bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomically Controlled Electrochemical Deposition and Dissolution of Noble Metals
Authors: Ye Shen , Uosaki Kohei 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Atomically Controlled Deposition of Noble Metals

Platinum

Palladium

Rhodium

Ruthenium

Atomically Controlled Dissolution of Noble Metals

Palladium

Gold

Summary

Acknowledgment
Diffusion and Migration
Authors: Manzanares José A. , Kontturi Kyösti 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fundamental Concepts

Diffusion–migration Flux Equations

Poisson Equation and the
LEN
Assumption

Continuity Equation

Ohm's Law and Migrational Transport Numbers

Diffusion‐conduction Flux Equation

Diffusion Boundary Layer

Faraday's Law and Integral Transport Numbers

Nernst Equation and Concentration Overpotential

Steady State Current–voltage Curves of Systems with One Active Species

Integration of the Transport Equations

Solutions of Homovalent Ions, |
z

i

| =
z

Binary Electrolyte Solutions

Ternary Electrolyte Solutions. The Supporting Electrolyte

Weak Binary Electrolyte

Steady State Current–overpotential Curves in the Presence of Supporting Electrolyte

Systems with One Electroactive Species

Systems with Several Electroactive Species

Diffusion‐reaction Processes

Steady State Current–voltage Curves of Systems with Several Active Species

Kramer's Integration Method

The Equation for the Electric Field under the
LEN
Assumption

Ternary Electrolyte Solutions

Quaternary Electrolyte Solutions

Ion Transport under Transient Conditions

Fick's Second Law for a Strong Binary Electrolyte

Systems with One Active Species and Supporting Electrolyte

Voltage Step in the Presence of Supporting Electrolyte

Current Step in the Presence of Supporting Electrolyte

Voltage Step in the Absence of Supporting Electrolyte

Deviations from Local Electroneutrality

Space Charge Density

Deviations from Local Electroneutrality

Validity of the
LEN
Assumption

Appendix A

Appendix B

List of important symbols
Spectroscopic Applications ofSTMandAFMin Electrochemistry
Authors: Tao Nongjian 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionElectrochemicalSTM—Elementary ConceptsElectrochemicalAFM—Elementary ConceptsSelective Examples of ApplicationsTunneling SpectroscopyRedox StatesMolecular IdentificationsMolecular ElectronicsForce SpectroscopyDouble‐layer ForcesSolvation ForcesSurface StressConclusionAcknowledgments
Structure Relationships in Electrochemical Reactions
Authors: Lucas C. A. , Marković N. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Methods

X
‐
ray
Diffraction

Theory

Reciprocal Lattices for Low‐index
fcc
Metal Surfaces

Experimental Details

New Techniques

Rotating Ring Disk Methods

Surface Preparation

Surface Structures

Surface Reconstruction

Gas–solid Interface

Solid–solution Interface

Surface Relaxation

Adsorbate‐modified Surfaces

Anion Adsorption

Au
(111)/
Br

Au
(001)/
Br

Pt
(111)/
Br

Pt
(001)/
Br
System

Summary of Anion Adsorption on
Au
(
hkl
) and
Pt
(
hkl
) Surfaces

Underpotential Deposition

Cu
UPD
on
Au
(111) in Sulfuric Acid Solution

Cu
UPD
on
Pt
(111) in Sulfuric Acid Solution

Cu
UPD
onto
Pt
(111) in the Presence of Bromide Anions

Cu
UPD
onto
Pt
(001) in the Presence of Bromide Anions

A Physical Model for
Cu
UPD

The Oxygen‐reduction Reaction (
ORR
)

Reaction Pathway

ORR
on
Pt
(

hkl

) Surfaces

ORR
at the
Pt
(
hkl
)–halide Interface

ORR
at the
Pt
(

hkl

)–
Cu
upd
Interfaces

ORR
on
Cu
(

hkl

) Surfaces

ORR
on
Au
(

hkl

) Surfaces

Summary of the
ORR

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Theoretical Aspects Associated with Charge‐transfer Kinetics across Interfaces between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Fermín, David J. , Jensen Henrik , Girault Hubert H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction and Scope

Heterogeneous Electron Transfer across
ITIES

Thermodynamic Aspects in Connection to Heterogeneous
ET

Electron‐transfer Kinetics

The Phenomenological Butler–Volmer Expression

The Rate Constant of Electron Transfer

The Solvent Reorganization Energy

Potential Dependence of the Heterogeneous Electron‐transfer Rate Constant

Selected Experimental Results

Ion‐transfer Reactions

Kinetics of Ion‐transfer Reactions Based on the Assumption of an Activated Ion‐transfer Event

Interfacial Reaction Independent of the Local Electric Field

Interfacial Reaction Dependent on the Electric Field

Kinetics of Ion‐transfer Reactions Based on a Transport Description

General Treatment of Ion‐transfer Reactions at
ITIES

The Marcus Model for Ion Transfer at Liquid|Liquid Interfaces

Other Models

Conclusion and Outlook
The Influence of Ad‐atom Adsorption on Reaction Rates and Mechanisms
Authors: Kokkinidis Georgios 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Metal Ad‐atoms Deposited in the Underpotential Region

Electrocatalysis by Ad‐atoms

Reactions Catalyzed by Ad‐atoms

Reduction of Oxygen

Reduction of Nitro and Nitroso Compounds

Oxidation of Small Organic Molecules

Oxidation of Bigger Organic Molecules

Reversible Redox Reactions

Inorganic Electrochemical Reactions

Conclusion
Electrochemistry in Micelles and Microemulsions
Authors: Rusling James F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Surfactant‐Stabilized Microheterogeneous Fluids

Structures of Micelles and Microemulsions

Surfactants and Micellar Structure

Microemulsion Structure

Dynamics

Surfactant Aggregates on Solid Surfaces

Electrochemistry in Micellar and Microemulsion Systems

Mass Transport—Diffusion

Formal Potentials

Electrode Kinetic Effects

Pathway Control of Organic Reactions

Direct Electrolyses

Electrochemical Polymerization in Microemulsions

Mediated Reactions in Micellar Solutions

Mediated Reactions in Microemulsions

Reductive Dehalogenations

Bond Forming Reactions

Summary

Acknowledgments
Digital Simulation in Electroanalytical Chemistry
Authors: Britz Dieter 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Historical

Some Mathematics

Three Model Systems

Normalization

Denormalization

The Box Method

Point Discretizations

Stability

Gradients at the Electrode

Boundary Conditions

The Explicit Method

Fudging

Homogeneous Chemical Reactions

Advanced Methods

Unequal Intervals

The Rudolph Method for Coupled Systems

BDF
(
FIRM
)

Extrapolation

Method of Lines

Commercial Packages

The Future
Step and Pulse Techniques
Authors: Brett Christopher M. A. , Brett Ana Maria Oliveira 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Potential Step

Single Potential Step

Double Potential Step

Potential Step Chronocoulometry

Staircase Voltammetry

Pulse Techniques

Normal Pulse Voltammetry (
NPV
)

Differential Pulse Voltammetry (
DPV
)

Square Wave Voltammetry (
SWV
)

Other Pulse Techniques

Comparison between Potential Pulse Techniques

Current Step and Chronopotentiometry

Variation of Potential with Time

Current Steps and Potentiometric Stripping Analysis

Concluding Remarks
Microelectrodes—Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Forster Robert J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areBackground and IntroductionMicroelectrode Fabrication and CharacterizationMicroelectrodesNanodesMicroelectrode ArraysArrays of Coupled ElectrodesIndependently Addressable ArraysProperties of MicroelectrodesReduced Ohmic EffectsInterfacial CapacitanceElectrode Response TimesMass TransportInstrumental ChallengesApplicationsElectroanalysisSmall Sample VolumesBiosystemsSpatial Sampling and TimescaleSensitivityNeuronal Networks for Drug EvaluationsArtificial NosesLow Conductivity MediaTheoretical DescriptionsVoltammetry in the Absence of Deliberately Added ElectrolyteVoltammetry in Pure Liquid OrganicsComplexation EquilibriaElectron Transfer MechanismsAnalytical ApplicationsSolid State InvestigationsUltrafast Electrochemical TechniquesTransient TechniquesSteady State ElectrochemistryACElectrokineticsFuture DirectionsElectron Transfer MechanismsNeurochemistryMedicineNonanimal‐based Drug TestingProsthetic DevicesAnalysisNanodevices and Circuits
Impedance Methods
Authors: Krause Steffi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Impedance—A Complex Quantity

Definition

Impedance Response of Selected Circuit Elements and Their Combinations

Resistance

Capacitance

Resistance and Capacitance in Series

Resistance and Capacitance in Parallel

Equivalent Circuit Elements and the Electrochemical Cell

Forms of Data Presentation

Description of Electrochemical Processes

Faradaic Processes and Diffusion‐Related Phenomena

Validation of Experimental Data

Distributed Circuit Elements

The Effect of Electrode Morphology

Porous Electrodes

Characterization of Coatings and Membranes

Insulating Coatings

Noninsulating Films

Instrumentation

Single‐Sine Techniques

Phase‐Sensitive Detectors—Lock‐In Amplifiers

Frequency Response Analysis

Multiple‐Sine Techniques

Experimental Setup

Spatially Resolved Impedance Measurements

Local Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (
LEIS
)

Scanning Photo‐Induced Impedance Microscopy (
SPIM
)

AC
Voltammetry

Nonlinearity of Electrochemical Systems—Analysis of Higher Harmonics

Acknowledgments
Sonoelectrochemistry: Physical Aspects
Authors: Compton Richard G. , Hardcastle Joanna L. , del Campo Javier 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction to Power Ultrasound

Approaches to the Coupling of Ultrasound with Electrochemical Methods

The Influence of Ultrasound on Mass Transport at the Electrode

Ultrasound‐Induced Surface Effects

The Influence of Ultrasound on Chemical Processes

Generation of Active Radical Species

Rates of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer

Sonovoltammetric Study of Homogeneous Chemical Reactions

Extreme Conditions and Deviation from Hydrodynamic Behavior

The Effects of High‐Frequency Power Ultrasound
Sonoelectroanalysis: Applications
Authors: Compton Richard G. , Hardcastle Joanna L. , del Campo Javier 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Analysis by Classical Electrochemical Techniques

Coupling Ultrasound with Electroanalysis

Sono‐anodic Stripping Voltammetry (sono‐
ASV
)

The Determination of Heavy Metals in Alcoholic Beverages

The Determination of Copper in Biological Samples

Determination of Copper in Fish Gill Mucus

Silver Analysis at a Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode

Determination of Cadmium in the Presence of Surfactant

Applications of Sono‐adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (Sono‐
Ad
SV
)

Applications of Sono‐cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (Sono‐
CSV
)

Determination of Lead in River Bed Sediment

Determination of Manganese in Instant Tea

Sonoelectroanalytical Linear Sweep Voltammetry

Detection of Nitrate at a Copper‐modified Electrode

Biphasic Sonoelectroanalysis

Determination of Lead in Petrol

Determination of Vanillin in Vanilla Extract

Conclusion
Electrochemical‐
AFM
Authors: Macpherson Julie V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Principles of
AFM

Substrate Preparation

AFM
Investigation of the Electrified Solid–solution Interface

Imaging Applications of Electrochemical
AFM

The Role of Ionic Adsorbates in Electrode Behavior

Underpotential deposition

Corrosion Studies

Molecular Adsorbates on Electrode Surfaces

Electrochemical Force Data Acquired Using the
AFM

Approach Curve Measurements

Retract Curve Measurements

Electrochemically Active
AFM
Probes

Microfabricated Conducting
AFM
Probes

Microwire Conducting
AFM
Probes

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
In
s
itu Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry
Authors: Christensen Paul Andrew 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Historical Context and Background

The Problem of Strong Solvent Absorption

The Infrared Transmittance Approach

The Infrared Internal Reflectance Approach

The External Reflectance Approach

The Sensitivity Problem

The Lock‐in Detection Approach

The Application of
FTIR
Spectrometers

Abnormal Infrared Effects, (
AIRE
), Surface‐enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy, (
SEIRAS
), and Intensity Stealing Effects

Abnormal Infrared Effects

Surface‐enhanced Infrared Effects

Intensity Transfer Effects

The Practicalities of In situ
FTIR
Spectroscopy

Data Collection and Manipulation Protocols

Simple Potential Step Difference Manipulations

Subtractively Normalized Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Potential Difference Infrared Spectroscopy

Single Potential Alteration Infrared Spectroscopy

Time‐resolved Spectroscopy

Thin Layer and Solvent Annulling

Specific Examples of In situ Electrochemical Infrared Spectroscopy taken from the Literature, and a Look at the Future

The Intermediate in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

The Interface between Electrochemistry and Biology

The Study of Representative Electrodes

Quantitative In situ
FTIR

High Resolution In situ
FTIR

Time‐dependent In situ
FTIR
Spectroscopy

In situ
FTIR
as a Function of Temperature

The Application of In situ
FTIR
with other Analytical Techniques

Acknowledgments
Raman Spectroscopy of Electrode Surfaces
Authors: Tian Zhong‐Qun , Ren Bin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionHistory of Raman Spectroscopy Applied in ElectrochemistryNormal Raman Scattering and Resonance Raman ScatteringNormal Raman EffectResonance Raman EffectSurface‐enhanced Raman ScatteringExperimental Characteristics ofSERSElectromagnetic EnhancementChemical EnhancementVibrational Properties of Electrode Surface SpeciesMolecular Symmetry of Surface SpeciesDipole CouplingElectrochemical Stark Effect and the Influence of a SolventSurface Selection RulesComparison of Raman Spectroscopy with Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy and their Applications in ElectrochemistryExperimental DetailsInstrumentation for Raman SpectroscopyLasersMonochannel InstrumentsMultichannel InstrumentsFourier Transform Raman (FT‐Raman) SpectrometerRaman MicroscopeConfocal Raman MicroscopeComparison of Different Raman SystemsExperimental Setup for Electrochemical Raman SpectroscopyOptical Operation ModesSpectroelectrochemical CellsElectrode PreparationSERS‐active Electrode SurfacesNon‐SERS‐active ElectrodesElectrochemical Raman MeasurementsMeasurement ProceduresSensitivitySpectral ResolutionTemporal ResolutionSingle Shot MeasurementPump‐probe MeasurementPotential Averaged Raman Spectroscopy (PARS)Spatial ResolutionLateral ResolutionVertical ResolutionCalculation of the Surface Enhancement Factor (SEF)Combined and Hyphenated TechniquesOptical Fiber Raman SpectroscopyHyphenated Techniques ofRaman Spectroscopy withSPMTroubleshootingOptical AlignmentInterference of Solution SpeciesInterference of Gas Evolution during In situ MeasurementsElectrode Stability and Potential ReversibilitySurface Heating and DamageFluorescence EliminationApplicationsSurface BondingIdentification of Different Surface SpeciesDetermination of the Surface Adsorption SitesDistinguishing Different Interactions of the Adsorbate with SubstratesSurface ConfigurationAdsorption OrientationCoadsorption of Thiourea and ThiocyanideSurface WaterWater Adsorption in Aqueous SystemsWater Adsorption in Nonaqueous SystemsSurface ReactionsSurface AdlayersBatteries and Fuel CellsLithium Ion BatteriesMethanol Fuel CellsCorrosionPassive FilmsCorrosion InhibitorsElectrodeposition and Surface ProcessingElectrodepositionSemiconductor ProcessingProspective and Future DevelopmentsNew SurfacesOrdered Nanostructured SurfacesWell‐defined Single Crystal SurfacesNew MethodsTip‐enhanced Raman SpectroscopyNear‐field Raman SpectroscopySurface Enhanced Hyper‐Raman Spectroscopy (SEHRS)Acknowledgments
Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion
Authors: Frankel Gerald S. , Rohwerder Michael 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Goals of Testing

Experimental Design Considerations

Sample Selection

Surface Preparation

Sample Masking

Choice of Electrolyte

Cell Design

Choice of Technique

Electrochemical Techniques for Determination of Corrosion Rate

Potentiodynamic Polarization

Corrosion Rate Measurement by Tafel Extrapolation

Corrosion Rate Measurement by Fitting Polarization Curve to Wagner–Traud Equation

Corrosion Rate Measurement by Linear Polarization

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Corrosion Rate Determination by Electrochemical Noise Analysis (
ENA
)

Comparison of the Techniques for Assessment of Corrosion Rate

Techniques for Studying Passivity

Techniques for Evaluating Localized Corrosion

Exposure Testing

Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Scanning Kelvin Probe

Scanning Probe Microscopy
Corrosion of Alloys
Authors: Kaiser Hermann , Eckstein Gerald A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionBasic ThermodynamicsAnodic Dissolution of Liquid Alloy ElectrodesAnodic Dissolution of Low‐Melting Solid AlloysSnInAlloysZnCuAlloysδ‐ZnFeand γ‐ZnNiAlloysCorrosion of Higher‐Melting AlloysSimultaneous DissolutionSelective Dissolution (Dealloying)Phenomenology of DealloyingDealloying of Engineering MaterialsElectrochemical Aspects of DealloyingTheoretical AspectsNanoscopic Investigations of Dealloyed Surfaces
Passivity of Metals, Alloys, and Semiconductors
Authors: Schultze Joachim Walter , Hassel Achim Walter 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Definition of Passivity

Survey of Systems

General Principles of Passivity

Thermodynamics and Bond Polarity

Experimental Techniques for Characterization of Passive Films

Thickness and Stoichiometry of Passive Films

Chemistry, Crystal Structure and Aging

Chemistry and Crystal Structure

Aging

Potential Distribution at the Interface

Electrochemical and Chemical Reactions in Passive Systems

Reactions

Current Densities

i

Ionic Properties, Migration and Ion‐Transfer Reactions

Electronic Behavior and
ETR

Band Structure of Oxide Films

Electron‐Transfer Reactions
ETR
at Oxide Films

Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conductivity

Equivalent Circuit Diagrams

Growth of Oxide Films and Ionic Migration

Survey on the Growth of Oxide Films

Insulating Passive Films on Metals: Growth, and Corrosion of Al as Example

Thermodynamic Aspects

A Survey on Oxide Formation from
CVs

The Film Formation Factor

k

Electrochemical Impedance Spectra
EIS
and Equivalent Circuit Diagram

Kinetics of Film Growth

Corrosion and Breakdown

Porous Aluminum Oxide

Other Types of Passive Aluminum Oxide Films, Anof, Modified Aluminum, Alloys

Other Systems

Other Metals Forming Insulating Oxide Films

Semiconducting and Metallic Oxide Films on Metals

Duplex Films

Passivation with Participation of the Electrolyte

Semiconductors

Passivation of Alloys

ITR
at the Homogeneous Oxide/Electrolyte Interface: Corrosion and Modification

Passive Corrosion in the Steady State

Corrosion during Oxide Growth

Oxide Reduction and Oxidation

Modification of Oxide Films by
ITR
of Other Ions

Corrosion at Inhomogeneous Films: Breakdown, Pitting and Localized Attack

Microscopic and Molecular Reasons for Local Corrosion

Dielectric Breakdown

Collision ionization model

Tunnel model for thin films

Pitting Corrosion

Cathodic Breakdown

Laser Induced Breakdown or Oxide Growth

Applications

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Pitting Corrosion
Authors: Strehblow Hans‐Henning 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Phenomenological Aspects of Pitting

Critical Potentials and Polarization Curves

Pitting and Cathodic Counterreactions

Test Procedures and Ranking of Metals

Potentiostatic Current–time Curves

Pit Growth

Local Current Densities

Pit Size and Pit Shape

Pit Models, Microelectrodes, and Calculations

Precipitation of Salt Films Within Pits

Ohmic Drops

Composition of the Pit Electrolyte

Minimum Chloride Concentration for Pitting

Accumulation of Aggressive Anions

Repassivation of Corrosion Pits

Alloying Metals and Inclusions

Breakdown of Passivity and Pit Nucleation

Penetration Mechanism

Film‐breaking Mechanism

Adsorption Mechanism

Current Noise and Metastable Pitting

Mechanistic Consequences for Breakdown of Passivity

Factors Stabilizing Pit Growth

Conclusion
Corrosion Protection by Inhibition
Authors: Magnussen Olaf M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Phenomenological Aspects

Fundamentals

Classification

Anodic Inhibitors

Cathodic Inhibitors

Passivating Inhibitors

Mixed and Ohmic Inhibitors

Inhibition Efficiency

Definition and Measurement

Influence of Inhibitor Concentration

Influence of Solution
p
H
and Aggressive Ions

Synergistic Effects

Influence of Hydrodynamic Conditions

Inhibition by Adsorbed Layers

Adsorption on Metals in Solution

Adsorption on Bare Metal Surfaces

Adsorption on Oxide/Hydroxide Surfaces

Mechanisms of Corrosion in the Presence of Adsorbed Layers

Influence of Adsorbed Layers on Metal Dissolution Reactions

Influence of Adsorbed Layers on Cathodic Reactions

Inhibition by Protection Layers

Structure of Protection Layers Formed by Inhibitors

Film‐forming Cathodic Inhibitors

Film‐forming Anodic Inhibitors

Mechanisms of Protection Layer Formation

Precipitation from Solution

Direct Film Growth

Special Cases

Control of Solution Composition (“scavengers”)

Inhibition of Localized Corrosion

Inhibition of Stress‐corrosion Cracking

Inhibition of Chemical Corrosion Processes

Inhibition of Atmospheric Corrosion

Practical Applications

Overview

Water Treatment

Acid Systems

Corrosion Inhibition in Electronic Devices
High‐temperature Corrosion of Metals by Gases
Authors: Grabke Hans Jürgen , Holzäpfel Günther 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDetermination of Thermodynamic DataMeasurements of Gibbs EnergiesMeasurement and Control of Partial Pressures and ActivitiesNonstoichiometry and Defect Structure of Oxides and Other Corrosion ProductsCation‐deficient OxidesNiOCoOFeOCu2OCation‐excess OxidesZnOTiO2andZrO2Chromia and AluminaCr2O3Al2O3SulfidesManganous SulfideAg2SFeSandNiSMechanisms and Kinetics of High‐temperature Scale FormationSurface Reaction Control (Linear Rate Law)Linear Oxidation inCO2–COMixturesLinear Oxidation inH2OH2MixturesLinear Oxidation inO2Linear Sulfidation inH2SH2Bulk Diffusion Control–Parabolic KineticsTransition from Linear to Parabolic KineticsWagner's Theory of OxidationDiffusion‐controlled Growth of Some OxidesValidity Range of Wagner's TheoryTheory of Thin Film GrowthTheory of Cabrera and MottField Caused by ChemisorptionField Effect on the Reactions at the Metal/Oxide and Gas/Oxide InterfacesInterfacial Reactions During Scale GrowthEvidence on the Reactions at the Scale/Metal InterfaceLocal Cell Action in High‐temperature Corrosion
Technical Scale of Electrochemistry
Authors: Jüttner Klans 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionAdvantages and Disadvantages of Electrochemical ProcessesElectrochemical Reaction EngineeringFundamentalsCurrent EfficiencySpace‐time YieldElectrochemical ThermodynamicsEnergy YieldSpecific Electrical Energy ConsumptionElectrochemical Cell Design