bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral Resources Management and the Environment
Authors: Schmiermund Ron L. 
Published: October 2006

Mining has long been viewed as a pioneer economic engine for developing countries, with trickle‐down economic and social improve ments cited as benefits to local populations, especially in the case of large multinational mining ventures.However, modern experience is proving that traditional approaches by mining companies to gaining public acceptance and cooperation for these projects, as well as obtaining government permits and license, are no longer adequate. Today the realization of the environmental consequences and costs typically left to the host country and communities in the wake of mining, the unforeseen damage to traditional economies, and the disproportionately small and short‐lived economic benefits to locals have presented very significant, and increasingly insurmountable, obstacles to building a mine.
Hydrological Atlas of Austria
Authors: Lins Harry 
Published: October 2006

At a time when we routinely search for dynamically updated maps on the Internet, the publication of a large‐format, coffee‐table‐style atlas may seem anachronistic. Yet, Austria's Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Environment and Water Management has attempted to reconcile past and present publishing practices in its Hydrological Atlas of Austria, with an eye toward meeting the needs of both hard‐copy traditionalists and soft‐copy devotees. In the process, they have provided a reference document that contains a lot more than just maps.The Hydrological Atlas of Austria depicts the hydrology of Austria in a series of nationalscale thematic maps and related text organized around the components of the hydrological cycle, with sections on mass balance and themes such as water management and water and the environment. The atlas is published as a two‐in‐one product: a conventional printed, loose‐leaf‐style atlas that facilitates easy update and expansion, and a digital, GIS‐based version on CD‐ROM. Both forms are derived from GIS datasets.
Earth's Climate:The Ocean‐Atmosphere Interaction
Authors: Lifland Jonathan 
Published: October 2006

A new AGU book, Earth's Climate: The Ocean‐Atmosphere Interaction, edited by Chunzai Wang, Shang‐Ping Xie, and James A. Carton, presents current observations, theories, and models of ocean‐atmosphere interaction that help shape climate and its variations over the global ocean.The book represents the climate community's first effort to summarize the modern science of ocean‐atmosphere interaction and the roles that the interaction play in climate variability in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans as well as interactions across basins and between the tropics and extratropics. In this issue, Eos talks with lead editor Chunzai Wang. Wang is a research oceanographer at the Physical Oceanography Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, in Miami, Florida.
Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere: A Course in Theoretical Meteorology
Authors: Curry Judith 
Published: October 2006

This book is formulated around the derivation of prognostic equations for temperature, and is designed to complement the authors' previous text, Dynamics of the Atmosphere (Cambridge, 2003). Entropy production equations are developed to aid in the treatment of flux terms in the temperature equations. A distinguishing feature of this book is a treatment of the linear theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In the second half of the text, moist thermodynamic processes are introduced using fairly standard treatments, including thermodynamic diagrams, humidity variables, and moist adiabats.It is useful to compare the text by Zdunkowski and Bott with two other books that have been published in the past 5 years. Atmospheric Thermodynamics, by Bohren and Albrecht (Cambridge, 1999), is written from a physics perspective, and emphasizes a basic physical understanding of thermodynamical principles relevant to atmospheric science. Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, by Curry and Webster (Academic, 1999), provides a physical chemistry perspective, and emphasizes applications of relevance to climate and atmospheric and oceanic chemistry.
End of the rainbow indeed
Authors: Sammons James I. 
Published: October 2006

Many thanks to Adam Light and Patrick J. Bartlein for their helpful and succinct article, The End of the Rainbow? Color Schemes for Improved Data Graphics, regarding color in data illustration (Eos, 85(40), 5 October 2004). I especially appreciate their point about the use of spectral schemes to illustrate sequential data.As a science writer and reader, I have often struggled with the Crayola‐inspired illustrations that are prevalent today Overuse of color forces the reader into a myopic [paint by numbers] exercise to extract meaning. The situation reminds me of notes that I received just after Microsoft Windows developed the capability to print bit‐mapped fonts. For a while, some authors seemed carried away by this new capability and marked each line, each change of voice, with a new font.
Moon‐to‐Mars Initiative draws heat
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Shifting NASA's priorities toward its Moon‐to‐Mars initiative, which U.S. President George W. Bush announced on 14 January, “will mean neglecting the most promising space science efforts,” according to a 22 November report issued by the American Physical Society Special Committee on NASA Funding for Astrophysics.The report notes that important science opportunities could be lost or seriously delayed due to this shift in priorities. The new initiative presents the challenge of how to implement it “without destroying the agency's balanced scientific program that was carefully crafted with strong scientific community involvement,” the report states.
Reply [to “Cosmic rays, carbon dioxide, and climate”]
Authors: Rahmstorf Stefan , Archer David , Ebel Denton S. , Eugster Otto , Jouzel Jean , Maraun Douglas , Neu Urs , Schmidt Gavin A. , Severinghaus Jeff , Weaver Andrew J. , Zachos Jim 
Published: October 2006

In our analysis [Rahmstorf et al., 2004], we arrived at two main conclusions: the data of Shaviv and Veizer [2003] do not show a significant correlation of cosmic ray flux (CRF) and climate, and the authors' estimate of climate sensitivity to CO2 based on a simple regression analysis is questionable. After careful consideration of Shaviv and Veizer's comment, we want to uphold and reaffirm these conclusions.Concerning the question of correlation, we pointed out that a correlation arose only after several adjustments to the data, including shifting one of the four CRF peaks and stretching the time scale. To calculate statistical significance, we first need to compute the number of independent data points in the CRF and temperature curves being correlated, accounting for their autocorrelation. A standard estimate [Quenouille, 1952] of the number of effective data points is

urn:x-wiley:00963941:media:eost14930:eost14930-math-0001
where N is the total number of data points and r1, r2 are the autocorrelations of the two series. For the curves of Shaviv and Veizer [2003], the result is NEFF = 4.8. This is consistent with the fact that these are smooth curves with four humps, and with the fact that for CRF the position of the four peaks is determined by four spiral arm crossings or four meteorite clusters, respectively; that is, by four independent data points. The number of points that enter the calculation of statistical significance of a linear correlation is (NEFF− 2), since any curves based on only two points show perfect correlation; at least three independent points are needed for a meaningful result.
Make Earth science education as dynamic as Earth itself
Authors: Lautenbacher Conrad C. , Groat Charles G. 
Published: October 2006

The images of rivers spilling over their banks and washing away entire towns, buildings decimated to rubble by the violent shaking of the Earth's plates, and molten lava flowing up from inside the Earth's core are constant reminders of the power of the Earth. Humans are simply at the whim of the forces of Mother Nature—or are we?Whether it is from a great natural disaster, a short‐term weather event like El Nino, or longer‐term processes like plate tectonics, Earth processes affect us all. Yet,we are only beginning to scratch the surface of our understanding of Earth sciences. We believe the day will come when our understanding of these dynamic Earth processes will prompt better policies and decisions about saving lives and property. One key place to start is in America's classrooms.
Reply [to “Variations of total solar irradiance produced by structural changes in the solar interior”]
Authors: Sofia S. 
Published: October 2006

In their Comment to my article [Sofia, 2004], PFoukal and H. Spruit imply that the surface magnetic effects alone can explain the observed solar cycle variations of (1) the low‐ and medium‐degree p‐mode oscillation frequencies; (2) the f‐mode oscillation frequencies; (3) the solar radius; (4) the solar photospheric temperature; and (5) the solar irradiance.In fact, it is hard for surface magnetic effects to explain most of these variations since they are not supposed to change the internal structure of the Sun, and these observations require some internal structure readjustment. These failures are further increased by recent observations which show that the faculae, which are supposed to increase irradiance, can actually be dark in the disk center when measured in the continuum wavelengths [Kuhn et al, 1998]. Moreover, if Willson's reconstruction of the total solar irradiance history, which shows a difference in the level at the last two minima, is correct [Willson, 1997],we find another feature of the TSI that is difficult, if not impossible, to explain on the basis of surface magnetic effects alone.
Outstanding student award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

AGU's Mineral and Rock Physics Focus Group will formally present its 2004 Outstanding Student Award to Motohiko Murakami and Sergio Speziale at the M&RP‐SEDI (Study of the Earth's Deep Interior) Reception.The reception will be held 14 December, at the 2004 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California.Motohiko Murakami received his Ph.D. from Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), Japan, in 2004. His thesis, “Phase transitions in lower mantle minerals and its geophysical implications,” was performed under the supervision of Kei Hirose. Murakami now holds a JSPS postdoctoral fellowship at the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Tech. Murakami's research interests include phase relations, phase chemistry, and physical properties of the Earth's deep materials at high pressure and high temperature.
“X” Marks the spot: Florida is the 2004 hurricane bull's‐eye
Authors: Bossak Brian H. 
Published: October 2006

The hurricane season of 2004 has turned out to be one for the record books.The first recorded South American hurricane made landfall in Brazil in March 2004. Hurricane Alex, the first named storm of the North Atlantic hurricane season, was the strongest hurricane ever recorded north of 38° latitude. Hurricane Ivan was the most southerly‐forming North Atlantic hurricane recorded. After menacing the Caribbean, Ivan made an official landfall near Mobile, Alabama, but greatly affected the western panhandle region of Florida, which was located within the dangerous northeastern quadrant of the storm.
NASA is big winner in federal science budget
Authors: Keelor Brad 
Published: October 2006

In the $388 billion omnibus appropriations bill for fiscal year (FY) 2005 that the US. Congress approved on 20 November, most agencies aside from NASA that fund Earth and space sciences face flat or declining budgets.All agencies covered in the omnibus bill face an additional 0.8% reduction agreed to by Congress and the Bush Administration, which is not calculated into the figures in this article.
Hildreth receives Thorarinsson Medal
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Edward Wesley (Wes) Hildreth, research geologist at the U.S. Geological Survey received the Thorarinsson Medal at the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) 2004 General Assembly at Pucon, Chile, in November 2004.The triennial Thorarinsson Medal honors the memory of Sigurdur Thorarinsson (1912–1983) of Iceland, and his pioneering work in volcanology, especially tephrochronology. The medal is the highest award given by IAVCEI for outstanding contributions to the general field of volcanology.
Global land data sets for next‐generation biospheric monitoring
Authors: Running Steven W. 
Published: October 2006

The Mauna Loa atmospheric CO2 record initiated in 1957 was the first data set to show that the entire Earth was being affected by human activity C. D. Keeling relived the history and current trends of that CO2 data set in a keynote address at a recent Earth observation meeting where next‐generation capabilities in global biospheric monitoring were unveiled. The second MODIS Vegetation Workshop held last August, was attended by 170 scientists from 27 states and 19 countries.The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a visible/infrared optical sensor launched on both the Terra (December 1999) and the more recent Aqua (May 2002) platforms of the NASA Earth Observing System to provide daily global Earth observation at 250‐1000‐m spatial resolution. The MODIS Land Science Team since 1990 has developed algorithms analyzing the spectral data to produce biophysical variables over 110 million km2 of vegetated land surface for global science (http.7/modis‐land.gsfc. nasa.gov/products/).
AGU index terms updated
Authors: Kodama Kenneth P. 
Published: October 2006

AGU has just completed a major revision of its Index Terms. The last major revision of the Index Terms was conducted in 1995. AGU Index Terms are used for classification of both AGU publications and meetings programs. The new Index Terms will be available for use by the AGU community on 17 December (http://www.agu.org/pubs/indexterms).A 15‐person working group, representing various disciplinary groups across the AGU, was established by, and reports to, the Publications Committee. The Index Committee members consulted with their constituencies and considered term‐by‐term usage of the old Index Term list in creating the new list.
A method for prediction of California summer air surface temperature
Authors: Alfaro E. , Gershunov A. , Cayan D. , Steinemann A. , Pierce D. , Barnett T. 
Published: October 2006

While significant progress has been made in seasonal climate prediction in recent years, summertime mid‐latitude climate prediction remains problematic [e.g., Gershunov and Cayan, 2003]. Several previous studies have explored the skill of Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures (PSST) in the seasonal prediction of various atmospheric variables [e.g., Barnett and Preisendorfer, 1987],but few have focused on the value of PSST in forecasting summer conditions [e.g., Douville, 2003].Advances in summertime temperature forecasts are important for planning in different economic sectors, such as the energy industry. This issue is especially important in California, where the summer peak energy demand is about 50% higher than that in winter, in response to heavy loads from air conditioners, pumping water, and other seasonal issues.
New approaches for extending the twentieth century climate record
Authors: Brönnimann S. , Compo G. P. , Sardeshmukh P. D. , Jenne R. , Sterin A. 
Published: October 2006

Studying twentieth century climate is a key to understanding future climate change. Relatively little is still known, however, about climate variability in the first half of the century. Much could be learned from the relatively large climatic variations that occurred during that first half, including the decade‐long “Dust Bowl” droughts of the 1930s and the warming of the Arctic from 1920 to 1945.Poor digital data availability prior to around 1948 has hindered previous work to understand these important climatic variations.
Seismic imaging of the ocean internal structure: A new tool in physical oceanography?
Authors: Géli Louis , Savoye Bruno , Carton Xavier , Stéphan Manuel 
Published: October 2006

Reflection seismics has been intensively used for the last four decades by marine geologists and geophysicists for imaging Earth structures below the seafloor. Because their subject of interest is below the sea bottom, solid Earth scientists do not usually consider the seismic signal propagating in the water column and most often do not even record it, in order to save data storage space.Two physical oceanographers, Gonella and Michon [1988],first reported internal waves revealed by reflection seismics in the northeastern Atlantic. Only recently, though, has the scientific community realized the importance of this issue, after Holbrook et al. [2003] published reflection seismic sections of the water column off Newfoundland, Canada, showing reflectors related to the major oceanographic front between the Labrador Current and the North Atlantic Current.
Meeting the challenges of natural hazards in the wake of the tsunami disaster
Authors: Sorooshian Soroosh 
Published: October 2006

In the wake of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami, it is natural to ask ourselves what we could have done as scientists to help prevent or minimize the impact of this disaster. It is imperative, however, also to ask ourselves what we should be doing to mitigate the adverse impact of the next calamity.AGU's Committee on Public Affairs, which I chair, is charged with advocating the contents of AGU position statements, one of which is entitled Meeting the Challenges of Natural Hazards. In that statement, AGU calls for three basic activities to reduce our vulnerability to natural disasters: (1) fundamental research on Earth and space, and monitoring of natural hazards; (2) dissemination of the relevant results to the public, especially vulnerable communities; and (3) implementation of multidisciplinary efforts needed to apply effective mitigation strategies worldwide.
Workshop launches international coalition for geoinformatics
Authors: Klump Jens , Huber Robert , Cervato Cinzia , Snyder Walter S. 
Published: October 2006

A global forum on sedimentary geology and paleobiology was launched at an inaugural meeting at the 32nd International Geological Congress, in Florence, Italy. The workshop developed a collaborative international effort that focuses on next‐generation research and education and that provides a forum for individuals and organizations involved in conducting and sponsoring this research.Thirty‐five scientists and 20 representatives of European funding organizations met in the first of a planned series of workshops on “Coordinating GeoInformatics Efforts in Sedimentary Geology and Paleobiology.”
Science opportunities for a long‐range Antarctic research aircraft
Authors: Studinger Michael , Bromwich David , Csatho Bea , Muench Robin , Parish Tom , Stith Jeff 
Published: October 2006

The polar regions play a critical role in thegeodynamic and climate system of the Earth. Although located far from the main centers of human civilization, the polar atmosphere and oceans have strong global connections and therefore directly affect global weather, climate, and the world's population, living mostly in tropical and midlatitude environments. Antarctic geodynamic processes are the driving forces for ice sheet dynamics and global environmental change that affect current and long‐term, large‐magnitude sea level changes.The importance of the polar regions for our natural environment has long been recognized. Many nations around the world are currently planning the International Polar Year 2007–2008 (IPY), an intense, coordinated effort of novel and comprehensive observations combined with multidisciplinary research, analysis, and educational activities (http://www.ipyorg).
The International Water Cycle Workshop
Authors: Miller Norman L. , Koike Toshio , Wood Eric F. , Lawford Richard , Herland Einar‐Arne 
Published: October 2006

Scientists from Japan, Europe, and the United States met at the International Water Cycle Workshop, in Seattle, Washington, last summer. The goals of this workshop were to review a draft implementation of the water cycle component to the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS), and to develop a companion “water cycle road map” that would provide specific actions and timetables for its implementation.This meeting was an outcome of the 10th U.S.‐Japan Workshop on Global Change, Climate and Water, held in Irvine, California, in January 2003, and the Group of Eight (G‐8) Earth Observing Summits I and II. The meeting was timed to align with the G‐8 GEOSS Implementation Plan expert review period (15 July to 25 August 2004).
Heat wave brings an unprecedented red tide to San Francisco Bay
Authors: Cloern James E. , Schraga Tara S. , Lopez Cary Burns 
Published: October 2006

An exceptional red tide in San Francisco Bay was observed on 8 September 2004. The red tide had chlorophyll concentrations approaching 200 mg/m3 (Figure 1) in red/purple surface streaks containing high abundances of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea. Red tides and harmful algal blooms (HABs) are common features of coastal ecosystems, and their growing frequency is a suspected outcome of coastal eutrophication.However, the authors have never observed a dinoflagellate bloom of this scale during 28 years of sampling in the nutrient‐rich San Francisco Bay. Phytoplankton biomass along this transect is typically <5mg Chla/m3, and has never exceeded 21 mg Chla/m3 during summer‐autumn
Eighth International Conference on Paleoceanography
Authors: Grousset Francis , Peterson Larry , Delaney Peggie , Elderfield Harry , Emeis Kay , Haug Gerald , Stocker Thomas , Wang Pinxian 
Published: October 2006

Every three years since 1983, the paleoceanographic community has come together at a different venue to share new data and discoveries at the International Conference on Paleoceanography (ICP). For the recent ICP‐8, France was the host country for a conference focused on the theme of “An Ocean View of Global Change.” The Environnements et Paleoenvironnement Oceanique (EPOC) paleoceanography group of the University Bordeaux I acted as the local organizing committee.Scientific presentations at ICP‐8 addressed the latest discoveries in paleoceanography and highlighted both emerging and as‐yet‐unsolved questions on global climate change. Thirty‐five speakers, invited by the ICP‐8 Science Committee, gave overview talks during morning sessions organized around five major scientific themes. These themes were Cenozoic‐Mesozoic Oceans; Carbonate and Silica Systems of the Pleistocene Ocean; Biogeochemical Cycles of the Past; High‐Frequency Climate Variability; and Interhemispheric Ocean‐Continent‐Climate Linkages.
EarthScope science for Mid‐America
Authors: Bodin Paul , Langston Charles A. , Paterson Gary , Powell Christine , Withers Mitch , Gomberg Joan 
Published: October 2006

In mid‐America (roughly the region between the Rocky and Appalachian mountains, and between the U.S./Canadian border and the Gulf of Mexico), the National Science Foundation's (NSF) EarthScope program presents important opportunities to advance the understanding of the evolution, composition, and hazards of the North American heartland. EarthScope (http://www.earthscope.org) will help to image the geological roots of North America at unprecedented resolution with a variety of geophysical techniques.The program challenges the solid Earth science community to define multidisciplinary science objectives that further both the technical knowledge and the societal impact of our work.