bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOSS OF TRI‐ALLATE FROM SOILS
Authors: SMITH ALLAN E. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Electron‐capture gas chromatography was used to detect tri‐allate residues in persistence studies with two soils. At rates equivalent to 0–75, 15 and 3 Ib/ac, 50% of the amount applied was degraded in 8–11 weeks at 25°C in moist Regina heavy clay and Weyburn loam. No loss occurred in sterile soils, indicating that microbial degradation may be a, major factor contributing to tri‐allate breakdown.When aqueous solutions buffered at pH 4–8 were held at 25° G, only 10–15% of the tri‐allate was chemically degraded during 24 weeks.At the normal field rate of 1·25 Ib/ac, tri‐allate was not readily leached. From soil columns of Weyburn loam, 5–7% was eluted by 9 in. of water; with clay the corresponding value was 12–13% of the amount applied. When field plots were sprayed with 125 lb/ac in April, tri‐allate could still be detected until the soil froze in November. Facteurs agissant sur la perte de tri‐allate dans les sots
METABOLISM OF DICHLOBENIL IN SANDY SOIL
Authors: VERLOOP A. , NIMMO W. B. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A study was made of the breakdown of 14C‐dichlobenil (2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile) added at 2 ppm to a sandy soil containing 4% organic matter. After 8 months more than half the added herbicide had been metabolized. The major conversion product was 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide (95% of total metabolites). Three minor metabolites (each about 1%) were found but could not be identified. The hydrolysis to 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide appears to be a microbiological process. The great stability of the major metabolite was confirmed in a separate experiment in which 14C‐2,6‐dichlorobenzamide was added to the soil at 2 ppm. After 6 months about 90% of the added 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide was recovered.Métabolisme du dichlobenil en sol sableuxRésumé. La degradation du 14C‐dichlobenil (2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile), a étéétudiée, à la concentration de 2 ppm, dans un sol sableux contenant 4% de matiére organique. Après huit mois, plus de la moitié de I'herbicide apporté avait été métabolisé. Le plus important des produits de dégradation fut le 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide (95% du total des metabolites). Trois métabolites mineurs, représentant environ 1% chacun furent trouvés mais ne purent étre identifiés. L'hydrolyse à la 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide semble être un processus microbiologique. La grande stabilityé du métabolite principal fut confirmée dans une autre expérience dans laquelle le 14C‐2,6‐dichlorobenzamide fut ajouté au sol à raison de 2 ppm. Après 6 mois, 90% environ du 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide fut retrouve.Abbau von Dichlobenil in SandbodenZusammenfassung. Es erfolgte eine Untersuchung über den Abbau von 14C‐Dichlobenil (2,6‐Dichlorbenzonitril), dass in einer Konzentration von 2 ppm einem Sandboden mit 4% organischer Substanz zugegeben worden war. Nach 8 Monaten war mehr als die Halfte des zugefügten Herbizids abgebaut. Das wichtigste Abbauprodukt war 2,6‐Dichlorbenzamid (95% der gesamten Abbauprodukte). Drei weniger bedeutende Abbauprodukte (jedes weniger als 1%) wurden gefunden, doch konnten sie nicht identifiziert werden. Die Hydrolyse in 2,6‐Dichlorbenzamid ist offensichtlich ein mikrobiologisch bedingter Vorgang. Die grosse Stabilitat des wichtigsten Metaboliten wurde in einem getrennten Versuch bestatigt, in welchem 14C‐2,6‐Dichlorbenzamid dem Boden in einer Konzentration von 2 ppm zugefuhrt wurde. Nach 6 Monaten wurden ungefahr 90% des zugefügten 2,6‐Dichlorbenzamid wiedergefunden.
DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS FOR TWO TRIAZINE HERBICIDES IN SIX SOILS
Authors: WALKER A. , CRAWFORD D. V. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Diffusion of the triazine herbicides propazine and prometryne was studied in six soils. Apparent diffusion coefficients were calculated from the distribution of herbicide in a column of soil after diffusion from one half of the column for a known time. The magnitude of the diffusion coefficients varied from 1·5 × 10−9 cm2 sec−1 for propazine in a sandy soil to 3·1 × 10−9 cm2 sec−1 for prometryne in an organic soil. Under the conditions of measurement, the diffusion coefficients decreased in proportion to the extent of adsorption. Calculations were made to determine over what distances diffusion could be of importance in the movement of these herbicides.Coefficients de diffusion de deux triazines herbicides dans six solsRésumé. La diffusion de deux triazines herbicides, la propazine et la prometryne a étéétudiée dans six sols. Les coefficients de diffusion apparente furent calculés selon la distribution de I'herbicide dans une colonne de sol, aprés diffusion à partir de la moitié de la colonne pendant un temps connu. Les coefficients de diffusion variérent de 1,5 × 10−7cm2 see−1 pour la propazine dans un sol sableux, á 3,1 × 10−9 cm2 sec−2 pour la prométryne dans un sol organique. Dans les conditions oú les mesures furent effectuées, les coefficients de diffusion diminuérent en proportion de 1′étendue de l'adsorption. Des calculs ont été effectués pour detérminer au‐delá de quelles distances la diffusion pouvait presenter une importance dans le mouvement de ces herbicides.Difftisions‐KoeffizienUnfur zwei Trtazin‐Deriaate in sechs BödenZusammenfassung. Die Diffusion der beiden Triazin‐Derivate Propazin und Prometryn wurde in sechs Böden untersucht. Die Diffusions‐Koeffizienten wurden aus der Verteilung des Herbizids in einer Bodensaule nach Diffusion aus der einen Säulenhalfte in einer bestimmten Zeit errechnet. Die Grösse der Diffusions‐Koeffizienten variierte von 1,5 × 10−7 cm2× sec−1 bei Propazin in einem Sandboden bis 3,1 × 10−9 cm2× sec−1 bei Prometryn in einem Humus‐Boden. Unter den gegebenen Versuchsbedingungen nahmen die Diffusions‐Koeffizienten in Abhángigkeit von der Stärke der Adsorption ab, Es wurden Berechnungen darüber angestellt, über welche Entfernungcn die Diffusion dieser Herbizide im Boden eine Rolle spielen könnte.
THE INHIBITION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID INDUCTION OF α‐AMYLASE ACTIVITY IN BARLEY ENDOSPERM BY CERTAIN HERBICIDES
Authors: DEVLIN ROBERT M. , CUNNINGHAM RICHARD P. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The influence of the four herbicides 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), isopropyl‐N‐(3‐chlorophenyl)carbamate (chlorpropham), 2‐chloro‐N‐isopropylacetani‐lide (propachlor) and 2‐chloro‐2′,6′‐diethyl‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetanilide (alachlor) on GA induction of a‐amylase in the barley endosperm test was studied. Amylase induction by GA was inhibited by all four herbicides, dichlobenil and chlorpropham being more active in this respect. In all cases, inhibition increased with the addition of increasing concentrations of herbicide. Addition of the herbicides to the reaction mixture showed that none of them directly affected the enzyme—starch reaction.Inhibition de V induction par l'acide gibbirellique de activité de α‐amylase dans l’endosperne de I'orge, sous faction de certains herbicidesRésumé. Les auteurs ont étudié l'influence de 4 herbicides, le 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobénil), le. N‐(3‐chlorophényle) carbamate d'isopropyle (chlorpropham), la 2‐chloro‐N‐iso‐propylacétanilide (propachlore) et la 2‐chloro‐2′,6′‐diéthyl‐N‐(méthoxy‐méthyle) acétanilide (alachlore), sur l'induction par l'acide gibbérellique de l'α‐amylase dans l'endosperme de I'orge. L'induction de l'amylase par l'acide gibbérellique fut inhibée par les quatre herbicides, le dichlobénil et le chlorpropham se montrant les plus actifs à cet égard. Dans tous les cas, l'inhibition s'accrut avec I'addition de concentrations croissantes d'herbicide. L'addition des herbicides au mélange en réaction montra qu'aucun d'entre eux n'affectait directement la réaction enzymatique de l'amidon.Die Hemmung der gibberellininduzierten α‐Amylaseaktimtdt in Gerstenendosperm durch gewisse HerbizideZusammenfassung. Der Einfluss der vier Herbizide 2,6‐Dichlorbenzonitril (Dichlobenil), Isopropyl‐N‐(3‐chlorphenyl)‐carbamat (Chlorpropham), 2‐Chlor‐N‐isopropylace‐tanilid (Propachlor) und2‐Chlor‐2′,6′‐diäthyl‐N‐(methoxymethyl)‐acetanilid (Alachlor) auf die gibberellininduzierte α‐Amylasebildung in Gerstenendosperm wurde untersucht. Die Induktion von α‐Amylase durch Gibberellinsäure wurde von alien vier Herbiziden ge‐hemmt. Am wirksamsten waren hierbei Dichlobenil und Ghlorpropham. In alien Fällen wurde die Hemmwirkung durch ansteigende Herbizidkonzentrationen verstärkt. Die Zugabe der Herbizide zu dem Reaktionsgemisch zeigte, dass keines von ihnen die Reaktion zwischen Enzym und Stärke direkt beeinflusste.
METHODEN ZUR RÜCKSTANDSBESTIMMUNG VON PHENMEDIPHAM IN PFLANZENMATERIAL
Authors: KOSSMANN K. 
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Es werden Methoden zur photometrischen bzw, gaschromatografischen Rückstandsbestimmung von Phenmedipham in Betarüben und deren Blättern, in Zucker und seinen Nebenprodukten, in Erdbceren und anderen Kulturpflanzen beschrieben. Mit der Photometrie wird eine Nachweisgrenze von 0,1 ppm erreicht. Die Gaschromatografic erlaubt noch die Bestimmung von 0,02 ppm Phenmedipham.Methods for residue analysis of phenmedipham in plant materialSummary. Photometric and gas chromatographic methods are described for the residue analysis of phenmedipham in roots and leaves of sugar beet, in sugar and its by‐products, in strawberries and in other crops. The photometric method allows a minimum residue of 0.l ppm to be determined; with the gas chromatographic method, as little as 0–02 ppm phenmedipham can be determined.Méthodes pour l'analyse des résidus de phenmédiphame dans Le matériel végétalRésumé. Des méthodes de photométrie et de chromatographie en phase gazeuse sont décrites pour l'analyse des résidus de phenmédiphame dans les racines et les feuilles de la betterave á sucre, dans le sucre et ses dérivés, dans les fraises et dans d'autres plantes cultivées. La méthode photométrique permet de déceler un résidu minimum de 0,1 ppm; avee la méthode de chromatographie en phase gazeuse, il peut étrc décelé une quantité aussi faible que 0,02 ppm de phenmédiphame.
RESIDUAL ACTIVITY OF PARAQUAT IN SOILS I. FACTORS AFFECTING PERSISTENCE
Authors: WATKIN E. M. , SAGAR G. R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Phytotoxic residues were recorded on soil surfaces sprayed with paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridylium‐2A) at 1 and 2 Ib/ac a.i. Phytotoxicity was greater on organic than on mineral soils though on both the residues persisted unchanged for at least 14 days and were greater with the higher dose.Germination of Brassica napus L. was only slightly affected and most seedlings did not show phytotoxic symptoms until after cotyledon expansion. The cotyledons of Trifolium repens L. showed symptoms on emergence from the testa. By contrast, grains of Lolium perenne L. either failed to germinate on paraquat‐treated soils or showed reduced germination.Seedlings of T. repens were susceptible; both root and shoot systems were affected as they grew through layers of soil previously treated with paraquat. Ground limestone appeared to reduce the phytotoxicity of paraquat under some circumstances. Phytotoxic residues were not reduced by surface irrigation but disappeared if the soil surface was disturbed mechanically.
SEED PRODUCTION OF AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) BEAUV. IN ARABLE CROPS IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN 1969
Authors: Williams E. D. , Attwood P. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Spikes oi Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. were collected from field crops (mostly spring barley and winter wheat) in England and Wales near the time of crop harvest. Seeds per spike were counted and their germination tested in soil in the glasshouse.About 95% of the samples contained viable seeds; about one third of the samples had fewer than 5 viable seeds/spike, a third between 6 and 15 and a third more than 15. The average number of viable seeds/spike for all samples was 13. Spikes from spring barley (152 samples) had an average of 11 and a maximum of 51 viable seeds and those from winter wheat (42 samples), 20 and 48 respectively. Samples collected within 3 weeks after mid‐July had fewer viable seeds/spike than those collected later. Samples containing morphologically‐different spikes had more viable seeds/spike than apparently uniform samples, and spikes from dense field populations more seeds than those from sparse populations.
OCCURRENCE AND PERSISTENCE OF PICLORAM IN GRASSLAND WATER SOURCES
Authors: HAAS R. H. , SCIFRES C. J. , MERKLE M. G. , And R. R. HAHN , HOFFMAN G. O. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. At 2 weeks following application, concentrations of picloram in surface runoff water collected adjacent to a South Texas grassland treated with 1·1 kg/ha ranged from 0·055 to 0·184 ppm as detected by gas chromatography. Picloram in surface runoff water diminished with time and amount of rainfall as a decay function. Picloram was not detectable in a flowing stream 0·8 km below a 32‐ha area treated with 1·1 kg/ha. Residual picloram was not detected in domestic water wells at any time up to 2 years following treatment of adjacent areas with 1·1 kg/ha.Dissipation of picloram from treated livestock‐watering ponds was concentration‐dependent, with the final losses resulting largely from dilution. Initial loss rates in the ponds ranged from 14 to 18%/day but decreased to less than 1%/day at 100 days following treatment. After 100 days, when the concentrations were less than 0·005 ppm, the primary changes in picloram content appeared to be due to dilution from rainfall or to concentration by runoff from adjacent treated areas.
MOVEMENT AND FATE OF FLUORODIFEN‐1′‐14C IN CUCUMBER SEEDLINGS
Authors: EASTIN E. F. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Autoradiographs and liquid scintillation counts of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Ashley) seedlings indicated rapid absorption and translocation of radioactivity from fluorodifen‐1′‐14C (p‐nitrophenyl‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2‐nitro‐p‐tolyl ether labelled with 14C in the 1 position of the p‐nitrophenyl ring). After 24 h in 1 mg/1 of fluoro‐difen‐1′‐14C, 25% of the absorbed radioactivity was translocated from the roots.Cucumber seedlings degraded fluorodifen‐1′‐14C via a pathway similar to that reported for peanut seedlings but at a slower rate. The major degradation products were p‐nitrophenol and an unidentified polar compound (Unknown I). More rapid absorption and translocation coupled with slower degradation by cucumber as compared with peanut seedlings are factors which may contribute to the susceptibility of cucumber to fluorodifen.
GERMINATION OF SEEDS AND EMERGENCE OF SEEDLINGS OF AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) BEAUV.
Authors: WILLIAMS E. D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary.Seeds of Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv, have little innate dormancy and germinate mainly during autumn, but germination may be delayed by cold, inadequate moisture or deep burial. Seedlings emerged from all viable seeds sown 5 cm deep but from only 4% of those 10 cm deep. Many seeds are viable when green and immature. At Rothamsted, spike emergence and flowering were earlier in 1970 than in 1968 and 1969 but more seeds became viable more rapidly in 1969. Higher temperatures in May and early June in 1970, and after flowering in 1969, probably account for most of these differences. Germination is facilitated by a diurnal alternation of temperature, but more old than young seeds can germinate at a constant temperature.
AMINO‐ACID COMPOSITION OF GRAIN PROTEIN FROM WHEAT AND BARLEY TREATED WITH 2,4‐D*
Authors: PELLETT P. L. , SAGHIR A. R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary.Wheat and barley treated with the butoxyethyl ester of 2,4‐D at 2, 4 and 8 kg/ha (a.e.) at the jointing stage of growth were analysed for the amino‐acid composition of the protein of the grain. A slight decrease in the threonine and arginine, and an increase in the proline content of wheat protein were observed. In barley, only methionine showed a slight increase as a result of herbicide treatment. No significant difference in the amino‐acid composition of the protein was found in grain from hand‐weeded and un‐weeded plots. High doses of 2,4‐D may increase the protein percentage, but have only a very minor effect on the amino‐acid composition of the protein.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER AUFNAHME UND TRANSLOKATION VON 14C‐MARKIERTEN HERBIZIDEN IN AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO L. UND TUSSILAGO FARFARA L.
Authors: SANAD A. J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryStudies of the uptake and translocation of 14C‐labelled 2, 4‐D, MCPA and aminotriazole in Agrostemma githago L. and Tussilago farfara L. clarified the behaviour of the herbicides in both species.In A. githago, MCPA was more freely mobile than 2,4‐D after application to the leaf; it was distributed in the plant more rapidly and in greater quantity. Similarly, following root uptake MCPA was transported in the shoot in greater amounts than was 2,4‐D. There is a clear relationship between the susceptibility of A. githago to MCPA and the mobility of the herbicide in the plant.In T. farfara, 2,4‐D and aminotriazole applied to the leaves were equally well absorbed and relatively rapidly translocated. During the period up to 72 h the amounts of herbicide in the plant increased to similar levels; after that, 14C activity in plants treated with 2,4‐D fell slightly whereas there was further accumulation of aminotriazole. Following uptake through the roots, translocation and accumulation in the leaves were considerably greater with aminotriazole than with 2,4‐D. The lack of accumulation of 2,4‐D could be a factor in the resistance of T. farfara to this herbicidie. Recherches sur l'absorption et la migration d'herbicides marqués au
14
C dans Agrostemma githago L. et Tussilago farfara L.
HERBICIDE RESIDUE DETERMINATIONS AND TAINT TESTS ON FRUIT FROM GOOSEBERRIES TREATED WITH CHLORTHIAMID AND DICHLOBENIL
Authors: McKONE C. E. , HANCE R. J. , BURCHILL D. J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryFruit harvested from gooseberry plots treated with up to 33·6 kg/ha of chlorthiamid and dichlobenil (applied at two dates) was examined for the presence of residues of 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile together with the possible metabolites, 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide and 2,6‐dichlorobenzoic acid. In addition the canned fruit was examined for taint. Residues of 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile resulting from the application of both herbicides at all rates were below 0·05 ppm. Residues of 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide ranged from 0·13 to 0·45 ppm with the greatest residues occurring in fruit from plots treated with the highest amounts of chlorthiamid in March. Fruit from some of the March applications of both herbicides contained residues of up to 0·16 ppm 2,6‐dichlorobenzoic acid. No taints were found in the canned fruit.
EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOME 1,3,5‐TRIAZlNES AND SUBSTITUTED UREAS AND THEIR ADSORPTION ON SOIL*
Authors: HURLE KARL B. , FREED VIRGIL H. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The solubilities of three isopropylamino, ethylamino‐triazines (chloro‐, methoxy‐ and methylthio‐) and three, N′‐phenyl‐. NN‐dimethylureas (0, 1 and 2 chlorine substitutions on the phenyl group) were determined in water and in solutions of chloride salts of NH+4, K+ and Ca++ at ionic strengths of 0·3 and 0·6. Adsorption of these compounds by soil from the same chloride solutions at ionic strengths of 0·3 was measured. As expected, the solubilities were depressed by increasing ionic strength but the type of cation exerted a small, though significant, effect. Adsorption of the test compounds increased in the presence of the various salts. The possible import of these findings in relation to joint fertilizer and herbicide use and soil drying following herbicide application is commented on. Effets des électrolytes sur la solubilité et l'adsorption par le sol de quelques 1,3,5‐triazines et urées substituées Résumé. Les solubilités de trois isopropylamino, éthylamino‐triazines (Chloro‐, méthoxy‐et méthylthio‐), et de trois N′‐phényl‐NN‐diméthylurées (0, 1 et 2 chlores substitutés sur le groupe phényle) ont été déterminées dans l'eau et dans des solutions de sels de chlorure de NH4+, K+ et Ca++à des forces ioniques de 0,3 et 0,6. L'adsorption de ces composés par le sol à partir de ces mêmes solutions à la force ionique de 0,3 a été mesurée. Comme il était attendu, les solubilités furent diniinuées par l'accroissement de la force ionique mais la nature du cation exerça une influence faible mais néanmoins significative. L'adsorption des composés essayé fut accrue en présence des différents sels. La signification possible de ces réultats, en relation avec l'utilisation simultanée des engrais et des herbicides ainsi qu'avec le déssèchement du sol aprés um traitement herbicide fait l'objet de commentaires.Einfluss von Elektrolyten auf die Löslichkeit einiger 1,3,5‐Triazine und Harnstoffderivate und auf ihre Adsorption an BodenZusammenfassung. Die Löslichkeit von drei Isopropylamino‐äthylamino‐triazinen (Chlor‐, Methoxy‐ und Methylthio‐) sowie drei N′‐Phenyl‐NN‐diniethyl‐harnstoffen (0, 1 und 2 Chlorsubstitutionen an der Phenylgruppe) wurden in Wasser und in Lösungen von NH4Cl, KCl und CaCl2 bei Ionenstärken von 0,3 und 0,6 bestimmt. Die Adsorption dieser Verbindungen an Boden aus Lösungen derselben Saize wurde bei der Ionenstarke von 0,3 gemessen. Wie erwartet wurde die Löslichkeit mit zunehmender Ionenstärke erniedrigt, wobei die Art des Rations einen kleinen, jedoch signifikanten Effekt zeigte. Die Adsorption der untersuchten Verbindungen nahm in Gegenwart der verschiedenen Salze zu. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass diese Befunde für die kombinierte Anwendung von Düngesalzen und Herbiziden wichtig sein können. Ebenso können sie wichtig sein für eine mögliche Austrocknung des Bodens nach Herbizideinsatz.