bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Through‐circulation drying of vegetable materials. II.—suégr beet
Authors: Mitchell T. J. , Potts C. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rate of drying of single layers of sugar beet cossettes has been found to vary markedly with temperature of the drying air from 140 to 220° F, and to increase slightly with a fourfold increase of air velocity, while humidity changes have little effect. The rate of drying is proportional to the total moisture content of the cossettes.A method of predicting the rate of drying of cossettes in beds up to 9 in. deep is given, for air velocities in the range 6–21 lb./sq. ft./min., for temperatures of 140 to 220° F, and humidities up to 40% R.H. The accuracy of the method is shown to be within +‐15%.Observations have also been made on the variation of internal temperature with change of moisture content and air temperature, and on the evidence of caramelization.
Some sugars and related carbohydrates found in delaware soils
Authors: Lynch D. L. , Olney H. O. , Wright L. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe carbohydrates found after hydrolysis of extracts of soils made using water, aqueous NaOH or Na4P2O7 and 30% ethanol were compared with those found in a direct acid hydrolysate of these soils. The soils used included a Sassafras loam as control, a Sassafras loam amended with lucerne, a Pocomoke sandy loam from a field area, and a Pocomoke sandy loam from a virgin area covered with pines. Some carbohydrates were found in all hydrolysates but the direct acid hydrolysis gave the highest yields.Glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose, 2‐O‐methyl‐D‐xylose, 2‐O‐methyl‐D‐arabinose, two other methylated sugars and galacturonic and glucuronic acids were among the carbohydrate materials found. Glucosamine, N‐acetylglucosamine, inositol and mannitol were other carbohydrate compounds present in the hydrolysates.Quantitative differences were also noted in the amounts of these carbohydrates. In the lucerne‐amended soil, the carbohydrate materials measured were about 0–092% compared with 0–078% for the control soil. The Pocomoke field soil contained larger amounts of these materials than did the virgin soil. Differences in quantities of individual sugars in the soils were also found.
Flour survey 1950–56
Authors: Fraser J. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFlour examination has been regularly carried out by the Department of the Government Chemist since 1946 on behalf of the Ministry of Food and other government departments. The records show the changes in the nutritive value of the flour supplied for home consumption since the war, taking the desiderata of the Post‐War Loaf Conference (1945) as the basis for comparison. The concurrence of vitamins of the B group is discussed with particular reference to the manner in which the production of the flour by the divides process simulated straight‐run flour of the required extraction rate. The extent of variation of the amounts of nutrients is discussed and artificial additions of material are shown to have a marked influence.
Determination of the lower fatty acids in silage by counter‐current distribution
Authors: Purves David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the method described, the solvent system used is isopropyl ether‐M‐phosphate buffer of pH 5.0. For this system, the partition rations of lactic, acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids are so spaced that their separation by counter‐current distribution is practicable.After clarification of an extract of the silage by precipitation of Cu(OH)2 in the liquid, a 20‐ml. aliquot of the clear solution obtained is taken for a 50‐transfer distribution. The volatile acids are finally determined by titration after steam distillation.Satisfactory recoveries of the volatile acids in the range C2‐C5 are reported for runs with test solutions.
The toxicity of organic sulphides to the eggs and larvae of the glasshouse red spider mite. V.—Benzyl phenyl sulphides (non‐halogen substituents)
Authors: Brookes R. F. , Cranham J. E. , Greenwood D. , Stevenson H. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of benzyl phenyl sulphides, containing only non‐halogen nuclear substituents, and some of the corresponding sulphones, are characterized. The activities against the eggs and young mites of the glasshouse red spider (Tetranychus telarius L.) are tabulated and discussed.
The toxicity of organic sulphides to the eggs and larvae of the glasshouse red spider mite. vii.—Benzyl phenyl sulphides (α‐substituted)
Authors: Cranham J. E. , Greenwood D. , Stevenson H. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a number of benzyl phenyl sulphides, substituted in the α‐position of the benzyl moiety, is described and their toxicities to the eggs and young mites of the glasshouse red spider (Tetranychus telarius L.) are tabulated.
The fate of γ‐benzene hexachloride in resistant and susceptible houseflies. III.
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Standen H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA detailed study of the minor constituents of the carbon tetrachloride extracts of γ‐BHC‐treated flies has established the presence of pentachlorocyclohexene, trichloro‐benzene and acidic substances. Under various conditions of exposure and different dosage rates these compounds occur only in small amount (3% or less of the absorbed dose of γ‐BHC). Pentachlorocyclohexene was never found in quantities greater than 3% of the γ‐BHC absorbed and it is concluded that if this compound is an intermediate in the metabolism of γ‐BHC by resistant houseflies, it has, in the γ‐BHC‐resistant Uruguay strain, only a very transient existence. One result of the discovery of these minor constituents in carbon tetrachloride extracts is to show that the resistant strain enjoys a greater advantage over the susceptible in rate of detoxication of γ‐BHC than had previously been supposed.
Mycological formation of fat. V.—Factors which influence the formation of fat in surface cultures of Penicillium lilacinum Thom
Authors: Philip Sudha E. , Walker T. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen Penicillium lilacinum Thom was grown as surface cultures in a defined medium containing sucrose, essential mineral salts and sodium nitrate, it produced fat in very high yield (54.4 g. fat/100 g. felt and 17.4 g. fat/100 g. sucrose consumed). Although none of the other sugars which were tested as substrates gave so high a yield, good results followed the use of glucose, fructose, xylose or maltose which, in that order, afforded mycelial felts containing 48, 43, 44 and 36% of fat; the respective yields of fat on carbohydrate consumed being 10.1, 11.4, 8.6 and 8.4%.
The non‐volatile organic acids of some berry fruits
Authors: Whiting G. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe organic acids of a number of berry fruits (soft fruits) have been examined qualitatively and quantitatively using the methods of paper chromatography, silica gel partition chromatography and ion exchange. In blackcurrant, redcurrant, whitecurrant, loganberry, raspberry, strawberry and elderberry the predominant acid was citric acid, with smaller amounts of malic acid; in blackberry, malic acid was predominant with large amounts of lactoisocitric acid and isocitric acid also present. Gooseberry was examined at stages during growth; shikimic acid was the dominant acid in very young fruits, later citric and malic acids predominated. Both shikimic and quinic acids were detected in gooseberry, blackberry and elderberry.
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. VII.—freezing damage and protein denaturation under pressure
Authors: Love R. M. , Karsti O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFillets of cod were frozen at different speeds under various pressures. The effects of pressure on cell damage caused during the freezing and on denaturation of the proteins during subsequent cold storage were studied, and found to vary according to the experimental conditions. They were, however, less important than the effect of the rate of freezing, and in no cases were pressed fillets after storage inferior to unpressed in ‘eating’ quality. It was concluded therefore that pressure during freezing was not harmful, but could be of benefit by accelerating the freezing through improved contact between the fillets and the cooling plates.
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. VIII.—cell damage in slow freezing
Authors: Love R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe action of intercellular ice on muscle cells was studied by means of the deoxyribose nucleic acid method in fish fillets frozen at different speeds. It was found that there was a zone of minimum damage at a freezing time of about 115 minutes, the most rapid freezing time at which all ice was able to form in the intercellular spaces. Since the ice masses were relatively small (little bigger than the muscle cells) they did not deform or damage the cells to any great extent. With slower freezing, cell damage was found to increase to a maximum value at 200–500 minutes (‘Peak C’), and the manner by which this was brought about is discussed; thereafter it decreased again. It was also found that in very slow freezing the strong salt solutions created by the freezing out of water from the weakly saline interstitial fluids exercised considerable solvent effects on the fibres, without actually breaking them open. The concentration of protein in the interstitial fluid tended therefore to increase in very slow freezing (freezing time about 750 minutes).
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. IX.—other types of cell damage caused by freezing
Authors: Love R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCell damage occurring at a freezing time of 25 minutes ( ‘peak A ’) was investigated, and found to be the result of the mechanical action during freezing expansion of ice crystals of a certain critical size growing within the cell. Supercooling, followed by a sudden rapid growth of ice, at the onset of freezing was found not to damage the cells unduly. Evidence was presented to show that the expressed fluid of cod fillets originates near the cut surface only, and does not come from the deeper layers.
Determination of phosphate in citric acid extracts
Authors: Robertson G 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for the determination of phosphate in citric acid extracts, without previous oxidation, is given. The effect of citric acid and molybdate concentration has been investigated. It is shown that the effect of citric acid can be overcome by increasing the concentration of molybdate reagent. Consideration has been given to the differences in the phosphate content of soil extracts as given by the direct and oxidation methods of determination.
Effects of pre‐harvest foliage sprays of maleic hydrazide on the cold‐storage behaviour of onions
Authors: Mathur P. B. , Date W. B. , Srivastava H. C. , Subramanyam H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOnion bulbs, the tops of which had been sprayed before harvest with 200, 400 and 600 p.p.m. of maleic hydrazide solution, together with a control, were stored at two temperature ranges, viz. 59–87° F. R.H. 45–78%; and 32–35° F, R.H. 80–90%. A noteworthy feature brought out by the data on physiological losses in weight, rooting, sprouting and respiration rates was that maleic hydrazide produces more pronounced inhibitory effects at the higher temperature range than at the lower one. Pre‐harvest foliage sprays of maleic hydrazide reduced the wastage due to fungus diseases in onion bulbs stored at both the temperature ranges investigated, although the effect was greater in the lower range.
The chemical constituents of victoria plums: Changes during growth on the tree
Authors: Rees D. I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalyses made on the Victoria plum at various stages of maturity for total and alcoholinsoluble solids, sugars, acids and pectins are presented. A paper‐chromatographic method has been evolved for the determination of the individual sugars present. Sorbitol has been identified as a constituent of the fruit.The changes during the growth of the fruit on the tree can be divided into two periods. In the first, the rate of growth of the fruit is comparatively slow. The second coincides with the ripening stage and is characterized mainly by the appearance of sucrose which is absent during the first period.
Bottled and canned meat products. II.—Processing requirements for domestic methods
Authors: Crang Alice , Sturdy Margaret , Bowcott Joyce 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProcess values for bottled and canned pork, joints of chicken and rabbit, sausage meat and brawn have been determined using domestic equipment. The chances of such process values falling below the safe limits for the destruction of pathogenic organisms have been calculated statistically. The process times and maximum packing weights of these products in various preserving containers of 1–2 lb. capacity have shown that whilst most of the times agree with those recommended in American literature, some of the produce in jars of thicker glass requires a longer process time to give the same level of safety.
Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples. I.—The rôle of volatile substances
Authors: Huelin F. E. , Kennett B. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of 19 volatile products on the development of superficial scald was investigated. These included formic, acetic, butyric and caproic acids and their ethyl esters; methanol, ethanol, butanol, and hexanol; butyl and hexyl acetates; acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, hexanal, and acetone; and ethylene. At a concentration of one mole in 10,000 moles of air only butyric and caproic acids and butyl and hexyl acetates significantly increased scald in oil‐wrapped apples, and the level in all cases was below that of unwrappped untreated fruit.The concentration of volatile acids, alcohols and esters in the scald‐liable tissue was unaffected by storage in oil wraps.Crude ‘hexane’ at a concentration of one mole in 150 moles of air gave excellent control, which was reduced by purification of the ‘hexane’.The volatile theory of scald, the nature of the causal factor, and the mechanism of control by oil wraps is discussed.
Mycological formation of fat. VI.—Synthesis of fat by Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium javanicum and Penicillium spinulosum in shaken culture
Authors: Garrido J. M. , Gad A. M. , Walker T. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe respective concentrations of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulphate and potassium sulphate which promote fat formation by Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium javanicum and P. spinulosum in shaken culture have been determined. The most suitable sources of nitrogen and levels of nitrogen favourable to fat synthesis have also been ascertained. Under the best conditions, with glucose as substrate, A. nidulans produced 14 g. of fat/100 g. of sugar consumed, while from P. javanicum and P. spinulosum the highest yields were 7.9 g. and 11.8 g., respectively. The highest yields of fat as g./1. of culture broth were: A. nidulans, 8.9; P. javanicum, 3.7; P. spinulosum, 9.1. A. nidulans and P. spinulosum were also tested on sucrose media and the best yields of fat were; A. nidulans, 8.5 g./100 g. of sucrose consumed and 5.5 g./1.; P. spinulosum, 12.2 g./100 g. of sucrose consumed and 10.1 g./1.
The nation's plant food larder
Authors: Cooke G. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe crops and grass grown in U.K. in any one year need about one million tons each of N and K2O and about one‐third as much P2O5. Sales of cash crops, milk and stock, and the losses involved in feeding crops and grass on farms may result in about one‐third of these quantities of plant foods being lost to agriculture. Fertilisers and imported feeding stuffs provide sufficient plant foods to balance approximately the total losses of nitrogen and potassium and they supply much more phosphorus than is lost. These sources of plant food currently provide only half of the nitrogen and less than half of the potassium that is needed for a year's cropping. In contrast, fertilisers alone supply more phosphorus in any one year than is taken up by the crops and grass grown.The history of the use of fertilisers in U.K. is discussed. About 7 m. tons of N, 17 m. tons of P2O5, and 5 m. tons of K2O, have been applied to the soils of U.K. through the use of fertilisers in the last 120 years. In the 18 years from 1940 to 1957, fertilisers supplied as much nitrogen, twice as much potassium, and half as much phosphorus, as was applied in the previous 100 years. The surface layers of the cultivated soils of U.K. contain plant foods equivalent to about 200 years ‘supply of nitrogen, 100 years’ supply of phosphorus, and 1000 years′ supply of potassium at current rates of fertiliser use. The amounts of phosphorus applied to U.K. soils have exceeded losses of this nutrient for at least 80 years, but only in recent years have the potassium fertilisers used been sufficient to avoid depleting soil‐potassium reserves. The size and nature of the reserves of soil phosphorus which have accumulated in British soils as a result of manuring tend to be more important for the nutrition of arable crops than the supply of ‘native’ soil phosphorus. In contrast, the reserves of potassium built up by residues from purchased fertilisers and feeding stuffs are relatively small and the capacity of soil minerals to supply potassium to crops is very important.Future prospects for increases in the use of fertiliser are examined. Most arable crops grown for sale are now receiving about as much fertiliser as can be justified, but more nitrogen is needed to grow full crops of cereals and practically all crops grown for animal feeding are, on average, undermanured. Any major increase in the total amount of fertiliser used is likely to be achieved by better manuring of grassland.
Improved iodometric methods for the determination of lipid peroxides
Authors: Heaton F. W. , Uri N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImprovements concerning the iodometric determination of lipid peroxides are suggested. They relate to (a) the adoption of a procedure allowing continuous de‐aeration to reduce the errors caused by induced oxidation and (b) the development of a micro‐spectrophotometric method yielding accurate results at very low peroxide concentrations. The latter covers a range of samples containing 0‐02 to 5 μmoles of peroxide.
The distribution of tocopherols during the life‐cycle of some plants
Authors: Green J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the tocopherol contents of the maize, wheat, barley and pea plants. The four plants have been germinated from seed in the laboratory and grown to maturity under field conditions. Using two‐dimensional paper chromatography, detailed tocopherol patterns have been established at different stages of the life‐history of each plant. The young growing plants all synthesise predominantly α‐tocopherol, whereas non‐α‐tocopherols are mainly specific products of the seeds. Theoretical implications and synthetic mechanisms are discussed and lead to the conclusion that the tocopherols are interconvertible in plants.
The phenolic constituents of Prunus domestica. II.—The analysis of tissues of the Victoria plum tree
Authors: Hillis W. E. , Swain T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe tissues of the Victoria plum tree (Prunus domestica var. Victoria) were analysed for total phenols, leuco‐anthocyanins and flavanols at intervals during the growing season. At all times, the methanol extracts from the smaller leaves contained smaller amounts of phenolic constituents although the changes paralleled those in the larger leaves. The proportions of leuco‐anthocyanins and flavanols to total phenols were less in the smaller leaves. The amounts of the three phenolic constituents increased rapidly until the leaves reached maximum size and then decreased. Leaves taken from the shady side of the tree contained less phenolic constituents and a lower proportion of leuco‐anthocyanins. The analysis of shaded leaves suggested that the synthesis and metabolism of leuco‐anthocyanins were influenced by light. Leaves from unhealthy trees contained smaller amounts of phenolic constituents and the leuco‐anthocyanins were a much smaller fraction. The amount of the phenols in a plum fruit increased with its growth and the Zeuco‐anthocyanins in the skin decreased when it reddened. The phenolic constituents in the woody tissues showed a much smaller variation than the leaves, and the outer bark, phloem and cambium contained more of them than the outer and inner sapwoods and the heartwood.
Solubilisation of phosphate rock by composting with peat
Authors: Carolan R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecent experiments by Russian workers, using peat as a composting agent to solubilise phosphate rock, have been repeated with Irish peat and Algerian phosphate rock. The rock had 29.3% total P2O5 of which 0.2% (0.7% of the total) was soluble in citric acid. This percentage citric solubility increased to 3.3 and 7.2, respectively, in composted 6 to 1 and 10 to 1 mixtures of peat and rock.
Chemical studies on upland peat in north wales
Authors: Coulson C. B. , Davies R. I. , Khan E. J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious layers from profiles from upland acid peat area containing both untouched and reclaimed sites were chemically examined for inorganic and organic changes as a result of treatments. Low phosphorus and high aluminium and lead contents were found and a layer of copper accumulation was noted in the undisturbed site. Lanthanum content was also found to be high. The amino‐acid distribution in hydrolysates of soil water, as well as pyrophosphate‐extracted humic acid and the pyrophosphate‐insoluble soil residue containing organic matter, was examined. The surface layers are characterised by the presence of non‐protein amino‐acids of plant and microbiological origin. The basic amino‐acids appeared to be in greater strength in the soil water samples from treated sites than those from untreated sites. The soil residue appears to be a reservoir of amino‐sugar‐containing compounds. The relative distribution of certain “non‐protein” amino‐acids found in small amounts in the humic acids isolated from samples from different depths in the profile, may possibly be explained if the humic acid is considered as a cation‐exchanger being eluted in the hydrogen cycle.
The composition and manurial value of poultry excreta, straw‐droppings composts and deep litter. IV.—Results of manurial trials, and general conclusions
Authors: Tinsley J. , Nowakowski T. Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults of previous manurial trials with poultry droppings and bulky organic manures are reviewed in relation to experiments designed to compare the manurial values of fresh droppings, composts prepared from straw and droppings, and of deep litter, with ammonium sulphate as a standard nitrogen fertiliser.A pot trial with spinach beet and two field trials with potatoes were conducted using adequate basal quantities of phosphate and potassium in order to test the availability of the nitrogen in the organic manures. In the pot trial and in one of the field trials during a wet season, good agreement was obtained between the amount of nitrogen soluble in cold o.IN‐sulphuric acid and crop responses, but in the second field trial in a dry season, very different results were obtained.Deep litter has several advantages over composts: thus it affords a more economical means of absorbing droppings, it is more concentrated in organic matter and it requires only half the weight to provide the same quantity of dry matter. Under moist soil conditions, half the total nitrogen in fresh droppings and deep litter may be equivalent to ammonium sulphate, but the proportion in composts depends on the initial composition and state of maturity of the compost.Suggestions are made for further work, particularly with large heaps stored under cover for one to three years.