bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of tocopherols in vegetable oils by high‐performance liquid chromatography: Comparison of fluorescence and evaporative light‐scattering detection
Authors: Chase G. William , Akoh Casimir C. , Eitenmiller Ronald R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA comparison of the responses of an evaporative light‐scattering detector (ELSD) and a fluorescence detector for tocopherols in vegetable oils by high‐performance liquid chromatography is presented. The tocopherols were separated from acylglycerols by gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC). The tocopherol fraction was collected off a set of four GPC columns with a mobile phase of methylene chloride before separation on a normal‐phase silica column with a mobile phase of hexane/isopropanol, 99.7∶0.3 (vol/vol). An internal standard of 5,7 dimethyltocol, which was detected by both the ELSD and fluorescence detector, was used to obtain quantitative data. The fluorescence detector was ten times more sensitive than the ELSD. γ‐Tocopherol was the major tocopherol detected in the vegetable oils studied and ranged from 24.1–93.3 mg/100 g. The amounts of tocopherols found in the vegetable oils agreed favorably with the literature values.
Synthesis of civetone from palm oil products
Authors: Choo Yuen‐May , Ooi Kay‐Eng , Ooi Ing‐Hong 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMetathesis of ethyl oleate, catalyzed by WCl6 and SnMe4, provided diethyl 9‐octadecenedioate (the desired starting material for the synthesis of civetone) in 99% yield. Dieckmann condensation of diethyl 9‐octadecenedioate gave 2‐ethoxycarbonyl‐9‐cycloheptadecenone (63% yield), the hydrolysis‐decarboxylation reaction of which yielded civetone (93%). Identification of all products was by1H nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and mass spectroscopic data. This is the first report of the synthesis of civetone from palm oil‐derived products.
Fatty acid composition in seed oils of some onagraceae
Authors: Zygadlo J. A. , Morero R. E. , Abburra R. E. , Guzman C. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe seeds ofOenothera picensis, O. indecora, Ludwigia longifolia andL. peruviana (Onagraceae) contained 18.3, 16.4, 13.9 and 10.1% oil, respectively. Chromatographic analyses showed high levels of linoleic acid (>71.5%) in the seed oils.
Status of aqueous surfactant phase science
Authors: Laughlin Robert G. 
Published: January 2007

Recent phase studies of several surfactant‐water systems, using new or refined methods, have revealed significant errors in earlier phase diagrams. These diagrams had been determined largely using methods based on the isoplethal phase studies principle. This principle has inherent limitations which do not exist in isothermal methods.Isothermal nuclear magnetic resonance and refined calorimetric methods have been extensively used in recent surfactant phase studies. Methods based on the new lyotrope gradient (swelling) principle show great promise as a means of improving the efficiency and quality of surfactant phase studies.
Characterization of estolides produced from the acid‐catalyzed condensation of oleic acid
Authors: Isbell Terry A. , Kleiman Robert 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEstolides produced from an acid‐catalyzed condensation of oleic acid were characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), GC‐mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). C‐8 reverse‐phase HPLC provided a clean resolution of the estolide oligomers present in the reaction mixtures, allowing an average oligomier distribution to be calculated. Corroboration of HPLC results were obtained either through hydrolysis of the estolide mixture and quantitation of the hydroxy fatty acid content by GC, through the integration of the α‐methylene protons adjacent to the carbonyl of the acids vs. the esterns in the1H NMR spectrum, or by titration of the carboxylic acid with standardized base. GC and GC‐MS analysis of the hydrolyzed estolide mixture indicated that the ester position were centered around the original double‐bond position, with linkages ranging from positions 5–13. Likewise, the unsaturation was distributed along the fatty acid backbone.
Ethanol extraction of oil, gossypol and aflatoxin from cottonseed
Authors: Hron R. J. , Kuk M. S. , Abraham G. , Wan P. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCommercial processing of cottonseed requires hexane to extract and recover edible oil. Gossypol and aflatoxin are not removed from extracted meals. A bench‐top extraction process with 95% (vol/vol) aqueous ethanol (EtOH) solvent has been developed that extracts all three of the above materials with a much less volatile solvent. In this process, cottonseed is pretreated and extracted with ambient 95% EtOH to remove gossypol and then extracted with hot 95% EtOH to extract oil and aflatoxin. Membranes and adsorption columns are used to purify the various extract streams, so that they can be recycled directly. A representative extracted meal contained a total gossypol content of 0.47% (a 70% reduction) and 3 ppb aflatoxin (a 95% reduction). Residual oil content was approximately 2%. Although the process is technically feasible, it is presently not economical unless a mill has a continual, serious aflatoxin contamination problem. However, if a plant cannot meet the hexane emission standards under the Clean Air Act of 1990, this process could provide a safer solvent that may expand the use and increase the value of cottonseed meal as a feed for nonruminants.
Recovery of carotenoids from palm oil
Authors: Ooi C. K. , Choo Y. M. , Yap S. C. , Basiron Y. , Ong A. S. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe carotenoids from palm oil were recovered through a two‐stage process involving transesterification of palm oil followed by molecular distillation of the ester. The carotenoid fraction contained more than 80,000 ppm carotenoids. α‐ and β‐Carotenes were the major components. Vitamin E and sterols were also present.
Evaporative light scattering mass detection for high‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis of sucrose polyester blends in cooking oils
Authors: William Chase G. , Akoh Casimir C. , Eitenmiller Ronald R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatographic method is described to determine the sucrose polyester (SPE) content in seven blends of cooking oils. Four gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) columns were used in series with an evaporative light scattering mass detector to separate the SPE from the acylglycerols in the final chromatogram. The SPE fraction was collected off the GPC column and injected onto a reverse‐phase C‐18 column for quantitation with sucrose octaacetate as an internal standard and a gradient of nonaqueous solvents as mobile phase. The chromatograms were interference‐free, with only two sharp peaks appearing. The standards were linear from 500 to 5000 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of r=0.999. The mean percent recovery (n=9) and standard deviation were 102±6.7. The detector could detect amounts as low as 5 μg SPE.
Simultaneous extraction of oil and antinutritional compounds from flaxseed
Authors: Varga T. K. , Diosady L. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA two‐phase solvent extraction process, developed in our laboratory for rapeseed, was used to simultaneously extract oil and toxic, antinutritional components from flaxseed to produce a meal suitable for animal feed. The most effective solvent systems consisted of hexane in combination with a solution of methanol that contained 10% (vol/vol) water and 2.5–5% (w/w) ammonia, or methanol that contained 10% water (vol/vol) and 0.08% (w/w) NaOH. The treatments were carried out both at laboratory and semipilot‐plant scales. The success of the test with a pilot‐scale Karr liquid‐liquid extraction column suggested that this process could be readily carried out on an industrial scale. The resulting flax meal had a high protein content (40–47%) and low levels of cyanogenic glycosides (reduced by 90–100% from the starting material). The methanol‐ammonia extraction reduced the total polyphenol content by ≈20%. The oil extraction efficiency of the Karr column was high, resulting in meal residual oil contents of ≈1%.
A new short‐path distillation system applied to the reduction of cholesterol in butter and lard
Authors: Lanzani Armando , Bondioli Paolo , Mariani Carlo , Folegatti Liliana , Venturini Stefania , Fedeli Enzo , Barreteau Pierre 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA molecular distillation plant, built particularly to increase the separation efficiency and to obtain safer working conditions, was tested to remove cholesterol from anhydrous butter and lard. A preliminary experiment was carried out with butter to evaluate the fractionation obtained at temperatures between 190 and 250°C and residual pressures between 10−3 and 10−4 torr. A second experiment was carried out at 185°C and at the maximum operational vacuum, evaluating the fractionation achieved within a time scale between 30 and 180 min. Cholesterol was almost completely removed during the second hour with minimal loss of low‐molecular weight triglycerides. An experiment was carried out with lard at 250°C and maximum achievable operational vacuum (10−4 Torr), lasting approximately 6 h, and cholesterol was removed almost completely during the second hour without significant modifications in the triglyceride composition. This situation remained constant throughout the duration of the test.
Convenient preparation of methyl 10‐(1,3,2‐Oxazaphospholidin‐2‐one)undecanoate and methyl 10‐(1,3,2‐diazaphospholidin‐2‐one)undecanoate
Authors: Saeed M. T. , Mustafa J. , Rauf A. , Osman S. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSynthesis and spectral studies of methyl 10‐(1,3,2‐oxazaphospholidin‐2‐one)undecanoate and methyl 10‐(1,3,2‐diazaphospholidin‐2‐one)undecanoate are reported. These fatty products were obtained in excellent yields when methyl 10‐hydroxyundecanoate was reacted with phosphorus oxychloride, and the resultant intermediate was treated with aminoethanol and ethylenediamine in two different reactions.
Methods for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids: VIII. The HBr titration method applied to small samples
Authors: Brown L. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method is described for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in small samples of refined and crude glyceride oils and methyl esters. Approximately 0.5 g of cottonseed oil is titrated with HBr‐HOAc by a stepwise procedure at 3 C and 55 C after removal of interfering substances by adsorption on activated alumina. Side reactions occurring to the extent of 15% during the titration were uniform and highly reproducible, permitting application of a correction factor. A procedure is given for preparing methyl esters on a small scale to determine the cyclopropenoid content of highly oxidized oils.
A study of the variability associated with sampling peanuts for aflatoxin
Authors: Tiemstra Peter J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOne lot of peanuts known to contain aflatoxin was extensively sampled to study the sources of variability. A nested design was used where sections (50 bag units), subsamples and analytical variation were the variables studied. Sample size was the most critical factor in characterizing this lot. Variability from section to section was not significant indicating random distribution of the contaminant. Three 20 lb samples were taken on a number of lots from the 1968 crop, each of which was subdivided into two equivalent subsamples. The aflatoxin was determined on each of these subsamples. The results indicated that all the significant variation came from the subsamples, further enforcing the thesis that sample size is the critical factor in variability, and not lot inhomogeneity. Analysis of 550 lots from the 1967 crop where triples and analysis were available indicates that the magnitude of the variability is a little greater than was found on the experimental lot. Using the pooled standard deviation of the 1967 crop data, operating characteristic curves were plotted to demonstrate the improvement that can be expected by increasing the sample size.
Sample preparation for aflatoxin assay: The nature of the problem and approaches to a solution
Authors: Stoloff L. , Campbell A. D. , Beckwith A. C. , Nesheim S. , Winbush J. S. , Fordham O. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCases have been reported of individual peanuts, cottonseeds or Brazil nuts so highly contaminated with aflatoxin that, for a 50 g portion to be representative of the whole, the sample preparation procedures should grind each unit to a large number of particles and distribute them uniformly throughout the sample. Assuming uniform contamination of the individual kernel, each 50 g sample should contain 1/100 of that kernel. Even though these extreme cases may be encountered only infrequently, the more usual situation still presents difficulties because of great variability in individual kernel contamination. However, if the extreme can be handled, one can expect to handle the more usual situation. Equipment and procedures to achieve this distribution goal are described. The equipment studied includes a food chopper (Hobart), a nut mill (Thomas Mills), a disc mill (Bauer), a hammer mill (Fitzpatrick Model D comminuting machine), a hammer mill designed specifically for peanut samples (Dicken’s subsampling mill), a Polytron homogenizer (Bronwill Scientific), a vertical cutter‐mixer (Hobart), and a sample splitter (Jones riffle). Commodities examined were shelled peanuts and in‐shell Brazil nuts, walnuts, pecans and almonds. Comminution and mixing effectiveness were determined by particle size analysis, by distribution of kernels made radioactive by neutron activation and by aflatoxin analysis of naturally contaminated products. From the results we conclude that the ultimate in sample uniformity can be achieved with a disc mill, solvent addition to obtain a fluid system and mixing and grinding of the fluid with a dispersion mixer‐grinder. A practical uniformity can be achieved in a vertical cutter‐mixer with less expenditure of time and effort for the commodities studied.
Sulfonation studies of monoisomeric di‐ and trialkylbenzenes
Authors: Grey Roger A. , Chan Albert F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSulfonation studies were conducted on a series of monoisomerically pure di‐ and trialkylbenzenes in order to determine the regioselectivity of sulfonation and how the selectivity varies with structural changes. Sulfur trioxide, because of its commerical significance, was investigated as the primary sulfonating agent. Lewis base adducts of sulfur trioxide and other sulfonating agents were also investigated for comparison. The studies demonstrated, in a quantitative manner, the tendency of the sulfonation to occur para to alkyl substituents. In one class of the alkylbenzenes investigated, 1,3,4‐alkyl dimethylbenzene, the sulfonation which occurred at the position para to the 3‐methyl group ranged in selectivity from 87–99%, even though this position, which is ortho to the larger alkyl group, was much less favorable from steric considerations than the position ortho to the 4‐methyl group. The determination of the position of sulfonation by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance and high pressure liquid chromatographic techniques is discussed.
Intrinsic selectivities and yields in the catalytic hydrogenation of polyenoic fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Grau Ricardo J. , Cassano Alberto E. , Balfanás Miguel A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPrecise values of the intrinsic selectivities and yields for the hydrogenation products of methyl linolenate (Ln) and methyl linoleate (L) obtained under carefully controlled conditions using a commercial Ni catalyst are presented and analyzed in detail. The existence of a preferential adsorption of Ln and a significant co‐hydrogenation of its double bonds are confirmed as being the dominant features under typical vegetable oil processing conditions.It is shown that the values of the selectivities that are obtained from the classical consecutive reactions network account for the intrinsic selectivity of the catalyst only while hydrogenating feedstocks with moderate to low (<10%) contents of Ln.
Characterization of palm acid oil
Authors: Kuntom Ainie , Siew Wai‐Lin , Tan Yew‐Ai 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPalm acid oil (PAO) is a by‐product obtained from the alka‐line refining of palm oil. It is used for making laundry soaps and for producing calcium soaps for animal feed formulations. The properties and composition of PAO may differ according to variations in the palm oil feedstock and the alkaline refining process. Because information on the characteristics of PAO is limited, this investigation aims to establish the properties of this product. Quality and oxidative parameters of 27 samples of PAO were determined. The six parameters analyzed were moisture and free fatty acid content, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter. Headspace‐gas‐chromatographic (HSGC) analysis and gas‐chromatographic analysis of the extract from Likens‐Nickerson steam distillation of the samples were also carried out. Mean moisture content was 0.98%, free fatty acids 62.6% (palmitic acid), peroxide value 4.1 meq/kg, iodine value 50.2, saponification value 186 and unsaponifiable matter 0.53 HSGC profiles of a few samples showed the presence of one to three peaks, while the steam distillation extract showed the presence of aldehydes, ketones, furans and acids.
Reversed‐Phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis of triacylglycerol autoxidation products with ultraviolet and evaporative light‐scattering detectors
Authors: Viinanen Eija , Hopia Anu 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe oxidation products of triacylgycerol standards (trilinolenin, trilinolein and triolein) and a natural mixture of rapeseed oil triacylglycerols were analyzed with a reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. The oxidation products were detected with ultraviolet (UV) and evaporative light‐scattering detectors (ELSD). The chromatographic profiles obtained with these two detectors were similar for all samples except triolein. ELSD is a mass detector and can detect the oxidation products of triolein and other compounds that do not have conjugated dienes in their structure. The two detectors can be used in series. The sensitivity of ELSD approached that of the UV detector used. ELSD seems to be a good universal detector type for monitoring autoxidation products of edible oils.
Heat capacity of the triglycerides: Tricaproin, tricaprylin and tricaprin
Authors: Eiteman Mark A. , Goodrum John W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHeat capacities of tricaproin, tricaprylin, tricaprin and their binary mixtures were determined between 325 and 423°K. In this temperature range, the heat capacity of tricaproin increased from 174 to 206 cal/mol‐K, of tricaprylin from 221 to 281 cal/mol‐K and of tricaprin from 276 to 309 cal/mol‐K. Mixtures of tricaproin/tricaprin and tricaprylin/tricaprin behave as ideal solutions, while a mixture of tricaproin/tricaprylin did not behave as an ideal solution for this temperature range.
Saponification of oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids: Optimization of conditions by response surface methodology
Authors: Lamothe F. , Peyronel D. , Sergent M. , Iatrides M. C. , Artaud J. , Phan‐Tan‐Luu R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA methodological approach was used to optimize experimental conditions leading to complete saponification of cod liver oil without loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Each experiment, using conditions imposed by a Doehlert design, was analyzed for the percentages of fatty acids with different chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation: Y1=%C22:6ω3, Y2=%C20:5ω3, Y3=%C18:4ω3, Y4=%C18:1ω9+ω7, Y5=%C16:0. The difference between values obtained in each experiment and values obtained by transesterification allowed the extent of fatty acid degradation to be quantified. The experimental results were expressed by response surfaces allowing the choice of saponification conditions for each type of fatty acid.An optimum zone for saponification was observed which was larger when carried out under nitrogen. Nitrogen did not eliminate degradation, but degradation was less marked under nitrogen than under air. The fatty acid having the greatest degree of unsaturation in this study, C22:6ω3, was the first to be degraded. The extension of the Doehlert design to four factors showed that under air, alkali concentration and reaction time were the major factors governing loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Effect of selected storage conditions and packaging materials on olive oil quality
Authors: Kiritsakis A. K. , Dugan L. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTransparent glass and polyethylene plastic bottles filled with virgin olive oil were stored in diffused room light and direct sunlight (ca 4 hrs a day in sunlight and the remainder of the day in diffused light). In each case one‐half of the containers were covered completely with aluminum foil. The oxidation of all oil samples proceeded slowly in darkness, faster in diffused light and even faster in direct sunlight. Glass packaging materials gave better protection against oxidation than polyethylene plastic bottles. Significant destruction of the color of oil was observed under different light conditions.
Growth stimulatory activity of unsaturated fatty acids for normal and neoplastic breast epithelium
Authors: Kidwell William R. , Shaffer John 
Published: January 2007

AbstractStudies with experimental animals first showed that dietary lipids in excess have a very large stimulatory effect on the development of breast tumors either induced by carcinogens or occurring spontaneously. These observations took on added significance when epidemiologists found a strong positive correlation between breast cancer incidence and the level of dietary fat. Although not unequivocably established, the total observations concerning this phenomenon suggest a cause and effect relationship between high dietary lipids and breast cancer development. In an attempt to understand how the lipids might be acting, we have begun to assess the effects of various fatty acids on the growth and function of breast epithelium from both normal and neoplastic tissue. The results to date suggest that the unsaturated fatty acids are needed for mammary cell division and that they may play roles in this process by serving as substrates for prostaglandin synthesis, as membrane structural elements or possibly as activators of C kinase when they are in the form of diglycerides. Whatever the mechanism of growth stimulation, it appears that the fatty acids are rate limiting for growth and that physiologic mechanisms for recruiting fatty acids from proximal fat cells exist within the mammary gland. It thus appears that the fat cell serves as a physiologic buffer and that exceeding this buffer such as by consuming excessive lipids may override this buffering capacity and thus favor the division of normal or neoplastic breast cells.
Catalytic isomerization of safflower oil with rhodium complexes
Authors: Basu Amitabha , Kasar T. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCationic rhodium (I) complexes of the type [(NBD)RhL2]+ ClO4− (NBD, norbornadiene; L, triphenyl phosphine or diphenyl phosphino ethane) have been studied as catalysts for the isomerization of methyl linoleate and safflower oil. The catalysts gave very good yields of conjugated products with both oil and methyl linoleate. Isomerization could be carried out under very mild conditions (55–65 C, 1 atm N2). Although the catalyst undergoes transformation in the course of the reaction, it maintains its catalytic activity. In fact, the catalysts isolated from the reaction with safflower oil were recycled with practically no loss of activity.