bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'islam en politique : les expériences arabes d'aujourd'hui
Authors: Salamé Ghassan 
Published: November 2007

Islam en politique : les expériences arabes d'aujourd'hui, par Ghassane Salame
Du golfe arabo-persique jusqu'aux rives de l'Atlantique, le monde arabe opère en ce moment une profonde redéfinition de son nationalisme caractérisée par l'invasion religieuse du champ politique. Après l'échec du nationalisme panarabe de Nasser, la disparition des espoirs que le non-alignement avait suscités dans les années 50 et l'expérience d'une solidarité islamique - fondée sur un Islam institutionnel - entre Etats musulmans indépendants, conduite par l'Arabie Saoudite, une troisième voie devait être trouvée entre le capitalisme et le communisme. Ce sera un Islam plus politique que rituel, moins économique que militant dont la révolution iranienne est l'illustration la plus spectaculaire aujourd'hui. Cette nouvelle vague se distingue des précédentes à la fois par sa référence fondamentale à l'Islam et par son militantisme dirigé en priorité contre l'Occident autant comme bloc stratégique ennemi, que comme modèle culturel. Le succès du khoméinisme a un impact considérable dans tous les pays arabes et a redonné un nouveau souffle aux mouvements néo-fondamentalistes. Mais ce "réveil de l'Islam" doit être replacé dans un contexte mondial : s'il peut remporter encore des succès ponctuels, il lui sera difficile d'atteindre au statu quo bipolaire qui régit le système international.
Le non-alignement à l'épreuve
Authors: Berg Eugène 
Published: November 2007

A Testing Time for the Non-Aligned Movement, by Eugene Berg
As the Cuban chairmanship expires and preparations for the VIIth Conference of Heads of State and government of non-aligned countries get under way, the author sums up the present state of the movement. It is now in a phase where its main problems are internal, because of ideological and political differences between its members and a lack of clear, uncontested leadership. The superpowers, in seeking to influence the movement, only add to these dilemmas. Nonetheless, non-alignment is still the preferred foreign policy option of a large portion of humanity. It continues to provide a framework for collaboration and action for countries which are anxious to achieve a better equilibrium in international relations. A more serious and open dialogue with outside currents of opinion could help in solving the problems of the movement.
Les Etats-Unis, l'Amérique centrale et les Caraïbes
Authors: Clerc Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2007

The United States, Central America and the Caribbean, by Jean-Pierre Clerc
Seen from close up, Central America cornes nowhere near being an homogeneous entity than the Caribbean. Holding the view that thèse twenty countries dotted around the « American Mediterranean » are merged into a single régional set is tantamount to thinking like an American. The fact of the matter is that Washington has for a considérable period of time been looking upon this Central American and Caribbean régional set as its « third frontier » and has wrought upon itself the task of protecting this land and this sea. As it so happens, absolute and relative poverty render these States prone to internai disorders and political turmoil. Washington is thus faced with a pressing dilemma : should the US send Marines to every single area which is being gradually taken over by Marxist movements — or even to areas already taken over by such move-ments as, for instance, Grenada — or should she resort to the solution of a carefully thought out coexistence with revolutionary movements when its very nature, above ail its Puritanism, is instinctively hostile to such movements. After careful study of the « threats » hanging over the région, the author concludes that thèse should not be over-exaggerated and would favour the second option. How-ever, he also examines the conditions which would ensure the safe-guard of US, hence Western, security interests. He holds the view, furthermore, that the other larger States in the region have a part to play in setting up this new modus vivendi and that those European powers who maintain a stake in this area, notably France, must also play an intelligent role in this process.
L'économie est-européenne dans la seconde moitié des années 1980 : apprendre à vivre avec la crise
Authors: Kartveli S. 
Published: November 2007

East Europe in the second half of 80s : learning to live with crisis, by S. Kartveli
Eastern Europe does not face a choice between internai intégration and opening up to the West. In spite of ideological objectives, economie rigidities prevent further progres s in internai intégration. Further retreat from the opening up to the West would endanger economie survival. « Assistance » from both East and West is now more limited, is less and less effective in warding off economie crisis, and will continue to create even greater dependance than in the past.
La Libye et l'Afrique
Authors: Tripp Charles 
Published: November 2007

Libya and Africa, by Charles Tripp
Africa has become a particular focus of Qadhafi's attention. This has been due to his isolation in the Arab world, his ideological proclivities, and the sensé of missionary zeal and insecurity which have characterised his révolution in Libya. Thèse same forces have driven him to seek a compliance with his will in Africa as absolute as that which he has created in Libya itself. In this he has failed. Resentment at Qadhafi's methods and his inability to overcome this resentment hâve denied him success. As elsewhere, this has also marred his policies in Chad. Insulated by his autocracy, he has been disinclined to modify his attitude, with the resuit that he tries the same tac tics repeatedly. However, there are indications that the security not only of neighbouring states, but also of Qadhafi's own régime are now being affected by the consequences of the régional conflicts in which he has persisted in embroiling his country, to no very useful end.
Les conséquences sur le contrôle des armements de la nouvelle politique de défense anti-missiles
Authors: Jasani Bhupendra 
Published: November 2007

Arms control implications of the new ballistic missile defence policy, by Bhupendra Jasani
Whilst the 1967 Treaty provided for demilitarisation of the moon and other celestial bodies and prohibited the orbit of mass destruction weapons, in fact the development of a new generation of arms for use in space has occurred since then. Current development of antimissile laser beam weapons and the perfecting of anti-satellite arms Systems give rise to fears of a change in the balance on which dissuasion rests and of a new phase of the arms race between the two super powers. At the present stage of research and development in the United States (the Soviet Union is very discreet about results of research in this field), it is not possible to judge the feasibility of an efficient missile defence system, but it is certain that the techniques used to destroy the attacking weapons which involve nuclear explosion would contrevene the stipulations of the Treaty of Moscow of August 1963 as the Treaty of May 1972 limiting deployment of ABMs. Negotiations are therefore important in order to avoid this new and dangerous arms race.
Les relations franco-allemandes et le fait nucléaire dans une Europe divisée
Authors: Adrets André 
Published: November 2007

Franco-German Relations and Nuclear Arms in a Divided Europe, by André Adrets
The Soviet Union is the unwitting cause of the new Franco-German coopération in the fields of national security and defence. Paris and Bonn were brought closer together by the Euro-missile crisis and seem to have forgotten their former competition to become the « privileged » partner of the USSR in the seventies. A large number of important projetcs for the future have resulted from this new close relationship. The whole nature of Franco-German cooperation has been transformed. In order to make further progress the French and the Germans owe each other mutually satisfactory definition of policy on nuclear arms. However taking small steps at time seems to be the only feasible way to proceed. Over-ambitious proposals will at best have to be discreetly dropped or may at worst raise the degree of tension involved in too rigid an adherence to the status quo.
Iran-Irak : an V de la guerre
Authors: Djalili Mohammad-Reza 
Published: November 2007

Iran and Iraq Enter Their Fifth Year of War, by Mohammad-Reza Djalili
On 22nd September, 1984, the Iran-Iraq war entered Us fifth year and into its fifth phase, which is characterised by a stalemate on the battle front on land and by the « tanker war » in the Gulf. It is almost impossible at the present time to make accurate forecasts concerning the outcome of the war, even after a detailed study of the military conjuncture, economie factors (particularly oil) and the political situation in the two countries. Forecasting has not been made easier by the lack of fundamental change in attitudes of third countries during the latest phase of the conflict. Negotiation, internationalisation of the conflict, the stalemate in hostilities are solutions which would satisfy Iraq, but these do not appeal to Iran, the Arab Gulf States and other powers. Teheran and Bagdad have reached an impasse, yet the absurdity and futility their war is obvious to all.
Défense et sécurité extérieure : le changement dans la continuité
Authors: Heisbourg François 
Published: November 2007

External Security and Defence : Change and Continuity, by François Heisbourg
Since 1981, there have been important innovations in French defence policy. The reforms have however been introduced progressively and have not therefore been spectacular. The administration has helped to build up the already existing consensus on defence questions, which has eased the implementation of the changes which most closely concern the army and the mobility of its forces. On the level of personnel, the changes have consisted of the introduction of voluntary prolongation of military service, a force réduction by 22 000 without cutting down the number of officers and the transfer of certain operational tasks of territorial defence from the police. At the same time the framework of military organisation has been modified to create a Rapid Action Force, to strengthen the Third Army Corps and the French Forces in Germany. There has also been a séparation of the prestrategic surface nuclear force from the battle fleet. Though it is not yet possible to assess the impact of the reforms undertaken, there would appear to be a tendency towards greater solidarity with our allies without loss of freedom of decision.
Quarante années de coexistence difficile
Authors: Ulam Adam B. 
Published: November 2007

Forty Years of Difficult Coexistence, by Adam B. Ulam
After forty years of difficult relations, a durable rapprochement could be achieved between the United States and the Soviet Union were the US to develop new political and diplomatie skills and the Kremlin forget some of its old habits. However, it would be imprudent to expect the Gorbachev regime to suddenly concentrate ail its energies and resources on domestic affairs and curtail entirely its propensity to create trouble on the international scene. On the other hand, it is not unrealistic to hope that Soviet economie needs coupled with well-advised and vigilant American diplomacy could bring about a more cautious and restrained approach in the Kremlin s foreign policy.
Tchernobyl et les médias en Europe de l'Est
Authors: Schreiber Thomas 
Published: November 2007

Chernobyl and the Media in Easterm Europe, by Thomas Schreiber
Moscow will feel the « fall-out » of the Chernobyl affair for a long time to corne in its relations with East European allies. The inadequate, incohérent and contradictory information supplied by « big brother » in the early stages of the disaster have discredited the Soviet information apparatus. Analysis of East European press and télévision! radio coverage is very illuminating and indirectly confirms the fact that Central and East European countries no longer constitute a homogenous block, but the silence and discretion of the media, before receiving the Soviet « green light » for diffusion of more crédible information very clearly illustrates the reality of the « Brezhnev doctrine » of limited sovereignty. It also explains the extraordinary success of Western radio in these countries.
L'impossible réforme du système monétaire international
Authors: Jacquet Pierre 
Published: November 2007

The Impossible Reform of the International Monetary System, by Pierre Jacquet
Long a mysterious domain reserved for experts, nowadays the workings of the International Monetary System frequently make headline news. Due to the unsteadiness which has characterised the System since the early 1980s, debate on the need for its reform has corne to the forefront, and a fairly general consensus has been reached on the desirability of returning to more stable exchange rates. However, the problem remains unresolved. Aside from the longstanding debate between those favouring fixed as against fluctuating rates, there is a new and urgent dimension, which should be taken into account, in international finance and money markets. This is the increased mobility of private capital resulting from the growing integration of financial markets, which is a source of greater interdependence between nations.
Le déclin (relatif) de l'Amérique
Authors: Kennedy Paul 
Published: November 2007

The (Relative) Décline of America, by Paul Kennedy
In February of 1941, the US magazine Life announced that this was the « American century ». The daim accorded well with the economie reality, and in the postwar period, it seemed natural that the US provide military protection to countries soliciting its help. But as these commitments grew, its share of world agricultural and industrial production fell, and its global strategy started to erode. Economie and military power do not follow parallel paths, military influence often lasts longer than économie. In fact, the USSR is also facing limits to its military power. The problem for the USA is to ensure proper management of its relative decline. Dominance is no longer possible, but governments can make equilibrating arrangements to harmonise commitments to potential.
Le traité sur les FNI et la sécurité occidentale
Authors: Perle Richard 
Published: November 2007

The INF Treaty and Western Security, by Richard Perle
The « zero option » proposition, in spite of the experfs deep suspicion, the internal battle within the Reagan Administration and German pressures has finally been adopted thanks to the President's staying power. Nevertheless, the opponents believe that the elimination of intermediate missiles will weaken rather than strengthen Western security. This analysis doesn't seem true. However, second thoughts are now in order on issues, some improvement (especially on article XIV and article II, paragraph 2) might be proposed and some provision of the Treaty might be precised. And finally, the Treaty must be ratified by the Senate.
La Seconde République israélienne
Authors: Dieckhoff Alain 
Published: November 2007

The Second Israeli Republic, by Alain Dieckhoff
The Israeli political System has changea considerably in the past forty years. Its basic laws determine the institutional structure in which political parties will evolve, but the party System was severely shaken by the victory of Likud in 1977. This was followed by the slow erosion of the labour left and the emergence of a « second Israel », popular and sephardic. The Jewish State has already entered a new age in spite of its relative youth.
L'endettement extérieur de l'Afrique et les tentatives d'allégement
Authors: Ndiaye Babacar 
Published: November 2007

L'endettement extérieur de l'Afrique et les tentatives d'allégement, par Babacar Ndiaye
L'auteur examine brièvement la nature de la crise de la dette de l'Afrique, dresse le bilan des économies africaines au cours des dernières années ; examine les évolutions de l'environnement économique qui ont contribué à l'ampleur et à la gravité du poids de la dette africaine ; et passe en revue la contribution de la Banque africaine de développement à la recherche de solutions durables pour résoudre le lancinant problème de l'endettement des pays africains. Il ressort clairement de cet article que le fardeau de la dette supporté par les pays africains est un problème qui exige une stratégie d'ensemble et une solution durable empreinte de réalisme et d'équité pour les créanciers comme pour les débiteurs. D'autant que faute d'apporter une solution ordonnée au problème, on se trouvera confronté à une situation qui serait préjudiciable et pour les débiteurs et pour les créanciers.
La dépendance économique de l'Afrique vis-à-vis de l'exportation des produits de base
Authors: Dadzie Kenneth 
Published: November 2007

Commodity Export Dependence in Africa, by Kenneth Dadzie
Africa's structural economie problems include a heavy dependence on the commodity sector which is evident both in the predominance of commodity production in the national income of virtually all African countries, and in the high proportion of foreign exchange obtained through commodity exports. The dilemma facing these countries is how to enlarge the contribution of the commodity sector to development in an external environment which militates against that sector as an engine of growth. This paper attempts to provide appropriate responses to the question of how progress can be achieved through a combination of various policy measures and orientations. Policies designed to increase the efficiency of production, processing, marketing and distribution, together with the improvement of linkages between the commodities sector and the rest of the economy, should be coupled with additional international measures aimed at improving the external environment. Such measures range from the resumption of faster world-wide economie growth generated by expansionary policies in developed market-economy countries, the reduction of protectionism, and the alleviation of the debt burden of developing countries. In line with the Final Act of UNCTAD VII, and in view of the entry into force of the Agreement establishing the Common Fund for Commodities, the international community would be in a better position to intensify international cooperation between producers and consumers and provide assistance for activities such as research and development, productivity improvement, vertical diversification and marketing in African countries. The conclusion of further agreements or arrangements containing economie provisions, developmental measures and measures to improve market transparency would also be relevant. Finally, cooperation among African countries themselves, particularly in the fields of intra-African trade and supply management, would help to realize the contribution expected from the commodities sector in development.
La politique américaine à l'égard de l'Afrique : continuité et changement, 1958-1988
Authors: Cummings Robert J. 
Published: November 2007

Africa in US Policy Making : Questions of Continuity and Changes, 1958-1988, by Robert J. Cummings
The purpose of this paper is to analyse issues of continuity and change in America's Africa policy. It argues that the lack of an historical perspective, based on real US national-interests, forces one to note critically, and with a sense of déjà vu, that US administrations have proven themselves incapable of creating an Africa-specific policy. Such a policy would require serious change in the US policy approach toward Africa. And historically, there has not been a domestic power group sufficiently placed politically to force such a change in US Africa policy making.
Les défis de l'Administration Bush
Authors: Maynes Charles William 
Published: November 2007

The Challenges of the Bush Administration, by Charles William Maynes
Four fundamental problems face the United States in the 1990s. They are : the economie challenge, the security challenge, the Latin challenge, and the global challenge. In short, the challenges that seem likely to confront U.S. policymakers in the 1990s appear so grave that it does not seem wise to allow events themselves to set the nation's agenda. With wise leadership, the United States should also be able to protect its security and enhance its welfare in the very différent world that will arise in the 1990s.
La tragédie chinoise
Authors: Godement François 
Published: November 2007

La tragédie que vit actuellement la Chine est-elle un gigantesque accident de parcours ou une convulsion ramenant l'histoire chinoise à son point de départ dictatorial et fermé ?
Après avoir assisté, impuissant en apparence et divisé en réalité, à l'entrée en scène de l'aspiration démocratique, le régime a détruit les bases nouvelles de sa légitimité partiellement reconstruite après la fin de la Révolution culturelle. L'erreur stratégique commise par Deng Xiaoping est immense. Dans cet effondrement intérieur, l'impossibilité d'une dévolution successorale à l'intérieur des oligarchies communistes apparaît pleinement. La stabilisation des systèmes communistes n'est sans doute envisageable qu'au prix d'une glaciation impossible à poursuivre aujourd'hui, mais leur transition ne peut être envisagée sans recourir à l'arbitrage démocratique.
L'Allemagne et l'après-Yalta ou les hauts et les bas d'un double anniversaire
Authors: Le Gloannec Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2007

A Reviuew of Ups and Downs in Post-Yalta Germany on its Double Anniversary, by Anne-Marie Le Gloannec
The policy of progress by small steps and concessions inaugurated by the Social Démocratie and Liberal Coalition and folio wed since 1982 by the Conservative/Liberal Coalition created a solid network of ties between the two Germanies which has proved robust. Instead of freezing inter-German relations after the installation of American missiles in the Federal Republic, East Berlin chose to intensify ties with Bonnu and even to allow East Germans easier access to the West. Was this direct consequence of West German concessions, the change induced by closer relations for which Egon Bahr had hoped? The present hardening of attitudes shows the limitations of those policies: how much change and rapprochement has the Egon Bahr formula in fact produced? When will the real change and rapprochement take place between the two Germanies?
Organisations économiques internationales : le retournement soviétique
Authors: Lorot Pascal 
Published: November 2007

International Economie Organisations : the Soviet Volte-Face, by Pascal Lorot
After a long period of hostility towards international économie organisations, the Soviet Union now seems anxious to promote doser relations. This change of attitude is motivated by economie and political considerations. However, in order to participate fully in the activities of these organisations, Moscow must satisfy a number of conditions and overcome the veiled hostility of several important players on the international scene.
La nation retrouvée. De la RDA à l'Allemagne
Authors: Le Gloannec Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2007

The Nation Lost and Found. From GDR to Germany, by Anne-Marie Le Gloannec
The inter-German time upsets diplomatie calendars. The GDR exists no more because it never existed : there was no free and independent state but interpenetration of two societies or rather an unequal exchange. Though the influence of the FRG in the GDR was stronger, West German society did not remain entirely without some Eastern influence. Therefore the reunified Germany will not be merely a big Federal Republic. Though the fall of communist regimes and the reunification of the two Germanies bring more security to Germany and Europe, they also lead Bonn and West Berlin — and later Berlin — into economie and political turbulence. Will Germany be able to stand by its pledges to the outside world ?