bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free radicals, malonaldehyde and protein damage in lipid‐protein systems
Authors: Roubal W. T. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe free radical concentration in lipid‐protein mixtures with a low moisture content was monitored both during and after the time that the lipid actively absorbed oxygen. The data show that, in dry systems, the decay in radical content is followed by a rise in malonaldehyde protein fluorescence. Analysis of amino acid content at two distinctly different periods in the reaction substantiate the hypothesis that radicals and not aldehydes are a major cause of protein damage.
Cholesterol interference in analysis of fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Hayes Lyle , Lowry Robert R. , Tinsley Ian J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn the course of isolating and analyzing the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) eggs and sac fry, a component was found on gas liquid chromatography to have a retention time longer than any characteristic polyunsaturated fatty acid previously encountered in trout. Subsequent purification and analysis demonstrated this component to be cholesterol. Thus, cholesterol and related compounds can interfere in the analysis of FAME when the methyl esters are prepared by transesterification.
Fatty acid metabolism and cell proliferation. III. Effect of prostaglandin biosynthesis either from exogenous fatty acid or endogenous fatty acid release with hydralazine
Authors: Morisaki N. , Lindsey J. A. , Milo G. E. , Cornwell D. G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPrimary cultures of smooth muscle cells were established from the medial layer of guinea pig aorta. Cells were seeded at from 40 to 80 cells per cm2 and cloned for 8 days. Media were analyzed for PGI2 (6‐keto‐PGF1α) using radioimmunoassay. Prostanoids were synthesized when cells were grown in media alone. Arachidonic acid stimulated prostanoid synthesis and promoted cell proliferation. Indomethacin blocked prostanoid synthesis and abolished the stimulatory effect of arachidonic acid on cell proliferation. Hydralazine stimulated fatty acid release and prostanoid synthesis in confluent cells. Hydralazine also stimulated prostanoid synthesis and promoted proliferation in growing cells. Indomethacin blocked prostanoid synthesis and abolished the stimulatory effect of hydralazine on cell proliferation.
Variations of fatty acid composition of erythrocyte and plasma lipids in the rat during the first period of life
Authors: Ciccoli L. , Comporti M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe changes occurring in the fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte lipids during the first weeks of life were studied in the rat. The major changes consisted of a progressive decrease in oleic acid and a progressive increase in linoleic acid. A lower but significant increase in arachidonic acid was also observed. These changes are not related to variations in erythrocyte age; rather, they appear to be related to the age of the animal. Since somewhat similar changes were observed in the fatty acid composition of the major lipid classes of plasma during the first weeks of life, the possibility that these variations could account for the changes in the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte lipids was considered. Some support to this possibility was found in the results of experiments in which erythrocytes taken from 15‐day‐old rats were incubated with plasma taken from newborn rats. The changes in the fatty acid composition of erythrocytes and plasma lipids do not appear to be dependent on dietary lipids, since they occur during the suckling period, i.e., before the rats begin to ingest the pelleted diet which presents a fatty acid pattern completely different to that of the dams' milk.
Rapid qualitative analysis of polar and nonpolar lipids in a single sample using “Three‐Way” thin layer chromatography
Authors: Duck‐Chong Coral G. , Baker Gary J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPlastic sheets, precoated with silica gel, are cut to give a square with a strip attached at the top right‐hand corner. Lipid extract is applied to the square portion, just below the strip, and chromatographed in a solvent which moves nonpolar lipids on to the strip, leaving polar lipids at the origin. The strip is cut off and separation of the lipids on the strip and the remaining square portion of the plate is completed by conventional one‐ or two‐dimensional chromatography, respectively. The application of this method and a multiple staining technique to the analysis of lipids in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is described.
Bile salt‐stimulated lipase in huma milk from 2 to 16 weeks postpartum
Authors: Brown Peter B. , Clark Richard M. , Hundrieser Kenneth E. , Ferris Ann M. , Jensen Robert G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOur objectives were to determine the change in bile salt‐stimulated lipase (BSSL) activity in mature milk with time postpartum and to determine if BSSL activity was related to total lipid in the milk. Milk samples were collected from 12 mothers at 2,6,12 and 16 weeks postpartum. A significant (P<.05) decrease in BSSL activity with time was observed. The average values expressed as μmol free fatty acids released/min/ml milk were 5.3, 4.5, 4.1 and 3.6 at 2,6, 12 and 16 weeks postpartum. Total lipid in the milk increased significantly (P <.05) from 4.1 g/dl at 2 weeks to 5.4 g/dl at 16 weeks postpartum but was not significantly correlated with BSSL activity.
Sterols in chloroplasts: A description of two qualitatively distinct forms
Authors: Knights B. A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChloroplasts from eight plant species have been extracted sequentially with petroleum ether (PE) and acetone (A) and the extracts analyzed for sterols. Cholesterol was a component of all fractions analyzed but it was found that the A fraction of each species contained relatively much more cholesterol than the PE fraction. Other components of the PE sterol fractions were plant sterols typical of the species examined and were quantitatively markedly different from those in the corresponding A fractions. The yield of sterol from chloroplasts was found to be 0.02–0.03% and the ratio of the PE/A fractions to be 5∶1–19∶1.
Reaction products of tocopherols
Authors: Skinner W. A. , Parkhurst R. M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTocopherols readily undergo oxidation with a variety of oxidizing agents. Considerable effort has gone into isolation and identification of these various oxidation products. In many cases they can undergo further transformations upon treatment with various chemical reagents. This review will focus on the oxidation of α‐tocopherol and transformation of its oxidation products to new derivatives. Dimeric and trimeric oxidation products will not be covered. Early work on the oxidation of α‐tocopherol led to identification of α‐tocopherol quinone as an oxidation product formed by FeCl3 oxidation. Stronger oxidizing conditions with FeCl3 or oxidation with AgNO3 or HNO3 led to the orthoquinone and the hydroxy‐p‐quinone due to loss of one or two methyl groups from the aromatic ring. These early studies pointed out the unusual reactivity of the 5‐methyl group of α‐tocopherol. Oxidation of α‐tocopherol with benzoyl peroxide led to substitution of a benzoate on the 5‐methyl group. A similar reaction occurs when diasobisisobutyronitrile is used as the oxidizing agent. The oxidation of α‐tocopherol by tetrachloro‐o‐quinone in aqueous acetonitrile resulted in the formation of 9‐hydroxy‐α‐tocopherone. When FeCl3 was used as the oxidizing agent in the presence of α,α'‐bibyridyl in ethanol, 9‐ethoxy‐α‐tocopherone was formed. α‐Tocopherolquinone can be reduced with Zn−HOAc or by catalytic hydrogenation to the hydroquinone or reductively cyclized to α‐tocopherol with Zn−HBr. Reaction of α‐tocopherolquinone with acetyl chloride resulted in the 5‐chloromethyl‐6‐acetoxy derivative which has been converted to a variety of 5‐methylsubstituted derivatives. Reaction of α‐tocopherol with Br2 led to the 5‐bromomethyl derivative. When α‐tocopherolquinone was treated with hydrochloric, phosphoric, citric or tartaric acid, in the absence of oxygen, a disproportionation took place forming α‐tocopherol, α‐tocored and other oxidation products. An interesting isomerization of α‐tocored, the orthoquinone, occurs in the presence of aqueous HCl to yield the yellowp‐quinone with the chroman ring closed. The 5‐benzoyloxymethyl derivative upon treatment with HCl generateso‐quinone methide which can be trapped by reaction with tetracyanoethylene or dihydropyran. Treatment of the 5‐benzoyloxmethyl derivative with HCl in ethanol followed by sublimation yielded the 5‐aldehyde of α‐tocopherol. Recently, a series of phosphate derivatives of α‐tocopherol or its model, 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol, were synthesized. Tris (6‐acetoxy‐5‐methyleneoxy‐7,8‐dimethyltocol)phosphate, tris(2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol)phosphate, 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol phosphate and the cyclic 5‐methylenoxy‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol phosphate, were prepared. These phosphates are of interest in view of a possible role of α‐tocopherol in oxidative phosphorylation.
Modern procedures for the analysis of tocopherols
Authors: Bunnell R. H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe development of reliable assay methodology for the tocopherols has been an evolutionary process which has required over 40 years to reach its present state. Today the analyst has at his disposal a choice of reliable and accurate methods of analysis for the eight tocopherols now known to exist in nature. The general sequence of procedure and the precautions to be observed are described. After suitable extraction procedures and careful saponification techniques, the tocopherols in the nonsaponifiable fraction can be assayed by a variety of chromatographic procedures including paper, thin layer (TLC), column and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The current methodology of these procedures is reviewed in some detail with special emphasis on the more frequently used TLC and GLC techniques. The earlier methods of GLC assay separated only the mono‐, di‐ and trimethylated tocopherols but methods are now available which provide separation of all the tocopherols. These developments were made possible by better columns and the use of derivatives of tocopherols. In addition to good separation, the GLC method is the most sensitive available for the quantitation of the tocopherols. Spectrophotometric measurements based on Emmerie Engel type reactions have been most frequently used for the final quantitative analysis of the tocopherols separated by paper, TLC, or column chromatography.
The composition of beef heart cardiolipins isolated by solvent and chromatographic fractionation
Authors: Courtade S. A. , McKibbin J. M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA method is described for the isolation of cardiolipin from beef heart lipids by a single pass through a silica gel column. The isolated cardiolipin was free of neutral lipids and phospholipids and accounted for 10% of total phospholipid phosphorus. It was compared to commercial cardiolipins prepared by the Pang‐born method of selective precipitation. Analysis for fatty acids, glycerol and phosphorus revealed a molar ratio of 2∶1.5∶1 for both preparations, provided the fatty acid esters were assayed colorimetrically. If the fatty acids were determined by titration, the commercial cardiolipin had a molar ratio of fatty acid to phosphorus of 1.6, while ours remained at 2.0. Upon hydrolysis with acetic acid, the former yielded 76% water‐soluble phosphorus, the latter only 2%. Both cardiolipins contained over 90% C‐18 fatty acids, with our preparation containing 76% linoleate, the commercial preparation, 90%. After alkaline hydrolyses a component was isolated from the commercial cardiolipin which represented 15.5% of the total weight. It developed an interfering pigment in the fatty acid ester determination but has not been identified. After its removal analysis demonstrated three fatty acids per molecule of the commercial cardiolipin.
The biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants
Authors: Gurr M. I. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper is a review of some of the work being done at the author's laboratory. The phospholipids and glycolipids of the alga,Chlorella vulgaris, have been implicated in fatty acid transformations such as chain elongation and desaturation. Labeling studies with [14C] acetate have shown that newly synthesized galactosyl glycerides have mainly saturated fatty acids. Subsequent to de novo synthesis, a series of alterations of fatty acid structure takes place within the same glycolipid molecules. The specific incorporation of [14C] oleic acid intoChlorella phosphatidyl choline provides a convenient model system for studying the lipid dependent desaturation of oleic to linoleic acid. The inhibitor of fatty acid desaturation, sterculic acid, only inhibits the conversion of oleate into linoleate if added before the precursor fatty acid has been incorporated into a complex lipid. Studies with isomeric monoenoic fatty acids have suggested that there are two enzymes which catalyze the formation of linoleic from oleic acid. One measures the position of the second double bond from the carboxyl group, the other, from the methyl end of the chain. The latter enzyme probably requires the complex lipid substrate.
Inhibition of fat cell lipolysis by low FFA to albumin ratios
Authors: Hubbard R. W. , Matthew W. T. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEpididymal fat cells isolated from chronically cold‐exposed rats were used to study the inhibition of lipolysis with albumin bound FFA. It was demonstrated that lipolysis becomes inhibited as the class 2 binding sites on albumin are filled and that 50% inhibition occurs at free fatty acid (FFA) to albumin ratios between 4.6 and 4.0. Experiments with dibutyryl adenosine cyclic phosphate suggest that this is an effect on the fat cell lipases rather than the lipase activating system or phosphodiesterase. The results indicate that reesterification proceeds as a relatively constant percentage of the rate of lipolysis and, therefore, in the absence of exogenous FFA, conditions that reduce lipolysis reduce reesterification. On the other hand, high rates of reesterification can apparently be stimulated even when the class 1 binding sites on albumin are not filled.
Awareness of physicians in Jordan about the treatment of high blood pressure according to the seventh report of the Joint National Committee (JNC VII)
Authors: Al-Azzam Sayer Ibrahim , Najjar Rula Basem , Khader Yousef Saleh 
Published: December 2006

Background Control of blood pressure remains suboptimal worldwide. High rates of undiagnosed and untreated hypertensive patients raise the need of searching for the basis of this situation among prescribing physicians. Aim To evaluate the awareness of medical residents and practicing physicians in Jordan about the treatment of high blood pressure according to the seventh report of the Joint National Committee (JNC VII). Method A written questionnaire was distributed to 200 physicians from different areas of Jordan during the period from November 2005 till February 2006. Recruitment of physicians in this study was in general, military, private hospitals and in clinics. A rigorously developed questionnaire on changes seen in JNC VII, target blood pressure goals, and the treatment of high blood pressure options was administered by trained medical personnel. Results One hundred and forty five physicians (72.5%) consented to complete the questionnaire. The practices of recent graduates from medical school were not better than those of older graduates. As a general rule, physicians in Jordan under treat high blood pressure. Conclusion Our findings highlight the need for the revision of the teaching curricula in medical schools with regard to the management of hypertension, as well as the initiation of a widespread and intensive continuing medical education for all physicians involved in the management of patients with hypertension. Particular efforts are needed to encourage the use of low-cost thiazides and the use of angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors in heart failure patients and other compelling indications.
Reconstructing the response of C3 and C4 plants to decadal-scale climate change during the late Pleistocene in Southern Illinois using isotopic analyses of calcified rootlets
Authors: Wang Hong , Greenberg Sallie E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe δ13C and δ18O values of well-preserved carbonate rhizoliths (CRs) provide detailed insights into changes in the abundance of C3 and C4 plants in response to approximately decadal-scale changes in growing-season climate. We performed stable isotope analyses on 35–40 CRs sampled at 1-cm intervals from an 18-cm-thick paleosol formed in southern Illinois during Wisconsin interstadial 2. Minimum δ13C values show little variation with depth, whereas maximum values vary dramatically, and average values show noticeable variability; maximum δ18O values vary less than the minimum δ18O values. These findings indicate that a diverse and stable C3 flora with a limited number of C4 grass species prevailed during this interval, and suggest that the maximum growing-season temperatures were relatively stable, but minimum growing-season temperatures varied considerably. Two general patterns characterize the relationships between the δ13C and δ18O values obtained from the 1-cm samples. In some cases, low δ13C values correspond to low δ18O values and high δ13C values correspond to high δ18O values, suggesting that cooler growing-season temperatures favored C3 and warmer growing-season temperatures favored C4 plants. In other cases, low δ13C values correspond to high δ18O values, likely suggesting that wetter growing-season conditions were favorable to C3 plants. The high density of well-preserved CRs in this paleosol provides a unique opportunity to study detailed ecological responses to high-resolution variability in growing-season climate.
cBrother: relaxing parental tree assumptions for Bayesian recombination detection
Authors: Fang Fang , Ding Jing , Minin Vladimir N. , Suchard Marc A. , Dorman Karin S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSummary: Bayesian multiple change-point models accurately detect recombination in molecular sequence data. Previous Java-based implementations assume a fixed topology for the representative parental data. cBrother is a novel C language implementation that capitalizes on reduced computational time to relax the fixed tree assumption. We show that cBrother is 19 times faster than its predecessor and the fixed tree assumption can influence estimates of recombination in a medically-relevant dataset.Availability: cBrother can be freely downloaded from and can be compiled on Linux, Macintosh and Windows operating systems. Online documentation and a tutorial are also available at the site.Contact: kdorman@iastate.edu
AutoGRAPH: an interactive web server for automating and visualizing comparative genome maps
Authors: Derrien Thomas , André Catherine , Galibert Francis , Hitte Christophe 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAutoGRAPH is an interactive web server for automatic multi-species comparative genomics analyses based on personal datasets or pre-inserted public datasets. This program automatically identifies conserved segments (CS) and breakpoint regions, assesses the conservation of marker/gene order between organisms, constructs synteny maps for two to three species and generates high-quality, interactive displays facilitating the identification of chromosomal rearrangements. AutoGRAPH can also be used for the integration and comparison of several types of genomic resources (meiotic maps, radiation hybrid maps and genome sequences) for a single species, making AutoGRAPH a versatile tool for comparative genomics analysis.Availability: Contact: hitte@univ-rennes1.frSupplementary information: A description of the algorithm and additional information are available at
Copper Deficiency Misdiagnosed as Postpolio Syndrome
Authors: Sorenson Eric J 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Symptoms of progressive weakness and pain after years of stability are common in survivors of paralytic poliomyelitis. These symptoms been coined the postpolio syndrome. In the majority of patients, this condition is stable and benign. Here, a case of copper deficiency as a result of excessive zinc supplementation is presented, mimicking the post polio syndrome. This case highlights the importance of a thorough medical history and evaluation in polio survivors when they present with new progressive deficits. Postpolio syndrome remains a diagnosis of exclusion and is a benign entity in most patients. Common and atypical features of the postpolio syndrome are reviewed. In the appropriate clinical setting, a diagnosis of copper deficiency should be considered and may be confirmed with the proper serologic testing.
Low Dose of Cyclosporine in Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Souayah Nizar , Khella Sami L 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Objective:
To determine if a low dose of cyclosporine is effective adjuvant therapy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG).

Methods:
We added cyclosporine-A (Cs-A) at a low dose (mean 1.95 mg/kg/day and range of 0.84-3.8 mg/kg/day) to the immunosuppressive regimen of 12 patients with severe MG and followed them for a mean period of 40 months.

Results:
A statistically significant reduction in myasthenic severity was seen after 12 months of cyclosporine therapy. Three patients went into complete remission (no medication required). A substantial and statistically significant reduction in the dose of prednisone was seen in 5 patients who were previously receiving prednisone therapy. Mild adverse effects that resolved with dose reduction were seen in 3 patients.

Conclusion:
Preliminarily, we conclude that low-dose cyclosporine (less than 4 mg/kg/day) may be effective in myasthenia gravis with fewer adverse effects and is well tolerated for long-term therapy.
High-Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation Therapy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Jackson Carlayne E , Moore Dan H , Kittrell Pamela , Ensrud Erik 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Objectives:
To evaluate the effectiveness of high-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) therapy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was performed of 18 patients receiving HFCWO therapy. Data was obtained pre-treatment and post-treatment including ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R), forced vital capacity (FVC), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), peak cough expiratory flow (PCEF), and daytime oximetry.

Results:
Daytime oximetry increased for 8 of 18 patients. None of the other measures changed significantly over the 3 months, although the change in slope of FVC, MIP, and PCEF following initiation of treatment suggested a reduction in the rate of decline of each measure. A patient survey revealed that 92% felt better after therapy and that their breathing was easier. Of patients, 85% agreed that it was easier to clear airways and that it had improved their quality of life.

Conclusions:
HFCWO appears to be an effective tool for airway secretion management in ALS patients and may also have an impact in improving daytime oxygen saturation.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Update, Part I
Authors: Palmieri Beniamino , Sblendorio Valeriana 
Published: December 2006

Abstract:

Although the cloning of the dystrophin gene has led to major advances in the knowledge of the genetic, molecular basis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD), and other muscular dystrophies, with mutations of genes encoding the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DGC), effective therapies are still lacking. This review reports some of the most promising pharmacological, molecular, and cellular approaches to DMD/BMD. Altogether, these exciting developments are just puzzling work hypothesis whose clinical developments are on the way.