bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Capacity Wells for Conjunctive Use of Water
Authors: Ham Herbert H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Bureau of Reclamation's authorized Lower Teton Division multipurpose project is based on conjunctive use for irrigation of surface water from the Snake River and ground water from the Snake Plain basalt aquifer of southeastern Idaho. Ground water will be provided to replace surface water adversely diverted to Division lands during dry years. Extensive investigations, including the construction and testing of five test wells of 12‐ to 18‐cubic‐foot per‐second (cfs) capacity, indicate that use of such large wells is feasible, and that the basalt aquifer will yield the initial 400‐cfs maximum flow without appreciable detrimental effect. Location of well fields and design and construction practices were primarily controlled by field conditions; use of theoretical parameters was essentially precluded.
Pit Recharge Influenced by Subsurface Spreading
Authors: McWhorter David B. , Brookman John A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTArtificial recharge from pits, trenches, or basins ordinarily is not considered feasible in situations where a thick layer of slowly permeable material exists near the surface. Results of a field investigation of recharge from an irrigation tail‐water pit indicate that pit or trench recharge is feasible under this condition provided that a much more permeable stratum exists above the less permeable one. The more highly conductive layer acts as a subsurface spreading basin which greatly enhances the opportunity for recharge.The potential for recharge from pits penetrating a highly conductive layer underlain by a slowly permeable stratum can be calculated from the results of a simple theoretical analysis which is presented. The importance of subsurface spreading is demonstrated by a numerical example using conditions similar to those encountered during the field investigation. Under these conditions a narrow pit or trench 525 feet long and 10 feet deep has the potential for recharging at a rate of 1 million gpd or about 700 gpm. Subsurface spreading occurs over nearly 10 acres for this case. Evaporation is reduced because the need for spreading the water over large areas on the land surface is eliminated. Since the length of pit perimeter and not the surface area is the important factor for design, the volume excavated can be minimized by constructing long narrow pits or trenches.
Determining Wedge Angle for a Wedge Aquifer
Authors: Berg A. Vanden , Lennox D. H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAnalysis of drawdown data from either the pumped well or an observation well in a horizontal, wedge‐shaped aquifer results in determination of the distances from the well to the four nearest image wells.These results may be used, in the case of pumped‐well data alone, to determine the wedge angle; if only observation‐well data are used, eight possible positions of the wedge can be determined; a combination of pumped‐well and observation‐well data further reduces the number of possible wedge configurations to two, which are each other's mirror image in the line through the wells; only additional geologic or hydrologic information can distinguish between these two to delineate the aquifer area completely.
Where Have All the Toxic Chemicals Gone?a
Authors: Walked William H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMany municipal, industrial, domestic and farm water supplies throughout the country are derived from wells tapping shallow aquifers that have a high contamination potential from surface derived sources. Unfortunately, water samples from most of these wells are not analyzed on a regular basis even for bacteria or simple chemical pollutants such as nitrate. Practically none of them are routinely checked for more serious contaminants such as viruses, weed killers, pesticides, trace metals, and an almost countless number of toxic chemical compounds commonly used in our environment and eventually discarded in garbage dumps, waste‐burial grounds, or disposal wells. Because of this, the possibility of serious ground‐water contamination often is not discovered until a high degree of contamination is present.Microorganisms contained in water may be effectively removed by filtration in a short distance of travel through fine‐grained earth materials. However, most toxic chemical compounds are not. Instead, these are carried by precipitation recharge to surficial ground‐water reservoirs. After entry such contaminants move downgradient through the aquifer materials, usually at rates of only a few feet per year with little if any dilution, to natural discharge points such as streams, lakes and swamps, or to pumping wells.Ground‐water contamination occurrences from nitrate, arsenic, chromate, cadmium, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and a large number of other toxic chemicals are increasing. These show that a serious threat to public health may be imminent unless all surficial and underground disposal sites of toxic chemicals are located, the extent and magnitude of ground‐water contamination from each site evaluated, and corrective measures applied where necessary.
Protection of Water‐Supply Wells from Contamination by Wastewatera
Authors: Bemhart Alfred P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWastewater disposal by a combination of soil infiltration and evapotranspiration is better than disposal through centralized sewerage systems, because the first alternative returns wastewater nutrients where they belong—to growing plants—rather than discharge the pollutants where they cause damage through eutrophication of lakes and rivers, as the second alternative does.Wastewater disposal by soil infiltration and evapotranspiration achieves advantages for our much abused environment only if three conditions are met: (1) sufficient land area is available, (2) strong microbial activities are evident, and (3) water‐supply wells are protected.The proposed method for design and area calculation of seepage beds stresses—in addition to the quality of soil—the importance of microbial actions to keep the soil pores open. For silt‐loam‐clay mixtures of soils, the required seepage bed area varies from 365 sq ft (34 m2) to 640 sq ft (60 m2) for average households if actions of higher aerobic microorganisms are strong.Water‐supply wells located on the same property are protected from wastewater contamination by natural purification in deep layers of undisturbed soil. The protective distance between mouth of well and seepage bed has a vertical and a horizontal component, the former determined by the depth of the well. The need for a sufficiently long horizontal component influences the required property size. It also depends on the types of soil at deeper layers. For an 80 ft deep well for example, the horizontal protective distance varies from 80 ft (24 m) for silt‐loam mixtures to 140 ft (42 m) for sand‐silt mixtures.Wastewater can be entirely evaporated, if soil infiltration would be a hazard to water‐supply wells. Evapotranspiration beds of 2000 sq ft (186 m2) with strong microbial activity are needed for average households.
TECHNIQUES FOR LOCATING WATER WELLS IN FRACTURED CRYSTALLINE ROCKSa
Authors: Florquist Bruce A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Since 1964, this geologist has used surficial geology to locate hundreds of water wells in fractured crystalline rocks of the Colorado Rockies. The techniques, procedures and priorities that have been established during that period have been incorporated into a training program that is used to teach new personnel how to determine the best water well location on a given tract.In summary, new geologists are taught how to determine the water needs of the client, “read” the surficial geology, determine the best or controlling water associated features of the area, determine the depths of the wells to take maximum advantage of geohydrologic conditions, and prepare a report in layman's terms so that the client fully understands the ground‐water conditions and what can be expected from wells.By using these methods, our staff is able to maintain a 95%+ success ratio and provide these services at a reasonable fee. This paper will present our program which should be applicable to any area that has similar geology.
Water‐Management Studies of a Stream‐Aquifer System, Arkansas River Valley, Coloradoa
Authors: Taylor O. James , Luckey Richard R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA mathematical model was developed and used to simulate the stream‐aquifer system in the Arkansas River valley in southeastern Colorado, from Pueblo to the Colorado‐Kansas State line. The model simulates the interrelations among ground water and surface water including reservoirs, losses, and transmountain diversions, utilizing various water‐distribution rules. The model was used to analyze 24 water‐management plans designed to reduce shortages in the irrigation supply. One management plan simulated salvage of water from phreatophyte evapotranspiration, different reservoir operation regulations, use of imported ground and surface water, a new reservoir, additional ground‐water use, and application of excess streamflow. The resulting annual dependable supply was increased from 610,000 acre‐feet to 870,000 acre‐feet in relation to an annual demand of 1,100,000 acre‐feet. The model can be used as a tool to analyze other water‐management plans.
Geohydrology of the Buried Triassic Basin at the Savannah River Planta
Authors: Marine I. Wendell 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAt the Savannah River Plant near Aiken, South Carolina, as at other locations where there are chemical separations plants for the processing of nuclear fuels, the high‐level radioactive wastes are stored in concrete and steel tanks buried just beneath the surface of the ground. This waste is of such activity and longevity that it cannot be dispersed into the environment, but it must be contained for periods of time extending at least into hundreds and perhaps thousands of years. One concept for the terminal containment of this waste is to store it in excavated chambers within the bedrock, which is covered by about 1000 feet of Coastal Plain sediments at the plantsite. As part of the safety evaluation of this concept, the geology and hydrology of both the Coastal Plain sediments and the bedrock have been studied. However, intensive investigation of bedrock waste storage has now been deferred pending more detailed evaluation of alternative concepts of waste storage and management.In the studies completed, a buried Triassic basin that might have potential for waste storage was discovered beneath the southern third of the plantsite. Investigation into the characteristics of this basin was started in 1971. This was not an engineering or design study but was aimed at understanding the geohydrology of the Triassic basin to determine its compatibility with the safe storage of waste.Seismic surveys, gravity and magnetic surveys, and the drilling of several exploratory wells indicate that the Triassic basin is about 30 miles long, 6 or more miles wide, and perhaps 5300 feet thick. One well penetrated the Triassic border, a second was in the center of the basin, and a third investigated an inferred intrabasin fault. The rock is predominantly mudstone of very low permeability with a few lenses of poorly sorted gritty sand. The water yield of all the exploratory wells is extremely low, and water‐transmitting fractures are virtually nonexistent.In two wells within the basin, heads above land surface have been measured that cannot be explained by connection with a recharge area. Ten possible explanations have been evaluated: aquifer head, fossil head, tectonic compression, rapid loading and compaction of sediments, water derived from igneous intrusions, infiltration of gas, precipitation of minerals, phase changes, temperature increase, and osmotic membrane phenomena. Systematic evaluation, particularly of the time for dissipation of an elevated head to the head of its surroundings, eliminates most of these explanations. Those that remain as possible explanations are: tectonic compression, temperature increase, and osmotic membrane phenomena. It is not known at present whether the high head is general over the entire basin or only in segments of it.
Total Dissolved Solids in Ground Water of the Wainwright Area, Albertaa
Authors: Hackbarth D. A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe technique for gridding of random data developed by Newton (1973) is useful in ground‐water investigations. The method appears to have potential for both regional and local ground‐water studies.The method as applied to the Wainwright area of Alberta shows that total dissolved solids content in glacial drift and at several depths in the bedrock is related to both the thickness and nature of the drift and to nature of the bedrock. Total dissolved solids in the ground water in areas of thick and coarse‐grained drift are lower than in areas of thin and finer‐grained drift. The dissolved solids content of the bedrock is lower where the bedrock is of nonmarine origin and where the overlying drift is thick. In areas where the bedrock is of marine origin and the glacial drift thin the total dissolved solids content of the ground water tends to rise.
Monitoring Toxic Chemical Pollution from Land Disposal Sites in Humid Regions
Authors: Walker William H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPractically all of the toxic chemical land disposal sites now in operation are equipped with only minimal and generally ineffectual monitoring systems, which seldom are capable of detecting even excessive surface‐water and ground‐water pollution from such sites. From monitoring data normally obtained, it is practically impossible to quantitatively evaluate the total toxic chemical buildup in contiguous soil, plant, and water environments or the vertical and horizontal migration patterns of pollutants through underlying earth materials. Monitoring facilities and procedures described in this paper are designed to provide that data required to effectively evaluate all of these parameters. These evaluations in turn should be most helpful in selecting the safest possible sites for hazardous waste disposal, and in developing ways and means to design, operate, and monitor such facilities that will assure minimal danger to public health from this particular waste disposal practice in the future.
Orthophosphate in Ground Water, Hall County, Nebraska
Authors: Atkinson Jon C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAnalytical data for 161 sampling sites indicate orthophosphate concentrations in ground water ranging from 0 to 1.7 mg/1. Ground water in about 50 percent of the county contains concentrations of 0.1 mg/1 or greater. In two areas aggregating 115 square miles, orthophosphate concentrations exceed 0.5 mg/1. Principal sources of phosphate in ground water in Hall County include: indigenous soil phosphate, municipal sewage effluent, commercial fertilizer, and feedlot wastes.
Bacterial Flora of Saline Aquifersa
Authors: Willis C. J. , Elkan G. H. , Horvath E. , Dail K. R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe bacterial flora of three unpolluted saline aquifers were examined. Aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative microorganisms were isolated and classified to genus. The organisms isolated were those commonly found in surface water and soil. Methanogenic bacteria were present in all aquifers.
Cathodic Protection Wells and Ground‐Water Pollutiona
Authors: Ritchie Edwin A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAny improperly constructed or inadequately destroyed water well can endanger ground‐water quality by providing a path for pollutants to reach usable water. Another kind of well, the cathodic protection well, can also present a hazard to ground water.Cathodic protection wells house devices used to alleviate electrolytic corrosion of pipelines, tanks, and other installations situated in a corrosive environment. They are widely used in the petroleum and gas industry. Cathodic protection is a technique used to prevent or minimize this corrosive action by redirecting the current to a substitute anode which then deteriorates instead of the pipeline. To offset the disadvantages of horizontal, or shallow vertical, anodes, and since almost all ground water has enough salt to conduct electricity, the vertical deep anode (cathodic protection well) was developed. They normally range from 100 to 500 feet in depth and 8 to 10 inches in diameter.To prevent cathodic protection wells from acting as conveyances for pollutants, they must be properly designed and constructed at the outset and, when their useful lives are over, properly destroyed. This is best done by following standards of good practice. California has developed and is implementing such standards as part of its program for ground‐water basin protection.
Countermeasures to Control Oil Spills in Western Canadaa
Authors: Hall P. L. , Quam H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIncreasing concern over ground‐water pollution from hydrocarbons is being expressed by governments and industries in western Canada. The Manitoba government has recently held public hearings on the subject and is now working with the petroleum industry to develop new legislation concerning the handling of refined petroleum products. The petroleum industry has developed a series of “oil spill manuals” which describe procedures for controlling leaks and spills of petroleum products. Emphasis is now being placed on education and prevention, and hydro‐geologists are involved in developing training manuals and films.
Evaluating Ground‐Water Paths Using Hydraulic Conductivitiesa
Authors: Naney James W. , Kent Douglas C. , Seely Edward H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA method is presented for selecting ground‐water flow paths by comparing modeled and measured hydraulic conductivity distributions. A flow chart is included which shows the steps followed in selecting the concept of groundwater flow which best fits measured hydrogeologic conditions.Both noneffluent and effluent stream conditions are evaluated using the method. Residual maps of hydraulic conductivity are used to show how modeled hydraulic conductivity may be as much as 300 times that expected when the wrong concept is used. Flow nets of modeled and measured data downstream from a flood‐water‐retarding structure are developed using the selected hydrogeologic conditions.Fitting hydraulic conductivity data results in a distribution of ground‐water flow paths which better represent actual flow conditions. The method provides a unique means of calibrating a model in a pilot test area and applying it to geologically similar nearby watersheds. It is also useful for checking paths of subsurface flow where flow distribution is important as it is in the movement of chemical pollutants or nutrients from a source of recharge, such as a watershed impoundment, to downstream waters.
Geoelectric Sounding for Delineating Ground‐Water Contamination
Authors: Kelly William E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA resistivity survey was made in the vicinity of a landfill in a glacial aquifer to determine the extent of ground‐water contamination. The survey consisted of 12 electrical soundings with the Winner probe configuration. An examination of the sounding curves and logs of nearby test borings suggested a three‐layer geoelectric model for studying water quality variations.The thicknesses and the resistivities of the upper two layers were fixed. Differences in apparent resistivity were assumed to be due only to differences in specific conductance of ground water in the saturated zone (third‐layer resistivities). Apparent resistivities at the largest probe spacing, 102 feet (31 m), were then computed for a range of assumed third‐layer resistivities. Specific conductances corresponding to third‐layer resistivities were then computed using an assumed formation factor of 4.5. A relation between apparent resistivity at the 102‐foot spacing and specific conductance was developed for converting apparent resistivities to specific conductances. Quadratic trend surfaces developed for specific conductances measured at monitoring wells and computed from apparent resistivity are shown to be in good agreement.Under favorable conditions, interpretation of electrical sounding curves provides a basis for estimating specific conductance of ground water from surface resistivity methods. This leads to a quantitative assessment of ground‐water contamination which compares favorably with that determined from monitoring wells.
The Dashte‐Naz Ground‐Water Barrier and Recharge Projecta
Authors: Williams Dennis E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe danger from salination poses a significant threat to development of ground‐water resources for domestic or irrigation use in near‐coastal environments throughout the world. The Dashte‐Naz farm area near the Caspian Sea in northern Iran is no exception. Large‐scale ground‐water development in this region has been limited to wells south of the Caspian Sea near the base of the Alborz mountains where sediments are coarse and natural recharge high. In the northern regions, however, exploitation of the groundwater resources for agriculture and livestock purposes has proven fruitless with most of the high‐yielding wells turning saline after only several irrigation pumping seasons. The source of the salination comes not from encroachment of Caspian Sea water but rather from sediments saturated with connate or fossil waters. A wide zone of dispersion separates the salinated aquifers from the fresh‐water aquifers nearer the mountains.The Dashte‐Naz ground‐water barrier and recharge project was conceived for purposes of overcoming the problem of exploitation of fresh ground‐water reserves in the vicinity of saline‐water fronts. The project presently under construction is a pilot research project on the practicality of using an injection well barrier for storing water underground in areas immediately adjacent to saline ground‐water reservoirs. The results from this project will be used to design other water‐supply projects in Iran not only
Injection/Extraction Well System–A Unique Seawater Intrusion Barriera
Authors: Sheahan N. Thomas 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA multiple‐aquifer system in the bayfront area of Palo Alto, California is being intruded with seawater from San Francisco Bay. In order to combat this potential degradation of the ground‐water supplies in the area, a sea‐water intrusion barrier is being constructed consisting of a series of injection wells used to inject 2.0 million gallons per day (7.6 × 106 l/d) of reclaimed wastewater into a shallow aquifer. The injected water is subsequently removed by a similar system of extraction wells to avoid any possible degradation of the water‐supply aquifers from this source, and to allow reuse of the reclaimed wastewater. The investigation phase included test drilling, aquifer testing and injection testing to determine the feasibility of the injection/extraction (I/E) concept. The number, spacing and location of I/E doublets were optimized using a digital computer model. The double‐cased, double‐screened wells were constructed using corrosion‐resistant materials and were designed for ease of routine maintenance. In operation, injection and extraction will be computer controlled by sensing piezometric levels in a series of monitor wells. Water pumped from the extraction wells will be sold for industrial and agricultural purposes. The I/E well system has been approved for 87½ percent Federal and State grant funding.