bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Control of Reperfusion Effectively Protects Against Reperfusion Injury in a Realistic Rodent Model of Acute Limb Ischemia
Authors: Dick Florian , Li Jianhui , Giraud Marie-Noëlle , Kalka Christoph , Schmidli Juerg , Tevaearai Hendrik 
Published: October 2008

Background—Reperfusion injury is insufficiently addressed in current clinical management of acute limb ischemia. Controlled reperfusion carries an enormous clinical potential and was tested in a new reality-driven rodent model.Methods and Results—Acute hind-limb ischemia was induced in Wistar rats and maintained for 4 hours. Unlike previous tourniquets models, femoral vessels were surgically prepared to facilitate controlled reperfusion and to prevent venous stasis. Rats were randomized into an experimental group (n=7), in which limbs were selectively perfused with a cooled isotone heparin solution at a limited flow rate before blood flow was restored, and a conventional group (n=7; uncontrolled blood reperfusion). Rats were killed 4 hours after blood reperfusion. Nonischemic limbs served as controls. Ischemia/reperfusion injury was significant in both groups; total wet-to-dry ratio was 159±44% of normal (P=0.016), whereas muscle viability and contraction force were reduced to 65±13% (P=0.016) and 45±34% (P=0.045), respectively. Controlled reperfusion, however, attenuated reperfusion injury significantly. Tissue edema was less pronounced (132±16% versus 185±42%;P=0.011) and muscle viability (74±11% versus 57±9%;P=0.004) and contraction force (68±40% versus 26±7%;P=0.045) were better preserved than after uncontrolled reperfusion. Moreover, subsequent blood circulation as assessed by laser Doppler recovered completely after controlled reperfusion but stayed durably impaired after uncontrolled reperfusion (P=0.027).Conclusions—Reperfusion injury was significantly alleviated by basic modifications of the initial reperfusion period in a new in vivo model of acute limb ischemia. With this model, systematic optimizations of according protocols may eventually translate into improved clinical management of acute limb ischemia.
rarae fidei atque singularis pudicitiae femina—The Figure of Plotina in Apuleius' Novel (Metamorphoses 7.6-7)
Authors:   Müller-Reineke
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe character of Plotina is introduced to the reader in book 7 of Apuleius' novel in a tale told by Tlepolemus (in the disguise of the bandit Haemus) to the band of robbers in order to rescue his kidnapped fiancée Charite. Compared to most of the other female characters in the Metamorphoses this Plotina is quite unique in her chastity and marital devotion, but she also displays manly qualities. In this paper it is argued that Apuleius has chosen the name Plotina for his character on purpose, mirroring the historical model of the wife of the emperor Trajan, Pompeia Plotina, who likewise was a woman of virtue, but whose active involvement in Hadrian's adoption remains an ambiguous trait. In the second part of the paper it is demonstrated how Plotina as an ideal wife also reveals a possible key to Lucius' salvation.
Allusion and Meaning in Statius: Five Notes on Silvae 1
Authors: Marshall Adam 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article functions as a preliminary to a detailed commentary on Statius, Silvae 1, discussing five passages all drawn from that book (1.1.18-21, 1.3.83-9, 1.3.99-104, 1.5.1-5 and 1.5.10-4). The five passages discussed all contain layers of literary allusion which, it is suggested, point the reader towards a fuller and richer interpretation of the text.
Metapoetics, Poetic Tradition, and Praise in Pindar Olympian 9
Authors: Pavlou Maria 
Published: October 2008

AbstractScholarly discussions of Pindar's Olympian 9 normally examine the opening reference to Archilochus' kallinikos hymn, the mythical exemplum of Heracles' theomachy, and the narrative of the foundation of Opus separately. The present study will attempt to examine these references together, as forming a dynamic whole. As will become clear, such an approach can provide a more successful reading of the poem because it accounts better for its constituent parts, better integrates metapoetry and poetry throughout, and offers valuable insights into Pindar's attitude towards previous poetry and tradition in general.
A Competition in Praise: An Allusion to Simon. fr. 11 W2 in Theoc. Id. 22.214-23
Authors: Kowerski Lawrence 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the epilogue to Idyll 22, the hymn to the Dioscuri, Theocritus makes poetic claims concerning the reciprocity between poets and their laudandi. In making these claims, he compares himself with Homer, a comparison which has puzzled readers. This paper suggests that we can understand this comparison by recognizing how this epilogue engages with the elegiac poem by Simonides represented by fr. 11 W2, which belongs to the so-called new Simonides. Alexander Sens (1997) has observed that both passages contain a programmatic comparison with Homer. Pushing this observation, I argue that these parallels constitute an allusion to Simonides' composition which serves two purposes. First, it provides a parallel for Theocritus' comparison with Homer. Second, it introduces the anecdotal tradition concerning Simonides and the Dioscuri at a disastrous banquet in Thessaly, known most fully from Cicero and Quintilian, but also found in the Hellenistic era. By introducing this anecdote, Theocritus shows that his comparison with Homer is part of a literary game concerned with praising the Dioscuri. Through the allusion to Simonides, Theocritus positions himself as the winner in this game by reminding his laudandi that he has praised them better than either Homer or Simonides.
Emending Aratus' Insomnia: Callimachus Epigr. 27
Authors: Stewart Selina 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCallimachus' epigram Epigr. 27 Pf. (= AP 9.507, Gow-Page 56) in praise of Aratus is notoriously difficult of interpretation, but it is hoped that a new emendation and interpretation of the fourth line will resolve some of the difficulties, as well as lead us to a new interpretation of Meleager's reference to Aratus in AP 4.1. After discussion of the merits of manuscript readings and previous emendations of Epigr. 27, an emendation of a single letter in the penultimate word is proposed and supported by arguments based on scholia and citations from pre- and post-Callimachean texts, including Aratus' Phaenomena, the subject of the epigram in question. Finally it is argued that a dialectal jeu d'esprit based on Aratus' name in the second line of the Phaenomena is also present in Epigr. 27.4 and echoed by Meleager in AP 4.1.49.
Cultural History of Early Modern Streets—An Introduction
Authors: Laitinen Riitta , Cohen Thomas 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe articles in this collection deal with the early modern street—a public space that was never completely separate from other public spaces, or indeed from private spaces. This introduction presents central themes for the following six articles that explore the history of the street in various European towns. Public and private, order and disorder, and control and hierarchy are discussed, and the inextricable link between the material and the immaterial in the history of the street is emphasized.
Urban Landscapes: Houses, Streets and Squares of 18th Century Lisbon
Authors: Barreiros Maria Helena 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article retraces Lisbon's urban evolution, both planned and spontaneous, from the beginning of the Age of Discovery until the first decades of the 19th century. It highlights the 1755 earthquake as a powerful agent of transformation of Lisbon, both of the city's image and architecture and of street life. The article begins by summing up urban policies and urban planning from Manuel I's reign (1495-1521) to João V's (1707-1750); it goes on to depict Lisbon's daily life during the Ancien Regime, focusing on the uses of public and private spaces by common people. The Pombaline plans for the rebuilding of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake are reappraised, stressing the radically original morphology and functions of the new streets and housing types. The contrast between pre- and post-1755 Lisbon's public spaces is sharp, in both their design and use, and gradually streetscape became increasely regulated in accordance with emergent bourgeois social and urban values. More than a century later, the city's late 19th- and early 20th-century urban development still bore the mark of Pombaline plans, made just after 1755, for the revived Portuguese capital.
Mechanisms of the Hue and Cry in Kolozsvár in the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Bálint Emese 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis essay looks at a voluntary form of law enforcement based on trial records of late sixteenth-century Kolozsvár. It reconstructs mechanisms of hue and cry to show how social processes of control touched on culture and bore on the articulation of public and private domains in the early modern town. In witnesses' depositions hue and cry emerges as a customary practice with agents who could equally engage public opinion on behalf of victims against law-breakers, or make the system fail, and turn against the denouncer. Special attention is paid to the ways the town's landscape and soundscape interacted with raising the hue and cry. People's moves in response to the outcry effaced the usual divide between in and out, between domestic space and street, so with hue and cry, street and house, normally distinct, merged in ways otherwise abnormal.
Urban Order and Street Regulation in Seventeenth-Century Sweden
Authors: Laitinen Riitta , Lindström Dag 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article examines how, in the early modern towns of Stockholm and Åbo, royal interests, town planning, street building and maintenance, and street behavior related to ideas and ideals of urban order. Town laws and ordinances, royal letters and some town court records are employed to tell a story of royal interest in well-ordered, impressive, successful towns; various street plans for the capital and the smaller provincial towns; and the varying execution of renewal plans. It is evident that the capital was to reflect the royal person and the state and that streets and street behaviour were important in this regard. But in towns outside the capital, especially in concrete street maintenance, the centrality of streets does not clearly emerge. The burghers in towns operated as individuals—there was no bottom-up or top-down plan or supervision.
To Pray, To Work, To Hear, To Speak: Women in Roman Streets c. 1600
Authors: Cohen Elizabeth 
Published: October 2008

AbstractUsing pictures, city regulations, and judicial records, this essay claims a place for women of varying rank and status in the street life of early modern Rome. It revises the conventional binary of male public realms and female domesticity that, reinforced by scholarly expectations of Mediterranean gendered seclusion, obscures a necessary female presence in the city. In urban spaces outside their homes beggars, prostitutes, servants, working wives, nubile daughters, and even gentlewomen faced risks, but also cadged opportunities. Though excluded from government and corporate decision-making, women routinely ventured into the streets in pursuit of many goals: heavenly salvation, earthly livelihood, neighborly support, vital information, or momentary pleasure. While Rome's patterns of physical and demographic growth distinguished it in important respects from other Italian cities, it is nevertheless likely that, as in Venice, these female uses of urban space had analogues elsewhere.
Gossip and Street Culture in Early Modern Venice
Authors: Cowan Alexander 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis is a study of the spatial, social and cultural context of gossip in early modern Venice based on oral testimony to the magistracy of the Avogaria di Comun, and centering on the making of marriages. Recent studies in sociology and anthropology suggest that gossip was part of a complex system of social relationships, particularly within an urban context. Far from being an exclusively female practice, both men and women engaged in gossip, and this exchange of information has much to tell us about a range of social norms. A consideration of the spatial locations within which gossip took place concludes that the circulation of information undermined formal distinctions between the public and the private. It also emphasizes both the importance of visual observation in starting a chain of comments based first on unspoken assumptions, and the role of individuals in deliberately supplying information about themselves to gossip networks.
To See and To Be Seen: Beauty in the Early Modern London Street
Authors: Korhonen Anu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article discusses physical beauty and its presence in early modern London streets. Based mainly on the evidence of sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century printed literature, it concentrates on how good looks, visibility, and gender were thought to interact in encounters between gazers and the gazed at. Treating the street as both physical space and a metaphor for visibility, it suggests three perspectives through which the relationship between beauty and gender could be approached: firstly, men looking at beauty and reacting to it; secondly, women as spectacle; and thirdly, women's active participation in these exchanges in the streets. Beauty narratives informed the early modern gaze when it confronted the urban scene, assigned affective content to these visual encounters, and inscribed both the seer and the seen with cultural meaning. Viewed as an active process of communication and interpretation, beauty becomes a fundamental category for understanding the cultural history of the street.
The Anaphora and the Thanksgiving Prayer from the Barcelona Papyrus: An Underestimated Testimony to the Anaphoral History in the Fourth Century
Authors: Zheltov Michael 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNew critical text edition (with translation and a commentary) of the oldest extant manuscript containing a complete set of prayers, P.Monts.Roca inv. 154b-157b. This text is of prime importance for liturgical studies, especially of anaphoral development.
Did Pseudo-Dionysius Live in Constantinople?
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article aims to reopen and advance the discussion of the geographic location of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, the author of the Corpus Dionysiacum. While various locales, for example, Antioch and Alexandria, have been proposed, none of the hypotheses about Dionysius's identity and location has to date gained the universal acceptance among scholars. This study shows that the baptismal rites described in the second chapter of Pseudo-Dionysius's Ecclesiastical Hierarchy and in the fifth century Ordo of Constantinople, recorded in the Euchologion Barberini gr. 336, have several unique features in common, such as the threefold renunciation of Satan, balanced by the threefold profession of faith, and the blessing of the baptismal water with the consecrated oil. These features are not attested by any other source contemporary or earlier than the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy and the material of the Ordo. Based on these unique similarities the author advances a new hypothesis that Pseudo-Dionysius describes a Constantinopolitan rite and very likely lived in Constantinople at some point in his career. Six objections to this hypothesis are considered and answered in the second part of the paper.
The Young Augustine's Knowledge of Manichaeism: An Analysis of the Confessiones and Some Other Relevant Texts
Authors: van Oort Johannes 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMainly on the basis of an analysis of the relevant passages in the Confessiones, this article argues: 1. that already the young Augustine, during his years as a Manichaean Hearer, acquired a thorough knowledge of Manichaeism; 2. that he obtained this thorough knowledge by his own reading and studying of Mani's and other Manichaean works. Moreover, it is argued that, in all likelihood, Augustine's Confessiones testify to the existence in the Latin West of Mani's so-called Image, the painted picture book illustrating his Gnostic doctrine.
The Evolution of International Negotiation Processes
Authors: Meerts Paul , Cohen Raymond 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article looks at the evolution of international negotiation. The practice of negotiation between sovereigns goes back at least 4,500 years. Detailed cases are found in the royal archives of Mari from the time of the Babylonian lawgiver Hammurabi and in the el-Amarna archives of the pharaohs. Though the protocol and substance of negotiation have changed over time, there is striking continuity of structure and process. Argumentation has not changed much. The study of well-documented historical examples can therefore deepen and enrich our understanding of negotiating. In modern European history we can detect, alongside recognizable and constant features of negotiation, elements that have evolved over time. We identify four features of the international system that have impacted the evolution of international negotiation in recent centuries: technological development, international regime change, growing trust and transparency, and the enhanced, autonomous role of small powers.
The Utrecht Negotiations in Perspective: The Hope of Happiness for the World
Authors: Beeuwkes Peter , Meerts Paul 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe Peace Negotiations in the Dutch city of Utrecht (1712–13) and its preliminaries settled the Spanish War of Succession and were used to deal with leftovers of the Westphalia Treaties. More importantly, the peace talks in Utrecht gave the major West European powers the opportunity to create an international framework enhancing stability and cooperation in Europe. The Utrecht talks are analyzed to assess the evolution of the negotiation process. The discussion enhances our understanding of international interstate negotiation processes of the past and, thereby, of the present.
Claude de Mesmes, Count d'Avaux (1595–1650): The Perfect Ambassador of the Early 17th Century
Authors: Tischer Anuschka 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the 17th century there was no professional diplomacy: a mission as envoy or ambassador was part of a broader political or administrative career. Many politicians still neglected the importance of permanent diplomacy. Thus, there was no training, and few ambassadors had solid experience in foreign traditions and languages or in methods of diplomatic negotiations. It was rather accidental when a man from a well established Parisian family, like Claude de Mesmes, Count d'Avaux (1595–1650), served France abroad for more than 20 years. At the climax of his career, at the Congress of Westphalia, he was in many ways what we today think a good diplomat should be: open minded, smooth, compromising. In the 17th century, however, these were no criteria for the choice of an ambassador. Moreover, French governments prior to Louis XIV allowed their ambassadors to influence foreign affairs, and d'Avaux could even establish a network of his confidents in the diplomatic service. The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 was thus a result not only of governmental orders, but of a competition between d'Avaux and his rival and coambassador Abel Servien.
Negotiation, Mediation and other Non-Juridical Ways of Managing Conflicts in Pre-Colonial West African Societies
Authors: Kouassi Edmond Kwam 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAfrican societies developed a wide range of conflict management, prevention, and termination methods as a basis for the negotiation of disputes well before the arrival of colonial rule. Many of these methods are similar to those practiced elsewhere, whereas others are indigenous to Africa.
How Was the Fifth European Union Enlargement Actually Negotiated? A Comparative Analysis of Selected Traits
Authors: Smolinski Remigiusz 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDespite the political and economic importance of the fifth European Union enlargement, not much research has been devoted to the negotiation process that led to this event. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of our survey conducted among politicians and diplomats representing the parties in the accession negotiations. The main objectives of this survey were to identify differences between the negotiating behavior and attitudes of participants and examine differences between the perceptions (self-perception vs. the perception of the negotiation partners) of the negotiating profiles. From the survey data, we gain valuable insights into the negotiation process, particularly into the parties' perceptions of selected traits, such as attitudes, interests, power, climate, team organization, communication, concern for protocol, flexibility, emotion, and time sensitivity, among negotiating profiles.
United Nations Member States' Obligations Towards the ICTY: Arresting and Transferring Lukic, Gotovina, and Zelenovic
Authors: Vicente Alejandra , Gamarra Yolanda 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFull and expedient cooperation of UN member States in the arrest and transfer of war criminals constitutes a key factor in addressing war crimes and providing redress to the victims. Through the analysis of three recent cases of arrests and transfers to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the authors show the legal difficulties and political considerations that some States face when implementing their international obligations to arrest and transfer. The three cases analyzed demonstrate that the arrest and transfer of war criminals is more likely to take place when State authorities are truly committed to cooperate, and act on that commitment by adopting specific domestic legislation to make the process of arresting and transferring smooth and transparent.
The ICC and the Crime of Aggression: A Need to Reconcile the Prerogatives of the SC, the ICC and the ICJ
Authors: Reddi Vimalen 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper proposes a framework under which the ICC should exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression, in view of the much anticipated and impending Review Conference of the Rome Statute. In this context, it examines the potential interaction between the UN Security Council, the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice, in an eventual prosecutorial regime for the crime of aggression. The paper's underlying premise rests on the vindication of an international rule of law, so often dismissed in international relations.
The Human Response in the Creation and Formation of Faith: A Narrative Analysis of John 12:20-50 and its Application to the Doctrine of Justification
Authors: Celsor Scott 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOne area of lingering tension between Lutherans and Roman Catholics on the doctrine of justification relates to the necessity, or even the possibility, of a human response in one's justification. In this article, I argue that the Gospel of John can address this lingering tension and, in doing so, acts as a counter balance to the Pauline corpus. Through narrative and inner-textual analysis, the article claims that John 12:20-50 informs the reader that Christ, the light of the world which allows humanity to see where to walk, has been sent into the world by God the Father. In this critical passage, the point at which the light of Christ is to be taken out of the world, one discovers that John corroborates Catholic concerns that the gift of God's grace, God's light, empowers and requires a human response. Such a response, however, must not be understood as independent of God's gift of grace, or light, both in its origin and continuing efficaciousness.