bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speaking genes or genes for speaking? Deciphering the genetics of speech and language
Authors: Grigorenko Elena L. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  This article selectively reviews the status of the genetic research in the field of speech and language disorders.Methods:  Major contributions to the field are selected, presented, and discussed.Results:  The field presents itself through a variety of findings, characterized by both consistencies and inconsistencies.Conclusions:  The last 30 + years of the field unequivocally testify to the importance of genetic factors in the acquisition of speech and language. However, the details of how these factors exert their influence are yet to be determined.
The importance of conservancies for enhancing the value of game ranch land for large mammal conservation in southern Africa
Authors: Lindsey P. A. , Romañach S. S. , Davies‐Mostert H. T. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLegislative changes during recent decades resulted in a massive shift away from livestock towards game ranching in southern Africa, resulting in significant increases in the abundance and distribution of many wildlife species. However, there are problems associated with game ranching from a conservation perspective, including persecution of predators, overstocking, introductions of exotic species and genetic manipulation of ‘huntable’ species. We suggest here that most of these problems could be overcome through promoting the formation of conservancies, where adjacent ranches remove internal fencing to form larger collaborative wildlife areas. Larger areas permit the reintroduction of the full range of indigenous mammals, tending to result in a land‐use shift from high‐offtake, low‐value consumptive utilization towards higher value forms of hunting and ecotourism. Under these land‐use conditions, ranchers tend to be more tolerant of predators and often actively reintroduce them. Freedom of movement for wildlife populations increases resilience to environmental shocks. The collaborative management agreements typical of conservancies tend to align more closely with conservation objectives than on single ranches. Fortuitously, there are financial advantages associated with conservancies: land‐use options in conservancies are more profitable and there are economies of scale associated with cooperative management. Land within conservancies is likely to appreciate in value and attract external investment. In addition, conservancies are more conducive to developing partnerships with indigenous communities and investors and may thus increase the political and social sustainability of game ranching. However, ranchers are fiercely independent and may be resistant to removing fences due to the perception that they may relinquish control over their land and wildlife. Strategies are required to overcome such reluctance and promote the formation of conservancies to enhance the conservation value of game ranch land.
Thrombin generation and clot formation in methylene blue–treated plasma and cryoprecipitate
Authors: Cardigan Rebecca , Philpot Katherine , Cookson Philip , Luddington Roger 
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Methylene blue (MB) treatment of plasma is known to reduce the activity of clotting factors, but its effect on thrombin generation and clot formation is not well documented.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Individual clotting factors and inhibitors and global tests of thrombin generation and clot formation using rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM) were assessed in a paired study of standard or MB plasma and cryoprecipitate (n = 20 each).RESULTS: MB treatment resulted in a 10 percent reduction in endogenous thrombin potential and 30 percent decrease in peak thrombin as well as the expected 20 to 35 percent loss of Factor (F)VIII, fibrinogen, and FXI activity. MB treatment had no effect on the rate of clot formation and increased the clot firmness by 20 percent as assessed by ROTEM. There were minimal further changes in either coagulation factor levels or thrombin generation when thawed plasma was stored for an additional 24 hours. FVIII and fibrinogen content of MB cryoprecipitate was reduced by 30 and 40 percent, respectively, but this was not associated with altered clot time or rate of clot formation by ROTEM and only an 8 percent decrease in clot firmness.CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that MB treatment is associated with a reduction in the thrombin‐generating capacity of plasma, but has very little effect on the strength of clot formation as assessed by thrombelastometry. The thrombin‐generating capacity of standard and MB plasma is relatively unaltered by subsequent storage of thawed plasma at 4°C for 24 hours.
Inhibiting the renin–angiotensin system: Why and in which patients
Authors: Berra Kathy , Miller Nancy Houston 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPurpose: To review the clinical benefits of inhibiting the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) through blood pressure (BP)–lowering and BP‐independent mechanisms and to identify the benefits and potential limitations of RAS‐blocking agents in various patient populations.Data sources: PubMed search using the key terms renin‐angiotensin system, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin‐receptor blockers, aliskiren, heart failure, diabetes, and nephropathy. Current published guidelines from the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, American Diabetes Association, and National Kidney Foundation were reviewed.Conclusion: Antihypertensive treatment with an agent that inhibits the RAS effectively lowers BP in a broad range of patients. Whether these agents improve clinical outcomes is the subject of ongoing investigation. Results of recent trials suggest that for patients with or at risk of high‐risk conditions, such as heart failure or diabetes, risk reduction with RAS‐blocking agents may be independent of BP reduction. Inhibition of the RAS may also reduce risk of renal impairment.Implications for practice: RAS‐blocking agents are important in a variety of patient populations at high cardiovascular risk, but while angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors have proven benefits in some cases, angiotensin receptor blockers may be preferred in others. Direct renin inhibitors are currently being evaluated. The nurse practitioner should become familiar with the evidence for use of these agents to reduce risk and improve outcomes in specific populations.
Childhood Cancer among Twins and Higher Order Multiples
Authors: Puumala Susan E. , Carozza Susan E. , Chow Eric J. , Fox Erin E. , Horel Scott , Johnson Kimberly J. , McLaughlin Colleen , Mueller Beth A. , Reynolds Peggy , Von Behren Julie , Spector Logan G. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Although several studies have found no change or a decreased risk of childhood cancer in twins, few have controlled for potential confounders such as birth weight. We examined the association of birth plurality and childhood cancer in pooled data from five U.S. states (California, Minnesota, New York, Texas, and Washington) using linked birth-cancer registry data. The data, excluding children with Down syndrome or who died before 28 days of life, included 17,672 cases diagnosed from 1980 to 2004 at ages 28 days to 14 years and 57,966 controls with all cases and controls born from 1970 to 2004. Analyses were restricted to children weighing ≤4,000 g at birth. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for sex, gestational age, birth weight, birth order, maternal age, maternal race, state of birth, and birth year. Children who were multiples had no difference in risk of cancer overall (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.82-1.07), but a borderline reduced risk of Wilms' tumor (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.39-1.09). For children diagnosed &lt;2 y of age there was a reduced risk of Wilms' tumor (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.09-0.86) and neuroblastoma (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25-0.84) and an increased risk of fibrosarcoma (OR, 5.81; 95% CI, 1.53-22.11). Higher-order multiple birth (triplets or higher) was not associated with childhood cancer. Our analysis suggests that mechanisms other than birth weight and gestational age may influence the lower risk of Wilms' tumor and neuroblastoma in multiple births. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):162–8)
Selenium and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
Authors: Wallace Kristin , Kelsey Karl T. , Schned Alan , Morris J. Steven , Andrew Angeline S. , Karagas Margaret R. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates a potential role of selenium in the prevention of several types of cancer, including bladder cancer. We investigated the association between toenail selenium concentrations and bladder cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in New Hampshire. We analyzed data from 857 incidence cases diagnosed between July 1, 1994 and June 30, 2001 and 1,191 general population controls. Newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer were identified from the New Hampshire State Cancer Registry, which operates a rapid reporting system. Controls were selected from population lists (driver's license and Medicare enrollment). We used logistic regression analyses to generate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), controlling for age, sex, and pack-years of smoking and conducted separate analyses according to the intensity of p53 immunohistochemical staining of the tumor. Overall, toenail selenium concentrations were not significantly related to bladder cancer [OR Q4 versus Q1, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.68-1.19); Ptrend = 0.15]. However, within specific subgroups there were inverse associations, i.e., among moderate smokers [OR, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.39-0.96); Ptrend = 0.004], women [OR, 0.66 (95% CI, 0.40-1.10); Ptrend = 0.11], and those with p53-positive cancers [OR Q4 versus Q1, 0.57 (95% CI, 0.34-0.94); Ptrend = 0.01]. Our results indicate that selenium is not inversely related to risk of bladder cancer overall; however, they raise the possibility that selenium may be preventive in certain molecular phenotypes of tumors (e.g., p53 positive) or within certain subsets of a population (e.g., women or moderate smokers).
Rhodium-catalyzed and Coordination-assisted Regioselective Alkenylation of Aromatic C–H Bonds with Terminal Silylacetylenes
Authors: Katagiri Takashi , Mukai Tomoya , Satoh Tetsuya , Hirano Koji , Miura Masahiro 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A number of aryl-N-heterocycles and aromatic imines efficiently undergo ortho alkenylation via C–H bond cleavage upon treatment with bulky terminal silylacetylenes, typically triisopropylsilylacetylene, in the presence of [RhCl(cod)]2/PAr3 as catalyst.
Direct Preparation of Highly Ordered Multilayer-type Silica Nanocapsules Using Spontaneously Formed Vesicles as Templates
Authors: Ogura Taku , Shibata Hirobumi , Sakai Kenichi , Sakai Hideki , Abe Masahiko 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Highly ordered multilayer silica nanocapsules were prepared using spontaneous vesicles formed by cationic surfactant mixtures as template. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) observation confirmed that the geometry of the silica particles was in good agreement with that of the vesicle template and that the particle wall had lamellar multilayer structure.
Photocurrent Generation by Self-assembled Monolayers of Helical Peptides Carrying Naphthyl Groups and Ferrocene Unit as Hopping Sites
Authors: Okamoto Shinpei , Morita Tomoyuki , Kimura Shunsaku 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Helical peptides carrying naphthyl groups at the side chains and a ferrocene unit at the C terminal were self-assembled on gold, and photocurrent generation upon photoexcitation of the naphthyl groups was studied in an aqueous solution containing an electron donor. The ferrocene unit is found to promote photocurrent generation when it has an appropriate oxidation potential to act as an electron hopping site between the naphthyl group and the aqueous donor.
Novel 19F MRS/I Nanoprobe Based on pH-Responsive PEGylated Nanogel: pH-Dependent 19F Magnetic Resonance Studies
Authors: Oishi Motoi , Sumitani Shogo , Bronich Tatiana K , Kabanov Alexander V , Boska Michael D , Nagasaki Yukio 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The pH-responsive PEGylated nanogels composed of the cross-linked poly[2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]-co-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) gel core showed a remarkable on–off regulation of 19F magnetic resonance signal intensity (T2 values) as well as signal-to-noise ratios in response to extracellular pH 6.5 of tumor environment under 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRS/I), demonstrating the utility of the PEGylated nanogels as solid tumor-specific 19F MRI/S nanoprobes.
Transmission of the Parasite Ichthyophonus hoferi in Cultured Rainbow Trout and Comparison of Epidemic Models
Authors: Yokota Masashi , Watanabe Seiichi , Hatai Kishio , Kurata Osamu , Furihata Mituru , Usui Takahiko 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The epidemic process of the parasite Ichthyophonus hoferi in cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was quantitatively estimated by both the cohabitation experiment and two standard models (the Kermarck–McKendrick model and the Reed–Frost model). For analysis of the parasite transmission by cohabitation, fish in two replicate tanks were exposed to 1, 5, or 10 infected fish, and daily mortality was counted for 102 d. Despite simple experiments for artificial exposure to the pathogen, the daily estimate of dead fish in the Kermarck–McKendrick model did not fit the observed number of dead fish in the experiment. In contrast, when the longest possible incubation period (generation time) was assumed to be 51 d in the Reed–Frost model, the estimated number of dead fish in discrete generations was close to the observed number of dead fish. If the time unit was 51 d, the estimated mortalities in the generation based Kermarck–McKendrick model were significantly correlated with observed mortalities. These results suggest that the deterministic aspects of the epidemic process of the parasite can be quantitatively demonstrated on a 51 d timescale or longer, whereas transmission on a daily timescale is uncertain.
Induction and Evaluation of Proliferative Gill Disease in Channel Catfish Fingerlings
Authors: Wise David J. , Griffin Matt J. , Terhune Jeffrey S. , Pote Linda M. , Khoo Lester H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractProliferative gill disease (PGD) was first reported in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus at commercial farms in 1981 and is caused by the myxozoan parasite Henneguya ictaluri. The disease affects the gills and is characterized by severe branchial inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, lamellar fusion, and lysis of chondrocytes. Presumptive diagnosis is based on the presence of lytic areas in the cartilage of the primary lamellae on microscopic examination and is confirmed histologically by the presence of the organism. In these trials, PGD was induced by exposing channel catfish fingerlings to fresh or aged infectious water collected from a pond containing fish diagnosed with severe PGD. The severity of disease was graded by histological scoring and microscopic examination of wet mounts to determine the percentage of gill filaments containing chondrolytic lesions. Exposure of fish to infectious pond water was shown to produce pathological lesions consistent with PGD, and the percentage of gill filaments containing chondrolytic lesions was positively correlated with histological scoring of gill pathology. The number of trophozoite stages in the gills was shown to increase with the severity of the disease. In most cases, however, parasitic cells were not observed in tissue samples with chondrolytic lesions during the early stages of infection. These observations indicate that pathology and lysis of chondrocytes can occur prior to detection of the organism by histopathology. Exposing fish to infectious pond water that was aged for 1 d produced negligible gill pathology and implies that the infectivity of the H. ictaluri actinospore stage is short lived. Removing fish from the source of infection promoted repair of damaged gill tissue; within 14 d of fish transfer to clean water, gill pathology associated with the acute infection was negligible.
Modeling the Sustainability of Walleye Populations in Northern Wisconsin Lakes
Authors: Schueller Amy M. , Hansen Michael J. , Newman Steven P. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Population sustainability of walleyes Sander vitreus in the face of angling and spearing fisheries has been a concern of fishery managers in northern Wisconsin since off-reservation tribal fishing rights were affirmed by federal court decisions. We evaluated sustainability of walleye populations across a range of densities that were subjected to various exploitation rates and allocations of angling and spearing harvest (the fisheries differ in size selectivity). We developed an age-structured population model for estimating extinction risk and time to extinction for a hypothetical walleye population at a specified exploitation rate, fishery allocation, and initial density. The model was parameterized from data obtained during surveys of walleye populations in northern Wisconsin lakes. Simulations covered a range of annual exploitation rates that included the currently accepted rate of 35% and a range of population densities that are presently included in regression models relating walleye abundance to lake surface area. The risk of extinction began to increase above zero at exploitation rates of 61–65% for an unregulated angling fishery, 85–86% for an angling fishery with a 15-in minimum length limit, and 77–78% for a spearing fishery. The probability of decline began to increase above zero at exploitation rates of 61–65% for an unregulated angling fishery, 84–85% for an angling fishery with a 15-in minimum length limit, and 72–77% for a spearing fishery. As the exploitation rate increased, the average adult density decreased and the time to extinction decreased for all initial population densities. We conclude that the current maximum exploitation rate of 35% may be sustainable for all initial population densities but that a controlled field experiment should be used to verify our modeling results before any changes to angling bag limits or spearing quotas are made.
An Evaluation of Age Estimation Structures for Lake Whitefish in Lake Michigan: Selecting an Aging Method Based on Precision and a Decision Analysis
Authors: Muir Andrew M. , Sutton Trent M. , Peeters Paul J. , Claramunt Randall M. , Kinnunen Ronald E. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Declines in growth and condition of lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in Lakes Huron and Michigan have led to increased mean age in the harvest and greater difficulty in scale age interpretation. We evaluated the precision and efficiency of scale acetate impressions, transverse pectoral fin ray sections, and transverse sagittal otolith sections for three lake whitefish stocks (Bailey's Harbor, Naubinway, and Saugatuck) that were sampled in Lake Michigan during 2004 and 2005. We conducted a decision matrix analysis that incorporated capital, production, and personnel costs and precision of age estimates to determine the best aging method given current management priorities. For the Bailey's Harbor stock, age estimates were systematically lower based on scales (mean = 7.85 years) than based on fin rays (8.44 years) or otoliths (8.78 years); fin ray and otolith estimates did not differ significantly. Similar results were observed for both Naubinway and Saugatuck stocks. For Bailey's Harbor lake whitefish, greater precision in age estimates was achieved by use of fin rays (median coefficient of variation [CV] = 4.88%) than by use of scales (5.44%) or otoliths (5.44%). For the Saugatuck stock, age estimates were more precise when obtained from pectoral fin rays (median CV = 4.96%) than from scales, but precision did not differ between fin ray and sagittal otolith ages. Differences between scale and pectoral fin ray age estimates began at age 5 for the Bailey's Harbor stock and at age 6 for the Naubinway and Saugatuck stocks. Differences between scale and sagittal otolith age estimates began at age 5 for the Bailey's Harbor and Saugatuck stocks and at age 8 for the Naubinway stock. Based on the decision matrix analysis, pectoral fin rays provided more-precise estimates and their use involved lower costs than use of the other methods; therefore, pectoral fin rays were deemed the best method for aging lake whitefish in Lake Michigan under current conditions.
Taxonomic revision of the genus <i>Caesalpinia</i> l. (Caesalpiniaceae) for Bangladesh
Authors: Khatun BM Rezia , Rahman Mohammad Oliur 
Published: January 2009

The genus Caesalpinia L. represented by 12 species has been revised for Bangladesh. Dichotomous bracket key has been given for identification of the species. An updated nomenclature, description of the taxa along with illustrations, specimens examined, ecology, notes on distribution and economic importance have been provided. Chromosome number and ethnobotanical information have also been furnished in most cases. Key words: Caesalpinia, Taxonomic revision, Caesalpiniaceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i2.582 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(2): 93-109, 2006 (December)
Pleurocarpous mosses of Bangladesh : Family Entodontaceae
Authors: Khatun Hamida , Hadiuzzaman Syed 
Published: January 2009

Three species, namely, Erythrodontium julaceum, Pterigynandrum decolor and Entodon flavescens under family Entodontaceae are described with illustrations and a short note on each. Key words: Pleurocarpous mosses, Hypnobryales, Entodontaceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i2.584 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(2): 131-137, 2006 (December)
On the occurrence of <i>Didymosperma nanum</i> H. Wendl. & Drude (Arecaceae) in Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Zashim , Hassan Md Abul 
Published: January 2009

Not available. Key words: Arecaceae, Didymosperma nanum, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i2.587Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(2): 171-172, 2006 (December)
New records of phytoplankton for Bangladesh. 3. Volvocales
Authors: Khondker Moniruzzaman , Bhuiyan Rauf Ahmed , Yeasmin Jenat , Alam Munirul , Sack R. Bradley , Huq Anwar , Colwell Rita R 
Published: January 2009

This study presents 21 species of Chlamydomonas, four species of Carteria, two species of each of Nephroselmis, Pyramidomonas and Scherffelia, and Collodictyon triciliatum, Polytoma minus, Tetrachloridium ? allorgei and Tetraselmis cordiformis. These species have been reported from some ponds of Mathbaria of Pirojpur and Bakerganj of Barisal districts in Bangladesh. Key words: Phytoplankton, New records, Bangladesh, Volvocales, Ponds DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i1.518 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(1): 1-12, 2007 (June)
A taxonomic revision of the genus <i>Cleome</i> L. (Capparaceae) in Bangladesh
Authors: Ara Hosne , Khan Bushra , Mia Md. Mansur-ul-Kadir 
Published: January 2009

The available record of the genus Cleome L. for Bangladesh has been updated in this paper and includes C. diffusa, C. gynandra, C. hassleriana, C. rutidosperma and C. viscosa. The updating has been done in case of nomenclature with important synonyms, local names, description of the taxa along with illustrations, flowering and fruiting times, ecological notes, specimens examined and their geographical distribution. For identification of the species, a dichotomous bracketed key has been added in this paper. Information on chromosome number and economic importance have also been provided where available. Key words: Cleome, Taxonomic revision, Capparaceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i1.520 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(1): 25-36, 2007 (June)