bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computed tomography and automated image analysis of prehistoric femora
Authors: Sumner Dale R. , Mockbee Brent , Morse Kathleen , Cram Thomas , Pitt Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNon‐invasive characterization of limb bone cross‐sectional geometry would be useful for biomechanical analyses of skeletal collections. Computed tomography (CT) is potentially the method of choice. Additionally, CT images are suitable for automated analysis. CT is here shown to be both accurate and precise in the analysis of cross‐sectional geometry of prehistoric femora. Beam hardening artifacts can be reduced by using a water bath. As the availability of CT for research increases, both bone density and geometry could be determined simultaneously with this method.
Variation in the developing root cone angle of the permanent mandibular teeth of modern man and certain fossil hominids
Authors: Dean M. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe radiographic appearance of the developing root apex of 461 mandibular teeth was studied using ellipsopantomographs of 77 individu als. The angle formed by the mesial and distal aspects of the developing root cone was measured for each quarter of root development in the permanent mandibular teeth of each subject. Large values for this angle in the more coronal part of the root gradually decreased towards the root apex where values were small in all teeth studied. This gradual decrease in the angle of the developing root cone is concordant with the faster increase in root length but slower rates of dentinogenesis reported for the apical region of human teeth in the literature, as the decrease is likely to reflect the increasing numbers of odontoblasts that become involved in root formation as it proceeds apically. The developing root cone angles of one of the five fossil hominid specimens studied (KMN‐ER 820) fall outside the range for the developing root cone angle of the developing premolar and permanent second molar roots in modern Homo sapiens and is evidence of a faster rate of root elongation than is typical for modern man.
Population characteristics of extinct hominid endocranial volume
Authors: Blumenberg Bennett 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDistribution and variation statistics of hominid endocranial volume (ECV) have been investigated. Within the interpretative constraints imposed by (very) small sample sizes, the requirements for normality are met, as are those for heteroscedasticity. A significant difference in means can be demonstrated for only two comparisons. With one exception, overall distribution characteristics differ significantly in pairwise comparisons between taxa. The coefficient of variation of ECV that characterizes a group composed of all Plio‐Pleistocene gracile hominids does not support a single polytypic species interpretation of this assemblage. Significant differences in the coefficient of variation exist between all possible pairs of taxa with the exception of Homo habilis and Homo erectus.
Pubic symphysis age distributions
Authors: Jackes M. K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA further discussion of age assessment and palaeodemography requires detailed reviews of methods, especially pubic symphysis techniques. Before reanalysis of changes in symphyseal form, the initial steps in distributing ages must be examined. Use of the mean values for age scores gives age distributions that are not real, but subject to systematic distortions, and cumulative percentages of skeletal samples can be shown to reflect the mean ages. Distributing skeletal ages using 95% probability distributions provides a more accurate estimation of true ages for palaeodemography and a better basis for discussions of pubic symphysis aging techniques.
Fringe patterns and measurement on dorsal moiré topography in Japanese children, aged 13 and 14
Authors: Ashizawa Kumi , Kuki Tanemi , Kusumoto Ayano 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDorsal moiré topographies of 165 boys and 156 girls, aged 13 and 14, were investigated. Moiré fringe patterns were classified into seven types, of which type IV, thin and symmetric back, was most frequent (29% in boys and 22% in girls), and types I and II thoracic, fleshy back, were observed in 15% of boys and 29% of girls. Settling four prominent points on the back, length, depth (number of fringes), angles between these points, and the most depressed point on the lumbar region were measured. Neither bilateral or sex differences were detected in length and depth measurements, whereas larger right side angles were observed as a general tendency. In both sexes, significant correlation was detected between measurements on points situated in the inner part of the back, while on points situated in the outer parts only angle and length correlation was significant.
Additional upper pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia
Authors: Smith Fred H. , Boyd Donna C. , Malez Mirko 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis report presents a morphological description of ten hominid skeletal fragments found at Vindija cave, northwestern Yugoslavia, in 1980‐1981. Eight of the specimens (seven cranial fragments and one complete hand proximal phalanx) were excavated from level G3, a stratum correlated to the Lower Würm stadial and containing Mousterian lithic elements. The salient morphological features of these new specimens are similar to those of previously described hominids from this same stratum, indicating that the new specimens are also remains of archaic H. sapiens (Neandertals). One parietal fragment was excavated from the stratigraphically more recent F complex. The F complex contains Upper Paleolithic lithic elements, and the new hominid specimen from this complex appears to exhibit features similar to other early modern H. sapiens in southcentral Europe.
Associations between dermatoglyphic variation, topography, and climate in Kenya
Authors: Rosa Peter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCorrelations between a number of dermatoglyphic finger and palmar taxonomic traits relating to 57 male and 53 female Kenyan populations, and altitude and mean annual rainfall are significant, not only in terms of the full range of samples, but also when samples are divided into independent smaller groups. These results are discussed and contrasted with those of other studies which have found no relationships between dermatoglyphic variation and climate in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Accuracy and reliability of a new sliding caliper
Authors: Chumlea William Cameron 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere are several types of sliding calipers, but most are expensive and not capable of measuring large body dimensions such as arm length or knee height in older children and adults. A new sliding caliper from Medi‐form can accurately measure lengths from 0.0 to 80.0 cm. This caliper is slightly more accurate than a Holtain sliding caliper, and its cost is low.
Assessing variation in the social behavior of stumptail macaques using thermal criteria
Authors: Dahl Jeremy F. , Smith Euclid O. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper reports a method for comparing the environments of nonhuman primates based on biophysical, thermal criteria. The method is applied to an analysis of behaviors exhibited by group‐living stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides), documented by a group‐scan observation technique, to test the hypothesis that the expression of social behavior is dependent on thermal conditions. Thermal conditions are identified by considering sky cover and the relative cooling power of the environment. The results show that the rates of occurrence of affiliative, play, and solitary behaviors are altered significantly at a relative cooling power at or above 550 kcal/m2/hr under cloudy conditions and at or above 600 kcal/m2/hr under sunny conditions. In addition, the rates of occurrence of play, sexual, aggressive, and submissive behavioral states are also significantly different under cloudy, rather than sunny, conditions over particular ranges of cooling. It is possible to conclude that thermal criteria affect the expression of social behaviors by stumptail macaques. This is consistent with studies of huddling behavior exhibited by stumptail macaques and rhesus macaques (M. mulatta), and suggests that (1) certain changes in the expression of social behaviors may be thermoregulatory in at least some nonhuman primate species and (2) thermal criteria are likely to be useful tools when conducting comparative analyses of behavioral data collected on animals in outdoor environments.
A congenital meningocoele in prehistoric Australia
Authors: Webb Stephen G. , Thorne Alan G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis report concerns a congenital meningocoele in a young adult Aboriginal female from north‐western New South Wales, Australia. The fact that this individual reached adulthood throws new light on the attitude of these nomadic people towards such conditions. Evidence of this kind may prompt also a re‐evaluation by prehistorians and anthropologists of the popularly held belief that all such malformations were automatically eliminated by infanticide. The discovery of this form of pathology helps provide new information not only on past cultural attitudes towards disease, but its frequency and geographical incidence, and adds to our knowledge concerning the range of pathological conditions suffered by prehistoric societies worldwide.
Variation in size at birth and cigarette smoking during pregnancy
Authors: Schell Lawrence M. , Hodges Denise C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe influence of cigarette smoking during pregnancy and other familial factors on size at birth and gestation length is investigated among 458 births to 227 mothers living in a suburban community in the U.S. In this sample, 56% of the births were to mothers who reported not smoking during the pregnancy and 35% were to mothers who reported smoking 20 cigarettes or less. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was employed to examine the influence of cigarette smoking after statistical adjustment for such social and biological characteristics of the family as parents' sizes, education, income, and aspects of mother's reproductive history. After correction for significant social and biological characteristics, smoking status was a significant contributor to birth weight variation. In fact, cigarette smoking had the next‐largest partial correlation coefficient (r=−0.26) second to gestation length. Birth length is also negatively associated with cigarette smoking, though not so strongly as is birth weight. The reduction in birth lengths can be attributed to the reduction in birth weights. Gestation length was not associated with cigarette smoking in this sample. The analysis of collinearity between smoking status and the other independent variables indicates that the effect of smoking appears to be independent of interrelationships among the independent variables.
Sex determination of prehistoric central California skeletal remains using discriminant analysis of the femur and humerus
Authors: Dittrick Jean , Suchey Judy Myers 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA large sample (n = 370) of Central California prehistoric skeletal remains was analyzed for sexual dimorphism of long bones using nine femoral and nine humeral dimensions. Sex of all individuals was assessed using traits of the os pubis. Discriminant analysis was done separately for the robust Early Horizon sample and the Middle/Late Horizon sample. Use of multiple variables did not produce appreciably better results over the use of several of the best variables, analyzed singly. Attention is focused on measurements of maximum diameter femoral head, femoral bicondylar width, and diameter of the humeral head (transverse or vertical). These variables produce excellent separation of the sexes with about 90% accuracy for the Middle/Late Horizon sample. They have been overlooked in the recent literature in which the relative values of length versus midshaft dimensions are debated. The measurements found to be superior in this study are taken at the ends of the bones where durability of these regions is indicated by large sample sizes found in this study. We suggest workers redirect their focus from the midshaft to the ends of the long bones. The discriminant analyses presented here have greater accuracy than most claims for either long bone or cranial sex determination. These standards, based on two samples with differing robusticity, may have applicability for workers in other areas who lack large skeletal samples.
Effect of mesomorphy on hyperthermia during exercise in a warm, humid environment
Authors: Hayward John S. , Eckerson John D. , Dawson Brian T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe hyperthermic response to exercise in a warm (30°C), humid (80% relative humidity) environment was obtained for 27 men who exhibited a wide range of body physique in terms of the mesomorphy component of somatotype. Increase in tympanic temperature (Yty) was significantly dependent on mesomorphy rating (X) according to the regression equation Yty = −0.390 + 0.088X. Increase in rectal temperature (Yre) was also significantly dependent on mesomorphy rating according to the equation Yre = −0.100 + 0.066X. The hyperthermic response was significantly correlated with other measures of physique, including ectomorphy, surface area/weight ratio, and body weight, but was not correlated with fatness or fitness. The results support the generalization that during exercise in a warm, humid environment individual differences in heat strain can be highly dependent on physique, especially if fitness and fatness are similar. In this context, mesomorphy appears to provide the optimum description of physique variation. Individuals with a mesomorphy rating greater than 7 warrant designation as being at high risk for heat intolerance during exercise in environments that significantly impair the rate of body heat loss.
Primate population structure: Evaluation of models
Authors: Harpending Henry , Cowan Suzanne 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGenetic markers among macaques on Cayo Santiago island were analyzed in an attempt to infer aspects of mating structure. Several models that included high levels of gene flow among groups could not be distinguished, but the data are clearly incompatible with group endogamy and with high variance in male fitness. Drift effective size is approximately one half census size in this population.
Genetic characterization of Gainj‐ and Kalam‐Speaking peoples of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Long Jeffrey C. , Naidu Jammigumpula M. , Mohrenweiser Harvey W. , Gershowitz Henry , Johnson Patricia L. , Wood James W. , Smouse Peter E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe research presented focuses on genetic variation in the Gainj‐ and Kalam‐speaking peoples of highland Papua New Guinea. The primary data are typings at 51 genetic loci observed on 600 individuals who reside in 21 census units, calledparishes.These data are augmented by cultural and demographic information that has also been collected.Parish sizes are small, ranging from 20 to about 200 individuals. Direct Western contact with these people has been occuring only for the past three decades. Although Westernization is currently increasing, we find that much of the traditional settlement pattern and mate exchange system is preserved. There are segregating variants at 27 loci. Four rare variants are initially described: NP 4‐Kalam, ADA 6‐Kalam, PEPA 3‐Kalam, and FUM 2‐Kalam. We find evidence for a new Gm haplotype, a; —, that is recessive to all other Gm haplotypes. It occurs at a high enough frequency, f(a;—) = 0.119, to be considered a “private polymorphism.” Average per locus heterozygosity is estimated to be 0.053. This value is not statistically different from levels observed on two modern urban populations. Thus, there is no evidence for a reduced level of genetic variation in these people, despite small parish sizes and a relatively unacculturated social structure.
Insect and meat eating among infant and adult baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Norton Guy W. , Wynn Gail M. , Wynn Roger D. , Rhine Heather B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt has been suggested that baboon predation upon vertebrates may tend to peak in the dry season because insect food is then less available, and that males obtain animal nutrients primarily from vertebrates whereas other troop members obtain them primarily from invertebrates. The development of meat and insect eating by 22 male and 24 female infants studied for 25 months was compared with that of 18 male and 46 female adults studied for 37 months. Systematic sampling allowed quantitative comparisons between meat and insect eating, infants and adults, and males and females. Infants ate no meat, but their insect eating began early and increased steadily during the first year of life. In comparison with insect foods, meat was a minor ingredient of the adult's diet. Insect eating occurred less during dry than during rainy months, but meat eating was spread across the year. Reliable sex differences in insect eating did not occur. The findings were related to theories offered to explain the attractiveness of animal foods to primates and to the suggestion that a sex difference in predatory inclinations of hominid ancestors may have been a preadaptation underlying the eventual emergence of male hunting and female gathering.
Poor growth prior to early childhood: Decreased health and life‐span in the adult
Authors: Clark George A. , Hall Nicholas R. , Armelagos George J. , Borkan Gary A. , Panjabi Manohar M. , Wetzel F. Todd 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrevious studies in animal populations have shown that stunted neural and thymolymphaticgrowth early in development may result in permanently impaired neural and immune function, decreased body growth, vertebral wedging, and decreased life‐span. In the human adult, small vertebral neural canal (VNC) diameters may reflect early stunted neural and immune development and impaired function that leads todecreased health (inferred by greater vertebral wedging) and life‐span in the adult. VNC, which complete their growth by early childhood (age 4), are markers of early development in adults. On the other hand, features following general body growth, such as height, weight (represented here by vertebral body height) continues to grow until young adulthood. They are less reliable, because they readily experience catch‐up growth (even in chronically stressed populations) and, unlike VNC, may mask poor early growth. To test associations between early growth and adult health and life‐span in humans, we measured 2,060 VNC, vertebral heights, vertebral wedging, nerve‐root tunnel lengths, severity of vertebral osteophytosis, and ages at death in 90 adult (aged 15–55 years) prehistoric skeletons (950–1300 A.D.). Tibial lengths were also measured in a subsample (n = 30). Multivariate, bivariate, and nonparametric analyses showed that small VNC are significantly associated with greater vertebral wedging and decreased life‐span (P < 0.05−0.00001). VNC are independent of vertebral body heights and tibial lengths (general body growth). VNC, but not statural components, are useful in predicting adult health, presumably because they reflect neural and immune development and do not readily experience catch‐up growth. Thus, longitudinal retrospective measures of early growth and adult health were systematically linked within individuals regardless of confounding factors operating over the 350‐year time period. Since this research was completed, this model has repeatedly been independently confirmed in four living urban industrial populations. Longitudinal retrospective analysis was employed together with direct measures of VNC, neural and immune function. Together these results suggested that it may be essential to improve growth prior to early childhood in order to maximize adult health and life‐span.
Distribution of Gm and Km allotypes among five populations in China
Authors: Matsumoto Hideo , Miyazaki Tokiko , Xu Xiping , Watanabe Hirokatsu , Kawai Naoki , Suzuki Koichi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerum samples from five populations in China [173 from Huhehote (Naimengu Zhizhiqu), 195 from the Beijing area, 131 from Hefei (Anhui Province), 155 from Hangzhou (Zhejiang Province), and 152 from Guangzhou (Guangdong Province)] were tested for G1m(1, 2, 3, and 17), G2m(23), G3m(5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, and 26), and Km(1). The Gm pattern of the Chinese populations are characterized by the presence of four haplotypes, Gm1, 17;‥;21, 26, Gm1, 2, 17;‥;21, 26, Gm1, 17;‥;10, 11,13,15,16, and Gm1, 3;23;5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 26, which are characteristic of Mongoloid populations. Agreement was obtained in all Chinese samples between the observed and expected frequencies on the basis of the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium of phenotypes. Heterogeneity tests of the haplotypic distributions among the five populations showed no significant differences in the distributions of Gm phenotypes between Huhehote and Beijing nor between Hefei and Hangzhou, whereas highly significant differences were observed among the three districts: northern part (Huhehote and Beijing), central part (Hefei and Hangzhou), and southern part (Guangzhou). The data indicate a south to north genocline, ranging from Huhehote to Guangzhou in which Gm1, 17;‥;21, 26 changes from 0.471 to 0.183, Gm1, 17;‥;10, 11, 13, 15, 16 from 0.097 to 0.033, and Gm1, 3;23;5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 26 from 0.229 to 0.730. In contrast to the Gm system, no significant regional differences in the frequencies of the Kml allele were observed among the five populations.
Variations in enamel thickness and structure in East African hominids
Authors: Beynon AD , Wood BA 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTooth fragments are an appreciable but neglected proportion of fossil hominidspecimens. The present study on 47 naturally fractured enamel surfaces of premolar and molar teeth of Plio‐Pleistocene East African hominids measured enamel thickness, slope of incremental lines (striae of Retzius), and the morphology of Hunter Schreger bands (HSBs). Specimens allocated to three categories—“robust” australopithecines (EAFROB), “early Homo” (EAFHOM), and “unknown”—were photographed in ethanol with polarised light. Enamel thickness was measured on the occlusal (OT), cuspal (CT), and lateral (LT) aspects. The angle of intersection of striae of Retzius (D) with the enamel dentine junction (EDJ) was recorded, together with the degree of curvature and width of Hunter‐Schreger bands (HSB). Absolute measurements of enamel thickness were scaled by using two allometry correction factors. Absolute thicknesses of all enamel measurements were significantly greater in the EAFROB (OT 3.1 mm; CT 3.3 mm; LT 2.4 mm) compared with EAFHOM (OT 1.4 mm; CT 1.6 mm; LT 1.6 mm) categories. Correction for size reduces the mean difference between the two taxa, but CT and OT thickness remain significantly different (P < 0.05). HSBs in EAFROB were relatively straight and narrower (X = 52.8 μm) than in EAFHOM, which are more curved and wider (X = 62.0 μm), suggesting greater enamel prism decussation in early Homo. The slope of striae was less in EAFROB permanent molars (X = 23°) compared with EAFHOM (X = 31°), indicating faster rates of coverage during crown formation in “robust” australopithecines. We conclude that the study of fractured enamel surfaces can contribute to our understanding of the systematic relationships and patterns of enamel growth of early hominids.