bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A METHOD FOR SCREENING COMPOUNDS FOR ADRENOCORTICAL ACTIVITY USING THE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO THE EFFECT OF COLD
Authors: D'ARCY P. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Adrenalectomy in the mouse causes a decrease in its resistance to the effects of cold; this resistance can be completely restored by the administration of cortisone acetate and other 11-oxygenated corticosteroids. A linear relationship exists between the survival time of adrenalectomized mice exposed to cold and the logarithm of the dose of cortisone acetate or other corticosteroids injected.
2. The assay depending upon the resistance of mice to cold is simple and easier to perform than assays using either the response of the eosinophils or of liver glycogen in mice. The sensitivity of the method is less than that of the latter assays. Its precision is less than that of the glycogen assay, but is of the same order as that of the eosinophil assay. Compared with the similar assay using rats it is cheaper to perform, requires less time and has a similar order of precision and sensitivity.
3. The assay depending upon the resistance of mice to cold provides a simple and rapid means of screening compounds for adrenocortical activity.
THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF CADMIUM ION ON TESTICULAR TISSUE AND ITS PREVENTION BY ZINC
Authors: PAŘÍZEK J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The subcutaneous administration of cadmium salts (cadmium chloride or lactate) to male rats and mice leads to acute destruction of the testes, with destruction of the seminiferous epithelium and interstitial tissue. These changes in turn evoke castration phenomena, but the atrophied accessory sex organs retain the ability to react to testosterone propionate.
Within 20 days after the injection of cadmium, proliferation of fibroblasts in the interstitial spaces under the albuginea begins and is accompanied by an extensive formation of new blood vessels. Later, new Leydig cells appear; this is followed by a gradual return of the endocrine function of the testes. The spermatogenic epithelium of the seminiferous tubules, on the other hand, does not regenerate even 133 days after the injection of cadmium.
The simultaneous administration of a large dose of zinc salts protects the testes completely against cadmium damage. The mechanism of interaction between these physico-chemically related metals and the theoretical and practical significance of these observations will be studied further.
THE ADRENAL GLAND IN LIZARDS AND SNAKES
Authors: WRIGHT A. , JONES I. CHESTER 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The anatomy and histology of the adrenal glands of the West African lizard (Agama agama L.) and of the common grass snake (Natrix natrix L.) are described.
In lizards, 30 days after hypophysectomy, there was considerable degeneration, with a 60% loss in weight, of the adrenal. The chromaffin cells underwent no histological change. Some cortical cells contained large sudanophilic, Schultz-positive lipid droplets, some nuclei remaining normal, others showing intense basophilia and shrinkage. In other cells, the cytoplasm was reduced to a small acidophilic patch, with pyknotic nuclei. The sodium and potassium contents of the blood and muscle of these hypophysectomized animals were within the normal range.
In snakes, the successive histological stages in the degeneration of the adrenal cortex 9–11, 20 and 30–39 days after hypophysectomy are described. Injection of mammalian ACTH allowed the adrenal to maintain a normal histological appearance in hypophysectomized snakes. In addition, these animals, and normal animals similarly injected, showed degenerative areas in the cortex, attributable to over-stimulation. Injections of cortisone and DCA into unoperated animals were followed by degeneration of the adrenal cortex. After unilateral adrenalectomy, the contralateral adrenal was hypertrophic.
The sodium and potassium contents of blood and muscle, together with the water content of the latter, were obtained in all groups of animals. Despite the histological changes induced in the adrenal cortex by the various experimental procedures, there were no profound changes in the distribution of salt-electrolytes in any of the animals. The sodium content of muscle of normal snakes was about twice the value found in vertebrate muscle in general.
The results are discussed in the light of present-day knowledge of the adrenal cortex in vertebrates, especially of the gland in mammals.
THE EFFECT OF RELAXIN EXTRACTS, PROGESTERONE AND OESTRADIOL ON MAINTENANCE OF PREGNANCY, PARTURITION AND REARING OF YOUNG AFTER OVARIECTOMY IN MICE
Authors: HALL KATHLEEN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. 216 mice, spayed on the 14th day of their first pregnancies, were injected daily thereafter with progesterone, either alone, with oestradiol or relaxin extracts or both; no injections were given after parturition. Extracts of relaxin obtained from pregnant rabbit serum and pregnant sow ovaries were used.
2. When given alone, 1 mg/day progesterone maintained pregnancy to full term in 83%, and 0·5 mg/day in only 30% of mice. Parturition was often delayed, prolonged and difficult, with consequent death of the foetus in utero, even when injections were stopped on the 18th day. A high proportion of young were stillborn, and none were reared. The symphysis pubis remained closed and cartilaginous.
3. 1·5 μg/day oestradiol did not synergize the action of progesterone in maintaining pregnancy, but there were fewer delayed deliveries and a higher incidence of live births; a small number of mice reared some of their young. The innominate bones did not separate, but the symphysis was less rigid than when progesterone was given alone.
4. Relaxin extracts had a synergizing action when all three hormones were given together, 0·5 mg/day (but not 0·25 mg) of progesterone then being enough for maintenance of pregnancy in over 80% of mice. The experiments have not established whether oestradiol was necessary for this synergism. There was a positive relation between punctual and normal delivery of live young and potency of the relaxin extracts in producing full pregnancy changes in the pelvis. More mice reared some of their young. None of the hormone combinations used completely compensated for the absence of the ovaries.
ENHANCEMENT BY THYROXINE OF THE ADRENAL-STIMULATING EFFECT OF SOMATOTROPHIC HORMONE
Authors: BOIS P. , SELYE H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experiments on intact Sprague-Dawley rats indicate that the adrenal enlargement produced by somatotrophic hormone (STH) can be greatly augmented by simultaneous treatment with comparatively small doses of thyroxine. Within a certain dosage range, the corticotrophic effect of STH is even proportionate to the dose of thyroxine given. The adrenal enlargement produced by adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), on the other hand, is not enhanced by concurrent treatment with thyroxine.
Attention is called to the fact that, in rats in which adrenocortical hypertrophy is produced, either by STH plus thyroxine or by ACTH plus thyroxine, many of the changes in the extra-adrenal organs, which are generally considered to be indicative of increased glucocorticoid production (inhibition of body weight gain, splenic atrophy, involution of the thymus and lymph nodes, inhibition of inflammatory exudate formation), do not parallel the increase in adrenal weight.
THE METABOLIC REDUCTION OF 16α-HYDROXY-OESTRONE TO OESTRIOL IN MAN
Authors: BROWN J. B. , MARRIAN G. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
16α-Hydroxyoestrone was administered by intramuscular injection in propylene glycol solution to a normal man and to a postmenopausal woman. In the two experiments 44 and 33% respectively of the administered substance was subsequently excreted in the urine as oestriol. No evidence indicative of the metabolic conversion of 16α-hydroxyoestrone to oestrone or oestradiol-17β was obtained.
ENHANCEMENT BY TRI-IODOTHYRONINE OF RESPONSE TO CORTICOTROPHIN IN ANTERIOR HYPOPITUITARISM
Authors: BROOKS R. V. , HETZEL B. S. , McSWINEY R. R. , PRUNTY F. T. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Changes in response of the adrenal cortex to corticotrophin caused by the simultaneous intravenous administration of tri-iodothyronine have been studied in two patients with anterior pituitary insufficiency.
Tri-iodothyronine caused increases in urinary excretion of ketogenic steroids and in plasma hydrocortisone. Blood eosinophils fell sharply. In addition, changes in sodium and potassium balance, and fasting blood sugar levels were observed which were consistent with increased activity of the adrenal cortex. Rapid changes in b.m.r., serum creatine and blood cholesterol were those known to be produced by tri-iodothyronine alone; so, to a large extent, was the increased negative nitrogen balance.
EFFECT OF THE CESSATION OF THIOURACIL ADMINISTRATION ON THE CELL POPULATION OF THE THYROID OF RATS
Authors: SANTLER JOYCE E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The thyroid gland of adult male albino rats enlarged during a period of 30 days of thiouracil treatment. During 75 days after cessation of this treatment there was a regression of the enlarged gland, but not to normal values of weight, volume or total cell population. The regression did not, however, involve any appreciable drop in the numbers of follicular cells. Decrease in the volume of follicular tissue was therefore due to shrinkage of individual follicular cells. The stromal cell population decreased, especially during the first 7 days after the withdrawal of thiouracil, and at the end of the experiment the proportion of stromal cells to follicular cells had returned to normal. The first 7 days was also the time of greatest regression in weight, volume and blood vessel space in the thyroid, these values showing only slight further reduction in the groups killed 30 and 75 days after the withdrawal of goitrogen.
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE IN THE URINE OF PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: BUTT W. R. , CROOKE A. C. , INGRAM JOYCE D. , ROUND BRENDA P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) has been obtained from the urine of pregnant women.
2. It was prepared by adsorption on kaolin from urine which had been treated with benzoic acid to remove excess human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and was assayed by the procedure which depends on the increase in ovarian weight of immature mice treated simultaneously with HCG.
3. Preliminary results are given for the assay of FSH in normal pregnancy.
THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE RAT AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY
Authors: COWIE A. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Attempts to maintain lactation in rats, hypophysectomized on the 4th day of lactation, with extracts of ox and rat pituitary and various purified anterior-pituitary hormones (prolactin, growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)), singly and in various combinations, are described.
Slight replacement effects were seen with pituitary extracts and with prolactin alone (25 i.u. twice daily). Higher milk yields (about 25% of normal) were obtained with a larger dose of prolactin (50 i.u. twice daily). ACTH and/or GH in combination with the lower dose of prolactin (25 i.u. twice daily) enhanced the replacement value of prolactin, but no such synergistic action was seen when they were combined with the higher dose (50 i.u. twice daily). Neither ACTH nor GH, when administered alone, had any replacement value, although a slight replacement was obtained when they were administered together. Intermedin alone failed to maintain lactation. In no case was complete maintenance of lactation achieved, although yields of almost half the normal were obtained in two rats receiving prolactin (25 i.u. twice daily) and ACTH (4 i.u. once daily). No evidence of gross changes in the calorie content of the milk during replacement therapy was obtained.
The difficulties of assessing the degree of maintenance of milk secretion and the possible significance of fragments of anterior-pituitary tissue remaining after hypophysectomy are discussed.
SOME PROPERTIES OF METHYLETHYLSTILBOESTROL
Authors: EMMENS C. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Some properties of the pro-oestrogen, methylethylstilboestrol (4:4′-dihydroxy-α-methyl-β-ethylstilbene), have been studied in intravaginal tests with ovariectomized mice, using diethylstilboestrol as control. The results show that the slope is steeper and cornification occurs later with the pro-oestrogen, while correlation between the responses of individual mice to the two substances is small. In all these respects, the behaviour of the intravaginally-administered pro-oestrogen resembles that of an injected oestrogen.
These results were computed using three methods—the angular transformation, (0 or 1) scoring and (0, 1 or 2) scoring as explained in the text. They demonstrate the advantages of the two last methods, brought out particularly by the presence of heterogeneity between mice. Although the angular transformation has advantages over the probit transformation in quantal tests, these simple scoring and analytical techniques have even greater advantages and may be used with ease in complex designs.
THE INFLUENCE OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN ON THE STEROID METABOLISM OF SEXUALLY RETARDED MEN
Authors: HALKERSTON I. D. K. , HILLMAN JANET , PALMER D. , REISS M. , RUNDLE A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The action of chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) on the steroid hormone metabolism of sexually retarded men was investigated.
The increase observed in the excretion rate of 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) was due to a rise in the excretion of the 17α-KS androsterone and aetiocholanolone, and represents the main effect of CG on the excretion pattern of urinary 17-KS.
Other changes in the steroid hormone metabolism after treatment with CG, such as the increase in excretion of oestrogens and corticoids, occur much less regularly, and are regarded as secondary effects of the increased concentration of testosterone in the body fluids.
Attention is drawn to the way in which certain types of sexual retardation and immaturity develop.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URINARY OESTROGENS AND OESTROGENS PRODUCED IN THE BODY
Authors: BROWN J. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Oestrone, oestradiol-17β and oestriol were administered by intramuscular injection to two men and four women. The amounts of oestrone, oestradiol-17β and oestriol excreted in the urine as a result of the injections were measured. The figures derived from these injection experiments have been used to speculate on the nature and the amounts of the oestrogens secreted by the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and by the placenta during pregnancy.
THE USE OF SIMPLE THYROID FUNCTION TESTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: BRUCK ENA K. , GOLDBERG I. J. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In an examination of the efficiency of seven thyroid function tests in diagnosing and excluding hyperthyroidism, it has been found that three tests, but not less, are as efficient as all seven. The three tests are the BMR, the T index (based on the urinary excretion of 131I) and the protein-bound 131I at 48 hr after the tracer dose.
LACK OF EFFECT OF THYMECTOMY ON THYROID FUNCTION IN WEANLING RATS
Authors: DONIACH I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A tracer dose (2·25 μc.) of 131I was injected intraperitoneally into each of ten thymectomized and ten sham-thymectomized weanling rats. Two days later, and thence daily for 8 days, the radioactivity of the thyroids was measured in vivo and expressed as a percentage of the initial dose. Ten days after the operation all the rats were killed and weighed and their thyroid and adrenal glands also weighed. No difference in 131I turnover in the thyroid or in weights of thyroids and adrenals was found between the two groups.
These findings do not support the speculation that loss of thymic function may be a causal factor in the development of thyroid carcinoma after irradiation of the upper thorax and neck in infancy.
THE EXTRACTION AND ESTIMATION OF HUMAN URINARY PARATHYROID HORMONE
Authors: DAVIES BERYL M. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A benzoic acid adsorption method for the extraction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from 48 hr samples of human urine has been devised. Evidence for the hormonal nature of the extracts is given and recovery experiments with the benzoic acid method are reported.
Biological testing was based on the renal action of PTH (i.e. increase in urinary inorganic phosphate). Human urinary extracts were assayed against 'Parathormone' by means of a urinary phosphate assay in mice [Davies, Gordon & Mussett, 1955]. The activity of the benzoic acid extracts in liberating calcium from bone was not tested, since it was expected that the amount present in normal 48 hr samples of human urine would be too small to be detected by existing assays for the calcium-mobilizing effect of PTH.
The urinary excretion of PTH was compared in a small series of normal and pathological cases. Assuming 'Parathormone' to contain 100 'phosphate units' (P.u.) per ml., mean values for human urinary excretion of PTH as P.u./24 hr, were:
Normal (5 subjects): 60·4 (range 47–72).
Confirmed hyperparathyroidism, with concurrent uraemia (4 subjects): 121·2 (range 103–146).
Hypoparathyroidism (4 subjects): amount too small to be assayed (assay insensitive to 24 hr urine extracts containing <30 P.u.).
CONGENITAL ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERPLASIA WITH GIANT CELLS IN A TWELVE-YEAR-OLD CHILD
Authors: LOEWENTHAL M. , LESZYNSKY HANNAH E. , MARCUS M. , ZONDEK H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The case of a 12-year-old female pseudohermaphrodite is reported in whom masculinization had reached such a degree as to suggest, on clinical grounds, homologous precocious puberty in a boy. Among the male accessories a well-developed prostate was found. Other outstanding features in the clinical picture were: marked hypertension with associated morphological changes in the cardiovascular system, skeletal and other somatic abnormalities suggestive of atavistic rudiments, excessive mental retardation and a diffuse brownish pigmentation of the skin. At autopsy bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia involving all three zones was found. Microscopically, a conspicuous feature was the presence of numerous 'giant-like' and some genuine giant cells, mainly in the zona fasciculata. Such cells have so far only been observed in adrenocortical malignancy, during embryonic life and in very young infants. The significance and nature of the histological findings are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF SOME ANABOLIC STEROIDS ON THE EXCRETION OF URINARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. , PRUNTY F. T. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The mouse uterus test has been used to determine the urinary excretion of total gonadotrophin. Patients likely to have a consistently high excretion of gonadotrophins were used for study.
2. One patient was treated with 17α-methyl androstane-3α: 17β-diol, and urinary gonadotrophin was unchanged.
3. 17α-Methyl-androst-5-ene-3β: 17β-diol and 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone in doses used therapeutically to produce nitrogen retention do not depress urinary gonadotrophin, although in sufficiently high dosage they may possibly do so.
4. In one of two patients treated with testosterone propionate the excretion of urinary gonadotrophin was depressed.
A TARGET-THEORY INTERPRETATION OF THE DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OESTROGEN AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE MAMMARY GLAND IN SPAYED MICE
Authors: IVERSEN S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The development of functional differentiation in the mammary gland in spayed mice after application of oestrogen is interpreted as being the result of a two-hit mechanism. This interpretation makes possible the simultaneous assay of oestrogen and prolactin.
THE EFFECT OF SEX HORMONES ON THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE MALE RAT
Authors: GOMPERTZ D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Oestradiol dipropionate enhances the effect of both endogenous and exogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) on the weight of the adrenal glands of the male rat. Methyl testosterone has the opposite effect. It is concluded that sex hormones exert their effect by modifying both hypophysial secretion of ACTH and adrenocortical sensitivity to ACTH.
OESTROGEN FUNCTION IN ESTABLISHED LACTATION IN THE COW
Authors: HUTTON J. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In a series of six experiments the effect on milk yield and composition of injecting oestradiol monobenzoate (OB) at five dose levels has been studied on seventy-six cows of the Ayrshire, Guernsey, Friesian and Shorthorn breeds.
The doses ranged from 6·25 to 100 mg, and all produced increases in the percentage of non-fatty solids. These changes were due mainly to increases in the protein, lactose and ash fractions and persisted for periods of several weeks. When more than 25 mg OB were injected, fat percentages also increased and milk yields declined. At the 12·5 mg level, significant increases occurred both in the yields of fat (lb.) and non-fatty solids (lb.). These results indicated that galactopoietic responses could be obtained only within a restricted dose-range, the limits of which were affected by stage of pregnancy and differences in breed.
The considerable similarity which exists between these results and the changes occurring in the milk of pregnant cows during a normal lactation suggests that the latter are probably determined by a progressive rise in blood oestrogen levels as pregnancy advances. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of pasture oestrogens on milk composition and with regard to the possibility of improving the quality of milk by oestrogen administration.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THE CIRCULATING LEVEL OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE IN THE RAT
Authors: COX G. S. , HODGES J. R. , VERNIKOS JOAN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The concentration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone in the blood of rats was estimated at various time intervals after the removal of the adrenal glands. The hormone was not detectable until 10 days after the operation. Its concentration rose to a maximum value 3 weeks after adrenalectomy and this high circulating level was maintained for at least another 2 weeks. There were no significant differences between the results obtained using hypophysectomized and hydrocortisone-treated rats for the bioassay procedures.
URINARY OESTROGENS AND NEURAL 17-OXOSTEROIDS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN BANTU WITH AND WITHOUT HEPATIC DISEASE
Authors: BLOOMBERG B. M. , MILLER KLARA , KEELEY K. J. , HIGGINSON J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A comparison of oestrogen and neutral 17-oxosteroid excretion in normal Bantu and White subjects shows that the Bantu tends to have a higher total oestrogen excretion, a different oestrogen fractional pattern, and a lower total 17-oxosteroid excretion. In disease there are further differences in oestrogen pattern, the Bantu excreting more oestradiol-17β. 17-Oxosteroids are uniformly decreased and reach very low levels in primary carcinoma of the liver. White cirrhotic patients show an increase in the oestriol fraction. These differences in oestrogenandrogen metabolic balance may be of importance in view of the different disease patterns in the two racial groups.
MAMMARY GLAND GROWTH IN MALE MICE OF THE CHI STRAIN AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND CASTRATION
Authors: FLUX D. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Castrated hypophysectomized male mice of the CHI strain showed a small response in mammary duct growth to injections of oestrone and progesterone. A greater degree of duct growth resulted from the use of growth hormone (GH) in addition to these steroids, and formation of alveoli in addition to duct growth followed treatment with the steroids and prolactin. A greater degree of mammary development, with duct growth and the presence of many alveoli, was seen in mice treated with the steroids and both prolactin and GH.
In contrast to the females of this strain, which normally produce ten mammary glands, the males had variable numbers, ranging from none to five.