bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Composite Polyethylene—Fiberglass-Reinforced-Plastic High-Integrity Container for Disposal of Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Authors: Lowenberg H , Shaw MD 
Published: December 2008

Bondico Nuclear (Los Angeles, California) has initiated a program to develop a high-integrity container (HIC) for handling, transportation, and disposal of low-level radioactive wastes. The HIC, made of a composite material, consists of an inner layer of polyethylene bonded to an outer casing of fiberglass-reinforced plastic.
Preliminary handmade prototype units containing about 0.22 m3 called HIC-7, have been fabricated and exposed to some of the most demanding U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and state tests. The HICs withstood over twice the external pressure from maximum burial conditions and twice the Type A package internal pressure requirements. In addition, free drops on compacted soil and an unyielding surface showed no deleterious effects.
The composite material has been tested for mechanical properties, such as tensile, com-pressive, and bond shear strengths, creep, thermal expansion, and hardness. In addition, specimens have been exposed to environments including thermal cycling, gamma and ultra violet radiation, biodegradation from fungi and bacteria, and internal and external chemical corrosion followed by mechanical testing. Prototype production units have been tested to the full range of NRC and state requirements. A topical report showing how this HIC meets all NRC and state requirements has been submitted to the NRC.
A Critical Review of Evaluation Procedures for Stabilization/Solidification Processes
Authors: Poon CS 
Published: December 2008

The leaching procedures for evaluation of cement-based stabilization/solidification processes are considered. The difficulties in obtaining a consensus test method are discussed. The relative merits and shortcomings of the equilibrium and dynamic leaching test approaches are underlined, and various leaching models are considered.
Although mass transport and diffusion models have been generally used to describe the leaching behavior of soluble species, the use of these models to describe the cement-solidified heavy metal waste is questioned. This is based on theoretical consideration of the interaction between cementitious materials and waste and experimental evidence of the leaching characteristics. An alternative approach toward modeling the leaching behavior of the solidified waste is presented.
Because the performance of the solidified material is also dependent on the physical properties of the waste form, a physical test procedure in conjunction with an appropriate leach test is proposed as necessary to evaluate the quality of the solidified waste. A tentative approach to formulate such a combined test method is suggested.
Leaching Characteristics of Selected Elements from Coal Fly Ash as a Function of the Acidity of the Contact Solution and the Liquid/Solid Ratio
Authors: de Groot GJ , Wijkstra J , Hoede D , van der Sloot HA 
Published: December 2008

To estimate the environmental consequences of the storage and utilization of coal fly ash, in the Netherlands a standard leaching test has been developed. In this test, leach conditions are used which aim at close approximation with field conditions. The standard test consists of three main parts: a column leaching test, a serial batch leaching test, and a test for the determination of maximum leachability. As a time scale the liquid/solid ratio (LS) is used, where LS is the ratio between the total quantity (L) of liquid used for leaching and the weight (kg) of the leached material. The relation between this relative time scale and the actual time scale depends on the time required for a given LS ratio to be reached in the actual situation.
In recent years, 50 ashes from a wide variety of sources were analyzed. Five different ashes were submitted to the complete standard leaching test described. All ashes show common leaching characteristics for several groups of elements. The elements present in the form of anionic species (for example, arsenic, antimony, selenium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium) behave similarly. In contrast with literature information, limited solubility of anions at high pH (&gt;11) has been observed. The metals lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc show minimum solubility at high pH, whereas major elements like aluminum and silicon show two minima in the pH range 7 to 9 and at pH values higher than 11. The latter was related to the formation of new mineral phases (for example, ettringite). To verify the pH dependence of the element concentrations leached, experiments with an artificial fly ash solution, containing all major elements normally found in fly ash extracts at pH 4 and LS ratio 5, have been performed. By stepwise increase of the pH, by adding calcium oxide, the relation between pH and element concentrations in the solution has been established. The results are in good agreement with the concentrations found in normal fly ash extracts. The experimental data of all batch experiments are summarized in three-dimensional graphs relating element concentration in solution, pH, and LS ratio. It shows that pH is the main factor in controlling the leachability.
The leaching behavior of trace elements in products containing fly ash has also been determined. After grinding, the materials were subjected to the standard test described. The leaching data retrieved from the products agreed well with the results from the pure ash/water system, indicating a consistent solubility control in solution. To what extent this information on ash/water mixtures can be used for other waste materials remains to be answered.
Development of a Liquid Release Tester
Authors: Swanstrom CP 
Published: December 2008

The 1984 Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) specify that bulk liquid wastes which have been stabilized /solidified for land disposal must not release the liquid under the mechanical pressures experienced in a landfill. How to determine this property has not yet been specified. In response to the need for a simple, yet highly effective test device to evaluate the tendency of a stabilized waste to release liquid, the author's company has developed a test apparatus and a test procedure. This simple tester distinguishes between stabilized wastes which will release liquids under pressure on a pass/ fail basis.
The tester utilizes a 100-g sample that requires only minimal sample preparation. The test duration is 5 min. The only expendables are readily available paper filters, and the system requires only a balance and compressed air for operation.
The effects of test pressure, test duration, and sample cure time were evaluated. Results may be compared with other test procedures for evaluating stabilized waste.
Metal Immobilization by Solidification of Hydroxide and Xanthate Sludges
Authors: Bricka RM , Hill DO 
Published: December 2008

The U.S. Department of the Army (DA) is responsible for the treatment and disposal of heavy metal wastes generated at DA facilities. Heavy metal wastewaters are gen erally treated by hydroxide precipitation. An alternative technique uses xanthates to precipitate the heavy metals. Both of these processes produce a sludge defined as hazardous by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). One method proposed for treating such materials is solidification/stabilization (S/S). S/S renders a waste less toxic by chemically immobilizing the hazardous constitutes in a solid matrix.
This study evaluated the ability of cellulose and starch xanthate to immobilize heavy metals and compares the results with the metal immobilization capability of hydroxide precipitation. Solidified and unsolidified sludges resulting from starch xanthate, cellulose xanthate, and hydroxide precipitation processes were tested for their physical and chemical characteristics. Sludges were prepared using either cellulose xanthate, starch xanthate, or calcium hydroxide to treat a synthetic waste solution containing four heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, nickel, and mercury) in a laboratory-scale study. Sludges were solidified with portland Type I cement. Physical tests performed on the solidified and unsolidified xanthate and hydroxide sludges included unconfined compressive strength and the cone penetration tests. Chemical leaching characteristics of the unsolidified sludges were determined using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's extraction procedure test and a serial graded batch extraction procedure. Results from this study indicated that the solidified materials reduced the concentration of metals in the leachate when compared to the unsolidified sludges. The solidified sludges also developed unconfined compressive strengths as high as 2000 kPa.
Strategy for Management of Mixed Wastes at the West Valley Demonstration Project
Authors: Englert JP , Roberts CJ , Smeltzer EE 
Published: December 2008

The evolution of regulations covering the disposal of low-level radioactive wastes (10 CFR 61) and hazardous wastes (40 CFR 260–265) has created a dilemma for generators of wastes that are both radioactive and hazardous, that is, mixed wastes. Because these regulations were developed independently, compliance with one set of regulations may create conflicts with the requirements of the other regulations. The challenge confronting mixed-waste generators is to develop waste management programs that eliminate these conflicts.
The West Valley Demonstration Project is employing cement solidification on several characteristic mixed-waste streams to remove the final waste form from the hazardous waste universe and simplify the regulatory requirements for subsequent storage and disposal. This paper discusses the regulatory basis for specific waste management practices and illustrates their application to a corrosive mixed-waste stream and a radioactive-waste stream that is hazardous based on the extraction procedure (EP) toxicity characteristic.
Large-Scale Demonstration of Low-Level Waste Solidification in Saltstone
Authors: McIntyre PF , Oblath SB , Wilhite EL 
Published: December 2008

The saltstone lysimeters are a large-scale demonstration of a disposal concept for decontaminated salt solution resulting from in-tank processing of defense waste. The lysimeter experiment has provided data on the leaching behavior of large saltstone monoliths under realistic field conditions. The results also will be used to compare the effect of capping the waste form on contaminant release.
Three saltstone lysimeters were installed in December 1983 and January 1984, each containing a buried monolith formed from 9500 L of decontaminated salt solution solidified with a blended cement. The decontaminated salt solution was produced using actual Savannah River Plant waste. One lysimeter has a gravel cap and another has a clay cap placed over the buried monolith. The monolith in the third lysimeter is uncapped. Each lysimeter has provision to collect leachate from a sump below the buried monolith and soil moisture samplers for gathering samples adjacent to the waste form.
Biweekly monitoring of sump leachate from all three lysimeters has continued on a routine basis for approximately three years. The uncapped lysimeter has shown the highest levels of nitrate and 99Tc release. The gravel-and-clay-capped lysimeters have shown levels equivalent to or slightly higher than background rainwater levels.
Mathematical model predictions are compared with lysimeter results and are applied to predict the impact of saltstone disposal on ground-water quality.
Effect of Formulation on Fungicidal Activity
Authors: Winkle JR , Arnold WR , Jourdan GP 
Published: December 2008

A novel fungicide, LY177206 [3-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-1-oxo-1H-indene-2-carbonitrile], has demonstrated activity as a protectant against certain plant pathogens under greenhouse conditions. The compound controlled squash downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) and grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) at a rate range of 25 to 50 ppm. Activity against wheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) and bean rust (Uromyces phaseoli) was demonstrated on intact plants at rates of 50 to 100 ppm. Better efficacy was obtained with an aqueous suspension (A.S.) of LY177206 than with an emulsifiable concentrate (E.C.), especially for residual control. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that crystallization was occurring on the leaf surface with the E.C. formulation.
Attempts to improve the characteristics of the A.S. under rainfall conditions were performed by adding different polymers or surfactants to the formulation. Under simulated rainfall conditions in the greenhouse, addition of a resin hydrophobe, Polyfac MT603, to the LY177206 aqueous suspension resulted in the greatest efficacy enhancement when compared to the original aqueous suspension containing no additive. SEM studies comparing the A.S. formulations revealed subtle differences in the distribution and agglomeration properties of the active ingredient on the leaf surfaces.
The Formulation of Rodenticides for Optimized Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Godfrey MER 
Published: December 2008

The formulation of several rodenticides is discussed with emphasis placed on the methods used to optimize the efficacy of the products for specific uses while presenting the minimum hazard to non-target species including humans, domestic animals and wildlife.
These methods include designing baits for use in different situations such as wet areas compared with indoor use, baits designed for specific target species and the physical form of the baits.
Optimized safety is achieved by using toxicants with relatively low non-target species hazard, low toxin loading, dyes and packaging which reduces the availability of the toxic bait to non-target species.
An Overview of Flea Control - Indoors
Authors: Wilks JE , Bushman DW , Case JE , Mikkonen JW , Malone GJ 
Published: December 2008

In the past five to nine years the economic impact of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, in the United states, has increased dramatically. Several hundred million dollars are spent annually to control this pest alone. Many pest management strategies include the treatment of the pet, treatment of indoor areas, and treatment of outdoor areas. This is sometimes called integrated pest management or IPM. Attempts to control fleas in these areas can be done by the pet owner/consumer, a veterinarian, or a pest control operator. This paper will give an overview of what the consumer can and does use to treat indoor areas.
Chemicals used, treatment forms, cost, and effectiveness of various product forms will be discussed. Laboratory, field, and consumer test results will be reviewed and discussed where applicable.
Drop Size Spectra, Spreading, and Adhesion and Physical Properties of Eight Bacillus Thuringiensis Formulations Following Spray Application under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Sundaram A 
Published: December 2008

Three oil-based formulations, Dipel® 6L, Dipel® 8L and Dipel® 12L, and five aqueous formulations, Thuricide® 48LV, Thuricide® 64B, Futura® XLV, Dipel® 6AF and Dipel® 8AF, of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) were sprayed at a dosage rate of 30 BIU per ha in a laboratory chamber using a spinning disc atomizer. The formulations were mixed with Day-Glo® fluorescent pigments to facilitate drop detection on sampling surfaces. Spray drops were sampled with Kromekote® cards and deposits were collected on glass plates. Drops were counted on balsam fir foliage of potted seedlings. Physical properties such as, viscosity, surface tension, volatility and pseudo-plastic behavior, were determined for the formulations.
Spray drops of the three oil-based Dipel formulations were completely spread on Kromekote cards and fir foliage,, The degree of spreading was influenced by viscosity and surface tension values. Drops of the five aqueous formulations were either totally spherical or hemispherical on all sampling surfaces, and the degree of spreading was related to surface tension and pseudoplastic behavior.
The data on drop size spectra indicated little influence from the physical properties of formulations. This is because of the differences in the application rates used. All the-three oil-based Dipel formulations were non-volatile and provided 100% recovery of the spray volume on the glass plates. The four aqueous formulations, except Thuricide 64B, provided lower percent recovery of the spray volume on glass plates.
Fenitrothion Deposits on Simulated and Live Fir Foliage Following Aerial Spraying of Two Formulations
Authors: Raske AG , Sundaram KMS , Sundaram A , West RJ 
Published: December 2008

Quantity of deposit and droplet size spectra of two formulations of fenitrothion were compared at ground level and in conifer tree canopies, A new low-volatile, hygroscopic formulation, fenitrothion mixed with Dowanol® TPM, and a moderate-volatile formulation, fenitrothion mixed with Cyclosol® 63 and stove oil, were both sprayed at 210 g Al/ha with an aircraft equipped with six Micronair® AU4000 atomizers. The hygroscopic formulation was sprayed at 0.4 L/ha and the other at 1.5 L/ha, Kromekote® cards and glass plates were used to sample ground deposits and live balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., foliage and metal simulators were used to assess deposit in the tree canopy.
All measures of deposition on the ground, and on fir needles and foliar simulators in the canopy, were greater for the formulation sprayed at 1.5 L/ha than for the formulation sprayed at 0.4 L/ha. However, the difference was the smallest when measured in ug of AI/cm2. Deposits for both formulations were greater at ground level than those in the canopy. Deposit levels on metal foliar simulators were two to four times greater than those on living foliage with little variation of foliar deposit within branch tips without overhead obstruction. The hygroscopic formulation provided adequate deposit and has some potential for forestry applications. Metal foliar simulators are suitable samplers of spray deposit because they provide a sampling surface which would be constant from treatment to treatment and year to year.
Fenitrothion Deposits on Different Components of a Forest Ecosystem During an Aerial Spray Trial
Authors: Sundaram KMS 
Published: December 2008

Initial deposits of aerially applied fenitrothion insecticide over a boreal forest area near Searchmont, Ontario, was studied. Two plots (PI, 23 ha and P2, 49 ha) were sprayed with an emulsion formulation of fenitrothion at 280 g in 1.5 L per ha using a Cessna 188 aircraft equipped with 4 Micronair® AU3000 atomizers. Kromekote® card/glass plate collection units were placed around the sample trees to determine spray deposit at ground level. Balsam fir and white birch foliage, caged and wild pollinators, moths and wild flower species were collected for deposit assessment. Water samples were collected, at different intervals of time after treatment, from a creek inside the spray plot (P2), and from a nearby river into which the creek drained. All samples were analysed by gas-liquid-chromatography.
Droplet analysis on Kromekote cards showed that the mean droplet frequency (droplets/cm2), number and volume median diameters were nearly the same at all sampling sites in both plots. Fenitrothion deposits (in ng/cm2) at mid-crown level of the sample trees were slightly higher on birch leaves than on fir foliage. The tubular chokecheery flowers showed higher deposits than the bell-shaped blueberry flowers, The caged pollinators showed higher fenitrothion concentrations than the wild pollinators.
The insecticide concentration in the creek rose to a maximum of 31.0 μg/L within five min after treatment, but fell to 0.5 μg/L after 24 h. The concentration-time profile showed that nearly half of the initial concentration in the creek water was lost within 21.8 min. In the river water sampled outside the spray area, the post-spray concentration, on average, was 2.2 μg/L.
Moisture Transfer Through Materials and Systems in Buildings
Authors: TenWolde A 
Published: December 2008

When many of the current moisture control design guidelines for buildings were developed 50 years ago, they were consistent with analytical approaches and test methods. This consistency deteriorated when the importance of air convection was recognized. Although considerable research on moisture problems in buildings is available, there is no general consensus aimed at prevention. Sophisticated analytical moisture models have been developed, but they are not easily available or are too complex to use as analytical or design tools. Current water vapor transfer test methods do not provide material property data for these models or for design practice.
To restore consistency and make this information more useful to building practitioners, a coordinated approach to mathematical modeling is needed. Practical analytical tools need to be developed and test methods need to be expanded or developed to yield data appropriate for these models. Finally, more detailed information about airflow patterns in building components needs to be obtained.
Review of Correlations of Infrared Detection Techniques for Water Vapor Transmission Rates (WVTR) with ASTM E 96-80 and Some Approaches to Gravimetric Calibration
Authors: Pike L 
Published: December 2008

Results from an ASTM interlaboratory comparison of Modern Controls IRD-2, now ASTM Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of Flexible Barrier Materials Using an Infrared Detection Technique (F 372-73), and ASTM Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials (E 96-80), the cup test, are reviewed in this paper. A brief report on correlations with the Permatran W is included. The results indicate that the infrared detecting instruments provide results similar to those from ASTM E 96-80 and in significantly less time.
Some approaches to absorbing and weighing the transmitted water vapor for use in calibrating instruments are also covered.