bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Universities want fair shake from NASA
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

A number of university scientists want existing NASA procedures changed to foster more equal competition with NASA researchers for the agency's funding. This was a major emphasis among comments that AGU recently made to the agency's task force on NASA‐university relations, which expects to issue its recommendations early next year. AGU's response summarized suggestions from the Union's elected officers, rather than expressing a formal position of the organization.AGU argued that NASA should award all funding through open competition, which would be “a major revolution,” according to AGU group director Les Meredith. Presently, for example, proposals must include the costs of salaries and overhead, yet a NASA center may pay such expenses out of a separate account and thus be able to come in with a lower‐cost proposal.
Global magnetospheric models
Authors: Stern D. P. 
Published: October 2006

Recent progress in modeling the observed magnetic field of the Earth and on related applications of mathematical tools to the physics of the global magnetosphere was the focus of “The Modeling and the Physics of the Global Magnetosphere,” a workshop held May 15–18 at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. The meeting was planned in conjunction with a 1‐month visit to GSFC by Nikolai (“Kolya”) Tsyganenko of the University of Leningrad, who has made many contributions to magnetospheric modeling.David Stern, GSFC, and convener of the workshop, reported that a goal of the workshop was to integrate young people into this field, and the dozen scientists who met jury‐style were split 50:50 between veterans and postdoctoral or graduate students.
No misuse of NSF grants found
Authors: Jones Richard 
Published: October 2006

National Science Foundation officials must have been breathing easier after General Accounting Office (GAO) investigators testified recently that few instances of misuse of federal funds by NSF grantees were found in a preliminary GAO investigation.The occasion was a September 24 hearing of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, chaired by Senator John Glenn (D‐Ohio). Glenn opened the hearing by stating “we all want to make sure that our tax dollars budgeted for scientific research are used for that goal and not to renovate residences of university officials.”
GEOSAT Gulf Stream region synthetic geoid available
Authors: Kilgus C. C. 
Published: October 2006

Total dynamic sea surface topography can be recovered from radar altimeter data given an accurate estimate of the local level surface or geoid. A new technique, the “synthetic geoid,” has emerged from research using data from the GEOSAT 17‐day exact repeat orbit (Eos, July 11, 1989, p. 698). The geoid estimate, useful for mesoscale topography, is constructed by subtracting an independent estimate of the mean mesoscale oceanography from the main sea surface as measured by the altimeter.The GEOSAT Data Validation effort—a Navy‐sponsored collaboration between the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Harvard University, and Rutgers University—has completed the construction and validation of a synthetic geoid that allows the total dynamic topography of the Gulf Stream front and eddy system to be determined from GEOSAT, the future GEOSAT Follow‐On, or any future system in the SEASAT/GEOSAT ground track. The synthetic geoid covers the region between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks. The independent estimate of the mean oceanographic dynamic topography was obtained from the Harvard University Gulfcast data base which includes 1 year of daily realizations of the region's velocity field. The synthetic geoid was validated by comparing absolute dynamic topography derived from individual GEOSAT passes with concurrent topography from Gulfcast and AXBT underflights.
Congress probes climate change uncertainties
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

Policymakers are demanding information about climate change faster than it can be turned out by scientists. This conflict between politics and science was debated at a recent congressional hearing on priorities in global change research. On October 8 and 10, panels of scientists that included AGU president‐elect Ralph J. Cicerone of the University of California attempted to identify scientific uncertainties in global warming research before the House Science Committee's Subcommittee on Science.“Decisionmakers provided with incomplete information are left with the problem of choosing among options where the consequences of a wrong choice could be disastrous,” said subcommittee chair Rick Boucher (D‐Va.).
Brown assails Congressional earmarking
Authors: Jones Richard 
Published: October 2006

Since President Bush first submitted his budget to Congress it was clear that it would be difficult, if not impossible, to fully support all of the NASA activities contained in the budget. Now the appropriations bill containing NASA funding for fiscal year 1992 is sitting on the president's desk. Many space science programs were cut, ranging from the Earth Observing System (−$65 million) to the CRAF/Cassini program (−$117 million).Nevertheless, powerful members of Congress sitting on the appropriations committees managed to find money for many projects in their home districts and states via special earmarking of funds. During House consideration of the final version of H.R. 2519 on October 2, George E. Brown, Jr. (D‐Calif.), chairman of the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, spoke out against earmarking.
Meteorology in America, 1800–1870
Authors: Chenoweth Michael 
Published: October 2006

Meteorology in America, 1800–1870 is the story of American meteorology's emergence as both a field of serious scientific study and the establishment of a government weather service. James Fleming has drawn on extensive archival and manuscript sources and has brought to light the most complete, accurate, and satisfying history of the formative years of the science of meteorology in the United States published to date.The basic theme of the book is that in the 19th century the science of meteorology, not only in the United States but worldwide, underwent “a rapid and dramatic expansion of its scientific horizons.” To develop this theme, Fleming uses observational systems and theoretical networks as interrelated units of analysis. The “observational system” refers to the organized networks of volunteer weather observers throughout North America. They were the “instrument” with which meteorologists collected their data. The theoretical networks refer to the informal communication links between individuals involved in the “storm controversy” of the mid‐19th century, their supporters and detractors in domestic and foreign scientific societies, and other theoreticians.
IGRF commercialization defeated, planetary studies probed by IAGA
Authors: Harrison Christopher , Williams D. J. , Shea Peggy 
Published: October 2006

Sessions of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) at the XX International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics meeting in Vienna, Austria (August 11–24), lasted for nearly the full 2 weeks of the conference. Once again, the program offered a vast array of scientific topics ranging from the outer limits of the heliosphere to middle atmospheric studies to motions within the core of the Earth. This report tries to capture the flavor of the meeting by describing in detail a few of the sessions in a number of different disciplines.One of the most controversial occurrences during the meeting was the attempt to get IAGA to agree to commercialize the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). Although the idea behind this commercial ization, which would generate funds to install and operate geomagnetic observatories in third world nations, was a worthy and excellent aim, scientists at the meeting raised many concerns about the details of commercialization. Eventually, the motion to commercialize was defeated. The next version of the IGRF, consisting of a Definitive Geomagnetic Reference Field (DGRF) for 1985, an IGRF for 1990, and a secular variation model for 1990–1995 was agreed to at the meeting. The coefficients for these models will be available soon.
Scripps satellite archive browsing for localized environments
Authors: Simpson J. J. 
Published: October 2006

Scripps Satellite Archive Browsing for Localized Environments (SSable) is a new interactive tool for browsing the Scripps Satellite Oceanography Center's (SSOC) archive of satellite data in your laboratory or office. The archive contains data from the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) series of satellites dating from 1979 to present. SSOC maintains a capture station, and data are continually being added to the SSable system within 10 minutes of capture completion.SSable provides an easy‐to‐use, pointand‐click, mouse driven user interface developed around the OSF/Motif widget set and the X Window protocol. All options are selected by either directly clicking the mouse on the desired push button, or pulling down a sub‐menu from a push‐button. A “fill‐inthe‐blanks” window appears to guide the user in defining the operation. All SSable option menus have a cancel button to abort the operation. Users can search for data by time, day, geographic coordinate or, if the user knows the structure of the Scripps archive, by explicit archive number.
Convection in the magnetotail
Authors: Stern David 
Published: October 2006

It is well known that the Earth's magnetosphere is permeated by a large‐scale electric field, E, which in its turn produces a global flow pattern known as magnetospheric convection, with velocity u = (E × B)/B2 . Convection is the key to understanding the global features of the magnetosphere, for instance the large‐scale flow of electric currents along magnetic field lines (“Birkeland currents”) into and out of the polar ionosphere.A successful theory of convection in the inner magnetosphere was formulated about 20 years ago. That, however, explains only part of the puzzle, because the inner magnetosphere receives its E from more distant regions, mainly the magnetotail and its boundary layers, where convection is still poorly understood. One problem has been the Erickson‐Wolf effect [Erickson and Wolf, 1980; Hau et al., 1989] by which convection rapidly deforms the tail until a reconnection crisis is likely. Another problem was the observational uncertainty about the polytropic (or “adiabatic”) exponent γ of the gas law expected to hold in the plasma sheet [Zhu, 1990; Baumjohann and Paschmann, 1989; Huang et al., 1989]. MHD simulations appear to be of limited use, because convection theory in the inner magnetosphere goes beyond MHD and depends on actualparticle motion. In the weak fields of the magnetotail, these may involve not only guiding center drifts but also nonadiabatic motions [e.g., Büchner and Zelenyi, 1989] and finite‐gyroradius effects [Macmahon, 1965; Stasiewicz, 1987].
Collaborative Research Opportunities: Capabilities for Measuring Physical and Chemical Properties of Earth Materials at Lawrence Livermore
Authors: Durham W. B. , Duba A. G. 
Published: October 2006

The Experimental Geophysics Group of the Earth Sciences Department at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, Calif., has experimental equipment that measures a variety of physical properties and phase equilibria and kinetics on rocks and minerals at extremes of pressure (to 500 GPa) and temperature (from 10 to 2800 K). These experimental capabilities are tabulated in this report, and some of the experimental equipment is described in detail.Experimental geophysics began at the LLNL in the early 1960s as an outgrowth of the Plowshare program, whose purpose was to develop peaceful applications for nuclear explosives. Research activity in rock mechanics expanded rapidly shortly thereafter when underground nuclear testing began. We needed to know the mechanical properties of specific Nevada Test Site rocks at high pressure in order to contain our own texts, and of rocks in general in order to interpret the seismic information emanating from nuclear tests by other countries. Several large testing frames, pressure vessels, and pumping capabilities were acquired at this time. The equipment base left behind by the nuclear test containment and seismic‐monitoring programs allowed us to broaden our research horizons, in turn allowing us to further expand our research capabilities. We now pursue a very diverse program of study of the physical and chemical behavior of rocks and minerals under extremes of pressure and temperature for a wide variety of Earth‐science applications.
NASA funding outlook bleak, says Traxler
Authors: Cole Stephen 
Published: October 2006

“Given our future budget outlook, if we are going to fund the space station NASA proposes to build as directed by [Congress], we are not going to fund a great deal else in some other programs,” said Bob Traxler (D‐Mich.), House appropriations subcommittee chairman, as he addressed the House recently on some of the difficult funding questions Congress will be facing next year.Traxler warned that the funding delays—and near‐cancellations—of several NASA science projects in the 1992 budget are likely to occur again next year if “some reality is not brought to this problem soon.” Earlier this year Traxler's subcommittee recommended eliminating all funds for the space station as a way of coping with the tight budget available for NASA and the National Science Foundation. That recommendation was later rejected by the House.
Active eruption seen on East Pacific Rise
Authors: Haymon Rachel M. , Carbotte Suzanne , Wright Dawn , Beedle Nell , Johnson Freedom , Fomari Daniel J. , Von Damm Karen , Grebmeier Jackie , Lilley Marvin , McLaughlin Elizabeth , Olson Eric , Edmond John , Perfit Michael R. , Smith Matthew , Shanks W. C. , Lutz Richard , Seewald Jeffrey , Reudelhuber Dan 
Published: October 2006

Investigators involved in the ADVENTURE program, an Alvin dive program on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°–10°N, have reported evidence suggesting very recent and possibly ongoing eruptive activity along this portion of the mid‐ocean ridge. Preliminary age dating of basalt samples from the new flows (Figure 1) suggest that the eruption did, in fact, occur during the March–April 1991 dive program.The East Pacific Rise (EPR) between 9° and 10°N has been the site of much marine geological and geophysical research over the past decade. Research in this region has included a host of interdisciplinary field programs such as numerous high‐resolution multibeam and side‐looking sonar surveys, multichannel seismic and high‐resolution tomographic surveys, a near‐bottom refraction survey, ARGO optical/acoustical nearbottom mapping, and closely spaced rock sampling along the crest and upper flanks of the EPR in this area.
Atmosphere, oceans, and land
Authors: Prinn Ronald G. 
Published: October 2006

The study of the atmosphere, oceans, and the land (surface, soil, ice, snow, lakes, and groundwater) has undergone a revolution in the past few decades. This revolution is fueled not only by an intrinsic desire to understand the basic scientific principles that determine the evolution and state of our environment, but also by a more practical need to predict, and to some extent control, those aspects of the environment that affect our immediate health, sustenance, and well‐being, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, floods, avalanches, droughts, air pollution, sunburn, and acid rain.The rapid growth of knowledge in this area has entailed not only important discoveries about the physics underlying weather, but also the application of computers to the prediction of weather, climate, and ocean currents; the use of artificial satellites; and the recognition of the sensitivity of the atmospheric ozone (O3) layer to depletion by remarkably small amounts of man‐made chemicals. Particularly since 1980, it has become apparent that our environment is, in a genuinely nontrivial sense, a global‐scale entity with complex dynamical, physical, and chemical connections that link ocean with atmosphere; atmosphere with the land, vegetation, and ice; tropical latitudes with temperate; Southern Hemisphere with Northern; lower atmosphere with upper; and even ocean with the Earth's interior.
Imaging spectroscopy of Mars during 1990
Authors: Bell James F. , Crisp David 
Published: October 2006

We conducted an extensive program of Mars observations during the recent 1990 opposition utilizing three telescopes at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii. Images and spectra were obtained between 0.4 and 4.0 μm using a CCD camera (0.4–1.0 μm, two grating array spectrometers (0.5–0.95 μm and 2.1–2.5 μm), and a near‐infrared array camera (1.3–4.05 μm). Our goals were to take advantage of the good ground‐based spatial resolution possible from this opposition, the best until 2001, and to try to map spatial variations in subtle spectral absorption features caused by martian atmospheric volatiles and trace gases and by surface minerals such as ferric oxides, clays, and pyroxenes.Some preliminary results of our imaging observations are presented in Figure 1. These images were obtained in November 1990 using the University of Hawaii 61‐cm telescope and an uncooled CCD camera/narrowband filter wheel combination (0.40‐μm image), and the NASA 3.0‐m Infrared Telescope Facility's ProtoCAM array camera (2.00‐μm and 3.02‐μm images). ProtoCAM uses a 58×62 element Indium‐Antimonide (InSb) array and three cooled circular variable filters sensitive from 1.3–5.8 μm. We obtained images of the entire martian disk in 58 colors from 1.3–2.5 μm (0.9% spectral resolution) and in 25 colors from 2.9–4.05 μm (1.4% spectral resolution). These observations were made 2 weeks before opposition (phase angle 12°) when Mars was in late northern winter (Ls = 333°) and had an angular size of 18 arc sec. The 0.4 μm image was obtained 2 weeks later, closer to opposition (phase angle 2°, Ls = 341°).
Galileo captures asteroid image
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

On October 29 the Galileo spacecraft took the first close‐up image ever of an asteroid, from about 16,200 kilometers away. Galileo's encounter with Gaspra, an intermediate‐sized asteroid, on the spacecraft's way to Jupiter, gave the mission's scientists a glimpse of Gaspra's “violent” geological history.According to Galileo project scientist Torrence Johnson, the encounter aimed to get a first look at the asteroid, assess its composition, and survey its environment. Michael Belton, imaging team leader, said that the navigators used “entirely unprecedented” precision to point the camera at Gaspra.
Planet Earth: Part III: Biosphere interactions
Authors: Sellers Piers , McCarthy James J. 
Published: October 2006

The qualitative aspects of the interactions between the Earth's biosphere and the physical and chemical components of the global climate system have been understood for some time, but only recently has coordinated study focused on the quantitative nature of these relationships. This study is motivated mainly by concern about our current inability to predict the possible consequences of global change.The main interactions between the biosphere and climate range from biophysically controlled exchanges of radiation, heat, matter (both CO2 and H2O), and momentum, down to longer time‐scale exchanges of chemical constituents that ultimately determine the composition and chemical stability of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Ranked in order of increasing time scale (and increasing difficulty of interpretation), these interactions are energy and water cycles, the carbon cycle, nutrients and atmospheric chemistry, and the joint physical and chemical evolution of the atmosphere and the biosphere.
U.S. and U.S.S.R agree on ocean research
Authors: Ostenso Ned A. 
Published: October 2006

On June 1, 1990, George Bush and Mikhail S. Gorbachev signed a renegotiated bilateral agreement for cooperation in oceanographic research. The original agreement for “Studies of the World Ocean,” signed in 1972, did not provide for the protection of intellectual property. The new agreement is administered by executive secretaries from both countries working under the U.S.‐U.S.S.R. Joint Committee on Cooperation in Ocean Studies. The committee held its first meeting in Moscow September 14–17, 1990, at the headquarters of the U.S.S.R. State Committee for Science and Technology (GKNT).The U.S. delegation was led by John A. Knauss, undersecretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and included Ned A. Ostenso, executive secretary of the agreement; Thomas E. Murray, NOAA; M. Grant Gross, National Science Foundation; Robert S. Winokur, U.S. Navy; Bonnie McGregor Stubblefield, U.S. Geological Survey; William S. Busch, Office of Science and Technology Policy; and William A. Erb, Eric Green, and Sidney Smith, Department of State.
Eulogy for the Iowa shooting victims
Authors: Van Allen James A. 
Published: October 2006

On November 1, three distinguished faculty members of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Iowa were among the victims of a murderous assault.Each of these individuals was at the height of his professional career. Each was devoted to teaching and advising students at all academic levels ranging from undergraduate freshmen to doctoral candidates and postdoctoral associates. Each was of national and international stature. All were specializing in the study of complex properties of ionized gases or plasma, the so‐called fourth state of matter. This field is known technically as theoretical plasma physics. It is estimated that over 99% of matter in the universe is in the form of plasma—hence its central importance in the upper atmospheres and magnetospheres of planets, the Sun, the interplanetary medium, and in almost all large astrophysical systems.
Magnetism of quaternary sediments
Authors: Heller Friedrich 
Published: October 2006

Magnetism of Quaternary sediments was the topic of a well‐attended symposium held during the 13th INQUA (International Union of Quaternary Research) congress in Beijing, China, August 2–9. More than 40 papers were delivered by scientists from Belgium, England, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United States, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and other countries. The host country contributed to a productive session that was part of the first large scientific meeting to take place in Beijing after the June 4, 1989, upheaval.Nearly half of the studies focused on paleomagnetic and rock magnetic properties of loess in Alaska, Central Asia, China, and New Zealand. Magnetostratigraphic polarity dating was done at some sections in the western (Shaw et al.) and central Chinese loess plateau (Bai and Hus; Wang and Evans; Yue). The interpretation of the polarity pattern found in the western loess plateau still is not unambiguous. In the central part, certain polarity boundaries, such as the Brunhes/Matuyama (B/M) boundary, are found in slightly different stratigraphic positions (Hus et al.; Yue). In deep‐sea sediments the lock‐in depth of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) at the B/M boundary seems to be a linear function of sedimentation rate (de Menocal et al.). Although the magnetization process in the Chinese loess is not well understood, detailed records of polarity transitions have been reported for the B/M and the Jaramillo R→N transition (Ma et al.; Rolph).