bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control System Design and Simulation for Dynamically Positioned Vessels
Authors: Hammond C.H. , Horn Kurt 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the 43rd Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Houston, Tex., Sept. 29-Oct. 2, 1968. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made. provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Positioning a vessel dynamically over a fixed or moving point in the ocean requires the generation and control of a thrust vector to overcome the environmental forces which tend to disturb the vessel's position. This paper describes the development of thruster control logics and control systems for this purpose. The control logic provides a unique position for each of the four thrusters in azimuth and required thrust level. It features the ability to change without discontinuities any of the forces or moment involved in the three degree-of-freedom motion of the vessel. The control systems are conversional with rate, position and reset feedback and utilize a unique position and reset feedback and utilize a unique RPM feedback to overcome data lag in the velocity feedback loop. The control systems and their logics, the ships, and the thruster dynamics are programmed on an analog computer. The procedure of using this simulation to determine the design parameters (gains) of the control system as well as typical results of this simulation in terms of vessel response are discussed. After the control system is finalized, the dynamic simulation is also used to investigate overall system performance as a function of environmental condition.
Horizontal Wells in a Thick Steeply Dipping Reservoir at NPR-1, Elk Hills, Kern County, California
Authors: Gangle F. J. , Schultz K. L. , McJannet G. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Two horizontal wells were drilled into a thick, steeply dipping reservoir at the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, Elk Hills, California. The formation beds dip up to 60 degrees in some parts of the reservoir. Drainage of fluids, therefore, into the horizontal sections is along bedding planes and not across them. Under these conditions the cited importance of high vertical permeability in horizontal wells becomes immaterial. In the support of the placement, drilling, and completion of these horizontal wells, reservoir layering and characterization was developed in a detailed form.
The first horizontal well was a medium radius redrill. Drilling and completion problems associated with drilling a new horizontal well out of an old vertical well, drilled and completed in 1951, are given. The second horizontal was a medium radius grassroots well. Both wells have tangent sections at 45 degrees [.78 rad] and horizontal sections placed 40 feet [12 m] above the estimated water-oil contact. The gas/oil contact is about 250 feet [76 m] updip from the horizontal sections. Points of comparison are made between these two types of horizontal wells and offset vertical wells.
Both horizontal wells have shown significant productivity improvement over conventional, vertical wells. Typically, conventional wells are produced at several hundred barrels of oil per day to control excessive gas production from this pressure maintained reservoir; however, the horizontal wells produce over 1000 barrels [159 m3] daily at solution gas. The cost to drill and complete these horizontal wells was double conventional costs, but the improved oil recovery from them will amount to an estimated 10 million barrels [1.6 million m3] of additional oil per well, not otherwise recoverable from conventional vertical wells. The potential for improved oil recovery overall, therefore, from horizontal wells could lead to an ultimate oil recovery as high as 70 percent of the estimated 382 million barrels [61 million m3] originally in place (OOIP).
Predicting Horizontal Well Performance: A Review of Current Technology
Authors: Norris S. O. , Hunt J. L. , Soliman M. Y. , Puthigai S. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of current petroleum literature focusing on the reservoir engineering aspects of horizontal well technology. The objective of the paper was to provide the engineer/scientist with an overview, discussion, and where appropriate, recommendations for the following areas: (1) analytical solutions for one-phase flow; (2) water or gas cresting; (3) numerical simulation; (4) hydraulic fracturing; and (5) well test analysis. Some of the more simple equations are given in the paper, while complex solutions are thoroughly referenced for detailed study.
Operator Management Of A Comprehensive Drilling Safety Program With Participation Of Contractors
Authors: Hinkel Robert M. , Abernathy Lucian M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Both operators and contractors have greatly Increased their loss prevention efforts in recent years. However one of the toughest problems has been to overcome the lack of true operator involvement in coordinating and enforcing safety programs on drilling projects involving multiple contractors supplying different services. Drilling contractors have complained that untrained service personnel and a lack of operator support undermine their programs. On the other hand, operators and service companies often accuse the drilling contractors of not enforcing their policies and programs at the rig site.
Unocal's Western Region Drilling Department has taken the approach that only the operator can truly coordinate and enforce multi-contractor safety. programs at the rig site. We have implemented a comprehens ive, cooperative program over the past three years. This paper will describe our efforts in detail and explain how we work to coordinate different contractor loss prevention prograsm from the initial service contract through a post-operation review after the well has been drilled. We will emphasise the specific programs that have been implemented to make safety the number one priority of all personnel at the rig site regardless of employer. This paper will also include examples of multi-contractor statistical data that provide a true picture of safety performance.
Creating a Quality Culture in an International Corporation
Authors: Myers G. , Heppenstall B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Since the early 1980's, many US-based companies including those serving the oil industry, have become increasingly aware that a business built on a quality culture will greatly enhance their ability to serve the customer, while leading the way to a technological breakthrough and systematic improvement of the industry itself. The methodology for managing quality has proven similar for most companies of that period in that responsibility for quality was delegated to specialists., both internal and external.
After years of disappointing results, accompanied by internal divisiveness and impacted by a severe downturn in market conditions within our industry, a new direction with respect to quality was launched.
The genesis of this new direction has taken place within the last few years. Generally, it has taken additional time for a critical mass of the management team to gain a better understanding of its role and responsibility with regard to leading the company in a way that focuses on customers. Still, many organizations, steeped in former methods and priorities, have resisted the attempt at unification through the implementation of a company-wide quality process.
This paper examines the struggles of such companies with respect to the evolving customer-focused, quality culture. It highlights why there may be difficulty gaining the commitment of upper and middle managers, and suggests methods of transforming these individuals into quality-driven business leaders. The role of the quality professional in facilitating the transformation process is examined throughout the paper.
New Tool Improves Ability To Run Casing in Long Sections of High-Angle Boreholes
Authors: Sangesland S. , He Xiaojun 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new tool has been developed to make it easier to run casing in long sections of high-angle and horizontal boreholes. The key element in the system is a telescope joint integrated in the casing string. By using the gravity force, hydraulic force and friction force, the two sections of the casing string can be moved separately step by step to the target. Calculations show that the running length of the casing string can be increased significantly in long sections of high-angle boreholes.
The Design of an Automated Drilling Rig: RA-D
Authors: Kennett B. J. , Smith M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes the design of an automated drilling rig (RA-D) and identifies the design methods and techniques used to produce an integrated drilling system incorporating a compact automated drilling rig and pipe handling system.
The innovatory nature of the concept lies in the technical configuration of the system, the reasoning behind the specification and the method used to develop the concept.
Drilling a Medium-Radius Horizontal Well With Aerated Drilling Fluid: A Case Study
Authors: Claytor S. B. , Manning K. J. , Schmalzried D. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Many formations throughout the world are sensitive to oil and water based drilling fluids and are best drilled with air as the drilling medium. However, positive displacement motors do not typically operate well with air. In addition, mud pulse telemetry MWD tools will not operate reliably in an air environment. In the second quarter of 1990, Marathon Oil Company successfully drilled a medium radius horizontal well in Jackson County, Michigan using an aerated mud system and an electromagnetic telemetry link MND tool. This paper will describe the pre-well planning and practical aspects of drilling the well with emphasis on the hydraulic system and drilling fluid mixture.
Design And Operation Of Sea Water Injection Systems
Authors: Cole William I. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 43rd Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Houston, Tex., September 29-October 2, 1968. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
This paper summarize the planning, design, and operation of water injection projects utilizing water taken from the projects utilizing water taken from the Gulf of Mexico. Feasibility of a system to properly and economically condition sea water for injection is reviewed. It is shown that water could be successfully injected if it is chemically stable, sterile and properly filtered.
Design of an economical system for properly conditioning the sea water is properly conditioning the sea water is discussed. The control methods for dissolved oxygen, pH, calcium carbonate deposition, bacterial growth, and suspended solids are presented.
Evaluation of New Tool Joint Hardfacing Material for Extended Connection Life and Minimum Casing Wear
Authors: Marx C. , Retelsdorf H. J. , Knauf P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
New wear resistant materials for hardfacing of tool joints have been developed and were successfully tested under relevant conditions at the Institute of Petroleum Engineering (ITE) of the Techn. Univ. Clausthal, Germany.
Out of a total of eight new products two combinations of hardmaterial and bond were very positive with respect to following two criteria: -low wear figures for the protected tool joint in very abrasive formations and-low casing wear due to axial and rotating interaction of the protected tool joint under radial loads (5-1/2" tool joint in 9-5/8" casing Grade C-90)
The new products show drastic improvements with respect to earlier results under similar test conditions.
Results are presented in OD-wear of tool joint and reduction of wall thickness of casing material with respect to distance slid, i. e. in pm/km.
A new testing facility allowing a combination of axial movement and rotation was used. Beside casing material Grade C-90 abrasive Silicon Carbide (SiC) material shaped to 8-1/2" borehole contour with a contact length of 10 inch were used.
Screening Waterfloods for Infill Drilling Opportunities
Authors: Fuller S. M. , Sarem A. M. , Gould T. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Infill drilling is now recognized as a viable improved recovery process. However, the reliable prediction of incremental recovery by infill drilling cannot be readily and accurately determined by present techniques.
As an alternate approach, a DOE sponsored infill drilling predictive model (IDPM) was evaluated. Its performance was improved by x2adjusting some of its key parameters based on the comparison of actual field recoveries with model results.
Also discussed in the paper is the sensitivity of infill recovery to areal and vertical heterogeneities. Also highlighted is the importance of applying remedial techniques is highlighted, such as near well plug backs and in-depth mobility control upon the recovery efficiency.
Optimization of Field Development Through Early Acquisition of 3D Seismic
Authors: Myers R. C. , Rijks E. J. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
3D seismic is a powerful and cost-effective geophysical technique to acquire data from which detailed structural and stratigraphical information can be extracted. It generally allows a realistic evaluation of reserves and uncertainty ranges required to optimise field development planning. Such a realistic quantification of uncertainties is a pre-requisite in the application of probabilistic techniques for gross hydrocarbon rock volume estimation. Consequently, the acquisition of 3D seismic at an early stage, i.e., directly following the drilling of a discovery well, is strongly recommended.
Although the cost of 3D seismic is, in some cases relatively high, the incremental cost per barrel is generally small when compared to the costs of "dry" or misplaced wells and of sub-optimal development of a field. Techniques have been developed to reduce acquisition and processing costs as well as to speed up interpretation procedures. Horizon-oriented interpretation, using automatic volume tracking programmes and attribute extraction techniques, has proven to be a fast and efficient way to outline subtle geological detail.
3D seismic interpretation greatly improves the delineation of fault blocks and the understanding of fluid and pressure communication. It has generated new prospects below and adjacent to developed fields, generally resulting in an increase in reserves, especially in structurally complex settings with stacked reservoirs.
3D seismic has contributed significantly in improving the validity of fault seal investigations by juxtaposing slices of 3D seismic data parallel to and on either side of a fault plane. These fault slices have been used to display juxtaposition across faults of seismic amplitudes related to lithology and/or hydrocarbons.
The information obtained from 3D seismic, when using these advanced interpretation techniques, is even more essential in the planning of expensive horizontal wells, which play an increasingly important role in field development.
The importance of early acquisition of 3D seismic will be illustrated by examples from several major hydrocarbon provinces in which the Shell Group is active.
A New Approach to Decision Making in Reservoir Engineering
Authors: Zolotukhin A. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new approach to the decision making in reservoir engineering based on application and development of modern methods of a systems analysis and multicriteria optimization under condition of incomplete and fuzzy information is made.
A special attention is paid to the methodology of a design stage of oil and gas fields development which helps to formulate the main goals of exploitation, to find a set of problems to be solved to get the best project solution and the methods of their solution most suitable for each particular problem.
An approach to a selection of EOR methods based on a fuzzy sets theory is described. It allows to differentiate the reserves on a basis of applicability level of each EOR method under given geological conditions.
The other problem solved is how to determine the best system of wells location within the reservoir. Based on a combination of statistics and theory of a dimension analysis such a method allows to build a pareto-optimal set of wells spacing and can be used both at the design stage and for the analysis of oil recovery process.
There is shown a technique of multi-criteria optimization to get the project solution which is the best one on the set of goals which should be reached during exploitation period of an oil field.
Defining Data Requirements for a Simulation Study
Authors: Dandona A. K. , Alston R. B. , Braun R. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper addresses the importance of timely data collection for proper reservoir management using simulation as a tool. Data requirements for black-oil, compositional and steam simulation have been documented. The interplay between various geosciences and the proper translation of data ensure the success of such an effort.
Nitrogen Injection vs. Gas Cycling in Rich Retrograde Condensate-Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Siregar S. , Hagoort J. , Ronde H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The common method to prevent condensate from dropping out in gas-condensate reservoirs that are produced by pressure depletion is gas cycling: the reinjection of produced dry gas. However, dry gas is expensive and is not always available. An alternative could be nitrogen, which is available everywhere, relatively cheap and has favourable injection characteristics (safe, non-corrosive, environment-friendly).
The problem with nitrogen injection, however, is that it may lead to significant in-situ condensate drop-out due to the mixing of nitrogen and gas-condensate in the reservoir. The objective of the study reported in the paper is to investigate whether nitrogen injection can be applied as an alternative for gas cycling, with emphasis on the condensate drop-out problem.
The investigation comprised three phases:
Formulation of a rich gas-condensate, consisting of methane, n-butane, n-tetradecane and nitrogen, using an interactive PVT simulator. Calculation of liquid drop-out for both dry gas and nitrogen injection as a result of mixing, by varying injection gas concentration. Evaluation of displacement efficiency by using a compositional one-dimensional simulator for various Peclet numbers.
The chosen gas has common field characteristics (Gas Liquid Ratio = 2300 V/V, API gravity = 58.6) and is rich (shown by the maximum liquid drop-out of 30%). Liquid drop-out as a result of mixing is much higher for nitrogen (max. 25 %) than for dry gas process (max. 2%). Displacement calculations show that, at low Peclet numbers, nitrogen injection results in much poorer displacement efficiencies than dry gas injection. However, the difference decreases significantly at increasing Peclet numbers.
The main conclusion of the paper is that, under field conditions, nitrogen injection could be a viable alternative to dry gas cycling. Nitrogen injection may find application in the production of condensate reservoirs in areas with a well developed gas market where dry gas is not available for injection. The main contribution of the paper is that it highlights and provides information on a relatively new process for the exploitation of condensate fields.
The Use of Ultramicrobacteria for Selective Plugging in Oil Recovery by Waterflooding
Authors: Cusack F. M. , Singh S. , Novosad J. , Chmilar M. , Blenkinsopp S. A. , Costerton J. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
While the use of bacteria to plug the high permeability zones that cause water breakthrough in waterflood operations has been suggested repeatedly for several decades, field operations have met with only intermittent success. We have used starvation to reduce normal-sized (±1.0 μm), naturally adherent, vegetative bacterial cells to very small (±0.3 μm), non-adherent ultramicrobacteria (UMB) that penetrate rock and sand matrices very readily. When UMB are injected into sand or rock &gt;180 milliDarcies inpermeability, these very small, non-adherent cells are readily transported deep into the pore spaces. As they penetrate, some UMB are retained in the pore structures and, when the matrix is flooded with a suitable nutrient, these small, starved cells return to their full vegetative size and their normal high level of exopolysaccharide slime production. Within days of nutrient flooding, the permeability of the bacteria-treated high permeability zones is reduced by at least 99%.
This novel biotechnology is presently being licensed for field testing in the prevention of coning and in the selective plugging of high permeability zones in waterflood operations.
Directional Trajectory Control by Employing Statistics and Probability Methods
Authors: Xu Hong , Zhang Jun , Jiang Chuanxin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In accordance with the conception of regarding the drilling process of individual well as the reciprocal full scale simulation of others, this paper describes the processes to extract pertinent information for trajectory control from the database of accomplished wells and drilled sections. The references have been made to the successful application in a cluster-well engineering, in terms of H50 project, to validate the related methods.