bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1943
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S., longitude 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m.4 W. of Gr.)January 4—Beginning at about 11h GMT, January 4, there was a short, sharp magnetic disturbance during the daylight hours which was characterized by rapid small changes in H superimposed on several narrow peaks and bays. The range was only 150 gammas during the eight hours of the disturbance and the maximum K‐index was 6. D and Z were also somewhat agitated during the active period of the storm.
FINAL RELATIVE SUNSPOT‐NUMBERS FOR 1942
Authors: Brunner W. 
Published: February 2008

Table 1 contains the final sunspot‐numbers for 1942, for the whole disc of the Sun, based on observations made at the Zürich Observatory, supplemented by series furnished by other cooperating observatories for days (indicated by asterisks) on which no observations were possible at Zürich.Table 2 gives the yearly means of the relative numbers, R, since the last minimum 1933 and the number of days without spots.
GEORGE WASHINGTON LITTLEHALES, 1860–1943
Authors: Harradon H. D. 
Published: February 2008

George Washington Littlehales, Hydrographic Engineer at the United States Hydrographic Office from 1900 to 1932, died suddenly at his home in Washington, D.C., August 12, 1943, at the age of 82 years.Mr. Littlehales was born October 14, 1860, in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. He entered the United States Naval Academy as a midshipman in 1879 from which he was graduated in 1883 and after spending two years at sea in the North Atlantic Squadron he received the post‐860‐1943 graduate diploma and returned to civil life. In 1888 the Columbian (now George Washington) University awarded him the degree of Civil Engineering which he had earned in the course of studies there. In the summer of 1885 he joined the staff of the United States Hydrographic Office with which he was continuously associated until his retirement in 1932. He was professor of nautical science in George Washington University during 1913‐1927.
HUANCAYO MAGNETIC OBSERVATORY APRIL TO JUNE, 1943
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S., longitude 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m.4 W. of Gr.)There were no magnetic disturbances worthy of description during the quarter. PAUL G. LEDIG, Observer‐in‐Charge
SOME EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF GEOMAGNETISM—V
Authors: Harradon H. D. 
Published: February 2008

As the fifth contribution in our series of early documents pertaining to geomagnetism, we are privileged to publish a translation of “Estromento de Sombras” (1537) by Pedro Nunes as reproduced by Hellmann in this Rara Magnetica. This is a section of the extremely rare book “Tratado da Sphera com a Theorica do Sol e da Lua”1 in which Nunes describes an improvement to Guillen's instrument (brújula de variación) consisting of the addition of a device permitting the observation of the Sun's altitude. He also gives a new method of determining the latitude at any hour of the day.We are under deep obligation to Dr. J. de Sampaio Ferraz of Rio de Janeiro for the following translation of “Estromento de Sombras.” Dr. Sampaio Ferraz also informs us that there is a copy of the rare “Tratado da Sphera com a Theorica do Sol e da Lua” in the Biblioteca Nacional at Rio de Janeiro. His comparison of the two texts showed that the edition in Rio de Janeiro, published at Lisbon in 1537, differs only in a few minor orthographical details from the text as reproduced by Hellmann.
Solar and Magnetic Data, October to December, 1943, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Mulders Elizabeth Sternberg 
Published: February 2008

During the magnetic storm of October 24 to November 1 the only sunspot‐group visible was Mount Wilson No. 7621, a group of the old cycle, which was 82° east at. the beginning of the storm, 29° west at the end, and reached the west limb on. November 5. The polarities of the group were regular.When this group reappeared at the east limb on November 20 (then numbered 7626), it was closely accompanied by a new group, No. 7625, also of the old cycle but with irregular polarities, which declined and disappeared while crossing the disk, being last seen on November 30. Group 7626 reached the west, limb on December 2. Its passage across the disk was accompanied by a magnetic storm (November 19 to 29); this was also true of the two immediately preceding passages (as No. 7621 mentioned above, and as No. 7617, for which see Terr. Mag., 48, 245, 1943).
Apia Observatory, July to September, 1943
Authors: Sapsford H. Bruce 
Published: February 2008

Latitude 13° 48′.4 S., longitude 171° 46′.5 or 11h 27m.1 W. of Gr.]August 8–9—The trace was slightly disturbed during the first week of August. Activity became more intense on August 8 and an unusual maximum occurred at 15h 51m GMT. The intensity of H then decreased steadily, reaching a minimum at 02h 00m, August 9, after which the trace gradually returned to normal; The range in H was 140 gammas. The maximum vertical intensity was recorded at 15h 24m, August 8, and the minimum at 01h 02m, August. 9, the range being 31 gammas. There were slight fluctuations in declination during the disturbed periods.
Magnetic Observatory, Hermanus, July to September, 1943
Authors: Ogg A. 
Published: February 2008

Latitude 34° 25′.2 S., longitude 19° 13′.5 or 1h 16m.9 E. of Gr.]July 2–14—Following micropulsations at 08h GMT, July 2, and forty‐five minutes later H increased, westerly declination increased, and Z increased numerically. The magnetograms remained comparatively smooth (except for micropulsations from 19h 51m to 20h 24m) until 22h 54m, when there was an abrupt change accompanied by micropulsations. The disturbances continued for about ten hours. Micropulsations appeared again from 22h 45m, July 3, to 01h 20m, July 4. The traces remained smooth until a gradual‐commencement storm began at 09h 54m, July 4. H increased 12 gammas in five minutes. The storm continued until 01h 30m, July 14. The period of greatest intensity was from 09h 54m, July 4, to 06h 00m, July 5. During this period there were three K‐indices of value 5 and four K‐indices of value 4. During the rest of the storm the maximum K‐index was 4.
Francis John Welsh Whipple, 1876–1943
Authors: Simpson G. C. 
Published: February 2008

Dr. Francis John Welsh Whipple, whose death at the age of 67 years occurred on September 25, 1943, was primarily a mathematician and as an undergraduate took a very high place in the Mathematical School at Cambridge. After a short period as mathematical master at one of Britain's best known public schools, where he himself had been trained as a boy, he entered the London Meteorological Office in 1912. For 13 years his work was mainly concerned with meteorological instruments and climatology; but on the retirement of Dr. Charles Chree, Whipple was appointed to succeed him as Superintendent of Kew Observatory, a position held by his father 50 years previously.Whipple was highly qualified for his new position: his scientific ability and knowledge were of the highest order, and he possessed, what is lacking in so many first‐rate scientists, interest in other people's work and readiness to devote his own time and thought to their problems. It is therefore not surprising that under his lead the scientific work at Kew Observatory was expanded and his staff of young men produced an outturn of scientific work which is memorable in the history of even such a celebrated Observatory as Kew.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1944
Authors: Nelson J. H. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)January 10–17—A magnetic storm of moderate intensity, but of long duration, began about 20h GMT, January 10. There were no outstanding characteristics of the storm other than that of generally rough magnetic weather. The end of the storm was difficult to identify, but the activity became less disturbed about the end of the Greenwich day, January 17.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, April to June, 1944
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S., longitude 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m.4 W. of Gr.)April 2—A moderate magnetic disturbance began with a small but sharp downward movement in H at 05h 37m GMT, April 2, which was followed by an irregular decrease to a deep bay at 09h 10m. This was followed by a sharp peak thirty minutes later and another even deeper bay just before 12h. After this time there was only mild disturbance during the daily maximum period and small irregular movements for the rest of the day. D and Z showed the effect of the disturbance largely by greater ranges than normal for the day. PAUL G. LEDIG, observer‐in‐Charge
Tucson Magnetic Observatory, July to September, 1944
Authors: Nelson J. H. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)August 2–3—A rather severe storm began about 12h GMT, August 2. Between 12h and 22h the activity was rapid and of small amplitude. Following this period there were large variations in D and H, continuing until about 11h, August 3, at which time the storm ended quite suddenly. Ranges: D, 22′; H, 183 gammas; Z, 51 gammas.
Harmonic Analysis of the Annual Variation of Magnetic Declination and Horizontal Intensity at Oslo, 1843–1930
Authors: Wasserfall K. F. 
Published: February 2008

Introduction—With reference to the author's work in reducing old data at Oslo for 1843–1930 [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] it will have been noted that the annual variation of the magnetic horizontal intensity (H) was of special interest because it was necessary in correcting numerous abrupt changes of unknown cause in base‐line values—changes not ascertainable from the absolute determinations. The reduction of the series in magnetic declination (D) required similar discussion of the annual variation in that element. In view of the importance of the annual variations it was deemed worth while to make harmonic analyses for them.Material—The data used for the harmonic analyses are given in Tables 1 to 3 for D and 4 to 6 for H. For purposes of comparison the calculated harmonic constants for annual variations of the element at Rude Skov Observatory are added to each Table for the epoch 1920–30.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1945
Authors: Nelson J. H. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)January 28–30—A magnetic storm of moderate intensity began at 14h 55m GMT, January 28, with a small (6‐gamma) increase in H. During the first eight hours of the storm the activity was of short period and small amplitude. From 00h to 09h, January 29, there were moderately large swings in both D and H. Then the disturbance was mud until the end of the storm at 06h, January 30, Ranges: D, 14′; H, 145 gammas.
The Fifthieth Year of the Journal
Authors: Heck N. H. 
Published: February 2008

It has rarely happened that two men have made outstanding contributions to a branch of earth science over a continuous, period of 50 years. These men are Bauer and Fleming. The contributions to terrestrial magnetism and electricity cover a wide range but not the least important is the founding and unbroken publication of the Journal of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity as an International publication. Bauer showed great vision and Fleming recognized the continuing need of a medium available to all students of the subject with its many and constantly increasing manifestations, and both made important personal contributions.Some years ago a newspaper writer listed the JOURNAL among magazines with queer names. If the writer could be confronted with the contribution to the war effort of these apparently abstruse subjects he would not repeat his mistake.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1945
Authors: Parkinson W. C. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)April 1—A short but sharp disturbance began at 04h 57m GMT, April 1, with a small sudden commencement shown in all three elements. The value of H began to decrease immediately afterwards and reached a minimum value at 09h 48m. The maximum activity during the disturbance occurred between 12h 20m and 13h 20m when there was a double peak of considerable dimensions in all three elements. After 14h 00m the traces gradually resumed their normal values and the disturbance came to an end at 18h 00m. Ranges: H, 100 gammas; D, 20′.8; Z, 115 gammas.
Scattering of radio waves from great virtual distances
Authors: Harang Leiv 
Published: February 2008

Summary—Using a pulse‐transmitter of high power, scattered reflections corresponding to virtual reflection‐distances of 500 to 2,500 km have been obtained.The test‐frequencies used (10–11 Mc/sec) were usually greater than the critical penetration‐frequencies of the F2‐layer. Records on a fixed frequency over a number of days have been taken in order to study the diurnal variation and dependence on geomagnetic activity and aurora. Four different phases in the diurnal variation have been recorded. During the two day‐phases it has been shown that the scattered reflections cannot come in vertically as they are not cut off by the F‐layer.During the two night‐phases the echoes are reflected from scattering areas lying in or near the zenith at heights of 500 to 800 km. Small geomagnetic disturbances increased the scattering at these heights. Stronger perturbations were accompanied by scattering from heights down to 100 to 200 km.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1945
Authors: Campbell Joel B. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′,1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)July 1–2—A storm began at 00h GMT, July 1, and increased in intensity between 03h and 11h of the same date. After 11h, July 1, the storm continued moderately until 03h, July 2. The maximum K‐index recorded during the storm was 6.
Apia Observatory April to September, 1945
Authors: Sapsford H. Bruce 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 13° 48′.4 S., longitude 171° 46′.5 or 11h 27m.1 W. of Gr.)April 1—The H‐trace became disturbed at 05h 00m GMT, April 1, and fluctuated until 13h 12m on the same day, when the trace became normal. A maximum occurred at 05h 03m and a minimum at 08h 36m. The range in horizontal intensity during the storm was 106 gammas. D and Z were only slightly disturbed.
American magnetic character‐figure, CA, three‐hour‐range indices, K, and mean K‐indices, KA, for October to December, 1945, and summary for year 1945
Authors: Scott W. E. 
Published: February 2008

Summaries of American URSI broadcasts have appeared regularly in this Journal since the issue for December, 1930.As set forth in this Journal for June, 1937, “The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey with the cooperation of the United States Army and the United States Navy communication‐services and several amateur radio stations have undertaken to supply the American character‐figure based upon the reports of the seven American‐operated observatories—those of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Huancayo in Peru and at Watheroo in Western Australia, and those of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Cheltenham (Maryland), Honolulu (Hawaii), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Sitka (Alaska), and Tucson (Arizona).” This character‐figure is being designated CA, and its values for the first twelve, the second twelve, and all twenty‐four hours of each Greenwich day for October to December, 1945, are given in Table 1.
Resumption of full activities of International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
Authors: Winterbotham H. S. J. L. 
Published: February 2008

I have the honor to inform you that the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics is about to resume its full activities. The Executive Committee, which has just met in Oxford, sends its hearty greetings, and desires me to give you the following information.In the first place the Committee has made the following appointments, subject to the final approval of the next General Assembly:To be President of the UnionProfessor B. Helland‐HansenTo be General Secretary of the UnionDr. J. M. StaggNote. Owing to the continued absence of Dr. Stagg on duty in Germany, correspondence should be addressed to me until further notice.
Cause and effect in region F2 of the ionosphere
Authors: Bannon J. , Wood F. W. 
Published: February 2008

For both hemispheres in the neighborhood of latitude 35° the behavior of region F2 of the ionosphere has been examined. It has been found that:(1) There are great differences in the graphs of monthly mean noon values of maximum electron‐density (
) for Washington, Wuchang, and Tokio in the north, but only small differences for Watheroo, Mount Stromlo, Wellington, and Christchurch in the south.(2) For all stations for which data are available, midnight
is in step with the Sun, being a maximum in summer and a minimum in winter.(3) Noon values of
correlate with values of
cos½
(where
is the monthly mean Wolf sunspot‐number, and
is the local zenith‐angle of the Sun at noon on the 15th day of the month) to give correlation‐coefficients (ρ) equal to 0.50, 0.60, and 0.25 for Mount Stromlo, Watheroo, and Washington, respectively.(5) Midnight values of the annual mean maximum electron‐density (
) for Washington are linearly related to annual mean sunspot‐numbers (
). This follows from the fact that noon values of
bear a linear relationship to midnight values of
. In 1937 about 90 per cent of
for Washington was due to sunspots.(6) The noon values of monthly mean equivalent heights show very great seasonal fluctuations. The midnight values are comparatively steady.(7) In the Northern Hemisphere the graph of
cos½
for the period 1934‐40 is, for the most part, in step with the Sun, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere it shows no relation to solar altitude.It has been concluded that:(a) There is a variation, in the composition of region F2, from place to place over the Earth's surface.(b) The annual effect found by Berkner and Wells may be due to the variation in composition of region F2, and to the differences in
cos½
in the two hemispheres.(c) The annual effect has not a sidereal cause.(d) As far as annual mean values of maximum electron‐density are concerned, the transition from noon to midnight is not influenced by the number of sunspots.(e) If the thermal‐expansion hypothesis is correct, midnight temperatures are probably low, and do not vary much throughout the year. Summer‐noon temperatures are very much higher than temperatures at midnight.
The meeting of the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, in Oxford, December 10–14, 1945
Authors: Winterbotham H. S. J. L. 
Published: February 2008

ForewordPapers laid before the Committee(1) Report on the Proceedings of the Seventh (Washington) General Assembly(2) Report of the General Secretary for the war period(3) Notes on Administration(4) Balance Sheet of Union Funds for the period January 1, 1939, to November 30, 1945(5) Recommendations on the future administration of the Union, made by the British National Committee in February 1945(6) Provisional Agenda.The position in the autumn of 1945
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1945
Authors: Hershberger John 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)October 12–13—A minor disturbance, resulting in three K‐indices of 5, began about 06h GMT, October 12, and ended about 10h, October 13.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1945
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S., longitude 76° 20′.4 or 5h 01m.4 W. of Gr.)October 12—A short disturbance was registered on October 12 beginning about 10h.5 GMT with moderate movements in H and marked only by several moderate peaks and bays. The range in H was over 218 gammas. The disturbance ended between 14h and 15h.
Circular letter to all adhering countries: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
Authors: Stagg J. M. 
Published: February 2008

(President: Professor B. Helland‐Hansen; Acting General Secretary: Dr. J. M. Stagg)(1) I have the honour to inform you that, following the recommendations of the emergency meeting of the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics held at Oxford in December, 1945, arrangements have now been made to hold an Extraordinary General Assembly of the Union at Cambridge, England, from July 29 to August 2 or 3, 1946.
Alibag Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1946
Authors: Rao M. P. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 18° 38′.3 N., longitude 72° 52′.3 or 4h 51m.5 E. of Gr.)January 3–4—A storm of great intensity suddenly commenced at 08h 07m GMT, January 3, raising H by 44 gammas and lowering Z by 2 gammas in about six minutes. After a period of slight disturbance H began to fall rapidly at 10h 30m and in about ninety minutes H diminished by 256 gammas, after which there were some rises and falls both in H and Z, which resulted in one K‐index of 8 and two K‐indices of 7. The storm ended at about 21h, January 4. Ranges: H, 278 gammas; Z, 43 gammas; D, 8′.7.
Adolf Schmidt, 1860–1944
Authors: Bartels J. 
Published: February 2008

On October 17, 1944, Adolf Schmidt, to whom geomagnetism owes many outstanding contributions, an eminent collaborator of this Journal since its first issue, died at Gotha, Germany, after a long and progressing infirmity.Adolf Friedrich Karl Schmidt was born at Breslau on July 23, 1860, as the son of an engineer. He studied, from 1878, mathematics, physics, and English at his home town; with a mathematical thesis, on Cremona transformations, he got his doctor's degree, in 1882. At Breslau Observatory he helped in the magnetic readings for the First International Polar Year, 1882–83; he is therefore one of the few scientists who took an active interest in both Polar Years, since he attended, by special invitation of Dr. la Cour, the meeting of the International Polar Year Commission, for 1932–33, at Copenhagen in May 1933. He was teacher and professor in the Gymnasium Ernestinum at Gotha until 1902, when he was called to direct the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory. He lectured in Berlin University, and the rare title of ordinary honorary professor was conferred on him in 1907. He retired in 1929 and returned to Gotha.
Periodicity of geomagnetic activity
Authors: Ogg A. 
Published: February 2008

In a paper published in this Journal [51, 75–83, (1946)], which dealt chiefly with the correlation of the three‐hour‐range indices (K) at Hermanus with those at seven American‐operated observatories,. I drew attention to the question of the periodicity of the geomagnetic activity.Periodograms which were published indicated in one group of K‐indices periodicities of 9, 18, and 27 days, and in another group periodicities of 14 and 28 days. However, from the method, which was adopted in the search for periodicity, a high correlation‐ratio for 18 and 27 days did not prove 18‐ and 27‐day periods, if there existed a nine‐day period in the group.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1946
Authors: Cleven Merril L. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m3 W. of Gr.)July 14—A brief minor disturbance beginning rather suddenly at 13h30m GMT, was characterized by a change of 520 gammas in H. The displacement of all three elements continued for about an hour, and a K‐index of 7 was recorded for this period.