bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stakeholder Participation-The Road to Successful Oil and Gas Development
Authors: Jones Murray G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil and gas industry is increasingly operating in more sensitive areas. Sensitivities include possible impacts on the natural environment, on biodiversity and on social systems. A license to operate is not only given by the responsible authorities within a particular country but also by influential stakeholders. These stakeholders can be identified as both those on whom a project can impact and those who can significantly impact the project. By taking a thoroughly open and transparent approach stakeholder relations can be built with a minimum of conflict and indeed with joint partnership.
The Camisea gas and condensate development in Peru's upper Amazon is one project that relies on its relations and credibility with many stakeholders for its success. Consultation was initiated over two years before the signing of a license agreement. This was steadily expanded during the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process which precedes activities and into subsequent operations. Stakeholders include the Ministry of Energy and Mines, Region Inca (the area where in the project lies), the native communities and their representatives and numerous national and international non governmental organizations (NGOs).
After over one year of an appraisal drilling campaign there are signs of success with many of the involved groups. Words like "leadership", "model" and "breakthrough" have been used. However Shell Prospecting and Development Peru (SPDP) sees this as early days. The high sensitivity of the environment and many concerns by and for the local native communities means that consultation, discussion, agreements and promises must be turned into positive actions. Actions include meeting operational commitments for performance and delivering on the benefits promised. The Camisea approach is to enhance social capital - the ability of the local peoples to manage their own futures - under the umbrella of sustainable development.
The roll of Pressure-State-Response-Effect (PSRE) Environmental Information models in Corporate Strategic Planning
Authors: Urich Juan , Asuaje Ramón , Quiñones Ruben , Vielma Luis 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Expensive Environmental Data (ED) gathered in order to fulfill specific regulatory and permitting requirements is usually loose, unstructured and therefore difficult to analyze and use in Corporate Strategic Planning (CSP). Furthermore due to its purpose ED selection and gathering is seldom influenced by the ever increasing needs of CSP for reliable Environmental Information (EI) with a proper time and spatial frame. A framework to develop Environmental Information Models (EIM) that approaches this constraints and able to transform relevant Environmental Data into reliable Environmental Information is discussed. The framework is based on the previous efforts forwarded by Agencies like OECD and EPA to approach the development of EIM using meaningful categories of variables within each of the PSRE componentes and avoiding therefore the difficulties of Information Management based upon detailed and complex interaction models. The proposed framework also benefits from other approaches oriented to provide Strategic Planning with additional measurements of Environmental direction and performance based on EIM. The framework is used to develop an EIM for the development of the oil resources to be found in Eastern Venezuela, as well as to provide proper Environmental Performance Measurements (EPM) suitable to CSP needs.
Egyptian Government and E&P Industry: Partners in Environmental Progress
Authors: Agiza M. N. , Emmons L. N. , Thompson I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The relationship between oil & gas companies and the government is always important especially when dealing with the environment in an emerging country. This paper will describe the activities and achievements of the Egyptian government and the Petroleum Industry Environmental Protection Committee (PIEPC), a committee formed by the international exploration and production companies in Egypt over seven years ago. The role of PIEPC is to promote improved environmental conservation standards and awareness in the oil and gas industry in Egypt. The committee's significant achievements to date and its goals for the future will be described. The paper will show how a committee representing different international oil and gas companies, operating in a growing country, can work successfully together with the government for the betterment of the environment and the host country as a whole.
The Scratch Test As A Means To Measure Strength of Sedimentary Rocks
Authors: Richard T. , Detournay E. , Drescher A. , Nicodeme P. , Fourmaintraux D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper deals with an experimental method to assess the strength of sedimentary rocks. The testing procedure (a scratch" test, or cutting test performed at a "small" depth of cut of typically 1 mm or less), the method of interpretation, and some experimental results are described.
Experimental observations of rock cutting indicate that a "plastic" mechanism of failure takes place at small depth of cut d. This mode of cutting is also referred to as "scratching". The results of scratch experiments on various sedimentary rocks have indicated the possibility of estimating the rock strength from such tests. These experiments have shown that the force on the cutting face is proportional to the cross- sectional area A of the groove (which is equal to wd for a rectangular cutter of width w and that the intrinsic specific energy (the coefficient of proportionality between the cutting force component in the direction of cutter motion and A) appears to be well correlated with the uniaxial compressive strength q. Moreover, tests have shown that logs of rock strength are possible; the force measurements have to be averaged typically over 1 cm. in order to produce logs of that are consistent and repeatable.
The paper finally discusses the influence of the wear flat and the depth of cut on the results and also the limitations of the method.
P. 15
Hydromechanical Coupling and Basin Tectonic Compression
Authors: Radu J.P. , Barnichon J.D. , Charlier R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper dealt with the numerical modelling with the LAGAMINE finite element code of the large strain elastoplastic deformation of a basin taking into account the hydromechanical coupling. One describes the rock mechanics model, the flow model, and the coupling between them. Volume finite element are proposed as well as interface one. The second ones are devoted to the modelling of faults, including the water flow through the fault. Finally the code is applied to a basin compression induced by sedimentation. It is shown that depending on the fault hydromechanical properties. a fault can be activated or not.
P. 231^
Electrical Potential Change Due to Fluid Flow During Rock Fracture
Authors: Clint O.C. , Sammonds P.R. , Yoshida S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Two main theories exist to explain the manifestation of electrical potential changes during rock deformation; (i) the electrokinetic effect due to fluid flow within a porous medium. This theory, derived from colloidal science relates the magnitude of this potential anomaly to the permeability and electrical conductivity of the medium. (ii) Secondly the piezoelectric effect in which electric dipoles are created due to the application of stress on specific crystals e.g. quartz. Here we present laboratory measurements of electrical potential and acotsstic emission from sandstone (75% quartz) and basalt (0% quartz) during triaxial deformation. An increase in electric potential occurs during deformation for both dry and saturated sandstone and basalt. The relationship between electrical potential change and axial stress is linear for dry sandstone and dry basalt as expected from piezoclectric theory. Non- linearity is observed for saturated sandstone and basalt and indicates the effect of the electrokinetic effect. The effect of strain induced craclcing, located in 3D, on each of the two aforementioned theories is discussed.
P. 251
Efficient Determination of the Parameters of an Elastoplastic Model
Authors: Raaen A.M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Elasto-plastic constitutive models implemented in a finite element code is a widely used tool to assess the sand production potential of unconsolidated formations. An example of such a model is N. Morita's kinematic hardening model, which has been used by several companies since its publication in 1980. This model has been a key element in Statoil's sand prediction strategy for more than a decade.
The estimation of the parameters of the model is performed by matching a set of triaxial test data as closely as possible. Due to the complexity of the model, this has been a tedious task, involving a lot of trial and error in matching the predicted stress strain curves to the laboratory data. As a result, even experienced engineers could be expected to come up with significantly different parameterisations of the model for the same set of laboratory data.
In this paper we formulate the model in a way which allows direct estimation of the model parameters from the laboratory data, eliminating much of the subjectivity in the parameter estimation. This procedure allow us to give a more precise evaluation of the strengths and short comings of the model. Examples of how well North Sea weak sandstones can be approximated by the Morita model are given.
By the reformulation of the model, we have cut the time required to set up a parameterisation drastically, and the final model is to a smaller degree dependent on the skills of the engineer. The model is found to be able to match the axial stress- axial strain curves for most datasets with acceptable accuracy. However, due to the associated flow rule of the model, it is in general not possible to get a simultaneous good fit to the radial strain data.
P. 277
Rock Mechanical Principles Help to Predict Proppant Flowback From Hydraulic Fractures
Authors: Andrews J.S. , Kjorholt H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Propped hydraulic fracture stimulation is widely used to improve field economics. After treatment some fractures have been found to produce proppant back to surface and this can limit the economic gains from the stimulation. In this paper an analysis of laboratory flowback tests is presented in the form of a 3D stability surface. This enables prediction of when initial flowback occurs for plain proppant. Numerical modeling techniques are introduced that can be used to determine the quantity of produced proppant. For the field application of interest, the calculated proppant volumes compare well with that recovered from the first two fracture jobs. The effectiveness of curable Resin Coated Proppants (RCP) is studied by computer simulation. The approach is the same as that taken when making sand production predictions in clastic reservoirs. Laboratory testing is presented to support the conclusions from the simulation work.
P. 381
Field-Scale and Wellbore Modeling of Compaction-Induced Casing Failures
Authors: Hilbert L.B. , Gwinn R.L. , Moroney T.A. , Deitrick G.L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Presented in this paper are the results and verification of field and wellbore scale large deformation, elasto-plastic, geomechanical finite element models of reservoir compaction and associated casing damage. The models were developed as part of a multidisciplinary team project to reduce the number of costly well failures in the diatomite reservoir of the South Belridge Field near Bakersfield, California. Reservoir compaction of high porosity diatomite rock induces localized shearing deformations on horizontal weak-rock layers and geologic unconformities. The localized shearing deformations result in casing damage or failure. Two-dimensional, field- scale finite element models were used to develop relationships between field operations, surface subsidence, and shear- induced casing damage. Pore pressures were computed for eighteen years of simulated production and water injection, using a three-dimensional reservoir simulator. The pore pressures were input to the two-dimensional geomechanical field scale model. Frictional contact surfaces were used to model localized shear deformations. To capture the complex casing-cement-rock interaction that governs casing damage and failure, three-dimensional models of a wellbore were constructed, including a frictional sliding surface to model localized shear deformation. Calculations were compared to field data for verification of the models.
P. 429
Laboratory Tests of Hydraulic Fracturing and Swell Healing
Authors: Christensen C.T. , Christensen H.F. , Foged N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
New laboratory test set-ups and test procedures are described - for testing the formation of hydraulically induced fractures as well as the potential for subsequent fracture closure from the release of a swelling potential. The main purpose with the tests is to provide information on fracturing stresses and whether or not the material in question possesses the potential for fracture closure.
P. 521
Puncak Jaya, Kinabalu Alliance
Authors: Wee S.B. , See K.C. , Edmondson M.W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Kinabalu Drilling Alliance is named Puncak Jaya. Puncak is Bahasa Malaysia for peak, and Jaya is success, thus Puncak Jaya translates as the Summit of Excellence. The evolution of incentive contracting in SSB/SSPC has seen the introduction of simple bonus and penalty schemes in services contracts at the beginning and of recent the establishment of a tightly knit operations team to address safety, quality and cost performance. The Alliance and Partnering mode adopted for the Kinabalu round I development project of some 8 wells (7 long reach horizontals and 1 multi-lateral) was built upon SSB/SSPC's successful incentive practices over the last 5 years. These include contractual incentive arrangements that addresses plateau performance, quality achievement, project domain consistency, feedback mechanism, target normalisation and bonus distribution. Built into the Alliance Agreement are these custom incentive processes that have driven the various successful incentive contracts such as the Integrated Incentive Contract and the Quality Enhancement Contract (QEC). The Alliance Agreement also has seen the integration of more established practices e.g. mud cost incentive, into their individual contracts during the services contract tendering stage. The incentive mechanisms are simply a means to an end, and for the case of the Alliance, the purpose was to put rewards into place for excellence in teamwork achieving breakthrough bottom line cost performance. The design of Puncak Jaya never wavered from this guiding philosophy and has a peer team of ten partners of which the main drivers are SSPC and the drilling contractor. Each partner actually leads the team when it comes to their area of expertise. This paper describes the incentive structure used and the motivation that each component provides. Important as these are, the critical success factor in an Alliance is instead, the change in working culture that is brought about due to the alignment of goals that these component incentives achieves. Puncak Jaya owes its existence in part to CORAL Malaysia, taking inspiration from the high level teamwork demonstrated and the call for industry wide cost efficiency.
P. 83
Changing the Growth Equation; Integrated Solutions' Contribution Through A Step-Change in Performance
Authors: Reynolds Jim , Pendergraft Bob 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Widely predicted to be the fastest growing economy of the world for the next 10 to 20 years, the Asia-Pacific and China region can expect significant changes in the upstream energy sector. In response to changing needs, oil companies and solutions providers are searching for new ways of working together to meet the pressing energy demands of what may soon be the world's largest collective economy.
No less vulnerable to the economic demands of the petroleum industry than other world markets, the region's petroleum industry must change to meet the challenge of growing energy demands. As part of this change and as a result of the search for optimum response, the concept of integrated solutions has emerged and moved to the forefront of viable business alternatives. Seeking arrangements where greatest value creation can be achieved, many oil companies are driving service companies into the role of solutions partners. As oil companies shift the emphasis from the delivery of services and products to the provision of solutions, the role of the solutions provider is being defined.
This paper will focus on the alignment of the oil companies' and service companies' interests in integrated solutions. The paper will illustrate how misalignment degrades the value of the solution and reduces the chance of its success. Topics presented will be:–why a step-change in performance is fundamental to the Asia-Pacific and China region–how the various definitions of integrated solutions affect the process of buying and selling integrated solutions–implementation barriers for national oil companies, international oil companies, and the supplier–why integrated solutions are concept based and performance driven–why service companies are capable of delivering integrated solutions–the need for a buyer-protection plan
The paper will conclude with a few observations on the history of integrated solutions in the region and some recommendations for ensuring adequate alignment of the buyers and sellers of integrated solutions.
P. 157
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Studies of Shale Interaction with Water-Base Drilling Fluid
Authors: Huang Hong , Azar J.J. , Hale Arthur H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The pore pressure change and swelling pressure development are two main concerning factors in shale wellbore instability issue. This study investigated water-base drilling fluid interaction with shale formation and the drilling fluid physicochemical effects on shale formation pressure and shale swelling through mathematical modeling, numerical simulation analysis and experimental tests. The study mainly focuses on the drilling fluid pressure, drilling fluid chemical, drilling fluid salinity and shale property effects on shale/drilling fluid interaction. It integrates the water movement into shale with shale pore pressure change, shale water content change and shale swelling pressure development. The experimental tests on shale pore pressure changing with different fluid chemicals have been conducted.
P. 175
Mud Reformulation and Solids Control Equipment Upgrades Improve Hole Cleaning and Reduce Environmental Discharges - A Case Study
Authors: McCollum Frank L. , Kamaruddin Abdul Wahab , Longwell Harry J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A significant number of the wells operated by Esso Production Malaysia, Inc. (EPMI) utilize 12 1/4" production hole and have departure angles greater than 600. As a result of a detailed hole cleaning study, the oil-based drilling fluid was reformulated to reduce the plastic viscosity and yield point to obtain a lower rheology mud to improve hole cleaning. It was found that while the mud could be mixed with the low rheological properties, it could not be maintained effectively when reused over several wells. This finding led to an analysis and upgrading of the solids control equipment on the rigs. The study results that led to mud reformulation, the reformulation itself, and the subsequent solids control equipment upgrades are presented, along with the resulting improvements in drilling efficiency as well as the reductions in the residual oil remaining on cuttings.
P. 325
Case History - Hydraulic Rig Assist Utilized in Workover Program in Dayung Gas Field, Indonesia
Authors: Rachmat Memet , Courville Perry W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The capability to provide workover services on wells without having to kill or balance the well with workover fluid has been one aspect of coiled tubing service that has made it invaluable in the oilfield. However, coiled tubing pipe and units are limited in size, and therefore, are limited in their scope of workover potential. This paper will discuss a scenario in which there was need to provide underbalanced well workovers that could not be performed by coiled tubing.
The Dayung Gas Field in south Sumatra has a reservoir with natural fractures and decreasing mud weight requirements relative to depth changes. Excessive fluid loss is common during the drilling and workover phases of wells in this field. Therefore, drilling and workovers in this field are candidates for underbalanced operations.
Performance of underbalanced operations can assist in the management of problems created 1) by excessive fluid loss in reservoirs prone to lose circulation, 2) in depleted or low pressure reservoirs, which are fluid sensitive, 3) in reservoirs susceptible to skin damage, or 4) by difficulties experienced in killing the well. After consideration of the limitations of coiled tubing and the advantages of performing workovers in an underbalanced condition, the decision was made to review other options.
This paper will discuss the decision-making process employed to select the type of unit to best perform the required services, The paper will also present a case history of the workover project in Dayung with the "wins" of the project, the lessons learned during the project, and the corrective actions taken to enhance job procedures.
P. 371
Ultra-high Pressure Deep Well Drilling Experience in Yingke-1 Well
Authors: Zhu MingLiang , Wang ShengQi , Mao Yuncai , Dong Jie 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Well yingke- 1 is an overpressured deep well with a depth of 6406m, which contains multilevel high pressure brine water layers and ultra-high pressure gas layers. Its formation pressure is high as much as 140~150Mpa. The well located at Yingjisha structure, southwest of Tarim basin with piedmont structure belt and abnormal ground stress. The paper describes briefly the drilling practice of Yingke-1 well, emphasizing the drilling difficulties and measures that taken. Also, key techniques that should be done in dealing with deep wells and ultra-deep wells under complicated situations in the future are identified in the paper.
P. 401
Real World Implementation of QRA Methods in Casing Design
Authors: Miller Richard A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conventional casing design utilizes a deterministic approach to compare a maximum load to a minimum performance property. The casing is deemed adequate if it meets a minimum design factor as specified by company practices. Occasionally, a design is proposed that does not meet the company guidelines, often due to material, procurement, or clearance constraints. The engineer must justify deviating from standard practices in order to convince management that the proposed design is still "safe".
Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) methods have been proposed as a way to quantify the probability of failure in casing design.1,2 The methods utilize mechanical properties to determine the range of performance that a string of pipe may exhibit rather than a single minimum value. Likewise, a QRA design can include a distribution of possible loads rather than just the worst case scenario. QRA is gaining acceptance in many companies as a way of optimizing casing strings for both cost and safety, especially in critical wells. This paper presents several real world examples where QRA is used to justify casing strings that do not meet conventional design requirements.