bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance development over 144 weeks in treatment‐naive patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or stavudine with lamivudine and efavirenz in Study 903*
Authors: Margot NA , Lu B , Cheng A , Miller MD ,   the Study 903 Team
Published: August 2006

ObjectiveStudy 903 was a 144‐week, randomized, double‐blind, active‐controlled study of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) therapy in treatment‐naive HIV‐1‐infected patients. Patients received either TDF (n=299) or stavudine (d4T) (n=301) with lamivudine (3TC) and efavirenz (EFV). Resistance analyses were performed at baseline and at virological failure to determine the effects of baseline resistance and the patterns of resistance at virological failure.MethodsPlasma HIV‐1 from patients at baseline and at virological failure (>400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL at week 144 or early discontinuation) was analysed phenotypically and by population sequencing.ResultsSixteen per cent of patients were classified as having virological failure (47 on TDF and 49 on d4T; P=0.91). Patients with non‐B HIV‐1 subtypes or baseline nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)‐associated mutations responded similarly to the overall population. Resistance to EFV (K103N and others) or 3TC (M184V) developed most frequently (8.3% and 5.8%, respectively) and similarly in the two arms. In the d4T arm, a variety of NRTI mutations developed: K65R (n=2), L74V (n=2), V75M (n=1), and T69A+Y115H (n=1). K65R developed in eight TDF patients (2.7%); in seven of these eight patients, within 48 weeks. All eight patients began new regimens with a protease inhibitor (PI) and NRTIs, including two patients who remained on TDF; five of the eight patients achieved HIV RNA <50 copies/mL in second‐line therapy with the remaining patients having no follow‐up or being nonadherent.ConclusionsTreatment of HIV‐1 with TDF, 3TC and EFV was highly effective, with <3% of patients developing resistance to TDF over 144 weeks.
Evaluation of hypophosphataemia in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)‐exposed and TDF‐unexposed HIV‐infected out‐patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Buchacz K , Brooks JT , Tong T , Moorman AC , Baker RK , Holmberg SD , Greenberg A ,   the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators
Published: August 2006

ObjectivesCases of hypophosphataemia (often coincident with renal dysfunction) have been reported in HIV‐infected patients taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), but randomized placebo‐controlled trials of HIV‐infected persons with normal baseline renal function have found a comparable incidence of hypophosphataemia in the TDF and placebo groups. We assessed the incidence of grade 2 and higher hypophosphataemia in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS).MethodsWe analysed a prospective cohort of patients who initiated either a TDF‐containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen [TDF‐exposed (TDF+) group; n=165] or a TDF‐sparing HAART regimen [TDF‐unexposed (TDF–) group; n=90], and who had normal baseline phosphate and creatinine values.ResultsThe TDF+and TDF−groups had comparable median follow‐up times (10.9 vs 8.8 months, respectively; P=0.18) and number of phosphate measurements (median=3 for both) and were similar on most clinical and demographic factors. During follow up, 12.7% of TDF+vs 6.7% of TDF−patients developed grade 2 hypophosphataemia (2.0–2.4 mg/dL), and 2.4% of TDF+patients vs 0% of TDF−patients developed grade 3 hypophosphataemia (1.0–1.9 mg/dL); none developed grade 4 hypophosphataemia (<1.0 mg/dL). The incidence of grade 2 or higher hypophosphataemia was 16.7 per 100 person‐years among TDF+patients vs 8.0 per 100 person‐years among TDF−patients (P=0.11).ConclusionsThe incidence of hypophosphataemia was somewhat elevated in HOPS patients who took TDF‐containing HAART compared with those who took TDF‐sparing HAART during the first 1 to 2 years of observation, but the difference was not statistically significant. Longer follow‐up of a larger population is needed to determine if this trend towards an association achieves statistical significance and to evaluate the clinical consequences of hypophosphataemia.
Longitudinal assessment (1995–2003) of hospitalizations of HIV‐infected patients within a geographical population in Canada
Authors: Krentz HB , Dean S , Gill MJ 
Published: August 2006

ObjectivesTo determine the frequency of and reasons for hospitalization of adult HIV‐infected patients compared with the general population.MethodsLength of stay, primary/secondary diagnoses and discharge status were reviewed for all HIV‐infected patients admitted to Calgary‐area hospitals between 1995 and 2003. Admissions were classified as HIV‐ or non‐HIV‐related using International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th revisions (ICD‐9/10) codes and confirmed by chart review. Summary comparative data on admissions for the general population were obtained from the regional administrative database.ResultsHIV‐infected adults were hospitalized more than twice as frequently, experienced longer stays (median length 5 vs 3 days, respectively) and had higher in‐hospital mortality rates (9.1 vs 1.3 per 100 admissions, respectively) than the general population (P<0.01). Hospitalizations of HIV‐infected patients declined by 58% from 1995 to 2003. Patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection accounted for 15% of all HIV‐related hospitalizations. HIV‐related admissions for known HIV‐infected patients decreased from 12 per 100 patient‐years‐followed in 1995 to 3 per 100 patient‐years‐followed in 2003. Low CD4 counts, AIDS, and no current use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were strongly correlated with hospitalizations (P<0.01). Non‐HIV‐related hospitalizations for HIV‐infected patients increased by 42% and were associated with comorbidities (e.g. substance use and psychological disorders).ConclusionDespite the reduction in HIV‐related hospitalizations following the introduction of HAART, all‐cause hospitalization rates have increased and have started to erode this benefit.
Serum prostate‐specific antigen levels in older men with or at risk of HIV infection
Authors: Vianna LE , Lo Y , Klein RS 
Published: August 2006

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine the rate of, and factors associated with, elevated prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels in older men with or at risk of HIV infection.MethodsUsing a cross‐sectional analysis, we interviewed 534 men ≥49 years old at risk for HIV infection on demographics, behaviours and medical history. Laboratory testing included serum PSA level and HIV serology, and T‐cell subsets for those who were HIV seropositive. Elevated PSA level was defined as >4.0 ng/mL, and men with elevated PSA levels were referred for urological evaluation.ResultsFifteen per cent of men were white, 55% black, and 23% Hispanic; median age was 53 years (range 49–80 years); 74% were sexually active; 65% currently smoked cigarettes; and 16% had taken androgens. Among 310 HIV‐positive men, CD4 counts were >500 cells/μL in 31%, 200–500 cells/μL in 51%, and <200 cells/μL in 19%. Twenty men (4%) had elevated PSA. On univariate analysis, only older age was significantly associated with elevated PSA, and there was no significant difference in the number of men with elevated PSA between HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative men (nine of 310 vs 11 of 224; P=0.28). On multivariate analysis, older age remained the only variable associated with elevated PSA level [reference group ≤50 years; adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) 1.0 for age 51–60 years; ORadj 5.9 (95% confidence interval 1.2–30.1) for age ≥61 years] adjusted for HIV status, family history of prostate cancer, and androgen use.ConclusionsAmong older men, PSA levels increased with age but did not differ by HIV status. The clinical use of PSA levels in older men currently do not need to be modified for those with HIV infection.
Transmitted drug‐resistant HIV‐1 in primary HIV‐1 infection; incidence, evolution and impact on response to antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Fox J , Dustan S , McClure M , Weber J , Fidler S 
Published: August 2006

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine the incidence and persistence of transmitted drug‐resistant HIV‐1 in an incident cohort between 2000 and 2004, and to investigate the impact of transmitted drug‐resistant HIV‐1 on the response to antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodsA prospective, nonrandomized study was carried out on 140 individuals identified with primary HIV‐1 infection (PHI). PHI was defined as an HIV‐positive antibody test with an HIV antibody‐negative result in the prior 6 months (n=69); positive HIV DNA in the absence of antibody (n=30); an evolving titre positive HIV antibody test (n=23), or an incident ‘detuned’ assay (B clade viruses only) (n=18). Genotypic resistance testing was performed at baseline, following ART and annually over a 4‐year period.ResultsThe prevalence of transmitted drug‐resistant HIV‐1 infection between January 2000 and June 2004 was nine in 140 (6.0%) and the annual incidence was stable. Seven of these nine patients had a single point mutation conferring single‐class drug resistance and the other two patients had multiple mutations conferring multiclass drug resistance (MDR). In eight of the nine cases, mutations conferring drug resistance persisted for more than 12 months off therapy. In contrast to transmitted MDR HIV‐1, the virological response to initial ART and CD4 decline were comparable in those with wild‐type virus, virus with ‘polymorphisms’ (secondary mutations) and virus with single drug‐resistance mutations.ConclusionsThe incidence of transmitted drug‐resistant HIV remained stable and low over a 4‐year period. Although MDR remains rare, its presence significantly affects the response to first‐line ART, predisposes towards the accumulation of new resistance mutations and is associated with a more rapid CD4 decline.
Neoliberalism, Contingency and Urban Policy: The Case of Social Housing in Ontario
Authors: HACKWORTH JASON , MORIAH ABIGAIL 
Published: August 2006

AbstractVarious authors have argued that common understandings of neoliberalism are flawed because they do not adequately account for its geographical contingency or internal contradictions. Many have suggested that neoliberalism is either too internally riven with contradiction to be considered a singular consistent project, or that its implementation is so locally contingent that we cannot plausibly speak of one ideal‐type placeless ideology. Primarily based on interviews with over half of the municipal housing providers in Ontario, this article explores the extent to which the meta‐ideas of neoliberalism are filtered and manifest (or not) locally. Social policy has been neoliberalized in Ontario at least since the advent of the ‘common sense revolution’ in 1995, when a Tory government was elected on a platform of neoliberal reform. The experience of social housing in the province, before, after and during the transition offers a useful window into the debate about the dissonance (or lack thereof) between ideal‐type and contingent neoliberalism. Based on this case, we argue that, despite its obvious conceptual flaws, it is politically and analytically important to understand ideal‐type neoliberalism better.
Desegregation and Integration as Linked or Distinct? Evidence from a Previously ‘White’ Suburb in Post‐apartheid Cape Town
Authors: LEMANSKI CHARLOTTE L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article analyses whether the physical desegregation of a residential neighbourhood ultimately facilitates the social integration of its residents. Desegregation is measured quantitatively (i.e. using census data for a suburb in which no single race comprises more than 50% and at least one other racial group comprises 25%), and social integration is assessed qualitatively using indicators such as friendship, common local identity, sharing local facilities and involvement in local institutions. Essentially this research is concerned with whether labelling a suburb ‘desegregated’ is a superficial term that whilst implying racial mixing actually masks social segregation; and also whether assumptions that urban policies of desegregation ultimately facilitate social integration are accurate. This desegregation/integration nexus is explored by examining the lives of residents of a desegregated Cape Town neighbourhood. South Africa provides a timely context because the legacy of apartheid’s spatial and social design continues to dominate the urban scene despite policy efforts to promote both desegregation and integration.
The carcinogenicity of smegma: debunking a myth
Authors: Van Howe RS , Hodges FM 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground  Smegma is widely believed to cause penile, cervical and prostate cancer. This nearly ubiquitous myth continues to permeate the medical literature despite a lack of valid supportive evidence.Methods  A historical perspective of medical ideas pertaining to smegma is provided, and the original studies in both animals and humans are reanalysed using the appropriate statistical methods.Results  Evidence supporting the role of smegma as a carcinogen is found wanting.Conclusions  Assertions that smegma is carcinogenic cannot be justified on scientific grounds.
Quality of life before and 6 weeks after treatment in a dermatological outpatient treatment unit
Authors: Maroti M , Ulff E , Wijma B 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground  Dermatological disease affects quality of life to a great extent. Treatments are time‐consuming and many patients have problems adhering to treatment. Attending an outpatient unit regularly during an intensive treatment period may enable patients to cope with their illness, adhere to treatment and thus improve their quality of life.Objective  To study the effect on quality of life of 6 weeks of regular treatment in the outpatient unit in the County Hospital of Jönköping, by means of a questionnaire and interviews.Methods  The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) was distributed to 50 consecutive patients with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis or pruritus attending our outpatient treatment unit. Nine of the patients were interviewed during treatment about factors that might influence their quality of life.Results  The DLQI scores before treatment indicated a low quality of life. Women were more affected than men. After 6 weeks of treatment there was a clear improvement, with a 57% reduction in the scores. The answers from the interviews indicated important areas of concern such as withdrawal from public places, adoption of special clothing habits and concern about personal relationships.Conclusion  Dermatological diseases have an important influence on patients’ quality of life. Attending an outpatient treatment unit was in this series of cases associated with improved quality of life as measured with the DLQI.
Religion, social mobility and education in Scotland
Authors: Paterson Lindsay , Iannelli Cristina 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe relationship among religion, education and social mobility in Scotland is analysed statistically using the Scottish Household Survey of 2001. The large sample size allows much greater statistical power for this purpose than any previous source, and thus allows a more reliable assessment of claims that the stratifying effect of religion in Scotland may have declined. The questions investigated are as follows. What are the religious differences in the distributions of class origins and class destinations, in the movement between these (absolute mobility), and in the association of these (relative mobility, or social fluidity)? Do changes in social fluidity across cohorts vary among people with different religious affiliation? Are there religious differences in the association of origins and education, in the association of education and destinations, or in the role of education in social fluidity, and do any of these vary over cohorts? The conclusions are that, in younger cohorts, there is no religious difference in social status, and that in older cohorts Catholics are generally of lower status than Protestants and the non‐religious. Social fluidity does not, however, vary among religious groups, even for older cohorts, and does not change over time. The reason for convergence in social status of religious groups over time is probably the equalizing of educational attainment among the groups: there is no evidence for any of the cohorts that the labour‐market rewards to education differ by religion.
Gender, technology and jobs
Authors: Brynin Malcolm 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMen have traditionally gained more than women from access to technologies at work which bring prestige, job security, more satisfying work and higher pay. Typically female jobs have centred on technologies, if they have at all, which tend towards routine and possibly deskilled work. Typing is a prime example. It is possible that this is changing through computerization, which is extensive but also equally distributed by gender. Does the wage premium, which use of a computer has been found to confer on users, benefit women sufficiently to suggest some sort of equalization through technology, or possibly even a female advantage? This is tested using data from four European countries. There is no across‐the‐board benefit from the use of computers. For both men and women it depends on the nature of their occupation. Some, more routine usages of computers are associated with a negative outcome. However, this occupational balance itself varies by gender.
Ethnicity and culture: thinking about ‘police ethnicity’
Authors: Holdaway Simon , O'Neill Megan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractResearch about the development of ethnic identifications within contexts of employment has been neglected, not least by proponents of ‘new ethnicities’. Drawing on evidence from a two year study of Black Police Associations in the constabularies of England and Wales, this paper is concerned with the construction and sustaining of a particular notion of ethnicity, related to police employment. Black Police Association members have claimed a distinct experience of police employment related directly to their being ‘black’ and, therefore, an essentialism forming a boundary marking them off from white officers. ‘Police ethnicity’, however, is a strategic notion that is somewhat fragile and exclusive. The consequences of BPA definitions of being a black officer are explored. The paper ends with a consideration of the wider, intellectual consequences of researching ethnicity within employment.
Towards an analytical theory of social change: the case of China1
Authors: Liu Serena 
Published: August 2006

AbstractLockwood argues that contradiction between the core institutional order and the material substructure of a society gives rise to potential social relationships which constitute a threat to the existing institutional order and may lead to change in the type of the society. Parkin, in particular, has advocated the application of the idea to the study of socialist societies. However, the situation of socialist China opposes Lockwood's view in that the new social relationships arising from the changing economic system do not pose a threat to the existing political system. Moreover, Lockwood underdevelops the connection between human action and social structure and does not theorize the mechanism linking system weakness and social change. This article formulates an alternative perspective by building on Giddens's structuration theory and Mouzelis's work on sociological theory. The theoretical framework is applied to China to give a flavour of how social change can be studied.
Hierarchy and the mechanism of fibril formation in ADan peptides
Authors: Surolia Ira , Reddy G. Bhanuprakash , Sinha Sharmistha 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFamilial Danish dementia is a neurodegenerative disease which is a consequence of alterations in the BRI gene. The pathological signatures of the disease are cerebral amyloidolysis, parenchymal protein deposits and neuronal degeneration. Synthetic Danish dementia (ADan) peptides are capable of forming fibrillar assemblies in vitro at pH 4.8. However, the morphology of the aggregates formed depends greatly on the form of the peptides (oxidized or reduced). In addition to long slender assemblies (2–5 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length) we report ring‐like or annular masses (8–9 nm in diameter and 1–2 mm in perimeter) in the case of the oxidized form of the peptides. The reduced forms mainly aggregate to produce granular heaps. The biophysical and kinetic characterization of the process of aggregation was carried out using different spectroscopic and imaging techniques. Neurotoxicity assays performed on both the forms reveal that the toxicity bears proportionality with the aggregate size.
Nitric oxide serves as an endogenous regulator of neuronal adenosine A1 receptor expression
Authors: Jhaveri Krishna A. , Toth Linda A. , Sekino Yuko , Ramkumar Vickram 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) radicals are produced during normal cellular function, after tissue injury, and in response to immune system activation during infection. The transformation of NO to peroxynitrite is essential for mediating some of its physiological and/or cytotoxic actions. As the expression of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) is regulated by oxidative stress, we evaluated the role of NO in the regulation of A1AR expression, a G protein‐coupled receptor involved in cytoprotection in the central nervous system. Administration of the NO donor, S‐nitrosylpenicillamine (SNAP), to pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells increased A1AR protein in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner, with maximal induction observed with 20 µm SNAP at 24 h. The response to SNAP was attenuated by the NO scavenger 2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3 oxide (C‐PTIO), and by the inhibition of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), implicating this transcription factor in the regulatory process. In addition SNAP also increased the degradation of Inhibitory κB‐α (IκB‐α), a marker of NF‐κB activation. Furthermore, the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by lipopolysaccharide increased A1AR in PC12 cells and in mice, whereas the inhibition of NOS activity suppressed this response. We conclude that NO, via the activation of NF‐κB, serves as an endogenous regulator of A1AR, and speculate that the induction of the A1AR could counteract the cytotoxicity of NO.