bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Structure of a Germacrane-Type Sesquiterpene Alcohol, a Possible Precursor of Guaiane-Type Sesquiterpenes from the Brown Alga Dictyopteris divaricata
Authors: Suzuki Minoru , Kowata Nobuhiko , Kobayashi Hirokazu , Tanaka Isao 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new sesquiterpene alcohol was isolated from the title alga, and its structure established as (E,5S,7S)-germacra-1(10),4(15),11-trien-5-ol by an X-ray crystallographic analysis of the p-bromobenzoate derivative.
Reaction of Dimethylzirconocene with Alkylmagnesium Halides as a Potentially General Method for Preparing Zirconocene-Alkene Complexes
Authors: Takahashi Tamotsu , Nitto Yu , Seki Takashi , Saburi Masahiko , Negishi Ei-ichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Addition of one equivalent of RCH2CH2MgX to Cp2ZrMe2 (Cp = C5H5) in the presence of PMe3 led to a transmetalation reaction to afford zirconocene-alkene complexes Cp2Zr(RCH=CH2)(PMe3) in good yields along with the formation of MeMgX.
Regio- and Stereo-controlled Cyclopropanation of Unsaturated Enol Ether
Authors: Sugimura Takashi , Futagawa Tohru , Tai Akira 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Stereochemically pure tricyclic system consisting of seven and two three membered rings was prepared by highly regio- and diastereo-controlled successive cyclopropanations of cyclic unsaturated enol ether prepared from 2-cycloalkenone and optically pure 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-heptanediol.
Direct Optical Resolution of 2,2′-Dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthy
Authors: Kawashima Masatoshi , Hirayama Akihisa 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
2,2′- Dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthy1 (1) was directly resolved with (1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane to afford (R)-(+)-1 in a high yield with a high optical purity.
Detection of high-risk HPV DNA in semen and its association with the quality of semen
Authors: Rintala M A M , Greénman S E , Pöllänen P P , Suominen J J O , Syrjänen S M 
Published: May 2006

The effects of seminal high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA were assessed on the quality of semen. Semen samples of 65 men participating in the ongoing Finnish HPV Family Study were collected. Semen analyses were done by the guidelines of the Nordic Association for Andrology. HPV DNA was detected by nested polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by Southern blot hybridization for high-risk types. Altogether, 10/65 men (15.4%) had high-risk HPV DNA positive semen sample. Seminal high-risk HPV DNA did not affect semen volume, sperm concentration, motility and vitality of spermatozoa. However, semen pH was borderline lower in HPV DNA positive than negative samples (7.4 vs 7.5). Neither oligo- nor asthenozoospermia was associated with seminal HPV DNA. In conclusion, seminal high-risk HPV DNA was detected in 15% of men. It did not affect the semen analysis, except semen pH by borderline significance. Sperm donors have not been tested for HPV infections, sperm washing does not seem to eliminate the risk of HPV transmission and the consequences of HPV in the semen are at present unknown.
Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: a randomised trial of variations in design
Authors: Puffer Suezann , Porthouse Jill , Birks Yvonne , Morton Veronica , Torgerson David 
Published: May 2006

Objectives: Low response rates to postal questionnaires can threaten the validity of studies by reducing the effective sample size and introducing bias. The identification of methods with which to optimise response rates could, therefore, improve the quality of studies. In an attempt to identify such methods, we undertook a randomised trial of two simple variations in questionnaire design. Methods: Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, we conducted a randomised trial to test two variations in questionnaire design; the questionnaires were printed on either single-sided or double-sided paper and had either a single- or multiple-booklet layout. Using equal random allocation, 3836 women were randomised to receive one of these questionnaires as part of a study investigating risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. Results: One thousand eight hundred and seventy questionnaires were returned, giving an overall response rate of 48.7%. There were no significant differences in the overall response to each of the four questionnaire designs. When the number of responders who completed at least 50% of each of the three sections was identified, it was found that single-booklet questionnaires had a better response than the multiple-booklet questionnaires and that single-sided questionnaires had a better response than double-sided questionnaires. However, these results were not significant at the 5% level. There were no significant differences in the response to questions on the odd (left-hand side) pages for the single- compared with the double-sided questionnaires. Conclusion: As the most cost-effective use of resources, we would advocate the use of double- rather than single-sided questionnaires, and use of a single- rather than multiple-booklet design.
Estimation of numbers of British medical graduates working in the National Health Service: comparison of capture–recapture analysis and exhaustive tracing
Authors: Lambert Trevor , Goldacre Michael , Davidson Jean , Parkhouse James 
Published: May 2006

Objective: To compare the results of capture–recapture estimates and exhaustive follow-up in identifying the percentage of UK medical graduates who subsequently worked in the British National Health Service (NHS). Methods: Postal questionnaire survey of all UK-trained doctors who graduated in 1974, with up to three reminders sent to non-respondents. Further exhaustive tracing of non-respondents to obtain whole population estimates of numbers in the NHS. Capture–recapture estimation of numbers working in the NHS, using survey data and Department of Health employment records, for comparison with results from exhaustive tracing. Results: A total of 85.3% (1460/1712) of respondents were working in the NHS, but further exhaustive tracing of non-respondents revealed that only 75.9% (1758/2317) to 79.2% (1835/2317) of the whole cohort were in the NHS. By comparison, capture–recapture analysis estimated that 76.9% (1781/2317) of the cohort were in the NHS (95% CI: 75.9% to 78.0%). Conclusions: Survey data alone overestimated the percentage of the whole cohort in the NHS. Capture–recapture estimates were very similar to those obtained by exhaustive tracing but were obtained more quickly and for much less clerical effort.
Association of Antisocial Personality Disorder with Psychiatric Morbidity among Patients with Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph , Thuras Paul , Carlson Gregory 
Published: May 2006

Objectives The aims were to determine among patients with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) whether patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) manifest less, the same, or more of the following: (1) psychiatric symptoms, (2) family history of psychiatric disorder, (3) psychiatric disorders and morbidity, and (4) psychiatric treatment, as compared to patients without ASPD. Design & Definition Scheduled interview using DSM-III-R criteria for ASPD, with blinded interviewers making the ASPD classification vs. other assessments. Settings Alcohol-drug treatment programs located in two university medical centers. Subjects Six hundred and six voluntary patients aged 18 and older meeting diagnostic criteria for SUD. Results SUD patients with ASPD reported more family history of non-SUD psychiatric diagnoses and endorsed more hostility symptoms. Demographic characteristics, psychiatric disorder, and past psychiatric treatment did not differ in association with ASPD.
Violent Criminal Behavior and Perspectives on Treatment of Criminality in Opiate Treatment
Authors: Mays Darren M. , Gordon Adam J. , Kelley Mary E. , Forman Steven D. 
Published: May 2006

Purpose This study describes and compares the characteristics of patients within a VA Opiate Substitution Therapy Program (OSTP) who report arrests for non-violent and violent crimes and describes patients’ attitudes and preferences of criminal treatment within an OSTP. Methods An anonymous survey was distributed to all veterans at one VA-OSTP. Analyses were conducted to describe the sample characteristics and their associations with prior violent and non-violent criminal behavior. Results A majority of participants were Caucasian, male, middle-aged, unemployed, and had a history of injection drug use. Participants reported arrests for violent (44%), non-violent (47%), and unspecified crimes (16%). There were few significant differences on demographic and drug use characteristics between participants who reported arrests for any violent and only non-violent crimes, and no arrests. Slightly fewer than half the subjects were satisfied with their ability to access treatment for past criminal behavior within or outside of the VA treatment settings. More veterans reporting violent arrests were satisfied with services addressing criminal behavior within the VA-OSTP than were veterans reporting only nonviolent arrests. Nearly equal proportions of veterans reporting violent (45%) and non-violent (44%) arrests reported dissatisfaction with such services received outside of the VA-OSTP. Conclusions Prior violent criminal behavior is common among participants of a VA-OSTP. Many individuals with criminal histories seek treatment for criminality within VA-OSTP.
The Role of Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Brown Sherrill J 
Published: May 2006

Objective: To evaluate the literature about the role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Data Sources: MEDLINE (1966–April 2006) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–April 2006) searches were performed. In addition, pertinent references from identified articles were obtained. Key search terms included vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D deficiency, and multiple sclerosis. Data Synthesis: Vitamin D supplementation prevented the development and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalitis, an animal model of MS, in mice. A large, prospective, cohort study found that vitamin D supplementation was associated with a 40% reduction in the risk of developing MS. Four small, noncontrolled studies suggested that vitamin D supplementation may decrease exacerbation of MS symptoms. Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation may help prevent the development of MS and may be a useful addition to therapy. However, current studies are in small populations and are confounded by other variables, such as additional vitamin and mineral supplementation.
Prevalence of Diarrhea at a University Hospital and Association with Modifiable Risk Factors
Authors: Garey Kevin W , Graham Gail , Gerard Laura , Dao Thanh , Jiang Zhi Dong , Price Margaret , DuPont Herbert L 
Published: May 2006

Objective: To assess the prevalence of diarrhea at a university-affiliated medical center and the presence of modifiable risk factors methods: A point prevalence survey was conducted. All patients hospitalized for more than 24 hours were asked if they were experiencing diarrhea. Stools of patients not previously tested were assessed for Clostridium difficile (CD) toxins A and B. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify modifiable variables associated with diarrhea (significance defined as p < 0.05). Results: Four hundred eighty-five hospitalized patients were interviewed, of whom 60 (12.4%) reported 2 or more loose, unformed stools in the last 24 hours. Six of 81 (7.4%) patients tested positive for CD toxin. Three (50%) of the CD toxin–positive patients had not previously been tested during the current admission. Patients with diarrhea were more likely to have tested CD toxin–positive (OR 10.6; p = 0.01), received antibiotics (OR 1.79; p = 0.04), or been hospitalized for a longer period of time (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Diarrhea was prevalent in 12.4% of hospitalized patients at a large university hospital at one point in time. Patients with diarrhea were more likely to have CD infection, receive antibiotics, or experience a longer hospitalization. Half of the CD diarrhea cases occurring in the hospital had been previously unidentified. Hospitalized patients should be evaluated for diarrhea on an ongoing basis with appropriate interventions instituted.
Tree Balance
Authors: Shao Kwang-Tsao , Sokal Robert R. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Hierarchic classifications can differ with respect to tree balance—the degree to which branches divide the subtended taxa into subsets of equal size. Several indices, sensitive to different aspects of tree balance, are compared. Extensions of these indices to multifurcating trees and to trees with varying numbers of OTUs are proposed, and suggestions for employing these indices are furnished. Different tree-forming algorithms may result in trees with differing degrees of balance no matter which index is computed. Tree balance is an important consideration for phylogenetic systematics, because balance of the true phylogeny will affect the accuracy of its estimates.
Structured Personal Diabetes Care in Primary Health Care Affects Only Women’s HbA1c
Authors: Nielsen Anni B.S. , de Fine Olivarius Niels , Gannik Dorte , Hindsberger Charlotte , Hollnagel Hanne 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—Diabetic men and women differ in lifestyle and attitudes toward diabetes and may benefit differently from interventions to improve glycemic control. We explored the relation between HbA1c (A1C), sex, treatment allocation, and their interactions with behavioral and attitudinal characteristics in patients with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Six years after their diabetes diagnosis, a population-based sample of 874 primary care patients cluster-randomized to receive structured personal care or routine care reported lifestyle, medication, social support, diabetes-related consultations, and attitudes toward diabetes. Multivariate analyses were applied, split by sex.
RESULTS—A marked intervention effect on A1C was confined to the structured personal care women. The median A1C was 8.4% in structured personal care women and 9.2% in routine care women (P &lt; 0.0001) and 8.5% in structured personal care men and 8.9% in routine care men (P = 0.052). Routine care women had a 1.10 times higher A1C than structured personal care women, (P &lt; 0.0001, adjusted analysis). Structured personal care women had relatively more consultations than routine care women, but neither number of consultations nor other covariates helped to explain the sex difference in A1C. Irrespective of treatment allocation, women had more adaptive attitudes toward diabetes but lacked support compared with men.
CONCLUSIONS—In this study, the observed effect of structured personal care on A1C was present only among women, possibly because they were more inclined to comply with regular follow-up and had a tendency to have a more adaptive attitude toward diabetes.
A New Wound-Based Severity Score for Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Authors: Beckert Stefan , Witte Maria , Wicke Corinna , Königsrainer Alfred , Coerper Stephan 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—Several well-accepted classification systems are available for diabetic foot ulcers. However, there are only a few and scientifically not validated severity scores. The aim of this study was to establish a new wound-based clinical scoring system for diabetic foot ulcers suitable for daily clinical practice anticipating chances for healing and risk of amputation.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Four clinically defined parameters, namely palpable pedal pulses, probing to bone, ulcer location, and presence of multiple ulcerations, were prospectively assessed in 1,000 consecutive patients. In the next step, a new diabetic ulcer severity score (DUSS) was created from these parameters. Palpable pedal pulses were categorized by the absence (scored as 1) or presence (scored as 0) of pedal pulses, while probing to bone was defined as yes (scored as 1) or no (scored as 0). The site of ulceration was defined as toe (scored as 0) or foot (scored as 1) ulcer. Patients with multiple ulcerations were graded as 1 compared with those with single ulcers (scored as 0). The DUSS was calculated by adding these separate gradings to a theoretical maximum of 4. Wounds were followed-up for 365 days or until healing or amputation if earlier. Probability of healing and risk of amputation were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method.
RESULTS—Uni- and multivariate analyses showed a significantly higher probability of healing for patients with palpable pulses, no probing to bone, toe ulcers, and absence of multiple ulcerations. When patients were divided into subgroups with the same DUSS, we found significantly different probabilities for healing. We showed a decreasing probability of healing for ulcers with a high DUSS, concurrent with increasing amputation rates. An increase in the DUSS by one score point reduced the chance for healing by 35%. Similarly, the higher the ulcer score, the larger the initial wound area, the longer the wound history, and the more likely the need for surgery or hospitalization.
CONCLUSIONS—The DUSS categorizes different ulcers into subgroups with specific severity and similar clinical outcome. Using this score, the probabilities for healing, amputation, need for surgery, and hospitalization are predictable with high accuracy. This might be useful for the anticipation of health care costs and for comparison of subgroups of patients in clinical studies.
Common Presence of Non–Transferrin-Bound Iron Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lee Duk-Hee , Liu Ding Yong , Jacobs David R. , Shin Hai-Rim , Song Kyungeun , Lee In-Kyu , Kim Bowan , Hider Robert C. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—Recently, we reported increased cardiovascular disease mortality among supplemental vitamin C users with type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort study. Because vitamin C may cause oxidative stress in the presence of redox active iron, we hypothesized that non–transferrin-bound iron (NTBI), a form of iron susceptible to redox activity, may be present in patients with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We measured serum NTBI levels using high-performance liquid chromatography in 48 patients with known diabetes (at least 5 years duration since diagnosis), 49 patients with newly diagnosed diabetes, and 47 healthy control subjects (frequency matched on age and sex).
RESULTS—NTBI was commonly present in diabetes: 59% in newly diagnosed diabetes and 92% in advanced diabetes. Mean NTBI values varied significantly between the three groups, with the highest values being observed in patients with known diabetes and the lowest in the control subjects (0.62 ± 0.43 vs. 0.24 ± 0.29 vs. 0.04 ± 0.13 μmol/l Fe). Serum total iron or percent transferrin saturation were very similar among the three groups, yet NTBI was strongly associated with serum total iron (r = 0.74, P &lt; 0.01) and percent transferrin saturation (r = 0.70, P &lt; 0.01) among the patients with known diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS—Consistent with our hypothesis, these data demonstrate the common existence of NTBI in type 2 diabetic patients with a strong gradient with severity. Prospective cohort studies are required to clarify the clinical relevance of increased NTBI levels.
Spectrum and Prevalence of Atherogenic Risk Factors in 27,358 Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Schwab K. Otfried , Doerfer Jürgen , Hecker Wolfgang , Grulich-Henn Jürgen , Wiemann Dagobert , Kordonouri Olga , Beyer Peter , Holl Reinhard W. ,   on behalf of the DPV Initiative of the German Working Group for Pediatric Diabetology
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this data analysis was to ascertain the type and prevalence rate as well as age and sex distribution of cardiovascular risk factors in type 1 diabetic patients up to 26 years of age.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, poor glycemic control, and smoking were analyzed in 27,358 patients who were divided into three groups (prepubertal, pubertal, and adult) using specifically designed diabetes software for prospective disease documentation.
RESULTS—More than half of the patients per age-group had at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Two risk factors were age dependently found in 6.2–21.7% and three or four risk factors in 0.5–4.7%. Elevated values of HbA1c, total cholesterol, and BMI were found most frequently. Hypertension, smoking, and HDL cholesterol were observed more frequently in males, and elevated BMI, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol more often in females. Although 28.6% of the patients had dyslipidemia, merely 0.4% of them received medical treatment, and of the 8.1% of the patients with hypertension, only 2.1% of them were given antihypertensive medication.
CONCLUSIONS—With increasing age, a greater number of patients with cardiovascular risk factors were observed. Significant sex differences were seen in the majority of risk factors. Despite the high prevalence of risk factors, only a small minority of patients received antihypertensive or lipid-lowering treatment. Early identification, prevention, and treatment of additional risk factors seem to be necessary, particularly in light of the high incidence of future cardiovascular disease.
Additive Beneficial Effects of Fenofibrate Combined With Candesartan in the Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemic Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Koh Kwang Kon , Quon Michael J. , Han Seung Hwan , Chung Wook-Jin , Ahn Jeong Yeal , Kim Jeong-a , Lee Yonghee , Shin Eak Kyun 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—Mechanisms underlying fibric acid and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker therapies differ. Signaling from peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α may cross-talk with the angiotensin II system. We investigated vascular and metabolic responses to these therapies either alone or in combination in hypertriglyceridemic hypertensive patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial with three treatment arms (each 2 months) and two washout periods (each 2 months). Forty-four patients were given 200 mg fenofibrate and placebo, 200 mg fenofibrate and 16 mg candesartan, or 16 mg candesartan and placebo daily during each treatment period.
RESULTS—Fenofibrate, combined therapy, or candesartan therapy significantly reduced blood pressure. However, combined therapy significantly reduced blood pressure more than fenofibrate or candesartan alone (P &lt; 0.001 by ANOVA). When compared with candesartan, fenofibrate or combined therapy significantly improved the lipoprotein profile. All three treatment arms significantly improved flow-mediated dilator response to hyperemia. Combined therapy significantly decreased plasma malondialdehyde, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and soluble CD40L levels relative to baseline measurements. Importantly, these parameters were changed to a greater extent with combined therapy when compared with monotherapy (P &lt; 0.001, P = 0.002, P = 0.050, and P = 0.032 by ANOVA, respectively). Fenofibrate, combined therapy, and candesartan significantly increased plasma adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity relative to baseline measurements. However, the magnitude of these increases were not significantly different among the three therapies (P = 0.246 and P = 0.153 by ANOVA, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS—Fenofibrate combined with candesartan improves endothelial function and reduces inflammatory markers to a greater extent than monotherapy in hypertriglyceridemic hypertensive patients.