bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms
Authors: Paerl Hans W. , Huisman Jef 
Published: February 2009

SummaryCyanobacteria are the Earth's oldest known oxygen‐evolving photosynthetic microorganisms, and they have had major impacts on shaping our current atmosphere and biosphere. Their long evolutionary history has enabled cyanobacteria to develop survival strategies and persist as important primary producers during numerous geochemical and climatic changes that have taken place on Earth during the past 3.5 billion years. Today, some cyanobacterial species form massive surface growths or ‘blooms’ that produce toxins, cause oxygen depletion and alter food webs, posing a major threat to drinking and irrigation water supplies, fishing and recreational use of surface waters worldwide. These harmful cyanobacteria can take advantage of anthropogenically induced nutrient over‐enrichment (eutrophication), and hydrologic modifications (water withdrawal, reservoir construction). Here, we review recent studies revealing that regional and global climatic change may benefit various species of harmful cyanobacteria by increasing their growth rates, dominance, persistence, geographic distributions and activity. Future climatic change scenarios predict rising temperatures, enhanced vertical stratification of aquatic ecosystems, and alterations in seasonal and interannual weather patterns (including droughts, storms, floods); these changes all favour harmful cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waters. Therefore, current mitigation and water management strategies, which are largely based on nutrient input and hydrologic controls, must also accommodate the environmental effects of global warming.
Self and Illness: Changing Relationships in Response to Life in the Community Following Prolonged Institutionalisation
Authors: Newton Liz 
Published: February 2009

Increasingly since the 1950s mentally ill people in the Western world have been removed from institutional care. In this paper I am concerned primarily with the response of psychiatric patients to living in a ‘normal’ community environment, in particular the extent to which they are able to assume new social roles and identities after long periods of institutional care. I conclude that despite persistent mental illness, deinstitutionalised patients have developed new roles and new identities, a new sense of independence, new coping abilities and a capacity to articulate future goals and desires.The findings are drawn from two and a half years fieldwork in an Australian capital city, where a group of long‐stay psychiatric in‐patients, who would not normally be considered for discharge, were given the opportunity to live in mainstream society. This accompanied the reduction of in‐patient beds and the eventual closure of a large psychiatric hospital as it amalgamated with another hospital nearby.
Random Mind: Towards an Appreciation of Openness in Individual, Society and Anthropology
Authors: Rapport Nigel 
Published: February 2009

Gregory Bateson laid stress on treating anthropology as a ‘non‐specialist’ subject which would draw upon, and hence illuminate the interdependence of, all the human sciences in its endeavour to tackle what he called the `vast intricacies' of socio‐cultural complexity. What was called for was an ‘abductive’ project which would qualitatively or aesthetically identify certain vital `patterns' which connected different arenas of human experience. By this means, anthropology could hope to disinter specific sociological and psychological laws.In the manner of Bateson, this paper sets out to describe and isolate one such law: the random workings of the individual human mind. These workings are considered abductively across a range of different but related discourses: ethnographic, aesthetic, political and moral.It is argued that to appreciate the randomness of the individual mind is to gain important insight not only into the diversity of human culture and society but also the singularity of human being. An appreciation of human randomness and its ramifications, it is concluded, may serve as the basis not only of explanation but also a sense of moral value and beauty in anthropological analysis.
Land Tenure and Naming Systems in Aboriginal Australia
Authors: Harvey Mark 
Published: February 2009

Naming systems play a prominent role in discussions of land tenure by Aboriginal people. Reference to one area of land and its owners is most commonly in terms of name ‘X’, whereas reference to another area of land and its owners is most commonly made in terms of name ‘Y’. Much of the analytical literature examines how these names refer to groups of people. There is considerable dispute as to whether the reference of these names suffices to determine disjoint groupings of owners that can be described by the term ‘clan’.This paper proposes that the analysis of linkages between names and areas of land should have priority over the analysis of linkages between names and groups of people. The evidence shows that the attachment of names to areas of land is more stable and consistent than their attachment to groups of people. There are differences in the ways that names attach to the landscape, and these differences are significant—they determine whether or not more than one name from the same system may be attached to an area of land.This paper focuses on two areas of Australia: the northern Kakadu‐Oenpelli area and the Timber Creek area (both in the Northern Territory). It shows that naming systems identify disjunctive areas of land as the targets for claims of primary ownership in both areas. These disjunctive areas may reasonably be described with the translation term ‘estates’. In the northern Kakadu‐Oenpelli area, corresponding to these estates, there are disjunctive groupings of owners, which may be termed ‘clans’. However, groupings of owners are not clearly disjunctive in the Timber Creek area, and there is little motivation for using the term ‘clan’.This paper proposes that this difference reflects a general pattern in Aboriginal Australia, with naming systems stably and consistently identifying ‘estates’ across much of the continent. They do not identify ‘clans’ with equivalent stability and consistency.
Surfing in the Third Millennium: Commodifying the Visual Argot
Authors: Lanagan David 
Published: February 2009

The practice of surfing has often been at odds with the mores of wider society, to the point where surfers have been described in the media as rotten, long‐haired, unwashed drug addicts, or as jobless junkies. However, in recent years there has been an increase in the popularity of surfing and an increase in the consumption of surfing related commodities. This increase in popularity is largely due to the marketing practices of the business interests that are involved in surfing, which has appropriated its images and sold them to a rapidly expanding and lucrative market.This paper will outline how the commodification of surfing's visual style, and the meanings that are symbolised by this development, have had a three‐fold effect on the sport. First, surfing has been shifted away from the beach into quite different contexts; second, surfing as understood by the wider society has been altered and; third, the commodifying practices of business interests have transferred the symbolic ownership of the sport from surfers to surfing capital.
Identification of Clinically Relevant Nonhemolytic Streptococci on the Basis of Sequence Analysis of 16S-23S Intergenic Spacer Region and PartialgdhGene
Authors: Nielsen Xiaohui Chen , Justesen Ulrik Stenz , Dargis Rimtas , Kemp Michael , Christensen Jens Jørgen 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTNonhemolytic streptococci (NHS) cause serious infections, such as endocarditis and septicemia. Many conventional phenotypic methods are insufficient for the identification of bacteria in this group to the species level. Genetic analysis has revealed that single-gene analysis is insufficient for the identification of all species in this group of bacteria. The aim of the present study was to establish a method based on sequence analysis of the 16S-23S intergenic spacer (ITS) region and the partialgdhgene to identify clinical relevant NHS to the species level. Sequence analysis of the ITS region was performed with 57 NHS reference or clinical strains. Satisfactory identification to the species level was achieved for 14/19 NHS species included in this study on the basis of sequence analysis of the ITS region.Streptococcus salivariusandStreptococcus vestibularisobtained the expected taxon as the best taxon match, but there was a short maximum score distance to the next best match (distance, <10).Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, andStreptococcus pneumoniaecould not be unambiguously discriminated by sequence analysis of the ITS region, as was also proven by phylogenetic analysis. These five species could be identified to the group level only by ITS sequence analysis. Partialgdhsequence analysis was applied to the 11S. oralisstrains, the 11S. mitisstrains, and the 17S. pneumoniaestrains. All except one strain achieved a satisfactory identification to the species level. A phylogenetic algorithm based on the analysis of partialgdhgene sequences revealed three distinct clusters. We suggest that sequence analysis of the combination of the ITS region and the partialgdhgene can be used in the reference laboratory for the species-level identification of NHS.
InvasiveScytalidium dimidiatumInfection in an Immunocompetent Adult
Authors: Elinav Hila , Izhar Uzi , Benenson Shmuel , Admon Dan , Hidalgo-Grass Carlos , Polacheck Itzhack , Korem Maya 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTScytalidium dimidiatum, a dematiaceous fungus, has been well established as an agent of dermatomycosis. There are few reports of invasive infection caused byS. dimidiatum; most infections occurred in immunocompromised hosts. We present an immunocompetent patient with pleuralS. dimidiatuminfection and review nine other published cases of invasiveS. dimidiatuminfections.
Fatal Epstein-Barr Virus Primo Infection in a 25-Year-Old Man Treated with Azathioprine for Crohn's Disease
Authors: N'Guyen Y. , Andreoletti L. , Patey M. , Lecoq-Lafon C. , Cornillet P. , Léon A. , Jaussaud R. , Fieschi C. , Strady C. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
We report a case of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) primo infection with the development of successive infectious mononucleosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder in a patient treated with azathioprine for Crohn's disease. This case report suggests that specific EBV-related clinical and virological management should be considered when treating a patient with inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine.
Evaluation of Different RNA Extraction Methods and Storage Conditions of Dried Plasma or Blood Spots for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Quantification and PCR Amplification for Drug Resistance Testing
Authors: Monleau Marjorie , Montavon Céline , Laurent Christian , Segondy Michel , Montes Brigitte , Delaporte Eric , Boillot François , Peeters Martine 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThe development and validation of dried sample spots as a method of specimen collection are urgently needed in developing countries for monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Our aim was to test some crucial steps in the use of dried spots, i.e., viral recovery and storage over time. Moreover, we investigated whether dried plasma and blood spots (DPS and DBS, respectively) give comparable viral load (VL) results. Four manual RNA extraction methods from commercial HIV type 1 (HIV-1) VL assays—a QIAamp minikit (Qiagen), the Abbott Molecular sample preparation system, the Nuclisens assay (bioMarieux), and High Pure viral nucleic acid kit (Roche Applied Science)—were compared for VL quantification and PCR amplification for genotypic drug resistance testing on dried spots from spiked plasma and residual samples from HIV-1 patients (n= 47; median VL, 4.13 log10copies/ml). RNA recovery from DPS was efficient using Nuclisens extraction (median difference, 0.03 log10copies/ml) and slightly underestimated using the Abbott Molecular sample preparation system (median difference, 0.35 log10copies/ml). PCR amplification results were in concordance. Measurements from DBS overestimated VL for plasma, with VL results showing <3.7 log10copies/ml. VL was stable for up to 3 months in spiked DPS stored at 20°C but for only 1 month at 37°C. A faster decline was observed in PCR efficiency: DPS could be stored for 1 week at 37°C and for 1 month at 20°C. In conclusion, the RNA extraction method is an important factor in obtaining reliable RNA quantification and PCR amplification of HIV-1 on DPS/DBS. DBS could be used as an alternative for DPS depending on HIV RNA cutoffs for virological failure. VL measurements remain stable over a longer period than do PCR amplification results.
Intranasal Administration of Alpha Interferon Reduces Seasonal Influenza A Virus Morbidity in Ferrets
Authors: Kugel Daniela , Kochs Georg , Obojes Karola , Roth Joachim , Kobinger Gary P. , Kobasa Darwyn , Haller Otto , Staeheli Peter , von Messling Veronika 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
The type I interferon (IFN) response represents one of the first lines of defense against influenza virus infections. In this study, we assessed the protective potential of exogenous IFN-α against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza viruses in ferrets. Intranasal treatment with IFN-α several hours before infection with the H1N1 influenza A virus strain A/USSR/90/77 reduced viral titers in nasal washes at least 100-fold compared to mock-treated controls. IFN-treated animals developed only mild and transient respiratory symptoms, and the characteristic fever peak seen in mock-treated ferrets 2 days after infection was not observed. Repeated application of IFN-α substantially increased the protective effect of the cytokine treatment. IFN-α did not increase survival after infection with the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus strain A/Vietnam/1203/2004. However, viral titers in nasal washes were significantly reduced at days 1 and 3 postinfection. Our study shows that intranasal application of IFN-α can protect ferrets from seasonal influenza viruses, which replicate mainly in the upper respiratory tract, but not from highly pathogenic influenza viruses, which also disseminate to the lung. Based on these results, a more intensive evaluation of IFN-α as an emergency drug against pandemic influenza A is warranted.
Noncytotoxic Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcription by Exosomes Secreted from CD8+T Cells
Authors: Tumne Ashwin , Prasad Varsha Shridhar , Chen Yue , Stolz Donna B. , Saha Kunal , Ratner Deena M. , Ding Ming , Watkins Simon C. , Gupta Phalguni 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTCD8+T cells display a noncytotoxic activity that suppresses transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in an antigen-independent and major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner. To date, the precise cellular and molecular factors mediating this CD8+T-cell effector function remain unsolved. Despite evidence indicating the dependence of the activity on cell-cell contact, the possibility of a membrane-mediated activity that represses transcription from the viral promoter remains unexplored. We therefore investigated whether this inhibition of HIV-1 transcription might be elicited by a membrane-bound determinant. Using a CD8+T-cell line displaying potent noncytotoxic HIV-1 suppression activity, we have identified a membrane-localized HIV-1-suppressing activity that is concomitantly secreted as 30- to 100-nm endosome-derived tetraspanin-rich vesicles known as exosomes. Purified exosomes from CD8+T-cell culture supernatant noncytotoxically suppressed CCR5-tropic (R5) and CXCR4-tropic (X4) replication of HIV-1 in vitro through a protein moiety. Similar antiviral activity was also found in exosomes isolated from two HIV-1-infected subjects. The antiviral exosomes specifically inhibited HIV-1 transcription in both acute and chronic models of infection. Our results, for the first time, indicate the existence of an antiviral membrane-bound factor consistent with the hallmarks defining noncytotoxic CD8+T-cell suppression of HIV-1.
Genetic risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament ruptures:COL1A1gene variant
Authors: Posthumus M , September A V , Keegan M , O’Cuinneagain D , Van der Merwe W , Schwellnus M P , Collins M 
Published: February 2009

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are considered the most severe injury sustained in sports. Although various intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors have been identified, the exact aetiology of the injury is not yet fully understood. Recently, the gene encoding for the α1 chain of type I collagen (COL1A1) has been shown to be associated with cruciate ligament ruptures and shoulder dislocations.Objective:To determine whether the functional Sp1 binding site polymorphism within intron 1 of theCOL1A1gene is associated specifically with ACL ruptures in an independent population.Methods:117 Caucasian participants with surgically diagnosed ACL ruptures, and 130 Caucasian physically active controls without any history of previous ligament or tendon injuries were recruited for this case–control genetic association study. All participants were genotyped for theCOL1A1Sp1 binding site polymorphism (G/T; rs1800012).Results:The rare TT genotype was significantly (p = 0.031, OR = 0.08, 95% CI <0.01 to 1.46) under-represented in the ACL group (0 out of 117, 0%), compared with the controls (6 out of 130, 4.6%).Conclusion:The TT genotype of theCOL1A1Sp1 binding site polymorphism was significantly under-represented in South African participants with ACL ruptures. We propose that this sequence variant be the first specific genetic element to be included in multifactorial models developed to understand the aetiology and risk factors for ACL rupture.
EVI1 Impairs Myelopoiesis by Deregulation of PU.1 Function
Authors: Laricchia-Robbio Leopoldo , Premanand Kavitha , Rinaldi Ciro R. , Nucifora Giuseppina 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
EVI1 is an oncogene inappropriately expressed in the bone marrow (BM) of ∼10% of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. This disease is characterized by severe anemia and multilineage myeloid dysplasia that are thought to be a major cause of mortality in MDS patients. We earlier reported on a mouse model that constitutive expression of EVI1 in the BM led to fatal anemia and myeloid dysplasia, as observed in MDS patients, and we subsequently showed that EVI1 interaction with GATA1 blocks proper erythropoiesis. Whereas this interaction could provide the basis for the erythroid defects in EVI1-positive MDS, it does not explain the alteration of myeloid differentiation. Here, we have examined the expression of several genes activated during terminal myelopoiesis in BM cells and identified a group of them that are altered by EVI1. A common feature of these genes is their regulation by the transcription factor PU.1. We report here that EVI1 interacts with PU.1 and represses the PU.1-dependent activation of a myeloid promoter. EVI1 does not seem to inhibit PU.1 binding to DNA, but rather to block its association with the coactivator c-Jun. After mapping the PU.1-EVI1 interaction sites, we show that an EVI1 point mutant, unable to bind PU.1, restores the activation of PU.1-regulated genes and allows a normal differentiation of BM progenitors in vitro. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1633–42]
DDB1-CUL4 and MLL1 Mediate Oncogene-Induced p16INK4a Activation
Authors: Kotake Yojiro , Zeng Yaxue , Xiong Yue 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The induction of cellular senescence by oncogenic signals acts as a barrier to cellular transformation and is attained, in part, by the elevation of the p16INK4a tumor suppressor gene. p16 expression is repressed epigenetically by Polycomb, but how p16 is induced is not known. We report here that the p16 locus is H3K4-methylated in highly expressing cells. H3K4 methyltransferase MLL1 directly binds to and is required, along with its core component RbBP5, for the induction of p16 by oncogenic Ras. We further show that damaged DNA binding protein DDB1 and CUL4, which assemble distinct E3 ubiquitin ligases by recruiting various WD40 proteins, act upstream of MLL1-mediated H3K4 methylation. We showed that CUL4A directly binds to p16 and that silencing DDB1 blocks Ras-induced p16 activation. Ras expression dissociates BMI1 from the p16 locus, whereas both CUL4 and MLL1 bind to the p16 locus similarly in both normal and oncogenic stimulated cells. These results suggest that DDB1-CUL4 and MLL1 complexes constitute a novel pathway that mediates p16 activation during oncogenic checkpoint response and is repressed by the polycomb repression complexes during normal growth of young cells. [Cancer Res 2009;69(5):1809–14]
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Flip Side of the Coin
Authors: Mishra Pravin J. , Mishra Prasun J. , Glod John W. , Banerjee Debabrata 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tumor-associated fibroblasts or carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) play an important role in the growth of epithelial solid tumors. Although the cell type of origin of CAFs has not been conclusively established, it has been shown that they may be bone marrow derived. One side of the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) coin is the well-accepted therapeutic potential of these cells for regenerative and immunomodulatory purposes. The ominous dark side is revealed by the recent work demonstrating that hMSCs may be a source of CAFs. In this review, we discuss the role of stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment and suggest that by exploring the in vitro/in vivo interplay between different cell types within the tumor milieu, strategies for improved tumor therapy can be developed. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1255–8]
Is Anticancer Drug Development Heading in the Right Direction?
Authors: Hambley Trevor W. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The success of molecularly targeted agents, such as imatinib, has led to expectations of a new era in anticancer drug development, and to a greatly increased focus on targeting as a strategy. However, the number of successes to date is small, and recent results suggest that the success of imatinib, for instance, in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor may be the exception rather than the rule. Here, we argue that the search for new anticancer agents needs to continue on as many fronts as possible, and not be focused on one strategy alone. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1259–62]
A Century of Deciphering the Control Mechanisms of Sex Steroid Action in Breast and Prostate Cancer: The Origins of Targeted Therapy and Chemoprevention
Authors: Jordan V. Craig 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The origins of the story to decipher the mechanisms that control the growth of sex hormone–dependent cancers started more than 100 years ago. Clinical observations of the apparently random responsiveness of breast cancer to endocrine ablation (hormonal withdrawal) provoked scientific inquiries in the laboratory that resulted in the development of effective strategies for targeting therapy to the estrogen receptor (ER; or androgen receptor in the case of prostate cancer), the development of antihormonal treatments that dramatically enhanced patient survival, and the first successful testing of agents to reduce the risk of developing any cancer. Most importantly, elucidating the receptor-mediated mechanisms of sex steroid–dependent growth and the clinical success of antihormones has had broad implication in medicinal chemistry with the synthesis of new selective hormone receptor modulators for numerous clinical applications. Indeed, the successful translational research on the ER was the catalyst for the current strategy for developing targeted therapies to the tumor and the start of “individualized medicine.” During the past 50 years, ideas about the value of antihormones translated effectively from the laboratory to improve clinical care, improve national survival rates, and significantly reduced the burden of cancer. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1243–54]