bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KOH‐Activated Pinecone Biochar for Efficient Chloramphenicol Removal From Aqueous Solutions
Authors: He Xiaoran , Islam Md. Amirul , Zhao Taibao , Eljamal Osama , Saha Bidyut Baran 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThe emerging pollutant chloramphenicol (CAP) is highly environmentally persistent and biotoxic, causing extreme environmental harm. This study investigates the removal of CAP from aqueous solutions using biochar derived from pinecones. The biochars were activated at 800°C using KOH with different mass ratios to the carbonized sample (2:1, 4:1, and 6:1). Among them, the biochar with a KOH ratio of 4:1 (PCK4‐800) exhibits the highest pore volume (1.8 cm3 g−1) and a specific surface area (3131.6 m2 g−1). Batch experiments reveal that the CAP adsorption capacity of the biochar is positively correlated with its specific surface area. At pH 7, PCK4‐800 achieves a removal efficiency of up to 92% for a 100 mg L−1 CAP solution using a dosage of just 0.1 g L−1. This performance surpasses that of recently reported adsorbents. Kinetic and thermodynamic model fitting results indicate that chemical adsorption within a monomolecular layer dominates physical adsorption. The primary adsorption mechanisms involve pore filling and π‐π interactions, while secondary mechanisms include electrostatic effects and hydrogen bonding. Thermodynamic parameters confirm that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. Moreover, the removal efficiency of PCK4‐800 remains above 80% after five regeneration cycles. In summary, the high removal efficiency and excellent regeneration potential of PCK4‐800 demonstrate its suitability as an effective adsorbent for antibiotic removal.
The Roles of Hydroxyl Radicals and Superoxide in Oxidizing Aqueous Benzyl Alcohol under Ultrasound Irradiation
Authors: Fischer Ari F. , Bahry Teseer , Xie Zhangyue , Batista da Silva Junior Roberto , Qian Kaicheng , Li Renhong , Kwan James , Jerome François , Valange Sabine , Liu Wen , N. Amaniampong Prince , Choksi Tej S 
Published: February 2025

The abatement of aromatic pollutants in water requires their oxidation to nontoxic products by resource‐intensive reactions with hydroxyl radicals (•OH). We elucidate the mechanisms of •OH‐induced aromatic ring degradation by combining kinetic measurements, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and kinetic modelling. We demonstrate that benzyl alcohol, a model aromatic compound, is oxidized by •OH radicals, generated by ultrasonic irradiation in an O2‐rich environment, into aromatic compounds (benzaldehyde and phenol derivatives) and C1‐C2 oxygenates (formic acid, glyoxal, and oxalic acid). Through pathways akin to atmospheric chemistry, these •OH radicals de‐aromatize and fragment benzyl alcohol, producing 5‐hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐pentenal and other dicarbonyl products. Unique to the aqueous phase, however, superoxide (•O2–) forms by •OOH deprotonation, which is generated by ultrasound (alongside •OH) and as a byproduct of •OH‐benzyl alcohol reactions. •O2– acts as a nucleophile, oxidizing 5‐hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐pentenal into oxalic acid and C1 oxygenates via aldehyde and ketone intermediates. This process regenerates •O2– and does not consume •OH, thereby further degrading ring fragmentation products while preserving •OH to activate the refractory aromatic ring of benzyl alcohol. These nucleophilic •O2–reactions can therefore reduce the energy and number of chemical initiators needed to degrade aromatic compounds, thus advancing •OH‐based oxidation processes in water treatment.
Effect of Substituents on the Tautomerism of Pyridone Nucleoside Analogs
Authors: Stark Leon , Zielinski Patrik , Miehlich Burkhard , Yang Shangqing , Frey Wolfgang , Bartenschlager Ralf , Köhn Andreas , Richert Clemens 
Published: February 2025

AbstractNucleobase analogs are important tools in medicine and chemical biology, as they offer molecular targeting options for the intervention in genetic processes. Pyridone C‐nucleosides have been shown to pair with adenine in complementary strands, but a switch from the lactam to lactim form may change their base pairing preference. We synthesized 6‐fluoropyridone analogs of aciclovir and cidofovir, which we assumed to be in the lactam form, but were found to lack activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Spectroscopic data then indicated that they are predominantly in the lactim form, with a hydrogen bonding pattern suitable for G. The tautomerism of fluoropyridones was then studied by UV‐spectroscopy and quantum‐chemical calculations. The UV spectroscopic pattern for either tautomer was corroborated by synthesizing N‐ and O‐methylated model compounds, and measuring their spectra. The tautomeric equilibrium of selected other substituted pyridones is predicted, based on density‐functional theory calculations.
Immunoglobulin‐like transcript 5 polarizes M2‐like tumor‐associated macrophages for immunosuppression in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Xu Huijun , Fu Xuebing , Wang Shuyun , Ge Yihui , Zhang Lu , Li Juan , Zhang Fang , Yang Yang , He Yifu , Sun Yuping , Gao Aiqin 
Published: February 2025

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shifted the treatment paradigm of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) over the last decade. Despite notable therapeutic advancements in responders, the response rate remains limited owing to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, to improve the efficacy of ICIs, it is essential to explore alternative targets or signals that mediate immunosuppression. Immunoglobulin‐like transcript (ILT) 5 is a negative regulator of immune activation in myeloid cells. However, the expression and function of ILT5 in NSCLC remain unknown. Here, we found that ILT5 was highly expressed in tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) of NSCLC tissues and predicted poor patient survival. Functionally, ILT5 induces the M2‐like polarization of TAMs, which subsequently decreases the density of T cells, and increases FOXP3+T cell accumulation, leading to an immunosuppressive TME. The combination of ILT5 expression with M2‐like TAM density is a more reliable biomarker of patient survival than ILT5 expression alone. ILT5 knockout mitigates the reprogramming of TAM and T cell subsets toward immunosuppressive phenotypes and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. These findings highlight that ILT5 is a potential immunotherapeutic target and a promising prognostic biomarker for NSCLC.
Measuring Currency Risk Premium: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Akdogan Idil Uz , Halicioglu Ferda , Demir Ishak 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThis study examines the determinants of a change in currency expectations for the Turkish Lira (TL) versus the US dollar with different maturities (1 month, 3 months and 1 year). The risk premium is estimated using the interest rate differential and a latent component called the missing risk premium. The empirical model is extended to break down the risk component by introducing other explanatory variables, such as currency swap agreements, credit default swap (CDS), foreign reserves and the volatility index (VIX). A state‐space model is employed to explain the behaviour of an unobserved variable over the period between January 2005 and March 2023 with daily and weekly data frequencies. Our findings suggest that the uncovered interest parity (UIP) condition does not hold consistently in Turkey during this period. Deviations from UIP can be attributed to a time‐varying risk premium as outlined in Fama's framework. Additionally, our analysis also shows that interest rates and swaps play a significant role in explaining the variations in the TL's risk premium. Moreover, we found a substantial increase in both the level and volatility of the missing risk premium for longer maturities after 2018. Incorporating observable variables substantially reduces both the magnitude and the long‐lasting impact of the missing risk premium shocks on expectations. Overall, this study sheds light on the intricate relationship between monetary policy changes, exchange rates and risk premia in the context of an emerging market.
The effect of magnitude on the displacement of leisure items by edible items
Authors: Miller Sydney B. , Snyder Sara K. , Ayres Kevin M. , Cagliani Rachel R. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated the displacement of leisure items by edible items in the context of preference assessments. Recent research has further evaluated this phenomenon by manipulating the magnitude of access to leisure items and evaluating the effect on preference when given the option between leisure and edible items (e.g., Clark et al., 2020). The current study replicated and extended Clark et al. (2020) by including a reversal design to evaluate the effects of differential magnitudes on participants' selection of a leisure item relative to an edible item. Increases in the duration of access to the leisure item resulted in participants choosing the leisure item over the edible item. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Does increasing absolute conditioned reinforcement rate improve sensitivity to relative conditioned reinforcement rate?
Authors: Morris Samuel L. , Blakemore Edward T. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated several procedural modifications that improve the sensitivity of human behavior to relative rates of conditioned reinforcement or S+ production. Denser rates of reinforcement have proved useful in related human operant research, but the influence of denser rates of S+ production has yet to be evaluated. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate how the absolute S+ production rate influenced sensitivity to relative S+ production rate. Thirty undergraduate students were randomly assigned to three groups for which the absolute rate of S+ production varied but the programmed relative rate of S+ production was held constant across groups. Results similar to those of previous research were obtained with many participants; however, the absolute rate of S+ production exerted no systematic effect on sensitivity or the quality of fits of the generalized matching equation. Exploratory analyses suggest that methods ensuring steady‐state responding and improving the predictive value of S+ are important directions for future research.
The use of computer‐aided design and manufacture for foot orthoses: A cross‐sectional study of orthotic services in the UK
Authors: Barr Laura , Richards Jim , Chapman Graham J. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to identify how computer aided design and manufacture (CAD/CAM) technologies are currently being used for insole production by UK orthotic services in the National Health Service (NHS), including any variation in the specific processes and identify barriers to implementation.DesignA cross‐sectional study was undertaken using freedom of information requests sent to all 214 NHS Trusts and Health Boards (HBs) across the UK. The request comprised 22 questions relating to CAD/CAM for insole production by UK NHS orthotic services during the 2021/22 financial year.Outcome MeasuresAnalysis was undertaken and presented in terms of response rate to individual questions. Where free text responses were provided, thematic analysis was conducted.ResultsResponses were received from 186 (86.9%) Trusts/HBs, those who did not have an orthotic service were excluded, and 131 responses were included in the final analysis. 70.5% (91/129) of Trusts/HBs used CAD/CAM to manufacture bespoke insoles. The most common workflow associated with CAD/CAM insole production was foot‐shape capture with a foam box impression cast (86.8% (79/91)); casts transported to another site (90.8% (79/87)); foam boxes scanned into a CAD/CAM system (81.6% (71/87)); insoles designed by a technician (73.6% (67/91)) and insole produced with reduction milling (59.1% (SD 37.92)). The greatest barriers to the use of CAD/CAM were those of equipment costs and staff experience and training.ConclusionsUK orthotic services have widely adopted CAD/CAM insole production, but fully‐digital workflow is uncommon. Hybrid‐digital workflow involves physical casts and their transportation, generating waste and impacting sustainability. Further research is required to understand how hybrid‐digital and fully‐digital workflow affect patient treatment outcomes, costs and sustainability. Barriers to CAD/CAM including costs and staff training which should be considered alongside the growing body of research around CAD/CAM technologies.
The Frequencies of Different Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Adult Metabolic Centres: 10 Years Later, Another Report From the SSIEM Adult Metabolic Physicians Group
Authors: Tchan Michel , Lehman Anna , van Dussen Laura , Langendonk Janneke G. , Janssen Mirian C. H. , Langeveld Mirjam , Murphy Elaine , Ryder Bryony , Glamuzina Emma , Merkel Martin , Sechi Annalisa , Arnoux Jean‐Baptiste , Mochel Fanny , Alkemade Gonnie , Maillot Francois , Kaphan Elsa , Mazodier Karin , Thomas Quentin , Leguy‐Seguin Vanessa , Marelli Cecilia 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThere are still few centres, which specialise in the care of adults with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). All physicians who participated in the SSIEM adult metabolic physicians group paper in 2014 were contacted to provide updated data on their IEM patients. Fifteen adult centres responded to our survey with information on their patients. Nine thousand, six hundred fifty‐one patients were included in the final cohort, compared with 6 182 in the previous analysis. There were 394 separate diagnoses. The most common diseases were phenylketonuria (19.6%), mitochondrial disorders (12.3%) and lysosomal storage disorders such as Fabry disease (20.1% of LSD's), Pompe disease (3.1%), and Gaucher disease (2.8%). Among the disorders that can present with acute metabolic decompensation, the urea cycle disorders (4.0%), were most common (ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency 2.6%), followed by maple syrup urine disease (1.1%) and glycogen storage disease type I (0.7%). Patients were frequently diagnosed as adults, particularly those with mitochondrial disease and lysosomal storage disorders. Many patients are only diagnosed in adulthood (> 40%) and the cohort is increasing substantially with 9 651 patients included in the final analysis (34% increase compared to our original paper). Thus reinforcing the need for adult specialists to be trained in this area.
Understanding Evapotranspiration Driving Mechanisms in China With Explainable Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Zhang Haiyan , Wang Guojie , Li Shijie , Cabral Pedro 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTEvapotranspiration (ET) is the second component of the water cycle, serving as a critical link among surface water, energy and carbon cycles. In general, ET mechanism studies mainly use statistical regression and numerical model sensitivity experiments. However, the use of a nonlinear explainable machine learning algorithm, which has become an effective tool for studying earth science, remains unexplored to study the ET mechanism. Thus, this study employs various explainable methods to quantify the effects of different climatic variables on ET changes across China and four sub‐regions (Arid, humid, transition and Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau regions). It was found that precipitation, temperature and leaf area index contributed the most to ET changes between 1981 and 2018. There was a clear spatial distribution of the dominant factor: Precipitation was the primary driver of ET changes over water‐limited regions, while air temperature dominated ET changes over energy‐limited regions. Meanwhile, we also compared the effect of each variable on ET with the changes of the respective variable and remaining variables. Air temperature would increase the effects of precipitation on ET changes, and air temperature's contribution was also amplified by precipitation. Our results confirm the effectiveness of using the explainable machine learning algorithm to study the hydrological cycle.
An Attempt of Combining Oak and Pine Trees to Enhance Monsoonal Precipitation Reconstruction in the East Qinling Mountains
Authors: Li Qiang , Wang Jiachuan , Yan Yalan , Pang Wenxuan , Xu Yang , Liu Yu , Song Huiming , Sun Changfeng , Jia Zichun , Wu Yifan , Cheng Hai 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTShort‐term meteorological observations often limit our understanding of regional climate change over historical periods. Dendroclimatology provides an effective means for overcoming this limitation by extending the climate record. In China, most tree‐ring studies focus on coniferous species. But this study innovatively combines both Liaodong oak and Chinese pine trees to establish a new synthesis chronology in the East Qinling Mountains. The new synthesis chronology showed a significantly high correlation with observed April–June precipitation (r = 0.747, n = 41, p < 0.001), while the individual chronology of oak or pine trees failed to meet the threshold for quantitative climate reconstruction (R2 > 40%). Using this synthesis chronology, we reconstructed a 163‐year precipitation series that offers a robust spatiotemporal representation of the marginal East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) region through spatial correlation analysis and comparison with surrounding hydroclimate reconstructions. The several extreme drought periods (1871–1881, 1917–1931, and 1957–1973) and extreme wet periods (1888–1899, 1906–1916, and 1985–1995) were detected from the reconstruction. Additionally, it showed significant synchronisation with the EASM indices (p < 0.02) at interannual time scales, while PDO and AMO influenced precipitation variability at multidecadal scales. These findings demonstrate that combined broad‐leaved and coniferous tree‐ring chronologies can effectively capture large‐scale atmospheric circulations.
Self‐assessment with pediatric inflammatory bowel disease endoscopy scoring tools: A quality improvement pilot study
Authors: Hudson Alexandra S. , Wahbeh Ghassan , Lee Dale , Francis Kendra L. , Suskind David , Zheng Hengqi Betty 
Published: February 2025

AbstractEndoscopy is a fundamental component pediatric gastroenterology (GI), with one of its primary applications being the evaluation and management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, there is variation in education and experience of gastroenterologists with pediatric IBD endoscopy, which can affect the quality of patient care. This quality improvement pilot study assessed familiarity and comfort with key endoscopic assessment tools (13 questions) pre‐ and post‐ an evidence‐based group presentation. Both fellow and attending pediatric gastroenterologists had low levels of comfort with endoscopic Crohn's disease scoring, IBD phenotype classification, postoperative IBD scoring, and IBD dysplasia screening. The review presentation significantly enhanced their comfort, with this effect persisting for several months among fellows. To improve the quality of care for IBD patients, it would be beneficial to periodically review endoscopic guidelines in continuing medical education for pediatric gastroenterologists providing IBD care.
Effects of Montelukast on Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: An Open Label Safety and Tolerability Trial with CSF Markers and [11C]PBR28 PET
Authors: Wallin Johan , Forsberg Anton , Svenningsson Per 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBackgroundDysregulated leukotriene signaling is proposed to be involved in pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD).ObjectiveThe objective was to examine the safety and tolerability of montelukast, a cysteinyl‐leukotriene receptor1 and GPR17 antagonist, in patients with PD. Secondary outcomes were target engagement, effects on PD signs/symptoms, and central neuroinflammation.MethodsFifteen PD patients were recruited to a 12‐week open‐label trial of 20 mg bi‐daily montelukast treatment. Patients underwent ratings with the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire‐39 (PDQ‐39), [11C]PBR28‐PET, and lumbar punctures before and during montelukast treatment.ResultsAll patients completed the study. Three patients reported loose stool. No serious adverse events related to treatment were reported. MDS‐UPDRS‐Total scores improved by 6.9 points. Very low levels of montelukast were detected in all cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and resulted in a reduction in inflammation/metabolism markers. [11C]PBR28 binding was lowered in high, but not mixed, affinity binders after montelukast.ConclusionsMontelukast crosses the blood–brain barrier at very low levels and is well tolerated and safe in PD patients. Preliminary effects on neuroinflammation and clinical scores motivate a future randomized controlled trial (RCT) in PD. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Performance of Ritz‐Piecewise Gegenbauer Approach for Two Types of Fractional Pantograph Equations Including Piecewise Fractional Derivative
Authors: Dehestani Haniye 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThis paper introduces a novel numerical algorithm for solving pantograph differential equations and Volterra functional integro‐differential equations including the piecewise fractional derivative. The proposed algorithm combines the piecewise Gegenbauer functions, the Ritz method, and operational matrices. These functions have great flexibility to match the problems containing piecewise fractional derivatives. Due to the problems, we calculate the operational matrix of derivatives, the operational matrix of the piecewise fractional derivative, and the pantograph operational matrix. By employing the proposed numerical algorithm, we transform the problems into a system of algebraic equations. Moreover, we discuss the error estimation of the approximate solution and residual error. Finally, we provide details on the implementation of this technique through several numerical examples to demonstrate its applicability.
Large Constant‐Sign Solutions for Bvps of the Partial Difference Equation Involving (p,q)$$ \left(p,q\right) $$‐Laplacian
Authors: Xiong Feng , Xia Yonghui 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTLarge constant‐sign solutions for boundray value problems (Bvps) of the partial difference equation involving ‐Laplacian are investigated in this paper. It is the first time to consider such problem based on critical point theory and truncation techniques. Even reducing to the ordinary difference equations, our results generalize and significantly improve some existing ones. In the end, the obtained results are exemplified based on two examples.
Monolayer WSe2 Film as Saturable Absorbers for Mid‐Infrared Passive Q‐Switching
Authors: Zheng Jie , Zong Mengyu , Ye Kun , Feng Xiaoyue , Liu Jingjing , Liu Jie , Liu Danhua , Liu Zhongyuan 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThe monolayer WSe2 material was utilized for a saturable absorber to create a 2.7 μm passively Q‐switched pulse laser. The maximal single pulse energy was 2.75 µJ, and the highest peak power was measured approximately 2.53 W. As far as we know, this is the first instance of monolayer WSe2 being used for passive Q‐switching operation in mid‐infrared. The results provide favorable evidence for monolayer WSe2 as a mid‐infrared Q‐switcher and show the promise of monolayer two‐dimensional materials for ultrafast pulsed laser applications.