bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of damage by the Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides, and the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, in maize fields by a trifluoromethyl ketone pheromone analog
Authors: Solé J. , Sans A. , Riba M. , Rosa E. , Bosch M.P. , Barrot M. , Palència J. , Castellà J. , Guerrero A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLarge‐scale field experiments on the Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides Lefèbvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were carried out in 2004–2006 on maize [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] fields using (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone, an antagonist analog of the pheromone of this species, to evaluate a possible reduction of damage caused by this pest. The effect of the treatments on the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a sympatric species, was also determined. Evaluation of the success of the experiments was assessed by counting (i) the number of males caught by pheromone traps in treated and untreated fields, (ii) the number of plants attacked by both insects in both plots, and (iii) the number of larvae present in infested plants in both fields. Effectiveness of the treatment was high for the second generation of the Mediterranean corn borer, the most harmful to the crop (86–90% reduction in the number of plants attacked and 67–98% reduction in the number of larvae per plant in treated fields in comparison to untreated fields), and moderate for the third generation (reduction of 41–71% and 33–77%, respectively). Treatments were also effective for the second generation of the European corn borer (61–75% reduction in the number of plants attacked, 58–78% reduction in the number of larvae found per plant) as well as for the third generation (69–97% and 70–98% reduction, respectively). By plotting the amount of the antagonist remaining on the dispensers after 40–45 days of exposure with time, the mean release rate of the compound was calculated to be 2.2%/day in 2004, 1.95%/day in 2005, and 2.1%/day in 2006, with 26% of the initial compound remaining after 20 days of experimentation. The emission rate appears to cover the flight of the most damaging second generation of both insects. Prospects of using trifluoromethyl ketones as new potential agents for pest control are also outlined.
Stage‐specific predation on Lygus hesperus affects its population stage structure
Authors: Zink Andrew G. , Rosenheim Jay A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEvidence suggests that prey can vary in their susceptibility to predation depending on their developmental stage. Stage‐dependent predation is of particular importance to integrated pest management, because it is often a particular developmental stage of a pest that causes the majority of the damage to the crop. An understanding of stage‐dependent biocontrol is therefore important for predicting the ultimate impact of herbivore populations. In this article, we addressed this issue by focusing on the stage structure of Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae) populations in cotton as related to the density of a specific generalist predator. We first demonstrated in a field experiment that Geocoris spp. adults suppressed L. hesperus eggs and/or early instars (first through third), but did not suppress fourth through fifth instars or adult L. hesperus. We then demonstrated that this stage‐specific predation translated into season‐long shifts in the stage structure of L. hesperus populations in cotton fields. Using weekly sweep counts across 21 separate cotton fields, we found a negative correlation between season‐long Geocoris spp. densities and season‐long densities of L. hesperus nymphs. In contrast, there was no such correlation between Geocoris spp. and L. hesperus adults. Taken together, these results suggest that Geocoris spp. predators influence the stage structure of L. hesperus populations in cotton, which in turn has the potential to affect patterns of cotton square damage and sampling bias when monitoring L. hesperus populations.
Plaque‐type syringoma: two cases misdiagnosed as microcystic adnexal carcinoma
Authors: Suwattee Pitiporn , McClelland Matthew C. , Huiras Erin E. , Warshaw Erin M. , Lee Peter K. , Kaye Valda N. , McCalmont Timothy H. , Niehans Gloria A. 
Published: November 2007

Background:  Plaque‐type syringoma is a rare variant of syringoma. This benign neoplasm may be easily misdiagnosed as microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC), potentially resulting in unnecessary surgery with disfiguring consequences.Methods:  We report two cases of plaque‐type syringoma that were initially diagnosed as MAC. Microscopically, these lesions were composed of nests of cuboidal cells arrayed within sclerotic collagen in the upper dermis. The deep reticular dermis was spared. No perineural involvement was observed.Results and Conclusions:  Our cases are discussed in the context of histopathologic diagnosis. Detailed histopathologic findings of syringoma, as well as other considerations in the differential diagnosis, are reviewed. We also include a review of all cases of plaque‐type syringoma published to date.
The combined effect of constant water deficit and nitrogen supply on WUE, NUE and Δ13C in durum wheat potted plants
Authors: Cabrera‐Bosquet L. , Molero G. , Bort J. , Nogués S. , Araus J. L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWater scarcity and nitrogen shortage are the main constraints on durum wheat productivity. This paper examines the combined effects of a constant water deficit and nitrogen supply (NS) on growth, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration, instantaneous and time‐integrated water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) in durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under greenhouse conditions. Three water levels (40%, 70% and 100% container capacity), two nitrogen doses (high and low N) and four genotypes were assayed in a total of 24 experimental treatments. Water and nitrogen treatments were imposed 2 weeks after plant emergence. The growth, nitrogen content and Δ13C of the shoot and the gas exchange in the flag leaf were determined about 2 weeks after anthesis. As expected, both water and NS had a strong positive effect on growth. However, a reduction in water supply had low effect decreasing photosynthesis and transpiration, Δ13C and NUE and increasing WUE. On the contrary, increasing the level of nitrogen supplied had a significant negative effect on gs, which decreased significantly the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentrations and Δ13C, and increased both instantaneous and time‐integrated WUE. In addition, a higher N level also negatively affected the instantaneous and time‐integrated NUE. The Δ13C of shoots correlated significantly and negatively with either instantaneous or time‐integrated measurements of WUE. Moreover, within each NS, Δ13C also correlated negatively with the integrated NUE. We concluded that under our experimental conditions, Δ13C gives information about the efficiency with which not just water but also nitrogen are used by the plant. In addition, this study illustrates that a steady water limitation may strongly affect biomass without consistent changes in WUE. The lack of effect of the different water regimes on gas exchange, WUE and Δ13C illustrate the importance of how stress is imposed during growth.
Sucrose metabolism during fruit development in Coffea racemosa
Authors: Geromel C. , Ferreira L.P. , Bottcher A. , Pot D. , Pereira L.F.P. , Leroy T. , Vieira L.G.E. , Mazzafera P. , Marraccini P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSucrose is one of the compounds in the raw coffee bean that has been identified as an important precursor of coffee flavour and aroma. In order to increase our knowledge of sucrose metabolism in coffee species, sucrose and reducing sugar content were investigated in the fast fruit‐ripening coffee species Coffea racemosa. Fruits were harvested regularly from anthesis, until the point of complete fruit maturation and tissue development, followed by measurement of fruit tissue weight. Pericarp was the most abundant tissue, and always represented around 70–80% of fruit fresh weight. The perisperm present in young fruits was rapidly replaced by the endosperm at around 40 days after flowering (DAF). In the latter tissue, total and reducing sugars decreased during development. However, sucrose content was maintained at a relatively high level throughout fruit development, with a peak at 40 DAF that coincided with the highest level of sucrose synthase (SUS) activity detected in this tissue. For all endosperm developmental stages analysed, very low invertase activity was observed, suggesting a limited role for this enzyme in sucrose metabolism. Northern blot experiments using SUS1 and SUS2 cDNA sequences from Coffea arabica as probes were carried out to study the expression of SUS‐encoding genes. The SUS1 transcripts of C. racemosa overlapped with the peak of SUS activity in the endosperm, whereas SUS2 transcripts accumulated mainly during the latest stages of endosperm development. Altogether, these results suggest that the SUS1 isoform of SUS is essential for sucrose accumulation in the fruits of C. racemosa.
Hydraulic Tomography for Detecting Fracture Zone Connectivity
Authors: Hao Yonghong , Yeh Tian‐Chyi J. , Xiang Jianwei , Illman Walter A. , Ando Kenichi , Hsu Kuo‐Chin , Lee Cheng‐Haw 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFracture zones and their connectivity in geologic media are of great importance to ground water resources management as well as ground water contamination prevention and remediation. In this paper, we applied a recently developed hydraulic tomography (HT) technique and an analysis algorithm (sequential successive linear estimator) to synthetic fractured media. The application aims to explore the potential utility of the technique and the algorithm for characterizing fracture zone distribution and their connectivity. Results of this investigation showed that using HT with a limited number of wells, the fracture zone distribution and its connectivity (general pattern) can be mapped satisfactorily although estimated hydraulic property fields are smooth. As the number of wells and monitoring ports increases, the fracture zone distribution and connectivity become vivid and the estimated hydraulic properties approach true values. We hope that the success of this application may promote the development and application of the new generations of technology (i.e., hydraulic, tracer, pneumatic tomographic surveys) for mapping fractures and other features in geologic media.
Irreversible Phosphorus Sorption in Septic System Plumes?
Authors: Robertson W. D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe mobility of phosphorus (P) in septic system plumes remains a topic of debate because of the considerable reactivity of this constituent. In this study, a septic system plume in Ontario was monitored over a 16‐year period with detail that clearly shows the advancing frontal portion of the P plume. This monitoring record provides insight into the extent of secondary P attenuation in the ground water zone beyond that available from previous studies. A P plume 16 m in length developed over the monitoring period with PO4‐P concentrations (3 to 6 mg/L) that approached the concentrations present under the tile bed. Simulations using an analytical model showed that when first‐order solute decay was considered to account for the possibility of secondary P attenuation in the ground water zone, field values could only be matched when decay was absent or occurred at an exceedingly slow rate (half‐life greater than 30 years). Thus, hypothesized secondary P attenuation mechanisms such as slow recystallization of sorbed P into insoluble metal phosphate minerals, diffusion into microsites, or kinetically slow direct precipitation of P minerals such as hydroxyapatite were inactive in the ground water zone at this site or occurred at rates that were too slow to be observed in the context of the current 16‐year study. Desorption tests on sediment samples from below the tile bed indicated a PO4 distribution coefficient (Kd) of 4.8, which implies a P retardation factor of 25, similar to the field apparent value of 37 determined from model calibrations. This example of inactive secondary P attenuation in the ground water zone shows that phosphorus in some ground water plumes can remain mobile and conservative for decades. This has important implications for septic systems located in lakeshore environments when long‐term usage scenarios are considered.
Permeability Hysterisis of Limestone During Isotropic Compression
Authors: Selvadurai A.P.S. , Głowacki A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe evolution of permeability hysterisis in Indiana Limestone during application of isotropic confining pressures up to 60 MPa was measured by conducting one‐dimensional constant flow rate tests. These tests were carried out either during monotonic application of the confining pressure or during loading‐partial unloading cycles. Irreversible permeability changes occurred during both monotonic and repeated incremental compression of the limestone. Mathematical relationships are developed for describing the evolution of path‐dependent permeability during isotropic compression.
Evidence in Medicine and Evidence‐Based Medicine
Authors: Worrall John 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt is surely obvious that medicine, like any other rational activity, must be based on evidence. The interest is in the details: how exactly are the general principles of the logic of evidence to be applied in medicine? Focussing on the development, and current claims of the ‘Evidence‐Based Medicine’ movement, this article raises a number of difficulties with the rationales that have been supplied in particular for the ‘evidence hierarchy’ and for the very special role within that hierarchy of randomized controlled trials (and meta‐analyses of the results of randomized controlled trials). The point is not at all to question the application of a scientific approach to evidence in medicine, but, on the contrary, to indicate a number of areas where philosophers of science can contribute to a proper implementation of exactly that scientific‐evidential approach.
Linguistic Competence without Knowledge of Language
Authors: Collins John 
Published: November 2007

AbstractChomsky's competence/performance distinction has been traditionally understood as a distinction between ourknowledgeof language and how we put that knowledge touse. While this construal has its purposes, this article argues that the distinction as Chomsky proposes it depends upon no substantiation of the knowledge locution; rather, the distinction is intended to abstract one system out of an ensemble of systems whose integration underlies performance. The article goes on to assess and reject an argument that the knowledge locution, independent of its traditional construal, is of some substance due to the peculiar evidential base of generative theories.
Comparative study of the effect of luminal hypotonicity on mucosal permeability in rat upper gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Pihl L. , Wilander E. , Nylander O. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAim:  To investigate whether the increase in mucosal permeability in the duodenum, induced by luminal hypotonicity, also occurs in the stomach and the jejunum and whether this increase in permeability can be explained by epithelial injury.Methods:  The stomach, duodenum or jejunum of the anaesthetized rat were perfused with a hypotonic solution and effects on mucosal permeability (blood‐to‐lumen clearance of radioactive probes); luminal alkalinization and net fluid flux were determined in the absence and presence of cyclooxygenase inhibition.Results:  The hypotonicity‐induced (50 mm NaCl) increase in duodenal mucosal permeability was markedly larger in cyclooxygenase‐2‐inhibited animals than in controls and associated with a 20% decrease in luminal alkalinization and increased fluid absorption. Perfusion with 50 mm NaCl increased duodenal mucosal permeability to all probes investigated, i.e. 14C‐urea, 14C‐methyl‐d‐glucose, 51Cr‐EDTA and 14C‐inulin. The percentage increase in permeability was the greatest for inulin and the lowest for urea. Luminal hypotonicity caused superficial villous tip damage in some but not in all duodenal specimens but there was no difference in morphology between controls and cyclooxygenase‐2‐inhibited animals. Jejunum, but not the stomach, responded to luminal hypotonicity by increasing net fluid absorption, mucosal permeability (greater than sixfold) and the rate of luminal alkalinization (>100%).Conclusions:  The stomach does not respond while the jejunum is more sensitive to hypotonicity‐induced increase in mucosal permeability than the duodenum. The hypotonicity‐induced increase in duodenal mucosal permeability most probably constitutes a physiological mechanism that entails widening of paracellular pathways, which facilitates the transport of osmolytes into the lumen.
Artful Cities
Authors: Hall Tim 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article explores the various roles that public art has played in the city and the ways in which cultural geographers and others, including critical social scientists and arts critics and advocates, have studied and written about it. It highlights the limitations of existing literatures on public art, discussing in particular their neglect of the study of the audience as a site at which meanings are made. It goes on to highlight ways in which the study of public art in the city might be advanced. In doing so, it considers recent examples of research into public art and the city that have challenged existing orthodoxies.
Reticulated platelets as a marker of platelet recovery after allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: MICHUR H. , MAŚLANKA K. , SZCZEPIŃSKI A. , MARIAŃSKA B. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryReticulated platelets (RP) are the youngest forms of platelets in blood and reflect the rate of bone marrow platelet production. In the present study, we used flow cytometric analysis to determine the percentage of RPs in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We investigated 10 patients after transplantation from HLA identical siblings: five with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), four with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and one patient with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Of the patients examined, four patients underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and six patients underwent peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. It was observed that the initially reduced percentage of RPs (2.9 ± 1.7%; mean ± SD) was significantly higher (P = 0.0109) in all patients (13.6 ± 6.4%) in the following 10–26 days. The RP percentage peak preceded the recovery of peripheral platelet count up to 45.6 × 109/l on average by 3 days. We found no difference in RP% between the AML and CML patients but we did observe that in CML patients the RP percentage increased on average 7 days earlier than in AML patients. The elevated RP percentage reflects increased bone marrow regeneration and can be considered an additional marker of thrombopoietic recovery in the patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Majority and Minority Influence
Authors: Crano William D. , Seyranian Viviane 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe study of minority influence has advanced considerably since the late 1960s when Moscovici's pioneering efforts brought the minority's role in the process of persuasion and social influence to the forefront. Moscovici's (1980) insight that the underlying processes of majority and minority influence are quite different has been supported, but the steady pace of research has uncovered various unanticipated findings not easily explained by his conversion theory. In this review, we track recent developments and debates in the field, and consider some major explanatory models of minority influence and their differential postulates regarding cognitive processing and attitude change. We pay particular attention to Crano's (2001) leniency contract model, which details the specific conditions under which majorities and minorities impart influence. Finally, we advance some novel postulates regarding the persuasive impact of out‐group minorities.
Dehumanization: A New Perspective
Authors: Haslam Nick , Loughnan Stephen , Reynolds Catherine , Wilson Samuel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDehumanization has traditionally been understood as an extreme form of prejudice that enables violence and cruelty. Recent work indicates that it can also take subtle and everyday forms. We give an overview of early contributions to the psychological study of dehumanization before reviewing recent research on the attribution and denial of humanness. We emphasize our own research program, which proceeds from a theoretical analysis of two distinct senses of humanness, which when denied to others yield two forms of dehumanization. In one form, people are denied uniquely human attributes and likened to animals, and in the other, they are denied essentially human attributes and likened to machines. We discuss the ways in which these two forms of dehumanization are manifest in perceptions of individuals and groups, and speculate on the cognitive and motivational processes involved.
Adult Drug Treatment Courts: A Review
Authors: Jensen Eric L. , Parsons Nicholas L. , Mosher Clayton J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDrug treatment courts (DTCs), an alternative to traditional criminal courts, provide an innovative way to legally process some drug offenders. The origin and recent growth of the drug court system in the USA can be explained as an unintended consequence of a failing ‘war on drugs’. In this article, we discuss the spread of adult DTCs throughout the USA, the main components of drug courts, controversies surrounding DTCs, and some criticisms of drug courts. We summarize the recent evaluations of adult DTCs, and highlight various DTC factors that have been found to reduce individual drug use and criminal activity. We also offer suggestions for future research on DTCs and conclude with policy recommendations.
Comparison of examination of the entire uterine cervix with routine cervical sampling in hysterectomy specimens from women with endometrial cancer: Table 1
Authors: Nayar A G , Cross P A , Bulmer J N , Deen S , El-Sherif A 
Published: November 2007

Background:Cervical involvement by endometrial cancer alters the FIGO stage and determines clinical management, but there are no accepted guidelines for cervical sampling of these cases.Aim:To assess whether sampling more than two “routine” blocks of the cervix (anterior and posterior) alters the pathological staging of hysterectomy specimens for endometrial cancer.Methods:Histological involvement of the cervix was prospectively compared in hysterectomies performed for proven endometrial cancer (n = 61). Specimens had two “routine” blocks taken from anterior and posterior cervix; all of the remaining cervix was also processed for histological assessment.Results:61 cases of endometrial cancer had the entire uterine cervix processed. There were 54 cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma and 7 special types. Twelve cases had cervical involvement (stage 2A or 2B), and seven cases were stage 3A or above, of which three also had cervical involvement. In none of the 61 cases did the additional cervical blocks (n = 544) taken alter the staging made on the “routine” blocks.Conclusion:Sampling of two blocks from the cervix appears sufficient for histological staging of endometrial cancer in hysterectomy specimens.