bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between CCND1 G/A870 Polymorphism, Allele-Specific Amplification, Cyclin D1 Expression, and Survival in Esophageal and Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Gupta Vanita K. , Feber Andrew , Xi Liqiang , Pennathur Arjun , Wu Maoxin , Luketich James D. , Godfrey Tony E. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Cyclin D1 is found on 11q13, which is a region frequently amplified in several tumor types. The CCND1 locus gives rise to at least two protein isoforms of D1 (D1a and D1b). A common G/A polymorphism (G/A870) is thought to influence the expression levels of D1a and D1b. D1b has been suggested to be increased in the presence of the A allele and more oncogenic than D1a. Furthermore, the A allele has been reported to correlate with increased risk of carcinoma in several tumor types, suggesting that this polymorphism and D1b are important in tumor progression. However, contradictory data about the polymorphism, D1 variant expression, and correlation with survival have been reported. We explored the relationship between gene amplification, G/A870 genotype, D1a and D1b expression, and overall survival in esophageal adenocarcinoma and non–small cell lung cancer.
Experimental Design: DNA and RNA were isolated from 54 esophageal adenocarcinoma samples and 89 non–small cell lung cancer samples and were analyzed for gene amplification, genotype at the polymorphism, gene expression, and association with overall survival.
Results: The D1 variant expression did not correlate with amplification, genotype, or overall survival in either tumor type. The total D1 expression correlated with decreased patient survival. Several other genes on 11q13 also seem to be overexpressed and correlated with decreased survival.
Conclusions: We report that the G/A870 polymorphism does not correlate with patient survival, or with D1a or D1b expression. However, the total D1 expression and the expression of several other genes on 11q13 seem to be associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma patient survival.
Cannabinoid Receptor Activation Induces Apoptosis through Tumor Necrosis Factor α–Mediated Ceramide De novo Synthesis in Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Cianchi Fabio , Papucci Laura , Schiavone Nicola , Lulli Matteo , Magnelli Lucia , Vinci Maria Cristina , Messerini Luca , Manera Clementina , Ronconi Elisa , Romagnani Paola , Donnini Martino , Perigli Giuliano , Trallori Giacomo , Tanganelli Elisabetta , Capaccioli Sergio , Masini Emanuela 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Cannabinoids have been recently proposed as a new family of potential antitumor agents. The present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of the two cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, in colorectal cancer and to provide new insight into the molecular pathways underlying the apoptotic activity induced by their activation.
Experimental Design: Cannabinoid receptor expression was investigated in both human cancer specimens and in the DLD-1 and HT29 colon cancer cell lines. The effects of the CB1 agonist arachinodyl-2'-chloroethylamide and the CB2 agonist N-cyclopentyl-7-methyl-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1,8-naphthyridin-4(1H)-on-3-carboxamide (CB13) on tumor cell apoptosis and ceramide and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production were evaluated. The knockdown of TNF-α mRNA was obtained with the use of selective small interfering RNA.
Results: We show that the CB1 receptor was mainly expressed in human normal colonic epithelium whereas tumor tissue was strongly positive for the CB2 receptor. The activation of the CB1 and, more efficiently, of the CB2 receptors induced apoptosis and increased ceramide levels in the DLD-1 and HT29 cells. Apoptosis was prevented by the pharmacologic inhibition of ceramide de novo synthesis. The CB2 agonist CB13 also reduced the growth of DLD-1 cells in a mouse model of colon cancer. The knockdown of TNF-α mRNA abrogated the ceramide increase and, therefore, the apoptotic effect induced by cannabinoid receptor activation.
Conclusions: The present study shows that either CB1 or CB2 receptor activation induces apoptosis through ceramide de novo synthesis in colon cancer cells. Our data unveiled, for the first time, that TNF-α acts as a link between cannabinoid receptor activation and ceramide production.
Targeted Inhibition of Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase-4 Promotes Brain Tumor Regression
Authors: Goldhoff Patricia , Warrington Nicole M. , Limbrick David D. , Hope Andrew , Woerner B. Mark , Jackson Erin , Perry Arie , Piwnica-Worms David , Rubin Joshua B. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Purpose: As favorable outcomes from malignant brain tumors remain limited by poor survival and treatment-related toxicity, novel approaches to cure are essential. Previously, we identified the cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor Rolipram as a potent antitumor agent. Here, we investigate the role of PDE4 in brain tumors and examine the utility of PDE4 as a therapeutic target.
Experimental Design: Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression pattern of a subfamily of PDE4, PDE4A, in multiple brain tumor types. To evaluate the effect of PDE4A on growth, a brain-specific isoform, PDE4A1 was overexpressed in xenografts of Daoy medulloblastoma and U87 glioblastoma cells. To determine therapeutic potential of PDE4 inhibition, Rolipram, temozolomide, and radiation were tested alone and in combination on mice bearing intracranial U87 xenografts.
Results: We found that PDE4A is expressed in medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, and meningioma. Moreover, when PDE4A1 was overexpressed in Daoy medulloblastoma and U87 glioblastoma cells, in vivo doubling times were significantly shorter for PDE4A1-overexpressing xenografts compared with controls. In long-term survival and bioluminescence studies, Rolipram in combination with first-line therapy for malignant gliomas (temozolomide and conformal radiation therapy) enhanced the survival of mice bearing intracranial xenografts of U87 glioblastoma cells. Bioluminescence imaging indicated that whereas temozolomide and radiation therapy arrested intracranial tumor growth, the addition of Rolipram to this regimen resulted in tumor regression.
Conclusions: This study shows that PDE4 is widely expressed in brain tumors and promotes their growth and that inhibition with Rolipram overcomes tumor resistance and mediates tumor regression.
Phase I/II Study of G3139 (Bcl-2 Antisense Oligonucleotide) in Combination with Doxorubicin and Docetaxel in Breast Cancer
Authors: Moulder Stacy L. , Symmans W. Fraser , Booser Daniel J. , Madden Timothy L. , Lipsanen Cindy , Yuan Linda , Brewster Abenaa M. , Cristofanilli Massimo , Hunt Kelly K. , Buchholz Thomas A. , Zwiebel James , Valero Vicente , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Esteva Francisco J. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Preclinical data showed enhancement of breast cancer cell death when G3139 was combined with anthracyclines and taxanes. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of a Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide, G3139, in combination with doxorubicin (A) and docetaxel (T) in patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC).
Experimental Design: Following a brief phase I to determine the phase II dose, patients with locally advanced breast cancer received G3139 administered by continuous i.v. infusion for 5 to 7 days with bolus A (50 mg/m2) and T (75 mg/m2) administered on either day 3 or 6 of therapy with G3139. Cycles were repeated every 21 days × 6 in the neoadjuvant setting. Serial plasma samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic analysis. Tissue samples were obtained before and after therapy for pharmacodynamic analysis of Bcl-2 expression.
Results: Thirty patients (median age, 49 years; range, 24-71 years) received 160 cycles. During the phase I portion of the trial, the dose of G3139 was escalated from 3 to 7 mg/kg/d (i.v. for 5 days) in combination with AT. During the phase II portion of the trial, several doses and schedules of G3139 were evaluated. There were no pathologic complete responses. Pharmacodynamic studies showed limited Bcl-2 down-regulation in the primary tumors.
Conclusions: G3139 in combination with doxorubicin and docetaxel is well tolerated. No pathologic complete response was seen and pharmacodynamic studies showed very little down-regulation of Bcl-2 in primary tumors, perhaps related to issues with insufficient drug delivery to the intact tumor.
A Phase I-II Study to Determine the Maximum Tolerated Infusion Rate of Rituximab with Special Emphasis on Monitoring the Effect of Rituximab on Cardiac Function
Authors: Siano Marco , Lerch Erika , Negretti Laura , Zucca Emanuele , Rodriguez-Abreu Delvys , Oberson Michel , Leoncini Leda , Mora Oreste , Sessa Cristiana , Gallino Augusto , Ghielmini Michele 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Purpose: This phase I infusion rate escalation trial was undertaken to evaluate the maximum applicable infusion rate for rituximab without steroid premedication in patients having received one previous rituximab infusion.
Experimental Design: Cohorts of at least three patients were assigned to rituximab with or without concomitant chemotherapy. The initial infusion rate was 200 mg/h in the first cohort, and was increased by 100 mg/h in each subsequent cohort to a maximum of 700 mg/h. In each patient the infusion rate was increased by 100 mg/h every 30 minutes to the total dose (375 mg/m2). In the first six cohorts (21 patients), two well-tolerated rituximab administrations were required; in the 7th cohort (11 patients) one previously well-tolerated rituximab infusion was required. Patients did not receive steroid premedication and were monitored with electrocardiograms (ECG), echocardiograms, Holter ECGs, troponin, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).
Results: Thirty-two patients were included and 128 cycles were done, 85 at a rate of 700 mg/h. Patients tolerated infusion rates without major side effects. There were no new clinically relevant ECG alterations. Troponin (&lt; 0.1 ng/L) and mean cardiac ejection fraction (65%) remained in the reference range; BNP baseline level increased significantly 24 hours after rituximab administration (from 30.4 to 64.1 ng/L; P &lt; 0.0001).
Conclusions: Rituximab can be administered safely at 700 mg/h without steroid premedication in patients having received at least one rituximab dose in the previous 3 months.
Imatinib Targeting of KIT-Mutant Oncoprotein in Melanoma
Authors: Jiang Xiaofeng , Zhou Jun , Yuen Noah K. , Corless Christopher L. , Heinrich Michael C. , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Demetri George D. , Widlund Hans R. , Fisher David E. , Hodi F. Stephen 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Melanoma subtypes based on anatomic location and UV light exposure can be further classified based on genetic alterations recently identified. Mutations and gene amplification in KIT have been described in a significant percentage of mucosal and acral melanomas. We recently reported a patient with metastatic mucosal melanoma harboring a known KIT mutation treated with imatinib mesylate who experienced a major response. Biological effects of KIT inhibition in these melanomas remain poorly understood. We sought to investigate further the effects of imatinib in these melanoma subsets.
Experimental Design: Mucosal melanoma cells were analyzed for KIT aberrations by genomic sequencing, quantitative PCR, and single nucleotide polymorphism analyses. Imatinib effects were assayed by viability measurements and apoptotic cytotoxicity. Tumor cell lysates were assayed by Western blots to determine effects on multiple signaling pathways after imatinib exposure.
Results: Mucosal melanoma cells exhibited imatinib sensitivity correlating with KIT mutational status. Imatinib dramatically decreased proliferation and was cytotoxic to a KIT mutated and amplified cell culture. Exposure to drug affected the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT, JAK-STAT, and antiapoptotic pathways.
Conclusions: Rational targeting of KIT in melanoma offers a unique and potent clinical opportunity. In vitro analyses revealed major sensitivity to KIT kinase inhibition by imatinib, with potent induction of melanoma cell apoptosis. Biochemical studies identified changes in signaling molecules regulating proliferation and survival responses, which may serve as mediators and/or biomarkers of in vivo treatment efficacy. Pathways affected by KIT inhibition provide a model for understanding components in effective melanoma cell death and insights into targeting for resistance mechanisms.
Cancer-Related Axonogenesis and Neurogenesis in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Ayala Gustavo E. , Dai Hong , Powell Michael , Li Rile , Ding Yi , Wheeler Thomas M. , Shine David , Kadmon Dov , Thompson Timothy , Miles Brian J. , Ittmann Michael M. , Rowley David 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Perineural invasion is the only interaction between cancer cells and nerves studied to date. It is a symbiotic relationship between cancer and nerves that results in growth advantage for both. In this article, we present data on a novel biological phenomenon, cancer-related axonogenesis and neurogenesis.
Experimental Design: We identify spatial and temporal associations between increased nerve density and preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the human prostate.
Results: Nerve density was increased in cancer areas as well as in preneoplastic lesions compared with controls. Two- and three-dimensional reconstructions of entire prostates confirmed axonogenesis in human tumors. Furthermore, patients with prostate cancer had increased numbers of neurons in their prostatic ganglia compared with controls, corroborating neurogenesis. Finally, two in vitro models confirmed that cancer cells, particularly when interacting with nerves in perineural invasion, induce neurite outgrowth in prostate cancer. Neurogenesis is correlated with features of aggressive prostate cancer and with recurrence in prostate cancer. We also present a putative regulatory mechanism based on semaphorin 4F (S4F). S4F is overexpressed in cancers cells in the perineural in vitro model. Overexpression of S4F in prostate cancer cells induces neurogenesis in the N1E-115 neurogenesis assay and S4F inhibition by small interfering RNA blocks this effect.
Conclusions: This is the first description of cancer-related neurogenesis and its putative regulatory mechanism.
Silibinin Inhibits Established Prostate Tumor Growth, Progression, Invasion, and Metastasis and Suppresses Tumor Angiogenesis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate Model Mice
Authors: Singh Rana P. , Raina Komal , Sharma Girish , Agarwal Rajesh 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Purpose: The chronic nature of prostate cancer growth and progression leading to metastasis provides a large window for intervention. Herein, for the first time, we investigated the effect and associated mechanisms of silibinin phosphatidylcholine (silybin-phytosome) on established prostate tumors in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model.
Experimental Design: Twenty-week-old TRAMP male mice having palpable prostate tumor were fed with control or 0.5% and 1%, w/w, silybin-phytosome diets for 11 weeks and then sacrificed.
Results: Dietary silibinin inhibited the growth of prostate tumors (up to 60%, P &lt; 0.001) and suppressed tumor progression from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to differentiated adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, with a complete absence of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma at higher doses. It also inhibited the incidence of tumor invasion of seminal vesicle (up to 81%, P &lt; 0.001) with complete absence of distant metastasis. Silibinin moderately inhibited tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, but strongly suppressed tumor microvessel density (up to 60%, P &lt; 0.001), vascular endothelial growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression. Antibody array analysis of plasma showed a decrease in the circulatory levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), snail-1, and vimentin, and an increased level of E-cadherin were also observed, indicating the anti–epithelial-mesenchymal transition effect of silibinin in tumors.
Conclusions: Overall, silibinin treatment of TRAMP mice bearing prostate tumor inhibited tumor growth, progression, local invasion, and distant metastasis involving suppression of tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These findings would have greater relevance for the ongoing phase II clinical trial with silibinin-phytosome in prostate cancer patients.
Combination Immunotherapy for Tumors via Sequential Intratumoral Injections of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Immature Dendritic Cells
Authors: Farrell Christopher J. , Zaupa Cecile , Barnard Zachary , Maley Jason , Martuza Robert L. , Rabkin Samuel D. , Curry William T. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Oncolytic herpes simplex virus 1 (oHSV) vectors treat tumors in preclinical models and have been used safely in phase I clinical trials for patients with cancer. Infection of tumors with oHSV also induces specific antitumor immunity. We investigated whether this immunotherapeutic effect is enhanced by combining oHSV infection with intratumoral administration of immature myeloid dendritic cells (iDC).
Experimental Design: Subcutaneous neuroblastoma tumors were established in syngeneic immunocompetent mice and sequentially treated with oHSV(G47Δ) and intratumoral iDCs. Tumor volumes and survival were monitored. Antitumor immune responses were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, IFN-γ ELISPOT, and CTL assay. Treatment was also evaluated in immunodeficient NOD-SCID mice.
Results: We observed significant reductions in tumor volumes in mice receiving G47Δ + iDCs compared with those treated with G47Δ or iDC monotherapy. Survival was prolonged, with ∼90% of tumors eradicated in the combination group. Combination therapy led to enhancement of antitumor immune responses, confirmed by increases in IFN-γ expression by splenocytes harvested from G47Δ + iDC-treated mice. Splenocytes harvested from G47Δ + iDC-treated mice were effective against neuroblastoma tumor cells in a CTL assay. Immunohistochemistry of combination-treated tumors revealed robust lymphocytic infiltrates. Adding iDCs to G47Δ infection in tumors in NOD-SCID mice did not reduce the rate of growth. Substitution of lipopolysaccharide-matured dendritic cells abrogated the enhanced tumor volume reduction seen with combination therapy with iDCs.
Conclusions: Combination treatment of murine tumors with oHSV and iDCs reduces the volume of established tumors and prolongs survival via enhancement of antitumor immunity.
14-3-3σ Modulates Pancreatic Cancer Cell Survival and Invasiveness
Authors: Neupane Divas , Korc Murray 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential role of 14-3-3σ in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).
Experimental Design: 14-3-3 isoform expression was determined by real-time quantitative PCR in laser capture normal pancreatic ductal cells and pancreatic cancer cells and in 5 pancreatic cancer cell lines. PANC-1 cells, with low levels of 14-3-3σ, were stably transfected with a human 14-3-3σ cDNA. Conversely, high endogenous 14-3-3σ levels in T3M4 cells were suppressed by specific short hairpin RNA. Apoptosis, motility, and invasiveness were studied.
Results: The cancer cells in 7 PDAC samples expressed high levels of 14-3-3σ mRNA by quantitative PCR when compared with normal pancreatic duct cells. 14-3-3σ protein levels were high in BxPC3, COLO-357, and T3M4 cells, intermediate in ASPC-1 cells, and low in PANC-1 cells. Most cell lines released detectable amount of 14-3-3σ into conditioned medium. Overexpression of 14-3-3σ in PANC-1 cells led to resistance to cisplatinum-induced apoptosis, increased basal migration, and increased invasion in response to epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I. By contrast, short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous 14-3-3σ in T3M4 cells did not alter migration but led to enhanced cisplatinum sensitivity, increased invasiveness in response to epidermal growth factor, and decreased invasiveness in response to insulin-like growth factor-I.
Conclusions: 14-3-3σ contributes to the chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer cells and exerts cell type-dependent effects on cell migration and invasion. Therefore, strategies aimed at suppressing 14-3-3σ expression and function may have a therapeutic benefit in subgroups of patients with PDAC.
Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Bhattacharya Resham , Kwon Junhye , Ali Bushra , Wang Enfeng , Patra Sujata , Shridhar Viji , Mukherjee Priyabrata 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Purpose: In humans, several distinctive cancers result from mutations that aberrantly activate hedgehog (HH) signal transduction. Here, we investigate the role of HH signaling in ovarian cancer.
Experimental Design: We assessed the expression of different components of hedghehog pathway in primary tumor samples and cell lines. We used specific hedghehog pathway blocker to study the effect on clonal growth and proliferation of ovarian cancer cell both in vitro and in vivo.
Results: We show that the up-regulation of several HH pathway components is a common feature of primary ovarian tumors and cell lines. However, expression of PATCHED1 (PTCH1), a direct transcriptional target of the HH pathway, is down-regulated in ovarian cancer in direct contrast to the expression observed in other adult solid tumors. Cyclopamine, a specific HH pathway inhibitor, inhibits the proliferation and clonal growth of ovarian tumor cells in vitro and arrests ovarian tumor growth in vivo. Expression of BMI-1, a polycomb gene, is down-regulated in ovarian cancer cells following cyclopamine treatment. Overexpression of PTCH1 phenocopied the effects of cyclopamine; it down-regulated BMI-1 and reduced clonal growth in ovarian cancer cell lines. Furthermore, knocking down BMI-1 using small interfering RNA also inhibited the clonal growth of all the ovarian cancer cell lines tested.
Conclusions: In brief, the constitutive low-level expression of PTCH1 contributes to proliferation and clonal growth of ovarian cancer cells by an aberrant HH signal. Because the HH pathway can be inhibited by specific inhibitors, these findings point toward possible new treatments to inhibit ovarian cancer growth.