bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Territorial Pattern for the Military Occupation of Germany
Authors: Pollock James K. 
Published: May 2006

With the military defeat of Germany now assured, it becomes imperative to complete plans for occupation of the country. There is apparent agreement among the United Nations that Germany must be occupied; but, although much work has been done on the subject, by both the military and political branches of the several Allied Governments, to date we have not had any general policy directives from the heads of the three great powers, namely, Russia, Great Britain, and the United States. Presumably, at the Teheran conference Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin came to a preliminary meeting of minds with reference to the various aspects of the war against Germany. At the second Quebec conference, it may reasonably be assumed that the President and Mr. Churchill, keeping in close contact with the Soviet leader, finally came to some definite agreement regarding the measures necessary to encompass the complete defeat and occupation of Germany.It has been generally agreed all around that Germany must be occupied by the troops of the Allied Nations, but many of the specific details of such an occupation have not yet been thought through. When we speak of the occupation of Germany, we must first of all define exactly what we mean by the term Germany. It is expected that “Germany” will be understood to cover only those territories included within the Republic prior to Hitler's accession to power. It might be better to agree that the boundaries shall be understood to be those of January 1, 1932.
New Constitutions in Germany
Authors: Neumann Robert G. 
Published: May 2006

When the European Advisory Commission in London debated the zonal division of Germany, the original understanding was that the allied zones of occupation should not disturb existing administrative regions more than was absolutely necessary. Nevertheless, a considerable redrawing of provincial and Laender borders took place, partly in order to prevent a Land from administering territory in more than one zone of occupation, partly in the interest of administrative simplification. The present division of Germany into “independent” Laender and autonomous provinces is, therefore, not a repetition of the pre-1871 set-up, but a new and often simpler form of organization.Under the Weimar Republic, these states had their own constitutions. However, the powers of the Reich government were so overwhelming and the scope of their “enumerated” functions so all-embracing, that relatively small scope was left to the Laender governments. The present situation is radically different.
Nature over Art: No More Local Finance
Authors: Egger Rowland 
Published: May 2006

In 1866 an uncommonly knowledgeable gentleman, Alexis de Tocqueville by name, wrote as follows: “Je pense que dans les siècles démocratiques qui vont s'ouvrir l'indépendence individuelle et les libertés locales seront toujours un produit de l'art. La centralisation sera le gouvernement naturel.” Four score and five years later a distinguished compatriot documented the triumph of nature over art which de Tocqueville contemplated as a possibility, and analyzed at some length the instrumentality through which le gouvernement naturel has established its primacy over les libertés locales. Professor Jean Boulouis has recently pronounced a plaintive requiem for French local self-government culminating in these words: “On pourrait presque avancer, sans beaucoup d'exagération, qu'il n'existe plus de finances locales, mais tout au plus une localisation des finances nationales.”The two most striking phenomena of local government finance in recent decades are, first, the absolute increase in the amount of money disbursed by local governments, and second, the substantial expansion in the proportion of local government disbursements financed from intergovernmental transfers of funds—grants-in-aid, shared taxes, and various other devices by which money is shifted from one level of government to another.
Roosevelt's Third-Term Decision
Authors: Appleby Paul H. 
Published: May 2006

The twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which became effective February 26, 1951, would seem to ensure that the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to a third presidential term will long remain unique in American history. Yet ratification of the amendment was achieved so quietly as almost to suggest a conspiracy of inattention. Even in political science literature the wisdom of so specific a limitation on popular choice has been little explored. Given the periodicity and tempo of professional journals, indeed, there was scant opportunity for such consideration concurrent with legislative consideration of the amendment.Quick and easy approval of the amendment probably came incident to a subsidence in Roosevelt's popularity, which in turn constituted in determining part, a belated slap at him while attention was turned to later problems and personalities. Almost any recent attempt at objective discussion of the issue would have been suspect, presumed to reflect chiefly a disguised personal or party affection or hate. Perhaps more thorough consideration of the important matters involved will come much later, when an acute national desire for the retention of some leader is frustrated.
A New Route to Enantiopure β‐Aryl‐Substituted β‐Amino Acids and 4‐Aryl‐Substituted β‐Lactams through Lipase‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Ring Cleavage of β‐Lactams
Authors: Forró Enikő , Paál Tihamér , Tasnádi Gábor , Fülöp Ferenc 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA simple and efficient direct enzymatic method was developed for the synthesis of 4‐aryl‐substituted β‐lactams and the corresponding β‐amino acid enantiomers through the CAL‐B (lipase B from Candida antarctica)‐catalyzed enantioselective (E>200) ring cleavage of the corresponding racemic β‐lactams with 1 equiv. of H2O in i‐Pr2O at 60 °C. The product (R)‐β‐amino acids (ee≥98%, yields≥42%) and unreacted (S)‐β‐lactams (ee≥95%, yields≥41%) could be easily separated. The ring opening of enantiomeric β‐lactams with 18% HCl afforded the corresponding enantiopure β‐amino acid hydrochlorides (ee≥99%).
Asymmetric Aza‐Morita–BaylisHillman Reaction of N‐Sulfonated Imines with Activated Olefins Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphine Lewis Bases Bearing Multiple Phenol Groups
Authors: Liu Ying‐Hao , Chen Lian‐Hui , Shi Min 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn the aza‐Morita–BaylisHillman reaction of N‐sulfonated imines (N‐arylmethylidene‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamides) with methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), ethyl vinyl ketone (EVK), and acrolein, we found that, through the use of catalytic amounts of chiral phosphine Lewis bases bearing multiple phenol groups, the corresponding adducts could be obtained in good yields with >90% ee at −20 °C or at room temperature in THF. The mechanism of this process was investigated by 31P NMR spectroscopic analysis. The phenoxide or the key enolate intermediate, which is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding with phenol groups, was observed by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Thus, the most effective bifunctional LBBA (Lewis base and Brønsted acid) phosphine‐Lewis base promoter system reported to date has been identified for such catalytic, asymmetric aza‐Morita–BaylisHillman reactions.
Stereodivergent Formation of Alkenylsilanes: syn or anti Hydrosilylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by a Cyclopentadienylcobalt(I) Chelate Bearing a Pendant Phosphane Tether
Authors: Yong Li , Kirleis Karin , Butenschön Holger 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe hydrosilylation of alkynes is catalyzed by the di‐tert‐butylphosphanylethylcyclopentadienylcobalt chelate 1. While the reaction of internal alkynes exclusively affords syn hydrosilylation products with triethylsilane, the reaction with triethoxysilane shows predominant anti stereoselectivity. Reactions of terminal alkynes are less selective with triethylsilane and result in cyclotrimerization when triethoxysilane is used.
Mesoporöse organisch‐anorganische Hybridmaterialien auf Silicabasis
Authors: Hoffmann Frank , Cornelius Maximilian , Morell Jürgen , Fröba Michael 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDurch die Verknüpfung anorganischer und organischer Bausteine mithilfe der templatgesteuerten Synthese gelangt man zu einer neuen Materialklasse, den mesoporösen organisch‐anorganischen Hybridmaterialien, die sich durch große spezifische Oberflächen sowie Porengrößen zwischen 2 und 15 nm auszeichnet. Das Einbringen der organischen Reste lässt sich auf drei Wegen erreichen: Durch die nachträgliche Anbindung organischer Komponenten an eine reine Silicamatrix (Pfropfung), durch die gleichzeitige Umsetzung kondensationsfähiger anorganischer Silicaspezies und silylierter organischer Verbindungen (Cokondensation, Eintopfsynthese) und durch die Verwendung bissilylierter organischer Vorstufen, die zu periodisch mesoporösen Organosilicas (PMOs) führt. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Herstellung, die Eigenschaften sowie die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten im Bereich der Katalyse, Sorption, Chromatographie, des Aufbaus von Systemen zur kontrollierten Wirkstoffabgabe sowie molekularer Schalter, wobei das Hauptaugenmerk auf PMOs liegt.
Knotengestaltung hybrider Fachwerkkonstruktionen – Entwicklung neuartiger Tragwerkskonzepte unter Verwendung von Ultrahochleistungsbeton (UHFB)
Authors: Tue Nguyen Viet , Küchler Michael 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFachwerkkonstruktionen zählen zu den leistungsfähigsten raumbildenden Strukturen der Baugeschichte. Rein normalkraftbeanspruchte Bauteile zeichnen sich vor allem durch minimalen Werkstoffaufwand aus. Die Einsatzgebiete von Fachwerken sind so vielgestaltig wie deren Ausführungsformen selbst. Gerade in den letzten Jahren gewinnen Fachwerkkonstruktionen z. B. beim Bau transparenter Hochhäuser oder für Stadien und Veranstaltungsarenen und vereinzelt auch wieder im Brückenbau, verstärkt an Bedeutung. Mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Bilfinger | Berger AG wurde an der Universität Leipzig ein stabförmiges Verbundbauteil aus einem stahlummantelten ultrahochfesten Beton entwickelt. Das neue Tragelement kennzeichnet sich durch seine hohe Tragfähigkeit unter Druckbeanspruchung sowie großer Duktilität. Dieser hybride Verbundstab stellt, einschließlich einer innovativen Knotenlösung, eine sinnvolle, wirtschaftliche und vor allem architektonisch ansprechende Alternative zu den herkömmlich konstruierten Fachwerken, dar. In diesem Beitrag wird über die Besonderheiten dieser Konstruktionsform sowie über die Entwicklung geeigneter Knoten berichtet. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
MEF2C is required for the normal allocation of cells between the ventricular and sinoatrial precursors of the primary heart field
Authors: Vong Linh , Bi Weizhen , O'Connor‐Halligan Katharine E. , Li Changyou , Cserjesi Peter , Schwarz John J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTargeted deletion of the mef2c gene results in a small left ventricle and complete loss of the right ventricle (Lin et al. [1997] Science 276:1404–1407). Absence of the right ventricle is from defective differentiation of cells from the secondary heart field. Our studies of the dysmorphogenesis of the left ventricle uncovered morphological and transcriptional abnormalities at the transition from the cardiac crescent to the linear‐tube stage heart. Use of the cgata6LacZ transgene demonstrated that lacZ‐positive cells, which normally mark the precursors to the atrioventricular canal and adjacent regions of the left ventricle and atria, remain in the sinoatrial region of the mutant. This, along with the absence of a morphologically distinct atrioventricular canal, indicates a misapportioning of cells between the inflow and outflow segments. The underlying genetic program was also affected with altered expression of mlc2a, mlc2v, and irx4 in outflow segment precursors of the primary heart field. In addition, the sinoatrial‐enriched transcription factor, tbx5, was ectopically expressed in the primitive ventricle and ventricle‐specific splicing of mef2b was lost, suggesting that the mutant ventricle had acquired atrial‐specific characteristics. Collectively, these results suggest a fundamental role of MEF2C in ventricular cardiomyocyte differentiation and apportioning of cells between inflow and outflow precursors in the primary heart field. Developmental Dynamics 235:1809–1821, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Categorizing at the group‐level in response to intragroup social comparisons: a self‐categorization theory integration of self‐evaluation and social identity motives
Authors: Schmitt Michael T. , Branscombe Nyla R. , Silvia Paul J. , Garcia Donna M. , Spears Russell 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTwo experiments examined how people respond to upward social comparisons in terms of the extent to which they categorize the self and the source of comparison within the same social group. Self‐evaluation maintenance theory (SEM) suggests that upward ingroup comparisons can lead to the rejection of a shared categorization, because shared categorization makes the comparison more meaningful and threatening. In contrast, social identity theory (SIT) suggests that upward ingroup comparisons can lead to the acceptance of shared categorization because a high‐performing ingroup member enhances the ingroup identity. We attempted to resolve these differing predictions using self‐categorization theory, arguing that SEM applies to contexts that make salient one's personal identity, and SIT applies to contexts that make collective identity salient. Consistent with this perspective, the level of identity activated in context moderated the effect of an upward ingroup comparison on the acceptance of shared social categorization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equivalences between refractive index and equilibrium water content of conventional and silicone hydrogel soft contact lenses from automated and manual refractometry
Authors: González‐Méijome José M. , López‐Alemany Antonio , Lira Madalena , Almeida José B. , Oliveira M. Elisabete C. D. Real , Parafita Manuel A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of the present study was to develop mathematical relationships that allow obtaining equilibrium water content and refractive index of conventional and silicone hydrogel soft contact lenses from refractive index measures obtained with automated refractometry or equilibrium water content measures derived from manual refractometry, respectively.MethodsTwelve HEMA‐based hydrogels of different hydration and four siloxane‐based polymers were assayed. A manual refractometer and a digital refractometer were used. Polynomial models obtained from the sucrose curves of equilibrium water content against refractive index and vice‐versa were used either considering the whole range of sucrose concentrations (16–100% equilibrium water content) or a range confined to the equilibrium water content of current soft contact lenses (∼20–80% equilibrium water content).ResultsValues of equilibrium water content measured with the Atago N‐2E and those derived from the refractive index measurement with CLR 12–70 by the applications of sucrose‐based models displayed a strong linear correlation (r2 = 0.978). The same correlations were obtained when the models are applied to obtain refractive index values from the Atago N‐2E and compared with those (values) given by the CLR 12–70 (r2 = 0.978). No significantly different results are obtained between models derived from the whole range of the sucrose solution or the model limited to the normal range of soft contact lens hydration.ConclusionsPresent results will have implications for future experimental and clinical research regarding normal hydration and dehydration experiments with hydrogel polymers, and particularly in the field of contact lenses. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Effects of electrons statistic on carbon nanotubes hyperpolarizability frequency dependence determined with sum over states method
Authors: Dominicis L. De , Fantoni R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe frequency dependence of carbon nanotube (CNT) first hyperpolarizability has been studied. A code for quantitative estimation based on the sum over states (SOS) method has been written and calculations performed on a symmetrized basis. The main advantage of performing SOS calculations with symmetrized eigenfunctions relies on the direct identification of the essential channels that give a contribution to first hyperpolarizability. Although the method calculates hyperpolarizability both for metallic and semiconducting chiral CNTs, as an explicative example, results of calculation for the (4,1) metallic chiral topology are reported together with an analysis of the transitions responsible for resonant enhancements. The role played by CNT electron statistics is investigated in detail: results of simulations demonstrate that the ratio of the resonant peaks can be interpreted as a signature of a quasi‐Luttinger or Fermi liquid regime. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of fracton dimensionality in liquids by four‐photon Rayleigh‐wing spectroscopy
Authors: Bunkin A. F. , Gorchakov A. P. , Nurmatov A. A. , Pershin S. M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFour‐photon spectroscopy of the Rayleigh wing was applied to study distilled and Milli‐Q water, liquid carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), 30% aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) and 0.4 mM aqueous solution of α‐chymotrypsin protein, in the spectral range from − 10 to 10 cm−1. The observed spectra allowed the measurement of the fracton dimensionality as d = 2.87 ± 0.01 in Milli‐Q water, 2.97 ± 0.02 in the protein solution, 3.00 ± 0.02 in CCl4 and H2O2 and 3.15 ± 0.05 in distilled water. The variation of fractal dimensionality can be interpreted as indication of the structural differences in the investigated liquids. In the presence of protein and hydrogen peroxide molecules, this difference indicates that the hydrogen‐bond network of Milli‐Q water is restructured in the solution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Narrow‐band coherent Rayleigh scattering
Authors: Bookey H. T. , Bishop A. I. , Shneider M. N. , Barker P. F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe describe the first implementation of narrow‐band coherent Rayleigh scattering (CRS) for high spectral resolution of CRS line shapes. Using intensities in the 109 W/cm2 range we find that the measured line shapes of CO2, N2 and Xe gases at room temperature are in good agreement with a CRS model that assumes weakly perturbing fields. We compare our results with broadband CRS and discuss the importance of phase‐matching requirements for narrow‐band CRS. Finally, we show that a spectral narrowing in the CRS profile is predicted at intensities that are approximately an order of magnitude greater than those used in our experiments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions between grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and harvest controls on the salmon fishery in the Gulf of Bothnia
Authors: Jounela P. , Suuronen P. , Millar R.B. , Koljonen M-L. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Interactions between grey seal, Atlantic salmon, and harvest controls on the salmon fishery in the Gulf of Bothnia, northern Baltic Sea, were investigated for the period 1999–2003. We assessed the effects of seal-induced catch losses (fish damaged or eaten by seals in the fishing gears) and harvest restrictions (delayed sequential opening of the fishery from south to north) on the Finnish coastal salmon catch and on escapement of salmon into the Tornionjoki River, the major breeding ground of the species in the Baltic Sea. Commercial logbook data on catches and seal-induced catch losses were used in a stochastic Monte Carlo analysis, indicating that mainly because of the stricter harvest controls enforced in 1996 and 1997, the average annual spawning run abundance that approached the Finnish coastal area increased by ca. 56 700 fish between 2000 and 2002. However, these fish were caught increasingly in the northern Gulf of Bothnia (Management Areas, MAs, 3 and 4), and relatively few salmon escaped into the Tornionjoki River. The landings in MAs 3 and 4 increased by 57% and 144%, respectively, whereas in the southern Gulf of Bothnia (MA 1), landings decreased by 23%. Over the five years of the study, seal-induced catch losses in MA 1 ranged from 24% to 29% of the total catch, whereas in MAs 2, 3, and 4 it ranged from 3% to 16%. The analysis suggests, however, that in MA 1 the regulation-induced catch losses were even higher than seal-induced catch losses, indicating that the salmon fishery was being impacted by both major factors. To increase escapement into the river and potentially to increase the future wild salmon catch, the opening of the harvest in the northernmost MAs should be delayed. Seal-induced catch losses should be reduced by extensive introduction of seal-safe fishing gears and by sustainable control of the grey seal population.
Electrogastrography in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Weak correlation with metabolic control parameters
Authors: Toporowska‐Kowalska Ewa , Wasowska‐Królikowska Krystyna , Szadkowska Agnieszka , Bodalski Jerzy 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Aim: To evaluate gastric myoelectrical activity with respect to duration and metabolic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods: 172 children and adolescents with T1DM (mean 14.4±3.7 y), divided into subgroups depending on diabetes duration (<5 and > 5 y), and 35 healthy controls (mean 13.93±3.59 y) were examined. All subjects underwent electrogastrography (EGG) performed after overnight fasting. In subjects with T1DM, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and blood glucose levels during EGG records were measured. Results: 15.69% of T1DM patients and 91.42% of the controls fulfilled normal EGG criteria (p < 0.001). T1DM subjects had a lower percentage of fasting normogastria (34.56±27.35% vs 69.84±18.16%, p = 0.0001) and higher bradygastria (51.97±30.24% vs 19.11±15.01%, p = 0.0001) compared to controls. In diabetic patients, an increase in postprandial normogastria (60.37±23.96% vs 76.68±12.38, p < 0.05) and a decrease in bradygastria percentage (25.67±21.01% vs 9.58±7.13%, p < 0.05) was observed. In children with disease < 5 y, diabetes duration correlated with power ratio (r= ‐ 0.27, p = 0.01), postprandial normogastria (r= ‐ 0.24, p = 0.03) and tachygastria (r= 0.25, p = 0.02). Weak correlations between EGG parameters and glucose (preprandial dominant frequency r= ‐ 0.19, p < 0.05; postprandial normogastria r= 0.23, p < 0.01) and HbA1c levels (preprandial bradygastria r= 0.19, postprandial dominant power r= 0.23; p < 0.05) were observed. Conclusion: Gastric myoelectrical rhythm derangement is present in a large proportion of young diabetic patients. Bradygastria is the most prominent EGG abnormality. Weak correlation was found between EGG parameters and diabetes metabolic control.
Recent advances in hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy
Authors: Dekelbab Bassem H. , Sperling Mark A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHyperinsulinemia‐induced hypoglycemia is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in adults, children, and infants. Our understanding of the disorders responsible for this type of hypoglycemia has been increasing due to the recent discoveries in the molecular and biochemical regulation of insulin secretion. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of disorders that cause hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. We highlight the distinction between the diffuse and focal forms of the disease, especially the promising results with 18F‐L‐dopa positive emission tomography (PET) scanning for preoperative localization and distinction to guide the extent of surgical removal of pancreatic tissue that may result in cure rather than persistence of disturbed carbohydrate metabolism. Conclusion: Despite all these discoveries, much remains to be learned, as currently about one third of infants with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia have no identifiable cause.