bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autotransfusion and blood conservation in urologic oncology
Authors: Klimberg Ira W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAutotransfusion is the reinfusion of the patient's own blood. Currently utilized forms include preoperative donation, perioperative hemodilution, and intraoperative salvage. The principal benefit of autotransfusion is a reduction in the complications associated with receipt of homologous blood products. Principal among these are febrile reactions, allergic and hemolytic reactions, alloimmunization, and the transmission of hepatitis and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. An additional benefit in the management of cancer patients is the avoidance of transfusion induced immunosuppression. Redeposit autologous transfusion is a simple and safe method to reduce patient's requirements for exogenous blood. Although well suited for cancer patients, predeposit programs remain underutilized with only 5% participation. Perioperative hemodilution can be a valuable adjunct in selected patients.Although the presence of malignancy has been regarded as a contraindication to the use of intraoperative autotransfusion, preliminary reports suggest that intraoperative autotransfusion can be safely used in patients undergoing surgery for urologic malignancies.
Diagnostic and therapeutic utility of monoclonal antibodies in urologic oncology
Authors: McCarley Dean L. , Weiner Roy S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRemarkable advances in the treatment of urologic malignancies have recently been made. Monoclonal antibodies selective for a variety of normal and malignant urologic tissues have been useful in defining normal antigens and tumor‐associated antigens and have potential as diagnostic and immunotherapeutic agents. In renal cancer, monoclonal antibodies can define serum markers, radiolabel tumor xenografts, and assist in specific tissue diagnosis. Additionally, there is potential for these antibodies either alone or as conjugates to localize and kill tumors. Monoclonal antibodies to bladder cancer associated antigens are able to demonstrate differential antigen expression on superficial versus invasive tumors, to refine urinary cytologic diagnosis of bladder cancer, and to predict invasive recurrence of superficial cancer. Monoclonal antibodies have localized bladder tumor xenografts and can inhibit tumor growth when conjugated to radioisotopes or toxins. In prostate cancer monoclonal antibodies to prostate antigens are not usually tumor specific. Monoclonal antibodies to prostate antigen (PA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) are able to localize prostate cancer metastases. Chemotherapy‐conjugated anti‐PAP monoclonal antibodies have demonstrable inhibition on human prostate cancer xe‐nografted tumor growth. Monoclonal antibodies have defined normal and tumor‐associated antigens in urologic cancers and are expected to be useful in immunodiagnosis and cancer therapy in the near future.
Surgical pathology of squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity: Its impact on management
Authors: Borges A. M. , Shrikhande S. S. , Ganesh B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSquamous carcinoma of the oral cavity is relatively common in India. The anterior tongue and buccal mucosa are the two common sites. A retrospective analysis of various histological parameters in surgically treated patients with carcinoma of the anterior tongue (57 cases) and buccal mucosa (71 cases) was undertaken to evaluate their role in prognosis and management.The main findings of this study are the strong correlation between high tumour grade, infiltrative tumour margins, perineural invasion, and tumour size >2 cm and lymph node metastasis at presentation, for both groups of patients. Tumour thickness >5 mm was an additional variable associated with both overt and occult nodal metastases for anterior tongue lesions. All tumours thicker than 5 mm recurred in the untreated N0 neck.Clinically palpable nodes (N1) were falsely positive in 63% of patients with T4 buccal mucosa carcinoma. Grade I histology on biopsy can be used to predict which patients will have negative lymph nodes. Patients with pathologically proven nodal metastases have a poor prognosis. However, the mode of invasion and the presence of perineural invasion in the resected specimen determines the subsequent recurrence of histologically staged N0 cases, most of whom will relapse at the primary site. The low incidence of neck node metastases even in large, buccal mucosa tumours and the virtual absence of “skip” metastases to low nodal sites has made a supraomohyoid lymph node dissection after intraoperative staging a logical alternative to a conventional neck dissection for T3 and T4 buccal mucosa tumours.Finally, carcinoma of the oral cavity in India can be said to be at least two diseases. Cancer of the buccal mucosa and alveolus differs widely in its biological behaviour from carcinoma of the anterior tongue and floor of the mouth.
Radiotherapy of carcinoma of the buccal mucosa
Authors: Chaudhary A. J. , Sharma V. , Shrivastava S. K. , Gonsalves M. A. , Hingorani C. B. , Dinshaw K. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA retrospective study of 399 cases of buccal cancer, presenting to the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay, during January to December 1984 was undertaken to define the efficacy of various treatment modalities in different clinical stages. Analysis of treatment technique and response was carried out in 185 cases that completed adequate therapy. Sixty percent of patients with stage I and II disease (21/35) received radiation therapy alone as the primary modality of treatment. Patients (150) with stage III or IV disease received palliative irradiation (57 cases), radical surgery (54 cases), or a combination of both (39 cases).The 2‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) rates were 48% for radiotherapy and 46% for surgery in the early stages and 5% and 33%, respectively, for advanced stages. Radiotherapy with a modifed technique is recommended for the early‐stage cancers and preoperative irradiation with adjuvant chemotherapy or hyperthermia for the advanced stages.
Epidemiology of esophageal cancer
Authors: Rao D. N. , Sanghvi L. D. , Desai P. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe incidence of cancer of the oesophagus is high in India but not as high as the rates reported from the Caspian Littoral of Iran. Incidence data available for three places in India—Bombay, Madras, and Bangalore—show regional variations. In Bombay, the rates for males are high compared to Madras and Bangalore.A case control study of 503 oesophageal cancer cases in males and 634 controls registered at the Tata Memorial Hospital during the period 1980–84 was carried out to determine the association of oesophageal cancer with two types of dietary practices, viz., vegetarian and non‐vegetarian, in addition to tobacco and alcohol habits. In the presence of an alcohol habit, the relative risk for tobacco chewing and smoking was observed to be high in the non‐vegetarian group compared to the vegetarian group. A vegetarian diet was protective. Further studies are suggested to confirm this finding.
Current status of surgical treatment of cancer of the esophagus
Authors: Desai P. B. , Vyas J. J. , Sharma S. , Deshpande R. K. , Badwe R. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTreatment modalities for cancer of the esophagus continue to encourage a healthy debate amongst surgeons, radiotherapists, and chemotherapists. This is because overall results by current treatment methods are generally unsatisfactory, though an all‐round steady gain is now being reported by many authors. With increasing sophistication in radiotherapy techniques (external and intracavitary) and more effective combination chemotherapy, it is likely that surgical treatment of this cancer may be reexamined. There is little doubt, however, that despite the advent of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, surgery is still the most important treatment method in providing lasting relief of dysphagia and maximum survival. While increasingly low surgical mortality and a high cure rate are now being reported, the type and extent of surgery are still contentious issues. Alternatives ranging from a very radical excision (monobloc total esophagectomy with mediastinal dissection) to a blunt transhiatal esophagectomy are now being advocated. Radiotherapists and chemotherapists are now investigating the feasibility of a nonsurgical treatment for cancer of the esophagus.
Combined treatment modalities in esophageal cancer
Authors: Desai P. B. , Vyas J. J. , Sharma S. , Deshpande R. K. , Badwe R. A. , Advani S. H. , Saikia T. , Dinshaw K. A. , Swaroop V. Santhi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEsophageal cancer has been conventionally treated with surgery and radiotherapy for many years. The overall results for all cancers are poor because the majority of patients present late for therapy. The advent of increasingly effective chemotherapeutic drugs—used as single agents and in combination—for squamous cancer has added one more modality in the management of esophageal cancer. Previous publications from this institution and in the literature have indicated the palliative efficacy of such chemotherapy management along with surgery and radiotherapy, particularly for advanced disease. The selection of an individual patient likely to respond to chemotherapy, the number of cycles to be given, and their exact timing in relation to radiotherapy and/or surgery still remains a matter of debate.With appropriate endoscopic and imaging techniques, chemotherapy responsive and non‐responsive lesions can be generally identified; even radiotherapy responses can be predicted with appropriate evaluation in a majority of cases. This assessment avoids delay in instituting the most appropriate type of treatment for a given patient with esophageal cancer.Cisplatinum‐based front‐loading (anterior) chemotherapy was used in 75 patients of locally advanced esophageal cancer (>7.5 cm on esophagogram) with a 76% (57/75) overall response rate and 10% (8/75) showing complete responses as judged by esophagogram, endoscopy; and surgical resection in 7. Patients evaluable for 2‐ and 3‐year survivals show a control rate of 35% and 24%, respectively, which is better than hitherto reported for advanced esophageal cancer. Similar reports are now available in the literature, and further studies with combined therapy should be pursued to improve the salvage rates in the usual advanced case of esophageal cancer.
Nutrition and esophageal cancer
Authors: Swaroop V. Santhi , Damle S. R. , Advani S. H. , Desai P. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral case control studies in esophageal cancer employing a food‐frequency dietary questionnaire suggested a fairly uniform dietary pattern which could be implicated in the causation of the disease. Although various micronutrients (vitamins and trace elements) have also been found to have either a positive or negative association, findings were more clear‐cut for the different food items contributing the micronutrients than for the specific micronutrients themselves. The difficulties encountered in dietary interviews in case control studies are discussed. Nutritional supplementation has a theoretical rationale, but clinical experience with randomized trials did not support the same.
Overview of interleukin‐2 as an immunotherapeutic agent
Authors: Chang Alfred E. , Rosenberg Steven A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInterleukin‐2 (IL‐2) is a lymphokine which has a variety of in vivo immunomodulatory effects. The administration of IL‐2 can mediate enhancement of cellular immune responses, induction of lymphocyte proliferation, production of cytokines, and regression of established tumor in animal models. The availability of large quantities of recombinant IL‐2 has enabled investigators to examine its therapeutic potential in the treatment of human cancer. Several studies have documented the ability of IL‐2 administration to cause durable tumor regression in patients with advanced melanoma and renal cell cancer. Toxicity of therapy is dose related and is mediated by a vascular capillary leak syndrome, lymphocytic infiltration, and the release of cytokines secreted in response to IL‐2 administration. The side effects are completely reversible upon cessation of therapy. Future efforts are aimed at increasing the antitumor efficacy and decreasing the toxicity of IL‐2 administration.
Interferons: Biological and clinical effects
Authors: Nelson Beth E. , Borden Ernest C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInterferons play a key role in the immune system as biological response modifiers. Interferons α, β, and γ have been characterized, their nucleotide sequences defined, and the proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology. The myriad actions of interferons include enhancement of natural killer cell activity and antigen expression, induction of varied proteins, activation of macrophages, and antiviral, antiproliferative and antitumor effects. Clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy of interferons in some malignancies and ongoing studies are investigating results of combinations with other biological response modifiers and cytotoxic agents.
Cancer‐induced immunosuppression: Implications for therapy?
Authors: Pollock Raphael E. , Roth Jack A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCancer‐induced immunosuppression can be caused by a variety of effects. These include factors produced by the host in response to the presence of tumor or factors elaborated by the tumor itself. Disseminated tumor can lead to host debility with associated anergy. Some immunosuppressive effects are due to the manner in which the host processes (or fails to process) the tumor as an antigenic stimulus. Lastly, antitumor treatments can have a detrimental impact on host antitumor immunity. Recent research findings from our laboratories implicate surgical stress effects and tumor‐mediated production of growth factors such as transforming growth factor Beta (TGF‐Beta) as being important causes of host immune impairment. An accurate understanding of the mechanisms underlying host antitumor immune impairment will be critical in the successful development of immunotherapy strategies for use in the surgical oncology patient.
Active specific immunotherapy in malignant melanoma
Authors: Morton Donald L. , Foshag Leland J. , Nizze J. Anne , Gupta Rishab K. , Famatiga Estela , Hoon Dave S. B. , Irie Reiko F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have recently initiated clinical trials of active specific immunotherapy evaluating a new polyvalent melanoma cell vaccine in patients with high‐risk and/or recurrent melanoma. The vaccine has been administered alone, or in combination with low‐dose cyclophosphamide, as an immunomodulator of suppressor cells. Cyclophosphamide is effective in lowering suppressor cell activity in some patients undergoing active specific immunotherapy. This is not associated with an enhanced humoral immune response to melanoma‐associated antigens, nor is the clinical course of those patients receiving cyclophosphamide favorably influenced. We are hopeful that other immunomodulators, alone or in combination with lower does of cyclophosphamide, may be effective in some patients, particularly in those patients whose suppressor cell activity remains high. The optimization of the vaccine and the use of immunomodulators will enhance humoral and cellular immune responses to antigens in the allogenic vaccine that cross react with those present in the autologous melanoma, which should more favorably influence the prognosis of melanoma patients.
Present status of serum markers
Authors: Minton John P. , Chevinsky Aaron 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTumor markers presently in use generally meet only one or two of the criteria for the ideal marker, which are: tumor specificity, correlation with tumor bulk and stage of the disease, decrease to normal after successful treatment, and rise prior to clinical manifestations of recurrence. In addition, virtually all are elevated in some benign conditions. Currently their greatest usefulness is for confirmation of clinical suspicion and for monitoring known disease. Some tumor markers which are not effective as screening tests can be used to evaluate the patient's response to therapy. The discovery of oncogenes holds great promise for a new generation of tumor markers. Major breakthroughs in the fields of molecular biology and tumor immunology seem imminent with eventual application possibly in the treatment of cancer.
Active immunotherapy in colorectal cancer
Authors: Hoover Herbert C. , Hanna Michael G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeventy‐four patients with Dukes' B2 through C3 colon or rectal cancer were entered into a prospectively randomized, controlled trial of active specific immunotherapy (ASI) with an autologous tumor cell‐BCG vaccine. Primary tumors were dissociated enzymatically and cryopreserved by techniques that maintain cell viability. Patients were randomized into groups treated by resection alone (control) or resection plus ASI. All patients with rectal cancer received 5,040 rads of pelvic irradiation post‐operatively. With a median follow‐up of 56 mo, there is a moderately significant difference in the distribution of time‐to‐recurrence (P = .037) and a comparably significant difference in the distributions of time‐to‐death (P = .031); both comparisons favor the ASI group. Most of the difference was due to the subgroup with colon cancer. With such small numbers of patients, we cannot conclude that ASI is of proven therapeutic benefit. The results are sufficiently encouraging that the trial is continuing and a national multi‐institutional prospectively randomized trial is being conducted.
Clinicopathologic studies of gastric carcinoma
Authors: Mori Masaki , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe reviewed the clinical and pathologic experiences of gastric carcinoma cases seen in our department. Early diagnostics of the carcinomas were documented, especially in the cases of small gastric carcinoma, carcinoma of the gastric cardia, and in cases of young patients. The importance of lymphadenectomy in surgical treatment was emphasized as a cure for patients with gastric carcinoma. The surgical treatment and results for far advanced cases were also demonstrated. Several pathologic factors related to prognosis were shown; these included growth patterns, special gross or histologic types, stromal reactions, immunohistochemical studies, and others. We emphasize that a full understanding of the pathologic characteristics of gastric carcinoma is indispensable for providing adequate treatment.
DNA analysis and prognosis of digestive tract cancers
Authors: Kuwano Hiroyuki , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCytophotometric DNA analysis was performed on esophageal and gastric carcinomas. In 35 cases of mucosal and submucosal carcinoma of the esophagus, patients with types I and II (relatively regular in DNA distribution) had an uneventful postoperative course and no recurrence, whereas 3 of 15 (20%), and 5 of 9 (55.6%) with type III and type IV, respectively (widely scattered DNA distribution), died following a recurrence. Cytophotometric DNA analysis using biopsy specimens from 75 patients with esophageal cancer in various stages also showed a close relationship between the DNA distribution pattern and prognosis. However, the growth mode and the DNA ploidy of mucosal gastric cancer correlated well in the investigation of 66 cases. Thus, data of this method closely reflected the outcome in patients with digestive tract cancers. These results suggested the potential usefulness of cytophotometric DNA analysis for assessing the prognosis, even in the early stage of cancers.
Surgical strategy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis
Authors: Kanematsu Takashi , Shirabe Ken , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe evaluated the applicability of limited hepatic resection in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhotic patients. According to the severity of impaired hepatocellular function, 37 patients underwent limited resection, and for 13, standard major hepatic resection was done. There were no significant differences in the mortality and survival rates between the two groups. This limited resection can be selectively used to treat cancer associated with cirrhosis and encapsulated tumorsFor further evaluation of this limited procedure, an attempt was made to elucidate the manner in which the surgical margin is linked to a recurrence after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Forty patients were divided into two groups; those in whom the margin from the cut surface to HCC in the fresh specimen was less than 10 mm wide [TW( + )] and patients in whom the surgical margin was equal to or exceeded 10 mm [TW( − )]. There were 24 and 16 patients in the TW( + ) and TW( − ) groups, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of recurrence between the two groups. In patients with a tumor less than 4 cm in diameter, the extent of TW is not linked to an early recurrence. However, when the tumor size exceeds 4 cm, 10 mm of TW is inadequate to achieve curability. When a wide resection is not feasible, then adjuvant therapy should be aggressive.
Aldosterone‐producing tumors (Conn's syndrome)
Authors: Merrell Ronald C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdenomas of the adrenal cortex which produce aldosterone (APA) are among the surgically correctible causes of hypertension accounting for 0.5 to 1.0% of all hypertensive etiologies. The adenomas have a 5:1 predilection for women and generally present with hypertension or profound hypokalemia. A low plasma renin activity completes the triad for primary hyperaldosteronism which could be caused by adrenocortical cancer, a neoplasm with an average diameter of 12 cm, or idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA), a bilateral hyperplasia of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex which responds poorly to surgical resection. The adenomas are small (2 cm) but can be localized by imaging or selective venous sampling. Resection has a high success rate with minimal morbidity.
Hormonal therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Rosenberg Andrew G. , Von Eschenbach Andrew C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSince the demonstration in 1941 by Huggins and Hodges that prostatic cancers are androgen dependent, hormonal treatment by androgen ablation has been the principal treatment for patients with advanced adenocarci‐noma of the prostate. Although not able to permanently and totally eradicate every cancer cell since prostate cancer cells are quite heterogeneous in their sensitivity to androgens, hormonal therapy can produce dramatic subjective improvement as well as objective remissions. This results in an improved quality of survival and for patients with metastatic adenocarci‐noma, endocrine therapy does reduce the death rate from cancer, and if death from other concurrent illness is controlled, there is an absolute increase in survival. At present, a variety of strategies are available for ablation of testicular and adrenal androgens, but results are not clinically significantly better than orchiectomy.