bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EATING THE WORLD: LONDON IN 1851
Authors: Prasch Thomas 
Published: June 2008

“London, for some timeprevious to the opening of the Great Exhibition, has been a curious sight even to Londoners,” Henry Mayhew declared in1851, or the Adventures of Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys and Family, Who Came Up to London to “Enjoy Themselves,” and to See the Great Exhibition, his comic instant novel about the transformation of London in the year of the Great Exhibition. Mayhew proceeded to detail what had grown curiouser and curiouser about the London scene in that climactic year: “New amusements were daily springing into existence, or old ones being revived. The Chinese Collection had returned to the Metropolis, with a family from Pekin, and a lady with feet two inches and a half long, as proof of the superiorstandingshe had in society; Mr Calin [sic; he means Caitlin] had re−opened his Indian exhibit; Mr Wyle [sic; he means Wyld; instant novels apparently did not allow much time for proofreading] had bought up the interior of Leicester Square, with a view of cramming into it – ‘yeah, the great globe itself’” (132). Elsewhere in Mayhew's parodic panorama of London's exhibition mania, he offered a view of other globalized London scenes, focusing on celebrated chef Alexis Soyer's new restaurant, “where the universe might dine, from sixpence to a hundred guineas, ofcartesranging from pickled whelks to nightingale's tongues . . . from the ‘long sixes,’au naturalof the Russians, to the ‘stewed Missionary of the Marquesas,’ or the ‘cold roast Bishop’ of New Zealand” (2). Mayhew's imaginary menu, with its cannibalistic extremes, expresses a wider concern about the deluging of London by foreigners come to see the Great Exhibition (some 60000 “extra” foreigners – beyond, that is, standard visiting numbers – were estimated to have actually visited, mostly from the Continent, that year, roughly doubling the existing foreign population of London; see Auerbach 186), which found expression in an amused (when not more genuinely terrified) xenophobia that often focused on foreign foodways.
Nutritional assessment of charitable meal programmes serving homeless people in Toronto
Authors: Tse Carmen , Tarasuk Valerie 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the potential nutritional contribution of meals provided in a sample of community programmes for homeless individuals, to determine the effect of food donations on meal quality and to develop food-based guidance for meals that would meet adults’ total nutrient needs.SettingToronto, Canada.DesignAn analysis of weighed meal records from eighteen programmes. The energy and nutrient contents of meals were compared to requirement estimates to assess contribution to total needs, given that homeless people have limited access to nutritious foods. Mixed linear modelling was applied to determine the relationship between the use of food donations and meal quality. The composition of meals that would meet adults’ nutrient requirements was determined by constructing simulated meals, drawing on the selection of foods available to programmes.SampleIn all, seventy meals, sampled from eighteen programmes serving homeless individuals.ResultsOn average, the meals contained 2·6 servings of grain products, 1·7 servings of meat and alternatives, 4·1 servings of vegetables and fruits and 0·4 servings of milk products. The energy and nutrient contents of most meals were below adults’ average daily requirements. Most meals included both purchased and donated foods; the vitamin C content of meals was positively associated with the percentage of energy from donations. Increasing portion sizes improved the nutrient contribution of meals, but the provision of more milk products and fruits and vegetables was required to meet adults’ nutrient requirements.ConclusionsThe meals assessed were inadequate to meet adults’ nutrient requirements. Improving the nutritional quality of meals requires additional resources.
Validation of an FFQ to assess dietary protein intake in type 2 diabetic subjects attending primary health-care services in Mali
Authors: Coulibaly A , Turgeon O’Brien H , Galibois I 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo validate a 53-item quantitative FFQ (QFFQ) for the assessment of dietary protein intake in type 2 diabetic outpatients in Bamako, Mali.DesignConsumption of protein-containing foods over the week preceding the interview was measured with a 7d QFFQ and compared with intakes measured with 48-h recalls.SettingCentre National de Lutte contre le Diabète.SubjectsSeventeen male and forty female adults with type 2 diabetes.ResultsCorrelation between protein intakes estimated using the QFFQ and 48h recalls was 0·63 (P< 0·0001). There was no significant difference between the two methods concerning the total protein daily intakes and intakes per kilogram of body weight. The QFFQ indicated that foods of animal origin were a lesser source of protein. Animal protein intake did not differ between men and women but sources did. In men, the main sources were beef (54 % of total animal protein), fish (15 %) and milk powder (8 %). In women, the principal sources were fish (28 %), beef (20 %) and birds (13 %). In contrast, plant protein intake was significantly higher in men than in women (P= 0·01), but the same plant foods contributed in similar proportions for both genders, rice being by far the greatest source (47 % of plant protein in men, 53 % in women).ConclusionThe QFFQ developed in this study is a valid tool to evaluate dietary protein intakes in Malian diabetic subjects. While the total protein intakes were low in both men and women, differences in choices and amounts of protein food sources were shown.
Underweight, overweight and obesity among South African adolescents: results of the 2002 National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey
Authors: Reddy SP , Resnicow K , James S , Kambaran N , Omardien R , MBewu AD 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe present paper reports the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity by gender, ethnicity and grade, among participants in a 2002 national survey among South African school-going youth that included height and weight measurements.DesignA stratified two-stage sample was used. Nationally representative rates of underweight, overweight and obesity were calculated using weighted survey data and compared using χ2 analysis.SettingIn all, 9224 grade 8 to grade 11 students, present at school in selected classes within selected South African government-funded schools in all nine provinces, participated in this study. Most of the students were between 13 and 19 years of age.ResultsHigher rates of underweight were observed for males than females as well as for black and ‘coloured’ than white students. Within each gender group, black and ‘coloured’ students had significantly higher rates of underweight than their white counterparts. Higher percentages of females than males were overweight and obese, overall and among black students. Furthermore, white male students had significantly higher rates of overweight than their black and ‘coloured’ counterparts. Among females, black and white students had significantly higher rates than ‘coloured’ students. Students in higher grades showed significantly lower rates of underweight and higher rates of overweight.DiscussionThese data confirm that South Africa, a developing nation in socio-economic transition, is experiencing both undernutrition and overnutrition. However, these problems are disproportionately distributed by gender, socio-economics and ethnicity. Continued surveillance of nutritional status may be one important component of a national strategy to prevent and control malnutrition.
Anaemia, its correlation with overweight and growth patterns in children aged 5–10 years living in American Samoa
Authors: Kemmer Teresa M , Novotny Rachel , Gerber A Sam , Ah Ping Ianeta 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of anaemia, identify the predictors of anaemia, compare the prevalence of anaemia among children living in American Samoa to those found in children living in the USA, and compare the growth patterns obtained from this study to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data and data obtained earlier in American Samoan children.DesignCross-sectional.SettingAmerican Samoa, a Pacific Island.SubjectsIn all, 208 children aged 5–10 years.ResultsAnaemia (Hb < 11·5 g/dl) prevalence was 17·3 %. There was a significant difference in mean Hb levels in children within American Samoa as compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III data (P< 0·05). In children with BMIZ-score (BMIZ) (P< 0·05) and weight-for-ageZ-score (WAZ) (P< 0·05) >2·0, females had a significantly higher prevalence of anaemia than males. Females with a WAZ > 2·0 had a significantly higher prevalence of anaemia than females with a WAZ ≤ 2·0 (P< 0·03). Risk factors for anaemia were mother having less than a high school education (P= 0·02), no car (P< 0·01) and no phone (P= 0·02). The BMIZ (P< 0·000), height-for-ageZ-score (P< 0·000) and WAZ (P< 0·000) were significantly different from the distribution of CDC reference data and that found in children previously assessed in American Samoa.ConclusionsAnaemia is high among children aged 5–10 years living in American Samoa. Growth patternZ-scores reveal that American Samoan children are, on average, taller, heavier and more overweight. Further examination into the causes of anaemia and overweight is warranted.
Toward Statistical Descriptions of Convective Cloud Dynamics: Workshop on Concepts for Convective Parameterizations in Large‐Scale Models; Hamburg, Germany, 12–14 February 2008
Authors: Yano Jun‐Ichi , Quaas Johannes , Wagner Till M. , Plant Robert S. 
Published: June 2008

An accurate representation (parameterization) of deep convective clouds is essential for the successful simulation of precipitation in climate models. However, the question of closure (i.e., how to find a closed system of equations) for convective parameterizations remains unsettled. Because the parameterization is conceptually a description of an ensemble of convective clouds, the development of “statistical cumulus dynamics” (SCD) would be the ultimate way to provide the closure, just as the statistical mechanics of a microphysical system provides the ultimate basis for its macrophysical thermodynamics.The concept of SCD was introduced by A. Arakawa and W. H. Schubert (J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674–701, 1974) in their seminal work on mass‐flux convective parameterization. Although progress since then has been slow, some pioneering work has recently been done in Europe. A workshop was organized at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology for intensive discussions of SCD.
Isolation of Streptomyces sp. PCB7, the first microorganism demonstrating high-affinity uptake of tropospheric H2
Authors: Constant Philippe , Poissant Laurier , Villemur Richard 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Microbial-mediated soil uptake accounts for ∼80% of the global tropospheric dihydrogen (H2) sinks. Studies conducted over the last three decades provide indirect evidences that H2 soil uptake is mediated by free soil hydrogenases or by unknown microorganisms that have a high affinity for H2. The exact nature of these hypothetical free soil enzymes or of H2-consuming microorganisms remains elusive because the activity has never been observed in pure culture. Here, we present the first aerobic microorganism able to consume tropospheric H2 at ambient levels. A dynamic microcosm chamber was developed to enrich a microbial consortium with a high affinity for H2, from which selected bacterial and fungal strains were isolated and tested for H2 uptake. Strain PCB7 had a H2 consumption activity that followed a Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with an apparent Km of 11 p.p.m.v. and a H2 threshold concentration &lt;0.100 p.p.m.v., corresponding to the high-affinity uptake of tropospheric H2 observed in soil. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences showed that strain PCB7 is highly related to several Streptomyces species. H2 consumption occurred during the sporulation period of the bacterium. Addition of nickel increased the activity, suggesting that the enzymes involved in H2 consumption belong to the NiFe uptake class of hydrogenases. Because this is the first microorganism showing a high-affinity uptake of tropospheric H2, we anticipate that Streptomyces sp. PCB7 will become a model organism for the understanding of the environmental factors influencing H2 soil uptake.
Optimal Form of Operationalizing BMI in Relation to All‐cause and Cause‐specific Mortality: The Original Whitehall Study
Authors: Kivimäki Mika , Ferrie Jane E. , Batty G. David , Smith George Davey , Elovainio Marko , Marmot Michael G. , Shipley Martin J. 
Published: June 2008

Objective: The shape of the association between BMI (kg/m2) and mortality has important methodological implications as it partially determines the optimal form for operationalizing BMI for use in analyses. We examined various BMI operationalizations in relation to mortality from all causes and specific causes.Methods and Procedures: A clinical examination with measurements of height and weight was conducted at baseline (1967–1970) for 18,860 working men aged 40–69, in the total cohort and 7,865 men in the healthy subcohort, that is, those who had no unexplained weight loss, no cardiovascular (CVD) or respiratory disease, were nonsmokers and did not die during the first 5 years of follow‐up (the original Whitehall study). A mean follow‐up of 35 years for mortality gave rise to 13,498 deaths of which 4,766 were in the healthy subcohort.Results: There was a dose‐response relation between BMI and CVD and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in the total cohort and healthy subcohort, with an increasingly steep slope at the high end of the BMI distribution. For noncardiovascular, cancer, and respiratory mortality, an excess risk was also associated with a BMI <18.5; in the healthy subcohort, this was true only for respiratory deaths. The association between BMI and all‐cause mortality was J‐shaped in the total cohort and healthy subgroup and even after excluding underweight participants.Discussion: For associations with all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality, a linear and quadratic term in combination provided a more parsimonious BMI operationalization than the WHO definition, obese‐nonobese dichotomy or BMI treated as a continuous linear variable.
Pitfalls of ultrasound guided vascular access: the use of three/four‐dimensional ultrasound
Authors: French J. L. H. , Raine‐Fenning N. J. , Hardman J. G. , Bedforth N. M. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryThe use of ultrasound guidance for central venous access is widespread and was recommended as the technique of choice by The National Institute of Clinical Excellence in the UK in 2002. However, complications have been reported using this technique. In this article we review the technique of two‐dimensional ultrasound needle guidance and the errors that can occur. We then discuss the development of three‐ and four‐dimensional ultrasound and describe our experiences using this imaging modality in simulated and actual needle‐guidance. We discuss the potential advantages for clinicians utilising this newer form of ultrasound imaging for central venous access.
Renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure: a survey of practice in adult intensive care units in the United Kingdom
Authors: Gatward J. J. , Gibbon G. J. , Wrathall G. , Padkin A. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryThis study surveyed current practice in adult intensive care units in the United Kingdom in three key areas of renal replacement therapy when used for acute renal failure: type of therapy used, typical treatment dose and anticoagulation.Responses were received from 303 (99%) of the 306 intensive care units. 269 units (89%) provide renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure. Most (65%) use continuous veno‐venous haemofiltration as first‐line therapy in the majority of patients, though continuous veno‐venous haemodiafiltration is used by 31% of units. For haemofiltration, the median typical treatment dose (interquartile range [range]) is 32 ml.kg−1.h−1 (28.6–35.7 [14.3–85.7]), with 49% using a treatment dose of 35 ml.kg−1.h−1 or greater. For haemodiafiltration, the median typical treatment dose (interquartile range [range]) is 44 ml.kg−1.h−1 (28.6–57.1 [21.4–120.7]), with 67% using a treatment dose of 35 ml.kg−1.h−1 or greater. The vast majority of intensive care units use intravenous unfractionated heparin (96%) or epoprostenol (88%) for anticoagulation. Dosage and monitoring of these two agents vary markedly between units. No units use citrate anticoagulation. These results reveal a wide variety of practice in the delivery of renal replacement therapy between intensive care units in the United Kingdom.
The influence of maternal depression, caregiving, and socioeconomic status in the post‐natal year on children's language development
Authors: Stein A. , Malmberg L.‐E. , Sylva K. , Barnes J. , Leach P. ,   the FCCC team
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackground  Post‐natal depression is common and has been associated with adverse effects on children's later emotional and behavioural development. The evidence for effects on children's cognitive development is unclear but this could potentially be a major public health issue. The aim was to examine whether maternal depression and maternal caregiving during the first year of life are associated with children's subsequent language development.Methods  One thousand two hundred and one women were recruited from antenatal and post‐natal baby clinics in two areas in England, and followed up until their babies were 3 years. Mothers and children were assessed by questionnaire, interview and home observation; 999 children's language was assessed at 36 months, although 55 were excluded principally because they had been exposed to insufficient English.Results  In bivariate analyses maternal depressive symptomatology in the post‐natal year but not at 36 months was associated with poorer child language at 36 months; maternal caregiving, was positively associated with language. Structural Equation Modelling revealed that depression was associated with poorer caregiving but was not independently associated with language. Higher quality caregiving at 10 months was associated with better language. When the sample was split by socioeconomic factors the effects of depression on caregiving were stronger in the less advantaged group. In both groups poorer quality early caregiving predicted lower language outcome.Conclusions  Post‐natal depression had a negative effect on caregiving, which in turn affected language; post‐natal depression did not have an additional direct effect on language. Socioeconomic factors moderated the effects of depression on caregiving. When targeting interventions at mothers with post‐natal depression, it may be strategic to focus on lower socioeconomic groups at higher risk.
How does cot death prevention advice influence parents' behaviour?
Authors: Miller L. H. , Fraser A. , Moy R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective  To explore parents’ understanding of the recommended cot death prevention strategies, and to discuss what they are doing in practice. If there is a difference between knowledge and implementation measures, possible reasons for this will be considered.Study design  A qualitative study using thematic analysis, aimed at finding out attitudes and opinions of parents about cot death prevention measures. Twelve participants were interviewed from two disadvantaged communities in south Birmingham.Results  Parents found that much of the cot death prevention advice they were provided with was conflicting and caused confusion. As such, many parents chose to follow advice from non‐healthcare sources. Some parents were carrying out preventative measures but were not aware of the reason for doing it. Many felt they did not receive enough advice relating to cot death prevention.Conclusion  Cot death health promotion advice appears to be inadequate among patients from a deprived socioeconomic background. Some of these issues could be resolved with increased training addressing these matters.
Health‐related quality of life of very preterm infants at 1 year of age after two developmental care‐based interventions
Authors: Van Der Pal S. M. , Maguire C. M. , Bruil J. , Le Cessie S. , Wit J. M. , Walther F. J. , Veen S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackground  In the context of a growing interest in developmental care (DC) this study explores the effect of the basic elements of DC and the additional effect of the individual approach of the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) on the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of very preterm infants at 1 year of age. The basic elements of DC in this study were defined as the use of standardized nests and incubator covers whose protective characteristics were hypothesized to have a positive effect on the infant's HRQoL. The individualized approach of the NIDCAP was thought to further increase HRQoL.Methods  Very preterm (≤32 weeks) born infants in a Dutch Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at two locations were included in two consecutive randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing controls (standard care) with basic DC (standardized nests and covers) in the first RCT and basic DC with NIDCAP in the second RCT. Parents completed a questionnaire (RCT 1, n = 136; RCT 2, n = 128) regarding their infant's HRQoL (TNO‐AZL Preschool Quality of Life Questionnaire) at 1 year of age, corrected for prematurity. Because of multiple testing a P‐value of below 0.01 was chosen to indicate significance.Results  HRQoL scores ranged from good to optimal for most infants. No significant differences were found between basic DC vs. controls and NIDCAP vs. basic DC on the child's HRQoL as reported by parents at 1 year of age.Conclusions  These two RCT show that the basic elements of DC and the more individualized NIDCAP do not improve HRQoL of very preterm infants at 1 year of age.
Internalizing disposition and preschool children's cortisol fluctuations
Authors: Li I. , Shen P‐S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackground  Research on the impact of childcare suggested that young children's cortisol tends to increase or remain ‘flat’ across the day while their cortisol levels follow the typical circadian decrease between mid‐morning and mid‐afternoon at home. However, studies are needed to investigate what is happening to cortisol levels and whether individual variation exists in the cortisol rhythm in childcare.Methods  Internalizing disposition was examined as a possible moderator of cortisol‐linked stress response of young children in full‐time, centre‐based childcare. Ambulatory salivary sampling for cortisol was performed on 37 preschoolers at four different times for 10 consecutive school days. In order to test the interaction effect of internalizing disposition on cortisol levels, children were divided into four groups – the most internalizing group, the least internalizing group, and two groups in between, based on teacher‐rated ‘approach’ scores.Results  Repeated measure analyses of variance with polynomial contrast for time indicated that (1) a linear trend of significant increase between mid‐morning and mid‐afternoon exists for all children without group interactions; (2) quadratic and cubic trends exist and the interaction effects among the groups are significant, meaning the four groups are different in fluctuation pattern. Further analyses demonstrated that (1) the least internalizing children showed significant decreases in cortisol levels from morning to noon and after nap, although there is a considerable increase after lunch, (2) cortisol levels of the other three groups across the day fit the pattern of upward curve.Conclusion  The tradition of the field in comparing mid‐morning and mid‐afternoon levels of cortisol as an indicator of childcare effect may not reflect individual variation in the fluctuation patterns of cortisol. Moderating effect of child characteristics needs to be considered in future research of childcare effect.