bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gamma Interferon Confers Resistance to Infection withStaphylococcus aureusin Human Vascular Endothelial Cells by Cooperative Proinflammatory and Enhanced Intrinsic Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Beekhuizen Henry , van de Gevel Joke S. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTVascular endothelium is an exposed target in systemic endovascularStaphylococcus aureusinfections. We reported earlier that the proinflammatory and procoagulant activities of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs) after binding and ingestion ofS. aureusorganisms provide the cells effective means for leukocyte-mediated bacterial elimination. Expanding on this, we now show that these ECs exhibit a modest intrinsic capacity for eliminating intracellularS. aureusthat was influenced by cytokines relevant toS. aureusinfections. Using various EC infection assays, we showed that gamma interferon (IFN-γ), applied to cultures of ECs prior to or after infection withS. aureus, markedly reduced the level of infection, illustrated by lower percentages ofS. aureus-infected ECs and less intracellular bacteria per infected cell. IFN-γ-activated ECs had unaltered abilities to bindS. aureusand processed ingested bacteria by a seemingly conventional phagocytic pathway. IFN-γ treatment rescued EC monolayers from severe injury by virulent clinicalS. aureusstrains or excessive bacterial numbers. Mechanistically, IFN-γ controlsS. aureusinfection via IFN-γ receptor, most likely through stimulation of intrinsic endothelial antibacterial mechanisms but independent of processes that deprive bacteria of intracellularl-tryptophan or iron. The antibacterial activity of IFN-γ-stimulated ECs coincided with sustained or slightly elevated endothelial proinflammatory responses that supported monocyte recruitment. In conclusion, we identify IFN-γ as a potent regulatory Th1 cytokine possessing exclusive abilities to augment intrinsic antistaphylocccal effector mechanisms in human ECs without ablating theS. aureus-induced proinflammatory EC responses and, as such, coordinating a protective efficacy of ECs against blood-borneS. aureusinfection.
Dysregulated Immune Profiles for Skin and Dendritic Cells Are Associated with Increased Host Susceptibility toHaemophilus ducreyiInfection in Human Volunteers
Authors: Humphreys Tricia L. , Li Lang , Li Xiaoman , Janowicz Diane M. , Fortney Kate R. , Zhao Qianqian , Li Wei , McClintick Jeanette , Katz Barry P. , Wilkes David S. , Edenberg Howard J. , Spinola Stanley M. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTIn experimentally infected human volunteers, the cutaneous immune response toHaemophilus ducreyiis orchestrated by serum, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, T cells, and myeloid dendritic cells (DC). This response either leads to spontaneous resolution of infection or progresses to pustule formation, which is associated with the failure of phagocytes to ingest the organism and the presence of Th1 and regulatory T cells. In volunteers who are challenged twice, some subjects form at least one pustule twice (PP group), while others have all inoculated sites resolve twice (RR group). Here, we infected PP and RR subjects withH. ducreyiand used microarrays to profile gene expression in infected and wounded skin. The PP and RR groups shared a core response toH. ducreyi. Additional transcripts that signified effective immune function were differentially expressed in RR infected sites, while those that signified a hyperinflammatory, dysregulated response were differentially expressed in PP infected sites. To examine whether DC drove these responses, we profiled gene expression inH. ducreyi-infected and uninfected monocyte-derived DC. Both groups had a common response that was typical of a type 1 DC (DC1) response. RR DC exclusively expressed many additional transcripts indicative of DC1. PP DC exclusively expressed differentially regulated transcripts characteristic of DC1 and regulatory DC. The data suggest that DC from the PP and RR groups respond differentially toH. ducreyi.PP DC may promote a dysregulated T-cell response that contributes to phagocytic failure, while RR DC may promote a Th1 response that facilitates bacterial clearance.
Sialyl-Lewis x-Independent Infection of Human Myeloid Cells by
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Strains HZ and HGE1
Authors: Sarkar Madhubanti , Reneer Dexter V. , Carlyon Jason A. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Anaplasma phagocytophilum
, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects neutrophils and neutrophil precursors. Bacterial recognition of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and the α2,3-sialylated- and α1,3-fucosylated-moiety sialyl-Lewis x (sLe
x
), which modifies the PSGL-1 N terminus, is important for adhesion to and invasion of myeloid cells. We have previously demonstrated that
A. phagocytophilum
organisms of the NCH-1 strain that utilize an sLe
x
-modified PSGL-1-independent means of entry can be enriched for by cultivation in undersialylated HL-60 cells that are unable to construct sLe
x
. Because it was unknown whether other
A. phagocytophilum
isolates share this ability, we extended our studies to the geographically diverse strains HZ and HGE1. HL-60 A2 is a clonal cell line that is defective for sialylation and α1,3-fucosyltransferase. HL-60 A2 cell surfaces, therefore, not only lack sLe
x
but also are virtually devoid of any other sialic acid- and/or α1,3-fucose-modified glycan. By cultivating HZ and HGE1 in HL-60 A2 cells, we enriched for bacterial subpopulations (termed HZA2 and HGE1A2) that bind and/or infect myeloid cells in the absence of sialic acid and α1,3-fucose and in the presence of antibody that blocks the N terminus of PSGL-1. Thus, multiple
A. phagocytophilum
isolates share the ability to use sLe
x
-modified PSGL-1-dependent and -independent routes of entry into myeloid cells. HZA2 and HGE1A2 represent enriched bacterial populations that will aid dissection of the complexities of the interactions between
A. phagocytophilum
and host myeloid cells.
Australian and Thai Isolates of
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Are Distinct by Multilocus Sequence Typing: Revision of a Case of Mistaken Identity
Authors: J. Currie Bart , Thomas Annette D. , Godoy Daniel , Dance David A. , Cheng Allen C. , Ward Linda , Mayo Mark , Pitt Tyrone L. , Spratt Brian G. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

A recent study using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of
Burkholderia pseudomallei
isolates found a sequence type (ST60) to be common to both Thailand and Australia, contradicting earlier studies showing complete distinction between isolates from these regions. The ST60 isolates reportedly from Australia had been obtained for MLST from United Kingdom and U.S. collections. We have located and characterized the original Australian isolates; they were collected in 1983, and they are neither ST60 nor
B. pseudomallei
isolates. The
B. pseudomallei
MLST database has been corrected, and there is no ST common to isolates verified as obtained from Australia or from Thailand.
Evaluation of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA Quantification in Dried Blood Spots: Retrospective Study of CMV Congenital Infection
Authors: Vauloup-Fellous Christelle , Ducroux Aurélie , Couloigner Vincent , Marlin Sandrine , Picone Olivier , Galimand Julie , Loundon Natalie , Denoyelle Françoise , Grangeot-Keros Liliane , Leruez-Ville Marianne 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT
We compared two protocols for extracting DNA from dried blood spots for cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA detection and quantification by real-time PCR. Both extraction methods were reliable for the retrospective diagnosis of CMV congenital infection. Quantification of CMV DNA was valuable after normalization of viral loads with albumin gene PCR amplification results.
Evidence for a Multiprotein Gamma-2 Herpesvirus Entry Complex
Authors: Gillet Laurent , Stevenson Philip G. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Herpesviruses use multiple virion glycoproteins to enter cells. How these work together is not well understood: some may act separately or they may form a single complex. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) gB, gH, gL, and gp150 all participate in entry. gB and gL are involved in binding, gB and gH are conserved fusion proteins, and gp150 inhibits cell binding until glycosaminoglycans are engaged. Here we show that a gH-specific antibody coprecipitates gB and thus that gH and gB are associated in the virion membrane. A gH/gL-specific antibody also coprecipitated gB, implying a tripartite complex of gL/gH/gB, although the gH/gB association did not require gL. The association was also independent of gp150, and gp150 was not demonstrably bound to gB or gH. However, gp150 incorporation into virions was partly gL dependent, suggesting that it too contributes to a single entry complex. gp150
−
and gL
−
gp150
−
mutants bound better than the wild type to B cells and readily colonized B cells in vivo. Thus, gp150 and gL appear to be epithelial cell-adapted accessories of a core gB/gH entry complex. The cell binding revealed by gp150 disruption did not require gL and therefore seemed most likely to involve gB.
Acetylated Histone H3 and H4 Mark the Upregulated LMP2A Promoter of Epstein-Barr Virus in Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Gerle Borbala , Koroknai Anita , Fejer György , Bakos Agnes , Banati Ferenc , Szenthe Kalman , Wolf Hans , Niller Hans Helmut , Minarovits Janos , Salamon Daniel 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT
We analyzed the levels of acetylated histones and histone H3 dimethylated on lysine 4 (H3K4me2) at the LMP2A promoter (LMP2Ap) of Epstein-Barr virus in well-characterized type I and type III lymphoid cell line pairs and additionally in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line C666-1 by using chromatin immunoprecipitation. We found that enhanced levels of acetylated histones marked the upregulated LMP2Ap in lymphoid cells. In contrast, in C666-1 cells, the highly DNA-methylated, inactive LMP2Ap was also enriched in acetylated histones and H3K4me2. Our results suggest that the combinatorial effects of DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and H3K4me2 modulate the activity of LMP2Ap.
Atraumatic Oral Spray Immunization with Replication-Deficient Viral Vector Vaccines
Authors: Stahl-Hennig Christiane , Kuate Seraphin , Franz Monika , Suh You S. , Stoiber Heribert , Sauermann Ulrike , Tenner-Racz Klara , Norley Stephen , Park Ki S. , Sung Young C. , Steinman Ralph , Racz Paul , Überla Klaus 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe development of needle-free vaccines is one of the recently defined “grand challenges in global health” (H. Varmus, R. Klausner, R. Klausner, R. Zerhouni, T. Acharya, A. S. Daar, and P. A. Singer, Science 302:398-399, 2003). To explore whether a natural pathway to the inductive site of the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue could be exploited for atraumatic immunization purposes, replication-deficient viral vector vaccines were sprayed directly onto the tonsils of rhesus macaques. Tonsillar immunization with viral vector vaccines encoding simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens induced cellular and humoral immune responses. Viral RNA levels after a stringent SIV challenge were reduced, providing a level of protection similar to that observed after systemic immunization with the same vaccines. Thus, atraumatic oral spray immunization with replication-deficient vectors can overcome the epithelial barrier, deliver the vaccine antigen to the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, and avoid induction of tolerance, providing a novel approach to circumvent acceptability problems of syringe and needle vaccines for children and in developing countries.
A Recombinant Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Expressing Two Additional Copies of gK Is More Pathogenic than Wild-Type Virus in Two Different Strains of Mice
Authors: Mott Kevin R. , Perng Guey-Chuen , Osorio Yanira , Kousoulas Konstantin G. , Ghiasi Homayon 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of glycoprotein K (gK) overexpression on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in two different strains of mice was evaluated using a recombinant HSV-1 virus that expresses two additional copies of the gK gene in place of the latency-associated transcript (LAT). This mutant virus (HSV-gK3) expressed higher levels of gK than either the wild-type McKrae virus or the parental dLAT2903 virus both in vitro (in cultured cells) and in vivo (in infected mouse corneas and trigeminal ganglia [TG] of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice). gK transcripts were detected in the TG of both HSV-gK3-infected mouse strains on day 30 postinfection (p.i.), while gB transcripts were detected only in the TG of the HSV-gK3-infected C57BL/6 mice, a finding that suggests that increased gK levels promote chronic infection. C57BL/6 mice infected with HSV-gK3also contained free virus in their TG on day 30 p.i. Both HSV-gK3-infected mouse strains had significantly higher corneal scarring (CS) than did McKrae-infected mice. T-cell depletion studies in C57BL/6 mice suggested that this CS enhancement in the HSV-gK3-infected mice was mediated by a CD8+T-cell response. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that increased gK levels promote eye disease and chronic infection in infected mice.
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Glycoprotein Processing by the Endoprotease SKI-1/S1P Is Critical for Virus Infectivity
Authors: Bergeron Éric , Vincent Martin J. , Nichol Stuart T. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes severe human disease. The CCHFV medium RNA encodes a polyprotein which is proteolytically processed to yield the glycoprotein precursors PreGn and PreGc, followed by structural glycoproteins Gn and Gc. Subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease (SKI-1/S1P) plays a central role in Gn processing. Here we show that CCHFV-infected cells deficient in SKI-1/S1P produce no infectious virus, although PreGn and PreGc accumulated normally in the Golgi apparatus, the site of virus assembly. Only nucleoprotein-containing particles which lacked virus glycoproteins (Gn/Gc or PreGn/PreGc) were secreted. Complementation of SKI-1/S1P-deficient cells with a SKI-1/S1P expression vector restored release of infectious virus (>10
6
PFU/ml), confirming that SKI-1/S1P processing is required for incorporation of viral glycoproteins. SKI-1/S1P may represent a promising antiviral target.
Reduction of coronary flow reserve in patients with increased aortic stiffness
Authors: Nemes Attila , Forster Tamás , Csanády Miklós 
Published: September 2007

Aortic stiffness is thought to affect coronary blood flow, but little is known about its influence on coronary flow reserve (CFR). The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between aortic stiffness and CFR in matched patients with and without increased aortic stiffness. Stress transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) as the CFR measurement and coronary angiography were performed in all cases. Increased aortic stiffness was defined if elastic modulus Ep > 680 mmHg. The following patient populations free of coronary artery disease were compared: 36 subjects with normal aortic distensibility and 19 age-, sex-, and risk factor-matched patients with increased aortic stiffness. CFR was significantly reduced in patients with increased aortic stiffness as compared with cases with normal aortic distensibility (2.64 ± 1.16 vs. 2.12 ± 0.58, p <0.01). Hyperaemic diastolic flow velocities were reduced in patients with increased aortic stiffness (129.5 ± 36.6 cm/s vs. 102.1 ± 39.8 cm/s, p <0.05). Negative correlations were found between Ep and hyperaemic diastolic coronary flow velocity (r = –0.41, p < 0.01) and CFR (r = –0.21, p < 0.05). CFR is reduced in patients with increased aortic stiffness and negative correlations exist between these functional parameters.
Relation of B-type natriuretic peptide to left ventricular wall stress as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Alter P. , Rupp H. , Rominger M.B. , Vollrath A. , Czerny F. , Klose K.J. , Maisch B. 
Published: September 2007

Ventricular loading conditions are crucial determinants of cardiac function and prognosis in heart failure. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is mainly stored in the ventricular myocardium and is released in response to an increased ventricular filling pressure. We examined, therefore, the hypothesis that BNP serum concentrations are related to ventricular wall stress. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess left ventricular (LV) mass and cardiac function of 29 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and 5 controls. Left ventricular wall stress was calculated by using a thick-walled sphere model, and BNP was assessed by immunoassay. LV mass (r = 0.73, p < 0.001) and both LV end-diastolic (r = 0.54, p = 0.001) and end-systolic wall stress (r = 0.66, p < 0.001) were positively correlated with end-diastolic volume. LV end-systolic wall stress was negatively related to LV ejection fraction (EF), whereas end-diastolic wall stress was not related to LVEF. BNP concentration correlated positively with LV end-diastolic wall stress (r = 0.50, p = 0.002). Analysis of variance revealed LV end-diastolic wall stress as the only independent hemodynamic parameter influencing BNP (p < 0.001). The present approach using a thick-walled sphere model permits determination of mechanical wall stress in a clinical routine setting using standard cardiac MRI protocols. A correlation of BNP concentration with calculated LV stress was observed in vivo. Measurement of BNP seems to be sufficient to assess cardiac loading conditions. Other relations of BNP with various hemodynamic parameters (e.g., EF) appear to be secondary. Since an increased wall stress is associated with cardiac dilatation, early diagnosis and treatment could potentially prevent worsening of the outcome.
The geological significance of radiometric age studies on volcanic and hypabyssal rocks
Authors: Fitch F. J. , Miller J. A. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Volcanic and minor intrusive igneous rocks often have more closely defined geological ages than rocks of the plutonic association. Isotopic ages from these rocks are thus important in geochronology. Isotope loss and other factors often result in low ages being obtained, rather than the true age of primary crystallization of an igneous rock. In favourable circumstances, however, the date of a subsequent cleavage, metamorphism, or mineralizing event can be determined. Detailed geological and petrological analysis are essential if the isotopic data are to be correctly interpreted.
A general review of published work on bentonites, tuffs, lavas, and related sub-volcanic intrusions reveals the potentialities and limitations of age studies on this category of rocks. Young volcanic and the unfolded eruptive rocks of post-tectonic environments and of the stable zones of ancient shields provide the best material for initial age studies. The significance of isotopic age studies on basic igneous rocks in the dating of orogenic and mineralizing events is discussed. Determinations of the age of certain Caledonian and Variscan events in Britain are quoted to illustrate the methods used.
The Triassic period
Authors: Tozer Edward Timothy 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Little information is available that can be used with confidence to construct a Triassic time-scale. The base of the system is variously dated in the range 220 to 238 m.y.; the age of the boundary with the Jurassic is also uncertain, but may be placed at about 190 to 200 m.y Apart from a Russian determination giving a minimum age of 200 m.y. for the Middle Triassic, the only radiometric data available are for the Upper Triassic.
The Permian period
Authors: Smith Denys Barker 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Twelve rocks for which calculated isotopic ages are mutually consistent and for which there is some biostratigraphic control have been used in the construction of a Permian time-scale. On the evidence of these rocks it is suggested that the Permian period lasted from about 280 m.y to about 225 m.y. ago, with the Lower Permian–Upper Permian transition at about 240 m.y. Ages are also suggested for the remaining intra-Permian stage boundaries.
Gas Exploration and Reserves in Europe
Authors: Makourine A. 
Published: September 2007

Summary

This Paper will deal with two subjects:

(1)
Natural gas reserves and resources in Europe.

(2)
Exploration for natural gas in Europe.

The first part contains statistical data on natural gas reserves and resources in Europe with certain analyses of the factors affecting their estimation, and comparability of classifications used for the assessment of gas reserves and resources. The seond part describes the methods of gas exploration currently used.
The paper is based on official information supplied by governments—members of the E.C.E., and in particular those participating in the work of the European Group of Experts on Natural Gas Resources of the Committee on Gas.
A Review of Geochemical Data Related to the Northwest European Gas Province
Authors: Barnard P. C. , Cooper B. S. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The Northwest European Gas Province has a long and complex history of episodes of subsidence, uplift, salt intrusion and vulcanicity; the province contains large reserves of gas, produced principally from Permian sandstones and generally believed to have been sourced from the Late Carboniferous Coal Measures. Gas generation has occurred when periods of burial from the Triassic onwards have caused vitrinite reflectivity of coal-bearing sediments to exceed 1% and the composition of the gas is shown to be related to the degree of maturity of the source rocks. A reconstruction of the subsidence history of the Cleveland Basin illustrates the development of maturation in the underlying Carboniferous section and is used to extrapolate the recent history of the Cleveland and Sole Pit Basins.
North Sea petroleum exploration
Authors: Brennand T. P. 
Published: September 2007

Summary

After some twenty years of exploration for oil and gas, the North Sea province has emerged as the most important hydrocarbon province of Western Europe. The recoverable reserves to date discovered in the offshore area are of the order of 25 × 10
9
bbls of oil and condensate, and 100 × 10
12
scf of gas.

A summary review of the history of North Sea exploration and the development of the main ‘plays’ is treated in three periods and followed by a synopsis of the complex North Sea basin evolution and sedimentary fill characteristics. Structural style and reservoir development of the hydrocarbon traps is considered in conjunction with their timely sourcing by the relevant organic-rich sediments.
In conclusion, a speculative view is given on the future of exploration in an area where the most obvious plays have been extensively explored.