bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphometric analysis of neuromuscular topography in the serratus anterior muscle
Authors: Potluri S. , Lampa S.J. , Norton A.S. , Laskowski M.B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractGroups of neurons form ordered topographic maps on their targets, and defining the mechanisms that develop such maps, and reconnect them after disruption, has biological as well as clinical importance. The neuromuscular system is an accessible and well‐studied model for defining the principles that guide map formation, both during its development and its reformation after motor nerve damage. We present evidence for the expression of this map at the level of nerve terminal morphology and muscle fiber type in the serratus anterior muscle. Morphometric analyses indicate, first, a rostrocaudal difference in nerve terminal size depending on the ventral root of origin of the axons. Second, motor endplates are larger on type IIB than type IIA muscle fibers. Third, whereas IIB muscle fibers are distributed rather evenly along the rostrocaudal axis of the muscle, the more rostral type IIB fibers are preferentially innervated by anteriorly derived (C6) motor neurons, and more caudal IIB fibers are preferentially innervated by posteriorly derived (C7) motor neurons. This inference is supported by analysis of the size of nerve terminals formed in each muscle sector by rostral and caudal roots, and by evidence that the larger terminals are on IIB fibers. These results demonstrate a subcellular expression of neuromuscular topography in the serratus anterior muscle (SA) muscle in the form of differences in nerve terminal size. These results provide deeper insights into the organization of a neuromuscular system. They also offer a rationale for a topographic map, that is, to allow spinal motor centers to activate selectively different compartments within a muscle. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Prolonged ischemic conduction failure after reperfusion in diabetic nerve
Authors: Baba Masayuki , Nukada Hitoshi , McMorran Denise , Takahashi Kazunori , Wada Ryuichi , Yagihashi Soroku 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDiabetic nerve exhibits morphological vulnerability to ischemia and reperfusion, in contrast to its physiological resistance to ischemic conduction failure (RICF). To examine the sequence of ischemic conduction failure after reperfusion in diabetic nerve, we measured sciatic–tibial nerve conduction before and during 30–180 min of ischemia and after reperfusion for up to 1 week in streptozocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats. RICF in diabetic rats was confirmed during ischemia. After reperfusion, control nerves showed an immediate recovery in amplitude of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) following ischemia for 120 min or less, and delayed recovery after 150 min of ischemia. In contrast, recovery in diabetic nerves was delayed even after 1 h of ischemia. Ischemia for 75 min in diabetic nerve resulted in either delayed or no recovery of the CMAP upon reperfusion. Following ischemia for 90 or 120 min, axonal degeneration was observed in diabetic nerve. Thus, severe ischemia for 60 or 75 min causes prolonged ischemic conduction failure in diabetic nerve, compared with 150 min in control nerve. In conclusion, diabetic nerve shows delayed recovery of ischemic conduction failure after brief ischemia, compared to controls, suggesting that patients with diabetic neuropathy have a worse prognosis when faced with nerve ischemia. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Successful treatment of MuSK antibody–positive myasthenia gravis with rituximab
Authors: Hain Berit , Jordan Karin , Deschauer Marcus , Zierz Stephan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe report on a 56‐year‐old woman with muscle‐specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibody–positive myasthenia with predominant bulbar symptoms and respiratory insufficiency. Conventional immunosuppression (prednisolone, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil) could not maintain the clinical improvement initially achieved by repeated plasma exchanges. Therefore, treatment with rituximab was initiated. After 2 months of rituximab treatment, remarkable clinical improvement correlating with a reduction of MuSK serum antibodies was seen. The patient continued to remain remain stable 12 months after initiation of therapy. This case report demonstrates that rituximab may be an effective and tolerable treatment in MuSK antibody–positive myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Effect of the pore surface modification of an inorganic substrate on the plasma‐grafting behavior of pore‐filling‐type organic/inorganic composite membranes
Authors: Kai Teruhiko , Suma Yasunori , Ono Shuichiro , Yamaguchi Takeo , Nakao Shin‐ichi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe have investigated the effect of the surface state and surface treatment of the pores of an inorganic substrate on the plasma‐grafting behavior of pore‐filling‐type organic/inorganic composite membranes. Shirasu porous glass (SPG) was used as the inorganic substrate, and methyl acrylate was used as the grafting monomer. The grafting rate increased as the density of silanol on the SPG substrate increased. This result suggests that radicals are generated mainly at the silanol groups on the pore surface by plasma irradiation. The SPG substrates were treated with silane coupling agents used to control the mass of organic material bonded to the pore surface. The thickness of the grafted layer became thinner as the mass of organic material bonded to the pore surface of SPG increased. This decrease in the thickness of the grafted layer could be explained by the decrease in the penetration depth of vacuum ultraviolet rays contained in plasma having a wavelength of less than 160 nm that generated radicals in the pores of the substrate. The thickness of the grafted layer inside the SPG substrates could be controlled through the control of the mass of organic material bonded to the pore surface of the SPG substrate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 846–856, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of light‐emitting oligo(p‐phenylene‐vinylene)s and polymeric derivatives containing three‐ and five‐conjugated phenylene rings
Authors: Lin Hong‐Cheu , Tsai Chien‐Min , Huang Guan‐Hao , Lin Jyh‐Ming 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSeveral series of light‐emitting oligo(p‐phenylene‐vinylene)s (BIII and BV series containing three‐ and five‐conjugated phenylene rings) with various side groups and end groups attached to the cores were synthesized and characterized. The analogous PBV polymers, derived from the BV series, were also synthesized and investigated. Blue and greenish light emissions were observed in the photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) spectra of the blend and pure films with these π‐conjugated structures. In contrast to the three‐conjugated ring oligomers, the five‐conjugated ring derivatives (oligomers and polymers) had larger maximum emission wavelength values of PL and EL emissions. Mesomorphism was introduced into the BV series by the replacement of three‐conjugated rings (BIII series) with five‐conjugated phenyl cores (BV series). The liquid‐crystalline properties of the BV series with end groups (on both end rings) were better than those of analogous BV‐OC8 without end groups. Polarized PL emissions were obtained by the alignment of liquid‐crystalline phase in rubbing cells. Upon heating, different PL emission wavelengths and intensities were observed in various phases. Not only the solubility and thermal properties but also the PL and EL properties could be effectively adjusted by the attachment of flexible alkoxy groups either on the central rings or on both end rings of the conjugated cores. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 783–800, 2006
Synthesis of low polydispersity polybutadiene and polyethylene stars by convergent living anionic polymerization
Authors: Bender Jack T. , Knauss Daniel M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractStar‐shaped polybutadiene stars were synthesized by a convergent coupling of polybutadienyllithium with 4‐(chlorodimethylsilyl)styrene (CDMSS). CDMSS was added slowly and continuously to the living anionic chains until a stoichiometric equivalent was reached. Gel permeation chromatography‐multi‐angle laser light scattering (GPC‐MALLS) was used to determine the molecular weights and molecular weight distribution of the polybutadiene polymers. The number of arms incorporated into the star depended on the molecular weight of the initial chains and the rate of addition of the CDMSS. Low molecular weight polybutadiene arms (Mn = 640 g/mol) resulted in polybutadiene star polymers with an average of 12.6 arms, while higher molecular weight polybutadiene arms (Mn = 16,000 g/mol) resulted in polybutadiene star polymers with an average of 5.3 arms. The polybutadiene star polymers exhibited high 1,4‐polybutadiene microstructure (88.3–93.1%), and narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 1.11–1.20). Polybutadiene stars were subsequently hydrogenated by two methods, heterogeneous catalysis (catalytic hydrogenation using Pd/CaCO3) or reaction with p‐toluenesulfonhydrazide (TSH), to transform the polybutadiene stars into polyethylene stars. The hydrogenation of the polybutadiene stars was found to be close to quantitative by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 828–836, 2006
Interaction of silicic acid with poly(1‐vinylimidazole)
Authors: Annenkov V. V. , Danilovtseva E. N. , Filina E. A. , Likhoshway Y. V. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPoly(1‐vinylimidazole) reacts with silicic acid and poly(silicic acid), giving rise to water‐soluble complexes and insoluble composites because of hydrogen bonding. The composition, structure, and morphology of the obtained products have been studied with elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The main direction of the reaction depends not only on the initial ratio of the components, concentration, and pH but also on the sequence of the reagent mixing: the presence of poly(1‐vinylimidazole) macromolecules during the formation of silicic acid stabilizes soluble complexes, which precipitate with an excess of H4SiO4 only. These soluble complexes may serve as a pattern of particles responsible for the transport of silicic acid in diatom algae and other organisms that assimilate silicon from the environment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 820–827, 2006
Synthesis of poly(p‐phenylene sulfide) from bis(4‐bromophenyl) disulfide
Authors: Chen Ke , Hay Allan. S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractImproved reaction conditions for the preparation of poly(p‐phenylene sulfide) (PPS) directly from bis(4‐bromophenyl) disulfide (BBD) have been established. Heating BBD with magnesium metal afforded only a low molecular weight polymer. PPS with a melting temperature around 280 °C was obtained from BBD in the presence of sodium carbonate or zinc metal. The best results were obtained with the addition of a catalytic amount of KI to the zinc–BBD mixture. Polymers prepared by the above methods are semicrystalline and dissolve in 1‐chloronaphthalene and have properties comparable to commercial PPS. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 900–904, 2006
Sol–gel transition behavior of biodegradable three‐arm and four‐arm star‐shaped PLGA–PEG block copolymer aqueous solution
Authors: Lee Su Jeong , Han Bo Ryeong , Park Sang Yeob , Han Dong Keun , Kim Sung Chul 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTwo types of temperature‐sensitive biodegradable three‐arm and four‐arm star‐shaped poly(DL‐lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid‐b‐ethylene glycol) (3‐arm and 4‐arm PLGA–PEG) were successfully synthesized via the coupling reaction of 3‐arm and 4‐arm PLGA and α‐monocarboxyl‐ω‐monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (CMPEG). In dilute aqueous solutions, star PLGA–PEGs showed the temperature‐ and concentration‐dependent formation and aggregation of micelles over specific concentration and specific temperature. With increasing the molecular weight and the relative hydrophobicity of hydrophobic PLGA block, critical micelle temperature (CMT) decreased. Aqueous solution of 4‐arm PLGA–PEG started to form micelles at lower temperature and showed sharper temperature‐dependent growth in micelle size. These results are due to the enhanced hydrophobicity of PLGA block. On the other hand, at high concentration, two types of 3‐arm and 4‐arm PLGA–PEG showed sol–gel–sol transition behavior as the temperature was increased. The 3‐arm and 4‐arm PLGA–PEG showed sol–gel transition at higher polymer concentrations (above 24 wt %) than the PEG–PLGA–PEG triblock copolymer. As the molecular weight and the relative hydrophobicity of PLGA block increased, the critical gel concentration (CGC) decreased. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 888–899, 2006
Biofunctionalized block copolymer nanoparticles based on ring‐opening metathesis polymerization
Authors: Carrillo Alvaro , Yanjarappa Mallinamadugu J. , Gujraty Kunal V. , Kane Ravi S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe present an approach to the synthesis of biofunctionalized block copolymer nanoparticles based on ring‐opening metathesis polymerization; these nanoparticles may serve as novel scaffolds for the multivalent display of ligands. The nanoparticles are formed by the self‐assembly of diblock copolymers composed of a hydrophobic block and a hydrophilic activated block that can be functionalized with thiolated ligands in aqueous media. The activated block enables control over the orientation of the displayed ligands, which may be sugars, peptides, or proteins engineered to contain cysteine residues at suitable locations. The nanoparticle diameter can be varied over a wide range through changes in the composition of the block copolymer, and biofunctionalization of the nanoparticles has been demonstrated by the attachment of a peptide previously shown to inhibit the assembly of anthrax toxin. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 928–939, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of a series of thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester nanocomposites
Authors: Chang Jin‐Hae , Ju Chul Ha , Kim Seong Hun 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA series of aromatic thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester (TLCP) nanocomposites were prepared by the in situ intercalation polymerization of p‐acetoxybenzoic acid (ABA), terephthalic acid (TPA), and diacetoxynaphthalene (DAN) isomers in the presence of the organoclay. The DAN isomers used in this study were 2,3‐ and 2,7‐naphthylene. We examined the variation of the liquid crystallinity, morphology, and thermal properties of the nanocomposites with organoclay content in the range 0–10 wt %. All the polymer nanocomposites were fabricated with a molar ratio of ABA:TPA:DAN = 2:1:1; they were shown to consist of a nematic liquid crystalline phase for low organoclay contents (≤5 wt %), whereas the hybrids with a higher concentration of organoclay (≥10 wt %) were found not to be mesomorphic. By using transmission electron microscopy, the clay layers in the 2,3‐DAN copolyester hybrids were found to be better dispersed in the matrix polymer than those in the 2,7‐DAN copolyester hybrids. The introduction of an organoclay into the matrix polymer was found to improve the thermal properties of the 2,3‐DAN copolyester hybrids. However, the thermal properties of the 2,7‐DAN copolyester hybrids were found to be worse than those of the pure matrix polymer for all organoclay compositions tested. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 387–397, 2006
Coupling of structural fluctuations to deamidation reaction in triosephosphate isomerase by Gaussian network model
Authors: Konuklar F. A. S. , Aviyente V. , Haliloğlu T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe study the structural fluctuations of triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) by an elastic model, namely, the Gaussian network model (GNM), to identify a network of coupled motions in the allosteric communication between its deamidation and catalytic sites, and the promoting motions for the deamidation activity. For this, three TIM structures have been studied: one crystal structure and two model structures designed to describe different putative models for the deamidation reaction taking place at the subunit interface. The structural fluctuations have been mapped on the functional properties; then the differences in the fluctuations between the two models in relation to the deamidation reaction have been considered. The results demonstrate that the qualitative picture of the mean‐square fluctuations and the correlations between the fluctuations are similar in both, but the differences may affect the observed barrier height of the deamidation reaction. The higher packing density at regions close to deamidation sites, reflected by the high‐frequency fluctuating residues in the respective regions, the stronger positive correlation between the fluctuations of the deamidation sites, and enhanced positive correlation of the primary deamidation site with the extended vicinity of the catalytic region on the juxtaposed unit promote the probability of the deamidation reaction. The results in general emphasize the importance of structural fluctuations in enzyme reactions, as well as proposing the present methodology as a plausible approach for studies on the network of coupled promoting motions in protein functions. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microstructure and exchange coupling parameters of MTJ with CoFeB bottom electrode
Authors: Kanak J. , Stobiecki T. , Schebaum O. , Reiss G. , Brückl H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn this study, we report the relationship between interface roughness, texture and the exchange bias and the interlayer‐Néel coupling fields of the spin‐valve magnetic tunnel junction (SV‐MTJ). SV‐MTJs with the structure: Si(100)/SiO2/buffer/IrMn/CoFeB/AlOx /NiFe/Ta were deposited on two buffers: Cu and Ta/Cu/Ta/Cu, and next the samples were annealed in vacuum and in a magnetic field. XRD analysis reveals that the texture degree of MTJ with Cu buffer is significantly lower than that of the sample with Ta/Cu/Ta/Cu buffer. The enhancement of IrMn and CoFeB texture leads to a higher amplitude of roughness and an increase of exchange bias and Néel coupling fields. The comparison of junctions with CoFe and CoFeB bottom electrodes shows that addition of 5% B in a CoFe layer makes the surface of the pinned layer smoother. This leads to a lower Néel coupling field, which is desirable for application of MTJ in MRAM technology. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic anisotropy changes in ultrathin Co films grown on vicinal sapphire substrates
Authors: Stupakiewicz A. , Gieniusz R. , Maziewski A. , Postava K. , Baczewski L. T. , Wawro A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe aim of the work is to study the magnetic anisotropy changes in epitaxial ultrathin Co films grown on vicinal sapphire substrates with different miscut angles. Changes of the in‐plane magnetic anisotropy symmetry were deduced from magnetooptical hysteresis loops shape and angular dependence analysis of the resonance field measured in the sample plane. Two‐fold and four‐fold symmetry of the in‐plane anisotropy was observed for different miscut angles. The experimental data are discussed taking into account the following energy contributions: (i) demagnetization; (ii) perpendicular uniaxial anisotropy (iii) and step‐induced uniaxial anisotropy. Magnetic anisotropy constants are fitted to the experimental results for different miscut angles. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of URuGa5 and UIrGa5
Authors: Morkowski J. A. , Szajek A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAs a part of a systematic study of the uranium isomorphic ternaries UTGa5 with transition metals results of calculations of the electronic structure for T = Ru and Ir are presented. The compounds crystallize in the HoCoGa5‐type structure, space group P4/mmm, and (except for T = Ni, Pd and Pt) are not magnetically ordered. The electronic structure was calculated by the full‐potential LMTO method. General features of the calculated densities of states show similarities to the ones for UCoGa5. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Grid connection of large offshore wind farms using HVDC
Authors: Xu Lie , Andersen Bjarne R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article describes the use of high‐voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems for connection of large offshore wind farms using doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) to the main grid. HVDC systems based on voltage source converters (VSC transmission) and on line‐commutated converters (LCC HVDC) are discussed. The article describes proposed system configurations, operating principles and controls for the two technologies. PSCAD/EMTDC simulations are presented to demonstrate the robust performance of the proposed systems during variation of generation and onshore AC fault conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sexual and seasonal differences in the frequency of beak marks on the wings of twoLethebutterflies
Authors: Ide Jun‐Ya 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTo assess bird predation pressure on butterflies, I investigated beak marks on the wings of twoLethebutterflies for 3 years in secondary temperate forests. If bird predation had significant effects on average longevity of butterflies, and if the number of specimens preyed upon was proportionate to the number of beak‐marked specimens, the beak mark frequency would be negatively correlated with average longevity of a butterfly. Bird predation pressure is generally thought to influence average longevity of butterflies. Therefore, if there is a negative correlation between beak mark frequency and average longevity, bird predation pressure would be reflected in beak mark frequency. Beak mark frequency was negatively correlated with longevity inLethe diana(Butler), the more abundant of the two species; thus, the beak mark frequency was considered to be a suitable index of bird predation pressure on the butterflies investigated in this study. In bothLethespecies, beak mark frequency was higher in females than in males. Because female butterflies have a relatively smaller thorax and flight muscles and a larger abdomen that contains eggs, they are presumably weaker or less agile fliers than males, and are probably attacked more easily by birds. In autumn, butterflies were heavily attacked by birds irrespective of sex and species. Because the numbers of lepidopteran larvae, which are the preferred prey of many birds, decreased in autumn, birds were thought to shift their diets to alternative prey such as adult butterflies.