bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finding What You Need in Uganda's Archives
Authors: Barrett-Gaines Kathryn , Khadiagala Lynn 
Published: May 2006

Given the growing scholarly interest in Uganda, we thought it might be useful to provide an update on research conditions in the country and the state of some of the archives. Barrett-Gaines is a historian working on the history of the salt trade in the Great Lakes region while Khadiagala is a political scientist studying the adjudication of women's property rights within the courts of law in Uganda. Barrett-Gaines still resides in Uganda, while Khadiagala completed her research in August of 1997. In disclosing our discoveries, it is our hope that additional use of the resources by both Western and Ugandan scholars will spur interest in preserving Uganda's rich historical record.The first step toward obtaining research clearance is to request affiliation with a research institute or academic department within Uganda. There are several independent research institutions and several universities. The actual clearance process is relatively easy. For social scientists, two possibilities are Makerere Institute for Social Research (MISR) or the Center for Basic Research (CBR). Scholars intending to travel to Uganda should initiate contact with one of these organizations about four to six months prior to arrival to obtain the application forms. Addresses are supplied at the end of this paper.Actual research clearance is granted by the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST). The application includes a lengthy (and often redundant) form, a brief research proposal, passport-size photographs, and proof of affiliation. On approval, the UNCST issues a small red book that serves as an identification card and a letter for presentation in each district specified in the research proposal.
Livrets Scolaires Coloniaux: Méthodes d'Analyse—Approche Herméneutique
Authors: Vinck Honoré 
Published: May 2006

Le livret scolaire africain n'a guere reçu l'attention des historiens de la colonisation ni celle des théoriciens des programmes scolaires qui ont été particulèrement actifs en Occident pendant les trois dernières décénnies. Et pourtant le livret scolaire a joué un très grand rôle dans la divulgation de l'idéologie coloniale et par ricochet dans l'éveil des tendances qui ont mené à la décolonisation. Ici et là ils nous donnent des éléments pour une meilleure compréhension des attitudes des responsables politiques africains du moment.Le livret scolaire colonial est spécialement conçu pour la colonie. Nous excluons donc les livrets des écoles métropolitaines bien que parfois utilisés dans la colonie. Il doit être étudié dans son propre contexte et par conséquent, les approches seront différentes selon qu'il s'agit de la colonisation belge, française, anglaise ou portugaise.Dans les colonies françaises et portugaises la langue nationale des colonisateurs était en règle générale aussi celle de l'enseignement. Ceux-ci ne seront pas pris en considération, nos investigations se limitant aux livrets en langues africaines.Le système d'éducation dans la Colonie Belge était entièrement entre les mains des missionnaires chrétiens jusqu'aux années cinquante. Mêmes les rares écoles organisées par l'Etat (Colonies scolaires et Ecoles ‘congrégationistes’ ou ‘Groupes Scolaires’) ou par certaines Compagnies étaient pour leur organisation effective confiées aux missionnaires catholiques.
Quantifying Conversion: A Note on the Colonial Census and Religious Change in Postwar Southern Mali
Authors: Peterson Brian 
Published: May 2006

The use of colonial census data on religious conversion in historical analysis is often fraught with methodological problems. What, at first glance, might appear to have been profound structural transformations of society may in part be illusions created by changes in the census apparatus, or data collection process, itself. In this paper I will discuss how a colonial census was conducted and how local rural peoples were active agents in enumerating their own (official) religious identities. Thus, how did changes in this central tool of bureaucratic knowledge and power distort history? As an overarching critique, I suggest that the problem of the census as an exercise of colonial bureaucratic power in Africa has hardly elicited comment. Thus I suggest that the census may be a potentially fruitful avenue of historical inquiry in examining in closer detail the primary “enumerative modality” of colonial forms of knowledge.I will present examples from the history of French colonial southern Mali during the postwar period in arguing that the colonial census was a complex social and political process that must be ‘deconstructed’ if we are to make critical use of such state-generated numbers. Southern Mali occupied what was believed, in the French imagination, to be an active frontier of Islamization, separating the “Muslim” Sahel (and Sahara) from the “fetishist” forest regions to the south. This religious frontier status elicited mixed views. As Jean-Loup Amselle has argued, colonial officials in southern Mali adopted a highly ambiguous stance toward Islam, “going from one extreme to another, sometimes seeing Islam everywhere, sometimes nowhere.”
On Finding Madagascar Materials: The ELCA Region 3 Archives in Minnesota
Authors: Kaufmann Jeffrey 
Published: May 2006

One problem facing any historical anthropologist or anthropological historian of Madagascar is locating sources that are scattered around the globe. A recent guidebook on African source materials in the United States makes important advances toward resolving this problem, notably for South African materials in the United States, but Madagascar is poorly represented there. Researchers of Madagascar can help each other connect the gaps between recognized research materials by sharing with colleagues what they have found at less well-known archives.In the United States there are numerous Malagasy archival resources that may not be evident from a quick search through RLIN, Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC), or Center for Research Libraries (CRL) databases. Small archives may fall outside the range of microfilm projects, such as the Cooperative Africana Microform Project (CAMP), and therefore remain off the researcher's radar screen. Yet quite good materials, such as those at the Luther Seminary in St. Paul, Minnesota, may be relatively nearby and welcoming to the researcher.
Aspects of the Prehistory of Freetown and Creoledom
Authors: Hair P.E.H. 
Published: May 2006

The immediate circumstances which led up to the founding of Freetown in the 1790s were highly contingent, even freakish. Christopher Fyfe has stressed the role of the scientist and dubious adventurer, Henry Smeathman, in publicizing the misguided view that the Sierra Leone district provided an ideal ecological environment for settlement. More recently, Stephen Braidwood has shown that the 1787 choice of Sierra Leone as a suitable locality for settlement by the Black Poor of London, the earliest settlers, came about as a result of acceptance of Smeathman's view, not by the white philanthropists and politicians who masterminded the exodus of the Black Poor, but by the London Blacks themselves—who knew nothing of Sierra Leone from personal experience but were convinced by Smeathman's rhetoric. That the Blacks were allowed to insist on their choice might itself be regarded as freakish.Yet, seen in a wider historical context, the foundation of Freetown, and the subsequent development of the community eventually termed “Creole,” appear less accidental and extraordinary. Why, for instance, did Smeathman chose Sierra Leone for his butterfly-collecting on his only visit to Africa? Presumably it was because he was aware that he could obtain the support and protection of the trading settlements in the Banana Islands, on Sherbro Island, and along the coast between—settlements which had been established in earlier decades by the English-speaking families of the Caulkers, Parkers, and Tuckers, families whose very names (even if corrupted from African names) point back to the later seventeenth century and the activities on this coast of the Royal African Company. And perhaps Smeathman had read John Newton's published account of his early career as a resident trader on the same coast which, although full of complaints about his treatment by his African employers, at least showed that a white could survive there.
Dramatizing Postcoloniality: Nationalism and the Rewriting of History in Ngugi and Mugo's The Trial of Dedan Kimathi
Authors: Okunoye Oyeniyi 
Published: May 2006

History is not the past: it is a consciousness of the past used for present purposes. (Greg Dening)After empire, it was clear the history of the colonised needed repair. (Elleke Boehmer)This paper identifies history as a major site for identity-formation in the postcolonial world. It draws attention to some strategies of historical reconstruction in African drama by focusing on Ngugi and Mugo's The Trial of Dedan Kimathi, an influential Kenyan play which has also come to be seen as providing a paradigm for the African historical play. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that the play is rooted in the counterdiscourse which authorizes revisionist histories in the postcolonial world. The creation of this play is seen as motivated by the desire of the playwrights to interrogate misconceptions and distortions in official Kenyan history, which marginalizes the popular struggle that culminated in the nation's independence. The writing of the play therefore enables the playwrights to celebrate Dedan Kimathi, who personifies the collective aspirations of the Kenyan people, but is demonized in earlier versions of their history. The essay underlines the fact that this version of history is basically conditioned by the materialist vision of the writers.
The Light on the Road to Harare: How David Beach (Partially) Converted a Barbarian
Authors: Burke Tim 
Published: May 2006

My first encounter with the late historian David Beach was a non-encounter. I spent most of 1990 and 1991 hoping not to meet him, and by careful planning, I cunningly succeeded in fulfilling this objective. (Albeit with the assistance of the Zimbabwean government, which helpfully closed the University of Zimbabwe during my time there.) It is not that I had heard anything in particular about Beach before arriving. In fact, I was woefully understudied in useful gossip about Zimbabwean scholars. My anxiety about Beach came first from the context of my own graduate studies and second from my anxiety about my own knowledge.Without naming names, I can say that I had come into conflict early in my graduate work with one of the senior professors in my department. Without going into the gory details, it would be fair to say that the conflict was both regretable and inevitable, and as much about style as substance. However, one of the substantive issues on which I found myself perennially at loggerheads with this advisor concerned our fundamentally different sensibilities about the social and political obligations and character of the historical profession. Certainly my declared political sensibilities at that point were frequently loud, superficial, and swaggeringly self-righteous, but our disagreement went far deeper than a matter of different ideological loyalties.This advisor was fond of declaring himself an objective empiricist who approached history without a politics, a scholar who believed that his central responsibility was to pursue intellectual inquiry without suborning that inquiry to any political agenda.
The posterior deep temporal nerve: Its relationship with the human cranial base
Authors: Dennison K. John , Dias George J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn an earlier dry‐skull study (Dias et al. [2001] Int J Osteoarchaeol 11:241–248), a hitherto undescribed groove was observed in the infratemporal region of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the cranial base, passing laterally from the foramen ovale onto the squamous temporal bone. We found a very high incidence of this groove, 81% on one side at least, in modern South‐Asian Indian adult crania, but much less so, 50%, in a Polynesian sample of both New Zealand Maori and Moriori adult crania. This article reports our finding of the groove, at least on one side, in 85% of a modern Portuguese skeletal population, and our dissection study on twenty European cadavers confirms that the groove, present in all, is formed by the posterior deep temporal nerve. Clin. Anat. 20:126–130, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Trinuclear Gallium‐Bridged Ferrocenophane [{Fe(η5‐C5H4)2}3Ga2]: Synthesis, Bonding, Structure, and Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Althoff Alexander , Eisner Dirk , Jutzi Peter , Lenze Norman , Neumann Beate , Schoeller Wolfgang W. , Stammler Hans‐Georg 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe trinuclear ferrocenophane [{Fe(η5‐C5H4)3}2Ga2] (3) featuring two sp2‐hybridized gallium atoms in bridging positions between three ferrocene‐1,1′‐diyl units represents a novel type of ferrocene derivative. Compound 3 is obtained by thermal treatment of 1,1′‐bis(dimethylgallyl)ferrocene (1) in nondonor solvents or in diethyl ether as solvent and subsequent thermal decomplexation. The [1.1]ferrocenophane [{Fe(η5‐C5H4)2}2{GaMe}2] (2) is an intermediate in the formation of 3. The reaction of 3 with an excess of trimethylgallium leads back to 1 and proves the reversibility of the multistep reaction sequence. Theoretical calculations reveal a carousel‐type D3h structure for 3. The compound can best be described as being composed of three only weakly interacting ferrocenediyl units covalently connected by gallium atoms without any π‐bond contribution in the GaC bonds. Owing to steric constraints 3 cannot be reduced to the dianion 32−, which would feature a GaGa bond. Compound 3 represents a stereochemically rigid difunctional Lewis acid allowing the formation of the adducts 3 a–3 d possessing linear donor‐aceptor‐aceptor‐donor arrangements. Crystal structure data for 3 a–3 d show a symmetry‐reduced chiral ferrocenophane core (D3h→D3). A polymeric rodlike structure is observed for 3 b and 3 d caused by π‐stacking effects (3 b) or by a difunctional donor–acceptor interaction (3 d). In solution, the chirality of the adducts is lost by rapid interconversion of the enantiomers. A cyclic voltammogram of 3 b in pyridine reveals three quasi‐reversible oxidation steps at −356, −154, and 8 mV, indicating only weak electron delocalization in the cationic species. The redox potentials of the pyridine adduct 3 b are compared with those of other pyridine‐stabilized gallyl‐sustituted ferrocene derivatives and with ferrocene itself.
Gas‐Phase Spectroscopy of the Unstable Sulfur Diisocyanate Molecule S(NCO)2
Authors: Wang Weigang , Ge Maofa , Yao Li , Zeng Xiaoqing , Sun Zheng , Wang Dianxun 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSulfur diisocyanate is generated from a heterogeneous reaction of gaseous sulfur dichloride with silver cyanate and studied for the first time in the gas phase. Combined with quantum chemical calculations, the electronic structure is characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). Simultaneously, an investigation of the possible ionization and dissociation processes for the molecular cation is presented based on experimental soft ionization mass spectrometry. From the calculated bond‐dissociation energies, the dissociation pathway is determined. S(NCO)2+ undergoes 1,3‐sigmatropic rearrangement with a smaller barrier height (9.9 kcal mol−1) than the neutral counterpart. Thus, the 1,3‐sigmatropic rearrangement is preferred for the molecular cation, and OCNCO+ and NS+ is produced by subsequent dissociation of the rearrangement product. The analysis agrees very well with the experimental mass spectrum.
On the significance of Shalaev's ‘hot spots’ in ensemble and single‐molecule SERS by adsorbates on metallic films at the percolation threshold
Authors: Otto A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRecent models of plasmon localization and local electromagnetic (EM) field distribution in silver‐on‐glass films at the percolation threshold (Shalaev and collaborators) have successfully modelled the scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM) pictures. The clearly visible so‐called hot spots are believed to contribute heavily to the Raman enhancement for adsorbates at the hot spots exceeding 1011. However, when the theorem of optical reciprocity is properly taken into account, the ensemble EM enhancement factor contributing to surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in silver island films at the percolation threshold is calculated here as about 3 × 105, an order of magnitude lower than the overall SERS enhancement measured by Shalaev and collaborators. Given the experimental probability of 0.003 in finding a single dye molecule that is embedded within a Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film coating a silver island film at a hot spot (observations of Aroca and collaborators), and assuming that these hot spots are of ‘Shalaev‐type’, the corresponding EM enhancement does not exceed 106 to 107. In addition, this is in good agreement with the experiment. This enhancement is sufficient to observe the SERS from single dye molecules.Earlier enhancement numbers produced by the rule of thumb, that the enhancement is given by the fourth power of the local field enhancement, are misleading by several orders of magnitude for Stoke shifts exceeding approximately 300 cm−1. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impaired small‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channel‐dependent EDHF responses in Type II diabetic ZDF rats
Authors: Burnham Matthew P , Johnson Ian T , Weston Arthur H 
Published: May 2006

We have examined the relative contributions of small‐ and intermediate‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels (SKCa and IKCa) to the endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) pathway response in small mesenteric arteries of Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, before and after the development of Type II diabetes, together with Lean controls.
Smooth muscle membrane potential was recorded using sharp microelectrodes in the presence of 10 μM indomethacin plus 100 μM Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine. SKCa was selectively inhibited with 100 nM apamin, whereas IKCa was blocked with 10 μM TRAM‐39 (2‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2‐diphenylacetonitrile).
Resting membrane potentials were similar in arteries from 17‐ to 20‐week‐old control and diabetic rats (approximately −54 mV). Responses elicited by 1 and 10 μM acetylcholine (ACh) were significantly smaller in the diabetic group (e.g. hyperpolarizations to −69.5±0.8 mV (ZDF; n=12) and −73.2±0.6 mV (Lean; n=12; P<0.05) evoked by 10 μM ACh).
The IKCa‐mediated components of the ACh responses were comparable between groups (hyperpolarizations to approximately −65 mV on exposure to 10 μM ACh). However, SKCa‐mediated responses were significantly reduced in the diabetic group (hyperpolarizations to −63.1±1.0 mV (ZDF; n=6) and −71.5±1.2 mV (Lean; n=6; P<0.05) on exposure to 10 μM ACh.
Impaired ACh responses were not observed in arteries from 5‐ to 6‐week‐old (pre‐diabetic) animals. SKCa subunit mRNA expression was increased in the diabetic group.
The EDHF pathway, especially the SKCa‐mediated response, is impaired in Type II diabetic ZDF rats without a reduction in channel gene expression. These results may be particularly relevant to the microvascular complications of diabetes. The functional separation of SKCa and IKCa pathways is discussed.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 434–441. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706748
Enhancing patient education about medicines: factors influencing reading and seeking of written medicine information
Authors: Koo Michelle , Krass Ines , Aslani Parisa 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective  To investigate the influence of patient factors on patients’ reading and seeking of written medicine information (WMI).Design  A cross‐sectional questionnaire study.Main variables studied  Patient's health locus of control, coping style, health literacy, demographics and disease state (independent variables) and patient's interest and likelihood in reading and seeking WMI (dependent variables).Main outcome measures  Patient factors predicting interest in reading and seeking WMI.Setting and participants  Patients (total n = 479) from three Rheumatology/Pain clinics in teaching hospitals (n = 217) and 40 community pharmacies (n = 262) in metropolitan Sydney, Australia.Results  The majority of patients were interested and likely to read WMI about their prescription medicines. However, not many were likely to seek WMI and not many frequently sought WMI. Using logistic regression, patients’ interest in reading WMI was predicted by their coping style [monitor vs. blunter, odds ratio (OR) = 2.19, confidence interval (CI) = 1.17–4.10], health literacy levels (adequate vs. inadequate/marginal, OR = 2.86, CI = 1.16–7.05) and occupation (blue‐collar vs. homemaker, OR = 3.42, CI = 0.09–0.88) whilst patients’ interest in seeking WMI was predicted by their disease state (pain/rheumatology condition vs. hypertension, OR = 1.84, CI = 1.11–3.05), health locus of control (powerful other, OR = 0.95, CI = 0.90–0.99) and health literacy levels (adequate vs. inadequate/marginal, OR = 2.7, CI = 1.17–6.39).Conclusions  Patients’ interest in reading and seeking WMI were influenced by several patient factors including disease state, health locus of control, coping style, health literacy levels and occupation. Furthermore, the results highlighted that reading and seeking WMI were regarded as distinct activities influenced by different factors. These findings may guide health professionals in assessing the utility of WMI for different patient groups and more broadly in the tailoring of patient education to meet patient needs.
A simple and practical agglutination assay for human leucocyte antigen‐B27 typing
Authors: Meyer O. , Abdallah Z. , Schönemann C. , Hugo F. , Agaylan A. , Kiesewetter H. , Salama A. 
Published: May 2006

Background and Objectives  The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) B27 is the most frequently typed single antigen that is associated with diseases. Here, we describe a simple and rapid particle agglutination assay (PaGIA) for HLA‐B27 typing.Materials and Methods  Superparamagnetic particles were coated with a monoclonal antibody to HLA‐B27 and subsequently used for testing. Anticoagulated whole‐blood samples were obtained from healthy blood donors (n = 194) with known HLA patterns and from patients (n = 51) who had been typed positive for HLA‐B27 by flow cytometry.Results  The particles agglutinated only after incubation with HLA‐27‐positive blood samples, using the ID‐microtyping system. Positive reactions were clearly distinguishable from negative reactions in all samples tested. Flow cytometric HLA‐B27 typing revealed an indeterminate result in one patient.Conclusions  The new HLA‐B27 PaGIA is suitable for rapid typing of HLA‐B27. The assay is simple and easy to perform, and can be implemented in any routine laboratory.
Visual performance in night‐time driving conditions
Authors: Eloholma M. , Ketomäki J. , Orreveteläinen P. , Halonen L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper introduces an experimental multitechnique method which was developed to establish a basis for a task performance‐based mesopic photometry. This approach considers night‐time driving by dividing visual performance into three visual tasks, of which achromatic threshold and reaction time are presented. The performance of both visual tasks decreased with decreasing luminance level from 1 to 0.01 cd m−2, showing the strong effect of light level on visual performance in driving. The behaviour of the achromatic contrast threshold and reaction time for low‐contrast targets was similar in terms of spectral effects, the strongest effects occurring at the lower mesopic levels. Both measures showed the Purkinje shift with decreasing luminance levels. The experimental data were used to calculate mesopic performance measures with the new mesopic model. The results imply that compared with V(λ), spectral sensitivity in night‐time driving can be better described with a mesopic model based on visual performance measures.