bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Funduscopic findings following cataract extraction by means of phacoemulsification in diabetic dogs: 52 cases (1993–2003)
Authors: Landry Matthew P. , Herring Ian P. , Panciera David L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine prevalence of retinal hemorrhages and microaneurysms in dogs with diabetes mellitus following cataract extraction by means of phacoemulsification and identify potential risk factors.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—52 dogs with diabetes mellitus and 174 dogs without.Procedure—Medical records of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification between 1993 and 2003 were reviewed, and information was recorded on signalment, history, physical examination findings, ophthalmic examination findings, results of laboratory testing, electroretinographic findings, and surgical findings. Glycemic control was classified as poor, intermediate, or good on the basis of baseline blood glucose concentration, perioperative body weight loss, daily insulin dosage, and presence of glucosuria and ketonuria. Data from diabetic and nondiabetic dogs were analyzed to determine prevalence and risk factors for development of retinal hemorrhages or microaneurysms following phacoemulsification.Results—11 of the 52 (21%) dogs with diabetes mellitus developed ophthalmoscopic signs of retinal hemorrhages or microaneurysms, compared with 1 of the 174 (0.6%) nondiabetic dogs. Median time from onset of diabetes mellitus to diagnosis of retinopathy was 1.4 years (range, 0.5 to 3.2 years). No risk factors for development of retinopathy were identified.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that retinal hemorrhages and microaneurysms may be more common and develop earlier in diabetic dogs than previously reported. This may affect treatment, as diabetic dogs survive longer with improved glycemic control. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225: 709–716)
Effect of intranasal vaccination against bovine enteric coronavirus on the occurrence of respiratory tract disease in a commercial backgrounding feedlot
Authors: Plummer Paul J. , Rohrbach Barton W. , Daugherty Richard A. , Daugherty R. Andrew , Thomas Kathy V. , Wilkes Rebecca P. , Duggan Florence E. , Kennedy Melissa A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To measure antibody titers against bovine coronavirus (BCV), determine frequency of BCV in nasal swab specimens, and compare calves treated for bovine respiratory tract disease (BRD) between those given an intranasally administered vaccine and control calves.Design—Randomized clinical trial.Animals—414 heifer calves.Procedure—Intranasal BCV antigen concentration and antibody titer against BCV were measured on entry to a feedlot. Calves were randomly assigned to receive 3.0 mL of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine enteric coronavirus and rotavirus or 3.0 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Calves were confined to 1 of 2 pens, depending on vaccination status, for a minimum of 17 days of observation (range, 17 to 99). Selection of calves for treatment of BRD and scoring for severity of disease were done by veterinarians unaware of treatment status.Results—Intranasal BCV (125/407 [31%]) and serum antibody titers ≥ 20 against BCV (246/396 [62%]) were identified in calves entering the feedlot. Vaccination was associated with significant decrease in risk of treatment for BRD; intranasal BCV on entry to the feedlot was associated with increased risk of treatment. Univariate analysis revealed that control calves with intranasal BRD on entry to the feedlot and those with antibody titer < 20 were significantly more likely to be treated for BRD.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data provide further evidence of an association between BCV and respiratory tract disease in feedlot calves. An intranasally administered vaccine appeared to reduce risk of treatment for BRD. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:726–731)
Covalent Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly of Conjugated Polymers and CdSe Nanoparticles: Multilayer Structure and Photovoltaic Properties
Authors: Liang Z. , Dzienis K. L. , Xu J. , Wang Q. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHybrid thin films of conjugated polymers and CdSe nanoparticles have been fabricated by using a layer‐by‐layer (LbL) approach driven by covalent coupling reactions. This method permits facile covalent crosslinking of the polymer/nanoparticle interlayers in common organic solvents, which provides a general route for preparing robust and uniform functional thin films. The deposition process is linearly related to the number of bilayers as monitored by UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy and ellipsometry. Characterization of the multilayer structures has been carried out by fluorescence spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and grazing‐angle Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have also been used. A preliminary application of the hybrid films in the development of organic photovoltaics is presented. Upon illumination with white light at 10 mW cm–2, the self‐assembled multilayer films exhibit steady photocurrent responses with an overall optical‐to‐electrical power conversion efficiency of 0.71 %.
Widespread decrease of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Fujita Masahiro , Ichise Masanori , Zoghbi Sami S. , Liow Jeih‐San , Ghose Subroto , Vines Douglass C. , Sangare Janet , Lu Jian‐Qiang , Cropley Vanessa L. , Iida Hidehiro , Kim Kyeong Min , Cohen Robert M. , Bara‐Jimenez William , Ravina Bernard , Innis Robert B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveNicotinic acetylcholine receptors have close interactions with the dopaminergic system and play critical roles in cognitive function. The purpose of this study was to compare these receptors between living PD patients and healthy subjects.MethodsNicotinic acetylcholine receptors were imaged in 10 nondemented Parkinson's disease patients and 15 age‐matched healthy subjects using a single‐photon emission computed tomography ligand [123I]5‐iodo‐3‐[2(S)‐2‐azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine. Using an arterial input function, we measured the total distribution volume (V; specific plus nondisplaceable), as well as the delivery (K1).ResultsParkinson's disease showed a widespread significant decrease (approximately 10%) of V in both cortical and subcortical regions without a significant change in K1.InterpretationThese results indicate the importance of extending the study to demented patients. Ann Neurol 2006;59:174–177
Substantia nigra tangles are related to gait impairment in older persons
Authors: Schneider Julie A. , Li Jia‐Liang , Li Yan , Wilson Robert S. , Kordower Jeffrey H. , Bennett David A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveParkinsonian signs, especially gait impairment, are common and associated with morbidity and mortality in older persons. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that substantia nigra neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are related to parkinsonian signs in older persons with and without dementia.MethodsWe studied 86 deceased older Catholic clergy without idiopathic Parkinson's disease from the Religious Order Study, a longitudinal clinical‐pathological study. Mean age at death was 85.3 years. Signs of gait disturbance, bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor were assessed proximate to death using a modified Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Forty‐micrometer paraffin‐embedded sections of substantia nigra were bleached before tau immunohistochemistry and the optical disector was used to count NFTs. We used multivariable linear regression to examine parkinsonian signs as a function of nigra NFTs, controlling for age, sex, education, and cortical NFTs.ResultsSubstantia nigra NFTs were present in 67 of 86 persons (77.9%). After controlling for age, sex, education, and cortical NFTs, nigra NFTs were related to gait impairment (p < 0.001), but not bradykinesia, rigidity, or tremor. Results were not confounded by dementia, Braak score, neuroleptic medication, cerebral infarcts, or Lewy bodies.InterpretationNFTs in the substantia nigra are associated with gait impairment in older persons with and without dementia. Ann Neurol 2006;59:166–173
An association between type 1 diabetes and idiopathic generalized epilepsy
Authors: McCorry Dougall , Nicolson A. , Smith D. , Marson A. , Feltbower Richard G. , Chadwick D. W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveIdiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs) account for approximately 30% of all patients with epilepsy. Both the IGEs and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) represent serious worldwide problems, because of related medical and social management costs. Clinical experience suggested the two conditions were seen in individuals more frequently than might be expected by chance.MethodsWe compared the population prevalence of T1D in 15‐ to 30‐year‐olds to a cohort of 518 15‐ to 30‐year‐olds with IGE.ResultsWe found a highly significant excess of T1D in our IGE cohort, with an odds ratio of 4.4 (95% confidence interval, 2.1–9.2).InterpretationOur results suggest that the prevalence of T1D is increased by a factor of four in young adults with IGE. To our knowledge, this is the first published association between the two conditions and expands the diseases known to be associated with T1D. Ann Neurol 2006;59:204–206
An effective procedure for constructing a hierarchical text classification system
Authors: Yoon Yongwook , Lee Changki , Lee Gary Geunbae 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn text categorization tasks, classification on some class hierarchies has better results than in cases without the hierarchy. Currently, because a large number of documents are divided into several subgroups in a hierarchy, we can appropriately use a hierarchical classification method. However, we have no systematic method to build a hierarchical classification system that performs well with large collections of practical data. In this article, we introduce a new evaluation scheme for internal node classifiers, which can be used effectively to develop a hierarchical classification system. We also show that our method for constructing the hierarchical classification system is very effective, especially for the task of constructing classifiers applied to hierarchy tree with a lot of levels.
Experimental evaluation of starch utilization mechanism by activated sludge
Authors: Karahan Özlem , Martins António , Orhon Derin , van Loosdrecht Mark C.M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe study aimed to explore the conversion processes of hydrolysable substrates by activated sludge. Experimental data were collected from a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and from batch tests using activated sludge acclimated to native potato starch (NPS). Parallel batch tests were run with NPS (particulate), soluble starch (SolS), maltose, and glucose for comparative evaluation. The fate of organic carbon in the reactor was followed directly by measuring substrate, poly‐glucose, and oxygen uptake rate. Results indicated that adsorption was the dominant mechanism for starch removal with subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis inside the flocs. The role of bulk liquid enzyme activity was minimal. Starch was observed to hydrolyze to maltose rather than glucose. The behavior of NPS and SolS was quite similar to maltose in terms of poly‐glucose formation and oxygen uptake. Since the simplest hydrolysis product was maltose, the biomass was not acclimated to glucose and thus, glucose exhibited a significantly different removal and storage pattern. The study also showed that differentiation of readily biodegradable and slowly biodegradable COD should better be based on the kinetics of their utilization rather than simple physical characterization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
π Topology and Spin Alignment in Unique Photoexcited Triplet and Quintet States Arising from Four Unpaired Electrons of an Organic Spin System
Authors: Teki Yoshio , Toichi Tetuya , Nakajima Satoru 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSyntheses, electronic structures in the ground state, unique photoexcited states, and spin alignment are reported for novel biradical 1, which was designed as an ideal model compound to investigate photoinduced spin alignment in the excited state. Electron spin resonance (ESR), time‐resolved ESR (TRESR), and laser‐excitation pulsed ESR experiments were carried out. The magnetic properties were examined with a SQUID magnetometer. In the electronic ground state, two radical moieties interact very weakly (almost no interaction) with each other through the closed‐shell diphenylanthracene spin coupler. On photoirradiation, a novel lowest photoexcited state with the intermediate spin (S=1) arising from four unpaired electrons with low‐lying quintet (S=2) photoexcited state was detected. The unique triplet state has an interesting electronic structure, the D value of which is reduced by antiferromagnetic spin alignment between two radical spins through the excited triplet spin coupler. The general theoretical predictions of the spin alignment and the reduction of the fine‐structure splitting of the triplet bis(radical) systems are presented. The fine‐structure splitting of the unique photoexcited triplet state of 1, as well as the existence of the low‐lying quintet state, is interpreted well on the basis of theoretical predictions. Details of the spin alignment in the photoexcited states are discussed.
Role of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in calcium homeostasis and human sperm motility regulation
Authors: Krasznai Zoltán , Krasznai Zoárd Tibor , Morisawa Masaaki , Bazsáné Zsuzsa Kassai , Hernádi Zoltán , Fazekas Zsolt , Trón Lajos , Goda Katalin , Márián Teréz 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA number of cell functions, such as flagellar beating, swimming velocity, acrosome reaction, etc., are triggered by a Ca2+ influx across the cell membrane. For appropriate physiological functions, the motile human sperm maintains the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) at a submicromolar level. The objective of this study was to determine the role of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) in the maintenance of [Ca2+]i in human spermatozoa. Spermatozoa maintained in extracellular medium containing ≥1 μM Ca2+ exhibited motility similar to that of the control. In addition to several calcium transport mechanisms described earlier, we provide evidence that the NCX plays a crucial role in the maintenance of [Ca2+]i. Three chemically unrelated inhibitors of the NCX (bepridil, DCB (3′,4′‐dichlorobenzamil hydrochloride), and KB‐R7943) all blocked human sperm motility in a dose and incubation time dependent manner. The IC50 values for bepridil, DCB, and KB‐R7943 were 16.2, 9.8, and 5.3 μM, respectively. The treatment with the above‐mentioned blockers resulted in an elevated [Ca2+]i and a decreased [Na+]i. The store‐operated calcium channel (SOCC) inhibitor SKF 96365 also blocked the sperm motility (IC50 = 2.44 μM). The presence of the NCX antigen in the human spermatozoa was proven by flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and immunoblotting techniques. Calcium homeostasis of human spermatozoa is maintained by several transport proteins among which the SOCC and the NCX may play a major role. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of lesion development and intraspinal inflammation in four strains of mice following spinal contusion injury
Authors: Kigerl Kristina A. , McGaughy Violeta M. , Popovich Phillip G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSusceptibility to neuroinflammatory disease is influenced in part by genetics. Recent data indicate that survival of traumatized neurons is strain dependent and influenced by polygenic loci that control resistance/susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of CNS autoimmune disease. Here, we describe patterns of neurodegeneration and intraparenchymal inflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice known to exhibit varying degrees of EAE susceptibility [EAE‐resistant (r) or EAE‐susceptible (s) mice]. Spinal cords from C57BL/6 (EAE‐s), C57BL/10 (EAE‐r), BALB/c (EAE‐r), and B10.PL (EAE‐s) mice were prepared for stereological and immunohistochemical analysis at 6 hours or 3, 7, 14, 28, or 42 days following midthoracic (T9) spinal contusion injury. In general, genetic predisposition to EAE predicted the magnitude of intraparenchymal inflammation but not lesion size/length or locomotor recovery. Specifically, microglia/macrophage activation, recruitment of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and de novo synthesis of MHC class II were greatest in C57BL/6 mice and least in BALB/c mice at all times examined. However, lesion volume and axial spread of neurodegeneration were similar in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice and were significantly greater than in C57BL/10 or B10.PL mice. Strains with marked intraspinal inflammation also developed the most intense lesion fibrosis. Thus, strain‐dependent neuroinflammation was observed after SCI, but without a consistent relationship to EAE susceptibility or lesion progression. Only in C57BL/6 mice was the magnitude of intraspinal inflammation predictive of secondary neurodegeneration, functional recovery, or fibrosis. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:578–594, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localized brain activation specific to auditory memory in a female songbird
Authors: Terpstra Nienke J. , Bolhuis Johan J. , Riebel Katharina , van der Burg Jorien M.M. , den Boer‐Visser Ardie M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSong acquisition in songbird males is a prominent model system for the study of the brain mechanisms of memory. Male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) learn their songs from an adult conspecific tutor early in life. Previous work has shown that exposure of males to their tutor song leads to increased expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM) and in the caudomedial mesopallium (CMM). In addition, IEG expression in the NCM correlates significantly with the strength of song learning. Interpretation of these findings is complicated, as males both learn the characteristics of tutor song and learn to produce a similar own song. Female zebra finches do not sing, but nevertheless they learn the characteristics of a song to which they were exposed when young, and form a preference for it. Here, adult zebra finch females reared with their fathers showed a significant preference for their father's song. Females that were later reexposed to their father's song showed significantly greater expression of Zenk, the protein product of the IEGZENK, than controls that were exposed to a novel song, in the CMM, but not in the NCM or hippocampus. These results suggest that in female zebra finches the CMM may be (part of) the neural substrate for the representation of the memory of their father's song. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:784–791, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal expression of the G‐protein‐activated inwardly rectifying potassium channel 2 (GIRK2) in hippocampus, frontal cortex, and substantia nigra of Ts65Dn mouse: A model of Down syndrome
Authors: Harashima Chie , Jacobowitz David M. , Witta Jassir , Borke Rosemary C. , Best Tyler K. , Siarey Richard J. , Galdzicki Zygmunt 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTs65Dn, a mouse model of Down syndrome (DS), demonstrates abnormal hippocampal synaptic plasticity and behavioral abnormalities related to spatial learning and memory. The molecular mechanisms leading to these impairments have not been identified. In this study, we focused on the G‐protein‐activated inwardly rectifying potassium channel 2 (GIRK2) gene that is highly expressed in the hippocampus region. We studied the expression pattern of GIRK subunits in Ts65Dn and found that GIRK2 was overexpressed in all analyzed Ts65Dn brain regions. Interestingly, elevated levels of GIRK2 protein in the Ts65Dn hippocampus and frontal cortex correlated with elevated levels of GIRK1 protein. This suggests that heteromeric GIRK1‐GIRK2 channels are overexpressed in Ts65Dn hippocampus and frontal cortex, which could impair excitatory input and modulate spike frequency and synaptic kinetics in the affected regions. All GIRK2 splicing isoforms examined were expressed at higher levels in the Ts65Dn in comparison to the diploid hippocampus. The pattern of GIRK2 expression in the Ts65Dn mouse brain revealed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry was similar to that previously reported in the rodent brain. However, in the Ts65Dn mouse a strong immunofluorescent staining of GIRK2 was detected in the lacunosum molecular layer of the CA3 area of the hippocampus. In addition, tyrosine hydroxylase containing dopaminergic neurons that coexpress GIRK2 were more numerous in the substantia nigra compacta and ventral tegmental area in the Ts65Dn compared to diploid controls. In summary, the regional localization and the increased brain levels coupled with known function of the GIRK channel may suggest an important contribution of GIRK2 containing channels to Ts65Dn and thus to DS neurophysiological phenotypes. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:815–833, 2006. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Septal organ of Grüneberg is part of the olfactory system
Authors: Storan Melonie Joanne , Key Brian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe olfactory system in rodents and many other mammals is classically divided into two anatomically separate, and morphologically distinct, sensory systems: the main olfactory system and the accessory olfactory system. We have now identified a novel third population of olfactory marker protein‐expressing sensory neurons that is located in a discrete pocket of the rostral nasal septum, which we refer to as the septal organ of Grüneberg (SOG). Neurons in this region of the septum are located in the submucosa, in small grape‐like clusters, rather than in a pseudostratified neuroepithelium, as seen in both the olfactory and vomeronasal neuroepithelia. Despite their unusual location, axons projecting from the SOG neurons fasciculate into several discrete bundles and terminate in a subset of main olfactory bulb glomeruli. These glomeruli most likely represent a subset of atypical glomeruli that are spatially restricted to the caudal main olfactory bulb. The unique rostral position of the SOG suggests that the SOG may be functionally specialized for the early detection of biologically relevant odorants. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:834–844, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.