bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory action potentials in the ulnar and radial nerves of dogs; Effect of stimulation site and voltage
Authors: van Nes Jan J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of stimulation site and voltage on amplitude, wave form, conduction time, and velocity of sensory action potentials in the ulnar and radial nerves was evaluated in 25 healthy dogs. A 5-fold increase in stimulation voltage above threshold caused a 300% increase in the amplitude of evoked sensory nerve potentials. An additional 2-fold increase in stimulation voltage (to 10 times threshold) resulted in an additional 40% increase in amplitude. An absolute saturation voltage was not found. Latency velocity was increased by increasing stimulation voltage, but conduction velocity was not affected. Multicomponent nerve action potentials were frequently found at the proximal recording sites. The number of components was not affected by stimulation voltage. Proximal displacement of the stimulation site resulted in an increase in amplitude of the nerve action potentials, increased latency velocity, and fewer components; conduction velocity was not affected.
As a consequence of these findings, preference was given to simultaneous recording at 2 sites along the nerve, stimulation at the more proximal stimulation site distal to the carpus, and stimulation voltages between 5 and 10 times the threshold.
The occurrence of multicomponent wave forms, the absence of an absolute saturation voltage, and the lowering of the number of components by proximal displacement of the site of stimulation may all be related to the relatively small number of sensory nerve fibers that can be activated at the stimulation site.
Synovial membrane changes after experimental transection of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs
Authors: Lipowitz Alan J. , Wong Pauline L. , Stevens Jerry B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Degenerative joint disease and inflammation of the synovial membrane were produced in the left stifle of 16 dogs by severing the cranial cruciate ligament. Arthrotomy only was performed on the right stifle. Synovial membrane from these joints was histologically examined at 1, 2, 8, and 13 weeks after surgical operation. Similar tissue was obtained from 4 healthy dogs for comparison. Inflammatory changes in the synovium of the left stifle progressed with time and were prominent at 8 weeks postoperatively, subsynovial fibrosis was greatest at 13 weeks. Inflammation of the synovial membrane and subsynovial tissue was characterized by synovial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, plasma cell and lymphocyte infiltration, and increased vascularization of the subsynovial region.
Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin at steady-state in ponies; Serum, urine, and endometrial concentrations
Authors: Haddad Nadim S. , Pedersoli W. M. , Ravis W. R. , Fazeli M. H. , Carson R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gentamicin (gt) was administered im to 6 healthy mature mare ponies at a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours for 7 consecutive days (total, 21 doses). Two venous blood samples were collected before (trough) and at 1 hour (peak) after the 5th, 10th, 14th, and 19th doses. An endometrial biopsy was done of each mare on days 4 and 7. On the 7th day, just before the 21st administration of gt, base-line blood samples were collected, and 22 blood samples were collected over a period of 48 hours after gt was given. The mares were catheterized on the 7th day, and urine was collected for 24 hours. Serum, urine, and endometrial gt concentrations were determined by a radioimmunoassay technique (sensitivity of 0.3 μg/ml of serum).
Serum gt concentration data obtained from the terminal phase were best fitted by a 1-compartment open model with a biological half-life of 2.13 ± 0.43 hours. Total body clearance and renal clearance were 1.69 ± 0.41 and 1.40 ± 0.26 ml/min/kg, respectively. Mean endometrial concentrations on day 4 and day 7 were 5.02 ± 3.3 and 12.75 ± 1.6 μg/g. To achieve mean serum gt concentrations (μg/ml) at steady state of 6.47 ± 1.51, a maximum steady-state concentration of 12.74 ± 1.60, and a minimum steady-state concentration of 1.43 ± 0.57, a dosage of 5 mg/kg every 8 hours is recommended. Serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and the fractional clearance of sodium sulfanilate were determined before and after gt treatment. Renal function remained within the base-line range during 7 days of gt administration.
Production and preliminary characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Actinobacillus sp isolated from epididymitis lesions in a ram
Authors: Healey Mark C. , Kleinschuster Stephen J. , Gharpure Hemant M. , Johnston Alice V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A panel of 55 monoclonal antibodies to an Actinobacillus sp isolate (As8C strain) cultured from the epididymides of an infected ram was produced. Cell lines producing 5 of these antibodies were cloned and expanded by hybridoma tumor production in Balb/c mice. An isotype profile revealed that 1 cloned antibody belonged to the immunoglobulin (Ig) M class and the 4 remaining antibodies belonged to the IgG class. Within the IgG class, 1 clone produced IgG1, 1 clone produced IgG2a, and 2 clones produced IgG2b.
Ascites fluid antibody titers from the cloned hybridomas ranged from 6,400 to 51,200, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specificity of the antibodies to target As8C antigens could be demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition. Ascites fluid from 2 clones contained antibodies that agglutinated As8C. Two additional clones produced antibodies capable of only partial agglutination, whereas 1 clone produced antibody that did not agglutinate As8C.
The indirect fluorescent antibody test revealed that target antigens for at least 4 of the 5 monoclonal antibodies were most likely located on the bacterial cell surface. Antigens were extracted from As8C, using 5 surface active chemicals. An attempt to immunoprecipitate these antigens in agarose by reacting individual extracts with each of the antibodies was unsuccessful.
Transient leakage across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier after intrathecal metrizamide administration to dogs
Authors: Johnson Gayle C. , Fuciu Denise M. , Fenner William R. , Krakowka Steven 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cerebrospinal fluid samples from 9 dogs given 84 mg of metrizamide/kg of body weight intrathecally were collected at intervals from 3 hours to 30 days after treatment and were compared with csf samples collected before metrizamide treatment (base line) and with samples taken at similar intervals from 2 nontreated control dogs. Increased csf albumin (mean 19.2 mg/dl) and immunoglobulin (Ig) G (mean 5.91 mg/dl) concentrations occurred 1 day after myelography, compared with base-line concentrations (6.15 and 1.24 mg/dl, respectively) and with concentrations from controls. Immunoglobulin M and IgA concentrations also were increased in some of these samples. However, immediately after myelography (3 hours after treatment) csf albumin and IgG concentrations were comparable with those of controls, and these values returned to base line within 5 days of myelography and remained so for 30 days.A high correlation between albumin and IgG concentrations of individual csf samples indicated the likelihood that leakage across the blood-csf barrier was the origin of the increased values. A transient increase in csf leukocytes, consisting of mononuclear cells and neutrophils, was also noticed 1 day after treatment but not at other times and not in controls. Nonsuppurative, predominately histiocytic meningitis of decreasing intensity was noticed in dogs euthanatized at 1 or 5 days, but not in dogs euthanatized at 10, 20, or 30 days after treatment. The meningeal cells stained intensely with periodic acid-Schiff stain and intracellular contrast medium was ultrastructurally apparent in phagolysosomes. Control dogs killed after 30 days did not have these changes. The intrathecal administration of metrizamide resulted in transient leakage of serum components into csf and an accompanying transient meningitis.
Comparison of crystalloid and sanguineous cardioplegic solutions in the dog
Authors: Spackman Claire J. A. , Caywood Dennis D. , Gannon Paul G. , Irmiter Richard A. , Louis Charles F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Myocardial protection provided by 2 types of cold cardioplegic solution and by cold saline solution was compared experimentally in dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass. Techniques and solutions used simulated clinical conditions. Serial biopsies of myocardium were assayed for adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine monophosphate. Maintenance and recovery of each phosphate was calculated as a percentage of the prebypass value for each type of solution; these values were used to compare the myocardial protection afforded by the 3 solutions. A difference in these values was not observed between the 2 types of cardioplegic solution; both values were greater than for the control solution, which may indicate improved myocardial protection with cardioplegic arrest.
Serum concentrations of gentamicin in cats
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R. , Groff Joseph M. , Gronwall Ronald R. , Moreland Alvin F. , Chung Menger 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-one adult cats, allotted into 2 groups, were given gentamicin sulfate at dosages of either 5.0 mg/kg of body weight or 2.5 mg/kg as a single im injection. During a 24-hour period, serum concentrations of gentamicin were measured serially, using a fluorescence immunoassay. The mean peak serum concentration of gentamicin in cats given 5.0 mg/kg was 23.1 μg/ml at postinjection hour (pih) 0.5; thereafter, the mean serum concentration steadily decreased to 2.0 μg/ml at pih 24. The mean peak serum concentration for cats administered 2.5 mg/kg was 9.1 μg/ml at pih 0.5; thereafter, the mean serum concentration steadily decreased to 1.3 μg/ml at pih 12. Serum therapeutic concentrations, without exceeding toxic concentrations, were attained at the 2.5 mg/kg dosage.
Borrelia theileri: Isolation from ticks (Boophilus microplus) and tick-borne transmission between splenectomized calves
Authors: Smith Ronald D. , Miranpuri Gurwattan S. , Adams John H. , Ahrens Elmer H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The bovine spirochete, Borrelia theileri, was detected in Giemsastained blood smears from a splenectomized calf 17 days after exposure to a laboratory colony of the tropical cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Spirochetes were detected in the hemolymph and ovary of all engorged female ticks examined, indicating a high infection rate in this tick colony. Spirochetes were detected in a 2nd splenectomized calf 15 days after exposure to the larval offspring of ticks from the 1st calf. The only observable effect of infection in the 2 calves was a maximum rectal temperature increase to 40.2 C, which coincided with the first detectable parasitemia. The tick colony did not have any adverse effects, despite extensive multiplication of spirochetes in their tissues.
Effect of wound location and the use of topical collagen gel on exuberant granulation tissue formation and wound healing in the horse and pony
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Sullins Kenneth E. , Stashak Ted S. , Norrdin Robert W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Preformed collagen gel was topically applied to cutaneous wounds of the equine dorsal fetlock (thoracic limb) and metatarsal regions to evaluate the effect on exuberant granulation tissue production and wound healing.
In 6 horses and 3 ponies (< 140 cm high at the withers and < 365 kg), 36 standardized cutaneous limb wounds were surgically induced (4 wounds/animal); 18 wounds were treated topically with collagen gel, and 18 wounds were not treated (controls). Collagen gel was initially applied to the wound at 0, 2, or 7 days after wound formation (groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Four measurements were regularly made: amount of wound contraction and the size of the granulation bed, epithelial covering, and total wound. Sequential skin and wound biopsies were evaluated histologically to assess wound healing. Using a computer, data were analyzed for differences in the 4 measurements between treated and control wounds, between fetlock wounds and metatarsal wounds, and among groups 1, 2, and 3. Analyses were performed on days 15 and 45 of wound healing and on the final day of healing.
A significant difference (P > 0.05) in the production of exuberant granulation tissue, rate of epithelialization, or degree of wound contraction was not detected between the collagen-treated and control wounds. Total healing time and final scar size were similar. Wound healing patterns were significantly different (P < 0.05) in the fetlock wounds and metatarsal wounds. All wounds enlarged up to day 15 with fetlock wounds enlarging significantly more than did the metatarsal wounds. Fetlock wounds had a faster rate of contraction than did the metatarsal wounds at day 45; but, due to their smaller size, metatarsal wounds healed significantly faster than did fetlock wounds. The resulting scar size of fetlock and metatarsal wounds was similar. Metatarsal wounds required more resection of exuberant granulation tissue than did fetlock wounds.
Propensity to develop exuberant granulation tissue and the rate of healing were directly correlated to body size of the horse. Larger horses required more frequent resection of the granulating wound bed and healed more slowly, despite the relatively smaller wound size as compared with their larger limb size. Ponies (< 140 cm high at the withers and < 365 kg of body weight) healed faster than horses; wounds of the ponies also healed without exuberant granulation tissue formation. Therefore, ponies are not adequate models of wound healing for horses.
Anatomic predisposition to perianal fistulae formation in the German Shepherd Dog
Authors: Budsberg S. C. , Spurgeon T. L. , Liggitt H. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gross and microanatomic features which may predispose the German Shepherd Dog to perianal fistulae formation were studied in 2 groups of clinically healthy dogs: a predisposed group (German Shepherd Dogs) and a control group comprising breeds not ordinarily affected by perianal fistulae. The dimensions of the anal crypts (depth, base width, and length), measured and compared statistically between samples, identified no significant variation between groups (P > 0.05). Major tissue components of the anal canal were measured microscopically and were similarly evaluated: epithelial height in each zone, thickness of the lamina propria in each zone, thickness of the internal and external anal sphincter muscles, and density of the circumanal, sebaceous, and apocrine sweat glands. The only significant finding was an increase in density of apocrine sweat glands in the zona cutanea in the predisposed dog group. In a semiquantitative analysis of the inflammatory responses frequently seen in the anal glands, more mature fibroplasia was seen in the German Shepherd Dogs, indicating that inflammation was more longstanding in this group.
Reversal of thiopental-induced anesthesia by 4-aminopyridine, yohimbine, and doxapram in dogs pretreated with xylazine or acepromazine
Authors: Hatch Roger C. , Wilson Robert C. , Jernigan Antoinette D. , Clark J. Derrell , Brown John 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Groups of atropinized dogs (6 dogs/group) were sedated, using xylazine HCl (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, im) or acepromazine maleate (0.25 mg/kg, im), and were anesthetized to loss of pedal reflexes, using thiopental, iv. The dogs were given 1 of the following test antagonists, iv: saline solution (2 ml; control group), 4-aminopyridine (4-ap; 0.5 mg/kg), yohimbine (0.4 mg/kg), doxapram (5.0 mg/ kg), or dual combinations of the latter 3 substances in the same doses as used for each agent.
In xylazine-treated dogs, the mean dosage of thiopental required to induce anesthesia was 4.8 mg/kg. Control mean arousal time (mat) and walk time (mwt) were 37.1 minutes and 53.8 minutes, respectively. These values were decreased to < 2 minutes and < 3 minutes, respectively, by yohimbine, 4-af + yohimbine, and doxapram + yohimbine. With doxapram and with 4-ap + doxapram, mat was < 2 minutes and mwt was < 8 minutes.
In acepromazine-treated dogs, the mean dosage of thiopental required for anesthesia was 15.0 mg/kg. Control mat and mwt were 20.7 minutes and 36.5 minutes, respectively. These values were decreased to 8.1 minutes and 18.1 minutes, respectively, by doxapram, and to 3.5 minutes and 19.9 minutes, respectively, by doxapram + yohimbine. Doxapram, 4-ap + doxapram, and doxapram + yohimbine caused periodic extensor rigidity before and during arousal. This rigidity was accompanied by opisthotonos in 2 dogs of the doxapram + yohimbine group and may have been mild tonic seizures.
On arousal, respiratory rates were most rapid in xylazine-treated dogs given yohimbine, 4-ap + doxapram, or doxapram + yohimbine, and in acepromazine-treated dogs given doxapram, 4-ap + doxapram, or doxapram + yohimbine. Heart rates were most rapid in xylazine-treated dogs given yohimbine or doxapram + yohimbine, and in acepromazine-treated dogs given yohimbine, doxapram, 4-ap + yohimbine, or doxapram + yohimbine. Cardiac irregularities were not detected by auscultation or palpation of the dogs during the study. None of the dogs relapsed after arousal or walking.
In dogs, yohimbine may be used to shorten duration of xylazine-thiopental anesthesia. Doxapram may be used to shorten duration of acepromazine-thiopental anesthesia. Dual combinations of 4-ap, yohimbine, and doxapram have no advantages for shortening duration of xylazine- or acepromazine-thiopental anesthesia in dogs.
Resistance plasmids of Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys
Authors: Hirsh Dwight C. , Martin Lori D. , Rhoades Keith R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
From 1940 through 1978, fifty-eight strains of Pasteurella multocida (serotype 3) were isolated from turkeys throughout the United States and were examined for R-plasmids. Forty-one of the isolates contained plasmid DNA, of which 7 isolates were found to encode resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides, or to streptomycin and sulfonamides. The R-plasmids were 2 to 10 megadaltons, nonconjugal, and contained a moles percent guanine plus cytosine ratio in the range of 57 to 61. The R-plasmids did not belong to any of the 19 incompatibility groups evaluated, including Inc Q. Digestion with restriction endonuclease indicated that 2 of the plasmids from P multocida isolated in 1960 and 1962 were identical, whereas 4 of the 5 plasmids obtained from P multocida isolated after 1966 were identical, with the 5th plasmic closely related to the other 4. The results indicated that R-plasmids were not widely dispersed among P multocida (serotype 3) isolated from turkeys in the United States. The nontransmissible nature of these plasmids was probably the major reason for their lack of dissemination.
Vaccination of swine with thymidine kinase-deficient mutants of Pseudorabies virus
Authors: McGregor S. , Easterday B. C. , Kaplan A. S. , Ben-Porat T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A mutant of Pseudorabies virus (prv) deficient in thymidine kinase (tk−) activity was isolated and characterized. The mutant grew well in cell culture and did not revert to the thymidine kinase-positive pheno-type. The prv-tk− was not virulent when inoculated intranasally into 3-to 4-week-old pigs and could not be reactivated from the ganglia of these pigs by explantation and cocultiva-tion with susceptible cells several weeks after virus inoculation. Pigs that had been exposed to prv-tk− were immune to challenge exposure with a virulent strain of prv. Furthermore, the challenge virus was not recovered from the ganglia of most of these pigs, indicating that colonization of the ganglia by a super-infecting virulent prv strain was considerably reduced by vaccination.
Changes in digital venous pressures of horses moving at the walk and trot
Authors: Ratzlaff Marc H. , Shindell Roger M. , DeBowes Richard M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood pressures from the catheterized lateral digital vein of the fore-limbs of 6 clinically normal horses were measured at rest, at the walk, and at the trot. Digital venous pressures were compared with the phases of the stride and weight-bearing forces, using electrogoniometry and a force platform.
Rapid increases in digital venous pressures to maximal values were observed immediately before maximal forces during the support period of the stride. At the trot, increases in peak vertical forces were paralleled by increases in peak digital venous pressures. Seemingly, the hydrodynamics of the digital circulatory system help to dissipate the initial impact of hoof strike at the walk and the trot.
Stimulation and killing of bovine mononuclear leukocytes by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)
Authors: Banks Keith L. , Michaels Frank H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine adherent mononuclear leukocytes were incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps) in vitro, and these cells produced a factor that increased the blastogenic reaction of mouse thymocytes to concanavalin A. This factor most resembles interleukin 1. The lps were also cytotoxic for bovine adherent mononuclear leukocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cytotoxicosis was determined by the release of cytoplasmic lactic dehydrogenase. This cytotoxicosis was blocked by treating the cells with corticosteroids. Variation in the reaction to lps occurred in cells collected from the same cow on different days and from cells collected from different cows.
Arachidonic acid metabolites in milk of cows during acute coliform mastitis
Authors: Anderson K. L. , Kindahl H. , Petroni A. , Smith A. R. , Gustafsson B. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Concentrations of prostaglandin F2α (pgf2α) and thromboxane B2 (txb2) were evaluated in the milk of cows with naturally occurring (n = 3) and experimentally induced (n = 5) acute coliform mastitis. These arachidonic acid metabolites were measured by radioimmunoassay in unextracted milk. Experimental infections were induced by inoculating 600 to 1,200 colony-forming units of Escherichia coli into 1 mammary quarter per experimental cow. In the experimental cows, milk was collected before inoculation and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after inoculation. Somatic cell concentrations, bovine serum albumin, and concentrations of pgf2a and txb2 were determined in milk collected at each sampling.
Mild-to-moderate increases in milk pgf2α and txb2 concentrations were observed in cows with naturally occurring mastitis; the increases corresponded to the clinical severity and course of mastitis. In the experimental cows, increases in milk pgf2α and txb2 concentrations were observed, but the increases were not significant, using a statistical model that included factors of treatment, cows, hours after inoculation, cows-by-treatment and hours-by-treatment interactions, and random error (residual).
Results of the present study indicated a large biological variability in milk arachidonic acid metabolite concentrations in cows with acute coliform mastitis, and that arachidonic acid metabolites may be important in the pathophysiologic process of acute coliform mastitis.
Mechanism of renal excretion of creatinine by the pony
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Groves Carlotta 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Free-flow and stop-flow procedures conducted on 2 female and 2 testosterone-treated castrated male ponies indicated that [14C]inulin and exogenous creatinine clearance values were the same. These results indicated that creatinine was neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the renal tubules and that exogenous creatinine clearance was an accurate method for determining glomerular filtration rate. As in other species which have been studied, endogenous creatinine clearance probably underestimated glomerular filtration rate because of the presence of noncreatin-ine chromogens in plasma.