bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Firearm Ownership and Support for Political Violence in the United States
Authors: Wintemute Garen J. , Crawford Andrew , Robinson Sonia L. , Tomsich Elizabeth A. , Reeping Paul M. , Schleimer Julia P. , Pear Veronica A. 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceLittle is known about support for and willingness to engage in political violence in the United States. Such violence would likely involve firearms.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether firearm owners’ and nonowners’ support for political violence differs and whether support among owners varies by type of firearms owned, recency of purchase, and frequency of carrying a loaded firearm in public.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional nationally representative survey study was conducted from May 13 to June 2, 2022, among US adult members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel, including an oversample of firearm owners.ExposureFirearm ownership vs nonownership.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMain outcomes concern (1) support for political violence, in general and to advance specific political objectives; (2) personal willingness to engage in political violence, by severity of violence and target population; and (3) perceived likelihood of firearm use in political violence. Outcomes are expressed as weighted proportions and adjusted prevalence differences, with P values adjusted for the false-discovery rate and reported as q values.ResultsThe analytic sample comprised 12 851 respondents: 5820 (45.3%) firearm owners, 6132 (47.7%) nonowners without firearms at home, and 899 (7.0%) nonowners with firearms at home. After weighting, 51.0% (95% CI, 49.9%-52.1%) were female, 8.5% (95% CI, 7.5%-9.5%) Hispanic, 9.1% (95% CI, 8.1%-10.2%) non-Hispanic Black, and 62.6% (95% CI, 61.5%-63.8%) non-Hispanic White; the mean (SD) age was 48.5 (18.0) years. Owners were more likely than nonowners without firearms at home to consider violence usually or always justified to advance at least 1 of 17 specific political objectives (owners: 38.8%; 95% CI, 37.3%-40.4%; nonowners: 29.8%; 95% CI, 28.5%-31.2%; adjusted difference, 6.5 percentage points; 95% CI, 4.5-9.3 percentage points; q &amp;lt; .001) but were not more willing to engage in political violence. Recent purchasers, owners who always or nearly always carry loaded firearms in public, and to a lesser extent, owners of assault-type rifles were more supportive of and willing to engage in political violence than other subgroups of firearm owners.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study of support for political violence in the United States, differences between firearm owners and nonowners without firearms at home were small to moderate when present. Differences were greater among subsets of owners than between owners and nonowners. These findings can guide risk-based prevention efforts.
Top Factors in Nurses Ending Health Care Employment Between 2018 and 2021
Authors: Muir K. Jane , Porat-Dahlerbruch Joshua , Nikpour Jacqueline , Leep-Lazar Kathryn , Lasater Karen B. 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceThe increase in new registered nurses is expected to outpace retirements, yet health care systems continue to struggle with recruiting and retaining nurses.ObjectiveTo examine the top contributing factors to nurses ending health care employment between 2018 and 2021 in New York and Illinois.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study analyzed survey data (RN4CAST-NY/IL) from registered nurses in New York and Illinois from April 13 to June 22, 2021. Differences in contributing factors to ending health care employment are described by nurses’ age, employment status, and prior setting of employment and through exemplar nurse quotes.Main Outcomes and MeasuresNurses were asked to select all that apply from a list of contributing factors for ending health care employment, and the percentage of nurse respondents per contributing factor were reported.ResultsA total of 7887 nurses (mean [SD] age, 60.1 [12.9] years; 7372 [93%] female) who recently ended health care employment after a mean (SD) of 30.8 (15.1) years of experience were included in the study. Although planned retirement was the leading factor (3047 [39%]), nurses also cited burnout or emotional exhaustion (2039 [26%]), insufficient staffing (1687 [21%]), and family obligations (1456 [18%]) as other top contributing factors. Among retired nurses, 2022 (41%) ended health care employment for reasons other than planned retirement, including burnout or emotional exhaustion (1099 [22%]) and insufficient staffing (888 [18%]). The age distribution of nurses not employed in health care was similar to that of nurses currently employed in health care, suggesting that a demographically similar, already existing supply of nurses could be attracted back into health care employment.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, nurses primarily ended health care employment due to systemic features of their employer. Reducing and preventing burnout, improving nurse staffing levels, and supporting nurses’ work-life balance (eg, childcare needs, weekday schedules, and shorter shift lengths) are within the scope of employers and may improve nurse retention.
A Mn2+‐Assisted Nanofiber‐Hydrogel Adjuvant for Simultaneous Enhancement of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses
Authors: Jia Haixue , Lin Jia , Wang Dianyu , Lv Xue , Wang Qian , Wang Zhongyan , Liu Jinjian , Yang Lijun , Liu Jianfeng 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLimited ability to elicit cellular immune responses has restricted the effectiveness of conventional adjuvants in the context of cancers. Recent advancements in innate immune activation mechanism investigations have paved the way for the implementation of a “bottom‐up” approach in the development of novel adjuvants. Herein, a simple hydrogel adjuvant with a uniformly organized nanoscale microstructure, termed MnPgel is devised, by employing self‐assembling peptides incorporated with manganese ions (Mn2+). MnPgel exhibits Mn2+ sustained‐release properties in vivo and effectively promotes germinal center formation, thereby facilitating the generation of antibodies at levels comparable to conventional aluminum‐based adjuvants. Moreover, MnPgel transcends the scope of humoral immunity, demonstrating the ability to robustly trigger cellular immune responses and positioning it as a promising candidate for cancer prevention and treatments. In conclusion, the work has introduced a well‐defined hydrogel adjuvant as a proof‐of‐concept, simplifying vaccine adjuvant design and opening up new avenues for “on‐demand” immunomodulation strategies.
Orienting Electron Fillings in d Orbitals of Cobalt Single Atoms for Effective Zinc–Air Battery at a Subzero Temperature
Authors: Yan Yan , Wen Bihan , Liu Mingkai , Lei Hao , Yang Jifeng , He Siyuan , Qu Zehua , Xia Wei , Li Hongliang , Zeng Jie 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe missions in extreme environments such as the moon, the Arctic/Antarctic, and the plateau require the operation of batteries at low temperatures even below the freezing point of water. Herein, it is reported that compressively stressed Co single atoms exhibit enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and enable the effective operation of zinc–air battery at a subzero temperature. The compressive strain is generated by depositing Co single atoms on highly arced carbon layers with ultra‐small curvature radii ≈2 nm. The locally compressive strain on Co single atoms redistributes the electron fillings in d orbitals with different spatial orientations, thereby strengthening the adsorption of active intermediates and enhancing the activity toward ORR. As expected, compressively stressed Co single atoms outperform Co single atoms on a flat support without strain in terms of kinetic current density (31.09 mA cm−2 vs 0.35 mA cm−2) at 0.85 V during ORR. The integration of the catalyst into a Zn–air battery generates a superior power density of 54.8 mW cm−2 than the commercial Pt/C counterpart (24.1 mW cm−2) at −40 °C.
Reprogrammable Multi‐Responsiveness of Regenerated Silk for Versatile Soft Actuators
Authors: Xiao Jianliang , Liu Haitao , Wang Shan , Ma Shuqi , Zhang Lei , Qi Yizhou 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDeveloping stimulus‐responsive materials (SRMs) with reversible, large, and reprogrammable multi‐responsiveness is crucial for soft actuators and intelligent devices, which remains challenging. In this study, regenerated silk fibroin with hierarchical structure is utilized to specially design a reprogrammable multi‐stimuli‐responsive protein film and versatile soft actuators. The freestanding fibroin films exhibit notable thermal contraction (−1383 ppm K−1) and humidity‐responsiveness that can be repeatedly regulated by easy post‐treatment with Ca2+ as desired. The actuating and regulating mechanisms involve reversible conformational change that is magnified into macroscopic deformations by hierarchical structure, and the roles of material structure and ambient conditions in determining actuating performances are analyzed based on thermodynamics. Driven by humidity gradient, the fibroin film demonstrates spontaneous flipping locomotion, self‐oscillation with tunable frequencies, bio‐butterfly wing flapping, and transformation from 2D to 3D structure. Moreover, reprogrammable deformations at specific regions are achieved in multi‐stimuli‐driven PET/fibroin film actuators owing to the straightforward Ca2+‐content‐based tunability of the responsiveness. The fibroin‐based actuators can be used as artificial muscles to drive the high‐frequency wing‐flapping of a bio‐dragonfly and soft gripper to grasp, lift, and transfer objects. The simple yet effective strategy presented herein provides valuable inspiration for designing advanced SRMs and soft actuators with reprogrammable multi‐responsiveness.
Superspreading of Polyelectrolyte Complex Solution for Constructing Hydrogel Coatings on Diverse Substrates
Authors: Wei Congying , Zhao Chuangqi , Ru Yunfei , Sun Yingzhi , Zhao Tianyi , Qi Shuanhu , Zhou Jiajia , Liu Mingjie 
Published: April 2024

AbstractInjectable hydrogels have emerged as versatile materials with potential applications in various fields, including biomedicine, lubrication, adhesion, surface coatings, and tissue engineering. However, the critical aspect of spreading and wetting on various substrates, which is essential for obtaining significant interfacial properties, has not been adequately addressed. This work presents an approach to prepare hydrogel coatings on kinds of substrates through the superspreading of polyelectrolyte complex solution during its liquid‐liquid phase inversion process. Due to the low interfacial tension, the solution spreads and wets various surfaces underwater driven by osmotic pressure, improving the contact area and interface integration. Combined with the simultaneous sol‐gel transition through electrostatic interaction, it forms a stable and homogeneous hydrogel coating. The hydrogel coating possesses control thickness (4–8 µm), improved hydrophilicity (CA decrease from 102° to 10°), interfacial toughness (increase from 70 to 455 J m−2), and lubrication performance (coefficients of friction decrease from 0.712 to 0.112). The work provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the spreadability and wettability in a water/water/solid three‐phase system and develop functional hydrogel coatings for various applications.
New Understanding and Improvement in Sintering Behavior of Cerium‐Rich Perovskite‐Type Protonic Electrolytes
Authors: Wang Zehua , Luo Zhixin , Xu Hengyue , Zhu Tianjiu , Guan Daqin , Lin Zezhou , Chan Ting‐Shan , Huang Yu‐Cheng , Hu Zhiwei , Jiang San Ping , Shao Zongping 
Published: April 2024

AbstractProtonic ceramic cells show great promises for electrochemical energy conversion and storage, while one of the key challenges lies in fabricating dense electrolytes. Generally, the poor sinterability of most protonic ceramic electrolytes, such as BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3‐δ, is attributed to the Ba evaporation at high temperatures. In a systematic and comparative study of BaCeO3 and BaZrO3, the results demonstrated that Ba tends to segregate to grain boundaries rather than evaporate. Additionally, thermal reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ promotes the displacement of Ce to the Ba‐site or the exsolution of CeO2 phase, leading to an abnormal lattice shrinkage of perovskite phase and hindering the electrolyte densification. Contrary to previous beliefs that Ba deficiency inhibits the electrolyte sintering, the findings indicate that it surprisingly promotes the sintering of BaZrO3 perovskites, while excess Ba negatively affects its sintering behavior due to the accumulation of Ba species at grain boundaries. As to BaCeO3, excess Ba improves electrolyte sintering by suppressing the Ce exsolution at high temperatures. Meanwhile, Co‐doping Zr and Ce in the B‐site of protonic perovskite can optimize the sintering characteristic. These findings offer new insights into sintering of protonic perovskites and provide guidance for the development of new protonic devices.
“Heterodimensional Structure” Integrated Defect and Interface Engineering for Efficiently EMI Shielding and Electrochemical Response
Authors: Liu Ting‐Ting , Wang Yu‐Chang , Wang Yu‐Ze , Cao Mao‐Sheng 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTwo colossal global challenges remain energy scarcity and environmental pollution, having evolved into problems that human society cannot ignore. Therefore, developing a material with efficient electromagnetic (EM) interference shielding and electrocatalytic properties has become imperative in promoting sustainable development and establishing environmental protection systems. Herein, a heterodimensional structure is prepared by assembling 3D spirally grown VS2 with 2D FeCo‐LDH, which precisely manipulates macroscopic EM and electrochemical characteristics through defect and interface engineering. The results show that the heterodimensional structure presents an efficient shielding effectiveness of 30.2 dB at 18 GHz. Heterodimensional structure exhibits a low overpotential of 279 mV, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a desirable stability. In addition, based on the unique electrochemical properties and EM response characteristics of the material, a special protective helmet is innovated. The helmet incorporating an autonomous oxygen supply, advanced pressure surveillance, and dynamic stealth supports a more exhaustive safeguard for missions amidst noxious gases, and situations necessitating clandestine operations. This research provides a new idea for the development of multifunctional EM active materials, showing great application prospects in the fields of aerospace engineering, energy, and EM security protection.
Injectable, Electroconductive, Free Radical Scavenging Silk Fibroin/Black Phosphorus/Glycyrrhizic Acid Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Enhancing Spinal Cord Repair
Authors: Zhang Beichen , Wang Wanshun , Gao Peng , Li Xiang , Chen Lingling , Lin Zefeng , Chen Hu , Liang Wenhao , Kong Zhiyuan , Lin Dingkun , Wu Xiaona , Zhang Tao 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to a severe permanent disability. A poor inflammatory microenvironment and nerve electric signal conduction block are the main reasons for difficulty in spinal cord nerve regeneration. In this study, black phosphorus (BP) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) are integrated into methacrylate‐modified silk fibroin (SF) to construct a bifunctional injectable hydrogel (SF/BP/GA) with appropriate conductivity and the ability to inhibit inflammation to promote neuronal regeneration after SCI. This work discovers that the SF/BP/GA hydrogel can reduce the oxidative damage mediated by oxygen free radicals, promote the polarization of macrophages toward the anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype, reduce the expression of inflammatory factors, and improve the inflammatory microenvironment. Moreover, it induces neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation and neurosphere formation, restores signal conduction at the SCI site in vivo, and ameliorates motor function in mice with spinal cord hemisection, revealing a significant neural repair effect. An injectable, electroconductive, free‐radical‐scavenging hydrogel is a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI repair.
Noble‐Metal‐Free High‐Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles for Efficient Solar‐Driven Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Huang Haowei , Zhao Jiwu , Guo Hele , Weng Bo , Zhang Hongwen , Saha Rafikul Ali , Zhang Menglong , Lai Feili , Zhou Yufan , Juan Rubio‐Zuazo , Chen Peng‐Cheng , Wang Sibo , Steele Julian A. , Zhong Fulan , Liu Tianxi , Hofkens Johan , Zheng Yu‐Ming , Long Jinlin , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMetal nanoparticle (NP) cocatalysts are widely investigated for their ability to enhance the performance of photocatalytic materials; however, their practical application is often limited by the inherent instability under light irradiation. This challenge has catalyzed interest in exploring high‐entropy alloys (HEAs), which, with their increased entropy and lower Gibbs free energy, provide superior stability. In this study, 3.5 nm‐sized noble‐metal‐free NPs composed of a FeCoNiCuMn HEA are successfully synthesized. With theoretic calculation and experiments, the electronic structure of HEA in augmenting the catalytic CO2 reduction has been uncovered, including the individual roles of each element and the collective synergistic effects. Then, their photocatalytic CO2 reduction capabilities are investigated when immobilized on TiO2. HEA NPs significantly enhance the CO2 photoreduction, achieving a 23‐fold increase over pristine TiO2, with CO and CH4 production rates of 235.2 and 19.9 µmol g−1 h−1, respectively. Meanwhile, HEA NPs show excellent stability under simulated solar irradiation, as well high‐energy X‐ray irradiation. This research emphasizes the promising role of HEA NPs, composed of earth‐abundant elements, in revolutionizing the field of photocatalysis.
Monochorionic Twinning in Bioengineered Human Embryo Models
Authors: Luijkx Dorian G. , Ak Asli , Guo Ge , van Blitterswijk Clemens A. , Giselbrecht Stefan , Vrij Erik J. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMonochorionic twinning of human embryos increases the risk of complications during pregnancy. The rarity of such twinning events, combined with ethical constraints in human embryo research, makes investigating the mechanisms behind twinning practically infeasible. As a result, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the origins and early phenotypic presentation of monochorionic twin embryos. In this study, a microthermoformed‐based microwell screening platform is used to identify conditions that efficiently induce monochorionic twins in human stem cell‐based blastocyst models, termed “twin blastoids”. These twin blastoids contain a cystic GATA3+ trophectoderm‐like epithelium encasing two distinct inner cell masses (ICMs). Morphological and morphokinetic analyses reveal that twinning occurs during the cavitation phase via splitting of the OCT4+ pluripotent core. Notably, each ICM in twin blastoids contains its own NR2F2+ polar trophectoderm‐like region, ready for implantation. This is functionally tested in a microfluidic chip‐based implantation assay with epithelial endometrium cells. Under defined flow regimes, twin blastoids show increased adhesion capacity compared to singleton blastoids, suggestive of increased implantation potential. In conclusion, the development of technology enabling large‐scale formation of twin blastoids, coupled with high‐sensitivity readout capabilities, presents an unprecedented opportunity for systematically exploring monochorionic twin formation and its impact on embryonic development.
Noncontact Microfluidics of Highly Viscous Liquids for Accurate Self‐Splitting and Pipetting
Authors: Han Xiao , Tan Shengda , Wang Qi , Zuo Xiaobiao , Heng Liping , Jiang Lei 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAccurate dosing for various liquids, especially for highly viscous liquids, is fundamental in wide‐ranging from molecular crosslinking to material processing. Despite droppers or pipettes being widely used as pipetting devices, they are powerless for quantificationally splitting and dosing highly viscous liquids (>100 mPa s) like polymer liquids due to the intertwined macromolecular chains and strong cohesion energy. Here, a highly transparent photopyroelectric slippery (PS) platform is provided to achieve noncontact self‐splitting for liquids with viscosity as high as 15 000 mPa s, just with the assistance of sunlight and a cooling source to provide a local temperature difference (ΔT). Moreover, to guarantee the accuracy for pipetting liquids (>80%), the ultrathin MXene film (within a thickness of 20 nm) is self‐assembled as the photo‐thermal layers, overcoming the trade‐off between transparency and photothermal property. Compared with traditional pipetting strategies (≈1.3% accuracy for pipetting polymer liquids), this accurate microfluidic chip shows great potential in adhesive systems (bonding strength, twice than using the droppers or pipettes).
Graphene Oxide‐Assisted Molecular Crystal Co‐Assembly for Large‐Scale Freestanding 2D Photoresponse Heterostructures with Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Liu Bin , Li Yinxiang , Dong Xuemei , Chen Chen , He Zixi , Pan Keyuan , Sun Hongchao , Xu Min , Li Zifan , Wu Yueyue , Liu Juqing 
Published: April 2024

Abstract2D van der Waals heterostructures (2D vdWHs) have been gaining significant attention in neuromorphic electronics. However, the facile synthesis of large‐scale, high‐quality freestanding 2D vdWHs remains challenge, particularly for organic counterparts due to susceptible nucleation behaviors and weak intermolecular interactions. Here, the study reports a graphene oxide (GO)‐assisted molecular crystal co‐assembly method for one‐step growth of centimeter‐scale freestanding heterostructures. This co‐assembly involves the simultaneous assembling of organic and GO precursors at the liquid–liquid interface, where the amphiphilic nature of GO nanosheets facilitates the diffusion of organic molecules and 2D nucleation of organic crystals, and the nanosheets also become enriched to grow a quasi‐solid film for the bilayer formation. Owing to integrated photosensitive and charge‐trapping properties as well as type II band structure, this heterostructure exhibits exceptional photonic synaptic behaviors, with a paired‐pulse facilitation index of 141% and image recognition of 91%.
Tapered Optical Fiber Enabled Distributed Sensors with High Spatial Resolution by Deep Learning
Authors: Hou Lei , Jiang Ting , Yu Ting , Cao Chuan , Tu Xitao , Zhang Ji , Pan Jing , Wang Shipeng , Zhou Ning , Yao Ni , Zhang Lei 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDistributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) systems are valuable tools for monitoring various physical parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, strain). DOFS systems, however, remain a challenge for achieving high spatial resolution in narrow spaces due to the bulky external demodulation techniques. Herein, by taking advantage of spatial inhomogeneity‐induced higher‐order modes, a tapered optical fiber‐based distributed sensor is developed to monitor the contact position and force by deep learning simultaneously. The sensor achieves the position and force prediction resolutions of 7.6 µm and 0.02 N, respectively, over the 5.6 mm length by developing a multi‐scale convolutional neural network with a long short‐term memory model to decode the output signals. Furthermore, the sensor can identify position and force in a 2D plane, exhibiting excellent distributed sensing capabilities. The results may pave the way toward high‐performance distributed sensors for applications from healthcare, robotics to human–machine interfaces.