bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Stratification in Patients with Brugada Syndrome: Analysis of Daily Fluctuations in 12‐Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Signal‐Averaged Electrocardiogram (SAECG)
Authors: TATSUMI HIROAKI , TAKAGI MASAHIKO , NAKAGAWA EIICHIRO , YAMASHITA HAJIME , YOSHIYAMA MINORU 
Published: May 2006

Introduction: Risk stratification between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with Brugada syndrome is not yet established. We compared daily fluctuations in 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and signal‐averaged ECG (SAECG) characteristics between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with Brugada syndrome to identify new markers for distinguishing between high‐ and low‐risk patients. Methods and Results: Thirty‐five patients with Brugada syndrome underwent ECG and SAECG simultaneously at least 4 times every 3 months. We evaluated daily fluctuations (differences between maximum and minimum values) in ECG and SAECG characteristics and compared them between symptomatic (N = 11), and asymptomatic (N = 24) patients. On ECG, the daily fluctuations in r‐J interval (interval from QRS onset to J point) in leads V1, V2, and V6 were significantly larger in symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients (V1; 20 ± 6 vs 10 ± 8 msec, P < 0.01, V2; 22 ± 8 vs 11 ± 4 msec, P < 0.01, and V6; 24 ± 7 vs 14 ± 7 msec, P < 0.01). On SAECG, daily fluctuations in filtered QRS (f‐QRS) duration and LAS40 were significantly larger in symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients (f‐QRS; 15 ± 7 vs 9 ± 4 msec, P < 0.05, and LAS40; 21 ± 7 vs 10 ± 6 msec, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Instability of depolarization appears to be related to the risk of fatal ventricular arrhythmias in patients with Brugada syndrome. Daily fluctuations in ECG and SAECG characteristics could be useful for distinguishing between high‐ and low‐risk patients with Brugada syndrome.
Uremic syndrome and end‐stage renal disease: Physical manifestations and beyond
Authors: Chikotas Noreen , Gunderman Annette , Oman Terina 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPurpose: This review summarizes data concerning the incidence, definition, pathophysiology, and physical manifestations of patients with uremic syndrome.Data sources: Data sources utilized in writing this article included the National Kidney Foundation Guidelines, the United States Renal Data System, textbooks of medicine and pathophysiology, and medical care and nursing journals.Conclusions: Early identification of kidney disease in the early stages is essential to preserving kidney function for as long as possible. The progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the manifestations of uremic syndrome leading to end‐stage renal failure (ESRF) are often not addressed in the literature for nurse practitioners.Implications for practice: Patients with progressing CKD and ESRF often present in the primary care setting for treatment of acute and chronic conditions not pertaining to their renal status (e.g., viral upper respiratory infections, diabetes, hypertension). Nurse practitioners need to be knowledgeable about the subtle early presentation of uremic syndrome and ESRF, risk factors for kidney disease, assessment tools to make the diagnosis and stage the disease, treatment of this disease, as well as psychological, economic, and the social impact that ESRF imposes on individuals, families, communities, and the healthcare system as a whole when the chronic disease has progressed to end stage.
A comparison of the acidity and basicity of aromatic amines
Authors: Stewart Ross , Dolman Douglas 
Published: May 2006

The acidities of a series of anilines and diphenylamines are compared with their basicities. A plot of the acidity versus the basicity (pKHA on ordinate versus [Formula: see text]) of nine diphenylamines yields a straight line with a slope of 1.30. In a similar plot for 33 substituted anilines and diphenylamines, two types of behavior are observed. Those anilines and diphenylamines without an ortho- or para-nitro group fall about the line with a slope of 1.30, whereas those amines with at least one nitro group in the ortho or para position fall on a different, curved line with a slope of less than unity. The first conjugating nitro group thus has an anomalously large effect on the acidity, but not on the basicity, of aromatic amines. The reasons for this are discussed.An estimate of 33.5 is obtained for the pKHA of ammonia.
Acquisition of the V617F mutation of JAK2 is a late genetic event in a subset of patients with myeloproliferative disorders
Authors: Kralovics Robert , Teo Soon-Siong , Li Sai , Theocharides Alexandre , Buser Andreas S. , Tichelli Andre , Skoda Radek C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAn acquired gain-of-function mutation in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2-V617F) is frequently found in patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs). To test the hypothesis that JAK2-V617F is the disease-initiating mutation, we examined whether all cells of clonal origin carry the JAK2-V617F mutation. Using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the JAK2 mutation and for the X-chromosomal clonality markers IDS and MPP1, we found that the percentage of granulocytes and platelets with JAK2-V617F was often markedly lower than the percentage of clonal granulocytes determined by IDS or MPP1 clonality assays in female patients. Using deletions of chromosome 20q (del20q) as an autosomal, X-chromosome–independent clonality marker, we found a similar discrepancy between the percentage of cells carrying JAK2-V617F and del20q. Our results suggest that in a proportion of patients with MPDs, JAK2-V617F occurs on the background of clonal hematopoiesis caused by a somatic mutation in an as-yet-unknown gene.
Multipolar representation of protein structure
Authors: Gramada Apostol , Bourne Philip E 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
That the structure determines the function of proteins is a central paradigm in biology. However, protein functions are more directly related to cooperative effects at the residue and multi-residue scales. As such, current representations based on atomic coordinates can be considered inadequate. Bridging the gap between atomic-level structure and overall protein-level functionality requires parameterizations of the protein structure (and other physicochemical properties) in a quasi-continuous range, from a simple collection of unrelated amino acids coordinates to the highly synergistic organization of the whole protein entity, from a microscopic view in which each atom is completely resolved to a "macroscopic" description such as the one encoded in the three-dimensional protein shape.

Results
Here we propose such a parameterization and study its relationship to the standard Euclidian description based on amino acid representative coordinates. The representation uses multipoles associated with residue Cα coordinates as shape descriptors. We demonstrate that the multipoles can be used for the quantitative description of the protein shape and for the comparison of protein structures at various levels of detail. Specifically, we construct a (dis)similarity measure in multipolar configuration space, and show how such a function can be used for the comparison of a pair of proteins. We then test the parameterization on a benchmark set of the protein kinase-like superfamily. We prove that, when the biologically relevant portions of the proteins are retained, it can robustly discriminate between the various families in the set in a way not possible through sequence or conventional structural representations alone. We then compare our representation with the Cartesian coordinate description and show that, as expected, the correlation with that representation increases as the level of detail, measured by the highest rank of multipoles used in the representation, approaches the dimensionality of the fold space.

Conclusion
The results described here demonstrate how a granular description of the protein structure can be achieved using multipolar coefficients. The description has the additional advantage of being immediately generalizable for any residue-specific property therefore providing a unitary framework for the study and comparison of the spatial profile of various protein properties.
Comparison of Confirmatory Tests for the Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Mulatero Paolo , Milan Alberto , Fallo Francesco , Regolisti Giuseppe , Pizzolo Francesca , Fardella Carlos , Mosso Lorena , Marafetti Lisa , Veglio Franco , Maccario Mauro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Context: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent form of secondary hypertension, accounting for up to 5–10% of all hypertensive patients, and the diagnosis of PA can present an important challenge for the clinician. After a positive screening test, the diagnosis is confirmed by a suppression test, often an iv saline load test (SLT) or a fludrocortisone suppression test (FST). The FST is considered by many to be the most reliable but is more complex and expensive.
Objective and Design: Our objective was to compare the specificity of SLT with FST for the diagnosis of PA.
Patients and Setting: The study included 100 hypertensive patients referred to hypertension units with suspected PA after the screening test.
Intervention: All patients underwent FST and SLT.
Main Outcome Measures: We assessed plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) before and after FST and SLT.
Results: After iv SLT, 10.4% of the PA patients were negative and 16.1% of patients with essential hypertension were positive after SLT; that is, a correct diagnosis with SLT was obtained in 88% of patients compared with FST. PAC after SLT and PAC after FST were highly correlated (P &lt; 0.0001). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that the best cutoff for PAC after SLT was 5 ng/dl. Patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma displayed a smaller reduction of PAC compared with patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia; a PAC after SLT greater than 6 ng/dl identified all patients eventually diagnosed as having aldosterone-producing adenoma.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the iv SLT is a reasonably good alternative to the more expensive and complex FST for the diagnosis of PA after a positive screening test.
Discussion
Authors: Crane Robert T. 
Published: May 2006

In his admirable analysis of the juristic theory of the state, Dr. Willoughby has said that “analytical political philosophy” views the state “simply as an instrumentality for the creation and enforcement of law.” The point of view from which this philosophy proceeds is thus fixed. It is professedly the legal point of view.It is, however, precisely by peculiar and distinctive points of view from which phenomena are observed, that sciences or philosophies are differentiated one from another. Two philosophies cannot occupy the same standpoint. If there is to be discussion of a philosophy of politics which asserts its viewpoint to be that of a philosophy of law, then it is necessary to define very clearly the relationship between politics and law.As these concepts have been defined by the analytical school, it is obvious that they are intimately connected. By the opponents of this school it may be objected that, when correctly conceived, politics and law are perfectly distinct. It may perhaps be held that what is known as law in modern society is not essentially political at all; but that it has merely happened as an accident of modern political development that a part of the law has received the additional and nonessential sanction of political authority.
The Significance of Psychology for the Study of Politics
Authors: Merriam Charles E. 
Published: May 2006

As a part of its work, the committee on research of the American Political Science Association has undertaken a survey of the relation of politics to kindred types of inquiry, including psychology, anthropology, geography, biology, engineering and others. The purpose of such an inquiry is to explore the relationships that exist with kindred sciences, to facilitate coöperation with our fellow-workers, to improve our methods of investigation, and to promote the progress of political science.The committee is not responsible for this report, for its form or content, its scope or method, its sins of omission or commission. Probably the general sentiment of the committee toward psychology would be expressed by the phrase, con amore ma non troppo.It may be worth while at the outset to scrutinize some of the earlier relations of psychology to political science, for the friendship is one of long standing. In the earlier forms of political thinking, there are crude types of psychology that are of great interest and significance in the development of the art of political thinking. These philosophers evidently utilized all of the psychology that was current in the construction of their political systems.
The Women's Suffrage Movement in England
Authors: Turner Edward Raymond 
Published: May 2006

At present neither the prospect of home rule nor the danger from Germany nor the mighty design of imperial federation assails the public mind of England so insistently as the demand for the enfranchisement of women. Since 1905 it has come to be realized that British men and women are face to face with a change of profound importance, and that the veil of the future hides immense possibilities of good or of ill soon to come.Allowing British women to take part in the government of the realm is a question of the last century and particularly of the years since 1867, but the antiquarian traces the elements of the problem in the feudal law of the earlier middle ages, when tenure and service rather than persons furnished the basis of organization, and when instances occur of women taking part in local affairs and holding office and jurisdiction. For the most part, however, these instances are valuable now merely as the slender basis for legal argument.
Racial Distinctions in Southern Law
Authors: Stephenson Gilbert Thomas 
Published: May 2006

The suffrage clauses recently adopted by six of the Southern States, beginning with Mississippi in 1890 and ending with Virginia in 1902, have disqualified for the elective franchise a majority of the negroes of voting age without appreciably diminishing the possible number of white voters. In other words, there have been racial distinctions in the matter of suffrage without their being so defined in the letter of the law. Now, the question is: Are these suffrage distinctions the only racial distinctions found in the Southern law, either expressed or implied, or are they only members of a group of such distinctions which have been evolving since the negro has been a free man? In this paper it shall be my aim to show briefly that the latter is the case, that there are other racial distinctions recognized in the Southern law, that some of the distinctions once present in Southern codes and constitutions have since been dropped, and that others have been introduced from time to time. And by making the suffrage distinctions only links of a chain, I hope that we shall arrive at some conclusion as to the trend of Southern legislation with regard to the negro.The general subject of racial distinctions is practically limitless in extent. Many of these distinctions are as intangible as race prejudice itself and take various methods of expression. Instead, therefore, of undertaking a general discussion of this inexhaustible subject, I shall narrow it to more manageable proportions by treating only one of its many phases.
Spanish Interests in Morocco
Authors: Andrews George Frederick 
Published: May 2006

Since the Middle Ages Spain has been continuously established within the boundaries of Morocco, and at the present time Spain is the only foreign power possessing a foothold on Moroccan soil. The three island presidios, Penon de Velez de Gomera, the Alhucemas, and the Zaffarines, lying off the coast, and the two cities, Melilla and Ceuta, clinging with desperation to the mainland, comprise the Spanish possessions.Ceuta is by far the most important of these possessions. The fortress is built on a headland extending into the sea toward the east. On the west only, can it be approached by land. As at Melilla, a strip of neutral territory separates the walls of the city from what may be called by courtesy, Makhzen territory, although actually Ceuta, like Melilla, is shut in on the land side by the independent tribes of the mountains. Ceuta has a population of about 14,000, its commerce is unimportant as yet, but there are possibilities of very considerable increase. From Tangier, thirty miles to the west, and from Tetuan, about twenty-five miles to the south, the roads are difficult and dangerous, and there is little communication. Ceuta is kept in touch with Spain by a boat service which makes the trip to Algeciras and return each day.
Campaign Funds in 1928
Authors: Pollock James K. 
Published: May 2006

During the important political year 1928 no fewer than five separate congressional committees were engaged in investigating various phases of the problem of campaign funds. First, the Reed committee, which was appointed by resolution of the 69th Congress to investigate the elections of 1926, was continued in existence so that it could wind up its work. In addition, it was given authority by a new resolution of the 70th Congress to investigate the New Jersey senatorial primary of 1928. Second, the committee on privileges and elections of the Senate was authorized to hear and determine the Wilson-Vare election contest in Pennsylvania. A sub-committee, with Senator Waterman as chairman, was selected on January 27 to perform this task. Third, the Senate created a special committee to investigate pre-convention and election expenditures in the campaign of 1928. Senator Steiwer was appointed chairman of this committee. Fourth, a special House committee was appointed on the day before the close of the session to look into the campaign expenditures of 1928, with Congressman Lehlbach of New Jersey as chairman. Finally, the Senate by resolution authorized the committee on post offices and post roads, or any sub-committee thereof, to investigate the alleged sale of Southern postmasterships, and Senator Brookhart was appointed chairman of the sub-committee.The Reed committee held hearings in April and May in connection with the Wilson-Vare contest in Pennsylvania, and in June in connection with the New Jersey senatorial primary. These investigations did not lead to any particularly valuable disclosures, although they produced some interesting and enlightening information about the Vare machine.
Origin of the Friar Lands Question in the Philippines
Authors: Cunningham Charles H. 
Published: May 2006

When the American government found itself in possession of the newly acquired portions of Spain's colonial empire, and particularly of the Philippines, it was forced to deal with many new and hitherto unfamiliar problems. Social, political and ecclesiastical characteristics were encountered there which were entirely foreign to American governmental traditions, but which were interwoven in the fabric of Philippine institutions and society by three centuries of Spanish rule. Among these was the universally recognized strength and importance of the ecclesiastical power, which in Spanish days had been fostered and protected by the state. Under the new conditions the ecclesiastical organization had to stand by itself, without governmental support.Probably the most difficult problem which had to be solved was the celebrated friar land question. Thousands of hectares of the best land in the archipelago were owned or held by the religious orders. The friars had held these lands for centuries. The economic effect of these holdings was detrimental on account of the prohibitive rents which were demanded for them. The religious orders would not sell these lands of their own accord, and thus the Filipino agriculturists who desired to utilize them were prevented either from buying or renting. The government was also at a loss, since no taxes were paid on the lands of the church. This state of affairs was held by the American authorities to be inconsistent with the best interests of the Filipino people, and with the ideals of a free government.
Proper Safeguards for the Initiative and Referendum Petition
Authors: Schnader W. A. 
Published: May 2006

There is probably no problem in connection with the practical operation of the initiative and referendum on which opinions differ so widely as upon that of the proper safe-guarding of the petition. In every direct legislation State a petition is required to invoke either the initiative or the referendum; and in practically every State certain safeguards have been established either by constitutional provision or by statutory enactment, to prevent the initiative petition from being prostituted by unscrupulous enemies of direct legislation or by those whose zealous advocacy of the initiative and referendum overbalances their judgment.At the outset, there is one proposition upon which all fairminded students of government will agree, namely, that if the initiative and referendum has been established in a state constitution as a part of the State's governmental machinery, its operation should not be impaired or destroyed by indirection. Let the enemies of direct legislation openly endeavor to abolish it by amending the constitution; but failing in this purpose, they should certainly not so hobble the initiative and referendum petition under the guise of safeguarding it, as to nullify the institution itself. The framework of government should not thus be made the victim of political tricksters. Accordingly any provision ostensibly to protect the petition from misuse, which in reality aims to prohibit its legitimate use, is utterly improper and unfit.
Constitutional Developments in Foreign Countries During 1908 and 1909
Authors: Dood W. F. 
Published: May 2006

Perhaps the two most important constitutional events during recent years are the establishment of the South African Union and the struggle in Great Britain over the budget and with reference to the powers of the House of Lords. Both of these events are excluded from treatment here—the South African Union is discussed somewhat fully in another part of this Review; the British constitutional struggle is still in progress, and cannot be satisfactorily treated at the present time.However, with reference to the South African Union it may be well to call attention to the movement away from loosely-constructed federal states. In the United States the state governments have steadily tended to become of less importance as compared with the national government, but this change has necessarily been produced not so much by textual changes in the constitution as by judicial interpretation. By the German imperial constitution of 1871 a fairly centralized federal organization was established, and since 1873 when the federal legislative power was extended over the whole field of civil law there have been no important extensions of federal power by textual changes in the constitution; but here as in the United States the federal power has increased at the expense of the states in a manner not shown by changes in the written instrument of government. “The most important and most weighty interests of the nation are common to all and must be cared for in a uniform manner, and all branches of public law and political life stand in a close and indissoluble relation the one to the other, so that by the logic of facts particularism must give place to unity, the common will must to an ever increasing extent displace the separate wills of the individual states.”