bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation of bluetongue virus serotype 11 isolated from host (sheep) and vector (Culicoides variipennis) at the same site
Authors: Rao C. D. , Roy P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Genetic relatedness of 2 strains of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 11 that were isolated from the same geographic site—one from host (sheep) and the other from the vector Culicoides variipennis during an enzootic of bluetongue at Bruneau, Idaho, in August 1973—was determined by comparing the oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses of the individual double-stranded RNA segments of the genomes. It was observed that the 2 strains of btv-11 exhibit considerable differences in their genotypes, the percentage of diversity being different for each of the corresponding RNA species of the 2 strains of btv-11. These results indicate that more than one genotype of btv can circulate in juxtaposition in a given geographic site. The observed genotypic diversity might be due to the accumulation of point mutations on specific RNA species or antecedent reassortment of RNA segments between different btv in nature or both.
Sensitivity of equine herpesviruses 1 and 3 in vitro to a new nucleoside analogue, 9-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxy] methyl] guanine
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Galloway Karen S. , Hodges Sherie L. , Ogilvie Kelvin K. , Radatus Bruno K. , Kalter Seymour S. , Heberling Richard L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The following members of the Herpetoviridae family were tested to determine their sensitivities to the new antiviral drug, BIOLF-62: equine herpesvirus types 1 and 3, human herpesvirus types 1 and 2, swine herpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus type 4, feline herpesvirus, canine herpesvirus, and herpes simiae virus. Equine herpesviruses 1 and 3, human herpesviruses 1 and 2, and herpes simiae virus were all sensitive to BIOLF-62 at concentrations of less than 0.55 μg/ml. Equine herpesvirus types 1 and 3 were particularly sensitive, viral median effective dose (ed50) concentrations of the drug being only 0.033 and 0.16 μg/ml, respectively. Such high antiviral potency and low cell toxicity indicate that BIOLF-62 might be useful in the treatment of infected animals.
Pseudorabies virus, porcine parvovirus, and porcine enterovirus interactions with the zona pellucida of the porcine embryo
Authors: Bolin S. R. , Turek J. J. , Runnels L. J. , Gustafson D. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Porcine embryos (n = 93) were incubated on cell monolayers that had been previously inoculated with pseudorabies virus, porcine parvovirus (ppv), or each of 2 porcine enteroviruses. After 2, 24, or 48 hours of incubation, the embryos were fixed in glutaraldehyde and examined by electron microscopic procedures. It was found that pseudorabies virus adsorbed to the zona pellucida (zp) and entered sperm tracks in the zp. The ppv and both enteroviruses entered pores in the zp and were associated with sperm that were at or near the outer surface of the zp. In addition, ppv was seen enmeshed in cellular debris on the outer surface of the zp. Evidence of a productive viral infection of the blastomeres of the embryos was not found.
Accuracy of isoflurane delivery by halothane-specific vaporizers
Authors: Steffey E. P. , Woliner M. J. , Howland D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The precision of isoflurane delivery from 4 vaporizers designed and calibrated for halothane was studied. Isoflurane concentration in oxygen (O2) was determined for various vaporizer dial settings (0 to maximum) and O2 flow rates (0.375 to 15 L/min). The effects on vaporizer output of time (settings constant for up to 15 minutes), ambient temperature (15, 22, 30 C), and conditions simulating intermittent positive-pressure ventilation were also studied. The performance of the 4 halothane-specific vaporizers with isoflurane was qualitatively similar and was within the range expected as normal accuracy for halothane delivery in these same vaporizers. At room temperature, isoflurane concentrations were generally greater than dialed percentages with low carrier gas flows and were less than dialed percentages at higher gas flows for most vaporizers.
The relationship of halothane output relative to isoflurane measured during similar conditions fits arithmetic coordinates well. Compared with concentrations of halothane, slightly higher concentrations of isoflurane were delivered from 3 halothane vaporizers studied (av 14%, 15%, and 8%). Temporal changes in delivered isoflurane concentration at room temperature were relatively small at low dial and carrier gas-flow rate settings. However, as gas-flow rate and vaporizer dial settings increased, vaporizer output decreased with time. Alterations in accuracy of isoflurane delivery by 1 vaporizer with temperature changes were most pronounced at the higher gas-flow rates, higher vaporizer dial settings, and lowest temperature. There was little effect of simulated positive-pressure breathing on vaporizer output at peak inspired circuit pressures < 12 mm of Hg. Use of halothane-specific vaporizers to deliver isoflurane has advantages and disadvantages which must be evaluated individually. The delivery of isoflurane by halothane-specific vaporizers is not recommended by anesthetic and vaporizer manufacturers.
Use of prostaglandin F2α in the treatment of unobserved estrus in lactating dairy cattle
Authors: Elmarimi A. A. , Gibson C. D. , Morrow D. , Marteniuk J. , Gerloff B. , Melancon J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A field trial was conducted to evaluate the use of prostaglandin F2α (pgf2α) (lutalyse)a in lactating dairy cattle with unobserved estrus in the presence of a functional corpus luteum (cl) and clinically normal reproductive tract.
Seventy-three Holstein and 9 Jersey cows, weighing between 340.0 and 772.7 kg, were allotted to treatment and control groups. All treated cows were inseminated within 80 hours after treatment as assigned by this trial. Control cows were inseminated at the first observed estrus. Of the treated cows, 50% showed estrus within 80 hours after treatment.
In this trial, 96% of the treated cows and 92% of the control cows were determined to have at least 1 functional cl on the day of treatment. For the treatment group and the control group, mean serum progesterone concentrations were 4.1 ng and 3.5 ng (P < 0.2, by Student's t test), respectively, on day of treatment and were 0.4 ng and 5.0 ng (P < 0.005, by Student' t test) on day 5 after treatment. Pregnancy rates were 57% for treated and 47% for control cows (P = 0.5, by X2). Days from treatment to first-observed estrus, treatment to first service, and treatment to conception were significantly reduced in the treatment group compared with these criteria for the control group (P < 0.05, 0.005, and 0.01 respectively). It was concluded that induction of luteolysis with pgf2α in lactating dairy cattle with unobserved estrus and a palpable functional cl will be an effective addition to reproductive health programs.
Efficacy of fenbendazole against tapeworms in calves
Authors: Ciordia H. , Stuedemann J. A. , McCampbell H. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty-five commercial-grade Angus calves naturally infected with tapeworms (Moniezia sp) were used in 2 controlled experiments to evaluate the cestocidal efficacy of 3 dosage levels of fenbendazole, methyl-5-(phenylthio) -2-benzimidazolecarbamate. In the 1st trial, 15 calves were divided into 3 groups of 5 each. One group served as nonmedicated controls. Other groups were drenched with fenbendazole at dosage rates of 10 and 15 mg/kg of body weight. Thirty calves used in the 2nd experiment were divided into 3 equal groups. One group served as nonmedicated controls and the other 2 groups were drenched at dosage rates of 7.5 and 10 mg/kg. Calves were necropsied 13 days after treatment. Doses of 10 and 15 mg/kg were 100% efficacious in reducing the number of tapeworm scolices, and a dose of 7.5 mg/kg was 91.7% effective. Signs of toxicosis were not observed in medicated cattle from time of treatment to necropsy.
Observation of Rickettsia ruminantium in leukocytic cell cultures from heartwater-infected goats, sheep, and cattle
Authors: Sahu S. P. , Dardiri A. H. , Wool S. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Inclusion bodies of Rickettsia ruminantium, the causative agent of, heartwater, were demonstrated in leukocytic cell culture made from blood collected from Rickettsia-infected goats, sheep, and cattle. These were identified, using Giemsa and direct fluorescent antibody stains and transmission electron microscopy.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antileptospiral antibodies in swine sera
Authors: Waltman W. Douglas , Dawe Donald L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A genus-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was applied to the detection of antileptospiral antibodies in swine sera. Results of the elisa directly correlated with the results of the microscopic agglutination test. The elisa had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 86.4%, and predictive accuracy of 91.3%. Because the elisa is a simple and extremely accurate test, it lends itself as a diagnostic screening test for large numbers of samples.
Phototoxic effect of Thamnosma texana (Dutchman's breeches) in sheep
Authors: Oertli E. H. , Rowe L. D. , Lovering S. L. , Ivie G. W. , Bailey E. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oral exposure of sheep to the airdried, aerial portions of Thamnosma texana (Dutchman's breeches) resulted in severe photosensitization. Sheep fed the plant at 9 or 12 g/kg of body weight/day and held in direct sunlight exhibited signs of phototoxicosis within 24 to 48 hours. The clinical signs manifested were increased body temperature; photophobia; edema of the muzzle, ears, and vulva; keratoconjunctivitis with edema of the cornea; and exudative dermatitis of the skin of the ears, muzzle, and vulva. Lesser dosages of the plant produced similar effects after several days, except that corneal edema and opacity were not seen. Histopathologic studies indicated no hepatic lesions, consistent with primary photosensitization. The photosensitizing effects of T texana can be attributed to the presence of photosensitizing linear furocoumarins (psoralens) in the plant.
Inheritance of congenital cataracts and microphthalmia in the Miniature Schnauzer
Authors: Gelatt Kirk N. , Samuelson Don A. , Bauer John E. , Das Noveen D. , Wolf E. Daniel , Barrie Kathleen P. , Andresen Thomas L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Congenital cataracts and microphthalmia in the Miniature Schnauzer were inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Eighteen matings of affected × affected Miniature Schnauzers resulted in 87 offspring with congenital cataracts and microphthalmia (49 males/38 females). Two matings of congenital cataractous and microphthalmic Miniature Schnauzers (2 females) × a normal Miniature Schnauzer (1 male) yielded 11 clinically normal Miniature Schnauzers (7 males/4 females). Eighteen matings of congenital cataractous and microphthalmic Miniature Schnauzers (6 males) × carrier Miniature Schnauzers (9 females) produced 81 offspring; 39 exhibited congenital cataracts and microphthalmia (20 males/19 females) and 42 had clinically normal eyes (17 males/25 females).
Graft-vs-host response in Alcaligenes faecalis-infected turkey poults
Authors: McCorkle F. M. , Simmons D. G. , Luginbuhl G. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The ontogeny of graft-vs-host immune response for turkeys was studied. Splenic lymphocytes from young turkeys were capable of a response. The graft-vs-host response from Alcaligenes faecalis-infected turkeys was enhanced over noninfected turkeys.
Frequency and immunologic cross-reactivity of encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus in bovine milk in New York
Authors: Opdebeeck J. P. , Norcross N. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 213 milk samples, which were positive by bacteriologic cultural examination for Staphylococcus aureus, were obtained from lactating cows on 55 farms throughout the dairying areas of New York. The S aureus isolates were evaluated for encapsulation directly from milk by the serum-soft agar technique. Results indicated that 93% of S aureus field isolates showed evidence of encapsulation on direct evaluation from milk. Suppression of capsule formation in vitro was seen in 72.7% of isolates when grown in the presence of 1% of anticapsular sera. One of the 3 anticapsular sera used exhibited a significantly higher level of cross-reactivity with the field isolates than did the 2 other sera. Increasing the concentrations of the antisera to 2% and 4% in the serum-soft agar had no effect on the expression of capsule in those isolates which had shown no evidence of capsule suppression with the specific antisera at the 1% level. Limited subculture of randomly selected encapsulated isolates on artificial media resulted in a decrease in the percentage of encapsulation from 100 to 33.3.
Canine cobalt cardiomyopathy: A model for the study of heart failure
Authors: Unverferth Donald V. , Croskery Richard W. , Leier Carl V. , Altschuld Ruth , Pipers Frank S. , Thomas James , Magorien Raymond D. , Hamlin Robert L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The purpose in this study was to describe the canine cobalt cardiomyopathy model and the accompanying myocardial histologic features, metabolism, and central and regional hemodynamic properties. Six dogs were treated with cobalt sulfate (given iv) at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day to a cumulative dose of 150 ± 20 mg/kg; another 6 dogs were controls. Evaluation included study of echocardiograms and systolic-time intervals, and uses of cardiac catheterization to record dp/dt max and chamber pressures and of radiolabeled microspheres to determine cardiac output and regional flow distribution. Transmural biopsies of the left ventricle were analyzed for catecholamine concentration, adenine nucleotides, and percentage of fibrosis.
Compared with the control group, the cobalt-treated group developed tachycardia, increased ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time, decreased dp/dt max, depressed angiographic ejection fraction, and decreased systemic pressures. There were no significant changes of cardiac index or left ventricular end diastolic pressure. Although total systemic resistance was less in the cobalt-treated dogs, there was redistribution of blood flow from midbrain, cerebral cortex, renal cortex, esophagus, and stomach to the pancreas and myocardium. Epicardial blood flow increased more than did endocardial flow, so that the ratio of endocardial-to-epicardial blood flows (1.40 ± 0.12 in the control group) was 1.14 ± 0.10 (P < 0.05) in the cobalt-treated dogs. The ratio of endocardial-to-epicardial adenosine triphosphate concentration was 1.24 ± 0.13 in the control group and depressed to 0.74 ± 0.16 (P < 0.05) in the treated dogs. The ratio of fibrosis in the endocardium and that in the epicardium was constant in the 2 groups. In addition, myocardial stores of norepinephrine were depleted in the cobalt-treated dogs, whereas urinary catecholamine concentrations were 3 times greater than those in the controls.
Blood pressure response to phenylephrine infusion in halothane-anesthetized dogs given acetylpromazine maleate
Authors: Ludders J. W. , Reitan J. A. , Martucci R. , Fung D. L. , Steffey E. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To quantitate acetylpromazine-induced α-adrenergic receptor blockade, phenylephrine was infused into dogs. The amount of phenylephrine necessary to increase the mean arterial blood pressure (map) 50% above base line, with or without the prior administration of acetylpromazine, served to quantify the degree of acetylpromazine-induced α-adrenergic receptor blockade.
Seven dogs were anesthetized with thiopental, maintained on halothane in oxygen, and mechanically ventilated. All infusions were made through a catheter in the cephalic vein. Continuous recordings were made of map and a lead II ecg.
After induction of anesthesia, instrumentation, and stabilization of heart rate, map, and ventilation, 6 group I dogs were infused with phenylephrine until a 50% increase in map was recorded (phenylephrine control). On subsequent research days, each dog was anesthetized, instrumented as described, and given (iv) 1 of 3 dosages of acetylpromazine in the following order—0.05, 0.125, and 0.25 mg/kg. The dose of phenylephrine necessary to increase map 50% in the presence of acetylpromazine was recorded.
Five group II dogs were studied as in group I, but each dog was given (im) atropine (0.04 mg/kg) before anesthetization. Two dosages of acetylpromazine were studied in the following order—0.05 and 0.25 mg/kg.
Group I dogs, when compared with their phenylephrine controls, were given significantly more phenylephrine to raise map 50% at each dose of acetylpromazine studied. The same trend was observed in group II dogs, but at smaller doses of phenylephrine, probably as a result of the positive chronotropic effect of atropine on the heart.
Congenital hypothyroidism in a dog due to an iodide organification defect
Authors: Chastain C. B. , McNeel S. V. , Graham C. L. , Pezzanite S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 10-month-old dwarfed male pup born of large-breed parents with normal stature had congenital goiter. Hypothyroidism due to failure to form organic iodine was diagnosed based on low serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine assays, radiographic findings in the epiphyses, and an abnormal perchlorate discharge test. Replacement of thyroid hormone resulted in more than 450% increase in body weight and a 600% increase in shoulder height over an 8-month period of treatment. A relapse in mental and physical condition occurred when hormone replacement therapy was later withdrawn. Postmortem findings are described.
Pulmonary thromboembolism during therapy of dirofilariasis with thiacetarsamide; Modification with aspirin or prednisolone
Authors: Keith James C. , Rawlings Clarence A. , Schaub Robert G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects that 4 weeks of treatment of dirofilariainfected dogs with either aspirin or prednisolone had on the pulmonary thromboembolism which occurs after they are given thiacetarsamide were determined, using light and electron microscopies. Pulmonary lesions in control dogs at 4 weeks after thiacetarsamide was given were compared with lesions in dogs which were treated with either aspirin (22 mg/kg daily) or prednisolone (1 mg/kg daily) during the 4-week period after adulticide was given. Pulmonary vascular and perivascular lesions were most severe in the prednisolone-treated dogs and least severe in the aspirin-treated dogs. The aspirin-treated dogs had greater resolution of pulmonary arterial proliferative disease, and prednisolone-treated dogs had the lesser resolution.
Comparison of the microtitration agglutination test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of herds affected with swine dysentery
Authors: Egan Isabel Turney , Harris D L. , Joens L. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method was designed to evaluate and compare the microtitration agglutination test (mat) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibodies in swine sera to Treponema hyodysenteriae and thereby establish a method for determining the prevalence of swine dysentery (SD) in herds. According to sampling criteria based on the hypergeometric distribution, sera were collected from 3 age groups of swine from farms having a history of SD on the premises (SD+) recently or being free of the disease (SD-). The highest degree of test sensitivity was obtained when sera from market age swine were evaluated with the elisa. Of 14 SD+ herds from which sera were obtained from market-age swine, 13 were positive with the elisa (93%); none of the 8 SD-herds was positive.
The detection rates of individual swine in the SD+ herds for the 2 tests by age group were as follows: mat—adult swine 1.4%, market-age swine 6%, and weaned pigs 0.8%; elisa—adult swine 16%, market swine 31%, and weaned pigs 0.5%.
Flubendazole: Dose range and efficacy studies against common internal parasites of swine
Authors: Bradley R. E. , Guerrero Jorge , Becker H. N. , Michael B. F. , Newcomb Kathleen 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The anthelmintic spectrum of activity and efficacy of flubendazole, using pigs naturally infected with helminth parasites, were determined in 4 experiments, using 157 pigs. Flubendazole (1.5 mg/kg of body weight) mixed in feed or top-dressed on feed for 5 consecutive days was highly effective as an anthelmintic. This dosage level indicated 100% efficacy against mature Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Trichuris suis, and Metastrongylus apri. There was 88% efficacy against Strongyloides ransomi and 85% efficacy against Stephanurus dentatus and immature Ascaris suum. There was some activity against Globocephalus sp and Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, but insufficient numbers of these parasites were present to make an accurate assessment.
Oxytetracycline concentrations in healthy and diseased calves
Authors: Ames Trevor R. , Larson Vaughn L. , Stowe Clarence M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pneumonia was induced in a group of calves that were then treated with oxytetracycline (otc). When the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of this group were compared with those of healthy controls, obvious differences were observed. The volume of distribution and the half-life of otc were increased in the group with pneumonia. Tissue concentrations of otc (1.48 ± 0.29 μg/ml) were greater in the lungs of calves with pneumonia than that in the lungs (1.09 ± 0.09 μg/ml) of healthy controls. For the dose of otc used, the correlation between serum concentration and tissue concentrations at 24 hours was poor. Seemingly, current concepts of antibiotic dosages and dosage intervals may be inadequate because they are based on blood and tissue values of healthy animals.
Anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in calves
Authors: Benz G. W. , Ernst J. V. , Crawley R. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anthelmintic activities of ivermectin against induced gastrointestinal nematode infections of Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum were evaluated in 6-month-old calves. In experiment 1, 10 group 1 calves were used as nonmedicated controls and other calves were given ivermectin (200 μg/kg of body weight, subcutaneously) when the nematodes were in the early 4th-larval stage (group 2, n = 10) or adult stage (group 3, n = 10). Group 1 control calves had a geometric mean of 20,037 nematodes at necropsy 7 or 8 days after treatment of the group 3 calves. In groups 2 and 3 calves, overall reductions of nematodes exceeded 99%. Overall reductions for each species and total reductions were highly significantly different (P < 0.01) from that in control calves. One group 2 calf died with severe esophagitis 9 days after treatment, apparently caused by the death of migrating Hypoderma larvae.
In experiment 2, group 4 calves (n = 8) were used as nonmedicated controls and other calves were given ivermectin (200 μg/kg orally) as a drench (group 5, n = 8) or as a paste (group 6, n = 8) when the nematodes were in the adult stage. Group 4 control calves had a geometric mean of 24,050 nematodes at necropsy 7 or 8 days after treatments. In group 5 and 6 calves, overall reductions of nematodes exceeded 99%. The overall reductions, as well as the reductions for each species, were highly significantly different (P < 0.01) from that in the control calves given either formulation. Significant differences were not found between formulations.