bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socio-economic determinants of selected dietary indicators in British pre-school children
Authors: Watt Richard G , Dykes Joanna , Sheiham Aubrey 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectives:To assess the proportion of pre-school children meeting reference nutrient intakes (RNIs) and recommendations for daily intakes of iron, zinc, vitamins C and A, and energy from non-milk extrinsic sugars. To assess whether meeting these five dietary requirements was related to a series of socio-economic variables.Design:Secondary analysis of data on daily consumption of foods and drinks from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of children aged 1.5–4.5 years based on 4-day weighed intakes.Subjects:One thousand six hundred and seventy-five British pre-school children aged 1.5–4.5 years in 1993.Results:Only 1% of children met all five RNIs/recommendations examined; 76% met only two or fewer. Very few children met the recommendations for intakes of zinc (aged over four years) and non-milk extrinsic sugars (all ages). The number of RNIs/recommendations met was related to measures of socio-economic class. Children from families in Scotland and the North of England, who had a manual head of household and whose mothers had fewest qualifications, met the least number of RNIs/recommendations.Conclusions:Very few pre-school children have diets that meet all the RNIs and recommendations for iron, zinc, vitamins C and A, and energy from non-milk extrinsic sugars. Dietary adequacy with respect to these five parameters is related to socio-economic factors. The findings emphasise the need for a range of public health policies that focus upon the social and economic determinants of food choice within families.
Dietary diversity score and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults
Authors: Azadbakht Leila , Mirmiran Parvin , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAimTo evaluate the relationship between dietary diversity score (DDS) and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults.MethodsIn this population-based cross-sectional study, a representative sample of 581 subjects (295 males and 286 females) aged over 18 years, residents of Tehran, participated. Hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose concentration ≥ 126 mg dl−1or 2-h post challenge glucose concentration ≥ 200 mg dl−1. Hypertension was defined on the basis of the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Dietary diversity was defined according to the Diet Quality Index revised.ResultsMean (±standard deviation) DDS was 6.15 ± 1.02. The probability of having diabetes (odds ratio (OR) among quartiles: 1.45, 1.26, 1.11 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.04) and hypertriglyceridaemia (OR = 1.41, 1.23, 1.05 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.04) decreased with increasing quartile of the diversity score for whole grains. The probability of having obesity (OR among quartiles: 1.39, 1.06, 1.03 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.03), hypercholesterolaemia (OR = 1.46, 1.28, 1.11 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.03), hypertension (OR = 1.32, 1.17, 1.13 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.03) and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR = 1.25, 1.12, 1.07 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.04) decreased with increasing quartile of the diversity score for vegetables. The probability of having hypercholesterolaemia, high LDL-C, hypertension and diabetes decreased with quartile of the DDS. But the probability of being obese increased with quartile of the DDS (Pfor trend = 0.03).ConclusionDDS was inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors in this cross-sectional study. Increased diversity scores of diets, to increase the variety score for vegetables, may be emphasised in programmes attempting to bring about changes in lifestyle.
Do mothers understand healthy eating principles for low-birth-weight infants?
Authors: Morgan Jane B , Williams Peter , Foote Keith D , Marriott Lynne D 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo describe feeding patterns and mothers' perceptions of desirable feeding practices in low-birth-weight (LBW) infants after hospital discharge in England and to test for the association of inappropriate practices/perceptions with identifiable demographics.DesignPostal questionnaires from 198 mothers of LBW infants in London, Liverpool and Winchester were analysed regarding infant demographics, mothers' demographics, infant milks used, solid feeding practices and mothers' perceptions of infant feeding practices.ResultsAt birth, the median weight, independent of gestational age, was 1.80 kg (range 0.6–2.50 kg) and 37.1% of infants received breast milk exclusively; 83.7% were breast-fed at some stage, a practice favoured more by first-time mothers (90.2%) than multiparous mothers (73.4%) (P = 0.004) as well as by mothers of higher social groups (P> = 0.019). The median age of solid food introduction was 17 postnatal weeks (range 8–36 weeks); the timing correlated strongly with infant birth weight (P < 0.001). A high-fibre diet and a low-fat diet were incorrectly considered important for their infants by 67.1% and 51.6% of mothers, respectively. Regarding a high-fibre diet as important was associated with being a multiparous mother (P = 0.006), while regarding a low-fat diet as important was associated with low social group (P = 0.018). A quarter of mothers did not consider 'plenty of calories' to be important for their infants, reflecting similar attitudes in 1990 for mothers of term infants; this incorrect attitude exhibited an association with being a first-time mother (P = 0.047).ConclusionsInfant feeding practices were very variable, showing poor concordance with national and international recommendations for term infants. In selecting foods for their infants, many mothers appeared to be applying principles more appropriate to planning a healthy diet for adults. There is an urgent need to develop and implement evidence-based guidelines for feeding LBW infants after hospital discharge, with special attention given to multiparous mothers as well as mothers from lower social groups.
The influence of age and body mass index on relative accuracy of energy intake among Japanese adults
Authors: Okubo Hitomi , Sasaki Satoshi , Hirota Naoko , Notsu Akiko , Todoriki Hidemi , Miura Ayako , Fukui Mitsuru , Date Chigusa 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo examine relationships between the ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (EI/BMR) and age and body mass index (BMI) among Japanese adults.DesignEnergy intake was assessed by 4-day semi-weighed diet records in each of four seasons (16 days in total). The EI/BMR ratio was calculated from reported energy intake and estimated basal metabolic rate as an indicator of reporting accuracy.SettingResidents in three areas in Japan, namely Osaka (urban), Nagano (rural inland) and Tottori (rural coastal).SubjectsOne hundred and eighty-three healthy Japanese men and women aged ≥30 years.ResultsThe oldest age group (≥60 years) had higher EI/BMR values than the youngest age group (30–39 years) in both sexes (1.74 vs. 1.37 for men; 1.65 vs. 1.43 for women). In multiple regression analyses, age correlated positively (partial correlation coefficient, β = 0.012, P < 0.001 for men; β = 0.011, P < 0.001 for women) and BMI correlated negatively (β = −0.031, P < 0.001 for men; β = −0.025, P < 0.01 for women) with EI/BMR.ConclusionAge and BMI may influence the relative accuracy of energy intake among Japanese adults.
Dietary intake of vitamin B6and concentration of vitamin B6in blood samples of German vegans
Authors: Waldmann A , Dörr B , Koschizke JW , Leitzmann C , Hahn A 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the dietary vitamin B6intake and determine the vitamin B6concentration in blood samples of German vegans.Design and settingCross-sectional study with 33 examination sites all over Germany.SubjectsNinety-three vegans (50 females) with a mean (±standard deviation (SD)) age of 43.7 ± 15.7 years who took no vitamin supplements.MethodsDietary intake was assed using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activity coefficient (EAST-AC) was calculated as the ratio of stimulated (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate added) to unstimulated activity in blood samples that were provided after an overnight fast.ResultsMean ± SD vitamin B6intake was 2.83 ± 0.98 mg day−1and mean ± SD protein intake was 56.6 ± 21.7 g day−1. Of the participants 4% showed vitamin B6intakes lower than daily recommended intakes for Germany, 16% showed EAST-AC > 1.85, and a further 58% showed EAST-AC of 1.5–1-85. Moderate vegans were affected to a lesser extent than strict vegans. None of the established confounders was a significant predictor of EAST-AC. In logistic regression analyses the contribution of nutriments and cereals to pyridoxine intake was the only predictor of EAST-AC classified as < 1.85 and ≥ 1.85, respectively.ConclusionsIn spite of the high total intake of vitamin B6, an adequate concentration in blood samples could not be realised for a majority of the participants. Due to the health implications of a marginal pyridoxine status, vegans should be encouraged to include foods with a high bioavailability of pyridoxine, such as beans, lentils and bananas, in the daily diet.
Associations between television viewing and consumption of commonly advertised foods among New Zealand children and young adolescents
Authors: Utter Jennifer , Scragg Robert , Schaaf David 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo explore how time spent watching television (TV) is associated with the dietary behaviours of New Zealand children and young adolescents.DesignSecondary data analysis of a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey.SettingIn homes or schools of New Zealand school students.ParticipantsIn total, 3275 children aged 5 to 14 years.ResultsThe odds of being overweight or obese increased with duration of TV viewing for children and adolescents when controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status and physical activity. Children and adolescents who watched the most TV were significantly more likely to be higher consumers of foods most commonly advertised on TV: soft drinks and fruit drinks, some sweets and snacks, and some fast foods. Both children and adolescents watching two or more hours of TV a day were more than twice as likely to drink soft drinks five times a week or more (P= 0.03 andP= 0.04, respectively), eat hamburgers at least once a week (bothP= 0.02), and eat French fries at least once a week (bothP< 0.01).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that longer duration of TV watching (thus, more frequent exposure to advertising) influences the frequency of consumption of soft drinks, some sweets and snacks, and some fast foods among children and young adolescents. Efforts to curtail the amount of time children spend watching TV may result in better dietary habits and weight control for children and adolescents. Future studies examining the impact of advertising on children's diets through interventions and international comparisons of legislation would provide more definitive evidence of the role of advertising in child and adolescent obesity.
The burden of cardiovascular disease and cancer attributable to low fruit and vegetable intake in the European Union: differences between old and new Member States
Authors: Pomerleau Joceline , Lock Karen , McKee Martin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the burden of disease attributable to low fruit and vegetable intake in the 15 countries that were members of the European Union (EU) before May 2004 (EU-15) and the 10 countries that then joined it (EU-10).DesignData on fruit and vegetable intake, target levels of intake and estimates of relative risks, deaths and disability were combined to obtain the burden of ischaemic heart disease, ischaemic stroke and four types of cancer (lung/bronchus/trachea, stomach, oesophagus, and colon/rectum) attributable to low fruit and vegetable consumption.SettingEU-15 and EU-10 Member States.ResultsThe number of lives potentially saved annually from the selected outcomes if fruit and vegetable intake increased to 600 g person−1 day−1 reached 892 000 and 423 000 in the EU-15 and EU-10, respectively; total disease burden could decrease by 1.9% and 3.6%, respectively. The burden of ischaemic heart disease and stroke could be reduced by up to 17% and 10%, respectively, in the EU-15 and by 24% and 15%, respectively, in the EU-10; potential reductions for the selected cancers varied from 1% to 12% in the EU-15 and from 2% to 17% in the EU-10.ConclusionsThe potential health gain of increased fruit and vegetable intake is particularly large in the new Member States, and particularly high for cardiovascular diseases, a main cause of health divide in Europe. This stresses the need for better nutrition programmes and policies that take account of economic, social and cultural specificities.
Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?
Authors: Steyn NP , Nel JH , Nantel G , Kennedy G , Labadarios D 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether a food variety score (FVS) and/or a dietary diversity score (DDS) are good indicators of nutrient adequacy of the diet of South African children.MethodsSecondary data analyses were undertaken with nationally representative data of 1–8-year-old children (n = 2200) studied in the National Food Consumption Study in 1999. An average FVS (mean number of different food items consumed from all possible items eaten) and DDS (mean number of food groups out of nine possible groups) were calculated. A nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) is the ratio of a subject's nutrient intake to the estimated average requirement calculated using the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (2002) recommended nutrient intakes for children. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated as the sum of NARs for all evaluated nutrients divided by the number of nutrients evaluated, expressed as a percentage. MAR was used as a composite indicator for micronutrient adequacy. Pearson correlation coefficients between FVS, DDS and MAR were calculated and also evaluated for sensitivity and specificity, with MAR taken as the ideal standard of adequate intake. The relationships between MAR and DDS and between anthropometric Z-scores and DDS were also evaluated.ResultsThe children had a mean FVS of 5.5 (standard deviation (SD) 2.5) and a mean DDS of 3.6 (SD 1.4). The mean MAR (ideal = 100%) was 50%, and was lowest (45%) in the 7–8-year-old group. The items with the highest frequency of consumption were from the cereal, roots and tuber group (99.6%), followed by the ‘other group’ (87.6%) comprising items such as tea, sugar, jam and sweets. The dairy group was consumed by 55.8%, meat group by 54.1%, fats by 38.9%, other vegetables by 30.8%, vitamin-A-rich by 23.8%, other fruit by 22%, legumes and nuts by 19.7% and eggs by 13.3%. There was a high correlation between MAR and both FVS (r = 0.726; P < 0.0001) and DDS (r = 0.657; P < 0.0001), indicating that either FVS or DDS can be used as an indicator of the micronutrient adequacy of the diet. Furthermore, MAR, DDS and FVS showed significant correlations with height-for-age and weight-for-age Z-scores, indicating a strong relationship between dietary diversity and indicators of child growth. A DDS of 4 and an FVS of 6 were shown to be the best indicators of MAR less than 50%, since they provided the best sensitivity and specificity.ConclusionEither FVS or DDS can be used as a simple and quick indicator of the micronutrient adequacy of the diet.
Nutrient profiling: comparison and critical analysis of existing systems
Authors: Azaïs-Braesco V , Goffi C , Labouze E 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundNutrient profiling systems aim at positioning foodstuffs relative to each other according to their contribution to a balanced diet. The accuracy and performance of methodologies are still debated. We present here a critical analysis of the structure and efficiency of the current schemes.MethodsThe literature survey detected only four systems addressing the issue on an ‘across the board’ approach and with enough detail to enable analysis. The building principles of these systems were compared and their performance was estimated via their classification of a series of 125 foodstuffs on the basis of nutritional composition. These classifications were compared with one another and with an empirical classification by expert nutritionists.ResultsAll systems gave a similar overview, with fruits and vegetables ranked as the most favourable foods and fatty and sugary foods as the least favourable ones, but numerous discrepancies existed in every system, mainly related to their choice of nutrients and thresholds. The FSA scoring system seemed the most consistent approach, although it still generated some questionable rankings. Expert classification did not clearly validate any scheme, and cannot be considered as a true reference.ConclusionNutrient profiling systems are confirmed to be powerful tools to translate nutritional information related to the whole diet into the level of individual foods. However, the performance of the existing schemes remains moderate. Alternative approaches, such as considering food categories or introducing more stringent validation steps by a panel of expert nutritionists, could be ways to reach more efficient and consensual tools.
Effects of chronic celecoxib on testicular function in normal and lipopolysaccharide‐treated rats
Authors: Winnall Wendy R. , Muir Julie A. , Liew Seng , Hirst Jon J. , Meachem Sarah J. , Hedger Mark P. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryCelecoxib (Celebrex™), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2; prostaglandin–endoperoxide synthase 2; EC 1.14.99.1), is widely used in the treatment of chronic inflammation and pain. COX‐2 is constitutively expressed in the testis, where it is responsible for prostaglandin production, so inhibition of this enzyme should have effects on testicular function. The effects of administering celecoxib (oral with feed, 0.15% w/w) for 5 weeks on normal testis function and the response to low dose (0.1 mg/kg body weight) or high dose (5.0 mg/kg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined in adult male rats. Celecoxib caused a 60% reduction in testicular interstitial fluid (IF) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations, accompanied by a compensatory increase in COX‐2 mRNA expression. Celecoxib increased IF volume by 30%, but had no effect on testis weight, testis morphology or serum testosterone levels. In the celecoxib‐fed rats, the dose‐dependent inhibitory effects of LPS on testis weight, IF volume and serum testosterone levels were significantly diminished. However, celecoxib had no effect on COX‐2 protein levels or LPS‐induced expression of the inflammatory mediators interleukin‐1β, tumour necrosis factor‐α or inducible nitric‐oxide synthase. A similar lack of inhibition of LPS‐induced cytokine expression by another COX‐2 inhibitor, NS‐398, was observed in vitro. These data indicate that celecoxib reduces intratesticular activity of COX‐2 (as indicated by PGE2 levels) and inhibits IF formation in the testis, but has no appreciable effect on steroidogenesis or spermatogenesis, at least in the short term. Celecoxib does not appear to alter the ability of the testis to mount an inflammatory response but opposes the deleterious effects of inflammation on IF formation and testosterone production. These results indicate significant roles for products of the COX‐2 pathway in testicular vascular control and steroidogenesis, which may have implications for men with marginal fertility taking celecoxib for extended periods, but also highlight the potential of this drug to ameliorate testicular damage caused by systemic or local inflammation.
Stabilization of membrane‐associated α‐l‐fucosidase by the human sperm equatorial segment
Authors: Venditti Jennifer J. , Bean Barry S. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryPrevious reports from this laboratory documented the existence of two novel isoforms of α‐l‐fucosidase in human semen and showed that membrane‐associated α‐l‐fucosidase is cryptically held within the acrosomal compartment and enriched within the sperm equatorial segment. The occurrence of these novel isoforms is provocative. Sperm proteins potentially involved in sperm–egg interactions must maintain their functional integrity as they travel through the female reproductive tract. The goal of this project was to investigate the stability of membrane‐associated α‐l‐fucosidase in human sperm. Whole seminal plasma and Percoll®purified sperm cell populations were incubated for 72 h at 37 °C, with 5% CO2 or ambient air. At various times during prolonged incubation, sperm cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton®X‐100 and enzyme assays using the fluorogenic substrate 4‐MU‐fuc were performed to evaluate the stability of both the seminal plasma and membrane‐associated α‐l‐fucosidase. Here, we report seminal plasma α‐l‐fucosidase activity rapidly decreased within 24 h. Conversely, α‐l‐fucosidase activity from Percoll® purified sperm cell populations persisted up to 72 h. Data from these experiments support the notions that (i) membrane‐associated α‐l‐fucosidase is stable for extended periods of time, consistent with a possible role in sperm–egg interaction and (ii) membrane domains and compartmentalization within the human sperm are key to preserving protein integrity.
Effects of dextroamphetamine, caffeine and modafinil on psychomotor vigilance test performance after 44 h of continuous wakefulness
Authors: KILLGORE WILLIAM D. S. , RUPP TRACY L. , GRUGLE NANCY L. , REICHARDT REBECCA M. , LIPIZZI ERICA L. , BALKIN THOMAS J. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryProlonged sleep loss impairs alertness, vigilance and some higher‐order cognitive and affective capacities. Some deficits can be temporarily reversed by stimulant medications including caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil. To date, only one study has directly compared the effectiveness of these three compounds and specified the doses at which all were equally effective in restoring alertness and vigilance following 64 h of wakefulness. The present study compared the effectiveness of these same three stimulants/doses following a less extreme period of sleep loss (i.e., 44 h). Fifty‐three healthy adults received a single dose of modafinil 400 mg (n = 11), dextroamphetamine 20 mg (n = 16), caffeine 600 mg (n = 12), or placebo (n = 14) after 44 h of continuous wakefulness. After 61 h of being awake, participants obtained 12 h of recovery sleep. Psychomotor vigilance was assessed bi‐hourly during waking and following recovery sleep. Relative to placebo, all three stimulants were equally effective in restoring psychomotor vigilance test speed and reducing lapses, although the duration of action was shortest for caffeine and longest for dextroamphetamine. At these doses, caffeine was associated with the highest percentage of subjectively reported side‐effects while modafinil did not differ significantly from placebo. Subsequent recovery sleep was adversely affected in the dextroamphetamine group, but none of the stimulants had deleterious effects on postrecovery performance. Decisions regarding stimulant selection should be made with consideration of how factors such as duration of action, potential side‐effects, and subsequent disruption of recovery sleep may interact with the demands of a particular operational environment.