bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenging Problems: Coincident Pregnancy, HIV Infection, and Older Age
Authors: Connors Joseph M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWith the application of modern chemotherapy and radiation techniques, most patients with Hodgkin lymphoma can be cured, regardless of initial extent of disease. However, the lymphoma sometimes presents coincident with certain other major conditions, including pregnancy, infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or older age, which complicate treatment and make management considerably more challenging. Specially crafted approaches to staging and treatment, including the addition of specific supportive care measures, are required in these situations. Pregnant patients with coincident Hodgkin lymphoma should be staged without the use of imaging requiring radiation and treated with an approach that includes initial treatment deferral when appropriate, single agent vinblastine and reservation of multi-agent chemotherapy for the small minority with very aggressive lymphoma. Patients with Hodgkin lymphoma and HIV infection can be given standard anti-lymphoma treatment but require intensive supportive care with highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) and prophylactic anti-fungal and anti-Pneumocystis antibiotics plus neutrophil growth factors. Standard staging and full dose multi-agent chemotherapy are necessary if older patients with Hodgkin lymphoma are to be afforded the best chance of cure but the final choice of the individual elements of treatment must respect co-morbid conditions and age- or other disease-related organ compromise. If appropriately chosen, these special measures permit delivery of safe, effective treatment and frequent cure of the Hodgkin lymphoma despite complicating pregnancy, HIV infection or older age.
Burkitt Lymphoma in Adults
Authors: Perkins Archibald S. , Friedberg Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis review will begin with a detail of the revision of the WHO classification, and pathological definitions of Burkitt lymphoma. Over the past several years, molecular understanding of Burkitt lymphoma has improved significantly. Using gene expression profiling, a genomic “signature” of Burkitt lymphoma may be identified, that has fidelity beyond c-myc expression, and the presence of the classical t(8;14). Then, evaluation and therapy of the adult patient with Burkitt lymphoma will be reviewed. Relatively few data exist on optimal therapy of the adult patient with Burkitt lymphoma. Principles of therapy should include high doses of alkylating agents, frequent administration of chemotherapy, and attention to central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis with high doses of systemic chemotherapy, intrathecal therapy, or both. The outcome of adult patients with Burkitt lymphoma, particularly those over 40 years of age, is inferior to the outcome of younger patients, but may be improving over the past few years. Results from an international collaborative effort, which are helpful in evaluating results of Burkitt lymphoma therapy in adults, will be presented. HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma, and elderly patients with Burkitt lymphoma, comprise special clinical situations that will be also covered in this review.
Marginal Zone Lymphomas: Management of Nodal, Splenic, and MALT NHL
Authors: Kahl Brad , Yang David 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Marginal zone lymphomas are indolent B-cell lymphomas that originate from the marginal zone of B-cell follicles. For several subtypes, the initiation of disease appears to be a consequence of chronic infection and/ or inflammation. While the initial lymphoid hyperplasia is driven by physiologic antigenic stimulation, additional oncogenic events, such as chromosomal translocations leading to constitutive activation of signaling pathways, occur during the progression of disease that ultimately result in antigen-independent lymphoproliferation. Despite having a common origin in the marginal zone of the B-cell follicle, there are distinct clinical and molecular characteristics of marginal zone lymphomas originating at different anatomic sites. As such, marginal zone–derived lymphomas are currently categorized by the World Health Organization (WHO) into those originating in the spleen (splenic marginal zone lymphoma), extranodal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma), or lymph node (nodal marginal zone lymphoma).
From Palliation to Epigenetic Therapy in Myelofibrosis
Authors: Rambaldi Alessandro , Barbui Tiziano , Barosi Giovanni 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Myelofibrosis shows a progressive clinical course and usually a poor, lethal prognosis. The molecular pathogenesis of this disease largely remains to be fully understood but the identification of the JAK2V617F mutation in more than half of patients was a major improvement in our understanding of the disease biology and may represent the first biologic marker useful for risk stratification, independently from conventional clinical predictors. After many elusive efforts, new effective treatment strategies are becoming available for this disease. Allogeneic transplantation following reduced-intensity conditioning programs, at least in some patients, may induce not only a hematologic response but also a molecular remission, thus supporting the hope of a possible, definitive eradication of the disease. Moreover, new innovative drugs, targeting either the JAK2V617F mutation or more general oncogenic mechanisms, may provide widely applicable, effective treatments to many patients for whom allogeneic transplantation is not feasible.
Pleiotropic effects of a rel mutation on stress survival of Rhizobium etli CNPAF512
Authors: Braeken Kristien , Fauvart Maarten , Vercruysse Maarten , Beullens Serge , Lambrichts Ivo , Michiels Jan 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Background
The rel gene of Rhizobium etli (rel

Ret
), the nodulating endosymbiont of the common bean plant, determines the cellular level of the alarmone (p)ppGpp and was previously shown to affect free-living growth and symbiosis. Here, we demonstrate its role in cellular adaptation and survival in response to various stresses.

Results
Growth of the R. etli rel

Ret
mutant was strongly reduced or abolished in the presence of elevated NaCl levels or at 37°C, compared to the wild type. In addition, depending on the cell density, decreased survival of exponentially growing or stationary phase rel

Ret
mutant cells was obtained after H2O2, heat or NaCl shock compared to the wild-type strain. Survival of unstressed stationary phase cultures was differentially affected depending on the growth medium used. Colony forming units (CFU) of rel

Ret
mutant cultures continuously decreased in minimal medium supplemented with succinate, whereas wild-type cultures stabilised at higher CFU levels. Microscopic examination of stationary phase cells indicated that the rel

Ret
mutant was unable to reach the typical coccoid morphology of the wild type in stationary phase cultures. Assessment of stress resistance of re-isolated bacteroids showed increased sensitivity of the rel

Ret
mutant to H2O2 and a slightly increased resistance to elevated temperature (45°C) or NaCl shock, compared to wild-type bacteroids.

Conclusion
The rel

Ret
gene is an important factor in regulating rhizobial physiology, during free-living growth as well as in symbiotic conditions. Additionally, differential responses to several stresses applied to bacteroids and free-living exponential or stationary phase cells point to essential physiological differences between the different states.
Large-scale preparation of active caspase-3 in E. coli by designing its thrombin-activatable precursors
Authors: Kang Hyo Jin , Lee Young-mi , Jeong Yu-Jin , Park Kyoungsook , Jang Mi , Park Sung Goo , Bae Kwang-Hee , Kim Moonil , Chung Sang J 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackgroundCaspase-3, a principal apoptotic effector that cleaves the majority of cellular substrates, is an important medicinal target for the treatment of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Large amounts of the protein are required for drug discovery research. However, previous efforts to express the full-length caspase-3 gene inE. colihave been unsuccessful.ResultsOverproducers of thrombin-activatable full-length caspase-3 precursors were prepared by engineering the auto-activation sites of caspase-3 precursor into a sequence susceptible to thrombin hydrolysis. The engineered precursors were highly expressed as soluble proteins inE. coliand easily purified by affinity chromatography, to levels of 10–15 mg from 1 L ofE. coliculture, and readily activated by thrombin digestion. Kinetic evaluation disclosed that thrombin digestion enhanced catalytic activity (kcat/KM) of the precursor proteins by two orders of magnitude.ConclusionA novel method for a large-scale preparation of active caspase-3 was developed by a strategic engineering to lack auto-activation during expression with amino acid sequences susceptible to thrombin, facilitating high-level expression inE. coli. The precursor protein was easily purified and activated through specific cleavage at the engineered sites by thrombin, generating active caspase-3 in high yields.
Laparoscopic or open appendectomy?
Authors: Dede Kristóf , Mersich Tamás , Zaránd Attila , Besznyák István , Baranyai Zsolt , Atkári Bence , Jakab Ferenc 
Published: December 2008

A laparoszkópos appendectomia az elsőként kidolgozott minimálisan invazív sebészeti eljárások egyike, mégis a mai napig ellentmondásos a megítélése mind az előnyeit, mind az indikációit tekintve.Módszer:A szerzők áttekintik és elemzik 3 év alatt laparoszkópos (LA) és nyílt technikával appendectomizált (OA) betegeik adatait.Betegek:Az Uzsoki Utcai Kórház Sebészeti Osztályán 2005. január 1.–2007. december 31. között 273 betegnél történt appendicitis acuta diagnózissal appendectomia. Száznyolcvanöt (68%) betegnél laparoszkóposan, 88 (32%) betegnél nyílt technikával végeztük a műtétet. Két év óta alapelvünk, hogy appendicitis esetén laparoszkópos appendectomia az elsőként választandó eljárás, a legutóbbi évben az esetek 89%-ában már laparoszkóposan történt a műtét.Eredmények:Laparoszkópos kezdést követően konverziót végeztünk a betegek 27%-ánál, 35 esetben (70%) a betegség előrehaladott volta, 15 esetben (30%) technikai ok miatt. Sebfertőzés a laparoszkópos csoportban 8%-ban, a nyílt csoportban 18%-ban fordult elő (p= 0,022). A laparoszkópos és a nyílt csoport között nem volt szignifikáns különbség sem a reoperációk, sem a kórházi visszavételek tekintetében. Csonkinsufficientiát a laparoszkópos csoportban 1 esetben észleltünk, ez drén mellett spontán gyógyult. Az átlagos ápolási nap szignifikánsan csökkent a laparoszkópos csoportban (p= 0,031).Megbeszélés:A vizsgálat igazolta a laparoszkópos appendectomia előnyeit a nyílt műtéttel összehasonlítva. Gyakorlatunkban akut appendicitis gyanúja esetén elsőként választandó eljárás a laparoszkópos műtét.
THE VASCULAR STRUCTURE OF THE EXTRAPLACENTAL UTERINE MUCOSA OF THE RABBIT
Authors: PARRY HELEN J. 
Published: December 2008

The finer vascular system of the extra-placental uterine mucosa of the rabbit during oestrus and the early stages of pregnancy and pseudopregnancy was studied by means of the benzidine-nitroprusside blood stain and by injection.
In the oestrous uterus there is a marked mesometrial hyperaemia which intensifies during the early stages of pregnancy and pseudopregnancy.
No spiral arteries nor arterio-venous anastomoses were found in the uterine endometrium.
During the early stages of pregnancy, as the uterine mucosa proliferates, there is an intense growth of new blood vessels, accompanied by a corresponding increase in the amount of blood in the vessels. This occurs throughout the uterus at first, but after 8 days post coitum the increase continues around the conceptus but slows down and finally stops between the conceptuses and in the pseudopregnant horn.
When the trophoblast of the blastocyst wall fuses with the uterine epithelium the fusion areas become well vascularized. It is suggested that this vascularization is stimulated by the invading trophoblast.
The trophoblast actually breaks down the walls of the maternal capillaries and allows the maternal blood to bathe the embryonic syncytium and during the time that this is happening there is a marked leucocytosis around the fusion areas.
The results are discussed in relation to the previous literature and to their possible physiological significance.
THE EFFECT OF DESTRUCTION OF THE GERMINAL EPITHELIUM ON THE NUMBERS OF OOCYTES
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: December 2008

The germinal epithelium was eliminated in fifty post-pubertal albino rats by painting the ovarian surface with 10% tannic acid. Seven rats were treated bilaterally and forty-three unilaterally. The animals were killed at intervals ranging from a few hours to 469 days after the operation. Some germinal epithelium, usually abnormal in appearance, was present in eighteen out of the forty-three ovaries of the rats treated unilaterally, and in eight of fourteen ovaries of the animals dealt with bilaterally. The ovaries in the unilateral series were considerably reduced in volume. There was less involution in the bilaterally treated animals.
Normal and atretic follicles in all stages of development were present up to 469 days after the elimination of the germinal epithelium.
The total number of oocytes in the experimental animals was only slightly lower than normal, there being no significant difference (P > 0·4) between the numbers of oocytes in the experimental ovaries and in their controls. There were more normal large follicles in the control ovaries.
The relevance of these findings to the question of post-pubertal oogenesis is discussed.
THE ACTION OF SODIUM OESTRONE SULPHATE ON THE UTERUS OF THE MOUSE IN VITRO
Authors: ROBSON J. M. , SHARAF A. A. 
Published: December 2008

The effects of sodium oestrone sulphate on the uterus of the mouse in vitro have been investigated.
Motor effects are produced on the uterus of (1) oestrous animals and (2) ovariectomized animals treated with oestradiol and certain other steroids. Inhibitory effects are produced on the uterus of (1) metoestrous animals, (2) pregnant animals and (3) ovariectomized animals treated with progesterone, testosterone and certain other steroids. The antagonism between oestradiol on the one hand, and progesterone and testosterone on the other, has been studied.
Steroids which produce a condition of the uterus in which it is inhibited by sodium oestrone sulphate also inhibit the vaginal response to oestrogen in ovariectomized mice.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX ON THE MATURATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: EAYRS J. T. 
Published: December 2008

The growth of the body and central nervous system and the emergence of stereotyped behaviour have been studied in male and female rats during the first 24 days of life. The effects of daily injections of equine gonadotrophin on these measures have also been investigated.
The weight of the body and of the central nervous system was significantly less in the female than in the male. The daily administration of 10 i.u. of equine gonadotrophin was without effect on either.
The movements of the trunk and limbs concerned in the body-righting reflex became coordinated more slowly in the gonadotrophin-injected animals than in their litter-mate controls.
At 15 days old, male rats were able to right in mid-air more successfully than litter-mate females.
The placing reflex appeared earlier in the male than in the female. Its appearance was accelerated in the females given gonadotrophin, but not in the males.
In the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord of 24-day-old experimental animals, the axis cylinders occupied more space relative to that occupied by myelin than did those of the controls. The total amount of myelin present was unchanged. There was no sex difference in the progress of myelination in the spinal cord.
The significance of these findings in relation to the secretion of sex hormones is discussed. It is suggested that the secretion of androgen may be responsible for an acceleration of nervous maturation.
THE REACTION OF THE OVARIES AND ADRENAL GLANDS OF FEMALE RATS TO OVARIAN AND MUSCLE HOMOGRAFTS
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: December 2008

The ovaries and adrenal glands of an adult rat hypertrophy after either ovarian or muscle tissue is homografted into the animal. The ovarian weight/body weight and adrenal weight/body weight ratios become significantly higher than those of normal adult female rats derived from the same colony. Anaesthesia also appears to lead to a transitory increase in the weight of the adrenals.
The possibility that the ovaries respond to certain non-specific conditions, in the same general way as do the adrenal glands, is discussed.
THE FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF OESTROGENS
Authors: BRAUNSBERG HANNELORE 
Published: December 2008

Five fluorimetric methods for the determination of oestrogens have been investigated and compared. The absorption spectra of the fluorescent compounds obtained in three have been studied, and the effect of water, toluene and alcohol have been investigated.
The best method for high sensitivity is that of Bates & Cohen [1950a]; that of Finkelstein, Hestrin & Koch [1947], however, may be less influenced by any impurities present.
Toluene, water and alcohol have a marked influence on the fluorescence.
A mercury lamp may not be the most suitable source of light.
A primary filter of maximum transmission at 450 mμ will give best sensitivity.
THE INFLUENCE OF OESTRONE ON THE DIVISION OF CELLS
Authors: CARTER SHEILA B. 
Published: December 2008

The number of mitoses per unit area, or length of tissue, has been estimated in the epidermis of the ear, and in the epithelial linings of the oesophagus, duodenum and urethra. Specimens were taken from female rats in pro-oestrus, oestrus and the 1st and 2nd days of dioestrus, and from spayed rats which had received either no treatment or up to five injections of 25 μg of oestrone.
The results of these experiments do not confirm claims, made for various mouse tissues, that the rate of mitosis varies periodically in phase with the oestrous cycle, or that it is increased by oestrogen.
SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN THE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC AND RIBONUCLEIC ACID CONTENTS OF LIVERS OF NON-PREGNANT AND PREGNANT MICE, GUINEA-PIGS AND CATS
Authors: CAMPBELL ROSA M. , KOSTERLITZ H. W. 
Published: December 2008

1. The protein content of liver cells is almost independent of the size of the animal (mice, cats and previous results on rats, Campbell & Kosterlitz [1949]), and varies with the amount of protein eaten.
2. As has already been shown for rats, the ribonucleic acid ('RNA') content of the liver cells of non-pregnant mice, guinea-pigs and cats varies directly with the protein content of the cells. For a given protein content the mouse and rat have more RNA than the guinea-pig and cat.
3. During pregnancy there is a rise of the deoxyribonucleic acid ('DNA') content of the livers and in the protein content of the liver cells of mice (and rats), but not of guinea-pigs.
4. An excess of RNA over that predicted from the protein content of the liver cell has previously been found for the rat during pregnancy, and ascribed to the action of a placental factor on the maternal liver. A similar excess of RNA has now been observed in the mouse and, to a less extent, in the guinea-pig. It appears to be absent in the cat.
5. Possible causes of some of these species differences are considered.
THE ROLE OF HORMONAL AND DIETARY FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF EXCESS RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN THE LIVERS OF PREGNANT RATS
Authors: CAMPBELL ROSA M. , INNES I. R. , KOSTERLITZ H. W. 
Published: December 2008

1. Excess ribonucleic acid ('RNA') is defined as the difference between the RNA contents of livers of pregnant and non-pregnant rats. Large amounts of excess RNA are formed in the liver of the rat during the last week of pregnancy. Excess RNA is formed in the liver after removal, on the 14th or 15th day of pregnancy, of the foetuses, or foetuses and ovaries, or foetuses and adrenals, or foetuses, ovaries and adrenals, or pituitary, or pituitary and foetuses, or pituitary, foetuses and ovaries. Viable placentae must be present.
2. Two fractions of RNA appear to be present in the liver cells of pregnant rats. One fraction varies linearly with the protein content of the liver cells, as does the RNA of non-pregnant rats' livers. The second fraction (excess RNA) is quite independent of the protein content of the liver cells but varies linearly with the weight of the placentae and the energy, but not the protein, content of the diet.
3. Hypophysectomy lowers the amount of excess RNA by 20–25 %. After removal of the foetuses on the 14th day, the placentae do not attain the normal weight, and the amount of excess RNA is smaller than in normal pregnancy. After removal of foetuses and ovaries the placentae are larger and heavier than after removal of the foetuses alone.
4. Both adrenalectomy and ovariectomy in non-pregnant female rats cause a small rise of liver deoxyribonucleic acid ('DNA') and RNA. After hypophysectomy, there is a loss in liver RNA greater than that expected from the simultaneous loss of liver protein. The loss of RNA occurs even when the loss of liver protein is prevented by feeding the rats by stomach tube. DNA is not lost from the liver a fortnight after hypophysectomy, as long as the energy intake is normal.
5. In non-pregnant female rats oestradiol, but not progesterone, causes an increase of liver DNA and RNA. This is not found in hypophysectomized rats. Injection of an alkaline placental extract causes a significant rise of liver RNA which, however, is very much smaller than that found in pregnancy.
6. Since hypophysectomy lowers, but does not abolish excess liver RNA in pregnant rats, it is concluded that at least two factors play a role: first and foremost, an unknown factor secreted by the placenta, acting independently of the pituitary, and second, increased amounts of oestrogen apparently requiring the presence of the pituitary.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PROTEIN SOLVENTS ON THE DOSE-RESPONSE LINE FOR THE INTRAVAGINAL ADMINISTRATION OF OESTRONE IN MICE
Authors: BIGGERS J. D. 
Published: December 2008

1. The proteins: egg albumin and bovine plasma albumin exert a significant influence on the action of oestrone upon the vagina, but they differ in the concentrations required to produce an effect. Egg albumin does so only in 1·0 % solutions, while plasma albumin is effective in 0·01 % solutions.
2. β-Lactoglobulin may have an effect similar to that of egg albumin.
3. Globulins, fibrinogen, and pepsin have no influence on the action of oestrone upon the vagina.
4. While 1% egg albumin causes a significant alteration only in the position of the dose-response line, 0·01% plasma albumin, in addition, depresses the slope.
5. The significance of these results in relation to (a) the intravaginal dose-response line, and (b) the physical interaction of proteins and oestrogens is discussed.
ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN IN RELATION TO THE DIABETOGENIC ACTIVITY OF GROWTH HORMONE PREPARATIONS
Authors: REID E. 
Published: December 2008

The diabetogenic activity of preparations of growth hormone (GH) in intact cats was enhanced by the additional administration of preparations of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). High doses of ACTH alone were not diabetogenic under these conditions.
The enhancing action of ACTH occasionally persisted for some time after cessation of ACTH injections, and was not associated with any marked lowering of the renal threshold for glucose.
With a given ACTH preparation, the diabetogenic activity of purified GH was usually enhanced less than that of crude preparations.
With a given GH preparation, the degree of enhancement differed with different ACTH preparations, and bore little relation to their effectiveness in the Sayers test. Experiments are in progress to test the possibility that these differences might merely reflect differences in the rate of absorption from the injection site.