bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine-scale growth patterns in coral skeletons: biochemical control over crystallization of aragonite fibres and assessment of early diagenesis
Authors: Cuif J. P. , Dauphin Y. , Meibom A. , Rollion-Bard C. , Salomé M. , Susini J. , Williams C. T. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Recent works have paved the way for an understanding of the scale at which environmental signals might be recorded in coral skeletons. In this paper, the resulting structural and chemical insights are exemplified by a
Goniastrea
corallite. The bulk of the coral skeleton consists of fibrous aragonite, which in turn is constructed by sequential growth of micrometre thick layers, oriented parallel to the local growth direction. These growth layers consist of nanograins (50–100 nm) of aragonite that appear to be crystallized in close association with a matrix, conceivably proteoglycans, which seem to coat individual nanograins. These observations contradict the traditional notion that coral fibre consists of ‘a single crystal of orthorhombic aragonite’.

Additionally, the ultrastructural observations provide us with criteria to assess early diagenetic effects. Some Lower Norian corals from South Anatolia (Turkey) display extremely well-preserved mineralogy and structures. They have also preserved the organic components of their skeletons from which it has been demonstrated, through a study of the Nitrogen isotopic composition, that photosynthesis was involved in the metabolism of these early Scleractinia. But even in these remarkably preserved corals, we find evidence for diagenetic changes at the nanometre scale, concerning both the amount of organic matrices and the appearance of the aragonitic nano-granular units. Such micro-structural observations call for caution when interpreting isotopic effects in the fossil coral record.
Modern deep-sea benthic foraminifera: a brief review of their morphology-based biodiversity and trophic diversity
Authors: Gooday A. J. , Nomaki H. , Kitazato H. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Most fossil deep-sea foraminifera are multichambered and have relatively robust, calcareous or agglutinated shells. Modern assemblages, on the other hand, include many fragile monothalamous (single-chambered) forms and komokiaceans (a superfamily of protist currently placed within the foraminifera) with soft test walls. These groups are poorly known and most of the hundreds of morphospecies recognized in deep-sea samples are undescribed. The relative abundance of robust and fragile taxa varies with water depth and food supply. Calcareous and other hard-shelled species tend to predominate in relatively eutrophic areas, particularly on continental margins, but decrease as a proportion of the ‘entire’ live fauna (i.e. including soft-shelled species) with increasing water depth, even above the CCD (carbonate compensation depth). Most of the species on which the foraminiferal proxies used in palaeoceanography are based live in these bathyal regions. At abyssal depths, and particularly below the CCD, faunas are largely agglutinated and dominated by monothalamous forms. These assemblages have a much lower fossilization potential than those found on continental margins. In addition to carbonate dissolution, these patterns probably reflect adaptations to increasingly oligotrophic conditions on the ocean floor with increasing depth and distance from land. Bathyal species include herbivores and opportunistic deposit feeders (omnivores) that consume labile organic material, in addition to deep-infaunal deposit feeders, and must contribute significantly to carbon cycling. Many abyssal monothalamous foraminifera, in constrast, accumulate stercomata (waste pellets composed of fine sediment particles) and probably ingest sediment, associated bacteria and more refractory organic matter. Some monothalamous species without stercomata may be bacteriovores. Although they probably process organic carbon at a slower rate than calcareous species, the shear abundance of monothalamous taxa at abyssal depths suggests that they are important in carbon cycling on a global scale. The loss of a substantial proportion of foraminiferal biomass and biodiversity from the fossil record should be considered when using foraminifera to reconstruct palaeoproductivity, for example, by using the Benthic Foraminiferal Accummulation Rate (BFAR). Different dietary preferences among calcareous species have implications for the stable carbon isotope signal preserved in their shells.
On the use of benthic foraminiferal δ
13
C in palaeoceanography: constraints from primary proxy relationships
Authors: Mackensen Andreas 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Recent findings are reviewed from observations in the field on the generation of the δ
13
C signal in shells of live (Rose Bengal stained) benthic foraminifera, and end up with implications for the interpretation of fossil signatures. The δ
13
C values of calcite tests of preferentially epifaunal foraminifera principally reflect the δ
13
C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of ambient seawater, whereas infaunal species record a porewater signal, both with an offset from equilibrium calcite. Species occupying the deepest average living depth in the sediment usually exhibit lowest δ
13
C test values, but δ
13
C values of conspecific specimens at a single site do not decrease with increasing subbottom depth and decreasing porewater δ
13
C
DIC
. Organic carbon fluxes to the sediment surface are generally reflected by infaunal species such that lowered δ
13
C values coincide with high fluxes, but even strictly epifaunal species may reflect seasonally pulsed phytodetritus supply by depleted test δ
13
C. In high-productivity environments, however, where dissolved oxygen and sedimentary carbonate contents are low, benthic foraminiferal tests show
13
C enrichment probably due to carbonate-ion undersaturation. Ontogenetic increase in δ
13
C values of certain infaunal species suggests a slow-down of metabolic rates during test growth and decreasing fractionation with age. At sites of active methane discharge δ
13
C values of infaunal species reflect low pore water δ
13
C
DIC
values, documenting active methane release in the sediment, whereas lowered δ
13
C values of strictly epifaunal species are most probably the result of incorporation of
13
C depleted methanotrophic biomass.
Facts through fiction
Authors: Westman Hans 
Published: September 2008

Welcome to the 2008 SIGGRAPH conference and to the August e-quarterly issue of "Computer Graphics".
I am excited about the submissions in regards to both the breadth in content as well as the geographic location of the contributors, which is an indicator of how truly global the SIGGRAPH organization is.
Murat Kurt and Muhammed Gökhan Cinsdikici at the International Computer Institute, Ege University, Turkey have written a paper on "bidirectional reflectance distribution functions" (BRDFs) and approaches to solving memory and measurement noise problems. Jonathan Amakawa, Instructor at The Art Institute of Pittsburgh, delves into preserving facts through fiction by researching the use of video game technology to archive Japanese culture as illustrated in his article "Exploring the World of 16th Century Japanese Castles and Samurai in Real-time 3D".
VisFiles brings us another interesting article by way of Norway and Austria, this time about illustrative visualization, discussing digital and traditional techniques and technologies.
Canadian Neil Schneider takes up the subject of popularizing 3D Stereoscopics in the "Members at work" section and has submitted a two part interview with the world renowned Dr. Robert Cailliau, Co-Developer of the WWW.
Following the first Antics article written by founder Philip Swinstead, Brad Kolacinski has submitted the second in a series of three entitled "If You Animate It, They will Come", which presents examples of how 3D is being used in the classroom.
Last but not least, don't forget to read the "calls for participation" by Rick Barry for the SIGGRAPH 2008 SpaceTime, Second Life Exhibition and by Anna Ursyn for The History of Computer Graphics and Digital Art Project.
Mechanism of In vitro Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth Inhibition by Melanoma Differentiation–Associated Gene-7/Interleukin-24 and Perillyl Alcohol
Authors: Lebedeva Irina V. , Su Zhao-zhong , Vozhilla Nichollaq , Chatman Lejuan , Sarkar Devanand , Dent Paul , Athar Mohammad , Fisher Paul B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The death rate for pancreatic cancer approximates the number of new cases each year, and when diagnosed, current therapeutic regimens provide little benefit in extending patient survival. These dire statistics necessitate the development of enhanced single or combinatorial therapies to decrease the pathogenesis of this invariably fatal disease. Melanoma differentiation–associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) is a potent cancer gene therapeutic because of its broad-spectrum cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing properties as well as its multipronged indirect antitumor activities. However, pancreatic cancer cells show inherent resistance to mda-7/IL-24 that is caused by a block of translation of mda-7/IL-24 mRNA in these tumor cells. We now reveal that a dietary agent perillyl alcohol (POH) in combination with Ad.mda-7 efficiently reverses the mda-7/IL-24 “protein translational block” by inducing reactive oxygen species, thereby resulting in mda-7/IL-24 protein production, growth suppression, and apoptosis. Pharmacologic inhibitor and small interfering RNA studies identify xanthine oxidase as a major source of superoxide radical production causing these toxic effects. Because both POH and Ad.mda-7 are being evaluated in clinical trials, combining a dietary agent and a virally delivered therapeutic cytokine provides an innovative approach for potentially treating human pancreatic cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(18):7439–47]
Contributions of Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperatures to Enhanced East African Rainfall
Authors: Ummenhofer Caroline C. , Sen Gupta Alexander , England Matthew H. , Reason Chris J. C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractLinks between extreme wet conditions over East Africa and Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures (SST) are investigated during the core of the so-called short rain season in October–November. During periods of enhanced East African rainfall, Indian Ocean SST anomalies reminiscent of a tropical Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) event are observed. Ensemble simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model are used to understand the relative effect of local and large-scale Indian Ocean SST anomalies on above-average East African precipitation. The importance of the various tropical and subtropical IOD SST poles, both individually and in combination, is quantified. In the simulations, enhanced East African “short rains” are predominantly driven by the local warm SST anomalies in the western equatorial Indian Ocean, while the eastern cold pole of the tropical IOD is of lesser importance. The changed East African rainfall distribution can be explained by a reorganization of the atmospheric circulation induced by the SST anomalies. A reduction in sea level pressure over the western half of the Indian Ocean and converging wind anomalies over East Africa lead to moisture convergence and increased convective activity over the region. The pattern of large-scale circulation changes over the tropical Indian Ocean and adjacent landmasses is consistent with an anomalous strengthening of the Walker cell. The seasonal cycle of various indices related to the SST and the atmospheric circulation in the equatorial Indian Ocean are examined to assess their potential usefulness for seasonal forecasting.
Freshwater Flux (FWF)-Induced Oceanic Feedback in a Hybrid Coupled Model of the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Zhang Rong-Hua , Busalacchi Antonio J. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The impacts of freshwater flux (FWF) forcing on interannual variability in the tropical Pacific climate system are investigated using a hybrid coupled model (HCM), constructed from an oceanic general circulation model (OGCM) and a simplified atmospheric model, whose forcing fields to the ocean consist of three components. Interannual anomalies of wind stress and precipitation minus evaporation, (P − E), are calculated respectively by their statistical feedback models that are constructed from a singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis of their historical data. Heat flux is calculated using an advective atmospheric mixed layer (AML) model. The constructed HCM can well reproduce interannual variability associated with ENSO in the tropical Pacific. HCM experiments are performed with varying strengths of anomalous FWF forcing. It is demonstrated that FWF can have a significant modulating impact on interannual variability. The buoyancy flux (QB) field, an important parameter determining the mixing and entrainment in the equatorial Pacific, is analyzed to illustrate the compensating role played by its two contributing parts: one is related to heat flux (QT) and the other to freshwater flux (QS). A positive feedback is identified between FWF and SST as follows: SST anomalies, generated by El Niño, nonlocally induce large anomalous FWF variability over the western and central regions, which directly influences sea surface salinity (SSS) and QB, leading to changes in the mixed layer depth (MLD), the upper-ocean stability, and the mixing and the entrainment of subsurface waters. These oceanic processes act to enhance the SST anomalies, which in turn feedback to the atmosphere in a coupled ocean–atmosphere system. As a result, taking into account anomalous FWF forcing in the HCM leads to an enhanced interannual variability and ENSO cycles. It is further shown that FWF forcing is playing a different role from heat flux forcing, with the former acting to drive a change in SST while the latter represents a passive response to the SST change. This HCM-based modeling study presents clear evidence for the role of FWF forcing in modulating interannual variability in the tropical Pacific. The significance and implications of these results are further discussed for physical understanding and model improvements of interannual variability in the tropical Pacific ocean–atmosphere system.
Forcing of Low-Frequency Ocean Variability in the Northeast Pacific*
Authors: Chhak Kettyah C. , Di Lorenzo Emanuele , Schneider Niklas , Cummins Patrick F. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
An ocean model is used to examine and compare the forcing mechanisms and underlying ocean dynamics of two dominant modes of ocean variability in the northeast Pacific (NEP). The first mode is identified with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and accounts for the most variance in model sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea surface heights (SSHs). It is characterized by a monopole structure with a strong coherent signature along the coast. The second mode of variability is termed the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). This mode accounts for the most variance in sea surface salinities (SSSs) in the model and in long-term observations. While the NPGO is related to the second EOF of the North Pacific SST anomalies (the Victoria mode), it is defined here in terms of SSH anomalies. The NPGO is characterized by a pronounced dipole structure corresponding to variations in the strengths of the eastern and central branches of the subpolar and subtropical gyres in the North Pacific. It is found that the PDO and NPGO modes are each tied to a specific atmospheric forcing pattern. The PDO is related to the overlying Aleutian low, while the NPGO is forced by the North Pacific Oscillation. The above-mentioned climate modes captured in the model hindcast are reflected in satellite altimeter data.
A budget reconstruction is used to study how the atmospheric forcing drives the SST and SSH anomalies. Results show that the basinwide SST and SSS anomaly patterns associated with each mode are shaped primarily by anomalous horizontal advection of mean surface temperature and salinity gradients (∇ Tand ∇ S) via anomalous surface Ekman currents. This suggests a direct link of these modes with atmospheric forcing and the mean ocean circulation. Smaller-scale patterns in various locations along the coast and in the Gulf of Alaska are, however, not resolved with the budget reconstructions. Vertical profiles of the PDO and NPGO indicate that the modes are strongest mainly in the upper ocean down to 250 m. The shallowness of the modes, the depth of the mean mixed layer, and wintertime temperature profile inversions contribute to the sensitivity of the budget analysis in the regions of reduced reconstruction skill.
An Intercomparison and Validation of High-Resolution Satellite Precipitation Estimates with 3-Hourly Gauge Data
Authors: Sapiano M. R. P. , Arkin P. A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The last several years have seen the development of a number of new satellite-derived, globally complete, high-resolution precipitation products with a spatial resolution of at least 0.25° and a temporal resolution of at least 3-hourly. These products generally merge geostationary infrared data and polar-orbiting passive microwave data to take advantage of the frequent sampling of the infrared and the superior quality of the microwave. The Program to Evaluate High Resolution Precipitation Products (PEHRPP) was established to evaluate and intercompare these datasets at a variety of spatial and temporal resolutions with the intent of guiding dataset developers and informing the user community regarding the error characteristics of the products. As part of this project, the authors have performed a subdaily intercomparison of five high-resolution datasets [Climate Prediction Center morphing (CMORPH) technique; Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA); Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) blended technique; National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service Hydro-Estimator; and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN)] with existing subdaily gauge data over the United States and the Pacific Ocean. Results show that these data are effective at representing high-resolution precipitation, with correlations against 3-hourly gauge data as high as 0.7 for CMORPH, which had the highest correlations with the validation data. Biases are relatively high for most of the datasets over land (apart from the TMPA, which is gauge adjusted) and ocean, with a general tendency to overestimate warm season rainfall over the United States and to underestimate rainfall over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Additionally, all the products studied faithfully resolve the diurnal cycle of precipitation when compared with the validation data.
Snowflake Size Spectra Retrieved from a UHF Vertical Profiler
Authors: Newman Andrew J. , Kucera Paul A. , Williams Christopher R. , Bliven Larry F. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This paper develops a technique for retrieving snowflake size distributions (SSDs) from a vertically pointing 915-MHz vertical profiler. Drop size distributions (DSDs) have been retrieved from 915-MHz profilers for several years using least squares minimization to determine the best-fit DSD to the observed Doppler spectra. This same premise is used to attempt the retrieval of SSDs. A nonlinear search, the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) method, is used to search the physically realistic solution space and arrive at a best-fit SSD from the Doppler spectra of the profiler. The best fit is assumed to be the minimum of the squared difference of the log of the observed and modeled spectrum power over the precipitation portion of the spectrum. A snowflake video imager (SVI) disdrometer was collocated with the profiler and provided surface estimates of the SSDs. The SVI also provided estimates of crystal type, which is critical in attempting to estimate the density–size relationship. A method to vary the density–size relationship during the event was developed as well. This was necessary to correctly scale the SVI SSDs for comparison to the profiler-estimated distributions. Five events were examined for this study, and good overall agreement was found between the profiler and SVI for the lowest profiler gate (225 m AGL). Vertical profiles of SSDs were also produced and appear to be physically reasonable. Uncertainty estimates using simulated Doppler spectra show that the retrieval uncertainties are larger than that for rainfall and can approach and exceed 100% for situations with large spectral broadening as a result of atmospheric turbulence. The larger uncertainties are attributed to the lack of unique Doppler spectra for quite different SSDs, resulting in a less well-behaved solution space than that of rainfall retrievals.
A Cable-Borne Tram for Atmospheric Measurements along Transects
Authors: Oncley S. P. , Schwenz K. , Burns S. P. , Sun J. , Monson R. K. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
A system to make atmospheric measurements from a moving trolley suspended by a stretched cable has been developed. At present, these measurements consist of wind velocity, temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration, though other sensors may be added. The track consists of cable segments attached to turns mounted on standard triangular towers. Using this approach, the path can be a closed (three dimensional) polygon of arbitrary length. This tool allows continuous, high spatial and temporal resolution sampling in environments, such as within forest canopies, not possible with other platforms. This system was used at the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site to obtain insight into the spatial and temporal structure of CO2, wind, and humidity fields in a natural forest ecosystem. Specifically, cool, moist, and CO2-rich air was observed to move in thin blobs downslope along the local water drainage through the subcanopy space at night.