bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
cis-Cytokinins that predominate inPisum sativumduring early embryogenesis will accelerate embryo growth in vitro
Authors: Quesnelle Pauline E. , Emery R.J. Neil 
Published: April 2007

Correlative data from monocots suggest that cytokinin (CK) regulates seed development. The involvement of CKs in seed growth was investigated using pea, a eudicot with an unknown CK profile, as a model system. CK profiles were measured by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry against major stages of embryogenesis, which were documented histologically. Like other grain legumes, CK levels of developing pea seeds fluctuated through development and had mainly nucleotide and riboside forms. Among the 11 CKs detected, cis-isomers (cis-[9R]Z (zeatin riboside), and cis-[9RMP]Z (zeatin riboside 5′ monophosphate)), along with their isopentenyl precursors, were the major forms during pea embryogenesis, whereas corresponding trans-isomers appeared as minor constituents. Highest CK concentrations occurred at the heart-shape stage, when there are high rates of cell division and sugar metabolism. To assess the significance of high CK concentrations observed at the heart-shape stage, a bioassay was developed wherein heart-shaped embryos were excised and cultured on medium containing either cis-[9R]Z, trans-[9R]Z, or kinetin. Growth of cultured heart-shaped embryo explants was significantly augmented by all exogenous CKs relative to controls that were not supplemented with CK. Moreover, at concentrations equivalent to those experienced by an embryo in vivo, cis-[9R]Z was active in enhancing the growth of cultured pea embryos to an extent equal to that of trans-[9R]Z. Overall, the results endorse a growth-promoting role for cis-CKs during seed development.
Inflorescence development in two tomato species
Authors: Welty N. , Radovich C. , Meulia T. , van der Knaap E. 
Published: April 2007

The inflorescence of tomato has been characterized as either a cyme or raceme. Cymose inflorescences are determinate, whereas racemose inflorescences are indeterminate. In this study, we addressed the discrepancy in inflorescence architecture by analyzing the morphology of a wild relative of tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium L. and four domesticated Solanum lycopersicum L. lines. Careful observation of developing inflorescences of both species showed a bifurcation of the meristem into a determinate floral and an indeterminate inflorescence meristem. Interestingly, higher fruit carpel number was associated with delayed floral development, which might give the impression of determinate growth in some of the lines. Nevertheless, our results demonstrated that tomato inflorescences are indeterminate in nature regardless of the line studied. Floral buds were formed concomitantly with the development of the inflorescence meristem and not on the flanks of the peduncle, a characteristic of racemose growth. Thus, tomato inflorescences should be classified as a cyme with the note that the inflorescence meristem does not terminate into a flower and, in fact, maintains indeterminacy. In addition, S. pimpinellifolium produced many more flowers in a highly regular manner when compared with the cultivated types. This demonstrated the usefulness of wild relatives of tomato as a tool to further understand flower and fruit development in this crop species.
Chemical Vapor Deposition Epitaxy of Silicon and Silicon-Carbon Alloys at High Rates and Low Temperatures using Neopentasilane
Authors: Sturm James C. , Chung Keith H. , Yao N. , Sanchez E. , Singh K. K. K. , Carlson D. , Kuppurao S. 
Published: April 2007

The silicon precursor neopentasilane is used to grow epitaxial silicon at high growth rates from 550 to 700 oC, with rates over 100 nm/min achieved at 600 oC. The layer quality as observed by TEM and the performance of FET's made in these films is high.	Neopentasilane has also been used to grow dilute strained Si1-yCy alloys on silicon with very high growth rates. For carbon levels on the order of 2%, strained layers were grown at rates over 40 nm/min.
Impact of Increasing Urban Density on Local Climate: Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Surface Energy Balance in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Coutts Andrew M. , Beringer Jason , Tapper Nigel J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Variations in urban surface characteristics are known to alter the local climate through modification of land surface processes that influence the surface energy balance and boundary layer and lead to distinct urban climates. In Melbourne, Australia, urban densities are planned to increase under a new strategic urban plan. Using the eddy covariance technique, this study aimed to determine the impact of increasing housing density on the surface energy balance and to investigate the relationship to Melbourne’s local climate. Across four sites of increasing housing density and varying land surface characteristics (three urban and one rural), it was found that the partitioning of available energy was similar at all three urban sites. Bowen ratios were consistently greater than 1 throughout the year at the urban sites (often as high as 5) and were higher than the rural site (less than 1) because of reduced evapotranspiration. The greatest difference among sites was seen in urban heat storage, which was influenced by urban canopy complexity, albedo, and thermal admittance. Resulting daily surface temperatures were therefore different among the urban sites, yet differences in above-canopy daytime air temperatures were small because of similar energy partitioning and efficient mixing. However, greater nocturnal temperatures were observed with increasing density as a result of variations in heat storage release that are in part due to urban canyon morphology. Knowledge of the surface energy balance is imperative for urban planning schemes because there is a possibility for manipulation of land surface characteristics for improved urban climates.
Intercomparison of Single-Column Numerical Models for the Prediction of Radiation Fog
Authors: Bergot Thierry , Terradellas Enric , Cuxart Joan , Mira Antoni , Liechti Olivier , Mueller Mathias , Nielsen Niels Woetmann 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The short-term forecasting of fog is a difficult issue that can have a large societal impact. Radiation fog appears in the surface boundary layer, and its evolution is driven by the interactions between the surface and lower layers of the atmosphere. Current NWP models poorly forecast the life cycle of fog, and improved NWP models are needed before improving the prediction of fog. Six numerical model simulations are compared for two cases from the Paris-Charles de Gaulle (Paris-CdG) fog field experiment. This intercomparison includes both operational and research models, which have significantly different vertical resolutions and physical parameterizations. The main goal of this intercomparison is to identify the capabilities of the various models to forecast fog accurately. An attempt is made to identify the main reasons behind the differences among the various models. This intercomparison reveals that considerable differences among models exist in the surface boundary layer before the fog onset, particularly in cases with light winds. The lower-resolution models crudely forecast the nocturnal inversion, the strong inversion at the top of the fog layer, and the interactions between soil and atmosphere. This intercomparison further illustrates the importance of accurate parameterizations of dew deposition and gravitational settling on the prediction of fog.
Uses of NOAA-16 and -18 Satellite Measurements for Verifying the Limb-Correction Algorithm
Authors: Liu Quanhua , Weng Fuzhong 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) images display strong dependence on the scanning angle because of the temperature gradient of the atmosphere and the change in the optical pathlength between Earth and the satellite. Using a limb-adjustment algorithm, the temperature gradients can be restored from the images. Various limb-correction algorithms have been developed for infrared and microwave sounders by aid of radiative transfer simulations. Together with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-16 AMSU, the NOAA-18 satellite with AMSU (launched on 20 May 2005) provides the best opportunity to collocate observations from two satellites. The collocated measurement pairs from NOAA-16 and NOAA-18 contain data for which both observations have the same scanning angle and various scanning angles—in particular, off-nadir observations from NOAA-16 and nadir observations from NOAA-18. The coincident data pair having the same scan position from NOAA-16 and NOAA-18 can be used for intercalibration of the sensors of the two satellites. The coincident data pair having nadir measurement from NOAA-18 and off-nadir measurement from NOAA-16 can be used for testing the limb-adjustment algorithm using pure satellite measurements. This study applies collocated measurements to evaluate the performance of the current NOAA microwave limb-correction algorithm for brightness temperatures at AMSU-A channels 5, 6, and 7 for the first time. With the limb correction, the warm core of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 can also be detected using a cross-scan sensor such as AMSU-A.
Role of CD28 in fatal autoimmune disorder in scurfy mice
Authors: Singh Nagendra , Chandler Phillip R. , Seki Yoichi , Baban Babak , Takezaki Mayuko , Kahler David J. , Munn David H. , Larsen Christian P. , Mellor Andrew L. , Iwashima Makio 
Published: April 2007

AbstractScurfy mice develop CD4 T-cell–mediated lymphoproliferative disease leading to death within 4 weeks of age. The scurfy mutation causes loss of function of the foxp3 gene (foxp3sf), which is essential for development and maintenance of naturally occurring regulatory CD4 T cells (nTregs). In humans, mutations of the foxp3 gene cause immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome (IPEX). In most patients with IPEX and also in scurfy mice, T cells show hyperreactivity and levels of Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines are substantially elevated. We report that removal of CD28 expression rescued scurfy mice from early death. Longer-term surviving CD28-deficient scurfy mice still had lymphoproliferative disorder, but their CD4 T cells showed decreased interferon-γ and no sign of interleukin-4 or interleukin-10 hyperproduction. Furthermore, injection of CTLA4-Ig to block CD28-B7 interactions substantially improved the survival of scurfy mice by blocking effector T-cell differentiation. These data support the hypothesis that CD28-B7 interactions play a critical role in the etiology of lethal autoimmune disease in scurfy mice by stimulating the differentiation of antigen-activated naive T cells into effector T cells.
Deficient CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T regulatory cells in acquired aplastic anemia
Authors: Solomou Elena E. , Rezvani Katayoun , Mielke Stephan , Malide Daniela , Keyvanfar Keyvan , Visconte Valeria , Kajigaya Sachiko , Barrett A. John , Young Neal S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Regulatory T cells are believed to control the development and progression of autoimmunity by suppressing autoreactive T cells. Decreased numbers of CD4+CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells (Tregs) are associated with impaired immune homeostasis and development of autoimmune diseases. The transcription factors FOXP3 and NFAT1 have key roles in regulatory T-cell development and function. We show that Tregs are decreased at presentation in almost all patients with aplastic anemia; FOXP3 protein and mRNA levels also are significantly lower in patients with aplastic anemia and NFAT1 protein levels are decreased or absent. Transfection of FOXP3-deficient CD4+CD25+ T cells from patients with a plasmid encoding wild-type NFAT1 resulted in increased FOXP3 expression in these cells. By NFAT1 knockdown in CD4+CD25+ T cells, FOXP3 expression was decreased when NFAT1 expression was decreased. Our findings indicate that decreased NFAT1 could explain low FOXP3 expression and diminished Treg frequency in aplastic anemia. Treg defects are now implicated in autoimmune marrow failure.
NOGO-A induction and localization during chick brain development indicate a role disparate from neurite outgrowth inhibition
Authors: Caltharp Shelley A , Pira Charmaine U , Mishima Noboru , Youngdale Erik N , McNeill David S , Liwnicz Boleslaw H , Oberg Kerby C 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Background
Nogo-A, a myelin-associated protein, inhibits neurite outgrowth and abates regeneration in the adult vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and may play a role in maintaining neural pathways once established. However, the presence of Nogo-A during early CNS development is counterintuitive and hints at an additional role for Nogo-A beyond neurite inhibition.

Results
We isolated chicken NOGO-A and determined its sequence. A multiple alignment of the amino acid sequence across divergent species, identified five previously undescribed, Nogo-A specific conserved regions that may be relevant for development. NOGO gene transcripts (NOGO-A, NOGO-B and NOGO-C) were differentially expressed in the CNS during development and a second NOGO-A splice variant was identified. We further localized NOGO-A expression during key phases of CNS development by in situ hybridization. CNS-associated NOGO-A was induced coincident with neural plate formation and up-regulated by FGF in the transformation of non-neural ectoderm into neural precursors. NOGO-A expression was diffuse in the neuroectoderm during the early proliferative phase of development, and migration, but localized to large projection neurons of the optic tectum and tectal-associated nuclei during architectural differentiation, lamination and network establishment.

Conclusion
These data suggest Nogo-A plays a functional role in the determination of neural identity and/or differentiation and also appears to play a later role in the networking of large projection neurons during neurite formation and synaptogenesis. These data indicate that Nogo-A is a multifunctional protein with additional roles during CNS development that are disparate from its later role of neurite outgrowth inhibition in the adult CNS.
Deletion of the cruciform binding domain in CBP/14-3-3 displays reduced origin binding and initiation of DNA replication in budding yeast
Authors: Yahyaoui Wafaa , Callejo Mario , Price Gerald B , Zannis-Hadjopoulos Maria 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Background
Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication involves many protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. We have previously shown that 14-3-3 proteins bind cruciform DNA and associate with mammalian and yeast replication origins in a cell cycle dependent manner.

Results
By expressing the human 14-3-3ε, as the sole member of 14-3-3 proteins family in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we show that 14-3-3ε complements the S. cerevisiae Bmh1/Bmh2 double knockout, conserves its cruciform binding activity, and associates in vivo with the yeast replication origins ARS307. Deletion of the α5-helix, the potential cruciform binding domain of 14-3-3, decreased the cruciform binding activity of the protein as well as its association with the yeast replication origins ARS307 and ARS1. Furthermore, the mutant cells had a reduced ability to stably maintain plasmids bearing one or multiple origins.

Conclusion
14-3-3, a cruciform DNA binding protein, associates with yeast origins of replication and functions as an initiator of DNA replication, presumably through binding to cruciform DNA forming at yeast replicators.
Screening of the transcriptional regulatory regions of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Brockington Alice , Wokke Beatrijs , Nixon Hannah , Hartley Judith , Shaw Pamela J 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Background
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has neurotrophic activity which is mediated by its main agonist receptor, VEGFR2. Dysregulation of VEGF causes motor neurone degeneration in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and expression of VEGFR2 is reduced in motor neurones and spinal cord of patients with ALS.

Methods
We have screened the promoter region and 4 exonic regions of functional significance of the VEGFR2 gene in a UK population of patients with ALS, for mutations and polymorphisms that may affect expression or function of this VEGF receptor.

Results
No mutations were identified in the VEGFR2 gene. We found no association between polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of the VEGFR2 gene and ALS.

Conclusion
Mechanisms other than genetic variation may downregulate expression or function of the VEGFR2 receptor in patients with ALS.
Diagnostic value of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in Greek patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Alexiou Ioannis , Germenis Anastasios , Ziogas Athanasios , Theodoridou Katerina , Sakkas Lazaros I 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Background
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies have been of diagnostic value in Northern European Caucasian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In these populations, anti-CCP antibodies are associated with the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope. We assessed the diagnostic value of anti-CCP antibodies in Greek patients with RA where the HLA shared epitope was reported in a minority of patients.

Methods
Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (CCP2) kit, we tested anti-CCP antibodies in serum samples from 155 Greek patients with RA, 178 patients with other rheumatic diseases, and 100 blood donors. We also determined rheumatoid factor (RF) and compared it to anti-CCP antibodies for area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios.

Results
Sensitivity of anti-CCP2 antibodies and RF for RA was 63.2% and 59.1%, and specificity was 95.0% and 91.2%, respectively. When considered simultaneously, the AUC for anti-CCP antibodies was 0.90 with 95% CI of 0.87 to 0.93 and the AUC for RF was 0.71 with 95% CI of 0.64 to 0.77. The presence of both antibodies increased specificity to 98.2%. Anti-CCP antibodies were positive in 34.9% of RF-negative RA patients. Anti-CCP antibodies showed a correlation with the radiographic joint damage. Anti-CCP-positive RA patients had increased the swollen joint count and serum CRP concentration compared to anti-CCP-negative RA patients (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively). However, no correlation was found between anti-CCP antibodies and DAS28 score (r = 0.13, p = 0.12).

Conclusion
In Greek patients with RA, anti-CCP2 antibodies exhibit a better diagnostic value than RF and a correlation with radiological joint damage and therefore are useful in everyday rheumatology practice.
hnRNP E1 and E2 have distinct roles in modulating HIV-1 gene expression
Authors: Woolaway Kathryn , Asai Kengo , Emili Andrew , Cochrane Alan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPre-mRNA processing, including 5' end capping, splicing, and 3' end cleavage/polyadenylation, are events coordinated by transcription that can influence the subsequent export and translation of mRNAs. Coordination of RNA processing is crucial in retroviruses such as HIV-1, where inefficient splicing and the export of intron-containing RNAs are required for expression of the full complement of viral proteins. RNA processing can be affected by both viral and cellular proteins, and in this study we demonstrate that a member of the hnRNP E family of proteins can modulate HIV-1 RNA metabolism and expression. We show that hnRNP E1/E2 are able to interact with the ESS3a element of the bipartite ESS in tat/rev exon 3 of HIV-1 and that modulation of hnRNP E1 expression alters HIV-1 structural protein synthesis. Overexpression of hnRNP E1 leads to a reduction in Rev, achieved in part through a decrease inrevmRNA levels. However, the reduction in Rev levels cannot fully account for the effect of hnRNP E1, suggesting that hmRNP E1 might also act to suppress viral RNA translation. Deletion mutagenesis determined that the C-terminal end of hnRNP E1 was required for the reduction in Rev expression and that replacing this portion of hnRNP E1 with that of hnRNP E2, despite the high degree of conservation, could not rescue the loss of function.
Reactome: a knowledge base of biologic pathways and processes
Authors: Vastrik Imre , D'Eustachio Peter , Schmidt Esther , Joshi-Tope Geeta , Gopinath Gopal , Croft David , de Bono Bernard , Gillespie Marc , Jassal Bijay , Lewis Suzanna , Matthews Lisa , Wu Guanming , Birney Ewan , Stein Lincoln 
Published: April 2007

AbstractReactome http://www.reactome.org, an online curated resource for human pathway data, provides infrastructure for computation across the biologic reaction network. We use Reactome to infer equivalent reactions in multiple nonhuman species, and present data on the reliability of these inferred reactions for the distantly related eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finally, we describe the use of Reactome both as a learning resource and as a computational tool to aid in the interpretation of microarrays and similar large-scale datasets.
Foetal brain development in offspring of women with psychosis
Authors: Clarke Mary C. , Cannon Mary , Hogg Matthew , Marks Maureen N. , Conroy Sue , Pawlby Susan J. , Greenough Anne , Nicolaides Kypros 
Published: April 2007

SummaryCerebral ventricular enlargement and reduced cortical volume are correlates of chronic schizophrenia. We investigated whether genetic risk for psychosis is related to differences in foetal brain development as measured by prenatal ultrasonography. Routine foetal cerebral measures at 19–23 weeks of gestation were compared between the offspring of 35 women with a history of psychosis and 105 control women matched for gestational age. Overall, no significant differences were found between the high-risk and control groups. There was a non-significant trend in the adjusted analysis towards increased lateral ventricular width in the offspring of mothers with psychosis.
Common mental disorders and the built environment in Santiago, Chile
Authors: Araya Ricardo , Montgomery Alan , Rojas Graciela , Fritsch Rosemarie , Solis Jaime , Signorelli Andres , Lewis Glyn 
Published: April 2007

BackgroundThere is growing research interest in the influence of the built environment on mental disorders.AimsTo estimate the variation in the prevalence of common mental disorders attributable to individuals and the built environment of geographical sectors where they live.MethodA sample of 3870 adults (response rate 90%) clustered in 248 geographical sectors participated in a household cross-sectional survey in Santiago, Chile. Independently rated contextual measures of the built environment were obtained. The Clinical Interview Schedule was used to estimate the prevalence of common mental disorders.ResultsThere was a significant association between the quality of the built environment of small geographical sectors and the presence of common mental disorders among its residents. The better the quality of the built environment, the lower the scores for psychiatric symptoms; however, only a small proportion of the variation in common mental disorder existed at sector level, after adjusting for individual factors.ConclusionsFindings from our study, using a contextual assessment of the quality of the built environment and multilevel modelling in the analysis, suggest these associations may be more marked in non-Western settings with more homogeneous geographical sectors.