bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clay mineral assemblages and vitrinite reflectance in the Laga Basin (Central Apennines, Italy): What do they record?
Authors: Aldega Luca , Botti Flavia , Corrado Sveva 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTemperature-dependent clay mineral assemblages and vitrinite reflectance data have been used to investigate levels of diagenesis from the Messinian Laga Basin in the Central Apennines developed at the footwall of the Sibillini Mts. and the Gran Sasso Massif. Data are from stratigraphic units forming the main siliciclastic basin fill up to Middle Messinian gypsum-arenites and its pre-orogenic substratum. Specifically, the largest Rom% values and percentages of illite layers in illite-smectie (I-S) are found in the basin depocenter and at the footwall of the main carbonate thrust sheets. Smaller Rom% values, and percentage of illite layers in I-S characterize less subsided sectors surrounding the depocenter.The X-ray diffraction data were treated using decomposition methods and the peaks identified were rationalized in terms of discrete and/or mixed-layer phases. Complex clay mineral assemblages were found in the Laga Fm. including three sub-populations of illitic material corresponding to authigenic and detrital components. I-S mixed layers record the maximum paleotemperature the Laga Fm. experienced, which is directly related to its burial history. Kübler index (KI) data, however, suggest higher temperatures related to detrital K-micas inherited from the uplift of the Alpine-Apennines chain.A tentative calculation of paleotemperatures from selected data of organic and inorganic parameters is also proposed and compared with recent sedimentological, stratigraphic and structural data. We conclude that the Laga Basin fill never experienced temperatures of >100–110°C, generally due to variable sedimentary loading, whereas localized anomalous heating is due to the effect of the tectonic emplacement and subsequent local erosion of the Sibillini and Gran Sasso thrust sheets.
Correlation between surface area and Atterberg Limits of fine-grained soils
Authors: Dolinar Bojana , Mišič Miha , Trauner Ludvik 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAs the water content is increased, the consistency of a fine-grained soil changes from a semi-solid state to a plastic state and finally to a liquid state. The plastic limit (PL) is the point at which the consistency, caused by the soil water content, is transformed from a semi-solid state to a plastic state. The liquid limit (LL) is the point at which the consistency is transformed from a plastic state to a liquid state. The plastic limit and liquid limit are often collectively referred to as the Atterberg (or consistency) Limits. Although the liquid and plastic limits are easily determined, fundamental interpretations of the limits and quantitative relationships between their values and compositional factors are more complex. Previous studies examined artificially-prepared soil samples that contained monomineralic clays and a non-clay substance(quartz sand). These studies have shown that in soils without expandable clays the PL and LL water contents were mostly related to surface area and clay content. For soils that contain expandable clays, the PL and LL values are also dependent on interlayer water content. Hence, expandable clay mineral contents are needed to calculate PL and LL values. These relationships have been presented in a general analytical form. The aim of these investigations was to identify practical applications. Mineral compositions and surface areas of five randomly selected natural soil samples were used to estimate PL and LL values. The estimated values were compared to experimentally measured liquid limits (by the ‘fall-cone’ test) and plastic limit (by the ‘rolling thread’ test) values. The measured PL values ranged from 18.77 to 44.92% and the LL values from 31.19 to 82.10%. The differences between estimated and measured Atterberg Limits were 3.0–7.1% for thePL and 2.7–7.8% for the LL. Minor differences in measured and estimated Atterberg Limits were probably due to soil organic matter (1.2–2.7%).
Zeolitization of tuffs at Quinamávida, central southern Chile
Authors: Bascuñan Sophía , Kelm Ursula , Sanhueza Vilma , Alfaro Guillermo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTuffs of the Tertiary Colbún Formation near Quinamávidain central southern Chile have been mapped and their mineralogy analyzed. The pyroclastic rocks present a maximum outcropping thickness of 120 m and are dominated by vitreous lapilli and minor lithic tuffs, the products of active volcanism nearby. About 10% of the tuffs consist of lenses of fine banded tuffs with a high leaf content that were deposited in shallow lakes during quiescent periods between periods of volcanic activity. This tuff sequence is pervasively transformed to clinoptilolite/heulandite and mordenite with variable amounts of plagioclase, minor quartz and smectite. Factors thought to have influenced this conversion to zeolites are a humid climate following deposition combined with a slightly elevated heat flow. Local hydrogeological conditions have modified the cation-hydrogen ion ratios across the study area favoring the formation of clinoptilolite/heulandite and mordenite with medium-minor smectite in the center and south, and a more abundant presence of smectite in the north of the study area.
Baseline studies of the clay minerals society special clays: Specific surface area by the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method
Authors: Dogan Meral , Dogan A. Umran , Yesilyurt F. Irem , Alaygut Dogan , Buckner Ira , Wurster Dale Eric 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Clay Minerals Society published a complete characterization scheme for its ‘Source Clays’ but not for its ‘Special Clays’. To address this issue, the specific surface areas (SSAs) of the 16 special clays from The Clay Minerals Society were determined using the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method of adsorption of an inert gas. Two BET measurements were performed for each of the 16 special clays, and the average BET SSA of each of the special clays was determined. The BET SSA of cookeite is reported for the first time. In the present study, special clays from The Clay Minerals Society are classified under three groups based on their BET special surface area values as Group-I special clays, with BET values of 0.1–10 m2/g, Group-II special clays, with BET values of 10–100 m2/g, and Group-III special clays, with BET values >100 m2/g. Comparisons which proved interesting were the those involving the mixed-layer clays and the synthetic clays. The systematic approach employed in this paper will allow for better comparisons to be made between different clays and will provide a comprehensive database for future applications of such material (e.g. as catalyst carriers, as adsorbents in waste treatments, etc.).
Time Window-of-Opportunity Strategies for Oil Spill Planning and Response
Authors: Nordvik Atle B. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This paper presents an integrated scientific and engineering strategy to improve and bring planning and decision-making for marine oil spill response to a higher level of knowledge. The most efficient, environmentally preferred, and cost effective spill response is dependent on the following factors: chemistry of the spilled product, quantity, location, response time, environmental conditions, and effectiveness of available response technologies at various degrees of oil weathering.
Time windows is a highly targeted process, in which the selection of response technologies will be more efficient, cost effective, technically correct, and environmentally sensitive and appropriate. The strategy integrates dynamic oil weathering data and performance effectiveness data for oil spill response technologies derived from laboratory, mesoscale, and experimental field studies. Performance data has been developed from a wide range of viscosities of different weathering stages of transported oils into a dynamic oil weathering database to identify and estimate time periods, called "technology windows-of-opportunity." In these windows, specific response methods, technologies, equipment, or products are more effective during clean-up operations for specific oils. The data bases represent the state of the art for response technologies and research in oil spill response.
The strategy provides a standard foundation for rapid and cost effective oil spill response decision-making, and is intended for use by local, state, federal agencies, response planners, clean up organizations (responders), insurance companies, tanker owners, and transporters. It provides policy, planners and decision-makers with a scientifically based and documented "tool" in oil spill response that has not been available before.
Countermeasures for Ice Covered Waters
Authors: Dickins David , Buist Ian 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes the state of knowledge regarding the most applicable countermeasures to deal with oil on, in or among ice. Countermeasures are discussed in the context of seasonal variations in ice conditions and observations of oil fate and behaviour in a variety of different situations. The behaviour of oil spilled in ice covered waters is governed largely by the ice concentration in the case of broken ice, and the processes of encapsulation and subsequent migration in the case of solid (fast) ice). Each season presents different drawbacks and advantages for spill response. During freezeup and breakup, drifting ice and limited site access tend to restrict the possible response options and significantly reduce recovery effectiveness. Mid-winter, although associated with long periods of darkness and cold temperatures, provides a stable ice cover that not only naturally contains the oil nearshore within a relatively small area but also provides a safe working platform for oil recovery and transport. For the case of spills under or on fast ice, there are a range of effective countermeasures options which can result in very high recovery effectiveness. Countermeasures to deal with spills in moving pack ice are much more limited and likely to result in highly variable recovery values depending on a variety of natural conditions and logistics constraints.
Terminology, relative photonic efficiencies and quantum yields in heterogeneous photocatalysis. Part I: Suggested protocol
Authors: Serpone Nick , Salinaro Angela 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The term photocatalysis is one amongst several in a quagmire of labels used to describe a photon-driven catalytic process; a simple description of photocatalysis is proposed herein. Other labels such as quantum yield and/or quantum efficiency used in solid/liquid and solid/gas hetero-geneous photocatalytic systems to express process efficiencies have come to refer (incorrectly) to the ratio of the rate of a given event to the rate of incident photons impinging on the reactor walls and typically for broadband radiation. There is no accord on the expression for process efficiency. At times quantum yield is defined; often, it is ill-defined and more frequently how it was assessed is not described. This has led to much confusion in the literature, not only because of its different meaning from homogeneous photochemistry, but also because the description of photon efficiency precludes comparison of results from different laboratories owing to variations in light sources, reactor geometries, and overall experimental conditions. The previously reported quantum yields are in fact apparent quantum yields, i.e. lower limits of the true quantum yields. We address this issue and argue that any reference to quantum yields or quantum efficiencies in a heterogeneous medium is inadvisable until the number of photons
absorbed
by the light harvester (the photocatalyst) is known. A practical and simple alternative is proposed for general use and in particular for processes employing complex reactor geometries: the concept of
relative photonic efficiency
(xr) is useful to compare process efficiencies using a given photocatalyst material and a given standard test molecule. A quantum yield can subsequently be calculated since f
= xr
f
phenol, where f
phenol denotes the quantum yield for the photocatalyzed oxidative transformation of phenol used as the standard secondary actinometer and Degussa P-25 TiO2 as the standard photocatalyst. For heterogeneous suspensions (only), an additional method to determine quantum yields f is also proposed.
Harmonized guidelines for the use of recovery information in analytical measurement
Authors: Thompson Michael , Ellison Steven L R , Fajgelj Aleš , Willetts Paul , Wood Roger 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Synopsis: ISO, IUPAC and AOAC INTERNATIONAL have co-operated to produce agreed protocols or guidelines on the "Design, Conduct and Interpretation of Method Performance Studies" [1] on the "Proficiency Testing of (Chemical) Analytical Laboratories" [2] and on "Internal Quality Control in Analytical Chemistry Laboratories" [3]. The Working Group that produced these protocols/guidelines was asked to prepare guidelines on the use of recovery information in analytical measurement. Such guidelines would have to outline minimum recommendations to laboratories producing analytical data on the internal quality control procedures to be employed.
A draft of the guidelines was discussed at the Seventh International Symposium on the Harmonization of Quality Assurance Systems in Chemical Laboratory, sponsored by IUPAC/ISO/AOAC INTERNATIONAL, held in Orlando, USA, 4-5 September 1996. Proceedings from that Symposium are available [4].
The purpose of these guidelines is to outline the conceptual framework needed for considering those types of analysis where loss of analyte during the analytical procedure is inevitable. Certain questions cannot be satisfactorily addressed, and hence remain irreducibly complex, unless such a conceptual framework is established. The questions at issue involve (a) the validity of methods for estimating the recovery of the analyte from the matrix of the test material, and (b) whether the recovery estimate should be used to correct the raw data to produce the test result. The types of chemical analysis most affected by these considerations are those where an organic analyte is present at very low concentrations in a complex matrix.

"Protocol for the Design, Conduct and Interpretation of Method Performance Studies", W. Horwitz, Pure Appl. Chem. 60, 855- 864 (1988), revised, 67, 331-343 (1995).

"The International Harmonized Protocol for the Proficiency Testing of (Chemical) Analytical Laboratories", M. Thompson and R. Wood, Pure Appl. Chem.
65, 2123-2144 (1993). (Also published in J. AOAC International
76, 926-940 (1993).

"Harmonized Guidelines for Internal Quality Control in Analytical Chemistry Laboratories", M. Thompson and R. Wood, Pure Appl. Chem. 67, 49-56 (1995).

"Quality Assurance for Analytical Laboratories", edited M. Parkany, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK, 1996.
The determination of cadmium in oils and fats by direct graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results of collaborative studies and the standardized method
Authors: Lacoste F. , van Dalen G. , Dysseler P. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A description is given of the development by collaborative study of a standardised method for the determination of cadmium in crude and refined oils and fats by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedure is rapid and sensitive allowing determination at levels of 1 to 10 μg/kg.
Extension and revision of the nomenclature for spiro compounds
Authors: Moss G. P. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Spiro ring systems have two or more rings linked by one common atom. Several different methods are used to name such systems. Rules A-41, A-43, B-10 and B-12 (Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979) describe the basics of how to name these compounds. The alternative methods in rules A-42 and B-11 are abandoned.
This document describes the nomenclature in greater detail and extends it to cover branched polyspiro systems and compounds where three rings have one common spiro atom. A new notation, based on the von Baeyer method of naming spiro systems where all components are monocyclic, allows both unbranched and branched polyspiro systems to be named without ambiguity. It also enables the names to be readily interpreted.
Revised Section F: Natural products and related compounds
Authors: Giles P. M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The nomenclature of natural products has suffered from much confusion, mostly for historical reasons. The isolation of a new substance, in the early days of the science, generally preceded its characterization by a lengthy period. Thus, these compounds were often assigned trivial names that gave no indication of the structure of the molecule and were often found afterwards to be misleading. Even when the original names were later revised (for example: glycerin to glycerol) the new names often expressed the structure imperfectly and were thus unsuitable for the nomenclatural manipulation that is required to name derivatives or stereoisomers. The result was a proliferation of trivial names that taxed the memory of chemists and obscured important structural relationships.
The resultant disorder in the literature led to the creation of committees of specialists with the task of codifying the naming of compounds in various connected areas of natural-product chemistry, such as steroids, lipids, and carbohydrates. As far as their recommendations have been followed, their efforts have been successful in eliminating confusing or duplicate nomenclature.
It is the aim of the lUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry to unite as far as possible all the specialist reports into a single set of recommendations that can be applied in most areas of natural-product chemistry. Accordingly, provisional recommendations were prepared and published as Section F of the lUPAC Organic Nomenclature Rules, first in 1976, and then in the 1979 edition of the Rules.
Terminology and Convention for Electrochemical Stripping Analysis
Authors: Fogg Arnold G. , Wang Joseph 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Introduction: The term electrochemical stripping analysis is applied to a family of procedures involving a preconcentration of the determinand (or a salt or derivative of the determinand) onto the working electrode, prior to its direct or indirect determination by means of an electroanalytical technique1,2. Such a combination of an effective accumulation step with an advanced measurement procedure results in a very low detection limit, and makes stripping analysis one of the most important techniques in trace analysis. The original stripping analysis method involved the cathodic electrodeposition of amalgam-forming metals onto a hanging mercury drop (working) electrode, followed by the anodic voltammetric determination of the accumulated metal during a positive-going potential scan3. Numerous advances during the 1980s and 1990s, however, have led to the development of alternative preconcentration schemes and advanced measurement procedures that further enhance the scope and power of stripping analysis4,5. As a consequence, numerous variants of stripping analysis exist currently, differing in their method of accumulation and measurement. A recent text on stripping analysis is by Brainina and Neyman,6 and recent reviews on adsorptive stripping voltammetry are by Kalvoda and Kopanica,7 van den Berg,8 and Paneli and Voulgaropoulos.9

Problems in selecting an effective nomenclature for stripping analysis are discussed in this document. Stripping analysis incorporates a two step process - accumulation and determination - and the technique can be considered to be a 'hyphenated technique'. The method of determination has been included, usually, in naming a particular technique, but often the method of accumulation has not. In some cases, eg. adsorptive stripping voltammetry, the method of accumulation is given but no indication is given as to whether the determination is cathodic or anodic (or whether it measures a capacitance current due to desorption).
The purpose of this document is to recommend classification, and relevant terminology, for the different procedures used in electrochemical stripping analysis.
Species-selective Analysis for Metal - Biomacromolecular Complexes using Hyphenated Techniques
Authors: Szpunar J. , Lobinski R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Analytical chemistry of metal complexes with biomacromolecules based on the coupling of a high resolution separation technique with an element or species selective detection technique is critically discussed. The role of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with on-line atomic spectrometric detection is evaluated for the characterization of the metal distribution among the fractions of different molecular weight. Attention is given to the conditions for the separation of metallated biomacromolecular isoforms and sub-isoforms by anion-exchange and reversed-phase HPLC. Techniques for interfacing chromatography with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP AES) and ICP mass spectrometry (ICP MS) are assessed. The potential of electrospray (tandem) mass spectrometry for the on-line determination of the molecular mass of the eluting protein is highlighted. Perspectives for capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), microbore and capillary HPLC with ICP MS and electrospray MS detection for probing metalloproteins are discussed. Applications of hyphenated techniques to the analysis of real-world samples are reviewed.
Enaminones: versatile intermediates for natural product synthesis
Authors: Michael J. P. , de Koning C. B. , Gravestock D. , Hosken G. D. , Howard A. S. , Jungmann C. M. , Krause R. W. M. , Parsons A. S. , Pelly S. C. , Stanbury T. V. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Chemistry of Toona ciliata and Cedrela odorata graft (Meliaceae): chemosystematic and ecological significance
Authors: Da Silva M. Fatima das G. F. , Agostinho S. M. M. , de Paula J. R. , Neto J. O. , Castro-Gamboa Ian , Filho E. R. , Fernandes João B. , Vieira P. C. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Interaction of biomolecules with qinghaosu (artemisinin) and its derivatives in the presence of ferrous iron–an exploration of antimalarial mechanism
Authors: Wu Y.-L. , Chen H.-B. , Jiang Kun , Li Y. , Shan F. , Wang D.-Y. , Wang Y.-F. , Wu W.-M. , Wu Y. , Yao Z.-J. , Yue Z.-Y. , Zhou C.-M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Classification of Scanning Probe Microscopies
Authors: Friedbacher Gernot , Fuchs Harald 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In the last few years scanning probe microscopy techniques have gained significant importance in a variety of different research fields in science and technology. A rapid development, stimulated by the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and still proceeding at a high pace, has brought about a number of new techniques belonging to this group of surface analytical methods. The large potential of scanning probe microscopes is documented by over 1000 publications per year. Due to the fact that a number of different terms and acronyms exist, which are partially used for identical techniques and which are sometimes confusing, this article is aimed at classification and at an overview on the analytically most important techniques with clarification of common terms. Emphasis will be put on analytical evaluation of scanning tunneling and scanning force microscopy, as up to now these techniques have gained the highest importance for analytical applications.