bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of coupled field formulations to electrical machinery
Authors: Kumbhar G.B. , Kulkarni S.V. , Escarela‐Perez R. , Campero‐Littlewood E. 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to give a perspective about the variety of techniques which are available and are being further developed in the area of coupled field formulations, with selective bibliography and practical examples, to help postgraduate students, researchers and designers working in design or analysis of electrical machinery.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reviews the recent trends in coupled field formulations. The use of these formulations for designing and non‐destructive testing of electrical machinery is described, followed by their classifications, solutions and applications. Their advantages and shortcomings are discussed.FindingsThe paper gives an overview of research, development and applications of coupled field formulations for electrical machinery based on more than 160 references. All landmark papers are classified. Practical engineering case studies are given which illustrate wide applicability of coupled field formulations.Research limitations/implicationsProblems which continue to pose challenges to researchers are enumerated and the advantages of using the coupled‐field formulation are pointed out.Practical implicationsThis paper gives a detailed description of the application of the coupled field formulation method to the analysis of problems that are present in different electrical machines. Examples of analysis of generators and transformers with this formulation are presented. The application examples give guidelines for its use in other analyses.Originality/valueThe coupled‐field formulation is used in the analysis of rotational machines and transformers where reference data are available and comparisons with other methods are performed and the advantages are justified. This paper serves as a guide for the ongoing research on coupled problems in electrical machinery.
Electric 3D‐simulation of metallized film capacitors
Authors: Ostrowski Jörg , Hiptmair Ralf , Fuhrmann Henning 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThis paper seeks to deal with the computation of time‐harmonic electric potentials, currents, and surface charge distributions inside self‐healing metallized film capacitors in three dimensions. A 50 Hz exciting voltage is applied at contacts.Design/methodology/approachExtreme aspect ratios warrant dimensional reduction: the metallization is modelled as a 2D shell. This greatly reduces computational costs and makes possible an excellent resolution of the geometry. An integro‐differential equation for the complex amplitudes of the electric potential and surface charge densities on this shell is derived and discretized by means of boundary elements.FindingsAdaptive cross approximation and H‐matrix technology is employed for matrix compression and preconditioning of iterative solvers. This permits one to use fine surface meshes and achieve satisfactory accuracy as demonstrated in numerical experiments.Research limitations/implicationsThe model is based on an electroquasistatic approach; thus it is valid for low frequencies only.Practical implicationsNumerical experiments of sophisticated real‐life capacitor‐designs show the efficacy of the method for industrial applications.Originality/valueA novel model was developed and implemented for the 3D electric field computation inside metallized film capacitors in the frequency domain.
The role of compliance
Authors: Industry Association Securities 
Published: April 2007

PurposeTo discuss the scope and limits of the compliance department's responsibilities in securities firms.Design/methodology/approachDescribes the background to establishing stand‐alone compliance departments; the organizational structure of compliance departments; typical compliance functions; how the compliance department coordinates with business units, senior management, internal audit, and risk management; the distinction between a firm's responsibility to comply with applicable laws and regulations and the role of the compliance department; the distinctions between responsibilities of the compliance department and those of supervisors and senior management; and emerging regulatory trends impacting the compliance department.FindingsNew business activities and new regulations have placed increased demands on, and scrutiny of, compliance activities over the past few years. Regulators are looking to compliance departments to play an increasingly important role in identifying proactively and responding to potential wrongdoing.Originality/valueExplains the critical importance of a well staffed, experienced, and adequately funded compliance department.
Schoolchildren’s understanding of food labels
Authors: Gialitakis George , Chryssochoidis George 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThe present paper focuses on the level of attention and comprehension that Greek schoolchildren have of food labels. Three different age groups (8th, 10th and 12th years of age) are examined. A large dataset from various districts in the wider Athens region has been used.Design/methodology/approachThe British Food Standards Agency questionnaire used for the same purpose in the UK was adopted and adapted to the local circumstances.FindingsThe sampled schoolchildren pay attention at certain food labels elements only, and they may do so only when they purchase a product for the first time. There is an associated lack of understanding, and medium to high levels of erroneous interpretation for some food label related information. No major differences are found to exist between age groups.Research limitations/implicationsMethods suitable for fostering awareness and clarity in student mindsets regarding food label elements need development.Practical implicationsThere is a substantial need to alter the method for the exchange and provision of information to schoolchildren regarding food label information is concerned, as the current status of affairs seems to be unsatisfactory.Originality/valueThe paper provides empirical results regarding the extent of attention towards, and understanding of, a wide range of different elements/information available in food labels. The dataset is large and it originates from various districts in the wider Athens region.
Community partnerships: preventing childhood obesity
Authors: Ayadi Kafia , Young Brian 
Published: April 2007

PurposeA lot of factors lead to the development of overweight and obesity in children. This article highlights that in this context, preventing childhood obesity must be at the core of the various agencies’ priorities such as food industry, stores, parents, schools, authorities as well as advertising agencies.Design/methodology/approachA critical examination of the existing literature led to a considered evaluation of the EPODE programme.FindingsPreventing childhood obesity needs collaboration between all the concerned parts through a common project.Research limitations/implicationsThe evaluation of the programme would benefit from a systematic analysis of investment and measurable outcomes. There are important implications for planning public policy in local communities as identification of relevant stakeholders should be considered from the outset.Originality/valueThe EPODE case is a uniquely French programme that included almost all the town community (government, school, children, parents, food and drink manufactures, etc) through a common objective: preventing childhood obesity.
Food advertising on children’s television
Authors: Kurp Maher Jill , Lord John B. , Shaw Hughner Renée , Childs Nancy M. 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThis research investigates the changes in the types of advertised food products and the use of nutritional versus consumer appeals in children’s advertising from 2000 to 2005.Design/methodology/approachContent Analysis.FindingsResults indicate that food processors and restaurants have not changed their advertising messages to children in response to the multitude of pressures the industry is facing. Specifically, this pre‐post longitudinal comparison shows no significant change regarding types of food products advertised and type of appeals used in the ads directed to children.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations include the sample studied. While the ads recorded all came from television programming aimed specifically at children, there was no specification or ability to classify the consumers according to the age of the viewer. Additionally, duplicate exposures of the ads were not included in the study.Practical implicationsObesity is a serious and expanding concern for our children’s health. As past advertising research and socialization theory suggest, children’s exposure to advertising has impact. It is important to monitor changes in food advertising to children in the future to ascertain whether and to what extent food companies are able to change both what they advertise and the appeals they use to gain consumers’, in this case, children’s attention.Originality/valueThis study provides a useful baseline (prior to 2001) and benchmark (post 2001) to longitudinally examine the food product and appeal usage in food advertising directed to children. This will be useful information for advertisers, for parents, for regulators and for special interest groups, all of whom have a common goal – healthy kids.
Antitumor effect of TNP‐470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, combined with ultrasound irradiation for human uterine sarcoma xenografts evaluated using contrast color Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Emoto Makoto , Tachibana Katsuro , Iwasaki Hiroshi , Kawarabayashi Tatsuhiko 
Published: April 2007

Microvascular endothelial cells, which are recruited by tumors, have become an important target in cancer therapy. This study firstly examined the antitumor effect of angiogenesis inhibitor combined with ultrasound (US) irradiation for human cancer in vivo and evaluated its vascularity using color Doppler US in real time with a microbubble US contrast agent. A human uterine sarcoma cell line, FU‐MMT‐1, was used in vivo because this tumor is one of the most malignant neoplasms of the human solid tumors and it also has a poor response to any of the chemotherapeutic agents currently used, as well as to radiotherapy. In angiogenic inhibitors, TNP‐470 was selected to use in an in vivo study, because this agent showed a higher inhibitory effect in tube formation assay in vitro, than that of FR118487, or thalidomide. The FU‐MMT‐1 xenografts in nude mice were treated using US at a low‐intensity (2.0 w/cm2, 1MHZ) for 4 min three times per week each after the subcutaneous injection of TNP‐470 (30 mg/kg), an angiogenesis inhibitor, and this treatment was continued for 8 weeks. Either treatment of US alone or TNP‐470 alone showed a suppression of tumor growth, in comparison to the non‐treatment group (control), and a significantly enhanced effect was obtained using the combined treatment. A reduction in the intratumoral vascularity, which was evaluated using both color Doppler and immunohistochemistry, was significantly demonstrated using the combined treatment, in comparison to each treatment alone, and the control. No side‐effect was observed in any mice in the combined treatment group. These results suggest that the antitumor effect of TNP‐470 for uterine sarcoma was accelerated by US irradiation in vivo and this combination might be a potentially effective for new cancer therapy. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 929–935)
Provenance variation of ecologically important traits of forest trees: implications for restoration
Authors: O'BRIEN ELEANOR K. , MAZANEC RICHARD A. , KRAUSS SIEGFRIED L. 
Published: April 2007

Summary

The source of seed or plant material can have profound implications for the success of restoration efforts because most species exhibit adaptive genetic variation within their range. Understanding the geographical distribution of ecologically relevant genetic variation and the environmental factors driving adaptive divergence within species will help to ensure appropriate sourcing of material for ecological restoration.
We present a study of geographical variation of ecologically important traits of the forest tree jarrah Eucalyptus marginata from a 15‐year‐old provenance trial in south‐western Australia. We assessed trait variation in association with rainfall, latitude and slope position at the site of origin.
Survival and stem diameter varied at the largest scale, between northern and southern jarrah forest provenances. Stem diameter also varied among rainfall zones, while latitude was a more important determinant of variation of reproductive traits (flowers and buds). None of the environmental variables accounted for significant variation of height, growth form or the presence of capsules. Slope position at the site of origin did not account for significant variation of any trait.
Trees from low rainfall sites had smaller stem diameters, possibly reflecting selection for slower growth. Such a strategy could prevent drought stress and may explain why trees from the high rainfall southern jarrah forest, which showed the fastest growth, had the poorest survival at the drier northern trial site.
Variation in the presence of buds and flowers among latitudinal divisions may be because of variation in flowering time, which has been observed previously among E. marginata populations. However, variation among replicate blocks within the trial suggests that the environment also strongly influences expression of these traits.
Synthesis and applications. We have demonstrated divergence of several ecologically important traits in association with different types of environmental variation. Our findings support an argument for ‘habitat matching’ when sourcing material for restoration; however, differences among trait types in the distribution of variation highlight the need to consider environmental variation at a range of geographical scales. Consideration of ecologically important genetic variation within species is important and this information should be integrated into seed collection strategies for ecological restoration.
The predictive value of cardiorespiratory fitness combined with coronary risk evaluation and the risk of cardiovascular and all‐cause death
Authors: Laukkanen J. A. , Rauramaa R. , Salonen J. T. , Kurl S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Background.  There are no data on directly measured cardiorespiratory fitness combined coronary risk evaluation with respect to death from cardiovascular diseases and all‐causes. We investigated the prognostic significance of risk scores and cardiorespiratory fitness with respect to cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality.Methods.  Cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake, VO2peak) was measured by exercise test with an electrically braked cycle ergometer. The study is based on a random population‐based sample of 1639 men (42–60 years) without history of type 2 diabetes or atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.Results.  During an average follow‐up of 16 years, a total of 304 deaths occurred. Independent predictors for all‐cause death were European Score (for 1% increment, RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.10–1.20), VO2peak (for 1 MET increment, RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.78–0.89), when adjusted for C‐reactive protein, alcohol consumption, serum high‐density lipoprotein, waist‐to‐hip ratio, family history of coronary heart disease, exercise‐induced ST changes and the use of medications for hypertension, dyslipidaemia or aspirin. Also, Framingham risk score was related to the risk of death (RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.07, P < 0.001). Subjects with high European or Framingham score and low VO2peak represent the highest risk group.Conclusion.  An important finding is that the risk scores can be used to identify men for whom low cardiorespiratory fitness predicts an especially high risk for death from cardiovascular and any other cause.
The effect of baseline physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes and new‐onset diabetes in patients treated for hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study
Authors: Fossum E. , Gleim G. W. , Kjeldsen S. E. , Kizer J. R. , Julius S. , Devereux R. B. , Brady W. E. , Hille D. A. , Lyle P. A. , Dahlöf B. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Objectives.  Physical activity (PA) is a preventive strategy for cardiovascular disease and for managing cardiovascular risk factors. There is little information on the effectiveness of PA for the prevention of cardiovascular outcomes once cardiovascular disease is present. Thus, we studied the relationship between PA at baseline and cardiovascular events in a high‐risk population.Design.  A prespecified analyses of observational data in a prospective, randomized hypertension study.Setting.  Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) studySubjects.  Hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (n = 9193).Interventions.  Losartan versus atenolol.Main outcome measures.  Reported level of PA: never exercise, exercise ≤30 min twice per week, or exercise >30 min twice per week at baseline and after a mean of 4.8 years of treatment with losartan‐ versus atenolol‐based therapy. Risk reductions were calculated by level of PA for the primary composite end‐point and its components cardiovascular death, stroke and myocardial infarction, and also all‐cause mortality and new‐onset diabetes.Results.  A modest level of PA (>30 min twice per week) was associated with significant reductions in risk for the primary composite end‐point [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.70, P < 0.001) and its components, all‐cause mortality (aHR 0.65, P < 0.001), and new‐onset diabetes (aHR 0.66, P < 0.001).Conclusion.  A modest level of self‐reported PA (>30 min twice per week) in patients with hypertension and LVH in the LIFE study was associated with significant reductions in risk for the primary composite end‐point and its components of cardiovascular death, stroke, and myocardial infarction, all‐cause mortality, and new‐onset diabetes.
Relative durability of chert and rhyolite detritus in conglomerates and sandstones: with reference to the study of provenance geology
Authors: Yagishita Koji , Ohkubo Keiko 
Published: April 2007

AbstractModal changes in both gravel and sands occur because of unequal durability of some clastic materials to abrasion. Selective abrasion causes an elimination of undurable materials and a complimentary enrichment of competent components. The fluviatile Oligocene Noda Group, northeast Japan, consists of two formations that include both the competent and undurable clastics. Modal analyses of rhyolite‐ or chert‐rich sediments in both formations show that the amount of pebble‐ and granule‐size chert detritus is nearly constant, but the sand‐size chert fragments remarkably decrease with the decreasing grain size. The amount of rhyolite pebbles and the sands, however, is nearly unchangeable despite the variable clast size. Results of our study reveal that we need careful thoughts for a restricted size of sediments and the mode of fine‐grained detritus that include undurable chert sands tends to significantly underestimate the outcrop area of chert bedrocks in the provenance.
Ordering of renal tract imaging by paediatricians after urinary tract infection
Authors: Williams Gabrielle , Sureshkumar Premala , Chan Siew F , Macaskill Petra , Craig Jonathan C 
Published: April 2007

Aim:  To describe paediatricians’ reported ordering of renal tract imaging of children following urinary tract infection.Methods:  This is a piloted self‐administered survey. A total of 354 randomly sampled practising paediatricians in Australia participated in the survey. The survey included 12 clinical scenarios that varied with age, gender and fever. Respondents indicated their likelihood of ordering renal ultrasound, micturating cystourethrogram (MCU) and dimercaptosuccinic acid scan (DMSA) from 0 to 100%.Results:  Response rate was 74.6% (264/354). For all clinical scenarios the median probability of ordering an ultrasound was 100% with little variability. For children aged 2 months, likelihood of ordering an MCU was 100%, with little variability, but was 70% for 3‐year‐olds with fever (45% without fever), and 5% for 6‐year‐olds with very large variability. Median likelihood of ordering a DMSA was 80% at 2 months, 60% at 3 years and 20% at 6 years (40%, 15%, 5% without fever, respectively). Variability was large for all scenarios and DMSA ordering. Child gender did not influence ordering practices.Conclusions:  Renal tract imaging practice across paediatricians shows consistent, ∼100% use of the least invasive modality, ultrasound. In contrast, there is considerable variation in the reported ordering of the more invasive tests MCU and DMSA. Doctors order these tests more in younger children and when fever is present.
Personality profiles and pulmonary function of children with sighing dyspnoea
Authors: Wong Kin‐Sun , Huang Yu‐Shu , Huang Yu‐Hsuan , Chiu Chih‐Yung 
Published: April 2007

Aim:  This study compared the personality profiles of children with sighing dyspnoea with healthy children and tested the hypothesis of heightened anxiety scores in sighing dyspnoeic subjects using the Childhood Behavior Check List for Ages 4 to 18 (CBCL/4–18). The pulmonary function tests of these two groups of children were also compared.Methods:  This prospective study enrolled paediatric patients with sighing dyspnoea presented to a paediatric pulmonary clinic but free from apparent cardiopulmonary diseases, and age‐matched healthy children were recruited for comparison. The psychological profiles of the patients were collected by the CBCL/4–18, which was completed by the parents. Spirometry was performed on sighing children as well as volunteer healthy children, before and after bronchodilator.Results:  Twenty patients complained of sighing dyspnoea and 31 healthy children were included in the study. Both groups of children scored consistently within the normal ranges of all subscales including anxiety, somatic complaints or internalising behaviour on CBCL/4–18. The t‐scores were not significant different between children with sighing dyspnoea and age‐matched controls. Baseline forced vital capacity in the sighing patients appeared to be lower than the healthy children, but was not statistically significant.Conclusions:  The CBCL/4–18 scores of children with sighing dyspnoea were not significant different from age‐matched healthy children and a heightened anxiety score was not confirmed in this study. Office spirometric values in patients with sighing dyspnoea were normal.