bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
For the Culture
Authors: Thornton Candice Y. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Based on their experiences as a Black, disabled, queer, gender-expansive, neurodivergent doctoral student and adjunct faculty member who deeply loves language, the author sought to identify and document the pathways of Black and HBCU linguists in part to contextualize the opportunities for Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) to create or further develop their existing linguistic coursework and programs. By providing a short review of the state of Black linguists, HBCUs, and the linguistics field at large, this chapter intends to document and legitimize the rich legacy of Black scholars in linguistics and language-related disciplines, name institutional and systemic barriers that contribute to the inaccessibility and lack of inclusion for Black scholars, and offer actionable solutions for academic institutions to recruit, engage, and support Black linguists to increase linguistics course offerings, departments, research, and the overall population of Black linguists.
Community College Linguistics for Educational Justice
Authors: Thomas Jamie A. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides a practical roadmap to transforming introductory linguistics with lesson plans and assessment strategies that facilitate the success of Black, Latinx, Indigenous, and/or disabled college students. These strategies are particularly useful in community college online teaching, and include intentionally welcoming students with an encouraging message before the semester begins; incorporating content that centers perspectives on linguistic racism and exclusion early in the semester, particularly through the voices of Black d/Deaf and DeafBlind people and other people of color, multilingual people, and Indigenous communities; and enacting student-centered, interactive assessments through video/audio discussions that facilitate personalized engagement and peer learning. The author describes the effectiveness and value of these strategies with help from student reflections on their experiences. These course design recommendations make use of free and emerging educational resources and technologies in ways that enable college students to see and hear themselves, and their concerns, in the introductory linguistics curriculum.
Beyond Pronouns 101
Authors: Zimman Lal , Brown Cedar 
Published: March 2024

AbstractOn college campuses working toward trans inclusion, instructors are often encouraged to ask students to share their pronouns on the first day of class. However, critics of this practice have suggested that it pressures students to out themselves or lay claim on an identity they may still be questioning. This chapter discusses the results of a survey of transgender students at a public California university, most of whom reported appreciating the opportunity to share their pronouns in class. However, the comments of students with more negative or ambivalent feelings about this norm allow the possibility of identifying contextual factors that make instructors more or less effective in creating a space in which trans students felt safe sharing their pronouns. Rather than promoting one-size-fits-all approaches to trans inclusion, the authors offer recommendations for more context-sensitive, flexible, and multimodal approaches to pronouns in the classroom that center and normalize trans students’ pronouns.
Linguistic Literacy and Advocacy in Action
Authors: Bissell Marie , Álvarez-Retamales José , Champagne Matthew , Hatcher Jessica , Omar Shalina , Wolfram Walt 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter aims to provide a practical template for groups and organizations who are new to conducting linguistic diversity outreach programs, which are essential educational tools for disseminating linguistic knowledge and scholarship to members of the general public. This work is grounded in the notion that linguists have an obligation to give back to the communities whose linguistic data are studied and analyzed in the academy. In this chapter, the authors illustrate two case studies of linguistic diversity outreach programs that have been implemented by the Linguistics Diversity Ambassadors (LDA), a graduate student-led organization at North Carolina State University.
Democratic Collapse and Recovery in Ancient Athens (413–403)
Authors: Carugati and Federica , Ober Josiah 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The city-state of Athens in the late fifth century bce is a well-documented case illustrating the performance of a premodern democracy under conditions of extreme pressure. Athenian democracy was twice overthrown in this period, and twice recovered. This chapter’s account of democratic breakdown and recovery in Athens highlights a series of factors. Military defeats and the presence of an organized opposition played an important role in the democracy’s collapse. However, the chapter identifies a deeper, root cause: a crisis of legitimacy precipitated by performance failures but ultimately traceable (then and now) to a fundamental defect of institutional design. That defect was recognized and addressed by fundamental constitutional changes enabling elite and ordinary citizens to commit to cooperation in a shared polity.
September 11, 1973
Authors: Schlotterbeck Marian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
At the height of the Cold War, Chilean president Salvador Allende Gossens’s 1970 election tested the viability of a democratically elected Marxist government. Even before assuming office, Allende faced organized opposition from Chilean economic elites and social conservatives and from the United States. As Allende moved toward Socialism within a long-standing constitutional framework, his opponents worked to undermine the legitimacy of Chile’s political institutions. The September 11, 1973, coup led by General Augusto Pinochet followed the mobilization of a large coalition—including the armed forces, the U.S. government, business elites within and outside of Chile, and, crucially, a sizable portion of the Chilean middle class organized through associations of professionals, shop owners, truck drivers, students, and women—willing to violate democratic process to protect other features of the status quo. Many thought that military intervention would occasion a brief “reset” of the system. Few expected Pinochet’s brutal seventeen-year dictatorship that followed.
The Indian Emergency (1975–1977) in Historical Perspective
Authors: Bose Sugata , Jalal Ayesha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In 1975 democracy broke down in India, giving way to a nineteen-month spell of authoritarianism. A pliant president invoked the constitutional provision to declare a state of emergency at the instance of the prime minister. More than 100,000 political opponents, independent journalists, and dissenters were imprisoned. Fundamental rights were suspended, and courts could not entertain writs of habeas corpus. This chapter assesses different explanations for the breakdown in India’s democracy, ranging from personal and proximate triggers to structural and deep historical factors. It shows that the breakdown of India’s democracy had historical roots in colonial jurisprudence that formed the basis of the postcolonial republic. Today India’s electoral autocracy arguably poses a graver challenge to the world’s largest democracy than the one that was overcome in 1977. A postcolonial Constitution retaining the myriad states of exception of the colonial era does not afford sufficient protection against democratically elected authoritarian rulers.
Venezuela’s Autocratization, 1999–2021
Authors: Corrales Javier 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the main driving force behind Venezuela’s transition to autocracy starting in 1999 was a combination of party system variable and institutional capture. In the first stage of this transition, from 1999 to 2010 under President Hugo Chávez, the party-related driving factor was a condition that is typical of many other backsliding cases: the ruling party became electorally dominant, while opposition parties declined and splintered. This party context conferred upon the president the ability to engage in executive aggrandizement, expanding the powers of the executive branch and reducing spaces for opponents. A secondary factor was massive fiscal spending, which gave the process a veneer of social justice. In the second stage, starting in 2010, the driving factor was the ruling party’s electoral decline along with institutional capacity. Amid a sudden renaissance of the opposition, the process of autocratization accelerated: Chávez before his death in 2013 and then his successor, Nicolás Maduro, pursued more aggressive forms of repression, without any pretense of populism, making use of pre-existing autocratic practices and institutions to carry out that repression.
China's Vulnerability Paradox
Authors: Massot Pascale 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
China’s Vulnerability Paradox presents an original framework to explain the uneven transformations in global commodity markets resulting from the dramatic, contemporary expansion of China’s economy. Within a short period, China emerged from being an almost complete outsider to becoming one of the principal players in most global commodity markets. Despite this, China at times displays vulnerabilities toward global commodity markets, given high levels of import dependence but also, this book argues, because of unequal positions of market power. Why is it that despite China’s rising salience, Chinese stakeholders are often not able to shape markets in their preferred direction? Why have some markets undergone fundamental changes in the way they operate while other similar markets have been more resilient? And how can we explain the uneven liberalization dynamics across markets? Through the case studies of iron ore, potash, uranium, and copper markets, Pascale Massot argues that the balance of market power between Chinese domestic and international market stakeholders and the way it evolves over time explain their behavior as well as the likelihood of global market institutional change. A change in relative market power between dominant producers and consumers can act as a catalyst for change in global market institutions. At a time of deepening US-China tensions and debates about the future of the global economy, this book provides an alternative, granular understanding of the resonance dynamics between the domestic political economy of large emerging economies and the political economy of global markets.
Roots and Routes
Authors: Friedman Rachel D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter introduces Walcott’s rewriting of the Odyssey’s affective geography. It begins with a discussion of Tiresias’s famously ambiguous instructions to Odysseus that he take an inland journey and plant an oar, introducing the worship of Poseidon to a people who know nothing of the sea. This prophecy, which proves central to Walcott’s refiguration of the Odyssey throughout Omeros, provides the background for understanding both the Odyssey’s dominant fantasy of a landward trajectory and the ambiguities it introduces about how landbound Odysseus’s post-homecoming life will be. Analysis of Odysseus’s final journey home foregrounds the poem’s dominant sea-to-land trajectory and its use of arboreal imagery to figure Odysseus’s imminent arrival on terra firma. Walcott rewrites the course of Odysseus’s landbound path in his The Odyssey: A Stage Version (1993): manipulating the Odyssey’s arboreal imagery, the play makes Ithaca a terraqueous space in which land and sea become interchangeable spaces. This redrawn map of Ithaca guides the reading of St. Lucian and Ithacan landscapes in the rest of this book. The chapter ends by reading Omeros’s scene of fashioning the canoes in book 1 against the account of Odysseus’s raft-building at the end of Odyssey 5. Felling the trees on St. Lucia frees the fishermen from the island’s troubled landscapes and makes possible a redemptive healing and new beginning offered by a life spent at sea.
Intrinsic procedures and modules
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The means by which intrinsic procedures (functions and subroutines) may be referenced are given, followed by descriptions of all the intrinsic procedures defined by the standard. These include the inquiry, elemental, and transformational functions, procedures for bit and character manipulation, functions for the construction and manipulation of arrays, and subroutines for accessing the computing environment including the elapsed and real time. The facilities available from intrinsic modules, in particular for obtaining information about the Fortran environment, are introduced.
Coarray teams
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Teams allow separate sets of images to execute independently. An important design objective is that, given a code that had been developed and tested on all images, it should be possible to run the code on a team without making changes. This requires that if a team has n images, the image indices within the team run from 1 to n. Teams are formed by partitioning an existing team into parts, starting with the team of all the images. New teams are executed within change team constructs. Most execution will be within the team, but direct access to data in ancestor and sibling teams is allowed.
Floating-point exception handling
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Exception handling is required for the development of robust and efficient numerical software, a principal application of Fortran. Indeed, the existence of such a facility makes it possible to develop more efficient software than would otherwise be possible. Most computers nowadays have hardware based on the IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic, which later became an ISO standard. Therefore, the Fortran exception handling features are based on the ability to test and set the five flags for floating-point exceptions that the IEEE standard specifies.
Interoperating with C using descriptors
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
These Fortran features are now available when interoperating with C: • optional dummy arguments, • assumed-length character dummy arguments, • assumed-shape arrays, • allocatable dummy arguments, and • pointer dummy arguments.. The necessary information that needs to be passed to/from the C functions is passed with a C descriptor, and there are mechanisms provided for the C functions to use such descriptors. For more convenient low-level C interoperability, assumed type dummy arguments are available. Additionally, the assumed-rank feature can also be used in interoperable procedures.
CHARGE
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
CHARGE presents an overview of an exhilarating journey into the subatomic world of fundamental particles and forces. It discusses the frontiers of fundamental physics by elaborating on the key concepts involving quantum mechanics, exotic particles, other forms of charge, and theories of grand unification, which imply that protons must ultimately decay. The complexity of gravity rules, electric and magnetic forces, and the force of electromagnetism is owed to the notion of neutrality. CHARGE admits there is no further clarification on certain mysteries of the field. However, it does offer intriguing patterns and families of particles that showcase a deeper understanding of the notion of unity.
Introduction
Authors: Hirway Indira 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This volume argues that the roots of gender inequalities and women’s subordination to men are primarily two: social structure in the form of patriarchy, and economic structure in the form of exclusion of unpaid work from the purview of the macro-economy. There are other structures like race, religion and caste that cut across the main two structures. Unless these structures are addressed upfront, no country can empower women to reach gender equalities. This Introduction presents in very brief the theoretical discussions on the different aspects of the basic structures, care economy in India that covers paid and unpaid care, interaction between paid and unpaid work at the conceptual level and empirical level, and analyses the different sectors, such as agriculture, health, education and violence against women empirically in the context of the underlying structures. Social mobilization is also examined here as a strategy to fight the structures. An important message of this volume is that our macro-economy cannot sustain or grow without addressing these structures for gender equality and women’s empowerment.
Revisiting the Feminist Project of Gendering Development
Authors: Swaminathan Padmini 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Using three different illustrations of the manner in which states in developing countries have sought to grapple with the theme of ‘development’ and women’s incorporation into it, this paper seeks to examine how development concerns were framed with particular reference to their impact on access to resources and the ensuing consequences for the overall well-being of women in particular. This examination enables us to also comprehend what themes emerge within each of the issues, when ‘framings’ are gender-sensitive. Our first illustration revisits the enormous literature relating to women’s access to property, particularly land, much of which documents the manner in which women, irrespective of their caste, class, region, or religion, have been denied ownership rights, even if they have access to land for cultivation. Our second illustration examines the theme of migration and development, with an avowed focus on its implications for women. Here, gender-sensitive framing elicits several different facets that have differential impacts on men and women; on husbands, wives, and children, and on single women. Our third illustration explores the aspect of technology, particularly the contexts in which the absence of basic technological tools has continued to burden poor households, as well as the contexts where application and use of technology have turned ‘hazardous’ for women. It is our contention that the hope has not been belied that through the interaction of ‘development and gender’ change could be produced; except that this is not necessarily the kind of change that we have been struggling for.
Gender Inequality and Intra-Household Consumption Disparities
Authors: Seth Anuradha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Even as gender inequality and inclusive growth take centre stage in development policy, much less attention has been paid to intra-household consumption disparities, and what this means for pursuing more gender-equitable development pathways. This chapter examines the determinants of intrahousehold consumption patterns, and the extent of gender disparities with respect to health, education, and food consumption within households in India. By highlighting policies needed to address gender gaps in intrahousehold consumption patterns, the paper hopes to make visible both the dynamics and forces that shape gender outcomes and that can further a more inclusive development process.
Socio-Economic Correlates of Domestic ViolenceA Hidden Crisis of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Pathak Jharna , Shah Neha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The lockdowns adopted to control the pandemic have wide-ranging adverse social and economic implications. One of the major impacts is a rise in domestic violence. Many perpetrators of violence remained at home and women were trapped in the same space with them. Loss of employment and increased burden of unpaid domestic work reduced the agency and autonomy of women and put them at an increased risk of domestic violence. This study aimed to assess the risk factors associated with domestic violence during COVID-19 among a sample of women in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Statistically significant relationships were observed between age, time spent doing domestic chores, comparative/relative income loss of women and their spouses and domestic violence.
The Birth of Melody
Authors: Schoenberger Casey 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the melodic setting of tonal languages, as were all Chinese languages since the medieval period. While accepting the possibility of foreign influence on tonal alternation patterns heavily defining medieval “recent-style” verse, it draws on cognitive expressive dynamics, like questions and answers, to argue that these primarily encoded melodic pitch contours rather than syllable length, weight, or some other factor. The chapter divides the history of musical realization of tone into syllabic (one note per syllable) and melismatic (many notes per syllable) stages, arguing that extensive melisma evoking contours of an official koine was a key innovation of Kun opera, albeit one drawing on older Southern arts influenced by ecumenical sacred traditions, like Mulian opera. It lastly introduces a late imperial controversy called the “Tang-Shen debate,” arguing it concerned the degree to which late imperial arias should have strong, independent musical identities or else function as malleable musical-poetic templates.
Ethics for Rational Animals
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This monograph engages in a comprehensive study of Aristotle’s moral psychology in order to give a new account of his views on practical wisdom, virtue and akrasia. Aristotle’s moral psychology is characterised as a qualified intellectualism. The view is intellectualistic because it describes practical wisdom as the sort of knowledge that can govern desire and action, and akrasia as involving a form of ignorance. However, Aristotle’s intellectualism is qualified because practical wisdom goes beyond grasping the truth about the human good, for it must also be able to convey the truth persuasively to non-rational cognition and desires. Conversely, ethical rational failures are not only failures to grasp the truth, but also failures to be persuaded by it. Practical wisdom does not merely articulate, silence or manipulate non-rational cognitions and desires. Rather, it persuades them with explanations that are comprehensible and compelling. Virtue, in turn, involves perfecting the ability to listen to reason by learning to recognise fine and shameful things perceptually. Akrasia is a form of ignorance because it implies the failure of the agent to produce the persuasive explanations that would remove her vicious desires. Contrary to what is commonly assumed, bad desires are a symptom, not a cause, of the ignorance of the akratic. This ignorance, furthermore, is compatible with the akratic holding the belief that she is doing something wrong while she acts. The conclusions about practical wisdom, virtue and akrasia are drawn on the basis of a study of Aristotle’s views on perception, thought, phantasia, attention and desire.