bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibition selectively attenuates bone morphogenetic protein‐6 synthesis and bone formation during guided tissue regeneration in a rat model
Authors: Damrongsri Damrong , Geva Sarah , Salvi Giovanni E. , Williams Ray C. , Limwongse Visaka , Offenbacher Steven 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectives:Bone formation during guided tissue regeneration is a tightly regulated process involving cells, extracellular matrix and growth factors. The aims of this study were (i) to examine the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) during bone regeneration and (ii) the effects of selective COX‐2 inhibition on osseous regeneration and growth factor expression in the rodent femur model.Material and methods:A standardized transcortical defect of 5 × 1.5 mm was prepared in the femur of 12 male rats and a closed half‐cylindrical titanium chamber was placed over the defect. The expression of COX‐2 and of platelet‐derived growth factor‐B (PDGF‐B), bone morphogenetic protein‐6 (BMP‐6) and insulin‐like growth factor‐I/II (IGF‐I/II) was analyzed at Days 3, 7, 21 and 28 semiquantitatively by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The effects of COX‐2 inhibition by intraperitoneal injection of NS‐398 (3 mg/kg/day) were analyzed in five additional animals sacrificed at Day 14.Results:Histomorphometry revealed that new bone formation occurred in the cortical defect area as well as in the supracortical region, i.e. region within the chamber by Day 7 and increased through Day 28. Immunohistochemical evidence of COX‐2 and PDGF‐B levels were observed early (i.e. Day 3) and decreased rapidly by Day 7. BMP‐6 expression was maximal at Day 3 and slowly declined by Day 28. In contrast, IGF‐I/II expression gradually increased during the 28‐day period. Systemic administration NS‐398 caused a statistically significant reduction (P<0.05) in new bone formation (25–30%) and was associated with a statistically significant reduction in BMP‐6 protein and mRNA expression (50% and 65% atP<0.05 andP<0.01, respectively). PDGF‐B mRNA or protein expression was not affected by NS‐398 treatment.Conclusion:COX‐2 inhibition resulted in reduced BMP‐6 expression and impaired osseous regeneration suggesting an important role for COX‐2‐induced signaling in BMP synthesis and new bone formation.
TERMINOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND PANEL TRAINING FOR SENSORY EVALUATION OF SKIN CARE PRODUCTS INCLUDING AQUA CREAM
Authors: LEE IN‐SUK , YANG HYUN‐MI , KIM JIN‐WHANG , MAENG YOO‐JAE , LEE CHI‐WOO , KANG YUN‐SEOK , RANG MOON‐JEONG , KIM HYE‐YOUNG 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT This article describes the approach of the spectrum descriptive analysis (SDA) method to evaluate sensory properties of skin care products. The terminology for various lotions and creams was developed using SDA. A total of 26 attributes on five phases was developed with definitions and scales. Through discriminative, descriptive and scaling testing, 10 panelists were selected, and panel training was conducted until the panel grand standard deviation of the evaluated data of calibration samples showed less than 1.0. After the extensive training on sensory perceptions and scaling, the panelists evaluated the 26 attributes on 12 aqua‐cream products. In the principal component analysis result of aqua‐cream data, the first principal component (PC) was mainly related to oiliness, viscosity, adhesiveness and thickness on one side of the scale and transparency, wetness, coolness and spreadability on the other, with 40% of variance. The stickiness and gloss contributed greatly to the second PC with 30% of variance. The total amount of variance that was explained at the two PCs was 78%. In the biplot loadings of products and attributes, creams of K and L were identified by their higher degrees of wetness, spreadability and moisturization. They had lower degrees of stickiness, gloss and oiliness.
SOURCES OF ERROR AND THE NO‐PREFERENCE OPTION IN DAIRY PRODUCT TESTING
Authors: CHAPMAN KATHRYN W. , LAWLESS HARRY T. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT When products are physically identical, consumers will choose a no‐preference option in a paired preference test only about 30% of the time, giving a nonintuitive result. We evaluated the no‐preference false alarm rate in dairy products and the potential sources of error in panelist behavior, including discrimination problems and poor repeatability of judgments. Paired preference tests were conducted with milk (2% versus nonfat or skim), with cottage cheese (4% versus nonfat) and with identical samples. Triangle, dual standard and same/different discrimination tests were also conducted. The no‐preference option was chosen by about 30% of the consumers when samples were identical, and less frequently when samples were different. Discrimination performance, although statistically significant, was poorer than expected with about 30% discriminators (d′ of 1.7) in most tests. Even in the dual standard tests on milk (visually obvious and with references present), performance was only 88% correct (76% discriminators). Repeatability in preference tests was also poorer than expected, with only 56% choosing the same preference option for different samples on repeat trials although the group preferences were stable. Same/different tests indicated that over 50% of the consumers called identical samples different, although this fell short of explaining the 70% average false alarm rate in preferences. Even with apparently discriminable consumer products, accurate discrimination of the samples and repeatability of preferences should not be assumed. Random responding may contribute to error variance and produce nonsensical results such as the expression of choice between identical samples.
Interactions of a spherical wave with a bilaminar plate composed of homogeneous and isotropic solid layers
Authors: Piquette Jean C. 
Published: October 2005

The interaction of a spherical wave with a bilaminar plate of infinite lateral extent is considered theoretically. Each of the plate layers is assumed to be composed of a homogeneous and isotropic solid. Losses in the plate materials are modeled by using complex material properties. Both the source and the plate are immersed in an infinite, inviscid fluid. The solution is obtained by imposing appropriate boundary conditions on the full three-dimensional elasticity equations. Several cases involving a rubber-coated metal plate and a rubber-coated plastic plate are investigated numerically for a 1-kHz incident wave and for a 2-kHz incident wave. For the numerical study, the inviscid fluid is taken to be water. For vanishingly thin rubber coatings, the bilaminar plate results are found to approach the single-layer plate results [J. C. Piquette, ‘‘Spherical-wave scattering by a finite-thickness solid plate of infinite lateral extent, with some implications for panel measurements,’’ J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 1284–1294 (1988)]. In the case of a single-layer plate, it was found that ‘‘overpressures’’ could be created.
That is, the amplitudes of the reflected and/or transmitted waves on the acoustic axis, evaluated on either surface of the plate, can exceed that of the incident wave. In the present work, it is found that for the case of rubber-coated plastic there is a transition thickness of rubber through which the reflected and transmitted waves on the acoustic axis are enhanced. That is, the amplitudes of the reflected and the transmitted waves can be greater than those obtained from an uncoated plate. However, if the rubber thickness is increased still further, it is found that the amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted waves rapidly collapse, the overpressures associated with the uncoated plate disappear, and the coated-plate results evaluated on the acoustic axis approach normal-incidence plane-wave results. This wave-field collapse does not occur in the case of a rubber-coated metal. An important conclusion of this research is that the spherical-wave effects that may be introduced into panel measurements in which a metallic support plate has been used may be reduced, or even eliminated, by replacing the metallic support plate with a plastic support plate.
Matched mode localization
Authors: Wilson Gary R. , Koch Robert A. , Vidmar Paul J. 
Published: October 2005

In this article, a method of passively localizing a narrow-band source in range and depth in a waveguide is presented based on ‘‘matching’’ predicted normal mode amplitudes to measured mode amplitudes. The modes are measured by using a vertical array of hydrophones and performing mode filtering. Previous studies of mode filtering have considered only the overdetermined case, i.e., where there are more hydrophones than discrete modes present in the waveguide. In this study, mode filtering is considered for the underdetermined case, i.e., where there are fewer hydrophones than the total number of discrete modes in the waveguide, but only a subset of the total number of modes is to be estimated. Previous studies of matched field localization have been based on matching the entire pressure field. In this study, the pressure field is expressed in terms of normal modes, and only a subset of the total number of modes is used for localization. Using a subset of modes allows trade-offs to be made between localization accuracy, computational complexity, and sensitivity to environmental mismatch. In this article, the matched mode localization method is presented, and the dependence of its localization accuracy on the number of modes used and environmental conditions is demonstrated.
The effects of array length and hydrophone spacing on mode estimation error, and hence on localization accuracy, are also demonstrated for the particular method of mode estimation used here. Other methods of mode estimation may produce different results. Finally, the effects of mismatch between the assumed and actual environment due to water depth variation are explored. It is shown that localization accuracy in range is proportional to the mode interference distance between the lowest and highest modes used to localize, and that as few as six modes can be used for ranging. It is also shown that the array length need not be any longer than the depth extent of the highest mode to be estimated, and that the hydrophone spacing must be no greater than half the vertical wavelength of the highest mode that contributes significantly to the sound field (not just the highest mode to be estimated). Localization is most sensitive to environmental mismatch effects that contribute to changes in the phase of the horizontal component of the mode amplitudes. Because a subset of modes is used for localization instead of the entire pressure field, this method of localization can be fairly insensitive to certain kinds of environmental mismatch.
Minimum audible movement angle in the horizontal plane as a function of stimulus frequency and bandwidth, source azimuth, and velocity
Authors: Chandler David W. , Grantham D. Wesley 
Published: October 2005

Minimum audible movement angles (MAMAs) were measured in the horizontal plane for four normal-hearing adult subjects in a darkened anechoic chamber. On each trial, a single stimulus was presented, and the subject had to say whether it came from a stationary loudspeaker or from a loudspeaker that was moving at a constant angular velocity around him. Thresholds were established by adaptively varying stimulus duration. In experiment 1, MAMAs were measured as a function of center frequency (500–5000 Hz), velocity (10°–180°/s), and direction of motion (left versus right). There was no effect of direction of motion. MAMAs increased with velocity, from an average of 8.8° of arc for a target moving at 10°/s to an average of 20.2° of arc for a target moving at 180°/s. MAMAs were higher for a 3000-Hz tone than for tones of lower or higher frequencies, as has been previously reported [D. R. Perrott and J. Tucker, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 1522–1527 (1988)]. In experiment 2, minimum audible angles (MAAs) were measured with sequentially presented stationary tone pulses (500–5000 Hz), and were shown to exhibit the same dependence on signal frequency that the MAMAs showed (average MAA at 3000 Hz: 8.4°; average MAA at the other frequencies: 3.4°).
In experiment 3, MAMAs and MAAs were measured as a function of stimulus bandwidth (centered at 3000 Hz) and listening azimuth (0° vs 60°). Average MAAs decreased monotonically as stimulus bandwidth increased from 0 Hz to wideband (from 8.4° to 1.2° at 0° azimuth; from 11.3° to 1.5° at 60° azimuth). As in experiment 1, MAMAs increased with stimulus velocity, from values comparable to the MAAs for the slowest-velocity (10°/s) targets to 70° of arc or more in the poorest condition (third-octave band of noise presented at a velocity of 180°/s and an azimuth of 60°). MAMAs obtained in the slower-velocity conditions depended in the same way on stimulus bandwidth and listening azimuth that MAAs depended on these variables. In no case was the MAMA ever smaller than the MAA. It is hypothesized that a minimum integration time is required to achieve optimal performance in a dynamic spatial resolution task. Average estimates of this minimum time based on the current data vary from 336 ms (for targets presented at midline) to 1116 ms (for narrow-band targets presented at 60° azimuth). The relatively large magnitudes of these minimum integration times are consistent with the view of the binaural processor as a sluggish system.
Heat transfer effect on sound propagation in foam
Authors: Goldfarb I. I. , Schreiber I. R. , Vafina F. I. 
Published: October 2005

The influence of heat transfer on the propagation of acoustic disturbances in a gas–liquid foam of polyhedral structure is considered in this paper. The presence of quasiordered structure of microcapillaries (Plateau–Gibbs channels) results in the appearance of a hydrodynamic effect caused by liquid motion along the channels and due to the competition with the contribution of heat transfer in general wave dissipation. The interphase heat transfer process in a gas-filled foam is considered within the framework of a cell model. Liquid motion through the proposed channels depends on the radial dynamics of the foam cell and on the hydroconductivity of the foam defining a free liquid motion through the channels. The Rayleigh equation analog, which takes into account liquid motion through the channels of the foam and small moisture content, is obtained. The dispersion relation shows that the influence of surface tension can be ignored. The effects of added liquid mass and the viscous interphase mechanism in the frame of applicability of the suggested model are analyzed. It is concluded that the general influence on the evolution of the initial perturbation has been exerted by the heat transfer process between the carrying and dispersion phases and liquid motion through the channels. The attenuation decrement consists of two parts: thermal and viscous. The intensity is defined by the foam dispersion a0 (size of the foam cell). Where a0&lt;a*0 the signal dissipation, to a marked degree, is caused by liquid motion, and it is possible to neglect heat transfer.
When the thermal processes define the attenuation, the liquid motion can be ignored. The formula for the critical dispersion a*0 is obtained. For the water–air foam with volumetric water content α10=10−2, the critical dispersion is a*0=5×10−4 m. It is shown that the frequency range of validity of the suggested model can be divided into the two subranges. A brief review of the published experimental data on research of acoustic disturbances propagating in gas–liquid foam is presented. The experimental data analysis shows that the calculation of only heat exchange processes is insufficient for their interpretation. The comparison of experimental curves (obtained by Z. M. Orenbakh and G. A. Shushkov at the Institute of Northern Development) and calculated profiles for different parameters of gas–liquid foam is presented. It is shown that the calculation of liquid motion in the frames of the suggested model permits a more accurate description of the experimental results.
The influence of sentence articulation rate on the internal structure of phonetic categories
Authors: Wayland Sarah C. , Miller Joanne L. , Volaitis Lydia E. 
Published: October 2005

Numerous experiments have shown that listeners perceive phonetic distinctions in a rate-dependent manner. A case in point is the /b/–/p/ voicing distinction, specified by voice onset time (VOT). One standard rate effect is a shift in the/b/–/p/ boundary toward longer VOT values as speech becomes slower. Both a slowing of the target syllable itself and a slowing of the sentence containing the target syllable produce the effect. A recent investigation [J. L. Miller and L. E. Volaitis, Percept. Psychophys. 46, 505–512 (1989)] demonstrated that when speaking rate is specified by the target syllable, it alters not only the location of the category boundary, but also which stimuli within a category are judged to be the best exemplars of that category. In the present investigation, it was asked whether the rate at which a sentence is articulated can have the same comprehensive effect. A series of 215-ms syllables were created that ranged from /bi/ through /pi/ to a breathy, exaggerated version of /pi/; VOT varied from 10 to 205 ms. Each syllable was inserted into a fast and slow version of the sentence frame ‘‘She said she heard −− here.’’ A preliminary two-choice study (with VOT values between 0 and 60 ms), confirmed the standard effect of sentence rate at the /b/–/p/ category boundary. In the main experiment, listeners heard sentences of the same rate in random order. They rated each target syllable for its goodness as /pi/ on a scale of 1 to 10; the higher the number, the better the exemplar. It was expected that for each sentence rate, only a limited range of target stimuli would be given high ratings. At issue was the location of this range of best exemplars.
If sentence rate, like target syllable rate, alters the internal structure of the category, then as the sentence becomes slower, the best-exemplar range should shift toward longer VOT values. This is precisely what happened. This finding underscores the comprehensive nature of the listener’s adjustment for speaking rate during phonetic perception. [Work supported by NIH.]
Selective implementation of the sector-focusing matched-field processor for improved robustness in a mismatched shallow-water environment
Authors: Chandler H. A. , Feuillade C. , Smith G. B. 
Published: October 2005

In matched-field processing (MFP) inaccurate or incomplete knowledge of the environmental and system parameters required for the propagation model (referred to as modeling ‘‘mismatch’’) can lead to degradation or loss of the signal peak, and predicted estimates of the source parameters which are at wide variance with the truth. Much recent work in MFP has been concerned with the development and investigation of algorithms which provide improved stability in the presence of environmental mismatch and other modeling errors. In this study, the performance of various implementation strategies of the sector-focusing algorithm (SF) for application to a mismatched shallow-water environment is investigated. The SNAP propagation model was used to generate the replica acoustic pressure field for the water channel with a depth variable sound-speed profile. It was also used to simulate a ‘‘detected’’ field due to an acoustic source in the presence of modal noise. These were then correlated using the algorithm for selected degrees of mismatch of the water sound-speed profile. SF allows considerable flexibility in its mode of implementation. The method under investigation here employs the use of a ‘‘sliding’’ sector that contains the replica of the search point as well as those of the surrounding points. Simulation results indicate that this SF technique is highly robust against mismatch and that the sector size, shape, and dimensionality required to give optimal performance of the algorithm, for a specific degree of mismatch, is dependent upon the location of the search point within the waveguide.
Numerical studies have been performed and results will be presented. [This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research, Program Element 61153N, with technical management provided by the Naval Res. Lab., Stennis Space Center, MS.]
Transient propagation in a finite one-dimensional pipe: Direct temporal calculation and experiment
Authors: Dickey J. , Maidanik G. , Crouchley K. 
Published: October 2005

The temporal response of a long (∼100-ft) pipe is calculated and measured. The calculation is based on a formalism that describes a complex of coupled one-dimensional dynamic systems [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89, 1–9 (1991)]. The flexural, longitudinal, and torsional waves in the pipe are considered as separate systems in the model and interact only at discontinuities; the ends of the pipe in this case. In the experiment, the pipe is subjected to an impact that excites all three types of propagation and the response is measured by an accelerometer mounted on the outside of the pipe, or, in the case when the pipe contains water, by a hydrophone inside the pipe. In the model, the excitation is simulated by forming initial wave packets in each of the three systems, and the relative amplitudes of the initial excitations in the systems are adjustable parameters. Other adjustable parameters include the reflection coefficients of a particular wave type, the coupling between wave types at the ends of the pipe, and the wave speeds and losses in the systems. The calculated response versus time is assessed in the flexural wave system (assuming that this is the only wave type which the accelerometer responds to), or in the fluid system when present, and compared with the experimental data and the model parameters are adjusted for an optimal fit. Once the model parameters are optimized, the adjustable parameters can be deduced and the model can be extended to more complicated situations.
The noninteraction of the mode types propagating in the systems is a basic premise in the model and is violated in the fluid filled case since the fluid wave is strongly coupled to the structural waves; nevertheless, the model shows qualitative agreement in this case and good agreement for the air-filled case. The model also includes the dispersive nature of the flexural wave propagation and demonstrates the complexity in the response which develops over time but which ultimately simplifies into a model pattern.