bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process conditions for separating fatty acid esters by supercritical CO2
Authors: Liang J. H. , Yeh An‐I 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe solubilities of ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA) and ethyl docosahexaenoate (DHA) in supercritical carbon dioxide were determined by a continuous flow method. The solubilities of fatty acid ethyl esters increased with pressure and decreased as the temperature was increased. An empirical equation, similar to Chrastil's equation, was used to describe the relationship between solute solubility and the density of carbon dioxide. The empirical equation was further used to qualitatively estimate the separation efficiency of isolating EPA and DHA ethyl esters from fatty acid esters. The operating conditions yielding high solubility gave fast extraction rate but resulted in low separation efficiency. Experiments were conducted to separate ethyl EPA and ethyl DHA from a model mixture containing four fatty acid ethyl esters and from esterified squid visceral oil. The experimental data compared closely with the calculated values.
Fatty acid composition of seed kernel oil of calodendrum capense (l.f.) thunb.
Authors: Munavu Raphael M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeed kernels ofCalodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb. yielded 60% of a light yellow oil which had the following fatty acid composition: 23.8% palmitic, 4.5% stearic, 33.7% oleic, 35.6% linoleic, 1.4% linolenic and 1.0% arachidic. Myristic and behenic acids were present in trace amounts, and the kernel cake contained 37.6% crude protein.
Fractional crystallization and gas chromatographie analysis of fatty acids as a means of detecting butterfat adulteration
Authors: Farag R. S. , Abo‐Raya S. H. , Ahmed F. A. , Hewedi F. M. , Khalifa H. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method has been devised which gives the distribution of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of pure and adulterated cow and buffalo ghee with lard or margarine. It involves fractionation of pure and adulterated butterfat into fractions by fractional crystallization. The composition of the fatty acids liberated by the hydrolysis of each of the fractions was determined by gas chromatography. Adulteration of cow and buffalo ghee with various levels of lard or margarine caused significant changes in certain fatty acids, i.e., 22:0, 18:1, 18:0 and 16:0. It is possible to determine the extent of admixture of lard or margarine to either cow or buffalo ghee by applying a simple regression equation for certain fatty acids. This technique provides a basis for the detection of lipid adulteration.
The benefit of detergent enzymes under changing washing conditions
Authors: Maase F. W. J. L. , van Tilburg R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe influence of two commercial proteolytic enzymes, Maxatase® and PB‐92, were studied viz á viz changing phosphate content and washing conditions. (Maxatase® is a registered trademark of Gist‐Brocades N.V.; PB‐92 will be sold under the trademark MaxacalTM.) In the USA and Western Europe, detergent phosphate content is decreasing because of environmental considerations/legislation. Washing conditions are changing towards lower temperatures be‐cause of the increased use of synthetic fibers and the need to con‐serve energy. Both Maxatase and PB‐92 are shown to improve sig‐nificantly the performance of US detergents, even at temperatures as low as 70 F. This conclusion is based on Terg‐O‐Tometer tests on EMPA 116 cloth using US detergents and presoak products.
Effect of carbon chain and phenyl isomer distribution on use properties of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate: A comparison of ‘high’ and ‘low’ 2‐phenyl LAS homologs
Authors: Matheson K. Lee , Matsoim Ted P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhenyl isomer distributions, within current commercial limits of HF and A1C13 linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), have little effect on dishwashing performance in light‐duty liquids (LDL), detergency performance in heavy‐duty powders (HDP), and interfacial tension value. The most important factor in determining performance differences among commercial LAS samples is carbon chain homolog distribution. Both HF and A1C13 LAS perform equally well and can be used interchangeably in high‐performance products. The optimum for foam stability in light‐duty liquids shifts towards shorter alkyl chain length as water hardness increases. At 0 ppm water hardness the optimum occurs at C13: at 50–150 ppm the optimum moves to C11 and C12; and above 150 ppm the optimum shifts to include C10, C11 and C,12. The detergency performance optimum range in a phosphate built heavy‐duty powder at 50 and 150 ppm water hardness includes the C12, C13 and C14 alkyl chain lengths. In a nonphosphate built powder the optimum is similar at 50 ppm hardness to that of a phosphate built powder, but shifts at 150 ppm hardness to include C11, C12 and C13.
Heavy‐duty liquid detergent
Authors: Palicka Jadwiga 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA highly concentrated liquid detergent was developed. For the consumer, the quality and costs of this detergent correspond to the light‐duty washing powders, The new detergent can be used in washing machines as well as for hand‐washing. For the consumer, the liquid product is ready for immediate use, gives no solubility problems in hte washing bath and saves both time and energy by surfactants and containing an enzyme, the liquid detergent is activated for strain removal. It is recommended especially for such strains as collar soil, blood, grass and many kinds of food strains. For the best result, the instruction advises the application of “Flytande Tvättmedel” directly on visible stains in a prespotting fashion.
Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acids on hepatic and muscle lipids in hybrid striped bass
Authors: Twibell Ronald G. , Watkins Bruce A. , Rogers Laura , Brown Paul B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are the focus of numerous studies, yet the effects of these isomers of octadecadienoic acids have not been evaluated in many species of fish. In this study, graded amounts of CLA‐0,0.5, 0.75, or 1.0% of the diet—were fed to juvenile hybrid striped bass for 8 wk. Dietary treatments were fed to apparent satiation twice daily to triplicate groups of fish initially weighing 13.4 g/fish. Feed intake and weight gain of fish fed 1.0% CLA were significantly reduced compared to fish fed no CLA. Fish fed 0.5 and 0.75% CLA exhibited reduced feed intake similar to fish fed 1.0% CLA, but had growth rates that were not significantly different from those of fish fed no CLA. Feed efficiency improved significantly in fish as dietary CLA concentrations increased. Total liver lipid concentrations were significantly reduced in fish fed the diets containing CLA compared to those of fish fed the control diet, and intraperitoneal fat ratio was significantly lower in fish fed 1.0% CLA compared to fish fed no CLA. Fish fed dietary CLA exhibited significant increases in hepatosomatic index and moisture content of muscle and carcass. The CLA isomers were detected in liver and muscle of fish fed the diets containing CLA, while a low concentration of one isomer was detected in liver and muscle of fish fed the control diet. Dietary CLA resulted in a significant increase in 18∶2(c‐9,c‐12) concentration in liver and muscle, but a significant reduction in 18∶1n−7 in these tissues. Furthermore, feeding CLA resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in liver, but a reduction of these fatty acids in muscle. This study showed that feeding CLA elevated tissue concentrations of these fatty acid isomers, reduced tissue lipid contents, improved feed efficiency, and altered fatty acid concentrations in liver and muscle of fish.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipoxygenase products in bovine corneal epithelium by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry with an ion trap
Authors: Liminga Maria , Oliw Ernst 
Published: July 2007

AbstractElectrospray ionization ion trap mass spectra of 5‐, 12‐, and 15‐hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic (HPETE), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE), and ketoeicosatetraenoic (KETE) acids were recorded. The HPETE were partly dehydrated to the corresponding KETE in the heated capillary of the mass spectrometer. 12‐HPETE and 15‐HPETE were also converted to KETE by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) in the ion trap, whereas CID of 5‐HPETE yielded little formation of 5‐KETE. Subcellular fractions of bovine corneal epithelium were incubated with arachidonic acid (AA) and the metabolites were analyzed. 15‐HETE and 12‐HETE were consistently formed, whereas significant accumulation of HPETE and KETE was not detected. Biosynthesis of 12‐ and 15‐HETE was quantified with octadeuterated 12‐HETE and 15‐HETE as internal standards. The average biosynthesis of 15‐HETE and 12‐HETE from 30μM AA by the cytosol was 38±8 and below 3 ng/mg protein/30 min, respectively, which increased to 78±21 and 10±4 ng/mg protein/30 min in the presence of 1 mM free Ca2+. The microsomal biosynthesis was unaffected by Ca2+. The microsomes metabolized AA to 15‐HETE as the main metabolite at a low protein concentration (0.3 mg/mL), whereas 12‐HETE and 15‐HETE were formed in a 2∶1 ratio at a combined rate of 0.7±0.2 μg/mg protein/30 min at a high protein concentration (1.8 mg/mL). The level of 12‐HETE in corneal epithelial cells was 50±13 pg/mg tissue, whereas the endogenous amount of 15‐HETE was low or undetectable (<3 pg/mg tissue). Incubation of corneas for 20 min at 37°C before processing selectively increased the amounts of 12‐HETE in the epithelium fourfold to ∼0.2 ng/mg tissue. We conclude that 12‐HETE is the main endogenously formed lipoxygenase product of bovine corneal epithelium.
Analysis of triglycerides by consecutive chromatographic techniques. i.cuphea llavia seed fat
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Farquhar Margaret , Reiser Raymond 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe triglycerides ofCuphea llavia var.miniata seed fat were separated according to the number of double bonds/molecule using preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silicic acid impregnated with silver ion. The recovered frac‐tions were quantitated by the chromotropic acid technique. Each fraction was then separated ac‐cording to mol wt using gas‐liquid chromatog‐raphy (GLC). This multiple chromatography procedure resolvedC. llavia triglycerides into 17 different components. The triglyceride composition ofC. llavia seed fat was calculated from the above results. Since the fat contains 91.2 mole % decanoic acid, it was expected that each triglyceride molecule would contain at least two molecules of decanoic acid. Results showed this to be generally true, but sev‐eral minor component triglycerides not conform‐ing to this pattern were found.
Fat emulsion. Effect of heat on solubility of hydrophilic emulsifiers
Authors: Benerito Ruth R. , Singleton W. S. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe bonds between some water‐soluble emulsifiers and water are hydrogen bonds with low energies of dissociation, of the order of 7 kcal./mole. In the absence of other factors such bonds can be broken by the kinetic energy of motion at elevated temperatures.The solubility of several emulsifiers was determined, and emulsions containing these emulsifiers at concentrations 2 to 4 times the amount required to make a monomolecular film of the oil droplets were made.To provide emulsion stability at homogenization and sterilization temperatures the emulsifiers must be more hydrophilic than many oil‐in‐water emulsifiers that are satisfactory in ordinary use and must have an increased affinity for water in the temperature range of 5° to 120°. For a given type of emulsifier containing a given alkyl group, an optimum weight percentage of polyoxyethylene groups is required.The solubility of an amine type emulsifier with the same alkyl group and approximately the same weight percentage of polyoxyethylene groups per molecule is greater than that of the corresponding amide compound, which, in turn, is more soluble than the corresponding ester type of emulsifier, because of differences in chemical type. Polyethylene‐propylene oxide had the longest solubility range of the emulsifiers tested.An increase in particle size or an appearance of two phases in emulsions prepared with emulsifiers which undergo solubility inversion below 85° was found. Emulsions prepared with emulsifiers whose inversion temperatures were above 85° maintained, generally, a low particle size on autoclaving, did not separate into a watery phase and an emulsion phase, and did not form a layer of oil.Emulsions prepared with two emulsifiers, such that one had some lipophilic characteristics stronger than the other, were found to be stable and maintain a low particle size on autoclaving.
Medium chain length fatty acid esters and their medical and nutritional applications
Authors: Babayan Vigen K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCaprylic and capric acid esters and their applications in medical, nutritional and dietetic uses are described. Medium chain triglycer‐ides (MCT) as a tool in the control of obesity, control in the choles‐terol deposition in the tissues as well as a means of lowering serum cholesterol are cited as unique characteristics of such lipids. MCT as a source of quick energy and high energy is suggested as an alternative to the conventional fats and oils (LCT). Dietetic and nutritional application utilizing the unique characteristics of caprylic and capric acid esters is indicated as alternatives to conventional fats and oils. The mono‐diglycerides of caprylic and capric acid as cholesterol dis‐solving agents in treating of patients having cholesterol gallstones is described to illustrate the unique solvency properties of such mono esters in medical applications. The possibility of such mono esters of di‐ and polyhydric alcohols to act as co‐solvents for oil and water systems is suggested which can be applied in medical, pharmaceuti‐cal and allied fields. Structured lipids with a predominance of capry‐lic and capric acid to modify the properties of triglycerides is described for hyperalimentation uses as well as the special nutritional and dietetic needs.
Standardization of nuclear magnetic resonance measurement of solids in fats and shortenings
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Gregory R. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn investigation of factors that influence the measurement of solids in fats and shortenings by nuclear magnetic resonance was directed toward standardization of the method. The aim was to select abbreviated tempering conditions that would yield results comparable with those existing at temperature equilibrium. Conditions were found which reduced the time and gave an accuracy that made the method suitable for both research and control purposes.
Interaction of an anionic surfactant with hydrous ferric oxide sol
Authors: Schott Hans , Kazella I. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on positively charged hydrous ferric oxide sols (FOS) was studied by following turbidity and electrophoretic mobility as a function of increasing concentration of added SDS and by determining the adsorption isotherm. Adsorption of SDS reduced the electric charge of FOS and caused flocculation. Complete precipitation occurred near zero charge. Further increase in SDS concentration resulted in smaller additional adsorption, charge reversal, and redispersion of FOS. The effect of increasing particle size, resulting from aging or dialysis, on SDS adsorption is discussed qualitatively.
Selective hydrogenation of the cyclopropene acid groups in cottonseed oil
Authors: Ward T. L. , Tango Joao Shojiro , Cousins E. R. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe cyclopropene acid groups in cottonseed oil can be modified by a light hydrogenation which will not produce large amounts oftrans isomers or lower the iodine value to a significant extent. Optimum conditions, as indicated by this investigation, are 105–115C, 20 psig hydrogen pressure, 0.1% electrolytic nickel as catalyst, and a low hydrogen‐dispersion rate. Under milder conditions of hydrogenation the elimination of the cyclopropenes was accompanied by a lower formation oftrans isomers and a lower hydrogenation of noncyclopropenes, but the time required increased. In one hydrogenation carried out with commercial nickel catalyst, the 0.4% of malvalic acid groups in the cottonseed oil was hydrogenated completely whereas the iodine value was reduced by only 1.7 units and only 2.1% oftrans isomers was formed. AVinterization of cottonseed oils which had been hydrogenated to the point of eliminating their response to the Halphen test and in which only small amounts of saturated acid groups andtrans isomers had been formed gave yields equal to or better than those of the original oil. Hydrogȳnation actually increased the ease of winterization.
Crystal properties of stearate esters of racemic and L(+) propylene glycol
Authors: Stauffer C. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe 1‐monostearate and the distearate of pro‐pylene glycol were prepared with racemic propylene glycol and L ( + ) propylene glycol, and their crystal properties were compared. Racemic propylene glycol‐l‐monostearate shows four dif‐ferent polymorphic modifications whereas opti‐cally active propylene glycol‐1‐monostearate is monomorphic, with a melting point of 54.0C and a long spacing of 50.6A. Racemic propylene glycol distearate has an unstable Form II, which transforms irreversibly to Form I near 44C. Form I melts at 58.8C. The two forms have long spacings of 53.4A (Form II) and 43.4A (Form I). Optically active propylene glycol distearate exhibits three crystalline modifications: an un‐stable Form II which transforms irreversibly to Form I near 37C, with Form I melting at 53.9C, and a third, stable form, termed Form III, melt‐ing at 58.80. The long spacings of the three forms are 51.9A, 43.6A, and 46.9A respectively. Heats of transition for the various phase changes are given.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of cyclopropene fatty acids
Authors: Raju P. K. , Reiser Raymond 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA gas‐liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitative estimation of cyclopropene fatty acids as their methyl mercaptan derivatives. This method estimates individual cyclopropene acids as well as normal and cyclopropane acids. Nine seed oils were analyzed for their cyclopropene fatty acid content.Evidence was obtained for the presence of a cyclopropene fatty acid of shorter chain length than malvalic inAlthaea rosea cav and one with a higher chain length than sterculic inBombacopsis glabra seed oil. This method is less accurate for cottonseed oil than for the other oils tested because of the appearance of some unsymmetrical peaks of unknown origin.The mercaptan derivatives of the cyclopropene acids may be isolated by silver ion thin‐layer chromatography.Small amounts of cyclopropane fatty acids were found in a number of the oils analyzed for cyclopropene fatty acids.
Metabolism of brain glycolipid fatty acids
Authors: Kishimoto Yasuo , Radin Norman S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe metabolism of the fatty acid moieties of brain cerebrosides, sulfatides, and gangliosides is reviewed and discussed. The methodology involved in the isolation of the fatty acids is described briefly. It seems clear now that most of these acids are made by chain elongation of intermediate length fatty acids by addition of acetate residues. The unsaturated acids are made by desaturation of the intermediate length acids (palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic) followed by chain elongation. The hydroxy acids are made directly from the corresponding nonhydroxy acids, saturated, unsaturated, and odd‐numbered. All the hydroxy acids undergo oxidative decarboxylation to yield fatty acids containing one less carbon atom. The odd‐numbered acids are also made from propionate, which is elongated to intermediate length acids and then to longer acids. The major intermediate length “primer” acid seems to be palmitate, but there is evidence that the stearate used for cerebroside synthesis is also madede novo from acetate. The ganglioside fatty acids were found to turn over somewhat faster than the other fatty acids. Two metabolic pools for the cerebroside acids were found, one with a very high turnover rate, the other with a very low turnover rate.
Effect of stabilization on the quality characteristics of rice‐bran oil
Authors: Nasirullah  , Krishnamurthy M. N. , Nagaraja K. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of acid, heat and cold stabilization of rice‐bran on the quality characteristics of rice‐bran oil obtained thereof were studied. Acid and heat stabilizations were found to be equally effective as far as the control of free fatty acids is concerned. The iodine value (90‐92.2), saponification value (186‐188) and butyro‐refractometer reading (56‐58) of oils obtained from the stabilized rice‐bran were very much similar to unstabilized/control samples: IV (90‐92.2), SV (188) and BRR (56.0). However, the Bellier turbidity temperature could not be read, due to the presence of residual wax, even up to 70°C. The fatty acid composition of oils obtained from stabilized rice‐bran and determined by gas‐chromatography showed the presence of myristic (1.2–3.3), palmitic (18.0–20.3), stearic (0.5–1.2), oleic (34.0–43.9), linoleic (31.0–35.7), linolenic (2.3–3.7) and arachidic (0.5–2.8%) acids. With the fatty acid composition they resembled control oil samples. There was no effect of stabilization on the PFA quality standards/characteristics of rice‐bran oil. The effect of the chilling of rice‐bran over oil extractability and oil content has also been studied.
Polymorphism of POP and SOS. I. occurrence and polymorphic transformation
Authors: Sato K. , Arishima T. , Wang Z. H. , Ojima K. , Sagi N. , Mori H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe polymorphic modifications of POP and SOS were identified with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), DSC and Raman spectroscopy by using pure samples (99.9%). In POP, six polymorphs, α,γ, pseudo‐β′2, pseudo‐β′1, β′2 and β′1, were obtained, whereas five polymorphs, α, γ, pseudo‐β′, β2 and β1, were isolated in SOS. Thermodynamic stability increased from α to β1 straightforwardly both in POP and SOS, because the polymorphic transformation went monotropically in the order described above. Additionally, the 99.2% sample of POP crystallized another form, δ, but the 99.9% sample did not, implying subtle influences of the impurity. The four forms, α, γ, β2 and β1, of POP, revealed XRD and DSC patterns identical to the four forms of SOS designated by the same symbols. The chain length structure was double inα and triple in the other three forms in both POP and SOS. Peculiarity of POP was revealed partly in the chain length structure of pseudo‐β′2 and pseudo‐β′1 which were double, whereas pseudo‐β′ of SOS was triple. This apparently showed contrast to the facts that the three forms revealed rather similar XRD short spacing patterns. Another peculiarity of POP was revealed in enthalpy value of the melt crystallization of α: ΔHc (α) = 68.1 kJ/mol which was much larger than that of SOS (47.7 kJ/mol), and also than AOA and BOB. These peculiarities mean that the double chain length structures of POP are more stabilized than the others. Raman bands of CH2 scissoring mode of SOS indicated parallel packing in γ, β2 and β1, and orthorhombic perpendicular packing in pseudo‐β′. The polymorphic transformation mechanisms were discussed based on the proposed polymorphic structure models.