bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring a Literacy Website That Works: ReadWriteThink.org
Authors: Anderson Rebecca S. , Balajthy Ernest 
Published: August 2007

While it is easy to find lesson plans on the Internet, the quality of plans and the formats in which they are written vary considerably, and the process of sifting through the chaff in order to find the wheat can be time‐consuming and discouraging. To address these concerns the authors of this Technology in Literacy column introduce www.ReadWriteThink.org. The International Reading Association (IRA), the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), and a consortium of other organizations developed the site, which provides lessons in reading and writing, as well as many other interactive features that provide unique supports for teachers:
Lessons are written and reviewed by literacy educators.
Lessons are carefully screened and edited to save teachers from wasting time with poorly prepared materials.
Lessons are linked to other lessons in the collection with related objectives, activities, or themes, to help teachers develop focused units of study.
Lessons are offered in a level of detail that far surpasses the lesson plans provided at most other educational sites.
Lessons include many online activities and resources that can be accessed easily to save teachers from spending time in looking for necessary materials.
Resource links are provided in the body of the lesson, as well as in a sidebar accompanying the lesson.
Links to sites offering further information and resources are kept up‐to‐date.
Lessons are aligned to the IRA/NCTE Standards for the English Language Arts.
Tapping Students' Cultural Funds of Knowledge to Address the Achievement Gap
Authors: Risko Victoria J. , Walker‐Dalhouse Doris 
Published: August 2007

Students whose language, ethnicity, and race are not represented in a school's dominant culture experience varying degrees of success in reading achievement, resulting in persistent gaps in reading achievement. Culturally responsive instruction can help to close that gap. This teaching strategy capitalizes on the knowledge and literacy strategies students learn in their homes and communities, the ways that students reason about and make sense of their world, and the language and communicative patterns of students.In this article, the authors provide a discussion of cultural modeling as one example of how to design culturally responsive instruction. Cultural modeling is a way of designing instruction to make explicit connections between content and literacy goals and the knowledge and experiences students share with family, community, and peers.
Implementing a Schoolwide Literacy Framework: Improving Achievement in an Urban Elementary School
Authors: Fisher Douglas , Frey Nancy 
Published: August 2007

Teachers at an urban elementary school developed and implemented a literacy instructional framework based on a gradual release of responsibility model. The framework includedfocus lessonsguided instructioncollaborative learningindependent learningOver six years, literacy and math achievement at this school increased dramatically. The teachers at the school attribute the changes to the focused professional development they received that was based on a literacy framework they created.
Differential course of HIV-1 infection and apolipoprotein E polymorphism
Authors: Corder Elizabeth , Galeazzi Luciano , Franceschi Claudio , Cossarizza Andrea , Paganelli Roberto , Pinti Marcello , Mussini Cristina , Borghi Vanni , Pinter Elena , Cristofaro Rita , Galeazzi Roberta , Perini Marino , Aiuti Fernando , Giunta Sergio 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
We studied the course of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in relation to apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism found for 209 Italians treated at Infectious Disease Clinics in Rome and Modena. Clinically, patients were classified into four groups according to the yearly rate of decline in CD4+ cell count (LTNP: long-term non-progression; SLOW, ’NORMAL’ or RAPID). Patients at both extremes of the clinical spectrum, i.e. those who rapidly progressed to AIDS and those with stable high CD4 cell counts, had few APOE ɛ4 and ɛ2 alleles (P = 0.04). Detailed clinical information was then used to construct four model-based clinical profiles using grade-of-membership analysis (GoM), predictive of APOE genotypic frequencies: 1. The clinical profile associated with good long-term prognosis lacked ɛ2 (P=0.01); 2. Disease progression to AIDS was associated with ɛ4 and ɛ2, most evident for zidovudine-lamivudine regimens without a protease inhibitor (P = 0.03); and, 3. AIDS patients had low ɛ4 and ɛ2 frequencies, consistent with a high mortality rate among ɛ4+ and ɛ2+ AIDS patients. These findings suggest allele-specific immunomodulatory effects involving inherited APOE isoform important enough to alter the clinical course of HIV infection and, possibly, drug efficacy. They imply a connection between lipid metabolism and immunity potentially relevant to common disorders.
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 regulation in the hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrel
Authors: Woods Ashley , Storey Kenneth 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCytosolic calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) has multiple roles including production of arachidonic acid (a key player in cellular signaling pathways) and membrane remodeling. Additionally, since catabolism of arachidonic acid generates free radicals, the enzyme is also implicated in ischemic injury to mammalian organs. Regulation of cPLA2 could be important in the suppression and prioritization of cellular pathways in animals that undergo reversible transitions into hypometabolic states. The present study examines the responses and regulation of cPLA2 in skeletal muscle and liver of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. cPLA2 activity decreased significantly by 43% in liver during hibernation, compared with euthermic controls, and Km values for arachidonoyl thio-PC substrate fell in both organs during hibernation to 61% in liver and 28% in muscle of the corresponding euthermic value. To determine whether these responses were due to a change in the phosphorylation state of the enzyme, Western blotting was employed using antibodies recognizing phospho-Ser505 on α-cPLA2. The amount of phosphorylated α-cPLA2 in hibernator liver was just 38% of the value in euthermic liver. Furthermore, incubation of liver extracts under conditions that enhanced protein phosphatase action caused a greater reduction in the detectable amount of phospho-Ser505 enzyme content in euthermic, versus hibernator, extracts. The data are consistent with a suppression of cPLA2 function during torpor via enzyme dephosphorylation, an action that may contribute to the well-developed ischemia tolerance and lack of oxidative damage found in hibernating species over cycles of torpor and arousal.
Mechanical properties of photoaged in situ polymerized PS/EPDM blends
Authors: Lourenço Emerson , Felisberti Maria Isabel 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this study, the mechanical properties of in situ polymerized PS/EPDM blends with different composition were evaluated before and after accelerated photoaging and compared with the properties of commercial HIPS submitted to similar aging conditions (ASTM G53). The mechanical properties of the PS/EPDM blends as well as their photochemical stability are influenced by the polymerization temperature and blend composition. Although the initial mechanical properties of HIPS are superior in comparison with the in situ polymerized PS/EPDM blends, a pronounced drop of them was observed already for short time exposure. For example, after the aging period, all PS/EPDM blends showed higher strain at break than HIPS. Because PS/EPDM blends present higher resistance to photoaging stability than HIPS, the mechanical properties of the HIPS become worse than the other blends as the aging time increases. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Analyzing the dynamic chemorheology of curing resins: Extraction of model parameters associated with cure advancement
Authors: Love B. J. , Piguet‐Ruinet F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe assessment of transient changes in reactive fluids has been described as chemorheology. While several individual chemorheological studies are published, few have investigated unifying principles that may help in identifying protocols for predictive modeling. We have extracted datasets from other published manuscripts on reactive resin curing, and have observed a range of exponential growth in viscosity with these reactive systems. We have found that regardless of the initial viscosity, the dynamic viscosity rise in many of these resins advances with a similar exponential rise, with the exponent varying between 0.02 and 1.5 min−1 Isothermal photopolymerization yielded more accurate viscosity models than corresponding crosslinked resins with a widely varying heating schedule. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis and comparative properties of poly(dimethylsiloxane) grafted alkyl acrylate
Authors: Yang Xue‐feng , Yao Cheng 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLow hydrogen‐containing siloxane (l‐PDMS) material was prepared by H2SO4‐catalyzed equilibration of octa‐methyl cyclo tetra siloxane (D4), hexamethyl disiloxane (MM) and high hydrogen‐containing siloxane (h‐PDMS). Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) grafted methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), and butyl acrylate (BA) were prepared by Pt‐catalyzed hydrosilylation reaction of l‐PDMS and three acrylates, respectively. PDMS grafted alkyl acrylate not only preserves the properties of PDMS, but also adds new ones. Viscosity, viscosity–temperature coefficient (VTC), viscosity‐index (VI), and TGA experiments indicate that the grafted copolymers have outstanding thermal stability as PDMS. The measurement of surface tension (ST) shows the grafted copolymers have low surface energy as PDMS. However, emulsifiability, lubricity, and solubility in organic solvent, such as acetone, isopropanol, of PDMS grafted alkyl acrylate were better than the properties of PDMS, which can be very useful for fine chemical industry. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Enhanced integrative repair of the porcine meniscus in vitro by inhibition of interleukin‐1 or tumor necrosis factor α
Authors: McNulty Amy L. , Moutos Franklin T. , Weinberg J. Brice , Guilak Farshid 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the hypotheses that increasing concentrations of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibit the integrative repair of the knee meniscus in an in vitro model system, and that inhibitors of these cytokines will enhance repair.MethodsExplants (8 mm in diameter) were harvested from porcine medial menisci. To simulate a full‐thickness defect, a 4‐mm–diameter core was removed and reinserted. Explants were cultured for 14, 28, or 42 days in the presence of 0–1,000 pg/ml of IL‐1 or TNFα. Explants were also cultured in the presence of IL‐1 or TNFα with IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) or TNF monoclonal antibody (mAb). At the end of the culture period, biomechanical testing, cell viability, and histologic analyses were performed to quantify the extent of repair.ResultsMechanical testing revealed increased repair strength, cell accumulation, and tissue formation at the interface over time under control conditions. Pathophysiologic concentrations of both IL‐1 and TNFα significantly decreased repair strength, cell migration, and tissue formation at the interface. The addition of IL‐1Ra or TNF mAb to explants prevented the effects of IL‐1 or TNFα, respectively.ConclusionOur findings document that physiologically relevant concentrations of IL‐1 and TNFα inhibit meniscal repair in vitro and therefore may also inhibit meniscal repair during arthritis or following joint injury. The finding that IL‐1Ra and TNF mAb promoted integrative meniscal repair in an inflammatory microenvironment suggests that intraarticular delivery of IL‐1Ra and/or TNF mAb may be useful clinically to promote meniscal healing following injury.
Prevalence of hypospadias in the same geographic region as ascertained by three different registries
Authors: Nelson Paul , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark , Jensen Tina Kold , Mouriquand Pierre , Hughes Ieuan , Wilcox Duncan , Elliott Paul 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHypospadias birth prevalence may be increasing with maternal exposure to endocrine disrupters. Yet hypospadias registers are hindered by data quality concerns. We compare the birth prevalence per thousand male births (BP) and ascertainment of hypospadias in the South East of England between 1st January 1997 to 31st September 1998 in a population‐based hypospadias case register (surgeons' register) 731 cases, BP 3.8, (95% confidence interval 3.7–3.9), the National Congenital Anomaly System (NCAS) 645 cases (88% of surgeons' register), BP 3.4, (95% confidence interval 3.29–3.5) and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) 221 cases (30% of the surgeons register), BP 1.15 (95% confidence interval 1.1–1.2). There were 191,438 male births (National Statistics). We found considerable differences in birth prevalence estimates and ascertainment according to data source. Compared with the Surgeons' register, the HES under‐ascertainment of 10% was possibly explained by procedural weaknesses. NCAS's 70% under‐ascertainment is explained by exclusion of so‐called mild hypospadias (since 1990). This exclusion does not appear warranted since mild and severe hypospadias probably share aetiology and all require surgery. NCAR's utility could be improved if it returned to including “minor” hypospadias. Meanwhile routine data such as HES are potentially suitable for surveillance of this condition. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High prevalence of NTDs in Shanxi Province: A combined epidemiological approach
Authors: Gu Xue , Lin Liangming , Zheng Xiaoying , Zhang Ting , Song Xinming , Wang Jinfeng , Li Xinhu , Li Peizhen , Chen Gong , Wu Jilei , Wu Lihua , Liu Jufen 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Shanxi Province has historically reported a high prevalence of NTDs. In order to establish baseline rates for NTDs and discuss the risk factors associated with sociodemographic, maternal characteristics, and geographic factors, we performed the present study using an approach combining population and hospital‐based methodologies. METHODS: We used χ2 and Fisher's exact tests to evaluate variation in the prevalence by selected covariates and computed crude ORs and 95% CIs. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were performed using logistic regression with all the covariates included in the model. RESULTS: The overall NTD prevalence during the 3 year study period was 199.38 per 10,000 births, with a higher NTD prevalence clustered in 46 villages within this geographic area. However, no statistical significance was found between NTD prevalence and the elevation of the villages or their distance from coal plants. AORs revealed women aged 20 and above had a lower risk of NTDs compared to those younger than 20 (AOR range 0.4–0.5). A higher risk of NTDs was observed among female infants (AOR 1.50; 95% CI: 1.04–2.17), women with four or more previous births (AOR 2.80; 95% CI: 1.20–6.52), and a previous history of birth defects (AOR 3.23; 95% CI: 1.46–7.12). CONCLUSIONS: This study has documented a high prevalence of NTDs in Shanxi. Similar variations to other reports were found in the risk of NTDs by maternal demographic characteristics and a clustering of NTDs in certain villages that require further exploration. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seeking causes: Classifying and evaluating congenital heart defects in etiologic studies
Authors: Botto Lorenzo D. , Lin Angela E. , Riehle‐Colarusso Tiffany , Malik Sadia , Correa Adolfo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Classification and analysis of congenital heart defects (CHD) in etiologic studies is particularly challenging because of diversity of cardiac phenotypes and underlying developmental mechanisms. We describe an approach to classification for risk assessment of CHD based on developmental and epidemiologic considerations, and apply it to data from the National Birth Defect Prevention Study (NBDPS). METHODS: The classification system incorporated the three dimensions of cardiac phenotype, cardiac complexity, and extracardiac anomalies. The system was designed to facilitate the assessment of simple isolated defects and common associations. A team with cardiologic expertise applied the system to a large sample from the NBDPS. RESULTS: Of the 4,703 cases of CHDs in the NBDPS with birth years 1997 through 2002, 63.6% were simple, isolated cases. Specific associations of CHDs represented the majority of the remainder. The mapping strategy generated relatively large samples for most cardiac phenotypes and provided enough detail to isolate important subgroups of CHDs that may differ by etiology or mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: Classification of CHDs that considers cardiac and extracardiac phenotypes is practically feasible, and yields manageable groups of well‐characterized phenotypes. Although best suited for large studies, this approach to classification and analysis can be a flexible and powerful tool in many types of etiologic studies of heart defects. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrete Stochastic Models for Compliance Analysis Based on an AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) Study
Authors: Sun Junfeng , Nagaraj H. N. , Reynolds Nancy R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCompliance is the extent to which a patient follows the prescribed regimen. Here we investigate the statistical properties of two popular measures of compliance – percentage of compliant days and percentage of doses taken. We use a stationary Markov chain to model the dependence structure of successive data points for each subject. We illustrate our model using discrete compliance data collected from an AIDS Clinical Trial Group study (ACTG 398). We check the model assumptions and evaluate the small sample as well as large sample properties of our estimators. We show that ignoring the within‐subject dependence will usually underestimate the standard errors of the estimates of these compliance measures. Our model allows the application of meta‐analytic approaches to assess the variation across subjects in these compliance indices and changes in them due to intervention. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
From dummy regression to prior probabilities in PLS‐DA
Authors: Indahl Ulf G. , Martens Harald , Næs Tormod 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDifferent published versions of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) are shown as special cases of an approach exploiting prior probabilities in the estimated between groups covariance matrix used for calculation of loading weights. With prior probabilities included in the calculation of both PLS components and canonical variates, a complete strategy for extracting appropriate decision spaces with multicollinear data is obtained. This idea easily extends to weighted linear dummy regression so that the corresponding fitted values also span the canonical space. Two different choices of prior probabilities are applied with a real dataset to illustrate the effect for the obtained decision spaces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grey component analysis
Authors: Westerhuis Johan A. , Derks Eduard P. P. A. , Hoefsloot Huub C. J. , Smilde Age K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe interpretation of principal component analysis (PCA) models of complex biological or chemical data can be cumbersome because in PCA the decomposition is performed without any knowledge of the system at hand. Prior information of the system is not used to improve the interpretation. In this paper we introduce Grey Component Analysis (GCA) as a new explorative data analysis method that uses the available prior information. GCA uses a soft penalty approach to gently push the decomposition into the direction of the prior information. The grey components are therefore partly data driven and partly driven by the prior information. GCA works in a confirmatory mode to analyze the validity of the prior information and in an exploratory mode in which new phenomena can be studied in detail. To show the wide applicability of GCA, applications within spectroscopy and gene expression are presented. Many diagnostic properties of GCA are introduced and examples of erroneous parts within the prior information are indicated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Wheel‐Shaped Single‐Molecule Magnet of [MnII3MnIII4]: Quantum Tunneling of Magnetization under Static and Pulse Magnetic Fields
Authors: Koizumi Satoshi , Nihei Masayuki , Shiga Takuya , Nakano Motohiro , Nojiri Hiroyuki , Bircher Roland , Waldmann Oliver , Ochsenbein Stefan T. , Güdel Hans U. , Fernandez‐Alonso Felix , Oshio Hiroki 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe reaction of N‐(2‐hydroxy‐5‐nitrobenzyl)iminodiethanol (=H3(5‐NO2‐hbide)) with Mn(OAc)2⋅ 4 H2O in methanol, followed by recrystallization from 1,2‐dichloroethane, yielded a wheel‐shaped single‐molecule magnet (SMM) of [MnII3MnIII4(5‐NO2‐hbide)6]⋅5 C2H4Cl2 (1). In 1, seven manganese ions are linked by six tri‐anionic ligands and form the wheel in which the two manganese ions on the rim and the one in the center are MnII and the other four manganese ions are MnIII ions. Powder magnetic susceptibility measurements showed a gradual increase with χmT values as the temperature was lowered, reaching a maximum value of 53.9 emu mol−1 K. Analyses of magnetic susceptibility data suggested a spin ground state of S=19/2. The zero‐field splitting parameters of D and ${B{{0\hfill \atop 4\hfill}}}$ were estimated to be −0.283(1) K and −1.64(1)×10−5 K, respectively, by high‐field EPR measurements (HF‐EPR). The anisotropic parameters agreed with those estimated from magnetization and inelastic neutron scattering experiments. AC magnetic susceptibility measurements showed frequency‐dependent in‐ and out‐of‐phase signals, characteristic data for an SMM, and an Arrhenius plot of the relaxation time gave a re‐orientation energy barrier (ΔE) of 18.1 K and a pre‐exponential factor of 1.63×10−7 s. Magnetization experiments on aligned single crystals below 0.7 K showed a stepped hysteresis loop, confirming the occurrence of quantum tunneling of the on magnetization (QTM). QTM was, on the other hand, suppressed by rapid sweeps of the magnetic field even at 0.5 K. The sweep‐rate dependence of the spin flips can be understood by considering the Landau–Zener–Stückelberg (LZS) model.
A Quantum Mechanically Guided View of Mg44Rh7
Authors: Berger Robert F. , Lee Stephen , Hoffmann Roald 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe present a new geometric description of Mg44Rh7, a compound with 408 atoms in its cubic unit cell. Using both experimental site preferences and LDA‐DFT‐calibrated extended Hückel (eH) calculations as guides, we highlight the structural units within Mg44Rh7 that reflect the electron‐richness or electron‐poorness of each crystallographic site. The units that best account for these site preferences and electron populations are 34‐ and 25‐atom fragments of the Ti2Ni structure, rather than the variety of clusters often used to describe complicated intermetallic and ionic structures. These Ti2Ni pieces, located using a systematic search algorithm, fit together in a beautifully intricate network. An examination of this network reveals some surprising geometric features of Mg44Rh7, including a fractal‐like arrangement of similar atomic formations on different length scales, geometrically connected to an approximate fivefold symmetry.