bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation of Leptin to Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Children
Authors: Steinberger Julia , Steffen Lyn , Jacobs David R. , Moran Antoinette , Hong Ching‐Ping , Sinaiko Alan R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To examine the relation of leptin to insulin resistance, as measured by euglycemic insulin clamp, and insulin resistance syndrome factors in thin and heavy children.Research Methods and Procedures: Anthropometrics, insulin, blood pressure, and leptin were measured in 342 11‐ to 14‐year‐old children (189 boys, 153 girls, 272 white, 70 black). Insulin sensitivity (M) was determined by milligrams glucose uptake per kilogram per minute and expressed as M/lean body mass (Mlbm). Children were divided by median BMI (boys = 20.5 kg/m2; girls = 21.4 kg/m2) into below‐median (thin) and above‐median (heavy) groups. Correlation coefficients between log‐leptin and components of insulin resistance syndrome were adjusted for Tanner stage, gender, and race.Results: BMI was related to leptin in boys (r = 0.70, p < 0.001) and girls (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). Leptin was higher in girls than boys (32.6 vs. 12.3 ng/mL, p = 0.0001). Leptin levels increased in girls and decreased in boys during puberty, paralleling the changes in body fat. Leptin was significantly correlated with insulin, Mlbm, triglycerides, and blood pressure in heavy children and only with insulin in thin children. After adjustment for body fat, the correlations remained significant for insulin and Mlbm in heavy children and with insulin in thin children.Discussion: Significant associations were found between leptin and insulin resistance in children, and these associations were attenuated by adjustment for adiposity. These findings at age 13 likely have long‐term consequences in the development of the obesity‐insulin resistance‐related cardiovascular risk profile.
Predicting Total Body Fat from Anthropometry in Latino Children
Authors: Huang Terry T.‐K. , Watkins Michael P. , Goran Michael I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To develop prediction equations for total body fat specific to Latino children, using demographic and anthropometric measures.Research Methods and Procedures: Ninety‐six Latino children (7 to 13 years old) were studied. Two‐thirds of the sample was randomized into the equation development group; the remainder served as the cross‐validation group. Total body fat was measured by DXA. Measures included weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and skinfolds (suprailiac, triceps, abdomen, subscapula, thigh, and calf).Results: The previously published equation from Dezenberg et al. did not accurately predict total body fat in Latino children. However, newly developed equations with either body weight alone (intercept ± SE = 1.78 ± 1.53 kg, p > 0.05; slope ± SE = 0.90 ± 0.07, p > 0.05 against slope = 1.0; R2 = 0.86), weight plus age and gender (intercept ± SE = 2.28 ± 1.20 kg, p > 0.05; slope ± SE = 0.91 ± 0.05, p > 0.05; against slope = 1.0; R2 = 0.92), or weight plus height, gender, Tanner stage, and abdominal skinfold (intercept ± SE = 1.47 ± 1.01 kg, p > 0.05; slope ± SE = 0.93 ± 0.04, p > 0.05; against slope = 1.0, R2 = 0.97) predicted total body fat without bias.Discussion: Unique prediction equations of total body fat may be needed for Latino children. Weight, as the single most significant predictor, can be used easily to estimate total body fat in the absence of any additional measures. Including age and gender with weight produces an equally stable prediction equation with increasing precision. Using a combination of demographic and anthropometric measures, we were able to capture 97% of the variance in measured total body fat.
Larger Thigh and Hip Circumferences Are Associated with Better Glucose Tolerance: The Hoorn Study
Authors: Snijder Marieke B. , Dekker Jacqueline M. , Visser Marjolein , Yudkin John S. , Stehouwer Coen D.A. , Bouter Lex M. , Heine Robert J. , Nijpels Giel , Seidell Jacob C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: A higher waist‐to‐hip ratio, which can be due to a higher waist circumference, a lower hip circumference, or both, is associated with higher glucose levels and incident diabetes. A lower hip circumference could reflect either lower fat mass or lower muscle mass. Muscle mass might be better reflected by thigh circumference. The aim of this study was to investigate the contributions of thigh and hip circumferences, independent of waist circumference, to measures of glucose metabolism.Research Methods and Procedures: For this cross‐sectional study we used baseline data from the Hoorn Study, a population‐based cohort study of glucose tolerance among 2484 men and women aged 50 to 75. Glucose tolerance was assessed by a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test; hemoglobin A1c and fasting insulin were also measured. Anthropometric measurements included body mass index (BMI) and waist, hip, and thigh circumferences.Results: Stratified analyses and multiple linear regression showed that after adjustment for age, BMI, and waist circumference, thigh circumference was negatively associated with markers of glucose metabolism in women, but not in men. Standardized β values in women were −0.164 for fasting, −0.206 for post‐load glucose, −0.190 for hemoglobin A1c (all p < 0.001), and −0.065 for natural log insulin levels (p = 0.061). Hip circumference was negatively associated with markers of glucose metabolism in both sexes (standardized betas ranging from −0.093 to −0.296, p < 0.05) except for insulin in men. Waist circumference was positively associated with glucose metabolism.Discussion: Thigh circumference in women and hip circumference in both sexes are negatively associated with markers of glucose metabolism independently of the waist circumference, BMI, and age. Both fat and muscle tissues may contribute to these associations.
Abnormal Neurovascular Control during Sympathoexcitation in Obesity
Authors: Kuniyoshi Fátima H.S. , Trombetta Ivani C. , Batalha Luciana T. , Rondon Maria U.P.B. , Laterza Mateus C. , Gowdak Márcia M.G. , Barretto Antonio C.P. , Halpern Alfredo , Villares Sandra M.F. , Lima Eliudem G. , Negrão Carlos E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We tested the hypothesis that muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) would be augmented during mental stress or cold pressor test in healthy obese individuals compared with healthy lean individuals.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐nine healthy obese women and 12 age‐matched healthy lean women were involved in the study. MSNA was directly measured from the peroneal nerve using microneurography. Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Blood pressure (BP) was monitored noninvasively by an automatic BP cuff, and heart rate (HR) was measured by electrocardiogram. Stroop color word test was performed for 4 minutes, and the cold pressor test was performed for 2 minutes.Results: Baseline MSNA and FVR were greater in the obese group than in the lean group. BP and HR were similar between groups. During mental stress, MSNA and FVR were greater in obese individuals than in lean individuals, although the magnitude of response was similar between groups. BP and HR similarly increased in obese and lean individuals. During the cold pressor test, MSNA, FVR, and BP were greater in obese individuals, but the magnitude of response was similar between groups. HR increased similarly during the cold pressor test in both obese and lean individuals.Discussion: Obesity increases MSNA and FVR during mental stress and the cold pressor test. This inappropriate neurovascular control can be expected to have an adverse effect on the risk factors for cardiovascular events and, hence, should be considered in the treatment of obese patients.
Dietary Regulation of Fat Oxidative Gene Expression in Different Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
Authors: McAinch Andrew J. , Lee Jong‐Sam , Bruce Clinton R. , Tunstall Rebecca J. , Hawley John A. , Cameron‐Smith David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the effect of a high‐fat diet on the expression of genes important for fat oxidation, the protein abundance of the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms α and γ, and selected enzyme activities in type I and II skeletal muscle.Research Methods and Procedures: Sprague‐Dawley rats consumed either a high‐fat (HF: 78% energy, n = 8) or high‐carbohydrate (64% energy, n = 8) diet for 8 weeks while remaining sedentary.Results: The expression of genes important for fat oxidation tended to increase in both type I (soleus) and type II (extensor digitorum longus) fiber types after an HF dietary intervention. However, the expression of muscle type carnitine palmitoyltransferase I was not increased in extensor digitorum longus. Analysis of the gene expression of both peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator and forkhead transcription factor O1 demonstrated no alteration in response to the HF diet. Similarly, PPARα and PPARγ protein levels were also not altered by the HF diet.Discussion: An HF diet increased the expression of an array of genes involved in lipid metabolism, with only subtle differences evident in the response within differing skeletal muscle fiber types. Despite changes in gene expression, there were no effects of diet on peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator and forkhead transcription factor O1 mRNA and the protein abundance of PPARα and PPARγ.
Central Adiposity Determines Prevalence Differences of the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Lorenzo Carlos , Serrano‐Ríos Manuel , Martínez‐Larrad María T. , Gabriel Rafael , Williams Ken , Gómez‐Gerique Juan A. , Stern Michael P. , Haffner Steven M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare the expression of the metabolic syndrome in Spain and San Antonio, TX, two populations with major differences regarding their cardiovascular risk profile.Research Methods and Procedures: Cross‐sectional analysis of population‐based, epidemiological surveys using the metabolic syndrome definition of the National Cholesterol Education Program. In San Antonio, we limited our analysis to non‐Hispanic whites because non‐Hispanic whites are largely of European ancestry (n = 1339 in San Antonio and 2947 in Spain)Results: In men, increased central adiposity was more prevalent in San Antonio than in Spain (29.7 vs. 23.0%, p < 0.0001); in women, it was less prevalent in San Antonio than in Spain (40.2 vs. 66.4%, p < 0.0001). The metabolic syndrome followed that same pattern: more prevalent in men (28.9 vs. 20.8%, p = 0.019) and less in women from San Antonio (27.1 vs. 30.9%, p < 0.0001). In subjects with the metabolic syndrome, most women had increased central adiposity (92.6% in San Antonio and 97.5% in Spain), and most men had either increased central adiposity or blood pressure (99.2% in San Antonio and 95.0% in Spain).Discussion: Contrary to men, the metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in Spanish women than in women from San Antonio with differences that mirror differences in central adiposity. Central adiposity and blood pressure may be used to exclude the metabolic syndrome. Considering recent secular trends in obesity, we predict there will be an increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in both populations in the coming years.
Bariatric Surgeries in North Carolina, 1990 to 2001: A Gender Comparison
Authors: Zizza Claire A. , Herring Amy H. , Stevens June , Carey Timothy S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this research was to determine the number of bariatric procedures in obese men and women in a well‐defined population and to examine gender differences among bariatric patients.Research Methods and Procedures: Data on bariatric patients were taken from the North Carolina Hospital Discharge Database, which contains information on all nonfederal hospital discharges in North Carolina from 1990 to 2001. Using North Carolina Hospital Discharge Data, Census North Carolina resident estimates, and North Carolina obesity prevalence estimates, we constructed annual rates for bariatric procedures for the obese male and female population in North Carolina.Results: Overall, 2197 bariatric procedures were performed between 1990 and 2001. The annual rate of bariatric procedures in obese women increased rapidly, particularly between 1998 and 2001, whereas the increase for men was considerably less than that for women. Controlling for age and year of procedure, the odds ratio for obese female North Carolina residents of having a bariatric procedure was 4.96 (95% confidence interval: 4.39, 5.59) and of having a Roux‐en‐Y procedure was 5.57 (95% confidence interval: 4.67, 6.64) compared with obese male North Carolina residents. Controlling for age, comorbidity burden, payment source, and year of procedure, obese male North Carolina residents had a significantly greater (22%) amount of inpatient days than obese female North Carolina residents.Discussion: After controlling for population rates of obesity and year of procedure, women are more likely than men to undergo bariatric surgery, suggesting that gender‐related factors may influence use. More research is needed to determine the causes for this large gender disparity.
A Prospective Study of the Effect of Childbearing on Weight Gain in African‐American Women
Authors: Rosenberg Lynn , Palmer Julie R. , Wise Lauren A. , Horton Nicholas J. , Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Adams‐Campbell Lucile L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To prospectively assess the influence of bearing a first, second, or later child on weight gain among African‐American women in the context of other risk factors.Research Methods and Procedures: Data were obtained in a prospective follow‐up study of African‐American women from across the U.S. who are participants in the Black Women's Health Study. Postal questionnaires were used to collect baseline data in 1995 and follow‐up data in 1997 and 1999. Parous and nulliparous women (11, 196) (21 to 39 years old at baseline), of whom 1230 had a singleton birth during follow‐up, are the subjects of the present analyses. We assessed change in BMI (kilograms per meter squared) in relation to childbearing during 4 years of follow‐up, with use of multivariable linear regression to control for important risk factors.Results: During 4 years of follow‐up, the BMI of participants increased by an average of 1.6 kg/m2, equivalent to a weight gain of ∼4.4 kg. Women who had a child during follow‐up gained more weight than women who remained nulliparous, and those who had a first child gained more than those who had a second or later child. The weight gain associated with childbearing increased with increasing baseline BMI and was appreciable among heavier women. For example, among women with a baseline index of 36, the increase in BMI for women who bore a first child was 1.1 kg/m2 more than that of nulliparous women, equivalent to a difference in weight gain of ∼3.0 kg.Discussion: Childbearing is an important contributor to weight gain among African‐American women.
Estimating Body Fat from Anthropometry and Isotopic Dilution: A Four‐Country Comparison
Authors: Eckhardt Cara L. , Adair Linda S. , Caballero Benjamin , Avila Josephine , Kon Igor Y. , Wang Jinzhong , Popkin Barry M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The goal was to assess the ability of BMI to predict body fat (BF) among youths in four countries and identify the degree to which additional anthropometric measures improve this prediction. BMI is widely recommended as an indicator of overweight. However, whether BMI adequately estimates BF and has the same meaning in different ethnic groups and youths has been questioned.Research Methods and Procedures: Data come from 456 Filipino, Chinese, Russian, and black South African youths, 6 to 16 years old. Percentage BF and fat mass index (FMI) were estimated by the deuterium dilution method. Skinfold thicknesses (triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac) and weight and height measures were collected. Percentage BF was regressed first on BMI and age and then with the addition of the skinfold measures. Linear models were run separately by country and sex. The models were repeated with FMI as the outcome.Results: The R2 values from the percentage BF models ranged from 0.13 to 0.69 in the first models to 0.38 to 0.81 in the full models. The values were lowest among Russian males ≥ 13 years and Russian females ≥ 13 years of age in the reduced and full models, respectively, and were highest among Chinese females. Using FMI as the outcome did not meaningfully change the results.Discussion: The ability of BMI to adequately predict BF and the additional predictivity of anthropometric measures varied widely across the samples, making its uniform use as a proxy for BF in youths from different countries questionable.
Are Current Health Behavioral Change Models Helpful in Guiding Prevention of Weight Gain Efforts?
Authors: Baranowski Tom , Cullen Karen W. , Nicklas Theresa , Thompson Deborah , Baranowski Janice 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffective procedures are needed to prevent the substantial increases in adiposity that have been occurring among children and adults. Behavioral change may occur as a result of changes in variables that mediate interventions. These mediating variables have typically come from the theories or models used to understand behavior. Seven categories of theories and models are reviewed to define the concepts and to identify the motivational mechanism(s), the resources that a person needs for change, the processes by which behavioral change is likely to occur, and the procedures necessary to promote change. Although each model has something to offer obesity prevention, the early promise can be achieved only with substantial additional research in which these models are applied to diet and physical activity in regard to obesity. The most promising avenues for such research seem to be using the latest variants of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Ecology. Synergy may be achieved by taking the most promising concepts from each model and integrating them for use with specific populations. Biology‐based steps in an eating or physical activity event are identified, and research issues are suggested to integrate behavioral and biological approaches to understanding eating and physical activity behaviors. Social marketing procedures have much to offer in terms of organizing and strategizing behavioral change programs to incorporate these theoretical ideas. More research is needed to assess the true potential for these models to contribute to our understanding of obesity‐related diet and physical activity practices, and in turn, to obesity prevention.
Effect of Fat Sources on Satiety
Authors: Alfenas Rita C.G. , Mattes Richard D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: There are inconsistent reports on the satiety value of different fatty acids. This study compared the appetitive effects of two fat sources rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (peanut oil and canola oil) with a source rich in saturated fatty acids (butter).Research Methods and Procedures: After an overnight fast, lean participants completed a questionnaire eliciting information about hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption. They then consumed one of the preloads (muffins containing 40 g of each fat source or no fat) and 150 mL of water within 15 minutes. Questionnaires were completed again 30, 60, and 120 minutes after preload ingestion. Participants kept dietary records during the subsequent 24 hours.Results: Canola and peanut oil muffins resulted in higher fullness, and butter, canola, and peanut oil muffins resulted in lower hunger ratings 30, 60, and 120 minutes after preload ingestion compared with the fat‐free preload. No differences were observed among the fat‐containing loads. Although energy intake 24 hours after consumption of the preloads was also comparable on days the three fat‐containing loads were consumed, energy consumption after each study session was higher when the fat‐free muffins were provided. However, total energy intake, including the calories provided by the preloads, was similar across treatments.Discussion: These data do not support a differential satiety effect of fat sources rich in monounsaturated fatty acids relative to one rich in saturated fatty acids.
Effects of a Longitudinal Training Program on Responses to Exercise in Overweight Men
Authors: Crampes Francois , Marion‐Latard Fabrice , Zakaroff‐Girard Alexia , de Glisezinski Isabelle , Harant Isabelle , Thalamas Claire , Stich Vladimir , Rivière Daniel , Lafontan Max , Berlan Michel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to determine how training modifies metabolic responses and lipid oxidation in overweight young male subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: Eleven overweight subjects were selected for a 4‐month endurance training program. Before and after the training period, they cycled for 60 minutes at 50% of their Vo2max after an overnight fast or 3 hours after eating a standardized meal. Various metabolic and endocrine parameters, and respiratory exchange ratio values were evaluated.Results: Exercise‐induced plasma norepinephrine concentration increases were similar before and after training in fasted or fed conditions. After food intake, exercise promoted a decrease in plasma glucose and a higher increase in epinephrine than in fasting conditions. The increase in epinephrine after the meal was more marked after training (264 ± 32 vs. 195 ± 35 pg/mL). Training lowered the resting plasma nonesterified fatty acids. During exercise, changes in glycerol were similar to those found before training. Lipid oxidation during exercise was higher in fasting than in fed conditions (15.5 ± 1.4 vs. 22.3 ± 1.7 g/h). Training did not significantly increase fat oxidation when exercise was performed in fed conditions, but it did in fasting conditions (18.6 ± 1.4 vs. 27.2 ± 1.8 g/h).Discussion: Endurance training decreased plasma nonesterified fatty acids, cholesterol, and insulin concentrations. Training increased lipid oxidation during exercise, in fasting conditions, and not when exercise was performed after the meal. During exercise in overweight subjects, the fasting condition seems more suited to oxidizing fat and maintaining glucose homeostasis than a 3‐hour wait after a standard meal.
Measurement of Human Daily Physical Activity
Authors: Zhang Kuan , Werner Patricia , Sun Ming , Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier , Boozer Carol N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To validate a new device, Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity (IDEEA), for the measurement of duration, frequency, and intensity of various types of human physical activity (PA).Research Methods and Procedures: The ability of IDEEA to identify and quantify 32 types of PA, including the most common daily exercise and nonexercise PA, was tested in 76 subjects: Subjects included males (N = 33) and females (N = 43) ranging in age from 13 to 72 years with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 24.7 kg/m2 (range: 18.4 to 41.0) [43 females: 13 to 72 years old and BMI 18.4 to ∼41.0 kg/m2 (mean = 24.7 kg/m2); 33 males: 15 to ∼72 years old and BMI 21.0 to ∼38.4 kg/m2 (mean = 25.9 kg/m2)]. Postures, limb movements, and jumping were tested using a timed protocol of specific activities. Walking and running were tested using a 60‐meter track, on which subjects walked and ran at 6 self‐selected speeds. Stair climbing and descending were tested by timing subjects who climbed and descended a flight of stairs at two different speeds.Results: Correct identification rates averaged 98.9% for posture and limb movement type and 98.5% for gait type. Pooled correlation between predicted and actual speeds of walking and running was high (r = 0.986, p ≤ 0.0001).Discussion: IDEEA accurately measured duration, frequency, type, and intensity of a variety of daily PAs.