bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Estrogen Deprivation on Gene Expression Profiles of Normal Postmenopausal Breast Tissue In vivo
Authors: Kendall Anne , Anderson Helen , Dunbier Anita K. , Mackay Alan , Dexter Tim , Urruticoechea Ander , Harper-Wynne Catherine , Dowsett Mitch 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors play a key role in the clinical management of hormone receptor–positive breast cancer and have potential utility as chemopreventive agents. Further understanding of the molecular effects of estrogen and its deprivation in normal breast tissue may allow the development of biomarkers of risk of breast cancer and help to predict the value of chemoprevention with aromatase inhibitors. Core biopsies of normal breast tissue were taken before and after letrozole treatment from postmenopausal women in the LITMaS pilot prevention study. RNA was extracted from these samples and used for cDNA microarray analysis. Gene expression changes induced by letrozole treatment were much less extensive than observed in estrogen receptor–positive malignant tissue; however, overall, they correlated to a highly significant degree (ρ = 0.511; P &lt; 10−20). As well as some classically estrogen-associated genes, many genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling were affected by estrogen deprivation in the normal breast in vivo. These data indicate for the first time that gene expression of normal breast tissue remains dependent on endogenous estrogens after the menopause. The modest degree of gene change suggests that intermediate markers of chemoprevention may be difficult to identify. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):855–63)
Cancer High-Risk Subjects Identified by Serum Pepsinogen Tests: Outcomes after 10-Year Follow-up in Asymptomatic Middle-Aged Males
Authors: Yanaoka Kimihiko , Oka Masashi , Mukoubayashi Chizu , Yoshimura Noriko , Enomoto Shotaro , Iguchi Mikitaka , Magari Hirohito , Utsunomiya Hirotoshi , Tamai Hideyuki , Arii Kenji , Ohata Hiroshi , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Takeshita Tatsuya , Mohara Osamu , Ichinose Masao 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer screening using the pepsinogen filter test is receiving wide recognition in Japan owing to convenience, freedom from discomfort or risk, efficiency, and economy. Because the long-term outcomes of cancer development in extensive atrophic gastritis detected by pepsinogen test are unclear, test-positive and test-negative subjects were investigated in a longitudinal cohort study.
Methods: Subjects comprised 5,209 middle-aged men with measured serum pepsinogen levels who were followed for 10 years. Cancer development based on “atrophy-positive” and “atrophy-negative” criteria used for cancer screening was investigated.
Results: During the study, 63 cases of cancer developed in the cohort, representing an incidence rate of 125 per 100,000 person-years. Pepsinogen test screening using the most widely used atrophy-positive criterion (pepsinogen I, ≤70 ng/mL; pepsinogen I/II ratio, ≤3.0) displayed 58.7% sensitivity, 73.4% specificity, and 2.6% positive predictive value. Cancer incidence rate was 276 per 100,000 person-years for the atrophy-positive group and 70 per 100,000 person-years for the atrophy-negative group. Incidence rate was higher in groups fulfilling stricter positive criteria detecting more extensive atrophy, reaching 424 per 100,000 person-years. In addition, 9.2% of atrophy-negative subjects with pepsinogen I of &gt;70 ng/mL and pepsinogen I/II ratio of ≤3.0 (reflecting putative inflammation-based high pepsinogen II level) are at high risk for cancer, particularly diffuse-type cancer, with a cancer incidence rate comparable with atrophy-positive subjects (216 per 100,000 person-years).
Conclusion: Atrophy-positive subjects by pepsinogen filter test, particularly those fulfilling stricter criteria, and atrophy-negative subjects with low pepsinogen I/II ratio reflecting putative extensive active inflammation constitute populations at high risk for gastric cancer, requiring thorough endoscopic examination. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):838–45)
The Common D302H Variant of CASP8 Is Associated with Risk of Glioma
Authors: Bethke Lara , Sullivan Kate , Webb Emily , Murray Anne , Schoemaker Minouk , Auvinen Anssi , Kiuru Anne , Salminen Tiina , Johansen Christoffer , Christensen Helle Collatz , Muir Kenneth , McKinney Patricia , Hepworth Sarah , Dimitropoulou Polyxeni , Lophatananon Artitaya , Feychting Maria , Lönn Stefan , Ahlbom Anders , Malmer Beatrice , Henriksson Roger , Swerdlow Anthony , Houlston Richard 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Caspase 8 (CASP8) is a key regulator of apoptosis or programmed cell death, and, hence, a defense against cancer. We tested the hypothesis that the CASP8 polymorphism D302H influences risk of glioma through analysis of five series of glioma case patients and controls (n = 1,005 and 1,011, respectively). Carrier status for the rare allele of D302H was associated with a 1.37-fold increased risk (95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.70; P = 0.004). The association of CASP8 D302H with glioma risk indicates the importance of inherited variation in the apoptosis pathway in susceptibility to this form of primary brain tumor. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):987–9)
Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer Screening: Important Role as Biomarker
Authors: Boulet Gaëlle A.V. , Horvath Caroline A.J. , Berghmans Sarah , Bogers Johannes 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Cervical cytology screening has reduced cervical cancer morbidity and mortality but shows important shortcomings in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Infection with distinct types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary etiologic factor in cervical carcinogenesis. This causal relationship has been exploited for the development of molecular technologies for viral detection to overcome limitations linked to cytologic cervical screening. HPV testing has been suggested for primary screening, triage of equivocal Pap smears or low-grade lesions and follow-up after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Determination of HPV genotype, viral load, integration status and RNA expression could further improve the effectiveness of HPV-based screening and triage strategies. The prospect of prophylactic HPV vaccination stresses the importance of modification of the current cytology-based screening approach. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):810–7)
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Obesity-Related Genes and the Risk of Esophageal Cancers
Authors: Doecke James D. , Zhao Zhen Zhen , Stark Mitchell S. , Green Adèle C. , Hayward Nicholas K. , Montgomery Grant W. , Webb Penelope M. , Whiteman David C. ,   and for the Australian Cancer Study
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Rates of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (EAC) and esophagogastric junction (EGJAC) have been rising rapidly in recent decades, in contrast to the declining rates of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC). Obesity is a major risk factor for both EAC and EGJAC, but not ESCC, and there is speculation that obesity promotes adenocarcinoma development through endocrine and related pathways. We therefore compared the prevalence of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine candidate genes previously implicated in obesity pathways (LEP, LEPR, ADIPOQ, POMC, PPARα, PPARγ, RXRγ, GHRL, and INSIG2) in a large Australian case-control study comprising DNA samples from 260 EAC cases, 301 EGJAC cases, 213 ESCC cases, and 1,352 population controls. No SNPs were associated with EGJAC or ESCC. Although several SNPs seemed to be associated with EAC on crude analysis [ADIPOQ (rs1501299), LEP (5′-untranslated region), PPARγ (H447H), and GHRL (M72L)], effect sizes were modest and none of the associations was significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Further, we found no consistent evidence that any of the genotypes were associated with risk of EAC or EGJAC within strata of body mass index (&lt;25.0 kg/m2, 25.0-29.9 kg/m2, &gt;30 kg/m2). In conclusion, our data suggest that these SNPs do not play a major role in esophageal carcinogenesis. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):1007–12)
Children's Suffrage: A Critique of the Importance of Voters' Knowledge for the Well-Being of Democracy
Authors: Olsson Stefan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThat children should not have the right to vote is something that most people think of as self-evident. It is so obvious that almost none of the prominent democratic theorists have given it any serious consideration. It is a non-issue. In this paper, I question this "self-evident" view. The main reason why children are excluded from the suffrage is that they lack political competence. By reviewing the research on political knowledge among voters, however, I show that the fear of the ignorant voter has been vastly exaggerated. If democracy works well with a large number of adult voters with little or no knowledge of politics, it should also work with children voting. The article also discusses the role of parents. The idea that children should have the right to vote very much depends on whether we accept that parents can act as their children's trustees or not. My argument is that this should not be a problem. Acting through representatives is already an accepted practice in the democratic system. Parents are already considered the children's legal representatives. There is no reason why they could not be thought of as their political representatives as well.
Frustrated, Resigned, Outspoken: Students' Engagement with School Rules and Some Implications for Participatory Citizenship
Authors: Raby Rebecca 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSchool rules are frequently presented as fostering responsibility, respect and self-discipline, yet it is rare for them to discuss students' participation or rights. Drawing on data from nine focus groups with secondary students within a southern region of Ontario, Canada, this paper investigates students' reactions to school rules, particularly in terms of participation in their creation, appeal or challenge. While students often negotiated rules with their teachers, for the most part students had little sense of themselves as able to influence the rules beyond either obedience or rule-breaking. The second half of this paper focuses on student subjectivity. While students sometimes felt able to negotiate the rules through positioning themselves as workers or students in the future, or as teenagers in the process of development, it was when they identified themselves as social actors and rights holders in the present that they were most able to challenge school rules they found to be unfair.
Putting the Age of Criminal and Tort Liability into Context: A Dialogue between Law and Psychology
Authors: Ferreira Nuno 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe concepts of 'liability age' and 'capacity responsibility' have been widely dissected by researchers in various fields. However, their application to both criminal and tort liability of children remains inconsistent. Furthermore, rarely has an interdisciplinary approach adequately dealt with these concepts and their impact on legal norms. This text investigates the notion of criminal and tort liability age in connection with the notion of capacity responsibility, in relation to children, and further questions the adequacy of the relevant legal norms. This endeavour to improve the applicable legal norms is supported by an analysis of the pertinent findings in the field of psychology, particularly in respect of the moral development of children. Informed by an excursion through the ideas of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan, among others, regarding the moral development of children, the text also serves to assess the impact of concepts of moral responsibility and maturity, in relation to the development of the legal norms, which determine the age of liability of children. The text concludes with a proposal for a criminal and tort liability age framework, based upon indicative/presumptive age milestones, and an integrated approach to all relevant circumstances in casu.
Rights Conceptions of Maltreated Children Living in State Care
Authors: Ruck Martin , Peterson-Badali Michele , Bone Janet 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAlthough research on children's thinking about children's rights has increased over the past few decades, there has been virtually no study of children with maltreatment histories who live in state care. This group is particularly vulnerable, having suffered profound violations of their right to security at the hands of their caregivers and often residing in non-kinship settings. We examined conceptions and attitudes about nurturance and self-determination rights in 100 10-18-year-old maltreated children living in state care in Toronto, Canada. Participants demonstrated a more accurate definition of a right than typically-developing youth in previous studies. Rights that were salient related predominantly to participants' current – rather than historical – circumstances. However, compared to nonmaltreated children in previous research, there was a greater focus on rights related to protection and access to basic needs, which suggests that basic issues of protection and provision are still quite relevant in their lives. While type of maltreatment did not relate to participants' thinking about rights, differences emerged between youth living in foster care and group homes. In general, rights that appeared salient to participants had an aspirational quality in that they related to opportunities or benefits that they deemed important but may not have experienced. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Public Justifiability and Children
Authors: Beckman Ludvig 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe idea that everyone should be able, at least in principle, to accept a society's basic political principles is a central element of the liberal idea of political legitimacy. In this article, the implications of this idea for the political status of children are examined and two arguments are made. The first is that our political institutions and principles should be able to meet with the approval of children in order for them to be justified in accordance with the liberal principle of political legitimacy. The second argument is that this would be best achieved by considering what principles we – the adults – could not reasonably reject were we to adopt the child's perspective.
The United States and the International Criminal Court: Avoiding Jurisdiction Through Bilateral Agreements in Reliance on Article 98
Authors: Bogdan Attila 
Published: April 2008

AbstractState-parties to the International Criminal Court Statute have a general obligation to cooperate with the Court. The duty to cooperate represents the functional cornerstone of the Court's existence. A narrow exception to this duty is contained in Article 98 of the Statute, which provides for limited circumstances in which the Court must refrain from seeking a surrender of an individual to the Court. Following rules of treaty interpretation, as well as an examination of the legislative history of the ICC Statute, the article explores the scope of Article 98, the provision the United States relied on in concluding a series of bilateral agreements that are primarily aimed at preventing the surrender of any U.S. nationals to the ICC. The article considers the issue of what impact, if any, the agreements have in the context of extradition, and the U.S.' legal ability to fulfill the commitments made in the "Article 98" agreements.
Prosecutor v.Gacumbitsi: The New Definition for Prosecuting Rape Under International Law
Authors: Cole Alison 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Gacumbitsi judgement of the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is the first appellate case to address the apparent contradiction in the prior jurisprudence of the ad hoc Tribunals on the definition of rape. The Trial Chamber in the Akayesu judgement defined rape as a physical invasion of a sexual nature under coercive circumstances, whereas the later Appeals Chamber judgment of Kunarac introduced the requirement of consent. As well as addressing the role of consent in defining and proving rape at trial, the Appeals Chamber in Gacumbitsi also considered appeals of fact on specific allegations of rape, providing guidance on establishing crime base and linkage evidence to hold superiors responsible for rape under individual and command responsibility theory. After setting out the developments in the case law on the definition of rape, the author considers the contribution of the Gacumbitsi judgement, and argues that the Akayesu approach is most consistent with the framework of international criminal law.
UN Ad Hoc Tribunals Under Time Pressure – Completion Strategy and Referral Practice of the ICTY and ICTR from the Perspective of the Defence
Authors: Dieckmann Jens , Kerll Christina 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe ICTY and ICTR have been put under an enormous time pressure to comply with the deadlines scheduled by the so-called Completion Strategy, which was announced by the United Nations Security Council in its Resolutions 1503 and 1534. This strategy called upon the two ad hoc Tribunals to focus on the trials of the most senior leaders and transfer intermediary- and lower-level accused to competent national jurisdictions in order to complete all trial activities at first instance by 2008 and all of its work by 2010. Rules 11bis of the ICTY and ICTR Rules of Procedure and Evidence were consequently amended to provide for the referral of indictments to national courts. While the ICTY to date has issued ten Referral Bench decisions and seven appellate decisions in Rule 11bis cases, the ICTR has only just initiated its referral practice. It is therefore time to examine the ICTY's jurisprudence on referrals as they will have a large impact on referral cases presented before the ICTR. This article critically analyses the development of the Tribunals' case law on referral cases from the point of view of the Defence. It provides an exhaustive overview of the jurisprudence in Rule 11bis proceedings, and examines the extent to which this jurisprudence has developed reasonable responses to the strict guidelines of the UN Security Council.
Victim Participation During the Pre-Trial Stage at the International Criminal Court
Authors: Guhr  
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe article deals with the first decisions of the International Criminal Court in regard to victim participation in the criminal proceedings. Victim participation is one of the novelties of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. With the aim of integrating a restorative element into the proceedings, the victims are given both the opportunity to be heard and to claim reparations. The first decisions are examined with a view to the impact they could have on the proceedings. Beyond the specific decisions, various problems that may arise in relation to victim participation are discussed.
Military Criminal Responsibilities for Targeting Suspected Terrorists within (International) Armed Conflicts: Towards a Uniform Framework
Authors: Knoops Geert-Jan Alexander 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article examines a new form of counterterrorism measures exercised by states namely preventative targeting of alleged terrorists. The analysis conducted in this article is based on a judgment of the Israeli Supreme court of 13 December 2006 where this issue was addressed in the context of an international armed conflict. The author critically assesses the various aspects of this judgment in view of contemporary principles of contemporary international (criminal) law. In particular, it focuses on the main question whether this form of counter terrorism complies with the underlying principle of Common Article 3 of the Geneva conventions, namely the requirement of "the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples."
Prospects for Ratification and Implementation of the Rome Statute by the Czech Republic
Authors: Křivánek David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Czech Republic is the only European Union member state not to have ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Although the Czech Republic is a like-minded state and the government can generally be said to support the ratification, there are several reasons why this has not yet happened. This paper elucidates these reasons. It gives an overview of the relevant provisions of Czech constitutional law as well as both material and procedural criminal law and shows current Czech procedures regarding international cooperation. In this evaluation, it is highlighted that most existing provisions or those currently undergoing revision would soon enable the Czech Republic to ratify and implement the Rome Statute. The reasons why this has not yet happened are shown to be not as much legal as they are political.
The Principle of Complementarity in the Cases of the Sudanese Nationals Ahmad Harun and Ali Kushayb before the International Criminal Court
Authors: Pichon Jakob 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn April 2007, the Pre-Trial Chamber I of the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued its first arrest warrants with regard to the situation in Darfur. Addressees of these measures are the Minister for Humanitarian Affairs and former Minister for the Interior Ahmad Harun and the alleged Janjaweed leader Ali Kushayb, who both at the time of writing have not yet been surrendered to the ICC. On the contrary: Sudan consistently invokes its national sovereignty and its ability to prosecute its nationals itself. However, with regard to Harun and Kushayb, there is reason to hold strong doubts as to Sudan's ability and willingness to seriously prosecute them. Therefore, this article assesses the admissibility of these two cases before the ICC, focusing on the principle of complementarity. For this the article starts with an overview of those aspects of the principle of complementarity which are relevant for the situation in Darfur. A thorough analysis of the status of the Sudanese judicial system both before and after the adoption of the Interim National Constitution of Sudan in 2005 follows, before, finally, the application of the principle of complementarity to the two cases is assessed against the results found.
Equal Standards? On the Dialectics between National Jurisdictions and the International Criminal Court
Authors: van der Wilt Harmen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Rome Statute contains a body of legal standards on elements of the offences, concepts of criminal responsibility and defences of unprecedented detail. Whereas these standards serve the International Criminal Court as normative framework, the principle of complementarity implies that domestic jurisdictions are to take the lead in the adjudication of international crimes.This article addresses the question whether domestic legislators and courts are bound to meticulously apply the international standards, or whether they are left some leeway to apply their own (criminal) law. The article starts with a survey of the actual performance of national jurisdictions. Current international law does not explicitly compel states to copy the international standards; at most one might argue that the codification of international criminal law and the principle of complementarity encourage harmonization.Capitalizing on the concept of 'open texture of law' and the methodology of casuistry, the present author argues that a certain measure of diversity in the interpretation and application of international standards is inevitable and even desirable. However, as a general rule, states have less freedom of interpretation in respect of the elements of crimes than in the application of concepts of responsibility and defences.