bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Faba Bean Leaves in Different Positions on the Yield and Photosynthetic Compensation after Defoliation
Authors: Xia M. Z. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a field experiment in the winter seasons of 1985/86 and 1988/89 at Xichang, China, the effects of defoliation on seed yield of Vicia faba and its photosynthetic compensation were investigated by removing all leaves, some leaves from different plant positions at the beginning of flowering and the beginning of pod formation. Seed yield decreased by 37.3–52.3 % in plants with upper leaves removed at the beginning of flowering. Removal of middle leaves at the beginning of pod formation had the most significant effect, followed by the of upper and lower leaves removed, causing yield decreases of 43.4–64.3 %, 18.6–24.7 % and 8.9–12.3 %, respectively. Removal of leaves at the beginning of pod formation resulted in a greater reduction in seed yield, total dry weight, harvest index, and number of pods and seeds per plant than leaf removal at the beginning of flowering.The photosynthetic rate and export rate of photosynthate of upper leaves at the beginning of flowering, and middle leaves at the beginning of pod formation were the greatest during both years of the experiment. Photosynthetic rate increased and reached its maximum at 4–5 days after leaf removal, then decreased, but, yet greater than the control leaves at 9–11 days after leaf removal. In the meantime, transport of photosynthetic products was accelerated. In general, removal of leaves from the upper and middle third of the plant increased the export rate of photosynthate by ca. 20 %. Photosynthetic compensation could not fully make up the loss caused by leaf removal, so grain yield was decreased by all treatments. The full defoliation decreased yield by > 70 %.
Einfluß des Stickstoffangebotes auf Wasserverbrauch und Stoffproduktion der Zuckerrübe in Gefäßversuchen
Authors: Bürcky K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Influence of nitrogen supply on water consumption and dry matter production of sugar beet in pot experiments This paper describes the influence of nitrogen on water consumption, dry matter production and water use efficiency (WUE) of sugar beet.The experiments, conducted in 1988 and 1989 using sand culture in pots, included five nitrogen levels from 2 to 16 g/pot.Beet roots were heaviest where the N‐supply was 8 g/pot. Top weight increased considerably up to 16 g N/ pot. Therefore plant dry weight was greatest where the N‐supply was maximum. Overall, in 1989 dry matter production (g/pot) was 20 % greater than in 1988 because the beet roots were heavier.Water consumption increased with nitrogen supply. At the largest N‐doses water consumption was 110 1 (1988) and 140 1 (1989). This was three times the amount used at the smallest N‐supply. Over the whole season WUE was greatest at 4 g N/pot and lower at both extremes of N‐supply. Independently of N‐supply, production of plant dry matter per litre of water consumed was between 4.9 and 6.0 g. For root dry matter, equivalent values were 3.7 and 4.6 g/l, and for white sugar yield they were 2.3 and 3.1 g/1
Differences in Root and Shoot Response to Limited N‐supply in Oat and Spring Barley
Authors: Górny A. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOat and spring barley cultivars, varying in origin and date of release, were examined in soil boxes with sloped glass‐face. Considerable genotypic differences were found in shoot and root response to high and low nitrogen supply. Oat cultivars, representing a wider germplasm collection, exhibited a stronger and partially different shoot and root response to applied N‐levels than barley cultivars. Cultivar‐fertilization interaction effects were significant for seminal and adventitious root variation. Genotypic specificity (plasticity) in root response, as revealed in some oat and barley cultivars with a deeper penetration and more vigorous root growth under the low N‐supply, was recognized to be a valuable adaptive characteristic for breeding plants on light‐textured soils.
Synthesis of Osmotically Active Substances in Winter Wheat Leaves as Related to Drought Resistance of Different Genotypes1)
Authors: Martin M. , Miceli F. , Morgan J. A. , Scalet M. , Zerbi G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWater stress increased mono‐saccharides and decreased di‐saccharides concentration in four field grown genotypes, regardless of their different drought susceptibility. Sandy, a USA genotype known for giving satisfying yields in droughty environments, outstood the other cultivars in terms of betaine and proline concentration in leaf tissues; these aminoacids are therefore considered responsible for the most negative Ψs perceived in this cultivar.PV‐curve technique revealed for Tullio, the drought susceptible Italian genotype, an osmotic adjustment of –0.63 MPa, four times greater than in Pandas, though this drought resistant cultivar showed a similar content in osmotically active substances; the authors therefore hypothesize an alternative mechanism in the response to water shortage in Tullio.
Yield Formation in Modern and Old Oat Cultivars under High and Low Nitrogen Regimes
Authors: Peltonen‐Sainio P. , Granqvist M. , Säynäjärvi A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractContribution of nitrogen (N) and plant breeding to yield formation of oats (Avena sativa L.) was evaluated with two years'field experiments. These consisted of four Finnish oat cultivars released between 1935 and 1988 and one breeding line. Three rates of N application were used (0, 90, and 120 kg N ha−1) and 19 morpho‐physiological traits, including maturity class, plant structure and plant stand structure, were assessed.The modern cultivar out‐yielded the old one under low and high N, indicating that return of old varieties into cultivation under low‐input conditions is unlikely to be feasible. An oat ideotype for low productivity conditions must be characterized. Furthermore, N contributed more than oat breeding to several traits studies. However, in some cases N appeared to affect the traits measured in a negative manner. Use of N increased production of both above‐ground vegetative biomass and panicle weight without changing HI significantly. However, plant breeding slightly reduced the production of vegetative phytomass and increased the grain: straw ratio by 10 %. Moreover, genetic gains in shortening straw length, increasing lodging resistance, and improving BYDV tolerance were partly lost when high rates of N application were used. The contribution of N and oat breeding to other morpho‐physiological traits is discussed.
Growth and Development of Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Cultivars under Shade in Coconut Garden
Authors: Babu R. Chandra , Nagarajan M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe growth and development of seven soybean cultivars were studied under shade in a coconut garden. Higher shoot height, internodal elongation and lower leaf area index were the most significant growth changes noticed under shade. Leaf net photosynthesis, crop growth rate and seed yield were also reduced under shade. The cultivars CO 1, UGM 30 and UGM 37 recorded higher yield under shade when compared to other cultivars tested.
Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Productivity in Winter Wheat1)
Authors: Morgan J. A. , Zerbi G. , Martin M. , Mujahid M. Y. , Quick. J. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe recent discovery that carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) relates negatively to leaf transpiration efficiency (CER/gs, defined as leaf CO2 exchange rate/leaf conductance) has led to suggest the trait may be useful in breeding programs. However, the tendency of wheat yields to relate positively to Δ has raised the question as to whether plant scientists should be selecting for more negative (i.e., greater transpiration use efficiency) or more positive (greater yield potential) Δ. Two studies were undertaken, one to examine how Δ relates to yield and yield components in 15 winter wheat genotypes, and the other to study how Δ varies among two wheat genotypes from the USA and two from Italy known to differ in drought resistance.Variation in Δ among the fifteen genotypes was positively associated (r = 0.71**) with grain yield under irrigated conditions, but only weakly associated (r = 0.43) under non‐irrigated conditions. Δ was not significantly associated with shoot weight under both irrigated and non‐irrigated conditions. Significant correlations of Δ with tiller number and grains per spike under both irrigated and non‐irrigated environments suggest Δ influences wheat yields primarily through variations in grain number per land area. Variation in Δ among drought resistant and susceptible genotypes from the USA and Italy, grown in Northern Italy, did not relate simply to drought susceptibility, but appeared more related to the apparent improved adaptation of the Italian genotypes in their native environment. Δ of grain tissue was lower than in peduncle tissue, reflecting the improved water use efficiency of the later‐formed grain tissue which developed in a more dessicating environment. Lower Δ in grain tissue from non‐irrigated compared to irrigated environments was also attributed to increased transpiration use efficiency.
Variation in Salt Tolerance Among Some Wheat and Triticale Genotypes
Authors: Shalaby Essam E. , Epstein E. , Qualset C. O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe identification of genotypes having potential salt tolerance is an effective approach to solve the problems of saline soils.Seed germination and seedling establishment are limiting factors in crop production. Seven wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and one Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmak) genotypes were evaluated for salt tolerance at emergence and early seedling growth in solution culture with NaCl salinities up to 300 mM L−1 (electrical conductivity equals 27.6 dS m−1).Seedling emergence was delayed by increasing NaCl in nutrient media. At 200 mM L−1 NaCl, the emergence percentages of wheat genotypes ranged between 68.7 % and 91.3 % after 7 days and 79.3 % and 98.7 % after 15 days. While at 300 mM L−1, the emergence percentages of the wheat genotypes were 0.0 % after 7 days. After 15 days the emergence percent ranged between 24 % and 72 %. The emergence percent of the Triticale line was 88.7 after 7 days and 89.3 after 15 days at 200 mM L−1, while it was 25.3 % and 84 % after 7 and 15 days, at 300 mM L−1, respectively. Root and shoot dry weight were greatly reduced by increasing NaCl, however, the Triticale line showed less reduction in growth compared to the wheat genotypes. K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were decreased with increasing salinity levels while Na+ content was decreased in the shoot tissues of wheat and Triticale genotypes.
The Effect of Cold and Sucrose Concentration on its Uptake and on the Respiration Rate of Isolated Embryos of Winter Wheat
Authors: Dubert F. , Biesaga‐Kościelniak J. , Marcińska I. , Skoczowski A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBoth at 5°C and 20°C the sucrose concentrations between 8–14 % appear to be optimal from the point of view of dry mass accumulation by the seedling. The metabolic efficiency was also the highest for these concentrations of sucrose.At both temperatures the hydration of the seedlings was strongly dependent on sucrose concentration in the nutrient, diminishing, respectively, from about 6 to about 2 and from about 10 to about 2 mg H2O × mg DW−1 Such low values of the seedling hydration, however, caused only a 10–20 % decrease of their dry weight. Within the range of the applied sucrose concentration (2–20 %) its beneficial – trophic interaction prevails over the negative – osmotic interaction.At 5°C, as compared with 20°C, a drop in the seedlings hydration was observed, which appears to be the general response of plants to low temperature of growth.An analysis of the 24‐hour respiration rate of the seedlings when grown at 5°C seems to reveal the occurrence of a process requiring additional metabolic energy and, probably, associated with the vernalization process.A method of leveling the temperature dependent hydration of the seedling is proposed to enable the selection of high‐temperature control in the investigations of the biochemical mechanism of frost hardening and vernalization.
Influence of Barley Scald Disease on Yield and Competition in Barley‐Oat Mixtures
Authors: Karjalainen R. , Jokinen K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField experiments with mixtures of barley and oats in southern Finland demonstrated a reduction in barley scald disease caused by Rhynchosporium secalis on upper leaves compared with that on pure barley stands. Mixtures lowered disease‐induced yield reductions only slightly. In general, barley was not less competitive in the presence of disease than in its absence. Competitive relationships between the species were more important for yield determination than the direct influence of the disease. Over three years the yield increase of the mixtures compared with the means of pure components was close to 5%, whereas extreme conditions in one year led to a decrease of 11%. The role of competition for yield determination in barley‐oats mixtures under disease conditions is emphasized.
Influence of Solar Radiation and Vapour Pressure Deficit on Transpiration Efficiency of Rainfed Sorghum
Authors: Subramanian V. Bala , Venkateswarlu S. , Maheswari M. , Reddy M. Narayana 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBesides assimilation, plant water relations are important aspects of physiological basis of productivity of crops in water limited environment. The relationships of photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) during pre‐flowering (panicle initiation to ear emergence) and grain filling (from anthesis to maturity) stages of a sorghum hybrid (cv.CSH‐6) grown under rainfed conditions were studied. Photosynthesis rate declined when PAR was above 1300 μmol m−2s−1. during both the growth stages. Higher transpiration rate during grain filling stage at higher PAR caused the transpiration efficiency to be lower than during pre‐flowering stage when PAR was above 1200 μmol m−2s−1.Leaf water potential and stomatal conductance decreased with increase in PAR. Leaf water potential was higher during pre‐flowering than during grain filling stage but maximum photosynthesis rate was similar during both the growth stages. Changes in VPD did not qualitatively alter the relationships of the physiological variables with PAR.Decreasing photosynthesis rate and LWP at high PAR suggest that photosynthesis rate was limited by low leaf water potential when PAR was optimal, and by low PAR even when leaf water potential was high in rainfed sorghum during rainy season.
Growth and Yields of Intercropped Sorghum and Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Semi‐arid Nigeria
Authors: Adetunji I. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffect of five planting patterns on the growth, yield and yield components of intercropped sunflower and sorghum was studied during 1989–90 planting seasons at University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Generally, intercropping depressed the performance of sorghum more than sunflower. Sorghum plants grown in alternate hills with sunflower had the shortest stems, the least dry matter and total seed yields per hectare, while the highest dry matter and seed yields were obtained from sorghum planted in five alternating rows with sunflower. Similarly, in sunflower, plants grown in five alternating rows with sorghum had the highest yields compared with other planting patterns, but there were no significant differences in the dry matter and total seed yields of sorghum and sunflower intercropped in three and five alternating rows. Light transmission, leaf area index and yields of both crops followed similar trends under the various planting patterns. Interplanting in five alternating rows that allowed the highest leaf area also allowed the lowest light transmission and produced the highest yields. Land use efficiency was highly improved under three and five rows interplanting by 52 and 74 % respectively.
Senescence of Flag Leaf and Glume in Rice: Role of Grains during Source‐Sink Modification by Physical and Chemical Means
Authors: Biswas A. K. , Mandal S. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSenescence of flag leaf and glume of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Ratna) at different source sink ratios, through manipulating the plants by physical and chemical means, were analyzed. As judged from the chlorophyll retention capacity, induction of sterility deferred senescence of flag leaf and glume at both grain filling and post grain maturation period. Senescence of the glumes was promoted in the plants whose panicles were darkened. The time needed for achieving maximum 1000 grain dry weight was quickened, the harvest index (HI) was lowered and the flag leaf senescence was delayed by such manipulation. Spraying of urea deferred senescence of the flag leaf as well as increased 1000 grain dry weight and HI. The time taken for achieving maximum 1000 grain dry weight was, however, delayed. Senescence of glumes was promoted by α‐HPMS spray, while the same was delayed by PMA spray on the whole plant. Both the chemicals deferred flag leaf senescence and decreased 1000 grain dry weight and HI. Senescence of the flag leaf at post grain filling period was also delayed by the above physical and chemical manipulations compared to that of control, the highest delaying effect was recorded in the flag leaf of sterile plant.It is concluded that nutrient drainage is the primary cause of nonsequential senescence of the flag leaf of rice (cv. Ratna). The involvement of senescence signal if any, is perhaps of secondary importance.
Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrate Assimilation of Determinate, Semi‐determinate and Undeterminate Soybeans (Glycine max L.)
Authors: Serraj R. , Obaton M. , Vidal V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSoybean (Glycine max L.) nitrogen nutrition is ensured by both symbiotic nitrogen fixation and mineral nitrogen assimilation. The relationship between these two modes of N nutrition was analysed in 3 growth types (determinate, semi‐determinate and undeterminate) of soybean. The nitrate reductase activity and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) of plants grown in the field and greenhouse showed that these enzymatic activity acted simultaneously or successively during the growth cycle, depending on the availability of inorganic nitrogen in the growing medium. Undeterminate soybean types had a higher potential nitrate reductase activities than determinate types.The proportion of N2 fixed as measured by 15N labelling or stem ureide content indicated that determinate soybeans derived a higher proportion of their N from N2 fixation than the undeterminates.
Development of Stripe and Leaf Rusts in Wheat Cultivar Mixtures
Authors: Aslam M. , Fischbeck G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDevelopment of stripe and leaf rusts was studied for a two year period, from 1988 to 1990, in four cultivars of bread wheat planted in pure stands as well as in mixtures of different compositions in trials conducted at two different locations in Pakistan. The relative rate of disease development appeared to be slower in plots planted to cultivar mixtures as compared to that with pure stands of the same cultivars. Similarly, the area under the disease progress curve in cultivar mixtures was reduced, the reduction being proportional to the amount of the resistant component in the composite. Frequency of individual virulences in the parasite population also remained constant during the period of these studies. Differences in yield between plots with mixed populations and those with pure stands were also found to be statistically significant.
Effects of Thiourea, Thiamine and Ascorbic Acid on Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Sahu M. P. , Solanki N. S. , Dashora L. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree chemicals, viz., thiourea, thiamine and ascorbic acid capable of potentiating‐SH turnover, were tested with the objective to improve growth and productivity of maize. Thiourea was tested as seed‐soaking and foliar‐applied treatments as also in combination. Thiamine and ascorbic acid were tested as foliar sprays alone. Foliar treatments were applied at vegetative stage (30 and 45 days after sowing).The results of the field experiment showed that seed soaking with thiourea (500 ppm) tended to improve grain yield (13.4 per cent over control), but improvement in biological yield was significant. However, seed soaking plus foliar treatment of thiourea significantly increased both biological and grain yields, besides causing significant improvement in leaf area index and number of green leaves plant‐1. The increase in grain yield ha‐1 was of the order of 34.6 per cent over control.It was further noted that foliar sprays of thiourea (1000 ppm), thiamine (100 ppm) and ascorbic acid (100 ppm) significantly increased leaf area index, number of green leaves plant‐1 and biological yield ha‐1. These treatments also significantly increased grain yield ha‐1 by 40.6, 20.2 and 26.3 per cent, respectively over control. Improvement in maize yield with thiourea, thiamine and ascorbic acid treatments appeared to have resulted from increased photosynthetic efficiency and canopy photosynthesis on account of the biological activity of ‐SH group. It was also apparent that leaf senescence was delayed under the influence of these chemicals. It is therefore suggested that thiourea, thiamine and ascorbic acid are the potential bioregulators for improving photosynthetic efficiency and grain yield of maize and possibly other cereals, and that thiourea, a sulphydryl compound, holds considerable promise in this context.
Multivariate Analysis of Relations between Mineral Element Concentrations in Grain and Baking Quality of Wheat
Authors: Schnug E. , Evans E. , Haneklaus S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResearch work on the investigation of multivariate relations between mineral element concentrations in wheat grain and parameters of baking quality were carried out on grain samples derived from official variety trials in Germany and Great Britain. The research yielded the following main results:–the grain sulphur concentration is an important influencing parameter for the performance of wheat flour during baking process and thus also a major discriminating factor among mutually exclusive quality categories for wheat varieties;–from a set of mineral element concentrations in the grain (N, P, S, K, Ca, Cl, Si) the loaf volume can be predicted with higher probability than by any other rapid test (e.g. Falling Number or Sedimentation volume). By combination of NIR‐ and X‐RF‐spectroscopy together this elements can be determined with a high accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility in a fairly short time (< 5 minutes).
Changes in ATP Content of Sorghum Seeds Imbibed in Aqueous Extracts of Germination‐Inhibitory Animal‐Waste Composts
Authors: Marambe B. , Ando T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe changes of the ATP content in sorghum seeds imbibed in aqueous extracts of animal‐waste composts were studied to clarify the mode of action of the germination‐inhibitory composts. The seeds were imbibed in water or 1, 4 and 8 % extracts (w/v) of composts for 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h.ATP content in the non‐imbibed sorghum seeds was 0.182 n mol seed−1. The ATP content of seeds increased 2.6 fold during the first hour of imbibition. Statistically significant differences in the ATP content were observed between the treatments from 3 h of imbibition. The seeds imbibed in deionized water contained the highest ATP content at all imbibition durations. The ATP content decreased with the increase in concentration of the extracts. Significant linear correlations were observed between the ATP content and the increase of a‐amylase activity at 4 h (r = 0.75**), 16 h (r = 0.70*) and 24 h (r = 0.91**) of imbibition.The changes in the ATP content in seeds were observed prior to the increase of amylase activity. The reduction of ATP content is the first observable biochemical change in seeds caused by the germination‐inhibitory animal‐waste compost extracts. The ATP content of seeds could be considered as a sensitive indicator to detect the germination‐inhibitory composts.