bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection Orders and Intimate Partner Violence: An 18-Month Study of 150 Black, Hispanic, and White Women
Authors: McFarlane Judith , Malecha Ann , Gist Julia , Watson Kathy , Batten Elizabeth , Hall Iva , Smith Sheila 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We compared types and frequencies of intimate partner violence experienced by women before and after receipt of a 2-year protection order. Methods. Participants were 150 urban English- and Spanish-speaking Black, Hispanic, and White women who qualified for a 2-year protection order against an intimate partner. Results. One woman committed suicide 6 weeks into the study. The remaining 149 women completed all interviews. Results showed significant reductions in threats of assault, physical assault, stalking, and worksite harassment over time among all women, regardless of receipt or nonreceipt of a protection order. Conclusions. Abused women who apply and qualify for a 2-year protection order, irrespective of whether or not they are granted the order, report significantly lower levels of violence during the subsequent 18 months.
What’s New About the “New Public Health”?
Authors: Awofeso Niyi 
Published: December 2008

From its origins, when public health was integral to societies’ social structures, through the sanitary movement and contagion eras, when it evolved as a separate discipline, to the “new public health” era, when health promotion projects like Healthy Cities appear to be steering the discipline back to society’s social structure, public health seems to have come full circle. It is this observation that has led some to ask, “What’s new about the ‘new public health’?” This article addresses the question by highlighting what is new about the health promotion era—including adapted components of previous eras that have been incorporated into its core activities—and its suitability in addressing established and emerging public health threats.
Social Factors and Periodontitis in an Older Population
Authors: Borrell Luisa N. , Burt Brian A. , Neighbors Harold W. , Taylor George W. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We assessed the prevalences of periodontitis by education and income levels among US adults with data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods. The study was limited to non-Hispanic Blacks, Mexican Americans, and non-Hispanic Whites 50 years of age or older with a complete periodontal assessment during the dental examination. Results. Blacks with higher education and income levels had a significantly higher prevalence of periodontitis than their White and Mexican-American counterparts. The relationship between income level and periodontitis was modified by race/ethnicity. High-income Blacks exhibited a higher prevalence of periodontitis than did low-income Blacks and high-income Whites. Conclusions. Our findings call attention to the importance of recognizing socioeconomic status–related health differences across racial/ethnic groups within the social, political, and historical context.
Can Better Mental Health Services Reduce the Risk of Juvenile Justice System Involvement?
Authors: Foster E. Michael , Qaseem Amir , Connor Tim 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We evaluated how improved mental health services affect justice involvement among juveniles treated in the public mental health system. Methods. Our analyses were based on administrative and interview data collected in 2 communities participating in the evaluation of a national initiative designed to improve mental health services for children and youths. Results. Results derived from Cox proportional hazard models suggested that better mental health services reduced the risks of initial and subsequent juvenile justice involvement by 31% and 28%, respectively. Effects were somewhat more pronounced for serious offenses. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that improved mental health services reduce the risk of juvenile justice involvement.
Project D.A.R.E. Outcome Effectiveness Revisited
Authors: West Steven L. , O’Neal Keri K. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We provide an updated meta-analysis on the effectiveness of Project D.A.R.E. in preventing alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use among school-aged youths. Methods. We used meta-analytic techniques to create an overall effect size for D.A.R.E. outcome evaluations reported in scientific journals. Results. The overall weighted effect size for the included D.A.R.E. studies was extremely small (correlation coefficient = 0.011; Cohen d = 0.023; 95% confidence interval = −0.04, 0.08) and nonsignificant (z = 0.73, NS). Conclusions. Our study supports previous findings indicating that D.A.R.E. is ineffective.
Flint Photovoice: Community Building Among Youths, Adults, and Policymakers
Authors: Wang Caroline C. , Morrel-Samuels Susan , Hutchison Peter M. , Bell Lee , Pestronk Robert M. 
Published: December 2008

Flint Photovoice represents the work of 41 youths and adults recruited to use a participatory-action research approach to photographically document community assets and concerns, critically discuss the resulting images, and communicate with policymakers. At the suggestion of grassroots community leaders, we included policymakers among those asked to take photographs. In accordance with previously established photovoice methodology, we also recruited at the project’s outset another group of policymakers and community leaders to provide political will and support for implementing photovoice participants’ policy and program recommendations. Flint Photovoice enabled youths to express their concerns about neighborhood violence to policymakers and was instrumental in acquiring funding for local violence prevention. We note salutary outcomes produced by the inclusion of policymakers among adults who took photographs.
Ethics in Public Health Research
Authors: Quinn Sandra Crouse 
Published: December 2008

Increasingly, researchers grapple with meaningful efforts to involve communities in research, recognizing that communities are distinct from individuals. We also struggle to ensure that individual participants in research are fully protected. Community advisory boards (CABs) offer an opportunity to adopt a relationships paradigm that enables researchers to anticipate and address the context in which communities understand risks and benefits, and individuals give consent. CABs provide a mechanism for community consultation that contributes to protecting communities and fostering meaningful research. Furthermore, CABs can help us to re-create informed consent as a process. It is critical that we conduct research to understand the role of CABs in the informed consent process.
Child Custody Determinations in Cases Involving Intimate Partner Violence: a Human Rights Analysis
Authors: Silverman Jay G. , Mesh Cynthia M. , Cuthbert Carrie V. , Slote Kim , Bancroft Lundy 
Published: December 2008

Intimate partner violence and child abuse are recognized both as public health concerns and as violations of human rights, but related government actions and inactions are rarely documented as human rights violations in the United States. Men who abuse female partners are also highly likely to abuse the children of these women. However, family courts are reported to often ignore risks posed by abusive men in awarding child custody and visitation. Battered women involved in child custody litigation in Massachusetts (n = 39) were interviewed. A recurring pattern of potential human rights violations by the state was documented, corresponding to rights guaranteed in multiple internationally accepted human rights covenants and treaties. The human rights framework is a powerful tool for demonstrating the need for legal, social, and political reform regarding public health concerns.
Vaccination and Allergic Disease: A Birth Cohort Study
Authors: McKeever Tricia M. , Lewis Sarah A. , Smith Chris , Hubbard Richard 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined the effect of vaccination for diphtheria; polio; pertussis and tetanus; or measles, mumps, and rubella on the incidence of physician-diagnosed asthma and eczema. Methods. We used a previously established birth cohort in the West Midlands General Practice research database. Results. We found an association between vaccination and the development of allergic disease; however, this association was present only among children with the fewest physician visits and can be explained by this factor. Conclusions. Our data suggest that currently recommended routine vaccinations are not a risk factor for asthma or eczema.
Improving Topical Microbicide Applicators for Use in Resource-Poor Settings
Authors: Vail Janet G. , Cohen Jessica A. , Kelly Kimberly L. 
Published: December 2008

With more than 60 potential microbicides being assessed in preclinical or clinical trials, most attention has been centered on products intended for topical application, with much less research conducted on the applicators that will be used to deliver the microbicides. However, applicator design relates to safety, efficacy, and acceptability. As the foundation for a more systematic approach to evaluating and possibly improving designs for topical microbicide applicators, we conducted a literature review and a series of interviews with microbicide developers, trial investigators, and trial sponsors. Our findings indicate that issues concerning applicator safety, reuse, and cost warrant further investigation.
Delivery of HIV Prevention Counseling by Physicians at HIV Medical Care Settings in 4 US Cities
Authors: Metsch Lisa R. , Pereyra Margaret , del Rio Carlos , Gardner Lytt , Duffus Wayne A. , Dickinson Gordon , Kerndt Peter , Anderson-Mahoney Pamela , Strathdee Steffanie A. , Greenberg Alan E. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We investigated physicians’ delivery of HIV prevention counseling to newly diagnosed and established HIV-positive patients. Methods. A questionnaire was developed and mailed to 417 HIV physicians in 4 US cities. Results. Overall, rates of counseling on the part of physicians were low. Physicians reported counseling newly diagnosed patients more than established patients. Factors associated with increased counseling included having sufficient time with patients and familiarity with treatment guidelines. Physicians who perceived their patients to have mental health and substance abuse problems, who served more male patients, and who were infectious disease specialists were less likely to counsel patients. Conclusions. Intervention strategies with physicians should be developed to overcome barriers to providing counseling to HIV-positive patients.
Experiences of Harassment, Discrimination, and Physical Violence Among Young Gay and Bisexual Men
Authors: Huebner David M. , Rebchook Gregory M. , Kegeles Susan M. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined the 6-month cumulative incidence of anti-gay harassment, discrimination, and violence among young gay/bisexual men and documented their associations with mental health. Methods. Gay/bisexual men from 3 cities in the southwestern United States completed self-administered questionnaires. Results. Thirty-seven percent of men reported experiencing anti-gay verbal harassment in the previous 6 months; 11.2% reported discrimination, and 4.8% reported physical violence. Men were more likely to report these experiences if they were younger, were more open in disclosing their sexual orientation to others, and were HIV positive. Reports of mistreatment were associated with lower self-esteem and increased suicidal ideation. Conclusions. Absent policies preventing anti-gay mistreatment, empowerment and community-building programs are needed for young gay/bisexual men to both create safe social settings and help them cope with the psychological effects of these events.
Asian/Pacific Islander Adolescent Sexual Orientation and Suicide Risk in Guam
Authors: Pinhey Thomas K. , Millman Sara R. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined the effects of same-sex orientation on suicide risks for Guam’s Asian/Pacific Islander adolescents. Methods. We used a probability sample and logistic regression analysis to identify suicide risk factors. Results. Same-sex orientation was associated with a greater risk of suicide attempt, especially for boys. Adolescents who reported suffering physical abuse in the context of a romantic relationship, engaging in binge drinking, and experiencing feelings of hopelessness were at greater risk for suicidal ideation and attempts. Race/ethnicity was associated with suicide risk for both boys and girls, and patterns suggest that membership in the same racial/ethnic group decreased suicide risk for girls and increased risk of suicide for boys. Conclusions. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual Asian/Pacific Islander adolescents in Guam deserve intervention and counseling programs to reduce suicide risk.
HIV Seroprevalence Among Homeless and Marginally Housed Adults in San Francisco
Authors: Robertson Marjorie J. , Clark Richard A. , Charlebois Edwin D. , Tulsky Jacqueline , Long Heather L. , Bangsberg David R. , Moss Andrew R. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We report HIV seroprevalence and risk factors for urban indigent adults. Methods. A total of 2508 adults from shelters, meal programs, and low-cost hotels received interviews, blood tests, and tuberculosis screening. Results. Seroprevalence was 10.5% overall, 29.6% for men reporting sex with men (MSM), 7.7% for non-MSM injection drug users (IDUs), and 5.0% for residual non-MSM/non-IDUs. Risk factors were identified for MSM (sex trade among Whites, non-White race, recent receptive anal sex, syphilis), non-MSM IDUs (syphilis, lower education, prison, syringe sharing, transfusion), and residual subjects (≥ 5 recent sexual partners, female crack users who gave sex for drugs). Conclusions. HIV seroprevalence was 5 times greater for indigent adults than in San Francisco generally. Sexual behavior predicted HIV infection better than drug use, even among IDUs.
Geographic Clustering of Adult Asthma Hospitalization and Residential Exposure to Pollution at a United States–Canada Border Crossing
Authors: Oyana Tonny J. , Rogerson Peter , Lwebuga-Mukasa Jamson S. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We conducted a case–control study of adulthood asthma and point-source respirable particulate air pollution with asthma-diagnosed case patients (n = 3717) and gastroenteritis-diagnosed control patients (n = 4129) to determine effects of particulate air pollution on public health. Methods. We used hospitalization data from Buffalo, NY, neighborhoods for a 5-year period (1996 through 2000), geographic information systems techniques, the Diggle method, and statistical analysis to compare the locations of case patients and control patients in terms of proximity to different known pollution sources in the study area. Results. We found a clustering of asthma cases in close proximity to the Peace Bridge Complex and the freeways and a dose–response relationship indicating a decreased risk of asthma prevalence the farther an individual resides from the source of exposure. Conclusions. These findings provide a basis for the development of new hypotheses relating to the spatial distribution of asthma prevalence and morbidity in this community.
Tracking Gender-Based Human Rights Violations in Postwar Kosovo
Authors: Desai Sapna , Perry Melissa J. 
Published: December 2008

Four years have passed since the institution of the cease-fire in Yugoslavia, and questions remain as to how Kosovar women are faring in the country’s postwar reconstruction. Reports, albeit fragmented, suggest that violence against women began to increase in 1998 and 1999. This trend continued through 2001, even while rates of other major crimes decreased. Despite considerable local efforts to address the conditions of women, there remains a lack of systematic data documenting the scope and frequency of violent acts committed against women. A centralized surveillance system focused on tracking human rights abuses needs to be established to address this critical need for empirically based reports and to ultimately guide reform efforts.
A Cigarette Manufacturer and a Managed Care Company Collaborate to Censor Health Information Targeted at Employees
Authors: Muggli Monique E. , Hurt Richard D. 
Published: December 2008

A review of internal tobacco company documents showed that the tobacco company Philip Morris and the insurance company CIGNA collaborated to censor accurate information on the harm of smoking and on environmental tobacco smoke exposure from CIGNA health newsletters sent to employees of Philip Morris and its affiliates. From 1996 to 1998, 5 of the 8 CIGNA newsletters discussed in the internal tobacco documents were censored. We recommend that accrediting bodies mandate that health plans not censor employee-directed health information at the request of employers.
Expanded State-Funded Family Planning Services: Estimating Pregnancies Averted by the Family PACT Program in California, 1997–1998
Authors: Foster Diana Greene , Klaisle Cynthia M. , Blum Maya , Bradsberry Mary E. , Brindis Claire D. , Stewart Felicia H. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. The California Family Planning, Access, Care, and Treatment Program was implemented in 1997 to provide family planning services for uninsured, low-income women and men. We estimated the impact on fertility of providing 500 000 women with contraceptives. Methods. Paid claims and medical record review data were used to estimate pregnancies averted. Pregnancies women experienced while enrolled in the program and pregnancies they would have experienced given methods used before enrollment were modeled as a Markov process. Results. One year of Family Planning, Access, Care, and Treatment services averted an estimated 108 000 unintended pregnancies that would have resulted in 50 000 unintended births and 41 000 induced abortions. Conclusions. Providing contraceptives to low income, medically indigent women significantly reduced the number of unintended pregnancies in California.
Psychosocial Factors and Preterm Birth Among African American and White Women in Central North Carolina
Authors: Dole Nancy , Savitz David A. , Siega-Riz Anna Maria , Hertz-Picciotto Irva , McMahon Michael J. , Buekens Pierre 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We assessed associations between psychosocial factors and preterm birth, stratified by race in a prospective cohort study. Methods. We surveyed 1898 women who used university and public health prenatal clinics regarding various psychosocial factors. Results. African Americans were at higher risk of preterm birth if they used distancing from problems as a coping mechanism or reported racial discrimination. Whites were at higher risk if they had high counts of negative life events or were not living with a partner. The association of pregnancy-related anxiety with preterm birth weakened when medical comorbidities were taken into account. No association with preterm birth was found for depression, general social support, or church attendance. Conclusions. Some associations between psychosocial variables and preterm birth differed by race.
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Latinas and Non-Latina Whites
Authors: Abraído-Lanza Ana F. , Chao Maria T. , Gammon Marilie D. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined whether Latinas differ from non-Latinas in having undergone recent mammography, clinical breast examination, or Papanicolaou testing, as well as the contribution of sociodemographic and health care variables to screening. Methods. We used data from the 1991 National Health Interview Survey Health Promotion and Disease Prevention supplement. Results. Latinas were less likely than non-Latina Whites to have undergone mammography (odds ratio [OR] = 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57, 0.88), but this difference was attenuated when we controlled for socioeconomic factors (OR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.70, 1.15). Latinas did not differ from Whites on Papanicolaou tests or clinical breast examinations. Quality of and access to health care predicted screening. Conclusions. Latina ethnicity does not predict breast and cervical cancer screening behavior independent of sociodemographic and structural factors.
Gender Differences in Physical Disability Among an Elderly Cohort
Authors: Murtagh Kirsten Naumann , Hubert Helen B. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We analyzed the role of sociodemographic factors, chronic-disease risk factors, and health conditions in explaining gender differences in disability among senior citizens. Methods. We compared 1348 men and women (mean age = 79 years) on overall disability and compared their specific activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and mobility limitations. Analysis of covariance adjusted for possible explanatory factors. Results. Women were more likely to report limitations, use of assistance, and a greater degree of disability, particularly among IADL categories. However, these gender differences were largely explained by differences in disability-related health conditions. Conclusions. Greater prevalence of nonfatal disabling conditions, including fractures, osteoporosis, back problems, osteoarthritis and depression, contributes substantially to greater disability and diminished quality of life among aging women compared with men.
Walking the Talk: Fit WIC Wellness Programs Improve Self-Efficacy in Pediatric Obesity Prevention Counseling
Authors: Crawford Patricia B. , Gosliner Wendi , Strode Poppy , Samuels Sarah E. , Burnett Claudia , Craypo Lisa , Yancey Antronette K. 
Published: December 2008

Six sites of the California Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participated in a staff wellness pilot intervention designed to improve staff self-efficacy in counseling WIC clients about childhood overweight. A pre-post test design with intervention and control groups was used; outcome measures included staff perceptions of the intervention’s effects on the workplace environment, their personal habits and health beliefs, and their counseling self-efficacy. Intervention site staff were more likely to report that the workplace environment supported their efforts to make healthy food choices (P < .001), be physically active (P < .01), make positive changes in counseling parents about their children’s weight (P < .01), and feel more comfortable in encouraging WIC clients to do physical activities with their children (P < .05).
Estimating Deaths Attributable to Obesity in the United States
Authors: Flegal Katherine. M. , Williamson David F. , Pamuk Elsie R. , Rosenberg Harry M. 
Published: December 2008

Estimates of deaths attributable to obesity in the United States rely on estimates from epidemiological cohorts of the relative risk of mortality associated with obesity. However, these relative risk estimates are not necessarily appropriate for the total US population, in part because of exclusions to control for baseline health status and exclusion or underrepresentation of older adults. Most deaths occur among older adults; estimates of deaths attributable to obesity can vary widely depending on the assumptions about the relative risks of mortality associated with obesity among the elderly. Thus, it may be difficult to estimate deaths attributable to obesity with adequate accuracy and precision. We urge efforts to improve the data and methods for estimating this statistic.