bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ERCC4 Associated with Breast Cancer Risk: A Two-Stage Case-Control Study Using High-throughput Genotyping
Authors: Milne Roger Laughlin , Ribas Gloria , González-Neira Anna , Fagerholm Rainer , Salas Antonio , González Emilio , Dopazo Joaquín , Nevanlinna Heli , Robledo Mercedes , Benítez Javier 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The failure of linkage studies to identify further high-penetrance susceptibility genes for breast cancer points to a polygenic model, with more common variants having modest effects on risk, as the most likely candidate. We have carried out a two-stage case-control study in two European populations to identify low-penetrance genes for breast cancer using high-throughput genotyping. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected across preselected cancer-related genes, choosing tagSNPs and functional variants where possible. In stage 1, genotype frequencies for 640 SNPs in 111 genes were compared between 864 breast cancer cases and 845 controls from the Spanish population. In stage 2, candidate SNPs identified in stage 1 (nominal P &lt; 0.01) were tested in a Finnish series of 884 cases and 1,104 controls. Of the 10 candidate SNPs in seven genes identified in stage 1, one (rs744154) on intron 1 of ERCC4, a gene belonging to the nucleotide excision repair pathway, was associated with recessive protection from breast cancer after adjustment for multiple testing in stage 2 (odds ratio, 0.57; Bonferroni-adjusted P = 0.04). After considering potential functional SNPs in the region of high linkage disequilibrium that extends across the entire gene and upstream into the promoter region, we concluded that rs744154 itself could be causal. Although intronic, it is located on the first intron, in a region that is highly conserved across species, and could therefore be functionally important. This study suggests that common intronic variation in ERCC4 is associated with protection from breast cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9420-7)
In vitro and In vivo Characterization of 64Cu-Labeled AbegrinTM, a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody against Integrin αvβ3
Authors: Cai Weibo , Wu Yun , Chen Kai , Cao Qizhen , Tice David A. , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
AbegrinTM (MEDI-522 or VitaxinTM), a humanized monoclonal antibody against human integrin αvβ3, is in clinical trials for cancer therapy. In vivo imaging using AbegrinTM-based probes is needed for better treatment monitoring and dose optimization. Here, we conjugated AbegrinTM with macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacylododecane N,N′,N″,N‴-tetraacetic (DOTA) at five different DOTA/AbegrinTM ratios. The conjugates were labeled with 64Cu (half-life = 12.7 hours) and tested in three human (U87MG, MDA-MB-435, and PC-3) and one mouse (GL-26) tumor models. The in vitro and in vivo effects of these 64Cu-DOTA-AbegrinTM conjugates were evaluated. The number of DOTA per AbegrinTM varied from 1.65 ± 0.32 to 38.53 ± 5.71 and the radiolabeling yield varied from 5.20 ± 3.16% to 88.12 ± 6.98% (based on 2 mCi 64Cu per 50 μg DOTA-AbegrinTM conjugate). No significant difference in radioimmunoreactivity was found among these conjugates (between 59.78 ± 1.33 % and 71.13 ± 2.58 %). Micro-positron emission tomography studies revealed that 64Cu-DOTA-AbegrinTM (1,000:1) had the highest tumor activity accumulation (49.41 ± 4.54% injected dose/g at 71-hour postinjection for U87MG tumor). The receptor specificity of 64Cu-DOTA-Abegrin was confirmed by effective blocking of MDA-MB-435 tumor uptake with coadministration of nonradioactive Abegrin. 64Cu-DOTA-IgG exhibited background level tumor uptake at all time points examined. Integrin αvβ3-specific tumor imaging using 64Cu-DOTA-AbegrinTM may be translated into the clinic to characterize the pharmacokinetics, tumor targeting efficacy, dose optimization, and dose interval of AbegrinTM and/or Abegrin conjugates. Chemotherapeutics or radiotherapeutics using AbegrinTM as the delivering vehicle may also be effective in treating integrin αvβ3-positive tumors. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9673-81)
HER2/Neu (ErbB2) Signaling to Rac1-Pak1 Is Temporally and Spatially Modulated by Transforming Growth Factor β
Authors: Wang Shizhen Emily , Shin Incheol , Wu Frederick Y. , Friedman David B. , Arteaga Carlos L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In HER2 (ErbB2)-overexpressing cells, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), via activation of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), recruits actin and actinin to HER2, which then colocalizes with Vav2, activated Rac1, and Pak1 at cell protrusions. This results in prolonged Rac1 activation, enhanced motility and invasiveness, Bad phosphorylation, uncoupling of Bad/Bcl-2, and enhanced cell survival. The recruitment of the HER2/Vav2/Rac1/Pak1/actin/actinin complex to lamellipodia was abrogated by actinin siRNAs, dominant-negative (dn) p85, gefitinib, and dn-Rac1 or dn-Pak1, suggesting that the reciprocal interplay of PI3K, HER2 kinase, and Rac GTPases with the actin cytoskeleton is necessary for TGF-β action in oncogene-overexpressing cells. Thus, by recruiting the actin skeleton, TGF-β “cross-links” this signaling complex at cell lamellipodia; this prolongs Rac1 activation and increases metastatic properties and survival of HER2-overexpressing cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9591-600)
Genomic Copy Number Changes Affecting the Thymidylate Synthase (TYMS) Gene in Cancer: A Model for Patient Classification to Aid Fluoropyrimidine Therapy
Authors: Brody Jonathan R. , Hucl Tomas , Gallmeier Eike , Winter Jordan M. , Kern Scott E. , Murphy Kathleen M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an important target for 5-fluorouracil (5FU)–based therapy. The TS polymorphic 5′-untranslated region tandem repeat sequence is under investigation to guide 5FU treatment, yet current protocols omit consideration of copy number changes at the TS locus. We surveyed the TS tandem repeat sequence and found copy number changes in gastrointestinal cancers. Ten of 12 informative cases had loss of heterozygosity (LOH), whereas two others and an additional cell line had a novel TS genotype, allelic imbalance at the TS locus due to polysomy. Experimentally, we studied a diploid colorectal cancer line heterozygous at TS to mimic three common TS genotypes of cancers. Using genetic engineering, we deleted the short tandem repeat (two repeats) allele and retained the long (three repeats) allele to produce artificial LOH at the TS gene; the TS+/− line had a reduced TS protein expression and was hypersensitive to 5FU and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine in vitro as compared with syngeneic control lines. We linked this sensitivity directly to the reduced TS expression by introducing exogenous TS cDNA expression into the TS+/− line (i.e., increased TS copies). Our model predicts that the 5FU sensitivity of a tumor is modified by aneuploidy producing copy number changes of TS alleles by one or more of the following: LOH, amplification, and, as presented here, copy number changes due to polysomy. The data suggest that TS copy number in a patient's tumor may be a dominating variable affecting 5FU responsiveness. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9369-73)
Dietary Administration of the Proapoptotic Vitamin E Analogue α-Tocopheryloxyacetic Acid Inhibits Metastatic Murine Breast Cancer
Authors: Hahn Tobias , Szabo Lajos , Gold Mikhal , Ramanathapuram Lalitha , Hurley Laurence H. , Akporiaye Emmanuel T. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The ability of the vitamin E (RRR-α-tocopherol) derivatives α-tocopheryl succinate (α-TOS) and α-tocopheryloxyacetic acid (α-TEA) to suppress tumor growth in preclinical animal models has recently led to increased interest in their potential use for treating human cancer. To make the use of these vitamin E analogues more clinically relevant, we compared the antitumor efficacy of orally and i.p. delivered forms of α-TEA and α-TOS against a murine mammary cancer (4T1) that bears resemblance to human breast cancer because of its poor immunogenicity and high metastatic potential. In cell culture studies, we showed that both compounds inhibited tumor colony formation and induced apoptotic death of tumor cells. To avoid solubility concerns associated with the hydrophobicity of α-TEA and α-TOS, we used the vesiculated forms of α-TEA (Vα-TEA) and α-TOS (Vα-TOS) for the in vivo tumor studies. Both compounds inhibited the growth of preestablished 4T1 tumors when given i.p. However, when given by oral gavage, only the esterase-resistant Vα-TEA was able to suppress primary tumor growth and reduce lung metastasis. To make this approach more translatable to the clinic, α-TEA was incorporated into the diet and fed to tumor-bearing mice. We report here for the first time that dietary α-TEA delivery significantly inhibited primary tumor growth and dramatically reduced spontaneous metastatic spread to the lung in prophylactic and therapeutic settings. This study suggests that dietary α-TEA could prove useful as a relatively easy and effective modality for treating metastatic breast cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9374-8)
Notes on Pompeian Domestic Cults
Authors: Lipka Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe performance and setting of Pompeian domestic cults is investigated on the basis of the evidence from three Pompeian houses (Casa del Cenaculo, Casa degli Amorini Dorati, Casa di Marcus Lucretius). Wissowa's view that representations of gods in mural paintings received divine worship in the domestic sphere, as well as the conclusions drawn from it by modern scholars, are refuted. An attempt is made to outline the functioning of Pompeian domestic cults, including the worship of the emperor, solely on the basis of divine figurines, which are abundantly attested in Pompeian household shrines, but have never before received systematic attention.
Red (Herring?) Comments on a New Theory Concerning the Origin of the Triumph
Authors:   Versnel
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper it is argued that Jörg Rüpke's proposal to date the creation of the Roman triumph to the late 4th century BC cannot be accepted. First, it is demonstrated that some of R.'s reinterpretations of the triumphal phenomenology are debatable, others improbable or inconceivable, one (the most essential) impossible. Next, a few historical implications of the new theory are shown to evoke serious questions and objections. Finally, the four major historical arguments or premises on which the theory is founded are shown to be at variance with the available evidence. Consequently, there is no reason to reject the well-founded and practically unanimously accepted idea that the triumph was introduced in the "Etruscan period" of Rome (late 6th century BC).
Triumphator and Ancestor Rituals Between Symbolic Anthropology and Magic
Authors: Rüpke Jörg 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article argues that the Roman triumph with the figure of the triumphator and the burial of Roman nobles with the pompa imaginum should be interpreted within the framework of the prestige and practices related to honori fic statues. Using the red colour of the triumphator's skin as the main argument, the figure of the triumphator is interpreted as a temporary statue, and the triumph as an attempt on part of the senate to regulate the prestige of honori fic statues by tying it to a public ritual. Likewise, the bearers of imagines are interpreted as representing the ensemble of all legitimate — i.e. as based on public positions — statues used to construct a family. Both rituals, as known from late republican sources, developed from the fourth century BC onwards.
Music, Cosmos, and the Development of Psychology in Early China
Authors: Brindley Erica 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMusic plays an important role in the development of discourses on the body, and, in particular, on psychology. From the received and excavated textual record dating to the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. we gain insights into the emergence of an elaborate logos of the psyche, or "psychology," as such a psychology relates to the cosmos. The article explores two orientations on the role of music in psychology. The first and earlier orientation outlines what the author terms a "psychology of influence," which provides a rationale for the beneficial effects of good music in self-cultivation and social order. The second and later orientation outlines what the author calls a "psychology of cosmic attunement," which identifies music with the harmony of the cosmos and speaks of sages who attune themselves to it. Through a close examination of these two perspectives on music, the article delineates how a triangular relationship among music, cosmos, and psyche develops in early China, essentially forming a new paradigm within which human relationship to music and cosmic order is understood. La musique joue un rôle important dans le développement des discours sur le corps, en particulier sur la psychologie. Grâce aux textes reçus ou exhumés datant des 3e et 4e siècles avant notre ère, il est possible d'obtenir des aperçus sur l'émergence d'un logos élaboré sur la psyché, soit une "psychologie", dans la mesure où cette psychologie est en relation avec le cosmos. L'article explore deux orientations dans le rôle de la musique en psychologie. La première, plus ancienne, décrit ce que l'auteur appelle une "psychologie de l'influence", qui fournit une explication aux effets bénéfiques de la "bonne" musique sur la culture de soi et sur l'ordre social. La seconde orientation, plus récente, décrit ce que l'auteur appelle une "psychologie de l'harmonisation cosmique", qui identifie la musique avec l'harmonie du cosmos et évoque les sages qui s'accordent sur elle. En examinant de près ces deux perspectives sur la musique, l'article suggère la façon dont une relation triangulaire entre la musique, le cosmos et la psyché s'est développée dans la Chine ancienne, formant essentiellement un nouveau paradigme à l'intérieur duquel comprendre la relation de l'homme à la musique et à l'ordre cosmique.
Domesticity and the Dharma: Portraits of Buddhist Laywomen in Sung China
Authors: Halperin Mark 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article examines how literati depicted pious Buddhist laywomen during the Sung dynasty. Drawing on hundreds of funeral inscriptions for elite women, it illustrates how scholar-officials presented Buddhist practice within the ideological framework of domesticity. Pious women are seen to constitute a different sort of female exempla, displaying assertive, even defiant characters. In their diverse forms of devotion (and anti-clericalism), women both reinforce elite ideals for wives and mothers and serve as female analogues to male exempla of heroic conduct. Cet article examine la façon dont les lettrés dépeignaient les pieuses bouddhistes laïques à l'époque des Song. Basé sur plusieurs centaines d'inscriptions funéraires dédiées à des femmes de l'élite, l'auteur illustre la façon dont les lettrés-fonctionnaires représentaient la pratique bouddhiste dans le cadre idéologique de la vie domestique. Les femmes pieuses apparaissent comme constituant une catégorie différente d'exemples féminins, révélant un caractère affirmé, voire défiant. Dans leurs formes variées de dévotion (et d'anticléricalisme) ces femmes renforçaient les conceptions idéales de l'épouse et de la mère entretenues par l'élite, et en même temps servaient d'analogue féminin aux exemple masculins de comportement héroïque.
The Last Campaigns of Wang Yangming
Authors: Shin Leo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGiven his grand humanistic vision, how should one explain Wang Yangming's (Wang Shouren; 1472-1529) deep engagements in borderland warfare? What did he think he was doing, and how should one place his approaches in the broader contexts of the intellectual and political discourses of mid-Ming China? Focusing on Wang's activities in the southern province of Guangxi in 1528 (particularly his "pacification" of the native domain of Tianzhou as well as his military campaign against the "Yao bandits" in the Rattan Gorge area), this essay explains not only how Wang dealt with the perceived problems of the "non-Chinese" (man, yi, etc.) but also how his approaches should be understood in terms of the inner logic of his thoughts as well as the intellectual and political debates of his time. Étant donné sa noble vision humaniste, comment expliquer que Wang Yangming (Wang Shouren, 1479-1529) ait pu s'engager à fond dans des guerres frontalières? Comment envisageait-il ses propres actions, et comment comprendre son approche dans le contexte plus large du discours intellectuel et politique au milieu des Ming? En se concentrant sur les activités de Wang Yangming dans la province méridionale du Guangxi en 1528 (plus particulièrement la façon dont il "pacifia" la principauté aborigène de Tianzhou, et sa campagne armée contre les "bandits Yao" de la Gorge du Rotin), l'article explique non seulement comment Wang abordait les problèmes des "non Chinois" (les man, yi, etc.) tels qu'ils étaient perçus, mais aussi comment son approche doit être comprise en fonction de la logique propre de sa pensée, ainsi que des débats intellectuals et politiques de son temps.
The Supernatural as the Author's Sphere: Jinghua Yuan's Reprise of the Rhetorical Strategies of Honglou Meng
Authors: Wang Ying 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the similarities between Li Ruzhen's nineteenth-century novel Jinghua yuan and Cao Xueqin's eighteenth-century masterpiece Honglou meng in terms of their artistic experimentation, by its focus on Li's appropriation of Cao's rhetorical strategies. It places the two novels in the context of vernacular literature in the mid- and late Qing period and attributes the disappearance of the "pseudo-oral" narrator in both novels to the dramatization of the narration and the establishment of a supernatural realm as the sphere of the author. The rhetorical strategies employed in Honglou meng, and subsequently evoked in Jinghua yuan, are not, as this study intends to show, the sporadic engagements of the supernatural seen in earlier novels. Instead, they are sophisticated mechanisms at work in both the model and its imitation. In comparing the similarities of rhetoric in these two novels, this essay emphasizes Li Ruzhen's artistic creativity by highlighting his critical responses to Honglou meng and his ingenuity in re-using Cao Xueqin's techniques. Cette étude examine les similitudes entre deux romans, le Jinghua yuan composé au 19e siècle par Li Ruzhen et le chef-d'œuvre de Cao Xueqin, le Honglou meng, qui date du siècle précédent, concernant leurs aspects expérimentaux dans le domaine artistique; pour ce faire elle se concentre sur la façon dont Li Ruzhen s'est approprié les stratégies rhétoriques de Cao Xueqin. L'article replace les deux romans dans le contexte de la littérature vernaculaire d'au milieu et de la fin des Qing, et attribue la disparition du narrateur "pseudo-oral" dans les deux œuvres à la dramatisation de la narration et à l'instauration d'un domaine surnaturel constituant la sphère de l'auteur. Comme entend le montrer cet essai, les stratégies rhétoriques employées dans le Honglou meng et reprises plus tard dans le Jinghua yuan ne se limitent pas à des interventions sporadiques du surnaturel comme dans les romans plus anciens. On a au contraire affaire à des mécanismes sophistiqués mis en œuvre tant dans le modèle que dans son imitation. La comparaison des similitudes rhétoriques dans les deux romans permet de mettre l'accent sur la créativité artistique de Li Ruzhen en mettant en lumière sa réponse critique au Honglou meng et l'ingéniosité avec laquelle il reprend à son compte les techniques de Cao Xueqin.
The Creative Structuring of Counterintuitive Worlds
Authors: Tweney Ryan , Upal M. Afzal , Gonce Lauren , Slone D. Jason , Edwards Kristin 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Recent research has shown a memory advantage for minimally counterintuitive (MCI) concepts, over concepts that are either intuitive (INT) or maximally counterintuitive (MXCI), although the general result is heavily affected by context. Items from one such study were given to subjects who were asked to create novel stories using at least three concepts from a list containing all three types. Results indicated a preference for using MCI items (as in the recall studies), and further disclosed two styles of usage, an accommodative style and an assimilative style. The results extend recent memory research and suggest extensions to recent theories intended to explain the prevalence of counterintuitive religious concepts.
The Ghost in My Body: Children's Developing Concept of the Soul
Authors: Richert Rebekah , Harris Paul 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to explore whether children, who have been exposed to the concept of the soul, differentiate the soul from the mind. In the first experiment, 4- to 12-year-old children were asked about whether a religious ritual affects the mind, the brain, or the soul. The majority of the children claimed that only the soul was different after baptism. In a follow-up study, 6- to 12-year-old children were tested more explicitly on what factors differentiate the soul from the mind and the brain. Children differentiated the soul from the mind and the brain along two dimensions: function and stability. In contrast to their responses about the mind and the brain, children did not claim that the soul was important for cognitive, non-cognitive, or biological functioning. Children consistently indicated that the mind and the brain change and grow over time. In contrast, children indicated that the soul is something that stays constant and is devoted to various, predominantly spiritual, functions.
The Peculiar Logic of Value
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA system of values plays an important intermediary role in the human conceptual system. An individual associates a value – an abstract valence and quantity – with a past, present, or contemplated object or action in the environment, and uses values to help determine what actions to take. Value can be categorized into a number of different types, the most important of which for the purposes of the present article are affective value (how good the action is for someone), normative value (how good the action is of someone), and esteem (how good a reputation someone has). Normative value in turn divides into several subdomains such as moral value, legality, etiquette, and religious value. In addition, values can be divided along the orthogonal dimension of objective (value tout court) versus subjective (value in the eyes of a particular person). Each type of value plays its own characteristic role in affecting choice of action in interaction with the others.Given an explicit formulation of systems of value, it then becomes possible to work out more precise accounts of value-laden systems of concepts. Two are explored here: fairness and freely chosen reciprocity, the latter including retaliation, restitution, honoring, shaming, and apologizing.The overall hypothesis that emerges from the investigation is that the basic categories of value and the inference rules built on them are human universals. Cultures' value systems differ primarily in (a) what actions and objects are assigned what values and (b) the relative weighting of different sources of value in cases where they interact.