bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF RELAXIN ON MAMMARY GLAND DEVELOPMENT IN GUINEA-PIGS AND RABBITS
Authors: GARRETT FERN A. , TALMAGE R. V. 
Published: December 2008

An attempt has been made to determine the influence of relaxin on the early development of the mammary glands in rabbits and guinea-pigs.
Spayed females of both species were treated with α-oestradiol and an extract containing relaxin, after a preliminary course of the steroid alone. In all cases the total treatment was limited to 20 days. Animals given only oestradiol served as controls. While the data presented are insufficient to substantiate without doubt an influence of relaxin per se on the development of the mammary tissue, they indicate that it enhances mammary development. In the guinea-pig this was in the form of a general growth stimulus; in the rabbit it appeared to consist of a transfer of emphasis from primary duct development to that of the entire duct system of the gland.
The conclusion drawn from this study is that relaxin acts as a potentiator of oestrogen, working with the latter to produce greater and more normal development of the mammary glands.
CYCLICAL CHANGES IN THE NUMBER OF MEDIUM AND LARGE FOLLICLES IN THE ADULT RAT OVARY
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: December 2008

All medium and large follicles were counted and measured in twenty-four pairs of ovaries belonging to rats killed at seven different phases of the oestrous cycle. The follicles were classified into seven size groups, and their frequency distribution determined for the different phases of the cycle.
Follicles with a diameter of 350–449 μ were most numerous at early dioestrus; those with a diameter of 450–549 μ at dioestrus; 550–649 μ at early oestrus, and those measuring more than 650 μ at oestrus. The differences between the peak numbers of follicles in these various size groups and those characterizing other phases of the cycle were in many instances significant at the 2% level.
THE NUMBER OF OOCYTES IN OVARIAN FRAGMENTS AFTER COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , ZUCKERMAN S. , PATTERSON H. D. 
Published: December 2008

Fifty-eight female rats belonging to thirteen litters were subjected to the following treatments:
A: right ovary removed; more than half of left ovary resected.
B: right ovary removed; left ovary untreated.
C: same as A, but remaining fragment of left ovary painted with tannic acid in order to destroy the germinal epithelium.
D: right ovary removed; surface of whole left ovary painted with tannic acid.
The animals were killed 50–136 days after operation, and the number of oocytes counted in the whole left ovary or in the parts of the left ovary removed at operation and autopsy. The number of oocytes in the right ovary was estimated in one animal from each litter.
Compensatory hypertrophy occurred in the left ovary or left ovarian fragment, but the number of oocytes did not increase. Tannic acid had no noticeable effect on the numbers of oocytes. The ovarian fragments contained a disproportionately high number of Graafian follicles, and the rate of loss of oocytes appears to increase inversely with the amount of ovarian tissue left in the body.
SOME DIETARY AND HORMONAL EFFECTS ON MATERNAL, FOETAL AND PLACENTAL WEIGHTS IN THE RAT
Authors: CAMPBELL ROSA M. , INNES I. R. , KOSTERLITZ H. W. 
Published: December 2008

1. A negative correlation was found between the mean weight of an individual placenta and the number in a litter. Within the range examined and with the methods employed, no definite correlation between the mean weight of an individual foetus and litter size was established.
2. Reduction of the food intake to one-half or one-third during the last 6 days of pregnancy did not result in a decrease in the number and weight of foetuses and placentae. This was apparently brought about by drawing on the maternal reserves laid down during the first 14 days of pregnancy. Absence of protein from the diet during the last 6 days resulted in a very moderate decrease in foetal and placental weights.
3. Absence of the maternal adrenals or pituitary had no influence on foetal and placental weights. The decrease in maternal body weight after hypophysectomy was solely due to loss of appetite and could be prevented by giving the rats adequate amounts of food by stomach tube.
4. The increase in body weight during the first 14 days of pregnancy was maintained after removal of the foetuses as long as the placentae survived. The placentae also had a favourable effect on the maternal body weight in the absence of the foetuses, when the ovaries or adrenals or the pituitary or the pituitary and ovaries were removed, but not when both ovaries and adrenals were absent. The placental factor responsible for this effect appears to act through the ovaries or adrenals.
5. The increase in the weight of the ovaries during pregnancy was not affected by removal of the foetuses, foetuses and pituitary, or foetuses and adrenals. The adrenals of pregnant hypophysectomized rats were not heavier than those of non-pregnant hypophysectomized rats.
THE ANTIDIURETIC ASSAY OF VASOPRESSIN BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION INTO UNANAESTHETIZED RATS
Authors: GINSBURG M. , HELLER H. 
Published: December 2008

1. A method has been described for the assay of vasopressin by intravenous injection in unanaesthetized rats.
2. The choice of parameters for the expression of antidiuretic responses has been studied in rats and rabbits.
3. It has been shown that the sensitivity of rats to injected vasopressin is independent of the water load within the range of 6–9% of the body weight.
PARALLEL BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS OF THE CORTISONE EQUIVALENT OF THE DOG'S ADRENAL VEIN BLOOD
Authors: BIBILE S. W. , VOGT MARTHE 
Published: December 2008

1. The rate of secretion of the adrenal cortex of the anaesthetized dog as measured by the mouse eosinophil test is equivalent to about 11 μg cortisone/g fresh tissue/min.
2. When the cortex of the dog's perfused adrenal is stimulated by ACTH, the increased rate of secretion is registered by the eosinophil test in the same way as by the 'cold test'.
3. When the perfused adrenal was subjected to an increased blood concentration of potassium, only small fluctuations in hormone output were produced. These also were registered by both tests simultaneously.
4. On the assumption that mineralocorticoids are not oxygenated in the C—11 position, these results may be interpreted to mean that, within the experimental errors of the assays, there is no variation in the production of (hypothetical) mineralocorticoids under the conditions of these perfusions.
STUDIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF URINARY CORTICOSTEROIDS
Authors: de COURCY CONSTANCE , GRAY C. H. 
Published: December 2008

1. The reducing method of Talbot, Saltzman, Wixom & Wolfe [1945], and the formaldehyde method of Corcoran & Page [1948], as well as a modification of that of Daughaday, Jaffe & Williams [1948] for the estimation of urinary corticosteroids, have been critically examined.
2. A study has been made of the distribution of reducing material, of formaldehydogenic material and of reducing and Δ4-3-ketosteroids, in the various fractions obtained during the various purification procedures applied to the crude CHCl3 extract.
3. Caustic soda washing does not remove significant quantities of the steroids investigated, although non-steroid reducing and uncharacterized formaldehydogenic material is removed.
4. The water fraction of the benzene-water partition contains all the reducing and Δ4-3-ketosteroids so far detected in urine.
5. The formaldehydogenic method of Corcoran & Page gives slightly higher results than the modified method of Daughaday et al.
6. The acid hydrolysis curves obtained with the Talbot method resembled those described by Paterson, Cox & Marrian [1950], but no regular form of hydrolysis curve was obtained when either formaldehydogenic method was used.
7. A comparison of normal values obtained by the authors using the chemical and paper chromatography techniques revealed that the formaldehydogenic methods estimate a very high proportion of uncharacterized material, whereas results by the reducing method of Talbot et al. approximate relatively closely to those obtained by semiquantitative paper chromatography.
THE INFLUENCE OF PLACENTAL SIZE ON FOETAL GROWTH IN MAN, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
Authors: McKEOWN THOMAS , RECORD R. G. 
Published: December 2008

1. The association between placental and foetal weights in man is examined in 4931 single and 834 twin maternities.
2. After 30 to 31 weeks' gestation, both foetuses and placentae are heavier in single than in twin pregnancy (see Table 1).
3. At the same placental weights singletons are heavier than twins. The difference in foetal weights is reduced, but not eliminated, by standardization of the means to correct for differences in distribution by duration of gestation (Fig. 2).
4. It is concluded that in man something more than the difference in placental weight is required to explain the difference between growth rates of twins and singletons in late pregnancy. Data published by Ibsen [1928] are used to show that in the guinea-pig also, retardation of foetal growth in large litters cannot wholly be attributed to variation in placental size (Fig. 4).
5. Mean weekly increment in weight of singletons between birth and 3 months (0·49 lb.) is almost identical with that of single foetuses between 30 and 36 weeks gestation (0·48 lb.), when foetal growth is linear. This suggests that the retardation of growth of the single foetus (from about 37 weeks) is determined, as in multiple pregnancy, by the inability of the pre-natal environment fully to meet the needs of the foetus, rather than by the inability of the foetus to maintain its rate of growth.
THE INFLUENCE OF PLACENTAL SIZE ON FOETAL GROWTH ACCORDING TO SEX AND ORDER OF BIRTH
Authors: McKEOWN THOMAS , RECORD R. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The association between foetal growth and placental weight according to sex and order of birth is examined in single pregnancy in man. Data recorded are: birth weight (on 13,020 births); birth weight and placental weight (on 4931); and weights at birth and at 3 and 6 months after birth (on 405).
2. From 30 to 31 weeks' gestation, the earliest period examined, males are heavier than females. There is little difference between mean weights of first and later born until 36–37 weeks, from which time later born are heavier than first born (Fig. 1).
3. From 34 to 35 weeks (the earliest period from which numbers permit the comparison) mean placental weights are greater for males than for females, and for later born than for first born (Fig. 2).
4. At a given weight of placenta males are heavier than females (Fig. 3); there is little difference between weights of first and later born at placental weights under 1½ lb., but at higher placental weights later born are heavier than first born (Fig. 4).
5. The difference between growth rates of males and females is of course determined genetically. It is suggested that it may be explained by the observations that (a) the placenta is larger for males than for females, and (b) males make a greater use than females of a unit weight of placenta. The sex difference in growth rate is exhibited after birth (Fig. 5).
6. The difference between foetal growth rates of first and later born is determined by the pre-natal environment. It may be explained largely, though not entirely, by the fact that the placenta is larger for later born than for first born. The difference in growth rate is reversed after birth, and at 6 months first born are as heavy as later born (Fig. 5).
VASCULAR ZONING IN THE ADRENAL CORTEX OF THE NORMAL AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RAT WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIPIDS
Authors: LEVER J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Within the adrenocortical capillary pattern demonstrated by intravitam injection of Indian ink, a zoning into three concentric areas is apparent: (1) an outer injected zone comprising the capillaries of the z. glomerulosa; (2) an intermediate z. lucida of poorly-filled capillaries, corresponding to the 'z. intermedia' (see text, p. 134) plus a variable width of the outer z. fasciculata; (3) an inner injected zone comprising capillaries in the z. reticularis and inner z. fasciculata.
A close correspondence in extent was found by various measurements between the z. glomerulosa, the outer injected zone and the outer sudanophil zone of lipid-stained preparations. A zone described as the 'z. lucida' (see text, p. 138) is more extensive than the sudanophobic zone.
Following hypophysectomy:
(a) The z. intermedia and the sudanophobic zone show a linear increase in extent with time.
(b) The z. glomerulosa increases in width up to the 5th week, but thereafter decreases to reach a steady state.
(c) Shrinkage, principally of the inner two cortical cellular zones, results in a closer approximation and narrowing of capillaries. With time there is a general reduction in the number and size of cortical capillaries throughout the cortex.
(d) Normal vascular zoning in the cortex is apparent for about 3 weeks.
UNILATERAL OVARIECTOMY AFTER X-IRRADIATION OF THE OVARIES
Authors: HUMPHREYS ELIZABETH M. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The ovaries of rabbits and mice were irradiated by means of a superficial X-irradiation apparatus. For rabbits the total dosage varied between 800 and 2000r, and for mice between 300 and 1500r. All the rabbits, but only about one in four of the mice, survived the treatment.
2. One ovary was removed from the ten irradiated rabbits and from twenty-seven of the surviving mice. Control animals were also unilaterally ovariectomized. The rabbits were then left from 34 to 139 days, and the mice from 61 to 115 days. All the irradiated rabbits and fourteen of the irradiated mice survived for the duration of the experiment.
3. Seven of the rabbits and ten of the mice proved to have ovaries which had been sterilized by means of the X-irradiation. Compensatory ovarian hypertrophy did not occur in any of these animals. It did occur in the controls and in the animals in which sterilization was incomplete.
THE RELATION BETWEEN SEASONAL HYPERGLYCAEMIA AND THYROID ACTIVITY IN THE FROG (RANA TEMPORARIA)
Authors: SMITH C. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The mean blood-sugar level of frogs killed in the field without previous excitement showed no significant variation between April and October inclusive (38±1·42 mg/100 ml.). The resting blood-sugar level at other times of the year, after 2–3 days in captivity, was slightly lower.
A marked hyperglycaemic response to excitement could be elicited in the majority of frogs at the spawning season (March) and throughout the summer, while it was only found in April and early May in a few frogs which showed early development of the gonadial fat-bodies. The response was much reduced in September and absent in October.
The seasonal occurrence of the hyperglycaemic response paralleled the known cycle of thyroid activity, and a significant correlation was found between the blood-sugar level and thyroid condition in individual excited frogs. A significant response to excitement has been induced in spring, summer and autumn by previous treatment with thyroxine. It is suggested that the thyroid hormone inhibits the destruction of circulating adrenergic compounds.
The role of temperature in limiting the hyperglycaemic response is discussed.
RELATIVE GALACTOPOIETIC EFFECTS OF 3:5:3′-TRIIODO-l-THYRONINE AND l-THYROXINE IN LACTATING COWS
Authors: BARTLETT S. , BURT A. W. A. , FOLLEY S. J. , ROWLAND S. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The relative potencies of l-triiodothyronine (TIT) and l-thyroxine in evoking the various phases of the galactopoietic response (increase in milk yield and in the percentages of milk fat and non-fatty solids, decrease in the milk alkaline phosphatase level) and tachycardia, have been compared in lactating cows.
2. By the oral route, a dose of 64 mg TIT daily was very much less effective than an approximately equimolar amount of l-thyroxine (75 mg daily), as judged by effects on milk yield, fat and phosphatase. Neither substance affected the milk non-fatty solids. Thyroxine caused a progressive increase in heart rate throughout the feeding period, while TIT evoked an immediate tachycardia which at first equalled that eventually produced by thyroxine, but thereafter rapidly declined even while feeding of TIT was continued.
3. By the subcutaneous route, 5 mg TIT once daily were slightly more active than 5 mg l-thyroxine once daily in evoking effects on milk secretion (including, in this case, an increase in milk non-fatty solids content) and appreciably more active in producing tachycardia. When 2·5 mg of these substances were injected twice daily, the results were almost identical so that division of the dose did not favour the action of TIT as compared with l-thyroxine.
4. It is suggested that the relatively low oral potency of TIT as compared with l-thyroxine in cows is due to its greater solubility in the rumen contents, the micro-organisms of which quickly become adapted to bring about its inactivation.
SOME ASPECTS OF ZONATION AND FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: JONES I. CHESTER , ROBY C. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Male adult mice, 80 days after hypophysectomy, show approximately the same pattern of sodium and potassium intake and sodium, potassium and water output as normal mice. The healthy remnant of adrenal cortex left after the operation is thought to be responsible for the day-to-day competence of the hypophysectomized animal in salt-electrolyte metabolism. The histology of the cortex is described and it is shown that, with the injection of ACTH, a cortex of normal appearance can be regenerated from the persistent zona glomerulosa of the long-term hypophysectomized mouse.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF 131I AND 131I-LABELLED THYROXINE IN RAT-LIVER HOMOGENATES
Authors: TABACHNICK I. I. A. , BONNYCASTLE D. D. , SALTER W. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The distribution of endogenously and exogenously labelled thyroxine in particulates of rat liver has been studied.
2. No specific localization of the isotope could be determined.
3. The implications of this finding are discussed.
HORMONALLY INDUCED CHANGES IN THE GLYCOPROTEIN COMPONENT OF THE GOLGI APPARATUS IN THE PROSTATE OF THE RAT
Authors: ARCADI J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Frozen-dried prostatic tissue of the rat was stained with periodic acid-leucofuchsin to characterize the glycoprotein component of the Golgi apparatus. Prostates of normal, androgen-treated, oestrogen-treated and castrated rats were studied.
In the normal prostate the Golgi apparatus appears as an aggregation of discrete, fine granules in the immediate supranuclear region, connected by finer interlacing fibres to form a distinct meshwork. After androgen administration the Golgi structure becomes more elongated and the granules more discrete. After oestrogen administration as well as castration the granules coalesce so that all that remains of the Golgi organoid is a globular supranuclear mass.
Results of histochemical extraction studies suggest that hormonal treatment of the prostate alters the degree of polymerization of the glycoprotein component of the Golgi apparatus.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE ON THE YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF THE MILK OF THE COW
Authors: FLUX D. S. , FOLLEY S. J. , ROWLAND S. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A long-acting preparation of ACTH depressed the milk yields of cows when given in single doses of 100 or 200 i.u., or when a 100 i.u. dose was given every second day, and the extent of the decline in milk yield was correlated with the percentage reduction in the number of circulating eosinophils. Milk yields returned to or almost to pre-treatment levels soon after the cessation of treatment.
The composition of the milk was changed only slightly as a result of ACTH administration, the butterfat and protein content being increased, while the lactose content showed a small, but not statistically significant, fall. The quantities of sodium and potassium showed no change which could be attributed to the treatment.
A NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF TRIIODOTHYROACETIC ACID ON THE PLUMAGE OF BIRDS MADE THYROID-DEFICIENT BY TREATMENT WITH RADIOACTIVE IODINE
Authors: BRUCE HILDA M. , PITT-RIVERS ROSALIND , SLOVITER H. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A method for the ablation of the thyroid gland in adult Brown Leghorns with radioactive iodine is described.
2. Thyroxine replacement effects on the plumage of thyroid-deficient birds have been produced by triiodothyroacetic acid, the acetic acid analogue of triiodothyronine.
THE INFLUENCE OF SUCKLING ON FOOD INTAKE AND GROWTH OF ADULT FEMALE RATS
Authors: COTES P. MARY , CROSS B. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Changes in body weight and food intake were studied for 14 days post partum in primiparous rats.
The growth increments in suckled rats with galactophores cut to prevent milk withdrawal and in normally lactating rats were greater than in unsuckled controls. The growth increments in rats with galactophores cut were accompanied by parallel increases in food intake.
Injection of 3 i.u. prolactin daily did not reproduce these changes in body weight and food intake in non-suckled rats.
The results suggest that the main factor in the extra growth of lactating rats is an increased food intake in excess of the metabolic needs for milk secretion induced by the stimulus of suckling.
STUDIES ON THE PITUITARY MELANOPHORE-EXPANDING HORMONE WITH REFERENCE TO ITS IDENTITY WITH ACTH
Authors: KETTERER B. , KIRK R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A number of melanophore-expanding (B) extracts of the pituitary have been subjected to electrophoresis on filter-paper, and the resulting pattern of activity assayed, using Xenopus. At pH 7·2, in phosphate buffer, a simple extract of ox posterior lobe powder (OxPLP) shows the greatest range of mobilities. The faster moving components are absent from an acetone precipitated powder (APP), and also from OxPLP after treatment by heating in alkali. An ACTH preparation (Acton) had relatively more faster moving components with B activity than APP or alkali and heat-treated OxPLP.
2. There was no difference in the electrophoretic pattern of APP and alkali and heat-treated APP when examined in barbiturate buffer at pH 8·5. Under these conditions Acton showed a fast moving major peak of activity coincident with the ovalbumin spot. Acton also gave a faster moving component when run at pH 8·8 in barbiturate buffer than an alkali and heattreated OxPLP extract purified by adsorption to and elution from activated charcoal.
3. In acetate buffer all the extracts examined had an isoelectric point close to pH 4·8.
4. It is suggested that the melanophore-expanding activity of single acetic acid extracts of OxPLP is complex. Heating at a high pH for a few min destroys the components in this complex which show highest mobility at a slightly alkaline pH. The melanophore-expanding activity in Acton is probably largely identical with these heat unstable components.
THE EFFECT OF STEROID HORMONES ON THE SURVIVAL OF SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: KROHN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of various steroids on the survival time of skin homografts has been investigated in the rabbit.
Cortisol (free alcohol) is at least as active as cortisone (free alcohol) or cortisone acetate in prolonging the life of skin homografts, inhibiting the processes of wound healing and decreasing the number of circulating white blood cells.
DCA, oestradiol dipropionate, testosterone propionate and progesterone have no direct effect on the homograft reaction, nor do they interfere with the action of cortisone.
Corticosterone is also without effect on the homograft reaction. The ineffectiveness of treatment with ACTH in rabbits [Krohn, 1954] is thought to be due to the fact that corticosterone is the main component of adrenocortical secretion in the rabbit.