bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-aged children in urban, rural and mountain areas of the Veneto Region, Italy
Authors: Bertoncello Chiara , Cazzaro Romina , Ferraresso Anna , Mazzer Roberto , Moretti Giorgio 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo define the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-aged children resident in mountain areas, rural areas and urban areas.Design, setting and subjectsThe sample (n= 12 832; 50.7% boys) included 9- and 11-year-old children of the Veneto Region of north-east Italy. Overweight and obesity status were determined using the International Obesity Task Force cut-off points for body mass index. The prevalence of overweight and obese subjects was calculated with a confidence interval of 95%. The Mantel–Haenszel method was used to compare the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity among children resident in mountain areas, rural areas and urban areas.ResultsAmong boys the prevalence of overweight was 21.06%, while obesity prevalence was 5.92%; among girls overweight prevalence was 21.30%, while obesity prevalence was 5.15%. The prevalence was higher among 11-year-old boys (odds ratio (OR) = 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06–1.33) and 9-year-old girls (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01–1.26). Children resident in rural areas presented a higher risk of overweight and obesity compared with children resident in mountain areas (Mantel–Haenszel OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.13–1.42;χ2= 17.55;P< 0.0001) and in urban areas (Mantel–Haenszel OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07–1.31;χ2= 10.39;P< 0.001).ConclusionsA relevant prevalence of overweight and obesity was found; the excess weight concerns one child in four. There are differences linked to different geographical areas that must be further investigated.
LOVE AND MUSIC IN AUGUSTAN LONDON; OR, THE ‘ENTHUSIASMS’ OF RICHARD ROACH
Authors: DIXON TOM 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTThis article explores and contextualizes the thought of the religious author Richard Roach (1662–1730) from a musical perspective. Roach, a member of the Behmenist, millenarian Philadelphian Society in London at the turn of the eighteenth century, published little that relates directly to the subject of music, and has thus gone virtually unrecognized in this context. Nevertheless, in his more substantial religious oeuvre music emerges as a crucial component of his thought. In addition, his manuscript diaries and papers reveal their author’s interaction with some of Augustan London’s leading musical figures, and his participation in a previously unknown weekly musical meeting.After reviewing the overall circumstances of Roach’s life and cultural milieu, the article outlines what can at present be established about his musical activities. As I demonstrate, evidence from the diaries clarifies the provenance of an early hymn collection, while other extant sources reveal an unsuspected connection between religious ‘enthusiasm’ and the reception in London of Italian opera. The integral place of music in Roach’s worldview is then related to aspects of his thought ranging from ‘spiritual gender’, eschatology and the Divine Magia to science and politics. Beyond this timely focus on a neglected individual, however, I draw attention to the continuing tendency to overlook contexts such as this one, in which music is a potentially important but not an obviously paramount ingredient. I suggest that conventional conceptions of an emerging ‘public sphere’ – secular, enlightened, rational – need to be modified to take account of supposedly marginalized, ‘enthusiastic’ religious groups such as the Philadelphians. Finally, the absorption of developing musical genres into the background of an age-old model of universal harmony is taken as an instance of the powerful historical interplay between change and continuity.
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POLITICS AND PATRONAGE: MUSIC AND THE REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION OF NAPLES
Authors: DELDONNA ANTHONY R. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTIn December 1798 the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with Naples as its capital, capitulated to the Republican armed forces of France under the direction of General Championnet. The establishment of the First Republic of Naples, the so-called Parthenopean Republic, was brief, lasting only until June 1799. Although fleeting, the Republic nevertheless exercised a profound effect on virtually every facet of contemporaneous society, especially music and theatre. In this essay I examine musical life during the first Republic of Naples (1798–1799), based upon surviving primary sources.These sources include legal and civic documents, personal diaries and correspondence, employment rosters, newspapers (giornali), opera librettos and musical compositions. They illustrate the effects of the revolution on contemporary artistic practices, specifically with regard to those political and social uses of the operatic stage by the new regime that had consequences for repertory choice, production practices, theatrical management and the artists themselves. The bringing-together of these sources provides not only a detailed chronicle of contemporaneous events, but also significantly furthers present-day understanding of artistic practices during the Republic as well as providing a context for the policies enacted with the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy.
SCHUBERT AS SCHILLER’S SENTIMENTAL POET
Authors: MAK SU YIN 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTSchubert’s lifelong interest in literature, his close friendships with poets and his preference for lyric poetry in his prolific song settings suggest that his compositional language may be shaped as much by a literary imagination as by musical concerns. This article argues for a close correspondence between Schubert’s late instrumental style and Friedrich Schiller’s conception of the elegiac. In ‘On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry’ Schiller describes the sentimental poet as having to contend with two conflicting objects, the ideal and actuality, and to represent their opposition either satirically or elegiacally: whereas satire rails against the imperfections of present reality, elegy expresses longing for an ideal that is lost and unattainable. Paradoxically, however, the poet’s longing must take place in a flawed present; the elegiac thus projects not only a disjunction between divided worlds, but also a cyclic temporality in which memory and desire, past and future, are both entwined with the immediacy of present experience. In both Schiller and Schubert, this paradoxical temporal sensibility is often represented by patterns of returning, repetition and circularity. A close reading of Schubert’s Moment musical in A flat major, d780/2, illustrates how Schiller’s conception of the elegiac might be put into analytical practice.
Denaturing Gel Electrophoresis of DNA in Alkaline Agarose Gels
Authors: Southern Edwin M 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
One of the simplest ways to separate DNA under denaturing conditions is to use an alkaline agarose gel. This method is not, however, suitable for RNA because it is rapidly hydrolysed in alkaline conditions. Similarly, DNA containing ribonucleotides will be nicked.
Portage in the UK: recent developments
Authors: Russell F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBackground  Portage provides home‐based, early intervention and support to families who have a young child with additional needs. Working in the context of the Every Child Matters agenda, the National Portage Association (NPA) aims to develop inclusive, high‐quality provision. This paper reviews their recent work, presents a summary of the findings of a national survey of Portage and discusses their implications.Methods  All Portage services known to the NPA and local authorities in England were asked to complete a questionnaire and forward another to families using early years' services to evaluate the support they receive.Results  The survey identified the extent and gaps in Portage provision and the level of unmet need. Families who contributed said they valued Portage because it helped their child and provided support for the whole family.Discussion of findings  The survey identified 31 local authorities in England, where Portage is not available. Geographical gaps were most notable in the North East and West Midlands regions. Despite a small increase in the extent of Portage provision, it is estimated that services only meet the needs of a small proportion of families that are eligible. Current work may help overcome geographical gaps through supporting the development of high‐quality Portage services but, in endeavouring to meet the needs of families waiting for Portage, it is important not to diminish the quality of support already provided. Portage aims to provide flexible support for families to respond to their individual needs. Evaluating its effectiveness is problematic because of its complex nature but this survey provided an opportunity for families to share their views at a national level.Conclusions  Continued development work can help Portage provision become more accessible and one of the options routinely available to families who have a young child with additional needs.
Early support developmental journal for children with visual impairment: the case for a new developmental framework for early intervention
Authors: Dale N. , Salt A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBackground  Congenital visual impairment has serious consequences for early development, particularly in those with the most profound impairment. Although there is individual variation, developmental delays and risks, including ‘developmental setback’, are widespread. There is no scientifically robust developmental framework grounded in contemporary theory and scientific knowledge to guide early intervention which may prevent or minimize the risk factors and developmental difficulties. The UK governmental initiative, Early Support, gave the impetus for developing a new developmental framework for babies and young children with visual impairment.Methods  This paper reports on the scientific literature that underpins the new framework and the limitations of existing intervention materials. The case for focusing on particular vulnerable areas and developing a new developmental framework, the Early Support Developmental Journal for babies and children with severe visual impairment, is presented.Conclusions  The future direction for service delivery and evaluation is briefly described.
Fire effects on insect herbivores in an oak savanna: the role of light and nutrients
Authors: KAY ADAM D. , SCHADE JOHN D. , OGDAHL MEGAN , WESSERLE ELEONORE O. , HOBBIE SARAH E. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract 1. Environmental heterogeneity created by prescribed burning provided the context for testing whether the distribution of an oak specialist (the lace bug, Corythuca arcuata) could be explained by stoichiometric mismatches between herbivore and host plant composition.2. Field observations showed that lace bug density was seven‐fold higher in frequently burned than in unburned units.3. Lace bug density did not increase with leaf nutrient concentrations, but was instead associated with higher light levels, higher concentrations of leaf carbon (C), lignin and total phenolics, and lower levels of cellulose. In addition, lace bugs reared on high‐light leaves had higher levels of survivorship than those fed on low‐light leaves.4. Sampling restricted to full‐sun leaves was used to test whether fire‐related changes in leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations have a secondary influence on lace bug success. This sampling provided only limited evidence for nutrient limitation, as decreases in leaf N and P were associated with an increase in lace bug mass but a decrease in density.5. It is concluded that burning probably promotes lace bug population growth by increasing canopy openness, light penetration, and the availability of C‐based metabolites, and thus simple stoichoimetric mismatches between herbivores and host plants are not of primary importance in this system.
Occurrence patterns of aspen‐feeding wood‐borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) along the wood decay gradient: active selection for specific host types or neutral mechanisms?
Authors: SAINT‐GERMAIN MICHEL , DRAPEAU PIERRE , BUDDLE CHRISTOPHER M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract 1. Determinants of host‐use patterns in plant‐feeding insects have been extensively studied, usually within the framework of optimality theory. Comparatively, factors driving host selection in saprophagous insects have received little attention.2. In this study, mechanisms creating occurrence peaks of saprophagous wood‐borers (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera) in standing dead aspen in the middle and late stages of decay were investigated by correlating insect occurrence with variations in substrate‐related nutritional and physical parameters. Twenty‐four snags at four decay stages were dissected from a mature stand in western Quebec, Canada. Wood samples were taken to measure levels of nitrogen, non‐structural carbohydrates, phenols, wood density, water content and snag age.3. Several nutritional and physical parameters varied significantly along the decay gradient and were correlated with insect occurrence, but all significant parameters were also strongly correlated with snag age and wood density. Model selection using Akaike’s second order information criteria was used to rank the different models; the model including snag age only performed best, with a wi of 0.873.4. This importance of snag age gives support to a proposed hypothesis of host selection in which temporal autocorrelation in probability of insect occurrence explains peaks observed in the middle and late stages of decay. However, further studies will be needed to confirm the prevalence of such neutral mechanisms over active selection in the determination of host‐use patterns in decaying aspen.
Distribution modelling and statistical phylogeography: an integrative framework for generating and testing alternative biogeographical hypotheses
Authors: Richards Corinne L. , Carstens Bryan C. , Lacey Knowles L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractStatistical phylogeographic studies contribute to our understanding of the factors that influence population divergence and speciation, and that ultimately generate biogeographical patterns. The use of coalescent modelling for analyses of genetic data provides a framework for statistically testing alternative hypotheses about the timing and pattern of divergence. However, the extent to which such approaches contribute to our understanding of biogeography depends on how well the alternative hypotheses chosen capture relevant aspects of species histories. New modelling techniques, which explicitly incorporate spatio‐geographic data external to the gene trees themselves, provide a means for generating realistic phylogeographic hypotheses, even for taxa without a detailed fossil record. Here we illustrate how two such techniques – species distribution modelling and its historical extension, palaeodistribution modelling – in conjunction with coalescent simulations can be used to generate and test alternative hypotheses. In doing so, we highlight a few key studies that have creatively integrated both historical geographic and genetic data and argue for the wider incorporation of such explicit integrations in biogeographical studies.
Phenoloxidase activity and pathogen resistance in yellow dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria
Authors: SCHWARZENBACH G. A. , WARD P. I. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPhenoloxidase (PO) is an important component of the insect immune system and is frequently used to measure an individual's immune defence ability. However, evidence documenting positive correlations between the immune assay and resistance against pathogens is scarce and contradictory. We used replicate lines of yellow dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria (L.) with different PO levels to investigate whether PO levels affect resistance against parasitic mites and entomopathogenic fungi. Prevalence of flies exposed to pathogens was the same in all selection regimes, although pathogens clearly negatively affected fitness. PO measurements alone therefore do not necessarily predict overall resistance against pathogens. Furthermore, under starvation lines selected for high PO levels did not survive longer than those selected for low PO levels, irrespective of exposure to pathogens. This suggests that even if elevated immune levels increase an individual's ability to combat pathogens, the benefits may not outweigh the costs of increased investment in immunity.
Our experience with third renal transplantation: Results, surgical techniques and complications
Authors: Nourbala Mohammad Hossein , Ghaheri Hafez , Kardavani Babak 
Published: October 2007

Background: Despite the popularity of kidney transplantation in the current era, second and third kidney transplantation are not yet widely accepted and practiced. Each center has its own regulations and experiences and there is no accepted protocol for third kidney transplantation. We report here our 15 years of experience with third kidney transplantation.Methods: This is a report of all the third kidney transplantations performed in Baqiyatallah Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between 1991 and 2006. Demographic data, surgical techniques, complications and outcomes are reported.Results: Of the nine third kidney transplant patients, six were male. The median age was 43 years (32–52). All of the patients received kidney from living donors. All operations were performed by a midline incision and the grafts were placed at the midline, in the intraperitoneal space. For arterial anastomosis, we used internal iliac, right common iliac and both the right external iliac and inferior mesenteric artery in 4, 4 and 1 case(s), respectively. For venous anastomosis, we used vena cava, common iliac and external iliac veins in 3, 5 and 1 case(s), respectively. During the follow up period (38 months), 6 grafts (66.6%) were functioning. None of the graft rejections were due to surgical complications. Wound dehiscence occurred in two patients. No other surgical complications including infection, lymphocele or hemorrhage were observed.Conclusion: Third kidney transplantation is a field that has not been fully explored. The rate of complications seems to be not much higher than the first transplantation. Defining a standard protocol seems necessary.
Migration to and dispersal from oilseed rape by the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus, in relation to wind direction
Authors: Williams Ingrid H. , Frearson Dave , Barari Hassan , McCartney Alastair 
Published: October 2007

Abstract1 Host‐plant‐odour‐induced upwind anemotaxis is accepted as the main mechanism by which herbivorous insects find their host plant within an heterogenous environment, but field data supporting this hypothesis are scarce.2 The flight directions of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus to and from a plot of winter oilseed rape and the direction of the wind were recorded concurrently. The beetles were sampled by eight double‐sided window traps encircling the plot. Distal sides of the traps, relative to the plot, sampled the beetles as they flew towards the plot, whereas the proximal sides of the traps sampled them as they flew away from the plot. Paired data on daily catch of beetles in distal or proximal traps and the volume of air impacting each trap were compared.3 Correlations between daily catch of M. aeneus into distal traps and trap wind volume were negative, indicating that flights by both overwintered‐ and new‐generation insects towards the plot were upwind.4 Correlations between daily catch of M. aeneus into proximal traps and trap wind volume varied with generation. Catch of overwintered‐generation M. aeneus was negatively correlated with trap wind volume, indicating that flight was upwind. Proximal trap catch of the new‐generation M. aeneus was weakly/modestly positively correlated with trap wind volume, indicating that flights were downwind or crosswind.5 Understanding the effect of wind direction on flight of M. aeneus holds potential for improving the forecasting of their arrival and spatial distribution on the crop for integrated pest management.
Recent non‐native invertebrate plant pest establishments in Great Britain: origins, pathways, and trends
Authors: Smith Richard M. , Baker Richard H. A. , Malumphy Chris P. , Hockland Sue , Hammon Roger P. , Ostojá‐Starzewski Joe C. , Collins Dominique W. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract1 An appraisal of non‐native invertebrate plant pest establishments in Great Britain, between 1970 and 2004, was carried out to improve our understanding of current invasion processes by non‐native plant pests, and to assist national strategies in managing the risks they pose.2 A total of 164 establishments, comprising 50 natural colonists and 114 human‐assisted introductions, were recorded across 13 major taxonomic groups.3 The mean rate of establishment was 22.1 species per 5‐year period: 19.1 and 3.0 species outside and inside protected cultivation, respectively. Despite the continuing rapid growth in international trade and a general perception that rates of pest invasions are accelerating, no significant temporal trends in the rate of establishments in Great Britain were detected, either for natural colonists or human‐assisted introductions, or for pests of plants grown indoors or outside.4 The plant trade, particularly in ornamental plants, accounted for nearly 90% of human‐assisted introductions; apiculture, biological control, timber imports, transport stowaways and intentional releases each contributed less than 5%. Only eight (4.9%) of the establishments could be considered as having no direct potential economic impact because all other species have been recorded as feeding on cultivated plants. A greater proportion of establishments by both natural colonists and human‐assisted introductions occurred on non‐native, woody plants.5 The present study confirms previous work in other European countries that highlight the predominant role of the ornamental plant trade in introducing new plant pests to the European continent, mainly from Asia and North America.
Long‐term follow‐up of living kidney donors: a longitudinal study
Authors: El‐Agroudy Amgad E. , Sabry Alaa A. , Wafa Ehab W. , Neamatalla Ahmed H. , Ismail Amani M. , Mohsen Tarek , Khalil Abd Allah , Shokeir Ahmed A. , Ghoneim Mohamed A. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVETo analyse retrospectively the general health status and renal and cardiovascular consequences of living‐related kidney donation, as the long‐term effects of unilateral nephrectomy for kidney donation are of particular interest with the currently increasing practice of living‐donor transplantation.PATIENTS AND METHODSLiving‐related kidney donors (1400) who had donated their kidneys between 1976 and 2002 were asked to attend a dedicated donor follow‐up clinic starting in 2004. We attempted to contact all donors to determine the long‐term outcome of their remaining kidney. All kidney donors who responded had a detailed assessment, and were questioned about rehabilitation and their feelings on donating a kidney. The data were compared to the age‐matched health tables of the Egyptian general population.RESULTSIn all, 339 donors had a complete evaluation (mean age at the time of evaluation 47.8 years, sd 11; mean follow‐up 10.7 years, sd 4.9). The mean (sd) creatinine level after donation was 1.1 (1.2) mg/dL, and creatinine clearance 109 (33) mL/min; the clearance was <60 mL/min in 0.9% of donors and proteinuria was >300 mg/24 h in 1.5% of donors. Seventy‐five (22.1%) donors became hypertensive and the rate was higher in donors with an interval of >25 years from donation; 174 (51.3%) of patients became either overweight or obese. Diabetes mellitus developed in 23 (6.8%) and was more common in patients with significant weight gain.CONCLUSIONSDonor nephrectomy has minimal adverse effects on overall health status. Regular donor follow‐up identifies at‐risk populations and potentially modifiable factors.