bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of China's Rural Land Policy and Administration on Rural Economy and Grain Production
Authors: Zhang Hongye , Li Xiaofeng , Shao Xiaomei 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe distinctive changes in China's rural land policy and administration have exerted significant impacts on China's rural socioeconomic development and grain production, either positively or negatively. This article reviews the changes of China's rural land policy and administration in the recent 5 decades. After the land reform accomplished in 1952 and the people's commune system implemented during 1952–1978, China adopted a house responsibility system, which was proven to be effective for increasing grain output and peasants’ income. Yet, it preserved the urban–rural dichotomous economy, formed in the people's commune era, which placed agriculture in a secondary position. The low efficiency in agricultural production and the small‐scale household management, under the current rural land policy and administration, stimulated the transfers of agricultural laborers to the nonagricultural sectors and cultivated land to urban land. Grain production and cultivated land protection in China are conducted most times under the political mandates rather than the economic guidance. Although the previous rural land policies and the strict residence registration helped China to avoid problems prevailing in prime cities of other developing countries, compulsorily asking peasants to grow more grain and to stay in their native land resulted in outstanding social injustice, vulnerable grain production systems, and poverty in rural areas. There are also outstanding conflicts among the interests of central government, local governments, collectives, and peasant households. More flexible rural land policies and more strict cultivated land administrations could be solutions for improving the profitability of grain production and protecting the rapidly declining cultivated land. Compensations for the low profitability in grain production are also needed to encourage an increase in grain output and rural economy.
Stratum corneum in psoriasis vulgaris. A transmission and scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Brody Isser , Mishima Yutaka , Matsunaka Masahiro 
Published: April 2006

This is a transmission and scanning electron microscopic study of stratum cerneum in psoriasis vulgaris.In transmission electron microscopy numerous granules and vacuoles are observed. They display the same variations in size and shape and the same arrangement and distribution in the cytoplasm. They are also observed in the intercellular space. Both single and confluent granules and vacuoles occur. The granules contain either a rather opaque homogeneous or heterogeneous substance. Usually the vacuoles appear to be electron‐optically empty, but many vacuoles containing substances similar to those in the granules are also found. The cell surfaces may be smooth, or they may show areas with numerous single excavations and excavations in rows, areas with distinct cytoplasmic protrusions and areas with a more regularly wavy shape.In scanning electron microscopy the cell surfaces may be predominantly smooth; they may display pores and areas with villi. Well‐developed and low villi occur.In this paper it is suggested that the excavations along the cell surfaces are the result of an excretion of single and confluent granules and vacuoles into the intercellular space. and that the excavations may correspond to the pores and the distinct eytoplasmic protrusions to the well‐developed villi.
Lichen planus and chronic graft‐versus‐host reaction.In situidentification of immunocompetent cell phenotypes
Authors: Gomes M. A. , Schmitt D. S. , Souteyrand P. , Ohrt C. , Brochier J. , Thivolet J. 
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the present study was lo examine the phenotype of the cutaneous immunocompetent cells in lichen planus and chronic graft versus host (GVH) reaction infiltrates, by the use of monoclonal antibodies directed against T cell populations and Langerhans cells.Our results in lichen planus suggest an immunological reaction similar to the delayed hypersensitivity reaction, including all the immunocompetent cell sub‐populations, with a first stage of antigenic information by Langerhans cells (OKT6 +, BL6 +, HLA‐DR+) and helper cells, and a second stage mediated by suppressor/cytotoxic cells.The results from the study of GVH reaction also suggest an effect mediated by suppressor/cytotoxic cells (OKT3+, OKT4−, OK.T8+, HLA‐DR+).Our results favour the existence of a lymphocytotoxic process in lichen planus and chronic GVH reaction.
Flow cytometry of keratinocytes
Authors: Clausen O. P. F. 
Published: April 2006

A prerequisite for using flow cytometry (FCM) is the availability of isolated single cells. Procedures for separation and isolation of keratinocytes from animals and man are available, and the resulting single cell suspensions have been subjected to FCM measurements. The major advantage of the method is the accuracy and speed with which a variety of cellular constituents can be quantified. FCM of keratinocytes has, hitherto, been mainly confined to measurements of nuclear DNA for estimation of cell‐cycle distributions and for ploidy studies.In mouse epidermis, cell‐cycle distributions were estimated from sequentially obtained DNA histograms and evaluated with other cell kinetic measurements, resulting in new information about epidermal cell‐cycle progression, not achievable by any of the methods alone. The best way, therefore, to increase our knowledge of keratinocyte proliferation, is the combined use of DNA FCM and other cell kinetic methods.DNA FCM has also been applied to healthy and diseased human epidermis, and may add valuable information to the classification of skin disease in selected cases. It is believed that further progress in the characterization of keratinocyte growth and development will depend on parameters other than DNA alone.
The pathogenesis of odontogenic cysts: a review
Authors: Browne R. M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.The pathogenesis of the three common forms of odontogenic cyst is discussed. It is concluded that the dental cyst arises from proliferation of the epithelial rests of Malassez in a focus of inflammation stimulated by pulpal necrosis of the associated tooth. It enlarges by unicentric expansion from the hydrostatic pressure of its contents.The dentigerous cyst arises from pooling of inflammatory exudate, which is derived from the obstructed follicular veins of an unerupted tooth and accumulates between the reduced enamel epithelium and the crown of the tooth. It enlarges by unicentric expansion from the hydrostatic pressure of its contents.The odontogenic keratocyst arises by proliferation of the residues of the dental lamina, possibly as a hamartomatous abnormality. It enlarges by both multicentric expansion due to the proliferation of localized groups of epithelial cells in the lining and by unicentric expansion from the hydrostatic pressure of its contents.
The histology of prolonged candidal infection of the rat's tongue
Authors: Russell C. , Jones J. H. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Long‐term candidal infection of the rat's tongue has been found to produce marked epithelial hyperplasia with keratin trapped between the folds of hyperplastic epithelium. The epithelium showed atypia which did not amount to carcinoma in situ. Degenerative changes were found in the superficial layers of the lingual muscle beneath areas of candidal infection, and after a year, hyalinized fibrous tissue appeared to replace the damaged muscle.
Changes in the Fine Structure of the Human Dental Pulp Subsequent to Carious Exposure
Authors: Torneck Calvin D. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Sections of human pulp tissue taken from the region of a carious exposure in four young patients each having a clinical history of spontaneous dental pain were examined with the electron microscope. All the tissues examined exhibited a generalized edema, and an infiltration with lymphocytes, plasma cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. Varying degrees of lysis of pulp and inflammatory cells were evident. The unmyelinated nerve axons of the pulp appeared to be least affected. Extracellular lysosomes were present in many of the necrotic areas. Edematous vacuoles were noted in two of the pulp specimens. In some of the sections these vacuoles appeared to be responsible for a physical distortion of adjacent unmyelinated nerve axons. It was postulated that such distortion may be a contributing factor to the pain of pulpitis.In another of the pulp specimens, micro‐organisms were found intracellularly and extracellularly. Intracellularly they were present within the cytoplasm of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages and exhibited evidence of lysis. Only two morphological forms, a gram positive rod, and a gram positive coccus were identified.
The effect of turpentine on hamster cheek pouch mucosa: a model of epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis
Authors: Craig G. T. , Franklin C. D. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Hamster cheek pouches were painted thrice weekly with 50% v/v turpentine in liquid paraffin over periods ranging from 1 day to 16 weeks. Pouch mucosa was examined histologically for changes and measurements of epithelial thickness were made with a calibrated eyepiece micrometer.An increase in epithelial thickness was first observed 48 h after a single painting and was accompanied by inflammatory changes in both epithelium and connective tissue. Maximal epithelial thickening occurred after 9 weeks of thrice weekly painting. Cheek pouches of animals left without further treatment for up to 1 year following 9 weeks painting were indistinguishable from controls.The epithelial response to treatment with turpentine is that of a reversible benign epithelial hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis.
Focal epithelial hyperplasia in a group of South Africans: Its clinical and microscopic features
Authors: van Wyk C. W. , Staz J. , Farman A. G. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Thirty‐seven cases of focal epithelial hyperplasia were discovered among pupils of reform schools and none among pupils of ordinary schools. This difference in occurrence was significant (P < 0.01). Lesions were either discrete papules or clusters of papules; and the lining mucosa was the most affected part. Eighteen cases were examined microscopically revealing the typical features of the condition. The fact that these lesions occurred in a select group of pupils all of whom are classified as Cape Coloureds point to either a selective distribution of the disease or a spread of the disease among people living in communal circumstances. This pattern of distribution coupled with the clinical and histological features would fit a disease of viral origin which is also communicable.
Intra‐uterine healing of fetal rat oral mucosal, skin and cartilage wounds
Authors: Goss Alastair N. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Orofacial wounds, including rupture of the palate, were surgically created in utero on 19½ day Sprague Dawley rat fetuses. Six hours prior to sacrifice 0.1 mgm/100 gm maternal body weight of colchicine was injected subcutaneously. Five fetuses in each group of operated and unoperated controls were sacrificed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h postoperatively. Serial histological sections in the frontal plane were stained with hemotoxylin and eosin and modified Mallory's.Rapid and complete epithelialization of oral and skin wounds was observed within the 72 h period. There was a complete lack of inflammatory response, scab formation and involvement of nasal epithelium in healing. Nasal cartilage wounds rapidly rounded off and the perichondrium reformed without evidence of callus formation. These findings are discussed in regard to the etiology of some congenital defects and the prospect of fetal surgical correction of orofacial deformity.
Efficacy of XeCl‐308 excimer laser in fusing hydroxyapatite to seal the root apex
Authors: Mor C. , Stabholz A. , Neev J. , Rotstein I. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Sealing the root apex during apical surgery is important for a successful outcome. The effect of XeCl‐308 nm excimer laser irradiation on the fusion and seal of hydroxyapatite to the root apex was tested in extracted human teeth. Twenty‐four roots of intact single‐rooted premolars were instrumented to size 30 K‐file at the apex leaving a patent apical foramen. The apex of each tooth was covered with a freshly prepared paste of hydroxyapatite powder mixed with saline. The samples were then divided into two groups. In 12 teeth, the apical area was irridiated with XeCl‐308 nm excimer laser at a fluence of 0.7 J/cm2 for 5 s with pulse repetition rate of 25 Hz and a spot size of 0.13 cm2 immediately after the hydroxyapatite application. In the other 12 teeth, no laser treatment was performed after the hydroxyapatite application. The roots were mounted on a model for the detection of radicular leakage of hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide leakage of each sample was measured and the difference between the test groups compared. The ability of the hydroxyapatite plug to prevent hydrogen peroxide leakage at the apex was also tested by applying compressed air from the triple syringe on the coronal access preparation for 2 min. Apical leakage was found in four teeth in the lased group and in eight teeth in the non‐plased group. However, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant.Compressed air applied to the coronal access caused hydrogen peroxide leakage in all the teeth. Under the conditions of this study, the laser treatment did not seem to significantly improve the ability of the irradiated hydroxyapatite plug to seal the root apex.
Three cases of pancreatic serous cystadenoma and endocrine tumour
Authors: Blandamura Stella , Parenti Anna , Famengo Barbara , Canesso Alessandra , Moschino Paolo , Pasquali Claudio , Pizzi Sara , Guzzardo Vincenza , Ninfo Vito 
Published: April 2006

Aims:To report three cases of serous cystadenoma and endocrine tumour in the same pancreas, to review the literature and to evaluate the clinicopathological features of the tumours.Cases:Three women (71, 57 and 31 years old) were admitted to hospital, two for diseases unrelated to the pancreas and the third for increasing obstructive jaundice in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Preoperative examination showed two distinct lesions in the first patient and only cystic lesions in the other two.Results:Histological examination of the pancreas showed one serous oligocystic adenoma associated with a benign, well-differentiated endocrine tumour, one serous oligocystic adenoma associated with an endocrine microadenoma, and a von Hippel-Lindau-related cystic neoplasm with a well-differentiated endocrine carcinoma.Conclusions:Serous cystadenoma associated with endocrine tumour shows some clinicopathological differences with respect to the two tumours considered separately, and with respect to von Hippel-Lindau-related cases, although there is no convincing evidence at present to justify considering this association as a separate entity.
EXPERIMENT AND THEORY IN COMPUTATIONS OF THE He ATOM GROUND STATE
Authors: SCHWARTZ CHARLES 
Published: April 2006

Extensive variational computations are reported for the ground state energy of the non-relativistic two-electron atom. Several different sets of basis functions were systematically explored, starting with the original scheme of Hylleraas. The most rapid convergence is found with a combination of negative powers and a logarithm of the coordinate s = r1 + r2. At N = 3091 terms we pass the previous best calculation (Korobov's 25 decimal accuracy with N = 5200 terms) and we stop at N = 10257 with E = -2.90372, 43770, 34119, 59831, 11592, 45194, 40444, …. Previous mathematical analysis sought to link the convergence rate of such calculations to specific analytic properties of the functions involved. The application of that theory to this new experimental data leaves a rather frustrating situation, where we seem able to do little more than invoke vague concepts, such as "flexibility." We conclude that theoretical understanding here lags well behind the power of available computing machinery.
Point:Counterpoint: Cardiovascular variability is/is not an index of autonomic control of circulation
Authors: Parati Gianfranco , Mancia Giuseppe , Rienzo Marco Di , Castiglioni Paolo 
Published: April 2006

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE POINT:COUNTERPOINT DEBATES This series of debates was initiated for the Journal of Applied Physiology because we believe an important means of searching for truth is through debate where contradictory viewpoints are put forward. This dialectic process whereby a thesis is advanced, then opposed by an antithesis, with a synthesis subsequently arrived at, is a powerful and often entertaining method for gaining knowledge and for understanding the source of a controversy. Before reading these Point:Counterpoint manuscripts or preparing a brief commentary on their content (see below for instructions), the reader should understand that authors on each side of the debate are expected to advance a polarized viewpoint and to select the most convincing data to support their position. This approach differs markedly from the review article where the reader expects the author to present balanced coverage of the topic. Each of the authors has been strictly limited in the lengths of both the manuscript (1,200 words) and the rebuttal (400). The number of references to publications is also limited to 30, and citation of unpublished findings is prohibited.
Differences in MAP kinase phosphorylation in response to mechanical strain in asthmatic fibroblasts
Authors: Le Bellego Frédérique , Plante Sophie , Chakir Jamila , Hamid Qutayba , Ludwig Mara S 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Mechanical strain alters protein expression. It results in phosphorylation of MAP kinases and up-regulation of extracellular matrix proteins. We investigated whether phosphorylation of MAP kinase family members was increased in response to mechanical strain in fibroblasts from asthmatic patients (AF) and normal controls (NF), and whether phosphorylation of these signaling molecules would be different in the two cell populations.

Methods
Fibroblasts were obtained from mild, atopic asthmatics and non-atopic volunteers using endobronchial biopsy. Cells were grown on flexible, collagen I-coated membranes, and subjected to mechanical strain (Flexercell). MAP kinase phosphorylation was measured at baseline, and during one hour of strain. We also examined the effect of strain on proteoglycan production.

Results
At baseline, there was increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, and decreased phosphorylation of JNK in AF vs NF. During strain in NF, p38 phosphorylation was increased. Conversely in AF, strain resulted in an increase in JNK phosphorylation, had no effect on phosphorylation of p38, and resulted in a decrease in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. There was a significant increase in versican protein production after 24 h strain in both AF and NF. JNK inhibition reversed the strain-induced increase in versican in NF, but had no effect in AF.

Conclusion
These results show that there are phenotypic differences in MAP kinase phosphorylation in AF vs NF, and that different signaling pathways are involved in transducing mechanical stimuli in these two populations of cells.
Scratch lottery tickets are a poor incentive to respond to mailed questionnaires
Authors: Finsen Vilhjalmur , Storeheier Andreas H 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
It has been demonstrated that the enclosure of money with a mailed questionnaire increases the response rate significantly. We evaluated scratch lottery tickets as an alternative to cash.

Methods
1500 randomly selected Norwegians between the ages of 40 and 65 years were sent a short questionnaire. 250 received one lottery scratch ticket worth 20 Norwegian kroner (approximately 3 US$) together with the questionnaire, 250 received two scratch tickets, and 250 were promised two scratch tickets if they replied within one week. A fourth group of 250 persons received a 50 kroner banknote with the questionnaire. The remaining 500 letters served as controls.

Results
The overall response rate after 6 weeks was 77%. Logistic regression analysis showed that only the 50 kroner group had a response rate that was statistically significantly higher than the controls (p < 0.0001). It was also significantly higher than that in any of the other incentive groups (p < 0.0001, p < 0.004 and p < 0.0001 respectively). Female sex (p < 0.001) and age (p < 0.002) increased the response rate significantly.

Conclusion
It is possible that the recipients scratched their cards before completing the questionnaire, and that it was a disincentive for the majority that they did not win anything. Lottery scratch tickets are no substitute for cash as an incentive to respond to a questionnaire.
Eradication of common pathogens at days 2, 3 and 4 of moxifloxacin therapy in patients with acute bacterial sinusitis
Authors: Ariza Horacio , Rojas Ramon , Johnson Peter , Gower Richard , Benson Alice , Herrington Janet , Perroncel Renee , Pertel Peter 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) is a common infection in clinical practice. Data on time to bacteriologic eradication after antimicrobial therapy are lacking for most agents, but are necessary in order to optimize therapy. This was a prospective, single-arm, open-label, multicenter study to determine the time to bacteriologic eradication in ABS patients (maxillary sinusitis) treated with moxifloxacin.

Methods
Adult patients with radiologically and clinically confirmed ABS received once-daily moxifloxacin 400 mg for 10 days. Middle meatus secretion sampling was performed using nasal endoscopy pre-therapy, and repeated on 3 consecutive days during treatment. Target enrollment was 30 bacteriologically evaluable patients (pre-therapy culture positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis and evaluable cultures for at least Day 2 and Day 3 during therapy visits), including at least 10 each with S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae.

Results
Of 192 patients enrolled, 42 were bacteriologically evaluable, with 48 pathogens isolated. Moxifloxacin was started on Day 1. Baseline bacteria were eradicated in 35/42 (83.3%) patients by day 2, 42/42 (100%) patients by day 3, and 41/42 (97.6%) patients by day 4. In terms of individual pathogens, 12/18 S. pneumoniae, 22/23 H. influenzae and 7/7 M. catarrhalis were eradicated by day 2 (total 41/48; 85.4%), and 18/18 S. pneumoniae and 23/23 H. influenzae were eradicated by day 3. On Day 4, S. pneumoniae was isolated from a patient who had negative cultures on Days 2 and 3. Thus, the Day 4 eradication rate was 47/48 (97.9%). Clinical success was achieved in 36/38 (94.7%) patients at the test of cure visit.

Conclusion
In patients with ABS (maxillary sinusitis), moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily for 10 days resulted in eradication of baseline bacteria in 83.3% of patients by Day 2, 100% by Day 3 and 97.6% by Day 4.