bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression and function of the LIM homeobox containing genes Lhx3 and Lhx4 in the mouse placenta
Authors: Tian Geng , Singh Umashankar , Yu Yang , Ellsworth Buffy S. , Hemberger Myriam , Geyer Rudolf , Stewart M. David , Behringer Richard R. , Fundele Reinald 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe LIM homeobox containing genes of the LIM‐3 group, Lhx3 and Lhx4, are critical for normal development. Both genes are involved in the formation of the pituitary and the motoneuron system and loss of either gene causes perinatal lethality. Previous studies had shown that Lhx3 is overexpressed in hyperplastic placentas of mouse interspecies hybrids. To determine the role of LHX3 in the mouse placenta, we performed expression and function analyses. Our results show that Lhx3 exhibits specific spatial and temporal expression in the mouse placenta. However, deletion of Lhx3 does not produce a placental phenotype. To test whether this is due to functional substitution by Lhx4, we performed a phenotype analysis of Lhx3−/−; Lhx4−/− double‐mutant placentas. A subset of Lhx3−/−; Lhx4−/− placentas exhibited abnormal structure of the labyrinth. However, absence of both LIM‐3 genes did not interfere with placental transport nor consistently with expression of target genes such as Gnrhr. Thus, LHX3 and LHX4 appear to be dispensable for placental development and function. Developmental Dynamics 237:1517‐1525, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatiotemporal protein distribution of TGF‐βs, their receptors, and extracellular matrix molecules during embryonic tendon development
Authors: Kuo Catherine K. , Petersen Bryan C. , Tuan Rocky S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTendon is one of the least understood tissues of the musculoskeletal system in terms of development and morphogenesis. Collagen fibrillogenesis has been the most studied aspect of tendon development, focusing largely on the role of matrix molecules such as collagen type III and decorin. While involvement of matrix molecules in collagen fibrillogenesis during chick tendon development is well understood, the role of growth factors has yet to be elucidated. This work examines the expression patterns of transforming growth factor (TGF) ‐β1, ‐β2, and ‐β3, and their receptors with respect to expression patterns of collagen type III, decorin, and fibronectin. We focus on the intermediate stages of tendon development in the chick embryo, a period during which the tendon micro‐ and macro‐architecture are being established. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that TGF‐β1, ‐β2, and ‐β3 have distinct spatiotemporal developmental protein localization patterns in the developing tendon and strongly suggest that these isoforms have independent roles in tendon development. Developmental Dynamics 237:1477‐1489, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GSK‐3β and α‐catenin binding regions of β‐catenin exert opposing effects on the terminal ventral optic axonal projection
Authors: Wiley A. , Edalat K. , Chiang P. , Mora M. , Mirro K. , Lee M. , Muhr H. , Elul T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe overexpressed two deletion mutants of the N‐terminal domain of β‐catenin in ventral optic axons in living Xenopus tadpoles. One deletion mutant contained both the α‐catenin and the GSK‐3β binding sites of the N‐terminal domain of β‐catenin (NTERM), and the second deletion mutant contained only the GSK‐3β binding site (β‐cat107). Expression of NTERM in ventral optic axons dispersed and induced anterior and lateral shifts in their targeting locations in the dorsal tectum. In contrast, β‐cat107 compressed and shifted the synaptic targeting locations of ventral optic axons medially and posteriorly. In addition, NTERM‐expressing ventral optic axons formed arbors that were wider than controls whereas β‐cat107 axonal arbors were narrower compared with controls. These data suggest that the interactions of β‐catenin with α‐catenin and GSK‐3β exert opposing effects on the terminal projections of ventral optic axons. Developmental Dynamics 237:1434‐1441, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is Hard Work the Key to Success? A Socioeconomic Analysis of Immigrant Enterprise
Authors: Young Philip K. Y. , Sontz Ann H. L. 
Published: April 2008

This study examines the personal backgrounds, business objectives, modes of operation, and degrees of success of Korean greengrocers and Hispanic grocery store owners in the New York metropolitan area. In so doing, the study seeks to uncover factors that may condition differential business performance among all groups of imigrant entrepreneurs, including Koreans and Hispanics. A survey of 40 Korean and 72 Hispanic businesspersons revealed that both groups tended to work equally hard in terms of the number of hours worked in the business per week. However, the Korean greengrocers were found to be more successful in terms of the profitability and cash flow generated by their stores. The primary reason for this difference appeared to be the fact that Korean business practices were guided mainly by the profit motive, while those of Hispanics were influenced by such nonmonetary concerns as independence and personal satisfaction. These findings led the authors to conclude that there are alternative measures of material “success” and that the equally strong efforts of both groups of immigrant entrepreneurs have resulted in two different, but important kinds of success. Certain policy implications of this conclusion could lead to further immigrant participation in small business.
Computer determination of all individual structures of triglyceride molecules of fats and oils
Authors: Koman V. , Kotuc J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummaryA method for calculating all of the individual structures of triglyceride molecules (ISTM) of fats and oils based on a digital computer program using operational language FORTRAN is presented. Qualitative and quantitative results of gas liquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acids after their stereospecific pancreatic lipolysis from C‐1,3 positions of triglyceride molecules were used as main input data. The individual structures are determined with respect to the possible mono‐, di‐, and tricomponent combinational types of triglyceride molecules. The resulting individual structures of triglyceride molecules are presented in concentrational expressions: weight percentages, molar values, molar percentages, and molar fractions. Moreover, some other information (graphical interpretations included) concerning triglyceride molecule structures are also obtained. Two applications of this method for triglyceride molecule individual structure determinations of maize and rapeseed oils are presented.
Photo‐sensitized oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. The identification of different pathways
Authors: Chan Henry W. ‐S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummaryThe photo‐sensitized oxidation of methyl linolenate and methyl oleate was studied using erythrosine and riboflavin as sensitizers. The complex mixtures of hydroperoxides obtained were analyzed for the proportion of conjugated products and, after reduction to the corresponding mixtures of hydroxystearates, for the distribution of positional isomers. By comparing the mixtures with that obtained from autoxidation, it was shown that the riboflavin reaction involved the “Type 1” mechanism of photosensitized oxidation which proceded via the formation of diene‐radicals and yielded the same positional isomers of hydroperoxides as autoxidation. Thus, mixtures of the 8, 9, 10, and 11 positional isomers of allylic hydroperoxides were formed from oleate and the 9, 12, 13, and 16 isomers of conjugated diene‐hydroperoxides from linolenate oxidation. The erythrosine reaction, on the other hand, proceded via the “Type 2”. mechanism which involved singlet oxygen as the oxygenating species. The mixtures of isomers resulting from oxidation involving singlet oxygen were different from those obtained by autoxidation. Oleate oxidation gave rise to a mixture of only the 9 and 10 positional isomers while the mixture obtained from oxidation of methyl linolenate contained non‐conjugated hydroperoxide isomers (with the hydroperoxide group at positions 10 and 15) as well as the conjugated—9, 12, 13, and 16—isomers.
Prooxidant effects of inorganic chromium compounds in the autoxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Ikeda Nobuo , Fukuzumi Kazuo 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummaryThe prooxidant property of inorganic chromium compounds was determined in methyl linoleate free from natural antioxidants and metals. Prooxidant properties of inorganic chromium compounds appeared in order of sodium chromate > chromium (VI)‐oxide > chromium chloride > potassium chromate > chromium (III)‐oxide > potassium dichomate. In comparison with the control, additions of chromium compounds induced different amounts of autoxidation products derived from methyl linoleate, such as small amounts of hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes and large amounts of hydroxy groups,α,β,γ,δ‐unsaturated carbonyls, isolatedtrans double bonds, polymers, and free radicals. From these analytical data, the catalysis of chromium compounds in the autoxidation of methyl linoleate seemed to be based on their abilities of abstracting a hydrogen from methyl linoleate and decomposing hydroperoxides derived from the autoxidation of methyl linoleate.
A review of block polymer surfactants
Authors: Schmolka Irving R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummaryA brief historical review of four series of commercially available block polymer surface‐active agents—the PLURONICR, TETRONICR, PLURADOTR, and PLURONICR R polyols—is presented. A comparison is made of the physical properties within each series, in the form of trend lines. These parameters encompass solubility, rate of solubility, wetting, foaming, defoaming, emulsification, thickening, cleansing, and toxicity. The physical property relationships which depend upon variation in the hydrophobe molecular weight and variation in the hydrophile hydrophobe balance are shown to be similar in each series of surfactants. Differences among the four series of polymers, where they exist, are seen to vary from little to significant. The many controversial articles on the micellar nature of the block polymers and their critical micelle concentrations are examined. Considerations of the important physical properties which lead to practical applications are discussed. Some of the more important newly developed potential uses of these polymeric surfactants are then described in various application areas, including the cosmetic, medical, paper, pharmaceutical, and textile industries.
Functions of emulsifiers in food systems
Authors: Krog N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummaryThe function of food grade emulsifiers in various food products (emulsions, starch based food, yeast raised bakery products, etc.) are reviewed. The stability of emulsions against coalescence of dispersed droplets is among other factors dependent on monoor multimolecular interfacial films with viscoelastic properties formed by adsorbed emulsifier molecules. Agglomeration of fat globules in whippable emulsion is needed to obtain desired foam stability and texture and can be controlled by lipophilic emulsifiers. Complex formation with starch components (amylose) is influenced both by the chemical structure of an emulsifier and by its physical behaviour in water. Interaction with proteins takes place primarily with anionic emulsifiers or very hydrophilic, nonionic types, which thereby improves the rheological properties of wheat gluten. Emulsifiers are also used as crystal modifying agents in fats where polymorphic changes during storage creates texture problems.
Composition of milk fat globules with increased linoleic acid
Authors: Smith Lloyd M. , Bianco Douglas H. , Dunkley Walter L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummaryComparisons were made of the composition and distribution of the lipids in fat globules from conventional milks and polyunsaturated milks produced by cows fed protected lipid supplement. Washed creams were prepared from the milks of three individual cows fed a conventional ration, and three fed a protected sunflower‐soybean supplement rich in linoleic acid. The washed creams were fractionated by treatment with sodium deoxycholate and centrifugation. Each washed cream and four fractions (designated as outer globule membrane, inner membrane, pellet, and globule core) were analyzed for protein, lipid, phospholipid, cholesterol, tocopherols, carotenoids, and fatty acid composition. The outer and inner membrane fractions were further fractionated into neutral and polar (phospholipid) lipid classes by thin layer chromatography. For both types of washed cream the approximate weight distribution of total solids was: outer membrane, 1%; inner membrane, 2%; pellet, 0.1%; and core, 96%. The percentages of protein, phospholipid, cholesterol, and carotenoids were all lower in the polyunsaturated than in the conventional creams. In the polyunsaturated creams, the percentages of both saturated and unsaturated C18 acids were higher, and of acids of C16 and shorter chain length lower, than in the conventional creams. The phospholipids in the outer and inner membranes from the polyunsaturated milks had larger proportions of linoleic acid than did the phospholipids from the conventional milks. However, this increase in unsaturation was less than that of the core neutral lipids. Pancreatic lipase hydrolysis of the core fractions showed that the increased linoleic acid was introduced preferentially at the 2‐position of the triglycerides. In general, the observed changes in physical properties and in susceptibility of polyunsaturated milk to the development of oxidized flavor are consistent with the differences in the relative proportions of the various classes of lipids in the conventional and polyunsaturated milks.
Aflatoxin in corn
Authors: Shotwell O. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummaryLow incidence and levels of aflatoxin were identified in corn of all grades grown in the Midwest in 1964, 1965, and 1967. Later surveys indicate that corn grown in southern regions is subject to invasion byAspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxin formation. This mycotoxin is formed either in the field or in storage. In the field, such factors as insect damage and weather conditions probably influence aflatoxin formation. In storage, temperatures must be above 25 C and moisture levels above 16% if toxin is to form. Aflatoxin formed in a hot spot in stored corn in the Midwest when temperatures rose early in the summer and when the grain became wet because of leaks in the storage building. Analytical methods to detect and determine aflatoxin fall into three categories: presumptive tests indicating the presence ofA. flavus and the possible occurrence of aflatoxin, rapid screening tests establishing the presence or absence of the toxin, and quantitative procedures determining toxin levels. Detoxification methods being studied include ammoniation and roasting. Ammoniated corn is being fed domestic animals to determine whether it has adverse effects and whether toxic compounds are transmitted in animal tissues.
Relationship of physical appearance of individual mold‐damaged cottonseed to aflatoxin content
Authors: Cucullu Alva F. , Lee Louise S. , Pons W. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummaryOver 700 individual aflatoxin‐suspect cottonseed were hand‐selected from a heterogenous stockpile of ginned seed. The seed were categorized on the basis of (a) bright greenish‐yellow, fluorescence termed cateye, on the linter fibers under ultraviolet light; (b) partially bald seed with part of the linter fibers removed by ginning; (c) a combination of cateye and balding; (d) thin and discolored lint; and (e) bluish, not cateye, fluorescence. Aflatoxin assays on each of the 771 selected seed showed that 142 out of 771 (18%) were contaminated by aflatoxin (B1+B2) in the range of 150 ppb—5.75 million ppb. Some 93% of the aflatoxin‐contaminated seed was concentrated in categories (a), (b), and (c), with the highest concentration, 61%, in category (b). Eight seed in these three categories contained over 1 million ppb of aflatoxins. The data suggest that removal of cateye and partially bald seed from contaminated lots of cottonseed should be more effective for controlling aflatoxin contamination in cottonseed than removal of cateye seed alone.
Separation of aflatoxin‐contaminated cottonseed based on physical characteristics of seed cotton and ginned seed
Authors: Lee Louise S. , Cucullu Alva F. , Pons W. A. , Russell T. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummarySamples of aflatoxin‐contaminated stored ginned cottonseed and of freshly harvested seed cotton and companion ginned seed were examined under long wave ultraviolet (UV) and visible light to develop physical criteria for separating aflatoxin‐contaminated seed from sound seed. Seed locks characterized by bright greenish‐yellow, or cateye, fluorescence when viewed under long wave UV light were separated from samples of 12 varieties of freshly harvested seed. As a result, 80–100% (mean 96%) of the aflatoxin contamination that was concentrated in 2–9% (mean 6%) of the seed weight was effectively removed. The cateye fluorescence separation technique was slightly less effective for removing aflatoxins from companion freshly harvested, ginned samples, but most of the aflatoxins were concentrated in only 0.5–3% (mean 2%) of the seed weight. This approach was relatively ineffective for stored ginned seed, probably due to deterioration of the cateye fluorescence.
Solvent extraction of aflatoxins from contaminated agricultural products
Authors: Rayner E. T. , Koltun S. P. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummarySolvent extraction of agricultural products has been suggested as an effective means of removing aflatoxins from mold‐damaged commodities. The use of various polar solvents such as the azeotrope of acetone‐hexane‐water and of 2‐propanol‐water, aqueous acetone, and aqueous ethanol has been reported in the literature. This paper examines the overall aspects of solvent extraction, in particular the use of the azeotrope of 2‐propanol‐water, to remove aflatoxins from prepress solvent extracted cottonseed meal.
Processing edible peanut protein concentrates and isolates to inactivate aflatoxins
Authors: Rhee K. C. , Natarajan K. R. , Cater C. M. , Mattil K. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract and SummaryExperiments were conducted to study the efficacy of some oxidizing or other reactive chemicals for destruction of aflatoxins in conjunction with the aqueous extraction process for the production of peanut protein concentrates and/or isolates directly from contaminated raw peanuts. The chemicals tested included acetone, isopropyl alcohol, methylamine, hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, ammonia gas, and sodium hypochlorite. Among these chemicals, hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, and sodium hypochlorite showed very effective destruction of aflatoxins during the aqueous extraction process of infected peanuts. However, the use of benzoyl peroxide may pose some difficulties because it is not readily soluble in the aqueous suspensions. It was therefore concluded that aflatoxins can be effectively destroyed during the aqueous processing of peanuts by properly utilizing either sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide to produce either peanut protein concentrates or isolates.
Changes in weight and weight-related quality of life in a multicentre, randomized trial of aripiprazole versus standard of care
Authors: Kolotkin Ronette L. , Corey-Lisle Patricia K. , Crosby Ross D. , Kan Hong J. , McQuade Robert D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundThis is a secondary analysis of clinical trial data collected in 12 European countries. We examined changes in weight and weight-related quality of life among community patients with schizophrenia treated with aripiprazole (ARI) versus standard of care (SOC), consisting of other marketed atypical antipsychotics (olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone).MethodFive-hundred and fifty-five patients whose clinical symptoms were not optimally controlled and/or experienced tolerability problems with current medication were randomized to ARI (10–30 mg/day) or SOC. Weight and weight-related quality of life (using the IWQOL-Lite) were assessed at baseline, and weeks 8, 18 and 26. Random regression analysis across all time points using all available data was used to compare groups on changes in weight and IWQOL-Lite. Meaningful change from baseline was also assessed.ResultsParticipants were 59.7% male, with a mean age of 38.5 years (SD 10.9) and mean baseline body mass index of 27.2 (SD 5.1). ARI participants lost an average of 1.7% of baseline weight in comparison to a gain of 2.1% by SOC participants (p < 0.0001) at 26 weeks. ARI participants experienced significantly greater increases in physical function, self-esteem, sexual life, and IWQOL-Lite total score. At 26 weeks, 20.7% of ARI participants experienced meaningful improvements in IWQOL-Lite score, versus 13.5% of SOC participants. A clinically meaningful change in weight was also associated with a meaningful change in quality of life (p < 0.001). A potential limitation of this study was its funding by a pharmaceutical company.ConclusionsCompared to standard of care, patients with schizophrenia treated with aripiprazole experienced decreased weight and improved weight-related quality of life over 26 weeks. These changes were both statistically and clinically significant.
Cognitive insight and verbal memory in first episode of psychosis
Authors: Lepage Martin , Buchy Lisa , Bodnar Michael , Bertrand Marie-Claude , Joober Ridha , Malla Ashok 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBeck and collaborators have proposed a distinction between clinical insight and cognitive insight and have developed a tool for the assessment of the latter, namely the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS). The present study explored in 51 patients with a first episode of psychosis the neurocognitive correlates of cognitive insight as assessed with the BCIS. Global measures for seven domains of cognition including verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, working memory, speed of processing, reasoning and problem solving, attention, and social cognition were examined. Secondly, we examined whether two clinical insight measures, the Scale to assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) and the insight item from the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), could produce similar or different patterns of association with neurocognitive functions as those identified with the BCIS. Correlational analyses revealed significant associations between the BCIS Composite Index and the verbal learning and memory. No significant associations were observed between any of the neurocognitive domains and the PANSS or SUMD clinical insight measures, despite high inter-correlations among the three insight measures. These results suggest that cognitive insight, but not clinical insight, may rely on memory processes whereby current experiences are appraised based on previous ones.