bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone Mineral Density Changes during the Menopause Transition in a Multiethnic Cohort of Women
Authors: Finkelstein Joel S. , Brockwell Sarah E. , Mehta Vinay , Greendale Gail A. , Sowers MaryFran R. , Ettinger Bruce , Lo Joan C. , Johnston Janet M. , Cauley Jane A. , Danielson Michelle E. , Neer Robert M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractContext: Rates of bone loss across the menopause transition and factors associated with variation in menopausal bone loss are poorly understood.Objective: Our objective was to assess rates of bone loss at each stage of the transition and examine major factors that modify those rates.Design, Setting, and Participants: We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 1902 African-American, Caucasian, Chinese, or Japanese women participating in The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Women were pre- or early perimenopausal at baseline.Outcome Measure: We assessed bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and total hip across a maximum of six annual visits.Results: There was little change in BMD during the pre- or early perimenopause. BMD declined substantially in the late perimenopause, with an average loss of 0.018 and 0.010 g/cm2·yr from the spine and hip, respectively (P &lt; 0.001 for both). In the postmenopause, rates of loss from the spine and hip were 0.022 and 0.013 g/cm2·yr, respectively (P &lt; 0.001 for both). During the late peri- and postmenopause, bone loss was approximately 35–55% slower in women in the top vs. the bottom tertile of body weight. Apparent ethnic differences in rates of spine bone loss were largely explained by differences in body weight.Conclusions: Bone loss accelerates substantially in the late perimenopause and continues at a similar pace in the first postmenopausal years. Body weight is a major determinant of the rate of menopausal BMD loss, whereas ethnicity, per se, is not. Healthcare providers should consider this information when deciding when to screen women for osteoporosis.
Evaluation of Thermal Requirements for the Propagation and Recovery of June Suckers
Authors: Kindschi Greg A , Toner Matt , Fraser William C , Routledge M Doug , Wilson Maureen , Converse Yvette 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Determining the optimal rearing temperature for the June sucker Chasmistes liorus has been identified as a key component necessary for the design of a new June sucker hatchery and for achieving the June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program supplementation goal of 350,000 fish of 20-cm length annually. A laboratory study was conducted to monitor the performance of June suckers reared at average temperatures of 8.3, 10.1, 12.3, 14.0, 16.1, 18.5, 20.5, 21.8, 23.9, 25.9, 27.9, and 29.7°C for 16 weeks. In this study, quadratic regression analysis was used to determine maximum condition factor and weight gain, respectively, and 22.5°C and 21.9°C were identified as the maximum water temperatures. According to this same regression analysis, the maximum feed efficiency and total length increase occurred at 21.6°C and 23.7°C, respectively, during the 16-week study. The modified acclimated chronic exposure water temperature (50% survival for 60 d) was greater than 27.9°C. Spinal and fin deformities increased during this study in all treatments, and these malformations appear to be diet related. There was no temperature effect on deformities, but temperature did affect overall survival.
Groundwater flow beneath Late Weichselian glacier ice in Nordfjord, Norway
Authors: Moeller Carolyn A. , Mickelson D.M. , Anderson M.P. , Winguth C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBasal water pressure and water flow patterns are significant factors in controlling the behavior of an ice sheet, because they influence ice-sheet thickness, stability and extent. Water produced by basal melting may infiltrate the subsurface, or occur as sheet or channelized flow at the ice/bed interface. We examine subglacial groundwater conditions along a flowline of the Scandinavian ice sheet through Nordfjord, in the western fjords region of southern Norway, using a steady-state, twodimensional groundwater-flow model. Meltwater input to the groundwater model is calculated by a two-dimensional, time-dependent, thermomechanically coupled ice-flow model oriented along the same flowline. Model results show that the subglacial sediments could not have transmitted all the meltwater out of the fjord during times of ice advance and when the ice sheet was at its maximum position at the edge of the continental shelf. In order for pore-water pressures to remain below the overburden pressure of the overlying ice, other paths of subglacial drainage are necessary to remove excess water. During times of retreat, the subglacial aquifer is incapable of transmitting all the meltwater that was probably generated. Pulses of meltwater reaching the bed could explain nonclimatically driven margin readvances during the overall retreat phase.
Investigating surface movements of debris-covered Miage glacier, Western Italian Alps, using dendroglaciological analysis
Authors: Pelfini Manuela , Santilli Maurizio , Leonelli Giovanni , Bozzoni Mauro 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDendroglaciological analysis of supraglacial trees represents an example of applied dendro- geomorphological methods in reconstructing glacier variations. Supraglacial trees react to glacier ice and debris movement, assuming typical shapes with modified radial growth. In this paper, based on treering analysis of Larix decidua Mill., we investigate the relationship between the distribution and growth of trees located on the most famous and representative debris-covered glacier in the Italian Alps (Miage glacier, Valle d’Aosta) and the superficial movements of ice and debris in the lower part of the tongue. Different growth anomalies (e.g. pointer years, compression wood, abrupt growth changes) were identified and dated. Three reference tree-ring chronologies based on undisturbed larches growing outside the glacier were constructed for comparison with tree-ring data from supraglacial trees. The oldest sampled trees colonized the glacier surface just before 1960. The simultaneous presence of different disturbance indicators occurred mainly between 1984 and 1990 on the southern lobe and during the period 1989–93 on the northern glacier lobe. These results fit with glaciological data documenting volume and surface-level variations in the same period.
Glacier meltwater and runoff modelling, Keqicar Baqi glacier,southwestern Tien Shan, China
Authors: Zhang Yong , Liu Shiyin , Ding Yongjian 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMeltwater and runoff from Keqicar Baqi glacier, a large glacier in the southwestern Tien Shan, northwestern China, are simulated using a modified degree-day model including potential clear- sky direct solar radiation, coupled with a linear reservoir model for the period 1 July to 12 September 2003. There is good agreement between modelled and measured meltwater at ablation stakes and between simulated and observed runoff at the glacier terminus. A reconstruction of glacier meltwater and runoff from an assumed debris-free surface during the study period shows that the effect of the debris layer on glacier meltwater generation crucially affects glacier runoff. The model is also used to calculate glacier runoff given the climate scenario resulting from a doubling of CO2 as projected by the ReCM2 regional climate model. The projected changes in temperature and precipitation vary from 0 to 2.7°C and from 0 to 25%, respectively. Results indicate that glacier runoff increases linearly with temperature over these ranges whether or not the debris layer is taken into consideration. The effect of change in temperature is much more noticeable than that for change in precipitation. Due to the debris layer predominantly covering (and insulating) the ablation area, the response of glacier runoff is less sensitive to temperature increase with a debris-covered surface than with a debris-free surface. Glacier runoff is also markedly reduced when a reduced glacier area is prescribed in the +2.7°C scenario.
Expanding the snow-climate classification with avalanche-relevant information: initial description of avalanche winter regimes for southwestern Canada
Authors: Haegeli Pascal , McClung David M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractExisting snow-climate classifications are primarily based on meteorological parameters that describe the average weather during the main winter months. However, field experience and measurements show that the characteristics of weak snowpack layers, including type, structure and details of formation, are primary indicators of avalanches that form. Despite its importance in the characteristics of local avalanche activity, weak-layer information is currently not a formal part of any snow-climate classification scheme. The focus of this study is the analysis of persistent snowpack weak layers in southwestern Canada. Observations from the industrial information exchange (InfoEx) of the Canadian Avalanche Association are used to examine the frequency, sequence and distribution of the most common types of snowpack weakness and their related avalanche activity. The results show significant temporal and spatial variations in areas with the same snow-climate characteristics. The weak-layer patterns observed in transitional snow-climate areas are clearly more complex than a simple combination of maritime and continental influences. ‘Avalanche winter regime’ is suggested as a new classification term that describes the snowpack structures relevant for local avalanche activity and complements the existing snow-climate classification system. Three preliminary avalanche winter regimes are identified for southwestern Canada.
Tributary glacier surges: an exceptional concentration at Panmah Glacier, Karakoram Himalaya
Authors: Hewitt Kenneth 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFour tributaries of Panmah Glacier have surged in less than a decade, three in quick succession between 2001 and 2005. Since 1985, 13 surges have been recorded in the Karakoram Himalaya, more than in any comparable period since the 1850s. Ten were tributary surges. In these ten a full run-out of surge ice is prevented, but extended post-surge episodes affect the tributary and main glacier. The sudden concentration of events at Panmah Glacier is without precedent and at odds with known surge intervals for the glaciers. Interpretations must consider the response of thermally complex glaciers, at exceptionally high altitudes and of high relief, to changes in a distinctive regional climate. It is suggested that high-altitude warming affecting snow and glacier thermal regimes, or bringing intense, short-term melting episodes, may be more significant than mass-balance change.
Do loading path and specimen thickness affect the brittle compressive failure of ice?
Authors: Fortt A.L. , Schulson E.M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCompressive experiments were performed on square (160 mm × 160 mm) prismatic specimens of columnar-grained, S2 freshwater ice, biaxially loaded across the columns at −10°C. The work focused on brittle behavior, achieved by deforming the specimens at an applied strain rate of 4.5 ± 1.2 × 10 3s 1 in the direction of shortening. The results show that the specimen thickness (25–150 mm) has no detectable effect on the terminal failure strength of the ice. Likewise, the strength of the ice when loaded under proportional loading, where the minor stress varies during the test, was similar to that when loaded under a constant minor stress, implying that terminal failure depends only on the stress state and not on the path taken.
Forty-seven new subglacial lakes in the 0–110° E sector of East Antarctica
Authors: Popov Sergey V. , Masolov Valery N. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDuring the summer field seasons of 1987–91, studies of central East Antarctica by airborne radio-echo sounding commenced. This scientific work continued in the 1990s in the Vostok Subglacial Lake area and along the traverse route from Mirny, and led to the discovery of 16 new subglacial water cavities in the areas of Domes Fuji and Argus and the Prince Charles Mountains. Twenty-nine subglacial water cavities were revealed in the area near Vostok, along with a feature we believe to be a subglacial river. Two subglacial lakes were discovered along the Mirny–Vostok traverse route. These are located 50 km north of Komsomolskaya station and under Pionerskaya station. We find high geothermal heat flux in the vicinity of the largest of the subglacial lakes, and suggest this may be due to their location over deep faults where additional mantle heat is available.
Light reflection and transmission by a temperate snow cover
Authors: Perovich Donald K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAn understanding of the reflection and transmission of light by snow is important for snow thermodynamics, hydrology, ecology and remote sensing. Snow has an intricate microstructure replete with ice/air interfaces that scatter light. Spectral observations of light reflection and transmission, from 400 to 1000 nm, were made in temperate snowpacks, under cold and under melting conditions. The optical observations were made using a dual-detector spectroradiometer. One detector was placed above the snow surface to monitor the incident and reflected solar irradiance, and the second detector was placed at the base of snow cover to measure downwelling irradiance. The optical measurements were supplemented by a physical characterization of the snow, including depth, density and an estimate of grain size. In general, transmitted light levels were low and showed a strong spectral dependence, with maximum values between 450 and 550 nm. For example, a 10 cm thick snow layer reduced visible transmission (500 nm) to about 5% of the incident irradiance, and infrared transmission (800 nm) to less than 1%. Extinction coefficients were in the range 3–30 m−1, and tended to decrease slightly as the snow aged and increase as snow density increased.
Maleic Anhydride, Maleic Acid, and Fumaric Acid
Authors: Hood David K. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis Chapter review will provide an update for the physical properties, chemical properties (eg transformations), applications, and manufacture of maleic anhydride, maleic acid and fumaric acid. This Chapter review will primarily focus on recent technical developments that are aligned to current world events and important societal macrotrends, particularly sustainable and nature derived materials and processes.
Oncolytic adenoviruses and immunopeptidomics: a convenient marriage
Authors: Garcia‐Moure Marc , Gillard Andrew G. , Alonso Marta M. , Fueyo Juan , Gomez‐Manzano Candelaria 
Published: April 2024

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are biological therapeutic agents that selectively destroy cancer cells while sparing normal healthy cells. Besides direct oncolysis, OV infection induces a proinflammatory shift in the tumor microenvironment and the release of tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) that might induce an anti‐tumor immunity. Due to their immunostimulatory effect, OVs have been explored for cancer vaccination against specific TAAs. However, this approach usually requires genetic modification of the virus and the production of a new viral vector for each target, which is difficult to implement for low prevalent antigens. In a recent study, Chiaro et al. presented an elegant proof of concept on how to implement the PeptiCRAd vaccination platform to overcome this limitation for the treatment of mesothelioma. Authors showed the feasibility of identifying immunogenic TAAs in human mesothelioma and using them to coat oncolytic adenovirus particles. The result was a customized virus‐based cancer vaccine that circumvents time and resource‐consuming steps incurred from genetically engineering viruses. Although some questions remain to be addressed, this interesting approach suggests novel strategies for personalized cancer medicine using oncolytic virotherapy.
Health Consequences of Climate Change
Authors: Hughes Fintan , Romanello Maria , Walawender Maria , Montgomery Hugh 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Fossil fuel use is harming human health and the resulting climate change presents a risk that has arrived substantially sooner than anticipated. Frequent and intense heat waves, storms, droughts and wildfires are causing widespread cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, malnutrition and childhood illness. Extreme weather events and associated economic losses are driving a wave of climate migration; billions more people will be displaced over the coming century.
These effects being seen now are the result of only 1.14°C of warming. Greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise because of increasing fossil fuel use and we are currently on track for 2.8–3.5°C of warming by the end of the century. The planet is crossing dangerous tipping points, triggering positive feedback loops in planetary heating. There is a narrow window of time during which climate action can prevent the collapse of the human ecosystem.

Key Concepts

Fossil fuel use is driving accelerating climate change that is bringing about the collapse of the human ecosystem.

Extreme weather events, flooding, forest fires and drought are bringing about vast human suffering through cardiac disease, respiratory disease, maternal & childhood illness, malnutrition, and forced migration.

Catastrophic human impacts are already being seen at only 1.14°C of warming, and greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise.
Repurposing DailyQA3 for an efficient and spot position sensitive daily quality assurance tool for proton therapy
Authors: Tan Hong Qi , Koh Calvin Wei Yang , Lew Kah Seng , Yeap Ping Lin , Chua Clifford Ghee Ann , Lee James Kuan Huei , Wong Yun Ming , Wibawa Andrew , Master Zubin , Lee James Cheow Lei , Park Sung Yong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIntroductionDaily quality assurance is an integral part of a radiotherapy workflow to ensure the dose is delivered safely and accurately to the patient. It is performed before the first treatment of the day and needs to be time and cost efficient for a multiple gantries proton center. In this study, we introduced an efficient method to perform QA for output constancy, range verification, spot positioning accuracy and imaging and proton beam isocenter coincidence with DailyQA3.MethodsA stepped acrylic block of specific dimensions is fabricated and placed on top of the DailyQA3 device. Treatment plans comprising of two different spread‐out Bragg peaks and five individual spots of 1.0 MU each are designed to be delivered to the device. A mathematical framework to measure the 2D distance between the detectors and individual spot is introduced and play an important role in realizing the spot positioning and centering QA. Lastly, a 5 months trends of the QA for two gantries are presented.ResultsThe outputs are monitored by two ion chambers in the DailyQA3 and a tolerance of are used. The range of the SOBPs are monitored by the ratio of ion chamber signals and a tolerance of is used. Four diodes at from the central ion chambers are used for spot positioning QA, while the central ion chamber is used for imaging and proton beam isocenter coincidence QA. Using the framework, we determined the absolute signal threshold corresponding to the offset tolerance between the individual proton spot and the detector. A tolerances are used for both the positioning and centering QA. No violation of the tolerances is observed in the 5 months trends for both gantries.ConclusionWith the proposed approach, we can perform four QA items in the TG224 within 10 min.
Children's long‐term memory for a staged repeated event: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Earhart Becky , Deck Sarah L. , Brubacher Sonja P. , Powell Martine B. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn this study, we examined children's memory for a staged repeated event after a two‐year delay to gain insights about how they represented the events in long‐term memory. Children aged 4–8 experienced six events and were interviewed about the last occurrence shortly after the event and 2 years later (N = 29). Various characteristics of their memory reports at the delayed interview were analyzed (e.g., accuracy, specificity). Though the event was brief and embedded within their school day, the patterns in recall suggest that children represented the events as distinct from what usually happens at school. For example, all children were able to recall accurate information, and incorrect details were most often details they experienced during another occurrence of the events. The results of this preliminary investigation are considered in relation to prominent theories of event memory, and generate interesting directions for future repeated‐event research.
Prevalence and Associations Between Metabolic Syndrome Components and Hyperuricemia by Race: Findings From US Population, 2011–2020
Authors: Kim Yun Jin , Kim Sunghwan , Seo Ji Hwan , Cho Sung Kweon 
Published: April 2024

ObjectiveWe explored the trend in prevalence of hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome in US populations and investigated associations between components of metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia by race.MethodsWe analyzed data from the four most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (2011 to March 2020), comprising 10,175 participants. Hyperuricemia is defined as serum urate >7.0 mg/dL (men) or >5.7 mg/dL (women), following the NHANES‐III guideline. The definition of metabolic syndrome follows the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III guideline. We estimated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia in each cycle and performed subgroup analyses with logistic regression to investigate the patterns of associated components of metabolic syndrome with hyperuricemia.ResultsIn the most recent cycle (2017 to March 2020), the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 45.9% and that of hyperuricemia was 20.7%. Over the 2011 to 2020 period, a significant rise in metabolic syndrome prevalence was observed among Hispanic and Asian populations, and the prevalence of hyperuricemia has increased significantly only in the Hispanic population. After adjustment for confounding factors, patients with metabolic syndrome exhibited a higher hyperuricemia in women than in men. Elevated blood pressure was the strongest factor with hyperuricemia. The association was the weakest in the Asian population. Waist circumference was the only significant factor associated with hyperuricemia in the Asian population.ConclusionThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome has an increasing pattern, but there was no specific decadal trend in prevalence of hyperuricemia. There is an ethnicity‐specific association of metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia, especially among Asians.image