bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leptin in embryos from control and diabetic rats during organogenesis: a modulator of nitric oxide production and lipid homeostasis
Authors: White Verónica , González Elida , Pustovrh Carolina , Capobianco Evangelina , Martínez Nora , Do Porto Darío Fernández , Higa Romina , Jawerbaum Alicia 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundLeptin is involved in many metabolic and reproductive events and its levels are altered by the diabetic pathology. In this study, leptin concentrations and leptin effects on both nitric oxide (NO) and lipid concentrations were investigated in embryos from control and diabetic rats.MethodsDiabetes was induced by neonatal streptozotocin administration (90 mg/kg). Embryos from control and diabetic rats were obtained on days 10.5 and 13.5 of gestation, corresponding to early organogenesis and post‐placentation periods respectively. Leptin was analysed by enzyme immunoanalysis and immunohistochemistry. Nitrates and nitrites were assessed as an index of NO production. Lipid concentrations were analysed by thin layer chromatography.ResultsLeptin concentrations were decreased in embryos obtained from diabetic rats on days 10.5 and 13.5 of gestation when compared to controls. NO concentrations, elevated in diabetic embryopathy, were diminished in the presence of leptin in the embryos obtained from control and diabetic animals both during early organogenesis and after placentation. Leptin additions reduced phospholipid, cholesterol and cholesteryl ester concentrations in embryos obtained from diabetic rats during early organogenesis, although no leptin effects on lipid concentrations were observed in control embryos at this developmental stage. In embryos obtained on day 13.5 of gestation leptin additions reduced cholesteryl ester concentrations in controls, and diminished cholesteryl ester, triglycerides and phospholipids in embryos from diabetic rats.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that leptin plays a role in the regulation of NO concentrations and lipid homeostasis during embryo organogenesis and that the diabetic environment causes a reduction of leptin concentrations in rat embryos. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Electron‐Density Determination of Electrophilic Building Blocks as Model Compounds for Protease Inhibitors (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 17/2007)
Authors: Grabowsky Simon , Pfeuffer Thomas , Chęcińska Lilianna , Weber Manuela , Morgenroth Wolfgang , Luger Peter , Schirmeister Tanja 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe cover picture shows iso‐surfaces of a protease inhibitor model compound that provides information on its reactivity. The electrostatic potential mapped on the electron density of the complete molecule and on the biologically active aziridine region shows that a nucleophilic attack must take place at carbon atom C1 of the aziridine ring. The Zero Laplacian iso‐surface shows possible sites of the attack by means of holes in this surface. The results were obtained from ultra‐high resolution synchrotron X‐ray experiments at 9 K. Details are discussed in the article by T. Schirmeister et al. on pp. 2759 ff. C. B. Hübschle is acknowledged for preparing the artwork for the cover picture.
Intergroup relations and nursing
Authors: Skevington Suzanne M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe applicability of Tajfel's social identity theory of intergroup relations was tested within a field situation of nursing, where high and low status trainee nursing groups are undergoing social change in status relations through a merger.The status relations of the two groups were assessed by examining advantages, disadvantages and subjective characteristics attributed to the groups. Close contact between groups may account for the unexpected reduction in intergroup differentiation when explict comparisons were made.No greater illegitimacy in perceived status relations was reported by the low status group, although more dissatisfactions were evidenced in terms of attributed disadvantages, a less positive ingroup identification, and a high proportion of the low status group who want change either through movement into the superior group, or by dissolving status relations through the merging of the two groups.Attempts to merge are geared towards increasing similarity between groups by gaining recognition for those high status characteristics the group believes it has acquired.With a view to social change, the non‐mobile low status subgroup are evolving a new and positive social identity for the group, perceiving little difference between groups. Strong intergroup differentiation by the high status group reflects the perceived threat of social change to the high status group.
Explanations for racial discrimination: The effect of group discussion on intergroup attributions
Authors: Hewstone Miles , Jaspars Jos 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the effect of group discussion and racial group membership on attributions concerning the causes of racial discrimination. Twenty‐ four Black (mostly West Indian) and 24 White adolescents (age 16‐19) were assigned in pairs to each cell of a 2 (Race of subject: Black/White) × 2 (Discussion/No Discussion) ‘mixed’ design. Each subject read four items exemplifying types of racial discrimination and attributed each to negative dispositions of Black people and/or discrimination by White authority figures (‘the system’). Subjects in the Discussion condition spent two minutes discussing each item prior to making their judgements. Ratings of ingroup and outgroup on eight attitudinal dimensions were also elicited, followed by a social distance measure.Multivariate analyses of variance revealed effects for racial group membership (p < 0.05) and group discussion (p < 0.05) on attributions. Further examination of the data by means of discriminant analyses indicated which items differentiate between the groups. Data based on the attitudinal ratings were also subjected to multivariate analyses and point to the positive group‐image of the Black respondents and a lack of intergroup discrimination by the White subjects; the social distance scores of the latter subjects are, however, higher. Results are discussed in terms of the literature on group polarization and intergroup differentiation.
A two‐valued logic or two‐valued balance resolution of the challenge of agreement and attraction effects in p‐o‐x triads, and a theoretical perspective on conformity and hedonism
Authors: Insko Chester A. , Sediak Andrea J. , Lipsitz Angela 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInvestigated the effect of three different variables on agreement effects in p‐o‐x triads. The subjects were 740 male and female undergraduates at the University of North Carolina. Experiment 1 found that assumed similarity modified the agreement effect—but only on cognitive rating scales (expectancy, consistency, stability). Experiment 2 found that assumed knowledgeability of o regarding × modified the agreement effect on both affective (pleasantness, harmony) and cognitive (expectancy, consistency, stability) scales. Experiment 3 found that a manipulation of o to p liking that was either consistent or inconsistent with p and o agreement modified the agreement effect primarily on the affective scales.
Bias and error in human judgment
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Ajzen Icek 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCurrently prevalent views of human inference are contrasted with an integrated theory of the epistemic process. The prevailing views are characterized by the following orienting assumptions: (1) There exist reliable criteria of inferential validity based on objectively veridical or optimal modes of information processing. (2) Motivational and cognitive factors bias inferences away from these criteria and thus enhance the likelihood of judgmental error. (3) The layperson's epistemic process is pluralistic; it consists of a diverse repertory of information‐processing strategies (heuristics, schemas) selectively invoked under various circumstances. By contrast, the present analysis yields the following conclusions: (1) There exist no secure criteria of validity. (2) Psychological factors that bias inferences away from any currently accepted criteria need not enhance the likelihood of error. (3) The inference process may be considered unitary rather than pluralistic. The various strategies and biases discussed in the literature typically confound universal epistemic process with specific examples (or contents) of such processes. Empirical support for the present analysis is presented, including evidence refuting proposals that specific contents of inference are of universal applicability; evidence suggesting that people do not, because of a reliance on subnormative heuristics, underutilize nonnative statistical information—rather, people seem unlikely to utilize any information if it is nonsalient or (subjectively) irrelevant; and evidence demonstrating that the tendency of beliefs to persevere despite discrediting information can be heightened or lowered by introducting appropriate motivational orientations.
Modern dialectics in social psychology: A reappraisal
Authors: Georgoudi Marianthi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe current status of dialectic theory in social psychology is critically examined. Its basic and interdependent assumptions are discussed and recent misconceptions analyzed. An attempt is made to clarify major confusions and misinterpretations of dialectics regarding such issues as dialectics as a conceptual versus a methodological tool, dialectics as a form of cognitive process, dialectics as a firm of interactionism, and dialectical contradictions as semantic opposites. To illustrate the relevance of dialectic theory to current issues a major dualism in social psychology is examined, namely that of individual versus social theorizing. Drawing liberally from Marxist social theory it is shown how the traditional dualism is resolved through dialectics. Finally, a response is firmed to criticisms addressed to the current status of social psychology. It is shown that dialectics not only incorporates most of the demands raised by these criticisms, but also enhances the field by pointing toward new perspectives and directions.
Implicit psychologists' estimates of attitude‐behaviour consistencies
Authors: Six Bernd , Krahé Barbara 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo investigate the relationship between implicit psychological hypotheses and explicit empirical findings, summaries of twenty published studies on attitude‐behaviour consistency were presented to a sample of forty‐eight psychology undergraduates. Subjects were asked to estimate the percentage of agreement between attitudes and behaviour obtained by each study. Correlations between subjects' covariation judgements and empirically obtained attitude‐behaviour consistencies were minimal and nonsignificant. Results are discussed in the light of more recent research on attitude‐behaviour relationship.
Administrative Obedience: Carrying Out Orders to use Psychological‐Administrative Violence
Authors: Meeus Wim H. J. , Raaijmakers Quinten A. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA paradigm named ‘administrative obedience’ was designed to study obedience in carrying out orders to use a kind of violence that is typical for our times, namely psychological‐administrative violence resulting in definite harm. In this study, the victim was an applicant for a job, who came to the laboratory to take a test, This test would determine whether or not he would get the job. Subjects were ordered, in the context of a research project, to make the applicant nervous and to disturb him during the test; consequently, the applicant failed the test and remained unemployed. More than 90 per cent of the subjects carried out these orders, although they considered them unfair and did not enjoy doing the task, The level of administrative obedience found in our study is higher than the level of obedience found in the comparable experiment by Milgram. The experimental conditions ‘Experimental absent’ and ‘Two peers rebel’ produced a reduction of obedience in our paradigm comparable to that which occurred in Milgram's paradigm.
A view from a bridge: Synthesizing the consistency and attribution paradigms from a lay epistemic perspective
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Klar Yechiel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA theory of lay epistemology is applied toward an integration of attribution theory with cognitive consistency theories. The integration follows a three‐fold partition of the epistemic process into its deductive, motivational and contentual aspects. The commonality of the attribution and consistency paradigms is apparent in regard to the deductive aspect: In both frameworks central role is accorded the criterion of deducibility or consistency whereby cognitions are validated. However, attribution theory emphasizes the consequences of consistent information, which increases attributional confidence, whereas cognitive consistency theories emphasize the consequences of inconsistent information, which detracts from judgmental confidence, hence occasionally induces negative affect. The motivational component represents a neglected dimension in attributional theorizing. It also defines the conditions under which inconsistency may be motivating. This may occur where inconsistency (I) fosters doubt where knowledge was strongly desired, (2) undermines a particular desirable conclusion. The differences among the cognitive consistency and the attributional formulations are ones of cognitive content. However, the same epistemic process is assumed common to all attribution and consistency formulations. Potential research benefits of focusing on this common process are noted.
Individual, social group and intergroup behaviour. Some conceptual remarks on the social identity theory
Authors: Bornewasser Manfred , Bober Johannes 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn investigation of the group concept proposed by Tqjfel and Turner shows that group formation and intergroup behaviour cannot be explained by the similarity of group members. Taking into account only similarity of elements leads to conceptual contaminations concerning group and class, group and collective, personal and social identity, and finally interpersonal and intergroup behaviour. It is claimed that only the consideration of group structure and the differentiation of partially individual and partially structural attributes of the group members results in a conceptually adequate theory of group formation and intergroup behaviour of its members.
Perceptual accentuation in minimal groups
Authors: Herringer Lawrence G. , Garza Raymond T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDifferences between paired paintings in a minimal group context were accentuated when assigned preferences served as the categorization basis. Failure to replicate resource allocation bias in control groups was attributed to the procedural emphasis on paintings, which may have precluded the use of the random categorization as a meaningful comparison dimension.
Effect of subgroup ratio on stereotyping
Authors: Nesdale A. R. , Dharmalingam S. , Kerr G. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMale and female subjects observed a discussion by a group with one of three sex ratios (9M‐IF, SM‐SF, 1M‐9F) and in which the male contributions were expressed in a more or less stereotype consistent manner. The results indicated that male speakers were stereotyped less than females and that male compared with female speakers were stereotyped increasingly less as the number of like speakers in the group increased.
Minority influence and idiosyncrasy credit: A new comparison of the Moscovici and Hollander theories of innovation
Authors: Lortie‐Lussier Monique 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMoscovici's model of minority influence and Hollander's model of idiosyncrasy credit were compared in an experiment conducted with I6 discussion groups composed of four male undergraduates (N = 64) and a confederate. Their task was to rank‐order unanimously 10 proposals to remediate urban problems, to which the confederate attempted to have one more added, thus introducing a norm change. Two variables were manipulated: Status of the innovator (minority versus elected leader) and Ideological criterion for innovation (avant‐garde versus reformist). It was predicted that the consistent behavioural style of the minority would make him more influential under the avant‐garde condition than under the reformist condition whereas the idiosyncrasy credit of the leader would make him more influential under the reformist condition. Although the adoption hypotheses failed to be supported, the evaluations of the confederate were consistent with both the Moscovici and Hollander models. While the minority con federate's action gained him visibility and distinctive attributions of determination and assurance, the leader con federate's initiative cost him his competence and cooperation credits. Strategies devised to adopt the innovation or to reject it (five groups versus four) pointed to the importance of interactive networks within the majority and to the decisive role played by group leaders for the innovator's influence to be exerted. These findings lead to speculate that Hollander's theorizing could be complementary to Moscovici's to account for the diffusion of minority influence.
The Benny Hill effect: Switching cognitive programmes underlying subjective estimations of the outcomes of bargains concerning distributions of rewards
Authors: Peeters Guido 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe pun of a sketch from the Benny Hill show was related to a switch of cognitive in formation processing programmes underlying the interpretation of the scene represented. The audience would be biased to interpret it following a cognitive programme anchored on the constructs self and other (SO‐programme), while Benny Hill makes a statement that would impose a cognitive programme anchored on constructs associated with the third pronominal person (3P‐programme). In an experiment it was attempted to make subjects to switch from SO‐ to 3P‐programmes (Benny Hill effect) when they were making subjective estimations of outcomes of bargains concerning distributions of rewards. The hypothesis was confirmed that the 3P‐programme was activated by providing additional in formation pertaining to substantiate the stimulus persons in such a way as to make them stand out as anchors for the processing of the in formation. However, the data showed also that the mere substantiation of stimulus persons was not yet sufficient to produce the given shift of cognitive programmes. The results are discussed in the light of theories concerning fairness, social values and allocation rules.
The “Black Sheep Effect”: Extremity of judgments towards ingroup members as a function of group identification
Authors: Marques José M. , Yzerbyt Vincent Y. , Leyens Jacques‐Philippe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study proposes an extension to the phenomenon of ingroup favouritism, based on the hypothesis that judgments about ingroup members may be more positive or more negative than judgments about similar outgroup members. It contrasts predictions issued from the complexity‐extremity hypothesis (Linville, 1982; Linville and Jones, 1980), from the ingroup favouritism hypothesis (Tajfel, 1982) and from Tesser's (1978; Millar and Tesser, 1986) attitude polarization model. Our main prediction, based on Social Identity Theory, is that judgments about both likeable and unlikeable ingroup members are more extreme than judgments about outgroup members. This phenomenon, coined the Black Sheep Effect, is viewed as due to the relevance that ingroup members'behaviour, as compared to that of outgroup members, has for the subjects' social identity. Three experiments supported our predictions. Experiment I additionally showed that inter‐trait correlations were stronger for the ingroup than for the outgroup. Experiment 2 showed that the black sheep effect occurs only when the judgmental cues are relevant for the subjects' social identity, and Experiment 3 showed that levels of information about the target of the judgment were ineffective in generating judgmental extremity. Results are discussed in light of a cognitive‐motivational alternative explanation to a purely cognitive interpretation of outgroup homogeneity.
Revisiting Thurstone's and Coombs' scales on the seriousness of crimes and offences
Authors: Borg Ingwer 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe classical studies by Thurstone (1927b) and Coombs (1967) on the seriousness of crimes and offences are replicated here for a sample of male and female students. Eighty subjects used both forced choice and graded dominance ratios to assess all pairs of 10 crimes/offences. The direct ratio estimates correlate very highly with pair‐comparison probabilities, thus making it possible to interpret the former as direct estimates of dominance probabilities. These data can be scaled with excellent fit in Thurstone's sense. The resulting scales are quite similar to those obtained by Thurstone and Coombs. An analysis of the individual data shows, however, that 69 per cent of the average data are aggregated over a variety of distinct subgroups of individuals who partition the crimes/offences into subsets that are incomparable in their seriousness. Thurstone's and Coombs' seriousness scales must therefore be considered a population lawfulness.
Categories versus groups as explanatory concepts in intergroup relations
Authors: Rabbie Jacob M. , Horwitz Murray 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this discussion of papers by Doise (1988) and Tajfel (1982) it is argued that a conceptual distinction should be made between social groups and social categories. A social group can be considered as a ‘dynamic whole’ or social system, characterized by the perceived interdependence among its members, whereas a social category can be defined as a collection of individuals who share at least one attribute in common. This distinction is crucial for the understanding of outgroup favouritism in the minimal intergroup situation, the basic similarity between large scale groupings and face‐to‐face groups, the difference between group identification and social identity and the issue of categorizations versus attributions in intergroup conflict.
‘Numerical trap’. A new look at outcome representation in studies on choice behaviour
Authors: Grzelak Janusz L. , Poppe Matthijs , Czwartosz Zbigniew , Nowak Andrzej 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn almost all experimental studies on choice behaviour the consequences of choices are limited to denumerable goods (usually money) and represented in a numerical way. It is argued that a different way of representing consequences would cause differences in social orientations. In an exploratory study (1) the kind of consequences (money, satisfaction with money and satisfaction with the situation) and (2) the way of representing consequences (numbers, rectangles, and faces) were varied. No differences were found between the three kinds of consequences represented by rectangles. Representation of money by numbers did not differ from representation of money by rectangles. However, subjects in the condition in which satisfaction with money was represented by faces were more cooperative and altruistic and less equality‐oriented than subjects in the corresponding condition in which satisfaction with money was represented by rectangles. Additional correlational analyses showed differences between ways of representing consequences. It was concluded that both for theory and for future research it is important to consider how consequences are represented.