bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating effective flood mitigation policies
Authors: Fraser James C. , Doyle Matrin W. , Young Hannah 
Published: October 2006

Hurricane Katrina in 2005 increased awareness of the vulnerability of people and property in flood‐prone areas of the United States, particularly repetitively flooded properties. Prior to Katrina, repetitive loss properties cost the United States over $200 million annually [General Accounting Office (GAO), 2004].The U.S. Congress passed the Bunning‐Bereuter‐Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 (FIRA) to maintain the fiscal soundness of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and ease the burden of repetitive loss properties on NFIP Federal calculations indicate that every dollar spent on mitigation activities creates a $3.65 savings in future disaster recovery costs, and the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) estimates that over $1 billion are spared annually through flood mitigation and floodplain management programs [GAO, 2005a].
Giant sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay
Authors: Barnard Patrick L. , Hanes Daniel M. , Rubin David M. , Kvitek Rikk G. 
Published: October 2006

A field of giant sand waves, among the largest in the world, recently was mapped in high resolution for the first time during a multibeam survey in 2004 and 2005 through the strait of the Golden Gate at the mouth of San Francisco Bay in California (Figure la). This massive bed form field covers an area of approximately four square kilometers in water depths ranging from 30 to 106 meters, featuring more than 40 distinct sand waves with crests aligned approximately perpendicular to the dominant tidally generated cross‐shore currents, with wavelengths and heights that measure up to 220 meters and 10 meters, respectively.Sand wave crests can be traced continuously for up to two kilometers across the mouth of this energetic tidal inlet, where depth‐averaged tidal currents through the strait below the Golden Gate Bridge exceed 2.5 meters per second during peak ebb flows. Repeated surveys demonstrated that the sand waves are active and dynamic features that move in response to tidally generated currents. The complex temporal and spatial variations in wave and tidal current interactions in this region result in an astoundingly diverse array of bed form morphologies, scales, and orientations. Bed forms of approximately half the scale of those reported in this article previously were mapped inside San Francisco Bay during a multibeam survey in 1997 [Chin et al., 1997].
A network for standardized ocean color validation measurements
Authors: Zibordi Giuseppe , Holben Brent , Hooker Stanford B. , Mélin Frédéric , Berthon Jean‐François , Slutsker Ilya , Giles David , Vandemark Doug , Feng Hui , Rutledge Ken , Schuster Gregory , Al Mandoos Abdulla 
Published: October 2006

The Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), originally developed to evaluate aerosol optical properties and validate satellite retrievals of those properties at various scales with measurements from worldwidedistributed autonomous Sun photometers [Holben et al., 1998],since January 2006 has been extended to support marine remote sensing and monitoring applications. This new network component, called AERONETOcean Color (AERONET‐OC), provides the additional capability of measuring the radiance emerging from the sea—the ‘water‐leaving radiance’—with modified Sun photometers installed on offshore platforms such as lighthouses, oceanographic towers, and derricks.AERONET‐OC is proving to be instrumental in supporting satellite ocean color validation activities through standardized measurements performed at different sites with identical measuring systems and protocols, calibrated using a single reference source and method, and processed with the same code. Recent investigations [Zibordi et al., 2006] suggest that in order to generate accurate climate data records from remote sensing data, time series of in situ measurements from a cadre of AERONET‐OC sites could play a major role in the assessment and merging of radiometric products from different ocean color missions.
A future for drifting seismic networks
Authors: Simons Frederik J. , Nolet Guust , Babcock Jeff M. , Davis Russ E. , Orcutt John A. 
Published: October 2006

Earth models in which seismic wave speeds vary only with depth are sufficiently well constrained to accurately locate earthquakes and calculate the paths followed by seismic rays [Engdahl et al., 1998]. The differences between observations and theoretical predictions of seismograms in such onedimensional Earth models can be used to reconstruct the three‐dimensional (3‐D) wave speed distribution in the regions sampled by the seismic waves by a procedure known as seismic tomography, a technique akin to medical CAT scanning.Caused by thermal, compositional, and textural variations, wave speed anomalies remain the premier data source to fully understand the structure and evolution of our planet [Romanowicz, 2003], from the scale of mantle convection and the mechanisms of heat transfer from core to surface to the interaction between the deep Earth and surface processes such as plate motion and crustal deformation.
Reconsidering the textbook
Authors: Bierman Paul , Massey Christine , Manduca Catherine 
Published: October 2006

Is the printed science textbook a massive, slow moving dinosaur headed for extinction, doomed by its inability to evolve in the face of a fast moving technology bolide? In 10 years, will students still carry printed tomes in their backpacks, or will electronic media have replaced the textbook, leaving it about as useful as yesterday's typewriter or adding machine? With the explosion of digital technology in students' lives and the increasing awareness among geosciences faculty that established teaching techniques are becoming less effective for this generation of students, the time is ripe to reconsider the textbook.More than 50 leading scientists, educators, and technology professionals ‘reconsidered the textbook’ during a recent intensive threeday workshop funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), which was held at the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS), in Washington, DC. Through small and large group discussions, the assembled group examined the current state of the textbook and its relationship to the growing number of electronic tools that also serve as learning resources for today's students. Together, the participants looked forward and—based on their knowledge of student learning, technology, and effective educational strategies—imagined the textbook of the future.
Recent seismovolcanic crisis in northern Afar, Ethiopia
Authors: Yirgu Gezahegn , Ababa Addis , Ayele Atalay 
Published: October 2006

A 60‐kilometer‐long rift segment ruptured in north central Afar, Ethiopia, in September 2005. This rupture followed a short but intensive period of volcanic and tectonic activity during which time more than 162 earthquakes (magnitudes 4.1—5.2) occurred and a 400‐meter‐long and 80‐meter‐wide volcanic vent opened (Figure l ). For its spatial extent and amount of opening, this event ranks as the largest observed rifting sequence to have occurred on land, comparable to the 10‐yearlong Krafla (Iceland, 1975–1984) episode along a mid‐ocean ridge.The Afar depression is a triple rift junction where the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden spreading ridges emerge on land and meet the northern extension of the East African Rift (Figure 2a). The junction lies above or near a mantle plume [e.g., Courtillot et al., 1984; Montelli et al., 2004]. The floor of the depression is composed mostly of basalt lava emplaced during Plio‐Quaternary times over the last three million years [e.g., Kidane et al., 2003]. Huge and elongate basaltic shield volcanoes conspicuously rise above basalt fields and sand plains. The Afar depression is one of the hottest and driest places on Earth, yet its many pastoralists support large herds by distilling water from geothermal vents (known locally as boinas).
Marine investigations of Greece's Santorini Volcanic Field
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraldur , Carey Steven , Alexandri Matina , Vougioukalakis Georges , Croff Katherine , Roman Chris , Sakellariou Dimitris , Anagnostou Christos , Rousakis Grigoris , Ioakim Chrysanti , Goguo Aleka , Ballas Dionysis , Misaridis Thanassis , Nomikou Paraskevi 
Published: October 2006

The most recent major explosive eruption of the Santorini volcano in Greece—around 3600 years before present (B.P.), often referred to as the Minoan eruption—is one of the largest volcanic events known in historical time and has been the subject of intense volcanological and archeological studies [Druitt et al., 1999]. The submarine volcano Kolumbo, located seven kilometers northeast of Santorini and associated with Santorini's tectonic system, erupted explosively in 1650 A.D., resulting in fatalities on the island of Thera [Fouqué, 1879]. A large fraction of the erupted products from the Minoan eruption has been deposited in the sea but, up to now, only has been studied in distal marine sediments.As part of a collaborative project between the University of Rhode Island (Narragansett), the Hellenic Centre of Marine Research (Athens, Greece), and the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (Athens), a marine geological survey was conducted around Santorini from April to June 2006. he new work now shows that the volume of the Minoan eruption may be comparable to that of the largest known historical eruption, the 1815 eruption of Tambora in Indonesia [Sigurdsson and Carey, 1989]; provides insights into the depositional processes and size of the Minoan eruption; and led to the discovery of important submarine hydrothermal vents with active mineralization.
How long will our interglacial be?
Authors: Crucifix Michel , Berger André 
Published: October 2006

In a recentEosarticle (87(3), 27, 2006), Broecker and Stocker criticizeRuddimaris[2003] hypothesis of an anthropogenic origin to the Holocene carbon dioxide (C02) rise.Broecker and Stocker note the analogy between the Earth's orbital configuration 400,000 years ago and the current configuration by aligning theEPICA Community Members[2004] ice core record for the deglaciation that occurred 430,000–420,000 years ago, with the last deglaciation (20,000–10,000 years ago). Considering that the two situations are analogous, it appears that no glacial inception, marking the end of the Holocene, should have occurred by now.
The reawakening of Alaska's Augustine volcano
Authors: Power John A. , Nye Christopher J. , Coombs Michelle L. , Wessels Rick L. , Cervelli Peter F. , Dehn Jon , Wallace Kristi L. , Freymueller Jeffery T. , Doukas Michael P. 
Published: October 2006

Augustine volcano, in south central Alaska, ended a 20‐year period of repose on 11 January 2006 with 13 explosive eruptions in 20 days. Explosive activity shifted to a quieter effusion of lava in early February, forming a new summit lava dome and two short, blocky lava flows by late March (Figure 1).The eruption was heralded by eight months of increasing seismicity, deformation, gas emission, and small phreatic eruptions, the latter consisting of explosions of steam and debris caused by heating and expansion of groundwater due to an underlying heat source.
Tectonostratigraphic Terranes of the Circum‐Pacific Region
Authors: Van der Voo Rob 
Published: October 2006

Have you always wondered where the Tujunga, Baldy, and Cortez terranes might be located today, let alone during the Cretaceous or early Tertiary? This book may provide the answer, because in a little less than 600 pages for $32, which includes a marvelously produced color map of the entire Circum‐Pacific region, one can read almost everything one wants to know about Earth's “ring of fire” and its displaced or suspect terranes. The printing, proofreading, illustrations, and references are all of the highest caliber, and the book is handsomely produced indeed. In page‐by‐page reading, I found maybe five typographical errors, but I will spare you the details.The contents of the book are divided into five parts, comprising principles or applications of terrane analysis and four unequally long parts on the four quadrants of the Pacific coasts. The northeast quadrant includes Alaska, the Canadian Cordillera, the U.S. coastal and Rocky Mountain belts, and Mexico; the northwest includes Kamchatka, northeast Asia, China, Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines; the southwest section has articles on Australia, Malaya, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Antarctica; and the southeast comprises the Andes from Colombia to southern Chile. The book offers introductory text for beginning students of terrane analysis, as well as plenty of useful details and data for the expert who needs a handy reference volume. Subject matter or emphasis ranges from hydrocarbon generation in marginal basins, biogeography, paleomagnetism, geochronology, and structural and metamorphic aspects to stratigraphy and shows how the entire discipline of geological sciences is contributing to terrane analysis. There is literally something here for everyone in solid Earth science.
A message fron the VGP President
Authors: Brett Robin 
Published: October 2006

This message is not of an inspirational nature. I hope that this is a relief to you; if you need inspiration I suggest that you follow the primaries closely in this election year. Instead, I've written a rather dreary piece about the nuts and bolts that keep the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology (VGP) Section going. These nuts and bolts are essential to the section, however. It may be useful to you, or you may be able to help.You will be hearing more about the Geophysics Research Forum in the future in these pages. The AGU Council, with your help, will be trying to determine what important issues and priorities should dominate the science over the next few years. Similarly, the National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council's Board on Earth Sciences is planning to write are porton priorities and future opportunities in the Earth sciences. If you have ideas on where you feel the science should be heading, on priorities in the science, on which subfields should be emphasized and which deemphasized, please write me. It's important, as such exercises can profoundly affect the future and future funding of our science. VGP science is particularly exciting, and the best ideas must be included.
International Geomagnetic Reference Field revision 1987
Authors: Langel R. A. 
Published: October 2006

The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) is a series of mathematical models of the main geomagnetic field and its secular variation. The models themselves consist of sets of spherical harmonic (or Gauss) coefficients. The IGRF has become a widely used means of deriving values of the geomagnetic field components in, for example, studies of magnetic anomalies a n d investigations of charged particle motions in the ionosphere and the magnetosphere.Since the adoption of t h e first IGRF (IGRF 1965) by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) in 1968 [IAGA Commission 2 Working Group 4, 1969], the IGRF has been revised four times, giving the IGRF 1975 [IAGA Division I Study Group on Geomagnetic Reference Fields, 1975], the third‐generation IGRF [IAGA Division I Working Group 1, 1981], the fourth‐generation IGRF [IAGA Division I Working Group 1, 1985], and the fifth‐generation IGRF which is the subject of this note. Details of the derivation of the original IGRF have been given by Zmuda [1971]; interested readers should see Peddie [1982] and Barraclough [1987] for descriptions of its development up to 1985.
Temperature profiles from Pos Crater Lake
Authors: Neshyba Steve , Fernandez Walter , Diaz‐Andrade José 
Published: October 2006

In 1984, we took part in an expedition to measure the temperature field and bathymetry of the acid lake (Figure 1) that has formed in the crater of Poás volcano, Costa Rica, since its last eruption in 1953. Obtaining these data was the first step in a long‐range study planned by researchers at the Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica (San Jose, Costa Rica), and the College of Oceanography, Oregon State University (Corvallis). The study will eventually consider all aspects of fluid behavior in a volcanic lake that is heated or otherwise convectively driven by energy injected at the lake bottom.Evidence of convection is clearly visible on the surface of the Poás lake most of the time. Fumarole activity has been continuous since 1953. Phreatic explosions are quite frequent, varying from weak to strong, and the height of the ejected column varies from 1 to more than 500 m. One immediately useful result of the research would be an estimate of the heat transfer from sources within the conduit to the overlying water column. As far as geophysical fluid behavior goes, we are interested in the turbulent and diffusive processes by which heat and chemical species are transferred. We are especially interested in the impact on the density stratification of the density changes that occur as particulates settle downward through the fluid column. The stratification would otherwise be controlled by the turbulent and diffusive processes driven by thermochemical factors.
EPA checks community wells for pesticides
Authors: Wainger Lisa A. 
Published: October 2006

The Environmental Protection Agency began testing about 600 community water well systems for pesticides in July. The testing is part of a 2‐year survey of private and community wells throughout the United States designed to identify the extent of pesticide residues in drinking water wells nationwide. Testing on more than 750 private wells began in April.EPA began the study by examining pesticide use and vulnerability of acquifers for every county in the U.S. including Alaska and Hawaii. Armed with a map of average scores of vulnerability of counties, the study's organizers selected a representative group of counties but weighted the selection toward areas of higher vulnerability and pesticide use. Once the counties were selected, vulnerability within counties was ranked and individual wells were selected. Scientists will be analyzing the water samples from the wells for more than 100 commonly used pesticides in addition to a number of pesticide metabolites, nitrites, and nitrates.
GEM: Geospace Environment Modeling
Authors: Roederer Juan G. 
Published: October 2006

Shortly after the beginning of the “space age” with the launching of the first man made object into terrestrial orbit, geospace assumed a fundamental role as a technological resource for all countries, advanced and developing alike. Today, satellite systems for communications, weather prediction, navigation, and remote sensing of natural resources are supporting, in an essential way, many facets of societal operations. We must expect that this trend will continue; for instance, in perhaps less than 3 decades, transatmospheric transportation will be routine and satellite systems will sustain human colonies in space.The medium in which Earth‐orbiting systems operate is hostile. Far from a perfect vacuum, it is made up of high‐temperature gas and corpuscular radiation of varying densities and intensities; these solar‐activity controlled variations can reach proportions dangerous to orbital stability, to electronic systems performance, to shuttle and spaceplane reentry, and to the life of humans in orbit. Dramatic examples of solar‐activity‐induced satellite failures are the unexpected early degradation of the orbit of Skylab due to unusual upper atmosphere heating and the demise of satellite GOES‐5, most probably caused by a large injection of energetic electrons from the outer magnetoshere. The need to predict “weather and climate” in geospace is becoming as important as the need to predict weather and climate in the inhospitable regions on Earth into which industrial activity has moved during the last decades, such as the Arctic and some of the arid lands.
Theories of the Earth and Universe—A History of Dogma in the Earth Sciences
Authors: Moore George W. 
Published: October 2006

S. Warren Carey rejects the concept of subduction. In this book he links together four subequal themes, with a few autobiographical notes sprinkled throughout, listed as follows in order of decreasing length: a history of science, a lucid review of tectonics and structural geology, an updating of his hypothesis that the Earth is expanding, and a review of the frontiers of cosmology, leading finally to a suggested mechanism for the expansion. Tectonics and structural geology have served as the hub of Carey's long and wide‐ranging career, and the history of science section of this book emphasizes geology and geophysics, with special reference to the tribulations of scientists like Sam Carey himself, who marched to a different drummer and bucked the establishment.Carey began his career, his dissertation work, in New Guinea, site of the world's most vigorous shearing (some would say transpression) between the Australia‐India and the Pacific “polygons” (Carey uses that term to distinguish his 2900‐km‐thick tectonic blocks that move on the liquid outer core of the Earth from the 100‐km‐thick plates of plate tectonic theory). He immediately became a mobilist, and for the next 20 years, along with a few other geologists of vision, had to grapple with a fixist establishment.
U.S. ocean scientists and engineers: A 1986–1987 profile
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

AGU has recently completed what is probably the most comprehensive human resources survey of U.S. ocean scientists and engineers ever conducted. For this survey, a questionnaire was developed and sent to all those listed in the National Academy of Science's U.S. Directory of Marine Scientists 1982, AGU members with a primary or secondary Ocean Sciences Section affiliation, individual subscribers to the American Meteorological Society (AMS) Journal of Physical Oceanography, and members of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), the Marine Technology Society (MTS), and the Coastal Society. Lists of faculty and graduate students from major institutions were also obtained to use as mailing lists, as were selected lists from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Acoustical Society of America.More than 17,000 questionnaires were mailed in 1986, followed by a reminder; 5757 questionnaires (about one third of the original total) were returned. In 1987, a follow‐up questionnaire was sent to all who responded to the first questionnaire, and 2100 people responded by the cutoff date.
Administration, OTA differ on test verification
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

When the explosion went off, a large area of barren brown ground above the test hole rose into the air, pitched and rippled like a stormy sea, and settled again in a cloud of dust. The scene was recorded by television cameras in helicopters above the desert at the Nevada Test Site, and, for the first time, by Soviet scientists. The outcome of this test and a similar experiment in the Soviet Union next month could set the tone for future test ban negotiations.Meanwhile, a new study from the Office of Technology Assessment claims that seismic networks, traditionally favored by the Soviet Union, can be used to verify reliably compliance with current treaties and be the basis for a new 10‐kt testing limit. Seismic Verification of Nuclear Testing Treaties, released in late May, also concludes that the on‐site hydrodynamic CORRTEX technique favored by the Reagan administration is intrusive, no more accurate than remote seismic methods, and useless against clandestine testing. Defense department officials have harshly criticized the report, while many seismologists have defended its general conclusions.