bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Desipramine upon Melatonin and Cortisol Secretion in Depressed and Normal Subjects
Authors: Thompson Christopher , Mezey Gillian , Corn Timothy , Franey Christine , English Judith , Arendt Josephine , Checkley Stuart 
Published: August 2008

Melatonin and Cortisol values in plasma were measured hourly over 24 hours in six depressed patients and six normal volunteers before treatment and after one and three weeks of treatment with desipramine. The normal volunteers were further tested one week after withdrawal of desipramine. The mydriatic effects of tyramine and phenylephrine eye drops were also recorded in the normal volunteers.In neither group of subjects did desipramine treatment reduce melatonin secretion, suggesting that functionally significant down-regulation of beta andrenoceptors was not caused by this treatment. Melatonin secretion was significantly increased after three weeks of treatment in depressed patients. This increase was not found in normal subjects.
Conduct Disorder and Hyperactivity: II
Authors: Taylor E. , Everitt B. S. , Rutter M. L. , Thorley G. , Schachar R. , Wieselberg H. M. 
Published: August 2008

The distinction between hyperactivity and conduct disorder was explored in a mixed group of 64 children referred to psychiatric clinics because of antisocial or disruptive behaviour. A semi-structured interview measure (the Parental Account of Children's Symptoms, PACS) proved to have adequate inter-rater reliability, internal consistency and factorial validity. The PACS scales of defiance and hyperactivity, and similar subscales from Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, were tested against laboratory and clinical measures of activity, attention, cognitive performance, psychosocial background and family relationships. The hyperactivity (but not the defiance) scales were associated with greater activity, younger age, poorer cognitive performance and abnormalities on a developmental neurological examination. The defiance (but not the hyperactivity) scales were associated with Impairment of family relationships and adverse social factors. It was concluded that a dimension of Inattentive, restless activity should be separated from one of antisocial, defiant conduct In children with psychiatric disorder.Sixty boys, aged from 6 to 10 years, were studied after their referral to psychiatric clinics for antisocial or disruptive behaviour. Their scores on reliable measures of hyperactivity, defiant behaviour, emotional disorder and attention deficit were taken for the home, school and clinic settings; and subjected to two techniques of cluster analysis. Both gave a similar set of clusters, one of which had high scores on all measures of hyperactivity and attention deficit. Membership of this cluster was associated with a lower IQ, a younger age of problem onset and referral, an abnormal neurological examination, a history of developmental delay, smaller family size, poor peer relationships and a high rate of accidental injuries; and It predicted a good response to stimulant medication In a controlled trial. Other research on the classification of hyperactivity is discussed, and proposals are made for the criteria of a rather narrow definition of ‘hyperkinetic conduct disorder’.
Incidence of Suicide in Persons With Cancer
Authors: Misono Stephanie , Weiss Noel S. , Fann Jesse R. , Redman Mary , Yueh Bevan 
Published: August 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to characterize suicide rates among patients with cancer in the United States and identify patient and disease characteristics associated with higher suicide rates. Prior studies, mostly in Europe, have suggested that patients with cancer may be at increased risk for suicide, but large cohort studies comparing patients with cancer with the general population have not been performed in the United States.MethodsPatients in the study were residents of geographic areas served by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program who were diagnosed with cancer from 1973 to 2002. Comparisons with the general US population were based on mortality data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. This was a retrospective cohort study of suicide in persons with cancer.ResultsAmong 3,594,750 SEER registry patients observed for 18,604,308 person-years, 5,838 suicides were identified, for an age-, sex-, and race-adjusted rate of 31.4/100,000 person-years. In contrast, the suicide rate in the general US population was 16.7/100,000 person-years. Higher suicide rates were associated with male sex, white race, and older age at diagnosis. The highest suicide risks were observed in patients with cancers of the lung and bronchus (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 5.74; 95% CI, 5.30 to 6.22), stomach (SMR = 4.68; 95% CI, 3.81 to 5.70), oral cavity and pharynx (SMR = 3.66; 95% CI, 3.16 to 4.22), and larynx (SMR = 2.83; 95% CI, 2.31 to 3.44). SMRs were highest in the first 5 years after diagnosis with cancer.ConclusionPatients with cancer in the United States have nearly twice the incidence of suicide of the general population, and suicide rates vary among patients with cancers of different anatomic sites. Further examination of the psychological experience of patients with cancer, particularly that of patients with certain types of cancer, is warranted.
Preoperative Staging of Large Primary Breast Cancer With [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Compared With Conventional Imaging Procedures
Authors: Fuster David , Duch Joan , Paredes Pilar , Velasco Martín , Muñoz Montserrat , Santamaría Gorane , Fontanillas Montserrat , Pons Francesca 
Published: August 2008

Purpose To evaluate the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose in the initial staging of large primary breast tumors. Patients and Methods This prospective study was approved by the ethics committee, and all patients gave their informed consent before enrollment. Sixty consecutive patients with large (> 3 cm) primary breast cancer diagnosed by clinical examination and breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were entered onto the study. The mean age was 57 ± 13 years. Chest computed tomography (CT), liver ultrasonography, bone scan, and PET/CT were performed in all patients. All findings were histologically confirmed, and/or at least 1 year of follow-up was required. Correlation between parameters was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Results Primary tumor was identified by both PET/CT and MRI in all patients. Multifocal and/or multicentric tumors were found in 19 patients by MRI. Axillary lymph node metastases were found in 20 of 52 patients. Extra-axillary metastatic lymph nodes were also found in three patients. One patient showed an infiltrated lymph node in the contralateral axilla. The sensitivity and specificity for PET/CT to detect axillary lymph nodes metastases were 70% and 100%, respectively. PET/CT diagnosed all extra-axillary lymph nodes. The overall sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT in detecting distant metastases were 100% and 98%, respectively; whereas the sensitivity and specificity of conventional imaging were 60% and 83%, respectively. PET led to a change in the initial staging in 42% of patients. Conclusion PET/CT underestimates locoregional lymph node staging in large primary breast cancer patients. PET/CT is a valuable tool to discard unsuspected extra-axillary lymph nodes and distant metastases.
Aromatase Inhibitors: Are There Differences Between Steroidal and Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitors and Do They Matter?
Authors: Miller William R. , Bartlett John , Brodie Angela M. H. , Brueggemeier Robert W. , di Salle Enrico , Lønning Per Eystein , Llombart Antonio , Maass Nicolai , Maudelonde Thierry , Sasano Hironobu , Goss Paul E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAromatase inhibitors (AIs) are approved for use in both early- and advanced-stage breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Although the currently approved “third-generation” AIs all powerfully inhibit estrogen synthesis, they may be subdivided into steroidal and nonsteroidal inhibitors, which interact with the aromatase enzyme differently. Nonsteroidal AIs bind noncovalently and reversibly to the aromatase protein, whereas steroidal AIs may bind covalently and irreversibly to the aromatase enzyme. The steroidal AI exemestane may exert androgenic effects, but the clinical relevance of this has yet to be determined. Switching between steroidal and nonsteroidal AIs produces modest additional clinical benefits, suggesting partial noncrossresistance between the classes of inhibitor. In these circumstances, the response rates to the second AI have generally been low; additional research is needed regarding the optimal sequence of AIs. To date, clinical studies suggest that combining an estrogen-receptor blocker with a nonsteroidal AI does not improve efficacy, while combination with a steroidal AI has not been evaluated. Results from head-to-head trials comparing steroidal and nonsteroidal AIs will determine whether meaningful clinical differences in efficacy or adverse events exist between the classes of AI. This review summarizes the available evidence regarding known differences and evaluates their potential clinical impact.
Comparison of the sensitivities of common in vitro and in vivo assays of estrogenic activity: Application of chemical toxicity distributions
Authors: Dobbins Laura L , Brain Richard A , Brooks Bryan W 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA number of contaminants in municipal effluent discharges are estrogen agonists to fish. Whereas several in vitro and in vivo techniques have been developed to assess the estrogenic activity of these compounds or ambient environmental samples, previous comparisons of the relative sensitivities of these approaches remain inconclusive. We employed a probabilistic hazard assessment approach using chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs) to perform a novel evaluation of relative sensitivities of six common in vitro and in vivo assays. We predicted that there was an 8.3% (human breast ademocarcinoma cell line, MCF-7, assay), 6.3% (yeast estrogen screen assay), or 1.9% (fish hepatocyte vitellogenin, VTG, assay) probability of detecting a compound in aquatic systems that will elicit an estrogenic response at concentrations at or below 0.1 μg/L, suggesting that the MCF-7 assay was the most sensitive in vitro assay evaluated in this study. The probabilities of eliciting the estrogenic response of VTG induction at a concentration less than 0.1 μg/L in rainbow trout, fathead minnow, and Japanese medaka were determined at 29.9, 26.2, and 18.8%, respectively. Thus, rainbow trout VTG induction was the most sensitive in vivo assay assessed. Subsequently, CTDs may provide a useful technique for hazard assessment of chemical classes for which exposure data are limited and for chemicals with common toxicological mechanisms and modes of action.
Protectiveness of species sensitivity distribution hazard concentrations for acute toxicity used in endangered species risk assessment
Authors: Raimondo Sandy , Vivian Deborah N , Delos Charles , Barron Mace G 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A primary objective of threatened and endangered species conservation is to ensure that chemical contaminants and other stressors do not adversely affect listed species. Assessments of the ecological risks of chemical exposures to listed species often rely on the use of surrogate species, safety factors, and species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) of chemical toxicity; however, the protectiveness of these approaches can be uncertain. We comprehensively evaluated the protectiveness of SSD first and fifth percentile hazard concentrations (HC1, HC5) relative to the application of safety factors using 68 SSDs generated from 1,482 acute (lethal concentration of 50%, or LC50) toxicity records for 291 species, including 24 endangered species (20 fish, four mussels). The SSD HC5s and HC1s were lower than 97 and 99.5% of all endangered species mean acute LC50s, respectively. The HC5s were significantly less than the concentrations derived from applying safety factors of 5 and 10 to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) toxicity data, and the HC1s were generally lower than the concentrations derived from a safety factor of 100 applied to rainbow trout toxicity values. Comparison of relative sensitivity (SSD percentiles) of broad taxonomic groups showed that crustaceans were generally the most sensitive taxa and taxa sensitivity was related to chemical mechanism of action. Comparison of relative sensitivity of narrow fish taxonomic groups showed that standard test fish species were generally less sensitive than salmonids and listed fish. We recommend the use of SSDs as a distribution-based risk assessment approach that is generally protective of listed species.
Predicting Type 2 Diabetes Based on Polymorphisms From Genome-Wide Association Studies
Authors: van Hoek Mandy , Dehghan Abbas , Witteman Jacqueline C.M. , van Duijn Cornelia M. , Uitterlinden André G. , Oostra Ben A. , Hofman Albert , Sijbrands Eric J.G. , Janssens A. Cecile J.W. 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—Prediction of type 2 diabetes based on genetic testing might improve identification of high-risk subjects. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies identified multiple new genetic variants that associate with type 2 diabetes. The predictive value of genetic testing for prediction of type 2 diabetes in the general population is unclear.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We investigated 18 polymorphisms from recent GWA studies on type 2 diabetes in the Rotterdam Study, a prospective, population-based study among homogeneous Caucasian individuals of 55 years and older (genotyped subjects, n = 6,544; prevalent cases, n = 686; incident cases during follow-up, n = 601; mean follow-up 10.6 years). The predictive value of these polymorphisms was examined alone and in addition to clinical characteristics using logistic and Cox regression analyses. The discriminative accuracy of the prediction models was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs).
RESULTS—Of the 18 polymorphisms, the ADAMTS9, CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B-rs1412829, FTO, IGF2BP2, JAZF1, SLC30A8, TCF7L2, and WFS1 variants were associated with type 2 diabetes risk in our population. The AUC was 0.60 (95% CI 0.57–0.63) for prediction based on the genetic polymorphisms; 0.66 (0.63–0.68) for age, sex, and BMI; and 0.68 (0.66–0.71) for the genetic polymorphisms and clinical characteristics combined.
CONCLUSIONS—We showed that 9 of 18 well-established genetic risk variants were associated with type 2 diabetes in a population-based study. Combining genetic variants has low predictive value for future type 2 diabetes at a population-based level. The genetic polymorphisms only marginally improved the prediction of type 2 diabetes beyond clinical characteristics.
Is a Priming Dose of Insulin Necessary in a Low-Dose Insulin Protocol for the Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
Authors: Kitabchi Abbas E. , Murphy Mary Beth , Spencer Judy , Matteri Robert , Karas Jim 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of an insulin priming dose with a continuous insulin infusion versus two continuous infusions without a priming dose.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This prospective randomized protocol used three insulin therapy methods: 1) load group using a priming dose of 0.07 units of regular insulin per kg body weight followed by a dose of 0.07 unit · kg−1 · h−1 i.v. in 12 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA); 2) no load group using an infusion of regular insulin of 0.07 unit · kg body weight−1 · h−1 without a loading dose in 12 patients with DKA, and 3) twice no load group using an infusion of regular insulin of 0.14 · kg−1 · h−1 without a loading dose in 13 patients with DKA. Outcome was based on the effects of insulin therapy on biochemical and hormonal changes during treatment and recovery of DKA.
RESULTS—The load group reached a peak in free insulin value (460 μU/ml) within 5 min and plateaued at 88 μU/ml in 60 min. The twice no load group reached a peak (200 μU/ml) at 45 min. The no load group reached a peak (60 μU/ml) in 60–120 min. Five patients in the no load group required supplemental insulin doses to decrease initial glucose levels by 10%; patients in the twice no load and load groups did not. Except for these differences, times to reach glucose ≤250 mg/dl, pH ≥7.3, and HCO3− ≥15 mEq/l did not differ significantly among the three groups.
CONCLUSIONS—A priming dose in low-dose insulin therapy in patients with DKA is unnecessary if an adequate dose of regular insulin of 0.14 unit · kg body weight−1 · h−1 (about 10 units/h in a 70-kg patient) is given.
Duration of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Before Seizures
Authors: Buckingham Bruce , Wilson Darrell M. , Lecher Todd , Hanas Ragnar , Kaiserman Kevin , Cameron Fergus 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—Despite a high incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia documented by the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), there are no reports in the literature of nocturnal hypoglycemic seizures while a patient is wearing a CGM device.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this article, we describe four such cases and assess the duration of nocturnal hypoglycemia before the seizure.
RESULTS—In the cases where patients had a nocturnal hypoglycemic seizure while wearing a CGM device, sensor hypoglycemia (&lt;60 mg/dl) was documented on the CGM record for 2.25–4 h before seizure activity.
CONCLUSIONS—Even with a subcutaneous glucose lag of 18 min when compared with blood glucose measurements, glucose sensors have time to provide clinically meaningful alarms. Current nocturnal hypoglycemic alarms need to be improved, however, since patients can sleep through the current alarm systems.
Application of the Kaptay model in calculation of ternary liquid alloys' viscosities
Authors: Žvivković Dragana 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
An equation, based on the Eyring equation of viscosity, has been recently derived by Kaptay to extrapolate dynamic viscosity of pure liquid metals to the viscosity of liquid metallic alloys. The results of its application to ternary metallic alloys, calculated on the basis of the known concentration dependence of the integral enthalpy of mixing and excess molar volume of investigated alloys, are presented in this paper. As an example, viscosities of ternary Au – Ag – Cu alloys have been calculated in the temperature interval 1373 – 1573 K and compared with literature data.
Amorphization, nanocrystallization and magnetic properties of mechanically milled Sm–Co magnetic powders
Authors: Gopalan R. , Suresh K. , Sridhara Rao D. V. , Singh A. K. , Rama Rao N. V. , Bhikshamaiah G. , Chandrasekaran V. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The microstructure and the magnetic properties of mechanically milled Sm–Co nano powders were investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. Microstructural studies revealed that after 40 h milling the powder nearly becomes amorphous with a small fraction of nanocrystallites embedded in the amorphous matrix. With increase in milling time up to 16 h, the diffracted crystallite size decreased exponentially and thereafter it remained constant. The grain size of 40 h milled powder was found to be ∼2 – 10 nm.
On the reaction scheme and liquidus surface in the ternary system Al–Si–Ti
Authors: Liu Shuhong , Weitzer Franz , Schuster Julius C. , Krendelsberger Nataliya , Du Yong 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The constitution of the ternary system Al–Si–Ti is reinvestigated over the entire composition range using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, differential thermal analysis up to 1500 °C and metallography. The ternary phases τ1 and τ2 are confirmed and their crystal structures and solid state phase equilibria are corroborated. The compositions observed confirm previous literature. The phase τ1 (I41/amd, Zr3Al4Si5-type) melts incongruently at 953 °C < T < 1000 °C into L + τ2 + TiSi2. The phase τ2 (Cmcm, ZrSi2-type) melts incongruently at 1338 °C into L + TiSi + TiSi2. The liquidus surface is characterized by a eutectic trough, which descends monotonically from the pseudobinary maximum emax1 L = βTi + Ti5Si3 at 1540 ± 5 °C through a series of transition reactions and ends in the ternary eutectic L = τ1 + (Si) + (Al) at 573 °C.
The emergence and disappearance of a high density of microcracks in nitrided Fe-4.65 at.% Al alloy
Authors: Meka Sairamudu , Hosmani Santosh S. , Clauss Arno R. , Mittemeijer Eric J. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Nitriding of recrystallised and cold-rolled Fe-4.65 at.% Al alloy at 550 °C in an ammonia – hydrogen gas mixture of nitriding potential 0.104 atm− 1/2 indicated that nucleation of the thermodynamically (most) stable hexagonal (wurzite) AlN in the ferrite matrix of recrystallised specimen is difficult. The competition between the precipitation of nitrogen gas (dissociation of nitrogen supersaturated ferrite into pure ferrite and nitrogen gas) at the grain boundaries and the precipitation of hexagonal (wurzite) AlN led, via the coalescence of pores filled with nitrogen gas, to the emergence of microcracks along the grain boundaries and the formation of nitride-precipitate free zones near the grain boundaries of the recrystallised specimens. Upon continued nitriding the initially partially nitrided grains became fully nitrided and the microcracks disappeared.
Scaling relations for viscoelastic – cohesive conical indentation
Authors: Pichler Christian , Lackner Roman , Ulm Franz-Josef 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Most geomaterials exhibit both viscoelastic and plastic material response when indented by a sharp conical tip. Lacking analytical solutions for viscoelastic – plastic material response, a numerical approach based on the finite element method is proposed for backcalculation of model parameters from indentation data. Departing from the analytical solutions recently obtained by Vandamme and Ulm, viscoelastic – cohesive conical indentation of a homogeneous material halfspace is dealt with in this paper. Results from finite element analysis, i. e., the load – penetration history for a rigid, conical indenter with linearly increasing load, are presented in dimensionless form. From the results, scaling relations are constructed for application to materials exhibiting viscoelastic – cohesive behavior.
Energy-based hardness of soda-lime silicate glass
Authors: Yoshida Satoshi , Sawasato Hiroshi , Yoshikawa Masanori , Matsuoka Jun 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEnergy-based inelastic hardness of soda-lime silicate glass is obtained from the work of indentation and the residual impression volume, which is measured by using a scanning probe microscope. The indenter shape dependence and the indentation load dependence of energy-based hardness are investigated. Physical meanings of the energy-based hardness and the apparent hardness of glass are discussed in terms of the mechanisms of inelastic deformation for brittle and glassy materials.
AFM testing of the nanomechanical behaviour of MEMS micromembranes
Authors: Ekwinski G. , Goehlich A. , Trieu K. , Rymuza Z. , Koszewski A. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The nanomechanical behaviour of micromembranes for high temperature applications of a microelectro mechanical system pressure sensor has been studied by use of atomic force microscopy. A method was elaborated and used for measure nanometre deformation of the membrane under application of high loads. This method was also useful for identifying failures of a membrane, e. g., undesired position against the substrate of the structure. The tests were performed for a series of membranes. The characteristics of the mechanical behaviour were plotted for different geometrical features of the membranes to identify the influence of geometry and dimension. The method was found to be very effective for the process characterisation of the fabricated MEMS micromembranes devoted, e. g., to high temperature pressure sensors.