bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malignant liver tumors in infants and children
Authors: Randolph Judson , Chandra Roma , Leiken Sanford 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAt the Children’s Hospital in Washington, D.C., 18 patients have been seen in the past 12 years with primary tumors of the liver. The tumors were divided as follows: 13 hepatoblastoma, 2 hepatocellular carcinoma, 2 rhabdomyosarcoma, and 1 mixed mesenchymal sarcoma. Of the patients with hepatoblastoma, all were seen by 4 years of age, and 8 were under 1 year when first seen. Three had pulmonary metastases when first seen. The 2 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were 8 and 12 years old, respectively. The patients with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma were 18 and 30 months of age when seen; 1 had a primary tumor arising in the liver, the other had a tumor in the bile ducts extending into the liver. Ten of the 13 children with hepatoblastoma underwent lobectomy; 5 of these 10 are alive, 1 with known metastases. The other 4 are presumed cured. One of the children with hepatic carcinoma had severe preexisting cirrhosis of the liver and has had 3 local limited excisions. One of the patients with rhabdomyosarcoma is alive and cured after hepatic lobectomy. As yet, there is no known effective chemotherapeutic regimen. Radiation therapy has been useful only in shrinking the tumor, but neither of these modalities has resulted in cure. At the present time, the only known cures are achieved by early detection and successful surgical removal.
Palliative treatment of malignant duodenoenteric fistulas
Authors: Zer Michael , Wolloch Ya’acov , Lombrozo Rafael , Dintsman Moshe 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMalignant duodenocolic fistula, a rare complication of carcinoma of the hepatic flexure of the colon, may present with bilious diarrhea and feculent vomiting, and is usually associated with severe electrolyte and nutritional depletion. In 2 cases of duodenoenteric fistula caused by recurrence of colonic cancer after right hemicolectomy, the tumor was unresectable. Isolation of the affected intestinal loop, without any attempt at disconnecting it from the duodenum, and diversion of that loop back into the jejunum provided a solution, achieving satisfactory palliation and an improvement in nutritional state.
Clinical comparison of antibiotic combinations in the treatment of peritonitis and related mixed aerobic‐anaerobic surgical sepsis
Authors: Stone H. Harlan , Fabian Timothy C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPatients with presumed mixed aerobic‐anaerobic peritoneal (126) or soft tissue (59) sepsis were treated with 1 of 3 randomly assigned antibiotic regimens: gentamicin plus clindamycin (68), gentamicin plus metronidazole (60), and cefamandole plus erythromycin (60). Primary and complicating foci of infection were cultured for both aerobic and anaerobic pathogens and antibiotic sensitivities were determined. In vitro aerobic and anaerobic sensitivities were, respectively: 80% and 70% for cefamandole, 10% and 64% for clindamycin, 31% and 91% for erythromycin, 83% and 0% for gentamicin, and 1% and 87% for metronidazole. Similar control of primary infection was obtained with each regimen (95%), although recurrence of sepsis was least common after treatment with gentamicin‐metronidazole (3%,p+<0.05) in contrast to gentamicin‐clindamycin (19%) and cefamandole‐erythromycin (15%). Significant complications were hypoprothrombinemia, occurring only after cefamandole‐erythromycin therapy (5%), and acute renal failure, found almost exclusively with gentamicin treatment (10%,p=< 0.01), and accounting for 3 deaths. Unremitting sepsis caused 3 deaths. There were 5 deaths due to complications not related to the mode of therapy. These results suggest the relative safety of cefamandole, superiority of metronidazole for anaerobes, and frequent life‐threatening nephrotoxicity of gentamicin.
The proper use of local antimicrobial agents in wounds
Authors: Moylan Joseph A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTopical antibiotics have been shown to be effective prophylactic agents in reducing wound infection in clean and clean‐contaminated cases. The risk of the development of superinfection and antibiotic resistant bacteria, as well as organ toxicity, is minimal as compared to the use of systemic antibiotics in clean operations. The combination of systemic and topical chemotherapeutic drugs is a valuable adjunct in the treatment of contaminated wounds and high risk patients.
Gastric ulcer treated with ulcerectomy, vagotomy, and drainage
Authors: Johnson Jon A. , Giercksky Karl‐Erik 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis is a report of 152 patients with gastric ulcer treated by ulcerectomy, vagotomy, and drainage. In the series, 123 patients were operated on electively and 29 were operated on acutely for bleeding, with operative mortality rates of 1.3% and 6.9%, respectively. The operative mortality rate for the whole series was 2.6%. Of 144 patients followed up, 94 were cured and 25 were improved. The remaining 25 patients were reoperated on, 20 for recurrent ulcer, 2 for early postoperative gastric retention, 2 for dumping and reflux gastritis, and 1 for stenosing ulcer in the esophagus. In the group of 119 successfully treated patients, moderate side effects were observed, including diarrhea in 5.2% and dumping in 8.6%. In 26 patients, the mean reduction of histamine‐stimulated or pentagastrin‐stimulated acid output was 72.2% when the response to insulin stimulation was 0, 45.1% when the response to insulin was between 0 and 2 mEq acid per hour, and 12.4% when the response was higher. The frequency of positive insulin tests postoperatively was 77.8% among patients with recurrent ulcer, 40% among improved patients, and 10.8% among cured patients. Of 4 patients with ulcer recurrence and negative insulin tests, 3 had gastric retention and 1 hypergastrinemia.
Disorders of wound healing
Authors: Kunt Thomas K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe healing wound offers a variety of potential end results. The surgeon's responsibility is to define what he wants and then arrange to get it. History has proved that technical improvements can eliminate disorders such as dehiscence and incisional hernias. Technical improvements should diminish the frequency of failed tendon repairs.When the author first became interested in wound healing and was asked to consult about a poorly healing wound, he could only offer the ideas that ascorbic acid might be given and that nutrition in some nonspecific way might be increased. Now, it is an unusual wound that cannot be made to heal in one way or another; wounds that cannot be made to heal are almost always a result of severe regional ischemia with or without osteoradionecrosis. Even moderately severe osteoradionecrosis can now be expected to heal by supplying the major deficiency consequent upon vascular damage by radiation, namely, oxygen (by hyperbaric administration).Perhaps most important to the surgeon is the knowledge that many kinds of disordered repair can be avoided. Liver disease can be treated, steroid hormone excess can be corrected or specifically treated with vitamin A, and nutritional defects can be anticipated and avoided. Familial tendencies to scar formation can be thwarted at an earlier rather than later, often hopeless, stage. Burn contractions in particularly susceptible joints can be anticipated and prevented by splinting and traction. In fact, we are coming very close to having effective treatment for most of the recognizable postsurgical reparative disorders.What we do not have is a prevention or cure for a vast variety of conditions of excessive repair, conditions that surgeons do not ordinarily recognize as complications. A vast amount of human misery is due to hypertrophic scar formation in arteries (arteriosclerosis), joints (arthritis), and ocular disease, especially those involving the scarring of the cornea. It is very likely that the surgeons will contribute to the prevention and cure of these disorders if they will accept the view that they can expect something close to perfection in any wound they make.
A twelve‐year review of treatment of massive gastroduodenal bleeding
Authors: Papaevangelou Evangelos J. , Sapkas Alexandre M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDuring a 12‐year period from 1965 to 1976, 178 patients with massive gastroduodenal hemorrhage were submitted to emergency surgery. These patients fulfilled the criteria of: (a) blood loss of more than 1000 ml/24 hr, (b) hematocrit less than 25%, (c) clinical shock due to blood loss, or (d) transfusion of 1600 ml whole blood per 24‐hour period. They represented 49.4% of all patients admitted with gastrointestinal bleeding. The accuracy of preoperative diagnosis increased from 56% to 91.5% following the introduction of fiberoptic endoscopy. The source of the bleeding was duodenal ulcer in 126 patients, gastric ulcer in 11, anastomotic ulcer in 12, bleeding neoplasm in 4, hemorrhagic gastritis in 3, hiatus hernia in 2, and esophageal varices in 20. In the early years, surgical treatment was a conventional partial gastrectomy in patients with duodenal ulcer (67), gastric ulcer (9), anastomotic ulcer (7), neoplasms (4), and hemorrhagic gastritis (2). More recently, simple suture of the bleeding ulcer (66), usually combined with vagotomy and gastric drainage, has been employed and has now become established as the favorite procedure.The morbidity of all operations was high and the mortality rate was 12.8% overall. In the first part of the study, the mortality rate was 15.5%, but, more recently, it has decreased to 8.3% with a change in treatment policy.
Thoracoabdominal and abdominal aortic aneurysms involving celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal arteries
Authors: Crawford E. Stanley , Schuessler John S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis is a report of surgical treatment of 138 patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms and aneurysms of the abdominal aorta from which the visceral vessels arise. The patients are divided into 6 groups according to location and extent of aneurysm. Group I (16 patients) involved most of the descending thoracic aorta and the upper abdominal aorta down to the celiac axis. Group II (1 patient) involved all of the aorta except the proximal ascending aorta. In Group III there were 47 patients in whom the aneurysm involved most or all of the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta. In Group IV (31 patients) the aneurysm involved the distal thoracic aorta and part or all of the abdominal aorta. Group V (28 patients) involved either the upper or all of the abdominal aorta, and in Group VI (15 patients) the aneurysm was infrarenal in location but involved the renal arteries. Treatment was by the graft inclusion technique with reattachment of branch vessels by anastomosis directly to openings made in the graft in most cases. Intercostal and lumbar arteries were reattached in some patients in Groups II and III. Aortic and renal occlusion times varied from 15 to 155 minutes. Of the 138 patients in the series, 125 (91%) survived. Transient renal insufficiency occurred in 7 patients. Death occurred in 3 other patients from renal failure, 1 of whom was on chronic hemodialysis. Paraplegia occurred in 12 patients, all submitted to extensive replacements. Intercostal and lumbar artery reattachment reduced the incidence of this problem by 50%. In the survivors, paraplegia was mild to moderate and transient in 4 and severe in 4. All of the latter are now self‐sufficient. The 2 men with this problem are gainfully employed.
Hemodynamics of extra‐anatomical bypass following restriction of inflow and outflow in the donor artery in dogs
Authors: Shin Choon S. , Chaudhry Abdul Ghafoor 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe hemodynamic changes in extra‐anatomical bypass were studied in dogs after restriction of inflow and outflow in the donor artery by a vascular tourniquet. A right to left external iliac bypass graft was performed and the left external iliac artery was ligated just proximal to the anastomosis. An arteriovenous fistula on the recipient side was used to increase flow through the graft. The flow measurements in this model showed no steal of blood flow from the peripheral distribution of the donor artery in the absence of restriction of inflow of the donor artery. However, once the inflow of the donor artery was restricted to a critical level, “steal” of blood from the peripheral distribution of the donor artery by the graft was observed in both the basal and maximal flow states. The restriction of the outflow in the donor artery had no effect on the graft flow.
Jejunal interposition for reflux esophagitis and esophageal stricture unresponsive to valvuloplasty
Authors: Polk Hiram C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEsophagitis that persists after repeated failure of operations upon the cardia and/or a fibrotic, nondilatable distal esophageal stricture is a difficult problem. In a personal, consecutive series, 28 patients had 117 prior operations upon the cardia and diaphragmatic hiatus. In these carefully selected patients, utilization of the interposed jejunal segment described by Merendino and Dillard resulted in low mortality and morbidity and, to date, uniform control of gastroesophageal malfunction. Preoperative diagnoses in the 28 patients were: nondilatable stricture in 9, unrelenting gastroesophageal reflex in 12, and a combination of both abnormalities in 7. The decision to perform jejunal interposition was made preoperatively in 15 patients and intraoperatively in 13 patients. One patient died and 11 others sustained complications, 4 of which were major. In a mean follow‐up of 5.5 years, only 2 patients required an additional operation, both for unrelated illnesses. Comparison with a similar but somewhat more favorable group of 8 patients who had another attempt at an effective antireflux procedure instead of jejunal interposition showed the results of the interposition operation to be superior. Jejunal interposition, when selectively applied and carefully conducted, is the procedure of choice for reconstruction of the malfunctioning esophagogastric junction that has been selected previously to repeated, unsuccessful operations.
Recurrence in Crohn's colitis: The numbers game
Authors: Glotzer Donald J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThere has been great controversy about the proper role of operation in the management of colonic Crohn's disease because of disagreement about the frequency of recurrence. Since, in our retrospective studies, the majority of patients with colonic Crohn's disease had a previous diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, accurate determination of the recurrence rate in colonic Crohn's disease requires review of all patients with colonic inflammatory bowel disease in order to define the population at risk. Using objective means for diagnosis and for the assessment of outcome, we have found that recurrent disease after ileostomy and colectomy occurred in a minority (approximately 16%) of the patients. Both Crohn's colitis and ulcerative colitis followed a generally favorable postoperative course after this procedure, since even those patients who developed recurrent disease usually were rehabilitated by one or more revisions of the ileostomy. We believe that needed operations should not be avoided solely because of a diagnosis of colonic Crohn's disease, since the high recurrence rates and poor prognoses reported in many studies are based on faslely low numbers of those at risk.
Perianal Crohn's disease
Authors: Alexander‐Williams John , Buchmann P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPerianal disease is a frequent manifestation of Crohn's disease and occasionally is the presenting symptom. However, most lesions are or become asymptomatic and remain so for many years. A series of 109 patients with perianal fissures and fistulas has been followed for 10 years. Fourteen have died, 7 from unrelated disorders. Ten have had an excision of the rectum but only 5 for perianal disease. Of the remaining 85 patients, 24 asymptomatic patients were not reexamined, and 61 were investigated extensively by sigmoidoscopy biopsy or manometry. Many fissures and most fistulas had healed, but some had progressed to some degree of anal stenosis, usually asymptomatic. A very conservative policy is proposed.
Dispersal of Camellia japonica seeds by Apodemus speciosus revealed by maternity analysis of plants and behavioral observation of animal vectors
Authors: Abe Harue , Matsuki Rikyu , Ueno Saneyoshi , Nashimoto Makoto , Hasegawa Masami 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSeed dispersal determines a plant's reproductive success, range expansion, and population genetic structures. Camellia japonica, a common evergreen tree in Japan, has been the subject of recent genetic studies of population structure, but its mode of seed dispersal has been assumed, without detailed study, to be barochory. The morphological and physiological features of C. japonica seeds, which are large and nutritious, suggest zoochorous dispersal, however. We compared actual distances between mother trees and seedlings with distances attributable to gravity dispersion only, to test the zoochory hypothesis of C. japonica. The animals that transport the seeds for caching were identified experimentally. We also examined the extent to which seed dispersal is affected by the behavior of animal vectors. Seed dispersal by Apodemus speciosus was confirmed by taking photographs of animals that were consuming seeds experimentally deposited on the ground. Camellia seeds hoarded by the rodents under the litter or soil were protected from drying. On the basis of microsatellite analysis of maternal tissue from the seed coat, the mother trees of 28 seedlings were identified. Maternity analysis revealed the average seed‐dispersal distance from mother trees was 5.8 m±6.0 SD, a distance greater than initial dispersal by gravity alone. These results indicate that C. japonica is a zoochorous species dispersed by A. speciosus. Fifty percent of the seed dispersal occurred from mature evergreen forests to dwarf bamboo thickets. This directional seed dispersal would contribute to range expansion of C. japonica. Home range sizes of A. speciosus were 0.85 ha at most and covered with different types of vegetation, from evergreen forests to grassland. This low specificity of their microhabitat use might enhance seed dispersal to different types of vegetation.
Specific involvement of neurotensin type 1 receptor in the neurotensin‐mediatedin vivodopamine efflux using knock‐out mice
Authors: Leonetti Maud , Brun Philippe , Clerget Magali , Steinberg Régis , Soubrié Philippe , Renaud Bernard , Suaud‐Chagny Marie‐Françoise 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNeurotensin is a tridecapeptide neurotransmitter known to be involved in psychiatric disorders, various physiological processes and several different neurobiological mechanisms, including modulation of accumbal dopamine release. Two neurotensin extracellular binding sites, namely NT1‐ and NT2‐receptor (NT1R and NT2R), have been cloned from the rat brain. These receptors are distinguishable by their differentin vitropharmacological properties but the available pharmacological tools have weakin vivopotency and specificity. The use of genetically engineered knock‐out mice has provided a powerful alternative to the classical pharmacological approach to investigate their respective roles. In this study, usingin vivodifferential pulse amperometry, we show that, in wild‐type mice, neurotensin application into the ventral tegmental area dose‐dependently evokes dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens. This neurotensin‐mediated efflux is dramatically decreased in mice lacking NT1R while it is unaffected in NT2R‐deleted mice. This finding indicates that a large part of the dopamine efflux evoked by neurotensin in the nucleus accumbens of wild‐type mice is mediated via NT1R present in the ventral tegmental area.
KCl and forskolin synergistically up‐regulate cholecystokinin gene expression via coordinate activation of CREB and the co‐activator CBP
Authors: Hansen Thomas V. O. , Rehfeld Jens F. , Nielsen Finn C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCholecystokinin (CCK) is one of the most abundant peptide transmitters in the mammalian brain. Despite the physiological significance of CCK expression in long‐term memory and psychiatric disorders, little is known about the factors that regulate the expression of CCK peptides. Here, we report that KCl and forskolin synergistically increase CCK gene transcription via protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signalling pathways, activating cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) associated with the CRE(− 80) element of the CCK promoter. Whereas, CREB Ser133 phosphorylation was essential for transcriptional activation, the synergistic stimulation was not correlated to the level of Ser133 phosphorylation, indicating that recruitment and/or activation of additional downstream factors were required for maximal stimulation. Transcriptional activation was reduced by co‐expression of adenovirus 12S E1A, that inhibits binding of CREB‐binding protein (CBP) to CREB. Moreover GAL4‐CREB‐DIEDML, which mediates the phosphorylation‐independent binding of CBP, and the C‐terminal domain of CBP was synergistically activated by forskolin and KCl. Taken together the results imply that neuronal CCK gene transcription is regulated by the cumulative action of calcium and cAMP via stimulation of the PKA and ERK signalling pathways and that synergy is accomplished by the coordinate activation of CREB and CBP.
Bcl‐xL blocks mitochondrial multiple conductance channel activation and inhibits 6‐OHDA‐induced death in SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Jordán Joaquín , Galindo María F. , Tornero Daniel , González‐García Carmen , Ceña Valentín 
Published: May 2006

AbstractApoptosis is an active process that is regulated by different signalling pathways. One of the more important organelles involved in apoptosis regulation is the mitochondrion. Electron chain transport disruption increases free radical production leading to multiple conductance channel opening, release of cytochrome c and caspase activation. This death pathway can be blocked by anti‐apoptotic members of the Bcl‐2 protein family that might shift redox potential to a more reduced state, preventing free radical‐mediated damage. 6‐Hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) has been widely used to generate Parkinson's disease‐like models. It is able to generate free radicals and to induce catecholaminergic cell death. In this paper we have used the human neuroblastoma cell line SH‐SY5Y overexpressing Bcl‐xL as a model to gain insights into the mechanisms through which Bcl‐xL blocks 6‐OHDA‐induced cell death and to identify the molecular targets for this action. Herein, we present evidence supporting that the Bcl‐xL–anti‐apoptotic signal pathway seems to prevent mitochondrial multiple conductance channel opening, cytochrome c release and caspase‐3 like activity following 6‐OHDA treatment in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH‐SY5Y.