bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Olefin Epoxidation Catalyzed by Sterically Bulky Metalloporphyrins (Metal=Fe,Mn) by Use of Sodium Hypochlorite as an Oxygen Source—A Kinetic Study
Authors: Amatsu Hiroyuki , Miyamoto T Ken , Sasaki Yukiyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Substituents around an active center give a variety of effects on metalloporphyrin catalyses. In order to examine the effects of a substituent on the kinetic parameters, several olefins (styrene derivatives, cyclooctene and 1-octene) have been epoxidized by iron(III) and manganese(III) complexes of meso-tetrakis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)porphyrin or meso-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin in the presence of sodium hypochrolite as an oxidant. As previously reported for a manganese porphyrin system, the rate-profile of an iron complex can be described by the Michaelis–Menten equation. Several examples of an anomalous rate dependence on the olefin concentration have been observed. The ortho substituents have little influence on the binding affinity of the oxo–iron complex to olefin, in contrast to the case of manganese complexes. It is additionally proposed that the N-alkylation of an iron porphyrin has some correlation to the kinetic parameters.
Asymmetric Reduction of α-(Dimethylthiocarbamoylthio) Carbonyl Compounds with Bakers’ Yeast
Authors: Tsuboi Sadao , Kohara Noriyuki , Doi Katsumi , Utaka Masanori , Takeda Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Treatment of α-(dimethylthiocarbamoylthio) ketones with bakers’ yeast afforded the corresponding chiral alcohols in high yields with high enantiomeric excess (in most cases, more than 96% ee). α-(Dimethylthiocarbamoylthio) aldehydes were reduced to give chiral α-(dimethylthiocarbamoylthio) alcohols in 69–92% yields with 32–63% ee, which were converted to chiral 1,2-epithio derivatives.
Phosphonylation of Biomolecules with Inorganic Diphosphonate. II. Phosphonylation of Phosphate Groups on Nudeoside 5′-Monophosphates, Deoxynudeoside 5′-Monophosphates, and Sugar Phosphates
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshisuke , Baba Yoshinobu , Mizokuchi Miwa , Onoe Mika , Sumiyama Tomoko , Tsuhako Mitsutomo , Yoza Norimasa , Ohashi Shigeru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Inorganic diphosphonate phosphonylated predominantly phosphate groups on nucleoside 5′-monophosphates (=NMP’s: AMP, GMP, IMP, CMP, and UMP), deoxynudeoside 5′-monophosphates (=dNMP’s: dAMP and dTMP), and sugar phosphates (=SP’s: GlclP, Glc6P, and Rib5P) in aqueous solutions under mild conditions (50–70 °C, pH 6). The chemical structures of phosphonylated products were discussed on their 31P NMR spectra and high-performance liquid chromatograms. The main phosphonylated products from NMP’s and dNMP’s were analogous in structure to nucleoside 5′-diphosphates. The rate of phosphonylation of phosphate groups on NMP’s, dNMP’s, and SP’s varied strongly depending on reaction conditions: pH, reaction temperature, and initial concentration of inorganic diphosphonate. The maximum yields of phosphonylated products were ca. 70% for all NMP’s, dNMP’s, and SP’s under the following conditions: initial concentration of inorganic diphosphonate is 1.5 mol dm−3; each initial concentration of NMP’s, dNMP’s, or SP’s is 0.1 mol dm−3; 70 °C; pH 6.
Reactivities of Stable Rotamers. XXII. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Reactions of 3-(1,4-Disubstituted 9-Triptycyl)-3-methylbutanoyl Chloride: Isolation of Rotameric Ketones and Competition between Cyclizations to Substituted and to Unsubstituted Benzene Rings
Authors: Tanaka Toshimasa , Yonemoto Katsumi , Nakai Yasufumi , Yamamoto Gaku , Oki Michinori 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Rotational isomers of 3-(1,4-disubstituted 9-triptycyl)-3-methylbutanoic acid, where the substituent is either a methoxyl or a methyl, have been prepared, starting from 1,4-disubstituted 9-(1,1-dimethyl-3-butenyl)triptycene. Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions of the ap-acid chloride afforded corresponding ketones expected from the intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction. The sc form of the 1,4-dimethoxy compound gave a ketone that was formed by the reaction of the unsubstituted benzene ring and a lactone which was derived by the attack of the acylium ion on the methoxy-oxygen followed by demethylation. The sc form of the 1,4-dimethyl compound afforded a ketone which was expected from cyclization to the unsubstituted benzene ring and another ketone that was derived from the ipso attack of the acylium ion followed by 1,2-methide migration. In both cases, the ketone derived from the ap form of the acid chloride was different from that obtained from the sc. The barriers to isomerization of the ap-ketone to the sc-ketone was 29.6 kcal mol−1 at 100.5 °C and 25.6 kcal mol−1 at 56.0 °C for the methoxy and the methyl compounds, respectively. In both cases, the ketone derived from the sc-form was more stable than that from the ap, the sc/ap ratio at the equilibrium being 20.0 (56.0 °C) and 5.9 (100.5 °C), respectively, for the methyl and the methoxy compounds. In the reaction of the sc form, the competitive results between the cyclization toward the unsubstituted benzene ring and that toward the substituted vary according to the solvent and the Lewis acid used.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral, Unsymmetrical Diphenic Acids via Intramolecular Ullmann Coupling Reaction
Authors: Miyano Sotaro , Fukushima Hiroshi , Handa Shigeru , Ito Hiromitsu , Hashimoto Harukichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A practical route to unsymmetrical diphenic acids is described. Successive esterification of ethylene glycol with two different 2-halobenzoyl chlorides gave the corresponding mixed diester, which was treated with copper powder in boiling DMF under dilution conditions. Silica-gel column chromatography allowed ready separation of the intramolecularly coupled cyclic diester (30–60% yield) from other by-products accompanying the Ullmann reaction, and alkaline hydrolysis gave unsymmetrical diphenic acid. Axially chiral, unsymmetrical diphenic acids of more than 99% enantiomeric excess were obtained from the reaction of mixed diesters prepared from (R)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol.
Dehydrooligopeptides. X. Useful Synthetic Method for (E)- and (Z)-Isomers of Dehydroaspartic Acids, and Their Δ1,2-Dehydrodipeptides by the Base-Catalyzed β-Elimination
Authors: Shin Chung-gi , Obara Takumi , Morita Shigeru , Yonezawa Yasuchika 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Various kinds of N-benzyloxycarbonyl (E)- and (Z)-dehydroaspartic acid (Cbz–ΔAsp) derivatives were successfully synthesized by both a base-catalyzed β-elimination of β-hydroxyaspartic acid esters (HyAsp) via their β-mesyloxy Asp derivatives and several modes of the cleavages of α-(N-Cbz)-aminomaleic acid anhydride. Moreover, for high-yield synthesis of Δ1,2-dehydrodipeptides (DHP) containing a ΔAsp residue, a similar β-elimination was applied to Δ1-DHP with a C-terminal HyAsp residue. The configuration of all the new ΔAsp derivatives and their Δ1,2-DHPs were confirmed mainly on the basis of 1H NMR spectral data.
Determination of Ionic Partial Molar Volumes of Bolaform Electrolytes by Means of Sedimentation Potential Measurements
Authors: Hirakawa Hiromitsu , Nomura Hiroyasu , Kawaizumi Fumio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sedimentation potentials (SP) and electrical conductivities have been measured in aqueous solutions of three kinds of bolaform electrolytes, [R3N–(CH2)n–NR3]Br2 where R stands for ethyl group and n is equal to 4, 6, and 10. Using the SP and conductivity data the partial molar volumes of the bolaform salts were divided into cationic and anionic parts. Two ionic sites of the bolaform electrolytes behave independently.
Vapor Pressures of Diethyl, Diisopropyl, and Dibutyl Phthalates at Reduced Pressures
Authors: Katayama Hirotake 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Vapor pressures of the three phthalates noted above were measured over the ranges 0.3–30, 0.3–10, and 0.3–9 kPa, respectively. The correlations of vapor pressures using the Cragoe equation with 4 constants give the percent root mean square deviations of 0.21, 0.33, and 0.28, respectively.
The Preparation and Properties of an Enzyme Electrode for Creatine
Authors: Motonaka Junko , Takabayashi Hisaaki , Ikeda Sanae , Tanaka Nobuyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An enzyme electrode for creatine consisting of a single glass electrode and immobilized creatine kinase was prepared, and the effects of various conditions on the calibration curve obtained with this electrode were examined. Creatine in the range of 0.42–3.3 mmol dm−3 could be determined at 37 °C and pH 9.
Synthesis, and Crystal and Molecular Structure of Bis(benzylamine)bis(thiocyanato)cadmium(II), [Cd(SCN)2(C6H5CH2NH2)2], in Planar Polymeric Form: Allotrope of the Linear Polymeric Complex
Authors: Ouchi Akira , Taniguchi Masahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title complex (1), which is two-dimensional polymeric and an allotrope of the previously reported linear polymeric complex (2), was obtained and its crystal and molecular structure was determined by means of a single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. Since 1 is more soluble in organic solvents, 1 and 2 could be prepared, separately. The crystal of CdC16H18N4S2, F. W. 442.9, is monoclinic, space group P21⁄c, a=13.958(2), b=5.759(1), c=11.466(2) Å, β=99.24(1)°, U=909.8(3) Å3, Z=2, Dm=1.61(3), Dx=1.62 g cm−3, μ(Mo Kα)=14.2 cm−1. The cadmium atom is in a trans-2S4N-hexa-coordinated octahedral geometry. Each cadmium atom is at the center of symmetry, and it is bridged to four cadmium atoms by an thiocyanate ion, respectively, and the complex network is extended on the bc-plane.
The Synthesis and the Crystal and Molecular Structure of Tris(N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone)tetrakis(thiocyanato)cobalt(II)mercury(II), [CoHg(SCN)4(C6H11NO)3]
Authors: Kinoshita Hisashi , Ouchi Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title complex, which has a new-type layer structure, has been obtained, and its crystal and molecular structure has been determined by the X-ray diffraction technique. The crystallographic data are: monoclinic, space group P21⁄n, a=18.264(7), b=16.223(7), c=10.623(5) Å, β=92.77(5)° and Z=4. The final R value was 0.059. The cobalt atoms are in an octahedral geometry, ligated by three thiocyanato(SCN) nitrogen atoms and three oxygen atoms (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) in a meridional configuration; these cobalt atoms are cross-linked to adjacent mercury atoms by SCN ions, forming a characteristic layer structure which consists of twenty-four-membered rings of the [Co3Hg3(SCN)6] unit. The mercury atoms are in the tetrahedral geometry, ligated by four sulfur atoms of SCN ions, three bridging and one unidentate. The complex layers in parallel are piled up in the a-axis direction, and there are no bridgings or hydrogen bondings between them.
Dinuclear Cobalt(II), Iron(II), and Manganese(II), and Trinuclear Manganese(II) Complexes with Tridentate Ligands of NNS-Donor Set Derived from 2-Aminoethanethiol
Authors: Handa Makoto , Okawa Hisashi , Kida Sigeo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Thiolate-bridged dinuclear cobalt(II), iron(II), and Manganese(II) complexes and trinuclear manganese(II) complexes of thiolic ligands, 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanethiol, 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol, 2-[(2-pyridylmethyl)amino]ethanethiol, and 2-[[(2-pyridylethyl]amino]ethanethiol, were prepared and their magnetic properties were examined in the temperature range 80–300 K. The results indicated a significant antiferromagnetic spin-exchange interactions through the bridging sulfur atom for all the complexes.
A Short Step Synthesis of 3-Deoxy-d-manno-2-octulosonic Acid (KDO)
Authors: Itoh Hiroshi , Kaneko Tuyoshi , Tanami Kazuhiro , Yoda Kazue 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
3-Deoxy-d-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO) 1,4-lactone was synthesized from aldehydo-d-mannose derivatives by Horner–Emmons reaction in two steps.
Oxidative Formation of a Blue Pigment from a Dihydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-3(2H)-one Derivative
Authors: Irikawa Hajime , Ooe Sumio , Okumura Yasuaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A dimeric blue pigment was formed by the autoxidation of a dihydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-3(2H)-one derivative.
Asymmetric Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Homochiral β-Ketoacetals
Authors: Hosokawa Takahiro , Yagi Tetsushi , Ataka Yoshiharu , Murahashi Shun-Ichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The diastereoselectivity of the carbonyl addition of organolithium reagents to β-keto acetals was examined. Addition of MeLi to β-keto acetal derived from Pd(II)-catalyzed acetalization of phenyl vinyl ketone with (R,R)-2,4-pentanediol gave (4R,6R)-4,6-dimethyl-2-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropyl]-1,3-dioxane in 75%de.
The Long-Term Testing of ZSM-5-Type Zeolite Containing Strontium for the High-Temperature Conversion of Methanol to Olefin
Authors: Okado Hideo , Sano Tsuneji , Suzuki Kunio , Okabe Kiyomi , Takaya Haruo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Using ZSM-5-type zeolites containing alkaline earth metals (Mg, Ca, Sr), long-term tests for methanol conversion were carried out for up to 1000 h at 550 °C under a methanol LHSV of 2.3 h−1. Strontium-containing zeolite showed the most stable activity. This was attributed to the effect of strontium on the acidity of the zeolite.
Kinetic Studies by Means of the NMR Techniques. I. Acid-Catalyzed Proton-Exchange Reactions of Some Substituted Phenols
Authors: Yoshino Akihiro , Nakashima Yasuki , Takahashi Kensuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A kinetic study was conducted on the acid-catalyzed proton–deuteron-exchange reactions of several substituted phenols. The rates of the exchange were determined by using the two-bond isotope shifts (2Δ) on the carbons and the pattern-fitting analyses for the 13C NMR signals. The observed reaction rates can be expressed additively with substituent parameters. The parameters of the para positions are linearly correlated to the σp+ with ρ=−3.6.
ESR Studies on Mn(II) Ions in Japanese Marine Pearls
Authors: Li Yong , Tajima Kunihiko , Ishizu Kazuhiko , Azuma Nagao , Miyoshi Kiyonori 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
X-band and Q-band ESR measurements of Mn(II) ions contained in Japanese cultured marine pearls and pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) were carried out at room temperature. The ESR spectra observed for the powdered samples of nacreous and prismatic layers revealed the ESR hyperfine structures typical to Mn(II) in an aragonite lattice and a calcite lattice, respectively. The ESR spectra were interpreted with the following spin Hamiltonian.
\mathscrH=gβH·S+aS·I–gnβnH·I+D[Sz2–S(S+1)⁄3]+E(Sx2–Sy2)
The resonance fields for all the M=+1⁄2↔M=−1⁄2 ESR transitions were derived, with the third-order corrections all taken into account. The zero-field splitting parameters D and E for Mn(II) ions in these biominerals were estimated by computer simulations of the ESR line shapes. The estimated parameters for the nacreous Mn(II) ion (D=20.8 mT, E=6.9 mT) are apparently different from those for the prismatic Mn(II) ion (D=8.5 mT, E=1.4 mT).
Evaluation of Kinetic Parameters from Steady-State Voltammograms at Ultramicrodisk Electrodes
Authors: Abe Takayuki , Itaya Kingo , Uchida Isamu , Aoki Koichi , Tokuda Koichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Platinum ultramicrodisk electrodes 0.8 μm in radius were constructed by anodic electropolishing of a platinum wire followed by sealing it with soft glass. Voltammograms for oxidation of [Mo(CN)8]4−, Fe2−, and [Fe(CN)6]4−, being of a sigmoidal form, were measured at these electrodes and microdisk electrodes with 7.5 μm in radius under the essentially steady-state condition. A voltammogram of Fe2+ at 7.5 μm electrode was drawn out, exhibiting a halfwave potential shifted from the formal potential. This trend was more distinctive for a wave at 0.8 μm electrode. Radii of the electrodes and diffusion coefficients of the electroactive species were determined consistently from the limiting currents. The conventional log-plot showed that electrode reactions of Fe2+ and [Fe(CN)6]4− were, respectively, totally irreversible and almost reversible at these electrodes. Application of the modified log-plot to the voltammograms yielded straight line, of which slope allowed us to evaluate the transfer coefficient and of which intercept gave values of the charge-transfer rate constant. Simulated voltammograms at these values were in good agreement with experimental ones.
Structure Images of a Nickel Fine-Particle Catalyst and Analysis of a Moiré Pattern
Authors: Noda Michio , Ichinose Hideki , Saito Yasukazu , Ishida Yoichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Conventional HR-TEM was applied to a nickel fine-particle catalyst that had been prepared by means of a gas-evaporation method. A structure image of the nickel fine particle showed that the particle consisted of an fcc nickel crystal and thin oxide layers of the surfaces. A platinum-deposited nickel fine particle exhibited a moiré pattern, which was analyzed by the use of the Cowley-Moodie dynamical theory of diffraction. An accurate solution of the equations showed that a platinum lattice obliquely piled on a surface lattice of the particle.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols on TiO2
Authors: Yamagata Sadamu , Nakabayashi Seiichiro , Sancier Kenneth M , Fujishima Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction mechanisms of the photocatalytic oxidation of several different alcohols on TiO2 were investigated by three experimental techniques: spin trapping, photocurrent measurement, and product analysis. The results are interpreted according to the band model of a semiconductor and current doubling. It was found that alcohols with α-hydrogens gave low concentrations of spin adducts since their photoproduced radicals have short lifetimes on TiO2 due to a current-doubling process. Also, it was found that oxygen participated in a radical chain mechanism in the photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde.
Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Properties of Alkylammonium Alkanesulfonates
Authors: Matsunaga Yoshio , Nishida Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Alkylammonium methane-, ethane-, 1-propane-, and 1-butanesulfonates exhibit a smectic A phase when the cation carries a dodecyl or longer alkyl group. The temperature range of the existence decreases in the following order: methanesulfonates&gt;1-propanesulfonates&gt;ethanesulfonates&gt;1-butanesulfonates. In the last series, the mesophase is entirely metastable. The layer spacing in the 1-propanesulfonate is shorter by about 0.30 nm than that of the corresponding methanesulfonate, even though the alkyl chain length in the anion is increased by 0.25 nm.
Surface Potential of Mixed Micelles Composed of Prostaglandin B2 and Heptaethylene Glycol Dodecyl Ether by the Fluorescence Method
Authors: Yokoyama Shoko , Kaneko Akiko , Fujie Tadao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The surface state of negatively charged mixed micelles prepared by addition of prostaglandin B2 (PGB2) to nonionic heptaethylene glycol dodecyl ether (HED) has been investigated and the surface potential (Δψ) of the micelles has been estimated by measuring the fluorescence intensity of ammonium 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) as a fluorescent probe. Since the binding constant of ANS, k, is dependent on the surface potential of the micelle, the value of Δψ was determined according to the equation Δψ=−59.16log(k0⁄k) at 25°C, where k0 is the k of HED micelle. The value of |−Δψ| increases with increasing mole fraction of PGB2 (XPGB2) and decreases with increasing ionic strength (J). These changes are due to the effects of the negative charge of PGB2 and of ionic atmosphere of Na+, respectively. Surface charge density (σ) was, therefore, determined from Δψ according to the Gouy-Chapman theory, with a result that σ is nearly independent of J and proportional to XPGB2. These results have led to a conclusion that the state of the diffuse layer surrounding the Stern layer on the micelle surface is represented well by the Gouy-Chapman theory as well as a previous result for the system of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and HED. The value of |−σ| for PGB2 micelle is less than that for SDS micelle, which suggests that PGB2 forms a loosely packed micelle.
Crystal Structures and Electrical Properties of TSeCn-TTF (n=2 and 4)
Authors: Wang Ping , Mori Takehiko , Nakano Chikako , Maruyama Yusei , Inokuchi Hiroo , Iwasawa Naoko , Yamochi Hideki , Urayama Hatsumi , Saito Gunzi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An organic compound TSeCn-TTF [tetrakis(alkylseleno) tetrathiafulvalenes] with n=2, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21⁄a, a=23.218(5), b=8.960(3), c=10.489(3) Å, β=96.61(2)°, V=2168(1) Å3, and Z=4; the compound with n=4 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P\bar1, a=9.198(1), b=10.539(2), c=8.248(2) Å, α=113.16(2), β=96.02(2), γ=90.61(2)°, V=729.9(3) Å3 and Z=1. The molecule with n=2 has a bent structure, like a boat; and the molecule with n=4 has a structure in which each of the four alkyl chains is stretched towards different directions. The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity and the charge-carrier mobility have been measured, and the resistivities at room temperature are ρa⁄ρb⁄ρc=3.3×109⁄2.0×109⁄6.0×1011 and 2.2×1011⁄1.0×1011⁄1.3×1011 (Ω cm) for TSeC2-TTF and TSeC4-TTF, respectively. The quite isotropic character in the resistivities of a TSeC4-TTF crystal may originate from its rather strange molecular structure.
A New Permanganate–Nitrite–Formic Acid–Methanol Oscillator
Authors: Morita Makoto , Iwamoto Kazutoshi , Sen\={o} Manabu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sustained oscillation and birhythmicity have been observed when aqueous solutions of potassium permanganate, potassium nitrite, formic acid, and methanol were mixed in a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor. A detailed phase diagram is shown. This new oscillator is composed of non-halogen compounds and the first example of the nitrogen-based oscillator.
57Fe-Mössbauer and 13C-CP-MAS NMR Spectroscopic Studies of the Reaction Products of Ferrocene Derivatives with Mercury(II) Salts
Authors: Watanabe Masanobu , Masuda Yuichi , Motoyama Izumi , Sano Hirotoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The unstable adducts of ferrocene and methylferrocene and the stable adducts of biferrocene, diferrocenylmethane, 1,2-diferrocenylethane, and [n]ferrocenophane (n=2, 3) with HgX2 (X=Cl, Br, I, and BF4) were studied by means of 57Fe-Mössbauer and high-resolution solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopies. The large quadrupole splitting (Q. S.) values in the 57Fe-Mössbauer and the large low-field shifts in the 13C-CP-MAS NMR, spectroscopy suggest the presence of a direct chemical bond between the Fe and Hg atoms.
Seasonal Changes in Eicosapentaenoic and Arachidonic Acid Contents in Bivalves and Plankton Collected from Lake Hamana
Authors: Adachi Kyoko , Ichinose Norio , Shimizu Chiaki , Okamoto Ken 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Bivalves and plankton samples were collected monthly for one year from brackish Lake Hamana in Japan, and contents of 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid, AA) and their weight percentage to total fatty acids were determined by fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography. The results regarding bivalves showed that the EPA and AA levels are approximately ten times higher in liver than in adductor on the average for one year, and are remarkably dependent upon the season. The seasonal changes of EPA and AA contents in bivalve liver are seemingly related to those of plankton, which are the diet of bivalves. From these facts, it can be seen that plankton is the main origin of EPA and AA in bivalve bodies and supply these fatty acids all the way up to humans through a food chain.