bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promising the future, encoding the past: AI hype and public media imagery
Authors: Vrabič Dežman Dominik 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn recent years, “AI hype” has taken over public media, oscillating between sensationalism and concerns about the societal implications of AI growth. The latest historical wave of AI hype indexes a period of increased research, investment, and speculation on machine learning, centred around generative AI, a novel class of machine learning that can generate original media from textual prompts. In this paper, I dive into the production of AI hype in online media, with the aim of prioritising the normative and political dimension of AI hype. Formulating AI as a promise reframes it as a normative project, centrally involving the formation of public and institutional confidence in the technology. The production and dissemination of images, in this context, plays a pivotal role in reinforcing these normative commitments to the public. My argument is divided into four sections. First, I examine the political relevance of stock images as the dominant imagery used to convey AI concepts to the public. These stock images encode specific readings of AI and circulate through public media, significantly influencing perceptions. Second, I look at the dominant images of AI as matters of political concern. Third, as generative AI increasingly contributes to the production of stock imagery, I compare the epistemic work performed by AI-generated outputs and stock images, as both encode style, content, and taxonomic structures of the world. I employ an entity relationship diagram (ERD) to investigate the political economy of AI imagery in digital media, providing a snapshot of how AI hype is materialised and amplified online. With this study, I reaffirm AI’s normative character at the forefront of its political and ethical discourse.
Mechanistic insight into the C1 product selectivity for the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 over metal-doped graphene
Authors: Chen Hao-ze , Liu Ji , Hu Bin , Liu Xin-ru , Wang Hao-yu , Li Ji-Hong , Lu Qiang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe conversion of CO2 into fuels and valuable chemicals presents a viable path toward carbon neutrality. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of metal-doped graphene catalysts in the reduction of CO2 to C1 products. 20 typical M-graphene (M = metal) catalysts were established based on DFT calculations. Six candidate catalysts, i.e., V-, Cr-, Mn-, Ni-, Mo-, and Ta-graphene catalysts, were selected by combining the hydrogen dissociation ability and the energy band gap of the catalysts. Subsequently, the adsorption characteristics and hydrogenation reactions of CO2 over the six candidates were explored. CO2 tends to adsorb at the M site through vertical adsorption and carbon–oxygen co-adsorption. V- and Cr-graphene catalysts promote the production of intermediate COOH, whereas Mn-, Ni-, Mo-, and Ta-doped surfaces are more favorable for HCOO formation. Concerning the hydrogenation to CO and HCOOH, V-, Cr-, Ni- and Mo-graphene catalysts preferentially yield CO from COOH, whereas Ta-doped graphene favors the formation of HCOOH. In total, the competitive hydrogenation of CO2 reveals the selectivity of the C1 products. Cr- and Ni-graphene favor the production of HCOOH and CH3OH, whereas V-, Mn-, Mo-, and Ta-graphene primarily yield CH3OH.
Graphical Abstract
Smart and Sustainable Public Transportation - A Need of Developing Countries
Authors: Ashraf Aayesha , Idrisi M. Javed 
Published: April 2024

AbstractA sustainable transport system is one which offers economical solutions and causes no/little damage to the environment. We usually categorize transport into three sections - roads, airways and water. Such systems need to be set up in order to have a transportation medium or ecosystem with minimum environmental impact. Public buses are an excellent example of sustainable road transportation. They can accommodate a large number of people economically and help ease the financial burden on individuals. Unfortunately, the majority of public buses are powered by non-renewable energy sources such as diesel. This results in the release of hazardous pollutants, leading to a degraded environment. Although the cost of using this form of transportation is relatively affordable, it nonetheless has an adverse effect on the environment. Therefore, it cannot be considered sustainable in that regard. We are constantly pushing the boundaries of innovation by introducing new technologies such as IoT, AI, Blockchain and 5G into our smart and sustainable transportation system. This way we can ensure its sustainability from all angles. The impact of transportation on our society is undeniable- both in terms of economic, social and environmental implications. To ensure a better quality of life for all, we must shift to smart and sustainable transport solutions. This research seeks to present a clever and eco-friendly transport system that brings economic and social advantages for developing countries.
Active control of flow and near-field pressure fluctuations in heated supersonic rectangular twin jets
Authors: Samimy Mo , Katterle Karli , Leahy Ryan , Webb Nathan , Yarlagadda Abhi , Hiler Noah 
Published: April 2024

Heated supersonic rectangular twin jets (SRTJ) with a total temperature ratio of 2, using nozzles of design Mach number 1.5 and aspect ratio 2, were investigated in flow regimes from overexpanded to the design condition (Mj = 1.3–1.5). This work complements our recently published work in unheated SRTJ using the same experimental facility (Samimy et al., J. Fluid Mech, vol. 959, 2023, A13). Localized arc filament plasma actuators (LAFPAs) were used to excite the natural instabilities in the jets, thereby controlling the flow and acoustics. The results show that the jets were coupled primarily out-of-phase in overexpanded cases, that the coupling had significant effects on the near-field (NF) pressure fluctuations, and that these fluctuations were considerably higher for in-phase than for out-of-phase coupled cases. The results also revealed that the far-field (FF) overall sound pressure level is significantly higher on the minor axis plane of the SRTJ and that the onset of Mach wave radiation contributes to the increased acoustic radiation at the peak noise direction. The LAFPAs successfully controlled the coupling and were able to reduce the NF pressure fluctuations by 10 dB. However, only 1 to 2 dB FF noise reduction at the peak noise radiation direction was achieved. The overall trends of the baseline results and response of the flow to excitation are qualitatively similar in unheated and heated cases, but the details are significantly different.
Witchcraft Accusations and the Tort of Defamation in Anglophone Africa
Authors: Owusu Emmanuel Sarpong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWitchcraft beliefs are a major cause of violence against vulnerable groups in many African countries. People accused of being witches are often ostracised/banished, physically assaulted, tortured, and/or murdered. However, there are rare instances when persons accused of being witches sue their accusers for defamation. In such cases, the courts are often invited to address whether witchcraft imputations amount to defamation and, if so, under what circumstances. The present study explores the Anglophone African courts’ attitudes towards witchcraft-related defamation claims, examining how various judicial bodies in five countries—Botswana, Ghana, Namibia, South Africa, and Tanzania—have navigated the convoluted and sometimes confusing system of legal pluralism since the 1970s. The study shows that courts in various African countries apply several principles when resolving witchcraft-related defamation claims. However, they generally concur that recklessly imputing witchcraft to a person necessarily impairs that person's dignity and is actionable per se.
Debunking the idea of biological optimisation: quantitative biology to the rescue
Authors: Hamant Olivier 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The idea that plants would be efficient, frugal or optimised echoes the recurrent semantics of ‘blueprint’ and ‘program’ in molecular genetics. However, when analysing plants with quantitative approaches and systems thinking, we instead find that plants are the results of stochastic processes with many inefficiencies, incoherence or delays fuelling their robustness. If one had to highlight the main value of quantitative biology, this could be it: plants are robust systems because they are not efficient. Such systemic insights extend to the way we conduct plant research and opens plant science publication to a much broader framework.
A new species of the genus Hexamermis Steiner, 1924 (Nematoda: Mermithidae) from northern Iran: a nematode with an unusual uterine morphology
Authors: Vazifeh N. , Niknam G. , Camino N.B. , Abootalebi F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Hexamermis zirabi sp. n., recovered from a natural habitat of Mazandaran province, north of Iran, is described based on morphological and molecular data. The new species is characterized by its six cephalic papillae; cuticle with distinct cross fibers; conoid or sharply tapered head; mouth terminal; six hypodermal cords; J-shaped vagina oriented to the anterior end of body; uterus with Z-organs or sclerotized bodies; tail similar in both sexes and bluntly rounded; spicules paired, separate, slightly curved, shorter than body width at cloaca, with rounded tip; and male genital papillae arranged in five rows. In addition to the morphological study, molecular phylogenetic analyses using a partial large subunit (28S D2-D3) were also performed, and the new species formed a highly supported (1.00% Bayesian posterior probability (BPP)) clade with Hexamermis popilliae.
High-Tech Exports and Governance Institutions
Authors: Manzetti Luigi , Osang Thomas 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACTThere exists substantial evidence that technological innovation and, more specifically, innovation creating high-tech exports is a crucial driver for economic growth. However, there is less consensus about the factors that cause high-tech exports to thrive. Most studies emphasize the crucial role played by research and development expenditures, foreign direct investments, trade openness, human capital, and patents. In this article, we instead examine the role of a different determinant, which usually is overlooked in the scholarly debate about governance institutions. We use government effectives (GE) and rule of law (ROL) as measures of governance. We employ a panel-data approach encompassing more than 100 countries between 2007 and 2019. The panel estimates show a causal relationship linking GE and the ROL with high-tech exports.
Global Projection of Flood Risk With a Bivariate Framework Under 1.5–3.0°C Warming Levels
Authors: Huang Xi , Yin Jiabo , Slater Louise J. , Kang Shengyu , He Shaokun , Liu Pan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractGlobal warming increases the atmospheric water‐holding capacity, consequently altering the frequency, and intensity of extreme hydrological events. River floods characterized by large peak flow or prolonged duration can amplify the risk of social disruption and affect ecosystem stability. However, previous studies have mostly focused on univariate flood magnitude characteristics, such as flood peak or volume, and there is still limited understanding of how these joint flood characteristics (i.e., magnitude and duration) might co‐evolve under different warming levels. Here, we develop a systematical bivariate framework to project future flood risk in 11,528 catchments across the globe. By constructing the joint distribution of flood peak and duration with copulas, we examine global flood risk with a bivariate framework under varying levels of global warming (i.e., within a range of 1.5–3.0°C above pre‐industrial levels). The flood projections are produced by driving five calibrated lumped hydrological models (HMs) using the simulations with bias adjustment of five global climate models (GCMs) under three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126, SSP370, and SSP585). On average, global warming from 1.5 to 3.0°C tends to amplify flood peak and lengthen flood duration across almost all continents, but changes are not unidirectional and vary regionally around the globe. The joint return period (JRP) of the historical (1985–2014) 50‐year flood event is projected to decrease to a median with 36 years under a medium emission pathway at the 1.5°C warming level. Finally, we evaluate the drivers of these JRP changes in the future climate and quantify the uncertainty arising from the different GCMs, SSPs, and HMs. Our findings highlight the importance of limiting greenhouse gas emission to slow down global warming and developing climate adaptation strategies to address future flood hazards.
Statistical Analysis of Low‐Latitude Boundary of Polar‐Type Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed by a 630‐nm Airglow Imager at Nyrölä, Finland
Authors: Sato Masaki , Shiokawa Kazuo , Oyama Shin‐ichiro , Otsuka Yuichi , Shinbori Atsuki , Oksanen Arto 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMedium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) are one of the ionospheric plasma density structures and are observable through 630‐nm airglow images. Previous studies using airglow images at Tromsø (69.6°N, 19.2°E; magnetic latitude: 66.7°N), Norway, reported high‐latitude MSTIDs (here we call them as polar‐type MSTIDs) whose propagation direction changes associated with auroral brightening and magnetic field disturbances. However, there has been little statistical analysis on the connection of MSTIDs occurring at high and middle latitudes. In this study, we statistically analyzed the MSTIDs observed by an airglow imager at Nyrölä (62.3°N, 25.5°E; magnetic latitude: 59.4°N), Finland, which is located ∼7° south of Tromsø, corresponding to subauroral latitudes. The period analyzed was from 23 January 2017, to 30 September 2021. We found 11 cases of MSTIDs during this period. Eight cases were found to be the polar‐type MSTIDs whose motion changes associated with auroral brightening and magnetic field disturbances. We found that 9 cases of MSTID show the low‐latitude boundary at 61° ± 2°N for geographic latitude and 58° ± 2°N for magnetic latitude, indicating disconnection between high‐ and mid‐latitude MSTIDs. We also derived occurrence probability, velocity, wavelength, period, wave front direction, and propagation direction of these MSTIDs. The occurrence probability of MSTIDs at Nyrölä is 1.9%, which is much lower than those at high (Tromsoe, more than 50%) and middle (Japan, ∼30%) latitudes. We discuss these MSTID characteristics at subauroral latitudes based on possible difference of generation mechanisms of nighttime MSTIDs at high and middle latitudes.
Dynamic Rupture Simulations of Caldera Collapse Earthquakes: Effects of Wave Radiation, Magma Viscosity, and Evidence of Complex Nucleation at Kı̄lauea 2018
Authors: Wang Taiyi A. , Dunham Eric M. , Krenz Lukas , Abrahams Lauren S. , Segall Paul , Yoder Mark R. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAll instrumented basaltic caldera collapses have generated Mw > 5 very long period earthquakes. However, previous studies of source dynamics have been limited to lumped models treating the caldera block as rigid, leaving open questions related to how ruptures initiate and propagate around the ring fault, and the seismic expressions of those dynamics. We present the first 3D numerical model capturing the nucleation and propagation of ring fault rupture, the mechanical coupling to the underlying viscoelastic magma, and the associated seismic wavefield. We demonstrate that seismic radiation, neglected in previous models, acts as a damping mechanism reducing coseismic slip by up to half, with effects most pronounced for large magma chamber volume/ring fault radius or highly compliant crust/compressible magma. Viscosity of basaltic magma has negligible effect on collapse dynamics. In contrast, viscosity of silicic magma significantly reduces ring fault slip. We use the model to simulate the 2018 Kı̄lauea caldera collapse. Three stages of collapse, characterized by ring fault rupture initiation and propagation, deceleration of the downward‐moving caldera block and magma column, and post‐collapse resonant oscillations, in addition to chamber pressurization, are identified in simulated and observed (unfiltered) near‐field seismograms. A detailed comparison of simulated and observed displacement waveforms corresponding to collapse earthquakes with hypocenters at various azimuths of the ring fault reveals a complex nucleation phase for earthquakes initiated on the northwest. Our numerical simulation framework will enhance future efforts to reconcile seismic and geodetic observations of caldera collapse with conceptual models of ring fault and magma chamber dynamics.
Turbulence From Tropical Instability Waves in the Equatorial Cold Tongues: Quantification From Multiyear Moored Records
Authors: Iyer Suneil , Moum James N. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTropical instability waves (TIWs) are identified in three multiyear equatorial mooring records in Pacific and Atlantic cold tongues to evaluate how TIWs modulate turbulence. At 0°, 140°W in the Pacific, TIWs are present in 43% of observations, and are associated with elevated vertical shear and a 40% average increase in turbulence dissipation rates (ϵ) above the Equatorial Undercurrent. Zonal shear is greatest when currents are southward while buoyancy is greatest later in the TIW cycle, leading to greater potential for instability and elevated turbulence before and during the southward flow maximum. This suggests that TIW vortex stretching contributes to enhanced shear and turbulence. In the Atlantic, TIWs are found in 38% of observations at 0°, 23°W and 16% of observations at 0°, 10°W. TIWs at 23°W increase ϵ by 18% where turbulence is likely modulated by vortex stretching and, near the surface, by the seasonally wind‐forced equatorial roll. At 23°W and 140°W, TIWs with strong meridional velocity fluctuations are associated with the strongest turbulence. Contributions of seasonal variations are removed by considering only periods when TIWs are climatically active. During these periods, mean values of ϵ in the presence of strong TIWs are elevated by 61% at 140°W, 29% at 23°W, and 36% at 10°W. At 10°W, where our identification scheme may include wind‐forced oscillations in the same frequency band, increases in ϵ are not consistent in the presence of TIWs and do not contribute significantly to multiyear averages.
Brine Pools With Round Caps in the Western Qaidam Basin: Application to Iron Mobility and the Evaporation Formation of the Iron Oxide and Sulfate Assemblage on Mars
Authors: Fang Ziyao , Li Yiliang , He Xiaoqing , Qin Liping 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe coexistence of sulfates and iron oxides is widespread on Mars, including at Meridiani Planum, the Opportunity rover's landing site. However, the formation mechanism is still poorly understood. Here, we report evaporitic iron oxyhydroxides and gypsum deposited as round caps in the center of brine pools in a playa area of the western Qaidam Basin in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Geochemical and mineralogical analyses indicate that the gypsum is precipitated in situ by strong evaporation of subsurface percolating brine containing dissolved iron. We suggest that the transport of iron from the anoxic subsurface and the evaporation of upwelling groundwater in an oxidized and hyperarid environment may have led to the co‐deposition of sulfates and iron oxides at Meridiani Planum and other similar sites on Mars. Our results also suggest that the subsurface water cycle could be an important source of iron mobility even under an oxidizing atmosphere and cold climatic conditions on Mars. Groundwater evaporation during the desiccation of Mars after the late Noachian may have contributed to the heterogeneous distribution of iron and the widespread coexistence of sulfates and iron oxides on the martian surface.
Shifting Depth Distributions of Deep‐Sea Corals in the Southwest Pacific: Implications for Deglacial Dynamics of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Thresher Ronald E. , Fallon Stewart J. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe compare depth and temporal distributions of sub‐fossil assemblages of two cold‐water scleractinian corals on seamounts in the Southwest Pacific to help define the temporal variations of water mass properties in the Southern Ocean (SO) during deglaciation. Peaks in the deep‐water abundance of the two species complement one another, with Desmophyllum dianthus peaking around the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR), and Solenosmilia variabilis briefly during the late Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) and during the Younger Dryas (YD). Environmental tolerances of the two species and the geochemistry of S. variabilis carbonate skeletons suggest that their secular distributions reflect complementary effects of temperature (higher at Antarctic Intermediate Water/Upper Circumpolar Deep Water depths during the YD and late HS1) and surface productivity (lower during the YD and HS1). Higher temperatures at depth we interpret as evidence of increased Zonal West Wind (ZWW)‐driven Ekman pumping during the late HS1 and YD, whereas coeval low surface production reflects poleward expansion of sub‐tropical water masses as a result of correlated poleward shifts of the ZWW belt and the Intertropical Convergence Zone. More broadly, a continuous deep coral population in the southwest Pacific that spans two species and three deglacial periods (HS1, ACR and the YD) and an early Holocene shift in coral distribution from deeper to shallower habitats appear to reflect large‐scale changes during deglaciation in SO temperature profiles and productivity.
Attribution of Terrestrial Near‐Surface Wind Speed Changes Across China at a Centennial Scale
Authors: Zha Jinlin , Chuan Ting , Wu Jian , Zhao Deming , Luo Meng , Feng Jinming , Fan Wenxuan , Shen Cheng , Jiang Huiping 
Published: April 2024

AbstractNear‐surface wind speed (NSWS) over China shows multiple time‐scale changes at a centennial scale, but the contributions of internal variability (IV), anthropogenic forcing (ANT), and natural forcing (NAT) to those changes remain unknown. This study investigated the contributions of IV, ANT, and NAT to NSWS changes at a centennial scale. Results show that the NSWS changes were attributed mainly to IV. IV not only modulated the interannual changes in NSWS but also determined the interdecadal transition in NSWS. The relative contributions of IV to the interannual and decadal NSWS exceeded 75.0%. ANT contributed particularly to the long‐term reduction in NSWS; especially, it has contributed 55.0% of the reduction in NSWS since 1957, serving as the major contributor to the reduction in NSWS. NAT had a small‐to‐negligible effect on China's NSWS throughout the study period. This study enhances our understanding of NSWS changes at different time scales.