bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A TRANSPALATAL APPROACH TO THE HYPOTHALAMIC AREA IN THE FERRET
Authors: THOMSON A. P. D. 
Published: December 2008

A transpalatal approach to the hypothalamic area in the ferret is described.
In 1932 Hill & Parkes published an account of a technique for parapharyngeal hypophysectomy in the ferret, an animal which is eminently suited for certain experimental studies on the pituitary because of the nature of its reproductive cycle. Because of the thickness of the tissue between the neck and the base of the skull the approach described by Hill & Parkes does not permit any delicate manipulations of the pituitary. The technique outlined in the present paper allows more delicate surgical manoeuvres on the hypothalamic area, from the pituitary posteriorly to the chiasma in front, and also reduces the time to reach the pituitary from about 60 min. to less than 10 min. An additional advantage is that the services of a surgical assistant are not required.
A COMPARISON OF PLASMA INORGANIC PHOSPHATE LEVELS IN NORMAL AND DIABETIC PREGNANCIES
Authors: MORGANS MARGARET E. 
Published: December 2008

Plasma inorganic phosphate has been estimated in normal and diabetic non-pregnant women. Maternal and cord values have been estimated at delivery in normal and diabetic women.
There is no significant difference in the fasting levels obtained for normal and diabetic non-pregnant women.
A significantly lower level of plasma inorganic phosphate was found in normal women delivered naturally, probably accounted for by the repeated intake of glucose during labour.
No abnormally high levels for plasma inorganic phosphate were found in the maternal or cord blood of diabetic women.
THE EXCRETION OF DEHYDROISOANDROSTERONE AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES BY HEALTHY SUBJECTS
Authors: BRAY BARBARA M. , MERIVALE W. H. H. 
Published: December 2008

1. The urinary excretion of dehydroisoandrosterone by nineteen healthy women and twenty-one healthy men has been estimated by the method of Munson, Jones, McCall & Gallagher [1948].
2. Men excreted a mean of 4·4 mg±2·4 (s.d.)/24 hr and women a mean of 4·0 mg ± 1·5/24 hr. The mean percentages of total neutral 17-ketosteroids, excreted as dehydroisoandrosterone, were 32·8 ± 8·8 and 36·3% ± 8·4, respectively.
3. The day-to-day variation in excretion was studied in two men and one woman.
4. These results are contrasted with those of other workers.
THE EFFECT OF 'AGENE-INDUCED' CONVULSIONS ON ADRENAL STEROID EXCRETION IN NORMAL AND CASTRATE DOGS
Authors: COSTA P. J. , BONNYCASTLE D. D. 
Published: December 2008

A study of the excretion of urinary 17-ketosteroids and reducing corticoids has been carried out in male dogs, during the exposure to convulsant doses of 'agene-treated' protein. It was observed that a decrease in urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion occurred during the pre-fit and fit phases. The dogs that survived the convulsive episodes showed a decrease in corticoid excretion beginning with the first pre-fit day. Those animals that ultimately died exhibited, first an increase in urinary corticoid excretion (first pre-fit day), and then a decrease. In castrate animals the same patterns of reaction were noted.
This study indicates that 'agene' intoxication produces an imbalance in adrenocortical steroid excretion. This imbalance is different from that expected after acute stress, and seen following exposure to some other convulsant agents.
SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN ADRENOCORTICAL SECRETION
Authors: BUSH I. E. 
Published: December 2008

1. The secretion of the adrenal cortex in several mammalian species has been studied by direct analysis of samples of adrenal venous blood, using paper chromatography.
2. All the species examined were found to secrete large amounts of 17-hydroxycorticosterone and/or corticosterone, and some a third compound, provisionally identified as 11-hydroxy- androst-4-ene-3:17-dione.
3. The ratio of 17-hydroxycorticosterone to corticosterone secreted, varied from < 0·05 in rats to > 20 in rhesus monkeys, but did not vary appreciably between members of any one species.
4. In any individual, changes in total secretion rate produced no change in the relative amounts of the different components of the secretion.
5. ACTH increased the secretion rate of all components of the secretion.
6. It is suggested that the species differences observed in adrenocortical secretion are genetically determined, and cannot at present be related to any known differences of adrenocortical function in these species. Observable physiological differences may, however, be discovered, and caution should be exercised in generalizing from the results of ACTH treatment in the rat and rabbit.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF SKIN AUTOGRAFTS AND SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN THE GUINEA-PIG, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ACETATE AND ASCORBIC ACID ON THE HOMOGRAFT REACTION
Authors: SPARROW ELIZABETH M. 
Published: December 2008

1. The behaviour and fate of skin autografts and skin homografts in guinea-pigs is described.
2. In general the homograft reaction in the guinea-pig resembles that of the rabbit, but the inflammatory changes that accompany breakdown are less pronounced.
3. The survival time of skin homografts transplanted between genetically diverse guinea-pigs ranged from 5 to 17 days in different individuals.
4. Skin homografts transplanted to guinea-pigs that had been immunized beforehand by grafts of skin from the same donor underwent accelerated breakdown.
5. The daily subcutaneous administration of 5 mg of cortisone acetate is ineffective in prolonging the life of skin homografts in guinea-pigs, but the daily subcutaneous injection of 25 mg of cortisone acetate at least doubles their survival time.
6. Daily intraperitoneal injections of as much as 20 mg of cortisone were ineffective in prolonging the life of skin homografts. The route of injection is therefore a significant variable.
7. Cortisone did not retard the healing of autografts or homografts.
8. The oral administration of extra ascorbic acid had no appreciable effect on the skin homograft reaction and did not improve the healing of grafts transplanted to guinea-pigs maintained on a diet of oats and hay with supplementary cabbage.
A COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENCES IN THE TOTAL NITROGEN CONTENT OF THE MUSCLES OF THE RAT, RESULTING FROM TREATMENT WITH GROWTH HORMONE AND FROM INANITION
Authors: GREENBAUM A. L. , YOUNG F. G. 
Published: December 2008

1. The distribution of nitrogen in the bodies of rats treated with purified growth hormone for 23 days, and of rats starved for 6 days, has been studied.
2. Some of the extra nitrogen of the growth hormone-treated animals was found deposited in all the tissues examined, with the exception of the heart and the soleus muscle, but the rate at which the individual muscles grew was not uniform. Pectoralis major, masseter, quadriceps, acromiotrapezius, deep spinal muscle, supraspinatus and the diaphragm grew significantly faster than the body as a whole.
3. All the tissues studied, except the masseter and the soleus muscles, were found to lose nitrogen during inanition. It was observed that, with the exception of the masseter muscle, those tissues gaining protein most rapidly under the influence of growth hormone were those that lost it most rapidly during starvation, and conversely.
4. These results reveal the existence of a group of muscles with protein of greater lability than that of the rest of the body tissues. These muscles respond most vigorously to the deposition of protein during treatment with growth hormone, and suffer most depletion of protein during inanition.
THE FLOW PROPERTIES OF CERVICAL SECRETIONS IN THE COW AS RELATED TO CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: GLOVER F. A. , BLAIR G. W. SCOTT 
Published: December 2008

The flow properties of bovine cervical secretions were measured in a constant speed emptying capillary micro-rheometer (the 'rheoscope'). Ten cows were studied for three oestrous cycles and onwards through the complete gestation period (875 readings). In a subsidiary special study of the changes in secretions occurring during the first 2 months of pregnancy, forty animals were examined (480 readings).
The variations in the flow properties so measured were found to be correlated with the physiological changes accompanying the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. Characteristic differences were noted in cases of abortion and subfertility.
It is suggested that the flow properties are governed by the ovarian hormones and that the measurements represent the resultant effect of the levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the body.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE STERILIZATION OF FEMALE ALBINO MICE WITH OESTROGEN
Authors: EMMENS C. W. 
Published: December 2008

Monogamously-mated female albino mice were injected with 0·02–0·50 μg of oestradiol benzoate twice weekly for from 1 to 4 months, and then rested until 6 months had elapsed from the start of the test. All were then injected with 0·20 μg of oestradiol benzoate twice weekly for 2 months. Various control groups were also maintained. The test was then continued for a total period of 12 months, and the fertility of all groups recorded throughout.
During the first injection period, a dose of 0·10 μg or less did not affect fertility. A dose of 0·50 μg delayed the first appearance of litters by approximately 1 month from the cessation of injections.
During the second injection period, the uniform dose of 0·20 μg also caused a delay in the first appearance of a litter by from 10 to 49 days after stopping injections in different groups, but no correlation was found between the magnitude of this delay and previous treatment.
Although litter sizes were somewhat reduced after treatment, fertility seemed otherwise to have been completely regained after each course of injections, and there were no significant histological findings in the reproductive organs at the end of the test period.
ANTIDIURETIC ACTIVITY IN BLOOD OBTAINED FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Authors: GINSBURG M. , HELLER H. 
Published: December 2008

1. The antidiuretic potencies of blood, serum and plasma obtained from various parts of the cardiovascular system of rats were compared.
2. External jugular blood was found to have higher activity than blood from the other sites. After hypophysectomy the antidiuretic potency of external jugular blood was much diminished.
3. The antidiuretic activity of hepatic and renal venous blood was lower than that of arterial blood, suggesting that antidiuretic hormone is removed from blood during passage through the splanchnic vascular area or the kidneys, or both.
4. The antidiuretic potency of blood was shown to increase with the volume of blood withdrawn.
5. Ether anaesthesia increased the antidiuretic activity of external jugular blood.
6. The antidiuretic activity of carotid serum when given subcutaneously was higher than that of carotid plasma. This difference was not seen after intravenous injections.
7. In sheep and in mice, plasma of blood from the external jugular veins had more antidiuretic effect than plasma from other sites.
THE EFFECT OF SEX STEROIDS ON THE RESPIRATION OF THE RAT VENTRAL PROSTATE IN VITRO
Authors: BERN H. A. 
Published: December 2008

A study of the respiration of rat ventral prostate has been carried out with special reference to the effect of added carbohydrate and certain sex steroids.
The average Qo2 value for rat ventral prostate was 9·1. When this tissue was examined 48 hr after castration, there was a significant decrease in the average Qo2 value to 7·1. The rate of respiration remained the same in the absence and in the presence of added glucose or fructose.
A high concentration of testosterone, 50 μg/ml., inhibited the oxygen consumption of ventral prostate; oestradiol had a less pronounced effect. With lower concentrations of testosterone, such as 0·5 μg/ml. or 0·005 μg/ml., variable results were obtained, but the average Qo2 value did not differ significantly from that established for the ventral prostate alone. The addition of testosterone to the ventral prostate from castrate rats did not increase the respiration.
ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN IN RELATION TO THE DIABETOGENIC ACTIVITY OF GROWTH-HORMONE PREPARATIONS: FURTHER OBSERVATIONS
Authors: REID E. 
Published: December 2008

As previously reported [Reid, 1953a], ACTH preparations do not readily enhance the diabetogenic potency (in cats) of purified preparations of growth hormone (GH), in contrast to that of crude ox-pituitary extracts. It is now postulated that crude extracts are rich in a 'co-factor' which enables, or helps, ACTH to enhance the diabetogenic activity of GH. Some evidence has been found for the presence of such a 'co-factor' in crude chorionic gonadotrophin, in semipurified LH, and in crude 'albumin fractions' obtained as by-products in the isolation of GH from crude extracts.
It was previously shown that the effectiveness of different ACTH preparations, in enhancing the diabetogenic potency of crude GH preparations, bore little relation to their activity in the Sayers test (ascorbic acid depletion). It now appears that this lack of correlation is not attributable to differences in the rate of absorption after injection into cats.
The diabetogenic potency of an alkaline pituitary extract was found to be enhanced when a preparation of ox 'crude corticotropin' (containing some GH), or of pig GH, was given concurrently at an acidic pH so that its intrinsic diabetogenic activity was low. This ' ACTH-like activity' was not found with purified ox GH under these conditions.
THE RELATION OF ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION TO SCURVY IN GUINEA-PIGS. THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS ACTH AND ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. , PRUNTY F. T. G. 
Published: December 2008

1. When adrenal ascorbic acid is minimal in scurvy, the gland is still capable of responding to exogenous ACTH as shown by an increase in urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion.
2. Adrenalectomized guinea-pigs deprived of ascorbic acid lose weight rapidly and die in a few days with early manifestations of acute scurvy but without any increase in urinary 17-ketosteroids.
3. Adrenalectomized guinea-pigs do not show an increase of 17-ketosteroids in response to ACTH.
THE EFFECT OF SEX HORMONES ON COMB GROWTH IN IMMATURE PULLETS
Authors: BOLTON W. 
Published: December 2008

1. The effects of injecting oestradiol dipropionate (ODP), testosterone propionate (TP) and progesterone (P) in immature pullets have been studied.
2. TP evoked hypertrophy of the comb and wattles, but ODP and P were without effect.
3. The greatest comb growth was observed when all three hormones were injected; next in order were combs from birds receiving TP alone and then those given TP with either ODP or P.
4. Injections of all three hormones produced a slight increase in proliferative activity of the stratum germinativum and a decrease in the density of the connective tissue of the corium of the combs when compared with those of birds injected with TP alone. The combs of birds treated with ODP showed prominent blood capillaries in the peripheral layers of the corium when frozen sections were stained with Scharlach R. This is thought to have been due to the marked affinity of their red blood cells for the stain and indicates a high lipid content of the cell membrane. Similar differences were also noted in the combs of normal laying female as compared with normal male birds.
5. These histological differences provide a possible explanation for the known differences in shape, colour and texture between female and male combs.
6. It is suggested that the histological examination of the comb provides a means of establishing the validity of an assay of a hormonal preparation by the comb growth technique.
THE INFLUENCE OF HYPOTHERMIA ON THE UPTAKE OF 131I BY THE THYROID
Authors: VERZÁR F. , VIDOVIC V. , HAJDUKOVIC S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Thyroid activity was studied with 131I injected intraperitoneally. The uptake of 131I was followed in the living animal. The animals were brought into a state of hypoxic hypothermia by Giaja's method [1940].
2. The thyroid gland is completely inactive at body temperatures of between 15 and 20° C.
3. At body temperatures of between 23 and 28° C, thyroid activity is decreased, but is large enough, over a sufficiently long period of time, to concentrate normal quantities of iodine.
4. Thyroid activity is unchanged when a normal body temperature is regained after a single or four to six successive phases of hypothermia.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESPONSE OF THE UTERUS TO SEROTONINE
Authors: ROBSON J. M. , TROUNCE J. R. , DIDCOCK K. A. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The sensitivity of the rat uterus to serotonine (5-hydroxy-tryptamine) is high in oestrus, but appears to diminish in dioestrus.
2. The sensitivity of the rat uterus to serotonine is high in pregnancy, but diminishes in the immediate post-partum period.
3. Ovariectomy diminishes the sensitivity of the rat uterus to serotonine. Sensitivity can be restored by oestradiol and stilboestrol, but not by some other steroid hormones.
4. Some blocking agents so far described do not appear to be specific for serotonine.
5. An inhibiting effect of parachlorometacresol on the spontaneous activity and response of the uterus to serotonine is described.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE ON THE MILK-EJECTION RESPONSE OF THE SOW
Authors: WHITTLESTONE W. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of adrenaline on the normal milk-ejection response of the lactating sow to oxytocin has been examined for a limited range of concentrations. Both the duration of ejection and the change in intramammary pressure have been used as measures of the responses produced. The effects of 0·5 i.u. of oxytocin may be suppressed by 200 μg of adrenaline injected just before the oxytocin. This inhibiting action decreases as the period between the injections increases until after about 2 min the response is normal.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ACTH EXTRACTS ON THE GONADS
Authors: BRIMBLECOMBE R. W. , HALKERSTON I. D. K. , REISS M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
ACTH extracts showing inhibition of the stimulatory action of PMS on follicular maturation in infantile female rats and slight stimulation of the growth of the testes and accessory sex organs in infantile male rats and day-old chicks have been investigated.
The action of these extracts on the gonads was found to be independent of the adrenal ascorbic acid depleting principle, as ACTH fractions free from inhibitory or stimulatory influence on the gonads could be prepared.
The nature of the factor described is discussed.
A STUDY OF HUMAN THYROID FUNCTION BY MEANS OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE
Authors: CHAKRABORTY K. P. , BOSE A. , BHATTACHARYA K. L. , GUPTA N. N. DAS 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. When the state of the thyroid is classified as euthyroid or hyperthyroid from a previous estimation of clinical symptoms, B.M.R. and plasma-bound iodine concentration (P.B.I.), there is no appreciable overlap in either the maximum uptake, the time to reach the maximum, or in the mean rate of iodine accumulation by the thyroid, during the first 3 hr following oral administration of 100 μc. 131I.
2. The line of demarcation between the hyperthyroid and the euthyroid lies at a maximum uptake of 40% of the administered dose or at a maximum average rate of accumulation of 6%/hr during the first 3 hr.
3. The rate of disappearance of iodine from the blood is not so sharply defined in the two groups. In the euthyroid group it varies from 8 to 19%/hr, while in the hyperthyroid it ranges between 16 and 34%/hr.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON THE SURVIVAL OF SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN RABBITS
Authors: HESLOP R. W. , KROHN P. L. , SPARROW ELIZABETH M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Rabbit-skin homografts transplanted to recipients that are between 20 and 24 days pregnant survive for about twice as long as do homografts transplanted to pregnant rabbits early or late in pregnancy or to normal males or females.
2. Pregnancy does not interfere with the manifestation of a pre-existing immunity to a donor's skin.
3. The results are taken to provide evidence that the production of corticosteroids is increased during pregnancy. Possible sources of such increased production are discussed.
4. It is suggested that adrenocortical hormones may help to protect the foetus from the immunological consequences of its genetic incompatibility with the mother.
A STUDY OF THE VARIATION IN RESPONSE OF OVARIECTOMIZED MICE TO THE INTRAVAGINAL AND SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF OESTROGENS
Authors: BIGGERS J. D. , CLARINGBOLD P. J. , EMMENS C. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
From the results of two successive intravaginal tests with oestrone, mice were classified into groups having different sensitivities. These groups were more homogeneous in their responses than the parent colony, and hence the slope of the within-group dose-response lines was increased. The slope of the within-group dose-response lines to oestradiol-3:17β was also found to be increased.
The groups retained their homogeneity when tested by the intravaginal method over an experimental period of 3 months, but when tested by the subcutaneous method, there were no significant differences between them.
Mice were also classified by using the subcutaneous route of administration with the same results as above. When they were tested by the intravaginal method, no significant differences were found between them.
The significance of these findings to the study of the action of oestrogens is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ALCOHOL AND ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE) ON SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: SPARROW ELIZABETH M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Subcutaneous injection twice daily of 5 mg of cortisone alcohol is as effective in prolonging the life of skin homografts in the guinea-pig as the daily administration of 25 mg of cortisone acetate, under the conditions of administration.
2. A preparation equivalent to 12·5 mg of ACTH (Armour), when given daily subcutaneously in a slow-release medium (beeswax and arachis oil), gave a prolongation of epithelial survival not less than that obtained with cortisone.
3. The course of the homograft reaction in guinea-pigs treated with cortisone alcohol, and in some of those receiving ACTH, was not exactly the same as that produced bycortisone acetate. There was a strong inflammatory reaction in the grafts at an early stage, while the graft epithelium showed vigorous proliferative activity. The grafts on other animals receiving ACTH showed delayed vascularization and leucocytic infiltration with relative quiescence of the epithelium in the early stages. Nevertheless, the general course of the reaction in both cases was of a prolonged vacillating type.
4. It is suggested that large supplementary doses of cortisone are required to produce an appreciable prolongation in the survival time of skin homografts in guinea-pigs, because their normal output of 'glucocorticoids' is high and their tissues are relatively insensitive. The efficacy of ACTH in the guinea-pig as compared with other animals, e.g. the rabbit, is at present unexplained.