bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface application and shallow injection of cattle slurry on grassland: nitrogen losses, herbage yields and nitrogen recoveries
Authors: MISSELBROOK T. H. , LAWS J. A. , PAIN B. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn experiment was carried out over 2 years on grass and grass/clover swards in SW England lo compare herbage yields and N recovery following surface application or shallow injection of cattle slurry at three different times of application. In the second year, losses of N via ammonia volatilization, denitrification and nitrate leaching were measured from applications to the grass sward. On the grass sward, there was no significant effect of time or method of application on dry‐matter (DM) yield in the first year, although shallow injection reduced apparent N recovery (ANR) in the herbage by 45% when compared with surface application. In the second year, shallow injection reduced DM yields by 26% and ANR by 48%. On the grass/clover sward, there were no significant effects of time or method of application on DM yields or ANR in either year Inclusion of dicyandiamide (DCD) in the October slurry applications had no significant effect in the first year, but in the second year on the grass sward increased DM yield by 31% and 14% and ANR by 156% and 42% for shallow injection and surface applications respectively. Measurements in the second year on the grass sward showed a reduction in N loss by ammonia volatilization using shallow injection of 40% and 79% for March and June applications respectively. Losses due to denitrification were greatest following October application. Shallow injection increased denitrification losses following March application, but there were no significant differences following October or June applications. N losses due to leaching were small, with no significant difference between treatments. Reasons for the reductions in DM yield and ANR following shallow injection, despite the large reduction in N loss by ammonia volatilization, are discussed.
Specification of climatic sensitivity of forage maize to climate change
Authors: DAVIES A. , SHAO J. , BRIGNALL P. , BARDGETT R. D. , PARRY M. L. , POLLOCK C. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe use of manipulative experiments to study directly the effects of climate change on natural and managed systems is expensive if performed on a large scale: it also relies upon accurate predictions of future climatic conditions. Predictive modelling is less expensive and permits a range of scenarios to be considered but this is only as reliable as the underpinning model.Predicting the suitability of England and Wales for the cultivation of forage maize under climate change was attempted using an established crop growth model by Muchow et al. (1990) integrated with climate data. The biological and climatic inputs to the model were the thermal requirements for the stages of crop growth, leaf number, leaf area, harvest index, the daily maximum and minimum air temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. These values were obtained from a daily meteorological database for ninety‐three sites in England and Wales for the period 1951–80. Model outputs as point values of potential crop yield predicting current production ‐‘baseline’‐ were statistically validated using actual crop yield data collated from bibliographic analysis. The baseline results indicated that pans of the south‐east appeared to be too dry and the north too cold. The model was run again using an artificial sensitivity test (temperature +2°C. precipitation ±10%). Increased precipitation led to a predicted increase in geographical suitability of the UK for forage maize production to the north and west. Under reduced precipitation there was a decrease in suitability in the south‐east, possibly owing to moisture stress.
Domestication history in the Medicago sativa species complex: inferences from nuclear sequence polymorphism
Authors: MULLER M.‐H. , PONCET C. , PROSPERI J. M. , SANTONI S. , RONFORT J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDNA sequence polymorphism carries genealogical information and allows for testing hypotheses on selection and population history, especially through coalescent‐based analysis. Understanding the evolutionary forces at work in plant domestication and subsequent selection is of critical importance for the management of genetic resources. In this study, we surveyed DNA sequence diversity at two assumed neutral nuclear loci in the wild–domesticated species complex of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). A high level of polymorphism was detected. The domesticated pool contains on average 31% less diversity than the wild pool, but with a high heterogeneity among loci. Coalescent simulations of the domestication process showed that this result cannot be explained by assuming a constant population size but is rather consistent with a demographic bottleneck during domestication. A very low level of divergence was detected between the wild and the domesticated forms as well as between the related subspecies of the M. sativa species complex. However, the originality of the Spanish wild populations, already observed based on mitochondrial DNA polymorphism, was confirmed. These results, together with patterns of intrapopulation polymorphism, suggest that nuclear sequence polymorphism could be a promising tool, complementary to mitochondrial DNA and phenotypic evaluations, to investigate historical demographic and evolutionary processes.
Microsatellite markers identify three lineages of Phytophthora ramorum in US nurseries, yet single lineages in US forest and European nursery populations
Authors: IVORS K. , GARBELOTTO M. , VRIES I. D. E. , RUYTER‐SPIRA C. , HEKKERT B. TE. , ROSENZWEIG N. , BONANTS P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAnalysis of 12 polymorphic simple sequence repeats identified in the genome sequence of Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent of ‘sudden oak death’, revealed genotypic diversity to be significantly higher in nurseries (91% of total) than in forests (18% of total). Our analysis identified only two closely related genotypes in US forests, while the genetic structure of populations from European nurseries was of intermediate complexity, including multiple, closely related genotypes. Multilocus analysis determined populations in US forests reproduce clonally and are likely descendants of a single introduced individual. The 151 isolates analysed clustered in three clades. US forest and European nursery isolates clustered into two distinct clades, while one isolate from a US nursery belonged to a third novel clade. The combined microsatellite, sequencing and morphological analyses suggest the three clades represent distinct evolutionary lineages. All three clades were identified in some US nurseries, emphasizing the role of commercial plant trade in the movement of this pathogen.
Characterization of the Coat Protein Gene of Cymbidium mosaic virus Isolates from India
Authors: Sherpa A. R. , Hallan V. , Pathak P. , Zaidi A. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe variability in the coat protein (CP) gene sequence of Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) that naturally infects orchids worldwide was investigated. Samples were collected from different regions of India, and the gene encoding the CP of nine isolates was specifically amplified by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction. The amplified product obtained was cloned, sequenced and multiple sequence alignment of deduced amino acid (aa) sequences revealed considerable homology to CymMV isolates from other countries. The nucleotide sequences and the amino acid sequences were found to be 85–100% identical and 65–100% respectively. Such high sequence conservation suggests that the CymMV CP gene is highly conserved and is a suitable candidate for the development of diagnostic procedures and to provide transgenic resistance to orchids cultivated in different geographical locations. Although recombination is not common among CymMV isolates, one isolate from Cymbidium was found to be a recombinant between a Korean and a Thai isolate of the virus. IHBT communication no: 0451.
Optimizing Controlled Environment Assessment of Levels of Resistance to Yam Anthracnose Disease Using Tissue Culture‐derived Whole Plants
Authors: Onyeka T. J. , Petro D. , Etienne S. , Jacqua G. , Ano G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStudies were conducted to determine the timing and frequency of disease assessment required to effectively identify levels of resistance to yam anthracnose using tissue culture‐derived whole plant inoculation assay. The effects of inoculation methods (paint brush and spray), and disease scoring methods [individual leaf area (ILA) and whole plant area (WPA)] were also assessed. Spray inoculation resulted in rapid infection and higher variations among yam genotypes, leading to earlier discrimination of genotypes than with the paintbrush method. Both the ILA and WPA scoring methods showed variation among yam genotypes, and association between the two methods gave a high positive correlation (r > 0.90). However, the WPA was faster and had the advantage of detecting differences in reactions of yam genotypes to less aggressive pathogen isolates to which the ILA method showed no variation. A single disease evaluation at 7 days after inoculation was as good as the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and the disease progress rate (Rd) derived from multiple evaluations. However, a significant time–genotype interaction, suggests a need for more than a single assessment for effective comparison of genotypes. AUDPC derived from two assessments (5 and 7 DAI) was better than AUDPC from three assessments (5, 7 and 9 DAI) in separating genotypes reactions to a less aggressive pathogen isolate. This study showed that the use of spray inoculation method, the WPA scoring method, and AUDPC derived from two assessments (5 and 7 DAI) provided best conditions for evaluating yam genotypes for levels of anthracnose resistance with the tissue culture‐derived whole plant assay.
Mating Types of Phaeosphaeria nodorum (anamorph Stagonospora nodorum) from Central Asia
Authors: Vergnes D. Mercado , Zhanarbekova A. , Renard M.‐E. , Duveiller E. , Maraite H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe distribution was examined of the mating type idiomorphs (MAT‐1 and ‐2) of Phaeosphaeria (anamorph Stagonospora) nodorum using DNA from 49 isolates collected from commercial and experimental fields in 2003 and 2004 in Central Asia. MAT‐1 and ‐2 isolates were present in the Kazakh and Russian origins of P. nodorum, but no MAT‐2 isolates were found in Tajikistan. The possibility of a skewed Tajik population cannot be excluded, considering that the sampled region in Tajikistan was geographically isolated from Kazakhstan and Russia.
A Review of the Biology and Pathogenicity of Rosellinia necatrix– The Cause of White Root Rot Disease of Fruit Trees and Other Plants
Authors: Pérez‐Jiménez R. M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Rosellinia necatrix, an ascomycete soil‐inhabiting fungus, causes white root rot disease in a large number of plant species, especially fruit trees. The fungus, which occurs worldwide, is very aggressive and can kill infected trees. The biology and pathogenicity of the fungus are reviewed here, together with the current principal methods of disease control used in different pathosystems.
National haemodialysis guidelines: An assessment of compliance from 2001–2003
Authors: BANNISTER KYM M , SNELLING PAUL ,   ON BEHALF OF THE AUSTRALIAN RENAL ANAEMIA GROUP
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY:Aim:  The Caring for Australians with Renal Impairment (CARI) clinical practice guidelines were established in 2000 to provide recommended ranges for parameters associated with anaemia management in patients with chronic kidney disease. This study used data from the Renal Anaemia Management (RAM) database to determine the level of compliance with the CARI Guidelines in Australia since their implementation.Methods:  De‐identified data from haemodialysis patients at 15 dialysis centres were obtained from the RAM database provided by Janssen‐Cilag Pty Ltd, Australia. Validated data were extracted over 6 months (April–September) in 2001 (n = 2586 patients) and 2003 (n = 3190 patients). The percentage of patients with biochemical and haematological parameters that were within the ranges recommended in the CARI Guidelines was compared from 2001–2003.Results:  There was a significant increase in the number of patients with values within the recommended ranges for serum ferritin, phosphate, calcium phosphate product and urea reduction ratio from 2001–2003. There was no change in the proportion of patients with values within the recommended ranges for haemoglobin, transferrin saturation, calcium or parathyroid hormone. There was considerable variation in compliance with recommended ranges between and within individual dialysis centres. Compliance to the target haemoglobin level (≥110 g/L) ranged from 42–78% of patients at different centres in 2003.Conclusion:  Although the number of patients with values within those recommended in the CARI guidelines has increased for some parameters, many patients in Australia have clinical parameters outside the ranges recommended in the CARI Guidelines.
Randomised controlled trial of leflunomide in the treatment of immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Authors: LOU TANQI , WANG CHENG , CHEN ZHUJIANG , SHI CHENGGANG , TANG HUA , LIU XUN , YIN PEIDA , YU XUEQING 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY:Aim:  To investigate the effect of leflunomide for treatment of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy.Methods:  Sixty IgA nephropathy patients were divided into two groups at random. Patients in the test group received leflunomide and patients in the control group received fosinopril. Clinical data were obtained at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28.Results:  The complete remission rate was 62.1% and the total effectiveness rate was 72.4%. In the leflunomide group, proteinuria significantly decreased from 1.66 ± 0.42 g to 0.60 ± 0.68 g (P < 0.05). The efficacy rate of leflunomide compared with fosinopril in treating IgA nephropathy was not statistically different (P > 0.05). Side‐effects were mild in both treatment groups.Conclusion:  These preliminary results are encouraging, but further randomised studies are required before leflunomide can be recommended for the treatment of IgA nephropathy.
Inside out, or outside in: meeting with couples
Authors: Jenkins Hugh 
Published: April 2006

The complex difficulties often faced by couples require a range of models for effective help. Relational intensity is heightened in therapy by the ease with which the therapist can be triangled into the couple's relationship and by the influence of the emotional triggers from their respective internal worlds.This article draws on systemic and psychodynamic models and a transgenerational perspective for gendered stories. Different time frameworks link interpersonal and intrapersonal themes. In this sense, the therapist works ‘inside out’ and ‘outside in’. A framework of behaviours, emotions, feelings, meanings and beliefs is proposed to help link these perspectives. ‘Invisible contracts’ and the sense of there often being an unconscious ‘pact to disappoint’ are described.Clear models are not enough, for it is the intimate encounter between client and therapist that is the bedrock of therapeutic change and growth. There is no short cut to this sense of intimacy in the unique encounter between therapist and each new couple. Brief examples from practice describe how the issues discussed may be addressed in couples work.
Anticipated Fiscal Policy Changes and Goods Market Adjustments
Authors: Schubert Stefan F. , Turnovsky Stephen J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Government policies are frequently known to be temporary and thus their termination is perfectly anticipated. These foreseen policy changes must be consistent with equilibrium in both the goods market and asset markets. Potential problems arise because prices often play dual roles, both as final goods prices, and as asset prices, as components of rates of return. We show how the economy accommodates an anticipated policy change depends upon its production flexibility and its structure. With flexible investment, an anticipated reduction in government expenditure is fully accommodated by capital accumulation. When investment involves adjustment costs, the marginal utility of wealth and the price of capital both jump so as to maintain equality among rates of return. Goods market clearance is maintained by a combination of increases in consumption and investment. Extensions of the model to include inventories and to a small open economy are also considered and contrasted.
The Liquidity Premium in the Money Market: A Comparison of the German Mark Period and the Euro Area
Authors: Durré Alain 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates to what extent the expectations hypothesis of the term structure (EHTS) of interest rates receives some support since the launch of the European single currency. Empirical evidence shows that in general this theory applies to most European countries, and to Germany in particular. The objective of this paper thus is twofold. First, the EHTS for the German money market and for a larger sample including the German mark period and the euro money market is tested in order to check whether the results for the former are affected by the new financial environment since January 1999. Second, the implications of the results for the monetary policy assessment are discussed. We estimate cointegrating vector autoregressive models in order to quantify the level of the liquidity premium. The results suggest that financial markets do not consider the monetary policy of the European Central Bank simply as the one prevailing during the German period.
Macroeconomic News and Stock Returns in the United States and Germany
Authors: Funke Norbert , Matsuda Akimi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Using daily data for the January 1997 to June 2002 period, we analyze similarities and differences in the impact of macroeconomic news on stock returns in the United States and Germany. We consider 27 different types of news for the United States and 12 different types of news for Germany. For the United States, we present evidence for asymmetric reactions of stock prices to news. In a boom (recession) period, bad (good) news on GDP growth and unemployment or lower (higher) than expected interest rates may be good news for stock prices. In the period under consideration there is little evidence for asymmetric effects in Germany. However, in the case of Germany, international news appears at least as important as domestic news. There is no evidence that US stock prices are influenced by German news. The analysis of bi-hourly data for Germany confirms these results.
To Go or Not to Go: Emigration from Germany
Authors: Uebelmesser Silke 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This study analyses the qualitative aspects of emigration from Germany, taking account of economic and non-economic reasons. The reported willingness to emigrate from Germany in the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) is explained for men and women by three groups of variables: individual characteristics, household characteristics and regional characteristics. It transpires that the educational background and West German residency positively affect the willingness to emigrate, whereas German nationality, age and the family situation are mostly negatively correlated with it.
Managerial Ownership and Company Performance in German Small and Medium- Sized Private Enterprises
Authors: Mueller Elisabeth , Spitz-Oener Alexandra 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe analyse the relationship between managerial ownership and company performance, testing the incentive and entrenchment hypothesis. Differently from previous literature, we focus on small and medium-sized private enterprises which constitute an important part of the German economy. We use a panel of 356 companies in the German business-related service sector for the years 1997-2000. Our findings are that performance, measured by survey-based profit information, is increasing in managerial ownership by up to around 40 per cent. We do not find a significant entrenchment effect, possibly because, at levels at which managers could become entrenched, they already bear a large proportion of the costs and have therefore an incentive to maximize company value.
Surveying bats for conservation: the status of cave‐dwelling bats on Curaçao from 1993 to 2003
Authors: Petit S. , Rojer A. , Pors L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn view of their ecological importance and the abundance of threats on a developing Caribbean island, we surveyed the bats of Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, and examined changes in the populations of seven threatened species over a decade, using previously published data as a baseline for comparison. The most important caves for bats (in terms of species representation and reproduction) were visited yearly, and monthly in 2001. Noctilio leporinus still occurs on the island, but does not appear to be numerous (six observed in 2003). We captured Myotis nesopolus nesopolus, but its roosting sites remain unknown. Leptonycteris curasoae curasoae numbers varied greatly, even within a year, and it may travel to and from other islands and Venezuela. Overall, however, the population of this species on Curaçao seems to be declining (1000 in 1993 and 625 in 2003); the disappearance of this pollinator could have severe consequences for the Curaçao ecosystem. Mormoops megalophylla intermedia is declining as well; in 2003, we counted 403 individuals including 75 pups, from 500 to 600 adults in the 10 previous years, representing a 25–30% decline in 1 year. We estimated the population of Natalus tumidirostris to be 890 in 2003. We also found a group of 60 Pteronotus davyi in Kueba di Ratón in 2003. Glossophaga longirostris elongata (1417 individuals counted) is the only species for which our data indicate relative stability over 10 years; L. curasoae and Mor. megalophylla are declining and other species must be monitored closely. Most caves are disturbed; four major caves require attention for the conservation of the most fragile species. Without immediate attention, Mor. megalophylla, in particular, risks imminent extinction. Despite problems associated with bat counts on Curaçao, it is clear that regular surveys are crucial to understand bat populations and their fluctuations in caves, and to allow management responses to declines, particularly for areas undergoing rapid urbanization.