bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Process Approach to Women's Use of Alcohol Services
Authors: Thom Betsy 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe use of specialist alcohol services by women and the reasons given in the literature for women's apparent reluctance to use these services are reviewed. It is argued that, to provide an appropriate response to the rise in the harmful use of alcohol by women, we need to know more about women with drinking problems and about the events which result in some women contacting specialist alcohol services for help while others do not. It is suggested that future research might usefully adopt a process approach to the study of the use of services, taking contact with a specialist alcohol service as one stage in a help‐seeking career.
Drug Abuse in the Medical Profession: Addict Doctors and the Home Office
Authors: Stimson G. V. , Oppenheimer E. , Stimson C. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDrug abuse and alcoholism by medical practitioners raises special issues of their fitness to practice and of medical discipline. This paper explores the issue of drug abuse by medical practitioners, using the information about addict doctors kept by the Home Office Drugs Branch. The addict doctors found in this study were most often discovered through police activity, had often been convicted for drug offences, had appeared on disciplinary charges before the General Medical Council, and suffered severe occupational consequences.
Stressful Life Events and Alcohol Abuse in Women: A General Population Study
Authors: Cooke D. J. , Allan Carole A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMany authors have argued that women may be precipitated into problem drinking by the experience of stressful life events. Mid‐life may be a period of particular susceptibility to life events. Previous studies have suffered from significant methodological inadequacies.A random sample of 230 women from the general population were interviewed. Their experience of life events was carefully and systematically determined. No associations between life event indices and alcohol consumption were detected either for women in general or for women during mid‐life. Methodological explanations for the failure to detect significant associations were considered. It was concluded, however, that no substantial relationship existed between the experience of life events and elevated alcohol‐consumption in a normal population.The life event hypothesis may have arisen because of the need for a ‘special’ explanation of female alcohol abuse.
The Relationship between Alcohol Use and Burglary
Authors: Bennett Trevor , Wright Richard 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this paper, we draw upon the findings of research conducted at the Institute of Criminology, Cambridge to assess the strength and nature of the association between drinking and burglary. The study was. based on interviews with offenders currently serving sentences for residential or non‐residential burglary. The analysis revealed that most offenders admitted to consuming alcohol before at least some of their burglaries and approximately one‐third stated that most of their offences were committed under the influence of drink. There was a strong correlation between the frequency of pre‐offence drinking and normal drinking. The majority of offenders saw no causal connection between their alcohol use and their criminal behaviour. They argued that either their offences were planned in drinking situations, independently of the effect of the alcohol consumed, or thy drank frequently anyway and saw no reason to change normal drinking patterns simply because they intended to commit an offence.
Chile: Alcoholism in a Wine‐Drinking Country
Authors: Téllez Carlos 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlcoholism and alcohol related problems are endemic in Chile, and it has been said that they are the most important Public Health problem. Some data on epidemiology of drinking problems is given, and the links between grape growing and alcohol related problems are mentioned. Finally the alcohol control policies which have been attempted over the last decade are discussed, and it is concluded that the poor success of these policies in the country is probably due to the fact that they have been limited to education, and given no attention to the control of the availability of alcohol.
International Review Series: Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 4. Canada
Authors: Smart Reginald G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryCanada has been a leader in alcohol research for several decades. This research, both in Canada and elsewhere, is often associated with a Temperance Movement. In Canada, several of the most important alcohol research centres were established with the support of the Temperance Movement. The largest alcohol research agency is the Addiction Research Foundation in Ontario and it accounts for most of the alcohol research money spent in Canada. It has a research budget of about $8 million and about 50 scientists on staff. Currently there are 31 lines of research and a much larger number of projects. Provincial agencies outside Ontario typically do very little research, except to evaluate their own programmes. In addition, some grants for alcohol research are made by medical research agencies. Several important approaches in alcohol research can be identified as typically Canadian. At present, research funding is not being expanded and actual declines in support have occurred in some areas.
The Social Victims of Drinking *
Authors: Fillmore Kaye Middleton 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe social consequences of drinking from the perspective of the drinker's victims, rather than from the drinker him/herself, are assessed in a general population survey of Berkeley, California (N= 1, 0222). Social victimization is assessed using an array of drinking‐related consequences, including crime and accidents. The degree to which respondents experience alcohol‐related social victimization and the context is reported. Demographic characteristics and drinking characteristics of the victims are found to be moderately related to the degree to which they are victimized. Social victims tend to resemble problem drinkers found in general population studies, particularly in terms of their own drinking and drinking‐related problems. Women are at higher risk for victimization than men, particularly women who are heavy‐frequent or problem drinkers. The results suggest the need for research which more boldly takes the interaction of perpetrator and victim into account in alcohol‐related problems.
International Review Series: Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 6. India
Authors: Mohan D. , Sharma H. K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIndian society, which was once a model for abstinence is gradually becoming modernised. As a result of this, synthetic alcoholic beverage production and consumption have increased. However, if one sieves through current research activities from both a medical and sociological viewpoint a very dismal picture emerges. With the exception of the prohibition movement, very few scientific studies have been undertaken. On reviewing the research policies of Government and funding agencies, no consistent theme emerges. Training programmes are conspicuous by their absence, as are treatment facilities. Similarly, work on alcohol in the voluntary sector has a long history focused primarily on prohibition. However, in the 1980s some positive steps are being considered. These include the establishment of the ‘Working Group on Alcohol and Drugs’ and the policy to establish ‘Advanced Centres’.
Migration, Cultural Transformation and the Rise of Black Liver Cirrhosis Mortality
Authors: Herd Denise 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThroughout (he 19th and most of the 20th century, liver cirrohsis mortality rates among U.S. blacks were usually similar to or slightly below rates in the white population. After 1955 this pattern rapidly changed and black Americans experienced an epidemic of cirrhosis which greatly exceeded the moderate increases in the white population. Increases in cirrhosis mortality were highly specific to geographical region. Rates among blacks increased as much as four times in urbanised coastal and northern regions and remained low in the southern rural areas of the U.S. Among whites this pattern was reversed and mortality rates increased more in the south than in northern industrial areas.This paper analyses these epidemiological trends with a focus on cohort differences and migration patterns in the U.S. black population. The contemporary distribution of black cirrhosis rates appears to reflect in part, shifts in the political climate of the 19th century temperance movement and the mass migration of blacks from the rural south to the urban north in the early decades of the century. The early 19th century temperance movement was highly favourable to black political liberty thus creating many black allies for temperance; by the turn of the century the political base of the temperance movement became associated with strategies for black political dufranchisement and racial segregation, thus alienating many blacks. These changes in the movement and the simultaneous mass migration of blacks to “wet” urban areas seemed to stimulate a rapid alcoholisation of some parts of the black population beginning in the 1920s and 1930s.
The Development of Alcohol Consumption in the Netherlands: 1958–1981
Authors: Knibbe R. A. , Drop M. J. , Van Reek J. , Saenger G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBetween 1958 and 1981 the increase in per capita consumption in the Netherlands was more than 300 per cent. Survey dam of 1958, 1970 and 1981 are used to study changes in mean consumption and in the frequency distribution of consumption of different subpopulations.In most subpopulations the percentage of abstainers did not show significant changes. Differences in mean consumption between subpopulations have generally become larger, especially between 1958 and 1970.All subpopulations with an increase in mean consumption, show a strong increase in percentage of drinkers in the highest consumption category. The opposite tendency, stable or decreasing percentages of drinkers in the highest consumption category in subpopulations with a stable or decreasing mean consumption, was not found in our data.
The Processes of Referral and Disposal within a London Drug Dependence Clinic
Authors: Love Jayne , Gossop Michael 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study looks at the processes whereby individuals with drug problems were referred to a London drug dependence clinic during a seven month period, and at the responses of the clinic to such referrals. One hundred and ninety four cases were referred, mainly from G.P.s. Of the referrals, almost half (44%) failed to attend the clinic. Most of the people who did attend were opiate addicts. The movement of these people through the various procedures of the clinic is described. There were substantial waiting periods between each stage of treatment, though this was not found to be related to attendance or failure to attend. The results are discussed in terms of problems associated with the referral process and the issue of access to treatment facilities. The results provide basic information about the operation of one clinic but raises several important issues that deserve further empirical investigation.
Public Health Implications of the International Alcohol Industry: Issues Raised by a World Health Organisation Project
Authors: McBride Rob , Mosher James F. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis article reviews the research conducted during a World Health Organisation study project entitled Public Health Aspects of Alcohol Availability. This project: a) traced trends in world alcohol availability, b) outlined the international alcohol industry, c) conducted pilot studies on the impact of the industry on drinking in developing countries, and d) highlighted areas of potential policy concern. The project overview was given by Alcoholic Beverages: Dimensions of Corporate Power. This report indicated European‐style commercial beverages were being diffused all over the world by transnational conglomerates using aggressive, sophisticated marketing practices. Information on the international industry's effect on alcohol consumption in developing countries was provided by pilot studies on several geographical regions. While data were preliminary, they did indicate alcohol production was expanding everywhere, with trade a crucial factor in several locales. In areas with indigenous traditional beverages, European‐style beverages had supplemented, not replaced traditional drinks. The pilot areas evidenced various industry ownership patterns, each highly influenced by transnational corporations. Special studies were also commissioned, which provided information on roles alcohol can play in specific social formations, such as tourism, agricultural cooperatives, and colonialism. Although the project ended prematurely, before in‐depth research was completed, it documented the importance of international economic patterns in understanding and addressing public health issues in the alcohol field.
Alcohol Consumption and the Incidence of Acute Alcohol‐Related Problems
Authors: Wagenaar Alexander C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryResearchers in recent years have suggested that control of the aggregate level of alcohol consumption is an important component of a comprehensive programme for the prevention of alcohol‐related problems. The present study focused on the relationship between alcohol consumption and perhaps the most significant acute alcohol‐related problem, motor vehicle crashes. Data analyzed included monthly frequencies of alcohol‐related property damage and injury producing motor vehicle crashes and monthly distribution of beer, wine, and distilled spirits in the State of Michigan. To increase confidence that observed correlations represented causal relationships between aggregate consumption and crash involvement, variance in each lime series explainable on the basis of its own past history was filtered out first using ARIMA models, with the remaining variance used in analyses of the consumption/crash relationship. Using cross‐lagged correlation methods, significant relationships were found between wholesale beer and wine distribution in a given month, and the number of alcohol‐related motor vehicle crashes one month later.
A Study of Alcoholism Treatment Units: Some Findings on Links with Community Agencies
Authors: Ettorre E. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlcoholism Treatment Units (ATUs) are as the major institutional treatment system for alcoholics within the British National Health Service. This paper is part of a series of papers to report the results of a national survey on ATUs. It examines the links which ATUs have with community agencies: special service links, general service links and training links. It also describes these links in relation to the ‘community variable’ and presents a discussion on the implications of these findings for future treatment provisions.
Children's Attitudes to Alcohol and Awareness of Alcohol‐Related Problems*
Authors: Casswell Sally , Brasch Pat , Gilmore Lynnette , Silva Phil 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn interview study of 8–9‐year‐old New Zealand children and their mothers revealed considerable consistency in reports of the children's experience with alcohol. The majority had tried alcohol and a quarter had at least a sip or drink in a typical month. The context of use was a parental one for the majority of children. Two‐thirds of their fathers and 40% of their mothers had at least one drink in a typical week and there was a small positive relationship between parents' use and the frequency of the child's alcohol use.The children's attitudes towards alcohol were assessed using the Jahoda Judgement of Photographs Task and despite their personal use of alcohol the majority of children demonstrated negative attitudes to alcohol. This was particularly marked among the half of the children who were aware of an alcohol‐related problem in their immediate social environment. Among the other half of the children, unaware of any alcohol‐related problems, there was a tendency for the children of parents who drank more to have more positive attitudes.
Could Nicotine Antagonists be Used in Smoking Cessation?
Authors: STOLERMAN I. P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt is widely accepted that tobacco use is primarily a problem of drug dependence, with nicotine serving as the addictive agent. Nicotine itself is of some value as a therapeutic aid for people trying to give up smoking. The possible applications in this area of a different class of drug, nicotine antagonists, are reviewed. The receptor mediating the main central effects of nicotine resembles nicotinic‐cholinoceptive sites in ganglia of the autonomic nervous system; drugs which block ganglionic transmission also block the central effects of nicotine, including the positively reinforcing effect sought by smokers. Possible sub‐populations of smokers who might benefit from antagonist therapy are proposed, and the advantages and limitations of such an approach are discussed. Future prospects probably depend on the development of agents with more selective effects than those presently available.
Abstention in the General Population of the U.S.A.
Authors: HILTON MICHAEL E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryData on abstention from a 1979 general population survey in the U.S.A. were analyzed and compared to data from a similar 1964 survey. Trend comparisons for the 15 year interval revealed few changes in abstention rates among various demographic categories. There was no evidence that the difference between male and female abstention rates has narrowed, that a more abstemious older generation is being replaced by a less abstemious younger generation, that there has been a regional convergence of abstention rates, or that the influence of religion on abstention has declined. A cluster analysis of reasons for abstaining (among lifelong abstainers) identified four sets of reasons: moral objection to drinking, dislike of the consequences of drinking, ‘inconsequential’ reasons, and abstinent family background. Compared to drinkers, abstainers consistently and significantly tended to disapprove of drinking by others in a variety of situational contexts. Militancy on these issues was stronger among abstainers from dry regions and among abstainers who were fundamentalist Protestants. Militancy was not, however, related to age or education. Lifelong abstainers who cited moral reasons for abstaining were more militant than those who did not.
A Validation Study of Four Scales Measuring Severity of Alcohol Dependence
Authors: COONEY NED L. , MEYER ROGER E. , KAPLAN RICHARD F. , BAKER LAURENCE H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe present study examined the validity of four scales which attempt to systematically characterize alcoholic patients on a continuum of dependence severity: the Rand Dependence scale, the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ), the Last Month of Drinking Withdrawal scale, and the Last Six Months of Drinking Impaired Control and Dependence scale. Forty patients in an inpatient alcohol rehabilitation program were administered these four scales in addition to two separate assessments of alcohol consumption and two measures of psychological problems. In a factor analysis of all eight scales, the four dependence scales loaded on one factor, indicating that the dependence measures were highly intercorrelated. This was interpreted as evidence for the high convergent validity of the dependence measures. The dependence scales also showed good discrimenant validity, since the alcohol consumption and psychosocial problem scales did not load on the dependence factor but load on the two other factors. Predictive validity of the dependence scores was then examined. The SADQ and the Rand scores showed a significant positive correlation with amount of detoxification medication consumed in the hospital. The dependence scores did not precdict 6 month post‐treatment abstinence or rapidity of reinstatement of heavy drinking after a post‐treatment slip. Further refinement of the construct of dependence and/or better assessment methods may be necessary to improve the predictive utility of dependence questionnaires.
First Versus Second Portion of Expired Air and Duration of Breath Holding in the Sampling of Expired Air Carbon Monoxide
Authors: BIGLAN ANTHONY , MAGIS KRISTEN , DIROCCO ARTHUR , SILVERBLATT ALAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwo experiments evaluated the importance of obtaining air samples from lower in the respiratory system in order to detect smokers. The first experiment with 102 adults indicated that end‐expired air samples were significantly higher in CO level than samples of the first portion of expired air. However, the ability to predict smokers from the two samples did not differ. Correlations between smoking measures and levels of CO from the two samples were virtually identical. Elimination of high‐rate smokers resulted in equivalent correlational and predictive outcomes. The second experiment was conducted with 104 adolescents. There was no difference in the detection of smoking using first versus second portion samples. Duration of breath holding was also examined as an independent variable. CO levels after 20 s of breath holding were significantly higher than those after 15 s. However accuracy in detecting smokers was not significantly affected by the duration of breath holding. Detection of smokers may not be improved through the use of more stringent sampling procedures and may prove unnecessary in research which uses CO to corroborate self‐report.
Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 10. The United States
Authors: STRAUS ROBERT 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlcohol research in the United States is reviewed within an historical perspective of five decades. The status of current research in the biological and the behavioral sciences is considered in the context of a changing climate of public concern about alcohol problems and changes in scientific interests, funding resources and organizational mechanisms for supporting research. The need for a biobehavioral perspective in alcohol research is emphasized.
Government Policy, Advertizing and Tobacco Consumption in the U.K. A critical review of the literature
Authors: GODFREY CHRISTINE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThere has been a considerable debate about the need for stronger policies to restrict the advertizing of tobacco in the U.K. Medical bodies have argued for a complete ban but this has been opposed by tobacco companies and the Advertizing Association on the grounds that advertizing does not raise the level of tobacco consumption but instead only affects brand shares. Empirical studies have been cited by the two opposing sides in support of their positions. In this paper, some of these empirical studies are critically reviewed in order to throw some light on their limitations and the reasons for differences in results. The relevance of these studies in predicting the full consequences of an advertizing ban and other more general issues relating to the Government's policy on advertizing tobacco are also considered. Finally, some alternative advertizing policies available to the Government, and their relationship to an overall policy on tobacco consumption, are discussed.