bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language-Related ERPs: Scalp Distributions and Modulation by Word Type and Semantic Priming
Authors: Nobre Anna C. , McCarthy Gregory 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEvent-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the scalp to investigate the processing of word stimuli. Three tasks were used: (1) a task comparing words that provided an anomalous or normal sentence ending, (2) a word-list task in which different word types were examined, and (3) a word-list task in which semantic priming was examined. ERPs were recorded from a 50-channel montage in an attempt to dissociate overlapping ERP features by their scalp distributions. The focus of these studies was the N400, an ERP previously associated with language processing (Kutas & Hillyard, 1980). The temporal interval typically associated with N400 (250–500 msec) was found to contain overlapping ERP features. Two of these features were common to both sentence and word-list tasks—but one appeared different. Anomalous sentence endings and words with semantic content in lists both showed coincident negative left frontotemporal and midline-anterior ERP foci, peaking at 332 msec for sentences and 316 msec for word lists. The most negative voltage obtained in the sentence task peaked at 386 msec and had a midline-posterior focus. A right frontotemporal focus developed after the midline-posterior focus and outlasted its duration. The most negative voltage for content words in lists was reached at 364 msec. The distribution of this ERP was extensive over the midline and appeared to differ from that observed in the sentence task. Modulation of language-related ERPs by word type and semantic priming was investigated using the word-list tasks, which required category-detection responses. Two novel findings were obtained: (1) The ERP distributions for words serving grammatical function and content words differed substantially in word lists. Even when devoid of any sentence context, function words presented significantly attenuated measures of N400 compared to content words. These findings support hypotheses that suggest a differential processing of content and function words. (2) Semantic priming functionally dissociated two ERP features in the 250–500 msec range. The later and most negative midline ERP feature (peaking at 364 msec) was attenuated by semantic priming. However, the earlier left frontotemporal feature (peaking at 316 msec) was enhanced by semantic priming. The isolation of this novel language-related ERF' that is sensitive to semantic manipulations has important consequences for temporal and mechanistic aspects of theories of language processing.
Event-Related Potential Components Reflect Phonological and Semantic Processing of the Terminal Word of Spoken Sentences
Authors: Connolly John F. , Phillips Natalie A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAn event-related brain potential (ERP) reflecting the acoustic-phonetic process in the phonological stage of word processing was recorded to the terminal words of spoken sentences. The peak latency of this negative-going response occurred between 270 and 300 msec after the onset of the terminal word. The independence of this response (the phonological mismatch negativity, PMN) from the ERP component known to be sensitive to semantic violations (N400) was demonstrated by manipulating sentence endings so that phonemic and semantic violations occurred together or separately. Four conditions used sentences that ended with (1) the highest Cloze probability word (e.g., “The piano was out of tune.”), (2) a word having the same initial phoneme of the highest Cloze probability word but that was, in fact, semantically anomalous (e.g., “The gambler had a streak of bad luggage.”), (3) a word having an initial phoneme different from that of the highest Cloze probability word but that was, in fact, semantically appropriate (e.g., “Don caught the ball with his glove.”), or (4) a word that was semantically anomalous and, therefore, had an initial phoneme that was totally unexpected given the sentence's context (e.g., “The dog chased our cat up the queen”). Neither the PMN nor the N400 was found in the first condition. Only an N400 was observed in the second condition while only a PMN was seen in the third. Both responses were elicited in the last condition. Finally, a delayed N400 occurred to semantic violations in the second condition where the initial phoneme was identical to that of the highest Cloze probability ending. Results are discussed with regard to the Cohort model of word recognition.
Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon , Harner Richard , Lovell Mark , Podell Kenneth , Riggio Silvma 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPerformance of patients with quadrant lesions on the inherently ambiguous Cognitive Bias Task (CBT) suggests sexual dimorphism in the fundamental aspects of functional cortical geometry, by emphasizing different cerebral axes. In right-handed males, extreme context-dependent and context-independent response selection biases are reciprocally linked to left vs. right frontal systems. In right-handed females, these complementary biases appear to be reciprocally linked to posterior vs. frontal cortices. Frontal lobe functions are more lateralized in males than females due to sexual dimorphism of the left frontal systems. Both in males and females, patterns of CBT scores in non-right-handers with quadrant lesions are opposite to those found in right-handers. This suggests the existence of two functionally and neurally distinct cognitive selection mechanisms. Both mechanisms involve the frontal lobes, but their exact neuroanatomy depends on sex and handedness.
On Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Kosslyn Stephen M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Stephen M. Kosslyn is Professor of Psychology at Harvard University and an Associate Psychologist in the Department of Neurology at the Massachusetts General Hospital. He received his B.A. in 1970 from UCLA and his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1974, both in psychology, and taught at Johns Hopkins, Harvard, and Brandeis Universities before joining the Harvard Faculty as Professor of Psychology in 1983. His work focuses on the nature of visual mental imagery and high-level vision, as well as applications of psychological principles to visual display design. He has published over 125 papers on these topics, co-edited five books, and authored or co-authored five books. His books include Image and Mind (1980), Ghosts in the Mind's Machine (1983), Wet Mind: The New Cognitive Neuroscience (with 0. Koenig, 1992), Elements of Graph Design (1994), and Image and Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate (1994). Dr. Kosslyn has received numerous honors, including the National Academy of Sciences Initiatives in Research Award, is currently on the editorial boards of many professional journals, and has served on several National Research Council committees to advise the government on new technologies.
A Model of the Learning of Arm Trajectories from Spatial Deviations
Authors: Jordan Michael I. , Flash Tamar , Arnon Yoram 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Unconstrained point-to-point reaching movements performed in the horizontal plane tend to follow roughly straight hand paths with smooth, bell-shaped velocity profiles. The objective of the research reported here was to explore the hypothesis that these data reflect an underlying learning process that prefers simple paths in space. Under this hypothesis, movements are learned based only on spatial errors between the actual hand path and a desired hand path; temporally varying targets are not allowed. We designed a neural network architecture that learned to produce neural commands to a set of muscle-like actuators based only on information about spatial errors. Following repetitive executions of the reaching task, the network was able to generate point-to-point horizontal arm movements and the resulting muscle activation patterns and hand trajectories were found to be similar to those observed experimentally for human subjects. The implications of our results with respect to current theories of multijoint limb movement generation are discussed.
ERP Evidence for a Shifting Attention Deficit in Patients with Damage to the Cerebellum
Authors: Akshoomoff Natacha A. , Courchesne Eric 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In a previous study, we found that patients with damage to the neocerebellum were significantly impaired in the ability to rapidly shift their attention between ongoing sequences of auditory and visual stimuli (Akshoomoff & Courchesne, 1992). In the present study, young patients with damage to the neoccrebelluni were found to be impaired in rapidly shifting their mention between visual stimuli that occurred within a single location. Event-related potentials recorded during the shifting attention experiment suggested that this reflects a deficit in the. covert ability to selectively activate and deactivate attention. These results lend Further support to the hypothesis that the neocerebellum plays a role in the ability to rapidly shift attention.
Central Auditory System Plasticity Associated with Speech Discrimination Training
Authors: Kraus Nina , McGee Therese , Carrell Thomas D. , King Cynthia , Tremblay Kelly , Nicol Trent 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A passively elicited cortical potential that reflects the brain's discrimination of small acoustic contrasts was measured in response to two slightly different speech stimuli in adult human subjects. Behavioral training in the discrimination of those speech stimuli resulted in a significant change in the duration and magnitude of the cortical potential. The results demonstrate that listening training can change the neurophysiologic responses of the central auditory system to just-perceptible differences in speech.
Semantic Facilitation in Aphasia: Effects of Time and Expectancy
Authors: Milberg William , Blumstein Sheila E. , Katz Donald , Gershberg Fellcia , Brown Todd 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Two auditory lexical decision semantic priming experiments were conducted to examine the extent to which the automaticcontrolled processing dichotomy can characterize lexical access deficits in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics. In Experiment 1, prime-target predictability was varied while the interval between prime and target (ISI) was held constant. In Experiment 2, ISI was varied while prime-target predictability was held constant. The pattern of semantic facilitation and inhibition results for Experiment 1 showed that Broca's aphasics were influenced by prime-target predictability, whereas Wernicke's aphasics were not. In contrast in hperiment 2, manipulations of ISI at 150 and 2000 msec did not affect patterns of semantic facilitation for either Broca's or Wernicke's aphasics. Taken together, the results of these two experiments suggest that Broca's aphasics use heuristic strategies more so than old and young normal subjects. In addition, they seem to have an automatic processing deficit affecting the level of activation of lexical entries, with a spared time course of activation. Wernicke's aphasics show a pattern of results consistent with the view that automatic processing is unimpaired in these patients, while they fail to use heuristic strategies in these tasks.
Frames of Reference for Hand Orientation
Authors: Flanders Martha , Soechting John F. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In reaching and grasping movements, information about object location and object orientation is used to specify the appropriate proximal arm posture and the appropriate positions for the wrist and fingers. Since object orientation is ideally defined in a frame of reference fixed in space, this study tested whether the neural control of hand orientation is also best described as being in this spatial reference frame. With the proximal arm in various postures, human subjects used a handheld rod to approximate verbally defined spatial orientations. Subjects did quite well at indicating spatial vertical and spatial horizontal but made consistent errors in estimating 45° spatial slants. The errors were related to the proximal arm posture in a way that indicated that oblique hand orientations may be specified as a compromise between a reference frame fixed in space and a reference frame fixed to the arm. In another experiment, where subjects were explicitly requested to use a reference frame fixed to the arm, the performance was consistently biased toward a spatial reference frame. The results suggest that reaching and grasping movements may be implemented as an amalgam of two frames of reference, both neurally and behaviorally.
Intermediate-Level Visual Representations and the Construction of Surface Perception
Authors: Sajda Paul , Finkel Leif H. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Visual processing has often been divided into three stages—early, intermediate, and high level vision, which roughly correspond to the sensation, perception, and cognition of the visual world. In this paper, we present a network-based model of intermediate-level vision that focuses on how surfaces might be represented in visual cortex. We propose a mechanism for representing surfaces through the establishment of “ownership”—a selective binding of contours and regions. The representation of ownership provides a central locus for visual integration. Our simulations show the ability to segment real and illusory images in a manner consistent with human perception. In addition, through ownership, other processes such as depth, transparency, and surface completion can interact with one another to organize an image into a perceptual scene.
A Model of Corticostriatal Plasticity for Learning Oculomotor Associations and Sequences
Authors: Dominey Peter , Arbib Michael , Joseph Jean-Paul 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We present models that learn context-dependent oculomotor behavior in (1) conditional visual discrimination and (2) sequence reproduction tasks, based on the following three principles: (1) Visual input and efferent copies of motor output produce patterns of activity in cortex. (2) Cortex influences the saccade system in part via corticostriatal projections. (3) A reinforcement learning mechanism modifies corticostriatal synapses to link patterns of cortical activity to the correct saccade responses during trial-and-error learning. Our conditional visual discrimination model learns to associate visual cues with the corresponding saccades to one of two left-right targets. A visual cue produces patterns of neuronal activity in inferotemporal cortex (IT) that projects to the oculomotor region of the striatum. Initially random saccadic "guesses," when directed to the correct target for the current cue, result in increased synaptic strength between the cue-related IT cells and the striatal cells that participate in the correct saccade, increasing the probability that this cue will later elicit the correct saccade. We show that the model generates "inhibitory gradients" on the striatum as the substrate for spatial generalization. Our sequence reproduction model learns, when presented with temporal sequences of spatial targets, to reproduce the corresponding sequence of saccades. At any point in the execution of a saccade sequence, the current pattern of activity in pre-frontal cortex (PFC), combined with visual input and the motor efferent copy of the previous saccade, produces a new pattern of activity in PFC to be associated with the next saccade. Like IT, PFC also projects to the oculomotor region of the striatum. Correct guesses for the subsequent saccade in the sequence results in strengthening of corticostriatal synapses between active PFC cells and striatal cells involved in the correct saccade. The sequence is thus reproduced as a concatenation of associations. We compare the results of this model with data previously obtained in the monkey and discuss the nature of cortical representations of spatiotemporal information.
Who Did What and When? Using Word- and Clause-Level ERPs to Monitor Working Memory Usage in Reading
Authors: King Jonathan W. , Kutas Marta 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
ERPs were recorded from 24 undergraduates as they read sentences known to differ in syntactic complexity and working memory requirements, namely Object and Subject Relative sentences. Both the single-word and multiword analyses revealed significant differences due to sentence type, while multiword ERPs also showed that sentence type effects differed for Good and Poor comprehenders. At the single-word level, ERPs to both verbs in Object Relative sentences showed a left anterior negativity between 300 and 500 msec postword-onset relative to those to Subject Relative verbs. At the multiword level, a slow frontal positivity characterized Subject Relative sentences, but was absent for Object Relatives. This slow positivity appears to index ease of processing or integration. and was more robust in Good than in Poor comprehenders.
The Organization of Brain Activations in Number Comparison: Event-Related Potentials and the Additive-Factors Method
Authors: Dehaene Stanislas 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Measuring reaction times (RTs) using the additive-factors method provides information about the sequence of processing stages in a cognitive task. Here, I describe how the simultaneous recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the same task can provide complementary information that cannot be obtained using RTs alone. Most notably, ERP data can reveal the absolute activation time and the coarse brain localization of processing stages. RTs and ERPs can also be used to cross-validate a serial-stage model. These notions were applied to a study of the temporal unfolding of brain activations in a number comparison task. ERPs were recorded from 64 scalp electrodes while normal subjects classified numbers as larger or smaller than 5. Specific scalp signatures and timing data were obtained for stages of word and digit identification, magnitude comparison, response programming, and error capture and correction. The observed localizations were compatible with previous neuropsychological and brain imaging data and provided new insights into the cerebral lateralization and timing of number processing.
Individual Differences in Cerebral Blood Flow in Area 17 Predict the Time to Evaluate Visualized Letters
Authors: Kosslyn Stephen M. , Thompson William L. , Kim Irene J. , Rauch Scott L. , Alpert Nathaniel M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Sixteen subjects closed their eyes and visualized uppercase letters of the alphabet at two sizes, as small as possible or as large as possible while remaining “visible.” Subjects evaluated a shape characteristic of each letter (e.g., whether it has any curved lines), and responded as quickly as possible. Cerebral blood flow was normalized to the same value for each subject, and relative blood flow was computed for a set of regions of interest. The mean response time for each subject in the task was regressed onto the blood flow values. Blood flow in area 17 was negatively correlated with response time (r = -0.65), as was blood flow in area 19 (r = -0.66), whereas blood flow in the inferior parietal lobe was positively correlated with response time (r = 0.54). The first two effects persisted even when variance due to the other correlations was removed. These findings suggest that individual differences in the activation of specific brain loci are directly related to performance of tasks that rely on processing in those loci.
Reduced Timing Variability in Patients with Unilateral Cerebellar Lesions during Bimanual Movements
Authors: Franz E. A. , Ivry R. B. , Helmuth L. L. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Timing variability on a repetitive tapping task was studied in subjects with unilateral cerebellar lesions. During unimanual tapping, within-hand variability was larger when tapping with the ipsilesional hand in comparison to tapping with the contralesional hand. However, variability in the impaired hand was greatly reduced when subjects tapped with two hands together. The improvement in within-hand variability during bimanual tapping was associated with a reduction in central variability rather than response implementation variability according to the two-process model of Wing and Kristofferson (1973). It is proposed that (1) each half of the cerebellum independently regulates the temporal aspects of movements on the ipsilateral side and (2) temporal coupling constraints require these separate signals to be integrated prior to response implementation for bimanual movements.
Neurological Distribution of Processing Resources Underlying Language Comprehension
Authors: Swinney David , Zurif Edgar , Prather Penny , Love Tracy 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Using a cross-modal lexical priming technique we provide an on-line examination of the ability of aphasic patients to construct syntactically licensed dependencies in real time. We show a distinct difference between Wernicke's and Broca's aphasic patients with respect to this form of syntactic processing: the Wernicke's patients link the elements of dependency relations in the same manner as do neurologically intact individuals; the Broca's patients show no evidence of such linkage. These findings indicate that the cerebral tissue implicated in Wernicke's aphasia is not crucial for recovering syntactically licensed structural dependencies, while that implicated in Broca's aphasia is. Moreover, additional considerations suggest that the latter region is not the locus of syntactic representations per se, but rather provides the resources that sustain the normal operating characteristics of the lexical processing system—characteristics that are, in turn, necessary for building syntactic representations in real time.