bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptual‐Recognitional Abilities and Perceptual Knowledge
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents a conception of recognitional abilities and perceptual-discriminative abilities to make sense of how perceptual experiences make it possible to have cognitive contact with objects and facts. It is argued that accepting the emerging view does not commit one to the claim that perceptual experiences are essentially relational, as they are conceived to be in disjunctivist theories. The discussion explores some implications for the theory of knowledge in general. In particular, it considers how we can shed light on the nature of knowledge if we do not aim to provide a conceptual analysis of knowledge in terms of true belief plus something else. Consideration is also given to how best to make sense of the practical value that knowledge has.
2 Metaphor and Disclosure
Authors: Brown David 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines how poets have found in metaphor an obvious point of contact with religion, despite the tendency of so many theologians and believers to seek reduction to the literal. It explores the rich, often hidden potential of metaphor to establish hitherto unperceived connections, then more specifically at how divine presence is mediated through them. It concludes with some thoughts on the deleterious consequences of modern reductionism.
3 Hymns and Psalms
Authors: Brown David 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores how the music of worship recalls, renews, or initiates experience and it looks at the contribution that metaphor and symbol make. It begins by offering some reflections on the historical background to our present situation. It then focuses on the issues raised by imagery that goes beyond explicit biblical precedent (including what criteria might be applied in our own day), the question of match between music and words, and, finally, the range of experience to which such writing might appeal.
6 Enactment in Music
Authors: Brown David 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the tradition of liturgical and choral music. It begins by considering the medieval situation and the ideals on which it operated. It then examines the attempt to reform the principles under which Gregorian chant and polyphony were sung (the latter in the 16th century, both in the 19th), before going on to examine how Protestant and Catholic traditions interacted to produce the situation we now find ourselves in. Finally, it considers what kind of contribution the Church might expect from such music today.
Making Italy:Terra Italia
Authors: Bispham Edward 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the evolution of ‘Italy’ itself. It identifies the Pyrrhic Wars as a key turning point in the evolution of the concept of Italy in the middle republic. An example of terra Italia is presented, which comes from a discussion of Pyrrhos' invasion in Aulus Gellius. It is argued that as propaganda, terra Italia may have originated in the decades following the battle of Sentinum, redolent of an ideological unity in the face of foreign foes (Epirote, Punic, or Gallic). Its technical sense, denoting non-Gallic Italy, may have first appeared as Rome began to acquire spheres of interest in Sicily, Sardinia, and the Po valley, leading to the need to differentiate overseas territories from those of the Italian alliance.
2 Roman Italy: The Second Century
Authors: Bispham Edward 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the legal and institutional evidence for what Roman Italy looked like, and how it operated in the late 2nd century bc. It considers the way in which the ager Romanus was articulated in terms of settlement, and the juridical taxonomies which underpinned those territorial divisions; how the various communities behaved, and how they related to Rome, and she to them. It is argued that far from being able to ‘colour in’, the whole map of that part of Italy enfranchised after the Social War as a nice patchwork of coloniae and municipia, we are instead faced with an Italy in which unmunicipalized ‘blank areas’ remained, for reasons of policy, inertia, or decay, in some cases for decades, even until the Augustan period.
Allies: Latins and Italians in the Second Century
Authors: Bispham Edward 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRoman influence in Italy was the result of her entrenched position of power after the expulsion of Hannibal and defeat of Carthage. This chapter examines the impact on Latins and Italian socii. The Bacchanalian crisis, how non-Romans may have been affected by the agrarian legislation of 111 bc, citizenship, the character of Roman hegemony, and pre-Social War-leges are discussed.
Municipalization and the Politics of Enfranchisement of Italy
Authors: Bispham Edward 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe municipalization following the Social War must be understood within the context of the political atmosphere in which it emerged, and the major public discourses of the time: the admission and absorption of the new citizens into the Roman res publica, and the closely related struggle for domination between the Marian/Cinnan group and that of Sulla and his adherents. This chapter examines the ‘Italian question’ between the end of the Social War and the dictatorship of Sulla. It argues that this period marks the beginning of the municipalization of those communities enfranchised as a result of the Social War.
The Simple Quattuorvirate (‘Nude Dictus’)
Authors: Bispham Edward 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe most important identifying features of the vast majority of the municipia created after the Social War was their unique new magistracy, the quattuorvirate. This chapter examines all thirty-six attestations of the quattuorvirate nude dictus. While the quattuorvirate is not the sum of the changes represented by municipalization, it does have important things to tell us about what sorts of municipia Rome was trying to create after the Social War and why; it has the additional advantage of being widely represented in its major manifestations.
7 ‘Quattuoruiri Iure Dicundo’
Authors: Bispham Edward 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on attestations of the quattuorvirate iure dicundo. The magistracy is recorded at Tibur; Setia, Signia, Sora, Aquinum, and Interamna Lirenas; Cales; Aeclanum and Beneventum; Potentia and Volcei; Vibo Valentia; Brundisium and Luceria; Alba Fucens; Marruvium; Clusium, Volsinii, Vulci, and Volaterrae; Ocriculum, Interamna Nahars, Spoletium, Hispellum, Asisium, and Sassina; Placentia and Aquileia. Tibur has already furnished us with three inscriptions. It now provides us with two cases of the quattuorvirate i. d. Q37, known only through MS copies, constitutes one long line, and thus would seem to have been cut into an architrave. There is no way of knowing if anything was carved on adjacent blocks and is now lost.
9 The Duovirate
Authors: Bispham Edward 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the duovirate, the other magistracy found in municipia created after the Social War. Although the duovirate appears after the Social War, it is found as often in citizen communities whose incorporation predates the conflict as it is in new citizen communities. In the former group, it seems to be more or less a continuation of the two-praetor magistracy found before the Social War; but analysis of its presence in the new citizen communities requires careful thought before an explanation can be suggested. All attestations of the duovirate are considered, since the two groups cannot and should not be considered independently. While it can be suggested to within half a decade the date of the introduction of the quattuorvirate, that of the first appearance of the duovirate is anything but clear. The chapter attempts to provide at least a partial answer to this problem.
The Form of Greek Landscape
Authors: Güthenke Constanze 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMoving beyond the conclusion of recent studies that place is symbolic and culturally constructed, this chapter historicizes those insights and traces them back to the central position of nature as landscape in post-Kantian and Romantic aesthetics. Here, landscape is thought extraordinarily suitable to embody universal concepts, among them that of freedom in particular. Nature is closely linked to questions of subjectivity and autonomy, and the use of nature imagery takes its premises from that same cluster of questions. An outline of the enabling form of Hellenism and the Romantic landscape of Greece leads on to the wider and far-reaching question of the ideal and its material representation. From this perspective, some of the consequences for literary representation of the emergence of the Greek state become clear.
‘I love this land of Greece above all else. It has the colour of my heart’: The Greek Landscape of the German Soul
Authors: Güthenke Constanze 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe second chapter asks how, through aesthetic discourse, Greek reality (material, geographical, climatic) signified as a foil for individual and national reflection. It first examines examples of real and fictive travel-writings in (European) circulation around 1800, including some rare German accounts of Greece by, for example, Bartholdy and von Halem, which have so far not received any scholarly attention. This is followed by an analysis of Hölderlin's novel Hyperion, or the Greek Hermit (1797/1799). Often neglected in favour of his poetry, Hölderlin's poetic novel is a central text to introduce the landscape of contemporary Greece, as an ambivalent mediator between antiquity and modernity, into the act of writing on German national identity.
Analytic Justification
Authors: Russell Gillian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIt is largely because of the anticipated a priori status of analytic truths that philosophers have been interested in analyticity, but the existence of a priori justification is itself a difficult topic. This chapter explores the epistemological significance of analyticity. It examines three theories of analytic justification, (while remaining neutral about whether or not that analytic justification can be considered a kind of a priori justification), and uses the failures of the first two to motivate acceptance of the third.
China's Telecommunications Revolution
Authors: Harwit Eric 
Published: May 2008

AbstractChina's telecommunications industry has seen revolutionary transformation and growth over the past three decades. Chinese Internet users number more than 150 million, and the PRC expects to quickly pass the US in total numbers of connected citizens. The number of mobile and fixed-line telephone users soared from a mere 2 million in 1980 to a total of more than 800 million in 2007 — the country took the number one rank in the world in the number of telephones. China has been the most successful developing nation in history for spreading telecommunications access at an unparalleled rapid pace. This book tells how China conducted its remarkable ‘telecommunications revolution’. It examines both corporate and government policy to get citizens connected to both voice and data networks. It looks at the potential challenges to the one-party government when citizens get this access. And it considers the new opportunities for networking now offered the people of one of the world's fastest growing economies. The book is based on the author's fieldwork conducted in several Chinese cities, as well as extensive archival research. It focuses on key issues such as building and running the country's Internet, mobile phone company rivalry, foreign investment in the sector, and telecommunications in China's vibrant city of Shanghai. It also considers the country's internal ‘digital divide’, and questions how equitable the telecommunications revolution has been. Finally, it examines the ways the PRC's entry to the World Trade Organization will shape the future course of telecommunications growth.
4 China's Internet and Government Policy
Authors: Harwit Eric 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers several dimensions of China's Internet. It begins by examining other national models of Internet development. It then assesses the Chinese government's role in building and managing the network, introducing Internet service companies, and overseeing the growth of mainly private content providers. While the chapter considers issues of censorship and control in a way similar to earlier studies noted above, it also highlights the dilemma the government faces of larger economic benefit in the face of potential political challenges. It details major developments in e-commerce from the 1990s to the mid-2000s. The chapter also notes the evolving demographics of network users, and assesses how ‘netizen’ profiles shaped usage patterns. It concludes that despite a desire to control Internet content, the government was firm in its intent to see the network expand and become an important part of the Chinese economy and society.
5 Building the Network: The Role of Telecommunications Equipment Companies
Authors: Harwit Eric 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the country's telecommunications equipment manufacturing industries, and assesses the way industrial policy shaped them. It considers both Chinese and foreign-invested companies, as well as state-owned and private domestic corporations. It includes case studies of several key companies — such as Alcatel Shanghai Bell, Huawei, and ZTE — to see how well they have satisfied domestic needs, whether the companies have achieved technological advances, and how competitive they are in the international marketplace. The chapter uses some of the more traditional tools of assessing industries, taking into account sales profits and losses, and the impact of China's WTO entry on industries that have been both shielded from international competition, and benefited from foreign direct investment. It concludes that, overall, the government played a significant and positive role in shaping the industrial sector.
8 Industrial Policy and Lessons of the Telecommunications Revolution
Authors: Harwit Eric 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter proposes corollaries to basic industrial policy theory, ones based on the outcome of China's telecommunications transformation. It indicates a few points other developing nations should heed if they target key sectors for focused state economic policy intervention. Governments should avoid breeding corrupt practices, limit economic isolation from foreign investment, and encourage some forms of global competition. The chapter argues that if the area chosen for state intervention is well considered, competition is encouraged, and global economic forces are skillfully harnessed, other nations can emulate the equivalent of China's telecommunications revolution in a broad array of economic sectors.
4 Tomorrow's Hunger: A Framework for Analysing Vulnerability to Food Security
Authors: Løvendal Christian Romer , Knowles Marco 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWhilst traditional food security analysis offers an ex post view on who the food insecure are and why they are so, looking at food insecurity from a vulnerability perspective provides a dynamic and forward looking way of analysing causes, and more importantly options for reducing food insecurity. This can help improve policy responses to food insecurity. The chapter expands a standard food security analytical framework by including risks and the ability at different levels to manage these risks to reduce the probability of people being food insecure in the future. It looks at how different shocks can impact on availability, access and utilization and, using a twin-track approach, identify policy options for reducing vulnerability.
6 The Changing Pattern of Undernutrition in India: A Comparative Analysis Across Regions
Authors: Viswanathan Brinda , Meenakshi J. V. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter analyses the changes in prevalence of under-nourishment between the 1980s and 1990s at the national and sub-national levels in India, focusing on the rural-urban comparisons. There has been an apparent increase in the prevalence of under-nourishment over time in rural India, while in urban areas, the prevalence has remained unchanged, or has declined. Also, over time, average intakes in urban areas have surpassed those in rural India in most states. At the same time, there appears to be a decline in the within-state inequalities in energy intakes between 1983 and 1993/94, but an increase (especially in urban areas) between 1993/94 and 1999/2000.
9 The Impact of Domestic and International Commodity Price Volatility on Agricultural Income Instability in Ghana, Vietnam, and Peru
Authors: Rapsomanikis George , Sarris Alexander 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on estimating agricultural income uncertainties for a number of different household types in Ghana, Vietnam, and Peru. The results indicate that market and non-market uncertainties significantly affect the variability of agricultural income of households in these countries, and especially households that are specialized in a few commodities. However, under current policies, almost all of their income variability is due to domestic factors, with international prices not contributing much, at least in the short run. Wider exposure to international markets would increase the income variability of producers who have been subjected to domestic market stabilization policies in Ghana and Vietnam, while it would decrease it in the case of Peru.
11 An Analysis of the Potential Impact of the Current WTO Agricultural Negotiations on Government Strategies in the SADC Region
Authors: Hodge James , Charman Andrew 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter aims to help identify how the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) could potentially constrain government action to achieve food security in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It considers the potential impact of the proposed tariff and subsidy reduction modalities of the current round of WTO negotiations. The main focus is on the possible direct effects of the AoA, in terms of proposed reductions to domestic subsidies and tariffs, on food security in SADC countries. The chapter contends that while the potential impact of tariff reductions is minimal, given the LDC status of several countries in the SADC grouping and the extent of ‘water’ in the current country tariff structures, the longer term impact on food security policy options of SADC members is of greater concern. The chapter further highlights the comparatively low levels of public investment in the agricultural sector and the significant reductions of state support which have taken place over the past decade as a consequence of economic liberalization. It argues that the low level of investment in agriculture poses a significant threat to future regional food security.
Tampering with the ‘Sleeping Dogs’: Britain and Macedonia 1878–1935
Authors: Livanios Dimitris 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter analyses British foreign policy towards Macedonia from the 1870s to the mid-1930s, and argues that in the interwar years, Britain had no vital interests in the region apart from the preservation of the status quo, which was perceived as the only way of maintaining peace ‘in their time’. Consequently, Britain approached the Macedonian Question from a purely strategic point of view that prompted it to defend the Peace Treaties, and resist attempts to recognize a ‘Bulgarian minority’ in Yugoslavia. The chapter also examines the range of opinions on the appropriate solution of the Macedonian Question that existed between the centre (London) and the periphery of the Foreign Office (the British legations at Sofia and Belgrade), and demonstrates that in many cases much friction was produced over the policy that Britain ought to be pursuing in the Balkans.
A Loveless, but Necessary, Entanglement
Authors: Livanios Dimitris 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter offers some concluding remarks about the British connection to the Macedonian Question in the 1940s. It discusses the main parameters of British strategic thinking about Macedonia, including the preservation of the post-1918 state structure in the Balkans, and their opposition to a Balkan federation, and places their views within their historical context. It is argued that British involvement in the relations between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia — prompted always by necessity and not choice — was due solely to the need to protect the territorial integrity of Greece, the only British vital interest in the Balkans. In that context, the British viewed with profound suspicion Tito's plans about Macedonian unification and a Bulgar-Yugoslav federation, and were determined to prevent them from materializing, both when they felt they could, and also when their ability of doing so had diminished.
Truth's Role in Understanding
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTruth and reference play an essential part in the nature of meaning, intentional content, and understanding. Meaning, intentional content, and understanding cannot be elucidated solely in terms their relations to evidence, justification, inference, or consequences. A conception of understanding as involving truth and reference has significant explanatory powers that are unavailable if this role of truth and reference is neglected. This chapter argues for these claims directly in the case of some contents whose subject matter is the non-mental spatiotemporal world. It examines detailed proposals that aim to elucidate meaning, content, and understanding independently of truth and reference; to consider respects in which these proposals fail where their truth-involving rivals succeed; and to propose some elements of a positive account of meaning, content, and understanding for the subject matter of the non-mental spatio-temporal world.
The First Person as a Case Study
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter takes the first person as the subject matter for a case study of the thesis of the preceding chapter — the thesis that the fundamental reference rule for a concept contributes essentially to the explanation of the norms distinctive of that concept. There are two aims in this exercise. One is to suggest ways in which the extraordinarily rich and philosophically interesting epistemic phenomena exhibited by such an important concept as that of the first person can be explained by its fundamental reference rule. The other aim is to consider a much more general issue that arises about the individuation of certain concepts — input or output is more fundamental than the other in the individuation of the first-person concept, or is some third position correct, a position that can explain the role of the first person both on the input and on the output sides. It is argued that the reference rule is more fundamental than either the input-oriented or the output-oriented accounts of individuation; and that it can explain phenomena that pose difficulties for those accounts.
Introduction
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter first introduces one of the main ideas of the book — that the normativity of the intentional is the ‘key to metaethics’. It is suggested that this idea naturally captures a kind of Platonism about the normative. It then compares the theory that is outlined in the rest of the book with the best-known alternative theories (such as expressivist and constructivist theories, the theories built around a ‘conceptual analysis’ of normative concepts, the naturalist theory that is known as ‘Cornell moral realism’, and quietist forms of realism). Finally, it gives a summary of the contents of later chapters, and makes some comments on the philosophical method that is used in the rest of the book.