bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sir Rutherford Ness Robertson. 29 September 1913 – 5 March 2001 Elected FRS 1961
Authors: Hatch Marshall D. , Osmond Barry (C.B.) , Wiskich Joseph T. 
Published: December 2006

Sir Rutherford Ness (Bob) Robertson was one of Australia' most distinguished, influential and respected scientists. He was eminent both for his contributions to scientific thought and knowledge and for the remarkable range of activities he undertook in the cause of science. His contributions to our understanding of the bioenergetics of inorganic ion transport in plant cells were widely recognized. In his other life he served in several key administrative–managerial positions, was the prime mover in a variety of major initiatives that had critical and lasting impacts on the development of Australian science and was a trusted friend and adviser to a generation of younger plant scientists. Known universally as Bob and almost universally addressed as such, it would seem odd and almost disrespectful not to refer to him in this way here.
In the following account we draw heavily on four sources of information about Bob's life and work. These are a Personal Record submitted to the Royal Society (Robertson 1991), the transcript of an interview conducted for the Australian Academy of Science (Robertson 1993), an autobiographical article written for the Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology (23)* and a personal account of his involvement in the field of charge separation and energy transduction in biological membranes (24).
Repeat adverse drug reactions causing hospitalization in older Australians: a population‐based longitudinal study 1980–2003
Authors: Zhang Min , Holman C. D'Arcy J. , Preen David B. , Brameld Kate 
Published: December 2006

What is already known about this subject • Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major cause of morbidity in older patients and represent a major burden on healthcare.• The rate of ADR‐related hospital stays in older people in Western Australia (WA) increased fivefold from 1981 to 2002.• Little information is available regarding repeated ADRs in the elderly and the drugs most responsible. What this study adds • Repeat ADR‐related hospitalizations have consistently increased faster than first‐time ADRs in the elderly in WA from 1980 and had reached 30.3% of all ADRs by 2003.• The mean time interval declined with each successive repeat ADR and the most common repeat ADRs were nausea and vomiting, haemorrhage due to anticoagulants, drug‐induce osteoporosis and poisoning by cardiovascular agents.• Strategies to ensure the safer use cardiovascular agents, corticoids, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, opioids and, in particular, anticoagulants, in this population are warranted.Aim To examine trends in the rate of repeat adverse drug reactions (ADRs) causing hospitalization in older Australians and to identify the most common ADRs and drugs most often implicated in repeat and first‐time ADRs.MethodsAnalysis of routinely collected hospital record administrative data, with International Classification of Diseases external cause codes for ADRs extracted from the Western Australia (WA) Hospital Morbidity Data System and WA Death Register, for people aged ≥60 years in 1980–2003.ResultsA total of 37 296 people aged ≥60 years with an ADR‐related hospitalization were identified. Among them, 6853 (18.4%) patients had 10 212 repeat ADRs. Repeat ADRs consistently increased from 1980 and reached 30.3% of all ADRs by 2003. The mean time interval declined with each successive repeat ADR (810, 606 and 299 days for the first, second and higher ranked repeat episodes, respectively). The most common repeat ADRs were nausea/vomiting (8.0%), haemorrhage due to anticoagulants (5.5%), drug‐induced osteoporosis (4.8%) and poisoning by cardiovascular agents (3.9%). The drugs most often involved in repeat ADRs were cardiovascular agents (15.6%), antineoplastic drugs (11.0%), corticoids (10.1%), anticoagulants (8.6%), antirheumatics/nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (5.1%) and opioids (4.9%). The trends of anticoagulants and antineoplastic drugs implicated in repeat ADRs were still rising at the end of the study. The specific drug classes involved in repeat ADRs differed in relative importance from first‐time ADRs.ConclusionsRepeat ADR‐related hospitalizations have consistently increased in elderly Australians from 1980 to 2003. Strategies to ensure the safer use of medicines, in particular anticoagulants, in this population are warranted.
Projected changes in the organic carbon stocks of cropland mineral soils of European Russia and the Ukraine, 1990–2070
Authors: SMITH JO , SMITH PETE , WATTENBACH MARTIN , GOTTSCHALK PIA , ROMANENKOV VLADIMIR A. , SHEVTSOVA LUDMILA K. , SIROTENKO OLEG D. , RUKHOVICH DMITRY I. , KOROLEVA POLINA V. , ROMANENKO IRINA A. , LISOVOI NICOLAI V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we use the Rothamsted Carbon Model to estimate how cropland mineral soil carbon stocks are likely to change under future climate, and how agricultural management might influence these stocks in the future. The model was run for croplands occurring on mineral soils in European Russia and the Ukraine, representing 74 Mha of cropland in Russia and 31 Mha in the Ukraine. The model used climate data (1990–2070) from the HadCM3 climate model, forced by four Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios representing various degrees of globalization and emphasis on economic vs. environmental considerations. Three land use scenarios were examined, business as usual (BAU) management, optimal management (OPT) to maximize profit, and soil sustainability (SUS) in which profit was maximized within the constraint that soil carbon must either remain stable or increase. Our findings suggest that soil organic carbon (SOC) will be lost under all climate scenarios, but less is lost under the climate scenarios where environmental considerations are placed higher than purely economic considerations (IPCC B1 and B2 scenarios) compared with the climate associated with emissions resulting from the global free market scenario (IPCC A1FI scenario). More SOC is lost towards the end of the study period. Optimal management is able to reduce this loss of SOC, by up to 44% compared with business as usual management. The soil sustainability scenario could be run only for a limited area, but in that area was shown to increase SOC stocks under three climate scenarios, compared with a loss of SOC under business as usual management in the same area. Improved agricultural soil management will have a significant role to play in the adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change in this region. Further, our results suggest that this adaptation could be realized without damaging profitability for the farmers, a key criteria affecting whether optimal management can be achieved in reality.
The Edinburgh University's Nursing Research Unit: the first four years
Authors: Hockey Lisbeth 
Published: December 2006

The Edinburgh University's Nursing Research Unit, under the direction of a nurse‐researcher, was established in October 1971: the first unit of its kind in the United Kingdom. This paper describes its development, philosophy and future strategy. In the first instance attempts were made to identify nursing problems from which a common core of problems was identified. This provided specific pointers for future research activity.The unit offers research training facilities for trained nurses and research appreciation courses have also been provided for nursing students and their teachers. A major bonus to the unit has been the opportunity and facilities for interdisciplinary and collaborative research. The unit's future activities include plans to develop new statistical, computer and data management techniques and information retrieval systems more appropriate to nursing research.
Evaluating clinical performance in nursing
Authors: Adderley Beatrice V. , Brock Anna M. 
Published: December 2006

Evaluation of clinical performance requires that the nurse educator observes behaviour in a specific, goal‐directed manner and reports these observations clearly and unambiguously, although it is conceded that beyond basic technical skills there is little consensus as to what constitutes a good professional nurse. The author questions the purposes and process of evaluation.The thesis of this paper is that the concept of evaluation must be broadened to include other clinical performances which include human skills as well as technical skills.
Mutuality in nursing leads to vulnerability for patient and nurse in a psychotherapeutic community
Authors: Mills Victoria H. 
Published: December 2006

Mutuality in nursing leads to vulnerability for patient and nurse in a psychotherapeutic community This paper was written whilst the author was doing the Cassel Hospital course in psychosocial nursing and was written following a particularly difficult weekend duty experienced at the Cassel Hospital. The social defence systems used in general nursing are compared with those used when nursing in a psychotherapeutic community. In such a community staff, especially nurses, by the very nature of their work, meet their patients at a more mutual level, and this can hopefully help to examine anxiety‐provoking situations more honestly, to the greater benefit of the patient.'Mutual', in this sense, refers to a reciprocal relationship which relies on a refined sensitivity in emotion and taste, quickness and acuteness of apprehension and feeling, and a readiness to feel compassion that is not just pity but a complete blend of empathy and understanding. It does not rely on equality, but this absence of equality need not lead to feelings of inferiority on one side and superiority on the other. This kind of‘mutuality’inevitably leads to vulnerability of both nurse and patient and, to be able to use experiences to enable growth, a strong support system becomes necessary.
Research in clinical nursing
Authors: Rubin Reva , Erickson Florence 
Published: December 2006

This paper presents a tested and useful method of research in clinical nursing at the doctoral and post‐doctoral levels of research skill. Field theory‐based, salient variables in patients' experience are inductively arrived at from empirical data. The unitizing of data provides true numbers for measurements of relationships and change in the dependent variable. Descriptive analysis and data‐based theory benefit from increased reliability.The authors argue that clinical field research permits a wide choice in designs and observational tools to fit the exigencies of the patient situation under investigation. The method is particularly useful td nurses in direct nursing care situations.
A strategy for patient teaching
Authors: Jenny Jean 
Published: December 2006

A theoretical model is described whose particular emphasis is directed towards operationalizing the statements: ‘effective teaching bridges the gap between information and practice’ or ‘teaching is more than telling’. It concentrates on nurse behaviours (facilitation) designed to actively engage the patient in learning, whereby he accepts his diagnosis or situation, projects the effects of prescribed therapy on his future life, and commits his intentions to practice.It utilizes principles of learning derived from the perceptual (phenomenological) approach and indicates the nurses' responsibilities. The model identifies four critical elements in the engagement process–the patient's values, his perception of the disease threat, his perceived utility of the prescription, and the facilitating behaviours of the nurse. The strategy is adapted from a combination of the Health Belief Model and the Personal Choice Model.
Nurse–teacher behaviours in the dinicai fieid: apparent effect on nursing students' learning
Authors: Wong Shirley 
Published: December 2006

One primary source of feedback on the effectiveness of their teaching, which instructors may easily overlook, comprises of students' reactions. The purpose of this study is to identify students' perceptions of teacher behaviours, which either facilitate or hinder students' learning in the clinical field, and to determine if there is a difference in the perceptions of 1st and 2nd year students. This study is exploratory and descriptive in nature.Firstly, some research studies regarding effective clinical teaching in nursing are reviewed, followed by a discussion of the research design. The tool used for collecting data is a modified form of the critical incident technique. A description of illustrative incidents is requested within five divisions: professional competency, relationship, personal attributes, teaching methods, and evaluation of practice. A system for analysis and coding of data is then discussed. Finally, the finding of this study is presented. It would seem to the investigator that students in 1st year are particularly sensitive to how the teacher makes them feel, whereas students in the 2nd year would seem to be more concerned with the teacher's competency in teaching. The teacher behaviours reported as helpful or hindering to students' learning, as identified by the students, are outlined.
Nurse‐rating of psychotic behaviour
Authors: Downing A. R. , Brockington I. F. 
Published: December 2006

The aim of this study was to review six nurse‐rating schedules to evaluate their suitability for a British psychiatric unit and current nursing practice.They were compared for their reliability, their concordance with psychiatric ratings and their acceptability to the nursing staff. It was found that psychiatric and nursing observations corresponded over a wide area of psychopathology: anxiety, tension, depression, hostility, preoccupation with hypochondriacal, grandiose and self‐depreciatory ideas, hallucinosis, thought disorders, mannerisms, retardation, emotional withdrawal, hypomanic activity and uncooperative behaviour. These were adequately covered by two of the scales, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Psychotic Inpatient Profile (PIP), which together took 71/2 minutes to complete. Another of the schedules studied, the Nursing Rating Scale (Hargreaves), also had relatively high reliability and a broad effective range.
The professional ethic in nursing*
Authors: Rule Juanita B. 
Published: December 2006

The author distinguishes two significant characteristics of a profession, ‘professional service’ and ‘sense of responsibility’, and relates these to the obligations of the professional.Ethical concepts, and the professional code of conduct, are discussed in the context of recent events and publications in the United Kingdom. They are also put into historical perspective, acknowledging the influence of over 3000 years of Greek and Christian heritage.The author concludes that the professional ethic in nursing is a way of life.
Nurse–physician interaction: status and social structure within two hospital wards
Authors: Devine Barbara A. 
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this one year's research on two hospital wards was to explore the perceptions of nurses concerning their jobs. Specifically, the focus of this paper is on how nurses' perceptions were influenced by their interaction with physicians, singling out both the stratification system within the hospital and the structure of the two wards as a major source of conflict. Physicians are viewed as being ‘significant others’ in the nurse's definition of self and therefore physicians, involved in daily interaction with nurses, are included in the study in order that their perceptions of the nurse's job may be seen to influence the perceptions which nurses have of themselves.An assumption, basic to this study, is that physicians are in a dominant position within the hospital and nurses are subordinates in the organization. A ward comparison viewed the relative power position of doctors at various levels in the medical hierarchy (such as clinical clerks, interns, residents and specialists) as affecting the amount of agreement and understanding that existed between nurses' and physicians' perceptions of the nurse's job.
Discussion of a project on peer evaiuation in tiie facuity of nursing, University of Toronto, Canada
Authors: Turner Lettie 
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this project was to develop guidelines and involve all faculty in the evaluation of teaching and learning. The main objective was to provide the opportunity to assist faculty to become actively involved in self and peer evaluations. Three i day workshops were held in 1975 involving all fulltime faculty and some part‐time faculty. Two i day workshops were held in 1975 involving mainly new faculty, with a focus on peer evolution in the clinical area.Criteria were developed and are used as guidelines in evaluating self and peers. The findings indicated that evaluation posed a threat, especially in evaluating one's peers, but this threat tended to decrease through involvement in the process, which included group discussions and talking and sharing feelings both in formally devised and spontaneous informal encounters. The conferences, which brought peer partners together before and after the observation of performance, proved to be a most positive experience. Teachers identified problems in criteria selection and provided criticism. They also have expertise that they can share with each other and they can identify areas requiring improvement, but they still require some impetus to spur them on to change in behaviour.Recommendations included that each faculty member take the responsibihty to keep self and peer evaluations in her own profile and provide this data to administration if and when desired.
Toward a unified voice: individuai and Goiiective responsibiiity of nurses*
Authors: Zimmerman Anne 
Published: December 2006

In this paper the individual and collective responsibility of nurses is discussed in relation to the development of appropriate health care systems to meet the health needs of all individuals in society. The author focuses, in particular, on primary health care. The individual and collective responsibility of the professional nurse entails a commitment to constant improvement of health.The concept of the ‘nursing collective’ is discussed and the roles of the individual nurse and national and international nursing organizations in the change process are considered.
The functions of the nurse in an integrated National Health Service*
Authors: Smith James P. 
Published: December 2006

The British National Health Service was reorganized in 1974 when the hospital services and the community health services, previously administered separately, were brought together into one organization: the Area Health Authority. The reorganization was a culmination of developments triggered off as long ago as 1589 when the first Poor Law Act was passed, but more particularly, the reorganization was the natural outcome of a number of important government and professional nursing reports published during the past 30 years.From 1974 the community and hospital nursing services have, therefore, been amalgamated under the direction of one head of the nursing services: a district (or area) nursing officer, who, together with medical, administrative and financial colleagues, manages the health services on a day‐to‐day basis in a team managing by consensus. The nurse's role in the management teams is both executive and professional: the nurse's unique contribution is that he/she brings a nursing perspective to management.The new nursing service organization has provided new opportunities for reorientating middle nurse managers to a clinical role. It has also provided opportunities for innovating integrated teams of community and hospital nurses and for developing specialist nursing roles.Nurses are also now able to make other additional contributions to health care by their involvement in health care planning team activities and by their membership of the statutory area and regional nursing and midwifery advisory committees.But, on the whole, changes and influence on health care have been brought about chiefly by changes in the managerial structure of British nursing, which is a perspective of the British nursing profession that seems to have been all pervasive since Florence Nightingale's reforms and which is perpetuated by the powerfully socializing agent of British nurse training.As health care and nursing service organizations should be means towards the end of good patient care, it may be timely to focus on the suggestion of autonomous nurse practitioners supported by a separately organized administrative structure.
Genetic knowledge possessed by American nurses and nursing students
Authors: Cohen Felissa L. 
Published: December 2006

As diseases of genetic origin have increased their impact on society's health, nursing's role has also increased. Nurses may not be referring those needing it for genetic counselling or prenatal diagnosis and may be inadvertently giving patients erroneous information based on lack of knowledge.A questionnaire was used to examine the overall adequacy and specific knowledge in the more commonly encountered genetic disorders such as sickle cell disease, Rh disease and Down's syndrome. It also included interpretation of risk and basic knowledge. The sample consisted of 366 senior nursing students and 114 practising nurses. Student programme type was consistently related to score. Age was also important in the degree of knowledge manifested.Only 19 (4.2%) of the respondents demonstrated over‐all adequate knowledge. These results indicate a need to raise the consciousness and knowledge of nurses about human genetic disorders before serious repercussions result from inappropriate and inadequate counselling, health teaching and referrals.
Staff nurse turnover in neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Duxbury Mitzi L. , Thiessen Victor 
Published: December 2006

The turnover rate and patterns in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) were assessed and compared with adult Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and General Infant Care Units at the same hospitals for the year 1976.Thirty‐five hospitals with NICUs participated in the study. The findings of this study disagree with the previous literature in three major ways:

The turnover rate of staff nurses was less than half that estimated by The National Commission on Nursing for 1970.
The turnover rates in ICUs and NICUs were not significantly higher than that for staff nurses in Non‐Intensive Care Units. In addition, the pattern of turnover among leavers is identical for all three major types of unit. The variability pattern for neonatal units, however, is statistically significant; this is not so with the other units studied.
There is no evidence for a stabilization of turnover following the usual ‘induction crisis period’ (the first 3 to 6 months).
Bioethics and informed consent in American health care delivery
Authors: Barkes Peter 
Published: December 2006

Bioethics is a multi‐dimensional discipline. The traditional aspect being medical ethics, a branch of Western philosophy which, since the time of Hippocrates, has sought to formulate rules of proper conduct for physicians.Ethics and informed consent are interrelated issues. Consent is the central issue on which hangs most of the ethical problems in human experimentation.The informed consent of the human patient is the ultimate protection from the hazards of research and therapy in medicine, the basic premise of this being that every human being has the right to determine what shall be done to his own body. The patient must have full prognosis, complications, sequelae, discomforts, costs, inconveniences, risks and expectations. Medically and ethically what should the patient be told? There appears to be no obvious format, but the patient should be told enough to allow him to make a rational decision.This paper contains an analysis of the reactions of just a few American nurses to this dilemma. The nurse who attempts to use only her scientific training to determine ethical conduct is in a quandary because seldom is there empirical evidence available to support her decision, no matter what it is.