bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of Flame-Spreading Processes Over Thin Aluminum Sheets
Authors: Yeh C-L , Johnson DK , Kuo KK 
Published: March 2009

An experimental study of flame-spreading behavior over thin aluminum (99% Al and 1% Mn) sheets was conducted in oxygen-enriched environments. This subject is of great interest since the occurrence of violent energy release (VER) phenomena in promoted ignition and combustion tests of brazed aluminum heat exchangers (BAHX) seems to be strongly coupled with flame-spreading processes. The objective of this study is to determine the dependency of flame-spreading rate of aluminum sheets as a function of oxygen pressure, oxygen purity, oxygen flow condition, sample thickness, and multiple layer configuration.
The flame-spreading rate over aluminum sheets was measured by an array of fast-response lead-selenide (Pb-Se) IR photodetectors. The overall transient event of the ignition and flame spreading of aluminum sheets was recorded by both a high-speed movie camera and a CCD video camera. The initial chamber pressure was varied from 0.1 to 10 MPa. Two grades of oxygen gas were used with purities of 99.996% and 99.75%. Tests were conducted either with stagnant oxygen or under a continuous oxygen flow with oxygen velocity ranging from 5 to 15 m/s. The dimension of aluminum samples with three different thicknesses (0.15, 0.20, and 0.40 mm) was 2.5 cm by 43 cm. Besides tests with single aluminum sheets, tests were conducted using three sheets mounted with a controlled gap width of 1.6 mm.
As the initial chamber pressure was increased, the flame-spreading rate was found to increase to a maximum, decrease to a minimum, and then increase again. The flame-spreading rates under high-purity oxygen (99.996%) environments are greater than those in commercial grade oxygen (99.75%). The threshold pressure for self-sustained flame propagation is lower under high-purity oxygen environments and also for samples with a smaller thickness. The oxygen flow can enhance the flame-spreading rate to some extent. There exists an optimum oxygen velocity beyond which the flame-spreading rate decreases with the increase of oxygen velocity. The mechanisms associated with aluminum combustion and VER phenomenon are also discussed.
Oxygen Compatibility of Polymers Including TFE-Teflon®, Kel-F® 81, Vespel® SP-21, Viton® A, Viton® A-500, Fluorel®, Neoprene®, EPDM, Buna-N, and Nylon 6,6
Authors: Chou TC , Fiedorowicz A 
Published: March 2009

Ten polymeric materials including EPDM, Nylon 6,6, Buna-N and other materials marketed* as TFE-Teflon® (PTFE), Kel-F® 81 (PCTFE), Vespel® SP-21, Viton® A, Viton® A-500, Fluorel®, and Neoprene® were systematically evaluated for their oxygen compatibility property. The specific properties examined included: (1) autoignition temperature (AIT), (2) heat of combustion, and (3) liquid-oxygen (LOX) mechanical impact sensitivity. Test methods and procedures employed for the evaluations were in compliance with those prescribed in the ASTM and BSI standards. Additionally, a BOC in-house high-pressure autoigniticn test rig (HP-AIT) was used for a detailed study on the materials' autoignition behavior. This high-pressure vessel is capable of probing the AIT of a material up to 450°C and at oxygen pressure (prior to a thermal excursion) up to 5000 psig (∼34.5 MPa).
According to the test results, fluorinated polymers including TFE®, Kel-F® 81, Viton® A, Viton® A-500 and Fluorel® exhibited superior oxygen compatibility property. Specifically, they possessed relatively high autoignition temperatures and reasonably low heat of combustion values. Among them, TFE® possessed the best property by showing the highest autoignition temperature (&gt;450°C), lowest heat of combustion (1517 cal/g), and qualified (pass) LOX impact sensitivity. Vespel® SP-21 (15% graphite-filled polyimide) exhibited an autoignition temperature higher than fluorinated elastomers like Fluorel® and Viton® A, but lower than Kel-F® 81 as well as TFE®. The variation of oxygen pressure, ranging from 1800 psig (∼12.4 MPa) to 5000 psig (∼34.5 MPa), was found to exert little influence on the autoignition temperature of the polymers.
The autoignition behavior of Kel-F®81, Viton® A, Vespel® SP-21, and Nylon 6,6 was further investigated, using HP-AIT, as a function of sample quantity and surface area at different oxygen pressure. On the one hand, variation of sample quantity exerted a more pronounced effect on the AITs of Viton® A, Nylon 6,6 and Kel-F® 81 at various pressures than on Vespel® SP-21. A higher autoignition temperature was generally observed from samples with smaller quantities. On the other hand, changes in sample surface area had little influence on the autoignition temperature of the materials in 1800 psig (∼12.4 MPa) oxygen.
Relative Performance of Elastomeric Materials in the Seal Configuration Test Apparatus
Authors: Yentzen MJ , Powell BA , Jordan S 
Published: March 2009

Although perfluoroelastomers were designed for high temperature and severe service, they have become the preferred elastomeric material for high pressure oxygen applications. The main reason for their widespread use in oxygen is that perfluoroelastomers typically perform better in most ASTM standard test methods designed for evaluating oxygen compatibility. The principal disadvantage of the use of perfluoroelastomers is that they are prohibitively expensive — approximately 50 times the cost of most other elastomeric materials.
The ASTM standard test methods that are used to evaluate oxygen compatibility of elastomeric materials do not necessarily measure the resistance to ignition in oxygen of o-ring materials in their use configuration. The seal configuration tester (SCT) simulates a typical dynamic o-ring application and is therefore a better method for comparing the relative wearability and oxygen sensitivity of various elastomeric o-ring materials. while data from the ASTM standard test methods suggest that perfluoroelastomers may be less oxygen sensitive than other materials, data from the seal configuration test demonstrate that fluoroelastomers are superior to perfluoroelastomers in a dynamic o-ring use configuration. Seal configuration test data were also compiled for other elastomeric materials such as butadiene nitrile and silicone. This data are compared to the test data for perfluoroelastomers and fluoroelastomers and are discussed in the paper. The seal configuration test data provide additional information to aid in the selection of elastomeric materials for high pressure oxygen o-ring applications.
Oil Migration on the Structured Packing by Evaporation and Recondensation During the Defrosting Operation in the Air Separation Unit
Authors: Egoshi N , Kawakami H , Fujita I 
Published: March 2009

Structured packing has been applied to the cryogenic distillation of air. The specific surface areas of packing are higher than that of conventional sieve trays. The lubrication oils are used for manufacturing of the packing and some oils remain on the packing surface, which results in introducing a larger amount of the total remained oil in the structured packed columns than that in the sieve trays. In the oxygen enriching section of the low pressure column of the air separation unit, the accumulation of the oil should be avoided for safety. High level local accumulation may be caused by the migration which is due to evaporation and recondensation of the oil during the defrosting operation, which occurs in start-up and shut-down procedures of the air separation unit. An allowable oil film limit of 50–100mg/m2 is recommended by CGA. It is confirmed that oil migration by gravity and cold chipping does not occur at this oil level. However, there is no experimental or theoretical study of the migration mechanism by evaporation and recondensation.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether the evaporation and recondensation causes a high accumulation level in the structured packed column under the initial condition of 100mg/m2 oil level. The correlation on mass transfer for evaporation and recondensation of oil (Shell Talpa 30) was developed by the laboratory-size experiments. By using the mass transfer correlation, the behavior of the oil migration was simulated for the low pressure column. The simulation results showed that the accumulation of the lubrication oil (Shell Talpa 30) was less than 1 mg/m2 during the defrosting operation, hence an unfavorable oil accumulation did not occur under the initial condition of 100mg/m2 oil level. On the other hand, it was found that the accumulation of hexadecane (light oil) was higher than that of Shell Talpa 30 (heavy oil) at a same time within the defrosting operation.
Oregon's Superpave Implementation
Authors: Leahy RB , Cramer SB , Thompson GO 
Published: March 2009

Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) has specified performance-based asphalts (PBAs) since 1991. Developed by the Pacific Coast Conference on Asphalt Specifications (PCCAS) in 1990, the PBA concept uses conventional test methods for classification and facilitates binder selection based on climatic conditions. The Conference plan was to use the PBA concept and conventional tests as an interim approach which would eventually be replaced with the Strategic Highway Research Program performance grade (SHRP-PG) specification and supporting tests. As a first step in the SHRP implementation/validation effort ODOT has evaluated its commonly used PBA grades in terms of the SHRP (now called Superpave) protocols. The limited binder evaluation to date suggests the following equivalencies:
Using the Superpave weather database, nomographs were developed to illustrate the recommended binder grades. Because of Oregon's climatic diversity, as many as 14 binder grades could be used. Practical constraints and realistic measures such as state-maintained road-miles associated with the various PG binders, however, suggest that 4 PG binders may suffice. Additionally, preliminary economic analysis suggests that implementation of the PG system could provide substantial savings. Because of Oregon's extensive use of open-graded friction courses, additional work must be done to determine what effects, if any, the PG classification might have on this mix type in terms of field performance.
An Evaluation of the Suitability of the Superpave System to the Design of Limestone Rock Asphalt (LRA) Mixes
Authors: Jackson NM , Dukatz EL 
Published: March 2009

Superpave is a volumetric asphalt mix design system which was originally intended for hot mix asphalt (HMA) and low traffic levels. However, it is believed that the concepts behind the Superpave volumetric mix design system can be applied to specific cold mixes with only minor modifications.
An evaluation of the suitability of the Superpave volumetric system to the design of a specific type of cold mix has been conducted at the Vulcan Materials Company, R&D Technical Center. The objective of this study was to subject several Texas Limestone Rock Asphalt (LRA) mixes to the volumetric Superpave system.
The results of this study demonstrate that LRA mixes can be successfully compacted with the SHRP gyratory compactor and evaluated with the Superpave volumetric mix design system. Recommended modifications to the HMA Superpave design criteria are presented with respect to the Texas LRA mixes.
Driving Rain and Masonry Veneer
Authors: Straube JF , Burnett EFP 
Published: March 2009

Wetting, in particular rain wetting, of walls with a masonry veneer is an important performance consideration for reasons of aesthetics, durability, and utility. Over the past four years, a variety of full-scale clay brick veneer wall systems have been tested in the BEGHUT field test facility. These long-term investigations of the response of wall systems to the southwestern Ontario climate have involved observation of both the exterior and interior environments as well as the performance of the brick veneer.
Standard and non-standard air and rain penetration testing has been conducted. Temperature, vapor pressure, air pressures, and brickwork moisture content have been measured. The contribution of vents of various kinds and the flow characteristics (both air and water) of the region behind the screen has been studied. In the latest project, two weather stations are used to monitor the sun, wind, rain, and driving rain. There are also 14 driving rain gauges mounted on the walls of the facility.
The objective of this paper is to propose a probabilistic model relating the wind, rain, and rain penetration. Driving rain, wetting, and surface drainage are discussed in some detail. Some of the more significant preliminary results of this research and its application to wall performance and rain penetration testing, especially for brick veneers, are presented and discussed.
Progress in Through-Hardening Bearing Steels: User's Experience
Authors: Furumura K , Abe T , Murakami Y 
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces a material technology relating to longer life bearings made of through-hardening steel.
Efforts to improve steel cleanliness led to the development of a more reliable through-hardening steel (SAE 52100). As the fruit, we have succeeded in mass-producing extremely purified steel (EP steel) in collaboration with a steel maker.
Among the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life tests under clean lubrication conditions, only one bearing had accidentally failed substantially earlier than all the rest. This earlier failure was at about 1/20 of the L10 life, so that it introduced a large deviation into the Weibull distribution. It was not due to surface originated flaking from a small dent. This extremely earlier failure was believed to be subsurface originated flaking from a large non-metallic inclusion. Under clean lubrication conditions, the large non-metallic inclusions exert a more harmful impact on RCF life than small indentations. Therefore, original evaluation methods of non-metallic inclusions for practical bearing applications, especially from the view point of particle size distribution, have been developed.
Since Japanese bearing manufactures have moved forward with overseas local production due to the recent economic situation, it has been necessary to define the lower limits of permissible bearing steels. Therefore, the permissible limits about cleanliness for bearing steels were studied. Consequently, successful local procurement of almost all bearing steels has been achieved.
By changing the chemical composition of SAE 52100, a new low cost through-hardening steel was developed. This steel was a non-soaking steel which was produced by controlling the primary large carbides and the heat-treatment condition of spheroidized annealing. The performance of bearings made of this steel is equivalent to that of the conventional bearing steel.
The Colorado Snowboarding Injury Study: Eight Year Results
Authors: Janes PC , Abbott P 
Published: March 2009

Snowboarding has witnessed an enormous growth in popularity and participation in the last decade. A prospective study was instituted to ascertain the injuries suffered during snowboarding. From 1988 through 1996 questionnaires were collected from 47 medical facilities within the state of Colorado. Four thousand three hundred and ninety physician-diagnosed injuries were obtained and analyzed utilizing an SPSS computer statistical package.
There were 1929 (44%) upper extremity, 1650 (38%) lower extremity, and 811 (18%) other injuries. The mean age of the injured snowboarder was 23 years (7 to 71). There were 3241 males (74%) and 1137 females (26%).
Wrist injuries numbered 869 (20%), and only 5% of injured snowboarders wore some form of wrist protection. Closed head injuries numbered 86 (2.3%) with head contusions, facial fractures, scalp and facial lacerations contributing an additional 2.4%. Only 1.3% of injured snowboarders wore helmets, and 32% of injured participants admitted to a previous snowboarding injury. Spine injuries were fractures 47 (1.2%), sprain/strain 125 (2.8%), and contusions 39 (1.0%).
Beginner snowboarders suffered more MCL injuries, while experts had more of the ACL injuries. There was no correlation between had shell boots and ACL disruption, and 82% of ACL injuries occurred in males. Knee injuries from snowboarding (15%) remain less than one half of the rate suffered by alpine skiers.
Fractures of the anterolateral process of the talus numbered 110 (2.5%) and often required a CT scan for definitive diagnosis. Operative intervention is suggested for all but nondisplaced fractures.
Snowboarding injury patterns are quite distinct, and further research and education should now concentrate on preventative measures.
Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous, Radioactive, and Mixed Wastes: 3rd Volume
Authors: Gilliam TM , Wiles CC 
Published: March 2009

Description
Stabilization and solidification (S/S) technologies have been used for decades as a final treatment step prior to the disposal of radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes. STP 1240 provides you with the latest technical exchange of S/S information available from both of these scientific communities.
The majority of papers addresses leachability and durability, the two principal issues associated with long-term containment prospects of waste treated with this technology. 47 papers in 7 sections cover: Basic Considerations in the Application of Vitrification Technologies • Organic Wastes • Mechanisms of Containment • Process Technology Development and Evaluation (Parts I and II) • Emerging Technologies • Field Application and Full-Scale Testing.
For remedial cleanup contractors, hazardous waste treatment and cleaning consultants, professors and researchers of hazardous waste.
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Fourth Volume
Authors: La Point TW , Price FT , Little EE 
Published: March 2009

Description
The most current information available on the international aspects of pollution and its impact on the environment. This comprehensive text includes state of the art research from Canada, Mexico, the Netherlands and the United States.
Featured topics among 15 peer-reviewed papers include: Transboundary pollution issues across international borders • Laboratory and field estimation of exposure and effects • Risk assessment and human health • Generic industrial cleanup criteria in Canada and the U.S. • Aquatic toxicology • Bioindicators International approaches to sediment toxicity assessment.
Multiaxial Fatigue and Deformation Testing Techniques
Authors: Kalluri S , Bonacuse PJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
Focuses on state-of-the-art testing techniques for characterizing the multiaxial fatigue and deformation behaviors of monolithic and composite materials. 14 peer-reviewed papers deal with both experimental and theoretical aspects of the multiaxial fatigue and deformation behaviors of structural materials. In 4 sections: Multiaxial Testing Facilities; • Multiaxial Deformation; • Multiaxial Fatigue; and • Structural Failure and Crack Propagation Under Multiaxial Loading.
Recent Developments in Geotextile Filters and Prefabricated Drainage Geocomposites
Authors: Bhatia SK , Suits LD 
Published: March 2009

Description
The first publication of its kind featuring innovative approaches to geosynthetic filtration and drainage applications.
15 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers address the following geotextile filter and prefabricated geocomposite issues:
• Pore Size Characterization and Permeability
• Applications
• and Case Histories.
A New Screening Method Designed for Wear Analysis of Bearing Surfaces Used in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Wimmer MA , Nassut R , Lampe F , Schneider E , Morlock MM 
Published: March 2009

New technologies of surface treatment are speculated to reduce or prevent the generation of polyethylene particles. These new (spherical) bearing surfaces need to be evaluated with an appropriate testing method. Results from testing of flat surfaces are -in general- difficult to interpret.
A bi-axial “pin-on-ball“ device utilising commercially available components of artificial joints has been developed. The contact zone kinematics in hip joints according to in-vivo conditions are approximated. First results are promising: a phase shift between the pin and ball oscillations produced quasi-elliptical displacement trajectories, similar to the ones which are reported to take place during gait. The “pin-on-ball” set-up allowed to identify subtle characteristics of friction and generated a wear pattern which matched the features known from retrieval studies. Therefore, this new testing device might be an interesting alternative to common screening devices.
Construction and Performance of Ultrathin Asphalt Friction Course
Authors: Kandhal PS , Lockett L 
Published: March 2009

The Novachip process, also known as ultrathin friction course, was developed in France in 1986. The process utilizes a single piece of equipment to place a thin, gap-graded hot mix asphalt (HMA) onto a relatively thick layer of polymer modified asphalt emulsion tack coat. Two Novachip projects were constructed in Alabama in 1992 to achieve the following objectives: (a) Document the materials and the construction procedures utilized in the construction of the Novachip surface course, and (b) monitor and evaluate the performance of the Novachip test sections at regular intervals for a period of three years.
This paper gives the construction details and performance of Novachip after 4 1/2 years in service. Since this was the first Novachip project in the U.S. with the machine imported from France, some equipment related problems were encountered. The surface texture of Novachip is very similar to that of a typical open-graded friction course. No significant raveling was observed on the two-projects after about 4 1/2 years' service, which indicates very good bond between Novachip and underlying surface. Novachip surface has significantly higher pavement surface friction numbers compared to dense graded HMA wearing course. It appears to be a potential alternate for chip seals, micro surfacing, and open-graded friction course.
Quality Management of Hot Mix Asphalt
Authors: Decker DS 
Published: March 2009

Description
Provides real-world examples of how quality management systems can and do operate.
10 peer-viewed papers include
• Performance Based Field Quality Control/Quality Assurance for Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures
• Evaluation and Modification of a Statistical Specification for Hot Mix
• and Quality Management in Asphalt Pavement Construction.
For asphalt contractors, state DOT highway contruction, testing and inspection personnel.
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Biomarkers and Risk Assessment: Fifth Volume
Authors: Henshel DS , Bengtson DA 
Published: March 2009

Description
Features the most up-to-date research on the diversity of biological measures of environmental stress exposure in every strata of living organisms.
30 peer-reviewed papers from the world's leading experts in the field cover two key areas:
Biomarkers --Comprehensive information on the various classes of biomarkers currently being researched and the types of vertebrates and invertebrates in which these techniques can be evaluated is presented in seventeen papers. Issues covered include: environmental estrogen impact; • chromosome translocation measurement; • mainstream and sidestream smoke exposure; • alterations in chicken embryo development; • and gross brain asymmetry evaluation.
Aquatic and Sediment Toxicology, Behavior and Risk Assessment--A broad spectrum of information on the current issues in environmental toxicology and risk assessment is covered in 13 papers. Topics examined include: the sub lethal impact of toxicants as seen in behavior and functional effect; • quality assurance and toxicity identification in the context of laboratory toxicity testing; • and engineering challenges associated with volatile organic compounds (VOC).