bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topical Delivery of Silver Nanoparticles Promotes Wound Healing
Authors: Tian Jun , Wong Kenneth K. Y. , Ho Chi‐Ming , Lok Chun‐Nam , Yu Wing‐Yiu , Che Chi‐Ming , Chiu Jen‐Fu , Tam Paul K. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWound healing is a complex process and has been the subject of intense research for a long time. The recent emergence of nanotechnology has provided a new therapeutic modality in silver nanoparticles for use in burn wounds. Nonetheless, the beneficial effects of silver nanoparticles on wound healing remain unknown. We investigated the wound‐healing properties of silver nanoparticles in an animal model and found that rapid healing and improved cosmetic appearance occur in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, through quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and proteomic studies, we showed that silver nanoparticles exert positive effects through their antimicrobial properties, reduction in wound inflammation, and modulation of fibrogenic cytokines. These results have given insight into the actions of silver and have provided a novel therapeutic direction for wound treatment in clinical practice.
Synthesis, Structure and Surface Photovoltage of a Series of NiII Coordination Polymers
Authors: Sun Li‐Ping , Niu Shu‐Yun , Jin Jing , Yang Guang‐Di , Ye Ling 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree novel NiII coordination polymers [Ni2(HCOO)4(H2O)4]n (1), [Na2Ni(btec)(H2O)8]n (2; H4btec = 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylic acid) and [{Ni(pdc)(H2O)2}·H2O]n (3; H2pdc = pyridine‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid) have been hydrothermally synthesized and their structures determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The formate groups in complex 1 bridge the NiII ions to form a infinite 3D structure. Complex 2 also possesses a infinite 3D structure and the coordination environment of the NiII ion is a perfect octahedron. Complex 3 is a 2D infinite coordination polymer. The surface photovoltage spectra of complexes 1–3 indicate that they all show three positive surface photovoltage (SPV) responses in the range of 300–800 nm and all show p‐type semiconductor characteristics. Although the intensities of the SPV responses are obviously different, this can mainly be attributed to the difference of their structures. The field‐induced surface photovoltage spectra (FISPS) of complexes 1–3 confirm their p‐type semiconductor characteristics. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Organic Reactions in Microemulsions
Authors: Holmberg Krister 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMicroemulsions, i.e., thermodynamically stable, one‐phase mixtures of oil, water and surfactants, are useful as reaction media as a way to overcome the reactant incompatibility problem that one frequently encounters in organic synthesis. The use of a microemulsion can be seen as an alternative to phase‐transfer catalysis, i.e., use of a two‐phase system with added phase‐transfer agent. The microemulsion approach and phase‐transfer catalysis can also be combined, i.e., the reaction can be performed in a microemulsion in the presence of a small amount of a phase‐transfer agent. A very high reaction rate may then be obtained. The reaction rate in a microemulsion is often influenced by the charge at the interface and this charge depends on the surfactant used. For instance, reactions involving negatively charged species will be accelerated by the use of a cationic surfactant. This effect is analogous to micellar catalysis and may be termed microemulsion catalysis. The acceleration is more pronounced when the surfactant counterion is small and weakly polarizable. Microemulsions can also be used to induce regiospecificity of organic reactions. Organic molecules with one more polar and one less polar end will accumulate at the oil‐water interface of microemulsions. They will orient at the interface so that the polar part of the molecule extends into the water domain and the nonpolar part extends into the hydrocarbon domain. A water‐soluble reagent will react from the “water side”, i.e., attack the polar part of the amphiphilic molecule, and a reagent soluble in hydrocarbon will react at the other end of the amphiphilic molecule. This review demonstrates that microemulsions can be a useful for (i) overcoming reactant incompatibility, (ii) speeding up reactions of one polar and one apolar reactant (microemulsion catalysis), and (iii) inducing regiospecificity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Chiral microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography: Effect of cosurfactant identity on enantioselectivity, methylene selectivity, resolution, and other chromatographic figures of merit
Authors: Kahle Kimberly A. , Foley Joe P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of cosurfactant identity on microemulsion size, elution range, retention factor, enantioselectivity, methylene selectivity, efficiency, and resolution in chiral microemulsion formulations was examined. The chiral surfactant dodecoxycarbonylvaline was used in conjunction with the cosurfactants 1‐butanol, 1‐pentanol, 2‐pentanol, 1‐hexanol, 2‐hexanol, cyclopentanol, and cyclohexanol. The millimolar concentration of cosurfactant was held constant regardless of identity. Ethyl acetate was incorporated as the microemulsion oil core and the buffer utilized was 50 mM phosphate at a pH of 7.0. In general, secondary alcohols improved enantioselectivities and primary alcohols had the opposite effect, with the exception of the 1‐butanol. The trends observed varied slightly depending on analyte. Of the six chiral analytes tested, cyclopentanol provided the best enantioselectivity for three, 1‐butanol for two compounds, and 2‐pentanol for one analyte. The lowest enantioselectivities were achieved with 1‐pentanol or 1‐hexanol for all compounds. Methylene selectivity was found to decrease with reductions in alcohol chain length. Among equal carbon number alcohols, methylene selectivity was lower for secondary alcohols. Efficiency and resolution values varied with different cosurfactants and depended on analyte identity.
Calponin is expressed by fibroblasts and meningeal cells but not olfactory ensheathing cells in the adult peripheral olfactory system
Authors: Ibanez Chrystelle , Ito Daisuke , Zawadzka Malgorzata , Jeffery Nick D. , Franklin Robin J.M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOlfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the principal glial cells of the peripheral olfactory system, have many phenotypic similarities with Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. This makes reliably distinguishing these two cells types difficult, especially following transplantation into areas of injury in the central nervous system. In an attempt to identify markers by which these two cells types can be distinguished, a recent proteomic analysis of fetal OECs and adult Schwann cells identified the actin‐binding protein calponin as a potential marker expressed by OECs but not Schwann cells. Since many studies designed with the translational goal of autologous transplantation in mind have used adult OECs, this study examined the expression of calponin by adult OECs, both in vivo within the peripheral olfactory system and in vitro. Calponin colocalized with strongly fibronectin positive fibroblasts in the olfactory mucosa (OM) and meningeal cells in the olfactory bulb (OB) but not with S100β or neuropeptide‐Y positive OECs. In tissue culture, calponin was strongly expressed by fibronectin‐expressing fibroblasts from OM, sciatic nerve and skin and by meningeal cells from the OB, but not by p75NTR‐ and S100β‐expressing OECs. These data, supported by Western blotting, indicate that calponin can not be used to distinguish adult OECs and Schwann cells. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of a blood coagulation factor on electrically polarized hydroxyapatite surfaces
Authors: Nakamura Miho , Niwa Kazuki , Nakamura Satoshi , Sekijima Yasutaka , Yamashita Kimihiro 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlthough the polarization treatment of hydroxyapatite (HA) remarkably enhances the osteoconductivity, the mechanisms have not yet been completely understood. The interaction of proteins in blood and tissue fluids with biomaterials are reportedly triggers for later cellular responses and played a major role in osteoconductive processes. Considering this, we disclosed the interaction of polarized HA surface with a coagulation factor, fibrin stabilizing factor XIII (FXIII). The HA activated FXIII even in Ca2+ free buffer, based on the SDS‐PAGE detections of α‐polymer and γ‐dimer bands assigned to stabilized fibrin. The Ca2+ ions, possibly released from the HA surfaces, were examined whether they initiate the activation of the FXIII. It was experimentally proved by ICP analysis that the induced large negative charges on the electrically polarized HA significantly increased the released Ca2+ concentration for the short pre‐incubation time of 3 min. The more Ca2+ ions released from the negatively charged HA (N‐HA) surfaces were more effective in the activation of the FXIII, resulting in the rapider disappearance of the γ‐chain bands in fibrin. The slightly lower Ca2+ concentration in the positively charged HA, compared to the nonpolarized HA activated the FXIII at an almost equal rate. The accelerated activation contributed to the stabilization of fibrin scaffold. Therefore, the polarity difference of the induced charges of the polarized HA surface altered the rate of the FXIII activation. The early stage interaction of the HA surfaces with blood proteins was considered to be an essential process of the accelerated new bone formation near implanted N‐HA surface. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Free standing carbon nanotube composite bio‐electrodes
Authors: Whitten Philip G. , Gestos Adrian A. , Spinks Geoffrey M. , Gilmore Kerry J. , Wallace Gordon G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCarbon nanotubes present a new material for the construction of electrodes for electrochemical devices such as batteries, capacitors, and actuators. Such electrodes require high conductivity, strength, and surface area. The latter two requirements are often incompatible. Electrodes composed entirely of carbon nanotubes (bucky paper) have high surface areas but are typically weak, and have insufficient conductivity for practical macroscopic applications. Here we report a technique that uses naturally occurring biopolymers to produce electrodes (free standing films) that exhibit conductivities of 300 S/cm. These composites also have considerable mechanical strength (up to 145 MPa) and sufficient specific capacitance of 19–27 F/g to enable them to be used as freestanding electrodes. One potential application that deserves special attention is that of biocompatible electrodes, where the binder is a biopolymer already used in a range of implants. Preliminary studies reported here show that the new carbon nanotube biopolymer electrodes can foster prolific L929 cell growth. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Optimization of UV cross‐linking density for durable and nontoxic collagen GAG dermal substitute
Authors: Lew Dae‐Hyun , Liu Perry Hsien‐Tsung , Orgill Dennis P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractArtificial dermal constructs, based upon collagen‐glycosaminoglycan matrices (CGMs), provide new options in treating skin defects. However, their clinical effectiveness may be limited by cytotoxicity related to residual aldehydes left over from the manufacturing process. Although both chemical and dehydrothermal (DHT) cross‐linking are used to produce CGMs, we hypothesize that optimized nonchemical cross‐linking, using ultra‐violet (UV) and DHT treatment combinations, may limit cytotoxicity without sacrificing mechanical strength. Porous CGMs were physically cross‐linked using a combination of DHT and varying intensities of UV light. These were compared to glutaraldehyde cross‐linked controls. Human keratinocytes were seeded in each matrix, and cellular proliferation measured using a microculture tetrazolium dye assay. A scoring system (based on the in vitro contraction rate, stiffness, and cellular growth of a small cylindrical specimen) was developed to assess the best overall physical cross‐linking method. More cellular growth was observed in the 90–120 min UV cross‐linked group than in the glutaraldehyde‐treated group (p < 0.05). Stiffness was maximized after 0–30 min of UV cross‐linking. On the basis of our scoring system, DHT combined with 45 min of UV cross‐linking produced the best overall matrix in terms of cellular growth and physical durability. UV cross‐linked collagen‐based biomaterials could be a viable alternative for use in biological applications to eliminate glutaraldehyde‐associated cytotoxicity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Self‐setting properties of a β‐dicalcium silicate reinforced calcium phosphate cement
Authors: Wang Xiupeng , Ye Jiandong , Wang Yingjun , Chen Ling 
Published: October 2006

Abstractβ‐Dicalcium silicate was used to reinforce the injectable calcium phosphate cement (iCPC) for the first time in this study. The influence of the content of β‐dicalcium silicate on the mechanical properties, setting time, rheological properties, injectability, phase evolution, microstructure, and biodegradability of iCPC was systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the addition of 8 wt % β‐dicalcium silicate obviously enhanced the compressive strength of the CPC from 26.5 to 47.5 MPa, and did not significantly influence the biodegradability, setting time, injectability, phase evolution, and microstructure of the CPC. The β‐dicalcium silicate‐reinforced iCPC with relatively high mechanical property should have potential prospects for the wider applications in surgery such as orthopedics, oral, and maxillofacial surgery. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Role of core support material in veneer failure of brittle layer structures
Authors: Hermann Ilja , Bhowmick Sanjit , Lawn Brian R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA study is made of veneer failure by cracking in all‐ceramic crown‐like layer structures. Model trilayers consisting of a 1 mm thick external glass layer (veneer) joined to a 0.5 mm thick inner stiff and hard ceramic support layer (core) by epoxy bonding or by fusion are fabricated for testing. The resulting bilayers are then glued to a thick compliant polycarbonate slab to simulate a dentin base. The specimens are subjected to cyclic contact (occlusal) loading with spherical indenters in an aqueous environment. Video cameras are used to record the fracture evolution in the transparent glass layer in situ during testing. The dominant failure mode is cone cracking in the glass veneer by traditional outer (Hertzian) cone cracks at higher contact loads and by inner (hydraulically pumped) cone cracks at lower loads. Failure is deemed to occur when one of these cracks reaches the veneer/core interface. The advantages and disadvantages of the alumina and zirconia core materials are discussed in terms of mechanical properties—strength and toughness, as well as stiffness. Consideration is also given to the roles of interface strength and residual thermal expansion mismatch stresses in relation to the different joining methods. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Safety characteristics of gadobenate dimeglumine: Clinical experience from intra‐ and interindividual comparison studies with gadopentetate dimeglumine
Authors: Shellock Frank G. , Parker John R. , Pirovano Gianpaolo , Shen Ningyan , Venetianer Carol , Kirchin Miles A. , Spinazzi Alberto 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the safety and tolerability of gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd‐BOPTA) relative to that of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd‐DTPA) in patients and volunteers undergoing MRI for various clinical conditions.Materials and MethodsA total of 924 subjects were enrolled in 10 clinical trials in which Gd‐BOPTA was compared with Gd‐DTPA. Of these subjects, 893 were patients with known or suspected disease and 31 were healthy adult volunteers. Of the 893 patients, 174 were pediatric subjects (aged two days to 17 years) referred for MRI of the brain or spine. Safety evaluations included monitoring vital signs, laboratory values, and adverse events (AE).ResultsThe rate of AE in adults was similar between the two agents (Gd‐BOPTA: 51/561, 9.1%; Gd‐DTPA: 33/472, 7.0%; P = 0.22). In parallel‐group studies in which subjects were randomized to either agent, the rate of AE was 10.9% for Gd‐BOPTA and 7.9% for Gd‐DTPA (P = 0.21). In the subset of subjects receiving both agents in intraindividual crossover trials, the rate of AE was 8.0% for Gd‐BOPTA and 8.5% for Gd‐DTPA (P = 0.84). Results of other safety assessments (laboratory tests, vital signs) were similar for the two agents.ConclusionThe safety profile of Gd‐BOPTA is similar to Gd‐DTPA in patients and volunteers. Both compounds are equally well‐tolerated in patients with various disease states undergoing MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of the marine phycotoxin palytoxin on neuronal pH in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells
Authors: Vale‐González Carmen , Gómez‐Limia Belén , Vieytes Mercedes R. , Botana Luis M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPalytoxin (PTX) is a potent marine phycotoxin that binds to the Na,K‐ATPase, converting this pump into an open channel. We have recently shown (Vale et al., 2006) that PTX causes an irreversible increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells (CGC). In this work, we investigated the effect of PTX on the intracellular pH (pHi) in the same cellular model. PTX‐induced changes in pHi were studied in CGC by using the fluorescent probe 2′,7′‐bis(carboxyethyl)‐5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF‐AM). PTX caused an irreversible intracellular acidification of CGC. This acidification was due to an influx of extracellular calcium, inasmuch as it was completely abolished by the use of Ca2+‐free medium. Different mechanisms that could be involved in the PTX‐induced pHi decrease such as displacement of H+ by Ca2+ from a common intracellular binding site, PTX‐induced alteration of pHi regulation mechanisms, and a possible acidification caused by an increase of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by PTX were excluded. PTX‐induced intracellular acidification was completely prevented by several inhibitors of the plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA), including orthovanadate, lanthanum, high extracellular pH, and caloxin 2A1. Our results indicate that the PMCA is involved in the PTX‐induced intracellular acidification in primary cultures of CGC. The PTX‐evoked increase in [Ca2+]c will activate the calcium extrusion mechanisms through the PMCA, which, in turn, will decrease pHi by countertransport of H+ ions. The effect of PTX on neuronal pH could be a potential factor to contribute to the high cytotoxicity of this toxin in cultured cerebellar neurons. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of temperature, photoperiod, and light quantity on protein production in wheat grains
Authors: Kolderup Fredrik 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFive varieties of common spring wheat were cultivated under controlled conditions at five temperatures from 12 to 24 °C. From the time of heading three day‐length treatments were applied at each temperature: 10 h, 24 h, and natural day length. Nitrogen content in the grains increased by 46–124% with increasing temperature, and also increased significantly with extension of the photoperiod. Natural days, supplying more light energy, gave lower nitrogen contents than the other treatments. Protein yields per pot were more constant. The relative amounts of lysine, valine, and threonine decreased with increasing temperature and extension of the photoperiod, while glutamic acid, proline, and phenylalanine increased. However, at the highest temperatures this trend was hardly apparent. Protein fractionation showed that the decrease in lysine was correlated with an increase in the ratio of alkali‐soluble to salt‐soluble proteins.
Stability of protein water concentrates from potato starch factory waste effluents
Authors: Dellamonica Edward S. , Huhtanen Charles N. , Strolle Eugene O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe microbial activity and chemical composition of concentrates prepared from potato starch factory waste were studied. Concentrates stored at room temperature and 35 °C showed gas formation and caramelisation; this study showed that these were not caused by indigenous aerobic or anaerobic bacteria. Chemical composition data indicate that these visible signs of instability were due to non‐enzymatic browning. Results also reveal that enzymic proteolysis is occurring. Potential use of this product, e.g. as an animal feed, is very limited and will require a final drying.
The effect of delayed sealing on fermentation and losses during ensilage
Authors: Henderson Annie R. , McDonald Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn two separate experiments plastic silos were left opened to air for 3 days and then sealed. The composition of the resultant silages was compared with silages made in silos sealed immediately after filling. In the first experiment Lolium multiflorum of high water soluble carbohydrate (w.s.c.) content (27.3%) and low crude protein (c.p.) content (10.7%) was used and although variations in composition between the inside and outside layers of the “unsealed” silage occurred, both treatments produced well‐preserved silage. In a second experiment using a later cut of similar grass but of low w.s.c. content (10.8%) and high c.p. content (23%), delayed sealing resulted in silages of high pH value with relatively high butyric acid and volatile N contents and low lactic acid levels. Dry matter losses during ensiling were also high in these aerated silages.
Potassium nutrition of the strawberry plant. Effect of potassium treatment and of the rooting media on components of yield and critical leaf potassium concentrations
Authors: Bradfield Edward G. , Bonatsos Damanios , Stickland Jennifer F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStrawberry plants, cv. Cambridge Favourite were grown (a) with 5 different levels of potassium from planting to dormancy, followed by a constant level of K in the flowering and fruiting phase; or (b) with a constant level of K from planting to dormancy, followed by 4 different levels of K during the flowering and fruiting phase. The experiment was carried out in 3 different rooting media—sand, peat and rock wool.Application of K ranging from 0.125 to 2 mEq/litre in the nutrient solution over the period from planting to dormancy had no significant effect on any of the components of yield subsequently measured. Application of K ranging from 0.25 to 2 mEq/litre over the flowering and fruiting period produced significant effects on yield, mainly because of increased flower production.Yields for different rooting media, and even between plants grown in the same medium, varied considerably due to factors other than potassium nutrition, but the leaf potassium concentration at the fruit ripening stage associated with maximum yield of fruit (>7 g per berry) was constant at about 1.2% K, irrespective of the actual yield.
The effect of varying nitrogen supply on the protein composition of a high lysine mutant of barley
Authors: Rhodes Anthony P. , Jenkins Graham 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmino acid analyses of the grain of barley cultivars Risø 1508, Hiproly and Maris Mink carried out using grain of comparable protein levels have shown that the amino acid composition of Risø mutant 1508 is fundamentally different from that of the other varieties. A high proportional content of lysine and other nutritionally essential amino acids in Risø 1508 is achieved mainly at the expense of large decreases in glutamic acid and proline. Furthermore, a high lysine content in Risø mutant 1508 was maintained when the level of grain protein was raised by increasing the supply of nitrogen fertiliser.