bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
And Power Corrupts … : Religion and the Disciplinary Matrix of Bioethics
Authors: Lysaught M. Therese 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that bioethics should properly be understood as a disciplinary matrix that serves the modern Leviathan of state and market. The purpose of doing so, of course, is to narrate a rather different vision of “public bioethics”. For without a more accurate accounting of the nature and function of public bioethics, it will not be possible to begin to posit how “religion” might even begin to position itself in relationship to it.
Public Discourse and Reasonable Pluralism
Authors: Engelhardt Jr. H. Tristram 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the view that religious claims have no legitimate place in the public forum. This exploration involves a critical re-examination of the public versus private distinction that would place religious commitments and grounds for action in a sphere isolated from that of public discourse and public choice. In the process, this chapter brings into question John Rawls's defense of a public discourse that seeks to marginalize religious commitments.
Philosophy, Theology, and the Claims of Justice
Authors: Lebacqz Karen 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Thirty years ago, both the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research and the collaborative team of Tom L. Beauchamp and James Childress placed justice on a short list of principles that should undergird medical treatment and research. It is difficult to sort out contributions of religious or theological ethics to justice theory in bioethics. Nonetheless, some claims can be made both for the influence of religious ethics on the public discussion of bioethics and for the distinctive voice of religious or theological ethics in matters of justice. Taking a biblically based view of justice, it is argued at that a religious view (1) extends the scope of justice; (2) makes oppression and liberation primary categories for understanding justice; and (3) makes justice the first principle rather than the second or third.
“No Harm, No Harassment”
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter poses the quiestions: how do Muslims solve their ethical problems in biomedicine? Are there any distinctive theories or principles in Islamic ethics that Muslims apply in deriving moral judgments in bioethics? Is the sacred law, the Shari'a, which is regarded as an integral part of Islamic ethics, the only recognized source of ethical judgments in Islam? What is the role of human experience/intuitive reasoning in moral justification? This chapter explores these questions and their answers.
Catholic Health Care in the Public Square
Authors: Cochran Clarke E. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
There is a tendency to see the current challenges to Catholic health care ministry as unprecedented, and the particular shape they take certainly is. But there has always been pressure. The reason is simple: whatever the dominant political, economic, or medical system of a given time and place, Catholic identity must always be at an ethical angle. Catholics faithful to Jesus' words and deeds are “resident aliens” in every society.
“True to His Feelings”
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCamus’ novel, The Stranger, can be read as a philosophically profound phenomenological study of personal experience, more or less devoid of reflection. The novel also presents the development of reflective consciousness through the increasing awareness of the significance of other people. Camus himself has interpreted the hero of the book as a hero for the truth, but the point is made here that Meursault (the supposed hero) is not sufficiently reflective to either be concerned with the truth or to tell a lie.
Sartre on Emotions
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSartre’s early essay, “The Emotions”, was a frontal attack on the two most prominent theories of emotion in the early 20th century, those of William James and Sigmund Freud. This chapter examines Sartre’s arguments against James and Freud and discusses and criticizes Sartre’s own analysis of emotions as “magical transformations of the world”.
Facing Death Together
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Camus’ novel, The Plague, breaks from the focus on individual experience to talk about solidarity and the experience of being with other people. The titular plague has been interpreted as a metaphor for the Nazi occupation, but it is interpreted here much more generally and more philosophically as the nature of human mortality and “the Absurd”. The novel also gives us Camus’ clearest statement about the significance of what Sartre calls “Being-for-Others”.
Pathologies of Pride
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Camus’s last novel, The Fall, returns to the Absurd and individual experience and the conflict between experience and reflection. Clamence is a brilliant but burnt out Parisian lawyer languishing away in gloomy Amsterdam. Having escaped from what he describes as his perverse role in the French judicial system, he is living the rest of his days as what he calls a “judge-penitent”, wallowing in his own guilt and doing whatever it takes to escape judgment. But this chapter analyzes the story by focusing on Clamence’s overweening pride.
When Good People Do Bad Things
Authors: Sher George 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the Humean thesis that agents can only be blamed for their bad acts insofar as those acts are manifestations of defects in their characters. Several versions of this thesis are distinguished and criticized. The criticisms include both the familiar charge that the Humean can’t explain how someone can deserve blame for an act whose badness is “out of character” and the less familiar charge that on the Humean account, the badness of the act itself drops out as irrelevant. It is argued, however, that although Hume was wrong to say that every blameworthy act reflects a flaw in the agent’s character, it may be right to say that every blameworthy act is rooted in the agent’s character.
What Blame Is
Authors: Sher George 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter develops a new account of what blame adds to the belief that someone has acted badly. According to the proposed account, the additional element consists of a set of dispositions (to become angry, express one’s disapproval, and the like) which are explained by the combination of the belief that the agent has acted badly and a desire that he not have done so. Unlike most desires, this one is oriented to the past rather than the future. Nevertheless, it remains a source of motivation that is capable of accounting for the blame-constituting dispositions.
Interlude: Postmodern Goods
Authors: Mann Bonnie 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter focuses on feminist notions of pornography. It argues that feminist celebrations of pornography make no effort to dismantle the Euro-masculinist projects of mastery, nor to dismantle the master narratives that support the subordination of women to men. The melting away of the social world that occasions entrance into the discursive universe of pornography becomes both its justification and purpose, fulfilling as it does the imperative to be anti-essentialist at all cost. Just as Lyotard's “philosophical politics” failed to become a politics at all by eliminating the possibility of political solidarity with victims of historical wrongs, pro-pornography feminism fails to be feminist when it offers women no place to stand outside the pornographic text from which to bear witness to the harm pornography does to women.
The Liberatory Sublime
Authors: Mann Bonnie 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes one type of sublime experience that often tears open the sealed worlds that tend to mark our contemporary life, called “the liberatory sublime.” The liberatory sublime is the aesthetic experience of the opening of worlds onto a space between, in which the claims of one woman on another, of one person on another, can be heard and lived. It is the aesthetic experience of the other's presence as a person that interrupts the comfort of a world organized to reduce other persons (women in relation to men, women in relation to one another) to mere functions. Sublime experience is orienting for feminism because it breaks open a space for feminist practice across all kinds of differences. And if that space is a ground of fierce contestation, then it is also a common ground, a ground on which we are called to give an account of how we live, think, and work in relation to one another.
Introduction
Authors: Snodgrass Jeffrey G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this chapter, Bhat caste history and identity are presented, with particular attention paid to these bards’ claims to be “traditional” puppeteers. It is shown that such a claim, like many others made by members of this caste of professional story-tellers, is a tactical lie used to reap profits in the Rajasthani tourist industry. The chapter takes readers on the same bewildering journey experienced by the author during his initial months of anthropological fieldwork in India, a period during which he was repeatedly and creatively lied to by his informants. In turning the chapter’s attention to these deceptions, as well as to Bhat tales that comment on the power of such deception, the book provides a colorful introduction to these bards’ caste identity, and especially to the manner that such an identity revolves around the ability to cunningly manipulate both stories and people. This introductory chapter, which is written in a manner reminiscent of a mystery novel and which delves deeply into Bhat oral histories and folklore, also provides an entertaining self-reflexive account of anthropological research and writing about other cultures.
Cast of Characters
Authors: Snodgrass Jeffrey G. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter further describes the context of the author’s participant-observation fieldwork situation in the towns of Udaipur and Jaipur in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It also presents the scholarly understandings of South Asian society that ground the book’s arguments. It is demonstrated how changes in caste relations in the modern colonial and postcolonial periods, and especially the decline in importance of elite bardic communities, provided the author’s Bhat informants with opportunities to remake their caste identity in the particular manner explored in the pages of this book. This chapter takes pains to demonstrate continuities of experience between the formerly untouchable Bhats and other low status Dalit (“oppressed”) communities. The remainder of the book, however, points to the distinctive manner than Bhats, as low status bards participating in a declining village exchange economy referred to as jajmani, take advantage of changing historical contexts to rework themselves and the institution of caste in ways unique to this community of performers.
Venture Funambulists
Authors: Snodgrass Jeffrey G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents Bhat ballads featuring linguistically talented bards who dominate and control their lords and benefactors. Bhat praise of kings and patrons in their practice as well as in their myths and epics is less an acknowledgment of Rajput (former feudal landlords of Rajasthan) or Kshatriya (Warrior) supremacy — be it based on generous patronage, martial sacrifice, or some other virtue — and more a Bhat tactic for establishing their own importance as cunning bards who themselves defend and protect their patron-lords. In shifting the focus from patrons to the insights of the author’s bardic informants and the power of linguistic representation, this chapter hopes to draw more explicit attention to the imaginative dimensions of caste hierarchies and the arbitrariness of social centers and peripheries, It also argues that Bhat poetics parallel many of the insights of contemporary postmodern and poststructuralist theories. This chapter ends by exploring the manner Bhats use stories and puppet dramas placing themselves in close relationship to kings and nobles to help them appropriate the roles and statuses associated with royal bards, which in turn enables them to better exploit the modern tourist industry.
Conclusion
Authors: Snodgrass Jeffrey G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis concluding chapter returns to theories of caste and to the manner in which Bhat culture and society may speak to such theories, by reflecting on the manner Bhats can be said to make their own history as opposed to simply inheriting a so-called traditional identity and profession. It points to continuities and differences between Bhats and other Indian Dalit (formerly Untouchable) communities. It engages the scholarship on Indian marginal and oppressed communities — loosely termed “Subaltern studies” — in order to ultimately argue for the Bhat-performers’ unique form of “poetic” consciousness and resistance.
From Morality to Mental Health
Authors: Martin Mike W. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Morality and mental health are now inseparably linked in our view of character. Alcoholics are sick, yet they are punished for drunk driving. Drug addicts are criminals, but their punishment can be court ordered therapy. The line between character flaws and personality disorders has become fuzzy, with even the seven deadly sins seen as mental disorders. In addition to pathologizing wrong-doing, we also psychologize virtue; self-respect becomes self-esteem, integrity becomes psychological integration, and responsibility becomes maturity. Moral advice is now sought primarily from psychologists and therapists rather than philosophers or theologians. This book asks: are we replacing morality with therapy, in potentially confused and dangerous ways, or are we creatively integrating morality and mental health? According to the book, it's a little bit of both. It surveys the ways in which morality and mental health are related, touching on practical concerns like love and work, self-respect and self-fulfillment, guilt and depression, crime and violence, and addictions. Terming this integrative development “the therapeutic trend in ethics,” the book uses examples from popular culture, various moral controversies, and draws on line of thought that includes Plato, the Stoics, Freud, Nietzsche, and contemporary psychotherapeutic theories. The book develops some interesting conclusions, among them that sound morality is indeed healthy, and that moral values are inevitably embedded in our conceptions of mental health. In the end, the book shows how both morality and mental health are inextricably intertwined in our pursuit of a meaningful life.
Pathological Gambling
Authors: Martin Mike W. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter presents an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective on pathological gambling. Such a perspective emphasizes helping individuals to accept responsibility, where responsibility refers to obligations rather than to blame. It understands therapy as a special moral context rather than as replacing morality. The perspective highlights how habits shape identity and conduct, how loss of self-control is both an impairment and morally objectionable, and how moral values partly define problem gambling. It makes sense of how addictions, whether or not they involve ingested substances, can be both wrongdoing and sickness.
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Martin Mike W. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter presents an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective on crime and punishment. It begins by noting how the morality-therapy dichotomy constricted classical debates about punishment. Using as examples kleptomania (compare compulsive gambling) and drug abuse (compare alcoholism), it is shown how serious crime can be both a wrongdoing and a sickness. These examples are familiar in debates about therapeutic approaches to crime, and they provide continuity with the preceding discussions of addictions. The chapter then discusses the possibility of extending a moral-therapeutic approach to other serious crime, and concludes with comments on legal insanity.
Violence and Evil
Authors: Martin Mike W. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter presents an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective on violence. It explores how violence — in the sense of cruel and unjustified physical injury — can be both pathological and evil. It begins by rejecting James Gilligan's attempt to replace morality with therapy. It then turns sociopaths as paradigms of simultaneous moral and mental disorder, then discusses collective violence. The chapter concludes with comments on attempts to abandon blame toward violent individuals.
Depression and Identity
Authors: Martin Mike W. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Meaningful lives embody defensible values (objective meaning) and are enlivened by a sense of worthwhileness (subjective meaning). The therapeutic trend has led psychotherapists to explore all aspects of meaningful lives, including everyday moral issues concerning love, work, community service, happiness, and authenticity. This chapter discusses depression, the most ubiquitous concern about meaning brought to psychotherapists. Topics covered include therapists' morality-therapy dichotomy, ethicists' morality-therapy dichotomy, impaired autonomy, and the health-illness continuum. It is argued that depression has become our “presiding discontent,” given our preoccupations with identity and self-worth amid rapid social change, eroding community, and increasingly many ways in which our lives are subject to forces over which we have little control. Therapeutic perspectives should complement and merge with moral perspectives, rather than replacing or diluting morality.
Self‐Deception and Hope
Authors: Martin Mike W. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Ethicists have linked meaningful life and honesty with oneself. Similarly, therapists regard honesty with oneself as integral to healing, and they regard contact with reality as a criterion for positive mental health. However, some psychologists have recently suggested that self-deception and unrealistic optimism might be good for us. This chapter argues that self-deception sometimes contributes to hope and love, and thereby to meaningful life and healthy functioning. It does so in a limited way, however, and not to the extent that justifies abandoning contact with reality as a criterion for mental health.
Philosophical Counseling
Authors: Martin Mike W. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter applies the moral-therapeutic perspective to philosophical counseling. Philosophical counseling applies ethical perspectives, critical thinking, and other philosophical resources to help individuals pursue meaningful lives and cope with personal problems. Philosophical counselors embraced a morality-therapy dichotomy in order to distinguish their moral-oriented endeavors from the health-oriented work of psychotherapists. Philosophical counseling becomes more coherent by embracing an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective centered on the themes of healthy morality, responsibility for health, and moral-laden mental health.
Measuring Poverty
Authors: Deaton Angus 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This essay addresses a number of question regarding poverty: How do we know who is poor and who is not? Is poverty the same as hunger? What is the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction? How will we know whether the first Millennium Development Goal has been met, or whether world poverty is falling at all? It considers the issue of poverty as a lack of income or consumption, and the broader view of poverty as the absence of one or more of the basic capabilities needed to achieve minimal functioning in society, such as food, clothing, education, and political participation. The measurement of poverty in the world is also discussed.
Fertility and Income
Authors: Schultz T. Paul 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This essay explores the hypothesis that some sources of family income encourage, while other sources discourage fertility because different sources of family income modify the economic opportunities parents must sacrifice to have another child, or the price of children in terms of parental time and market goods. It measures the household connections between fertility and income in Kenya. It argues that to account for the impact of fertility on society, it is useful to distinguish between genetically determined variation in the supply of births that is more or less random, and behavioral variation in the demand for births that is coordinated with many other choices parents make over their lifetimes.
Fertility in Developing Countries
Authors: Eswaran Mukesh 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This essay discusses why fertility is high in many developing countries; why it declines with economic development; why the institution of child labor facilitates high fertility; and why high fertility is intimately tied to the extent of female autonomy in decision making. It then discusses the reasons for the biased sex ratio at birth alluded to above. It concludes with suggestions for policy measures that will address the problems identified.
Policy Dilemmas for Controlling Child Labor
Authors: Basu Kaushik 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis essay attempts to show that seemingly reasonable policy interventions can easily backfire in the area of child labor. Thus, policy interventions cannot be left at the level of broad-brush statements but need to be crafted carefully. The general possibility of pathological reactions to policy interventions will be discussed, and one particular pathology will be spelled out in some detail because this is a problem that seems not to have been discussed in the literature, and also because it provides a generic illustration of the hazard of using standard instruments for curbing child labor.
The Primacy of Education
Authors: Case Anne 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMany economists believe that education is key to economic development. The first section of this essay highlights what is known about the role of education in three interrelated areas: income generation, health status, and fertility. It discusses reasons why measuring the impact of education is difficult, and presents the best current estimates for the effects of education in these important areas. In bringing education to people in the developing world, an understanding of which school inputs are most effective and at what levels of education is paramount. The second half of the essay discusses why little is known about which inputs are most effective, and contrasts different approaches to assessing the impact of school inputs. The essay concludes with a discussion of programs that promise to be more successful in helping governments and policy makers decide how best to invest in human capital.
Intellectual Property and Health in Developing Countries
Authors: Tirole Jean 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This essay focuses on the impact of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on low- and middle-income countries’ health care. There are two different reasons why poor countries may not have access to needed vaccines and drugs. In the case of global diseases, such as diabetes or cancer, patents may hinder the diffusion of pharmaceuticals. In the case of neglected or tropical diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, and leishmaniasis, the corresponding vaccines or drugs are not developed because of low profitability due to the poverty of potential customers. The important role of compulsory licensing for low- and middle-income countries is discussed.