bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fear of Death
Authors: Tsouna Voula 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the surviving part of the fourth book of Philodemus' treatise On Death. It also makes brief mention of Philodemus' treatment of superstitious fears concerning death in [On Choices and Avoidances]. The chapter is divided into three parts. The first surveys certain distinctive features of the Epicurean treatment of the fear of death and sketches out Philodemus' original contributions to that topic. The second part focuses on Philodemus' discussion of cases in which the thought of death appears particularly hard to bear. The third studies the main themes of the peroration, the grand and solemn ending of the treatise: our vulnerability to death, the ephemeral character of human existence, the sage's daily contemplation of death itself, his preparedness to die at any time, but also his supreme capacity to enjoy life. To conclude, the chapter speculates about a reference at the very end of the treatise to what looks like an all-important spiritual act, a brief and clear focusing on the value of life and the truth of death, which enables the sage to depart from life at once with serenity and contentment.
4 Aggiornamento
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines religious reform in the mid-1960s. Pope John said that the task of the Second Vatican Council would be aggiornamento — a bringing up to date, or renewal, of the church. Vatican II offered the prospect not only of sweeping reforms in the Catholic Church but also of an end to many of the barriers separating Catholics from other Christians. New theologies, which privileged ‘action’ in ‘the world’, an ethic of individual freedom and responsibility and a positive view of modern science, were winning the support of many Protestants. Both Catholics and Protestants were actively involved in many of the social and political movements of the time, and were interpreting their activism as a necessary expression of their Christian faith. Yet in the euphoria of the times, many progressive Christians underestimated the strength both of more conservative denominations (often dismissed as sects) and of the conservative forces within their own denomination.
7 1968
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the social and religious upheavals of 1968. In the later 1960s, hopes for speedy and radical changes in both church and society were at a very high level. Christian radicals often suffered a double disappointment. Many radicals left their churches, and those Christian organizations that had been most sympathetic to ‘1968’ were severely upset. However, it would be wrong to exaggerate the extent either of the radical defeat or of the conservative resurgence. Many of those who had been influenced by the ideas and movements of that time remained within, or returned to their churches.
9 The Crisis of the Church
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the decline in religious practice in the Western world, in both Protest churches and the Roman Catholic Church. In the ten years between 1965 and 1975, large numbers of people lost the habit of regular church going. Protestant churches saw a serious drop in membership. The Catholic Church saw a mass exit from the priesthood and a large fall in clerical recruitment.
Effets sur la performance des termes utilisés pour évaluer une táche de découverte guidée
Authors: Van der Maren Jean‐Marie 
Published: January 2008

RésuméS'interrogeant à propos de E'ffet sur la performance des mots utilisés par les enseignants pour évaluer une tâche, six expériences comportant une tâche de découverte guidée (dessiner une figure géométrique en devinant son pourtour) et une enquête d'association ont été réalisées utilisant six paires de mots ‘oui‐non’, ‘correct‐incorrect’, ‘bon‐mal’, ‘parfait‐erreur’, ‘dessine‐cherche’ et ‘trace‐réflechis’. Présentant une brève synthèse des resultats on conclut à la prudence: la variation dans l'utilisation des mots n'est pas sans effet, mais ceux‐ci varient en fonction des sujets et probablement de la situation, et, a tout prendre, le recours à des termes neutres et frequemment utilises, comme ‘oui’ ou ‘non’ est ce qui perturbe le moins les sujets.
Sex differences in the aetiology of schizophrenia
Authors: Al‐lssa Ihsan 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThis article deals with aetiological factors which might explain sex differences in incidence, symptoms, premorbid adjustment, and outcome of schizophrenia. Research on stress raises the question of whether gender‐specific stresses are involved in the development of schizophrenia. A loss of and separation from the same sex parent seem to be associated with psychopathology in general and schizophrenia in particular. Studies of marital status and schizophrenia indicate that the single and widowed status may be more stressful for males than females, but these findings are confounded by selective factors.Higher rates of concordance among women (twins, siblings) suggest that genetic factors are more often involved in the development of schizophrenia in women than men. Since studies of concordance rates are based on chronic hospitalized patients, they deal with biased samples. More recent studies which use consecutive admissions do not reveal sex differences in concord‐ ance. However, they indicate tha: there are more women than men among schizophrenics with schizophrenic siblings regardless of their sex; this would suggest that women are more susceptible to family disturbance than men.Prenatal and postnatal organic insults are found more among psychotic and schizophrenic males than females. Pregnancy and birth complications are also associated with the development of schizophrenia in males rather than females. Research on sex differences in brain lateralization suggests that bilateral representation of language and visuo‐spatial function in females may be protective against schizophrenia. Studies of the galvanic skin response and platelet monoamine oxidase activity suggest that physiological and biochemical factors are related to schizophrenia in males more than females. Although sex hormones are not directly implicated as aetiological factors in schizophrenia, evidence reveals that androgens may increase male vulnerability whereas oestrogens may protect the female against an early schizophrenic breakdown.
Body image differences between normal and schizophrenic female adults
Authors: Koide Reiko 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe present study, aimed at considering body image differences between schizophrenic and normal female adults, used a questionnaire devised for this purpose in an attempt to offer some objective measure of body image problems. The overall results suggest that schizophrenic body images are comparatively poorer than those of normals. This poorness in the body image of schizophrenics is discussed as one of the bases of varied body image distortions and other symptoms observed in schizophrenic patients.
A pathway of principles, values and morality: effective psychological practices in deinstitutionalizing chronic mental health clients
Authors: Bemak Fred 
Published: January 2008

SummaryDeinstitutionalization and community services are entering a new phase. The second wave of clients is similar to previously deinstitutionalized clients, yet has significant differences and needs. There continue to be both successes and failures in the deinstitutionalization movement. Without the commitment to the philosophy of community based treatment for the second wave clients, there will be fewer accomplishments. Systems must be redesigned, programmes changed, and staff must adapt. Underlying effective psychological practices is the wish to institute relevant human rights and values and provide treatment with rigour, flexibility and systematic evaluation.With the implementation of new ideas, obstacles can be overcome and the principles of deinstitutionalization and community psychology can be qualitatively and effectively maintained.
Resolving Compensation Disputes with Three‐party Job Evaluation
Authors: Blood Milton R. , Graham William K. , Zedeck Sheldon 
Published: January 2008

Des conflits naissent dans les organisations a propos du montant de la retribution versee aux titulaires de certains postes. Aux Etats‐Unis par exem‐ple, le probleme de la contribution‐retribution a provoque recemment plusieurs conflits autour des postes traditionnellement reserves aux femmes. Mediation et arbitrage sont les procedures habituellement retenues, mais une evaluation du travail regroupant trois partenaires est une solution originate dont les retombees favorables sur l'organisation depassent la resolution d'un conflit particulier.Un groupe tripartite a exploite pour 1'evaluation du travail des dimensions pourvues d'echelles precises. Des equipes de deux personnes representant les parties adverses ont evalue des postes “convenablement retribues” a partir des dimensions sus‐mentionnees. Les donnees ont été statistiquement synthetisees. Des equipes de deux personnes ont ensuite evalue tous les postes defendus par le syndicat implique dans le conflit. Cet eventail de postes incluait ceux qui etaient en litige.Une tierce partie neutre devait conseiller les adversaires dans l'application d'une methode d'evaluation du travail qui resolvait le conflit, depistait les postes susceptibles de poser probleme a l'avenir et fournissait un moyen pour retribuer equitablement les nouveaux postes.
Attitudes to the Job and the Organisation among New Recruits: Influence of Perceived Job Characteristics and Organisational Structure
Authors: O'Driscoll Michael P. 
Published: January 2008

On a mené en Papouasie (Nouvelle‐Guinée) une recherche longitudinale sur les attitudes envers le travail et les représentations de ľorganisation chez des employés de banque débutants. Ils ont rempli des questionnaires aG ľoccasion de leur formation initiale et lors ďune seconde session six mois plus tard. ľadhésion àľorganisation était significativement liée à la satisfaction au travail, mais aucune variable n'était en relation certaine avec I'implication dans le travail. ľinfluence des caractéristiques perçues du travail sur les réponses affectives variait avec le temps. La satisfaction au travail était significativement corrélée avec le degré de subordination, tandis que ľorganisation formelle était le seul facteur structurel à présenter un impact quelconque sur ľadhésion àľentreprise. Les représentations des caractéristiques du travail et de la structure organisationnelle etaient independantes de ľimplication dans le travail. Ces découvertes montrent qu'il faut prendre en considération le contexte organisa‐tionnel et ľancienneté dans ľorganisation lors de ľévaluation des déterminants des dimensions subjectives du travail. ľencadrement et les formateurs du nouveau personnel doivent avoir conscience des modifications que le temps provoque dans les attidues et les perceptions des employes.A longitudinal study was conducted in Papua New Guinea to investigate the job attitudes and organisational perceptions of newly‐recruited bank employees, who were administered questionnaires during their initial training phase and at a second training session 6 months later. Significant relationships were observed between organisational commitment and job satisfaction, but neither variable was consistently associated with job involvement. The influence of perceived job attributes on affective responses varied across time. Job satisfaction was significantly related to span of subordination, while formalisation was the only structural factor to have any impact on organisational commitment. Perceptions of job characteristics and organisational structure were not linked to job involvement. These findings highlight the importance of examining organisational context and the stage of an individuaľs career within an organisation when assessing determinants of work
The Effect of Hypnosis on Eyewitness Memory: Reconciling Forensic Claims and Research Findings
Authors: Mingay David J. 
Published: January 2008

Beaucoup de personnes s'interrogent sur ľutilisation de ľhypnose à des fins juridiques pour faciliter la déposition des temoins de crime ou ďaccident. On avance que des expériences contrôlées permettent ďen évaluer les mérites. La présente recherche fait le point. Dans presque toutes les expériences, ľhypnose a failli à son rôle ďaide àľévocation réatiste de crimes et ďaccidents. A ľexception possible, bien qu'improbable, de cas où les témoignages sont très traumatisants, ou quand beaucoup de temps s'est écoulé depuis ľévènement, ľhypnose n'accroît pas du tout la mémoire des témoins. Certains articles suggèrent même que ľintervention sous hypnose pourrait amener la plupart des témoins à faire plus ďerreurs que moins ďerreurs dans leur déposition. Des raisons pour mettre en doute le succès dont se flattent les utilisateurs ďhypnose en matière juridique.Many people involved in forensic hypnosis claim that witness recall of a crime or accident is frequently facilitated by hypnosis. It is argued that controlled experiments provide the only satisfactory means of evaluating these claims. The relevant research is reviewed. In almost all experiments, hypnosis has failed to facilitate memory for realistically portrayed crimes and accidents. With the possible, although not probable, exceptions of cases in which highly traumatic events were witnessed or when much time has elapsed since the incident, hypnosis is most unlikely to enhance witness memory. Studies involving leading questions suggest that an hypnotic intervention could result in many witnesses giving accounts containing more errors rather than fewer errors. Reasons why forensic hypnotists report frequent successes are discussed.
Adaptive Testing
Authors: Weiss David J. , Vale C. David 
Published: January 2008

An adaptive test tailors the difficulty of the items to the ability of the examinee being tested. This article describes the general principles and models of adaptive testing beginning with the early Binet tests and continuing through state‐of‐the‐art techniques. Such computerised adaptive tests (C.A.T.s), based on item response theory (I.R.T.), are useful both for measurement and classification applications. I.R.T. provides a means by which different sets of items, as administered in a C.A.T., can be scored on a common scale. The principal advantages of CAT. are efficiency and control over either the precision of measurement or the accuracy of classification. C.A.T. procedures can be easily implemented without writing programs using commercially available software (e.g. MicroCAT).Un test “adaptatif” accorde la difficulté des items à la capacityé des candidate aux tests. Cet article décrit les principes généraux et les modèles de tests “adaptatifs” depuis les tests de Binet jusqu'aux techniques de pointe actuelles. Tels tests informatisés (C.A.T.s), basés sur la théorie des réponses par item (I.R.T.), sont utiles à la fois pour la mesure et la classification. I.R.T. procure les moyens par lesquels différents sets ďitems, tels qu'ils sont administrés dans un C.A.T., peuvent être notés sur une échelle commune. Les principaux avantages du C.A.T. sont ľefficacité et le contrôle de la précision de la mesure et de la fidélité de la classification. Le protocole du C.A.T. peut être aisément utilisé sans texte écrit en se servant des programmes informatisés disponibles dans le commerce.
ľInformatisation des Tests au Service de Psychologie de la S.N.C.F
Authors: Perriolat Raymond 
Published: January 2008

ľauteur expose la génèse de ce système et sa réalisation matérielle. Dans un premier chapitre, il fait ľinventaire des méthodes psychologiques à informa‐tiser selon la nature des tests, leur exploitation et leur gestion. Il évoque, dans un deuxième chapitre, les différentes solutions envisagées en fonction de ľévolution des technologies et des méthodes psychologiques utilisées, en particulier entre un système en réseau ou un système autonome. C'est finale‐ment un système autonome qui a été retenu à la S.N.C.F. et qui est décrit dans un troisième chapitre. II s'agit ďun matériel modulable pouvant s'adapter sur les différents postes de travail: tests textes, tests graphiques, et tests de liaison psycho‐moteurs. Pour conclure, ľauteur dresse un premier bilan et évoque les developpements futurs.The author presents the development of the computerised test information system operated by the French national railways. In the first part, he draws up an inventory of the psychological methods that can be computerised according to the kinds of tests, their application, and their management. In the second part, he demonstrates the different solutions considered possible, these being related to the evolution of technologies and to the psychological methods used, particularly between a network system and an autonomous system. An autonomous system, selected by the S.N.C.F., is decribed in the third part. The system can be adapted to the different work posts. Finally, the author gives a list of the first results obtained and envisages future developments.
The Development of an Automated Test of Immediate Memory and its Evaluation on Severely Physically Disabled Adults
Authors: Wilson Sarah L. 
Published: January 2008

This paper will review the benefits and constraints on the development of a microcomputer‐based system for the psychological assessment of the severely physically disabled. As an illustration, the development of an automated digit span test will be described together with the results of its evaluation against the WAIS Digit Span test on a sample of our patients. The automated test results showed a positive and significant correlation with those from the WAIS and also a higher test/retest reliability than the WAIS Digit Span test when used on our sample of physically disabled people.Cet article passe en revue les aspects positifs et les contraintes du développement de ľutilisation des micro‐ordinateurs dans ľévaluation psychologique des très grands handicapés moteurs. Pour ľillustrer, la description de ľélaboration ďun test automate ďempan digital, présentée avec les résultats ďune compar‐aison avec le WAIS Digit Span, sur un échantillon de nos patients. Les résultats du test automate montrent une corrélation positive et significative avec ceux du WAIS, ainsi qu'une fidélité plus grande au test‐retest que le WAIS Digit Span, quand il est utilisé sur un échantillon de personnes physiquement handicapés.
The Performance of a Sample of Traumatic Head‐injured Patients on Some Novel Computer‐assisted Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: Davidson Oliver R. , Stevens Denise E. , Goddard Graham V. , Bilkey David K. , Bishara S. N. 
Published: January 2008

The development of the Otago Computer‐assisted Neuropsychological Assessment Battery is briefly described. To further validate the procedures, six tests from the battery were administered to 51 patients with traumatic head injury (T.H.I.) and 51 controls. Mann‐Whitney U‐Tests indicated that, relative to controls, the T.H.I, patients performed significantly more poorly on reaction time, tracking, colour discrimination, nonsense figure recognition, and abstract problem‐solving tasks. The standard WAIS‐R, Trail Making Test, Benton Visual Retention Test, and the Williams Delayed Recall Test were also administered to 16 of the T.H.I, patients. Preliminary Spearman correlational analyses suggested associations between some variables, while others remained clearly unrelated. Both types of variable correlated with the duration of posttraumatic amnesia.On décrit brièvement ľélaboration de la “Batterie ďévaluation neuropsycholo‐gique assistée par ordinateur ďOtago”. En vue ďun approfondissement de la validation, on a administré six des tests de la batterie à 51 traumatisés crâniens et à 51 sujets contrôle. ľépreuve de Mann‐Whitney a conclu que les trauma‐tisés présentaient des résultats significativement inferieurs au temps de réaction, au tracé, à la discrimination des couleurs, à la reconnaissance de figures sans signification et à la résolution de problèmes abstraits. La WAIS, le “Test de tracé”, le “Test de rétention visuelle de Benton” et le “Test ďevocation diflerée de Williams” ont également été administrés à 16 des blessés. Des études préliminaires avec le coefficient de Spearman ont suggéré des corrélations entre certaines variables, tandis que ďautres restaient nettement indépendantes. Ces deux catégories de variables étaient liées àľétendu de ľamnesie post‐traumati‐que.
Computer‐based Test Interpretations: Advice to the Consumer
Authors: Moreland Kevin L. 
Published: January 2008

Actuarial systems for computer‐based test interpretation (C.B.T.I.) are distinguished from those based on clinical judgement. It is noted that most C.B.T.I. systems are of the latter type. Clinical judgement has proven superior to both types of C.B.T.I. system in the interpretation of neuropsychological tests and in several areas of medicine. Similar data on the automated clinical systems for the interpretation of personality instruments are sparse and methodologically weak. Studies of the validity of C.B.T.I. systems for the most popular personality inventory–the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–are reviewed in detail. Fourteen criteria are proposed for evaluating the adequacy of these and similar studies. Four additional suggestions are made for the benefit of those trying to choose a C.B.T.I. system for practical use: Check the bona fides of the system author; check to ensure that scoring and interpretation are orthodox; read scholarly reviews of the system; and evaluate the system using a set of cases with known outcomes. Finally, five situations are described that should lead one to be especially sceptical about the accuracy of C.B.T.I.s: Inferences about low probability events (e.g. suicide); rare score combinations; extreme scores; scores near cut‐offs; and unusual response sets or styles.Les systèmes actuariels d' interprétation de tests par ordinateur (C.B.T.I.) doivent être distingués de ceux fondés sur le jugement clinique. La plupart des systèmes C.B.T.I. sont du second type. Le jugement clinique s'est révélé supérieur aux deux catégories de systèmes C.B.T.I. dans l'interprétation des tests neuropsychologiques ainsi que dans d'autres domaines de la médecine. Les données analogues sur les systèmes cliniques automatisés d'interprétation des épreuves de personnalité sont rares et méthodologiquement contestables. Les études de validité des systèmes C.B.T.I. appliqués à l'inventaire de personnalité le plus répandu (le M.M.P.I.) sont recensées en détail. On propose 14 critères pour apprécier la valeur de ce genre d'études. Quatre suggestions compleméntaires sont destinées à ceux qui souhaitent sélectionner un système C.B.T.I. pour leur pratique: Contrôlez la bonne foi de l'auteur du système; vérifiez l'orthodoxie de la cotation et de l'interprétation; lisez ce qui a étéécrit sur le système; éprouvez‐le en utilisant une série de cas dont vous connaissez l'interprétation. Enfin, on décrit cinq situations dans lesquelles s'impose le scepticisme en ce qui concerne la validite des C.B.T.I.: La prédiction dévène‐ments à faible probabilityé comme le suicide, la combinaison de scores rares, les scores extrèmes, les scores proches des limites de classes, les séries ou styles de réponses inhabituelles.