bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convergent/Divergent Synthesis and Photophysical Studies of Alternating Benzene–Furan Oligoaryls from Substituted Propargylic Dithioacetals
Authors: Chou Chih‐Ming , Chen Wei‐Qiang , Chen Jia‐Hong , Lin Cheng‐Lan , Tseng Jui‐Chang , Lee Chin‐Fa , Luh Tien‐Yau 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA range of oligoaryls that contain alternating benzene–furan rings is synthesized by a rapid convergent/divergent method from the annulation of a propargylic dithioacetal and an aldehyde with a propargylic dithioacetal moiety as a substituent. These oligomers are fairly soluble in a range of organic solvents and can be easily purified by reprecipitation. The substituents on the furan rings can be varied according to the substituents in the starting propargylic dithioacetals. This route provides a useful procedure for the synthesis of alternating benzene–furan oligomers without repeated units. These furan‐containing oligoaryls are highly fluorescent in the visible region and are electrochemically active. The band gaps of these oligomers appear to be less sensitive towards changes in conjugation length than those of oligofurans.
Multiphase Organic Synthesis in Microchannel Reactors
Authors: Kobayashi Juta , Mori Yuichiro , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: July 2006

Abstract“Miniaturization” is one of the most important aspects in today’s technology. Organic chemistry is no exception. The search for highly effective, controllable, environmentally friendly methods for preparing products is of prime importance. The development of multiphase organic reactions in microchannel reactors has gained significant importance in recent years to allow novel reactivity, and has led to many fruitful results that are not attainable in conventional reactors. This Focus Review aims to shed light on how effectively multiphase organic reactions can be conducted with microchannel reactors by providing examples of recent remarkable studies, which have been grouped on the basis of the phases involved.
Methylation of [Pt2(μ‐SR)(μ‐S)(PPh3)4]: En Route to Mixed‐Thiolato Bridged Complexes
Authors: Chong Siew Huay , Koh Lip Lin , Henderson William , Hor T. S. Andy 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSequential and independent alkylation of [Pt2(μ‐S)2(PPh3)4] by RX followed by methylation with Me2SO4 led to the first successful isolation of novel diplatinum complexes [Pt2(μ‐SR)(μ‐SCH3)(PPh3)4](PF6)2 (3) (R=CH2C6H5 (a), CH2CHCH2 (b), C5H10CO2CH2CH3 (c), C2H4CO2CH2CH3 (d), CH2CH2CN (e), C2H4CH(O)2C2H4 (f), and C2H4SC6H5 (g)) with asymmetric thiolato bridges. The synthetic methodology can tolerate a range of electronically and sterically contrasting thiolate substituents with different chemical functionalities. The X‐ray crystal structures of 3 a–c, g confirm the unusual heterodialkylation with two different thiolato bridging ligands in a syn–exo conformation. A secondary product [Pt2(μ‐SC2H4SC6H5)(μ‐SCH3)(PPh3)3](PF6)2 (4), which arises from intramolecular phosphine displacement by the thio pendant at the neighboring SC2H4SC6H5 bridge, has been trapped and characterized. This is an unusual diplatinum complex with three different bridging thio ligands and three different phosphines. The heteroalkylation is screened in situ by ESI‐MS, and the resultant spectral data provide a convenient guide for one‐pot syntheses of {M2(SR)(SR′)} from{M2S}. The isolation and X‐ray crystal structure of a homoalkylated analogue [Pt2(μ‐SCH3)2(PPh3)4](PF6)2 (6) is included for comparison.
New Synthetic Routes to C‐Amino Phosphorus Ylides and their Subsequent Fragmentation into Carbenes and Phosphines
Authors: Conejero Salvador , Song Maoying , Martin David , Canac Yves , Soleilhavoup Michele , Bertrand Guy 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPhosphonio‐substituted aldiminium, iminium, and imidazolidinium salts are readily prepared by the addition of phosphines to the Alder dimer or by treatment of the corresponding chloroiminium salt with the phosphine/trimethylsilyl triflate adduct generated in situ. Reduction with either potassium metal or tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene leads to the corresponding C‐amino phosphorus ylides. When basic phosphine fragments are used, the ylides can be isolated; otherwise they fragment into the carbene and phosphine. This method is limited to the preparation of transient carbenes, owing to the unavailability of sterically hindered dications, and consequently of phosphorus ylides with bulky carbon substituents. This difficulty is overcome by the addition of 2,4‐di‐tert‐butyl‐ortho‐quinone to readily available C‐amino phosphaalkenes at low temperature. Provided the phosphorus atom bears either an amino or tert‐butyl group, [4+1] cycloaddition occurs, and the resulting ylides fragment into a dioxaphospholane and a spectroscopically observed carbene.
Highly Efficient Three‐Component Synthesis of β‐Lactams from N‐methylhydroxylamine, Aldehydes, and Phenylacetylene
Authors: Zhao Liang , Li Chao‐Jun 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe three‐component reaction of N‐substituted hydroxylamines, aldehydes, and phenylacetylene catalyzed by CuCl/2,2′‐bipyridine in the presence of NaOAc under neat conditions afforded the corresponding β‐lactams in good to excellent yields. Aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes are tolerated in this reaction. The electronic effects of the aldehydes were studied for the reaction with N‐methylhydroxylamine and N‐benzylhydroxylamine. For N‐methylhydroxylamine, electron‐rich aldehydes provided higher yields than electron‐deficient aldehydes, whereas for N‐benzylhydroxylamine, no significant electronic effect was observed for the aldehydes.
Enhancing the financeability of leasehold property
Authors: Hilton Jim 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to provide a review of the risk to a mortgage lender in lending on the security of a tenant's leasehold interest in real property and to outline the many ways in which such a risk may be reduced. The paper provides practical suggestions of how this risk reduction may be accomplished to the benefit of the lender, the landlord and the tenant through a combination of careful document review and a well thought out tri‐party leasehold mortgage acknowledgment agreement. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
What finance is available to the smaller residential developer in the UK, and what is the broker's role in arranging such finance?
Authors: Dowdeswell Chris 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper is intended to give the reader an overview of the current funding possibilities for small residential property developers in the UK. The main focus will be on developers of new homes but most of the principles apply to those involved in the conversion and refurbishment business who are likely to rely upon broadly similar funding arrangements. It is accepted that some smaller developers are able to finance their schemes out of their own cash flow without the need for borrowings; however, even if they are in this fortunate position, many of them opt to borrow so that all of their cash resources are not tied up in land and work in progress. Their own spare funds are then available to take advantage of opportunities to acquire land, and to secure options and conditional contracts etc. The vast majority of developers borrow to ensure that they have projects in the pipeline and at various stages of maturity. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Structuring European real estate private equity funds
Authors: Larkin Daniel E. , Babin Mara L. , Rose Christopher A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPrivate equity funds, already a well‐established market for real estate capital in the USA, are becoming a significant source of funding on the other side of the Atlantic. The unification of Europe, coupled with investors' greater familiarity with the private equity model, has resulted in an increase in the flow of private capital into European real estate – a trend that is likely to continue over the next several years. This paper seeks to acquaint developers, lenders and investors with the basic structure and characteristics of a real estate private equity fund, including the key issues and documents involved. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Environmental insurance: a financing facilitator
Authors: Bell Michael J. , Pearlson Jonathan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEnvironmental insurance is being used with ever increasing frequency in real estate‐backed financial transactions. While the products have been available for some time, they are now reaching the point of being a commonly accepted risk management tool.[According to one carrier, in the United States alone, environmental insurance has become a $1.4bn market. See ‘Insuring Against Environmental Liability’, reprinted from Canadian Insurance, November 2002, at URL http://www.xlenvironmental.com/icf/insuring.htm.] Perhaps more importantly, some lenders and real estate owners are using the products in an increasingly creative manner in order to facilitate better deals. This paper will summarise briefly some of the insurance tools currently available, followed by a discussion of how the policies treat mold and terrorism risks. The balance of the paper will detail a number of innovative ways in which environmental insurance policies have been implemented to benefit borrowers and lenders, often providing one or both with a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
The economic outlook for 2004: encouraging trends
Authors: O'Carroll Lucy 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe global recovery has finally taken off, and a buoyant 2004 seems all but assured. This should create opportunities for the UK's trade‐exposed sectors, such as manufacturing. With corporate sentiment and balance sheets recovering, business investment is also likely to pick up during the next two years. As a result, GDP growth is forecast to rise to 3 per cent in 2004, its highest level for four years. The Bank of England will respond by raising interest rates, constraining inflationary pressures. But, at an expected peak of 4.75 per cent, borrowing costs should remain low by historic standards. In this environment, prospects for the property sector remain positive. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
E‐commerce and UK retail property: trends and issues
Authors: Damesick Peter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUK retailing is currently being reshaped by new competitive patterns and pressures, contributing to a weakening in retail property performance. The growth of online retailing has been perceived as a further threat to the sector, although the problems facing ‘pure play’ e‐tailers mean that Internet shopping is likely to be increasingly dominated by multi‐channel retailers. Web‐based retailing will add to competitive pressures on retailers and increase general price transparency. Internet sales penetration will vary between products and services and also geographically. Even with Internet sales growth being concentrated on established retailers, there will be impacts on retail floor space productivity, property requirements and store networks, with implications for retail property performance. Online shopping could reinforce the existing trend of polarisation of retail spending into the larger and more attractive centres within the retail hierarchy. Retailers and retail property investors need to find ways of upgrading the shopping experience to respond to the growth of online sales. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Irish investment in UK commercial property
Authors: Hunt Marie , Jennings Gerry 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper explores the trend of Irish investment in the UK commercial property market, which has been particularly prevalent in recent years. It discusses the quantum of Irish investment spend (private and institutional) in the UK commercial property market over recent years, outlining the reasons why Irish investors typically choose to invest in the UK property market as opposed to their domestic market. Sectors and locations which are particularly appealing to the Irish investors in the UK are explored and examples of some recent deals are outlined. The paper goes on to discuss the rationale for funding Irish investment purchases in the UK, outlining in particular the factors which an Irish lending institution will typically take into account when lending on UK commercial property purchases. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Financial incentive to prepay in fixed‐rate mortgages
Authors: Ferrer Román , González Cristóbal , Jordá Maria Paz 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe borrower's financial incentive to prepay is a crucial determinant in estimating prepayment in mortgage pools and, consequently, in valuing mortgage‐backed securities. In mortgage prepayment literature, this incentive to prepay has been proxied by both the ratio of the loan rate to the refinancing rate and by the arithmetic spread between the two rates; however, the former is considered to be a better proxy of the refinancing incentive than the latter by a section of the literature. In this paper, the authors check the accuracy of that statement and subsequently estimate two prepayment functions using, alternatively, the two proxies. The results indicate that the use of the ratio does not improve the estimates obtained using the arithmetic spread. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Property investment and development finance in European jurisdictions part 4: Germany
Authors: Murray Neil 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper looks at legal and practical issues which may arise for prospective lenders in relation to property investment and development loans concerning property in Germany. While the issues discussed are necessarily subjective, and appropriate legal advice should be taken in all cases, it is hoped that the paper will provide a good guidance in respect of transactions undertaken in Germany, relative to the typical expectations of a lender in respect of a UK deal. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
The major issues facing the successful introduction of the UK REIT
Authors: Petersen Andrew 
Published: July 2006

AbstractExciting times are afoot in real estate finance and investment within the UK. This year has already seen the Barker review of housing policy, the Draft Planning Policy Statement 6 reforms to the existing Planning Policy and Guidance Note 6 (PPG 6), new rules on the tax treatment of property derivatives and the continuing review by the Financial Services Authority, through Consultation Paper 185, of Collective Investment Schemes. Moreover, March 2004 saw HM Treasury (‘HMT’) announce a consultation exercise on how property investment funds (‘PIFs’, although in this paper they will be referred to as ‘UK REITs’)[The name may change to reflect the financial structure, and the UK Government (in an indication that it may not be happy with ‘PIFs’ as a name) has welcomed alternative suggestions. After all, it could not have been called a Property Investment Trust (after the Housing Investment Trusts of the 1990s), since one would imagine the take‐up of a product called a PIT to be relatively low.] in the UK should be structured to encourage more efficient investment in commercial and residential real estate.[Seehttp://www.hm‐treasury.gov.uk/budget/budget_04/associated_documents/bud_bud04_adproperty.cfm.] The consultation paper reveals that HMT is contemplating a tax‐neutral vehicle that will be well regulated (ie low risk), boost liquidity and thus appeal to the small retail investor in providing indirect access to both the residential and commercial property investment markets. The initiative for such a vehicle is driven by a desire, through a government‐led review of the taxation of real estate, to stem the flow of investment offshore. Through the introduction of UK REITs, HMT hopes to redirect the £25bn or so of UK real estate investment into a properly regulated onshore investment vehicle, thereby protecting UK tax revenues. This paper will, through examining the successes of the REIT market in the USA, consider the major issues raised and faced by HMT in introducing a vehicle which will succeed and ultimately benefit the UK economy. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Structural protections in inter‐creditor agreements for mezzanine loans
Authors: Lance Andrew A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews a number of the important structural protections found in inter‐creditor agreements, discusses the negotiated modifications to those protections which are common today and assesses whether the modifications reflect market‐driven erosion of the structural protections. After reviewing the differences between market placements and asset types which can justify such modifications, and the legal rationale underlying many common variations, the author concludes that the variations typically found in inter‐creditor agreements are the product of legitimate negotiation and justifiable differentiation, rather than the erosion of structural protections as a by‐product of a highly competitive environment. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Real estate bank lending in Germany — a status quo in early 2004
Authors: Garthe Elfi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThroughout 2003, market participants complained about an increasing ‘credit crunch’ in Germany and about an unprecedented reluctance of banks to grant loans, especially for real estate transactions. This paper looks at an explanation of this development and reflects the opinion of the author that Germany is far away from a credit crunch, ie banks not having the liquidity to grant loans. What has led to the present situation is a coincidence of three very significant changes in the market at the same time:

Major restructuring in the German banking market;
A recessional/stagnating economy; and
An atypical real estate cycle.

In order to fully understand the impact of these coinciding changes on present and future real estate lending, this paper will expand on and analyse the most important key elements of these changes to support the basis of an opinion on the future real estate financing environment. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
The UK transfer of a going concern regime: trade facilitation measure or bureaucratic jungle?
Authors: Connell Alan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA transfer of the assets of a property business as a going concern (TOGC) is outside the scope of VAT if certain conditions are met. Some of these require a buyer to do specific things by a certain time but others are dependent on a buyer's intentions or actions after the transfer. Sellers must deal with these contractually. The necessary procedures have been refined in response to Tribunal and Court decisions and they are affected by the VAT anti‐avoidance provisions. The ECJ decision in the case of Zita Modes SARL (Case C‐479/01) should lead to changes in the rules. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Volatility differences between the public and private real estate markets
Authors: Conner Philip , Falzon Robert 
Published: July 2006

AbstractToday, investors can use public or private vehicles to gain exposure to real estate. The public markets provide greater liquidity with higher volatility, while the private markets provide stability but with less liquidity. The differences in the volatility create opportunities to exploit periods of misalignment between the two markets. The strategies for arbitraging are many and diverse, but nearly all entail finding the optimal match between capital sources and property investments. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Exploring the different approaches to taxing PPP and PFI vehicles
Authors: Bartlett Paul 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe focus of public–private partnerships (PPPs) and private finance initiatives (PFIs) remains, as it has from their inception in 1992, firmly on the provision and maintenance of public sector property assets such as schools, hospitals, social housing and civil engineering projects including ‘Design, Build, Finance and Operate’ roads. Many of the techniques used in financing PPP and PFI transactions are common to real estate projects. It is likely therefore that the tax issues and consequent solutions developed for PPP and PFI transactions will have increasing relevance to the property investment industry, particularly as the principles of PFI become more common in the private sector. The purpose of this paper is to explore the different approaches to taxing PPP and PFI project vehicles and provide an update on the latest developments in their taxation. This is a topic which has been brought into focus by the high tax rate suffered by early PFI projects which are now reaching maturity and the consequent effect this has on shareholder returns. In response, the industry has, in partnership with the Inland Revenue, sought greater certainty over the tax treatment of PPP and PFI projects. Changes to key parts of PFI contracts and the way in which services are delivered can result in a much lower effective rate of tax for PPP and PFI projects. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
A report on title insurance in international real estate transactions
Authors: Calder J. Carmichael ‘Mike’ , Compton S. H. Spencer 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOver the past two years, the use of international title insurance has increased markedly. Title insurance has ceased to be a uniquely American product and has become a component of real estate transactions in dozens of countries. International lenders are becoming more familiar with the protections and benefits of title insurance, and, consequently, it is playing an increasingly greater role in the evolution of standardised international transaction systems and processes. This paper discusses how and why title insurance works in international real estate transactions and how the market has responded. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Selling land for development in the UK — the tax implications
Authors: Ewart David , Dunn Sarah 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper considers the tax position of a landowner who plans to sell his land to a developer. It assumes that he wants to participate in the development gain, ideally by leaving part of the consideration unascertained until a future date. This can be achieved through a number of different structures, and commercial factors will normally dictate which one. However, the tax implications of sharing in the development gain can be substantial and should be borne in mind. The first part of this paper looks at the tax consequences of a sale by one landowner. The second part considers the further issue, which arises when several landowners pool their land before sale in order to share the profits in proportion to their original interests. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
The UK economy: is the outlook really that good?
Authors: O'Carroll Lucy 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe UK economy has been in excellent shape in recent years. There are, however, risks to this positive outlook. The main risk, which has materialised since this article was written in December 2000, has been the sharper‐than‐expected US slowdown. We anticipate that the United States will recover relatively rapidly in the second half of 2001. The UK economy will see marginally slower growth, higher unemployment and lower inflation as result of the US slowdown. The Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee has plenty of room to reduce interest rates further to stimulate demand, however, and there are no signs that consumer or business confidence in the UK has been adversely affected by events in the United States. The outlook for the UK economy remains positive, with the economy expected to expand at close‐to‐trend rates, sterling to weaken somewhat and inflation to remain below its 2.5 per cent target during the next few years. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications