bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal Considerations in the Management of Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Berbert-Campos Cláudia 
Published: March 2007

Objectives: To inform professionals providing care to individuals with cleft lip and palate on the legal aspects and organizations available to protect individuals with this alteration, and to advocate that cleft lip and palate should be considered a handicap, even though it is provisional and may be rehabilitated, to assure afflicted individuals basic rights and complete personal, social, and economic welfare. Design: Literature review on the issue, including assessment of national and international laws, doctrines, and jurisprudences; conceptual analysis of the word “handicapped” in dictionaries. Analysis included the federal constitutions of Brazil, France, Argentina, Spain, Cuba, Italy, China, Portugal, Japan, Great Britain, and Colombia, regarding the protection of handicapped people. Results: Constitutional protection of handicapped people is a recent issue that has been addressed only in the last few decades in some countries such as Brazil, Italy, Spain, China, and Portugal. The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 addresses the protection of handicapped people to assure them access to social and individual rights, freedom, security, welfare, development, equality, and justice as supreme values of a fraternal, pluralist, and prejudice-free society. Conclusions: Individuals with cleft lip and palate should be included in national policies for integration of handicapped people, in agreement with programs of human rights, establishing a collaborative action between state and society. This would assure their inclusion in the socioeconomic and cultural context and equal opportunities in society, without privileges or paternalism.
Community Coalitions as a System: Effects of Network Change on Adoption of Evidence-Based Substance Abuse Prevention
Authors: Valente Thomas W. , Chou Chich Ping , Pentz Mary Ann 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We examined the effect of community coalition network structure on the effectiveness of an intervention designed to accelerate the adoption of evidence-based substance abuse prevention programs. Methods. At baseline, 24 cities were matched and randomly assigned to 3 conditions (control, satellite TV training, and training plus technical assistance). We surveyed 415 community leaders at baseline and 406 at 18-month follow-up about their attitudes and practices toward substance abuse prevention programs. Network structure was measured by asking leaders whom in their coalition they turned to for advice about prevention programs. The outcome was a scale with 4 subscales: coalition function, planning, achievement of benchmarks, and progress in prevention activities. We used multiple linear regression and path analysis to test hypotheses. Results. Intervention had a significant effect on decreasing the density of coalition networks. The change in density subsequently increased adoption of evidence-based practices. Conclusions. Optimal community network structures for the adoption of public health programs are unknown, but it should not be assumed that increasing network density or centralization are appropriate goals. Lower-density networks may be more efficient for organizing evidence-based prevention programs in communities.
Assessing the Status of Partnerships Between Academic Institutions and Public Health Agencies
Authors: Livingood William C. , Goldhagen Jeffrey , Little William L. , Gornto Jennifer , Hou Tao 
Published: March 2007

We identified, described, and defined models of academic institution–public health agency partnerships in Florida. The study involved a mixed-method research design using data collected from a survey of 67 county health department (CHD) administrators and directors in Florida, in-depth interviews of key informants, and reviews of relevant Florida statutes and other archival data providing context for the partnerships. Fifty-one of the CHDs (76%) participated in the survey. Most reported formal agreements involving 50 different academic institutions. The partnerships were perceived to enhance the local public health system’s capacity. Recommendations focus on the need for a multitiered system for recognition of the partnerships and expansion of federal support for partnership beyond existing approaches.
Who’s In and Who’s Out: Use of Primary Medical Care Among People Living With HIV
Authors: Meyerson Beth E. , Klinkenberg W. Dean , Perkins Donna R. , Laffoon Benjamin T. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We sought to achieve a more comprehensive picture of access to medical care for the treatment of HIV (HIV primary care) by combining evidence of medical services used (health utilization) and epidemiological client-level data. Methods. This study integrated health information from several data sources to measure utilization of HIV primary care in the St Louis, Mo, area between 1998 and 2002. Data from disparate HIV health utilization databases were combined with data from the Missouri HIV and AIDS Reporting System database and then deidentified to measure client-level utilization of HIV primary care over time. Results. About half of those with HIV showed evidence of having utilized HIV primary care in a given year. Although most of this group utilized HIV primary care in the first year after they received their HIV diagnosis, evidence of subsequent utilization was inconsistent. Utilization of primary care was most strongly associated with an AIDS diagnosis. About one quarter of people diagnosed with HIV after 1997 had an AIDS diagnosis when they first tested positive for HIV. Conclusions. This study was the first of its kind to integrate several databases to understand HIV primary health care utilization over a period of years. Our findings reinforce the importance of CD4 and viral load values as indicators of utilization of HIV primary health care, particularly in the absence of other health data sets. The lack of available data and the way in which source data were available limited the study.
Glycemic and Risk Factor Control in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Eeg-Olofsson Katarina , Cederholm Jan , Nilsson Peter M. , Gudbjörnsdóttir Soffia , Eliasson Björn ,   for the Steering Committee of the Swedish National Diabetes Register
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE—This study was designed to investigate the clinical characteristics of a large type 1 diabetic population and to evaluate the degree of fulfillment of recently updated treatment goals.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Swedish National Diabetes Register was initiated in 1996 as a tool for quality assurance in diabetes care. A1C levels, treatment, and risk factors were analyzed in two cross-sectional samples of 9,424 patients in 1997 and 13,612 patients in 2004 and in a smaller longitudinal sample from 1997 to 2004.
RESULTS—Mean A1C decreased from 8.2 ± 1.3% in 1997 to 8.0 ± 1.2% in 2004 (P &lt; 0.001). The proportion of patients reaching A1C &lt;7.0% increased from 17.4 to 21.2% in 2004. A slow but significant improvement in blood pressure levels was seen, but only 61.3% reached the blood pressure goal of &lt;130/80 mmHg in 2004. Lipid control improved, and the use of lipid-lowering drugs increased. Among patients treated with lipid-lowering agents, 38% reached the goal of total cholesterol &lt;4.5 mmol/l, and 48% reached the goal of LDL cholesterol &lt;2.5 mmol/l. Successful long-term glycemic and blood pressure control were both independently predicted by low BMI and the absence of microalbuminuria in 1997.
CONCLUSIONS—In this large cohort of type 1 diabetic patients, there was a slow improvement in glycemic and risk factor control from 1997 to 2004, although the gap between the clinical results and current Swedish and American treatment goals is still unsatisfactory. It is crucial that additional measures be taken to improve risk factor control in type 1 diabetic patients.
NOS3 Polymorphisms Are Associated With Arterial Stiffness in Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Zineh Issam , Beitelshees Amber L. , Haller Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE—Type 1 diabetes is associated with endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. We previously demonstrated increased arterial stiffness in children with type 1 diabetes compared with control subjects. However, traditional CVD risk factors did not explain the difference in arterial stiffness. Furthermore, children with type 1 diabetes displayed notable within-group variation in arterial stiffness. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in the NOS3 gene may be associated with the differences seen in arterial stiffness within the population of children with type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Thirty-six consecutively enrolled subjects aged 10–21 years with type 1 diabetes were studied. Subjects underwent radial tonometry in a fasting state. A corrected augmentation index (AI75) was the primary measure of arterial stiffness. Genotypes were determined for the NOS3 −786T→C and Glu298→Asp polymorphisms by pyrosequencing. AI75 values by genotype groups were compared by ANOVA and multivariate analysis.
RESULTS—Median (interquartile range) AI75 values for −786TT and −786C carriers were −3.5 (−8.8 to 2.3) and 11.0 (6.0 to 14.4), respectively (P = 0.01); AI75 values for Glu298Glu patients and Asp298 carriers were 2.3 (−4.0 to 13.0) and 7.3 (−2.0 to 11.5), respectively (P = 0.59). In univariate analysis, age, sex, BMI percentile, and −786T→C genotype were significantly associated with AI75. The multivariate model, which included these four variables, was significantly associated with AI75 (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.40).
CONCLUSIONS—This is the first reported association between −786T→C and arterial stiffness in type 1 diabetes. Larger studies are needed to confirm this observation for potential translation to risk assessment.
The Impact of Glycemic Control on Neonatal Outcome in Singleton Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes
Authors: González-Quintero Víctor Hugo , Istwan Niki B. , Rhea Debbie J. , Rodriguez Lorna I. , Cotter Amanda , Carter Jena , Mueller Antoaneta , Stanziano Gary J. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE—To identify the impact of suboptimal blood glucose control on neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Included were patients with singleton gestation enrolled in an outpatient GDM management program for at least 7 days who delivered at term. Blood glucose control was defined as an average fasting blood glucose of &lt;95 mg/dl, 1-h postprandial of &lt;140 mg/dl, or 2-h postprandial of &lt;120 mg/dl. Data were compared between patients with optimal blood glucose control (n = 2,030) and those with suboptimal blood glucose control (n = 1,188). The primary study outcome was a composite variable consisting of macrosomia, large-for-gestational-age, hypoglycemia, jaundice, or stillbirth.
RESULTS—Over one-third of infants in the poorly controlled group were positive for at least one factor comprising the composite variable compared with 24% from the controlled group (P &lt; 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—Suboptimal glycemic control in women with GDM is associated with adverse neonatal outcome. Careful monitoring of blood glucose levels and initiation of appropriate treatment are essential in the care of women with GDM.
Habitual Physical Activity Is Associated With Intrahepatic Fat Content in Humans
Authors: Perseghin Gianluca , Lattuada Guido , De Cobelli Francesco , Ragogna Francesca , Ntali Georgia , Esposito Antonio , Belloni Elena , Canu Tamara , Terruzzi Ileana , Scifo Paola , Del Maschio Alessandro , Luzi Livio 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE—Fatty liver may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Physical exercise is a tool to improve insulin sensitivity, but little is known about its effect on intrahepatic fat (IHF) content. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of habitual physical activity, insulin resistance, and adiponectin with IHF content.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Participants were 191 (77 female and 114 male) apparently healthy, nonalcoholic individuals (aged 19–62 years; BMI 17.0–35.5 kg/m2). IHF content was assessed in a quantitative fashion and noninvasively as a continuous variable by means of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and habitual physical activity was assessed by means of a questionnaire. Fatty liver was defined as IHF content of &gt;5% wet weight, and insulin sensitivity was estimated using the computer homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-2 indexes.
RESULTS—A reduced prevalence of fatty liver in the quartile of the most physically active individuals (25, 11, 25, and 2% in quartile 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively; χ2 = 15.63; P = 0.001) was found along with an inverse correlation between the physical activity index and the IHF content when plotted as continuous variables (Pearson’s r = −0.27; P &lt; 0.000). This association was not attenuated when adjusted for age, sex, BMI, HOMA-2, and adiponectin (partial correlation r = −0.25; P &lt; 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—This study demonstrated that a higher level of habitual physical activity is associated with a lower IHF content and suggested that this relationship may be due to the effect of exercise per se.
Classification of Distinct Baseline Insulin Infusion Patterns in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes on Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Therapy
Authors: Holterhus Paul-Martin , Odendahl Rainer , Oesingmann Sandra , Lepler Rudolf , Wagner Verena , Hiort Olaf , Holl Reinhard ,   the German/Austrian DPV Initiative and the German Pediatric CSII Working Group
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE—We hypothesized systematic differences in the patterns of programmed basal insulin infusion rates in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). We aimed at classification of basal insulin infusion rate regimens and comparing patients’ underlying clinical characteristics.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The German/Austrian diabetes data acquisition system for prospective surveillance database for quality control and scientific surveys in pediatric diabetology served as the primary data source. Latest (September 2004) basal insulin infusion rates of all 1,248 patients with type 1 diabetes on CSII (0.38–18 years) were analyzed (dataset 1). Basal insulin infusion rates per hour were expressed relative to mean basal insulin infusion rates per 24 h. Unsupervised clustering was used to classify basal insulin infusion rate patterns. Clinical characteristics of patients falling into distinct basal insulin infusion rate clusters were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test. Changes of basal insulin infusion rates in 64 patients were followed from initial settings before CSII to latest programming in an independent dataset 2.RESULTS—Seven different basal insulin infusion rate patterns occurred in dataset 1. A dawn-dusk pattern was used in 708 patients (14.9 ± 2.4 years) with the peak basal insulin infusion rate at 5 a.m. Additional patterns showed only one basal insulin infusion rate oscillation per 24 h with a backshift of peak basal insulin infusion rates in younger children (P &lt; 0.000001) (1 a.m.: n = 152, 12.4 years and 9 p.m.: n = 117, 8.9 years). All but two patients in dataset 2 were initially set on dawn-dusk patterns but showed a comparable diversification of basal insulin infusion rates during follow-up with backshift of peak basal insulin infusion rates in younger children (P &lt; 0.01).CONCLUSIONS—Pediatric diabetologists shape distinct basal insulin infusion rate profiles during treatment of CSII patients, mainly reflecting differences in age. Our data strongly suggest that age-dependent endocrine changes during childhood (e.g., puberty) affect circadian distribution of insulin needs in CSII, which should be kept in mind when considering basal insulin infusion rate strategies in children and adolescents.
Discordance in Perceptions of Barriers to Diabetes Care Between Patients and Primary Care and Secondary Care
Authors: Simmons David , Lillis Steven , Swan Judith , Haar Jarrod 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE—We sought to compare perceived barriers to diabetes care between people with diabetes and different health professional groups.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was a cross-sectional, postal, open-questionnaire survey conducted in the Waikato district, New Zealand. A total of 3,890 individuals with diabetes participated, as well as 436 primary and secondary health professionals.RESULTS—Barriers were reported in 69.7% of patients. Psychological barriers were most important (55.5%), followed by systems barriers (25.7%), and then knowledge as least important (15.3%). Psychological barriers were ranked first among general practitioners (91.0%), but systems barriers were ranked first by other health professionals (38.8–100%). General practitioner and patient barrier group rankings were similar (rT = 0.976, P &lt; 0.05). Of specific barriers among individuals with diabetes, strictness of treatment regimen was the most frequently reported (42.3 vs. 0.1–16.8%) (P &lt; 0.001) and 2.5 (95% CI 2.4–2.7)- to 3.4 (3.2–3.7)-fold more than the 2nd through 4th ranked barriers. Motivation was the most common specific barrier reported by general practitioners (86%), practice nurses (31.5%), and the diabetes team (85.7%). Practice and hospital nurse/dietitian rankings were most comparable with patients (rT = 0.457 and 0.466, respectively, both P &lt; 0.05). A major area of patient–health professional discordance was the influence of other health problems, which was ranked 2nd among patients but 10th–18th among health professionals.CONCLUSIONS—The most important barriers to diabetes care perceived by patients are psychological and particularly relate to the strictness of the regimen. Discordance between patients and different health professionals exists in the perception of the importance of different barriers to diabetes care.
Nanovalves
Authors: Saha S. , Leung K. C.‐F. , Nguyen T. D. , Stoddart J. F. , Zink J. I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article features both molecular and supramolecular chemistry involving: i) stimuli‐induced nanoscale movements within mechanically interlocked molecules; ii) the fabrication of mesoporous silica substrates; and iii) the integration of the mechanically interlocked molecular/supramolecular actuators to act as gatekeepers at the entrances to the silica nanopores into which guest dye molecules can be uploaded and released on demand from the mesoporous silica substrates. The supramolecular actuators are based on two [2]pseudorotaxanes—that is, 1:1 complexes that can be dissociated by external inputs, such as acid/base cycles, electrons, and light. The molecular actuators are based on bistable [2]rotaxanes and can be operated mechanically by using either redox chemistry or electrochemistry. After these pseudorotaxanes and bistable rotaxanes have been attached covalently to the orifices of the silica nanopores, stimuli‐controlled mechanical movements within these mechanically interlocked molecules can be harnessed to close and open the nanopores. Therefore, these mechanically interlocked molecules have been employed as nanovalves for controlled sequestering and release of guest dye molecules into and out of the mesoporous silica substrates. These actuators can be regarded as the prototypes of highly controllable drug‐delivery systems.
Rate Acceleration of Light‐Driven Rotary Molecular Motors
Authors: Pollard M. M. , Klok M. , Pijper D. , Feringa B. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne of the key challenges in taking light‐driven unidirectional rotary motors from discovery to application is to increase the rate of rotation. Herein, we review our ongoing efforts to address this issue by meticulous improvement to the molecular design. To accelerate the rotary cycle, we have focused primarily on the rate‐limiting thermal isomerization step. This has been a fascinating and formidable objective, given that the first system we reported had a half‐life of over one week at room temperature! Our research has ultimately led to the construction of a unidirectional rotary molecular motor with a cycle 108 times faster than the original; that is, it can in principle function at 44 rotations per second.
Cover Picture: Microsolidics: Fabrication of Three‐Dimensional Metallic Microstructures in Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (Adv. Mater. 5/2007)
Authors: Siegel A. C. , Bruzewicz D. A. , Weibel D. B. , Whitesides G. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFlexible metallic wires embedded in poly(dimethylsiloxane) are produced with microscale dimensions by injecting heated, liquid solder into microfluidic channels and cooling, as reported by George Whitesides and co‐workers on p. 727. This approach is used to fabricate complex, metallic microstructures that are twisted (as shown), rolled, or woven into fabrics. The structures can be rigid or flexible, depending on the type of solder used, and breaks in the metal can be “healed” by reheating the device. This method of fabrication may find applications in flexible electronic circuits, 3D metallic microstructures, and hybrid electronic–microfluidic devices.
Photocatalytic oxidation of nitrobenzene and phenylamine: Pathways and kinetics
Authors: Palmisano Giovanni , Loddo Vittorio , Augugliaro Vincenzo , Palmisano Leonardo , Yurdakal Sedat 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe oxidation of nitrobenzene and phenylamine has been carried out by heterogeneous photocatalysis in aqueous suspensions of commercial TiO2. The photoreactivity results indicate that two reaction pathways occur in parallel with both substrates from the start of irradiation: partial oxidation to monohydroxy derivatives and mineralization. The first pathway involves the entering of radical HO• into the aromatic ring giving rise to monohydroxy derivatives, and the second one involves the total oxidation of the substrates to CO2. The partial oxidation of nitrobenzene produces all the three possible monohydroxy derivatives, while that of phenylamine only produces the ortho‐ and para‐isomers. The extent of adsorption in the dark was found to be about 8% mol for nitrobenzene, while the amounts were not detectable for phenylamine. The Langmuir‐Hinshelwood approach has been satisfactorily applied for modeling the photoreactivity results, and the values of the kinetic model parameters have been determined. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Biporous polymeric microspheres coupled with mercaptopyridine for rapid chromatographic purification of plasmid DNA
Authors: Li Yuan , Dong Xiao‐Yan , Sun Yan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA biporous absorbent coupled with mercaptopyridine was synthesized for the purification of plasmid DNA. Analyses by scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry revealed that the matrix contained two families of pores, i.e., micropores and superpores. The superpores provided not only convective flow channels for the mobile phase, but also a large surface for biomacromolecules binding. So the chromatographic process can be operated at high flow rate with high column efficiency and low backpressure as identified on a 2‐mL column. When 10 mL crude feedstock containing 3 mg of plasmid (5.4 kb pcDNA3) was loaded at a flow rate as high as 20 cm/min, the separation was finished in 10 min, and the plasmid was completely recovered with undetectable impurities of nucleic acids and proteins. The productivity was determined to be 9.0 g/L h, comparable to the pDNA productivity obtained using the commercial column. These results indicate that the biporous medium is promising for high‐throughput purification of plasmid DNA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2205–2211, 2007