bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN OBJECT LESSON IN SPECULATION: MULTIPLE VIEWS OF THE CATHEDRAL IN LEAF V. INTERNATIONAL GALLERIES
Authors: Fernandez Angela 
Published: November 2008

Leaf v. International Galleries is an English case dealing with the doctrine of innocent misrepresentation in contract law. Mr Leaf bought an oil painting of Salisbury Cathedral from International Galleries in 1944 for £85 on the representation that it was an authentic picture by the famous English painter John Constable. When he tried to sell it five years later to Christie's auction house, he was told that it was not in fact a Constable. International Galleries stood by its claim of authenticity. The trial judge found as fact that the painting was not authentic. Lord Denning held at the Court of Appeal that Mr Leaf might well have asked for damages for breach of a warranty that the painting was a real Constable; however, he did not do so, and his request to amend the pleadings to that effect was denied. What Leaf did ask for was equitable relief under the doctrine of innocent misrepresentation by way of rescission (i.e., that he be allowed to return the painting and recover his £85). Leaf's claim was denied on the grounds that five years was too long after the transaction to rescind it. Scholars who discuss the case wrestle with the odd fact that £85 seems an extremely low price to pay for an authentic painting by John Constable, and various ways of responding to this have worked their way into the treatment of the case. However, it turns out that £85 might have been a perfectly reasonable price to pay for particular Constables in 1944. This article explores how assumptions like this perfectly ordinary one about the value of a real Constable in the Leaf case can lead us astray. The ‘object lesson in speculation,’ which I use the Leaf case to demonstrate, is the trap that legal teachers and scholars often fall into because we do not engage in actual investigation of what happened in law school casebook cases. At the same time, however, such investigation sits uncomfortably with the role and function of cases in the common law, which uses reported appellate cases in a very specific way. This article is an investigation of this problem, approached through the lens of the Leaf case.
Countries with fewer males have more violent crime: marriage markets and mating aggression
Authors: Barber Nigel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractViolent crimes (murders, rapes, and assaults) are substantiallyhigherin countries with a relativescarcityof men according to research using INTERPOL data [Barber, 2000a]. This is a paradox given that males are more criminally violent and likely reflects increased direct mating competition. The present research sought to confirm and extend Barber's [2000a] finding, using murder data from the United Nations and homicides from World Health Organization that are of higher quality than the INTERPOL data, and using more rigorous controls. In addition to level of economic development, control variables included, income inequality, urbanization, population density, the number of police, and whether the country was a major center of illegal drug trafficking. Regression analyses with all controls found that killings in both data sets increased withdeclinesin the male proportion of the population. The findings are discussed in terms of direct reproductive competition and alternative explanations are considered. Aggr. Behav. 35:49–56, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationships between individualism–collectivism, gender, and direct or indirect aggression: a study in China, Poland, and the US
Authors: Forbes Gordon , Zhang Xiaoying , Doroszewicz Krystyna , Haas Kelly 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDirect and indirect aggression were studied in college students from China (women n=122; men n=97), a highly collectivistic culture; the US (women n=137; men n=136), a highly individualistic culture; and Poland (women n=105; men n=119), a culture with intermediate levels of collectivism and individualism. Consistent with a hypothesis derived from national differences in relative levels of collectivism and individualism, both direct and indirect aggression were higher in the US than in Poland and higher in Poland than in China. The theoretical implication of these results and directions for future research were discussed. Aggr. Behav. 35:24–30, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global adaptive learning control of robotic manipulators by output error feedback
Authors: Liuzzo Stefano , Tomei Patrizio 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper addresses the problem of designing a global, output error feedback based, adaptive learning control for robotic manipulators with revolute joints and uncertain dynamics. The reference signals to be tracked are assumed to be smooth and periodic with known period. By developing in Fourier series expansion the input reference signals of every joint, an adaptive, output error feedback, learning control is designed, which ‘learns’ the input reference signals by identifying their Fourier coefficients: global asymptotic and local exponential stability of the tracking error dynamics are obtained when the Fourier series expansion of each input reference signal is finite, while arbitrary small tracking errors are achieved otherwise. The resulting control is not model based and depends only on the period of the reference signals and on some constant bounds on the robot dynamics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On trajectory‐dependent direct adaptive control for a class of uncertain linear discrete‐time systems
Authors: Cheng Chi‐Cheng , Fu Simon Hsu‐Sheng 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we develop a direct adaptive control framework for a class of linear discrete‐time uncertain multi‐input–multi‐output (MIMO) systems with exogenous bounded disturbances. The proposed adaptive controller guarantees adaptive stabilization, while the controller does not require the knowledge of system uncertainties. In addition, the framework is Lyapunov based with trajectory‐dependent hypothesis and the adaptive laws can be characterized by Kronecker calculus. Two numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the framework. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarity Effects of Polymer Gate Electrets on Non‐Volatile Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Memory
Authors: Baeg Kang‐Jun , Noh Yong‐Young , Ghim Jieun , Lim Bogyu , Kim Dong‐Yu 
Published: November 2008

AbstractOrganic non‐volatile memory (ONVM) based on pentacene field‐effect transistors (FETs) has been fabricated using various chargeable thin polymer gate dielectrics—termed electrets—onto silicon oxide insulating layers. The overall transfer curve of organic FETs is significantly shifted in both positive and negative directions and the shifts in threshold voltage (VTh) can be systemically and reversibly controlled via relatively brief application of the appropriate external gate bias. The shifted transfer curve is stable for a relatively long time—more than 105 s. However, this significant reversible shift in VTh is evident only in OFETs with non‐polar and hydrophobic polymer electret layers. Moreover, the magnitude of the memory window in this device is inversely proportional to the hydrophilicity (determined from the water contact angle) and dielectric polarity (determined from the dielectric constant), respectively. Memory behaviors of ONVM originate from charge storage in polymer gate electret layers. Therefore, the small shifts in VTh in ONVM with hydrophilic and polar polymers may be due to very rapid dissipation of transferred charges through the conductive channels which form from dipoles, residual moisture, or ions in the polymer electret layers. It is verified that the surface or bulk conductivities of polymer gate electret layers played a critical role in determining the non‐volatile memory properties.
Cadmium(II) (8‐Hydroxyquinoline) Chloride Nanowires: Synthesis, Characterization and Glucose‐Sensing Application
Authors: Pan Hongcheng , Lin Hongyu , Shen Qingming , Zhu Jun‐Jie 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLuminescent cadmium(II) (8‐hydroxyquinoline) chloride (CdqCl) complex nanowires are synthesized via a sonochemical solution route. The results of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis (EA), and atomic absorption spectroscopy demonstrate that the chemical composition of the product is Cd(C9H6NO)Cl. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images show that the CdqCl product is wire‐like in structure, with a diameter of approximately 50 nm and an approximate length of 2–4 µm. The morphology and composition of the product can be transformed from Cdq2 micrometer‐scaled flakes to CdqCl nanowires by increasing the ratio of CdCl2/q. A new fluorescent sensing strategy for detecting H2O2 and glucose is developed and is based on the combination of the luminescent nanowires and the biocatalytic growth of Au nanoparticles. The quenching effects of Au nanoparticles and ${\rm AuCl}_4^ - $ on the fluorescence of CdqCl nanowires are investigated. The dominant factor for the fluorescence quenching of CdqCl nanowires is that the Stern–Volmer quenching constant of Au nanoparticles is larger than that of ${\rm AuCl}_4^ - $.
A Triphenylamine Dye Model for the Study of Intramolecular Energy Transfer and Charge Transfer in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Tian Haining , Yang Xichuan , Pan Jingxi , Chen Ruikui , Liu Ming , Zhang Qingyu , Hagfeldt Anders , Sun Licheng 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA novel dye (2TPA‐R), containing two triphenylamine (TPA) units connected by a vinyl group and rhodanine‐3‐acetic acid as the electron acceptor, is designed and synthesized successfully to reveal the working principles of organic dye in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). 2TPA and TPA‐R, which consist of two TPA units connected by vinyl and a TPA unit linked with rhodanine‐3‐acetic acid, respectively, are also synthesized as references to study the intramolecular energy transfer (EnT) and charge transfer (ICT) processes of 2TPA‐R in CH2Cl2 solution and on a TiO2 surface. The results suggest that the intramolecular EnT and ICT processes show a positive effect on the performance of DSSCs. However, the flexible structure and less‐adsorbed amount of dye on TiO2 may make it difficult to improve the efficiency of DSSCs. This study on intramolecular EnT and ICT processes acts as a guide for the design and synthesis of efficient organic dyes in the future.
Towards Self‐Powered Nanosystems: From Nanogenerators to Nanopiezotronics
Authors: Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDeveloping wireless nanodevices and nanosystems are of critical importance for sensing, medical science, defense technology, and even personal electronics. It is highly desirable for wireless devices and even required for implanted biomedical devices that they be self‐powered without use of a battery. It is essential to explore innovative nanotechnologies for converting mechanical energy (such as body movement, muscle stretching), vibrational energy (such as acoustic or ultrasonic waves), and hydraulic energy (such as body fluid flow) into electrical energy, which will be used to power nanodevices without a battery. This is a key step towards self‐powered nanosystems. We have demonstrated an innovative approach for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy by piezoelectric zinc oxide nanowire (NW) arrays. The operation mechanism of the electric generator relies on the unique coupling of the piezoelectric and semiconducting properties of ZnO as well as the gating effect of the Schottky barrier formed between the metal tip and the NW. Based on this mechanism, we have recently developed a DC nanogenerator (NG) driven by the ultrasonic wave in a biofluid and a textile‐fiber‐based NG for harvesting low‐frequency mechanical energy. Furthermore, a new field, “nanopiezotronics”, has been developed, which uses coupled piezoelectric–semiconducting properties for fabricating novel and unique electronic devices and components. This Feature Article gives a systematic description of the fundamental mechanism of the NG, its rationally innovative design for high output power, and the new electronics that can be built based on a piezoelectric‐driven semiconducting process. A perspective will be given about the future impact of the technologies.
Dramatic Morphology Control in the Fabrication of Porous Polymer Films
Authors: Connal Luke A. , Vestberg Robert , Hawker Craig J. , Qiao Greg G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHighly ordered, porous honeycomb films are prepared by the breath‐figure (BF) technique using dendron‐functionalized star polymers as precursors. By changing the nature of the dendritic end groups, dramatically different porous morphologies can be produced. Three series of star polymers are prepared with both the size of the 2,2‐bis(methoxy)propionic acid (bis‐MPA)‐based dendron end group and the dendron functionality being varied. Star polymers end‐functionalized with acetonide‐protected dendrons (generations 1 to 4) are initially prepared and the acetonide groups subsequently deprotected to yield hydroxyl‐functionalized star polymers. Modification of these hydroxyl groups with pentadecafluorooctanoyl chloride yields a third series of functionalized star polymers. The resulting star polymers have surface groups with very different polarity and by utilizing these star polymers to form honeycomb films by the BF technique, the morphology produced is dramatically different. The star polymers with amphiphilic character afford interconnected porous morphologies with multiple layers of pores. The star polymers with pentadecafluorooctanoyl end groups show highly ordered monolayers of pores with extremely thin walls and represent a new porous morphology that has previously not been reported. The ability to prepare libraries of different dendronized star polymers has given further insights into the BF technique and allows the final porous morphology to be controllably tuned utilizing the functional chain ends and generation number of the dendronized star polymers.
Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Field‐Effect‐Assisted Electron Transport Based on α‐bi;,ω‐bi;‐Diperfluorohexyl‐quaterthiophene
Authors: Schols Sarah , McClatchey Christina , Rolin Cédric , Bode Dieter , Genoe Jan , Heremans Paul , Facchetti Antonio 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMaterials commonly used in the carrier transport layers of organic light‐emitting diodes, where transport occurs through the bulk, are in general very different from materials used in organic field‐effect transistors, where transport takes place in a very thin accumulation channel. In this paper, the use of a high‐performance electron‐conducting field‐effect transistor material, diperfluorohexyl‐substituted quaterthiophene (DFH‐4T), as the electron‐transporting material in an organic light‐emitting diode structure is investigated. The organic light‐emitting diode has an electron accumulation layer in DFH‐4T at the organic hetero‐interface with the host of the light‐emitting layer, tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3). This electron accumulation layer is used to transport electrons and inject them into the active emissive host‐guest layer. By optimizing the growth conditions of DFH‐4T for electron transport at the organic hetero‐interface, high electron current densities of 750 A cm−2 are achieved in this innovative light‐emitting structure.
On the Role of Bathocuproine in Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Gommans Hans , Verreet Bregt , Rand Barry P. , Muller Robert , Poortmans Jef , Heremans Paul , Genoe Jan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe effect of bathocuproine (BCP) on the optical and electrical properties of organic planar heterojunction photovoltaic cells is quantified by current–voltage characterization under 1 sun AM 1.5D simulated solar illumination and spectral response at short‐circuit conditions. By inserting a 10 nm BCP layer in an indium tin oxide (ITO)/subphthalocyanine (SubPc)/buckminsterfullerene (C60)/BCP/Al thin‐film structure, an increase in power‐conversion efficiency from 0.05 to 3.0% is observed, mostly reflected in the enhanced open‐circuit voltage up to 920 mV. Furthermore, the incorporation of a 10‐nm BCP layer in an ITO/C60/BCP/Al structure leads to an increase in built‐in potential from 250 to 850 mV, as demonstrated by electroabsorption. It is argued that BCP passivates C60 such that a 10‐nm layer provides a sufficient buffer layer that prohibits Al contacting the C60 where it would otherwise create donor states.
Prolinamides versus Prolinethioamides as Recyclable Catalysts in the Enantioselective Solvent‐Free Inter‐ and Intramolecular Aldol Reactions
Authors: Almaşi Diana , Alonso Diego A. , Nájera Carmen 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA solvent‐free asymmetric and direct anti‐aldol reaction of aliphatic ketones with aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by recyclable L‐prolineamides and L‐prolinethioamides 3 is studied. The L‐prolinethioamide 3d (5 mol%), derived from L‐Pro and (R)‐1‐aminoindane, is the most efficient catalyst for this process affording the anti‐aldol adducts in high yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to >98/2 dr, up to 98% ee) at 0 °C or room temperature. Prolinethioamide 3d is an effective organocatalyst for the first asymmetric, solvent‐free, intramolecular Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction with comparable or higher levels of enantioselectivity (up to 88% ee) to reported catalysts in organic solvents. Moreover, organocatalyst 3d can be easily recovered and reused by a simple acid/base extraction.
C3‐Symmetric Titanium(IV) Triphenolate Amino Complexes for a Fast and Effective Oxidation of Secondary Amines to Nitrones with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Zonta Cristiano , Cazzola Elisa , Mba Miriam , Licini Giulia 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe efficient catalytic oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones using hydrogen peroxide as primary oxidant is described. The titanium(IV) complex 2 bearing a C3‐symmetrical triphenolate amino ligand has proved to be an air‐ and water‐tolerant complex that efficiently catalyzes secondary amine oxidations at 60 °C without previous activation [catalyst loading as low as 0.01%, yields up to 99%, turnover numbers (TONs) up to 8000 and turnover frequencies (TOFs) up to 11000 h−1).
Convenient General Asymmetric Synthesis of Roche Ester Derivatives through Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Steric and Electronic Effects of Ligands
Authors: Pautigny Cyrielle , Jeulin Séverine , Ayad Tahar , Zhang Zhaoguo , Genêt Jean‐Pierre , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn efficient and concise asymmetric hydrogenation of acrylate esters promoted by the cationic ruthenium monohydride complex [Ru(H)(η6‐cot)SYNPHOS]+BF4− is reported. A full investigation of the effects of catalyst precursors, solvents, temperature, hydrogen pressure, substrates as well as steric and electronic properties of ligands was carried out. The corresponding valuable Roche ester derivatives were obtained in good to excellent isolated yields and high enantioselectivities under mild conditions. The robustness and practicability of this highly enantioselective hydrogenation was demonstrated by the synthesis of the 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropanoic acid tert‐butyl ester on a multigram scale, resulting in excellent yield and ee up to 94%.
A Selective and Practical Synthesis of Nitroolefins
Authors: Jovel Irina , Prateeptongkum Saisuree , Jackstell Ralf , Vogl Nadine , Weckbecker Christoph , Beller Matthias 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA straightforward and general synthesis of nitroolefins from nitric oxide (NO) and olefins is presented. The direct nitration of aromatic olefins, allyl compounds, and acrylic acid derivatives proceeds smoothly at room temperature with high regioselectivity and good yields. The advantages of this novel procedure compared to established nitration procedures are demonstrated.
Ligand‐Free Iron/Copper Cocatalyzed Alkynylation Coupling Reactions
Authors: Mao Jincheng , Xie Guanlei , Wu Minyan , Guo Jun , Ji Shunjun 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLigand‐free iron/copper cocatalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides with terminal alkynes were carried out to provide the corresponding coupling products in good yields (up to 99%). Noteworthy is that this low‐cost, effective and environmentally friendly protocol was the first to be employed in alkynylation couplings.
Robust Bayesian estimation of kinetics for the polymorphic transformation of L‐glutamic acid crystals
Authors: Hermanto Martin Wijaya , Kee Nicholas C. , Tan Reginald B. H. , Chiu Min‐Sen , Braatz Richard D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPolymorphism, in which there exist different crystal forms for the same chemical compound, is an important phenomenon in pharmaceutical manufacturing. In this article, a kinetic model for the crystallization of L‐glutamic acid polymorphs is developed from experimental data. This model appears to be the first to include all of the transformation kinetic parameters including dependence on the temperature. The kinetic parameters are estimated by Bayesian inference from batch data collected from two in situ measurements: ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy is used to infer the solute concentration, and FBRM that provides crystal size information. Probability distributions of the estimated parameters in addition to their point estimates are obtained by Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. The kinetic model can be used to better understand the effects of operating conditions on crystal quality, and the probability distributions can be used to assess the accuracy of model predictions and incorporated into robust control strategies for polymorphic crystallization. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
The structural organization in aqueous solutions of ionic liquids
Authors: Zhu Xiao , Wang Yong , Li Haoran 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe 1H NMR combined with the local composition (LC) model has been employed to investigate the structural organization of two aqueous solutions of ionic liquids (ILs), namely 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EmimBF4) and n‐butylammonium nitrate (N4NO3). The correlation of chemical shifts using the LC model shows that the self‐association of IL plays the leading role, and water prefers to interact with IL rather than self‐association in IL‐rich region. Instead the network of water molecules is established in water‐rich region, because the self‐association of water predominates. Furthermore, the difference between the local and the bulk composition presents the turnover at x(IL) (mole fraction of IL) close to 0.6 for EmimBF4/water, which is in accordance with the change of excess function. Accordingly, it could be presumed that the excess properties for N4NO3/water system should behave turnover at x(IL) ≈ 0.55 since the local and the bulk exhibit maximal difference at this composition. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009