bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diet‐induced thermogenesis in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Eriksson L. S. , Thörne A. , Wahren J. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Diet‐induced thermogenesis after ingestion of a mixed meal was investigated in eight patients with documented liver cirrhosis and in eight age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Respiratory gas exchange was measured continuously for one hour in the basal state and for three hours after ingestion of a mixed liquid meal, consisting of 17% kJ protein, 28% kJ lipids and 55% kJ carbohydrates and dispensed to correspond to 60% of the individually computed energy expenditure. Arterial substrate and hormone concentrations were determined before and at timed intervals for three hours after the meal. Urine was collected for determination of nitrogen excretion.The patients' oxygen uptake, energy expenditure and respiratory quotient were similar to those of the controls in the basal state. After the meal, pulmonary oxygen uptake and energy expenditure rose markedly in both groups during the first hour and were subsequently stable. The average increase in oxygen uptake above basal during the whole study period was 21·2 ± 1·8% and 22·3 ± 1·2% (NS) in patients and controls, respectively. The corresponding increase in energy expenditure was 24·8 ± 2·0% in the patients and 24·9 ± 1·4% in the controls (NS). The respiratory quotient was elevated throughout the postprandial period in both groups but the quotient was significantly higher in the patients (P<0·05–0·001), suggesting a greater proportion of carbohydrate oxidation.The basal arterial concentrations of insulin and glucagon were significantly higher in the patients. After the meal the insulin level increased 10‐ to 20–fold in both groups. Glucose concentration rose significantly in both groups to a maximum of 8·82 ± 1·00 and 8·03 ± 0·95 mmol/l in patients and controls, respectively, at 60 min after the meal. This was accompanied by a fall in the levels of glycerol and ketone bodies in both groups, indicating decreased lipolysis.It is concluded that both the basal energy expenditure and the thermogenic response to a mixed meal are similar in patients with liver cirrhosis and in healthy controls. The patients' carbohydrate oxidation rose to a greater extent after the meal, probably as a consequence of excessive increases in insulin concentration, demonstrating that insulin resistance in these patients may be compensated for by postprandial hyperinsulinaemia.
Local skin pressure and its effects on skin microcirculation as evaluated by laser—Doppler fluxmetry
Authors: Schubert V. , Fagrell B. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The effect of prolonged local pressure on the skin microcirculation was investigated in the regions of the sacrum and gluteus maximus muscle to determine the aetiology of pressure sores. Thirty normal subjects (15 female, 15 male) were investigated. The subjects were divided into three age groups: group 1, ≤ 35 years; group 2, 36–64 years; and group 3, ≥ 65 years. Local pressure was applied with a specially designed instrument according to the sequence 0→ 110→ 0→ 110→ 0→ mmHg. Skin blood cell flux (SBF) was measured with a laser–Doppler technique and the local skin temperature measured with a thermistor.No significant differences were seen in SBF due to sex or age. However, differences between the two areas studied were observed. SBF was maximal over the sacrum at 12–50 mmHg (1.6–6.7 kPa) applied pressure. With further pressure increases, the SBF signal decreased successively, reaching minimum level at 110 mmHg (14.6 kPa), where it was approximately 43% below the initial value. The SBF in the gluteus region showed a more stable pattern, with a maximum SBF at 13–60 mmHg (1.7–8.0 kPa). At both locations, an increased SBF at zero pressure was seen when the pressure was decreased from 110 to 0 mmHg.The skin temperature (n = 7) increased by 2.7°C (range 1.9–3.5°C) over the gluteus and by 1.3°C (range 0.8–2.5°C) over the sacrum. This increase was more rapid over the gluteus region. Concomitantly a temperature‐dependent increase of SBF could be seen.It is concluded that a cause for the greater frequency of pressure sores over the sacrum than over the gluteus region is the comparatively poorer regulation of microvascular flow in this area.
Effects of experimental potassium depletion on renal function and urinary prostanoid excretion in normal women during hypotonic polyuria
Authors: Agnoli G. C. , Borgatti R. , Cacciari M. , Garutti C. , Ikonomu E. , Lenzi P. , Marinelli M. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. During hypotonic polyuria renal function studies by the clearance (cl.) method, and urinary PGE2, 6‐keto‐PGF1α and TxB2 determinations were performed on 14 healthy women in normal potassium balance (N) and 14 healthy women in sustained potassium depletion (KD) induced by low dietary potassium intake (≤ 10 mmol day‐1) and natriuretic treatment. By using different depletive patterns, two groups with estimated cumulative potassium deficits of 160 ± 43 mmol (KD1, n= 8) and 198 ± 22 mmol (KD2, n= 6), respectively, were obtained.(1) In both the KD1 and KD2 groups as compared to normal potassium balance (N), plasma potassium concentration and urinary potassium excretion were significantly lower; plasma renin activity was significantly higher.(2) Only in KD2 did significant changes appear in renal function and urinary prostanoid excretions. Besides a decrease in creatinine c1. and the urinary flow rate, an increase in fractional chloride excretion and a reduction in distal fractional chloride reabsorption were manifest. The plasma chloride concentration was reduced too. Urinary prostanoid excretions were significantly (6‐keto‐PGF1α, TxB2) or tendentially (PGE2) lower.(3) Indomethacin treatment resulted in changes in mean arterial pressure (increase) and creatinine cl. (decrease) which were not significantly different in normal potassium balance and KD groups. Only in KD2 did the drug significantly reduce the fractional salt and water excretions and the fractional sodium and chloride deliveries to the diluting segments. However, indomethacin was unable to correct the inhibition of distal fractional chloride reabsorption. Therefore, the potassium depletion attained in the KD2 group was efficacious in depressing renal prostanoid synthesis. This fact, in the presence of high levels of angiotensin II, induced a reduction of the glomerular filtration rate thus contributing to renal ability to retain chloride and potassium.
Regional variations in nocturnal fluctuations in subcutaneous blood flow rate in the lower leg of man
Authors: Sindrup J. H. , Kastrup J. , Jørgensen B. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYThe purpose of the study was to investigate possible regional variations in recently discovered nocturnal fluctuations in subcutaneous blood flow rates. Approximately 90 min after going to sleep, a 100% blood flow rate increment, lasting about 100 min, has been demonstrated in the distal and medial aspect of the right lower leg of normal human subjects. In the present study subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow rates were measured simultaneously in the right and left lower legs of 16 normal human subjects over 12–20 h ambulatory conditions. The 133Xe wash‐out technique, portable CdTe(Cl) detectors and a portable data storage unit were used. The tracer depots were applied on the medial aspects of the right lower leg and on the medial (series 1) and lateral (series 2) aspect of the left lower leg 10 cm proximal to the malleolar level by means of the epicutaneous, atraumatic labelling technique. A nocturnal hyperaemic response was demonstrated at both the medial and lateral aspect of the leg. As for the degree of hyperaemia and the absolute blood flow rates in the different phases, there were some deviations between the medial and the lateral locations. However, a highly significant positive correlation was observed in both series concerning the duration of the period from going to bed until the hyperaemia phase (P< 0·001). The mechanisms involved in the nightly subcutaneous hyperaemia are at present unknown. The sudden, synchronized increase in nocturnal subcutaneous blood flow points to a central nervous or humoral elicitation, although local metabolic factors might participate as well.
Adenosine infusion to patients with ischaemic heart disease may provoke left ventricular dysfunction detected by echocardiography
Authors: Edlund A. , Albertsson P. , Caidahl K. , Emanuelsson H. , Wallentin I. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Infusion of the endogenous vasodilator adenosine to patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) frequently provokes myocardial ischaemia, possibly caused by a coronary steal. The aim of this study was to detect the occurrence and incidence of disturbances in left ventricular (LV) wall motion and Doppler indices of altered LV function during infusion of adenosine.Thirty‐seven patients (six female) aged 37–74 years with IHD, verified by coronary angiography, were given up to 200 μg kg‐1 min‐1 (mean 155 ± 5) adenosine i.v. for 18 ± 1 min. LV wall motion was monitored by two‐dimensional echocardiography (2D‐echo). Doppler spectral signal was obtained from the mitral blood flow.All but six of the patients experienced angina pectoris of habitual character in connection with the adenosine infusion. Heart rate increased by 22 ± 1 beats min‐1, systolic blood pressure was unchanged, but diastolic blood pressure decreased slightly. 2D‐echo revealed severe regional LV wall motion disturbances already in the basal state in 17 patients. During infusion of adenosine, these abnormalities were aggravated and disturbances also occurred in another 15 patients. Thus, adenosine increased the sensitivity for IHD in this selected material from 49 to 89%. In all, the mean index of wall motion abnormalities increased from 5·1 ± 1·1 to 10·1 ± 1·4 (P< 0·001). The diastolic LV filling characteristics, as evaluated by the Doppler A/E ratios, were of limited value for determination of IHD grade.It is concluded that infusion of adenosine to patients with IHD frequently elicits myocardial ischaemia with disturbances in LV function, and offers an alternative to exercise for stress echocardiography.
Reference values for bicycle exercise tests in patients with various degrees of ischaemic heart disease
Authors: Frandsen F. , Andersen C. , Larsen H. C. , OxhØj H. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. This investigation was carried out in an effort to analyze the influence of various degrees of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) on cardiovascular and physical performance. Assessment of the severity of IHD was based on observations obtained routinely during exercise tests (ST segment response and systolic blood pressure response). The study group included 926 subjects with known or suspected IHD, who were referred for an exercise testing; 268 females, mean age 54 years (range 19–89 years), and 658 males, mean age 52 years (range 16–88 years).We found that increasing IHD severity was associated with significant reductions of cardiovascular performance. The mean maximum work‐load (MWL) was lower in females than in males, and MWL as well as mean maximum heart rate (MHR) and mean maximum change in systolic blood pressure (M Δ SBP) decreased with increasing IHD and age.The present results may be used to assess the cardiovascular response to exercise in patients with IHD so that altered responses due to causes other than IHD may be identified. Furthermore the result may prove useful in the adjustment of rate responsive pacemakes (RRP) in patients with IHD.
Loss of the nocturnal dip and increased variability of blood pressure in normotensive patients with noninsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hassan M. O. , Shafie O. T. Al , Johnston W. J. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Eleven normotensive diabetics with noninsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (mean age 52.5 SD 8.2 years) and 11 controls (mean age 47.4 SD 8.9 years) had their ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate recorded non‐invasively by the Oxford Medilog System in standard hospital conditions.The results were averaged as hourly means of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) for the 24‐h period and similarly for the ‘awake’ period (14.16 h) and the ‘asleep’ period (8–10 h).Hourly means for diabetics and controls showed no differences in blood pressure and heart rate over the 24 h. During sleep, control subjects showed a significant drop in SBP (P < 0.001), DBP (P < 0.001), MAP (P < 0.001) and HR (P < 0.001). However, this nocturnal dip in blood pressure could not be demonstrated in the diabetic group. Blood pressure variability was significantly increased in diabetics compared to controls during waking hours (P < 0.01).These results indicate that in noninsulin‐dependent diabetics during sleep there is loss of the nocturnal dip of BP seen in normal subjects, and they have increased BP variability. These may be contributing factors to the development of hypertension and the accelerated target organ damage (TOD) seen in diabetes.,
Fatty acid exercise scintigraphy after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Authors: Walamies M. , Niemelä K. , Turjanmaa V. , Koskinen M. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. We performed a sequential fatty acid exercise‐rest scintigraphy in 18 patients with an initially successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) to study the concordance of trends in symptoms, exercise tolerance and myocardial metabolism. Eleven patients stopped the exercise because of angina pectoris in the preoperative test; 2 days after PTCA this number decreased to two, but again increased to eight 3 months later. Exercise time (9–7 ± 0–6 min, mean ± SEM) and maximum exercise heart rate (128 ± 4 beats min‐1) were at least as good immediately after the operation as originally (8–8 ± 0–6 min and 121 ± 4 beats min‐1, respectively). After 3 months both parameters were significantly (P<0–05) better (10–3 ± 0–6 min and 136 ± 4 beats min‐1, respectively) than originally.Some relative improvement in washout was noticed in 61% 2 days and in 56% of cases 3 months after PTCA. Fatty acid exercise uptake was more homogeneous in 72% of cases immediately after angioplasty and in 44% 3 months later. The trend in fatty acid uptake, exercise characteristics, and also in symptoms was most favourable among the eight patients with a dilatated left anterior descending coronary artery.Although the gamma camera technique possibly underestimated the effects of angioplasty, the impaired fatty acid metabolism could be linked with persistent symptoms after the operation. We conclude that most patients can safely participate in a symptom‐limited (maximal) ergometry test already 2 days after PTCA, and that postoperatively myocardial perfusion and metabolism improve rapidly. However, this advantage is eventually lost to some degree, even if exercise tolerance continues to improve.
Calculation of renal extraction during high diuresis and low renal plasma flow conditions
Authors: Andersson L.‐G. , Bratteby L.‐E. , Ekroth R. , Wesslén Ö. , Hallhagen S. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The renal fractional extraction (Ex) is a parameter describing the ability of the kidneys to remove a substance x from the circulating plasma. Ex is calculated often as the ratio between the arteriovenous concentration difference and the arterial concentration. This method simplifies the calculations but it is associated with an underestimation of Ex. In the study described here, a theoretical analysis of the error is made, with a graphical presentation of its magnitude in different diuresis/renal plasma flow (RPF) ratios and at different levels of Ex. The error was analysed also in a clinical situation where the renal extraction of PAH (EPAH) and EDTA (EEDTA) were determined in six patients during different stages of cardiac surgery. The underestimation of EPAH was seldom more than 4%, while EEDXA was underestimated often with more than 20%.It is concluded that the simplified formula is accurate when calculating the renal extraction for substances like PAH, with a normally high extraction, even if the diure‐sis/RPF ratio is high. For substances with low extractions, e.g. filtration markers, in some clinical and experimental situations it is necessary to take the renal plasma flows into consideration or to arrange for low urine production to avoid significant errors.,
Response of plasma neuropeptide Y and noradrenaline to dynamic exercise and ramipril treatment in patients with congestive heart failure
Authors: Ullman B. , Lindvall K. , Lundberg J. M. , Sigurdsson A. , Swedberg K. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Forty‐two patients with congestive heart failure were studied in order to clarify whether the plasma level of neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactivity (NPY‐LI) rises in parallel with plasma noradrenaline (NA) during physical exercise in congestive heart failure (CHF). All patients were studied in a randomized placebo‐controlled trial with the ACE‐inhibitor ramipril during 12 weeks to determine whether ACE‐inhibition alters the response of plasma NPY‐LI to exercise. The patients were treated with diuretics and had stable congestive heart failure (NYHA classes II‐III). Plasma NPY‐LI was 50 5 pmol 1‐1 (mean standard error of the mean) at rest and 60 6 pmol l‐1 at the end of exercise at baseline (P < 0–01). The corresponding values for plasma NA were 2–8 0‐2nmoll‐1 and 15‐3 l‐2nmoll‐1(P < 0–001). Before ACE‐inhibition, there was a correlation between high NPY‐LI and NA values after exercise. After treatment with ramipril or placebo for 12 weeks, there was no difference in plasma NPY‐LI and NA at rest or after exercise between the two treatment groups. The maximal exercise time was unchanged.It is concluded that plasma NPY‐LI and NA were elevated at rest in CHF. The additional rise of plasma NPY‐LI and NA after exercise was attenuated in CHF compared to healthy individuals. ACE‐inhibition with ramipril did not alter plasma NPY‐LI or NA at rest or after exercise compared to placebo.
Inhibitory effects of neuropeptide Y on splanchnic glycogenosis and renin release in humans
Authors: Ahlborg G. , Lundberg J. M. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is stored in sympathetic nerves and NPY levels increase several times during exercise. NPY administration during prolonged exercise causes reduced splanchnic glucose production. To elucidate the effects of NPY on adrenaline (Adr)‐stimulated splanchnic glycogenolysis these substances were infused to seven healthy subjects in the post‐absorptive state. Blood samples were drawn from an arterial and a central hepatic vein catheter for determination of splanchnic blood flow, exchanges of metabolites and arterial levels of NPY, catecholamines, insulin, glucagon and renin in the basal state and during 20 min Adr infusion (0–1‐0‐3 nmol kg‐1 min‐1). After basal values were reached a 60 min NPY infusion was initiated. At 40 min of NPY infusion the Adr infusion was repeated. Adr alone increased splanchnic blood flow (41%, P < 0–01), arterial glucose concentration (29%, P < 0–001) and splanchnic glucose production (102%, P < 0–01). During the NPY infusion both splanchnic blood flow and arterial glucose fell (P < 0–05). Although the combined NPY and Adr infusion caused the same proportional increases in splanchnic blood flow, arterial glucose and splanchnic glucose production as with Adr alone the absolute values were lower (all P < 0–05). Arterial insulin as well as Adr and noradrenaline increased with the combined NPY‐and Adr infusion as with Adr alone. Arterial plasma renin activity was 12% lower with the combined NPY and Adr‐infusion compared to Adr infusion alone.These results indicate further an inhibitory effect of NPY on splanchnic glycogenolysis and suggest that NPY inhibits Adr‐stimulated renin release.,
Effects of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition on renal dysfunction induced by moderate potassium depletion in healthy women
Authors: Agnoli G. C. , Borgatti R. , Cacciari M. , Ikonomu E. , Lenzi P. , Marinelli M. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The role of the renin‐angiotensin system in renal hypokalaemic dysfunction has been investigated by evaluating the effects of the angiotensin(AT)‐converting enzyme inhibition by enalapril. Healthy women were studied either in normal potassium balance (N3, n= 6) or moderate potassium depletion (KD3, n= 6). Potassium depletion (KD) was induced by low potassium dietary intake (10 mmol per day) and natriuretic treatment associated with replacement of net NaCl and water losses; the cumulative potassium deficit achieved was 214 54 mmol. The renal function and the urinary excretions of some prostanoids (PGE2, 6‐keto‐PGFlα, TxB2) were evaluated during hypotonic polyuria (oral water load) and subsequent moderate antidiuresis (lysine‐8‐va‐sopressin (LVP) low‐dose infusion). Paired studies were performed in absence (control) and presence of enalapril. Basal plasma renin activity (PRA) and urinary aldosterone excretion were determined before the water load of control studies.Renal dysfunction typical of chronic KD occurred in the KD3 group, i.e. increase in PRA, decrease in creatinine clearance, depression of the diuretic response to water load, inhibition of distal fractional chloride reabsorption, and blunted efficacy of LVP in increasing the urinary solute concentration. The urinary prostanoid excretions were reduced. Basal urinary aldosterone excretion was not changed significantly. In KD3 group enalapril decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP), increased the plasma potassium concentration, improved the diuretic response to water load and corrected the impairment of the distal fractional chloride reabsorption. Despite the decrease in MAP enalapril did not affect significantly the creatinine clearance. Neither urinary prostanoid excretions nor the renal response to LVP were affected by the drug. The data suggest that in KD the increased activity of the renin‐angiotensin system affected the renal function both through direct effects and through effects dependent on the angiotensin‐supported secretions of aldosterone and probably of vasopressin. Finally, by comparing the effects of enalapril and indomethacin in experimental groups with an equivalent degree of KD, evidence is provided in favour of the interaction between renin‐angiotensin and prostanoid systems in controlling the glomerular filtration rate and the salt and water handling by renal tubules.,
The Development of Malay Editorial Cartoons
Authors: Mahamood Muliyadi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis essay examines the development of Malay editorial cartoons by focusing on styles and themes used since their first publication in the press of the 1930s. The discussion is based on the nature of the press and its historical background, factors that have influenced the form and content orf the cartoons. By analysing pre-independence and post-independence cartoons, the essay also demonstrates the influence of cultural and political factors on the development of the styles and themes of Malay editorial cartoons.