bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soluble new optically active polyamides derived from 5‐(4‐methyl‐2‐phthalimidylpentanoylamino)isophthalic acid and different diisocyanates under microwave irradiation in molten ionic liquid
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Dinari Mohammad 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIonic liquids (IL)s have been generating increasing attention over the last decade. ILs were originally introduced as alternative green reaction media owing to their distinctive chemical and physical properties of nonvolatility, nonflammability, thermal stability, and controlled miscibility. In this investigation, 5‐(4‐methyl‐2‐phthalimidyl‐pentanoylamino)isophthalic acid (6), as a bulky monomer, containing phthalimide and flexible chiral groups, has been synthesized. The direct polycondensation of this diacid monomer with several aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanates, such as 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate), toluylene‐2,4‐diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, and hexamethylene diisocyanate, was carried out in tetrabutylammonium bromide as a molten IL in the presence of different catalysts under microwave irradiation as well as conventional heating. The resulting polyamides (PA)s were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, inherent viscosity measurements, thermal and elemental analysis. The obtained PAs showed high yields and moderate inherent viscosities in a range of 0.32–0.57 dL g−1. The PAs were soluble in aprotic polar solvents. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that PAs are thermally stable, 10% weight loss temperatures in excess of 240 and 245°C, and char yields at 600°C in nitrogen higher than 14%. Since toxic and volatile solvent such as NMP was eliminated, this process was safe and green. It is very important to note that, because of high polarizability of ILs, they are very good solvents for absorbing microwaves. The combination of IL and microwave irradiation leads to large reductions in reaction times, very high heating rate with various benefits of the eco‐friendly approach, named green chemistry. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Carboxylmethylcellulose/bentonite composite gels: Water sorption behavior and controlled release of herbicide
Authors: Li Jianfa , Lu Jinhong , Li Yimin 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe composite gels were prepared by adding bentonite or its acid‐activated derivative into the carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC) gel, and the resulted products were characterized with infrared spectroscopy. Different from ordinary swellable hydrogels, the CMC/bentonite hydrogel beads shrinked in water. The water sorption of dried gels was limited below 120% of their own weight, and a sorption equilibrium reached quickly within 20–40 min. The water of swollen gels exists mainly in bound status according to the DSC analysis. The release experiments in water were carried out to evaluate the release of herbicide metolachlor from gel formulations. The release mechanism dominated by a Fickian diffusion might be related to the quick and limited swelling of dried gels. Addition of bentonites in CMC gel is beneficial for slowing the release of metolachlor, especially when the acid‐activated bentonite was added. The time taken for 50% of metolachlor to be released, t50 was prolonged to 158 h for the composite gel formulation based on acid‐activated bentonite from the 61.1 h for pure CMC gel formulation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Energetic Silver Salts with 5‐Aminotetrazole Ligands
Authors: Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Klapötke Thomas M. , Miró Sabaté Carles 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMethylation of 5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazole (1) gives 1‐methyl‐5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazole (2) and 2‐methyl‐5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazole (3). A new family of energetic silver complexes based on ligands1,2and3with perchlorate and nitrate anions (10–15) were synthesized and characterized by using IR, Raman, and NMR (1H,13C,14N, and35Cl NMR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. The crystal structures of the compounds were determined where possible and reveal interesting structural details that are discussed herein. Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry was used to assess the thermal stability of the new salts, which showed excellent thermal stabilities at temperatures up to and above 225 °C. Standard tests were also used to assess the sensitivity of the materials towards impact and friction. All the silver complexes showed increased sensitivity values in comparison with analogous protonated 5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazolium perchlorate and nitrate salts. Some of these materials have sensitivity values that are comparable to commonly used primary explosives and all of them either deflagrate (12–14) or detonate loudly (10and11) on contact with an open flame. Lastly, nitrate salt11is easily initiated by thermal shock. It shows reasonably low sensitivity in comparison with other silver salts (e.g., silver azide or silver fulminate), which makes handling it much less hazardous. Compound11also has good thermal stability, decomposing at ≈300 °C, and shows interesting properties as a more environmentally benign alternative to lead(II) diazide in initiation devices for civil and military applications.
Measurement and calculation of the rate constant for the reaction of isopropyl isocyanate with hydroxyl radical
Authors: Parker James K. , Espada‐Jallad Cyntia , Parker Claudia L. , Witt John D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe rate constant for the gas‐phase reaction of hydroxyl radical with isopropyl isocyanate (IIC) has been measured, relative to toluene, in the T = 287–321 K range at atmospheric pressure in air. Ultraviolet photolysis of methyl nitrite served as the source of hydroxyl radical. The experimental Arrhenius expression obtained for this reaction is 7.09 × 10−13× exp[(307 ± 263)/T] cm3molecule−1s−1, where the indicated error is one least‐squares standard deviation and does not include the uncertainty in the rate constant for toluene. Multilevel ab initio calculations, performed at the MP‐SAC2 level, indicate that hydrogen atom transfer from the tertiary carbon atom occurs without an energy barrier, in agreement with the experimentally observed slight negative temperature dependence of the rate constant. The calculations indicate that hydrogen‐bonded complexes of IIC and OH form in the reactant entrance channels along the minimum‐energy paths. Use of conventional transition state theory and MP‐SAC2 scaled transition state relative energies, with an asymmetric Eckart tunneling model for transfer of a hydrogen atom from a methyl group, yields a theoretical rate constant of 1.81 × 10−18× T2× exp(744/T) cm3molecule−1s−1in the T = 200–350 K range. From the rate constant data, an estimated upper limit for the tropospheric lifetime of IIC is determined as 6.0 days at 15°C, based on the global weighted‐average OH concentration of 9.4 × 105molecules cm−3determined by Prinn et al. (Science2001, 292, 1882–1888). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 187–197, 2009
Theoretical studies of the gas‐phase pyrolysis kinetics of ω‐bromonitriles, ZCH2CH2Br [Z = NC, NCCH2, NCCH2CH2]
Authors: Rojas Jose R. , Loroño Marcos , Mora Jose R. , Dominguez Rosa M. , Cordova Tania , Chuchani Gabriel 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe gas‐phase elimination of several ω‐bromonitriles (ZCH2CH2Br, Z = NC, NCCH2, NCCH2CH2) has been examined at the MP2/6‐31G(d,p), MP2/6‐31G(2d,2p), B3PW91/6‐31G(2d,2p), and MPW91PW91/6‐31(2p,2d) levels of theory. The bromonitriles yield the corresponding cyano‐olefin and HBr gas in a rate‐determining step. The MPW91PW91/6‐31G(2p,2d) results suggest a concerted mechanism, with a polar, four‐membered transition state. The calculated kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were found to be within reasonable agreement with the experimental determinations. Substituent effects are discussed in terms of electronic structure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 168–175, 2009
Immune manipulation of advanced breast cancer: An interpretative model of the relationship between immune system and tumor cell biology
Authors: Nicolini Andrea , Carpi Angelo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis review summarizes some recent clinical immunological approaches with cytokines and/or antibodies for therapy of advanced breast cancer. It considers the recent advances in genetics and molecular tumor biology related to impaired immunosurveillance involving cytokines and growth factors to explain clinical results. Evasion of the host immune attack might be induced by the following groups of mechanisms: (a) tumor dependent (genomic instability, HLA class I antigen abnormalities, upregulation of fetal type nonclassical HLA class I molecules, epitope immunodominance, apoptosis inhibition by defective death receptor signaling, apoptosis of activated T cells, tumor cannibalism and constitutive activation of signal transducer, and activator of transcription‐3 (Stat 3) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐kB) signaling); (b) host dependent (CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (T reg), CD4+ T cells anergy, Th2 antitumor immunity diversion and myeloid suppressor cells); (c) tumor and host dependent (lack of co‐stimulation molecules, immunosuppressive cytokines (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)‐10, prostaglandin (PG)E2, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β)). Cytokines and growth factors are involved in virtually all three types of mechanisms. These mechanisms are integrated with the current knowledge of tumor growth and inhibited apoptosis primarily mediated by cytokines and growth factors to propose an interpretation of the relationships among tumor cells, tumor stroma, and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes. Tumor growth, defective immunorecognition and immunosuppression are the three principal effects considered responsible for immune evasion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 29, No. 3, 436‐471, 2009
A label‐free internal standard method for the differential analysis of bioactive lupin proteins using nano HPLC‐Chip coupled with Ion Trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Brambilla Francesca , Resta Donatella , Isak Ilena , Zanotti Marco , Arnoldi Anna 
Published: December 2008

AbstractQuantitative proteomics based on MS is useful for pointing out the differences in some food proteomes relevant to human nutrition. Stable isotope label‐free (SIF) techniques are suitable for comparing an unlimited number of samples by the use of relatively simple experimental workflows. We have developed an internal standard label‐free method based on the intensities of peptide precursor ions from MS/MS spectra, collected in data dependent runs, for the simultaneous qualitative characterization and relative quantification of storage proteins of Lupinus albus seeds in protein extracts of four lupin cultivars (cv Adam, Arés, Lucky, Multitalia). The use of an innovative microfluidic system, the HPLC‐Chip, coupled with a classical IT mass spectrometer, has allowed a complete qualitative characterization of all proteins. In particular, the homology search mode has permitted to identify single amino acid substitutions in the sequences of vicilins (β‐conglutin precursor and vicilin‐like protein). The MS/MS sequencing of substituted peptides confirms the high heterogeneity of vicilins according to the peculiar characteristics of the vicilin‐encoding gene family. Two suitable bioinformatics parameters were optimized for the differential analyses of the main bioactive proteins: the “normalized protein average of common reproducible peptides” (N‐ACRP) for γ‐conglutin, which is a homogeneous protein, and the “normalized protein mean peptide spectral intensity” (N‐MEAN) for the highly heterogenous class of the vicilins.
Investigating sample pooling strategies for DIGE experiments to address biological variability
Authors: Karp Natasha A. , Lilley Kathryn S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIf biological questions are to be answered using quantitative proteomics, it is essential to design experiments which have sufficient power to be able to detect changes in expression. Sample subpooling is a strategy that can be used to reduce the variance but still allow studies to encompass biological variation. Underlying sample pooling strategies is the biological averaging assumption that the measurements taken on the pool are equal to the average of the measurements taken on the individuals. This study finds no evidence of a systematic bias triggered by sample pooling for DIGE and that pooling can be useful in reducing biological variation. For the first time in quantitative proteomics, the two sources of variance were decoupled and it was found that technical variance predominates for mouse brain, while biological variance predominates for human brain. A power analysis found that as the number of individuals pooled increased, then the number of replicates needed declined but the number of biological samples increased. Repeat measures of biological samples decreased the numbers of samples required but increased the number of gels needed. An example cost benefit analysis demonstrates how researchers can optimise their experiments while taking into account the available resources.
Proteomics Data Collection – 4th ProDaC Workshop 15 August 2008, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Authors: Eisenacher Martin , Kohl Michael , Martens Lennart , Barsnes Harald , Hardt Tanja , Levander Fredrik , Häkkinen Jari , Apweiler Rolf , Meyer Helmut E. , Stephan Christian 
Published: December 2008

AbstractProDaC (Proteomics Data Collection), a “Coordination Action” within the 6th EU framework programme, was created to support the collection, distribution and public availability of data from proteomics experiments. Within the consortium standards are created and maintained enabling an extensive data collection within the proteomics community. Important elements of ProDaC are workshops held twice a year to allow communication between the ProDaC partners and to report the ongoing progress. The most recent assembly was the 4th ProDaC workshop on August 15th, 2008, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. It took place directly before the 7th HUPO Annual World Congress (Human Proteome Organisation). Work package coordinators and partners presented the progress achieved since the last meeting. Additionally, an EU official presented funding opportunities for proteomics in the next EU framework programme and five external speakers presented talks about their work in relation to ProDaC.
The 1939–1940 New York World's Fair and the transformation of the American science extracurriculum
Authors: Terzian Sevan G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAt the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair, several thousand boys and girls, all members of a growing national network of high school science and engineering clubs, displayed their science fair projects and conducted live experiments to more than 10 million visitors. Housed in the building sponsored by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, their exhibits depicted a wide range of scientific phenomena. They also represented the conflicting values of science educators and industrialists about the societal worth of science education. In some instances, students' projects and laboratory activities prized hands‐on learning and aimed to abet widespread rational thinking for democratic citizenship, which reflected the civic priorities of Progressive science educators. In other cases, science was presented as a magical spectacle with consumer applications intended to entertain and inspire the public's confidence in American industry and scientific experts. Ultimately, the corporate sponsorship of the high school science extracurriculum at the World's Fair marked a turning point when the Progressive purposes of science education began to give way to “manpower” and “professionalist” ends that aligned with the nation's economic and military imperatives. This historical episode also anticipated recent proposals to reform science education in the United States and ideas about scientific learning in museum settings. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 93:892–914, 2009
Service Oriented Architectures, the DoD Architecture Framework 1.5, and Executable Architectures
Authors: Wagenhals Lee W. , Levis Alexander H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe Department of Defense (DoD) has defined a Net Centric Warfare concept to help lead the way in the transformation of DoD capabilities in the information age. Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) has been selected as an approach for achieving many of the goals of this transformation. The DoD has created a major revision in its DoD Architecture Framework (DoDAF) that enables the inclusion of SOA. This paper describes a process for creating a DoDAF 1.5 compliant architecture that includes the description of the SOA aspects, a mapping and a process for converting that architecture to an executable model, and the use of that executable model in the evaluation of logical, behavioral, and performance aspects of the architecture. The concepts are illustrated with a detailed Case Study. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Einstein in Portugal: Eddington's expedition to Principe and the reactions of Portuguese astronomers (1917–25)
Authors: MOTA ELSA , CRAWFORD PAULO , SIMÕES ANA 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAmong various case studies addressing the reception of relativity, very few deal with Portugal at either the international or the national level. The national literature on the topic has mainly concentrated on the reactions to relativity of the Portuguese mathematical community. The absence of Portuguese astronomers alongside Eddington during the 1919 expedition to Principe, then a Portuguese island, has been implicitly equated with the astronomical community's lack of interest in the event. In reception studies dealing with general relativity, analysis has tended to focus on the physics and mathematics communities, less on the astronomers. Given that relativity was born at the interface of physics, mathematics and astronomy, reactions of members of these scientific communities depended on differences in shared traditions, values, problems and expectations, as well as on individual practitioners' idiosyncrasies. This paper addresses the contributions of the overlooked Portuguese astronomical community, evaluates the actions and reactions of its members to the expedition and assesses their role in the process of appropriation of relativity.
DEATH, NATIONAL MEMORY AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF HEROISM
Authors: ADEBANWI WALE 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAncestors occupy a central place in African cosmologies and social practices. The death and the remembrance of Lt-Col. Adekunle Fajuyi, the Military Governor of Western Nigeria who was killed during a military coup in 1966, is used in this essay to critique the assumptions in the literature about ancestors, by linking the recent dead with the long dead in a lineage of ancestral practices. I focus on the ways in which Fajuyi's death was used in constructing ethno-national memory and history in the context of 21st-century challenges faced by the Yoruba in national politics, particularly in relation to unequal ethno-regional relations. Here, I attempt to historicize commemoration as a ritual of ethno-national validation.
THE OKIJA SHRINE: DEATH AND LIFE IN NIGERIAN POLITICS
Authors: ELLIS STEPHEN 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe Nigerian police discovered dozens of corpses at a shrine in Anambra State, in southeastern Nigeria, in 2004. There were suggestions in the many newspapers covering the story that these were evidence of what Nigerians call ‘ritual murders’. In fact, the corpses almost certainly were of people who had died elsewhere and been removed to the shrine only subsequently. However, the revelation that senior political figures had attended the Okija shrine and sworn oaths there drew attention to an informal politics in which traditional shrines credited with powers of life and death may play an important role, of interest even to national politicians. Discerning why this is so entails considering the long-term effects of the colonial policy of Indirect Rule and the subsequent development of a clandestine political system in which local religious institutions sometimes play an important role.
DEATH AND DYING IN THE HISTORY OF AFRICA SINCE 1800
Authors: LEE REBEKAH , VAUGHAN MEGAN 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIn this Introduction to the Special Issue on Death in African History we explore issues raised by the existing literature and suggest ways forward for future research. Death has long been a central concern of social anthropological writing on African societies, and of the extensive literature on African belief systems. Until recently, however, little attention has been paid to the history of death practices in Africa in relation to demographic change, urbanization, the interventions of the colonial and postcolonial state and the availability of new technologies. We explore the ways in which these forces have contributed to re-inventions of practices and beliefs surrounding death which are both self-evidently ‘modern’ and yet also rooted in a much longer history.
Review of recent research (2002–2008) on applied linguistics and language teaching with specific reference to L2 German (part 1)
Authors: Eckerth Johannes , Schramm Karen , Tschirner Erwin 
Published: December 2008

Angesichts gegenwärtiger Entwicklungen innerhalb des Lehr- und Forschungsgebietes Deutsch als Fremdsprache (DaF)/German as a Foreign Language (GFL) als auch im Lichte politischer Entwicklungen, die weiterhin einen deutlichen Einfluss darauf ausüben, wie DaF verbreitet, gelehrt, gelernt und evaluiert wird, scheint eine kritische Bewertung von im Zeitraum 2002–2008 veröffentlichter DaF-Forschungsbeiträge zeitgemäβ und angebracht. Empirische Forschung zu Deutsch als Fremdsprache versteht sich nicht als isoliertes Forschungsfeld das primär oder gar ausschlieβlich mit seinen kulturell, strukturell und politisch bedingten Besonderheiten beschäftigt ist, sondern vielmehr als ein substantieller Beitrag zur internationalen Zweitsprachenerwerbsforschung, Fremdsprachenunterrichtsforschung und Angewandten Linguistik. Der erste Teil unseres Forschungsüberblicks behandelt den Erwerb grammatischer und pragmatischer Aspekte des Deutschen als Fremdsprache als auch individuelle Unterschiede und Präferenzen wie Alter, Motivation und Lernerstrategien. Im Mittelpunkt des zweiten Teils stehen Forschungsbeiträge die den Einfluss kontextueller Faktoren und methodisch-didaktischer Entscheidungen auf die Bedingungen, den Prozess und das Resultat fremdsprachlichen Lernens untersuchen. Überlegungen zu alternativen, widersprüchlichen oder gar unvereinbaren epistomologischen Grundannahmen sowie einen Ausblick auf die gegenwärtige wie zukünftige Sprachenpolitik beschlieβt den zweiten Teil unseres Forschungsüberblicks.This review of research on the learning, teaching, and assessment of L2 German published or completed between 2002 and 2008 may be particularly timely due to developments from within the profession as well as recent political changes which continue to have a strong bearing on the way L2 German is promoted, learned, taught and assessed. Far from representing an isolated field of research concerned only with the requirements and policies of its own subject matter, empirical research into L2 German now contributes greatly to the wider field of research in L2 acquisition, applied linguistics, and foreign language teaching. Part one of this article covers studies on the acquisition of grammatical and pragmatic aspects as well as individual differences and choices such as age, motivation, and learner strategies. Part two will cover research concerned with the impact of contextual factors and pedagogical choices on learning conditions, learning processes, and learning outcomes. A consideration of competing, conflicting, or even incommensurable epistemological frameworks as well as an outlook on current and future language policy will conclude part two.