bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waste Management for the Oil and Gas Industry in Mid-Norway
Authors: Silverstone M. P. , Hansen Freddy , Haaland Geir , Isdahl O. A. , Roebuck K. I. , Storvik Harald 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
After years of exploration and appraisal activity, oil production in the Haltenbanken area of Mid-Norway will start in 1993. Operators have found that the nature and volume of waste from the oil industry would make waste disposal costs extremely high at the shore base in Kristiansund if managed in the same way as at other Norwegian supply bases. Conoco Norway and Norske Shell have implemented a waste management system for their operations in Kristiansund with the objectives of ensuring proper disposal and minimizing costs associated with waste disposal by optimizing waste separation offshore, and implementing means to reduce, re-use and recycle waste. The structure of this system, operating costs and future prospects are described.
Coiled Tubing Drilling: A Means to Minimize Environmental Impact
Authors: Faure A. M. , Simmons J. R. , Miller Joseph , Davidson I. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The environment stands as one of the most important issues for government and business around the world. For the oil and gas industry the challenge is to ensure that hydrocarbons are produced transported and used cleanly and efficiently. The upstream sector is in need of new technologies reducing production costs and environmental impact. Following recent field experiments, Coiled Tubing Drilling (CTD) emerges as one of these promising techniques.
An exploration well and a re-entry sidetrack were recently drilled with coiled tubing in Europe. On both occasions business objectives were met and CTD displayed promising potential to minimize the effect of drilling operations on the environment and improve working conditions.
These field trials have demonstrated that CTD can contribute to reduce, noise levels, pollution risks, exhaust emission and drilling waste.
In the exploration drilling case, slim hole sizes and the CT rig modest drillsite area requirements contributed to minimize waste and improve general environment impact.
In the field development application, drilling a sidetrack rather than a new well yielded comparable production gains but with less waste and without the penalty of building new surface facilities
Besides its beneficial effect on the environment CTD also offers better and safer working conditions for those directly involved. The cut back in manning levels and the built-in mechanization reduces exposure to safety hazards. Lower noise levels and the ability to conduct operations from an enclosed cabin protect personnel from potential hearing damage or bad weather conditions.
CTD requires further developments to become a viable alternative to conventional drilling techniques. Efforts to address technical challenges are well worthwhile in view of the possibilities that CTD offers to enhance business opportunities and pay dividends in lowering environmental impact of Exploration and Production activities.
Kerosene/Naphtha Spill in Forest Lands and Fresh Water River: The Containment, Impacts, and Remediation
Authors: Mok A. Y. , Mick J. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
On June 20, 1992, 1200 m3 (7600 bbl) of kerosene and naphtha mixture escaped from the Suncor Oilsands Pipeline. The product travelled through heavily forested lands and entered the House River in Northern Alberta. This incident resulted in major containment, monitoring, and remediation undertakings, carried out by the staff of Suncor Inc. and environmental professionals of HBT AGRA Limited. This paper summarizes the immediate and residual impacts of the spill, and results of the remediation program over a one year period.
Strategy of Remedial Investigations
Authors: de Pagter R. H. , Whiddon D. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Environmental concerns are increasingly important to the petroleum industry. In the U.S.A, Governmental (Federal as well as State) environmental regulations have been enacted that affect all aspects of petroleum related operations, from exploration and production to refining and transportation.
A key concern emerging among operators and oil producers is the environmental liability when a company acquires existing operating assets such as refineries, pipelines and producing leases. Although environmental regulations exclude many petroleum-related wastes, other regulations mandate compliance.
This paper focuses on the strategy of environmental site assessments with respect to potential impact on soil by petroleum products, metals, solvents, or pesticides of critical areas and addresses the decisions that are made to start remedial actions in contaminated soils.
It also discusses the structure of remedial investigation and the remedial techniques that can be used.
Regardless of regulatory concerns, there are some common sense reasons for addressing environmental issues, which will benefit the company as a whole through reduced liability, improved investor attitudes, and an overall enhanced company image as a Corporate Citizen.
Environmental Impact of Oil Production Activities on Tropical Rain Forest: The Rabi Case
Authors: Pauluis C. D. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Shell Gabon operates the giant Rabi field, located in the central part of Gabon (West Africa), in an area of dense primary rain forest, sparsely populated but with a rich and varied fauna and flora.
Rabi project development (Phase I) started in 1987 and was completed in 1992. An additional development programme (Rabi Phase II) will be implemented over a four year period starting in 1993.
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was carried out in 1988. A new EIA was performed early 1993, it has taken advantage of acquired experience to elaborate stricter measures to protect the environment and to improve on past performance.
Keys areas in this respect are unexpected forest dieback due to drainage pattern changes, erosion of unprotected land, produced gas and water re-injection, waste management and protection of animal life.
This paper demonstrates that responsible environmental management can be integrated into project development to minimize the impact on the sensitive environment of the rain forest.
Water Runoff Management: A Joint Operator/Drilling Contractor Approach
Authors: Baizan R. M. , Broucke Alain 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A cost effective water runoff management program was required to operate a land drilling rig in accordance with strict environmental regulations in southern France. The water runoff management program would focus on minimizing the consumption of water for the drilling process by collecting, cleaning and recycling waste water. It would also control discharges of waste water to the environment, in terms of quantity and contaminant content. This was complicated by the fact that oil based mud would be required to efficiently drill the highly deviated wells. To ensure success, the drilling contractor, whose personnel and equipment would be performing the drilling work, had to be involved.
The key to the program was a process to collect, clean, and recycle water. A continuous cleansing process was designed, incorporating gravity weir type oil / water separators to remove hydrocarbons and chemical treatment to remove solids.
A drilling location was designed and built, with the cooperation of the drilling contractor and water treatment specialist, to include the recycling process system and collection ditches or berms around all areas and equipment which could discharge contaminated water. Specialized equipment to collect contaminated cuttings was installed.
An incentive scheme was developed for the trilling contractor with a bonus or penalty based on the volume of water discharged and the hydrocarbon content of this discharged water.
The program has been in place for one year with good results. Volume of water consumption was cut in half early in the program and hydrocarbon content of discharged water has been kept at or under 2 grams per cubic meter.
Environmental Management Systems: The Way Forward The Development of EMS in a Multinational Company
Authors: Jones M. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
There is a clear recognition within Shell Exploration and Production (E&P) Companies that the next phase in improving environmental stewardship is the development and implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) within the context of a Health, Safety and Environment Management System (HSE MS). While many of the system's components such as inventories, plans, training and auditing have been implemented in established environmental management programs, there is now a need to integrate and build upon these tools with a formal, structured management system. The appearance of Safety Management Systems (SMS) is seen as a milestone event and the vision of an HSE MS is seen as the objective. The move to management systems in the environmental field recognises the need for accountability, measurement, hazard management, feedback and priority of resource allocation. A practical look is taken at both the challenges and the solutions and how they can be introduced in company operations in many countries.
A Multi-Intervention Malaria Program in 2,387 Seismic Contract Workers in East Kalimantan
Authors: Hendrawan H. K. , Soedjono R. S. , Oemiyati Srie , Rahardjo Rahardjo , Soebijakto Soebijakto , Simpson Amarie A. , Simpson P. , Arbani Arbani 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
At short notice, a comprehensive malaria prevention program was organized for 2387 contract seismic workers who were to work in a natural gas exploration area of East Kalimantan where the malaria mosquito vector was proven to exist. The program was conducted from May 1992 until January 1993.
The program was instituted to prevent introduction of new strains of malaria from elsewhere in Indonesia into the East Kalimantan area and also to maintain work productivity.
The preventive measures undertaken included the pre-employment screening of all contractors for asymptomatic malaria carrier status, behavioral modification, the use of mosquito repellents, the use of permethrin impregnated bed nets and tents, the use of preventive chloroquine medication, and a program for early fever detection followed by empiric treatment using chinine sulfate.
At prescreening, 19 people were identified as asymptomatic carriers of malaria. During the program 7 new cases of malaria were detected in the field yielding a cumulative incidence of 2.9 cases per thousand contractors (95% C.1. 0.75 - 5.05‰).
This multi-intervention program showed a promising result in preventing malaria in a specific occupational setting. However, further studies are still needed.
Winter Clothing for Use in Extreme Conditions
Authors: Påsche A. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Extensive testing of available work clothing for winter use has demonstrated significant limitations, which may enhance the health risk of the workers and reduce the quality and volume of their work.
To a large extent the clothing is not functionally designed to the level required, and may actually hamper the movement of the worker. Wind is probably the single most important climatic factor influencing the worker's performance.
Implementation of a Hearing Conservation Program in Oilfield Servicing Operations
Authors: McCrary J. B. , Sanders J. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the United States, the average hearing loss claim costs industry $42,000. For this reason, hearing conservation has become a very important issue to the oil field servicing industry and to its customers. Rising workman's compensation costs and the growing concern of the health and safety of oil field workers has increased the emphasis on protecting the hearing of employees.
This paper will discuss the necessary elements of a hearing conservation program (HCP) and various aspects of implementation.
Naturally Occurring Radiation Materials Control Experience at a Production Platform Turnaround
Authors: Thayer E. C. , Racioppi L. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Monitoring, training and program support was provided for a turnaround to remove naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that had accumulated within several offshore and onshore vessels of an oil production operation. Exposure and program guidelines vere based on previously developed internal company criteria for NORM-related activities. In addition, detailed turnaround planning was conducted to ensure a healthy and safe operation. Monitoring included radiation dosimetry for employees, air samples for particulates, wipe samples for removable surface contamination and dose rate measurements in work areas. The maximum allowed whole body exposure dose was established at 200 mRem for the 5-day turnaround. This was set assuming worker exposure for the rest of the year would not exceed 90% of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) guide of 2000 mRem/year.
Dosimetry and air sampling results were at least one order of magnitude below the 200 mRem exposure criteria. The wipe sample and dose rate measurement results were used to determine the degree of equipment contamination and thus the level of worker protection needed, particularly for those activities requiring vessel opening and entry.
"Lessons-learned" from this work that will be applied to existing operations and future projects include: oincreasing supervisory personnel to ensure compliance with the aboveohaving dedicated decontamination personnel, who may also conduct surface activity measurements but are not responsible for cleaning/repair operations.oorganizing proper work flow for contamination control and establishing a work site decontamination facility and proceduresoconducting dose rate and surface activity measurements on all equipment before repair; ideally arranging for a dedicated NORM repair/cleaning area
Accidental Risk Analysis of Wireline Operations
Authors: Sam Gatot , Alderson Christopher , Pousset Marc , de Fleurieu Robert 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
From time to time, well construction or well production is interrupted by wireline operations to obtain data on rocks, fluids and well integrity, or to modify the well construction. These operations add several risks to the wellsite. This paper provides a framework for a fruitful discussion of the wireline operations accidental risks.
As background to the issue, this paper proposes a concise skeleton of the wireline operations in the form of a log of wireline depths vs. total operating time, completed by a histogram of wireline speeds. The accidental risks and controls are then fleshed out in four steps.
First, the wireline operational system is a source of three risks that are due to the prime-mover generating hot sparks, to the many rotating parts and to the many parts under tension. As the tension may vary brutally during maneuvers, new controls are proposed in this paper.
Second, the complex tool system is analyzed in terms of seven forms of energy, for which the control technology and procedures are only well known by wireline contractors with a very large investment in technology and training.
Third, the wireline crew's high exposure to injury is analyzed in terms of people (alertness, body-control skills and communication), loads (weight, shape, location of center of gravity), and workplace (strength, stability of structure, slippery, cluttered, multilevel space, noise, light, weather conditions).
Fourth, the logistics of transporting wireline crews and equipment are briefly analyzed, even though they are not really part of the wellsite.
It is concluded that the risks introduced by wireline operations to the wellsite are small if advanced technology and rigid procedures are used.
The Management and Tracking of Recommendations Arising From a Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Study Performed on the Engineering Design of a Large Integrated Offshore Production and Drilling Platform
Authors: Poblete B. R. , Hoffman B. E. , Wheeler W. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The project is to be the first fixed offshore drilling and production platform on the east coast of Canada. Part of the agreement with the regulatory authorities for the development license was that a Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study must be performed on the overall platform engineering design. Due to the number of design groups at several locations involved in various aspects of the platform design and to the difference in extent of design development at these locations, it was recognized that a method had to be developed to effectively manage and track the recommendations that would result from the HAZOP studies.
The management and tracking of the recommendations evolved around a commercially available HAZOP software package, the development of an interface program, and a database for tracking the recommendations. With the three software packages the project team was capable of handling and responding to the study teams’ recommendations (approximately 900) from the two HAZOP studies over a 16 month period (primary and detailed, corresponding to the level of design development).
This paper outlines the process taken by the project teams from the development of the HAZOP procedures, to the closing out of the recommendations from the HAZOP sessions. It includes a description of the development of the interface software and the commercially available relational database used for the tracking system and a discussion of the lessons learned from the tracking of the recommendations.
Predicting the Effects of Vapour Cloud Explosions on Offshore Installations
Authors: Evans R. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
On 6 July 1988 an explosion on the Piper Alpha platform started a chain of events that destroyed the platform and cost 167 lives. This led to a programme of new legislation governing health & safety that is being introduced in the British sector of the North Sea and, partly as a result of this legislation, an intensified interest in studying the effects of explosions on offshore installations.
The risk of an escape of hydrocarbon leading to an explosion is nearly always present on an offshore installation. Whereas on shore persons and plant can be protected from explosions by separation either by distance or blast walls, off shore this is prevented by constraints on space and weight. To enable risks to be reduced economically to a tolerable level it is necessary to be able to predict the behaviour of vapour cloud explosions on offshore installations.
Several mathematical models are being developed and used for this purpose. This paper describes some of them and the difficulties met in their application. It also describes how recent advances in our understanding of vapour cloud explosions might help to design safer installations in future.
Human Factors and Health and Safety in Offshore Oil Operations: Relationships and Management Options
Authors: Shrimpton Mark , Storey Keith 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A range of studies of offshore oil and mining industries have shown human factors to be critical to occupational health and safety. This paper reviews some Canadian, European and Australian research and describes management responses in such areas as hiring and orientation, work scheduling, communications, counselling, the work culture and family-sensitive personnel policies.
Problems With North Sea Standards and Certification of Stimulation Equipment
Authors: van der Borden J. R. , Jacquier R. C. , Klampferer H- J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the difficulties of complying with standards and certifications related to vessel stimulation operations in the North Sea. Certification is required not only for the vessel itself, but for the mobile equipment, such as high-pressure surface manifold equipment and lifting appliances. In addition, regulations require that all workers on the vessel meet certain training and health requirements. This paper will summarize the statutory requirements of the four North Sea sectors and provide an actual scenario where compliance to one country's standards did not meet the requirements of another.
This paper will also discuss how operating companies and third-party certification companies often interpret standards differently, resulting in major discrepancies, as well as unnecessary time and expense. By eliminating prescriptive regulations and implementing manufacturer's recommendations, service companies could standardize requirements, which would simplify the current confusion concerning certification for North Sea activities.
Accident Free projects
Authors: Moshfeghi M. 
Published: December 2007

INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS
Most of US in our working life have faced with various accidents. These accidents according to their extent and nature causes life loss and facility damages, which affect badly on one's mind.
The assets could be conpensated, but unfortunately the human's life can not easily be replaced.
Accidents and causes are shortly after forgotten, as similar accidents may take place through carelessness again & again. Therefore it is wise to assign experts to review major accidents and report the result objectively for future reference.
The Working Life's Three Partite of Cooperation
Authors: Myklebust Harald 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Paper deals with the experiences of the organised safety service and a Norwegian trade union regarding the subject: co-operation between the three parties in working life; the Authorities, employer and working life's organisations. A co-operation based on the prerequisites:
-Scepticism - Trust - Mutual influence - control -Tool for communication and motivation - Development -Management - Influence - Expectations - Law, regulations, procedures and egreements.
The Paper elaborates on the prerequisites which are essential for the development and continues existence og co-operation, and also on the expectations laid down by the three parties. Achieved results as will as results remaining to be achieved will be gone into.
Also, the demands which should be made of each side of the triangle in order to achieve a standard within HSE, which will be of most benefit within all areas and for every single player in order to achieve the desired standard.
Further, the presumed result which could emerge if one of the sides of the triangle failed to function according to the given prerequisites. The talk vil also deal with the results achieved in the light of:
– Transfer of know-how - Incidents - near accidents – Accidents (including environment) - Serious accidents -Deaths
Further, the mentioned items seen in relation to financial gains or expenses.
The same items this time including economy, but assessed in relation to the subjects:
– Effect on executed work - Satisfaction/enjoyment – Working environment - Health - Financial gain/loss
The needs of which trust/co-operation of this type must consist of individual agreements are to be included.
Finally, the difficulties which the system processes- and will need to deal with- and solve, in order to achieve the desired effect concerning economical dricing factors. This is applicable during all phases of work.
Such as: Exploration, Field Evaluation, Engineering, Fabrication and Operation.
The HAZOP Technique as a Structure for Operator Training
Authors: Sayre H. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Responsibility for process safety may start with the facility designer, but it ends up with the production operator. A process facility, no matter how well designed and protected, is unsafe unless its operators are thoroughly trained. This paper describes an operator training program for a Unocal Thailand offshore gas compression and conditioning platform that was structured around the HAZOP analysis technique. The program proved to be efficient and effective, and was unexpectedly popular with the operators. This training structure solves many of the intercultural problems that have limited the effectiveness of technology transfer in the ASEAN region.