bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical and marketing trends of natural/synthetic fatty acids
Authors: Johanson Arnold G. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryAs long as a substantial portion of raw materials for natural fatty acids are relatively inexpensive by‐products of other major industries, natural fatty acids should fulfill the world's projected needs at least through 1985. Production of synthetic fatty acids may also increase; however, at the present time the cost of their raw material and processing has made them largely noncompetitive, except in a few cases. Synthetic organic acid manufacturers currently supplying short chain products will continue their efforts to enter the detergent range fatty acid market area. We expect some breakthrough in synthetics during the life of our forecast. However, potential producers have yet to develop an economically competitive synthetic fatty acid as a replacement for natural fatty acids in the U.S. Petroleum‐based products include odd, even, and branched chain acids whose performance must be proven. Finally, the petroleum base for synthetic fatty acids no longer has the price stability we have been accustomed to in the past. Recent changes in price of ethylene and forecasts are evidence of this trends for the future.
Fats and oils in agriculture
Authors: Abramitis W. W. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryFats, oils, and their derivatives are reviewed, in their roles as emulsifiers and surfactants and as pesticide derivatives, and in their activity per se. As emulsifiers and surfactants they offer a wide range of hydrophile‐lipophile balance (HLB) values to assist formulators in developing saleable products. Their lipoid solubilities aid in evaporation retardation, plant penetration, and absorption. Often they greatly improve the performance of the active ingredients. Nitrogen derivatives such as amines and quaternaries, fatty alcohols, acid esters, and other agricultural chemicals are reviewed. Examples are cited on the effect of the length of the carbon chain and their number in such herbicides as 2,4‐D and dalapon, as well as the biological properties of various aliphatic groups in insect larvicides, plant growth regulators, and fungicides. The role vegetable oils can play in the looming energy shortages as petroleum oil substitutes is discussed. They offer a challenging future in agricultural applications.
Oxidation of alkenes with use of phase transfer catalysis
Authors: Foglia T. A. , Barr P. A. , Malloy A. J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and summaryThe use of phase transfer catalysis (PTC) as an aid in the oxidation of long chain olefins with aqueous potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in neutral and alkaline media and with aqueous ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is reported. The phase transfer catalysts (PTCT) were either quaternary ammonium halides or crown ethers. The long chain olefins studied were 1‐pentadecene, 9‐octadecene, and methyl oleate. PTC not only increases the rate of these reactions but also gives good yields of reaction products. For example,cis‐9‐octadecene in methylene chloride reacted with aqueous KMnO4 to give either dihydroxyoctadecane (80%) or pelargonic, acid (80%) depending upon pH, when tetrabutylammonium bromide was used as the PTCT. When RuO4 in conjunction with a PTCT was used as the oxidant, a quantitative yield of myristic acid was obtained from 1‐pentadecene. The RuO4 oxidant was conveniently regenerated in situ from RuO2 and sodium hypochlorite. This regeneration is facilitated with a PTCT.
Phase transfer agents. I. Transfer of permanganate, periodate, and cyanate ions from aqueous to organic phases. Preparation of quaternary onium periodates
Authors: Okimoto Tomoyuki , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummarySeveral quaternary ammonium and phosphonium halides have been shown to be useful phase transfer agents (PTA) for the efficient transport of permanganate, periodate, and cyanate ions from aqueous to organic phases (benzene and/or methylene chloride). Chemical and spectral methods of analysis were used to measure ion transfer quantitatively and to assess the relative efficiency of PTA.
Catalytic hydroformylation and hydrocarboxylation of unsaturated fatty compounds
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryThe two catalyst systems rhodium‐triphenylphosphine and palladium chloride‐triphenylphosphine were investigated for the respective hydroformylation and hydrocarboxylation of oleic acid or ester to produce C‐19 bifunctional compounds. Compared to conventional cobalt carbonyl for making formylstearate, rhodium‐triphenylphosphine permits lower pressures (1000–2000 psi vs. 3000–4000 psi), higher conversions (95% vs. 80%), and no loss of functionality (vs. 15% hydrogenation with cobalt). Although palladium chloride‐triphenylphosphine for hydrocarboxylation introduces the carboxyl function directly into the fatty acid chain, CO pressures of 3000–4000 psi and corrosion‐resistant equipment are necessary. When applied to polyunsaturated fatty acids, both rhodium and palladium catalyst systems have the outstanding advantage of introducing functionality at each double bond position to produce polyformyl‐ and polycarboxystearates. Selected formyl derivatives were converted in excellent yield to acetals, to acids and their esters, to hydroxymethyl compounds and their esters, and also to aminomethyl compounds that could be condensed to polyamides. Several of the esters and acetals were effective primary plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) that had outstanding low volatility characteristics. Other applications for these new and highly versatile derivatives included rigid urethane foams, urethane‐modified coatings, ester lubricants, and a shrink‐resist treatment for wool.
Diffusion properties of lipids—Pure and in seeds
Authors: Anderson R. , Osredkar R. , Žagar V. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryDiffusion constants of some fatty acids and triglycerides in pure form and also in seeds have been measured at different temperatures in order to elucidate the motion and organization of triglyceride molecules in oils. The size of the oil storage cavity (droplet) in seeds has been estimated to be 0.8 μ. Temperature dependences of the proton T1 relaxation time in some samples have been measured by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). From these measurements it is concluded that since activation energies for the relaxation mechanism, diffusion, is the same in seeds as in pure oils, 0.22 eV, the nature of the motion is similar.
Evidence for the mechanisms of formation of radiolysis products using a deutero labeled triglyceride
Authors: Meidani Javad , Nawar W. W. , Merritt C. , Bazinet M. L. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummarySeveral previous studies of the radiolysis of fats and related compounds such as pure triglycerides, fatty acid methyl esters, and free fatty acids, have led to the hypothesis that radiolytic products result from selective cleavages at specific locations. This hypothesis is confirmed by the results of mass spectrometric analysis of the compounds formed upon gamma irradiation of tributyrin labeled with deuterium in the glycerol moiety. Compounds derived from alkyl, acyl, and acyloxy cleavages are characterized by the absence of deuterium whereas those involving the glyceryl moiety are found to carry the deuterium labels.
Polyamides from carboxystearic acid
Authors: Kohlhase W. L. , Frankel E. N. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryA series of polyamide and copolyamide resins were prepared from carboxystearic acid or methyl carboxystearate, with ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, adipic acid, or caprolactam as coreactants. None of the product formulations appeared suitable for use in hot melt adhesives. More promising were the liquid, reactive polyamides made from carboxystearic acid and polyamines. These products gave excellent adhesion value in scouting tests when used as one component in 2‐component epoxy adhesives and coatings. In other applications, C‐19 polyamides had enhanced solubility and low melting characteristics to make them attractive as modifiers.
Edible oil deodorizing systems
Authors: Gavin Arnold M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and summaryDeodorization of fats and oils is necessary to remove the disagreeable, flavor and odors that are naturally present or created during processing. Steam stripping of the oil is used to remove these volatile flavor and odor components. This paper discusses the process specifications for deodorization and the mechanical design of edible oil doedorizers.
Accumulation of crude protein and oil contents
Authors: Bemis W. P. , Scheerens J. C. , Berry J. W. , Dreher M. L. , Weber C. W. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryThe crude fat content of whole seed and the crude protein level of defatted embryos were monitored on successive days after pollination. Seed of Buffalo gourd,Curcurbita foetidissima HBK, harvested during September–October, 1976, obtained a maximum oil and protein level in 38 to 42 days after pollination. Maximum protein and oil accumulation in seeds of theCucurbita digitata group (sample period June–July, 1976) andApodanthera undulata (sample period August–September, 1976) occurred between 34 and 38 days and 30 and 34 days after pollination, respectively. Variability within sample periods was attributed to the heterogeneity of the populations.
Determination of water content of granulated detergents
Authors: Yamaguchi Shinichiro , Kubo Mitsugi , Konishi Kazuo 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryA quick analytical procedure was described for the determination of water content of granulated detergents. A constant weight loss of sample was obtained within 5 min by microwave drying. The weight loss agrees with the water content by the modified distillation method. The coefficient of variation was 0.7%.
Determination of residual hexane in solvent extracted meals
Authors: Wan P. J. , Chittwood M. , Cater C. M. , Mattil K. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and summaryA simple modification of the volitilization procedure improved the reproducibility and covered a wide range of residual hexane in meal with good precision. A comparison study showed that the modified volatilization method released and assayed more residual hexane from the meals than did the direct gas chromatographic technique.
Jojoba—Genetically controlled botanical traits
Authors: Yermanos D. M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and summaryThe discovery of correlations between botanical traits and wax quantity and quality in the seed would facilitate early detection and elimination of undesirable genotypes in a jojoba breeding program. The traits studied were: (a) branching; upright, spherical, and prostrate strains were found. (b) Leaf size; variability in mean leaf size is continuous ranging from 14×6 mm (long×short leaf axis) to 39×16 mm. (c) Leaf color; a light yellow leaf mutant was found. (d) Earliness; strains were found with early flowering and seed development which might escape unfavorable effects of winter frosts. (e) Number of fruit per node; strains were selected which instead of single fruit have clusters of two to ten fruit in more than 50% of the inflorescences. (f) Fruiting pattern; strains with a flower at each node instead of at every other node were found. (g) Male to female ratio; a significant deviation from a 1∶1 ratio was found in favor of male plants.
Enrichment of eicosenoic and docosadienoic acids fromLimnanthes oil
Authors: Chang Shu‐Pei , Rothfus J. A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and summaryThe long chain (>C18) monoene and diene acids ofLimnanthes oil are useful in synthesizing diene and tetraene wax ester intermediates for prospective lubricant additives and PVC plasticizers. Low‐temperature crystallization of theL. alba acids (61% eicosenoic, 19% docosadienoic, and 20% others) in acetone (initial concentration=0.05 g/ml) at −50 C enriches eicosenoic acid (74%) in the precipitated fraction while concentrating docosadienoic (70%) in the supernatant fraction. This simple and efficient process is well suited for large‐scale laboratory separations.
The three eras of fungal toxin research
Authors: Stoloff Leonard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe era of moldy food or feed toxicoses dates from 1711 when the role of the fungusClaviceps purpurea in the formation of the poisonous ergot grains on rye was established. Since that time numerous toxic incidents have been related to ingestion of moldy food or feed. The thrust of the research through this period was to isolate and identify the responsible mold(s). We are now well into the mycotoxin era, which dates from 1962 with the isolation and characterization of the aflatoxins. The absence of viable mold in the toxic peanut meal that sparked this era provides a suitable backdrop for the current research activity with isolated, well identified toxins of mold origin. We now have identified toxins with no obvious disease relationship. This brings us to the third era, the era of multiple challenges just getting under way. Since some of the first era toxicoses cannot be explained on the basis of the isolated toxins alone, we are beginning to realize that multiple factors may be involved.
Variability associated with testing corn for aflatoxin
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. , Monroe R. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe sampling, subsampling (both coarse and fine ground meal), and analytical variances associated with testing shelled corn for aflatoxin were estimated by the use of 500 g samples, 50 g subsamples, and the CB method of analysis. The magnitudes of the variance components increased with an increase in the aflatoxin concentration. Functional relationships were developed to predict the variance for a given aflatoxin concentration and any size sample, subsample, and number of analyses. At 20 ppb total aflatoxin, the coefficient of variantion associated with a 4.54 kg sample, 1 kg subsample of coarsely ground meal (passes a #14 screen), a 50 g subsample of finely ground meal (passes a #20 screen) and one analysis were 21, 8, 11, and 26%, respectively.
Minicolumn screening methods for detecting aflatoxin: State of the art
Authors: Romer T. R. , Ghouri N. , Boling T. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe use of small chromatographic columns (minicolumns) for the detection of aflatoxin in food or feed extracts was introduced in 1968. Since then many different analytical methods for aflatoxin which involve a minicolumn detection step have been developed. Four of these have been adopted as official Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) procedures. The advantages and disadvantages of the types of minicolumns along with a comparison of the minicolumn technique to thin layer chromatography is discussed.
Field aflatoxin contamination of corn in South Georgia
Authors: Wilson David M. , McMillian William W. , Widstrom Neil W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe weather conditions in 1977 were generally not favorable for corn production in many of the southeastern states. A combination of stress factors, weather conditions, and insect damage was favorable for ear mold by species of theAspergillus flavusgroup.A. flavuswas the dominant fungus in preharvest corn, and this led to extensive aflatoxin contamination.
Inactivation of aflatoxins in cottonseed meal by ammoniation: I. Reaction studies
Authors: Koltun S. P. , Rayner E. T. , Wadsworth J. I. , Gardner H. K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCottonseed meal containing an average of 340 ppb total aflatoxins was treated with anhydrous liquid ammonia under varying conditions of time, temperature, and ammonia concentration. Meal moisture was held constant at 10%. A unique sampling device was constructed and used to withdraw meal at time intervals as frequent as 5 min during the reaction period, without interrupting the ammoniation process. The rate of aflatoxin inactivation occurring under a given set of treatment conditions was thus monitored. The data obtained in this study indicate that the inactivation of aflatoxins in cottonseed meal, as determined by chemical assay, may be successfully achieved by use of less stringent conditions of time, temperature, pressure, and moisture content than previous studies have indicated.
Decontamination of corn containing aflatoxin by treatment with ammonia
Authors: Bagley E. B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCorn containing aflatoxin can be effectively decontaminated by treatment with gaseous ammonia at atmospheric pressure. Preliminary studies were made of the effect of ammonia level, corn moisture, temperature, and time on the aflatoxin level. Ammonia tolerance tests were carried out on laying hens as were acceptance tests by swine. Toxicity feeding trials with ducklings, broiler chicks, and trout confirmed that the process inactivates the aflatoxin. The process was then applied under farm scale conditions to produce materials for feeding trials with swine, poultry, and cattle under FDA protocols. The process can reduce aflatoxin levels from 1000 parts per billion (ppb) to within the FDA action level of 20 ppb.
Trichothecenes: Natural occurrence and potential hazard
Authors: Pathre S. V. , Mirocha C. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe trichothecene toxins are a chemical group of fungal metabolites characterized by a tetracyclic 12, 13‐epoxy‐trichothec‐9‐ene skeleton. There are over 40 naturally occurring derivatives produced predominantly by species ofFusarium but also produced by species ofCephalosporium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, andStachybotrys. The trichothecene derivatives most commonly encountered in feedstuff are: T‐2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and nivalenol. Deoxynivalenol has been isolated from corn and mixed feed more frequently than the other derivatives reported, and moreover, it is frequently found together with the fungal estrogen zearalenone. Deoxynivalenol has frequently been associated with corn refused by swine, vomiting in dogs, and corn used by humans in South Africa. Deoxynivalenol is produced byFusarium roseum, an organism that is commonly found infecting corn in the field and corn stored on‐the‐cob in cribs in the Midwest. The trichothecenes have been implicated in diseases of man called alimentary toxic aleukia in the USSR and have been found in corn in the Transkei where the incidence of esophageal cancer is high. Among domestic animals, trichothecenes such as T‐2 toxin, DAS and deoxynivalenol have been implicated in diseases characterized by a hemorrhagic syndrome in cows and swine, vomiting in swine and dogs, decrease in avian egg production and body weight, refusal of feed by swine and infertility in swine. The data on the residue of the administered T‐2 toxin in domestic animals suggests that trichothecenes can be transmitted into humans.
Trichothecenes and their analysis
Authors: Eppley R. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe analysis of foods and feeds for the naturally occurringFusarium produced trichothecenes is reviewed. Each major step (extraction, purification and detection‐quantitation) is discussed. Although none of the extraction solvents has been thoroughly evaluated, aqueous metanol is the preferred system in most of the published procedures. The sample extracts are generally purified by liquid‐liquid partitions followed by silica gel column and/or preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). Both thin layer and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) are used for the detection and quantitation of the trichothecenes. The detection limit for the GLC procedures has not been determined in most of the reported methods; however, T‐2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, and neosolaniol have been detected in the 25–100 ng/g range.
Synthesis and bactericidal properties of some pyridinium chlorides with alkylthiomethyl hydrophobic groups
Authors: Pernak J. , Szymanowski J. , Pujanek M. , Kucharski S. , Broniarz J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAlkylthiomethyl chlorides were synthesized via the reaction of thioalcohols with paraformaldehyde and hydrogen chloride. The optimum reaction parameters were determined. Alkylthiomethylpyridinium chlorides were synthesized via the reaction of ocytlthiomethyl or dodecylthiomethyl chlorides with pyridine and its methyl derivatives. The surface active properties and its methyl derivatives. The surface active properties and minimum inhibitory concentrations (M.I.C.) toward various strains of microorganisms were determined for the compounds synthesized. It was found that they exhibit better bactericidal activity than commercial cetylpyridinium and cetyl‐trimethylammonium bromides.
Fatty acid composition of oil in snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Miyagawa M. , Miwa T. K. , Spencer G. F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe hepatopancreatic fatty acid extract of the snow crab contains a high percentage (26%) of odd‐carbon‐numbered fatty acids and a substantial quantity (29%) of methyl‐branched fatty acids, as indicated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). A wide distribution in chain length of the fatty acids (C10 to C26) and in positional isomers of the linear monoenes are also indicated by GC/MS.
An HPLC method for simultaneous quantitation of individual isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethione in myrosinase digests of rapeseed meal
Authors: Maheshwari P. N. , Stanley D. W. , Gray J. I. , van de Voort F. R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA simple, rapid and precise method for simultaneous quantitation of individual isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethione inmyrosinase digests of rapeseed meal has been developed. The method consists of inactivation of native myrosinase activity present in the seedmeal, followed by digestion with mustard myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.3.1) to hydrolyze rapeseed glucosinolates quantitatively to isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethione. These hydrolytic products are extracted in methylene chloride as soon as they are formed and finally resolved by a reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique on a μ Bondapak C18 column using aqueous acetonitrile as solvent and an ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detector set at 254 nm. The lower limits of quantitation by this method in a single aliquot applied to the column were 0.2 μg for the isothiocyanates and 0.01 μg for the oxazolidinethione. Recoveries of allyl isothiocyanate, oxazolidinethione and sinigrin added toB. juncea, prior to digestion, were quantitative and averaged at 94.5, 93.0 and 91.2 percent with standard deviations of 1.5, 3.3 and 2.8 percent, respectively. The butenyl and pentenyl isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethione in Tower (B. napus) and Candle (B. campestris) rapeseeds, and allyl isothiocyanate inB. juncea were the major hydrolytic products of glucosinolates. The identity of peaks corresponding to these compounds on a HPLC chromatogram was confirmed by mass spectroscopy.
New crop developments for industrial oils
Authors: Princen L. H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTraditional industrial fats and oils are derived from inedible tallow or lard, fish and whale oil, and a small group of plant oils, including linseed, soybean, castor, tung, tall, and rapeseed oil. A group of new crops and prospective new crops is available to be utilized advantageously for the production of renewable industrial resources. Some of these plants have been studied extensively from germplasm variation through crop production and processing to evaluation of the final oil and meal products. Others are not developed that far yet. Case histories onCramble, Limnanthes, Lunaria (long chain acids),Lesquerella (hydroxy acids),Stokesia andVernonia (epoxy acids),Calendula (conjugated unsaturation),Cuphea (short chain acids), jojoba (liquid wax esters), andFoeniculum (petroselenic acid) indicate that many obstacles must be overcome to arrive at success.