite-volume scheme. Time integration uses a local dual-time-stepping implicit procedure, with internal subiterations. Computational efficiency is achieved by a specific approximate factorization of the implicit subiterations, designed to minimize the computational cost of the turbulence transport equations. Convergence is still accelerated using a mean-flow-multigrid full-approximation-scheme method, where multigrid is applied only on the mean-flow variables. Speed-ups of a factor 3 are obtained using three levels of multigrid (fine plus two coarser grids). Computational examples are presented using two Reynolds-stress models, and also a baseline k−ε model, for various turbomachinery configurations, and compared to available experimental measurements.
Prospective Study To Determine Accuracy of Rapid Serological Assays for Diagnosis of Acute Dengue Virus Infection in Laos
Authors: Blacksell Stuart D. , Bell David , Kelley James , Mammen Mammen P. , Gibbons Robert V. , Jarman Richard G. , Vaughn David W. , Jenjaroen Kemajittra , Nisalak Ananda , Thongpaseuth Soulignasack , Vongsouvath Manivanh , Davong Viengmone , Phouminh Phonelavanh , Phetsouvanh Rattanaphone , Day Nicholas P. J. , Newton Paul N. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
There is an urgent need for accurate and simple dengue virus infection diagnostic assays in limited-resource settings of dengue endemicity, to assist patient management. Using a panel of reference samples (S. D. Blacksell, P. N. Newton, D. Bell, J. Kelley, M. P. Mammen, D. W. Vaughn, V. Wuthiekanun, A. Sungkakum, A. Nisalak, and N. P. Day, Clin. Infect. Dis. 42:1127-1134, 2006), we recently evaluated eihgt commercially available immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) designed to detect dengue virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and/or IgG. We found that 6/8 RDTs had sensitivities of less than 50% (range, 6 to 65%), but specificities were generally high. Here, in conjuction with dengue virus serotyping by reverse transcriptase PCR and in the limited-resource setting of Laos, where dengue virus is endemic, we evaluated the same eight RDTs against a previously validated dengue IgM/IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of acute dengue virus infection. Paired serum samples were collected from 87 patients, of whom 38 had confirmed dengue virus infections (4 had primary infections, 33 had secondary infections, and 1 had an infection of indeterminate status). RDT sensitivity was low, with 7/8 RDTs having admission sample sensitivities of less than 20% (range, 4 to 26%). The majority (6/8) of the RDTs, demonstrated high specificity (>95%). Kappa statistic values ranged from 6 to 54% for the RDTs, demonstrating poor to moderate variation between three operators. No RDT adequately differentiated between primary and secondary dengue virus infections. The findings of this study suggest that currently available RDTs based on the detection of IgM antibodies for the diagnosis of acute dengue virus infections are unlikely to be useful for patient management.
Histatin 5 Initiates Osmotic Stress Response in
Candida albicans
via Activation of the Hog1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway
Authors: Vylkova Slavena , Jang Woong Sik , Li Wansheng , Nayyar Namrata , Edgerton Mira 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a salivary cationic peptide that has toxicity for
Candida albicans
by inducing rapid cellular ion imbalance and cell volume loss. Microarray analyses of peptide-treated cells were used to evaluate global gene responses elicited by Hst 5. The major transcriptional response of
C. albicans
to Hst 5 was expression of genes involved in adaptation to osmotic stress, including production of glycerol (
RHR2
,
SKO1
, and
PDC11
) and the general stress response (
CTA1
and
HSP70
). The oxidative-stress genes
AHP1
,
TRX1
, and
GPX1
were mildly induced by Hst 5. Cell defense against Hst 5 was dependent on the Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, since
C. albicans hog1/hog1
mutants were significantly hypersensitive to Hst 5 but not to Mkc1 MAPK or Cek1 MAPK mutants. Activation of the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway was demonstrated by phosphorylation of Hog1 MAPK as well as by glycerol production following Hst 5 treatment in a dose-dependent manner.
C. albicans
cells prestressed with sorbitol were less sensitive to subsequent Hst 5 treatment; however, cells treated concurrently with osmotic stress and Hst 5 were hypersensitive to Hst 5. In contrast, cells subjected to oxidative stress had no difference in sensitivity to Hst 5. These results suggest a common underlying cellular response to osmotic stress and Hst 5. The HOG stress response pathway likely represents a significant and effective challenge to physiological levels of Hst 5 and other toxic peptides in fungal cells.
Regulatory T-Cell Markers, Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase, and Virus Levels in Spleen and Gut during Progressive Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Boasso Adriano , Vaccari Monica , Hryniewicz Anna , Fuchs Dietmar , Nacsa Janos , Cecchinato Valentina , Andersson Jan , Franchini Genoveffa , Shearer Gene M. , Chougnet Claire 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

High levels of viral replication occur in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and other lymphoid tissues (LT) since the early phase of human/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infection. Regulatory T cells (T
reg
), a subset of immunosuppressive T cells expressing CTLA-4 and the FoxP3 transcription factor, accumulate in LT during HIV/SIV infection. Here we show that FoxP3 and CTLA-4 mRNA are increased in leukocytes from the spleens, lymph nodes (LN), and mucosal sites of chronically SIV-infected macaques with high viremia (SIV
HI
) compared to animals with low viremia (SIV
LO
). FoxP3 and CTLA-4 correlated with SIV RNA levels in tissues; SIV virus levels in the spleen, inguinal LN, mesenteric LN, colon, and jejunum directly correlated with the plasma virus level. Importantly, CTLA-4 and FoxP3 mRNA were predominantly increased in the CD25
−
subpopulation of leukocytes from SIV
HI
, further challenging the classical definition of T
reg
as CD4
+
CD25
+
T cells. Similar to CTLA-4 and FoxP3, expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an immunosuppressive enzyme induced by T
reg
in antigen-presenting cells, was increased in the spleens, mesenteric LN, colons, and jejuna from SIV
HI
compared to SIV
LO
and directly correlated to SIV RNA in the same tissues. Accordingly, plasma kynurenine/tryptophan, a marker for IDO enzymatic activity, was significantly higher in SIV
HI
compared to SIV
LO
and correlated with plasma viral levels. Increased T
reg
and IDO in LT of SIV-infected macaques may be the consequence of increased tissue inflammation and/or may favor virus replication during the chronic phase of SIV infection.
The remote past of the Flemish legal term balfart: The county of Flanders as the cradle of the notions bolwerk, boulevard and belfort
Authors: Vandecasteele Maurits 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBased on the Germanic warda, a military term originated in the Low Frankish area, namely *balward. Within the county of Flanders, *balward developed into an institution (better known as balfart) which was responsible for bolwerc, being the construction and maintenance of fortifications. In course of time, bolwerc became a common name for the physical result of these efforts. A terminological confusion between both terms led to the materialization of *balward as *bolward, which gave rise to the French boulevard. Early differentiation of the Low Frankish *balward resulted in two variants for 'belfort', namely *balferd and balfred. The first variant independently developed in Flanders and was introduced in the French-speaking area. The second variant, conserved in Medieval Latin, spread from the Low Frankish region to the English-speaking area. The remarkable German spelling bergfried can be explained by south-east migration of the hybrid form *balgfred.
The Effects of Different Climate Input Datasets on Simulated Carbon Dynamics in the Western Arctic
Authors: Clein Joy , McGuire A. David , Euskirchen Eugenie S. , Calef Monika 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
As part of the Western Arctic Linkage Experiment (WALE), simulations of carbon dynamics in the western Arctic (WALE region) were conducted during two recent decades by driving the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) with three alternative climate datasets. Among the three TEM simulations, we compared the mean monthly and interannual variability of three carbon fluxes: 1) net primary production (NPP), 2) heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and 3) net ecosystem production (NEP). Cumulative changes in vegetation, soil, and total carbon storage among the simulations were also compared. This study supports the conclusion that the terrestrial carbon cycle is accelerating in the WALE region, with more rapid turnover of carbon for simulations driven by two of the three climates. The temperature differences among the climate datasets resulted in annual estimates of NPP and Rh that varied by a factor of 2.5 among the simulations. There is much spatial variability in the temporal trends of NPP and Rh across the region in the simulations driven by different climates, and the spatial pattern of trends is quite different among simulations. Thus, this study indicates that the overall response of NEP in simulations with TEM across the WALE region depends substantially on the temporal trends in the climate dataset used to drive the model. Similar to the recommendations of other studies in the WALE project, this study indicates that coupling methodologies should use anomalies of future climate model simulations to alter the climate of more trusted datasets for purposes of driving ecosystem models of carbon dynamics.
The Role of Northern Sea Ice Cover for the Weakening of the Thermohaline Circulation under Global Warming
Authors: Levermann A. , Mignot J. , Nawrath S. , Rahmstorf S. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
An increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and the resulting global warming are typically associated with a weakening of the thermohaline circulation (THC) in model scenarios. For the models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), this weakening shows a significant (r = 0.62) dependence on the initial THC strength; it is stronger for initially strong overturning. The authors propose a physical mechanism for this phenomenon based on an analysis of additional simulations with the coupled climate models CLIMBER-2 and CLIMBER-3α. The mechanism is based on the fact that sea ice cover greatly reduces heat loss from the ocean. The extent of sea ice is strongly influenced by the near-surface atmospheric temperature (SAT) in the North Atlantic but also by the strength of the THC itself, which transports heat to the convection sites. Consequently, sea ice tends to extend farther south for weaker THC. Initially larger sea ice cover responds more strongly to atmospheric warming; thus, sea ice retreats more strongly for an initially weaker THC. This sea ice retreat tends to strengthen (i.e., stabilize) the THC because the sea ice retreat allows more oceanic heat loss. This stabilizing effect is stronger for runs with weak initial THC and extensive sea ice cover. Therefore, an initially weak THC weakens less under global warming. In contrast to preindustrial climate, sea ice melting presently plays the role of an external forcing with respect to THC stability.
Regional Impact of an Elevated Heat Source: The Zagros Plateau of Iran
Authors: Zaitchik Benjamin F. , Evans Jason P. , Smith Ronald B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe authors propose that a heat-driven circulation from the Zagros Plateau has a significant impact on the climate of the Middle East Plain (MEP), especially summertime winds, air temperature, and aridity. This proposal is examined in numerical experiments with a regional climate model. Simulations in which the Zagros Plateau was assigned a highly reflective, “snowlike” albedo neutralized the heat-driven circulation and produced an extra summertime warming of 1°–2°C in the MEP, measured relative to a control simulation and to the records of the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis project. This effect was largest in midsummer, when heating on the plateau was greatest. Additionally, simulations with high albedo on the Zagros showed reduced subsidence and enhanced precipitation in the MEP. These sensitivities are interesting because the Zagros Plateau lies downwind of the MEP. Analysis of model results indicates that the sensitivity of the upwind subsidence region to Zagros albedo can be understood as a linear atmospheric response to plateau heating, communicated upwind by a steady heat-driven circulation that influences the thermodynamic balance of the atmosphere. This regional phenomenon adds to the large-scale subsidence patterns established by the Hadley circulation and the Asian monsoon. Observed patterns of vertical motion in the Middle East, then, are a combined product of Zagros-induced subsidence and hemispheric-scale circulations.
Some Implications of a Community Mental Health Model for Developing Countries
Authors: Mehryar Amir 
Published: August 2007

THE aim of this paper is to call attention to certain problems facing many developing countries which are bound to lead to further difficulties in psycho-social adjustment. Almost all these problems are inherent in the process of socio-economic change, urbanization, and industrialization. These changes may not only lead to an increase in the rate of mental illness, but because of their impact on the basic family structure and living conditions, will result in a reduced tolerance of deviation on the part of the community. Moreover, the spread of public education and mass media is also likely to lead to a change in the expectations and attitudes of developing nations making it no longer possible to endure psychological suffering as part of one's destiny. Even the improvement of public health services leading to reduction of infant mortality and a rise in life expectancy may lead to a gross increase in demands for mental health services by the very young and the aged sections of the population. It is the contention of this paper that a community mental health model, with certain modifications to fit the local culture, will best serve the increasing mental health needs of developing nations. Of particular relevance are such aspects of the model as population and prevention orientation, community involvement, extension of professional resources through consultation, utilization of non-professional man-power, continuity and comprehensiveness of care as well as an open systems conceptualization of the whole process of the organization and delivery of mental health services. The latter approach will help bring about an integration of mental health services within the wider framework of human service agencies, e.g., public health, general and adult education, family planning, and community development. The implications of these new roles and functions for the training of mental health workers will be discussed.
The Role of Cognitive Process in Social Interaction
Authors: Carr John E. , Posthuma Allan 
Published: August 2007

THIS paper reports on a series of studies designed to investigate the hypothesis that the success of a social interaction is a function of the compatibility among the participants in complexity or degree of differentiation of their cognitive structure. Patient-therapist cognitive compatibility is shown to predict the success of treatment outcome. Its role in the teacher-student relationship in mental health training is more complex : the teacher's cognitive structure appearing to be a primary variable. In community action groups, cognitive compatibility determines the nature and type of decisions or behaviors carried out by the group. The resarch emphasizes the need for increased familiarity with cognitive research among social psychiatrists.
A Review of the Hostel Situation in County Down, Northern Ireland
Authors: Guirguis Ezzat F. 
Published: August 2007

In 1972 a working party was set up to report on the hostel situation in Co. Down, Northern Ireland, and to make recommendations regarding future needs. This paper describes briefly the method adopted to arrive at such findings and the results and recommendations of the report. Hostels have been in existence in Co. Down since 1963 and have increased from four beds to 102 beds at the time of the report. The present set-up consists of seven hostels throughout the county. These are supervised and are not mixed hostels; other descriptive aspects of the structure and population are mentioned. The potential hostel candidates both in the hospital, which is the main source of referral to hostels, and in the community were evaluated. This was done by means of two questionnaires; one for the hospital and one for the community. The former yielded 46 candidates of whom 32 are described in greater detail regarding diagnosis, age, degree of supervision required, etc. The latter yielded 136 candidates who were divided into four categories, depending on the type of hostel needed. The needs of the alcoholic patients are discussed separately. Other aspects are discussed such as financial problems, selection procedure, the method of collecting information and the significance of the figures. Finally, recommendations are made regarding modification of the present set-up and the establishment of more hostels based on the data obtained from the report.