bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in ventilation-induced neutrophil infiltration: a prospective, controlled animal experiment
Authors: Li Li-Fu , Liao Shuen-Kuei , Lee Cheng-Huei , Huang Chung-Chi , Quinn Deborah A 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Positive pressure ventilation with large tidal volumes has been shown to cause release of cytokines, including macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), a functional equivalent of human IL-8, and neutrophil infiltration. Hyperoxia has been shown to increase ventilator-induced lung injury, but the mechanisms regulating interaction between a large tidal volume and hyperoxia are unclear. We hypothesized that large tidal volume ventilation using hyperoxia would increase MIP-2 production and neutrophil infiltration via the serine/threonine kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway.

Methods
C57BL/6 mice were exposed to large tidal volume (30 ml/kg) mechanical ventilation with room air or hyperoxia for 1–5 hours.

Results
Large tidal volume ventilation using hyperoxia induced neutrophil migration into the lung, MIP-2 production, and Akt and eNOS activation in a time-dependent manner. Both the large tidal volume ventilation of Akt mutant mice and the pharmacological inhibition of Akt with LY294002 attenuated neutrophil sequestration, MIP-2 protein production, and Akt and eNOS activation.

Conclusion
We conclude that hyperoxia increased large tidal volume-induced MIP-2 production and neutrophil influx through activation of the Akt and eNOS pathways.
Burn size determines the inflammatory and hypermetabolic response
Authors: Jeschke Marc G , Mlcak Ronald P , Finnerty Celeste C , Norbury William B , Gauglitz Gerd G , Kulp Gabriela A , Herndon David N 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background
Increased burn size leads to increased mortality of burned patients. Whether mortality is due to inflammation, hypermetabolism or other pathophysiologic contributing factors is not entirely determined. The purpose of the present study was to determine in a large prospective clinical trial whether different burn sizes are associated with differences in inflammation, body composition, protein synthesis, or organ function.

Methods
Pediatric burned patients were divided into four burn size groups: <40% total body surface area (TBSA) burn, 40–59% TBSA burn, 60–79% TBSA burn, and >80% TBSA burn. Demographic and clinical data, hypermetabolism, the inflammatory response, body composition, the muscle protein net balance, serum and urine hormones and proteins, and cardiac function and changes in liver size were determined.

Results
One hundred and eighty-nine pediatric patients of similar age and gender distribution were included in the study (<40% TBSA burn, n = 43; 40–59% TBSA burn, n = 79; 60–79% TBSA burn, n = 46; >80% TBSA burn, n = 21). Patients with larger burns had more operations, a greater incidence of infections and sepsis, and higher mortality rates compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). The percentage predicted resting energy expenditure was highest in the >80% TBSA group, followed by the 60–79% TBSA burn group (P < 0.05). Children with >80% burns lost the most body weight, lean body mass, muscle protein and bone mineral content (P < 0.05). The urine cortisol concentration was highest in the 80–99% and 60–79% TBSA burn groups, associated with significant myocardial depression and increased change in liver size (P < 0.05). The cytokine profile showed distinct differences in expression of IL-8, TNF, IL-6, IL-12p70, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (P < 0.05).

Conclusion
Morbidity and mortality in burned patients is burn size dependent, starts at a 60% TBSA burn and is due to an increased hypermetabolic and inflammatory reaction, along with impaired cardiac function.
Annexin A2 is a soluble mediator of macrophage activation
Authors: Swisher Jennifer F A , Khatri Utsha , Feldman Gerald M 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOn the surface of the macrophage, annexin A2 tetramer (A2t) serves as a docking protein or recognition element for bacterial and viral pathogens. Plasma levels of free A2t have been reported to increase following infection, although the mechanistic significance of this observation is unclear. Although annexin A2 had generally been thought to play an anti-inflammatory role, soluble A2t stimulates MAP kinase activity in bone marrow stromal cells downstream of a recently cloned receptor. This raises the question of whether A2t activates human macrophages via MAP kinases and whether it might be capable of acting as an inflammatory mediator. To this end, human monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with soluble A2t and MAP kinase phosphorylation, p65 NF-κB activation, and inflammatory mRNA and protein levels were measured. It was found that A2t caused rapid phosphorylation of several MAP kinases, as well as translocation of p65 NF-κB to the nucleus. A2t stimulated the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, as well as several members of the chemokine family within 24 h, which are capable of recruitment and/or activation of a broad range of leukocyte classes. Furthermore, A2t-activated macrophages demonstrated enhanced phagocytic ability for the ingestion of GFP-expressing Escherichia coli. These data are the first to suggest the participation of an annexin in microbial clearance, as well as the establishment of inflammation and the immune response, including the recruitment and activation of immune cells to the site of infection.
Decreased Serum Retinol Is Associated with Increased Mortality in Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Connolly Grainne M , Cunningham Ronan , Maxwell A Peter , Young Ian S 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background: Vitamin A plays a central role in epithelial integrity and immune function. Given the risk of infection after transplantation, adequate vitamin A concentrations may be important in patients with a transplant. We assessed whether there was an association between retinol concentration and all-cause mortality in renal transplant recipients.
Methods: We recruited 379 asymptomatic renal transplant recipients between June 2000 and December 2002. We measured serum retinol at baseline and collected prospective follow-up data at a median of 1739 days.
Results: Retinol was significantly decreased in those renal transplant recipients who had died at follow-up compared with those who were still alive at follow-up. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that retinol concentration was a significant predictor of mortality. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, decreased retinol concentration remained a statistically significant predictor of all-cause mortality after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Conclusions: Serum retinol concentration is a significant independent predictor of all-cause mortality in renal transplantation patients. Higher retinol concentration might impart a survival advantage via an antiinflammatory or anti-infective mechanism.
Development of a Novel Immunoassay for the Assessment of Plasma Gas6 Concentrations and Their Variation with Hormonal Status
Authors: Clauser Sylvain , Peyrard Séverine , Gaussem Pascale , Crespin Malvina , Emmerich Joseph , Aiach Martine , Borgel Delphine 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background: Gas6 is a vitamin K–dependent antiapoptotic protein that has been implicated in cardiovascular pathophysiology. We report the development and validation of an ELISA for Gas6, and the variation of plasma Gas6 with hormonal status in a study designed to evaluate the effect of oral contraception on plasma markers.
Methods: After validation of the main stages of the ELISA assay, we measured plasma Gas6 concentrations in 94 male and 88 female healthy volunteers ages 18 to 38 years. Forty-five of the women then received an oral contraceptive, which contained ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, for 3 months before a new measurement was performed at the same time point in their menstrual cycles.
Results: Interassay imprecision was 5.8%–11.8%, and the detection limit was 5.9 μg/L. Mean Gas6 plasma concentrations were significantly lower in men (52.0 μg/L) than in women not receiving oral contraceptives (63.8 μg/L, P &lt;0.001). In the women who received oral contraceptives, Gas6 concentrations decreased after 3 months of therapy from 63.6 μg/L to 51.9 μg/L (P &lt;0.001).
Conclusions: We have developed a simple and reproducible ELISA assay for measuring plasma Gas6 concentrations, which vary with sex and are decreased by oral contraceptive use. These results suggest regulation of plasma Gas6 concentrations by sex hormones. Future clinical studies may require participants to be stratified by sex.
Detection and Typing of Human Pathogenic Hantaviruses by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR and Pyrosequencing
Authors: Kramski Marit , Meisel Helga , Klempa Boris , Krüger Detlev H , Pauli Georg , Nitsche Andreas 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background: Because the clinical course of human infections with hantaviruses can vary from subclinical to fatal, rapid and reliable detection of hantaviruses is essential. To date, the diagnosis of hantavirus infection is based mainly on serologic assays, and the detection of hantaviral RNA by the commonly used reverse transcription (RT)-PCR is difficult because of high sequence diversity of hantaviruses and low viral loads in clinical specimens.
Methods: We developed 5 real-time RT-PCR assays, 3 of which are specific for the individual European hantaviruses Dobrava, Puumala, or Tula virus. Two additional assays detect the Asian species Hantaan virus together with Seoul virus and the American species Andes virus together with Sin Nombre virus. Pyrosequencing was established to provide characteristic sequence information of the amplified hantavirus for confirmation of the RT-PCR results or for a more detailed virus typing.
Results: The real-time RT-PCR assays were specific for the respective hantavirus species and optimized to run on 2 different platforms, the LightCycler and the ABI 7900/7500. Each assay showed a detection limit of 10 copies of a plasmid containing the RT-PCR target region, and pyrosequencing was possible with 10 to 100 copies per reaction. With this assay, viral genome could be detected in 16 of 552 (2.5%) specimens of suspected hantavirus infections of humans and mice.
Conclusions: The new assays detect, differentiate, and quantify hantaviruses in clinical specimens from humans and from their natural hosts and may be useful for in vitro studies of hantaviruses.
Sex-Ratio Evolution in Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Gynodioecy When Restoration Is a Threshold Trait
Authors: Bailey Maia F , Delph Lynda F 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Gynodioecious plant species, which have populations consisting of female and hermaphrodite individuals, usually have complex sex determination involving cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) alleles interacting with nuclear restorers of fertility. In response to recent evidence, we present a model of sex-ratio evolution in which restoration of male fertility is a threshold trait. We find that females are maintained at low frequencies for all biologically relevant parameter values. Furthermore, this model predicts periodically high female frequencies (&gt;50%) under conditions of lower female seed fecundity advantages (compensation, x = 5%) and pleiotropic fitness effects associated with restorers of fertility (costs of restoration, y = 20%) than in other models. This model explains the maintenance of females in species that have previously experienced invasions of CMS alleles and the evolution of multiple restorers. Sensitivity of the model to small changes in cost and compensation values and to initial conditions may explain why populations of the same species vary widely for sex ratio.
Ceramics, Material Properties of
Authors: Shackelford James F. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Ceramic Science and Technology

Categories of Ceramic Materials

Silicate Ceramics

Nonsilicate Oxide Ceramics

Nonoxide Ceramics

Glass–Ceramics

Ceramic Composite Systems

Cermets

Ceramic–Matrix Composites

Ceramic Processing

Traditional Methods

Recent Advances

Mechanical Properties

Brittle Fracture

Elastic Constants

Fracture Strength

Fracture Mechanics

Static Fatigue

Creep Deformation

Thermal Shock

Viscoelastic Deformation of Glassy Phases

Optical Properties

Refraction

Reflection

Transmission

Electrical Properties

Conductivity of Traditional Ceramics

Superconducting Ceramics

Dielectrics

Ferroelectrics and Piezoelectrics

Magnetic Properties

Ferrimagnetism

Superconducting Magnets
Crystallography
Authors: Pearson W. B. , Chieh C. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

the Crystalline State

Unit Cells and Crystal Systems

Lattices

Point‐Group Symmetry

Space Groups

Lattice Planes and Crystal Faces

The Reciprocal Lattice

Crystal Structure Determination

Radiations for Crystallography

X‐Ray Emission Spectra

X‐Ray Atomic‐Scattering Factors

Neutron Atomic‐Scattering Factors

X‐Ray Crystal Structure Analysis with Single Crystals

The
L
aue Methods

Cylindrical‐Film Methods

Precession Methods

Diffractometers

Macromolecule Crystallography

X‐Ray Analysis of Polycrystalline Samples

Other Diffraction Methods

Neutron Diffraction

Electron Diffraction

the Results of Crystal Structure Determinations

Metals

Insulators/Semiconductors

Molecular Crystals

Assessment and Collation of Crystal Structure Data

Crystallography in Industry and Medicine

Epilogue
Diamagnetism
Authors: Falicov Leopoldo M. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Thermodynamic Arguments

Diamagnetism of Atoms, Molecules, and Molecular Solids

H
amiltonian of Electrons in a Magnetic Field

L
angevin Theory for Closed‐Shell Systems

Orbital Diamagnetism of Metallic Electrons

Quantization of Itinerant Electrons in a Magnetic Field

L
andau Diamagnetism

The
d
e
H
aas–van
A
lphen Effect

Diamagnetism in Superconductors

The
M
eissner Effect

The
L
ondon Theory

The
G
inzburg–
L
andau Theory

General Formulation

Penetration Depth and Coherence Length

Flux Quantization

Phase‐Current Relationship; The
J
osephson Effect

Magnetic‐Field Dependence of the Order Parameter

Quantum Interference Phenomena

Conclusion
Electrochemistry
Authors: Adžić Radoslav R. , Yeager Ernest B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:Introductionthe Structure of Electrode–electrolyte InterfacesPotential Concepts in ElectrochemistryThe Electrical Double LayerNew ModelsCharge‐transfer ReactionsPhenomenological Description of the Kinetics of Charge‐Transfer ProcessesTheories of Electron TransferTheories of Proton TransferElectrosorption ReactionsPartial Charge Transfer During Specific Ionic AdsorptionElectrochemistry On Well‐defined Single‐crystal SurfacesDouble‐Layer Capacitance StudiesElectrosorption of Hydrogen and Oxygen on Noble‐Metal ElectrodesFormation of Metal MonolayersElectrocatalytic ReactionsElectronic FactorsStructural Factors in ElectrocatalysisSemiconductor ElectrodesSpace‐Charge EffectsElectrons, Holes, and Surface States in Electrode ReactionsPhotoeffects at Semiconductor ElectrodesTechniques For the Study of Electrochemical Interfaces and Electrode ProcessesElectrochemical TechniquesIn SituandEx SituSpectroscopic and Surface‐Physics Techniquesuv–Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy and EllipsometryInfrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and Raman Scattering from Electrode SurfacesEXAFSand Surface X‐Ray DiffractionPhotoemission of Electrons from a Metal into SolutionScanning Tunneling MicroscopyEx SituStudies by Surface‐Physics TechniquesApplied ElectrochemistryBatteriesFuel CellsLarge‐Scale Industrial ProcessesInorganic and Organic ElectrosynthesisElectroplatingElectrochemical SensorsCorrosion and Corrosion ProtectionChallenging Problems For the FutureChallenging Opportunities in Electrochemistry
Galaxies and Cosmology
Authors: Layzer David 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:IntroductionAncient and Classical CosmologyGreek CosmologyThe Revival of Greek CosmologyNewton's CosmologyKant andLaplaceCosmology in the 19thCenturythe Milky Way and Other GalaxiesCepheids as Distance IndicatorsShapley's GalaxyThe Role of DustGalactic RotationThe Nature of Spiral NebulaeComposition of GalaxiesGalaxy TypesChemical Composition and Age“THE REALM OF THE NEBULAE”The Cosmological PrincipleThe Cosmic ExpansionThe Spatial Distribution of GalaxiesPrevalence of Dark MatterThe Cosmic Microwave BackgroundThe Age of the UniverseModern CosmologyRelativistic CosmologyThe Primordial FireballOrigin of Helium and Other Light ElementsThe Primordial Fireball and Particle PhysicsPhase Transitions, Domain Walls, and Magnetic MonopolesInflationary CosmologyOrigin and Growth of Density Fluctuations in the FireballThe Vacuum–Energy ProblemA Cold Universe?The Cold Universe and Particle Physics
Cholinergic innervation of the zebrafish olfactory bulb
Authors: Edwards Jeffrey G. , Greig Ann , Sakata Yoko , Elkin Dimitry , Michel William C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA number of fish species receive forebrain cholinergic input but two recent reports failed to find evidence of cholinergic cell bodies or fibers in the olfactory bulbs (OBs) of zebrafish. In the current study we sought to confirm these findings by examining the OBs of adult zebrafish for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. We observed a diffuse network of varicose ChAT‐positive fibers associated with the nervus terminalis ganglion innervating the mitral cell/glomerular layer (MC/GL). The highest density of these fibers occurred in the anterior region of the bulb. The cellular targets of this cholinergic input were identified by exposing isolated OBs to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonists in the presence of agmatine (AGB), a cationic probe that permeates some active ion channels. Nicotine (50 μM) significantly increased the activity‐dependent labeling of mitral cells and juxtaglomerular cells but not of tyrosine hydroxlase‐positive dopaminergic neurons (TH+ cells) compared to control preparations. The nAChR antagonist mecamylamine, an α7‐nAChR subunit‐specific antagonist, calcium‐free artificial cerebrospinal fluid, or a cocktail of ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) antagonists each blocked nicotine‐stimulated labeling, suggesting that AGB does not enter the labeled neurons through activated nAChRs but rather through activated iGluRs following ACh‐stimulated glutamate release. Deafferentation of OBs did not eliminate nicotine‐stimulated labeling, suggesting that cholinergic input is primarily acting on bulbar neurons. These findings confirm the presence of a functioning cholinergic system in the zebrafish OB. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:631–645, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Initiation Pressure Thresholds from Three Sources
Authors: Souers P. Clark , Vitello Peter 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPressure thresholds are minimum pressures needed to start explosive initiation that ends in detonation. We obtain pressure thresholds from three sources. Run‐to‐detonation times are the poorest source but the fitting of a function gives rough results. Flyer‐induced initiation gives the best results because the initial conditions are the best known. However, very thick flyers are needed to give the lowest, asymptotic pressure thresholds used in modern models and this kind of data is rarely available. Gap test data are in much larger supply but the various test sizes and materials are confusing. We find that explosive pressures are almost the same if the distance in the gap test spacers are in units of donor explosive radius. Calculated half‐width time pulses in the spacers may be used to create a pressure‐time curve similar to that of the flyers. The very‐large Eglin gap tests give asymptotic thresholds comparable to extrapolated flyer results. The three sources are assembled into a much‐expanded set of near‐asymptotic pressure thresholds. These thresholds vary greatly with density: for TATB/LX‐17/PBX 9502, we find values of 4.9 and 8.7 GPa at 1.80 and 1.90 g/cm3, respectively.
Kinetics of Solid Polymorphic Phase Transitions of CL‐20
Authors: Li Jun , Brill Thomas B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSolid‐solid phase transitions of the CL‐20 polymorphs ε→γ, α→γ, and β→γ were studied isothermally at ambient pressure by transmission FT‐IR spectroscopy and analyzed by multivariate regression. Activation energies as function of the extent of conversion were obtained using the model‐free isoconversional method. The apparent activation energies for all three solid phase transformations were about 210 kJ/mol at 5% conversion, and compared well with the calculated lattice energies. The apparent activation energies increased to a maximum of about 400 kJ/mol at 40%, 80% and 60% conversion for ε→γ, α→γ, and β→γ, respectively, and then decreased. The mechanisms of the phase transitions of CL‐20 appear to be quite complex. Comparisons are made with the phase transitions of HMX.
Chain recurrence, growth rates and ergodic limits
Authors: COLONIUS FRITZ , FABBRI ROBERTA , JOHNSON RUSSELL 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAverages of functionals along trajectories are studied by evaluating the averages along chains. This yields results for the possible limits and, in particular, for ergodic limits. Applications to Lyapunov exponents and to concepts of rotation numbers of linear Hamiltonian flows and of general linear flows are given.
Comparing Phonation Threshold Flow and Pressure by Abducting Excised Larynges
Authors: Hottinger Daniel G. , Tao Chao , Jiang Jack J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: This experiment studied a new aerodynamic parameter, phonation threshold flow, along with phonation threshold pressure, by varying prephonatory glottal width in canine larynges ex vivo. Goals were to examine phonation threshold flow as a measurable parameter sensitive to physiologic changes in the vocal folds and compare the relative sensitivities of phonation threshold flow and phonation threshold pressure.Methods: Ten excised canine larynges were tested on a bench apparatus for subglottal pressure and airflow at phonation onset. Metal shims simulated abduction levels ranging from 0.0 to 4.0 mm. For each glottal configuration, airflow through the larynx was increased until the vocal folds began vibrating, and onset airflow and pressures were recorded.Results: One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) found significant differences in the aggregate phonation threshold flow means over the latter portion of the width domain (1.0–4.0 mm). Phonation threshold flow increased as posterior glottal width increased and was modeled linearly. One‐way ANOVA of phonation threshold pressure means was insignificant, with a P value of .941.Conclusion: Results showed phonation threshold flow to be more sensitive to posterior glottal width changes than phonation threshold pressure. Therefore, phonation threshold flow could be a more effective indicator than phonation threshold pressure for those vocal diseases related to abduction.