bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental pathways in depression: Multiple meanings, antecedents, and endpoints
Authors: Harrington Richard , Rutter Michael , Fombonne Eric 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article presents an overview of work conducted at the Institute of Psychiatry over the past 30 years on childhood depression. The work began with the basic question of definition and measurement. Epidemiological studies showed that depressive symptoms were quite common in children and were a good, if nonspecific, indicator of psychological disturbance. Further work in both epidemiological and clinical samples provided some evidence for the validity of a depressive syndrome. However, this work also showed that these depressive syndromes represented a heterogeneous group of phenomena. The validity of major depressive disorder in children was therefore tested further in longitudinal and family-genetic studies. These studies supported the validity of the concept but confirmed that there was heterogeneity in respect to both developmental stage at the time of onset and comorbidity with conduct disorder. We concluded that there are probably several different kinds of depressive syndromes in children. Some are strongly linked with depressive disorders in adulthood, but others are probably better conceptualized as part of another psychopathological problem altogether.
Adult mental health and social outcomes of adolescent girls with depression and conduct disorder
Authors: Bardone Anna M. , Moffitt Terrie E. , Caspi Avshalom , Dickson Nigel , Silva Phil A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFollow-up studies of adolescent depression and conduct disorder have pointed to homotypic continuity, but less information exists about outcomes beyond mental disorders and about the extent to which adolescents with different disorders experience different versus similar difficulties during the transition to adulthood. We assessed the continuity of adolescent disorder by following girls in a complete birth cohort who at age 15 were depressed (n = 27), conduct disordered (n = 37), or without a mental health disorder (n = 341) into young adulthood (age 21) to identify their outcomes in three domains: mental health and illegal behavior, human capital, and relationship and family formation. We found homotypic continuity; in general, depressed girls became depressed women and conduct disordered girls developed antisocial personality disorder symptoms by age 21. Conduct disorder exclusively predicted at age 21: antisocial personality disorder, substance dependence, illegal behavior, dependence on multiple welfare sources, early home leaving, multiple cohabitation partners, and physical partner violence. Depression exclusively predicted depression at age 21. Examples of equifinality (where alternate pathways lead to the same outcome) surfaced, as both adolescent disorders predicted at age 21: anxiety disorder, multiple drug use, early school leaving, low school attainment, any cohabitation, pregnancy, and early child bearing.
Interaction Systems I: The theory of optimal reductions
Authors: Asperti Andrea , Laneve Cosimo 
Published: March 2009

We introduce a new class of higher order rewriting systems, called Interaction Systems (IS's). IS's are derived from Lafont's (Intuitionistic) Interaction Nets (Lafont 1990) by dropping the linearity constraint. In particular, we borrow from Interaction Nets the syntactical bipartitions of operators into constructors and destructors and the principle of binary interaction. As a consequence, IS's are a subclass of Klop's Combinatory Reduction Systems (Klop 1980), where the Curry-Howard analogy still ‘makes sense’. Destructors and constructors, respectively, correspond to left and right logical introduction rules: interaction is cut and reduction is cut-elimination.Interaction Systems have been primarily motivated by the necessity of extending the practice of optimal evaluators for λ-calculus (Lamping 1990; Gonthier et al. 1992a) to other computational constructs such as conditionals and recursion. In this paper we focus on the theoretical aspects of optimal reductions. In particular, we generalize the family relation in Lévy (1978; 1980), thus defining the amount of sharing an optimal evaluator is required to perform. We reinforce our notion of family by approaching it in two different ways (generalizing labelling and extraction in Levy (1980)) and proving their coincidence. The reader is referred to Asperti and Laneve (1993c) for the paradigmatic description of optimal evaluators of IS's.
Efficient recursive subtyping
Authors: Kozen Dexter , Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I. 
Published: March 2009

Subtyping in the presence of recursive types for the λ-calculus was studied by Amadio and Cardelli in 1991 (Amadio and Cardelli 1991). In that paper they showed that the problem of deciding whether one recursive type is a subtype of another is decidable in exponential time. In this paper we give an 0(n2) algorithm. Our algorithm is based on a simplification of the definition of the subtype relation, which allows us to reduce the problem to the emptiness problem for a certain finite automaton with quadratically many states.It is known that equality of recursive types and the covariant Bohm order can be decided efficiently by means of finite automata, since they are just language equality and language inclusion, respectively. Our results extend the automata-theoretic approach to handle orderings based on contravariance.
Axiomatizing permutation equivalence
Authors: Laneve Cosimo , Montanari Ugo 
Published: March 2009

We axiomatizepermutation equivalencein term rewriting systems and Klop’s orthogonal Combinatory Reduction Systems (Klop 1980). The axioms for the former are provided by the general approach proposed by Meseguer (Meseguer 1992). The latter need extra axioms modelling the interplay between reductions and the operation of substitution.As a consequence of this work, the definition of permutation equivalence is rid of residual calculi, which are heavy in general.
Mirror, mirror in my hand: a duality between specifications and models of process behaviour
Authors: Fiadeiro J. L. , Costa J. F. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySince Pnueli’s seminal paper in 1977, Temporal Logic has been used as a formalism for specifying and verifying the correctness of reactive systems. In this paper, we show that, besides its expressive power, Temporal Logic enjoys a very strong structural property: it is categorical on processes. That is, we show how temporal specifications (as theories) can be embedded in categories of process behaviour, and out of this adjunction we build an institution that is categorical in the sense of Meseguer. This characterisation means that temporal logic is, in a sense, ‘sound and complete’ with respect to process specification and interconnection techniques.
Coherence of subsumption, minimum typing and type-checking in F ≤
Authors: Curien Pierre-Louis , Ghelli Giorgio 
Published: March 2009

A subtyping relation ≤ between types is often accompanied by a typing rule, called subsumption: if a term a has type T and T≤U, then a has type U. In presence of subsumption, a well-typed term does not codify its proof of well typing. Since a semantic interpretation is most naturally defined by induction on the structure of typing proofs, a problem of coherence arises: different typing proofs of the same term must have related meanings. We propose a proof-theoretical, rewriting approach to this problem. We focus on F≤, a second-order lambda calculus with bounded quantification, which is rich enough to make the problem interesting. We define a normalizing rewriting system on proofs, which transforms different proofs of the same typing judgement into a unique normal proof, with the further property that all the normal proofs assigning different types to a given term in a given environment differ only by a final application of the subsumption rule. This rewriting system is not defined on the proofs themselves but on the terms of an auxiliary type system, in which the terms carry complete information about their typing proof. This technique gives us three different results:— Any semantic interpretation is coherent if and only if our rewriting rules are satisfied as equations.— We obtain a proof of the existence of a minimum type for each term in a given environment.— From an analysis of the shape of normal form proofs, we obtain a deterministic typechecking algorithm, which is sound and complete by construction.
Representing Control: a Study of the CPS Transformation
Authors: Danvy Oliver , Filinski Andrzex 
Published: March 2009

This paper investigates the transformation of λν-terms into continuation-passing style (CPS). We show that by appropriate η-expansion of Fisher and Plotkin's two-pass equational specification of the CPS transform, we can obtain a static and context-free separation of the result terms into “essential” and “administrative” constructs. Interpreting the former as syntax builders and the latter as directly executable code, We obtain a simple and efficient one-pass transformation algorithm, easily extended to conditional expressions, recursive definitions, and similar constructs. This new transformation algorithm leads to a simpler proof of Plotkin's simulation and indifference results.We go on to show how CPS-based control operators similar to, more general then, Scheme's call/cc can be naturally accommodated by the new transformation algorithm. To demonstrate the expressive power of these operators, we use them to present an equivalent but even more concise formulation of the efficient CPS transformation algorithm. Finally, we relate the fundamental ideas underlying this derivation to similar concepts from other work on program manipulation; we derive a one-pass CPS transformation of λn-terms; and we outline some promising areas for future research.
Dietary practices and nutritional status of 0–24-month-old children from Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Castro TG , Baraldi LG , Muniz PT , Cardoso MA 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the nutritional status and dietary practices of 0–24-month-old children living in Brazilian Amazonia.DesignCross-sectional study. Information on children’s dietary intakes was obtained from diet history data. Weight and length were measured for anthropometric evaluation. Fe status was assessed using fasting venous blood samples; Hb, serum ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor concentrations were measured.SettingThe towns of Assis Brasil and Acrelândia in the state of Acre, north-west Brazil.SubjectsA total of sixty-nine randomly selected 0–24-month-old children.ResultsOf these children, 40·3 % were anaemic, 63·1 % were Fe-deficient, 28·1 % had Fe-deficiency anaemia and 11·6 % were stunted. Breast-feeding was initiated by 97·1 % of mothers, followed by early feeding with complementary foods. The dietary pattern reflected a high intake of carbohydrate-rich foods and cow’s milk, with irregular intakes of fruit, vegetables and meat. All infants and 92·3 % of toddlers were at risk of inadequate Fe intakes. Fe from animal foods contributed on average 0·5 % and 14·3 % to total dietary Fe intake among infants and toddlers, respectively.ConclusionsPoor nutritional status and inadequate feeding practices in this study population reinforce the importance of exclusive breast-feeding during the first 6 months of life. Greater emphasis is required to improve the bioavailability of dietary Fe during complementary feeding practices.
Metal-Carbon Bonds in Enzymes and Cofactors
Authors: Kraeutler Bernhard , Matthews Rowena G , Thauer Rudolf K , Lindahl Paul A , Camps Juan C Fontecilla , Peters John W , Brunold Thomas , Rivera Mario , Karlin Kenneth D , Sosa-Torres Martha E , Hille Russ , Kraeutler Bernhard , Matthews Rowena G , Thauer Rudolf K , Lindahl Paul A , Camps Juan C Fontecilla , Peters John W , Brunold Thomas , Rivera Mario , Karlin Kenneth D , Sosa-Torres Martha E , Hille Russ 
Published: March 2009

This title will not be available to purchase from us after 31st December 2014. Please send any queries to booksales@rsc.org
The occurrence of a wide variety of metal-carbon bonds in living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans, is only recently recognized. Of course, the historical examples are the B12 coenzymes containing cobalt-carbon bonds, but now such bonds are also known for nickel, iron, copper, and other transition metal ions. There is no other comparable book; MILS-6, written by 17 experts, summarizes the most recent insights into this fascinating topic.
Diel echolocation activity of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) around North Sea offshore gas installations
Authors: Todd Victoria L. G. , Pearse William D. , Tregenza Nick C. , Lepper Paul A. , Todd Ian B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Todd, V. L. G., Pearse, W. D., Tregenza, N. C., Lepper, P. A., and Todd, I. B. 2009. Diel echolocation activity of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) around North Sea offshore gas installations. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 734–745. Echolocation clicks of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) were detected with T-PODs, autonomous, passive, acoustic-monitoring devices, deployed from an offshore-exploration-drilling-rig and gas-production-platform complex in the Dogger Bank region of the North Sea from 2005 to 2006. Echolocation-click trains were categorized into four phases of the diel cycle: morning, day, evening, and night. Porpoises were present near (<200 m) the platform, and there was a pronounced diel pattern in echolocation activity; the number of porpoise encounters (visits) was greater by night than by day. The number of click trains with a minimum inter-click interval of <10 ms also increased at night. This was confirmed by a comparison of the ratios of feeding buzzes to search-phase clicks (feeding buzz ratios) and an analysis of the changes in pulse-repetition frequencies within each train. A reasonable interpretation of this pattern was that porpoises were feeding below or around the platform at night. The evidence for changes in activity during the morning and evening was less clear, so these may be transitional phases. The pattern of porpoise-echolocation behaviour around this platform is related most probably to the diel activity of their prey. If porpoises cluster regularly around such installations within 500-m shipping exclusion zones, they may be omitted from population surveys. We conclude that offshore installations may play an important role as nocturnal porpoise-feeding stations in an overfished environment, but that further replicated and controlled studies are required. These findings should be taken into consideration during offshore-installation-decommissioning decisions in the North Sea.
CFC1 Gene Involvement in Biliary Atresia With Polysplenia Syndrome
Authors: Davit‐Spraul Anne , Baussan Christiane , Hermeziu Bogdan , Bernard Olivier , Jacquemin Emmanuel 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe present report describes CFC1 gene analysis in 10 patients with polysplenia syndrome. The heterozygous transition c.433G>A (Ala145Thr) located in exon 5 was identified in 5 patients, with a twice‐higher frequency than in control patients. These results suggest that heterozygous CFC1 mutation may represent a genetic predisposition to biliary atresia splenic malformation syndrome.
Approach to Vasculitic Neuropathies
Authors: Lacomis David , Živković Saša A 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Since vasculitic neuropathy is treatable and potentially debilitating, clinicians should develop an approach to neuropathy that increases the likelihood of uncovering existing systemic or nonsystemic vasculitis. The presence of a connective tissue disease, systemic vasculitis, asymmetric or non-length-dependent axonal polyneuropathy, or multiple axonal mononeuropathies should heighten suspicion, but vasculitic neuropathy can also present as a distal symmetric polyneuropathy with or without other organ involvement. Electrodiagnostic testing utilizing extensive nerve conductions may be helpful in identifying features suggestive of vasculitic neuropathy and in selecting an abnormal nerve and muscle for biopsy confirmation. An array of laboratory tests may lead to identification of a systemic disorder that is either characterized by or predisposes to vasculitic neuropathy. The mainstays of treatment are corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, but other drugs are used in specific conditions. With early diagnosis and careful monitoring of treatment regimens, the prognosis is usually good.
Recurrence of Childhood Guillain-Barré Syndrome After a Long Asymptomatic Interval: A Case Report
Authors: Martic Vesna , Lepic Toplica 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

We present a patient who rapidly developed flaccid paralysis in all 4 limbs on 2 separate occasions 19 years apart. Each episode was accompanied by a respiratory failure that required intubation. Both times, clinical response to immunotherapy was favorable with a near complete recovery. Clinical course, laboratory and electrodiagnostic findings, and favorable response to therapy suggest 2 separate attacks of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The reported case adds to a small series of cases of recurrent Guillain-Barré syndrome after a long asymptomatic period. In such cases, the distinction from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy should be made.
Vocal Fold Immobility: A Longitudinal Analysis of Etiology Over 20 Years
Authors: Rosenthal Laura H. Swibel , Benninger Michael S. , Deeb Robert H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives: To determine the current etiology of vocal fold immobility, identify changing trends over the last 20 years, and compare results to historical reports.Study Design: The present study is a retrospective analysis of all patients seen within a tertiary care institution between 1996 and 2005 with vocal fold immobility. The results were combined with a previous study of patients within the same institution from 1985 through 1995. Results were compared to the literature.Methods: The medical records of all patients assigned a primary or additional diagnostic code for vocal cord paralysis were obtained from the electronic database.Results: Eight hundred twenty‐seven patients were available for analysis (435 from the most recent cohort), which is substantially larger than any reported series to date. Vocal fold immobility was most commonly associated with a surgical procedure (37%). Nonthyroid surgeries (66%), such as anterior cervical approaches to the spine and carotid endarterectomies, have surpassed thyroid surgery (33%) as the most common iatrogenic causes. These data represent a change from historical figures in which extralaryngeal malignancies were considered the major cause of unilateral immobility. Thyroidectomy continues to cause the majority (80%) of iatrogenic bilateral vocal fold immobility and 30% of all bilateral immobility.Conclusions: This 20‐year longitudinal assessment revealed that the etiology of unilateral vocal fold immobility has changed such that there has been a shift from extralaryngeal malignancies to nonthyroid surgical procedures as the major cause. Thyroid surgery remains the most common cause of bilateral vocal fold immobility.
Vitamins A and E and Pulmonary Exacerbations in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Hakim Fahed , Kerem Eitan , Rivlin Joseph , Bentur Lea , Stankiewicz Halina , Bdolach‐Abram Tali , Wilschanski Michael 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTBackground:Increased levels of oxidative stress result in pulmonary damage contributing to the development of chronic lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal effect of serum vitamin A and E levels on the incidence of pulmonary exacerbations in pancreatic insufficient (PI) and pancreatic sufficient (PS) patients with CF.Materials and Methods:Patient records were retrospectively examined over a 3‐year period and serum vitamin A and E levels were retrieved. Subsequently, levels of vitamin A and E were prospectively measured over a 2‐year period at the onset of intravenous antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbation and at the first recovery visit.Results:Retrospectively, 597 pulmonary exacerbations were identified in 102 patients, 74 PI and 28 PS, with a mean age of 11.1 ± 6.4 years (range, 1.5–27 y). An increased number of exacerbations was directly correlated with lower vitamin A and E levels, even within the normal range. Prospectively, 62 exacerbations were analyzed (43 PI patients and 19 PS patients). At onset of exacerbation, vitamin A and E levels were reduced in the PI patients (P < 0.001; P < 0.001) and the PS patients (P < 0.005; P < 0.07).Conclusions:Reduced serum levels of vitamin A and E even in the normal range are associated with an increased rate of pulmonary exacerbations in CF. Further studies are required to confirm the necessity of supplementation of vitamins A and E to PS patients.
Effect of Long‐term Low‐dose Prednisone on Height Velocity and Disease Activity in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients with Crohn Disease
Authors: Navarro Fernando A , Hanauer Stephen B , Kirschner Barbara S 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTObjectives:To determine whether long‐term low‐dose prednisone (LTLDP) therapy has a decelerating effect on growth velocity and whether this therapy is effective in the maintenance of remission in the subgroup of pediatric patients with Crohn disease (CD) who had previously experienced flares on more than 1 occasion when prednisone was discontinued.Patients and Methods:A retrospective chart review of patients was done. Our sample consisted of patients 6 to 17 years of age with CD who had received uninterrupted prednisone at an average daily dose of 0.1 to 0.4 mg · kg−1 · day−1 for at least 8 weeks. Their heights were plotted on sex‐appropriate growth charts at 4 time points: 1 year before LTLDP, at therapy onset, at therapy discontinuation, and 1 year after therapy was discontinued. The height velocities (HVs) were compared with the normal HV established by Tanner. The disease activities of 2 groups were compared: LTLDP plus azathioprine/6‐mercaptopurine (AZA/6‐MP) and LTLDP alone.Results:One hundred two patients were included. The mean age of our sample was 13.7 ± 2.7 years (standard deviation). The mean dose of prednisone dose was 0.18 ± 0.07 mg · kg−1 · day−1), for a mean duration of therapy of 14.4 ± 7.2 months. Throughout the study, 78% of patients had normal HV. Growth deceleration was seen in 19% of patients with prior normal growth. Of this group, 31% had “catch‐up” growth 1 year after prednisone was discontinued; the remaining 69% did not. Catch‐up growth was more likely in patients who had reached the expected age peak HV, which is defined as 12.5 years for girls and 13.5 years for boys (P = 0.04). In addition, 6 patients reached the peak HV after LTLDP discontinuation; 13 did not. We found no difference in the maintenance of remission rate between the compared groups.Conclusions:A minority of our study population had growth deceleration. Age was an important factor for subsequent catch‐up growth. LTLDP efficacy to maintain remission was not different from that of LTLDP plus AZA/6‐MP; differences in concomitant therapies (eg, antibiotics, infliximab) between the 2 groups were not statistically significant.