bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 and Overexpression of its Target Gene CyclinD1 in Laryngeal Carcinomas
Authors: Liu Bin , Ren Zhong , Shi Yang , Guan Chao , Pan Zimin , Zong Zhihong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Constitutive activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 3 has been observed in many solid tumors including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Expression and activation of STAT3 in laryngeal carcinoma have not been fully understood. The study aims to investigate the expression and activation of STAT3 in laryngeal carcinoma, the relationship between activated STAT3 and its downstream target gene CyclinD1 and the related clinicopathological factors of activated STAT3.Study Design: Prospective.Methods: Sixty‐four samples of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and 12 samples of control mucosa obtained from total laryngectomy cases were analyzed using Western blot analysis and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.Results: The overexpression of both STAT3 and CyclinD1 mRNA was observed in all samples of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The mRNA levels of STAT3 and CyclinD1 in carcinoma tissue were 2.1‐ and 2.3‐fold higher than those in control mucosa, respectively; the differences were statistically significant (P < .01). The overexpression of STAT3, p‐STAT3, and CyclinD1 protein was also observed in all tumor samples. The protein levels of STAT3, p‐STAT3, and CyclinD1 in carcinoma tissue were 1.6‐, 4.5‐, and 2.0‐fold higher than those in control mucosa respectively; the differences were statistically significant (P < .01). There was a positive correlation between p‐STAT3 protein and CyclinD1 mRNA (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.827, P < .01). There were significant correlations between the overexpression of p‐STAT3 protein and clinical T stage (P < .01), and tumor size (P < .05). The p‐STAT3 protein level of patients in T1, T2 was higher than that of patients in T3, T4. The p‐STAT3 protein level of patients with tumor size within 20 mm was higher than that of patients with tumor size more than 20 mm.Conclusions: High expression and activation of STAT3 exist in laryngeal carcinomas. Activated STAT3 may take effect on promoting transcription of its downstream target gene CyclinD1. The role of activation of STAT3 in laryngeal carcinogenesis needs further research.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx: 27‐Year Experience
Authors: Liu Tian‐Run , Yang An‐Kui , Guo Xiang , Li Qui‐Li , Song Ming , He Jie‐Hua , Wang Yan‐Hong , Guo Zhu‐Ming , Zhang Quan , Chen Wen‐Quan , Chen Fu‐Jin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: Nasopharyngeal adenoid cystic carcinoma (NACC) is a rare malignancy with special biological features. Clear consensus is not available regarding the clinical characters, management approaches, and prognostic factors. We presented one institution's experience with this tumor and the outcomes of treatment.Study Design: Retrospective clinical analysis.Methods: The medical records of 26 patients with NACC at one institution between 1976 and 2003 were reviewed. Patient records were analyzed for clinical characteristics, management approaches, and outcomes. Survival analysis was performed by Kaplan‐Meier method, comparison between groups was performed using log‐rank test.Results: The lymphatic metastases rate and distant metastases rate were 3.8% and 26.9%, respectively. Epstein‐Barr virus did not have a close relationship to the incidence of NACC. The 5‐year disease free survival rate and overall survival rate (OS) for all patients were 30.3% and 54.8%, respectively. In the stage I, II and III patients, the 5‐year OS were 87.5% and 49.4%, respectively in patients treated mainly by combined surgical treatment with radiotherapy and those treated mainly by radiotherapy. Cranial nerves invasion, advanced stage and nonsurgical treatment indicated a significant worse OS, whereas combined surgical treatment was an independent factor affecting disease free survival rate and OS.Conclusions: NACC is a malignancy with low rate of lymphatic metastases. NACC should be treated by combined surgical operation and radiotherapy. Cranial nerves invasion, stage and treatment approach might be important factors affecting the prognosis of the patients with NACC.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Pregnancy: A Case Series and Review
Authors: Truong Mai Thy , Lalakea M Lauren , Robbins Paul , Friduss Michael 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: To review the clinical significance of primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy including the maternal, fetal, and neonatal sequelae. Additionally, to discuss treatment options and describe three cases where surgical parathyroidectomy was successful for treatment of hyperparathyroidism refractory to medical management during pregnancy.Study Design: Retrospective.Methods: We reviewed three cases of hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy and reviewed the literature.Results: Three women underwent surgical parathyroidectomy during their second and third trimester of pregnancy without any maternal, fetal, or neonatal complications.Conclusions: Hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy may be safely treated with surgical parathyroidectomy if refractory to medical management with low operative risk when performed during the second trimester. This surgical option should be considered in light of the known maternal, fetal, and neonatal risks because of the hypercalcemic state in pregnancy.
Another Cause for Conductive Hearing Loss With Present Acoustic Reflexes
Authors: Ebert Charles S. , Zanation Adam M. , Buchman Craig A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThere are numerous potential causes of conductive hearing loss (HL). It is important to obtain a thorough history and perform a complete examination, including audiometric testing and radiographic evaluation when necessary. In this report, we present a patient with an intact tympanic membrane, no history of ear disease or trauma who as an adult developed progressive, conductive HL because of an anomalous course of a dehiscent facial nerve. In the patient with a conductive HL and at least partially intact reflexes, superior semicircular canal dehiscence, fracture of the stapes superstructure proximal to the tendon, other third window phenomena, and now dehiscence of the facial nerve resulting in decreased mobility of the ossicular chain must be considered.
Errors with Concentrated Epinephrine in Otolaryngology
Authors: Shah Rahul K. , Hoy Elizabeth , Roberson David W. , Nielsen David 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives: Obtain data on errors and adverse events with concentrated epinephrine in otolaryngology.Project Design: Anonymous survey.Methods: Confidential, voluntary, and online survey of Academy members.Results: One hundred twenty‐six surveys were completed. The average length of practice of respondents was 19.6 years (range 1–43 years, SD 9.37 years). In the past year, 16 (12.7%) respondents experienced a problem with misadministration of concentrated epinephrine; 18 (16.4%) additional respondents heard of such an error. Fourteen respondents noted adverse outcomes from these instances, including five mortalities. About 68.9% of respondents are concerned about a potential mix‐up in the administration of concentrated epinephrine during surgery. Forty‐eight respondents reported experiencing an error in their career (average 2.5, SD 4.52, range 1–30 instances).Conclusions: Otolaryngologists are vulnerable to errors in the administration of concentrated epinephrine. Academy members are concerned about preventing these high risk errors. We recommend double checking epinephrine dilution before administration. We also encourage all physicians using concentrated epinephrine to participate in development, implementation, and training insystems to reduce the potential for misadministration ofepinephrine. Hospitals, free standing outpatient surgery centers, and regulatory bodies should consider forcing mechanisms and redundant systems to reduce inadvertent administration of concentrated epinephrine.
Targeted Parathyroidectomy: Effectiveness and Intraoperative Rapid‐Parathormone Dynamics
Authors: Sadeghi Nader , Akin Esma , Lee Jenny Yi , Roland Jason , Knoll Stanley 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of selective parathyroid exploration, using preoperative image localization and intraoperative rapid‐parathormone (rPTH) assay. The kinetics of intraoperative rPTH in parathyroid adenoma vs. multiglandular disease is assessed.Design: This is a prospective noncontrolled study of a cohort of 100 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, at a single academic institution. The patients underwent selective parathyroidectomy after preoperative localization, including sestamibi scan and ultrasonography. Intraoperative rPTH assay was used to determine the extent and success of parathyroidectomy. Frozen sections were used as additional confirmation. Follow‐up serum calcium levels were used to assess the effectiveness of selective parathyroidedcomy.Results: Mean preoperative serum calcium (Ca) and baseline intact‐parathormone were 11.6 mg/dL and 136, respectively. Data were available in 96 cases: 87 single‐gland adenoma with two in ectopic mediastinal position, two double adenoma and seven cases of hyperplasia. Ten percent of patients with adenoma needed bilateral exploration for nonlocalizing or false negative imaging, or for intraoperative rPTH failure to decay. All of the patients undergoing unilateral targeted exploration were normocalcemic on follow up. There were only one failed exploration and two cases of recurrent mild hypercalcemia, all three in bilateral exploration cases. Intraoperative rPTH reduction by standard curves was predictive of successful excision of all of the abnormal glands, as confirmed by postoperative serum calcium levels. More than one postexcision rPTH measurement was useful by showing failure of a decaying slope in multiglandular disease.Conclusion: Targeted parathyroidectomy, when appropriately selected and carried out, is an effective treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in most cases. Intraoperative rPTH can correctly guide removal of hyperfunctioning glands. Targeted parathyroidectomy offers the advantage of less invasive surgery with less tissue dissection confined to one side and avoids surgically disturbing the remainder of the neck. This should reduce postoperative complications and allow for easier and safer re‐exploration in the few cases with persistent or recurrent disease.
The Patulous Eustachian Tube Complicated With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Video Clip Demonstration
Authors: Takasaki Kenji , Kumagami Hidetaka , Umeki Hiroshi , Enatsu Kaori , Takahashi Haruo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe report a 60‐year‐old case diagnosed as the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with patulous eustachian tube (ET). To our knowledge, this is the first case report of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis complicating patulous ET in the literature, demonstrating the movement of the tympanic membrane, the pharyngeal orifice of the ET and abnormal movement of the uvula because of paralysis of the soft palate on video.
Transoral Robotic Surgery Using an Image Guidance System
Authors: Desai Shaun C. , Sung Chih‐Kwang , Genden Eric M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives: To describe a novel technique using the image guidance system for transoral robotic surgery of the pharyngeal and parapharyngeal spaces.Study Design: Case series presentation.Methods: Three cases of oropharyngeal and pharyngeal space lesions are reviewed for presentation, workup, and original management.Results: Final pathology of a vascular malformation, an acinic cell adenocarcinoma, and a squamous cell carcinoma were located and minimally invasively removed by a transoral robotic approach with the aid of image guidance. No complications or recurrences were observed on an average of 7 month follow‐up.Conclusions: Transoral robotic surgery using an image guidance system seems safe and effective in assisting dissection.
Transcanal Antrotomy
Authors: Holt James J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: This study describes a transcanal antrotomy technique and highlights its advantages for removal of disease in the tympanum and antrum.Study Design: Retrospective review of surgical cases using a transcanal antrotomy approach.Methods: The author's database of major otological procedures was reviewed to identify cases in which a transcanal approach was utilized to remove disease confined to the tympanum‐antrum. Cases in which disease progressed into the mastoid, requiring a postauricular approach were excluded. Patient demographics, ear pathology, surgical variables, postoperative variables, and audiometric data were recorded. Standard descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic and clinical characteristics of study cases. Intraoperative video segments were recorded and edited to depict the operative technique.Results: Transcanal antrotomy was performed on 47 patients (mean age = 38.7, 51% men, 49% women). Ossicular reconstruction was performed in 27 patients during initial surgery. Sculptured, interposed incus was used in 77.8% of cases. Average intraoperative time was 130 minutes (range = 79–166 min). No major complications occurred postoperatively. Follow‐up ranged from 26 to 3,680 days (average = 922 days). No patient had recurrent disease in the antrum. Closure of air‐bone gap to within 20 dB occurred in 85% of cases.Conclusions: Transcanal antrotomy is a safe, efficacious, and minimally‐invasive approach to remove disease from the middle ear and antrum. This approach allows for optimal exposure of the antrum and is less invasive than postauricular and endaural approaches. With transcanal antrotomy, second stage procedures can be avoided in many cases resulting in reduced costs and improved quality of life.
Pre‐ and Postoperative Sinus Penetration of Nasal Irrigation
Authors: Grobler Alethea , Weitzel Erik K. , Buele Achim , Jardeleza Camille , Cheong Yew C. , Field John , Wormald Peter‐John 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: Endoscopic sinus surgery is an accepted treatment for medically recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis. Effective saline douching may improve long‐term outcomes of chronic rhinosinusitis but is often impaired by postoperative ostial stenosis. The aim of this study is to determine a critical ostial size at which douching solution reliably enters the sinus cavities.Study Design: Prospective study of consecutive patient cohort.Methods: Seventeen preoperative or well‐healed postoperative endoscopic sinus surgery patients were irrigated with 5 mL blue food coloring mixed with 200 mL buffered saline from a squeeze bottle. The degree of sinus penetration, sinus ostial patency, and ostial size were endoscopically determined.Results: Sinuses penetrated by blue dye had a significantly larger minimal ostial dimension (7.31 mm; 95% confidence interval 5.54–9.08) than those that had no blue dye penetration (1.26 mm; 95% confidence interval 0.86–1.66) as determined by Student t test. Chi‐square analysis showed that operated sinuses were more likely to be penetrated than nonoperated sinuses (P = .0016) and obstructed sinuses (P = .0325). Logistic regression showed a 95% probability of penetration when the minimum ostial dimension is 3.95 mm or greater.Conclusions: Unoperated sinuses or cases with gross sinus ostial obstruction will not be reliably penetrated by sinus irrigant. A 3.95‐mm ostial diameter seems to be the minimum size to guarantee penetration in paranasal sinuses to maximize the potential for topical sinus treatment.
The Treatment for Postirradiation Otitis Media With Effusion: A Study of Three Methods
Authors: Xu Yao‐Dong , Ou Yong‐Kang , Zheng Yi‐Qing , Chen Yong , Ji Shu‐Fang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective: To explore treatments for postirradiation otitis media with effusion (OME) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Study Design: This study is a prospective quasi‐randomized clinical trial.Methods: Ninety‐six patients (135 ears) with OME after the first course of radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma were divided into three groups: simple auripuncture plus aspiration, tympanic membrane fenestration with cauterization, and myringotomy plus grommet insertion. Cure rates and incidences of complications were compared.Results: Two deaths occurred. The other 94 patients (132 ears) finished a 2‐year follow‐up. In group 1, four ears (8.9%) were cured after the first treatment and 17 ears overall (37.8%) were cured by the end of the follow‐up. Twenty ears (44.4%) had persistent fluid, two ears (4.4%) developed chronic suppurative otitis media, and five ears (11.1%) developed dry eardrum perforation. In group 2, seven ears (15.6%) were cured after the first treatment and 21 ears overall (46.7%) were cured by the end of the follow‐up. Fourteen ears (31.1%) had persistent fluid, three ears (6.7%) developed chronic suppurative otitis media, and seven ears (15.6%) developed dry eardrum perforation. In group 3, eight ears (17.8%) were cured after the first treatment and 23 ears overall (51.1%) were cured by the end of the follow‐up. Seven ears (15.6%) had persistent fluid, five ears (11.1%) developed chronic suppurative otitis media, three ears (6.7%) developed eardrum perforation with effusion, and five ears (11.1%) developed dry eardrum perforation.Conclusion: The methods each have advantages and disadvantages. We believe that a step by step approach should be used when choosing the treatment method for postirradiation OME. That is, first apply auripuncture plus aspiration, and then the other methods if this approach is inadequate. Enhanced local care after grommet insertion can effectively reduce the incidence of complications.
The Plant TPX2 Protein Regulates Prospindle Assembly before Nuclear Envelope Breakdown
Authors: Vos Jan W. , Pieuchot Laurent , Evrard Jean-Luc , Janski Natacha , Bergdoll Marc , de Ronde Dryas , Perez Laurent H. , Sardon Teresa , Vernos Isabelle , Schmit Anne-Catherine 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe Targeting Protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) is a central regulator of spindle assembly in vertebrate cells. The absence or excess of TPX2 inhibits spindle formation. We have defined a TPX2 signature motif that is present once in vertebrate sequences but twice in plants. Plant TPX2 is predominantly nuclear during interphase and is actively exported before nuclear envelope breakdown to initiate prospindle assembly. It localizes to the spindle microtubules but not to the interdigitating polar microtubules during anaphase or to the phragmoplast as it is rapidly degraded during telophase. We characterized the Arabidopsis thaliana TPX2-targeting domains and show that the protein is able to rescue microtubule assembly in TPX2-depleted Xenopus laevis egg extracts. Injection of antibodies to TPX2 into living plant cells inhibits the onset of mitosis. These results demonstrate that plant TPX2 already functions before nuclear envelope breakdown. Thus, plants have adapted nuclear–cytoplasmic shuttling of TPX2 to maintain proper spindle assembly without centrosomes.
The Gibberellic Acid Signaling Repressor RGL2 Inhibits Arabidopsis Seed Germination by Stimulating Abscisic Acid Synthesis and ABI5 Activity
Authors: Piskurewicz Urszula , Jikumaru Yusuke , Kinoshita Natsuko , Nambara Eiji , Kamiya Yuji , Lopez-Molina Luis 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Seed germination is antagonistically controlled by the phytohormones gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA). GA promotes seed germination by enhancing the proteasome-mediated destruction of RGL2 (for RGA-LIKE2), a key DELLA factor repressing germination. By contrast, ABA blocks germination by inducing ABI5 (for ABA-INSENSITIVE5), a basic domain/leucine zipper transcription factor repressing germination. Decreased GA synthesis leads to an increase in endogenous ABA levels through a stabilized RGL2, a process that may involve XERICO, a RING-H2 zinc finger factor promoting ABA synthesis. In turn, increased endogenous ABA synthesis is necessary to elevate not only ABI5 RNA and protein levels but also, critically, those of RGL2. Increased ABI5 protein is ultimately responsible for preventing seed germination when GA levels are reduced. However, overexpression of ABI5 was not sufficient to repress germination, as ABI5 activity requires phosphorylation. The endogenous ABI5 phosphorylation and inhibition of germination could be recapitulated by the addition of a SnRK2 protein kinase to the ABI5 overexpression line. In sleepy1 mutant seeds, RGL2 overaccumulates; germination of these seeds can occur under conditions that produce low ABI5 expression. These data support the notion that ABI5 acts as the final common repressor of germination in response to changes in ABA and GA levels.
Modernisation, development and the peasant
Authors: Mouzelis N. P. 
Published: October 2008

Modernization among Peasants: The Impact of Communication, by Everett M. Rogers in association with L. SvenningModernising Peasant Societies: A Comparative Study in Asia and Africa, by Guy HunterAgrarian Problems and Peasant Movements in Latin America, edited by Rodolfo StavenhagenLes classes sociales dans les sociétés agraires, by Rodolfo Stavenhagen
The Peruvian ‘Revolution’ Considered
Authors: Wils Frits 
Published: October 2008

D. Chaplin (ed): Peruvian Nationalism, a Corporatist RevolutionA. Lowenthal (ed): The Peruvian Experiment, Continuity and Change under Military RuleE.V.K. Fitzgerald: The State and Economic Development, Peru since 1968BENEFICIARIES: INTENDED, IMAGINED OR REALGroup versus/or class solidarity
The Process of Famine: Causes and Consequences in Sudan
Authors: Ati Hassan Ahmed Abdel 
Published: October 2008

In the Sudan, where 200,000 children can die from diseases like diarrhoea and measles in a ‘normal’ year, the toll jumped to somewhere between 350,000 and 700,000 [in 1984]; in the next twelve months one million more could die — out of a total child population of only 6 million.UNICEF estimates that over six million sub‐Saharan infants and children are endangered by famine.
Rural Growth Points and Rural Industries in Zimbabwe: Ideologies and Policies
Authors: Gasper Des 
Published: October 2008

A Rural Service Centre which provided all basic infrastructure, had a strong residential component and offered a wide range of services would automatically attract rural non‐farm activities. This is the term applied to the whole range of activities connected with trading, manufacturing, construction, transport and government and other services. improved infrastructure is the key to more rural manufacturing. The deficiency in manufacturing may therefore be expected to right itself if given the necessary Government support through the provision of infrastructure. (Whitsun Foundation, 1980: 60–1; emphases added).Rural Service Centres ‘do not offer any major form of non‐agricultural employment other than trade and certain jobs connected with the provision of services for agricultural communities’. (Hanratty and Heath, 1984:27)
Women and Rural Development Policies: The Changing Agenda
Authors: Kandiyoti Deniz 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to review and evaluate policies directed at rural women in the Third World, as reflected in WID research and policy documents. This review covers the assumptions behind the advocacy of direct assistance to rural women, the goals that are sought in providing such assistance and the means advocated to achieve them. An attempt is made to show how the agenda of mainstream WID research and policy formulation has closely followed, reflected and responded to changing international priorities in matters of development assistance in a manner that leaves crucial redistributive and political issues tangentially addressed and unresolved.