bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing accuracy of antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of cleft lip with or without cleft palate, in cases referred to the North Thames London Region
Authors: Demircioglu M. , Kangesu L. , Ismail A. , Lake E. , Hughes J. , Wright S. , Sommerlad B. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the accuracy of antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL ± P) and isolated cleft palate (CP).MethodsThis was a retrospective review of 256 surviving cases referred in 2002–2003 for treatment of CL ± P.ResultsWe had referrals from 36 maternity units, 27 of which were in our local catchment area. There were 154 cases of CL ± P, of which five had microform CL. Of the remaining 149, 88 (59%) were diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound examination. Among these 88 cases there were minor reporting errors in 22 (25%). These errors were in describing the side and type of the lip cleft in 10 cases, predicting if there was a CP in 10 cases, and recognizing the anomaly in two cases. There were 102 cases referred with isolated CP, of which 92 had overt CP and 10 submucous CP. None of these was diagnosed by antenatal ultrasound imaging. There was no significant difference in the accuracy of ultrasound diagnosis between district hospitals and teaching/tertiary units.ConclusionsThere is a good awareness and ability to detect CL ± P by obstetric units from which referrals are received. Inaccuracies in antenatal ultrasound reports occur frequently when attempting to determine the type of CL and when predicting if there is a CP. We recommend that families should continue to be referred to specialist centers for counseling immediately after antenatal diagnosis, and comprehensive advice should always be given about clefts of the lip and palate. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray fluorescence analysis of sludge ash from sewage disposal plant
Authors: Ohbuchi Atsushi , Sakamoto Junichi , Kitano Masaru , Nakamura Toshihiro 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGlass bead/x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry of the sludge incineration ashes generated in sewage processing was developed for the determination of ten major components (Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, K2O, CaO, TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3) and five minor elements (Zn, Cu, Cr, As, Pb). Sewage sludge ashes consisted of rock‐forming minerals and phosphate crystals that had been used for phosphorus removal. Ash samples were melted and molded with lithium tetraborate to 35 mm diameter glass disks in a Pt–Au crucible. Analytical results of ten major components and five minor elements agreed well with the recommended values of a phosphate rock standard reference material (NIST SRM 694). Elemental compositions of sewage sludge ash from seven sewage‐processing plants in Japan were determined using this method. Concentrations of Fe2O3, SiO2, and CaO, along with loss of ignition in sewage sludge ash mutually differed among the sewage‐processing plant products. Seasonal variations in concentrations of ten major components and five minor components of ash samples produced from October 2001 to September 2002 were determined using the proposed method. Concentrations of SiO2increased with the inflow of gravel by rainfall, thereby decreasing concentrations of P2O5 originating from excreta and microorganisms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pearl bodies of Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. (Vitaceae) as alternative food for a predatory mite Euseius sojaensis (Ehara) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Ozawa Mayuko , Yano Shuichi 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOn the young leaves, shoots, and buds of Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. (Vitaceae), we observed nutritious bodies called pearl bodies and hypothesized that they are utilized by generalist predators as alternative foods. Some ambulate organisms consume pearl bodies in the wild and the predatory mite Euseius sojaensis (Ehara) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was considered as a primary candidate. Pearl bodies promoted E. sojaensis settlement on C. japonica leaves and E. sojaensis could prey on the phytophagous mite Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acari: Tetranychidae) when the predators settle on a leaf before the prey. In addition, the presence of pearl bodies did not reduce predation of E. sojaensis on T. kanzawai. This was seemingly because food quality of T. kanzawai was higher than pearl bodies. These results implied that pearl bodies on C. japonica leaves are utilized by E. sojaensis as alternative foods.
Blind Faith and Political Rationalism in Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus
Authors: Ahrensdorf Peter J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPolitical conflicts around the world increasingly reflect a religious challenge to liberal rationalism. Given the tendency of modern political rationalism to underestimate the power of religion, it seems reasonable to consider the classical analysis of religious antirationalism set forth with great clarity in Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus. The play seeks to demonstrate that religious antirationalism—as exemplified by Oedipus—is self-contradictory and self-destructive, but also that it is rooted in such enduring human traits as our awareness of our mortality, our hope for immortality, and our angry refusal to accept our mortality. Sophocles advocates a sober and cautious political rationalism that recognizes the dangers of religious passion to political life, but also the permanence of religious passion within political life. Such a political rationalism, embodied by Theseus, constitutes a middle way between a blind piety which rejects reason and an excessively hopeful political rationalism which underestimates the power of religion.
The Emancipation of the American Mind: J.S. Mill on the Civil War
Authors: Compton John W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractScholars have generally traced J.S. Mill's interest in the United States to the commercial and democratic aspects of American society. Yet Mill also suggested a third respect in which America was unique: it was the only existing nation founded on the basis of “abstract principles.” This insight provides the key to a fuller understanding of Mill's various writings on America. In his early essays, Mill worried that America's founding principles and institutions were beginning to take on the characteristics of dogma: they were universally accepted, but no longer discussed. Mill responded optimistically to the Civil War because he believed the struggle to extinguish slavery would ultimately restore the meaning or vitality of the founding principles of liberty and equality. With the nation thus “regenerated,” Mill predicted that Americans would soon recognize and address other illiberal aspects of American society, including the subordinate status of women.
Hidden Forms of Bargaining on China's Shop Floor
Authors: Zhang Xiaodan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article examines shop-floor bargaining in China in both the socialist and reform eras. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in three manufacturing factories, document analysis, and secondary sources, the author discusses how government policies and organizational structure shape the interaction between workshop managers and workers and how the practice on the shop floor alters managerial attempts in return. The author argues that, despite different economic structures in the two historical periods, Chinese workers are not the docile labor force often portrayed in literature and media. Instead, they utilize any leverage given within organizational structures and bargain for not only economic gains, but also for respect and autonomy. Their bargaining, though different from institutionalized union bargaining, influences managerial decisionmaking in a subtle way with ideological implications.
From the News and Commentary Editor
Authors: Reine Barbara A 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This issue brings my first full year as editor of the News and Commentary to a close—a year of evolution from “making up it as we go along” to a position where there are regular features that provide consistency and a theme to the News and Commentary. The Calendar of Meetings and Courses continues. Most notable has been the introduction of a feature entitled “The Life and Achievements of …” in which such scientists as Albert Prebus, John Reisner, and Raymond Castaing have been profiled by individuals who knew them and who have generously agreed to write about them. This feature will be continued and any suggestions for individuals to be profiled are welcome.
XIV International Congress on Electron Microscopy Photomicrograph Exhibit
Authors: Reine Barbara A 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The 14th and last International Congress of Electron Microscopy (ICEM) of the century was held in Cancun, Mexico on August 31-September 4, 1998 under the chairmanship of Dr. Miguel José Yacaman. Held every 4 years in a different international location, these ICEMs are renowned for the science presented, the state-of-the-art instrumentation exhibited, and the mix of international scientists in attendance. They are also made memorable by the unique scientific and cultural contributions from the host country. This Congress was no exception and the 14th ICEM in Cancun, Mexico, characterized by all of these features, was further augmented by the intrinsic beauty and archaeological interest of the Yucatan Peninsula region.
Impact of Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry in Materials Science Microanalysis
Authors: Williams David B 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
X-ray microanalysis of materials using energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) has made the greatest impact in studies of compositional changes at atomic-level interfaces. The small physical dimensions of the silicon detector make EDS the X-ray analyzer of choice for analytical transmission electron microscopy (AEM). X-ray analysis of thin foils in the AEM has contributed to our understanding of elemental segregation to interphase interfaces and grain boundaries, as well as other planar defects. Measurement of atomic diffusion on a small scale close to interphase interfaces has permitted determination of substitutional atomic diffusivities several orders of magnitude smaller than previously possible and has also led to the determination of low-temperature equilibrium phase diagrams through the measurement of local interface compositions. Elemental segregation to grain boundaries is responsible for such deleterious behavior as temper embrittlement, stress-corrosion cracking, and other forms of intergranular failure. On the other hand, segregation can bring about improvement in behavior: sintering aids in ceramics and de-embrittlement of intermetallics. EDS in the AEM has been responsible for quantitative analysis of all aspects of the segregation process and, more recently, in combination with electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS) has given insight into why boundary segregation results in such significant macroscopic changes in properties.
Application of X-ray Optics to Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy
Authors: McCarthy Jon J , McMillan David J 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
X-ray optics have been used in X-ray analytical instruments for several years. Applications of X-ray optics have been reported in X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy. X-ray optics have been used to increase the X-ray flux incident on the sample or to direct and focus emitted X-rays from a sample. We report here the use of a grazing incidence optic (GIO) as a flux-enhancing collimator for use with an energy-dispersive (ED) detector used to perform electron beam microanalysis. We found that the GIO in combination with an ED spectrometer (EDS) provides substantial intensity gain for X-ray lines with energy below 1 keV. The GIO is also found to provide a modest focus effect, and introduces minimal spectral artifacts.
Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers for assessing genetic relationships and diversity in sugarcane germplasm collections
Authors: Suman Andru , Kimbeng Collins A. , Edmé Serge J. , Veremis John 
Published: May 2008

Characterization of wild germplasm provides essential information on genetic diversity that breeders utilize for crop improvement. The potential of the sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) technique, which preferentially amplifies gene-rich regions, was evaluated to assess the genetic relationships among members of theSaccharumspecies. A panel of 31 SRAP primer combinations were used to score 30 genotypes ofSaccharum officinarum,Saccharum spontaneum,Saccharum robustum,Saccharum sinense,Saccharum barberiand sugarcane hybrids, withMiscanthusandErianthusincluded as outgroups. The amplifications produced 1364 DNA fragments for an average of 44 per primer combination, with 83% (1135) being polymorphic and 8.7% (119) being species specific. Based on the Dice index, all 30 genotypes were differentiated from each other with genetic similarity (GS) estimates ranging from 0.60 to 0.96 (mean = 0.79). Both the dendrogram [obtained by the unweighted pairgroup method with arithmetic mean or (UPGMA)] and the non-metric multidimensional scaling method grouped the genotypes according to their phylogenetic relationships.ErianthusandMiscanthuswere separated as two outgroups (at GS levels of 0.56 and 0.72, respectively) into two major clusters: cluster I separated theS. robustum,S. sinense,S. barberiand hybrids as different subgroups with each one including someS. officinarumclones, while cluster II included theS. spontaneumclones, exclusively. AS. officinarum–S. spontaneumsequence comparison of some of the monomorphic and polymorphic bands revealed 65–90% homology with rice, corn or sugarcane sequences deposited in databases. The high discriminatory power coupled with the possibility that most of the amplicons may be amplifying gene-rich regions of the genome makes SRAP a potentially robust tool for genetic mapping aimed at marker-assisted introgression in sugarcane.
Abnormal Immune Responses in fa/fa Zucker Rats and Effects of Feeding Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Authors: Ruth Megan R. , Taylor Carla G. , Zahradka Peter , Field Catherine J. 
Published: May 2008

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize immune function in the fa/fa Zucker rat, and to determine the effects of feeding conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on immune function.Methods and Procedures: Lean and fa/fa Zucker rats were fed for 8 weeks nutritionally complete diets with different CLA isomers (%wt/wt): control (0%), c9t11 (0.4%), t10c12 (0.4%), or MIX (0.4% c9t11 + 0.4% t10c12). Isolated splenocytes were used to determine phospholipid (PL) fatty acid composition and cell phenotypes, or stimulated with mitogen to determine their ability to produce cytokines, immunoglobulins (Ig), and nitric oxide (NO).Results: Splenocyte PL of fa/fa rats had a higher proportion of total monounsaturated fatty acids and n −3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and lower n −6 PUFA and n −6‐to‐n −3 PUFA ratio (P < 0.05). Feeding CLA increased the content of CLA isomers into PL, but there were lower proportions of each CLA isomer in fa/fa rats. Splenocytes of fa/fa rats produced more amounts of IgA, IgG, and IgM, NO, and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) (P < 0.05). Obese rats fed the t10c12 diet produced less TNF‐α and IL‐1β (lippopolysaccharide (LPS), P < 0.05). Splenocytes of fa/fa rats produced less concanavalin A (ConA)‐stimulated IL‐2 (P < 0.0001) than lean rats, except fa/fa rats fed the c9t11 diet (P < 0.05).Discussion: The c9t11 and t10c12 CLA isomers were incorporated into the membrane PL of the fa/fa Zucker rat, but to a lesser extent than lean rats. Splenocytes of obese rats responded in a proinflammatory manner and had reduced T‐cell function and feeding the t10c12 and c9t11 CLA isomers may improve some of these abnormalities by distinct methods.
Soil microbiota effects on rye growth: implications for integration of a rye cover crop into temperate cropping systems
Authors: De Bruin Jason L. , Jordan Nicholas R. , Porter Paul M. , Huerd Sheri C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIntegration of rye (Secale cerealeL.) cover crops into the corn (Zea maysL.) soybean [(Glycine max(L.) Merr.] rotation of the upper Midwest USA can provide many agronomic and agroecological benefits. Integration is made difficult by short growing seasons, but may be facilitated by management of key agroecological interactions such as those between rye and soil microbiota. Rye growth was measured and colonization by arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was determined in greenhouse experiments using soils from seven different management systems from a long-term cropping-systems experiment in southwest Minnesota. Microbial effects on rye growth were not evident before vernalization, but at final harvest (4 weeks after vernalization) soil microbial populations reduced rye shoot and root growth, relative to a pasteurized control inoculum. At final harvest, shoot biomass in 2-year rotations was 17% greater than 4-year rotations, indicating that microbial populations selected for by 4-year rotations may be more deleterious or pathogenic than those selected for by 2-year rotations. Growth of three rye cultivars was examined in all inocula; cultivars differed in their mean response to soil microbiota and their ability to host AMF. These findings suggest that management factors affect interactions between rye and soil microbiota resulting in altered rye growth.
Farmers' verification of improved land-use alternatives in the transitional Badia of Jordan
Authors: Ziadat Feras M. , Hattar Butros I. , Baqain Akram S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDecisions on land-use sustainability are particularly critical in fragile semi-arid regions of the world, especially those involving the social factor: people and communities. Typical of such an area is the Middle East region, especially Jordan which is beset by climatic constraints. New land-use alternatives were introduced by the Jordan Arid Zone Productivity Project (JAZPP) to improve land productivity in the arid to semi-arid (transitional Badia) land in Jordan. These alternatives were verified within experimental stations under controlled conditions. Dissemination of these findings would be successful if they suit the needs and resources of farmers. Therefore, verification of the success of these techniques under a wide range of biophysical and socio-economic conditions was necessary to judge their suitability to the target area. Various interventions were implemented on 14 sites that represent different biophysical and socio-economic conditions over the study area. With close monitoring and follow-up, successful and encouraging results were reported during the first season, even with lower rainfall than average, suggesting that these techniques were biophysically suitable for the target area. During the second season, maintenance and guarding were assigned to the farmers. Seven out of the 14 sites failed for various reasons: multiownership regime, reluctance of farmers to adopt new land use and insufficient protection and/or guarding measures. The study highlighted the importance of the farmers' comments and discussion of their specific problems and needs. This helped to improve these interventions to suit the farmers' requirements and may be important in facilitating widespread adoption and sustainability of these new land-use alternatives in the Jordanian Badia as well as in other areas of similar environment.
Soil fertility management for organic rice production in the Lao PDR
Authors: Roder W. , Schürmann S. , Chittanavanh P. , Sipaseuth K. , Fernandez M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRice is the most important agricultural commodity of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), produced largely using traditional methods with limited inputs of fertilizers and other chemicals. The country has a wide diversity in rice production systems and rice varieties, with over 3000 different varieties recorded. The rich diversity and the production environment and methods are favorable for organic rice production. Investigations were carried out to describe soil fertility conditions, management practices, opportunities and problems associated with organic production methods for rice. Soils used for rice production are mostly of low fertility, with low organic matter and N-availability. In spite of this, virtually no fertilizer inputs are used for upland rice production. Inorganic fertilizer inputs for lowland rice production have increased rapidly over the past decade, but are still below 20 kg ha−1. The most important nutrient sources are rice straw and manure from buffalo and cattle. Chromolaena odorata plays an important role in nutrient cycling in upland rice systems and is sometimes added to lowland fields. In a range of fertility management studies, yield increase ranged from 2 to 89% for manure, straw or rice husk applied at modest rates (3 t ha−1), 32–156% for modest rates of inorganic fertilizer (60 kg N ha−1) and 36–167% for combined application of manure or crop residues with inorganic fertilizer. The response to locally produced commercial organic fertilizer was poor. The most promising inputs and strategies available to optimize yields in organic rice production systems are (1) optimizing use of locally available nutrients, mostly from manure, crop residues and weed biomass, (2) N addition through green manure and legumes growing in rotation and (3) additions of P through guano or rock-phosphate. The Lao PDR is fortunate to have substantial bat guano deposits in limestone caves. Extensive experience is available on straw and husk management for lowland systems and green manure species for upland production systems.
An overview of the wcd EST clustering tool
Authors: Hazelhurst Scott , Hide Winston , Lipták Zsuzsanna , Nogueira Ramon , Starfield Richard 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Summary: The wcd system is an open source tool for clustering expressed sequence tags (EST) and other DNA and RNA sequences. wcd allows efficient all-versus-all comparison of ESTs using either the d2 distance function or edit distance, improving existing implementations of d2. It supports merging, refinement and reclustering of clusters. It is ‘drop in’ compatible with the StackPack clustering package. wcd supports parallelization under both shared memory and cluster architectures. It is distributed with an EMBOSS wrapper allowing wcd to be installed as part of an EMBOSS installation (and so provided by a web server).
Availability: wcd is distributed under a GPL licence and is available from http://code.google.com/p/wcdest
Contact: scott.hazelhurst@wits.ac.za
Supplementary information: Additional experimental results. The wcd manual, a companion paper describing underlying algorithms, and all datasets used for experimentation can also be found at www.bioinf.wits.ac.za/~scott/wcdsupp.html