bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vibration Monitoring of Small Lightweight Components Using Fiber Optic Sensors
Authors: Powers BL , Chuang SY 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Measurements of vibration resonant responses of lightweight components are difficult if the sensor's mass is comparable to the mass of the specimen. Fiber optic sensors, which are lightweight, are particularly attractive for this special application. To demonstrate the capability of fiber optic sensors for this unique application, a polarimetric fiber optic vibration monitoring system was developed to measure the resonant response of a capacitor (0.34 g) mounted vertically on a printed circuit board during a laboratory vibration test. A pronounced resonance peak around 1200 Hz was detected; this is in agreement with the first vibrational mode of the capacitor (1260 Hz) predicted by a NASTRAN finite element analysis. This resonance was suppressed by encapsulating the capacitor leads in RTV silicon rubber adhesive.
Experimentation and Uncertainty Analysis for Engineers
Authors: Jacobs TL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The stated objective of this book is to present “a logical approach to experimentation through the application of uncertainty analysis.” The book is intended for upper level undergraduate and graduate courses and as a reference. Its examples and discussions are geared towards mechanical engineering problems and experiments. In addition, the book may be used as a reference for quantifying sources of error within an experimental process.
Toxicity of a dissolved pyrethroid mixture to Hyalella azteca at environmentally relevant concentrations
Authors: Brander Susanne M. , Werner Inge , White J. Wilson , Deanovic Linda A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Use of pyrethroid pesticides, which are highly toxic to aquatic organisms, has increased substantially over the past decade. In 2006, the pyrethroid pesticides cyfluthrin and permethrin were measured in Sacramento-San Joaquin (SSJ) Delta (CA, USA) water at 5 and 24 ng/L (pptr), respectively. To elucidate any interactions between the two pyrethroids, a 10-d laboratory exposure was performed with 7- to 14-d-old amphipods (Hyalella azteca). Cyfluthrin and permethrin were tested singly and in combination at detected levels and also at half and twice the detected levels, both with and without the addition of 25 ppb of piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Mortality in all treatments was significantly higher than in controls, with the median lethal concentration (LC50) for permethrin with PBO (13.9 ng/L) and the LC50s with and without PBO for cyfluthrin (5.7 and 2.9 ng/L, respectively) at or below levels measured in SSJ Delta water samples. The LC50 for permethrin alone was estimated to be 48.9 ng/L. To evaluate combined toxicity, logistic regression models containing terms for concentrations of cyfluthrin, permethrin, and PBO, as well as models containing all possible combinations of these terms and interactions, were run and compared using Akaike's information criterion. The most parsimonious set of models indicated slight antagonism between cyfluthrin and permethrin. Results indicate that a dissolved mixture of cyfluthrin and permethrin is toxic at environmentally relevant concentrations in the water column.
Decolonizing Strategies for Mentoring American Indians and Alaska Natives in HIV and Mental Health Research
Authors: Walters Karina L. , Simoni Jane M. 
Published: February 2009

American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) scholars in the fields of mental health and HIV face formidable barriers to scientific success. These include justifiable mistrust of historically oppressive educational systems, educational disparities, role burdens within academe, the devaluation and marginalization of their research interests, and outright discrimination. Research partners can work to dismantle these barriers by embracing indigenous worldviews, engaging in collaborative research partnerships, building research capacity within universities and tribal communities, changing reward systems, and developing mentoring programs. At the individual level, aspiring AIAN scholars must build coalitions, reject internalized colonial messages, and utilize indigenous ethical frames. The creation of a cadre of AIAN researchers is crucial to improving the health of AIAN peoples.
Wellbore-Stability Study for the SAFOD Borehole Through the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Paul Pijush , Zoback Mark 
Published: February 2009

Summary
This paper presents a wellbore-stability study of the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) research borehole located near Parkfield, California, USA. In the summer of 2005, the SAFOD borehole was drilled successfully through the active trace of the San Andreas Fault (SAF) in an area characterized by fault creep and frequent microearthquakes. In this study, we report how the analysis of wellbore failures in the upper part of the hole, geophysical logs, and a model for stress gradients in the vicinity of the fault were used to estimate the mud weights required to drill through the fault successfully. Because logging-while-drilling (LWD) acoustic caliper data and real-time hole-volume calculations both showed that relatively little failure occurred while drilling through the SAF, the predicted mud weight was successful in drilling a stable borehole. However, a six-arm caliper log, run after drilling was completed, indicates that there was deterioration of the borehole with time, which appears to be caused by fluid penetration around the borehole. The LWD-resistivity measurements show that essentially no fluid penetration occurred as the hole was being drilled. Because of this, the mud weight used was capable of maintaining a stable wellbore. However, the resistivity data obtained after drilling show appreciable fluid penetration with time, thus negating the effectiveness of the mud weight and leading to time-dependent wellbore failure. Using finite-element modeling (FEM), we show that mud penetration into the fractured medium around the borehole causes failure with time.
Treatment of Hydrocarbon-Based Drilling Waste Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Street C. G. , Tesche C. , Guigard S. E. , Guigard C. 
Published: February 2009

Summary
Nonaqueous drilling fluids are essential in challenging drill operations. Their use, however, requires special treatment and disposal because of their potential for environmental damage. In light of increasing costs for common treatment technologies and ever-tightening environmental legislation, alternative treatment technologies are being sought by the drilling industry. Supercritical fluid extraction is one such technology that employs a substance higher than its critical pressure and temperature as a solvent.
In this paper, the results are presented of a study using super-critical carbon dioxide to treat synthetic based drilling waste. Unlike typical supercritical fluid extraction studies in which the process is optimized using changes in pressure and temperature, this study was undertaken to improve the extraction of hydrocarbons from drilling waste by increasing the supercritical fluid solvent to waste ratio. Efforts focused on improving supercritical fluid/drilling waste contact, eliminating system clogging with waste solids and minimizing solids carryover. Alterations to the waste using additives and alterations to the vessel both led to an increased amount of waste being treated effectively using the same amount of solvent. Optimization of the process yielded efficiencies as high as 97%. Also, it has been determined that the extracted hydrocarbons are unchanged by the supercritical fluid extraction process. This result suggests that the collected hydrocarbons may be reused in the drilling process, resulting in significant cost savings to the industry.
History And Performance Of The Coldwater Oil Field, Michigan
Authors: Criss C.R. , McCormick R.L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper summarizes the development and performance of the Coldwater Oil field, Isabella County, Mich. Production is obtained at a depth of 3,750 ft from a dolomite reservoir, which is probably both Rogers City and Dundee. There appears to be no barrier to vertical fluid movement between the Rogers City and Dundee, and both formations are believed to have a common original oil-water contact. No wells are open to production at the level of the Dundee.
The discovery of the field in 1944 was followed by the drilling of 81 producing wells and nine dry holes. By the end of 1952, the field had produced 12,763,000 bbl of oil, at which time 69 active wells were producing 3,600 B/D oil and 21,000 B/D water.
The reservoir has an effective natural water drive, and bottomhole pressure has declined 75 psi from an original pressure of 1,453 psi. Oil is undersaturated at reservoir conditions with a solution GOR of 512 cu ft/bbl and a saturation pressure of 1,190 psi.

Introduction
Although the Coldwater field is now in its ninth year of production, it ranks seventh in cumulative recovery, and second in current daily oil production in the state. Following complete development of the field in 1946, it has consistently contributed approximately 11 per cent of Michigan's daily production.
Coldwater appears to have a greater pay thickness than most fields producing from the Rogers City formation in the west central part of the Michigan basin. Except as influenced by the extent of closure and the thickness of the oil column, reservoir performance is believed to be representative of Rogers City fields in this part of the basin. For this reason, it is felt that the following presentation of factual data for the field will be of general interest.
Coreless Electromagnetic Coupling-Based Drillstem Telemetry Using Dual Electronic Gauges
Authors: Ding Tianhuai , Cheng Li 
Published: February 2009

Summary
A coreless electromagnetic coupling-based telemetry system for well-test data involving a full-bore drillstem test apparatus has been developed. This system allows the retrieval of formation pressures and temperatures above and below a tester valve by means of a wireline-conveyed electronic gauge and a permanently installed gauge. A wireline-deployed coreless electromagnetic proximity sonde is put into the well to transfer the data using time-division frequency transmission technology in the "Synchronization-Pressure-Low-Temperature-Low" mode on a single-core wired-armored cable. The coded pulse data are modulated on DC power signals. The surface processor uses a double-counter synchronization method to measure signal frequencies to eliminate ±1 most significant bit (MSB) error. Then a simplified algorithm is proposed, based on least-squares curve fitting and dimensionreduction methods, for computing actual temperatures and pressures for analysis of well-testing data. The proposed system is calibrated for temperatures up to 125°C and pressures up to 70 MPa with a pressure accuracy of 0.1% full scale (FS) and temperature accuracy of ±0.5°C. This approach combines the advantages of drillstem testing and wireline formation testing and has been successfully applied to onshore well testing.
Raloxifene: Mechanism of Action, Effects on Bone Tissue, and Applicability in Clinical Traumatology Practice
Authors: Rey Jose R. Caeiro , Cervino Eduardo Vaquero , Rentero Maria Luz , Crespo Emilio Calvo , Álvaro Angel Oteo , Casillas Marta 
Published: February 2009

Raloxifene, a member of the class of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), reproduces the beneficial effects of estrogens on the skeletal systems, without the negative effects estrogens on breast and endometrium.
This is a review article summarizing its mechanism, effects on bone and its applicability in traumatology clinical practice. In postmenopausal osteoporosis, this drug has been proven to decrease accelerated bone turnover, increase bone mineral density (BMD), and to structurally recover bone, decreasing the risk of vertebral fractures and the risk of non-vertebral fractures in patients with previous, severe vertebral fractures. Moreover, raloxifene appears to lower the risk of invasive breast cancer. Raloxifene would be efficacious in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
We can therefore conclude that raloxifene would be efficacious in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, while reducing the risk of breast cancer when used at the indicated dose of 60 mg/day and with a low incidence of side effects.
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Individuals After Cerebral Hemispherectomy: A Case Series
Authors: de Bode Stella , Fritz Stacy L , Weir-Haynes Kristi , Mathern Gary W 
Published: February 2009

Background and PurposeThis case report describes the feasibility and efficacy of the use of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in 4 individuals (aged 12–22 years) who underwent cerebral hemispherectomy (age at time of surgery=4–10 years). The aims of this case series were: (1) to evaluate the feasibility of this therapeutic approach involving a shortened version of CIMT, (2) to examine improvements that occurred within the upper extremity of the hemiparetic side, (3) to investigate the feasibility of conducting brain imaging in individuals with depressed mental ages, and (4) to examine changes in the sensorimotor cortex following intervention.Case DescriptionThe patients received a shortened version of CIMT for 3 hours each day for a period of 10 days. In addition, a standard resting splint was used for the unimpaired hand for an 11-day period. Each patient was encouraged to wear the splint for 90% of his or her waking hours. The following outcome measures were used: the Actual Amount of Use Test (AAUT), the Box and Block Test (BBT), and the upper-extremity grasping and motor portions of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery (FM).OutcomesImmediately after therapy, improvements were found in AAUT and BBT scores, but no improvements were found in FM scores. Three patients underwent brain imaging before and after therapy and showed qualitative changes consistent with reorganization of sensorimotor cortical representations of both paretic and nonparetic hands in one isolated hemisphere.DiscussionThe findings suggest that CIMT may be a feasible method of rehabilitation in individuals with chronic hemiparesis, possibly leading to neuroplastic therapy–related changes in the brain.
Clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage for the treatment of refractory increased intracranial pressure
Authors: Tuettenberg Jochen , Czabanka Marcus , Horn Peter , Woitzik Johannes , Barth Martin , Thomé Claudius , Vajkoczy Peter , Schmiedek Peter , Muench Elke 
Published: February 2009

Object
Several approaches have been established for the treatment of intracranial hypertension; however, a considerable number of patients remain unresponsive to even aggressive therapeutic strategies. Lumbar CSF drainage has been contraindicated in the setting of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) because of possible cerebral herniation. The authors of this study investigated the efficacy and safety of controlled lumbar CSF drainage in patients suffering from intracranial hypertension following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) or aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Methods
The authors prospectively evaluated 100 patients—45 with TBI and 55 with SAH—having a mean age of 43.7 ± 15.7 years (mean ± SD) and suffering from refractory intracranial hypertension (ICP > 20 mm Hg). Intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) before and after the initiation of lumbar CSF drainage as well as related complications were documented. Patient outcomes were assessed 6 months after injury.

Results
The application of lumbar CSF drainage led to a significant reduction in ICP from 32.7 ± 10.9 to 13.4 ± 5.9 mm Hg (p < 0.05) and an increase in CPP from 70.6 ± 18.2 to 86.2 ± 15.4 mm Hg (p < 0.05). Cerebral herniation with a lethal outcome occurred in 6% of patients. Thirty-six patients had a favorable outcome, 12 were severely disabled, 7 remained in a persistent vegetative state, and 45 died.

Conclusions
Lumbar drainage of CSF led to a significant and clinically relevant reduction in ICP. The risk of cerebral herniation can be minimized by performing lumbar drainage only in cases with discernible basal cisterns.
Efficacy of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after supratentorial intracranial surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Morad Athir H. , Winters Bradford D. , Yaster Myron , Stevens Robert D. , White Elizabeth D. , Thompson Richard E. , Weingart Jon D. , Gottschalk Allan 
Published: February 2009

Object
Opioid administration following major intracranial surgery is often limited by a presumed lack of need and a concern that opioids will adversely affect postoperative outcome and interfere with the neurological examination. Nevertheless, evidence is accumulating that these patients suffer moderate to severe postoperative pain and that this pain is often undertreated. The authors hypothesized that intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) would safely and more effectively treat postoperative supratentorial craniotomy pain than conventional as needed (PRN) therapy.

Methods
Following a standardized course of general anesthesia, adult patients who underwent elective supratentorial intracranial surgery were randomized in the neurosciences intensive care unit to receive either PRN intravenous fentanyl 25–50 μg every 30 minutes or PCA intravenous fentanyl 0.5 μg/kg every 15 minutes (maximum 4 doses/hour). The authors measured pain (self-reported scale score [0–10]), sedation (Ramsay Sedation Scale score), Glasgow Coma Scale score, fentanyl use, and major adverse events (excessive sedation, respiratory depression, pruritus, nausea, or vomiting) hourly.

Results
Sixty-four patients with a mean age of 48 years (range 22–77 years) were randomized to intravenous PCA (29 patients) or PRN fentanyl (35 patients) groups. There were no statistically significant demographic differences between the 2 groups. Patients receiving intravenous PCA had significantly lower pain scores than those receiving intravenous PRN fentanyl (2.53 ± 1.96 vs 3.62 ± 2.11 [p = 0.039]) and received significantly more fentanyl than the PRN group (44.1 ± 34.5 vs 23.6 ± 23.7 μg/hour [p = 0.007]). There were no differences between the 2 groups regarding the number of patients with adverse events.

Conclusions
Intravenous PCA more effectively treats the pain of supratentorial intracranial surgery than PRN fentanyl, and patients in the former group did not experience any untoward events related to the self-administration of opioids.
Flow cytometry and in vitro analysis of human glioma–associated macrophages
Authors: Parney Ian F. , Waldron James S. , Parsa Andrew T. 
Published: February 2009

Object
To date, glioma immunotherapy has been focused mostly on stimulating antitumor peripheral lymphocyte responses; however, some data suggest that microglia and/or macrophages (not lymphocytes) are the predominant inflammatory cells infiltrating gliomas. To study this hypothesis further, the authors analyzed inflammatory cell infiltrates in fresh human malignant glioma specimens and primary cultures.

Methods
Single-cell suspensions from fresh operative malignant glioma specimens, obtained by stereotactic localization, were analyzed for CD11b and CD45 by using flow cytometry. A comparison was made with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In a subset of patients, a more detailed flow cytometry analysis of Class I and II major histocompatibility complex, B7-1, B7-2, CD11c, and CD14 expression was performed. Macrophage-like cells in primary glioma cultures were similarly assessed.

Results
Operative samples were obtained from 9 newly diagnosed malignant gliomas. The mean percent of CD45+/CD11b− cells (lymphocytes) was 2.48% (range 0.65–5.50%); CD45dim/CD11b+ cells (microglia), 1.65% (range 0.37–3.92%); and CD45bright/CD11b+ (monocytes/macrophages), 6.25% (range 1.56–15.3%). More detailed fluorescence-activated cell sorting suggested that macrophage-like cells expressed Class I and II major histocompatibility complex, B7-2, and CD11c but not CD14 or B7-1. Primary human glioma cultures contained significant numbers of macrophage-like (CD45bright/CD11b+) cells, but these cells were lost with successive passages. These cells maintained the immunomarker profiles of macrophage-like cells from fresh specimens only if they were cultured in serum-free media.

Conclusions
The CD45+/CD11b+ cells are the predominant inflammatory cell infiltrating human gliomas. Of this type, the CD45bright/CD11b+ cells, a phenotype compatible with circulating macrophages in rodent models, and not microglia, are the most common. Their immunomarker profile is compatible with an immature antigen-presenting cell. They are present in primary glioma cultures but are lost in successive passages. Their role is enigmatic, and they may prove an important target for future glioma immunotherapy studies.
A novel pressure sensor with an optical system for coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Matsubara Noriaki , Miyachi Shigeru , Nagano Yoshitaka , Ohshima Tomotaka , Hososhima Osamu , Izumi Takashi , Tsurumi Arihito , Wakabayashi Toshihiko , Sakaguchi Masamichi , Sano Akihito , Fujimoto Hideo 
Published: February 2009

Object
In endovascular coil embolization for an intracranial aneurysm, the excessive pressure created during coil insertion into an aneurysm can cause a catastrophic rupture or dislodge a microcatheter tip from the aneurysm dome, resulting in insufficient embolization. Such undue mechanical pressure can only be subjectively detected by the subtle tactile feedback the surgeon experiences. Therefore, the authors of this study developed a new sensor device to measure the coil insertion pressure via an optical system.

Methods
This novel sensor system consists of a hemostatic valve connected to the proximal end of a microcatheter (Y-connector). The sensor principle is based on an optical system composed of a light-emitting diode (LED) and a line sensor. The latter measures how much the coil-delivery wire slightly bends in response to the insertion pressure by detecting the wire shadow. This information is translated into a given force level. Experimental aneurysm embolization was performed using this optical sensor. A silicone aneurysm model and an in vivo model (porcine aneurysm model) were used in this study. Several surgeons manually performed the coil insertions. The sensor continuously monitored the mechanical force during the insertions.

Results
The sensor adequately recorded the coil insertion pressure during embolization. The presence of the sensor did not hinder the embolization procedure in any way. During embolization in the silicone aneurysm model, a sinusoid pattern of pressure occurred, reflecting actual clinical experience. Similar results were obtained in the in vivo study.

Conclusions
This new sensor device adequately measures coil insertion pressure. This system provides potentially safer and more reliable aneurysm embolizations.