bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE GALACTIC CENTER
Authors: Genzel R. , Eckart A. , Krabbe A. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe Galactic center is a superb laboratory of modern astrophysics where astronomers can study at unprecedented spatial resolution and across the entire electromagnetic spectrum physical processes that may also happen at the cores of other galaxies. Following a brief review of the phenomena observed in the central few hundred parsecs, we discuss two main issues in more detail. The source(s) of luminosity in the central parsec and the nature of the compact radio source SgrA*, the most likely candidate for a massive central black hole.
Functional Changes in Neuronal Systems Induced by Phencyclidine Administrationa
Authors: NABESHIMA TOSHITAKA , KITAICHI KIYOYUKI , NODA YUKIHIRO 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTo analyze the mechanisms of PCP abuse, we investigated the changes in PCP‐induced motivational properties and neuronal functions in animals. First, we determined that PCP‐induced withdrawal syndrome may, in part, be produced by 5‐HTergic neuronal systems. Second, using rats treated with subacute PCP, we established that subacute PCP may produce behavioral changes (stereotyped behaviors and hyperlocomotion), mediated by both dopaminergic, 5‐HTergic neuronal, and NO systems. Third, using the place conditioning paradigm, we confirmed that (1) both dopamine‐D1 and 5‐HT2A receptors, but not sigma receptors, may be involved in PCP‐induced place aversion, and (2) subacute PCP produces place preference. Finally, we demonstrated that subacute PCP may produce neurochemical changes (the number of 5‐HT2A receptors, dopamine turnover, NO synthesis, and immediate early gene expression).These results suggested that several neuronal changes may be related to behavioral changes induced by subacute PCP. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the alternations of several neuronal systems may establish PCP abuse via the changes of the immediate early gene expression and NO activity induced by subacute PCP treatment. Further studies using receptor selective ligands and sensitive probes that could associate with the pharmacological actions of PCP may elucidate the mechanisms of PCP abuse.
Characterization of Single‐Stranded cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (ssCRE‐BP) from Mouse Cerebellum
Authors: OSUGI TAKESHI , DING YUN , MIKI NAOMASA 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIt has been speculated that opiate tolerance and dependence may occur at the level of gene expression. Our previous studies have shown that the binding activity of a nuclear factor (ssCRE‐BP) to single‐stranded CRE of somatostatin gene is altered by long‐term treatment with morphine in the mouse cerebellum. ssCREBP was purified from the mouse cerebellum by a combination of chromatography on DNA affinity agarose and Mono Q HR. The native protein exhibited a molecular size of 110–150 kDa by gel filtration, and two polypeptides of about 35–40 kDa were observed on SDS‐PAGE. The cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding ssCRE‐BP showed that the protein possesses a glycine‐rich domain and a glutamine‐rich domain in the amino terminus and the carboxyl terminus, respectively. To investigate the function of ssCRE‐BP in the brain, recombinant glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) fusion proteins containing ssCRE‐BP were expressed in bacterial systems. Rabbit anti‐ssCRE‐BP antibodies were raised against a GST‐ssCRE‐BP fusion protein. Using the antibodies in western blot analysis, a polypeptide of ∼66 kDa was detected in the brain. These findings indicate that ssCRE‐BP is involved in opiate tolerance and dependence.
Alteration of G Protein Subclass mRNAs in Methamphetamine–Induced Behavioral Sensitization
Authors: IWASA HIROTO , KIKUCHI SHUICHI , HASEGAWA SHUJI , SUZUKI KAORI , SATO TOSHIO 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYGuanine nucleotide‐binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) play an obligatory role in the transmembrane signaling system and are concerned with the neurochemical basis of several psychiatric disorders. We examined the alteration in the mRNA levels of G protein subclasses (Gil α, Gi2 α and Go α) in behavioral sensitized rats using subchronic treatment with methamphetamine (MAP). Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injections of MAP (4 mg/kg) or saline (control) once daily for 14 days. A remarkable increase in the levels of Gi2 α mRNA was observed in both sides of striatum at 48 hours after the last injection of MAP. The changes in the Gi2 α mRNA levels were not significant at two weeks after the last injection of MAP. The levels of Go α and Gil α mRNA were not changed at 48 hours and at two weeks after the last injection of MAP. These results suggest that the changes in the Gi2 mRNA level might be responsible for the reinforcement of the generation of stereotyped abnormal behavior by repeated administration of MAP rather than the persistence of the reverse tolerance phenomenon.
Acute and Chronic Administration of Ibogaine to the Rat Results in Astrogliosis That Is Not Confined to the Cerebellar Vermisae
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN JAMES P. , ROGERS TINA S. , RODMAN LARRY E. , PAGE JOHN G. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYAcute administration of high doses of ibogaine (IBG) to the male rat results in degeneration of Purkinje cells and reactive gliosis in the cerebellar vermis.1,2
One‐Way Cross‐Sensitization and Cross‐Tolerance to Seizure Activity from Cocaine to Lidocainea
Authors: SHIMOSATO KAZUAKI , WATANABE SATORU , MARLEY RODNEY J. , SAITO TAIICHI 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe present study examined the effects of daily treatment with a subconvulsant dose (50 mg/kg) of cocaine or lidocaine on susceptibility to seizures induced by dose cross‐injections of the same dose of the other local anesthetic, and to seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) or N‐methyl‐dl‐aspartate (NMDLA) in ddY mice. Repeated administration of 50 mg/kg cocaine caused the development of sensitization to cocaine‐induced seizures during an initial 3 or 4 days, followed by the development of tolerance on days 4–6. The same dose of lidocaine, however, or no seizure activity following repeated administration. In contrast, produced little when injected 24 hr after 2–4 days of cocaine treatment, 50 mg/kg lidocaine produced severe seizures. Interestingly, this cross‐sensitization from cocaine to lidocaine diminished upon further cocaine treatment. In contrast, treatment with lidocaine for 2–6 days had no effect on subsequent changes in seizure susceptibility following repeated cocaine injections. Neither treatment with cocaine nor lidocaine for 2 or 5 days influenced susceptibility to seizures induced by a challenge injection of PTZ (50 mg/kg, i.p.) or NMDLA (300 mg/kg, i.p.) 24 hr after treatment. HPLC analyses revealed that the cocaine treatment paradigm used in these studies in‐ creased the levels of the polyamines, putrescine and spermidine, in mouse brain, while lidocaine treatment had no effect on cerebral polyamine levels. These results suggest that there are differences in the neural mechanisms underlying the convulsant properties of cocaine and lidocaine in ddY mice.
A Metric Approach to Control Flow Semantics
Authors: DE BAKKER J.W. , DE VINK E.P. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:The authors' monograph “Control Flow Semantics” (MIT Press 1996) gives an extensive exposition of comparative programming language semantics using techniques from metric topology. In the book Banach's fixed‐point theorem for complete metric spaces plays a prominent role in the construction and comparison of semantical models. Here we present the basic idea of exploiting Banach's theorem. The approach is illustrated with the definition of an operational and a denotational model for an abstract programming language with parallelism.Note: The work reported here is not novel, but intended to provide an introduction of the metric approach to programming language semantics for a nonspecialist audience.
IP* Sets in Product Spaces
Authors: BERGELSON VITALY , HINDMAN NEIL 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:An IP* set in a semigroup (S,·) is a set which meets every set of the form FP(〈xn〉∞n=1) = {∏nεFxn: F is a finite nonempty subset of ℕ}, where the products are taken in increasing order of indices. We show here, using the Stone‐Cech compactification of the product space S1×S2×…×Sℓ, that if each Si is commutative, then whenever C is an IP* set in S1×S2×…×Sℓ, and for each iε {1, 2, …, ℓ}, 〈xi,n〉∞n=1 is a sequence in Si, C contains Cartesian products of arbitrarily large finite substructures of FP(〈x1,nℓn=1〉) ×FP(〈x2,nℓn=1〉) ×…×FP(〈xℓ,nℓn=1〉). (The notion of “substructure” is made precise in Definition 2.4.) We show further that C need not contain any product of infinite substructures and that the commutativity hypothesis may not be omitted. Similar results apply to arbitrary finite products of semigroups. By way of contrast, we show in Theorem 2.3 that a much stronger conclusion holds for some cell of any finite partition of S1×S2×…×Sℓ, without even any commutativity assumptions.
Bi‐neighborhood Posets
Authors: PROKOP FRANK P. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:Bi‐neighborhood (bi‐nbhd) lattices are a generaliization of bitopological spaces which use a natural duality that associates nbhd filters with dual nbhd ideals to view a lattice as a “top down” structure, in which points are unnecessary and which uses ideals to determine dual nbhds. This leads to a definition of dual continuous functions between dual neighborhood lattices. The link between dual nbhd continuity and topological (top) continuity is established by proving that if f: X → Y is a one‐to‐one and onto function between top spaces X and Y, then f is top continuous if and only if the direct image function is a dual nbhd continuous function mapping P(X), the power set of X, onto P(Y). In addition, bi‐nbhd lattices are used to generate examples of Urysohn collections and quasiproximities.
Metrizability of Asymmetric Spaces
Authors: SHORE S.D. , ROMAGUERA SALVADOR 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:Recent research has spawned an evolving application of non‐Hausdorff topologies [22] generated bynonsymmetricdistance functions to areas within mathematics (e.g., posets and continuous lattices [6]) as well as to allied areas that might seem remote (e.g., computer science ([24],[4],[16]) and biology [25]).The study of nonsymmetric distance can be traced to the 1910 thesis of T.H. Hildebrandt [11], written at the University of Chicago under the direction of E.H. Moore. In a spirit parallelling that of Hildebrandt's, this paper undertakes a study of nonsymmetric distance for which an equivalent symmetric distance can be constructed. This illuminates situations in which an associatedmetricexists.Of particular interest in our study are distances that are either locally symmetric or locally satisfy the triangle inequality. We recall Niemytzki's classical result [19] that a topological space is metrizable if, and only if, there is a semimetric for the space thatlocallysatisfies the triangle inequality. We investigate two forms in which a nonsymmetric distance might locally satisfy the triangle inequality. In either case, we show that such spaces are metrizable, when the distance islocallysymmetric. Although many of our results are known, the approach is particularly straightforward in providing an explicit construction of a distance with the desired properties.
Characterization of the Club Forcing
Authors: ZAPLETAL JINDRICH 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:We provide an external characterization of the algebra RO(R), where R is Baumgartner's poset for adding a club with finite conditions. As a corollary, we show that many complete subalgebras of RO(R) must be isomorphic to either ℂR1 or RO(R).
IYOBA, THE QUEEN MOTHER OF BENIN
Authors: KAPLAN FLORA EDOUWAYE S. 
Published: December 2006

Today, the 38th Oba of Benin, Omo N'Oba N'Edo Uku Akpolokpolo, is the traditional ruler of some 2 million Edo‐speaking peoples whose homelands are in southwestern Nigeria. A tropical forest kingdom, in medieval times it expanded to dominate other ethnic groups to the east beyond the Niger River, and to the west beyond Lagos. In 1897 a British military expedition ended five hundred years of indigenous and independent rule. Benin City, the Palace, and the Oba (restored to the throne in 1914) continued to be the focal points of the culture throughout the colonial period that lasted until 1960. As part of the Western Region, and later as capital of post colonial Midwest State, Benin City and the surrounding territory encompassed a number of ethnic groups. Within the boundaries of modern Edo State, Benin City is home to many Igbos, Yorubas, Etsakos, Itsekiris, Hausas, Europeans, and others. This pluralistic population in Benin City and elsewhere accommodates each other more easily than they did in the last century; friction nowadays is most often the outcome of new groups moving onto lands held by local villagers.The Oba's Palace in the heart of Benin City, capital of Edo State, Federal Republic of Nigeria, occupies a site dated to the 13th century, and possibly dates to the 11th century (Connah 1975). Benin expanded in the early 16th century with the aid of Portuguese mercenaries and foreign guns. To the north and elsewhere over the centuries the Benin's warred with their neighbors and exacted tribute. Like their conquests, their fortunes ebbed and rose under different kings (obas) who ruled up to the end of the 19th century. The 1950s census reported Benin City's population at about 50,000. The 1990s national census reported a pluralistic population of some 200,000 people, showing the city's growth and continued diversity.
Cancer Genetics in the New Era of Molecular Biology
Authors: LYNCH HENRY T. , FUSARO RAMON M. , LYNCH JANE F. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The role of primary genetic factors in the etiology of cancer has become of intense interest to the research and clinical community. This interest has been heightened by recent discoveries that germ‐line mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 in hereditary breast cancer are responsible for an increasing percentage of common solid tumors. A potpourri of proto‐oncogenes and tumor‐suppressor genes has been identified in hereditary as well as certain common sporadic and rare cancer types, and new cancer genes will likely be discovered every month to account for the 5 to 10% of the cases of cancer that can be attributed to primary genetic factors.Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of hereditary cancer can result in more‐targeted cancer‐control measures. At least four mutator genes (MHS2, MLH1, PMS1 and PMS2) appear to account for 70–80% of hereditary nonpolypoid colorectal cancer (HNPCC). When one of these germ‐line mutations is present in an HNPCC family, the physician is then able to determine the patient's lifetime cancer destiny with an accuracy of about 90% (limited only by the penetrance of the gene). This will enable highly targeted surveillance to be initiated early, such as colonoscopy beginning at ages 20 to 25 or prophylactic subtotal colectomy. Also, in multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN 2A and 2B), the identification of the culprit RET proto‐oncogene now enables a secure diagnosis and permits testing of children who might benefit from prophylactic total thyroidectomy.Central to translation of these momentous molecular genetic discoveries into patient care is the necessity of determining who requires DNA testing. The cancer family history is the linchpin in making this decision.
Therapeutic Expression of an Anti-Death Receptor 5 Single-Chain Fixed-Variable Region Prevents Tumor Growth in Mice
Authors: Shi Juan , Liu Yanxin , Zheng Yong , Guo Yabin , Zhang Jinchun , Cheung Pik-to , Xu Ruian , Zheng Dexian 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The clinical use of the single-chain fixed-variable (scFv) fragments of recombinant monoclonal antibodies as credible alternatives for classic therapeutic antibodies has two limitations: rapid blood clearance and inefficient local expression of functional molecules. In attempt to address these issues, we have developed a novel gene therapy protocol in which the anti-death receptor 5 (DR5) scFv fragments were either in vitro expressed in several tumor cell lines, or in vivo expressed in mice, using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)–mediated gene transfer. Viral transduction using the rAAV-S3C construct, which encodes a scFv molecule (S3C scFv) specific to DR5, led to stable expression in tumor cell lines and showed apoptosis-inducing activity in vitro, which could be inhibited by recombinant DR5 but not by DR4. A single i.m. injection of rAAV-S3C virus in nude mice resulted in stable expression of DR5-binding S3C scFv proteins in mouse sera for at least 240 days. Moreover, the expression of S3C scFv was associated with significant suppression of tumor growth and the increase of tumor cell apoptosis in previously established s.c. human lung LTEP-sml and liver Hep3B tumor xenografts. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11946-53)
Activation of DNA Methyltransferase 1 by EBV LMP1 Involves c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase Signaling
Authors: Tsai Chia-Lung , Li Hsin-Pai , Lu Yen-Jung , Hsueh Chuen , Liang Ying , Chen Chi-Long , Tsao Sai Wah , Tse Ka-Po , Yu Jau-Song , Chang Yu-Sun 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) activates cellular DNA methyltransferases, resulting in hypermethylation and silencing of E-cadherin. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we show that LMP1 directly induces the dnmt1 promoter activity through its COOH-terminal activation region-2 YYD domain. Using (i) LMP1 mutants, (ii) dominant negative mutants c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-DN, p38-DN, and constitutive active mutant IκB, as well as (iii) dsRNAs targeting c-Jun, JNK, and tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated death domain protein, and (iv) signal transduction inhibitors, we show that LMP1-mediated DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1) activation involves JNK but not nuclear factor κB and p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. In addition, LMP1 is unable to activate dnmt1-P1 promoter with activator protein-1 (AP-1) site mutation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay results also confirm that LMP1 activates P1 promoter via the JNK-AP-1 pathway. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay data in LMP1-inducible cells disclose that LMP1 induces formation of a transcriptional repression complex, composed of DNMT1 and histone deacetylase, which locates on E-cadherin gene promoter. Treatment with JNK inhibitor, SP600125, prevents the formation of this repression complex. Statistical analyses of the immunohistochemical staining of 32 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies show LMP1 expression (18 of 32, 56.25%), DNMT1 expression (31 of 32, 97%), and phospho-c-Jun (27 of 32, 84.38%), suggesting that overexpression of these proteins is observed in NPC tumor. Overall, these results support a mechanistic link between JNK-AP-1 signaling and DNA methylation induced by the EBV oncogene product LMP1. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11668-76)
Proteomic Profiling of Primary Breast Cancer Predicts Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis
Authors: Nakagawa Taku , Huang Sharon K. , Martinez Steve R. , Tran Andy N. , Elashoff David , Ye Xing , Turner Roderick R. , Giuliano Armando E. , Hoon Dave S.B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTo determine if protein expression in primary breast cancers can predict axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis, we assessed differences in protein expression between primary breast cancers with and without ALN metastasis using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). Laser capture microdissection was performed on invasive breast cancer frozen sections from 65 patients undergoing resection with sentinel lymph node (SLN) or level I and II ALN dissection. Isolated proteins from these tumors were applied to immobilized metal affinity capture (IMAC-3) ProteinChip arrays and analyzed by SELDI-TOF-MS to generate unique protein profiles. Correlations between unique protein peaks and histologically confirmed ALN status and other known clinicopathologic factors were examined using ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression. Two metal-binding polypeptides at 4,871 and 8,596 Da were identified as significant risk factors for nodal metastasis (P = 0.034 and 0.015, respectively) in a multivariate analysis. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) was the only clinicopathologic factor predictive of ALN metastasis (P = 0.0038). In a logistic regression model combining the 4,871 and 8,596 Da peaks with LVI, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.87. Compared with patients with negative ALN, those with ≥2 positive ALN or non-SLN metastases were significantly more likely to have an increased peak at 4,871 Da (P = 0.016 and 0.0083, respectively). ProteinChip array analysis identified differential protein peaks in primary breast cancers that predict the presence and number of ALN metastases and non-SLN status. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11825-30)
Up-regulation of GPR48 Induced by Down-regulation of p27Kip1 Enhances Carcinoma Cell Invasiveness and Metastasis
Authors: Gao Yun , Kitagawa Kyoko , Hiramatsu Yoshihiro , Kikuchi Hirotoshi , Isobe Tomoyasu , Shimada Mai , Uchida Chiharu , Hattori Takayuki , Oda Toshiaki , Nakayama Keiko , Nakayama Keiichi I. , Tanaka Tatsuo , Konno Hiroyuki , Kitagawa Masatoshi 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A reduced expression level of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is associated with increased tumor malignancy and poor prognosis in individuals with various types of cancer. To investigate the basis for this relation, we applied microarray analysis to screen for genes differentially expressed between p27+/− and parental (p27+/+) HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells. Expression of the gene for G protein–coupled receptor 48 (GPR48) was increased in the p27+/− cells. Forced expression of GPR48 increased both in vitro invasive activity and lung metastasis potency of HCT116 cells. In contrast, depletion of endogenous GPR48 by RNA interference reduced the invasive potential of HeLa and Lewis lung carcinoma cells not only in vitro but also in vivo. Moreover, GPR48 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and inversely correlated with p27 expression in human colon carcinomas. GPR48 may thus play an important role in invasiveness and metastasis of carcinoma and might therefore represent a potential prognostic marker or therapeutic target. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11623-31)
Architectural Languages, Functions, and Spaces: The Crown of Castile and Al-Andalus
Authors: Ruiz Souza Juan Carlos 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSince 1859, when Rodrigo Amador de los Ríos gave his speech “El estilo mudéjar en la arquitectura” at the Fine Arts Academy of San Fernando, the study of medieval Spanish art has been marked by the notion of the mudejar. Through it, Spain found a style and the basis of an identity that set it apart from other European countries. Mudejar became the name for every work that showed some indication of Islamic influence: buildings constructed with traditional techniques and materials, yet with some decorative element of Andalusian origin or simply buildings that contained a mudejar name in the list of those supervising their construction. In this essay, the influence of Islamic architecture in Christian territories is approached from a diVerent angle. Buildings are considered primarily spaces created for certain functions and secondarily representatives of a style or technique. Islamic styles were copied by Christians to very diVerent degrees. In some cases, completely, as in certain royal or noble palaces. In other cases, such as the façades of many Wfteenth-century city buildings or funerary chapels, Islamic spaces were appropriated and refashioned in Gothic style.