bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of the social brain in human infancy
Authors: Grossmann Tobias , Johnson Mark H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMuch research has focused on how the adult human brain processes the social world, yet until recently little was known about the early development of these abilities. Developmental studies inform debates about the specificity of social functions in the adult cortex. This review highlights recent work, mainly based on electroencephalography/event‐related potential methods, examining the precursors of the human social brain network during infancy in several domains such as face and eye gaze processing, the perception of emotions, decoding biological motion, perceiving human actions and joint attention. The findings illustrate that the human brain is fundamentally adapted to develop within a social context, and that this context contributes to many of the specializations seen in the adult cortex.
Modulation of p‐glycoprotein function by caveolin‐1 phosphorylation
Authors: Barakat Stéphane , Demeule Michel , Pilorget Anthony , Régina Anthony , Gingras Denis , Baggetto Loris G. , Béliveau Richard 
Published: February 2007

Abstractp‐glycoprotein (p‐gp) is an ATP‐binding cassette transporter and its overexpression is responsible for the acquisition of the multidrug resistance phenotype in human tumors. p‐gp is localized at the blood–brain barrier and is involved in brain cytoprotection. Our previous work used immunoprecipitation to show that caveolin‐1 can interact with p‐gp. In this study, we provide evidence that caveolin‐1 regulates p‐gp transport activity in a rat brain endothelial cell line (RBE4). Down‐regulation of caveolin‐1 by siRNA reduced the interaction between p‐gp and caveolin‐1, followed by a decrease in [3H]‐Taxol and [3H]‐Vinblastine accumulation in RBE4 cells. The latter result showed that down‐regulation of caveolin‐1 enhanced p‐gp transport activity. RBE4 cells were also transfected with Sarcoma in order to modulate caveolin‐1 phosphorylation. Overexpression of Sarcoma, a protein tyrosine kinase, stimulated caveolin‐1 phosphorylation and increased both [3H]‐Taxol and [3H]‐Vinblastine accumulation as well as Hoechst 33342 accumulation. Transfection of caveolin‐1 inhibits p‐gp transport activity. Conversely, transfection of the mutant cavY14F decreased the p‐gp/caveolin‐1 interaction and reduced accumulation of the two p‐gp substrates. Thus, our data show that caveolin‐1 regulates p‐gp function through the phosphorylation state of caveolin‐1 in endothelial cells from the blood–brain barrier.
Degradation of nicastrin involves both proteasome and lysosome
Authors: He Guiqiong , Qing Hong , Tong Yigang , Cai Fang , Ishiura Shoichi , Song Weihong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe glycoprotein nicastrin (NCT) is an essential component of the γ‐secretase complex, a high molecular weight complex which also contains the presenilin proteins, Aph‐1 and Pen‐2. The γ‐secretase complex is not only involved in APP processing but also in the processing of an increasing number of other type I integral membrane proteins. As the largest subunit of the γ‐secretase complex, NCT plays a crucial role in its activation. Considerable information exists on the distribution, structure and function of NCT; however, little is known of its proteolysis. The present study is aimed at exploring the molecular mechanism of NCT degradation. We found that either proteasomal or lysosomal inhibition can significantly increase the levels of both endogenous and exogenous NCT in various cell lines, and the effect of these inhibitions on NCT was time‐ and dose‐dependent. Immunofluorescent microscopic analysis revealed that NCT accumulates in the ER and Golgi apparatus after proteasomal inhibition, while lysosomal inhibition leads to the accumulation of NCT in the lysosomal apparatus. Co‐immunoprecipitation can pull down both NCT and ubiquitin. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NCT degradation involves both the proteasome and the lysosome.
M‐calpain‐mediated cleavage of GAP‐43 near Ser41 is negatively regulated by protein kinase C, calmodulin and calpain‐inhibiting fragment GAP‐43‐3
Authors: Zakharov Vladislav V. , Mosevitsky Mark I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNeuronal protein GAP‐43 performs multiple functions in axon guidance, synaptic plasticity and regulation of neuronal death and survival. However, the molecular mechanisms of its action in these processes are poorly understood. We have shown that in axon terminals GAP‐43 is a substrate for calcium‐activated cysteine protease m‐calpain, which participates in repulsion of axonal growth cones and induction of neuronal death. In pre‐synaptic terminals in vivo, in synaptosomes, and in vitro, m‐calpain cleaved GAP‐43 in a small region near Ser41, on either side of this residue. In contrast, µ‐calpain cleaved GAP‐43 in vitro at several other sites, besides Ser41. Phosphorylation of Ser41 by protein kinase C or GAP‐43 binding to calmodulin strongly suppressed GAP‐43 proteolysis by m‐calpain. A GAP‐43 fragment, lacking about forty N‐terminal residues (named GAP‐43‐3), was produced by m‐calpain‐mediated cleavage of GAP‐43 and inhibited m‐calpain, but not µ‐calpain. This fragment prevented complete cleavage of intact GAP‐43 by m‐calpain as a negative feedback. GAP‐43‐3 also blocked m‐calpain activity against casein, a model calpain substrate. This implies that GAP‐43‐3, which is present in axon terminals in high amount, can play important role in regulation of m‐calpain activity in neurons. We suggest that GAP‐43‐3 and another (N‐terminal) GAP‐43 fragment produced by m‐calpain participate in modulation of neuronal response to repulsive and apoptotic signals.
Defective peripheral nerve myelination and neuromuscular junction formation in fukutin‐deficient chimeric mice
Authors: Saito Fumiaki , Masaki Toshihiro , Saito Yuko , Nakamura Ayami , Takeda Satoshi , Shimizu Teruo , Toda Tatsushi , Matsumura Kiichiro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDystroglycan is a central component of the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex that links the extracellular matrix with cytoskeleton. Recently, mutations of the genes encoding putative glycosyltransferases were identified in several forms of congenital muscular dystrophies accompanied by brain anomalies and eye abnormalities, and aberrant glycosylation of α‐dystroglycan has been implicated in their pathogeneses. These diseases are now collectively called α‐dystroglycanopathy. In this study, we demonstrate that peripheral nerve myelination is defective in the fukutin‐deficient chimeric mice, a mouse model of Fukuyama‐type congenital muscular dystrophy, which is the most common α‐dystroglycanopathy in Japan. In the peripheral nerve of these mice, the density of myelinated nerve fibers was significantly decreased and clusters of abnormally large non‐myelinated axons were ensheathed by a single Schwann cell, indicating a defect of the radial sorting mechanism. The sugar chain moiety and laminin‐binding activity of α‐dystroglycan were severely reduced, while the expression of β1‐integrin was not altered in the peripheral nerve of the chimeric mice. We also show that the clustering of acetylcholine receptor is defective and neuromuscular junctions are fragmented in appearance in these mice. Expression of agrin and laminin as well as the binding activity of α‐dystroglycan to these ligands was severely reduced at the neuromuscular junction. These results demonstrate that fukutin plays crucial roles in the myelination of peripheral nerve and formation of neuromuscular junction. They also suggest that defective glycosylation of α‐dystroglycan may play a role in the impairment of these processes in the deficiency of fukutin.
Application of the RothC model to the results of long‐term experiments on typical upland soils in northern China
Authors: Guo L. , Falloon P. , Coleman K. , Zhou B. , Li Y. , Lin E. , Zhang F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractArable land can be either a source or a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide depending on its management. It is important to assess changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) under future climate change scenarios using models at regional or global scales. This paper aims to calibrate the RothC model on non‐waterlogged soils in northern China to obtain the necessary model input parameters for later use in large‐scale studies. Data sets from three long‐term experiments in northern China were used to evaluate the performance of the RothC soil carbon turnover model. The plant carbon input rate, an important model input parameter, was calibrated using experimental data under typical rotation systems with different fertilization. The results showed that RothC accurately simulated the changes in SOC across a wide area of northern China (northeast, north, and northwest China. The modelling error expressed as root mean square error for four treatments (nil, manure, fertilizer, fertilizer + manure) at three sites were less than 20.2%, and less than 7.8% if occasional extreme measured values were omitted. The simulation biases expressed as M (i.e. relative error) for all treatments at the three sites were non‐significant. Observed trends in SOC included a decrease for the nil (no fertilizer or manure) treatment and an increase for the treatments which received both manure and fertilizers. The experiments also indicated that manures applied at an appropriate rate were more effective in increasing or maintaining SOC than fertilizers which were more effective in increasing crop yields.
Workforce Perceptions of Hospital Safety Culture: Development and Validation of the Patient Safety Climate in Healthcare Organizations Survey
Authors: Singer Sara , Meterko Mark , Baker Laurence , Gaba David , Falwell Alyson , Rosen Amy 
Published: February 2007

Objective. To describe the development of an instrument for assessing workforce perceptions of hospital safety culture and to assess its reliability and validity.Data Sources/Study Setting. Primary data collected between March 2004 and May 2005. Personnel from 105 U.S. hospitals completed a 38‐item paper and pencil survey. We received 21,496 completed questionnaires, representing a 51 percent response rate.Study Design. Based on review of existing safety climate surveys, we developed a list of key topics pertinent to maintaining a culture of safety in high‐reliability organizations. We developed a draft questionnaire to address these topics and pilot tested it in four preliminary studies of hospital personnel. We modified the questionnaire based on experience and respondent feedback, and distributed the revised version to 42,249 hospital workers.Data Collection. We randomly divided respondents into derivation and validation samples. We applied exploratory factor analysis to responses in the derivation sample. We used those results to create scales in the validation sample, which we subjected to multitrait analysis (MTA).Principal Findings. We identified nine constructs, three organizational factors, two unit factors, three individual factors, and one additional factor. Constructs demonstrated substantial convergent and discriminant validity in the MTA. Cronbach's α coefficients ranged from 0.50 to 0.89.Conclusions. It is possible to measure key salient features of hospital safety climate using a valid and reliable 38‐item survey and appropriate hospital sample sizes. This instrument may be used in further studies to better understand the impact of safety climate on patient safety outcomes.
Genomics for Health in Preconception and Prenatal Periods
Authors: Dolan Siobhan , Biermann Janis , Damus Karla 
Published: February 2007

Purpose: To review and report changes in genomic‐based knowledge and care during the preconception and prenatal periods.
Design: Integrative review of relevant medical and nursing literature.
Findings: Client education and counseling are needed to understand genomic information and provide guidance in interpreting this information and making decisions. The factors that influence decision‐making about testing and acting on test results constitute a complex process that has not been well studied. Family history is an important tool for obtaining genomic information and can assist women and families in understanding risk preconceptionally and prenatally. Genomic research has enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of birth defects such as neural tube defect and will likely provide research opportunities to better understand complex perinatal outcomes such as preterm birth.
Conclusions: Research, education, advocacy, and anticipatory guidance are needed as women and families obtain more genetic and genomic information before and during pregnancy. All nurses will be involved in helping patients use genetic and genomic information to understand risk and to develop strategies to modify risk, and in translating the expanding array of genomic information to improve birth outcomes.
Prevalence and Variation of Physical Restraint Use in Acute Care Settings in the US
Authors: Minnick Ann F. , Mion Lorraine C. , Johnson Mary E. , Catrambone Cathy , Leipzig Rosanne 
Published: February 2007

Purpose: To describe physical restraint (PR) rates and contexts in U.S. hospitals.
Design: This 2003–2005 descriptive study was done to measure PR prevalence and contexts (census, gender, age, ventilation status, PR type, and rationale) at 40 randomly selected acute care hospitals in six U.S. metropolitan areas. All units except psychiatric, emergency, operative, obstetric, and long‐term care were included.
Methods: On 18 randomly selected days between 0500 and 0700 (5:00 am and 7:00 am), data collectors determined PR use and contexts via observation and nurse report.
Findings: PR prevalence was 50 per 1,000 patient days (based on 155,412 patient days). Preventing disruption of therapy was the chief reason cited. PR rates varied by unit type, with adult ICU rates the highest obtained. Intra‐ and interinstitutional variation was as high as 10‐fold. Ventilator use was strongly associated with PR use. Elderly patients were over‐represented among the physically restrained on some units (e.g., medical) but on many unit types (including most ICUs) their PR use was consistent with those of other adults.
Conclusions: Wide rate variation indicates the need to examine administratively mediated variables and the promotion of unit‐based improvement efforts. Anesthetic and sedation practices have contributed to high variation in ICU PR rates. Determining the types of units to target to achieve improvements in care of older adults requires study of PR sequelae rate by unit type.
Nurses' Use of Physical Restraints in Four Turkish Hospitals
Authors: Demir Ayten 
Published: February 2007

Purpose: (a) Determine the frequency and types of physical restraints used by nurses in intensive care units, emergency departments, and neurosurgery wards; (b) understand nurses' attitudes toward physical restraint; and (c) identify complications in physically restrained patients.
Design and Methods: This descriptive, cross‐sectional study was carried out on 254 nurses working in intensive care units, emergency departments, and neurosurgery wards in four Turkish hospitals where physical restraints were used. The whole population was studied without any sampling, and data were collected via semistructured interviews from July 20 to September 6, 2005.
Findings: Nurses used either wrist, ankle, or whole body restraints at various levels. Those nurses who worked in surgical intensive care units and emergency departments and had in‐service training used more physical restraint than did others. Only a third of nurses decided on physical restraint together with physicians and three‐fourths tried alternative methods. Nurses reported edema and cyanosis on wrist and arm regions, pressure ulcers on various regions, and aspiration and breathing difficulties in relation to physical restraint. Moreover, they reported 9 deaths of patients in chest restraints. Reduction in the frequency of caregiving was related to complications.
Conclusions: Actions to reduce use of and complications from physical restraints should include attention to nurse staffing and education about use of restraints.
Ethical Attitudes of Nurse, Physician, and Unaffiliated Members of Institutional Review Boards
Authors: Rothstein William G. , Phuong Linh H. 
Published: February 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the recommendation for adding unaffiliated members to institutional review boards (IRB) by comparing the attitudes and influence of IRB members of different backgrounds, primarily nurses, physicians, and unaffiliated members.
Design: Survey.
Method: A closed‐ended self‐administered questionnaire concerning ethical issues in human subjects research was completed by 284 IRB members in a nonprobability sample of 27 IRBs in 12 U.S. states. The attitudes and influence of IRB members with different backgrounds were compared.
Findings: Nurses rated most of the issues as more important than did all other members; physicians rated most of the issues as less important than did all other members; and unaffiliated IRB members rated the issues similar to the whole. Nurses and unaffiliated members were ranked the least influential IRB members, and IRB chairs and physicians were ranked the most influential.
Conclusions: The responses of the IRB members in this study indicate that adding more unaffiliated members to IRBs is unlikely to increase IRB concerns with ethical issues. Adding more nurse members to IRBs might increase IRB concerns with ethical issues if the level of influence of the nurses is increased.
Evaluation of Clinical Ladder Participation in Norway
Authors: Bjørk Ida Torunn , Hansen Britt Sætre , Samdal Gro Beate , Tørstad Solveig , Hamilton Glenys A. 
Published: February 2007

Purpose: To evaluate nurses' reasons for joining a clinical ladder program, their experiences during participation, and how they use their new competence in practice.
Design and Methods: Cross‐sectional survey design. Sample was 541 nurses who participated in clinical ladder programs at four hospitals in Norway. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics.
Findings and Conclusions: Internal motivational factors were most important reasons for joining a clinical ladder. Nursing leaders were lacking in their engagement with the clinical ladder project and its participants. Perceived learning effect, use of competence, and intent to stay increased as nurses progressed in the ladder.
A Cox Parametric Bootstrap Test of the von Liebig Hypotheses
Authors: Kaitibie Simeon , Nganje William E. , Wade Brorsen B. , Epplin Francis M. 
Published: February 2007

This study uses a Cox parametric bootstrap test to select between two specifications of the von Liebig hypothesis, a switching regression (SR) model, and a linear response function with a stochastic plateau. Specifying the production function as a linear response function with a stochastic plateau yields a superior approximation of the data for livestock gain as a function of forage allowance than the SR approach.Dans la présente étude, nous avons utilisé la technique du bootstrap paramétrique de Cox pour choisir entre deux caractéristiques de l'hypothèse de von Liebig: un modèle de régression avec changement de régime et une fonction de réponse linéaire avec plateau stochastique. établir la fonction de production comme une fonction de réponse linéaire avec plateau stochastique offre une meilleure approximation des données sur le gain de poids du bétail comme fonction de l'apport de fourrages comparativement au modèle de régression avec changement de régime.
The Demand and Allocation of Alaskan and Canadian Snow Crab
Authors: Herrmann Mark , Greenberg Joshua 
Published: February 2007

For over two decades the Alaskan snow crab industry has been an important component of the economic health of the Alaskan crab fisheries. This has been particularly true given the substantial historical stock declines in the Alaskan king and Tanner crab fisheries. However, dwindling local stocks, combined with substantial increases in snow (Queen) crab from Canada and other countries, has raised considerable concern over the sustained economic health from these fisheries. This paper reports on an econometric model of the Alaskan and Canadian snow crab fishery designed to both document the exvessel and wholesale price and revenue responses to harvest and market conditions, and to document the pre‐crab rationalization market performance of the Alaskan snow crab fishery on the eve of the historic implementation of both harvester and processor quotas. Pendant plus de deux décennies, l'industrie du crabe des neiges a constitué un élément important de la santééconomique de la pêche au crabe en Alaska. C'est particulièrement le cas en raison de la diminution substantielle des stocks historiques de crabe royal et de crabe des neiges du Pacifique. Cependant, la diminution des stocks locaux, combinée à des augmentations substantielles de crabe des neiges provenant du Canada et d'autres pays, a soulevé des inquiétudes considérables quant à la durabilité de la santééconomique de ces pêches. Le présent article présente un modèle économétrique de la pêche au crabe des neiges en Alaska et au Canada conçu pour documenter les prix au débarquement, les prix de gros et les revenus correspondants en fonction des conditions de récolte et de l'état du marché, et pour documenter la performance du marché avant que l'industrie du crabe des neiges en Alaska ne soit rationalisée par l'imposition historique de contingents aux pêcheurs et aux usines de transformation du poisson.
An Examination of the Relationship Between U.S. and Canadian Durum Wheat Prices
Authors: Ghoshray Atanu 
Published: February 2007

Durum wheat is one of the commodities for which there is intense trade competition between the United States and Canada. This article examines the relationship between Canadian and U.S. durum wheat prices using cointegration and an asymmetric error correction approach. The overall results suggest that a long run relation holds between the U.S. and Canadian durum wheat prices. The U.S. price responds to restore the equilibrium relationship with the corresponding Canadian price, while the Canadian price evolves independently. Using tests for structural change it is revealed that changes in Canadian domestic policy (the repeal of the WGTA) had an effect on this long run relation. Since the withdrawal of the WGTA, quality differences in durum wheat for both countries seem to matter in the dynamics and integration of U.S. and Canadian durum wheat prices.Le blé dur est l'une des denrées pour lesquelles les États‐Unis et le Canada se livrent une concurrence féroce. Le présent article examine la relation entre les prix du blé dur américain et canadien en utilisant la cointégration et un modèle à correction d'erreur asymétrique. Les résultats globaux semblent indiquer qu'il existe depuis longtemps une relation entre les prix du blé américain et canadien. Le prix américain réagit pour rétablir la relation d'équilibre avec le prix canadien correspondant, tandis que le prix canadien évolue de façon indépendante. Des tests effectués pour vérifier les répercussions des changements structurels ont indiqué que des changements dans la politique intérieure canadienne (notamment l'abrogation de laLoi sur le transport du grain de l'Ouest‐ LTGO) ont eu une influence sur cette relation. Depuis l'abolition de la LTGO, des différences de qualité de blé dur dans les deux pays semblent avoir de l'importance dans la dynamique et l'intégration des prix du blé dur canadien et américain.