bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Features Associated with Flying Phobia in Aircrew
Authors: Aitken R. C. B. , Lister J. A. , Main C. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe psychological and physiological features of 20 aircrew consecutively referred for treatment of anxiety symptoms when flying were compared with a matched control group of uncomplaining aircrew. There were no significant differences between the two groups on psychometric tests of personality, though there were differences in skin conductance; the phobics had a higher rate of spontaneous fluctuation, and habituated less to a repeated auditory tone. More of the phobic group worried about their wives and acknowledged childhood and other adulthood phobias; more had a family history of an episode perhaps best described as flying trauma. Many were on an overseas posting when symptoms presented. These few features could correctly classify 85 per cent of the subjects into the phobic or control group. This type of ‘phobic aircrew index’ now requires to be validated prospectively for its predictive value.
Psychological Change in Neurotic Depression: A Repertory Grid and Personal Construct Theory Approach
Authors: Hewstone Miles , Hooper Douglas , Miller Keith 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPersonal construct theory and repertory grid methodology were applied to a study of psychological change experienced by a sample of ten neurotic depressives and their matched controls during short-term hospitalization. All subjects completed a repertory grid and the Zung depression scale on admission to hospital. Depressives were characterized by lower self-esteem, more negative social perception and higher scores on the Zung scale. Both measures were repeated at the time of discharge from hospital. Depressives showed a significant reduction in depressive mood, more positive social perception, and a change in the construing of the self; controls showed no changes. It is argued that the use of a quantitative assessment technique reinforced by a theoretical framework results in a more refined understanding of psychological change.
The Effects of Varying Auditory Input on Schizophrenic Hallucinations
Authors: Margo A. , Hemsley D. R. , Slade P. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe present report is of the effect of variations of auditory input on hallucinatory experiences in seven schizophrenic patients. Nine experimental conditions, each of two minutes' duration, were compared with a control condition. At the end of each period subjects were required to rate the duration, loudness, and clarity of hallucinations during that time. Experimental conditions varied according to the amount of structure present in the material and in its attention-commanding properties. One condition required the active monitoring of material presented and resulted in the greatest decrease in hallucinatory experiences. For the passive conditions, findings were broadly consistent with predictions, indicating that it is not stimulation per se, but rather the extent to which structure is present and attended to, that is important in determining the occurrence of hallucinatory phenomena.
Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques VI. Experimental Study: Eliciting Feelings
Authors: Cox A. , Holbrook D. , Rutter M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFour experimental interview styles, designed to differ in the extent of their use of active fact-oriented and active feeling-oriented techniques, were compared in relation to their use in the initial diagnostic interviews with the mothers of children referred to a psychiatric clinic. All four styles proved to be effective in eliciting emotions and feelings, but the findings suggested that each was effective for different reasons. It appeared that emotional expression could be encouraged by the interviewer's response to emotional cues, by a reflective style with little factual cross-questioning, by the use of direct requests for self-disclosures, by the optimal (but not necessarily maximal) use of interpretations and expressions of sympathy, and by direct requests for feelings.
Erythrocyte Transketolase Activity in the Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Authors: Leigh Denis , McBurney Alan , Mcllwain Henry 
Published: August 2008

SummaryErythrocyte transketolase activity and the effect of adding thiamine pyrophosphate (% TPP effect) were measured in subjects suffering from Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome both before and during treatment with thiamine and/or thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryldisulphide (TTFD). Transketolase activity was significantly lower in untreated patients than in healthy volunteers. Treatment with either thiamine or with TTFD restored enzyme levels to control values but TTFD produced a greater increase than thiamine in enzyme activity. In a group of seven patients there was no correlation between duration of TTFD therapy and either increase in erythrocyte transketolase activity or % decrease in the TPP effect. However, when three patients were followed at intervals during treatment with TTFD, their erythrocyte transketolase increased progressively. Neither thiamine nor TTFD produced clinical improvement in the mental symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff psychosis unless administered early in the course of the disease.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome in Monozygotic Twins: A Biochemical Peculiarity
Authors: Leigh Denis , Mcburney Alan , Mcllwain Henry 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA pair of monozygotic twins, one suffering from the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, verified at autopsy, and the other healthy, was studied biochemically. The erythrocyte transketolase of each twin showed abnormalities, though these differed in the two individuals. In the healthy twin, the basal transketolase was low, but responded normally to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) addedin vitro.In the twin with the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome the basal level of the enzyme and its responsein vitrowere normal, but a period of treatment with thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryldisulphide, led to loss of thein vitroresponse. It is suggested that, initially, an inborn error of metabolism may have been common to both twins.
Institutionalization and the Defects of Schizophrenia
Authors: Johnstone Eve C. , Owens D. G. Cunningham , Gold Aviva , Crow T. J. , Macmillan J. Fiona 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPatients conforming to the Feighner criteria for schizophrenia who had been discharged from hospital were traced after 5–9 years. They were assessed in terms of mental state and cognitive, behavioural and neurological functioning; the results of these assessments were related to information obtained from casenotes. The findings of this study of 120 discharged patients were compared with those of an earlier study of 510 in-patients with schizophrenia. When factors of age and duration of illness were taken into account there was no difference between the two groups in terms of positive or negative schizophrenic features or behavioural performance, although the in-patients performed less well on cognitive tests. This study indicates that the deficits of chronic schizophrenia are an integral feature of the disease: process, and that any effects of institutionalisation are relatively small.
Reinforcement of Vocal Correlates of Auditory Hallucinations by Auditory Feedback: A Case Study
Authors: Green Paul , Preston Martin 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAlthough auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients are usually thought to be private events, several early writers observed vocalizations concurrent with hallucinations. The content of such vocalizations corresponded to what the voices were reported to have said. A schizophrenic patient is described whose whispers were increased to an intelligible level by the use of auditory feedback. This has implications for the self-control of hallucinations, and for neurological theories of verbal hallucinations.
The Short-Term Outcome of Neurotic Disorders in the Community: The Relation of Remission to Clinical Factors and to ‘Neutralizing’ Life Events
Authors: Tennant Christopher , Bebbington Paul , Hurry Jane 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA longitudinal study of neurotic disorder in the community showed that half the cases identified at first interview had remitted one month later. Remission was significantly related to four variables: recency of onset and of peak of the disorder, the occurrence of recent threatening life events and the occurrence of subsequent ‘neutralizing’ life events. A neutralizing event was defined a priori as one which neutralized the impact of an earlier threatening life event or difficulty. One third of all remissions were caused by such an event. Remission of disorder was not significantly related to demographic variables, symptom severity, syndrome type, medical consultation or psychotropic drug prescription. The implications for neurotic disorder in the community are discussed, in particular its relation to life events and the favourable outcome in the absence of treatment.
The Incidence of Exhibitionism in Guatemala and the United States
Authors: Rhoads John M. , Borjes Enrique Padilla 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPrevious speculation based on a mail survey of psychiatrists suggested that exhibitionism is rare in Latin American countries. This survey of potential victims conducted in Guatemala and using a comparable United States facility as a control, shows the incidence in the two countries to be essentially the same. This suggests that the psychopathology of the exhibitionist has more to do with the act than does the culture in which it occurs.
Computed Tomography and the Outcome of Affective Disorder: A Follow-up Study of Elderly Patients
Authors: Jacoby Robin J. , Levy Raymond , Bird Jonathan M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty-one subjects from an earlier study, who had undergone computed tomography (CT) during their in-patient care for affective disorder, were followed up clinically for a minimum of one year. Mortality at two years was also determined, and comparisons made with 50 age-matched controls. Those with affective disorder showed a higher mortality than controls, but the difference just failed to reach significance. Within the affective group, however, mortality was significantly higher in patients who had previously shown ventricular enlargement on CT, confirming our earlier suggestion that these patients might have constituted a distinct subgroup. Failure of the affective group to improve performance on a simple cognitive test at follow-up was related to persisting depression. These and other findings are discussed.
Mania Associated with Weaning
Authors: Joyce P. R. , Rogers J. R. M. , Anderson E. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper describes a patient who has had two episodes of mania, both of which occurred immediately after weaning. Although no recent reference to weaning as an aetiological factor in psychiatric disturbances could be found, it is suggested that weaning was an aetiological factor in this case.
Women, Marriage, Employment and Mental Health
Authors: Cochrane Raymond , Stopes-Roe Mary 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper reviews explanations of sex differences in mental hospital admission rates, taking account of age and marital status effects. Six propositions derived from the review are tested on data from a nationwide community survey of 259 respondents, using a standardized symptom check list.Women report more psychological symptoms than men, but this is unrelated to marital status. It is suggested that being married acts to keep a potential patient out of hospital rather than to reduce symptoms. Whether or not a woman is in paid employment outside the home is a major predictor of symptom levels, especially in depression. Women with unemployed husbands are also particularly likely to report high levels of depression. However, there is no reciprocal effect of wives' employment status on the psychological well-being of their husbands.
The Use of the Term ‘Borderline Patient’ by Scottish Psychiatrists: A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Macaskill Norman D. , Macaskill Ann 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and sixty Scottish psychiatrists complete a questionnaire eliciting the extent of their use of the term ‘borderline patient’ and the factors affecting this. The term was used by 27.5 per cent, the majority of whom felt that it ought to be included in current diagnostic classification systems. There was, however, general dissatisfaction with the vagueness of current definitions of the term and a confusing use of numerous diagnostic labels.Use of the term was not related to status, geographical location, or familiarity with American psychiatric literature. The practice of psychodynamically-oriented psychotherapy and extended working contact with psychiatry in North America were found significantly to increase its use.
Neuroendocrine Tests during Treatment with Neuroleptic Drugs. I. Plasma Prolactin Response to Haloperidol Challenge
Authors: Kolakowska Tamara , Braddock Louise , Wiles David , Franklin Michael , Gelder Michael 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe plasma prolactin (PRL) response to haloperidol 2 or 4 mg i.m. was studied in 18 schizophrenic men during their routine treatment with neuroleptic drugs. A substantial rise of the PRL level above the treatment baseline occurred in all but four of the 20 tests showing that the PRL elevation induced by treatment was not maximal. The challenge was ineffective only in patients receiving very high daily doses of medication. The increment was inversely correlated to the daily dose of medication but unrelated to plasma haloperidol concentrations during the test. Chronic schizophrenics who were receiving long term treatment and had low basal PRL levels did not show tolerance to the prolactin stimulating effect of haloperidol. That prolactin rose during the test in patients who had improved during their current treatment indicates that the degree of dopamine receptor blockade required for therapeutic effects is below that which produces a maximal PRL response.
Delirium and Confusion in the 19th Century: A Conceptual History
Authors: Berrios G. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDelirium remained a stable psychiatric category until the early 19th century when it underwent aetiological and phenomenological redefinition, precipitating the transformation of the functional insanities into psychoses.Confusion, introduced by French workers during the second half of the century, referred to a syndrome wider than (but including) delirium. It emphasized chaotic thinking and cognitive failure. The notion of clouding of consciousness (and temporo-spatial disorientation) established a common denominator for the two concepts, while Chaslin and Bonhoeffer redefined confusion and delirium as the stereotyped manifestations of acute brain failure.
Tardive Dyskinesia and Abnormal Tongue Movements
Authors: Pi Edmond H. , Simpson George M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty-two subjects, 20 with and 22 without clinically diagnosed tardive dyskinesia (TD), were rated for TD on the scale of Simpson et al. They also performed a tongue protrusion test and had the presence of tongue movements within the buccal cavity observed. Fifty per cent of the severe or definite TD subjects as classified by rating scale were unable to maintain tongue protrusion for a minimum of 30 seconds, and 85 per cent of them had abnormal tongue movements. In 45 per cent of the possible TDs and in 9 per cent of the doubtful subjects, the movement test was also positive.
The Relation between Contextual and Reported Threat due to Life Events: A Controlled Study
Authors: Ndetei David M. , Vadher Atul 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFollowing the method of Brown and Harris 30 Kenyan patients suffering from depression and 40 community non-psychiatrically-disturbed controls were studied for contextual and reported threat due to short-term and long-term life events. It was found that the patients did not over-rate threat due to events (in ‘search for the meaning’) nor did the controls under-rate the threat of life events. Some theoretical issues on the ‘contextual threat’ of life events are raised.
Propranolol in Experimentally Induced Stress
Authors: Taylor Elizabeth A. , Turner Paul , Harrison Jean 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe influence of beta-adrenoceptor antagonism on the effects of a simple experimental stress was investigated in 12 healthy volunteers, using a double-blind protocol. A single oral dose of 80 mg propranolol reduced the stress-induced increase in heart rate and systolic blood pressure to 49.9 per cent and 8.3 per cent respectively compared to 61.0 per cent and 17.4 per cent with placebo. The rise in diastolic blood pressure was small and unaffected by beta-adrenoceptor blockade. The rise in temperature of the skin of the trunk was significantly reduced by propranolol. The self-rating of anxiety, alertness and concentration by the subjects was unaffected by propranolol.
Identical Triplets: Non-Identical Psychosis?
Authors: McGuffin Peter , Reveley Adrianne , Holland Anthony 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn contrast to all previous reports of psychoses in genetically identical siblings, identical triplets aged 28 were discordant by major Kraepelinian type of psychosis. Two of them had been diagnosed schizophrenic while the third was diagnosed manic depressive. Re-evaluation of their illnesses using standardized methods and diagnosis by blind raters suggested that the discordance was not due to simple misdiagnosis or different diagnostic bias between psychiatrists. These triplets illustrate some of the shortcomings of a strictly applied Kraepelinian dichotomy and show that a genetic perspective is important in attempting to resolve the classificatory problems of atypical psychoses.
Clinical Trial of a Test Stick to Control Patient Compliance under Nomifensine Treatment
Authors: Linden M. , Schüssler G. , Müller-Oerlinghausen B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA reliable and rapid way of assessing patient compliance is the use of a semi-quantitative drug determination in the urine. Almost all urines were positive to a microchromatographic test stick 2–6 hours after 25 or 100 mg nomifensine was taken orally by healthy normal volunteers. The test reliability between different observers varied between 76 and 100 per cent. False positive results were regularly observed with carbamazepine and triamterene, and false negatives or weakened reactions with lithium.The test is reliable and highly ‘time-specific‘. Its applicability is, therefore, restricted to very specific questions.
The Suicide Rate in Schizophrenia
Authors: Wilkinson D. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree of 39 first-admission schizophrenics committed suicide during the 10 to 15 year follow-up period of a retrospective, case-register based inquiry. Schizophrenic patients often talk about and attempt suicide. However, there is little reliable knowledge about the clinical characteristics of those who are likely to kill themselves.
Neuronal Lipofuscin Accumulation in Ageing and Alzheimer Dementia: A Pathogenic Mechanism?
Authors: Dowson J. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe amount of intraneuronal lipofuscin in the parietal cortex and in the inferior olivary nucleus was measured in post-mortem tissue affected by Alzheimer dementia and in specimens from non-demented individuals. The results indicate that there is a linear relationship between the accumulation of cell body lipofuscin and advancing age, both in neuronal populations of the non-demented group, and in the olivary neurones of the demented group. However, in the demented group, the lipofuscin fluorescence intensity of the parietal neurones was not significantly correlated with age. The estimated amount of lipofuscin in the olivary neurones in the demented group was significantly higher than in the non-demented group, when age has been taken into account (P <0.01). The possible pathogenic role of lipofuscin accumulation in ageing and Alzheimer dementia is discussed.
Differences between Two Studies of Hand Preference in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Taylor Pamela J. , Dalton Rosemary , Fleminger J. J. , Lishman W. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySignificant differences in handedness patterns between groups of psychiatric patients and normal controls were identified in two recent British studies, with substantial disagreement in some important findings. Most of the discrepancies were attributable to the different application of a simple classification of handedness data, and the remainder to differences in sample size. Diagnosis, sex and age were then found to have a similar effect on handedness in both studies. Neurotic patients were similar to controls regardless of classification, whereas mixed handedness in personality disorder depended on it. There was no overall excess of left-handedness among schizophrenics, but trends towards excess sinistrality in men and full dextrality in women approached significance.
Unusual Mood Stability in Patients Taking Lithium
Authors: Folstein M. F. , Depaulo J. R. , Trepp K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) was completed for 30 consecutive days by 124 psychiatric patients and 36 non-patient control subjects. The 65 euthymic manic-depressive patients on chronic lithium therapy had similar mean mood ratings to the non-patient controls, but had lower mood variability as measured either by standard deviation of the mood rating or by a measure of the mean successive differences between consecutive mood ratings (delta squared). This unusual mood stability appears to be an effect of lithium therapy. This study thus offers some empirical support for the ‘mood stabilizer’ psychological model of lithium's effects in patients. It is also noted that this effect may be perceived in well patients as an undesirable effect of lithium treatment.
The Effect of Treatment on the Melancholias (Depressions)
Authors: Hamilton Max 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe results described are based on data from 47 male and 83 female patients randomly assigned to treatment with imipramine or phenelzine in an open trial. All were fresh (untreated) cases diagnosed as suffering from depressive illness (melancholia). They were rated before treatment and 2 and four months later. Imipramine did not give results which were significantly better than phenelzine. With both drugs it was found that patients had done either very well or very poorly at follow-up, i.e. the distribution of scores was U-shaped (or bimodal at the least).The 55 men and 90 women who were unsuitable for treatment with drugs or who had failed to respond to such treatment were given a course of ECT and followed-up at corresponding intervals. The improvement after ECT was better than with drugs and the distribution of scores is quite different. An earlier series of male patients treated with ECT in the pre-drug days did not show as good a response to the treatment.
Prediction of Outcome in Senile Dementia—A Computed Tomography Study
Authors: Naguib Mohsen , Levy Raymond 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty patients suffering from senile dementia who had been subjected to detailed clinical and psychological assessment and computed tomography (CT) were followed up for a mean period of 28.78 months. All but one were traced. The deceased (27) were compared with the survivors (12). All males had died at follow-up. The mean age was not statistically significant but the survivors differed significantly from the deceased in having performed better on a number of clinical and psychological tests, particularly those involving speech functions and constructoinal ability. Measures of ventricular size and cortical atrophy were not of predictive value, but a new technique of measuring radiological density showed that this was significantly lower in the right parietal region in the original CT scans of those who subsequently died. The study confirms that clinical involvement of the parietal lobes is an indication of poor prognosis and reports the first radiological support for this view. It also suggests that a more directly quantitative approach to computed tomography may yield results which are more useful than those obtained from visual reconstructions.