bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graphical User Interfaces
Authors: Stadler Alexandra , Lorenz Haik 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA graphical user interface (GUI) is the visible part of a system that you see, hear, and feel. All interaction between user and system is based on the GUI, which hides other parts and their functions. Interaction takes place in different forms, such as menu selection, form fill‐ins, or direct manipulation. From their beginning in the early 1960s, the ideas behind GUIs have not changed significantly. Still, we use the desktop metaphor or WIMP approach developed around 1970 for standard workstations. Progress mainly focuses on technology and graphical representations, which translates to improved efficiency of GUIs.After briefly listing the most important events in GUI history, this article gives an introduction to basic concepts behind GUIs, which include metaphors, conceptual models, interaction styles, and main elements. Furthermore, it describes GUIs as they are used in current computer systems, and it covers design issues and implementation aspects. Design is discussed from a usability point of view including rules, style guides, and international norms. This part is completed by approaches to usability testing. The implementation part briefly outlines common programming practices for GUIs and lists ready‐to‐use frameworks for GUI implementation. The article closes with highlighting some advanced GUI approaches for nonstandard tasks and environments.
Distributed Project Management
Authors: Prikladnicki Rafael , Audy Jorge Luis Nicolas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSoftware development involves teamwork and a lot of communication. It seems rational to put all your team members in one place, encourage them to share objectives, and let the project run. But the movement toward globally distributed software development is changing the way projects are planned, developed, tested, and delivered to customers. Is this article, we present the concepts involved in distributed software development, and particularly the challenges of distributed project management, that is, when a project manager has to manage a distributed development team. The article is focused on a specific type of distributed development, when a company transfers work to one or more subsidiaries of the same company, and the subsidiaries are geographically distributed in multiple locations.
Operating Systems: A Business Perspective
Authors: Bajgoric Nijaz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe proliferation of e‐business applications and enterprise information systems that use several models of client‐server architectures has created the need for a common business perspective of operating systems, particularly server operating systems.In this article, we propose a framework for studying operating systems for business systems within the concepts of business continuity and continuous computing tehnologies that can be used for enhancing business continuity. The framework first identifies the main attributes of continuous computing and then locates the role of server operating systems and the so‐called server operating environment. Server operating systems are expected to have a powerful “business dimension” as a set of features that relate to high availability, reliability, and scalability ratios as today's business has to be resilient and operational on an “always‐on” basis. Servers and server operating systems that provide zero downtime or 100% uptime or a solution that is “near it” are of extreme importance for many businesses today.This article considers server operating systems in a broader sense as a core component of a server operating environment that employs several information technologies in the form of continuous computing technologies for enhancing the levels of continuous computing and business continuity. In addition, the article presents a framework for the selection of enterprise servers and a server operation system from a business continuity perspective.
Software Reusability
Authors: Kim Soo Dong 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

As a key strategy to overcome the software crisis,
software reuse
is an attempt to reuse software assets in building high‐quality software in a cost‐efficient way. Software reuse technology has been evolved through generations of programming paradigms. In this article, we first define seven dimensions for software reusability:
abstraction, interface visibility, interface role, granularity, adaptability, bind persistency
, and
acquisition
. With these, we observe the evolution of reuse technology. For each programming paradigm, its key reuse constructs are discussed, and a technical assessment for its reusability is given. In addition, we observe the reusability of design patterns and architectural styles. Finally, we derive key trends in software reusability from the technical assessments on reuse technologies and their evolution.
Time‐Sharing Systems
Authors: Sodan Angela C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe article introduces the concept of time sharing and presents its history and different areas of application. Then, the virtualization of the machine as necessary for time sharing is explained in more detail, discussing the affected resources of memory, disk, network, and—most importantly—the (CPU). Metrics and necessary hardware support follow this discussion. Finally, more advanced areas of time sharing are presented: real‐time systems, multi‐CPU/multicore/multithreaded environments, and dedicated HPC resources. The article concludes with the extraction of the most important design decisions and the current trends.
Computability
Authors: Cooper S. Barry 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The history of the computer is unusual, in that the theory in the form of the Universal Turing Machine preceded its physical embodiment by around 10 years. Computability as a research area grew out of the work of pioneers such as Alan Turing in the 1930s, and it is still very much defined by the interests of Turing, with his keen curiosity about patterns and underlying theory, but theory firmly tied to a real‐world context. This article reviews some main contemporary research directions with new developments strongly featured. A particular focus is the development and investigation of deep and mathematically interesting computational structures, which tell us more about what can and cannot be computed. Turing's notion of an oracle computing machine provides a natural model of computationally complex environments, structuring information, and hence the real world, in remarkably informative ways. Other important topics include randomness and computability of structures. A useful reading list is given.
Statistical Methods for Target Tracking
Authors: Maskell Simon 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTracking is the algorithmic process of updating of a perception of the time‐evolving state of the stochastic world as a noisy stream of data is received. To do this, one needs to define statistical models for the evolution of the state and the relationship between the state and the data. The definition of the state and the stream are problem specific. Indeed, these definitions define the problem that a specific tracking algorithm is tackling. An algorithmic implementation of an exact solution to this mathematical problem can be defined in cases when the models have certain mathematical properties. An example is the Kalman filter. However, often the models require approximation: This article reviews both exact and approximate solutions based on the Kalman filter and particle filter. It then goes on to describe the use of multihypothesis techniques and multitarget tracking algorithms. Finally, the mean‐shift tracking paradigm, which is popular in the computer vision literature, is discussed.
Autonomous Surveillance Systems
Authors: Everett Bart 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) defines surveillance as “the systematic observation of aerospace, surface, or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means”. Persistent surveillance implies the ability of such information gathering systems to linger on demand in a region of interest, to facilitate prediction of an adversary's behavior. Unmanned systems have long been perceived as well suited to the surveillance role because they can bring various sensors to bear for long periods of time without exposing humans to the inherent dangers involved.Television‐equipped unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), for example, which first appeared during Worldwar II in the form of teleoperated assault drones, were employed effectively in aerial surveillance roles during the Vietnam War. Today, more sophisticated autonomous UAVs, such as the CIA‐developedPredatorand the U.S. Air ForceGlobal Hawk, are used routinely to seek out and shadow insurgent activity in several hot spots around the world. This article will focus on lesser‐known surveillance applications for unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) in both indoor and outdoor environments, with applicable examples of work performed by the Unmanned Systems Branch at the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center (SSC) San Diego.
Information Systems and Computer Science and Engineering
Authors: Korukonda Appa Rao 
Published: March 2009

AbstractInformation systems, computer science, and engineering are distinct but related disciplines, each with a focus of its own (the term engineering is used here to refer to computer engineering and software engineering). This focus has been changing with technological trends of the times, and as a result, the boundaries of these discipline always have been fuzzy and in a state of constant evolution.This article discusses the current state of the disciplines in the context of their technological and historical evolution. Links among available technologies, accepted definitions of the discipline, professional practices, and paradigm changes are sketched out with the aid of examples. Models, methodologies, and areas of primary concern for each of the disciplines are presented from the academic and the practitioner perspectives. Ideological controversies and areas of ambiguity are sketched out in mapping the terrain of each field.It is posited that foundational questions as well as claims and counterclaims that concern domain boundaries have been endemic to each of the disciplines. It is argued that although to some extent, virtually all disciplines evolve over time, one must take explicit cognizance of the fluid nature of the disciplinary boundaries and foundational questions when it comes to information systems (IS), computer science (CS), or computer/software engineering. Although this state of flux continues to plague all of these disciplines, it also offers enormous opportunities for growth and interdisciplinary collaboration.Potential future directions and challenges are presented.
Computing Pre‐University: Challenges in K‐12 Computing Education
Authors: Haberman Bruria 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMany educators agree that computer science provides the knowledge and skills foundation for contemporary technological advances; thus, learning computing, and in particular computer science, is essential for enhancing IT fluency. Specifically, the instructional design should concentrate on educating a proficient graduate who would master IT on three orthogonal axes—concepts(basic ideas that underlie the domain),capabilities(related to problem solving), andskills(related to IT literacy).One main goal is to assist students in bridging the gap between using and understanding computers. Another important goal is to make students realize the benefits of studying computer science, since it may serve as an entry point for other disciplines. Computing education should be planned for and adapted accordingly to various populations: (a) all students, especially those who wish to obtain expertise in the field, and (b) scientists of tomorrow.
Non‐volatile Ferroelectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) Memory Based on a Single‐Crystalline Tri‐isopropylsilylethynyl Pentacene Field‐Effect Transistor
Authors: Kang Seok Ju , Bae Insung , Park Youn Jung , Park Tae Ho , Sung Jinwoo , Yoon Sung Cheol , Kim Kyung Hwan , Choi Dong Hoon , Park Cheolmin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new type of nonvolatile ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) memory based on an organic thin‐film transistor (OTFT) with a single crystal of tri‐isopropylsilylethynyl pentacene (TIPS‐PEN) as the active layer is developed. A bottom‐gate OTFT is fabricated with a thin P(VDF‐TrFE) film gate insulator on which a one‐dimensional ribbon‐type TIPS‐PEN single crystal, grown via a solvent‐exchange method, is positioned between the Au source and drain electrodes. Post‐thermal treatment optimizes the interface between the flat, single‐crystalline ab plane of TIPS‐PEN and the polycrystalline P(VDF‐TrFE) surface with characteristic needle‐like crystalline lamellae. As a consequence, the memory device exhibits a substantially stable source–drain current modulation with an ON/OFF ratio hysteresis greater than 103, which is superior to a ferroelectric P(VDF‐TrFE) OTFT that has a vacuum‐evaporated pentacene layer. Data retention longer than 5 × 104 s is additionally achieved in ambient conditions by incorporating an interlayer between the gate electrode and P(VDF‐TrFE) thin film. The device is environmentally stable for more than 40 days without additional passivation. The deposition of a seed solution of TIPS‐PEN on the chemically micropatterned surface allows fabrication arrays of TIPS‐PEN single crystals that can be potentially useful for integrated arrays of ferroelectric polymeric TFT memory.
Pathogenicity in the tubercle bacillus: molecular and evolutionary determinants
Authors: Gordon Stephen V. , Bottai Daria , Simeone Roxane , Stinear Timothy P. , Brosch Roland 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn contrast to the great majority of mycobacterial species that are harmless saprophytes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other closely related tubercle bacilli have evolved to be among the most important human and animal pathogens. The need to develop new strategies in the fight against tuberculosis (TB) and related diseases has fuelled research into the evolutionary success of the M. tuberculosis complex members. Amongst the various disciplines, genomics and functional genomics have been instrumental in improving our understanding of these organisms. In this review we will present some of the recent key findings on molecular determinants of mycobacterial pathogenicity and attenuation, the evolution of M. tuberculosis, genome dynamics, antigen mining for improved diagnostic and subunit antigens, and finally the identification of novel drug targets. The genomics revolution has changed the landscape of TB research, and now underpins our renewed efforts to defeat this deadly pathogen.
Totally tubular: the mystery behind function and origin of the brain ventricular system
Authors: Lowery Laura Anne , Sive Hazel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA unique feature of the vertebrate brain is the ventricular system, a series of connected cavities which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and surrounded by neuroepithelium. While CSF is critical for both adult brain function and embryonic brain development, neither development nor function of the brain ventricular system is fully understood. In this review, we discuss the mystery of why vertebrate brains have ventricles, and whence they originate. The brain ventricular system develops from the lumen of the neural tube, as the neuroepithelium undergoes morphogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying this ontogeny are described. We discuss possible functions of both adult and embryonic brain ventricles, as well as major brain defects that are associated with CSF and brain ventricular abnormalities. We conclude that vertebrates have taken advantage of their neural tube to form the essential brain ventricular system.
Improvement of Yersinia frederiksenii phytase performance by a single amino acid substitution
Authors: Fu Dawei , Huang Huoqing , Meng Kun , Wang Yaru , Luo Huiying , Yang Peilong , Yuan Tiezheng , Yao Bin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new phytase (APPA) with optimum pH 2.5—substantially lower than that of most of microbial phytases (pH 4.5–6.0)—was cloned from Yersinia frederiksenii and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Containing the highly conserved motifs typical of histidine acid phosphatases, APPA has the highest identity (84%) to the Yersinia intermedia phytase (optimal pH 4.5), a member of histidine acid phosphatase family. Based on sequence alignment and molecular modeling of APPA and related phytases, APPA has only one divergent residue, Ser51, in close proximity to the catalytic site. To understand the acidic adaptation of APPA, five mutants (S51A, S51T, S51D, S51K, and S51I) were constructed by site‐directed mutagenesis, expressed in E. coli, purified, and characterized. Mutants S51T and S51I exhibited a shift in the optimal pH from 2.5 to 4.5 and 5.0, respectively, confirming the role of Ser51 in defining the optimal pH. Thus, a previously unrecognized factor other than electrostatics—presumably the side‐chain structure near the active site—contributes to the optimal pH for APPA activity. Compared with wild‐type APPA, mutant S51T showed higher specific activity, greater activity over pH 2.0–5.5, and increased thermal and acid stability. These properties make S51T a better candidate than the wild‐type APPA for use in animal feed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 857–864. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of a novel headspace–solid‐phase microextraction–gas chromatographic method by means of a Doehlert uniform shell design for the analysis of trace level ethylene oxide residuals in sterilized medical devices
Authors: DiCicco Michael P. , Lang Bridget , Harper Thomas I. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMedical devices sterilized by ethylene oxide (EtO) retain trace quantities of EtO residuals, which may irritate patients' tissue. Reliably quantifying trace level EtO residuals in small medical devices requires an extremely sensitive analytical method. In this research, a Doehlert uniform shell design was utilized in obtaining a response surface to optimize a novel headspace–solid‐phase microextraction–gas chromatographic (HS‐SPME‐GC) method developed for analyzing trace levels of EtO residuals in sterilized medical devices, by evaluating sterilized, polymer‐coated, drug‐eluting cardiovascular stents. The effects of four independent experimental variables (HS‐SPME desorption time, extraction temperature, GC inlet temperature and extraction time) on GC peak area response of EtO were investigated simultaneously and the most influential experimental variables determined were extraction temperature and GC inlet temperature, with the fitted model showing no evidence of lack‐of‐fit. The optimized HS‐SPME‐GC method demonstrated overall good linearity/linear range, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, absolute recovery and high sensitivity. This novel method was successfully applied to analysis of trace levels of EtO residuals in sterilized/aerated cardiovascular stents of various lengths and internal diameter, where, upon heating, trace EtO residuals fully volatilized into HS for extraction, thereby nullifying matrix effects. As an alternative, this novel HS‐SPME‐GC method can offer higher sensitivity compared with conventional headspace analyzer‐based sampling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RESCON: Educational project scheduling software
Authors: Deblaere Filip , Demeulemeester Erik , Herroelen Willy 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this article we discuss a freely downloadable educational software tool for illustrating project scheduling and project management concepts. The tool features exact and heuristic scheduling procedures and visualizes project networks, project schedules, resource profiles, activity slacks, and project duration distributions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 327–336, 2011
Intergenerational continuity in convictions: A five‐generation study
Authors: Bijleveld Catrien C. J. H. , Wijkman Miriam 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground Intergenerational continuity in offending has been assessed in several studies. However, this has rarely been studied using more than two prospective generations. Also, within‐gender and cross‐gender effects have rarely been addressed. The evidence for mechanisms that may explain transmission is mixed.Method Using conviction data on five generations (n = 6322) that span the years 1882–2007, transmission from parent to child was studied, disaggregating for males and females. Parental conviction before the birth of the child was studied separately from parental conviction after the birth of the child. Transmission was studied using odds ratios.Results Parental convictions increase the risk of offspring convictions, although the risk increase is, at around two on average, not extremely high. Delinquency by the mother was also associated with offspring criminality, although because of low prevalence the odds ratios were more variable. Parental delinquency before birth does not lead to increased risk. For serious delinquency, these findings were stronger.Conclusions The study suggests that nurture rather than hereditary or labelling mechanisms may play a role in intergenerational continuity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharos neurovascular intracranial stent: Elective use for a symptomatic stenosis refractory to medical therapy
Authors: Mocco J , Darkhabani Ziad , Levy Elad I. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Warfarin‐Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease study investigators demonstrated that medically managed patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis experience a 7–11% annual stroke risk. Early treatment efforts utilized balloon‐mounted coronary stents, which provided excellent angiographic results (postprocedure stenoses <10%), versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) alone (40%). However, the rigidity of balloon‐mounted coronary stents provided limited access to the tortuous cerebrovasculature. Self‐expanding stents became available for intracranial stenosis treatment in 2002. With increased flexibility, immediate results were encouraging (approximately 30% residual stenosis). However, midterm results have demonstrated disappointingly high rates of restenosis. To address these issues, the Pharos Neurovascular Stent System (Pharos, Micrus Endovascular, San Jose, CA) was developed. The Pharos is a balloon‐expandable stent mounted on a rapid‐exchange PTA catheter especially designed for intracranial endovascular applications. Utilizing the Pharos, we obtained an outstanding angiographic result (0% residual stenosis), with no associated morbidity. The patient was discharged home on postprocedure day 1 and remained symptom‐free, with no in‐stent stenosis, 3 months later. Our experience with the Pharos supports early literature suggesting that this stent may be a valuable treatment option for patients with medically refractory intracranial stenosis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.