bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: clinical outcome of 30 consecutive patients referred to a single institution in the past 5 years
Authors: Brignardello Enrico , Gallo Marco , Baldi Ileana , Palestini Nicola , Piovesan Alessandro , Grossi Emidio , Ciccone Giovannino , Boccuzzi Giuseppe 
Published: March 2007

Objective: Treatment options for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), which is one of the most lethal human malignant tumors, include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy usually combined in a multimodal approach, to improve survival and avoid death from local invasion. However, there is no standard protocol for ATC treatment and the optimal sequence within multimodal therapy is debated. We retrospectively report the clinical outcome of 30 ATC patients referred consecutively to the Oncological Endocrinology Unit of San Giovanni Battista Hospital (Turin, Italy) between 2000 and 2005.
Design: Patients were treated by one of the following approaches: i) surgery followed by adjuvant-combined chemoradiotherapy; ii) neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy; or iii) chemotherapy alone. The surgical procedures were classified as ‘maximal debulking’ or ‘palliative resection’. Maximal debulking entailed total or near-total thyroidectomy and complete resection of all gross tumor or minimal residual disease adherent to vital structures, independently of the presence or absence of distant metastases. In palliative resections, macroscopic residual disease was left in the neck. Survival of patients stratified by treatment was assessed.
Results: Analysis of multivariate hazard ratios showed that maximal debulking followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy was the only treatment that modified survival of ATC patients (hazard ratio= 0.23, 95% CI: 0.07–0.79), even if factors determining poor prognosis or increased surgical risk were present.
Conclusions: Despite the overall grim outcome of ATC, these results justify an attempt at maximal debulking surgery, followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, possibly in all ATC patients.
GH deficiency with central precocious puberty: a new rare disorder associated with a developmental defect of the hypothalamic–pituitary area
Authors: Ladjouze Asmahane , Soskin Sylvie , Garel Catherine , Jullien Marc , Naud-Saudreau Catherine , Pinto Graziella , Czernichow Paul , Léger Juliane 
Published: March 2007

Context: GH deficiency (GHD) associated with central precocious puberty (CPP) has been widely reported in cases of arachnoid cyst, septo-optic dysplasia, brain tumors, or after cerebral radiation therapy. However, idiopathic GHD associated with CPP has been reported in only one isolated case.
Objective: To evaluate the occurrence and clinical features of the association of nonacquired GHD and CPP.
Design and setting: This was a retrospective multicenter study.
Patients and methods: The study population was identified through a French nationwide multicenter network (about 3000 patients). We reviewed the medical records of all subjects diagnosed with nonacquired GHD and CPP, with or without developmental abnormalities of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and without any known associated anomaly.
Results: We identified four patients with either isolated GHD (n = 1) or multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies (n = 3). Clinical signs of CPP occurred at 6.4 ± 2.3 years in boys and 7.5 ± 0.5 years in girls, and GnRH analog therapy was started at 4.2 ± 1.6 years after the initiation of recombinant human GH treatment. Cerebral MRI demonstrated ectopic neurohypophysis associated with anterior pituitary hypoplasia in three out of the four patients. The morphology and position of the anterior pituitary and neurohypophysis were normal in one patient who displayed a persistence of the craniopharyngeal canal.
Conclusions: CPP is very rare in patients with nonacquired GHD and is mostly associated with developmental defects in the hypothalamic–pituitary area. Whether molecular mechanisms governing development and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis share dependent factors remains to be explored.
The role of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine positron emission tomography in the localization of adrenal pheochromocytoma associated with von Hippel–Lindau syndrome
Authors: Kaji Priya , Carrasquillo Jorge A , Linehan W Marston , Chen Clara C , Eisenhofer Graeme , Pinto Peter A , Lai Edwin W , Pacak Karel 
Published: March 2007

Objective: [123/131I]metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy is considered as the gold standard in the localization of pheochromocytoma. However, this method has less optimal sensitivity for the detection of pheochromocytoma associated with von Hippel–Lindau (VHL). Our preliminary results suggest that this is partially due to the low expression of cell membrane norepinephrine transporter system in VHL-related pheochromocytoma cells. Another probable cause may be the low affinity that [123/131I]MIBG has for these cells. Recently, 6-[18F]fluorodopamine ([18F]DA) positron emission tomography (PET) has been introduced as a novel functional imaging modality with high sensitivity for pheochromocytoma. Therefore, we investigated whether [18F]DA PET is more effective than [123/131I]MIBG scintigraphy in the diagnostic localization of VHL-related adrenal pheochromocytoma.
Materials and methods: In this study, we evaluated seven VHL patients in whom adrenal pheochromocytomas were confirmed by histopathology results. Adrenal pheochromocytomas were localized using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [123/131I]MIBG scintigraphy and [18F]DA PET.
Results: [18F]DA PET localized pheochromocytoma in all the seven patients, as did in CT. In contrast, three out of the seven had negative results utilizing [123/131I]MIBG scintigraphy and one out of the six patients had negative MRI results.
Conclusions: [18F]DA PET was found to show more promising results when compared with [123/131I]MIBG scintigraphy in the diagnostic localization of VHL-related adrenal pheochromocytoma, with a 100% rate of localization. Thus, [18F]DA PET in conjunction with CT/MRI should be considered as an effective method for the proper localization of VHL-related adrenal pheochromocytoma.
The Relationship between Beer Taxes, Other Alcohol Policies, and Child Homicide Deaths
Authors: Sen Bisakha 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Extant research finds inverse relationships between beer taxes and physical child abuse. This study extends the direction of research by investigating the relationship between beer taxes, other alcohol policies and child homicide deaths. The homicide death count for children 0-9 years old at the state level over 1981-2002 is used as the dependent variable. Negative binomial regression models with state and year fixed effects and other control variables are estimated. Results show an inverse relationship between per gallon beer taxes and child homicide deaths (elasticity approximately -0.19), and a direct relationship between alcohol retail outlet density and child homicide deaths (elasticity approximately 0.16). Very similar results are obtained when the dependent variable is changed to be the sum of child homicide deaths and child deaths classified as being due to 'undetermined intent', and when conditional maximum likelihood Poisson models are used instead of negative binomial models.
Walt Whitman, Biblico, Futurista Poeta de America
Authors: Toruño Juan Felipe 
Published: March 2007

“Detrás de todo Adiós se oculta, en gran parte, el saludo de un Comienzo nuevo.Yo no hago más que escribir una o dos palabras futuristas.Me limito a adelantarme un instante para retornar de prisa a las tinieblas.”Walt WhitmanCuando Armand Vasseur afirmara que algunos de los poemas de Whitman parecieran hechos por la mano que escribiera el Bhaghavad Gita, o que fuera una reencarnación de Kalidasa, evade la otra reminiscencia del poeta de Long Island: la persa. Y se ven también contornos del Ramayana; del vahimikio golpe sobre canteras seculares, sólidos relieves en la religiosa formación de estructuras nuevas sobre cimientos de edades babilónicas — o de prístinas rondas indostánicas — en la bíblica expresiva conformación.
El Esclavo Negro en la Sociedad Indoperuana
Authors: Harth-terré Emilio 
Published: March 2007

Hay un lugar histórico en la obra del Padre Bernabé Cobo, que no ha podido ser ignorado de los investigadores de nuestro pasado social. Dice así refiriéndose al Pueblo de Santiago del Cercado, barrio de Lima, erigido como reducción para el doctrinamiento y la protección de los indios tributarios, mitayos y yanacones que acudían a ella:Tiene al presente como doscientas casas y ochocientas almas de confesión y están tan bien instruidos en policía y cristiandad estos indios, que se señalan entre los demás de este Reino con conocida ventaja; están tan españolados que todos generalmente, hombres y mujeres entienden y hablan nuestra lengua; en el tratamiento de sus personas y aderezos de sus casas parecen españoles, y basta decir, para prueba de esto, que entre todos ellos tienen más de ochenta negros esclavos de que se sirven, que todo lo demás indios del Reino juntos no deben tener otros tantos.
El Peru Como Doctrina
Authors: Terry Fernando Belaúnde 
Published: March 2007

Pocas naciones en el mundo tienen el raro privilegio de contener en su propio suelo la fuente de inspiración de una doctrina. El Perú es una de ellas. Sin embargo, se ha anatematizado a los que no salimos en busca de filosofías extranjeras, en el vano intento de importar ideas a un medio que hace siglos se distinguió en producirlas.Ha extrañado, efectivamente, a quienes por no captar las corrientes vigorosas que emanan de nuestra misma tierra, que un movimiento como el de Acción Popular haya surgido sin influencias foráneas y que, en vez de izar sus velas para dejarse llevar sin esfuerzo por vientos que se originan en los focos del capitalismo o del marxismo extremos, haya preferido los que soplan de la Plaza de Wacaypata, receptáculo de experiencias y tradiciones milenarias, corazón de un sistema arterial cuyos latidos se sintieron en las regiones más remotas del Perú.
Fundamentos Ideologicos de la Alianza Para el Progreso
Authors: Carrión Arturo Morales 
Published: March 2007

La gran transformación a que está abocada la América Latina hoy en día exige una intensa actividad en dos planos distintos que guardan una íntima conexión: el plano de las realizaciones sociales, de la útil obra material, bien visible; y el plano del diálogo, de la comunicación de ideas y preocupaciones, del entendimiento ideológico, sin el cual toda obra material carecería de sentido. La universidad es la institución que tiene más que ver con esta función social.Dentro de la cultura de Occidente, que es nuestra común matriz, la universidad ocupa una peculiar position. Su compromiso fundamental e invariable es con la búsqueda de la verdad, con el análisis racional, caldeado por el fuego de la pasión por el conocimiento y refrenado por la disciplina mental que impone toda honda transmisión del saber. La sabiduría no nace entre gritos, sin en el hervor lento de la reflexión interna.
Antonio Berni: Maestro del Arte Latinoamericano
Authors: Squirru Rafael 
Published: March 2007

Dedico este ensayo a mi querida amiga Luisa Nélida Gerino, ejemplar compañera del Maestro.La primera impresión que acude a mi memoria pensando en Berni es la de un viaje que realicé a Rosario en compañía de su mujer y de su hijo. Berni estaba a la sazón en Europa y nuestra visita tenía como motivo inaugurar en el Museo Castagnino de esa ciudad, una muestra de los grabados que habían obtenido para Berni el galardón más alto que otorga la Bienal de Venecia. El recuerdo aludido se vincula sin duda al hecho de que Berni es de Rosario y que, aunque vagamente, conservo en la retina algún paisaje suyo cuando el artista casi adolescente reflejaba las impresiones del campo santafesino: el cielo claro, los trigales, la opulencia de la llanura reventona de cosechas, un aire de prosperidad agrícola que envuelve al viajero durante la travesía de esta región, el ganado gordo, el sol brillante, el paisano bien alimentado. Una trayectoria elíptica hasta las villas miseria que ocupan una de sus más recientes etapas pero en las que se conserva de algún modo la exuberancia de una riqueza natural que sin duda acompaña a Berni desde la niñez y que ha quedado estampada en su subconsciencia con la fuerza de un tatuaje.
The Changing Role of the Military in Latin America
Authors: Lieuwen Edwin 
Published: March 2007

“A new Latin America is rapidly emerging” — this has been the message of many Hispanic-American social scientists. The traditional order, under which a landed aristocracy, a praetorian military caste, and a Catholic church hierarchy monopolized power, wealth, prestige, and influence, is crumbling. Society is in a state of upheaval; politics is being revolutionized; the economy is undergoing a fundamental transformation; new institutional forms are reshaping the environment.The extent and intensity of change among the various Latin-American countries has been uneven. At one extreme is Mexico whose “new look” strikes nearly all contemporary observers. Meanwhile, neighboring Nicaragua still lives in the nineteenth century. Despite their distinct identities, however, all the Latin-American states have felt the impact of fundamental shifts in the recent world environment.
The Second Four-Year Plan of Venezuela
Authors: Hassan M. F. 
Published: March 2007

Development planning in Venezuela began in 1959 as a result of the changes in the economic conditions and in the political situation that occurred in 1958. In that year, on January 23, Pérez Jiménez government was deposed after 10 years of military rule. A provisional government was established and elections were held December 7, 1958 with Rómulo Betancourt (Democratic Action Party) winning a near majority (49%) of votes for Presidency. A coalition government of the Democratic Action party (AD), Democratic Republic Union party (URD), and the Christian social party (COPEI) was established according to a pre-election agreement among these parties.The economic conditions also changed in 1958. Until that year Venezuela was able to achieve a high rate of economic growth (see Table I) and to accumulate considerable foreign exchange that prevented balance of payments crises such as those which interrupted economic development in other countries.
El Panamericanismo de Samuel Guy Inman
Authors: Diezcanseco Alfredo Pareja 
Published: March 2007

Por una coincidencia afortunada para ese vínculo, firme y tenue a la vez, hecho de la substancia del aire y de la duración de un tiempo sin fragmentos, que suele establecerse entre el lector y el autor no conocido personalmente, empiezo a escribir estas notas al alño cabal, día y mes exactos, de haberse extinguido la vida espiritualmente rica y laboriosa del profesor Inman.Lo llamo profesor, no exactamente porque hubiera ejercido la cátedra, sino en el sentido de aquella relación filial que la palabra posee con la idea mayor de maestro, relación, por cierto, nada frecuente hoy en las rutinas académicas. Maestro, pues, de formas antiguas, totalidad edificante, entrega de la inteligencia y el corazón a causas nobles y a discípulos contados más allá de la lista de clase.
La Novela Reciente en Chile
Authors: Guerrero Leoncio 
Published: March 2007

La literatura chilena ha tenido, desde sus comienzos, tendencia a lo narrativo, a la anécdota. Lo comprueban La Araucana, de Ercilla; el Arauco Domado, de Pedro de Oña; el Cautiverio Feliz, de Pineda y Bascuñán, y tantos otros documentos epopéyicos.La novela, ya como género independiente, ha tenido cultivadores desde el principio de la nacionalidad. Don José Victorino Lastarria abre el camino con un llamado a los intelectuales de la época exhortándolos a mirar a su alrededor y a coger los temas que la historia, la leyenda y la vida les ponían a su alcance. Así comprendieron que en el propio medio había un rico venero literario que era perentorio elaborar.
Quelques Poetes Haitiens de la Jeune Generation
Authors: Lubin Maurice A. 
Published: March 2007

Notre Anthologie panorama de la Poésie Haitienne parue en 1950 s'est arrêtée à cette date. Depuis, a vu le jour une collection de poètes. Nous n'avons pas la prétention de les connaître tous, ni d'en faire un recensement complet. Nous voulons, dans cette étude, présenter quelques-uns d'entre eux, sans distinction de sexe, essayant de fixer l'époque à laquelle ils appartiennent ainsi que les particularités de leurs oeuvres.Près de quinze ans durant, le monde entier a connu bien des bouleversements, crises politiques, troubles sociaux, mais progrès technique d'une portée jamais égalée. Fréquents aussi sont les conflits de travail. Le capital finit par comprendre qu'il lui faut composer et faire un meilleur sort au travail qui a désormais son programme de revendications et son porte-parole avec les syndicats et les organisations ouvrières.
El Mestizaje de la Economia
Authors: Terry Fernando Belaúnde 
Published: March 2007

La economía monetaria que nos trajo la conquista ha sido, evidentemente, uno de los más importantes aportes de la cultura occidental. Mas seríamos ciegos si pensáramos que ese sistema ha significado una solución óptima para todos nuestros múltiples y complejos problemas.Su impotencia se manifiesta cuando observamos que, de las mil quinientas capitales de Distrito, mil doscientas carecen de agua, desagüe y fuerza motriz, faltándoles carretera de acceso a la mitad de esos centros administrativos básicos. El Perú construye caminos para automotores desde hace más de cuarenta años y, en tan dilatado lapso, no ha logrado intercomunicar sus centros vitales. La economía y la finanza europeas, por sí solas, no han dado con la solución.
La Alianza Para el Progreso
Authors: Krause Walter 
Published: March 2007

… un vasto esfuerzo, sin parangón en magnitudy nobleza de intención …Presidente KennedyEn enero de 1961, un nuevo gobierno tomó posesión en Washington. Ese nuevo gobierno tenía que confrontar muchos problemas: una molesta recesión en la economía interna y un ominoso déficit en la balanza de pagos en su comercio exterior — para mencionar solamente dos de los más importantes y urgentes problemas económicos de ese momento. También había dificultades en el frente político internacional: en Laos, en Berlín, en el Congo, en Cuba, etc.A medida que pasaban las semanas, los puntos difíciles del escenario mundial seguían en los titulares de los diarios. La Cuba de Fidel Castro, por su proximidad a Estados Unidos, constituía un caso especial de irritación. El régimen cubano adelantaba su revolución en casa, pero no paraba allí. Pues además de pinchar persistentemente a este país (EE. UU.), el régimen parecía decidido a llevar su mensaje a otras partes de la América Latina. Allí, en un ambiente de descontento con el status quo y verdaderas ansias por lograr “mejor suerte”, el ambiente se hallaba propicio, supuestamente, a escuchar el mensaje y quizás a actuar.
Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo's Historia General y Natural—First American Encyclopedia
Authors: Turner Daymond 
Published: March 2007

On May 7, 1532, the Consejo de Indias wrote to the King-Emperor Charles, the First of Spain, and Fifth of the Holy Roman Empire:Gonzalo Hernández de Oviedo, resident of Hispaniola, has had the care and inclination to write of affairs of the Indies; he offers to carry forward his work if he is given some salary towards the expense of collecting material and maintaining a clerk. It appears appropriate that it be included in the Chronicle of Spain. He displays more ability than anyone over there. It would be well to order him to examine all those lands where he has not been and to send the reports to this Council in order that here they may be edited and incorporated in the Chronicle and he should be given an annual subsidy.
The Institutionalisation of the Mexican Revolution
Authors: Calvert Peter 
Published: March 2007

“This period [1928-1934] between the murder of Obregón and the election of Lázaro Cárdenas is most perplexing,” wrote one of the most perceptive foreign observers of the Mexican scene some years ago. “If it were possible to discover what had taken hold of the leadership of Mexico in those debased and clouded years, it would illumine much of Mexican history.”What are the reasons for perplexity? Basically, they are two: that the events of this period do not seem to fit the generally accepted view that the history of Mexico from 1910 to the present day forms one grand panorama of historical evolution called the Mexican Revolution, and that the only explanation that has been offered of why they do not seems inherently improbable. The view that the Mexican Revolution is a coherent whole we owe principally to the Mexicans themselves and to sociologists who see revolutions in general and the “Great Revolutions” in particular as social rather than political events.
Religious Sectarianism in the Sertão of Northeast Brazil 1815-1966
Authors: Gross Sue Anderson 
Published: March 2007

Sectarian religious groups in Brazil, not of Afro-Brazilian origin, have been formed primarily in the backlands of the Northeast. There they have flourished during two approximate time periods, 1815 to 1840 and 1870 to the present. This paper will examine the religious groups of the Brazilian backlands as social phenomena.The locale of the sects, the backlands sertão, is both a geographical and cultural subregion of the Northeast. The latter area is generally defined as comprising the states of Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Sergipe, Alagôas, and northern Bahia. Geographically the sertão is an area subject to recurrent drought, lying back of fertile coastal plains from Salvador in Bahia to Natal in Rio Grande do Norte, touching the coast in Ceará, and again retreating inland in Piauí.
Project “Xoc” Some Keys to Maya Hieroglyphics
Authors: Lacombe Charles , D'Obrenovic Michel 
Published: March 2007

Project “Xoc” is an attempt to discover new keys to Maya hieroglyphics, using readily available source material. “Xoc” is the Maya word for “count”; the authors found that counting the progression of days in the Maya calendar forward and backward numerous times led to their first stage of discovery. The Maya use of hieroglyphics in the ceremonial and secular calendars was pointed out by Bishop Diego de Landa in his Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán, written during the 1560's. Landa's book was lost for three hundred years, but in the century since it was rediscovered, other scholars have expanded his findings to the point that the Maya calendar use of hieroglyphics is well understood.The hieroglyphic text is another matter. Scholars are generally agreed that the codices deal with astronomy and agriculture and that any text, if and when deciphered, would deal with those fields only, rather than in the broad spectrum of Maya life.
The American Revolution and Latin America: An Essay in Imagery, Perceptions, and Ideological Influence
Authors: Smith Robert Freeman 
Published: March 2007

In 1929 the British scholar, Cecil Jane, published his classic,Liberty and Despotism in Spanish America. In it he wrote:The War of Independence was neither anti-Spanish nor non- Spanish. It was not the outcome of the spread of ideas recently imported from Europe or of some sudden awakening of political life, produced by the reception of eighteenth-century philosophic theories or by such events as the successful revolt of the English colonies in North America and the French Revolution [Jane, 1966: 81].Instead, Jane (1966: 79) argued that the War of Independence was an attempt to realize the most deeply felt ideals, “which were derived not from any external sources, but from the very hearts of the people.” Similarly he argued that the political conceptions of Spanish Americans were (and continued to be) Spanish, not Anglo-Saxon, and he strongly suggested that the example of the British North Americans exerted little if any influence on the Spanish Americans of the nineteenth century. Jane (1966: 111-112, 168-172) also attacked with thinly veiled contempt the idea that the salvation of Latin America lay in emulating England or the United States.