bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of long‐lasting multi‐specific CD8+ T cells by a four‐component DNA‐MVA/HIVA‐RENTA candidate HIV‐1 vaccine in rhesus macaques
Authors: Im Eung‐Jun , Nkolola Joseph P. , di Gleria Kati , McMichael Andrew J. , Hanke Tomáš 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAs a part of a long‐term effort to develop vaccine against HIV‐1 clade A inducing protective T cell responses in humans, we run mutually complementing studies in humans and non‐human primates (NHP) with the aim to maximize vaccine immunogenicity. The candidate vaccine under development has four components, pTHr.HIVA and pTH.RENTA DNA, and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA).HIVA and MVA.RENTA, delivered in a heterologous DNA prime‐MVA boost regimen. While the HIVA (Gag/epitopes) components have been tested in NHP and over 300 human subjects, we plan to test in humans the RENTA (reverse transcriptase, gp41, Nef, Tat) vaccines designed to broaden HIVA‐induced responses in year 2007. Here, we investigated the four‐component vaccine long‐term immunogenicity in Mamu‐A*01‐positive rhesus macaques and demonstrated that the vaccine‐induced T cells were multi‐specific, multi‐functional, readily proliferated to recall peptides and were circulating in the peripheral blood of vaccine recipients over 1 year after vaccine administration. The consensus clade A‐elicited T cells recognized 50% of tested epitope variants from other HIV‐1 clades. Thus, the DNA‐MVA/HIVA‐RENTA vaccine induced memory T cells of desirable characteristics and similarities to those induced in humans by HIVA vaccines alone; however, single‐clade vaccines may not elicit sufficiently cross‐reactive responses.
Synthesis of Saponins with Allobetulin and Glycyrrhetic Acid as Aglycones
Authors: Passos Eleutério M. Inês , Schimmel Jörg , Ritter Gerd , do Céu Costa Maria , Schmidt Richard R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProcedures for the synthesis of branched Xylβ(1–3)[Galβ(1–2)]Glc and Xylβ(1–3)[Galβ(1–2)]GlcA trisaccharides β‐linked to the 3‐Omoieties of allobetulin and glycyrrhetic acid, respectively, were developed. To this end, β‐selective glucosylation of the two triterpenes with a glucosyl donor permitting selective access to 2a‐O, 3a‐O, and 6a‐O, was studied; this led to glucoside intermediates. Xylosylation of the 2a,3a‐O‐unprotected glucoside was straightforward because, under inverse procedure conditions, exclusively 3a‐O‐reaction was observed. Subsequent 2a‐O‐galactosylation followed by 4a,6a‐O‐debenzylidenation and chemoselective oxidation of the glucose hydroxymethyl group gave the target molecule1in high yield after deprotection. The high nucleophilicity of the glycyrrhetinate keto group required a variation in the sequential attachment of the galactosyl and xylosyl residues, so the 2a‐O‐unprotected glucoside was selected. Initial 2a‐O‐galactosylation, affording mainly a disaccharide, and subsequent protecting group manipulation and 3a‐O‐xylosylation gave the target molecule2bafter deprotection. Transformation of the glucose residue in the trisaccharide intermediate into a glucuronate residue furnished target molecule2a, with the Xylβ(1–3)[Galβ(1–2)]GlcA β‐linked to 3‐Oof the glycyrrhetic acid. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
An Improved Synthesis of Procyanidin Dimers: Regio‐ and Stereocontrol of the Interflavan Bond
Authors: Tarascou Isabelle , Barathieu Karine , André Yann , Pianet Isabelle , Dufourc Erick J. , Fouquet Eric 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA direct and general synthesis of procyanidin dimers B1, B2, B3 and B4 (10a–d) is presented. The approach is based on the stoichiometric coupling of two protected monomeric units (the nucleophilic 2a–b and electrophilic 4a–b partners) and deals with the regio‐ and stereocontrol of the C4–C8 interflavan bond as well as the control of the degree of oligomerization. The synthesis involves a five‐step pathway starting from the native catechin (1a) or epicatechin (1b) to the fully deprotected dimers 10a–d. Furthermore, the process appears to be iterative as the coupling intermediates 9a–d themselves can be readily used in further selective syntheses of trimers or higher oligomers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A study of minorities as victims
Authors: Moscovici Serge , Pérez Juan A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article presents the idea that during the 1990s an important change took place in relation between minorities and majorities: the emergence of minorities as victims alongside the formerly predominant active, militant minorities. A hypothesis is raised that these two types of minorities differ in their agenda as well as in the nature of the influence they exert. Active minorities trigger an external conflict with majority and induce conversion (latent rather than overt influence); minorities as victims create an internal conflict, a sense of guilt, within the majority, while they exert an exclusively overt influence. We report two experiments confirming our hypothesis. We discuss the novelty of this phenomenon and its relevance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐sensor frequency domain multiple access interference canceller for DS‐CDMA systems
Authors: Gonçalves Luis , Gameiro Atílio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDirect Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS‐CDMA) signals exhibit cyclostationary properties which imply redundancy between frequency components separated by multiples of the symbol rate. In this paper a Multiple Access Interference (MAI) Canceller (Frequency Shift Canceller (FSC)) that explores this property is presented. The linear frequency domain canceller operates on the spreaded signal so as to minimise the interference and noise at the output (Minimum Mean Squared Error Criterium). The performance of multi‐sensor configurations for the cases of beamforming and uncorrelated spatial channels was evaluated considering both synchronous (UMTS‐TDD) and time misalignment systems. The FSC configurations were concatenated with 2D‐PIC structure and evaluated. The simulation results show considerable improvement relative to the conventional 2D‐RAKE and 2D‐PIC receiver. A performance close to the single‐user RAKE case was achieved when it was evaluated jointly with 2D‐PIC. Copyright © 2006 AEIT.
HLA‐class II haplotype associations with ovarian cancer
Authors: Kübler Kirsten , Arndt Peter F. , Wardelmann Eva , Krebs Dieter , Kuhn Walther , van der Ven Katrin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe development of cancer is a multistep process that is characterized by the accumulation of genetic alterations in cells and changed cellular interactions with the surrounding healthy tissues. The human immune system is believed to be intrinsically involved in this process. The correlation of certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐class I and II haplotypes with tumorigenesis is documented in a variety of tumors. However, few data exist on the possible association of specific HLA‐class II alleles or haplotypes with ovarian cancer. In our sample of 52 Caucasian patients with primary ovarian carcinoma and 239 female healthy local controls, we observed a significantly increased incidence of the HLA‐class II haplotypes DRB1*0301 – DQA1*0501 – DQB1*0201 (p < 0.001) and DRB1*1001 – DQA1*0101 – DQB1*0501 (p < 0.001) in the patients. Our data suggest that HLA‐class II loci or individual HLA‐class II haplotypes may be involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motion of a magnetic flow follower in two‐phase flow — application to the study of airlift reactor hydrodynamics
Authors: Klein Jaroslav , Godó Štefan , Teixeira José A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA low‐cost and simple magnetic particle tracer method was adapted to characterize the hydrodynamic behavior of an internal‐ and an external‐loop airlift reactor (ALR). The residence time distribution of three magnetic particles differing in diameter (5.5, 11.0 and 21.2 mm) and with a density very close to that of water was measured in individual reactor sections. The measured data were analyzed and used to determine the velocity of the liquid phase. Validation of the experimental results for liquid velocity was done by means of the data obtained by an independent reference method. Furthermore, analysis of the differences found in the settling velocity of the particle in single‐liquid and gas‐liquid phases was carried out, using a simplified 3D momentum transfer model. The model considering particle‐bubble interaction forces resulting from changes in the liquid velocity field due to bubble motion was able to predict satisfactorily the increase in the particle settling velocity in the homogeneous bubbly regime. The effective drag coefficient in two‐phase flow was found to be directly dependent on particle Reynolds number to the power of − 2 but independent of gas flow‐rate for all particle diameters studied. Based on the experimental and theoretical investigations, the valid exact formulation of the effective buoyancy force necessary for the calculation of the correct particle settling velocity in two‐phase flow was done. In addition, recommendations concerning the use of flow‐following particles in internal‐loop ALRs for liquid velocity measurements are presented. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The subplacenta in Octodon degus and petromus typicus—two hystricognath rodents without significant placental lobulation
Authors: Mess Andrea 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUntil now, defining characters of hystricognath rodents have been the subplacenta and the lobulation of the main chorioallantoic placenta. However, recent studies have revealed hystricognaths without marked lobulation, which is a plesiomorphic condition of the group. The question thus arises whether the subplacenta of these taxa is structurally homologous to that of other hystricognaths. Therefore, subplacental morphology and ontogeny were investigated in Octodon and Petromus by conventional light and electron microscopy, and the stem species pattern of Hystricognathi was reconstructed by applying MacClade™. The subplacentae of both species share important similarities with other hystricognaths. The organ develops early in gestation but degenerates towards term. It consists of folded layers of cellular and syncytial trophoblast, the latter enclosing maternal blood lacunae and electron‐dense particles. Root‐like syncytial outgrowths (syncytial streamers) and extraplacental trophoblast cells occur at the lateral and basal borders of the organ. Maternal vascularisation by blood lacunae within the subplacental syncytiotrophoblast is acquired early but lost during mid‐gestation. Vascularisation by fetal vessels is established later. Fetomaternal exchange via blood circulation inside the subplacenta is unlikely to occur, since periods of maternal and fetal vascularisation show little overlap. In conclusion, the subplacentae of both species are regarded as homologous to other hystricognaths, comprising 18 character conditions that belong to their stem species pattern. Thus, the systematic unity of the group can be confirmed. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Directional asymmetry of pelvic vestiges in threespine stickleback
Authors: Bell Michael A. , Khalef Victoria , Travis Matthew P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExtensive reduction of the size and complexity of the pelvic skeleton (i.e., pelvic reduction) has evolved repeatedly in Gasterosteus aculeatus. Asymmetrical pelvic vestiges tend to be larger on the left side (i.e., left biased) in populations studied previously. Loss of Pitx1 expression is associated with pelvic reduction in G. aculeatus, and pelvic reduction maps to the Pitx1 locus. Pitx1 knockouts in mice have reduced hind limbs, but the left limb is larger. Thus left‐biased directional asymmetry of stickleback pelvic vestiges may indicate the involvement of Pitx1 in pelvic reduction. We examined 6,356 specimens from 27 Cook Inlet populations of G. aculeatus with extensive pelvic reduction. Samples from 20 populations exhibit the left bias in asymmetrical pelvic vestiges expected if Pitx1 is involved, and three have a slight, non‐significant left bias. However, samples from three populations have a significant right bias, and one large sample from another population has equal frequencies of specimens with larger vestiges on the left or right side. A sample of fossil threespine stickleback also has significantly left‐biased pelvic vestiges. These results suggest that silencing of Pitx1 or the developmental pathway in which it functions in the pelvis is the usual cause of pelvic reduction in most Cook Inlet populations of G. aculeatu, and that it caused pelvic reduction at least 10 million years ago in a stickleback population. A different developmental genetic mechanism is implicated for three populations with right‐biased pelvic vestiges and for the population without directional asymmetry. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of adenosine A3 receptors reduces ischemic brain injury in rodents
Authors: Chen Guann‐Juh , Harvey Brandon K. , Shen Hui , Chou Jenny , Victor Adrienne , Wang Yun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAdenosine A3 receptor (A3R) agonists have been shown to reduce cardiac and lung injury, but the protective roles of A3R agonists in the CNS are not well characterized. The protective effect of selective A3R agonist chloro‐N6‐(3‐iodo‐benzyl)‐adenosine‐5′‐N‐methyluronamide (Cl‐IB‐MECA) was first examined in primary cortical cultures. In cortical culture, Cl‐IB‐MECA pretreatment antagonized the hypoxia‐mediated decrease in cell viability. In vivo, Cl‐IB‐MECA or vehicle was given intracerebroventricularly or intravenously to anesthetized rats. Animals were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation. Intracerebroventricular or repeated intravenous administration (i.e., at 165 min and 15 min before MCA ligation) of Cl‐IB‐MECA did not alter blood pressure during ischemia but increased locomotor activity and decreased cerebral infarction 2 days after. In these animals, Cl‐IB‐MECA also reduced the density of TUNEL labeling in the lesioned cortex. The possibility of endogeneous neuroprotection was further examined in A3R knockout mice. After MCA ligation, an increase in cerebral infarction was found in the A3R knockouts compared with the A3R wild‐type controls, suggesting that A3Rs are tonically activated during ischemia. Additionally, intracerebroventricular pretreatment with Cl‐IB‐MECA decreased the size of infarction in the wild‐type controls, but not in the A3R knockout animals, suggesting that Cl‐IB‐MECA‐induced protection was mediated through the A3 receptors. Collectively, these data suggest that Cl‐IB‐MECA reduced cerebral infarction through the activation of A3Rs and suppression of apoptosis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrin α3β1 interacts with I1PP2A/lanp and phosphatase PP1
Authors: Mutz Diana , Weise Christoph , Mechai Nadja , Hofmann Werner , Horstkorte Rüdiger , Brüning Gerold , Danker Kerstin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIntegrin α3β1 is a receptor for the extracellular matrix component laminin 5. To elucidate possible signaling pathways induced by integrin α3β1, we looked for proteins that interact with the cytoplasmic part of the α3A integrin subunit. We identified several multifunctional proteins by affinity chromatography and subsequent MALDI‐TOF‐MS and focused on the inhibitor 1 of serine/threonine phosphatase PP2A (I1PP2A, synonym: lanp) which also plays a role during the development of the mouse cerebellum. I1PP2A/lanp colocalizes with the α3A integrin subunit in differentiated PC12 cells in the cell body and in neurites as well as in Purkinje cells of mouse cerebellum. Overexpression of GFP‐I1PP2A/lanp in PC12 cells leads to markedly reduced neurite length on laminin 5 after induction with nerve growth factor. By affinity chromatography the protein phosphatase PP1 can also be identified as a α3A/cyto‐binding protein. PP1 and integrin α3β1 can be pulled down by GST‐I1PP2A/lanp from cell lysates of differentiated and undifferentiated PC12 cells. The phosphatase binds to the cytoplasmic membrane‐proximal conserved GFFKR motif of the α integrin subunit, whereas I1PP2A/lanp requires a longer sequence for binding. PP1 but not PP2A is able to dephosphorylate precipitated integrin α3β1 in vitro. Furthermore, PP1 releases phosphate from T1046 of phosphopeptides that mimic the phosphorylation consensus sequence in the cytoplasmic part of the α3A integrin subunit. These data suggest that I1PP2A/lanp forms a complex with PP1 and the α3A integrin subunit and might possibly regulate the phosphorylation status of integrin α3β1 and/or integrin downstream targets. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro1H NMR studies of RD human cell infection with echovirus 11
Authors: Akhtar S. Naved , Singh Rishi Kumar , Jadegoud Y. , Dhole T. N. , Ayyagari A. , Nagana Gowda G. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of echovirus 11 infection on RD human cell line (derived from rhabdomyosarcoma) were studied using 1H NMR spectroscopy and optical microscopy. Both uninfected and infected cells consumed glucose and produced lactate, acetate and formate as extracellular metabolites. In infected whole cells, phosphocholine and uridine‐sugar were observed in addition to the metabolites observed in uninfected cells. Water‐soluble intracellular metabolites of infected cells showed glutamine, phosphocholine and glycine which were not observed in uninfected cells. Cellular metabolites except lipid components gradually decreased and disappeared during 24–48 h of viral infection. The quantity of lipid components in infected cells was comparable with that in uninfected cells, indicating that echovirus 11 does not utilize cell lipid molecules. Unlike optical microscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy identified early stages of infection through metabolic changes. These results may have potential implications in probing virus–cell interactions using NMR‐based metabolomics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementing a proximal algorithm for some nonlinear multicommodity flow problems
Authors: Ouorou Adam 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this article, we consider applying a proximal algorithm introduced by Ouorou to some convex multicommodity network flow minimization problems. This algorithm follows the characterization of saddle points introduced earlier but can be derived from Martinet's proximal algorithm. In the primal space, the algorithm can be viewed as a regularized version of the projection algorithm by Rosen. A remarkable feature of the algorithm is that the projection step for multicommodity flow problems reduces to solving independent linear systems (one for each commodity) involving the node‐arc incidence matrix of the network. The algorithm is therefore amenable to parallel implementation. We present some numerical results on large‐scale routing problems arising in telecommunications and quadratic multicommodity flow problems. A comparison with a specialized code for multicommodity flow problems indicates that this proximal algorithm is specially designed for very large‐scale instances. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(1), 18–27 2007
Network optimization for the design of underground mines
Authors: Brazil M. , Thomas D.A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEfficient methods to model and optimize the design of open‐cut mines have been known for many years. The design of the infrastructure of underground mines has a similar potential for optimization and strategic planning. In this article we discuss the use of network optimization to tackle this problem. The idea is to design a connected system of declines, ramps, drives, and possibly shafts, to minimize capital development and haulage costs over the lifetime of a mine. This can be modeled as a variation on the Steiner problem, with suitable metric and constraints. These constraints include: an upper bound on the absolute gradient of arcs in the embedded network (typically 1/7), turning circle restrictions for navigability, and obstacle avoidance. Here we give an overview of the literature, focussing on our published work. We investigate the way in which this design problem can be modeled as a network optimization problem that accurately reflects the real costs involved while remaining mathematically tractable. Our approach is to first establish a fundamental model, which principally captures the development costs of the mine, and to study its geometric properties. We then outline more complicated generalized models, which add extra costs and constraints to the fundamental model but are still solvable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(1), 40–50 2007
Nuclear Fukui functions from nonintegral electron number calculations
Authors: Cárdenas Carlos , Chamorro Eduardo , Galván Marcelo , Fuentealba Patricio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNumerical results for the nuclear Fukui function (NFF) based on a nonintegral number of electrons methodology (NIEM) are reported for a series of simple diatomic molecules. A comparison with those obtained from other methodologies is focused on the estimation of the error associated with a finite difference approximation for the evaluation of the NFF. The dependence of NFFs on the type and size of the basis set is also discussed. The NIEM values are in close agreement with those obtained from a finite difference approximation using ΔN = ±1 with large basis sets. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous analysis of aflatoxins B1, G1, B2, G2 and ochratoxin A in beer
Authors: Ventura Meritxell , Guillén David , Anaya Ivan , Broto‐Puig Francesc , Lliberia Josep Lluís , Agut Montserrat , Comellas Lluís 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe simultaneous analysis of aflatoxins B1, G1, B2, G2 and ochratoxin A in beer was carried out by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). Mycotoxins were extracted, purified and concentrated from the beer sample in one step using a solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridge that contained a polymeric sorbent. Optimization of different parameters, such as type of SPE sorbent, type and amount of wash solvent and pH of the sample, was carried out. The mobile phase consisted of a gradient of methanol + water (0.1% HCOOH) and a reversed‐phase C18 column was used for the separation. The mass spectrometer used an electrospray ionization source operated in the positive mode to detect aflatoxins and in the negative mode to detect ochratoxin. UPLC/MS/MS is a rapid and sensitive technique that allows the separation of the five toxins in only 3.2 min. The limit of detection is 1 pg. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the length of the longest subsequence avoiding an arbitrary pattern in a random permutation
Authors: Albert M. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe consider the distribution of the length of the longest subsequence avoiding an arbitrary pattern, π, in a random permutation of length n. The well‐studied case of a longest increasing subsequence corresponds to π = 21. We show that there is some constant cπ such that as n →∞ the mean value of this length is asymptotic to $2 \sqrt{c_{\pi} n}$
and that the distribution of the length is tightly concentrated around its mean. We observe some apparent connections between cπ and the Stanley–Wilf limit of the class of permutations avoiding the pattern π. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007