bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Familial Cyclical Neutropenia
Authors: Morley A. A. , Carew J. P. , Baikie A. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe clinical and haematological features of twenty cases of cyclical neutropenia are described. Clinical manifestations commonly began in childhood and improved thereafter. The commonest were fever, oral ulceration and skin infections. Episodes of neutropenia occurred at intervals of 15–35 days and were often accompanied by monocytosis. Anaemia, eosinophilia or thrombocytopenia occurred in several patients.The severity of the disease varied greatly. Some patients had grave infections and others were symptom‐free. The more serious infections occurred in severely neutropenic patients but others equally neutropenic were without infections.The 20 cases came from five families. Thirteen presented on account of symptoms attributable to the disease and seven were found as the result of study of the families of index cases. The family studies suggest that the disease is transmitted as an autosomal dominant of high penetrance and variable expressivity.It seems likely that many cases of cyclical neutropenia remain undetected and others are mistakenly considered to be non‐cyclical.
Absorption of Vitamin B12 in Patients with Anaemia after Polya Partial Gastrectomy
Authors: Turnbull A. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe absorption of radioactive vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) has been studied by the Schilling procedure in 27 patients with anaemia after Polya partial gastrectomy and in 10 patients with Addisonian pernicious anaemia.In patients who have had Polya partial gastrectomy absorption of vitamin B12 was often increased when the dose was given with a meal containing only a small quantity of the vitamin, and when the dose was given after an injection of histamine.In the patients with pernicious anaemia histamine did not enhance absorption of vitamin B12, and food did not alter the absorption of the vitamin when given with a small quantity of intrinsic factor.Improved absorption of vitamin B12 with food or after histamine is likely to be due to stimulation of a small residual secretion of intrinsic factor.The results of the standard fasting Schilling test appeared to correlate better with the development of deficiency of vitamin B12 than tests with food or after histamine.
Haematological Changes in Malignancy
Authors: Banerjee R. N. , Narang R. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY1. Detailed haematological investigations were carried out in 65 cases of malignant disease of different types.2. Anaemia was found to be the commonest haematological disorder (83 per cent).3. Seventy per cent of the cases showed features of simple chronic anaemia while four out of 16 selected cases showed evidence of shortened red cell life span. Incidence of myelophthisic, aplastic and iron deficiency anaemias were found to be 8, 3 and 3 per cent, respectively.4. The study of iron metabolism revealed a high incidence (71 per cent) of hypoferraemia with shortened plasma iron (59Fe) disappearance time, increased iron turnover rate but poor 59Fe localization and iron utilization by bone marrow.5. Other significant haematological disorders noted were leucocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia and raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The possible implications have been discussed.6. Nearly 50 per cent of the cases, mostly of reticulosis and sarcomatous groups, showed a significant increase in the total blood volume and plasma volume.7. Possible aetiological correlation between malignant disease and the dominant haematological disorders found in malignant disease have been discussed.
The Inhibitory Effect of Phosphonates on the Formation of Calcium Phosphate Crystals in vitro and on Aortic and Kidney Calcification in vivo
Authors: Fleisch H. A. , Russell R. G. G. , Bisaz S. , Mühlbauer R. C. , Williams D. A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract 1. Various phosphonates, which are compounds containing C‐P bonds, have been studied to see whether they are able to inhibit, in a manner similar to that of pyrophosphate and the condensed phosphates, the crystallization of calcium phosphate in vitro and the pathological calcification of the aorta and the kidneys of rats given large amounts of vitamin D3.2. Six of the ten compounds studied markedly increased the minimum product, [Ca] × [P], required to induce the precipitation of calcium phosphate in vitro under physiological conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature. Inhibition was observed at concentrations as low as 10‐7—106M.3. Most of the diphosphonates, particularly those possessing P‐C‐P bonds, showed some ability to inhibit the calcification of the aortas and kidneys of rats treated with large amounts of vitamin D3. The most effective inhibitors were methylene diphosphonate (MDP), ethane‐1‐hydroxy‐1: I‐diphosphonate (EHDP) and diehloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP).4. The phosphonates that possess P‐C‐P bonds thus appear to have effects on the deposition of calcium phosphate in vitro and in vivo similar to those of inorganic pyrophosphate and the condensed phosphates, which possess P‐O‐P bonds. These phosphonates differ from the condensed phosphates in that they inhibit kidney calcification as well as aortic calcification and are active by mouth as well as parenterally. The wider spectrum of activity of the phosphonates in vivo may be due to the fact that they are more resistant to chemical and enzymic breakdown.5. Phosphonates might be used therapeutically in man against diseases in which calcium salts deposit in soft tissues.
Comparative Effects of Exercise and Isocapnic Voluntary Hyperventilation on Pulmonary Haemodynamics in Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
Authors: Lockhart A. , Nader F. , Tzareva M. , Schrijen F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract (1) Twelve patients with chronic bronchitis and/or pulmonary emphysema with borderline pulmonary artery Eressure and arterial blood gases have been submitted to aemodynamic studies in order to compare changes in the pulmonary circulation brought about by leg exercise and by voluntary hyperventilation with comparable breathing rate, tidal volume and arterial blood gases during both periods.(2) Minute ventilation (Exercise: 12.1 ± 1.9 l. min‐l m‐2; hyperventilation: 12.8± 1.8 1 · min‐1· m‐2), breathing rate (E: 22.6 ±3.4, H: 23.5 ±3.8), percentage arterial oxygen saturation (E: 94.7±3.3%, H: 95.9±2.7%) and carbon dioxide tension (E: 45.5 ± 5.1 mm Hg, H: 46.8 ± 5.1 mm Hg) did not differ significantly during exercise and hyperventilation, thus suggesting that both mechanical forces acting upon intrathoracic structures and pulmonary vasomotor tone were comparable.(3) During exercise pulmonary arterial mean pressure (31.4±5.7mm Hg) and pulmonary wedge pressure (13.2± 4.2 mm Hg) rose significantly (p < 0.001) and consistently. During hyperventilation pulmonary arterial mean pressure rose slightly (22.1 ± 5.5 mm Hg, p < 0.05) and the increase in average pulmonary wedge pressure was insignificant (10.0±5.4 mm Hg), although the latter rose markedly in five cases. Pulmonary vascular resistances were not consistently modified. Pulmonary wedge pressure was not correlated with minute ventilation but was positively correlated with the amplitude of respiratory variations in intrathoracic pressure.(4) Thus, our data suggested that the rise in pulmonary artery and wedge pressures during exercise was due to the combined effects of large intrathoracic pressure swings and of an increase in the haemodynamic load of the left ventricle.
Absorption and Metabolism of L‐Dopa by the Human Stomach
Authors: Rivera‐Calimlim L. , Dujovne C. A. , Morgan J. P. , Lasagna Louis , Bianchine J. R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The absorption and gastric metabolism of L‐dopa (L‐dihydroxyphenylalanine) were studied in 14 Parkinsonian patients. Patients were given p. o. 25 μCi (500 mg) 14C L‐dopa labelled at the β‐carbon mixed with 2 g polyethylene glycol as a dilution marker. Absorption was evaluated by determining the gastric rate of absorption, gastric clearance, serum levels, and urinary excretion of 14C. L‐dopa and its metabolites in the gastric juice and serum were fractionated by column chromatography. Patients with gastric juice pH of 1.2‐2.1 had a gastric rate of absorption of 62.6±4.7 mg/h with a gastric clearance of 31.7.4.1 ml/h. The gastric emptying time was 228±96min. 17.2–26.4% of total radioactivity in the gastric juice were dopa metabolites. Patients with gastric pH of 6.9‐7.2 had a very rapid emptying time (an average of 22 min.) with no gastric absorption. The amount of metabolites in their gastric juice was insignificant. Gastric absorption and emptying time were reduced in patients when the gastric pH was raised to 3.5‐4.5 with antacids. Serum peak concentrations were higher and more rapidly achieved in patients with high gastric pH than in those with low pH.The most rapidly achieved and highest serum peak levels were observed in patients with partial gastrectomy and in those who were given the drug by duodenal infusion. It appears that direct absorption of L‐dopa by the stomach may be limited by gastric metabolism of the drug, a possibility supported by the study in vitro of human stomach tissue obtained at surgery. The inverse relationship between the gastric emptying time and serum levels suggests that the intestine is the major site of L‐dopa absorption. Thus factors that prolong gastric emptying time may lower serum levels of L‐dopa by delaying access of the drug to the site of absorption and by increasing metabolism before absorption.
Plasma Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Activity in Liver Disease*
Authors: Calandra S. , Martin M. J. , McIntyre N. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. In liver disease the proportion of plasma cholesterol present in the form of ester is lower than that found in normal subjects. Recent work has suggested that a plasma enzyme, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), may be a major f actorin the physiological regulation of plasma cholesterol ester levels. In patients with a variety of hepatobiliary disorders LCAT activity was found to be reduced and a study of the effects of interaction between normal and jaundiced plasmas supported the hypothesis that the low LCAT activity was due mainly to a reduction in the plasma concentration of the enzyme.When bile salts were added to an in vitro system clear evidence of inhibition of LCAT was produced only with concentrations higher than those normally found in the plasma of patients with liver disease. This casts doubt on the suggested role of bile salts as in vivo inhibitors of the enzyme.The cholesterol ester concentration of plasma showed good correlation with its LCAT activity when this was measured in a standard substrate. Our results suggest that reduction in LCAT activity may be an important factor in the production of the low ester: free ratio found in almost all hepatic disorders.
Effects of Cholecystokinin and Metoclopramide on Jejunal Movements of Water and Electrolytes and on Transit Time of Luminal Fluid in Man
Authors: Matuchansky C. , Huet P. M. , Mary J. Y. , Rambaud J. C. , Bernier J. J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The effects of cholecystokinin and metoclopramide upon jejunal transit time of luminal fluid, net movements of water and electrolytes and unidirectional fluxes of sodium were studied in 11 normal subjects, each one being his own control. An intestinal perfusion technique with a four‐lumen tube was used. This allowed a simultaneous determination of mean transit time and absorption rate of water and electrolytes through a 35 cm segment of jejunum, (a) Cholecystokinin induced a significant decrease in mean transit time of fluid along the test segment. This effect was primarily due to a striking reduction (40% or more) in the mean diameter of the intestinal lumen, (b) Simultaneously there was a significant increase in net water, sodium and chloride secretion into the lumen, whereas net transport of potassium and bicarbonate was not affected. The lumen‐to‐blood unidirectional flux of sodium was obviously reduced but the opposite flux did not significantly change, (c) Similar changes in water and electrolyte movements were observed in subjects in whom transit time was primarily decreased by metoclopramide. (d) A close correlation was found between changes in transit time and net water and sodium transport into the lumen, in both cholecystokinin and metoclopramide studies.These results suggest that intestinal hypermotility may result, per se, in an increased secretion rate of water and electrolytes across the proximal small bowel. The implication of these findings in clinical conditions associating watery diarrhoea with intestinal hypermotility is discussed.
Peripheral Glucose Uptake in Relation to Physiological Levels of Plasma and Lymph Insulin
Authors: Camu Fréderic , Rasio Eugenio 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The effects of physiological increments of plasma immunoreactive insulin upon tissue glucose uptake, tissue insulin uptake and lymph insulin levels were studied in the hind‐limb (65% muscle, 27% skin and subcutaneous fat) of 38 anaesthetized dogs.During intravenous glucose tolerance tests, the tissue glucose uptake remained within baseline values, whereas the net rates of glucose utilization and the concentrations of arterial plasma insulin increased as the load of glucose injected was raised. Significant amounts of endogenous insulin were cleared from plasma but were not recovered in lymph.No glucose response was observed in the hind‐limb tissues during intra‐arterial infusions of exogenous insulin in conditions of strict normoglycaemia and constant blood flow. The infusions of insulin were designed to simulate the levels of endogenous hormone achieved in plasma during the glucose tolerance tests. Again, a high percentage of the injected insulin was fixed to the hind‐limb tissues with no detectable rise of leg‐lymph levels. At higher plasma insulin concentrations, both tissue glucose uptake and lymph insulin levels were increased.The results show that the effect of plasma insulin on glucose uptake by muscle and fat in vivo is a threshold phenomenon. From the present knowledge of the physiology of lymph formation, the threshold phenomenon could largely be accounted for by insulin adsorption to the blood capillary walls.
The Role of Insulin in the Regulation of α‐Amylase Synthesis in the Rat Pancreas
Authors: Söling H. D. , Unger K. O. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Changes in pancreatic exocrine enzyme activities were studied in different forms of experimental diabetes in rats. The effects of adrenalectomy on these changes were measured. The early actions of insulin on pancreatic enzyme activities and on incorporation of (4,5‐3H)‐leucine into amylase were also determined. The main results are:

Alloxan‐diabetes leads to a decrease in amylase activity, a decreased rate of amylase synthesis and an increase in the activities of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen as described by Palla et al. [9]. Only the decrease in amylase activity correlates with the increase in blood glucose concentration.
Adrenalectomy does not reverse the changes in the activities of exocrine pancreatic enzymes induced by diabetes.
Diazoxide‐diabetes is accompanied by an increase in all pancreatic enzyme activities, most probably due to the inhibition of enzyme secretion.
After treatment with streptozotozin a significant decrease in pancreatic amylase activity appears after 36 h. Amylase activity continues to fall during the following days, in contrast the increase in the activities of proteolytic enzymes is not significant until the 4th day.
Insulin treatment of severely diabetic, non‐ketotic rats leads, as early as 90 min. after injection, to a significant increase in pancreatic amylase activity with no change in the other exocrine enzyme activities. A decrease in all enzyme activities, seen 6 h after insulin, is due to enhanced enzyme secretion.
As soon as 2 h after injection insulin leads to a significant increase in the incorporation of (4,5‐3H)‐leucine into pancreatic amylase but not into total pancreatic protein. This increase is completely abolished by actinomycin D.
Short‐term effects of adrenalectomy (20 h) and effects of substitution with 6‐α‐fluoro‐16α‐methyl‐prednisolon on the incorporation of (4,5‐3H)‐leucine into pancreatic amylase and total pancreatic protein result mainly from changes in the size of the cold leucine pool.

According to these results insulin regulates pancreatic amylase synthesis mainly at the level of transcription. Insulin plays a permissive role in pancreatic amylase synthesis and is not involved in short‐term regulation of amylase synthesis in the non‐diabetic state. Clinical findings in juvenile diabetics indicate a similar type of regulation for amylase synthesis.
Folate Deficiency in Malnutrition, Malabsorption, and During Phenytoin Treatment Diagnosed by Determination of Serine Synthesis in Lymphocytes
Authors: Ellegaard Jørgen , Esmann Viggo 
Published: March 2008

Abstract A new method for the detection of folate deficiency by measuring the rate of incorporation of 14C‐formate into serine in isolated lymphocytes has been applied to a group of 24 control subjects and 23 patients. 5 of the patients suffered from malnutrition, 14 had malabsorption and 4 were under treatment with phenytoin.In 17 of these patients, functional folate deficiency was diagnosed by a decreased rate of serine synthesis in the lymphocytes. 11 cases of folate deficiency were found by measuring the folate concentration of erythrocytes by the L. casei method. The lymphocyte method failed in only one case out of 18.In the 24 control subjects the average incorporation of 14C‐formate into serine per 109 lymphocytes per 4 h was 9.2 ± 0.4% (range 6.3–14.3 %) of added activity. For 16 patients with functional folate deficiency, the corresponding value was 4.1 ± 0.3% (range 1.0–5.9%). The folate activities of lymphocytes from 12 patients before and after 4 weeks of oral treatment with 15 mg folic acid daily were 3.4±0.3 and 7.5±1.0% respectively. The lymphocytes responded within 4 weeks to deprivation of or treatment with folic acid.The 14C‐formate incorporation into methionine, RNA sad protein showed the same pattern as the incorporation into serine.
A Second Enzyme Defect in Acquired Lactase Deficiency: Lack of Small‐Intestinal Phlorizin‐Hydrolase
Authors: Lorenz‐Meyer H. , Blum A. L. , Haemmerli H. P. , Semenza G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Adult acquired lactase deficiency is accompanied by the lack of small‐intestinal phlorizin‐hydrolase activity, an enzyme which had not been previously investigated in man. The two activities correlate closely in the human biopsy specimens examined. These observations, together with others previously made on the rat lactase‐phlorizin‐hydrolase complex, point to related biological regulation mechanism(s) for the two enzymes (or active sites).Phlorizin‐hydrolase activity in the human small intestine is due to more than one catalytic site. Lactase itself is responsible for only one quarter of the total phlorizin‐hydrolase activity.
The Effect of Obesity and Cushing's Disease on the Incorporation of Glucose into Lipid and Esterification of Palmitate by Human Adipose Tissue
Authors: Wilson J.P.D. , Galton D.J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract 1. Rates of lipogenesis from glucose and palmitate have been measured in adipose tissue obtained from patients with obesity, diabetes, Cushing's disease and surgical controls.2. Conversion of glucose into neutral lipid when expressed on the basis of tissue protein decreased in the following order: Cushing's patients, controls, obese patients.3. A similar pattern of incorporation of T‐palmitate into neutral lipid was observed for the three groups of patients, except the differences were less marked.4. Maximal activities of phosphofructokinase in adipose tissue are reduced in obesity (p< 0.05) and diabetics (p< 0.1) compared to surgical controls.5. Five of the patients with Cushing's disease had an abnormal glucose tolerance test and showed a reduction in maximal activities of hexokinase (p< 0.05) in adipose tissue compared to the other four patients with Cushing's disease when expressed on a wet weight basis.
Fibroblasts as an Experimental Tool in Metabolic and Hormone Studies
Authors: Morell B. , Froesch E. R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. .Before cell cultures can be used as a tool for metabolic and endocrine research, standardized conditions for stationary and growing cells must be established. Our results with chicken embryo fibroblasts and with WI‐38 human fibroblasts demonstrate that the metabolic behaviour of these cells differs depending on whether they are in a stationary phase (without serum) or in a growing phase (with serum). Energy during growth is derived almost exclusively from glycolysis. Two additional factors determine the rate of glucose consumption and lactate production: The glucose concentration in the medium and the density of the cells, i.e. the number of cells per surface area. Using a pulse of labelled thymidine it can be shown that after a delay fibroblasts simultaneously go through the first S‐phase under the stimulatory influence of serum. Stationary cells behave metabolically as contact‐inhibited cells with regard to glucose consumption and lactate production.It appeals that serum triggers off a sequence of metabolic events including increased glycolysis, thymidine incorporation into DNA and growth.
The Relation between Plasma Cholesterol and Cholesterol Synthesis in Rats with Experimental Biliary Obstruction
Authors: Calandra S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The relationship between serum cholesterol and the rate of cholesterol synthesis in liver and intestine was studied in rats with experimental ligation of the bile duct. In the acute stages of biliary obstruction the level of plasma cholesterol increased several fold above the control level and was accompanied by a similar rise in the rate of hepatic and intestinal cholesterogenesis.Feeding a high cholesterol diet before the ligation of the bile duct resulted in a marked reduction in the absolute rate of cholesterol synthesis in both liver and intestine of obstructed rats, but it had no effect on the plasma cholesterol level.The administration of cycloheximide completely prevented the increase in hepatic and intestinal cholesterogenesis in obstructed rats but did not cause a fall in the level of total plasma cholesterol.These results would suggest that the accumulation of cholesterol in the plasma of rats with acute biliary stasis is not dependent upon the increased rate of cholesterol synthesis in liver and intestine.
Diminished Excretion of Bicarbonate from the Single Sweat Gland of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas*
Authors: Kaiser D. , Drack E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Using pH‐microelectrodes the excretion of hydrogen‐ions and bicarbonate in relation to flow rate was investigated in a single sweat gland of cystic fibrosis children.The results show decreased excretion of hydrogen‐ions and an increased excretion of bicarbonate. Evidence is presented that due to reduced secretion of hydrogen‐ions in the duct both the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of potassium may be impaired.The possibility is discussed that reduced flux of hydrogen‐ions may similarly be responsible for the excretory defect in the duct system of the pancreas.Reduced flux of protons across the luminal membrane of epithelial cells is proposed as a general feature of exocrine gland defects. It is then possible to describe both the cationic transport defect of the sweat gland duct and the anionic bicarbonate‐secretory defect in one term.