bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic effect of follow-up assessments on antidepressant and placebo response rates in antidepressant efficacy trials
Authors: Posternak Michael A. , Zimmerman Mark 
Published: March 2007

BackgroundIt remains unclear how much various factors contribute to the placebo response.AimsTo estimate the therapeutic impact of follow-up assessments on placebo response in antidepressant trials.MethodDouble-blind, placebo-controlled antidepressant trials that reported weekly changes in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) scores over 6 weeks were selected. Included studies (n=41) were divided into those that conducted four, five or six follow-up assessments. Reductions in HRSD scores as a function of the different follow-up schedules were compared.ResultsAn extra follow-up visit at week 3 was associated with a 0.86 further reduction in HRSD score; an extra visit at week 5 was associated with a 0.67 further reduction. These effects represented approximately 34–44% of the placebo response that occurred over these time frames. Two additional visits were associated with twice the reduction in HRSD score than one, suggesting that the therapeutic impact of assessment visits is cumulative and proportional. A comparable therapeutic effect was also found in participants receiving active medication.ConclusionsFollow-up assessments in antidepressant treatment trials incur a significant therapeutic effect for participants on placebo, and this represents about 40% of the placebo response.
The Effect of Emergency Department Expansion on Emergency Department Overcrowding
Authors: Han Jin H. , Zhou Chuan , France Daniel J. , Zhong Sheng , Jones Ian , Storrow Alan B. , Aronsky Dominik 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Objectives:
To examine the effects of emergency department (ED) expansion on ambulance diversion at an urban, academic Level 1 trauma center.
Methods:
This was a pre‐post study performed using administrative data from the ED and hospital electronic information systems. On April 19, 2005, the adult ED expanded from 28 to 53 licensed beds. Data from a five‐month pre‐expansion period (November 1, 2004, to March 1, 2005) and a five‐month postexpansion period (June 1, 2005, to October 31, 2005) were included for this analysis. ED and waiting room statistics as well as diversion status were obtained. Total ED length of stay (LOS) was defined as the time from patient registration to the time leaving the ED. Admission hold LOS was defined as the time from the inpatient bed request to the time leaving the ED for admitted patients. Mean differences (95% confidence interval [CI]) in total time spent on ambulance diversion per month, diversion episodes per month, and duration per diversion episode were calculated. An accelerated failure time model was performed to test if ED expansion was associated with a reduction in ambulance diversion while adjusting for potential confounders.
Results:
From pre‐expansion to postexpansion, daily patient volume increased but ED occupancy decreased. There was no significant change in the time spent on ambulance diversion per month (mean difference, 10.9 hours; 95% CI =−74.0 to 95.8), ambulance diversion episodes per month (two episodes per month; 95% CI =−4.2 to 8.2), and duration of ambulance diversion per episode (0.3 hours; 95% CI =−4.0 to 3.5). Mean (±SD) total LOS increased from 4.6 (±1.9) to 5.6 (±2.3) hours, and mean (±SD) admission hold LOS also increased from 3.0 (±0.2) to 4.1 (±0.2) hours. The proportion of patients who left without being seen was 3.5% and 2.7% (p = 0.06) in the pre‐expansion and postexpansion periods, respectively. In the accelerated failure time model, ED expansion did not affect the time to the next ambulance diversion episode.
Conclusions:
An increase in ED bed capacity did not affect ambulance diversion. Instead, total and admission hold LOS increased. As a result, ED expansion appears to be an insufficient solution to improve diversion without addressing other bottlenecks in the hospital.
Definition of Clinically Distinct Molecular Subtypes in Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Carcinomas Through Genomic Grade
Authors: Loi Sherene , Haibe-Kains Benjamin , Desmedt Christine , Lallemand Françoise , Tutt Andrew M. , Gillet Cheryl , Ellis Paul , Harris Adrian , Bergh Jonas , Foekens John A. , Klijn Jan G.M. , Larsimont Denis , Buyse Marc , Bontempi Gianluca , Delorenzi Mauro , Piccart Martine J. , Sotiriou Christos 
Published: March 2007

Purpose A number of microarray studies have reported distinct molecular profiles of breast cancers (BC), such as basal-like, ErbB2-like, and two to three luminal-like subtypes. These were associated with different clinical outcomes. However, although the basal and the ErbB2 subtypes are repeatedly recognized, identification of estrogen receptor (ER) –positive subtypes has been inconsistent. Therefore, refinement of their molecular definition is needed. Materials and Methods We have previously reported a gene expression grade index (GGI), which defines histologic grade based on gene expression profiles. Using this algorithm, we assigned ER-positive BC to either high–or low–genomic grade subgroups and compared these with previously reported ER-positive molecular classifications. As further validation, we classified 666 ER-positive samples into subtypes and assessed their clinical outcome. Results Two ER-positive molecular subgroups (high and low genomic grade) could be defined using the GGI. Despite tracking a single biologic pathway, these were highly comparable to the previously described luminal A and B classification and significantly correlated to the risk groups produced using the 21-gene recurrence score. The two subtypes were associated with statistically distinct clinical outcome in both systemically untreated and tamoxifen-treated populations. Conclusion The use of genomic grade can identify two clinically distinct ER-positive molecular subtypes in a simple and highly reproducible manner across multiple data sets. This study emphasizes the important role of proliferation-related genes in predicting prognosis in ER-positive BC.
Molecular Profiling Identifies Prognostic Subgroups of Pediatric Glioblastoma and Shows Increased YB-1 Expression in Tumors
Authors: Faury Damien , Nantel André , Dunn Sandra E. , Guiot Marie-Christine , Haque Takrima , Hauser Péter , Garami Miklós , Bognár László , Hanzély Zoltán , Liberski Pawel P. , Lopez-Aguilar Enrique , Valera Elvis T. , Tone Luis G. , Carret Anne-Sophie , Del Maestro Rolando F. , Gleave Martin , Montes Jose-Luis , Pietsch Torsten , Albrecht Stephen , Jabado Nada 
Published: March 2007

Purpose Pediatric glioblastoma (pGBM) is a rare, but devastating brain tumor. In contrast to GBM in adults (aGBM), little is known about the mechanisms underlying its development. Our aim is to gain insight into the molecular pathways of pGBM. Materials and Methods Thirty-two pGBM and seven aGBM samples were investigated using biochemical and transcriptional profiling. Ras and Akt pathway activation was assessed through the phosphorylation of downstream effectors, and gene expression profiles were generated using the University Health Network Human 19K cDNA arrays. Results were validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry and compared with existing data sets on aGBM. Results There are at least two subsets of pGBM. One subset, associated with Ras and Akt pathway activation, has very poor prognosis and exhibits increased expression of genes related to proliferation and to a neural stem-cell phenotype, similar to findings in aggressive aGBM. This subset was still molecularly distinguishable from aGBM after unsupervised and supervised analysis of expression profiles. A second subset, with better prognosis, is not associated with activation of Akt and Ras pathways, may originate from astroglial progenitors, and does not express gene signatures and markers shown to be associated with long-term survival in aGBM. Both subsets of pGBM show overexpression of Y-box-protein-1 that may help drive oncogenesis in this tumor. Conclusion Our work, the first study of gene expression profiles in pGBM, provides valuable insight into active pathways and targets in a cancer with minimal survival, and suggests that these tumors cannot be understood exclusively through studies of aGBM.
Obesity in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoma
Authors: Razzouk Bassem I. , Rose Susan R. , Hongeng Suradej , Wallace Dana , Smeltzer Matthew P. , Zacher Margie , Pui Ching-Hon , Hudson Melissa M. 
Published: March 2007

Purpose We evaluated the long-term effects of treatment on the body mass index (BMI) of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma who received one of three CNS-directed therapies: intrathecal methotrexate with intravenous high-dose methotrexate (1 g/m2), intrathecal methotrexate with 18 Gy cranial radiation, or intrathecal methotrexate with 24 Gy cranial radiation. Patients and Methods Between 1979 and 1984, 456 children with newly diagnosed ALL and lymphoma were enrolled onto a single protocol at St Jude Children's Research Hospital (Memphis, TN). The heights and weights of 422 of the children were measured at diagnosis, during treatment, at the end of therapy, and approximately every 6 to 12 months thereafter. Patients who had attained their adult height at the time of analysis (n = 248) were placed in weight categories based on their BMI, BMI percentile, or weight-for-length percentile depending on age. Results The overall percentage of survivors who were overweight or obese approximated rates prevalent in the general population of the United States. Young age (< 6 years) and overweight/obesity at diagnosis were the best predictors of obesity at adult height. The rate of BMI increase did not differ significantly between children who received radiation and those who did not, nor between patients who received 18 or 24 Gy of cranial radiation. Conclusion BMI weight category at diagnosis, rather than type of CNS treatment received, predicted adult weight in long-term survivors of childhood hematologic malignancies.
Generation of Human Monoclonal Allergen-Specific IgE and IgG Antibodies from Synthetic Antibody Libraries
Authors: Braren Ingke , Blank Simon , Seismann Henning , Deckers Susanne , Ollert Markus , Grunwald Thomas , Spillner Edzard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground: Allergen-specific IgE and IgG antibodies play pivotal roles in the induction and progression of allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Consequently, monoclonal human IgE and IgG4 antibodies with defined specificity for allergens should be useful in allergy research and diagnostic tests. We used combinatorial antibody libraries and subsequent recombinant production to make and assess IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 allergen-specific antibodies.Methods: We used phage display to select a synthetic single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) library against 3 different allergens, from bee venom, bovine milk, and apple. The scFv obtained were converted into IgG1, IgG4, and IgE antibody formats and assessed for their biochemical properties by ELISA, immunoblotting, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting.Results: Two different antibody formats for each IgG1, IgG4, and IgE antibody were produced in mammalian cells as disulfide-linked and glycosylated Ig, which were usable in allergen-specific ELISA assays and immunoblots. In addition, the recombinant IgE antibodies mediated the binding of allergens to HEK-293 cells transfected with the high-affinity IgE receptor, and this binding was blocked by corresponding IgG antibodies.Conclusions: The use of synthetic libraries for the generation of allergen-specific recombinant IgE and IgG antibodies should have broad applications in allergological research and diagnosis.
Behavioural Profiles and Injury Severity Following Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Barker-Collo Suzanne L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and morbidity in children and can result in cognitive, behavioural, social and emotional difficulties that may impact quality of life. This study examined the impact of mild, moderate, and severe childhood TBI, when compared to severe orthopaedic injury, on behaviour as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in a sample of 74 children with TBI and 13 with orthopaedic injury aged 4 to 13 years at the time of injury. Correlational analyses revealed that within the TBI sample increased anxiety/depression and somatisation were related to increased age at the time of injury and shorter inpatient hospital stay. Increased age was also related to increased parental reports of attention problems; while increased hospital stay was related to increased withdrawal and thought problems. Symptomatology was within normal limits for all groups, approaching the borderline clinical range in the moderate TBI group for somatic symptoms and in the severe TBI group for thought and attention problems. Those with severe TBI had more thought and attention problems, and to a lesser extent social problems, than those with mild or moderate TBI; while those with moderate TBI had the highest levels of somatic and anxious–depressed symptoms. The only scale where performance seemed to increase in relation to injury severity was the attention problems scale. It is suggested that the findings for those with moderate TBI reflect increased awareness of one's own vulnerability/mortality, with the implication that issues such as grief, loss, and mortality may need to be addressed therapeutically.
The Social, Emotional and Cultural Life of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Authors: McDonald Skye 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFormal assessment of the impact of frontal-lobe impairment on social and interpersonal function has been somewhat neglected relative to interest in documenting executive impairment on nonsocial tasks. Despite this, experimental evidence is accruing that attests to the role of the orbitomedial frontal lobes, the amygdala and related structures in the appraisal and interpretation of socially relevant stimuli. In this address the evidence regarding the frontal lobes and social cognition, that is, social information processing is reviewed. At least 3 different constructs have been proposed that appear to be mediated by cerebral systems encompassing the orbitomedial frontal cortex: (1) social schema or social knowledge networks that guide judgments and behavioural responses, (2) emotional processing, including both the ability to recognise different affective states in others and the ability to experience affective (somatic) responses to emotionally important environmental stimuli, and (3) theory of mind – the ability to conceptualise what others are thinking and feeling. On the basis of this recent experimental work it is argued that a variety of assessment techniques are becoming available that are both practical and potentially sensitive to psychosocial changes after frontal lobe damage.
Potential Modulated Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy of Prussian Blue Films on ITO
Authors: Araci Zeynep Ozkan , Runge Anne F. , Doherty Walter J. , Saavedra S. Scott 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPotential modulated attenuated total reflectance (PM‐ATR) spectroscopy has been employed to study charge transfer processes in Prussian blue (PB) films deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. PM‐ATR is a planar waveguide‐based spectroelectrochemical technique in which the optical response of an electroactive film is measured as a function of applied potential and modulation frequency. The multiple internal reflection geometry of PM‐ATR provides a significant sensitivity advantage over the single external reflectance geometry that has been employed in most prior electroreflectance studies. The apparent electron transfer rate of PB on ITO obtained using PM‐ATR was compared to that obtained with conventional cyclic voltammetry; the respective rates, 0.33 ± 0.15 s−1 (n = 3) and 0.71 ± 0.37 s−1 (n = 10), are in good agreement.
Enhanced Infrared Absorption of C60 on Thin Evaporated Pd Island Films
Authors: Wadayama Toshimasa , Ohta Takaaki , Hatta Aritada 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInfrared transmission spectra of C60 multilayers on thin Pd films deposited onto surface‐oxidized Si(100) and hydrogen‐terminated Si(111) substrates are reported. In both cases, the spectra in the 1500–1100 cm−1 region exhibited bands at 1444, 1429, and 1182 cm−1 due, respectively, to the Ag (2), T1u (4), and T1u (3) modes. The appearance of the Ag (2) mode, which is originally infrared inactive (Raman active), reveals electron transfer from the metal to chemisorbed C60. Indeed, increasing the thickness of C60, the Ag (2) mode intensity saturated more rapidly than the T1u (4) and T1u (3) modes. The originally infrared active T1u (4) and T1u (3) modes were enhanced in intensity depending upon the Pd thickness. Actually, while both substrates gave nearly the same magnitude of enhancement, the optimum Pd thickness was smaller on the hydrogen‐terminated surface than on the surface‐oxidized surface. On the other hand, the Ag (2) mode was less intense on the hydrogen‐terminated surface than on the oxidized surface, suggestive of a shortage of chemisorbed C60 and thus pointing out the importance of the metal film morphology. Indeed, Pd films deposited on the two substrates gave rise to quite different AFM images. We also show that, regardless of the substrate, the Ag (2) mode is an order of magnitude smaller than for Ag deposition, though no remarkable intensity differences were observed with respect to the T1u (4) and T1u (3) modes.
Normal Bands in Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) and Their Relation to the Electron‐Hole Pair Excitation Background in SERS
Authors: Otto Andreas , Akemann Walter , Pucci Annemarie 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNormal bands in SERS are bands of Raman‐active vibrations of adsorbates in the first layer, whose frequency is not shifted with respect to the condensed species. Here we show the experimental result, that the intensity of the N‐bands of C2H4 on cold‐deposited copper films in ultrahigh vacuum scales with the intensity of the broadband background of the SERS spectra at the frequency position of the N‐bands. This is demonstrated by changing the background by temperature annealing of the Cu film. Changing the laser wavelength proves that the background is Raman scattering by electron‐hole pair excitations. A simple model including electron scattering by surface roughness can explain the spectral shape of the background and the scaling of the N‐bands with the background. Probably we also can explain the appearance of the N‐bands in surface‐enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) within this model.
The Relationship Between Neighborhood Characteristics and Self-Rated Health for Adults With Chronic Conditions
Authors: Brown Arleen F. , Ang Alfonso , Pebley Anne R. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We sought to determine whether the association between neighborhood characteristics and health differs for people with and without a chronic condition. Methods. We analyzed data from 2536 adults from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey and evaluated the relationship between the presence of a chronic condition at the individual level, neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), and self-rated health. We constructed multilevel models to evaluate the relationship between the neighborhood SES index and self-rated health for people with and without chronic conditions, after adjustment for other individual characteristics. Results. Having a chronic condition was associated with substantially poorer self-rated health among participants in a deprived area than among those in a more advantaged area. Conclusions. Residence in a disadvantaged neighborhood may be associated with barriers to the management of a chronic condition. Further work is needed to identify the specific characteristics of disadvantaged areas associated with poorer self-rated health for adults with chronic conditions.
The Latino Paradox in Neighborhood Context: The Case of Asthma and Other Respiratory Conditions
Authors: Cagney Kathleen A. , Browning Christopher R. , Wallace Danielle M. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. Evidence indicates that foreign-born Latinos have a health advantage compared with US-born persons of the same socioeconomic status. An explanation for this paradox has remained elusive. We examined the extent to which this paradox exists for the prevalence of asthma and other respiratory conditions. We then explored the role of neighborhood social context in understanding any observed advantage. We invoked theories of social organization, collective efficacy, and the urban ethnic enclave. Methods. We combined data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey with 2 other data sources and used hierarchical generalized linear modeling techniques. Results. We found a distinctly graded effect for asthma and other breathing problems among foreign-born Latinos, depending on community composition. Foreign-born Latinos embedded in a neighborhood that had a high percentage of foreign-born residents experienced a significantly lower prevalence of asthma and other breathing problems; those in communities that had a low percentage of foreign-born residents had the highest prevalence overall (even when compared with African Americans). Conclusions. Foreign-born Latinos have a respiratory health advantage only in enclave-like settings. Contexts such as these may provide the cohesiveness critical for effective prevention.
Globalization, Binational Communities, and Imported Food Risks: Results of an Outbreak Investigation of Lead Poisoning in Monterey County, California
Authors: Handley Margaret A. , Hall Celeste , Sanford Eric , Diaz Evie , Gonzalez-Mendez Enrique , Drace Kaitie , Wilson Robert , Villalobos Mario , Croughan Mary 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. Although the burden of lead poisoning has decreased across developed countries, it remains the most prevalent environmental poison worldwide. Our objective was to investigate the sources of an outbreak of lead poisoning in Monterey County, California. Methods. An investigation in 3 county health department clinics in Monterey County, California, was conducted between 2001 and 2003 to identify risk factors for elevated blood lead levels (≥ 10 μg/dL) among children and pregnant women. Results. The prevalence of elevated blood lead levels was significantly higher in 1 of the 3 clinics (6% among screened children and 13% among prenatal patients). Risk factors included eating imported foods (relative risk [RR]=3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2, 9.5) and having originated from the Zimatlan area of Oaxaca, Mexico, compared with other areas of Oaxaca (RR=4.0; 95% CI=1.7, 9.5). Home-prepared dried grasshoppers (chapulines) sent from Oaxaca were found to contain significant amounts of lead. Conclusions. Consumption of foods imported from Oaxaca was identified as a risk factor for elevated blood lead levels in Monterey County, California. Lead-contaminated imported chapulines were identified as 1 source of lead poisoning, although other sources may also contribute to the observed findings. Food transport between binational communities presents a unique risk for the importation