bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of amino acids in translational mechanisms governing milk protein synthesis in murine and ruminant mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Moshel Yana , Rhoads Robert E. , Barash Itamar 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe role of amino acids (AA) on translational regulation in mammary epithelial cells cultured under lactogenic conditions was studied. The rates of total protein synthesis and β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) synthesis in mouse CID‐9 cells were 2.1‐ or 3.1‐fold higher, respectively, than in their bovine L‐1 counterparts. Total AA deprivation or selective deprivation of Leu had a negative protein‐specific effect on BLG synthesis that was more pronounced in bovine cells than in murine cells. Dephosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 1 (4E‐BP1) and S6 kinase (S6K1) on Thr389 but not on Ser411 was also more prominent in bovine cells. Noteably, deprivation of Leu had a less marked effect on BLG synthesis and 4E‐BP1 or S6K1 phosphorylation than deprivation of all AA. In AA‐deprived CID‐9 cells, Leu specifically restored BLG synthesis from pre‐existing mRNA whereas AA also restored total protein synthesis. This restoration was associated with a more pronounced effect on 4E‐BP1 and S6K1 phosphorylation in bovine versus murine cells. Rapamycin specifically reduced Leu‐ and AA‐stimulated BLG translation initiation in a dose‐dependent manner. A further reduction was observed for Leu‐treated cells in the presence of LY294002, a PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase) inhibitor, which also reduced total protein synthesis. These findings suggest that direct signaling from AA to the translational machinery is involved in determining the rates of milk protein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 685–700, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dual involvement of protein kinase C δ in apoptosis induced by syndecan‐2 in osteoblasts
Authors: Orosco Armelle , Fromigué Olivia , Haÿ Eric , Marie Pierre J. , Modrowski Dominique 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSyndecans are proteoglycans that act as signaling molecules. Previously, we showed that syndecan‐2 (SYND2) is involved in the control of osteoblastic (OB) cell apoptosis. Here, we show a novel functional interaction between SYND2 and protein kinase C δ (PKCδ). Overexpression of SYND2 in MG63 OB cells resulted in increased PKCδ protein level without change in PKCδ mRNA production. In SYND2‐transfected cells, the increase in PKCδ was restricted to the cytosolic compartment, threonine 505‐PKCδ was underphosphorylated and immunoprecipitated PKCδ showed decreased capacity to phosphorylate histone, indicating that SYND2 decreased PKCδ activity. Inhibition of PKCδ by Rottlerin or a dead‐kinase dominant negative (DN) construct activated effector caspases and increased the number of apoptotic cells. In addition, rescue of kinase activity with a construct coding, the PKCδ catalytic domain (CAT) reduced SYND2‐induced apoptosis. This indicates that PKCδ acts as a pro‐survival kinase and that SYND2 inhibits the anti‐apoptotic action of PKCδ in OB cells. We also showed that overexpression of PKCδ wild type (WT) induced osteoblast apoptosis. Moreover, inhibition of PKCδ by siRNA resulted in increased apoptosis in control cells but reduced apoptosis in SYND2‐overexpressing osteoblasts, indicating that SYND2 requires PKCδ accumulation to induce apoptosis. These results show that SYND2 modulates PKCδ actions by inhibition of the canonical allosterical activation pathway that plays an anti‐apoptotic role in OB cells, and promotion of a pro‐apoptotic role that may depend on PKCδ protein level and that participates to the induction of cell death by SYND2. This establishes a functional interaction between SYND2 and PKCδ in osteoblasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 838–850, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recovery of nineteenth‐century Tokyo/Osaka meteorological data in Japan
Authors: Zaiki M. , Können G. P. , Tsukahara T. , Jones P. D. , Mikami T. , Matsumoto K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe have recovered instrumental temperature and pressure observations from Tokyo covering the periods 1825–1828, 1839–1855, and 1872–1875; from Yokohama covering the periods 1860–1871 and 1874; from Osaka covering the periods 1828–1833 and 1869–1871; and from Kobe covering the periods 1869–1871 and 1875–1888. The newly recovered records contain data before the 1870s, which is a period where, until recently, no instrumental data in Japan were believed to exist. Their addition to the previous backward extension of Japanese series, as based on the recently recovered intermittent Dejima/Nagasaki series 1819–1878, implies that the nineteenth‐century extension of the Japanese instrumental record no longer contains major temporal gaps. The recovered data were used for a preliminary calculation of the west‐Japan temperature (WJT) series, which is a representative temperature series for the area. The existence of a warm epoch in the 1850s over W‐Japan and a downward temperature trend till the early twentieth century, as previously inferred from documentary data, is confirmed from the WJT data. The pressure data implies that the temperature differences between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are at least partly caused by a change in atmospheric circulation. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Synoptic climatological influences on the spatial and temporal variability of aerosols over North America
Authors: Power Helen C. , Sheridan Scott C. , Senkbeil Jason C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric aerosols is not well understood, as most studies have been constrained to data sets that include few stations and are of short duration. Furthermore, all methods for quantifying atmospheric turbidity suffer from a major constraint in that they require cloudless sky conditions. This restriction produces gaps in the turbidity record and sampling bias, which has led to questionable inferences about the variability of aerosols.In this research, we address these concerns via analyses at scales broader than all previous studies. We analyzed the spectral aerosol optical depth at 500 nm (τa5) and Ångström's wavelength exponent (α), which represents the relative size distribution of aerosols. A total of 27 sites, with a mean period of record of 7.3 years, are included. Beyond seasonal and spatial summaries of aerosol variability, we have divided observations by synoptic condition, utilizing the Spatial Synoptic Classification (SSC).Our results show that atmospheric turbidity across North America is greatest over the east. Seasonality of both parameters was shown, most notably a greater τa5 during summertime. Utilizing the SSC, we have uncovered significant differences across weather types. Moist weather types, especially moist tropical, display considerably higher turbidity, while the colder, drier dry polar weather type is associated with low aerosol optical depth. Certain weather types show considerable seasonal variability; the dry tropical weather type is associated with relatively low values in winter, but high values in summer, when convection is significant. Cluster analyses of stations yielded three general regions, each with similar synoptic variability: a western cluster with low aerosol optical depth and minimal synoptic variability, an eastern cluster with higher turbidity and variability, and a cluster located on the periphery of the eastern cluster, associated with moderate levels of turbidity but very high variability, suggesting a varied influence of nearby industrial areas. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Modelling current trends in Northern Hemisphere temperatures
Authors: Mills Terence C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFitting a trend is of interest in many disciplines, but it is of particular importance in climatology, where estimating the current and recent trend in temperature is thought to provide a major indication of the presence of global warming. A range of ad hoc methods of trend fitting have been proposed, with little consensus as to the most appropriate techniques to use. The aim of this paper is to consider a range of trend extraction techniques, none of which require ‘padding’ out the series beyond the end of the available observations, and to use these to estimate the trend of annual mean Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperatures. A comparison of the trends estimated by these methods thus provides a robust indication of the likely range of current trend temperature increases and hence inform, in a timely quantitative fashion, arguments based on global temperature data concerning the nature and extent of global warming and climate change. For the complete sample 1856–2003, the trend is characterised as having long waves about an underlying increasing level. Since around 1970, all techniques display a pronounced warming trend. However, they also provide a range of trend functions so that extrapolation far into the future would be a hazardous exercise. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Projecting the risk of future climate shifts
Authors: Enfield David B. , Cid‐Serrano Luis 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRecent research has shown that decadal‐to‐multidecadal (D2M) climate variability is associated with environmental changes that have important consequences for human activities, such as public health, water availability, frequency of hurricanes, and so forth. As scientists, how do we convert these relationships into decision support products useful to water managers, insurance actuaries, and others, whose principal interest lies in knowing when future climate regime shifts will likely occur that affect long‐horizon decisions? Unfortunately, numerical models are far from being able to make deterministic predictions for future D2M climate shifts. However, the recent development of paleoclimate reconstructions of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) (Gray et al., 2004) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO); (MacDonald and Case, 2005) give us a viable alternative: to estimate probability distribution functions from long climate index series that allow us to calculate the probability of future D2M regime shifts. In this paper, we show how probabilistic projections can be developed for a specific climate mode—the AMO as represented by the Gray et al. (2004) tree‐ring reconstruction. The methods are robust and can be applied to any D2M climate mode for which a sufficiently long index series exists, as well as to the growing body of paleo‐proxy reconstructions that have become available. The target index need not be a paleo‐proxy calibrated against a climate index; it may profitably be calibrated against a specific resource of interest, such as stream flow or lake levels. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Allogeneic acute rejection on fetal small‐bowel graft: role of gangliosides
Authors: Montero Edna Frasson De Souza , Steffens Vânia Antunes , Manna Mônica Cecília Bochetti , Koike Márcia Kiyomi , De Almeida Carlos Eduardo Saldanha , Ferreira De Oliveira Kátia , De Jesus Simões Manuel 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn previous work, it was shown that gangliosides (Gang) have an inhibitory effect on lymphocyte proliferation as well as on delayed‐type hypersensitivity response and mixed lymphocyte reaction. Therefore, we decided to examine the effect of gangliosides in acute allorejection after fetal intestinal transplantation. We used two female C57BL/6 mice on pregnancy day 19 as a source of fetal intestine. All animals were anesthetized with ketamine (70 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg), intramuscularly. We harvested intestinal segments of 1 cm to transplant into BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice (male, weighing around 20 g) used as recipients. They were divided into groups of six animals each: isogeneic and allogeneic without treatment, or treated with tacrolimus 1 mg/kg/day, or gangliosides 3 and 9 mg/kg/day, during 7 days posttransplantation, intramuscularly. On postoperative day 7, intestinal grafts were collected and fixed in 10% formalin solution. Using an anesthetic overdose as euthanasia, we removed the intestinal grafts. Tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin for histological analysis regarding grafts development (D) and rejection (R) aspects. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal‐Wallis test, considering P ≤ 0.05 as significant. In the isogeneic and tacrolimus groups, we observed a very good degree of development (D = 9 ± 0.5; D = 9 ± 0.4, respectively), but a severe degree of rejection (R = 15 ± 1.3) and a low degree of development (D = 1 ± 0.8) in animals without treatment. The ganglioside groups showed D = 5 ± 1.6 and R = 13 ± 3.3, and D = 7 ± 2.9 and R = 9 ± 1.9, for the 3‐mg and 9‐mg groups, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the ganglioside groups and allogeneic groups without treatment. Based on the above data, we conclude that avascular fetal intestine transplantation is a good experimental model for studying immunological events, and that gangliosides only partially modulate the allorejection response, allowing intestinal development, mainly at the highest ganglioside dose. Maybe immunomodulation would be better observed by using isolated types of gangliosides or association with other immunosuppressive drugs. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 26: 58–60, 2006.
Higher neutrophil infiltration mediated by osteopontin is a likely contributing factor to the increased susceptibility of females to alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Banerjee A , Apte UM , Smith R , Ramaiah SK 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major public health problem in the United States and women are known to be more susceptible to ALD. However, the precise mechanism for increased susceptibility of females to ALD is not completely understood. The present study is based on the hypothesis that induction of osteopontin (OPN), a matricellular protein, is the likely contributing factor for higher neutrophil recruitment in females during alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). ASH was induced in male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats by feeding them a Lieber‐DeCarli diet containing ethanol (EtOH) for 6 weeks, followed by a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg, ip). Liver injury, measured by plasma transaminase elevations and confirmed by haematoxylin and eosin‐stained liver sections, revealed ∼25‐fold higher liver injury in the female ASH model compared with the males. Although steatosis, necrosis, and neutrophil infiltration were evident in both male and female rats, hepatic neutrophilic necrotic foci were noted as early as 2 h after LPS injection in the EtOH‐treated female rats. Hepatic neutrophil infiltration correlated with higher expression of cleaved (cOPN) and uncleaved OPN in the EtOH + LPS‐treated female rats compared with the males. OPN secretion was localized predominantly in the biliary epithelium and females had significantly higher OPN mRNA than their male counterparts in the ASH model. The ability of OPN to attract neutrophils was further confirmed in vivo, in a peritonitis rat model, and by neutralizing OPN (nOPN) antibody experiments. Hepatic neutrophil infiltration was largely inhibited (∼50%) by nOPN antibody. Flow cytometry experiments revealed OPN‐mediated up‐regulation of the CD11b neutrophil adhesion molecule. In conclusion, these data suggest that higher hepatic expression of OPN is the likely reason for higher and early hepatic neutrophil infiltration making females more susceptible to ALD during ASH. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential expression of a gene signature for scavenger/lectin receptors by endothelial cells and macrophages in human lymph node sinuses, the primary sites of regional metastasis
Authors: Martens J‐H , Kzhyshkowska J , Falkowski‐Hansen M , Schledzewski K , Gratchev A , Mansmann U , Schmuttermaier C , Dippel E , Koenen W , Riedel F , Sankala M , Tryggvason K , Kobzik L , Moldenhauer G , Arnold B , Goerdt S 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSentinel lymph node biopsy for several cancers has shown that metastatic tumour cells are preferentially arrested in the lymph node sinuses. To study the molecular components of this sinusoidal trap, gene profiling of lymph node (sinuses) versus tonsil (no sinuses) was performed. Among other groups of molecules, an intriguing gene signature of scavenger and lectin‐like receptors was identified. Nine of the 13 genes were preferentially expressed in sinusoidal cells by immunohistochemistry. Using stabilin‐2 and monoclonal antibody 3A5 as exclusive endothelial cell (EC) and macrophage (Mφ) markers, respectively, lymph node sinusoidal ECs (stabilin‐2+, LYVE‐1+, DC‐SIGNR+, MARCO+, stabilin‐1+, MMR+) and sinusoidal Mφ (MMR+, DC‐SIGN+, sialoadhesin+, CD163+, stabilin‐1+ ) showed distinct, but overlapping expression patterns of the signature molecules by double labelling immunofluorescence. The number of stabilin‐1+ sinusoidal Mφ, however, varied considerably between samples, indicating turnover/differentiation dynamics in this sinusoidal cell population. In the hepatic sinuses, LYVE‐1 and CD36 were strongly up‐regulated on both sinusoidal ECs and Mφ, while DC‐SIGNR and DC‐SIGN were strongly down‐regulated; in contrast to lymph node sinusoidal ECs, MARCO was confined to Mφ (Kupffer cells) in the liver sinuses. As Mφ are not present in the wall and lumen of splenic sinuses, splenic sinuses expressed a considerably reduced repertoire of scavenger/lectin receptors lacking sialoadhesin, CD36, CD163, and MARCO; in addition, DC‐SIGNR was absent from splenic sinusoidal ECs, while DC‐SIGN and thrombomodulin were strongly expressed. Interestingly, most of the signature molecules are known to mediate tumour cell adhesion in addition to their functions as scavenger or pattern recognition receptors. This study establishes a gene and tissue database platform to test the hypothesis that additive expression of the lymph node sinus signature genes in sinusoidal ECs and Mφ may contribute to selective tumour cell metastasis in lymph nodes and liver including organ‐specific mechanisms, such as intraluminal retention or transmigration, while sparing the spleen. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salt stress adaptation of Bacillus subtilis: A physiological proteomics approach
Authors: Höper Dirk , Bernhardt Jörg , Hecker Michael 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe adaptation to osmotic stress is crucial for growth and survival of Bacillus subtilis in its natural ecosystem. Dual channel imaging and warping of 2‐D protein gels were used to visualize global changes in the protein synthesis pattern of cells in response to osmotic stress (6% NaCl). Many vegetative enzymes were repressed in response to salt stress and derepressed after resumption of growth. The enzymes catalyzing the metabolic steps from glucose to 2‐oxoglutarate, however, were almost constantly synthesized during salt stress despite the growth arrest. This indicates an enhanced need for the proline precursor glutamate. The synthesis of enzymes involved in sulfate assimilation and in the formation of Fe‐S clusters was also induced, suggesting an enhanced need for the formation or repair of Fe‐S clusters in response to salt stress. One of the most obvious changes in the protein synthesis profile can be followed by the very strong induction of the SigB regulon. Furthermore, members of the SigW regulon and of the PerR regulon, indicating oxidative stress after salt challenge, were also induced. This proteomic approach provides an overview of cell adaptation to an osmotic upshift in B. subtilis visualizing the most dramatic changes in the protein synthesis pattern.
Poly(ortho‐phenylene ethynylene)s: Synthetic accessibility and optical properties
Authors: Khan Anzar , Hecht Stefan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPoly(ortho‐phenylene ethynylene)s (PoPEs) have been synthesized via an in situ activation/coupling AB′ polycondensation protocol. The resulting polymers have been characterized by several analytical methods and are shown to have no structural defects. Although the Sonogashira–Hagihara polycondensation reaction is less efficient than for the preparation of the corresponding meta‐ and para‐linked polymers, presumably because of steric hindrance caused by the ortho substituents, the process can be accelerated by the use of microwave irradiation. Optical spectroscopy indicates solvent‐dependent conformational changes between extended transoid and helical cisoid conformations, providing the first experimental evidence for solvophobically driven folding of the PoPE backbone. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1619–1627, 2006
Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of butyl methacrylate in a miniemulsion stabilized with a cationic surfactant
Authors: Simms Ryan W. , Cunningham Michael F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe miniemulsion reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of butyl methacrylate was carried out with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the sole surfactant. The polymerizations were initiated with 2,2′‐azobis[2‐(2‐imidazolin‐2‐yl)propane] dihydrochloride and mediated with copper(II) bromide/tris[2‐di(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate)aminoethyl]amine. The living character was demonstrated by the linear increase in the number‐average molecular weight with conversion and the decreasing polydispersity index with conversion. The polymerizations were conducted at 90 °C with 1 wt % CTAB with respect to the monomer and produced a coagulum‐free latex with a mean particle diameter of 155 nm. The resulting latexes exhibited good shelf‐life stability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1628–1634, 2006
Novel amorphous perfluorocopolymeric system: Copolymers of perfluoro‐2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxolane derivatives
Authors: Yang Yu , Mikeš František , Yang Liang , Liu Weihong , Koike Yasuhiro , Okamoto Yoshiyuki 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPerfluorotetrahydro‐2‐methylene‐furo[3,4‐d][1,3]dioxole (monomer I) and perfluoro‐2‐methylene‐4‐methoxymethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane (monomer II) are soluble in perfluorinated or partially fluorinated solvents and readily polymerize in solution or in bulk when initiated by a free‐radical initiator, perfluorodibenzoyl peroxide. The copolymerization parameters have been determined with in situ 19F NMR measurements. The copolymerization reactivity ratios are rI = 1.80 and rII = 0.80 in 1,1,2‐trichlorotrifluoroethane at 41 °C and rI = 0.97 and rII = 0.85 for the bulk polymerization. These data show that this copolymerization pair has a good copolymerization tendency and yields nearly ideal random copolymers. The copolymers have only one glass‐transition temperature from 101 to 168 °C, depending on the copolymer compositions. Melting endotherms have not been observed in their differential scanning calorimetry traces, and this indicates that all the copolymers with different compositions are completely amorphous. These copolymers are thermally stable (the initial decomposition temperatures are higher than 350 °C under an N2 atmosphere) and have low refractive indices and high optical transparency from UV to near‐infrared. Copolymer films prepared by casting were flexible and tough. These properties make the copolymers ideal candidates as optical and electrical materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1613–1618, 2006