bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hubungan Pengetahuan Keluarga Tentang Diet Hipertensi Dengan Peran Keluarga Pada Penderita Hipertensi Di Puskesmas Simpang Tiga Pekanbaru
Authors: Yasirro Suci Rahmatul , Agrina Agrina , Bayhakki Bayhakki 
Published: March 2024

Hipertensi juga menjadi penyebab nomor satu kematian di dunia setiap tahun tinggi, dalam jangka panjang jika hipertensi rendah dikendalikan akan berdampak pada timbulnya komplikasi penyakit lain. Komplikasi hipertensi pada organ lain dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada ginjal, perdarahan selaput bening pada retina mata, pecahnya pembuluh darah di otak dan kelumpuhan dan lainnya, karena itu pengetahuan dan peran keluarga keluarga sangat penting dalam pencegahan komplikasi hipertensi. Jenis penelitian ini kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi adalah wanita usia subur. Sampel berjumlah 98 responden dengan teknik pengambilan purposive sampling. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah kuesioner Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi square. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dari 98 responden mayoritas dalam kelompok usia 20-35 tahun 64,3%, responden berpendidikan menengah sebanyak 77,6%, responden yang rendah bekerja sebanyak 82,7%, responden statusnya keluarga kandung sebanyak 85%. Hasil uji statistik untuk variabel pengetahuan diperoleh nilai p value 0,004 yang berarti p value < 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan pengetahuan keluarga tentang diet hipertensi dengan peran keluarga yang diberikan pada penderita hipertensi. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan bagi petugas kesehatan dapat memberikan informasi kepada responden dan keluarga yaitu dengan cara melakukan pendidikan kesehatan dan mensosialisasikan program pencegahan komplikasi hipertensi.
Perkembangan Perguruan Tinggi Islam Di Indonesia
Authors: Ramli Rahmawati , Rama Bahaking 
Published: March 2024

Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah: (1) mengetahui sejarah perguruan tinggi islam di Indonesia, (2) mengetahui perkembangan perguruan tinggi islam di Indonesia, (3) mengetahui tantangan dan peluang perguruan tinggi islam di Indonesia. Penulisan makalah ini menggunakan metode Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian pustaka, dengan melakukan kajian pustaka yaitu analisis terhadap berbagai artikel, jurnal dan buku yang terkait dengan tema. Selanjutnya, pengumpulan data penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan tekhnik dokumentasi yaitu dengan upaya mencari data-data dengan menganalisis dokumen-dokumen terkait perihal yang peneliti tulis. Dari hasil makalah tersebut maka dapar dirtarik kesimpulan: Konversi alih status dari IAIN ke UIN memang membutuhkan persyaratan yang cukup banyak, sehingga perubahan itu tidak dapat dilakukan dengan mudah begitu saja. Tidak cukup persyaratan administrasi saja, akan tetapi juga persyaratan substantif. Saat ini terdapat 23 UIN dari total 58 PTKIN atau sekitar 40 % dari total perguruan tinggi Islam yang ada. Model integrasi keilmuan di UIN Syarif Hidayatullah ialah reintegrasi ilmu, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya konsep integrated twin towers (ITT), UINSumatera Utara mengusung Konsep Wahdatul Ulu, UIN Sunan Kalijaga konsep Integrasi Interkoneksi. Kurikulum UIN tidak menganggap bahwa masing-masing keilmuan terpisah melainkan satu kesatuan, yang bersumber dari Al-Quran dan Hadis. Untuk itulah yang membuatnya begitu berbeda dengan pendidikan tinggi lainnya.
Sonhar, ousar e esperançar:
Authors: Megale Antonieta , Kadri Michele El , Saviolli Vivian 
Published: March 2024

Conscientes das situações-limites que vivenciamos em nosso país, como a desigualdade de oportunidades e o neoliberalismo que rege nossos processos educacionais, neste texto, sonhamos, ousamos e esperançamos ao discutir nossa visão de educação bi/multilíngue intercultural crítica e comprometida com a justiça social para a criação de inéditos viáveis (FREIRE, 1987; 1992) que desafiem a estrutura atual. Amparadas no conceito de inédito viável (FREIRE, 1987; 1992) e na noção de interculturalidade (CANDAU, 2008; FORNET-BETANCOUT, 2001; 2004), exemplificamos nossa visão por meio da análise de atividades temáticas do material Global Kids. Apontamos que a escolha intencional de histórias infantis que visam a superação do daltonismo cultural, propagado pelo caráter monocultural de nossas escolas, tem a potencialidade de promover o acesso a outras narrativas e discursos para a formação de sujeitos agentivos, responsivos e mais solidários.
Pengaruh Total Quality Manajemen (TQM) dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa di Madrasah Aliyah Nurul Huda Kecamatan Warungpring Kabupaten Pemalang
Authors: Hamid Ahmad 
Published: March 2024

Pengaruh Total Quality Manajement (TQM) dalam Rangka Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Di Madrasah Aliyah Nurul Huda Mereng Kecamatan Warungpring Kabupaten Pemalang, dengan obyek Penelitian Prestasi Belajar anak didil di Madrasah Aliyah. Indikator prestasi belajar meningkat yang meliputi aspek kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik. Total Quality Management (TQM) atau yang dikenal Manajemen Peningkatan Mutu Terpadu adalah konsep manajemen sekolah/ Madrasah Sebagai sebuah inovasi dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan di sekolah/ madrasah yang diharapkan dapat memberikan Perubahan yang lebih baik sesuai dengan perkembangan tuntutan dalam menjawab permasalahan pengelolaan pendidikan pada tingkat sekolah di Madrasah Aliyah Nurul-huda Mereng Kec. Warung Kab. Pemalang. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian. kuantitatif artinya penelitian yang berpusat atau menghasilkan angka-angka (data deskriptif) dengan metode ex-postfacto untuk menguji variable independent yang merupakan variable bebas yang mempengaruhi timbulnya variable dependen (terikat). Pengumpulan data, penulis menggunakan metode angket,observasi (pengamatan), wawancara (interview), dan dokumentasi. Analisis dengan menggunakan model analisis Statistik Deskriptif yaitu statistic yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data dengan cara mendeskripsikan atau menggambarkan data yang telah terkumpul sebagaimana adanya tanpa bermaksud membuat kesimpulan yang berlaku umum atau generalisasi. Hasil dari penilitian ini adalah Implemetasi Total Quality Management dalam peningkatan prestasi siswa di Madrasah Aliyah Nurul Huda Kecamatan Warungpring Kabupaten Pemalang. Dari hasil analisis dibuktikan bahwa Total Quality Manajemen (TQM) yang dilaksanakan di Madrasah Aliyah Nurul Huda Mereng Kec. Warungpring Kab.Pemalang tergolong baik, artinya berjalan dengan baik. Dan Prestasi belajar di Madrasah Aliyah Nurul Huda Mereng Kecamatan Warungpring Kabupaten Pemalang meningkat dengan bukti meningkatnya lulusan dan beberapa kejuaraan sesuai dengan hasil penelitian dan tergolong kategori lebih dari cukup. Sedangakan pengaruh TQM dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa di Madrasah Aliyah Nurul HudaMereng Kecamatan Warungpring Kabupan Pemalang memiliki pengaruh yang sangat kuat dan sangat tinggi dengan nilai interpretasi pro duct moment 1,03. Salah satu saran peneliti terhadap madrasah adalah agar semua guru lebih kreatif lagi dalam menggunakan dan memanfaatkan TQM dalam rangka mengembangkan sekolah sehingga peserta didik bertambah semangat untuk meraih prestasi setinggi-tingginya.
Qishashul Qur’an
Authors: Mochamad Afroni  , Uswatun Khasanah  
Published: March 2024

Isi kandungan dalam al-Qur’an banyak memuat tentang Qishashul (kisah-kisah sejarah). Suatu peristiwa disebut sejarah jika memiliki ciri-ciri bahwa peristiwa tersebut unik dan besar pengaruhnya pada masa-masa selanjutnya. Misalnya menceritakan umat-umat terdahulu, sejarah nabi-nabi, peristiwa-peristiwa masa lampau, kini dan masa yang akan datang, tidak hanya mempelajari pertumbuhan dan kemajuannya, tetapi juga mampu menghayati kisah-kisah pada zaman dahulu serta mampu mengambil value dan ibrahnya. Bahwasanya al-Qur’an memberitakan tentang kisah-kisah umat dan nabi terdahulu, peristiwa-peristiwa yang telah terjadi maupun yang akan terjadi. Di dalam al-Qur’an, banyak mengandung Qishashul Qur’an yang mengandung dakwah serta mukjizat-mukjizat untuk memperkuat atau memperkokoh dakwahnya. Ha ini karena al-Qur’an adalah kitab petunjuk, yang berisikan pelajaran dan nasihat. Artikel ini dikaji melalui literatur dengan memadukan beberapa kajian tentang Qishashul Qur’an.
Inviting Students and Teachers to Connect
Authors: White Connie L. 
Published: March 2024

This paper describes diverse language learners’ use of dialogue journaling in an elementary school setting. The author, a teacher researcher, conducted a qualitative research study with eight participants, ranging from fourth to sixth grade; all were learners adding English to their language repertoire. Through an in-depth analysis of student artifacts, surveys, ethnographic field notes, recorded student interviews, her own journal, and the input of a research community, the author unearthed what happened when she implemented the use of dialogue journals with her students. The research findings demonstrate that using dialogue journals with diverse language learners provided opportunities for teacher and student to connect through writing, regardless of studentâ€“teacher contact hours. Students valued the written interactions. Some began to see themselves as better writers and, in one case, a better learner of English. The teacher was able to connect with each student with intention, which not only enriched the teacherâ€“student relationships, but provided learning opportunities for both the author and the students.
Focus on Policy: Considering Literacy and Policy in the Context of Digital Environments
Authors: Kinzer Charles K. 
Published: March 2024

This article (1) argues that literacy is being redefined as a result of the use of digital media, and (2) provides suggestions for policy makers, budget decision-makers, teachers, researchers, and interested others about literacy and language arts standards, assessment, and teaching related to “new literacies,” including: (a) Maximize the possibilities of collaborative and social networking technologies; (b) Make more funding available to document effective practices related to technology teaching and learning in language arts, and to support preservice and inservice education about digital literacies and teaching in collaborative digital media; (c) Provide additional and ongoing funds to support the supply and maintenance of existing computers and peripherals; (d) Make provisions for continued and enhanced emphasis on the “21st Century” skills; (e) Include in “Standards” documents the expectation that teachers and students know how digital texts can support comprehension; (f)Â Develop assessments of new literacies that work within assessments of writing and reading; (g) Teach digital literacy practices in synergy with traditional literacy practices; (h) Focus more, quickly, on discovering the literacy practices engendered by mobile technologies; (i) Teach about privacy issues related to communication and social networking in digital environments; (j) Ensure students’ digital media practices are not simply co-opted into classroom requirements.
Pengembangan Kapasitas UMKM Jajanan Khas Aceh Modifikasi Melalui Pengenalan Digitalisasi Marketing: Platform Instagram
Authors: Azizah Nur , Zaharani Alwida Zia , Varlitya Cut Risya , Diana Asri , Fitriyani Fitriyani 
Published: March 2024

Digitalisasi marketing pada zaman sekarang berperan penting dalam suatu bisnis. Pengenalan platform Instagram menjadi salah satu langkah solutif bagi UMKM jajanan khas Aceh modifikasi yang pada umumnya sebagian besar dari ibu-ibu rumah tangga menengah kebawah untuk mengembangkan usahanya. Salah satu usaha yang ada diantaranya diberi nama “Kue Nomboi Sa” dari Gampong Jawa Kota Banda Aceh yang dimodifikasi dari makanan khas Aceh yaitu “kue pastel isi sayur pliek u”. Pendampingan dilaksanakan dengan pengenalan terhadap aspek- aspek apa saja yang turut diperhatikan oleh pengguna aktif Instagram serta praktik pemanfaatan fitur-fiturnya sehingga mengundang ketertarikan pelaku usaha dalam memasarkan suatu produk, menambah rasa percaya diri untuk terus dikembangkan secara mandiri melalui promosi baik di Instagram maupun merambah ke platform lainnya seperti Shopee, Lazada, Tokopedia dan lainnya. Sehingga dapat memperluas jangkauan pemasaran produknya yang diharapkan dalam meningkatkan keuntungan dan kapasitas produksi serta meningkatkan kesejahteraan keluarganya.
Music Creation Durmanggala | Tabuh Kreasi Durmanggala
Authors: Putudanendraadibagaskara Bagas , Saptono Saptono , Partha I Ketut 
Published: March 2024

The musical composition of Tabuh Kreasi Durmanggala is a karawitan composition that uses Semarandana gamelan as a medium of expression. This Durmanggala Creation Tabuh is a tabuh inspired by natural phenomenon hints implied in Lontar Roga Sanghara Bhumi, namely Durmanggala, which occurred in Kelan Traditional Village. The concept of this work uses the tri angga structure, which is still based on traditional principles. The tradition is well developed in terms of gending structure and techniques with the arrangement of musical elements such as tone, melody, rhythm, tempo, harmony, and dynamics. This masterpiece of Durmanggala creation was created because it contained four aspects that became the orientation of discussion in understanding ways to design new works, including aspects of ideas, aspects of concepts, and implementation of ideas and concepts into gamelan as a medium of expression, and consideration of taste.
PENGARUH KUALITAS WEBSITE DAN KEPUASAN ELEKTRONIK TERHADAP LOYALITAS ELEKTRONIK (STUDI PADA PENGGUNA WEBSITE EIGERADVENTURE.COM)
Authors: Yusuf Fajar Maulana 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACTThe rapid development of the internet has made the e-commerce industry grow rapidly in Indonesia. In 2019 the world was hit by an outbreak of the Covid 19 disease, which hampered human mobility as well as the Indonesian economy, which had to slump due to the Covid-19 outbreak. The domino effect of the outbreak changed shopping patterns. All use the internet by visiting e-commerce or the company's website to make buying and selling transactions. This increases intense competition between each platform in order to attract customer loyalty. One of the websites of a leading company in the field of fashion and lifestyle is Eiger with the domain eigeradventure.com. The website is something that can keep eiger consumers loyal. This study aims to determine the relationship between the influence of website quality and E-Satisfaction on E-Loyality from the eigeradventure.com website. This research uses quantitative methods with descriptive and causal research types. Sampling using non-probability sampling with the number of respondents as many as 100 people. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the website quality and e-satisfaction variables contribute to e-loyalty by 34.8% and the remaining 66.2% is influenced by other factors. website quality variable affects e-loyalty by 31.01%, for e-satisfaction variable affects e-loyalty by 25.3%. Keywords: Website Quality, E-satisfaction, E-LoyalityKeywords : Website Quality, E-satisfaction, E-Loyality ABSTRAKPerkembangan internet yang semakin cepat membuat industri e-commerce berkembang pesat di Indonesia. Pada tahun 2019 dunia dilanda wabah penyakit Covid 19 membuat mobilitas manusia menjadi terhambat begitupun perekonomian Indonesia yang harus terpuruk akibat wabah Covid-19 efek domino dari wabah itu membuat pola berbelanja menjadi berubah, semua menggunakan internet dengan mengunjungi e-commerce atau website perusahaan untuk melakukan transaksi jual beli hal ini meningkatkan persaingan yang ketat antar setiap platform agar dapat menarik loyalitas pelanggan, salah satu website dari perusahaan tekemuka dalam bidang fashion dan lifestyle adalah Eiger dengan domain eigeradventure.com, website tersebut menjadi hal yang dapat membuat konsumen eiger tetap loyal. Peneliatian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengaruh Website Quality dan E-Satisfaction terhadap E-Loyality dari website eigeradventure.com. penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif dan kausal. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan non-probability sampling dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 100 orang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa variabel website quality dan e-satisfaction memberikan kontribusi terhadap e-loyalty sebesar 34.8% dan sisanya 66.2% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain. variabel website quality mempengaruhi e-loyalty sebesar 31,01%, untuk variabel e-satisfaction mempengaruhi e-loyalty sebesar 25,3%.Kata Kunci: Website Quality, E-satisfaction, E-Loyality
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AND THE INCIDENCE OF DIARRHEA IN TODDLERS IN THE WORK AREA OF THE CIRENDEU HEALTH CENTER, SOUTH TANGERANG CITY IN 2022
Authors: Nurul Anggraini  , Dewi Purnamawati  
Published: March 2024

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) each year diarrhea causes 525,000 deaths in toddlers and results in 1.7 million children in the world suffering from diarrheal diseases. Riskesdas results in 2018 showed the prevalence of diarrhea in all ages as much as 8%, in toddlers as much as 12.3%, and in infants as much as 10.6%. Sample Registration System The coverage of diarrhea services in 2021 at all ages was 33.6% while in toddlers it was 23.8%. This research is a type of quantitative research with a cross-sectional study design that uses purposive sampling techniques. This research was conducted on mothers who have toddlers in the Cirendeu Health Center Working Area in 2022. The sample in this study was 77 respondents. The data analysis technique in this study was univariate and bivariate using the Chi-square test. Bivariate test results using the Chi-Square test with α = 0.005 found results There is a relationship between environmental sanitation and the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in the Cireundeu Health Center Working Area in 2022 with (p-value = 0.003 ≤ α = 0.05) and a Odds ratio value of 6.042. Based on the results of the study, this study states that there is a relationship between environmental sanitation and the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in the Cireundeu Health Center Working Area in 2022. Provide education on the importance of trash cans that are closed and tightly closed.
ANALYZING THE INTERSECTION OF SMOKING CONSEQUENCES IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE AND ITS DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Muhammad Labib  , Syahrullah  , Raghib Filhaq  , Fakhrurazi Reno Sutan  , Saiful Bahri  
Published: March 2024

The leading preventable cause of fatality in contemporary society is smoking. In Islamic law, smoking is inextricably linked to the examination of the Qur'an, Hadith, and Ijtihad. This literature review examines the intricate convergence of smoking repercussions and Islamic jurisprudence, delving into the varied viewpoints concerning this matter within the Islamic tradition. This research examines fundamental Islamic scriptures, such as the Al-Quran, Hadith, and Ijtihad, in order to reveal the diverse array of principles and perspectives that influence Islamic perspectives on smoking. A spectrum of perspectives exists within Islamic jurisprudence regarding smoking, ranging from permissibility to prohibition, according to a synthesis of the relevant literature. The research emphasizes the complex correlation between smoking and Islamic ethics, taking into account elements such as personal accountability and health repercussions. Furthermore, the analysis discerns significant themes and recurring arguments that influence the varied viewpoints on smoking in Islamic thought as presented in the literature. In summary, this literature review highlights the intricacy of the matter through its provision of an all-encompassing examination of the varied viewpoints concerning the repercussions of smoking within the realm of Islamic jurisprudence. The results of this research enhance our comprehension of the ethical implications and difficulties linked to smoking in an Islamic framework. As a result, policymakers, practitioners, and scholars in the disciplines of health and religious studies will gain invaluable knowledge from these results.
Sabit Syla, Shteti shqiptar dhe çështja e Kosovës 1939-1981, Instituti i Historisë “Ali Hadri”, Prishtinë, 2017, fq. 518
Authors: Basha Kosovar 
Published: March 2024

Historiani Sabit Syla, kohë më parë botoi për herë të dytë monografinë e tij “Shteti shqiptar dhe çështja e Kosovës 1939-1981”. Libri në fjalë është një plotësim i variantit të parë, i cili u botua në vitin 2012. Të theksojmë se studimi në fjalë për herë të parë u mbrojt si disertacion doktorate në Tiranë gjatë vitit 2012. Autori për të finalizuar këtë libër hulumtoi dokumentacion arkivor në Arkivin Qendror të Shqipërisë, Arkivin e Ministrisë së Punëve të Jashtme, Arkivin e Ministrisë së Punëve të Brendshme, Arkivin e Kosovës, shtypin e kohës në Shqipëri dhe Kosovë si dhe literaturë relevante historiografike. Lënda burimore që parashtrohet në këtë studim ofron të dhëna të larmishme mbi
qëndrimet e shtetit shqiptar ndaj Kosovës gjatë viteve 1939-1981. Për dallim nga botimi i parë, autori ka plotësuar me fakte të reja dokumentuese rreth 100 faqe tekst mbi aspekte të ndryshme në rrafshim e politikës, pastaj në sferën e kulturës etj.
Kulti i Jupiter Dolichenus në Dardani
Authors: Hajdari Emine 
Published: March 2024

Në territorin e Dardanisë, përmes burimeve epigrafike është dëshmuar prania e imigrantëve nga provincat lindore, të cilët përveçse si
përfaqësues të ushtrisë, si ndërmjetës të traditave orientale në zonën e artit dhe kulturës në përgjithësi, duhet parë edhe si tregtarë, skllevër, dhe mjeshtër të përpunimit të metaleve të ndryshme, me të cilat shquhet Dardania. Janë këto mënyrat, njerëzit dhe rrugët përmes të cilave kanë ardhur dhe janë përhapur edhe kultet e ndryshme në këtë rajon, në kohën kur ndikimi i orientit filloi të jetë i dukshëm pas krijimit të principatit dhe zgjerimit të territoreve të pushtuara nga Perandoria Romake. Në mesin e këtyre kulteve është ai i Jupiter Dolichenus, i cili ishte i ngjashëm me Jupiterin romak. Ai adhurohej jo vetëm në Dardani, por edhe në Mezinë e Epërme dhe më gjerë.
Situata politike dhe përshtypjet e të huajve mbi vilajetin e Kosovës gjatë vitieve 1880-ta
Authors: Bexheti Nuri , Islamaj Selver 
Published: March 2024

Duke pasur parasysh rrethanat politike të kohës në vilajetin e Kosovës pas kryengritjes së madhe shqiptare të Lidhjes së Prizrenit, shihet
se asgjë nuk ka qenë e sigurt brenda kësaj hapësire. Nuk të garantohej jeta nëse ishe një personazh i fuqishëm i politikës së përditshme të kohës, ashtu siç ishte Ali Pashë Gusia, i cili e humbi jetën për shkaqe të konflikteve politike me “aleatë” të tij. Në anën tjetër na pasqyrojnë
tregimet dhe udhërrëfyesit e kohës gjendjen dhe rrethanat se si jetonin njerëzit dhe në cilin nivel ishte gjendja e sigurisë. Ata jepnin përshtypjet e tyre në detaj, që na mundëson të shohim edhe jetën sociale të kohës. Tregimet dhe raportet e konsujve të huaj adresojnë çështje të ndryshme, të cilat përfshijnë politikën ditore, jetën sociale, tregtinë, sigurinë në vend, e shumë aspekte tjera të cilat ishin me rëndësi për qeveritë e tyre, dhe që mund të na lehtësojnë qasjen më të detajuar të aspekteve të ndryshme të vilajeteve shqipfolëse, për të kuptuar edhe më mirë gjendjen politike dhe jetën sociale.
Shteti komunist dhe institucionet fetare në Shqipëri 1944-1949
Authors: Papagjoni Erjon 
Published: March 2024

Raporti i shtetit komunist me komunitetet fetare në vitet 1944-1949 ka qenë i ndërlikuar, kufizues, diskriminues dhe shkatërrues, falë politikës sektare të ashpër e mohuese që regjimi komunist ndoqi ndaj tyre qysh në kryeherë. Një varg masash të rrepta u ndërmorën ndaj klerit të lartë dhe institucioneve fetare, të cilat u paraprinë nga akuzat politike, për t’u vazhduar më tej me masat ekonomike. Ata u akuzuan si tradhtarë, si
bashkëpunues me pushtuesin, si armiq të pushtetit e të rendit kushtetues.