bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypnotic mirrors and phantom pain: a single case study
Authors: Oakley David A. , Halligan Peter W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUsing hypnosis, two main approaches to modifying phantom limb pain experience can be identified: ipsative imagery, which makes use of the patient's own imaginative interpretation of how the pain is generated, and a simulated movement approach. The latter approach shares many similarities with the ‘mirror’ technique recently advocated and used by Ramachandran (in non‐hypnotic settings) to create the experience of movement and in some (but not all cases) relief from pain in patients with a phantom limb. In this case study, we report the use of a hypnotically induced ‘virtual’ mirror experience that modified long standing intractable phantom limb pain despite generating a qualitatively inferior experience of movement in the phantom limb compared to that produced with an actual mirror. These preliminary findings suggest that the use of hypnotic movement imagery for the management of phantom limb pain is worth further investigation both in terms of its comparative ease of use and because of its potential for informing discussion as to the possible neurocognitive mechanisms involved. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Chronic psychosomatic pain alleviated by brief therapy
Authors: Williamson Ann 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA case is presented of a male patient with intractable pain that responded very rapidly to the therapeutic release of a suppressed negative emotion (anger) and a re‐vivification of a previously experienced successful use of acupuncture for pain relief. The case demonstrates the mind–body link found in somatization or psychosomatic disorders and shows how this was used in its resolution. The interventions involved seeding, anchoring, utilization and re‐vivification, silent abreaction and imagery. During hypnosis the patient no longer complained of his pain, a state which continued after hypnosis had been reversed. Clinical outcome in routine evaluation (CORE) forms were used both before and two weeks after the therapeutic session and showed a dramatic change to normalization, which was maintained at a four‐month follow‐up. The treatment, which consisted of 15 minutes in surgery and a therapy session of one hour, demonstrates that sometimes very brief therapy can be very productive. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Are recommendations to avoid hypnotic aftereffects being implemented?
Authors: Page Roger A. , Green Joseph 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo assess whether recommendations that have been made over several years to avoid hypnotic sequelae are being implemented, a short seven‐item survey was mailed to 1050 names drawn from the latest directory of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis (1998). Of the 881 surveys that were deliverable, 60.3% were completed and returned. Results indicate that some recommendations are being employed by almost all of those currently using hypnosis, while other recommendations are being employed by a lesser, but still large, percentage of hypnosis practitioners. In many of these cases, valid rationales were cited to exclude their use. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Dialogical components in theory‐building: contributions of Hilgard, Orne and Spanos
Authors: Sarbin Theodore R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTaken together, the abundant contributions of three recently deceased members of the hypnosis research community constitute a deferred dialogue. The dialogical format is that of advancing a claim that is answered by a counter claim supported by research and/or logical argument. Central to the dialogue is the degree of credibility to assign to subjects' self reports of their experience during hypnotically‐induced analgesia, amnesia, and hallucinations. The epistemological subtext of the dialogue centers on whether the counterexpectational behaviours of hypnosis subjects are to be construed as happenings or as doings. An analysis of the dialogue suggests that future researchers take as their point of departure the construction that the hypnosis interaction is a conversation. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Mirror, mirror on the wall
Authors: Gevertz Leon 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA clinical technique is briefly described which uses (1) direct removal of negative ideation by ‘dumping mental rubbish’ and its replacement with positive ideation; and (2) age progression using imaginary mirrors, one of which moves forward in time, enabling patients to see themselves succeeding in changing. The technique is usually carried out in one session of between 1 and 1 1/2 hours duration. I have used it for smoking cessation, dental fear, gagging, needle phobia and ego‐strengthening. The technique can be tailored to the patients' needs, the only proviso being that patients must be well motivated and want to change themselves. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The case of a woman claiming damages from a therapist trained in hypnosis by a correspondence course
Authors: Heap Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA case is described of a 26‐year‐old woman who consulted a private therapist for treatment for depression and anxiety. The therapist described himself as an ‘internationally recognized psychoanalyst’. His treatment lasted 21 sessions before the patient gave up in despair. He had hypnotized her on a number of occasions and asked her to imagine vividly terrifying fantasies and frightening events of her childhood. He further intimated that she had been sexually abused, although there was no evidence to support this. By the end of this treatment, the patient was considerably worse and diagnosable as suffering from post‐traumatic stress disorder. Inspection of the therapist's qualifications did not reveal anything to justify his using the designation ‘psychoanalyst’ and it appeared that he had trained in hypnotherapy by means of a private correspondence course which recommended the above procedures. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Cross‐cultural aspects of hypnotizability and imagination
Authors: Jacquith Leah , Rhue Judith W. , Lynn Steven Jay , Seevaratnam Jothiratnam 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe tested 133 native Malaysian students at the University of Malaysia with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGHSS:A, Shor & Orne, 1962), the Creative Imagination Scale (CIS; Wilson & Barber (1978), the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TA; Tellegen, 1976), and the Betts Vividness of Mental Imagery Scale (QMI, Sheehan, 1967). These subjects were compared with a sample of 55 Malaysian volunteer college students enrolled at Ohio University. The average length of enrolment was 2.5 years and 459 college students (US residents) from Ohio University were also tested. The means of measures across all samples were comparable, with the exception that the Malaysian students scored lower on the CIS. However, we failed to secure significant correlations between hypnotizability and absorption and waking suggestion (CIS) in the Malaysian sample tested in Malaysia. In contrast, when Malaysian students resided in the United States, the correlations between hypnotizability and absorption and waking suggestion were all significant, as was the case with US residents. Our results imply that culture‐based expectancies play a role in mediating the relationship between hypnotizability and measures associated with hypnotizability in Western cultures. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis in psychotherapy: efficacy and mechanisms
Authors: Kirsch Irving 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMeta‐analyses have established that different psychotherapies have different outcomes. Cognitive‐behavioural therapies are significantly more effective than psycho‐dynamic therapies, and their superiority increases when long‐term follow‐up is assessed. Hypnosis enhances the efficacy of both psychodynamic and cognitive‐behavioural psychotherapy, and this effect is especially strong in long‐term outcome of treatment for obesity. The paucity of procedural differences between hypnotic and non‐hypnotic treatments in many of the studies demonstrating a substantial advantage for hypnosis suggests that the effect depends on the use of the word ‘hypnosis’. Hypnosis can be regarded as an empirically‐validated, non‐deceptive placebo, the effects of which are mediated by response expectancies. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
How to be a ‘good’ hypnotic subject!
Authors: West Victoria , Fellows Brian 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews a major debate within the field of hypnosis: the stability of hypnotic susceptibility. State theorists, who maintain that hypnosis is a special and unique process, believe that hypnotic responding is a stable and enduring trait (Hilgard, 1965). Non‐state theorists, who maintain that hypnosis involves psychological processes such as imaginative skills, motivation and expectancies, believe that hypnotic responding is a skill which can be acquired. Such theorists have shown that with cognitive skills training hypnotic susceptibility can be significantly enhanced (Gorassini & Spanos, 1986). However, attempts to replicate such findings in other laboratories have not always been successful (Bates, Miller, Cross & Brigham, 1988) and there has been much controversy concerning whether the training promotes ‘genuine’ changes in hypnotic responsiveness or whether it simply promotes behavioural compliance (Bates, 1990).The research reported here has shown a positive training effect and has employed a qualitative technique of inquiry (the Experiential Analysis Technique: Sheehan & McConkey, 1978) in order to examine the effects of hypnotic skills training upon the strategies and cognitive processes that are employed by hypnotic subjects. Preliminary analysis of this data indicates the existence of a wide variety of complex hypnotic experiences, which confirms the findings of Sheehan and McConkey (1982). The technique has certainly provided a unique and rich insight into the experience of hypnosis and a clearer idea about how such an experience can be enhanced. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Dietary restraint, hypnotizability and body image
Authors: Wybraniec Anna , Oakley David 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is growing evidence of a correlation between bulimia nervosa and hypnotic susceptibility. The present study supports the existence of a similar relationship in non‐clinical populations between restrained eating and increased hypnotizability. In the second part of the study, a modified version of the Creative Imagination Scale was used to investigate the responsiveness of restrained and non‐restrained eaters in a non‐clinical group to suggestions of body image change. Non‐restrained eaters resisted suggestions both of increased and decreased body size. The restrained eaters also resisted suggestions of decreased body size but were more responsive to suggestions of increased body size. Implications for the aetiology and treatment of eating disorders are considered. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Induction and Inhibition of Preferential Enrichment by Controlling the Mode of the Polymorphic Transition with Seed Crystals
Authors: Tamura Rui , Mizuta Masayuki , Yabunaka Shinsuke , Fujimoto Daisuke , Ariga Tomomi , Okuhara Shinichiro , Ikuma Naohiko , Takahashi Hiroki , Tsue Hirohito 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBoth induction and inhibition of “preferential enrichment”, an unusual symmetry‐breaking enantiomeric‐resolution phenomenon observed upon simple recrystallization of a certain kind of racemic crystals from organic solvents, have been successfully achieved by controlling the mode of the polymorphic transition during crystallization with appropriate seed crystals. Such control of the polymorphic transition can be interpreted in terms of a novel phenomenon consisting of 1) the adsorption of prenucleation aggregates, 2) the heterogeneous nucleation and crystal growth of a metastable crystalline form, and 3) the subsequent polymorphic transition into the more stable form; these three processes occur on the same surface of a seed crystal. We refer to this phenomenon as an “epitaxial transition”, which has been confirmed by means of in situ attenuated total reflection (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy in solution and the solid state, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the deposited crystals, and X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the single crystals or the direct‐space approach employing the Monte Carlo method with the Rietveld refinement for the structure solution from the powder X‐ray diffraction data.
Exceptional Thermodynamic Stability of DNA Duplexes Modified by Nonpolar Base Analogues Is due to Increased Stacking Interactions and Favorable Solvation: Correlated Ab Initio Calculations and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Řeha David , Hocek Michal , Hobza Pavel 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe geometries of DNA hexamer (5′‐GGAACC‐3′) and DNA 13‐mer (5′‐GCGTACACATGCG‐3′) have been determined by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using an empirical force field. The central canonical base pair was replaced by a pair of nonpolar base analogues, 2,2′‐bipyridyl and 3‐methylisocarbostyril. The stabilization energy of the model system (model A) consisting of a central base pair (base‐analogue pair) and two neighboring base pairs was determined by the RI‐MP2 method using an extended aug‐cc‐pVDZ basis set. The geometry of the model was averaged from structures determined by MD simulations. The role of the solvent was covered by the COSMO continuum solvent model and calculations were performed for a larger model system (model B) which also contained a sugar–phosphate backbone. The total stabilization energies of the unperturbed system and the system perturbed by a base‐analogue pair (model A) were comparable to the stability of both duplexes experimentally determined. This is due to large stacking interaction energy of the base‐analogue self‐pair which compensates for the missing hydrogen‐bonding energy of the replaced adenine⋅⋅⋅thymine base pair. The selectivity of the base‐analogue pair was reproduced (model B) when their desolvation energy was included with the interaction energy of both strands determined by the approximate SCC‐DFTB‐D method.
Enhancing Heterogeneous Catalysis through Cooperative Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Interfaces
Authors: Notestein Justin M. , Katz Alexander 
Published: February 2006

AbstractActive‐site/surface cooperativity can enhance heterogeneous organic and organometallic catalysis. We review the powerful role of the solid surface in this context for generating local acidity and, as an inner‐sphere ligand, for stabilizing immobilized supramolecular assemblies and unsaturated organometallic complexes that are often unstable in solution.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Tetrahydroxanthenols—Unprecedented Access to Privileged Structural Motifs
Authors: Nising Carl F. , Ohnemüller Ulrike K. , Friedrich Anne , Lesch Bernhard , Steiner Jochen , Schnöckel Hansgeorg , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTetrahydroxanthenones, which can be easily prepared by a domino oxa‐Michael aldol condensation, offer various possibilities for diastereoselective functionalization, giving access to the stereocontrolled synthesis of stereochemical triades or tetrades, which represent privileged structural motifs. In most cases, the relative stereochemistry was unequivocally established by crystal structure analysis.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome‐related lymphoma
Authors: Weiss Rudolf , Mitrou Paris , Arasteh Keikawus , Schuermann Dirk , Hentrich Marcus , Duehrsen Ulrich , Sudeck Hinrich , Schmidt‐Wolf Ingo G. H. , Anagnostopoulos Ioannis , Huhn Dieter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDHighly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the survival of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome‐related lymphoma (ARL). The German ARL Study Group investigated whether HAART administered concomitantly with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy compromised the course of immune parameters during and after chemotherapy and exerted a positive effect on remission and survival.METHODSFrom 1997 to 2001, 72 patients with ARL were stratified prospectively into a standard‐risk group (n = 48 patients) and a high‐risk group (n = 24 patients) with either 0‐1 or 2‐3 of the following risk factors: CD4 < 50/μL, prior opportunistic infection, and/or a World Health Organization performance status ≥ 3. Patients in the high‐risk group received ≥75% of the CHOP regimen.RESULTSIn the standard‐risk group (CD4 = 223/μL; age‐adjusted International Prognostic Index [aaIPI], 38% ≥ 2), the complete remission (CR) rate was 79%, and median survival was not reached after a median 47 months of follow‐up. CD4 counts did not change from baseline to 4 weeks after the end of chemotherapy (206/μL). In the high‐risk group (CD4 = 34/μL; aaIPI, 88% ≥ 2), the CR rate was 29%, and the median survival was 7.2 months (3 patients survived for > 3 yrs). Toxicity was moderate: Leukopenia Grade 3 or 4 occurred in 100 of 249 chemotherapy cycles (40%) in the standard‐risk group and in 70 of 102 cycles (69%) in the high‐risk group.CONCLUSIONSBased on the aaIPI, the survival of patients in the standard‐risk group was very similar to that achieved by nonhuman immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients who had aggressive lymphomas. Concurrent CHOP plus HAART can be administered in an outpatient setting. Thus, the authors recommend using this modality as first‐line therapy for patients with ARL. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The role of early lineage in GABAergic and glutamatergic cell fate determination in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Li Mei , Sipe Conor W. , Hoke Kristina , August Lisa L. , Wright Melissa A. , Saha Margaret S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractProper functioning of the adult nervous system is critically dependent on neurons adopting the correct neurotransmitter phenotype during early development. Whereas the importance of cell‐cell communication in fate determination is well documented for a number of neurotransmitter phenotypes, the contributions made by early lineage to this process remain less clear. This is particularly true for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic neurons, which are present as the most abundant inhibitory and excitatory neurons, respectively, in the central nervous system of all vertebrates. In the present study, we have investigated the role of early lineage in the determination of these two neurotransmitter phenotypes by constructing a fate map of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons for the 32‐cell stage Xenopus embryo with the goal of determining whether early lineage influences the acquisition of these two neurotransmitter phenotypes. To examine these phenotypes, we have cloned xGAT‐1, a molecular marker for the GABAergic phenotype in Xenopus, and described its expression pattern over the course of development. Although we have identified isolated examples of a blastomere imparting a statistically significant bias, when taken together, our results suggest that blastomere lineage does not impart a widespread bias for subsequent GABAergic or glutamatergic fate determination. In addition, the fate map presented here suggests a general dorsal‐anterior to ventral‐posterior patterning progression of the nervous system for the 32‐cell stage Xenopus embryo. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:645–657, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of soluble guanylyl cyclase in the superficial dorsal horn
Authors: Ding Jin‐Dong , Weinberg Richard J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in pain processing at the spinal level, but the mechanisms mediating its effects remain unclear. In the present work, we studied the organization of the major downstream effector of NO, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), in the superficial dorsal horn of rat. Almost all neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor‐positive neurons in lamina I (a major source of ascending projections) were strongly immunopositive for sGC. Many local circuit neurons in laminae I–II also stained for sGC, but less intensely. Numerous fibers, presumably of unmyelinated primary afferent (C fiber) origin, stained for calcitonin gene‐related peptide or isolectin B4, but none of these was immunopositive for sGC. These data, along with immunoelectron microscopy results, imply that unmyelinated primary afferent fibers terminating in the superficial dorsal horn lack sGC. Double labeling showed that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) seldom colocalized with sGC, but nNOS‐positive structures were frequently closely apposed to sGC‐positive structures, suggesting that in the superficial dorsal horn NO acts mainly in a paracrine manner. Our data suggest that the NK1 receptor‐positive projection neurons in lamina I are a major target of NO released in superficial dorsal horn. NO may also influence local circuit neurons, but it does not act on unmyelinated primary afferent terminals via sGC. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:668–678, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histamine receptors in mammalian retinas
Authors: Gastinger Matthew J. , Barber Alistair J. , Vardi Noga , Marshak David W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMammalian retinas are innervated by histaminergic axons that originate from perikarya in the posterior hypothalamus. To identify the targets of these retinopetal axons, we localized histamine receptors (HR) in monkey and rat retinas by light and electron microscopy. In monkeys, puncta containing HR3 were found at the tips of ON‐bipolar cell dendrites in cone pedicles and rod spherules, closer to the photoreceptors than the other neurotransmitter receptors. This is the first ultrastructural localization of any histamine receptor and the first direct evidence that HR3 is present on postsynaptic membranes in the central nervous system. In rat retinas, most HR1 were localized to dopaminergic amacrine cells. The differences in histamine receptor localization may reflect the differences in the activity patterns of the two species. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:658–667, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.