bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DIE 17β-HYDROXYSTEROID-DEHYDROGENASE DER MENSCHLICHEN NEBENNIERENRINDE
Authors: Breuer H. , Dahm K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases have been found to be present in the cytoplasma fractions of normal and hyperplastic human adrenal cortex. A 10 fold purification of the enzymes was achieved by precipitation with ammonium sulphate (40–80 % saturation). With testosterone as substrate both enzymes possess similar specific activities; NAD as well as NADP can act as cofactors.
The 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase obtained from the hyperplastic adrenal cortex shows a pH optimum at 8.4; the Michaelis-Menten constant for testosterone was found to be 9.8 × 10−4 m. The enzymatic activity is markedly inhibited by SH blocking agents. The physiological significance of the adrenal 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is briefly discussed.
EFFECT OF STEROIDS ON MUSCLE
Authors: Faludi Georgina , Mills Lewis C. , Chayes Zev W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Myopathy was induced in dogs with large doses of anti-inflammatory steroids (cortisol, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone and triamcinolone). Weight loss and muscle atrophy occurred in all groups except the control group but was most pronounced in the triamcinolone-treated dogs. There was a marked difference between the treated groups in decrease of muscle size (occurring the least with cortisol) and also in fiber thickness of muscle tissue (changing the least methylprednisolone and diminishing the most triamcinolone).
The diagnosis of steroid myopathy could be made by clinical observation, electromyography and biopsy. The only specific histological change detectable was the diminished size of muscle fiber. Further investigation is necessary to understand the pathogenesis and to explain the peculiar localization of the myopathy.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE METABOLIC DISTURBANCES, GROWTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF YOUNG GOATS AFTER TRANSECTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Prichard Marjorie M. L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In young goats section of the pituitary stalk, with the insertion of a plate to ensure permanent separation of the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus, led to the development of metabolic disturbances including a severe hypoglycaemia. These complications were largely avoided by giving hormone replacement therapy for the first few weeks after operation.
The growth of the body and of the target organs (thyroids, adrenals, gonads) was greatly retarded during the first 2 to 4 months; after this the animals increased in size and weight more normally, but the target organs remained very small. The protein-bound iodine content of the serum was low. The blood picture was essentially normal. Although the clinical condition of the goats improved noticeably after a few months their activity continued to be reduced and their behaviour subdued by comparison with normal goats.
The difference in the condition of twin goats, in one of which a plate was not inserted, is described.
STUDIES ON THE PARATHYROIDS IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Hansson C. Göran 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The parathyroids were studied in rats with uncontrolled alloxan diabetes of about 14 days duration unaccompanied by ketonuria. The diabetic rats exhibited a significant enlargement of the parathyroid volume as compared with nondiabetic controls. Furthermore, karyometric determinations revealed significantly larger nuclei of the parathyroid cells in the diabetic rats. The urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus was increased and the serum phosphorus level reduced in the diabetic rats as compared with the controls, whereas no difference between the groups was observed in the serum calcium level. In the diabetic rats, marked adrenal hyperplasia combined with thymus atrophy was demonstrated, indicating increased adrenocortical activity. The increased parathyroid volume is discussed against the background of the altered metabolism of calcium and phosphorus and the increased adrenocortical activity.
GROWTH AND FUNCTION OF THYROID GRAFTS IMPLANTED IN THE RAT BRAIN
Authors: Yasumura S. , Knigge K. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Brain-engrafted thyroid tissue was found to be histologically and functionally similar to that of a normal in situ thyroid. The graft always contained a rich plexus of peri- and interfollicular vessels which anastomosed quite freely with the vascular bed of surrounding neural structures. Radioautographs and chromatographic analysis of graft tissue demonstrated the uptake of 131I and the active incorporation of iodide into thyroid hormone and its precursors (T4, MIT, DIT). Electrophoretic examination of serum from thyroidectomized-implanted animals established the presence of thyroxine in peripheral blood and its association with the normal thyroxine-binding serum albumin components. These various lines of evidence suggest that the venous effluent of thyroid grafts provides adjacent brain areas with a higher than normal thyroid hormone titer. The results are discussed with reference to the applications and the limitations of this technique in neuroendocrine studies.
PLASMA ANDROGENS IN WOMEN
Authors: Lamb E. J. , Dignam W. J. , Pion R. J. , Simmer H. H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In a group of 20 normal non-hirsute females age 17 to 38, 18 nonhirsute patients with varied genito-urinary disorders, 8 oophorectomized and/or adrenalectomized patients plasma testosterone was measured by the method of Finkelstein et al. (1961). Conjugated androsterone and conjugated DHEA were determined by a modified method of Migeon & Plager (1955). Mean baseline values in normal females were.11±.06 μg/100 ml testosterone, 11.8±5.5 μg/100 ml conjugated androsterone, and 29.5±15.5 μg/100 ml conjugated DHEA. No significant response to HCG could be seen. Dexamethasone affected the conjugated DHEA significantly, but did not seem to affect conjugated androsterone or testosterone. The non-hirsute patients showed essentially the same pattern. An effect of dexamethasone on the levels of conjugated androsterone was demonstrated. Oophorectomized women had baseline values for the conjugates in the range of normals. Testosterone, however, was low with an average of.016 μg/100 ml. In the adrenalectomized patients no androgens were detectable.
EFFECT OF ADRENALINE AND VASOPRESSIN ON THE UTERINE RESPONSE TO OXYTOCIN IN CONSCIOUS RABBITS
Authors: Fuchs Anna-Riitta 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of simultaneous injections of adrenaline and oxytocin and of vasopressin and oxytocin upon the uterus of intact, unanaesthetized puerperal rabbits has been studied using intrauterine balloons which could be left in situ for several days.
Moderate doses of adrenaline (5-25 μg) did not inhibit the effect of simultaneously administered oxytocin on the uterus. The effect of oxytocin appears superimposed upon the uterine response to adrenaline. When low doses of oxytocin are used a delay of the oxytocic effect occurs.
Vasopressin (lysine-8-vasopressin) in a proportion up to 1:1 had no effect or only slightly modified the effect of simultaneously administered oxytocin. No potentiation of the response to oxytocin was observed but some incoordination of the contractions as well as slight increase in uterine tone occurred in late puerperium. When present in a proportion of 10:1, vasopressin completely prevented the effect of oxytocin, the uterine response being similar to that seen after the same dose of vasopressin alone, namely a long lasting inhibition of uterine motility after a short initial excitatory period. However, more than 50 mU of vasopressin were necessary to elicit any inhibitory effect. Even larger doses of vasopressin (250 mU) that alone or together with ten times less oxytocin would have caused a strong inhibition, did not affect the response to equal doses of oxytocin.
OESTRADIOL METABOLISM IN THE PREVIABLE HUMAN FOETUS AND IN THE FOETO-PLACENTAL UNIT
Authors: Haynes R. C. , Mikhail G. , Eriksson G. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Five normal previable foetuses were perfused with tracer amounts of oestradiol-4-14C and the metabolism of the compound was investigated. This study was completed by 3 experiments in which the oestradiol-4-14C was introduced in situ into the intact foeto-placental unit via the umbilical circulation.
More than 80 per cent of the radioactive material present in the various foetal organs in both types of experiments was in a conjugated form. In contrast, in the placentas, less than 10 per cent of the total radioactivity present was in a conjugated form.
The bulk of the radioactive material present in the foetal tissues was identified as oestradiol 3-sulphate and oestrone sulphate. In addition, two minor fractions were detected in the perfused foetuses, one of which behaved in countercurrent distribution studies as »glucosiduronates«; the other resembled »sulphates«. The oestrogen moiety of these two fractions was neither oestradiol nor oestrone, but it appeared to be a complex mixture. Although some radioactive material was found which closely resembled oestriol, it was not possible to detect oestriol with certainty.
No glucosiduronate-like material was found in the foetal tissues following the injection of oestradiol-4-14C into the intact foeto-placental unit. Also the quantity of the »sulphate-like« material different from oestradioland oestrone sulphates was greatly reduced:
A number of unconjugated metabolites were also detected, among which oestrone was identified.
A perfusion experiment with an anencephalic foetus indicated that this foetus was capable of forming conjugated metabolites from oestradiol-4-14C.
The results obtained do not favour the view that oestriol is a major and instantaneously formed foetal metabolite of oestradiol. On the other hand, they lend additional support to the concept that oestrogens reaching the foetus are extensively sulphurylated by the foetus and that these oestrogen sulphates are hydrolysed by the placenta before transfer of the oestrogen moiety to the maternal circulation.
TEMPORAL ASPECTS OF DECIDUAL CELL REACTION
Authors: von Berswordt-Wallrabe Ilse , Geller H. F. , Herlyn U. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The decidual cell reaction (DCR) was studied in a total of 60 rats. Pseudopregnancy was induced during vaginal (late) oestrus, either by cervical glass rod stimulation or by daily injections of 1 mg of a lactogenic hormone (LGH) preparation. The antimesometrial aspect of the right uterine horn was traumatized on day 4 of pseudopregnancy. All animals of both groups reacted with massive and almost identical deciduoma formation, as measured by dry fat free tissue (DFFT) and histological examination.
MYXOEDEMA COMA
Authors: Nielsen Preben Elling , Ranløv Poul 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Two fatal cases of myxoedema coma are reported. Case 1 was a woman who had, 4 months previously, undergone thyroidectomy and found to have Hashimoto's goitre. Case 2 was a 81-year-old widow with no previous history of thyroid disorder.
Seventy cases reported in the literature are reviewed, and the symptoms and signs, autopsy findings, and treatment of myxoedema coma are discussed on the basis of 41 definite cases.
It is apparent that cold was the most important precipitating factor, since nearly all the cases occurred during the winter months. Whether infection induces coma cannot be decided with certainty. There is no evidence that myxoedema coma is caused by or complicated by an accumulation of carbon dioxide, hypoglycaemia, or hypotension. All the patients had a low serum sodium, but normal serum potassium.
Autopsy was carried out on 25 patients. A remarkable number showed signs of auto-immune thyroid disorder, 5 having Hashimoto's goitre, 4 severe lymphoid infiltration in the thyroid gland, and one Riedl's goitre. Thirteen out of 17 patients who survived or improved temporarily during treatment had been given 1-triiodothyronine (TIT). Out of the 24 patients who died only 9 had received TIT. The average dose was more than twice as high in 17 patients who survived or showed temporary improvement as in 24 patients who died. Warming was tried in a number of cases, but without any convincing effect. All the patients who survived had received steroid medication, and — in addition to TIT — steroid therapy seems to be indicated in the treatment of these patients.
IS THERE ANY FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENDEMIC AND SPORADIC NON-TOXIC GOITRE?
Authors: De Visscher M. , Beckers C. , de Crombrugghe B. , Herveg J. P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Epidemiological and pathological investigations as well as clinical and biochemical studies all suggest that there is no fundamental difference between endemic and sporadic goitre.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS GOITROGENS ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE POTENCY OF THYROID BY THE GOITRE PREVENTION ASSAY
Authors: Wiberg G. Stuart , Carter John R. , Stephenson Norman R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
It is well known that thiouracil and its derivatives not only block the synthesis of thyroid hormones but also alter the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Other goitrogens such as thiourea, thiocyanate and perchlorate do not have this extra-thyroidal effect. Hence the measurement of endogenous thyroid function namely »thyroxine secretion rate« as determined by the goitre-prevention response is affected by thiouracil but not presumably by the other goitrogens. The purpose of the present study was to see what effect different goitrogens had on the estimation of the relative potency of thyroid powder by the goitre prevention assay. The biological activities of pork and beef thyroid samples relative to a house standard were determined in a series of bioassays which used various goitrogens. Assays employing either thiouracil, thiourea, aminotriazole or perchlorate led to statistically equivalent potency estimates and indicated that the pork thyroid was significantly more active than the beef thyroid on the basis of the total iodine content. However, the slope of the log dose-response lines were significantly affected by the different goitrogens. When the relative potencies of pork and beef thyroid were computed on the basis of the triiodothyronine content, the three preparations had equivalent activity for each of the goitrogens. Thiocyanate proved to be toxic at the dose level employed and a valid assay was not possible.
EPIDEMIC THYROIDITIS
Authors: Hintze G. , Fortelius P. , Railo J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A type of subacute thyroiditis occurring epidemically in a factory in Helsinki was observed in 44 cases. In every case the thyroiditis followed an acute infection of the upper respiratory tract. The variation in incidence during one and a half years was in good agreement with that of the acute infection. Since Helsinki is in an endemic goitre region, the fact that the disease was of the migrating type was of great diagnostic importance. In all cases but one, the nodules have persisted. One case of asymptomatic thyroiditis was seen. In the majority of the patients the thyroid gland had been carefully palpated before the thyroiditis occurred, and in all cases the condition was followed up by the same investigator. Special attention was paid to changes in the iodine metabolism, the serum cholesterol, the electrophoretic distribution pattern of the serum proteins, and the circulating thyroid auto-antibodies. In many cases needle biopsy of the thyroid gland was performed. Thyroid function invariably returned to normal with time, although one patient remained in a hypothyroid state for about a year. In no cases were thyroid auto-antibodies found. For the beta-globulin fraction, the electrophoretic distribution pattern of the serum proteins gave values which were still not normalized in any case, and only in two cases was the alpha2-fraction normalized. The needle biopsy, when thyroid tissue was obtained, showed almost the same picture as in endemic goitre, but in some specimens nonspecific inflammatory changes were seen. Prednisolone relieved the symptoms, but did not affect the course of the disease. According to the present observation this type of epidemic thyroiditis would seem to represent a form of nonspecific subacute thyroiditis.
IDENTIFICATION OF RING D α-KETOLIC OESTROGENS IN THE URINE OF NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Thorsen T. , Støa K. F. , Aarskog D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Determination of the total α-ketolic fraction in separate 24-hour urine samples, as well as chromatographic identification of 16α-hydroxy-oestrone and 16-oxo-17β-oestradiol in pooled urine from newborn infants, has been carried out. The results obtained are a corroboration of the conclusions drawn from previous investigations on the oestrogen metabolism of the foetus and the newborn.
FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR A FAT MOBILIZING EFFECT OF ANDROGENS
Authors: Laron Zvi , Kowadlo-Silbergeld Avivah 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Groups of starved female rats were treated with either testosterone propionate, 19-norandrostenolone phenylpropionate (Nandrolone, Durabolin) or bovine growth hormone (BGH). The effect of these hormones on the concentration of the plasma unesterified fatty acids (UFA) was then studied in blood withdrawn from the heart daily. As controls groups of rats were treated with either oil or saline, i. e. the vehicles for the above named hormones. It was found that both testosterone and Nandrolone caused a marked increase in plasma UFA concentrations, similar to the effects obtained by growth hormone.
Accepting UFA as an index of the metabolic activity of adipose tissue, it is concluded that testosterone and its less androgenic derivative Nandrolone possess fat mobilizing properties. In view of the fact that during puberty in boys the subcutaneous fat tissue decreases as compared with girls and that eunuchs have a tendency to obesity, it is suggested that androgens play an active physiological role in adipose tissue metabolism.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION OF BETAMETHASONE
Authors: Murphy D. , West H. F. , Bethel A. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Following the administration of 4 mg of tritiated betamethasone, with specific activity 75 μc/mg, the concentration of betamethasone and some of its metabolites were measured repeatedly in saliva, plasma and urine. The finding of particular interest was the metabolism of betamethasone within the salivary glands to a steroid provisionally identified as 11-oxobetamethasone. The significance of this finding and of the extra-hepatic metabolism of corticosteroids in general were discussed. Also discussed was the bearing of other findings upon the nature of the factors responsible for a cortisol analogues potency.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR BIOLOGISCHEN AKTIVITÄT DER OESTRIOL-EPIMEREN 16-EPIOESTRIOL, 17-EPIOESTRIOL UND 16,17-EPIOESTRIOL
Authors: Lauritzen C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
16-epioestriol, 17-epioestriol and 16,17-epioestriol are weaker oestrogens than oestriol as determined by the Allen-Doisy test. They are almost as active as oestriol by the intravaginal tetrazolium test and less active in the mouse uterine test. The three epimeres are »impeded oestrogenes«. The dose-effect regression line is flat over a wide range. The three metabolites, when injected together with oestradiol. competetively suppress the growth of the uterus in the rodent, stimulated by oestradiol. Moreover, when assayed on the accessory sex organs of male rats and on the comb of male chickens, they show a marked antiandrogenic action. In this respect 17-epioestriol is the most potent compound. The oestrogenic hyperaemia inducing activity of 16-epioestriol, as measured by the inhibition of the ergotamine induced necrosis of the rat tail, is similar to the activity of oestrone and oestradiol, but greater than that of oestriol. The other triols are less potent in this respect. The activity of the compounds was further tested in the vaginal opening test and the nipple test. For the first time the biological actions of 16-epioestriol and 17-epioestriol have been investigated in the human subject. Both compounds cause proliferation of the vaginal epithelium and a fern like pattern in the cervical mucus. Climacteric symptoms were favourably affected by 16-epioestriol. The three compounds are, however, without any effect on the uterine endometrium and on the excretion of hypophyseal gonadotrophin. In these respects they are similar to oestriol. Physiologically they may be of significance in a peripheral feed back mechanism acting against the primary hormones, between C-16 ketones and ketoles, in balanced reactions and as antagonists of C-16 hydroxylated androgens.
THE INITIAL METABOLISM OF 4-14C-TESTOSTERONE IN RAT. III.
Authors: ElAttar T. , Dirscherl W. , Mosebach K.-O. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Testosterone metabolites in the liver of male rats were investigated 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after the intraperitoneal injection of 4-14C-testosterone. At all four intervals, testosterone metabolites were found in the free and conjugated forms. The highest activity in the free and conjugated metabolites was after 10 minutes. A change in the pattern of the metabolites with time is observed. 5β-androstran-3α,17β-diol seems to be the major initial testosterone metabolite. 5β-androstran-3α-ol-17-one and an unidentified weakly polar compound are secondary conversion products of testosterone. More than 99 % of strong polar metabolites were conjugated 5β-androstran-3α,17β-diol. A new pathway of testosterone metabolism in the liver of the male rat is suggested.
STUDIES ON THE AROMATISATION OF NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Bolté E. , Mancuso S. , Eriksson G. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Tracer amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone-4-14C (DHA-4-14C) and dehydroepiandrosterone-7α-3H sulphate (DHAS-7α3H) were injected simultaneously into a uterine artery in two patients twelve to fifteen minutes prior to therapeutic interruption of pregnancy at laparotomy and the amniotic fluid, foetuses, placentas and urine samples were analysed for radioactive material.
No radioactivity was found in the amniotic fluid. Regardless of the tracer administered, approximately 80 per cent of the radioactive material recovered from the placentas was in an unconjugated (free) form, whereas more than 80 per cent of the radioactivity present in the foetuses was in a conjugated form.
More than 67 per cent of the total radioactive material in the two placentas and more than 87 per cent of that in the two foetuses was present as phenolic material. Approximately half of this phenolic material was identified as oestrone (OE1) and 17β-oestradiol (OE2).
The 3H to 14C ratio of OE1 and OE2 isolated from the foetuses and urine specimens was lower than the ratio of the injected material. Corresponding 3H to 14C ratios in placental OE1 and OE2 were higher than those in foetal or urinary OE1 and OE2.
Labelled oestriol (OE3) could be detected in the placentas, but not in the foetuses. However, a 16-hydroxylated phenolic intermediate (probably 16α-hydroxyoestrone) was found in one foetus studied.
The results indicate that the DHA and DHAS of the maternal circulation can serve as direct precursors to placental OE2 and OE1 and as indirect precursors – via a foetal intermediate – to placental OE3. Both compounds reach the foetus mostly as phenolic material, the free form being a better precursor than the sulphate.
It is suggested that – around midpregnancy at least – the human placenta functions as a barrier limiting the transfer to the foetus of androgens present in the maternal circulation.