bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To What Does the Terminal Orienting Response Respond?
Authors: Greene Roger L. , Dengerink Harold A. , Staples Susan L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious authors suggested that the electrodermal orienting response to stimulus onset (OR) reflects cognitive processes related to the content of a stimulus while responses to stimulus offset (TOR) reflect processes related to stimulus duration. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that the OR and TOR are special cases of Ss responding to whatever part of the stimulus contains information necessary to make the requested judgment. The results clearly supported this alternative hypothesis. The Ss responded to stimulus onset when asked to judge the pitch (content) of a constant tone and to stimulus offset when asked to judge the terminal pitch of a varying tone. They responded to both the onset and offset of a stimulus when asked to compare the onset and offset pitch and when asked to judge stimulus duration. Experiment 2 partially replicated Experiment 1 in an attempt to assess the OR‐TOR phenomenon in a second sensory modality (vision) and with a second dependent measure. The patterns of both electrodermal and heart rate responses were similar to those of Experiment 1 and to those observed by other authors.
Recovery Functions of Somatosensory Evoked Responses in Slow Learners
Authors: Wasman Marvin , Gluck Henry 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe amplitude of the evoked response to the second of a pair of somatosensory stimuli was studied as a function of the interstimulus interval in subject of above average intelligence and in subjects of borderline or retarded intelligence classified as slow learners. Recovery functions were biphasic for both groups but the slow learners showed less recovery of cortical responsiveness at brief interstimulus intervals. The results indicate that recovery functions of the somatosensory evoked responses are related lo behavioral measures as reflected in mild deficits in intellectual performance.
Psychological and Physiological Variables Associated With Large Magnitude Voluntary Heart Rate Changes
Authors: Stephens Joseph H. , Harris Alan H. , Brady Joseph V. , Shaffer John W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTForty subjects, given binary and proportional auditory and visual feedback and asked to raise and lower their heart rate on signal, were able to produce increases of up to 46 bpm and decreases of up to 14 bpm, with a mean increase over 5 experimental days of 11 bpm and a decrease of 5 bpm. Increases in both diastolic and systolic blood pressure and increases in skin potential level and number of skin potential responses accompanied voluntary increases in heart rate but not decreases. Subjects with the highest resting heart rate variability and skin potential level were best able to raise their heart rate. Subjects with the highest resting heart rate and highest resting heart rate variability were best able to decrease the heart rate. Subjects with high Ego Strength scores (or low Welsh's Factor A scores) on the MMPI were best able to control their heart rate. The Ego Strength score, resting heart rate, and resting heart rate variability were all significantly intercorrelated. Subjects showed marked individual differences in ability to control heart rate, although there was a significant correlation between ability to raise and ability to lower heart rate.
Visual Evoked Responses as a Function of Light Intensity in Down's Syndrome and Nonretarded Subjects
Authors: Gliddon J. B. , Busk Jytte , Galbraith Gary C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOccipital and central averaged visual evoked responses (VERs) were recorded from nonretarded and Down's syndrome (DS) subjects. Three different light intensities were used, all below levels of stimulation used in previous studies. Overall results showed that DS subjects had significantly larger VER perimeters and longer VER latencies, while nonretarded subjects had significant VER asymmetry in the occipital recording (left> right) at all three intensities, DS subjects showed a significantly greater increase in perimeter scores as a function of intensity, with the widest group separation occurring at the highest level of stimulation (43 phots). However, when VER latencies were measured, the widest group separation occurred at the lowest level of stimulation (0.43) phots. Moreover, the only evidence reported thus far for evoked response asymmetry in DS subjects occurred at the lowest light level, These results illustrate the importance of stimulus parameters in evoked potential studies of mental retardation.
Cardiac Responses Associated with “Yoked‐Chair” Shock Avoidance in Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Corley K. C. , Mauck H. P. , Shiel F. O'M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWhile functional cardiac changes and myocardial pathology have been associated with shock avoidance, whether these effects arc due to shock alone or other aspects of the avoidance situation has not been determined. With 6 groups of “yoked‐chair” squirrel monkeys. electrocadiogram, blood pressure, and myocardial pathology were studied. Each avoidance monkey was paired with a yoked monkey which could not cope with shock and received each delivered to the avoidance monkey. The effect of this stress was observed in 5 of 6 yoked monkeys u physical deterioration and severe bradycardia with ventricular arrest, but no significant myocardial necrology. With one exception, paired avoidance monkeys showed no effect of stress. Since previous research has shown that the avoidance situation induces a sympathetic activation which is manifested as myofibrillar degeneration and the present in experiment demonulraled that the yoked situation elicits a parasympathetic‐like response and bradycardia with ventricular arrests. cardiac response to the stress of shock avoidance varies depending on whether it occurred in the avoidance or yoked situation.
Alpha Enhancement: Effectiveness of Two Feedback Contingencies Relative to a Resting Baseline
Authors: Kuhlman William N. , Klieger Douglas M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo investigate the effectiveness of informational feedback in the enhancement of the occipital alpha rhythm, 29 subjects were given one session of feedback in which either the presence of a tone signalled alpha (Loop 1) or the absence of tone signalled alpha (Loop 2), while 11 controls received no feedback. Alpha obtained during these conditions was compared to baseline* established from maximum eyes closed resting alpha densities obtained in an earlier session. The Loop I group increased alpha across feedback trials but did not exceed baseline, while Loop 2 subjects exceeded baseline but showed little increase across feedback trials. Controls showed no significant change in alpha. Enhancement across trials was associated with individual differences in baseline alpha, with only those subjects in (he mid‐range of the distribution showing increases. These results do not verify claims of large magnitude changes in alpha density with feedback training, but do suggest that methods of feedback presentation other than the customary Loop I contingency may be more effective in facilitating short term increases in alpha above resting baseline.
Period Analysis of the Electroencephalogram With Recording of Interval Histograms of EEG Half‐Wave Durations
Authors: Sharp Frank H. , Smith Glenn W. , Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: February 2007

PARTH: PERIOD ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM WITH RECORDING OF INTERVAL HISTOGRAMS OF EEG HALF‐WAVE DURATIONS DEC PDP‐8/I or /L (4K) [PAL‐8] Date Submitted: September 20, 1974. Acronym: PARIH. Machine Sensible Materials: Paper tape. Documentation: Program description, operating manual, and annotated listing. Authors: F. H. Sharp, G. W. Smith, W. W. Surwillo. Submitted by: W. W. Surwillo. Submitter's Affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 608 South Jackson Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40201.PARIH determines the distribution of half‐wave durations for specifiable portions of each of two simultaneously‐inputed analog signals. Peaks and troughs in the signal define half‐wave boundaries. Half‐waves of less than a user‐waves. Output is presented via a teletypewriter in the form of an interval histogram. The program operates on‐line. Developed for EEG analysis, PARIH is suitable for similar analog signals. Minimum Hardware: DEC PDP‐8/I or /L with 4K core, teleypewriter, and DEC, AX08 laboratory peripheral.
Extraversion and Pupillary Response to Affective and Taboo Words
Authors: Stelmack Robert M. , Mandelzys Nathan 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe association of pupillary constriction with negative valence stimulation was explored within the context of Eysenck's theory of extraversion. Three groups of 11 introverts, ambiverts, and extraverts observed the auditory presentation of 12 affective. 12 taboo, and 24 matched neutral words. Introverts yielded the largest average pupil size under all conditions and the largest magnitude of change in pupil size from prestimulus level. The results support Kysenck's general statement relating extroversion and cortical arousal in its postulate of a higher level of arousal in introverts. The general hypothesis that the pupil constricts to unpleasant stimulation was not affirmed.
Emitted and Evoked P300 Potentials and Variation in Stimulus Probability
Authors: Ruchkin D. S. , Sutton S. , Tueting P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThere have been a number of reports of a cerebral potential occurring at about the time of an expected but absent stimulus when absence provided significant information for the subject. This potential consists primarily of a positive peak occurring with a latency of about 300 msec with respect to the time of stimulus absence and is referred to as an emitted P300 potential. It has been conjectured that the emitted P300 is a manifestation of the same process that underlies the evoked P300. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is provided by demonstrating that both the evoked and emitted P300 potentials are similarly affected by variation in event probability. A paradigm was used in which click presence and absence provided information. The relative probability of click presence and absence was experimentally manipulated. Both evoked and emitted p300 amplitude responded in the same way to event probability, larger for the less frequent event and smaller for the more frequent event.
Anxiety and the Habituation of the Skin Conductance Response
Authors: Watts J. M. J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of threat of shock on the habituation of the skin conductance response (SCR) to a series of auditory stimuli was assessed. Skin resistance and heart rate were recorded during the presentation of 20, 1 sec, 1000 Hz tones in a control session and in a session at the end of which subjects were led to expect a painful electric shock. The effects of the threat of shock consisted of recovery of the SCR and an increase in skin conductance level and heart rate. They were restricted to the period during which subjects believed the shock to be imminent.Two possible reasons for the SCR recovery were offered, one in terms of Lader and Mathews' (1968) ‘maximal habituation’ hypothesis and a second in terms of a change in the stimulus complex.
Electrodermal Recovery Rate in a Schizophrenic Population
Authors: Maricq Hildegard R. , Edelberg Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStudies by AX and Bamford (1970) and by Gruzelier and Venables (1972) showed that schizophrenics had faster electrodermal recovery rates than normals. This appeared paradoxical in view of the apparent association of fast recovery with goal‐oriented behavior. However, it seemed possible that their results reflected the greater effect of their aversive test situations on the control groups as compared to schizophrenics, since it has been shown that aversive stimuli tend to cause slowing of recovery. It was therefore predicted that for non‐aversive stimuli and tasks demanding goal‐orientation the results would be reversed and schizophrenics would have slower recovery rates than normals. The present study examined recovery rate for 28 hospitalized schizophrenics, free of medication, and 27 controls, under non‐aversive conditions, i.e. mild stimuli, rest, or simple tasks, as well as one aversive situation, the cold pressor test. For the non‐aversive situations, the schizophrenics had significantly slower recovery rates. For the aversive situation there was no significant difference. Results are consistent with the interpretation that schizophrenics usually have slower recovery than normals but may be less susceptible than normals to the slowing effects of aversive elements in the stimulus situation.
CO2: A Possible Missing Link Between Regional Cortical Metabolism and Transcephalic Direct Current Potentials
Authors: Cowen Murray A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCertain slowly changing potentials measured on the surface of the scalp (TCDC potentials) have been shown to correlate significantly with a number of psychological and psychiatric parameters. It has been shown that they are related to metabolism of the subjacent cerebral cortex. The present work investigates the possibility that the potentials are related to brain CO2 production in a series of three groups of studies. In the first studies rat brain to. metabolism is modulated by a variety of internal carotid injections and the concomitant TCDC effects are observed. In the second set of studies scalp CO2 is modulated by a series of external carotid injections and the associated TCDC effects noted. Finally biophysical analysis shows that electrogenic CO2 reactions in the scalp are quantitatively in agreement with empirically measured TCDC voltage, current, and resistance measures, and that the cortex is the most likely source for most of the CO2 involved in the voltage generation.
Effect of Sleep Stage and Stimulus Intensity on Auditory Average Evoked Responses
Authors: Buchsbaum Monte , Gillin J. Christian , Pfefferbaum Adolf 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAuditory average evoked responses (AERs) to clicks ranging from 50 to 80 dB were studied in 9 normal adults while awake and during sleep. AER amplitude tended to increase little from 50 to 80 dB in waking subjects but increased markedly in sleeping subjects during stages 3 and 4. Rapid eye movement (REM) and stage 1 sleep had small amplitude AER.S in comparison with other sleep stages, individuals who showed decreases in amplitude at high intensities while awake slept significantly longer during the experimental nights.
The Phasic Electrodermal Response As a Differentiated Complex Reflecting Stimulus Significance
Authors: Bernstein Alvin S. , Taylor Kenneth W. , Weinstein Erica 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo examine the influence of stimulus significance on the shin conductance response (SCR) a 21 sec. 1000‐Hz tone was sounded variously In one car or the other. A click occurred during many tones, and a light signal always followed offset by 9 sec. Four groups were studied: one was told In press a pedal immediately on hearing any click; another only on hearing the click during a tone in a specified ear: a third was also to respond only to the specified ear, but was to withhold the press until the light following tone‐offset; a fourth group simply listened without and response. Each of a series of predictions regarding the incremental effect of stimulus significance on the SCR was confirmed, at each point at which information was delivered on any trial ‐ i.e., tone‐onset, click, tone‐offset, light‐onset. This was true for both independent as well us for within‐.S (between ear) comparisons. The presence of verbally‐induced “significance” as well as the complex nature of its influence indicated the presence of central mediation in the elicitation of “peripheral” SCRs. Was identified which correlated uniquel with motor reaction time, did not habituate, and did not correlate with SCRs elicited by other signals in this task. The execute SCRs did not simply reflect judgments of “significance” rather, it was qualitatively distinguished from other SCRs which, in general, were associated with stimulus “significance” There was some evidence of an alerting SCR too, hut this was less sharply defined.
A Device for Studying the Psychophysiologic Effects of Thermal Stimulation of the Human Esophagus
Authors: Maule William F. , Baer Paul E. , Fuhrer Marcus J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA thermoelectric device is described that has the capability of reliably producing interoceptive temperature increments that are precise and localzed. For thermal stimulation of the esophagus, it has advantages over the conventional water‐filled balloon of precluding unauthorized movement. distension, and temperature cues.
Detection of Information and GSR Habituation: An Attempt to Derive Detection Efficiency From Two Habituation Curves
Authors: Shakhar Gershon Ben , Lieblich Israel , Kugelmass Sol 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe study attempts to describe the detection of information paradigm, based on differential GSR reactivity in terms of basic habituation processes. Two GSR habituation curves, for relevant and neutral stimuli, were generated rated on a sample of 83 Ss. Relevant and neutral stimuli exhibited similar habituation curves, From these two habituation curves it was possible to predict in a meaningful fashion the characteristics of standard information detection experiments using a notion of dichotomization. This notion refers to separate habituation processes for the relevant and neutral stimulus categories. The predictions were tested on an additional sample of 102 Ss. It was found that without additional assumptions it was possible to predict, at least the order, of the efficiencies of detection in various information detection tasks. In light of the present results, consideration was given to Sokolov's concept of “signal value.”
Stimulus Intensity Reduction Following Habituation
Authors: Edwards David C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTExtent of habituation was manipulated by the number of presentations of a short burst of moderate intensity white noise: 4, 8. 15. 22. or 30 times. Skin conductance response (SCR) magnitude to subsequent lest noise pulses of markedly less intensity increased with the extent of habituation. However, response magnitude to tests after 4 or 8 pulses was less than that to the immediately preceding louder pulse, and response to the less intense probe noises after 15, 22, or 30 habituation pulses was greater than that to the immediately preceding pulse. These changes in intensity of stimulation had two effects. They directly determined SCR magnitude, and they provided a stimulation discrepancy yielding an orienting reaction. The experimental problem was introduced using both conditioning/learning and neuronal modeling concepts.
The Effects of Chlorpromazine and Dextroamphetamine Sulfate On the Visual Stimulation Preference of Extraverts and Introverts
Authors: Bartol Curt R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe study was design to assess the hypothesis that preference for visual stimulation is at least in part determined by physiological mechanisms which can be modified by depressant and stimulant drugs. Thirty‐six undergraduate females representing stable extroverts and stable introverts were used under diversive and specific exploration paradigms. While the specific exploration paradigm failed to reveal drug effects, the diversive exploration paradigm revealed that preference patterns of introverts were influenced by chlorpromazine, while dextroamphetamine sulfate had no significant effect on the preference patterns of extraverts. The relationship between the RAS, cortical arousal, and preferences for stimulation is discussed.
Cortical Evoked Responses to Labyrinthine Stimulation in Man
Authors: Salamy J. , Potvin A. , Jones K. , Landerth J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCortical evoked responses to the onset of angular acceleration (30° sec2) were obtained from 20 Ss, The Ss were scaled in a torsion swing chair (which provided the acceleration stimuli) and wore blindfolds and ear muffs. A discrimination task was used to keep Ss alert and enhance their attention to the onset of the vestibular stimulus. Ss were asked to judge whether the onset of rotation was smooth, having no detectable tactile sense (type A); or rough, with detectable tactile sensations (type B); or if tactile sense was detected in the absence of rotation (type C). Average evoked responses were obtained for each of these stimuli as well as for auditory stimuli.The most prominent and consistent feature of the responses obtained by rotation only (type A), here designated as rotary evoked responses (REPs). was a late negative‐positive complex with peaks at about 193 and 345 m sec respectively. On the basis of these latencies it is argued that the responses are probably of vestibular rather than somatosensory origin.It is concluded that vestibular stimulation produces responses from the scalp comparable to those of other sensory systems and that the method of average evoked potentials is appropriate to studying vestibular‐cortical pathways in man.
Spatial Distribution of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) and the Relationship between CNV and Reaction Time
Authors: Papakostopolous Demetrios , Fenelon Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMultichannel recording of scalp CNV (Contingent Negative Variation) and RT (Reaction Time) was carried out on 12 normal adult Ss in a fixed foreperiod RT experiment. Single trial responses were stored on digital tape and averaged off‐line. Strict control over eye movement artifact was exerted through fixation techniques coupled with mechanical and electro‐oculographic monitoring of movement. Analysis of single‐trial data gave an intra‐individual picture of correlation apparently in conflict with the across picture gained from averages. A rationalization is attempted of these results and some evidence is offered that, in the individual S, a negative and probably nonlinear relationship holds between CNV amplitude and RT. Analysis of average data demonstrates the distribution of CNV across the scalp and shows a lack of correlation between CNV and RT in prefrontal areas, in contrast with that found in central‐parietal areas. It is suggested that the CNV is an index of functionally different processes in these areas.
Daytime Visual Load and the Effects upon Human Sleep
Authors: Horne J. A. , Walmsley B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe importance of vision to man was used as a basis for a possible link between vision and sleep. A physiological approach to the human visual system identified several factors which might produce a visual load. Five subjects were exposed to high and low levels of visual load on two different occasions. Exercise and noise were controlled. Sleep EEGs were taken for 3 baseline nights and for 2 nights following each condition. The only significant changes were for SWS stages, which increased after the high load condition. These increases were particularly prominent on the second night. There were no significant changes fallowing the low condition. On all nights RKM remained constant: this was contrary to the cognitive theories of REM. Although the findings indicate that visual load can affect SWS. this interpretation is qualified.