bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activity of ivermectin against natural infections by abomasal nematodes in lambs in controlled tests: Evaluation of equine and bovine injectable formulations administered intraorally
Authors: Lyons Ε. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of 2 injectable formulations of ivermectin, administered intraorally at the dosage of 200 μg/kg of body weight, was evaluated against naturally occurring infections by abomasal nematodes in lambs in 2 controlled tests. One test (A) included 17 lambs treated with the equine formulation and 16 nontreated lambs. For the other test (B), 14 lambs were treated with the bovine formulation, and 12 were nontreated.
In controlled test A, only mature nematodes were recovered, and removals were 98% to 100% for Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta ♂, Ο trifurcata ♂, Ostertagia spp ♀, and Trichostrongylus axei. For controlled test B, removals were 99% to 100% for Haemonchus spp (immature), H contortus (mature), Ostertagia spp (immature), Ο circumcincta ♂ (mature), Ο trifurcata ♂ (mature), Ostertagia spp ♀ (mature), Trichostrongylus spp (immature), and T axei (mature).
Toxicosis was not evident in treated lambs.
Critical test and safety evaluations of an oral paste preparation of mebendazole and trichlorfon in horses
Authors: Seibert Barbara P. , Newcomb Kathleen M. , Michael Bruce F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Critical tests were done on 24 naturally parasitized horses to compare the antiparasitic activity of an oral paste preparation of mebendazole and trichlorfon with that of the marketed powder formulation. Each formulation was administered at the recommended dosages of 8.8 mg of mebendazole and 40 mg of trichlorfon/kg of body weight. Efficacy of the paste formulation ranged from 97.7% to 100% against 2nd- and 3rd-stage Gasterophilus spp, adult Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, Parascaris equorum, small strongyles; and larval and adult forms of Oxyuris equi. Adverse effects were generally limited to slight softening of the feces. Mild and transient restlessness or sweating were also observed in 2 of 12 horses treated with the paste formulation.
The toxic effects of the paste, administered at 2.2 times the therapeutic dose, were examined in 6 horses and compared with the effects of a nonmedicated paste, administered in similar volumes to 6 other horses. Drug-related changes were not detected in clinical chemical analyses, hematologic values, or liver function tests. Transient clinical signs of organophosphate toxicosis (primarily the passage of loose feces) and prolonged inhibition of erythrocyte cholinesterase activity were evident within 1 hour after drug treatment. These effects were similar to those reported for the 2.2 × dose of marketed powder formulation.
Streptokinase treatment of cats with experimentally induced aortic thrombosis
Authors: Killingsworth Cheryl R. , Eyster George E. , Adams Thomas , Bartlett Paul C. , Bell T. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An investigation was initiated to determine the dosage of streptokinase (given iv) that would consistently produce systemic fibrinolysis, as determined by laboratory evaluation, and to determine the relative safety of this drug in the cat. Results indicated that a loading dose of 90,000 IU of streptokinase (given by continuous infusion over 20 to 30 minutes) and a maintenance dosage (iv) of 45,000 IU of streptokinase/hr predictably produced systemic fibrinolysis in the cat. There were no detectable adverse affects seen on physical examination, necropsy, or histopathologic examination.
Using the foregoing dosage regimen, investigation was begun to evaluate the use of streptokinase for treatment of feline thromboembolism. Aortic thrombosis was created experimentally in 15 cats. There was no clearly predictable improvement in nonspecific venous angiograms or thermal circulatory indices for the cats given streptokinase, compared with the values for the control cats. After a total of 180 minutes of treatment, the mean weight of remaining clot removed at necropsy from the aortic trifurcation was 7.3 mg in the streptokinase-treated cats, compared with 13.4 mg in the control cats.
Efficacy of flunixin meglumine for the treatment of endotoxin-induced bovine mastitis
Authors: Anderson K. L. , Smith A. R. , Shanks R. D. , Davis L. E. , Gustafsson B. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The clinical effect of flunixin meglumine administration was determined in cows with acute mastitis induced by intramammary administration of endotoxin. In 12 lactating cows, 10 μg of Escherichia coli 026:B6 endotoxin were administered via a teat cannula into the teat cistern of single randomly selected rear quarters. Cows were challenge exposed as pairs. One cow in each pair was administered parenteral flunixin meglumine (6 cows) and 1 cow per pair was administered saline solution (6 cows). Multiple doses (7) of 1.1 mg of flunixin meglumine/kg of body weight or saline solution were administered at 8-hour intervals beginning 2 hours after endotoxin. Cow and quarter clinical signs as well as milk somatic cell concentrations, bovine serum albumin, electrical conductivity, and milk production were determined before and for 14 days after endotoxin inoculation.
Intramammary endotoxin produced signs characteristic of acute coliform mastitis. Quarter and systemic abnormalities occurred and milk production was reduced by approximately 50% at 12 hours after endotoxin. Flunixin meglumine therapy significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced rectal temperatures and quarter signs of inflammation and improved clinically graded depression when compared with these signs in saline solution-treated controls. Milk production and laboratory indicators of inflammation in milk were not significantly (P > 0.05) different for flunixin meglumine vs saline solution controls. The clinical response observed was consistent with the antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties of flunixin meglumine.
Electrophysiologic characteristics of tibial and sciatic nerves in the hen
Authors: Robertson D. G. , Anderson R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The peripheral nerve of the hen has become an increasingly important animal model in studies of peripheral neuropathy, especially that induced by organophosphorus agent exposure. However, few electrophysiologic studies have been performed, and few data on normal peripheral nerve function exist. The purpose in the present study was to measure the characteristics of the compound action potential of peripheral nerves of the healthy hen. The results showed that conduction velocities of the tibial and the sciatic nerves were 41 m/s and 60 m/s, respectively. The relative refractory period was slightly shorter in the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve exhibited a lower threshold for stimulation and a significantly shorter chronaxie (19 μs) than did the sciatic nerve (25 μs). Variability between animals was relatively small. These data should provide useful reference points on studies in which peripheral neuropathy is induced or suspected.
Toxicologic studies of a conjugate of asparaginase and polyethylene glycol in mice, rats, and dogs
Authors: Viau Anna T. , Abuchowski Abraham , McCoy John R. , Kazo Glenn M. , Davis Frank F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A conjugate of asparaginase and monomethoxypolyethylene glycol was evaluated in acute, subacute, and subchronic toxicologic studies in mice, rats, and dogs. The drug induced low-grade toxicosis. The appearance and behavior of rats and dogs were not affected by the treatment. Only large doses produced inactivity, loss of appetite, and loss of weight. The ld50 could not be established. The drug retarded slightly body weight gains in dogs and female rats and produced mild anemia in 30% of the female rats. Urinalysis and blood chemical determinations in rats and dogs were generally not affected by the treatment. Monomethoxypolyethylene glycol-asparaginase was detectable in the plasma of mice 13 days after iv, intraperitoneal, or im administration, and in dogs for 3 to 4 weeks.
Evaluation of intestinal carbohydrate malabsorption in the dog by pulmonary hydrogen gas excretion
Authors: Washabau Robert J. , Strombeck Donald R. , Buffington Charles A. , Harrold Doris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Breath H2 was measured for the assessment of intestinal carbohydrate absorption in healthy, fasted dogs before and after the ingestion of carbohydrate test meals. The dogs were fed lactulose, xylose, glucose, a hypoallergenic diet, or the hypoallergenic diet supplemented with rice, corn, or wheat flour. Breath samples for H2 analysis were collected by an interval-sampling technique during tidal breathing and were analyzed by thermal conductivity gas chromatography. Pulmonary H2 excretion in fasted dogs never exceeded 1 part per million (molecules of H2 per 106 molecules of air). Breath H2 excretion after the ingestion of 12.5 g of glucose, a completely absorbed monosaccharide, was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from that during fasting; however, ingestion of 12.5 g of xylose, an incompletely absorbed pentose, significantly increased (P < 0.001) breath H2 excretion. After ingestion of 12.5, 25, or 50 g of lactulose, a nonabsorbable disaccharide, pulmonary H2 excretion increased significantly (P < 0.001) over fasting amounts and the increases were different (P < 0.001) from one another. Increases in breath H2 excretion correlated (r = 0.97) with increases in lactulose dose. Breath H2 excretion after the ingestion of the hypoallergenic diet did not significantly (P > 0.05) differ from that after fasting. The addition of rice flour to this diet did not significantly (P > 0.05) increase H2 production. However, the addition of wheat or corn flour to this diet significantly (P < 0.001) increased breath H2 excretion. Seemingly, pulmonary H2 gas excretion reflects carbohydrate malabsorption, there is a quantitative relationship between unabsorbed carbohydrate and pulmonary H2 excretion, and dietary carbohydrate malabsorption can be a normal phenomenon in the healthy dog.
Bulk growth procedures and a button agglutination test for Campylobacter
Authors: Firehammer B. D. , Border Maryon M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bulk-cell yields were obtained from 4 Campylobacter spp incubated aerobically without the use of a special atmosphere. A button agglutination test was developed for quantitation of blood serum antibodies against C fetus subsp venerealis, C fetus subsp fetus, C jejuni, and “C hyointestinalis.” The test was sensitive, and different individuals reading it usually attained the same titers. Cells of C fetus subsp venerealis, C fetus subsp fetus, and “C hyointestinalis” grown aerobically in broth made satisfactory antigens for the button test, but some cell pools of C jejuni had a tendency to autoagglutinate. Cells of C jejuni grown on blood agar had less tendency to autoagglutinate.
Experimentally induced coronavirus infections in calves: Viral replication in the respiratory and intestinal tracts
Authors: Saif Linda J. , Redman Donald R. , Moorhead Philip D. , Theil Kenneth W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eleven 3- to 50-day-old colostrum-deprived gnotobiotic calves and seven 25- to 63-day-old colostrum-deprived conventional calves were allotted into 3 groups. Each group was inoculated with a fecal isolate of bovine coronavirus via different routes: orally/intranasally or/in, No. 1 through 8, group 1 calves; or, No. 9 through 13, group 2 calves; in, No. 14 through 18, group 3 calves. Nasal swab specimens and fecal specimens were collected daily and were examined for coronavirus antigen by use of direct immunofluorescent staining (nasal epithelial cells) or by use of immune electron microscopy (fecal specimens). All but 4 calves (No. 11, 13, 17, and 18) were euthanatized on postinoculation days (pid) 3 to 7. Calves 11 and 17 became severely dehydrated and died at pid 5. Calves 13 and 18 were evaluated for nasal and fecal shedding of coronavirus through pid 14. Distribution of coronavirus antigen in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of the 14 euthanatized calves was evaluated by use of direct immunofluorescent staining.
All calves developed profuse diarrhea by pid 2 to 4; however, calves did not develop clinical signs of respiratory tract disease before euthanasia or death. Inoculated calves shed coronavirus in their feces as detected by use of immune electron microscopy. Infected nasal epithelial cells were detected in all but 2 orally inoculated calves (No. 9 and 10). Route of inoculation influenced the sequence of initial detection of coronavirus antigen from fecal specimens or nasal swab specimens. Shedding of coronavirus in the feces and nasal passages was concurrent for all but 1 calf inoculated or/in, whereas detection of fecal shedding preceded nasal shedding in all but 1 or inoculated calf (No. 12). The converse was true for most in inoculated calves. Nasal and fecal shedding of coronavirus persisted through at least pid 6 in the 1 calf eu-thanatized at pid 7 (No. 8) and in the 2 calves examined through pid 14 (No. 13 and 18).
Of the 14 euthanatized calves examined, all had coronavirus antigen in the intestine, with most infected cells in the ileum and colon. Villous atrophy was evident in the ileum of all but 2 calves (No. 9 and 14). Corona-virus-infected cells were detected in upper respiratory tract tissue, including the nasal turbinates or trachea of all but 2 or inoculated calves (No. 9 and 10). Four of 18 calves (2 or/in inoculated, 1 or inoculated, and 1 in inoculated) had coronavirus antigen in their lung tissue: 2 of these 4 calves (No. 1 and 12) had focal interstitial emphysema in the lung tissue and had higher than normal rectal temperatures. Results of the present study indicated that oral or intranasal inoculation of calves with bovine coronavirus can induce respiratory tract and enteric infections in calves.
Biochemical characteristics of various strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Chiodini Rodrick J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Biochemical activities of 20 wild-type strains and of 2 laboratory strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were evaluated. Biochemical activities evaluated were growth at 30 C, 37 C, and 42 C; production of urease, niacin, pyrazinamidase, arylsulfatase, and catalase; hydrolyzation of Tween 80; reduction of nitrate and tellurite; and growth in 5% NaCl. Antimicrobial susceptibility to thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide (10 μg/ml), neotetrazolium chloride (1:40,000), streptomycin (2 μg/ml), rifampin (0.25 μg/ml), and isoniazid (10 μg/ml) also was determined. Generally, M paratuberculosis was biochemically inactive, with only a few strains producing pyrazinamidase and maintaining catalase activity after heating. All strains grew optimally at 37 C, grew slightly at 30 C, and did not grow at 42 C. Wild-type strains did not grow in the presence of neotetrazolium chloride, streptomycin, and rifampin, and grew in the presence of thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide and isoniazid. Although biochemical evaluation can be used as an aid in the identification of M paratuberculosis, growth rate, and mycobactin dependency remain major criteria for positive identification.
Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify outer membrane antigens of Actinobacillus species
Authors: Healey Mark C. , Gharpure Hemant M. , Kleinschuster Stephen J. , Hwang Hank H. , Johnston Alice V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three monoclonal antibodies (LG17, LG30, and LG33) were used to identify outer membrane antigens of Actinobacillus sp (As8C isolate) cultured from the epididymides of an infected ram lamb. Specificity of the 3 antibodies to As8C antigens was determined by use of bacterial agglutination, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Results of immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that each antibody was specific for epitopes on As8C outer membrane antigens. Evaluation by use of enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot indicated that target antigens for LG17 and LG33 antibodies had molecular weights of 10 kilodaltons and 43 kilodaltons, respectively. Multiple-band staining was observed with the LG33 antibody. The target antigen for the LG30 antibody could not be discerned by use of enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot.
For each of the 3 monoclonal antibodies, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers were obtained for Actinobacillus seminis, A actinomycetemcomitans, and 10 field isolates of Actinobacillus spp. Target antigens for LG17 and LG30 antibodies occurred infrequently or were absent on these bacteria. However, the target antigen for the LG33 antibody was shared by Actinobacillus seminis, A actinomycetemcomitans, and the 10 field isolates of Actinobacillus spp, indicating some diversity of outer membrane antigens between isolates.
Desferoxamine and iron dextran in acute Salmonella cholerae-suis infection in pigs
Authors: Kramer Theodore T. , Saucke Lois , Griffith Ronald W. , Kunesh Jerry P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum iron (si)-related and hematologic changes were evaluated in a herd of weaned pigs inoculated with a strain of Salmonella choleraesuis, causing 83% mortality within 22 days after inoculation was done. Serum iron concentrations decreased to 35% of base-line values 2 days after inoculation was done, but recovered to near base line subsequently. Total si-binding capacity (tibc) decreased gradually for 14 days after inoculation was done. Transferrin (tf) concentrations decreased to near half the base line throughout the postinoculation observation period. The calculated si saturation coefficient decreased to half the base line, but recovered to or above the base-line value subsequently. Combined observations of si, tibc, tf, and si saturation coefficient concentrations indicated that there was higher saturation of host iron-binding proteins and recruitment of additional iron-binding systems subsequent to 2 days after inoculation was done. Day 2 after inoculation seemed to be a critical period for host iron metabolism.
Injection of supplemental iron dextran simultaneously with Salmonella infection resulted in lower mortality of iron-injected pigs (P < 0.005). A highly significant negative correlation was observed between si concentration and rectal temperatures after pigs were inoculated with Salmonella (r = −0.54; P < 0.0001). Hemoglobin concentrations, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were not significantly affected by Salmonella infection or iron injection concurrent with Salmonella infection. Erythrocyte counts and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were decreased after Salmonella infection (P < 0.0001).
The iron-binding compound desferoxamine had no effect on si, tibc, and tf concentrations before or after Salmonella inoculation was done. Desferoxamine had no effect on hematologic and si-related changes in pigs not inoculated with Salmonella and did not influence the effects of iron dextran injection.
Canine parvovirus: Environmental effects on infectivity
Authors: Gordon John C. , Angrick Elisabeth J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of various environments on the infectivity of canine parvovirus-2 (cpv-2) were studied. When cpv-2 was subjected to several controlled indoor environments, the virus remained infective at approximate initial inoculation amount (median tissue culture infective dose [tcid50] = 105.5/ml) for 12 months at temperatures < −20 C, decreased to tcid50 of 102.3/ml by 12 months at 4 C, and had a tcid50 of < 101ml at room temperature (20 C) or higher in < 2 months. The cpv-2 subjected to outdoor environments was not infective beyond 5 months, except that kept in areas protected from sunlight and drying conditions. The virus surviving in the outdoor environments was not infective for study dogs, whereas the virus maintained at < 20 C was.
Blood vitamin and choline concentrations in healthy domestic cats, dogs, and horses
Authors: Baker Herman , Schor Sanford M. , Murphy Brian D. , DeAngelis Barbara , Feingold Susan , Frank Oscar 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood concentrations of thiamin, biotin, nicotinates, pantothenates, folates, riboflavin, vitamins A, B6, B12, C, E, β-carotene and choline were analyzed in healthy animals (23 horses, 25 dogs, and 29 cats). B-Complex vitamins and choline also were analyzed in the liver of the dogs and cats. Vitamin concentrations in the blood and livers of dogs were similar; however, blood vitamin A and β-carotene concentrations were lower in the cat than in the dog. Horses had a higher B12 blood concentration than did the dogs and cats. These data can be useful for detecting overt and hidden vitamin deficits in these species due to various conditions.
Bovine chlamydial abortion: Serodiagnosis by modified complement-fixation and indirect inclusion fluorescence tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Perez-Martinez J. A. , Schmeer N. , Storz J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sequential serum samples from 11 cows experimentally inoculated with different abortigenic strains of Chlamydia psittaci were tested by a modified complement-fixation (MoCF) test, an indirect inclusion fluorescence antibody (iifa) test, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). One of these cows was not pregnant, another gave birth at term to c healthy calf, and all the others prematurely delivered infected dead calves or weak live calves. The results achieved with these tests on sera of 3 of the cows were compared with those from the previously used standard complement-fixation (cf) test. Six of 11 cows had detectable preinoculation titers between 1:8 and 1:16 when tested by the MoCF test, yet preinoculation titers were not detected by cf. In contrast, 9 of 11 and 10 of 11 preinoculation samples had detectable chlamydia-specific antibodies when examined by the iifa test and the elisa, respectively. The preinoculation iifa titers ranged from 1:8 to 1:64, and the elisa optical density values varied from 0.150 to 0.450.
All cows responded with significant increases in antibody levels detected by the MoCF test, the hfa test, and elisa after they were experimentally inoculated and after they aborted or delivered infected calves. Overall, the dynamics of the antibody responses were found to be similar with the 3 different serologic techniques. When cows aborted later than 36 days after they were inoculated, the antibody response was biphasic, whereby the more pronounced responses occurred after the abortion occurred. The nonpregnant cow and the cow that delivered a healthy calf at term had only one phase of increasing and decreasing titers directly after they were inoculated. The correlation between the iifa test and the elisa was highly significant (r = 0.65, P < 0.001).
The detection level of the standard cf test was improved by the addition of bovine complement. However, the iifa test and the elisa detected a larger number of seropositive cows than did the MoCF test and were easy to perform and to interpret. The elisa was the most objective, and simultaneous testing of large numbers of sera was possible by evaluating single-serum dilutions of 1:100 under strictly quantitative conditions.