bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect on Body Weight and Safety of RC-1291, a Novel, Orally Available Ghrelin Mimetic and Growth Hormone Secretagogue: Results of a Phase I, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple-Dose Study in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Garcia Jose M. , Polvino William J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Purpose.
RC-1291 is a novel, oral ghrelin mimetic and growth hormone (GH) secretagogue being developed to increase appetite and lean muscle mass in patients with cancer-associated anorexia/cachexia. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose, dose-escalation phase I study in healthy volunteers evaluated RC-1291 once daily (qd) and twice daily (bid) for effect on body weight and safety.

Methods.
The study was conducted with three sequential groups of volunteers. Panel A subjects (n = 8) received placebo or RC-1291, 25 mg qd, for 5 days. Panel B subjects received RC-1291, 25 mg bid or 50 mg qd, for 6 days then crossed over to the other dosage for 5 days (n = 12); three subjects received placebo for all 11 doses to maintain double-blinding. Panel C subjects (n = 9) received placebo or RC-1291, 75 mg qd, for 6 days.

Results.
Subjects who received RC-1291, 50 or 75 mg, had significant dose-related weight gain after 6 days versus placebo, with the greatest increases seen with daily dosing. The mean increase in weight from baseline after 50 mg qd was 1.25 ± 0.725 kg (p = .0022 versus placebo), and after 75 mg qd it was 1.16 ± 0.651 kg (p = .0022 versus placebo). One subject in the 50 mg qd group had moderate transient elevation in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. No other laboratory or clinical adverse events of consequence were reported.

Conclusions.
Results indicate that RC-1291 produces dose-related increases in body weight with no dose-limiting adverse effects, and may be an effective treatment for anorexia/cachexia.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor–Associated Cutaneous Toxicities: An Evolving Paradigm in Clinical Management
Authors: Lynch Thomas J. , Kim Ed S. , Eaby Beth , Garey Jody , West Dennis P. , Lacouture Mario E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs) have demonstrated improved overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer; however, their use is associated with dermatologic reactions of varying severity. The similar spectrum of events observed with monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors suggests such toxicities are a class effect. While such reactions do not necessarily require any alteration in EGFRI treatment, being best addressed through symptomatic treatment, there is limited evidence on which to base such therapies. In October 2006, at an international and interdisciplinary EGFRI dermatologic toxicity forum, the underlying mechanisms of these toxicities were discussed and commonly used therapeutic interventions were evaluated. Our aim was to reach a current consensus on management strategies. A three-tiered, EGFRI-focused toxicity grading system is suggested for the purposes of therapeutic decision making, and as a framework on which to build a stepwise approach to intervention. This approach to successful management is specifically tailored to accurately categorize dermatologic toxicity associated with EGFRIs, and can be easily applied by all health care professionals. The goal is to maximize quality of life in patients who are being treated with these agents—many of whom will be on these drugs for several months or even years.
How are we to understand the ‘intercultural dimension’?
Authors: Crichton Jonathan , Scarino Angela 
Published: May 2007

The internationalisation of education has become a major focus of international, national and institutional attention, reflected in a substantial and expanding literature on how internationalisation is manifested, how it might be promoted, its implications for areas such as government policy, strategic planning and management, educational quality, student mobility, teaching and learning, and the place of language and culture in teaching and learning. There is also general agreement in the literature on the need for internationalisation to include an ‘intercultural dimension’.
In this paper, we examine how we are to understand the ‘intercultural dimension’ in higher education. Our approach is based on an analysis of current constructions of this dimension, to argue that these constructions are neither individually nor in combination capable of meeting the challenge of internationalisation. Drawing on recent studies undertaken at the University of South Australia, we propose culture as ‘intercultural’ as an alternative construction.
Congenitally Missing Mandibular Incisors and Mandibular Symphysis Morphology
Authors: Endo Toshiya , Ozoe Rieko , Kojima Koji , Shimooka Shohachi 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To explore the association between congenital absence of permanent mandibular incisors and craniofacial and mandibular symphysis morphology in Japanese orthodontic patients.
Materials and Methods: A total of 27 girls with one or two congenitally absent mandibular incisors (group M) were selected and divided into group 1M (16 girls with the absence of one incisor) and group 2M (11 girls with the absence of two incisors). In addition, 20 other Japanese girls without hypodontia and with little or no mandibular incisor crowding were enrolled as a control (group C). Using the lateral cephalogram of each subject, 17 angular, 8 linear, and 3 area measurements were made for evaluation of craniofacial and mandibular symphysis morphology. The cephalometric data thus obtained were statistically analyzed and compared between the groups.
Results: A significantly greater retroclination of the retained mandibular incisors was found in group 1M than in group C. Groups 1M and M showed a significantly greater retroclination of mandibular alveolar bone than group C. Groups 2M and M exhibited a significantly smaller mandibular symphysis area than group C.
Conclusion: The retroclination of the mandibular incisors and alveolar bone and the reduced mandibular alveolar bone area should be taken into consideration in planning orthodontic treatment on patients with congenitally missing permanent mandibular incisors.
Mandibular Growth Changes and Cervical Vertebral Maturation
Authors: Gu Yan , McNamara James A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate mandibular dimensional changes and regional remodeling occurring during five intervals of circumpubertal growth.
Materials and Methods: This investigation evaluated a unique sample of subjects in whom tantalum implants were placed into the craniofacial complex during childhood. The sample was obtained from the Mathews and Ware implant study originally conducted at the University of California San Francisco in the 1970s, with longitudinal cephalometric records of 20 subjects (13 female, 7 male) available for evaluation. Cephalograms at six consecutive stages of cervical vertebral maturation (CS1 through CS6) were analyzed.
Results: Peak mandibular growth was noted during the interval from CS3 to CS4. Forward rotation of the mandible was due to greater mandibular growth posteriorly than anteriorly. Progressive closure of the condylar-ramus-occlusal (CRO) angle resulted in a forward and upward orientation of the ramus relative to the corpus of the mandible due to increased vertical growth of the condyle.
Conclusions: A peak in mandibular growth at puberty was substantiated. Mandibular remodeling and condylar rotation continue to occur after the growth spurt.
Mechanical Characteristics of Various Orthodontic Mini-screws in Relation to Artificial Cortical Bone Thickness
Authors: Song Young-Youn , Cha Jung-Yul , Hwang Chung-Ju 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of cortical bone thickness on the maximum insertion and removal torque of different types of self-drilling mini-screws and to determine if torque depends on the screw design.
Materials and Methods: Three different types of self-drilling mini-screws (cylindrical type [Cl], taper type [Ta], taper type [Tb]) were inserted with the use of a driving torque tester at a constant speed of 3 rotations per minute. Experimental bone blocks with different cortical bone thicknesses were used as specimens.
Results: Differences in the cortical bone thickness had little effect on the maximum insertion and removal torque in Cl. However, with Ta and Tb, the maximum insertion torque increased as the cortical bone thickness increased. The maximum insertion torque of Tb was highest in all situations, followed by Ta and Tb, in that order. Cl showed less torque loss in all cortical bone thicknesses and a longer removal time compared to Ta or Tb. There were significant relationships between cortical bone thickness, maximum insertion and removal torque, and implantation time in each type of self-drilling mini-screw.
Conclusion: Since different screw designs showed different insertion torques with increases in cortical bone thickness, the suitable screw design should be selected according to the cortical thickness at the implant site.
Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to Different Types of Brackets
Authors: Papaioannou William , Gizani Sotiria , Nassika Maria , Kontou Efterpi , Nakou Melachrini 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To examine the difference in the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to three different types of orthodontic brackets and the effect of the presence of an early salivary pellicle and Streptococcus sanguis on adhesion.
Materials and Methods: Three adhesion experiments were performed using stainless steel, ceramic, and plastic orthodontic brackets. In the first experiment a clinical strain of S mutans adhered to the three different types of brackets (n = 6 for each). For the second, the brackets were treated with saliva before adhesion of S mutans (n = 6 per type of bracket). Finally, the third experiment concerned saliva coated brackets (n = 6 per type of bracket), but before S mutans, S sanguis bacteria were allowed to adhere. The bacteria were always allowed to adhere for 90 minutes in all the experiments. Adhesion was quantitated by a microbial culture technique by treating the brackets with adhering bacteria with trypsin and enumerating the total viable counts of bacteria recovered after cultivation.
Results: There were consistently no differences in the adherence to stainless steel, ceramic, or plastic brackets. The presence of an early salivary pellicle and S sanguis reduced the number of adhering S mutans to all three types of brackets.
Conclusions: Adhesion of bacteria to orthodontic brackets depends on several factors. The presence of a salivary pellicle and other bacterial species seem to have a significant effect on the adhesion of S mutans, reducing their numbers and further limiting any differences between types of brackets.
Intrusion of Overerupted Molars by Corticotomy and Orthodontic Skeletal Anchorage
Authors: Moon Cheol-Hyun , Wee Jin-Uk , Lee Hyun-Sun 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article describes the orthodontic treatment of a 26-year-old female patient with overerupted left maxillary molar teeth. Her chief complaint was that the maxillary left first and the second molar intruded into the space required for the mandibular left first and the second molars, preventing prosthodontic treatment. The authors performed a corticotomy and used orthodontic skeletal anchorage with a miniplate and orthodontic miniscrews with a head modified to provide a specially designed hook. With this approach, they were able to achieve a sufficient amount of molar intrusion without discomfort, root resorption, or extrusion of the adjacent teeth. The first molar was intruded 3.0 mm and second molar was intruded 3.5 mm during 2 months of treatment. These results have been maintained for 11 months.
Three-dimensional Facial Morphometry of Attractive Children and Normal Children in the Deciduous and Early Mixed Dentition
Authors: Sforza Chiarella , Laino Alberto , D'Alessio Raoul , Dellavia Claudia , Grandi Gaia , Ferrario Virgilio Ferruccio 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objectives: To identify possible esthetic canons in facial size and shape of Italian children.
Materials and Methods: The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks (forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, ears) were collected in 220 healthy reference children (4–9 years old) and in 89 “attractive” children of a similar age group selected by a commercial casting organization. Soft-tissue facial angles, distances, and volumes were computed. Comparisons were made with the Student's t-test.
Results: Attractive children had a larger face than the reference children, with a larger maxilla and forehead; overall, their faces were wider and deeper, but less vertically developed. Lips were more voluminous in attractive children, with a higher mouth. The nose was larger in attractive children than in reference children. The soft-tissue facial profile was more convex in attractive children, with a more prominent maxilla relative to the mandible.
Conclusions: Overall, considering that in the analyzed ages body growth and dental changes are very fast and individually determined, all the measurements appeared sufficiently homogenous, and the quantitative characteristics of an “attractive” face well defined. Esthetic reference values can be used to determine optimal timing and goals in orthodontic treatment.
Noncompliance Open-Bite Treatment with Zygomatic Anchorage
Authors: Erverdi Nejat , Usumez Serdar , Solak Alev , Koldas Tamer 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the dentoalveolar and skeletal effects of the new-generation open-bite appliance.
Subjects and Methods: The study group was composed of 11 subjects with a mean age of 19.5 years who underwent intrusion of the posterior dentoalveolar segment using an open-bite appliance supported by bilateral zygomatic implants. The study was carried out on lateral cephalograms of the subjects taken before treatment and after intrusion. The mean intrusion time was 9.6 months.
Results: The mean intrusion measured as the distance of the U6 to the palatal plane was 3.6 ± 1.4 mm (P &lt; .001). This resulted in an average of 3.0° ± 1.5° of closure of the Go-Gn-SN angle (P &lt; .001). The gain in the overbite was 5.1 ± 2.0 mm (P &lt; .001), and the overjet was reduced by 1.4 ± 1.5 mm (P &lt; .01). The change in the occlusal plane angle was an average of 2.4° ± 1.4° counterclockwise rotation (P &lt; .001). The lower facial height was also decreased significantly by 2.9 ± 1.3 mm (P &lt; .001). No significant changes were observed in the SNA angle and incisor positions (P &gt; .05), except for the interincisal angle, which was increased by 3.5° (P &lt; .05).
Conclusion: Zygomatic anchorage can be used effectively for open-bite correction through posterior dentoalveolar intrusion.
Appropriate Oral Hygiene Motivation Method for Patients with Fixed Appliances
Authors: Ay Zuhal Yetkin , Sayın Mözgür , Özat Yener , Goster Tuba , Atilla A. Onur , Bozkurt F. Yeşim 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To determine the most appropriate oral hygiene motivation method (OHMM) for orthodontic patients with fixed appliances.
Materials and Methods: A total of 150 orthodontic patients, scheduled for their regular controls, were included in this study. The patients were divided into five groups (n = 30) according to the verbal OHMM and instructed as follows: only verbal information (V), verbal information with demonstration on model (M), verbal information with demonstration on model and self application by the patient (M+A), verbal information using the illustration catalog (I), and verbal information using the illustration catalog and self application by the patient (I+A). All of the applications of the patients were made under the supervision of the clinicians. The periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], and bleeding on probing [BOP]) were recorded at the baseline (before the instructions of the OHMM), 1 week later, and 4 weeks after the OHMM.
Results: All periodontal parameters showed significant decreases after 4 weeks in all OHMM groups (P &lt; .05). I+A group has significantly lower PI scores and BOP percentages than the other groups (P &lt; .05) after 4 weeks. The difference between the V group and M+A, I, and I+A groups in the GI scores were significant (P &lt; .05), and the I+A group has presented the lowest GI score.
Conclusions: The OHMM applied by the patients under the supervision of the clinician seemed to be more successful in the elimination of plaque and inflammatory symptoms in patients with fixed appliances.
Third-Molar Development in Relation to Chronologic Age in Turkish Children and Young Adults
Authors: Sisman Yildiray , Uysal Tancan , Yagmur Fatih , Ramoglu Sabri Ilhan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: To assess estimation of chronologic age based on the stages of third-molar development following the eight stages (A–H) method of Demirjian et al and to compare third-molar development by sex and age with results of previous studies.Materials and Methods: The final sample consisted of 900 orthopantomograms from young Turkish subjects of known chronologic age (range, 8–25 years; mean age, 15.18 ± 4.81 years) and sex (380 males with a mean age of 14.51 ± 4.55; 520 females with a mean age of 15.67 ± 4.94). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and the Wilcoxon test between sex and age. Regression analysis was performed to obtain regression formulas for dental age calculation with the chronologic ageResults: Statistically significant differences (P &lt; .05) in third-molar development between males and females were revealed regarding the calcification stages D and G. Third-molar genesis was attained earlier in males than in females. Statistical analysis showed a strong correlation between age and third-molar development for males (r2 = .65) and for females (r2 = .61). New equations (Age = 8.92 + 1.50 Development stage) were derived for estimating chronologic age.Conclusion: The use of third molars as a developmental marker is appropriate, especially when comparing the obtained standard deviation with other skeletal age calculation techniques.
Which Way Forward? Fixed or Removable Lower Retainers
Authors: Atack Nikki , Harradine Nigel , Sandy Jonathan R. , Ireland Anthony J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To determine whether lower lingual, canine to canine, bonded multistrand retainers prevent relapse of lower labial segment alignment following fixed appliance therapy and to compare this with lower Hawley-type removable retainers.
Materials and Methods: Two groups of 29 patients were identified. Group 1 had bonded lower canine to canine multistrand retainers placed following debonding, whereas Group 2 had lower Hawley-type retainers (with acrylic labial to the incisors) fitted following debonding. Study models were taken of all patients at debonding (T1) and at least 1 year post debonding (T2). Changes in Little's index over the study period were recorded using a reflex microscope.
Results: Statistically significant changes in Little's index occurred in the lower labial segment of both study groups (P = .001) over the observation period. There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of change in Little's index between the bonded and removable retainer groups (P = .13). Bonded retainers tended to be placed in older patients (P = .02).
Conclusions: Relapse can occur in the lower labial segment with both fixed and removable retainers. The amount of relapse seen with both types of retainer is not statistically significantly different.
En Masse Retraction and Two-Step Retraction of Maxillary Anterior Teeth in Adult Class I Women
Authors: Heo Wook , Nahm Dong-Seok , Baek Seung-Hak 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To compare the amount of anchorage loss of the maxillary posterior teeth and amount of retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth between en masse retraction and two-step retraction of the anterior teeth.
Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 30 female adult patients with Class I malocclusion and lip protrusion who needed maximum posterior anchorage. The sample was subdivided into group 1 (n = 15, mean age = 21.4 years, en masse retraction) and group 2 (n = 15, mean age = 24.6 years, two-step retraction). Lateral cephalograms were taken before (T1) and after treatment (T2). Nine skeletal and 10 anchorage variables were measured, and independent t-test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: Although the amount of horizontal retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth was not different between the two groups, there was mild labial movement of the root apices of the upper incisors in group 2 at T2. There were no significant differences in the degree of anchorage loss of the maxillary posterior teeth between the two groups. Bodily and mesial movements of the upper molars occurred in both groups. Approximately 4 mm of the retraction of the upper incisal edges resulted from 1 mm of anchorage loss in the upper molars in both groups.
Conclusion: No significant differences existed in the degree of anchorage loss of the upper posterior teeth and the amount of retraction of the upper anterior teeth associated with en masse retraction and two-step retraction of the anterior teeth.
Cephalometric Analysis of Nonobese Snorers Either with or Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Tsai Hung-Huey , Ho Ching-Yin , Lee Pei-Lin , Tan Ching-Ting 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To determine if there is an indicator on the lateral cephalometric radiograph that can be used for the differential diagnosis of severe obstruct sleep apnea syndrome and simple snoring in nonobese young male adults.
Materials and Methods: The subjects were Taiwanese male patients with a complaint of snoring and/or sleep apnea, whose body mass index was less than 25 kg/m2 and who were younger than 40 years old. Forty-six patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea and 36 patients with simple snoring were selected and underwent lateral cephalometric radiography, from which 24 linear and 34 angular measurements were calculated. Differences between the two groups were studied, and a discriminatory analysis was performed.
Results: Soft palate length, mandibular body length, tongue size, and distance from the hyoid bone to the mandibular plane were significantly larger in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Of the original grouped cases, 76.5% were correctly classified using these five variables. The position of the hyoid bone in simple snorers was near the straight line from the third vertebra to the menton, whereas the position of the hyoid bone in severe obstruct sleep apnea syndrome patients was far below the line from the third vertebra to the menton.
Conclusion: The position of the hyoid bone relative to the line from the third vertebra to the menton can be used as an indicator for a diagnosis of severe obstruct sleep apnea syndrome in nonobese young male Taiwanese adults.