bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archosaur adductor chamber evolution: Integration of musculoskeletal and topological criteria in jaw muscle homology
Authors: Holliday Casey M. , Witmer Lawrence M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe homologies of jaw muscles among archosaurs and other sauropsids have been unclear, confounding interpretation of adductor chamber morphology and evolution. Relevant topological patterns of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels were compared across a large sample of extant archosaurs (birds and crocodylians) and outgroups (e.g., lepidosaurs and turtles) to test the utility of positional criteria, such as the relative position of the trigeminal divisions, as predictors of jaw muscle homology. Anatomical structures were visualized using dissection, sectioning, computed tomography (CT), and vascular injection. Data gathered provide a new and robust view of jaw muscle homology and introduce the first synthesized nomenclature of sauropsid musculature using multiple lines of evidence. Despite the great divergences in cephalic morphology among birds, crocodylians, and outgroups, several key sensory nerves (e.g., n. anguli oris, n. supraorbitalis, n. caudalis) and arteries proved useful for muscle identification, and vice versa. Extant crocodylians exhibit an apomorphic neuromuscular pattern counter to the trigeminal topological paradigm: the maxillary nerve runs medial, rather than lateral to M. pseudotemporalis superficialis. Alternative hypotheses of homology necessitate less parsimonious interpretations of changes in topology. Sensory branches to the rictus, external acoustic meatus, supraorbital region, and other cephalic regions suggest conservative dermatomes among reptiles. Different avian clades exhibit shifts in some muscle positions, but maintain the plesiomorphic, diapsid soft‐tissue topological pattern. Positional data suggest M. intramandibularis is merely the distal portion of M. pseudotemporalis separated by an intramuscular fibrocartilaginous sesamoid. These adductor chamber patterns indicate multiple topological criteria are necessary for interpretations of soft‐tissue homology and warrant further investigation into character congruence and developmental connectivity. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caffeine facilitation of glutamate release from rat cerebral cortex nerve terminals (synaptosomes) through activation protein kinase C pathway: An interaction with presynaptic adenosine A1 receptors
Authors: Wang Su‐Jane 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe present study used nerve terminals (synaptosomes) isolated from rat cerebral cortex to investigate the relationship between caffeine and 4‐aminopyridine (4AP)‐evoked endogenous excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate release. Micromolar concentrations of caffeine facilitated 4AP, but not KCl or ionomycin‐evoked glutamate release from synaptosomes. This release facilitation resulted from an enhancement of vesicular and nonvesicular release and associated with an increase both in 4AP‐evoked depolarization of the synaptosomal plasma membrane potential and in 4AP‐evoked increase in the cytoplasmic free Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]C). In addition, the release facilitation by caffeine was significantly reduced in synaptosomes pretreated with a wide spectrum blocker of N‐ and P/Q‐type Ca2+channels, ω‐conotoxin MVIIC. Furthermore, protein kinase C (PKC) activator and inhibitor, respectively, superseding or suppressing the caffeine‐mediated facilitation of glutamate release. These results concluded that caffeine exerts their presynaptic facilitatory effect, likely through the activation of PKC pathway, which subsequently enhances terminal excitability and Ca2+entry to cause an increase in evoked glutamate release from rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals. Additionally, this release facilitation may involve an interaction of caffeine with presynaptic adenosine A1 receptors as adenosine A1 receptor inhibition abolished the caffeine‐mediated facilitation of evoked glutamate release. Synapse 61:401‐411, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Post‐treatment of dextromethorphan reverses morphine effect on conditioned place preference in rats
Authors: Lue Wei‐Ming , Huang Eagle Yi‐Kung , Yang San‐Nan , Wong Chih‐Shung , Tao Pao‐Luh 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPreviously we showed that coadministration of dextromethorphan (DM) with morphine attenuates morphine‐rewarding effect. Here we further investigated if DM is effective in reversing or treating drug‐seeking effect when given after subchronic morphine treatment. The conditioned place preference (CPP) test was used to investigate the rewarding and drug‐seeking effects of morphine. Rats were injected and conditioned with morphine for 6 days and then withdrawn from morphine for 4 days and treated with saline or DM during this period. Subchronic morphine induced a significant place preference for the drug‐paired compartment. DM treatment during the morphine withdrawal period significantly reversed the preference from the drug‐paired compartment to saline‐paired compartment. Both nucleus accumbens (NAc) and VTA were proven to be the sites involved in the action of DM. Behavioral sensitization occurred in both morphine group and DM treatment group determined by the locomotor activity before and after subchronic morphine treatment. The dopamine (DA) turnover rate in the NAc, dorsal striatum (DS) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was increased after subchronic morphine treatment. DM treatment reversed the increase of DA turnover rate in the NAc but not in the DS or mPFC. These data suggest that DM might have potential in the treatment of morphine addiction. Synapse 61:420‐428, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current Update on HIV‐associated Vascular Disease and Endothelial Dysfunction
Authors: Mu Hong , Chai Hong , Lin Peter H. , Yao Qizhi , Chen Changyi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHighly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly reduced the risk of early death from opportunistic infections and extended the lifespan of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Thus, many complications and organic damage in the HIV‐infected population emerge. Cardiovascular disease as coronary artery disease has become a matter of particular concern. Its incidence is greatly increased in the HIV‐infected population over that of people of the same age in the absence of general cardiovascular risk factors. Despite several clinical and laboratory studies in the association between HIV infection and cardiovascular disease, the pathogenic mechanisms of this significant clinical problem are largely unknown and are now under active investigation. Endothelial dysfunction is possibly the most plausible link between HIV infection and atherosclerosis. Increased expression of adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1 and endothelial adhesion molecule (E‐selectin) and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL‐6 has been reported in HIV‐positive patients. The effect of HAART on endothelial function in HIV‐positive patients is also demonstrated. In this review, we focus on the recent research update of HIV‐associated vascular disease and vascular injury. We analyze and discuss the recent clinical and laboratory investigations on the effect of HIV, viral protein, and HAART therapy on endothelial injury and vascular disease; identify the areas of controversy and clinical relevance; and suggest some directions for future research.
In Vitro Models of Angiogenesis
Authors: Ucuzian Areck A. , Greisler Howard P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeovascularization can be categorized into two general processes: vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is the formation of new capillaries from pre‐existing vessels, requiring growth factor driven recruitment, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of endothelial cells (ECs). Complex cell–cell and cell‐extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions contribute to this process, leading finally to a network of tube‐like formations of endothelial cells supported by surrounding mural cells. The study of angiogenesis has broad clinical implications in the fields of peripheral and coronary vascular disease, oncology, hematology, wound healing, dermatology, and ophthalmology, among others. As such, novel, clinically relevant models of angiogenesis in vitro are crucial to the understanding of angiogenic processes. We highlight some of the advances made in the development of these models, and discuss the importance of incorporating the three‐dimensional cell‐matrix and EC–mural cell interactions into these in vitro assays of angiogenesis. This review also discusses our own 3‐D angiogenesis assay and some of the in vitro results from our lab as they relate to therapeutic neovascularization and tissue engineering of vascular grafts.
Intake of specific carotenoids and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Zhang Min , Holman C. D'Arcy J. , Binns Colin W. 
Published: March 2007

There has been considerable interest in the role of carotenoids in the chemoprevention of cancer. However, few studies have examined the association between intake of specific carotenoids and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer and the results for carotenoids have been inconclusive. To investigate whether the intake of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin, and lycopene is inversely associated with ovarian cancer risk, a case–control study was conducted in China during 1999–2000. The cases were 254 patients with histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer and 652 age-matched controls were randomly recruited during the same period. Habitual dietary intake and lifestyle were collected by face-to-face interview using a validated and reliable FFQ. The US Department of Agriculture nutrient composition database was used to calculate the intake of specific carotenoids. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were used to estimate OR and 95 % CI, accounting for age, locality, education, BMI, smoking, tea drinking, parity, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, menopausal status, family history of ovarian cancer, physical activity and energy intake. Compared with the highestv.the lowest quartile of intake, the adjusted OR were 0·39 (95 % CI 0·23, 0·66) for α-carotene, 0·51 (95 % CI 0·31, 0·84) for β-carotene, 0·51 (95 % CI 0·31, 0·83) for β-cryptoxanthin, 0·45 (0·27, 0·76) for lutein and zeaxanthin, and 0·33 (95 % CI 0·20, 0·56) for total carotenoids, with statistically significant tests for trend. It is concluded that a higher intake of carotenoids can reduce the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Explaining Aboriginal Treaty Negotiation Outcomes in Canada: The
Cases of the Inuit and the Innu in Labrador
Authors: Alcantara Christopher 
Published: March 2007

Abstract. In 1977, the Inuit and the Innu in Labrador each
submitted statements of intent to begin treaty negotiations with the
federal and provincial governments under the federal comprehensive land
claims process. On 22 January 2005, the Inuit, the federal government, and
the province of Newfoundland and Labrador signed the Labrador Inuit Land
Claims Agreement. The Innu, on the other hand, are nowhere near to
completing their agreement. This paper seeks to explain why the Inuit were
able to complete their agreement, whereas the Innu were not. It challenges
the conventional explanation that an economic development project is a
necessary condition for completing a treaty by arguing that a number of
internal and external factors need to be taken into account.Résumé. En 1977, les Inuits ainsi que les Innus
du Labrador ont respectivement annoncé leur intention de lancer des
négociations en vue de conclure un traité avec les
gouvernements fédéral et provincial en vertu du processus
des recendications territoriales globales. Le 22 janvier 2005, les Inuits,
le gouvernement fédéral et la province de
Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador ont conclu l'Accord sur les revendications
territoriales des Inuit du Labrador. Les Innus, de leur côté,
sont encore loin d'une entente. Cet article cherche à
expliquer pourquoi les Inuits ont pu signer un accord alors que les Innus
n'y sont pas parvenus. L'article remet en question
l'explication souvent avancée voulant qu'un projet de
développement économique soit une condition
nécessaire à l'achèvement d'une entente et
soutient plutôt qu'un ensemble de facteurs intérieurs et
extérieurs doivent être pris en compte.
A uniform biped gait generator with offline optimization and online adjustable parameters
Authors: Yang Lin , Chew Chee-Meng , Zielinska Teresa , Poo Aun-Neow 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYThis paper presents the Genetic Algorithm Optimized Fourier Series Formulation (GAOFSF) method for stable gait generation in bipedal locomotion. It uses a Truncated Fourier Series (TFS) formulation with its coefficients determined and optimized by Genetic Algorithm. The GAOFSF method can generate human-like stable gaits for walking on flat terrains as well as on slopes in a uniform way. Through the adjustment of only a single or two parameters, the step length and stride-frequency can easily be adjusted online, and slopes of different gradients are accommodated. Dynamic simulations show the robustness of the GAOFSF, with stable gaits achieved even if the step length and stride frequency are adjusted by significant amounts. With its ease of adjustments to accommodate different gait requirements, the approach lends itself readily for control of walking on a rough terrain and in the presence of external perturbations.
Analysis of Deaths Related to Anesthesia in the Period 1996–2004 from Closed Claims Registered by the Danish Patient Insurance Association
Authors: Hove Lars Dahlgaard , Steinmetz Jacob , Christoffersen Jens Krogh , Møller Ann , Nielsen Jacob , Schmidt Henrik 
Published: March 2007

Background
Anesthesia is associated with complications, and some of them may be fatal. The authors investigated the circumstances under which deaths were associated with anesthesia. In Denmark, the specialty anesthesiology encompasses emergency medicine, chronic and acute pain medicine, anesthetic procedures, perioperative care medicine, and intensive care medicine.

Methods
The authors retrospectively investigated anesthesia related deaths registered by the Danish Patient Insurance Association.

Results
From 1996 to 2004, 27,971 claims were made by the Danish Patient Insurance Association covering all medical specialties, of which 1,256 files (4.5%) were related to anesthesia. In 24 cases, the patient's death was considered to result from the anesthetic procedure: 4 deaths were related to airway management, 2 to ventilation management, 4 to central venous catheter placement, 4 as a result of medication errors, 4 from infusion pump problems, and 4 after complications from regional blockades. Severe hemorrhage caused 1 death, and in 1 case the cause was uncertain.

Conclusions
Several of the 24 deaths could potentially have been avoided by more extended use of airway algorithm, thorough preoperative evaluation, training, education, and use of protocols for diagnosis and treatment.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents' Differential Bronchoconstrictive Potential in Guinea Pig Airways
Authors: Jooste Edmund , Zhang Yi , Emala Charles W. 
Published: March 2007

Background
Neuromuscular blocking agents are designed to antagonize nicotinic cholinergic receptors on skeletal muscle but also antagonize muscarinic receptors. Several muscle relaxants have the potential to promote bronchoconstriction due to unintended effects exemplified by histamine release of atracurium or mivacurium and detrimental interactions with muscarinic receptors by rapacuronium. Although interactions of muscle relaxants with muscarinic receptors have been extensively characterized in vitro, limited information is available on their potential interactions with airway tone in vivo.

Methods
Changes in pulmonary inflation pressures and heart rates induced by vagal nerve stimulation and intravenous acetylcholine were measured in the absence and presence of increasing doses of gallamine, pancuronium, mivacurium, vecuronium, cisatracurium, rocuronium, or rapacuronium in guinea pigs. Mivacurium's and rapacuronium's potential of inducing bronchoconstriction by histamine release was also evaluated.

Results
Rapacuronium potentiated both vagal nerve-stimulated and intravenous acetylcholine-induced increases in airway pressures, which were totally blocked by atropine but not pyrilamine. Vecuronium, rocuronium, mivacurium, and cisatracurium were devoid of significant airway effects. Mivacurium, at high doses, increased pulmonary inflation pressures, which were attenuated by pyrilamine.

Conclusion
Rapacuronium was unique among muscle relaxants evaluated in that it potentiated both vagal nerve- and intravenous acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction with no evidence of histamine release. The dual detrimental interactions of rapacuronium with muscarinic receptors previously demonstrated in vitro correlate with in vivo muscarinic receptor mechanisms of bronchoconstriction and may account for the profound bronchoconstriction seen with its clinical use. These findings may establish pharmacologic characteristics to avoid with new muscle relaxants intended for clinical use.
Spinal Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Activation Reduces Hypersensitivity and Spinal Cord Glial Activation after Paw Incision
Authors: Romero-Sandoval Alfonso , Eisenach James C. 
Published: March 2007

Background
Cannabinoids bind to cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 and produce analgesia in several pain models, but central side effects from cannabinoid 1 receptors limit their clinical use. Cannabinoid 2 receptors reduce inflammatory responses in the periphery by acting on immune cells, and they are present on glia in the central nervous system. This study tested whether spinal cannabinoid activation would induce analgesia, glial inhibition, and central side effects in a postoperative model or incisional pain.

Methods
Rats underwent paw incision surgery, with intrathecal injections of cannabinoid agonists and antagonists and assessment of withdrawal thresholds and behavioral side effects. Spinal glial activation was determined by immunohistochemistry.

Results
Intrathecal administration CP55940 reduced postoperative hypersensitivity (91 +/- 9% maximum possible effect; P < 0.05), and this was prevented by intrathecal administration of both cannabinoid 1 receptor (AM281) and cannabinoid 2 receptor (AM630) antagonists. CP55940 also caused several behavioral side effects, and these were prevented by the cannabinoid 1 receptor but not by the cannabinoid 2 receptor antagonist. Intrathecal injection of the cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist JWH015 reversed postoperative hypersensitivity (89 +/- 5% maximum possible effect; P < 0.05), and this was reversed by the cannabinoid 2 but not by the cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist. JWH015, which did not induce behavioral side effects, reduced paw incision induced microglial and astrocytic activation in spinal cord (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
These data indicate that intrathecal administration of cannabinoid receptor agonists may provide postoperative analgesia while reducing spinal glial activation, and that selective cannabinoid 2 receptor agonists may do so without central side effects.
Oxygen Tension Modulates Inhibition of L-type Calcium Currents by Isoflurane in Human Atrial Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Kowark Pascal , Hüneke Rocco , Jüngling Eberhard , Rossaint Rolf , Lückhoff Andreas 
Published: March 2007

Background
Myocardial L-type Ca(2+) currents (I(Ca,L)) are inhibited by isoflurane in the presence of a partial pressure of oxygen (P(O2)) of 150 mmHg. In guinea pig cardiomyocytes, I(Ca,L) are inhibited by reduced oxygen tensions. The authors therefore analyzed the effects of P(O2) on I(Ca,L) in human cardiomyocytes and the effects of isoflurane at reduced P(O2).

Methods
Atrial cardiomyocytes were prepared from specimens of patients undergoing open-heart surgery and superfused with either a high or a low P(O2) (150 or 12 +/- 1 mmHg) while I(Ca,L) were measured with the whole cell patch clamp technique.

Results
Basal I(Ca,L) were not changed by the P(O2) (range, 9-150 mmHg) at 21 degrees or 36 degrees C. The reducing agent 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) left I(Ca,L) unaffected, and the oxidizing agent 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) irreversibly inhibited I(Ca,L). The P(O2) significantly affected the inhibition of I(Ca,L) by isoflurane (1 minimum alveolar concentration) that decreased I(Ca,L) by 17 +/- 2.0% at the high P(O2) but only by 5.8 +/- 2.9% (P = 0.037) at the low P(O2). The inhibition of I(Ca,L) by isoflurane was also significantly diminished (P = 0.018) by a low P(O2) when isoflurane effects at both P(O2) conditions were compared in the same cell.

Conclusions
In contrast to the situation in guinea pigs, basal I(Ca,L) in human atrial cardiomyocytes was not sensitive to acute P(O2) changes over a wide range. This might be explained by a lack of oxygen-sensitive splice variants of L-type calcium channel subunits. The P(O2), however, has a decisive role for the effects of isoflurane on I(Ca,L).
Spinal Prostaglandins Facilitate Exaggerated A- and C-fiber-mediated Reflex Responses and Are Critical to the Development of Allodynia Early after L5-L6 Spinal Nerve Ligation
Authors: O'Rielly Darren D. , Loomis Christopher W. 
Published: March 2007

Background
Spinal prostaglandins are important in the early pathogenesis of spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced allodynia. This study examined the effect of SNL on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, and prostaglandin E2 receptors in the rat lumbar spinal cord, and the temporal and pharmacologic relation of these changes to the exaggerated A- and C-fiber-mediated reflex responses and allodynia, 24 h after injury.

Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley rats, fitted with intrathecal catheters, underwent SNL or sham surgery. Paw withdrawal threshold, electromyographic analysis of the biceps femoris flexor reflex, and immunoblotting of the spinal cord were used.

Results
Both allodynia (paw withdrawal threshold of < or = 4 g) and exaggerated A- and C-fiber-mediated reflex responses (i.e., decrease in activation threshold, increase in evoked activity, including windup; P < 0.05) were evident 24 h after SNL but not sham surgery. Allodynic animals exhibited significant increases in prostaglandin E2 receptor (subtypes 1-3) and COX-1 (but not COX-2) expression in the ipsilateral lumbar dorsal horn. The corresponding ventral horns and contralateral dorsal horn were unchanged from sham controls. Exaggerated A- and C-fiber-mediated reflex responses were significantly attenuated by intrathecal SC-560 or SC-51322, but not SC-236, given 24 h after SNL.

Conclusion
These results provide further evidence that spinal prostaglandins, derived primarily from COX-1, are critical in the exaggeration of A- and C-fiber input and allodynia, 24 h after SNL.
Development of apple powdery mildew on sources of resistance to Podosphaera leucotricha, exposed to an inoculum virulent against the major resistance gene Pl‐2
Authors: Caffier V. , Parisi L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe major resistance gene Pl‐2 in apple has recently been shown to be overcome by a virulent population of powdery mildew, Podosphaera leucotricha, in genotypes of the fourth generation after introgression of Pl‐2 from crab apple, Malus zumi. Tests of pathogenicity in controlled conditions and observations in an orchard showed that the initial progenitor of Pl‐2, MAL 68/1, was overcome by a virulent inoculum. As a consequence, all selections derived from MAL 68/1 may lose their resistance to powdery mildew, if Pl‐2 is used alone. Sources of resistance other than Pl‐2 remained efficient to the virulent population: M. hupehensis, M. mandshurica, M. robusta, M. sargentii, M. sieboldii, D12, Mildew Immune Selection and ‘White Angel’. The combination of Pl‐2 with quantitative resistance genes resulted in a high level of resistance.