bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HER-2 overexpression differentially alters transforming growth factor-β responses in luminal versus mesenchymal human breast cancer cells
Authors: Wilson Cindy A , Cajulis Elaina E , Green Jennifer L , Olsen Taylor M , Chung Young Ah , Damore Michael A , Dering Judy , Calzone Frank J , Slamon Dennis J 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Amplification of the HER-2 receptor tyrosine kinase has been implicated in the pathogenesis and aggressive behavior of approximately 25% of invasive human breast cancers. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that aberrant HER-2 signaling contributes to tumor initiation and disease progression. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the dominant factor opposing growth stimulatory factors and early oncogene activation in many tissues, including the mammary gland. Thus, to better understand the mechanisms by which HER-2 overexpression promotes the early stages of breast cancer, we directly assayed the cellular and molecular effects of TGF-β1 on breast cancer cells in the presence or absence of overexpressed HER-2.

Methods
Cell proliferation assays were used to determine the effect of TGF-β on the growth of breast cancer cells with normal or high level expression of HER-2. Affymetrix microarrays combined with Northern and western blot analysis were used to monitor the transcriptional responses to exogenous TGF-β1 in luminal and mesenchymal-like breast cancer cells. The activity of the core TGF-β signaling pathway was assessed using TGF-β1 binding assays, phospho-specific Smad antibodies, immunofluorescent staining of Smad and Smad DNA binding assays.

Results
We demonstrate that cells engineered to over-express HER-2 are resistant to the anti-proliferative effect of TGF-β1. HER-2 overexpression profoundly diminishes the transcriptional responses induced by TGF-β in the luminal MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and prevents target gene induction by a novel mechanism that does not involve the abrogation of Smad nuclear accumulation, DNA binding or changes in c-myc repression. Conversely, HER-2 overexpression in the context of the mesenchymal MDA-MB-231 breast cell line potentiated the TGF-β induced pro-invasive and pro-metastatic gene signature.

Conclusion
HER-2 overexpression promotes the growth and malignancy of mammary epithelial cells, in part, by conferring resistance to the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-β. In contrast, HER-2 and TGF-β signaling pathways can cooperate to promote especially aggressive disease behavior in the context of a highly invasive breast tumor model.
Anti-L-selectin antibody therapy does not worsen the postseptic course in a baboon model
Authors: Redl Heinz R , Martin Ulrich , Khadem Anna , Pelinka Linda E , van Griensven Martijn 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Anti-adhesion molecule therapy prevents leukocytes from extravasating. During exaggerated inflammation, this effect is wanted; however, during infection, blocking diapedesis may be detrimental. In this study, therefore, the potential risks of anti-L-selectin antibody therapy were evaluated in a primate model of sepsis.

Methods
Sixteen baboons were anesthetized and randomized into two groups. The experimental group received 2 mg/kg of the anti-L-selectin antibody HuDREG-55 and the control group received Ringer's solution prior to the onset of a 2 h infusion of Escherichia coli (1–2 × 109 colony forming units (CFU)/kg body weight). Serial blood samples were drawn over a 72 h period for the measurement of tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-6 and polymorphonuclear elastase. In addition, blood gas analysis, hematology and routine clinical chemistry were determined to monitor cardiovascular status, tissue perfusion and organ function.

Results
The three-day mortality rate and the mean survival time after E. coli-induced sepsis were similar in the two groups. The bacterial blood CFU levels were significantly higher in the placebo group than in the anti-L-selectin group. Other parameters measured throughout the 72 h experimental period, including the cardiovascular, immunologic, and hematologic responses as well as indicators of organ function and tissue perfusion, were similar in the two groups, with the exception of serum creatinine and mean arterial pressure at 32 h after E. coli challenge.

Conclusion
Anti-L-selectin therapy did not adversely affect survival, promote organ dysfunction or result in major side effects in the baboon sepsis model. Additionally, as anti-L-selectin therapy improved the bacterial clearance rate, it appears that this therapy is not detrimental during sepsis. This is in contrast to previous studies using the baboon model, in which antibody therapy used to block CD18 increased mortality.
Early goal-directed therapy after major surgery reduces complications and duration of hospital stay. A randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN38797445]
Authors: Pearse Rupert , Dawson Deborah , Fawcett Jayne , Rhodes Andrew , Grounds R Michael , Bennett E David 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Goal-directed therapy (GDT) has been shown to improve outcome when commenced before surgery. This requires pre-operative admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). In cardiac surgery, GDT has proved effective when commenced after surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of post-operative GDT on the incidence of complications and duration of hospital stay in patients undergoing general surgery.

Methods
This was a randomised controlled trial with concealed allocation. High-risk general surgical patients were allocated to post-operative GDT to attain an oxygen delivery index of 600 ml min-1 m-2 or to conventional management. Cardiac output was measured by lithium indicator dilution and pulse power analysis. Patients were followed up for 60 days.

Results
Sixty-two patients were randomised to GDT and 60 patients to control treatment. The GDT group received more intravenous colloid (1,907 SD ± 878 ml versus 1,204 SD ± 898 ml; p < 0.0001) and dopexamine (55 patients (89%) versus 1 patient (2%); p < 0.0001). Fewer GDT patients developed complications (27 patients (44%) versus 41 patients (68%); p = 0.003, relative risk 0.63; 95% confidence intervals 0.46 to 0.87). The number of complications per patient was also reduced (0.7 SD ± 0.9 per patient versus 1.5 SD ± 1.5 per patient; p = 0.002). The median duration of hospital stay in the GDT group was significantly reduced (11 days (IQR 7 to 15) versus 14 days (IQR 11 to 27); p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in mortality (seven patients (11.3%) versus nine patients (15%); p = 0.59).

Conclusion
Post-operative GDT is associated with reductions in post-operative complications and duration of hospital stay. The beneficial effects of GDT may be achieved while avoiding the difficulties of pre-operative ICU admission.
Changes in central venous saturation after major surgery, and association with outcome
Authors: Pearse Rupert , Dawson Deborah , Fawcett Jayne , Rhodes Andrew , Grounds R Michael , Bennett E David 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Despite recent interest in measurement of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2), there are no published data describing the pattern of ScvO2 changes after major general surgery or any relationship with outcome.

Methods
ScvO2 and other biochemical, physiological and demographic data were prospectively measured for 8 hours after major surgery. Complications and deaths occurring within 28 days of enrolment were included in the data analysis. Independent predictors of complications were identified with the use of logistic regression analysis. Optimum cutoffs for ScvO2 were identified by receiver operator characteristic analysis.

Results
Data from 118 patients was analysed; 123 morbidity episodes occurred in 64 these patients. There were 12 deaths (10.2%). The mean ± SD age was 66.8 ± 11.4 years. Twenty patients (17%) underwent emergency surgery and 77 patients (66%) were male. The mean ± SD P-POSSUM (Portsmouth Physiologic and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity) score was 38.6 ± 7.7, with a predicted mortality of 16.7 ± 17.6%. After multivariate analysis, the lowest cardiac index value (odds ratio (OR) 0.58 (95% confidence intervals 0.37 to 0.9); p = 0.018), lowest ScvO2 value (OR 0.94 (0.89 to 0.98); p = 0.007) and P-POSSUM score (OR 1.09 (1.02 to 1.15); p = 0.008) were independently associated with post-operative complications. The optimal ScvO2 cutoff value for morbidity prediction was 64.4%. In the first hour after surgery, significant reductions in ScvO2 were observed, but there were no significant changes in CI or oxygen delivery index during the same period.

Conclusion
Significant fluctuations in ScvO2 occur in the immediate post-operative period. These fluctuations are not always associated with changes in oxygen delivery, suggesting that oxygen consumption is also an important determinant of ScvO2. Reductions in ScvO2 are independently associated with post-operative complications.
A new approach to the design of a speed-torque-controlled rubber V-belt variator
Authors: Cammalleri M 
Published: November 2005

This paper presents a new model for a torque-speed-sensing rubber V-belt variator. The actuators are of the centrifugal roller kind on the driver side and a helical torque cam plus a compression-torsion spring on the driven side. The equations permit designing the actuator geometry in order to keep the transmissible torque as close as possible to the torque request in the whole operative field. Moreover, a procedure is suggested for the most proper design of an automatic variator of this kind. It permits choosing the required variogram of the transmission, i.e. the matching between the engine and the transmission, and designing the actuators: roller mass, housing shape, contact plate angle for the centrifugal roller actuator, and helical guide slope for the torque cam actuator. Furthermore, the degree of engine transmission matching can be calculated at part load for fixed actuators. Extensive experimental tests were carried out on a proper bench test to validate the procedure.
A Comparative Study of Distributed Learning Environments on Learning Outcomes
Authors: Alavi Maryam , Marakas George M. , Yoo Youngjin 
Published: November 2005

Advances in information and communication technologies have fueled rapid growth in the popularity of technology-supported distributed learning (DL). Many educational institutions, both academic and corporate, have undertaken initiatives that leverage the myriad of available DL technologies. Despite their rapid growth in popularity, however, alternative technologies for DL are seldom systematically evaluated for learning efficacy. Considering the increasing range of information and communication technologies available for the development of DL environments, we believe it is paramount for studies to compare the relative learning outcomes of various technologies.In this research, we employed a quasi-experimental field study approach to investigate the relative learning effectiveness of two collaborative DL environments in the context of an executive development program. We also adopted a framework of hierarchical characteristics of group support system (GSS) technologies, outlined by DeSanctis and Gallupe (1987), as the basis for characterizing the two DL environments.One DL environment employed a simple e-mail and listserv capability while the other used a sophisticated GSS (herein referred to as Beta system). Interestingly, the learning outcome of the e-mail environment was higher than the learning outcome of the more sophisticated GSS environment. The post-hoc analysis of the electronic messages indicated that the students in groups using the e-mail system exchanged a higher percentage of messages related to the learning task. The Beta system users exchanged a higher level of technology sense-making messages. No significant difference was observed in the students' satisfaction with the learning process under the two DL environments.
Triploid and Diploid Rainbow Trout Do Not Differ in Their Stress Response to Transportation
Authors: Leggatt Rosalind A , Scheer Ken W , Afonso Luis O B , Iwama George K 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
We examined the neuroendocrine and cellular stress responses of diploid and triploid rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to transportation. Juvenile diploid and triploid rainbow trout (28 and 26 g/fish average weight, respectively) were stocked at 100 g/L in replicate 70-L tanks and subjected to transportation for an 8-h period. Subsequent levels of plasma cortisol and glucose and of cellular hepatic glutathione (GSH) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) were similar between ploidy groups, indicating that triploid fish respond to transportation in much the same way as diploid fish. A stationary treatment was also included that involved confinement of experimental fish in similar tanks without transport to determine to what extent high-density containment contributed to the stress response in the absence of the noise and vibration of transport. Unexpectedly, fish in the stationary treatment had significantly higher plasma cortisol and glucose levels than the transported fish; however, this might be attributable to a confounding effect of hyperoxia, as oxygen levels fluctuated between 150% and 460% saturation in the stationary tank, while those in the transported tank remained within 100–200% saturation. We suggest that when long stops are necessary while transporting fish, water agitators be used to preclude the additional stress of excessive gas saturation. This may be particularly important for triploid fish, which had lower hepatic GSH levels than diploid fish as well as a low level of mortality in the stationary treatment, unlike the diploid fish.
The Effects of Whirling Disease on Growth and Survival of Snake River Cutthroat and Colorado River Rainbow Trout Fingerlings
Authors: Sipher Cory R. , Bergersen Eric P. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Two sizes of fingerling Snake River cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii behnkei and Colorado River rainbow trout O. mykiss were raised at hatcheries testing negative for Myxobolus cerebralis and stocked into the Dolores and Cache la Poudre rivers from 1999 to 2001. Populations were resampled over a 2-year period to determine which species and size combination had the highest growth and survival rates. Fish were tested for M. cerebralis via polymerase chain reaction and pepsin−trypsin digest analyses. Growth and survival rates between the species and size groups were not significantly different in either river. In the Dolores River, annual survival for both species and sizes of fish combined ranged from 0.063 to 0.12. In the Cache la Poudre River, survival for both sizes of rainbow trout was 0.004; survival for cutthroat trout ranged from 0.182 to 0.53. Larger fish had higher growth rates than smaller fish, and cutthroat trout had higher rates than similar sizes of rainbow trout. In both rivers, a higher percentage of the rainbow trout sample was infected than in the cutthroat trout sample. Rainbow trout also had a higher mean number of spores per head than cutthroat trout, and small rainbow trout had higher spore counts than large rainbow trout. Survival rates for cutthroat trout in the Cache la Poudre River were the highest of any of the groups, suggesting a difference that is biologically significant. Raising fingerlings to sizes greater than 100 mm can improve poststocking survival. If rainbow trout are stocked into contaminated waters, raising fingerlings to a larger size does not appear to improve growth or survival rates. Stocking rainbow trout in the spring could maximize growth rates but will expose fish to greater triactinomyxon densities, resulting in higher intensities of infection.
Evaluation of Cell Culture Methods for Detection of Largemouth Bass Virus
Authors: McClenahan Shasta D. , Beck Benjamin H. , Grizzle John M. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV), a recently discovered iridovirus found in the eastern United States, is usually detected by isolation in cell culture. Although LMBV will replicate in several cell lines, optimal cell culture methods for the detection of this virus have not been determined. We tested inoculation method, adsorption time, incubation temperature, and various cell lines to determine the conditions that would provide the most sensitive cell culture assay for LMBV. The optimal inoculation procedure tested was to remove the culture medium from the culture well before the addition of the inoculum, and the optimal adsorption procedure tested was to allow the virus to adsorb for 40 min while the plates were on an orbital shaker. Following inoculation, incubation at 30°C resulted in a higher number of viral plaques than incubation at 25°C or 32°C. Four cell lines (bluegill fry (BF-2), fathead minnow (FHM), epithelioma papulosum cyprini, and channel catfish ovary cells) inoculated with LMBV had similar susceptibility to infection. Similar percentages of LMBV-positive samples were detected in BF-2 and FHM cell cultures inoculated with homogenized organ samples from largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides; however, the use of two cell lines increased the number of infected samples discovered. A blind passage also increased the number of positive samples detected in cell culture. Subcultivation to confirm virus-positive samples was useful for reducing false-positive results.
Assessment of Recent Habitat Conditions of Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica Bars in Mesohaline Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Smith G. F. , Bruce D. G. , Roach E. B. , Hansen A. , Newell R. I. E. , McManus A. M. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica in Chesapeake Bay, USA, have been subjected to intense harvest pressure since about 1850 and to disease epizootics since the 1950s. Combined, these processes have degraded the once extensive eastern oyster bottom; the remaining oyster shells, which are required as substrate for successful larval oyster settlement, are thus rendered increasingly susceptible to siltation. Between 1999 and 2001, we used an acoustic seabed classification system and underwater videography to assess oyster habitat conditions throughout Maryland's portion of Chesapeake Bay relative to eastern oyster recruitment and habitat restoration activities. We performed 16 surveys that covered a total of 39 km2 of bottom that were classified in 1911 as supporting productive oyster populations. Over 90% of this area has degraded from productive oyster bottom to mud, sand, or heavily sedimented oyster shell. Seventy percent of the locations we identified as containing unsedimented shell came from within the approximately 90 km2 of oyster bottom that had been subject to the management activity of spreading large volumes of shell at some time between 1960 and 1999. However, video observations of 49 of these locations that had been replenished with shell at various times indicated that any improvements in oyster habitat were short lived, as interstitial spaces in spread shell became highly sedimented after an average period of 5.5 years (n = 49; SE = 1.03). We conclude that the majority of oyster bottom in Maryland is extremely degraded and that no reasonable increase in the scale of present management practices will reverse this habitat decline.
Análisis de errores en las relativas
Authors: Di Tullio Ángela , Suñer Avelina 
Published: November 2005

The relativization devices of a language can be hierarchized according to case codification on the basis of linguistic typology, diachrony and acquisition studies. Yet, such a scale is sensitive to the variation between spoken and written language. In Spanish, the canonical relative, proper of the written language, fills a clause internal slot of the relative. Spoken language, however, drastically reduces morphosyntactic marking (as shown, e.g., by the depronominalization of the relative marker and by quesuismo), while at the same time simplifying the semantic compatibility relations with the antecedent (extending, e.g., the use of donde ‘where’).
We propose to analyze native speakers’ and language learners’ errors, including those stemming from hypercorrection, in order to find out which are the prevailing relativization strategies. The tension between grammatical economy and communicative efficiency explains the fluctuation between simplification, on the one hand, characterized by the loss of prepositions and by the use of marked relative forms (e.g. cuyo ‘whose’), and on the other, the recovery of information, e.g. through the use of resumptive pronouns. Special attention will be paid to the so-called “subordinate subject relative attraction”, which privileges clause-internal concordance relations.
Bottom‐up trophic cascades and material transfer in terrestrial food webs
Authors: Kagata Hideki , Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn contrast to top‐down trophic cascades, few reviews have appeared of bottom‐up trophic cascades. We review the recent development of research on bottom‐up cascades in terrestrial food webs, focusing on tritrophic systems consisting of plants, herbivorous insects, and natural enemies, and attempt to integrate bottom‐up cascade and material transfer among trophic levels. Bottom‐up cascades are frequently reported in various tritrophic systems, and are important to determine community structure, population dynamics, and individual performance of higher trophic levels. In addition, we highlight several features of bottom‐up cascades. Accumulation or dilution of plant nutritional and defensive materials by herbivorous insects provides a mechanistic base for several bottom‐up cascades. Such a stoichiometric approach has the potential to improve our understanding of bottom‐up cascading effects in terrestrial food webs. We suggest a future direction for research by integration of bottom‐up cascades and material transfer among trophic levels.
Noninvasive Characterization of Myocardial Blood Flow in Diabetic, Hypertensive, and Diabetic–Hypertensive Rats Using Spin‐Labeling MRI
Authors: ILTIS ISABELLE , KOBER FRANK , DALMASSO CHRISTIANE , COZZONE PATRICK J. , BERNARD MONIQUE 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTObjective: Microvascular alterations in the diabetic and hypertensive heart are likely to contribute to heart failure. In this work, myocardial blood flow and left ventricular function were measured in vivo in diabetic, hypertensive, and diabetic–hypertensive rats using MRI methods.Methods: An 8‐week‐duration type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in 8 Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats (STZ) and in 11 spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats (STZ‐SHR). Fourteen WKY and 12 SHR served as control and hypertensive groups. Myocardial blood flow quantification was performed using an arterial spin‐labeling MRI method. Left ventricular morphology and function were assessed during the same experiment using cine‐MRI.Results: Respective myocardial blood flow values for each group were 6.4 ± 1.1 (WKY), 6.0 ± 1.9 (STZ), 5.5 ± 1.3 (SHR), and 4.3 ± 0.9 mL· g−1· min−1 (STZ‐SHR). Myocardial blood flow was significantly decreased in STZ‐SHR rats compared with the other groups (p <.05, STZ‐SHR vs. all groups). Cine‐MRI showed morphological alterations in all pathological groups. No alteration of the ejection fraction was observed in the pathological groups.Conclusion: Myocardial blood flow is altered in vivo before any sign of heart failure when rats have type 1 diabetes and hypertension simultaneously. When only one of the pathologies occurs, MBF does not vary significantly.