bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lawmakers as Norm Entrepreneurs
Authors: Carbonara Emanuela , Parisi Francesco , von Wangenheim Georg 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
In this paper we consider the role of lawmakers as norm entrepreneurs. Drawing from expressive law theories and social response theories, we shed light on the role of law in shaping social values and norms, and on the ability of the law to produce social norms where they did not exist before. Furthermore, we unveil a possible undesirable effect of legal intervention, where a legal innovation can cause social divide and possible conflicts.
Introduction: Symposium on Social Norms, Self-Interest and Legal Compliance, Jerusalem, May 2007
Authors: Feldman Yuval , Depoorter Ben 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The papers presented in this volume are based on the conference "Social Norms, Self-Interest and Legal Compliance" which took place in Bar-Ilan University and Hebrew University in May 2007. The conference focused on several key themes in the social norms literature, including critical approaches to the role of self-interest in social norms and cooperation models; comparative discussions of the various methodologies used in this literature (e.g. ethnographies, game-based experiments, experimental surveys); the nature of the effect of legal regulation on social norms; behavioral accounts of legal instruments that may enhance social cooperation; and explorations of the potential contributions of the social and cognitive psychology sciences to economic models of social norms. In this volume, we present six of the conference papers. All submitted papers were subject to anonymous peer review.
Comparison of the mechanical behaviors of semicontoured, locking plate–rod fixation and anatomically contoured, conventional plate–rod fixation applied to experimentally induced gap fractures in canine femora
Authors: Goh Clara S. S. , Santoni Brandon G. , Puttlitz Christian M. , Palmer Ross H. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To compare the mechanical behaviors of a semicontoured, locking compression plate–rod (LCP-rod) construct and an anatomically contoured, limited-contact dynamic compression plate–rod (LC–DCP-rod) construct applied to experimentally induced gap fractures in canine femora.
Sample Population—16 femora from 8 cadaveric dogs.
Procedures—8 limbs from 8 dogs were assigned to the LCP-rod construct group or the LC–DCP-rod construct group. In each femur, a 39-mm mid-diaphyseal ostectomy was performed at the same plate location and the assigned construct was applied. Construct stiffness and ostectomy gap subsidence were determined before and after cyclic axial loading (6,000 cycles at 20%, 40%, and 60% of live body weight [total, 18,000 cycles]). Three constructs from each group further underwent 45,000 cycles at 60% of body weight (total, 63,000 cycles). Following cyclic loading, mode of failure during loading to failure at 5 mm/min was recorded for all constructs.
Results—After 18,000 or 63,000 cycles, construct stiffness did not differ significantly between construct groups. No implant failure occurred in any construct that underwent 63,000 cycles. In both construct groups, ostectomy gap subsidence similarly increased as axial load increased but did not change after 18,000 cycles. Mean ± SEM loads at failure in the LCP-rod (1,493.83 ± 200.12 N) and LC–DCP-rod (1,276.05 ± 156.11 N) construct groups were not significantly different. The primary failure event in all constructs occurred at the screw hole immediately distal to the ostectomy.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Biomechanically, the semicontoured LCP-rod construct is similar to the anatomically contoured LC–DCP-rod system.
Assessment of oxidative stress in leukocytes and granulocyte function following oral administration of a silibinin-phosphatidylcholine complex in cats
Authors: Webb Craig B. , McCord Kelly W. , Twedt David C. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of oral administration of a silibinin-phosphatidylcholine complex (SPC) on oxidative stress in leukocytes and granulocyte function in healthy cats.
Animals—10 purpose-bred adult cats.
Procedures—Cats were administered SPC (10 mg/kg/d) orally for 5 days; blood samples were collected prior to and immediately after the 5-day treatment period. Leukocytes were incubated with monochlorobimane for detection of reduced glutathione (GSH) via flow cytometry. Leukocytes were also incubated with dihydrorhodamine 123 and mixed with Escherichia coli conjugated to a fluorescent marker to measure E coli phagocytosis and the subsequent oxidative burst via flow cytometry. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, along with the reduced glutathione-to-oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) ratio and a measure of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde concentration [Mmol/L of blood]), were measured spectrophotometrically.
Results—The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), representing GSH content, increased significantly in feline lymphocytes and granulocytes following 5 days of oral administration of SPC. Mean ± SD lymphocyte MFI significantly increased from 27.8 ± 9.0 to 39.6 ± 6.7, and the granulocyte MFI increased from 508.6 ± 135.6 to 612.1 ± 122.9. Following 5 days of SPC administration, the percentage of phagocytic cells that were responding optimally significantly increased (from 37 ± 11.8% to 45 ± 17.5%). Other measures of oxidative stress did not change significantly.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cats, oral administration of supplemental SPC appears to increase granulocyte GSH content and phagocytic function, both of which would be potentially beneficial in cats with diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Low-level copy gain versus amplification of myc oncogenes in medulloblastoma: utility in predicting prognosis and survival
Authors: Takei Hidehiro , Nguyen Yummy , Mehta Vidya , Chintagumpala Murali , Dauser Robert C. , Adesina Adekunle M. 
Published: January 2009

Object
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant embryonal tumor of the cerebellum. Amplification of c-myc or N-myc is infrequently identified and, when present, is often associated with the large cell/anaplastic (LC/A) phenotype. The frequency of low-level copy gain of myc oncogenes and its relationship to prognosis of MB has not been explored.

Methods
Archival cases of MB were histologically reviewed and classified into 3 major subtypes: classic, nodular, and LC/A. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the authors analyzed 58 cases with a pure histological subtype for the copy number (CN) of myc (c-myc and N-myc) oncogenes. Cases with > 5-fold CN were further analyzed using the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed.

Results
A > 5-fold myc CN was noted in 5 (20.8%) of 24 LC/A, 1 (5.3%) of 19 classic, and 2 (13.3%) of 15 nodular subtypes. In a significant number of tumors (14 [56%] of 24 LC/A, 13 [68%] of 19 classic, and 10 [67%] of 15 nodular MBs) the CN was > 2-fold but < 5-fold. High-level amplification, defined as > 10-fold CN, was only seen in the LC/A subtype (5 cases), although moderate amplification (> 5-fold but < 10-fold) could be detected in other histological subtypes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization readily detected most cases corresponding to tumors with > 5-fold amplicon CN by quantitative real-time PCR, and could detect all 5 cases with > 10-fold CN by quantitative real-time PCR. The group of patients with > 5-fold myc amplicon CN showed significantly shorter survival than those with < 5-fold CN (p = 0.045), independent of histological subtype.

Conclusions
Since FISH could easily detect most cases in the moderate-to-high myc gene amplification (> 5-fold CN) group, the FISH assay has utility in detecting subsets of MB with poorer prognosis.
Prevention of cerebral vasospasm by local delivery of cromakalim with a biodegradable controlled-release system in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Omeis Ibrahim , Chen Weiliam , Jhanwar-Uniyal Meena , Rozental Renato , Murali Raj , Abrahams John M. 
Published: January 2009

Object
One mechanism that contributes to cerebral vasospasm is the impairment of potassium channels in vascular smooth muscles. Adenosine triphosphate–sensitive potassium channel openers (PCOs) appear to be particularly effective for dilating cerebral arteries in experimental models of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A mode of safe administration that provides timed release of PCO drugs is still a subject of investigation. The authors tested the efficacy of locally delivered intrathecal cromakalim, a PCO, incorporated into a controlled-release system to prevent cerebral vasospasm in a rat model of SAH.

Methods
Cromakalim was coupled to a viscous carrier, hyaluronan, 15% by weight. In vitro release kinetics studies showed a steady release of cromakalim over days. Fifty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 350–400 g each were divided into 10 groups and treated with various doses of cromakalim or cromakalim/hyaluronan in a rat double SAH model. Treatment was started 30 minutes after the second SAH induction. Animals were killed 3 days after treatment, and the basilar arteries were processed for morphometric measurements and histological analysis.

Results
Controlled release of cromakalim from the cromakalim/hyaluronan implant at a dose of 0.055 mg/kg significantly increased lumen patency in a dose-dependent manner up to 94 ± 8% (mean ± standard error of the mean) of the basilar arteries of the sham group compared with the empty polymer group (p = 0.006). Results in the empty polymer group were not different from those in the SAH-only group, with a lumen patency of 65 ± 12%. Lumen patencies of the cromakalim-only groups did not differ in statistical significance at low (64 ± 9%) or high (66 ± 7%) doses compared to the SAH-only group.

Conclusions
Treatment of SAH with a controlled-release cromakalim/hyaluronan implant prevented experimental cerebral vasospasm in this rat double hemorrhage model; this inhibition was dose-dependent. The authors' results confirm that sustained delivery of cromakalim perivascularly to cerebral vessels could be an effective therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after SAH.
Outcomes and complications of direct end-to-side facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis according to the modified May technique
Authors: Venail Frederic , Sabatier Pascal , Mondain Michel , Segniarbieux François , Leipp Christophe , Uziel Alain 
Published: January 2009

Object
The aim of this study was to address the efficiency and safety of direct end-to-side facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis for facial palsy rehabilitation.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective study of 12 consecutive procedures performed between December 2000 and February 2006. Facial palsies were caused by the surgical removal of tumors in the brainstem, cerebellopontine angle, or mastoid process. Direct end-to-side facial-hypoglossal anastomosis was performed in each case. Facial function (evaluated using the overall percentage of facial function and House-Brackmann scale grades), as well as tongue trophicity and mobility, were assessed at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Postoperative early and late complications were systematically reviewed.

Results
The mean delay between tumoral and reparative surgery was 15.9 ± 4 months (median 11 months). Preoperatively, the mean percentage facial function score was 11.6 ± 1.7% (45% of patients with House-Brackmann Grade 5 facial palsy and 55% of patients with House-Brackmann Grade 6). Mean facial function scores increased to 19.3, 32.2, and 43.8% at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery, respectively. Twenty-four months after surgery, 50% of cases had House-Brackmann Grade 3 facial palsy and 50% had Grade 4. A significantly better recovery at 24 months was observed postoperatively for neural lesions occurring in the mastoid or the brainstem compared with those in the cerebellopontine angle. Tongue hemiparesis was observed in 5 patients (41.7%), 2 of whom had tongue hypotrophy (16.7%). No patient complained of swallowing or speech disturbance. Facial synkinesis was noted in 1 patient (8.3%).

Conclusions
Facial recovery after direct end-to-side facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis is similar to results observed with end-to-end or end-to-side facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis with an interpositional graft. Tongue hypotrophy and palsy were observed in a small number of cases. This procedure allows one to minimize, although not fully prevent, facial synkinesis. The site of the neural lesion appears to be an important factor in the prognosis of recovery.
Anti Epileptic Activity of Poly Herbal Extract from Indian Medicinal Plants
Authors: Balamurugan Gunasekaran , Dharan Murali , Rajan Selva 
Published: January 2009

With the introduction of allopathic drugs, the use of crude drugs from medicinal plants is on the decline and subsequently this traditional knowledge may be lost in the near future. In the present study, a poly herbal extract comprising of Withania somnifera Dunal, a medicinal plant used in many neuro protective Ayurvedic preparations along with five other medicinal plants were evaluated for its protective effect against seizures induced by Maximal Electro shock (MES) method in rats. A daily dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract was administered to the animals for 15 days, after which seizures were induced by Maximum electro shock method and the duration of various phases of epileptic attacks were recorded and compared with the control animals. A significant (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) reduction in the time taken for righting reflex (recovery) was noted in the experimental animals. The levels of biogenic amines such as dopamine, serotonin and nor-adrenaline in the forebrain region were also estimated and a significant level of restoration was observed in the extract treated animals. Significant results were observed in the estimated parameters thereby justifying the use of these medicinal plants in the treatment of epilepsy.Â Keywords: Anti epileptic activity; Biogenic amines; Maximal Electro Shock; Poly herbal extract; Seizures.Â Â©2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1057Â
Measurement of Soluble Arsenic in Soil of Bangladesh by Acid-alkali Sequential Extraction
Authors: Azam Mohammad Shafiul , Shafiquzzaman Md. , Mishima Iori , Nakajima Jun 
Published: January 2009

To measure easily soluble fraction of arsenic, a sequential extraction method by 0.1N HCl and 0.1N NaOH was used according to the soil phosphorus extraction procedure. The effects of reducing conditions on arsenic extraction were examined in incubation test. In high reducing conditions arsenic solubility was shown to be high and seemed to be controlled by dissolution of iron oxy-hydroxides. pH played a predominant role in determining the concentrations of soluble arsenic. Arsenic solubility could be possible at low or high pH conditions. Released arsenic in different pH and redox conditions showed that it is a part of acid extractable arsenic which is sorbed weakly on the soil surface and can be extracted during acid-alkali sequential extraction. Therefore, the method could be applicable to measure potential solubility of arsenic as a result of alteration in soil (e.g. redox, pH) and environmental factors. Sequential extraction results of the soil samples collected in dry and wet season suggested that acid-alkali extracted arsenic fractions of surface and core soil samples of paddy field were increased in wet season. They seemed to be moved with irrigation groundwater.Â Keywords: Acid-alkali extraction; Arsenic contamination; Soil arsenic mobility; Groundwater contamination; Paddy soil. Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237(Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1058Â Â
Degradation of Commercial Textile Dye By Fenton's Reagent Under Xenon Beam Irradiation in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Rahman M M , Hasnat M. A. , Sawada Kazuaki 
Published: January 2009

Degradation of commercial textile dye named Malachite green (MG) has been investigated by Fenton reagent under xenon beam irradiation (1501~1532 lux, Î» â¤ 320 nm) in an aqueous solution. The degradation process was initiated by the photolysis of Fe(III)-hydroxyl species, and accelerated by xenon beam irradiation, due to enhance photolysis of Fe(III) species, which enhances the regeneration of Fe(II) with concomitant production of hydroxyl free radicals.Â Influences of various experimental parameters, such as the concentration of H2O2, Fe (III), xenon irradiation source, and pH of the experimental solutions on the initial rate and photo-degradation extent of the MG dye degradation were assessed and optimized. Although the initial rate of degradation was not affected by the initial MG concentration, it was affected by the concentration of Fenton reagents [Fe(III) and H2O2 solution], pH of the experimental solutions, and the intensity of the xenon beam. A significant enhancement of the initial rate and extent of degradation of MG dye was observed at solution pH of ~3.1 under xenon beam radiation. Complete degradation of MG dye (>99.5 %) was achieved by xenon beam/Fentonâs reagent process in aqueous solution (pH, 3.1). Â Keywords: Malachite green; Organic dye, Dye mineralization, Fenton reagents, Xenon radiation.Â Â©2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1059Â
Low Concentration of Cobalt Increases Growth, Biochemical Constituents, Mineral Status and Yield in Zea Mays
Authors: Jaleel Cheruth Abdul , Changxing Zhao , Jayakumar K , Iqbal M 
Published: January 2009

A pot culture experiment has been carried out to find the extent of changes occurring in the biochemicals and nutrients of maize plants (Zea mays L.) grown under different concentrations of cobalt (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg kg-1 soil). The growth and yield parameters such as seedling vigour, number of cobs, number of seeds per plant; photosynthetic pigments viz., chlorophyll âaâ, chlorophyll âbâ, and total chlorophyll contents; biochemicals like total sugars (reducing and non reducing), starch, amino acids and protein content and various macro- and micronutrients are determined 90 days after sowing (DAS). All the growth parameters, pigment content, biochemicals and mineral content increase at 50 mg Co kg-1 soil when compared with the control. Further increase in the Co levels (100-200 mg kg-1 soil) has a negative effect on all the above parameters.Â Â Keywords: Cobalt; Growth; Zea mays; Biochemicals; Nutrients. Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1226Â
Constituents of Leaf and Fruits Essential Oil of Carum Roxburghianum Benth
Authors: Chowdhury Jasim Uddin , Bhuiyan Md. Nazrul Islam , Begum Jaripa 
Published: January 2009

Essential oil from the leaves and fruits of Carum roxburghianum Benth. is analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil leaf is dominated by apiol (20.81%), 2(3H)-furanone,dihydro-5-pentyl- (17.21%), 1,3-benzodioxole, 4-methoxy-6-(2-propenyl)- (9.51%) and citronellol (6.62%). The fruit oil is rich in 2-cyclohexen-1-one, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)- (40.03%), and other components that follow are apiol (18.71%), limonene (17.11%), myristicin (12.30%), dihydrocarvone (7.89%) and eugenol (1.68%). The compositions of both oils vary qualitatively and quantitatively.Â Keywords: Carum roxburghianum; Essential oil; GC-MS analysis; Apiol, 2-cyclohexen-1-one; 2-methyl-5-(1-Â methylethenyl)-.Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1706
Nano‐sized bacterial magnetic particles displaying pyruvate phosphate dikinase for pyrosequencing
Authors: Yoshino Tomoko , Nishimura Taisei , Mori Tetsushi , Suzuki Shigeya , Kambara Hideki , Takeyama Haruko , Matsunaga Tadashi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThere is a high demand for inexpensive and high‐throughput DNA sequencing technologies in molecular biology and applied biosciences. In this study, novel nano‐sized magnetic particles displaying enzymes for pyrosequencing, a rather novel bioluminometric DNA sequencing method based on the sequencing‐by‐synthesis principle by employing a cascade of several enzymatic reactions, was developed. A highly thermostable enzyme, pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) which converts PPi to ATP was successfully expressed onto bacterial magnetic particles (BacMPs) using a novel protein display system of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB‐1. The enzymatic stability of BacMPs displaying PPDK (PPDK‐BacMPs) to pH and temperature was evaluated and its broad range of properties was shown. Subsequently, PPDK‐BacMPs were applied in pyrosequencing and a target oligonucleotide was successfully sequenced. The PPDK enzyme displayed on BacMPs was shown to be recyclable in each sequence reaction as they can be manipulated by magnetic force. It was concluded that nano‐sized PPDK‐BacMPs are useful for the scale down of pyrosequencing reaction volumes, thus, permitting high‐throughput. The recycling of enzymes was also shown to be promising and applicable for the development of an inexpensive DNA sequencing at a low running cost. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 130–137. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of energy dissipation rate on islets of Langerhans: Implications for isolation and transplantation
Authors: Shenkman Rustin M. , Godoy‐Silva Ruben , Papas Klearchos K. , Chalmers Jeffrey J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAcute physical stresses can occur in the procurement and isolation process and potentially can contribute to islet death or malfunction upon transplantation. A contractional flow device, previously used to subject suspended cells to well‐defined hydrodynamic forces, has been modified and used to assess the vulnerability of porcine islets of Langerhans to hydrodynamic forces. The flow profiles and velocity gradients in this modified device were modeled using commercial CFD software and characterized, as in previous studies, with the scalar parameter, energy dissipation rate (EDR). Porcine islets were stressed in a single pass at various stress levels (i.e., values of EDR). Membrane integrity, oxygen uptake rate, caspase 3/7 activity, and insulin release were not affected by the levels of fluid stress tested up to an EDR of 2 × 103 W/m3. Visual observation of the stressed islets suggested that cells at the islet exterior were peeled away at EDR greater than 10,000 W/m3, however, this observation could not be confirmed using image analysis software, which determined the ratio of surface perimeter to total area. The result of this study suggests an upper limit in fluid stress to which islets can be subjected. Such upper limits assist in the design and operation of future islet processing equipment and processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 413–423. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.