bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
α‐Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Buccal Smear from Psychiatric Patients and Normal Controls
Authors: ISHINO Hiroshi , OTSUKI Saburo , TOKUNAGA Iwao 
Published: March 2008

Summaryα‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in buccal smears from psychiatric patients and normal controls was studied histochemically. In some psychiatric patients, the distribution of the deposited Nitro‐BT formazan was different from that in control group. The authors separated, on the grounds of distribution pattern of formazan, into 1) Type I; Nitro‐BT formazan is deposited in a diffuse fashion in the cytoplasm of cells contained in smear, 2) Type III; Nitro‐BT formazan is deposited densely around the nucleus. When studied transversely only once, the majority of normal controls showed Type I, while many psychotic patients showed Type III.Longitudinal examination of 137 psychiatric patients at intervals of about 5 to 10 days indicated: 1) In patients with Type III the majority was transient. 2) Type III was observed in about one‐half of schizophrenic patients. Type III was also noted frequently in schizophrenics aged over 21 years, and in schizo‐affective type. 3) About one‐third of the patients with manic‐depressive psychosis showed Type III. 4) The majority of the patients with neuroses and others showed Type I continually. 5) There is no clear relationship between the frequency rate of Type III and the administered drugs.
Central Nervous Actions and Screening Methods of Antidepressants
Authors: OGURA Chikara , KIMISHIMA Kenjiro 
Published: March 2008

SummaryMechanism of central actions of antidepressants were studied in experimental animals.Tests were made on general behavior, anticonvulsant activity in maximal electroshock seizure, antireserpinic action, antagonistic action to methamphetamine‐excitation, anesthesia induced by hexobarbital, hypertension due to noradrenalin, hypotension induced by acetylcholine, anti‐tremorine action and antagonism for physostigmine in unanesthetized mice and rabbits. In these tests, it seemed that the mechanism of antidepressants is related to the changes of biogenic amines in the brain and to the central autonomic functions. Namely, imipramine, amitriptyline and nialamide were related intimately to the changes of biogenic amine and to the inhibitory effects of parasympathetic functions. Diazepam was connected with the tranquilizing effects and the inhibitory effects of parasympathetic functions, and dimethylaminoethanol had no relation to the autonomic functions.
Synaptic Alterations in the Rabbit Hypothalamus Following Long Term Administration of Haloperidol
Authors: KOIZUMI Junzo , SHIRAISHI Hiroyasu 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe tuberal regions of the hypothalamus of rabbits were examined under the electron microscope following long term administration of haloperidol (a psychotropic drug of the butyrophenone group) with special consideration of synaptic changes in their hypothalamus and were compared with normal materials. After three to five months' intramuscular injections of haloperidol (2 mg/kg/day), in the regions were observed various types of synaptic changes; namely densely accumulated synaptic vesicles in some boutons, a few synaptic vesicles in the clear matrix of some boutons, tubular profiles in some axon terminals and mitochondrial accumulation in some boutons. Those animals showed neuroleptic symptomes and extrapyramidal ones throughout the period. These various types of synaptic alterations are interpreted as the early degenerative changes induced by the long term administration of haloperidol.
Effects of Chlorpromazine and Phenobarbital on Rat Liver and Brain Oxidative N‐Oxidase and N‐Demethylase Activities
Authors: SAKURAI Yukihiko , TAKAHASHI Ryo 
Published: March 2008

SummaryEffects of acute and chronic treatment of rats with chlorpromazine (CP) and phenobarbital respectively on the N‐oxidase and the N‐demethylase activities of liver and brain were studied. The acute treatment with CP caused a reduction in body weight, but no change in liver weight. The measured enzyme activities of liver homogenates decreased by 12–19 per cent compared with controls. These decreases were not statistically significant in every age group, but tended to be comparatively marked accompanied with aging. Phenobarbital produced no significant change in body weights, but brought about slight enlargement of the liver, and caused induction of the enzyme activities. On daily treatment with CP, the body weights went back their initial whights by seven days, and the activities in liver homogenates were restored to almost the same level as those of controls or slightly higher. Weights of the liver and brain did not change. The enzyme activities of the brain were neglisibly low and showed no change either by treatment with CP or phenobarbital. These data may suggest the possibility that when CP is medicated in patients, its plasma level might increase initially and then decrease gradually during medication, following the changes of its metabolizing enzyme activities.
Experimental Studies on the Effect of Trauma, Infarction and Other Cerebral Lesion upon Conduction of the Nerve Impulse in the Central Nervous System*
Authors: OKA Hiroshi , ISHII Shozo , EVANS Joseph P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary1. The antidromic pyramidal response of the cat has been studied under normal control conditions and following cerebral insults simulating various clinical pathological states.2. Two types of response have been noted. The first type which is associated with early epidural cerebral compression or compression resulting from the intracerebral injection of blood is characterized by an obvious decrease in conduction velocity and less marked immediate changes in amplitude.The second type of response has been found in acute asphyxia, in cerebral infarction produced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, and in cerebral edema resulting from 24 hours of epidural balloon compression. It is characterized by a marked decline in amplitude of potential and a less obvious delay in conduction time.3. The electrical response of the pyramidal tract has been found to be highly susceptible to anoxia. This is in striking contrast to the relative resistance to oxygen want seen in peripheral nerves. Cerebral infarction with its more abrupt local deprivation of oxygen and with the sudden reduction in availability of metabolic substrate produces an even more rapid disappearance in electrical response than that seen in general asphyxia.4. Routine electron microscopic studies and special efforts to determine the ultra‐structural localization of sodium in the axon of the internal capsule have been carried out in brains subjected to various cerebral insults. In mild cerebral compression the axoplasm has shown little alteration and there is to be seen only occasional sodium precipitation inside the axonal membrane. In cerebral infarction the axon showed much more severe changes and may even lose its continuity. Sodium precipitation is widespread. In cerebral edema, in addition to moderate structural alteratons, abundant precipitates of sodium pyroantimonate may be seen inside the axonal membrane.5. It has been postulated that the changes of the first group depend upon a physical alteration in the axon while those in the second group reflect metabolic disturbances and structural changes occurring in the axonal membrane.
A Study of EEG Abnormalities in Normal Children
Authors: Fukushima Yutaka , Kawaguchi Susumu , Ohsawa Takeshi , Onuma Teiichi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryElectroencephalograms of 315 children attending a regular primary school were investigated. Using the authors' criteria for normality, the subjects were classified into two groups: 126 normal children and the other 189 children (“questionable” group). At the first examination, the recordings were obtained on all of the subject during awaking and on 281 during sleep. Out of these 315 children the second examinations were done on 81 children. Periods between both examinations varied from six months to three years. Results: (1) Localized spikes or spike‐wave complexes (localized seizure discharges): The localized seizure discharges were seen in 27 children (9%). Surprisingly enough, the incidence of the discharges were higher in the normal children (12%) than in the “questionable” group (6%).(2) 14–6 c/sec positive spikes:The patterns were found in 57% of the total sleep records: 52% in the normal children and 60% in the “questionable” group. Among the latter, the children with behavioral problems (71%) and with positive past history of head injury (63%) showed the patterns more frequently.(3) The constancy of these findings: Regarding the constancy of appearance of the localized seizure discharges and of 14–6 c/sec positive spikes, the comparison was done on the first and the second records on the 81 cases. As the results, out of 10 cases with the localized seizure discharges at the first examinations, four did not show them at the second, and therefore the discharges does not seem to be constant in occurrence. On the other hand, 14–6 c/sec positive spikes tended to appear rather constantly not only in the “questionable” group but also in normal children.
Centronuclear Myopathy: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Shirabe Teruo , Matsumura Shigeichi , Terao Akira , Araki Shukuro 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe clinical and histological features of a nine‐year‐old Japanese boy with a centro‐nuclear myopathy was described, who had been suffering from non‐progressive ble‐pharoptosis and generalized muscular weakness since the first months of life. The muscle biopsy of the patient showed a moderate variation in the diameter and a presence of numerous central nuclei frequently with a surrounding clear zone in 66.8% of the muscle fibers. Electron microscopically the changes of the myofibrils were minimal. There were aggregates of glycogen granules and mitochondria in a clear zone around the central nuclei.A review of the 31 total cases showed a lack of uniformity in the age of onset, genetics and clinical features, despite of the histological resemblance as the existence of central nuclei in a large proportion of muscle fibers. The question of whether more than one disease entity is included was raised.
Treatment with L‐DOPA in Two Cases of Organic Brain Syndrome
Authors: Kojima Hideki , Yasukochi Goro 
Published: March 2008

Summary(1) In both of the two cases associated with organic brain syndrome, which were presumably based on the frontal lobe damages, outstanding clinical improvements were observed by oral administration of L‐DOPA, 200 to 400 mg daily.(2) Case 1 showed marked depressive symptoms, such as emotional weakness, depressive mood, autistic tendency, apathy and lack of spontaneity due to severe frontal lobe damage by an automobile accident. Treatment with L‐DOPA improved his psychic symptoms. He acknowledged his thanks for the L‐DOPA treatment by his words that he felt he had regained his former self. When the drug was withdrawn, psychotic symptoms reappeared.(3) Case 2, who was associated with depressive psychic symptoms after carbon monoxide poisoning and whose pneumoen‐cepholographs indicated the presence of frontal lobe atrophy, showed remarkable elevation in his mood and in his activity level following administration of L‐DOPA. Psychic alterations were most outstanding 14 to 15 days after the commencement of L‐DOPA administration and the degree of elation tended to settle down corresponding to the decrease in the dosage.It can be concluded that L‐DOPA is also potent in some cases of suppressed emotion due to organic brain damages. A decrease in stimulation from damaged frontal lobe projected to noradrenergic system of the hypothalamus may cause hypofunction of the system and subsequently reflect the state of hypotonic affective disturbance. Administration of L‐DOPA may accelerate the synthesis of dopamine function to the normal level.
Growth Hormone Responses to Administration of L‐5‐Hydroxytryptophan (L‐5‐HTP) in Manic‐Depressive Psychoses
Authors: Takahashi Saburo , Kondo Hisao , Yoshimura Manabu , Ochi Yukio , Yoshimi Teruya 
Published: March 2008

SummaryFourteen hospitalized patients with manic‐depressive psychoses received L‐5‐hydroxy‐tryptophan (L‐5‐HTP), a serotonin precursor, which has been postulated as a potent antidepressive agent. Plasma human growth hormone (HGH) and glucose levels were measured at 30 minute intervals after oral administration of 200mg of L‐5‐HTP. Plasma cortisol levels prior to L‐5‐HTP administration were also measured.1. In five manic‐depressive (bipolar) patients, aged 17 to 60, each subject studied in manic state showed an adequate HGH response of more than 5.0ng/ml (maximum levels:17.7±7.1 ng/ml Mean± S.E.M., controls, aged 27 to 41:10.5±1.6 ng/ml), while those in depressive state failed to secrete HGH adequately (maximum levels ranged 1.4‐4.8 ng/ml) (p>0.05).2. Of five determinations from three endogenous depressive (unipolar) patients, aged 30 to 51, three showed adequate responses (maximum levels ranged 2.6–16.5 ng/ml). Nine out of 10 tests from six patients with protracted depressive symptoms prolonged for 2 to 6 years, aged 45 to 65, had deficient responses of HGH (maxi mum levels: 2.1±k0.5 ng/ml Mean±S.E.M., ranged 0.1–5.6 ng/ml) (p>0.01).3. Deficiency of pituitary HGH secretion appeared to correlate neither with the score of Hamilton's Depression Scale nor with the global judgement on the severity of the illness. Increments in the blood glucose levels after L‐5‐HTP administration were only mild ones, to which HGH insensitivity may be irrelevant. Morning plasma cortisol levels in depressives, ob served as high as those in manics, also may be unrelated.4. Treatment with 300 mg of L‐5HTP daily for two weeks proved to have no favorable clinical effects on four depressive patients, who were categorized as non‐responders of HGH.Because there is evidence suggesting pituitary hormone release related to brain bio‐genic amines, the deficient HGH responses to L‐5‐HTP in depressed patients may be due to a neurochemical defect hypothesized in the manic‐depressive psychoses. The HGH responses were most distinctly diminished in the protracted depressive patients, suggesting an endocrine hypofunction which may cause the fixation of the depressive symptoms.
Effects of L‐DOPA on Natural Night Sleep and on Rebound of REM Sleep
Authors: Nakazawa Yūichi , Tachibana Hisayuki , Kotorii Makoto , Ogata Masamichi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryTo investigate the relationship between REM sleep and the central catecholamine in man, L‐DOPA 1,000 mg was orally ad ministered to five normal young adults and its effects were investigated on their REM sleep. No effect of L‐DOPA 1,000 mg was found on the natural night sleep. Then, the effects of the same dose of L‐DOPA were investigated on the rebound elevation of REM sleep in the recovery night after partial differential REM sleep deprivation, and its rebound was not only in the 1st recovery night but also in the 2nd.From these results, it is supposed that the central noradrenaline is more easily and rapidly synthesized from exogenous L‐DOPA in the recovery night sleep than in the natural night sleep, and that the rebound elevation of REM sleep disappears as a consequence of rapid restoration of the central noradrenaline. Therefore, one of the functions of REM sleep in man may be sup posed to be participation in the maintenance of the central noradrenaline, and the re bound elevation of REM sleep may be a phenomenon which is caused by a brain mechanism to maintain the central noradre naline.
Reaction Times and Early Negative Components of Evoked Potentials
Authors: Ikeda Terutika 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe relation of the evoked potentials to the reaction times was studied in three ex‐perimental situations. Each of the situations contained two different stimulus‐reaction paradigms that were predicted as different reaction times.First, the reaction times were compared between the visual simple reaction with and without warning signal (click). The reaction times were significantly shortened in the simple reactions with warning signal. In these cases, although the early negative component of the evoked potential to the imperative stimulus was seemingly de creased, the negativity of the evoked potential was compared with the evoked potential without warning signal, because the warning signal preceding the imperative stimulus produced the negative potential shift (CNV).Second, comparison was made between simple and choice visual reactions. The reaction time was significantly lengthened in the choice reactions, and the augmentations of the early negative components of the evoked potentials were prolonged up to the delayed reactions.Third, comparison between visual and auditory reactions was made in simple reactions. Mean reaction time of ten subjects was 253.4 msec in visual and 185.5 msec in auditory reactions. These reaction times matched respectively the latencies of their early negative potentials; short reaction times in the auditory reactions matched the short latencies of the negative potential in the auditory evoked potentials, and long reaction times in the visual reactions matched the long latencies of the negative potential in the visual evoked potentials.In the light of these facts, the significance of the negative potential preceding the re action was discussed with regard to the activation of the perceptual processes.
Physiologisch‐Ontogenetische Untersuchungen des Saugens bei Neugeborenen des Menschen
Authors: Shirataki Sadaaki 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA Physiological‐Developmental Study of the Sucking Movements in Human Infants The sucking movements of human infants were analyzed by means of a polygraphical recording (sucking movements, swallowing and respiration) in the course of their de velopment. It was particularly aimed at clarifying the properties which control the regulating system of the sucking movements. As a result, it was confirmed that the nutritive and the non‐nutritive sucking movements had quite different developmental character; that is, the nutritive sucking movements are already ripe at birth, showing good adaptability to the change of surrounding conditions, such as the change of the amounts of feeding milk, while the non‐nutritive sucking movements show rapid change in a week after birth and, further more, seem to diminisch about three months after birth.In consideration of the above, the author believes that until the third month the non‐nutritive sucking movements play an active role in transition from the state of wakeful activity to the state of restfulness and sleep. Then, this non‐nutritive sucking movements phase out into the pre‐verbal communication, thereby establishing the relationship between the subject himself and his surrounding world.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEs wird über die Untersuchung der Saugbewegungen der Neugeborenen des Menschen mittels polygraphischer Registrierung der Saugbeweguneen, Schluckbewegungen und Atembewegungen berichtet. Insbesondere werden die wichtigen Eigenschaften der Saugmodi herausgehoben.Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daβ die nutritiven und die nicht‐nutritiven Saugbewegungen einen eigentiimlichen ontogenetischen Charakter haben. Besonders wird die Rolle des nicht‐nutritiven Saugens als die Vorstufe der verbalen Kommunikation und auch als Vermittler zwischen dem Kind und der Umgebung diskutiert.
Supervision of Psychotherapy
Authors: Howes Kei Hirano 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHere, the author wishes to discuss some dynamics observed in psychotherapy supervision of chronic schizophrenic patients.The supervisory relationship was defined as three‐way, or three‐story relationship involving three persons linked by a middle person who sees both party. A varying degree of emotional involvement was observed in this relationship, although nobody was free from possible entanglement. The degree of emotional involvement was observed to be least in the supervisor, and the most in the patient. The therapist was considered to be in the middle of this relationship.It was observed that three major emotional reactions, tentatively called “measles syndrome,”“depletion syndrome,” and “squeezed‐in‐the‐middle syndrome” were frequent occurrence in this particular three‐way, or three‐story, relationship.Definitions and illustrations of these symptoms were described in the case examples given in the article.
The Therapeutic Mechanism of the Double Medication Technique with Cyanamide for Alcoholism
Authors: Arikawa Katsuyoshi , Inanaga Kazutoyo 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe cyanamide double medication therapy is not only an antialcoholic‐drug therapy but a behavior therapy (conditioned aversion therapy) and dynamic family therapy in a specific therapeutic technique. It seems that these therapeutic mechanisms reinforce other effects. “The Cyanamide Double Medication Technique” which contains these plural therapeutic mechanisms can be carried out without difficulty when the family's cooperation is obtained. It is very significant that these patients can be treated in an outpatient clinic.The alcoholics who refuse to take the drugs can be treated without their knowledge. We believe this technique is also useful in preventing the progress of alcoholism.
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: A light and electron microscopic study in a fatal case
Authors: Shirabe Teruo , Nomura Nobuzugu , Terao Akira , Araki Shukuro 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA fatal case was described of a 41–year‐old woman with a tentative clinical diagnosis of acute viral meningoencephalitis of nine days' duration. The neuropathologic findings by light microscopy resembled those of acute necrotizing encephalitis or herpes simplex encephalitis, including eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies of Cowdry type A. Electron microscopic study of these inclusions demonstrated the presence of herpes‐type virus particles. Though the titer of herpes simplex virus examined on the sixth day of the illness was not elevated and the isolation of the virus was not successful, the case was regarded as herpes simplex encephalitis clinicopatholo‐gically.
Chronic Necrotizing Encephalitis Involving Mainly the Grey Matter of the Temporo‐Rhinencephalic and Insular Regions
Authors: Ishino Hiroshi , Nomura Shćtarć , Sarai Keisuke 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe authors reported an autopsy case of chronic necrotizing encephalitis.

Clinical course: A male aged 34 years, complained of attack of loss of consciousness at age 31. Afterwards dysarthria, recent memory disturbance, polyphagia, and euphoria were noted. From age 33, spastic paresis of the four limbs, optic atrophy, dementia, and emotional incontinence appeared. At the advanced stage, the patient became comatose, died after a history of about three years three months. The CSF showed once, at an early stage, pleocytosis and increased total protein content.
Pathological findings: There was cortical necroses, which are obvious to the naked eye, localized in the insular and temporal lobes, cingulate and orbital convolutions of both hemispheres. The inferior parts of the third frontal convolutions were also involved. In these necrotic areas, compound granular corpuscles without a transport around the vessels were noted, while fibrous organization was absent. A slight to moderate perivascular infiltration was found in the insular, temporal cortex, claustrum and inner capsules. These lesions are known in the type of encephalitis described by van Bogaert under the name of acute necrotizing encephalitis.
The authors discussed the similarity and the difference of the clinico‐pathological features with protracted cases of van Bogaert's acute necrotizing encephalitis. They considered this as a case of chronic necrotizing encephalitis with the same topography of the lesions of acute necrotizing encephalitis.