bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bovine virus diarrhoea – Mucosal disease complex. A clinician's review of the history and current status of a fascinating disease
Authors: RADOSTITS O M 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The diseases caused by bovine virus diarrhoea virus are reviewed in the light of the new information emerging on its pathogenesis and epidemiology. In addition to the well known congenital defects caused by the virus, it is now clear that infection of the foetus before immunocompetence (125 days of gestation) can result in persistent viral infection and immunotolerance of the foetus which can be continued into postnatal life. Such cattle may be clinically normal, or unthrifty and may survive for up to 2 to 3 years of age or until they develop acute fatal mucosal disease following superinfection disease following virus, usually at 6 to 18 months of age. Persistently infected breeding females can give birth to persistently infected cattle and establish infected maternal families.The evidence for the role of the BVDV in reproductive failure in cattle, calf diarrhoea, pneumonia and immunosuppression is reviewed briefly.Prevention of the economically important diseases caused by BVD virus is dependent on detection of persistently viraemic cattle and vaccination of immunocompetent breeding females well before breeding.
The occurrence, cost and control of sawfly larval (Lophyrotoma interrupta) poisoning of cattle in Queensland 1972–81
Authors: DADSWELL L. P. , ABBOTT W. D. , McKENZIE R. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A postal survey of cattle producers in the Maranoa, Warrego and Leichhardt districts of Queensland where poisoning of cattle by larvae of the sawfly (Lophyrotoma interrupta) occurs was carried out in 1982 with 179 replies (64% of those contacted). During 1972–81, 50 farms with 84,300 cattle experienced deaths (5254 on 37 farms) during July to September. The worst years were 1975 (955 deaths) and 1979 (1895 deaths). Heavy losses occurred on 9% of farms. These were where the silver‐leaved iron bark (Eucalyptus melanophloia) was most common. To prevent the disease, 37 graziers moved cattle from dangerous areas and 52 partly removed E. melanophloia from their farms. 31 fed supplements to try to prevent the pica thought to cause cattle to eat larvae. 53 who had suffered sporadic or no deaths took no action. The survey results indicated that cattle should not be returned to dangerous areas until early October.The estimated total yearly cost from reduced carrying capacity, control measures and deaths was $1,100,000 (1981 values).Improved control by advice on property management and a better knowledge of the population dynamics of the sawfly was suggested. The use of antidotes or toxoids was thought inappropriate.
Enzootic pneumonia of pigs in South Australia — factors relating to incidence of disease
Authors: POINTON A. M. , HEAP P. , McCLOUD P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Environmental and management conditions of 15 herds with a high‐prevalence (>70%) of enzootic pneumonia of pigs at slaughter were compared with 16 herds with a low‐prevalence (<30%) to determine factors commonly predisposing pigs to enzootic pneumonia in South Australia. Comparisons were made of herds having <100 sows (fully intensive units) and also small herds having 20 to 70 sows (sideline units). Half the herds were visited in summer and half in winter to detect seasonal factors.In small herds, factors commonly found associated with a high prevalence of enzootic pneumonia were larger numbers of pigs per shed section (p<0.001), larger group sizes (p<0.01) and draughty farrowing and weaner accommodation (p<0.01). In large herds, factors associated with a high prevalence were higher pen stocking rate (p<0.05) and airspace stocking rate (p>0.05), and a trend toward higher atmospheric ammonia levels in summer (p<0.1).
Diseases and parasites of cattle in Vanuatu
Authors: SCHANDEVYL P. , DELEU D. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA study of cattle diseases was carried out in Vanuatu from 1971 to 1981. Tuberculosis was discovered in 4 herds and eradication was completed by 1981. The number of farms with brucellosis reactors increased from 2 in 1976 to 7 in 1978 despite eradication measures. Antibodies to serovars Leptospira icterohaemorrhaglae, australis, sejroe and canicola were demonstrated by the microscopic agglutination test. Antibodies were demonstrated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and bovine virus diarrhoea/mucosal disease complexes. Of the 18 parasites identified, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Haemonchus, sp, Oesophagostomum phlebotomum and Neoascaris vitulorum were the most prevalent. As brucelossis is the only serious disease present, Vanuatu is in a favourable situation with regard to cattle diseases.
Completion of the cycle for transmission of sarcosporidiosis between cats and sheep reared specific pathogen free
Authors: FORD G E 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The confirmation of a cat‐sheep transmission for visible sarcocysts was achieved in specific pathogen free (SPF) animals by completing sheep‐cat‐sheep‐cat passages during 1977–79. The study used 22 laboratory cats and 15 specially bred sheep. Experimental sheep were dosed with sporocysts recovered from cats fed visible sarcocysts. “Giant” or “fat” form of macroscopic sarcocysts commonly found on the oesophagus were first demonstrated in the SPF sheep at 17 months after dosing. The sarcocysts from these sheep were infective to cats. Thus, the cycle of transmission for cat‐borne ovine sacosporidiosis was completed.Grazing sheep in some situations develop visible cysts earlier, around one year of age, hence it is considered that the infections of experimental sheep in SPF conditions may not reflect all the circumstances leading to natural infection.
Prospects for the use of embryos in the control of disease and the transport of genotypes
Authors: SHELTON J N 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Transfer and low temperature storage of embryos are now proven techniques for a number of mammalian species. These techniques are useful in control of disease and in saving genotypes from infected animals. The place of embryos in the epidemiology of disease depends upon whether the causative organism can gain entry to the oocyte before or at fertilisation and on whether the young embryo can be invaded by organisms in the uterine environment. There is little evidence that important live‐stock diseases are transmitted via gametes. The zona pellucida surrounding the embryo is an effective barrier against a number of important disease organisms; in some cases the embryo is susceptible once it has hatched from the zona pellucida. It is important therefore in considering the use of embryos in disease control, to ensure that virus is not attached to the surface of the zona pellucida from where it can infect the recipient and/or the embryo after hatching. Washing procedures have been devised together with the use of enzymes and antisera to remove virus from the surface of embryos. Some viruses enter pores and sperm tracks in the zona and removal of these may present a problem. African swine fever virus has been shown to resist removal by treatment with enzymes. There are no guidelines as to the likely interaction between a certain virus and embryos. Therefore each virus of interest must be tested to determine whether it can be transmitted via washed embryos. Nevertheless there are numerous instances of the use of embryo transfer to eradicate a specific disease or to save valuable genetic material from infected animals without transmitting disease.Embryo transfer and related technology offers a cheap and humane method of transporting genotypes and it is appropriate that research continue into the reactions between embryos of the major mammalian species and the causative agents of the important animal diseases.
The toxicity of phomopsin for sheep
Authors: PETERSON J. E. , JAGO M. V. , PAYNE A. L. , STEWART P. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Pure phomopsin was administered to young Merino x Border Leicester wethers by single subcutaneous (SC) and by single and multiple intraruminal (IR) injection. The toxicity after IR injection was influenced by the size of individual doses and the time over which the total dose was given. At high levels of ingestion the toxicity of phomopsin may be limited by absorption rates; with low daily doses the capacity to repair liver damage may be sufficient to prevent cumulative effects.By SC injection a single dose of 10μg/kg approximated the LD50. By IR injection the overall clinical, biochemical and histological responses closest to these of this SC dose resulted from a single dose of 1,000 μg/kg. The same total dose administered at daily rates of 50 or 200 μg/kg was more toxic and killed all sheep. A single dose of 500 μg/kg caused significant liver damage, but no deaths. Single doses of 125 and 250 μg/kg and repeated daily doses of 12.5 μg/kg over 16 weeks caused no detectable tissue damage. Inappetence was the most sensitive indicator of phomopsin toxicity.About 10% of the sheep differed substantially from the rest of the flock in their susceptibility to phomopsin poisoning.
Effects of helminth infection on the pre‐weaning production of ewes and lambs: comparison between safe and contaminated pasture
Authors: WALLER P J , AXELSEN A. , DONALD A D , MORLEY F H W , DOBSON R J , DONNELLY J R 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYComparison was made of the performances of cross‐bred ewes and their lambs on pastures of low helminth infectivity (“safe” pastures) or contaminated pastures and at high or low stocking rates. Ewes grazing the safe, but not the contaminated, pastures were given a single pre‐lambing drench. The largest difference in parasite infection between treatments was the level of exposure of sheep to Trichostrongylus spp, which was negligible on the safe pastures. The effects of parasite control on lamb growth were significant only in twins during the last 2 months before weaning. However, 22% of lambs on contaminated plots became soiled in the breech area and 38% were flystruck, compared with 8% and 10% respectively for lambs on the safe pastures. Ewe bodyweight gains were greater at low than at high stocking rate and were not affected by the parasite control treatments; differences in breech soiling and fly strike were similar to those in the lambs. Most importantly the parasite treatment produced a highly significant effect on ewe fleece weight at weaning.Ewes drenched and lambing on the safe pastures produced an extra 0.43 kg of wool, calculated to represent an increase of at least 40% during this period at the low‐level of parasitic infection.
Isolation and characterisation of Bordetella avium and related species and an evaluation of their role in respiratory disease in poultry
Authors: BLACKALL P J , DOHENY C M 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA total of 24 Gram negative non fermentative bacteria obtained from poultry were compared with reference strains of Bordetella avium, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bordetella bronchiseptica and a Bordetella aw'um‐like organism. Thirteen isolates were identified as B. avium and 11 were identified as B. avium‐like. A commercial microidentification kit (the API20NE) did not identify the field isolates but did separate them correctly into the 2 groups. A practical identification scheme, suitable for diagnostic laboratories, is proposed for these organisms. The available clinical histories suggest that B. avium is associated with upper respiratory tract disease in turkeys. Aust Vet J64: 239–240
The relationship between certain blood cations in cows with milk fever and both the state of consciousness and the position of cows when attended
Authors: FENWICK DC 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: In one study, a comparison was made of the concentrations and ratios of certain blood cations in 2 groups of cows with milk fever, one showing normal consciousness (n = 8) and the other depressed consciousness (n = 24). There were no significant differences in the mean concentrations of serum total calcium, plasma inorganic phosphorus and potassium, erythrocyte sodium and potassium, the serum calcium/serum magnesium ratio or the plasma sodium/erythrocyte sodium ratio. There were significant differences (all P < 0.05) in the mean (± SD) concentrations of serum magnesium and plasma sodium concentrations, and the plasma sodium/serum magnesium ratio of 0.8 ± 0.28 vs 1.2 ± 0.37 mmol/l, 155 ± 3.0 vs 147 ± 6.4 mmolll and 180 ± 40.1 vs 116 ± 34.1 for normal vs depressed cows, respectively.In a second study, a comparison was made of the concentrations and ratios of the same blood cations in 3 groups of cows in different positions when attended for milk fever, namely standing (n = 6), sternal recumbency (n = 24) and lateral recumbency (n = 31). There were no significant differences between the mean concentrations or ratios of any of the cations.
Causes of death in sheep exported live by sea
Authors: RICHARDS RB , NORRIS RT , DUNLOP RH , McQUADE NC 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Post‐mortem examinations were conducted on 950 dead and terminally ill sheep during assembly for export and during transport by sea from Fremantle, Western Australia to various Middle East ports. Causes of death were grouped into 5 major categories; inanition (deaths associated with reduced feed intake, including hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia), salmonellosis (enteric and septicaemic), trauma, diseases associated with excessive feed intake (lactic acidosis and enterotoxaemia) and miscellaneous diseases (mostly of farm origin).During assembly the causes of death were salmonellosis 53.4%, miscellaneous diseases 23.8%, trauma 12.6%, inanition 10.2%, acidosis 3.9%, enterotoxaemia 3.4% and no diagnosis was made in 3.4%. During shipping the causes of death in defined populations of sheep in 5 voyages were; inanition 43.4%, salmonellosis 20.2%, trauma 10.6%, miscellaneous diseases 5.9%, enterotoxaemia 1.0% and no diagnosis was made in 19.0%.The range of mortality rates per 10,000 sheep at risk for the first 11 days at sea in 5 voyages were inanition 52.6 to 76.7, salmonellosis 7.8 to 109.8, trauma 2.1 to 17.1, miscellaneous diseases 5.9 to 17.1 and enterotoxaemia nil to 10.3.
The effects of duration and concentration of plasma progesterone on the fertility of post‐partum cows treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin and intravaginal progesterone
Authors: MUNRO RK 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The effects of duration of insertion of progesterone releasing devices (PRIDs) on the concentrations of plasma progesterone (plasma P4) and the relationship of these with fertility were examined respectively in ovariectomised and intact Bos taurus cattle.In experiment 1, ovariectomised cows (n = 14) were treated with PRIDs to produce high and low plasma P4 for 7 or 14 days giving 4 treatment groups designated H7, H14, L7 or L14. Mean plasma P4 in the H14 and L14 groups were 6.6 and 6.0 ng/ml respectively, during the first week and 5.4 and 3.8 ng/ml respectively, during the second. Mean plasma P4 of 6.3 and 4.2 ng/ml were observed in H7 and L7. In experiment 2, suckled cows (n = 171) received the same PRID treatments as cows in experiment 1, plus either 375 or 750 iu pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, and subsequent calving rates were recorded. These were significantly lower after L7 than the other treatments (12%⊻ 38%, P < 0.025). These results showed that fertility after oestrus was closely related to plasma P4 observed before oestrus and indicated that treatment with progesterone for as little as 1 week can produce normal fertility providing plasma P4 attain a critical threshold during treatment.
Avian infectious bronchitis: cross‐protection studies using different Australian subtypes
Authors: ENDO‐MUNOZ LB. , FARAGHER JT. 
Published: March 2008

The cross‐immunity of vaccinated chickens after challenge with some Australian infectious bronchitis viruses was assessed by humoral antibody responses and by ciliary activity in tracheal rings of vaccinated chickens following challenge.Four viruses were used for vaccination: Vac 3, Vac 4, both current infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses, and Q1/76 and N2/62. IBV N1/62 (synonym T0 and infectious bronchitis virus N9/74 (synonym Appin) were used to challenge the vaccinated chickens.Results showed a lack of correlation between humoral antibody levels and protection. Cross‐immunity was found after vaccination with each subtype, but was lower for Vac 3 and Vac 4 than for Q1/76 and N2/62.
Lymphoid leucaemia in a dog after chemotherapy for mast cell sarcomas
Authors: STEEL RJS 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 10‐year‐old Golden Labrador developed a well‐differentiated lymphoid cell leucaemia during chemotherapy for a malignant mast cell tumour. Similar treatment had been carried out 2 years previously for another mast cell tumour. The possibility of an association between the anti‐neoplastic chemotherapy and the lymphatic leucaemia is discussed.
Fat malassimilation in three cats
Authors: NICHOLSON A. , WATSON ADJ , MERCER JR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThree cats were thin despite eating well. Steatorrhoea was confirmed in each by 72‐hour fat assimilation tests. Fat digestibility in all 3 increased twofold when the diet was supplemented with pancreatic enzymes, suggesting the possibility of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. However, examination of stained faecal smears gave evidence of both maldigestion and malabsorption of fat, without maldigestion of starch, and only one case had indications of protein maldigestion. In the latter cat, fat digestibility normalised with pancreatic enzyme supplementation and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was considered likely. However, at post‐mortem examination enteropathy and pancreatitis, but not exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, were found. The cause of fat malassimilation in these cats was unknown. The evaluation of malassimilation in cats is difficult because investigative tests used in other species are either unsuitable or have not been evaluated in cats.
Effect of insecticidal ear tags on populations of lice (Damalinia ovis) infesting sheep
Authors: JAMES PJ , MEADE RJ , POWELL D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPolymer matrix ear tags containing 13.7% w/w tetrachlorvinphos or 8.5% w/w cypermethrin were applied to Merino wethers infested with lice and carrying two months wool. The cypermethrin tags reduced louse numbers by a maximum of 89% in comparison to controls at 16 weeks after treatment and by 85% at the conclusion of the experiment 38 weeks after application. Lice were not eradicated from any sheep. The number of lice counted on sheep treated with tetrachlorvinphos‐impregnated tags was not significantly different from controls.
A farming systems study of abortion in dairy cattle on the Atherton Tableland: 3. Metabolic factors
Authors: NORTON JH , SHEPHERD RK , TRANTER WP , CAMPBELL RSF 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn association with a rank correlation of 0.55 (p = 0.06) was obtained between monthly rainfall and monthly abortions for a group of 24 farms in tropical Australia where cows grazed predominantly summer rain‐dependent pasture. A similar association was found among cows grazing nitrogen‐fertilised, irrigated pasture in winter in the same area. On farms with irrigated pasture the first service conception and abortion rates in herds which grazed intensively during the night (abortion 8.9%; first service conception 42.9%) differed significantly from those which grazed during the day (abortion 6.4%; first service conception 52.9%), and this suggested that increased abortion rates and decreased first conception rates may be part of the one syndrome. An hypothesis was developed that the feeding of immature nitrogen‐fertilised pasture, rich in protein and stimulated by rain or irrigation, is associated with an increased abortion rate and a depressed conception rate.Other evidence included an increased susceptibility of first lactation cows to abortion, a lower abortion rate in late pregnant dry cows fed more mature pasture, a 20% repeat abortion rate in the population sampled and the lack of conclusive evidence for infectious and selected non‐infectious agents. There were no other observed clinical signs in most aborting cows.
A farming systems study of abortion in dairy cattle on the Atherton Tableland: 4. Pasture composition and plasma progesterone concentrations of pregnant cows in affected herds
Authors: NORTON JH , TRANTER WP , CAMPBELL RSF , IVERS N. , MARTIN P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTo provide more evidence for an apparent association between immature, high protein pasture diets and abortion in dairy cows on the Atherton Tableland in tropical north Queensland, pastures and cows on 4 farms were sampled on 5 occasions during a 7‐month period. Pasture samples were analysed for dry matter (DM), protein, nitrate and fibre content. Plasma progesterone concentrations were determined in 18 to 20 pregnant cows.Fifty‐four pasture samples (38 grass and 16 legume) were analysed and the distribution for 3 DM ranges was: 10% to 14.9%—20 samples, 15% to 19.9%—27 samples and 20% to 24.9%—7 samples, while the distribution for 4 protein ranges was: 15% to 19%—5 samples, 20% to 24%—20 samples, 25% to 29%—21 samples and 30% to 34%—8 samples. Both pasture protein and DM content fluctuated with time. Pasture nitrate was low and insignificant while fibre (cell wall) levels appeared to be satisfactory for ruminant nutrition.Significant differences occurred between the mean plasma progesterone levels on 3 of the 4 farms. Raised levels in pregnant cows suggested the possibility of increased progesterone production in response to a previous low progesterone crisis or, alternatively, a decreased metabolic clearance rate of progesterone in pregnant cows on a declining plane of nutrition towards the end of the summer wet season. Progesterone data were not available from cows which previously aborted.It is suggested that high protein and low DM in the pasture were related to the abortions through reduced plasma progesterone caused either by a reduced availability of precursors for progesterone formation or by an increased metabolic clearance rate of plasma progesterone. These options require further experimental confirmation.
Synthetic pyrethroid resistance in field samples in the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus)
Authors: NOLAN J. , WILSON JT , GREEN PE , BIRD PE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFirst evidence of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in the cattle tick in Australia, other than the pre‐existing cross‐resistance in DDT‐resistant ticks, has emerged. Three new strains have been investigated and characterised. The first, detected in central Queensland, showed increased ability to detoxify pyrethroids resulting in a marginal loss of efficacy of all pyrethroid tickicides tested, except flumethrin. Subsequently two more strains have been detected, with serious implications for chemical tick control. The first, from southern Queensland, has a high level of specific resistance to flumethrin. The second, from central Queensland, has a broad spectrum resistance encompassing all pyrethroids currently in use. The toxicology and biochemistry of these new resistant strains have been investigated and alternative tickicides evaluated. The significance of these latest developments is discussed.
An outbreak of Mycobacterium bovis infection in fallow deer (Dama dama)
Authors: ROBINSON RC , PHILLIPS PH , STEVENS G. , STORM PA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn an outbreak of Mycobacterium bovis infection in fallow deer in South Australia, 3 herds related by recent movement of deer were infected. From these 3 infected herds, 47 of 51 animals were tuberculous at necropsy. A range of lesions was seen most of which differed from classical bovine tuberculosis in that pus was a white liquid, fibrous encapsulation was not marked and calcification was rare. Histopathology was of classical tuberculosis. M. bovis was cultured from lesions and M. avium‐intracellulare was cultured from one deer with no visible lesions. The source of M. bovis infection has not been determined.