bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of carcinoma of the larynx: A review of current methods
Authors: Strong M. Stuart 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThere is a need to establish the diagnosis of cancer of the larynx as early as possible. Delay in making the diagnosis should occur rarely if all of the available methods are fully utilized. Having established the presence of a carcinoma it should be possible to define the site and extent of the tumor; only with this additional information can the best treatment be selected.The use of a fiber‐optic laryngoscope or a telescopic laryngoscope (Gould) has made examination of the “difficult larynx” more satisfactory.X‐ray examination, with or without contrast material, has provided useful information regarding extent of the tumor, particularly with regard to its relation to the glottis.Microscopic laryngoscopy has proven to be a most reliable way of identifying “the early lesion” and of establishing the extent of an established tumor, especially if supravital staining is applied and the microsurgical laryngeal mirror and laryngeal caliper are used.The most difficult diagnosis to make at the present time is the presence of residual tumor after radiation, when the tumor does not present on the surface. The solution to this problem will not be found easily.
Voice problems following limited surgical excision
Authors: Moore G. Paul 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe published literature contains relatively few references to vocal rehabilitation for persons with partial laryngectomy. Articles on various types of surgery indicate that many individuals develop satisfactory voice following limited surgery, particularly supraglottic procedures. An informal questionnaire completed by 10 laryngologists who had had substantial experience with sub‐total laryngectomy revealed that an average of 25 percent of their patients with laryngeal cancer receive partial laryngectomy. Lesions limited to the epiglottis, supraglottic areas or one vocal cord are regularly treated by limited excision. Half of the questionnaires indicated that partial laryngectomy can be used for bilateral vocal cord lesions under certain circumstances. The questionnaire confirmed the published reports that most of the subsequent voices were satisfactory or good and many recover without special vocal retraining. None reported employment of partial laryngectomy for sub‐glottal cancer. Hemilaryngectomy and cordectomy frequently resulted in some impairment of voice. Speech therapy is often recommended when possible.Therapy applicable to voice following partial laryngectomy combines five emphases: 1. strengthening glottic closure and loudness of the voice; 2. improving the efficiency of breath expenditure; 3. increasing the articulately skill and intelligibility of speech; 4. recognizing and compensating for hearing loss; and 5. aiding the patient to reduce detrimental environmental influences and to adjust to his environmental requirements.
Methods of restoring the voice after laryngectomy
Authors: Damstéa P. H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe normal course of speech acquisition after laryngectomy is described, with emphasis on the initial stage. Factors that favor or thwart the training process are discussed and particular methods applied when functional or organic impediments deviate or block the development of esophageal speech. A few remarks are added on the rehabilitation after extended forms of surgery and on the use of the artificial larynxes.
Medial conchal excision in otoplasty
Authors: Mith Rays , Dickinson John T. , Teachey William S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe most common cartilaginous deformities in protruding ears include an inadequate antihelical fold and an enlarged concha. We have employed medial conchal excision to correct deep conchas in 25 patients, all of whom were pleased with the postoperative result. Obvious wrinkling of the anterior skin occurred in four patients, and several patients displayed slight distortion of the helical crus. Medial conchal excision does not impede management of the antihelical fold with mattress sutures or by other means. We consider the risk of minor alterations of the concha justified if even slight distortion of the more conspicuous lateral auricle can be avoided.
Laryngofissure and cordectomy
Authors: Daly John F. , Kwok Francis N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLaryngofissure and cordectomy is one of the first of the successful surgical procedures for the cure of cancer limited to the vocal cord. When the lesion is confined to the membranous cord and the motion of the cord is not impaired, cure rates ranging from 85 to 98 percent have been reported.Decline in the use of the procedure is due to the success of radiation therapy in achieving comparable cure rates while preserving normal voice quality. Hemilaryngectomy procedures are now done where laryngofissure and cordectomy had previously been indicated. The more extensive procedure gives greater security due to wider margins of resection and increase applicability, particularly when the lesion involves the anterior commissure.Although the indications for laryngofissure have diminished, the surgeon may use it when a simple, less extensive procedure is called for.
Effects of noise bands on contralateral pure tone adaptation
Authors: Meyer Robert C. , Schubert George W. , Holzwarth Ronald H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in threshold tone decay which result from contralaterally presented stimuli at an intensity less than interaural crossover. Five tone decay tests were administered at both 1,000 Hz and 2,000 Hz to 25 normal hearing adults.At each test frequency five contralateral conditions (no competing noise, white noise, narrow band noise centered at the test frequency, narrow band noise centered below the test frequency, and narrow band noise centered above the test frequency), Avere presented at 40 db above detection threshold to the nontest ear.Results showed a significant shift in tone decay scores when the conditions of white noise and narrow band noise centered around the test frequency were compared to the condition of no competing noise. A shift was seen at both frequencies but that occurring at 2,000 Hz was significantly greater than the shift at 1,000 Hz.No significant increase in tone decay was found for contralateral noise bands above or below the test frequencies.
Vestibular involvement in bell's palsy
Authors: Rauchbach Erol , May Mark , Stroud Malcolm H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractVestibular involvement in the acute phase of idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy) was observed in 22 percent of 14 patients. These patients were evaluated by history, physical examination and caloric tests with electronystagmography (ENG) employing the Cawthorne‐Hallpike technique. Bell's palsy has been considered a mononeuropathy limited to the facial nerve. Evidence of occasional involvement of other cranial nerves (Vth and/or VIIIth) suggests a polyneuropathy. Several theories have been advanced to explain the involvement of the vestibular nerve.This is a report confirming, in part, previous observations.
Anticonvulsant‐induced lymphoma
Authors: Fried Marvin P. , Sunwoo Young 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPatients with cervical adenopathy of obscure etiology may present a diagnostic problem to the otolaryngologist. The hydantoin family of anticonvulsants is a rare cause of adenopathy that may range from histologically simple lymphoid hyperplasia to true lymphoma. Between these two extremes is a benign clinical entity with the histologic characteristics of lymphoma.A patient on diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) therapy developed bilateral true vocal cord paralysis and cervical adenopathy. On pathological examination the lesion was interpreted first as malignant lymphoma and later as hydantoin‐induced pseudolymphoma. He has now been followed for over two years.Hydantoin‐induced adenopathy may vary clinically from a benign condition to a true lymphoma. The malignant form may present long after the anticonvulsant treatment is discontinued. A 10‐fold increase in the expected incidence of malignant lymphoma in epileptic patients on hydantoin therapy has been reported; therefore, these patients required long‐term follow‐up.The otolaryngologist should be aware of this rare clinical entity as an unusual cause of cervical adenopathy associated with vocal cord paralysis.
Laryngeal structure following microcauterization
Authors: Kirchnbr Fernando R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper supports and reaffirms the objectives of contemporary laryngology in the treatment of cancer of this organ. These objectives are, first and foremost, the eradication of the tumor, and second, the preservation of function. A relatively recent contribution to the “state of the art” has been the development of the field of microlaryngology. The introduction of the surgical microscope has provided the laryngologist with better means to judge the type, localization and extent of neoplastic lesions.In a selected number of these patients radical surgery has been prevented by treating these recurrent tumors with the microcautery. Some of these patients, so treated, have been free of disease for more than three years after their recurrent tumors were destroyed with the microcautery. During this time these patients have enjoyed adequate voices.Reports indicate that superficial limited carcinomas of the larynx with good vocal cord mobility can be successfully treated by vocal cord stripping and/or radiotherapy. This paper presents the serious challenge posed by these limited tumors when they recur after radiotherapy.Extensive studies that have been performed in dogs with the microcautery indicate thata. An excellent recovery of the larynx is the rule, if microcauterization is carried out superficially. These initial experiments were performed on 10 dogs, duplicating the type and extension of microcauterization, as this procedure is usually performed clinically in the treatment of patients.b. The anterior and posterior commissures of the larynx were found understandably vulnerable to severe degrees of cauterization.
“Smokers' larynx” and carcinoma of the larynx in syrian hamsters exposed to cigarette smoke
Authors: Homburger Freddy 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSeveral groups of investigators have recently produced carcinoma of the larynx in Syrian hamsters. This study reports on the effects of cigarette smoke from Kentucky reference cigarettes in an inbred strain (BIO 15.16) of Syrian hamsters. After “smoking” five days each week for two years, 20 percent of the surviving animals had cancer of the larynx; 40 percent had severe epithelial changes.These observations emphasize the role of cigarette smoke in the genesis of laryngeal cancer and respiratory tract cancer in general. An experimental method is now available for comparative studies of cigarettes and as a guide toward less hazardous smoking materials.
Symposium: Contraindications to tympanoplasty: IV. Contraindications to tympanoplasty
Authors: Storrs Lloyd A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAural and non‐aural disorders that are relative or are absolute contraindications to tympanoplasty surgery are discussed. Particular attention is focused on non‐aural convert general medical conditions that may escape the otologist's attention as he is not daily concerned in the management of such conditions. The aural contra‐indications are dealt with briefly because of the obvious and well known disorders that are familiar to all otologists.
Ossicular reconstruction in tympanoplasty — mobile stapes without crural arches, fixed stapes with and without crural arches
Authors: Moon Cary N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA description of ossicular reconstruction in problems with the stapes using autograft and/or homograft ossicles is given.The inverted stapes is employed for otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis. The two ossicle reconstruction is used in cases of a mobile footplate with absent crural arches. The reshaped incus is repositioned between the malleus handle and oval window when the stapes is fixed and there also exists a lateral ossicular chain defect.Loose connective tissue is an effective seal for the oval window and is a means of stabilizing ossicular functions.
The effect on perilymph of the alteration of serum glucose or calcium concentration
Authors: Juhn S. K. , Youngs John N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn the experimentally‐induced hyper‐ or hypoglycemic state, perilymph glucose concentration paralleled the blood concentration, although a delay of about one hour was observed between the time of maximum concentration of glucose in perilymph and its concentration in blood.In hypercalcemia, perilymph calcium concentration steadily increased over a three‐hour period, although blood calcium concentration fluctuated during this time. After an initial increase in the CSF calcium concentration, there were insignificant changes during the second and third hours. In animals with thyrocalcitonin‐induced hypocalcemia, although blood calcium concentration steadily decreased, its concentration in perilymph and CSF remained practically constant.The present findings suggest that the chemical composition of perilymph can be altered by changing the blood concentration of glucose or calcium. The marked difference of behavior noted between glucose and calcium in these experiments would indicate the existence of different mechanisms for maintaining the homeostatic state for these two substances.
Prosthetic rehabilitation of large midfacial defects
Authors: Beumer John , Calcaterra Thomas C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAdvanced tumors of the midfacial region often require removal of the nose, upper lip, portions of the maxilla, and other adjacent structures. When the resultant defects do not lend themselves to surgical reconstruction, prosthetic appliances may be used successfully to restore the functions of speech and swallowing to near‐normal levels. The degree of success depends upon the nature of the previous treatment, the existing surgical defect, and the adaptability of the patient. The most important anatomical consideration is the form and amount of the remaining maxilla.Recent advances in the development of the polyurethanes have resulted in lighter, more flexible, and, therefore, better tolerated prostheses. Close cooperation between the surgeon and the prosthodontist is necessary if successful rehabilitation of these patients is to be achieved.
Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
Authors: Boles Roger , Dedo Herbert 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNasopharyngeal angiofibromas have traditionally been difficult tumors to manage. Their extreme vascularity has led to excessive bleeding during surgical removal, which often obscured the surgical field and contributed to high recurrence rates because of incomplete removal. High recurrence rates have also been clue to failure to recognize the full size and extent of these tumors preoperatively by routine physical examination and X‐ray techniques.A combined experience of the authors with over 45 cases from the University of Michigan and the University of California, San Francisco, is presented to review the problems in management of these tumors and to present techniques of diagnosis and management which have been used to overcome some of these problems. The most important advances in diagnosis have been the radiographic techniques of laminagraphy and carotid angiography. Previously unrecognized tumor extensions into the areas surrounding the nasopharynx have been quite clearly demonstrated by these techniques. Improved surgical treatment of these tumors by wider surgical exposure and removal, utilizing multiple approaches when necessary, and by better control of bleeding by ligation and embolization of the main arterial supply, has led to fewer recurrences.
The thyroid and audition
Authors: Meyerhoff William L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHearing loss, both congenital and acquired, can be associated in a more than happenstance manner with disorders of almost every organ system; the thyroid gland being no exception. Although the literature is replete with speculations and observations, complete understanding of the thyroid gland‐auditory system relationship is lacking. Several known syndromes, seemingly unrelated except for the association of hearing loss and thyroid abnormalities, have been described and, from the standpoint of hearing loss, may be conveniently divided into four groups: 1. non‐genetic congenital; 2. non‐genetic acquired; 3. genetic congenital; and 4. genetic delayed.
Facial rehabilitation: Surgical reconstruction following temporal bone resection
Authors: Berkowitz Wallace P. , Miller David W. , Alonso William A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFacial reconstruction and cosmetic surgery following extensive bone and soft tissue resection for carcinoma of the ear has not been emphasized in the past. Poor long term survival and local recurrence rates previously precluded considering extensive rehabilitative effort. A patient is presented, illustrating the problems resulting from major ablative surgery of the temporal bone. The surgical concepts and techniques used in this patient's facial rehabilitation are enumerated and described from both the functional and cosmetic aspect. The necessity for developing an innovative surgical approach is enhanced by improved long term patient survival. Application of the principles used to other aspects of facial reconstruction are mentioned.
Cytology of nasal secretions: Further diagnostic help
Authors: Bickmore John T. , Marshall Mary L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNasal cytograms, as an aid to diagnosis of pathological conditions of the nose and paranasal sinuses, have not been adopted by the majority of otolaryngologists. This situation exists because of technical problems with the preparation of a slide and the difficulty in finding someone competent and interested in its interpretation.The work of the Bryans has provided an analysis of the cytology of nasal secretions. Adopting their methods, we have been using the nasal cytogram in clinical practice and find it helpful in determining appropriate therapy for problems encountered in otolaryngological practice.In the authors' experience, profuse nasal mastocytosis is a consistent finding in cytograms from patients having varied symptoms that are associated with hypersensitivities that are not accompanied by positive objective findings. This is especially true in patients with constantly recurring headaches and those with a chronically obstructed nose. Once many mast cells are found by the cytogram, attempts are made to relieve these patients by selective dietary restrictions. These attempts are often successful.The nasal cytogram is also used to help explain periodic symptom flares in the long term allergy patient undergoing immunotherapy for inhalants, by identifying superimposed viral and bacterial infections.
Aspiration cytology of salivary gland tumors: Diagnostic experience from six years of routine laboratory work
Authors: Lindberg Lars GÖRan , Åkerman MÅNs 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration cytology has been used as a routine diagnostic instrument in patients with salivary gland lesions during 1966–1972. A retrospective analysis of the primary cytologic reports correlated with the revised final diagnoses in 461 patients where a pathologic report is available, shows exact agreement in 63 percent, good and not misleading agreement in a further 18 percent, while false reports were initially given in 8 percent, and unsatisfactory specimens were obtained in 11 percent of the patients. On revision of the false reports it is found that with the present experience acquired over several years these can be reduced to under 5 percent. This analysis has also given indications upon which types of specimens are likely to cause diagnostic difficulties.
Nonunion of the mandible
Authors: Mathog Robert H. , Boies Lawrence R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNonunion of the mandible was evaluated over a five‐year period (1968–1973). Fourteen cases were noted out of 577 mandibular fractures for an incidence of 2.4 percent.Causes of the complications were determined by a careful review of the poorly healing and successfully treated cases of mandibular fracture. The most important feature in nonunion cases was the large proportion of edentulous patients. In these cases immobilization appeared difficult, especially when only one form of fixation was used to stabilize the fracture, Other suspected causes of nonunion were postoperative trauma and osteomyelitis. These factors were most prevalent in the lower socio‐economic groups.Factors which did not appear important were sex, age and cause of the fracture. Analysis of the site of injury, combinations of sites, timing of treatment, periosteal stripping and general health of the patient failed to demonstrate any predisposition to the complication.Treatment of nonunion was confined to standard techniques of debridement, antibiotic therapy and further immobilization. Although most patients responded to this therapy, six patients required closure of the deficit by bone grafting.On the basis of accumulated data, it was possible to clarify the factors in the development of nonunion. It was also possible to recommend methods of prevention of the complication and to substantiate the success of several forms of therapy.
The protean clinical features of polymorphic reticulosis (lethal midline granuloma)
Authors: McDonald Thomas J. , Deremee Richard A. , Harrison Edgar G. , Facer George W. , Devine Kenneth D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractConfusion surrounds the entity known as “lethal midline granuloma.” Partly responsible is the lack of specificity in this term. “Polymorphic reticulosis” has been used as a term to describe the morphology of the disease.Thirty‐two cases illustrate the protean features of this disease. Although it commonly presents in the head and neck, other sites such as the lungs, kidneys, skin, and gastrointentinal tract may be involved, either alone or in conjunction with lesions of the head and neck. Clinically, it is easily confused with Wegener's granulomatosis. Histopathologic differentiation, however, is both feasible and important. Wegener's granulomatosis is treatable with steroids with or without cyclophosphamide; polymorphic reticulosis confined to one site responds to irradiation.In polymorphic reticulosis, the best results of treatment are obtained in localized lesions of the upper airway treated early with irradiation; a poorer outcome is associated with multifocal involvement, which necessitates systemic therapy.
Malignancies of the ear
Authors: Conley John , Schuller David E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCancer of the ear is an uncommon occurrence and rarely diagnosed early in its development. Routine biopsy of all granulomatous and neoplastic diseases of the ear is essential to early diagnosis. Polytomography is an aid in documenting the extent of the disease in bone. The surgical anatomy of the region of the ear imposes special disadvantages upon any type of surgical technique employed and supervoltage irradiation given. Temporal bone resection and its modifications, combined with irradiation, enhance the cure rate in the advanced cases and add significantly to the local control of this disease. A review of 273 cases is presented.