bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SUICIDE IN CHILDHOOD AND EARLY ADOLESCENCE
Authors: Shaffer David 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA survey, using contemporary medical and educational data, was carried out on all childhood suicides in England and Wales over a 7 yr period. No deaths were reported before the age of 12. All the cases studied were aged 12–14, there were more than twice as many boys as girls and the group included more tall children and more children of superior intelligence than would be expected in the general population. Antisocial behaviour had been reported in most of the children before death. Suicide was most often precipitated by a disciplinary crisis and often took place after a period away from school. Previous suicidal behaviour was noted in 40 per cent of the cases, but this may be an underestimate. There was a high incidence of depression and suicidal behaviour amongst the children's parents and siblings.
ARRESTS AND DELINQUENCY IN TWO GENERATIONS: A STUDY OF BLACK URBAN FAMILIES AND THEIR CHILDREN
Authors: Robins Lee N. , West Patricia A. , Herjanic Barbara L. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIn interviews a cohort of 223 young black urban‐born men were asked for names and ages of their children and the children's mothers. Police and juvenile court records were obtained for both parents and all offspring past the age of official designation as a juvenile—145 children of 76 men qualified. A comparison of juvenile records of parents and children showed similar rates and types of offenses. Parental arrest histories were powerful predictors of their children's delinquency. Other family characteristics that might modify the risks of delinquency in children of arrested parents were explored.
THE CONCEPT OF SPECIFIC READING RETARDATION
Authors: Rutter Michael , Yule William 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYUsing the data from five epidemiological studies of the total child population, the traditional distinction between general reading backwardness (i.e. reading below average for age, regardless of I.Q.) and specific reading retardation (i.e. a disability in reading relative to the child's age and general intellectual level) is put to the test. The concept and measurement of underachievement are discussed and it is shown that severe degrees of specific reading retardation occur at a rate above that predicted on a statistical basis, suggesting a “hump” at the lower end of the distribution. Reading retardation is shown to differ significantly from reading backwardness in terms of sex ratio, neurological disorder, pattern of neuro‐developmental deficits and educational prognosis. It is concluded that the concept of specific reading retardation is valid, but evidence is discussed which shows that this does not support the view of a genetically distinct syndrome of dyslexia.
DIMENSIONS OF TEMPERAMENT IN INFANT SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Garside R. F. , Birch H. , Mci. Scott D. , Chambers S. , Kolvin I. , Tweddle E. G. , Barber L. M. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA Principal Component Analysis of 39 temperamental attributes on a random sample of 209 infant school children produced four meaningful components. These identified components make an important contribution to an understanding of temperamental organization. A brief questionnaire using the above data has been developed for measuring temperament in infant school children. There are 30 questions with appropriate probes which relate to four components (dimensions): (a) Withdrawal, poor adaptation, dependence, etc.; (b) High activity, intensity, distractibility, etc.; (c) Moodiness, sulkiness; (d) Irregularity. Tentative norms arc provided for the above dimensions.
THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF TWINS AFTER SEVERE AND PROLONGED DEPRIVATION: A SECOND REPORT
Authors: Koluchová Jarmila 
Published: December 2006

Summary A previous (1972) report on the good development of twins after severe and prolonged deprivation is followed up, and progress over three further years is described. Intelligence is now average. No psychopathological features or eccentricities, either in behaviour or social relations, can be identified. The boys are sociable, happy and have firm emotional bonds with their foster‐family; they attend a school for normal children, with good results. A case of a 10‐yr‐old girl with a similar background now living in the same foster‐family is also described.The psychological diagnosis of severe deprivation and its remediation arc also discussed.
PLAY IN PRE‐SCHOOL CENTRES–I. PLAY MEASURES AND THEIR RELATION TO AGE. SEX AND I.Q.
Authors: Tizard Barbara , Philips Janet , Plewis Ian 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe free play of 109 children aged 3–4 was observed in 12 pre‐school centres, and assessed mi a number of scales. Most of the play measures were found to be age‐related; the major sex differences in play were in the choice of play material and fantasy theme. There were correlations between some of the play measures and the children's unstandardised verbal and non‐verbal test scores. The findings are discussed in relation to pre‐school educational practice.
IMAGINARY COMPANIONS IN YOUNG CHILDREN: RELATIONSHIPS WITH INTELLIGENCE, CREATIVITY AND WAITING ABILITY*
Authors: Manosevttz Martin , Fling Sheila , Prentice Norman M. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYPrevious investigators have identified several intellective and personality variables thought to be related to imaginary companion phenomena in young children. In the current study, the presence or absence of imaginary companions was assessed and related to intelligence, several creativity measures, and waiting ability in 84 preschool children comprised equally of boys and girls. No significant differences were found for these major variables between those children who had imaginary companions and those who did not. The findings arc compared with previous descriptive, and empirical literature on imaginary companions. Directions for future research on imaginary companion phenomena are briefly discussed.
SYMPTOMS OF BEHAVIOUR DISTURBANCE AND ADJUSTMENT TO SCHOOL
Authors: Coleman John , Wolkind Stephen , Ashley Laura 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis paper reports a longitudinal study of behavioural symptoms in 3, 4 and 5 yr old children. The sample consisted of 50 boys and 50 girls living in a working‐class area in Inner London, and information was obtained on maternal health and adjustment to school in addition to the expression of behavioural symptoms at home. The results indicate that while maternal health and behaviour disturbance in the home correlate positively together, with the exception of two symptoms there was no relation at all between behaviour at home and adjustment to school. These results are considered to have implications for the prognostic value of behavioural symptoms as well as for the treatment of young children.
A THREE‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP OF HYPERACTIVE PRESCHOOLERS INTO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Authors: CAMPBELL SUSAN B. , ENDMAN MAXINE W. , BERNFELD GARY 
Published: December 2006

SummaryHyperactive and control children, originally observed in a research nursery at age 4 and then followed‐up at 6 1/2, were observed in their elementary school classrooms at 7 1/2. Hyperactive children received more negative feedback from teachers, engaged in more disruptive behaviour, were rated by their teachers as more hyperactive, and expressed somewhat lower self‐esteem than controls. However, comparisons between classrooms with hyperactive and control children suggested that the presence of a hyperactive child may influence interaction patterns between the teacher and the class as a whole. Moreover, observer presence influenced teachers' positive behaviours toward the child being observed.
VARIATIONS IN BEHAVIOUR RATINGS OF CHILDREN WHO HAVE BEEN IN CARE*
Authors: Lambert Lydia , Essen Juliet , Head Jenny 
Published: December 2006

SummaryData from the National Child Development Study showed that the school behaviour of children in the cohort who had been in care by the age of 11 was poorer than that of children never in rare. Children received into care after the age of seven already had poor school behaviour ratings at seven. The behaviour of children in care deteriorated between the ages of seven and 11 relative to those never in care. Children in care were found to have higher scores of “outgoing” behaviour. Analyses of home behaviour ratings were inconclusive Implications for practice are indicated.
HYPERKINESIS, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY AND STIMULANT DRUG EFFECTS
Authors: Barkley Russell A. , Jackson Thomas L. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis study focused on the degree to which resting levels of autonomic “arousal” were related to hyperkinetic behaviors and stimulant drug responses. A total of 24 boys served as subjects, 12 of whom were hyperkinetic and had a history of responding well to methylphenidate while 12 normal boys served as a matched control group. The control boys were evaluated once while the hyperkinetic boys were seen on three occasions during which they participated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study of methylphenidate. All children were evaluated using five psycho‐physiological measures of autonomic nervous system activity and 11 objective measures of activity level and attention taken across four experimental settings. Results indicated no significant differences between hyperkinetic and normal boys in psychophysiological activity. In addition, no consistent relationships between this activity and the objective behavioral measures in either normal or hyperkinetic boys were observed. Improvements in activity level and attention during drug treatment were generally not related to the pretreatment levels of arousal in the hyperkinetic boys. Methylphenidate did not produce any significant effects on autonomic activity. Thus, results suggested that no simple level of arousal hypothesis can account for the behavior patterns of hyperkinetic children and that level of arousal is not a particularly useful predictor of drug responding in these children.
BRIEF FOCAL FAMILY THERAPY WHEN THE CHILD IS THE REFERRED PATIENT–II. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
Authors: Kinston Warren , Bentovim Arnon 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe experience of a workshop set up within a Department of Child Psychiatry to foster family therapy and to develop a brief focal technique is described. Details are provided of the first 29 cases. Twenty‐two families engaged in therapy and the referred child improved in 19 (87%) of these cases. Family change was measured using a methodology developed by Malan to assess psychodynamic change in individuals and problems in adapting it are discussed. Eleven (50%) of the engaged famines improved. The pattern of child and family improvement supported the theory that a symptomatic child can be a manifestation of family pathology. A contraindication to the brief focal approach is past or present formal mental illness in a parent. Marital disturbance was frequently covert: this affected the therapeutic plan but was not related to outcome.
THE CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOUR QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COMPLETION BY TEACHERS IN AN ITALIAN SAMPLE. PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Zimmermann‐Tansella Christa , Minghetti Simonetta , Tacconi Attilio , Tansella Michele 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAn Italian version of the “Children's Behaviour Questionnaire” was completed by teachers of 461 children aged 6–13 years in some primary and secondary schools of Verona City. Good re‐test and inter‐rater reliability were demonstrated for the total score, the antisocial sub‐score and most of the single items, the neurotic sub‐score yielding lower coefficients of agreement. Completed questionnaires were obtained for 41 children of the same age range attending Child Guidance Centers. A total score of 9 or more was confirmed as the best discriminator between clinic and non‐clinic children. The scale showed a sensitivity of 0.83 and a fairly valid discriminative power between neurotic and antisocial conditions. Preliminary results are discussed and suggestions for the use of this questionnaire in Italian samples are outlined.
ECHOING IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN: A CHRONOMETRIC STUDY OF SEMANTIC PROCESSING
Authors: Shapiro Theodore , Lucy Peter 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe time required to produce a verbal response has been used extensively as an index of the complexity of the mental operations that underlie the comprehension and production of language. An analysis of the discourse of five autistic children with an adult demonstrates that echoic speech depends on simpler, more limited decoding of adult utterances than the child's creative original speech. By contrast, two normal children show no significant difference in reaction times between imitative and spontaneous productions using the same measure. This finding lends support to the notion that autistic children rely on two strategies for their language production made necessary by a cognitive deficit.
YOUNG CHILDREN'S RESPONSES TO DISCREPANT SOCIAL COMMUNICATIONS*
Authors: Volkmar Fred R. , Siegel Alberta E. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYForty children, ages 12–42 months, were observed with their mothers while E gave four successive messages to them. Two of these communications were congruent across the visual and auditory channels; the other two were discrepant. Order of trials was systematically varied across subjects. Children approached E readily when his invitation to approach was either visual or auditory. Children were warier when an invitation to approach was contradicted by a simultaneous “stay away” message. Most aversive was a warm facial expression, beckoning gestures and affirmative head nods paired with the words “stay away” spoken with a cold lone.
CHILDREN'S DIFFICULTIES ON STARTING INFANT SCHOOL
Authors: Hughes Martin , Pinkerton Gill , Plewis Ian 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTwo hundred and sixty London children in their first term at infant school were rated by their teachers on a scale covering a wide range of behaviour. Thirteen per cent of the sample were having general difficulty coping with school, and around 25% had difficulties with language, persistence with activities, and fine motor control. Boys had significantly more difficulties than girls, and children starting in January‐had significantly more difficulties than those starting in September. A substantial minority of the children was still having difficulties eighteen months later. Several of these findings are replicated on data collected independently in Slough.
COGNITIVE STYLE IN ADULTS ORIGINALLY DIAGNOSED AS HYPERACTIVES
Authors: Hopkins Joyce , Perlman Terrye , Hechtman Lily , Weiss Gabrielle 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe cognitive styles of reflection‐impulsivity, field‐dependence‐independence, and constricted‐flexible control were studied in 70 hyperactive adults and 42 matched controls as part of a follow‐up study. Results indicated that the hyperactive adults were more field‐dependent and more constricted than the controls. They were also less accurate although they did not respond more quickly than the controls on a visual matching task. The educational implications of this are discussed.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN'S RESPONSES TO FAMILY STRESS: A RE‐EVALUATION
Authors: Whitehead Linette 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe case for sex differences in children's responses to family stress is considered and findings are reported from a study of 2775 first‐born children aged seven. Information regarding the children's adjustment was obtained from parents, teachers and school physicians. The marital status of parents was assessed by health visitors. The report concludes that marital disharmony may be associated with antisocial and emotional disorders in children of both sexes. Divorce may be more strongly associated with disturbance in boys, but this could be due to social factors rather than to their greater psychological vulnerability.
TREATMENT OF SEVERE DOG PHOBIA IN CHILDHOOD BY FLOODING. A CASE REPORT
Authors: Sreenivasan Uma , Manogha S. N. , Jain V. K. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYAn 11‐yr‐old girl with a five year history of severe phobia of dogs was treated with flooding after desensitization failed. The procedure used is described and theoretical implications are briefly discussed. Nineteen months after flooding the girl is free of the phobia and symptoms of a tension state. Generalisation effects include loss of a mild fear of cats, disappearance of ruminations about dogs attacking her and enhanced social life and academic achievements.
THE LOCK BOX: AN INSTRUMENT TO EVALUATE MENTAL ORGANIZATION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Goodman Joan F. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe Lock Box, a large rectangular container with 10 latched doors, each housing a different toy, is designed to investigate mental organization in young children. It differs from general intelligence and special ability tests by emphasizing how a child approaches a problematic situation, rather than how much he knows. The Box has received preliminary validation as a diagnostic instrument in a study of 57 retarded and normal youngsters. In addition to its use as a screening instrument for mental retardation, the Box may identify mental disorganization in normal children (the cognitively hyperactive/distractible group) as well as good mental organization in retarded children (the delayed but not deviant retarded group).
A QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERAMENT IN SIX‐MONTH‐OLD INFANTS: DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION
Authors: Persson‐Blennow Inger , McNeil Thomas F. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA parental questionnaire was developed for measurement of the nine New York Longitudinal Study temperament variables in 6‐month‐old infants. The questions concern the infant's actual behavior in everyday activities and specified situations. The final questionnaire contains 44 scored items, and takes approximately 15 min to complete and 5 min to score. Test‐retest reliability was found to be generally satisfactory, A representative sample of 160 6‐month‐old infants, chosen from Swedish Well‐Baby Clinics, constituted the standardization sample. This sample's scores on the variables showed acceptable ranges and distribution shapes, thus providing good differentiation among individuals with respect to temperament characteristics. While no significant difference was found between boys and girls on six of the temperament variables, girls were found to be significantly less active, less adaptable and more distractible than boys.
GENERALIZED RECIPROCAL IMITATION IN CHILDREN
Authors: Smeets Paul M. , Kauffman James M. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYExperiment 1 assessed generalized imitation in kindergarten and first grade children. First grade children imitated adults at a high rate only after being imitated by one of them. Kindergarten children also imitated both adults when no consequences were programmed. Experiment 2 explored generalization across tasks. There was a significant difference in imitative performance between tasks. In general, the children imitated the adult significantly less often when modeling responses were different from those used for induction. Children imitated by the adult copied the adult's responses significantly more often than children not imitated, provided that the adult's modeling responses were the same as those imitated before. When demonstrating dissimilar responses, the children who had been imitated avoided copying the adult.
THE ARRIVAL OF A SIBLING: CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN MOTHER AND FIRST‐BORN CHILD
Authors: Dunn Judy , Kendrick Carol 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYInteraction between mother and firstborn child before and after the birth of a second child was studied in 41 families, using home observations and interview techniques. Decreases in maternal attention and play, increases in confrontation, and changes in the balance of responsibility for initiating interaction were found. Changes in patterns of association between maternal and child variables after the birth of the sibling were primarily the result of changes in individual differences in child behaviour.
THE MANAGEMENT OF FAMILIES WITH HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA: A CASE STUDY TO ILLUSTRATE SOME RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Martindale Brian , Bottomley Virginia 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYToo little attention has been paid to the psychosocial and counselling needs of H.C. patients and their families. Conjoint family therapy with an affected family is described to illustrate particular points about H.C. families that should be considered by therapists.It is suggested that therapists make a long term commitment to the family and that they have a full understanding of the disease, its genetic implications and psychosocial consequences. For a variety of reasons conjoint work, including young children and psychotic members, has many advantages. The family dynamics are more easily discovered and, contrary to expectation, young children already exposed to the disease gain relief from open discussion of genetic implications at an appropriate time.The difficulties of engagement, the importance of (a) flexibility of therapeutic approach, (b) liaison work and (c) contact with the extended family are other issues discussed. Note—Names, geographical locations and identifying details have been altered to protect the family.
THE REACTION OF FIRST‐BORN CHILDREN TO THE BIRTH OF A SIBLING: MOTHERS' REPORTS
Authors: Dunn Judy , Kendrick Carol , MacNamee Rosanne 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe reactions of first‐born children to the birth of a sibling, as reported by their mothers, were studied in 40 families. Increased clinging, withdrawal and tearfulness were negatively related to positive interest in the baby, but other aspects of disturbed behaviour were not significantly associated with each other, or with positive interest. Differences in temperament, in the quality of the mother‐first‐born relationship, in age and in the mothers' State in the post partum weeks were found to be associated with differences in the reaction of the first‐born children.
BOYHOOD BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS AS PRECURSORS OF CRIMINALTY: A FIFTEEN‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP STUDY
Authors: Mitchell Sheila , Rosa Peter 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYMaterial gathered in 1961 as pail of a large scale Sample survey of the behaviour of school age children has been used to select a group of boys whose behaviour deviated most from that typical of other boys of their age. Their subsequent convictions for indictable (major) offences have been ascertained over a fifteen year period together with those for a matched control group originally exhibiting “normal” behaviour. Findings show those in the deviator group to be significantly more likely both to become offenders and to become recidivists. Qualitatively, parental reports of anti‐ social behaviour.(stealing, lying, destructiveness and wandering from home) were shown to carry the worst prognosis for subsequent conviction(s) particularly where teachers' reports supported those of the parents. The practical and theoretical implications of the study are discussed.
THE MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERAMENT USING PARENTAL RATINGS
Authors: Lyon Margaret E. , Plomin Robert 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe goal of the present study was to consider two previously unexplored issues, concerning the usefulness of parental ratings of temperament: (1) the extent in which parents project their own personality into their ratings of the temperament of their children, and (2) the extent to which mothers and fathers agree in their ratings of the temperament of their children. In a sample of 137 Families, mothers and fathers rated themselves and their spouse on an adult version of the EASI Temperament Survey and both of them rated two of their 2‐to 6 year‐old twin children on the children's version of the EASI Temperament Survey. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that parents project their own personality into their ratings of others. In terms of the second issue, parental agreement, the data were less clear‐cut. The average parental agreement for the 11 scales of the EASI Temperament Survey was O.51, corrected for unreliability.