bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeted overexpression of BSP in osteoclasts promotes bone metastasis of breast cancer cells
Authors: Tu Qisheng , Zhang Jin , Fix Amanda , Brewer Erika , Li Yi‐Ping , Zhang Zhi‐yuan , Chen Jake 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBone is one of the most common sites of breast cancer metastasis while bone sialoprotein (BSP) is thought to play an important role in bone metastasis of malignant tumors. The objective of this study is to determine the role of BSP overexpression in osteolytic metastasis using two homozygous transgenic mouse lines in which BSP expression is elevated either in all the tissues (CMV‐BSP mice) or only in the osteoclasts (CtpsK‐BSP mice). The results showed that skeletal as well as systemic metastases of 4T1 murine breast cancer cells were dramatically increased in CMV‐BSP mice. In CtpsK‐BSP mice, it was found that targeted BSP overexpression in osteoclasts promoted in vitro osteoclastogenesis and activated osteoclastic differentiation markers such as Cathepsin K, TRAP and NFAT2. MicroCT scan demonstrated that CtpsK/BSP mice had reduced trabecular bone volume and bone mineral density (BMD). The real‐time IVIS Imaging System showed that targeted BSP overexpression in osteoclasts promoted bone metastasis of breast cancer cells. The osteolytic lesion area was significantly larger in CtpsK/BSP mice than in the controls as demonstrated by both radiographic and histomorphometric analyses. TRAP staining demonstrated a twofold increase in the number of osteoclasts in the bone lesion area from CtpsK/BSP mice compared with that from wild type mice. We conclude that host tissue‐derived BSP also plays important roles in breast cancer metastasis through inducing tumor cell seeding into the remote host tissues. Furthermore, osteoclast‐derived BSP promotes osteoclast differentiation in an autocrine manner and consequently promotes osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 135–145, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal predictability in food availability: effects upon the reproductive axis in Scrub‐Jays
Authors: Bridge Eli S. , Schoech Stephan J. , Bowman Reed , Wingfield John C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractFlorida Scrub‐Jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) in a suburban environment with year‐round access to multiple sources of abundant, human‐source foods consistently breed earlier each year and have lower baseline levels of circulating corticosterone (CORT) than jays in a nearby wildland setting. These findings suggest that food supplies influence CORT levels, which in turn may partially determine the timing of reproduction. However, wildland birds with access to high‐quality supplemental foods did not advance breeding or lower CORT levels to the degree observed in the suburbs. Therefore, rather than quality or quantity of food consumed, the perception of a reliable and predictable food supply may be an important factor in determining laying dates. If a predictable food supply accelerates the reproductive process, it follows that food provided on an unpredictable schedule may slow reproduction. We subjected captive Western Scrub‐Jays (A. californica) to a 30‐day photoperiod transition from short‐ to long‐days and tested whether birds with access to food on an unpredictable schedule exhibited delayed or reduced production of reproductive hormones compared with birds given food on a predictable schedule. Baseline CORT concentrations increased slightly during the experiment, but did not differ between treatment groups. Birds with unpredictable food had slightly lower testosterone levels relative to controls, but there was no effect on estradiol or luteinizing hormone. Our findings offer weak support for the hypothesis that an unpredictable food supply will delay the onset of reproduction; however, the artificial lab environment may limit the application of these findings to free‐living populations. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:35–44, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discourses, dynamics and disquiet: Multiple knowledges in science, society and development
Authors: Leach Melissa , Sumner Andy , Waldman Linda 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe links between science, society and development are attracting research and policy attention as never before. Rapid advances in science and technology, whether in the fields of health, agriculture, information and communication, industrial production or environment offer, it seems, an array of new promises and opportunities in meeting development challenges. As we approach the end of the new Millennium's first decade, ‘science, technology and development’ have become a firmly embedded part of the international scene, attracting the attention of donors, intergovernmental and ministerial initiatives, NGOs and business corporations alike. This editorial for our special issue reflects on the fact that the emerging relationships between science, technology and processes of social change are providing a fertile field for analysts and practitioners engaged in the diversity of what we might define as ‘development studies’, yet also challenge them to engage more effectively with complex dynamics and multiple knowledges. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reframing expert support for development management
Authors: Reynolds Martin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThree critiques of participatory development (PD) and their respective challenges for expert support are discussed—(i) the masking of ideological imperatives behind PD, (ii) the depoliticising practice of policy language and (iii) the restrictive space for enabling responsible support from different fields of expertise including science. Drawing on the experience of two interventions—one Guyana based and one European based—three conceptual tools are suggested for dealing with these issues, respectively. First, systems thinking is described from a critical systems perspective, interrogating the legitimacy of boundaries that we use to frame reality. Second, social learning is considered as a complementary policy instrument in which language and communication are regarded as integral to development. Third, critical space for systems thinking and social learning is examined with reference to the limitations of space provided by conventional project management. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing a regional drought climatology for the Czech Republic
Authors: Trnka M. , Dubrovský M. , Svoboda M. , Semerádová D. , Hayes M. , Žalud Z. , Wilhite D. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis study presents a methodology for the analysis of a drought climatology within a particular region that enables a user to define drought areas at a high spatial resolution. It is suitable for quantifying the relative differences in the intensity of drought spells, and the frequency and duration between individual stations within an area of interest. The methodology is based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the Palmer Z‐index (Z‐index). However, the climatological parameters needed to process and calculate the indices were not derived separately for each site as is usually done, but were based on a set of all available weather stations in the studied region. This approach was utilized in the case study including all of the Czech Republic using 233 climatological stations with monthly records of mean temperature and precipitation for the period 1961–2000. The study is also focussed on the development of more efficient ways of communicating results to the stakeholders. Therefore, a method allowing for an integration of several drought indices into a single indicator called the Integrated Climatological Drought Indicator (ICDI) was developed. The newly developed method allowed for an objective identification of the drought‐prone regions of the country that were defined as areas with a chance (higher than 50 and 60% respectively) of moderate or extreme drought. We have found that 12.3 and 3% of the country area, respectively, belong within these categories and that these regions also happen to be prime agricultural areas. The conclusions were supported by the results of a cluster analysis. Finally, the analysis of time trends was conducted, which showed that the majority of 233 stations had grown significantly drier during the studied period. The main driving force behind this development was found to be an increase of temperature, especially in the 1990s. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Proteomics study of medullary thyroid carcinomas expressing RET germ‐line mutations: Identification of new signaling elements
Authors: Gorla L. , Mondellini P. , Cuccuru G. , Miccichè F. , Cassinelli G. , Cremona M. , Pierotti M.A. , Lanzi C. , Bongarzone I. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractProteomics may help to elucidate differential signaling networks underlying the effects of compounds and to identify new therapeutic targets. Using a proteomic‐multiplexed analysis of the phosphotyrosine signaling together with antibody‐based validation techniques, we identified several candidate molecules for RET (rearranged during transfection) tyrosine kinase receptor carrying mutations responsible for the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and 2B (MEN2A and MEN2B) syndromes in two human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) cell lines, TT and MZ‐CRC‐1, which express the RET‐MEN2A and RET‐MEN2B oncoproteins, respectively. Signaling elements downstream of these oncoproteins were identified after treating cells with the indolinone tyrosine kinase inhibitor RPI‐1 to knock down RET phosphorylation activity. We detected 23 and 18 affinity‐purified phosphotyrosine proteins in untreated TT and MZ‐CRC‐1 cells, respectively, most of which were shared and sensitive to RPI‐1 treatment. However, our data clearly point to specific signaling features of the RET‐MEN2A and RET‐MEN2B oncogenic pathways. Moreover, the detection of high‐level expression of minimally phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in both TT and MZ‐CRC‐1 cells, together with our data on the effects of EGF stimulation on the proteomic profiles and the response to Gefitinib treatment, suggest the relevance of EGFR signaling in these cell lines, especially since analysis of 14 archival MTC specimens revealed EGFR mRNA expression in all samples. Together, our data suggest that RET/EGFR multi‐target inhibitors might be beneficial for therapy of MTC. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MnSOD deficiency has a differential effect on disease progression in two different ALS mutant mouse models
Authors: Muller Florian L. , Liu Yuhong , Jernigan Amanda , Borchelt David , Richardson Arlan , Van Remmen Holly 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are thought to participate in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of reduced mitochondrial antioxidant defense on lifespan and disease progression in two mouse models of familial ALS (G93A and H46R/H48Q mutant lines) that represent pseudo‐wildtype and metal‐deficient ALS mutants, respectively. The metal‐deficient H46R/H48Q mutant differs from the G93A mutant in that it cannot bind copper in the active site and thus lacks SOD activity. We crossed each of these mutant lines with mice deficient in the mitochondrial matrix antioxidant enzyme MnSOD (Sod2+/− mice). In both high (G93A1Gur) and low (G93ADL) copy G93A strains, MnSOD deficiency caused a decrease in lifespan that was associated with a reduced disease duration rather than earlier disease onset. In contrast, MnSOD deficiency had no effect on lifespan or disease parameters of H46R/H48Q mutant mice. MnSOD deficiency thus has a differential effect on disease progression in different mutant SOD1 ALS mouse models, suggesting that different ALS‐causing mutations in SOD1 result in disease progression by at least proximally different mechanisms/pathways. Muscle Nerve 38: 1173–1183, 2008
Statins may aggravate myasthenia gravis
Authors: Oh Shin J. , Dhall Rohit , Young Angela , Morgan Marla B. , Lu Liang , Claussen Gwendolyn C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractStatin‐induced myopathy is well‐known, but the effect of cholesterol‐lowering agents on myasthenia gravis (MG) has not been studied in detail. We investigated statin use and its effects on MG among patients with this disease. Statin information was systemically obtained from 170 patients being treated at the Neuromuscular Disease Clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. When a new myalgic syndrome or worsening of MG developed within 4 months after statin treatment, no other likely cause was found, and clinical improvement occurred either with or without discontinuation of the statin, we considered these symptoms to be statin‐induced. Fifty‐four patients (31%) were on statins. The statin group had proportionally more males, and older patients compared with the non‐statin group. A myalgic syndrome was noted in 7 (13%) patients, but it resolved without any sequelae after withdrawal of the statin. MG worsening occurred in 6 (11%) patients without regard to type of MG or brand of statin. MG worsening occurred independently of myalgic syndrome and involved predominantly oculobulbar symptoms within 1–16 weeks of statin treatment. In 4 patients, additional treatment was needed to reverse MG worsening. Statins are safe in the majority of MG patients, but their use must be accompanied by close observation for possible MG worsening. Muscle Nerve 38: 1101–1107, 2008
The scaled boundary finite element method in structural dynamics
Authors: Song Chongmin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe scaled boundary finite element method is extended to solve problems of structural dynamics. The dynamic stiffness matrix of a bounded (finite) domain is obtained as a continued fraction solution for the scaled boundary finite element equation. The inertial effect at high frequencies is modeled by high‐order terms of the continued fraction without introducing an internal mesh. By using this solution and introducing auxiliary variables, the equation of motion of the bounded domain is expressed in high‐order static stiffness and mass matrices. Standard procedures in structural dynamics can be applied to perform modal analyses and transient response analyses directly in the time domain. Numerical examples for modal and direct time‐domain analyses are presented. Rapid convergence is observed as the order of continued fraction increases. A guideline for selecting the order of continued fraction is proposed and validated. High computational efficiency is demonstrated for problems with stress singularity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological and thermal properties of ethylene–styrene copolymers
Authors: Marques Maria de Fátima Vieira , de Moraes Luanda Silva 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe metallocene compounds Ph2C(Flu,Cp)ZrCl2 (cat 1) and Et(Flu)2ZrCl2 (cat 2) activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) were evaluated on ethylene and styrene copolymerization. The comonomer concentration (2.2 M), polymerization temperature (80°C), and ethylene concentration (0.135 M) were maintained constant in the reaction medium. The materials were evaluated in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), in a rheometer with parallel plate geometry, and their specific gravities were determined. The copolymer obtained with the catalyst 1 was amorphous; however, that obtained with the catalyst 2 at the same reaction conditions presented melting temperature lower than that of polyethylene. For the rheological measurements, the TA Instruments Rheometer AR 2000 employing dynamic experiments at 190°C was used. The rheological analyses indicated that the obtained polymers presented pseudoplastic behavior in the whole studied frequency range. The behavior of the synthesized copolymers was compared with that of the polyethylene obtained at the same reaction conditions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Intra‐ versus intermolecular hydrogen bonding equilibrium in 2‐hydroxy‐N,N‐diethylbenzamide
Authors: Majewska P. , Pająk J. , Rospenk M. , Filarowski A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractComplex studies of the intramolecular versus intermolecular hydrogen bond equilibrium and internal rotation of the N,N‐diethylamine group in 2‐hydroxy‐N,N‐diethylbenzamide were conducted. The intramolecular versus intermolecular process in 2‐hydroxy‐N,N‐diethylbenzamide was studied by UV–Vis, NMR, IR and Vapour Pressure Osmometric (VPO) methods as a function of temperature and concentration in non‐polar, basic and protic solvents. The unequal positions of the ethyl groups were analysed and the energy barrier to the re‐orientation was defined by the NMR method. This paper presents a study into a complicated nature of competitive interaction 2‐hydroxy‐N,N‐diethylbenzamide with the environment by means of the aforesaid methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the effectiveness of process safety management in small companies
Authors: Louvar Joseph F. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMajor accidents are continuing to injure people, and damage facilities and the environment. About 50% of these accidents are in plants that are covered by process safety management (PSM) and 50% are in smaller plants that are not covered. However, the damage is the same. Clearly the OSHA PSM regulation and recommendations by CSB, CCPS, PSP, etc. are not being used as specified. The objective of this paper is to express an enthusiastic support for these major excellent recommendations and to make a few additional recommendations that should enhance those previously listed. This article describes (a) specifically designed methods to improve the implementation of PSM and the above‐mentioned recommendations and (b) additional plant practices for preventing accidents. The methods and practices presented in this article are especially important for smaller plants; most of the larger companies already have good systems to prevent accidents. However, since many of the large accidents are in PSM‐covered plants, some of these larger plants may also benefit from these additional recommendations.One recommendation is that small companies, although not covered by PSM, should practice the intent of the regulation. At a minimum, companies should develop a document that is at least similar to the PSM documentation. However, this article emphasizes that this documentation is not enough because the management of the requirements is extremely difficult. Companies need to have a system that includes the PSM documents, communication, delegation, and follow‐up to insure that the requirements are practiced as intended.Based on the author's experience, the use of additional plant practices such as an effective management system, internal audits, walk‐the‐line, and checklists will enhance the utilization of PSM. These practices are easy to use and will prevent accidents. More of these methods and practices are needed and should be shared between companies. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2008
MOVPE and photoluminescence of narrow band gap (0.77 eV) InN on GaN/sapphire by pulsed growth mode
Authors: Jamil Muhammad , Zhao Hongping , Higgins John B. , Tansu Nelson 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper reports the metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) of InN on GaN/sapphire templates by pulsed growth mode. Photoluminescence analysis of the films has been performed both at room temperature (T = 300 K) and low temperature (T = 77 K). At room temperature, the band gap of InN is measured as 0.77 eV which is observed to have strong dependence on the growth temperature of the film. The appearance of otherwise less dominant transitions is associated to defects related luminescence from the films grown at relatively low growth temperatures. The electron mobility of 681 cm2/(V s) is obtained for InN alloy grown under optimal condition. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, structural quality and the evolution of the surface morphology of thin InN films have also been studied in the context of the given growth conditions. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of critical thickness for defect formation of CdSe/ZnSe heterostructures by transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Litvinov D. , Schowalter M. , Rosenauer A. , Daniel B. , Fallert J. , Löffler W. , Kalt H. , Hetterich M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe report on the investigation of CdSe/ZnSe heterostructures by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). CdSe layers with nominal thicknesses tCdSe between 0.5 and 8 monolayers (ML) were embedded in a ZnSe matrix and grown on a GaAs(001) substrate by molecular‐beam epitaxy at 280 °C. The Cd‐distribution was obtained from high‐resolution TEM lattice fringe images using composition evaluation by lattice fringe analysis technique. The measured minimum, average and maximum Cd‐concentrations and the overall CdSe contents in the layers increase with the nominal CdSe layer thickness and reach a constant value at tCdSe = 4 ML. The measured CdSe content in the regions with the maximal Cd‐concentration continues to increase for tCdSe ≥ 5 ML. The increasing of measured Cd‐concentrations/CdSe contents is correlated with a red shift of PL spectra. In the CdSe layers with tCdSe ≥ 5 ML, formation of defects is observed. The increasing density of defects and decreasing intensity of PL spectra with tCdSe suggest that the critical thickness for defect formation during CdSe growth on the ZnSe(001) is between 4 ML and 5 ML. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasmonic nanostructures in aperture‐less scanning near‐field optical microscopy (aSNOM)
Authors: Vogelgesang Ralf , Dorfmüller Jens , Esteban Ruben , Weitz R. Thomas , Dmitriev Alexandre , Kern Klaus 
Published: August 2008

AbstractApertureless scanning near‐field optical microscopy offers superb spatial resolution, but interpreting the recorded signal can still be a challenge. Especially images of eigenmodes in plasmonic nanostructures are very often obscured by concurrent scattering from the tip and/or coupling effects in the tip‐sample system. We show here how the use of orthogonal polarizations in excitation and detection affords us with an elegant method to map near‐fields of plasmonic eigenmodes and other optical phenomena. We demonstrate with a variety of samples possible applications of this cross‐polarization scheme, such as verification of functional nanooptical structures, systematic studies of localized and propagating plasmonic eigenmodes, and their susceptibility to disturbance from structural defects. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic properties of chemically modi.ed graphene ribbons
Authors: Cervantes‐Sodi F. , Csányi G. , Piscanec S. , Ferrari A. C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe compare the electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons, with either bulk or edge substitutions, edge functionalization, or chemisorption. Chemical modifications can cause semiconductor‐metal transitions, lifting of spin degeneracy, widening of bandgap, or appearance of non‐dispersive impurity bands and doping. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)