bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FOOD SECURITY IN KWAZULU: RESULTS OF A HOUSEHOLD‐BASED PROGRAMMING MODEL
Authors: Lyne M. C. , Ortmann G. F. , Vink N. 
Published: November 2008

A mathematical programming model of rural KwaZulu, excluding three northern districts, was developed to simulate agricultural production in regions of high and low cropping potential. This model aggregates enterprise levels predicted for four representative households of which two are in the high‐potential region and two in the low‐potential region.Several economic scenarios are simulated with the model to predict, inter alia, responses to changes in cereal prices, input subsidies, changes in off‐farm employment and a rental market for crop land. Long‐run food supply response is estimated to be inelastic with respect to changes in product and input prices. Higher food prices harm the majority of rural households. Lower input prices have little impact on household welfare. Conversely, it is predicted that a rental market for arable land could have a large positive impact on crop production and would improve household welfare.
MARKETING, AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMICS: PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
Authors: Ritson Christopher 
Published: November 2008

This article is concerned with the subject of agricultural marketing and how it has developed down a different, and longer, path than modem business marketing. It is argued that the applied economics character of agricultural marketing can be elucidated by viewing the controllable variables of the marketing mix in the context of economic theory; and that the traditional subject matter of agricultural marketing can be placed in a modern business marketing framework,It is suggested that the increasing propensity to view agricultural marketing as applications of modern marketing principles to agricultural and food businesses is a consequence of the evolution in patterns of demand for food products; and that a degree of convergence between marketing and agricultural marketing is partly associated with marketing ‘maturing’ as a subject, embracing issues and approaches long familiar to agricultural marketing.
The Determination of Agricultural Wage Rates in Bangladesh
Authors: Palmer‐Jones Richard , Parikh Ashok 
Published: November 2008

The impact of the ‘green revolution’ on wages has been a contentious issue. This paper uses the cointegration and error correction approach to identify long and short‐run relationships between prices, agricultural production and wages of agricultural labourers in Bangladesh, test for homogeneity, test for weak exogeneity with the Johansen‐Juselius methodology, test for a structural break, and estimate the long and short‐run elasticities of nominal wages with respect to rice prices.We find that agricultural wages have strong positive long run relationships with rice prices, manufacturing wages and agricultural productivity. The short run response of wages, estimated consistently with these longer run relationships, to rice prices is small, highlighting the vulnerability of the rural poor to sudden rises in rice prices, even though in the longer run nominal wages respond sufficiently to rice prices. Policy can promote growth of agriculture and manufacturing but should also mitigate the short run food insecurity of agricultural labourers.
The Socio‐Economic Effects of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme
Authors: Harrison‐Mayfield L. , Dwyer J. , Brookes G. 
Published: November 2008

The Countryside Stewardship Scheme was launched by the Countryside Commission in 1991 and before its transfer to the Ministry of Agriculture in April 1996, underwent a socioeconomic evaluation. This study looked at the impact on income and employment both on the farm and in the wider local and national context, using a stratified sample survey in conjunction with national and regional input‐output models. Case study areas were chosen in Norfolk, Devon and Derbyshire, and by interviewing local businesses, and analysing farm accounts, a clearer picture of the spatial distribution of income and employment effects was obtained.In overview, the quantitative effect of the scheme on income and employment appears negligible or mildly positive: however, there are marked distributional effects. The negative impact is most likely to be dissipated in larger urban centres and among capital‐intensive agricultural supply and food industries, while the positive effects tend to be concentrated in rural areas.
Association Analyses of Genetic Polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, NQO1, NAT2, LPL, PRSS1, PSTI, and CFTR With Chronic Alcoholic Pancreatitis in Japan
Authors: Maruyama Katsuya , Harada Shoji , Yokoyama Akira , Mizukami Satoshi , Naruse Satoru , Hirota Masahiko , Nishimori Isao , Otsuki Makoto 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Excessive consumption of alcohol is involved in the onset of pancreatitis. However, most of heavy drinkers do not always develop chronic pancreatitis. Various genetic factors appear to be involved in these individual differences in onset of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. Here we investigated a possible association of alcoholic pancreatitis with polymorphisms of the various genes belong to the phase II detoxification enzymes responsible for metabolism of the oxidative compounds, and the several genes that have relevance to inherited pancreatitis.Methods:  The subjects consisted of 53 patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, 54 alcoholic patients without pancreatic dysfunction, and 42 healthy individuals. DNA was extracted from the peripheral nucleated blood cells of all subjects and genetic mutations and subtypes were analyzed by the PCR and RFLP methods. We examined the correlation between chronic alcoholic pancreatitis and variants of the phase II detoxification enzymes such as Glutathione S‐transferase M1 (GSTM1), glutathione S‐transferase theta 1 (GSTT1), NADPH‐quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and N‐acetyl transferase (NAT2). In addition, genes of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1), pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI), and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) were also analyzed.Results:  Frequencies of the gene deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in addition to the C‐allele frequency of NQO1 tended to be higher in the alcoholic patients with (AlCP) or without pancreatic dysfunction (Alc) than in the healthy controls although the difference was not significant. The NAT2 gene showed no relation with Alc and AlCP patients. PSTI, LPL, PRSS1, and CFTR genes presented no association with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis.Conclusions:  All genes analyzed in the present study lacked association with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. However, the gene deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1, and the C‐allele of NQO1 cannot be ruled out for association with alcoholism.
Influences of Gender and Age on Relationships Between Alcohol Drinking and Atherosclerotic Risk Factors
Authors: Wakabayashi Ichiro , Araki Yoshihiko 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Alcohol drinking affects atherosclerotic progression mainly through blood pressure and lipid metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to clarify whether effects of alcohol drinking on atherosclerotic risk factors differ by gender and age.Methods:  The database of periodic health check‐ups for local district workers was used. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to mean ethanol consumption per day (nondrinkers; light drinkers, less than 30 g per day; moderate‐to‐heavy drinkers, 30 g or more per day). The mean levels of each atherosclerosis‐related variable in the 3 groups were compared.Results:  The mean level of body mass index (BMI) was slightly but significantly lower in drinkers than in nondrinkers in the thirties, forties, and fifties age groups in men and in the twenties, thirties, forties, and fifties age groups in women, while this tendency was not found in the sixties age groups of men and women. In men, mean blood pressure was higher in moderate‐to‐heavy drinkers than in nondrinkers in all age groups and was higher in light drinkers than in nondrinkers only in the age groups after 40 years. Mean blood pressure of women was higher in the moderate‐to‐heavy drinker group than in the nondrinker group and this difference became higher with advance of age. In women, mean blood pressure was not affected by light drinking in any of the age groups except for the fifties age group. In men, serum total cholesterol was higher in drinkers than in nondrinkers in the twenties age group but was lower in drinkers than in nondrinkers at thirties or older. Serum total cholesterol in women was lower in drinkers than in nondrinkers in the age groups from twenties to forties but tended to be higher in drinkers than in nondrinkers in the sixties age group. Serum HDL cholesterol increased with advance of age from thirties to sixties in men, while it decreased with advance of age from twenties to sixties in women. Serum HDL cholesterol was higher in drinkers than in nondrinkers in all age groups of men and women, and atherogenic index, calculated by using serum total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations, was lower in drinkers than in nondrinkers in all age groups of men and women.Conclusion:  Both in men and women, blood pressure and HDL cholesterol were strongly affected by alcohol drinking: the elevating effect of alcohol drinking on blood pressure was more prominent in the elderly than in the young, while the elevating effect of alcohol drinking on serum HDL cholesterol was not influenced by age. Relationships of drinking with total cholesterol and BMI vary by age and gender.
The Reasonable Person Negligence Standard and Liability Insurance
Authors: Bajtelsmit Vickie , Thistle Paul D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe show that, under the reasonable person negligence rule, heterogeneity of potential injurers can be sufficient to create a demand for liability insurance. Potential injurers with a low probability of accidents or a high cost of exercising care have optimal levels of care that are below the negligence standard. For these groups, it may be less costly to be negligent and purchase insurance than to comply with the negligence standard. We show that the availability of insurance is socially desirable.
Market Risk, Interest Rate Risk, and Interdependencies in Insurer Stock Returns: A System‐GARCH Model
Authors: Carson James M. , Elyasiani Elyas , Mansur Iqbal 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe examine market risk, interest rate risk, and interdependencies in returns and return volatilities across three insurer segments within a System‐GARCH framework. Three main results are obtained: market risk is greatest for accident and health (A&H) insurers, followed by life (Life) and property and casualty (P&C) insurers; interest rate sensitivity is negative and greatest for Life insurers; and interdependencies in returns are significant with the magnitude being strongest between P&C and A&H insurers. The implication is that greatest diversification benefits arise between Life and the other segments of the insurance industry. Market risk and interest rate risk for diversified firms are smaller than those for nondiversified firms for both product and geographic diversification.
The Market Structure–Performance Relationship in the International Insurance Sector
Authors: Pope Nat , Ma Yu‐Luen 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article tests the applicability of the structure–conduct–performance (SCP) hypothesis in the international nonlife insurance marketplace. We employ a panel data regression methodology that includes 23 nations (developed and developing countries) over the time period of 1996 to 2003. The results reveal that the interaction of market liberalization and market concentration shares a complex relationship with market profitability. Our results show that the expectations associated with the SCP hypothesis are supported when the levels of liberalization are low. However, for markets that are highly liberalized the presence of foreign insurers significantly alters the dynamics of nonlife insurance markets.
Consumption Externality and Equilibrium Underinsurance
Authors: Huang Rachel J. , Tzeng Larry Y. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRelative consumption has been found to be crucial in many areas, such as asset pricing, the design of taxation, and economic growth. This article extends this line of research to the individual's insurance decision. We first define “keeping up with the Joneses” in the purchase of insurance and find that jealousy does not necessarily give rise to “keeping up with the Joneses.” We also identify several sufficient conditions that cause the optimal coverage in the private market to be less than the social optimum (equilibrium underinsurance). Jealousy is found to be neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for equilibrium underinsurance. We further show that a social welfare maximizing government could adopt a tax system to correct for the consumption externality and make individuals better off.
Establishing an innovative model of nutrition and dietetic care for a mental health service through collaboration with non‐nutrition healthcare workers
Authors: WILKINSON Shelley , HIMSTEDT Kellie 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAim:  To describe the process of the development of the Web‐based resources to extend nutrition care to mental health patients through existing non‐nutrition mental healthcare professionals (case‐managers).Methods:  A formative approach was used to identify nutrition‐related issues faced by both patients and staff through a synthesis of literature review, professional experience and clinical observations. Decision‐making tools to assist case‐managers in selecting resources were developed to guide case‐managers’ choice of effective evidence‐based health education materials on the hospital intranet. Practical training was provided for case‐managers during their orientation to the new website and the tools and resources it housed.Results:  A Web‐based nutrition site was created on the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital intranet. The website consisted of a Nutrition Referral Action Plan (a patient support triaging flowchart), a Nutrition Support Action Plan (action‐based nutrition support tool to guide resource selection) and thirteen action‐based nutrition education resources.Conclusion:  By maximising established patient contact through existing health professionals, a Web‐based approach to nutrition service delivery was an innovative method for delivering patient information. This collaborative action‐based strategy has the potential to raise the nutrition profile in mental health and extend nutrition services to at‐risk patients not previously receiving nutrition care.
Comparison of nutrient intake between different dietary assessment methods in elderly male volunteers
Authors: JOHANSSON Gunnar 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAim:  The objective of the study was to compare nutritional intake results obtained from the 4 × 4‐day weighed records with those obtained from a food frequency questionnaire, repeated 24‐hour recalls, a seven‐day food record and a seven‐day checklist in elderly men.Methods:  Seventy‐five healthy men aged 55–88 years and living at home in Cambridge, UK, took part in the study. Energy and nutrients had means and standard deviations calculated. Misreporting was based on an evaluation of food intake level, calculated as reported energy intake divided by predicted basal metabolic rate. This was in relation to a plausible physical activity level, calculated as the ratio of energy expenditure divided by predicted basal metabolic rate. Statistical significance was assessed via one‐way anova.Results:  The nutrient density was higher for protein and potassium for the group with low food intake level values in all dietary assessment methods. For some methods, this was also true for calcium, carotene, iron and vitamin C. All methods yielded similar results.Conclusions:  The present study indicates that selective underreporting exists. Surprisingly, the simplest method, the simplified 24‐hour recall, performed as well as more complicated methods.
“Brown Ore” from the Fukasawa Kuroko Deposits, Northeast Japan: Its Characteristics and Formation Process
Authors: ISHIZUKA Osamu , IMAI Akira 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Brown–colored sulfide ore (brown ore) occurs in the easternmost part of the Tsunokakezawa No. 1 orebody of the Fukasawa kuroko‐type deposits, northern Honshu, Japan. As this type of ores also occur in the marginal or uppermost part of several other kuroko deposits in Japan, the formation of brown ore appears to be repeated in the process of kuroko formation. The brown ore is characterized by its higher Ag concentration (up to around 2000 g/t) than ordinary black ore (Zn–Pb ore) of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. The brown ore from the Fukasawa deposits can be divided into following three ore types based on its texture and mineral composition: pyritic brown ore, principal brown ore and “diseased” brown ore. Primary precipitation textures such as framboidal– and colloform‐textures and compositional zoning within sulfide grains are significant in the brown ores. This seems to be due to lack of overprinting high temperature mineralization resulting in preservation of primary features. The Ag‐Au mineralization is widely observed within the brown ores. Silver and gold are especially concentrated in the barite veinlets in the principal brown ore, which are supposed to be fillings of conduit of hydrothermal solution precipitated in the latest stage of hydrothermal activity. This mineralization seems to occur at waning stage of brown ore formation by ore solution at a lower temperature (around 250°C) than that of main part of brown ore (around 270°C). Relatively low fluid temperature and contribution of oxic ambient seawater may be responsible for the development of the Ag‐Au mineralization in the brown ore. The occurrence of framboidal‐rich pyritic brown ore having negative δ34S values (less than –10%) and filamentous texture of sphalerite, seeming remnant of bacteria, indicate the presence of intensive microbial activity in the hydrothermal area for brown ore formation.Formation environment of each ore type of the brown ore is supposed to be as follows: Pyritic brown ore is likely to have formed on the sea‐floor around redox boundary at temperature (around 240°C) lower than ordinary black ore. Principal brown ore seems to have been formed beneath the shell of the pyritic brown ore at temperature around 270°C. Footwall of the brown ore is disseminated tuff breccia corresponding to feeder zone of hydrothermal fluid. Overprinting chalcopyrite mineralization is not observed in the brown ore except in limited part of “diseased” ore, which occurs just above the disseminated tuff breccia.Based on the features distinct from the ordinary black ore, the brown ore can be regarded as a product in the marginal part of submarine hydrothermal system, where temperature and flow rate of hydrothermal solution was relatively low and microbial activity was intensive. The brown ore seems to well preserve its primary features after its deposition and might show the initial feature of some part of the ordinary stratiform black ore.
Geology, Mineralogy, and Formation Environment of the Disseminated Gold‐Silver Telluride Bulawan Deposit, Negros Occidental, Philippines
Authors: MAGLAMBAYAN Victor B. , ISHIYAMA Daizo , MIZUTA Toshio , IMAI Akira , ISHIKAWA Yohei 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Bulawan deposit is located in the porphyry copper belt of southwest Negros island, Philippines. Propylitic, K–feldspar, sericitic, and carbonate alteration types can be distinguished in the deposit. Propylite alteration occurs mainly in Cretaceous‐Eocene andesitic lavas and agglomerates while K–feldspar, sericite and carbonate alteration types occur mostly in the Middle Miocene dacite porphyry breccia pipes and stocks which were intruded into the andesites. K‐feldspar zones occur in the inner parts of the sericitized zone. Sericite alteration overprinted the propylitized and K‐feldspar alteration zones, at lower temperature than epidote and chlorite in the propylitized zone. Carbonate alteration is associated with the mineralization in the center of the breccia pipes and along faults.Mineralization consists of gold‐silver telluride ores that are hosted by the carbonate– and sericite‐altered dacite porphyry breccia pipes. The Bulawan ores occur mainly as disseminations, but unlike many epithermal gold deposits, lack classical epithermal colloform and crustiform quartz veins. The ore minerals are sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite and tetrahedite‐tennantite with minor amounts of electrum, calaverite, petzite, sylvanite, hessite, tellurobismuthite, coloradoite, altaite, and rucklidgeite. Electrum and telluride minerals are associated mostly with calcite and dolomite‐ankerite minerals.Fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite in clasts of propylitized andesite in the breccia pipes homogenize from about 300° to 400°C while fluid inclusions in quartz, calcite and sphalerite within the dacite porphyry breccia pipes homogenize between 300° to 310°C. The ores were formed around 300°C from hydrothermal solutions with salinity of about 6. 6 wt % NaCl equivalent. The presence of sylvanite and calaverite as intergrowths with each other, and the Ag content of calaverite are consistent with the above temperature estimate. Based on paragenesis, the Bulawan deposit formed in a pyrite‐stable environment, with pH between 3. 4 and 5. 5, fO2 between 10‐32 to 10‐30 atm, fS2 between 10‐9.8 to 10‐7.8 atm, fTe2 between 10‐8.9 to 10‐6.5 atm, and total sulfur content about 10‐2.8 molal. The dominant reduced sulfur species in the ore solutions may have been H2S(aq), and the likely aqueous tellurium species were H2Te(aq) and H2TeO3(aq). The ore minerals in the Bulawan deposit were probably formed by mixing of slightly saline and low salinity fluids.
Hydrogen Isotope Study of Fluid Inclusions in Vein Quartz of the Hishikari Gold Deposits, Japan
Authors: IMAI Akira , SHIMAZAKI Hidehiko , NISHIZAWA Tomoko 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The origin of mineralizing fluids responsible for the Hishikari vein‐type epithermal Au deposits was studied on the basis of the hydrogen isotopic ratio (δD) of the inclusion fluid from vein quartz and adularia. The origin of hydrothermal fluids was estimated by combination of the present δ values and the oxygen isotopic ratios (δ18O) previously reported by Shikazono and Nagayama (1993).The water in the fluid inclusions was extracted by means of decrepitation of quartz at 500°C. Hydrogen was obtained by reduction of the collected water with Zn shot at 450°C. The δD values were determined by mass spectrometer.The δD values of inclusion fluid obtained from quartz range from –61 to –114%. These are significantly lower than the δD value of the thermal water presently venting from the Hishikari deposits and that of local meteoric water.Hydrogen isotopic fractionation between water and amorphous silica, which might have initially precipitated from the hydrothermal fluids at least partly, is not a probable cause of this isotopic depletion, while some water might have been released from the initial hydrous amorphous silica during recrystallization to quartz observed presently. Thus, a part of ore fluids for the Hishikari deposits is supposed to have been originated from the water having anomalous δD values of lower than –100%.Such D depletion cannot be caused by simple oxygen‐shift of meteoric water or by contribution of magmatic volatiles. The δD values of water released from the shale samples of the Shimanto–Supergroup, a major host to the Hishikari veins range from –132 to –148%. Therefore, the anomalous δD values of inclusion fluids from some vein quartz and adularia suggest that the water released from hydrous minerals of the sedimentary basement rocks by dehydration or the groundwater isotopically exchanged with sedimentary rocks at elevated temperatures during circulation, partly contributed to the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the Hishikari deposits.