bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Optical Method for the Measurement of Biomolecular Diffusion in Polymer Matrices
Authors: Thomas Susan N. Behrens , Blanch Harvey W. , Soane David S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA novel fiber optic probe was developed and used to investigate the mass transport of proteins through a polyacrylamide matrix. The basic component of the probe was an optical fiber, employing the evanescent wave as an excitation source for molecules near its surface. The optical fiber was coated with a very thin film of polyacrylamide, and the rate of diffusion through this matrix for proteins tagged with FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) was determined. The diffusivity of FITC‐β‐galactosidase was 1.6 × 10−10 cm2/sec. A bimodal distribution in size was observed in the albumin sample, with the diffusivities of the two components differing by an order of magnitude (D1 = 4.9 × 10−10 cm2/sec, D2 = 3.5 × 10−10 cm2/sec). Studies were also performed to determine the effect of crosslinking the matrix on the mass transfer of FITC‐albumin. The diffusion coefficient was reduced as the time of exposure to the crosslinking solution (triethylene diamine) increased. After twenty minutes of exposure to the crosslinking solution, the larger of the two albumin species was excluded from the matrix and only one diffusing species was detected.
Numerical and experimental evaluation of microfluidic sorting devices
Authors: Taylor Jay K. , Ren Carolyn L. , Stubley G. D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe development of lab‐on‐a‐chip devices calls for the isolation or separation of specific bioparticles or cells. The design of a miniaturized cell‐sorting device for handheld operation must follow the strict parameters associated with lab‐on‐a‐chip technology. The limitations include applied voltage, high efficiency of cell‐separation, reliability, size, flow control, and cost, among others. Currently used designs have achieved successful levels of cell isolation; however, further improvements in the microfluidic chip design are important to incorporate into larger systems. This study evaluates specific design modifications that contribute to the reduction of required applied potential aiming for developing portable devices, improved operation reliability by minimizing induced pressure disturbance when electrokinetic pumping is employed, and improved flow control by incorporating directing streams achieving dynamic sorting and counting. The chip designs fabricated in glass and polymeric materials include asymmetric channel widths for sample focusing, nonuniform channel depth for minimizing induced pressure disturbance, directing streams to assist particle flow control, and online filters for reducing channel blockage. Fluorescence‐based visualization experimental results of electrokinetic focusing, flow field phenomena, and dynamic sorting demonstrate the advantages of the chip design. Numerical simulations in COMSOL are validated by the experimental data and used to investigate the effects of channel geometry and fluid properties on the flow field.
Transfection‐induced defects in dynein‐driven transport: evidence that ICs mediate cargo‐binding
Authors: Towns William L. , Tauhata Sinji B.F. , Vaughan Patricia S. , Vaughan Kevin T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCytoplasmic dynein contributes to the localization and transport of multiple membranous organelles, including late endosomes, lysosomes, and the Golgi complex. It remains unclear which subunits of dynein are directly responsible for linking the dynein complex to these organelles, however the intermediate chain (IC), light intermediate chain (LIC) and light chain (LC) subunits are each thought to be important. Based on previous mapping of a dynein IC phosphorylation site (S84), we measured the impact of transfected ICs on dynein‐driven organelle transport (Vaughan et al.,2001). Wild‐type and S84A constructs disrupted organelle transport, whereas the S84D construct induced no defects. In this study we investigated the mechanisms of transfection‐induced disruption of organelle transport. Transfected ICs did not: (1) disrupt the dynein holoenzyme, (2) incorporate into the native dynein complex, (3) dimerize with native dynein ICs or (4) sequester dynein LCs in a phosphorylation‐sensitive manner. Consistent with saturation of dynactin as an inhibitory mechanism, truncated ICs containing only the dynactin‐binding domain were as effective as full‐length IC constructs in disrupting organelle transport, and this effect was influenced by phosphorylation‐state. Competition analysis demonstrated that S84D ICs were less capable than dephosphorylated ICs in disrupting the dynein‐dynactin interaction. Finally, two‐dimensional gel analysis revealed phosphorylation of the wild‐type but not S84D ICs, providing an explanation for the incomplete effects of the wild‐type ICs. Together these findings suggest that transfected ICs disrupt organelle transport by competing with native dynein for dynactin binding in a phosphorylation‐sensitive manner. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SN2′ Boron‐Mediated Mitsunobu Reactions – A New One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Substituted Enamides and Enol Benzoates
Authors: Berrée Fabienne , Gernigon Nicolas , Hercouet Alain , Lin Chia Hui , Carboni Bertrand 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe conversion of (3‐hydroxy‐1‐propen‐1‐yl)boronates to substituted enamides and enol benzoates is readily achieved in a one‐pot procedure consisting of a regiocontrolled Mitsunobu reaction with convenient nucleophiles, followed by allylboration of aldehydes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Embodied emotion concepts: How generating words about pride and disappointment influences posture
Authors: Oosterwijk Suzanne , Rotteveel Mark , Fischer Agneta H. , Hess Ursula 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEmbodiment theories predict that activating conceptual knowledge about emotions can be accompanied by re‐experiencing bodily states, since simulations of sensory, motor, and introspective experiences form the foundation of conceptual representations of emotion. In the present study, we examine whether the activation of the specific emotion concepts of pride and disappointment are embodied in the sense that they are accompanied by changes in posture. Participants generated words associated with pride and disappointment while posture height was measured. Results show that during the generation of disappointment words participants decreased their posture height more than when participants generated pride words. This finding suggests that the activation of conceptual knowledge about disappointment can lead to a spontaneous expression of the associated body posture. In contrast to posture changes along the vertical axis, movement along the horizontal axis was not influenced by concept activation. In addition to bodily simulation the data also indicated introspective simulation, since feelings of disappointment increased after generating disappointment words. The current study provides the first evidence for the claim that the activation of conceptual knowledge about emotion can instantiate spontaneous simulations at a behavioral level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glial cell type‐specific subcellular localization of 14‐3‐3 zeta: An implication for JCV tropism
Authors: Lamba Shivani , Ravichandran Veerasamy , Major Eugene O. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract14‐3‐3 Isoforms are shown to be upregulated or accumulated in the glial cells of autopsied patient brains affected with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a demylinating disease caused by JC virus (JCV). The possible involvement of 14‐3‐3 in JCV tropism, however, has never been examined. To investigate a potential relationship between 14‐3‐3 isoforms and JCV in vitro, we examined the localization of six 14‐3‐3 isoforms in human neural progenitors and progenitor‐derived astrocytes (PDAs) in cells without JCV exposure. The 14‐3‐3 zeta isoform was initially localized in the progenitor cytoplasm. When differentiation of progenitors into PDAs was induced, the zeta isoform was translocated into the nucleus. However, upon JCV infection, progenitor cells exhibited an uncharacteristic 14‐3‐3 zeta nuclear presence in the few cells that became infected. JCV‐treated PDAs showed elevated levels of 14‐3‐3 zeta compared with noninfected PDAs. Treatment with TGF‐β1, a known stimulant of JCV multiplication, increased the overall number of infected cells and the otherwise absent nuclear presence of 14‐3‐3 zeta in progenitors. These results suggest that the nuclear presence of 14‐3‐3 zeta may play a role in JCV infection, and that the isoform may in part determine JCV susceptibility in these cell types. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Artifactual time‐course correlations in echo‐planar fMRI with implications for studies of brain function
Authors: Kriegeskorte Nikolaus , Bodurka Jerzy , Bandettini Peter 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBrain function is widely investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans and animals. In fMRI, the time courses of voxels typically reflect the local blood‐oxygen level, which is taken as an indicator of neuronal activity. Voxel time‐course correlations are often explicitly modeled and interpreted in terms of neuronal interactions. They also affect standard analyses that do not explicitly target neuronal interactions. As a consequence, time‐course correlations between voxels influence conclusions about cognitive and physiological brain processes in many studies. However, voxel correlations are known to arise not only from cognitive and physiological processes, but also as artifacts of fMRI techniques such as the commonly used echoplanar imaging. We empirically demonstrate this phenomenon by plotting time‐course correlation as a function of voxel separation for a human brain in resting state and for a water‐filled sphere (called a “phantom”). The phantom served as a test object known not to contain any interacting neuronal systems. The plots for brain and phantom are surprisingly similar. The correlational structure found in the phantom must be artifactual. Artifactual correlations spanning many centimeters occur within and between different imaging slices. Correlations between voxel time courses do not necessarily reflect brain processes. Instead, fMRI is affected by artifactual correlations, which are very strong for neighboring voxels and clearly present even at large distances. This needs to be taken into account in the neuroscientific interpretation of voxel correlations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 345–349, 2008
Assessing spatial probabilistic distributional differences in the common space between schizophrenics and normal controls based on a novel automated probabilistic pattern analysis method
Authors: Koo Bang‐Bon , Lee Jong‐Min , Kim June Sic , Park Jun Sung , Kwon Jun Soo , Kim Sun I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBecause of the complex nature of the human brain, a full understanding of its various group specific variation factors such as volume, shape, and location related to age, gender, ethnic, and disease might be provided in both structural and functional neuroimaging studies. To serve this purpose, a novel approach for characterizing the group variability information using group specific labeled probabilistic maps was introduced in this article. An automatic labeling technique was applied to encode group specific probabilistic information for each region of interests (ROIs) covering the overall cortical region and a probabilistic pattern analytic method was proposed to assess the difference in the spatial extent between 70 schizophrenics and 70 controls in the common space. From our proposed method, we found major differences in 17 ROIs that had shown large variation in schizophrenics. Most of these ROIs were in the frontal and the temporal lobe and only three ROIs were in the parietal and the occipital lobe. The ROIs highlighted through our proposed method could be connected with previous morphological findings on schizophrenia and it also might be considered in functional analysis. As a result, our method could provide intuitive information on group difference relevant to the overall anatomical variability in the substructural level. Thus, it could be used as a prompting system to search and examine the regions of the brain that are worthy of further precise analysis by various sub‐cortical region based group studies in assessing specific patterns related to diseases. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 310–324, 2008
An improvement in the moment‐preserving thresholding method
Authors: Chen I‐Ping , Lai Ming‐Yi , Wang Ling‐Ling 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThresholding is frequently used for image segmentation. One of the most popular approach to thresholding is the moment‐preserving thresholding method proposed by Tsai in 1985. However, it does not work well when the peaks of a histogram have a great size variation. Hence, in this study we propose a simple and effective improvement in Tsai's method such that suitable thresholds can be found even when the histogram has peaks with a great size variation. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed improvement. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 365–370, 2008
Parallel fuzzy segmentation of multiple objects
Authors: Garduño Edgar , Herman Gabor T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe usefulness of fuzzy segmentation algorithms based on fuzzy connectedness principles has been established in numerous publications. New technologies are capable of producing larger‐and‐larger datasets and this causes the sequential implementations of fuzzy segmentation algorithms to be time‐consuming. We have adapted a sequential fuzzy segmentation algorithm to multiprocessor machines. We demonstrate the efficacy of such a distributed fuzzy segmentation algorithm by testing it with large datasets (of the order of 50 million points/voxels/items): a speed‐up factor of ∼5 over the sequential implementation seems to be the norm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 336–344, 2008
Transform‐domain penalized‐likelihood filtering of tomographic data
Authors: Atkinson Ian C. , Kamalabadi Farzad 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe present motivation for performing the filtering step of the widely used filtered back‐projection algorithm in a non‐Radon domain. For square‐error optimal penalized‐likelihood regularization, filtering in a domain for which the true projection data is sparse in the angle dimension yields coefficients that are more faithful to the ideal filtered data than directly filtering the observed Radon‐domain data. In contrast to traditional regularization techniques that filter each projection independently, the proposed filtering technique delivers improved reconstructions by exploiting the correlation of the data in the angle dimension. This enables meaningful reconstructions to be created even from very noisy projection data. In addition, this approach allows for simple penalty matrices to be constructed, enables penalty coefficient to be calculated in a straightforward manner, and results in an easily computed, closed‐form solution for the regularizing filters. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 350–364, 2008
Coping as a moderator of disability and psychosocial adaptation among Vietnam theater veterans
Authors: Martz Erin , Bodner Todd , Livneh Hanoch 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this archival research was to investigate whether coping moderated the association between disability status and the outcome of psychosocial adaptation while controlling for demographic variables, posttraumatic stress disorder, and environmental conditions and social support. This research analyzed data from the U.S.'s National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS; R.A. Kulka et al., 1990a). In this study, the existence of a disability significantly and negatively predicted psychosocial adaptation after controlling for specific variables. Further, the multiple regression analysis showed that the association of disability and adaptation was moderated by problem‐solving coping, indicating that the negative effect of disability on adaptation was smaller for participants with lower levels of problem‐solving coping. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65:1–19, 2009.
Culture analysis and metaphor psychotherapy with Arab‐Muslim clients
Authors: Dwairy Marwan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAttempting to reveal unconscious content and promoting self‐actualization may be counterproductive for clients who come from collectivistic cultures. Such treatment goals may expose clients to harsh confrontations with the family. Clients with dependency traits, low ego‐strength, and strict families may be helped through metaphor psychotherapy or culture analysis. Metaphor therapy makes it possible to deal symbolically and indirectly with unconscious content; culture analysis can pave the way to reveal unconscious needs and enable clients to establish a new order within their belief systems and within their families. The present article describes these two therapy methods and illustrates their clinical use with an Arab‐Muslim suffering from depression. Through such therapy anchored in his own culture and religion, the client altered his beliefs, became satisfied with himself, and found successful ways to adapt to his family. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65:1–11, 2009.
Resection of glial scar following spinal cord injury
Authors: Rasouli Alexandre , Bhatia Nitin , Dinh Paul , Cahill Kim , Suryadevara Sourabh , Gupta Ranjan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWhile many studies have focused on modulating the immune response and enhancing axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI), there is limited work being performed on evaluating the role of glial scar in SCI. We sought to evaluate the effects of glial scar resection in contusion models and dorsal hemisection models of SCI. At 1‐week postinjury, 2 mm of glial scar was excised from specimens in one of the two groups from each injury model. Functional outcome was measured weekly using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) Locomotor Rating Scale along with histologic evaluation of spinal cord tracts to determine axonal regeneration. Within the dorsal hemisection model, there was no significant difference in recovery for animals that underwent glial scar excision versus animals that did not have scar excision (p = 0.61). Animals subjected to the contusion model, however, demonstrated lower BBB scores in the glial resection group during the earlier postoperative periods (<4 weeks; p < 0.05). Histological analysis revealed no axons within the glial resection contusion model, and moderate axonal growth within the nonresection contusion group and both hemisection groups (p > 0.05 for differences among the three groups). While glial scar may serve to stabilize the preserved axonal tracts and thereby permit modest recovery in a contusion model of SCI, it may be of less importance with a dorsal hemisection model. These experiments highlight that basic biologic processes following SCI may vary tremendously based on the injury mechanism and that the role of glial scar in spinal cord regeneration must be elucidated. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 931–936, 2009
Low linolenic soybeans and beyond
Authors: Wilkes Richard S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLow linolenic soybean oil is the first in a series of modified oilseed products to be introduced to meet food company and consumer needs. Consumer packaged goods and foodservice companies are currently using this oil to successfully replace partially hydrogenated soybean oil, resulting in the reduction of trans fatty acids from the food supply. In addition to meeting consumer demand for healthier foods, many food processors have chosen low linolenic soybean oil based on taste, performance and cost benefits. Seed companies continue to utilize traditional breeding, marker assisted breeding and biotechnology approaches to modify oilseeds that produce oils with health and nutrition benefits. Additional modified oilseeds are at various stages of development. Soybeans with increased levels of stearic acid are being developed as an alternative to partially hydrogenated fats and high saturate fats required to provide solids and structure to food. High stability fry oils with increased levels of oleic acid, reduced levels of linolenic acid as well as a version with lower saturated fat are being developed. Soybeans are also being modified to offer more sustainable sources of omega‐3s including stearidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid which will result in more efficacious sources of omega‐3s compared to alpha‐linolenic acid‐containing vegetable oil and improved functionality/stability compared to fish and algal oils.
Improved Bligh and Dyer extraction procedure
Authors: Jensen Søren K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFatty acids are specific compounds with well known chemical composition, but they exist in a great variety of molecules which differ in chemical and physical characteristics. Quantitative extraction of fatty acids is therefore a challenge. An acidic Bligh and Dyer method has been developed and compared with the traditional Stoldt fat extraction method. It is shown that depending on the matrix, the HCl‐Bligh and Dyer extraction leads to 10–15% more total fatty acids and a 30–50% increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with the official EU method. Besides being much more efficient for extraction of fatty acids, the HCl‐Bligh and Dyer method is faster, and allows the inclusion of internal standard at the beginning of the sample treatment.
Synthesis, Structure, Chromatic Properties, and Induced Circular Dichromism of Polydiacetylenes with an Extended Conjugated System in the Side Chain
Authors: Dei Satoshi , Matsumoto Akikazu 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe synthesized PDAs with a 4‐carboxyphenyl substituent directly connected to the conjugating main chain in order to investigate the effects of the side chain structure on the chromatic properties of the polymers. A series of 1,3‐alkadiynyl‐4‐benzoic acids (m,Ph‐DA‐CO2H) and their 1‐naphthylmethylammonium salts (m,Ph‐DA‐Naph) were prepared and polymerized under UV and γ‐ray irradiation. The resulting poly(m,Ph‐DA‐CO2H)s had absorption bands in their UV‐vis spectra in a wavelength region longer than those for the poly(m,Ph‐DA‐Naph)s and the other PDAs. We report the first example of the induced circular dichromism of poly(m,Ph‐DA‐CO2H) in the combination with a chiral (1‐cyclohexyl)ethylamine in the dispersion and in the solid state by an acid/base interaction.magnified image
Comparison of the Effects of an Ionic Liquid and Triethylbenzylammonium Chloride on the Properties of Electrospun Fibers, 1 – Poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Seo Jeong Moon , Arumugam Ganesh Kumar , Khan Sourabh , Heiden Patricia A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractImproving the conductivity of electrospinning solutions is often achieved by adding small amounts of conductive additives. HMIMCl, a room temperature ionic liquid, and TEBAC, a quaternary ammonium salt, were added to polylactic acid in chloroform and their effects on solution properties, electrospinning, and fiber properties were investigated. Both additives increased the conductivity which decreased the fiber diameter, but differences were observed on the fiber dispersity and fiber morphology. The conductive solutions caused fiber backbuilding with aggregation and fiber fusion. Reasons for the differences in fiber diameter and fiber morphology are discussed.magnified image