bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Simulation of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger for a Pyrolysis Reactor
Authors: Akinola A. O.  , Yaru, S. S.  , Raheem, R. O.  , Fetuata, O.  , Eiche, J. F.  , Akinsade, A.  
Published: March 2024

Global concern for climate change and greenhouse gases effect necessitates the promotion and development of an alternative source of energy which will drastically reduce global warming and ultimately pose lesser threat to climate change. Since the volatiles are composed of the condensable and non-condensable components, a heat exchanger is required to obtain bio-fuel from these volatiles. In this research heat exchanger was developed for optimum condensation of volatile vapour (pyro-gas) exiting in a reactor during pyrolysis process. Copper and stainless steel were selected for the development of heat exchanger tube and shell respectively. Mathematical equations were used in sizing and rating the shell and tube heat exchanger, thereby estimating the desired length, shell diameter and number of baffles. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation of the designed heat exchanger was done on the ANSYS software and the validation of the model was achieved by comparing the theoretical temperature with the temperature predicted from the simulation. Results from the theoretical and CFD simulation shows satisfactory similarity in terms of percentage deviation estimated as 4.68% for shell and 4.62% for tube respectively. Simulated percentage product yield for liquid (48.88% and 46.00%), and gas (9.36% and 29.12%) at 400oC and 600oC were slightly higher than the experimental values of liquid (47.00% and 44.00%), and gas (9.00% and 28.00%) at the same temperatures. In conclusion, the designed heat exchanger can be developed and used for the existing reactor for efficient and effective condensation for improved bio-oil yield.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Porphyrins
Authors: Senge M. O. , Fazekas M. , Notaras E. G. A. , Blau W. J. , Zawadzka M. , Locos O. B. , Ni Mhuircheartaigh E. M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPorphyrins and phthalocyanines have outstanding chemical and thermal stability. The macrocyclic structure and chemical reactivity of tetrapyrroles offers architectural flexibility and facilitates the tailoring of chemical, physical and optoelectronic parameters. The specific optical properties of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle combined with the synthetic methodologies now available and the already available theoretical and spectroscopic knowledge on their optical behavior make porphyrins a target of choice for this area. They are versatile organic nanomaterials with a rich photochemistry and their excited state properties are easily modulated through conformational design, molecular symmetry, metal complexation, orientation and strength of the molecular dipole moment, size and degree of conjugation of the π‐systems, and appropriate donor‐acceptor substituents. Here we review the structural chemistry and optical properties of recently synthesized porphyrin derivatives that offer potential for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications and complement existing studies on phthalocyanines. Classes of interest include the classic A4symmetric tetrapyrroles, while optimized systems include push‐pull porphyrins, oligomeric and supramolecular self‐assembled systems, films and nanoparticle systems, and highly conjugated porphyrin arrays.
Phosphinooxazolines Derived from 3‐Amino‐1,2‐diols: Highly Efficient Modular P‐N Ligands
Authors: Popa Dana , Puigjaner Cristina , Gómez Montserrat , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Vidal‐Ferran Anton , Pericàs Miquel A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA family of chiral phosphinooxazolines (12a–e) derived from modular, enantiopure β‐amino alcohols has been prepared, and their palladium complexes have been used as chiral mediators in the asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction. The oxazoline moiety in 12 contains a C‐4 aryl and a C‐5 alkoxymethyl substituent that can be independently optimized for high catalytic activity and enantioselectivity. A methoxymethyl substituent at C‐5 has been found to provide the best results in terms of enantioselectivity and activity in the alkylation of a diverse family of allylic substrates under both thermal and microwave‐assisted activation. The palladium‐phosphinooxazoline complexes described in this work are remarkably robust, as the enantioselectivity recorded in the asymmetric allylic alkylation remains essentially unchanged in the temperature range between 20 and 130 °C. An unprecedented reversal in enantioselectivity has been observed between 1,3‐diphenylallyl and 1,3‐dimethylallyl alkylation substrates, and the origin of this behavior has been explained by means of ONIOM QM/MM calculations.
How does the Achiral Base Decide the Stereochemical Outcome in the Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Sulfinyl Chlorides? A Computational Study
Authors: Balcells David , Ujaque Gregori , Fernández Inmaculada , Khiar Noureddine , Maseras Feliu 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe dynamic kinetic resolution of sulfinyl chlorides by addition of the optically active alcohol DAGOH (diacetone D‐glucose) in the presence of non‐chiral bases was theoretically studied at the ONIOM (Becke3LYP:UFF) level. The dependence of the stereochemical outcome on the nature of the base observed in this reaction was explored considering two electronically similar bases, pyridine and collidine, that are experimentally known to promote opposite diastereoselectivities. Our calculations reproduced the experimental result that the absolute configuration of sulfur in the major reaction product is R with pyridine but S with collidine. The analysis of the optimized geometries revealed that the most sterically active substituent around sulfur is the methyl of the substrate with pyridine but the base itself with collidine. This leads to an inversion of the chiral distribution of steric hindrance around sulfur that induces the reversal of the stereochemical outcome.
Integration of Solventless Reaction in a Multi‐Step Process: Application to an Efficient Synthesis of PA‐824
Authors: Orita Akihiro , Miwa Kai , Uehara Genta , Otera Junzo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn order to improve redundant synthetic processes, the integration of a solventless reaction has proved to be useful for gaining high reaction mass efficiency (RME) as well as reducing the amount of solvents. This concept was applied to synthesis of PA‐824, a potential antituberculosis drug. Thus, the solventless ring‐opening reaction of glycidyl silyl ether with dinitroimidazole was connected to succeeding solution reactions. The ring‐opening of glycidol followed by selective silylation of the primary hydroxy group under solventless conditions was also feasible. As a consequence, the overall yield of the target compound was nearly tripled, and thus the RME values were increased more than 2.5 times while the amount of necessary solvents was decreased to less than 1/3.
Genome‐wide linkage scan, fine mapping, and haplotype analysis in a large, inbred, Arab Israeli pedigree suggest a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on chromosome 20p13
Authors: Teltsh Omri , Kanyas Kyra , Karni Osnat , Levi Adi , Korner Mira , Ben‐Asher Edna , Lancet Doron , Hamdan Adnan , Lerer Bernard , Kohn Yoav 
Published: September 2007

AbstractLinkage and association studies in schizophrenia have repeatedly drawn attention to several chromosomal regions and to genes within them. Conflicting patterns of association and the lack of a clear functional significance of the associated variants limit the interpretation of these results. The use of rare pedigrees, where genes with a major effect cause the disorder, has been proven beneficial in studies of other complex disorders. Our objective was to use this advantage by performing a genome wide linkage analysis for schizophrenia in a large, multiplex Israeli Arab pedigree. We genotyped 346 microsatellite markers in 24 pedigree members affected with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 32 unaffected relatives. Two‐point linkage analysis with SUPERLINK demonstrated a LOD score of 2.47 for D20S116 on chromosome 20p13 under an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Further fine mapping yielded a two‐point LOD score of 2.56 for the adjacent marker D20S193 and narrowed down the linked region to 2–5 cM. A haplotype containing the markers D20S193, D20S889, and D20S116, 0.7 Mb in length, was found to be shared by most affected pedigree members. Genotyping of 43 SNPs in the interval supported these results with a multipoint LOD score of 2.7 around D20S193. We were also able to better define the boundaries of the shared haplotype which contains strong candidate genes for schizophrenia. Our study exemplifies the power of rare and unique pedigrees in drawing attention to novel regions for genetic studies of schizophrenia. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demographic survey of black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) in the Lachuá Eco‐region in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala
Authors: Rosales‐Meda Marleny , Estrada Alejandro , López Jorge E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGuatemala harbors three species of primates (Alouatta palliata, Alouatta pigraandAteles geoffroyi), but the distribution and state of conservation of populations of these species are poorly documented. In the case ofA. pigra, populations have been studied recently and documented in several sites in Mexico and Belize, and only in one site in Guatemala (Tikal National Park). In this study, we report first‐time population data forA. pigraexisting in the Lachuá Eco‐region in northwestern Guatemala. Surveys were conducted between September 2002 and April 2003 in the northern portion (32 km2) of the Lachuá National Park (LLNP; 145 km2) and in a fragmented landscape north of the protected area. In this latter area we surveyed a large forest fragment (17.14 km2), “Nueve Cerros”, and 26 small forest fragments that ranged in size from 0.01 to 3.9 km2. Surveys resulted in a total count of 414 howler monkeys of which 403 belonged to 80 mixed‐sex groups, four were solitary males, two were solitary females and five were found in two male groups. Standardized sampling effort among sites indicated 16.7 monkeys/100 survey hours at LLNP, 35.8 individuals/100 survey hours at “Nueve Cerros” and 71.0±62.2 individuals/100 survey hours in the forest fragments. Mean group size varied from 4.07 individuals at LLNP to 5.19 individuals in the forest fragments. Conservation problems for the black howler population surveyed are discussed, along with possible conservation scenarios. Am. J. Primatol. 70:231–237, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence, segregation, and phenotype of the mitochondrial DNA 3243A>G mutation in children
Authors: Uusimaa Johanna , Moilanen Jukka S. , Vainionpää Leena , Tapanainen Päivi , Lindholm Päivi , Nuutinen Matti , Löppönen Tuija , Mäki‐Torkko Elina , Rantala Heikki , Majamaa Kari 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveWe studied the prevalence, segregation, and phenotype of the mitochondrial DNA 3243A>G mutation in children in a defined population in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland.MethodsChildren with diagnoses commonly associated with mitochondrial diseases were ascertained. Blood DNA from 522 selected children was analyzed for 3243A>G. Children with the mutation were clinically examined. Information on health history before the age of 18 years was collected from previously identified adult patients with 3243A>G. Mutation segregation analysis in buccal epithelial cells was performed in mothers with 3243A>G and their children whose samples were analyzed anonymously.ResultsEighteen children were found to harbor 3243A>G in a population of 97,609. A minimum estimate for the prevalence of 3243A>G was 18.4 in 100,000 (95% confidence interval, 10.9–29.1/100,000). Information on health in childhood was obtained from 37 adult patients with 3243A>G. The first clinical manifestations appearing in childhood were sensorineural hearing impairment, short stature or delayed maturation, migraine, learning difficulties, and exercise intolerance. Mutation analysis from 13 mothers with 3243A>G and their 41 children gave a segregation rate of 0.80. The mothers with heteroplasmy greater than 50% tended to have offspring with lower or equal heteroplasmy, whereas the opposite was true for mothers with heteroplasmy less than or equal to 50% (p = 0.0016).InterpretationThe prevalence of 3243A>G is relatively high in the pediatric population, but the morbidity in children is relatively low. The random genetic drift model may be inappropriate for the transmission of the 3243A>G mutation. Ann Neurol 2007
A risk score for unfavorable outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis
Authors: Weisfelt Martijn , van de Beek Diederik , Spanjaard Lodewijk , Reitsma Johannes B. , de Gans Jan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo derive and validate a bedside risk score for adverse outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis.MethodsWe derived a score for the risk for an unfavorable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 1–4) by performing logistic regression analyses of data from a prospective cohort study (Dutch Meningitis Cohort; N = 696). A key set of independent prognostic variables was selected from 22 potential predictors. A nomogram based on these key variables was constructed to facilitate use in clinical practice. To validate this nomogram, we used data from our randomized controlled trial on adjunctive dexamethasone therapy in adults with bacterial meningitis (European Dexamethasone Study; N = 301).ResultsUnfavorable outcome occurred in 237 of 696 episodes (34%) in the Dutch Meningitis Cohort; 143 patients (21%) died. In the analysis, 6 of 22 variables that are routinely available within 1 hour after admission were robust enough for inclusion in the final risk score: age, heart rate, Glasgow Coma Scale score, cranial nerve palsies, a cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count less than 1,000 cells/mm3, and gram‐positive cocci in cerebrospinal fluid Gram's stain. The concordance index for the risk score was 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.80–0.87) in the original cohort and 0.81 (95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.87) in the external validation cohort (European Dexamethasone Study).InterpretationThis bedside risk score can be used to identify patients with a high risk for unfavorable outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis within 1 hour after the initial presentation. Ann Neurol 2007
Erratum: Preparation of size‐controlled In2O3 nanoparticles
Authors: Zhu Peng , Wu Weiya , Zhou Jianping , Zhang Wu 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe article referenced above was first published online on 7 August 2007 with incorrect pagination; the pagination has now been corrected online and in print. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erratum: Synthesis and characterization of diorganotin(IV) complexes of Schiff bases with ONO‐type donors and crystal structure of [N‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐nitrophenyl)‐3‐ethoxysalicylideneiminato]diphenyltin(IV)
Authors: Çelebier Mustafa , Şahin Ertan , Ancın Nilgün , Öztaş Nurşen Altuntaş , Öztaş Selma Gül 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe article referenced above was first published online on 30 August 2007 with incorrect pagination; the pagination has now been corrected online and in print. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral ligand optimization in the asymmetric zirconium–zinc transmetalation aldehyde addition reaction
Authors: Wipf Peter , Jayasuriya Nilukshi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe in situ hydrozirconation–transmetalation‐aldehyde addition process is a convenient method for the generation of allylic alcohols. Ongoing research has focused on enhancing the enantioselectivity and substrate scope of this process. A chiral β‐amino thiol scaffold was evaluated in the addition reaction. Amino thiols tend to provide the highest ee's, in part due to the higher affinity of sulfur for zinc over zirconium. A class of valine‐based thiol ligands was identified to be effective for the formation of enantiomerically enriched allylic alcohols in terms of low ligand loading and high % ee. Chirality, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A randomized controlled trial of weight reduction as a treatment for breast cancer‐related lymphedema
Authors: Shaw Clare , Mortimer Peter , Judd Patricia A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of breast cancer‐related lymphedema of the arm and as a poor prognostic factor in response to lymphedema treatment. The objective of this study was to examine weight reduction as a treatment for breast cancer‐related lymphedema.METHODS.Twenty‐one women with breast cancer‐related lymphedema were randomized either to receive dietary advice for weight reduction or to receive a booklet on general healthy eating. They were monitored for 12 weeks.RESULTS.The primary outcome measure was arm volume at 12 weeks. The results indicated a significant reduction in swollen arm volume at the end of the 12‐week period (P = .003) in the intervention weight‐reduction group. There was a significant reduction in body weight (P = .02) and body mass index (P = .016) in the weight‐reduction group at the end of the 12‐week study period.CONCLUSIONS.Weight loss achieved by dietary advice to reduce energy intake can reduce breast cancer‐related lymphedema significantly. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Quality of life in survivors of multiple primary cancers compared with cancer survivor controls
Authors: Gotay Carolyn C. , Ransom Sean , Pagano Ian S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Cancer survivors may develop additional cancers after their first diagnosis, but to the authors' knowledge the quality of life (QOL) consequences of a second cancer are not known. The current study assessed QOL and its correlates after a second cancer diagnosis.METHODS.QOL was compared between 487 survivors of second‐order and higher‐order primary cancer diagnoses, and a matched group of 589 survivors of a single cancer diagnosis. Outcome measures included standardized questionnaires that assessed depressive symptoms, perceived stress, vitality, post‐traumatic growth, existential well‐being, sexual adjustment, and global QOL.RESULTS.Survivors of multiple primary cancer diagnoses had significantly lower global QOL (t (792) = 5.42; P < .001), vitality (Student t test [t] (794) = 2.41; P < .01), and existential well‐being (t (775) = 2.78; P < .01), and higher intrusive stress symptoms (t (775) = −1.93; P < .05). Controlling for demographic, medical, and trait‐like psychosocial characteristics (eg, optimism and resilience), having multiple primary cancer diagnoses explained small, although significant, variances in global QOL (coefficient of determination [R2] = .04; P < .001), vitality (R2 = .01; P < .05), and existential well‐being (R2 = .01; P < .05), with patients in the multiple primary cancer group faring worse on all of these measures.CONCLUSIONS.The results of the current study suggest that the typical survivor of multiple primary cancers experiences modest but lasting QOL deficits. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Health professional and consumer views on involving breast cancer patients in the multidisciplinary discussion of their disease and treatment plan
Authors: Butow Phyllis , Harrison James D. , Choy Ellis T. , Young Jane M. , Spillane Andrew , Evans Alison 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.The aim was to obtain the views of health professionals and patients about the concept of involving breast cancer patients in the multidisciplinary (MD) treatment planning meeting.METHODS.Breast cancer surgeons, nurses, oncologists, and patient advocates completed a mailed questionnaire.RESULTS.The majority of breast cancer health professionals and patient advocates support shared decision‐making (58%–62%). However, less than a third of surgeons (32%), medical (25%), and radiation oncologists (24%) were supportive of involving women in the MD treatment planning meeting. In contrast, 93% of breast cancer advocates and 73% of breast cancer nurses were supportive of this approach. Patient advocates were significantly more in favor than all other groups (χ2 = 148.8, df = 4, P < .001). The common reasons for supporting patient involvement included that it would lead to patients being more informed and empowered, provide them with an opportunity to ask questions, facilitate decision‐making, and improve communication between the patient and the medical team. Health professionals stated that attendance would make patients anxious and that they would have to modify their medical language. Suggestions about how to manage patient involvement included the patient being supported by a breast nurse and pre‐education before the meeting. Patient advocates were significantly more willing to participate in a randomized controlled trial of this process compared with all other groups. (χ2 = 155.15, df = 4, P < .001).CONCLUSIONS.Despite health professional's reservations, patient advocates were highly supportive of including women in the MD meeting. Such a high demand justifies consideration of this option. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Evidence for an extended duration of GABA‐mediated excitation in the developing male versus female hippocampus
Authors: Nuñez Joseph L. , McCarthy Margaret M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is as an excitatory neurotransmitter during brain development. Activation of GABAA receptors in neonatal rat hippocampus results in chloride efflux and membrane depolarization sufficient to open voltage sensitive calcium channels. As development progresses, there is a decline in the magnitude of calcium influx subsequent to GABAA receptor activation and the number of cells that respond to GABA with excitation. By the second postnatal week in the rat, GABA action in the hippocampus is predominantly inhibitory. The functional consequences and endogenous regulation of developmental GABA‐mediated excitation remains under‐explored. Hippocampal neurons in the newborn male and female rat respond to GABAA receptor activation with increased intracellular calcium and are susceptible to GABA‐mediated damage – both being indicative of the excitatory nature of GABA. In the present study we observed that by postnatal day 7, only males are susceptible to GABAA agonist‐induced damage and respond to GABAA agonist administration with elevated levels of intracellular calcium in cultured hippocampal neurons. By postnatal day 14, GABAA agonist administration was without effect on intracellular calcium in both males and females. The age‐related sex difference in the impact of GABAA receptor activation correlates with a sex difference in chloride co‐transporter expression. Males have elevated protein levels of pNKCC1 on PN0 and PN7, with no sex difference by PN14. In contrast, females displayed elevated levels of KCC2 on PN7. This converging evidence infers that sex affects the duration of GABAA receptor‐mediated excitation during normal hippocampal development, and provides a mechanism by which the effect is mediated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Dll3 is expressed in developing hair cells in the mammalian cochlea
Authors: Hartman Byron H. , Hayashi Toshinori , Nelson Branden R. , Bermingham‐McDonogh Olivia , Reh Thomas A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNotch mediates the process of lateral inhibition that controls the production of hair cells in the inner ear. Hair cells are known to express Notch ligands Dll1 and Jag2, which signal through Notch1 in adjacent supporting cells. However, recent genetic and pharmacological studies indicate that the level of Notch‐mediated lateral inhibition is greater than can be accounted for by Dll1 and Jag2. Here, we report that another Notch ligand, Dll3, is expressed in developing hair cells, in a pattern that overlaps that of Dll1 and Jag2. We analyzed the cochleae of Dll3pu mutant mice, but did not detect any abnormalities. However, earlier studies have demonstrated that there is functional redundancy among Notch ligands in cochlear development and loss of one ligand can be at least partially compensated for by another. Thus Dll3 may play a role in lateral inhibition similar to that of Dll1 and Jag2. Developmental Dynamics 236:2875–2883, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.