bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Annotation Mapping’ and What it Means: Developing the Gladstone Catalogue as a Resource for the History of Reading
Authors: Bradley Matthew 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn 2005, the AHRC funded a project to identify and catalogue the books owned by William Ewart Gladstone, and to produce an online database with details of his extensive annotations and marginalia. This essay is an examination of the methodological issues and challenges that arose over the course of the project, as it comes towards its conclusion. These were broadly of two types. The first related to problems of establishing book provenance, which forced a significant rethink of the scope and function of the database, altering it from a ‘virtual recreation’ of Gladstone's library to an information resource for evidences of his reading. The second related to the task of ‘mapping’ Gladstone's annotations themselves, a project undertaken in a critical atmosphere where history of the book studies in general and the history of reading in particular has been questioning orthodoxies about marginalia as a more privileged form of writing, and the use of it as evidence of the reading experience.
How Young does Vulvo-Vaginal Pain Begin? Prevalence and Characteristics of Dyspareunia in Adolescents
Authors: Landry Tina , Bergeron Sophie 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Dyspareunia remains under-investigated despite recent population-based studies indicating that its prevalence ranges from 12% to 21% in adult women. Although clinical data suggest that dyspareunia can begin during adolescence, a large-scale epidemiological study has yet to be conducted with this population.

Aims
To determine the prevalence and characteristics of dyspareunia in a large-scale sample of adolescents, in addition to the characteristics of vulvo-vaginal insertion pain in nonsexual contexts.

Methods
With written informed consent, data were obtained from 1,425 girls (12–19-year-olds), from seven metropolitan high schools during regular school hours using a self-report questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures
Dyspareunia prevalence was evaluated by asking sexually active participants whether or not they regularly (at least 75% of the time) experienced pain during intercourse. Pain duration, context of onset, location, intensity, and pain during tampon insertion and pelvic exams were evaluated.

Results
Results revealed that 20% of sexually active girls (N = 251) reported having regular pain during intercourse for at least 6 months or more. A primary form of pain was reported by 67% of adolescents and significantly more girls with chronic dyspareunia identified the vaginal opening (39%; x_ = 3.9/10) as being their most painful site compared with internal pain sites (18–29%; x_ 2.9−3.2/10) (P = 0.042). Chronic dyspareunia cases reported significantly more pain during first and usual tampon insertion (P = 0.003; P = 0.009) than pain-free controls, while no difference was found between groups regarding pelvic exams (P = 0.086). Experiencing severe pain at first tampon insertion was linked to a fourfold risk of reporting chronic dyspareunia (P = 0.001).

Conclusions
Results mirror prevalence estimates found in population-based studies with adult women and suggest that chronic dyspareunia is a significant sexual health problem in adolescent girls, with pain extending beyond intercourse to nonsexual contexts.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Promotes Endothelial Differentiation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Ning Hongxiu , Liu Gang , Lin Guiting , Yang Rong , Lue Tom F. , Lin Ching-Shwun 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) could potentially restore endothelial function in vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED). The mechanism for ADSC endothelial differentiation remained unidentified.

Aim
To test whether ADSC could differentiate into endothelial cells in the penis and to identify the underlying mechanism of ADSC endothelial differentiation.

Methods
For in vivo endothelial differentiation, ADSC were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), injected into rat corpora cavernosa, and localized by immunofluorescence and phase-contrast microscopy. For in vitro endothelial differentiation, ADSC were grown in endothelial growth medium 2 (EGM2), stained for endothelial markers CD31, von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and assessed for the ability to form tube-like structures in Matrigel and to endocytose acetylated low-density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL). To identify factors that promote ADSC endothelial differentiation, ADSC were grown in various media, each of which contained a specific combination of supplemental factors and assessed for LDL-uptake. PD173074, a selective inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) receptor, was used to confirm the importance of FGF2 signaling for ADSC endothelial differentiation.

Main Outcome Measures
In vivo endothelial differentiation was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. In vitro endothelial differentiation was assessed by immunofluorescence, Matrigel tube formation, and Ac-LDL uptake.

Results
Injected ADSC were localized to the sinusoid endothelium, some of which stained positive for both BrdU and endothelial antigen rat endothelial cell antigen. ADSC proliferated at a faster rate in EGM2 than in standard DMEM, expressed endothelial markers CD31, vWF, and eNOS, formed tube-like structures in Matrigel, and endocytosed Ac-LDL. These properties were greatly diminished when ADSC were grown in the absence of FGF2 but were unaffected when grown in the absence of vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, or epidermal growth factor. Furthermore, ADSC displayed similar endothelial properties when grown in FGF2-supplemented basic medium as in EGM2. Finally, blockade of FGF2 signaling with PD173074 abrogated ADSC endothelial differentiation.

Conclusions
ADSC could differentiate into endothelial cells in the penis. FGF2 signaling mediates ADSC endothelial differentiation.
Evaluation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor response following nociceptive stimulation of latent myofascial trigger points in humans
Authors: Kimura Y. , Ge H.‐Y. , Zhang Y. , Kimura M. , Sumikura H. , Arendt‐Nielsen L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim:  Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are a major cause of musculoskeletal pain. It has been reported that stimulation of a latent MTrP increases motor activity and facilitates muscle pain via activation of the sympathetic nervous system. However, the magnitude of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor response following stimulation of MTrP has not been studied in healthy volunteers. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate the magnitude of the vasoconstrictor response following a nociceptive stimulation (intramuscular glutamate) of MTrPs and a breath‐hold manoeuvre (activation of sympathetic outflow) and (2) assess whether the vasoconstrictor response can be further modulated by combining a nociceptive stimulation of MTrPs and breath‐hold.Methods:  Fourteen healthy subjects were recruited in this study. This study consisted of four sessions (normal breath group as control, breath‐hold group, glutamate MTrP injection group and glutamate MTrP injection + breath‐hold group). Skin blood flow and skin temperature in both forearms were measured with laser Doppler flowmetry and infrared thermography, respectively, in each session (before the treatment, during the treatment and after the treatment).Results:  Glutamate injection into MTrPs decreased skin temperature and blood flow in the peripheral area. The magnitudes of the reduction were comparable to those induced by the breath‐hold manoeuvre, which has been used to induce sympathetic vasoconstrictor response.Conclusion:  The combination of glutamate injection into latent MTrPs together with the breath‐hold manoeuvre did not result in further decrease in skin temperature and blood flow, indicating that sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity is fully activated by nociceptive stimulation of MTrPs.
The effects of nitrous oxide on recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia in dogs
Authors: Laing S. , Paul V. , Murison P. J. 
Published: February 2009

Objectives: To assess rate and quality of recovery from anaesthesia where isoflurane was delivered in oxygen or oxygen/nitrous oxide.Methods: Dogs anaesthetised with propofol were randomly allocated to receive isoflurane maintenance in either 100 per cent oxygen (group 1) or 66 per cent nitrous oxide (N2O)/34 per cent oxygen (group 2). Time from end of anaesthesia to achieving sternal recumbency was recorded. Incidence of adverse behaviours (vocalisation, uncontrolled head movement and restlessness) were assessed. Recovery quality was recorded on a visual analogue scale (VAS) (anchored at 0 with “best possible” recovery and “did not recover” at 100 mm). Age, weight, gender, anaesthetic duration, mean vaporiser setting, VAS scores, recovery times, postoperative temperature and behavioural scores were compared (chi‐squared test, Mann‐Whitney U test or t‐test as appropriate, significance P≤0·05).Results: Objective data from 54 dogs were analysed, only VAS data where the observer was unaware of treatment group were used (n=33). Recovery was faster in group 2 dogs (median 10 min [range 4 to 31] compared with 14 minutes [3 to 43] in group 1, P=0·049) with less restlessness (0 [0 to 4] compared with 2 [0 to 4] in group 1, P=0·013) and uncontrolled head movement (0 [0 to 4] compared with 1 [0 to 3] in group 1, P<0·001). However, VAS scores were not statistically different between groups (group 1: mean 39·4 mm [s.d. 24·0)]; group 2: 30·1 mm [25·9]; P=0·303).Clinical Significance: Addition of N2O to isoflurane anaesthesia results in a lower incidence of adverse behaviour (for example restlessness) and marginally faster recovery.
Prevalence and risk factors of behavioural changes associated with age‐related cognitive impairment in geriatric dogs
Authors: Azkona G. , García‐Belenguer S. , Chacón G. , Rosado B. , León M. , Palacio J. 
Published: February 2009

Objectives:The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and severity of behavioural changes associated with age and their relationship to risk factors such as sex, reproductive status, bodyweight and age.Methods:A cross‐sectional study design was chosen. A total of 325 geriatric dogs were included. Owners of dogs older than nine years were interviewed by a veterinary behaviourist. Structured phone interviews were used to gather information about four behavioural categories related to cognitive impairment: sleep/wake cycles, social interaction, learning and house training and signs of disorientation.Results:Signs of cognitive impairment showed a prevalence of 22·5 per cent in geriatric dogs. Sex and age emerged as significant predictor variables. Females and neutered dogs were significantly more affected than males and entire dogs, respectively. Prevalence and severity increased with age. Although weight was not a statistically significant predictor variable, smaller animals had greater odds of showing age‐related cognitive impairment. The most impaired behavioural categories were social interaction and house training.ClinicalSignificance:Age‐related behavioural changes should be considered by practicing veterinarians because of their relative high prevalence among geriatric dogs, especially in females.
Stability of medication in early psychosis: a comparison between second‐generation and low‐dose first‐generation antipsychotics
Authors: Opjordsmoen Stein , Melle Ingrid , Friis Svein , Haahr Ulrik , Johannessen Jan O. , Larsen Tor K. , Rund Bjørn R. , Simonsen Erik , Vaglum Per , McGlashan Thomas H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim: This naturalistic study aims to compare discontinuation rates for low‐dose first‐generation versus second‐generation antipsychotics in first‐episode psychotic patients.Methods: The prescription of antipsychotic medication in 301 consecutively admitted patients with first‐episode psychosis from four catchment areas is described. For the first year of inclusion a first‐generation antipsychotic in low dose was recommended as the first medication. From the second year a second‐generation antipsychotic was recommended as first choice. Switching was allowed when any drug was judged to be ineffective or to have serious side‐effects. Switching during the first 2 years after inclusion is described.Results: Switching from a low‐dose first‐generation antipsychotic was more frequent than from a second‐generation antipsychotic (90.7 vs. 58.4%). Lack of therapeutic effect and side‐effects were the more frequently recorded reasons for changing in the first‐generation group. Akathisia, parkinsonism, dyskinesias, dystonia and dysphoria were more often reported in patients on first‐generation drugs. Weight gain and sedation were more often reported in patients on second‐generation drugs.Conclusion: The findings suggest a better adherence to and tolerability for second‐generation antipsychotics than for low‐dose first‐generation antipsychotics in first‐episode psychosis.
Clinical practice and research activities for early psychiatric intervention at Japanese leading centres
Authors: Mizuno Masafumi , Suzuki Michio , Matsumoto Kazunori , Murakami Masaaki , Takeshi Kiyoaki , Miyakoshi Tetsuo , Ito Fumiaki , Yamazawa Ryoko , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Nemoto Takahiro , Kurachi Masayoshi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim: To describe clinical practice and research activities for early psychiatric intervention in Japan, a country with a huge number of psychiatric beds and a history of long‐stay, hospital‐based psychiatry.Methods: The characteristics, methods and activities of early intervention studies and implementation at four leading institutions in Japan are described.Results: The Tokyo Youth Club (Tokyo), the Department of Neuropsychiatry of Toyama University Hospital (Toyama), the Sendai At‐risk Mental State and First Episode (SAFE) service (Sendai), and the Il Bosco of Toho University Omori Medical Center (Tokyo) have unique and active psychiatric programmes. Eachcentre has its own clinical research programme and treatment strategies. The Japanese Society for the Prevention of Psychiatric Disorders, founded in 1996, has made a steady contribution to psychiatric care by providing a forum for members to promote best practices for early intervention and by hosting annual meetings to discuss research and treatment.Conclusions: The Japanese psychiatry service is continuing its transition from hospital‐based psychiatry to community‐based psychiatry. Despite these difficult circumstances, the publication of data on the duration of untreated psychosis in Japan along with evidence that early detection determines outcome has encouraged new attempts to promote early psychiatric intervention.
Journey into and through an early detection of psychosis service: the subjective experience of persons at risk of developing psychosis
Authors: Hardy Kate V. , Dickson Joanne M. , Morrison Anthony P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim: This study aimed to explore how persons who have been assessed as being at risk of developing psychosis make sense of and understand their experiences, using a qualitative approach.Methods: The sample comprised six female and four male participants (n = 10), ranging in age from 16 to 30 years, with a mean age of 21.8 years. All the participants had entered into a National Health Service Early Detection service in the North of England, which provides interventions for persons assessed as being at a high risk of developing psychosis. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted to study how persons at risk of developing psychosis construct their understanding and perception of their experiences.Results: The analyses identified three central themes: (i) ‘perception of needs’, which highlighted how participants recognized the need to enter services and how they identified what they required from the service; (ii) participants' subjective journey; and (iii) participants' orientation to the future.Conclusions: The journey described by participants assessed as being at risk of developing psychosis provides further insight into how persons make sense of their experiences from a qualitative ‘insider’ perspective. The findings are discussed in relation to the existing literature relating to the early detection and intervention of psychosis and clinical implications are identified.
Predictors of poor adherence to medication among patients with first‐episode schizophrenia‐spectrum disorder
Authors: Quach Phuong Le , Mors Ole , Christensen Torben Østergaard , Krarup Gertrud , Jørgensen Per , Bertelsen Mette , Jeppesen Pia , Petersen Lone , Thorup Anne , Nordentoft Merete 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim: This study sought to identify predictors for poor adherence to medication among patients with first‐episode schizophrenia‐spectrum disorder.Methods: Medication adherence was measured 1 and 2 years after initiation of antipsychotic medication in a follow‐up study of 547 patients. Relevant variables were systematically assessed at baseline, 1‐ and 2‐year follow up.Results: Most patients have difficulties with medication adherence over time. Negative attitudes towardsmedication and lack of consistent family support are the strongest predictors for poor adherence to medication for first‐episode psychotic patients in the first 2 years. After 1 year of treatment, unawareness of the effect of medication, lack of positive attitudes towards medication, substance abuse, young age and high global functioning also predict poor adherence to medication.Conclusions: A number of variables were independently associated with poor adherence. Rating of insight and attitudes towards medication makes it possible to predict poor adherence in incident cases with schizophrenia.
Bacteriophage biocontrol in animals and meat products
Authors: Atterbury R. J. 
Published: February 2009

SummarySince their discovery almost a century ago, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages or ‘phages’) have been used to prevent and treat a multitude of bacterial infections (phage therapy: PT). In addition, they have been the basis for many advances in genetics and biochemistry. Phage therapy was performed on human subjects in the United States, Europe and Asia in the few decades following their discovery. However, Western countries largely abandoned PT in favour of antibiotics in the 1940s. The relatively recent renaissance of PT in the West can be attributed partly to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in human and animal pathogens. However, the stringent controls on human trials now required in the United States and Europe have led to a greater number of domestic animal and agricultural applications as an alternative to PT in man. This trend is set to continue, at least in the short term, with recent approval from the Food and Drug Administration allowing commercial phage treatments to be used in human food in the USA. Nevertheless, despite these significant milestones and the growing number of successful PT trials, significant obstacles remain to their widespread use in animals, food and ultimately medicine in many parts of the world. This review will provide a brief overview of the history of PT in the West and will summarize some of the key findings of phage biocontrol studies in animals and meat products.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for the collared pika (Ochotona collaris) and their cross‐amplification in five other Ochotona species
Authors: ZGURSKI J. M , DAVIS C. S , HIK D. S 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe developed primers for eight polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from the collared pika, Ochotona collaris, and also tested nine loci previously developed for the American pika, O. princeps, for use in O. collaris. Forty‐six individuals from an O. collaris population in the southern Yukon were genotyped using all 17 loci. The average number of alleles per locus was six and the average observed heterozygosity was 0.59. All loci were tested for use in four Asian pika species and all but two loci amplified reliably in these species.
Development of microsatellite markers for blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala using 5′‐anchored PCR
Authors: TANG SHOU‐JIE , LI SI‐FA , CAI WAN‐QI 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA rapid method for isolating microsatellite loci in blunt snout bream, based on the 5′‐anchored polymerase chain reaction technique, revealed 522 microsatellite loci (consisting of 442 dinucleotide, 4 trinucleotide and 76 tetranucleotide repeats). Of the 25 loci characterized, 10 turned out to be highly polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 17 while the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.4899 to 0.9355 in population of selected strain F7 and from 0.5786 to 0.9556 in wild population from Lake Liangzi. These markers are useful as tools for the detection of genetic variation levels in selected strains and wild populations of blunt snout bream for germplasm conservation.
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN ZIMBABWE: EVIDENCE FROM A CONTINGENT VALUATION STUDY
Authors: Muchapondwa Edwin , Carlsson Fredrik , Köhlin Gunnar 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIf communities living adjacent to the elephant see it as a burden, then they cannot be its stewards. To assess their valuation of it, a contingent valuation method study was conducted for one CAMPFIRE district in Zimbabwe. Respondents were classified according to their preferences over the elephant. The median willingness to pay for the preservation of 200 elephants is ZW$260 (US$4.73) for respondents who considered the elephant a public good and ZW$137 (US$2.49) for those favouring its translocation. The preservation of 200 elephants yields an annual net worth of ZW$10,828 (US$196) to CAMPFIRE households. However, the majority of households (62%) do not support elephant preservation. This is one argument against devolution of elephant conservation. External transfers constitute one way of providing additional economic incentives to local communities.
WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR WATER SERVICE IMPROVEMENTS IN MIDDLE‐INCOME URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN SOUTH AFRICA: A STATED CHOICE ANALYSIS
Authors: Snowball J.d. , Willis K.g. , Jeurissen C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWater provision is not only an economic issue in South Africa, but also of social and political significance. One of the important reasons for increasing the brief of local government is so that services can be provided taking into account heterogeneous community preferences. However, measuring such preferences for water, which has some public good characteristics, is a challenge. This study elicits household willingness to pay for improvements in water attributes in Grahamstown West in the Eastern Cape, using conjoint analysis. Results show a fairly high McFadden R2 and that Bacteria Count, Discolouration, Interruptions to supply and Price are statistically significant determinants of choice. The paper also suggests ways in which the model could be adapted for use in lower income and education households.