bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communication Between the Dental Laboratory Technician and Dentist: Work Authorization for Fixed Partial Dentures
Authors: Afsharzand Zahra , Rashedi Behnoush , Petropoulos Vicki C. 
Published: March 2006

Purpose: A questionnaire was sent to laboratory technicians to determine the level of communication between dentists and dental laboratories in specific areas of the work authorization forms for the fabrication of fixed partial dentures.
Materials and Methods: A select number of dental laboratories were randomly chosen from the National Association of Dental Laboratories (NADL) for each of the 50 states. The questionnaire was mailed to the laboratory directors for a total of 199 dental laboratories. The survey asked questions pertaining to the following areas of work authorization: legibility and thoroughness of prescriptions, patient information, choice of materials for the prosthesis, design of the prosthesis, and shade description. For each question, the number of responses received was tabulated and converted to a percentage.
Results: Of the 199 laboratories surveyed, 114 (57%) responded to the questionnaire. Results from this survey suggest that there is lack of communication between dentists and dental laboratories through work authorization forms regarding choice of metal alloy, type of porcelain to be used, and choice of margin and pontic design for the prosthesis.
Conclusions: Information obtained from the responding laboratories included effectiveness of work authorization forms. There were some similar trends indicated by the large percentage of dental laboratories agreeing on lack of communication by the dentists as reflected by the work authorization forms.
Protection of the Coronary Arteries During Epicardial Radiofrequency Ablation with Intracoronary Chilled Saline Irrigation: Assessment in an In Vitro Model
Authors: THYER ISAAC A. , KOVOOR PRAMESH , BARRY MICHAEL A. , POULIOPOULOS JIM , ROSS DAVID L. , THIAGALINGAM ARAVINDA 
Published: February 2006

Introduction: The coronary arteries can be damaged during epicardial radiofrequency ablation (RFA) procedures. We hypothesized that intracoronary irrigation with chilled saline may be a useful technique for minimizing heat‐induced damage to the coronary artery endothelium during this procedure. Methods and Results: Twenty‐nine ablation procedures were performed on 17 freshly excised ovine hearts. Radiofrequency current was delivered through an internally cooled, 4‐mm‐tip ablation catheter placed directly over the coronary artery (24 applications) and over noncoronary epicardium (5 applications). An Amplatz coronary catheter was used to internally irrigate the coronary artery with either 37°C or 5°C 0.9% saline (12 ablations each group). Fluroptic temperature probes were placed within the artery lumen under the ablation site and 15 mm distal from the ablation site. The peak intracoronary temperature directly under the ablation catheter was significantly lower (P = 0.001) in the chilled than in the nonchilled saline irrigation group (23.6°C, interquartile range [IQR] 15.7–39.8 vs 54.6°C, IQR 48.9–58.6). Blue tetrazolium stained lesion sections showed that the median distance between the ablation lesion and the artery wall was significantly higher (P = 0.004) for the chilled versus the nonchilled saline irrigation group (0.42 mm, IQR 0.25–0.70 vs 0.00 mm, IQR 0.00–0.28). Conclusions: Intracoronary irrigation with chilled saline may protect the coronary artery endothelium from heat‐induced damage during epicardial RFA.
Initial Experience in the Use of Integrated Electroanatomic Mapping with Three‐Dimensional MR/CT Images to Guide Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: DONG JUN , DICKFELD TIMM , DALAL DARSHAN , CHEEMA AAMIR , VASAMREDDY CHANDRASEKHAR R. , HENRIKSON CHARLES A. , MARINE JOSEPH E. , HALPERIN HENRY R. , BERGER RONALD D. , LIMA JOAO A.C. , BLUEMKE DAVID A. , CALKINS HUGH 
Published: February 2006

Introduction: No prior studies have reported the use of integrated electroanatomic mapping with preacquired magnetic resonance/computed tomographic (MR/CT) images to guide catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a series of patients. Methods and Results: Sixteen consecutive patients with drug‐refractory AF underwent catheter ablation under the guidance of a three‐dimensional (3D) electroanatomic mapping system (Carto, Biosense Webster, Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA). Gadolinium‐enhanced MR (n = 8) or contrast‐enhanced high‐resolution CT (n = 8) imaging was performed within 1 day prior to the ablation procedures. Using a novel software package (CartoMerge, Biosense Webster, Inc.), the left atrium (LA) with pulmonary veins (PVs) was segmented and extracted for image registration. The segmented 3D MR/CT LA reconstruction was accurately registered to the real‐time mapping space with a combination of landmark registration and surface registration. The registered 3D MR/CT LA reconstruction was successfully used to guide deployment of RF applications encircling the PVs. Upon completion of the circumferential lesions around the PVs, 32% of the PVs were electrically isolated. Guided by a circular mapping catheter, the remaining PVs were disconnected from the LA using a segmental approach. The distance between the surface of the registered 3D MR/CT LA reconstruction and multiple electroanatomic map points was 3.05 ± 0.41 mm. No complications were observed. Conclusions: Three‐dimensional MR/CT images can be successfully extracted and registered to anatomically guided clinical AF ablations. The display of detailed and accurate anatomic information during the procedure enables tailored RF ablation to individual PV and LA anatomy.
Change in Size of Lesions Over 3 Weeks After Radiofrequency Ablation of Left Ventricle
Authors: KOVOOR PRAMESH , DALY MICHAEL , MIKHAIL MICHELLE , EIPPER VICKI , DEWSNAP BARBARA , ROSS DAVID L. 
Published: February 2006

Introduction: The initial success or failure of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) does not always reflect the long‐term outcome that can lead to complications such as late atrioventricular block or recurrence of accessory pathways. We hypothesize that these occurrences may be due to a change in lesion size over time. Methods and Results: Intramural RFAs were performed on five greyhounds at thoracotomy using an epicardial approach into the left ventricular (LV) wall. Twenty‐one gauge needle electrode ablations were created in the anterior aspect of the left ventricle. Radiofrequency energy was delivered at 600 Hz for 60 seconds and at an electrode temperature of 90°C. Eight ablations were created in each greyhound and the chest was closed. After 3 weeks, a further eight ablations were created under the same conditions in the lateral aspect of the LV, ensuring they were well away from the chronic lesions, and the dogs were sacrificed an hour later. All lesions were removed, stained with Gomori Trichrome and measured. There was no significant difference in lesion size detected in the 1‐hour‐old lesions compared with 3‐week‐old lesions. Acute lesions were well demarcated by an area of fibrous scar and a central necrotic region. Chronic lesions showed chronic inflammatory cells and strands of collagen. Conclusions: This study shows no change in lesion dimension over time and hence a change in size may not contribute to a change in RFA outcome over time.
Transcranial Doppler Detection of Microembolic Signals During Pulmonary Vein Antrum Isolation: Implications for Titration of Radiofrequency Energy
Authors: KILICASLAN FETHI , VERMA ATUL , SAAD EDUARDO , ROSSILLO ANTONIO , DAVIS DONALEE A. , PRASAD SUBRAMANYA K. , WAZNI OUSSAMA , MARROUCHE NASSIR F. , RABER LARRY N. , CUMMINGS JENNIFER E. , BEHEIRY SALWA , HAO STEVEN , BURKHARDT J. DAVID , SALIBA WALID , SCHWEIKERT ROBERT A. , MARTIN DAVID O. , NATALE ANDREA 
Published: March 2006

Background: Cerebrovascular events are an important complication during pulmonary vein antrum isolation (PVAI). Microembolic signals (MES) have been associated with stroke and neurological impairment. However, the incidence of MES during PVAI, and their relationship to microbubble formation and radiofrequency (RF) parameters are unknown. Objectives: We sought to assess the relationship between MES, microbubble detection, and neurological outcome and the impact of RF titration strategy on these parameters. Methods: We studied 202 patients in two groups undergoing PVAI using an intracardiac echocardiography (ICE)‐guided technique. MES were detected by transcranial Doppler (TCD) using insonation of the middle cerebral arteries. The number of microbubbles on ICE were qualitatively labeled as FEW, MODERATE, and SHOWER. In group I (n = 107), RF output was titrated to avoid microbubble formation and in group II (n = 95), standard power‐limited RF output was used. Results: TCD detected MES in all 202 patients during PVAI with an average of 1,793 ± 547 per patient; 90% were detected during left atrial ablation. Over 85% of MES occurred after microbubbles. Group I patients had significantly lower numbers of MES (1,015 ± 438 per patient) compared to group II patients (2,250 ± 864 per patient) (P < 0.05). Group II also had a 3.1% incidence of acute neurological complications versus 0.9% in group I (P = 0.10). Patients with clinical events had significantly higher numbers of MES. There were no significant correlations between RF power, temperature, or impedence and MES number. Conclusions: MES directly correlate to the amount of microbubble formation on ICE, and may result in cerebroembolic complications. Titration of RF according to microbubble formation by ICE during PVAI may be important for minimizing the occurrence of MES and possibly acute neurological complications.
Diversity of γδ T cells in patients with Behcet's disease is indicative of polyclonal activation
Authors: Freysdottir J , Hussain L , Farmer I , Lau S‐H , Fortune F 
Published: February 2006

Objective:  Behcet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic disease, with vasculitic lesions in the oral and genital mucosa, eyes, joints, skin and brain. We have previously found that γδ T cells are increased in peripheral blood of BD patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of γδ T cells in oral biopsies from BD patients with special emphasis on the restriction of Vγ and Vδ usage.Patients and methods:  Expression of Vγ and Vδ chains on peripheral blood γδ T cells from 31 BD patients and 19 healthy controls was analysed by flow cytometry and the expression of Vγ and Vδ chains in nine ulcerated and eight non‐ulcerated oral mucosa from BD patients and non‐ulcerated oral mucosa from three healthy controls was analysed by immunohistochemistry.Results:  Vγ9 and Vδ2 were the predominant chains expressed in peripheral blood of BD patients, although other Vγ and Vδ chains were also expressed. The presence of γδ T cells was only observed in the ulcerated oral mucosa but not in the non‐ulcerated mucosa from the BD patients, and not in the non‐ulcerated mucosa from the healthy controls. These γδ T cells showed no preferential expression of any of the Vγ or Vδ chains.Conclusion:  These data suggest a polyclonal rather than oligoclonal activation of the γδ T cells. This may indicate that during repeated inflammation of the oral mucosa, the γδ T cells are responding to a wide variety of antigenic stimuli with consequent expansion of γδ T cells expressing various Vγ and Vδ chains and that different antigenic stimuli or responses may be responsible for the clinical heterogeneity of the disease.
Expression of basement membrane components in odontogenic cysts
Authors: Poomsawat S , Punyasingh J , Weerapradist W 
Published: February 2006

Objective:  To compare the expression of basement membrane components (BMCs), including laminins 1 and 5, collagen type IV, and fibronectin in odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) with dentigerous cysts (DCs) and radicular cysts (RCs).Materials and methods:  Basement membrane components were analysed in 20 OKCs, 20 DCs and 20 RCs using an immunohistochemical technique.Results:  Odontogenic keratocysts, DCs and RCs showed positive reaction to all BMCs studied, with different distributions and intensity. OKCs showed continuous linear deposits for laminins 1 and 5 but two staining patterns (continuous and discontinuous) for collagen type IV and fibronectin. DCs exhibited continuous linear deposits for laminins 1 and 5 and collagen type IV but a discontinuous linear deposit for fibronectin. RCs displayed similar results to DCs for laminin 1, collagen type IV and fibronectin. Laminin 5 in RCs had two staining patterns. Constant results in all cysts were strong intensity for laminin 1 and moderate intensity for laminin 5.Conclusions:  Substantial differences in the expression of BMCs among studied cysts were not observed, suggesting that the separation of the epithelial lining in OKCs is not associated with the existence of these proteins.
Causative agents of onychomycosis — a retrospective study
Authors: Mügge Claudia , Haustein Uwe‐Frithjof , Nenoff Pietro 
Published: March 2006

Summary Background: Dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds all are potential causative agents of onychomycosis.The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of cases of onychomycoses caused by each group. In addition, the responsible genus and species was identified for each nail infection. Patients and Methods: In a retrospective study performed at the Department of Dermatology of the Leipzig University, 5 077 nail samples from 4 177 patients – 2 240 women and 1 937 men – with a variety of nail changes – not just onychomycosis – were investigated. 75% were toenails, 23% fingernails, and 2% from both sites. Results: Both microscopic and/or cultural detection of fungi (dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds) were successful in 54% of samples.Causative fungal agents were: 68% dermatophytes, 29% yeast, and 3% moulds. The most frequently detected dermatophyte species were T. rubrum (91%), and T. mentagrophytes (7.7%).Among yeasts, C. parapsilosis (42%) was most common,followed by C. guilliermondii (20.1%), C. albicans (14.2%), and Trichosporon spp. (10%).Scopulariopsis brevicaularis (43%) was the most frequent mould. The percentage of mixed fungal infections was 22%. Conclusions: Dermatophytes, in particular T.rubrum, but also T. mentagrophytes, are the most frequently isolated causative agents in onychomycosis. In addition, yeasts may be isolated relatively frequently, while moulds are uncommon.
The new German educational law for medical schools: the Hamburg concept in dermatology and venereology
Authors: Neuber Karsten , Weidtmann Katja , Coors Esther , Harendza Sigrid 
Published: March 2006

SummaryMedical school graduates are required to deal with complex situations in their future work which require profound theoretical knowledge as well as many practical skills. The University of Hamburg used a new educational law (ÄappO 2002) as catalyst to define learning objectives relevant for practice and to guarantee a close connection between theory and practice. A newly founded curriculum committee with twelve members developed a strategy and structure for the new clinical curriculum (KliniCuM) in weekly sessions. The subject dermatology and venereology is taught in the thematic block “The Internal and External Human Being” in integrated courses with the subjects internal medicine, pathology and pharmacology. The teaching modules (introductory lectures, symptom‐oriented lectures, problem‐based tutorials and bedside‐teaching) are practice oriented and teach diseases and skills of dermatology which are important for “general medicine”. Written and practical exams take place at the end of the block. Although there is more required attendance and increased demands on students' time, dermatology has received very positive evaluation results. Students consider their gain in knowledge and skills as very high. The new curriculum in Hamburg could provide helpful orientation for other medical faculties in changing their curricula for the subject “dermatology and venerology” according to the new educational law.
A trip through the signaling pathways of melanoma
Authors: Fensterle Joachim 
Published: March 2006

SummaryMany cellular signaling pathways are involved in the development of cancer. Depending on the tumor entity, the nature as well as the mode of activation can differ. Some signaling pathways frequently show changes as all tumor cells have to fulfill some basic requirements such as independence from growth factors or insensitivity against apoptosis. In this review, the possibilities of a tumor to manipulate signaling pathways to reach these goals are exemplified based on an archetypical melanoma cell. In addition, new therapeutic options based on the knowledge of signaling pathways will be discussed.
Hard TeV spectra of blazars and the constraints to the infrared intergalactic background
Authors: Katarzyński K. , Ghisellini G. , Tavecchio F. , Gracia J. , Maraschi L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Recent gamma-ray observations of the blazar 1ES 1101−232 (redshift z= 0.186) reveal that the unabsorbed TeV spectrum is hard, with spectral index α≲ 0.5 [F(ν) ∝ν−α]. We show that simple one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model can explain such hard spectra if we assume a power law energy distribution of the emitting electrons with a relatively high minimum energy. In this case the intrinsic TeV spectrum can be as hard as F(ν) ∝ν1/3, while the predicted X-ray spectrum can still be much softer. The observations of 1ES 1101−232 can therefore be reconciled with relatively high intensities of the infrared background, even if some extreme background levels can indeed be excluded. We show that the other TeV sources (Mrk 421, Mrk 501 and PKS 2155−304) can be interpreted in the same framework, with a somewhat larger minimum energy.
Research Quality Assessment and Geography in Australia: Can Anything be Learned from the UK Experience?1
Authors: JOHNSTON RON 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe assessment of research activity in universities is now undertaken regularly in a number of countries, with resources then being allocated according to the results of those evaluations. Such an exercise (a Research Quality Framework – RQF) has recently been proposed for Australia. This paper suggests likely consequences of such an exercise for geography in Australian universities, given its current situation there, on the basis of experience with the Research Assessment Exercises undertaken in the UK since 1986.
Mid‐Holocene Development of Mangrove Communities Featuring Rhizophoraceae and Geomorphic Change in the Richmond River Estuary, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: HASHIMOTO TAKEHIKO R. , SAINTILAN NEIL , HABERLE SIMON G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the hitherto unreported occurrence of mid‐Holocene mangrove deposits in the Richmond River estuary, southeastern Australia, thereby providing evidence for changes in the distribution and composition of mangrove communities within a subtropical estuarine system during the Holocene. Stratigraphic, radiocarbon and palynological evidence indicates that widespread development of mangrove communities took place in the upstream reaches of the Richmond River estuary during the period 7000 to 6000 years BP. These communities maintained their habitat through substrate aggradation under the conditions of a moderate sea‐level rise, in contrast to other estuaries within the region, which generally experienced the submergence of intertidal substrates. Mangrove species belonging to the family Rhizophoraceae, most likely Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora stylosa, dominated these communities, in strong contrast to contemporary communities, which are dominated by Avicennia marina. Moreover, these mid‐Holocene communities were located a considerable distance upstream of the contemporary occurrences of Rhizophoraceae species within the estuary. The changes in the spatial distribution and composition of mangrove communities parallel the large‐scale evolution of the estuary driven by sea‐level variation. Shallow, buried Pleistocene terraces probably contributed to the regionally unique aggradational response of the mangrove communities and their substrates to a sea‐level rise during mid‐Holocene times.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Recreational Angling Effort in a Warm‐Temperate Australian Estuary
Authors: BUCHER DANIEL J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAmong the critical issues for the management of estuarine fish resources is the need to adequately identify the extent of use by recreational fishers, and the allocation of the resource between recreational and commercial users. Recreational anglers in estuaries often target a similar range of estuarine fish species to commercial fishers. Prior to the declaration of ‘recreational fishing havens’ (estuarine waters closed to commercial netting but remaining open to recreational angling) in many New South Wales (NSW) estuaries in May 2002, the estuary of the Manning River on the central NSW coast supported the tenth most productive commercial estuarine net fishery in the State. To quantify the recreational angling effort in the Manning River estuary, progressive counts were made of shore‐based and boat‐based anglers from a small power boat from June 2001 to May 2002. Sample days (eight per month) were chosen in a stratified random fashion, taking into account the proportions of weekends, public holidays and school holidays in each month. The total recreational angling effort exerted on the estuary for the 12‐month period was 144 892 ± 3248 angler‐hours, indicating a low to medium effort compared to other NSW estuaries of similar size. Over half of the effort was exerted in the section nearest the northern entrance at Harrington. There was relatively little variation in shore‐based angling effort throughout the year, whereas boat‐based fishing increased markedly in summer. Months that coincided with NSW school holidays were most popular, especially January. More recreational fishing effort was exerted in the afternoons than in the mornings during winter, but this trend was reversed in summer. Although daily effort was much higher on weekends than weekdays, the total cumulative effort was generally similar, due to the greater number of weekdays in the year. Pilot studies of catch per unit effort indicate that the recreational catch in the Manning River estuary is probably small compared to the pre‐closure commercial catch. Therefore management strategies aimed at limiting the recreational catch are likely to have minimal impact on fish stocks in the estuary when compared with regulation of the commercial sector.
SOCIAL CLASS, SCHOOL EXPERIENCE, AND DELINQUENCY
Authors: POLK KENNETH , FREASE DEAN , RICHMOND F. LYNN 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Albert Cohen's delinquency theory is vulnerable to demonstrations of similar qualities, as well as similar quantities, of delinquency between middle and working‐class groups. In analyses of questionnaire data from a high school male population, no significant differences in incidence of delinquency emerge between classes. No significant differences obtain between classes of delinquents on items tapping the peer or subcultural dimensions Cohen considers particularly characteristic of working‐class delinquency. Finally, delinquency is shown to be related to academic performance regardless of class.
DELINQUENCY AMONG WIND RIVER INDIAN RESERVATION YOUTH
Authors: FORSLUND MORRIS A. , MEYERS RALPH E. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Little research has been conducted on delinquency among American Indian youth. The present study reports the results of an intensive investigation of the officially recognized and recorded delinquency involvement of Indian youth living on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. Findings indicate: (1) a relatively high rate of official delinquency involvement; (2) that a high percentage of charges were for rather minor offenses; and (3) that a high percentage of charges were for alcohol‐related offenses