bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parietal function in good and poor readers
Authors: Laycock Robin , Crewther Sheila G. , Kiely Patricia M. , Crewther David P. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundWhile there are many psychophysical reports of impaired magnocellular pathway function in developmental dyslexia (DD), few have investigated parietal function, the major projection of this pathway, in good and poor readers closely matched for nonverbal intelligence. In view of new feedforward-feedback theories of visual processing, impaired magnocellular function raises the question of whether all visually-driven functions or only those associated with parietal cortex functions are equally impaired and if so, whether parietal performance is more closely related to general ability levels than reading ability.MethodsReading accuracy and performance on psychophysical tasks purported to selectively activate parietal cortex such as motion sensitivity, attentional tracking, and spatial localization was compared in 17 children with DD, 16 younger reading-age matched (RA) control children, and 46 good readers of similar chronological-age (CA) divided into CA-HighIQ and a CA-LowIQ matched to DD group nonverbal IQ.ResultsIn the age-matched groups no significant differences were found between DD and CA controls on any of the tasks relating to parietal function, although performance of the DD group and their nonverbal IQ scores was always lower. As expected, CA and RA group comparisons indicated purported parietal functioning improves with age. No difference in performance was seen on any of the parietally driven tasks between the DD and age-nonverbal IQ matched groups, whereas performance differentiated the DD group from the age-matched, higher nonverbal IQ group on several such tasks. An unexpected statistical difference in performance between lower reading age (DD and RA children) and all higher reading age (CA) children was seen on a test of chromatic sensitivity, whereas when high and low nonverbal IQ normal readers were compared performance was not differentConclusionThe results indicate that performance on purported parietal functions improves with age and may be more associated with nonverbal mentation than reading accuracy. Performance on a cognitively demanding task, traditionally considered to rely on ventral stream functions, was more related to reading accuracy.
Pediatric defibrillation after cardiac arrest: initial response and outcome
Authors: Rodríguez-Núñez Antonio , López-Herce Jesús , García Cristina , Domínguez Pedro , Carrillo Angel , Bellón Jose María ,   the Spanish Study Group of Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Children
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Shockable rhythms are rare in pediatric cardiac arrest and the results of defibrillation are uncertain. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of cardiopulmonary resuscitation that included defibrillation in children.

Methods
Forty-four out of 241 children (18.2%) who were resuscitated from inhospital or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest had been treated with manual defibrillation. Data were recorded according to the Utstein style. Outcome variables were a sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and one-year survival. Characteristics of patients and of resuscitation were evaluated.

Results
Cardiac disease was the major cause of arrest in this group. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (PVT) was the first documented electrocardiogram rhythm in 19 patients (43.2%). A shockable rhythm developed during resuscitation in 25 patients (56.8%). The first shock (dose, 2 J/kg) terminated VF or PVT in eight patients (18.1%). Seventeen children (38.6%) needed more than three shocks to solve VF or PVT. ROSC was achieved in 28 cases (63.6%) and it was sustained in 19 patients (43.2%). Only three patients (6.8%), however, survived at 1-year follow-up. Children with VF or PVT as the first documented rhythm had better ROSC, better initial survival and better final survival than children with subsequent VF or PVT. Children who survived were older than the finally dead patients. No significant differences in response rate were observed when first and second shocks were compared. The survival rate was higher in patients treated with a second shock dose of 2 J/kg than in those who received higher doses. Outcome was not related to the cause or the location of arrest. The survival rate was inversely related to the duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Conclusion
Defibrillation is necessary in 18% of children who suffer cardiac arrest. Termination of VF or PVT after the first defibrillation dose is achieved in a low percentage of cases. Despite a sustained ROSC being obtained in more than one-third of cases, the final survival remains low. The outcome is very poor when a shockable rhythm develops during resuscitation efforts. New studies are needed to ascertain whether the new international guidelines will contribute to improve the outcome of pediatric cardiac arrest.
Z39Ig is expressed on macrophages and may mediate inflammatory reactions in arthritis and atherosclerosis
Authors: Lee Min-Young , Kim Won-Jung , Kang Yoon-Joong , Jung Young-Mi , Kang Young-Mo , Suk Kyoungho , Park Jeong-Euy , Choi Eun-Mi , Choi Beom-Kyu , Kwon Byoung S , Lee Won-Ha 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Z39Ig is a transmembrane protein containing two Ig homology domains with unknown functions. Immunohistochemical analyses of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques detected Z39Ig staining in areas rich in foamy macrophages. Z39Ig staining was also observed in macrophages in the lining layers and sublining areas of rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Z39Ig staining in the osteoarthritis synovium was restricted to macrophages in the lining layers. To identify the role(s) of Z39Ig in the function of macrophages, we used human monocytic cell lines TF-1A (Z39Ig-negative) and THP-1 (Z39Ig-positive). The expression of Z39Ig was induced in TF-1A cells, when they were differentiated into macrophages by treatment with PMA. The stimulation of PMA-treated TF-1A or THP-1 cells with immobilized anti-Z39Ig mAb induced the secretion of IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, which was dependent on NF-κB activation. These data indicate that the macrophage Z39Ig is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases through chemokine induction, which will promote the migration of inflammatory cells into the lesion area, and MMP-9 induction, which will contribute to cartilage destruction or extracellular matrix degradation.
Response to guidance on use of olanzapine and risperidone: a community-based study of primary and secondary care
Authors: Franks Karen L. 
Published: August 2006

Aims and MethodThe aim of the study was to assess the response to the guidance from the Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM) on prescribing olanzapine and risperidone for older adults. Information on 96 older patients who were prescribed olanzapine or risperidone was gathered from psychiatric case notes, general practitioners and care homes. Data were gathered 10 weeks after the CSM guidance (Time 1) and again 6 months later (Time 2).ResultsAt Time 1, 71 out of 96 patients (74%) had been reviewed and 90 (94%) by Time 2. By 6 months after the guidance 34 of 52 patients with dementia (65%) and 10 of 35 patients with functional diagnoses had been withdrawn from medication; 29% (14/49) of those withdrawn from medication had significant problems associated with withdrawal. In many cases medication was continued following risk–benefit decisions taken at review and despite CSM guidance.Clinical ImplicationsGuidance has prompted review of prescribing in existing patients and some re-referrals, which has increased workload. The guidance has changed the management of existing patients, but there has been a high rate of associated clinical problems and numerous patients remain on, or return to, olanzapine or risperidone.
The Verbal Numeric Pain Scale: Effects of Patient Education on Self‐reports of Pain
Authors: Marco Catherine A. , Marco Alan P. , Plewa Michael C. , Buderer Nancy , Bowles Jameson , Lee Jennifer 
Published: August 2006

Background:
Emergency department (ED) patients are frequently asked to provide a self‐report of the level of pain experienced using a verbal numeric rating scale.
Objectives:
To determine the effects of patient education regarding the verbal numeric rating scale on self‐reports of pain among ED patients.
Methods:
In this prospective, interventional study, 310 eligible ED patients with pain, aged 18 years and older, were randomized to view either a novel educational video (n= 155) or a novel print brochure (n= 155) as an educational intervention, both developed to deliver educational information about the verbal numeric pain scale and its use. Participants initially rated their pain on a scale from 0 to 10 and then were administered the educational intervention. Following the educational intervention, participants completed a survey that included demographic information, postinterventional pain score, prior pain experience, and subjective rating of the helpfulness of the educational intervention. Fifty‐five consecutive participants were enrolled as controls and received no educational intervention but gave a self‐reported triage pain score and a second pain score at an equivalent time interval. Clinical significance was defined as a decrease in pain of 2 or more points following the education.
Results:
Following the educational interventions, there were statistically significant, although not clinically significant, decreases in mean pain scores within each intervention group (video: mean change, 1 point [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7 to 1.2]; printed brochure: mean change, 0.6 points [95% CI = 0.4 to 0.8]). For participants in the control group (no intervention), there was no significant change (mean change, 0.2 points [95% CI =−0.2 to 0.5]). A clinically significant decrease in pain was seen in 28% of the video group, 23% of the brochure group, and 5% of controls. Most patients had no change (71% of the video group, 73% of the brochure group, and 89% of controls). Participants rated the helpfulness of the video educational intervention as 7.1 (95% CI = 6.7 to 7.5) and the print educational intervention as 6.7 (95% CI = 6.2 to 7.1) on a scale from 0 (least effective) to 10 (most helpful).
Conclusions:
Among ED participants with pain, both educational interventions (video and printed brochure) resulted in statistically and clinically significant decreased self‐reported pain scores by 2 or more points in 26% of participants compared with 5% of controls. The educational interventions were rated as helpful by participants, with no appreciable difference between the two intervention groups.
Characteristics of Pediatric Patients at Risk of Poor Emergency Department Aftercare
Authors: Wang N. Ewen , Kiernan Michaela , Golzari Mana , Gisondi Michael A. 
Published: August 2006

Objectives:
To identify and characterize subgroups of a pediatric population at risk of poor emergency department (ED) aftercare compliance.
Methods:
This was a prospective, cohort study conducted at a university hospital ED with a 2003 pediatric census of 11,040 patients. A convenience sample of 461 children was enrolled. The study follow‐up rate was 97%. The primary outcomes were guardian compliance with instructions for physician follow‐up appointment and with obtaining prescribed medications. Predictors of compliance outcomes were analyzed by using recursive partitioning to describe population subgroups at risk of poor compliance.
Results:
Only 60.4% of patient guardians followed up with instructions to see a physician. Children with private insurance were more likely to follow up than were children without private insurance (76.8% vs. 46.5%, p < 0.001). Of children with private insurance, those with high‐acuity diagnoses were more likely to follow up than were patients with low‐acuity diagnoses (80.0% vs. 38.5%, p < 0.001). Of children who were considered underinsured (defined as publicly insured or uninsured), those with English‐speaking guardians were more likely to follow up than were those with non–English‐speaking guardians (58.0% vs. 40.0%, p < 0.05). Only 63.3% of patient guardians obtained prescribed medications. Privately insured children were more likely to obtain medications than were underinsured children (71.0% vs. 58.0%, p < 0.05). Descriptive profiles of the subgroups revealed that those with lower socioeconomic status were at greatest risk of poor aftercare compliance.
Conclusions:
Compliance with ED aftercare instructions remains a challenge. Health insurance disparities are associated with poor ED aftercare compliance in our pediatric population. Interventions aimed at improving compliance could be targeted to specific subgroups on the basis of their descriptive profiles.
A Novel Missense Mutation in Human TTF-2 (FKHL15) Gene Associated with Congenital Hypothyroidism But Not Athyreosis
Authors: Barış İ. , Arısoy A. E. , Smith A. , Agostini M. , Mitchell C. S. , Park S. M. , Halefoğlu A. M. , Zengin E. , Chatterjee V. K. , Battaloğlu E. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Background: Thyroid dysgenesis is the most frequent cause of congenital hypothyroidism (CH), and its genetic basis is largely unknown. Hitherto, two mutations in the human thyroid transcription factor 2 (TTF-2) gene have been described in unrelated cases of CH with cleft palate, spiky hair, variable choanal atresia, and complete thyroid agenesis. Here, we describe a novel TTF-2 mutation in a female child resulting in syndromic CH in the absence of thyroid agenesis.
Results: The index case is homozygous for an arginine to cysteine mutation (R102C) of a highly conserved residue within the forkhead, DNA binding domain of TTF-2. Her consanguineous, heterozygous parents are unaffected, and the mutation was not detected in 100 control chromosomes. Consonant with its location, the R102C mutant TTF-2 protein showed loss of DNA binding and was transcriptionally inactive. CH in the proposita was associated with cleft palate, spiky hair, and bilateral choanal atresia. However, radiological studies showed the presence of thyroid tissue in a eutopic location.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that human thyroid development can occur despite loss of TTF-2 function and suggest that TTF-2 gene defects should also be considered in cases of syndromic CH without total athyreosis.
Photochemical Reaction in Chlorinated Solvents in the Presence of Halogenated p-Benzoquinones. I Photochemically Induced Acidification of Solution and Protonation on Octaethylporphyrin in Dichloromethane or Chloroform
Authors: Nakano Taku , Mori Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Irradiation of visible light on a dichloromethane or chloroform solution in the presence of halogenated p-benzoquinones, such as fluoranil, chloranil, and bromanil, caused the formation of an acid, HCl. In the presence of octaethylporphyrin in those solutions, the photoinduced protonations of porphyrins were observed. Stepwise spectral changes suggested the formations of monocationic and dicationic species and an “intermediate” which had a spectrum with maximum wavelength at 717 nm. The unstable intermediate was suggested to be octaethylphlorin. But the trial to isolate the intermediate gave octaethylbilindione. Dioxygen was found to exert both negative and positive effects on the acidification of solvents and on the protonation on porphyrin in the octaethylporphyrin–bromanil systems. The mechanisms of these photochemically induced reactions are discussed.
Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic and Semiempirical Molecular Orbital (AM1) Studies of Substituted Anisoles
Authors: Pandiarajan Karuppiah , Kabilan Senthamaraikannan , Sankar Punnaivanam , Kolehmainen Erkki , Nevalainen Tapio , Kauppinen Reijo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
13C, 15N, and 17O NMR spectra have been recorded for 4-nitroanisole (1), its 2-methyl-, 2-chloro-, 2-bromo-, 2-iodo-, 2,6-dimethyl-, 2,6-dichloro-, 2,6-dibromo-, and 2,6-diiodo-derivatives 2—9, also nitrobenzene (1a), its 3-methyl-, 3-chloro-, 3-bromo-, and 3-iodo-derivatives 2a—5a and 3,5-dichloro- and 3,5-dibromo-derivatives 7a and 8a. Analysis of the chemical shifts of carbon bearing nitro group and nitro oxygens in these compounds suggests that presence of one substituent ortho- to the methoxyl group enhances its resonance interaction with the benzene ring whereas presence of two ortho-substituents inhibits this resonance. However, in no case the resonance is completely inhibited. The extent of enhancement or inhibition is almost independent of the nature of the ortho-substituent. This conclusion has also been arrived by analyzing the reported chemical shifts of the para-carbons in anisoles 1b—9b and the corresponding carbons in benzene derivatives 1c—9c. Though evidence could not be obtained for steric enhancement of resonance using methoxyl oxygen chemical shifts, analysis of these chemical shifts in di-ortho-substituted anisoles 6—9 and 6a furnishes evidence for steric inhibition of resonance. However, 15N chemical shifts are of no use in studying these phenomena. Semiempirical molecular orbital calculations using AM1 Hamiltonian suggest that the methoxyl group is coplanar with the benzene ring in anisole, 4-nitroanisole and 2-substituted-4-nitroanisoles but is perpendicular to the benzene ring in 2,6-disubstituted-4-nitroanisoles. Moreover, in 2-substituted-4-nitroanisoles the O-methyl group is anti to the 2-substituent.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Copper(II)-Catalyzed Oxidation of Iodide Ion in the Presence of Molecular Oxygen in Aqueous Acid Media
Authors: Kimura Masaru , Tokuda Mari , Tsukahara Keiichi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Traces of copper(II) ion in 10−7—10−5 M (M = mol dm−3) catalytically accelerated the oxidation reactions of iodide ion to iodine in relatively strong acid solutions (pH ≤ 2) in the presence of molecular oxygen under conditions containing relatively high concentrations of I−. When a copper(II) solution was mixed with an iodide solution, after a rapid formation of iodine, it gradually increased according to the reaction times. For about 5 min after mixing, plots of [I3−]formed vs. t showed a good straight line; the formation rate of I2 (or I3−) increased proportionally with increasing concentrations of copper(II) ion and oxygen, with increasing concentrations of hydrogen ion and iodide ion, and with increasing temperature and with decreasing the ionic strength in the reaction solution. The formation rate of I2 was extremely inhibited by the presence of either radical scavengers or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). A chain mechanism is presented to account for the obtained results.
Preparation and Some Properties of Cobalt(III) Complexes with 1-Thio-β-d-glucose (H5tg). Crystal Structure of ΔD-[Co(H3tg-O,S)(en)2]NO3
Authors: Okamoto Ken-ichi , Arashi Kenji , Hidaka Jinsai , Konno Takumi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Cobalt(III) complexes with 1-thio-β-d-glucose (H5tg), [Co(H4tg-S)2{(en)2 or (tren)}]+ and [Co(H3tg-O,S){(en)2 or (tren)}]+, were newly prepared; where en and tren denote ethylenediamine and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, respectively. The oxidation products of [Co(H3tg-O,S){(en)2 or (tren)}]+ were prepared by the addition of H2O2. These complexes were separated into their isomers by column chromatography. The crystal structure of -[Co(H3tg-O,S)(en)2]NO3·H2O was determined by X-ray diffraction: This complex, chemical formula CoC10H16O8N5S, crystallizes in orthorhombic, space group P212121, a = 14.328(1), b = 14.617(1), c = 8.605(1) Å, V = 1802.2(3) Å3, Z = 4, and R = 0.055. The geometry around the cobalt atom is approximately octahedral, coordinated by one 1-thio-β-d-glucose and two en ligands. 1-Thio-β-d-glucose takes the cyclic chair form and coordinates to cobalt(III) ion through the close-neighboring sulfur and oxygen atoms. This isomer takes the Δ configuration. The other complexes were characterized by their absorption, CD, 13C NMR spectra. For all of the isomers, the Δ configuration will be more preferentially formed than the Λ one.
Effects of Copper(II) Ions on the SO4−• Radical Induced Oxidation of Cytosine and Its Derivatives
Authors: Chabita Kanakam , Mandal Parikshit C , Bhattacharyya Sudhindra N 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The reactions of SO4−• radicals with cytosine and its derivatives have been studied in dilute aqueous solutions. The results show that the nature of the group attached to N-1 of the base greatly influences the reaction sequences. Presence of copper(II) ions greatly affects the reaction pathways, where it is observed that the substrate consumption increases drastically indicating initiation of some chain reactions. Release of unaltered base from cytidine and deoxycytidine also increases under these conditions.
Effect of the Binding Sites of Human Serum Albumin on the Efficiency and Photostationary State Isomer Ratios of the Photoisomerization of Bilirubin
Authors: Kanna Yoko , Arai Tatsuo , Tokumaru Katsumi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The quantum yields of the isomerization and photostationary state isomer ratios of the photoisomerization of (4Z,15Z)-bilirubin IXα (ZZ-BR) were determined in an aqueous buffered solution in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA) at a molar ratio of [ZZ-BR]/[HSA] from 0.5 to 2. The BR isomer compositions in the photostationary state were constant at [BR]/[HSA] = 0.5—0.7. With increasing [ZZ-BR]/[HSA] from 0.8 to 2, the ZZ-BR composition in the photostationary state increased from 58 to 75%, but the ZE-BR composition decreased from 39 to 22%. The quantum yields in the isomerization of ZZ-BR to ZE-BR (ΦZZ→ZE) and a cyclized product, lumirubin (LR), (ΦZZ→LR), remained unvaried up to [ZZ–BR]/[HSA] = 1, but ΦZZ→ZE decreased while ΦZZ→LR increased along with a further increase of [ZZ-BR]/[HSA]. These results are explained by the existence of two binding sites, a first-class site and a second-class site, for bilirubin binding to HSA; ΦZZ→ZE in the second-class site (= 0.035) was as low as 1/3 of that in the first-class site (= 0.11), but ΦZZ→LR in the second-class site (= 4.2 × 10−3) was nearly two-times higher than that in the first-class site (= 2.4 × 10−3).
Preparation of New 7-Silanorbornene Derivatives and Their Reaction with Some Nucleophiles
Authors: Terunuma Daiyo , Kumano Kayo , Motoyama Yuuki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Reduction of the 7-silanorbornene derivatives obtained from Diels–Alder reactions of 1,1,3,4-tetramethylsilacyclopenta-2,4-diene (1a), and 2,3-dimethyl-5-silaspiro[4.4]nona-1,3-diene (1b) with maleic anhydride was carried out by lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) to give diol derivatives. Attempts to substitute the hydroxyl groups with chlorine using various chlorination agents such as thionyl chloride and triphenylphosphine in carbon tetrachloride were unsuccessful. The latter reaction, however, gave a corresponding ether derivative as a result of intramolecular cyclization. Reactions of the 7-silanorbornene derivatives with some nucleophiles such as LAH, (n-Bu)4NF, n-BuLi, and PhLi were also investigated.
A Novel Synthesis of Cyclohexanol Derivatives by the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Benzene with Acid Additives
Authors: Yasuhara Yutaka , Nishino Masaki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The hydrogenation of benzene over a platinum group metal in the presence of various strong acids was carried out. Cyclohexanol derivatives (C6H11X, X = OH, OAc, Cl, Br) were found to be produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of benzene with acid additives. The following two sequences of adsorption strength were observed between platinum metals (adsorbent) and additive reagents (adsorbate) :

When a weak adsorbate, such as acetic acid or water, was used as an additive reagent, ruthenium, the strongest adsorbent, exhibited the best selectivity. When hydrogen chloride, a strong adsorbate in the sequence (II), was used an additive reagent, palladium or rhodium, moderately strong adsorbent, exhibited excellent selectivity. By the reaction of 2 ml of benzene, 5 ml of 35% HCl and 0.2 g of 5% Pd/SiO2, under 10 atm-G (P atm-G = 1.013(P + 1) × 105 Pa) hydrogen at 100 °C for 20 h, 8.4% of the yield of chlorocyclohexane was obtained at 64.2% of the selectivity (13.1% of the conversion of benzene).