bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of traces of conjugated tetraenoic and trienoic constituents in autoxidized linolenic and linoleic acids and vegetable oils during alkali‐isomerization
Authors: Swain Margaret L. , Brice B. A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIt has been shown that the low‐intensity absorption bands characteristics of conjugated tetraenoic and trienoic fatty acids frequently encountered in the ultra‐violet spectra of alkali‐isomerized vegetable oils prepared by ordinary commercial or laboratory extraction techniques have their probable origin in oxidation products of linolenic and linoleic acid, respectively. Similar bands are found in the spectra of mildly autoxidized preparations of pure linolenic and linoleic acids after either alkali‐isomerization or heating at 180°C. in neutral ethylene glycol.Tetraenoic and trienoic conjugation formed from oxidation products of linolenic and linoleic acids during alkali‐isomerization can be differentiated from the tetraenoic and trienoic conjugation produced by alkali‐isomerization of arachidonic and linolenic acids, respectively, by spectrophotometric examination of the sample after heating in neutral ethylene glycol. Essentially equal amounts of conjugation are formed from the fatty acid oxidation products on heating and on alkali‐isomerization while no conjugation is obtained from arachidonic and linolenic acids on heating in the absence of alkali.
Antioxidant properties of polyhydroxybenzoic acids and their esters, and other nuclear substituted polyphenols
Authors: Morris Steward G. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: July 2007

Summary and ConclusionsA study has been made of the antioxidant properties of a number of polyhydroxybenzoic acids and the higher alkyl esters of these acids, and also of the acyl and alkyl substituted polyphenols. The active oxygen method (A.O.M.) and baked cracker tests were used. In the A.O.M. tests the classes of compounds had the following ascending order of activity; acyl phenols, polyhydroxy benzoic acid esters, phenols, and several alkyl catechols. In the cracker tests the free phenols, acyl phenols, and dihydroxybenzoic acid esters showed little or no carry‐over. The gallic acid (3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoic acid) esters and 2,3,4‐trihydroxybenzoic acid esters showed a small amount of carry‐over.The alkyl catechols had the most activity of all the catechol derivatives in the A.O.M. and cracker tests.
Neuronal fusion pore assembly requires membrane cholesterol
Authors: Cho Won Jin , Jeremic Aleksandar , Jin Huan , Ren Gang , Jena Bhanu P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCholesterol has been proposed to play a critical role in regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. The neuronal porosome/fusion pore, the secretory machinery at the nerve terminal, is a 12–17 nm cup‐shaped lipoprotein structure composed of cholesterol and a number of proteins, among them calcium channels, and the t‐SNARE proteins Syntaxin‐1 and SNAP‐25. During neurotransmission, synaptic vesicles dock and fuse at the porosome via interaction of their v‐SNARE protein with t‐SNAREs at the porosome base. Membrane‐associated neuronal t‐SNAREs interact in a circular array with liposome‐associated neuronal v‐SNARE to form the t‐/v‐SNARE ring complex. The SNARE complex along with calcium is required for the establishment of continuity between opposing bilayers. Here we show that although cholesterol is an integral component of the neuronal porosome and is required for maintaining its physical integrity and function, it has no influence on the conformation of the SNARE ring complex.
Independent effects of both right and left ventricular function on plasma brain natriuretic peptide
Authors: Vogelsang Thomas Wiis , Jensen Ruben J. , Monrad Astrid L. , Russ Kaspar , Olesen Uffe H. , Hesse Birger , Kjær Andreas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundBrain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is increased in heart failure; however, the relative contribution of the right and left ventricles is largely unknown.AimTo investigate if right ventricular function has an independent influence on plasma BNP concentration.MethodsRight (RVEF), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) were determined in 105 consecutive patients by first‐pass radionuclide ventriculography (FP‐RNV) and multiple ECG‐gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (ERNV), respectively. BNP was analyzed by immunoassay.ResultsMean LVEF was 0.51 (range 0.10–0.83) with 36% having a reduced LVEF (<0.50). Mean RVEF was 0.50 (range 0.26–0.78) with 43% having a reduced RVEF (<0.50). The mean LVEDVI was 92 ml/m2 with 22% above the upper normal limit (117 ml/m2). Mean BNP was 239 pg/ml range (0.63–2523). In univariate linear regression analysis LVEF, LVEDVI and RVEF all correlated significantly with log BNP (p<0.0001). In a multivariate analysis only RVEF and LVEF remained significant. The parameter estimates of the final adjusted model indicated that RVEF and LVEF influence on log BNP were of the same magnitude.ConclusionBNP, which is a strong prognostic marker in heart failure, independently depends on both left and right ventricular systolic function. This might, at least in part, explain why BNP holds stronger prognostic value than LVEF alone.
Restriction categories III: colimits, partial limits and extensivity
Authors: COCKETT ROBIN , LACK STEPHEN 
Published: July 2007

A restriction category is an abstract formulation for a category of partial maps, defined in terms of certain specified idempotents called the restriction idempotents. All categories of partial maps are restriction categories; conversely, a restriction category is a category of partial maps if and only if the restriction idempotents split. Restriction categories facilitate reasoning about partial maps as they have a purely algebraic formulation.In this paper we consider colimits and limits in restriction categories. As the notion of restriction category is not self-dual, we should not expect colimits and limits in restriction categories to behave in the same manner. The notion of colimit in the restriction context is quite straightforward, but limits are more delicate. The suitable notion of limit turns out to be a kind of lax limit, satisfying certain extra properties.Of particular interest is the behaviour of the coproduct, both by itself and with respect to partial products. We explore various conditions under which the coproducts are ‘extensive’ in the sense that the total category (of the related partial map category) becomes an extensive category. When partial limits are present, they become ordinary limits in the total category. Thus, when the coproducts are extensive we obtain as the total category a lextensive category. This provides, in particular, a description of the extensive completion of a distributive category.
An assessment of preliminary food-based dietary guidelines for infants 6–12 months of age in the Little Karoo area of the Western Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: Van der Merwe J , Bourne L , Marais D 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to assess mother's/caregiver's understanding, practical application and cultural acceptability of a preliminary set of South African food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) for children aged 6–12 months living in the Little Karoo area of the Western Cape Province.DesignAn observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study design was followed. Focus group interviews, recorded on videotape, were analysed for qualitative data. Quantitative questionnaires measured knowledge and comprehension of guidelines, perceived constraints to compliance with and importance of guidelines as well as socio demographic data prior to the focus group interviews.SettingAfrikaans-, English- and Xhosa-speaking communities of the Little Karoo area of the Western Cape Province of South Africa, including the urban areas of Oudtshoorn, Bongulethu, Bridgton, Toekomsrus and the adjacent rural areas of Dysselsdorp, Calitzdorp, Uniondale, Ladismith and Zoar.SubjectsSixty-four mothers or caregivers to infants 6–12 months of age were included in the sample.ResultsInformation obtained through the questionnaires supported what was said during discussions. Although perceived as important by the majority of respondents, some of the guidelines were not well understood without prior explanation. Such guidelines were those pertaining to meal frequency and cup feeding, while application of the guideline to prolonged breast-feeding seemed the most problematic.ConclusionsThe FBDGs for this age group will have to be supported by extensive and appropriate educational material to be effective when introduced to the public. The fact that the applicability of the guideline to prolonged breast-feeding seemed to be the most problematic is a cause for concern.
Longitudinal glia in the fly CNS: pushing the envelope on glial diversity and neuron-glial interactions
Authors: Stacey Stephanie M. , Thomas Graham B. , LabbÉ Alain , Van Meyel Donald J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInteractions between neurons and glial cells are crucial for nervous system development and function in all complex organisms, and many functional, morphological and molecular features of glia are well conserved among species. Here we review studies of the longitudinal glia (LG) in the Drosophila CNS. The LG envelop the neuropil in a membrane sheath, and have features resembling both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Because of their unique lineage, morphology and molecular features, the LG provide an excellent model to study the genetic mechanisms underlying glial subtype differentiation and diversity, glial morphogenesis and neuron–glial interactions during development. In addition, they are proving useful in understanding how glial cells maintain ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis and protect neurons from environmental insult.
A semi‐automated method for 5′‐ectonucleotidase measurement in lymphocytes
Authors: Chalmers A. H. , Hare Cavelyn 
Published: July 2007

SummaryWe describe a simple, non‐radioactive, semi‐automated method for measuring lymphocyteccto‐5′‐nucleotidase activity in isolated cell homogenates. The method which uses inosine 5′‐monophosphate (IMP) as a substrate was optimized and requires a total of 4×106 lymphocytes. The reference range obtained (38·7–180·0 nmol/h per mg protein; = 106·6) agrees with other isotopic methods which use 14C‐IMP. The simplicity, sensitivity (lower limit 10, upper limit 400 nmol/h per mL) and precision (at 114 nmol/h per mL, interday 4·2%s.d., n= 20; intraday 5·8%, n= 10) makes this method suitable for routine clinical laboratory use.
Lymphocyte ectoenzyme activity compared in healthy persons and patients seropositive to or at high risk of HIV infection
Authors: Chalmers A. H. , Hare C. , Woolley G. , Frazer I. H. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryWe measured two ectoenzymes, ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase (NT) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP) in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of various groups of HIV‐infected patients because of the previous implied relationship of these enzymes to immune function.NT expressed as mean nmol/h per mg protein (±s.d.) was significantly depressed in the HIV‐seropositive asymptomatic (42 ± 32; P<0·01) and AIDS groups (14±7; P<0·002) when compared with a healthy HIV‐seronegative male population (83 ± 27). The NT activities in asymptomatic HIV‐seropositive and HIV‐seronegative high risk groups (53 ± 30) were not significantly different from one another but both groups had significantly higher enzyme activities than the AIDS group (P= 0·01 and <0·002, respectively). The seronegative high risk and normal healthy group had similar NT activities.DP activities expressed as mean nmol/h per mg protein (± s.d.) in both seropositive asymptomatic (0·188 ± 0038) and high risk seronegative (0·180 ± 005) groups had higher enzyme activities than the healthy seronegative (0·117 ± 0·015; P= 0·02 and 0·05. respectively) and AIDS group (0·096 ± 0·036; P= 0·002 and 0·02. respectively). The healthy seronegative group had DP activities not significantly different to the AIDS groups. Similarly the high risk seronegative and healthy seropositive group had similar DP activities.These results taken together indicate that measurement of both DP and NT should be evaluated prospectively as a monitor of the clinical progression of HIV infection.
Murine candidiasis: Susceptibility is associated with the induction of T cell‐mediated, strain‐specific autoreactivity
Authors: Ashman R. B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryInbred mice can be classified as susceptible or resistant to systemic infection with the yeast Candida albicans by histopathological evaluation of tissue lesions. Candida‐specific memory T cell responses generated by resistant BALB/c mice are vigorous and sustained, whereas those displayed by susceptible CBA/H mice are weak. When spleen cells from immune mice were activated by culture with Candida antigens in vitro, and injected into syngeneic and allogeneic recipients in the absence of further antigenic stimulation, cells from CBA/H mice induced a specific inflammatory response only in CBA/H recipients. In contrast, cells from immune BALB/c mice showed no specific activity. The effector cells were identified as T cells of the cytotoxic/suppressor subclass (CD4‐, CD8+); and analysis in various Fl hybrid mice showed that reactivity was expressed only in animals carrying CBA/H genes. The data thus indicate that susceptibility to C. albicans infection is associated with the induction of a T cell subpopulation that has the potential to react specifically against unmodified self antigens expressed by the susceptible strain.
Quantitative estimation of suppressor/cytotoxic and helper T cells during acute and chronic Plasmodium berghei infection
Authors: Wangoo A. , Kaur S. , Ganguly N. K. , Bhatti G. , Mahajan R. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIn the present study, the percentage of lymphocyte subpopulations and their relation to T cell subsets was estimated during acute and chronic Plasmodium berghei malaria. During acute infection, a decreased percentage of T lymphocytes was observed, whereas no change was observed during chronic infection. However, no change in the percentage of B cells was observed in both types of infection. The T cell population was characterized by an increased percentage of T suppressor cytotoxic (CD8+) cells and a decreased percentage of T helper cells (CD4+) during acute infection. This resulted in an inversion of the CD8+/CD4+ cell ratio. During chronic infection no change in the CD8+ cell percentage was observed; however some increase in CD4+ cell percentage was observed in later stages. Thus failure of the immune system to overcome acute infection may be due to an increase in T suppressor cells, and maintenance of parasites at subpatent levels during chronic infection may involve the normal CD8+/CD4+ cell ratio with some increase in CD4+ cells.
Characteristics of a breast cancer‐associated antigen defined by RCC‐1 antibody
Authors: Tjandra J. J. , Zalcberg J. , Xing P.‐X. , McKenzie I. F. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis study reports the characterization of a breast cancer‐associated antigen identified by murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) RCC‐1 (formerly called 24–17·1). Immunoperoxidase staining indicated that RCC‐1 recognized an antigen highly expressed in malignant tumours of breast origin, and no reactivity was noted with connective tissue, muscle or lymph nodes, which is an important consideration in its successful use in immunolymphoscintigraphy. The RCC‐1 was shown to consist of 94 000daiton disulfide‐bonded dimers which were shown to be different from the transferrin receptor. In addition, the antibody RCC‐1 did not react with components of human milk or with an antigenic peptide derived from the core protein of a mammary mucin. Chemical treatment and enzymatic digestion suggested that the epitope recognized by antibody RCC‐1 was protein as it was resistant to neuraminidase and periodate treatment but was sensitive to trypsin. The RCC‐1‐defined antigen detects a novel breast cancer associated antigen.
Expression of the p70 chain of the IL‐2 receptor on human lymphoid cells: Analysis using a monoclonal antibody and high‐sensitivity immunofluorescence
Authors: Zola Heddy , Purling Rebecca J. , Koh Lin Y. , Tsudo Mitsuru 
Published: July 2007

SummaryUsing monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against the p70(β)chain of the interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) and a high‐sensitivity immunofluorescence procedure, p70 can be demonstrated on the majority of lymphocytes from normal blood samples, without in vitro stimulation. A subpopulation of cells bears a high concentration of receptor, and these cells have the physical properties of large granular leucocytes (LGL). The smaller lymphocytes, although weaker, are quite clearly positive T8 cells stain relatively strongly, while T4 cells and B cells slain relatively weakly. Leukaemic cells showed a variety of phenotypes when examined for expression of the p55 and p70 chains of the IL‐2R. The demonstration of IL‐2R chains directly by immunofluorescence on unstimulated lymphocytes has potential clinical applications, since this technique can be used in a diagnostic setting.
The cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitor, Piroxicam, enhances cytokine‐induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Haynes D. R. , Wright P. F. , Whitehouse M. W. , Vernon‐Roberts B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe effects of Piroxicam on the production and activity of lymphoproliferative cytokines (LC) produced by mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) were examined. In vitro, Piroxicam did not affect IL‐1 induced thymocyte proliferation (LAF assay). However, the LAF activity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated MNP cultures was increased after Piroxicam (0·1–20 μol/L) treatment. The increase in apparent LC activity was largely due to suppression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Peripheral blood, spleen and thymus lymphocytes from animals predosed with Piroxicam (5 mg/kg per day for 3 days) synthesized more DNA than untreated mice (as measured by [3H]‐thymidine uptake ex vivo). MNP from Piroxicam‐treated animals produced significantly more LC. Piroxicam had similar effects in both inflamed and non‐inflamed mice. Piroxicam and other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) may therefore stimulate or modulate the immune functions requiring lymphoproliferation by suppressing the formation of PGE2, a natural inhibitor of both LC production and LC‐induced lymphoproliferation.
In vivo effects of recombinant granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor in athymic nude mice
Authors: Pojda Zygmunt , Aoki Yoshiro , Tsuboi Atsushi 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe possible role of T lymphocytes in in vivo regulation of haemopoiesis by recombinant human granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (rhG‐CSF) was evaluated, Athymic nude (nu/nu) mice and their normal (+/+) littermates were injected subcutaneously twice daily with 100 μg/kg per day of rhG‐CSF for 5 days. Such parameters as number of neutrophils in blood, spleen weight and cellularity, bone marrow cellularity, and number of stem and progenitor cells (colony forming units in spleen [CFU‐S], mix colony forming cells [Mix‐CFC], granulocyte‐macrophage colony forming cells [GM‐CFC]) in bone marrow and spleen were evaluated. Some effects of the rhG‐CSF treatment were similar in nu/nu and +/+ mice. Others, however, were to some extent different in the two groups of animals. It is concluded that T lymphocytes may be partially responsible for some of the effects of rhG‐CSF in vivo activity.
The interleukin‐2 receptor on cord blood and nulliparous mononuclear cells is downregulated by maternal and cord blood serum
Authors: Vanderbeeken Yves Edouard , Duchateau Jean , Van Boogaert L. , Desseilles P. , Collet Henry , Lucas Adam 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe concentration of interleukin‐2 receptor(IL‐2R)on maternal, cord blood and unrelated nulliparous mononuclear cells has been studied after a previous phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. Furthermore, the inhibitive action of maternal and cord blood serum on the IL‐2R expression of stimulated nulliparous and cord blood lymphocytes has been shown. A downregulation of the [3H]‐thymidine uptake by these PHA treated cells previously incubated in maternal and cord blood serum has been observed. Retroplacental serum was the most inhibitive experimental medium. The IL‐2R modulation property of maternal serum has been studied during the pregnancy. Appearing quite early (in the sixth week), the maternal serum dependent inhibitive factor vanished, 2 to 3 weeks after delivery. After a study of the different serum components, it is suggested that the IL‐2R downregulating molecule is included in the maternal immunoglobulin (IgG) fraction. Further experiments suggest that the addition of recombinant IL‐2 during the action of low doses of maternal IgG allows a partial re‐expression of the IL‐2R. However, at physiological concentrations of IgG, the IL‐2R downregulation becomes irreversible.
Production and characterization of a new monoclonal antibody to colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Teh Jin‐Ghee , Thompson Christopher H. , McKenzie Ian F. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis study describes a new murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 5C1 raised against human colorectal carcinoma, which gave a differential reaction on formalin‐fixed sections of the gastrointestinal tract. The MoAb 5C1 of immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotype reacted with both the cytoplasm and membrane of all normal colonic epithelia, and with all benign colonic polyps and all premalignant colonic lesions. However, there was a decreased expression of the 5C1 antigen in most cases of colonic malignancy and it was this feature that makes MoAb 5C1 unique. The distribution of the 5C1 epitope in normal gastrointestinal tract is limited to a few epithelial cells in the mid‐portion of the small intestine but this distribution increased progressively down the digestive tract until it was found on > 90% of normal epithelial cells (in membrane and cytoplasm) of the colon. In addition, the 5C1 epitope was present on mucin secreting cells from normal organs of the gastrointestinal, reproductive and pulmonary tract and benign and malignant tissues of the colon. On Western blots, MoAb 5C1 was found to detect a heterogeneous population of molecules with molecular weights >100 kDa with the strongest staining bands found between 230 and 300 kDa. MoAb 5C1 does not detect carcino‐embryonic antigens (CEA), human milk fat globules (HMFG), human lymphocyte antigens (HLA) or ABO blood group antigens. The combination of its presence in mucin secreting cells and its broad molecular weight bands suggest that the antigen detected is a mucin.
Antigenic requirements for stimulation and target cell recognition by immune and non‐immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Owen J. A. , Grahl K. T. , Zador A. , Dorer D. R. , Klein L. , Rubin M. B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe molecular requirements for recognition of antigen‐modified cells by cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) and their activated progeny, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), have been compared using haptenated stimulator and target cells. The antigen density requirements of T cell recognition by fluorescein‐specific CTLp and CTL derived both from naive mice and from animals previously primed in vivo were determined. The cell surface hapten concentration required to stimulate CTLp cannot be distinguished from that required on target cells for lysis by their mature daughter CTL 5–7 days later. However, if the CTL (and their precursor CTLp) are derived from mice primed in vivo with hapten‐conjugated cells, they require lower cell surface hapten densities for recognition than do the analogous T cell populations from naive animals. Thus, the maturation of CTLp inio CTL during 5–7 days in vitro does not result in any functionally relevant change in the nature or density of antigen receptors on the surface of the T cell. This is in contrast to the apparent selection which occurs over longer time periods in vivo following priming.