bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religiös und doch modern: Die Frage der Kompatibilität von Religion und Moderne in den Schriften von Mustafā Malikyān
Authors: Poya Abbas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDer Beitrag stellt Denkansätze des iranischen Wissenschaftlers Malikyān (1956-) vor. Sein Forschungsschwerpunkt ist die Frage der Vereinbarkeit der "Rationalität" mit der "Spiritualität", zu der er bisher zahlreiche Schriften verfasst hat. Unter dem Begriff "Ratio" versteht er nicht den in der islamischen Denktradition angewandten Terminus 'aql. Nach Ansicht von Malikyān stellt 'aql ein textbezogenes Instrument zur Ermittlung und Verifizierung religiöser Lehren dar und ist zur Lösung moderner menschlicher Probleme nicht tauglich. Anstatt von Religion spricht er auch bewusst von Spiritualität. Jede Religion, so Malikyān, beansprucht für sich alleine, die Menschen glücklich und selig zu machen. Damit kann das religiöse Verständnis den modernen Anforderungen u. a. der Toleranz nicht gerecht werden. Spiritualität dagegen sei der gemeinsame Nenner aller Religionen. Bei seiner Argumentation sieht er das Problem der Diskrepanz zwischen moderner Lebensphilosophie und religiöser Überzeugung als ein globales Problem, von dem auch der muslimische Mensch als ein modern lebender Mensch betroffen ist. Dementsprechend ist Malikyān in seinen Ausführungen um eine Argumentationssprache bemüht, die nicht eine exklusiv islamische Färbung trägt, und die sich damit für einen überregionalen und interkulturellen Austausch eignet.
Egoistic Martyrdom and Hamās' Success in the 2005 Municipal Elections: A Study of Hamās Martyrs' Ethical Wills, Biographies, and Eulogies
Authors: Alshech Eli 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHistorical and sociological studies have shown that most monotheistic societies understood martyrdom as an act intended, first and foremost, to promote a goal in this world. They viewed any eschatological reward that resulted from martyrdom as a secondary and collateral benefit. In contrast, popular texts, such as ethical wills and biographies of Hamās martyrs, composed and distributed by the Hamās in Gaza since the breakout of the second Palestinian Intifada present a concept of martyrdom that divorces martyrdom from any goal in this world. Instead these texts promote martyrdom as a way for martyrs to extricate themselves from what the texts depict as an inherently futile life in this world and to deliver themselves into the only meaningful life possible, that of the world to come. This article argues that Hamās chose to promote this particular conception of martyrdom as a means of securing its own political and social foothold among Palestinians. It shows that Hamās views the promotion of this form of martyrdom as a highly effective means of achieving its goal of "re-Islamizing" society. By reducing the value of life in the here-and-now, the Hamās ideology makes it easier for many to undertake acts of martyrdom. In turn, the willing-ness of so many people to die for Hamās ideology is a recurring public validation of this ideology because if so many people are willing to die in its service, the thought goes, it must be true. This self-validating cycle draws Palestinians into Hamās ideology and strengthens Hamās' foothold in Palestinian society. Thus, the more martyrs commit acts of martyrdom, the more Hamās' convictional community grows within the Palestinian society.
Written On Our Hearts: Tswana Christians and the 'Word of God' in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Authors: Volz Stephen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe adoption of Christianity by Tswana people in southern Africa during the nineteenth century generally involved being inspired in some way by stories and ideas presented in the Bible, but the role of Christian scripture varied according to local and personal circumstances. Although European missionaries introduced Christianity to the Tswana, they had little control over the different ways that early Tswana converts perceived, adapted and proclaimed the new teaching. This was particularly true among western and northern Tswana in the mid-nineteenth century before the extension of colonial rule into the interior, as many Tswana communities remained largely intact and were able to accommodate Christianity on their own terms. Rather than being simply a European-made tool, the 'lefoko la Modimo' (word of God) was also an expression of Tswana beliefs and aspirations, composed not on passive objects of missionary evangelism, colonial rule or scholarly inquiry 'but on tablets of human hearts'.
Mbiya Kuzwayo's Christianity: Revival, Reformation and the Surprising Viability of Mainline Churches in South Africa
Authors: Houle Robert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMuch of the credit for the vitality of Christianity in southern Africa has gone to the African Initiated Churches that date their birth to earlier 'Ethiopian' and 'Zionist' movements. Yet far from being compromised, as they are often portrayed, those African Christians remaining in the mission churches often played a critical role in the naturalization of the faith. In the churches of the American Zulu Mission, the largest mission body in colonial Natal, one of the most important moments in this process occurred at the end of the nineteenth century when participants in a revival, led in part by a young Zulu Christian named Mbiya Kuzwayo, employed the theology of Holiness to dramatically alter the nature of their lived Christianity and bring about an internal revolution that gave them effective control of their churches.
African Clergy, Bishop Lucas and the Christianizing of Local Initiation Rites: Revisiting 'The Masasi Case'
Authors: Stoner-Eby Anne Marie 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOne of the most famous instances of missionary 'adaptation' was the Christianizing of initiation rites in the Anglican Diocese of Masasi in what is now southeastern Tanzania. This was long assumed to be the work of Bishop Vincent Lucas, who from the 1920s became widely known in mission, colonial and anthropological circles for his advocacy of missions that sought 'not to destroy, but to fulfill' African culture. Terence Ranger in his groundbreaking 1972 article on Lucas and Masasi was the first to point out the crucial role of the African clergy. In reexamining the creation of Christian initiation in Masasi, this article reveals that Lucas's promotion of Christianized initiation was actually based on the vision and efforts of the African clergy, an indication that mission Christianity in the colonial period cannot be assumed to reflect European initiative and African compliance.
Simulachrum, species, forma, imago: What Was Transported by Light into the Camera Obscura?: Divergent Conceptions of Realism Revealed by Lexical Ambiguities at the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Pantin Isabelle 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAt the end of the Renaissance, the complete understanding of the experiment of the camera obscura required dealing with the physical problem of the relationship between light and images. According to Kepler, this experiment demonstrated that the geometry and the physics of light were one and the same thing and that there was no need for the luminous rays to transport any form or species. The Jesuits Franciscus Aguilonius and Christoph Scheiner were conscious of the superiority of Kepler's analysis of the camera obscura, but remained attached to the old theory of species. Scheiner's attitude was particularly significant. Although he had almost entirely assimilated the new Keplerian method of demonstration, he retained the traditional conception of realism. He still believed that the mediation of species was indispensable for making certain that what was seen was a real object.
Images: Real and Virtual, Projected and Perceived, from Kepler to Dechales
Authors: Shapiro Alan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn developing a new theory of vision in Ad Vitellionem paralipomena (1604) Kepler introduced a new optical concept, pictura, which is an image projected on to a screen by a camera obscura. He distinguished this pictura from an imago, the traditional image of medieval optics that existed only in the imagination. By the 1670s a new theory of optical imagery had been developed, and Kepler's pictura and imago became real and virtual images, two aspects of a unified concept of image. The new concept of image developed out of a synthesis of Kepler's determination of the geometrical location of a pictura as the limit, or focus, of refracted pencils of rays and the triangulation used by a single eye to determine the perceived location of an imago. The distinction between real and imaginary images was largely developed by Gilles Personne de Roberval and the Jesuits Francesco Eschinardi and Claude François Milliet Dechales.
Increased IL-10 mRNA and IL-23 mRNA expression in multiple sclerosis: interferon-β treatment increases IL-10 mRNA expression while reducing IL-23 mRNA expression
Authors: Krakauer M , Sorensen P , Khademi M , Olsson T , Sellebjerg F 
Published: April 2008

Background Interferon (IFN)-β therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been suggested to promote a deviation from T lymphocyte production of pathogenic Th1 cytokines to less detrimental Th2 cytokines, but this is still controversial. We studied patterns of in vivo blood mononuclear cell (MNC) and whole blood cytokine and transcription factor mRNA expression before and during IFN-β therapy in MS. Methods Twenty patients with relapsing–remitting MS were sampled before and after 3 months of treatment with IFN-β along with 15 healthy volunteers. An additional 39 patients and 50 healthy volunteers served to confirm initial findings. mRNA was analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results We found elevated expression of interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-10 in untreated MS patients. IFN-β therapy increased IL-10 and decreased IL-23 expression independently of any Th1 or Th2 cytokines. The largest changes in cytokine mRNA levels occurred early (~9–12 h) after an IFN-β injection. Conclusion We found no evidence of a Th1- or Th2-mRNA-promoting effect of IFN-β therapy. The therapeutic effect of IFN-β is more likely attributable to the induction of the regulatory cytokine IL-10. The elevated IL-23 mRNA levels in MS patients are noteworthy in view of the newly discovered IL-23-driven Th17 T-cell subset, which is crucial in animal models of MS. Since IFN-β therapy resulted in decreased IL-23 mRNA levels, the Th17 axis could be another target of IFN-β therapy.
Axonal loss in the retinal nerve fiber layer in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Pueyo V , Martin J , Fernandez J , Almarcegui C , Ara J , Egea C , Pablo L , Honrubia F 
Published: April 2008

Objective To quantify axonal loss in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), with and without a history of optic neuritis, by means of ocular imaging technologies. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 50 patients with MS and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All patients underwent neurologic assessment and a complete ophthalmic examination that included visual acuity, visual field examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), scanning laser polarimetry (GDx) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Visual parameters and RNFL measurements were evaluated in MS eyes with a prior optic neuritis episode (MS-ON), with no prior episode (MS-NON) and control subjects. Results There were significant differences ( p < 0.05, analysis of variance) between MS-ON ( n = 25 eyes) and healthy eyes ( n = 25 eyes) for all RNFL parameters measured by OCT and GDx. Significant differences between MS-NON ( n = 75 eyes) and healthy eyes were also found for most of these parameters. RNFL thickness in the temporal quadrant was the parameter with the greatest differences between groups (71.79 μm in healthy eyes, 60.29 μm in MS-NON and 53.92 μm in MS-ON, p < 0.0005). Although there was a highly significant but moderate correlation between RNFL thickness and duration of the disease, no correlation was observed between RNFL thickness and neurologic impairment (Expanded Disability Status Scale). Conclusions Axonal loss was detected not only in MS eyes with a previous acute optic neuritis, but also in MS eyes with no known optic neuritis episode. Structural abnormalities correlate with functional assessments of the optic nerve.
Clinical features of patients with multiple sclerosis from a survey in	Shanghai, China
Authors: Cheng Q , Miao L , Zhang J , Guan YT , Liu ZG , Wang X , Sun XJ , Zhao ZX , Song YJ , Ding XY , Guo ZL , Cheng XJ , Chen SD , Jiang GX , Fredrikson S 
Published: April 2008

Objective To describe clinical features of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Shanghai, China. Methods Prevalent patients with MS were identified and investigated by a network of physicians in 11 districts of Shanghai during the period from 1 September 2004 to 31 August 2005. Admission registries of each hospital in the study area were checked systematically for patients with a diagnosis of MS, neuromyelitis optica or other demyelinating disorders. All patients with collected information were evaluated by four senior neurologists according to the McDonald criteria. Results There were 249 (146 female and 103 male) patients with a confirmed MS diagnosis, at a female-to-male ratio of 1.4. The mean age at onset of MS was 37.4 years for the 249 patients with MS and, on the prevalence day, 42.7 years. The most frequent location of clinical MS lesions in the central nervous system was the spinal cord (61%), followed by the cerebrum (55%) and optic nerves (41%). Nearly all (96%) of the patients with MS had been examined by magnetic resonance imaging, and 226 (94%) patients of those examined were suggestive of MS. No family history of MS was found in any of the patients. Most (86%) of the patients had no or mild disability on the prevalence day (31 December 2004). Almost all (96%) patients with MS had been treated with corticosteroids. Conclusion Clinical features of patients with MS are described based on the information from the largest case series reported among Chinese. Comparisons and discussions are made with findings from the other populations.
The 24th September 2007 ash eruption of the carbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania: mineralogy of the ash and implications for formation of a new hybrid magma type
Authors: Mitchell R. H. , Dawson J. B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe September 2007 ash eruption at Oldoinyo Lengai terminated a period of >30 y of relatively quiet extrusion of natrocarbonatite lavas. Ash erupted on the 24th September comprised nuclei of ijolitic phases, surrounded by finer peralkaline, silica-undersaturated material. The mantling material, as well as that forming nucleus-free particles, is dominated by nepheline, Ti-andradite, Na-melilite, combeite and a Na-Ca-phosphate-carbonate with minor amounts of K-Fe-sulphide and Mn-magnetite in a sparse matrix of alkali carbonate. The absence of clinopyroxene precludes this material from being termed either nephelinite or melilitite. We propose that the material represented by the mantles is an extremely undersaturated, peralkaline hybrid magma resulting from interaction between natrocarbonatite and nephelinite.
Mineralogical and cathodoluminescence characteristics of Ca-rich kutnohorite from the Úrkút Mn-carbonate mineralization, Hungary
Authors: Polgári M. , Bajnóczi B. , Kovács Kis V. , Götze J. , Dobosi G. , Tóth M. , Vigh T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractKutnohorite with moderate and bright orange-red cathodoluminescence (CL) was studied by CL microscopy and spectroscopy. This mineral was found in fossiliferous concretions composed mainly of rhodochrosite from the Mn-carbonate mineralization at Úrkút, Hungary. The CL microscopy reveals that kutnohorite occurs as impregnations, layers and veinlets. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and electron microprobe studies indicate that the luminescent kutnohorite has excess Ca (72.9–80.0 mol.% CaCO3, 16.3–20.5 mol.% MnCO3, 3.3–5.6 mol.% MgCO3 and 0.0–0.5 mol.% FeCO3). Transmission electron microscopy shows that the luminescent carbonate has a dolomite-type structure, with modulated and mosaic microstructures. The CL spectra of this Ca-rich kutnohorite have a single emission band at 630 nm that is characteristic of Mn2+substitution in the structure. Our results provide evidence for moderate-to-bright cathodoluminescence of Mn-rich natural carbonates even at 8–10 wt.% Mn and up to 2400 ppm Fe. The self-quenching of Mn appears incomplete in the case of Ca-rich kutnohorite from Úrkút.
Infrared spectroscopic study of modern and ancient ivory from sites at Jinsha and Sanxingdui, China
Authors: Wang L. , Fan H. , Liu J. , Dan H. , Ye Q. , Deng M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAncient ivory, from the Chengdu Jinsha and Guanghan Sanxingdui sites in China, has been buried for several thousand years. In order to determine the degradation mechanisms and to provide a scientific basis for protecting them, these ancient ivory samples have been compared with modern ivory using infrared spectroscopy in the frequency range 400–4000 cm–1. By combining chemical analysis data we compare the crystallinity and crystal chemistry of the apatite component, as well as the structural characteristics of the ivory. These investigations showed that the ancient ivory consists almost entirely of hydroxyl-carbonate apatite as the predominant phase. Compared with the modern ivory, the PO43– and CO32– bands are stronger, the PO4RF values are obviously greater, and an extra OH– band at 3569 cm–1 is observed in the ancient ivory. These results indicate that there is a greater degree of apatite crystallinity in the ancient ivory and also imply that there has been incorporation and recrystallization of CO32– in the apatite during burial. Positive correlations have been found between the apatite crystallinity, CO32– and OH– ion contents, and burial time. The organic matter in ancient ivory has been lost or decomposed as the organic bands (e.g. at 1238 cm–1 and 1337 cm–1) have disappeared. This may be the main reason that ancient ivory is easily dewatered and readily friable after being unearthed.
Phlogopite from the Ventaruolo subsynthem volcanics (Mt Vulture, Italy): a multi-method study
Authors: Schingaro E. , Scordari F. , Matarrese S. , Mesto E. , Stoppa F. , Rosatelli G. , Pedrazzi G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVolcanic activity at Mt Vulture lasted throughout the Middle Pleistocene and produced SiO2- undersaturated volcanics. Deposits from the Monte Vulture stratovolcano have been classified into four subsynthems and clustered into the Barile Synthem. In the present investigation, trioctahedral micas from the uppermost units (the Ventaruolo Subsynthem) of the Barile Synthem are considered. The samples are labelled VUT187. The phlogopitic micas were separated from the host rock (an olivinefoidite) and underwent chemical (electron microprobe analysis - EMPA and C-H-N), structural (singlecrystal X-ray diffraction) and spectroscopic (Mössbauer) investigations.The EMPA yielded: MgO (17.62–21.89 wt.%), FeOtot (5.98–9.78 wt.%), TiO2 (1.81–3.92 wt.%) and Al2O3 (14.47–17.98 wt.%), with H2O contents = 2.86 (±0.42) wt.% determined by C-H-N analyses. Mössbauer investigation provided [VI]Fe2+ = 12.6%, [VI]Fe3+ = 87.4%. The chemical and structural data are consistent with the occurrence of Ti-oxy, [VI]M2+ + 2(OH)– ⇋ [VI]Ti4+ + 2O2– + H2, and M3+-oxy substitutions, [VI]M2+ + (OH)– ⇋ [VI]M3+ + O2– + 1/2H2, with M3+ = Fe3+, Al3+. In particular, Fe3+-oxy substitution has affected the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratioin the studied sample. This is probably due to the fact that interaction with underground water or a hydrothermal system may have altered the oxygen fugacity and raised the Fe3+ content of VUT187 phlogopite with respect to magmatic values.
Coordination of Sr and Mg in calcite and aragonite
Authors: Finch A. A. , Allison N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStrontium and Mg in calcite and aragonite are widely used as proxies of temperature in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. We use X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) to examine Sr and Mg substitution in calcite and aragonite. We have measured the K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of Mg and Sr-bearing calcite and aragonite, plus the carbonates: strontianite, hydromagnesite, magnesite, dolomite and a suite of calcites with differing amounts of Mg. The Sr substitutes ideally for Ca in aragonite but causes a small (2%) dilation of the site. Strontium substitutes for octahedral Ca in calcite but with a 6.5% dilation and distortion. Magnesium in the calcites studied provides a variable XANES indicating that the Mg structural state in calcite is variable. Refinement of EXAFS gives Mg–O bond distances of ∼2.12 Å, which are much smaller than the Ca–O bond distance of 2.35 Å but consistent with published amounts of relaxation of the calcite structure. The XANES and EXAFS are consistent with a model whereby some calcites contain nanodomains, e.g. of dolomite and/or huntite structures. The variability in the XANES can be explained by domains of different types and/or sizes. Substitution of Mg into aragonite has 9-fold coordination but relatively short bond distances (2.08 Å) demonstrating either: (1) substantial distortion of the site; or (2) that Mg is accommodated in nanodomains of an unknown phase. Variability in the Mg structural state in calcite may be linked to the variety of temperature dependences observed, e.g. in foraminiferal calcite
The crystal structures, solid solutions and infrared spectra of copiapite-group minerals
Authors: Majzlan J. , Michallik R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCopiapite is a mineral of iron- and sulphate-rich acidic environments and has a general formula AFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2(H2O)20, where A = Fe2+, 2/3Fe3+, 2/3Al3+, Mg, Zn. The structure is built by infinite tetrahedral-octahedral chains and isolated octahedrally coordinated A sites. Our synthetic and natural copiapite samples can be divided into two large groups based on the orientation of the structural fragments. One group comprises copiapite phases where A = Al3+, Fe2+or Fe3+and we designate it as the structural type AL. The other group consists of copiapite with A = Mg2+, Zn2+or Ni2+and this is the structural type MG. The solid-solution series between Fe3+and Al3+copiapite is continuous. The series between Mg2+-Al3+, Mg2+-Fe3+and Mg2+-Al3+-Fe3+copiapite are not continuous; the samples with intermediate compositions contain two copiapite phases, one of the type AL and one of the type MG. The series between Mg2+and Zn2+copiapite is continuous only at 25°C. At 75°C, the Zn-rich portion of this systemcrystallizes a copiapite-like phase whose structure may be a superstructure of copiapite. The series between Al-Fe2+and Mg-Fe2+copiapite are not continuous and show complex behaviour of the intermediate compositions.