bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AND VASODILATING ACTIONS OF THE NOVEL DIHYDROPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE AE0047
Authors: Nishikawa Masakuni , Gohda Maki , Shinyama Hiroshi , Matzno Sumio , Yamanaga Katsumi , Kido Hideaki , Nakamura Norifumi 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The pharmacological characteristics of AE0047, a newly synthesized dihydropyridine (DHP) derivative, were investigated in vitro.2. In bovine aortic membrane, AE0047 and other DHP calcium channel blockers (nitrendipine, nicardipine) displayed concentration‐dependent antagonism to specific [3H]‐PN200‐110 binding sites with the following values for inhibition constants (K1) obtained: 20.8±8.9, 12.3±4.5 and 3.9±1.0nmol/L for AE0047, nitrendipine and nicardipine, respectively.3. In guinea‐pig ventricular myocytes, AE0047 blocked the L‐type calcium current, with values for the dissociation constant (Kd) and Hill coefficient of 11.4±5.7nmol/L and 0.852±0.061, respectively, indicating in the terms of Hill's hypothesis that one drug molecule blocks one calcium channel molecule.4. In rat aorta, AE0047 inhibited 45Ca uptake induced by high K+(100mmol/L)by55%.5. AE0047 and nitrendipine concentration dependently relaxed rat aortic strips contracted with 30 mmol/L KC1. The response to nitrendipine reached a plateau within 60 min and disappeared after drug washing. Interestingly, AE0047 required 5 h or more to produce a plateau of response, with no effect of drug washing. This confirmed the slow onset and long duration of its vasodilating action.6. With AE0047, tissue content in rat aorta increased more slowly than with nitrendipine and release of AE0047 from tissue was also slower.7. The data suggest that AE0047 is incorporated slowly into smooth muscle membranes, approaches receptors slowly through the membrane bilayer and accumulates in the membrane because of its high lipophilicity, resulting in an antihypertensive action that is slow in onset and of long duration.
PERMEABILITY OF THE DEVELOPING AND MATURE BLOOD‐BRAIN BARRIERS TO THEOPHYLLINE IN RATS
Authors: Habgood MD , Knott GW , Dziegielewska KM , Saunders NR 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. In the present study, the uptake of theophylline and L‐glucose into the adult and neonatal rat brain has been investigated. Steady state cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain concentrations of theophylline were reached within 1 h following a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, whereas steady state CSF and brain concentrations of L‐glucose were not approached until after 5 h.2. Steady state brain:plasma and CSF:plasma concentration ratios for theophylline and L‐glucose in neonatal rats were significantly higher than ratios in adult rats. Erythrocyte:plasma ratios for theophylline in neonatal rats were also significantly higher than ratios in adult rats. Steady state ratios for theophylline were significantly higher than those for L‐glucose in both neonatal and adult rats.3. Respiratory acidosis (pH 6.9–7.0) did not affect steady state CSF:plasma or brain.‐plasma ratios for theophylline in neonatal or adult rats. In contrast, steady state CSF:plasma and brain:plasma ratios for L‐glucose were increased by respiratory acidosis.4. The lower steady state CSF:plasma, brain:plasma and erythrocyte:plasma ratios for theophylline in adult rats are likely to be due to a higher concentration of plasma proteins in adult blood compared with neonates, with a greater retention of protein‐bound (non‐exchangeable) theophylline in adult blood, and are unlikely to be due to p‐glycoprotein‐mediated efflux of theophylline at the adult blood‐brain barrier.
HYPOTHESIS: ALDOSTERONE IS SYNTHESIZED BY AN ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY DURING SEVERE SODIUM DEPLETION. ‘A NEW WINE IN AN OLD BOTTLE’
Authors: Boon Wah Chin , McDougall John G , Coghlan John P 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The last three steps of aldosterone biosynthesis, 11β‐hydroxylation, 18‐hydroxylation and 18‐oxidation, have been demonstrated to be catalysed by one enzyme, which is the cytochrome P450np (CYP11B) in cow, pig, sheep and bullfrog or cytochrome P450aldo (CYP11B2) in rat, human, mouse and hamster.2. The related enzyme P45011β (CYP11B1) from rat, human, mouse and hamster adrenals displays 11β‐hydroxylation and 18‐hydroxylation activities, but not 18‐oxidation activity in vitro. No such enzyme has been reported in the cow, pig or sheep to date.3. Data showing the dissociation of aldosterone secretion from plasma angiotensin II (Angll) levels indicate the presence of other factor(s) that regulate aldosterone biosynthesis in response to changes in body sodium status. Thus, we propose the existence of a ‘sodium status factor’ that regulates aldosterone biosynthesis in addition to Angll, K,+ adrenocorticotropic hormone and atrial natriuretic peptide.4. We propose that during severe sodium deficiency there is a switch in the aldosterone pathway to a pathway using 18‐hydroxy‐deoxycorticosterone (18‐OH‐DOC) rather than corti‐costerone as an intermediate. This switch may be mediated via the putative ‘sodium status factor’.5. Two models of the hypothesis will be discussed in this paper: (i) a ‘one‐enzyme’ model; and (ii) a ‘two‐enzyme’ model.6. The one‐enzyme model proposes that P450aldo (P45011β as in the case of the cow, sheep and pig) changes its enzymatic activity during severe sodium deficiency (i.e. switching to the alternative aldosterone biosynthesis pathway).7. The two‐enzyme model proposes that, under normal circumstances, P450aldo synthesizes aldosterone from deoxycorticosterone, while during severe sodium deficiency the P450up provides the substrate (i.e 18‐OH‐DOC) for the P450aldo.
Trends and future projections of child injury in New South Wales: A tool for advocacy?
Authors: Mitchell Rebecca , Schmertmann Marcia , Sherker Shauna 
Published: June 2007

Aims:  To describe the trend of unintentional hospitalised injury in children aged 0–14 years in New South Wales (NSW), Australia during 1993–1994 to 2004–2005 and to estimate future projections of common child injury hospitalisations from 2006 to 2021.Methods:  NSW hospitalisation data were used to describe injury trends of children aged 14 years or less who were residents of NSW (1993–1994 to 2004–2005). Projected injury‐related hospitalisations of children for 2006–2021 were estimated assuming that the current observed rate of change in childhood injury hospitalisation rates continued to 2021.Results:  During 1993–1994 to 2004–2005, there were 238 093 injury‐related hospitalisations of children aged 14 years or less in NSW. Assuming the rate of change in injury hospitalisation observed between 1993–1994 and 2004–2005 continued into the future, the all hospitalised injury incidence rate for children aged 14 years or less is projected to decrease by 1.0% each year to 2021. Injury mechanisms such as burns and scalds, swimming pool non‐fatal drowning and poisoning are all projected to decrease in the future, although not for all age groups. Falls (excluding those from playground equipment) and falls from playground equipment hospitalisations (excluding children less than 1 year) are projected to increase.Conclusion:  Although the incidence of hospitalisation for some common child‐related injury mechanisms is projected to decrease over the coming years, others are projected to increase. It is possible that advocacy efforts might benefit from using projected injury trends. Co‐ordinated cross‐government action is needed to successfully implement child injury prevention strategies, particularly in the playground environment.
Immunisation practices of paediatric oncologists: An Australasian survey
Authors: Crawford Nigel W , Heath John A , Buttery Jim P 
Published: June 2007

Aim:  The aim of this survey was to identify the current practices of paediatric oncologists in Australia and New Zealand regarding the immunisation of children treated for cancer.Methods:  The survey was a nine‐part questionnaire of current immunisation practices emailed to all paediatric oncologists practising in Australia (nine centres) and New Zealand (three centres) in June 2006.Results:  Overall response rate was 82% (37 of 45 oncologists). Ninety‐four per cent of respondents would recommend commencing ‘booster’ vaccinations at 6 months post completion of chemotherapy, in keeping with the current guidelines. Seventy‐four per cent would recommend varicella vaccination. Intensity of the chemotherapy treatment was felt to be important, with 97% recommending re‐immunising after a high‐intensity regimen and only 48% after a lower‐intensity regimen. Sixty‐nine per cent stated they would recommend yearly influenza vaccinations for their patients.Conclusion:  This survey highlights the variability of practice in Australasia; for example, nearly one‐third do not recommend yearly influenza vaccination for their patients. The level of chemotherapy intensity was an important factor for paediatric oncologists in determining whether ‘booster’ vaccinations were recommended. This is an important cancer survivorship issue and review of the evidence‐base and implementation of these guidelines is required.
REVIEW OF LARGE DEEP LIPOMATOUS TUMOURS
Authors: Serpell Jonathan W. , Chen Richard Y. Y. 
Published: June 2007

Background:  Lipomatous tumours comprise a range of diagnoses. There are controversies regarding the histopathological diagnosis, nomenclature, diagnostic method, surgical management, roles of radiotherapy and the risk of metastasis, local recurrence and dedifferentiation. This study describes our experience with such tumours.Methods:  Retrospective review of 224 soft tissue tumours from the Senior Author’s (J. W. S.) database identified 28 patients with deep lipomatous tumours. Clinical features and outcomes were studied with median follow up of 1.5 years.Results:  Eleven deep lipomas, six deep atypical lipomas, four well‐differentiated (lipoma‐like) liposarcomas, three well‐differentiated liposarcomas and four liposarcomas were studied. Preoperative diagnosis was established by image‐guided core biopsy in 20 patients, excisional biopsy in 6, incisional biopsy in 1 and fine‐needle aspiration in 1. All patients diagnosed with deep lipoma and deep atypical lipoma underwent marginal excision. The median size of the excised tumour was 11 cm. Recurrence occurred in three deep atypical lipomas and one liposarcoma. Dedifferentiation occurred in one deep atypical lipoma, which transformed into a liposarcoma. None had metastasis or died of metastatic malignancy.Conclusion:  Large deep lipomatous tumours are uncommon and although they do not tend to metastasize, they not infrequently recur locally. Hence their local treatment to prevent local recurrence is important. Key aspects in achieving a complete, but marginal resection of the deep atypical lipoma and the well‐differentiated lipoma‐like liposarcoma is accurate preoperative diagnosis with core biopsy and accurate imaging to assess deep unsuspected extensions of the tumour.
MODIFIED CLASSIFICATION FOR ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE GASTRO‐OESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION
Authors: Shearer Christopher J. , Going James J. , Neilson Lisa J. , Stuart Robert C. 
Published: June 2007

Background:  Incidence of the gastro‐oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma is increasing. Siewert’s classification subdivides junctional adenocarcinomas anatomically. Cytokeratin (CK) 7 and 20 immunophenotypes differentiate Barrett’s intestinal metaplasia (IM) from gastric IM. Comparing CK immunostaining with Siewert’s classification may establish tumour origin and influence surgical choice.Methods:  In this experimental study, 57 patients with gastro‐oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma were subdivided endoscopically into 15 type 1, 26 type 2 and 16 type 3 adenocarcinomas. Representative biopsies were immunostained for CK7 and CK20.Results:  Intestinal metaplasia was associated with type 1 adenocarcinoma in 12 of 15 patients, 80%; with type 2 in 13 of 26 patients, 50% and type 3 in 6 of 16 patients, 37.5%. All type 1 patients showed Barrett’s CK7/CK20 phenotype within IM; type 2 a mixture: 69% (n = 9) Barrett’s CK7/CK20 and 31% (n = 4) gastric CK7/CK20 whereas type 3 patients had a gastric CK7/CK20 pattern in 83% (n = 5). Immunostaining within the adenocarcinoma was variable.Conclusion:  Siewert’s type 1 adenocarcinomas express Barrett’s CK7/CK20 pattern, type 3 a gastric CK7/CK20 pattern and type 2 tumours a mixture of Barrett’s and gastric CK7/CK20 patterns within associated IM. CK immunostaining may refine Siewert’s classification into oesophageal type 1 or gastric type 2 adenocarcinoma with IM.
SIX‐YEAR PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RECTAL BLEEDING CLINIC AT THE QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Authors: Lee Jen S. J. , Rieger Nicholas A , Stephens Jacqueline H , Hewett Peter J , Rodda David J , Lawrence Matthew J 
Published: June 2007

Background:  One‐stop rectal bleeding clinics (RBC) are designed to diagnose and treat colorectal diseases that present with rectal bleeding. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital RBC is an open access clinic and is unique in South Australia. It offers flexible sigmoidoscopy and facilities for treating common anorectal conditions.Methods:  Data of all patients presenting to the RBC were prospectively recorded into a database. Data were collected on the patient details, presentation, medical history, physical examination, treatment and intended follow‐up.Results:  A total of 1539 cases was seen in the clinic between March 2000 and February 2006. Flexible sigmoidoscopy was carried out in 1145 cases (75.03%). Banding or injection of haemorrhoids was carried out in 383 cases. A total of 590 patients was referred for colonoscopy and of these, 27 were diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma or squamous cell cancer of the anus. Most of these patients were more than 50 years old (26 of 27; 96.30%) and had associated symptoms, such as weight loss or altered bowel habit with their rectal bleeding (23 of 27; 85.19%).Conclusion:  Rectal bleeding clinics can facilitate early diagnosis of colorectal malignancy and can also provide a ‘one‐stop shop’ for treating benign anorectal conditions.
SIMPLE ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUE FOR RETRIEVING A LONG FOREIGN BODY FROM THE STOMACH
Authors: Beldholm Bernard R. , Lee Alice U. 
Published: June 2007

Background:  Foreign body ingestion occurs frequently and is a common problem confronting the general surgeon or gastroenterologist. Most foreign bodies pass spontaneously, but long items such as forks and spoons are unable to pass through the duodenum. These foreign bodies present a unique challenge for the endoscopist as they tend to T‐bone at the gastro‐oesophageal junction, making it technically very difficult to remove.Methods:  We prevent a case of a young woman ingesting a spoon.Results:  By using a single channel gastroscope, snare and altering the position of the operating table we were able to extract the long foreign body.Conclusion:  We describe an alternate, new technique that may help avoid a laparotomy in a patient presenting after ingestion of a retained gastric foreign body.
Rapid turnover of DOC in temperate forests accounts for increased CO2 production at elevated temperatures
Authors: Bengtson Per , Bengtsson Göran 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe evidence for the contribution of soil warming to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and carbon stocks of temperate forest ecosystems is equivocal. Here, we use data from a beech/oak forest on concentrations and stable isotope ratios of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), phosphate buffer‐extractable organic carbon, soil organic carbon (SOC), respiration and microbial gross assimilation of N to show that respired soil carbon originated from DOC. However, the respiration was not dependent on the DOC concentration but exceeded the daily DOC pool three to four times, suggesting that DOC was turned over several times per day. A mass flow model helped to calculate that a maximum of 40% of the daily DOC production was derived from SOC and to demonstrate that degradation of SOC is limiting respiration of DOC. The carbon flow model on SOC, DOC, microbial C mobilization/immobilization and respiration is linked by temperature‐dependent microbial and enzyme activity to global warming effects of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere.
Tree diversity reduces herbivory by forest insects
Authors: Jactel Hervé , Brockerhoff Eckehard G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBiodiversity loss from plant communities is often acknowledged to affect primary production but little is known about effects on herbivores. We conducted a meta‐analysis of a worldwide data set of 119 studies to compare herbivory in single‐species and mixed forests. This showed a significant reduction of herbivory in more diverse forests but this varied with the host specificity of insects. In diverse forests, herbivory by oligophagous species was virtually always reduced, whereas the response of polyphagous species was variable. Further analyses revealed that the composition of tree mixtures may be more important than species richnessper sebecause diversity effects on herbivory were greater when mixed forests comprised taxonomically more distant tree species, and when the proportion of non‐host trees was greater than that of host trees. These findings provide new support for the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning across trophic levels.
Stochasticity generates an evolutionary instability for infectious disease
Authors: Read Jonathan M. , Keeling Matt J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTraditional models of disease evolution are based upon the deterministic competition between strains that confer complete cross‐immunity, and predict the selection of strains with higher basic reproductive ratios (R0). In contrast, evolution in a stochastic setting is determined by a complex mixture of influences. Here, to isolate the impact of stochasticity, we constrain all competing strains to have an equal basic reproductive ratio – thereby eliminating deterministic selection. The resulting stochastic models predict an evolutionary unstable strategy, which separates a region favouring the evolution of rapid‐transmission (acute) strains from one favouring persistent (chronic) strains. We find this to be a generic phenomenon with strain evolution consistently driven towards extremes of epidemiological behaviour. Even in the absence of an equalR0constraint, such stochastic selective pressures operate in addition to standard deterministic selection and will therefore influence the evolutionary behaviour of disease in all scenarios.
Schwa and the phonotactics of RP English
Authors: Heselwood Barry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this paper it is argued that the phonotactics of RP English1should be seen in terms of the arrangement of consonants around a full vowel nucleus, and that schwa has a pivotal role in facilitating such arrangements but is not itself distinctive in the vowel system.2Two types of function are identified for schwa: anaptyctic (e.g.today, abbot), and positional (e.g.support, lotus). Because schwa‐syllables are bound and their vocalic content predictable, there is no justification for setting them up as phonotactic domains. In order that their consonantal content can be put into phonotactic relation with a full vowel, a unit of distribution called a ‘phonotactic group’ is proposed.3
Diet and prey profiles of three sympatric large carnivores in Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India
Authors: Andheria A. P. , Karanth K. U. , Kumar N. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe conducted a field study of diets of three sympatric large carnivores, the tiger Panthera tigris, the leopard Panthera pardus and the dhole Cuon alpinus in Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India, based on analyses of 381, 111 and 181 scats, respectively. The frequency of occurrence of prey items in scats was converted to relative biomass and number of prey consumed using regression equations based on earlier feeding trials. The results showed that although these predators kill ∼11–15 species of vertebrate prey, relatively abundant ungulate species provide 88–97% of biomass consumed by them. Although the dietary niche overlap among the three species was high (Pianka's index of 0.75–0.93), some specialized predation was observed. The largest ungulates, gaur Bos gaurus and sambar Cervus unicolor, provided 73% of biomass consumed by tigers, whereas medium‐sized chital Axis axis and wild pig Sus scrofa formed 65 and 83% of the biomass intake of leopards and dholes, respectively. In terms of the relative numbers of prey animals killed by the three predators, chital, which is the most abundant prey species, dominated their diets (tiger=33%, leopard=39% and dhole=73%). The results of the study, in conjunction with earlier work, support the prediction that abundance of ungulate prey species, as well as their availability in different size classes, are both critical factors that facilitate sympatry among the three predators.
A novel PIP2 binding of εPKC and its contribution to the neurite induction ability1
Authors: Shirai Yasuhito , Murakami Takuya , Kuramasu Maho , Iijima Leo , Saito Naoaki 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProtein kinase C‐ε (εPKC) induces neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma cells but molecular mechanism of the εPKC‐induced neurite outgrowth is not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the ability of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) binding of εPKC and its correlation with the neurite extension. We found that full length εPKC bound to PIP2 in a 12‐ο‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate dependent manner, while the regulatory domain of εPKC (εRD) bound to PIP2 without any stimulation. To identify the PIP2 binding region, we made mutants lacking several regions from εRD, and examined their PIP2 binding activity. The mutants lacking variable region 1 (V1) bound to PIP2 stronger than intact εRD, while the mutants lacking pseudo‐substrate or common region 1 (C1) lost the binding. The PIP2 binding ability of the V3‐deleted mutant was weakened. Those PIP2 bindings of εPKC, εRD and the mutants well correlated to their neurite induction ability. In addition, a chimera of pleckstrin homology domain of phospholipase Cδ and the V3 region of εPKC revealed that PIP2 binding domain and the V3 region are sufficient for the neurite induction, and a first 16 amino acids in the V3 region was important for neurite extension. In conclusion, εPKC directly binds to PIP2 mainly through pseudo‐substrate and common region 1, contributing to the neurite induction activity.
Blood glucose control in critical care patients – a review of the literature
Authors: Parsons Penny , Watkinson Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe role of hyperglycaemia in critical illness, and its corresponding treatment, has been an area of controversy, fuelled by conflicting research findings. The aims of this study were to critically evaluate the literature and present an historical review of the sequence of published papers relating to blood glucose control in critical care. Their subsequent impact together with the implications for patient care is discussed. This article is based on a systematic review of papers relating to glycaemic control in critical care patients. The review was conducted using the MedLine, CINAHL and EMBASE databases using key search terms (details of the search terms can be found after the conclusion of the paper) for the period 1950–2006. The searches resulted in 4863 papers being screened for relevance to the historic progression of glycaemic management in critical care patients, by title and then abstract. Of these, 209 were accessed, and their reference lists were snowballed for further papers. Papers that were repeatedly quoted throughout the literature and were therefore considered important in the historical development of accepted critical care practice were finally subjected to rigorous appraisal. These totalled 91 papers and included 18 randomized controlled trials, an additional 28 research papers, 25 editorials and 20 reviews. This critical evaluation of published work indicates that the evidence for the benefit of this therapy may not be as compelling as previously indicated, and its widespread use may have been premature. From a nursing perspective, this demonstrates the importance of maintaining a questioning attitude to new therapies and reviewing best practice in the light of evolving evidence.