bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical study for an updated comprehension of clubfoot. Part II: Ligaments, tendons and muscles
Authors: Windisch Gunther , Anderhuber Friedrich , Haldi-Brändle Verena , Exner Gerhard Ulrich 
Published: January 2007

Purpose The aim of our study was to evaluate the pathological anatomy of the ligaments, tendons and muscles in clubfeet, and to show whether the dysbalance of shortened and elongated structures is an adaptive process or a primary factor inducing the misshaped bones and cartilagines. Methods Surgical exposure was performed on seven idiopathic clubfeet specimens, aborted between the 25th and 37th week of gestation and compared to two normal feet (27th and 36th week of gestation). Results The medial stabilisation system of the foot was found shortened, but all ligaments could be dissected. On the lateral side, the calcaneofibular ligament in particular was both ‘shortened’ and ‘elongated’, depending on the course of the fibres to the axis of motion in the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joint. The main difference to the normal feet was found in the thickened tendon of the tibialis posterior forming a bulbus before dividing into fascicules. Conclusions We presume the ossification disturbance of the calcaneus to be the primary fault. This disturbance will influence the reduction of the varus position, so ligaments and tendons will be conformed to the misshaped bones.
Localized convection cells in the presence of a vertical magnetic field
Authors: DAWES J. H. P. 
Published: January 2007

Thermal convection in a horizontal fluid layer heated uniformly from below usually produces an array of convection cells of roughly equal amplitudes. In the presence of a vertical magnetic field, convection may instead occur in vigorous isolated cells separated by regions of strong magnetic field. An approximate model for two-dimensional solutions of this kind is constructed, using the limits of small magnetic diffusivity, large magnetic field strength and large thermal forcing.The approximate model captures the essential physics of these localized states, enables the determination of unstable localized solutions and indicates the approximate region of parameter space where such solutions exist. Comparisons with fully nonlinear numerical simulations are made and reveal a power-law scaling describing the location of the saddle-node bifurcation in which the localized states disappear.
Equatorial wave attractors and inertial oscillations
Authors: MAAS LEO R. M. , HARLANDER UWE 
Published: January 2007

Three different approximations to the axisymmetric small-disturbance dynamics of a uniformly rotating thin spherical shell are studied for the equatorial region assuming time-harmonic motion. The first is the standard β-plane model. The second is Stern's (Tellus, vol. 15, 1963, p. 246) homogeneous, equatorial β-plane model of inertial waves (that includes all Coriolis terms). The third is a version of Stern's equation extended to include uniform stratification. It is recalled that the boundary value problem (BVP) that governs the streamfunction of zonally symmetric waves in the meridional plane becomes separable only for special geometries. These separable BVPs allow us to make a connection between the streamfunction field and the underlying geometry of characteristics of the governing equation. In these cases characteristics are each seen to trace a purely periodic path. For most geometries, however, the BVP is non-separable and characteristics and therefore wave energy converge towards a limit cycle, referred to as an equatorial wave attractor. For Stern's model we compute exact solutions for wave attractor regimes. These solutions show that wave attractors correspond to singularities in the velocity field, indicating an infinite magnification of kinetic energy density along the attractor. The instability that arises occurs without the necessity of any ambient shear flow and is referred to as geometric instability.For application to ocean and atmosphere, Stern's model is extended to include uniform stratification. Owing to the stratification, characteristics are trapped near the equator by turning surfaces. Characteristics approach either equatorial wave attractors, or point attractors situated at the intersections of turning surfaces and the bottom. At these locations, trapped inertia–gravity waves are perceived as near-inertial oscillations. It is shown that trapping of inertia–gravity waves occurs for any monochromatic frequency within the allowed range, while equatorial wave attractors exist in a denumerable, infinite set of finite-sized continuous frequency intervals. It is also shown that the separable Stern equation, obtained as an approximate equation for waves in a homogeneous fluid confined to the equatorial part of a spherical shell, gives an exact description for buoyancy waves in uniformly but radially stratified fluids in such shells.
Large-eddy simulation and experimental study of heat transfer, nitric oxide emissions and combustion instability in a swirled turbulent high-pressure burner
Authors: SCHMITT PATRICK , POINSOT T. , SCHUERMANS B. , GEIGLE K. P. 
Published: January 2007

Nitric oxide formation in gas turbine combustion depends on four key factors: flame stabilization, heat transfer, fuel–air mixing and combustion instability. The design of modern gas turbine burners requires delicate compromises between fuel efficiency, emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and combustion stability. Burner designs allowing substantial NOx reduction are often prone to combustion oscillations. These oscillations also change the NOx fields. Being able to predict not only the main species field in a burner but also the pollutant and the oscillation levels is now a major challenge for combustion modelling. This must include a realistic treatment of unsteady acoustic phenomena (which create instabilities) and also of heat transfer mechanisms (convection and radiation) which control NOx generation.In this work, large-eddy simulation (LES) is applied to a realistic gas turbine combustion chamber configuration where pure methane is injected through multiple holes in a cone-shaped burner. In addition to a non-reactive simulation, this article presents three reactive simulations and compares them to experimental results. The first reactive simulation neglects effects of cooling air on flame stabilization and heat losses by radiation and convection. The second reactive simulation shows how cooling air and heat transfer affect nitric oxide emissions. Finally, the third reactive simulation shows the effects of combustion instability on nitric oxide emissions. Additionally, the combustion instability is analysed in detail, including the evaluation of the terms in the acoustic energy equation and the identification of the mechanism driving the oscillation.Results confirm that LES of gas turbine combustion requires not only an accurate chemical scheme and realistic heat transfer models but also a proper description of the acoustics in order to predict nitric oxide emissions and pressure oscillation levels simultaneously.
Literature Relating to the Recorder
Authors: Welch Christopher 
Published: January 2007

What was a recorder ? How many different answers have been given to this question.An Englishman in search of a reply would turn, as a matter of course, first of all to Johnson's Dictionary, where he would find that the cautious lexicographer, keeping on safe ground, pronounces a recorder to be “a kind of flute.” But if the inquirer, desirous of testing the correctness of the Doctor's statement by the light of a more modern authority, were to consult Webster, he would be told that a recorder was “a kind of flageolet,” for which, in a later edition, there is substituted another explanation: “an instrument resembling the flageolet.” Should this be deemed unsatisfactory, and recourse he had to the “Century Dictionary” (1889) for the latest declaration on the subject, a description of the instrument would come to light, but a description which adds at least one other to the statement in Webster which will not bear examination. A recorder is said to be “a musical instrument of the flageolet family, having a long tube with seven holes and a mouth-piece. In some cases an eighth, covered with gold beaters' skin, appears near the mouth-piece, apparently to influence the quality of the tone.”
Error Correction, Attitude Persistence, and Executive Rewards and Punishments: A Behavioral Theory of Presidential Approval
Authors: Ostrom Charles W. , Smith Renée M. 
Published: January 2007

Beginning with Mueller's (1970) seminal work, researchers have wrestled with explanations of the movement of presidential approval over time. In his initial argument, Mueller states thatin tandem, the concepts underlying the coalition of minorities and rally round the flag variables predict that the president's popularity will continually decline over time and that international crises and similar events will explain short-term bumps and wiggles in this otherwise inexorable descent. (1970, 22)From this basis, Mueller posits “… a general downward trend in each president's popularity” (1970, 19) that is linear and deterministic over the course of a term. Others later moved away from arguments of linearity (e.g., Stimson 1976) and from the coalition of minorities concept (e.g., Kemell 1978), but these early characterizations of approval's time path, perpetuated in the “myth of the inexorable descent,” remain to this day.
Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Respiratory Pathogens in Children Undergoing Pressure Equalization Tube Placement in the Era of Pneumococcal Protein Conjugate Vaccine Use
Authors: Jacobs Michael R. , Good Caryn E. , Sellner Tom , Bajaksouzian Saralee , Windau Anne , Anon Jack B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjective: To define carriage of bacterial respiratory pathogens in children undergoing pressure equalization tube placement.Study Design: Nasopharyngeal cultures were performed during tube placement. Antibiotic susceptibilities and serotypes of pneumococci were determined.Results: Sixty‐nine Streptococcus pneumoniae, 72 Haemophilus influenzae (41% β‐lactamase positive), and 39 Moraxella catarrhalis (all β‐lactamase positive) were isolated from 201 children. Overall, 42% of pneumococci were nonsusceptible to penicillin, and 34.8% were resistant to macrolides. In relation to the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 17.4% were vaccine, 31.9% vaccine‐related, and 50.7% nonvaccine serotypes.Conclusion: Twenty‐five percent of children colonized with pneumococci carried antibiotic resistant nonvaccine serotypes rarely detected before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, including serotype 19A isolates (7%) resistant to all oral agents tested and type 35B isolates (12%) nonsusceptible to penicillin and cefuroxime.Significance: Pneumococcal colonization suggests replacement of vaccine serotypes with vaccine related and nonvaccine serotypes, many of which are resistant to common oral antimicrobials.
Neoadjuvant Therapy with Paclitaxel followed by 5-Fluorouracil, Epirubicin, and Cyclophosphamide Chemotherapy and Concurrent Trastuzumab in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Operable Breast Cancer: An Update of the Initial Randomized Study Population and Data of Additional Patients Treated with the Same Regimen
Authors: Buzdar Aman U. , Valero Vicente , Ibrahim Nuhad K. , Francis Deborah , Broglio Kristine R. , Theriault Richard L. , Pusztai Lajos , Green Marjorie C. , Singletary Sonja E. , Hunt Kelly K. , Sahin Aysegul A. , Esteva Francisco , Symmans William F. , Ewer Michael S. , Buchholz Thomas A. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurpose: Findings from our previously published phase III randomized trial showed a high pathologic complete remission (CR) rate in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive breast cancer after the concurrent administration of trastuzumab and paclitaxel, followed by concurrent trastuzumab and 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC) preoperative chemotherapy. The safety and efficacy data of initial population were updated, with inclusion of additional experience with the same therapy.Study Design: The initial randomized study population of 42 patients were randomly assigned to either four cycles of paclitaxel followed by four cycles of FEC or to the same chemotherapy with simultaneous weekly trastuzumab for 24 weeks. All data were updated through November 2005.Results: Pretreatment characteristics of the initial patients and of the second cohort were similar. In the second cohort, pathologic CR rate was 54.5% (95% confidence interval, 32.2-75.6%) and the pathologic CR rate among all patients treated with chemotherapy plus trastuzumab was 60% (95% confidence interval, 44.3-74.3%). Three patients in the chemotherapy only group have recurred, and one has died. There has been no recurrences in the patients randomized to chemotherapy plus trastuzumab, and the estimated disease-free survival at 1 and 3 years was 100% (P = 0.041). In additional cohort treated with chemotherapy and trastuzumab at the median follow-up of 16.3 months, no patients had recurred. No new safety concerns were observed in this study.Conclusion: Our expanded cardiac safety data and the updated efficacy data showed that the natural history of this subset of breast cancer patients can be substantially modified by this treatment approach.
Expression of the Hypoxia Marker Carbonic Anhydrase 9 Is Associated with Anaplastic Phenotypes in Meningiomas
Authors: Yoo Heon , Baia Gilson S. , Smith Justin S. , McDermott Michael W. , Bollen Andrew W. , VandenBerg Scott R. , Lamborn Kathleen R. , Lal Anita 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment triggers a variety of genetic and adaptive responses that regulate tumor growth. Tumor hypoxia is often associated with more malignant phenotypes, resistance to therapy, and poor survival. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hypoxia in meningiomas using the endogenous hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) and to relate the expression of CA9 to tumor vascularity, histopathologic grade, and clinical variables, such as recurrent tumor status.
Experimental Design: Expression of CA9 and CD34, an endothelial cell marker, was examined in serial paraffin-embedded sections by immunohistochemistry in 25 grade 1, 17 grade 2, and 20 grade 3 meningiomas. Areas of immunoreactivity were semiquantitatively scored and correlated to clinical variables using Statistical Analysis System statistical software.
Results: Approximately 50% (29 of 62) of all meningiomas contained regions of hypoxia as judged by expression of CA9, and this expression was significantly associated with higher-grade histology (P = 0.001). In contrast, vascularity, as assessed by the percentage of vascular hotspots, was inversely associated with tumor grade (P = 0.023) and was not associated with CA9 expression. Among lower-grade meningiomas, CA9 expression tended to be more common in recurrent tumors.
Conclusions: Tumor hypoxia is an endogenous feature of meningiomas, and therapeutic regimens should include strategies to target the subpopulation of hypoxic as well as the normoxic cells within the tumor. Hypoxia in meningiomas is associated with an aggressive phenotype. Further studies to define the contribution of hypoxia to meningioma pathophysiology are warranted.
Alum with Interleukin-12 Augments Immunity to a Melanoma Peptide Vaccine: Correlation with Time to Relapse in Patients with Resected High-Risk Disease
Authors: Hamid Omid , Solomon Jolie C. , Scotland Ronald , Garcia Marile , Sian Shirley , Ye Wei , Groshen Susan L. , Weber Jeff S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurpose: We attempted to augment immunity to melanoma antigens using interleukin-12 (IL-12) with aluminum hydroxide (alum) for sustained release or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) added to a multipeptide vaccine.Experimental Design: Sixty patients with high-risk resected melanoma were randomized to receive melanoma peptides gp100209-217 (210M), MART-126-35 (27L), and tyrosinase368-376 (370D) with adjuvant Montanide ISA 51 and either IL-12 at 30 ng/kg with alum (group A), IL-12 at 100 ng/kg with alum (group B), or IL-12 at 30 ng/kg with 250 μg GM-CSF (group C).Results: Three patients had stage IIC (5%), 50 had stage III (83%), and 7 had stage IV (12%) melanoma. Most toxicities were grade 1/2 and resolved rapidly. Significant toxicity included grade 3 colitis and visual changes and grade 3 headache resolving after stopping IL-12 but continuing peptide vaccine. A higher rate of post-vaccine 6-month immune response to gp100 and MART-1 was observed in group A (15 of 19) or B (19 of 20) that received IL-12 plus alum versus group C with IL-12/GM-CSF (4 of 21; P &lt; 0.001). Post-vaccine enzyme-linked immunospot response rates to peptide analogues in group B were higher than group A (P = 0.031 for gp100 and P = 0.010 for MART-1); both were higher than group C (P &lt; 0.001 for gp100 and P &lt; 0.026 for MART-1). With a median of 24 months of follow-up, 23 patients have relapsed. Post-vaccine immune response to MART-1 was associated with relapse-free survival (P = 0.012).Conclusions: IL-12 with alum augmented an immune response to melanoma antigens compared with IL-12 with GM-CSF. Immune response was associated with time to relapse.
Expression of Cellular FLICE Inhibitory Protein, Caspase-8, and Protease Inhibitor-9 in Ewing Sarcoma and Implications for Susceptibility to Cytotoxic Pathways
Authors: de Hooge Alfons S.K. , Berghuis Dagmar , Santos Susy Justo , Mooiman Esther , Romeo Salvatore , Kummer J. Alain , Egeler R. Maarten , van Tol Maarten J.D. , Melief Cornelis J.M. , Hogendoorn Pancras C.W. , Lankester Arjan C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurpose: Ewing sarcoma is a common pediatric bone tumor with an unfavorable prognosis for metastatic or recurrent disease. Cellular immunotherapy may provide new treatment options and depends on the cytolytic death receptor and perforin/granzyme pathways. Expression of death receptor pathway inhibitor cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (cFLIP), initiator caspase-8, and granzyme B inhibitor protease inhibitor-9 (PI-9) have been reported to determine susceptibility to cell- and chemotherapy-mediated killing in several tumor types. Here, we have studied their in vitro and in vivo expression in Ewing sarcoma and the implications for susceptibility to cytotoxicity.Experimental Design: Ewing sarcoma cell lines (n = 8) were tested for cFLIP, PI-9, and caspase-8 expression. Functional significance was tested by anti-Fas antibody (death receptor pathway) or natural killer cell (perforin/granzyme pathway) treatment. Immunohistochemistry was done on 28 sections from 18 patients. In half of the cases, sequential material, including metastases, was available.Results: Although all tested Ewing sarcoma cell lines expressed cFLIP, resistance to CD95/Fas–mediated apoptosis was only observed in two cell lines lacking caspase-8 expression. PI-9 was expressed at low levels in four of eight Ewing sarcoma cell lines, but positive cell lines remained susceptible to perforin/granzyme–mediated killing. In primary Ewing sarcoma, including metastases, cFLIP was abundantly expressed in 18 of 18 patients. Caspase-8 was expressed in all patients but showed more intertumoral and intratumoral variation in both intensity and heterogeneity of staining. PI-9, in contrast, was undetectable.Conclusions: The expression patterns of cFLIP, caspase-8, and the absence of PI-9 provide a rationale to preferentially exploit the perforin/granzyme pathway in cytotoxic therapies against Ewing sarcoma.
Inactivation of SMAD4 Tumor Suppressor Gene During Gastric Carcinoma Progression
Authors: Wang Li-Hui , Kim Seok-Hyung , Lee Jung Hyun , Choi Yoon-La , Kim Young Chul , Park Tae Sung , Hong Yun-Chul , Wu Chun-Fu , Shin Young Kee 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Mothers against decapentaplegic homologue 4 (SMAD4) is a tumor suppressor gene associated with gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study is to more precisely characterize its role in the development and progression of human gastric carcinoma.
Experimental Design: The expression of SMAD4 was investigated in 283 gastric adenocarcinomas and related lesions, as well as in 9 gastric carcinoma cell lines. We also analyzed the methylation status of SMAD4 gene by using methylation-specific PCR, examined loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of this gene locus by using a vicinal marker, and detected exon mutation of SMAD4 through exon-by-exon amplification. Moreover, we assessed whether MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, affected the SMAD4 protein level.
Results: We found loss of SMAD4 protein expression in the cytoplasm (36 of 114, 32%) and in the nucleus (46 of 114, 40%) of gastric cancer cells. The loss of nuclear SMAD4 expression in primary tumors correlated significantly with poor survival, and was an independent prognostic marker in multivariate analysis. We also found a substantial decrease in SMAD4 expression at both the RNA and protein level in several human gastric carcinoma cell lines. In addition, we found that LOH (20 of 70, 29%) and promoter hypermethylation (4 of 73, 5%) were associated with the loss of SMAD4 expression. SMAD4 protein levels were also affected in certain gastric carcinoma cell lines following incubation with MG132.
Conclusion: Taken together, our results indicate that the loss of SMAD4, especially loss of nuclear SMAD4 expression, is involved in gastric cancer progression. The loss of SMAD4 in gastric carcinomas was due to several mechanisms, including LOH, hypermethylation, and proteasome degradation.
High Human Papillomavirus Oncogene mRNA Expression and Not Viral DNA Load Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Cervical Cancer Patients
Authors: de Boer Marjon A. , Jordanova Ekaterina S. , Kenter Gemma G. , Peters Alexander A. , Corver Willem E. , Trimbos J. Baptist , Fleuren Gert Jan 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Cervical cancer is now known to be caused by infection with an oncogenic type of the human papillomavirus (HPV). However, little is known about the continued role of HPV once cancer has been established. Here, we describe the quantitative relation between HPV DNA copy number and mRNA expression of the viral oncogenes (E6 and E7) and the prognostic value of both measures in cervical cancer patients.
Experimental Design: We studied the number of viral DNA copies and the level of HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression in 75 HPV 16–positive or HPV 18–positive International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage Ib and IIa cervical cancer patients. Measurements were done with quantitative PCR. DNA copy number analysis was done on pure tumor cell samples enriched with flow sorting. mRNA expression data were compensated for the percentage of tumor cells included.
Results: The number of viral DNA copies was not predictive of survival in cervical cancer patients. In contrast, high HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression was strongly related to an unfavorable prognosis (P = 0.006). In a multivariate Cox model for overall survival, including all known prognostic variables and stratified for HPV type, the level of E6/E7 mRNA expression was an independent prognostic indicator, second only to lymph node status. No correlation was observed between DNA copy number and the level of HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression, which reflects that not all DNA copies are equally transcriptionally active.
Conclusions: Cervical cancer patients with high HPV E6/E7 oncogene mRNA expression have a worse survival independently from established prognostic factors.