bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for self: The layers and labels of panic disorder: A New Zealand study
Authors: Hamer Helen P. , McCallin Antoinette M. , Garrett Nick 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe diagnosis and management of panic symptoms are relatively neglected. If not treated, people can develop a panic disorder, a condition that has an adverse effect on the client's quality of life and psychological well‐being. The aim of this New Zealand research is to understand the clients' perspective of panic disorder and how it impacts on their quality of life. Ten participants were interviewed and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The research findings indicate that recovery from panic disorder occurs in a process of the search for self that is made up of self‐understanding and the reclaiming the self. The findings provide a psychosocial perspective of panic disorder that will assist nurses who work with these clients. Nurses are pivotal in teaching clients about their body's response to stress and health anxiety, the giving of supplementary health information, and timely referral for specialist treatment. The recommendations for nurse specialist input and biopsychosocial assessments are discussed.
Advertising of antihypertensive medicines and prescription sales in Australia
Authors: Vitry A. , Lai Y. H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground: Drug promotion is one of the main factors that influence prescribing practices, but there are limited data available to quantify the relationship between drug advertising and prescription sales.Aim: To investigate the relationship between advertising for antihypertensive medicines and prescription sales in Australia between 1993 and 2002.Methods: Retrospective observational study. Advertising trends were monitored by counting the number of advertisements published in three Australian medical journals. Monthly prescription dispensing data were obtained from Drug Utilisation Sub‐Committee and expressed as numbers of defined daily doses/1000 inhabitants/day. Linear regression and cross‐correlations of time series were used in the analysis.Results: The drug classes the most heavily advertised, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers, were also the most prescribed during the study period, while the drugs the least advertised, thiazide diuretics and beta‐blockers, were the least used. In 5 of the 7 main antihypertensive classes, the product the most advertised was also the most prescribed. Other factors, such as the publication of large clinical trials, may have also influenced prescribing patterns.Conclusion: Prescription sales of antihypertensives in Australia are correlated with promotional advertising. The newest and most expensive medicines may be chosen over older effective drugs by prescribers. New policies on drug promotion control need to be developed.
Loop ileostomy following anterior resection: is it really temporary?
Authors: David G. G. , Slavin J. P. , Willmott S. , Corless D. J. , Khan A. U. , Selvasekar C. R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIntroduction  A temporary loop ileostomy is often created to minimize the impact of peritoneal sepsis if anastomotic dehiscence occurs following low colorectal anastomosis. Although it has been suggested that a loop ileostomy should be reversed within 12 weeks of formation, this is often not the case. We set out to analyse the use of loop ileostomy following elective anterior resection in England and to identify factors associated with non and delayed reversal.Method  Hospital episode statistics for the years 2001–2006 were obtained from the Department of Health. Patients undergoing elective anterior resection with a loop ileostomy for a primary diagnosis of rectal or recto‐sigmoid cancer between April 2001 and March 2003 were identified as the study cohort. This cohort was followed until March 2006 to identify patients undergoing reversal of an ileostomy in an English NHS Hospital.Results  A total of 6582 patients had an elective anterior resection between April 2001 and March 2003, of which 964 (14.6%) also had an ileostomy. Seven hundred and two (75.1%) patients were reversed before March 2006. Advancing age and comorbidity were statistically related to nonreversal. Median time to reversal was 207 days (Interquartile range 119–321.5 days). Postoperative chemotherapy and comorbidity significantly delayed reversal.Conclusions  One in four loop ileostomies performed to defunction an elective anterior resection is not reversed, and in the presence of significant comorbidity one in three is not reversed. Only 12% is reversed within 12 weeks.
Light and electron microscopic study of the anterior oesophagus of Bulla striata (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)
Authors: Lobo‐da‐Cunha Alexandre , Oliveira Elsa , Alves Ângela , Coelho Rita , Calado Gonçalo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLobo‐da‐Cunha, A., Oliveira, E., Alves, Â., Coelho, R. and Calado, G. 2010. Light and electron microscopic study of the anterior oesophagus of Bulla striata (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 125–138.The anterior oesophagus of Bulla striata was investigated with light and electron microscopy. In the most anterior region, the ridges of the oesophageal wall are covered by a ciliated columnar epithelium forming large apical blebs which are released into the lumen, an activity that is particularly intense in the oesophageal pouch. In the last two‐thirds of the anterior oesophagus, the epithelium is covered with microvilli embedded in a cuticle, but apocrine secretion and cilia are absent. Subepithelial secretory cells are very abundant in the oesophageal wall, except in the roof of the pouch. They have a long neck that crosses the epithelium, whereas the cell body containing the nucleus is embedded in the connective tissue. Large electron‐lucent secretory vesicles and many Golgi stacks fill most of their cytoplasm. The histochemical and cytochemical assays show that these cells secrete acid mucopolysaccharides. With the current and future studies we aim to obtain data for the establishment of relationships between morphofunctional features of the digestive system and food types in cephalaspideans. Additionally, the new data about the oesophageal pouch of B. striata may be useful for the establishment of eventual homologies with the oesophageal diverticula of other opisthobranchs.
Significance of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron‐emission tomography/computed tomography for the postoperative surveillance of advanced renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Park Jong Wook , Jo Moon Ki , Lee Hyun Moo 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the role of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron‐emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) for the surveillance of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have a high risk of local recurrence or distant metastasis, by comparing the results with those of conventional imaging methods.PATIENTS AND METHODSSixty‐three patients with RCC had conventional imaging studies and FDG PET/CT during the follow‐up after surgical treatment. Their pathological stages were T2 in 28 patients, T3a in 14, T3b in 19 and T4 in two; lymph‐node or distant metastases were present in 12 patients. Suspicious recurrent or metastatic lesions were confirmed by histopathology or by clinical follow‐up. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of conventional surveillance methods and FDG PET/CT were analysed. The difference in the accuracy of FDG PET/CT by nuclear grade and histological subtype of tumours was also assessed.RESULTSThe FDG PET/CT accurately classified the presence of a recurrence or metastasis in 56 (89%) patients. FDG PET/CT had an 89.5% sensitivity, 83.3% specificity, 77.3% positive predictive value, 92.6% negative predictive value, and 85.7% accuracy in detecting recurrence or metastasis, which was not significantly different from the results with conventional methods. Moreover, the accuracy of the FDG PET/CT by nuclear grade and histological subtypes was not significantly different.CONCLUSIONFor the surveillance of high‐risk RCC, FDG PET/CT had results that were as good as conventional methods and were not influenced by the nuclear grades of cancer cells. In addition, it was possible to examine all organ systems in one procedure, and there was no need for contrast agents, that can damage renal function. Therefore, FDG PET/CT might replace conventional methods.
A STUDY OF BIOETHICAL KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTIONS IN KOREA
Authors: PARK YOUNG‐JOON , KIM SUJIN , KIM AEREE , HA SEUNG‐YEON , LEE YOUNG‐MEE , SHIN BONG‐KYUNG , LEE HYUN‐JOO , PARK SOOJIN , KIM HAN‐KYEOM 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis study assessed the knowledge and perception of human biological materials (HBM) and biorepositories among three study groups in South Korea. The relationship between the knowledge and the perception among different groups was also examined by using factor and regression analyses. In a self‐reporting survey of 440 respondents, the expert group was found more likely to be knowledgeable and positively perceived than the others. Four factors emerged: Sale and Consent, Flexible Use, Self‐Confidence, and Korean Bioethics and Biosafety Action restriction perception. The results indicate that those who are well aware of the existence of biobanks were more positively inclined to receive the Sale and Consent perception. As a result of the need for high quality HBMs and the use of appropriate sampling procedures for every aspect of the collection and use process, the biorepository community should pay attention to ethical, legal, and policy issues.
EQUALITY AND THE DUTY TO RETARD HUMAN AGEING
Authors: FARRELLY COLIN 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTWhere does the aspiration to retard human ageing fit in the ‘big picture’ of medical necessities and the requirements of just healthcare? Is there a duty to retard human ageing? And if so, how much should we invest in the basic science that studies the biology of ageing and could lead to interventions that modify the biological processes of human ageing? I consider two prominent accounts of equality and just healthcare – Norman Daniels's application of the principle of fair equality of opportunity and Ronald Dworkin's account of equality of resources – and conclude that, once suitably amended and revised, both actually support the conclusion that anti‐ageing research is important and could lead to interventions that ought to be considered ‘medical necessities’.
ON THE MORALITY OF GUINEA‐PIG RECRUITMENT
Authors: VALDMAN MIKHAIL 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTCan it be wrong to conduct medical research on human subjects even with their informed consent and even when the transaction between the subjects and researchers is expected to be mutually beneficial? This question is especially pressing today in light of the rise of a semi‐professional class of ‘guinea pigs’– human research subjects that sell researchers a right of access to their bodies in exchange for money. Can these exchanges be morally problematic even when they are consensual and mutually beneficial? I argue that there are two general kinds of concern one can have about such transactions – concerns about the nature of what is sold and concerns about the conditions in which the selling occurs. The former involves worries about degradation and the possible wrongness of selling a right of access to one's body. These worries, I argue, are not very serious. The latter involves worries about coercion, exploitation, and undue influence – about how, by virtue of their ignorance, impulsiveness, or desperation, guinea pigs can be taken advantage of by medical researchers. These worries are quite serious but I argue that, at least in cases where the exchange between guinea pigs and researchers is consensual and mutually beneficial, they do not raise insurmountable moral problems.
OUGHT WE TO ENHANCE OUR COGNITIVE CAPACITIES?1
Authors: TÄNNSJÖ TORBJÖRN 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTOught we to improve our cognitive capacities beyond the normal human range? It might be a good idea to level out differences between peoples cognitive capacities; and some people's reaching beyond normal capacities may have some good side‐effects on society at large (but also bad side‐effects, of course). But is there any direct gain to be made from having ones cognitive capacities enhanced? Would this as such make our lives go better? No, I argue; or at least there doesn't seem to be any evidence suggesting that it would. And it doesn't matter whether we consider the question from a narrow hedonistic perspective, from a more refined hedonistic perspective, from a desire‐satisfaction view, or from some reasonable objective list view of what makes a life go well. Only an extremely perfectionist – and implausible – view of what makes our lives go well could support any direct value in cognitive enhancement. Finally, our sense of identity gives us no good reasons to enhance even our capacity to remember. So, cognitive enhancement as such would not improve our lives.
ENHANCING EVOLUTION AND ENHANCING EVOLUTION
Authors: BRASSINGTON IAIN 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTIt has been claimed in several places that the new genetic technologies allow humanity to achieve in a generation or two what might take natural selection hundreds of millennia in respect of the elimination of certain diseases and an increase in traits such as intelligence. More radically, it has been suggested that those same technologies could be used to instil characteristics that we might reasonably expect never to appear due to natural selection alone. John Harris, a proponent of this genomic optimism, claims in his book Enhancing Evolution that we not only have it in our power to enhance evolution, but that we also have a duty to do so. In this paper, I claim that Harris' hand is strong but that he overplays it nevertheless. He is correct to dismiss the arguments of the anti‐enhancement lobby and correct to say that enhancement is permissible; but ‘good’ is different from ‘permissible’ and his argument for the goodness of enhancement is less convincing. Moreover, he is simply wrong to claim that it generates a duty to enhance.
Training, Job Satisfaction, and Workplace Performance in Britain: Evidence from WERS 2004
Authors: Jones Melanie K. , Jones Richard J. , Latreille Paul L. , Sloane Peter J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper analyses the relationship between training, job satisfaction, and workplace performance using the British 2004 Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS). Several measures of performance are analysed including absence, quits, financial performance, labour productivity, and product quality. Although there is clear evidence that training is positively associated with job satisfaction, and job satisfaction in turn is positively associated with most measures of performance, the relationship between training and performance is complex, depending on both the particular measures of training and of performance used in the analysis.
Governing Without Law or Governing Without Government? New‐ish Governance and the Legitimacy of the EU
Authors: Scott Colin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe way the EU is governed and the way such governance is perceived contributes centrally to the legitimacy of the European enterprise. This legitimacy underpins both the acceptance and the effects of EU activity. Legitimacy is a product of the way in which decisions are taken, and the nature and quality of such decisions. Pressures created by concerns about both forms of legitimacy affecting EU decision making partially explain the turn in legal scholarship away from the more traditional preoccupation with the analysis of legislative instruments and case‐law, towards a more broadly based conception of governance which involves the examination of a more diverse range of processes and instruments. This article offers an analysis of the parameters of newness in governance. The overall argument is that some of the more innovative governance modes are not so new, whilst more recent and celebrated modes, although displaying elements of newness, are, perhaps, not that innovative. The focus of the new governance in the EU is largely on governing without law, rather than the more radical governing without government; hence the suggestion that we are experiencing only ‘new‐ish governance’. The article asks whether a limited conception of new governance is inevitable given the legitimacy constraints within which the EU operates, or whether the potential for developing a broader conception of governance, through wider participation and involvement of non‐governmental governing capacities, might bolster legitimacy through both better processes and better outcomes.
Deploying the Classic ‘Community Method’ in the Social Policy Field: The Example of the Acquired Rights Directive
Authors: Barrett Gavin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe use of the Community method of legislation, in particular the deployment of directives, has for a long time been at the core of EC labour market policy. This article seeks to reflect on the lessons to be learned from the experience of the adoption and operation of one particularly significant directive, namely the Acquired Rights Directive, and on the experience of its transposition in one Member State, Ireland. Among features noted at the EU level are the watering down of the Commission's initial legislative ambitions; the substantial lacunae, failures to address issues and ambiguities incorporated in the text of the directive, the consequent enlarged role for the Court of Justice and the apparent difficulty in changing policy direction in the event of errors being made. As regards the Irish experience of transposing the directive, lessons learnt have included the importance of the means of implementation chosen by the Member State; the obstructive effect which national industrial relations systems may have on the evolution of a common European approach; the significance which attaches to national sanctions and enforcement mechanisms; the importance attaching to the degree of collective organisation in workplaces where the implementing legislation is sought to be relied upon; and the potential which the implementation of a directive has for disruption of the harmony of a national policy approach. Finally, the use of a form of social dialogue in the implementation of employment‐related directives in Ireland is also commented upon.
Reflexive Governance and European Company Law
Authors: Deakin Simon 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe use of reflexive forms of governance is growing within the EU, in particular as the open method of coordination (OMC) is applied to a wider range of contexts. Reflexive approaches view diversity of laws and practices across the Member States as the basis for experimentation and mutual learning within the overall process of European integration. Company law, however, seems to be an exception to this trend: recent activity in this area has mostly taken the form of ‘hard law’ harmonisation through directives, coupled with the stimulation of regulatory competition through judgments of the European Court of Justice concerning freedom of movement, most notably the Centros case. The deliberations of the European Corporate Governance Forum barely qualify as a ‘company law OMC’ because of the limited space allowed for ‘learning from diversity’; instead, differences in the laws of the Member States are seen, in the discourse of the Forum, as ‘distortions of competition’. In the area of labour law, by contrast, a degree of functional convergence and a coordinated raising of standards have recently been achieved by the dovetailing of the OMC with social policy directives. The contrasting experiences of labour law and company law suggest that reflexive or experimentalist approaches to European governance can be effective when they operate so as to complement mechanisms of harmonisation and regulatory competition, rather than being presented as alternatives to them.
Liver‐related deaths in HIV‐infected patients between 1995 and 2005 in the French GERMIVIC Joint Study Group Network (Mortavic 2005 Study in collaboration with the Mortalité 2005 survey, ANRS EN19)*
Authors: Rosenthal E , Salmon‐Céron D , Lewden C , Bouteloup V , Pialoux G , Bonnet F , Karmochkine M , May T , François M , Burty C , Jougla E , Costagliola D , Morlat P , Chêne G , Cacoub P ,   the Mortavic/Mortalité 2005 Study Group
Published: February 2009

BackgroundMore than 10 years after the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), we examined the trend in the proportion of deaths caused by end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) in HIV‐infected adults in France between 1995 and 2005.Design and methodsIn 2005, 34 departments prospectively recorded all deaths in HIV‐infected patients who were followed in those departments (around 24 000). Results were compared with those of four previous cross‐sectional surveys conducted since 1995 using the same methodology.ResultsAmong 287 reported deaths in 2005, 100 (35%) were related to AIDS, and 48 (17%) to ESLD. Three out of four patients who died from ESLD‐related causes had chronic hepatitis C. Excessive alcohol consumption was reported in approximately half of the patients (48%). At death, 62% of patients had undetectable HIV viral load and the median CD4 count was 237 cells/μL. From 1995 to 2005, the proportion of deaths caused by ESLD increased from 2 to 17% (P<0.001). The proportion of deaths caused by hepatocellular carcinoma increased from 5% in 1995 to 25% in 2005 (P=0.0337).ConclusionsOver the 10 years from 1995 to 2005, the proportion of deaths caused by hepatitis C virus‐related ESLD has increased in HIV‐infected patients. ESLD is currently a leading cause of death in this population, with hepatocellular carcinoma representing a quarter of liver‐related deaths. Recommendations for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma should be strictly applied in these patients.
The Thai Government’s Repatriation and Reintegration Programmes: Responding to Trafficked Female Commercial Sex Workers from the Greater Mekong Subregion
Authors: Jayagupta Ratchada 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSince the 1990s, trafficked women and girls from neighbouring countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), including Myanmar, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), Cambodia, Viet Nam, and Yunnan province in southern China, have increasingly migrated to Thailand and worked in the country’s thriving commercial sex industry. In response, the Thai government has launched a range of programmes to supplement its earlier programmes designed primarily to combat internal trafficking. This paper concentrates on one component of the Thai government’s response: repatriation and reintegration. The paper is organized as follows: First, a definition of human trafficking, particularly as it relates to women and children, is provided. Second, a succinct discussion of the history of the domestic trafficking of women and girls into commercial sex work in Thailand, focusing especially on the Thai government’s broad response to this dilemma, is given. Third, the dynamics of the relatively recent surge of trafficked women and girls from neighbouring GMS countries working in Thailand’s commercial sex industry and the Thai government’s efforts to combat this are discussed. Finally, the paper focuses on repatriation and reintegration in Thailand; by briefly discussing the situation that trafficked women and girls confront in this process, and by defining repatriation, reintegration, and reintegration assistance. The Thai government’s repatriation and reintegration programmes are then described and critically reviewed, focusing particularly on the Kredtrakarn Protection and Occupational Development Centre. Recommendations on how to improve existing repatriation and reintegration programmes are provided. Above all, greater collaboration must take place in order to effectively and efficiently implement policies, plans, and projects to more successfully reintegrate trafficked women and girls back into neighbouring GMS countries, in particular at the local level.