bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Design, Sample Handling, and Applications of Infrared Microscopes
Authors: Roush PB 
Published: December 2008

Description
In the spring of 1985, when this symposium was first planned, the use of a microscope as an accessory in a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer was still somewhat a new concept. The symposium was planned as a means of introducing many people to this new technique. The day long symposium, which was part of the 1985 Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS) meeting, consisted of papers which covered design considerations, sample handling, and applications to such areas as fibers and polymers.
Adipocytokine and ghrelin levels in relation to bone mineral density in physically active older women: longitudinal associations
Authors: Jürimäe Jaak , Kums Tatjana , Jürimäe Toivo 
Published: December 2008

PurposeWe investigated the relationship between the decrease in bone mineral mass (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) values with baseline adipocytokine and ghrelin concentrations in physically active postmenopausal women.MethodsLeptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, BMC, BMD and different body composition values were measured in 35 women (age: 69.7±6.0 years) before and after a 12-month prospective study period.ResultsSignificant (P<0.05) decreases in fat-free mass (FFM) (by 2.56%) and BMC (by 1.63%) and increases in adiponectin (by 14.8%) were seen in older females as a result of the study period. The independent variables that were associated with decreases in total BMC were baseline fat mass (FM) and adiponectin explaining 30.6% (R2×100) of the total variance. In another model, baseline FFM and leptin were the independent variables that explained 20.6% (P<0.05) of the total variance in the decreases in total BMD value. The variables that were associated with decreases in femoral neck BMD were FM and leptin (R2=0.102;P<0.05), while the independent variables were baseline trunk fat:leg fat ratio and adiponectin in the model with decreases in lumbar spine BMD as the dependent variable, and accounted for 13.1% (P<0.05) of the decreases in BMD variance.ConclusionsInitial adiponectin concentration together with specific body composition characteristics predicted loss in BMC and lumbar spine BMD values, while initial leptin concentration together with specific body composition parameters determined the loss in total and femoral neck BMD values in physically active older women.
Population Structure of Deep‐Sea and Oceanic Phenotypes of Deepwater Redfish in the Irminger Sea and Icelandic Continental Slope: Are They Cryptic Species?
Authors: Daníelsdóttir Anna Kristín , Gíslason Davíd , Kristinsson Kristján , Stefánsson Magnúsörn , Johansen Torild , Pampoulie Christophe 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe deepwater redfish Sebastes mentella has a wide distribution in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the Irminger Sea, there is evidence for two phenotypes (deep‐sea and oceanic) of deepwater redfish. The two phenotypes have overlapping geographic distributions but differ in depth preferences. There are two hypotheses on deepwater redfish stock structure in the Irminger Sea. One suggests that mature individuals of a single stock segregate according to size and age and therefore that the phenotypes represent different life stages of the same stock. The other hypothesis suggests that there are two different stocks and that these stocks segregate mainly according to depth. Additionally, it is not clear whether the fish of the deep‐sea phenotype in the Irminger Sea and those on the Icelandic continental shelf represent one stock. Analysis of genetic variability at eight allozyme markers in 1,763 deepwater redfish from 26 samples collected at different depths in the Irminger Sea and the Icelandic continental slope showed a significant difference between deep‐sea and oceanic samples, suggesting the presence of two distinguishable stocks. This is supported by (1) significant heterozygote deficiency at most loci in pooled samples, (2) extensive allele frequency differences between samples classified as belonging to deep‐sea and oceanic phenotypes, and (3) clustering of deepwater redfish samples of the same phenotype in a neighbor‐joining dendrogram and in Bayesian analyses (STRUCTURE and the ΔK procedure for determining the number of clusters). The results indicate that deepwater redfish stock structure should be taken into account for sustainable fisheries management in the Irminger Sea and adjacent waters.
A Method for Improving the Estimation of Natal Chemical Signatures in Otoliths
Authors: Macdonald Jed I. , Shelley J. Michael G. , Crook David A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLaser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been widely used in studies aimed at identifying the natal sites of fish through analysis of the otolith core region. It is critical, then, that measurements of chemistry at the core accurately represent the natal chemical environment, rather than reflecting potential physiological and ontogenetic influences on elemental incorporation during the embryonic and early larval phases. We analyzed sagittal otoliths from 840 age‐0 and age‐1 Australian smelt Retropinna semoni using a 193‐nm Ar‐F excimer laser system with a fast response two‐volume sample cell to demonstrate a rapid depth‐profiling method that enables more accurate estimations of the natal chemistry by sampling a target region of the otolith that excludes the primordium. The method involves (1) examination of validated daily growth increments to identify the target region; (2) measurement of the amount of otolith material removed by each laser pulse; and (3) use of elevated 55Mn concentrations at the primordium to provide a marker to facilitate data selection. The target region in this study was material accreted onto the otolith 2‐10 d posthatch. We sampled this region by excluding data between the maximum value of the Mn peak and the otolith material representing the first 2 d of life. The laser pulses in the acquisition sequence that represented the target were then retained and all other data excluded. This method illustrates the advantages of the uniform energy distribution produced by 193‐nm excimer laser systems for depth profile analysis of otoliths and may provide the basis for a standardized approach to sampling at the otolith core that more accurately reflects the natal chemical environment.
Endotoxin Levels Are Associated With High‐Density Lipoprotein, Triglycerides, and Troponin in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome and Angina: Possible Contributions From Periodontal Sources
Authors: Goteiner David , Craig Ronald G. , Ashmen Robert , Janal Malvin N. , Eskin Barnet , Lehrman Neal 
Published: December 2008

Background: Recent studies have reported an association between poor dental health and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The purpose of this study was to correlate the presence of periodontitis with serum endotoxin/lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipid profiles, troponin, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to Porphyromonas gingivalis in control patients or patients with ACS or angina at the time of hospital admission.Methods: Blood samples from 194 subjects presenting with ACS, angina, or non‐cardiac chest pain were analyzed for endotoxin/LPS (Limulus amebocyte lysate assay), lipid profile, troponin, and IgG antibody to P. gingivalis. Data were collected from hospital charts and dental records, and health questionnaire responses.Results: Subjects with ACS or angina were more likely to have poor oral care, fewer remaining teeth, and increased alveolar radiographic bone loss compared to subjects with chest pain. In all subjects, endotoxin/LPS and IgG antibody to P. gingivalis tended to increase in association with increased radiographic bone loss. Endotoxin/LPS increased directly with triglyceride and troponin levels (P = 0.04 and P = 0.006, respectively) and inversely with high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (P = 0.002). IgG antibody to P. gingivalis levels was directly correlated with very low–density lipoprotein (P = 0.03) and triglycerides (P = 0.06) and inversely with low‐density lipoprotein (P = 0.01).Conclusions: Results showed more alveolar bone loss in patients with cardiac disease than in patients without cardiac disease, but there was no difference between the groups in the serum levels of endotoxin/LPS or IgG antibody to P. gingivalis. However, there were associations between endotoxin/LPS and levels of serum triglycerides, troponin, and HDL.
Similarities in the Subgingival Microbiota Assessed by a Curet Sampling Method at Sites With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Persson G. Rutger , Weibel Marianne , Hirschi Regula , Katsoulis Joannis 
Published: December 2008

Background: The goal of this study was to determine whether site‐specific differences in the subgingival microbiota could be detected by the checkerboard method in subjects with periodontitis.Methods: Subjects with at least six periodontal pockets with a probing depth (PD) between 5 and 7 mm were enrolled in the study. Subgingival plaque samples were collected with sterile curets by a single‐stroke procedure at six selected periodontal sites from 161 subjects (966 subgingival sites). Subgingival bacterial samples were assayed with the checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization method identifying 37 species.Results: Probing depths of 5, 6, and 7 mm were found at 50% (n = 483), 34% (n = 328), and 16% (n = 155) of sites, respectively. Statistical analysis failed to demonstrate differences in the sum of bacterial counts by tooth type (P = 0.18) or specific location of the sample (P = 0.78). With the exceptions of Campylobacter gracilis (P <0.001) and Actinomyces naeslundii (P <0.001), analysis by general linear model multivariate regression failed to identify subject or sample location factors as explanatory to microbiologic results. A trend of difference in bacterial load by tooth type was found for Prevotella nigrescens (P <0.01). At a cutoff level of ≥1.0 × 105, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis) were present at 48.0% to 56.3% and 46.0% to 51.2% of sampled sites, respectively.Conclusions: Given the similarities in the clinical evidence of periodontitis, the presence and levels of 37 species commonly studied in periodontitis are similar, with no differences between molar, premolar, and incisor/cuspid subgingival sites. This may facilitate microbiologic sampling strategies in subjects during periodontal therapy.
Nikolsky's Sign on the Gingival Mucosa: A Clinical Tool for Oral Health Practitioners
Authors: Mignogna Michele D. , Fortuna Giulio , Leuci Stefania , Ruoppo Elvira , Marasca Flavio , Matarasso Sergio 
Published: December 2008

Background: Nikolsky's sign is a clinical sign which is elicited by a horizontal, tangential pressure to the mucosa and/or skin resulting in blisters extending and separating or peeling away. Few data are currently available in the literature about its usefulness, specificity, and sensitivity in the diagnosis of either oropharyngeal or cutaneous bullous diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the gingival Nikolsky's sign in the identification of an autoimmune blistering disease.Methods: Over a period of 13 years, we recruited 566 patients with autoimmune oral bullous and non‐bullous diseases who possessed either maxillary or mandibular gingival mucosal lesions. All patients were subjected to a test causing a gingival Nikolsky's sign at their first visit during the diagnostic algorithm and in the active disease phase before commencing treatment.Results: A total of 566 patients (184 with and 382 without bullous lesions) had at least gingival involvement. A positive gingival Nikolsky's sign resulted in 100 (17.7%) of 566 patients: 86 patients with bullous lesions (53 with pemphigus vulgaris, eight with mucous membrane pemphigoid, 22 with bullous/mixed lichenoid lesions, and three with erythema multiforme) and 14 with non‐bullous lesions (12 with non‐bullous lichenoid lesions and two with systemic lupus erythematous/mixed connective tissue disease). Thus, the specificity of Nikolsky's sign was higher (96.3%) than the sensitivity (46.7%).Conclusion: The results of this study support the use of Nikolsky's sign of the gingival mucosa as a viable test to establish the presence of oral bullous diseases.
Clinical Evaluation of Demineralized Freeze‐Dried Bone Allograft With and Without Enamel Matrix Derivative for the Treatment of Periodontal Osseous Defects in Humans
Authors: Hoidal Matt J. , Grimard Brently A. , Mills Michael P. , Schoolfield John D. , Mellonig James T. , Mealey Brian L. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Beneficial clinical effects have been demonstrated with the addition of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) to demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft (DFDBA) compared to EMD alone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of DFDBA combined with EMD compared to DFDBA alone in the treatment of intraosseous defects of chronic periodontitis.Methods: Thirty‐two patients with 41 intrabony defects ≥3 mm were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. Intrabony defects were treated with DFDBA alone or in combination with EMD. Soft tissue measurements included probing depth (PD), gingival recession, and clinical attachment level (CAL). Hard tissue measurements included height of the alveolar crest, defect depth, and defect morphology. Following 6 months of healing, all measurements were repeated with the use of a surgical reentry procedure on 29 patients. Data were analyzed to determine PD reduction, CAL gain, change in recession, crestal resorption, defect fill, defect resolution, percentage of defect fill, and percentage of defect resolution.Results: Analysis of soft and hard tissue measurements demonstrated a statistically significant difference from baseline within each group (P <0.001); however, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups.Conclusion: Both treatments were shown to be safe and effective therapy for periodontal defects; however, the addition of EMD to DFDBA provided no statistically significant improvement to the soft and hard tissue parameters measured.
Adiposity-Related Heterogeneity in Patterns of Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility Observed in Genome-Wide Association Data
Authors: Timpson Nicholas J. , Lindgren Cecilia M. , Weedon Michael N. , Randall Joshua , Ouwehand Willem H. , Strachan David P. , Rayner N. William , Walker Mark , Hitman Graham A. , Doney Alex S.F. , Palmer Colin N.A. , Morris Andrew D. , Hattersley Andrew T. , Zeggini Eleftheria , Frayling Timothy M. , McCarthy Mark I. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE—This study examined how differences in the BMI distribution of type 2 diabetic case subjects affected genome-wide patterns of type 2 diabetes association and considered the implications for the etiological heterogeneity of type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We reanalyzed data from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium genome-wide association scan (1,924 case subjects, 2,938 control subjects: 393,453 single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) after stratifying case subjects (into “obese” and “nonobese”) according to median BMI (30.2 kg/m2). Replication of signals in which alternative case-ascertainment strategies generated marked effect size heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes association signal was sought in additional samples.RESULTS—In the “obese-type 2 diabetes” scan, FTO variants had the strongest type 2 diabetes effect (rs8050136: relative risk [RR] 1.49 [95% CI 1.34–1.66], P = 1.3 × 10−13), with only weak evidence for TCF7L2 (rs7901695 RR 1.21 [1.09–1.35], P = 0.001). This situation was reversed in the “nonobese” scan, with FTO association undetectable (RR 1.07 [0.97–1.19], P = 0.19) and TCF7L2 predominant (RR 1.53 [1.37–1.71], P = 1.3 × 10−14). These patterns, confirmed by replication, generated strong combined evidence for between-stratum effect size heterogeneity (FTO: PDIFF = 1.4 × 10−7; TCF7L2: PDIFF = 4.0 × 10−6). Other signals displaying evidence of effect size heterogeneity in the genome-wide analyses (on chromosomes 3, 12, 15, and 18) did not replicate. Analysis of the current list of type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants revealed nominal evidence for effect size heterogeneity for the SLC30A8 locus alone (RRobese 1.08 [1.01–1.15]; RRnonobese 1.18 [1.10–1.27]: PDIFF = 0.04).CONCLUSIONS—This study demonstrates the impact of differences in case ascertainment on the power to detect and replicate genetic associations in genome-wide association studies. These data reinforce the notion that there is substantial etiological heterogeneity within type 2 diabetes.
Medical student retention of embryonic development: Impact of the dimensions added by multimedia tutorials
Authors: Marsh Karen R. , Giffin Bruce F. , Lowrie Donald J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this project was to develop Web‐based learning modules that combine (1) animated 3D graphics; (2) 3D models that a student can manipulate independently; (3) passage of time in embryonic development; and (4) animated 2D graphics, including 2D cross‐sections that represent different “slices” of the embryo, and animate in parallel. These elements were presented in two tutorials, one depicting embryonic folding and the other showing development of the nervous system after neural tube formation. The goal was to enhance the traditional teaching format—lecture combined with printed diagrams, text, and existing computer animations—with customized, guided, Web‐based learning modules that surpassed existing resources. To assess module effectiveness, we compared quiz performance of control groups who attended lecture and did not use a supporting module, with study groups who used a module in addition to attending lecture. We also assessed our students' long‐term retention of the material, comparing classes who had used the module with students from a previous year that had not seen the module. Our data analysis suggests that students who used a module performed better than those given only traditional resources if they used the module after they were already somewhat familiar with the material. The findings suggest that our modules—and possibly computer‐assisted‐instruction modules in general—are more useful if used toward the later stages of learning, rather than as an initial resource. Furthermore, our data suggest that the animation aids in long‐term retention. Both medical students at the University of Cincinnati and medical faculty from across the country commented favorably on their experiences with the embryonic development modules. Anat Sci Ed 1:252–257, 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
Diffusion of innovations: Smartphones and wireless anatomy learning resources
Authors: Trelease Robert B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe author has previously reported on principles of diffusion of innovations, the processes by which new technologies become popularly adopted, specifically in relation to anatomy and education. In presentations on adopting handheld computers [personal digital assistants (PDAs)] and personal media players for health sciences education, particular attention has been directed to the anticipated integration of PDA functions into popular cellular telephones. However, limited distribution of early “smartphones” (e.g., Palm Treo and Blackberry) has provided few potential users for anatomical learning resources. In contrast, iPod media players have been self‐adopted by millions of students, and “podcasting” has become a popular medium for distributing educational media content. The recently introduced Apple iPhone has combined smartphone and higher resolution media player capabilities. The author successfully tested the iPhone and the “work alike” iPod touch wireless media player with text‐based “flashcard” resources, existing PDF educational documents, 3D clinical imaging data, lecture “podcasts,” and clinical procedure video. These touch‐interfaced, mobile computing devices represent just the first of a new generation providing practical, scalable wireless Web access with enhanced multimedia capabilities. With widespread student self‐adoption of such new personal technology, educators can look forward to increasing portability of well‐designed, multiplatform “learn anywhere” resources. Anat Sci Ed 1:233–239, 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
Validierung zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren im Bauwesen
Authors: Taffe Alexander , Wiggenhauser Herbert , Raupach Michael 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDie Validierung dient bereits in vielen Bereichen der Technik zum Nachweis, ob mit einem Verfahren Kundenanforderungen erfüllt werden können. Da gerade die im Bauwesen verwendeten zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren bis auf den Rückprallhammer nicht in einer deutschen Norm geregelt sind, kann die Validierung zur verbesserten Anwendungssicherheit nicht genormter Verfahren beitragen. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Verfahrens wird für den Kunden transparent, so dass er die Güte der Messergebnisse einschätzen kann. Das ist besonders dann von Bedeutung, wenn aus dem Messergebnis eine belastbare Aussage abgeleitet werden soll und hohe Anforderungen bezüglich der Messgenauigkeit bestehen. So entsteht z. B. die Frage, welche Bauteildicke nach zerstörungsfreien Untersuchungen für eine statische Nachrechnung auf einem bestimmten Vertrauensniveau angesetzt werden kann oder mit welcher Sicherheit Pfahlgründungen, deren Länge ebenfalls zerstörungsfrei bestimmt wurde, in eine tragende Schicht einbinden. In dem Beitrag werden die Grundzüge der Durchführung einer Validierung beschrieben und am Beispiel der Dickenmessung an Fundamenten erläutert. Die beschriebene Vorgehensweise kann prinzipiell auf eine Vielzahl im Bauwesen auftretender Prüfaufgaben angewandt werden. Sind die Anforderungen an die Prüfaufgabe bezüglich der Genauigkeit nicht so hoch, können vereinfachte Abschätzungen der Messunsicherheit vorgenommen werden.
Hintergrundinformationen zum Positionspapier des DAfStb zur Umsetzung des Konzepts von leistungsbezogenen Entwurfsverfahren unter Berücksichtigung von DIN EN 206‐1, Anhang J, für dauerhaftigkeitsrelevante Problemstellungen
Authors: Gehlen Christoph , Schießl Peter , Schießl‐Pecka Angelika 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMit der Einführung des fib Model Code for Service Life Design werden dem bemessenden Ingenieur anerkannte und bewährte Vorhersagemodelle zur Verfügung gestellt, mit denen die Bestimmung der zeitabhängigen Carbonatisierungstiefe bzw. Chlorideindringtiefe bis zur Depassivierung des Betonstahls möglich ist. Unter Einbezug statistischer Kennwerte (z. B. Verteilungstyp, Mittelwert, Standardabweichung) lässt sich eine vollprobabilistische Dauerhaftigkeitsberechnung durchführen, mit der im Rahmen des leistungsbezogenen Entwurfsverfahren nach DIN EN 206‐1, Anhang J, die zeitabhängige Zuverlässigkeit gegenüber Carbonatisierung bzw. Chlorideindringen bestimmbar ist. Rechnerische Untersuchungen zeigen jedoch, dass die vom Bindemittel abhängige, rechnerische Bandbreite der Zuverlässigkeit für jede Expositionsklasse variiert. Der DAfStb empfiehlt nun in einem in diesem Heft ebenfalls abgedruckten Positionspapier expositionsabhängige Mindestzuverlässigkeiten, die bei einer Anwendung von leistungsbezogenen Entwurfsverfahren nach DIN EN 206‐1, Anhang J, nachzuweisen sind. In diesem Beitrag werden die wichtigsten Hintergrundinformationen zu verwendeten Modellen, Daten und Nachweiskonzepten geliefert.