bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty acids, fatty alcohols, wax esters, and methyl esters fromCrambe abyssinicaandLunaria annuaseed oils
Authors: Miwa T. K. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCrambe abyssinicaandLunaria annua, members of the Cruciferae family, have seed oil glycerides containing ca. 55舑65% of C22and C24unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acids were prepared by saponification; fatty alcohols, by sodium reduction of glycerides; liquid wax esters, byp‐toluenesulfonic acid‐catalyzed reaction of fatty acids with fatty alcohols; and methyl esters, by reaction of fatty acids with diazomethane. Solid hydrogenated glyceride oils and wax esters were compared with several commercial waxes. Chemical and physical constants were determined for the seed oils and their derivatives. Position of unsaturation in theCrambefatty acids was determined by gas chromatographic analysis of the permanganate‐periodate degradation products. The major dicarboxylic acid was brassylic (C13), proving the docosenoic acid to be erucic.
Growth stimulating effects of high levels of vegetable oils
Authors: Isaacks R. E. , Davies R. E. , Reiser R. , Couch J. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDiets containing up to 30% of vegetable oils resulted in increased growth and feed efficiency in the chick. At 40 and 46% levels, the liquid nature of the mixture, and not a deleterious effect of the fat as such, reduced the availability of the solid constituents and resulted in high levels of mortality.No beneficial effects on growth or feed efficiency resulted after increases in the levels of vitamin and/or mineral mixtures with increase in energy. The growth response to added vegetable oils does not appear to be caused by an unidentified factor, such as may be found in distillers dried solubles, antibiotic fermentation residue, whey product, fish meal, or condensed fish solubles.
On the orientation of lipids in chloroplast and cell membranes
Authors: Benson A. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe widespread recognition of the corpuscular nature of membrane ultrastructure demands re‐evaluation of established concepts of their molecular organization. Many aspects of membrane physiology, composition, and metabolism provide support for the proposal that most membranes consist of two‐dimensional polymers of lipoprotein subunits. Such a model allows the activity, specificity, and adaptability attributed to biological membranes. Evidence which supports this corpuscular model for membranes and some inadequacies of the bimolecular lipid leaflet model are pointed out.The lamellae of plant chloroplasts are membranes which clearly consist of subunits (quantasomes). Their four surfactant lipids and pigments comprise 50% of the lipoprotein subunits. In each of these surfactant lipids there is found a limited and specific group of fatty ester components. This phenomenon suggests that the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty esters may specifically complement certain hydrophobic amino acid sequences in the membrane protein. The protein, then, would determine the sites where the lipid will be most firmly bound. It is proposed that the lipids of membrane subunits are bound by hydrophobic association of the hydrocarbon chains regions within the interior of the protein. The resulting two‐dimensional lipoprotein aggregate would possess the strongly anionic charged groups of the phospholipids on its surface. Metabolically‐driven alterations in conformation of such a flexible lipoprotein ion exchange membrane allows a consistent interpretation of biological membrane transport phenomena.
Serum lipoprotein distribution, flotation rates and protein analysis
Authors: Lindgren F. T. , Freeman N. K. , Ewing A. M. , Jensen L. C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFlotation rates of the major Sf 0舑12 lowdensity lipoprotein component in human serum may be calculated from ultracentrifuge data utilizing two computer programs. One program calculates a classical moving boundary uncorrected flotation rate by a best fit straight line for the points (1n xi, ३2ti). The other program permits erratum for concentration dependence and erratum to standard reference conditions. Preliminary application of these methods indicates significantly greater flotation rates in normal human females than in males for the 35舑49 year age group.The significance of interrelationships between the serum lipoprotein spectra, the serum lipids and the serum proteins is considered, resulting in the development of a revised method of measuring serum proteins by precision refractometry. The refractometric measurement is corrected in accordance with (any of various) lipid measurements in order to account for the contribution of lipoproteins to the total refractive increment. Such a technique, giving potentially a very accurate protein measurements, has application in screening studies involving abnormalities of both serum lipoprotein and serum protein metabolism.
The control of fatty acid composition in glycerolipids
Authors: Lands William E. M. , Hart Priscilla 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe continued suggestion that the ratio of saturated to unsaturated acids in the diet can influence the general health of a mammal is still not easily explained at a biochemical level. Studies on the metabolism of glycerophosphatides show that the enzymes involved appear to differ in the degree of selectivity toward substrates with different amounts of unsaturation. In general, each individual acid will have its own characteristic metabolic fate. The acyl‐CoA:acyl‐GPC acyltransferases have a marked specificity for both the position to be acylated and the particular acyl‐CoA involved. In some cases, the observed distributions of fatty acids in naturally occurring lecithins and triglycerides are similar to the distributions predicted from in vitro studies of the acyltransferase enzymes. Other enzymatic steps, such as acid activation and N‐methylation, can also be shown to influence the fatty acid composition of the glycerolipids. The relative importance of these metabolic processes must now be determined.
Some structural investigations on phospholipids from membranes
Authors: van Deenen L. L. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA complete chemical characterization of phophatidyl glycerol from green leaves and algae demonstrated that 1‐linoleneoyl‐trans‐ख3 represented the major molecular species and its occurrence appeared to be related to photosynthesis.Beef‐heart cardiolipin was demonstrated to be identical to synthetic diphosphatidyl glycerol.Chemical structures of synthetic amino acid esters of phosphatidyl glycerol were compared with those of amino acid and glucosamine containing phospholipids from bacterial cell membranes.The molecular species of lecithin from animal tissues were recognized and the influence of dietary fats on their composition was determined.Physical characteristics of natural and synthetic phospholipids indicate that nature is eloquent to preserve the properties offered by particular fatty acid combinations in the phospholipid molecule.Mammalian tissues were found to contain phospholipase A activity which produces two structurally isomeric monoacyl‐phosphoglycerides.Utilizing five isomeric lysolecithins of known structure micro methods involving enzymic hydrolysis were developed to distinguish among these isomers. Lysolecithins from different natural sources were demonstrated to consist of both 1‐acyl‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylcholine and 2‐acyl‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylcholine.In connection with the nonrandom distribution of fatty acids of different apolarity at the two positions of phosphoglycerides, the various metabolic pathways of lysolecithin enantiomers in red cell ghosts, yeast and liver were investigated using different doubly‐labeled substrates.
Study of detergency. II. Effect of sodium tripolyphosphate
Authors: Arai Haruhiko , Maruta Iwao , Kariyone Takao 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study of the effect of added sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) on oily soil removal efficiency in hard water showed that as the concentration of STPP increases, the water hardness at maximum oil removal efficiency increases and the sharpness of the oil removal peak is lessened. The value of maximum oil removal efficiency was not influenced greatly by the concentration of STPP. The action of STPP on oil removal efficiency in hard water was that of softening the water. The pH of various hard water/STPP/sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (0.1 wt. %) solutions had a maximum oil removal efficiency at 7.7.
Autoxidation of drying oils adsorbed on porous solids
Authors: Honn F. J. , Bezman I. I. , Daubert B. F. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe rate of oxygen uptake of purified soybean oil was determined as a function of the dispersion of the oil on the surface of highly porous silica gel. The most rapid consumption of characteristic of the specific surface areas of the adsorbents. At these critical concentrations it was shown that the oil constituted a closely packed monomolecular layer. The existence of such critical ratios was regarded as further substantiation of the radical chain mechanism of autoxidation.
Oil production from African oil palms in Honduras
Authors: Reif E. O. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe behavior of African oil palms in Honduras was studied with the view of establishing it as an economic crop in Central America. The highest yielding variety for this region was determined to be the Java variety. The influence of post‐harvest handling of fruit on the formation of free fatty acids in palm oil was investigated. Actual plantation yields were obtained by processing plantation‐produced fruit.
The infrared spectra of saturated fatty acids with even number of carbon atoms from caproic, C6 (Hexanoic), to stearic, C18 (Octadecanoic), and of their methyl and ethyl esters
Authors: O'Connor Robert T. , Field Elsie T. , Singleton W. Sidney 
Published: April 2007

SummaryInfrared spectra from 1 to 12 microns have been obtained for 7 of the homologous series of monobasic, straight‐chain, saturated fatty acids of even carbon atom content from C6 to C18 and of their methyl and ethyl esters.Infrared data are presented as plots of the percentage transmission against the wavelength in microns on a linear wavelength scale for each compound, and the exact wavelength positions of maxima of the 11 most prominent bands are tabulated.Correlations of each of these bands with molecular structure are given.Methods for distinguishing the acids from the esters and of differentiating an ethyl ester from a methyl ester by observation of infrared spectra are described.An explanation, supported by earlier work with deuterium‐substituted compounds, is given to account for the nonappearance, in the spectra of the fatty acids of any absorption attributable to either the free O—H group or the bonded O—H… O group.Evidence has been accumulated which indicates an association of some sort of the esters and that this association probably involves the carbonyl and the methyl groups.Data are presented to show which of the bands in the infrared spectra do and which do not follow Beer's law.
The role of dietary fat in the quality of fresh and frozen storage turkeys
Authors: Klose A. A. , Mecchi E. P. , Hanson H. L. , Lineweaver Hans 
Published: April 2007

SummaryGroups of turkeys were fed, for eight weeks prior to slaughter, diets varying in the type of animal protein concentrate (fish meal vs. meat scraps) and varying in degree of unsaturation and kind of vegetable oil present (coconut oil vs. linseed oil). Chemical and organoleptic analyses of the fresh and stored carcasses established the following points:Differences in fatty acid composition of dietary fat of turkeys have a marked effect on the fatty‐acid composition of carcass fat and correspondingly play a decisive role in the storage life of the turkey carcass.Typically fishy flavors and odors in roasted turkey meat, which can be caused by feeding fish (oil) products, can also be produced in the absence of fish products by a highly unsaturated vegetable oil, linseed oil. The fishy flavor is present in the roasted, freshly slaughtered turkey and apparently increases very little if any in intensity during storage.
Sesame oil. VII. Optical rotation and the minor components of sesame oil
Authors: Budowski Pierre 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe optical rotations of four crude sesame oils were calculated on the basis of their known contents of sesamin, sesamolin, and phytosterols and the reported optical activities for each of these components. The calculated optical rotations were compared with those observed for the oils in the absence of solvent and were found to agree remarkably well.Sesamin, sesamolin, and phytosterol have been shown to be responsible for the observed optical rotations of several sesame oils and to account for 75 to 85% of the total unsaponifiable matter of these oils.
Effects of heat treatment on the stability of lard
Authors: Lips H. J. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe storage life of lard was increased by heating it under vacuum to 288–296°C. with 0.1 to 0.5% of various protein and carbohydrate materials (dried whey was the most effective substance used), but undesirable color and odor were produced in the lard by the process, and bleaching and deodorizing to a bland, light colored end‐product resulted in a loss of most of the added stability.
Relationship between nickel content of soap and conversion to polymer in manufacture of synthetic rubber (GR‐S)
Authors: Brice B. A. , Ricciuti C. , Willits C. O. , Swain M. L. , Ault W. C. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryA number of soaps from hydrogenated fat stocks having good and bad characteristics as emulsifiers in plant production of GR‐S were analyzed for nickel, copper, and iron. A statistical study of the data on polymerization and metal contents indicated that variability in conversion was associated with variations in the metal content of the soap.
The analysis and characterization of the oil from the seed of stillingia sylvatica
Authors: Batterson V. C. , Potts W. M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe characteristics and composition of the oil characterize it as a drying oil. Its high iodine value indicates that it may be suitably used for paints and varnishes and other products requiring a drying oil. The oil dried readily when spread on a glass plate in from 4–6 hours.
Autoxidation of methyl oleate, methyl stearolate, and methyl 9,10‐dieuteroöleate
Authors: Khan N. A. , Brown J. B. , Deatherage F. E. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryA comparative study of the autoxidation of methyl oleate, methyl 9,10‐dideuteroöleate, methyl stearolate, and stearolic acid has re‐emphasized the complexity of the autoxidation phenomenon. The autoxidation of the acetylenic compounds indicates the importance of peroxidation of the active methylene group as compared to the addition of oxygen at the unsaturated linkages. The importance of olefinic hydrogens and the role of the double bond with respect to the induction periods and possible addition reactions has been brought out by the studies on the autoxidation of the deuteroöleate. Consequently it appears that during autoxidation of methyl oleate, oxidative attack is initiated at the olefinic position and then at α‐methylenic position and that water formation occurs shortly thereafter. At least some of the hydrogen of the water formed during autoxidation comes from the olefinic hydrogens.It appears that most of the non‐aqueous volatile cleavage products arising from a rupture of a carbon to carbon bond are peroxidic in character. The nature of these volatile peroxides appears different from several commercially available organic peroxides since they are capable of oxidizing methyl oleate in a manner to yield the high melting form of dihydroxystearic acid whereas peracids and some peroxides under similar conditions give only the low melting isomer.
The synthesis and autoxidation of 8,8,11,11‐tetradeutero‐cis‐9‐octadecene
Authors: Max R. A. , Deatherage F. E. 
Published: April 2007

Summary8,8,11,11‐Tetradeutero‐cis‐9‐octadecene andcis‐9‐octadecene have been synthesized and their autoxidation studied at 75°. The autoxidation of both compounds proceeded in a similar manner except that the rate of reaction for the deuteroöctadecene was one‐fifth that of the octadecene. This apparently indicates that the important sustaining reaction in autoxidation is oxidative attach at thea methylenic position. That only a very small amount of deuterium was found in the water from the autoxidation of the deuteroöctadecene indicates that water does not come by direct decomposition of thea hydroperoxide.
The flavor problem of soybean oil. IX. Organoleptic identification and probability analysis
Authors: Evans C. D. , Lancaster E. B. , Dutton H. J. , Moser Helen A. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryIn the evaluation or identification of an edible oil it is shown how the probabilities of chance selection for a single taster are dependent upon the manner in which the samples are presented. The probabilities of 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/6, and 1/8 are all possible, depending upon the method of sample presentation, i.e., as pairs, multiple pairs, odd sample tests, or other combinations.The expansion of the binomial expression for the probabilities of success and failure for a single taster make it possible to calculate the compound probabilities for taste panels up to 20 members. By knowing the compound probabilities, significance at any level can be easily calculated. Tables showing the number of errors permissible have been calculated for the significant levels of 1% and 5% for panels of 1 to 15 members.Application and use of the tables, based on data obtained in the identification of simulated soybean oil by a taste panel of 10 members, are presented and the data discussed.
A comparison of several methods for the separation of unsaponifiable material from carnauba and sorghum grain waxes
Authors: Bunger William B. , Kummerow Fred A. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe characteristics of carnauba and four varieties of sorghum grain waxes were compared. The results indicated that sorghum grain wax had higher acetyl, acid, and iodine numbers and a lower saponification number than carnauba wax. Sorghum grain wax also contained a lower percentage of esters and nonsaponifiable material than carnauba wax, and a hydrocarbon fraction which was absent in the latter.Of four methods tested for the quantitative separation of saponifiable and unsaponifiable components, the best separation was obtained by an extraction of the calcium soaps with di‐isopropyl ether.
An evaluation of methods for production of C. P. Glycerine
Authors: Keller Harold W. , Michalson Arthur W. , Payne A. D. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThis paper reviews, describes, and evaluates the processes for the production of C. P. glycerine, using ion exchange resins. By using the ion exclusion‐ion exchange processes or the combined process to produce C. P. glycerine from all types of crude glycerines or sweetwaters, the entire yield of glycerine meets and/or exceeds U. S. P. specifications.
Novel method for refining soybean oil
Authors: Hayes Lester P. , Wolff Hans 
Published: April 2007

SummaryA process for making break‐free soybean oil is described in which crude oil is treated with a small amount of an organic acid anhydride and then degummed by water addition and phase separation. The break‐free oil can be used for industrial applications or processed to an edible grade of oil without alkali‐refining. Laboratory data are presented, comparing quality of edible oils, processing losses, and composition of deodorizer distillates of alkali‐refined soybean oils with oils prepared by the degumming process described in this paper.
Estimating carbonyl compounds in rancid fats and foods
Authors: Henick A. S. , Benca M. F. , Mitchell J. H. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryA convenient method for the quantitative determination of the carbonyl compounds in fats and oils is described. The procedure is based upon the formation of the 2,4‐dinitrophenyl hydrazones of the carbonyl compounds in the presence of trichloroacetic acid catalyst and the colorimetric determination of the hydrazone compounds in alkaline solution. Standardizations are presented for the simultaneous determination of saturated and allenic carbonyl content from the absorbences at 430 and 460 mµ. Applications of these procedures to edible oils are described, and data are presented showing the carbonyl values in relation to other criteria of change. The problem of correlating changes in the carbonyl content of oils with flavor deterioration is now under investigation.
Reactions of fatty materials with oxygen. XV. Formation of 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid and cleavage products in the oxidation of oleic acid and methyl oleate in acetic acid
Authors: Knight H. B. , Jordan E. F. , Koos R. E. , Swern Daniel 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe autoxidation of oleic acid and methyl oleate in acetic acid solution at 25–30°, 65°, and 115–120° with a cobalt salt as catalyst has been studied. Samples were withdrawn at intervals and the oxidation products were analyzed and then separated into high‐melting 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid, cleavage products, unoxidized and hydroxy materials, and polymers.The best yields of desired oxidation products were obtained at 65°. Yields of pure 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid, m.p. ≧128°, were 12–17% and cleavage products 64–68%, thus accounting for about 80% of the starting material. At 25–30° and 115–120°, yields of the above‐mentioned products were low.A mechanism is proposed which accounts for the formation oftrans‐9,10‐epoxystearic acid from both oleic and elaidic acid autoxidized in the absence of solvent, and the consequent isolation of high‐melting 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid when acetic acid is the solvent.
Yield and chemical composition of sesame,Sesamum indicum L., as affected by variety and location grown
Authors: Kinman Murray L. , Stark S. M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryObservation nurseries including 24 varieties of sesame were grown at 23 locations in 16 states. Data for yield, oil and protein content of the seed, and for iodine value of the oil were obtained from certain locations.Sesame seems reasonably well adapted on the better soils of most of the southern one‐half of the United States. Average seed yield for varieties at 14 locations was 506 pounds per acre. Average yield of seed, oil, and protein per acre for seven varieties grown at eight locations was 662, 344, and 163 pounds per acre, respectively.The chemical composition of the seed was found to be well within the acceptable range but was markedly influenced both by the varieties and by the locations where they were grown. The average oil and protein contents on a moisture‐free basis were 53.53% and 26.25%, respectively. The average iodine value of the oil was 110.0. Average protein content on the moisture‐ and oil‐free basis was 57.28%.The genetic and environmental influences that affect protein content of the seed also inversely affected the oil content. It was suggested that in sesame protein synthesis is favored over oil synthesis as the nitrogen supply to the seed increases.