bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Marlis a multi‐aspect relevance linkage information system. — Present position and future needs.
Authors: Vickery B. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA detailed description of a multi‐aspect relevance linkage information system, the MARLIS, with which the author has had considerable experience. The system is important for the light that it throws upon the relations between the aspects of which every document is composed and those which are implicit in every search question. Relevance, therefore, is the link, or bridge, between the content of a document, or collection of documents, and the question in the mind of the searcher. The author is of the opinion that MARLIS has achieved some degree of success in strengthening this linkage, and the ways in which this is accomplished are the chief concerns of this paper.
Machine translation in the U.S.S.R. — a brief survey
Authors: Machelson Sonya G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe first Soviet tests of machine translation were conducted in 1955. An English text was translated into Russian. At present, experiments are being conducted on machine translation from 20 languages, including Chinese and Japanese. Research is being done on the development of special small‐size machine‐translators. It is expected that by 1961 these machines will serve as translators in many scientific institutions.
The next twenty years in information retrieval; some goals and predictions
Authors: Mooers Calvin N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSome of the history of retrieval machine development during the past 20 years is sketched as background. At present, there still are no completely satisfactory machines for retrieval from large collections. Solution of the language problem in retrieval is currently somewhat ahead of machine development.Future developments are sketched. Work is already underway on the use of machines for the assignment of descriptors to the text, which is a crude kind of mechanical translation. Retrieval machines will soon be called upon to assist the customer in using a retrieval system by helping him to formulate his search requests. This assistance amounts to education of the customer. The notion of education by machine is extended to machine assistance in helping the customer to read the documents uncovered. It is shown how this process, when combined with work on mechanical translation, will lead to machines which can provide essays on any given subject upon request. Machines will become archival devices to store facts, not texts. Human‐to‐machine and machine‐to‐human communication will become very important. Information machines can be expected to become as numerous as computers now are.
The metabolism of new scientific information: A preliminary report
Authors: Orr Richard H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTO INVESTIGATE the metabolism of new scientific information, questionnaires were sent to the authors of 463 papers presented or “read by title” at two important meetings for cardiovascular and endocrine research workers. The preliminary findings indicate that, of the approximately 60% of authors responding, about one‐third submitted their papers for publication before, or within 6 months after, the meeting. The interval between submission and publication was around 6 months. Less than 60% of the papers on which the follow‐up is complete were published within 2 years. The study is continuing and a sample of the authors will be interviewed before a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the data can be made. However, the major tentative conclusions are: 1. The factors determining whether and how soon an oral report is published after a meeting are related more to the personal characteristics and working conditions of the author than to the quality of work or to selection and publication delay by journals. 2. The similarity of findings in this study of biological research reports with available data on similar reports in the physical sciences indicates important common features in the metabolism of all new scientific information. 3. The technique of using oral research reports as tracers to study the flow of scientific information is practical and useful.
Uniterm indexing principles, problems and solutions
Authors: Costello J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIN INFORMATION systems built on the fundamental principles of Uniterm indexing, operational difficulties can and do develop. Some Uniterm installations were abandoned after development to no more that laboratory scale because the individuals responsible for system operation neglected to, or elected not to develop the simple refinements necessary to solve these problems in their own local situations. Others which could visualize the benefits to be derived from the great depth of indexing possible with Uniterms, face the problems and developed simple but effective solutions. Smoothly functioning Uniterm systems many locations have developed: simplified posting procedures; vocabulary treatment and controls (such as for synonyms and homographs); syntactical control techniques; controls for providing automatic indexing or search on generic levels when indexing provided only narrow specificity; and thesauri word‐association matrices to provide to indexers and searchers suggested additional Uniterms for expressing concepts from other viewpoints. In many organizations, solutions to problems inherent indexing via the Uniterm approach have demonstrated that effective, rapid, low‐cost output is an assures end result of multi‐dimensional analysis and description at input, coupled with selective or parallel storage and search techniques.
The formation of abstracts by the selection of sentences. Part I. Sentence selection by men and machines
Authors: Rath G. J. , Resnick A. , Savage T. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAuto‐abstracting techniques based on high‐frequency words show an extremely small variation among themselves in the selection of sentences to form abstracts. Human selection of sentences, although less variable than chance expectancy, is considerably more variable than the machine methods. There was very little agreement between the subjects and machine methods in their selection of representative sentences.
State of the art of published indexes
Authors: Markus John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDespite the glamour of mechanized searching for needed information, there is still a real need for published indexes. These indexes are in effect miniature, portable information centers operating on a do‐it‐yourself basis. Published indexes have the important advantage of permitting browsing, which is highly essential when the searcher does not know exactly what he is looking for. They can also give needed information almost immediately because there is no waiting for search time on a computer.Once a book‐form index is acquired, its use costs nothing except time. The greatly increased output of published material in the past two decades has created new index‐publishing problems. In this state‐of‐the‐art survey, the emphasis is put on the new publishing techniques, new equipment, and innovations in index format that have been developed in attempts to solve these problems. Representative examples of each type of indexing venture are cited. The many other equally meritorious examples of new published indexes are omitted only because of space limitations.
A technique for the organization of large files
Authors: Shoffner Ralph M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere exist many information storage and retrieval applications in which a search obtains a single item from a large file. Examples of such applications range from the retrieval of a customer's record from a bank file to the retrieval of a document from an engineering library. The technique is an operations research approach to this retrieval operation: model the operation, determine a criterion of value, and optimize the operation according to the criterion.The cost of a retrieval operation is expressed as a function of the system characteristics: distribution of file activity, file size, item size, indexing method, personnel and equipment costs, and information processing and transfer rates. These characteristics are varied, within the constraints of the problem, to obtain a minimum cost of a retrieval operation.
The semantic code today
Authors: Melton John L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA sampling of the file of encoded abstracts of technical articles produced for the information retrieval system in operation at the Center for Documentation and Communication Research at Western Reserve University has been analyzed for the incidence of terms which had not yet appeared in the semantic code dictionary. Also analyzed was the incidence of generic concepts of different classes appearing in the file and in questions programmed for machine searches of the file. This analysis indicated that while new terms now appear, and will presumably continue to appear from time to time, their incidence is remarkedly low except when an entirely new field is entered. It was further indicated that, as would be expected, the file of encoded metallurgical abstracts concerns itself with a wide range of generic concepts concentrated, however, on specified objects, materials, states, and conditions. Finally, the analysis suggests that these areas of concentration tend to be those most frequent in questions.
A trend in the use of computers for information processing
Authors: McCormick E. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere is a basic assumption in much of the work done in the field of information processing that computers are, could, or should be considered to bethe modeldevices for doing information processing. This premise has potentially important ramifications when the possible future use of computers in information processing is considered, especially with regard to the handling of natural language. Recent applications of computers indicate a trend to adapting them to the problem rather than vice versa.
Test program for evaluating procedures for the exploitation of literature of interest to metallurgists
Authors: Overmyer Lavahn 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Center for Documentation and Communication Research of Western Reserve University has been actively engaged in the field of information retrieval and machine literature searching since 1955. With financial support provided by the American Society for Metals and the National Science Foundation, procedures have been developed, tested and evaluated for exploiting the literature of interest to metallurgists. As one of a series of reports prepared under grant number NSF‐G‐10338, this report presents a detailed breakdown of actual costs incurred during 1960 to provide the input for the mechanized searching system established at the Documentation Center. The final figure of $6.50 for each abstract was reached by analyzing the costs and the volume of production for each step in the input process from acquiring the documents for analysis to the final step of putting the encoded abstracts on tape ready for machine searching.
Parameters for machine handling of alphabetic information
Authors: Shaw Ralph R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe following parameters for mechanization of bibliographical information are discussed: The universe must encompass a relatively large quantity of material; there must be multiple access to entries; material should respond to repeated rearrangement; the basic file must be susceptible of large change‐rates; the subject field must lack good bibliographical control; the basic file must be one that is used frequently; the material should be needed in multiple physical locations.
The process of asking questions
Authors: Taylor Robert S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the area of the question—its generation, its relation to the retrieval system, and its effect on the inquirer. Four levels of question formation may be isolated and analysed: the actual, but unexpressed, need for information; the conscious within‐brain description of the need; the formal statement of the question; and the question as presented to the information system. Input and output characteristics of systems are examined for their effect on the inquirer's decision to ask a question and on the form the query takes. Investigation of six parameters governing question type and ambiguity argues that we may be placing too much emphasis on syntactic matching of inquiry and store of answers. The inquirer's state of readiness is defined as the “state of mind” which allows a selection to be made from a series of messages. A question is seen as an indication of inadequacy on the part of the inquirer who hopes to remedy that inadequacy by calling on the information system. A major objective of information systems is to make commonplace the point of maximum usefulness where three coordinates cross: level of question, state of readiness, and available answer.
Evaluation of the performance of an information‐retrieval system by modified mooers plan
Authors: Fels E. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInformation retrieval for law research has been carried out by the Health Law Center of the University of Pittsburgh. In this case, the document collection consists of all Pennsylvania Statutes. There is no indexing; the full text of the laws is scanned. Utilizing proposals by Mooers, randomly selected statute sections are the bases of retrieval requests. In response to such requests, statute sections are retrieved, but only the “hidden” statutes are counted in the evaluation of the system efficiency. Two systems are compared: retrieval by electronic computer vs. retrieval by manual search, i.e., by lawyers using the index parts of statute collections. Mooers' ratios are computed and interpreted as point estimates of corresponding retrieval probabilities. Interval estimates and tests of significance for the differences in computed ratios are also carried out, with some consideration for the power function of the test. Cost limitations prescribed very small sample sizes.
A generalized computer method for information retrieval
Authors: Schultz Claire K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA generalized method is given for performing information retrieval by computer. The method can be applied to systems varying in type, size, manner of use, and computer equipment. Systems with files of information‐retrieval data or document references may use the method. Options allow many or few searches to be performed during each pass of the file through the computer. Alternative searches or subsearches may be specified, and the upper and lower bounds on the number of retrieval references may be set. The options can be used to define the characteristics of a particular system so that necessary staff and equipment capacities can be determined. Output forms include reference numbers, abstracts, microfilm, and so forth, depending on the output equipment chosen. In addition to retrieval information, the output may include system‐use records, used to analyze and evaluate system efficiency automatically and to compare objectively one system with another. A block process diagram, a detailed flow chart for application to a computer, and a description of the application are provided.
Computer editing of verbal texts. Part I. The ESI system
Authors: Barnett Michael P. , Kelley K. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA program has been written that enables the IBM 709 computer to read the representation of a text that has been punched on a Flexowriter tape, to read the corresponding representation of a list of changes that are to be made in this text, and then to produce mechanically the representation of the altered text on a further Flexowriter tape from which the altered text may be typed mechanically. The changes (or ‘editing instructions’) are expressed in a stylized instruction language; that is, they have the form of English sentences that can be understood without any knowledge of coding conventions. These sentences are analyzed within the computer by a syntactic analysis subroutine which uses the “local syntax” that has been specified for the editing instructions as data.
Worldwide census of scientific and technical serials
Authors: Gottschalk Charles M. , Desmond Winifred F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResults of a census of the world's scientific and technical serial literature, within the limits defined and based on an examination of published source material from countries throughout the world, reflect a total title population much lower than estimated before. Distribution of this population by country, showing better than 50% of the total divided among six major countries, is included and discussed, together with a broad subject distribution of serials for certain countries.
A compatibility study of two information systems
Authors: Hyslop Marjorie R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe systems analyzed are the one used by the American Society for Metals Information Searching Service developed at Western Reserve University and the one adopted by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and proposed for wider development by the Engineers Joint Council. One system (ASM‐WRU) is designed for computer processing and a centralized information service; the other (AIChE) is designed primarily for manual or simple card files and for use by individuals, although it can — and has been — adapted for a machine system as well. Despite this wide difference in use of the systems, the principles of information analysis on which both are based are strikingly similar. Both employ a threefold approach encompassing terminology control (thesaurus in the AIChE system, code dictionary in the ASM‐WRU system), role indicators, and links. The similarities and differences in these three areas are examined, and representative documents are analyzed by both systems as illustrative examples. Possible future coordination is discussed.
The notion of relevance (I)
Authors: Hillman Donald J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAnalysis of the problems of defining the mutual relevancies of queries and document‐collections indicates that they essentially involve the problem of conceptual relatedness. In order to consider the latter problem, the question of concept‐formation is first discussed, which in turn requires a definition of concept. An extensional interpretation is suggested whereby a concept is associated with a class of conceptually‐similar documents. Users' similarity‐judgments then provide the empirical data for formal definitions of concept and conceptual relatedness. It is found, however, that certain very general difficulties rule out the possibility of defining concepts and their relatedness by the method proposed. Since this method is based on human relevance‐judgments, it seems a natural one to adopt, so that its collapse has serious practical and theoretical consequences. An alternative approach is therefore proposed whose elaboration will form Part II of this article.
A comparison of keyword‐in‐context (KWIC) indexing of titles with a subject heading classification system
Authors: Kraft Donald H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResearch was directed at comparing the results of automatic computer indexing of titles by the KWIC system with human indexing using a subject heading system. One source of data was 803 legal research projects and theses titles indexed under a modified form of the Index to Legal Periodicals (ILP) system. The other source of data was 2,625 legal articles classified under the ILP system. Interpretation of data revealed, among other things, that 64.4% of the title entries contained as keywords one or more of the ILP subject heading words under which they were indexed; and 25.1% contained logical equivalents. The remaining 10.5% of the title entries had nondescriptive titles. The author concludes that KWICing of legal titles produces an index which costs less than a subject heading system in both time and cost of production and which ranks high in “find‐ability”.
The consistency of human judgments of relevance
Authors: Resnick A. , Savage T. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA comparison of the ability of humans to consistently judge the relevance of documents to their general interests from bases of citations, abstracts, keywords, and total text was made under controlled experimental conditions. The results showed that 1) humans are able to make such judgments consistently, and 2) the consistency of the judgment is independent of the particular base from which it is made. Apparent inconsistency arising from judgments made on the basis of abstracts remains unexplained. This experiment, as well as others concerned with human evaluations of text material, leave unexplored the basic problem of providing a metric scale on which such evaluations can be measured.
Computer generation of photocomposing control tapes part II the PC6 system
Authors: Barnett M. P. , Moss D. J. , Luce D. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn account is given of the usage of a new system of programs that enable the IBM 709/90 computer to generate control tapes for the Photon S560 Unit. The input to the system may be Flexowriter material with interspersed control codes, or material that is provided on cards or tapes, or generated internally in certain other forms.
Two models for retrieval system design
Authors: Hillman Donald J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe dispute concerning the appropriateness of Boolean Algebra as a model for retrieval system design is examined and attention brought to bear upon a set of residual problems affecting the choice of formalism. It is argued that this set of problems insinuates irrelevant considerations into the critical discussion and leads to unnecessary delay in rejecting the Boolean model in favor of more realistic theories. In support of this contention, an argument is examined which purports to distinguish between two interpretations of Boolean Algebra in such a way as to elevate one of them (the class calculus) to the status of a genuine model, while denying the same status to the other (the propositional calculus). This argument is criticized as being unsound and irrelevant. It is held that the elimination of such artificial controversies is a useful prolegemenon for the construction of better theories.
Automatic book indexing by computer
Authors: Artandi Susan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the development and evaluation of an automatic method of deriving suitable index entries from natural language text. A section of a chemistry textbook was selected as the experimental document. Both qualitative and quantitative measures were developed to evaluate quality of indexing. Evaluation of the experimental index was based on these measures and on a comparison with the average published manually produced index found in the same type of material.
Comments on the 1964 ADI meeting
Authors: Cuadra Carlos A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA group of attendees and program participants was surveyed after the 1964 meeting of the American Documentation Institute to provide ideas and guidance for future ADI meetings. The responses indicated that attendees view the quality of the technical program as the key to a successful meeting; that a four‐day meeting length meets with wide approval; that, if carefully planned, concurrent plenary sessions might be acceptable; that improvements in scheduling are required to permit greater participation in Author Forums; and that conference proceedings greatly enhance the value of the meeting and should be distributed well before the meeting. The many suggestions and criticisms that were offered are being studied in relation to the next regular ADI meeting in 1966.