bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on the optimization of the deployment of targeted observations using adjoint‐based methods
Authors: Bergot Thierry , Doerenbecher Alex 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA new adjoint‐based method to find the optimal deployment of targeted observations, called Kalman Filter Sensitivity (KFS), is introduced. The major advantage of this adjoint‐based method is that it allows direct computation of the reduction of the forecast‐score error variance that would result from future deployment of targeted observations. This method is applied in a very simple one‐dimensional context, and is then compared to other adjoint‐based products, such as classical gradients and gradients with respect to observations. The major conclusion is that the deployment of targeted observation is strongly constrained by the aspect ratio between the length‐scale of the sensitivity area and the length‐scale of the analysis‐error covariance matrix. This very simple example also clearly illustrates that the reduction of forecast‐error variance is stronger for assimilation schemes which have a smaller characteristic length‐scale. Finally, the KFS technique is applied in a diagnostic way (i.e. once the observations are done) to four FASTEX cases. For these cases, the reduction of the forecasterror variance is in agreement with the efficiency of targeted observations as previously studied. A preliminary step towards an operational use has been performed on FASTEX IOP18, and results seem to validate the KFS approach of targeting. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
An uncertainty model for Bayesian Monte Carlo retrieval algorithms: Application to the TRMM observing system
Authors: L'ecuyer Tristan S. , Stephens Graeme L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAn error model for Bayesian Monte Carlo retrieval algorithms which explicitly accounts for uncertainty introduced by the use of a finite database of realizations, as well as uncertainties associated with the modelling and measurement components of the retrieval is described. The model provides a rigorous estimate of the uncertainty in all retrieved parameters as well as a breakdown of this uncertainty into two components attributable to an imperfect database, and modelling and measurement uncertainties, respectively. This error information is critical for algorithm development, model validation and, in particular, in variational data assimilation where the relative accuracy of the observations and the background forecast determines how much the latter is modified in the assimilation process.Using the error model, uncertainties in the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) instantaneous surface rainfall product (2A12) are found to range from 40 to 60 percent in rainfall up to 20 mm h−1.. In heavier rain, uncertainties rapidly increase due to heavy attenuation in all TMI channels which requires surface rainfall to be inferred solely from the non‐unique relationship between surface rain rate and the ice‐scattering signature in the strongly coupled 37 and 85 GHz brightness temperatures. In light rain, the fact that the database attempts to approximate nature's infinite cloud probability density function by a finite set of realizations, and the inherent inability of the TMI brightness temperatures to completely distinguish between all cloud profiles in the database, dominate retrieval uncertainties. Between 4 and 10 mm h−1 both error components are comparable while measurement and model uncertainties dominate in heavier rainfall. Preliminary attempts to incorporate radar reflectivity data to reduce profile database uncertainties show promise, but can lead to a compensating increase in the modelling and measurement‐error component.Results highlight the need for studying sources of systematic error in the cloud database such as errors in cloud microphysical assumptions, beam‐filling errors, or biases in the radiative‐transfer calculations used to simulate brightness temperatures for each profile. In addition, the utility of the error model for estimating uncertainties in any Bayesian Monte Carlo retrieval algorithm is demonstrated. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Helicity, superhelicity and weighted relative potential vorticity: Useful diagnostic pseudoscalars?
Authors: Hide Raymond 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAdvances in techniques of data assimilation in meteorology and oceanography and continuing improvements in the scope and reliability of numerical simulations of motions in atmospheres and oceans and other rotating fluid systems offer opportunities for experimenting with novel diagnostic schemes for elucidating basic dynamical processes. Here attention is drawn to the likely diagnostic value of determinations of the fields of certain pseudoscalar quantities, namely helicity, superhelicity and weighted relative potential vorticity. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
DFT studies on the multi‐channel reaction of CH3S+NO2
Authors: Tang Yi‐Zhen , Sun Hao , Pan Ya‐Ru , Pan Xiu‐Mei , Wang Rong‐Shun 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe mechanisms for the reaction of CH3S with NO2 are investigated at the QCISD(T)/6‐311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) on both single and triple potential energy surfaces (PESs). The geometries, vibrational frequencies, and zero‐point energy (ZPE) correction of all stationary points involved in the title reaction are calculated at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level. More accurate energies are obtained at the QCISD(T)/6‐311++G(d,p). The results show that 5 intermediates and 14 transition states are found. The reaction is more predominant on the single PES, while it is negligible on the triple PES. Without any barrier height for the whole process, the main channel of the reaction is to form CH3SONO and then dissociate to CH3SO+NO. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Certification process artifacts defined as measurable units for software assurance
Authors: Lee Seok‐Won , Gandhi Robin A. , Ahn Gail‐Joon 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCertification and Accreditation (C&A) process artifacts for software‐intensive systems are characterized by the metrics and measures required to be produced from their units of analysis for assessing system behaviour. Software‐intensive systems are complex clusters of closely interdependent system of systems that include underlying software, systems, people, processes, and operational environments. Naturally, such systems require carefully designed C&A artifacts that consider metrics and measures from multiple dimensions at different levels of abstraction in the Universe of Discourse (UoD) in order to understand, predict, and control their emergent behaviour. Hence, C&A artifacts defined as measurable units for software assurance should be the result of an aggregated reasoning of evidences from various dimensions, while maintaining traceability and alignment to real world goals/objectives in all stages of the system lifecycle. To address these research objectives, we present a novel integration framework that promotes cohesion and traceability among metrics and measures from multiple dimensions in the problem domain on the basis of the definition of a common language. By applying our framework to automate the Department of Defense Information Technology Security Certification and Accreditation Process (DITSCAP), we also motivate the design principles and modelling techniques necessary to generalize a course of action to conduct C&A processes with appropriate tool support for software‐intensive systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The KlSTE2 and KlSTE3 genes encode MATα‐ and MATa‐specific G‐protein‐coupled receptors, respectively, which are required for mating of Kluyveromyces lactis haploid cells
Authors: Torres‐Quiroz Francisco , Kawasaki Laura , Rodríguez‐González Miriam , Patrón‐Soberano Araceli , Coria Roberto 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMating in yeast is initiated by binding of pheromone to G‐protein‐coupled receptors expressed in haploid cells. We analysed the role of KlSte2p and KlSte3p receptors in the Kluyveromyces lactis mating pathway. By sequence analysis, KlSte2p and KlSte3p are the homologues of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α‐pheromone and a‐pheromone receptors, respectively. However, by expression experiments, we determined that KlSTE2 gene is expressed in the cells typified as MATα and therefore is the receptor for the K. lactis a‐pheromone and KlSTE3 gene is expressed in the MATa cells and binds the α‐pheromone. The KlSTE2 gene is silent in MATa cells, while it is highly expressed in MATα cells, and conversely the KlSTE3 gene is expressed in MATa cells and repressed in MATα cells. Disruption mutants of both genes were found to be sterile, and this defect is reversed by plasmidic copies of each gene. The cytoplasmic C‐terminus of KlSte3p interacts strongly with the KlGpa1p (Gα) subunit, which is involved in the transduction of the pheromone stimulus to induce mating. Remarkably, this same domain does not interact with a constitutive active allele of the Gα subunit, indicating that the C‐terminus is able to discriminate between the active (GTP‐bound) and inactive (GDP‐bound) forms of the Gα subunit. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of complex lower-limb deformity correction with external fixation: A comparison of the Taylor Spatial Frame with the Ilizarov ring fixator
Authors: Manner Hans Michael , Huebl Michael , Radler Christof , Ganger Rudolf , Petje Gert , Grill Franz 
Published: December 2006

Purpose Circular external fixators have several advantages over other surgical options in the treatment of limb length discrepancy and axial deformity. The innovative Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF) combines a rigid hexapod fixation system with the support of a web-based software program, and thus offers the possibility of simultaneous corrections of multidirectional deformities. Whilst there is still some scepticism of many Ilizarov device users about the advantages of the TSF, the purpose of the study was to perform a comparison between the TSF and the Ilizarov ring fixator (IRF) with regard to the accuracy of deformity correction in the lower limb. Methods Two hundred and eight consecutive deformity corrections in 155 patients were retrospectively evaluated. There were 79 cases treated with the IRF and 129 cases treated with the TSF. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 13.2 years (range; 2–49 years). Standing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were evaluated preoperatively and immediately after removal of the frames. The final result was compared to the preoperatively defined aim of the deformity correction. According to the treated count of dimensions, we differentiated four types of deformity corrections. The results were graded into four groups based on the persisting axial deviation after removal of the frame. Results The aim of the deformity correction was achieved in a total of 90.7% in the TSF group, compared to 55.7% in the IRF group. On the basis of the count of dimensions, the TSF achieved obviously higher percentages of excellent results (one dimension: TSF 100%; IRF 79.3%; two dimensions: TSF 91.8%; IRF 48.6%; three dimensions: TSF 91.1%; IRF 28.6%; four dimensions: TSF 66.7%; IRF 0%). In addition, the degree of the persisting deformity increased with the number of planes of the deformity correction. Conclusions The TSF allowed for much higher precision in deformity correction compared to the IRF. In two-, three- and four-dimensional deformity corrections in particular, the TSF showed clear advantages. This may derive from the TSF-specific combination of a hexapod fixator with the support of an Internet-based software program, enabling precise simultaneous multiplanar deformity corrections.
Semi-strong convergence of sequences satisfying a variational inequality
Authors: Briane Marc , Mokobodzki Gabriel , Murat François 
Published: December 2006

In this paper we study the properties of any sequence

(u_{n})_{n⩾1}

weakly converging to a nonnegative function

u

in

W_{0}^{1,p}(\Omega )

,

p > 1

, and satisfying a variational inequality of type

−\mathrm{div}(a_{n}( \cdot ,\mathrm{∇}u_{n}))⩾f_{n}

, where

(a_{n})_{n⩾1}

is a suitable sequence of monotone operators and

(f_{n})_{n⩾1}

is any strongly convergent sequence in the dual space

W^{−1,p^{′}}(\Omega )

. We prove that the sequence

(u_{n}−(1−ɛ)u)^{−}

strongly converges to 0 in

W_{0}^{1,p}(\Omega )

for any

ɛ \in (0,1)

. We show by a counter-example that the result does not hold true if

ɛ = 0

. A remarkable corollary of these strong

ɛ

-convergences is that the sequence

(u_{n})_{n⩾1}

satisfies, up to a subsequence, a kind of semi-strong convergence:

(u_{n})_{n⩾1}

can be bounded from below by a sequence which converges to the same limit

u

but strongly in

W_{0}^{1,p}(\Omega )

. We also give an example of a nonnegative weakly convergent sequence which does not satisfy this semi-strong convergence property and hence cannot satisfy any variational inequality of the previous type. Finally, in the linear case of a sequence of highly-oscillating matrices, we improve the strong

ɛ

-convergences by replacing the arbitrary small constant

ɛ > 0

by a sequence

(ɛ_{n})_{n⩾1}

converging to 0.

Résumé

Dans cet article, on étudie les propriétés de toute suite

(u_{n})_{n⩾1}

qui converge faiblement dans

W_{0}^{1,p}(\Omega )

,

p > 1

, vers une fonction positive

u

et qui satisfait une inégalité variationnelle du type

−\mathrm{div}(a_{n}( \cdot ,\mathrm{∇}u_{n}))⩾f_{n}

, où

(a_{n})_{n⩾1}

est une suite convenable d'opérateurs monotones et où

(f_{n})_{n⩾1}

est une suite fortement convergente dans l'espace dual

W^{−1,p^{′}}(\Omega )

. On montre que, pour tout

ɛ \in ]0,1[

, la suite

(u_{n}−(1−ɛ)u)^{−}

converge fortement vers 0 dans

W_{0}^{1,p}(\Omega )

, et, à l'aide d'un contre-exemple, que cette convergence n'est pas en général vraie lorsque

ɛ = 0

. Un corollaire remarquable de ces

ɛ

-convergences fortes est que la suite

(u_{n})_{n⩾1}

satisfait, à une sous-suite près, une sorte de semi-convergence forte : la suite

(u_{n})_{n⩾1}

peut en effet être minorée par une suite qui converge fortement dans

W_{0}^{1,p}(\Omega )

vers la même limite

u

. On explicite aussi un exemple d'une suite positive et faiblement convergente qui ne vérifie pas la semi-convergence forte et qui par conséquent, n'est solution d'aucune inéquation variationnelle du type précédent. Enfin, dans le cas linéaire d'une suite fortement oscillante de matrices, on améliore la

ɛ

-convergence en remplaçant la constante arbitraire

ɛ > 0

par une suite

(ɛ_{n})_{n⩾1}

convergeant vers 0.
Mid‐trimester dilation and evacuation with laminaria does not increase the risk for severe subsequent pregnancy complications
Authors: Jackson J.E. , Grobman W.A. , Haney E. , Casele H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective: To evaluate subsequent pregnancy outcomes in women with a previous mid‐trimester (12–24 weeks) pregnancy termination by dilation and evacuation (D&E) as compared to women without a previous D&E. Method: Medical records for women who underwent a D&E between 1995 and 2003 were identified and reviewed. Women with subsequent pregnancies were compared on a 1:2 basis with women in a control group who had viable pregnancies and no previous mid‐trimester DE. Outcomes of interest included preterm labor, placental abnormalities, and a composite complication outcome. Results: Of the 317 women who underwent a D&E, 85 had viable subsequent pregnancies. These women delivered slightly earlier than the 170 controls (38.9 versus 39.5 weeks, p = 0.001), although there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with regard to birth weights, spontaneous preterm delivery, abnormal placentation, and overall complication rate. Conclusions: Mid‐trimester termination by D&E does not increase the rate of clinically significant subsequent pregnancy complications.
High‐Level Recombinant Protein Production in CHO Cells Using an Adenoviral Vector and the Cumate Gene‐Switch
Authors: Gaillet Bruno , Gilbert Rénald , Amziani Rachid , Guilbault Claire , Gadoury Christine , Caron Antoine W. , Mullick Alaka , Garnier Alain , Massie Bernard 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTo facilitate and accelerate the production of eukaryotic proteins with correct post‐translational modifications, we have developed a protein production system based on the transduction of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using adenovirus vectors (AdVs). We have engineered a CHO cell line (CHO‐cTA) that stably expresses the transactivator (cTA) of our newly developed cumate gene‐switch transcription system. This cell line is adapted to suspension culture and can grow in serum‐free and protein‐free medium. To increase the transduction level of AdVs, we have also generated a cell line (CHO‐cTA‐CAR) that expresses additional amounts of the coxackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) on its surface. Recombinant protein production was tested using an AdV carrying the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) under the control of the CR5 promoter, which is strongly and specifically activated by binding to cTA. The SEAP expression was linked to the expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) through an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) to facilitate titration of the AdV. We monitored SEAP expression on a daily basis for 9 days after transduction of CHO‐cTA and CHO‐cTA‐CAR using different quantities of AdVs at 37 and 30 °C. Incubation at the latter temperature increased the production of SEAP at least 10‐fold, and the presence of CAR increased the transduction level of the AdV. Maximum SEAP production (63 mg/L) was achieved at 6–7 days post‐infection at 30 °C by transducing CHO‐cTA‐CAR with 500 infectious particles/cell. Because numerous AdVs can now be generated within a few weeks and large‐scale production of AdVs is now a routine procedure, this system could be used to produce rapidly milligram quantities of a battery of recombinant proteins as well as for large‐scale protein production.
Electrochemical Regeneration of NADH Using Conductive Vanadia‐Silica Xerogels
Authors: Siu Eulalia , Won Keehoon , Park Chan Beum 
Published: December 2006

AbstractElectrically conductive sol‐gel matrices have been first introduced in order to enhance the efficiency of electrochemical NADH regeneration systems for biocatalysis. Vanadia‐silica mixed gels as conductive sol‐gels were synthesized using vanadium (V) oxytripropoxide (VOTP) and tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) as precursors. Direct electrochemical reductions of NAD+ were carried out in the presence of vanadia‐silica xerogels using unmodified platinum electrodes. Vanadia‐silica gels from higher ratios of VOTP to TMOS could effectively improve electrochemical generations of NADH from NAD+. Direct electrochemical regenerations of NADH were coupled to the synthesis of l‐glutamate from α‐ketoglutarate catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenases (GDH). In this case, vanadia‐silica gels were used as matrices for enzyme encapsulation, as opposed to serving as additives. When GDH were entrapped in “nonconductive” silica gels, synthesized using only TMOS, in the control experiment, the initial supply of NADH exhausted quickly and a final conversion of 30% was obtained. However, the use of conductive vanadia‐silica gels with encapsulated GDH resulted in complete conversion of α‐ketoglutarate to l‐glutamate. A turnover number of a cofactor was also enhanced 3‐fold by the application of conductive vanadia‐silica gels.
Nonenzymatic Lipid Peroxidation Reprograms Gene Expression and Activates Defense Markers inArabidopsisTocopherol-Deficient Mutants
Authors: Sattler Scott E. , Mène-Saffrané Laurent , Farmer Edward E. , Krischke Markus , Mueller Martin J. , DellaPenna Dean 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTocopherols (vitamin E) are lipophilic antioxidants that are synthesized by all plants and are particularly abundant in seeds. Two tocopherol-deficient mutant loci in Arabidopsis thaliana were used to examine the functions of tocopherols in seedlings: vitamin e1 (vte1), which accumulates the pathway intermediate 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DMPBQ); and vte2, which lacks all tocopherols and pathway intermediates. Only vte2 displayed severe seedling growth defects, which corresponded with massively increased levels of the major classes of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation products: hydroxy fatty acids, malondialdehyde, and phytoprostanes. In the absence of pathogens, the phytoalexin camalexin accumulated in vte2 seedlings to levels 100-fold higher than in wild-type or vte1 seedlings. Similarly, gene expression profiling in wild-type, vte1, and vte2 seedlings indicated that increased levels of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation in vte2 corresponded to increased expression of many defense-related genes, which were not induced in vte1. Both biochemical and transcriptional analyses of vte2 seedlings indicate that nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation plays a significant role in modulating plant defense responses. Together, these results establish that tocopherols in wild-type plants or DMPBQ in vte1 plants limit nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation during germination and early seedling development, thereby preventing the inappropriate activation of transcriptional and biochemical defense responses.
Phytotoxicity and Innate Immune Responses Induced by Nep1-Like Proteins
Authors: Qutob Dinah , Kemmerling Birgit , Brunner Frédéric , Küfner Isabell , Engelhardt Stefan , Gust Andrea A. , Luberacki Borries , Seitz Hanns Ulrich , Stahl Dietmar , Rauhut Thomas , Glawischnig Erich , Schween Gabriele , Lacombe Benoit , Watanabe Naohide , Lam Eric , Schlichting Rita , Scheel Dierk , Nau Katja , Dodt Gabriele , Hubert David , Gijzen Mark , Nürnberger Thorsten 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We show that oomycete-derived Nep1 (for necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide1)–like proteins (NLPs) trigger a comprehensive immune response in Arabidopsis thaliana, comprising posttranslational activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, deposition of callose, production of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen intermediates, ethylene, and the phytoalexin camalexin, as well as cell death. Transcript profiling experiments revealed that NLPs trigger extensive reprogramming of the Arabidopsis transcriptome closely resembling that evoked by bacteria-derived flagellin. NLP-induced cell death is an active, light-dependent process requiring HSP90 but not caspase activity, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, or functional SGT1a/SGT1b. Studies on animal, yeast, moss, and plant cells revealed that sensitivity to NLPs is not a general characteristic of phospholipid bilayer systems but appears to be restricted to dicot plants. NLP-induced cell death does not require an intact plant cell wall, and ectopic expression of NLP in dicot plants resulted in cell death only when the protein was delivered to the apoplast. Our findings strongly suggest that NLP-induced necrosis requires interaction with a target site that is unique to the extracytoplasmic side of dicot plant plasma membranes. We propose that NLPs play dual roles in plant pathogen interactions as toxin-like virulence factors and as triggers of plant innate immune responses.