bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal patterns of onion maggot adult activity and oviposition within onion fields that vary in bordering habitat
Authors: Werling Benjamin Paul , Nyrop Jan , Nault Brian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn New York, onion [Allium cepa L. (Alliaceae)] fields often border woods or other vegetable fields. Because onion maggot adults, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), spend a significant portion of their time outside of onion fields, surrounding habitat may affect patterns of fly activity and oviposition within onion fields. To better understand these patterns throughout the onion‐growing season, first‐, second‐, and third‐flights maggot adult (male and female) activity was monitored using yellow sticky cards. Half of the monitored fields bordered woods, whereas the other half bordered other onion or vegetable fields. Within all fields, yellow sticky cards were placed at five distances along a transect beginning at the onion field edge extending into the field center. First‐flight male and female adult activity was greatest along onion field edges and was especially high along edges bordering woods. This pattern diminished during the second flight and was absent during the third. To determine if spatial patterns of onion maggot oviposition by first‐flight onion maggots were similar to first‐flight adult activity patterns, potted onion plants were placed in onion fields that bordered or did not border woods in late May and early June 2003. The number of eggs laid in the soil at the base of each plant was recorded. Unlike spatial patterns of first‐flight adult activity, oviposition patterns were not affected by bordering habitat or distance from the field edge. Based on the activity of onion maggot adults in onion fields, future and existing control strategies should consider targeting first‐flight adults along field edges rather than across entire fields, especially in fields that border woods. In contrast, based on spatial patterns of oviposition within onion fields, controls targeting onion maggot larvae should be applied on a fieldwide basis.
Nutritional and functional biology of exudate‐feeding ants
Authors: Cook Steven C. , Davidson Diane W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFeeding extensively on plant exudates and honeydews, many tropical arboreal ant species exhibit δ15N values characteristic of herbivores. Consistent with hypothesized herbivory, these taxa behave in feeding assays as though more N‐deprived than are strictly carnivorous ants. However, to an as yet uncertain degree, relationships with N‐upgrading and/or recycling microsymbionts may lower isotopic ratios, making ants appear to be more herbivorous than they actually are. Nutritional (N) contributions from microsymbionts have been inferred for a variety of ant taxa based on intracellular or extracellular associations between ants and bacteria. However, stronger and more specific inferences are possible when variability in microsymbiont locations within the digestive system is considered in the context of taxonomic variability in ant diets and digestive anatomy. Diets of exudate feeders may vary predictably in ratios of usable carbohydrates (CHOs) to N, depending on the extent to which they tend melezitose‐producing Homoptera. Status of the peritrophic membrane, proventricular structure, and number and placement of Malpighian tubules can be interpreted as traits contributing to supply of N and/or CHOs to microsymbionts. In general, a more integrative understanding of ant diets, digestive anatomy, and associated microsymbionts helps to set out specific hypotheses to be tested experimentally and (where possible) in a phylogenetic context.
Altered neural circuit for working memory before and after symptom provocation in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Shin Y.‐W. , Kwon J. S. , Kim J.‐J. , Kang D.‐H. , Youn T. , Kang K.  W. , Kang E. , Lee D. S. , Lee M. C. 
Published: December 2005

Objective:  The authors compared the neural circuits recruited for working memory (WM) in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) patients both at a neutral state and at a symptom provoked state.Method:  Twelve OCD patients, and 12 age‐, and sex‐matched healthy subjects underwent [15O]H2O positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, while performing WM task. In the patients, the tasks were performed both in the neutral and in the symptom provoked states.Results:  In the OCD patients, the right caudate and the right superior parietal cortex (rSPC) displayed activations for WM at the neutral state, while the right cingulate cortex and rSPC displayed activations for WM at the symptom provoked state. Path analysis revealed that the activity of the caudate and orbitofrontal cortex was altered according to the interaction between WM and symptom provocation.Conclusion:  The interaction between symptom provocation and WM occurring in the fronto‐striatal system may hold the key to the neurobiology of OCD.
Differential Effects of Avian Nectar‐Robbing on Fruit Set of Two Venezuelan Andean Cloud Forest Plants1
Authors: Kjonaas Chris , Rengifo Carlos 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTWe quantified nectar‐robbing in two ornithophilus plant species by marking and monitoring robbed flowers and unrobbed flowers of each plant until fruit production. Significantly more marked unrobbed Cavendishia pubescens flowers successfully matured fruits than their robbed counterparts, while fruit set did not differ significantly between robbed and unrobbed flowers of Fuchsia venusta. In C. pubescens, birds of species known to be legitimate visitors sometimes behaved as secondary nectar robbers; conspecific birds handled flowers of F. venusta consistently. This behavioral change may contribute to the observed negative effect of nectar‐robbing on reproduction of C. pubescens.
Can the Desert Bloom? Lessons Learned from the Israeli Case
Authors: Nativ Ronit 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDespite the central management of Israel's water resources and the highly planned strategy for a sustainable water supply, Israel has twice faced an acute water crisis during the past decade. Although the visible problem is related to a lack of additional quantities of water, the deterioration of water quality appears to be endangering the future use of available water quantities as well. A long‐term policy of ground water mining (translated to salt water encroachments), and irrigation with relatively saline water and recycled waste water, among other damage, account for this deterioration. Enhanced flushing of the salt and contaminant load from the aquifers (using various techniques) is proposed as a solution to the problem.
Modeling Multiscale Heterogeneity and Aquifer Interconnectivity
Authors: Proce Christopher J. , Ritzi Robert W. , Dominic David F. , Dai Zhenxue 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA number of methods involving indicator geostatistics were combined in a methodology for characterizing and modeling multiscale heterogeneity. The methodology circumvents sources of bias common in data from borehole logs. We applied this methodology to the complex heterogeneity within a regional system of buried valley aquifers, which occurs in the western glaciated plains of North America and includes the Spiritwood Aquifer. The region is conceptualized as having a hierarchical organization with three facies assemblage types (large‐scale heterogeneity) and two facies types within each assemblage (small‐scale heterogeneity). We statistically characterized the sedimentary architecture at both scales, formulated indicator correlation models from those characterizations, and used the models to simulate the architecture in a multiscale realization. We focused on the interconnectivity of units creating higher‐permeability pathways. Higher‐permeability pathways span the realization even though the proportion of higher‐permeability facies is less than the percolation threshold. Thus, geologic structures as represented in the indicator correlation models create interconnectivity above that which would occur if the higher‐permeability facies were randomly placed. This amount of interconnection among higher‐permeability facies within the multiscale realization is consistent with that suggested in prior hydraulic and geochemical studies of the regional system.
Use of Rhodamine Water Tracer in the Marshland Upwelling System
Authors: Richardson Stephen D. , Willson Clint S. , Rusch Kelly A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRhodamine water tracer (RWT) was used to characterize the migration of waste water within the saline subsurface of a marshland upwelling system (MUS), which is an alternative on‐site waste water treatment system for coastal areas. Field tracer studies were performed to investigate the fresh waste water plume movement within the saline ground water. Pore velocities were calculated using first detection times and ranged from 0.68 to 10.7 × 10−4 cm/sec for the loamy sandy soil matrix present at the site. Use of RWT in the field also allowed determination of main and preferential flowpaths. One‐ and two‐dimensional laboratory experiments were performed using silica sand to investigate the interactions of the organically rich waste water with RWT within the zone surrounding the point of injection (one‐dimensional) and the impact of background salinity on plume movement (two‐dimensional). The results from these studies were used to help explain the field data. One‐dimensional breakthrough curves revealed retardation factors for the RWT in the waste water mixture of 1.73 to 1.90. These results were similar to other researchers, indicating little interaction between the waste water and RWT. Variations in pore water salinity (5, 15, 25, and 35 ppt) were found to have a significant effect on pore water velocities of the fresh water plume (two‐dimensional), indicating the need to incorporate background salinities into the design process for MUS.
Sequential Analysis of Hydrochemical Data for Watershed Characterization
Authors: Thyne Geoffrey , Güler Cüneyt , Poeter Eileen 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA methodology for characterizing the hydrogeology of watersheds using hydrochemical data that combine statistical, geochemical, and spatial techniques is presented. Surface water and ground water base flow and spring runoff samples (180 total) from a single watershed are first classified using hierarchical cluster analysis. The statistical clusters are analyzed for spatial coherence confirming that the clusters have a geological basis corresponding to topographic flowpaths and showing that the fractured rock aquifer behaves as an equivalent porous medium on the watershed scale. Then principal component analysis (PCA) is used to determine the sources of variation between parameters. PCA analysis shows that the variations within the dataset are related to variations in calcium, magnesium, SO4, and HCO3, which are derived from natural weathering reactions, and pH, NO3, and chlorine, which indicate anthropogenic impact. PHREEQC modeling is used to quantitatively describe the natural hydrochemical evolution for the watershed and aid in discrimination of samples that have an anthropogenic component. Finally, the seasonal changes in the water chemistry of individual sites were analyzed to better characterize the spatial variability of vertical hydraulic conductivity. The integrated result provides a method to characterize the hydrogeology of the watershed that fully utilizes traditional data.
A Practical Model for Mobile, Residual, and Entrapped NAPL in Water‐Wet Porous Media
Authors: White M.D. , Oostrom M. , Lenhard R.J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFlow of nonvolatile nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) and aqueous phases that account for mobile, entrapped, and residual NAPL in variably saturated water‐wet porous media is modeled and compared against results from detailed laboratory experiments. Residual saturation formation in the vadose zone is a process that is often ignored in multifluid flow simulators, which might cause an overestimation of the volume of NAPL that reaches the ground water. Mobile NAPL is defined as being continuous in the pore space and flows under a pressure gradient or gravitational body force. Entrapped NAPL is defined as being occluded by the aqueous phase, occurring as immobile ganglia surrounded by aqueous phase in the pore space and formed when NAPL is replaced by the aqueous phase. Residual NAPL is defined as immobile, nonwater entrapped NAPL that does not drain from the pore spaces and is conceptualized as being either continuous or discontinuous. Free NAPL comprises mobile and residual NAPL. The numerical model is formulated on mass conservation equations for oil and water, transported via NAPL and aqueous phases through variably saturated porous media. To account for phase transitions, a primary variable switching scheme is implemented for the oil‐mass conservation equation over three phase conditions: (1) aqueous or aqueous‐gas with dissolved oil, (2) aqueous or aqueous‐gas with entrapped NAPL, and (3) aqueous or aqueous gas with free NAPL. Two laboratory‐scale column experiments are modeled to verify the numerical model. Comparisons between the numerical simulations and experiments demonstrate the necessity to include the residual NAPL formation process in multifluid flow simulators.
Analytical and Numerical Models to Explain Steady Rates of Spring Flow
Authors: Swanson Susan K. , Bahr Jean M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFlow from some springs in former glacial lakebeds of the Upper Midwest is extremely steady throughout the year and does not increase significantly after precipitation events or seasonal recharge. Analytical and simplified numerical models of spring systems were used to determine whether preferential ground water flow through high‐permeability features in shallow sandstone aquifers could produce typical values of spring discharge and the unusually steady rates of spring flow. The analytical model is based on a one‐dimensional solution for periodic ground water flow. Solutions to this model suggest that it is unlikely that a periodic forcing due to seasonal variations in areal recharge would propagate to springs in a setting where high‐permeability features exist. The analytical model shows that the effective length of the aquifer, or the length of flowpaths to a spring, and the total transmissivity of the aquifer have the greatest potential to impact the nature of spring flow in this setting. The numerical models show that high‐permeability features can influence the magnitude of spring flow and the results demonstrate that the lengths of ground water flowpaths increase when high‐permeability features are explicitly modeled, thus decreasing the likelihood for temporal variations in spring flow.
A Simple Approach Using Bouwer and Rice's Method for Slug Test Data Analysis
Authors: Yang Shaw‐Yang , Yeh Hund‐Der 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSlug test data obtained from tests performed in an unconfined aquifer are commonly analyzed by graphical or numerical approaches to determine the aquifer parameters. This paper derives three fourth‐degree polynomials to represent the relationship between Bouwer and Rice's coefficients and the ratio of the screen length to the radius of the gravel envelope. A numerical approach using the nonlinear least squares and Newton's method is used to determine hydraulic conductivity from the best fit of the slug test data. The method of nonlinear least squares minimizes the sum of the squares of the differences between the predicted and observed water levels inside the well. With the polynomials, the hydraulic conductivity can be obtained by simply solving the nonlinear least squares equation by Newton's method. A computer code, SLUGBR, was developed from the derived polynomials using the proposed numerical approach. The results of analyzing two slug test datasets show that SLUGBR can determine hydraulic conductivity with very good accuracy.
Luminal hypotonicity increases duodenal mucosal permeability by a mechanism involving 5‐hydroxytryptamine
Authors: Nylander O. , Pihl L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAim: To investigate whether 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) participates in the mediation of the hypotonicity‐induced increase in duodenal mucosal permeability.Methods: Proximal duodenum in anaesthetized rats was perfusedin situwith a hypotonic NaCl solution and effects on duodenal motility, net fluid flux, mucosal permeability [blood‐to‐lumen clearance of51Cr‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)] and the release of 5‐HT into the luminal solution studied in the presence of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin.Results: Perfusion of the duodenum with 50 mmNaCl increased mucosal permeability eightfold, increased the luminal output of 5‐HT twofold and induced net fluid absorption. This rise in permeability was enhanced 25% by 5‐HT (3 × 10−3 m), reduced by the 5‐HT3‐receptor antagonists granisetron (10−4–3 × 10−4 m) or ondansetron (10−5–10−4 m) or by the 5‐HT4receptor antagonist SB 203186 (10−4 m). The 5‐HT3/4receptor antagonist tropisetron, at 10−4 m, did not affect while 3 × 10−4and 3 × 10−3 maugmented the hypotonicity‐induced increase in mucosal permeability. Lidocaine (1.1 × 10−3 m) similarly potentiated while tetrodotoxin (TTX) (5 × 10−5 m) inhibited the hypotonicity‐induced increase in mucosal permeability. Compared with animals treated with indomethacin alone ondansetron and granisetron augmented (by 30–40%) while tropisetron and lidocaine reduced (by 60–70%) the hypotonicity‐induced net fluid absorption. Tetrodotoxin and all 5‐HT receptor antagonists, except tropisetron, depressed duodenal motility.Conclusions: Luminal hypotonicity increases duodenal mucosal permeability by a neural mechanism involving 5‐HT acting on 5‐HT3and 5‐HT4receptors. 5‐HT also appears to participate in the regulation of the hypotonicity‐induced fluid flux.
Socio-demographic factors associated with smoking and smoking cessation among 426,344 pregnant women in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Mohsin Mohammed , Bauman Adrian E 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Background
This study explores the socio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women who continue to smoke during the pregnancy, and identifies the characteristics of the smokers who were likely to quit smoking during the pregnancy period.

Methods
This was secondary analysis of the New South Wales (NSW) Midwives Data Collection (MDC) 1999–2003, a surveillance system covering all births in NSW public and private hospitals, as well as home births. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the associations between socio-demographic characteristics and smoking behaviour during pregnancy.

Results
Data from 426,344 pregnant women in NSW showed that 17.0% continued to smoke during pregnancy. The smoking rate was higher among teenage mothers, those with an Aboriginal (indigenous) background, and lower among more affluent and overseas-born mothers. This study also found that unbooked confinements, and lack of antenatal care in the first trimester were strongly associated with increased risk of smoking during pregnancy. About 4.0% of the smoking women reported they may quit smoking during their pregnancy. Findings showed that mothers born overseas, of higher socio-economic status, first time mothers and those who attended antenatal care early showed an increased likelihood of smoking cessation during pregnancy. Those who were heavy smokers were less likely to quit during pregnancy.

Conclusion
Although the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy has been declining, it remains a significant public health concern. Smoking cessation programs should target the population subgroups of women at highest risk of smoking and who are least likely to quit. Effective antismoking interventions could reduce the obstetric and perinatal complications of smoking in pregnancy.
Please understand when I cry out in pain: women's accounts of maternity services during labour and delivery in Ghana
Authors: D'Ambruoso Lucia , Abbey Mercy , Hussein Julia 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Background
This study was undertaken to investigate women's accounts of interactions with health care providers during labour and delivery and to assess the implications for acceptability and utilisation of maternity services in Ghana.

Methods
Twenty-one individual in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions were conducted with women of reproductive age who had delivered in the past five years in the Greater Accra Region. The study investigated women's perceptions and experiences of care in terms of factors that influenced place of delivery, satisfaction with services, expectations of care and whether they would recommend services.

Results
One component of care which appeared to be of great importance to women was staff attitudes. This factor had considerable influence on acceptability and utilisation of services. Otherwise, a successful labour outcome and non-medical factors such as cost, perceived quality of care and proximity of services were important. Our findings indicate that women expect humane, professional and courteous treatment from health professionals and a reasonable standard of physical environment. Women will consciously change their place of delivery and recommendations to others if they experience degrading and unacceptable behaviour.

Conclusion
The findings suggest that inter-personal aspects of care are key to women's expectations, which in turn govern satisfaction. Service improvements which address this aspect of care are likely to have an impact on health seeking behaviour and utilisation. Our findings suggest that user-views are important and warrant further investigation. The views of providers should also be investigated to identify channels by which service improvements, taking into account women's views, could be operationalised. We also recommend that interventions to improve delivery care should not only be directed to the health professional, but also to general health system improvements.