bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age at First Sexual Intercourse and Teenage Pregnancy in Australian Female Twins
Authors: Waldron Mary , Heath Andrew C. , Turkheimer Eric , Emery Robert , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Madden Pamela A. F. , Martin Nicholas G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGirls who report first sexual intercourse during their early teen years have much higher rates of teenage pregnancy and childbearing than girls who delay sexual onset until older adolescence. In this study, we examine genetic and environmental influences on variation in teenage pregnancy and covariation with age at first sexual intercourse in two cohorts of Australian female twins. In the older twin cohort, born 1893–1964, we observe substantial heritable variation in teenage pregnancy that is largely shared with heritable variation in age at first sexual intercourse, with shared environment contributintablg little to variation in teenage pregnancy. Genetic influences on teenage pregnancy are smaller and nonsignificant in the younger twin cohort, born 1964–1971, where shared environment contributes much more and overlaps entirely with shared environmental variation in age at first intercourse.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Body Size in Early Childhood: A Twin Birth-Cohort Study
Authors: Dubois Lise , Girard Manon , Girard Alain , Tremblay Richard , Boivin Michel , Pérusse Daniel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGenetic and environmental contributions to body size from birth to 5 years in a population-based twin cohort were studied. Sex differences in gene–environment etiology were also explored. Analyses used data from the Quebec Newborn Twin Study (QNTS), a population-based birth cohort of 672 twin pairs. The final sample consisted of 177 complete twin pairs. Heritability of weight was moderate at birth while common environmental factors accounted for almost half of the variance. Influence of family environment disappeared by 5 months and genetic effects were high (approximately 90%) for both sexes at 5 months and 5 years. Adjustment of weight for height yielded similar results as for weight alone. Slight but significant sex-limitation of genetic effects was observed at 5 months. Overall, genetic factors accounted for 40% of birthweight variance, with intrauterine environment influences explaining almost half. However, genetic factors accounted for most of the variance in weight. These results do not imply a lack of environmental effects on body weight, but rather a lack of: (1) environmental effects that are independent from genetic liability, and/or (2) a lack of significant environmental variation in the population (e.g., uniform nutritional habits) that leaves genetic differences between children to generate most of the variance in weight.
Study of Gene Expression Profiles and Biological Mechanism of Cerebral Palsy Using a Monozygotic Twin Pair
Authors: Zhang Tiane , Wang Miqu , Pan Ling , Ding Weijun , Wang J.G. , Yang Liping , Liu Ming , Li Weihong , Yan Zhiyong 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe gene expression profile of a normal-suffering monozygotic twin pair is investigated to explore biological mechanisms of spastic type cerebral palsy. Main works include following three aspects: First, a cDNA microarray test is carried out to get the differentially expressed genes of the patient with cerebral palsy compared to her monozygotic twin sister. Second, these differentially expressed genes are searched for their bioinformation within 4 biological databases: FatiGO, FatiGOPlus, KEGG, and SOURCE. Third, a set of special genes and gene families are screened out from the spastic type cerebral palsy patient. These biological analyses reveal that those genes for cell junction are mostly down-regulated, while those genes for metabolism are mostly up-regulated. The individual genes, gene family, and their associated biological functions can reflect the pathological and physiological characteristics of the cerebral palsy.
Birth Weight, Postnatal Growth, and Risk for High Blood Pressure at 7 Years of Age: Results From the Collaborative Perinatal Project
Authors: Hemachandra Anusha H. , Howards Penelope P. , Furth Susan L. , Klebanoff Mark A. 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE. A physiologic predisposition toward hypertension is theorized to result from the combination of intrauterine growth restriction followed by rapid catch-up growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of birth weight and weight gain during childhood on the risk for high blood pressure in childhood and to identify discrete periods of catch-up growth that put children with intrauterine growth restriction at increased risk for the development of high blood pressure later in life.METHODS. The US Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959–1974) studied 55908 pregnancies in an observational cohort at 12 medical centers in the United States and followed the offspring through 7 years of age. All white or black children who were born at term and completed the follow-up without kidney or heart disease were included in this posthoc analysis. z scores were calculated for weight at birth, 4 months, 1 year, 4 years, and 7 years on the basis of study means and SD. Changes in z scores were calculated for each interval.RESULTS. Each 1-kg increase in birth weight increased the odds for high systolic blood pressure by 2.19 and high diastolic blood pressure by 1.82 when race and change in weight z scores were also included in the regression model. An increase in weight z score of 1 SD above the previous weight z score increased the odds for high systolic blood pressure at 7 years by 1.65 (birth to 4 months), 1.79 (4 months to 1 year), 1.71 (1–4 years), and 1.94 (4–7 years) in the full model. White race increased the odds for high systolic blood pressure by 1.51.CONCLUSIONS. In this large biracial US cohort, infants who were small for gestational age were not at increased risk for high blood pressure at 7 years of age. However, children who crossed weight percentiles upward during early childhood did demonstrate an increased risk.
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Metabolic and Respiratory Effects of Growth Hormone in Children With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Schnabel Dirk , Grasemann Corinna , Staab Doris , Wollmann Hartmut , Ratjen Felix ,   for the German Cystic Fibrosis Growth Hormone Study Group
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE. Positive effects of growth hormone therapy on growth, nutritional status, and lung function have been observed in patients with cystic fibrosis, but the current evidence is based on unblinded studies that involved a small number of patients. This trial was designed as a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to assess the efficacy and safety of 2 dosages of growth hormone in cystic fibrosis.
METHODS. Sixty-three dystrophic patients with cystic fibrosis were randomly assigned for 24 weeks to 1 of 3 treatment arms: growth hormone dosage of 0.11 IU/kg body weight per day, growth hormone dosage of 0.21 IU/kg body weight per day, or placebo. The 24-week double-blind period was followed by an open treatment period of 24 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second in percentage predicted from baseline. Secondary outcome measures were changes in height, weight, and exercise tolerance.
RESULTS. Height, growth velocity, and growth factors (insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 3) increased significantly in both treatment groups, whereas weight gain did not differ between the growth hormone groups and placebo. A trend toward improvement in absolute forced vital capacity was observed in patients who received the higher growth hormone dosage, whereas forced expiratory volume in 1 second did not change significantly with growth hormone treatment. Maximal oxygen uptake during peak exercise increased significantly in treated patients. There were no significant differences in the frequency or severity of adverse effects or in the incidence of abnormalities in glucose metabolism.
CONCLUSIONS. These data suggest that in the group investigated, growth hormone therapy was well tolerated and had positive metabolic effects but did not result in short-term improvement of lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Role of Zinc Administration in Prevention of Childhood Diarrhea and Respiratory Illnesses: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Aggarwal Rakesh , Sentz John , Miller Mark A. 
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND. The quantified effect of zinc supplementation to prevent childhood diarrhea and respiratory illnesses is unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials on the subject.
METHODS. We searched PubMed, Science Citation Index, and the Cochrane Database of Controlled Trials and hand-searched the reference lists of identified articles. All randomized, controlled trials of zinc supplementation for ≥3 months for children &lt;5 years of age, using blinded assessment, were eligible. The outcome measures studied were number of episodes of illness, number of days with illness, and number of episodes of severe illness. Data from 17 studies were pooled by using random-effects and fixed-effects models for data with and without significant heterogeneity, respectively.
RESULTS. Children who received a zinc supplement had fewer episodes of diarrhea (rate ratio: 0.86) and respiratory tract infections (rate ratio: 0.92) and significantly fewer attacks of severe diarrhea or dysentery (rate ratio: 0.85), persistent diarrhea (rate ratio: 0.75), and lower respiratory tract infection or pneumonia (rate ratio: 0.80) than did those who received placebo. They also had significantly fewer total days with diarrhea (rate ratio: 0.86) but not days with respiratory illness (rate ratio: 0.95). Published studies showed a publication bias and significant heterogeneity; however, no cause for the latter could be identified.
CONCLUSIONS. Zinc supplementation reduced significantly the frequency and severity of diarrhea and respiratory illnesses and the duration of diarrheal morbidity. The relatively limited reduction in morbidity and the presence of significant heterogeneity and of publication bias indicate the need for larger, high-quality studies to identify subpopulations most likely to benefit.
Evaluation of avocado and soybean unsaponifiable extracts for treatment of horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis
Authors: Kawcak Christopher E. , Frisbie David D. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Werpy Natasha M. , Park Richard D. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the use of a combination of avocado and soybean unsaponifiable (ASU) extracts for the treatment of experimentally induced osteoarthritis in horses.
Animals—16 horses.
Procedures—Osteoarthritis was induced via osteochondral fragmentation in 1 middle carpal joint of each horse; the other joint underwent a sham operation. Horses were randomly allocated to receive oral treatment with ASU extracts (1:2 [avocado-to-soybean] ratio mixed in 6 mL of molasses; n = 8) or molasses (6 mL) alone (placebo treatment; 8) once daily from days 0 to 70. Lameness, response to joint flexion, synovial effusion, gross and histologic joint assessments, and serum and synovial fluid biochemical data were compared between treatment groups to identify effects of treatment.
Results—Osteochondral fragmentation induced significant increases in various variables indicative of joint pain and disease. Treatment with ASU extracts did not have an effect on signs of pain or lameness; however, there was a significant reduction in severity of articular cartilage erosion and synovial hemorrhage (assessed grossly) and significant increase in articular cartilage glycosaminoglycan synthesis, compared with placebo-treated horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although treatment with ASU extracts did not decrease clinical signs of pain in horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis, there did appear to be a disease-modifying effect of treatment, compared with findings in placebotreated horses. These objective data support the use of ASU extracts as a disease-modifying treatment for management of osteoarthritis in horses.
Association between frontal-sinus size and syringohydromyelia in small-breed dogs
Authors: Scrivani Peter V. , Thompson Margret S. , Winegardner Kevin R. , Dewey Curtis W. , Scarlett Janet M. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether frontal-sinus size is associated with syringohydromyelia.
Sample Population—Medical records and magnetic resonance images of 62 small-breed dogs.
Procedures—Medical records and magnetic resonance images were reviewed retrospectively for evaluation of frontal-sinus size and syringohydromyelia. A Yates-corrected 2-tailed χ2 test was used to determine whether an association existed between absent or miniscule frontal sinuses and syringohydromyelia. The strength of the association was evaluated by means of prevalence and odds ratios.
Results—Absent or miniscule air-filled frontal sinuses were detected in 28 of 62 (45%) dogs, and syringohydromyelia was detected in 12 of 62 (19%) dogs. Syringohydromyelia was detected in 10 of 28 dogs with absent or miniscule frontal sinuses (prevalence, 36%; 95% confidence interval, 16% to 55%) and in 2 of 34 dogs with larger frontal sinuses (prevalence, 6%; confidence interval, 0% to 15%). The probability of detecting syringohy-dromyelia in dogs with absent or miniscule air-filled frontal sinuses was significantly greater than the probability of detecting it in dogs with larger frontal sinuses. The prevalence ratio was 6.1, and the odds ratio was 8.9.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An association between frontal-sinus size and syringohydromyelia was identified in small-breed dogs, suggesting that the pathogenesis of syringohydromyelia in some instances may involve abnormal development of the entire or supratentorial part of the cranium, as opposed to being limited to the infratentorial part.
Response of healthy dogs to infusions of human serum albumin
Authors: Cohn Leah A. , Kerl Marie E. , Lenox Catherine E. , Livingston Robert S. , Dodam John R. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the clinical and immunologic response in healthy dogs to infusions of human serum albumin (HSA).
Animals—9 healthy purpose-bred mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—Each dog was administered a 25% HSA solution once or twice. Various physical examination and laboratory variables were serially evaluated. Antibody against HSA was assayed before and after infusion by use of an ELISA. Intradermal testing was also conducted. A repeated-measures ANOVA or Friedman repeated-measures ANOVA on ranks was used to compare results for the variables.
Results—Adverse clinical reactions were observed after the first or second infusion in 3 dogs. Anaphylactoid reactions were observed in 1 of 9 dogs during the first infusion and in 2 of 2 dogs administered a second infusion. Two dogs developed severe edema and urticaria 6 or 7 days after an initial infusion. All dogs developed anti-HSA antibodies. Positive responses for ID tests were observed in 8 of 9 dogs. Short-term increases were detected in blood protein, total bilirubin, and calcium concentrations after HSA infusion. Serum cholesterol concentrations and platelet counts decreased after HSA infusion.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of HSA resulted in profound reactions in 2 of 9 dogs administered a single infusion and in 2 of 2 dogs administered a second infusion. This indicates that there is risk of life-threatening adverse reactions to HSA infusion in healthy dogs.
Intrathecal morphine overdose in a dog
Authors: da Cunha Anderson F. , Carter Jennifer E. , Grafinger Michael , Montgomery Heather , Marks Steven L. , Posner Lysa P. , Burns Patrick 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Case Description—A healthy 6-year-old 28.5-kg (62.7-lb) spayed female Boxer undergoing surgical repair of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament was inadvertently administered an overdose of morphine (1.3 mg/kg [0.59 mg/lb]) via subarachnoid injection.
Clinical Findings—50 minutes after administration of the overdose, mild multifocal myoclonic contractions became apparent at the level of the tail; the contractions migrated cranially and progressively increased in intensity and frequency during completion of the surgery.
Treatment and Outcome—The myoclonic contractions were refractory to treatment with midazolam, naloxone, phenobarbital, and pentobarbital; only atracurium (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb], IV) was effective in controlling the movements. The dog developed hypertension, dysphoria, hyperthermia, and hypercapnia. The dog remained anesthetized and ventilated mechanically; treatments included continuous rate IV infusions of propofol (1 mg/kg/h [0.45 mg/lb/h]), diazepam (0.25 mg/kg/h [0.11 mg/lb/h]), atracurium (0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg/h [0.045 to 0.14 mg/lb/h]), and naloxone (0.02 mg/kg/h [0.009 mg/lb/h]). Twenty-two hours after the overdose, the myoclonus was no longer present, and the dog was able to ventilate without mechanical assistance. The dog remained sedated until 60 hours after the overdose, at which time its mentation improved, including recognition of caregivers and response to voice commands. No neurologic abnormalities were detectable at discharge (approx 68 hours after the overdose) or at a recheck evaluation 1 week later.
Clinical Relevance—Although intrathecal administration of an overdose of morphine can be associated with major and potentially fatal complications, it is possible that affected dogs can completely recover with immediate treatment and extensive supportive care.
Effects of short-term light to heavy exercise on gastric ulcer development in horses and efficacy of omeprazole paste in preventing gastric ulceration
Authors: White Gary , McClure Scott R. , Sifferman Roger , Holste John E. , Fleishman Candis , Murray Michael J. , Cramer Luiz G. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of 8 days of light to heavy exercise on gastric ulcer development in horses and determine the efficacy of omeprazole paste in preventing gastric ulceration.
Design—Randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial.
Animals—102 horses with normal-appearing gastric mucosa on endoscopic examination that were in light to heavy training.
Procedures—Horses at 4 trial locations were allocated into replicates and sham dosed orally (empty syringe) or treated with a paste formulation of omeprazole (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/ lb], PO) once daily for 8 days. Training regimens varied among locations and included early training for western performance events; walking, trotting, and cantering in a mechanical exerciser; and race training (2 locations). Prevalences of gastric ulceration at the completion of the 8-day treatment period were compared between groups.
Results—At the end of the 8-day treatment period, the proportion of omeprazole-treated horses free from gastric ulceration (88%) was significantly higher than the proportion of sham-dosed horses free from gastric ulceration (27%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results showed that horses in light to heavy training for as short as 8 days were at risk of developing gastric ulcers and that administration of omeprazole paste decreased the incidence of gastric ulcers.
Prevalence of calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef cow-calf herds enrolled in a voluntary screening project
Authors: O'Connor Annette M. , Reed Matthew C. , Denagamage Thomas N. , Yoon Kyoung-Jin , Sorden Steven D. , Cooper Vickie L. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Objective−To report the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in calves and calf groups (ie, calves from the same farm) in beef breeding herds and evaluate the ability of biosecurity risk assessment questionnaires to identify calf groups with positive results for BVDV.
Design−Nonrandom survey.
Animals−12,030 calves born in spring from 102 operations.
Procedures−Cow-calf producers that voluntarily enrolled in a screening project submitted ear notch specimens from calves and answered a 29-question survey instrument. Ear notch specimens were tested for BVDV with an antigen-capture ELISA (ACE), and ear notch specimens with positive ACE results for BVDV were immediately retested by performing immunohistochemistry (IHC). Follow-up testing, 3 to 4 weeks after initial positive ACE results, was done by use of a second IHC test and virus isolation on a subsequently submitted ear notch specimen from the same calves to identify those that were persistently infected (PI).
Results−102 producers submitted ear notch specimens for BVDV screening. Initially, 24 of 12,030 calves had positive ACE results for BVDV. A second ear notch specimen was submitted for 20 of these 24 calves. Of 20 retested calves, 12 had positive ICH results for BVDV, confirming PI status. The 12 PI calves came from 4 calf groups (3 singletons and 1 calf group with 9 PI calves).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance−Prevalence of BVDV in calf groups was low, and questions designed to identify high-risk biosecurity behaviors had little value in identifying calf groups with positive results for BVDV.
Cover Picture: Assembly and Photoinduced Organization of Mono‐ and Oligopeptide Molecules Containing an Azobenzene Moiety (Adv. Funct. Mater. 9/2007)
Authors: Matsuzawa Y. , Ueki K. , Yoshida M. , Tamaoki N. , Nakamura T. , Sakai H. , Abe M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn illustration of the phototriggered organization and dispersion of tri‐peptide‐substituted azobenzene derivatives, as reported on p. 1507 by Yoko Matsuzawa and co‐workers. The tri‐peptide units form a beta‐sheet structure through hydrogen bonding to assemble a fibrous network system. Cis–trans photoisomerization of the azobenzene moiety leads to a large polarity change of the component molecule to break and re‐form hydrogen bonds between the tri‐peptide units.Assembled systems consisting of an azobenzene moiety as the photofunctional component and valyl units as the network backbone are investigated. The molecular ordering of these assemblies is examined by spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The number of valyl units greatly influences the molecular order in the organized systems. Only N‐(L‐valyl‐L‐valyl‐L‐valyl)azobenzene‐4‐carboxamide (3) forms a complete β‐sheet structure in this artificial assembly. Upon photoirradiation, the azobenzene moieties isomerize completely, revealing the reversibility in the structural organization through the flexibility of the β‐sheet network in this system.