bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘No condition is permanent’: ethnic construction and the use of history in Akuapem
Authors: Gilbert Michelle 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article concerns a recent political crisis which led to the fragmentation, in the main along ethnic lines, of the small Ghanaian kingdom of Akuapem. The situation is complex, though one may choose to frame it too simply in terms of hegemony (Akan vis-à-vis Guan) or even as a double hegemony in the sense that arguments on both sides appeal to ‘modern’ notions, to law courts, the constitution and ‘freedom’, and to newspapers in order to propagandise a position rather than to appeal to the authority of ‘traditional’ arbitration, destoolment, ancestral shrines and gods. Ethnicity and identity are notions with many and ill-defined meanings that fragment when separated from the specific situations in which they are used or constructed. To examine ethnicity one must see how ethnicities are ‘entangled’ and relate to each other; one needs, too, an historical perspective, for, whatever selfhood was in the eighteenth or nineteenth century, it is obviously different today. The dense historical and ethnographic details in the article are essential to point to the shape of the social order and to reveal in all their complexity the factors behind the recent fighting and continuing tension in the kingdom.
Evaluating Visual Criteria for Identifying Carbon- and Iron-Based Pottery Paints from the Four Corners Region Using SEM-EDS
Authors: Stewart Joe D. , Adams Karen R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPaint types on black-on-white pottery in the prehistoric American Southwest have had significance for both chronological and sociocultural interpretations. Visual attributes have formed the basis for distinguishing carbon- and mineral-based paints on ancient black-on-white pottery in the American Southwest for over 60 years. In this study, an SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer) system was first used to make an independent objective determination of the mineral or non-mineral paint present on 15 Mesa Verde White Ware sherds. Then, a group of 19 people (including experienced archaeologists and newly trained individuals) examined and classified the paint on these sherds, achieving an overall accuracy of 84.2 percent. This group also ranked in priority order the visual attributes they felt were most useful in determining pottery paint type: nature of edges (fuzzy, sharp), absorption (soaks in, sits on top), luster (shiny, dull), color range (black-gray-blue; black-brown-reddish), flakiness (doesn't flake off, flakes off), thickness (thin, thick), and surface polish (polish striations visible through paint, striations not visible through paint). In each case, the attribute applicable to carbon-based paint is listed first. The most difficult sherds for the group to identify displayed attributes of both carbon and mineral paints. A category for "mixed" paint type, already in use by archaeologists, is a reasonable third category for labeling sherd paint, as long as it does not become a "catch-all" category. For problematic sherds, the SEM-EDS can be used to characterize paint type, then the visual attributes adjusted to improve investigator accuracy in paint type determination.
Early Formative Cultures in Georgia and Florida
Authors: Ford James A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHistory of development of the American Formative concept is briefly outlined. A chronology is presented that covers the three millennia before the Christian Era and which extends from Ecuador to the Ohio Valley. The Stalling’s Island complex of fiber-tempered pottery from the coast of Georgia is compared with the Valdivia Period ceramics of Ecuador, and the Orange fiber-tempered wares of Florida are compared with the Machalilla Period ceramics of Ecuador and related material in Mesoamerica. The conclusion is drawn that these early Southeastern Cultures ultimately derived from the Ecuadorian early Formative by way of colonies that probably existed in the southern part of Mesoamerica.
The Archaeological Survey: A Defense
Authors: Ruppé Reynold J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is suggested that four major types of survey can be identified: (1) reconnaissance, which is extensive rather than intensive, and results in a catalog of sites; (2) survey which is done in conjunction with a specific program of excavation and is designed to increase the sample of material culture; (3) limited survey that is problem oriented and is conducted for a specific reason (this is usually the most successful type); and (4) survey that involves intensive study of a local area and is designed to extract all possible information from each site found. It is believed that the last type, despite a large expenditure of time and funds, provides much more information than other types of survey. Data from a survey of Cebolleta Mesa, New Mexico, are presented to document the value of the intensive archaeological survey.
Restoration of the San Dieguito Type Site to Its Proper Place in the San Dieguito Sequence
Authors: Hayden Julian D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn their respective sections of Prehistoric Man in the New World, Heizer and Jennings refer to the San Dieguito type sites as belonging to Phase I of that culture. In a recent review of these sections Meighan emphasizes this allocation to Phase I and denies the validity of the division of the culture into phases, alleging that the entire culture sequence is based on an assertion by Rogers. On the basis of Rogers’ published reports, an analysis by Warren and True, and my own field experience, the type site is properly assigned to Phase III.
Two New Specimens from Ohio
Authors: Ellis H. Holmes 
Published: April 2006

During the course of field-work in the summer of 1942 two specimens unusual enough to warrant special notice have been located in private collections.About 1900 a small mound was opened on the Marion West farm near Saxon, Meigs County, Ohio, along the Ohio River. Mr. West found the inscribed tablet (PI. XXXIX, lower) in this mound. The specimen was obtained shortly afterward by Mr. Richard Allen of Columbus, Ohio, in whose collection it is now preserved. This Adena tablet depicts the conventionalized bird design found on several other specimens of this type. It is particularly reminiscent of the Cincinnati and Richardson tablets. The Allen tablet is 8.9 cm. long, 1.9 cm. thick, and 5.1 cm. wide. It is slightly concavo-convex in cross section.
On the Typological Method
Authors: Rouse Irving 
Published: April 2006

The article, “The Typological Concept,” recently published by Alex D. Krieger1 is an encouraging sign that interest in methodology, hitherto confined largely to field work, is now turning as well to the study of specimens in the laboratory. Krieger is to be congratulated for outlining clearly his method of forming types and for a penetrating comparison of that method with other archaeological procedures of classification.It may be questioned, however, whether the article contributes as much to an understanding of the typological concept as it does to the typological method. In emphasizing the formation of types, Krieger fails to explain what he means by the term “type.” As the present writer understands his remarks, the term “type” is used variously to refer to the categories formed by classifying artifacts (pp. 271-272), to the specimens classified within each category (bottom of pp. 277, 281), and to the pattern of characters used to define each category (pp. 278, 280).
Notes on Archaeological Methods
Authors: Clements Forrest E. 
Published: April 2006

Delicate artifacts or small clusters of specimens whose proper excavation in situ would take a great deal of time can be dealt with by a method much used in paleontology but seldom in archaeological work. The material is taken out in a block of the original dirt in which the specimens are imbedded. This block is then shipped to the laboratory where it can be explored at leisure with better facilities for preservation and cleaning of artifacts than usually obtain in the field.The object or group of objects to be removed in this way should be carefully exposed by loosening and brushing away the earth until the whole surface is visible. After the specimens are photographed, the surrounding earth is then dug away, leaving generous margins, until the undisturbed artifacts rest on a sort of pedestal. This pedestal of earth should be undercut several inches all around.
Ciudad Real: A Guaraní-Spanish Site on the Alto Parana River
Authors: Watson Virginia Drew 
Published: April 2006

The objectives of this paper are three-fold: (1) to make available to interested anthropologists the archaeological material which will form the basis for the discussion, (2) to point out several problems of the archaeology of the area in which the site to be discussed is located, and (3) to present a brief account of the history of the site as it is known through extant documents.The material on which the discussion will be based consists of pottery sherds which were collected, with few exceptions, from the surface of the site of Ciudad Real located on the east bank of the Paraná River, at the confluence of the Piquirý River, in the present-day Brazilian state of Paraná (Fig. 32). The site is located on the elevated bank of the river some five miles north of the present town of Guayra, Paraná,. Brazil, and approximately six miles above the Sete Quedas.
Further Information on Projectile Points from Oregon
Authors: Cressman L. S. 
Published: April 2006

This communication will (1) report on two projectile points from Oregon and (2) call attention to others from south central Oregon caves which vary from the types usually found there and throughout the Great Basin.The two projectile points, illustrated in Plate XVI, A, were turned into the Museum of Natural History, University of Oregon, by Mr. H. L. Robe, Museum Attendant, about 1938. The cataloger called the Yuma point to my attention but not the other. He informed me that the Yuma point had been found in an old slough in the Willamette Valley and on the basis of that information nothing was worth reporting about it since stratigraphic or associational sequence seemed to be lacking. It was interesting but that was all.
Fabric Impressions of Pottery from the Elizabeth Herrell Site, Missouri
Authors: Munger Paul , Adams Robert McCormick 
Published: April 2006

A large quantity of fabric impressed pottery was found during the excavation of the Elizabeth Herreli Site in Jefferson County, Missouri, by the Academy of Science of St. Louis.Inasmuch as variations in weaving technique have proven of value in distinguishing and in indicating the connection between ethnic groups this study has been made in an effort to aid archaeologists in comparing the finds at the Herreli Site with the results of other expeditions.The Herreli Site is a village site which belongs to the Middle Mississippi phase of the Mississippi pattern. The reasons for designating this site “Middle Mississippi“ and a full description of the site are given elsewhere.
Clovis Fluted Points From Southeastern Arizona
Authors: Di Peso Charles C. 
Published: April 2006

The primary purpose of this paper is to report the finding of two Clovis Fluted points in southeastern Arizona and hence to further define the geographical range of the hunting complex represented by these points. The secondary purpose is to define the characteristics of the two points in question, for they closely resemble the eight points found at Naco, Arizona.Haury and others (p. 1 ff.) report the finding of eight Clovis Fluted points in the near vicinity of Naco, in southeastern Arizona. This (American Antiquity, Vol. 18, No. 1, p. 91) was the first reported find of these fluted points in this area. The importance of the find was emphasized by the fact that the projectile points were found in direct association with the skeletal remains of Mammuthus (Parelephas) columbi (Haury, “The Naco Mammoth,” The Kiva, Vol. 18, Nos. 3-4, 1952, p. 17).
Further Data on Pacific Coast Fired Clay Figurines
Authors: Pendergast David M. 
Published: April 2006

Since publication in 1955 of a comment by R. F. Heizer and the present author concerning fired clay figurines in California (Heizer and Pendergast 1955), some additional data have come to light which are suggestive of a need for revision of views on the distributional pattern of this trait on the Pacific Coast.In March of 1956 Roscoe Barkhurst of Tulelake, California, submitted to the author for analysis 2 fragmentary figurines which had been collected at a site near Sara, Washington, in 1932.
Archaeological Investigations in O'Sullivan Reservoir, Grant County, Washington
Authors: Daugherty Richard D. 
Published: April 2006

During the summer field seasons of 1948 and 1950, excavations were conducted at several village sites located on the shores of Moses Lake, Washington, which lies within the reservoir area of the O'Sullivan Dam (Fig. 111). The 1948 field project was jointly sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution River Basin Surveys and the University of Washington. The excavation undertaken in 1950 was a cooperative project between the River Basin Surveys and the State College of Washington. Both projects were under the field direction of the writer.Based on the results of an archaeological survey of O'Sullivan Reservoir by Francis A. Riddell and the writer in July of 1947, several sites were selected for further investigation. A large village site, designated 45GR27, received the full attention of the 1948 party, while a similar site, 45GR30, located approximately one mile north of the former, was partially excavated in 1950.
A Revision of the Archaeological Sequence in Sinaloa, Mexico
Authors: Kelley J. Charles , Winters Howard D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn archaeological sequence for the Sinaloa coastal strip of western Mexico had previously been developed by Sauer and Brand, Isabel Kelly, and Gordon Ekholm. Investigations carried out by Southern Illinois University and associates from 1952 to 1958 in Durango, across the Sierra Madre Occidental to the east of Sinaloa, have established an independent archaeological sequence. The presence of trade pottery and other artifacts from Sinaloa in the Durango sites makes possible an independent check of the Sinaloa sequence. This cross correlation essentially confirms the basic Sinaloa sequence of (early to late) Chametla, Aztatlan, and Culiacan periods, but indicates that there is some overlap between these major horizons and that the Aztatlan period is actually divisible into three more or less sequent phases: an early Lolandis phase, an intermediate Acaponeta phase, and a terminal Guasave phase. Re-examination of the Sinaloa sequence confirms and expands these conclusions, resulting in this revision of the archaeological sequence for Sinaloa. For consistency, a revised terminology for the various phases is also presented.
Reliability of Identification of Fossil Pollen as Corn
Authors: Kurtz Edwin B. , Tucker Henry , Liverman James L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOn the basis of present methods of identification of corn pollen, 30% of the pollen collected from maize plants grown under a wide range of environments was misclassified asTripsacumand teosinte. The results show that the characters used to describe corn pollen are too variable to permit reliable identification of fossil pollen as corn.
A Decorated Bone Rattle from Culhuacan, Mexico
Authors: Winning Hasso von 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA notched and elaborately decorated human femur purchased at Culhuacan is identified as anomichicahuaztli, the bone rattle or musical rasp which provided musical accompaniment in Aztec funeral ceremonies for dead warriors. The incised designs consist of symbols of war, sacrifice, blood, and death, arranged in a single composition which is analyzed in terms of seven major parts: solar disc and starry sky, shield beneath the sky, eagle warrior, figure clad in slain victim's skin, earth monster, blood streams, and darts. A detailed comparison with Aztec codices and stone monuments shows that the decoration on the Culhuacan rattle is a typical expression of the religious symbolism relating to the death of warriors in late Aztec times, just preceding the Spanish conquest.
A New Type of Archaic Ruins in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Russell S. Robert 
Published: April 2006

This report outlines the discovery, in 1953, of ruins in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. In ground plan, architecture and construction these ruins, so far as I can determine, show no obvious relationship to old empire Maya ruins some 100 miles to the east. Neither do they exhibit easily identified similarities with the Valley of Mexico sites.
The ruin most thoroughly studied consists of a 200 by 680 foot integrated rock complex of very squat structures inclosed by a low wall or rampart. No structures exceed 15 feet in height. The commanding elevation of the complex was obtained by building in on top of a great, field-rock mound, which in turn was built on an elongated natural hill. At the base the mound is approximately 700 feet long, with a varying width between 300 and 400 feet. In one place, on the south side where the hill was indented, the mound is approximately 70 feet high. Its average height is probably about 25 feet.
Publications on American Indian Physical Anthropology 1952 — 1953
Authors: Reed Erik K. 
Published: April 2006

In a previous communication (American Antiquity 19-3, January 1953, pp. 290-91), I noted significant items in this field during the period 1948-1951, with probably incomplete coverage for the first half of 1952. Additions to that bibliography and this one will be appreciated by the present writer and by the management.
First of all, in supplementation for 1952, must be mentioned the valuable compilation, with year-by-year general trend statements (taken from the Handbook of Latin American Studies) and a subject index: T. D. Stewart, A Bibliography of Physical Anthropology in Latin America: 1937-1948, published by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, New York, 1952.
An Unusual Decorated Steatite Slab from Northwestern California
Authors: Heizer Robert F. 
Published: April 2006

The prehistory of northwestern California is yet largely unknown. Any information on archaeological types is therefore of interest. The following note constitutes the description of a unique flat steatite slab upon one of whose surfaces drilled conical pits and holes, together with some incised lines, occur (Fig. 85).Steatite was locally abundant. Numerous outcrops were worked anciently as evidenced by the large number of prehistoric objects made of this material. Modern Indians know the location of some of these outcrops, and describe the methods of extracting the stone from the mass.1 For the most part steatite was employed in making grease dishes and bowls.The specimen described here is in the private collection of Dr. H. H. Stuart of Eureka, and was recovered by him many years ago from the surface of the site of the village of Tsapekw which lies toward the northern end of Stone Lagoon on the ocean shore of Humboldt County.
Additional Data on Fired Clay Human Figurines from California
Authors: Heizer Robert F. , Pendergast David M. 
Published: April 2006

Since the analysis by R. F. Heizer and R. K. Beardsley (1943) of 7 fired clay figurines from 3 localities in California, archaeological investigations in the central and northern areas of the state have produced more knowledge of the types and occurrence of this form.The 25 figurines discussed here include 3 from site 4-Son-299, 4 from site 4-Mrn-168, sites excavated by the University of California Archaeological Survey, and 18 from Gunther Island, site 4-Hum-67, of which 10 are in the private collection of H. H. Stuart of Eureka, California, and the remainder in the State Indian Museum at Sacramento.The specimens here reported on, which represent more than 3 times the number available for analysis in 1943, provide additional data on design motifs and distribution, and in addition possess much more clearly definable cultural associations than do the original 7 specimens.
New Archaeological Cultures from the Departments of Chuquisaca, Potosi and Tarija, Bolivia
Authors: Grasso Dick Edgar Ibarra 
Published: April 2006

Very Little has been written about the archaeology of central and southern Bolivia, the attention of students having been concentrated on the Tiahuanaco area. I began exploring this great unknown region in 1940-44 and am now continuing the project in my present capacity as Director of the Archaeological Museum of the University of Cochabamba. The present report is a summary of the results of this work to date. The best described Bolivian culture outside of the Tiahuanaco area is the one called Mizque-Tiahuanaco by Nordenskiöld and Bennett which I am calling Yampará. I have found tombs in an earlier variety of this style without any Tiahuanaco influence. A characteristic of Yampará pottery is the presence of tripod bowls which resemble Mexican ones; this trait is entirely un-Tiahuanacoid.The Yampará style extends to the whole of the Department of Chuquisaca, except for Cinti and the southern part of Azero, and it occurs also in the Province of Cornelio Saavedra in Potosí.
Recent Data from Two Paleo-Indian Sites on Medicine Creek, Nebraska
Authors: Davis E. Mott 
Published: April 2006

Excavations in deeply buried paleo-Indian sites of late Wisconsin age in the Medicine Creek Reservoir area, Nebraska, have resulted in the appearance of a number of preliminary statements in recent years. The present statement, anticipating publication of a complete report of the work, has been prepared in order to make available certain data not hitherto reported.This report is concerned with data from two stratified sites, the Lime Creek site (Ft-41) and the Red Smoke site (Ft-42), in both of which artifact assemblages including Plainview points have been found. These two sites are on Lime Creek, a small western tributary of Medicine Creek. They are near the Allen site (Ft-50) on Medicine Creek, source of the Frontier complex (Holder and Wike, 1949). As yet no specific relationship has been found to exist between the Frontier complex and the material from Lime Creek and Red Smoke, and therefore the Allen site will not be discussed in this paper. Geologically the situations of all three sites are very similar.
Some Ancient Sites in Greensberg and Ottawa Townships, Putnam County, Ohio
Authors: Johnson Frederick , Neill O. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA collection of artifacts found in the lip of a terrace of the Blanchard River in northwestern Ohio comes from 17 presumably ancient sites which had not been used by peoples of Archaic and later stages of culture development. The artifacts are made of fine-grained cherty rock which is not known to occur in the region. The tools consist of fluted and other kinds of points, a wide variety of scrapers, “utilized flakes” with sheared edges or edges made by a high quality pressure retouch, gravers, burinlike tools, and other specialized artifacts. It is suggested that these may represent an occupation of the region by pre-Archaic stage peoples.
Phoenix Buttons
Authors: Strong Emory 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMetal buttons bearing the Phoenix bird, a motto in French, and a number are found in quantity in historic sites along the lower Columbia River, and less commonly throughout western North America. Phoenix buttons were not made for Napoleon, as often claimed, but were manufactured by an English firm in the early 1800's for King Christophe of Haiti. The Phoenix bird and the motto come from his coat of arms; the numbers refer to regiments. These military uniform buttons were brought to the Northwest before 1835 by an independent trader, most likely Nathaniel Wyeth, who probably used uniform coats, which he may have obtained earlier when shipping ice to the West Indies, to trade for fish for his salmon packing plant on the Columbia River.