bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A note on the dynamic analysis of non‐proportionally damped systems
Authors: Duncan P. E. , Taylor R. Eatock 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe principal co‐ordinates of non‐proportionally damped systems are coupled by non‐zero off‐diagonal elements in the transformed damping matrix. The effects of this damping coupling are investigated, and it is found that significant errors may occur if the dynamic analysis of such systems is based on a truncated set of the overall system modes, even when the damping coupling between these modes is included in the solution. This effect is illustrated by computed results for an idealized soil‐structure system.
Linear and nonlinear approach to the Rosensweig instability
Authors: Lange Adrian , Richter Reinhard , Tobiska Lutz 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe report on recent efforts to improve the understanding of the Rosensweig instability in the linear as well as in the nonlinear regime. In the linear regime we focus on the wavenumber of maximal growth and the oscillatory decay of metastable magnetic liquid ridges, accessible via a new pulse technique. We compare the measurements with the predictions of the linear stability analysis. In the nonlinear regime the fully developed Rosensweig pattern was successfully estimated by the method of finite elements, taking into account the nonlinear magnetization law. For a comparison with these results the three‐dimensional surface profile is recorded by a radioscopic measurement technique. The bifurcation diagram measured in this way can be fitted by the roots of an amplitude equation. Eventually we investigate ferrosolitons, which were recently uncovered in the bistability interval of the Rosensweig instability. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Heat and mass transfer phenomena in magnetic fluids
Authors: Völker Th. , Blums E. , Odenbach S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this article the influence of a magnetic field on heat and mass transport phenomena in magnetic fluids (ferrofluids) will be discussed. The first section is dealing with a magnetically driven convection, the so called thermomagnetic convection while in the second section the influence of a temperature gradient on the mass transport, the Soret effect in ferrofluids, is reviewed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Water institutional reforms and the MDGs: towards an evaluation framework
Authors: Saleth Rathinasamy Maria , Kadushkin Anatoly , Ali Taimur 
Published: March 2007

AbstractConsidering the pathways of impacts of the water sector on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and mapping the water‐related and other institutions underlying each of these pathways, this paper aims to develop the conceptual basis and an analytical framework for evaluating the existence and effectiveness of the necessary institutional conditions for achieving the MDGs in the specific context of the water sector. Although the framework aims to evaluate the structure and change in water institutions in the context of the MDGs, it also incorporates other institutional aspects partly for their indirect effects on the performance of both water institutions and the water sector and partly for their direct effects on the MDGs themselves. Despite its theoretical and analytical orientation, the paper also discusses the challenges involved in the empirical applicability of the framework and indicates options for overcoming these challenges through a judicious choice of evaluation context, level of analysis, and institutional aspects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pro‐poor intervention strategies in irrigated agriculture in Asia: issues, lessons, options and guidelines
Authors: Hussain Intizar 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIrrigation is an essential part of the package of technologies, institutions and policies that underpins increased agricultural output in Asia. Past experience shows that this package, although broadly beneficial to societies, has not yet fully succeeded in banishing poverty. So in the context of the UN millennium development goal of halving world poverty by the year 2015, are there ways of making the package more pro‐poor in the future? In 2001–2002, the author, at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and in collaboration with national partners in Asia, launched a major multi‐country study that set out to answer this question. The study explored the links between irrigation and poverty alleviation in six Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, Vietnam and Indonesia) with the aim of determining realistic options for increasing returns to poor farmers in low‐productivity irrigated areas within the context of improving the overall performance and sustainability of the established irrigation systems. This unique mega study is based on primary data collected from over 5400 rural households covering 26 irrigation systems, supplemented with reliable secondary data and a review of global topical literature on the subject. It develops a framework for pro‐poor interventions in irrigated agriculture and offers a model for designing future pro‐poor projects in irrigated agriculture. This paper provides a succinct summary of the synthesized results, conclusions and lessons learnt from this major multi‐country study. The summary of the lessons, pro‐poor options and the guidelines presented in this paper could be useful for government policymakers and planners, donors, NGOs, researchers and other stakeholders involved in irrigation and rural poverty alleviation efforts in developing Asia and elsewhere. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for pro‐poor wealth creation through small‐plot irrigation and market linkages
Authors: Magistro John , Roberts Michael , Haggblade Steve , Kramer Fritz , Polak Paul , Weight Elizabeth , Yoder Robert 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper relates the field experience of an international NGO in strengthening linkages between irrigation development and poverty reduction. Poverty Reduction through Irrigation and Smallholder Markets (PRISM) is introduced as a methodology for combining small‐plot irrigation technology with complementary inputs and services to enhance small farmers' ability to participate effectively in markets for high‐value agricultural commodities. Data from field projects in Nepal and India indicate that the PRISM approach can lead to significant additional income for small farmers and other micro and small enterprises in agricultural value chains. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irrigation management reforms in the Yellow River Basin: implications for water saving and poverty
Authors: Wang Jinxia , Huang Jikun , Xu Zhigang , Rozelle Scott , Hussain Intizar , Biltonen Eric 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe overall goal of this paper is to better understand irrigation management reforms in the Yellow River Basin, especially focusing on the effect that it will have on water use and poverty. Based on a random sample of 51 villages and 189 farmers in four large irrigation districts in Ningxia and Henan provinces, both provinces in China's Yellow River Basin, the results show that two of the major types of irrigation management institutions, water user associations and contracting, have begun to systematically replace traditional types of collective management. The impact analysis demonstrates that it is not the nominal implementation of the reforms that matters, but rather it is the creation of new management institutions that offer managers incentives to save water. Specifically, when managers in reformed organizations are provided with incentives, they save water. Importantly, given China's concerns about poverty alleviation, the reductions in water have little effect on higher incidences of poverty. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Innovative land and water management approaches in Asia: productivity impacts, adoption prospects and poverty outreach
Authors: Namara Regassa E. , Hussain Intizar , Bossio Deborah , Verma Shilp 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThere are no unanimous views regarding the real water‐saving effects of land and water management innovations. Some claim that the innovations merely change the prevailing water allocation. However, there is no dispute regarding their land and water productivity impacts. The water productivity improvement ranged from 30% for zero tillage technology to 648% for micro‐irrigation technology for beetroot. The land productivity improvement ranged from 4% for bed planting technology to 88% for micro‐irrigation technology for watermelon. Aerobic rice varieties are inferior to lowland rice varieties in terms of land productivity but superior in water productivity. In addition, some of the innovations reduce cost of production, improve the quality of produce and entail positive environmental externalities. However, the current level of adoption of these innovations is not satisfactory due to insufficient labour and organic fertilizer availability problems, uncertain irrigation water supply, crop specificity and complexity, lack of capital, high knowledge and technical skill requirements. To realize the potential benefits of these innovations to the poor the following actions are suggested: (1) provision of subsidies; (2) targeted training opportunities; (3) encouragement of private participation in the supply chain of inputs; (4) focus on short pay‐back period technologies; (5) strengthening of public research on the systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Governance, agricultural productivity and poverty reduction in Africa, Asia and Latin America
Authors: Thirtle Colin , Piesse Jenifer 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty per cent of the world's population or 1.2 billion live on less than US$1 per day; 70% of these are rural and 90% in Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa. Research‐led technological change in agriculture generates sufficient productivity growth to give high rates of return in Africa and Asia and has a substantial impact on poverty, currently reducing this number by 27 million per annum, whereas productivity growth in industry and services has no impact. The annual per capita “cost” of poverty reduction by means of agricultural research expenditures in Africa is US$144 and in Asia US$180 or 50 cents per day, but this is covered by output growth. By contrast, the annual per capita cost for the richer countries of Latin America is over US$11 000. This paper extends this model by including measures of governance developed by Kaufmann et al. 1999. The rationale is simple, since the “government effectiveness” cluster provides an index of government ability to provide public goods. Hence, countries that score poorly are unlikely to be able to generate improved agricultural technologies. We show that government effectiveness is significant in explaining research effort, yields and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irrigation water rights: options for pro‐poor reform
Authors: Bruns Bryan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDisempowerment and deprivation of access to irrigation water contribute to poverty. Water rights can yield significant benefits for poor farmers, but changes in water rights institutions pose risks if not well designed and developed. This paper describes pro‐poor options for improving irrigation water rights. Project interventions can deliberately negotiate water rights, for example through share systems, to reduce inequities in distribution and target improved supplies to poor people. Recourse to outside assistance for resolving water conflicts offers protection against local injustice, if water rights of user communities and individuals are suitably recognized. Measurement of water quantities, including suitable proxies such as proportional division of flows and time‐based turns, makes rights meaningful and management more accountable. Legal education and aid can empower poor water users to understand and defend their rights. Reforms in water rights can be sequenced to prioritize secure rights for poor water users. Thus, a range of institutional options is available for designing and implementing pro‐poor reforms in irrigation water rights. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct and indirect economic impacts of the Bhakra multipurpose dam, India
Authors: Bhatia Ramesh , Malik R. P. S. , Bhatia Meera 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper presents results of a study on the direct and indirect economic impacts of the Bhakra multipurpose dam system in the northern part of India that has provided direct benefits in terms of hydropower, irrigated agriculture, water supply, flood control and drought prevention. These direct outputs from the Bhakra dam system have, in turn, generated (i) inter‐industry linkage impacts, both backward and forward linkages, resulting in increase in the demand for outputs of other sectors, and (ii) consumption‐induced impacts arising out of increases in income and wages generated by the direct outputs of the dam. Such indirect economic impacts, quantified by using a fixed‐price multiplier model based on a social accounting matrix (SAM) for Punjab, give a multiplier value of 1.90, indicating that for every rupee (Rs = 100 paise)1 of additional value added directly by the project in the agricultural and electricity sectors, another Rs 0.90 (90 paise) is generated in the form of downstream or indirect effects. The results on income distribution show that the gains to agricultural labour households from the dam have been higher than the gains to other rural households and to urban households. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radicals produced by blue‐light–resin interactions alter the redox status of THP1 human monocytes
Authors: Noda M. , Wataha J.C. , Kachi H. , Lewis J.B. , Messer R.L. , Sano H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractResin composites are widely used in dentistry, and are polymerized in situ using a blue‐light activated, free‐radical polymerization mechanism. Blue light (400–500nm) is used to activate camphoroquinone (CQ), which decomposes to form free radicals that are stabilized by dimethyl‐p‐toludine (DMPT). CQ and DMPT are applied near tooth pulpal tissues and are irradiated during restorative procedures, suggesting that pulpal cells are exposed to free radicals. Because glutathione is a major component of the cellular redox management system, we tested the hypothesis that blue light irradiation would shift cellular glutathione redox balance of cells exposed to CQ and DMPT. We also measured NFκB activation, a redox‐sensitive transcription factor that regulates inflammatory responses and glutathione synthetic enzyme levels. THP1 human monocytes were exposed to sublethal levels of CQ (0.4 mM) or DMPT (1.0 mM), with or without blue light exposure (25 J/cm2) from a quartz‐tungsten‐halogen source. The ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione was measured using as assay based on 5,5′‐dithio‐bis(2‐nitrobenszoic acid). NFκB transactivation was measured by transfection of an NFκB‐containing plasmid linked to a luciferase reporter. Our results showed that blue light, CQ, or DMPT alone had no significant effect on cellular glutathione redox balance, but that the combination of these agents induced a marked oxidative bias, and reduced total glutathione levels up to 50%. On the other hand, light, CQ, and DMPT alone or in combination suppressed NFκB transactivation by >70%. Our results suggest that CQ and DMPT pose risks to pulpal tissues with or without blue light irradiation, and that multiple, interacting mechanisms shape the response to these agents. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Collagen‐apatite nanocomposite membranes for guided bone regeneration
Authors: Song Ju‐Ha , Kim Hyoun‐Ee , Kim Hae‐Won 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCollagen‐apatite nanocomposite is regarded as a potential biomaterial because of its composition and structure, which are similar to those of human hard tissues. However, there have been few investigations of its mechanical and biological benefits in direct comparison with a collagen equivalent. Herein, we successfully produced a biomedical membrane made of a nanocomposite, and systemically evaluated the mechanical, chemical, and biological properties of the nanocomposite in comparison with those of pure collagen. The results showed that significant improvements were achieved by the nanocomposite approach, particularly in terms of the mechanical strength and chemical stability. The present findings point to the potential usefulness of the collagen‐apatite nanocomposite membrane in the field of guided bone regeneration (GBR). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Preparation and characterization of bone cements incorporated with montmorillonite
Authors: Kwon Soon Yong , Cho Eun Hee , Kim Sung Soo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBone cements incorporated with montmorillonite (MMT) were prepared in an attempt to improve their mechanical properties. The cements were characterized using particle size analysis, gel permeation chromatography, viscosity measurements, unreacted monomer analysis, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and mechanical properties. The average particle size and molecular weight of the PMMA powders used were 47 μm and 100,000 g/mol, respectively. The incorporation of MMT led to an increase in viscosity of the bone cement but did not severely affect its setting temperature or the amount of residual monomer. Regardless of the MMT mixing methods used, in this case MMT being mixing in liquid and powder components, sodium MMT (SMMT) was not well dispersed in the bone cements, which was believed to be due to its hydrophilicity. Organophilic MMT (OMMT) was better dispersed in the liquid component than in the powder component. The compressive and tensile strength of the bone cement containing the OMMT mixed into the liquid component were significantly higher than those of the bone cement without MMT (p < 0.05). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Cytocompatibility and electrochemical properties of Ti–Au alloys for biomedical applications
Authors: Oh Keun‐Taek , Kang Dong‐Kuk , Choi Good‐Sun , Kim Kyoung‐Nam 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop Ti–Au alloys with a higher resistant to corrosion, better biocompatibility, and better mechanical properties than the commercially pure titanium and its alloys. Ti–Au alloys were designed with a gold content that ranged from 0 to 5.0 at % in steps of 1.0 at %. Properties of the alloys including chemical composition, microstructure, phase, hardness, electrochemical properties, and the cytotoxicity were investigated. Only the α phase existed in the Ti–Au alloys. The addition of gold to the titanium decreased the α to β transformation temperature. The acicular α phase became thinner and the hardness value increased with increasing gold content. In the electrochemical tests, Ti–Au alloys had a higher resistant to corrosion than had pure titanium and did not exhibit pitting corrosion in artificial saliva. The cytotoxicities of the Ti–Au alloys were similar to that of pure titanium. Therefore, Ti–Au alloys could be used as biomaterials in the medical and dental fields. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Interaction phenomena between oral implants and bone tissue in single and multiple implant frames under occlusal loads and misfit conditions: A numerical approach
Authors: Natali A. N. , Gasparetto A. , Carniel E. L. , Pavan P. G. , Fabbro S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn investigation is carried out on the effects induced in bone tissue surrounding oral implants placed in the premolar region of a mandible by using a numerical approach. In particular, a single implant and a multiple implant frame under loading are considered. The effects of accuracy in the coupling of the connecting bar and implants are evaluated. The mechanical response of the bone–oral implant system, depending on the different mechanical properties assumed for the peri‐implant bone tissue during the evolutionary trend of osseointegration, is studied. A further task regard to the comparison of the mechanical state induced in the bone depending on the loading conditions considered. Effects of physiological occlusal loads are compared with ones given by framework defects arising from the specific manufacturing process, such as misfit between the implants and the connecting bar. The investigation offers the basis for an integrated clinical and biomechanical evaluation of the effects induced on peri‐implant bone, depending on bone properties, implant system configuration, and the actions induced. Analyses performed show that stress states induced by the investigated type of misfit are comparable to those arising from the application of physiological loading conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Comparison of regional bond strength in root thirds among fiber‐reinforced posts luted with different cements
Authors: de Durâo Mauricio Paolo Joâo B. T. , González‐López Santiago , Aguilar‐Mendoza José A. , Félix Sergio , González‐Rodríguez María P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAim: To compare regional bond strength in different thirds of the root canal, among glass fiber‐reinforced (FRC) endodontic posts luted with different cements, using the push‐out test. Material and Methods: Sixty extracted human anterior teeth were endodontically treated with gutta‐percha and AH Plus® sealer. The crown portion was removed, and a dowel space was prepared. Prepared teeth were randomly assigned to one of six groups (n = 10) for luting glass FRC Postec posts, with one of the six cement systems (Ketac™ Cem Aplicap™, Relyx™ Unicem Aplicap, Variolink® II/Excite® DCS, Panavia™ F/ED Primer, C&B™ cement/All‐Bond® 2, and Multilink®/Multilink® Primer A/B), using an alignment technique. Specimens were embedded in resin, and each root was sectioned into six 1‐mm thick serial slices. A push‐out test was performed to measure regional bond strengths and to identify the type of failure. Results: The highest bond strength values were found in the cervical third and the lowest in the apical third. Highest values were obtained using Variolink II, Panavia F®, and Multilink® resin cements followed by C&B™ resin cement and Relyx Unicem® ionomer resin cement; Ketac‐cem® ionomer cement showed the lowest value. Conclusion: Highest bond strength values were obtained in the cervical third and with resin cements. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
A meshfree thin shell method for non‐linear dynamic fracture
Authors: Rabczuk T. , Areias P. M. A. , Belytschko T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA meshfree method for thin shells with finite strains and arbitrary evolving cracks is described. The C1 displacement continuity requirement is met by the approximation, so no special treatments for fulfilling the Kirchhoff condition are necessary. Membrane locking is eliminated by the use of a cubic or quartic polynomial basis. The shell is tested for several elastic and elasto‐plastic examples and shows good results. The shell is subsequently extended to modelling cracks. Since no discretization of the director field is needed, the incorporation of discontinuities is easy to implement and straightforward. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.