bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE—MINERAL AND BONE DISORDER (CKD‐MBD): A NEW TERM FOR A COMPLEX APPROACH
Authors: Švára František 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYThe global widespread of the chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem. Its increasing incidence and prevalence and adverse outcomes (including decreased quality of life, increased morbidity and mortality) represents a huge challenge for all recent health are systems. Reflecting this situation, the new, global initiative (KDIGO) was established to enhance communication and clinical decision‐making, promote the use of evidence based medicine and facilitate clinical research. The new definition, evaluation and classification of “renal osteodystrophy”; has been one of the first outcome of this initiative, suggesting the topic of chronic kidney disease—mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) to be a hot problem of recent nephrology. The new terminology is consistent with a recent view on this topic and describes CKD‐MBD as a complex syndrome, including abnormal mineral and PTH metabolism, altered bone structure as far as extra‐skeletal calcifications.
THE EFFICACY OF A SINGLE DOSE OF INTRAVENOUS FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE (FERINJECT®) ON ANAEMIA IN A PRE‐DIALYSIS POPULATION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS
Authors: Tagboto Senyo , Cropper Liz , Turner June , Pugh‐Clarke Karen 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYAnaemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and may be managed with erythropoiesis stimulating agents and/or iron preparations. Iron preparations may be administered orally, intravenously or by intramuscular injection. Oral preparations pose a significant tablet burden on patients who are often taking multiple medications and may have undesirable gastrointestinal side effects. The existing intravenous preparation Venofer® requires multiple doses of drug (typically 100–200 mg) at multiple clinic visits. The preparation Cosmofer® may be given as a single dose, but this requires four to six hours to administer. For these reasons, their use in pre‐dialysis patients remains limited in practice. The new intravenous iron preparation Ferric Carboxymaltose (Ferinject®) may be given as a single dose of up to 1000 mg (but not exceeding 15 mg/kg/week) as an infusion over 6–15 minutes. This offers a significant advance in the management of these patients. We describe our initial experience with using this drug in a non‐dialysis patient population with chronic kidney disease.
COMPARISON OF NEPHROLOGY NURSING INTERVENTIONS ACROSS FIVE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Zampieron Alessandra , Ormandy Paula , Elseviers Monique , De Vos Jean Yves , Kafkia Theodora 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYComparing nursing interventions between different countries is helpful towards developing a common nursing culture within Europe. The aim of the study was to compare the frequency of 14 specific nursing interventions indicators across five European countries (Belgium, Scotland, Czech Republic, Greece and the North of England). Data were collected as an integral part of the European Practice Database Project across two cycles (2005 and 2006) involving 172 renal centres. Using Pearson's chi‐square and descriptive statistics the frequency of 11 out of the 14 nurse intervention indicators was found to vary significantly across the five countries. Indeed specific nurse interventions such as delegation, telephone consultations and laboratory data interpretation potentially identify where nurse activity is changing in response to pressures such as advancing nurse roles, staff shortages and increased patient demand.
A PROGRAMME TO ENCOURAGE PARTICIPATION OF HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS IN AN EXERCISE REGIMEN
Authors: Tobita Itoko , Suzuki Sumie , Kobayashi Tamami , Shimizu Yasuko , Umeshita Koji 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYRecent research has reinforced the idea that haemodialysis (HD) patients should exercise to maintain their physical functioning and improve their quality of life. Some effective exercise programmes are available for HD patients. However, these programmes are not always completed by the patients who enrol in them, and therefore, these patients do not maintain long‐term physical activity. In this study, a support programme based on the concepts of self‐monitoring, verbal reinforcement and motivation was developed to encourage continued participation of HD patients in an exercise regimen. Intervention group participants were provided a support programme in addition to the exercise programme, whereas nonintervention group participants were only provided the exercise programme. The two groups were compared for 12 weeks. The intervention group participants showed a significantly higher rate of continuation of independent exercise than the nonintervention group participants.
Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Assessment in Healthy Term Neonatal Foals Utilizing a Paired Low Dose/High Dose ACTH Stimulation Test
Authors: Hart K.A. , Heusner G.L. , Norton N.A. , Barton M.H. 
Published: February 2009

Background:Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis function is dynamic in the neonatal foal. The paired low dose/high dose cosyntropin (ACTH) stimulation test allows comprehensive HPA axis assessment, but has not been evaluated in neonatal foals.Hypothesis:Foal age will significantly affect cortisol responses to a paired 10 and 100 μg dose cosyntropin stimulation test in healthy neonatal foals.Animals:Twenty healthy neonatal foals.Methods:HPA axis function was assessed in 12 foals at birth and at 12–24, 36–48 hours, and 5–7 days of age. At each age, basal cortisol and ACTH concentrations were measured and cortisol responses to 10 and 100 μg cosyntropin were assessed with a paired ACTH stimulation test protocol. Eight additional 36–48‐hour‐old foals received saline instead of 10 μg cosyntropin in the same‐paired ACTH stimulation test design.Results:At birth, foals had significantly higher basal cortisol and ACTH concentrations and higher basal ACTH : cortisol ratios compared with foals in all other age groups. A significant cortisol response to both the 10 and 100 μg doses of cosyntropin was observed in all foals. The magnitude of the cortisol response to both doses of cosyntropin was significantly different across age groups, with the most marked responses in younger foals. There was no effect of the paired ACTH stimulation test design itself on cortisol responses.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:A paired 10 and 100 μg cosyntropin stimulation test can be used to evaluate HPA axis function in neonatal foals. Consideration of foal age is important in interpretation of HPA axis assessment.
Exogenous Insulin Treatment after Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Cats with Diabetes Mellitus and Acromegaly
Authors: Dunning M.D. , Lowrie C.S. , Bexfield N.H. , Dobson J.M. , Herrtage M.E. 
Published: February 2009

Background:The optimal treatment for feline acromegaly has yet to be established. Surgical and medical therapies are minimally effective although radiotherapy might have greater efficacy. The purpose of this study was to review the response and outcome of cats with acromegaly and insulin‐resistant diabetes mellitus (DM) to radiotherapy.Hypotheses:That radiotherapy improves glycemic control in cats with acromegaly and that improved glycemic control is due to remission of clinical acromegaly; demonstrated by a fall in serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) concentrations.Animals:Fourteen cats with naturally occurring acromegaly.Methods:Retrospective case review; records of all cats treated for acromegaly with radiotherapy were reviewed from 1997 to 2008. Cats were selected on the basis of compatible clinical signs, laboratory features, and diagnostic imaging findings. Fourteen cats received radiotherapy, delivered in 10 fractions, 3 times a week to a total dose of 3,700 cGy.Results:Thirteen of 14 cats had improved diabetic control after radiotherapy. These improvements were sustained for up to 60 months. DM progressed in 2 cats and 1 did not respond. Seven cats responded before the final treatment. Ten cats were euthanized, 1 as a consequence of radiotherapy. In 8 cats in which IGF‐1 was measured after treatment, changes in its concentration did not reflect the clinical improvement in glycemic control.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Radiotherapy represents an effective treatment for cats with insulin‐resistant DM resulting from acromegaly. IGF‐1 concentration after treatment does not provide a suitable method by which remission from either acromegaly or insulin‐resistant DM may be assessed.
Effect of Parenteral Selenium Administration to Sheep on Prevalence and Recovery from Footrot
Authors: Hall J.A. , Bailey D.P. , Thonstad K.N. , Van Saun R.J. 
Published: February 2009

Background:Insufficient intake of selenium (Se) is common in many regions, and can contribute to increased susceptibility to and prolonged recovery from infectious diseases.Objective:To determine the effect of Se administration in decreasing the severity and prevalence of footrot in sheep.Animals:Thirty‐eight footrot‐affected and 19 nonaffected sheep from a commercial flock of known high incidence of footrot.Methods:Placebo‐controlled, prospective, 15‐month clinical trial. Footrot‐affected sheep were randomly assigned into 2 groups (n = 19) and injected with either 5 mg Se (footrot [FR]‐Se) or saline (FR‐Sal) at 1‐month intervals for the duration of the study. Unaffected sheep (controls) received no treatment. Sheep feet were examined, trimmed, and scored for footrot with a scale of 0 (no footrot) to 4 (extensive) at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 15 months. Sheep were also bled at time 0 and then at 3, 6, and 15 months to assess whole blood Se concentrations.Results:At time 0, control sheep (255 ± 11 ng/mL) had higher (P< .05) whole blood Se concentrations compared with FR‐Se (205 ± 12 ng/mL) and FR‐Sal (211 ± 14 ng/mL) sheep. By 6 months, FR‐Se sheep (317 ± 9 ng/mL) had whole blood Se concentrations greater (P< .05) than both control (281 ± 14 ng/mL) and FR‐Sal (277 ± 16 ng/mL) sheep. FR‐Se ewes showed a faster decline in highest lesion score at 3 (P= .012) and 6 (P= .0036) months, and a greater decrease in the number of feet with foot score >0 at 6 (P= .020) months compared with FR‐Sal ewes. Sheep with blood Se concentrations <300 ng/mL were at 3.5 times greater risk (1.1–12.1 confidence interval, odds ratio) for FR, although this relationship was only significant (P= .04) at 6 months of the study.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:In sheep with footrot, improved Se status in conjunction with routine control practices result in more rapid improvement of foot lesions.
Incidence of Transfusion Reactions and Retention of Procoagulant and Anticoagulant Factor Activities in Equine Plasma
Authors: Wilson E.M. , Holcombe S.J. , Lamar A. , Hauptman J.G. , Brooks M.B. 
Published: February 2009

Background:The extent of preservation of clotting factors and incidence of transfusion reactions to noncommercial equine plasma is not documented.Hypothesis:Equine frozen plasma would retain its coagulation factor activity within the reference range and the incidence of transfusion reactions would be low.Animals:Ten plasma donor horses. Fifty clinically ill hospitalized horses receiving plasma were reviewed to determine the incidence of reactions.Methods:In vitro study and retrospective case review. Plasma was prepared by gravity sedimentation from whole blood refrigerated for 48 hours. The activities of factors VII through XII, antithrombin (AT), and Protein C were measured. Factor activities were compared for plasma samples obtained before blood collection (S0), after 48 hours of gravity sedimentation at 5 °C and after plasma separation (S1), and after 90 days of storage at −20 °C (S90). The medical records of 50 consecutive clinically ill horses receiving frozen plasma were reviewed to determine the incidence of transfusion reactions.Results:The combined effect of plasma harvest, gravity sedimentation, decantation, and freezing caused significant reductions in factors IX, (43%P= .0013), X, (33%P= .0001), XI, (48%P= .0008), AT, (10%P= .02), and Protein C (26%P= .0001). Activities for all factors analyzed, except factor X, remained within the reference ranges. Transfusion reactions were recorded for 5/50 horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:Clotting factors, AT, and Protein C were well preserved. The incidence of reactions to frozen plasma was 10%.
Experimental
Investigation of the Clocking Effect in a 1.5-Stage Axial Turbine—Part II: Unsteady Results
and Boundary Layer Behavior
Authors: König Sven , Stoffel Bernd , Taher
Schobeiri M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Comprehensive experimental investigations were conducted to get deeper insight into the physics of stator clocking in turbomachines. Different measurement techniques were used to investigate the influence of varying clocking positions on the highly unsteady flow field in a 1.5-stage axial low-pressure (LP) turbine. A Reynolds number typical for LP turbines as well as a two-dimensional blade design were chosen. Stator 2 was developed as a high-lift profile with a separation bubble on the suction side. This paper presents the results that were obtained by means of unsteady x-wire measurements upstream and downstream of Stator 2 and surface mounted hot-film measurements on the Stator 2 suction side. It was found that for the case when the Stator 1 wakes impinge close to the leading edge of Stator 2 the interaction between the Stator 1 and the rotor vortical structures takes place in proximity of the Stator 2 boundary layer, which leads to a shift of the transition point in the upstream direction. The major loss parameter concerning the Stator 2 aerodynamic performance could be attributed to the strength of the periodic fluctuations within the Stator 2 suction side boundary layer. A phase shift in the quasiwall shear stress signal in the front region of the Stator 2 vane was observed for different clocking positions.
Transmission of IncN Plasmids Carrying
bla
CTX-M-1
between Commensal
Escherichia coli
in Pigs and Farm Workers
Authors: Moodley Arshnee , Guardabassi Luca 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

CTX-M-1-producing
Escherichia coli
were isolated from 56 pigs, three farm personnel, two manure samples, and two air samples from two Danish pig farms where an association between prophylactic ceftiofur use and the occurrence of cephalosporin resistance was previously demonstrated. Human, animal, and environmental strains displayed high genetic diversity but harbored indistinguishable or closely related IncN plasmids carrying
bla
CTX-M-1
, indicating that IncN plasmids mediating cephalosporin resistance were transmitted between pigs and farm workers across multiple
E. coli
lineages.
High Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Penetration and Potent Bactericidal Activity in CSF of NZ2114, a Novel Plectasin Variant, during Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
Authors: Østergaard Christian , Sandvang Dorthe , Frimodt-Møller Niels , Kristensen Hans-Henrik 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Plectasin is the first defensin-type antimicrobial peptide isolated from a fungus and has potent activity against gram-positive bacteria. By using an experimental meningitis model, the penetration of plectasin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of infected and uninfected rabbits and the bactericidal activities in CSF of the plectasin variant NZ2114 and ceftriaxone against a penicillin-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
strain (NZ2114 and ceftriaxone MICs, 0.25 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively) were studied. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that there was a significantly higher level of CSF penetration of NZ2114 through inflamed than through noninflamed meninges (area under the concentration-time curve for CSF/area under the concentration-time curve for serum, 33% and 1.1%, respectively;
P
= 0.03). The peak concentrations of NZ2114 in purulent CSF were observed ∼3 h after the infusion of an intravenous bolus of either 20 or 40 mg/kg of body weight and exceeded the MIC >10-fold for a 6-h study period. Treatment with NZ2114 (40 and 20 mg/kg at 0 and 5 h, respectively;
n
= 11) caused a significantly higher reduction in CSF bacterial concentrations than therapy with ceftriaxone (125 mg/kg at 0 h;
n
= 7) at 3 h (median changes, 3.7 log
10
CFU/ml [interquartile range, 2.5 to 4.6 log
10
CFU/ml] and 2.1 log
10
CFU/ml [interquartile range, 1.7 to 2.6 log
10
CFU/ml], respectively;
P
= 0.001), 5 h (median changes, 5.2 log
10
CFU/ml [interquartile range, 3.6 to 6.1 log
10
CFU/ml] and 3.1 log
10
CFU/ml [interquartile range, 2.6 to 3.7 log
10
CFU/ml], respectively;
P
= 0.01), and 10 h (median changes, 5.6 log
10
CFU/ml [interquartile range, 5.2 to 5.9 log
10
CFU/ml] and 4.2 log
10
CFU/ml [interquartile range, 3.6 to 5.0 log
10
CFU/ml], respectively;
P
= 0.03) after the start of therapy as well compared to the CSF bacterial concentrations in untreated rabbits with meningitis (
n
= 7,
P
< 0.05). Also, significantly more rabbits had sterile CSF at 5 and 10 h when they were treated with NZ2114 than when they were treated with ceftriaxone (67% [six of nine rabbits] and 0% [zero of seven rabbits], respectively, at 5 h and 75% [six of eight rabbits] and 14% [one of seven rabbits], respectively, at 10 h;
P
< 0.05). Due to its excellent CSF penetration and potent bactericidal activity in CSF, the plectasin variant NZ2114 could be a promising new option for the treatment of CNS infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, including penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis.
P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Transport of Moxifloxacin in a Calu-3 Lung Epithelial Cell Model
Authors: Brillault Julien , De Castro Whocely Victor , Harnois Thomas , Kitzis Alain , Olivier Jean-Christophe , Couet William 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTMoxifloxacin (MXF) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is effective against respiratory infections. However, the mechanisms of MXF lung diffusion are unknown. Active transport in other tissues has been suggested for several members of the fluoroquinolone family. In this study, transport of MXF was systematically investigated across a Calu-3 lung epithelial cell model. MXF showed polarized transport, with the secretory permeability being twice as high as the absorptive permeability. The secretory permeability was concentration dependent (apparentPmax= 13.6 × 10−6cm·s−1; apparentKm= 147 μM), suggesting saturated transport at concentrations higher than 350 μg/ml. The P-glycoprotein inhibitor PSC-833 inhibited MXF transport in both directions, whereas probenecid, a multidrug resistance-related protein inhibitor, appeared to have no effect in the Calu-3 model. Moreover, rifampin, a known inducer of efflux transport proteins, upregulated the expression of P-glycoprotein in Calu-3 cells and enhanced MXF active transport. In conclusion, this study clearly indicates that MXF is subject to P-glycoprotein-mediated active transport in the Calu-3 model. This P-glycoprotein-dependent secretion may lead to higher MXF epithelial lining fluid concentrations than those in plasma. Furthermore, drug-drug interactions may be expected when MXF is combined with other P-glycoprotein substrates or modulators.
Gallium Maltolate Treatment EradicatesPseudomonas aeruginosaInfection in Thermally Injured Mice
Authors: DeLeon Katrina , Balldin Fredrik , Watters Chase , Hamood Abdul , Griswold John , Sreedharan Sunil , Rumbaugh Kendra P. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTGallium (Ga) is a semimetallic element that has demonstrated therapeutic and diagnostic-imaging potential in a number of disease settings, including cancer and infectious diseases. Gallium's biological actions stem from its ionic radius being almost the same as that of ferric iron (Fe3+), whereby it can replace iron (Fe) in Fe3+-dependent biological systems, such as bacterial and mammalian Fe transporters and Fe3+-containing enzymes. Unlike Fe3+, ionic gallium (Ga3+) cannot be reduced, and when incorporated, it inactivates Fe3+-dependent reduction and oxidation processes that are necessary for bacterial and mammalian cell proliferation. Most pathogenic bacteria require Fe for growth and function, and the availability of Fe in the host or environment can greatly enhance virulence. We examined whether gallium maltolate (GaM), a novel formulation of Ga, had antibacterial activity in a thermally injured acute infection mouse model. Dose-response studies indicated that a GaM dose as low as 25 mg/kg of body weight delivered subcutaneously was sufficient to provide 100% survival in a lethalP. aeruginosa-infected thermally injured mouse model. Mice treated with 100 mg/kg GaM had undetectable levels ofPseudomonas aeruginosain their wounds, livers, and spleens, while the wounds of untreated mice were colonized with over 108P. aeruginosaCFU/g of tissue and their livers and spleens were colonized with over 105P. aeruginosaCFU/g of tissue. GaM also significantly reduced the colonization ofStaphylococcus aureusandAcinetobacter baumanniiin the wounds of thermally injured mice. Furthermore, GaM was also therapeutically effective in preventing preestablishedP. aeruginosainfections at the site of the injury from spreading systemically. Taken together, our data suggest that GaM is potentially a novel antibacterial agent for the prevention and treatment of wound infections following thermal injury.
Interactions between Triazoles and Amphotericin B in Treatment of Disseminated Murine Infection by
Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Ruíz-Cendoya Mery , Mariné Marçal , Rodríguez M. M. , Guarro Josep 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

We have evaluated and compared the efficacies of high doses of amphotericin B (AMB; 3 mg/kg of body weight/day), voriconazole (60 mg/kg), and posaconazole (PSC; 100 mg/kg) alone and combined in a murine model of disseminated infection by
Fusarium oxysporum
. The combination of AMB with PSC showed the best results, prolonging the survival of mice and reducing their organ fungal loads. This combination might constitute a therapeutic option for those infections where monotherapies fail.
Role of Known Molecular Markers of Resistance in the Antimalarial Potency of Piperaquine and Dihydroartemisinin In Vitro
Authors: Muangnoicharoen Sant , Johnson David J. , Looareesuwan Sornchai , Krudsood Srivicha , Ward Stephen A. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Using a range of laboratory-adapted and genetically modified
Plasmodium falciparum
parasite isolates, we investigated the interaction between dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine (PIP), the individual components of an artemisinin combination therapy currently under development, in addition to the role of known drug resistance genes in parasite susceptibility in vitro. All but one parasite line investigated displayed an interaction of dihydroartemisinin and PIP that was antagonistic, although the degree of antagonism was isolate dependent. In terms of resistance markers, the
pfcrt
haplotypes CVIET and SVMNT were positively associated with reduced sensitivity to PIP, with parasites carrying the South American CQR (SVMNT) allele being generally less sensitive than CVIET parasites. Parasites carrying the CQS (CVMNK) allele displayed a further increase in PIP sensitivity compared with CVIET and SVMNT parasites. Our data indicate that PIP sensitivity was not affected by
pfmdr1
sequence status, despite positive correlations between the structurally related compound amodiaquine and
pfmdr1
mutations in other studies. In contrast, neither the
pfcrt
nor
pfmdr1
sequence status had any significant impact on susceptibility to dihydroartemisinin.