bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging food freezing using X‐ray microtomography
Authors: Mousavi Reza , Miri Taghi , Cox Philip W. , Fryer Peter J. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryX‐ray micro‐computed tomography (X‐ray micro‐CT) has been applied to visualise ice crystal structures formed during freezing of a number of foods. Materials were frozen unidirectionally at −5 °C and then freeze‐dried to remove the ice crystal structure and leave voids that can be measured by the X‐ray. The system reconstructs the 3‐D image based on a set of 2‐D images, and is capable of micrometre‐scale visualisation. This study demonstrates the capability of the technique to characterise the internal ice crystal microstructure of a range of frozen materials; meat, fish, chicken, potato, cheese and carrot. Results show the voids corresponding to the ice crystals formed within these materials at different directions to the heat flux and various axial positions. Electron microscopy of the same materials, both fresh and frozen at −5 °C, indicates the same shape of voids seen by the tomographic technique. Ice crystal parameters such as size, area and width can be quantified by the technique. Ice crystals in carrot were larger than in the other materials, while cheese and potato had the lowest values. The ice crystal distribution of all the experimental materials varied with axial distance from cooling surface; the closer the measurement was to the cooling surface, the smaller the crystal size. The results demonstrate that X‐ray micro‐CT might be useful in the analysis of frozen foods.
The effect of test conditions on failure parameters during uniaxial compression of potato tissue
Authors: Canet Wenceslao , Alvarez M. Dolores , Gil Manuel Juan 
Published: November 2007

SummaryUniaxial compression tests were performed on potato flesh. Cylindrical samples of diameters (19.05 and 25.4 mm) and heights (5, 10, 15 and 20 mm) were tested under non‐lubricated, lubricated and increased friction conditions. The deformation rate effect was also examined by performing compression tests at 50, 100, 200 and 400 mm min−1. In the present study, parameters derived from compression to failure were failure strain (ε), engineering stress (F/A0), true stress (F/Af), apparent elastic modulus (E) and energy at failure (Uv). As compared with non‐lubricated friction condition, lubrication increased significantly the average ε value and decreased significantly the average F/Af value, but appears to have lower significant effect on the average F/A0, E and Uv values. Failure strain, engineering stress and energy at failure increased with deformation rate, whereas true stress and apparent elastic modulus decreased. Failure strain increased with sample diameter and decreased significantly with sample height, whereas the rest of the failure parameters decreased when both sample dimensions increased. As compared with non‐lubricated friction condition, lubrication results in a higher influence of deformation rate on the averageε, F/A0 and Uv values, a similar influence of sample diameter on the average F/Af and E values, but a lower influence of sample height on all the failure parameters. In turn, increased friction results in a higher influence of deformation rate and mainly the sample height on the averageε, F/A0 and Uv values, but a lower influence of sample diameter on all the failure parameters. Principal components analyses showed that principal component 1 is determined by ε, F/A0 and Uv, and is strongly influenced by sample height, whereas component 2 is dominated by E, and is mainly influenced by sample diameter.
A numerical approach revealing the impact of rheological properties on mouthfeel caused by food
Authors: Mathmann Katrin , Kowalczyk Wojciech , Petermeier Hannes , Baars Albert , Eberhard Michael , Delgado Antonio 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn contrast to the static chemoreceptor‐related flavour perception, texture of food capable of flow is detected dynamically with oral mechanoreceptors while the food is manipulated in the mouth. The resulting sensation called mouthfeel strongly depends on the different physical properties of food. Aim of the current study is to determine numerically the occurring fluid mechanical forces in food suspensions using a simplified tongue‐palate model system consisting of two parallel plates. For this purpose, the equations of fluid and particle motion are numerically solved by using structured overlapping grids. In the computational experiment, a density neutral fluid system between the plates is compressed by moving the upper plate with constant velocity down to the other one. It has been found that suspended particles move with the fluid flow but have only minor effect on the global flow field in the applied concentration.
1600–1500 Ma hotspot track in eastern Australia: implications for Mesoproterozoic continental reconstructions
Authors: Betts Peter G. , Giles David , Schaefer Bruce F. , Mark Geordie 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMesoproterozoic A‐type magmatic rocks in the Gawler Craton, Curnamona Province and eastern Mount Isa Inlier, form a palaeo‐curvilinear belt for reconstructed plate orientations. The oldest igneous rocks in the Gawler Craton are the Hiltaba Granite Suite: c. 1600–1575 Ma. The youngest in the Mount Isa Inlier are the Williams‐Naraku Batholiths: c. 1545–1500 Ma. The belt is interpreted as a segment of a hotspot track that evolved between c. 1600 and 1500 Ma. This hotspot track may define a quasilinear part of Australia’s motion between 1636 and 1500 Ma, and suggests that Australia drifted to high latitudes. An implication of this interpretation is that Australia and Laurentia may not have been fellow travellers leading to the formation of Rodinia. A hotspot model for A‐type magmatism in Australia differs from geodynamic models for this style of magmatism on other continents. This suggests that multiple geologic processes may be responsible for the genesis of Proterozoic A‐type magmas.
Overweight and obesity in Portugal: national prevalence in 2003–2005
Authors: Do Carmo I. , Dos Santos O. , Camolas J. , Vieira J. , Carreira M. , Medina L. , Reis L. , Myatt J. , Galvão‐Teles A. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryObesity is an endemic health problem in most developed countries, requiring serious public health attention. The first Portuguese nationwide representative survey about obesity (with objective anthropometric measurement) was undertaken from 1995 to 1998. This paper presents data coming from the second and most recent nationwide representative study of obesity, with objective measurement of weight, height, waist and hip circumferences. Data were collected between January 2003 and January 2005. The survey collected objective body mass index (BMI) values of 8116 participants aged 18–64. Main findings were: 2.4% of the sample had low weight (BMI < 18.5), 39.4% were overweight (BMI between 25.0 and 29.9), and 14.2% obese (BMI ≥ 30). Waist circumference measurement showed that 45.6% of the sample suffers increased cardiovascular health risks associated with high waist circumference. The overall overweight/obesity prevalence increased from 49.6% (in 1995–1998) to 53.6% (in 2003–2005). These data suggest that although obesity was identified as a public health problem one decade ago, action to reduce it does not seem to have been very effective to date. Well‐defined public health intervention must be targeted to specific population groups where higher levels of obesity prevalence were found: low socioeconomic level groups and low‐education level groups.
‘BACK TO THE ROUGH GROUND!’ WITTGENSTEINIAN REFLECTIONS ON RATIONALITY AND REASON
Authors: Heal Jane 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWittgenstein does not talk much explicitly about reason as a general concept, but this paper aims to sketch some thoughts which might fit his later outlook and which are suggested by his approach to language. The need for some notions in the area of ‘reason’ and ‘rationality’ are rooted in our ability to engage in discursive and persuasive linguistic exchanges. But because such exchanges can (as Wittgenstein emphasises) be so various, we should expect the notions to come in many versions, shaped by history and culture. Awareness of this variety, and of the distinctive elements of our own Western European history, may provide some defence against the temptation of conceptions, such as that of ‘perfect rationality’, which operate in unhelpfully simplified and idealised terms.
Regulation of the High‐Affinity Nitrate Transport System in Wheat Roots by Exogenous Abscisic Acid and Glutamine
Authors: Cai Chao , Zhao Xue‐Qiang , Zhu Yong‐Guan , Li Bin , Tong Yi‐Ping , Li Zhen‐Sheng 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Nitrate is a major nitrogen (N) source for most crops. Nitrate uptake by root cells is a key step of nitrogen metabolism and has been widely studied at the physiological and molecular levels. Understanding how nitrate uptake is regulated will help us engineer crops with improved nitrate uptake efficiency. The present study investigated the regulation of the high‐affinity nitrate transport system (HATS) by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and glutamine (Gln) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots. Wheat seedlings grown in nutrient solution containing 2 mmol/L nitrate as the only nitrogen source for 2 weeks were deprived of N for 4 d and were then transferred to nutrient solution containing 50 μmol/L ABA, and 1 mmol/L Gln in the presence or absence of 2 mmol/L nitrate for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h. Treated wheat plants were then divided into two groups. One group of plants was used to investigate the mRNA levels of the HATS components NRT2 and NAR2 genes in roots through semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR approach, and the other set of plants were used to measure high‐affinity nitrate influx rates in a nutrient solution containing 0.2 mmol/L 15N‐labeled nitrate. The results showed that exogenous ABA induced the expression of the TaNRT2.1, TaNRT2.2, TaNRT2.3, TaNAR2.1, and TaNAR2.2 genes in roots when nitrate was not present in the nutrient solution, but did not further enhance the induction of these genes by nitrate. Glutamine, which has been shown to inhibit the expression of NRT2 genes when nitrate is present in the growth media, did not inhibit this induction. When Gln was supplied to a nitrate‐free nutrient solution, the expression of these five genes in roots was induced. These results imply that the inhibition by Gln of NRT2 expression occurs only when nitrate is present in the growth media. Although exogenous ABA and Gln induced HATS genes in the roots of wheat, they did not induce nitrate influx.
Genotypes of Heading Date of Middle Indica Rice in the Mid‐lower Region of the Yangtze River
Authors: Xu Jun‐Feng , Jiang Ling , Wei Xiang‐Jin , Zhang Wen‐Wei , Liu Shi‐Jia , Chen Liang‐Ming , Luo Lin‐Guang , Wan Jian‐Min 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Middle indica cultivars are planted in the middle to lower regions of the Yangtze River. Hybrid combinations with these cultivars have a high yield potential but the presence of late‐transgressive‐segregants limits the further exploitation of heterosis. To understand the genetic basis of the heading date in these middle maturing cultivars, we carried out a genetic analysis of 10 typical middle‐season cultivars using a number of heading date isogenic lines under both long and short day conditions. The results showed that Teqing, 752, CDR22, Bo B, 9311 and II‐32B carry two photoperiod sensitive genes E1 or Se‐1 and E3, and Teqing, 752 and CDR22 carry a dominant early‐heading gene Ef‐1 while Bo B, 9311 and II‐32B carry a recessive late‐heading gene ef‐1. Based on the findings of the present and previous works on Guichao 2, Minghui 63, Nanjing 11 and Pei'ai64S, it was concluded that all of these middle indica cultivars carried the recessive allele hd2, which could inhibit the expression of E1 or Se‐1, and they formed rational combinations of genotype for heading date during a long period of evolution. The effects of the different combinations of genotype for heading date on rice cultivation and extension were discussed, and genetic basis of broad adaptability of hybrid middle indica cultivars was analyzed.
The Streptomycin-Sulfadiazine-Tetracycline Antimicrobial Resistance Element of Calf-Adapted
Escherichia coli
Is Widely Distributed among Isolates from Washington State Cattle
Authors: Khachatryan Artashes R. , Besser Thomas E. , Call Douglas R. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Association of specific antimicrobial resistance patterns with unrelated selective traits has long been implicated in the maintenance of antimicrobial resistance in a population. Previously we demonstrated that
Escherichia coli
strains with a specific resistance pattern (resistant to
s
treptomycin,
su
lfadiazine, and
t
etracycline [SSuT]) have a selective advantage in dairy calf intestinal environments and in the presence of a milk supplement commonly fed to the calves. In the present study we identified the sequence of the genetic element that confers the SSuT phenotype and show that this element is present in a genetically diverse group of
E. coli
isolates, as assessed by macrorestriction digestion and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. This element was also found in
E. coli
isolates from 18 different cattle farms in Washington State. Using in vitro competition experiments we further demonstrated that SSuT strains from 17 of 18 farms were able to outcompete pansusceptible strains. In a separate set of experiments, we were able to transfer the antimicrobial resistance phenotype by electroporation to a laboratory strain of
E. coli
(DH10B), making that new strain more competitive during in vitro competition with the parental DH10B strain. These data indicate that a relatively large genetic element conferring the SSuT phenotype is widely distributed in
E. coli
from cattle in Washington State. Furthermore, our results indicate that this element is responsible for maintenance of these traits owing to linkage to genetic traits that confer a selective advantage in the intestinal lumens of dairy calves.
Elucidating the Function of an Ancient NF-κB p100 Homologue, CrRelish, in Antibacterial Defense
Authors: Fan Ze Hua , Wang Xiao Wei , Lu Jinhua , Ho Bow , Ding Jeak Ling 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

The family of NF-κB transcription factors essentially regulates immune-related gene expression. Recently, we isolated and characterized the classical NF-κB/inhibitor κB (IκB) homologues from a “living fossil,” the horseshoe crab,
Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
. Interestingly, this ancient species also harbors another class I NF-κB p100 homologue,
C. rotundicauda
Relish (CrRelish). Similar to
Drosophila
Relish and the mammalian p100, CrRelish contains both the Rel-homology domains (RHD) and the IκB-like domain. In this study, we found that the RHD of CrRelish can recognize horseshoe crab and human κB response elements and activate the downstream reporter in vitro, thereby suggesting the evolutionary conservation of this molecule.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
infection transcriptionally upregulates CrRelish, which exhibits a dynamic protein profile over the time course of infection. Surprisingly, secondary infection reinduced an upsurge in CrRelish protein expression to a level which overrode the protein degradation at 12 h postinfection. These observations strongly suggest the involvement of CrRelish in antibacterial defense. Secondary infection causes (i) the maintenance of a favorable expression-competent sequence context of the CrRelish gene and/or (ii) the derepression or stabilization of the CrRelish transcript resulting from the primary infection to enable the more rapid expression and accumulation of the CrRelish protein, reflecting apparent signal/immune priming in a repeated infection.
Names That Can Be Said of Everything: Porphyrian Tradition and 'Transcendental' Terms in Twelfth-Century Logic
Authors: Valente Luisa 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn an article published in 2003, Klaus Jacobi—using texts partially edited in De Rijk's Logica Modernorum—demonstrated that twelfth-century logic contains a tradition of reflecting about some of the transcendental names (nomina transcendentia). In addition to reinforcing Jacobi's thesis with other texts, this contribution aims to demonstrate two points: 1) That twelfth-century logical reflection about transcendental terms has its origin in the logica vetus, and especially in a passage from Porphyry Isagoge and in Boethius's commentary on it. In spite of the loss of the major part of the Aristotelian corpus, the twelfth-century masters in logic still received some Aristotelian theses concerning the notions of one and being via Porphyry and Boethius; on the basis of such theses, they were able to elaborate a sort of proto-theory of the transcendentals as trans-categorical terms. 2) That this theory is centred on the idea that there exists a particular group of names which have the property that they can be said of everything; this group includes "being", "one", "thing" and "something" (ens, unum, res, aliquid). Twelfth-century masters in logic try to question the (originally Aristotelian) thesis that these terms are equivocal, although they do not deny it completely.
Electromagnetic interference considerations for automated welding cells
Authors: Stone D. , Smith J.S. , Lucas J. 
Published: November 2007

The paper concerns a systematic approach to transient-noise suppression which is essential for the development of automated TIG (Tungsten-Inert-Gas) welding systems for industry. The principal source of noise is the initiation of the arc both at the start of and during the welding process. Arc initiation is attained by a number of techniques involving high voltages and high frequencies. The solution of two case studies involving DC and AC (mains) TIG welding have been given in detail. The worst case of interference occurs for AC (mains) TIG welding because it is necessary to reignite the arc constantly when the arc voltage crosses zero level. This occurs at a frequency of 100 Hz. The interference noise has been suppressed by a combination of techniques involving filtering, grounding, isolation and shielding. Fibre-optic links and optoisolators are an essential part of the solution. The research has resulted in the production of robust TIG welding systems used by industry.
Road lane trajectory estimation using yaw rate gyroscopes for intelligent vehicle control
Authors: Barber P.A. , King P. , Richardson M. 
Published: November 2007

Vehicles equipped with advanced control systems can benefit significantly from an accurate estimation of the trajectory of the road ahead. This can be used, for example, to determine whether an obstacle, detected by a forward-looking sensor, is on the vehicle's path or in an adjacent lane. One method of deriving such an estimate is to combine a measurement of the yaw motion of the vehicle with some basic assumptions about the nature of the road. An adaptive cruise control system, equipped with a yaw-rate-based trajectory estimation, was demonstrated by Jaguar Cars at the PROMETHEUS 'Board Members Meeting' in 1994 with control that could distinguish between vehicles in adjacent lanes, even on motorway bends. This system showed a considerable benefit over those which did not make use of any steering information to select the sensor's field of interest, allowing the vehicle to follow traffic more naturally. The paper explores the consequences of the technique by modelling the nature of curves on motorway roads, the sources of noise on the yaw rate signal and the filtering used to form a reliable estimate of the road trajectory.
The acquisition of word order in Dutch and German as L1 and L2
Authors: Jordens Peter 
Published: November 2007

In a recent paper, Clahsen and Muysken (1986) argue that children acquiring German as their first language have access to the 'move alpha' matrix when constructing a grammar for German. This should explain why children have SOV base order and the rule of verb-fronting from the very beginning. In this paper, it is argued that children's OV utterances cannot be related trans formationally to VO utterances. Initially, children acquire OV and VO with different sets of verbs. Clahsen and Muysken (1986) also claim that interlanguage rules of adult L2 learners are not definable in linguistic theory. Du Plessis et al. (1987) reply to this in arguing that the interlanguage rules of adults acquiring L2 German word order fall within the range of systems permitted by the Headedness parameter, the Proper Government parameter, and the Adjunction parameter. Therefore, these adult learners should have access to Universal Grammar (UG). It is argued here that it is not necessary to make this assumption. The L2-acquisition data can be easily accounted for within a simple model of L1-structural transfer.
A new impeller blood pump design: in vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: Qian Kun-xi , Jin Yong-an , Lin Kuang-ding , Pi Kai-duan , Wang Yi-pin , Qing Fei  
Published: November 2007

The most important design considerations in the development of a new centrifugal blood pump revolve around reductions in size and blood contact surface area, together with the production of physiological flow characteristics without undue trauma to blood proteins and formed elements. This report describes the functional testing of a centrifugal pump which weighs 240g (including a 190g motor), capable of generating a flow of 4I per minute against a pressure head of 100mmHg. Flow can be induced in both pulsatile and nonpulsatile modes. In vitro testing was conducted by comparison with a locally manufactured roller pump (Shanghai) and a Sarns 7000 pump for nonpulsatile evaluation, whilst pulsatile tests made use of a locally manufactured diaphragm pump and a Polystan pulsatile pump. Haemolysis studies showed the centrifugal pump produced only 20% and 30% red cell damage compared with the Shanghai and Sarns roller pumps respectively and in the pulsatile mode it produced only 17% and 8% of the haemolysis created by the diaphragm and Polystan pumps respectively. For in vivo testing the pump was used as an LVAD in dogs and goats and operated in both pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow modalities. Assisted flow was controlled at 40% to 50% of total flow and in nonpulsatile perfusions lasting up to 32 hours, and pulsatile perfusions lasting up to 21 hours, only very small changes were measured in haematological parameters. This study indicates that small centrifugal pumps may offer considerable advantages over the more conventional diaphragm and roller pumps with respect to pumping efficiency and blood trauma, and that careful impeller design is central to achieving optimal pump characteristics.
A positive/negative pressure monitor for use in neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Snyder Edward J , Weckerly Sean , Gross Larry , Velez Melvin , Tackel Ira S 
Published: November 2007

The following is a design for a simple, inexpensive combination positive/negative pressure monitor, with applications in neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Negative (venous) pressure in the ECMO tubing circuit is monitored in the traditional reservoir volume-sensing manner, with a 5cc reservoir and associated sensing circuitry. Positive (arterial) pressure is measured by any manufacturer's blood pressure transducer/amplifier combination. The analogue signal relating to this pressure is routed from the amplifier to the ECMO pressure monitor for comparison to a reference value. If the positive pressure exceeds this reference value (indicating an overpressure situation) or the pillow collapses (indicating excess negative pressure), respective audible and visual alarms are activated and power to the blood (roller) pump is removed. When the alarm situation is remedied, power is automatically restored to the pump. The ECMO pressure monitor affords great sensitivity, accuracy and dependability. It is adaptable to most roller pump driven ECMO systems and blood pressure monitors. The device can be assembled by a competent electronics technician, at an approximate parts cost of US$325.00.