bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in the Diagnosis of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: 1999–2007
Authors: Benson Lacey , Baer Heather J. , Kaelber David C. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Pediatric overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent problems and have received much attention in recent years, but it is unclear whether this publicity has affected diagnosis by clinicians. We undertook the current study to assess trends in diagnosis rates of overweight and obesity in children.PATIENTS AND METHODS. We analyzed electronic medical record data from 60711 patients aged 2 through 18 years with at least 1 well-child visit between June 1999 and October 2007 in a large academic medical system in northeast Ohio. Diagnosis of weight problems among children classified as overweight and obese was assessed by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Logistic regression was used to examine the impact of patient characteristics on diagnosis and to investigate trends over the study period.RESULTS. On retrospective review of BMI measurements recorded for patients during the study period, 19% of the children were overweight, 23% were obese, and 8% (33% of the obese patients) were severely obese; among these, 10% of overweight patients, 54% of obese patients, and 76% of severely obese patients had their conditions diagnosed. BMI, age, and number of overweight visits were positively associated with diagnosis. Female patients were more likely to have been diagnosed than male patients. Black and Hispanic patients were more likely to have been diagnosed than white patients. There was a statistically significant trend toward increasing diagnosis during the study period, although the percentage of patients diagnosed per year seemed to plateau or decrease after 2005.CONCLUSIONS. Although clear BMI definitions of pediatric weight problems exist, a large percentage of overweight and obese patients remain undiagnosed. Diagnosis increased during the study period but remained low among overweight children, for whom early intervention may be more effective. Identification of overweight and obese patients is the first step in addressing this growing epidemic.
Failure to Predict Hemolysis and Hyperbilirubinemia by IgG Subclass in Blood Group A or B Infants Born to Group O Mothers
Authors: Kaplan Michael , Na'amad Mira , Kenan Aner , Rudensky Bernard , Hammerman Cathy , Vreman Hendrik J. , Wong Ronald J. , Stevenson David K. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Direct antibody titer–positive, blood group A or B neonates who are born to group O mothers may be at risk for hemolysis and hyperbilirubinemia. Immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G3 subclasses are associated with increased hemolysis relative to immunoglobulin G2 and immunoglobulin G4. We investigated whether identification of immunoglobulin G subclass 1 or 3 may be predictive of hemolysis and hyperbilirubinemia.METHODS. Direct antibody titer-positive, blood group A and B neonates born to group O mothers were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G subclasses 1 and 3 in umbilical cord blood by using a commercially available gel testing technology. By inference, neonates in whom neither immunoglobulin G1 nor immunoglobulin G3 were detected were designated immunoglobulin G2 and/or 4. Mandatory plasma total bilirubin was measured at discharge, and additional measurements performed as clinically indicated. Hyperbilirubinemia was defined as any plasma total bilirubin value &gt;95th percentile for hour of life. Blood carboxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin concentrations were also measured on the predischarge sample. Measured carboxyhemoglobin, expressed as percentage of total hemoglobin, was corrected for ambient carbon monoxide to derive “corrected carboxyhemoglobin,” a sensitive index of heme catabolism. The corrected carboxyhemoglobin/total hemoglobin ratio was calculated to correct for any differences in total hemoglobin mass between groups.RESULTS. Eighty-two infants were studied, 18 of whom were designated as immunoglobulin G1, 0 as immunoglobulin G3, and 64 as immunoglobulin G2 and/or 4. The incidence of plasma total bilirubin &gt;95th percentile was similar between the subgroupings. Corrected carboxyhemoglobin values and corrected carboxyhemoglobin/total hemoglobin ratio were also similar between the subgroupings.CONCLUSIONS. Immunoglobulin G1 was found in 22% of direct antibody titer–positive, group A and B neonates who were born to group O mothers, whereas immunoglobulin G3 was rare. Hemolysis and hyperbilirubinemia could not be predicted by this gel technique that enabled identification of these immunoglobulin G subclasses.
La responsabilité, une technique de gouvernementalité néolibérale ?
Authors: Hache Émilie 
Published: December 2008

Résumé La plupart des analyses portant sur l’art de gouverner néolibéral, à la suite de Foucault, se retrouvent autour de la responsabilisation de l’individu, comme (re)configuration privilégiée du transfert des responsabilités traditionnelles de l’État sur (certains) individus dans lequel s’engagent, entre autres, les politiques néolibérales. Nous nous intéresserons ici à l’examen – partiel, faute de place – des techniques de fabrication de cette « responsabilisation individuelle » ; et tenterons de contribuer à l’élaboration d’une parade, en nous attachant à la « faille » sur laquelle s’appuie ce sophisme pour que « ça marche » – au sens tout du moins où il est assez séduisant pour inhiber les ripostes. Le tour de passe-passe repose sur la confusion désarmante entre la valorisation de la responsabilité morale des individus – au sens d’une capacité à agir c’est-à-dire aussi à prendre ses responsabilités –, désirée et souhaitée par le plus grand nombre, et l’individualisation moralisante de la prise en charge matérielle de soi-même sous peine d’accusation d’irresponsabilité. L’enjeu de ce « décryptage » est de permettre de ne pas se priver de la ressource des processus d’ empowerment (« mise en capacité collective des individus) pour réinventer la gauche.
Modeling of coupled mass and heat transfer through venting membranes for automotive applications
Authors: Barkallah Amine , Mörée Johana , Sanchez Jose , Bocquet Stephanie Druon , Rivenc Jean 
Published: December 2008

AbstractExperimental and theoretical approaches based on a mathematical model, have been developed to study the evolution of environmental parameters (temperature, total pressure, relative humidity, and water vapor partial pressure) inside a housing of an electronic device with a window containing a macroporous membrane. The model was based on the coupling of mass and heat transfer taking into account the effects of polarization of concentration in boundary layers. Membranes have been characterized by mercury porosimetry, liquid entry pressure measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and gas permeation. Once the model was experimentally validated, it was applied to investigate the influence of membranes on heat and mass transfer and to study the impact of the boundary layers on the global mass transport. The results demonstrated the importance of the membrane choice and dimensions to get the best temperature regulation and avoid water condensation inside an automotive electronic control unit (ECU). © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Long‐term growth following neonatal anatomic repair of transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Swan Jonathan W. , Whntraub Robert G. , Radley‐Smith Rosemary , Yacoub Magdi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDespite generally normal prenatal growth, surviving infants with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) frequently develop severe and progressive growth impairment which is not always fully reversed by elective atrial repair within the first year of life. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of neonatal anatomic repair of TGA on long‐term growth. Twenty‐three children with uncomplicated TGA were followed for a mean of 60 (12–90) months after anatomic repair at a mean age of 11 (1–40) days. Standardized measurements of weight, height, and head circumference for both patients and normal siblings were expressed as percentiles as well as in Z scores (in standard deviations from the mean for age and sex) based on internationally recognized standards. At latest follow‐up, 22 (96%) of the patients were above the 3rd percentile for weight and 21 (91%) for both height and head circumference, with 13 (57%), 11 (48%), and 13 (57%) above the 50th percentile for each respective parameter. The mean Z scores (± SD) for weight, height, and head circumference for the patient group were – 0.1 ± 1.2, – 0.2 ± 1.3, and – 0.1 ± 1.1, respectively, and did not differ significantly from those of the reference population (p > 0.05 for each comparison). Paired comparisons of mean Z scores for each growth parameter with those of 35 normal siblings demonstrated no significant difference for weight or height and a small but significant difference for head circumference. Age at surgical repair (within the first 6 weeks of life), duration of follow‐up and the development of moderate supravalvar pulmonary stenosis were not statistically related to long‐term growth. These results indicate that in patients without extracardiac abnormalities, neonatal anatomic repair of uncomplicated TGA results in normal long‐term growth.
Optimization of preform temperature distribution for the stretch‐blow molding of PET bottles: Infrared heating and blowing modeling
Authors: Bordival M. , Schmidt F.M. , Maoult Y. Le , Velay V. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis study presents an optimization strategy developed for the stretch‐blow molding process. The method is based on a coupling between the Nelder‐Mead optimization algorithm and finite element (FE) simulations of the forming process developed using ABAQUS®. FE simulations were validated using in situ tests and measurements performed on 18.5 g—50 cl polyethylene terephthalate bottles. To achieve that, the boundary conditions were carefully measured for both the infrared heating and the blowing stages. The temperature distribution of the perform was predicted using a 3D finite‐volume software, and then applied as an initial condition into FE simulations. In addition, a thermodynamic model was used to predict the air pressure applied inside the preform, taking into account the relationship between the internal air pressure and the enclosed volume of the preform, i.e., the fluid‐structure interaction. It was shown that the model adequately predicts both the blowing kinematics and the thickness distributions of the bottle. In the second step, this model was combined to an optimization loop to automatically compute the best preform temperature distribution, providing a uniform thickness for the bottle. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
The pain in primary osteoarthritis of the knee. Its causes and treatment by osteotomy
Authors: Helal B 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Some results of a clinical investigation of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee are described. The different varieties of pain which occur in osteoarthritis are detailed. A sub-group of patients with primary osteoarthritis of the knee is described. In this group “venous” pain predominated; the venographic appearances are typical, and in a large proportion of cases the veins outside the bone are manifestly abnormal. It is suggested that venous congestion within the bone results from extra-osseus vein disturbances, and leads to congestive bone pain and to progressive joint degeneration. The mechanism by which osteotomy produces relief of pain is analysed and discussed. A simple procedure which reproduces some of the benefits of osteotomy is described.
Clinical patterns and complications of diabetes mellitus in India
Authors: Lal H B , Bahl A L , Mathur K P , Chugh R N , Bhalla A S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The records of 274 diabetics attending an outpatient clinic in New Delhi have been reviewed and the patients classified into four main types.
The relationship of the disease to nutritional, socio-economic and environmental factors has been discussed.
The incidence of complications in the various types is reported and the differences between them analysed.
Recovery of villous architecture in gluten enteropathy exacerbated by gastro-jejunal anastomosis
Authors: Weir D G 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Two patients are described whose clinical condition deteriorated following gastric surgery for peptic ulceration. Both were demonstrated to be suffering from gluten enteropathy with generalized malabsorption which included lactose.
Following treatment with a gluten-free diet over a 2-year period the jejunal mucosa showed a marked improvement of villous architecture associated with a return of lactose absorption to normal in one patient. This supports the view that following a gastro-jejunal anastomosis the gastric secretion is not itself injurious to the jejunal mucosal structure.
‘Spontaneous’ rupture of the healthy oesophagus
Authors: Toghill P J , MacGuire C F , Raut P S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The clinical features of four cases of ‘spontaneous’ rupture of the oesophagus are described together with the radiological changes.
It is emphasized that the diagnosis often may be made from simple penetrated views of the heart shadow with the patient in the erect position.
The systemic complications of ulcerative colitis
Authors: Watkinson Geoffrey 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A brief review of some of the systemic lesions of ulcerative colitis has been made.
In 465 patients seen between 1948 and 1963 in Leeds, skin lesions occurred in 6·2%, colitic arthritis in 12·0%, sacro-iliitis in 18% and spondylitis in 6%. Eye lesions developed in 4% and liver disease in 2%.
The significance of some of these lesions has been reviewed.
Subdural haematoma: presentation and diagnosis on medical wards
Authors: Walker M E , Espir Michael , Shephard R H 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The twenty-two adult patients with subacute and chronic subdural haematoma seen in Leicester during the last 7 years have been reviewed. The clinical manifestations and results of investigations are described. The diagnostic difficulties which may confront physicians are discussed, with special reference to cases with no history of head injury masquerading as strokes. Stress is laid on the points which help with the differentiation.
Criteria for distinguishing normal and subnormal adrenocortical function using the Synacthen test
Authors: Greig W R , Boyle J A , Maxwell J D , Lindsay R M , Browning Margaret C K 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The Synacthen test consists of the measurement of plasma corticosteroid concentrations by a fluorimetric method before (basal) and 30 min after a single intramuscular administration of 250 μg of tetracosactrin (Synacthen), a synthetic polypeptide with ACTH activity equivalent to that of natural corticotrophin.
In a control group of forty-five subjects the basal plasma corticosteroid level was not lower than 6 μg/100 ml (a lower limit of 5 μg/100 ml is accepted in the afternoon and evening), the increment was not less than 7 μg/100 ml and the plasma corticosteroid concentration after Synacthen was not less than 18 μg/100 ml. From these results the ‘6 (5), 7, 18’ rule was formulated and any patient who failed to satisfy at least two of these criteria was considered to have adrenocortical insufficiency.
The results of the Synacthen test were assessed in forty-six patients who had received long-term steroid therapy, and in fifteen patients with suspected or proven pituitary failure or Addison’s disease. Using the ‘6 (5), 7, 18’ rule patients who satisfied two or more of the criteria were considered as having normal adrenal function, while patients who failed to satisfy these criteria were diagnosed as having adrenal insufficiency. This separation of patients into those with normal and subnormal adrenal function on the basis of the Synacthen test results was found to be reliable as the same division was obtained when the corticotrophin infusion test was performed on groups of the same patients.
The Synacthen test was also carried out in a group of eighty ill patients who did not appear clinically to have endocrine disease and it was considered that the criteria previously determined for distinguishing between a normal and subnormal response to Synacthen were also applicable to this group of patients.
It is suggested that using these criteria the Synacthen test is a simple and reliable screening procedure for the detection or exclusion of adrenocortical failure. A total of 215 tests were carried out on 186 patients without any adverse effects.
Herpes encephalitis
Authors: Dudgeon J A 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Herpes simplex infection of the CNS may occur as part of a generalized infection with visceral involvement or with the CNS alone involved. Aseptic meningitis due to herpes simplex is rare, but necrotizing encephalitis is being recognized with increasing frequency.
The distribution of lesions within the CNS and the mode of spread to and within the CNS are discussed.
Serological tests indicate that some cases are due to primary infection and others due to re-activation.
The importance of early diagnosis by electron and fluorescence microscopy and virus culture are discussed.
The natural history and pathogenesis of herpes simplex and B virus are discussed.
Reduction of excessive haematocrit levels in patients with polycythaemia due to hypoxic lung disesae by phenylhydrazine hydrochloride and pyrimethamine
Authors: Pengelly C D R 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A series of fourteen patients with polycythaemia due to hypoxic lung disease has been treated with a combination of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride and pyrimethamine to reduce the haematocrit level, with doses usually of up to 100 mg/day (and rarely up to 150 mg/day) of the former and never more than 12·5 mg/day of the latter.
Successful reduction of the haematocrit level was achieved in every case without any significant thrombocytopenia, the lowest level ever occurring being 100,000 platelets/mm3 in two patients.
All the patients were improved symptomatically.
Uveitis: report of a 5-year survey
Authors: James D Geraint , Bowden P M A , Friedmann A I , Bowden A N , Fleck D G 
Published: December 2008

Summary
During the first 5 years (1963-67) of a new Medical Ophthalmology Unit, 204 of the 1700 admissions had endogenous uveitis. It was anterior in 141 (70%), posterior in thirty-three (16%) and generalized in thirty (14%).
Acute uveitis in ninety-seven patients ended in the course of months whereas chronic uveitis in 107 was measured over the years, punctuated by relapses.
Sex distribution was equal, and the age at apparent onset of the first incident was evenly spaced in the third to sixth decades, with a mean age of 39 years (range 6-77). Uveitis, observed in twenty children of either sex, was more commonly posterior and chronic.
Clinical accompaniments of adult uveitis include rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, respiratory infections, toxoplasmosis, sarcoidosis and helminth infestations in that order of frequency. No accompanying abnormality could be detected by clinical examination, radiology, haematology or other investigations in ninety-two (45%) patients.
It seems that widely cast investigative routines are not worthwhile in view of this poor return, and that instead, a few tests, selected by the clinico-radiological circumstances, might be equally fruitful. For instance, the Kveim-Siltzbach test is helpful in delineating sarcoid uveitis and the toxoplasma dye test in defining one form of posterior uveitis. In this series, the toxoplasma dye test titre was positive significantly more often in posterior than in anterior uveitis, and this was more evident in Negroes rather than Caucasians. Three-quarters of Negroes with choroiditis had toxoplasma dye test titres of 1: 16 and above.
Pre-peritoneal prosthetic herniorraphy
Authors: Tinckler Laurence F 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The usual operations for inguinal hernia suffer from a number of undesirable features, which are briefly discussed.
A new operation is described, in which the sites for potential herniation are protected with a synthetic prosthesis, as in Usher’s method of incisional herniorrhaphy (1962).
Controversy on iron needs, intake levels, deficiency stigmata and benefits from iron supplementation
Authors: Walker Alexander R P 
Published: December 2008

Summary
At present there is considerable controversy over many aspects of iron nutrition, including: (1) iron needs and intake levels; (2) the bearing of iron intake on haematological levels; (3) iron deficiency anaemia and deficiency stigmata; and (4) iron therapy, prophylaxis, and the haematological and clinical benefits accruing.
Differences of opinion prevail because of inadequacies of knowledge of the level of haemoglobin (or other parameter of iron status) below which unequivocal signs and symptoms of ill-health become manifest in the major proportion of those affected. Difficulties arise equally from lack of knowledge of the level of haemoglobin above which no clinical benefit, short-term or long-term, can be detected from iron supplementation.
Clarification of the situation can be obtained only by carrying out the same meticulous and time-consuming procedures that have been used in respect of requirements and deficiency stigmata of other nutrients. Comprehensive iron depletion studies, real and simulated, and repletion studies, including the use of placebos, will be required.
Epidemiological investigations bearing on haematological status and morbidity will also need to be undertaken, and include groups of subjects in both Western, and developing countries.
Combined carbenicillin and gentamicin for prophylaxis of post-operative infection following major abdominal surgery
Authors: Bloom S R 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Bacteriological studies with carbenicillin and gentamicin individually and with the combination of these antibiotics suggest their effect to be additive in action and often synergistic. Of sixty-five organisms tested in vitro, the majority Gram-negative, forty-seven were resistant to ampicillin, thirty-seven to carbenicillin, twenty-four to gentamicin and only six to carbenicillin plus gentamicin.
Out of sixty-seven patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, thirty were randomly allocated to receive carbenicillin plus gentamicin post-operatively and of these one developed an infection. The other thirty-seven patients received either ampicillin or no antibiotic and nine developed infections.
The combined antibiotic regime seems suitable for prophylaxis for patients undergoing major abdominal surgery with a high risk of infection.
The radiology of small bowel lesions
Authors: Craig Oscar 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The techniques of radiological examination of the small bowel are considered.
The importance of the routine barium meal and follow-through examination is stressed.
The vast majority of lesions present a diagnostic problem in interpretation rather than in detection.
Some examples of small bowel pathology are discussed and the need for interpretation in the light of the clinical picture is emphasized.
Important radiological signs to be appreciated are considered.
Experimental studies on intra-abdominal adhesions
Authors: Iijima Noboru , Inoue Kichi , Yamamoto Takashi , Gomi Fujiko 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Various intra-abdominal adhesions have been produced in rats and mice.
Those animals given an intra-peritoneal injection of protoporphyrin showed a reduction of adhesion formation.
Its mechanism has been discussed in view of Ellis’s concept.
It seems to be appropriate to use PPN for patients who may develop post-operative adhesions.