bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal patterning of electric organ discharges in the African electric catfish, Malapterurus electricus (Gmelin)
Authors: Rankin C. H. , Moller P. 
Published: January 2006

This paper is the first detailed analysis of situation‐specific temporal patterning of electric organ discharges (EODs) in a strong electric fish. Using a resident‐intruder paradigm EODs were recorded during interactions between dyads composed of Malapterurus electricus (Gmelin) and four different types of fish: (1) conspecifics; (2) large prey‐type mid‐water fish, goldfish (Carassius auratus, Linnaeus 1758) and tilapia (Oreochromis melanotheron, Rüppel, 1852); (3) a sympatric competitor, Polypterus palmas (Ayres 1850) and (4) a larger, threatening catfish, Clarias sp.An analysis of the EODs emitted showed that in the presence of conspecifics the average EOD volley consisted of a single long‐duration, low frequency train of EODs. The presence of the midwater fish (goldfish and Tilapia) elicited volleys consisting of two short trains, and P. palmas elicited long duration volleys with two trains and long inter‐train intervals. Finally, an attacking Clarias resulted on average in volleys consisting of two high‐frequency trains of EODs. With nonconspecific partner species resident electric catfish emitted volleys with more pulses, more trains that were longer in duration and higher in frequency than the EODs in volleys emitted by intruder electric catfish with the same species stimulus fish.
Food intake and growth in the blue‐spotted trevally, Caranx bucculentus Alleyne and Macleay 1877, with reference to predation on penaeid prawns
Authors: Smith R. L. , Salini J. P. , Blaber S. J. M. 
Published: January 2006

Blue‐spotted trevally, Caranx bucculentus, were fed different rations of pilchard and prawn in order to investigate feeding and growth relationships. Maintenance rations at 25.5° C amounted to 3.7% B.W. day−1 and 2.7% B.W. day−1 for prawns and pilchards, respectively. Additional feeding experiments at 28.9° C yielded a maintenance ration of prawns of 3.8% B.W. day−1, suggesting there is very little if any temperature effect on the feeding‐growth relationship over the range studied. Fish fed twice or more each day consumed about 7.3 ± 1.4% B.W. day−1.Given the biomass of this trevally in Albatross Bay, Gulf of Carpentaria, and the contribution of prawns to its diet, we estimate consumption of commercial prawns at 25 ± 5 g.ha−1 day−1 or 11 g kg−1 day−1.
Fluctuating recruitment and variable life history of migratory brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in a small, unstable stream
Authors: Titus R. G. , Mosegaard H. 
Published: January 2006

The recruitment dynamics and life history of migratory brown trout, Sulmo trutta L., were investigated in a small Baltic coast stream subject to recurring drought. Spawning males consisted of both mature male parr (101–206 mm t.l.) and migrant males (205–780 mm t.l.). Spawning females were all migrants which delayed maturity until reaching a significantly greater size on average (424–805 mm t.l.) than migrant males. Male: female ratios were very high in spawning aggregations (9–12 males: 1 female) with males representing up to five year‐classes or more. Gametes from several generations of males per spawning event may be important for maintaining the genetic viability of this population with few female spawners per year. The amount of spawning was dependent on precipitation just prior to and during the spawning period since migrants could not enter the stream under drought conditions. Migrants did not overwinter in the stream.Drought also caused variable fry mortality following emergence in early summer. Recruitment of 0+ parr in autumn varied from c. 175 to 3000 during 3 years. Smolts were relatively young (ages 1–2) and small (≥8 cm), and were significantly longer on average than sibling parr. Yet emigration of 1‐year‐olds was not related to 0+ parr size the previous autumn because of overlapping growth rates.Persistence of the migratory brown trout in this unstable environment may be the consequence of (i) life history adaptation (e.g. short freshwater residence of both juveniles and spawners), and (ii) a complementary set of individual life histories where variation in age of migrant spawners and the occurrence of mature male parr result in a stable spawner population despite inconsistent recruitment of migrants to the sea.
A multivariate morphometric investigation of Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 and A. presbyter Cuvier, 1829 (Teleostei: Atherinidae): morphometric evidence in support of the two species
Authors: Creech S. 
Published: January 2006

Two recently developed morphometric methodologies, multiple group principal components analysis (MGPCA) and the box truss method of body form transformation are used to re‐address whether Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 and A. presbyter Cuvier, 1829 are morphometrically distinct. The results revealed that morphometric differences are present between A. boyeri and A. presbyter, consistent with expectations of the existence of two species.Females of the two species were clearly discriminated into two separate groups because the within‐group covariances of several characters within populations of each species were different between species i.e., the covariances were heteroscedastic. The occurrence of heteroscedasticity within the data, although statistically invalidating the results of canonical variates anslysis, indicated there to be a large amount of morphological variation between females of the two species. Males were differentiated as a result of differences in body ‘shape’, particularly the relationship between head ‘shape’ and body ‘shape’.Several probable reasons are given for the failure of a previous study to differentiate the two species. The data rejects the synonymy of the two species in support of the continued use of the taxa A. boyeri Risso, 1810 and A. presbyter Cuvier, 1829.
The bioenergetics of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.): the influence of body weight, ration and dietary composition on nitrogenous excretion
Authors: Carter C. G. , Brafield A. E. 
Published: January 2006

Nitrogenous excretion by grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), was measured in the form of ammonia and urea. Endogenous nitrogen excretion (ENE) was estimated as the daily rate of excretion by grass carp which had been starved for 2 days. ENE was scaled allometrically with body weight with weight exponents of 0.75 for ammonia, 0.63 for total nitrogen and 0.63 for the energy lost. The proportion of nitrogen attributable to urea was smaller than that attributable to ammonia and decreased from 25 to 12% as fish weight increased from 2 to over 10 g.Linear relationships were found between daily rates of ammonia, total nitrogen and energy loss and daily rates of food intake. High carbohydrate and high lipid diets were not shown to have a protein‐sparing action compared to a high protein diet. Differences in the amount of nitrogen excreted were explained by the differing nitrogen contents of the diets. Nitrogen budgets were erected and their implications discussed.
Implications of life‐history strategies for a new wrasse fishery
Authors: Darwall W. R. T. , Costello M. J. , Donnelly R. , Lysaght S. 
Published: January 2006

The variety of life‐history patterns exhibited by the five species of wrasse common in Northern Europe are reviewed. The two larger wrasse species, the ballan, Labrus bergylta Ascanius, and cuckoo, Labrus mixtus (L.), are exploited through sport angling. The three smaller species, the corkwing, Symphodus (Crenilabrus) melops (L.), rock cook, Centrolabrus exoletus (L.) and goldsinny, Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.), are being exploited by a new fishery for use as parasite cleaners of farmed salmon.The nature of salmon farming limits the wrasse fishery to a minimum size, restricted areas and the warmer months of the year. The fishery may be expected to alter population structure through selective removal of larger fish. Removal of dominant territorial males may affect social structures and removal of nest‐guarding males would reduce egg survival. Quantitative models incorporating stock size and fishery requirements are now required.
The Management of Heroin Addiction at a General Hospital Drug Addiction Treatment Centre
Authors: HICKS ROBERT CAREY 
Published: January 2006

Résumé On décrit l'organisation, le personnel et le fonctionnement d'un centre de traitment de l'intoxication avec des drogues, dans un hôpital général.On décrit les caactéres cliniques et sociaux de premiers 57 patients fréquentant le centre. On rapporte les résultats d'un programme de traitement par élimination gradée de l'héroine. On discute les résultats cliniques et sociaux et on examine les idées générales du tratitement dans les services de consultatios de ces centres et le programme d'élimination des drougues.
Personality Factors and Barbiturate Dependence*
Authors: ANUMONYE AMECHI 
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Ceci est le compte rendu d'une étude portant sur 20 sujets écossais adonnés aux barbituriques et 20 malades “non adonnés” subissant des effets névritiques.Les évaluations subjectives cliniques et objectives psychométriques toutes deux indiquèrent que les “adonnés” aux barbituriques étaient psychiatriquement malades d'une façon semblable au groupe de contrôle.Il ne se trouvait ni un type de personnalité commun s'appliquant à tous les adonnés aux barbituriques, ni des caractéristiques psychologiques définissables se rapportant spécifiquement à la dépendance par rapport aux barbituriques qui permettent de reconnaître les adonnés par rapport aux névritiques non adonnés.Les adonnés aux barbituriques firent apparaître qu'ils ressemblaient aux adonnés alcooliques du point de vue psychologique de certaines façons mais d'être différents d'autres façons.
Brain Damage due to Alcohol Consumption: An Air‐encephalographic, Psychometric and Electroencephalographic Study
Authors: BREWER COLIN , PERRETT LANCE 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYThirty‐three male “alcoholics” and other heavy drinkers were examined by air‐encephalography, psychometry and the EEG to determine the incidence of brain‐damage.Seventy per cent had radiologically significant atrophy and in 65 per cent of these, psychometry supported a diagnosis of brain‐damage, although this was clinically apparent hi only one case.Cortical atrophy seemed more closely related to intellectual damage than ventricular atrophy, and the EEG was relatively unhelpful.The term “omega‐alcoholic” is proposed for a type of drinker not previously described. Alcoholic brain damage is not uncommon and may be a factor in heavy drinkers with diagnoses other than “alcoholism”.For both diagnostic and therapeutic reasons, combined radiological and psychometric assessment is suggested as a routine measure in the management of patients who drink heavily.
Drinking Patterns and Alcoholism in the Chinese
Authors: Singer K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryStudies of alcoholism have beta carried out moody in western countries where its problems are not necessarily the same as those in other countries. There is need for international study of the concept and problems of alcoholism to identify universal features and to view the subject in better perspective.As regards the Chinese there is a scarcity of studies of drinking patterns and these are confined to the Chinese overseas. Apart from a report on 2 cases of alcoholism in a Chinatown11 there is, so far as I can trace, no clinical study on alcoholism and no study on alcoholic psychosis. Most of the literature is impressionistic and anecdotal. The assumption is that although the Chinese drink a fair amount alcoholism is rare, an assumption which with its implications for etiology would apply only to expatriate Chinese and needs to be examined for the Chinese as a whole.It is therefore thought worthwhile to delineate certain aspects of the uses and problems of alcohol in the Chinese people of Hong Kong.
Acute Alcoholic Psychoses and Related Syndromes: Psychosocial and Clinical Characteristics and their Implications*
Authors: Gross Milton M. , Rosenblatt Sidney M. , Lewis Eastlyn , Chartoff Susan , Malenowski Beverly 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn intensive study was undertaken based upon the chart review of a large number of consecutive male admissions for acute alcohol withdrawal syndromes to a university psychiatric service. Basic psychosocial characteristics were examined along with the characteristics of the presenting picture and the clinical coarse. The patients had been treated with paraldehyde along principles described elsewhere3The analysis of this data would document an extensive experience gained in a circumscribed zone of time and space. It was expected that it would contribute to a better understanding of the natural history of this group of related withdrawal syndromes by yielding, information about etiologic and prognostic factors. It would also summarize and make possible the evaluation of the treatment program. It would also serve to make a large body of data available for subsequent cross‐cultural, cross‐temporal and cross‐therapeutic comparisons.
A Follow‐Up Study of 200 Narcotic Addicts Committed for Treatment Under the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act (NARA)
Authors: Stephens Richard , Cottrell Emily 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results of a follow‐up study of 200 males committed wader the MARA Act have been compared with general findings of other such studies. It was found that, if relapse is defined as any re‐use of narcotics, the observed relapse rate of 87 per cent is equivalent to the 80–90 per cent relapse rates reported in other studies. Variables which have been related to relapse in other studies were also examined in this project. Some support was found for Wirdek's “maturation hypothesis”. Although no relationship was found between length of addiction and relapse, age was found to be related to relapse. Specifically, it was found that patients under 30 years of age used narcotics regularly or became readdicted at much higher rates than those over 30. Similarly, the rates of total abstinence or occasional use of narcotics were higher for those over 30. These findings indicate that Winick's hypothesis cannot be completely rejected. Employment was also found to be related to relapse in that those who found jobs relapsed less often than those unable to obtain employment. Most of the problems patients encountered in seeking a job seemed to be related more to their own personality problems than to other factors. Two other variables, ethnicity and education, were generally unrelated to relapse. Both the counselors and patients cited three general factors which led to relapse. One factor was use of narcotics to alleviate interpersonal stress. The second factor was the patient's craving or enjoyment of the euphoric effects and the “magnetic” pull of the addict subculture. Inability to cope with his own problems and frustration constituted the third general factor which helped to explain the relapse phenomenon. In citing reasons for abstinence, counselors and patients agreed that the patient's desire to stay clean, effectiveness of therapy, emotional support of the family and fear of the consequences of continued involvement in the drag subculture were the mast important factors in a patient remaining drug free. Further analysis of the stated reasons for abstinence indicated that little support was found for Winick's hypothesis that addicts “burn out”.
Attitudes Towards Drug and Alcohol Addiction: Patients and Staff
Authors: Soverow G. , Rosenberg C. M. , Ferneau E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study was undertaken mainly to examine the attitudes heroin addicts hold towards themselves in their addiction; and to compare the addicts' responses with those of the professional and paraprofessional staff who work with them. We consider that the attitudes of the staff play a significant role in treatment, and that treatment becomes more effective when patients and staff agree closely about the cause and nature of the illness. Conversely, a marked divergence in views could seriously impede treatment.The second aim of this study was to compare the way addicts viewed themselves and their illness and the way they viewed alcoholics and alcoholism. We feel that there are many similarities between these major addictive stales even though in most centers they art treated separately.
The Role of Alcohol in Fatal Accidents among Seamen*
Authors: Arner Oddvar 
Published: January 2006

SummaryNorwegian merchant seamen have a higher mortality rate from accidents than comparable groups ashore. It is shown that this is not as much due to the traditional hazards of sea life as to the more human factors. Alcohol is involved in at least one third of the accidents. A conclusion is suggested that there may be a selection of accident prone persons to the seafaring occupation.
Initial Contact and Admission of Persons Requesting Treatment for Alcohol Problems
Authors: Wanberg Kenneth W. , Jones Evelyn 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA sample of 267 initial contacts made by persons requesting treatment for alcohol problems was studied with the use of 55 variables measuring socio‐economic status, initial contact circumstances., and follow through results. Socio‐economic status and sociological classifications have little effect as to whether a person shows for treatments. As well, these variables seem to have only random relationship to the circumstances of the initial contact, such as the time of day the first contact was made, whether a family member accompanied the patient, or whether first contact was made in person or by phone. Self‐referrals and those from major Protestant backgrounds tend not to show for treatment, and those having a family physician are more apt to follow through with treatment. If a person must watt more than eight days before he can come for hospital admission, chances of his coming are reduced greatly.
Induction of Severe Depression by Physostigmine in Marijuana Intoxicated Individuals*
Authors: El‐Yousef M. Khaled , Janowsky David S. , Davis John M. , Rosenblatt Jack E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMarijuana intoxication and the effects of centrally acting anticholinergic agents show a number of common behavioral properties in man. We have recently administered physostigmine, a centrally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor to two marijuana intoxicated patients. In both cases physostigmine antagonized the marijuana “high” and induced a profound clinical depressive reaction. This depressive reaction was antagonized by administration of 1.0 mg atropine.
Alcohol as a Factor Precipitating Aggression and Conflict Behaviour Leading to Homicide
Authors: Virkkunen Matti 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe study was concerned with the cases of criminal homicide recorded by the police in Helsinki in the years 1963–1968, totalling 116. In 92 cases (79–3%) the presence of alcohol either in the victim or in the perpetrator was ascertainable, and in most cases both had been under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol had played a part in murders less often than in other types of criminal homicide.When aggressive behaviour and altercation had preceded the homicidal act, it had beat initiated by the victim as frequently as by the perpetrator. Alcohol was often associated with such modes of aggressive and conflict behaviour. Where alcohol was associated with such behaviours, usually a situation involving two males was in question. At least in some of these cases, homosexual and jealousy problems had played a part.In those alcohol‐positive cases where the homicide had been preceded by aggressive behaviour and altercation initiated by the victim, the average blood alcohol value for the victims was 0–248%; the corresponding figure for the cases where such behaviour initiated by the victim had not occurred was 0–213% or almost the same; and thus the average severity of the states of intoxication had also apparently been approximately the same in both groups of cases. From this it seemed legitimate to infer that aggressive tendencies in the victims belonging to the former group mere stronger or more easily actualized, so that alcohol was enough to precipitate their manifestation. As a rule, chemico‐legal blood alcohol determinations had not been possible with the perpetrators, but everything suggested that the same applied, to them as to victims.
The Attitudes toward Alcoholism Instrument: A Measure of Attitudes toward Alcoholics and the Nature and Causes of Alcoholism *
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Tamerin John S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study describes the development of a 24‐item instrument dealing with attitudes toward alcoholics and alcoholism. Data are presented for 135 graduate students on six conceptually derived scales referable to attitudes toward alcoholics: Psychological Etiology, Physical‐Genetic Etiology, Social Rejection, Humanism, Moral Weakness, and the Medical Illness Model. The scales were found to be relatively independent of one another and only minimally related to social desirability, sex of respondents, education, and age. In addition, a factor analysis was done. Satisfactory test‐retest reliabilities were established for the scales on a new sample of 30 Ss. Validation data are also reported revealing that 41 hospitalized alcoholics had more negative views of alcoholics and were more likely to regard alcoholism as an illness caused by a physical disturbance than were non‐alcoholics. Moreover, for non‐alcoholics there was a significant inverse relationship between the reported quantity of alcohol consumed and the tendency to characterize the alcoholic as morally weak.
Alcoholism Treatment in Trinidad
Authors: Lloyd A. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOf a total patient population of 152 in Trinidad treated in 1965 through a program of build up, emetine, education and group therapy, 115 were followed up approximately one year following treatment. Thirty‐three per cent were discovered to be abstinent or very largely sober, and 52 per cent were drinking. A further study was undertaken to ascertain how many of the abstinent and sober remained so at the end of seven years, and in 1973, of the 45 located,49 per cent remained abstinent entirely, or were largely sober, 35per cent were drinking, and 11 per cent were dead through alcohol related problems. The remainder could not be traced.No evidence supports the proposition that membership in A.A. is the best insurance for ultimate sobriety. Nor is treatment by any one particular means–either emetine alone, or emetine plus active A.A. membership subsequently–insurance for successful outcome.This study also fails to substantiate certain studies that suggest that the best predictor of subsequent sobriety and successful achievement in life is abstinence after either six months or one year. In the Trinidad sample almost 50 per cent had returned to alcohol, at least half of them relapsing early after the 1966 follow‐up.
Self‐reported Mood and Drinking Patterns following Hospital Treatment for Alcoholism
Authors: Freed Earl X. , Riley Edward P. , Ornstein Peter 
Published: January 2006

Summary129 male subjects were assessed three months following treatment at a VA Hospital Alcohol Rehabilitation Unit. Based upon this assessment, subjects were classified as either abstinent, improved, or unimproved compared to prehospital drinking patterns. On a self‐rating mood questionnaire given at the 3 month follow‐up, it was found that abstinent subjects had a very low degree of affective disturbance. The unimproved subjects had the highest level with the improved subjects falling intermediate to the other two groups. The results are discussed in terms of a possible pattern of denial by abstinent subjects.