bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Most Probable Pore-Size Distribution in Fluid Filter Media II. Determining the Size of the Average Pore from Fluid Permeability Measurements
Authors: Johnston PR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This theoretical distribution, addressing those filter media with a random arrangement of pores, was given credence in Part I of this paper via results of extended bubble-point measurements. Here the distribution is given credence through showing that theoretical calculations of laminar flow permeability correspond to actual measurements. And, the meaning of the average size pore—deduced from permeability measurements—is explained in relation to the pore-size distribution.
Predicting Heat-Affected Zone Hardness by the Weld Test Method
Authors: Bibby MJ , Chong L-M , Goldak JA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The “weld test method” of predicting heat-affected zone (HAZ) hardness first suggested by Stout el al is further developed in this investigation. The contemporary heat flow analysis of Adams and Jhaveri et al, and conclusions from the recent particularly relevant hardness-heat flow investigation of Graville are incorporated into the model. A “welding hardness diagram” is suggested to represent the test data and to simplify the task of predicting HAZ hardness. Experimental hardness results are compared to predicted values for a relatively wide range of carbon-manganese and low alloy structural steels in support of the welding hardness diagram approach. The relative merits of this procedure compared to the recent mathematical methods suggested by Bastien et al and by Arata et al for predicting HAZ hardness are discussed.
A New Test Method for Determining Environmental Stress-Crack Resistance of Ethylene Based Plastics
Authors: Crissman JM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new test method is proposed for the determination of the environmental stress-crack resistance of ethylene based plastics. The method incorporates features of both ASTM Test for Environmental Stress-Cracking of Ethylene Plastics (D 1693) and Test for Environmental Stress Rupture of Type III Polyethylenes Under Constant Tensile Load (D 2552). The specimen is constrained in a fixed geometry by bending it around a cylindrical metallic form, and it is subjected to a constant applied stress. Statistical data are presented which indicate that the coefficients of variation that can be expected from the new test are at least comparable to those reported earlier in round robin tests carried out using ASTM D 2552. The principle advantage of the proposed new test over both ASTM D 1693 and D 2552 is a substantial savings in the time required to collect the data.
Training the Security Screening Station Operator
Authors: Hunter JM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) involvement in the subject area is generally limited to establishment of training standards, production, and distribution of training aids, and monitoring ongoing training to assure that regulatory standards are met. The screener/passenger interface is critical not only in assuring the safety of the system, but in projecting the airline image. It is not coincidental that laws and regulations governing the screening process call for courteous and tactful deportment on the part of all screeners. Training requirements include a vigorous testing program conducted by FAA and the airlines. As new threats evolve, such as the use of flammable liquids by Cuban refugees, FAA's training materials are updated and sophisticated. Training records are maintained for every screener and are monitored closely by FAA to assure effectiveness of the system. The cornerstone of the security safeguards in place at U.S. airports is the screening system. Only through continuous training can we collectively have confidence in the safety and security of air transportation in the United States.
A Modified Metallographic Method to Detect Sensitization in Type 316 Stainless Steel
Authors: Parvathavarthini N , Dayal RK , Gnanamoorthy JB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
For detecting susceptibility to intergranular corrosion (IGC) in austenitic stainless steels, ASTM Recommended Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels (A 262), Practice A (metallographic test), serves as a screening test. Alloys showing “step” or “dual” structures are considered to have passed the test. When a “ditch” structure is obtained, the material needs further testing by one of the immersion tests (Practices B, C, D, or E). It has been observed that the electro-etching parameters of Practice A are rather severe, leading to the development of “ditch” structures in nonsensitized materials which are not susceptible to IGC. A modified etching technique has been developed in which nonsensitized samples of Type 316 stainless steel as detected by Practice E show step structure or no structure at all; ditch structure is developed only in the cases of samples heat treated close to or within the sensitization range. Use of this technique could result in a reduction of the number of specimens that must be tested by one of the other practices in ASTM A 262.
Erosion of Phosphor Bronze under Cavitation Attack in a Mineral Oil
Authors: Rao BCS , Buckley DH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Experimental investigations on erosion of a copper alloy, phosphor bronze, under cavitation attack in a viscous mineral oil are presented. The details of pit formation and erosion were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The mean depth of penetration, the variations in surface roughness, and the changes in erosion pit size were studied. Cavitation pits formed initially over the grain boundaries while the surface grains were plastically deformed. Erosion of surface grains occurred largely by ductile fracture involving microcracking and removal in layers. The ratio h/a of the depth h to half width a of cavitation pits increased with test duration from 0.047 to 0.55.
Evaluation of the Effect of Contact-Time When Measuring Floor Slip Resistance
Authors: Irvine CH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
To test the slip resistance of shoe and floor materials, the Horizontal pull Slipmeter (HPS) is normally placed on a smooth floor surface and then connected to a capstan which applies force to overcome friction. This normal procedure was compared with a laboratory modification of the normal HPS operation: the meter was placed on the floor at the same time the capstan began applying the lateral force. Results from 1360 measurements involving 17 shoe-sole materials and two floor materials, wet and dry, were as follows: (1) differences in time of contact between shoe sole and floor materials affected the slip resistance for some materials, and (2) dry leather materials were most consistently and substantially affected, whereas other affected materials showed relatively small differences. Previous researchers have shown dry leather to be generally less slip resistant than other shoe-sole materials. Results from this evaluation study may be used in support of these previous findings.
Erosion by Solid-Particle Impacts: A Testing Update
Authors: Wood FW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A workshop on erosion by solid particles focused attention on the status of applicable testing technologies. ASTM Standard G 76-83, in which erodent particles are entrained in gas jets, was reviewed, and procedural variations based on it were described and discussed. Among the factors considered were cratering, particle fluxes, particle feeding, and the characteristics of nozzles, specimen surfaces, and erodent particles. Many effects of the foregoing factors are not yet fully understood. Jet-type erosion tests such as ASTM G 76 cannot simulate all practical circumstances in which erosion by solid particles occurs. Therefore the development of additional standardized testing procedures is needed. Two alternatives, slinger-type testing and wind-tunnel testing, with potential for further development were described.
A Rapid Test for Asphalt Content of Bituminous Mixtures
Authors: Martinez Chavez JJ , Winslow DN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simple test procedure has been developed that greatly speeds the determination of the asphalt content of hot-mix bituminous mixtures. It involves a brief but thorough mixing of standard quantities of a bituminous mixture and trichloroethylene. The transmittance of light by the asphalt-trichloroethylene solution is then measured and correlated with the asphalt content of the mixture. The method takes about 5 min and uses reasonably inexpensive equipment that is highly portable. Preliminary tests indicate that the new method is as accurate as existing methods.
An Empirical Model for Predicting Performance of Fire-Resistive Coatings in Wood Construction
Authors: White RH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Currently used fire-retardant coatings for wood products reduce flame spread; they are not designed specifically to provide fire resistance. Fire-resistive coatings designed for steel and foam plastics generally are not recommended for wood. However, these fire-resistive coatings have been tested for their ability to improve the fire resistance of plywood. We have developed an empirical model for predicting the fire-resistance performance of fire-resistive-coated wood based on these small nonload-bearing fire-resistance tests.
The equations in the model provide estimates for the times to reach either a temperature rise of 139°C or a temperature of 288°C. Using these equations, various applications for fire-resistive coatings in wood construction were examined. Applications considered include thermal barriers, walls, floors, large timber members, and doors.
Predictions using the model compared favorably with the very limited experimental data available in the literature. Additional research is needed before use of fire-resistive coatings in wood construction can be realized.
A Microcomputer-Based System for the High-Speed Compression Test by the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Technique
Authors: Yokoyama T , Kishida K 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A microcomputer-based system has been developed for the high-speed compression test by the split Hopkinson pressure bar technique. The present test system enables one to obtain reliable dynamic stress-strain data for materials for a very short period. The range of strain rates achieved by the test system is approximately 102 to 2 × 103 s−1 depending on the strength of the material and the impact velocity of a striker bar. The accuracy of the entire test system is checked directly by comparing the static and dynamic test results for a strain-rate insensitive material. Test results are presented for tough pitch copper and two aluminum alloys.
Effect of Fiber Loss by Carding on Average Fiber Diameter of Core Samples of Grease Wool
Authors: Stobart RH , Morrison EJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Sixty wool samples were obtained from a commercial testing laboratory to study the effects of fiber loss by carding on the average fiber diameter measurements of 12.7 mm core samples. No difference (P &gt; 0.05) was found between operators or between carded and uncarded paired samples. The commercial laboratory had smaller (P &lt; 0.05) coefficients of variation than the University of Wyoming Wool Measurement Laboratory. The correlation between fiber diameter and card fallout was 0.899, but did not change the mean fiber diameter of any samples.
Modified Lever System for Constant-Stress Compressive Creep Machine
Authors: Dobeš F , Zvěřina O , Čadek J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simple mechanical system for keeping constant applied stress during the course of a creep test is proposed. The system uses the forced movement of load and is especially suitable for compressive creep testing. Verification in practical implementation has shown that the tolerance in the stress constancy is better than ±1.5% up to a strain of 30%.
Using an Impact Device with Sliding Drop Collar for In Situ Evaluation of Compressive Strength of Insulating Cellular Concrete
Authors: Reichverger Z 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the efforts of the Central Building Laboratory of the Standards Institute of Israel to develop a relatively simple method for in situ nondestructive evaluation of the compressive strength of lightweight cellular concrete used for thermal insulation of roofs. The idea of the developed impact device with sliding drop collar is similar in principal to the well-known soil test method of drop-weight penetration, ordinarily used for field determination of compacted soil density.
Test results show that the depth of penetration is influenced by two main parameters: compressive strength of the concrete and its density. If the unit weight of the cellular concrete is known or predetermined, its compressive strength can be estimated by means of the impact device with a sufficient degree of accuracy. Thus the drop-collar penetrometer may find useful application in in situ quality control of lightweight cellular insulating concretes.
Precision Testing of Standardized Microbiological Methods
Authors: Beckers HJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tests performed on identical materials in identical circumstances do not yield identical results. This is attributed to unavoidable random errors inherent in every test procedure. Repeatability and reproducibility have been found sufficient for describing the precision of a method. Examples of interlaboratory precision experiments in the field of food microbiology are presented, which also demonstrate the different types of reference material that can be used. With a fluid, microbiologically stabilized by freezing, repeatability of aerobic and Enterobacteriaceae plate counts (expressed in 10log-units) appeared to be 0.28; reproducibility was 0.37 for both plate counts. The repeatability of Staphylococcus aureus plate counts varied between 0.26 and 0.52, reproducibility between 0.31 and 0.84, depending on the method of enumeration and the testing procedure. It is concluded that microbiological methods should be evaluated by precision tests, carried out on an international scale.
Crack Length Measurement During Rapid Crack Growth Using an Alternating-Current Potential Difference Method
Authors: Joyce JA , Schneider CS 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe object of this project has been to investigate the applicability of an alternating-current potential difference method of crack length estimation to rapid loading fracture mechanics tests in ferromagnetic materials. The more commonly used direct-current method has been demonstrated to be very sensitive to induced magnetization under rapid loadings. The resulting direct-current output signal is complex and not repeatable, and the component related to crack extension cannot be separated from the total response. The tests reported here show calibrations of a 10 kHz alternating-current system on an A533B material and application of the calibration to a static unloading compliance test and to rapid servohydraulic tests. A d-c component dependent on stress-induced magnetization is still present but can now be separated from the high frequency component using Fourier series methods.The major conclusion is that an alternating-current technique with a properly chosen excitation frequency can be used to detect crack growth in rapidly loaded specimens. Additional comments on developing an improved system are presented.
Strain Measurement Technique for Elevated Temperature Tensile and Creep Testing of Foil-Gage Metals
Authors: Blackburn LB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A technique has been developed for elevated temperature tensile testing of foil-gage metals which employs a modified mechanical extensometer in conjunction with a displacement transducer. The extensometer has been modified by attachment of a counterbalance to reduce the axial load contribution due to the mass of the extensometer to the total maximum test load. In addition, the extensometer grip inserts have been modified to incorporate a conical tip/flat-edge design to minimize induced stresses in the specimen resulting from extensometer attachment.
A room temperature evaluation of the counterbalanced extensometer with modified grip inserts was conducted by comparing the elastic moduli and residuals for titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) specimens determined using bonded, electrical resistance strain gages, to the elastic moduli and residuals determined using the counterbalanced extensometer. Results show the extensometer consistently indicates an elastic modulus within 2.5% of that indicated by the strain gages and an average residual of approximately 2.4 × 10−5 m/m (in./in.).
Demonstration of the counterbalance technique and associated strain measurement system at elevated temperature was accomplished by performing creep tests on 0.102 mm (0.004 in.) thick specimens of Ti-6Al-4V at temperatures of 427°C (800°F) and 538°C (1000°F) and at nominal applied stresses of 310.3 MPa (45 ksi) and 172.4 MPa (25 ksi), respectively. Examination of the resulting creep-curves suggested that the strain measurement system provided actual creep strain values with good accuracy. In addition, the counterbalance technique resulted in a load contribution from the extensometer of less than 0.40% of the applied load levels compared with a 2.21 to 4.48% contribution for specimens tested without a counterbalanced extensometer.
Strain Gage Analysis of Residual Stress in Plastic Pipes
Authors: Chaoui K , Moet A , Chudnovsky A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Residual stress distribution in medium density polyethylene (MDPE) 102 mm (4 in.) pipe with 11.1 mm wall thickness is evaluated using three different procedures. A modified layer removal procedure is employed to evaluate the residual stress component in the longitudinal direction as a function of the pipe wall thickness. On the other hand, the residual stress distribution in the circumferential direction is estimated using the conventional ring slitting method. A strain gage technique for direct residual strain measurements is described. The results obtained from the three procedures in a given direction are in qualitative agreements. A tensile residual stress dominates about 24% of the inner section of the pipe wall. The residual stress then becomes compressive reaching its maximum value at the outermost layer.
The stress values obtained from the first two techniques appear unrealistically excessive. On the other hand, those obtained from direct strain measurements appear reasonable as indicated by recent crack propagation studies in the specimens prepared from the same pipe sample.
Evaluation of Singular Intensity Factors in Elastic-Plastic Materials
Authors: Groth HL , Brottare I 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A singular intensity factor was evaluated for a butt joint geometry with different adhesive material behavior. The finite element method (FEM) was used for the determination of the stresses and displacements in the joint. It was found that the singular nature of the stress field at the free edge at the intersection between the adhesive and the adherend could be well characterized by a singular intensity factor.
The size of the plastic zone at the bi-material interface was investigated and compared with a simple estimation. It was found that the plastic zone sizes from the numerical analysis were smaller than this estimated zone size, even for a rather large amount of plastic deformation.
The singular stress field, governed by the singular intensity factor, was found to be large compared with the plastic zone size for valid small-scale yielding. This indicates that a fracture criterion based on a critical value of the singular intensity factor may be applicable not only to linear elastic materials but also to non-linear plastic materials.
Effect of Prestrain on Fracture Toughness of Rolled Mild Steel with Significant Inclusion Content
Authors: Arora PR , Raghavan MR , Prasad YVRK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The basic method of JIc calculation using a single specimen is discussed. Dokouipil's approach for evaluating the JIc value is extended further and the effect of prestrain on rolled mild steel with significant inclusions is studied using this modified approach. Although this method does not give an accurate value of JIc, it is quite effective for a comparative study. While the fracture toughness of annealed and 7% prestrained materials are about the same, the fracture toughness of 3% prestrained material is significantly lower.
Fracture Toughness by Small Punch Testing
Authors: Foulds JR , Woytowitz PJ , Parnell TK , Jewett CW 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe small punch test, currently being used to empirically estimate the material fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) of a range of components in fossil power plant service, has been further developed for direct estimation of KIc and JIc in a manner that is analytical, material-independent, and requires no prior knowledge of material mechanical properties. The procedure follows an approach that is based on the continuum material toughness concept wherein the criterion for fracture is defined and measured via the continuum stress-strain deformation properties of the material. The procedure specifically involves computing the “local” strain energy density accumulated at the location and time of crack initiation in the small punch test specimen using large-strain finite element (FE) analysis. Since the procedure also includes estimation of the material uniaxial tensile stress-strain behavior from the small punch load-displacement curve, both the fracture toughness and the uniaxial tensile behavior are determined from a single test. The procedure has been developed in order to take advantage of the miniature sample removal techniques that can be applied “nondestructively” to operating components. Results are presented on a range of steels.
Dynamic Fracture Toughness (DFT) of Banded HSLA Steels
Authors: Shanmugam P , Jana B , Pathak SD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Dynamic fracture toughness (DFT) evaluation by instrumented impact analysis has been emerging as a time- and material-conservative technique. The present investigation attempts to assess DFT of a high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel showing alternate layers of ferrite and pearlite in microstructure. The banded microstructure has given rise to an irregular stable crack front which shows spikes and splits. Three approaches to evaluate DFT, namely, premaximum energy, compliance changing rate (CCR), and the low blow test method, have been analyzed and compared to assess applicability in the case of irregular crack front. The curve fitting analysis of data justifies the power law fit to give conservative DFT values. The effects of a/w and impact velocity have been investigated. Attempts have also been made to calculate dynamic CTOD from load-displacement curves. Single specimen CCR technique obviates the need for stable crack growth (Δa) measurements and predicts conservative DFT values comparable to DFT values obtained from the low blow test method. Erratum to this paper appears in 23(2).
A Universal Panel Tester
Authors: Hsu TTC , Belarbi A , Pang X 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A universal panel tester was built at the University of Houston to test reinforced concrete panel elements subjected to any combination of in-plane and out-of-plane forces. The forces are applied by 40 in-plane hydraulic jacks of 250-kip (1120-kN) capacity each and 20 out-of-plane hydraulic jacks of 140-kip (630-kN) capacity. The sophisticated hydraulic system makes it possible to simulate any complex stress condition in a panel.