bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Synaptic Transmission through Mitochondrial Positioning and Metabolism
Authors: Li Sunan , Sheng Zu-Hang 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of axonal mitochondrial trafficking/anchoring and their metabolic function in modulating synaptic efficacy and plasticity. Synaptic transmission is a key neuronal information process. Mitochondria are commonly localized at presynaptic terminals, where they sustain presynaptic function by producing ATP and buffering calcium. Given their extremely polarized geometry, neurons face exceptional challenges maintaining local ATP and Ca2+ homeostasis at distal presynapses that are constantly changing with altered synaptic activity. Mitochondrial transport in axons and their distribution at presynapses are correlated with synaptic activity. Therefore, precise control of axonal mitochondrial trafficking and positioning and their capacity in buffering calcium and supplying presynaptic energy or “synaptoenergetics” are critical for neurons to adapt to dynamic synaptic activity. Mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired trafficking have been implicated in major neurological disorders associated with bioenergetic failure. Investigation into the roles of mitochondria in synaptic transmission is an important research frontier.
English in multicultural Indonesia
Authors: Frank Lauder Allan , Kaswanti Purwo Bambang 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This is an overview of English in Indonesia, of English in a country with a national language, Indonesian, and of more than 700 languages in the whole archipelago. As the first foreign language in Indonesia, English is an obligatory subject at schools. Early this century the idea of using it as a medium of instruction raised a controversial issue. English is an inhibiting factor for publication in reputable international journals for some researchers in social sciences and humanities. The flood of new terms in English during the pandemic was bewildering to decipher for those living in distant areas. In the era of world Englishes, there has been a growing issue of a new variety, ‘Indonesian English’. Due to the booming economies of China and Korea, it remains to be seen whether the languages of these two countries are emerging as threats to the position of English in Indonesia.
English in Vietnam
Authors: Canh Le Van 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses a number of critical issues related to English in contemporary Vietnam, where English has recently been favoured in both education and society. The chapter describes the Vietnamese historical sociolinguistic context before it critically analyses the role of English in education and society. In addition, the chapter presents a concise cross-linguistic analysis of Vietnamese and English to foreground the discussion of the linguistic features of the English spoken by Vietnamese speakers. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the future of English language education in Vietnam can navigate its way through the intricate relationship between English as a lingua franca and multilingualism in order to fulfil better its expected role in nation-building.
English-language literature of Hong Kong
Authors: Tse Kelly Yin Nga 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter tells a largely chronological story of the development of English language Hong Kong literature from the British colonial era to the postcolonial present. Inevitably, this attempt to chart the English literary history of Hong Kong is partial and perspectival in nature. This is not only because accounts of a given literary culture are always historically contingent, but also because Hong Kong writing in English is in the throes of taking its distinct shape. At its best, therefore, this chapter presents a provisional outline, which places dominant trends, genres, figures, and features in specific moments. In so doing, the chapter contests the almost calcified assumptions of those who look askance at Hong Kong as a cultural desert.
The British East India Company in Southeast Asia
Authors: Kaislaniemi Samuli 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter is a survey of the contacts between the British East India Company and Southeast Asia, from the founding of the Company in 1600 to the beginning of the British colonial period in the early 1800s. A brief history of the Company illustrates how it changed over time from a group of London merchants to a two-headed ‘company-state’. The chapter then describes and explains the periods of contact the Company had with Southeast Asia, in order to highlight the presence and continuity of English-speakers in the region. The final section discusses what we know and what we could know about English in Southeast Asia in the Company period, and calls for further research on the prehistory of SEA Englishes.
English language education and educational language policy in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam
Authors: Choi Tae-Hee , Clayton Thomas , Hum Chan , Phommalangsy Phouvanh , Hoang Oanh Thieu Thi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses English language education and educational language policy in the three nations of Indochina: Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. After briefly reviewing history, geography, demographics, and linguistic diversity, the authors of each country study detail the structure of education and the educational language policies in place in the relevant country, giving particular attention to policies supporting the English language. They continue by discussing English language teaching and learning in both formal and non-formal education, with attention to curriculum, pedagogy, textbooks, textbook development, teacher training, and evaluation. They conclude each country study with a brief discussion of anticipated or planned developments in English language policy, teaching, and learning.
English in Southeast Asian advertising
Authors: Bhatia Tej K. , Hiramoto Mie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter has three primary goals: to account for the salient features of English in Southeast Asian advertising; to show that multilingual language-mixing and script-mixing is a norm and not an exception; and to uncover and explain deep-rooted biases associated with darker skin in the advertising of beauty care products. Following sociolinguistic and visual semiotic approaches, the mechanisms of bias identification and bias construction are revealed via a multimodal interface analysis. The findings of formal and functional aspects of multiple mixing are presented. For our data collection, a structured sampling of print and digital/internet TV ads from the pan-SEA region is carried out. The conclusions drawn are not only valid for SEA advertising, but may also be generalizable for almost any form of international advertising that is rooted in colourism.
English in Southeast Asian tourism
Authors: Schneider Edgar W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Tourism requires communication, and the default choice for transcultural interactions is English. This chapter looks into the roles and forms of English employed in tourism in Southeast Asia, and into methodological issues of investigating this subject. It begins with some fundamental sociolinguistic considerations on tourism encounters, together with a brief survey of the depth and quality of penetration of English in Southeast Asian countries and the growth of tourism in the region. It is argued that agents active in tourism in the region often acquire it ‘at the grassroots’ instead of (or in addition to) the usual scholastic transmission. Various possible sources are characterized and exemplified, including anecdotal observations, oral recordings, written samples observed on location, and metalinguistic statements found in travel guidebooks and on the web.
The Asian Corpus of English (ACE)
Authors: Lixun Wang , Kirkpatrick Andy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As a lingua franca, English plays an extremely important role in Asia: there are more speakers of English in Asia than the total number of native English speakers. To study English as a lingua franca (ELF) in Asia, it is important to establish a large-scale representative spoken Asian ELF corpus. Inspired by the Vienna–Oxford International Corpus of English (VOICE), the first large-scale corpus of spoken ELF interactions in Europe, a project team in Asia led by Professor Andy Kirkpatrick compiled the Asian Corpus of English (ACE), a million-word corpus of spoken ELF interactions in Asia (https://corpus.eduhk.hk/ace). This chapter will introduce the overall design of the ACE corpus, the data collection methods, and the functionalities of the ACE online system. Some examples of ACE-based research will also be shown. This chapter aims to help those who wish to conduct research using the Asian Corpus of English.
Research bibliography of selected works related to Southeast Asian Englishes
Authors: Moody Andrew J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Recent years have seen an increasing interest in researching the Englishes of Southeast Asia (SEA), especially from the world Englishes perspective. In addition to research articles in journals—especially within four journals devoted to the world Englishes perspective, which emphasizes the pluricentricity of English—there has been tremendous growth in the number handbooks and scholarly monographs published on the topic. This chapter compiles a bibliography of scholarly monographs that might be used to research Southeast Asian Englishes from a variety of perspectives, including educational, historical, sociolinguistic, and macro-sociolinguistic. Volumes related to the region as well as individual SEA nations are included.
English ideologies in ASEAN
Authors: Zein Subhan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses ideological contestation surrounding the English language, English language education policies, and English varieties in ASEAN. The chapter argues that there are beliefs, perceptions, ideals, and aspirations which amalgamate in complex and dynamic relationships to affect the nature of the English language as well as its structure, value, use, acquisition, and development in the ASEAN region. Understanding English in ASEAN would require a thorough examination of the ideologies emerging in the spread and use of English and of how English varieties are perceived by ASEAN member states. It would also require an examination of how language education policies aiming to promote English proficiency have been formulated, implemented, and experienced. The chapter shows that whether they develop English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) or English as a Subject in Basic Education (ESBE) policies, ASEAN member states continue to grapple to promote English while facing the threat of language endangerment.
A Non-Practitioner’s Case for Civically Engaged Research
Authors: Smith Rogers M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The political science discipline should place renewed emphasis on civically engaged research, commonly defined as inquiries conducted via partnerships with communities in processes of determining questions, structuring research, and interpreting results. In the Progressive era, American political scientists often pursued such research, but especially after the rise of behavioralism in the discipline, many later abandoned civically engaged scholarship due to concerns for scientific objectivity. As a result, many political scientists failed to notice or to grasp major developments, including civil rights activism, the rise of the Religious Right and nationalistic populisms. Civically engaged research does raise serious ethical issues about how both researchers and communities can avoid mistreating each other as well outside groups Lamentably, Progressive era scholars aided the eugenics movement, racial segregation and disfranchisement, destruction of Native American cultures and families, and imperial governance of non-white peoples. Today, there remain serious concerns about political scientists exploiting or being exploited by community partners, among other challenges. But these ethical issues must be constructively addressed, not avoided, if the discipline is to fulfill its potential to illuminate and improve politics through multiple methods of research.
Halakhah and Aggadah in the Talmud and Post-Talmudic Literature
Authors: Stone Suzanne Last 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Both the Hebrew Bible and the Talmudic tradition freely mix laws and narratives, raising the question of their interrelationship. Rabbinic scholars of the post-talmudic period (geonim) generally held that the narrative material is “not law” and should not serve as a legal source, giving rise to the familiar division between halakhah and aggadah, the one constituting rules of conduct and decision-making and the other, a literary tradition reflecting the worldview of the early rabbis. This chapter reviews the jurisprudential arguments marshaled by the post-talmudic geonim against the legal authority of the aggadah and shows how familiar jurisprudential debates about “what is law?” implicitly shaped their attitude toward aggadah as a legal source. More capacious understandings of law, such as legal theories that maintain that law is composed not only of rules but also of principles provide a useful tool for redescribing the legal role of aggadah within the Talmudic corpus itself. The chapter turns to the classical Anglo-American common law as a way of clarifying the role of narratives in legal reasoning, both in the Talmudic corpus and in contemporary halakhic writings, in which aggadah has enjoyed a marked renaissance as a legal source.
Judaism and the Modern American Family
Authors: Eleff Zev 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The twentieth century brought about tremendous upheaval for the “traditional” American family. The nuclear suburban family portrayed in 1950s television programs such as Leave it to Beaver—if that version of the family ever existed in mass-form—was undone by powerful forces. Stakeholders within the political, social, and cultural realms all reacted to the stark rise in divorce rate, advances in fertility, and the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. The same was the case for religious leaders, American Judaism no exception. Owing to their professional craft, the rabbinic leaders of the three major branches of American Judaism looked primarily to Jewish law as a mechanism and language to navigate, protect, or change how their faith groups understood the contours of family life. While their interpretations and limitations varied, that each group took Jewish law, as their point of departure, demonstrates the capacity of halakhah, at some level, to remain the shared bond of Jewish life.
Close, Yet Creative, Reading
Authors: Stein Hain Elana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Halakhic interpretation inhabits two opposing methods. On the one hand, it is built from close textual readings of authoritative texts, where even slight changes in formulation or fine grammatical nuances are legally and/or conceptually significant. On the other hand, many of the exegetical tools initially applied to biblical texts and the practice of textual resolution found in the Talmud and subsequent writing display little hesitation in reading texts contrary to their natural grain. This chapter will offer both a historical and a conceptual account of these practices and evaluate the tools and structure of rabbinic interpretation. The chapter will examine four exemplary interpretative movements, separated by time and place, but all sharing this same phenomenology: ancient rabbinic midrash, talmudic interpretation of earlier rabbinic texts, medieval toseftan analysis of Talmudic law and literature, and 19th-century conceptual Brisker methodology. These will be compared and contrasted, revealing the unique contributions of each, as well as their shared threads.
International Studies in Action
Authors: Willis Charmaine N. , Roberts Joseph W. , Asal Victor 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Simulations have been increasingly integrated into political science courses as pedagogical tools, especially given the importance of human interaction in the social sciences. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the benefits and considerations of the use of simulations in political science, especially international relations (IR) and international studies. We believe that simulations offer a multitude of benefits to instructors and students alike, from clarifying abstract theories to providing a change of pace from the traditional lecture format, if carefully chosen. This chapter also showcases several simulations that vary in terms of the concept or theory under discussion, the amount of preparation and materials required, the class size, and the duration of the simulation. The simulations profiled include: the Hobbes Game, Diplomacy, levels of analysis games, two-level negotiations, and Reacting to the Past.
When Conflict Is (Not) Elsewhere
Authors: Johnson Heather L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the dynamics of teaching international relations (IR) in Northern Ireland, and proposes the need to challenge dominant narratives of abstraction when teaching in post-conflict societies. Traditional approaches to teaching international studies, through the discipline of IR, is imbued with processes of containment and abstraction (that reflect a Western-centric and colonialist history. In the post-conflict society of Northern Ireland, these narratives combine with the abstractions already present in the local curriculum to estrange students from the way the conflict is represented and taught. This inhibits them from seeing themselves and their experiences without distortion through the lens of the discipline. Recognizing such dissonances, and confronting them with critical pedagogy, helps students to challenge the dominant narratives of the discipline, seeing themselves and others as complex and as participants in the conversations of the international.
Teaching Methods
Authors: Youde Jeremy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
International studies scholars and teachers need to embrace the teaching of research methods to our students. There exists no single set of research methods in international studies. This is not surprising, given that international studies is an inherently interdisciplinary field. In addition, there is relatively little research on research methods pedagogy in international studies. As a result, it can be difficult for faculty to figure out how best to deliver these courses and what should be included. This chapter aims to counter the dread that students (and faculty) frequently feel toward research methods courses by emphasizing the benefits of the field’s eclecticism. By embracing the diversity of methods and finding ways to help students think critically about their methodological choices, research methods courses in international studies can be emancipatory and provide a wide range of opportunities for understanding the world around us. The chapter also reflects on the author’s own experiences teaching a research methods course for international studies.
How Does Learning Space Structure International Studies Programs?
Authors: Breuning Marijke 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter conceptualizes the international studies learning space as multifaceted and offers a nested model of learning space that consists of the classroom, the educational institution, the educational system, and the geographic space. The chapter discusses the ways the geographic space within which an IS program is located influences how students interact with the substance of the discipline. It also conveys that educational systems may offer wider or narrower bounds within which to design IS programs and that institutions differ in the types of programs they (can) offer. Lastly, the chapter discusses similarities and differences between physical and virtual classrooms and the consequences for learning. The conclusion offers suggestions to further develop our understanding of the impact of learning space on IS programs.
Queer Pedagogies
Authors: Hagen Jamie J. , Serrano-Amaya José Fernando , Ritholtz Samuel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Most pedagogical interventions default to heteronormative and cisnormative assumptions, marginalizing queer and trans perspectives, literatures, and experiences. This chapter considers both the political risk as well as transformative potential of “queer pedagogy.” Central to debates about how to teach lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) topics in the international studies classroom are definitional questions related to what issues are “LGBTQ,” and how to adopt an inclusive pedagogical approach. This chapter explores the politics of queer pedagogy, the queer politics of studying sexuality in the international studies classroom, and how engaging in a queer pedagogy in teaching IR relates to the push for queer inclusion on campuses. Finally, the chapter reflects on the backlash faced by those doing this work in higher education today.
A Pedagogy of Erasure
Authors: King Hayden , Thomas David P. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter critically analyzes the near silence from international relations scholars on the topics and perspectives of Indigenous peoples in relation to the study of global politics. In the broader context of this silence in the discipline, and the calls for post-secondary institutions to engage in processes of Indigenization or decolonization, this chapter focuses specifically on how IR is taught at the introductory level in Canada. It asks, Are IR teachers integrating Indigenous perspectives and content into the curriculum or following the stubborn trend of continuing to erase Indigenous people and perspectives? To answer the question, the authors have undertaken content analysis of 42 introductory IR course outlines from across Canada. Despite some signs of hope in the data, they reveal that the teaching of IR at the introductory level in Canada fails to adequately respond to these pressing calls to decolonize the curriculum.
Seafaring in Prehistory
Authors: Montenegro Alvaro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A common distribution pattern of people over space and time can be generally described as presence at particular locations for longer periods and relatively rapid displacement between those locations. Understanding how these displacements take place is central to many archaeological inquiries, but places of permanence tend to be better represented in the material record than the pathways linking them. This is particularly true for movement over water, where trips—with the rare exception of accessible wrecks—leave no recoverable traces on the environment. Add to this the fact that vessels tend to be built from materials with poor preservation, and it becomes clear that the challenges in understanding ancient seafaring are significant. This chapter shows how computer models that simulate ocean voyages have been used for decades as a viable and productive methodological strategy to deal with this maelstrom of uncertainty. It consists of (1) a short review of how these models have been used by archaeologists; (2) an overview of the basic principles and challenges involved in simulating seafaring; (3) a description of existing model categories, their strengths and weaknesses; (4) a discussion on the types, sources, and adequacy of the environmental information, such as wind and current data, required as input by simulations; and (5) a few suggestions for future development. The goal is to introduce voyaging simulations to those with little or no knowledge of the subject and to expand the view of the field for readers already familiar with the methodology.