bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Isomaltooligosaccharide Syrup on Quality Characteristics of Sponge Cake
Authors: Lee Ching‐Ching , Wang Hsueh‐Fang , Lin Sheng‐Dun 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTSponge cakes were formulated using isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) syrup as a sweetener to replace 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% sucrose. The qualities of cakes were evaluated by physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory evaluation analyses. The viscosity in cake batter, cake volume, crumb Hunter a value, and IMO contents of baked cakes increased with increasing IMO syrup level, whereas the specific gravity in cake batter, crust L a b, and crumb L and b values, and hardness of baked cakes showed a reverse trend. The crust and crumb of cakes became darker and less yellow and had a better tender and less sweet texture as IMO syrup level increased and sucrose decreased. The degree of overall liking of cakes increased with increasing IMO syrup level. Total plate counts exceeded 105 CFU/g for cakes stored at 25°C for three days and <103 CFU/g for the samples stored at 5°C for seven days. The changes in the moisture content, water activity, L a b values, and IMO contents of samples did not differ during storage. Overall, sucrose in the formulation of sponge cakes could be partially or fully replaced with IMO syrup.
Production of Oat Cakes from Extruded Pellets
Authors: Han L. , Huff H. E. , Hsieh F. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTPuffed oat cakes were prepared by puffing the extruded oat pellets with a rice cake machine using independent variables of extrudate moisture contents (30 and 34%, wb), tempering moisture content (10, 12, and 14%, wb), heating temperature (238, 243, 249, and 254°C), and heating times (4, 6, and 8 sec). All four processing variables had significant effects on oat cake physical properties (specific volume, color, hardness, and integrity). Heating time had the most significant effect. Increasing heating time resulted in oat cakes with increased specific volume, integrity, and redness but lower lightness and yellowness. An acceptable product could be made using oat pellets extruded at either 30 or 34% moisture, dried to 9%, and then tempered to 12–14% moisture, and heated to 243–254°C for 8 sec. High correlations were observed between instrumental and sensory descriptive analysis.
Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Fractionated by Wheat Kernel Thickness and Separated by Kernel Specific Density
Authors: Yinian Li , Jun Wang , Weizhong Xie , Daxin Lu , Weimin Ding 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTTwo wheat cultivars, soft white winter wheat Yang‐mai 11 and hard white winter wheat Zheng‐mai 9023, were fractionated by kernel thickness into five sections; the fractionated wheat grains in the 2.7–3.0 mm section were separated sequentially into three fractions according to kernel specific density. Physical properties of unfractionated, fractionated, and separated wheat grains and the physicochemical properties of processed wheat flour were determined. Test weight, relative density, and whiteness of flour in the middle kernel thicknesses were maximal and those properties decreased with increasing or decreasing kernel thickness; they also decreased with decreasing kernel specific density. Extensigraph properties showed the same results. Water absorption of flour and kernel hardness increased with increasing kernel thickness and decreasing kernel specific density. The farinograph properties also were related to kernel thickness and specific density. Pasting viscosity increased with increasing kernel thickness for sections from <2.5 mm to 3.0–3.2 mm, except that the >3.2 mm section was lowest; the kernels with the lightest specific density also were lowest. Thus, the quality of wheat grains with the greatest kernel thickness was not the best, and in fact may be the worst. The quality of wheat grains with small kernel thickness and light kernel specific density generally were worst. Most physicochemical properties of unfractionated and unseparated wheat grains were accurately predicted by the weighted‐average of the different kernel thickness sections and different kernel specific density fractions, except relative density, falling number, dough development time, and pasting temperature.
Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties of Bran in 51 Wheat Cultivars
Authors: Verma Brij , Hucl Pierre. , Chibbar Ravindra N. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTWhole‐grain‐based diets have been suggested to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease and colon cancer. Phenolic compounds, most of which are present in the wheat bran, may be one of the factors contributing to whole‐grain health benefits. We measured the free, bound, and total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in the bran of 51 wheat cultivars belonging to eight Western Canadian spring wheat market classes grown in a replicated trial at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The free phenolic (extracted with 80% v/v aqueous ethanol) content ranged from 854.1 ± 265.1 to 1,754.9 ± 240.3 μg/g of bran gallic acid equivalent (GAE). Saponification followed by a liquid‐liquid solvent extraction released bound phenols ranging from 2,304.9 ± 483.0 to 5,386.1 ± 927.5 μg/g of bran GAE, contributing 66–82% of the total wheat bran phenolic content. Total phenolic content ranged from 3,406.4 ± 32.3 to 6,702.7 ± 19.6 μg/g of bran GAE, with the average being 5,197.2 ± 804.9 μg/g of bran GAE. Antioxidant activity ranged from 11.86 ± 2.59 to 20.12 ± 0.51%, while the overall average was 15.6 ± 2.2%. Based on varietal means, antioxidant activity correlated with free, bound, and total phenolic content (r = 0.8, P < 0.05).
Pasting Characteristics of Maize Starch Heat‐Treated with Different Water‐Ethanol Mixtures
Authors: Kurakake Masahiro , Noguchi Masahiro , Fujioka Kiyofumi , Komaki Toshiaki 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTPasting characteristics of maize starch heat‐treated with six different water‐to‐ethanol ratios (%wt base 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50) were investigated; treated starches were called EW 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50, respectively. Endotherms in DSC analysis shifted to a higher temperature as the water content in water‐ethanol mixture increased. The removed amount of fatty acids was much higher in treatments for EW 10, 20, and 30. The RVA peak viscosity of EW 10 and 20 were highest among the treated starches and setbacks were more than twice that of untreated starch. The characteristic change in the RVA viscogram corresponded to the amount of leached amylose from the granule. EW 30 displays similar properties as conventional heat‐moisture‐treated starch, but maintained a higher viscosity of ≈300 RVU throughout the heating process. In treatment with water‐ethanol mixtures, heat‐moisture treatment and defatting effects generated new types of modified starches. EW 40 and 50 had no clear pasting peak on RVA, and showed a viscosity at low temperature similar to granular cold water gelling.
Bulk Carbohydrate Grain Filling of Barley β‐Glucan Mutants Studied by 1H HR MAS NMR
Authors: Seefeldt Helene Fast , Larsen Flemming Hofmann , Viereck Nanna , Wollenweber Bernd , Engelsen S⊘ren Balling 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTTemporal and genotypic differences in bulk carbohydrate accumulation in three barley genotypes differing in the content of mixed linkage β‐(1→3),(1→4)‐D‐glucan (β‐glucan) and starch were investigated using proton high‐resolution, magic angle spinning, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H HR MAS NMR) during grain filling. For the first time, 1H HR MAS NMR spectra of flour from immature barley seeds are analyzed. Spectral assignments are made using two‐dimensional (2D) NMR methods. Both α‐ and β‐glucan biosynthesis were characterized by inspection of the spectra as well as by calibration to the reference methods for starch and β‐glucan content. Starch was quantified with very good calibrations to the α‐(1→4) peak (5.29–5.40 ppm) and the region 3.67–3.83 ppm covering starch glycopyranosidic protons from H5 and H6. In contrast, the spectral inspection of the β‐anomeric region 4.45–4.85 ppm showed unexpected lack of intensity in the high β‐glucan mutant lys5f at seed maturity, resulting in poor calibration to reference β‐glucan content. We hypothesize that the lack of β‐glucan signal in lys5f indicates partial immobilization of the β‐glucan that appears to be either genotypic dependent or water/β‐glucan ratio dependent.
Association of an insulin‐like growth factor 1 gene microsatellite with phenotypic variation and estimated breeding values of growth traits in Canchim cattle
Authors: Andrade P. C. , Grossi D. A. , Paz C. C. P. , Alencar M. M. , Regitano L. C. A. , Munari D. P. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA population of 1398 Canchim (CA) cattle was genotyped to assess the association of an insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene microsatellite with phenotypic variation and estimated breeding values of pre‐weaning, weaning and post‐weaning growth traits. After an initial analysis, the IGF1 genotype only had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on birth weight (BW) and weaning weight adjusted to 240 days (WW240). For these two traits, direct and maternal breeding values were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood (reml). Two analyses were carried out. In the first (Model I), all fixed effects were fitted. In the second (Model II), the fixed effect of the IGF1 genotype was omitted. The estimated genetic and phenotypic components of variance were similar for every trait in both models. For Model I, estimated direct and maternal heritabilities were 0.26 and 0.16 for BW and 0.23 and 0.14 for WW240 respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between BW and WW240 were 0.38 and 0.38 (Model I) and 0.19 and 0.38 (Model II) respectively. Fifty animals were classified according to their direct and maternal breeding values for both traits. Spearman rank‐order correlation between animal rankings in the two models was used to assess the effect of including the IGF1 genotype in the model. Non‐significant values from this correlation were indicative of a difference in breeding value rankings between the two approaches. The IGF1 gene was found to be associated with phenotypic variation and breeding values in the early phase of growth.
A rapid and robust sequence‐based genotyping method for BoLA‐DRB3 alleles in large numbers of heterozygous cattle
Authors: Baxter R. , Hastings N. , Law A. , Glass E. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe BoLA‐DRB3 gene is a highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class II gene of cattle with over one hundred alleles reported. Most of the polymorphisms are located in exon 2, which encodes the peptide‐binding cleft, and these sequence differences play a role in variability of immune responsiveness and disease resistance. However, the high degree of polymorphism in exon 2 leads to difficulty in accurately genotyping cattle, especially heterozygous animals. In this study, we have improved and simplified an earlier sequence‐based typing method to easily and reliably genotype cattle for BoLA‐DRB3. In contrast to the earlier method, which used a nested primer set to amplify exon 2 followed by sequencing with internal primers, the new method uses only internal primers for both amplification and sequencing, which results in high‐quality sequence across the entire exon. The haplofinder software, which assigns alleles from the heterozygous sequence, now has a pre‐processing step that uses a consensus of all known alleles and checks for errors in base calling, thus improving the ability to process large numbers of samples. In addition, advances in sequencing technology have reduced the requirement for manual editing and improved the clarity of heterozygous base calls, resulting in longer and clearer sequence reads. Taken together, this has resulted in a rapid and robust method for genotyping large numbers of heterozygous samples for BoLA‐DRB3 polymorphisms. Over 400 Holstein–Charolais cattle have now been genotyped for BoLA‐DRB3 using this approach.
Effect of atorvastatin on hs‐CRP in acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Gupta Ankur , Badyal Dinesh K. , Khosla Prem P. , Uppal Bharti , Jaison Thannikot M. , Chopra Sandeep 
Published: July 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Markers of inflammation are being investigated as predictors of coronary ischaemic events. All major statins have shown almost similar and significant efficacy in reducing C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but atorvastatin was used in a high dose (80 mg).• This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a lower dose (20 mg) of atorvastatin on hs‐CRP concentrations in patients with ACS. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • A lower dose of atorvastatin (20 mg) was effective in decreasing hs‐CRP and LDL concentrations in as short a duration as 4 weeks. The use of a lower dose of atorvastatin in patients of ACS can offer an attractive approach for early treatment of ACS patients.AIMSTo evaluate the effect of a lower dose (20 mg) of atorvastatin on hs‐CRP concentrations in patients with ACS.METHODSGroup A (n = 50) patients received atorvastatin 20 mg day−1 for 4 weeks in addition to standard anti‐anginal treatment. Group B (n = 50) patients received standard anti‐anginal treatment without atorvastatin.RESULTShs‐CRP concentrations decreased in both groups, but the decrease was greater in group A. The decrease in hs‐CRP was also significantly greater in the subgroups of smoking, hypertension and past history of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin.CONCLUSIONSThe use of a lower dose (20 mg) of atorvastatin can offer an attractive approach for early treatment of patients with ACS.
Serum retinol‐binding protein 4 is not increased in obesity or obesity‐associated type 2 diabetes mellitus, but is reduced after relevant reductions in body fat following gastric bypass
Authors: Gómez‐Ambrosi J. , Rodríguez A. , Catalán V. , Ramírez B. , Silva C. , Rotellar F. , Gil M. J. , Salvador J. , Frühbeck G. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryObjective  Controversy exists regarding the elevation of serum retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4) in human obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present study, we have compared serum RBP4 in lean and obese patients with or without T2DM, and analysed the effect of weight loss on serum RBP4.Design  Forty‐two Caucasian subjects were included in the study. Serum RBP4 was measured by ELISA and Western blot. In addition, serum RBP4 was measured in 21 morbidly obese patients before and after 4, 8 and 15 months of weight loss following Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGBP).Results  No significant effect of either obesity or diabetes on serum RBP4 was observed. Serum RBP4 concentrations (measured by either ELISA or Western blot) did not correlate with body mass index (BMI), body fat or any indicator of glucose metabolism or insulin resistance. Weight loss following RYGBP did not modify serum RBP4 at 15 months (P = 0·472). However, the variations in serum RBP4 were significantly associated with the reduction in body fat (r = 0·48; P = 0·026). Patients loosing over 20% of fat mass (n = 11) showed significantly different RBP4 concentrations compared to those individuals exhibiting smaller adiposity reductions (n = 10) (–11·0 ± 6·4 vs.+5·8 ± 3·6 mg/l; P = 0·036). Furthermore, RBP4 levels were significantly reduced at 4 (P = 0·006) and 8 (P = 0·015) months only in those patients loosing over 20% of fat mass.Conclusion  Serum RBP4 concentrations are not increased in obese patients with or without T2DM. A decrease in RBP4 levels was only observed after surgically induced weight loss accompanied by relevant reductions in body fat. RBP4 might be considered as a dynamic marker of negative energy balance being reduced during weight loss when a negative energy balance threshold is reached. Furthermore, RBP4 variation in the first month after RYGBP may be a predictor of weight loss success.
Changes in gut hormones after bariatric surgery
Authors: Vincent R. P. , Le Roux C. W. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBariatric surgery is one of the most effective treatments for achieving long‐term weight loss in morbidly obese patients. Bariatric surgery causes weight loss through substantial decline of hunger and increased satiety. Recently our understanding of neuroendocrine regulation of food intake and weight gain, especially regarding the role of gut hormones, has significantly increased. The changes in these hormones following bariatric surgery can partly explain the mechanism behind weight loss achieved through these procedures. In this paper, we review the effect bariatric procedures have on different gut hormone levels and how they in turn can alter the complex neuroendocrine regulation of energy homeostasis.
Value of the intravenous and oral glucose tolerance tests for detecting subtle impairments in insulin sensitivity and beta‐cell function in former gestational diabetes
Authors: Tura A. , Mari A. , Prikoszovich T. , Pacini G. , Kautzky‐Willer A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryObjective  Women with former gestational diabetes mellitus (fGDM) often show defects in both insulin sensitivity and beta‐cell function but it is not clear which defect plays the major role or which appears first. This might be because fGDM women are often studied as a unique group and not divided according to their glucose tolerance. Different findings might also be the result of using different tests. Our aim was to study insulin sensitivity and beta‐cell function with two independent glucose tolerance tests in fGDM women divided according to their glucose tolerance.Design and patients  A total of 108 fGDM women divided into normal glucose tolerance (IGT; N = 82), impaired glucose metabolism (IGM; N = 20) and overt type 2 diabetes (T2DM; N = 6) groups, and 38 healthy control women (CNT) underwent intravenous (IVGTT) and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT).Measurements  Insulin sensitivity and beta‐cell function were assessed by both the IVGTT and the OGTT.Results  Both tests revealed impaired insulin sensitivity in the normotolerant group compared to controls (IVGTT: 4·2 ± 0·3 vs. 5·4 ± 0·4 10−4 min−1 (µU/ml)−1; OGTT: 440 ± 7 vs. 472 ± 9 ml min−1 m−2). Conversely, no difference was found in beta‐cell function from the IVGTT. However, some parameters of beta‐cell function by OGTT modelling analysis were found to be impaired: glucose sensitivity (106 ± 5 vs. 124 ± 7 pmol min−1 m−2 mm−1, P = 0·0407) and insulin secretion at 5 mm glucose (168 ± 9 vs. 206 ± 10 pmol min−1 m−2, P = 0·003).Conclusions  Both insulin sensitivity and beta‐cell function are impaired in normotolerant fGDM but the subtle defect in beta‐cell function is disclosed only by OGTT modelling analysis.
Immunotherapeutic agents in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Gandhi Gunjan Y. , Murad M. Hassan , Flynn David N. , Elamin Mohamed B. , Erwin Patricia J. , Montori Victor M. , Kudva Yogish C. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryObjective  Although recent trial results of anti‐CD3 therapy are promising, there have been conflicting results of various immunotherapeutic agents used in patients with type 1 diabetes. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine the efficacy of nonantigen‐based immunotherapeutic approaches for preservation of beta‐cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes.Methods  We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, reference lists, and content expert files up to September 2006. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of antiproliferative agents (methotrexate, azathioprine), monoclonal antibodies (CD3, CD4), T‐cell inhibitors (cyclosporin) and other immunotherapeutic agents (photopheresis, linomide, fusidin, buffy coat, intravenous immunoglobulin, BCG, nicotinamide) in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes followed for ≥ 6 months. Pairs of reviewers working independently and with adequate reliability assessed the trials’ methodological quality, collected data, and conducted random‐effects meta‐analyses on measures of preservation of beta‐cell function (e.g. C‐peptide secretion, insulin independence).Results  Of the 299 potentially relevant articles identified after an initial search, 20 trials met selection criteria. Meta‐analysis of 20 trials (n = 1187 patients) found a small to moderate improvement in beta‐cell function with immunotherapy [vs. placebo, effect size 0·37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·14–0·6] but there was moderate inconsistency in results across trials (I2 65%, 95% CI 39–77%). Subgroup analysis suggested a greater effect of cyclosporin and antiproliferative agents on beta‐cell function when used for ≥ 6 months (pooled effect size 0·77 vs.–0·11, respectively; Pinteraction = 0·002).Conclusions  Long‐term immunotherapy may preserve beta‐cell function in newly diagnosed patients with type 1 diabetes. Patients and clinicians must await the conduct of rigorous trials reporting on diabetes resolution, adverse events, and other patient‐important outcomes.
Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with marked impairment of GH response to acylated ghrelin
Authors: Cecconi E. , Bogazzi F. , Morselli L. L. , Gasperi M. , Procopio M. , Gramaglia E. , Broglio F. , Giovannetti C. , Ghigo E. , Martino E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBackground  Impaired GH secretion is a common finding in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). Ghrelin displays strong GH‐releasing action, mainly at the hypothalamic level.Objective  To evaluate secretory response of GH to ghrelin in PHP patients.Patients  Fifteen patients [11 women/4 men, mean age 54 years, range 32–70 years, body mass index (BMI) 25·0 ± 0·7 kg/m2] affected with PHP due to single parathyroid adenoma and 35 normal age‐matched subjects (23 women/12 men, mean age 58 years, range 35–68 years, BMI 24·1 ± 1·1 kg/m2).Methods  A measure of 1 µg/kg body weight i.v. acylated ghrelin or 1 µg/kg body weight i.v. GH releasing hormone (GHRH) followed by 0·5 g/kg body weight i.v. arginine (ARG) hydrochloride were administered to all subjects on alternate days in order to evaluate GH response.Results  Mean serum GH peak after GHRH + ARG was 32·6 ± 7·8 and 17·4 ± 4·0 µg/l, in controls and PHP patients, respectively (P < 0·05). Mean serum GH peak after ghrelin was 70·4 ± 31·5 and 16·8 ± 1·9 µg/l, in controls and PHP patients, respectively, (P < 0·001). Using ROC curves, a serum GH peak > 22 µg/l after ghrelin stimulation might be considered as a cut‐off value for identifying normal subjects. Ten (67%) PHP patients have impaired GH response to GHRH + ARG and 13 (87%) to ghrelin. Serum GH peak after ghrelin or GHRH + ARG was unrelated to serum IGF‐1, PTH or ionized calcium concentrations.Conclusions  The present data confirm that GH secretion is impaired in PHP patients using the potent GH secretagogue ghrelin and suggest that impaired GH secretion is likely due to a deleterious effect of hypercalcaemia at the hypothalamic level in PHP patients.