bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
URANIUM OXIDE COLORS AND CRYSTALS IN LOW TEMPERATURE GLAZE COMBINATIONS1
Authors: Lorah James R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study has been made of the color and crystallization of some uranium, lead, sodium, and boron glazes fired in a pure oxidizing atmosphere, both alone and with the addition of certain inorganic compounds. The colors obtainable are yellow, orange, red, green, brown, and black. By using only uranium oxide and red lead it is possible to produce any shade from light yellow to dark orange or red. About 10% of yellow uranium oxide is required to produce the deepest shade of orange.A study has been made of the crystals found in these glazes and the effect on them of adding clay and certain other compounds, and of increasing the time of firing. It is shown that the volatilization of lead is a very great factor in the preparation of crystalline structures.
ADSORPTION AT CRYSTAL‐SOLUTION INTERFACES
Authors: Keenen F. G. , France W. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe present work is a continuation of the study of adsorption processes at solution‐crystal interfaces. It consists of an investigation of the adsorption of dyes and gelatin by the various faces of potassium alum. The growth ratios of this alum were measured both in the presence and absence of the dyes and gelatin. It was found that Bismarck Brown and Diamine Sky Blue greatly affected the growth rates of the cube faces and also modified the crystal habit. This effect is explained on the basis of the ionic structure of the faces and the presence of polar groups in the dyes. The growth ratio V100/V111 for pure potassium alum was found to be 1.61.
VITREOUS ENAMEL SLIPS AND THEIR CONTROL1
Authors: Harrison W. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this work was to study vitreous enamel slips in order to develop adequate means for measuring and controlling their consistency under plant conditions.A suitable laboratory means for determining their consistency was first selected, and the effect of various factors upon consistency determined by this means. In order to learn something of the mechanism by which changes in consistency take place, observations were made upon the physicochemical nature of the different phases of several typical slips; also, the state of flocculation of the finer particles of suspended matter was observed under different conditions known to produce slips of different consistencies.A simplified method of determining consistency, suitable for plant use, was then devised, and the work carried into the field. This simplified means was put into use in conjunction with other tests, in order to obtain data for correlating consistency as determined by this method with the working properties of the slips.
THE POSSIBILITIES OF THE TUNNEL KILN FOR SEWER PIPE1
Authors: Richardson W. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe questions of whether enough sewer pipe could be set on cars and safely pushed through a tunnel kiln to make this type of kiln practicable for firing sewer pipe, and whether salt glazing would be practicable in one are discussed. The modifications necessary in a Richardson compartment tunnel kiln to make it practicable for this purpose are enumerated and explained.
PRODUCER GAS IN CONNECTION WITH FIRING FIRE BRICK1
Authors: Orth H. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFeatures in connection with firing fire brick are discussed. In tunnel kiln firing a high temperature at the charging end is essential. Desired features of producer gas firing are discussed and a producer gas fired tunnel kiln installation is described in detail. It is shown that production capacity is dependent on the charging end temperature.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE AGING OF ENAMELS1
Authors: Wolfram H. G. , Turk R. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe tendency toward more rapid production of enameled ware has reduced to minimum the time allowed in most plants for aging of enamels. Aging of the enamel slip allows the clay to become thoroughly slaked, adsorb the larger enamel particles, and thus prepare it for its cohesion to the metal base. Aging or soaking of the clay before use is an excellent substitute for part of the time consumed in aging the enamel slip. Observations of results obtained in commercial application of enamels has lead to the following conclusions: (1) Enamels should be aged before use in order to gain the full benefit of the adsorption properties of the clay and enamel colloids. (2) If the proper time of aging of enamels cannot be allowed, at least the clay should be brought to fine state of subdivision by aging or soaking in water. (3) If aging is not allowed in some form, the enamel usually is not as easily applied with the ordinary handling encountered in average production. (4) If aging of the clay is allowed there is quicker turn over of the stock enamel in the mill room.
A STUDY OF SOME FACTORY PROCESSES1
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. , Fritz E. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with some ceramic plant methods and machine design which are either wasteful of labor or power. The following are discussed and in some cases actual examples existing were subjected to calculation of the waste involved. Some of these cases remedied were: (1) raw material handling, (2) small power plant costs: boiler practice and plant power factor, (3) screens, (4) steam pipes, (5) heat insulation, (6) steam jets, (7) sagger presses, and (8) steel dies.
SOME NEW IDEAS IN CLAY WORKING1
Authors: Straight H. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe ideas which the author intends to try out on a plant scale are as follows: (1) roll crushing of the planer product, (2) use of a modernized soaking pit with pug mills, (3) heating pugged clay before molding, (4) air evacuation during pugging, (5) setting ware on kiln cars and running them through a humidity drier at a slow variable rate, 6) use of a wider tunnel kiln, especially for hollow ware, with special circulating features, and (7) mechanical handling of fired ware. Each idea is taken up and discussed in detail; all are along lines of eliminating manual effort, saving fuel, and increasing production per dollar invested.
SOME EFFECTS OF CAREFULLY ANNEALING OPTICAL GLASS1
Authors: Tilton L. W. , Finn A. N. , Tool A. Q. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe apparent lack of optical homogeneity in good optical glass may be the result of small differences in temperature during annealing. That this can be eliminated to a large extent by careful furnace control has been demonstrated. Furthermore, this may be done without appreciable change in the average index of refraction if the “thermooptical” constants of the glass are predetermined.
PLASTICITY OF CLAY1
Authors: Jenks Leon E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe cause of plasticity of clay is the formation in the moistened clay of a continuous external phase through the action of water in making gelatinous the material that forms the enveloping surface around the non‐gelatinous particles and aggregates present in the clay. Peptizing and flocculating effects of electrolytes and organic matter are discussed. A possible method for evaluating the relative plasticity of clays and the results obtained on some commercial clays using this method, are given.
A WASTE HEAT DRYING SYSTEM INVOLVING RECUPERATION1
Authors: Windsor W. T. , Westendick F. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn an attempt to eliminate the smoke nuisance created by operating a brick plant within the limits of a city, a successful smoke eliminator and a waste‐heat drying system involving recuperation were developed after some experimenting on old and new methods. The construction and arrangement of the recuperator is described as follows: A complete double‐deck duct system was built carrying the combustion gases in the lower half and the waste heat in the upper half. In this system a damper chamber is constructed a t each kiln where the outlet flue leaves the kiln. The kiln outlet flue enters this chamber on the one side and the gas and waste‐heat ducts one above the other leave on the other side. Both of these ducts are fitted with dampers. The construction of these chambers and the main duct is described. The advantages, limitations, and cost of this system are discussed.
THE HEAT BALANCE OF A GLASS TANK FURNACE1
Authors: Pike Robert D. , West George H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA seventy‐two hour test was carried out on a continuous side‐fired regenerative glass tank furnace with five oil burners on each side. A novel feature of this furnace was the insulation of the entire silica brick cap by means of a high temperature insulating brick. A complete record of the furnace operation during this period is given. Temperature measurements were made a t various points in the furnace and regenerator. A feature of the temperature observations is the great magnitude of the radiation correction when hot gases are flowing through passages lined with cooler brick work. The method described by Kreisinger and Barkley was used in making these measurements. This method could be employed for direct reading of true temperature at any point in the regenerative system. The heat balance of the complete furnace system between points at bottom of regenerators is given. Possible savings of fuel amounting to 14% of the total fuel burned are shown. An important fact brought out by this heat balance is that leakage through furnace brickwork is as prolific a source of heat loss as flow of heat through them by conduction.
THE PORES IN BRICK1
Authors: Easter G. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe mathematical theory underlying the reduction of heat losses through bricks by means of finer subdivision of the pores is briefly reviewed. For comparison of the size and number of pores in different bodies the resistance to the Bow of air through materials is measured and the pores arbitrarily considered to be replaced by an equivalent volume of parallel cylindrical capillaries extending through the brick and of such size and number as to offer equivalent resistance to air flow. The dimensions of these capillaries are then computed. The method is applicable only to bodies having open pores.
NOTE ON THE VAPOR ABSORPTION OF A FIRED EARTHENWARE BODY1
Authors: Deeds C. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSpecimens of an earthenware body fired at three temperatures were placed over a 10% sulphuric acid solution for 36 days and the gain in weight determined. Up to a certain limit of porosity the absorption is proportional to the porosity, but the body with the highest absorption, 20.25% took up a relatively higher amount of water. With an absorption of 8.81%, the maximum amount of water vapor taken up was 0.13%. With 10.8% absorption the water vapor taken up was 0.16 and with 20.25% absorption it reached 0.54%.
CLAYS AND CLAY DEVELOPMENT OF LOUISIANA1
Authors: Whittemore J. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe history of the surface geology of Louisiana is given. The various geological formations of the state which contain clay that might be used to manufacture ceramic products are described. The properties of the clays that are of commercial value are considered. The cheap labor, cheap gas, good markets, and good transportation facilities of the state afford excellent possibilities for ceramic manufacturers.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHALE PLANER1
Authors: Tefft C. Forrest 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe development of the shale planer from the first machine built by J. M. Powell fourteen years ago to the latest type is traced. Examples of applications at various plants are cited. Actual operating cost data on some of the latest type machines are presented. The advantages of a shale planer over other gathering machinery are discussed.
EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DIATOMACEOUS EARTH1
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the heat treatment of diatomaceous earths collected from a few commercial deposits throughout the country. It was originally intended to study the effect of heat treatment upon the various types of diatoms which occur in these deposits and the study was not intended to have any particular practical application. The results of the study indicate that the change of structure incident upon higher heat treatment is more dependent upon the chemical composition (impurities) than it is upon the diatom structure. An air‐floated sample which was quite pure showed little deterioration up to 1300°C.
PROGRESS REPORT ON CAST IRON FOR ENAMELING PURPOSES1
Authors: HARRISON W. N. , Saeger C. M. , Krynitsky A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBlisters on enameled cast‐iron ware may be traced either to faulty enamels and process of application or to the castings themselves. This investigation is concerned with the latter type of blisters. Differences in the blistering tendencies of different sets of castings were clearly brought out by an enameling test which included a variety of firing treatments. Using this test it was found that not only do different irons have different blistering tendencies, but successive heats of the same iron may have different blistering tendencies. The main source of blisters from the irons used in this work was overcome by removal of a thin surface layer of the castings, through either mechanical or chemical means.
THE EFFECT OF LEPIDOLITE IN A HIGH TENSION ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN BODY1
Authors: Twells Robert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTLepidolite is a lithium mica which has had considerable commercial application in glass and enamels. Its use in porcelain has not been tried to any great extent. This work covers the replacement by lepidolite of the feldspar in a high tension electrical porcelain. The results show that changing the RO of the standard body by molecularly replacing K2O by Li2O raises the vitrification temperature of the body, but that replacing feldspar directly pound for pound by lepidolite greatly lowers the vitrification temperature of the body. Lepidolite gives porcelains having a fine appearance and extreme whiteness. The most important property noted is an improvement of the bodies containing lepidolite in resistance to thermal shocks. Owing to its higher cost it is unlikely that lepidolite will be used in porcelains except in small proportions with feldspar to produce bodies having special properties. As hitherto the most important applications of lepidolite will doubtless be in glasses and enamels where full benefit can be secured from its fluorine content and low fusion temperature.
KILNS, FURNACES, BODIES, AND GLAZES FOR SMALL COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND EDUCATIONAL WORK1
Authors: Cox Paul E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDrawings and specifications for two small commercial kilns, one small test kiln, and a frit furnace are shown. Glazes suitable for use in the kilns are described. Shales and No. 2 fire clays are suggested for use. Reference is made to ware of commercial quality now being made in kilns of the kind indicated. Two sorts of copper red glazes are discussed and reference is made to the use of salt in effecting changes in the character of glazes. Fritted mat glazes are discussed and endorsed as superior to the raw sort, because of greater flexibility. A kiln atmosphere charged with vapors of common salt effects interesting changes in both the character of glazes and the usual colors produced by the commonly used oxides. A normally glossy, bright, and clear glaze becomes a vellumlike mat when fired in the presence of NaCl under certain conditions. A positive method of producing low‐fired copper reds and lusters is described.
TESTING OF A RED QUARRY FLOOR TILE KILN1
Authors: HarryVauqehan ByW. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA practical test of a round downdraft kiln firing red quarry floor tile is given. The results showed a considerable saving in fuel and time and an increase in the quality of ware amounting to more in value than the saving in fuel. An investigation of firing conditions in the average large plant using similar kilns is recommended as an investment which will yield dividends.
A PETROGRAPHIC STUDY OF SOME SLAGS FROM BOILER FURNACES1
Authors: McDowell Samuel J. , Lee H. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTObservations are based on a microscopic study of the effect of slags, particularly those of an Illinois coal, on refractories. A mineralogical relation is shown between the slag and the refractory used. The principal phases present in a cooled slag are: (1) a plagioclase feldspar, (2) magnetite or hematite, (3) mullite with iron oxide in solid solution, (4) glass. The so‐called “interface” between slag and refractory is largely crystalline upon cooling and consists principally of mullite which, surrounded by the slag, has grown from fine needles in the refractory to larger ones. In high alumina refractories where diaspor is present, the stained interface is much thicker and grains of corundum are formed. This zone of crystallization may be conducive to spalling. The effect of slags on various refractories is discussed.
STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF SIMPLE ENAMEL GLASSES1
Authors: Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThree component glasses of the systems Na2–B2O3–SiO2 and Na2O–PbO–SiO2 were investigated as to acid‐resisting properties. An increase in silica in general improves the acid resistance. The effect of Na2O, B2O3, and PbO on the acid resistance of an enamel is dependent on the composition to which these oxides are added. Some of these enamels showed considerable promise as acid‐proof enamels.
CLAY SEWERPIPE MANUFACTURE1 VI. Heat‐Balance Determinations
Authors: Arnold R. E. , Duncombe George H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTHeat‐balance determinations were conducted on a number of sewerpipe kilns and the kiln efficiencies were found to vary from 14.97% to 29.03%. The method of calculating the heat balance is described in detail. Kiln efficiencies for individual periods range higher for the second period in most cases with some of the kilns reaching upward of 40% efficiency. In general as the kiln reaches higher temperatures the kiln efficiency decreases due to increasing stack and kiln structure losses. In all, thirty‐four kiln tests were conducted in six plants in various sections of the country, in twenty‐six of which heat‐balance calculations were made, the remainder being auxiliary tests giving only general operating data such as tonnage of ware, fuel consumption, temperature schedule, and ware analysis.
CLAY SEWERPIPE MANUFACTURE VII. Low Temperature Oxidation1
Authors: Arnold R. E. , Duncombe George H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTData of plant and laboratory experiments on rate of oxidation of carbon found in sewerpipe clays are presented. The effect of some metallic oxides as catalysts in the low temperature combustion of coal is investigated. The difference in rate and completeness of the combustion or volatilization of the various forms of carbon shown in the laboratory studies suggests one explanation of why the clays of the plant experiments oxidize with difficulty at higher temperatures, viz., that the material which forms the black core is of the type of carbon compound which burns readily at low temperatures, and that at higher temperatures it is “cracked” or changes into one of the forms of carbon which burns slowly.
CLAY SEWERPIPE MANUFACTURE1 VIII. Measurement of Draft Distribution
Authors: Parmelee C. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method used in measuring the draft distribution in sewerpipe kilns is described and the significance of draft measurement in kiln studies is discussed. In the progress of the kiln studies several types of kiln bottoms were investigated. These ranged from one extreme to the other in the type and arrangement of flues and openings. The kilns studied had ring, spoke, spider, or “T” flue systems, together with solid or open‐feature walls, and in some cases a double‐feature wall system. Draft‐distribution studies of these types of construction brought out widely varying conditions. The possibilities offered in correcting faulty conditions by the use of this method of measuring the distribution are discussed.
VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS IN GLASS1
Authors: Lillie Howard R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe concentric cylinder method, described in a previous paper, has been used in the measurement of viscosities in molten glass. The apparatus and method of measurement are fully described. Comparisons are made between results obtained and those of English, Stott, and Washburn. Quite good checks are found in comparisons with English and with Stott, but results obtained in comparing with Washburn indicate a difference supposedly due to his use of a variable calibrating factor. Measurements made by the use of a falling sphere give values of viscosity 25 to 50% higher than those given by the concentric cylinders in the same glasses. This may be due to the extended extrapolation of Ladenburg's correction for finite boundaries.
A DEFORMATION STUDY OF COBALT OXIDE‐ALUMINA‐SILICA MIXTURES1
Authors: Felton Thomas M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA deformation study of CoO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 mixtures was made to determine the fluxing effect of cobalt in such silicate mixtures as glazes and enamels. The deformation eutectics for cobalt and alumina, cobalt and silica, and cobalt‐alumina‐silica were determined and isothermal diagrams drawn.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS ON TORSIONAL APPARATUS FOR MEASURING PLASTICITY1
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Rudd R. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA critical study of the apparatus has been carried on to reduce variations in results due to manipulation. Specimens were made by squeeze molding in saturated plaster molds instead of forming in the hands. The loading device was changed so that the stress could be increased continuously instead of intermittently as heretofore. The specimens were designed so that the ratio of the maximum stress in the outer fibers of the circular section was to that of the square section as 3.8 is to 1. Clays having the same water content were compared by studying the slopes of the stress‐strain curve sup to the proportional limit.
THE RATE OF OXIDATION OF PORCELAIN AND BALL CLAYS1
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. , Fritz E. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn this study the rate of CO2 evolution was determined by passing a 4% oxygen to 96% nitrogen gas mixture over a bar of clay or porcelain while this bar was being heated at an approximate rate obtained in the ceramic kilns. The water and CO2 evolved were collected in phosphorous pentoxide and soda lime, respectively, and the respective apparatus weighed each half hour during the length of the run. It was found that oxidation took place rapidly between 200°C and 550°C in both clay and porcelain. This is much different from what has been generally understood to be true, for in all the ceramic literature 750°C seems to be indicated as the most efficient temperature at which oxidation proceeds. It appears that oxidation of ceramic ware such as these can take place at much lower temperatures and with much greater economy in firing practice.
SOME ASPECTS OF PLASTICITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF CLAYS1
Authors: Irving D. R. , Dietrich W. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of Talwalkar‐Parmelee plasticity measurements of a number of clays, and an interpretation of the results in the light of data on dye adsorption, water of plasticity, drying and firing shrinkage, and dry transverse strength. The clays studied are mainly from California, but tests of a few more widely‐known clays from other sources are included for the purposes of correlation. Some data are given to show the effect of the addition of fine sand on the plasticity of a clay. The effect of variations in the water of plasticity is also considered.