bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a randomized, double‐blind, non‐inferiority trial
Authors: Nauck M. A. , Meininger G. , Sheng D. , Terranella L. , Stein P. P. ,   Sitagliptin Study 024 Group
Published: January 2007

Aim:  To compare the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin vs. glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control [haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5 and ≤10%] on metformin monotherapy.Methods:  After a metformin dose titration/stabilization period (≥1500 mg/day), 1172 patients were randomized to the addition of sitagliptin 100 mg q.d. (N = 588) or glipizide 5 mg/day (uptitrated to a potential maximum 20 mg/day) (N = 584) for 52 weeks. The primary analysis assessed whether sitagliptin was non‐inferior to glipizide regarding HbA1c changes from baseline at Week 52 using a per‐protocol approach.Results:  From a mean baseline of 7.5%, HbA1c changes from baseline were −0.67% at Week 52 in both groups, confirming non‐inferiority. The proportions achieving an HbA1c < 7% were 63% (sitagliptin) and 59% (glipizide). Fasting plasma glucose changes from baseline were −0.56 mmol/l (−10.0 mg/dl) and −0.42 mmol/l (−7.5 mg/dl) for sitagliptin and glipizide, respectively. The proportion of patients experiencing hypoglycaemia episodes was significantly (p < 0.001) higher with glipizide (32%) than with sitagliptin (5%), with 657 events in glipizide‐treated patients compared with 50 events in sitagliptin‐treated patients. Sitagliptin led to weight loss (change from baseline =−1.5 kg) compared with weight gain (+1.1 kg) with glipizide [between‐treatment difference (95% confidence interval) =−2.5 kg (−3.1, −2.0); p < 0.001].Conclusions:  In this study, the addition of sitagliptin compared with glipizide provided similar HbA1c‐lowering efficacy over 52 weeks in patients on ongoing metformin therapy. Sitagliptin was generally well tolerated, with a lower risk of hypoglycaemia relative to glipizide and with weight loss compared with weight gain with glipizide.
The role of the plasmalemmal dopamine and vesicular monoamine transporters in methamphetamine‐induced dopaminergic deficits
Authors: Volz Trent J. , Hanson Glen R. , Fleckenstein Annette E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAmphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH) are members of a collection of phenethylamine psychostimulants that are commonly referred to collectively as “amphetamines.” Amphetamines exert their effects, in part, by affecting neuronal dopamine transport. This review thus focuses on the effects of AMPH and METH on the plasmalemmal dopamine transporter and the vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 in animal models with a particular emphasis on how these effects, which may vary for the different stereoisomers, contribute to persistent dopaminergic deficits.
SNP‐SCALE: SNP scoring by colour and length exclusion
Authors: HINTEN G. N. , HALE M. C. , GRATTEN J. , MOSSMAN J. A. , LOWDER B. V. , MANN M. K. , SLATE J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHere we present SNP‐SCALE, a new single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping protocol based on allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (AS‐PCR), but with two critical modifications designed to maximize accuracy, efficiency and throughput and minimize costs. The first is the addition of a locked nucleic acid (LNA) at the 3′‐SNP position of each of the two allele‐specific forward primers. The second is the addition of size‐differentiating M13 tails at the 5′ end of each primer, which facilitates the use of universal fluorescent primers. The use of LNAs makes SNP‐SCALE significantly more sensitive and specific than standard AS‐PCR. Moreover, SNP‐SCALE is ideally suited to a touchdown‐like PCR protocol, such that PCRs can be standardized, PCR optimization is straightforward, and medium‐high throughput can be readily achieved. We anticipate that the SNP‐SCALE protocol will be useful to molecular ecologists for a broad range of studies.
Therapeutic angiogenesis induced by controlled release of fibroblast growth factor‐2 from injectable chitosan/non‐anticoagulant heparin hydrogel in a rat hindlimb ischemia model
Authors: Fujita Masanori , Ishihara Masayuki , Shimizu Masafumi , Obara Kiyohaya , Nakamura Shingo , Kanatani Yasuhiro , Morimoto Yuji , Takase Bonpei , Matsui Takemi , Kikuchi Makoto , Maehara Tadaaki 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe addition of non‐anticoagulant heparin [periodate‐oxidized (IO4) heparin] and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2 to a viscous water‐soluble chitosan (CH‐LA) aqueous solution produces an injectable FGF‐2/CH‐LA/IO4‐heparin hydrogel. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of the injected FGF‐2/CH‐LA/IO4‐heparin hydrogel to induce vascularization and fibrous tissue formation. FGF‐2/CH‐LA/IO4‐heparin hydrogels (100 μL of hydrogel consisting of 20 mg/mL of CH‐LA, 2 mg/mL of IO4‐heparin, and 50 μg/mL of FGF‐2) were subcutaneously injected into the backs of wound healing‐impaired diabetic (db/db) mice. Furthermore, the effect of percutaneous injection of FGF‐2/CH‐LA/IO4‐heparin hydrogel at eight sites (25 μL/site) into ischemic left lower limbs of rats was examined from day 4 to at least day 28 postinjection. The injection of FGF‐2/CH‐LA/IO4‐heparin hydrogels into the backs of db/db mice resulted in significant increases in blood vessel formation, significant vascularization, and fibrous tissue formation near the injection site. Injection of FGF‐2/CH‐LA/IO4‐heparin hydrogel into ischemic left lower limbs of rats also significantly recovered and increased blood flow and blood oxygen in the calf and thigh. These results indicate that the controlled release of biologically active FGF‐2 molecules from FGF‐2/CH‐LA/IO4‐heparin induces angiogenesis and possibly collateral circulation in db/db mice and the ischemic limbs of rats.
Severe hemorrhagic complications during remission induction therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia: incidence, risk factors, and influence on outcome
Authors: Yanada Masamitsu , Matsushita Tadashi , Asou Norio , Kishimoto Yuji , Tsuzuki Motohiro , Maeda Yasuhiro , Horikawa Kentaro , Okada Masaya , Ohtake Shigeki , Yagasaki Fumiharu , Matsumoto Tadashi , Kimura Yukihiko , Shinagawa Katsuji , Iwanaga Masako , Miyazaki Yasushi , Ohno Ryuzo , Naoe Tomoki 
Published: January 2007

Abstract Background: Even after the introduction of all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA), early hemorrhagic death remains a major cause of remission induction failure for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Methods: To investigate severe hemorrhagic complications during remission induction therapy with respect to incidence, risk factors, and influence on outcome. Results were analyzed for 279 patients enrolled in the APL97 study conducted by the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group (JALSG). Results: Severe hemorrhage occurred in 18 patients (6.5%). Although most of them were receiving frequent transfusions, the targeted levels of platelet counts (30 × 109/L) and plasma fibrinogen (1.5 g/L) for this study were reached at the day of bleeding in only 71% and 40%, respectively. Nine of them succumbed to an early death, while the remaining nine patients eventually achieved complete remission (CR). The 5‐yr event‐free survival rate was 68.1% for those who did not suffer severe hemorrhage, and 31.1% for those who did (P < 0.0001). For patients who achieved CR, on the other hand, there was no difference in disease‐free survival between patients with and without severe hemorrhage (P = 0.6043). Risk factor analysis identified three pretreatment variables associated with severe hemorrhage: initial fibrinogen level, white blood cell count, and performance status. Additionally, patients with severe hemorrhage were more easily prone to develop retinoic acid syndrome or pneumonia than patients without hemorrhage. Conclusions: These results indicate that fatal hemorrhage represents a major obstacle in curing APL, and that patients with such high‐risk features may benefit from more aggressive supportive care.
Spinal control of locomotion – from cat to man
Authors: Hultborn H. , Nielsen J. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFor a large number of vertebrate species it is now indisputable that spinal networks have the capability of generating the basic locomotor rhythm. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence for spinal pattern generators in cats and primates, including man and its interaction with sensory signals from the limbs. For all species the sensory feed‐back from the moving limb is very important to achieve effective locomotor behaviour by adapting to the environment and compensating for unexpected postural disturbances. Sensory regulation of stepping can occur via reflex pathways to motoneurones (by‐passing the locomotor rhythm generators) or by acting on the spinal locomotor networks themselves. The sensory feed‐back serves to control the timing of the different phases in the step cycle, to shape the pattern of muscle activity, to contribute to the excitatory drive of the motoneurones and to the long‐term adaptation of the locomotor activity. In this review we discuss the spinal locomotor circuits and the sensory feed‐back in animals (mainly the cat) and human subjects. Special emphasis is given to work that has been of importance for the development of new rehabilitation paradigms following spinal cord injury.
The spinal pathophysiology of spasticity – from a basic science point of view
Authors: Nielsen J. B. , Crone C. , Hultborn H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSpasticity is a term, which was introduced to describe the velocity‐sensitive increased resistance of a limb to manipulation in subjects with lesions of descending motor pathways. This distinguishes spasticity from the changes in passive muscle properties, which are often seen in these patients, but are not velocity‐sensitive. Increased excitability of the stretch reflex is thus a central component of the definition of spasticity. This review describes changes in cellular properties and transmission in a number of spinal reflex pathways, which may explain the increased stretch reflex excitability. The review focuses mainly on results derived from the use of non‐invasive electrophysiological techniques, which have been developed during the past 20–30 years to investigate spinal neuronal networks in human subjects, but work from animal models is also considered. The reflex hyperexcitability develops over several months following the primary lesion and involves adaptation in the spinal neuronal circuitries caudal to the lesion. In animal models, changes in cellular properties (such as ‘plateau potentials’) have been reported, but the relevance of these changes to human spasticity has not been clarified. In humans, numerous studies have suggested that reduction of spinal inhibitory mechanisms (in particular that of disynaptic reciprocal inhibition) is involved. The inter‐subject variability of these mechanisms and the lack of objective quantitative measures of spasticity have impeded disclosure of a clear causal relationship between the alterations in the inhibitory mechanisms and the stretch reflex hyperexcitability. Techniques which make such a quantitative measure possible as well as longitudinal studies where development of reflex excitability and changes in the inhibitory mechanisms are followed over time are in great demand.
Chromosome-Encoded Narrow-Spectrum Ambler Class A β-Lactamase GIL-1 from
Citrobacter gillenii
Authors: Naas Thierry , Aubert Daniel , Özcan Ayla , Nordmann Patrice 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

A novel β-lactamase gene was cloned from the whole-cell DNA of an enterobacterial
Citrobacter gillenii
reference strain that displayed a weak narrow-spectrum β-lactam-resistant phenotype and was expressed in
Escherichia coli
. It encoded a clavulanic acid-inhibited Ambler class A β-lactamase, GIL-1, with a pI value of 7.5 and a molecular mass of ca. 29 kDa. GIL-1 had the highest percent amino acid sequence identity with TEM-1 and SHV-1, 77%, and 67%, respectively, and only 46%, 31%, and 32% amino acid sequence identity with CKO-1 (
C. koseri
), CdiA1 (
C. diversus
), and SED-1 (
C. sedlaki
), respectively. The substrate profile of the purified GIL-1 was similar to that of β-lactamases TEM-1 and SHV-1. The
bla
GIL-1
gene was chromosomally located, as revealed by I-CeuI experiments, and was constitutively expressed at a low level in
C. gillenii
. No gene homologous to the regulatory
ampR
genes of chromosomal class C β-lactamases was found upstream of the
bla
GIL-1
gene, which fits the noninducibility of β-lactamase expression in
C. gillenii
. Rapid amplification of DNA 5′ ends analysis of the promoter region revealed putative promoter sequences that diverge from what has been identified as the consensus sequence in
E. coli
. The
bla
GIL-1
gene was part of a 5.5-kb DNA fragment bracketed by a 9-bp duplication and inserted between the
d
-lactate dehydrogenase gene and the
ydbH
genes; this DNA fragment was absent in other
Citrobacter
species. This work further illustrates the heterogeneity of β-lactamases in
Citrobacter
spp., which may indicate that the variability of
Citrobacter
species is greater than expected.
A Meta-Analysis of Combined Treatments for Children Diagnosed With ADHD
Authors: Majewicz-Hefley Amy , Carlson John S. 
Published: January 2007

Objective: Meta-analytic procedures are used to review the literature of combined treatments of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for children diagnosed with ADHD. Method: Eight combined treatment studies meet specific inclusion and exclusion criteria regarding the core and peripheral features of the disorder. Results: The results of this study highlight the individual and average effect sizes within the categories of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, social skills, and academics. These findings are compared with the effect sizes of meta-analytic findings previously reported in the pharmacological literature. Conclusion: The results reveal large effect sizes for the core features of the disorder and the peripheral feature of social skills. A small effect size is found for the peripheral feature of academics. Findings are discussed in light of the paucity of included studies focused on combined treatments for ADHD.
Assessing the Concordance of Measures Used to Diagnose Adult ADHD
Authors: Belendiuk Katherine A. , Clarke Tana L. , Chronis Andrea M. , Raggi Veronica L. 
Published: January 2007

Objective: Recent evidence suggests that ADHD persists into adulthood, but the best means of diagnosis and the concordance of measures used to diagnose adult ADHD are unknown. Method: The current study explores the relationships of these measures in a sample of 69 mothers of children with ADHD. Results: This study determines the concordance of (a) self- and collateral reports on diagnostic interviews and (b) diagnostic interviews and self-report paper-and-pencil ADHD symptom measures. Conclusion: Results suggest that self- and collateral reports of inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms are highly correlated, as are self-report measures and diagnostic interviews. Additionally, it was found that probands report more inattentive symptoms than collaterals in both childhood and currently. Potential implications for the assessment of adult ADHD are presented.
Explanatory Style and College Students With ADHD and LD
Authors: Shmulsky Solvegi , Gobbo Ken 
Published: January 2007

Objective: This study uses the Attribution Style Questionnaire (ASQ) to measure the causal thinking of 42 college students with diagnosed language-based learning disabilities (LD), ADHD, or co-occurring ADHD and LD. Attribution style, or explanatory style, is a term used to describe the tendencies of individuals to think that the causes of meaningful events are internal or external, global or specific, and stable or unstable. Method: No significant differences in explanatory styles are found among the three subgroups. The study also investigates whether there is a relationship between explanatory style and grades. Results: Significant positive correlations are found between ASQ scores and grade point averages for the subgroup with co-occurring ADHD and LD and for the three subgroups combined. Conclusion: These findings are significant because they continue to clarify factors related to the postsecondary success of students with LD and attention deficit disorders.
Factors Affecting Cardiac Catheterization Rates in Elders with Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Han Jin H. , Miller Karen F. , Storrow Alan B. 
Published: January 2007

Background: Elder patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are less likely to receive cardiac catheterization. The reasons for this are unclear. Objectives: To assess whether elder patients who had a documented history of dementia, lived in extended care facilities, or had do not intubate–do not resuscitate (DNR‐DNI) advance directives were less likely to receive cardiac catheterization, despite having ACS with high‐risk features. Methods: This was a medical record review conducted at an urban teaching hospital. DNR‐DNI status before hospitalization, extended care facility (nursing home or assisted living) residence, and a previous diagnosis of dementia were obtained from the medical record. Patients 65 years and older who presented to the emergency department with acute myocardial infarction or with unstable angina with ST segment deviation were included. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed, and odds ratios (ORs) were reported with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Of the 201 eligible patients, 66 (32.8%) patients did not undergo cardiac catheterization. In the univariate analysis, patients who had dementia, resided in extended care facilities, or were DNR‐DNI were less likely to receive cardiac catheterization. Only extended care facility residence (OR, 0.18; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.83) and DNR‐DNI status (OR, 0.19; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.92) remained significantly associated with decreased cardiac catheterization in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Elder patients with ACS residing in extended care facilities or who are DNR‐DNI are less likely to receive cardiac catheterization. Future studies concerning the quality of ACS care for elders should take these variables into account.
Reniform Nematode Resistance in Upland Cotton Germplasm
Authors: Weaver David B. , Lawrence Kathy S. , van Santen Edzard 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTCotton (Gossypium spp.) is attacked by parasitic nematodes including the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira). Options for management of reniform nematode are limited. No cultivars of upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) have genetic resistance. Our objectives were to evaluate the USDA G. hirsutum collection for reaction to parasitism by R. reniformis, and determine the value of measurement of eggs (reproduction) or vermiform stages (nematode survival) as an indicator of nematode resistance. In groups of 50, accessions were evaluated in the greenhouse, using single plants in four replicates. Accessions were planted in sterile soil and inoclated with a mixture of R. reniformis isolates. After 60 d, soil populations of vermiform nematodes were determined, and eggs were extracted from the root system and counted. Paymaster ‘PM 1218’ was included as a check in every experiment. Out of 1973 accessions with at least one replication, none showed high levels of resistance. Seven accessions had lower population development than PM 1218 after repeated evaluations. Results indicated egg counts and vermiform counts were correlated, but not closely. Egg counts were higher and more variable than vermiform counts. While some accessions showed levels of resistance that might be useful in cotton improvement, evaluation remains difficult and introgression of genes for reniform nematode resistance remains a long‐term breeding objective.
Rapid Assessment of Glutenin and Gliadin in Wheat by UV Spectrophotometer
Authors: Suchy J. , Lukow O. M. , Brown D. , DePauw R. , Fox S. , Humphreys G. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTTraditional breeding of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) concentrates largely on the improvement of protein quality because of the importance of protein in end‐product functionality, nutritional value, and economic impact. New, rapid, and inexpensive protein quality tests are required to identify premium quality families from large and diverse early‐generation breeding populations. In this study, a simple method was designed using organic solvents to divide wheat proteins into monomeric‐rich (single‐chain, mostly gliadin), polymeric‐rich (multichain, mostly low‐ and high‐molecular weight glutenin), and total soluble protein (monomeric and polymeric protein). Monomeric‐rich and total soluble protein fractions were quantified at 280 nm with an ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer. Protein fractions were expressed in terms of absolute concentration and as a proportion of total soluble protein. A strong linear relationship between the protein concentration in the fractions and the absorbance reading indicated that the method could accommodate a large range of protein fraction concentrations. The specific relationships between quantity and proportion of monomeric/polymeric protein fractions and dough quality tests allowed for the design of an algorithm eliminating poor quality lines from further breeding assessment. Simplicity, reliability, low cost, and a potential for automation could make this UV‐spectrophotometric method suitable for routine use in wheat breeding programs.
On The Experimental Theatre
Authors: Brecht Bertolt 
Published: January 2007

For at least two generations now the serious-minded European theatre has existed in an era of experimentation. The diverse experiments have not as yet produced any unequivocal, clearly discernible results, but the era is by no means at an end. It is my opinion that the experiments followed two separate courses, which, though they occasionally intersected, can, when separated, be individually pursued. These two courses of development are distinguished from one another by means of their individual functions: entertainment and instruction, that is to say, the theatre organized experiments which were to increase its powers of entertaining, and experiments which were to increase its powers of instruction.In a world as fast-moving and dynamic as ours the enticements of entertainment are quick to wear out. We must always be prepared to meet the desire for progressive public stupefaction with new effects.
Film and Theatre
Authors: Sontag Susan 
Published: January 2007

The big question is whether there is an unbridgeable division, even opposition, between the two arts. Is there something genuinely “theatrical,” different in kind from what is genuinely “cinematic”?Almost all opinion holds that there is. A commonplace of discussion has it that film and theatre are distinct and even antithetical arts, each giving rise to its own standards of judgment and canons of form. Thus Erwin Panofsky argues, in his celebrated essay “Style and Medium in the Motion Pictures” (1934, rewritten in 1946), that one of the criteria for evaluating a movie is its freedom from the impurities of theatricality. To talk about film, one must first define “the basic nature of the medium.” Those who think prescriptively about the nature of live drama, less confident in the future of their art than the cinéphiles in theirs, rarely take a comparably exclusivist line.