bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic performance of RC bridges
Authors: Calvi G Michele 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis review presents the most recent trends in bridge design, assessment and retrofitting. An appraisal of the damage caused by recent earthquakes and the typical problems encountered introduces a discussion of the current status of research: consideration of seismic input and interaction with the soil, including liquefaction of soil, recent code provisions and some proposals emerging from recent research in relation to design concepts and philosophy, and methods of analysis. Assessment and strengthening of existing bridges, including artificial isolation, are also reviewed.
Seismic analysis of RC structures
Authors: Fardis Michael N 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis review summarizes the current state‐of‐the‐art and practice of linear elastic seismic analysis of RC structures for codified seismic design and of nonlinear analysis for research purposes. For elastic analysis, the concepts and mechanics of modal dynamic analysis are described, with emphasis on the multimodal response spectrum method and on the combination of modal responses for one‐dimensional or multidimensional internal forces. The two most common nonlinear dynamic solution schemes are described and member‐type hysteretic models are reviewed in detail, with emphasis on the general 3D Fibre models and on simple 1D models, of the distributed and lumped inelasticity types.
Composite slabs
Authors: Wright Howard D 
Published: December 2005

AbstractComposite slabs are now one of the most popular methods of steel frame floor construction in the world. This article describes the history of their development with special reference to the research undertaken to predict their behaviour. The essential nature of the system is that the profiled steel sheeting acts as both a form and reinforcement to the final concrete slab. The use of the sheeting as a form is similar to its use in roofing and cladding when wind and snow are the predominant loads; however, there are sufficient differences to make the design of composite deck profiles unique. The exact nature of the bond between concrete and steel is, in the author's opinion, still not well understood and is the subject of much international research activity. However, it will be concluded that the continuing effort in research in this area is of little practical benefit to improving deck spans as in most situations the slab end support conditions are such as to allow fully composite behaviour.
Safety assessment of structures in nuclear facilities: application of probabilistic methods
Authors: Ellingwood Bruce R 
Published: December 2005

AbstractProbabilistic methods are being used increasingly to provide a framework for rational analysis of uncertainty and to manage risk to engineered facilities from rare events. Facility design, management and regulation must have a wellestablished rationale in today's increasingly litigious society. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the nuclear industry, where probabilistic methods have been applied to improve structural engineering practice in several areas: design of new structures, condition assessment of existing facilities, and probabilistic risk assessment.This review will provide the reader with an idea of the utility of structural reliability methods in the nuclear industry, and will identify some of the challenges that remain as barriers to the use of probabilistic concepts in facility risk management and regulation.
Reliability‐based bridge design and assessment
Authors: Stewart Mark G 
Published: December 2005

AbstractInformation about present and anticipated bridge reliabilities, in conjunction with decision models, provides a rational and powerful decision‐making tool for the design and assessment of bridges. This review describes the concepts, methodology, immediate applications and the potential of reliability‐based bridge design and assessment. Present applications include reliability‐based design specifications and bridge assessment for present conditions. The practical implementation of lifecycle reliabilities promises optimum expenditure when making decisions related to design, construction, inspection, maintenance and repair.
Reliable timber connections
Authors: Madsen Borg 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe review starts with a short description of how our previous knowledge of the strength of timber, based only upon empirical observations, must be changed to reliable strength values based upon an engineering understanding of the structural behaviour of timber.The functional requirements for structural timber connections are then reviewed briefly, and it is emphasized that structural codes are becoming more strict and will not allow some of the lenient attitudes held previously. The traditional connection methods are evaluated relative to today's requirements and found to be wanting.Two engineered timber connection methods are shown to represent a large improvement over traditional connection methods. They will open the doors to structurally indeterminate systems which previously could not be built with timber because the traditional connection methods were unreliable.
Advances in understanding shear performance of concrete structures
Authors: Kuchma Daniel A , Collins Michael P 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRecent research has improved our understanding of the mechanisms of shear resistance, which has enabled the development of improved models for predicting shear strength and shear behavior. These models have been used to develop new and more rational shear design expressions, replacing the complex set of empirical expressions that are used in many codes of practice. They have also been used to develop non‐linear finite element programs that can be used to predict the complete load‐deformation response of complex concrete structures. Additionally, there has been significant progress in developing procedures for using strut‐and‐tie models to proportion reinforcement in disturbed regions. This article summarizes these advances.
Pressure vessel components: some recent developments in strength and buckling
Authors: Blachut J 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article contains a survey of some of the recent literature on the structural integrity of metallic and composite domed closures subjected to external or internal pressure. The article refers to other recent reviews and gives a general overview of recent and current research with which the author has been directly or indirectly concerned. For externally pressurized heads this includes correlation between experimental and numerical results, imperfection sensitivity, low buckling resistance of shallow torispheres, and modelling of wound and handdraped multi‐ply composite domes. For internally pressurized heads, the topics include the plastic buckling paradox, plastic loads and first cycle shakedown pressures. Structural optimization of vessel closures is also mentioned in the article.
Development of the European wind loading Code
Authors: Smith B W 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article outlines the development of the draft Eurocode on wind actions (ENV 1991–2–4). The scope of the draft is described and the derivation of the various parameters needed to define wind actions is outlined. These include meteorological factors to modify the basic wind speed, the treatment of in‐line response and the range of pressure coefficients covered. The future programme to convert the draft into a full Code is outlined.
Presynaptic GABAB receptors on glutamatergic terminals of CA1 pyramidal cells decrease in efficacy after partial hippocampal kindling
Authors: Poon Nick , Kloosterman Fabian , Wu Chiping , Leung L. Stan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that presynaptic GABAB receptors on glutamatergic terminals (GABAB heterosynaptic receptors) decreased in efficacy after partial hippocampal kindling. Rats were implanted with chronically indwelling electrodes and 15 hippocampal afterdischarges were evoked by high‐frequency electrical stimulation of hippocampal CA1. Control rats were implanted with electrodes but not given high‐frequency stimulations. One to 21 days after the last afterdischarge, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were recorded in CA1 of hippocampal slices in vitro, following stimulation of the stratum radiatum. Field EPSPs (fEPSPs) were recorded in CA1 stratum radiatum and intracellular EPSPs (iEPSPs) were recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells. GABAB receptor agonist ± baclofen (10 μM) in the bath suppressed the fEPSPs significantly more in control than kindled rats, at 1 or 21 days after kindling. Similarly, baclofen (10 μM) suppressed iEPSPs more in the control than the kindled group of neurons recorded at 1 day after kindling. Suppression of the fEPSPs by 1 μM N6‐cyclopentyladenosine, which acted on presynaptic A1 receptors, was not different between kindled and control rats. Activation of the GABAB heteroreceptors by a conditioning burst stimulation of CA3 afferents suppressed the iEPSPs evoked by a test pulse. The suppression of the iEPSPs at 250–500 ms condition‐test interval was larger in control than kindled groups of neurons. It was concluded that the efficacy of presynaptic GABAB receptors on the glutamatergic terminals was reduced after partial hippocampal kindling. The reduction in heterosynaptic presynaptic GABAB receptor efficacy will increase glutamate release and seizure susceptibility, particularly during repeated neural activity. Synapse 59:125–134, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lesion of the lateral entorhinal cortex amplifies odor‐induced expression of c‐fos, junB, and zif 268 mRNA in rat brain
Authors: Bernabeu Ramón , Thiriet Nathalie , Zwiller Jean , Di Scala Georges 
Published: December 2005

AbstractParadoxical facilitation of olfactory learning following entorhinal cortex (EC) lesion has been described, which may result from widespread functional alterations taking place within the olfactory system. To test this hypothesis, expression of the immediate early genes c‐fos, junB, and zif 268 was studied in response to an olfactory stimulation in several brain areas in control and in EC‐lesioned rats. Olfactory stimulation in control rats induced the expression of the three genes in the granular/mitral and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb, as well as c‐fos and junB expression in the piriform cortex. However EC lesion was devoid of effects in nonstimulated animals; it significantly amplified the odor‐induced expression of the three genes in these areas, as well as in the amygdala, hippocampus, and parietal‐temporal cortices. The data suggest that EC lesion modifies the neural processing of odor by suppressing an inhibitory influence on brain areas connected to this cortex. Synapse 59:135–143, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactivity Studies of η5‐ Indenyl and η5‐Cp* Ruthenium(II) Complexes towards some Polypyridyl Ligands
Authors: Singh Keisham Sarjit , Mozharivskyj Yurij A. , Kollipara Mohan Rao 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe reaction of [(η5‐L3)Ru(PPh3)2Cl], where; L3 = C9H7 (1), C5Me5 (Cp*) (2) with acetonitrile in the presence of [NH4][PF6] yielded cationic complexes [(η5‐L3)Ru(PPh3)2(CH3CN)][PF6]; L3= C9H7 ([3]PF6) and L3 = C5Me5 ([4]PF6), respectively. Complexes [3]PF6 and [4]PF6 reacts with some polypyridyl ligands viz, 2,3‐bis (α‐pyridyl) pyrazine (bpp), 2,3‐bis (α‐pyridyl) quinoxaline (bpq) yielding the complexes of the formulation [(η5‐L3)Ru(PPh3)(L2)]PF6 where; L3 = C9H7, L2 = bpp, ([5]PF6), L3 = C9H7, L2 = bpq, ([6]PF6); L3 = C5Me5, L2 = bpp, ([7]PF6) and bpq, ([8]PF6), respectively. However reaction of [(η5‐C9H7)Ru(PPh3)2(CH3CN)][PF6] ([3]PF6) with the sterically demanding polypyridyl ligands, viz. 2,4,6‐tris(2‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (tptz) or tetra‐2‐pyridyl‐1,4‐pyrazine (tppz) leads to the formation of unexpected complexes [Ru(PPh3)2(L2)(CH3CN)][PF6]2; L2 = tppz ([9](PF6)2), tptz ([11](PF6)2) and [Ru(PPh3)2(L2)Cl][PF6]; L2 = tppz ([10]PF6), tptz ([12]PF6). The complexes were isolated as their hexafluorophosphate salts. They have been characterized on the basis of micro analytical and spectroscopic data. The crystal structures of the representative complexes were established by X‐ray crystallography.
Anisotropic symmetrization
Authors: Van Schaftingen Jean 
Published: December 2005

The partial anisotropic symmetrization is defined, extending Steiner symmetrization and convex symmetrization. Inequalities of the type of Hardy–Littlewood, Pólya–Szegő and Klimov are proved for this symmetrization, while it is shown that Riesz–Sobolev rearrangement inequalities are not valid. Applications are given to the proof of isoperimetric inequalities, integral inequalities and existence and symmetry of solutions of variational problems.

Résumé
Nous définissons la symétrisation anisotrope partielle, qui est à la fois une extension de la symétrisation de Steiner et de la symétrisation convexe. Nous prouvons des inégalités du type Hardy–Littlewood, Pólya–Szegő et Klimov pour cette symétrisation, alors qu'elle ne vérifie pas d'inégalité de réarrangement du type Riesz–Sobolev. Nous donnons des applications à la preuve d'inégalités isopérimétriques et intégrales ainsi qu'à celle de l'existence et de la symétrie de solutions de problèmes anisotropes.
Third Place—Resident Basic Science Award 1997: Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Causes Elevation of Hearing Thresholds
Authors: Zdanski Carlton J. , Carrasco Vincent , Johnson Kenneth , Prazma Jiri , Pillsbury Harold C. 
Published: December 2005

OBJECTIVENitric oxide mediates the effects of excitatory amino acids in the central nervous system. The excitatory amino acids are thought to be the neurotransmitters at the cochlear hair cell‐afferent nerve synapse. Nitric oxide synthase is present in spiral ganglion cells. This study investigated the role of nitric oxide in cochlear neurotransmission.METHODSIn gerbils, cochlear compound action potential thresholds were recorded before and after cochlear perfusions with control solutions of artificial perilymph solution and test solutions of S‐methyl‐L‐thiocitrulline (MTC), a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Cochleas were also pre‐perfused with L‐arginine before perfusion with a mixture of MTC/L‐arginine (to overcome competitive inhibition by MTC with L‐arginine, the natural substrate of nitric oxide synthase).RESULTSCochlear perfusion with MTC caused significant elevations of compound action potential threshold of 51 dB as opposed to insignificant elevations of only 10 dB in control animals. An insignificant threshold shift of 9 dB was observed when L‐arginine was coperfused with MTC.CONCLUSIONSNitric oxide is involved in neurotransmission/neuromodulation in the cochlea. Because nitric oxide is both a mediator of neurotoxicity and an initiator of apoptosis in the central nervous system, nitric oxide may play a role in these processes in the cochlea.
Beyond the exotic: How ‘Eastern’ is Aida?
Authors: LOCKE RALPH P. 
Published: December 2005

Various commentators on Aida express disappointment that the music for the opera’s main characters is not more distinctive, i.e., does not make much use of the exotic styles that mark the work’s ceremonial scenes and ballets. Others argue that exotic style is mostly confined to female, hence powerless, characters. Much of this commentary draws on the same limited selection of data and observations: the exotic style of those few numbers, the opera’s plot, and the circumstances of the work’s commissioning (by the Khedive of Egypt).The present study aims to broaden the discussion. Most unusually, it dwells on various aspects of words and music that are not in themselves ‘markers’ of exoticism or Orientalism but that nonetheless here manifestly announce traits of this or that character (or group) and thereby communicate indelible impressions of what Egyptians and Ethiopians supposedly ‘are like’ (or were like in an earlier era). For example, the music of the priests is mostly not, as commentators regularly claim, marked by imitative counterpoint; rather, it engages in several distinct archaicising tendencies, some of which characterise the priestly caste (and hence the Egyptian government) as rigid and menacing.In addition, this study calls on such varied evidence (rarely if ever examined in this regard) as costume designs, directions in the disposizione scenica for the opera’s first Italian production, relevant remarks by Verdi and early commentators (including two Egyptians writing in 1901 and a late interview with Verdi about European imperialism), some early sound recordings, and Western fears/knowledge of the Wahhabist strain of Islam then expanding across the Middle East. While such a multifaceted exploration certainly cannot be definitive, it can point to new possibilities for exploration.
Opiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the Australian and South Pacific region
Authors: Carmichael A.E. , Wharton R.A. , Clarke A.R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractOpiine wasps are parasitoids of dacine fruit flies, the primary horticultural pests of Australia and the South Pacific. A taxonomic synopsis and distribution and host records (44% of which are new) for each of the 15 species of dacine-parasitizing opiine braconids found in the South Pacific is presented. Species dealt with are Diachasmimorpha hageni (Fullaway), D. kraussii (Fullaway), D. longicaudata (Ashmead), D. tryoni (Cameron), Fopius arisanus (Sonan), F. deeralensis (Fullaway), F. ferrari Carmichael & Wharton sp. n., F. illusorius (Fischer) comb. n., F. schlingeri Wharton, Opius froggatti Fullaway, Psyttalia fijiensis (Fullaway), P. muesebecki (Fischer), P. novaguineensis (Szépligeti) and Utetes perkinsi (Fullaway). A potentially undescribed species, which may be a colour morph of F. vandenboschi (Fullaway), is diagnosed but not formally described. Fopius vandenboschi sensu stricto, Diachasmimorpha fullawayi Silvestri, Psyttalia concolor Szépligeti and P. incisi Silvestri have been liberated into the region but are not considered to have established: a brief diagnosis of each is included. Biosteres illusorius Fischer is formally transferred to the genus Fopius. A single opiine specimen reared from a species of Bactrocera (Bulladacus) appears to be Utetes albimanus (Szépligeti), but damage to this specimen and to the holotype (the only previously known specimen) means that this species remains unconfirmed as a fruit fly parasite: a diagnosis of U. cf. albimanus is provided. Psyttalia novaguineensis could not be adequately separated from P. fijiensis using previously published characterizations and further work to resolve this complex is recommended. A key is provided to all taxa.
DNA markers for identifying biotypes B and Q of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and studying population dynamics
Authors: Khasdan V. , Levin I. , Rosner A. , Morin S. , Kontsedalov S. , Maslenin L. , Horowitz A.R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe two most widespread biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in southern Europe and the Middle East are referred to as the B and Q-type, which are morphologically indistinguishable. In this study various DNA markers have been developed, applied and compared for studying genetic diversity and distribution of the two biotypes. For developing sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) techniques, single random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments of B and Q biotypes, respectively, were used. The CAPS were investigated on the basis of nuclear sodium channel and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I genes (mtCOI) sequences. In general, complete agreement was found between the different markers used. Analysis of field samples collected in Israel for several years, using these markers, indicated that the percentage of the Q biotype tends to increase in field populations as time progresses. This may be attributed to the resistance of the Q biotype to neonicotinoids and pyriproxyfen and the susceptibility of the B biotype to these insecticides.
Comparative studies on populations of Pauesia juniperorum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a biological control agent for Cinara cupressivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Kairo M.T.K. , Murphy S.T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPauesia juniperorum (Starý), a solitary endoparasitoid which attacks several Cinara spp. in the subgenus Cupressobium, was introduced into Africa for the control of the cypress aphid Cinara cupressivora Watson & Voegtlin (previously identified as Cinara cupressi (Buckton)) and is now established. Data on its biology including a comparison of populations from different hosts and geographical locations are presented. From the UK this consisted of populations reared from Cinara cupressivora, Cinara fresai Blanchard and Cinara juniperi De Geer, and from France, Cinara ?fresai. Between different populations, the duration of development varied within a narrow range (15.5–18.1 days) at 22°C. Data on duration of development over a range of temperatures (15–26°C) for two populations, from the UK and France ranged between 14.0–31.4 days for males and 14.7–32.8 days for females. The threshold temperature for development was 6.2°C and 4.1°C for the populations from the UK and France, respectively. The mean egg load for different populations ranged between 46.4 and 78.5 eggs. The host species had a significant effect on egg load which was directly related to size of the respective host aphids. The lowest egg load was recorded on specimens reared from C. cupressivora which was the smallest aphid. The population from the UK had a higher intrinsic rate of increase (0.232) than the one from France (0.207).
Impact of health service provision on mothers and infants in a rural village in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan
Authors: Northrop-Clewes Christine A , Ahmad Nisar , Paracha Parvez I , Thurnham David I 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective:The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the Health Service Research Project of the Pakistan Medical Research Council (PMRC) on mothers and infants in Budhni village, North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan.Methods:Information from the PMRC records on the socioeconomic and demographic situation over the last 10 years and anthropometric measurements made on all infants from 1986–96 were collected and analysed.Results:The demographic data showed a number of changes, namely a reduction in birth rate and improvements in perinatal, neonatal, infant and child mortality rates. Literacy in the village was poor (27 and 39% literate in 1986 and 1996, respectively) and female literacy showed no improvement (14%). Improvements in sanitation and in the water supply introduced by the PMRC had limited success, as clean water was subsequently contaminated by unclean hands and utensils, and 50% of the population continued to use open fields for sanitation. In 1986 only 27% of children 0–5 years were vaccinated, but by 1996, 96% of children had completed polio, diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT) and bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination programmes and 95% of women of child-bearing age were vaccinated against tetanus. Protection against tetanus reduced neonatal deaths and from 1333 onwards there have been no further cases.Anthropometric data for the period 1986–96 for infants (0–24 months) showed that at birth the majority of infants were close to the 50th National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) centile for weight and length, and only 5% of birth-weights were less than 2.5 kg. Growth charts showed faltering in length and weight and by 24-months length in both boys and girls was below the 3rd NCHS centile and weights were just above.Conclusions:Reductions in child mortality have occurred over the period 1986–96. However, the slow progress in adopting hygienic practices, despite health education, and the low literacy rates, particularly in women, may hamper continued improvement.