bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of recent tax changes on taxable income: Evidence from a new panel of tax returns
Authors: Heim Bradley T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper estimates the elasticity of taxable income to the net‐of‐tax share using a panel of tax returns that follows a random sample of taxpayers from 1999 to 2005, spanning the EGTRRA 2001 and JGTRRA 2003 tax changes. Results suggest that the elasticity of taxable income to the current year's net‐of‐tax share lies between 0.3 and 0.4 overall, and that the elasticity of a broader measure of income falls between 0.1 and 0.2 overall, with substantially higher elasticities for taxpayers reporting income in excess of $500,000. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
First‐trimester nasal bone length in a normal Latin American population
Authors: Casasbuenas Alexandra , Wong Amy E. , Sepulveda Waldo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo report normative data of nasal bone length (NBL) in first‐trimester singleton fetuses in a normal cohort of Latin American women.MethodsNBL was measured during routine first‐trimester sonographic examination in 1040 singleton fetuses from an unselected population.ResultsNBL increased linearly with advancing gestational age (GA) [NBL (mm) = − 1.10 + 0.03 × GA (days), R2 = 0.21; p < 0.001]. Similarly, there was a linear relationship between the NBL and crown‐lump length (CRL) [NBL (mm) = 0.41 + 0.02 × CRL (mm), R2 = 0.27; p < 0.001]. The NBLs at the 50th percentile in our population were 1.5, 1.7, and 1.9 mm at 11, 12, and 13 weeks of gestation, respectively.ConclusionsWhereas categorizing a nasal bone as absent or present can be subjective because of variations in echogenicity due to technique and equipment, measurement of NBL is a more objective approach to nasal bone assessment in screening for aneuploidy. Measurement of NBL in the first trimester is feasible and can be easily obtained at the time of nuchal translucency assessment. The normative data we report can provide a reference for defining nasal bone hypoplasia in the first trimester in the Latin American population. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining school and family interventions for the prevention and early intervention of disruptive behavior problems in children: A public health perspective
Authors: Reinke Wendy M. , Splett Joni D. , Robeson Elise N. , Offutt Cheryl A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe prevention or reduction of early aggressive and disruptive behavior has important educational and mental health implications. Disruptive behavior problems contribute to loss of instruction time in the classroom, frustration for children and families, and considerable societal burden associated with antisocial acts, including delinquency and harm to others, making them a significant public health burden. Research indicates that both school and family factors contribute to behavior problems in children. Based on this knowledge, we describe the integration of two evidence‐based interventions, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS; intervention targeting the school environment) and The Family Check‐Up (FCU; intervention targeting the family context). Both interventions use a three‐tier public health approach to providing supports to children. This article proposes combining PBIS with the FCU in an effort to improve and alter existing service delivery systems to prevent behavior problems in young children across both the school and family contexts. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing a school‐wide progress‐monitoring system
Authors: Deno Stanley L. , Reschly Amy L. , Lembke Erica S. , Magnusson Deanne , Callender Stacy A. , Windram Holly , Stachel Nancy 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article describes the development of a process for universal screening and progress monitoring in reading at the elementary level that can be used in a school‐wide Response to Intervention (RtI) model. University personnel worked with teachers and administration at an urban elementary school to develop and implement the model in response to a school district mandate for school improvement. All students were screened in reading during the fall using the MAZE procedure, and students scoring in the lowest 20% of each class were monitored using curriculum‐based measurement of oral reading every other week. The MAZE was re‐administered to all students in the winter and spring to assess school‐wide growth in reading. Features of the model that made it useful include group administration of the screening task and use of the same passages at all grades so that direct comparisons could be made within and across grade levels, and across years. Results of model implementation are described for all students and for special subgroups, and recommendations and examples are provided for data use with respect to all students, students at risk, students who are non‐native English speakers, and students with special needs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supporting the collaboration of special educators and general educators to teach students who struggle with mathematics: An overview of the research
Authors: Garderen Delinda van , Scheuermann Amy , Jackson Christa , Hampton David 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSpecial education and mathematics teachers are under pressure to respond to the needs of an increasingly diverse range of students in mathematics. One way for them to meet the instructional needs of struggling learners is through collaboration where, ideally, the knowledge one teacher brings can address the gaps of the other. However, the differing perspectives and approaches they bring to the collaborative effort may also impede it. The purpose of this article is to describe a sampling of the recent research within both the mathematics and special education fields. This is done to enable collaborating teachers to create an effective learning environment for students who struggle in mathematics. Fifty recent studies focused on struggling learners in mathematics, were identified, and then analyzed to highlight the similarities and differences between the educational fields. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Moving from good ideas in educational systems change to sustainable program implementation: Coming to terms with some of the realities
Authors: Noell George H. , Gansle Kristin A 
Published: December 2008

AbstractProponents of systemic changes in education commonly encounter ethical, theoretical, and pragmatic challenges in moving from possibility to implementation of their vision of change. Although ethical and theoretical issues are critically important to a successful change initiative, pragmatic issues relevant to assuring program implementation have generally been understudied in the literature examining school change. The disconnects between research regarding effective practices and program implementation in schools and planning for intervention implementation and actual implementation have been increasingly recognized over the last two decades. It is much easier to talk about behavior change than it is to accomplish it. This article discusses selected issues surrounding ethical, theoretical, and pragmatic issues of systemic change, with the primary emphasis on pragmatic issues. The importance of providing programming to support implementation of new practices in schools is highlighted. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile postpolymerization end‐modification of RAFT polymers
Authors: Spruell Jason M. , Levy Benjamin A. , Sutherland Alexander , Dichtel William R. , Cheng Joy Y. , Stoddart J. Fraser , Nelson Alshakim 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOne‐pot methods for the end‐group postpolymerization modification of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) derived polymers were investigated. Dithioester‐terminated polymers were transformed into ω‐functionalized polymers through conjugate addition of a variety of acrylates with an intermediate thiol. These methods provide a versatile means of introducing a variety of functionalities onto the polymer terminus, while simultaneously removing the residual dithiobenzoate group. A series of functionalized polymethylmethacrylate‐b‐polystyrene (PMMA‐b‐PS) polymers were synthesized utilizing the developed methods to probe the effect of charged end groups on diblock copolymer phase separation in thin films. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 346–356, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of partially disulfonated hydroquinone‐based poly(arylene ether sulfone)s random copolymers for application as proton exchange membranes
Authors: Roy Abhishek , Hickner Michael A. , Einsla Brian R. , Harrison William L. , McGrath James E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPartially disulfonated hydroquinone (HQ)‐based poly(arylene ether sulfone) random copolymers were synthesized and characterized for application as proton exchange membranes. The copolymer composition was varied in the degree of disulfonation. The copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and other analytical techniques. The copolymer with a 25% degree of disulfonation showed the best balance between water uptake and proton conductivity. The copolymers showed substantially reduced methanol permeability compared with Nafion® and satisfactory direct methanol fuel cell performance. The methanol selectivity improved significantly in comparison to Nafion® 117. At a given ionic composition, the HQ‐based system showed higher water uptake and proton conductivity than the biphenol‐based (BPSH‐xx) poly(arylene ether sulfone)s copolymers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 384–391, 2009
Photoinitiating monomers based on di‐ and triacryloylated hydroxylamine derivatives
Authors: Dworak Claudia , Kopeinig Stefan , Hoffmann Helmuth , Liska Robert 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe purpose of our study was to design a new class of acrylate‐based monomers with an UV‐cleavable heteroatom bond, offering the possibility to initiate radical polymerization upon irradiation with UV‐light. A method to derive the double bond conversion from the ATR‐IR spectra of the monomers and the cured polymers was employed, that enabled us to calculate the theoretical polymerization heats of the new monomers. Their photopolymerization properties were determined by Photo Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Surprisingly, some of these new compounds exhibited high photoinitiation activity, comparable to well‐established Type II photoinitiator systems like benzophenone/triethanolamine. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 392–403, 2009
Facilitation effect of oligonucleotide on vesicle formation from single‐chained cationic surfactant—Dependences of oligonucleotide sequence and size and surfactant structure
Authors: Guo Xia , Cui Bo , Li Hua , Gong Zhiyun , Guo Rong 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe interaction between DNA and surfactant has both biological and technological significances. Recently, we reported for the first time that oligo d(C)25 can induce single‐chained cationic surfactant molecules to aggregate into vesicles. In this article, we studied systematically the formation of vesicles from traditional single‐chained cationic surfactant molecules in the presence of a series of oligonucleotides and found that the facilitation efficiency of oligonucleotide on vesicle formation depends on its size and base composition. Oligo d(T)n cannot induce vesicle formation, whereas the other oligonucleotides can. Moreover, the oligonucleotide with a bigger size or with a hairpin structure favors vesicle formation more, and the increases in the size of the head group and/or the length of the alkyl group of surfactant decrease the facilitation efficiency of oligonucleotide. Since so far, there is very limited report about the vesicle formation in DNA/single‐chained cationic surfactant solution, this study could be expected to increase the efficiency and applicability for DNA/amphiphile system. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 434–449, 2009
Phase separation of polymer‐functionalized SWNTs within a PMMA/polystyrene blend
Authors: Mayo James D. , Behal Sonia , Adronov Alex 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPhase separation of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends was used as a means to segregate PS‐ or PMMA‐functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in thin films. Dilute solutions (5 wt % in THF) of 1:1 PS/PMMA blends containing the functionalized nanotubes were spin cast and annealed at 180 °C for 12 h. Two different polymer molecular weights were used (Mn = 8000 or Mn = 22,000), and were of approximately equivalent molecular weight to those attached to the surface of the nanotubes. Nanotube functionalization was accomplished using the Cu(I)‐catalyzed [3 + 2] Huisgen cycloaddition, in which alkyne‐decorated nanotubes were coupled with azide‐terminated polymers, resulting in polymer‐SWNT conjugates that were soluble in THF. Characterization of the annealed films by scanning Raman spectroscopy, which utilized the unique Raman fingerprint of carbon nanotubes, enabled accurate mapping of the functionalized SWNTs within the films relative to the two phase‐separated polymers. It was found that nanotube localization within the phase‐separated polymer films was influenced by the type of polymer attached to the nanotube surface, as well as its molecular weight. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 450–458, 2009
Revisit to the formation mechanism of exfoliated montmorillonite/PMMA nanocomposite latex through soap‐free emulsion polymerization
Authors: Lin Keng‐Jen , Dai Chi‐An , Lin King‐Fu 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSoap‐free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the aqueous suspension of montmorillonite (MMT) was able to fabricate the exfoliated MMT/PMMA nanocomposite latex. Because neither MMA nor substantial quantity of potassium persulfide (KPS) initiator could be individually absorbed into the interlayer region of MMT, the polymerizing ionic radicals in water phase were considered as a major component to diffuse into the gallery of MMT. They have been observed to organize into disk‐like micelles in the interlayer regions to exfoliate MMT. The diffusion of the polymerizing ionic radicals was further supported by using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant as a model compound to diffuse into the gallery of MMT. The exfoliation of MMT was almost completed before micellization stage was over. After exfoliation, the disk‐like micelles became a polymerization loci for monomers. Because the disk‐like micelles in numbers were substantially over the commonly formed spherical micelles in the typical soap‐free emulsion polymerization, the conversion rate of MMA to MMT/PMMA nanocomposite latex was faster. Based on the above experimental observation, a justified exfoliation mechanism of MMT was proposed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 459–466, 2009
Nucleation effect of cyclodextrin inclusion compounds on the crystallization of polypropylene
Authors: Li Chun , Isshiki Naoe , Saito Hiromu , Ogata Kenichi , Toyota Akinori 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and γ‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) inclusion compounds (ICs) with two different molecular weight isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were prepared. The ICs with high molecular weight iPP as guest molecule had lower inclusion rate. The crystallization behavior of iPP blended with the CDs and ICs was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and light scattering. The iPP blended with the ICs was found to exhibit higher crystallization temperature (TC), smaller spherulites, and faster crystallization rate than those of neat iPP. These results indicate that the ICs play a role of nucleating agent on the crystallization of iPP and induce the accelerated crystallization. Both β‐CD‐iPP ICs and γ‐CD‐iPP ICs with longer iPP molecular chains had better nucleation effect than the ICs with shorter iPP molecular chains. This suggested that the nucleation effect of these ICs was affected by the inclusion rate of ICs. The lower inclusion rate could result in better nucleation effect, due to the interaction of extended iPP molecules inside the CD cavity and iPP molecules in the matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 130–137, 2009
Physicomechanical studies on the langmuir‐blodgett films of polythiophene containing mesogenic side chains
Authors: Somanathan N. , Pandiyarajan C. K. , Goedel W. A. , Chen W. C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLiquid crystalline materials display unique properties, which can be exploited in various optoelectronic device applications. The Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) film characteristics of polythiophene model compounds containing phenyl rings linked with azomethine, ester, and alkoxy functional groups poly‐4‐{[(E)‐thiophen‐3‐ylmethylidene]amino}phenyl 4‐alkyloxybenzoate (PTAPAB series) and poly‐4‐alkyloxy phenyl 4‐{[(E)‐thiophen‐3‐ylmethylidene]amino}benzoate (PAPTAB Series) were explored in this study. The AM1 optimized geometries of the aforementioned compounds showed that the films have different type of orientation in space because of the change in the linking functional group. The LB film characteristics were studied by applying the concepts of the failure mechanism in tensile failure. The compression‐expansion hysteresis cycle of the LB films at predetermined area per repeat unit was used to study the viscous, elastic, and plastic nature of the films. The results showed that in PAPTAB series compounds, the LB films were more flexible and took less surface energy than its PTAPAB series homologues, which formed into LB films of rigid nature. The LB films of PAPTAB series compounds were of more viscoplastic in nature. The studies suggested that PAPTAB series structures exhibited good thin film forming nature than its PTAPAB series homologues. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 173–182, 2009
Isomer‐dependent properties of poly(vinyl pyridine)‐based films grown on copper surfaces
Authors: Santana Adriana Lídia , Giacomelli Cristiano , Oliveira Paula Nunes , Nunes Pires Alfredo Tibúrcio , Bertolino José Roberto , Spinelli Almir 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of poly(2‐vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) and poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) isomers on the growth of surface films on copper substrates was studied by electrochemical, spectroscopic, thermogravimentric, and microscopic methods. In acid environment (3% v/v acetic acid) and in the presence of KSCN, electrochemically generated copper cations reacted rapidly with SCN− and P2VP or P4VP, yielding coordination compounds, which deposited onto copper surfaces as films. The characteristics of such polymer–metal complexes (films) were markedly isomer‐dependent. Cu(I)/P2VP/SCN− complexes with monovalent cations and sulfur‐coordinated thiocyanate were obtained in the presence of P2VP, whereas the formation of Cu(II)/P4VP/SCN− complexes with divalent cations and nitrogen‐coordinated thiocyanate was observed in the presence of P4VP. Interestingly, similar physical–chemical properties (electronic structure, stoichiometry, and thermal behavior) were observed for materials synthesized by electrochemical and chemical methods. These results suggest, therefore, that control over the surface properties of copper substrates can be achieved using electrosynthesized films based on different PVP isomers. Besides acting as effective protective barriers against aggressive media and thus reducing the metal dissolution (corrosion) kinetics, these materials are potentially attractive for other applications in which surface properties are paramount, such as in catalysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 215–225, 2009
Cognitive effects of hormonal therapy in early stage breast cancer patients: a prospective study
Authors: Collins Barbara , Mackenzie Joyce , Stewart Angela , Bielajew Catherine , Verma Shailendra 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjective: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the cognitive effects of adjuvant hormonal therapies in breast cancer patients.Participants and Methods: Post‐menopausal breast cancer patients scheduled to receive tamoxifen (n=31) or anastrozole (n=14) completed neuropsychological testing around the time of commencement of treatment (T1), and again 5–6 months later (T2). A sample of healthy female volunteers (n=28) was tested at comparable intervals. A standardized regression‐based approach was used to assess cognitive change. This method uses test/retest scores of the healthy control group to generate an equation that predicts T2 scores from T1 scores. The difference between the predicted and obtained T2 scores divided by the standard error of the estimate produces a deviation score that reflects the discrepancy from the T1–T2 difference scores that would be expected on the basis of practice and error alone.Results: Analysis of individual deviation scores revealed that both the patients taking tamoxifen and those taking anastrozole were more likely than healthy controls to show reliable cognitive decline from T1 to T2 (39, 64, and 7%, respectively). Processing speed and verbal memory were the cognitive domains most affected.Conclusion: These data suggest that hormonal therapies exert a subtle negative influence on cognition in breast cancer patients. Further analyses indicated that this effect was not fully accounted for by demographic factors or fatigue. Methodological limitations of the current study are addressed, along with recommendations for future studies in this area. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time required to obtain endobronchial biopsies in children during fiberoptic bronchoscopy
Authors: Regamey Nicolas , Balfour‐Lynn Ian , Rosenthal Mark , Hogg Claire , Bush Andrew , Davies Jane C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackgroundEndobronchial biopsies are an important tool for the study of airway remodeling in children. We aimed to evaluate the impact of performing endobronchial biopsies as a part of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on the length of the procedure.MethodsClinically indicated fiberoptic bronchoscopy at which endobronchial biopsy was attempted as a part of a research protocol was performed in 40 children (median age 6 years, range 2 months–16 years). Time needed for airway inspection, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with three aliquots of 1 ml/kg of 0.9% saline, sampling of three macroscopically adequate biopsies, teaching, and other interventions (e.g., removal of plugs) was recorded. The bronchoscopist was not aware that the procedure was being timed.ResultsMedian (range) duration (min) was 2.5 (1.0–8.2) for airway inspection, 2.8 (1.7–9.4) for BAL, 5.3 (2.5–16.6) for biopsy sampling, 2.4 (1.5–6.6) for teaching and 4.1 (0.8–18.5) for other interventions. Three adequate biopsies were obtained in 33 (83%) children. Use of 2.0 mm biopsy forceps (via 4.0 and 4.9 mm bronchoscopes) rather than 1.0 mm (via 2.8 and 3.6 mm bronchoscopes) significantly reduced biopsy time (4.6 min vs. 8.4 min, P < 0.001).ConclusionsIt takes a median of just over 5 min to obtain three endobronchial biopsies in children, which we consider an acceptable increase in the duration of fiberoptic bronchoscopy for the purpose of research. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:76–79. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.