bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Tibial Tuberosity Advancement on Cranial Tibial Subluxation in Canine Cranial Cruciate‐Deficient Stifle Joints: An In Vitro Experimental Study
Authors: APELT DETLEF , KOWALESKI MICHAEL P. , BOUDRIEAU RANDY J. 
Published: March 2007

Objective—To evaluate the effect of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) on tibiofemoral shear force as reflected by measurement of cranial tibial subluxation (CTS) and patella tendon angle (PTA) in the canine cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient stifle joint.Study Design—In vitro cadaver study.Animals—Canine cadaveric hind limbs (n=10).Methods—CTS and PTA were evaluated from lateral radiographic projections in axially loaded intact CrCL stifle joints, after transection of the CrCL, at a maximally advanced tibial tuberosity position, and at a critical point position. A custom‐designed hinge plate allowed alteration of the tibia to tibial tuberosity distance (Ti–TT) under axial load. Digitized radiographic images were used to quantify CTS, PTA, and Ti–TT. Comparisons within groups were made using 1‐way repeated measures ANOVA. A post hoc Tukey's HSD test was used to determine post‐ANOVA pair‐wise comparison within these groups. Significance was set at a value ofP<.05.Results—CTS occurred after CrCL transection, which was significantly different from the intact position (P<.01). Subsequent stability of the stifle joint was obtained by advancing the tibial tuberosity. In the maximally advanced tibial tuberosity position, caudal tibial thrust was generated resulting in caudal tibial subluxation that was significantly different from the transected CrCL position (P<.01) and from the intact CrCL position (P<.01). Despite a stable joint, there was slight CTS at the critical point position, which was significantly different from the intact CrCL position (P<.05). The PTA at the maximally advanced position was significantly different from the intact, critical point and reference 90° PTAs (P<.01). The PTA at the critical point position was significantly different from the intact and maximally advanced tibial tuberosity PTAs (P<.01), but not different (P>.05) from the reference 90° PTA.Conclusion—We demonstrated that advancement of the tibial tuberosity neutralized cranial tibial thrust, and converted cranial tibial thrust into caudal tibial thrust. Neutralization of tibiofemoral shear forces occurred at a PTA of 90.3±9.0°.Clinical Relevance—TTA can effectively change the magnitude and direction of the tibiofemoral shear force, and thus may be used to prevent craniotibial translation in a CrCL deficient stifle joint.
Life table parameters affecting the population development of the woolly beech aphid, Phyllaphis fagi
Authors: Iversen Trine , Harding Susanne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA detailed study of the basic biological parameters affecting the population development of the woolly beech aphid, Phyllaphis fagi L. (Homoptera: Drepanosiphidae), was performed under field and laboratory conditions in order to obtain information about factors responsible for outbreak situations in forest nurseries. In the nurseries, the aphid eggs have found to hatch before budburst. The newly hatched nymphs were highly active in searching for feeding places, which resulted in higher nymph mortality in the first generation than in the following generations. Ten aphid generations were recorded in the nursery during one growing season. In the laboratory, development time, nymph mortality, reproduction, and adult lifetimes were assessed for P. fagi at four constant temperatures, i.e., 12, 15, 20, and 25 °C through four successive generations. Both temperature and aphid generation were found to affect life table parameters. The first generation, however, was less susceptible to changing temperatures than the following generations. Phyllaphis fagi reproductive effort was more dependent on temperature than on aphid generation. No significant difference was found in reproductive effort between apterous and alate females. The potential for outbreak situations therefore exists throughout the summer. The formation of winged morphs was not restricted to a few generations but rather continued for several months, with activity peaking in all years in mid‐June. This had implications for migration to new seedlings in the nurseries. The highest rm value was obtained at 20 °C. Nymphs born at higher temperatures were sometimes born deformed and unable to survive.
Hydroxyethyl starch‐induced itch: Relevance of light microscopic analysis of semi‐thin sections and electron microscopy
Authors: Kamann Stefanie , Flaig Michael J. , Korting Hans Christian 
Published: March 2007

Summary Background: Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is widely used as a plasma substitute for improving microcirculation. A major side effect of HES is severe pruritus caused by HES deposits in the skin. Since specific changes are difficult to see in paraffin sections, electron microscopy is the golden standard technique in the diagnosis of HES‐induced skin disease. Our aim was to compare electron microscopic search for HES deposits with other techniques. Patients and Methods: During the last ten years, we biopsied 21 patients suspected of having HES‐induced pruritus. We compared conventional microscopy with hematoxylin & eosin and toluidine blue‐stained paraffin sections, toluidine blue‐stained glycide ether‐embedded, semithin sections and transmission electron microscopy. Results: In 9 patients specific HES deposits could be found by evaluating toluidine blue stained semithin sections by light microscopy alone. In 6 of these cases electron microscopy was also done and confirmed the findings. In contrast, no specific findings due to HES deposits could be detected by conventional histology. Conclusions: If specific HES deposits are found in toluidine blue‐stained, glycide ether‐embedded semithin sections, electron microscopy is not required.
Congenital dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: 30 years of follow‐up
Authors: Von Stebut Esther , BrŠuninger Wolfgang 
Published: March 2007

SummaryDermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare fibrohistiocytic tumor that commonly appears in adult patients. Few cases of DFSP in childhood have been reported. We describe a case of congenital DFSP that had been incompletely excised in childhood, and again at 28 years of age. The 33‐year‐old woman presented with a recurrence. When comparing the histologic features of the previous specimens excised in 1970 and 30 years later, the similar typical storiform pattern of fibromatous cells was found. The small number of proliferation‐marker‐positive cells was not altered over the course of 30 years. In line with a few additional reports, we suggest that congenital dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a tumor with a low malignant potential.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Diagnosis and management
Authors: Downs Charles A. , Appel Susan J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the current modalities employed in diagnosing and treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Special emphasis is placed on current guidelines, as defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.Data source: A comprehensive literature review for COPD serves as the basis for this article.Conclusions: According to the National COPD Coalition (2004), there are nearly 24 million Americans who suffer from COPD. The incidence of COPD is rising globally and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. COPD is characterized by progressive decline in function, resulting in concomitant diseases, which increase healthcare dollar expenditures, thus making COPD a concern for healthcare providers in the United States and abroad.Implications for practice: Once a diagnosis of COPD is made, healthcare providers should explore multiple treatment options in an effort to find the most beneficial regimen. It is only when the treatments are individualized, including physiological therapies and cognitive approaches to lessen risks as well as to reduce exacerbations, that the patient with COPD is able to potentially experience a reasonable quality of life.
Mary Astell's Serious Proposal: Mind, Method, and Custom
Authors: Sowaal Alice 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn general outline, Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies is well understood. In Part I, Astell argues that women are educable, and she proposes the construction of a women's academy. In Part II, she proposes a method for the improvement of the mind. In this article, I reconstruct and contextualize Astell's arguments and proposals within her theory of mind and her account of the skeptical predicament that she sees as being endemic among women. I argue that Astell's two proposals are best understood as strategies that, when employed, will allow women to critique prejudice and custom.
Measurement of aldosterone in feline, canine and human urine
Authors: Syme H. M. , Fletcher M. G. R. , Bailey S. R. , Elliott J. 
Published: March 2007

Background:Systemic hypertension is an important problem in older cats associated with kidney disease and hypokalaemia, suggesting that excessive activity of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system might contribute to the hypertensive state. Fluctuations in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentrations complicate the interpretation of these assays.Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine whether measurement of urinary aldosterone excretion in cats aided the investigation of hypertension.Methods:Urine concentrations of free (ethyl acetate extract) and 18‐glucuronidated aldosterone (acid hydrolysis before extraction) were measured by radioimmunoassay in normal, normotensive and hypertensive azotaemic cats (n=11 per group). Urine samples from 11 healthy human volunteers and eight normal dogs were also analysed for comparison. Urinary aldosterone concentration was corrected for the urinary creatinine concentration.Results:Cats excreted 7·3 times less free aldosterone than human beings, and no free aldosterone was detected in dog urine. Acid hydrolysis led to large increases in aldosterone recovery from both human beings and dog but not feline urine. No significant effect of hypertension or azotaemia on feline urinary aldosterone concentration was found.ClinicalSignificance:Measurement of aldosterone in feline urine using the available methodology has limited or no utility in investigating feline hypertension.
Occupational risk factors for asthma among nurses and related healthcare professionals in an international study
Authors: Mirabelli Maria C , Zock Jan-Paul , Plana Estel , Antó Josep Maria , Benke Geza , Blanc Paul D , Dahlman-Höglund Anna , Jarvis Deborah L , Kromhout Hans , Lillienberg Linnéa , Norbäck Dan , Olivieri Mario , Radon Katja , Sunyer Jordi , Torén Kjell , van Sprundel Marc , Villani Simona , Kogevinas Manolis 
Published: March 2007

Objective:The authors examined the relations between self-reported work tasks, use of cleaning products and latex glove use with new-onset asthma among nurses and other healthcare workers in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS II).Methods:In a random population sample of adults from 22 European sites, 332 participants reported working in nursing and other related healthcare jobs during the nine-year ECRHS II follow-up period and responded to a supplemental questionnaire about their principal work settings, occupational tasks, products used at work and respiratory symptoms. Poisson regression models with robust error variances were used to compare the risk of new-onset asthma among healthcare workers with each exposure to that of respondents who reported professional or administrative occupations during the entire follow-up period (n = 2481).Results:Twenty (6%) healthcare workers and 131 (5%) members of the referent population reported new-onset asthma. Compared to the referent group, the authors observed increased risks among hospital technicians (RR 4.63; 95% CI 1.87 to 11.5) and among those using ammonia and/or bleach at work (RR 2.16; 95% CI 1.03 to 4.53).Conclusions:In the ECRHS II cohort, hospital technicians and other healthcare workers experience increased risks of new-onset current asthma, possibly due to specific products used at work.
Contraction-mediated glucose uptake is increased in men with impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Skov-Jensen Camilla , Skovbro Mette , Flint Anne , Helge Jørn Wulff , Dela Flemming 
Published: March 2007

Exercise superimposed on insulin stimulation is shown to increase muscle glucose metabolism and these two stimuli have synergistic effects. The objective of this study was to investigate glucose infusion rates (GIR) in groups with a wide variation in terms of insulin sensitivity during insulin stimulation alone and with superimposed exercise. Patients with type 2 diabetes, subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), healthy controls, and endurance-trained subjects were studied. The groups were matched for age and lean body mass (LBM), and differed in peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose concentration, and oral glucose-tolerance test (OGTT). Each subject underwent a two-step sequential hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp. During the last 30 min of the 2nd clamp step, subjects exercised on a bicycle at 43% ± 2% of VO2 peak. In agreement with the OGTT data, the presence of different GIR during insulin stimulation alone demonstrated varying levels of insulin sensitivity between groups. However, the impairment of GIR in IGT observed during insulin stimulation alone was abolished compared to controls when exercise was superimposed on insulin stimulation. Humans with IGT are resistant to insulin-stimulated but not to exercise-induced glucose uptake.
Physical activity in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Lakka Timo A. , Laaksonen David E. 
Published: March 2007

Randomised controlled trials have shown that exercise training has a mild or moderate favourable effect on many metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors that constitute or are related to the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Epidemiological studies suggest that regular physical activity prevents type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality in large part through these risk factors. Although randomized controlled trials with the prevention or treatment of the MetS as the main outcome have not been published, several large randomized controlled trials provide strong evidence that favourable lifestyle changes, including regular physical activity, are effective in the prevention of type 2 diabetes in individuals who are overweight and have impaired glucose tolerance. Compliance with the current recommendations to increase the total volume of moderate-intensity physical activity and to maintain good cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness appears to markedly decrease the likelihood of developing the MetS, especially in high-risk groups. Walking is the most common form of physical activity— it improves health in many ways and is generally safe. Therefore, brisk walking for at least 30 min daily can be recommended as the principal form of physical activity at the population level. If there are no contraindications, more vigorous physical exercise or resistance training should also be considered to obtain additional health benefits. Unstructured and low-intensity physical activity may also decrease the likelihood of developing the MetS, especially when substituted for sedentary behaviours such as watching television. The measurement of maximal oxygen consumption may provide an efficient means to target even individuals with relatively few metabolic risk factors who may benefit from more intensive intervention.
Identification of the Benign Mesenchymal Tumor Gene HMGA2 in Lymphangiomyomatosis
Authors: D'Armiento Jeanine , Imai Kazushi , Schiltz John , Kolesnekova Natalya , Sternberg David , Benson Kathleen , Pardo Annie , Selman Moises , Smolarek Theresa , Vundavalli Murty , Sonnet Joshua , Szabolcs Matthias , Chada Kiran 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The normal expression pattern of HMGA2, an architectural transcription factor, is primarily restricted to cells of the developing mesenchyme before their overt differentiation during organogenesis. A detailed in situ hybridization analysis showed that the undifferentiated mesoderm of the embryonic lung expressed Hmga2 but it was not expressed in the newborn or adult lung. Previously, HMGA2 was shown to be misexpressed in a number of benign, differentiated mesenchymal tumors including lipomas, uterine leiomyomas, and pulmonary chondroid hamartomas. Here, we show that HMGA2 is misexpressed in pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis (LAM), a severe disorder of unknown etiology consisting of lymphatic smooth muscle cell proliferation that results in the obstruction of airways, lymphatics, and vessels. Immunohistochemistry was done with antibodies to HMGA2 and revealed expression in lung tissue samples obtained from 21 patients with LAM. In contrast, HMGA2 was not expressed in sections of normal adult lung or other proliferative interstitial lung diseases, indicating that the expression of HMGA2 in LAM represents aberrant gene activation and is not due solely to an increase in cellular proliferation. In vivo studies in transgenic mice show that misexpression of HMGA2 in smooth muscle cells resulted in increased proliferation of these cells in the lung surrounding the epithelial cells. Therefore, similar to the other mesenchymal neoplasms, HMGA2 misexpression in the smooth muscle cell leads to abnormal proliferation and LAM tumorigenesis. These results suggest that HMGA2 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of LAM and is a potential candidate as a therapeutic target. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):1902–9]
Reduced Apoptosis and Increased Deletion Mutations at Aprt Locus In vivo in Mice Exposed to Repeated Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Liang Li , Mendonca Marc S. , Deng Li , Nguyen Son C. , Shao Changshun , Tischfield Jay A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) is a risk factor for carcinogenesis because it is a mutagen. However, a single 4-Gy whole body X-ray exposure only induced a modest increase of mutations at the Aprt reporter gene locus in mouse T cells. Intriguingly, when the same dose of IR was given in a fractionated protocol (1 Gy × 4 at weekly intervals), there was a strong induction of Aprt mutations in T cells. Many of these were mutations that arose via interstitial deletions inclusive of Aprt or by intragenic deletions. We hypothesized that the weekly fractionated X-ray exposures select for somatic cells with reduced p53 expression and/or reduced apoptosis, which, in turn, may have facilitated the accumulation of interstitial deletions, as in p53-deficient mice. We indeed found that splenocytes of mice with three previous exposures (1 Gy × 4 in total) were more resistant to X-ray–induced apoptosis than those of mice exposed to X-rays for the first time (1 Gy total). Thus, repeated X-ray radiation selects for reduced apoptosis in vivo. However, this reduced apoptosis is p53-independent, because p53 induction and the up-regulation of genes downstream of p53, such as Bax and p21, were similar between the 1-Gy and 1 Gy × 4 groups. Reduced apoptosis probably allows the generation of more mutations, particularly deletion mutations. Because both reduced apoptosis and increased somatic mutation are risk factors for carcinogenesis, they may contribute to the paradigm in which different radiation exposure schemes are varied in their efficiency in inducing lymphomagenesis. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):1910–7]
Synthetic Affibody Molecules: A Novel Class of Affinity Ligands for Molecular Imaging of HER2-Expressing Malignant Tumors
Authors: Orlova Anna , Tolmachev Vladimir , Pehrson Rikard , Lindborg Malin , Tran Thuy , Sandström Mattias , Nilsson Fredrik Y. , Wennborg Anders , Abrahmsén Lars , Feldwisch Joachim 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The Affibody molecule ZHER2:342-pep2, site-specifically and homogeneously conjugated with a 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacylododecane-N,N′,N″,N‴-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator, was produced in a single chemical process by peptide synthesis. DOTA-ZHER2:342-pep2 folds spontaneously and binds HER2 with 65 pmol/L affinity. Efficient radiolabeling with &gt;95% incorporation of 111In was achieved within 30 min at low (room temperature) and high temperatures (up to 90°C). Tumor uptake of 111In-DOTA-ZHER2:342-pep2 was specific for HER2-positive xenografts. A high tumor uptake of 23% injected activity per gram tissue, a tumor-to-blood ratio of &gt;7.5, and high-contrast gamma camera images were obtained already 1 h after injection. Pretreatment with Herceptin did not interfere with tumor targeting, whereas degradation of HER2 using the heat shock protein 90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-geldanamycin before administration of 111In-DOTA-ZHER2:342-pep2 obliterated the tumor image. The present results show that radiolabeled synthetic DOTA-ZHER2:342-pep2 has the potential to become a clinically useful radiopharmaceutical for in vivo molecular imaging of HER2-expressing carcinomas. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):2178–86]
Computational Modeling and Experimental Evaluation of a Novel Prodrug for Targeting the Extracellular Space of Prostate Tumors
Authors: Pospisil Pavel , Wang Ketai , Al Aowad Ayman F. , Iyer Lakshmanan K. , Adelstein S. James , Kassis Amin I. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
We are developing a noninvasive approach for targeting imaging and therapeutic radionuclides to prostate cancer. Our method, Enzyme-Mediated Cancer Imaging and Therapy (EMCIT), aims to use enzyme-dependent, site-specific, in vivo precipitation of a radioactive molecule within the extracellular space of solid tumors. Advanced methods for data mining of the literature, protein databases, and knowledge bases (IT.Omics LSGraph and Ingenuity Systems) identified prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) as an enzyme overexpressed in prostate cancer and secreted in the extracellular space. Using AutoDock 3.0 software, the prodrug ammonium 2-(2′-phosphoryloxyphenyl)-6-iodo-4-(3H)-quinazolinone (IQ2-P) was docked in silico into the X-ray structure of PAP. The data indicate that IQ2-P docked into the PAP active site with a calculated inhibition constant (Ki) more favorable than that of the PAP inhibitor α-benzylaminobenzylphosphonic acid. When 125IQ2-P, the radioiodinated form of the water-soluble prodrug, was incubated with PAP, rapid hydrolysis of the compound was observed as exemplified by formation of the water-insoluble 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[125I]iodo-4-(3H)-quinazolinone (125IQ2-OH). Similarly, the incubation of IQ2-P with human LNCaP, PC-3, and 22Rv1 prostate tumor cells resulted in the formation of large fluorescent IQ2-OH crystals. No hydrolysis was seen in the presence of normal human cells. Autoradiography of tumor cells incubated with 125IQ2-P showed accumulation of radioactive grains (125IQ2-OH) around the cells. We anticipate that the EMCIT approach will enable the active in vivo entrapment of radioimaging and radiotherapeutic compounds within the extracellular spaces of primary prostate tumors and their metastases. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):2197–205]