bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smallpox Geographies: vaccination, borders and Indigenous peoples in Australia’s coastal north
Authors: Huang Chi Chi , Bashford Alison 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAustralia’s approach to its biosecurity and borders has always been two-pronged – quarantine first, vaccination second. This article asks what this combination looked like in practice by exploring two neglected smallpox vaccination campaigns directed towards Indigenous peoples in the early twentieth century. We argue these were important campaigns because they were the first two pre-emptive, rather than reactionary, vaccination programs directed towards First Nations people. Second, both episodes occurred in Australia’s northern coastline, where the porous maritime geography and proximity to Southeast Asia posed a point of vulnerability for Australian health officials. While smallpox was never endemic, (though epidemic), in Australia, it was endemic at various times and places across Southeast Asia. This shifting spectre of smallpox along the northern coastline was made even more acute for state and federal health officials because of the existing polyethnic relationships, communities, and economies. By vaccinating Indigenous peoples in this smallpox geography, they were envisioned and embedded into a ‘hygienic’ border for the protection of white Australia, entwining the two-prongs as one approach. In this article, we place public health into a recent scholarship that has ‘turned the map upside down’ to re-spatialise Australia’s history and geography to the north and its global connections, while demonstrating how particular coastlines and their connections were drawn into a national imaginary through a health lens.
Courting Civilians During Conflict: Evidence from Taliban Judges in Afghanistan
Authors: Grasse Donald , Sexton Renard , Wright Austin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractRebels regularly provide public services, especially legal services, but the consequences of such programs are unclear. We argue that rebel courts can boost civilian support for insurgency and augment attack capacity by increasing the legitimacy of the rebellion, creating a vested interest in rebel rule, or enabling rebel coercion of the civilian population. We study the impact of the Taliban's judiciary by leveraging cross-district and over-time variation in exposure to Taliban courts using a trajectory-balancing design. We find that rebel courts reduced civilian support for the government and increased it for the Taliban, and were associated with more attacks and more coalition casualties. Exploring mechanisms, we find that courts resolved major interpersonal disputes between civilians but also facilitated more insurgent intimidation of civilians, and that changes in public opinion are unlikely to have been driven solely by social desirability bias. Our findings help explain the logic of rebel courts and highlight the complex interactions between warfare and institutional development in weak states.
Simultaneously ‘national medicine’ and ‘East Asian medicine’: A cross-boundary network of medical exchange in wartime East Asia
Authors: Xia Yun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis article examines a transnational network of advocates for Kampō (traditional) medicine in Japan, occupied China, and Manchukuo during the Sino-Japanese War (1931–1945), shedding new light on collaborationism, Asianism, and the modernization of traditional medicine in East Asia. In the 1930s, despite deteriorating Sino-Japanese relations, the Kampō revival movement in Japan joined forces with the struggle to preserve traditional medicine in China. In 1938, the Association of East Asian Medicine was founded in Japan, gathering together Chinese, Korean, and Japanese advocates under the banner of ‘East Asian medicine’. This article delineates the evolution of what I call ‘medical Asianism’ and how it was institutionalized in different parts of the Japanese empire. Participants in this network differed in their priorities and ideological commitments, yet they tactfully utilized the Japanese imperial infrastructure and wartime circumstances to promote traditional medicine. Their work laid important intellectual and institutional foundations for the postwar development of traditional medicine across East Asia. This study also contributes to a more nuanced understandings of collaborationism. The type of collaboration examined in this article was preceded by a long history of intellectual exchange, based on a shared body of knowledge and morals, motivated by mutual empathy, and for a cause that was much valued in postwar Asia. As a result, unlike most Chinese collaborators who were prosecuted as ‘traitors’, protagonists in this study continued to prosper professionally and became valuable assets in the postwar rebuilding of Sino-Japanese relations.
Cosmopolitan collaboration and wartime collaborationism: The Chinese Maritime Customs Service and its staff, 1932–1941
Authors: Chang Chihyun , Kao Chiu-Ya 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis article discusses the continuity between cosmopolitan collaboration and wartime collaborationism from 1932–1941 by exploring the Chinese Maritime Customs Service (CMCS) and its international staff. The CMCS managed China’s international trade and directed the custom houses in northern China before 1937, and in occupied China and free China from 1937–1941. The customs revenues generated by this international trade were pledged to service China’s international obligations. This article argues that both Chinese and Japanese staff members’ activities to maintain the status quo could be considered as wartime collaborationism from the perspectives of Japan, Manchukuo, and the Collaborationist and Chongqing governments, but all parties tolerated their activities until the outbreak of the Pacific War. The reason for this was that all parties benefitted from the CMCS’s management of international trade and its implementation of international obligations which had existed since the mid-nineteenth century. This article situates wartime collaborationism within the long-existing institutional network that was welcomed as cosmopolitan collaboration in the prewar, wartime, and postwar periods, rather than treating it as a unique wartime setup and ideology. Such a view also illuminates the postwar exchange of personnel and cooperation among former enemies, which grew out of prewar collaboration and wartime collaborationism.
Degrowth, global asymmetries, and ecosocial justice: Decolonial perspectives from Latin America
Authors: Lang Miriam 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDegrowth literature predominantly states that degrowth strategies are meant from and for the Global North. While economic mainstream discourse suggests that the Global South still has to grow in terms of achieving development, degrowth proponents expect a reduction of material and energy throughput in the Global North to make ecological and conceptual space for the Global South to find its own paths toward ecosocial transformation. Based on a Latin American post-development and post-extractivist perspective and drawing on dependency theory, this article suggests another approach: first, it argues that the growth imperative, which in the peripheral world translates into the imperative to develop, also causes harm in societies of the Global South. Throughout Latin America, in the last decades, economic growth has mainly been achieved through extractivism with negative impacts, which are now being pushed further by green growth strategies. Second, I explore some possibilities for a cross-fertilisation between degrowth and International Relations scholarship, calling into question the assumption that degrowth in high-income countries would automatically ‘make space’ for the Global South to engage in self-determined paths of ecosocial transformation, as long as the structures, institutions, and rules of global governance and trade which secure profoundly asymmetric, colonial relations are not challenged.
Spatio‐Temporal Dynamics of Aboveground Biomass in China's Oasis Grasslands Between 1989 and 2021
Authors: Chen Peng , Wang Shuai , Liu Yanxu , Wang Yijia , Song Jiaxi , Tang Qiang , Yao Ying , Wang Yaping , Wu Xutong , Wei Fangli , Feng Siyuan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractGrassland provides multiple ecosystem services and plays a key role in preventing desert encroachment and maintaining oasis stability. In China, the area of cropland in oases has expanded significantly in recent decades, which results in a rapid increase in agricultural water demand and encroachment on grassland subsistence space. However, our knowledge about how the expansion of cropland affects oasis grasslands remains limited. We used machine learning, temporal segmentation of spectral trajectories, and maximum covariance analysis to generate an annual oasis grassland aboveground biomass (AGB) data set at 30‐m resolution from 1989 to 2021 based on multiple remotely sensed and ground observation data sets, and investigated the dynamics of grassland AGB under cropland expansion in oases. We found that overall oasis grassland AGB increased significantly (0.3 gm−2 yr−1, P < 0.01) during 1989–2021, but trends in AGB were not consistent across basins. In the Yellow River, Turpan Hami, Qaidam, and southern Altai Mountains River Basins, AGB was dominated by a significant increase. Conversely, in all basins in southern Xinjiang, AGB showed a decreasing trend due to the rapid cropland expansion. Spatially, cropland expansion and AGB dynamics were strongly coupled. In regions characterized by agricultural concentration, grassland AGB benefitted from resource spillover via edge effects. However, in downstream areas or those with a low proportion of cropland, where most grasslands are distributed, the relationship between the two shifted to a trade‐off. Our study provides a scientific basis for identifying priority areas for ecological restoration and for science‐based planning of the scale of cropland in oases.
Interannual Variability of Subpolar Mode Water in the Subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Stendardo I. , Buongiorno Nardelli B. , Durante S. , Iudicone D. , Kieke D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSubpolar Mode Water (SPMW) is an important water mass originating in the eastern North Atlantic. Its formation, subject to modification through oceanic interior mixing, can directly influence the volume of water contributing to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Utilizing observation‐based data sets spanning from 1993 to 2018, we estimated the formation rates and volume of SPMW within isopycnal layers and examined its temporal variability. Two complementary approaches were used to estimate the formation rate: a thermodynamic approach focusing on the air‐sea interactions and a kinematic approach involving volume transport from the mixed layer to the ocean's interior, including the entrainment/detrainment of the mixed layer itself. This is the first time that thermodynamic and kinematic approaches are applied to observation‐based data in the North Atlantic. Our results suggest a substantial role of diapycnal mixing in diluting the dense waters formed by air‐sea fluxes toward the range of SPMW densities. The study reveals a complex interplay of processes, with entrainment being the primary driver of subduction/obduction rates, while advection contributes to the overall small‐scale dynamics. Variations in the volume and location of SPMW formation are observed from year to year. Notably, when SPMW forms extensively in lighter isopycnal layers, the volume occupied by denser isopycnals decreases and vice versa. We attributed this compensation effect to a propagation signal, where formation in the lightest isopycnal bins influences the formation in denser isopycnal bins with a delay of a few years, emphasizing the circulation's role in shaping the SPMW distribution.
Reconciling Modeled and Observed Δ17O(NO3−) in Beijing Winter Haze With Heterogeneous Chlorine Chemistry
Authors: Zhang Zhongyi , Jiang Zhuang , Zhou Tao , Geng Lei 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Chinese megacities has declined significantly after the implementation of strict mitigation strategies since 2013. However, the concentration of wintertime nitrate in PM2.5 (p‐NO3‐) has only changed slightly and became the dominant inorganic component despite considerable precursor emission reductions. Discerning chemical mechanisms leading to nitrate growth during haze events is critical to implementing effective pollution mitigation policies. The oxygen isotope anomaly of nitrate (Δ17O(NO3−)) is a powerful means to distinguish nitrate formation mechanisms. Nevertheless, the observed high Δ17O(NO3−) values were significantly underestimated by chemical transport models during extreme haze events (PM2.5 > 225 μg m−3) in Beijing, indicating an incomplete understanding of nitrate chemistry. To reconcile this model‐observation discrepancy, we compiled reported Δ17O(NO3−) data in Beijing haze along with relevant observational parameters (e.g., hydroxyl (OH) reactivity, peroxyl radical concentrations), then tested assumptions on Δ17O of key precursors (e.g., OH and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)), recalculated Δ17O(NO3−) and compared them with observations. Our results indicate that considering heterogeneous dinitrogen pentoxide reactions on chlorine‐containing aerosols (N2O5 + Cl− chemistry) with a nitryl chloride (ClNO2) yield of ∼0.75 can explain the observed high Δ17O(NO3−) during extreme haze events. According to the Δ17O(NO3−) data, on average this heterogeneous N2O5 + Cl− chemistry can explain ∼60% of nighttime nitrate production and make daytime and nocturnal pathways equally important in winter Beijing haze (PM2.5 > 75 μg m−3). Our results highlight the critical role of reactive chlorine chemistry in air pollution/chemistry in inland cities.
Impacts of Northward Typhoons on Autumn Haze Pollution Over North China Plain
Authors: Lin Haoxian , Ding Ke , Huang Xin , Lou Sijia , Xue Lian , Wang Zilin , Ma Yue , Ding Aijun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAlthough air quality in China has improved substantially over recent years, haze pollution events still occur frequently, especially over the North China Plain (NCP). Previous studies showed that typhoons are conducive to regional pollution events in eastern China; however, the underlying mechanism and quantitative understanding of the typhoons' impact on haze pollution remain unclear there. Here, based on ground‐based and satellite observations, reanalysis data, and model simulations, we show that northward typhoons approaching China are essential for autumn haze pollution over NCP. Elevated relative humidity levels and enhanced pollution accumulation, caused by northward typhoons and the corresponding high‐pressure systems, are responsible for the pollution enhancements over NCP. Compared with episodes without typhoon influence, cities near Taihang and Yan Mountain suffer from heavier haze pollution when typhoons approach, with PM2.5 concentrations increasing from 87.1 to 106.4 μg m−3. More water vapor from the Yellow and Bohai Seas and pollutants from eastern China are transported to these cities by typhoon‐induced southeasterly wind anomalies, facilitating the chemical formation of aerosols there. In addition, by the block of mountains, these southeasterly wind anomalies also lead to stronger local accumulation over cities and an elevation of pollutants along the mountains. What is more, with the implementation of emission reduction, the relative changes of PM2.5 concentrations between typhoon‐induced episodes and no‐typhoon episodes increase. This work highlights the importance of understanding the impact of synoptical weather on PM2.5 transport, accumulation, and formation processes in haze pollution mitigation in eastern China.
Global Forest Plantations Mapping and Biomass Carbon Estimation
Authors: Xu Hongtao , He Bin , Guo Lanlan , Yan Xing , Zeng Yelu , Yuan Wenping , Zhong Ziqian , Tang Rui , Yang Yang , Liu Huiming , Chen Yaning 
Published: March 2024

AbstractManagement of forest plantations is a natural based solution to the global‐scale mitigation of climate change; however, the role of carbon sequestration remains poorly understood, and this is hampered by a lack of detailed distribution on the global forest plantations. For the first time, we generated a global spatial distribution for forest plantations (GSDFP) during 2015 at a spatial resolution of 250 m using hierarchical extraction based on a machine learning algorithm taking time series of MODIS and ALOS PALSAR imagery as the source data, and finally estimates the biomass carbon stored in forest plantations. The resultant map was validated using reference samples visually interpreted, as well as reference samples collected from previous studies, and inter‐compared with statistical forest plantation area and regional forest plantation maps, and the GSDFP was found to accurately represent the spatial distribution of forest plantations around the globe. Globally, forest plantations account for 7.35% (360.22 × 104 km2) of the global forest area and are estimated to contribute 4.60% (12.85 Pg C) of global forest biomass carbon. The forest plantation map and biomass carbon stock estimates will assist forest management and provide a benchmark for the estimation of the forest plantation carbon sink.
Diffuse Fertilization Effect in Maize and Soybean Is Driven by Improved Light Use Efficiency Rather Than by Light Absorption
Authors: Zhang Zhaoyang , Zhu Kailing , Fan Meng , Wang Quan , Tan Yunhui 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDiffuse radiation can improve the efficiency of terrestrial carbon uptake. Both light absorption and canopy light use efficiency (LUE) are affected by the fraction of diffuse radiation (DF). However, the relative contribution of these two factors to the diffuse fertilization effect (DFE) in the short term is not well understood. To investigate the mechanism of DFE in cropland, we collected gross primary productivity, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), and other meteorological parameters from June to August in three crop sites. Our results indicated that the short‐term DFE in soybean and maize was primarily driven by the improvement of LUE rather than light absorption. The LUE increased significantly with DF, while the FAPAR changed a little with DF. The increased DF is typically associated with reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Our results showed that the potential gain in light absorption and canopy LUE from DF could not fully offset the reduced PAR in soybean and maize. The findings in this study contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the DFE.
Evaluating Streamflow Forecasts in Hydro‐Dominated Power Systems—When and Why They Matter
Authors: Koh Rachel , Galelli Stefano 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe value of seasonal streamflow forecasts for the hydropower industry has long been assessed by considering metrics related to hydropower availability. However, this approach overlooks the role played by hydropower dams within the power grid, therefore providing a myopic view of how forecasts could improve the operations of large‐scale power systems. With the aim of understanding how the value of streamflow forecasts penetrates through the power grid, we developed a coupled‐water energy model that is subject to reservoir inflow forecasts with different levels of predictive performance. We implement the modeling framework on a real‐world case study based on the Cambodian grid, which relies on hydropower, coal, oil, and imports from neighboring countries. In particular, we evaluate the performance in terms of metrics selected from both the reservoir and power systems, including available and dispatched hydropower, power production costs, CO2 emissions, and transmission line congestion. Through this framework, we demonstrate that streamflow forecasts can positively impact the operations of hydro‐dominated power systems, especially during the transition from wet to dry seasons. Moreover, we show that the value largely varies with the specific metric of performance at hand as well as the level of operational integration between water and power systems.
The effect of family integrated care on preparing parents with premature infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit for discharge
Authors: Tiryaki Öznur , Çınar Nursan , Caner İbrahim 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Objective
The study was designed as a randomized controlled experimental trial to determine the effect of the Family Integrated Care (FICare) model on the readiness of parents whose infants were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for discharge and home care of the infants.

Study design
Parents in the intervention group received FICare, and parents in the control group received standard care.

Results
The total mean score of the mothers and fathers in the intervention group regarding readiness for discharge and home care was higher than that of the control group, and a significant difference was observed. A statistically significant difference was found in terms of discharge weight, the day of first enteral feeding, and first breast milk.

Conclusion
The FICare model was observed to enhance the readiness of mothers and fathers for discharge and home care and positively affect the infant’s weight gain, the status of breastfeeding and the continuation of nutrition.

Clinical trial registration
Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifiers: NCT04478162 Unique Protocol ID: 16214662/050.01.04/14) on 17/07/2020.
Insular cortex subregions have distinct roles in cued heroin seeking after extinction learning and prolonged withdrawal in rats
Authors: McGregor Matthew S. , Cosme Caitlin V. , LaLumiere Ryan T. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractEvidence indicates that the anterior (aIC), but not posterior (pIC), insular cortex promotes cued reinstatement of cocaine seeking after extinction in rats. It is unknown whether these subregions also regulate heroin seeking and whether such involvement depends on prior extinction learning. To address these questions, we used baclofen and muscimol (BM) to inactivate the aIC or pIC bilaterally during a seeking test after extinction or prolonged withdrawal from heroin. Male Sprague-Dawley rats in the extinction groups underwent 10+ days of heroin self-administration, followed by 6+ days of extinction sessions, and subsequent cued or heroin-primed reinstatement. Results indicate that aIC inactivation increased cued reinstatement of heroin seeking after extinction, whereas pIC inactivation prevented cued reinstatement. To determine whether these effects were extinction-dependent, we conducted a subsequent study using both sexes with prolonged withdrawal. Male and female rats in the withdrawal groups underwent 10+ days of heroin self-administration, followed by cued seeking tests after 1 and 14 days of homecage withdrawal to measure incubation of heroin craving. In this case, the findings indicate that aIC inactivation had no effect on incubation of heroin craving after withdrawal in either sex, whereas pIC inactivation decreased heroin craving only in males. These findings suggest that the aIC and pIC have opposing roles in suppressing vs promoting cued heroin seeking after extinction and that these roles are distinct from those in cocaine seeking. Moreover, the incubation of craving results suggest that new contingency learning is necessary to recruit the aIC in cued heroin seeking.