bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A coercive interactional style as an antecedent to aggression in psychiatric patients
Authors: Morrison Eileen F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAs with society at large, violence in psychiatric settings is a serious clinical problem. Despite a great deal of attention, however, very little is currently known about the underlying theory or interventions to reduce aggression and violence in hospital settings. In this study, some psychiatric patients were viewed as having a general, aggressive, interactional style, motivated by the traits of Intimidation and Interpersonal Control, which when combined were labeledCoercion. A causal model in which violence and aggression were hypothesized to be predicted by a coercive interpersonal style and negatively predicted by an accommodating interpersonal style was tested. These interpersonal styles were proposed to mediate antecedent variables, that is, history of violence, psychiatric diagnoses, and length of hospitalization. Data were collected in two hospitals on psychiatric patients (N= 156) and analyzed using multiple regression techniques. The results of theoretical model testing suggested that 60% of the variance in Aggression was explained by four model variables: (a) Intimidation and Interpersonal Control (Coercion) (β = 0.44), (b) Length of Hospitalization (β = 0.26), (c) History of Violence (β = 0.27), and (d) Bipolar Affective Syndrome (β = 0.21). The implications for clinical care are discussed.
The effect of diet consistency on food intake of anorectic tumor‐bearing rats
Authors: McCarthy Donna O. , Daun Jane M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDelayed gastric emptying has been shown to occur in cancer patients complaining of anorexia and early satiety. Given that liquids are emptied from the stomach faster than solid food, the present study was undertaken to determine if diet consistency would affect food intake of hypophagic rats implanted with the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. By Day 15 of tumor‐growth, caloric intake of tumor‐bearing animals was 20% less than controls. The caloric intake of tumorbearing animals fed a liquid diet was not significantly different from animals fed a solid diet. Furthermore, a delay in gastric emptying was not seen in this animal model of tumor‐induced anorexia.
Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and barriers to pharmacologic management of cancer pain in a statewide random sample of nurses
Authors: Vortherms Ruth , Ryan Patrick , Ward Sandra 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe knowledge of, attitudes toward, and perceived barriers to pharmacologic management of cancer pain were examined in a random statewide sample of nurses (N = 790), using an 82‐item questionnaire. Although only 7% of the nurses reported working in oncology settings, 59% of the nurses reported having worked with patients with cancer in the last 6 months. The scores on the knowledge test ranged from 11% to 93% correct, with a mean percent correct of 56. 4% (+/‐ 0. 92). Nurses reported relatively liberal attitudes toward pain management, yet also reported believing that 22% of patients overreport pain. Results are discussed with respect to implications for practice and education.
Meta‐analysis for descriptive research
Authors: Reynolds Nancy R. , Timmerman Gayle , Anderson Judy , Stevenson Joanne Sabol 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough nurses have begun to use meta‐analysis, a review of the nursing literature demonstrates that its use has not been maximized. Meta‐analysis can be employed to synthesize descriptive as well as experimental research, yet attention in nursing has focused almost exclusively on meta‐analysis techniques for, and meta‐analytic studies of, experimental research. Furthermore, nursing literature has emphasized use of the effect size index (d) rather than the correlation index (r); the latter may, in some cases, be the more suitable metric, particularly with meta‐analysis of correlational studies. An argument is made for the value of meta‐analysis as a technique for integrating descriptive research, and an overview of different meta‐analytic approaches to data analysis using the correlational index with descriptive research is provided.
Focus on psychometrics nursing intervention studies require outcome measures that are sensitive to change: Part one
Authors: Stewart Barbara J. , Archbold Patricia G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn selecting an outcome measure for a study evaluating a nursing intervention, the criterion of sensitivity to change should predominate. Researchers commonly Justify their choice of outcome measures for experiments based on such psychometric criteria as high internal consistency reliability and patterns of correlations reflecting convergent and discriminant validity. Although such criteria are appropriate for measures to assess individual differences, they are insufficient when the measures will be used for intervention studies. Researchers may need to develop new measures that are tailored for experimental studies if existing measures are valid mainly for the assessment of individual differences. In this first portion of a two‐part article, three of seven factors to consider in selecting an outcome measure for an intervention study are outlined and recommendations for application of principles of reliability and validity in the context of sensitivity to change are given.
Outcomes of specialized and traditional AIDS counseling programs for impoverished women of color
Authors: Nyamathi Adeline M. , Leake Barbara , Flaskerud Jacquelyn , Lewis Charles , Bennett Crystal 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe efficacy and differential effects of specialized (S) and traditional (T) AIDS education programs on cognitive, behavioral, and psychological outcomes were investigated. The sample consisted of 858 impoverished African‐American and Latina women (S = 448, T = 410). At baseline, women in the traditional group reported significantly higher distress, greater knowledge of AIDS, and less problem‐focused coping. Significant improvements over the 2‐week intervention interval were found for participants of both AIDS education programs for appraisal of threat, concerns, knowledge, and attitudes about AIDS, emotion‐focused coping, number of sexual partners, IV and non‐IV drug use, depression, and distress. However, multivariate analysis indicated that the traditional group had slightly better posttest scores on concerns, emotionfocused coping, knowledge of AIDS, and number of partners than the specialized group. The specialized group reported greater use of problem‐focused coping. These differences do not detract from the substantial improvement found for both groups, but they do reinforce the conclusion that the specialized program was not more effective than its standard counterpart. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Maternal employment, family functioning, and preterm infant development at 9 and 12 months
Authors: Youngblut Joanne M. , Loveland‐Cherry Carol J. , Horan Mary 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal employment on child development and family functioning for families with preterm infants. Data were collected in the family's home (N = 67) when the infant was 3,9, and 12 months of age. Maternal employment at 3 months had little effect on 9‐ and 12‐month child mental or psychomotor development or on family cohesion, adaptability, or satisfaction. Maternal employment attitude/behavior consistency was a significant predictor of psychomotor development. Choice in the employment decision at 3 months was positively related to both mental and psychomotor development at 9 and 12 months for nonemployed mothers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Everyday indicators of impaired cognition: Development of a new screening scale
Authors: Algase Donna L. , Beel‐Bates Cynthia A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDevelopment of the Everyday Indicators of Impaired Cognition (EIIC) Scale to assess nursing home residents for performance errors in four domains of cognitive functioning is reported. The EIIC had strong content validity, with indices ranging from 0.7 to 1.0. Factor analyses of data from two independent samples (N = 198, N = 107) confirmed four factors: abstract thinking, judgment, language, and spatial skills. Cronbach's alpha for subscales ranged from 0.67 to 0.92; testretest reliabilities ranged from 0.49 to 0.80 with higher reliabilities occurring when time of retest matched time of original testing. Overall EIIC scores correlated to the short Memory‐Orientation‐Concentration (MOC) test and the Mini‐Mental Status Examination (MMSE) at values supporting convergent validity (r = 0.67 and −0.74, respectively). Evidence for divergent validity is a small, negative, nonsignificant correlations (r = −0.15, −0.18) of the EIIC at Times 1 and 2 to the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The erosion of nursing resources: Employee withdrawal behaviors
Authors: Wise Lowell C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA 5‐year retrospective cohort study of 404 nurses hired during a 2‐year period in five hospitals was conducted in order to explore withdrawal behavior exhibited by 76% of them. Three with‐drawal behaviors were examined and compared: turnover, absenteeism, and systematic reduction in participation (reduced work schedules). In two separate regressions, systematic reduction in participation (SRP) and turnover were each regressed on absenteeism, after controlling for six organizational and demographic variables. The relationship between absenteeism and each of the other two behaviors was significant, but opposite in effect. Systematic reduction in participation was found to be an important source of nursing resource loss in some, but not all, hospitals. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nursing intervention studies require outcome measures that are sensitive to change: Part two
Authors: Stewart Barbara J. , Archbold Patricia G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article is the second and concluding part of a discussion of the importance of sensitivity to change in selecting an outcome measure for a study evaluating a nursing intervention. In Part One of the discussion, (Stewart & Archbold, 1992) the relative lack of attention to measurement sensitivity in the nursing and measurement literature was described. Three factors to consider in selecting an outcome measure for an intervention study were reviewed: the conceptual link between the intervention and the outcome variable, the extent to which the outcome variable is amenable to change, and content validity. In Part Two, four additional factors are discussed: construct validity, distribution of scores on the outcome measure, reliability, and correlational stability over time. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The role of support surfaces and patient attributes in preventing pressure ulcers in elderly patients
Authors: Kemp Mildred G. , Kopanke Daniel , Tordecilla Lydia , Fogg Louis , Shott Susan , Matthiesen Valerie , Johnson Bethsheba 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNurses caring for elderly patients often need to select support surfaces that reduce the likelihood of pressure ulcers, but there is little information about the effectiveness of different support surfaces. This randomized trial compared two support surfaces and investigated patient attributes related to the risk of developing a pressure ulcer. Eighty‐four elderly patients were nursed on a convoluted or solid foam overlay and assessed three times a week for pressure ulcers. Stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression revealed a statistically significant relationship between the risk of developing a pressure ulcer and the variables mobility and type of support surface. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Psychosocial predictors of consumption of sweets following smoking cessation
Authors: Winkelstein Marilyn L. , Feldman Robert H. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe use of a theoretical model to predict consumption of sweet‐tasting high‐calorie foods following smoking cessation was investigated. The model included eight predictors: habit, intention, attitudes, subjective norms, self‐efficacy, perceived barriers, social support, and smoking cessation. One hundred and fourteen individuals completed pre‐ and postquestionnaires and made pre‐ and postsnack choices at smoking cessation programs. Pretest consumption of sweets (habit), pretest intention to avoid eating sweets, and posttest smoking status explained 42% of posttest consumption of sweets. Ex‐smokers reported eating more sweets and chose more sweet snacks than did subjects who continued to smoke. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Temporal variation in the effects of iced water on oral temperature
Authors: Cole Frank L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of iced water on the length of time required for oral temperature measurements to return to baseline in adults at 8:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. was examined. Each of the 24 subjects participated at both times of the day and thus served as his/her own control. Using electronic thermometers and standardized iced water solutions, the mean length of time required for oral temperature to return to baseline after ingestion of iced water was 14.04 min at 8:00 a.m. and 10.25 min at 4:00 p.m. This difference was statistically significant, supporting the hypothesized temporal variation in the effects of iced water on oral temperature measurement. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Maternal confidence for labor: Development of the childbirth self‐efficacy inventory
Authors: Lowe Nancy K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Childbirth Self‐Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI) is a self‐report instrument that measures outcome expectancies and self‐efficacy expectancies for coping with an approaching childbirth experience. The CBSEI scales have excellent internal consistency reliability (0.86 to 0.96) and factor analysis suggested that each CBSEl scale is unidimensional. Validity of the CBSEI was supported by significant positive correlations with the criterion variables of generalized self‐efficacy, self‐esteem, and internal health locus of control; and significant negative correlations with external health locus of control and learned helplessness. Validity was also supported by significantly higher self‐efficacy scores for multiparous as compared to nulliparous pregnant women. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Theory unmasked: The uses and guises of theory in qualitative research
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe role of theory in qualitative research is variable and not always well understood. In this article, the uses and varied manifestations of theory at the substantive and paradigmatic levels of research, and as they pertain to different qualitative approaches, are described. Specific consideration is given to the varied sources, centrality, temporal placement, and functions of theory in qualitative research. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The qualitative research audit trail: A complex collection of documentation
Authors: Rodgers Beth L. , Cowles Kathleen V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA qualitative study typically involves a large volume of researcher‐generated data, including notes about the context of the study, methodological decisions, data analysis procedures, and self‐awareness of the researcher. Such data are important in many aspects of the study, particularly in the development of an audit trail to substantiate trustworthiness. Unfortunately, there is little information available to assist researchers in generating the needed documentation. In this article, we discuss the types of data that contribute to credible investigations. Strategies for maintaining effective records in qualitative studies are included, along with examples from our own research. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development and administration of a survey instrument for cross‐cultural research
Authors: Ferketich Sandra , Phillips Linda , Verran Joyce 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of guidelines for development of culturally appropriate measures of phenomena. The principles are illustrated by citing an example of their use in developing a survey instrument to be used with a rural Mexican American and Euro American population. Discussion focuses on practical issues of implementing the approaches suggested in the literature and adds to the literature about issues in formatting and administration of survey instruments used in cross‐cultural research. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predicting the outcomes of living with asthma
Authors: Janson‐Bjerklie Susan , Ferketich Sandra , Benner Patricia 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the impact of person and disease predictors on psychosocial and morbidity outcomes in adults with chronic asthma. Ninety‐five asthmatic adults were followed for 60 days with standardized questionnaires and three interviews. Amount of distress during an asthma episode, perceived danger from asthma, and appraisal of social support were predictors of emergency room visits. Self‐care, perceived life stress, nocturnal symptoms, and amount of distress during an asthma episode were predictors of depression. Financial status and the absence of nocturnal symptoms of asthma predicted life satisfaction. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Alterations in skeletal muscle related to impaired physical mobility: An empirical model
Authors: Kasper Christine E. , McNulty Ann L. , Otto Amy J. , Thomas D. Paul 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe objective of this investigation was to study impaired physical mobility and the resulting skeletal muscle atrophy. An animal model was used to study morphological adaptations of the soleus and plantaris muscles to decreased loading induced by hindlimb suspension of an adult rat for 7, 14, and 28 consecutive days. Alterations in weight, skeletal muscle growth, and changes in fiber type composition were studied in synergistic plantar flexors of the rat hindlimb. Body weight and the soleus muscle mass to body mass ratio demonstrated significant progressive atrophy over th 28‐day experimental period with the most significant changes occurring in the first 7 days of hindlimb suspension. Hindlimb suspension produced atrophy of Type I and Type lla muscle fibers as demonstrated by significant decreases in fiber cross‐sectional area (γm2). These latter changes account for the loss of contractile force production reported in the rat following hindlimb unloading. When compared to traditional models of hindlimb suspension and immobilization, the ISC model produces a less severe atrophy while maintaining animal mobility and health. We conclude that it is the preferred animal model to address nursing questions of impaired physical mobility. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Self‐disclosure and coping styles in men with cardiovascular reactivity
Authors: Hahn William K. , Brooks Jo A. , Hartsough Don M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate self‐disclosure, emotion‐focused, and problem‐focused coping styles among men with borderline hypertension and two groups of normotensive men differentiated by parental hypertension. Because blood pressure reactivity may discriminate between hypertensive and normotensive men, subjects in these three groups were categorized as high or low cardiovascular reactors based on their blood pressure response to a mental arithmetic task. Self‐disclosure and coping styles were investigated in relation to status effects within the doctor‐patient relationship. Men with exaggerated blood pressure reactivity were less self‐disclosive and used fewer emotion‐focused coping strategies than men with no blood pressure reactivity. Normotensives with a history of parental hypertension were less self‐disclosive than normotensives without a history of parental hypertension. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Factors associated with nicotine dependence among African American women cigarette smokers
Authors: Ahijevych Karen , Wewers Mary Ellen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCigarette smoking contributes to disproportionate morbidity and mortality among African Americans. Purposes of the study were to describe smoking behavior and test a model of nicotine dependence among African American women. Participants (n = 187) smoked a low rate of high nicotine mentholated cigarettes and had a mean salivary cotinine of 402 ng/mL. The proposed model predicted 48% of variance in nicotine dependence with smoking to cope, number of cigarettes/day, positive outcome expectancies about smoking, and interest in quitting, as significant contributors. Suggested interventions include developing alternative coping skills, cognitive restructuring, and techniques focused on the precontemplation stage of smoking cessation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Perceived importance of caring behaviors to swedish psychiatric inpatients and staff, with comparisons to somatically‐ill samples
Authors: Essen Louise Von , Sjödén Per‐Olow 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe present study identified psychiatric inpatient (N = 61) and staff (N = 63) perceptions of most and least important nurse caring behaviors using a modified Swedish version of the CARE‐Q instrument (Larson, 1981) and compared the results with data from somatic care (von Essen & Sjoden, 1991 a, 1991b). The results demonstrated 13 significant mean between‐group differences in the rating of 50 specific CARE‐Q behaviors. Two significant mean value differences out of six subscales combining individual items were demonstrated between groups. Psychiatric inpatients considered the cognitive aspect, and somatic inpatients the task‐oriented aspect of caring as the most important. Staff, in psychiatric as well as somatic care, considered the emotional aspect of caring as the most important. The results suggest that staff has a relatively invariant, human‐oriented perception of caring, irrespective of subdisciplines, while patients' perceptions of caring vary more over specialities. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Corporate perspective of the role of the occupational health nurse
Authors: Martin Karen J. , Shortridge Linda A. , Dyehouse Janice M. , Migliozzi A. Nan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOne hundred and twenty‐three Ohio employers were surveyed about expectations for occupational health nurse performance of 20 current and desired future activities. Employers identified activities that (a) the nurse was currently performing, or (b) would be desired in the future, or (c) were not appropriate for the nurse. Findings showed occupational health nurses are counseling employees, treating illness and injury, evaluating safe return to work, and tracking workers' compensation cases. Activities most desired in the future are analyses of trends in health programs and study of cost‐effective health program alternatives. Activities most frequently selected require skills of evaluation, budgeting, and cost‐benefit analysis. Most occupational health nurses have not had the opportunity to learn skills of fiscal management; therefore meeting employer expectations will require new education. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kappa muddles together two sources of disagreement: Tetrachoric correlation is preferable
Authors: Hutchinson T. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWhen assessing agreement between experts, it is important to distinguish between disagreements that can and cannot be explained by different placing of the boundaries between categories. Cohen's kappa statistic is affected by both types of disagreement, tetrachoric correlation only by the second. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.