bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Participating in Health Decisions: Patient and Community Empowerment
Authors: Cribb Alan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter focuses on one of the most important dimensions of the diffusion of the health agenda: the opening up of levels of ‘involvement’ in healthcare and policy. It reviews the nature and ethical significance of participation in both healthcare and health policy. It considers the relationship between participation at the levels of care and policy, including the relationship between people participating as patients and as citizens. The discussion is designed not only to highlight the central ethical importance of participation, but also to specify the reasons it falls far short of an ‘ethical panacea’. Participation has to be understood as only one element in a complex nexus of competing healthcare goods.
Towards a Socially Reflexive Healthcare Ethics
Authors: Cribb Alan 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter seeks to pull together the arguments and implications of the book. In particular, it wants to ask how we — individually and collectively — ought to understand and debate the major questions of public-health policy. It focuses on the methodological implications of the arguments, i.e., their implications for the direction of healthcare ethics. It is argued that we each have some responsibility to divide our attention between our immediate ‘role-related’ obligations and the wider evaluation and construction of the social frameworks that define these roles and associated ‘ethical positions’. One aspect of this broader responsibility is seeking to understand the value field of health-related action: of the ways in which health-related goods are socially constructed and produced, and of the scope for changing these things.
2 A Christian Theatre
Authors: Conybeare Catherine 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the idea of the dialogues as spectaculum. Licentius cast the dialogues as such, and Augustine picks up on the notion that these are texts to be watched, not read. If they are indeed presented in some way as a theatrical event before us, the readers, the following questions are raised: How are we, the audience, engaged in the action? How is the dramatis personae selected, described, stage managed? What is the relationship here between reality and action?
3 Theology for Lunch
Authors: Conybeare Catherine 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which Augustine uses the flexibility of his genre. The starting point is a simple one: the fact that he chooses to include his mother Monnica in these works. This leads to the following questions: such as Why did he include his mother? What is her function in the dialogues? And what are the theological implications of the role she performs?
4 A Really Liberal Education
Authors: Conybeare Catherine 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
De Ordine is the most episodic of the dialogues, beginning as a discussion about the ordering of the universe, and narrates a dramatic dawn conversion. The second book of De Ordine moves into a discussion of memory, and then sketches for a programme of Christianized liberal disciplines. However, this programme is abruptly deflected at the end of the dialogue, with the suggestion that one need only live well and accept religious authority to gain knowledge of God. The philosophical material is elementary, and the structure of the discussion repeatedly disrupted; it is from within the disruptions that the innovative moves take place. This chapter discusses these innovations: the role played by Augustine’s mother, and the insights which she seems to prompt, especially those following from a serious commitment to an inclusive Christianity, and those which assign value to temporary or shifting things.
Doubt Truth to be a Liar
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Law of Non-Contradiction has been high orthodoxy in Western philosophy since Aristotle. The so-called Law has been the subject of radical challenge in recent years by dialetheism, the view that some contradictions are indeed true. Many philosophers have taken the Law to be central to many of our most important philosophical concepts. This book mounts the case against this view. Starting with an analysis of Aristotle on the Law, it discusses the nature of truth, rationality, negation, and logic itself, and argues that the Law is inessential to all of these things. The book develops Priest’s earlier ideas in In Contradiction.
Consistency and the Empirical Sciences
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of inconsistency in the empirical sciences. It distinguishes the various ways in which contradictions may occur in the corpus of science, and argues that while a contradiction may make revision desirable in some contexts, this may not be the case in others. The possibility of producing scientific theories based on a paraconsistent logic may well increase the power of scientific theorizing.
1 Liberal Foundations
Authors: Clayton Matthew 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter sets out the liberal ideals of justice and legitimacy that form the basis of the conception of upbringing defended in later chapters. It begins with a summary of Rawls’s conception of political morality, then discusses the different dimensions of liberal autonomy and summarizes Rawls’s case for anti-perfectionist justice. Section 3 considers certain objections to Rawls’s political liberalism and against Rawls, asserting the view that autonomy should be treated as valuable in non-political lives. Section 4 sets out a conception of advantage with which to judge the demands of justice, drawing on Rawls’s account of the interests of citizens and Dworkin’s hypothetical insurance scheme. Finally, the questions addressed in later chapters are clarified by reference to recent discussions of the issue of the site of political morality offered by G.A. Cohen and Andrew Williams.
3 Parents and Public Reason
Authors: Clayton Matthew 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Can parents legitimately enrol their child into controversial religious practices or disputed conceptions of human well being? Many liberals assert that they can, provided that this enrolment does not jeopardize the child’s development of autonomy. This chapter defends the view that the ideal of individual autonomy supports a negative answer to the question. It draws a distinction between autonomy as an end-state to be achieved, and autonomy as a precondition for legitimate enrolment into controversial ethical practices. The argument begins with a defence of the view that parental conduct must conform to certain aspects of Rawls’s ideal of public reason, since it is relevantly like political activity. The intrinsic and instrumental merits of the precondition conception of autonomy are discussed. The chapter closes with a critique of certain arguments for enrolment, which emphasize intimacy or the child’s development of the capacity for autonomous judgement.
Emerging Markets and Financial Globalization
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis book provides the first comparative analysis of the determinants of sovereign bond spreads in the first era of financial globalization and bond finance (1870-1913) and today (1994-2002). Drawing on a newly-collected data set on bond yields, macroeconomic variables, and news of various categories for a panel of emerging markets, it is shown that news about wars or episodes of politically-motivated violence are significant and robust determinants of spreads; fiscal variables also play a role. In contrast, news about institutional reforms seldom have a rapid and significant impact. There are also important differences between the two eras: country-specific fundamentals accounted for a greater share of variation in spreads during the pre-WWI period than they do today. Crises shared by more than one country are common now, but were rare in the past. The mechanisms for addressing sovereign defaults in the previous era of globalization are discussed and some lessons for today are drawn.
International Capital Flows in the Previous Era of Globalization: An Overview and Outline of the Book and its Objectives
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the book and discusses the objectives and arguments set out in the following chapters. It starts by giving a brief history of international capital flows in the period of globalization before the First World War. This book attempts, as this chapter explains, to shed light on today's international financial environment by comparing it with that of 1870–1913. The overarching objective of the book is to enrich the current debate on the design and reform of the international financial system and architecture, by drawing on the evidence from an earlier period of globalization. The chapter finishes by outlining the chapters that follow.
News and Sharp Changes in Bond Spreads
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter relates sharp changes in spreads on sovereign bonds of emerging economies to news articles in the London Times and the Investor’s Monthly Manual for the period 1870-1913, and to news articles in the Financial Times for the 1994-2002 period. News articles are classified into several categories (good economic news, bad economic news, news on institutional reforms, news on instability and wars, etc.). The first part of the analysis identifies the types of news that caused sharp changes in bond spreads. The second part identifies dates of sharp changes in spreads and attempts to find news items that explain them. It is shown that the relationship between news and spread changes was stronger in the period before 1913 than it is today. The category of news that matters most is instability and wars, followed by economic news. Despite the importance attached to institutional changes today, news about investor friendly reforms typically have little impact on bond spreads.
Co-movement of Spreads: Fundamentals or Investor Behavior?
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter focuses on co-movement of spreads across different countries, and on the frequency of crises shared by more than one country — contagion. Overall, co-movement of spreads among emerging markets was far higher in the 1990s than during the pre-World War I era. Sharp changes in spreads (or crises, defined in a number of ways) during the 1990s typically affected many countries at the same time, whereas global crises were virtually non-existent in the historical sample. An examination of whether co-movement was driven by common economic fundamentals showed that emerging markets in the past were more different from each other than their counterparts are today: they tended to specialize in a small number of export commodities. Differences in co-movement between the two periods were not driven solely by economic fundamentals, and may be accounted for by differences in investor behavior, particularly the presence of large investment funds today versus many individual investors in the past.
Sovereign Defaults and the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the operations of the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders (CFB) — an association of British investors holding bonds issued by foreign governments — between 1870 and 1913. It describes the coordination among creditors fostered by the CFB and evaluates its successes and failures. It is shown that a revamped creditor association might facilitate creditor coordination today and facilitate sovereign debt crisis resolution. The CFB may have had an easier time than a comparable body would have today.
3 Overview of the Common Rule and Subpart D
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 45 part 46, Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, were developed based on reports published by the National Commission (for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research). Subpart A of 45 CFR 46 is known as the Common Rule since it has been adopted by sixteen federal agencies and departments of the US government. Subpart D provides additional protections for research involving children. This chapter examines in detail 45 CFR Part 46 as it applies to children subjects. It argues that even after 20 years, the regulations to protect human subjects remain quite viable and useful, although a few modifications may be necessary.
5 Informed Consent in Pediatric Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the informed consent requirements and waivers in pediatric research under current federal regulations. These consent policies were adopted by the Food and Drug Administration in April 2001 with the exception of parental waivers under Code of Federal Regulations section 46.408. The moral bases for these requirements are examined: whether the current policies are consistent with these moral foundations, and if not, how the policies should be modified.
6 Phase I Research and the Meaning of ‘Prospect of Direct Benefit’
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of whether phase I pediatric oncology trials offer the prospect of direct benefit. Phase I research is carried out to determine toxicity; the possibility of direct benefit is secondary to the objectives of the study. Focusing exclusively on whether phase I trials could be interpreted as offering the prospect of direct benefit fails to acknowledge the moral relevance of the researchers’ intent. If intentions matter, then phase I studies cannot be said to offer the prospect of direct benefit.
8 Payment in Pediatric Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the ethics of payment in pediatric research that does not offer the prospect of direct benefit (nontherapeutic research). It addresses the ethical objection that payment perverts motivation, and that this can have two adverse consequences: it may distort the voluntariness of the parent’s permission and the child’s assent; and it may lead to an unjust recruitment or selection of subjects. It is argued that it is morally permissible to provide payment for participation in pediatric research. Related issues that need to be resolved to decide what is a fair price for the participation of children in nontherapeutic research are discussed.
10 Minimizing Risks: Diabetes Research in Newborns
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the meta-ethical question regarding subject selection in newborn screening for diabetes. Data show that over 90% of parents give permission for diabetes screening of their newborns in the US and abroad. It is argued that prediction research in newborns has potentially serious psychosocial implications, especially when it is introduced into the unsuspecting general population, and research designs must account for them. Recommendations are proposed that balance the need for research access with protection, to minimize harm to infants and their families.
13 Clinical Asthma Trials
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines four ethical issues raised by clinical asthma research involving children subjects: (1) to what extent are clinical asthma trials designed as placebo-controlled trials as opposed to active-drug controlled trials?; (2) do placebo-controlled trials in a condition like asthma place the research subjects at increased risk of harm?; (3) are the new guidelines promoting increased access of children to research changing the enrollment pattern of children in research?; and (4) are the new guidelines achieving their goal of garnering useful information about medication safety, efficacy, and dosing for children as a class? It is argued that children are a vulnerable population in clinical research and need additional protection. This means that the former recommendations of the National Commission to perform research first on animals, second on adults, and only then on children should be maintained. It also means that when children are involved, highest scientific and ethical standards must be maintained.
3 Justice, Peace, and History: A Reappraisal
Authors: Keller Alexis 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAccording to Keller, we have no hope of explaining what is or is not a Just Peace in global relations unless we pay more attention to the intellectual context in which international law was formed. From its birth in the 16th century, there was a progressive retreat by Europeans from conceding sovereign rights to specific non-European peoples, to then only recognizing a conditional sovereignty, and eventually to denying any right to self-determination of non-white peoples. However, there was a tradition of thought that recognized and accommodated cultural diversity that can be found in the writings of Montesquieu and Rousseau, among others. This chapter argues that these writers proposed one of the cornerstones of the concept of a Just Peace, the principle of recognition. This notion was developed from an effort to understand another’s point of view and an appreciation of otherness.
Peace, Justice, and Religion
Authors: Little David 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLittle raises many questions of international legality in addressing the finer concepts of peace enforcing, peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace building. He accentuates the rule of law, democracy, and human rights as foundations for each of these stages towards a Just Peace. Looking towards collectively accepted international treaties for a concept of justice, Little taps into a notion of legal validity that is at least partially composed of a legitimacy that emanates from the people themselves. Although there are valid reasons for questioning who has been allowed to participate in the process developing international law, protecting the human rights of all, and labelling it justice certainly does not seem to create an untenable starting point. In fact, this approach that looks to protect the rights of all can be quite constructive because, ultimately, it is the people involved in a conflict who will determine whether a peace is just, and therefore lasting.
Marcellus of Ancyra and the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy 325-345
Authors: Parvis Sara 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In the recent explosion of scholarship on the Arian controversy, the years immediately after Nicaea have been comparatively neglected. This is partly because the prevailing view in the English-speaking world is that either there was no real theological controversy at all during the years 325-345, merely a general distaste for the activities of Athanasius of Alexandria, or that there was a general fear throughout the East of the theology of Marcellus of Ancyra, uniting Eastern bishops against him. This book argues that neither of these positions can be sustained on the basis of the available evidence. It examines closely the evidence for episcopal attendance at the important councils of these years, and shows that all were demonstrably partial; that there was never a majority of politically active Eastern bishops against Marcellus, Athanasius, or their fellow supporter of Alexander, Eustathius of Antioch; and that Marcellus was deposed for theological opinions which he did not hold in the manner attributed to him. These years are best made sense of by returning to the idea of two theological and political alliances at war with one another before, during, and long after Nicaea, which only began to fragment in the early 340s after the death of Eusebius of Nicomedia and the falling-out of Marcellus and Athanasius over the so-called ‘Western Creed of Serdica’.
1Marcellus
Authors: Parvis Sara 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents Marcellus as the ambitious and capable young canon law-maker responsible for the 314 Synod of Ancyra, with its 25 canons on penance, the recent persecution, and other subjects. He emerges as a compassionate and level-headed pastor, even-handed in his treatment of women and men, in contrast to the makers of the Canons of Iliberris (Elvira). The theology of his major work, Against Asterius, is also briefly sketched.
2Nicaea
Authors: Parvis Sara 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the evidence for membership of the two alliances which squared up against one another before Nicaea, including the names and numbers on both sides, and the degree to which nameable individuals committed themselves politically. The theological affinities and differences of Alexander of Alexandria’s allies are studied, particularly those of Marcellus with each of the rest. The significance of the initial calling of the ‘great and priestly synod’ for Ancyra rather than Nicaea is considered. It is argued that the synod was not originally called by Constantine but by the pro-Alexander alliance, and moved by him to his own palace to promote peace. The Synod of Antioch is discussed and dated to 324. It is argued that Marcellus had little influence on the Nicene Creed, which was not characteristic of his theology and which he never defended, but probably rather more on the canons of Nicaea.
3 From Nicaea to the Death of Constantine
Authors: Parvis Sara 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that Eustathius of Antioch’s deposition took place in autumn 327 as a result of real or faked evidence of sexual misdemeanour, triggering a reversal by Constantine of his previous ecclesiastical policy. It is suggested that Marcellus wrote his Against Asterius partly in response to this event and to the subsequent return of Eusebius of Nicomedia. It is argued that Marcellus, like Athanasius, was trapped by a summons to the Synod of Tyre in 335 when he refused to accept Arius’ reception back into communion at Jerusalem, despite Constantine’s orders. Marcellus’ trial is examined from the accounts of Sozomen and Eusebius of Caesarea, and his innocence established of the theological charges brought.
From the Exiles' Return to the Dedication Synod of Antioch
Authors: Parvis Sara 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the complex events of 337-341, arguing that the returning exiles were probably not re-deposed on the basis of new synods, but of the earlier ones. The Dedication Synod of 341 was, if not the voice of the ‘moderate majority’ of Eastern bishops, at least a breath of fresh air on the Eastern ecclesiastical scene, allowing new voices to be heard such as that of Basil of Ancyra. The synod’s creeds and its reply to the letter of Julius of Rome are examined and given a context. It is argued that the synod found its unity in condemning the theology of Marcellus of Ancyra, lampooned in a speech by Acacius of Caesarea, though on somewhat different grounds from those on which Marcellus had originally been deposed.
Left‐Liberalism Revisited
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay considers how the left’s traditionally uneasy relationship with liberalism has been challenged by recent left-wing engagements with liberal conceptions of equality, of which Cohen’s work is the pre-eminent example. It argues that the liberal concern for individual responsibility has proved a necessary corrective to traditional left-wing ideas of egalitarianism that endorse the unconditional redistribution of wealth.
2 Throwing a Veil Over Equality: Equality and Hypocrisy in the Revolutionary Era
Authors: Elster Jon 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay considers how the American and French revolutionaries, famous defenders of the ideal of equality, contrived to evade the implications of that ideal when it came to slaves or workers. It contends that the hypocrisy of the revolutionaries is particularly egregious given that they stood to profit personally from the reduced scope of their egalitarianism.