bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What are adolescent antecedents to antisocial personality disorder?
Authors: Loeber Rolf , Burke Jeffrey D. , Lahey Benjamin B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThis paper fills a gap because there are very few studies that prospectively predict antisocial personality disorder (APD) from psychopathology earlier in life in clinic‐referred samples of young males.MethodThe paper addresses the continuity between conduct disorder (CD) and other forms of psychopathology during ages 13–17 and modified APD at ages 18 and 19 (modified to remove the DSM‐IV requirement of pre‐existing CD by age 15) in the Developmental Trends Study.ResultsThe results show that 82–90% of APD cases met criteria for CD at least once during ages 13–17, and very few youths who met criteria for ODD during this period progressed to APD without intermediate CD. While CD is a strong predictor of modified APD, when other factors were accounted for in regression analyses, the best predictors were callous/unemotional behaviour, depression and marijuana use. ADHD during ages 13–17 was not significant in the final model. Males with CD during adolescence who progressed to APD tended to commit more violence, as evident from their court records.ConclusionsImplications are discussed for the conceptualization of developmental models leading to APD, the strengthening of relevant symptoms of CD predictive of APD, and preventive and remedial interventions. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A question for DSM‐V: which better predicts persistent conduct disorder – delinquent acts or conduct symptoms?
Authors: Burke Jeffrey D. , Loeber Rolf , Mutchka John S. , Lahey Benjamin B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundConduct disorder (CD), a psychiatric index of antisocial behaviour, shares similarities with delinquency, a criminological index. This study sought to examine which factors in childhood predict a repeated diagnosis of CD in adolescence, and whether self‐reported delinquent acts enhance the utility of symptoms of CD in predicting later persistent CD.MethodLongitudinal data used in this paper come from a clinic‐referred sample of 177 boys, along with their parents and teachers, who were assessed using a structured clinical interview. The boys also reported on their delinquent behaviours, as well as a broad range of other family and life events.ResultsBefore age 13, 77 boys met criteria for CD according to their parent, 69 according to their own report, and 36 reported three or more delinquent acts. Forty‐eight boys (29%) met criteria for CD three or more times between 13 and 17. In childhood, delinquency overlapped, but was distinct from CD. Both were present in 28 cases, while 41 cases had CD without delinquency, and eight had delinquency without CD. When tested as predictors of later persistent CD, child‐reported CD was the strongest predictor of later persistent CD, but self‐reported delinquency was stronger than parent‐reported CD. A final model of significant predictors included child‐reported CD, delinquency, poor child communication with parents, and maternal prenatal smoking.ConclusionsIt appears that delinquency does add uniquely to the prediction of persistent CD. It may be useful to expand the diagnostic criteria for CD accordingly. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Lost opportunities for intervention: undetected markers for the development of serious juvenile delinquency
Authors: Stouthamer‐Loeber Magda , Loeber Rolf 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionPersistent serious delinquency in young males rarely starts without a history of problem behaviour in childhood. This paper addresses the following questions: (1) At what age does persistent serious offending emerge for the first time? (2) What proportion of persistent serious delinquent boys qualifies for a diagnosis of a disruptive behaviour disorder? (3) What proportion of persistent serious delinquent boys receive help for their behavioural or educational problems, either from mental health professionals or from personnel at school?MethodEight waves of assessments from the oldest sample (ages 13 to 18.5) of the Pittsburgh Youth Study were used to classify boys as persistent serious violent offenders, persistent serious property offenders, persistent non‐serious offenders, and non‐offenders based on their self‐reports. Juvenile court records, diagnostic information and information about help for mental health problems were used.ResultsAlmost half of the boys who eventually become a persistent serious offender already have an onset of their serious delinquent behaviour by age 12. Two‐thirds of the boys who come to the attention of the juvenile court already had behaviour problems for at least five years, and one‐third were diagnosed as having a disruptive behaviour disorder by age 13. However, less than half of the persistent serious delinquents had received any help from either mental health professionals or from personnel in schools.ConclusionsEarly behaviour problems and a diagnosis of disruptive behaviour disorder constitute targets for intervention. The relatively low rate of interventions for boys with these problems and who later become persistent serious offenders indicates a high under‐utilization of opportunities to prevent serious delinquency by parents and professionals. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Characteristics of girls with early onset disruptive and antisocial behaviour
Authors: Hipwell Alison E. , Loeber Rolf , Stouthamer‐Loeber Magda , Keenan Kate , White Helene R. , Kroneman Leoniek 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundCrime, particularly among juvenile females, has increased in recent years. Little is known, however, about the development and precursors in childhood of female delinquent behaviour. This is primarily due to a lack of consensus on how to define and assess female antisocial behaviour, and a lack of studies using sufficiently large samples.MethodA community sample of 2451 girls between the ages of five and eight years were recruited into a longitudinal study following the enumeration of 103 238 households in the city of Pittsburgh. Data on disruptive and antisocial behaviours were collected from parents, teachers and children during the first wave of the study.ResultsPrevalence rates of disruptive disorders varied by choice of informants and measurement thresholds. The prevalence of most disruptive behaviours was similar across the four age cohorts. Where there were differences, parents of younger girls tended to report fewer problematic behaviours compared with parents of older girls. Teachers reported more disruptive behaviours than parents and, by their reports, older girls were more likely to show oppositional/defiant behaviour and relational aggression than younger girls. Girls scoring highly on several domains relative to their peers were over‐represented in disadvantaged neighbourhoods.ConclusionsA range of disruptive disorders are present among a subgroup of females at an early age, particularly among girls in the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Longitudinal follow‐up is required to examine the developmental trajectories and predictive utility of these behaviours. The implications for clinical interventions are discussed. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Offence typology and the interpersonal octagon: an exploratory analysis
Authors: Shine John , Birtchnell John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe PROQ2 is based on the interpersonal octagon. It has 96 items on eight scales. The mean score for Grendon prisoners has been found to be between that of a Student sample and that of a psychotherapy patient sample. This study found that among the prisoners sex offenders had the highest mean scores. This may suggest that sex offenders have a diminished capacity to form relationships with others. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The voice of detainees in a high security setting on services for people with personality disorder
Authors: Ryan Sue , Moore Estelle , Taylor Pamela J , Wilkinson Eric , Lingiah Tony , Christmas Michelle 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundBritish government Home and Health Departments have been consulting widely about service development for people with ‘dangerous severe personality disorder’ (DSPD). There has, however, been no consultation with service users, nor is there any user view literature in this area.MethodsAll people detained in one high security hospital under the legal classification of psychopathic disorder were eligible but those on the admission or intensive care wards were not approached. Views of service were elicited using a purpose designed semi‐structured interview. The principal researcher was independent of all clinical teams. Confidentiality about patients' views was assured.AimsTo establish views on services from one subgroup of people nominated by the government department as having ‘DSPD’.ResultsSixty‐one of 89 agreed to interview. With security a given, about half expressed a preference for a high security hospital setting, 20% prison and 25% elsewhere, generally medium secure hospitals. Participants most valued caring, understanding and ‘experience’ among staff. An ideal service was considered to be one within small, domestic living units, providing group and individual therapies. Some found living with people with mental illness difficult, but some specified not wanting segregated units. Views were affected by gender and comorbidity.ConclusionsAs the sample were all in hospital, the emphasis on treatment may reflect a placement bias. All but five participants, however, had had experience of both health and criminal justice services, so were well placed to talk with authority about preferences. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Increased deep sleep in a medication‐free, detoxified female offender with schizophrenia, alcoholism and a history of attempted homicide: effect of concomitant administration of quetiapine and citalopram
Authors: Lindberg Nina , Tani Pekka , Takala Pirjo , Sailas Eila , Putkonen Hanna , Eronen Markku , Virkkunen Matti 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground An increased amount of deep sleep has been shown to be associated with antisocial personality disorder. This phenomenon has also been observed in a habitually violent female offender with schizophrenia and alcohol dependence.Aim To evaluate sleep patterns in this patient and compare them with those of healthy, pro‐social women of similar age, and in the same patient over time after treatment.Method Multiple measures of sleep were taken over two consecutive nights with the presenting patient and with three age‐matched healthy women. One year after the patient was established on atypical antipsychotic (quetiapine), and antidepressant (SSRI) medication (citalopram) her sleep evaluation was repeated. In each case only the second night's recordings were used in analyses.Results The patient differed significantly from the three healthy women on most sleep measures. After a year on the medication, the patient's sleep had improved and the non‐REM sleep measures had come into the normal range. She had also shown a sustained clinical and behavioural improvement.Discussion and implications The literature suggests that both drugs had a part to play in the improvements in sleep, symptomatology and behaviour. The possibility that improvement in deep sleep is secondary to citalopram and that it is this that was specifically associated with violence reduction seems worthy of further study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women with antisocial behaviour: long‐term health disability and help‐seeking for emotional problems
Authors: Pajer Kathleen , Stouthamer‐Loeber Magda , Gardner William , Loeber Rolf 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground Previous studies have reported that women who display antisocial behaviour (ASB) as adults or adolescents are at increased risk of poor mental and physical health, but have not tested effects of sociodemographics, or used only incarcerated samples.Aims The authors sought first to test associations between ASB and emotional or physical health problems in non‐incarcerated women, and second whether any such association could be explained by sociodemographic factors.Method The sample was 1218 mothers, aged 22–59, of boys randomly selected from grades 1, 4 and 7 (aged about 7, 10 and 13 respectively) in US urban public schools in 1987 and 1988. The 30% of boys designated most antisocial on initial examin‐ation and a 30% random sample of the remainder entered the longitudinal study. Demographics for the mothers, data on their lifetime ASB, help‐seeking for emotional and/or physical health problems were collected at interview with them. A history of adolescent conduct problems and/or lifetime police contacts led to classification as antisocial for this study.Results A total of 214 (17.6 %) of the mothers met our criteria for ASB. Compared with the women without such history, the women with ASB were younger, less well educated, of lower socioeconomic status, had a higher rate of unemployment and more of them were single mothers. They more often sought help for emotional problems and reported higher rates of long‐term physical health problems, even when the effects of sociodemographic factors were taken into account.Conclusions Although the findings rule out many sociodemographic factors as simple explanations for the association between ASB and poor emotional and physical health, more work is needed on the nature and extent of such disorder, and of temporal relationships between the key events: poor health and ASB. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling alcohol‐related violence: a treatment programme
Authors: McMurran Mary , Cusens Bryany 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionControl Of Violence for Angry Impulsive Drinkers (COVAID) is a structured, cognitive‐behavioural treatment programme for people in the community. The importance of the programme is that it addresses the link between two major problems areas – drinking and aggression – while emphasizing the reduction of the latter.AimTo conduct a pilot study of the effectiveness of COVAID.MethodSix COVAID participants were assessed using psychometric measures and self‐reported alcohol consumption and aggression, before and after a 10‐session COVAID programme. They and 10 other men regarded as potentially suitable but who had not completed COVAID were compared for reconviction over a period of 18 weeks from referral.ResultsSix of the 17 referrals to COVAID completed the programme; one was not accepted for the programme, one is still in treatment, three became unavailable for COVAID, three did not attend the first interview, and three dropped out of treatment. The six completers showed improvement on alcohol‐related aggression beliefs, social problem solving, anger control and impulsiveness. Improvements in alcohol consumption were not uniformly observed, although self‐reported aggression was low. Reconvictions for violence were lower in the COVAID group (one reconvicted out of six men) compared with those referred but who did not participate in COVAID (three reconvicted out of 10 men).DiscussionThis preliminary information shows that COVAID holds promise as an intervention for alcohol‐related aggression and violence. While the indicators are positive, given the small numbers, the short follow‐up period and the lack of an adequate control group, further evaluation is necessary. Given the difficulties in recruiting suitable candidates, a multi‐centre study is recommended. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The Liverpool Violence Assessment: an investigator‐based measure of serious violence
Authors: Nathan Rajan , Rollinson Lynn , Harvey Katie , Hill Jonathan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundAntisocial personality disorder (ASPD) identifies adults with persistent offending behaviour and social dysfunction. However, it lacks discrimination within high‐risk and criminal populations and gives little indication of an individual's history of violence. Existing measures of violence have significant limitations. The Liverpool Violence Assessment (LiVA) is an investigator‐based standardized interview for measuring patterns of violence.MethodA total of 61 male prisoners who had been sentenced for serious violent offences were interviewed using the LiVA and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV antisocial personality disorder and alcohol and drug dependence. Official records of offending were examined.ResultsThe inter‐rater reliability for the LiVA was high. There were significant correlations between histories of violence assessed by the LiVA and official records, but the frequency of self‐reported violence was much higher than in the official records. Antisocial personality disorder was associated with increased violence. However, analyses revealed marked variability of the levels of violence among those with antisocial personality disorder and contrasting patterns of association of violence with antisocial personality disorder depending on the context.ConclusionThe LiVA is a reliable and valid measure of the patterns and characteristics of violence. The findings suggest that the causes of violence should be studied in their own right and not only as a feature of ASPD. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Practice‐based outcomes of dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) targeting anger and violence, with male forensic patients: a pragmatic and non‐contemporaneous comparison
Authors: Evershed Sue , Tennant Allison , Boomer Debbie , Rees Anne , Barkham Michael , Watson Alison 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effectiveness of an eighteen‐month treatment based on dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) targeting anger and violence, on a group of male forensic patients.MethodEight male forensic patients in a high security hospital who met the criteria for borderline personality disorder measured by the Personality Assessment Inventory underwent 18 months of treatment. They completed three psychometric tests at pre‐, mid‐ and post‐treatment and at a six‐month follow up. A comparison group (TAU) of nine patients, assessed as having similar personality disorders, received the usual treatment available in the hospital but excluding DBT. They completed the same tests at the same time intervals corresponding to the pre‐, mid‐ and post‐testing of the DBT group. In both groups, all instances behaviours related to anger and violence were monitored for three six‐month periods, prior to, during and post‐treatment.ResultsOverall, patients in the DBT group made greater gains than patients in the TAU group in reducing the seriousness of violence‐related incidents, and in self report measures of hostility, cognitive anger, disposition to anger, outward expression of anger and anger experience.ConclusionThe results suggest a potential for DBT to impact positively and lastingly on violent behaviour and components of anger in male forensic patients when compared with standard treatment. The power of the current study to detect group differences was reduced by small ns, large confidence intervals, and a non‐contemporaneous comparison group. Cost‐effective strategies are proposed to take forward research on DBT with this population. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Patterns of self‐harm and attempted suicide among white and black/mixed race female prisoners
Authors: Borrill Jo , Burnett Rachel , Atkins Richard , Miller Sarah , Briggs Daniel , Weaver Tim , Maden Anthony 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAimThe aim was to investigate ethnic differences in lifetime self‐harm and attempted suicide in women prisoners, and to examine relationships between self‐harm, suicide and substance use and dependence.BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested that there may be ethnic differences in the proportion of prisoners reporting substance misuse, self‐harm and attempted suicide, although relatively few minority ethnic women have been studied in the UK. This study examines drug and alcohol dependence in white and black British women in prison, and explores possible associations with self‐harm, suicide attempts, and family violence.Methods301 women (190 white, 111 black or mixed race) were interviewed in ten prisons from different parts of England. Measures included the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification test (AUDIT), the severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), section C (suicidality) of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview.ResultsHalf of the women in the sample reported at least one act of self‐harm in their life and 46% reported making a suicide attempt at some time. Lifetime self‐harm was associated with a history of harmful drinking and with being a victim of violence, including physical assault, sexual assault and violence from family and friends. Lifetime suicide attempts were associated with reported violence from family or friends. Current high suicide risk was most common among women on remand.Drug dependence and reported violence from family or friends were both more common amongst white women than black/mixed race women. Self‐harm and attempted suicide were generally more common among white women, but black/mixed race women dependent on drugs had the highest proportion of women reporting self‐harm. There was tentative support for three‐way association between ethnicity, dependence and self‐harm; this raises the possibility that drug dependence may be a predictor of self‐harm in the black female prison population, which is worthy of further investigation. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Childhood behaviour as related to subsequent drinking offences and violent offending: a prospective study of 11‐ to 14‐year‐old youths into their fourth decade
Authors: Eklund Jenny M. , Klinteberg Britt af 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundChildhood hyperactivity has previously been found to be closely connected to subsequent alcohol problems and violent offending among men considered to be without major mental disorders. For others, these associations might be moderated or confounded by other factors, predominantly comorbid conduct disorder.AimsThe purpose of the study was to investigate aspects of childhood hyperactive behaviour in relation to alcohol or violent offences in adult life, taking the possible confounders of early criminality and aggressive behaviour into account.MethodA total of 192 young male lawbreakers and 95 non‐criminal controls were followed from age 11–14 years into their thirties. Information on aspects of hyperactivity, aggressive behaviour, early criminality and later offences was included in the analyses.ResultsThe results supported the hypothesis that aspects of childhood hyperactive behaviour were significantly associated with later drinking offences and violent offending. Further analyses revealed attention difficulties to be the component of hyperactivity most contributing to the relationship. When taking possible confounding variables into consideration, attention difficulties were related to subsequent violent offending among boys with early criminality, independently of early aggressive behaviour. Early criminality, attention difficulties and aggressive behaviour, however, often co‐occurred in the same individual. Subsequent drinking offences or violent offending appeared seven times more often among individuals with all early behavioural problems as compared with those who had no such problems.ConclusionComplex antisocial behaviours in adult life commonly represent persistence of complex childhood behavioural difficulties, but among young lawbreakers there does appear to be a subgroup of boys with a main problem of attention difficulties who go on to violent offending, even in the absence of early manifestation of aggression. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.