bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with carotid atherosclerosis in community‐dwelling oldest elderly aged over 80 years
Authors: Fujisawa Michiko , Okumiya Kiyohito , Matsubayashi Kozo , Hamada Tomio , Endo Hidetoshi , Doi Yoshinori 
Published: February 2008

Background:  Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance and smoking have been known to be risk factors for atherosclerosis. Recently, it was shown that hyperhomocysteinemia is also a risk factor for cerebral vascular disease and atherosclerosis. However, it is unknown if these are also risk factors in the oldest elderly population aged 80 years or older. We carried out a cross‐sectional analysis to determine the associated factors with carotid atherosclerosis in the oldest elderly living in the community.Methods:  Subjects consisted of 136 oldest elderly aged 80 years or older living in the community. Blood pressure, orthostatic change of blood pressure, blood chemical parameters, height and bodyweight, lifestyle and medical history were examined. The thickness was measured of the total carotid artery intima‐media complex (IMT) by carotid artery ultrasonography and used the maximum thickness (max IMT) for analysis.Results:  The factors that correlated with max IMT were age and low γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase in males, and serum homocysteine levels in females. The subjects were divided into two groups: those with a max IMT of less than 1.0 mm and those with that of 1.0 mm or more. Factors associated with max IMT were age and abstinence from alcohol in males, and orthostatic blood pressure change in females. Factors significantly associated with higher carotid artery IMT were aging in males and orthostatic blood pressure change in females.Conclusion:  The factors associated with carotid artery IMT as an indicator of carotid atherosclerosis in community‐dwelling oldest elderly aged 80 years or older were sex, aging, orthostatic blood pressure change and no alcohol intake. There were differences in risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis between the male and female population.
Long‐term outcome after placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube
Authors: Tokunaga Takanari , Kubo Tadahiko , Ryan Suhen , Tomizawa Muneo , Yoshida Shin‐ichi , Takagi Koutarou , Furui Kumiko , Gotoh Toshio 
Published: February 2008

Aim:  To evaluate long‐term survival and prognostic factors in patients who have undergone placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube.Methods:  A retrospective analysis of all patients without malignancy who underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy at Hanyu General Hospital during the period January 2001–December 2005.Results:  A total of 198 patients (100 men, 98 women) were assessed. Median age was 78 years (range, 25–97 years). The primary diagnosis was a cerebrovascular disorder in 149 (75.3%) of the patients. Prior to placement, 120 (60.6%) had suffered pneumonia. Survival was 87.4% at 1 month, 67.8% at 3 months, 52.6% at 6 months, 38.1% at 1 year, 27.8% at 2 years and 22.3% at 3 years. Pneumonia was the most common cause of death during the follow‐up period (91 of 140 patients, 65.0%). Cox's proportional hazards model showed independent predictors of mortality to be a low serum albumin concentration (≤2.9 g/dL) and history of pneumonia before the procedure.Conclusions:  Mortality of patients who underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy appears to be high. In particular, the long‐term prognosis was poor for patients with hypoalbuminemia, and this procedure is probably not preferred for patients with recurrent aspiration pneumonia.
Comprehensive assessment of nutritional status and associated factors in the healthy, community‐dwelling elderly
Authors: Iizaka Shinji , Tadaka Etsuko , Sanada Hiromi 
Published: February 2008

Background:  Malnutrition among the elderly has become a serious problem as their population increases in Japan. To approach the risk of malnutrition in the healthy, community‐dwelling elderly is important for early prevention of malnutrition. The nutritional status and mutable associated factors with poor nutritional status specific to the healthy elderly were examined comprehensively.Methods:  One hundred and thirty healthy elderly people from a senior college in Tokyo, Japan were eligible for this study. Nutritional status was evaluated by Mini‐Nutritional Assessment (MNA). The demographic status and potential correlates with poor nutritional status, including the physical factors (mobility, cognitive impairment and oral status) and the psychosocial factors (depression, self‐efficacy, attitudes toward health, instrumental activities of daily living, public health service knowledge, and difficulty and dissatisfaction with meal preparation) were investigated. The multiple linear regression analysis using a stepwise procedure adjusted for demographic status was performed to detect independent associated factors.Results:  There were 16 participants (12.6%) at risk of malnutrition. The independent associated factors with lower MNA scores were depression (β = −0.27, P = 0.005), lower self‐efficacy (β = 0.25, P = 0.009), lower attitudes toward health scores (β = 0.21, P = 0.02) and difficulty with meal preparation (β = −0.18, P = 0.03).Conclusion:  The prevalence of the healthy elderly at the initial risk of malnutrition was relatively high and should not be overlooked. The comprehensive geriatric screening and intervention including mental health, health management and life‐situation will be important for the healthy, community‐dwelling elderly.
THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN A FIRM'S DECISION TO ENTER A MARKET AND IN ITS SUBSEQUENT OPERATIONS*
Authors: Sharp D. P. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryMarket research can often help in deciding whether it is advisable to enter the market for a new product. In the case below, it was decided not to enter the market; but, for completeness, the further steps to be taken if the decision had been otherwise are given in some detail.
SAMPLES OF TWO UNITS DRAWN WITH UNEQUAL PROBABILITIES WITHOUT REPLACEMENT1
Authors: Brewer K. R. W. , Udny G. C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe method of sampling without replacement suggested by Narain, with total probability of selection proportional to size, is considered in detail. The conditions under which it is of practical value are discussed. Narain's equations for the selection probability function are examined and it is shown that they do not yield the correct solution in every case. A revised set of equations is given which is proved to yield a unique correct solution for every possible case. From this investigation, a fast iterative method of solution is derived. Prooi is offered that there is always a decrease in variance compared with sampling with replacement. A formula derived by Sen (1953) in a slightly different context is used to obtain a positive unbiased estimator of variance. Finally, the case is considered where one unit covers more than half the stratum size.
A MODEL OF SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING WITH UNEQUAL PROBABILITIES
Authors: Brewer K. R. W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA new method is described of drawing, without replacement, two sample units per stratum from any population. The method is developed from a consideration of the asymptotic properties of systematic sampling with unequal probabilities, as the sizes of the population units tend to zero. The essential properties of this method are very easily analysed. They also converge, over a large number of strata, to those of systematic sampling from the same strata with their population units arranged in random order. In proving this, the assumption is made that the underlying population is of the type to which it is appropriate to apply ratio estimation. The sampling method described is, however, simple enough to commend itself as an alternative to systematic sampling when the underlying population is not of this type. Consideration is given to the case where the sizes of some of the population units exceed the skip interval.
GROUPING CORRECTIONS FOR SEQUENTIAL TESTS
Authors: McNeil D. R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryWhen testing sequentially with grouped data, we may or may not adjust the test statistic to allow for the grouping. If the test statistic is not adjusted, the whole power curve will be altered by the grouping, while if the statistic is adjusted, the power curve is altered, but the probability levels or errors of the first and second kind, being distribution‐free, are unchanged. It is shown, even for very coarse grouping of the data, that the power curve is only slightly affected by using the unadjusted statistic for tests on the mean or the variance of a normal distribution. For certain other distributions, however, in particular the negative exponential distribution, this procedure breaks down completely if the group width exceeds a certain value.
INCOMPLETE SAMPLING FOR SELECTION OF A FIXED PROPORTION
Authors: James J. W. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryTesting only a sample of a population from which a fixed proportion are to be chosen for further use is considered in relation to the balance between testing costs and extra value achieved by culling the poorest members of the population. It is shown that in some circumstances the greatest return is obtained by testing some, but not all, members of the population. Optimum sampling fractions are deducted for selection on a quantitative chaaracter having a normal distribution, and approximate results are given for selection on a qualitative character.
ON IMBEDDING DISCRETE CHAINS IN CONTINUOUS TIME1
Authors: Seneta E. 
Published: February 2008

Introduction and SummaryMarkov chains, deflned on a discrete state‐space and a t discrete time‐points, are often used as models of processes actually occurring i J i Continuous time, by a suitable selection of the time points.In the present note we briefly consider the reverse problem, vix. how a discrete Markov chain may be imbedded into a continuous‐time process (specifically, a Markov process) on the same states. Using simple criteria for the imbedding, i t is shown that there may be several such processes corresponding to a discrete chain. Conversely, the criteria enable us to produce several discrete chains from a single %rkov process, in such a way that the usual imbedded chain (i.e. talien a t thc instant of change of state of the process) can be interpreted in a ilrttural way.An example is taken from population genetics where two different processes arise from a single chain, as a result of differing descriptions lcsding t o the chain. The example is then used to discuss the correspondence between certain functions of the chain and the associated process.
THE EFFECT OF POSTPONABLE INTERRUPTIONS ON A M/G/1 SYSTEM WITH IMPATIENT CUSTOMERS
Authors: Rao S. Subba 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper considers a waiting line system where units become impatient after having waited for certain time and leave the queue (renege) without being serviced. The servicing of the units is subject to interruption by the arrival of an “interruption ” possessing a priority for service over the ordinary units, head‐of‐the‐line priority discipline being prevalent. The busy period process is investigated first, making use of the supplementary variable method. Later, the general process is studied in terms of the busy period process and renewal distributions. Lastly, the ergodic properties of the general process are examined by appealing to some results of renewal theory.
THE SAMPLING VARIANCE OF THE RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF INDIRECT TO DIRECT SELECTION WHEN USING VARIANCE‐COVARIANCE COMPONENTS
Authors: Scheinberg Eliyahu 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA formula to compute the sampling variance of the relative efficiency of indirect to direct selection is developed for the case when the genetic and phenotypic components are estimated from the analyses of variance and covariance. This formula holds provided that the genetic and phenotypic variances and covariances are bounded away from zero. It is also assumed that the number of offspring per mating group, k, is constant. The effect of varying k values and the distribution of the ratio estimator of indirect to direct selection, û, are briefly discussed. An example from an expriment using Tribolium castaneum is also given.
A NOTE ON ESTIMATING THE LOCATION AND SCALE PARAMETERS OF THE EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION FROM A CENSORED SAMPLE
Authors: Tiku M. L. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryReplacing f (x)/F (x) by α+β(x‐ θ)/σ in the maximum likelihood equations ∂L/∂θ and ∂L/∂σ calculated from a censored sample, a pair of estimators θe and σe, is obtained. The variances and covariances of these estimators are calculated and compared with the corresponding values for the best linear unbiassed (BLU) estimators.
ON CERTAIN CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY AND STATISTICS
Authors: Linnik Yu. V. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractsThe Department of Mathematical Statistics of the University of Sydney invited Professor Yu. V. Linnik, of Leningrad University, to deliver a public address to be attended by, among others, members of the 36th Congress of the International Statistical Institute. A summary of this address, delivered at 8.30 p.m. on Thursday, August 30, 1967, at the University of Sydney, is given below. Professor Linnik referred to related work of other authors, including Professors C. R. Rao and P. Whittle, who were present. Professor Rao later gave a short account of his recent work. Professor A. T. James moved a vote of thanks, which was carried by acclamation by a large audience. Reprints of the paper are being sent to those members of the International Statistical Institute present at the meeting.—EDITOR.
ON THE OPTIMAL ASYMPTOTIC TESTS FOR THE EFFECTS OF CLOUD SEEDING ON RAINFALL (1) THE CASE OF FIXED EFFECTS
Authors: Kulkarni S. R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn this paper we consider a sequence of experimental units {un} which are t o be treated according to some random scheme. A general randomized design is suggested for the purpose. Asymptotic tests, optimal in some sense, are derived for testing the absence of the effects of the treatment. These tests are applicable in various situations, for example, when the treatment effects are additive or when they are multiplicative. Based on the asymptotic power of the tests obtained, optimality of various designs is discussed. The randomized designs discussed here have a wide range of applicability, e.g. in weather modification experiments and bio‐assay.
ON DERIVATION OF INITIAL BLOCKS OF B.I.B. DESIGNS WITH MORE THAN ONE INITIAL BLOCK
Authors: Das M. N. , Kulshreshtha A. C. 
Published: February 2008

Introduction and SummaryA good amount of work has been done on the construction of balanced incomplete block (B.I.B.) designs by Bose (1939, 1942), Sprott (1954, 1956), Rao (1961), Takeuchi (1962) and others. Sprott (1954, 1956) obtained several series of B.I.B. designs through difference sets.The main purpose of the present investigation is to provide two methods of construction of B.I.B. designs obtainable through more than one initial block. The first method derives initial blocks of a series of designs from some specified blocks of a B.I.B. design obtainable by developing one or more initial blocks. The second method attempts to obtain one of the initial blocks (the basic initial block) through the different powers of an element of a finite field; then an appropriate method for generating the other initial blocks from it is discussed. A table showing the basic initial block for different designs has been presented.By these methods several solutions of some B.I.B. designs could be obtained from different initial blocks. An examination was therefore made to see if these designs were all isomorphic.
A REGRESSION‐ TYPE ESTIMATOR IN SAMPLING WITH PPS AND WITH REPLACEMENT
Authors: Tripathi T. P. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA regression‐type estimator is proposed for the population total of a charactery, when sample‐units are selected with probability proportional to some measure of sizez (pps) and with replacement; and the information on yet another variatex is used. The proposed estimator is shown to be superior to the well‐known estimator (pps with replacement), and the ratio estimator (pps with replacement). It is also shown to be superior to the simple random estimator under some general conditions.
ON TWO‐STAGE SUCCESSIVE SAMPLING
Authors: Singh D. , Kathuria O. P. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn repeated sampling enquiries application of method of successive sampling with partial replacement of units is advantageous. In this paper use of successive sampling technique when the sampling design is multi‐stage has been studied. Estimates of population mean and its variance have been obtained (a) on the second occasion, and (b) on the h‐th occasion under two systems of replacement, namely (i) by retaining only a fraction p of psu's along with their sample of ssu's, and (ii) by retaining all the psu's on the second occasion, but from each psu only a fraction p of the ssu's within them is retained. A cost function suitable to the design has been illustrated, with the help of data collected from a sample survey conducted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
A TWO‐PHASE SAMPLING ESTIMATOR IN SAMPLE SURVEYS
Authors: Srivastava Surendra K. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA two‐phase sampling estimator of the ratio‐type for estimating the mean Ȳ of a finite population, has been considered where the value of ρCy/Cx can be guessed or estimated in advance. Here Cy and Cx denote respectively the coefficients of variation of the characteristic under study, y, and the auxiliary characteristic x and ρ denotes the coefficient of correlation between y and x. When the value of ρCy/Cx is guessed or estimated exactly, the estimator has a smaller large‐sample variance compared with either an ordinary ratio estimator or an ordinary linear regression estimator in two‐phase sampling in the case where the first‐phase sample is drawn independently from the second‐phase sample. If the sample at the second phase is a subsample of the first‐phass̀e sample, the estimator has variance equal to that of the linear regression estimator. The largest value of the difference between the assumed value and the actual value of ρCy/Cx has been obtained so as not to result in the variance of the estimator being larger than the variances of either an ordinary ratio estimator or an ordinary linear regression estimator.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF MARKOVIAN RENEWALS IN AN ARBITRARY INTERVAL
Authors: Kshirsagar A. M. , Gupta Y. P. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA Markov Renewal Process (M.R.P.) is one which records at each time t, the number of times a system visits each of m states in time t, if the transitions from state to state are according to a Markov chain and if the time required for each successive move is a random variable whose distribution function (d.f.) depends on the two states between which the move is made. In this paper, the distribution of the number of times each state is visited in an arbitrary interval (t0, t0+t) is derived. Asymptotic expressions for the mean and variance of this distribution are also obtained.
MINIMUM RATE OF PROGRESS FORMULAE AT UNIVERSITIES1
Authors: Pollard A. H. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn an earlier paper by the present author (1970) a comparison was made of graduation rates and pass rates under a pass‐on‐the‐year system with those under a credit points system. In the present paper attention is focused on the effect, under these two systems, of regulations which exclude students who have not achieved the required minimum rate of progress. The paper traces the progress made by homogeneous groups of students when there is no exclusion formula, points out why such formulae are needed under both systems, and measures the efficiency of a university system in terms of the proportion of a given quality intake which it graduates and of the cost measured by the number of students required to be maintained on campus to produce one graduate.Precise definitions of the terms used are not repeated here because they are in common usage; they are, however, given in the earlier
On a Theorem of Quine and Seneta for the Galton‐Watson Process With Immigration
Authors: Pakes A. G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryRecently a limit theorem has been obtained for the limiting‐stationary distribution of a process in which individuals reproduce as in a subcritical Galton‐Watson process and are subject to an independent immigration component at each generation. This paper provides a different proof of this theorem, and under slightly weaker conditions. A similar approach is used to obtain a limit form of Taglom's theorem for the ordinary subcritical Galton‐Watson process.
ROBUST ESTIMATION FOR A SIMPLE EXPONENTIAL MODEL1
Authors: Bao P.V. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA Hodges‐Lehmann type estimator (Hodges and Lehmann, 1963) is proposed for the parameter p in the simple exponential model (1) y=1‐exp.(‐ρx)+ε Some exact and asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator are also given.
AN ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSION FOR THE VARIANCE OF THE ERRORS OF MISCLASSIFICATION OF THE LINEAR DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION1
Authors: McLachlan G.J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA technique for deriving asymptotic expansions for the variances of the errors of misclassification of the linear discriminant function (Anderson's classification statistic) is developed. These expansions are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the sample values of the variances of the errors obtained from some sampling experiments.
A NOTE ON SAMPLING OVER TWO OCCASIONS1
Authors: Singh Ravindra 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYUsing simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) on both occasions, a new scheme of selecting the unmatched part of the sample on second occasion is presented. The proposed estimate of the population mean has been shown to be more efficient than the estimate of Pathak and Rao (1967) for the same expected cost. Kulldorff's estimate as considered by Rao and Ghangurde (1969), however, remains superior to the proposed estimate.
ON SOME PRODUCT TYPE ESTIMATORS IN VARYING PROBABILITY1
Authors: Gupta P. C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIt is shown that varying probability in product method estimation increases the efficiency of estimate under some usual conditions. Further, a necessary condition, for the product estimate from a sample drawn with pps and without replacement to be more efficient than the product estimate from a sample drawn with pps and replacement, has been obtained; incidentally, it is the same as obtained by Narain (1951) for varying probability without replacement to be more efficient than varying probability with replacement. The use of the R.H.C. sampling scheme has also been suggested, and its variance and bias has been shown to be always less than that of pps with replacement.
IN JUSTIFICATION OF WALD'S CRITERION OF EFFICIENCY OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS IN RELATION TO THE WEIGHING PROBLEM1
Authors: Banerjee K. S. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYWald (1943), among others, examined the question of efficiency of experimental designs in general and suggested the criterion of maximization of the det. [X'X] for the purpose, where X denotes the design matrix. In the same context, Ehrenfeld (1955) recommended the maximization of the minimum eigenvalue of [X'X] as the desideratum. It has been shown in this note that for weighing designs in general maximization of det. [X'X] may be preferred to the latter criterion.
LIKELIHOODS WITH ROUNDED DATA
Authors: Lambert J. A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryObserved continuous random variates are effectively “discretized” by the limited accuracy with which they can be recorded. The effects of this on the likelihood function and on maximum likelihood estimation are often overlooked. Some published data for the exponential distribution are examined and the results compared with earlier studies. A note on estimation for the normal distribution is also given.