bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Change and stability in landings: the responses of fisheries to scientific advice and TACs1
Authors: Patterson Kenneth , Résimont Martine 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Patterson, K., and Résimont, M. 2007. Catch and stability in landings: the response of fisheries to scientific advice and TACs. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 714–717. Stability in total allowable catch (TAC) and landings is a principal demand from the fishing sector, and sufficient experience has now been gained in applying the Common Fisheries Policy in European Atlantic waters to allow an initial review of the stability in landings across stocks. Available information is compared across a large number of stocks to determine the relative influence of scientific advice on relative changes in landings, on the decision-making process, and on resulting rates of fishing mortality. The approach differs from the conventional model approaches based on population dynamics, but allows conclusions to be drawn based on recent experience in management. The conclusion is that the most important factor enhancing long-term stability is a low rate of fishing mortality, but that following scientific advice on a year-to-year basis would decrease stability. Unless TACs varied considerably, they did not appear to affect variations in landings significantly.
Comparison of two periods of North Sea herring stock management: success, failure, and monetary value
Authors: Simmonds E. John 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Simmonds, E. J. 2007. Comparison of two periods of North Sea herring stock management: success, failure, and monetary value. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 686–692. At two points in the past (1970 and 1995), North Sea herring (Clupea harengus) abundance and catches have been in a similar situation: the stock had declined from an earlier high and reached a depleted state with a spawning-stock biomass of around 400 000 t, well below the agreed biomass limit reference point of 800 000 t. Catches were also similar at 600 000 t annually, and too high to be sustainable. A comparison of the scientific advice, the management actions, and their effects on population trends over the periods following these two critical years provides insight into important management issues. The benefits to the industry of the value of the cumulative catch resulting from successful management of this large stock have been proven to outweigh by far the costs of obtaining good management advice. The conclusion is that sound scientific information plays an important role when difficult management issues have to be confronted. However, there are other critical issues, such as the stakeholders' wish to preserve the stock at all costs and a management organization that has authority to take decisions.
Limits to transparency—exploring conceptual and operational aspects of the ICES framework for providing precautionary fisheries management advice
Authors: Hauge Kjellrun Hiis , Nielsen Kåre Nolde , Korsbrekke Knut 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Hauge, K. H., Nielsen, K. N., and Korsbrekke, K. 2007. Limits to transparency—exploring conceptual and operational aspects of the ICES framework for providing precautionary fisheries management advice. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 738–743. ICES precautionary approach to fisheries management advice is based on limit reference points (LRPs) reflecting stock status and precautionary reference points (PRPs) reflecting risk levels. As LRPs are exclusively science-based, while PRPs are management-based, this framework is deployed towards satisfying the ideal of a clear division of science and management's responsibilities. We discuss the variety of technical definitions of reference points and their use in the advisory process. There are inconsistencies in the use of reference points and a tendency to downplay uncertainty. Although the framework can be improved, we argue that some dilemmas will remain. First, transparency of uncertainty presupposes a simple and understandable framework. However, translation of the complexity of natural and human interactions into simple concepts leads to problematic standardization. Second, a clear-cut division of responsibility between science and management is not feasible because LRPs cannot be purely science-based and PRPs cannot be purely management-based. Such dilemmas set fundamental limits to what can be expected from the framework in terms of handling and communicating uncertainty. We suggest that comprehensive dialogue between science and management and explicit reflection on their respective roles will prove more effective at enhancing precautionary and transparent advice on fisheries than adhering to the ideal of strict separation.
Fishing practice, gear design, and the ecosystem approach—three case studies demonstrating the effect of management strategy on gear selectivity and discards
Authors: Graham Norman , Ferro Richard S. T. , Karp William A. , MacMullen Philip 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Graham, N., Ferro, R. S. T., Karp, W. A., and MacMullen, P. 2007. Fishing practice, gear design, and the ecosystem approach—three case studies demonstrating the effect of management strategy on gear selectivity and discards. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 744–750. A basic tenet of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management is that harvesting is conducted with minimal impact on juvenile fish, non-target species, and marine habitats. A range of technical modifications of fishing gears aimed at improving their selective properties is available to help achieve these goals, but their effectiveness varies. Through three case studies, we describe how management controls influence fishing behaviour and the adoption of more selective gear, and demonstrate how conservation goals can be discouraged or encouraged by the strategy. In Norway, limits set on the maximum quantity of sublegal fish that may be retained on board, in combination with a ban on discarding, resulted in substantial area closures in the Barents Sea. Therefore, to gain access, fishers developed technical modifications to enhance gear selectivity. In both shrimp and demersal trawl fisheries, the modifications are now being used by virtually the whole fleet. To reduce cod mortality in the North Sea, mesh sizes were increased and effort restrictions introduced, but the measures also affected other fleets, notably those targeting Nephrops: fishers for that species reduced their mesh size to prevent loss of target species and to avoid effort restrictions. Although management measures may have resulted in reduced fishing mortality on cod, they placed additional pressure on other stocks by encouraging vessels to switch gears, and it is likely that discard rates have increased. In the eastern Bering Sea fishery for walleye pollock, the adoption of more-selective fishing gears was encouraged by regulations requiring fisheries to be curtailed when bycatch rates of prohibited species are exceeded, leading to underutilization of the target species through premature closures. Fishers now act cooperatively by providing real-time data on bycatch hot spots, allowing tactical fishing decisions to be taken to avoid such areas.
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 (SCA1) Presenting Similar to Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Hentschel Kenneth , Rubin Devon I 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a trinucleotide repeat disorder with a variable clinical phenotype consisting of ataxia, dysarthria, and peripheral neuropathy, but no primary muscle involvement. Another trinucleotide repeat disorder, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD), is a progressive myopathic disorder characterized predominantly by dysarthria, dysphagia, ptosis, and proximal weakness. We describe the clinical and electrophysiologic, features of a patient with genetically confirmed SCA1 with an OPMD-like presentation. The findings of a peripheral neuropathy without myopathy on electrodiagnostic testing are useful to help in differentiation of the disorders and are supportive of SCA1. This case illustrates that the differential diagnosis of patients with dysphagia and dysarthria should be expanded to include SCA1.
Treatment Response to Steroid and Intravenous Immunoglobulin in a Patient with Chronic Sensory Demyelinating Neuropathy
Authors: Odaka Masaaki , Itoh Masafumi , Hirata Koichi , Yuki Nobuhiro 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

We report a patient with chronic sensory demyelinating neuropathy (CSDN) who did not initially have a beneficial response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) but who gradually improved with steroid therapy. An 18-year-old man had slowly progressive sensory ataxia with distal paresthesia and areflexia. Neither limb weakness nor cerebellar ataxia was present during the course of his illness. Electrophysiologic evaluations indicated demyelinating neuropathy in the motor and sensory nerves. Magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium enhancement showed hypertrophic brachial and lumbosacral spinal roots. He received high intravenous doses of immunoglobulin but did not respond to them. Prednisolone was prescribed daily for 1 month in conjunction with IVIG; it was reduced by 5 mg on successive weeks. He slowly improved and for 1 year has remained in remission without any other treatment after steroid therapy was stopped. Our findings suggest that steroid therapy should be tried with patients with CSDN when there is no favorable response to IVIG. CSDN response to steroid but not to IVIG may distinguish it as a chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) subgroup.
Lumbosacral Plexopathies: Etiology, Frequency, and Electrodiagnostic Localization
Authors: Karli Necdet , Zarifoglu Mehmet , Akgoz Semra , Chaudhry Vinay 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Objective:
Lumbosacral plexopathies (LSP) may occur as a result of trauma, radiation, neoplastic invasion, or diabetes mellitus, or they may be idiopathic.

Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed relative frequencies of different LSP causes and their localizations and compared their electrophysiologic findings.

Results:
A retrospective review of 34 patients' charts showed the following: idiopathic (n = 12, 35.3%), trauma (n = 9, 26.4%), radiation (n = 9, 26.4%), and diabetes mellitus (n = 4, 11.8%).
Although all patients had significant weakness, sensory symptoms or deficits were present in only 44.1% of the patients. Twelve (35.2%) patients had bilateral lumbosacral plexus involvement. The majority of the patients (66.7%) in the radiotherapy group presented with bilateral involvement. Panplexopathy was the most frequent localization. The peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve was the most commonly involved nerve. Needle electromyography showed abnormal spontaneous denervation potentials in 31 (91.2%) patients. Myokymia was only present in the radiation therapy group.

Conclusions:
Idiopathic LSP is the most common type followed by radiation and diabetic plexopathy.
Paradigm shifts in surface metrology. Part I. Historical philosophy
Authors: Jiang X , Scott P.J , Whitehouse D.J , Blunt L 
Published: July 2007

Surface texture and its measurement are becoming the most critical factors and important functionality indicators in the performance of high precision and nanoscale devices and components. Surface metrology as a discipline is currently undergoing a huge paradigm shift: from profile to areal characterization, from stochastic to structured surfaces, and from simple geometries to complex free-form geometries, all spanning the millimetre to sub-nanometre scales.
This paper builds a complete philosophical framework for surface metrology through a review of the paradigm shifts that have occurred in the discipline of surface metrology, tracing the development of fundamental philosophies and techniques. The paper starts with a brief overview of the historical paradigm shifts and builds an up-to-date foundational philosophy, capable of rapid and effective development. The growth in interest in surface metrology stems mainly from the need to control the manufacture of armaments during the Second World War and the production of domestic goods and appliances since that time. The surfaces produced by manufacture seemed to offer the possibility of being useful for process control. Unfortunately, only a few tentative investigations had been carried out to establish usable relationships between the processes, the machine tools and the available surface parameters (with their limitations). Even fewer investigations had been carried out to relate surface geometry to the performance of manufactured products. The result was that the metrology was unprepared and, consequently, the progress was sporadic.
This overall review is given in two parts. Part I focuses on the historical philosophy of surface metrology and Part II discusses the progress within the current paradigm shift.
Heavy hydroelastic travelling waves
Authors: Toland J.F 
Published: July 2007

This is a mathematical study of steady two-dimensional waves of prescribed period which propagate without change of form on the surface of an infinitely deep expanse of fluid that is moving under gravity and bounded above by heavy, frictionless, thin elastic sheet. The flow, which is supposed irrotational, is at rest at infinite depth and its velocity is stationary relative to a frame moving with the wave. In that frame, the elastic sheet coincides with the zero streamline and its material points move according to the equations of hyperelasticity.
From the mechanics of the surface material, the pressure on a point of the sheet in the moving frame is shown to be a function of its height, its slope and derivatives with respect to arc length of these quantities. Independently, according to classical fluid mechanics, the pressure in the fluid at the same point is determined by its height and the fluid velocity tangent to the zero streamline.
Therefore, this is a free-boundary problem: to find a non-self-intersecting curve in the plane which is the zero contour of a harmonic function (the stream function) and at which the normal derivative of the same harmonic function is a prescribed function of the shape of the curve.

With the wavelength fixed, the parameters are the density
ρ
of the undeformed sheet, the wave velocity
c
0
, the mean velocity
c
of the surface sheet relative to the wave and the gravitational acceleration
g
. The case of a weightless sheet, in which
ρ
=0 and
c
does not appear, is a special case. Under quite general hypotheses on the elastic response of the sheet, the existence of rapidly propagating or very slow (depending on parameter values) steady waves is established by finding a critical point of the Lagrangian. This is a saddle-point problem in the calculus of variations.
Chemical Genetic Identification of Glutamine Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Amidotransferase as the Target for a Novel Bleaching Herbicide in Arabidopsis
Authors: Walsh Terence A. , Bauer Teresa , Neal Roben , Merlo Ann Owens , Schmitzer Paul R. , Hicks Glenn R. , Honma Mary , Matsumura Wendy , Wolff Karen , Davies John P. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
A novel phenyltriazole acetic acid compound (DAS734) produced bleaching of new growth on a variety of dicotyledonous weeds and was a potent inhibitor of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedling growth. The phytotoxic effects of DAS734 on Arabidopsis were completely alleviated by addition of adenine to the growth media. A screen of ethylmethanesulfonate-mutagenized Arabidopsis seedlings recovered seven lines with resistance levels to DAS734 ranging from 5- to 125-fold. Genetic tests determined that all the resistance mutations were dominant and allelic. One mutation was mapped to an interval on chromosome 4 containing At4g34740, which encodes an isoform of glutamine phosphoribosylamidotransferase (AtGPRAT2), the first enzyme of the purine biosynthetic pathway. Sequencing of At4g34740 from the resistant lines showed that all seven contained mutations producing changes in the encoded polypeptide sequence. Two lines with the highest level of resistance (125-fold) contained the mutation R264K. The wild-type and mutant AtGPRAT2 enzymes were cloned and functionally overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Assays of the recombinant enzyme showed that DAS734 was a potent, slow-binding inhibitor of the wild-type enzyme (I50 approximately 0.2 μ m), whereas the mutant enzyme R264K was not significantly inhibited by 200 μ m DAS734. Another GPRAT isoform in Arabidopsis, AtGPRAT3, was also inhibited by DAS734. This combination of chemical, genetic, and biochemical evidence indicates that the phytotoxicity of DAS734 arises from direct inhibition of GPRAT and establishes its utility as a new and specific chemical genetic probe of plant purine biosynthesis. The effects of this novel GPRAT inhibitor are compared to the phenotypes of known AtGPRAT genetic mutants.
Development of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) genetic maps using microsatellite and AFLP markers and a pseudo‐testcross strategy
Authors: Liao M. , Zhang L. , Yang G. , Zhu M. , Wang D. , Wei Q. , Zou G. , Chen D. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySilver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) are two of the four most important pond‐cultured fish species inhabiting the major river basins of China. In the present study, genetic maps of silver carp and bighead carp were constructed using microsatellite and AFLP markers and a two‐way pseudo‐testcross strategy. To create the maps, 60 individuals were obtained from a cross of a single bighead carp (female) and a single silver carp (male). The silver carp map consisted of 271 markers (48 microsatellites and 223 AFLPs) that were assembled into 27 linkage groups, of which 22 contained at least four markers. The total length of the silver carp map was 952.2 cM, covering 82.8% of the estimated genome size. The bighead carp map consisted of 153 markers (27 microsatellites and 126 AFLPs) which were organized into 30 linkage groups, of which 19 contained at least four markers. The total length of the bighead carp map was 852.0 cM, covering 70.5% of the estimated genome size. Eighteen microsatellite markers were common to both maps. These maps will contribute to discovery of genes and genetic regions controlling traits in the two species of carp.
Genetic relationships among Chinese pigs and other pig populations from Hunan Province, China
Authors: Tao J. , Qin Z.‐Q. , Tao Y. , Wen L. , Shu X.‐S. , Wang Z.‐C. , Liu X.‐W. , Li W.‐J. , Hu W.‐X. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIn this study, protein‐level polymorphisms of transferrin, pre‐albumin, hemopexin, ceruloplasmin and amylase were investigated in Hunan native pigs and Large Yorkshire pigs collected from Hunan (a province of China), allowing calculations of allele frequencies, average heterozygosities, inbreeding coefficients and genetic distances. The genetic relationship between Southeast Asian native pigs and American pigs was more distant than those among Southeast Asian native pig breeds. The genetic relationship between Southeast Asian native pig breeds and Hampshire pigs was the most distant.
Combining δ13C and δ18O analyses to unravel competition, CO2 and O3 effects on the physiological performance of different‐aged trees
Authors: GRAMS THORSTEN E. E. , KOZOVITS ALESSANDRA R. , HÄBERLE KARL‐HEINZ , MATYSSEK RAINER , DAWSON TODD E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTCombined δ13C and δ18O analyses of leaf material were used to infer changes in photosynthetic capacity (Amax) and stomatal conductance (gl) in Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies trees growing under natural and controlled conditions. Correlation between gl and δ18O in leaf cellulose (δ18Ocel) allowed us to apply a semi‐quantitative model to infer gl from δ18Ocel and also interpret variation in δ13C as reflecting variation in Amax. Extraction of leaf cellulose was necessary, because δ18O from leaf organic matter (δ18OLOM) and δ18Ocel was not reliably correlated.In juvenile trees, the model predicted elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) to reduce Amax in both species, whereas ozone (O3) only affected beech by reducing CO2 uptake via lowered gl. In adult trees, Amax declined with decreasing light level as gl was unchanged. O3 did not significantly affect isotopic signatures in leaves of adult trees, reflecting the higher O3 susceptibility of juvenile trees under controlled conditions. The isotopic analysis compared favourably to the performance of leaf gas exchange, underlining that the semi‐quantitative model approach provides a robust way to gather time‐integrated information on photosynthetic performance of trees under multi‐faced ecological scenarios, in particular when information needed for quantitative modelling is only scarcely available.
Volatile fluxes from volcanoes
Authors: Cloarec Marie‐Françoise Le , Marty Bernard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVolatile fluxes from Mid Ocean Ridge (MOR) and subaerial volcanism have been estimated or re‐evaluated using several natural tracers‐3He, 210Po, SO2‐and chemical ratios of volatile species in lavas and volcanic gases.These estimates confirm the net predominance of anthropogenic fluxes over volcanic fluxes for CO2, SO2 and trace metals.They also suggest that, while most of the volatiles transferred during MOR volcanism come from the mantle, volatiles stored at the surface of the Earth supply an appreciable fraction of subaerial fluxes and can be the dominant source for some of them.The surface inventory of volatile species cannot result from steady‐state degassing with constant rate and needs much greater fluxes in the past or other volatile supply processes. This inventory is the result of several of the following processes: capture of the solar nebula and its subsequent partial escape, impact degassing of accreting bodies, and, from Archean to present mantle, degasssing through volcanism and associated phenomena, with recycling into the mantle through subduction.
Carbo‐Permian pteridophyll leaf fragments from an amphibolite facies basement, Tauern Window, Austria
Authors: Franz G. , Mosbruggr V. , Menge R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGraphitic schists from the Pennine Basement, Tauern Window, Austria, contain fragments of pteridophyll leaves. They are preserved, despite the overall strong deformation and metamorphism at amphibolite facies conditions (˜ 525°C, 750°100 MPa), due to a particular strain path with volume loss by pressure solution. They were determined as cf. Callipteridium sp. indicating a Permo‐Carboniferous age. This depositional age is similar to radiometric age data obtained for the intrusion of nearby metagranitoids, indicating either tectonic contacts between the metagranitoids and the graphite schists, or a very active and rapidly changing tectonic regime during the Hercynian event.
Stepwise mass extinctions: the case for the Late Cenomanian event
Authors: Hart Malcolm B. , Leary Paul N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe various extinctions of marine taxa in the Late Cenomanian can be shown as conforming to the ‘step‐wise extinction’ model. The order of such extinctions is, however, compatible with the presence of an expanded oxygen minimum zone in the world ocean. The occurrence of iridium anomalies at this level in the succession may, however, indicate a volcanogenic control on the global environment. Detailed time‐analysis of the Late Cenomanian event has been used to produce a correlation of some key successions.
The Rukwa earthquake of 13 December 1910 in East Africa
Authors: Ambraseys N.N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe reappraised the Rukwa earthquake of 1910 in the East African Rift System. With a magnitude of 7.4, no earthquake in East Africa is known to be larger and it is rivalled only by the recent earthquake in southern Sudan on 20 May 1990. More than 80 per cent of the moment release in the Rift during the last 110 years is due to the Rukwa earthquake and its aftershocks that occurred between the Tanganyka and Nyasa systems. In spite of its large magnitude, the Rukwa earthquake caused very little damage to local types of dwellings and no loss of life. With increasing development of urban areas with modern types of houses, there is now increasing risk in East Africa from major earthquakes.