bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unexpected Reactions of [60]Fullerene Involving Tertiary Amines and Insight into the Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Wang Guan‐Wu , Chen Xiao‐Ping , Cheng Xin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThermal reactions of [60]fullerene with amino acid ester hydrochlorides and triethylamine in o‐dichlorobenzene at reflux afforded pyrrolidinofullerene derivatives containing the CH3CH moiety and originating from triethylamine through an unusual CN bond cleavage. Detailed investigation of these thermal reactions resulted in the discovery of unprecedented reactions between C60 and tertiary amines and of reactions of C60 with tertiary amines and aldehydes, giving cyclopentafullerene derivatives with high stereoselectivity. Plausible reaction mechanisms for the product formation involving the uncommon CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines were proposed on the basis of extensive experimental results.
Neutrophil recruitment in immunized mice depends on MIP‐2 inducing the sequential release of MIP‐1α, TNF‐α and LTB4
Authors: Ramos Cleber D. L. , Fernandes Karla S. S. , Canetti Claudio , Teixeira Mauro M. , Silva João S. , Cunha Fernando Q. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNeutrophils are thought to play an important role in the tissue damage observed in various autoimmune diseases. Chemokines, cytokines and leukotrienes have recognized roles in the orchestration of neutrophil migration. We have recently shown that antigen‐induced neutrophil migration into the peritoneum of immunized mice is mediated by macrophage‐inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α which interacts with CCR1 and induces the sequential release of TNF‐α and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). The present study investigates the role of MIP‐2 and CXCR2 in the cascade of events leading to mediator generation and neutrophil influx. Antigen challenge of immunized mice induced the expression of CXCR2 and the production of KC and MIP‐2 proteins. Antigen‐induced neutrophil migration was inhibited by a CXCR2 receptor antagonist (repertaxin) or an anti‐MIP‐2 antibody, but not by an anti‐KC antibody. Administration of MIP‐2 promoted a dose‐dependent neutrophil migration in naive mice which was inhibited by repertaxin, anti‐TNF‐α, anti‐MIP‐1α antibodies or by MK886 (leukotriene synthesis inhibitor). MIP‐2 administration induced the release of MIP‐1α, TNF‐α and LTB4, and the release of the latter two was inhibited by anti‐MIP‐1α antibody treatment. Our studies highlight the intricate balance between mediator production and action during an immune‐mediated inflammatory response and suggest a mediator cascade leading to neutrophil influx following antigen challenge of immunized mice: MIP‐2 → MIP‐1α → TNF‐α → LTB4.
Distinct patterns of gene expression in the left and right hippocampal formation of developing rats
Authors: Moskal Joseph R. , Kroes Roger A. , Otto Nigel J. , Rahimi Omid , Claiborne Brenda J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA central problem in neurobiology is the elucidation of the mechanisms that underlie left–right asymmetries in brain structure and function. Using a transcriptome screening approach, we found asymmetric gene expression patterns in the right when compared with the left hippocampal formation at postnatal days (P) 6, 9, and 60 in the rat. Of those genes that were differentially expressed, most were predominantly expressed in the right hippocampus at P6, whereas most were predominantly expressed in the left at P9 and P60. Real‐time PCR analysis of genes associated with synaptic vesicle trafficking confirmed this pattern. At P6, 9 of 13 such genes were more robustly expressed in the right hippocampus, while only 1 gene was predominantly expressed in the left. Conversely, at P9, 5 of the 13 genes were more highly expressed in the left hippocampus and only 1 gene was predominantly expressed in the right. This pattern persisted at P60: eight genes were more robustly expressed in the left hippocampus, and the remaining five showed no hemispheric preference. These data demonstrate a pattern of early lateralized gene expression that is likely to underlie the establishment of functional asymmetry in the adult hippocampus. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic silencing of multiple genes in primary CNS lymphoma
Authors: Chu Linda C. , Eberhart Charles G. , Grossman Stuart A. , Herman James G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEpigenetic silencing of functionally important genes is important in the development of malignancies and is a source of potential markers for molecular detection. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an increasingly common tumor that has not been extensively examined for changes in promoter region methylation. We examined 14 tumor suppressor genes in 25 cases of PCNSL using methylation‐specific PCR. Methylation was observed in DAPK (84%), TSP1 (68%), CRBP1 (67%), p16INK4a (64%), p14ARF (59%), MGMT (52%), RARβ2 (50%), TIMP3 (44%), TIMP2 (42%), p15INK4b (40%), p73 (28%), hMLH1 (12%), RB1 (8%) and GSTP1 (8%). Promoter methylation of p14ARF, p16INK4a and MGMT was correlated with loss of expression by immunohistochemical staining. The methylation of many of these genes in PCNSL is similar to that reported in other high‐grade B‐cell lymphomas. All 25 cases of PCNSL had methylation of at least 2 genes. Methylation of DAPK, p16INK4a or MGMT was found in 96% of the tumors, suggesting simple marker strategies to detect circulating methylated DNA in serum that might facilitate early tumor detection. Our study provides insight into the epigenetic alterations in PCNSL and provides potential biomarkers of disease. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circadian rhythms of heart rate and locomotion after treatment with low‐dose acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: Scremin Oscar U. , Shih Tsung‐Ming , Huynh Ly , Roch Margareth , Sun Wei , Chialvo Dante R. , Jenden Donald J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study tested the hypothesis that repeated exposure to low levels of sarin, pyridostigmine bromide (PB) or their combination, at doses equivalent to those possibly experienced by veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War, could lead to persistent or delayed autonomic effects and thus help to explain the cause of clinical findings in this population. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated for 3 weeks with: saline injection (0.5 ml kg−1, s.c., 3 times weekly) with tap drinking water (control); saline injection with PB (80 mg l−1 in drinking water); sarin injection (62.5 µg kg−1, s.c., 0.5 × LD50, 3 times weekly) with tap drinking water (sarin); or sarin injection with PB in drinking water (sarin + PB). At 2, 4 or 16 weeks post‐treatment, heart rate (HR) and locomotor activity (LA) were studied by radiotelemetry. Two weeks posttreatment, HR in drug‐treated animals was significantly lower than in controls. A decrease in low‐frequency HR power spectrum (PS) was found at 00:00 h and 08:00 h with sarin + PB and at 00:00 h with sarin, while total power was enhanced with sarin + PB at 22:00 h. Minimal effects of drug treatments on HR and HR PS were detected at 4 and 16 weeks post‐treatment. No significant differences in LA between control and other groups were found. Since no consistent long‐term effects were found in any of the variables studied, these experiments do not support the hypothesis that repeated administration of low doses of PB and the nerve agent sarin can induce persistent or delayed alterations in autonomic function. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
γ‐Radiation‐induced changes in structure and properties of tetracalcium phosphate and its derived calcium phosphate cement
Authors: Tsai Chih‐Hung , Lin Jiin‐Huey Chern , Ju Chien‐Ping 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the γ‐radiation effect on the structure and properties of the single‐phase tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) powder and its derived calcium phosphate cement (CPC). Experimental results show that low‐dosed (0–30 kGy) CPC has a setting time of 10–12 min, while high‐dosed (40–120 kGy) CPC has a setting time of 8–10 min. The low dose γ‐radiation does not significantly change porosity volume fraction or compressive strength of the CPC. The pH values of all CPC samples fell in a relatively narrow band, with a band width of 8.5–9.1 (in terms of pH value). With a dose of 10 or 20 kGy γ‐radiation, the TTCP–apatite conversion ratio does not change much. With 30 kGy the conversion ratio significantly increases and reaches a maximum value. With further increases in dose, the conversion ratio quickly declines. With increasing γ‐ray dose, the CPC morphology becomes more porous/loose and apatite particles become larger in size. When exposed to a high dose (120 kGy) of γ‐radiation, TTCP structure is radiation‐damaged, and γ‐ray‐induced formation of apatite is confirmed by transmission electron microscopic/selected‐area diffraction/lattice imaging analyses. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Characterization of photopolymerization of dentin adhesives as a function of light source and irradiance
Authors: Ye Qiang , Wang Yong , Williams Karen , Spencer Paulette 
Published: July 2006

AbstractManufacturers have attempted to address the limitations associated with dentin bonding by eliminating as many steps as possible in the bonding protocol. Theoretically, this approach increases the efficiency of the procedure and reduces technique sensitivity. These trends are reflected in the introduction of all‐in one, single‐step adhesive systems; the increased concentration of acidic resin monomers in these systems allows for simultaneous etching and priming of the prepared dentin surface. Ideally, the degree of monomer conversion would be high enough that the acidic reaction would be self‐limiting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of light irradiance and source on the photopolymerization of three commercial dental adhesives by monitoring the double bond conversion as a function of time during and after irradiation. The photopolymerization curing efficiency of the commercial adhesives investigated in this study varied as a function of light source and distance. The use of LED performed better than the halogen light in terms of polymerization rate and degree of conversion for the commercial single‐step, sixth generation adhesive, Adper Prompt. In contrast, polymerization of commercial single‐bottle, fifth generation adhesive, Single Bond and One‐Up Bond F, was mainly a function of exposure time, irrespective of the two light units or intensities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Induction of cobalt limitation in methanol‐fed UASB reactors
Authors: Zandvoort Marcel H , van Hullebusch Eric D , Golubnic Svetlana , Gieteling Jarno , Lens Piet NL 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of long‐term deprivation of all trace elements or solely cobalt on methanol conversion in upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors inoculated with a nickel‐limited sludge was investigated. Two UASB (30 °C, pH 7) reactors were operated at organic loading rates of up to 17.6 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) L−1 day−1, one reactor (R1) with no trace metal supplementation to the influent and another reactor (R2) to which all trace elements except cobalt were supplied. The cobalt content of the sludge in both R1 and R2 decreased at a rate of 0.1 µg g−1 total suspended solids (TSS) day−1, while the nickel content of the R1 sludge did not decrease despite nickel being absent in the feed. Cobalt limitation of the methanogenesis from methanol was induced in both reactors within approximately 55 days of operation. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of the inoculum sludge with methanol as the substrate could be increased by about 50% by adding solely nickel (5 µmol L−1) to the batch medium. After 55 days of operation the SMA of the R2 sludge increased by 49% upon the addition of solely cobalt (5 µmol L−1) to the batch medium. This indicates that a cobalt limitation was induced in the R2 sludge by omitting cobalt from the feed and that the initial nickel limitation was overcome by supplementation of nickel to the feed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Olive oil mill wastewater valorisation by fungi
Authors: Crognale Silvia , D'Annibale Alessandro , Federici Federico , Fenice Massimiliano , Quaratino Daniele , Petruccioli Maurizio 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a brief survey of studies conducted at the Laboratory of Applied and Environmental Microbiology of the University of Tuscia on the possible biotechnological valorisation of olive mill wastewater (OMW) using fungi. Besides being a serious environmental problem, OMW might be a possible resource owing to the presence of added value products (e.g. antioxidants) and of simple and complex sugars as a basis for fermentation processes. To this end the technical feasibility of various fungal fermentative processes either to obtain products of high added value or to improve its agronomic use has been assessed. With regard to the former aspect the following cases of study are described: production of enzymes, such as lipase by Candida cylindracea NRRL Y‐17506, laccase and Mn‐dependent peroxidase by Panus tigrinus CBS 577.79 and pectinases by Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus IMAT 4735, and exopolysaccharide production by Botryosphaeria rhodina DABAC‐P82. As far as agronomic use of the waste is concerned, a process based on the acidogenic fungus Aspergillus niger NB2 and aimed at increasing the phosphorus content of OMW is also reported. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A practical review of the performance of organic and inorganic adsorbents for the treatment of contaminated waters
Authors: San Miguel Guillermo , Lambert Steven D , Graham Nigel JD 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA wide range of materials known for their adsorption properties have the potential for being used for the removal of trace substances from drinking and wastewaters. These include physically and chemically activated carbons, surface modified carbons, non‐porous resins with ion exchange capacities, inorganic microporous solids like zeolites and clays, and mixed organic–inorganic materials like bone chars. The adsorption capacity exhibited by each material relates primarily to its textural and chemical properties. Other factors, however, such as apparent density, regeneration potential and cost, need to be taken into consideration when selecting one adsorbent over another. A comparative investigation of 18 solids and their capacity to remove organics and metals from natural waters and solutions reconstituted to simulate the conditions in natural waters is presented. The experiments were carried out using batch and small‐scale column adsorption tests. In general, zeolites and ion exchange resins exhibited limited capacities to remove organic matter from solution but were highly effective with metallic species like manganese and aluminium. Activated carbons adsorbed organic matter very efficiently, with results showing a correlation between adsorption capacity and surface area (up to 1791 m2 g−1). Metal removal was highly variable and was enhanced in activated carbons subjected to acid washing. Owing to its mixed organic/inorganic nature, and despite its poorly developed micropore structure, bone char exhibited a strong adsorption capacity for both organic and metal species. The high apparent density of this material (0.763 g cm−3) meant that its performance was greatly improved when tests were conducted on the basis of volume, matching and surpassing the performance of the best carbons. The possibility of using mixtures of complementary adsorbents for the removal of organic and inorganic species from solution was also successfully evaluated in this work. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification of viral agents causing diarrhea among children in the Eastern Center of Tunisia
Authors: Fodha I. , Chouikha A. , Peenze I. , De Beer M. , Dewar J. , Geyer A. , Messaadi F. , Trabelsi A. , Boujaafar N. , Taylor M.B. , Steele D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractViral diarrhea remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Tunisia, no comprehensive studies of all viral agents related to diarrhea in children have yet been conducted. The present study was performed to investigate the role of enteric viruses in acute diarrhea in the country. Six hundred thirty‐eight stool samples were collected from children under 5 years of age seeking medical care for acute diarrhea between October 2003 and September 2005 in hospitals from the Eastern‐Center Tunisia. All samples were tested for rotavirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus using commercial antigen enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Positive samples for rotavirus and astrovirus were confirmed by an “in‐house” reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Samples positive for adenovirus antigen were subjected to further EIA screening for species F enteric adenovirus types 40 and 41. At least one viral agent was found in 30% of the specimens. The frequency of rotavirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus was 20%, 7%, and 6%, respectively. Of the stool samples containing adenovirus, 57% (20/35) were found to be positive for species F adenovirus types 40/41. Dual infections were found in 9% (17/191) of the positive samples. Enteric viruses appear to play an important role in pediatric diarrhea in Tunisia. The introduction of affordable viral diagnosis in pediatric hospitals will improve patient care by reducing the unnecessary use of antibiotics. J. Med. Virol. 78:1198–1203, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detector technologies for comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography
Authors: von Mühlen Carin , Khummueng Weeraya , Alcaraz Zini Claudia , Bastos Caramão Elina , Marriott Philip J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe detector is an integral and important part of any chromatographic system. The chromatographic peak profiles (i. e. peak separation) should, ideally, be unaffected by the detector – it should only provide the sensing capacity required at the end of a column separation process. The relatively new technique of comprehensive 2‐D GC (GC×GC) extends the performance of GC manyfold, but comes at a price – existing GC systems may not be adequately designed with the requirements of GC×GC in mind. This is primarily the need for precise measurement of very fast peaks entering the detector (e. g. as fast as 50 ms basewidth in some instances). The capacity of the detector to closely track a rapidly changing chromatographic peak profile depends on a number of factors, such as design of flow paths and make‐up gas introduction, type of detector response mechanism, and the chemistry of the response. These factors are discussed here as a means to appreciate the technical demands of detection in GC×GC. The MS detector will not be included in this review.
Field‐flow fractionation of proteins, polysaccharides, synthetic polymers, and supramolecular assemblies
Authors: Ratanathanawongs Williams S. Kim , Lee Dean 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis review summarizes developments and applications of flow and thermal field‐flow fractionation (FFF) in the areas of macromolecules and supramolecular assemblies. In the past 10 years, the use of these FFF techniques has extended beyond determining diffusion coefficients, hydrodynamic diameters, and molecular weights of standards. Complex samples as diverse as polysaccharides, prion particles, and block copolymers have been characterized and processes such as aggregation, stability, and infectivity have been monitored. The open channel design used in FFF makes it a gentle separation technique for high‐ and ultrahigh‐molecular weight macromolecules, aggregates, and self‐assembled complexes. Coupling FFF with other techniques such as multiangle light scattering and MS provides additional invaluable information about conformation, branching, and identity.
Einfluß von Futterfetten und ‐lecithinen auf Parameter der Infektionsabwehr beim Absatzferkel, 2. Mitteilung: Der Einfluß von Soja‐ oder Eilecithinen
Authors: Brinkmann Gerlinde , Molnar Sandor 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn einem Versuch mit 30 Absatzferkeln wurde der Einfluß von Soja‐ oder Eilecithin auf Parameter der Infektionsabwehr untersucht. Die Versuchstiere erhielten 41 Tage lang eine Diät auf Getreidebasis, in der entweder 6% Sojalecithin, 6% Eilecithin oder 13,8% Maisquellstärke (Kontrolle) isoenergetisch gegen eine Getreidekomponente ausgetauscht wurden. Parameter der Infektionsabwehr wurden am 0., 11., 18., 25. und 41. Versuchstag (VT) erfaßt. Sowohl 6% Sojalecithin als auch 6% Eilecithin in der Ration erhöhten die Werte der Blutparameter des unspezifischen Abwehrsystems wie die Nitroblautetrazolium‐ Reduktionskapazität (am 18. und 41. VT), die Lysozymkonzentrationen (am 18. VT) und die Granulozytengehalte (am 18. VT) signifikant im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. 6% Soja‐ oder Eilecithin verbesserten nicht die IgG‐Konzentrationen und die Lymphozytengehalte (Parameter der spezifischen Abwehr) im Vergleich zu den Werten der Tiere aus der Stärkegruppe. Die Tiere der Eilecithingruppe zeigten bis zum 16. Versuchstag deutlich erhöhte Durchfallhäufigkeiten im Vergleich zu den Ferkeln aus den anderen Versuchsgruppen.
Effect of Sulfonation on the Crystallization Behaviour of Syndiotactic Polystyrene
Authors: Govindaiah P. , Avadhani C. V. , Ramesh C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSyndiotactic Polystyrene (sPS) was sulfonated to different levels in a mixture of 1,1,2–trichloroethane and chloroform. Sulfonation levels were determined by nonaqueous titrations using phenolphthalein indicator. Thermal properties of sulfonated sPS (SsPS) ionomers depend on the sulfonation level. Incorporation of sulfonic acid groups in to the syndiotactic polystyrene backbone was found to affect the crystallization behavior of sPS. DSC data indicated that the melting temperature (Tm), heat of fusion, crystallization temperature (Tc), crystallization rate and degree of crystallization were lowered by the incorporation of sulfonic acid group on the syndiotactic polystyrene backbone. Thermal and FTIR data indicated that the sulfonic groups did not enter into the crystal lattice but remained in the amorphous phase.
Thixotropic Suspensions of Self‐Assembled Steroid Nanotubes: Structures, Kinetics and Rheological Specificities
Authors: Terech Pierre , Friol Séverine 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCharacteristic structural, kinetical and rheological behaviors observed with alkaline aqueous suspensions of sodium lithocholate nanotubes are presented. The scaling behavior of the elastic shear modulus and yield stress as a function of concentration support the description of the fragile network with degrees of freedom at the hinges. The kinetics of nanotube formation mixes a component of the structural sequence for single aggregates and a collective component describing the relaxation of the distribution of tubes. SLC suspensions are easily shear‐thinned (and oriented) in purely Newtonian shearing conditions.
An EPR, ENDOR and EIE study of γ‐irradiated poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide) polymers
Authors: Bushell James A. , Claybourn Mike , Murphy Damien M. , Williams Helen E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGamma radiation of poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide) raw polymers and processed microspheres under vacuum and at 77 K results in the formation of a series of free radicals. The resulting powder electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum contains a distribution of several different radicals, depending on the annealing temperature, and is therefore difficult to interpret. By utilising the selectivity of the electron nuclear DOuble resonance (ENDOR) and associated ENDOR induced EPR (EIE) techniques, a more direct approach for the deconvolution of the EPR spectrum can be achieved. Using this approach, the radiolytically induced CH3•CHC(O)R‐ chain scission radical was identified at 120 K by simulation of the EIE spectrum. At elevated temperatures (250 K), this radical decays considerably and the more stable radicals ‐O•CHC(O)‐, CH3•C(OR)C(O)‐ and CH3•C(OH)C(O)‐ predominate. This work demonstrates the utility of the EIE approach to supplement and aid the interpretation of powder EPR spectra of radicals in a polymer matrix. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.