bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropometrical limitations in the construction of passenger vehicles: Case study
Authors: Klarin M M , Spasojević-Brkić V K , Stanojević P D , Sajfert Z D 
Published: September 2008

The result of anthrometrical limitations is, among other things, the usual construction of passenger automobiles for a range from a 5th-percentile woman to a 95th-percentile man driver, determining the position and adjustability (movement) of the seat, the position and angle of the windscreen, and the torso of the driver. Anthropometrical changes, especially the form of the stochastic normal function for the division of certain measures in Serbia and possibly at the global level, influence the increase in all anthropometrical values but also influence the difference between the measurements for the 5th-percentile woman and the 95th-percentile man driver, for which range the passenger automobile is usually adjusted. On the other hand, this leads to difficulties and the impossibility of normal use of the steering wheel with the hands of a small 5th-percentile aged woman because they are too near, and also the 95th-percentile aged man driver, because they are too far. Therefore, the usual design of the steering wheel for a total 50th-percentile hermaphrodite (man—woman) is no longer sustainable, but the tip of the steering-wheel shaft should also be adjusted to suit a certain range, until a more acceptable technical solution is found.
The Alkylation of Naphthalene over One-Dimensional Fourteen-Membered Ring Zeolites. The Influence of Zeolite Structure and Alkylating Agent on the Selectivity for Dialkylnaphthalenes
Authors: Sugi Yoshihiro , Maekawa Hiroyoshi , Naiki Hiroaki , Komura Kenichi , Kubota Yoshihiro 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The alkylation, i.e., isopropylation, s-butylation, and t-butylation, of naphthalene (NP) was examined over one-dimensional fourteen-membered (14-MR) zeolites: CIT-5 (CFI), UTD-1 (DON), and SSZ-53 (SFH), and compared to the results over H-mordenite (MOR) to elucidate how zeolite structure and alkylating agent play roles in the shape-selective catalysis. The β,β-selectivities (for β,β-dialkylnaphthalene (2,6- and 2,7-dialkylnaphthalenes, β,β-DAN)) and the 2,6-selectivities (for 2,6-DAN) were varied with the types of zeolite and of alkylating agent. MOR gave high β,β-selectivities in the all alkylations in the range of 150–300 °C. However, the 14-MR zeolites, CFI, DON, and SFH, gave much lower β,β-selectivities in the isopropylation: bulky and less stable α,β- and α,α-diisopropylnaphthalenes (α,β-DIPN: 1,3-, 1,5-, and 1,7-DIPN); α,α-DIPN (1,4- and 1,5-DIPN) were predominantly obtained under kinetic control at low temperatures, and stable and less bulky β,β-DIPN were formed under thermodynamic control at high temperatures. The β,β-selectivities were higher than 95% over CFI in the s-butylation, and increased from 50–60% at 150 °C to 75% at 300 °C over DON and SFH, respectively. They were almost 100% in the t-butylation over all zeolites. The alkylation over MOR occurred with high 2,6-selectivities in the range of 150–250 °C: 60% for the isopropylation, 80% for the s-butylation, and 95% for the t-butylation. CFI, DON, and SFH gave the 2,6-selectivities in the range of 5–30% in the isopropylation, 65%, 55%, and 50%, respectively, in the s-butylation, and higher than 80% in the t-butylation. These different features are explained by the discrimination of the least bulky DAN isomers from the other isomers by steric restriction with the zeolite channels at the transition states: β,β-DAN from the DAN isomers, and 2,6-DAN from β,β-DAN. The bulkiness of alkylating agent also enhances the discrimination of the isomers, particularly, between 2,6- and 2,7-DAN. The β,β- and 2,6-selectivities are synergistically governed by the zeolite channel and the bulkiness of alkylating agents.
Buchbesprechungen
Authors: Müller Dirk 
Published: September 2008

Zusammenfassung
Buchkritik über: Trunte, N. H., Minima Graeca. Eine Einführung in das Griechische für Slavisten in 15 Lektionen. München: Otto Sagner, 2007. (=Slavistische Beiträge, 456, hrsg. von Peter Rehder) 366 S. ISBN 978-3-87690-986-8
Exchange Transfusion Using Peripheral Vessels Is Safe and Effective in Newborn Infants
Authors: Chen Hsiao-Neng , Lee Meng-Luen , Tsao Lon-Yen 
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency and safety of exchange transfusion by using peripheral arteries and veins with that of conventional exchange transfusion via the umbilical vein in treating neonatal pathologic hyperbilirubinemia.PATIENTS AND METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of all neonates who had undergone exchange transfusion at our institution from January 1995 to December 2006. Causes of jaundice, efficiency of exchange transfusion in lowering serum bilirubin concentrations, adverse events, and outcomes were recorded. Data were compared between neonates who had undergone exchange transfusion via the peripheral arteries and veins method and those who had undergone exchange transfusion via the umbilical vein method. Data were also compared between stable neonates (body weight &gt; 1500 g without medical problems other than jaundice) and unstable neonates.RESULTS. A total of 123 exchange-transfusion procedures were performed in 102 neonates in the 12-year study period: 24 were performed via the umbilical vein method and 99 via the peripheral vessels method. A total of 87 procedures were performed in 75 stable neonates and 36 in 27 unstable neonates. There was no significant difference in reduction of serum bilirubin level from circulation or the duration of procedures between the 2 methods. Eight neonates died before discharge, but none of the deaths seem to have been attributable to the exchange-transfusion procedure. Severe adverse events occurred more commonly in the umbilical vein group than the peripheral arteries and veins group in the stable neonates. All of the severe and minor events resolved completely without noticeable sequelae before discharge.CONCLUSIONS. Exchange transfusion using peripheral arteries and veins is efficient and effective in reducing serum bilirubin from circulation and is associated with few adverse events. This method should be considered for all neonates requiring exchange transfusion for treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
Digital Literacies Go to School: Potholes and Possibilities
Authors: O'Brien David , Scharber Cassandra 
Published: September 2008

Oftentimes it seems that education, as an institution, is populated by persons who work to preserve practices of the past and who do not depend upon or explore the advantages of digital literacies. Digital literacies, however, are here to stay—they are at the core of new literacies—and educators should consider how to best weave together old, new, and future literacies so that young people leave school literate in the ways of school and the ways of the world.يبدو كثيراً من الأحيان أنّ التعليم كمؤسّسة يؤهله الناس الذين يعملون من أجل الحفاظ على ممارسات الماضي ولا يعتمدون أو يستكشفون فوائد معرفة القراءة والكتابة عن طريق الأجهزة الرقمية وإنما هذه الطريق ستبقى إلى الأبد—فإنّها في لب طرق معرفة القراءة والكتابة الجديدة—ومن المفروض أن يفكِّر المعلِّمون في إيجاد أحسن طريق لجمع معارف القراءة والكتابة القديمة والجديدة والمستقبلة كي يتخرّج الصغار من المدارس واعين المناهج المدرسية والعالمية.教育常常好像是一个制度，置身其中的人都为保存以往的教育实践而工作，不依靠或不去探求数码读写能力的好处。然而，数码读写能力是存在的，也会一直存在的¾¾数码读写能力就是存在于新读写能力的核心里¾¾教育工作者应该考虑采用最好的方法把旧的、新的，和未来的读写能力编成一起，让年青人离开学校后，能具备学校所要求的读写能力及外面世界所要求的读写能力。On considère souvent que l'école, en tant qu'institution, est peuplée de gens qui travaillent à conserver des pratiques du passé et qui ne tiennent pas compte ou n'explorent pas les avantages des lectures‐écritures numériques. Les lectures‐écritures numériques pourtant sont appelées à durer — elles sont au cœur des nouvelles formes de lecture‐écriture — et les enseignants devraient réfléchir à la meilleure façon de tisser les anciennes, les nouvelles, et les futures formes de lecture‐écriture de telle sorte que les jeunes sortent de l'école en étant lettrés de la façon dont l'école l'entend, mais aussi de la façon dont le monde le conçoit.Зачастую создается впечатление, что система образования как институт государства и общества населена людьми, которые делают все возможное, чтобы сохранить методы прошлого, и совершенно не желают применять или исследовать возможности цифровых технологий в обучении. Однако цифровая грамотность вошла в нашу жизнь прочно и надолго, и педагогам следует задуматься о том, как лучше всего сочетать старую и новую грамотность, а также виды грамотности, которые появятся в ближайшем будущем. Только так молодые люди выйдут из школы готовыми к жизни в современном мире.A menudo, parece que el magisterio, como institución, está poblado por personas interesadas en mantener las prácticas del pasado y que no dependen de, ni exploran, las ventajas de las culturas digitales. Las culturas digitales, sin embargo, no van a desaparecer—son la base de las culturas nuevas—y los educadores deben considerar cómo mejor integrar las culturas establecidas, nuevas y del futuro para que los jóvenes salgan de la escuela sabiendo cómo funcionar en la escuela y en el mundo de afuera.
A Wiki for Classroom Writing
Authors: Morgan Brian , Smith Richard D. 
Published: September 2008

Wikis can be a very useful addition to any classroom. They are engaging to students, easy to use, and focus on literacy whenever students genuinely interact with them. Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia (www.wikipedia.org), is the most famous example of a wiki. But today, teachers and students are beginning to engage with this technology more and more, creating a variety of wiki types, which are engaging to students, easy to use, and focus on literacy whenever students genuinely interact with them.قد تكون الويكيات تكملة مفيدة لأي صفّ فإنها شيِّقة للطلاّب وسهلة الاستخدام ومركّزة على معرفة القراءة والكتابة كلما يتعامل معها الطلاّب بجدية. فإنّ موسوعة يكيبيديا الحرة على الشكبة العالمية www.wikipedia.org أشهر مثال على الويكيات ولكن اليوم صار الأساتذة والطلاّب يشتغلون مع هذه التقنية أكثر فأكثر كي يخلقوا عدة أنواع من الويكيات التي تجذب الطلاّب وتسهل الاستخدام وتركّز على معرفة القراءة والكتابة كلما يتعاملون معها بجدية.维基可以作为任何教室里一种很有用的附加教学活动。每当学生与维基认真地互动时，维基能吸引学生的学习兴趣，容易使用，又能集中于读写能力的培养。维基百科─网上百科全书 (www.wikipedia.org)─就是最著名的一个维基例子。然而，现今教师与学生正开始深入了解这信息科技，并创制出多样化的维基教学活动。每当学生与这些教学活动认真地互动时，这些维基教学活动能吸引学生的学习兴趣，容易使用，又能集中于读写能力的培养。Les wikis peuvent être un très utile complément dans n'importe quelle classe. Ils sont séduisants pour les élèves, faciles à utiliser, et centrent l'attention sur la lecture‐écriture chaque fois que les élèves interagissent véritablement avec eux. Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie en ligne (www.wikipedia.org), est l'exemple de wiki le plus célèbre. Aujourd'hui, les enseignants et les élèves commencent à s'investir de plus en plus dans cette technologie, en créant différents types de wikis, séduisants pour les élèves, faciles à utiliser, et centrant l'attention sur la lecture‐écriture chaque fois que les élèves interagissent véritablement avec eux.Так называемые “вики”, то есть различные он‐лайн ресурсы, развиваемые самими пользователями – очень полезное дополнение к любому уроку. Это занимательные и легкие в использовании источники информации, взаимодействуя с которыми ученики неизменно совершенствуют уровень грамотности. Википедия, или он‐лайн энциклопедия (www.wikipedia.org; www.wikipedia.ru), самый известный “вики”‐ресурс. Но сегодня и учителя, и сами школьники все шире знакомятся с этой технологией, создавая разнообразные “вики”. И всякий раз это расширяет список доступных им видов грамотности и благоприятно влияет на ее общий уровень.Wikis pueden ser de gran beneficio en cualquier salón de clase. Los wikis atraen a los estudiantes, son fáciles de utilizar, y enfocan a los estudiantes en el aprendizaje cada vez que interactúan genuinamente con ellos. Wikipedia, la enciclopedia en la red (www.wikipedia.org), es el ejemplo más conocido de un wiki. Hoy día, los maestros y los estudiantes participan más y más en esta tecnología, creando una variedad de tipos wiki, que atraen a los estudiantes, son fáciles de usar, y los enfoca en el aprendizaje al interactuar genuinamente con ellos.
Multicultural Literature That Brings People Together
Authors: Steiner Stan F. , Nash Claudia Peralta , Chase Maggie 
Published: September 2008

The authors review numerous books that feature multiple cultures within the story or illustrations. Their belief is that this mosaic of cultures is an accurate reflection of our changing world.يراجع المؤلفون عدّة كتب تتمثّل فيها ثقافات متعددة ضمن القصّة أو الصور. ويعتقدون أن فسيفساء الثقافات هذه مرآة صادقة لعالمنا المتغيّر.本文作者审阅了无数有关多元文化的书籍。在这些书籍中，无论是在故事里或插图中都凸显了对多元文化的描述。本文作者相信，这种交织了多种不同文化的描述，正确地反映了我们不断变化的世界。Les auteurs passent en revue de nombreux livres qui présentent des cultures différentes par le récit ou par l'illustration. Pour eux, cette mosaïque de cultures est un bon reflet de monde en plein changement qui est le nôtre.Авторы рассматривают многочисленные книги, где в текстах или иллюстрациях присутствует множество разнообразных культур. Авторы полагают, что эта мозаика культур является точным отражением нашего изменчивого мира.Los autores examinan numerosos libros que presentan varias culturas como parte del cuento o las ilustraciones. Su creencia es que este mosaico de culturas es una reflexión acertada de nuestro mundo cambiante.
Reading Tests as a Genre Study
Authors: Hornof Michelle 
Published: September 2008

By viewing standardized reading tests as a unique genre that could be taught, the author designed a two‐week genre study for her reading workshop. The article describes how she planned, taught, and reflected on the unit. This genre study resolved some of the dilemmas she faced around preparing students for mandated testing.لقد صمّمت الكاتبة دراسة النوع مدتها أسبوعان من خلال النظرة إلى امتحانات القراءة القياسية كنوع خاصّ صالح للتعليم لورشتها القرائية. وتصف المقالة كيف الكاتبة خطّطت ودرّست وفكّرت تأمليّا في الوحدة. وقد حلت دراسة النوع هذه بعض الإشكاليات التي واجهت الكاتبة في إعداد الطلاّب لامتحان إجباريّ.本文作者认为，标准化阅读测验卷是一种独特的，而又可以用来教导学生的体裁。因此，本文作者为她的阅读工作坊，设计了一个为期两周的体裁研习单元。本文描述她如何计划、施教，与反思该单元的教学。在该体裁研习单元的教学过程中，本文作者解决了一些她在帮助学生应付规定试时所面对的困难。En considérant les tests de lecture standardisés comme un genre spécifique susceptible d'être enseigné, l'auteur a planifié une étude de genre sur deux semaines dans son atelier de lecture. L'article décrit comment elle a prévu, enseigné et pensé cette spécificité. L'étude de genre a résolu certaines des difficultés qu'elle rencontrait pour préparer les élèves aux tests officiels.Предлагается рассматривать стандартные проверки чтения как некий уникальный жанр текста, которому следует обучать отдельно. Для этой цели, в рамках читательского семинара, автор разработала двухнедельный курс для усвоения данного жанра. В статье описано планирование курса, его проведение и итоговые размышления автора. Работа над тестом как над особым жанром текста помогла автору разрешить некоторые дилеммы, перед которыми она неизбежно оказывалась, вынужденно готовя учеников к стандартному тестированию.Considerando los exámenes estándar de lectura como si fueran un género aparte que se puede enseñar, la autora diseñó un estudio de género de dos semanas para su taller de lectura. El artículo describe cómo ella planeó, enseñó, y meditó sobre la unidad. Este estudio de género resolvió algunos de los dilemas que ella enfrentó al preparar a los estudiantes para tomar exámenes requeridos por ley.
Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Anemic Cancer Patients Receiving Darbepoetin Alfa: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Courneya Kerry S. , Jones Lee W. , Peddle Carolyn J. , Sellar Christopher M. , Reiman Tony , Joy Anil A. , Chua Neil , Tkachuk Linda , Mackey John R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Background.
Anemia in patients with solid tumors is a common problem that is associated with impaired exercise capacity, increased fatigue, and lower quality of life (QoL). Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) have been shown to improve these outcomes; however, it is unknown if additional benefits can be achieved with aerobic exercise training.

Methods.
We conducted a single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled trial in 55 mild-to-moderately anemic patients with solid tumors. Patients were randomized to either darbepoetin alfa alone (DAL, n = 29) or darbepoetin alfa plus aerobic exercise training (DEX; n = 26). The DEX group performed aerobic exercise training three times per week at 60%–100% of baseline exercise capacity for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was QoL assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Anemia scale. Secondary endpoints were fatigue, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), hemoglobin (Hb) response, and darbepoetin alfa dosing.

Results.
Intention-to-treat analyses indicated significant improvements in QoL and fatigue in both groups over time but there were no between-group differences. The DEX group had a significantly greater VO2peak than the DAL group (mean group difference, +3.0 ml/kg per minute; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–4.7; p = .001) and there were borderline significant differences in favor of the DEX group for Hb response and darbepoetin alfa dosing.

Conclusions.
Aerobic exercise training did not improve QoL or fatigue beyond the established benefits of DAL but it did result in favorable improvements in exercise capacity and a more rapid Hb response with lower dosing requirements. Our results may be useful to clinicians despite the more recent restrictions on the indications for ESAs.
Gefitinib in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Does It Deserve a Second Chance?
Authors: Stinchcombe Thomas E. , Socinski Mark A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the data on the patient populations enrolled and the efficacy of erlotinib and gefitinib in the BR.21 and ISEL trials, respectively, and the potential reasons for the differing results of the two trials.Assess the results of recent phase III trials that have compared EGFR TKI therapy with cytotoxic chemotherapy.Describe the data to date from phase II clinical trials of EGFR TKI therapy in clinically or molecularly enriched patient populations.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit CME at CME.TheOncologist.com
There has been intense investigation into the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a therapeutic target in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently there are two EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, erlotinib and gefitinib, approved for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. In a phase III trial (BR.21), treatment with erlotinib resulted in a statistically significant improvement in overall survival in patients who had experienced progression after one or two previous chemotherapy treatments in comparison with best supportive care (BSC). In contrast, in the Iressa Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer (ISEL) trial, treatment with gefitinib did not result in a statistically significant improvement in overall survival time in comparison with BSC in patients who had received one or two previous chemotherapy treatments and were refractory to or intolerant of the previous chemotherapy. After the results of the ISEL trial, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration restricted the use of gefitinib, and gefitinib was effectively removed from routine clinical practice within the U.S. However, gefitinib was approved in other countries and clinical trials investigating gefitinib continued. Recently the Iressa Non-small cell lung cancer Trial Evaluating REsponse and Survival against Taxotere (INTEREST) trial met the primary endpoint of demonstrating noninferiority in terms of overall survival for gefitinib (250 mg daily) in comparison with docetaxel (75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks). Patients treated with gefitinib experienced a lower rate of treatment-related toxicity and higher rate of improvement in quality of life. Results of recent gefitinib trials have been provocative, and suggest a role for gefitinib in the treatment of advanced NSCLC.
Therapeutic Application of Noncytotoxic Molecular Targeted Therapy in Gliomas: Growth Factor Receptors and Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Authors: Idbaih Ahmed , Ducray François , Sierra Del Rio Monica , Hoang-Xuan Khê , Delattre Jean-Yves 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader should be able to: Describe the key molecular pathways involved in the oncogenesis and angiogenesis of gliomas.Discuss the current use of targeted therapies in gliomas.Explain the clinical challenges in the future development of these agents.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Growth factor receptors and angiogenesis play major roles in the oncogenesis of gliomas. Over the last several years, several noncytotoxic molecular targeted therapies have been developed against growth factor receptors and tumor angiogenesis. In gliomas, two main anti–growth factor receptor strategies have been evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials: (a) small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and (b) monoclonal antibodies that target growth factors or growth factor receptors other than vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Up to now, few glioma patients have responded to small TKIs (0%–14%) or monoclonal antibodies (three case reports) delivered as a single agent. Greater doses, combined therapies, as well as the identification of molecular biomarkers predictive of response and resistance are important in order to optimize drug delivery and improve efficacy.
Antiangiogenic therapies are promising for the treatment of gliomas. Thalidomide and metronomic chemotherapy were the first antiangiogenic strategies evaluated, but they have shown only modest activity. Recent studies of bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody, and irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, have demonstrated a high response rate, suggesting that targeted antiangiogenic therapies may play a significant role in the management of high-grade gliomas in the future. However, the toxicity profiles of these agents are not fully defined and the radiological evaluation of possible tumor response is challenging. Clinical evaluation of several VEGF receptor TKIs is currently ongoing; one of these inhibitors, cediranib, has already demonstrated interesting activity as a single agent. The integrin inhibitor cilengitide represents another promising strategy.