bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in palm oil crystallization
Authors: Jacobsberg B. , Oh Chuan Ho  
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe melting and crystallization behaviors of palm oil were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and plasticity measurements and were correlated with composition and chemical characteristics. Fractionation into high melting and low melting components is adversely affected by increase in free fatty acids (FFA), diglyceride content, and degree of oxidation, and hence, for an oil that is to be fractionated, both hydrolysis and oxidation should be kept to a minimum. Palm oil with very low FFA content, obtained from ripe, unbruised fruit, contains substantially more diglycerides than would be expected from the level of FFA present. Liquid and solid palm oil fractions manufactured in the producing countries showed large variation in characteristics, due in part to the use of various fractionation processes. The characteristics used to define the quality of palm oil are also applicable to its fractions.
Ion exchange resins and ethyleneimine polymer as antioxidants: I. Activity and mechanism
Authors: Ikeda Nobuo , Fukuzumi Kazuo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe antioxidant activity of ion exchange resins and ethyleneimine polymer was determined in methyl linoleate free from natural antioxidants and metals. Superior antioxidant activities were recognized in an ion exchange resin with NH groups and in the ethyleneimine polymer. The antioxidant activities in these heterogeneous reaction systems increased in linear proportion to the amount present. These antioxidant activities in the heterogeneous reaction system were mainly owing to their ability to donate hydrogen to the peroxy radicals produced in the autoxidation of methyl linoleate. The antioxidant radicals produced in these cases were very stable and generally couldn't participate in the increase of the induction periods in the autoxidation of methyl linoleate by terminating the peroxy radicals. These results have never been obtained in the homogeneous reaction system but are characteristic in the heterogeneous one.
Correlations of flavor score with volatiles of vegetable oils
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Rayner E. T. , Wadsworth J. I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA simple, direct, gas chromatograph (GC) technique is described for eluting flavor‐related volatile components from commercially produced vegetable oils. A sample of oil was placed onto glass wool contained in a GC liner, and the liner was inserted in the heated inlet of the GC. Volatiles from the oils were rapidly eluted by heat and carrier gas onto the GC column. Profiles of the volatiles were obtained by temperature‐programmed gas chromatography. Flavor score was highly correlated with individual volatile components considered separately, and very highly correlated with multiple volatile components considered together, indicating that reliable flavor characteristics of vegetable oils may be obtained rapidly and efficiently by instrumentation.
Fatty acid composition of Iranian citrus seed oils
Authors: Filsoof M. , Mehran M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFatty acid compositions of seed oils from eight Iranian citrus fruits were determined. The ranges of values for major fatty acids were 21.8–29.4% palmitic, 3.1–7.60% stearic, 0.3–1.3% palmitoleic, 23.5–32.3% oleic, 33.5–39.8% linoleic, and 3.1–7.6% linolenic. Low amounts (up to 0.1%) of myristic and arachidic acids and traces of a few unidentified ones constituted minor fatty acids.
Distribution of oil or other diethyl ether extractable material in various fractions of peanuts infected with selected fungi
Authors: Cherry John P. , Beuchat Larry R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPercentage oil or other diethyl ether soluble material was determined in lyophilized ground whole seeds and in buffer (sodium phosphate; pH 7.9, I ‐0.01) soluble and insoluble extracts of high quality “Florunner” peanuts, (Arachia hypogaea L.) not inoculated or inoculated withAspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oligosporus, orNeurospora sitophila and held for various time intervals to 18 days. During the test period, percentage ether extractable material increased in buffer soluble fractions of peanuts infected with these fungi and decreased in insoluble preparations. The trends of these quantitative changes at various test intervals were similar for seeds infected withA. parasiticus andR. oligosporus. Likewise, percentages were similar for seeds infected withN. sitophila andA. oryzae. The percentage ether soluble material in whole seeds infected with these fungi either decreased slightly or did not change during the test periods. Data suggest that techniques developed to separate oil and protein fractions from high quality peanuts using aqueous extraction processes may not be suitable for isolating these components from molded or partially decomposed seeds.
Purification of surcrose esters by selective adsorption
Authors: Zeringue H. J. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLong chain fatty acid esters of sucrose from the solvent‐free, soap‐catalyzed interesterification of molten sucrose and glycerides were acidulated to destroy the soaps, washed to remove unreacted sucrose, and freed of unreacted glycerides and free fatty acids by a procedure adaptable to large scale use. Separation of the glycerides and free fatty acids from the sucrose esters was accomplished by passing the product through selected adsorbents, up to a 1:2 ratio of product to adsorbent, and eluting with selected solvents. Effectiveness of the separations was monitored by thin layer chromatography. Neutral bleaching clay would be the adsorbent of choice for a large scale purification scheme employing benzene as the eluent for the removal of glycerides and free fatty acids followed with ethanol for removal of the sucrose esters.
Thermal decomposition of individual positional isomers of methyl linoleate hydroperoxide: Evidence of carbon‐oxygen bond scission
Authors: Chan Henry W. ‐S. , Prescott Frank A. A. , Swoboda Peter A. T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe methyl ester of individual positional isomers of linoleate hydroperoxide were prepared by an enzymic oxidation of linoleate. On injection onto a gas chromatographic column they were thermally decomposed and the resulting volatile components analyzed. The major (67–80% yield on a molar basis) cleavage products were found to be hexanal, methyl octanoate, 2,4‐decadienal isomers, and methyl 9‐oxononanoate. Both the 9 and 13 isomers of linoleate hydroperoxide gave rise to these same four compounds, an observation suggesting carbon‐oxygen scission in their decomposition. This was confirmed by using very pure individual isomers obtained by high performance liquid chromatography. The involvement of an isomerization reaction of the hydroperoxides is discussed.
Determination of monoglycerides in crude oils and fats
Authors: Hartman Leopold , Esteves Walter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe periodate oxidation method was adapted for the determination of small amounts of monolycerides present in natural oils and fats. The modification consisted in enriching the monoglycerides by extraction with 90% acetic acid saturated with boric acid in order to eliminate interfering substances prior to the reaction with periodate. A multifold concentration of monoglycerides originally present was achieved. This reduced the error of the standard periodate method to a minimum. Crude oils, such as soybean, rice bran, coconut, and palm, analyzed by the modified method showed monoglyceride contents considerably lower than those obtained by direct reaction of periodate with these oils.
Thermal oxidation of mono‐unsaturated short chain fatty acids: II. Methyl hexenoate, hexenoic acid, and octenoic acid
Authors: Whitlock Carol B. , Nawar W. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSamples of methyl 3‐hexenoate, methyl 2‐hexenoate, 3‐hexenoic, and 3‐octenoic acid were oxidized and their decomposition products analyzed. Certain aldehydes, ketones, shorter chain acids or esters, hydroxy‐derivatives, and dimers were found among the oxidation products of all four substrates. Epoxyesters and 4‐oxo‐derivatives were major products from the esters but absent in the case of the acids. 3‐heptene and 5‐undecene were unique for 3‐hexenoic and 3‐octenoic acids, respectively. Reaction mechanisms are proposed for the formation of these products.
Alteration of soybean oil composition by plant breeding
Authors: Wilson R. F. , Rinne R. W. , Brim C. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractExperimental lines selected from the cross PI 90406 × PI 92567 are being used in an attempt to improve soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) oil by altering fatty acid composition through plant breeding. Preliminary evidence shows that the concentration of linolenic acid in soybean oil is reduced by selection for high levels of oleic acid. Levels of poly‐unsaturated acids in “high oleic” selections are lower, to various degrees, but the concentration of saturated fatty acids is not different from that of the variety Dare, a representative southern commercial cultivar. In triglyceride from the “high oleic” selection, N70‐3436, levels of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid are 9.5, 2.0, 40.1, 43.3, and 5.1 mol %, respectively. The types of triglyceride structures observed in the experimental lines which were examined also are changed. The combined level of triolein, monooleyl‐dilinolein, and dioleyl‐mono‐linolein in seed from N70‐3436 is doubled and constitutes ca. 50% of the oil.
Surface active N‐acylglutamate: V. Application of N‐acylglutamates to detergent bars
Authors: Yoshida R. , Yoshimurra I. , Usuba Y. , Shibue A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn application of sodium N‐acyl‐l‐glutamate for detergent bars is described. The acyl radicals of cocoyl, hydrogenated tallowyl, semihydrogenated tallowyl, and lauroyl were used in the glutamates. The powder of sodium N‐acyl‐l‐glutamate was mixed with a suitable amount of water and milled; then the mixture was extruded and stamped into a bar. Bars were examined relating composition of acyl radicals of sodium N‐acyl‐l‐glutamates and properties of the bars or milling and molding properties. The other characteristics of the detergent bars were examined. It was found that attractive detergent bars can be made by using monosodium N‐acyl‐l‐glutamate as a component; that hardness, solubility, and lather characteristics of bars can be controlled by blending various monosodium N‐acyl‐l‐glutamates and adding moisture; that adjuvant can be used to improve the milling and stamping properties and characteristics of the monosodium N‐acyl‐l‐glutamate bar; and that the bars are less irritating and leave the skin feeling good.
Measurement of the diffusion coefficient of free fatty acid in groundnut oil by the capillary‐cell method
Authors: Smits G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA capillary‐cell method has been used for measuring the diffusion coefficients of oleic and stearic acids in groundnut oil at 130 C. The method demands careful fulfillment of the boundary conditions and, therefore, special attention has been paid to the establishment of the appropriate experimental conditions. Despite the suggestions of previous workers, a lot of effort is required to approximate the ideal conditions adequately. The experimental conditions proved to be optimal when capillaries with an inner diameter of 0.8 mm and a length of 20 mm were placed in a stationary solvent bath. The diffusion coefficients of oleic and stearic acid are (4.2±0.16)10−10 and (3.7±0.23)10−10 m2/s, respectively, at a confidence interval of 95%.
Development of new, nonabsorbable polymeric antioxidants for use in foods
Authors: Furia T. E. , Bellanca N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe metabolic fate of a new, oil soluble antioxidant, selected from a series representing a unique class of phenolic polymers, is discussed together with its activity in unsaturated vegetable oils as compared to butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). Using gel permeation chromatography,14C‐radiolabeled polymer was isolated into discrete mol wt fractions and these administered as single oral doses to rats. Results indicate that while monomeric14C‐TBHQ with a mol wt of 166 shows a total absorption of 88.3% of the administered dose, the absorption of polymeric antioxidant is vastly reduced with increasing mol wt; i.e., mol wt 760: 1.5%, mol wt 7300:0.44%, and mol wt 67,000: 0.34%. Functionality tests using the active oxygen method indicate that by increasing the phenolic constituents in the polymer composition the antioxidant activity can surpass that of certain traditional, monomeric food grade antioxidants. Stability tests using thermogravimetric analysis indicate the polymeric antioxidants are not depolymerized in the presence of air at temperatures up to 300 C. Further, the polymers are nonvolatile and under deep frying conditions result in nearly quantitative carry‐through of antioxidant in that portion of oil absorbed by the food; a monomeric food grade antioxidant (TBHQ) shows losses due to volatilization.
Packing of polyethylene oxide chains in a mixed micelle
Authors: Meguro K. , Akasu H. , Ueno M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), on the micellar properties of a nonionic surfactant such as homogeneous heptaethylene glycol n‐dodecyl ether (7ED) have been studied by the charge transfer solubilization of 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane, pNa, and electric conductivity measurements. Attention has been paid to changes in packing of polyethylene oxide chains in the mixed micelle and to binding of the counterions onto the micelle surface. All measurements were made on solutions ranging in 7ED concentration from 1 × 10−6 to 1×10−1 M, while the SDS concentration was maintained constant. It has been shown that the binding of Na+ ions to the mixed micelle occurs in the 7ED concentration region where the packing of polyethylene oxide chains in the micelle is loose, while release of Na+ ions is observed when the packing is compact. The results of electric conductivity correspond well with those mentioned above. However, in the region of high 7ED concentration, the decreasing mobility of the mixed micelles affects the electric conductivity more than the increasing degree of ionic dissociation of the micelle.
A study of rice bran oil refining
Authors: Hartman L. , Dos Reis M. I. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractExamination of a number of rice bran oils revealed the presence of monoglycerides (0.5–1.4%) and other hydroxylated compounds such as diglycerides and glucosides. The hydroxyl numbers of the samples ranged from 8.5 to 27, depending on their acidity. On the assumption that the inordinately high refining losses of rice bran oil are due, along with the acidity, to the presence of hydroxylated compounds, the hydroxyl numbers of several samples of that oil were reduced by progressive acetylation with acetic anhydride. This was accompanied by gradual reduction of the refining losses, which seems to support the above mentioned assumption.
Epoxy allylic carbocations as conceptual intermediates in the biogenesis of diverse marine oxylipins
Authors: Gerwick William H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMarine organisms, especially marine algae, are extremely rich in a diversity of novel oxylipin structures. Many of these oxylipins contain functionalities and rings of a type and location unknown in mammalian systems. In this perspective reviewing marine oxylipins, a proposal is formulated for the central intermediacy of an epoxy allylic carbocation in the biogenesis of these diverse structures. This proposal is strengthened by the relatively large number of examples which are consistent with this type of mechanistic transformation.
Purification and characterization of a 28 kDa cytosolic inhibitor of cholesteryl ester hydrolases in rat testis
Authors: Hines Denise S. , Wee Siowfong , Grogan W. McLean 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA 28 kDa inhibitory protein was purified from ratestis cytosol by sequential 40–65% ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation exchange chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, and preparative SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The heat‐stable, trypsin‐labile protein exhibited nonenzymatic, concentration‐dependent inhibition of testicular and pancreatic cholesteryl ester hydrolases at all stages of putification. Copurifying at each stage was a 26.5 kDa protein which comprised 25% of the mass of the two proteins. Polyclonal antibodies raised to either or both 28 kDa and 26.5 kDa proteins by direct injection of excised electrophoretic bands cross‐reacted with both proteins on western blots, immunoprecipitated both proteins, and neutralized inhibitory activity. Amino acid compositions of the individual proteins electroeluted from SDS‐polyacrylamide gels were different from those of other surface‐active proteins of similar molecular weights. Both proteins exhibited identical pl of 4.8 on chromatofocusing columns and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. Although the subcellular distribution of the 28 kDa protein is unknown, its testicular cytosolic concentration, calculated from the purified protein mass, was 8×10−9 mols/L, which probably underestimates the actual concentration by an order of magnitude. This is greater than the minimum concentration required forin vitro inhibition (10−9 mols/L), consistent with a physiological role for this protein.
Oxidation products of cyanidin 3‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside with a free radical initiator
Authors: Tsuda Takanori , Ohshima Katsumi , Kawakishi Shunro , Osawa Toshihiko 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecently, we have reported that anthocyanins show strong antioxidative activity, but no attention has been paid to anthocyanins from the viewpoint of the reaction mechanism of alkylperoxyl radicals; therefore, we investigated the reaction products of antioxidative anthocyanins (cyanidin 3‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside). Cyanidin 3‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside was reacted with 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimet hylvaleronitrile) to generate the alkylperoxyl radicals, and the reaction products were isolated by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The products were identified as 4,6‐dihydroxy‐2‐O‐β‐d‐glucosyl‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran and protocatechuic acid. Based on reaction products, the antioxidative mechanism of cyanidin 3‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside may be different from that of α‐tocopherol; cyanidin 3‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside would produce another radical scavenger, as it would break down the structure and scavenge the radicals.
Increased formation of phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate in human platelets stimulated with lysophosphatidic acid
Authors: Mani Indu , Gaudette Douglas C. , Holub Bruce J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol 3‐phosphate), at a concentration of 1–40 µM, was found to induce the formation of [3H]inositol‐labelled phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate (PIP) without significantly altering the levels of either phosphatidylinositol (PI) or phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in washed human platelets. Preincubation of platelets with the cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor, BW755C at 100 µM, did not alter the LPA‐induced formation of PIP. Activation of platelets with the phorbol ester, phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), elicited a similar response (induction of PIP formation). The specific protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, GF109203X (10 µM), completely blocked the effect of PMA but not the LPA‐induced generation of PIP. The present results indicate that LPA can induce PIP formationvia PI‐4‐kinase activation, through processes which are independent of the eicosanoid/TxA2 pathway and are not PKC‐dependent.
The fatty acid composition of human gliomas differs from that found in nonmalignant brain tissue
Authors: Martin Douglas D. , Robbins Michael E. C. , Spector Arthur A. , Wen B.‐Chen , Hussey David H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo compare the fatty acid composition of tumor tissue from glioma patients with that of normal brain tissue, tissue samples were obtained from 13 glioma patients and from 3 nonmalignant patients. Following lipid extraction, total fatty acid composition was measured using gas‐liquid chromatography. Samples were further separated into phospholipids and neutral lipids. Representative samples were then separated into phospholipid classes by thin‐layer chromatography and the fatty acid composition assayed. Levels of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were significantly reduced (P=0.029) in the glioma samples compared with normal brain samples; mean values were 4.8±2.9% and 9.2±1.0%, respectively. This reduction in glioma DHA content was also observed in terms of phospholipids (4.6±2.1% vs. 9.6±0.8%,P=0.002). The phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipid classes were reduced in the glioma samples. Differences were also noted in the n‐6 PUFA content between glioma and normal brain samples. The glioma content of the n‐6 PUFA linoleic acid was significantly greater (P<0.05) than that observed in the control samples in terms of total lipids. Thus, the fatty acid composition of human gliomas differs from that found in nonmalignant brain tissue.
Ultrasound‐assisted oxidative cleavage of acetylenic and ethylenic bonds in unsaturated fatty esters with potassium permanganate
Authors: Lie Ken Jie Marcel S. F. , Kalluri Prabhavathi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of ultrasound on the oxidation of unsaturated fatty esters was investigated. Unsaturated fatty esters containing acetylenic or olefinic bonds or both were oxidatively cleaved with KMnO4 in aqueous acetic acid (AcOH/H2O, 1:1, vol/vol for olefinic fatty esters and AcOH/H2O, 9:1, vol/vol for acetylenic fatty esters) to yield the corresponding carboxylic acid moieties in quantitative yields, when the reactions were conducted under ultrasound (20 kHz, 53 W/cm2, 8–15 min). The methyl ester derivatives of the carboxylic acid moieties formed were identified by gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis. The procedure constitutes a facile method for the determination of the position of the unsaturated center (olefinic or acetylenic) in an unsaturated fatty ester substrate, especially where the unsaturated system consists of an acetylenic bond.
Availability of arachidonic acid in major phospholipids of mucosa and the stomach wall of rats
Authors: Olafsson Sigurdur Oli , Gudbjarnason Sigmundur 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the availability of arachidonic acid in phosphatdidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of mucosa and the stomach wall of adult male Wistar rats fed a standard diet. There were significant differences in the fatty acid composition of PC and PE between various parts of the stomach. The mucosa had the lowest level of arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6) in PC, followed by the corresponding stomach wall or glandular part, whereas the forestomach or the upper part had the highest level of 20:4n‐6. The level of 20:4n‐6 in PE was identical in gastric mucosa and the stomach wall of both the lower and upper parts. The levels of 18:1n‐9 and 18:2n‐6 were significantly higher in both PC and PE of mucosa than in the stomach wall. The levels of 16:0 and 18:0 in PC were lower in mucosa than in either forestomach or the glandular part. In mucosal PE, the levels of 18:0 and 22:6n‐3 were lower than in forestomach and glandular part. The glandular part had significantly higher level of 16:0 and lower level of 20:4n‐6 in PC compared to the forestomach. Conclusions: The arachidonic acid level of PC was significantly different in various parts of the rat stomach, with the lowest level in mucosa, whereas the level of 20:4n‐6 in PE was identical in mucosa and stomach wall. These phospholipids had higher levels of saturated fatty acids in the stomach wall than in gastric mucosa.