bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residues of Mecoprop in Post‐emergence‐Treated Wheat and Oat
Authors: Cessna Allan J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe dissipation of mecoprop in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) was monitored over a growing season following post‐emergence application of the dimethylamine salt of mecoprop to each crop at 1·1 kg ha−1. Residues of mecoprop, as its methyl ester, were determined gas chromatographically using electrolytic conductivity detection. Initial residues in wheat (119 (±20) mg kg−1) and oat (95·3 (± 10·0) mg kg−1) on the day of application (four‐leaf stage of wheat and four‐ to five‐leaf stage of oat) decreased to 0·1 to 0·2 mg kg−1, respectively, within six weeks. Residues were non‐detectable in the mature seed of both crops. Recoveries of mecoprop were in the order of 90% from the green tissue and seed of both crops fortified at 0·05 mg kg−1.
Insecticide resistance in Musca domestica L. from Eastern England
Authors: Chapman Paul A. , Morgan Colin P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStrains of houseflies were obtained from a refuse tip and 34 farms selected at random from Eastern England in 1984. Resistance was assessed to four insecticides that had been in use for fly control in the UK. Dose‐response data were obtained by topical application of the insecticides and, in addition, a resistance test method was used in which flies were allowed to feed on sugar coated with either methomyl or azamethiphos. For both methods, the knock‐down (KD) after 48 h was used as a measure of response. The ranges of resistance factors for the topical application method were, for methomyl, 1·1–15·9 at KD50 and 2·1–17·0 at KD95; for azamethiphos, 2·2–36·9 at KD50 and 4·5–88·2 at KD95; for pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide, 0·9–6·8 at KD50 and 1·4–13·4 at KD95; and for permethrin, 1·7–34·8 at KD50 and 2·2–112·5 at KD95. The ranges of the resistance factors for the feeding tests were, for methomyl, 2·1–39·8 at KD50 and 2·4–64·0 at KD95, and, for azamethiphos, 5·6–51·7 at KD50 and 8·8–92·0 at KD95.
Effect of a Mixture of Chlorpyrifos and Lindane on the Symbiosis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merril)
Authors: Revellin Cécile , De Canson Bruno , Catroux Gérard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA mixture of chlorpyrifos and lindane effective for the control of the seed corn maggot (Hylemya platura) was assessed for possible side‐effects on the Bradyrhizobium japonicum–soybean symbiosis. The mixture did not show any detrimental effect on B. japonicum survival in liquid inoculant for 24 hours at concentrations up to 96 mg litre−1 chlorpyrifos and 38·4 mg litre−1 lindane. In greenhouse conditions, early nodulation was not impaired at soil concentrations of 6 mg kg−1 of chlorpyrifos and 2·4 mg kg−1 of lindane. Nodulations and yields were not affected in five field experiments, at 1 and 2 times the normal rate of commercial formulations. Practically, it can be concluded that the mixture is innocuous with respect to its effect on the B. japonicum–soybean symbiosis.
Biochemical Mechanisms Involved in Selective Fungitoxicity of Two Sterol 14α‐Demethylation Inhibitors, Prochloraz and Quinconazole: Accumulation and Metabolism Studies
Authors: Kapteyn Johan C. , Pillmoor John B. , De Waard Maarten A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe selective fungitoxic actions of prochloraz (an imidazole) and a triazole fungicide, quinconazole (3‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐2‐(1 H‐ 1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐ 4(3H)‐quinazolinone: II), were studied with selected phytopathogenic fungi. With the exception of Ustilago maydis, all the fungi tested were more sensitive to prochloraz than to II. A number of DMI‐resistant mutants of Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum showed positive cross‐resistance to both DMIs, but except for P. italicum isolate H17, the levels of resistance to II were much higher than to prochloraz.The generally higher toxicity of prochloraz to the fungi investigated, as compared to II, could not be ascribed to the slightly higher accumulation of prochloraz. With regard to prochloraz, there was no general correlation between the sensitivity of the fungi tested and the amount of fungicide accumulated. A similar situation was evident for II. However, the DMI‐resistant mutants of P. italicum did show a reduced accumulation of both azoles, which may account for a low level of acquired DMI‐resistance in this fungus. Since accumulation levels of the test compounds in the isolates with different degrees of resistance were the same, additional mechanisms of resistance may be involved in isolates with relatively high degrees of DMI‐resistance.No detectable amounts of fungicide metabolites were found in most fungi tested over a 16‐hour incubation period. Therefore, fungal metabolism is not generally responsible for the differences in sensitivity between fungi to each azole tested. It also does not generally explain the differential toxicities of prochloraz and II to each individual species. The exception to this was Rhizoctonia solani which metabolized prochloraz to a non‐fungitoxic compound. This correlated with its low prochloraz sensitivity.
Insecticide resistance patterns among colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae), populations in north carolina
Authors: French Ned M. , Heim D. Craig , Kennedy George G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA residual bioassay was used to determine insecticide susceptibility in populations of Colarado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in eastern North Carolina. Mean bioassay mortalities were subjected to correlation analysis to assess patterns of resistance among tested insecticides. Within insecticide classes, cross‐resistance patterns were observed between carbaryl and carbofuran (carbamates), fenvalerate and permethrin (pyrethroids), and among azinphosmethyl, methamidophos, and phosmet (organophosphates). Significant associations between insecticides from different insecticide classes were concluded to be due to multiple resistance. Knowledge of multiple and cross‐resistance patterns are discussed in relation to the bioassay as a tool for monitoring insecticide resistance.
Evidence of synergy between prochloraz and deltamethrin in apis mellifera L.: a convenient biological approach
Authors: Colin Marc‐Edouard , Belzunces Luc P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have studied the synergistic action of deltamethrin and prochloraz in bees in laboratory experiments that allowed us to express dosages in terms of field rates (g ha−1). It was established that, used alone, deltamethrin at 0·125 g ha−1 and prochloraz at 25 g ha−1 did not produce mortalities different from that of the control during 96 h of observation. Sprayed as a mixture of these doses, deltamethrin and prochloraz produced 67·5% corrected mortality within 24 h and 74·1% corrected mortality within 50 h. Sequential treatments of deltamethrin and prochloraz spaced by a 0·8‐day interval reduced the synergistic action of both molecules. At 50 h, the lethal effects were 27·5% corrected mortality for the treatment of deltamethrin followed by prochloraz and 23·8% corrected mortality for the treatment of prochloraz followed by deltamethrin. Results are discussed in terms of mode of action and sub‐lethal effects.
A mechanistic model to describe organosilicon surfactant promotion of triclopyr uptake
Authors: Buick Rosalind D. , Robson Bruce , Field Roger J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe foliar uptake by field bean (Vicia faba L.) of triclopyrtriethylammonium formulations with and without the organosilicon surfactant “Silwet L‐77” was assessed over 24 h. The Michaelis‐Menten formalism was found to describe the data well and enabled a mechanistic explanation of the effects of L‐77 on triclopyr uptake to be established. L‐77 significantly reduced the time to reach half the maximum uptake of herbicide, k (by 2·8 times), by providing an alternative route via stomatal pores for herbicide entry into the plant. The use of an abscisic acid pretreatment, which artificially closed the stomata, confirmed this route as being the principal contributor to L‐77‐enhanced triclopyrtriethylammonium uptake.
The Use of Artificial Neural Networks in QSAR
Authors: Salt David W. , Yildiz Nihat , Livingstone David J. , Tinsley Chris J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractArtificial neural networks (ANN) have their origins in efforts to produce computer models of the information processing that takes place in the brain. They have found application in a wide variety of fields such as image analysis of facial features, traffic management of underground station platforms, hand‐writing verification of cheques, stock market predictions, etc. They have also been applied to computer‐aided molecular design, notably protein structure prediction, and more recently ANN have been used to perform statistical tasks such as discriminant analysis and multiple linear regression in the investigation of Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationships (QSAR).We have begun a study of the properties of ANN when used to perform such multivariate statistical analyses. The most popular network used in QSAR‐type applications is the multi‐layer feed‐forward network, also known as the back propagation multi‐layer perceptron (MLP). The approaches of MLP and multiple linear regression to modelling are discussed. In order to give some insight into the operation of MLP networks we have carried out experiments with artificial data. Finally, we report two examples of MLP in computer‐aided design, a QSAR analysis and the prediction of secondary protein structure.
Residue behaviour of fenvalerate, tau‐fluvalinate, lambda‐cyhalothrin and monocrotophos in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruits
Authors: Mukherjee Irani , Gopal Madhuban 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe persistence patterns of three synthetic pyrethroids—fenvalerate, tau‐fluvalinate, lambda‐cyhalothrin—and an organophosphorus insecticide, monocrotophos, on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) have been evaluated. The extractable residues ranged from 0.05 to 0.45, 0.01 to 0.40, 0.003 to 0.09 and 0.09 to 0.32 μg g−1 for fenvalerate, tau‐fluvalinate, lambda‐cyhalothrin and monocrotophos, respectively. Fenvalerate was the most persistent among the four, followed by monocrotophos, lambda‐cyhalothrin and tau‐fluvalinate. The Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) of these pesticides on S. melongena has not yet been documented. The present data may be useful for establishing MRL and assessing the amount of pesticide residues in this vegetable.
Synthesis and acaricidal activity of novel fluorinated benzothiazolyl pyrethroids
Authors: Chen Guang‐Ming , Chen Fu‐Heng 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of novel pyrethroids containing a benzothiazole ring which replaces the phenoxy substituent in the benzyl ester portion have been synthesised. The compounds prepared were from four types of acid substituent, and were screened for acaricidal activity against Tetranychus viennenist, Zacher. Several compounds showed good activity at 250 mg litre−1. As expected, it was found that the highest activity was associated with substitution at the 3‐position of the benzyl ring. A fluoro‐or trifluoromethyl‐substituent in the benzothiazole ring usually enhanced potency. α‐Cyano substitution also increased activity.
The interactions between routes of exposure and physicochemical properties of four water‐dilutable permethrin formulations in relation to their activities against Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)
Authors: Thacker J. Richard M. , Hall Franklin R. , Downer Roger A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of laboratory experiments were undertaken to compare the activities of four water‐dilutable permethrin formulations against the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). The formulations used were “Pounce 3.2 EC”, “Ambush 2.0 EC” and two novel formulations (containing evaporation retardants) supplied, for comparison, by Roussel Uclaf Environmental Health Ltd, Berkhamsted, UK (formerly Wellcome Environmental Health Ltd).Bioassays were developed to investigate the activity of the insecticides via topical, residual and residual/dietary routes of exposure. The test insects were exposed to insecticide droplets, of 200 μm diameter, either directly or indirectly (on cabbage leaves or parafilm) using an on‐demand droplet generator. Following exposure to insecticide, the test species were confined in petri dishes and mortality assessments were made at 24 h after treatment. The results were analyzed using probits.The results indicated that up to 15‐fold differences in activity between formulations may occur when exposure is via residual contact on an artificial waxy surface (parafilm). The novel formulations were found to be far more active than the standard EC formulations. These differences in activity were significantly correlated with the dynamic surface tension and droplet spread upon cabbage leaves of the formulations.The results are discussed in terms of the bioavailability of pyrethroids upon waxy surfaces and also in terms of the potential for manipulating the pick‐up of pesticides from plant surfaces.
Development of integrated crop protection in glasshouse ornamentals
Authors: Fransen Joanne J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe production of glasshouse ornamentals in the Netherlands occupies an area of 5278 ha. The total production value is 5·76 billion Dutch guilders. A characteristic of the Dutch ornamental industry is the wide range of products. About 110 species of cut flower and 300 species of pot plant are grown. Reduction of pesticide use can be achieved by the development of alternative and additional methods, like the use of monitoring techniques, natural enemies, host‐plant resistance and closed systems. Information is presented referring to developments in research, extension and practical application of these methods.
Integrated control of diseases in closed systems in the sub‐tropics
Authors: Gullino M. Lodovica 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe area of land under protected cropping in the sub‐tropical region is surveyed. In the northern part of the region, glasshouses are prevalent, while in the southern part, plastic houses are more common.Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies under the different cultural and climatic conditions are presented, with special emphasis on the use of alternative control measures. The most important soil‐borne and foliar diseases of vegetable and ornamental crops grown in the area are considered with respect to the most effective and widely used control methods.Use of resistant varieties and appropriate cultural practices is one of the control measures most frequently adopted. Particularly, control of environmental conditions can strongly decrease the severity of some foliar pathogens. In the case of soil‐borne diseases, soil solarization is already carried out in practice. Antagonists, isolated from suppressive soils, can be used successfully against some plant pathogens and, in the future, could provide another option.
Management strategies for controlling pests and diseases in glasshouse crops
Authors: Wardlow Leslie R. , O'Neill Timothy M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPest and disease control strategy is influenced by (i) the market demand for blemish‐free produce, (ii) the sources of pests and diseases, (iii) the availability of crop cultivars with genetic resistance to pests and diseases, (iv) the presence and availability of beneficial animals in the crop production system, (v) the lack of biological control agents for diseases and (vi) costs of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Integrated Disease Control (IDC) programmes. Although only 14000 ha of the potential world area of 75000 ha of protected crops employs IPM, this technique is likely to expand in future, and food and plants produced under IPM regimes will become the norm. During IPM, multiple introductions (MI) of natural enemies can be made regularly at affordable rates, whether pests are seen or not, to ensure that particular pests do not cause crop damage. In this manner, growers are better able to deal with circumstances beyond their control; better use will be made of any effective pesticides, and problems with statutory pest control will be easier to solve.IDC in protected crops involves skilful manipulation and deployment of factors affecting the outcome of host–pathogen interactions. The most important of these are genetic resistance, control of the aerial and root environments, nursery hygiene, the health status of planting material and appropriate use of fungicides. The precise combination of factors used may vary with crop, time of year, the target spectrum of diseases to be controlled, the economics of alternative actions and between nurseries growing the same crop. Any action should have minimal effects on biological pest control agents. Unlike IPM, where introduction of predators and parasites is a major part of successful pest management strategies, the introduction of micro‐organisms for disease control is often less reliable and, with a few exceptions, rarely practised at present.Strategies for integrated control of both pests and diseases can be improved by research to increase knowledge on the culture of crops, optimum glasshouse environments, thresholds of pests and diseases and the biology of pests, diseases and their natural enemies. Integration of pesticides with natural enemies has greater potential than is utilised at present and could help to prolong the life of some chemical pesticides.
Physico‐chemical factors determining the phloem translocation of benzoic acids
Authors: Tench Allen J. , Williams Roger H. , Bromilow Richard H. , Chamberlain Keith 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of 14C‐labelled benzoic acids, chosen to permit assessment of the role of pKa and lipophilicity in determining movement in plants of these herbicide analogues, was synthesised and their phloem translocation investigated. Following application of substituted benzoic acids to castor bean, Ricinus communis L., by injection into the petioles, the compounds of intermediate lipophilicity (2‐fluoro‐, 4‐chloro‐ and 3,4‐dichlorobenzoic acids) gave highest concentrations in phloem exudates; 4‐methyl‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐ and pentafluorobenzoic acids were less well translocated, perhaps because their pKa values are much less than those of the other benzoic acids studied. The polar 4‐ureidobenzoic acid and the lipophilic 3‐(4‐methylphenoxy)benzoic acid were much less efficiently translocated in phloem. These results are similar to those previously obtained for phenoxyacetic acids, and provide further support for the role of ionisation in the accumulation and retention of chemicals in phloem sieve tubes.
Effects of abamectin on intracellular potassium ion activity and membrane potential in dipteran skeletal muscle
Authors: Fitzgerald Elizabeth M. , Curry Jason , Djamgoz Mustafa B. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of abamectin (AVMB1) on intracellular potassium ion activity (aKi) and resting membrane potential (Em) of the skeletal muscle cells of final instar larvae of Phormia terraenovae (Diptera) were investigated using K+‐selective micro‐electrodes. Bathing the preparation in 10− M AVMB1(+ 1 ml litre−1 dimethylsulfoxide) for 60 min caused a significant (31%) decrease in aKi, whilst Em depolarized on average by 19 mV (nearly 50% of the original control value). The difference EK‐Em increased by 9 mV, although EK (potassium equilibrium potential) remained more negative than Em. These results could be due to a cationic effect of AVMB1 possibly involving an increase in K+ and Na+ conductances of the muscle plasma membrane.
Determination of residues of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate on eggplant, mustard and chickpea
Authors: Gopal Madhuban , Mukherjee Irani 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExtractable residues of endosulfan stereoisomers and its toxic metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, on a vegetable, an oilseed and a pulse crop were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. The study revealed that the alpha isomer degraded faster than the beta isomer. Beta‐endosulfan accumulated during the first three days following the treatment. Endosulfan sulfate residues appeared a few days after application and decreased with time. The total endosulfan residues in the seeds from treated mustard ranged from 0.08 to 0.12 mg kg−1 and were at or below the limit of determination (0.02 mg kg−1) in chickpea seeds following harvest.
The fungicide captan reduces nuclear DNA content in maize seedlings
Authors: Rayburn A. Lane , Pedersen Wayne L. , McMurphy Lisa M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCaptan, a major fungicide used by the US maize industry, was studied to determine its effect on the nuclear DNA content of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Captan was applied to kernels at the recommended agronomic rates. The nuclear DNA content of the seedlings was determined by flow cytometry. In two maize hybrids examined, a reduction in nuclear DNA content was observed. Two different fluorochromes, with different staining mechanisms, were used to determine nuclear DNA content. Both of these fluorochromes revealed a reduction in nuclear DNA. Captan is reported to inhibit DNA synthesis in several animal systems. The reduction of maize nuclear DNA observed in this study may be a result of DNA synthesis inhibition induced by captan.
Correlation of endothal and fluorescent dye concentrations following concurrent application to tidal canals
Authors: Fox Alison M. , Haller William T. , Getsinger Kurt D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHerbicide residue samples are expensive and time‐consuming to collect and analyze. The potential for using ‘Rhodamine WT’ to simulate endothal dissipation in moving water was tested in the weed‐infested Three Sisters tidal canals (Citrus Co., FL). Concurrent applications were made using a variety of application techniques. Significant correlations between dye and endothal concentrations were found in each treatment, indicating that ‘Rhodamine WT’ concentrations can be used to predict endothal movement and concentrations. The ratios of endothal:dye half‐lives were similar (0.2, 0.25, 0.17) for three of the application methods tested, indicating that estimations of dye half‐lives could be used to predict those for endothal.
Investigation of an emulsifiable oil adjuvant and its components on the activity of a new grass herbicide by factorial experimentation
Authors: Grayson B. Terence , Webb James D. , Pack Simon E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe herbicidal activity of a new compound [(±)‐(EZ}‐2‐[1‐allyloxy‐imino)propyr]‐3‐hydroxy‐6‐(4‐cyanophenyl)cyclohex‐2‐ene‐1‐one] (I), selective to broad‐leaf plants, and partially selective in some cereal crops was enhanced by an emulsifiable paraffinic oil (HVI 60E).In order to determine the amount of HVI 60E to be applied with an emulsifiable concentrate of I (IE) a factorial herbicidal assay involving six concentrations of I and five concentrations of HVI 60E (both sets including zero concentration) was conducted to obtain response surfaces of herbicidal activity. The total selectivity of IE in broad‐leaf species remained for all HVI 60E concentrations. The activity against grass weeds, except Poa annua L., increased markedly with increasing HVI 60E concentration and enhancement of performance of IE by HVI 60E in broad‐leaf crops could be pursued without fear of crop phytotoxicity.However, the increases in activity against grass weeds were accompanied by increases in phytotoxicity against cereal crops. The response surfaces of Echinochloa crus‐galli(L.) Beauv. and Zea mays L. were coincident and this result terminated further testing in this outlet. However, the response surfaces of Avena fatua L. and Triticum aestivum L. were reasonably well separated. Further tests in this outlet and in broad‐leaf crops are planned around optimum cost‐performance ratios derived from combinations with cost‐response surfaces.The results of a further lest showed that both components (oil and emulsifier) of HVI 60E were approximately equivalent in adjuvant enhancement activity and so, on cost grounds, a crop oil (low emulsifier content) would be preferred over a crop oil concentrate (high emulsifier content).