bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water absorption mechanism and some anomalous effects on the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior of an epoxy system
Authors: Papanicolaou G. C. , Kosmidou Th.V. , Vatalis A. S. , Delides C. G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDuring the past decades there has been a great accumulation of important data on the diffusion of water molecules in polymeric solids and its effect on the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior of polymers. It has become apparent that in many cases diffusion in polymers as well as its effect exhibits features that cannot be expected from classical theories and that such departures are related to the molecular structure characteristics of polymers. In the present investigation, the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior of an epoxy resin system is studied as a function of absorbed water, temperature, and time of immersion. Water sorption was achieved by immersing the material in distilled water at constant temperature of 60°C and 80°C for 2, 5, 8, 13, 32, 74, 128, 266, 512, 1024, and 1536 h. Subsequently the specimens were tested in static and dynamic three‐point bending tests to study their mechanical and viscoelastic behavior. The variation of Tg, tan δ, bending modulus, and strength was measured as a function of exposure time and respective percentage of water uptake for both temperatures. Some anomalies in their behavior due to water absorption were observed, and a model for the description of the experimentally observed mechanical behavior due to hygrothermal aging is proposed. The results show that the model predictions are in good agreement with experimental findings. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1328–1339, 2006
Characterization of lignocellulosic–poly(lactic acid) reinforced composites
Authors: Hou Q. X. , Chai X. S. , Yang R. , Elder T. , Ragauskas A. J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe effects of adding poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to the physical strength of paper test sheets prepared from three unbleached loblolly pine kraft pulps with different amounts of lignin and an aspen bleached chemothermomechanical pulp were studied. The physical strength studies demonstrated that relatively low levels of PLA addition (0.5–4.0%) could dramatically improve the tensile and burst strength properties as a function of the amount of PLA added. Hot pressing the test sheets was shown to be an important treatment for enhancing the strength properties. An analysis of untreated and PLA‐treated hot‐pressed test sheets by atomic force microscopy indicated that the addition of PLA markedly altered the surface properties of the sheets. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1346–1349, 2006
Novel stabilization system for polypropylene via the Ziegler–Natta catalyzed polymerization in the presence of aluminum aryloxide
Authors: Kawamoto N. , Horikoshi T. , Nomura K. , Yokota H. , Negishi Y. , Tobita E. , Terano M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe aluminum aryloxide was prepared via the reaction of phenolic antioxidant, 3‐(3,5‐di‐t‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐N‐octadecylpropionamide, with triethyl aluminum. Propylene polymerization using supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst systems was carried out in the presence of the antioxidant or its aluminum aryloxide. Although the antioxidant gave rise to decrease in catalyst yield and change in hydrogen response, the aluminum aryloxide had no influence on the catalytic polymerization behavior, and thus the obtained polymer characteristics such as molecular weight, polydispersity, and meso pentad as a stereoregularity were comparable to that polymerized without the antioxidant and the aluminum aryloxide. Polypropylene obtained in the presence of the aluminum aryloxide was well stabilized for oxidation and its stability was over 1000 h at 100°C (estimated to be over 30 years at room temperature). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1350–1358, 2006
Curing behavior of 4,4′‐diamonodiphenyl methane‐based benzoxazine oligomers/bisoxazoline copolymers and the properties of their cured resins
Authors: Li Shengfang , Wang Luoli 
Published: November 2005

Abstract1,3‐Phenylene bisoxazoline is synthesized and characterized. The optimal synthetic conditions for yield (92%) are as follows: reaction temperature = 115°C; ratio (mol) of ethanolamine to 1,3‐dicyanobenzene = 2.5 : 1; ratio (mol) of zinc acetate to 1,3‐dicyanobenzene = 0.055; reaction time = 6 h. 4,4′‐diamonodiphenyl methane‐based benzoxazine and its oligomers (Oligo‐Da) are synthesized and characterized. The curing behavior and properties of the Oligo‐Da/1,3‐PBO copolymer resins are investigated. It was found that the cure induction time and cure time of the molten mixture from Oligo‐Da/1,3‐PBO could be reduced, compared with that from Oligo‐Ba/1,3‐PBO, especially above 175°C. The reason lies in that the bisphenol generated in ring opening of Ba has more steric hindrance than the phenol generated in ring opening of Da because of isopropyl group. Thus, the Mannich bridge structure in the Da polymer is relatively much easier to form between the ortho positions of phenolic hydroxyl groups than that in the Ba polymer. Curing temperature of Oligo‐Da/1,3‐PBO could be lowered with triphenylphosphite as a catalyst. SEM results confirm that 1,3‐PBO could toughen Oligo‐Da system when the mol ratio of 1,3‐PBO and Oligo‐Da is ≤1 because of the formation of ether–amide bonds. However, a brittle fracture surface is observed because of too higher crosslinking density of the cured resin, when the mol ratio of 1,3‐PBO and Oligo‐Da is >1. The cured resin from Oligo‐Da/1,3‐PBO has superior heat resistance, electrical insulation, and water resistance than that from Oligo‐Ba/1,3‐PBO. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1359–1366, 2006
Flame retardant epoxy resins based on diglycidyl ether of isobutyl bis(hydroxypropyl)phosphine oxide
Authors: Ribera Gemma , Mercado L. Adolfo , Galià Marina , Cádiz Virginia 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPhosphorous‐containing epoxy resins were prepared from diglycidyl ether of isobutyl bis(hydroxypropyl)phosphine oxide (IHPOGly) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) by crosslinking with 2,4‐diaminotoluene. Several IHPOGly/DGEBA molar ratios were used to obtain materials with different phosphorous content. Thermal, dynamomechanical, and flame retardant properties were evaluated and related with the phosphorous content. The weight loss rate of phosphorous‐containing resins is lower than that of the phosphorous‐free resin for the thermoxidative degradation. Char yields under nitrogen do not show significant differences among the phosphorous‐containing resins and the phosphorous‐free resin, while under air char yields increase with the phosphorous content. The presence of phosphorous increases the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values even when the phosphorous content is low, and no significant differences with the phosphorous content are observed. V‐0 materials were obtained when the resins were tested for ignition resistance with the UL‐94 test. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1367–1373, 2006
Molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres prepared by precipitation polymerization using a sacrificial covalent bond
Authors: Boonpangrak Somchai , Prachayasittikul Virapong , Bülow Leif , Ye Lei 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMolecularly imprinted polymer microspheres were prepared by precipitation polymerization using a sacrificial covalent bond. In the present model, cholesteryl (4‐vinyl)phenyl carbonate was used as a template monomer. The imprinted microspheres were prepared using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB) as crosslinker. The base‐labile carbonate ester bond was easily hydrolyzed to leave imprinted cavities in the resulting polymers. Radioligand binding analysis, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the imprinted materials. Imprinted microspheres prepared from DVB crosslinker had larger and more defined spherical shape, and displayed better imprinting effect than did the EDMA‐based microparticles. For comparison, imprinted bulk polymers were also prepared in the same reaction solvent as that used in precipitation polymerization. Elemental analysis results indicated that imprinted microspheres contained more template monomer units than bulk materials. The efficiency of template removal by hydrolysis treatment for microspheres was also higher than that for bulk polymers. For DVB‐based polymers, imprinted microspheres displayed higher specific cholesterol uptake than did the corresponding bulk polymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1390–1398, 2006
Comparative degradation of pultruded E‐glass/vinylester in deionized water, alkaline solution, and concrete leachate solution
Authors: Chu Wellington , Wu Lixin , Karbhari Vistasp M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe use of E‐glass/vinylester composites, fabricated by processes such as resin infusion and pultrusion involving low‐moderate temperature cure regimes, in civil infrastructure applications is increasing. A major consideration in these applications is long‐term durability in the presence of aqueous solutions ranging from water to alkaline environments such as would be seen from pore water of concrete in the case of a reinforcing bar in concrete, or from an alkaline rich concrete leachate due to water migrating through porous concrete to the surface of a composite overlay. This study characterizes mass uptake, tensile, and interlaminar shear response of a pultruded E‐glass/vinylester immersed in deionized water, alkali solution, and concrete leachate solution for periods up to 75 weeks. The high pH solutions are seen to cause a greater degree of irreversible damage at the resin, interface, and fiber levels. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1405–1414, 2006
Electrospun nanofibers of block copolymer of trimethylene carbonate and ϵ‐caprolactone
Authors: Jia Yong‐Tang , Kim Hak‐Yong , Gong Jian , Lee Duck‐Rae 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe electrospinning behavior of a block copolymer of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and ε‐caprolactone dissolved in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and methylene chloride (MC) was studied. The effects of the blended solvent volume ratio, concentration, voltage, and tip–collector distance (TCD) on the morphology of the electrospun fibers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the diameter of the electrospun fibers decreased with a decreasing molar ratio of MC to DMF, but beads formed gradually. With a decreasing concentration of the solution, the fiber diameter decreased; at the same time, beads also appeared and changed from spindlelike to spherical. A higher voltage and larger TCD favored the formation of smaller diameter electrospun fibers. The results of differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction showed that the crystallinity and melting point of the electrospun fibers decreased when increasing the TMC content in the copolymer. Compared with the corresponding films, the crystallinity and melting point of the electrospun fibers were obviously increased. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1462–1470, 2006
Effect of substrate concentration on dual‐species biofilm population densities of Klebsiella oxytoca and Burkholderia cepacia in porous media
Authors: Komlos John , Cunningham Alfred B. , Camper Anne K. , Sharp Robert R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe long‐term operation of bioremediation technologies relies on the success of the contaminant‐degrading microorganism(s) to compete for available resources with microorganisms already present in an aquifer or those that may contaminate a bioreactor. Though research has been performed studying the interaction of multiple species in batch and chemostat reactors, little work has been done looking at multi‐species interactions in environments that more closely resemble field‐scale applications. The research presented herein examined the interaction of Burkholderia cepacia PR1‐pTOM31c, an aerobic trichloroethylene (TCE)‐degrading bacterium, with Klebsiella oxytoca, a facultative bacterium, in a flow‐through porous media (PM) reactor. Growth characteristics and population distributions in PM were compared to previously reported values from batch and chemostat reactors. The faster growing organism in batch experiments (K. oxytoca) did not always have the greater population density in dual‐species PM experiments. The biofilm population distribution was influenced by substrate concentration, with B. cepacia having a greater dual‐species population density than K. oxytoca at a low (30 mg/L dissolved organic carbon [DOC]) substrate concentration and K. oxytoca having a greater population density at a high (700 mg/L DOC) substrate concentration. This change in species population distribution with change in substrate concentration, which was not observed in batch reactors, was also observed in chemostat reactors. Therefore, manipulation of substrate concentration enabled the control of species dominance to the advantage of the TCE degrading population in this dual‐species PM system and may provide a mechanism to enhance bioremediation scenarios involving TCE or other contaminants of concern. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanoliter scale microbioreactor array for quantitative cell biology
Authors: Lee Philip J. , Hung Paul J. , Rao Vivek M. , Lee Luke P. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA nanoliter scale microbioreactor array was designed for multiplexed quantitative cell biology. An addressable 8 × 8 array of three nanoliter chambers was demonstrated for observing the serum response of HeLa human cancer cells in 64 parallel cultures. The individual culture unit was designed with a “C” shaped ring that effectively decoupled the central cell growth regions from the outer fluid transport channels. The chamber layout mimics physiological tissue conditions by implementing an outer channel for convective “blood” flow that feeds cells through diffusion into the low shear “interstitial” space. The 2 µm opening at the base of the “C” ring established a differential fluidic resistance up to 3 orders of magnitude greater than the fluid transport channel within a single mold microfluidic device. Three‐dimensional (3D) finite element simulation were used to predict fluid transport properties based on chamber dimensions and verified experimentally. The microbioreactor array provided a continuous flow culture environment with a Peclet number (0.02) and shear stress (0.01 Pa) that approximated in vivo tissue conditions without limiting mass transport (10 s nutrient turnover). This microfluidic design overcomes the major problems encountered in multiplexing nanoliter culture environments by enabling uniform cell loading, eliminating shear, and pressure stresses on cultured cells, providing stable control of fluidic addressing, and permitting continuous on‐chip optical monitoring. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphology of peroneus tertius muscle
Authors: Joshi S.D. , Joshi S.S. , Athavale S.A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPeroneus tertius (PT) muscle is peculiar to man, and man is the only member among the primates in whom this muscle occurs. The muscle is variable in its development and attachment. Because of functional demands of bipedal gait and plantigrade foot, part of extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) has migrated upwards into the leg from the dorsum of foot. PT is a muscle that evolution is rendering more important. In a total of 110 cadavers, extensor compartment of leg and dorsum of foot were dissected in both the lower limbs and extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and PT muscles were dissected and displayed. PT was found to be absent in 10.5% limbs, the incidence being greater on the right side. The remaining limbs in which the PT muscle was present had a very extensive origin from lower 3/4th of extensor surface of fibula (20% on right and in 17% on left), and the EDL was very much reduced in size. In ˜12%, the tendon of PT was thick or even thicker than the tendon of EDL. In 4%, the tendon extended beyond fifth metatarsal up to metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth toe, and in 1.5%, it extended up to the proximal phalanx of little toe. In two cases (both on the right side), where PT was absent, it was replaced by a slip from lateral margin of EDL. We conclude that PT, which is preeminently human, is extending its purchase both proximally and distally. Clin. Anat. 19:611–614, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Forces necessary for the disruption of the cisternal segments of cranial nerves II through XII
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Wellons John C. , Blount Jeffrey P. , Salter E. George , Oakes W. Jerry 
Published: November 2005

AbstractManipulation of the cisternal segment of cranial nerves is often performed by the neurosurgeon. To date, attempts at quantifying the forces necessary to disrupt these nerves in situ, to our knowledge, has not been performed. The present study seeks to further elucidate the forces necessary to disrupt the cranial nerves while within the subarachnoid space. The cisternal segments of cranial nerves II through XII were exposed in six unfixed cadavers, all less than 6 hr postmortem. Forces to failure were then measured. Mean forces necessary to disrupt nerves for left sides in increasing order were found for cranial nerves IX, VII, IV, X, XII, III, VIII, XI, VI, V, and II, respectively. Mean forces for right‐sided cranial nerves in increasing order were found for cranial nerves IX, VII, IV, X, XII, VIII, V, VI, XI, III, and II, respectively. Overall, cranial nerves requiring the least amount of force prior to failure included cranial nerves IV, VII, and IX. Those requiring the highest amount of force included cranial nerves II, V, VI, and XI. There was an approximately ten‐fold difference between the least and greatest forces required to failure. Cranial nerve III was found to require significantly (P < 0.05) greater forces to failure for right versus left sides. To date, the neurosurgeon has had no experimentally derived data from humans for the in situ forces necessary to disrupt the cisternal segment of cranial nerves II through XII. We found that cranial nerve IX consistently took the least amount of force until its failure and cranial nerve II took the greatest. Other cranial nerves that took relatively small amount of force prior to failure included cranial nerves IV and VII. Although in vivo damage can occur prior to failure of a cranial nerve, our data may serve to provide a rough estimation for the maximal amount of tension that can be applied to a cranial nerve that is manipulated while within its cistern. Clin. Anat. 20:252–255, 2007. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitation of and measurements utilizing the sphenoid ridge
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Salter E. George , Oakes W. Jerry 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe sphenoid ridge (posterior aspect of the lesser wings) is encountered in many intracranial procedures. Increased knowledge of its morphology and relationships is, therefore, of importance to the neurosurgeon and clinician who appreciate imaging of this anatomical region. We have quantitated this part of the sphenoid bone in dry human skulls (35) and made cadaveric (15) measurements between its parts and surrounding neuroanatomical structures in all three cranial fossae. The length of the left and right lesser wings was on average 4.2 and 4 cm, respectively. The mean widths of this bony part at its midline, midpoint, and lateral point (crista alaris) were 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm, and 2 mm, respectively. From the crista alaris the mean distances to the crista galli, V3 at its exit through the foramen ovale, entrance of the occulomotor nerve into the cavernous sinus, middle meningeal artery at its emergence from the foramen spinosum, and the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves at the internal auditory meatus were 4.9, 4.5, 5, 4.7, and 6.1 cm, respectively. From the midpoint of the lesser wing, the mean distances to the crista galli, V3 at its exit through the foramen ovale, entrance of the occulomotor nerve into the cavernous sinus, middle meningeal artery at its emergence from the foramen spinosum, and the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves at the internal auditory meatus were 4.2, 2.9, 3, 3.4, and 4.7 cm, respectively. From the anterior clinoid process of the lesser wing, the mean distances to the crista galli, V3 at its exit through the foramen ovale, entrance of the oculomotor nerve into the cavernous sinus, middle meningeal artery at its emergence from the foramen spinosum, and the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves at the internal auditory meatus were 4.3, 2.8, 1, 3.3, and 4.1 cm, respectively. Additional measurements between the parts of the sphenoid ridge and surrounding anatomical structures may assist the surgeon who operates in this region or the clinician who view imaging of this anatomy. Clin. Anat. 20:131–134, 2007. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A shared professional framework for anatomy and clinical clerkships
Authors: Pangaro Louis N. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThreats to the professionalism of medical practice in the United States have resulted in an intense focus by educational organizations on what professionalism is, on how to define it, and how to evaluate it. This essay discusses alternative educational frameworks in which professionalism can be located. As the traditional analytic framework (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) and developmental frameworks are more familiar, emphasis will be placed on a “synthetic” framework that expresses a student's progress as “reporter,” “interpreter,” and “manager/educator.” This “RIME” framework attempts to capture the classic rhythm of observation–reflection–action that is familiar to all scientists and clinicians, and attempts to express in less generic, more behavioral terms how skills, knowledge, and attitudes must all be brought to bear at the same time by a successful student. It is argued that the complexity of professional development can be embraced with simplicity, without being simplistic. Clin. Anat. 19:419–428, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does the mendosal suture exist in the adult?
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Salter E. George , Oakes W. Jerry 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThere is a paucity of information in the literature regarding the mendosal suture. Furthermore, reports of the closure of this presumed suture of childhood are variable. This study seeks to establish the presence or absence of this structure in the adult. Fifty adult skulls were evaluated for the presence or absence of the mendosal suture. Sixteen percent of specimens were found to have a mendosal suture. Six specimens were found to have these sutures bilaterally, and two had sutures on the right side only. Most sutures were linear in nature. The mendosal suture approximated the superior nuchal line in all specimens and more or less traveled medial and perpendicular to the lambdoidal suture. The length of these sutures ranged from 0.8 to 1.4 cm (1.1 cm). Our hopes are that these data will prove useful to both the anatomist and clinicians, so that, when present, misinterpretation of the mendosal suture will be avoided. Clin. Anat. 20:124–125, 2007. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.