bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependent primary irritant dermatitis from lemon perfume
Authors: Rothenborg Hans W. , Memenné Torkil , Sjølin Knud‐Erik 
Published: April 2006

In a recent outbreak of hand eczema amongst cleaning personnel after the introduction of a new, lemon‐scented detergent, it was noted that the patients complained of a burning, stinging sensation when their hands were submerged in hot detergent solutions. Since routine patch testing with the Standard Series and perfume components was of no help in pinpointing the responsible agent, testing with selected perfume components was repeated at higher temperatures. Identical tests were placed on both forearms for 20 min, one arm being exposed to 43°C. the other to 23–25 °C. Little or no reaction was seen on the “cold” arm, whereas the lemon perfume component Citral proved to be a strong primary irritant at higher temperatures.Histological examination of the test sites showed the reaction to be of a toxic (primary irritant) nature. Surprisingly, the toxic character could still be recognized in biopsies taken as late as 48 h after exposure.It is suggested that:1. Heat plays an important part in the outbreak of primary irritant (toxic) dermatitis and can be used as an accelerating factor when testing for primary irritants.2. It is important to be sure that detergents and detergent perfumes do not contain substances which act as irritants at the temperatures at which they are habitually used (45–50°C).3. We probably ought to use lukewarm rather than hot water for manual dishwashing and cleaning whenever it is possible.
Immediate reactions to fruits and vegetables
Authors: Hannuksela Matti , Lahti Arto 
Published: April 2006

Common fruits and vegetables were tested as such with the “scratch‐chamber” method in 388 patients with various atopic disorders. Of the patients with hypersensitivity to birch pollen, 36% showed immediate positive responses to these natural, fresh materials. Apple, carrot, parsnip and potato elicited reactions more often than, e.g. swede, tomato, onion and parsley. On the basis of clinical data, the relevancy of the results of the skin tests was 80–90%. Both “false positive” and “false negative” responses were seen.Itching and tingling with or without oedema of the lips, mouth and tongue were the most common complaints after eating raw fruits and vegetables. In addition, laryngeal and abdominal disturbances, rhinitis and hand dermatitis were recorded.Among patients without allergy to birch pollen, reactions to fruits and vegetables were rare.The nature of the allergens could not be determined.
United States cosmetic ingredient labeling
Authors: Greif Martin , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: April 2006

United states federal regulations require ingredient listing on cosmetics labeled after November 30, 1976. Standardized ingredient nomenclature from a reference text will be utilized to minimize confusion which might arise if various synonyms for chemical names were used.This new information on cosmetics labeling will assist physicians in the diagnosis of cosmetic‐related dermatoses. It should facilitate the patch testing procedure by enabling the dermatologist to focus attention on suspect ingredients early in the evaluation. Once the identify of offending ingredients in a cosmetic has been determined for a particular patient, the individual will have the opportunity to avoid those ingredients and related ingredients in future purchases of cosmetics.
Phytophotodermatitis An experimental study using the chamber method
Authors: Suhonen Raimo 
Published: April 2006

Experimental phytophotodermatitis was produced using crushed leaves from the gas plant, Dictamnus albus. The tests were made using the chamber method and irradiated with ordinary black light tubes.An occlusion time of not less than 30 min was needed to give a phototoxic reaction in all test subjects. An occlusion time 30–120 min gave the optimal results, but contact for 24 h produced only weak and inconsistent reactions.The phototoxic substance was readily absorbed into the skin within 10–15 min. The phototoxic tendency already began to disappear within 30 min after the tests were removed.UVA energy of 0.3 J/cm2 was enough to evoke a phytophotoreaction in all of the test subjects when other conditions were optimal.The reactions were enhanced by adding water to the test sites.Deep‐freezing of the plant material did not destroy the phototoxicity within a 4‐month period.
Behaviour of contact allergy and new sensitivities on subsequent patch tests*
Authors: Meneghini C. L. , Angelini G. 
Published: April 2006

Patch tests repeated one or more times over periods of up to 3 years in 208 subjects with allergic contact dermatitis produced evidence of persistent specific sensitivities in almost 50% of cases. In about 25% the reactivity disappeared and over 25 % developed new sensitivities. No new sensitivities appeared in 253 patients with non‐allergic contact dermatitis or with other types of dermatitis in whom the same patch tests were carried out.The history and follow‐up of patients with new sensitivities brought into focus the presumed actiopathogenetic role of further contacts, especially occupational or after topical applications. Patch tests themselves, provided the correct technique is employed especially as regards the concentration of allergens, do not seem to be responsible for new sensitizations to any significant extent.
Histological aspects of skin reactions to propylene glycol
Authors: Nater J. P. , Baar A. J. M. , Hoedemaeker Ph. J. 
Published: April 2006

In view of the increased use of dermatological preparations containing a high concentration of propylene glycol (PG) for use under occlusive dressings, patch tests were performed with pure PG in a group of 98 out‐patients at a skin clinic. No indication of a possible allergic contact dermatitis to PG could be found in the history of any of these patients. In 11 of them, the patch test reactions after a 48‐h application were positive. In eight cases the reaction was scored as one plus, in two cases as two plus, and in the remaining case a three plus reaction was observed. In view of the negative history of all patients, the observed reactions were considered to be of a primary irritant nature.Histological examination of the positive patch tests revealed some definite quantitive differences between one and two plus reactions on the one hand and a three plus reaction on the other. The findings suggest that the application of high concentrations of PG under occlusive dressings may give rise to skin reactions of a primary irritant character which may closely simulate an allergic reaction.
Sensitivity to a flame retardant, Tris(2,3‐dibromopropyl)phosphate (Firemaster LVT 23 P)
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. 
Published: April 2006

Tris(2,3‐dibronioprophyl) phosphate (TDB P) is marketed under many different trade names as a flame retardant, used in clothing and home furnishings. DTB P is chemically related to tricresylphosphate (TCP) and triphenylphosphate (TPP) used as plasticizers in plastics and lacquers.The International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) in 1976 examined the incidence of sensitization to TDB P and found two positives among 1103 patients. One of these two cases is reported here in detail. It concerns a woman, aged 56, with spectacle frame dermatitis. The spectacle frame did not contain TDB P and sensitization with another phosphate ester is assumed.
The sensitizing capacity of Compositae plants I. Occupational contact dermatitis from Arnica longifolia Eaton
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Herrmann H. D. , Willuhn G. 
Published: April 2006

Three patients with occupational contact dermatitis due to Arnica longifolia Eaton and Arnica montana L. are reported. During cultivation, harvesting of the flower heads, chemical investigation of the sesquiterpene lactone constituents and preparation of therapeutic tinctures, they had frequent contact with the plant materials. Patch tests with the two sesquiterpene lactones carabron and helenalin, isolated during investigation from A. lungifolia Eaton, were positive in all three patients, though the second patient had never shown visible allergic reactions of the skin. Sensitization experiments with carabron in five guinea pigs were successful.The investigation results revealed that carabron, helenalin and the acetyl derivative of helenalin must be considered as the sensitizers of A. longifolia, and helenalin acetate and properly arnifolin as sensitizeis of A. motana.Studies on cross reactivity in the sensitized animals with six related sesquiterpene lactones showed that only those compounds gave a positive test response which contain an α‐methylene γ‐lactone group. Cross reactions were obtained with a crude extract of Chrysanthemum indicum L.The case reports supported by the patch test and investigation results demonstrate that persons handling a new drug from the Compositae family run a risk of developing an allergy after intensive contact with the plant and its constituents.
Clinical and immunological aspects of sporotrichosis cutanea*
Authors: Meneghini C. L. , Angelini G. , Bonifazi E. , Lospalluti M. 
Published: April 2006

A series of 14 cases of Sporotrichosis cutanea is reported. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of the disease are discussed in the light of recent data. In addition to cultures, the diagnostic methods to he considered include an indirect immunofluorescence test, which is positive at variable titre and for which use may he made of normal human antiserum or anti‐immunoglobulin, mainly IgG and IgM, antisera.The mainstay of the treatment is preparations of iodine, with trimethoprim‐sulpha‐methoxazole as a possible alternative.
Alantolactone sensitivity in chrysanthemum contact dermatitis
Authors: Campolmi P. , Sertoli A. , Fabbri P. , Panconesi E. 
Published: April 2006

A case of occupational chrysanthemum contact dermatitis is reported. Patch tests showed the patienttobe sensitized to Chrysanthemum morifolium (Chr M) leaves, flowers, and stems (alcoholic extracts) and to alantolactone. An attempt at desensitizalion appears to have been successful.Gas chromatography indicated the presence of alantolactone in all the various parts of Chr M, mostly in the flowers.The “maximization test” succeeded in sensitizing guinea pigs to alantolactone.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to isophorone diamine (IPD) used as an epoxy resin hardener
Authors: Lachapelle J. M. , Tennstedt D. , Dumont‐Fruytier M. 
Published: April 2006

Three patients employed in the manufacture of plastic tennis rackets developed allergic contact dermatitis to isophorone diamine (IPD), an epoxy resin hardener, and con‐comitantly to epoxy resin.Patch tests were positive to IPD at 1, 2 and 5 % in olive oil and to IPD at 1, 2 and 5 % in ethanol.Investigations were conducted in control subjects to confirm the allergic nature of reactions. A review of the literature about IPD and related compounds is presented.
Contact eczema produced by a β‐adrenergic blocking agent (alprenolol)
Authors: Ekenvall Lena , Forsbeck Margit 
Published: April 2006

In a pharmaceutical industry, several cases of allergic contact eczema caused by the β‐adrenergic blocking agent alprenolol (Aptin) have appeared. This report deals with 12 men and two women who developed eczema during work with the substance. In 13 of the 14 cases, the induction time for sensitization was less than 1 year. The skin reactions were very florid. After healing they could be reproduced by very small quantities of the substance. In one case, eczema could also be produced after ingestion of Aptin tablets. AH the cases were transferred to other work within the factory. An intensive programme was implemented to remove dust from the working areas. Despite this, isolated new cases still appear.Some employees in contact with the substance also experienced mucous membrane symptoms. These symptoms could not be shown to have an allergic aetiology, but were considered to be irritant reactions. Alprenolol must be considered a very strong contact allergen.
Sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring quinones V. 2.6‐Dimethoxy‐p‐benzoquinone: Occurrence and significance as a contact allergen
Authors: Hausen B. M. 
Published: April 2006

2.6‐dimethoxy‐1,4‐benzixjuinone has already been discovered in more than 25 different plants and woods. Several authors have shown its strong bacteriostatic activity against micro‐organisms.In 1972 a positive skin reaction to 2.6‐dimethoxybenzoquinone was obtained in a patient allergic to Sucupira wood (Bowdichia nitida Benth.). This compound could be isolated from the wood.During the chemical investigations of other commercial woods which have been described as the cause of allergic contact dermatitis, 2.6‐dimethoxybenzoquinone could be isolated from an additional 21 different species. In the case of Australian blackwood Acacia melanoxylon R. BR., its structure was elucidated by x‐ray analysis.Sensitization of guinea pigs revealed that 2.6‐dimethoxybenzoquinone is a relatively good sensitizer.In some of the woods investigated, quinones have never been discovered before, for example in Makoré, Australian blackwood, Wengé, White wood, Afrormosia and Afzelia. In 10 of them only this quinone was detectable.Besides its allergenic properties, 2.6‐dimethoxybenzoquinone may be responsible for the high termite resistance of these woods.In all cases of contact dermatitis from these wood species in which quinoid allergens other than 2.6‐dimethoxybenzoquinone could be detected, this quinone should be used for patch tests.
Predictive evaluation in animals of the contact allergenic potential of medically important substances I. Comparison of different methods of inducing and measuring cutaneous sensitization
Authors: Maurer Th , Thomann P. , Weirich E. G. , Hess R. 
Published: April 2006

Groups of guinea pigs were sensitized with a 0.1% solution of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by the Draize intracutaneous method, The course of the induction process, the influence of the vehicles used and the extent to which the reactions are amenable to assessment according to objective criteria were examined. The sensitivity of the standardized Draize test was then compared with that of various other sensitization techniques, including:The intracutaneous test with adjuvant (optimization test)The maximization test according to Magnusson & Kligman (1969)The epidermal sensitization testThe epidermal sensitization lest wish prior irritation of the contact site (by croton oil or sodium lauryl sulphate).Comparison of these methods revealed that either the additional application of adjuvant or prior irritation of the contact site augmented the degree of sensitization to DNCR just as greatly as the simultaneous use of adjuvant and prior irritation of the skin, (maximization test.). The improved sensitization methods, and in particular the standardised optimization test, may prove to be of particular value for the study of so‐called weak allergens.
Isomorphic skin reaction with DMCB in SLE and DLE
Authors: Temesvári E. , Horvath A. , Krámer M. , Ablonczy E. , Király K. 
Published: April 2006

DNCB sensitization was studied in 76 cases of systemic and 44 of discoid lupus erythematosus and in 101 immunosuppressed and tumor patients as controls, as well as in 40 contact‐sensitized eczematous and 115 unselected patients. Sensitization of patients with discoid LE and that of mixed patients are of the same order, while it is lower in the systemic LE group.The highest incidence was found in the polysensitized positive cam nil group; the lowest in the immunosuppressed and tumor patients, DNCB sensitization showed clear age dependency in the different groups. At the site of the DNCB exposure, isomorphic reactions were found in 43% of discoid and 25% of systemic LE patients. Histological and immunofluorescence studies supported the findings of the clinical picture, i. e. the appearance of isomorphic reactions at the site of the exposure cannot be related either to the intensity of the early reaction or with the developing intensity.
Primary irritant dermatitis from topical clioquinol
Authors: Kero Matti , Hannuksekla Matti , Sothman Aslak 
Published: April 2006

During the 2‐year period 1976–1977, seven patients were studied with primary irritant dermatitis from topical preparations containing clioquinol. During the same period contact hypersensitivity to the compound was recorded in 35 eczema patients. Six of the seven patients with clioquinol irritancy had used creams containing 3% large crystal clioquinol and fluorinated steroids.One patient had used 6% small crystal clioquinol cream. Challenge tests with 3% small crystal and large crystal clioquinol creams showed that crystal size did not affect the appearance of the appearance of irritant dermatitis.
Antabuse® treatment of nickel dermatitis. Chelation – a new principle in the treatment of nickel dermatitis
Authors: Kaaber Knud , Menne Torkil , Tjell Jens Christian , Veien Niels 
Published: April 2006

Eleven nickel‐hypersensitive patients with chronic, dyshidrotic hand eczema aggravated by oral challenge with 0.6–2.5 mg nickel were treated with 100 mg tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (Antabuse®) two to four times daily for 4–10 weeks.Nine of the patients experienced a flare of the dermatitis shortly after initiation of the treatment. During the course of treatment the dermatitis of seven patients, cleared, improvement was seen in two patients, and in two the dermatitis remained unchanged. Flare was seen in six patients when the treatment was discontinued.Seven patients experienced side effects such as fatigue, headache and dizziness. The treatment of four patients was discontinued due to side effects. During the treatment high levels of nickel were found in the serum and urine.
A postal survey of patients with nickel and chromate dermatitis
Authors: Harrison Philip V. 
Published: April 2006

A postal survey was made of 75 patients with nickel and chromate dermatitis who had been discharged from the clinic; 69 % of patients replied to the questionnaire and in 81 % of these the dermatitis was still active. In many patients (48 %) this was causing significant disability long after initial presentation to the clinic (average of 56.5 months).All patients had patch tests performed and the relevance of this is discussed with reference to nickel dermatitis.
Sensitization capacity of ethylenediamine in the guinea pig and induction of unresponsiveness
Authors: Eriksen Knud 
Published: April 2006

The sensitization capacity of ethylenediamine was examined by the guinea pig maximization test and compared with dinitrochlorobenzene. Ethylenediamine was found to be a potent sensitizer.An attempt at oral induction of unresponsiveness (tolerance) was unsuccessful with ethylendiamine and DNCB and the same negative result was obtained with intravenous injection of ethylenediamine. Only by the intravenous injection of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid was unresponsiveness successfully established in 90 % of the guinea pigs.
Nickel sensitivity in the general population
Authors: Peltonen Leena 
Published: April 2006

The incidence of nickel sensitivity in a population above the age of 10 was examined through epicutaneous tests with 5 % nickel sulphate performed on certain school and occupational test subjects and on subjects at a home for elderly people. Nickel sensitivity was observed in 4.5 % (in 44 cases of 980 tested subjects), in 8 % of the females and in 0.8 % of the males. In 42 of the 44 nickel‐sensitive subjects there was a history of dermatitis from metal contact.At the time of testing, 16 (34 %) of the nickel‐sensitive subjects revealed eczema. A manifest nickel sensitivity was thus found in 1.6 % of all tested subjects, in 2.8 % of females and in 0.4 % of males. Nickel sensitivity and a simultaneous hand eczema was noted in 0.9 % of the tested population, in 1.6 % of females and in 0.2 % of males.Hand eczemas were rarer (20.5 %) in the nickel‐sensitive subjects in the population study than in the nickel‐sensitive patients tested at the same time in the clinic (56.6 %). No case of nickel sensitivity was occupationally related.
Atopic contact dermatitis
Authors: Hannuksela Matti 
Published: April 2006

Contact urticaria appears either as wheal and flare reactions or as dermatitis resembling other types of contact dermatitis. A nonimmunologic form of contact urticaria is seen more frequently than the allergic form of the disease in experimental conditions. However, the immunologic form of contact urticaria is clinically more important. It is often seen in atopic persons working in the food industry or in kitchens.We can prevent many cases of occupational anaphylactic hand eczema by choosing proper jobs for atopic persons. Especially handling food seems to produce hypersensitivity reactions in atopic more frequently than in nonatopic persons.
Pigmented contact dermatitis from azo dyes
Authors: Kgzuka Takehito , Tashiro Minoru , Sano Shigeharu , Fujimoto Keiichi , Nakamura Yumi , Hashimoto Seiichi , Nakaminami Gen 
Published: April 2006

Eight patients suffering from pigmented contact dermatitis caused by the commercial Brilliant Lake Red R were patch tested with purified Sudan I and its several chemical analogues. Positive reactions were observed to Sudan I, Orange SS, Brilliant Lake Red R, Vacanceine Red, Yellow OB and Sudan II. Negative patch tests were obtained with Toluidine Red, Permanent Orange, Lithol Red and Sudan III.We found that the commercial Brilliant Lake Red R which had been said to be the most important causative agent of pigmented contact dermatitis, contained Sudan I as a major impurity. The patients reacting to Brilliant Lake Red R always gave a positive reaction to Sudan I, hut these reacting to Sudan I did not always give a positive reaction to Brilliant Lake Red R.This suggests that Sudan I is a potent sensitizer and may induce contact sensitivity and that Brilliant Luke Red R itself is a weak sensitizer or a cross‐reacting substance.
Relationship between cobalt and nickel sensitization in females
Authors: Menne Torkil 
Published: April 2006

The view generally held in the literature is that the frequent occurrence of concomitant nickel and cobalt sensitivity is due in simultaneous sensitization from ‐suspenders, jewelry, etc.In a study population consisting of 168 unselected female twins representing a random sample of the general population, only a few were found with concomitant nickel and cobalt sensitivity, and then mainly among those with hand dermatitis.Similar concomitant cobalt and nickel was found only in dermatological female patients with hand dermatitis. The conclusion is that concomitant nickel and cobalt sensitization from metal alloys worn in direct contact with the skin is rare and that cobalt sensitization is probably a phenomenon secondary to an already existing hand dermatitis.
Occupational nickel dermatitis in the electroforming industry
Authors: Wall L. M. , Calnan C. D. 
Published: April 2006

An outbreak of occupational dermatitis in an electroforming plant where there was heavy exposure to nickel is described. Patch test investigations confirmed nickel allergy in 13 of 27 exposed individuals Nickel chloride was found to be a more reliable patch test allergen than nickel sulphate.Improvements in industrial hygiene led to an immediate decrease in the incidence of dermatitis. Persistent patch test sensitivity to nickel was found in three individuals who had been removed from the process chemicals for some years.
Persistence of patch test reactions to clioquinol (Vioform®) and cross‐sensitization
Authors: Waadenouen Kernekamp A. Soesman‐van , Van Ketel W. G. 
Published: April 2006

Ten patients with positive patch test reactions to clioquinot were retested in 1979 after an average interval of 6 years. On subsequent testing we also examined test reactions to other quinoline derivatives (including antimalarial drugs) and potassium iodide.All patients showed a positive reaction to clioquinol at retesting. Many cross‐reactions of hydroxyquinolines included reactions to quinolene‐based antimafarial drugs, and a few allergic reactions to potassium iodide. The consequences of these findings are discussed.