bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Fiber Geometry on the Mechanical Properties of Assemblies During Processing
Authors: Scardino Francis L. , Lyons W. James 
Published: March 2007

Samples of polyester fibers have been processed on the worsted system from raw stock through the 4th pin-drafting stage. The samples consisted of all combinations of two widely-differing levels of each of the following fiber variables: (a) surface roughness, (b) cross-sectional shape, (c) linear density, (d) crimp, and (e) staple length. Laboratory evaluations were conducted the cohesion, elasticity, and resilience of card webs, and for the static and dynamic cohesion, evenness, and fiber orientation of slivers. In general, the important conclusions were that staple length and crimp are the most highly significant factors controlling the cohesion and related properties of the fiber assemblies; the other variables are statisti cally significant at lower levels. Additionally, three pertinent fiber properties were measured on specimens removed from a number of subsample assemblies. The results of tests on specimens removed from 4th pin-drafting slivers showed that the rough and smooth fibers retain their distinctive surface characteristics through the successive stages of drafting. Crimp measurements indicated that this characteristic is retained through the opening and carding operations, but is substantially removed during pin drafting. Length analysis of fibers from 4th pin-drafting slivers showed that some breakage occurred in 6-in. samples during processing.
Recovery and Strength of Chemically Modified Single Cotton Fibers
Authors: Weiss Louis C. , Grant James N. , George McLean 
Published: March 2007

Low-twist yarns made from Deltapine cotton were ethanol-extracted and chemically treated while slack. Fibers were taken from yarns treated with formaldehyde, by various procedures producing differences in swelling of the fiber structure when cross-linked; dimethylol ethyleneurea; N-methylol-N'-methylethyleneurea; and oleoyl chloride. Single fibers progressively lose strength and elongation with increasing cross links when tested at 70°F, 65% RH and when wet. Cross links introduced in the swollen fiber structure usually cause less strength loss than those introduced in the nonswollen structure. Tensile strain recovery for single fibers increases with increasing cross links. The initial are more effective than the subsequent cross links. Increased energy recovery is related to increased strain recovery. Single fibers cross-linked in slack yarns show increases in recovery with decreases in stiffness. The retention of strength and the improved ability to recover are limited to some modifications, especially under the wet conditions. Changes in mechanical properties of cottons by smooth-drying treatments are due, in part, to changes in mechanical properties of the individual fibers.
A New Decrimping Equation
Authors: Stuart I.M. 
Published: March 2007

The solution obtained by Olofsson of the differential equation governing the shape of a yarn with some set-weave crimp under loading is applied to decrimping. A new "decrimping equation" is devised, which accounts for both longitudinal extensibility and unbending. The new equation is found to fit the decrimping of a Corriedale fiber at both 65% RH and when wet, with errors less than the fiber diameter (40 microns) in six centimeters. However, estimates for Young's modulus in bending obtained from the application of the theory are approximately two times the estimates of Young's modulus in extension. The decrimping of a wool yarn with set-weave crimp has also been fitted with a root mean square (rms) error of 120 microns in 10 centimeters. The variation of the fitting error with load is similar for both fiber and yarn. By introducing a nonlinearity in the linear extensibility of the yarn, its decrimping curve can be fitted to rms error of 30 microns. KEYWORDS
Effect of Ambient Atmospheric Conditions During Spinning on Yarn Properties and Spinning Efficiency
Authors: Pillay K.P.R. 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of an intensive study on the influence of temperature and relative humidity during cot ton spinning on yarn properties and spinning efficiency. Two cottons (31/32 in. L 147 and 1.1/16 in. CO 4) have been spun at four temperature levels ranging from 70 to 91°F and seven relative humidity levels ranging from 34 to 76%, using different spinning factors. The results indicate that an atmospheric temperature of 70-77°F and 41 % RH produce the least number of end breaks during spinning. The changes in the number of end breaks due to spinning factors like twist, draft, etc are to some extent influenced by variations in temperature and relative humidity. In general, high temperatures with low humidities and high humidities with low temperatures are detrimental to spinning efficiency.
Decrystallization of Cotton Cellulose by Dual Treatments with Benzyltrimethylammonium Hydroxide and Alkali Metal Hydroxides
Authors: Vigo Tyrone L. , Mitcham Donald , Welch Clark M. 
Published: March 2007

Kiered, cotton yarns undergo extensive decrystallization when wet in the slack state with 2.1 N aqueous henzyltri methylammonium hydroxide. The decrystallization is temporary, inasmuch as washing and drying cause the yarn to recrystallize to Cellulose I. However, much of the decrystallization can be rendered permanent, if the swollen yarns are aftertreated with aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide prior to washing and air-drying. The alkali aftertreatment also alters a variety of other physical properties in ways differing from either swelling treatment carried out alone. The effects of concentration and type of alkali metal hydroxides on the decrystallization, lattice conversion, and physical properties of the yarns are reported. The effect of tension applied during various stages of these dual treatments is dis cussed with respect to textile properties of the yarns before and after crosslinking with DMEU, and also with respect to crystallinity, lattice conversion, and orientation imparted.
The Bottom Ignition Oxygen Index Test
Authors: Arcand C.G. , Vullo W.J. 
Published: March 2007

A variant of the oxygen index flammability test has been developed which, used in conjunction with the candlelike determination, contributes to a truer understanding of the flammability of materials. This test is entitled the Bottom Ignition Oxygen Index (B.I.O. I.) and is run by igniting the bottommost surface of the test sample rather than the upper most surface as in the normal, candlelike determination. It is shown that the high, e.g., 27 or more, candlelike Oxygen Index (O.I.) of certain materials is not an adequate indi cation of flame retardance. These materials can be completely consumed in an alternative flammability test and afford much lower O.I. when tested in the bottom ignition manner. A useful criterion for flame retardance appears to be a candlelike O.I. of at least 27 in addition to a B.I.O.I. of at least 22.
The Influence of Individual Differences on Garment Wear and Wear Evaluation
Authors: Morris Mary Ann , Schutz Howard G. , Prato Harriet H. 
Published: March 2007

Using correlation and stepwise multiple regression techniques, the garment wear scores from a wear study of men's polyester/cotton durable-press trousers were found to be related to: (1) an estimate of the physical activity of the wearer during the wear period, (2) the wearer's height and weight, and (3) Thurstone temperament scores for Dominant and Vigorous. For this sample of 22 men, the resulting regression equation accounted for 67% of the wear score variability. The correlation between the wearer's estimate of the severity of wear and the garment wear score was low. The addition of Thurstone temperament scores for Active, Impulsive, Dominant and Reflective improved the prediction of the regression equation and indicated the importance of personality characteristics in the evaluation of wear.
Color Characteristics of Traditional Vegetable Dyeing
Authors: Kashiwagi Kenneth M. 
Published: March 2007

Kimonos and other decorational cloths dyed with vegetable extracts are still favored today in this country. Making use of modern chemical knowledge, the author has attempted to show a few characteristic features of the traditional vegetable dyeing. Many plants contain more than one pigment, each exhibiting different color according to its chemical structure. Nat urally, occurring tannins have a very important role both in the dyeing and in the dyed color. Tannins have shown the greying effect on the dyed color. Thus, the visible color is that of a complex nature. The reasonable color quality, based on the measurements of tristimulus values, has shown that the tannins always decrease the chroma of dyed color, while which do not contain tannin, like flower usually exhibit clear color of high chroma.
Fatty Soil Retention and the Influence of Particulate and Fatty Soils on Yellowing of an Unfinished Dacron/Cotton Blend Fabric
Authors: Rounds Mary ann johnson , Purchase Mary E. , Smith B.F. 
Published: March 2007

The retention of individual fatty soils, in both the presence and absence of clay soil, on repeatedly soiled, aged, and washed unfinished Dacron/cotton blend was studied by means of a double-label radioactive tracer analysis. Fatty soil retention was influenced by unsaturation, polarity and chain length, but the presence of clay soil was not a significant factor under the experimental conditions employed. Fabric yellowing was measured on samples soiled with clay and pairs of fatty soils and on appropriate controls. None of the organic soils caused observable yellowing in the absence of clay. While clay soil alone contributed significantly to residual yellowness, additional yellowing occurred on samples soiled with clay, oleic acid, and triolein. It was hy pothesized that the yellowing behavior observed when clay, oleic acid and triolein were present was due primarily to the embedding of pigmented particulate soil in a polymerized fatty film during the second clay soiling process.
The Impact of Natural Fiber Science on Manmade Fiber Technology1
Authors: Zahn H. , Kusch P. , Müller-Schulte D. , Nissen D. , Rossbach V. 
Published: March 2007

Analytical methods are described for the chemical characterization of polyamide and polyester fibers. Their origin from natural fiber chemistry is elucidated. End-group data (amino, acylated amino, and carboxyl groups), number-average molecular weights and breaking stress values are given for commercial polyamide fibers produced by several manufacturers. Amino groups were deter mined with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, using a new technique. Besides its specifity, this chemical method allows the differentiation of primary and secondary amino groups and their determination in the presence of each other. A related topic is the detection of heat damage in polyamides. Heat treatment leads to the formation of basic groups, which can be distinguished spectroscopically from amino groups after reaction with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. As a practical application the elucidation of the damage of a nylon needle felt, used in a paper machine, is described. Hydrazinolysis was applied for the determination of carboxyl end groups. The use of this new analytical method for polyester studies is described, also its application on several commercial polyethylene terephthalate fibers. Furthermore, hydrazinolysis allows the determination of the amount of 5-sulfo-isophthalic acid in acidic modified fibers. Values ob tained are confirmed by determination of the uptake of a basic dyestuff (methylene blue). The importance of end- group analysis is stressed by its application to the analysis of hydrolytically damaged polyester fibers. The increase in carboxyl groups was determined for steam-treated modified and unmodified polyethylene terephthalate. Results concerning the analysis and generation of oligomers in polyester are added.
Some Studies on Water-Extended Polyester
Authors: Ikladious N.E. , Doss N.L. , Mohsen R.M. 
Published: March 2007

Three unsaturated polyester resins were prepared and used with styrene monomer to produce water composites. The emulsion stability of the water- extended polyesters using different concentrations of triethanol amine as an emulsifier was studied. The water content and the mechanical properties of the cured composites were also investigated.
Compliance/Incentive Classifications of Organizations
Authors: Zald Mayer N. , Jacobs David 
Published: March 2007

A number of incentive-compliance classification systems have been developed to explain differences in the power and hold of organizations in relation to their mem bers. Terms such as "coercive," "normative," "purposive," "solidary," and "material incentive" are used to describe the incentive-compliance base. These classification systems partially overlap and use terms in different ways. A set of dimensions is introduced to substruct the property space of incentives. Related to the economic conception of utility, the dimensions are negative and positive utility, probability of delivery, transferability, and collective goods. The property space includes most of the prior classifications as specific types. Finally, we introduce power-dependence concepts as an explanatory mechanism.
The Character of Interorganizational Task Environments
Authors: Nuehring Elane M. 
Published: March 2007

This study describes and characterizes the interorganizational task environments of 30 community mental health centers (CMHCs). Usingfactor analysis, six types of task environment patterns were identified and correlated with aspects of the organizational context. "Entrepreneurial" and "collaborative" task environment patterns were charac teristic of privately sponsored CMHCs, serving multi-county areas and using a large number of affiliated organizations to deliver basic services. "Altruistic" task environ ment patterns, were characteristic of rural CMHCs, organizationally diffused over a large number of branch operating sites. The remaining three task environment re lationship patterns were less clearly linked with contextual aspects of the CMHCs.
Implementation of Classroom Research Findings on the Early Language Development of Mentally Handicapped Children
Authors: McConkey Roy , O'Connor Mary 
Published: March 2007

Language intervention research with mentally handicapped children has identified techniques of proven effectiveness. However, this information has not been readily available to those professionals in the best position to help the children, namely teachers and their assistants. In an attempt to do this, a series of five video-programmes was made, illustrating assessment and teaching techniques suited to mentally handicapped children at the 'two-word' stage of expressive language development. These programmes were viewed by nine teachers and assistants and after each, they carried out a practical activity with a child from their class. The effectiveness of the course was evidenced by changes in the teachers' use of language with the children and improvements in the children's language both during teaching sessions and on a before/after basis. Three components, which contributed to the success of this project, are identified as a guide to the future implementation of research findings.
Educational Broadcasting in Japan
Authors: Mizukoshi Toshiyuki 
Published: March 2007

Diffusion and development of educational broadcasting in Japan has been so rapid as to leave little room for comparison. However, due to this rapid growth, many problems and difficulties have appeared and must be solved. The following discussion of these various problems, which are related chiefly to production and utilization of educatonal broadcasting, is centred primarily around TV, and includes suggestions for several major innovative features which would vastly improve the system.
Institutional Pressures and Symbolic Displays in a GAO Context
Authors: Dirsmith Mark W. , Fogarty Timothy J. , Gupta Parveen 
Published: March 2007

Two key organizational properties have long been studied: (1) the manner in which instrumental work processes are performed, and (2) the symbolic display of rational practice in response to institutional pressures. However, the relationship between these properties has proven to be contentious. For example, at different times, the sociology of professions, institutional theory and loose coupling perspectives have proposed that they should be decoupled and then loosely coupled with one another. Extending beyond these contending propositions, it has also been reasoned that a duality inheres in many elements of organizational structure such that they may be simultaneously instrumental and symbolic in character. To evaluate the relationship among institutional pressures, instrumental work processes and coordination practices, we administered a questionnaire to audit teams in the US General Accounting Office (GAO). Statistical results, augmented with field interviews, suggest that instrumental work processes are loosely coupled with, rather than decoupled from, institutional pressures and their attendant symbolic displays of rational practice. Extending beyond the loose coupling concept, we also found that institutional pressures incite the symbolic facets of instrumental tasks and coordination practices, while GAO professional activities both embody and incite the instrumental facets of institutional pressures. Implications for future research in alternative organizational contexts are explored.
A Configurational Analysis of International Joint Ventures
Authors: Child John 
Published: March 2007

A stream of research has focused on the ownership shares that partner companies take in international joint ventures [IJVs] and the leverage this may provide for control and performance. This research has normally adopted a `variance' approach, which examines `independent' variables as potential predictors of the focal phenomenon. The variance approach has yielded reasonably consistent results for the relationship between IJV ownership and control, but not in respect of performance. In searching for the optimum predictive model for whole samples, the variance approach risks overlooking inter-case nuances that may result from somewhat different configurations of variables. An alternative approach seeks to explore how and why variables configure together in different combinations.This paper draws on a study of 20 Sino-UK IJVs and their parent companies. It proceeds from a conventional variance analysis to identify different IV configurations. These configurations can be understood in the light of each IV's formative context, and they relate to performance in different ways. Propositions deriving from the study are offered as guidelines for further research.
Planning and Teaching a High School Humanities Course
Authors: Chappell Harold L. , Metz John T. 
Published: March 2007

One of the teachers commented, "I've never been so excited or exhausted in my life. Maybe I've never taught anything with real meaning until now." A student said, "The most valuable thing this course has offered me is the discovery of my own individuality." Another: "It takes a lot of courage to stay in a class where reality is the most important thing discussed." And another: "It makes you think; that's it, man, it makes you think." A course worth investigating? Yes.
The Concept of Shared Power
Authors: Estes Nolan 
Published: March 2007

Your teachers demand new rights, students and parents want a piece of the action, the courts usurp authority once reserved for administrators, the board advocates accountability while under cutting your operation. The resulting authority crisis is so acute that there "just may not be much power left to share," says this big-city superintendent. "But that's all the more reason for us to consider the concept of shared power."
Maine Students Learn to Appreciate Diversity
Authors: Flood Pamela S. 
Published: March 2007

For a time in my career as a reporter I got to live and work in Europe. What impressed me about my neighbors in Rome and London was their knowledge of geography, which was not considered to be solely the province of those with advanced degrees or the money to travel. The super in my apartment building knew because of what he read each day in the newspapers and what he heard on TV at night where various places were in the world… The calm regard of Americans for a nasty and complicated globe is shaken time and time again by surprises which shouldn't be surprises. Kuwait sitting on its enormous lake of oil moved from being a clue in the crossword puzzles to a place where American troops were dying incredibly rapidly. Somalia had just entered the American lexicon when American troops were entering Somalia. This represents a pretty lousy way to learn geography, sending troops over, but if you look back over the long century that we're about to end it seems one of the few ways that we expand our geographical horizons… If we're being asked to make decisions as a people about other places in the world and their fate and their future, it seems that Americans would have an interest in not constantly finding themselves with a hot foot, some surprise that some nasty little crisis has presented them with… Excerpted from the testimony of Ray Suarez, host of National Public Radio's “Talk of the Nation,” at the May 26, 1994, public hearing in Washington, D.C., on the national geography education standards.
A Survivor's Guide to the Principalship: Overcoming The Challenges
Authors: Mackler Jill 
Published: March 2007

Principals must face and overcome many challenges, including their ability to do the job they want to do without giving up a life of their own. Survivors and non-survivors offer their experiences. When I first ascended to the principalship I planned to be there 20 years. It was the only job I'd ever wanted. After a cou ple of years I came into my office and I just looked at the chair and I said, "Do I really imagine that I'm going to be sitting there for 17 more years?" I felt the bottom falling out. It had decayed out, or maybe it was never as substantial as I thought it was.
Kenneth Burke On Human Communication: a Dissertation Proposal
Authors: Voskeritchian Taline 
Published: March 2007

Though lives rarely have the conformity of entire plays, there are possible subdivisions corresponding to the acts of a play. A cycle or constellation of events separates itself from the general clutter--and since it can be classified, we can note its subsidence. The curtain descends upon a partial close, a converging or resolution of some factors. As I said farewell at the station, expressing my hopes of Florence's return in words which formally concealed the permanence of our adieu, I felt that the fundamental concerns of several years had been rounded off and finished. It was because of Florence that I had gone into this section of the country and attempted to reconstruct a new manner of living--so Florence had been primarily the force holding me here. She made me live as though there was a score I had to settle and as though living was a revenge. My fear of her had been the beacon for me to steer by. But now many conditions which I had schooled myself to cope with, were reversed. I had been pushing against a great weight--and with this weight gone, I fell forward. While her train hurried down the valley, I experienced such gloom as terrified me. For even a life of bitter ness was desirable compared with a life without purpose. "You have no reason," I whispered to myself, "for doing any single thing." Then with clownishness, I marched precisely, turning the words into a military march, making the tune to fit at random, and centering my thoughts upon this arbitrarily invented conduct.1