bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orientals in Alexander's Army
Authors: Badian E. 
Published: May 2006

This note is meant to comment on a point arising out of P. A. Brunt's and G. T. Griffith's articles on Alexander's cavalry (JHSlxxxiii (1963) 27 fr. (at 42 ff.) and 68 ff.). In the course of their arguments, they examine two passages in which Arrian lists the grievances which, by 324, the Macedonian soldiers felt against Alexander. Brunt examines vii 6.2 f. and comes to the conclusion that the grievances there listed were mainly recent, and that the reorganisation of the cavalry into four (and soon five) hipparchies, as well as the admission of Orientals to them, took place after the Gedrosian disaster. Griffith examines vii 8.2 and concludes from this passage that some Orientals served inside the hipparchies during the Indian campaign. I here wish to point out that the two passages concerned need closer scrutiny.It is important to notice that they must be taken closely together. In 6.2 f. we have (i) theepigoni; (ii) the King's ‘Medic’ dress; (iii) the Susa marriages; (iv) Peucestas' Orientalistn; (v) the integration of Orientals in the Companions (at length). In 8.2 we have (i) the King's ‘Persian’ dress; (ii) theepigoni; (iii) the integration of Orientals in the Companions (briefly). Chapter 6 is aλεγόμενον, its scene Susa; chapter 8 is from the main source (probably Ptolemy), its scene Opis. Chapter 8 leads on to the famous mutiny; chapter 6—obtrusively—fails to lead on to anything: in its place, it is a pointless interruption of the narrative.
A late sundial at Aphrodisias
Authors: Pattenden Philip 
Published: May 2006

During the excavations at Aphrodisias in Caria several ancient sundials have come to light Most are only fragmentary, but one, standing as a pedestal in a paved area of the city (the post-scaenam piazza) is substantially in one piece and of considerable interest.The dial (PLATE II) is in the form of a cylindrical pillar of marble, the upper surface of which is horizontal and stands approximately one metre above ground level. The top is slightly larger than the main body of the column because of a lip and was originally an oval of diameters 88·5 cm (east–west) and 78 cm (north–south) though the south side is broken away for perhaps one fifth of its original width. The base of the dial, 40–50 cm below pavement level, also has a similar lip, which betrays its earlier use, which was as an altar. The religious symbols have been erased—unless the crescent within a circle on its north side is one (but see below).
An Underworld Scene on a Black-figured Lekythos
Authors: Karouzou Semni 
Published: May 2006

The National Museum at Athens houses many fine vases of the late black-figure and early red-figure technique, as well as the Acropolis fragments, but the display cases which perhaps attract no less attention are those containing the small Attic black-figured lekythoi. The paintings on these vases, making no claim to artistic pretensions and produced in answer to local burial needs, often echo impressions the vase-painters received from the theatre or from figures in monumental painting. It is worth noting that they were inspired not only by well-known myths but also by stories of popular belief which the painters of large vases scorned to represent. The large vases were made and painted for the Italian and Etruscan markets and had to be decorated with impressive themes. On the small lekythos which concerns us here (Plate XVIII, 1–2), we meet a unique theme which raises a host of questions and leads to a wealth of conjectures.The picture is framed by two columns with Doric capitals. The right-hand column, which is the better drawn, spreads to a sort of base, and the painter must have imagined both columns to be of wood. Of the three female figures on either side of the weird figure in the middle, the one on the right, dressed in chiton and himation, turns her head to the left, whilst her feet point to the right. She extends her right arm imperiously, palm open, towards the central figure. The latter is distinguished from the others by the fact that her feet do not appear beneath her himation which hangs below them. Her coiffure differs from that of the others, as we shall see later.
Two New Fragments of Diogenes of Oenoanda
Authors: Smith Martin Ferguson 
Published: May 2006

HK = R. Heberdey and E. Kalinka, ‘Die philosophische Inschrift von Oinoanda’ in BCH xxi (1897) 346–443.William = J. William, Diogenis Oenoandensis fragmenta (Leipzig 1907).Chilton = C. W. Chilton, Diogenis Oenoandensis fragmenta (Leipzig 1967).Smith A = M. F. Smith, ‘Fragments of Diogenes of Oenoanda discovered and rediscovered’ in AJA lxxiv (1970) 51–62.Smith B = M. F. Smith, ‘New fragments of Diogenes of Oenoanda’ in AJA lxxv (1971) 357–89.fr. = fragment of Diogenes' inscription. Numbers are those of Chilton, unless otherwise indicated.NF = new fragment(s) of Diogenes' inscription. NF 1–4 are in Smith A; 5–16 in Smith B; 17–18 in this article.In May 1971 I revisited the Lycian city of Oenoanda, in search of fragments of the philosophical inscription of the Epicurean Diogenes. In 1968–69–70 I had rediscovered forty-five of the fragments found in the nineteenth century, and discovered sixteen new stones bearing about 800 words of text.My latest investigation of the site yielded just two more new fragments, the texts of which are given infra, and though it is possible that a few more blocks of the inscription may be found without excavation, I have now searched the central part of the city systematically and thoroughly, and I should be surprised if I have overlooked many fragments lying on the surface. At the same time I am confident that a proper excavation of the site would be richly rewarded.
More light on old walls: the Theseus of the Centauromachy in the Theseion
Authors: Woodford Susan 
Published: May 2006

In 1962 B. B. Shefton shed much light on the iconography of the centauromachy at the feast, and in 1972 J. P. Barron shone more light on the relationship of this iconography to the lost painting of this subject in the Theseion. Barron convincingly argued, from the evidence of early classical vase paintings and the west pediment at Olympia, that the mural painting in the Theseion was the source of this new theme, the misbehaviour of the centaurs at the wedding feast of Peirithoos, and that it was painted between 478 and 470 B.C. He further suggested that the composition was on more than one level, that it showed both the brawl at the banquet and the pitched battle outside, that the centrepiece of the scene was a pair of figures fighting back to back, and that an axe-swinger was present, among other things.Most of these inferences seem sound, and yet it is as difficult to visualise what the painting looked like as when Robert in 1895 suggested that the fragments of a krater in Berlin reflected the centre of the composition. These fragments seem to fit Barron's criteria as well as anything else, for the composition is on several levels, two heroes fight back to back, the one on the left swings an axe, and at his feet lies the tail of a centaur, which Robert (with more optimism than proof, I think) considered to be a centaur already killed; there is even a hint of the outdoor conflict. Barron does not, however, revive Robert's suggestion—wisely, I believe—nor does he offer another. Nevertheless I think it might be worthwhile to return to the problem of what the centre of this lost mural painting may have looked like and consider why it remains so persistently elusive.
The Dating of the Aegina Pediments
Authors: Cook R. M. 
Published: May 2006

The sculpture of the East pediment of the Temple of Aphaia on Aegina is usually dated between 490 and 480 B.C. This seems to me too late, to judge by the torsion of the fallen soldier of the left corner and of the stooping youth from the middle of the right side (Plate XVIb-c). In the youth there is a small turning at the waist and this is managed competently by an organic twist. In the fallen soldier, where the torsion is much greater, the change of direction is made not by a twist but by an abrupt swivel; and though the waist was partly masked by the right arm, generally the sculptors who carved this pediment did not neglect those parts of their figures which could not be seen. From this it should follow that at that time they were acquainted only partially with the revolutionary innovation of organically twisting anatomy.In vase painting the organic twisting of the torso was mastered during the last ten or fifteen years of the sixth century. So too in relief sculpture, notably in the Ball-players relief. In free-standing sculpture symmetrically frontal poses still remained normal, but that does not mean that it was simply retarded; and pedimental figures, though in the round, generally followed the rules for reliefs, anyhow before the Parthenon.
An Island gem in Derby
Authors: Peat J. A. 
Published: May 2006

The following note aims to bring the attention of scholars to a very fine seal (plate XIIa) in the collection of the Derbyshire Museum Service at Kedleston Road, Derby. My thanks are due to Mr D. Sorrell, County Museums Officer, for permission to publish this piece.Following Boardman, the seal may be identified as an Island gem, probably from Melos, of the early sixth century BC. The seal was acquired in 1954 from a dealer, following its purchase at auction in London (of which no details are available), and now bears the catalogue number 833:6. It consists of a small piece of green serpentine, flecked with white, shaped to a lentoid form. 5·5 mm thick at the centre, tapering to 1·75 mm at the top and bottom, it is not perfectly round, the width being 17 mm and the height 17·5 mm. A hole is drilled across its width.
Homeric Values and Homeric Society
Authors: Adkins A. W. H. 
Published: May 2006

Dr Long's interest in my work (JHS xc [1970] 121–39; hereafter referred to as ‘Long’) is naturally very welcome; but it seems to me to require further comment in its turn. In order to advance the discussion, I shall be compelled to refer on a number of occasions to what I have written elsewhere in articles, and indeed on other pages of Merit and Responsibility. I shall begin with some very general points, some concerned with philosophy, some with interpretation.First, can ‘an historical reference for Homeric society’ be found ‘in the individual oikos, such that Homeric values can be seen to derive consistently from its needs’? The ‘facts of Homeric life’ to which I endeavour to relate my analysis of Homeric values are those contained in Professor M. I. Finley's admirable The World of Odysseus. My very occasional disagreements are concerned with interpretations within an agreed framework: Professor Finley's framework. I shall turn to the historicity of the society in a moment; but there seems in any case to be no prima facie absurdity in employing the tools of the social anthropologist on an overtly fictional society, say More's Utopia, with the intention, perhaps, of displaying incongruities and discrepancies: however fictional it might be, there would still be a society and values to discuss.
The Hellenic Disaster in Egypt
Authors: Holladay †A. J. 
Published: May 2006

For a long time there has been a dispute about the gravity of the disaster suffered by the Athenians and their allies in Egypt in 454 BC. Thucydides i 104 and 110.4 says that 200 ships sailed there (a figure now commonly accepted); that, six years later, a further force of 50 arrived just after the disaster; and that the majority of these was lost. As all the ships which were already in Egypt at that time were also lost the total would seem to be about 230–40.This was generally accepted by scholars of the last century, but in this century many scholars have come to doubt so overwhelming a loss in relation to the League's total resources. This scepticism is made possible by Thucydides' failure to say specifically how many ships were actually in Egypt when the disaster befell—whether, in fact, 200 had remained there for six years (Thuc. i 109 says that the Athenians and their allies remained, but this is not conclusive for 200 nor for 6 years).
Herakles' attributes and their appropriation by Eros
Authors: Woodford Susan 
Published: May 2006

This note discusses some of the images and ideas that led to the depiction of Eros with the attributes of Herakles (PLATE IVa), an iconographical type that was developed and elaborated in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.Eros was not, in fact, the first to appropriate for himself the attributes of Herakles. From an early period popular imagination realised that even the mighty Herakles would occasionally be placed in a situation that lesser creatures could take advantage of. Before the Hellenistic period Kerkopes, satyrs and goat-legged Pans made use of whatever opportunities there were to steal Herakles' attributes; thereafter these subhuman thieves appear to have been replaced by a group of Erotes or a single Eros.
The duration of an Athenian political trial
Authors: Worthington Ian 
Published: May 2006

The procedures involved in, and duration of, Athenian trials have been the subject of much attention, and it is the communis opinio that a public trial in Athens lasted for one day only. Yet the evidence for this is mostly circumstantial and difficulties arise when one tries to reconcile a lengthy trial, as evidenced by the existence of very long speeches, with a one-day trial period. The purpose of this note is to question the standard view and to put forward the suggestion that certain trials could extend up to two or three days in length. By way of introduction we may summarize what evidence we have.According to AP 67.1 only one public (as distinct from private) case per day was tried in a court of law and the modern assumption is that the issue had to be resolved by the end of that day. Therefore, the speeches of both prosecution and defence were of a fixed length of time and measured by the κλεψύδρα. This was a large amphora with a plugged hole at the bottom which was filled with water.
pho2, a Phosphate Overaccumulator, Is Caused by a Nonsense Mutation in a MicroRNA399 Target Gene
Authors: Aung Kyaw , Lin Shu-I , Wu Chia-Chune , Huang Yu-Ting , Su Chun-lin , Chiou Tzyy-Jen 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
We recently demonstrated that microRNA399 (miR399) controls inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis by regulating the expression of UBC24 encoding a ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transgenic plants overexpressing miR399 accumulated excessive Pi in the shoots and displayed Pi toxic symptoms. In this study, we revealed that a previously identified Pi overaccumulator, pho2, is caused by a single nucleotide mutation resulting in early termination within the UBC24 gene. The level of full-length UBC24 mRNA was reduced and no UBC24 protein was detected in the pho2 mutant, whereas up-regulation of miR399 by Pi deficiency was not affected. Several characteristics of Pi toxicity in the pho2 mutant were similar to those in the miR399-overexpressing and UBC24 T-DNA knockout plants: both Pi uptake and translocation of Pi from roots to shoots increased and Pi remobilization within leaves was impaired. These phenotypes of the pho2 mutation could be rescued by introduction of a wild-type copy of UBC24. Kinetic analyses revealed that greater Pi uptake in the pho2 and miR399-overexpressing plants is due to increased Vmax. The transcript level of most PHT1 Pi transporter genes was not significantly altered, except PHT1;8 whose expression was enhanced in Pi-sufficient roots of pho2 and miR399-overexpressing compared with wild-type plants. In addition, changes in the expression of several organelle-specific Pi transporters were noticed, which may be associated with the redistribution of intracellular Pi under excess Pi. Furthermore, miR399 and UBC24 were colocalized in the vascular cylinder. This observation not only provides important insight into the interaction between miR399 and UBC24 mRNA, but also supports their systemic function in Pi translocation and remobilization.
Defects in the Cytochrome b6/f Complex Prevent Light-Induced Expression of Nuclear Genes Involved in Chlorophyll Biosynthesis
Authors: Shao Ning , Vallon Olivier , Dent Rachel , Niyogi Krishna K. , Beck Christoph F. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Mutants with defects in the cytochrome (cyt) b6/f complex were analyzed for their effect on the expression of a subgroup of nuclear genes encoding plastid-localized enzymes participating in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Their defects ranged from complete loss of the cytb6/f complex to point mutations affecting specifically the quinone-binding QO site. In these seven mutants, light induction of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic genes was either abolished or strongly reduced. In contrast, a normal induction of chlorophyll biosynthesis genes was observed in mutants with defects in photosystem II, photosystem I, or plastocyanin, or in wild-type cells treated with 3-(3′4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea or 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl benzoquinone. We conclude that the redox state of the plastoquinone pool does not control light induction of these chlorophyll biosynthetic genes. The signal that affects expression of the nuclear genes appears to solely depend on the integrity of the cytb6/f complex QO site. Since light induction of these genes in Chlamydomonas has recently been shown to involve the blue light receptor phototropin, the results suggest that cytb6/f activity regulates a plastid-derived factor required for their expression. This signaling pathway differs from that which regulates state transitions, since mutant stt7, lacking a protein kinase involved in phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex II, was not altered in the expression of the chlorophyll biosynthetic genes.
Public Agencies and Private Agencies
Authors: Barnett James D. 
Published: May 2006

Is there any fundamental distinction between so-called “public” and “private” agencies, officers, institutions, corporations, associations, persons—legal entities and quasi-entities of all sorts? It is the theory of the courts that such a distinction exists, but their attempts through a maze of decisions logically to establish a principle of distinction have been futile.Several bases of distinction have been adopted by the courts, including, first, the purpose or interest involved. “An office … seems to comprehend every charge or employment in which the public is interested.” Thus “private corporations are those which are created for the immediate benefit and advantage of individuals…. Public corporations are those which are created for public purposes.”However, it is held that the whole interest in the corporation must be public to make it a public corporation. “Public corporations are political corporations or such as are founded wholly for public purposes and the whole interest in which is in the public. The fact of the public having an interest in the works or property or the object of a corporation, does not make it a public corporation.”
Growth of Presidential Government in Europe
Authors: Martin Charles E. 
Published: May 2006

The Unites States of America was the only country that came through the World War with its fundamental principles of government unchanged. War necessitates a powerful and, in a parliamentary sense, irresponsible executive. Wars cannot be won by deliberate assemblies nor by executives harassed by such assemblies. That great national emergencies call for a dictator—a powerful and politically irresponsible executive—the Romans discovered two thousand years ago, and we of the twentieth century have re-discovered. To win the war France set up a dictator, and his name was Georges Clémenceau : to win the war, Great Britain set up a dictator, and his name was Lloyd-George; to win the war the United States set up a dictator, and his name was Woodrow Wilson. To have attempted to carry on government under old parliamentary forms would have been ruinous, for warfare requires quick and decisive action—the very thing deliberative assemblies lack.The proposition is submitted that a government based upon a separation of powers lends itself more readily to concentrated and politically irresponsible executive power than do other forms of government. The parliamentary system is essentially a union of powers. Its differentiating characteristic is an intimate relation between the executive and the legislative branches, a relation so intimate as to amount to union. The executive can at all times be questioned and criticised by the legislative, and can be brought to task for its political failures. That results in responsibility and responsiveness, two sound principles of government. But under the strain of war the parliamentary system of responsible government broke down.
Effects of the League of Nations Covenant
Authors: Wright Quincy 
Published: May 2006

The League of Nations covenant is designed to “promote international coöperation and to achieve international peace and security.” To accomplish the first it provides organs of conference and recommendation and coördinates the numerous international unions already existing with some new ones. To accomplish the second, the members of the league covenant to refrain from acting or to act in a specified manner, in specified circumstances. “Scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations” is emphasized; thus in relation to the treaty of peace of which it is a part, the covenant is comparable to the various forms of oaths, hostages, and guaranties of previous peace treaties.No intention of modifying international law is expressed. On the contrary “the understandings of international law” are to be firmly established “as the actual rules of conduct among governments.” In fact, however, the character of law is dependent upon the character of its sanction. Law and organization are interdependent, and the covenant when put in operation will modify international law, though less in its specific rules than in certain assumptions upon which they have heretofore been supposed to rest.
Remarks on President Goodnow's Paper
Authors: Bose Sudhindra 
Published: May 2006

I have listened with unusual interest to the learned paper on “Reform in China” just read by President Goodnow. It seems to me, however, that the Occidental people find no end of difficulty in understanding and interpreting our Oriental laws, customs, and institutions. We are told, for instance, that the Chinese like other Asians, who are mainly agricultural peoples, are unfit for representative government. I doubt if this statement can stand the test of adequate proof. Take, for example, the people of China, whose recorded history runs back to 2800 B. C. These Celestials, these agriculturalists, had from time immemorial enjoyed local self-government, had been accustomed to “take communal action:” they would close up their business and resist the imposition of an unjust tax. It is to be remembered that the powers of the mother of parliaments developed in this fashion. “The financial functions of parliamentary assemblies are always the centre of their action.”In India, another agricultural country, we had the village community which contained the true germs of representative government. These village communities have frequently been described by such authorities as Sir Charles Metcalf, Sir Henry Maine as “little republics.”