bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A NOVEL PEAK DETECTOR
Authors: Swinnen Maurice E. T. , Plumlee Lawrence A. , Brown Clinton C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA photoelectric triggering device has been developed with the aim of providing a minimum or maximum trigger on a blood pressure wave. The output from a strain gauge which measures blood pressure is displayed on an oscilloscope, and triggering is done by means of a miniature photocell mounted on a micrometric advance. A transistor circuit transforms the photocell pulse into a relay contact.
OPERANT ELECTRODERMAL CONDITIONING UNDER MULTIPLE SCHEDULES OE REINEORCEMENT
Authors: Shapiro David , Crider Andrew 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn operant discrimination procedure was used to determine whether human subjects show shifts in palmar skin potential response rate under varying schedules of reinforcement. In Experiment I, a monetary reinforcer was either given or subtracted on a short fixed ratio schedule during alternating 5‐min periods. In Experiment II, the schedules alternated between 10‐min periods in which either a variable ninnber of responses or long interresponse times were reinforced. Each experiment consisted of seven subjects tested over several sessions. The results indicated differences in response rates consonant with changes in the scheduling of reinforcement. Concurrent recordings of respiration, heart rate, and skin potential level showed that the reinforcement effects were generally specific to the skin potential response variable.
EFFECTS OF SPINAL‐CORD TRANSECTIONS ON ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY IN MAN
Authors: Euhrer Marcus J. , Kilbey Marlyne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSkin conductance levels (SCLs) and skin resistance responses (SRRs) were recorded bilaterally from the plantar aspect of the halluces in 10 patients with functionally complete transections of the cervical or thoracic spinal cord. Compared to a group of neurologically intact individuals, SCLs were significantly lower in patients. Fewer nonspecific SRRs were observed in patients than normals, and responses between the halluces were asynchronous in patients. It was demonstrated that SRRs could be reliably elicited by electrocutaneous stimulation to a foot in some of the patients. Responses were more frequently elicited in the foot which was stimulated than in the contralateral foot.
ABILITY OF ACTORS TO CONTROL THEIR GSRS AND EXPRESS EMOTIONS
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Lewis Nancy L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAbility to control GSRs through the use of ideational stimulation was studied in 26 professional actors. During one 10‐min period, “Respond,”Ss had to make as many GSRs as possible; during the other period, “Rest,”Ss were instructed to inhibit their GSRs. All Ss received continuous visual feedback of their responses during both periods. No relationship was found between ability to control GSRs and emotional expression as measured by the ratings of directors. However, as predicted, method actors performed at a significantly higher level than non‐method actors. An additional finding was that those actors who normally experience sweating as their primary response to stress performed at a higher level than non‐sweaters.
RATE OF HABITUATION AND THE LAW OF INITIAL VALUES
Authors: Germana Joseph 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe galvanic skin response (GSR) data of two experiments were analyzed in an attempt to determine the effects of tonic shifts in baseline conductance on apparent rate of habituation. The results of the first experiment indicated that rate of habituation is exaggerated when response measures which are not base‐independent are employed. The positive correlation found between habituation slope and an index of base‐level change in conductance was significantly reduced when autonomic lability scores (ALSs) were used. Thus, base‐corrected responses produced less steep habituation functions. The second experiment demonstrated that a tonic increase in conductance occurs to an intense auditory stimulus and that rate of habituation is consequently over‐estimated in comparison to that associated with repeated presentation of a mild stimulus.
PATTERNS OF GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSES TO SIGNAL AND NON SIGNAL STIMULI
Authors: Germana Joseph , Chernault George 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo studies investigating the specific features of galvanic skin responses (GSRs) to signal and non‐signal stimuli are reported. The results of Exp. I indicate that stimuli which have instructed behavioral associates (signal significance) produce GSRs which are both multiphasic and relatively persistent in nature. Multiple GSRs are produced by the initial presentation of a signal stimulus and the persistence of the overall response appears to have at least a short‐term effect on baseline. Exp. II was designed to investigate the possible independence of these two characteristics through the manipulation of response certainty. The results suggest that multiplicity and persistence may be separable features of the response to signal stimuli in which the latter may be a correlate of response novelty.
EXTEROCEPTIVE STIMULATION AS A CONTINGENT FACTOR IN THE INDUCTION AND ELICITATION OF DELAYED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS TO 1 CHLORO‐, 2‐4, DINITROBENZENE IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Mettrop Peter J. G. , Visser Piet 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study attempted to determine whether a prior period of “stress” would elicit the sensitization reaction of the skin to topically applied chemical agents. A subthreshold concentration of 1‐chloro‐, 2‐4, dinitrobenzene (DNCB) was applied to the skin of 40 guinea‐pigs, 20 of which had been subjected to repetitive electrical shocks throughout the previous 15 minutes. They were examined 24 hours later, and were retested with DNCB at another site after 9 days for signs of delayed sensitization. The stressed animals exhibited a more severe contact‐reaction (p <. 01) after the induction test and also after the delayed test.
SENSITIVITY OF FOUR FINGFR SWEAT PRINT DURATIONS TO AN ANTICHOLINERGIC AGENT
Authors: Droppleman Leo F. , M.cNair Douglas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFour durations of finger sweat prints (FSPs) were compared for their relative sensitivity to atropine sulfate in a double‐blind study with 24 normal volunteers. The statistically significant results indicate: 1) FSPs within a wide range of duration are sensitive indicators of treatment effects; 2) however, shorter durations are clearly superior to longer ones in sensitivity; and 3) there can be greater flexibility in the use of this technique since length of the measurement period can now be more appropriately determined by experimental requirements rather than by an a priori standard.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STIMULUS INFORMATION, REACTION TIME, AND CORTICAL HABITUATION
Authors: Orr William C. , Stern John A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis investigation was an attempt to study systematically the effects of uncertainty, or stimulus information, on habituation rate. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions varying in uncertainty. EEG alpha desynchrony duration, electrodermal conductance change, and reaction time were the dependent measures. The results showed uncertainty to have no significant effect on any of the neurophysiological measures. There was a significant effect on the reaction time measure. There was no significant correlation between the EEG and electrodermal response measures, nor was there any correlation between either of these measures and reaction time. Results indicated that habituation could occur in the presence of cortical and behavioral arousal. It was concluded that information may be most meaningfully measured behaviorally and that habituation parameters are dependent upon the physiological system being measured.
QUANTIFICATION OF THE REM SLEEP CYCLE AS A RHYTHM
Authors: Globus Gordon G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to develop an objective quantitative method for representing the temporal organization of sleep in terms of the period and rhythmicity of REM sleep occurrences. Data on normative human sleep, already scored for stage REM and not stage REM, were subjected to a “binary autocorrelation.” The mean period over 92 nights of sleep for 10 Ss was 101.5 min and quite stable. Data is also presented on variability of the rhythm in terms of an “index of rhythmicity.” Measures of temporal organization may prove to be as significant for sleep research as amount of the various sleep stages.
EFFICIENCY OF GSR DETECTION OF INFORMATION AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS SET SIZE
Authors: Lieblich Israel , Kugelmass Sol , Ben‐Shakhar Gershox 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe reported studies attempted to evaluate the influence of stimulus set size on the efficiency of detection of information through the analysis of GSR responses. Three stimulus set size variations of a standard card detection test were employed. No significant reduction in absolute detection scores was found as the number of cards was increased, and an analysis based on the Theory of Signal Detection also suggested better autonomic discrimination as the stimulus set size increased.The results suggest that the subject responds to the stimuli by dividing them into a single relevant stimulus and a reject category containing all others.
SELECTIVE HABITUATION OF GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE COMPONENT OF THE ORIENTATION REACTION TO AN AUDITORY STIMULUS
Authors: O'Gorman J. G. , Mangan G. L. , Gowen Joan A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe prediction from Sokolov's (1960) theory that, following OR habituation, size of OR return is proportional to the amount of difference between the new stimulus and the habituating stimulus was tested using an auditory stimulus varying in frequency and intensity. Five Ss were allocated to each of 16 conditions, three conditions involving changes in frequency, three involving changes in intensity, nine involving changes in both frequency and intensity, with one control condition involving a repetition of the habituating stimulus. Following habituation of the GSR component of the OR to a criterion of response failure for three successive trials, magnitude of GSR under the 16 conditions was measured.Contrary to Sokolov's theory, only increase in intensity had a significantly different effect on OR return. More importantly, it was found that Ss habituating rapidly to the initial stimulus were less likely to show OR return to stimulus change. It was concluded that individual differences in habituation rate may be more important than stimulus difference effects in selective habituation.
EXPERIMENTER EFFECTS ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT
Authors: Hicks Ronald G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHuman subjects establish expectancies that often reflect the investigator's orientation before and during an experiment. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effects of subject expectancies as inadvertently influenced by the investigator in a perceptual‐physiological experiment, even to the point where the principal investigator's choice of an “experimentally naive” assistant still reflects his expectancies. Eighteen adult male subjects were randomly assigned to one of three different naive experimenters: (1) an automated procedure, (2) a reserved female, and (3) a sociable female. All the subjects were tachistoscopically presented with 76 four‐letter words which included both socially acceptable and taboo words. The subjects' physiological responses were monitored during the entire experiment. The words were grouped according to their social desirability and were analyzed by a trend analysis of variance. The results demonstrate that both the subject's physiological responsivity and his reporting of socially acceptable and taboo words are dependent upon the experimenter.
STIMULATION IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE AND REACTION TIME
Authors: Thompson Larry W. , Botwinick Jack 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSeveral studies have suggested that reaction time (RT) may be related to variations in blood pressure which occur with each heart beat. This was tested in a series of four studies in which possible effects of the preparatory interval (PI) were controlled. Stimuli were presented at 0, 200, 400, and 600 msec following the R wave, and during the ascending slope of the R, T, and P waves of the cardiac cycle. No relationship was found in any of the four studies between RT and the phase within the cardiac cycle when the stimulus occurred.
ACTIVATION STATES AS ASSESSED BY VERBAL REPORT AND FOUR PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES
Authors: Thayer Robert E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present research was part of a program aimed at examination of the validity of controlled verbal reports of various activation states. A difference score design was used in which four psychophysiological measures and verbal ratings of various activation states were obtained in a baseline and an activation period from 41 female subjects. Verbal reports were then correlated with individual physiological measures and composites or indices of physiological measures. Specifically, two kinds of physiological index were employed, one in which the subject's physiological change score was represented by the single system showing the greatest change, and a second index weighted equally by all four physiological measures. The physiological index using the single system showing the greatest activation yielded slightly greater correlations with verbal report than the other index. Skin conductance and heart rate, the best combination of the four physiological systems measured, correlated as high as .62 with verbal report. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the usefulness and validity of controlled self report and the relative superiority of skin conductance and heart rate among other physiological systems in correlations with verbal report.
SLEEP ANALYSIS AND A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR SELECTIVE DEPRIVATION OF LOW‐VOLTAGE FAST‐WAVE SLEEP IN A SPECIES OF DEERMOUSE P. M. BAIRDI
Authors: Mitler Merrill M. , Levine Ralph 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn Study I electrocorticographic (ECoG) and electromyographic (EMG) records were time‐sampled from each of 3 P. m. bairdi when motionless with eyes closed. Sixty intervals of 5 seconds each were categorized, by standard qualitative criteria, into three arousal states: Low‐voltage, fast‐wave sleep (LVF); High‐voltage, slowwave sleep (HVS); or Waking (W). Independently, each electrophysiological index was scored quantitatively either by counting large changes in ECoG potential or by rating intensity of EMG activity. Analyses indicated in general that the count and rating patterns were strongly associated with the initial qualitative judgments of arousal state, and in particular that low EMG activity was concomitant with LVF. It was hypothesized from these results and from the literature that LVF could be reduced by curtailing low levels of muscle tonus.Study II tested such an hypothesis with 3 more P. m. bairdi. Sixty 5‐second ECoG and EMG records were similarly sampled (when S's eyes were closed), categorized, and independently quantified. Each S was perched over a shock‐grid on a pedestal too small to permit total loss of muscle tonus. These records showed only HVS and W but in ratios slightly altered from those observed for the first 3 animals. Comparing both studies suggested that, by preventing low muscle tonus, the pedestal‐over‐shock‐grid can radically reduce the proportion of LVF in the sleep of P. m. bairdi.
A STRAIN GAUGE PAIN STIMULATOR
Authors: Forgione Albert G. , Barber Theodore X. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFocal pressure, applied to the skin over bone, is a method of evoking experimental pain of an “aching” nature in which actual receptor stimulation is closely related to the applied stimulus. Methodological faults in previous applications of this method are eliminated by a pain stimulator which utilizes a bonded strain gauge.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SKIN CONDUCTANCE MEASURES AS A FUNCTION OF SHOCK THREAT
Authors: Kopacz Frederick M. , Smith Barry D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTInvestigations of sex differences in various electrodermal measures have yielded inconsistent results. The present investigation attempted to examine sex differences primarily as a function of varied conditions of threat (stated probability of receiving electric shock). Thirty males and 30 females were randomly assigned to three conditions: High Threat Probability (HTP), Moderate Threat Probability (MTP), or No Threat Probability (NTP). All Ss heard, under assigned threat instructions, 2 sets of 11 tones, preceded by a nonstimulation period and followed by 11 tones with shock threat removed. Results indicated that the threat conditions did affect electrodermal measures as expected. In addition, males exhibited higher tonic (basal conductance) levels throughout, while females displayed greater phasic reactivity (GSR magnitude) and a larger number of nonspecific GSRs. In addition, nonspecific frequency was affected by the interaction of sex with treatment (threat), such that females displayed higher frequencies under moderate threat, while males increased linearly with increased threat. Degree of stress or threat, the possibility of differential perceptions, and a theory of differential hormonal functioning were applied in interpreting results.
JUDGMENTS OF UCS INTENSITY AND DIMINUTION OF THE UNCONDITIONED GSR
Authors: Schell Anne M. , Grings William W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPerceptions of UCS intensity associated with UCR diminution in a classical conditioning situation were investigated using a procedure in which S matched the loudness of a tone of variable intensity to that of a white noise UCS. Changes in the subjective loudness of the UCS paralleling the changes in UCR magnitude observed with CS‐UCS pairings were found.
FACILITATION OF THE KNEE JERK AS A FUNCTION OF THE INTERVAL BETWEEN AUDITORY AND STRETCHING STIMULI
Authors: Beale Darryl K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to investigate the temporal relationship between auditory and tendon stimulation in the knee jerk stretch reflex of normal human Ss. At each of 20 different ISIs 5 knee jerks were elicited. Results from the 4 Ss showed a two peaked relationship between ISI and reflex response, the first peak occurring at 100 msec ISI and the second at 500 msec ISI. It was concluded that the first peak was the result of a summation of the tonal and stretching effect in the cord, and the second was a result of these effects via the gamma system.
Awareness of Heart Activity and Self‐Control of Heart Rate
Authors: Blanchard Edward B. , Young Larry D. , McLeod Philip 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Ss, high and low in awareness of heart functioning as determined by scores on the heart functioning items of the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire (APQ), were given 10 trials each on which they were to raise or lower their heart rate (HR) using continuous proportional visual feedback. Low aware Ss successfully raised and lowered their HRs on command whereas high aware Ss were not able to make significant alterations in their HRs.
Differential Responsiveness of Two Electrodermal Indices to Psychological Stress and Performance of a Complex Cognitive Task
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSixteen high trait anxious and 16 low trait anxious male Ss were assigned to a high stress (HS) or a low stress (LS) condition and were given differentially stressful instructions. All Ss were then required to perform a complex cognitive task, the Halstead Category Test. Adjusted indices of tonic and phasic exosomatic electrodermal activity were monitored throughout the experiment. Level of tonic skin conductance (SC) was only minimally responsive to the manipulation of psychological stress but increased greatly during cognitive and perceptual activity. Phasic activity increased significantly following psychological stress but not following cognitive and perceptual activity. It was concluded that these results support a multiple component theory of electrodermal activity. Phasic electrodermal activity appears to increase with psychological as well as physical threat and was suggested to be a good index of autonomic emotional arousal. Tonic SC appears to change mainly as a function of cognitive activity.
Cardiovascular Components of Orienting and Defensive Responses
Authors: Hare Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTData from an earlier study of physiological responses to affective visual stimulation were reanalyzed in an attempt to delineate the cardiovascular components of the OR and the DR. A HR response profile to unpleasant stimulation was obtained for each of 49 Ss by computing his average beat‐by‐beat HR response to slides of homicide victims. A hierarchical grouping procedure was then used to group these profiles in terms of similarity. An optimum grouping of three distinct groups of profiles emerged. Group A consisted of 9 Ss whose HR responses were accelerative in nature, Group D of 12 Ss who gave marked decelerative responses, and Group MD of 28 Ss who gave moderate decelerative responses. The cephalic vasomotor response given by Grup A to the homicide slides was vasoconstriction, while the response of Groups D and MD was vasodilation. The results provide some support for the suggestion that the OR consists of HR deceleration and cephalic vasodilation, while the DR consists of HR cceleration and cephalic vasoconstriction. However, it is possible that these “classic” patterns of cardiovascular activity occur in only some Ss and only under certain conditions, and that they may be obscured by the use of undifferentiated group data.
Differential Contributions of Blinks and Vertical Eye Movements as Artifacts in EEG Recording
Authors: Corby James C. , Kopell Bert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBlinks and vertical eye movements were studied as artifacts of EEG recording. The electro‐oculogram (EOG) and vertex vs joined mastoids EEG were recorded in 13 college‐aged subjects. Subjects were asked to blink “normally, without excessive effort,” and move their eyes through vertical visual arcs of 5°, 10°, 20°, 30°, and 60°. The ratio EEG/EOG, the fraction of the EOG potential transmitting to the scalp EEG electrode as artifact, was calculated for potentials generated during both blinks and eye movement. Vertical eye movement scalp EEG artifact was a constant percentage of the vertical eye movement EOG across visual arcs of 10° to 60°. Mean percentage eye blink EEG artifact (9.3%) was significantly (p < .001) less than the mean percentage vertical eye movement artifact (13.9%). Thus, blink and vertical eye movement artifact fields are quantitatively different in terms of their transmission to the scalp (Cz) EEG electrode. Subtraction of a single subject specific percentage of the EOG from the EEG would correct for either artifact source, but different subtraction percentages must be used for each.
Signal Detection and the “Cardiac Arousal Cycle”
Authors: Delfini Leo F. , Campos Joseph J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis was tested that different phases of the cardiac cycle would be associated with differences in either sensory capacity or response bias, as estimated by signal detection analyses. Each of 10 subjects was given 800 signal (SN) and 800 non‐signal (N) trials randomly distributed throughout the cardiac cycle. The signal was a 35 msec duration, 1000 Hz tone, which was preceded by a 1 sec warning light. Electrocardiograph (EKG) cycles were subsequently divided into four phases, and the phase during which the SN or N trial fell was determined. Signal detection analyses performed on auditory sensitivity (d.) and estimate of response bias (Criterion Location) showed no measurable effect of EKG phase on either parameter. Results are discussed in terms of recent neurophysiological findings of cardiac rhythmic input to the nucleus tractus solitarius (which can inhibit cortical arousal), but little cardiac rhythm in the observed output. These considerations imply that “cardiac cycle arousal effects” are likely to be minute or nonexistent.