bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EnvironmentWeb. National Repository for Emission and Discharge from Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Jarandsen Bente , Knudsen Kjell Reidar , Natvig Henning , Langeland Thore 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF) has together with the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) and the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) developed detailed regulations on reporting emissions to air and discharges to sea from the petroleum activities in Norway. Both NPD and SFT use such data for environmental control and internal analyses. Comprehensive efforts are made both by the oil companies and in the governmental agencies to quality control and compile the environmental data. In 2002 OLF took the initiative to develop a national repository, EnvironmentWeb (EW), together with SFT and NPD, with the aim to simplifying reporting and ensuring that all discharge data is kept in one place. This will ensure that the data used for analyses are up-to-date for all parties involved, and that consistency is maintained in relation to other data reported from oil companies to the Authorities. Quality in data is improved and the avoidance of duplication reduces the workload caused by double data entry at different locations. Electronic transfer and automatic uploading of discharge data to the database will be possible. Most of the content of the database will be public on the Internet, but all communication related to uploading and quality control will use the Secure Oil Information Link (SOIL) network. EW will, among other things, allow analyses and reporting of data (time series, tables, curves, etc.) with a consistent basis and offer faster and better availability of information both to public and Authorities.
Evaluating Environmental Performance Indicators with Fuzzy Sets
Authors: Agbon I. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Environmental Indicators include Environmental Condition Indicators and Environmental Performance Indicators. The Environmental Performance Indicators are made up of the Management Performance Indicators and the Operational Performance Indicators (OPI). Many oil and gas companies have identified major OPI which are measured periodically. OPI data of the same type, but from different sources, are often aggregated. However, it has not been possible to aggregate OPI data of different types, units and sources into a unified measurement that can be used for environmental performance evaluation and monitoring. It has been difficult to decide if the environmental performance is better with a reduction of greenhouse gasses emissions or an increase in water quality.
This paper develops a fuzzy model that captures the total impact of different OPI with different units and from different sources. OPI such as Carbon Dioxide Emissions per Capita, Arable Land Area, BOD in Water, Concentration of Faecal Coliforms, the Nickel Vanadium Ratio and the Generation of Industrial/Municipal Waste are used as input variables into the fuzzy model. Membership functions are derived for these input variables and fuzzy rules are used to generate an output variable. The output variable is a General Environmental Operational Performance Index (GEOPI). The GEOPI allows the overall environmental performance to be measured and monitored. Finally, it allows the total impact of alternative targets, remedial actions and programs to be optimized in the face of limited funds and budgetary constraints
Applications of Satellite Images in the Environmental Evaluation of Gas Pipeline Project
Authors: Osejo J. , Morante G. , Gamarra L. , Gomez-Barrios M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of high resolution satellite images (on the order of 1 m per pixel or less as the smallest identifiable spatial unit), has become generalized throughout the world. Large and small projects, whether located in urban or rural areas, can benefit from applications of this technology, greatly assisting project proponents achieve their project objectives.
Modern high resolution images show details that are difficult to see on medium resolution satellite images in use on development projects up until the last decade and that are still frequently used. Often, certain key elements of a project cannot be seen properly even during field work, as the interaction of project objectives do not always account for events that occur in a project over time. For example: The presence of small dams or topographic obstacles, depressions, small wetlands, etc.
Traditional remote sensing makes use of photo-interpretation and indirect analysis to identify project elements and the relationship between them. This requires considerable training and experience in earth sciences, planning and engineering, which are not always well covered in every project. In order to see detailed elements directly, projects or activities have historically made use of low-level aerial photography to show project elements recognizable to the naked eye, but this practice is not always feasible due to cost or weather considerations.
Key questions in managing social issues in oil and gas projects
Authors: Snethkamp Pandora , Macklin Stephen 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over the last decade oil and gas companies have placed increasing emphasis on building partnerships and integrating stakeholder concerns into the overall project management cycle. Also, international lenders now place greater emphasis on social impact planning and mitigation of potentially adverse effects as conditions for project funding. Social Performance is increasingly on the agenda in Oil/Gas companies and has a strong business case for action. Activities of the Oil and Gas industry gives rise to impacts that change the social environment including affecting the economies in which they are conducted. We need to understand social issues relevant to the industry and know how to address them in an efficient, timely and pro-active manner.
In 1997, OGP published a report entitled "Principles for Impact Assessment: The Environmental and Social Dimension". This report set out principles for the environmental and social dimension of impact assessment for exploration and production projects, emphasizing integration of social assessment. It was intended for oil and gas companies and their contractors, and it highlights to them the importance of social and environmental assessment in all aspects of project planning and implementation. The document was subsequently endorsed by IPIECA. The document was also viewed as a stepping-stone to a more comprehensive guidance document for industry practitioners.
A joint OGP-IPIECA Social and Environment task force developed and published in October 2002 a document entitled ‘Key questions in managing social issues in oil and gas projects’. This joint OGP and IPIECA report was the next step in the process to a comprehensive guidance document. The report is not designed as a manual for conducting Social Impact Assessment, nor is it strictly a guideline. We hope that by using the document, member companies will identify the benefits and shortcomings of the approach and will make these known to OGP and IPIECA.
The paper provides a context to the list of questions, describes external interactions related to management of social issues, describes the social issues relevant to project stages and components, and summaries the scope of the lists of questions.
Web-Based Solutions for Hazardous Work Management: A Case Study
Authors: Neill Mike 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Maintaining and improving safety in the worksite and reducing costs of operating plants in hazardous industries are often seen as objectives at odds with each other. This paper outlines where a new approach to managing workplaces in hazardous industries can provide the win - win situation, which yields benefits in both safety improvement and cost reduction. It first of all explores some of the challenges workplace management or site management pose and looks at some of the faults with the current methods being employed. The basis of a new solution is revealed and illustrated with a real case study that demonstrates the viability of the approach.
HSE Knowledge Management
Authors: Twilhaar Dick Nijen , de Gier Wouter , Heckman John R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Shell International Exploration and Production (Shell E&P) has an innovative solution to a recurring question with the implementation of Health Safety & Environment Management Systems (HSE-MS): How does an organization keep its HSE-MS up-to-date and aligned with actual business processes or "real" HSE issues in the field? The solution, called CheckMate, involves the development and introduction of a database-driven web based HSE-MS application that enhances the ability to use, maintain and evaluate the HSE critical information more effectively, disseminate it more efficiently, and integrates with several other HSE processes.
CheckMate contains dynamic HSE activity and hazard information that was previously documented in static HSE-MS documentation. CheckMate integrates this HSE critical information with the incident reporting and HSE alerts dissemination systems enabling the presentation of HSE information that is specifically relevant to the current individual user. Such integration makes it possible "operationalize" the HSE-MS, enabling it to serve as a dynamic up-to-date HSE corporate memory.
The shift from "managing documents" to "managing information" provides a number of additional opportunities. For example, CheckMate offers the ability to identify "hot-spots" of frequently failing (or less effective) barriers within the HSE-MS through the link with incidents and HSE alerts.
Deriving Value from Enterprise Wide HSE Data
Authors: DeVol Edward C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Until recently, companies had no choice but to rely on either custom-built data systems or use a system of e-mails and spreadsheets or simple stand-alone database applications for Health, Safety, and Environmental (HSE) incident reporting and information management. Incorporating injury, environmental, property/equipment damage, and vehicle incident reporting with medical case management, industrial hygiene monitoring, auditing and inspections, investigation results with corrective actions and insurance claims management into a single integrated system was not possible or worth the investment to build. Some of these individual processes may have been enabled by specific and separate software packages, but the economy of scale and ability to learn from the total picture of HSE related events wasn't possible until the creation of a broad and integrated Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) application.
HIV Impact Assessment Tools for Large Oil and Gas Projects: What Are They and Do They Work?
Authors: Krieger Gary R. , Balge Marci Z. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Increasingly, large oil and gas projects are planned and executed in those areas of the world that have been most affected by the HIV epidemic. Both the UN Development Programme and the World Bank have recognized that a large infrastructure project has the potential to dramatically impact the shape and speed of the underlying disease epidemic curve. As a result of this concern, specific analytic analysis tools have been developed. HIV Impact Assessment (HIA) has now become a required element for all World Bank environmental impact assessments (EIAs). The underlying rational for the HIA is that development projects often do not recognize the potential consequences of substantial population movements and interactions on the overall shape of a country-specific epidemic curve. The intermixing of groups of people with inherently different HIV risk profiles and prevalence rates can create and amplify an environment for high-risk behavior. There are a variety of published and proprietary analytical models that are available to assess the potential social and economic impacts and costs related to HIV prior to the implementation of development projects. The result of the HIA directly leads to an analysis of possible alternatives and mitigation measures, including preventive medicine strategies and community outreach programs. We have compared several of the available HIA models in a series of simulations for prototypical oil and gas projects, e.g., pipeline construction, oil field development, etc. The models vary dramatically in their ease of use, data input requirements and inherent uncertainty that produces a wide range of potential outcomes and significant impacts. Given the public scrutiny of oil and gas projects and their impacts, the industry should consider developing or agreeing on a scientifically based common platform for performing an HIA.
The Pitfalls and Challenges of Establishing an in-House HIV/AIDS Treatment for Company Employees and their Dependants
Authors: Vaughan J. M. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria runs two 50 bedded hospitals and a 14 bed clinic for its staff and their dependants; some 20,000 in all. This paper does not propose to be medically technical nor does it represent a Shell Nigeria view of in-house HIV/AIDS treatment. It intends to promote debate by highlighting some of the issues which need to be considered before an in-house HIV treatment programme can be implemented. Many companies are now developing HIV/AIDS policies and guidelines in which company sponsored comprehensive highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) for HIV/AIDS is considered. The HAART option needs to sit unobtrusively as part of the overall company HIV/AIDS strategy that may include building partnerships with government and using the company infrastructure to increase awareness in the local population. An HAART programme needs to be continuously evaluated not only by the Company Medical Department but also by Management. HIV/AIDS is increasingly seen as a critical business issue and has to be managed as such with clearly defined roles and responsibilities, targets and systematic reviews.
Specialized Driver Training: Elevating Defensive Driving from a Simple Awareness to a Proactive, Crash-Free Reality
Authors: Meade D. , Tate D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Driving is the highest-risk activity employees undertake in the service end of the Oil and Gas industry. Knowing this, Schlumberger has initiated an aggressive campaign to address the specialized training needs of its drivers in Canada. The program is designed to enhance a driver's ability to recognize and respond early to changing conditions and to deal with emergency situations. A driver's attitude is key to the success of the program. The training is successful when drivers leave with a firm commitment: "I will not have a crash, I will not cause a crash, I will not be a victim."
To be successful, training for this environment requires both comprehensive theory and intensive, hands-on training. Classroom sessions, including journey and fatigue management, are interspersed with practical sessions. The training is delivered at a 32 hectare (80 acre) extreme driving maneuvers facility, complete with state-of-the-art innovative training equipment and time-proven training programs. Practical exercises include in-vehicle distractions, wheel-drop response, serpentine maneuvering, animal avoidance, single and complex evasive maneuvers, and backing skills. A remote-controlled vehicle "pop-up" prop is used to simulate a head-on collision, and a remote signaling device is used to reinforce trained eye lead-time, reaction time and vehicle handling. Rear, front, and all-wheel lock-ups are recreated; four-wheel steering vehicles are used to simulate acceleration and deceleration (compression) skids.
A driver's competency is then assessed during a series of lengthy, hands-on rural and urban driving tests. This allows the qualified instructor to make a comprehensive evaluation of the driver's ability to implement their training in a proactive manner - to be crash-free while driving in the sometimes extreme driving conditions found in the Canadian operating environment.
Driver Monitors: Improving Transportation Safety and Enhancing Performance Through Behavioral Change
Authors: Ballard T. , Melton A. , Sealy I. 
Published: December 2007

Proposal
Driving presents the greatest risk to human life in the oil and gas industry. While short-term changes in driving habits may be hard to achieve, they can be modified or improved with regular, positive influence.
In 1997, Schlumberger adopted a plan to monitor, evaluate, and improve driver behavior and performance using vehicle-data monitoring systems. When compiled in a database, vehicle monitor information enables an objective evaluation of the operator's driving habits. The intent is to use data to identify unsafe behaviors, and subsequently train, coach, and mentor individuals to reduce or eliminate these behaviors. Emphasis is placed on identifying habits or tendencies known to be high-risk factors. As an operator's performance is evaluated on an ongoing basis, their performance improves through positive reinforcement.
Previously published papers have described the concept of this behavior modification approach to driver performance improvement. In this paper, we present the results of 3 years of data collected from a fleet of more than 2,000 vehicles that drove more than 50 million miles a year in the continental U.S.A.
Following complete system implementation and vehicle hardware installation, from 2000 to 2003 we have seen a more than 50% reduction in automotive incidents (per million miles driven), and a more than 70% reduction in high-potential automotive incidents, per year. This paper includes details of the driver performance report evaluation process, and describes how data are used in the coaching and remedial process. Examples of using monitor data in an incident investigation and analysis are also provided. We also demonstrate how the program has helped improve regulatory compliance, and has increased regulatory report preparation efficiency.
Cooperation Among Competitors for Better HSE Practices
Authors: Al-Khelaiwi Adil , Berquist Richard 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Historically the biggest hazard to seismic personnel has been traveling to and from the field operation sites and the ability to get help if an emergency occurs. In the past seismic crews have typically been self sufficient in terms of dealing with emergency situations which significantly limits their ability to provide an adequate response, especially when it involves multiple injury incidents. Improvements in Emergency Response have been achieved through better utilization of existing assets, improved communication and cooperation. Saudi Aramco currently operates eight land seismic crews which are located in various areas of the Eastern Province. Separation between crews is typically 100 - 150 kilometers and individual crews may be as much as 700 kilometers from Saudi Aramco in Dhahran. To facilitate the shortest possible response to an emergency situation a response network was developed whereby each crew will respond to any emergency within their zone of control. Through the cooperation of all the Seismic Contractors and Saudi Aramco's Geophysical Data Acquisition Division, each crew is assigned a 60 kilometer zone around their base camp and any emergency incident inside that radius will be responded to regardless of which Contractor has the emergency. In addition to the seismic crew facilities, local clinics and EMS are also incorporated into the response network when their location falls into an operational area. Ability of each local clinic or EMS unit to respond is determined through direct contact by the Seismic Contractor working in the area of concern. All these emergency response assets are represented on a map which shows the location of each crew and its response zone, all local clinics and what facilities they have and all required emergency contact information.
The second major advancement is in improved waste management for seismic operations. Considerable time and effort has been devoted to assessing current waste disposal practices and how we want to improve for the future. To minimize the Environmental Impact of seismic operations on the environment, Saudi Aramco's Exploration Department has initiated a pilot test for portable Sewage Treatment Plants (STP's) capable of producing recyclable product, which if successful, will be required on all seismic crews. It is the goal of our seismic operations to leave camp sites as clean or cleaner than when first occupied. The elimination of waste pits and sewage bore holes dramatically reduces the chances of contamination to aquifers, reduces insect problems and conserves water by allowing recycling.
Technical and Economic Issues in Transportation of GTL Products from Alaskan North Slope to the Markets
Authors: Khataniar Santanu , Chukwu Godwin A. , Patil Shirish L. , Dandekar Abhijit Y. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) conversion is an emerging technology that will very likely reach widespread commercialization within the next decade. Given the vast natural gas resources of the Alaskan North Slope (ANS), it will be one of the first areas in the United States to exploit this new technology. Conversion of natural gas to liquid products on a commercial scale will also facilitate potential transportation of such liquids through the existing infrastructure, namely, the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). This could very well obviate the need for developing costly alternatives for transportation of the remote ANS gas.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of transporting GTL products through TAPS. The extreme arctic environment surrounding TAPS creates the unique transportation issue of cold restart of the pipeline following an extended winter shutdown. Fluid property measurements including low temperature gel strength of GTL and GTL-crude oil blends were conducted to assess the feasibility of cold restart for a varying range of throughput types. Several of the GTL samples exhibited rather high gel strengths at temperatures relatively warm by arctic standards. Thus, the results of the study can be used to provide initial guidelines for the type of GTL to be produced at ANS.
There are two possible modes of transporting GTL products through TAPS: (i) batch mode, where GTL and crude oil flow as alternate slugs, and (ii) commingled mode, where GTL and crude oil are mixed to form a single phase. A preliminary economic analysis of the two modes of transportation, including hydraulic modeling of batch and commingled flow modes, indicated that the batch mode would be more economical than the commingled mode.